,,shepp',s ,,photographs ,,of ,,the ,,world4 ,,consisting ,,of ,panoramic ,views of ,cities--,street ,scenes--,public ,buildings--,cathedrals-- ,mosques--,churches--,temples--,observat ories--,castles--,palaces--,homes of ,noted ,people--,private ,apartments of ,presidents1 ,queens1 ,kings1 ,emperors1 ,monarchs and ,rulers--,harems--,universities--,colleg es--,active ,volcanoes-- ,mountain ,scenery--,lake ,scenery--,lochs--,fjords--,falls--,rive r ,scenery-- ,caons--,geysers--,bridges--,parks--,fou ntains--,theatres--,obelisks--,towers-- ,memorials--,tombs--,caves--,cemeteries- -,pyramids--,ruins of ,castles--,ruins of ,temples--,ruins of ,ancient ,cities--,tropical ,scenery--,towns--,villages-- ,huts1 ,together with a large array of instantaneous photographs1 showing the every-day life of the people in the various countries of the world4 ,,collected ,,from ,,europe1 ,,asia1 ,,africa1 ,,australia1 ,,north ,,america1 ,,south ,,america ,,and ,,the ,,pacific ,,islands1 ,,representing ,,the ,,world ,,as ,,it ,,exists ,,to-,,day4 ,also1 direct copies of all the original famous paintings and statuary1 by the world's old masters and modern artists1 taken from the leading galleries1 including the ,,french ,,salon1 ,,louvre ,,and ,,luxembourg ,,galleries1 ,,paris2 ,,and ,,versailles ,,gallery1 ,,versailles1 ,,france2 ,,the ,,dresden ,,gallery1 ,,dresden1 ,,germany2 ,,the ,,uffizi ,,and ,,pitti ,,galleries1 ,,florence1 ,,italy2 ,,and ,,the ,,vatican ,,gallery1 ,,rome4 ,forming the largest and most valuable collection of works of art in the world4 ---- ,,carefully ,,arranged ,,and ,,appropriately ,,explained ,,by ,,james ,w4 ,,shepp ,,and ,,daniel ,b4 ,,shepp4 ---- ,,sold ,,by ,,subscription ,,only4 ---- ,,globe ,,bible ,,publishing ,,co41 ,,no4 #gje ,,chestnut ,,street1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,penna4 ,,preface ,illustration3 ,in all ages1 men have been eager to tell and to hear new things2 and before books were printed1 travellers wandered abroad1 bringing home wonderful stories of unknown lands4 ,in the construction of this publication1 the object is not to tell stories or relate experiences1 but to exhibit1 by carefully taken photographs1 the great sights of the world as they exist to-day4 ,the art of teaching with pictures is very old4 ,the ancient ,egyptians used emblems and designs to record the various incidents of their history1 traces of which are still found on obelisks and ruined temples4 ,wood illustrations were also introduced many years ago2 and as time rolled on1 marked improvements were made in the art of wood-engraving4 ,notwithstanding the fact that they have not the power of truly representing the original objects they intend to portray1 they are still largely used for illustrating printed books and papers4 ,over a century ago1 the art of photography was made known to the world by ,scheele1 a ,swedish chemist2 since then1 many improvements have been made in this art1 until now1 by the photo-electro process1 an exact photograph can be transferred on a copper plate1 without losing a single line or shade1 and from this plate1 photographs can be printed1 such as appear in this book4 ,owing to the increasing popularity of the graphic and pictorial methods of imparting information1 the photographic camera was employed to secure photographs of the greatest things of the world as seen to-day1 both for instruction and entertainment4 ,we forget knowledge acquired by common conversation1 and descriptions of places and things2 but when we observe them1 and their forms are conveyed to our minds through the medium of our eyes1 they are indelibly impressed upon the memory4 ,the object1 then1 of this ,publication is to present photographs of all the great sights of the world1 from every corner of the globe1 carefully reproducing them by the photo-electro process1 and adding a few lines of explanation to every picture1 so that any one can comprehend each subject4 ,to make this collection1 every country was carefully ransacked1 starting in ,ireland1 with the famous ,blarney ,castle and ,lakes of ,killarney in the south1 and extending to the ,giant's ,causeway in the north1 said by an old legend to have been built by giants to form a road across the channel to ,scotland4 ,passing through ,scotland1 we photographed its hills1 castles1 lochs1 bridges and cities4 ,throughout ,wales and ,england1 we represent their busy seaport and manufacturing towns2 the home of ,shakespeare1 the ,bard of ,avon2 ,windsor ,castle1 far-famed for its beauty and battlements2 ,greenwich ,observatory1 from which the longitude of the world is computed2 ,hampton ,court1 a relic of royalty2 and ,london1 the metropolis of the world1 with over six million people1 its crowded streets1 imperial buildings1 historic abbeys1 famous towers and monuments4 ,the ,netherlands and ,denmark are represented by the dykes and windmills1 ,copenhagen1 ,amsterdam1 ,rotterdam1 ,antwerp1 ,brussels1 the battlefield of ,waterloo2 ,russia1 the land of the ,czar1 by ,moscow1 ,the ,kremlin2 ,st4 ,petersburg1 the ,winter ,palace4 ,thence our photographers travelled across the steppes to ,lapland1 ,finland1 ,poland1 and over the tundras to sterile ,siberia1 inflicting its cruel tortures on unhappy exiled prisoners4 ,germany1 that romantic country of northern ,europe1 affords ,berlin2 ,potsdam1 its ,royal ,palaces2 ,dresden and its ,picture ,galleries2 ,frankfort-on-the-,main1 the former home of ,luther1 the reformer1 and ,rothschild1 the financial king of the world2 the picturesque ,rhine1 lined with its historic castles4 ,france furnishes for our collection ,paris1 the proudest city of the whole world1 ever gay1 its pretty boulevards1 monuments1 towers1 bridges1 historic buildings1 the ,louvre and ,luxembourg ,galleries1 and their treasures of painting and sculptures2 ,versailles1 its royal palaces1 the largest in the world2 the palace at ,fontainbleau1 buried in the midst of that imperial forest1 the home where ,napoleon ruled and abdicated2 the cities of the interior and those of the ever-delightful ,riveria1 from ,marseilles to ,monte ,carlo1 the latter both lovely1 hideous1 serene1 sensational1 beautiful and damnable4 ,through ,spain and ,portugal1 every object of interest was photographed1 from the wild and thrilling scenery of the ,pyrenees in the north to that bold headland rock of ,gibraltar in the south1 and from the calm ,mediterranean in the east to the turbulent waters of the ,atlantic on the west4 ,of ,switzerland1 we exhibit its snow-capped peaks of perpetual ice and snow2 ,mont ,blanc1 ,matterhorn and ,jungfrau2 its placid lakes2 mountain passes1 like shelves cut in rock2 its bridges of ice and variety of wild scenery that is seen nowhere but in ,switzerland4 ,through sunny ,italy we gathered photographs from lakes ,lugano1 ,maggiore and ,como with perpetual spring1 in the north1 to the fiery crater of ,mount ,vesuvius in the south2 ,venice1 the ,queen of the ,adriatic2 ,genoa1 the home of ,columbus2 ,pisa1 its leaning tower2 ,florence1 the flower of cities1 with its galleries of statues and paintings that the wealth of nations could not purchase2 and ,rome1 that mighty city by the ,tiber1 that once ruled the world1 and is still the abode of the ,pope2 ,st4 ,peters and its ruins2 yet now calm1 peaceful and powerless4 ,austria1 where the ,catholic bows his head to every shrine1 favored us with its sublime mountain scenery2 the picturesque ,tyrol2 the blue ,danube1 famous in history and song2 and ,vienna1 the home of the ,emperor and the former abode of ,maria ,theresa1 strangely fascinating and unlike any other city in the whole world4 ,turkey1 the land of the ,sultan and the followers of ,mahomet1 with its strange people and curious habits1 is represented by ,constantinople1 with its mosques and minarets1 from the top of which the ,mussulman sings out his daily calls for prayer1 ,ali6 ,ali6--there is but one ,god1 and ,mahomet is his prophet2 its streets1 gates and squares2 the ,bosphorus and ,golden ,horn4 ,classic ,greece1 once the centre of art and learning1 adorns our collection with ,athens1 the ,acropolis and ,parthenon1 the latter almost completely and shamefully bereft of those famous marbles1 chiseled by ,phidias nearly five hundred years before ,christ4 ,in ancient ,egypt we photographed the ,suez ,canal2 ,alexandria1 the former city of ,cleopatra2 ,cairo1 the home of the ,khedive and his harems2 the ,sphynx and ,pyramids1 the latter the tombs of the selected ,ptolemies2 the river ,nile1 fed by the melting snows from the mountains of the ,moon1 and pouring its waters over this ancient valley with a regularity as though the ruined temples on its banks give it command4 ,palestine1 the ,holy ,land1 made famous in the history of the ,christian ,church1 added ,jeruselem1 the ,city of ,david2 ,bethlehem1 the cradle of ,christ2 ,jordan1 where ,he was baptized2 the ,sea of ,galilee1 on whose shores ,he preached to the multitude2 ,nazareth1 from which ,he was called a ,nazarene2 ,gethsemane1 where ,he suffered2 ,calvary1 where ,he was crucified4 ,asia furnished ,mecca1 that eternal city to which ,mahomet's disciples make their weary pilgrimages2 ,hindoostan1 from ,bombay to ,calcutta2 the grottos of ,illora2 the caverns of ,salcette2 the ,hindoo priests1 chanting the verses of the ,vedas2 the ruins of the city of the great ,bali1 the domes of the pagodas2 glacier views1 snow bridges1 rattan bridges in the ,himalayas2 the sacred caves of ,amurnath1 to which pilgrimages are made by the ,hindoos2 ,srinugurr and its floating gardens2 curious bridges2 bazaars for the sale of the world-renowned ,cashmere shawls1 the winding river ,jheulm1 with its many curves1 suggesting the pattern or design for these famous wraps2 ,darjeeling and ,mussorie1 celebrated hill sanitariums1 in the heart of the ,himalayas1 much frequented by tourists during summer2 ,melapore1 where ,st4 ,thomas was martyred and where ,christ1 perhaps1 lived during ,his absence from ,judea1 drawing from the books of the ,brahmins1 the most perfect precepts of ,his divine teachings2 the subterranean caverns of ,candy2 the splendor of the ,valley of ,rubies2 ,adam's ,peak2 the footmark of ,buddha2 the fairy-like view of the ,straits of ,sunda4 ,our photographers also traversed the ,celestial ,empire1 ,south ,america1 ,central ,america1 ,mexico1 ,greenland1 ,iceland1 ,alaska1 ,canada and the ,united ,states1 from the ,golden ,gate in the west to the ,rocky ,coast of ,new ,england in the east1 and from the ,lake ,cities in the north to the ,cotton ,states in the south4 ,through every country and every clime1 north1 south1 east and west1 wherever was located a point of interest1 an historic castle1 a famous monument1 a grand cathedral1 a world's wonder1 a great city1 a crowded avenue1 an imperial building1 a pretty picture1 an exquisite statue1 a picturesque river1 an inspiring grandeur of nature1 a curious cavern1 a lofty peak1 a deep valley1 a strange people1 the same was reflected through the camera and added to this book4 ,the result of this collection entailed therefore the expenditure of a vast amount of money and labor1 as may be supposed2 and the only wish of the publishers is1 that it may afford pleasure and instruction to those that view the result of their labors4 ,,contents4 ,,ireland4 ,blarney ,castle ,lakes of ,killarney ,dublin 7,instantaneous7 ,giant's ,causeway ,,scotland4 ,municipal ,buildings1 ,glasgow ,loch ,lomond ,forth ,bridge ,balmoral ,castle ,clamshell ,cave1 ,island of ,staffa ,edinburgh 7,instantaneous7 ,,england4 ,liverpool 7,instantaneous7 ,lime ,street1 ,liverpool 7,instantaneous7 ,manchester 7,instantaneous7 ,warwick ,castle1 ,warwick ,shakespeare's ,house1 ,stratford-on-,avon ,brighton ,osborne ,house1 ,isle of ,wight ,hampton ,court ,palace1 ,hampton ,court ,greenwich ,observatory1 ,greenwich ,,windsor ,,castle4 ,windsor ,castle ,green ,drawing ,room ,,london4 ,midland ,grand ,hotel and ,st4 ,pancras ,station ,the ,strand 7,instantaneous7 ,cheapside 7,instantaneous7 ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral ,the ,bank of ,england 7,instantaneous7 ,tower of ,london ,london ,bridge 7,instantaneous7 ,westminster ,abbey ,houses of ,parliament ,trafalgar ,square ,buckingham ,palace ,rotten ,row 7,instantaneous7 ,albert ,memorial ,,belgium4 ,antwerp ,,brussels4 ,panoramic ,view of ,brussels ,palace of the ,king ,bourse 7,instantaneous7 ,city ,hall ,cathedral of ,ste4 ,gudule ,the ,forbidden ,book4 ,painting1 ,ooms ,,holland4 ,scheveningen ,amsterdam 7,instantaneous7 ,windmill ,,norway4 ,christiansand ,bergen ,naerdfjord1 ,gudvnagen ,north ,cape ,,russia4 ,moscow ,winter ,palace1 ,st4 ,petersburg ,,germany4 ,the ,cathedral1 ,cologne ,bingen ,ehrenbreitstein ,frankfort-on-the-,main ,martin ,luther's ,house1 ,frankfort-on-the-,main ,ariadne on the ,panther1 ,statuary1 ,dannecker ,university ,building1 ,leipsic ,,berlin4 ,royal ,palace ,berlin1 ,unter den ,linden ,statue of ,frederick the ,great ,the ,brandenburg ,gate ,monument of ,victory ,,potsdam4 ,the ,historic ,windmill ,,dresden ,,gallery4 ,madonna di ,san ,sisto1 ,painting1 ,raphael ,magdalene1 ,painting1 ,battoni1 ,,france4 ,,paris4 ,bird's-eye ,view of ,paris ,place de la ,concorde 7,instantaneous7 ,madeleine 7,instantaneous7 ,opera ,house 7,instantaneous7 ,great ,boulevards ,july ,column ,statue of the ,republic ,vendome ,column ,royal ,palace ,hotel de ,ville ,cathedral of ,notre ,dame ,palace of ,justice ,arc of ,triumph ,dome des ,invalides ,tomb of ,napoleon ,eiffel ,tower ,pantheon ,louvre ,buildings ,,louvre ,,gallery4 ,venus de ,milo1 ,statuary1 ,unknown ,tomb of ,phillippe ,pot1 ,statuary1 ,renaissance ,peacemaker of the ,village1 ,painting1 ,greuze ,,luxembourg ,,gallery4 ,the ,last ,veil1 ,statuary1 ,bouret ,arrest in the ,village1 ,painting1 ,salmson ,a ,mother1 ,statuary1 ,lenoir ,joan of ,arc1 ,statuary1 ,chapu ,paying the ,reapers1 ,painting1 ,lhermitte ,ignorance1 ,painting1 ,paton ,,versailles4 ,royal ,palace ,royal ,carriage ,,versailles ,,gallery4 ,last ,victims of the ,reign of ,terror1 ,painting1 ,muller ,napoleon at ,austerlitz1 ,painting1 ,vernet ,napoleon1 ,painting1 ,gosse ,,fontainebleau4 ,royal ,palace ,throne ,room ,apartment of ,tapestries ,apartment of ,mme4 de ,maintenon ,,southern ,,france4 ,nice ,monaco ,monte ,carlo ,gaming ,hall1 ,monte ,carlo ,,spain4 ,madrid ,seville ,bull ,fight1 ,seville 7,instantaneous7 ,toledo ,gibraltar ,,portugal4 ,lisbon ,,switzerland4 ,kirchenfeld ,bridge1 ,berne ,clock ,tower1 ,berne ,peasant ,woman ,interlaken and the ,jungfrau ,grindelwald ,a ,thousand ,foot ,chasm ,brunig ,pass ,lucerne ,rigi ,rigi-,kulm ,pilatus ,simplon's ,pass ,zermatt and the ,matterhorn ,chamounix and ,mont ,blanc ,engleberg ,st4 ,gotthard ,railway ,axenstrasse ,,austria4 ,,vienna4 ,panorama of ,vienna ,hotel ,metropole ,church of ,st4 ,stephen ,theseus1 ,statuary1 ,canova1 ,schnbrunn ,,turkey4 ,,constantinople4 ,galata ,bridge 7,instantaneous7 ,mosque of ,st4 ,sophia ,interior of the ,mosque of ,st4 ,sophia ,street ,scene 7,instantaneous7 ,mosque of ,ahmed ,turkish ,lady ,street ,merchants ,sultan's ,harem ,,greece4 ,acropolis1 ,athens ,parthenon1 ,athens ,,italy4 ,,milan4 ,grand ,cathedral and ,square ,corso ,venezia ,,turin4 ,exposition ,buildings ,duke ,ferdinand of ,genoa ,,genoa4 ,general ,view of ,genoa ,statue of ,columbus ,,pisa4 ,leaning ,tower ,,venice4 ,palace of the ,doges ,grand ,canal ,cathedral of ,st4 ,mark ,street ,scene in ,venice ,the ,rialto 7,instantaneous7 ,,florence4 ,the ,cathedral ,vecchio ,bridge ,monk ,loggia dei ,lanzi ,uffizi ,buildings ,,loggia ,,dei ,,lanzi4 ,rape of ,polyxena1 ,statuary1 ,fedi ,,uffizi ,,gallery4 ,wild ,boar1 ,bronze ,the ,grinder1 ,statuary1 #afth ,century ,,rome4 ,appian ,way and ,tomb of ,cecilia ,metella ,pyramid of ,cestius and ,st4 ,paul ,gate ,roman ,forum ,forum of ,trajan ,baths of ,caracalla ,colosseum ,interior of ,colosseum ,pantheon ,bridge of ,st4 ,angelo and ,tomb of ,hadrian ,st4 ,peter's and ,vatican ,interior of ,st4 ,peter's ,romulus and ,remus ,,vatican ,,gallery4 ,transfiguration1 ,painting1 ,raphael ,la ,ballerina1 ,statuary1 ,canova ,laocoonte1 ,statuary ,,naples4 ,toledo ,street 7,instantaneous7 ,,mount ,,vesuvius4 ,crater ,,pompeii4 ,street of ,tombs ,civil ,forum ,,island ,,of ,,capri4 ,general ,view and ,landing ,,island ,,of ,,ischia4 ,castello ,,egypt4 ,,alexandria4 ,harbor ,place of ,mehemet ,ali ,,cairo4 ,citadel ,mosque of ,mohammed ',ali ,street ,scene ,palace of ,gezireh ,on ,camel-,back ,pyramids of ,gizeh ,corner ,view of the ,great ,pyramid ,the ,sphynx ,in ,central ,africa ,,suez ,,canal4 ,landing on ,suez ,canal 7,instantaneous7 ,post ,office1 ,suez ,,palestine4 ,yaffa or ,jaffa ,,jerusalem4 ,general ,view of ,jerusalem ,wailing ,place of the ,jews ,street ,scene ,garden of ,gethsemane ,bethlehem ,dead ,sea ,nazareth ,jacob's ,well ,,syria4 ,beyrouth ,great ,mosque1 ,damascus ,ba'albek ,mecca ,,india4 ,kalbadevie ,road1 ,bombay ,benares ,tropical ,scenery ,heathen ,temple ,royal ,observatory ,,china4 ,wong ,tai ,ken ,,sandwich ,,islands4 ,typical ,scene ,,alaska4 ,sitka ,totem ,poles ,,canada4 ,parliament ,buildings ,,united ,,states4 ,,san ,,francisco4 ,golden ,gate ,market ,street1 ,san ,francisco ,,yosemite ,,valley4 ,general ,view ,glacier ,point ,mirror ,lake ,big ,tree ,,salt ,,lake ,,city4 ,great ,mormon ,temple ,,yellowstone ,,national ,,park4 ,pulpit ,terrace ,obsidian ,cliff ,mammoth ,paint ,pots ,old ,faithful ,geyser ,yellowstone ,lake and ,hot ,springs ,yellowstone ,falls ,grand ,caon of the ,yellowstone ,,colorado4 ,animas ,caon ,grand ,caon of the ,arkansas ,river ,mountain of the ,holy ,cross ,manitou and ,pike's ,peak ,summit of ,pike's ,peak ,gateway to the ,garden of the ,gods ,cathedral ,spires ,life in ,oklahoma ,indian ,wigwam1 ,indian ,territory ,state ,street1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,niagara ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,bunker ,hill ,monument1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,new ,,york4 ,park ,row ,brooklyn ,bridge ,elevated ,railroad ,statue of ,liberty ,,philadelphia4 ,chestnut ,street ,market ,street ,,st4 ,,augustine1 ,,fla4 ,fort ,san ,marco ,ponce de ,leon ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the ,capitol ,white ,house ,illustration3 ,,blarney ,,castle1 ,,ireland4--,here are observed the ruins of a famous old fortress1 visited by thousands of tourists every year1 on account of a tradition which has been attached for centuries to one of the stones used in building the castle4 ,its walls are #abj feet high and #ah feet thick2 but it is principally noted for the ,blarney ,stone1 which is said to be endowed with the property of communicating to those who kiss its polished surface1 the gift of gentle1 insinuating speech4 ,the triangular stone is #bj feet from the top1 and contains this inscription3 ,cormack ,mac,carthy1 ,fortis me fieri fecit ,a4 ,d4 #addf4 ,illustration3 ,,lakes ,,of ,,killarney1 ,,ireland4--,these are three connected lakes1 near the centre of ,county ,kerry4 ,the largest contains thirty islands1 and covers an area of fifteen square miles4 ,the beautiful scenery along the lakes consists in the gracefulness of the mountain outlines and the rich and varied colorings of the wooded shores4 ,here the beholder falters1 and his spirit is overawed as in a dream1 while he contemplates the power and grandeur of the ,creator4 ,the lakes are visited by thousands of tourists annually4 ,the above photograph gives a general view of them4 ,illustration3 ,,dublin1 ,,ireland4--,dublin1 the capital and chief city of ,ireland1 is the centre of the political1 ecclesiastical1 educational1 commercial1 military and railroad enterprises of the kingdom4 ,it is the residence of the ,lord ,lieutenant of ,ireland1 and it claims a high antiquity1 having been in existence since the time of ,ptolemy4 ,in the ninth century it was taken by the ,danes1 who held sway for over two hundred years4 ,in #aafi it was taken back by the ,english1 and seven years later1 its history began to be identified with that of ,ireland4 ,the city is divided into two parts by the ,liffey1 which is spanned by nine bridges4 ,this photograph represents ,sackville street1 one of its principal thoroughfares4 ,illustration3 ,,giant',s ,,causeway1 ,,ireland4--,the ,giant's ,causeway derives its name from a mythical legend1 representing it to be the commencement of a road to be constructed by giants across the channel from ,ireland to ,scotland4 ,it is a sort of pier or promontory of columnar basalt1 projecting from the north coast of ,antrim1 ,ireland1 into the ,north ,sea4 ,it is divided by whin-dykes into the ,little ,causeway1 the ,middle or ,honeycomb ,causeway here represented1 and the ,grand ,causeway4 ,the pillars vary in diameter from #ae to #bj inches1 and in height1 from #aj to #bj feet4 ,it is a most curious formation4 ,illustration3 ,,municipal ,,buildings1 ,,glasgow1 ,,scotland4--,glasgow is one of the best governed cities in ,great ,britain1 and has a broad1 bold and enlightened policy that conduces to the health1 comfort and advancement of its citizens4 ,this photograph represents its municipal buildings and a statue of ,sir ,walter ,scott4 ,the building is large and imposing1 and of a mixed style of architecture4 ,it was erected in #ahfj1 at a cost of nearly half a million dollars1 and has a tower #baj feet high4 ,the ,post ,office1 ,bank of ,scotland1 ,town ,hall1 ,exchange and ,revenue ,buildings are close by4 ,illustration3 ,,loch ,,lomond1 ,,scotland4--,here is presented the largest and1 in many respects1 the most beautiful of the ,scottish ,lakes2 it is nearly twenty-five miles long1 and from one to five miles wide4 ,its beauty is enhanced by the numerous wooded islands1 among which the steamer threads its way4 ,some of the islands are of considerable size1 and1 by their craggy and wooded features1 add greatly to the scenic beauty of the lake4 ,loch ,lomond is unquestionably the pride of ,scottish ,lakes4 ,it exceeds all others in extent and variety of scenery4 ,illustration3 ,,forth ,,bridge1 ,,scotland4--,this bridge1 crossing the ,firth of ,forth1 is pronounced the largest structure in the world1 and is the most striking feat yet achieved in bridge-building4 ,it is #hbif feet long1 #ced feet high1 and cost #ab1ejj1jjj4 ,it was begun in #ahhc1 and completed in #ahij4 ,it is built on the cantilever and central girder system1 the principle of which is that of stable equilibrium1 its own weight helping to balance it more firmly in position4 ,each of the main spans is #agjj feet long1 and the deepest foundations are #hh feet4 ,the weight of the metal in the bridge is #ej1jjj tons4 ,illustration3 ,,balmoral ,,castle1 ,,scotland4--,the above-named castle1 the summer residence of ,queen ,victoria1 is most beautifully and romantically situated in the ,highlands of ,scotland4 ,the ,queen has two other residences1 one on the ,isle of ,wight1 and the other at ,windsor2 but the ,highland home is the most pleasant and attractive4 ,the surrounding country is rich in deer1 grouse and every other kind of game4 ,the place is always guarded by soldiers1 and no one is allowed to come near the castle1 unless by special permission4 ,the cairns which crown most of the hills1 are memorials of friends of ,her ,majesty4 ,the property covers forty thousand acres1 three-fourths of which is a deer forest4 ,illustration3 ,,clamshell ,,cave1 ,,island ,,of ,,staffa1 ,,scotland4--,the above cave is located on the ,island of ,staffa1 in the ,atlantic ,ocean1 not far from the mainland4 ,it is one of those remarkable islands whose wonders have been known to the world for but little over a hundred years4 ,the name of the island signifies columns or staves4 ,at one time the coast was visited by violent volcanic actions1 the effects of which may still be traced4 ,staffa is a little over a third of a mile in circumference1 and presents a most interesting field of study for geologists4 ,illustration3 ,,edinburgh1 ,,scotland4--,edinburgh1 the capital of ,scotland1 and one of the most romantically beautiful cities in ,europe1 is finely situated near the ,firth of ,forth4 ,it is the seat of the administrative and judicial authorities of ,scotland1 and is renowned for its excellent university and schools4 ,its authentic history begins in #fag1 when ,king ,edwin established a fortress on the ,castle ,rock4 ,it consists of the picturesque ,old ,town1 familiar to all readers of ,walter ,scott1 and of the ,new ,town1 started in #agfh4 ,this photograph represents ,princess ,street1 the principal thoroughfare of the ,new ,town1 ,scott's ,monument1 and ,castle ,rock1 the ancient seat of ,scottish ,kings4 ,illustration3 ,,liverpool1 ,,england4--,liverpool1 the second city and principal seaport of ,england1 is situated on the right bank of the ,mersey1 three miles from the sea1 and one hundred and eighty-five miles from ,london4 ,the town was founded by ,king ,john in #abjg1 and its growth for several centuries was very slow4 ,in #ahdj regular steamboat communications were opened between it and ,new ,york1 which1 no doubt1 established the modern pre-eminence of ,liverpool4 ,the importation of raw cotton from the ,united ,states forms the great staple of its commerce4 ,the docks which flank the ,mersey for a distance of seven miles1 and give employment to thousands of workmen1 are its most characteristic and interesting sights4 ,illustration3 ,,lime ,,street1 ,,liverpool1 ,,england4--,situated on the north-east side of the ,river ,mersey1 near its mouth1 stands the above city1 extending for miles along its banks4 ,liverpool is noted for the magnificence of its docks1 which are constructed on the most stupendous scale1 and said to cover1 including the dry docks1 over two hundred acres1 and fifteen miles of quays4 ,its principal avenue is ,lime ,street1 represented by the above picture4 ,the large building in the centre is the ,terminal ,hotel1 of the ,london and ,northwestern ,railway1 which starts from the rear of the building4 ,illustration3 ,,manchester1 ,,england4--,manchester is the chief industrial town of ,england1 and the great metropolis of the manufacturers of cotton1 silk1 worsted1 chemicals and machinery4 ,most of the streets of the older parts of the city are narrow1 but those in the new parts are wide and attractive4 ,the above picture represents ,piccadilly ,street1 which is one of the principal thoroughfares4 ,this avenue is bordered by magnificent shops1 and always crowded with pedestrians1 omnibuses and other vehicles4 ,the statue in the centre is that of the ,duke of ,wellington4 ,piccadilly has a very animated appearance4 ,illustration3 ,,warwick ,,castle1 ,,warwick1 ,,england4--,warwick1 a quaint old town with #ab1jjj inhabitants1 is situated on a hill rising from the ,river ,avon1 and is a place of great antiquity1 having been originally a ,british settlement1 and afterward occupied by the ,romans4 ,legend goes back for its foundation to ,king ,cymbeline1 and the year one4 ,on a commanding position1 overlooking the ,avon1 stands ,warwick ,castle1 the ancient and stately home of the ,earl of ,warwick4 ,the ,castle1 which is one of the finest and most picturesque feudal residences in ,england1 dates from ,saxon times4 ,illustration3 ,,shakespeare',s ,,house1 ,,stratford-,,on-,,avon1 ,,england4--,of all the ancient castles and monuments throughout ,england1 the house of ,william ,shakespeare at ,stratford-on-,avon is perhaps the most interesting and popular4 ,the chief literary glory of the world was born here1 ,april #bc1 #aefd1 which gives his home an ancient and noted history4 ,the house has undergone various vicissitudes since his time1 but the framework remains substantially unaltered4 ,the rooms to the right on the ground floor contain interesting collections of portraits1 early editions of his productions1 his school-desk and signet-ring4 ,the garden back of the house contains a selection of the trees and flowers mentioned in his plays4 ,illustration3 ,,brighton1 ,,england4--,this town1 situated on the ,english ,channel1 forty-seven miles from ,london1 extends three miles along the coast1 and is fronted by a sea wall sixty feet in height1 which forms a magnificent promenade4 ,the town has elegant streets1 squares and terraces1 built in a style equal to the best in the metropolis4 ,its fisheries furnish large quantities of fish to the ,london market4 ,in the time of ,george ,,iii41 it was a mere fishing-village2 but since his day1 it has become the most fashionable watering-place in ,england4 ,illustration3 ,,osborne ,,house1 ,,isle ,,of ,,wight1 ,,england4--,this is the residence of the ,queen of ,england2 it was completed in #ahde1 and is located near ,cowes4 ,the latter town is on the north coast of the ,isle of ,wight1 directly opposite to the mouth of ,southampton ,water4 ,the port between them is the chief one of the island1 and the headquarters of the ,royal ,yacht ,squadron4 ,behind the harbor the houses rise picturesquely on gentle wooded slopes1 and numerous villas adorn the vicinity4 ,magnificent residences and castles are located near by1 of which the above picture is a fair representation4 ,illustration3 ,,hampton ,,court ,,palace1 ,,hampton ,,court1 ,,england4--,this palace was built by ,cardinal ,wolsey1 the favorite of ,henry ,,viii41 and was afterwards presented to the ,king4 ,it was subsequently occupied by ,cromwell1 the ,stewarts1 ,william ,,iii41 and the first two monarchs of the ,house of ,hanover4 ,since the time of ,george ,,ii41 ,hampton ,court has ceased to be a royal residence1 and is now inhabited by various pensioners of the ,crown4 ,the various rooms that were formerly occupied by the royalty1 are now devoted to the use of an extensive picture-gallery4 ,illustration3 ,,greenwich ,,observatory1 ,,greenwich1 ,,england4--,greenwich ,observatory is situated six miles from ,london ,bridge1 on a hill one hundred and eighty feet high1 in the centre of ,greenwich ,park4 ,it marks the meridian from which ,english astronomers make their calculations4 ,the correct time for the whole of ,england is settled here every day at one o'clock ,p4 ,m42 a large colored ball descends many feet1 when the time is telegraphed to the most important towns throughout the country4 ,a standard clock1 with the hours numbered from one to twenty-four1 and various standard measures of length are placed outside the entrance1 pro bono publico4 ,illustration3 ,,windsor ,,castle1 ,,england4--,this favorite seat of the sovereigns of ,great ,britain1 twenty miles from ,london1 at the town of ,windsor1 was frequently extended under succeeding monarchs1 until finally1 in the reign of ,queen ,victoria1 when it was completed at a total cost of #d1ejj1jjj1 it became one of the largest and most magnificent royal residences in the world4 ,the ,saxon kings resided on this spot long before the castle was founded by ,william the ,conqueror4 ,in its vaults are buried the sovereigns of ,england1 including ,henry ,,viii4 and ,charles ,i4 ,the interior of the castle is richly and profusely decorated1 and filled with pictures1 statuary1 bronze monuments and other works of art4 ,illustration3 ,,green ,,drawing-,,room1 ,,windsor ,,castle1 ,,england4--,windsor ,castle1 the residence of the ,queen1 is one of the largest and most magnificent royal residences in the world4 ,the interior of the drawing-room1 which is fitted up at an expense of many hundred thousand dollars1 gives a person a fair conception of the elaborate and artistic display to be witnessed in numerous other apartments4 ,the interior1 beautified with colored marble1 mosaics1 sculpture1 stained-glass1 precious stones1 and gilding in extraordinary profusion and richness1 places it among the finest castles in all ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,,midland ,,grand ,,hotel ,,and ,,st4 ,,pancras ,,station1 ,,london1 ,,england4--,the roof of this station is said to be the most extensive in the world1 being seven hundred feet long1 two hundred and forty feet span1 and one hundred and fifty feet high4 ,the hotel is the terminus of the railway by the same name1 and is one of the largest in ,london4 ,travelers arriving at the metropolis of the world1 by almost any of the large railway lines1 can secure hotel accommodations at the end of their journey in the ,railway ,hotel4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,strand1 ,london1 ,england4--,this street has been so named from its skirting the bank of the river1 which is concealed here by the buildings4 ,it is very broad1 contains many handsome shops1 and is the great artery of traffic between the city and the ,west ,end1 and one of the busiest and most important thoroughfares in ,london4 ,it was unpaved down to #aecb4 ,at that period many of the mansions of the nobility and hierarchy stood here1 with gardens stretching down to the ,thames4 ,the buildings on the left are the new ,law ,courts4 ,illustration3 ,,cheapside1 ,,london1 ,,england4--,this street is in the very heart of the city and is especially noted for its so-called cheap shops1 where is offered for sale every variety of articles1 from a locomotive to a toothpick4 ,the street is constantly so crowded with vehicles1 that pedestrians are often delayed from fifteen to twenty minutes in crossing from one side to the other4 ,it affords much pleasure to stroll along ,cheapside and watch the crowds of pedestrians and vehicles pass up and down the avenue4 ,the buildings lining ,cheapside have an imposing appearance1 and are of uniform architecture4 ,illustration3 ,,st4 ,,paul',s ,,cathedral1 ,,london1 ,,england4--,conspicuous1 on a slight eminence in the very heart of ,london1 stands the above-named cathedral1 the most prominent building of the city4 ,it is claimed that in ,pagan times a temple of ,diana occupied the site of ,st4 ,paul's4 ,the present church was begun in #afge1 opened for divine service in #afig1 and completed in #agaj4 ,the bulk of its cost1 amounting to nearly #d1jjj1jjj1 was defrayed by a tax on coal4 ,the church resembles ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome1 and is in the form of a ,latin cross1 five hundred feet long and one hundred and eighteen feet wide4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,bank ,,of ,,england1 ,,london1 ,,england4--,this irregular1 isolated1 one-story building1 covering an area of four acres1 and located in the central part of ,london1 is the largest and most powerful institution in the world4 ,it is the only bank in ,london which has the power to issue paper money2 its average daily business is over #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,it employs #ijj people1 and usually carries in its vaults from #ge1jjj1jjj to #ajj1jjj1jjj1 while there are from #ajj to #abe1jjj1jjj dollars of the bank's notes in circulation4 ,on the right is the ,stock ,exchange1 giving #ajjj stock brokers daily employment4 ,illustration3 ,,tower ,,of ,,london1 ,,london1 ,,england4--,this celebrated fortress is located on the ,thames in the eastern portion of ,london4 ,some of the most interesting events in the history of the ,old ,world are clustered around these ancient relics4 ,some say the tower was commenced by ,julius ,csar1 while most writers affirm that ,william the ,conqueror commenced it in #ajgh4 ,the tower-walls enclose about twelve acres1 on the outside of which is a deep ditch or moat1 formerly filled with water4 ,the tower was for a time a residence for the ,monarchs of ,england2 afterwards a prison for ,state criminals4 ,illustration3 ,,london ,,bridge1 ,,london1 ,,england4--,centuries ago the ,saxons and ,romans erected various wooden bridges over the ,thames1 on the site of the present ,london ,bridge2 but they were all carried away by floods1 or destroyed by fire4 ,this bridge was begun in #ahbe and completed in #ahca at a cost of #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,the bridge1 #ibh feet long and #ed feet wide1 is borne by five granite arches1 that in the centre having a span of #aeb feet4 ,the lamp-posts on the bridge are cast of the metal of ,french cannons captured in the ,peninsular ,war4 ,about #ae1jjj vehicles and #ajj1jjj pedestrians cross the bridge daily4 ,illustration3 ,,westminster ,,abbey1 ,,london1 ,,england4--,the ,abbey1 built in the form of cross1 four hundred feet long and two hundred feet wide1 is of ,gothic design1 and was founded in #faj ,a4 ,d4 ,that antique pile1 ,where royal heads receive the sacred gold2 ,it give them crowns1 and does their ashes keep2 ,there made like gods1 like mortals there they sleep1 ,making the circle of their reign complete4 ,these sons of ,empire1 where they rise1 they set4 ,illustration3 ,,houses ,,of ,,parliament1 ,,london1 ,,england4--,these edifices form a single pile of buildings of the richest ,gothic style4 ,they cover over eight acres1 contain one hundred stair-cases1 eleven hundred apartments1 and cost #ae1jjj1jjj4 ,they are perhaps the most costly national structure in the world4 ,the ,queen enters on the opening and prorogation of ,parliament through the ,victoria ,tower1 which is three hundred and forty feet high4 ,the imposing river-front of the edifice is nine hundred and forty feet long1 and adorned with statues of ,english monarchs1 from ,william the ,conqueror to ,queen ,victoria4 ,illustration3 ,,trafalgar ,,square1 ,,london1 ,,england4--,here is one of the finest open places in ,london4 ,this great square1 which is a centre of attraction1 was dedicated to ,lord ,nelson1 and commemorates his glorious death in the battle of ,trafalgar1 ,october #bb1 #ahje1 gained by the ,english fleet over the combined armaments of ,france and ,spain4 ,in the centre of the ,square1 rises to the memory of the great hero1 a massive granite column1 one hundred and fifty-four feet high1 and crowned with a statue of ,nelson4 ,at the foot of the pedestal is inscribed his last command1 ,england expects every man will do his duty4 ,illustration3 ,,buckingham ,,palace1 ,,london1 ,,england4--,the above palace1 being now the ,queen's residence and occupying the site of ,buckingham ,house1 was erected in #agjc by the ,duke of ,buckingham1 and purchased by ,george ,,iii4 ,his successor remodeled it in #ahbe1 but it remained vacant until #ahcg1 when it was occupied by ,queen ,victoria1 whose residence it has since continued to be4 ,the palace now forms a quadrangle1 and is three hundred and sixty feet long4 ,it contains a sculpture-gallery1 a library1 green drawing-room1 throne-room1 grand saloon1 state ball-room1 picture-gallery and private apartments4 ,illustration3 ,,rotten ,,row1 ,,london1 ,,england4--,rotten ,row is the finest portion of ,hyde ,park1 irrespectively of the magnificent groups of trees and expanses of grass for which ,english parks stand pre-eminent4 ,the ,park is surrounded by a handsome and lofty iron railing1 and provided with nine carriage entrances4 ,in the spring and summer the fashionable world rides1 drives or walks through the ,row2 and in the drives are seen unbroken files of elegant equipages and high-bred horses in handsome trappings moving continually1 presided over by sleek coachmen and powdered lackeys1 and occupied by some of the most beautiful and exquisitely dressed women in the world4 ,illustration3 ,,albert ,,memorial1 ,,london1 ,,england4--,this magnificent monument to ,albert1 the late ,prince ,consort1 was erected by the ,english nation at a cost of #fjj1jjj4 ,on a spacious platform1 to which granite steps ascend on each side1 rises a basement adorned with reliefs in marble1 representing artists of every period1 poets4 musicians1 painters and sculptors4 ,in the centre of the basement sits the colossal bronze-gilt figure of ,prince ,albert4 ,the canopy terminates at the top in a ,gothic spire1 rising in three stages and surmounted by a cross4 ,the monument is one hundred and seventy-five feet high1 and gorgeously embellished with bronze and marble statues1 gildings1 colored stones and mosaic4 ,illustration3 ,,antwerp1 ,,belgium4--,antwerp1 the capital of a province of its own name1 stands on the right bank of the ,scheldt4 ,it is strongly fortified2 its walls and other defenses completely encompass the city on the land sides1 having more than twelve miles of massive ramparts4 ,the appearance of ,antwerp is exceedingly picturesque1 an effect produced by its numerous churches1 convents1 magnificent public buildings1 its elaborate and extensive fortifications1 the profusion of beautiful trees1 and by the stately antique-looking houses which line its older thoroughfares4 ,of the docks1 dock-yards and basins1 constructed by ,bonaparte at an expense of #aj1jjj1jjj1 the last only remains4 ,its harbor is one of the finest in the world4 ,illustration3 ,,panoramic ,,view ,,of ,,brussels1 ,,belgium4--,brussels1 the capitol of ,belgium and the residence of the royal family1 is situated nearly in the centre of the ,kingdom4 ,the above picture presents a general view of the city1 the tile roofs of the houses1 with the ,palace of ,justice looming up in the background4 ,this stately edifice1 completed in #ahhc1 was erected at an expense of over #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,this high tower of marble forcibly suggests the mighty structures of ancient ,egypt or ,assyria1 and the vast amount of energy spent in their erection4 ,illustration3 ,,palace ,,of ,,the ,,king1 ,,brussels1 ,,belgium4--,the above edifice originally consisted of two buildings1 which were erected during the last century4 ,these were connected by an intervening structure1 and adorned in #ahbg with a ,corinthian colonnade4 ,it is one of the principal and notable buildings of the ,city of ,brussels4 ,the interior contains a number of apartments handsomely fitted up1 and a great variety of ancient and modern pictures4 ,a flag hoisted on the palace announces the presence of the ,king4 ,illustration3 ,,bourse1 ,,brussels1 ,,belgium4--,in the central portion of the ,city of ,brussels on the ,boulevard ,anspach1 rises the ,bourse or ,new ,exchange1 an imposing pile in ,louis ,,xiv4 style4 ,its vast proportions and almost excessive richness of ornamentation combine to make the building worthy of being the commercial centre of an important metropolis2 but it has been sadly disfigured by the application of a coat of paint1 necessitated by the foible nature of the stone4 ,the principal faade is embellished with a ,corinthian colonnade1 to which there is an ascent of twenty steps4 ,illustration3 ,,city ,,hall1 ,,brussels1 ,,belgium4--,this is by far the most interesting edifice in the city1 and one of the noblest and most beautiful buildings of the kind in ,belgium4 ,it is of irregular1 quadrangular form1 one hundred and ninety-eight feet in length1 and one hundred and sixty-five feet in depth1 and encloses a court4 ,the principal faade is of ,gothic style1 and the graceful tower1 which1 however1 for some unexplained reason does not rise from the centre of the structure1 is three hundred and seventy feet in height4 ,the entire building dates back to the fourteenth century1 and is still occupied by municipal offices4 ,illustration3 ,,cathedral ,,of ,,ste4 ,,gudule4--,in the central part of the ,city of ,brussels1 overlooking its lower section1 is the above edifice1 one of the most imposing and most ancient ,gothic churches in ,belgium4 ,it consists of a nave and aisle1 having a retro-choir1 and deep bays1 resembling chapels4 ,it was built in #abbj1 and has been in constant use for #fgj years4 ,while the elements of time are crumbling its outside surface1 leaving an abundance of disintegrated matter at the base of its walls1 its interior is adorned with fine paintings and kept in apparently good order4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,forbidden ,,book 7,,by ,,ooms71 ,,academy ,,of ,,fine ,,arts1 ,,brussels1 ,,belgium--,this striking painting by that celebrated artist1 is a pleasing commingling of many colors1 which1 of course1 are lost in the photograph4 ,the picture represents a private library1 the father and daughter eagerly devouring the contents of the ,bible4 ,unexpected foot-steps are heard2 hence the frightened look of both1 for1 in those days1 reading the ,bible was punished by death4 ,the painting is a subject study for the earnest ,bible-reader4 ,illustration3 ,,scheveningen1 ,,holland4--,this famous and popular summer resort is annually visited by thousands of people4 ,the sand is firm and smooth1 and the place possesses a great advantage over other watering-places on the ,north ,sea1 having ,the ,hague and woods in close proximity1 the latter affording pleasant and shady walks4 ,what appear like wooden posts driven in the sand in the above picture1 are wicker-basket chairs1 with roofs to keep off the sun4 ,scores of canvas tents line the shore1 and thousands of people lie on the beach from early morning until late at night4 ,illustration3 ,,amsterdam1 ,,holland4--,this is the largest and most important city in ,holland1 and constitutionally its capital4 ,it stands on a soft1 wet ground1 under which1 at a depth of fifty feet1 is a bed of sand4 ,into this sand piles are driven1 on which buildings are reared1 a fact which gave rise to the jest of ,erasmus of ,rotterdam1 that he knew a city whose inhabitants dwelt on tops of trees like rooks4 ,the city is surrounded by grassy meadows4 ,amsterdam ranks much higher as a trading than as a manufacturing town4 ,the photograph represents ,st4 ,antoine ,street4 ,illustration3 ,,wind-,,mill1 ,,holland4--,millions wonder that a country so situated as ,holland can exist2 and the stranger is almost unable to decide whether land or water predominates4 ,those broken and compressed coasts1 those deep bays and great rivers1 the lakes and canals crossing each other1 all combine to give the idea of a country that may at any time disintegrate and disappear4 ,in the thirteenth century the sea broke the dykes in northern ,holland and formed the ,zuyder ,zee1 destroying many villages and causing the death of eighty thousand people4 ,to drain the lakes1 and save the country from destructive inundations1 the ,hollanders press the air into their service1 which is represented by the above wind-mill4 ,illustration3 ,,christiansand1 ,,norway4--,christiansand is the largest town on the south coast of the ,scandinavian peninsula1 and the residence of one of the five ,norwegian ,bishops4 ,it is beautifully situated at the mouth of the ,otteraa1 on the ,christiansand ,fjord4 ,the town is named after ,christian ,,iv41 by whom it was founded in #afda1 and is regularly laid out with streets intersecting at right angles4 ,it possesses an excellent harbor1 at which all the coasting steamers of that country1 and those from ,england1 ,germany and ,denmark1 arrive regularly4 ,illustration3 ,,bergen1 ,,norway4--,bergen is one of the oldest and most picturesque cities in ,norway4 ,the general aspect of the town is modern1 though traces of its antiquity are not wanting4 ,the older part adjoins the spacious harbor called ,vaagen1 and spreads over the rocky heights at the base of the ,florfjeld and over the peninsula of ,mordanes4 ,fish has always been the staple commodity of the city1 and it is still the greatest fish market in ,norway4 ,the above picture represents the harbor1 with vegetable-peddlers and their portable stalls in the foreground4 ,illustration3 ,,nierdfjord1 ,,gudvnagen1 ,,norway4--,one of the grandest and most picturesque of the many ,fjords on the broken coast of ,norway1 is represented here4 ,enormous waterfalls1 formed by the melting snows and ice1 are seen along the steep precipices of the high mountains on every side4 ,the mountains on both sides of this inland sea1 rise to the height of several thousand feet4 ,the steamer in the foreground is one of the many that make weekly trips between ,christiansand and ,hammerfest1 the latter being the most northern town in the world4 ,during the summer season1 these steamers are crowded with tourists to their utmost capacity4 ,this fact evinces the grandeur of the place1 and the interest it must afford to travellers4 ,illustration3 ,,north ,,cape1 ,,norway4--,this cape 7#ga #aj' ,n4 ,lat471 consisting of a dark gray slate-rock1 furrowed with deep clefts1 rising abruptly from the sea1 is usually considered the most northern point of ,europe2 its height is about nine hundred and seventy feet4 ,the northern sun1 creeping at midnight 7the time this photograph was taken7 along the horizon1 and the immeasurable ocean in apparent contact with the skies1 form the grandest outlines and the most sublime pictures to the astonished beholder4 ,here1 as in a dream1 the many cares and anxieties of restless mortals seem to culminate4 ,illustration3 ,,moscow1 ,,russia4--,moscow1 which was at one time the capital of all ,russia and home of the ,czar1 was founded nearly seven hundred and fifty years ago4 ,the principal event in its history is the burning of it in #ahab1 for the purpose of dislodging the ,french from their winter quarters during the ,french and ,russian war4 ,the city is built with strange irregularities1 having streets and numerous paltry lanes opening all at once into magnificent squares4 ,it has a great number of churches and monasteries1 and a university with #ajjj students4 ,this photograph represents the principal portion of the city and the river ,moskva1 on whose bank it is situated1 with the ,kremlin in the distance1 piercing the air with its lofty spires4 ,illustration3 ,,winter ,,palace1 ,,st4 ,,petersburg1 ,,russia4--,this magnificent palace is fronted with a large number of ,corinthian columns1 which give it a formidable yet beautiful appearance4 ,on the top1 along the front and sides1 it is adorned by a number of statues representing various emblems and figures in ,russian history4 ,the most beautiful apartment of the edifice is the ,salle ,blanche1 or white saloon1 where the court ftes are held4 ,the room contains the crown jewels of ,russia1 and is decorated in pure white and gold4 ,the effect is most dazzling4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,cathedral1 ,,cologne1 ,,germany4--,this building justly excites the admiration of every beholder1 and is probably the most magnificent ,gothic edifice in the world4 ,it stands on a slight eminence1 sixty feet above the ,rhine4 ,as early as the ninth century1 an ,episcopal church occupied the site1 but the inhabitants regarded it to be unworthy1 as compared with the prosperity of the city1 and consequently started a new one4 ,the foundation-stone of the present structure was laid on ,august #ad1 #abdh4 ,on the #aeth of ,october1 #ahhj1 the completion of the ,cathedral was celebrated in the presence of ,william ,i4 ,illustration3 ,,bingen1 ,,germany4--,bingen1 a ,hessian town of ,prussia1 with a population of #gajj1 is situated at the confluence of the ,nahe and ,rhine rivers4 ,the ,romans erected a castle here in #gj1 when a battle was fought between them and the ,gauls4 ,bingen carries on a large trade in wine1 starch and leather4 ,the town is in a beautiful and highly picturesque country1 and is visited by thousands of tourists during the summer season4 ,on an island in the ,rhine is the ,mansethum1 or ,rat ,tower1 a structure erected in the thirteenth century4 ,bingen is celebrated in song1 poetry1 story and history4 ,illustration3 ,,ehrenbreitstein1 ,,germany4--,this small town1 with five thousand three hundred inhabitants1 prettily situated in a valley1 is crowned with the fortresses of ,ehrenbreitstein and ,asterstein1 which are connected with ,coblenz by a bridge of boats1 about four hundred yards in length4 ,the majestic fortress of ,ehrenbreitstein rises opposite the influx of the ,moselle1 and is situated on a precipitous rock1 three hundred and eighty-five feet above the ,rhine1 inaccessible on three sides1 and connected with the neighboring heights on the north side only4 ,the view from the top is one of the finest on the ,rhine4 ,it embraces the fertile ,rhine ,valley from ,stolzenfels to ,andernach4 ,illustration3 ,,frankfort-,,on-,,the-,,main1 ,,germany4--,the above city1 formerly one of the few independent towns of ,germany1 now belongs to ,prussia4 ,old watch-towers in the vicinity indicate its ancient extent4 ,the city lies on a spacious plain bounded by mountains1 on the right bank of the navigable river ,main4 ,on the left bank lies ,sachenhausen1 a suburb connected with ,frankfort by four stone bridges and one suspension bridge4 ,in a commercial1 and particularly a financial1 point of view1 ,frankfort is one of the most important cities of ,germany4 ,illustration3 ,,martin ,,luther',s ,,house1 ,,frankfort-,,on-,,the-,,main1 ,,germany4--,here is a historic relic which justly excites the admiration of the beholder4 ,this is where ,martin ,luther lived for a time after he had nailed to a church-door in ,wittenberg the theses in which he contested the doctrine at the root of the detestable traffic carried on for the ,pope by ,tetzel and his accomplices4 ,this brought to the front a man who had certainly many faults1 but who amply made up for them by his force of intellect and the loftiness of his aims4 ,illustration3 ,,ariadne ,,on ,,the ,,panther1 ,,bethmann',s ,,museum1 ,,frankfort-,,on-,,the-,,main1 ,,germany4--,this exquisite piece of sculpture is the masterpiece of ,dannecker1 a sculptor of ,stuttgart1 who is likewise famous for his bust of ,schiller4 ,of the many subjects sculptured by ,dannecker1 ,ariadne1 especially1 has a peculiar charm of novelty1 which has made it a ,european favorite in a reduced size4 ,it is perhaps the contrast between the delicacy of the female human form and the subdued rude force of the panther she rides1 that attracts the admiration4 ,illustration3 ,,university ,,building1 ,,leipsic1 ,,germany4--,leipsic is one of the great commercial cities of ,germany1 the centre of the ,german book-trade1 the seat of the supreme law-courts of the ,german ,empire1 and contains one of the most ancient and important universities in ,europe4 ,the interior of the city consists of lofty and closely built houses1 dating chiefly from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries1 and is surrounded by five handsome suburbs1 beyond which is a series of villages1 almost adjacent to the town4 ,the above picture represents one of the ,university buildings4 ,illustration3 ,,royal ,,palace1 ,,berlin1 ,,germany4--,this palace1 six hundred and fifty feet long1 three hundred and eighty feet wide1 and rectangular in form1 rises in four stories to the height of one hundred feet1 while the dome on the right is two hundred and thirty feet high4 ,in the time of ,frederick the ,great1 it served as a residence for all the members of the royal family1 contained all the royal collections1 and was the seat of several government officials4 ,now it is used for reception rooms1 and a dwelling for royal officials4 ,the exterior of the palace is massive and imposing2 the interior is beautifully embellished4 ,illustration3 ,,berlin1 ,,germany4--,berlin1 the capital of ,prussia and the home of the emperor1 with its large and beautiful buildings and its regularity of streets1 ranks among the finest cities in ,europe4 ,the most noted street is that called ,unter den ,linden1 the city's pride1 a broad and imposing thoroughfare1 resembling the boulevards of ,paris4 ,it contains four rows of trees1 ornamented at one end by the ,brandenburg ,gate1 and at the other by the equestrian statue of ,frederick the ,great1 well represented by this photograph4 ,the palace of the king1 different gardens1 the aquarial museum and many other noted buildings border on ,unter den ,linden1 which is nearly a mile long1 and thronged all day with pedestrians4 ,illustration3 ,,statue ,,of ,,frederick ,,the ,,great1 ,,berlin1 ,,germany4--,this impressive and masterly work was erected in #ahea at one end of the ,linden1 and is probably the grandest monument of its kind in ,europe4 ,the great ,king is represented on horse-back1 with his coronation-robes and walking-stick4 ,the pedestal is divided into four sections4 ,the upper one contains allegorical figures and scenes in ,frederick's life1 with the figures ,moderation1 ,justice1 ,wisdom and ,strength at the corners2 the second section contains figures of the ,king's officers1 and the lower section1 the names of other distinguished men4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,brandenburg ,,gate1 ,,berlin1 ,,germany4--,the ,brandenburg ,gate1 forming the entrance to ,berlin1 from the ,thiergarten1 was erected in #agic in imitation of the ,propyla at ,athens4 ,it is #he feet high and #bje feet wide1 and has five different passages1 separated by massive ,doric columns4 ,it is at the one end of ,unter den ,linden1 and its middle passage is reserved for royal carriages only4 ,the material is sandstone1 and it is surmounted by a ,quadriga of ,victory from copper1 taken to ,paris by ,napoleon in #ahjg1 but restored in #ahad4 ,on the side are two wings resembling ,grecian ,temples1 one of which is a pneumatic post-office and the other a guard-house4 ,both combine in their construction1 strength1 elegance and beauty4 ,illustration3 ,,monument ,,of ,,victory1 ,,berlin1 ,,germany4--,this monument1 rising to a height of two hundred feet1 stands on a circular terrace1 approached by eight granite steps in the ,thiergarten4 ,it was dedicated on ,september #b1 #ahgc1 to commemorate the great victories of #ahgj and #ahga4 ,the massive square pedestal is adorned with reliefs in bronze4 ,above1 in the flutings of the column1 which consists of yellow1 grayish sandstone1 are placed three rows of ,danish1 ,austrian and ,french cannon1 captured in the different battles fought with those nations4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,historic ,,windmill1 ,,potsdam1 ,,germany4--,potsdam is almost entirely surrounded by a fringe of royal palaces1 parks and pleasure-grounds4 ,here is located the palace of ,sanssouci4 ,adjacent to the palace is the famous windmill1 now royal property1 which its owner refused to sell to the ,king1 meeting threatened violence by an appeal to the judges of its supreme court4 ,illustration3 ,,madonna ,,di ,,san ,,sisto 7,,by ,,raphael71 ,,dresden ,,gallery1 ,,dresden1 ,,germany4--,this masterpiece of ,raphael1 was photographed direct from the original painting1 worth #djj1jjj4 ,it is an altar-piece1 representing the ,virgin and ,child in clouds1 with ,st4 ,sixtus on the right1 ,st4 ,barbara on the left1 and the cherubs beneath4 ,a curtain has just been drawn back1 and the ,virgin issues1 as it were1 from the depth of ,heaven1 her large serene eyes seeming to embrace the whole world in their gaze4 ,the most striking feature of the painting is the expression of naive innocence depicted on the faces of the cherubs4 ,illustration3 ,,magdalene 7,,by ,,battoni71 ,,dresden ,,gallery1 ,,dresden1 ,,germany4 ,illustration3 ,,bird',s-,,eye ,,view ,,of ,,paris1 ,,france4--,paris1 the largest city in the ,french ,republic1 and its capital1 covers an area of thirty square miles1 with a population of about #b1jjj1jjj4 ,the river ,seine1 which flows through the centre of the city1 is spanned by twenty-eight bridges1 of which the seven principal are shown on this photograph4 ,the city is noted for its fine parks1 magnificent churches1 colossal buildings1 and wide boulevards1 of which the ,champs ,elysees is the most famous4 ,paris is the centre of the political1 artistic1 scientific1 commercial and industrial life of the nation4 ,illustration3 ,,place ,,de ,,la ,,concorde1 ,,paris1 ,,france4--,place de la ,concorde1 one of the most beautiful and extensive public parks in ,paris1 being considered1 by the best authorities1 the finest in the world1 is bounded by the ,seine1 ,champs ,elysees1 ,tuileries and ,rue de ,rivoli4 ,numerous historical associations are connected with the place4 ,the guillotine did much bloody work here during #agic-d-e2 upwards of #bhjj people perished by it4 ,foreign troops frequently bivouacked on the square when ,paris was in their power4 ,the ,obelisk of ,luxor1 a ,monolith or single block of reddish granite #gf feet high1 was presented to ,louis ,phillipi by ,mohamed ,ali and erected in the centre of the ,place4 ,it adds very much to the interest of the park4 ,illustration3 ,,madeleine1 ,,paris1 ,,france4--,the foundation of this church was laid by ,louis ,,xv4 in #agfd4 ,the ,revolution found the edifice unfinished1 and ,napoleon ,i4 ordered the building to be completed as a ,temple of ,glory4 ,louis ,,xviii41 however1 returned to the original intention of making it a church4 ,the edifice was finally completed in #ahdb1 and the amount of money expended was upwards of #b1ejj1jjj4 ,it stands on a basement1 surrounded by massive ,corinthian columns4 ,the building1 which is destitute of windows1 is constructed exclusively of stone1 light being admitted through sky-lights in the roof4 ,illustration3 ,,opera ,,house1 ,,paris1 ,,france4--,this is a most sumptuous edifice1 completed in #ahgd1 and covering an area of nearly three acres4 ,nothing can surpass the magnificence of the materials with which it is decorated1 and for which almost all ,europe has made contributions4 ,sweden and ,scotland yielded a supply of green and red granite2 from ,italy were brought the yellow and white marbles2 from ,finland1 red porphyry2 from ,spain1 brocatello2 and from ,france1 other marbles of various colors4 ,the cost of the site was over #b1jjj1jjj1 and that of the building nearly #h1jjj1jjj4 ,illustration3 ,,great ,,boulevards1 ,,paris1 ,,france4--,the splendid line of streets1 known as the ,great ,boulevards1 which extend on the north side of the ,seine1 from the ,madeleine at one end1 to the ,bastile at the other1 was originally the line of fortifications or bulwarks of the ,city of ,paris4 ,in #afgj1 the city having extended northward far beyond the fortifications1 the moats were filled up1 the walls destroyed and the above ,boulevards formed4 ,this photograph represents the ,grand ,hotel at the corner of the ,place de l',opera4 ,illustration3 ,,july ,,column1 ,,paris1 ,,france4--,the above monument was erected after the ,revolution of ,july1 #ahcj1 in honor of the heroes who fell on that occasion1 and solemnly dedicated in #ahdj4 ,the total height of the monument is one hundred and fifty-four feet1 resting on a massive round sub-struction of white marble1 originally intended for ,napoleon's ,elephant1 which he had planned to erect in bronze on this spot2 but his plans were never consummated4 ,on the sub-struction rises a square basement1 on each side of which are four bronze medallions1 symbolical of ,justice1 the ,constitution1 ,strength and ,freedom4 ,illustration3 ,,statue ,,of ,,the ,,republic1 ,,paris1 ,,france4--,this national statue is made of bronze1 and was erected in #ahhc4 ,the stone pedestal1 fifty feet in height1 is surrounded with seated bronze figures of ,liberty1 ,equality and ,fraternity4 ,the statue1 thirty-two feet high to the top of the olive branch1 makes a striking and imposing appearance4 ,in front is a brazen lion1 with the urn of universal suffrage4 ,on the stone pedestal are hewn the words1 ,to the ,glory of the ,republic of ,france1 to the ,city of ,paris1 #ahhc4 ,this statue was the model for the ,statue of ,liberty in ,new ,york ,harbor4 ,illustration3 ,,vendome ,,column1 ,,paris1 ,,france4--,here is an imitation of ,trajan's column at ,rome4 ,it is one hundred and forty-two feet high1 and thirteen feet in diameter1 and was erected by the order of ,napoleon ,i41 from #ahjf to #ahaj1 to commemorate his victories in #ahje1 over the ,russians and ,austrians4 ,the figures on the spiral column represent memorable scenes1 from the breaking up of the camp at ,boulogne1 to the battle of ,austerlitz4 ,the metal of these figures was obtained by melting #abjj ,russian and ,austrian cannons4 ,the top is a statue of ,napoleon4 ,illustration3 ,,royal ,,palace1 ,,paris1 ,,france4--,the above palace1 erected by ,cardinal ,richelieu in #afcd1 was occupied after his death by ,anne of ,austria1 the widow of ,louis ,,xiii41 with her sons ,louis ,,xiv41 and ,philip of ,orleans1 then in their minority4 ,in #ahae the ,orleans family regained possession of the ,palais ,royal2 and it was occupied by ,louis ,philippe to #ahcj4 ,shortly before the outbreak of the revolution of ,july1 he gave a sumptuous ball here in honor of ,neapolitan notabilities then visiting ,paris4 ,in #ahga1 the ,communists set the ,palais ,royal on fire1 but it has since been carefully restored4 ,illustration3 ,,hotel ,,de ,,ville1 ,,paris1 ,,france4--,the above edifice1 in many respects one of the finest buildings in ,paris1 may be regarded as an enlarged reproduction of the original building1 with richer ornamentation and more convenient arrangements4 ,it has played a conspicuous part in the different revolutions1 having been the usual rallying place of the ,democratic party4 ,here was also celebrated the union of the ,july ,monarchy with the ,bourgeoisie1 when ,louis ,philippe presented himself at one of the windows in ,august1 #ahcj1 and1 in view of the populace1 embraced ,lafayette4 ,illustration3 ,,cathedral ,,of ,,notre ,,dame1 ,,paris1 ,,france4--,founded in #aafc1 but not completed until the thirteenth century4 ,since then the building has been frequently altered4 ,during the ,revolution the ,cathedral was sadly desecrated4 ,the side chapels were devoted to orgies of various kinds4 ,in #ahjb it was again re-opened by ,napoleon as a place of divine worship4 ,during #ahga ,notre ,dame was desecrated by the ,communists4 ,the treasury was rifled1 and the building used as a military depot4 ,when the insurgents were compelled to retreat1 they set fire to the church1 but fortunately little damage was done4 ,illustration3 ,,palace ,,of ,,justice1 ,,paris1 ,,france4--,this palace1 occupying the site of the ancient palace of the kings of ,france1 was presented by ,charles ,,viii41 in #adca1 to the ,parliament or ,supreme ,court of ,justice4 ,the palace was so much injured by fire in #afah and in #aggf1 that nothing of it now remains except the two round domes which are seen on the right of the picture4 ,the bridge seen in connection with the avenue in the foreground1 spans the ,seine1 having been built by ,napoleon1 while the avenue itself leads to the ,exchange4 ,illustration3 ,,arc ,,of ,,triumph1 ,,paris1 ,,france4--,this is the finest triumphal arch in existence4 ,it is situated at one end of the ,champs ,elysees1 on an eminence1 and can be seen from nearly every part of the city4 ,twelve magnificent avenues radiate from it1 nearly all of them sloping upward to the arch4 ,it was commenced by ,napoleon ,i4 in #ahjf1 and completed by ,louis ,philippe in #ahcf1 at a cost of #b1jjj1jjj4 ,illustration3 ,,dome ,,des ,,invalides1 ,,paris1 ,,france4--,the beautiful gilded dome1 three hundred and forty feet high1 which surmounts the church of the ,invalides1 and which can be seen at a great distance1 is built on the north side of the ,seine1 and forms a part of the ,hotel des ,invalides4 ,the ,hotel des ,invalides1 founded in #afgj by ,louis ,,xiv41 for aged veterans1 covers an area of thirty-one acres4 ,immediately under the gilded dome1 is a crypt below the floor1 containing the tomb of ,napoleon4 ,illustration3 ,,tomb ,,of ,,napoleon1 ,,paris1 ,,france4--,this tomb is situated beneath the ,dome des ,invalides1 in an open circular crypt1 twenty feet in depth and thirty-six feet in diameter4 ,the walls are of polished granite1 adorned with ten marble reliefs4 ,on the mosaic pavement rises the ,sarcophagus1 thirteen feet long1 six and one-half feet wide1 and fourteen and one-half feet high1 a huge block of reddish-brown granite weighing sixty-seven tons1 and costing #cj1jjj4 ,at the further end of the crypt appears ,napoleon's last request3 ,i wish that my ashes rest on the banks of the ,seine1 in the midst of the ,french people1 whom ,i loved so well4 ,to these words1 as well as to the tomb of the great leader1 every ,frenchman reverts with pride4 ,illustration3 ,,eiffel ,,tower1 ,,paris1 ,,france4--,this enormous monument surpasses anything of the kind hitherto erected4 ,from all parts of the city its graceful head may be seen1 completely dwarfing into insignificance every public building and spire that ,paris contains4 ,it has three platforms4 ,the first1 of vast extent and comfortably arranged for many hundred visitors at a time1 contains cafs and restaurants4 ,the second is #cgf feet from the ground1 and the third1 #hfc feet4 ,the total height of the ,tower is #ihe feet1 being the loftiest monument in the world4 ,illustration3 ,,pantheon1 ,,paris1 ,,france4--,this structure standing on the highest ground in the ,city of ,paris1 occupies the site of the tomb of ,ste4 ,genevieve1 the patron saint of ,paris4 ,the present edifice was completed in #agij4 ,the new church was dedicated to ,ste4 ,genevieve1 but in #agia the ,convention resolved to convert it into a kind of memorial temple1 which they named the ,pantheon4 ,in #ahhe it was secularized for the obsequies of ,victor ,hugo4 ,the edifice is of most imposing dimensions1 in the form of a ,greek cross4 ,the building resembles the ,pantheon in ,rome4 ,illustration3 ,,louvre ,,buildings1 ,,paris1 ,,france4--,here are presented the most important public buildings in ,paris1 both architecturally and on account of the treasures of art they contain4 ,the oldest part of the ,louvre has been the scene of many historical events4 ,it is divided into two different sections1 the ground floor being devoted to an ,egyptian museum4 ,the other apartments contain the ,asiatic museum1 collections of ancient sculpture1 collections of ,renaissance sculpture1 collections of modern sculpture1 a picture gallery1 a saloon of the ancient bronzes1 and a collection of ,greek and other antiquities4 ,illustration3 ,,venus ,,de ,,milo1 ,,louvre ,,gallery1 ,,paris4--,this statue of ,aphrodite1 which was found on the ,island of ,melos1 now ,milo1 at the entrance to the ,greek ,archipelago1 was sold to the ,french ,government for #fjjj francs1 and is now not for sale for its weight in gold4 ,it is exhibited in the ,louvre and represents one of the most celebrated treasures of the ,gallery4 ,aphrodite is here represented1 not only as a beautiful woman1 but as a goddess1 as is seen by her powerful and majestic form and the noble expression of the head1 indicating her independence of human needs and the placid self-competence of her divine character4 ,it is one of the masterpieces which constitute the great marvel of antiquity4 ,illustration3 ,,tomb ,,of ,,phillippe ,,pot1 ,,louvre ,,gallery1 ,,paris1 ,,france4 ,illustration3 ,,peacemaker ,,of ,,the ,,village 7,,by ,,greuze71 ,,louvre ,,gallery1 ,,paris1 ,,france4--,this painting was executed by the renowned ,french artist when nearly at the zenith of his powers1 and is only one of the many giant masterpieces by this celebrated painter4 ,greuze1 when quite young1 showed considerable talent1 which was encouraged by a ,lyonese artist4 ,at the advice of the latter1 he drifted to ,paris and produced several ,biblical subjects1 followed by others of the same class4 ,he left ,france for ,italy1 but returned soon after and produced the above painting in #agei-fa1 followed by others1 with increasing success4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,last ,,veil 7,,by ,,bouret71 ,,luxembourg ,,gallery1 ,,paris1 ,,france ,illustration3 ,,arrest ,,in ,,the ,,village 7,,by ,,salmson71 ,,luxembourg ,,gallery1 ,,paris1 ,,france4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,mother 7,,by ,,lenoir71 ,,luxembourg ,,gallery1 ,,paris1 ,,france4 ,illustration3 ,,joan ,,of ,,arc 7,,by ,,chapu71 ,,luxembourg ,,gallery1 ,,paris1 ,,france--,known in ,france as ,jeanne d',arc1 the maid of ,orleans was born about #adaa4 ,in #adbh1 when ,orleans1 the key to the south of ,france1 was infested by the ,english1 she rode at the head of an army1 clothed in a coat of mail1 armed with an ancient sword1 and carrying a white standard of her own design1 embroidered with lilies1 and having on the one side the image of ,god holding the world in ,his hand1 on the other a representation of the annunciation4 ,the siege of the town was broken1 but she was often accused of being a heretic and sorcerer1 and was burned at the stake ,may #cj1 #adca4 ,illustration3 ,,paying ,,the ,,reapers 7,,by ,,lhermitte71 ,,luxembourg ,,gallery1 ,,paris1 ,,france4--,this famous painting1 from which the photograph is a direct copy1 represents a farm scene4 ,the laborers have just finished their day's work4 ,the man with the scythe1 rolled-up sleeves and open shirt1 is a genuine representation of an honest and industrious laborer4 ,the expression on his face shows a tired look1 but a spirit of contentment gently steals over his face1 which nearly all true and honest country people possess after a day's hard labor4 ,illustration3 ,,ignorance 7,,by ,j4 ,,comerre ,,paton71 ,,luxembourg ,,gallery1 ,,paris1 ,,france4--,this is one of the most celebrated paintings by this popular artist4 ,the outlines of the girl are perfect4 ,the graceful curves of the arms1 the sweet expression of the face and the tender look of the eyes are all charmingly beautiful4 ,the tiny cap1 the loose garment1 the uncovered feet1 the bare arms1 and the comfortable position of the girl1 all add to her beauty4 ,in the photograph the blended colors of the original painting are lost1 yet the subject can be well studied from this copy4 ,illustration3 ,,royal ,,palace1 ,,versailles1 ,,france4--,this palace presents a most imposing appearance2 the principal faade is no less than one-fourth of a mile long4 ,the building dates back1 for the erection of its various parts1 to several different periods1 and was the royal residence of the various rulers of ,france4 ,it has remained uninhabited since it was sacked by a ,parisian mob1 which included many thousand women4 ,the various halls and rooms are now devoted to the use of most interesting picture galleries4 ,illustration3 ,,royal ,,carriage1 ,,versailles1 ,,france4--,in the ,museum of ,carriages at ,versailles is a collection of royal vehicles from the time of the first ,emperor to the baptism of the ,prince ,imperial in #ahef1 besides sledges of the time of ,louis ,,xiv41 and sedan chairs4 ,the royal carriage in the picture is that of ,charles ,x41 afterwards used by ,napoleon on various occasions1 the letter ,n being still seen on the drapery adorning the seat4 ,the carriage is valued at #bjj1jjj1 and considered one of the finest vehicles of its kind in the world4 ,illustration3 ,,last ,,victims ,,of ,,the ,,reign ,,of ,,terror 7,,by ,,muller7 ,,versailles ,,gallery1 ,,versailles1 ,,france4--,the ,french ,revolution1 more commonly termed the ,reign of ,terror1 is perhaps unparalleled in the history of civilized countries4 ,hundreds of citizens were guillotined1 and when that process proved too slow1 they were shot down by platoon-fire4 ,the picture represents a prison scene crowded with suspects4 ,the officer to the right1 with a list of condemned criminals1 calls out the names of those to be put to death1 each one fearing that his or her name will be next called to join the procession to the guillotine on the ,place de la ,concorde4 ,the photograph presents a view of the last victims of that terrible war4 ,illustration3 ,,napoleon ,,at ,,austerlitz 7,,by ,,vernet71 ,,versailles ,,gallery1 ,,versailles1 ,,france4--,the conqueror here views the progress of the battle between the ,french troops1 numbering #ij1jjj men1 and the allied forces of fully #hj1jjj4 ,napoleon1 on his white horse1 receives reports from his generals in the field1 while with his field-glass he watches the advancing columns of both sides4 ,this decisive battle was witnessed by three ,emperors1 those of ,france1 ,russia and ,austria1 and resulted in a glorious victory for ,napoleon and the ,french4 ,a treaty of peace followed between ,france and ,austria2 but it was of short duration1 for the dangerous ambition of ,napoleon could not fail to force all ,european nations into alliance4 ,illustration3 ,,napoleon 7,,by ,,gosse71 ,,versailles ,,gallery1 ,,versailles1 ,,france4--,the above represents the ,little ,corporal on ,july #g1 #ahjg1 at ,tilsit1 a commercial town of ,eastern ,prussia1 ratifying the treaty with ,russia and ,prussia4 ,russia needed rest1 and ,napoleon was not sorry to pause4 ,it was the highest point of the ,emperor's renown4 ,his hand was felt throughout all ,europe2 it seemed as if ,england alone were beyond his power4 ,illustration3 ,,royal ,,palace1 ,,fontainebleau1 ,,france4--,this palace1 situated on the south-west side of the town1 is said to occupy the site of a former fortified chateau1 founded in #aafb4 ,it was ,francis ,i41 however1 who converted the medival fortress into a palace of almost unparalleled extent and magnificence4 ,the exterior is less imposing than that of some other contemporaneous edifices1 as the building1 with the exception of several pavilions1 is only two stories in height4 ,it was a favorite residence of ,napoleon4 ,illustration3 ,,throne ,,room1 ,,fontaineleau ,,palace1 ,,france4--,this magnificent hall1 with a ceiling in relief1 containing a chandelier in rock-crystal1 and wainscoated in the reign of ,louis ,,xiv41 is perhaps the most sumptuous apartment of the palace4 ,from here ,napoleon almost ruled the world4 ,the canopy of the throne rises by graceful folds to the rim of the high crown4 ,the bees and the letter ,n on the chair1 and on either side of the throne1 are symbolic of ,napoleon4 ,it was in this same room where the ,emperor declared his divorce from ,josephine4 ,illustration3 ,,apartment ,,of ,,tapestries1 ,,fontainebleau ,,palace1 ,,france4--,this room is embellished with tapestry from ,flanders1 woven into the myth of ,psyche4 ,the ceiling is in relief1 the old-fashioned mantel-piece dating back to the sixteenth century1 while the vases and clock are the finest ,sevres ware4 ,the table in the centre is the same one on which ,napoleon signed his abdication before taking his parting leave from his old ,guard on the #bjth of ,april1 #ahad1 to go into exile at ,elba4 ,the floor of inlaid polished wood has been much worn by the feet of travelers passing through the palace daily4 ,illustration3 ,,apartment ,,of ,,mme4 ,,de ,,maintenon1 ,,fontainebleau ,,palace1 ,,france4--,madame de ,maintenon was the second wife of ,louis ,,xiv41 although no written proof of such a marriage is extant2 but1 that it took place1 is nevertheless certain4 ,as a wife1 she was wholly admirable2 she had to entertain a man that would not be amused1 and was obliged to submit to a terribly strict court etiquette of absolute obedience to the ,king's inclinations4 ,this she always did cheerfully1 and never complained of weariness or illness4 ,her apartments still appear as they did when occupied by her4 ,illustration3 ,,nice1 ,,france4--,superbly situated on the shores of the ,mediterranean is the ,city of ,nice4 ,in winter it is the rendezvous of invalids and others from all parts of ,europe1 who seek refuge here from the bleak and vigorous atmosphere of the ,north4 ,the season begins with the races early in ,january1 and closes with a great regatta at the beginning of ,april2 but visitors abound from ,october until ,may4 ,in summer the place is deserted4 ,illustration3 ,,monaco4--,this principality of ,europe1 ,french in language1 but ,italian in tradition1 is located in the southern part of ,france1 on the ,mediterranean ,sea4 ,its area is six square miles1 and consists principally of the town of ,monaco and its suburbs1 which stand on a high promontory4 ,monaco has a fine palace1 a new cathedral1 a college1 a noted casino1 where gambling is licensed to pay with its profits the state expenses2 it has also manufactories of spirits1 fine pottery1 bricks1 perfumery1 and objects of myth4 ,the principality is now virtually under ,french control4 ,illustration3 ,,monte ,,carlo1 ,,france4--,this place is a health-resort in winter and a sea-bathing place in summer2 but the chief attraction to many is the tapis vert at the ,casino4 ,monte ,carlo belongs politically to the diminutive principality of ,monaco2 the former1 as seen in the picture1 is picturesquely situated on a small level at the foot of a high range of mountains1 skirting the ,mediterranean4 ,the building to the left with turrets is the ,casino4 ,the population of the place is almost entirely transient4 ,illustration3 ,,gaming ,,hall1 ,,monte ,,carlo1 ,,france4--,every portion of the interior of the ,casino1 of which the gaming-rooms are a part1 is luxuriously fitted up4 ,the ceilings are elaborately frescoed1 while the walls and niches are adorned with works of art4 ,admission to the above room is obtained free upon presentation of a visiting card at the office4 ,the games in progress from #aa ,a4 ,m4 until #aa ,p4 ,m41 are generally roulette1 and patronized by men and women of all ages and from all countries4 ,for the student of human nature1 the gambling halls present an excellent opportunity to study mankind4 ,illustration3 ,,madrid1 ,,spain4-,general view4 ,this city is finely situated on a wide plain of the ,guadalquivir4 ,it contains an abundance of wealth and power1 and is famous for its oranges and women4 ,the city is very old1 its history dating back as far as #fjj4 ,it is noted for being the birthplace of many distinguished ,spaniards4 ,magellan1 the famous navigator1 sailed from here in #aeai1 to discover ,magellan ,strait4 ,the winter season is very mild and pleasant1 and there is not a day in the whole year in which the sun does not shine4 ,illustration3 ,,seville1 ,,spain4--,on the left bank of the ,guadalquiver1 in a level country as productive as a garden1 stands the city of ,seville4 ,it is highly picturesque in its combination of buildings and with a river navigable to its very limits2 it is astir with life and commerce4 ,from the earliest time1 this city has been the chief outlet for the wealth of ,spain4 ,in the poorer portions of the town1 the open places are converted into market-stands1 as seen above4 ,across the river1 spanned by a bridge1 is a ,gypsy quarter of ,triana4 ,illustration3 ,,bull ,,fight1 ,,seville1 ,,spain4--,this photograph represents the great bull-ring of the city1 with a capacity for eighteen thousand people and crowded with spectators to witness the great national amusement4 ,a general holiday prevails on such occasions4 ,every one1 rich and poor1 possessing a grain of taste for bloody scenes and striking spectacles1 can be found in the ,amphitheatre on such occasions4 ,the show generally lasts for several hours1 during which several bulls1 more horses1 and not unfrequently1 men are killed in the combat4 ,illustration3 ,,toledo1 ,,spain4--,this city is situated on a rocky height1 forty-one miles south-west of ,madrid2 its climate is very cold in winter and hot in summer4 ,the ,cathedral of ,toledo1 the metropolitan church of ,spain1 founded in #ehg1 is four hundred feet in length1 and two hundred and four feet in width1 with a lofty tower and spire4 ,toledo has long been famous for its manufactories of sword-blades1 and great skill is still shown in tempering the m4 ,it was taken by the ,goths in #dfg1 and by the ,moors in #gad2 it was retained by the latter until #ajhe1 when it was permanently annexed to the crown of ,castile4 ,illustration3 ,,gibraltar1 ,,spain4--,this remarkable fortress1 which is a strongly fortified rock at the southern extremity of ,spain1 and forms the key to the ,mediterranean1 is connected with the continent by a low sandy isthmus1 one and one-half miles long1 and three-fourths of a mile wide4 ,the highest point of the rock is about one thousand four hundred feet above the sea level4 ,vast sums of money and immense labor have been spent in fortifying this stronghold4 ,the water for the supply of the town and garrison is collected during the rainy season1 the roofs of the houses gathering all the falling rain4 ,illustration3 ,,lisbon1 ,,portugal4--,this interesting city is situated on the ,tagus1 near the ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,the length of the city is four miles1 and its breadth about two miles4 ,lisbon is nobly situated for commerce1 and has the finest harbor in the world4 ,the earthquake of #agee1 traces of which are still visible1 destroyed a considerable portion of it1 and killed about sixty thousand of its inhabitants4 ,this photograph is a correct representation of the better portion of the city and harbor4 ,illustration3 ,,kirchenfeld ,,bridge1 ,,berne1 ,,switzerland4--,the above structure is a huge iron bridge1 seven hundred and fifty-one feet long1 built in #ahhb-ahhc1 across the river ,aare1 from the town proper to ,helvetia ,platz1 where a new quarter of the town is being built by an ,english company4 ,in the foreground are the terrace-like hot-houses and gardens of the peasants1 who earn their livelihood by supplying the inhabitants of ,berne with vegetables from their little farms4 ,from the top of the bridge1 in clear weather1 the ,bernese ,alps can be seen better than from any other point in the ,oberland4 ,illustration3 ,,clock ,,tower1 ,,berne1 ,,switzerland4 ,illustration3 ,,peasant ,,woman1 ,,switzerland4--,here is a photograph of a ,swiss girl on her way to church4 ,she presents a true type of her sex1 being well-developed1 refined and accomplished4 ,these peasants are fond of georgeous apparel1 and on holidays and ,sundays present a very pleasing spectacle4 ,their head-dress is particularly striking1 consisting of a cap adorned with fine stiff lace1 so arranged as to form a sort of fan at the back of the head4 ,they all dress in similar costumes1 which are both comfortable and attractive4 ,illustration3 ,,interlaken ,,and ,,the ,,jungfrau1 ,,switzerland4--,the low land between lakes ,thun and ,brienz1 is called ,brodeli4 ,these lakes once probably formed a single sheet of water1 but were gradually separated by deposit carried from the mountain-sides4 ,on this piece of land1 between the lakes1 lies ,interlaken4 ,the town is a favorite summer resort and is noted for its mild and equal temperature4 ,the above picture gives a general idea of the place1 with the ,jungfrau nine miles in the distance4 ,illustration3 ,,grindelwald1 ,,switzerland4--,grindelwald is a large village of widely-scattered houses1 in the heart of the ,alps and near the snow-fields4 ,it is an excellent starting-point for mountain excursions1 and also a favorite summer resort1 the situation being sheltered and healthful4 ,the place owes its reputation chiefly to its glaciers close by4 ,three gigantic mountains bound the valley4 ,in years when ice is scarce1 these glaciers serve as ice-quarries4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,thousand ,,foot ,,chasm1 ,,grindelwald1 ,,switzerland4--,the above picture represents a chasm over a thousand feet in depth1 with an almost perpendicular wall of rock rising on both sides4 ,it has been cut down to its present level by the waters of the melting snows and ice on the mountain above1 and strongly impresses the beholder with the power of the wheel of time4 ,the stream in the foreground is only one of the many that rise into the dashing torrents within a hundred yards from their source in the ,alpine country4 ,illustration3 ,,brunig ,,pass1 ,,switzerland4--,there is1 perhaps1 no other country in the world that can boast of such expensive and magnificent public roads as ,switzerland4 ,this picture represents the over-hanging rock of the ,brunig ,pass1 on the way from ,lucerne to ,interlaken4 ,high up1 along the mountain-side1 the road winds its way1 affording to the beholder a magnificent panorama of the distant snow-fields above1 and the green valleys and placid lakes below4 ,illustration3 ,,lucerne1 ,,switzerland4--,the above is the capital of the canton of ,lucerne1 and one of the three seats of the ,swiss ,diet on the ,rense1 located twenty-five miles from ,zurich by rail4 ,it is highly picturesque1 enclosed by a wall and watch-towers4 ,the principal edifices are a cathedral and other fine churches1 several convents1 a town hall1 an arsenal with ancient armor1 two hospitals1 an orphan asylum1 jail1 theatre1 and covered bridges adorned with ancient paintings4 ,it is a very attractive summer resort1 the above picture showing its principal promenade4 ,illustration3 ,,rigi1 ,,switzerland4--,the ,rigi is a group of mountains about twenty-five miles in circumference1 lying between lakes ,lucerne1 ,zug and ,lowerz4 ,the north side is precipitous1 but the south side consists of broad terraces and gentle slopes1 covered with fresh1 green pastures1 which support upwards of four thousand head of cattle2 it is planted toward the base with fig1 chestnut and almond trees4 ,the photograph represents the ,rigi inclined railway4 ,illustration3 ,,rigi-,,kulm1 ,,switzerland4--,the summit of the ,rigi1 owing to its isolated position1 commands an extensive view1 three hundred miles in circumference1 that is unsurpassed for beauty in ,switzerland4 ,in #ahaf a very modest hotel was erected on the ,kulm by private subscriptions1 and in #ahdh it was superseded by the oldest of the three houses on the ,kulm4 ,since then the number of inns has been steadily increasing1 and the ,rigi is now one of the most popular ,swiss resorts1 and is visited by thousands of tourists yearly4 ,illustration3 ,,pilatus1 ,,switzerland4--,this lofty mountain rises boldly in a rugged and imposing mass1 almost isolated from the surrounding heights4 ,pilatus was formerly one of the best known ,swiss mountains1 but in later years it was supplanted by the ,rigi4 ,an inclined railway extends from the base to the summit1 and is said to be one of the boldest undertakings of its kind ever carried through4 ,many legends are connected with ,pilatus4 ,one of the oldest is1 that when ,pontius ,pilate was banished from ,galilee he fled hither1 and1 in the bitterness of his remorse1 drowned himself in the lake4 ,illustration3 ,,simplon',s ,,pass1 ,,switzerland4--,this is the first ,alpine route after ,brenner1 constructed by order of ,napoleon ,i4 ,a good walker may easily outstrip the diligence in ascending from either side1 especially if he takes short cuts4 ,at the highest point of the ,simplon is a large building1 with a lofty flight of stairs1 founded by ,napoleon1 for the reception of travelers1 and subject to the same rules as that of the ,great ,st4 ,bernard4 ,this famous mountain-road is seen in the foreground passing through the town of ,simplon1 a little village in the very heart of the ,alps4 ,illustration3 ,,zermatt ,,and ,,the ,,matterhorn1 ,,switzerland4--,the former lies in a green valley1 with pine-clad slopes1 while to the left rises the huge rock-pyramid of the ,matterhorn4 ,in no other locality is the traveler so completely admitted into the heart of the ,alpine world as here4 ,the ,matterhorn was ascended for the first time on the #adth of ,july1 #ahfe1 but the ascent is now frequently made4 ,the rock has been blasted at the most difficult points1 and a rope attached to it1 so that the most formidable difficulties have been removed2 but even now the ascent is seldom made by any but proficient climbers4 ,illustration3 ,,chamounix ,,and ,,mont ,,blanc4--,this ,alpine valley is much frequented in summer1 owing to its immediate proximity to ,mont ,blanc4 ,it is inferior in picturesqueness to some other portions of ,switzerland1 but superior in grandeur of its glaciers1 in which respect it has no rival but ,zermatt4 ,the picture shows the little village of ,chamounix1 with its few hotels and peasant homes in the valley below1 and the perpetual ice and snow in the background1 seemingly but a few minutes' walk away1 yet requiring a good two hours' journey on mule-back4 ,apparent ,alpine distances are very deceptive4 ,illustration3 ,,engleberg1 ,,switzerland4--,engleberg is loftily and prettily situated in the great mountain region of the ,alps1 with a population of about two thousand inhabitants4 ,the church which appears nearest the mountain1 is quite ancient1 but contains famous modern pictures4 ,the snow-covered mountains1 five miles in the distance1 change the climate in summer1 so that the tourist can wear an overcoat with comfort4 ,the winters are very severe1 and on account of the deep snows1 the inhabitants are sometimes compelled to remain indoors for eight weeks4 ,the houses and barns are generally under one roof4 ,illustration3 ,,st4 ,,gotthard ,,railway1 ,,switzerland4--,the railway here passes through beautiful landscapes1 richly wooded with walnut and chestnut trees1 on the left bank of the ,ticino4 ,numerous ,campaniles in the ,italian style1 crowning the hills1 have a very picturesque effect4 ,the peaks above are covered with snow4 ,from the cliffs on every side1 fall cascades4 ,huge masses of rock lie scattered about4 ,three tunnels of the railway are seen in the picture1 the latter making a descent of three hundred feet by means of two loop-tunnels1 one below the other1 in cork-screw fashion4 ,illustration3 ,,axenstrasse1 ,,switzerland4--,this famous road extends nine miles along the ,lake of ,uri1 from ,brunnen to ,fluelen1 and is noted for the remarkable boldness displayed in its construction4 ,it is to a great extent hewn out of solid rock1 cut like a shelf into the side of the mountain1 with occasional pillars to hold the thousands of tons of rock above1 and a strong balustrade to guard travelers from tumbling over the abrupt precipice into the lake many feet below4 ,it is the great highway leading from ,switzerland to ,italy1 and is regarded as one of the most picturesque roads in the world4 ,illustration3 ,,panorama ,,of ,,vienna1 ,,austria--,the capital of the ,empire of ,austria and residence of the ,emperor1 is situated in a plain surrounded by distant mountains1 the ,danube ,canal flowing through a portion of the city4 ,it was originally a ,celtic settlement1 dating back to #ad ,a4 ,d4 ,the streets of the present city are narrow1 generally well-paved and enclosed by very lofty houses4 ,a great number of old passages through the courts of houses1 by means of which pedestrians may often make a short cut1 are still seen4 ,in the last quarter of a century1 ,vienna has acquired an importance as a seat of art4 ,illustration3 ,,hotel ,,metropole1 ,,vienna1 ,,austria4--,on a branch of the ,danube1 flowing through the heart of the ,city of ,vienna1 stands the ,hotel ,metropole1 an enormous building1 admirably adapted for travelers4 ,the picture shows a prominent feature in the street architecture of ,vienna2 and the ,metropole is only one of the many private and public buildings of colossal dimensions which have sprung up within the last few years4 ,the interiors of all these structures are generally decorated throughout with painting and sculpture1 which shows the perfection attained by the ,vienese in the fine arts4 ,illustration3 ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,stephen1 ,,vienna1 ,,austria4--,this is the most important edifice in the ,austrian capital1 dating back in its construction to the thirteenth century4 ,it is constructed of solid limestone1 and built in the form of a ,latin cross4 ,below the church are extensive catacombs1 consisting of three vaults1 filled with bones and skulls4 ,centuries ago1 the sovereigns of ,austria were buried in these vaults4 ,the ,tower1 built between #ahfj and #ahfd1 affords an extensive view1 embracing the river ,danube and the battle-fields of ,loban1 ,wagram and ,essling4 ,illustration3 ,,theseus 7,,by ,,canoya71 ,,volksgarten1 ,,vienna1 ,,austria4--,in the centre of this pleasure ground stands the ,temple of ,theseus1 containing ,canova's fine marble group of the victory of ,theseus over ,centaur1 originally destined by ,napoleon ,i4 for ,milan4 ,the figures are of heroic size4 ,the victorious ,theseus is represented as seated on the lifeless body of the monster1 and the exhaustion that visibly pervades his whole frame1 proves the terrible nature of the conflict in which he has been engaged4 ,illustration3 ,,schonbrunn1 ,,austria4--,this sumptuous edifice1 the summer palace of the ,austrian ,emperor1 was completed by ,maria ,theresa in #agge4 ,the building has a most imposing appearance4 ,the gardens in the rear are open to the public4 ,to the left of the principal avenue are the ,roman ruins1 the ,obelisk and the ,schne ,brunnen 7beautiful fountain71 from which the palace derives its name4 ,statues1 vases and other objects of taste of the period are scattered about the ground4 ,extensive parks are attached to the palace4 ,illustration3 ,,galata ,,bridge1 ,,constantinople1 ,,turkey4--,along the north shore of the ,golden ,horn spreads the quarter known as ,galata1 rising up to the crest of the hill1 and including the massive tower that crowns it4 ,beyond and above ,galata1 ,pera stretches forward along the ridge that runs parallel with the shore4 ,these places are connected with ,constantinople by two bridges crossing the ,golden ,horn4 ,one of these bridges is represented in the above picture4 ,unlike those of most other countries1 people do not keep on the sidewalks1 but wander along in any portion of the street4 ,the scene on the ,bridge of ,galata affords an interesting subject for study4 ,illustration3 ,,mosque ,,of ,,st4 ,,sophia1 ,,constantinople1 ,,turkey4--,this is the finest and most important ecclesiastical building of the city4 ,the first stone of the building was laid in #ecb4 ,no fewer than ten thousand workmen are said to have been engaged under the direction of one hundred master builders1 and when the work was completed1 it had cost the imperial treasury #e1jjj1jjj4 ,the dome rises to the height of one hundred and eighty feet1 and is one hundred and seven feet in diameter4 ,to render it as light as possible1 it was constructed of pumice stone and ,rhodian bricks4 ,not long after its completion1 the dome was shaken by an earthquake1 but was immediately restored4 ,illustration3 ,,interior ,,of ,,the ,,mosque ,,of ,,st4 ,,sophia1 ,,constantinople1 ,,turkey4--,the whole interior of this noted structure is lined with costly marble4 ,to add to its splendor1 the temples of the ancient gods at ,heliopolis and ,ephesus1 at ,delos and ,baalbec1 at ,athens and ,cyzicus1 were plundered of their columns4 ,to secure the building from ravages of fire1 no wood was employed in its construction except for the doors4 ,the visitor cannot fail to be impressed by the bold span of the arches and the still bolder sweep of the dome1 while his eye is at once bewildered and charmed by the rich1 if not altogether harmonious1 variety of decorations1 from the many colored pillars down to the mosaics and inscriptions on the walls4 ,illustration3 ,,street ,,scene1 ,,constantinople1 ,,turkey4--,the ,american traveler upon entering this city is almost bewildered at the many novelties that confront him before he reaches his hotel4 ,nothing strikes him more forcibly than the awful silence that pervades so large a place4 ,the only sound heard is an occasional cry of some vender1 with a large wooden tray on his head1 selling sweetmeats1 sherbet1 fruit or bread4 ,dogs at intervals disturb the pedestrian4 ,hundreds of them lie in the middle of the street1 and only move when aroused by blows4 ,at ten o'clock at night1 the city is as silent as death4 ,illustration3 ,,mosque ,,of ,,sultan ,,ahmed1 ,,constantinople1 ,,turkey4--,of all the mosques in the ,ottoman ,empire1 this is the principal one4 ,it is not as richly decorated as ,st4 ,sophia1 but it is the only one that possesses six minarets4 ,it is located on a square called the ,hippodrome1 named after the spot that was in former years used for circus purposes4 ,the exterior view gives it a magnificent appearance4 ,the place is one of the chief objects of interest in the city4 ,the crumbling monument in the foreground is a relic of antiquity4 ,illustration3 ,,turkish ,,lady1 ,,constantinople1 ,,turkey4 ,illustration3 ,,street ,,merchants1 ,,constantinople1 ,,turkey4 ,illustration3 ,,sultan',s ,,harem1 ,,constantinople1 ,,turkey4--,this photograph represents an odalisque1 one of the beautiful inmates of the harem of the ,sultan of ,turkey4 ,the photographer who took this picture found her most courteous and obliging1 and able to converse fluently in ,english1 ,french and ,german4 ,abdul ,mezed1 who ruled ,turkey during the ,crimean ,war1 had #abjj wives and odalisques in his harem4 ,when a ,turkish ,sultan wishes to show especial honor to a subject1 he makes him a present of one of the cast-off wives4 ,to refuse the gift would be to invite death4 ,the harem is continually recruited by the gifts of those who wish to carry favor with the ,sultan1 and these comprise slaves of every nationality4 ,illustration3 ,,acropolis1 ,,athens4--,the natural centre of all the settlements in the ,attic plain within the historical period was the ,acropolis1 a rocky plateau of crystalline limestone1 rising precipitously to a height of two hundred feet4 ,the semi-mythical ,pelasgi1 of whom but a few isolated traces have been found in ,attica1 are said to have leveled the top1 increased the natural steepness of the rock on three sides1 and fortified the only accessible part by nine gates4 ,it was the earliest seat of the ,athenian kings1 who here sat in judgment and assembled their councils1 as well as of the chief sanctuaries of the ,state4 ,illustration3 ,,parthenon1 ,,athens1 ,,greece4--,this structure is the most perfect monument of ancient art1 and even in ruins presents an imposing and soul-stirring appearance1 occupying the culminating point of the ,acropolis4 ,it was erected by ,pericles and opened for public worship in #dcc ,b4,c4 ,the crowning glory of the ,parthenon was its magnificent sculpture1 ascribed to ,phidias1 registering the highest level ever attained in plastic art4 ,the ,parthenon was used as a ,christian ,church in the fifth century4 ,in #adfj it became the ,turkish ,mosque1 and in #afgj the stately edifice was blown into ruins4 ,illustration3 ,,grand ,,cathedral ,,and ,,square1 ,,milan1 ,,italy4--,this is the focus of the commercial and public life of the city1 and is now enclosed by imposing edifices on every side4 ,the celebrated ,cathedral1 the eighth wonder of the world1 is next to ,st4 ,peter's in ,rome1 the largest church in ,europe4 ,it covers an area of fourteen thousand square yards1 and holds about forty thousand people4 ,the building is in cruciform shape1 with double aisles and transept4 ,the interior is supported by fifty-two pillars1 each twelve feet in diameter4 ,the floor consists of mosaic1 in marble of different colors4 ,illustration3 ,,corso ,,venezia1 ,,milan1 ,,italy4--,the principal shopping street of the city1 and the favorite promenade of the ,milanese is here represented4 ,the buildings have a modern aspect1 with little balconies at almost every window1 which are often adorned with plants1 flowers and creeping vines4 ,the street1 which is well paved1 is wide1 extending almost from house to house4 ,the pavements are very narrow1 consisting of only four smooth slabs of stone1 laid side by side4 ,the shop-windows are decorated in the most tempting style with the wares of the various merchants4 ,the picture was secured in the early morning1 giving the street a deserted look1 which at all other times is crowded with people4 ,illustration3 ,,exposition ,,buildings1 ,,turin1 ,,italy4--,the city of ,turin was the capital of the county of ,piedmont in the ,middle ,ages1 and in #adah it became subject to the ,dukes of ,savoy1 who frequently resided here4 ,from #ahei to #ahfe it was the capital of ,italy1 and the residence of the ,king4 ,it lies on an extensive plain on the banks of the ,river ,po4 ,turin was the chief centre of those national struggles which led to a unification of ,italy4 ,the removal of the seat of government to ,florence seriously impaired the prosperity of the city for a time1 but it long since recovered1 and celebrated its commercial success in #ahhd by the exhibition4 ,illustration3 ,,duke ,,ferdinand ,,of ,,genoa1 ,,turin1 ,,italy4--,in the centre of the piazza ,solferino stands the equestrian statue of ,duke ,ferdinand of ,genoa1 commanding-general at the battle of ,novara4 ,the statue was executed by ,balzico1 and is remarkable for the life-like expression of the wounded horse1 with extended nostrils and gasping breath1 sinking under the burden of his gallant rider4 ,this piazza is one of the prettiest spots of ,turin4 ,private residences face it on every side1 with sloping lawns relieved by beds of flowers4 ,illustration3 ,,genoa1 ,,italy4--,genoa1 with a population of about #bjj1jjj1 is located in the northern portion of the ,peninsula1 and is the principal seaport of ,italy4 ,the city is in the form of a crescent1 and its gradual ascent from the shore1 renders its appearance beautiful and attractive4 ,it is enclosed by a double line of fortifications1 which places it among the leading fortified cities in ,europe4 ,a beautiful light-house on the west side1 #cjj feet in height1 stands like a sentinel on the edge of the bay4 ,in the older portions of the city1 the streets are only ten feet wide and are lined with high buildings on both sides4 ,illustration3 ,,statue ,,of ,,columbus1 ,,genoa1 ,,italy4--,in the front of the principal railway station1 rises the statue of ,columbus1 who was born at ,genoa in #adce4 ,the statue is in the centre of the spacious ,piazza ,acquaverde1 embosomed in palm-trees4 ,the pedestal is adorned with ships' prows4 ,at the feet of the statue1 which leans on an anchor1 kneels the figure of ,america4 ,the surrounding allegorical figures represent ,religion1 ,science1 ,geography1 ,strength and ,wisdom4 ,between these1 are reliefs from the history of ,columbus1 with the inscription1 ,a ,christoforo ,colombo la ,patria4 ,illustration3 ,,leaning ,,tower1 ,,pisa1 ,,italy4--,pisa is principally noted for its famous ,leaning ,tower1 begun in #aagd1 and built of white marble2 it is #agh feet high1 and fronted with #bjg columns4 ,it is #ej feet in diameter1 and leans #ac feet from the perpendicular4 ,the foundation being made insufficiently solid1 it began to incline before it was one-third completed4 ,the ,cathedral on the right was begun in #afjd1 and consecrated in #afah by ,pope ,gelasius2 it contains the famous chandelier which ,galileo saw swinging1 and which led to his invention of the pendulum of the clock4 ,the ,baptistry1 close by1 is noted for its marvelous echo4 ,illustration3 ,,palace ,,of ,,the ,,doges1 ,,venice1 ,,italy4--,this magnificent edifice1 founded in #hjj1 and destroyed five times1 has as often been re-erected in grander style4 ,the palace is flanked with colonnades1 forming two pointed arcades on the south and west4 ,the upper portion of the building is constructed of red and white marble4 ,the interior presents a noble specimen of ,venetian art4 ,many famous masters are here represented1 the subjects either portraying the glory of ,venice1 or being of a religious order4 ,the ,bridge of ,sighs connects the palace with the prison adjoining1 which contains a series of gloomy dungeons1 a torture chamber and a place of execution for political criminals4 ,illustration3 ,,grand ,,canal1 ,,venice1 ,,italy4--,this canal1 the main artery of the traffic of ,venice1 nearly two miles in length1 and thirty-three to sixty-six yards in width1 intersects the city from north-west to south-east1 dividing it into two unequal parts4 ,steam-launches1 hundreds of gondolas and other vessels are seen gliding in every direction4 ,handsome houses and magnificent palaces rise on the banks1 for this is the street of the ,nobili1 the ancient aristocracy of ,venice4 ,a barge1 with a military band1 navigates the canal every ,sunday evening4 ,a trip on the canal is extremely interesting2 the posts are painted with the heraldic colors of their proprietors4 ,illustration3 ,,cathedral ,,of ,,st4 ,,mark1 ,,venice1 ,,italy4--,facing the piazza of ,st4 ,mark1 which is in the heart of ,venice and the grand focus of attraction1 rises the magnificent ,cathedral of ,st4 ,mark1 decorated with almost oriental splendor4 ,the building dates back to the tenth and eleventh centuries1 and portions of the materials used in its construction have been brought from almost every country in ,europe4 ,the ceiling of the interior is richly adorned with mosaics in the form of various noted paintings4 ,behind the ,high ,altar repose the remains of ,st4 ,mark1 while further back stand four spiral columns said to have belonged to the ,temple of ,solomon4 ,the building to the right is the ,ducal ,palace4 ,illustration3 ,,venice1 ,,italy4--,the capital of the ,province of ,venice1 is situated on the lagoons1 a long breast of lowlands in the ,adriatic4 ,for a time it was the first maritime and commercial power of the world1 and one of the finest cities in ,europe1 but now it is nothing but a vast museum4 ,the eighty islands on which ,venice is built1 are divided by wide and narrow canals1 while small foot-paths wind throughout the city1 occasionally crossing a canal1 as is seen by the bridge in the above picture4 ,venice is popularly known as the ,queen of the ,adriatic4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,rialto1 ,,venice1 ,,italy4--,this famous bridge1 one hundred and fifty-eight feet long and forty-six feet wide1 rests on twelve hundred posts4 ,it was erected from #aehh to #aeia4 ,its sides are lined with little shops1 extending from a fish-market at one end1 past jewelry-shops in the centre of the structure1 down to a fruit-market at the other side4 ,it always presents a busy appearance1 and is considered a marvel of engineering skill1 and one of the finest bridges in the world4 ,the picture represents the annual parade on the ,grand ,canal1 with the ,rialto in the background1 which is always the rallying centre on such occasions4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,cathedral1 ,,florence1 ,,italy4--,this stately edifice1 erected from #abid to #adfb1 on the site of the earlier church of ,st4 ,reparata1 is a striking example of ,italian architecture4 ,the church was finally consecrated in #adcf1 but the lantern on the top of the dome was not completed until #adfb4 ,the building is one hundred and eighty-five and one-half yards long1 and one hundred and fourteen yards wide2 the dome is three hundred feet high4 ,the bell-tower1 a square structure adjoining the cathedral1 two hundred and ninety-two feet in height1 is regarded as one of the finest existing works of its kind4 ,it consists of four stories of richly decorated and colored marbles4 ,illustration3 ,,vecchio ,,bridge1 ,,florence1 ,,italy4--,florence is situated on both banks of the ,arno1 but by far the greatest part of the city lies on the right bank4 ,the bridge in the picture dates back to the fourteenth century1 and is flanked on both sides with shops which have belonged to gold-smiths ever since their erection4 ,it forms one of the principal bridgeways between the city proper and that portion of ,florence which stands on the south bank of the ,arno1 and has always been considered one of the greatest sights of the town4 ,illustration3 ,,monk1 ,,italy4--,monasticism primarily meant the state of dwelling alone2 and then1 by an easy and natural transition1 it came to denote a life of poverty1 celibacy and divine obedience under fixed rules of discipline4 ,the radical idea of the term1 in all its varieties of age1 creed and country1 is the same1 namely1 retirement from society in search of some ideal life1 which society cannot supply1 but which is thought attainable by self-denial and withdrawal from the world4 ,the picture represents an ,italian monk in funeral attire4 ,illustration3 ,,loggia ,,dei ,,lanzi1 ,,florence1 ,,italy4--,this magnificent open-vaulted hall is one of the kind with which it was usual to provide both public and private patrons of ,florence1 in order that the inmate might enjoy the open air or participate in public demonstrations1 without being obliged to descend to the street4 ,the style of architecture shows a falling off from the ,gothic1 while the works of sculpture1 representing ,faith1 ,hope and ,charity1 ,temperance and ,fortitude1 exhibit an incipient leaning toward ,renaissance forms4 ,every afternoon the ,loggia is crowded with the poorer people of ,florence1 who seek a cool spot in the open air4 ,illustration3 ,,uffizi ,,buildings1 ,,florence1 ,,italy4--,this gallery originated with the ,medici collections and was afterwards so improved with the numerous additions by the ,lorraine ,family1 that it is now one of the best in the world1 both for value and extent4 ,the ,portico of the ,uffizi ,gallery1 seen on both sides of the open court1 contains niches1 which are adorned with marble statues of celebrated ,tuscans4 ,at the farthest end of the court1 rises the ,vecchio ,palace1 a castle-like building1 with huge projecting battlements1 being originally the seat of the ,signora1 and subsequently used as a casino4 ,illustration3 ,,rape ,,of ,,polyxena 7,,by ,,fedi71 ,,loggia ,,dei ,,lanzi1 ,,florence1 ,,italy4--,polyxena1 according to ,greek legend1 was the daughter of ,priam1 ,king of ,troy4 ,having by her grace and beauty captivated ,achilles1 the ,grecian hero1 she was betrothed to him4 ,but ,achilles was slain by ,paris1 son of ,priam2 and after his death and the destruction of ,troy1 his manes appeared to the returning ,greeks1 and demanded of them the sacrifice of ,polyxena4 ,the ,greeks consented1 and ,neoptolemus1 the son of ,achilles1 sacrificed her on his father's grave4 ,this work of art is of modern execution4 ,it was placed in the ,loggia in #ahff4 ,illustration3 ,,wild ,,boar1 ,,uffizi ,,gallery1 ,,florence1 ,,italy4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,grinder1 ,,uffizi ,,gallery1 ,,florence1 ,,italy4--,this magnificent statue was found in ,rome in the sixteenth century4 ,it has never been exactly ascertained what it represents1 but it is supposed to be a ,scythian whetting his knife to flay ,marsyas4 ,illustration3 ,,appian ,,way and ,,tomb ,,of ,c,,cilia ,,metella1 ,,italy4--,this military road1 paved with stone blocks1 and extending from ,brindisi to ,rome1 was constructed by ,appius ,claudius ,ccus1 #cab ,b4,c4 ,even at the present time its proud ancient title is that of the ,queen of ,roads1 and it is remembered as being the way on which ,st4 ,paul came to ,rome4 ,the tomb of ,ccilia ,metella1 which forms an interesting and conspicuous object1 is a circular structure sixty-five feet in diameter1 erected in honor of the daughter of ,metellus ,creticus1 wife of the younger ,crassus1 son of the triumvir4 ,illustration3 ,,pyramid ,,of ,,cestius ,,and ,,st4 ,,paul ,,gate1 ,,rome1 ,,italy4--,the pyramid enclosed by ,aurelian within the city and wall is the tomb of ,caius ,cestius1 who died in the year #ab ,b4 ,c4 ,the ,egyptian pyramidical form was not unfrequently adopted by the ,romans in their tombs4 ,that of ,cestius is built of brick and covered with marble blocks4 ,immediately to the right of the pyramid is the gate of ,st4 ,paul1 leading on to the church of ,st4 ,paul beyond4 ,midway between the gate and church1 legend says1 ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,paul took leave of each other on their last journey4 ,illustration3 ,,roman ,,forum1 ,,rome1 ,,italy4--,after the ,sabine tribes were amalgamated into a single state1 they chose the ,forum as its centre2 and it was there that some of the most noted events in the history of the ,roman ,empire transpired4 ,after the ,samnite ,war1 which resulted in the extension of ,rome's supremacy over all ,italy1 the ,forum became too small for its multifarious business2 and therefore underwent many changes4 ,after its destruction1 during the ,dark ,ages1 its remains were gradually buried beneath the rubbish and debris of some former centuries1 but have recently been excavated4 ,illustration3 ,,forum ,,of ,,trajan1 ,,rome1 ,,italy4--,this forum1 which adjoined that of ,augustus1 contained a collection of magnificent edifices1 and is said to have been designed by ,apollodorus of ,damascus4 ,trajan's forum must have measured two hundred and twenty yards in width1 and was probably of still greater length2 it was considered the most magnificent in ,rome4 ,on the north side of the ,basilica rises ,trajan's ,column1 one hundred and forty-seven feet high1 constructed entirely of marble4 ,around the column runs a spiral band1 covered with admirable reliefs from ,trajan's ,war with the ,dacians4 ,beneath this monument ,trajan was interred2 on the summit stood his statue1 now replaced by ,st ,peter's4 ,illustration3 ,,baths ,,of ,,caracalla1 ,,rome1 ,,italy4--,these ancient baths were begun in #bab by ,caracalla1 and completed by ,alex4 ,severus1 and they could accommodate #afjj bathers at one time4 ,the magnificence of these baths was unparalleled2 numerous statues1 including the ,farnese ,bull1 ,hercules and ,flora at ,naples1 have been found here2 and the uncovered walls still bear testimony to the technical perfection of the structure4 ,the establishment was quadrangular in form1 and surrounded by a wall4 ,illustration3 ,,colosseum1 ,,rome1 ,,italy4--,the ,colosseum1 originally called the ,amphitheatrum ,flavium and completed by ,titus in #hj ,a4,d41 was the largest theatre and one of the most imposing structures in the world4 ,it was inaugurated by #ajj days' gladiatorial combats1 in which #ejjj wild animals were killed4 ,it contained seats for #hg1jjj spectators4 ,only one-third of the gigantic structure now remains1 yet the ruins are still stupendously impressive4 ,the ,colosseum has ever been a symbol of the greatness of ,rome1 and gave rise in the eighth century to a prophetic saying of the pilgrims3 ,while stands the ,colosseum1 ,rome shall stand2 when falls the ,colosseum1 ,rome shall fall2 and when ,rome falls1 with it shall fall the world6 ,illustration3 ,,interior ,,of ,,colosseum1 ,,rome1 ,,italy4--,the arches of the first tier are marked by ,roman numbers1 as they formed so many entrances1 through which1 by means of internal stairways1 the upper balconies were reached4 ,the ,arena had two openings enclosed by railings of bronze1 through which the gladiators and wild beasts entered4 ,above was the ,podium1 a place intended for the ,emperors and their families1 for the magistrates1 the senators1 the priests and the vestals4 ,thousands of ,christians in this place suffered martyrdom1 by becoming the prey of wild beasts4 ,the picture presents the imposing spectacle of the interior of this monument at the present day4 ,illustration3 ,,pantheon1 ,,rome1 ,,italy4--,this is the only ancient edifice at ,rome which is still in perfect preservation1 as regards the walls and vaulting4 ,the original statues and architectural decorations have long since been replaced by modern and inferior works1 but the huge circular structure with its vast colonnade still presents a strikingly imposing appearance4 ,the walls are twenty feet in thickness and were originally covered with marble and stucco4 ,the height and diameter of the dome are each one hundred and forty feet4 ,the opening of the dome at the top is thirty feet in diameter1 and through this aperture the ancients supposed the gods to descend4 ,the building is supposed to have been constructed in the first century ,b4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,,bridge ,,of ,,st4 ,,angelo ,,and ,,tomb ,,of ,,hadrian1 ,,rome1 ,,italy4--,this bridge is of most ancient construction4 ,it was built by ,hadrian in #acf ,a4 ,d41 to connect his tomb with the city4 ,ten colossal angels1 formerly much admired1 and executed in #afhh1 testify to the low ebb of plastic art at that period4 ,the tomb was built by ,emperor ,hadrian for himself and his successors4 ,the massive circular tower stands on a square basement on the banks of the ,tiber4 ,the bronze statue of ,st4 ,michael1 the ,archangel1 which is seen on the summit1 gives the tower its present name1 ,castello ,s4 ,angelo4 ,illustration3 ,,st4 ,,peter',s ,,and ,,vatican1 ,,rome1 ,,italy4--,st4 ,peter's is fronted by an elliptical piazza1 enclosed by imposing colonnades1 and is the largest and most beautiful ,catholic ,cathedral in the world2 it was founded by ,constantine and erected where ,st4 ,peter is said to have suffered martyrdom4 ,its erection and improvements cost over #ej1jjj1jjj4 ,the great ,obelisk in the centre of the piazza1 having no hieroglyphics1 was brought from ,heliopolis4 ,the ,vatican on the right is the ,pope's residence1 and is elegantly fitted up1 being adorned with paintings and statues by the world's greatest masters4 ,illustration3 ,,interior ,,of ,,st4 ,,peter',s1 ,,rome1 ,,italy4--,this most marvellous church in the world was built on the place where stood the temple of ,jupiter ,vaticanus4 ,the first church here is said to have been built ,a4 ,d41 #ij4 ,it was a memorial chapel to ,st4 ,peter1 and was1 according to tradition1 erected on the spot where the saint was buried4 ,constantine built a ,basilica on the site4 ,the present structure1 the glory of ,michael ,angelo1 was begun about #aejc4 ,the picture shows the high altar with the statue of ,st4 ,peter to the very right4 ,illustration3 ,,romulus ,,and ,,remus ,,sucking ,,the ,,wolf1 ,,capitol ,,museum1 ,,rome1 ,,italy4--,thus wrote ,virgil 7,,aen4 ,,viii-#fcj73 ,by the wolf were laid the martial twins1 ,intrepid on her swelling dugs they hung2 ,the foster dam lolled out her fawning tongue2 ,she sucked secure2 while bending back her head1 ,she licked their tender limbs1 and formed them as they fed4 ,illustration3 ,,transfiguration 7,,by ,,raphael71 ,,vatican ,,gallery1 ,,rome1 ,,italy4--,the last great work and masterpiece of this celebrated artist1 unfinished at his death and completed by ,clement ,,viii41 was preserved in ,st4 ,peter's until #agig4 ,the upper part is by ,raphael's own hand2 ,christ hovers between ,moses and ,elias2 ,peter1 ,james and ,john are prostrate on the ground1 and dazzled by the light4 ,the figures to the left1 in an attitude of adoration1 are ,st4 ,lawrence and ,st4 ,stephen4 ,the lower half1 where the other disciples are requested to heal the possessed boy1 was partly executed by ,raphael's pupils4 ,illustration3 ,,la ,,ballerina 7,,by ,,canova71 ,,rome1 ,,italy4--,here is another of the masterpieces of this famous master-sculptor4 ,it is hewn out of a solid block of marble1 and comes under the head of grace and elegance1 one of the divisions of ,canova's works4 ,this subject is a most striking one4 ,like all his other subjects of grace1 it is in all its details1 an expression of attitude1 delicacy of finish and elegance4 ,the profile is charming1 the twist of the hair natural1 and the lines and curves of the arms perfect1 while the drapery is next to real4 ,illustration3 ,,laocoonte1 ,,vatican ,,gallery1 ,,rome1 ,,italy4--,this famous group represents ,laocoon and his two sons1 who were strangled by serpents at the command of ,apollo4 ,according to ,pliny1 it was executed by three ,rhodians1 and placed in the ,palace of ,titus4 ,it was discovered under ,julius ,,ii41 in #aejf1 near ,sette ,sale1 and was termed by ,michael ,angelo a marvel of art4 ,the work is admirably preserved1 with the exception of the three uplifted arms1 which have been incorrectly restored4 ,the dramatic suspense of the moment1 and the profoundly expressive attitude of the heads1 denote the perfection of the ,rhodian school of art4 ,illustration3 ,,toledo ,,street1 ,,naples1 ,,italy4--,this famous city is beautifully situated on the ,bay of ,naples1 with ,mount ,vesuvius in the distance4 ,its charming position has given rise to the phrase ,see ,naples and die4 ,it was founded by the ,greeks1 and here ,virgil spent his time in study1 his tomb being one of the points of interest for travelers4 ,the city is still surrounded by a wall4 ,it has often suffered from earthquakes and eruptions4 ,the manufactures are numerous1 of which macaroni and vermicelli are of first importance4 ,the photograph represents ,toledo ,street1 which intersects the city from south to north1 and with its immense amount of well-conducted business1 presents a very interesting sight4 ,illustration3 ,,crater ,,of ,,mount ,,vesuvius1 ,,italy4--,this volcano1 with a crater of nearly a quarter of a mile in circumference1 rises in lonely majesty from the ,bay of ,naples1 and varies in height from #cijj to #dijj feet1 according to the varied eruptions4 ,vesuvius in the time of ,nero manifested itself by a fearful earthquake1 damaging ,herculaneum and ,pompeii4 ,an eruption occurred in #gi ,a4,d4 by which the two cities named1 were lost to the world for seventeen centuries4 ,another most terrific eruption occurred in #afca1 by which a stone weighing twenty-five tons was thrown a distance of fifteen miles1 and streams of lava poured from the summit1 destroying over three thousand people4 ,illustration3 ,,street ,,of ,,tombs1 ,,pompeii1 ,,italy4--,this photograph exhibits a suburb of ,pompeii named ,pagus ,augustus ,felix1 in honor of ,augustus2 it lay outside the city walls4 ,it consisted chiefly of one main street1 which has been partly excavated4 ,this is the so-called ,street of ,tombs4 ,the ancient custom of burying the dead by the side of a high road is well known4 ,it has been ascertained that rows of graves1 similar to those discovered here1 exist beyond other gates of ,pompeii4 ,the ,street of ,tombs is1 in point of situation1 the most beautiful part of the town4 ,illustration3 ,,civil ,,forum1 ,,pompeii1 ,,italy4--,the ancient market-place in the central part of ,pompeii was destroyed by the eruption of ,mount ,vesuvius in #gi ,a4 ,d4 ,the ,forum has been excavated during the present century1 and found to be five hundred and fifteen feet long and one hundred and seven feet wide2 it is surrounded by granite columns of the ,doric order4 ,from the discoveries made1 it is supposed that the ,forum was far from complete when the eruption occurred4 ,the smoking mountain is still seen in the distance1 while the ruins of the ancient market stand prominent in the foreground of this photograph4 ,the ,forum is a most interesting spot1 and is familiar to all readers of ,the ,last ,days of ,pompeii4 ,illustration3 ,,island ,,of ,,capri1 ,,italy4--,this is a small mountainous island of oblong form2 its picturesque outline forms one of the most charming points in the view of the ,bay of ,naples4 ,the highest point is the ,monte ,solarno1 nineteen hundred and twenty feet above the level of the sea4 ,the island1 which contains five thousand inhabitants and the two small towns of ,capri and ,anacapri1 yields fruit1 oil and excellent red and white wines in abundance4 ,the inhabitants receive their support mainly from strangers who visit the island yearly to the number of thirty thousand4 ,the above picture shows the principal landing-place of ,capri4 ,illustration3 ,,castello1 ,,island ,,of ,,ischia1 ,,italy4--,the climate of these charming islands is genial1 the sky rarely overcast1 the winters mild1 the inhabitants bounteously supplied with the necessaries of life1 and the sick with healing springs4 ,trees1 shrubs and all kinds of plants thrive luxuriantly in this volcanic soil4 ,here and there are observed groves of young oaks and chestnuts4 ,the inhabitants are distinguished by a peculiar costume1 dialect and figure4 ,fashion is unknown2 not one of the islands can boast of a horse or carriage4 ,castello1 in the foreground1 is a most curious volcanic formation4 ,illustration3 ,,harbor1 ,,alexandria1 ,,egypt4--,the perfectly flat coast of ,egypt1 and even ,alexandria itself1 are not visible to the steam-boat passenger until very shortly before the vessel enters the harbor4 ,the latter consists of an outer breakwater1 forming an obtuse angle nearly two miles in length4 ,a second pier1 nearly a mile in length1 protects an inner harbor covering nearly five hundred acres of water1 twenty-seven feet deep4 ,no fewer than thirty thousand artificial blocks1 weighing twenty tons each1 and two million tons of natural blocks of stone were used in the construction of these magnificent harbor works4 ,illustration3 ,,place ,,of ,,mehemet ,,ali1 ,,alexandria1 ,,egypt4--,the site of this open square is embellished with trees and fountains4 ,it became a scene of destruction during #ahhb4 ,in the centre rises the equestrian statue of ,mohammed' ,ali1 the founder of the reigning dynasty of ,egypt4 ,the ,mohammedan religion forbids the pictorial or plastic representations of the human form4 ,the erection of this monument was long opposed by the ,ulama1 or chief professor of divine and legal learning4 ,the buildings on both sides are shops4 ,that at the further end is the ,english church4 ,illustration3 ,,citadel1 ,,cairo1 ,,egypt4--,this citadel affords a magnificent view of the city and surrounding country4 ,it was erected in #aaff1 and built by stones taken from the small pyramids at ,gizeh1 the site having been selected1 according to ,arabian history1 owing to the fact that meat could be kept here fresh twice as long as in any other part of ,cairo4 ,the fortress commands the city1 yet its site is unfavorable1 as a commanding height close by compelled its surrender during the wars of #ahje4 ,illustration3 ,,mosque ,,of ,,mohammed' ,,ali1 ,,cairo1 ,,egypt4--,the ,alabaster ,mosque1 whose lofty and graceful minarets are so conspicuous from the distance1 form one of the landmarks of ,cairo4 ,in plan1 it represents the ,turkish mosques1 built on the model of ,hagia ,sofla1 at ,constantinople4 ,the execution of the design displays but little artistic taste1 and the treatment of the material is somewhat unsatisfactory4 ,the alabaster used for the incrustation of the masonry consists partly of blocks and partly of slabs4 ,the beautiful yellow-tint stone soon fades when exposed to the sun4 ,illustration3 ,,street ,,scene1 ,,cairo1 ,,egypt4--,most of the streets in the old part of the town are unpaved1 inaccessible to carriages1 and often excessively dirty4 ,they present an inexhaustible field of amusement and delight1 admirably illustrating the whole world of oriental fiction4 ,the lanes separating the rows of houses in the ,arabian quarter are so narrow that the projecting balconies of harems1 with their gratings1 often nearly meet4 ,rickety1 tumbling houses of every variety of oriental architecture strike the beholder at every turn1 as is illustrated above4 ,illustration3 ,,palace ,,of ,,gezireh1 ,,cairo1 ,,egypt4--,this palace is located on the ,nile1 at one end of a park by the same name4 ,its external appearance is simple4 ,all the distinguished guests who were invited to attend the ceremony of the opening of the ,suez ,canal were entertained here4 ,the building is ,state property and rarely occupied4 ,the interior is furnished in the most sumptuous and elaborate manner4 ,the onyx mantel-pieces1 with mirrors1 cost each #ae1jjj4 ,portions of the palace are fitted up in suites of apartments for visitors1 each consisting of bed-room1 dressing-room and sitting-room4 ,illustration3 ,,on ,,camel-,,back1 ,,egypt4--,to people accustomed to all the comforts and luxuries of the world1 who have never experienced desert tent-life1 nor traveled through countries where there are no people to consult1 it is hard to convey an idea of oriental camel-back traveling4 ,the ship of the desert is a most faithful animal1 and loved by his master as much as a child2 but his back affords a very uncomfortable seat4 ,the long backward and forward motion recalls to the rider the swells of the sea4 ,the above picture is a perfect specimen of hundreds of such caravans during the traveling season4 ,illustration3 ,,pyramids ,,of ,,gizeh1 ,,egypt4--,here are represented the great ,pyramids of ,gizeh1 occupying a plateau gradually ascending from east to west1 parts of which are very precipitous at places4 ,the three pyramids are so situated on this plateau as to face the four points of the compass1 although the magnet shows a deviation toward the west4 ,the ,sphinx is situated close by4 ,numerous tombs1 almost all in ruins1 surround these pyramids1 and extend over the plateau to the east4 ,they are sometimes hewn in the form of grottoes in the external rocky slope4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,sphynx1 ,,egypt4-- ,since what unnumbered year1 ,no faithless slumber snatching1 ,hast thou kept watch and ward1 ,still couched in silence brave1 ,and o'er the buried ,land of ,fear1 ,like some fierce hound long watching1 ,so grimly held thy guard8 ,above her master's grave4 ,illustration3 ,,landing ,,on ,,suez ,,canal1 ,,egypt4--,the ,suez ,canal1 which connects the ,red ,sea with the ,mediterranean1 was completed in #ahfc4 ,during the time of construction1 which lasted five years1 #be1jjj men were employed1 and #afjj camels to supply them with water4 ,the cost of constructing the canal was #ie1jjj1jjj1 part of which was raised by shareholders1 and the balance by the ,khedive4 ,this picture represents a landing stage and one of the ,english trading vessels sailing between ,england and ,india4 ,a number of camels and ,arabs are seen on a ferry-boat1 ready to be taken across the ,canal1 the latter furnishing the great highway for all ,european vessels sailing to or from the ,orient4 ,illustration3 ,,post-,,office1 ,,suez1 ,,egypt4--,the site of this town is naturally an absolute desert1 and1 until the water of the ,nile was introduced by the fresh water canal in #ahfc1 the water-supply of ,suez was brought across the head of the gulf from the wells of ,moses1 on the ,arabian coast1 or else carried on camels1 after an hour's journey1 from the fortified brackish of ,bir ,suweis4 ,in spite of its favorable position for commerce1 the place was quite small prior to the time of the canal1 and even to-day the canal carries traffic past ,suez rather than to it4 ,the picture shows the post-office square4 ,illustration3 ,,in ,,central ,,africa4--,no country in the world creates more interest among the civilized nations than does ,africa4 ,in the far interior1 where ,african explorers have failed to find traces of the outer world1 every variety of savage humanity exists4 ,these uncivilized people1 who know nothing of the progress of nations1 live in tribes1 preying upon each other's settlements1 whenever opportunity presents itself4 ,the above picture represents the typical natives of the ,dark ,continent4 ,illustration3 ,,yaffa ,,or ,,jaffa1 ,,palestine4--,jaffa is a small town lying on the coast of the ,mediterranean1 at the foot of a rock one hundred and sixteen feet in height4 ,this town is very ancient1 and a road runs directly from it to ,jerusalem4 ,the houses are built of tuff-stone1 and the streets are generally very narrow and dirty1 and1 after the slightest rain1 exceedingly muddy4 ,the town walls are falling to decay1 and the interior of the town is uninteresting4 ,tradition points out the place as the one in which ,napoleon is said to have caused plague-patients to be poisoned1 and in which ,st4 ,peter once fished2 but the authenticity of it seems to proceed from a confusion of ideas4 ,illustration3 ,,jerusalem1 ,,palestine4--,here is a place of overwhelming interest1 but at first sight sadly disappointing4 ,little is seen of the ancient ,city of ,zion and ,moriah1 the far-famed capital of the ,jewish ,empire1 in the narrow1 crooked and ill-paved streets of the modern town4 ,the combination of wild superstitions1 with the merest formalism which is everywhere observed1 and the fanaticism and jealous exclusiveness of the numerous religious communities of ,jerusalem1 form the chief modern characteristics of that memorable city which was once the fountain-head from which the knowledge of the true ,god was wont to be vouchsafed to mankind1 and which has exercised the greatest influence on religious thought throughout the world4 ,illustration3 ,,wailing-,,place ,,of ,,the ,,jews1 ,,jerusalem1 ,,palestine4--,outside of the enclosure of ,mosque ,el ,aksa1 at ,jerusalem1 is the noted wailing-place of the ,jews4 ,a large number of them1 including old and young1 male and female1 gather here on ,friday1 kiss the stones and water them with their tears4 ,they bewail the downfall of ,jerusalem1 and read from their well-worn ,hebrew ,bibles and prayer-books the ,lamentations of ,jeremiah4 ,the following few words are an exact copy from their litany3 ,for the ,palace that lies desolate1 we sit in solitude and mourn4 ,they present a curious spectacle4 ,illustration3 ,,street ,,scene1 ,,jerusalem1 ,,palestine4--,the above photograph represents one of the fourteen stations of the street of pain1 over which ,christ is said to have carried the cross on ,his way to ,golgotha4 ,the place where ,christ was laid upon the cross1 the house of ,dives1 the rich man1 where ,simon of ,cyrene took the cross from ,christ1 the house against which ,christ is said to have leaned1 or near which ,he fell a second time1 and the place where ,christ is said to have addressed the women that accompanied ,him1 are all seen along this avenue4 ,illustration3 ,,garden ,,of ,,gethsemane1 ,,palestine4--,this holy place is situated at the foot of ,mount ,olivet across the ,kedron1 and noted as the scene of our ,lord's agony4 ,jesus frequently came here1 as did also ,his disciples4 ,it is a small irregular spot surrounded by a high wall4 ,this wall was built in #ahdg by ,franciscan monks1 who claimed it necessary to keep from the garden1 pilgrims who injured the olive trees4 ,there are seven of these trees remaining in the ,garden1 whose trunks1 nineteen feet in circumference1 are cracked open with age1 and claimed to date back to the time of our ,saviour4 ,illustration3 ,,bethlehem1 ,,palestine4--,but thou1 ,bethlehem ,ephratah1 though thou be little among the thousands of ,judah1 yet out of thee shall ,he come forth unto ,me that is to be ruler in ,israel4 ,in ,hebrew the word signifies the place of bread1 or1 more generally1 the place of food1 and is possibly derived from the fact that the region about ,bethlehem has from very remote antiquity presented a marked contrast to the surrounding wilderness4 ,we learn from the ,bible that the inhabitants of ,bethlehem possessed cornfields1 vineyards and flocks of goats1 and that they made cheese4 ,the natural products of to-day in every respect confirm this record4 ,illustration3 ,,dead ,,sea1 ,,palestine4--,this sea1 situated sixteen miles from ,jerusalem and visible from the ,mount of ,olives1 occupies that deep depression thirteen hundred feet below the ,mediterranean1 which extends from the mountains of ,lebanon to the ,gulf of ,akabah1 and is forty-six miles long and about ten miles wide4 ,the ,river ,jordan and smaller streams empty their waters into it1 and it has no visible outlet4 ,the water of the ,dead ,sea contains a large quantity of mineral substances1 consisting of chlorides of sodium1 calcium and magnesium1 which give it a bitter taste1 and render it smooth and oily4 ,illustration3 ,,nazareth1 ,,palestine4--,this village1 situated in ,galilee about sixty-five miles from ,jerusalem1 is the place where ,jesus grew up from infancy4 ,from its highest elevation the most beautiful views of the ,holy ,land can be taken4 ,the place must have been very small in the time of ,christ1 as the village is not named in the ,old ,testament4 ,the population in those times was mainly ,jewish1 but it now has ,greek1 ,latin and ,moslem quarters and a ,protestant mission4 ,during the ,middle ,ages many ,christians visited ,nazareth1 but when the ,turks seized ,palestine in #aeag1 they were again driven out4 ,illustration3 ,,jacob',s ,,well1 ,,palestine4--,jews1 ,christians and ,muslims agree that this is the ,well of ,jacob of ,scripture4 7,gen4 ,,xxxiii41 #ai47 ,it is situated on the high road from ,jerusalem to ,galilee1 according perfectly with the narrative of ,st4 ,john ,,iv41 #e-cj4 ,in summer1 it is often dry4 ,it is seven and one-half feet in diameter and lined with masonry4 ,if1 as is probable1 this well was the scene of ,christ's conversation with the ,samaritan woman1 the tradition had already attached to it1 that this was ,jacob's ,well1 and around it was the field which he purchased1 and where ,joseph was afterwards buried4 7,joshua ,,xxiv41 #cb47 ,illustration3 ,,beyrouth1 ,,syria4--,the above city1 located on the ,mediterranean1 is one of great antiquity4 ,the city proper is an irregular square1 open towards the sea1 and surrounded on the land side by a substantial tower-flanked wall4 ,the streets are wider than is usual in ,syrian towns1 and are paved with large stones4 ,the houses1 for the most part1 are lofty and spacious4 ,during the hot season the wealthier inhabitants move inland4 ,the surrounding hills consist of reddish sand1 interspersed with rock1 and are covered with a light soil4 ,illustration3 ,,great ,,mosque1 ,,damascus1 ,,syria4--,it is possible that during the first century of the ,christian era1 a heathen temple stood on the site of the present mosque4 ,the building was converted into a ,christian church1 and contained a casket in which the head of ,john the ,baptist was shown4 ,the ,christian church was destroyed1 and the present mosque erected4 ,antique columns were collected in towns of ,syria1 and used in the decoration4 ,the pavement and lower walls are covered with rarest marbles4 ,the ceiling1 from which hang six hundred golden lamps1 is of wood1 inlaid with gold4 ,the urn above the altar is said to still contain the remains of the head of ,john the ,baptist4 ,illustration3 ,,baalbec1 ,,syria4--,these magnificent ruins have excited the wonder and admiration of every beholder4 ,in view of the fact that the ,jewish style of architecture is mingled with that of the ,doric and the ,corinthian order1 this building is supposed to have been the house that ,solomon built for his ,egyptian wife4 ,it may be surpassed in classical taste by the ,temple of ,athens1 and1 in some respects1 ,rome may rival it4 ,even in magnitude the ,nile exceeds it1 but there is something about ,baalbec that causes it to stand alone1 and makes it peer of all4 ,its origin is not known1 yet it passed through the ,greek1 ,arab and ,roman hands1 and suffered assaults by the ,crusades4 ,illustration3 ,,mecca1 ,,syria4--,the pilgrimage to ,mecca1 which every ,muslim is bound to undertake once in his life1 is a most curious religious custom4 ,in the neighborhood of ,mecca the pilgrims undress1 laying aside even their head-gear1 and put on aprons and a piece of cloth over the left shoulder4 ,they then perform the circuit of the ,ka'ba1 kiss the black stone1 hear the sermon on ,mount ,arafat1 near ,mecca1 pelt ,satan with stones in the ,valley of ,mina1 and conclude their pilgrimage with a great sacrificial feast4 ,the picture shows the famous cemetery of ,mecca1 the bodies all buried above the ground4 ,illustration3 ,,kalbadevie ,,road1 ,,bombay1 ,,india4--,the city of ,bombay1 under ,english rule1 with a population of nearly a million inhabitants1 is one or the most flourishing cities in ,india1 on account of its nearness to the ,suez ,canal4 ,the approach from the sea discloses one of the finest panoramas in the world1 the only ,european analogy being the ,bay of ,naples4 ,the town itself consists of well-built and usually handsome native bazaars1 and of spacious streets devoted to ,european commerce1 of which the above is one of the principal avenues4 ,illustration3 ,,benares1 ,,india4--,the city here represented is the religious centre of ,hindooism1 and one of the oldest cities on the globe4 ,the bank of the ,ganges is entirely lined with stone1 and there are many very fine landing-places1 built by pious devotees1 and highly ornamented4 ,the internal streets are so narrow and winding1 that there is not room for a carriage to pass2 and it is difficult to penetrate them even on horseback4 ,the houses are built of ,chanar stone1 and are lofty1 none being less than two1 and many five and six1 stories high4 ,illustration3 ,,tropical ,,scenery1 ,,india4 ,illustration3 ,,heathen ,,temple1 ,,india4 ,illustration3 ,,royal ,,observatory1 ,,india4 ,illustration3 ,,wong ,,tai ,,ken1 ,,china4--,the people of ,china are a thoroughly settled class of agriculturists and traders4 ,they are partially ,buddhist1 and have a peculiar monosyllabic1 uninflected language1 with writing consisting of symbols1 which represent words1 not letters4 ,the photograph represents one of the better class1 dressed in a richly made costume after the fashion of her country4 ,her feet1 like all of her race1 are extremely small and encased in velvet sandals1 with thick wooden shoes1 which are peculiar to these people4 ,illustration3 ,,typical ,,scene1 ,,sandwich ,,islands4--,the ravines and mountain-slopes on the windward side of the larger islands contain much forest growth1 while the leeward uplands and plains are comparatively bare4 ,among the most remarkable forms of vegetation is a screw-pine and candle-nut tree1 so named from the fact that the natives string together the kernels1 which are very oily1 and make candles4 ,the natives derive their sustenance chiefly from pork and fish1 both fresh and dried1 and from the banana1 sweet potato1 yam1 bread1 fruit and cocoanut4 ,illustration3 ,,sitka1 ,,alaska4--,sitka1 the capital of ,alaska1 is situated on the west coast of the ,baranoff ,island1 which is one of the principal of the ,alexander ,islands4 ,it is the second town in size1 and has a custom house1 a ,greco-,russian church1 a hospital1 a half dozen stores1 schools and several saw mills4 ,its principal business is fishing1 and a number of steamers ply between this place and ,portland1 ,oregon4 ,the island is about seventy miles long and fifteen miles wide1 and is densely timbered4 ,illustration3 ,,totem ,,poles1 ,,alaska4--,a totem is a class of material objects which a savage regards with superstitious respect1 believing that there exists between him and every member of the class an intimate and special relation4 ,these poles1 which rise to the height of #gj feet1 are elaborately carved from top to bottom with a succession of figures1 representing the wolf1 frog1 bear1 eagle1 whale and a variety of other animals4 ,they are planted near ,indian villages1 but it is hoped church steeples will soon tower in their places and work a change in these strange people4 ,illustration3 ,,parliament ,,buildings1 ,,ottawa1 ,,canada4--,the capital of the ,dominion of ,canada is situated on the ,ottawa ,river1 four hundred and fifty miles from ,new ,york1 and one hundred and twenty-six miles from ,montreal4 ,it is one of the most flourishing cities in ,ontario1 on account of the great lumber products in the surrounding districts4 ,the city was founded sixty-three years ago1 its chief attraction being the ,government ,buildings1 which stand on ,barrack ,hill1 and are built mainly of light-colored sandstone4 ,the style of architecture is that of ,italian ,gothic4 ,the main building is five hundred feet long1 covering nearly four acres1 and involving a cost of #d1jjj1jjj in its construction4 ,illustration3 ,,golden ,,gate1 ,,california4--,this forms the entrance to ,san ,francisco ,bay1 which is about seventy miles long and from ten to fifteen wide1 and is narrowed into a channel only about one mile wide2 here the waters escape in a current as the tide ebbs and flows to and from the ocean4 ,as one approaches from the ocean towards the bay1 the south side of the ,golden ,gate exhibits a shelving point of land which terminates in a long fortification called ,fort ,point4 ,the portion of the strait between the light house on the north and the fort on the south1 is termed ,the ,golden ,gate1 or ,chrysopyl4 ,illustration3 ,,san ,,francisco1 ,,california4--,the city is the commercial metropolis of ,california1 and is situated nearly six miles from the ocean on the west side of the magnificent bay from which it derives its name4 ,it stands on a plain which inclines towards the bay1 and has numerous hills behind it4 ,the city is regularly laid out1 the streets crossing each other at right angles4 ,market ,street1 which has four street-car tracks1 two of which are cable lines1 is the principal business street2 it runs south-west from the bay1 and divides the older from the newer portion of the city4 ,the city was originally called ,yerba ,buena 7good herbs71 and was settled by the ,spaniards about #aggg1 but was changed to ,san ,francisco in #ahdg4 ,illustration3 ,,yosemite ,,valley1 ,,california4--,the ,yosemite ,valley is situated one hundred and fifty miles distant1 in a direct line1 a little to the southeast of ,san ,francisco4 ,it is six miles in length and from half a mile to a mile in width1 and sunk from two thousand to three thousand feet in perpendicular depth below the general level of the surrounding country4 ,the waterfalls in and about this valley are of great beauty and variety4 ,the ,nevada and ,vernal ,falls of the ,merced ,river1 which flows through the whole length of the valley1 are wonderfully grand4 ,illustration3 ,,mirror ,,lake1 ,,yosemite ,,valley1 ,,california4--,up the canyon of the ,tenaya is situated this beautiful little lake1 called ,mirror ,lake1 which is an expansion of the ,tenaya ,fork4 ,it is generally visited early in the morning1 for the purpose of seeing the reflection of the overhanging rock1 which is known as ,mount ,watkins4 ,mirror ,lake is one of the principal points of interest of this marvelous depression of nature4 ,illustration3 ,,glazier ,,point1 ,,yosemite ,,valley1 ,,california4--,glazier ,point1 one of the most remarkable and striking features of nature in the world1 is composed of solid rock1 thirty-two hundred feet in perpendicular height4 ,it is reached by a trail from the floor of the valley1 and the time generally consumed is from four to six hours4 ,from this great point of interest1 a general view of the whole valley can be obtained1 and nothing is more soul-stirring to the beholder than to look at the great and marvelous wonders of nature abounding in the ,yosemite ,valley4 ,illustration3 ,,big ,,tree1 ,,california4--,the big trees of ,california are known the world over and are specifically termed the sequoia gigantea1 and abound only in ,california4 ,they occur in groves or patches1 which are scattered over limited areas4 ,they grow to a great height1 ranging from two hundred to three hundred feet1 and attain a circumference from seventy-five to one hundred feet4 ,the above is a photograph of one of the trees1 showing the trunk1 through which a four-horse stage coach passes4 ,this tree measures twenty-five feet in diameter1 and it stands in the ,mariposa ,grove4 ,illustration3 ,,great ,,mormon ,,temple1 ,,salt ,,lake ,,city1 ,,utah4--,the ,mormon religion was founded by ,joseph ,smith1 at ,manchester1 ,new ,york1 in #ahcj1 and the same year was published ,the ,book of ,mormon1 in which ,joseph ,smith was declared to be ,god's ,prophet4 ,he soon removed1 with his followers1 to ,kirtland1 ,ohio1 which was to be the seat of the ,new ,jerusalem4 ,several years later the ,mormon band emigrated to ,missouri1 and later to ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah4 ,after the death of ,smith1 ,brigham ,young succeeded1 until #ahgg1 when he died and left a fortune of #b1jjj1jjj to seventeen wives and fifty-six children4 ,here they prospered and started to build the great temple1 which is not yet quite finished4 ,illustration3 ,,pulpit ,,terrace1 ,,yellowstone ,,national ,,park4-,the ,yellowstone ,park has in the vicinity of the ,mammoth ,hot ,springs many remarkable terrace-building springs1 which are situated one thousand feet above the ,gardiner ,river1 into which they discharge their waters4 ,the water finds its way to the surface through deep-lying cretaceous strata1 and contains a great deposit of calcareous material4 ,as the water flows out at the various elevations on the terraces through many vents1 it forms corrugated layers of carbonate of lime1 which is generally hard while wet1 but becomes soft when dry4 ,while these springs are active1 vegetation dies in their vicinity2 but when dry1 grass and trees again grow on the crumbling calcareous deposit4 ,illustration3 ,,obsidian ,,cliff1 ,,yellowstone ,,national ,,park4--,this noted and volcanic glass mountain1 situated in the ,yellowstone ,park1 glistens like jet1 is opaque and rises like basalt in almost vertical columns1 from the shore of ,beaver ,lake4 ,it is unequalled in the world1 and is about two hundred feet high and one thousand feet in length1 being variegated with streaks of red and yellow4 ,when the carriage road was constructed over the side of the mountain along the lake1 great fires were built upon the masses of ,obsidian2 and after they had been sufficiently expanded by the heat1 cold water was thrown on them1 which fractured the blocks into fragments that could be handled4 ,thus a glass carriage way was made one-quarter of a mile in length1 which is without doubt the only piece of glass road in the world4 ,illustration3 ,,mammoth ,,paint ,,pots1 ,,yellowstone ,,national ,,park4--,among all the geysers and hot springs in ,yellowstone ,park1 there is nothing more striking to behold than the ,mammoth ,paint ,pots1 which measure forty by sixty feet1 with a mud rim on three sides from three to four feet in height4 ,the whitish substance in this basin1 which looks like paint1 is in constant agitation1 and resembles a vast bed of mortar with numerous points of ebullition4 ,there is a constant bubbling up of this peculiar formation1 which produces a sound similar to a hoarse whisper4 ,its contents have been reduced by the constant action to a mixed silicious clay1 which in former years consisted of different colors1 but is now active only in the white portion of its formation4 ,illustration3 ,,old ,,faithful ,,geyser1 ,,yellowstone ,,national ,,park4--,of all the geysers in the ,yellowstone ,park1 this is one of the most interesting and noted on account of the great regularity of its eruptions1 affording splendid opportunities for observation4 ,it is located in the ,upper ,geyser ,basin1 and is situated on a mound of geyserite built by its own water4 ,the eruptions begin with preliminary splashes1 and continue for several minutes1 becoming more powerful as they follow in rapid succession1 when all at once the steam and water are thrown to a height of one hundred and fifty feet2 this action occurs at intervals of every sixty-five minutes and lasts from four to five minutes4 ,illustration3 ,,yellowstone ,,lake ,,and ,,hot ,,springs1 ,,yellowstone ,,national ,,park4--,this large and beautiful sheet of water is nearly one-half mile higher than the summit of ,mount ,washington1 ,n4 ,h41 and is surrounded by snow-capped mountains4 ,it covers an area of one hundred and fifty square miles1 and has a great depth4 ,trout are so plentiful that there is little pleasure afforded in capturing them4 ,the lake is fed by numerous large tributaries and a score of smaller streams4 ,a number of boiling springs1 charged with sulphur1 alum and alkali1 dot its shores2 and the fishermen can cook their trout by dropping them into the boiling springs without walking from the spot where they are caught4 ,illustration3 ,,yellowstone ,,falls1 ,,yellowstone ,,national ,,park4--,after the water of the ,yellowstone releases itself from the deep1 symmetrical pool at the foot of the ,upper ,falls1 the river turns to the left and flows through high bluffs for a short distance1 until its sea-green water leaps from the top of the ,great ,falls1 three hundred and sixty feet deep1 into the profound1 abysmal solitude of the ,grand ,canyon4 ,this great mass of water breaks into fleecy columns and sheets of glistening foam as it descends2 but it strikes the pool below with such a great concussion that it is forced upwards in fountains of spray and clouds of mist4 ,illustration3 ,,grand ,,ca,,on ,,of ,,the ,,yellowstone1 ,,wyoming4--,this wonderful gorge1 whose scenic beauty is not equaled anywhere1 has a scene of enchantment surpassing all expectations4 ,from the ,lower ,falls it reveals the most varied groups of crags and rock ever beheld4 ,it passes through a volcanic plateau1 forming broken walls of barbaric richness of coloring that almost defies description4 ,red1 purple and yellow predominate1 and with the white foam of the rushing river through the bottom1 and the dark green of the forest upon the plateau1 form one of the grandest natural sights in earth4 ,illustration3 ,,animas ,,canyon1 ,,colorado4--,this canyon is between ,durango and ,silverton1 and the scenery through it is of surpassing grandeur and beauty4 ,the railroad follows the course of the ,animas ,river 7to which the ,spaniard gave the musical but melancholy title of ,rio de las ,animas ,perdidas1 or ,river of ,lost ,souls7 until the picturesque mining town of ,silverton is reached4 ,to the right is the silvery ,animas ,river1 which frets in its narrowing bed1 and breaks into foam against the opposing boulders1 beyond which rise the hills2 to the left are mountains1 increasing in rugged contour as the advance is made1 and in the shadow of the rocks all is solitary1 weird and awful2 the startled traveler loses all apprehension in the wondrous beauty and grandeur of the scene4 ,illustration3 ,,grand ,,canyon ,of ,,the ,,arkansas ,,river1 ,,colorado4--,there are no words which can properly describe this great and magnificent canyon1 the crowning attraction1 the wonder of wonders1 the marvel of marvels1 in ,colorado's scenery4 ,this canyon is seven miles in length1 and presents the grandest scenery in the world4 ,this photograph represents the ,royal ,gorge1 where the canyon is three hundred feet deep4 ,as it is not sufficiently wide for railroad and river to pass through1 the road is carried above the river1 on a hanging bridge1 which is shown in the picture4 ,illustration3 ,,mountain ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,cross1 ,,colorado4--,this mountain is without doubt the most remarkable and the most noted of the ,rockies1 on account of the cross from which it received its name4 ,near the top is seen the cross1 formed by deep crevices in its side1 which are filled with perpetual snow and ice4 ,the sight of wildwood1 of tree-crowned slope1 of rocky heights1 of silvery cascades whose white threads of water are occasionally seen wearing away rifts in the rocks1 renders the mountain one of the most enchanting of the many mountains in ,colorado4 ,illustration3 ,,manitou ,,and ,,pike',s ,,peak1 ,,colorado4--,manitou was known to white men long before ,major ,pike discovered the peak1 and is noted for its famous soda springs1 whose health-giving properties were familiar to the ,indians from time immemorial4 ,to this favored spot they made their pilgrimages1 and in grateful recognition of the beneficent characteristics of the waters1 they named the place in honor of the ,great ,spirit1 and bestowed upon it the musical and significant title1 ,manitou4 ,it is visited by thousands of tourists every season1 and many make the ascent from here to the top of ,pike's ,peak1 which is seen in the background4 ,illustration3 ,,summit ,,of ,,pike',s ,,peak1 ,,colorado4--,in #ahjf ,major ,zebulon ,pike first described this wonderful snow-capped peak1 which now bears his name1 and which he called the ,great ,snow ,mountain4 ,when the mountain first dawned on his view1 he was one hundred miles east on the plains4 ,this noted peak towers to the height of #ad1adg feet1 and its top is covered with perpetual snow4 ,this photograph represents the ,u4 ,s4 ,signal ,station on its summit4 ,the top is now reached by an incline railway from ,manitou1 and from it the traveler may behold one of the grandest sights in ,colorado4 ,illustration3 ,,gateway ,,to ,,the ,,garden ,,of ,,the ,,gods1 ,,colorado4--,why this wonderful valley1 which has not the appearance of a garden1 was named the ,garden of the ,gods1 no one knows2 but1 no doubt1 by reason of its apt alliterations1 the name has become so popular that it would be foolish to change it4 ,there are many remains which show that ,titanic forces have been at work here4 ,it does not require a lively imagination to discover in the garden an endless variety of beings1 such as the lion1 the seal1 the elephant1 birds and reptiles of imitative forms4 ,the most noted object is the ,great ,gateway4 ,illustration3 ,,cathedral ,,spires1 ,,colorado4--,the stranger passing through ,manitou should not fail to visit the ,garden of the ,gods1 in which are located the ,cathedral ,spires1 wonderful rock formations1 standing upright1 with pinnacles several hundred feet high4 ,the wonderful region in which these spires are1 in point of attraction1 ranks with the sunny slopes of ,italy1 and the rugged grandeur of the ,bernese ,oberland4 ,the scenery in this locality is so varied1 so grand1 and so impressive1 that contemplative pauses must be made in order that the eye may grasp all the charming details of the view4 ,illustration3 ,,life ,,in ,,oklahoma1 ,,oklahoma ,,territory4--,oklahoma ,territory is a beautiful stretch of country1 abounding in vast and fertile plains4 ,in the eastern part1 the soil is particularly rich and well irrigated1 making it almost as productive as a garden4 ,the territory was formerly the special domain for all the ,indian tribes1 but this original race seems to be gradually becoming extinct4 ,the above photograph represents a scene in ,oklahoma ,county4 ,this county is nearly in the centre of the territory1 on the line of it railroad which has recently been opened4 ,owing to its admirable adaptability for agriculture1 it is fast becoming populated4 ,the picture suggests the most primitive rural simplicity4 ,illustration3 ,,indian ,,wigwam1 ,,indian ,,territory4--,the red man1 the original inhabitant of ,american soil1 is represented here at his hut1 with his gun and the reins of his horse in his hands4 ,he has a universal belief in a ,supreme ,being1 though his religious attributes are associated with various manifestations of natural phenomena4 ,he believes in the immortality of the soul1 but his conceptions of the future system of reward and punishment are confused4 ,the ,american ,indians are slowly diminishing in number on account of the progress of the white man4 ,their present population is about #bee1jjj1 and the greatest number are gathered upon their reservations in ,indian ,territory4 ,illustration3 ,,chicago1 ,,illinois4--,this city1 which is now the most important centre of commerce in the ,northwestern ,states1 is situated at the mouth of the ,chicago ,river1 on ,lake ,michigan4 ,the first inhabitants known to have been in the locality were the ,pollawatomie ,indians1 and the earliest ,europeans were ,french fur traders1 who visited the site in #afed4 ,fort ,dearborn was built in #ahjd1 when the first attempt was made to settle here2 but the ,indians destroyed and massacred most of the garrison in #ahab4 ,in #ahaf the place was rebuilt and to-day stands as one of the leading cities of ,america4 ,the above represents ,state ,street1 one of the principal thoroughfares1 and the ,palmer ,house1 one of its leading hotels4 ,illustration3 ,,niagara ,,falls1 ,,new ,,york4--,the above falls constitute perhaps the most striking natural wonder in the world4 ,above the falls1 the river is divided by ,goat ,island1 forming the ,horseshoe ,falls1 with a perpendicular descent of one hundred and fifty-eight feet4 ,the height of the ,american ,falls is one hundred and sixty-seven feet4 ,below the cataract1 the river is very deep and narrow1 varying from one hundred to three hundred yards1 and flows between perpendicular rocks1 two hundred and fifty feet high1 into a gorge1 which is crossed by several suspension bridges4 ,these falls are world-famed1 and are visited by thousands of tourists from different parts of the world4 ,illustration3 ,,bunker ,,hill ,,monument1 ,,boston1 ,,massachusetts4--,on an elevation of one hundred and ten feet1 in the town of ,charlestown1 one mile from ,boston1 towers the above-named monument to commemorate one of the most celebrated battles of the ,american ,revolution1 fought here on the #agth of ,june1 #agge4 ,the ,british remained master of the field after a long and bloody contest1 but their victory was dearly bought4 ,the monument1 two hundred and twenty-one feet in height1 stands in the centre of the ground1 included within the redoubts on ,breed's ,hill4 ,illustration3 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4--,the metropolis of the ,united ,states1 is considered the headquarters of the stock and money market4 ,it is here where the greater number of foreign vessels land and depart1 and where the majority of immigrants first step upon our shores4 ,the city is built on ,manhattan ,island1 which is #ac miles long1 and from #b to #d miles wide4 ,this picture represents ,park ,row1 and the ,new ,york ,times' ,building in the front1 and the general ,post-,office on the right1 which is a large granite structure1 and an ornament to the city4 ,new ,york has a population of nearly two million people1 composed of all nationalities4 ,this city gives to the student of human nature an excellent opportunity to observe the life and habits of the different nations4 ,illustration3 ,,brooklyn ,,bridge1 ,,new ,,york4--,this bridge1 connecting ,new ,york with ,brooklyn1 is by far the largest suspension bridge yet constructed4 ,the work commenced in #ahgj1 and opened for traffic on ,may #bd1 #ahhc4 ,the central span1 from tower to tower1 measures fifteen hundred and ninety-five and one-half feet4 ,in the centre is a foot-way1 fifteen and one-half feet wide1 and raised twelve feet above the other passages1 affording an open view on both sides4 ,there are tracks on each side for cable cars1 worked by a stationary engine on the ,brooklyn side1 and on the outside are wagon-ways4 ,the entire cost was #ae1ejj1jjj4 ,illustration3 ,,elevated ,,railroad1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4--,the steam cars1 the street railway and the electric road are the three modern modes of transportation4 ,the motive power of the elevated railroads of ,new ,york ,city is steam1 and the quick facilities afforded exceed that of any other country4 ,these elevated railroads are sufficiently high so as not to interfere with street traffic1 stations are located every four or five blocks apart1 there is little delay1 and a passenger can ride from one end of the city to the other in a very short time4 ,it is said that one million people ride daily on the elevated railroads of ,new ,york giving the company an income of #ej1jjj per day4 ,the above photograph represents the railroad at ,chatham ,square1 where it branches off into different directions4 ,illustration3 ,,statue ,,of ,,liberty1 ,,new ,,york ,,harbor1 ,n4 ,y4--,this magnificent monument1 the work of ,bartholdi1 was presented by the ,french ,government to the people of the ,united ,states as a token of sisterly love and respect1 and as a means of still further cementing the good feelings of the two greatest republics on the globe4 ,the statue stands on ,bedloe's ,island1 in ,new ,york harbor4 ,the torch of liberty1 held in the right hand1 is illuminated at night by a huge electric light4 ,the pedestal on which the statue stands was built by voluntary contributions1 solicited by the ,new ,york ,world4 ,illustration3 ,,chestnut ,,street1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pennsylvania4--,philadelphia1 the third city of the ,united ,states and the metropolis of ,pennsylvania1 often called the ,city of ,brotherly ,love1 was founded in #afhb by ,william ,penn4 ,this picture represents ,chestnut ,street1 the principal retail business street and the avenue on which the leading banking institutions are located4 ,the building on the right is ,independence ,hall1 in which was declared the independence of the ,united ,states4 ,the liberty bell is still preserved and found at the entrance of the building4 ,the structure in the background is a banking house4 ,illustration3 ,,market ,,street1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pennsylvania4--,perhaps no street in the world furnishes an avenue for so much business as does ,market ,street4 ,the street from this point1 which terminates at the ,delaware ,river1 making a total of fourteen squares1 is full of wholesale houses4 ,there are times during the day when it is packed with teams and pedestrians1 presenting an interesting sight for a stranger4 ,the building on the right-hand side is considered the largest store of its kind in the world4 ,the cars on ,market ,street are run by cable1 a system introduced a few years ago4 ,illustration3 ,,fort ,,san ,,marco1 ,,st4 ,,augustine1 ,,florida1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4--,st4 ,augustine1 having the distinction of being the oldest city in the ,united ,states1 was founded by ,europeans and has recently become a popular winter watering-place4 ,it is thirty-six miles from ,jacksonville1 and stands on a sandy peninsula4 ,along the sea-front1 for nearly a mile1 extends a granite-coped sea-wall2 and1 at its northern end1 stands the ,fort of ,san ,marco1 a well-preserved specimen of ,spanish military architecture1 built in #agef4 ,the fort has a moat and outworks1 and its walls are twenty-one feet high4 ,it is in the form of a trapezium1 and covers four acres4 ,illustration3 ,,ponce ,,de ,,leon1 ,,st4 ,,augustine1 ,,florida4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,capitol1 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,,white ,,house1 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4--,the official residence of the ,president of the ,united ,states1 is beautifully situated at the western extremity of ,pennsylvania ,avenue1 about a mile and a half west of the ,capitol4 ,it is constructed of ,freestone1 painted white4 ,its dimensions are #agj feet front and #hf feet deep4 ,the garden-front is very beautiful and admirably kept1 the lawn sloping down to the ,potomac ,river4 ,in the square in front of the ,mansion1 stands the celebrated equestrian statue of ,general ,jackson4 ,very close to the ,white ,house are located the ,state ,treasury1 and ,navy and ,war departments4