,,practical ,,taxid]my  ,a ,,manual ,,( 
,,in/ruction ,,to ,,! ,,amateur  ,,9    
,,collect+1 ,,pres]v+1 ,,&  ,,sett+ ,,up
 ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,specim5s ,,( ,,all
 ,,k9ds4  ,,to ,,:i* ,,is ,,add$ ,a     
,,*apt] ,,^u  ,,! ,,pictorial           
,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,museums4             
,,illu/rat$4  ,,by  ,,montagu ,,br[ne1  
,f4,z4,s1 etc4  ,curator1 ,t[n ,museum1 
,leice/]4    ,,second ,,edition1        
,revis$ & consid]ably ,enl>g$1  ,)      
additional ,in/ructions 9 ,modell+ &    
,arti/ic ,taxid]my4    ,,london3  #a4   
,,upcott ,,gill1 ,,baza> ,,build+s1     
,,drury ,,lane1 ,w4,c4  7,,=m]ly ,,(    
#agj1 ,,/r&74  ,,new ,,york3  ,,*>les   
,,scribn]',s ,,sons1 #aec-aeg1 ,,fif?   
,,av5ue4  ,plate ,i ,p]egr9e ,falcon on 
,flight  ,%[+ ,me?od ( ,b9d+ etc4       
,frontispiece--see *apt] ,v  ,,london3  
#a4 ,,upcott ,,gill1 ,,london ,,&       
,,c\nty ,,pr9t+ ,,works1  ,,baza>       
,,build+s4 ,w4,c4  ,,practical          
,,taxid]my  ,,preface ,,to ,,second     
,,edition4  ,,! ,fir/ ,edition (        

,practical ,taxid]my hav+ n[ run ?r\gh !
 press--)1 ,i v5ture to hope1 "s pr(it  
to /ud5ts ( ! art1 if ,i may judge f !  
_m hundr$s ,( lett]s ,i h f "t to "t    
receiv$--! publi%]s h invit$ me to      
revise su* p>ts ( ! "w z may be exp$i5t1
 & also to add _m te*nical me?ods (     
modell+ animals an arti/ic mann]4  ,i d 
?is ! m readily because ( ! n>r[ way 9  
:i* mo/ pr(essional ,taxid]mi/s bol/] up
 _! art 9 a secret & entirely unnecess>y
 mann]--unnecess>y because amateur c1 b 
by ! sev]e/ application1 possibly       
compete ) ! exp]i5ce ( ! te*nical or    
pr(essional work]4 ,no pictorial arti/  
ev] pret5ds he has a special bru% or    
col\rs ) :i* he c pa9t l&scapes or sea  
pieces at w2 he kn[s t only ?or\gh ma/]y
 ( ! te*nicalities ( 8 art--supplem5t$  
by wide exp]i5ce & close                
application--enables him to succe$ z he 
does1 & to delight p :o1 see+ 8 facility
 ( h&l+1 may imag9e t picture pa9t+ is v
 easy & c\ld be readily acquir$--p]haps 
f books4 ,s x is ) ! ,taxid]mi/4 ,^?1   

!re=e1 :o procure ?is book1 ?9k+ to d   
all attempt$ to be expla9$ !re9 )\t long
 /udy & )\t a k ( anatomy1 =m1          
arrangem5t1 & col\r1 may put x on "o    
side z useless4 ,^! pages are m]ely an  
introduction to a delightful art1 :i*   
mu/ be woo$ ) pati5t det]m9ation & lov+ 
pa9s until te*nical skill inve/s x )    
beauty4  ,if ,i c be ( any assi/ance to 
my read]s1 ,i invite !m to write to me  
if at any "t !y are puzzl$ or tempor>ily
 di%e>t5$2 m]ely ask+ !m to rememb]3    
7#a7--,t1 n be+ 9 bus9ess1 ,i _c ( c\rse
 answ] purely bus9ess communications2 & 
7#b7--,n be+ a man ( inf9ite leisure1 x 
mu/ also be rememb]$ t a prop]ly direct$
 envelope = return to ! inquir] is (    
consequ5ce :5 m9utes are preci\s4       
,unlike ! ,prime ,m9i/]1 ,i d n l       
po/-c>ds1 & nev] answ] !m if f unkn[n   
correspond5ts4  ,i may "h m5tion t ?is  
edition is n only consid]ably enl>g$1 b 
has sev]al woodcuts & f\r plates add$1  
?ree ( :i* latt] h be5 engrav$ f        
photographs specially tak5 = ?is "w4  ,i

 say n[1 9 conclusion1 "w h>d1 /udy h>d1
 & look to good modell]s & pa9t]s--& n  
to bird-/uff]s--= conceptions ( =m1     
arrangem5t1 & col\r1 & 9 ! end1 believe 
me1 y w a*ieve a bett] success ?an      
att5ds ! lab\rs ( ^? :o foll[ 9 ! old   
pa?s ( c>eless or in>ti/ic ,taxid]my4   
,,montagu ,,br[ne4  ,,leice/]4          
,,practical ,,taxid]my4  ,,*apt] ,i4    
,,! ,,rise ,,& ,,progress ( ,,taxid]my4 
,,taxid]my1 :i* is d]iv$ f two ,greek   
words1 a lit]al translation ( :i* w\ld  
signify ! arrangem5t ( sk9s1 appe>s to h
 be5 practis$ 9 a limit$ degree ages    
ago1 = may we n say )\t d\bt t ! fir/   
taxid]mi/s 7 ! anci5t ,egyptians1 :o1   
despite ! fact t !y seldom or nev] appe>
 to h remov$ ! sk9 z a :ole1 z 9 our    
mod]n me?ods1 yet1 tak+ into            
consid]ation ! excell5t mann] 9 :i* !y  
pres]v$ _! human or o!r bodies = ?\s&s (
 ye>s by ! aid ( injections1 spices1    
ess5tial oils1 or :at n1 !y may1 ,i ?9k1
 be fairly plac$ 9 ! front rank z ! fir/
 taxid]mi/s ! _w has kn[n4 ,= an acc\nt1

 ( ! arts us$ 9 embalm+ see ,h]odotus1  
:o says3  ,9 ,egypt c]ta9 p]sons are    
appo9t$ by law to ex]cise ?is art       
7embalm+7 z _! peculi> bus9ess2 & :5 a  
dead body is br\ght !m !y produce       
patt]ns ( mummies 9 wood imitat$ 9      
pa9t+1 ! mo/ elaborate ( :i* are said to
 be ( him 7,osiris7 ^: "n ,i d n ?9k x  
"r to m5tion on ?is occasion4 ,! second 
:i* !y %[ is simpl] & less co/ly2 ! ?ird
 is ! *eape/4 ,hav+ exhibit$ !m all1 !y 
inquire ( ! p]sons :o h appli$ to !m :i*
 me?od !y wi% to be adopt$1 & ?is be+   
settl$1 & ! price agre$ ^u1 ! p>ties    
return1 leav+ ! body ) ! embalm]s4  ,9  
prep>+ x accord+ to ! fir/ me?od1 !y    
comm5ce by extract+ ! bra9 f ! no/rils )
 a curv$ iron probe1 p>tly cle>+ ! head 
by ?is means1 & p>tly by p\r+ 9 c]ta9   
drugs2 !n1 mak+ an incision 9 ! side ) a
 %>p ,e?iopian /one1 !y draw out !      
inte/9es ?r\gh ! ap]ture4 ,hav+ cleans$ 
& wa%$ !m ) palm w9e !y cov] !m ) p\nd$ 
aromatics1 & aft]w>ds fill+ ! cavity )  
p[d] ( pure1 myrrh1 cassia1 & o!r       

fragrant sub/ances1 frank9c5se except$1 
!y sew x up aga94 ,?is be+ done1 !y salt
 ! body1 keep+ x 9 natron sev5ty days1  
to :i* p]iod !y are /rictly conf9$4 ,:5 
! sev5ty days are ov] !y wa% ! body &   
wrap x up entirely 9 b&s ( f9e l95 sme>$
 on _! inn] side ) gum1 :i* ! ,egyptians
 g5]ally use in/ead ( glue4 ,! relatives
 !n take away ! body1 & h a wood5 ease  
made 9 ! =m ( a man1 9 :i* !y deposit x1
 &1 :5 fa/5$ up1 !y keep x 9 a room 9 _!
 h\se1 plac+ x upright aga9/ ! wall4    
,?is is ! mo/ co/ly me?od ( embalm+4  ,=
 ^? :o *oose ! middle-k9d1 on acc\nt ( !
 exp5se1 !y prep>e ! body z foll[s3 ,!y 
fill syr+es ) oil ( c$>1 & inject ?is   
into ! abdom51 )\t mak+ any incision or 
remov+ ! b[els1 &1 tak+ c>e t ! liquid  
%all n escape1 !y keep x 9 salt dur+ !  
specifi$ numb] ( days4 ,! c$> oil is !n 
tak5 out1 & su* is its /r5g?1 t x br+s )
 x ! b[els & all ! inside 9 a /ate (    
dissolution4 ,! natron also dissolves ! 
fle%1 s t no?+ rema9s b ! sk9 & bones4  
,?is process be+ ov]1 !y re/ore ! body  

)\t any fur!r op]ation4  ,! ?ird k9d (  
embalm+ is only adopt$ = ! poor4 ,9 ?is 
!y m]ely cleanse ! body1 by an injection
 ( syrmoea1 & salt x dur+ sev5ty days1  
aft] :i* x is return$ to ! fri5ds :o    
br\ght x4  ,! acc\nt giv5 by ,diodorus  
is simil>1 if we except ! co/ & "t (    
embalm+4 ,! mo/ exp5sive way ( embalm+  
co/s a tal5t ( silv] 7ab\t #bej p\nds   
/]l+72 ! second1 tw5ty-two m9ae 7#fj    
p\nds72 & ! ?ird is extremely *eap4 ,!  
p]sons :o embalm ! bodies are arti/s :o 
h le>nt ?is secret f _! ance/ors4 ,!y   
pres5t to ! fri5ds ( ! deceas$ :o apply 
to !m an e/imate ( ! fun]al exp5ses1 &  
ask !m 9 :at mann] !y wi% x to be p]=m$1
 :i* be+ agre$ ^u1 !y deliv] ! body to !
 prop] p]sona appo9t$ to t (fice4 ,fir/1
 "o :o is d5om9at$ ! scribe1 m>ks ^u !  
left side ( ! body1 z x lies on ! gr\nd1
 ! ext5t ( ! incision :i* is to be made2
 !n ano!r1 :o is call$ ! dissector1 cuts
 op5 z mu* ( ! fle% z ! law p]mits ) a  
%>p ,e?iopian /one1 & imm$iately runs   
away1 pursu$ by ^? :o are pres5t ?r[+   

/ones at him1 amid/ bitt] execrations1 z
 if to ca/ ^u him all ! odium ( ?is     
necess>y act1 = !y look ^u ev]yone :o   
has (f]$ viol5ce to1 or inflict$ b w\nd 
or any o!r injury ^u a human body to be 
hateful2 b ! embalm]s1 on ! contr>y1 are
 held 9 ! greate/ consid]ation &        
respect1 be+ ! associates ( ! prie/s1 & 
p]mitt$ free access to e temples z sacr$
 p]sons4  ,z soon z !y h met toge!r to  
embalm ! body ?us prep>$ !m1 "o         
introduces 8 b& ?r\gh ! ap]ture into !  
abdom51 & takes ev]y?+ out except !     
kidneys & he>t1 ano!r cleanses ea* ( !  
visc]a ) palm w9e & aromatic sub/ances2 
la/ly1 hav+ appli$ oil ( c$> & o!r ?+s  
to ! :ole body = w>ds ( ?irty days1 !y  
add myrrh1 c9namon1 & ^? drugs :i* h n  
only ! p[] ( pres]v+ ! body = a l5g? (  
"t1 b ( imp>t+ to x a fragrant od\r4 ,x 
is !n re/or$ to ! fri5ds ( ! deceas$2 & 
s p]fectly are all ! memb]s pres]v$ ev5 
! hair ( ! eyelids & eyebr[s rema9s     
undi/urb$1 & ! :ole appe>ance ( ! p]son 
is s unalt]$ t e feature may be         

recognis$4  ,sir ,j4 ,g>d5] ,wilk9son   
7,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t          
,egyptians7 f :om ,i h quot$1 says t3   
,! extraction ( ! bra9 by ! no/rils is  
prov$ by ! appe>ance ( ! mummies f\nd 9 
! tombs2 & "s ( ! crook$ in/rum5ts      
7always ( bronze7 suppos$ to h be5 us$ =
 ?is purpose h be5 discov]$ at ,!bes4   
,! pres]vatives appe> to h be5 ( two    
classes1 bitum9\s & sal9e1 consi/+1 9 ! 
fir/ class1 ( gums1 res9s1 asphaltum1 & 
pure bitum51 )1 d\btless1 "s a/r+5t b>ks
 p[d]s1 etc4 rubb$ 94 ,mummies prep>$ 9 
?is is way are kn[n by _! dry1 yet      
flexible sk9s1 retract$ & adh]5t to !   
bones2 features1 & hair1 well pres]v$ & 
life-l4 ,^? mummies fill$ ) bitum51 h   
black sk9s1 h>d & %9+ z if v>ni%$1 b ) !
 features p]fect1 hav+ be5 prep>$ )     
great c>e1 & ev5 aft] ages h elaps$1 are
 b little susceptible to exposure4  ,( !
 mummies ( ! second class 7also fill$ ) 
res9s & asphaltum71 we mu/ assume t _!  
sk9s & fle% h be5 subject$ to sodaic or 
sal9e products2 = ,boit>d1 9 a "w       

publi%$ at ,p>is 9 #ahbe1 says t an     
injection is made ) oil ( c$> & common  
salt1 also1 t !y wa% ! corpse ) nitre & 
leave x to /eep = sev5ty days1 at ! end 
( :i* "t !y remove ! inte/9es1 :i* !    
injection has corrod$1 & replace _! loss
 by fill+ ! cavity ( ! abdom5 ) nitre4  
,?is is also borne out by ,wilk9son1 :o 
says3  ,on exposure to air !y 7!        
mummies7 become cov]$ ) effloresc5ce (  
sulphate ( soda1 & also readily absorb  
moi/ure f ! atmosph]e4  ,x appe>s1 also1
 t aft] ! p]iod ( prep>ation 7?irty1    
=ty1 or sev5ty days1 z fix$ by v>i\s    
au?ors71 ! corpse 0 reliev$1 9 !        
fir/-class ones1 ( all ! old sal9e1     
nitr\s1 or res9\s products1 & re-fill$ )
 co/ly res9s1 aromatic spices1 & bitum52
 :i*1 says ,monsieur ,r\y]3  ,hav+      
/yptic1 absorb5t1 & balsamic qualities1 
w\ld produce a k9d ( tann+ op]ation on !
 body1 :i* w\ld also1 no d\bt1 be       
height5$ by ! wa%+ ) palm w9e4  ,he "h  
broa*es ! +5i\s & highly probable !ory1 
t ! corpse1 dur+ its mummification1 0   

plac$ 9 /oves ( a c]ta9 temp]ature1 :]e 
! heat gradually & closely unit$ ! v>i\s
 pres]vative ag5ts be=e m5tion$4 ,!y 7  
!n swa!d 9 l95 b&ages ( great l5g?1 &   
enclos$ 9 beautifully pa9t$ & gild$     
c>tonages2 ! faces 7 heavily gild$ & !  
eyes imitat$ 9 enamel2 !y 7 !n inclos$ 9
 ?ree or f\r cases1 also ri*ly gild$ &  
pa9t$1 & f9ally m\nt$ 9 a s>cophagus4   
,common p appe> 9 "s cases to h be5     
m]ely salt$ & plung$ 9 liquid pit*1 o!rs
 7 simply salt$ & dri$4 ,mummies prep>$ 
by ^! me?ods freely attract moi/ure--are
 ill pres]v$1 &1 !re=e1 z a matt] (     
c\rse1 fall to pieces easily on contact 
) ext]nal air4  ,9 summ+ up ! process ( 
embalm+1 z describ$ by ! au?ors j quot$1
 we f9d a few problems ( m or less      
difficulty1 & :i* none ( !m appe> incl9$
 to solve2 & ,i d n wond] at ?is1 z !   
attempt1 9 my own case1 9 "o or two     
in/ances1 has involv$ days ( /udy &     
ref]5ces to doz5s ( m$ical & o!r works )
 b a meagre result4 ,h[ev]1 to take !m  
s]iatim1 we c assume1 ,i ?9k1 ) "s %[ ( 

evid5ce1 t ! ,e?iopian /one1 m5tion$ z  
be+ us$ to make ! fir/ incision 9 !     
corpse1 might h be5 a piece ( obsidian  
or basalt1 b mo/ probably 0 m]ely an    
ord9>y %>p fl9t ( a d>k col\r4  ,! fir/ 
*emical us$ 9 embalm+ is ! h>de/ nut (  
all to crack1 & on :i* ,i h mo/ ex]cis$ 
my intellectual tee?--& t is natron4    
,n[1 :at is natron8 ,footnote3 ,natrium 
is ! old ,lat9 t]m = ! metal or base we 
n[ call sodium4 ,! old names = "s ( its 
salts 73 ,natron ,c>bonicum--or         
,bic>bonate ( ,soda2 ,natron            
,vitriolatum--or ,sulphate ( ,soda2     
discov]$ or re-discov]$ ab\t #afgj4     
,nitrum ,c>bonate ( soda4 ,ord9>y       
diction>ies & au?ors tell u1 z a matt] (
 c\rse--c>bonate ( soda4 ,9 support (   
?is !ory ,m4 ,r\y] writes3  ,! natron   
w\ld be us$ j z x 0 got f _m ( ! lakes (
 ,egypt1 :]e x is f\nd abundantly 9 ! =m
 ( c>bonate ( soda4  ,p]eira1 9 ,mat]ia 
,m$ica1 ?\gh intimat+ t natron is n to  
be conf\nd$ ) nitre1 says1 9 speak+ (   
c>bonate ( soda3  ,?is salt 0 probably  

kn[n to ! anci5ts "u ! t]m ( ,nitron4   
,n[1 z ,nitron is m likely1 f its       
etymology1 to be translat$ nitre1 we are
 l&$ into ano!r difficulty1 if by nitre 
we mean saltpetre1 = t w1 z we all "k1  
pres]ve animal tissue = a c]ta9 "t2     
h[ev]1 ,i d n ?9k we c translate natron 
z be+ nitre 7saltpetre71 = 9 =m] days _m
 salts 7 includ$ "u ! g5]al t]m nitre2 =
 in/ance1 our common soda & pota%1 !    
*emical composition ( :i* 0 unkn[n until
 ,davy1 9 #ahjg1 extract$ ! metals      
sodium & potassium f ^? salts4 ,boit>d  
expressly /ates3  ,il p>ait que ce      
natrum tait un alkali fixe1 et pas du   
t\t du nitre comme quelques auteurs     
l'ont p5s2 ce qui sembl]ait appuy] cette
 op9ion1 c'e/ que lea femmes egypti5nes 
se s]vai5t de natrum p\r faire leur     
lessive1 comme on z s]t auj\rd'hui de la
 s\de4  ,9 ,p]u ! soil may be said to be
 impregnat$ ) nitre1 b t is nitrate (   
soda1 & n really saltpetre 7nitrate (   
potassium71 z _m p imag9e :o he> x call$
 simply nitre4  ,mr4 ,?os4 ,w4 ,bak]1 :o

 has mo/ oblig+ly une>!d sev]al old     
works = me1 says3  ,n[ ,i ?9k ( x1      
natron is p]fectly famili> to me z      
app>5tly a mixture ( brok5 soda cry/als 
& a br[n e>? :i* is sold 9 ! baza>s (   
,india1 "u ! "n ( 'sootjee moogee1' =   
dome/ic purposes2 & ,i "k1 f exp]i5ce1 t
 unless x is wa%$ (f pa9t "w directly x 
is pass$ ov] x ) a clo? all ! pa9t comes
 (f b>e1 sometimes to ! wood4  ,aga91 he
 says3  ,9 ,bayley's ,diction>y1 circa  
#agcj1 ,i f9d ! foll[+3 ',natron2 or1 a 
,natron1 f ,gr4 ,natron 7871 a k9d (    
black greyi% salt1 tak5 out ( a lake (  
/agnant wat] 9 ! t]ritory ( ,t]rana1 9  
,egypt4  ,also see ,p5ny ,cyclopa$ia1   
vol4 xvi1 p4 #aje1 ,natron1 native      
sesquic>bonate ( soda 7see ',sodium'73  
,! ,natron ,lakes1 :i* are six 9 numb]1 
are situat$ 9 a valley bord]+ ^u ,l[]   
,egypt1 & are rem>kable = ! great       
quantity ( salt :i* !y produce4 ,!      
cry/allisations are bo? ( muriate ( soda
 7or common salt7 & ( c>bonate ( soda4  
444 ,! ',natron' is collect$ once a ye>1

 & is us$ bo? 9 ,egypt & ,syria1 z also 
9 ,europe1 = manufactur+ glass & soap1 &
 = blea*+ l954  ,turn+ to ,sodium = !   
sesquic>bonate1 :i* is f\nd native 9    
,hung>y1 & also ne> ,fezzan1 9 ,africa3 
',by ! natives x is call$ ,trona4 ,x is 
f\nd 9 h>d /riat$ cry/all9e masses1 & is
 n alt]$ by exposure to ! air1 b is     
readily soluble 9 wat]4 ,?is salt appe>s
 to be =m$ :5 a solution ( ! c>bonate ( 
soda is heat$ ) c>bonate ( ammonia1 &   
probably also :5 a solution ( !         
bic>bonate is heat$4 ,its ta/e is less  
alkal9e ?an t ( ! c>bonate1 into :i* x  
is conv]t$ :5 /rongly heat$ by los+     
"o-?ird ( its c>bonic acid4'  ,t x 0 "o 
( ! products ( soda _c reasonably be    
d\bt$4 ,biborate ( soda 7) :i* ,i h be5 
exp]im5t+ lately7 has c]ta9ly wond]fully
 pres]vative p[]s1 especially 9         
conjunction ) common salt1 or saltpetre2
 b !n x has n ! cau/ic prop]ties (      
natron4 ,may n natron h be5 a fix$      
alkali1 or has ! native c>bonate ( soda 
m cau/ic & antiseptic prop]ties ?an !   

usual c>bonate ( soda ( comm]ce1 :i*    
pla9ly _c be int5d$8  ,we h "h a mo/    
int]e/+ subject to solve z to ! compon5t
 p>ts ( ! anci5t natron2 my suspicion is
 t natron1 z us$ by ! ,egyptians1 0 a   
mixture ( biborate ( soda1 cau/ic soda1 
& muriate ( soda4 ,footnote3 ,! foll[+  
report appe>$ 9 ! ,cali=nia ,alta1 #bd? 
,june4 #ahgd3  ,,an ,,int]e/+           
,,discov]y4--,sev]al weeks ago we       
m5tion$ ! dep>ture ( ,mr4 ,ar?ur        
,robottom1 ,birm+ham1 ,engl&1 on a se>* 
= borax 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,cali=nia4 ,he   
has n[ return$1 br++ news ( an int]e/+ &
 valuable discov]y4 ,beyond ! ,si]ra    
,nevada1 9 ! ,enclos$ ,bas9 ( ,nor?     
,am]ica1 ab\t #adj miles 9 a nor?-ea/w>d
 direction f ,bak]sfield1 !re is ! b$ ( 
a dry lake fill$ ov] an area ( fifte5   
miles long by six wide ) sal9e cry/als  
to a dep? ( ab\t six or eight feet4 ,!  
appe>ance ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry cle>ly    
indicates t wat] once /ood sixty feet   
deep "h ov] a l>ge area1 ! anci5t bea*  
be+ di/9ctly traceable4 ,! mo/ rem>kable

 fact ab\t ?is-sal9e deposit is t 9 its 
middle !re is a tract1 five miles long &
 two wide1 ( common salt1 :ile on !     
outside !re is a deposit ( borate (     
soda1 ?ree feet ?ick1 & "u ?is a l[]    
/ratum compos$ ( sulphate ( soda & t9cal
 mix$ toge!r1 f "o to ?ree feet ?ick4   
,^! m9]als are all 9 cry/als1 ! sulphate
 ( soda & t9cal =m+ a solid mass1 almo/ 
l /one 9 its h>dness4 ,! borate ( soda  
is ( a dirty hue1 b ! salt1 :i* lies    
above ! level ( ! entire deposit1 9 "s  
places to a dep? ( sev5 feet1 is :ite z 
sn[4 ,! report ( natural deposits ?us   
situat$ w appe> v improbable to         
sci5tific m51 = !re is no?+ to acc\nt = 
! sep>ation ( ! salt f ! borates1 or = !
 accumulation ( salt above ! level ( o!r
 cry/all9e deposits4 ,we h ,mr4         
,robottom = au?ority1 & ! c\ntry is op5 
= ^? :o wi% to exam9e = !mselves4 ,!    
place c easily be f\nd4 ,x is kn[n z !  
,borax ,fields 9 ! ,slate ,range1 & w be
 exam9$ c>efully by _m compet5t m51 s9ce
 ! t9cal--a crude borate ( soda--is a   

valuable m9]al1 & c be sep>at$1 at      
little exp5se1 f ! sulphate ( soda4  ,! 
next *emical ag5t we h to notice 7:i*   
%\ld1 h[ev]1 h appe>$ prior to natron71 
is palm w9e1 us$ 9 ! fir/ process (     
cleans+ ! inte/9es2 ?is w\ld d\btless   
act z an a/r+5t1 & w\ld1 ( c\rse1 t5d to
 coagulate ! liquid album5 conta9$ 9 !  
body 79 a simil> mann] to our ord9>y    
spirits ( w9e71 :i*1 if foll[$ by a     
cau/ic alkali 7su* z natron may h be571 
to dissolve ! solid album51 fibr9 &     
gelat9e1 ought c]ta9ly to h ex]cis$ a   
decid$ly tann+ influ5ce4  ,foll[+ ?is is
 oil ( c$>4 ,! pres5t oil ( c$> 7ol     
c$rat ( comm]ce7 _c be int5d$1 z t is   
made f ! citron1 & be+ m]ely an ess5tial
 oil c h little ( ! antiseptic or       
corrosive qualities imput$ to ! anci5t  
oil ( c$>s4 ,may x n h be5 a product    
di/ill$ f ! actual c$> tree 7"o ( !     
conif]ae7 simil> to our oil or _s (     
turp5t9e8 ,i h1 h[ev]1 be5 unable to    
discov] any writ+s 9 c]ta9 support ( ?is
 !ory2 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica m]ely  

m5tions x z a c]ta9 oily liquor extract$
 f ! c$>2 :ile ,boit>d boldly says1 444 
,sans d\te l'ess5ce de t]eb5?9e4        
,footnote3 ,! ,detroit ,review ( ,m$ic9e
 & ,ph>macy = ,july1 #ahgf4 gives a     
report ( a case ( poison+ ?r\gh an      
ov]dose ( oil ( r$ c$> 7oleum junip]    
virg9ianae7 :i* supports my !ory z to   
!re be+ extract$ an oil f ! ,lebanon 7or
 o!r7 c$>s p>tak+ ( ! nature ( turp5t9e 
& totally di/9ct f ol c$rat4  ,:atev]   
may h be5 ! composition (--& mann] (    
apply+--! =ego+ ag5ts1 x is c]ta9 t !y  
_h ! effect int5d$1 = ,diodorus writes  
fully )9 b\nds :5 m5tion+ ! life-l      
appe>ance ( ! features 9 mummies1 z we  
"k by lat] discov]ies1 = !re are "s     
well-kn[n specim5s /ill 9 exi/5ce ( :i* 
! eyelids1 la%es1 eyebr[s1 & hair are   
/ill 9 _! natural /ate1 & ?is aft] an   
int]val ( ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,9 "s mummies1 =
 in/ance1 ! cont\r ( ! features is      
pla9ly disc]nible1 & surely ?is is      
sci5tific prep>ation ( specim5s n to be 
excell$ 9 ! pres5t day4  ,! ,egyptian   

mode ( embalm+ 0 imitat$ occasionally by
 ! ,jews1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 & o!r       
nations1 & has sometimes be5 adopt$ 9   
mod]n times1 b nev] to ! same ext5t or  
p]fection z !y atta9$4 ,! only o!r me?od
 :i* is kn[n to h be5 adopt$ z a        
national cu/om 0 t practis$ by !        
,guan*es1 ! anci5t inhabitants ( !      
,can>y ,isles4 ,_! mummies are          
p>ticul>ly describ$ by ,m4 ,bortj de ,/4
 ,v9c5t1 9 8 ',essai sur les ,isles     
,=tunes4' ,num]\s & va/ catacombs are   
fill$ ) !m 9 ea* ( ! ?irte5 isl&s1 b !  
be/ kn[n is "o 9 ,t5]iffe1 :i* conta9$  
upw>ds ( a ?\s& bodies4 ,! mummies are  
sewn up 9 goat or %eep sk9s1 & five or  
six are commonly f\nd toge!r1 ! sk9 ov] 
! head ( "o be+ /it*$ to t ov] ! feet ( 
ano!r2 b ^? ( ! great are conta9$ 9     
cases holl[$ out ( a piece ( sav9 wood4 
,! bodies are n b&ag$1 & are dry1 light 
tan-col\r$1 & slightly aromatic4 ,sev]al
 ( !m are completely pres]v$ ) di/9ct1  
?\gh di/ort$1 features4  ,! me?od (     
embalm+ adopt$ by ! ,guan*es consi/$ 9  

remov+ ! visc]a 9 ei!r ( ! same ways z !
 ,egyptians practis$1 !n fill+ !        
cavities ) aromatic p[d]s1 frequ5tly    
wa%+ & ano9t+ ! surface1 &1 la/ly1 dry+ 
! body v c>efully = fifte5 or sixte5    
days 9 ! sun or by a /ove4  ,footnote3  
,my fri5d1 ! late ,?os4 ,bak]1 wrote me1
 "s "t be=e 8 sad dea? by %ipwreck3 ,9  
an old "w :i* ,i h1 ',a ,g5]al          
,collection ( ,voyages1' ,i f9d ! foll[+
 relat+ to ! ',guan*es' 9 vol4 i1 book  
ii1 *ap4 i1 page #ahd1 ',! ,voyage (    
,juan ,rejon to ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 ,,ad4  
#adia'3 ',:5 any p]son di$1 !y pres]v$ !
 body 9 ?is mann]3 ,fir/1 !y c>ri$ x to 
a cave & /ret*$ x on a fiat /one1 :]e !y
 op5$ x & took out ! b[els2 !n1 twice a 
day1 !y wa%$ ! por\s p>ts ( ! body1 viz1
 ! arm-pits1 beh9d ! e>s1 ! gro91 betwe5
 ! f+]s1 & ! neck1 ) cold wat]4 ,aft]   
wa%+ x suffici5tly !y ano9t$ ^? p>ts )  
%eep's butt] 7871 & spr9kl$ !m ) a p[d] 
made ( ! du/ ( decay$ p9e trees1 & a    
sort ( bru%wood :i* ! ,spani>ds call    
,brefsos1 toge!r ) ! p[d] ( pumice /one4

 ,!n !y let ! body rema9 till x 0       
p]fectly dry1 :5 ! relatives ( ! deceas$
 came & swaddl$ x 9 %eep or goat sk9s   
dress$4 ,gird+ all tight ) long lea!r   
?ongs1 !y put x 9 ! cave :i* _h be5 set 
ap>t by ! deceas$ = 8 bury+ place1 )\t  
any cov]+4 ,!re 7 p>ticul> p]sons set   
ap>t = ?is (fice ( embalm+1 ea* sex     
p]=m+ x = ^? ( _! own4 ,dur+ ! process  
!y wat*$ ! bodies v c>efully to prev5t !
 rav5s f dev\r+ !m1 ! relations ( !     
deceas$ br++ !m victuals & wait+ on !m  
dur+ ! "t ( _! wat*+4'  ,s complete is !
 desiccation ( ^! mummies1 t a :ole     
body1 :i* ,blum5ba* possess$1 weigh$    
only #g4e lb1 ?\gh ! dri$ skeleton ( a  
body ( ! same size1 z usually prep>$1   
weighs at lea/ #i lb4  ,9 "s situations 
! conditions ( ! soil & atmosph]e1 by ! 
rapidity ) :i* !y p]mit ! dry+ ( !      
animal tissues to be effect$1 are alone 
suffici5t = ! pres]vation ( ! body 9 !  
=m ( a mummy2 ?is is ! case 9 "s p>ts ( 
,p]u1 especially at ,arica1 :]e         
consid]able numb]s ( bodies h be5 f\nd q

 dry 9 pits dug 9 a sal9e dry soil4 ,!re
 is an excell5t specim5 ( a mummy ( ?is 
k9d 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,college (          
,surgeons1 :i* 0 br\ght f ,caxam>ca by  
,g5]al ,p>oissi5--l mo/ ( !m1 x is 9 a  
sitt+ po/ure1 ) ! knees almo/ t\*+ ! *91
 & ! h&s by ! sides ( ! face4 ,x is q   
dry & h>d2 ! features are di/ort$1 b    
ne>ly p]fect1 & ! hair has fall5 (f4 ,! 
,p]uvian mummies d n appe> to h be5     
subject$ to any p>ticul> prep>ation1 !  
dry & absorb5t e>? 9 :i* !y are plac$   
be+ suffici5t to prev5t !m f putrefy+4  
,m4 ,humboldt f\nd ! bodies ( _m        
,spani>ds & ,p]uvians ly+ on =m] fields 
( battle dri$ & pres]v$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,9 
! des]ts ( ,africa ! pres]vation ( !    
body is secur$ by bury+ x 9 ! hot s&2 & 
ev5 9 ,europe soils are sometimes met ) 
9 :i* ! bodies und]go a sl[ process (   
dry+1 & !n rema9 almo/ unalt]able ev5 on
 exposure to ! air & moi/ure4 ,!re is a 
vault at ,t\l\se 9 :i* a va/ numb] (    
bodies t h be5 buri$ 7 f\nd1 aft] _m    
ye>s1 dry & )\t a trace ( ! effects (   

putrefaction2 & 9 ! vaults ( ,/4        
,mi*ael's ,*ur*1 ,dubl91 ! bodies are   
simil>ly pres]v$4 ,9 bo? cases          
putrefaction is prev5t$ by ! con/ant    
absorption ( ! moi/ure f ! atmosph]e1 & 
?r\gh its m$ium f ! body by ! calc>e\s  
soil 9 :i* ! vaults are dug4--,p5ny     
,cyclopa$ia1 vol4 xv1 p4 #dgg4  ,hav+ n[
 giv5 a brief sket* ( ! be/-kn[n me?ods 
( pres]v+ ,nature's greate/             
h&iwork--,man--,i may m5tion t !        
,egyptians also devot$ _! en]gies to !  
pres]vation ( ^? ?+s m intimately       
connect$ ) our !me1 namely1 mammals1    
birds1 etc4 ,a p :o knew h[ to pres]ve &
 arre/ f decay ! c>case ( s imm5se an   
animal z ! hippopotamus 7a mummy ( :i* 0
 discov]$ at ,!bes71 or ! v>i\s bulls1  
c[s1 dogs1 cats1 mice1 i*neumons1 hawks1
 ibises1 fi%es1 s]p5ts1 crocodiles1 &   
o!r sacr$ animals 7mummies ( :i* h be5 &
 are con/antly f\nd71 mu/ h _h "s       
glimm]+s ( taxid]my2 _m ( ! subjects are
 pres]v$ 9 s beautiful a mann] t mummi$ 
ibises1 hawks1 etc1 are occasionally    

discov]$ ev5 9 a good /ate (            
pres]vation1 & ,cuvi] actually f\nd 9 ! 
inte/9es ( a mummi$ ibis 7,ibis         
religiosa1 a species /ill f\nd1 ?\gh    
r>ely1 9 ,egypt7 ! p>tly-dige/$ sk9 &   
scales ( a snake6  ,f ?is p]iod ( ! _w's
 hi/ory ,i c discov] b few l9ks to ! *a9
 ( ,practical ,taxid]my4  ,true x is t !
 ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ! tribes :i*       
inhabit$ anci5t ,brita9 mu/ h _h "s k ( 
pres]v+ ,sk9s ( animals slaught]$ by !m 
9 ! *ase1 = we ev]y:]e read ( ! sk9s (  
lions1 tig]s1 wolves1 etc1 be+ us$ =    
purposes ( necessity1 z 9 ! case ( ^?   
b>b>ians :o clo!d !mselves ) sk9s z a   
protection f ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r1 &   
also 9 ! case ( ! luxuri\s ,greeks &    
,romans1 :o us$ sk9s 9 ! adornm5t ( _!  
p]sons or homes4 ,9 fact1 ! conv]sion ( 
sk9s into lea!r mu/ be ( ! highe/       
antiquity1 =1 9 ! ,le$s mummy describ$ 9
 #ahbh1 !re 0 f\nd on ! b&ages ( ! head 
& face a ?ong compos$ ( ?ree /raps (    
lea!r1 & _m ( ! ,egyptian div9ities are 
repres5t$ ) a lion or leop>d sk9 z a    

cov]+ = ! ?rone1 etc42 & d we n read 9  
_m places 9 ,holy ,writ ( lea!r & (     
tann]s8--a notable in/ance1 to wit1 9   
,simon1 ! tann]--9 fact1 ! anci5t hi/ory
 ( all nations teems ) ! records ( lea!r
 & ( furs2 b ( ! actual sett+ up (      
animals z specim5s ,i c f9d no trace4   
,i d\bt1 h[ev]1 if we c c>ry taxid]my   
prop] f>!r back ?an to ab\t #aej ye>s   
ago1 at :i* date naturali/s appe> to h  
_h "s idea ( ! prop] pres]vation & m\nt+
 ( natural hi/ory specim5s2 b ,raumur1 m
 ?an a c5tury & a qu>t] ago1 publi%$ a  
treatise on ! pres]vation ( sk9s (      
birds2 h[ev]1 z 8 plan 0 simply sett+ up
 ) wires birds :i* _h previ\sly be5     
/eep$ 9 spirits ( w9e1 8 me?od did n f9d
 mu* fav\r4 ,x appe>s t1 j aft] t "t1 ! 
sy/em 0 tri$ ( sk9n+ birds 9 _! fre%    
/ate1 & also ( cutt+ ! sk9s             
longitud9ally 9 two halves1 & fill+ ! "o
 half ) pla/]2 !n ! sk9 0 fix$ to a     
backbo>d1 an eye 0 ins]t$1 & ! beak &   
legs 7 imitat$ by pa9t+3 & ?is 0 !n fix$
 9 a sort ( framework ( glass4 ,?is     

sy/em is /ill foll[$ to a c]ta9 ext5t2  
=1 fifte5 ye>s ago1 :5 ,i 0 9 "o ( !    
,greek isl&s1 a ,g]man came r\nd ! t[n  
sell+ birds m\nt$ 9 ! same way1 & also  
m\nt$ fea!r by fea!r4  ,to quote n[ f ! 
translation ( a ,fr5* "w1 publi%$ by    
,longman1 ,rees1 & ,co1 9 ,london1 9    
#ahbj1 we f9d t ,a "w appe>$ at ,lyons 9
 #ageh1 entitl$ ',in/ructions on !      
,mann] ( ,collect+ & ,prep>+ ! ,diff]5t 
,curiosities ( ,natural ,hi/ory4'       
,footnote3 ,! six? edition1 tw5ty-?ree  
ye>s lat]1 has ?is title1 ,taxid]my1 or 
! ,art ( ,prep>+ & ,m\nt+ ,objects (    
,natural ,hi/ory = ! use ( ,museums &   
,travell]s1 by ,mrs4 ,r4 ,lee1 =m]ly    
,mrs4 ,j4 ,edw>d ,b[di*4 ,six? edition1 
#ahdc4 ,longman1 ,br[n1 ,gre51 &        
,longman4  ,! au?or 0 ! fir/ :o submitt$
 "s useful pr9ciples = taxid]my4 ,he    
ornam5t$ 8 book ) _m plates1 m ?an half 
( :i* are 9 all respects =eign to 8     
subject1 z !y simply repres5t %ells1 &  
o!r m>9e productions1 ) _! descriptions4
  ,9 #aghf1 ! ,abb ,manesse publi%$ a   

volume "u ! title ( ,treatise on !      
,mann] ( ,/uff+ & ,pres]v+ ,animals &   
,sk9s4 ,he pres5t$ 8 "w to ! ,academy1  
:o made a fav\rable report ( x4         
,mauduyt has giv5 a memoir on ! mann] ( 
prep>+ dead birds = =m+ collections4    
7,see la #eme ,livraison de             
l',encyclopdie1 ,m?odique1 ,hi/oire     
,naturelle des ,oiseaux1 t4 i1 deuxime  
p>tie1 p4 #dce47 ,by /udy+ 8 me?od we   
may1 ) p]sev]ance1 be able to m\nt birds
 well1 al?\gh he _h nev] prep>$ !m      
himself1 = he has compos$ 8 memoir f !  
notes :i* ,l]ot furni%$ him1 :o m\nt$ !m
 v well1 & :o m]it$ ! confid5ce :i*     
,mauduyt _h accord$ him 9 all !         
prep>ations :i* 8 f9e collection        
requir$4  ,an old sculptor1 liv+ at     
,lahaye1 devot$ himself to ! practice ( 
taxid]my1 & 9 a %ort "t surpass$ all ^? 
:o _h employ$ !mselves 9 m\nt+ animals1 
especially l>ge mammalia4  ,x seems t   
nei!r ! ,engli% nor ! ,dut* h publi%$   
any "w :i* treats ( ! me?od ( m\nt+     
animals accord+ to sy/em4  ,9 #ahja we 7

 n m advanc$ ?an !y 74 ,:at we possess$ 
( ?is k9d appe>$ insuffici5t to         
amateurs4 ,not)/&+1 _m d]iv$ advantage f
 ! memoir ( ,mauduyt1 b be+ ins]t$ 9 !  
,encyclopdie ,m?odique1 x 0 n always    
easy to procure x4 ,!re 01 besides1 only
 ! "w ( ,abb ,manesse1 & ! t$i\sness ( !
 means :i* he po9t$ out fright5$ all ^? 
:o desir$ to le>n taxid]my4 ,! pr(essors
 ( natural hi/ory to ! c5tral s*ools ( !
 dep>tm5ts felt m ?an ev] ! want ( a "w 
:i* furni%$ ! me?od ( pres]v+ & augm5t+ 
_! zoological collections4 ,9 #ahjb _!  
wi%es 7 ne>ly accompli%$1 = !re appe>$  
almo/ at ! same "t two works on         
taxid]my1 ! "o by ,m4 ,ni*olas1 a *emi/1
 ! o!r by ,m4 ,h5on4 ,m4 ,ni*olas makes 
an analysis ( all t _h be5 said be=e on 
! prep>ation ( animals4 ,?is view       
compreh5ds ne>ly half ! volume4         
,bcoeur1 ( ,metz1 0 ! be/ apo!c>y 9 t   
city4 ,he m\nt$ fre% birds 9 ! greate/  
p]fection1 & by a little practice "o is 
sure to succe$ ) 8 me?od4 ,he op5$ 8    
birds 9 ! usual mann]1 t is to say1 by !

 middle ( ! belly4 ,he easily took out !
 body by ?is op5+ )\t cutt+ any ( !     
extremities2 he !n remov$ ! fle% by !   
aid ( a scalpel1 tak+ ! precaution to   
pres]ve all ! ligam5ts2 he ano9t$ ! sk91
 & put ! skeleton 9 its place1 c>efully 
disp]s+ ! fea!rs on ea* side4 ,he ran ! 
head ?r\gh ) an iron wire1 9 :i* he _h  
=m$ a little r+ at ne>ly ! ?ird ( its   
l5g?2 ! smalle/ side pass$ into ! rump 9
 su* a mann] t '! r+ ( ! iron wire 0 "u 
! /]num4 ,he !n pass$ a wire into ea*   
claw1 s t ! extremities ( ! wire unit$  
to pass into ! little r+2 he b5t ^!     
extremities )91 & fix$ !m ) a /r+ to !  
iron 9 ! middle ( ! v]tebral column4 ,he
 replac$ ! fle% by flax1 or *opp$       
cotton1 sew$ up ! bird1 plac$ x on a    
foot or support ( wood1 & gave x a      
suitable attitude1 ( :i* he 0 always    
sure--= a bird ?us m\nt$ c\ld only b5d 9
 its natural po/ure 7874 ,he prep>$     
quadrup$s 9 ! same mann]4  ,x rema9s = u
 to speak ( a little "w publi%$ by ,h5on
 & ,m\ton ,font5elle4 ,!y _h at fir/ no 

o!r object ?an to read _! manuscript to 
! ,a!naeum at ,lyons1 ( :i* !y 7 memb]s4
 ,!y 7 e>ne/ly solicit$ to pr9t x1 &    
publi%$ x 9 #ahjb4 ,! au?ors speak (    
birds only4 ,!y describe an inf9ity (   
me?ods practis$ by o!rs1 & comp>e !m to 
_! own1 :i*1 )\t d\bt1 are pref]able1 b 
too sl[ to satisfy ! impati5ce (        
orni?ologi/s4  ,! book f :i* ,i h j     
quot$ seems to h be5 ! only reliable    
text book kn[n at t p]iod1 & ) !        
exception ( c]ta9 mod]n improvem5ts 9   
modell+ & m\nt+1 conta9s a mass (--= t  
day--valuable elem5t>y in=mation4 ,9    
fact1 ! ,fr5* & ,g]man taxid]mi/s 7 !n  
f> 9 advance ( u1 a /igma :i* we did n  
succe$ 9 wip+ (f until aft] ! ,great    
,exhibition ( #ahea4  ,al?\gh1 z ,i h j 
said1 ! ,fr5* & ,g]mans excell$ u 9 !   
sett+ up ( specim5s1 yet _! collections 
did n1 9 all cases1 exce$ ours 9 po9t ( 
int]e/ or magnitude1 = ! old taxid]mi/s 
_h be5 at "w prior to #agbe1 at :i* date
 x is record$ t ! museum ( ,sir ,hans   
,sloane 7! nucleus ( our ,briti% ,museum

 collection7 conta9$ ! foll[+ numb] (   
specim5s3 ,mammals1 #aaid2 birds1 #gec2 
reptiles1 #cde2 fi%es1 #ajjg4 ,a gradual
 increase appe>$ by #agec1 :5 ! figures 
/ood3 ,mammals1 #ahhf2 birds1 #aagb2    
reptiles1 #eba2 fi%es1 #aeee4 ,a great  
proportion ( ^! 71 h[ev]1 n /uff$       
specim5s1 b simply bones & prep>ations (
 fle%y p>ts 9 spirits4 ,no?+ %[s !      
gradual rise & progress ( taxid]my bett]
 ?an ! hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i*1 
"u ! !n "n ( ,montagu ,h\se1 0 op5$ to !
 public by special ticket on ,jan4 #ae1 
#agei4  ,soon aft] its op5+ ! natural   
hi/ory collections appe> to h claim$ m  
int]e/ f ! public1 = 9 #agfe we _h a v  
good collection ( butt]flies1 & 9 #agfi 
! tru/ees acquir$1 by pur*ase1 a        
consid]able collection ( /uff$ birds f  
,holl&4 ,! re/rictions on visitors 71   
h[ev]1 vexati\s1 p ( all classes be+    
hurri$ ?r\gh ! rooms at a trem5d\s      
spe$--vide ,hutton1 ! ,birm+ham         
hi/orian1 :o visit$ x 9 #aghd1 & relates
 h[ he w\ld fa9 h sp5t h\rs look+ at ?+s

 = :i* only m9utes 7 all[$4 ,f ?is p]iod
 up to #ahaf 7at :i* date ! valuable    
orni?ological collection ( ,col4        
,montagu 0 pur*as$ = ! nation at a co/ (
 #aa1jjj7 ! additions to ! natural      
hi/ory gall]ies 7 n _m1 probably ow+ to 
! tr\bl\s times2 h[ev]1 :5 we _h succe$$
 9 break+ ! p[] ( ,napoleon & re/or$    
peace to ,europe1 naturali/s &          
taxid]mi/s f\nd t ! public _h !n "t &   
incl9ation to devote !mselves to _!     
collections or works4  ,accord+ly1 dur+ 
! next tw5ty ye>s _m works 7includ+ ^?  
be=e not$7 7 writt5 on taxid]my1 ! mo/  
notable be+ by ,swa9son1 ,br[n1 & t     
ecc5tric g5ius ,wat]ton1 :om we may call
 ! pione] ( our pres5t sy/em ( m\nt+1 & 
:o1 9 8 usual cau/ic /yle1 po9t$ out ! v
 inf]ior way 9 :i* specim5s 7 !n m\nt$4 
,at ! end ( 8 ,w&]+s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica     
appe>$ a treatise on ,taxid]my1 b1 z he 
decri$ ! use ( ars5ical prep>ations1 &  
m\nt$ 8 birds )\t wires 9 a fa%ion      
peculi> to himself1 8 sy/em did n f9d   
fav\r 9 ! eyes ( ! s*ool ( rigid /uff+1 

:o _h n !n work$ out ! pres5t happy     
compromise betwe5 8 /yle & !irs4 ,8     
pati5ce mu/ h be5 inexhau/ible2 inde$1 !
 ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood1 :o knew him well1 
has told me ( _m in/ances 9 :i* he sp5t 
days 9 scrap+ out ! h&s & feet ( ! l>g] 
apes until he got !m z ?9 z pap]1 & also
 ( 8 delight :5 he inv5t$ ! kid-glove   
sub/itute = a peacock's face mu* to !   
a/oni%m5t ( ! rev]5d g5tleman4 ,( c\rse2
 all ^! works on ! pres]vation ( natural
 hi/ory objects & ! lab\rs ( collectors 
direct$ ! public m9d to ! contemplation 
( natural hi/ory4  ,! ,briti% ,museum at
 ?is "t also--reliev$ ( a few ( !       
re/rictions on admission--became m      
popul>1 & 9 #ahcf we f9d ! natural      
hi/ory collections 7 z foll[3 ,mammals1 
species #dje2 birds1 species #bdjj2     
con/itut+ altoge!r 9 specim5s ! sum     
total ( #dfei4 ,( reptiles we c\ld      
boa/--species #fjj1 specim5s #acjj2 fi% 
#ajjj specim5s4 ,^! figures did n       
contra/ fav\rably ) ! ,p>is ,museum z 9 
! days ( old = n[ ,p>is /ood3 ,mammals1 

species #ejj2 birds1 species #bcjj2 gr& 
total ( specim5s #fjjj4 ,( fi% ! ,fr5*  
_h f\r times z _m z we 7& beat u1       
proportionately1 9 o!r sections71 :ile  
we 7 f> 9 advance 9 ?is class ( ! ,vi5na
 & ,b]l9 ,museums4 ,9 %ells 7n fossils71
 ,london & ,p>is 7 equal & mu* sup]ior  
to ,b]l9 & ,leyd54 ,9 #ahdh an          
extraord9>y increase 7m>k+ ! great      
int]e/ tak5 9 taxid]mical sci5ce7 _h    
tak5 place2 we n[ _h add$ to ! ,briti%  
,museum s9ce #ahcf1 #bi1eie specim5s1   
compris+ #egig mammals1 #ac1dad birds1  
#daab reptiles1 #fbgb fi%4  ,9 mammals &
 birds we held ! pr\d position ( hav+ ! 
f9e/ & mo/ ext5sive collection 9 ! _w1  
:ile 9 reptiles & fi% we 7 aga9 beat5 by
 ,p>is4 ,9 pro( ( ! gr[+ int]e/ tak5 9  
natural hi/ory1 we f9d t 9 #ahfj ! numb]
 ( visitors to ! natural hi/ory dep>tm5t
 0 greatly 9 excess ( all ! o!r         
dep>tm5ts2 & at ! pres5t "t ! att5dance 
has greatly increas$1 z also ! objects  
exhibit$1 a fact pat5t to all :o w take 
! tr\ble to visit ! ,briti% ,museum1 or 

to inspect ! (ficial catalogues publi%$ 
f "t to "t1 a synopsis ( :i* _c at      
pres5t be giv5 ow+ to _! ext5t & v>iety2
 b we c assume1 ,i ?9k1 t we h z        
complete a natural hi/ory collection z  
is to be f\nd 9 any ( ! museums ( ! _w4 
,footnote3 ,"s idea ( ! ext5t ( !       
,national ,natural ,hi/ory ,collections 
may be ga!r$ f ! pages ( !              
rec5tly-publi%$ ,briti% ,museum         
,catalogues #ahgd-hb1 :]e1 9 _m         
in/ances1 ! numb] ( specim5s ( a c]ta9  
ord] ( birds conta9$ 9 ! ,museum falls v
 little %ort ( ! asc]ta9$ numb] (       
species = ! :ole ( ! _w4  ,?\gh taxid]my
 fl\ri%$1 z we see1 = "s ye>s previ\s to
 ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea1 yet t    
decid$ly gave a consid]able impetus to !
 m correct & arti/ic del9eation (       
animals1 especially 9 :at may be call$ !
 grotesque s*ool in/itut$ by ! ,g]mans1 
:i*1 ?\gh x may p]haps be decri$ on !   
score ( misrepres5t+ nature 9 ! mo/     
natural way possible1 yet tea*es a      
special lesson by ! increas$ c>e        

necess>y to m p]fectly r5d] ! f9e po9ts 
requir$ 9 giv+ animals t s]io-comic &   
half-human expression :i* 0 s int5sely  
ridicul\s & yet admirable 9 ! /udies ( !
 gr\ps illu/rat+ ! fable ( ,re9ecke !   
,fox1 :i* 7 9 ! ,wurtemburgh ,c\rt1     
class ,,xxx4 & 7 execut$ by ,h4         
,pl\cquet1 ( ,/uttg>t4 ,^! gr\ps1 or    
simil> ones1 are n[ to be se5 9 !       
,cry/al ,palace at ,syd5ham4  ,9 ne>ly  
all ( ^! gr\ps ! modell+ & ! v>i$       
expressions ( hope1 fe>1 love1 & rage1 7
 an imm5se /ep 9 advance ( ! old wood5  
s*ool ( taxid]my2 specim5s ( :i* are    
/ill to be f\nd 9 museums--/iff1 gaunt1 
erect1 & angul>4 ,copies ( ^? e>ly      
outrages on nature may /ill be se5 9 !  
dre>y plates ( ! any?+ b animat$ "w (   
poor ,goldie1 :o1 z ,boswell said1 lov$ 
to %9e 9 :at 0 lea/ und]/ood4  #af      
,,practical ,,taxid]my4  ,f ?is era !   
,engli% arti/s1 hav+ _h _! eyes op5$ by 
! tea*+s ( ! =eign exhibits ( #ahea1    
/eadily ga9$ gr\nd1 & ! ,w>ds hav+ !    
s5se to employ1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 =eign 

arti/ic workm51 rapidly pu%$ to ! front1
 until ! f9e/ animal /udy ( anci5t or   
mod]n times 0 a*iev$ by "o ( !m--! ,lion
 & ,tig] ,/ruggle1 exhibit$ at ,p>is1 & 
aft]w>ds at ! ,syd5ham ,cry/al ,palace4 
,?is1 & "o or two analog\s works1 c>ri$ 
! ,engli% to ! =emo/ ranks ( zoological 
arti/s2 & n[ t we embelli% our taxid]mic
 /udies ) natural grasses1 f]ns1 etc4 & 
) repres5tations ( sc5]y & rockwork1 9 !
 endeav\r to c>ry ! eye & m9d to !      
actual localities 9 :i* ! v>i\s species 
( animals are f\nd--an advance 9 art n  
dream$ ( fifty ye>s ago--& also         
correctly model ! heads & limbs (       
animals1 we /ill hold our own1 & are z  
f> advanc$ 9 taxid]my z any o!r nation4 
,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,decoy+ ,,& ,,trapp+    
,,animals4  ,,! decoy+ & trapp+ ( birds1
 etc1 is a some:at delicate subject to  
h&le1 le/ we deg5]ate into giv+         
in/ruction 9 amateur poa*+2 b !         
application ( my direction ,i mu/ leave 
to ! read]'s own s5se ( fitness ( "t &  
sc5e1 & object to be sn>$4 ,& n[1 be=e  

laun*+ into my subject1 "o ^w 9 season4 
,obs]ve z a gold5 rule--nev] to be      
brok5--?is3 ,d n sn>e1 %oot1 nor kill   
any m birds or animals ?an y absolutely 
want--9 f9e1 d n kill = kill+'s sake1 or
 sn>e 9 wantonness4 ,let all y d h      
ref]5ce to "s object to be atta9$1 ei!r 
to procure specim5s want$ = a           
collection1 or1 9 cases ( necessity1 =  
food4 ,be> ?is 9 m9d1 =1 )\t sympa?y )  
creatures fa%ion$ 9 z complex &         
beautiful a mann] z ourselves1 we c nev]
 hope to be true naturali/s1 or to feel 
a ?rill ( exquisite pleasure run ?r\gh u
 :5 a new specim5 falls to our pr[ess4  
,h[ c we admire its beauty :5 alive1 or 
feel a m\rnful satisfaction at its dea?1
 if we are con/antly kill+ ! same       
species ( bird = sport alone8  ,ano!r   
?+3 kill a w\nd$ bird z quickly &       
humanely z possible1 :i* y may always d 
by press+ its brea/ j "u ! w+s ) y\r f+]
 & ?umb1 be>+ ! :ole weight ( ! palm ( !
 h& on ! /]num or brea/-bone1 &         
gradually increas+ ! pressure until life

 is ext9ct4 ,?is plan suffices = ev5 !  
l>g] birds1 provid$ y c f9d a means (   
hold+ !m firmly :ile y employ bo? h&s 9 
! mann] previ\sly indicat$4  ,aga93 if  
collect+ eggs1 be cont5t ) half ! sitt+ 
( a ne/1 & if y "k ( a v r>e ne/ ( eggs1
 d n take !m all 9 y\r acquisitive gre$4
 ,if y see a r>e bird1 on common l&1 y  
may z well secure him z let ,jack ,smi? 
make him up 9 a sp>r[ pie2 b if ! bird  
is on pres]v$ l&1 or 9 a retir$ spot :]e
 no "o is likely to h>ry x1 d ?9k a     
m9ute be=e pull+ trigg]1 & ask y\rself  
?ree que/ions3  #a4 ,w ?is bird be      
likely to /ay if unmole/$8  #b4 ,is x   
likely to h a mate8  #c4 ,w x ne/ "h8   
,if y c answ] any ( ^! que/ions 9 !     
affirmative1 :y1 don't %oot1 colonel2 = 
?9k ( ! aid to sci5ce1 & y\r own        
satisfaction1 if y c discov] any?+ new 9
 its habits1 or v]ify any d\btful po9t4 
,_m r>e birds w\ld ne/ "h if undi/urb$1 
& come aga9 ) additions4 ,! ,hoopoe1 or 
gold5 oriole1 = in/ance1 & _m o!r r>e   
birds1 w\ld ne/1 &1 inde$1 d ne/ "h :5  

all[$4  ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! appe>ance
 ( ! great bu/>d 9 ,norfolk1 & ! pa9s   
tak5 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,"l ,lil=d to    
provide x ) a mate1 appe>$ 9 ! ,field ( 
,april #h1 #ahgf4 ,b alas6 ev]yone is n 
s consid]ate1 & we h b a select few (   
su* self-sacrific+ p4  ,i presume no    
notice is requir$ h[ to set ! fir/ trap 
on our li/ --,i mean our boyhood's old  
fav\rite1 ! brick trap1 or ! sieve &    
/r+1 bo? v well 9 _! way 9 h>d wea!r2 b 
a notice may be requir$ z to ! uses to  
:i* ! next simple/ trap1 or spr+e 7!    
horsehair noose71 may be appli$4 ,= ! v 
few p :o d n "k h[ to set x1 ,i w1 9 !  
mann] ( ,col4 ,hawk]1 :o did ev]y?+ at !
 "t :i* he wi%$ to expla9 9 writ+1      
proce$ to make "o4  ,fig4 #a--,loop 9   
wire4  ,"h1 !n1 ,i h a black horsehair  
ab\t two feet long2 ,i d\ble x1 hold+ x 
betwe5 ! "r-h& f+] & ?umb1 leav+ a      
little loose loop ( ab\t half an in*    
long2 f ?is po9t ,i proce$ by an ov]h&  
motion ( ! ?umb to twi/ x up2 on rea*+ !
 bottom ,i make a small knot to prev5t  

its unroll+2 !n1 pu%+ ! knott$ end ?r\gh
 ! eye ( ! loop1 ,i ?us =m a loose      
noose4 ,i !n atta* a piece ( wire to !  
free end by a twi/$ loop 7see ,fig4 #a74
  ,) ab\t half a doz5 ( ^! spr+es coil$ 
9 an oval t9 box ,i am ready to sn>e any
 small bird ^: haunt ,i may discov]4    
,birds :i* are ne/+ c easily be caught  
by plac+ "o noose 9 ! ne/ & o!rs r\nd ! 
edge or m\?1 mak+ fa/ ! end wires to any
 contigu\s bran* or twigs4 ,moorh5s or  
wat]-rails1 :i* swim or run ?r\gh !     
con/antly frequ5t$ tracks :i* !y h made 
9 d5se und]gr[? or ru%es 9 bogs1 may be 
captur$ by atta*+ ^! nooses to a /r+    
/ret*$ across--inde$1 a writ] 9 !       
,field1 ( ,july #h1 #ahgf1 says1 speak+ 
( ,turke/an3  ,ducks are caught by r a  
clev] arrangem5t ) horsehair nooses     
atta*$ to a /r+1 :i* is /ret*$ ov] !    
dit*es & canals us$ = irrigation1 & s   
close to ! wat] t ! ducks are compell$  
:5 swimm+ "u ! /r+ to /ret* out _!      
necks1 :5 !y are easily caught 9 ! hang+
 nooses4  ,also a useful plan = cat*+   

plov]s or snipes1 :i* haunt ! edges (   
/reams hav+ a n>r[ m>g9 betwe5 ! bank & 
! wat]1 is describ$ by him z us$ = cat*+
 quails3  ,"o me?od is simplicity       
itself3 a hair noose is fa/5$ to a lump 
( clay well work$ toge!r2 a numb] ( ^!  
appliances are scatt]$ ab\t ! luc]ne    
fields1 :i* ! quails are fond (         
frequ5t+2 ! bird caught 9 ! noose is    
prev5t$ f fly+ away ow+ to ! weight ( ! 
lump ( clay & its gett+ easily entangl$ 
9 ! grass4  ,:eate>s & ortolans are     
caught by susp5d+ a hair noose betwe5   
two turves plac$ on end & t\*+ ea* o!r 9
 ! =m ( ! ro( ( a h\se2 to ?is %elt] !  
birds con/antly run on ! approa* (      
dang]1 or ev51 app>5tly1 ?r\gh timidity1
 on ! ga!r+ ( /orm cl\ds4  ,) ?is spr+e1
 also1 ?ru%es & simil> birds are        
describ$ z be+ sn>$ by ,mr4 ,g\ld 79 8  
,birds ( ,great ,brita971 :o1 giv+ ,mr4 
,box z 8 au?ority1 says3  ,! ?ru% is a  
great s\rce ( amusem5t to ! middle1 & ( 
pr(it to ! l[]1 classes dur+ its        
autumnal migration4 ,_m families (      

,liege1 ,luxemburg1 ,luneburg1 ,namur1  
p>ts ( ,ha9ault1 & ,brabant *oose ?is   
season = _! p]iod ( relaxation f        
bus9ess1 & devote !mselves to ! tak+ (  
?is bird ) horsehair spr+es4 ,! %opkeep]
 ( ,liege & ,v]vi]s1 ^: h\se 9 ! t[n is 
! model ( com=t & cleanl9ess1 resorts ) 
8 wife & *ildr5 to "o or two rooms 9 a  
mis]able c\ntry village to enjoy ! sport
 he has be5 prep>+ ) _! help dur+ ! long
 ev5+s ( ! prec$+ w9t]1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* 
he has made z _m z f #ejjj to #aj1jjj   
horsehair spr+es & prep>$ z _m pieces ( 
flexible wood1 r ?ick] ?an a swan-quill1
 9 & on :i* to hang ! birds4 ,he hires  
:at he calls 8 't5d]ie1' be+ f f\r to   
five acres ( und]wood ab\t ?ree to five 
ye>s old1 pays "s ?irty %ill+s =        
p]mission to place 8 spr+es1 & 8 greate/
 ambition is to reta9 = sev]al ye>s !   
same t5d]ie & ! same lodg+s1 :i* he     
improves 9 com=t f ye> to ye>4  ,!      
spr+es be+ made & ! season ( migration  
ne>1 he goes = a day to 8 int5d$ place (
 soj\rn1 & cuts z _m twigs1 ab\t #ah 94 

9 l5g?1 z he int5ds hang+ spr+es4 ,!re  
are two me?ods ( hang+ !m--9 "o ! twig  
is b5t into ! =m ( ! figure six1 ! tail 
end runn+ ?r\gh a slit out 9 ! upp] "p (
 ! twig4 ,! o!r me?od is to %>p5 a twig 
at bo? ends1 & ins]t ! po9ts into a gr[]
 or /em ( und]wood1 ?us =m+ a b[1 ( :i* 
! /em =ms ! /r+ bel[ ! spr+e2 & hang+ f 
! l[] "p ( ! b[ is plac$ a small bran*1 
) ?ree or f\r b]ries ( ! m\nta9 a% 7!re 
call$ sorbi] 72 ?is is fix$ to ! b[ by  
ins]t+ ! /alk into a slit 9 ! wood4 ,!  
hir] ( a new t5d]ie ?ree or f\r acres 9 
ext5t is oblig$ to make zigzag footpa?s 
?r\gh x1 to out away ! b\ghs :i* ob/ruct
 !m1 & ev5 to hoe & keep !m clean4 ,hav+
 ?us prep>$ himself1 he pur*ases "o or  
two bu%els ( m\nta9 a% b]ries1 ) ! /alks
 to :i* !y gr[1 pick$ = ! purpose aft]  
!y are r$1 b be=e !y are ripe1 to prev5t
 fall+ (f3 ^! he lays out on a table 9 !
 l(t or attic4 ,! collection ( ^! b]ries
 is a regul> trade1 & ! dem& = !m is s  
great t1 al?\gh plant$ expressly by !   
side ( ! roads 9 ! ,ard5nes1 !y h be5   

sold z high z #b p\nds ! bu%el2 b !     
g5]al price is #e francs4  ,we w n[     
suppose our ?ru%-cat*] arriv$ at 8      
lodg+s 9 ! c\ntry--t he has _h 8 footpa?
 cle>$ by ! aid ( a lab\r]1 & t he is (f
 = 8 fir/ day's sport4 ,he is provid$ ) 
a basket1 "o comp>tm5t ( :i* holds 8    
twigs b5t or /raight1 ano!r 8 b]ries2 8 
spr+es be+ already atta*$ to ! twigs1 he
 v rapidly drives 8 knife into a lat]al 
bran*1 & fixes !m1 tak+ c>e t ! spr+e   
hangs neatly 9 ! middle ( ! b[1 & t !   
l[] "p ( ! spr+e is ab\t ?ree f+]s'     
bread? f ! bottom4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! 
bird alight+ on ! l[] side ( ! b[1 &    
b5d+ 8 neck to rea* ! b]ries bel[1      
places 8 head 9 ! noose4 ,f9d+ himself  
ob/ruct$ 9 8 movem5ts1 he attempts to   
fly away2 b ! trea*]\s noose tight5s    
r\nd 8 ?roat1 & he is f\nd by !         
sportsman hang+ by ! neck1 a victim (   
misplac$ confid5ce4  ,! workman1 :o at  
?is season e>ns a second h>ve/ by ?is   
pursuit1 c>ries on 8 indu/ry 9 wild]    
di/ricts1 or he frequ5tly obta9s        

p]mission f 8 employ] to set spr+es 9 8 
ma/]'s woods4 ,9 ?is case he supplies ! 
family ) birds1 :i* are highly          
appreciat$ z a delicacy1 especially :5  
almo/ cov]$ ) butt]1 ) a few junip]     
b]ries1 & "s bacon cut into small dice &
 bak$ 9 a pan4 ,! re/ ( 8 take he sells 
at f #e;d4 to #aj;d4 p] doz54  ,no p]son
 :o has n liv$ 9 ! c\ntry c imag9e !    
excitem5t among all classes :5 ! grives 
arrive4 ,if ! morn+ be foggy1 x is a    
good day = grives2 if bright1 bad       
t5d]ie6 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,:5 ! birds
 arrive 9 a fog !y settle at once 9 !   
woods2 if bright1 !y fly ab\t1 seek+ !  
mo/ propiti\s place = food4  ,x appe>s t
 r$w+s & fieldf>es are caught by ?is    
me?od also1 z well z a few r+-ousels &  
blackbirds4  ,/oneh5ge says t ! spr+e j 
describ$ 0 us$ = sn>+ woodcocks1 9 !    
foll[+ m>9]3  ,x us$ to be ! con/ant    
practice on all ! hill d[ns 9 ^! p>ts to
 place out und]wood or furze1 ab\t a    
foot 9 height1 to a v great ext5t along 
! gr\nd1 9 ! %ape ( a lett] ,v1 at !    

apex ( :i* an op5+ w\ld be left1 :]e a  
hair noose or spr+e w\ld be set1 :i*    
seldom fail$ to yield ! pot-hunt] a     
nightly supply1 z ! cock w\ld run along 
! side ( ! bru%wood fe$+1 n tak+ !      
tr\ble to top ov] x1 until he 0 l$ into 
! sn>e2 b ?is plan is n[1 ow+ to !      
sc>city ( cocks1 :5 comp>$ ) =m] ye>s1 v
 seldom practis$4  ,pt>migan are said by
 ,daniels1 9 8 ,rural ,sports1 to be l$ 
up to spr+es 9 ne>ly ! same mann]1 /ones
 be+ sub/itut$ = furze4  ,ano!r mode (  
mak+ a spr+e1 :i* is a capital plan =   
cat*+ almo/ any bird1 :e!r x be a p]*]  
or a runn]1 is ?is3 ,procure an ela/ic  
w& 7hazel or osi] makes ! be/7 ( ab\t #c
 ft4 #f 94 long1 to ! top ( :i* tie a   
piece ( twi/$ horsehair ab\t #c 94 9    
l5g?2 to ! free end atta* a little piece
 ( wood ( #b 94 9 l5g?1 by ! middle1    
cutt+ "o end to an obtuse po9t1 flatt5$ 
on ! top & und]nea?4 ,j und]nea? ?is    
little crosspiece atta* two horsehair   
spr+es1 at "r angles2 next cut a little 
=k1 or r angle piece1 f a tree1 "o end (

 :i* is to be q #d 94 long 7to drive 9 !
 gr\nd71 ! o!r end ab\t #j4e 91 measur+ 
f und]nea?4  ,to set ?is trap1 pu% !    
long w& into ! gr\nd until ab\t #c ft4 (
 x is out2 !n1 at a di/ance ( #b ft1    
drive 9 ! =k piece1 until only #j4e 94  
cle>s ! gr\nd2 next b5d ! w& d[n 9 ! =m 
( a b[1 & br+ ! po9t$ end ( ! crosspiece
 "u ! peg1 or =k1 plant$ 9 ! gr\nd at ! 
o!r end4 ,! free end is n[ a little     
elevat$1 :ile ! middle is held v lightly
 on ! po9t ( ! cat*1 & its opposite end 
re/s lightly on ! gr\nd4 ,on ! tickli%  
sett+ ( ?is ev]y?+ dep5ds4  ,next place 
"s blades ( grass or light moss s z to  
hide ! =k piece at ! back & sides1 tak+ 
c>e t no small /icks int]f]e ) ! prop]  
work+ ( ! trap2 /rew "s suitable se$ or 
bait on ! grass or moss1 & !n c>efully  
place "o horsehair noose 9 su* a mann] z
 to trap a bird %\ld x m]ely hop on !   
crosspiece1 & ! o!r noose arrange s z to
 cat* x by ! neck %\ld x attempt to     
seize ! bait or to pass4 ,9 ei!r case x 
dislodges ! crosspiece1 :i* in/antly    

flies up1 susp5d+ ! bird by ! neck or   
legs 9 "o or bo? ( ! nooses4 ,!         
appe>ance ( ! set trap be=e ! grass or  
moss is arrang$ is z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4  
#b1 :i* ,i h drawn f a trap set = t     
purpose4  ,sometimes ?is trap 7or       
prop]ly spr+e7 is set ) ano!r =k plac$  
at "r angles to ! o!r1 & suffici5tly    
di/ant f x to j cat* ! opposite end ( ! 
crosspiece1 & ?\gh1 p]haps1 ?is plan    
all[s x to be set a little f9]1 x has _m
 disadvantages4  ,fig4 #b--,,spr+e1 ,,or
 ,,sn>e ,,= ,,birds4  ,yet ano!r        
modification ( ! same spr+e4 ,! w& or   
spr+-/ick1 crosspiece1 & nooses z be=e1 
b in/ead ( ! simple cat*1 use a complete
 b[1 ) bo? ends /uck 9 ! gr\nd4 ,at "s  
little di/ance f ?is drive 9 a /raight  
piece ( /ick2 next procure a piece (    
/ick ) a complete =k or crut* at "o end4
 ,to set x1 draw d[n ! spr+-/ick & pull 
! crosspiece "u ! b[ by ! top side f>!/ 
f ! spr+-/ick4 ,n[ hold x firmly ) "o h&
 :ile y place ! =k$ /ick ) its crut*    
press+ aga9/ ! opposite upright /ick1 & 

br+ its free end aga9/ ! l[] end ( !    
crosspiece1 & adju/ bo? z f9ely z y c4  
,f9ally1 arrange ! nooses 9 su* a mann] 
t if ei!r ( !m or ! crut*$ /ick is t\*$ 
! latt] falls1 & releas+ ! crosspiece1 !
 spr+-/ick flies up1 & ! bird ) x4  ,to 
see ! sett+ ( ?is at a glance1 vide     
,fig4 #c 7%[+ only "o noose1 h[ev]71 :i*
 ,i h cribb$ f a tail piece ( ,bewick's1
 putt+ x a little out ( draw+ to %[ x   
up4  ,fig4 #c--,spr+e ,,= ,,snipe4  ,!  
next simple trap to be consid]$ is      
evid5tly ! pit-fall1 us$ only1 h[ev]1 = 
l>ge & fi]ce animals1 & v>y+ 9          
con/ruction 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,=      
descriptions ( me?ods ( bait+ = & cat*+ 
su* animals z lions1 leop>ds1 tig]s1    
elephants1 etc1 consult almo/ any book  
on ,african or ,indian field sports4  ,(
 poisons or intoxicants = captur+ birds 
or animals1 ,i d n int5d to treat1 z !y 
are bett] left to gamekeep]s & poa*]s4  
,dead-falls1 su* z ! ,figure ( #d trap1 
are easy to make1 & useful = kill+ small
 animals4 ,! mat]ials requir$ are simply

 ?ree ord9>y pieces ( wood1 a small     
piece ( /r+1 or1 bett] /ill1 wire1 & a  
l>ge1 heavy1 flat pav+ /one1 or slate4  
,hav+ procur$ ?ree pieces ( wood ( half 
an in* squ>e by "o foot long1 we call "o
 ! upright1 :i* is simply br\ght to a   
po9t at "o end1 some:at l a *isel4 ,!   
second is ! slant+ /ick1 :i* %\ld be cut
 to ab\t #h 94 long1 hav+ a nick 9 x    
ab\t half an in* f "o end1 ab\t half way
 ?r\gh its dep?2 ! o!r end is br\ght to 
a *isel po9t on its upp] surface2 !     
?ird1 :i* is ! foot or bait /ick1 has a 
squ>e not*1 ! ?ickness ( ! upright1 cut 
9 x1 ab\t ?ree in*es f "o end2 ! inn]   
end ( ?is not* is reliev$ a little1 s z 
n to b9d on ! upright too mu*4 ,)9 half 
an in* ( ! o!r end ano!r not* is cut1 b 
at "r angles to ! la/1 t is to say1 ?is 
la/ not* is cut on ! top1 :ile ! o!r is 
cut at ! side2 ! out] or top not* also  
slopes inw>d4 ,at ! inn] or side not*   
end drill a little hole1 ?r\gh :i* place
 a piece ( po9t$ wire to receive ! bait4
  ,! appe>ance ( ! ?ree /icks :5 set is 

be/ expla9$ by ,fig #d2 ,a4 is !        
upright1 ,b ! slant+ /ick1 & ,c bait or 
bottom /ick4 ,to set x1 take ! upright 9
 ! left h&1 *isel po9t up1 pick up ,b ) 
! "r h&1 place x ) its not* fitt+ on !  
top ( ,a1 & keep+ ! slant+ /ick press$  
d[n firmly1 y hold ! two 9 prop]        
position4 ,?is has reliev$ ! left h&    
entirely1 :i* n[ is us$ to pick up c2   
place ! side not* ( ?is on ! upright ,a1
 slide x up until its end nick is caught
 by ! po9t ( ,b2 a suffici5t lev]age1 z 
x 71 be+ atta9$ on ?is1 we c hold ! :ole
 ( ! trap n[ ) ! "r h&4 ,by grasp+ ,b ) 
! f+]s ( ! h& 9 opposition to ! palm1   
:ile ! ?umb presses x d[n on ! top1 !   
left h&1 be+ at lib]ty1 is us$ to drag !
 /one & to raise "o end to fall on ! top
 ( ,b2 ! weight ( ! /one n[ sets ! ?ree 
p>ts 9 opposition to ea* o!r4 ,an animal
 t\*+ ! bait 9 ! slighte/ mann] is      
suffici5t to de/roy ! nice balance ( !  
:ole affair1 & d[n x comes ) a run4 ,!  
sizes giv5--f a trap ,i h j set--are1 ( 
c\rse1 = small animals only1 b x may be 

enl>g$ or decreas$ to any ext5t1 at !   
pleasure ( ! op]ator4  ,fig4            
#d--;,,figure ( #d ,,trap4  ,z ,/oneh5ge
 & ,high ,elms h introduc$ "s           
improvem5ts1 ,i may z well quote ! =m]3 
,! ,figure ( #d trap is compos$ ( a l>ge
 squ>e piece ( /one or slate propp$ up 9
 a peculi> mann] ) ?ree pieces ( wood1  
:i* are arrang$ 9 ! %ape ( a #d4  ,9    
exam9+ ?is figure x w be se5 to consi/ (
 a p]p5dicul> limb or upright1 ( a      
horizontal "o or /ret*]1 & ( a %ort     
slant+ /ick1 z ! ?ird is call$4 ,!      
upright is usually cut ab\t half an in* 
wide1 %av$ to a ?9 edge at top1 b ,high 
,elms recomm5ds x to h a =k$ foot to    
keep x f twi/+1 & a not* 9 x to prev5t !
 /ret*] slipp+ d[n4 ,! slant+ /ick has a
 not* cut 9 x half an in* f its upp] end
 to receive ! top ( ! upright1 :ile its 
l[] end is %av$ (f to fit 9 a not* 9 !  
upp] surface ( ! front ( ! /ret*]4      
,la/ly1 ! /ret*] has ?is not* 9 front1 &
 ano!r not* cut 9 its side by :i* x is  
caught by ! upright & held 9 its place4 

,a bait be+ ti$ to ! ext]nal end ( !    
/ret*]1 & a /one plac$ s t x w lie flat 
on ! gr\nd1 ! :ole is ready = sett+1 :i*
 is effect$ z foll[s3 ,raise ! /one1 &  
support x by ! not*$ end ( ! slant+ /ick
 held 9 ! left h&1 ! not* itself look+  
d[nw>ds1 !n place ! upright ) "o end on 
! gr\nd & ! o!r 9 ?is not*1 & let x c>ry
 ! weight ( ! /one1 :i* w h a t5d5cy to 
tilt up ! slant+ /ick /ill held d[n by !
 left h&2 f9ally1 hit* ! middle not* ( !
 /ret*] 9 ! upright1 ) its front not*   
fac+ upw>ds1 !n br+ ! l[] end ( ! slant+
 /ick d[n to ?is front not*1 drop x 91 &
 ! trap is set4 ,( c\rse1 x requires t  
ea* "p %all be c>efully adapt$ to !     
o!rs1 b :5 ! trap is se5 set x w be     
readily und]/ood1 practice be+1 h[ev]1  
requir$ to set x prop]ly4  ,i q agree ) 
,high ,elms t ! foot$ upright is an     
improvem5t2 b ,i am incl9$ to d\bt !    
advantage ( ! d\ble not* betwe5 !       
upright & ! /ret*]4 ,i h tri$ bo?1 & ,i 
_c f9d t !re is any great sup]iority 9 8
 plan2 b1 p]haps1 ?\gh ,i h exactly     

foll[$ 8 directions z giv5 9 ! ,field1  
,i may h omitt$ "s po9t ( practical     
importance4 ,9 sett+ ! ,figure ( #d     
trap1 ! height ( ! upright & ! size &   
weight ( ! /one w be proportion$ to !   
animal = :i* x is set4 ,i d n l ! trap  
myself1 z x _c be conceal$ s well z !   
/eel trap1 &1 inde$1 has no advantage   
except 9 *eapness4 ,doz5s ( !m may be   
set 9 ! woods1 & if /ol5 little h>m is  
done1 z ! co/ is b>ely a p5ny apiece if 
made 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,i h also kn[n      
pheasants caught by ! head & kill$ 9 !m1
 ! fle% ) :i* !y are bait$ be+ (t5      
attractive to tame-br$ birds1 :i*       
usually are f$ ) m or less ( x 9 _!     
re>+4  ,mr4 ,g4 ,s4 ,purd5 has in=m$ me 
t he has succe$$ 9 captur+ birds alive )
 ?is trap by holl[+ out ! gr\nd :]e !   
/one falls4  ,ano!r deadfall = tak+     
cap]cailzie 9 ,norway is describ$ by    
,mr4 ,y>nell 9 8 ,briti% ,birds3  ,:]e !
 trees gr[ ?ickly on ei!r side ( a      
footpa?1 two long pieces ( wood are     
plac$ across x2 "o end ( ^! re/s on !   

gr\nd1 ! o!r be+ rais$ a foot & a half1 
or some:at m1 f ! surface1 & support$ by
 a piece communicat+ ) a triangul> twig1
 plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! pa?1 & s contriv$ t
 on be+ slightly t\*$ ! :ole fabric     
falls2 a few /ones are usually plac$ ^u 
! long pieces ( wood to increase !      
rapidity ( ! drop by ! additional       
weight4 ,birds runn+ along ! footpa?    
attempt to pass b5ea? ! b>ri]1 /rike !  
twig1 & are kill$ by ! fall ( ! trap4   
,tak+ birds by means ( bird-lime is my  
next consid]ation4 ,bird-lime is made   
ei!r f boil$ oil or f holly-b>k1 b !    
mak+ ( x is n wor? ! c&le1 x be+ s      
easily b\ght f any pr(essional          
bird-cat*]4  ,to ^? :o wi% to make _!   
own1 ,i comm5d ! foll[+3 ,take half a   
p9t ( l9se$ oil & put x into an old pot1
 or any vessel t w /& ! fire )\t break+4
 ,! vessel %\ld n be m ?an "o-?ird full4
 ,place x ov] a sl[ fire & /ir x until x
 ?ick5s z mu* z requir$4 ,?is c be      
asc]ta9$ by cool+ ! /ick 9 wat] & try+  
if x w /ick to ! f+]s4 ,:5 suffici5tly  

boil$1 p\r into cold wat]1 & x w be f\nd
 ready = use4  ,i h submitt$ ! =ego+ to 
a practical birdcat*] & mak] (          
bird-lime1 & he has pass$ x z correct1  
only add+ t ! oil takes some:]e ab\t f\r
 h\rs to sl[ly boil be=e x becomes      
suffici5tly t5aci\s = use4 ,holly-b>k he
 does n believe 91 z he says x takes too
 long to make2 b t is no reason :y we   
%\ld pass ov] bird-lime made f ?is      
sub/ance4 ,! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica  
says3  ,x is usually prep>$ by boil+    
holly-b>k t5 or twelve h\rs1 & :5-! gre5
 coat is sep>at$ f ! o!r x is cov]$ up =
 a =tnight 9 a moi/ place2 !n p\nd$ into
 a r\gh pa/e1 & wa%$ 9 a runn+ /ream    
till no motes appe>4 ,x is next put up  
to f]m5t = f\r or five days1 & repeat$ly
 skimm$4 ,to prep>e x = use1 a ?ird "p (
 nut oil or ?9 grease mu/ be incorporat$
 ) x ov] ! fire4  ,bird-lime c also be  
made f _m o!r plants1 b ! be/ quality is
 made by ei!r ( ! two me?ods m5tion$    
above4  ,! ,ed9burgh ,encyclopa$ia says 
fur!r t3  ,:5 bird-lime is ab\t to be   

appli$ to use1 x %\ld be made hot1 & !  
rods or twigs %\ld be w>m$ a little be=e
 !y be dipp$ 9 x4 ,:]e /raws & cords are
 to be lim$ x %\ld be v hot1 & aft] !y  
are prep>$ !y %\ld be kept 9 a lea!r bag
 till us$4 ,9 ord] to prev5t bird-lime f
 be+ congeal$ by cold1 x %\ld be mix$ ) 
a little oil ( petroleum2 &1 inde$1 be=e
 ! common k9d c be us$ at all1 x mu/ be 
melt$ ov] ! fire ) a ?ird "p ( nut oil  
or any ?9 grease1 if t has n be5 add$ 9 
! prep>ation4  ,! small] k9ds ( birds   
are frequ5tly tak5 ) bird-lime1 :i* is  
"o ( ! mo/ eligible modes 9 fro/ or sn[1
 :5 all sorts ( small birds assemble 9  
flocks1 & :i* may be us$ 9 v>i\s ways4  
,put ! bird-lime into an e>!n di%1 ) !  
addition ( "o ounce ( fre% l>d to e     
qu>t]-p\nd ( bird-lime1 & melt ! :ole   
g5tly ov] ! fire4 ,take a quantity (    
:eat e>s1 ) a foot ( ! /raw atta*$ to   
?orn1 &1 hav+ w>m$ ! lime1 t x may      
spread ! ?9n]1 lime ab\t six in*es ( !  
/raw f ! bottom ( ! e>s4 ,scatt] a      
little *aff & ?ra%$ e>s ov] a compass ( 

tw5ty y>ds2 /ick ! lim$ /raws into !    
gr\nd1 ) ! e>s incl9+ d[nw>ds1 or ev5   
t\*+ ! surface2 trav]se ! adjo9+ places 
9 ord] to di/urb ! birds1 & make !m fly 
t[>ds ! sn>e1 &1 by peck+ at ! e>s (    
corn1 !y w become s entangl$ ) ! lim$   
/raw z to be easily tak5 by ! h&4  ,!   
lime may also be appli$ to cords1 rods1 
& twigs1 especially :5 x is int5d$ to   
entangle ! l>g] birds1 su* z snipes &   
fieldf>es1 & = ?is purpose ! foll[+ mode
 may be adopt$3 ,take ! ma9 bran* ( any 
bu%y tree1 ) long1 /raight1 & smoo?     
twigs1 su* z ! will[ or bir*1 cle> !    
twigs f e not* & prickle1 lime ! bran*es
 to )9 f\r f+]s ( ! bottom1 leav+ ! ma9 
b\gh f :i* ! o!rs rise unt\*$ by !      
composition1 & !n place ! bu% :]e !     
birds resort4 ,= small birds two to ?ree
 hundr$ s+le twigs1 ab\t ! ?ickness ( a 
ru% & ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 may be /uck 9  
%eaves ( flag & corn4  ,9 hot & dry     
wea!r ! twigs may be plac$ ar\nd !      
rivulets1 dit*es1 & pools to :i* ! birds
 come = dr9k1 cov]+ ! wat]s at ! same "t

 ) bru%wood1 s t !y c h no access to    
qu5* _! ?ir/1 except at ! spot :]e !    
twigs are fix$4 ,= ?is purpose ! rods or
 twigs %\ld be ab\t a foot 9 l5g?1 lim$ 
to )9 two in*es ( ! ?icke/ end1 :i* is  
/uck into ! bank 9 su* a mann] t !y may 
lie )9 two f+]s' bread? ( ! gr\nd1 & z !
 birds d n alight at once ^u ! place :]e
 !y are to dr9k1 b gradually desc5d f ! 
high] trees to ! l[]1 !nce to ! bu%es1 &
 la/ly to ! bank1 x is useful to fix a  
few bran*es ab\t a fa?om f ! wat] 9 a   
slop+ direction1 ) a few lime twigs     
fa/5$ ^u !m on :i* ! birds w z frequ5tly
 be caught z on ^? :i* are plac$ ne>] to
 ! wat]4 ,! be/ "t = ?is sport is f t5  
to elev5 9 ! =5oon1 f two to ?ree 9 !   
aft]noon1 & ab\t an h\r be=e sunset1 :5 
! birds come to ! wat]+ places 9 flocks 
be=e !y retire to roo/4  ,! application 
( bird-lime is ( anci5t orig91 & is     
practis$ 9 _m c\ntries4 ,p5nant gives an
 acc\nt ( h[ to take ,small birds by    
lim+ twigs ar\nd a /uff$ or te!r$ live  
owl4 ,i h he>d ( ?is plan be+ adopt$1 b 

h n tri$ x myself4 ,f ! curi\s mann] 9  
:i* small birds usually mob an owl1 ,i  
%\ld fancy x w\ld succe$4  ,accord+ to  
,folk>d's ,wildf[l]3   ,!re 0 also a    
me?od mu* 9 vogue previ\sly to !        
inv5tion & discov]y ( decoys1 ( tak+    
wild f[l ) lime /r+s made ( pack?read or
 /r+1 knott$ 9 v>i\s ways & besme>$ )   
birdlime2 ^! 7 set 9 r[s ab\t f5s1      
moors1 & o!r fe$+ haunts ( ! birds1 an  
h\r or two be=e morn+ or ev5+ twilight4 
,?is plan 0 to procure a numb] ( small  
/akes1 ab\t #b ft4 9 l5g?1 %>p5$ to a   
po9t at ! ne!r end1 & =k$ at ! upp]4 ,^!
 7 prick$ out 9 r[s ab\t a y>d or two   
ap>t1 "s be+ plac$ 9 a slant+ direction1
 & ea* /ake sid+ "o ) ano!r1 )9 conv5i5t
 di/ances ( #d yds4 or #e yds1 s z to   
be> up ! /r+s1 :i* 7 laid ^u ! crut*es1 
& plac$ loosely ab\t #ah 94 above !     
gr\nd4 ,! lime /r+s 7 ?us drawn f /ake  
to /ake 9 v>i\s directions1 & lightly   
plac$ betwe5 ! =ks at ! top ( ! /akes1  
"s r[s be+ high] ?an o!rs2 & 9 ?is mann]
 ! :ole space occupi$ by ! /akes 0 cov]$

 ) lime /r+s1 z if c>efully laid 9      
wave-l coils1 or plac$ 9 diff]5t        
directions1 ! ends be+ secur$ to ! /akes
 ) slip-knots1 s t ^u a light /ra9 !    
:ole ( any /r+ :i* might be t\*$ by !   
bird became in/antly loose1 &1 /ick+ to 
! fea!rs1 ! m x /ruggl$ to free itself1 
s mu* ! m ! /r+ twi/$ ab\t x1 & ?us !   
bird 0 quickly entangl$1 & became an    
easy prey4 ,9 ?is mann] numb]s ( wild   
f[l ( ! l>ge/ species 7 tak5 at night at
 ! mom5t ( sweep+ ov] ! gr\nd at v sl[  
flight1 j be=e alight+2 & x w\ld appe> t
 ?is me?od ( f[l+ 0 p>ticul>ly          
successful 9 tak+ plov]s1 :i* g5]ally   
alight on ! gr\nd ?ickly congregat$     
toge!r4  ,a simil> me?od 0 employ$ =    
tak+ wild f[l ) lime /r+s plac$ ov] !   
surface ( riv]s & ponds frequ5t$ by ^?  
birds1 & app>5tly ) rem>kable success4  
,= ?is purpose x 0 necess>y to procure a
 wat]pro( bird-lime :]e) to dress !     
/r+s1 :i* 7 knott$ 9 a simil> mann] to  
^? employ$ = tak+ birds on l&4 ,! /r+s s
 prep>$ 7 9 s]p5t9e coils f /ake to     

/ake1 ! /akes be+ =k$ at ! top1 & (     
simil> =m to ^? la/ describ$1 b (       
suffici5t l5g? to rea* ! bottom ( ! wat]
 & obta9 a firm fix+ 9 ! mud4 ,"s ( !   
/akes 7 plac$ on ! banks ( ! wat] or 9  
any mann] s t ! lime /r+s c\ld be drawn 
across & ab\t ! surface 9 diff]5t       
directions1 re/+ "h & !re on "s or o!r (
 ! /akes or any b\ghs or ov]hang+ trees1
 9 su* a way t ! birds1 :5 9 ! act (    
alight+ on ! wat] at night1 might /rike 
aga9/ ! lime /r+s & become !re9         
entangl$4  ,! pr9cipal secret ( success 
9 ?is & ! prec$+ device 0 t ( plac+ !   
lime /r+s 9 %ad$ places ov] ! mo/ assur$
 haunts ( ! birds2 & x 0 only obta9able 
on d>k nights1 or 9 good %ade1 = :5ev]  
!re 0 suffici5t light = ! birds to see !
 lea/ sign ( ! sn>e spread = !m ! f[l]  
_h no *ance ( mak+ any captives4 7,& be 
sure to take ?is caution n to use ^!    
/r+s 9 moon%9e nights1 = ! %ad[ ( ! l9e 
w create a jeal\sy 9 ! f[l1 & s fru/rate
 y\r sport47 ,& z wildf[l 9 _! desc5t1 j
 be=e alight+ on ! wat]1 div]ge f _!    

accu/om$ angul> figure1 & spread        
!mselves m 9 a broad front l9e1 a :ole  
flight sometimes comes swoop+ into !    
f[l]'s sn>e all at once4   ,a me?od (   
trapp+1 ) ! assi/ance ( bird-lime1      
might1 ,i ?9k1 be tri$ ) "s *ance (     
success4 ,x is to ins]t a piece ( fi% 9 
a cone ( pap] well sme>$ ) bird-lime1 & 
to ?r[ d[n a few ( ^! prep>$ cones 9    
places accessible to gulls1 h]ons1 & su*
 birds1 :o1 9 attempt+ to seize ! fi%1  
w\ld be effectually hoodw9k$1 & ?us     
easily secur$4  ,hawk+1 by :i* birds are
 captur$ by tra9$ falcons1 is ( ! highe/
 antiquity4 ,p5nant m5tions t ! ,saxon  
,k+ ,e!lb]t 7:o di$ 9 #gfj7 s5t to      
,g]many = a ca/ ( falcons to fly at     
cranes 7h]ons874 ,z ?is sport has n[    
fall5 into disuse1 ,i mu/ ref] my read]s
 = p>ticul>s to ,bla9e1 ,daniel1        
,freeman1 ,h>t+1 ,capta9 ,dugmore1 & to 
occasional articles by "o or two mod]n  
falcon]s 9 ! columns ( ! ,field4  ,!    
inf9ite v>iety ( nets us$ 9 ! capture ( 
v>i\s birds requires almo/ a *apt] by   

itself2 b x w suffice = ! pres5t "o if  
we m5tion ^? mo/ g5]ally us$1 or ! mo/  
/rik+ v>ieties4 ,fir/1 !n1 comes !      
ord9>y clap-net ( ! ,london & prov9cial 
bird-cat*]s4 ,! ,ed9burgh ,encyclopa$ia 
says1 ) reg>d to clap-nets3  ,birds are 
also tak5 ) nets dur+ ! day1 &          
especially 9 ^? seasons ( ! ye> :5 !y   
*ange _! situation2 9 ! mon? ( ,octob]1 
= in/ance1 :5 ! wild birds beg9 to fly1 
& 9 ,m>*1 :5 ! small] k9ds assemble =   
pair+4 ,!y are *iefly on ! w+ f daybreak
 to noon1 & always fly aga9/ ! w9d4 ,!  
birdcat*]s1 !re=e1 lay _! nets t[>ds t  
po9t to :i* ! w9d bl[s4 ,! nets employ$ 
9 ?is way are g5]ally #ab4e yds4 long & 
#b4e yds4 wide1 & are spread on ! gr\nd 
p>allel to ea* o!r1 9 su* a mann] z to  
meet :5 turn$ ov]4 ,!y are provid$ )    
l9es1 fa/5$ 9 su* a way t1 by a sudd5   
pull1 ! birdcat*] is able to draw !m ov]
 ! birds t may h alight$ 9 ! space      
betwe5 ^? p>allel sides4 ,9 ord] to     
entice ! wild birds to alight among/ !  
nets1 call birds are employ$1 ( :i* !re 

mu/ be "o or two ( ea* ( ! diff]5t k9ds 
:i* are expect$ to be caught1 su* z     
l9nets1 goldf9*es1 gre5f9*es1 etc4      
,besides ! call birds !re are o!rs      
d5om9at$ flur birds1 :i* are plac$ ^u a 
moveable p]* )9 ! net1 call$ a flur1 &  
:i* c be rais$ or depress$ at pleasure1 
& ^! are secur$ to ! flur by means ( a  
brace or b&age ( sl5d] silk /rongly     
fa/5$ r\nd ! body ( ! bird4 ,! call     
birds are deposit$ 9 cages at a little  
di/ance f ! nets1 & z soon z !y see or  
he> ! approa* ( ! wild birds1 :i* !y    
p]ceive long be=e x c be obs]v$ by !    
birdcat*]1 !y ann\nce ! intellig5ce f   
cage to cage ) ! greate/ appe>ance (    
joy1 & !y proce$ to invite !m to alight 
by a succession ( notes or %ort j]ks1 z 
!y are t]m$ by ! birdcat*]1 :i* may (t5 
be he>d at a consid]able di/ance4 ,!    
mom5t t ! call is he>d by ! wild birds  
!y /op _! flight & desc5d t[>ds ! net1 &
 s great is ! asc5dancy & fasc9ation ( !
 call birds t !y c induce ! o!rs to     
return repeat$ly to ! nets till e bird 9

 ! flock be caught4  ,be+ some:at afraid
 t ?is description w\ld n meet all !    
practical requirem5ts ( ! case1 & kn[+  
myself b little or no?+ ( ?is mode (    
birdcat*+1 ,i ?\ght x advisable to      
int]view a practical man4 ,hav+ at la/  
succe$$ 9 captur+ a specim5 ( ! g5us    
homo1 species birdcat*]1 ,i prevail$ ^u 
him 7?r\gh ! m$ium ( a tip7 to imp>t 8  
/ock ( birdcat*+ lore1 & to cut me      
patt]ns ( play-/icks & pegs1 & also to  
correct my r\gh sket*es :5 necess>y4  ,!
 sum & sub/ance ( my int]view is z      
foll[s3 ,! nets1 :i* are ( two pieces1  
are ea* ab\t twelve y>ds long by        
two-&-a-half y>ds wide1 & are made ) a  
?ree-qu>t] me% ( :at is te*nically call$
 two-?read4 ,! /aves at ea* end1 to :i* 
! nets are p]man5tly atta*$1 are made ( 
r$ deal1 f]rul$ & jo9t$ at ! middle1 9 !
 mann] ( a fi%+ rod1 = ! conv5i5ce (    
c>riage4 ,! l5g? ( ea* :5 put toge!r is 
ab\t five feet six in*es1 be+ ?us %ort] 
?an ! wid? ( ! net4 ,?is1 x w be readily
 obs]v$1 all[s = ! bagg+ ( ! net--an    

important p>ticul>1 z1 if ! nets 7 /ra9$
 tight ) no all[ance made = bagg+1 !    
birds w\ld flutt] along ! gr\nd until !y
 got out at "o end or ! o!r4 ,z x is1 !y
 roll !mselves up 9 ! me%es1 &          
effectually entangle !mselves :ile      
attempt+ to escape4  ,a /rong l9e1 call$
 ! top l9e1 made ( clock l9e1 passes !  
:ole l5g? ( ea* net1 & is protract$ "s  
feet pa/ ! /aves at ei!r end4 ,a simil> 
l9e runs along ! bottom made (          
?ree-?read or :ip ?read4 ,?is is call$ !
 bottom l9e4 ,!re are !n two unatta*$   
cords ( "s /r5g?1 call$ ! pull l9e & !  
=k$ l9e1 :i* latt] is atta*$1 :5 requir$
 = use1 to ! two /aves ne>e/ !          
birdcat*]1 at ! int]section ( ! top l9e4
  ,eight pegs are us$1 made ( h>d wood1 
g5]ally a%1 f\r ( :i* are call$ ! *ief  
pegs4 ,! :ole ( ! pegs are not*$1 = !   
conv5i5ce ( atta*+ a l9e4  ,! me?od (   
lay+ ! clap-net is be/ describ$ ) ! aid 
( a draw+ 7vide ,fig4 #e74  ,! fir/ ?+  
to be done is to lay d[n ! "r-h& net1 & 
to drive 9 ! two *ief pegs :]e %[n1     

namely1 at ! bottom ( ! /aves1 to :i* !y
 are atta*$ by a loop ( /rong cord1 act+
 z a h+e4 ,! two end pegs are !n driv5 9
 ! gr\nd at "s little di/ance f & 9 an  
exact l9e to ! *ief pegs4 ,! bottom l9e 
is !n made fa/ at ea* end1 z also !     
cont9uation ( ! top l9e4 ,! two pegs1   
l9es1 & /aff ?us =ma triangle at ea*    
end4 ,! o!r net is !n laid 9 su* a mann]
 t :5 bo? are pull$ ov]1 "o net %all    
ov]lap ! o!r to ! ext5t ( six in*es4 ,x 
is !n turn$ back & pegg$ d[n 9 ! same   
way z ! "r-h& net4 ,! next op]ation is  
to tie ! =k$ l9e to ea* top end ( !     
/aves1 a nick be+ cut 9 ea* = ?is       
purpose4  ,exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ! =k$ l9e
 ! pull l9e is knott$1 at ! o!r end (   
:i* ! birdcat*] /&s at v>y+ di/ances1   
accord+ to ! bird he wi%es to cat*2 =   
in/ance1 = l9nets or goldf9*es1 ?irty to
 =ty y>ds2 = />l+s a great] di/ance is  
requir$2 or to capture ^! w>y birds a   
bett] plan is to place ! nets 9 "o field
 :ile y retire into ano!r1 br++ ! pull  
l9e ?r\gh an int]v5+ h$ge4  ,cages      

conta9+ birds are disp]s$ ab\t on ! out]
 edges ( ! nets1 ! be/1 or call birds1  
be+ plac$ f>!r away2 9 fact1 my in=mant 
?9ks t if all ! cages 7 plac$ a mod]ate 
di/ance away f ! nets x w\ld be bett]1 z
 he has f\nd t ! usual r$ or gre5 cages 
h be5 ! means ( ba%+ --i4e4 fright5+--! 
wild birds away f ! nets4  ,fig4        
#e--,,plan ,,& ,,me?od ,,( ,,sett+      
,,clap-,,net4  ,:5 doctors diff]1 :o    
%all decide8  ,on m5tion+ ! above to    
ano!r birdcat*] he gave a huge snort (  
dissatisfaction1 & r\ndly swore t my man
 knew n\ght ab\t x1 = he always set 8   
cages z ne> ! nets z possible2 = don't x
 /& to reason1 quo? he1 t if y set y\r  
cages fur away1 y\r 'call birds' w 'tice
 ! wild 'uns d[n r\nd 'em8 an' !y won't 
come ne> y\r nets4  ,an important actor 
9 ! p]=mance is ! play-bird1 :i* is a   
bird brac$ by a peculi> knot or brace1 z
 %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 on an arrangem5t call$ 
! play-/ick4  ,! play-/ick is resolvable
 into ?ree p>ts1 ,fig4 #g be+ ! gr\nd   
peg1 =m$ ( a piece ( h>d wood ab\t six  

in*es long1 hav+ a r\nd hole bor$ ?r\gh 
close to ! top1 ?r\gh :i* ! play-l9e    
passes4 ,imm$iately und]nea? is a squ>e 
slot = ! reception ( a piece ( brass    
tube beat5 flat at "o end 7,fig4 #h71   
:ile ! o!r end is left op5 = ! reception
 ( ! play-/ick 7,c1 ,fig4 #i71 simply a 
r\gh twig or piece ( h>d wood1 ^u :i* ! 
bird is ti$ by ! brace 7,fig4 #f7--:i*  
is con/ruct$1 z %[n 9 draw+1 by d\bl+ a 
piece ( /r+1 ty+ a knot 9 ! c5tre & !n  
jo9+ ! ends4 ,! head & body ( ! bird is 
?ru/ ?r\gh1 s t a loop cat*es x on ea*  
side & 9 front ( ! w+s1 ! legs & tail   
be+ ?ru/ ?r\gh ! o!r1 "o loop com+ on   
ea* side ( ! body beh9d ! w+s4 ,a swivel
 is atta*$ at "o ( ! knots1 &1 by ano!r 
piece ( /r+1 is made fa/ to ! play-/ick 
ne> its end4 ,! bird is ?us p]fectly    
free s f> z ! w+s & legs are conc]n$4   
,fig4 #f1 #g  #h--,play-/ick p>ts  ,!   
play-/ick1 z a :ole1 is repres5t$ 9     
,fig4 #i1 :i* %[s ! bird 9 repose1 ) !  
end ( ! /ick 7,c7 re/+ on ! gr\nd1 !    
play-l9e pass+ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! gr\nd   

peg 7,a71 :ile ! "p m>k$ ,b works 9 !   
slot 9 ! same4  ,a little food & wat]   
are put d[n by ! play-bird's side1 to   
:i* x addresses itself 9 its int]vals ( 
re/4 ,directly birds appe>1 ! play-l9e  
is sm>tly pull$1 :i* has ! effect ( j]k+
 ! play-bird upw>ds1 :ile at ! same "t x
 flutt]s its w+s to rega9 its p]*4 ,?is 
motion is mi/ak5 by ! wild birds z a    
natural proce$+2 !y accord+ly alight    
ar\nd ! play-bird1 to assi/ x 9 fe$+4 ,!
 pull-l9e ( ! net is !n sm>tly j]k$1 :i*
 causes ! =k$-l9e to fly inw>ds1 &1 act+
 on ! h+$ pegs & top & bottom l9es z by 
a lev]1 ! /aves rise f ! outside1 become
 p]p5dicul>1 & f9ally fall ov]1 inclos+ 
all )9 ! op5 space 9 ! nets4  ,fig4     
#i--;,,flur ,,or ,,play-,,/ick4  ,!     
,play-bird is always plac$ on ! left h& 
( ! birdcat*]1 ab\t two y>ds into ! net4
 ,sometimes m ?an "o play-/ick & bird   
are us$2 all are1 h[ev]1 play$ by ! same
 /r+4 ,! be/ birds are1 h[ev]1 contr>y  
to my expectations1 n us$1 z ! con/ant  
pull+ up & d[n1 to say no?+ ( ! worry ( 

! fall+ nets1 v soon kills ! poor little
 play-bird4 ,f ,mi*aelmas to ,*ri/mas   
w\ld appe> to be ! be/ times = cat*+4   
,_m r>e birds n calculat$ on by !       
op]ator1 are procur$ 9 ?is way4 ,i      
allude to hawks1 :i* con/antly da% at ! 
call1 or play-birds1 ( ! netsman4 ,i    
rememb] see+1 tak5 9 a l>k net on !     
racec\rse ( ,corfu--"o ( ! ,ionian      
,isles--a mo/ beautiful male specim5 ( !
 h5 h>ri] 7,circus cyaneus1 ,macg472 &  
"h 9 ,engl& ,i h receiv$1 )9 ! la/ few  
ye>s1 "o great grey %rike 7,lanus       
excubitor1 #a471 f\r or five hobby hawks
 7,falco subbuteo1 #a471 a doz5 or m    
m]l9s 7,falco oesalon1 ,tun/all71 & a   
great numb] ( sp>r[hawks1 & ke/rels1 all
 captur$ by ?is me?od4  ,draw-nets are  
^? us$ by f5-m5 & o!rs at night = tak+  
l>k1 snipe1 plov]1 etc1 by dragg+ a long
 net ( a c]ta9 con/ruction ov] ! fields 
& swamps4 ,! actual orig9ator ( ?is     
me?od ( capture z appli$ to snipe & su* 
birds1 appe>s to h be5 ,mr4 ,daniel     
himself 7vide ,rural ,sports1 vol4 #c1  

p4 #agi74  ,glade nets1 :i* are nets    
/ret*$ 9 n>r[ glades or rid+s 9 woods f 
tree to tree1 are us$ *iefly = tak+     
night-fly+ birds1 su* z woodcocks1 or   
wild ducks4 ,folk>d ?us describes _!    
use3  ,! proce$+s connect$ ) ! use (    
glade nets appe> to be v simple4 ,^!    
nets are ( l5g?s & bread?s proportion$  
to ! places 9 :i* !y are susp5d$4 ,!y   
are simply pieces ( f9e ?read nett+1    
edg$ ) cords adapt$ to ! ext5t ( ! l9t4 
,! glade net s =m$ is susp5d$ betwe5 two
 trees1 directly 9 ! track ( !          
woodcock's flight4 ,bo? ! upp] & l[]    
corn]s h ea* a rope atta*$ to !m :i*1 z 
reg>ds ! upp] "p ( ! net1 is rove ?r\gh 
%eaves1 iron r+s1 or ?imbles fa/5$ to ! 
trees on ei!r side at ! top ( ! glade at
 a mod]ate height1 v>y+ f t5 to twelve  
or fifte5 feet4 ,! falls ( ! two upp]   
ropes are jo9$ or s adju/$ t !y =m a    
bridge1 to ! c5tral "p ( :i* a rope is  
atta*$ ( sev]al y>ds 9 l5g?1 :i* ! f[l] 
holds 9 8 h& 9 a place ( concealm5t1 &  
?us comm&s full p[] ov] ! net1 be+ able 

to drop x d[n sudd5ly & int]cept !      
flight ( any birds :i* may attempt to   
escape ?r\gh ! glade2 or he c draw x up 
z sudd5ly f ! gr\nd to a p]p5dicul>     
position4 ,a /one1 ( ab\t #e lb4 weight1
 is atta*$ to ea* ( ! l[] cords ( ! net1
 s t :5 ! f[l] lets g 8 controll+ rope !
 weight ( ! /ones =ces ! l[] "p ( ! net 
d[n 9 an in/ant ) a /rong fall1 &1 at ! 
same "t1 !y draw up ! upp] "p ( ! net4  
,! f[l] hav+ /ation$ himself 9 su* a    
position z to comm& a full view ( !     
glade 9 :i* 8 net is plac$1 beat]s are  
employ$ to flu% ! cocks f _! retreats2  
imm$iately on "o or m fly+ 9 ! direction
 ( ! f[l] a signal is giv51 & j z ! bird
 approa*es ! net x is sudd5ly let d[n or
 drawn up1 :5 ! woodcock1 fly+ =cibly   
aga9/ x1 is imm$iately ensn>$4 ,! in/ant
 ! birds h /ruck ! net ! f[l] lets g    
ano!r rope1 :i* is g5]ally loop$ to a   
/ake )9 rea* ( 8 arm1 & ! :ole net1 ) ! 
birds entangl$1 !n drops to ! gr\nd4 ,9 
=c+ !mselves =w>d 9 _! endeav\r to      
escape !y =m ! net into a sort ( bag1   

:i* makes _! capture m c]ta94  ,nets are
 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w set "u wat] to procure
 wild f[l4 ,i rememb]1 :5 9 ,norfolk1 a 
gannet be+ br\ght 9 by "o ( ! fi%+      
boats2 ! bird _h become accid5tally     
entangl$ 9 "o ( ! nets :il/ attempt+ to 
rob-x ( "s fi%4  ,small nets ( a few    
y>ds long1 made ( f9e black silk1 ) a   
small me%1 are us$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry 
= tak+ k+fi%]s4 ,^! nets are /ret*$     
across a small wat]c\rse or ! ar* ( a   
bridge 9 su* a mann] t1 a little slack  
be+ all[$1 ! bird is tak5 to a c]ta9ty 9
 attempt+ to pass4 ,s fatal is ?is net  
:5 skilfully set1 t ,i "k "o man :o adds
 sev]al p\nds to 8 income 9 ! c\rse ( a 
ye> by tak+ k+fi%]s 9 ?is mann]4  ,= !  
nett+ ( hawks by a contrivance call$ !  
b[ net1 :i* 0 =m]ly us$ 9 ,engl&1 see   
,bla9e's ,encyclopa$ia ( ,rural ,sports4
  ,_m birds 7notably sea & rock birds7  
are to be procur$ by desc5d+ ! rocks    
atta*$ to a /\t l9e4 ,b ?is highly      
dang]\s "w _h bett] n be attempt$ by !  
tyro4 ,= an anci5t b int]e/+ acc\nt (   

rock f[l+ 9 ! ,orkneys1 see ,p5nant's   
,arctic ,zoology1 page #bi4 ,! same     
sy/em is /ill adopt$ on _m p>ts ( !     
coa/4 ,9 fact1 ,i recollect 7:5 "s ye>s 
ago ,i visit$ ! ,isle ( ,wight on a     
collect+ exp$ition7 see+ two m5 ) ropes 
& an iron b> go+ to ! top ( ! ,b5* 7a   
fam\s place = sea f[l71 & :ile "o man 0 
let d[n ov] ! edge ( ! cliff 8 fell[    
rema9$ at ! top to answ] ! pull ( !     
bird-l9e & look aft] ! safety ( !       
man-rope & iron b>4 ,s fasc9at+ did ?is 
appe> to me t1 hav+ be5 betwe5 heav5 &  
e>? once or twice be=e1 ,i volunte]$ to 
g bel[2 b ,i f\nd t ! f[l]s did n c>e = 
! risk1 or ! loss ( "t1 & booty1 involv$
 9 lett+ an amateur d[n4  ,x 01 inde$1 a
 wond]ful sight4 ,i crept z closely z ,i
 d>$1 & ly+ on my brea/ look$ ov] !     
cliff4 ,hundr$s ( feet d[n1 ! sea1 la%$ 
into break]s by ! breeze1 crept up !    
/eep black rock walls1 or tumbl$ ov] !  
half-hidd5 crags2 & yet1 ?\gh y c\ld see
 ! :ite w> ( wat]s1 b ! fa9te/ murmur ( 
?is battle betwe5 l& & sea c\ld be      

he>d--bel[ & halfway up1 ! puff9s &     
guillemots 7 sitt+ 9 r[s1 or fly+ (f 9  
droves z little black specks on ! :ite  
foam4  ,"h ,i le>n$ t !y (t5 bait$      
fi%-hooks ) (fal or pieces ( fi%1 = !   
purpose ( cat*+ ! gulls1 & ?is br\ght to
 my m9d ! quantities ( rob9s1 ?ru%es1 & 
su* birds ,i _h se5 caught by fi%-hooks 
bait$ ) worms & pegg$ d[n 9 ! olive     
groves ( ! ,ionian ,sea4  ,i notice t   
,p5nant m5tions t ! lapw+ is decoy$ into
 nets by ! twirl+ ( look+ glass4 ,i h   
se5 exactly ! same ?+ myself on !       
,cont95t appli$ to ! tak+ ( l>ks4 ,a    
cyl9d] ( wood1 inlaid ) pieces (        
look+-glass1 is fix$ 'betwe5 two        
uprights1 & made to revolve by means ( a
 small crank & :eel1 to :i* a l9e is    
atta*$4 ,! netsman1 retir+ to "s little 
di/ance1 keeps ! cyl9d] 9 con/ant motion
 by pull+ ! l9e1 at ! same "t keep+ up a
 s(t :i/l+ noise ) 8 m\?4 ,! l>ks flutt]
 ov] ! twirl]1 & seem+ly dazzl$1 desc5d 
on ! gr\nd betwe5 ! nets :i* are !n     
pull$ ov] 9 ! usual mann]4  ,/eel traps 

are ( _m %apes & sizes1 & are be/       
procur$ ready made f a good firm1 ?\gh  
,i h kn[n a few c\ntry blacksmi?s :o    
c\ld turn !m out dec5tly4 ,z ev]yone    
kn[s ?is1 ! ord9>y g91 or too? trap1 us$
 = captur+ rats or o!r animals & birds1 
no description is1 ,i ?9k necess>y1     
fur!r ?an to say t ! spr+s %\ld be      
highly temp]$1 & t ! tee? %\ld n be too 
long4 ,^! traps c be set 9 v>i\s places 
) or )\t baits--9 ! wat]1 on ! gr\nd1 up
 a tree1 or on a po/2 b po/-traps prop]1
 :i* are *iefly useful1 :5 set unbait$1 
= cat*+ hawks1 are made ) an arm & spr+ 
at "r angles to ! plate1 s t !y may be  
fa/5$ to ! po/ :i* supports !m4 ,9 sett+
 ^! traps great c>e & skill are         
necess>y2 & 9 giv+ directions h[ to d   
?is prop]ly1 ,i _c d bett] ?an quote    
,/oneh5ge1 :o says3  ,fir/ lay ! trap on
 ! gr\nd1 !n m>k ! outl9e ( x1 all[+    
half an in* cle> all r\nd2 out away !   
turf to ?is patt]n1 & 9 ! c5tre dig a   
hole deep en\gh to receive a /rong peg &
 ! *a9 :i* fa/5s ! trap to x1 :i* w ?us 

be entirely conceal$2 drive 9 ! peg1    
arrange ! *a9 neatly ^u ?is & 9 ! *annel
 = ! spr+1 & !n set ! trap 9 its place1 
tempor>ily propp+ up ! plate by a piece 
( twig1 :i* c f9ally be )drawn by a /r+2
 take c>e s to out away ! turf t ! jaws 
are only j bel[ ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,hav+
 done ?is1 cut a v ?9 slice ( ! turf :i*
 0 remov$ to make way = ! trap1 leav+   
little m ?an ! grass itself ) a ragg$   
edge1 & lay ?is g5tly on ! plate1 &     
)draw ! prop4 ,!n cov] ! spr+ 9 ! same  
way2 &1 la/ly1 put "s m %r$s ( grass or 
leaves ov] ! jaws !mselves1 b 9 su* a   
way t ! =m] w n be caught betwe5 ! tee? 
:5 ! trap is sprung4 ,:5 ! keep] c d all
 ?is s neatly t ! trap _c be discov]$ by
 ! eye at two or ?ree y>ds di/ance1 &   
yet w be sprung by half an ounce weight 
be+ plac$ ^u ! plate ov] & above :at x  
has already1 & )\t leav+ any?+ betwe5 ! 
jaws1 he may be consid]$ a ma/] ( 8     
craft4 ,all ?is %\ld be done ) /rong    
lea!r gloves on ! h&s1 & ) z little     
brea?+ ov] ! trap z possible4 ,! object 

( ^! precautions is to avoid leav+ any  
sc5t beh9d1 :i* might al>m ! v]m91 :o   
are always suspicions ( any place :]e !y
 h reason to believe man has be5 at "w4 
,daniel1 9 8 ,rural ,sports1 says3      
,ott]s are tak5 9 an unbait$ trap1 = !y 
reject e k9d ( bait1 ,?is trap mu/ be   
plac$ ne> 8 l&+ place1 :i* w be f\nd by 
c>efully exam9+ ! edges ( riv]s or      
ponds1 ei!r by 8 spra9ts1 8 seal1 or !  
rema9s ( fi% 7= 9 :atev] place he eats 8
 plund] he always leaves ! tail or h9d] 
p>ts ( ! fi% undev\r$74 ,! trap mu/ be  
set 9 & cov]$ ) mud to prev5t 8 see+ x2 
! in/ant ! trap /rikes1 ! ott] plunges  
into ! wat] ) x1 :5 its weight1 prev5t+ 
8 ris+ to ! surface1 soon de/roys him4  
,! trap w seldom be drawn m ?an tw5ty   
y>ds f ! spot1 & ) a grappl+ iron is    
soon recov]$4 ,if ! place :]e he comes  
out ( ! wat] _c be discov]$1 ^u ! gr\nd 
:]e ! rema9s ( fi% are left1 out a hole 
ne> ! edge ( ! wat]1 & place a trap or  
two ^u a level ) ! gr\nd & cov] x ov]   
c>efully ) moss4   ,?is aque\s me?od (  

trapp+1 is also recomm5d$ = tak+ all    
birds ( ! cr[ tribe4 ,! bait 9 ?is case 
is an egg1 s secur$ t on ! bird walk+   
along a prep>$ pa?way to seize !        
delicacy he spr+s a conceal$ trap1 &    
flutt]+ into deep wat] dr[ns by ! weight
 ( ! atta*m5t4  ,ano!r me?od ( sett+ !  
trap on l& = ! tak+ ( "s animals1 :i*1  
says ,daniel1 speak+ ( ! m>t5 7n[ a r>e 
animal 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,engl&71 is a sure  
way ( cat*+ ?is de/ructive little animal
 9 a p>k or cov]t :i* is rail$ 91 is to 
cut a groove 9 "s ( ! po/s or gate po/s1
 9 :i* set an unbait$ /eel trap1 & z !y 
con/antly run along ! po/s & pales e>ly 
9 ! morn+ to dry !mselves1 9 leap+ up f 
! gr\nd ^u ! place :]e ! trap is set1 !y
 are sure to be captur$4  ,fi% is       
recomm5d$ z bait = weasels1 polecats1   
etc1 al?\gh ,i ?9k ! be/ way ( trapp+   
su* animals is to =m an enclosure (     
bru%wood1 etc1 9 :i* peg d[n "s live    
bird1 lead+ two n>r[ pa?ways f x f ea*  
end & exactly opposite ea* o!r1 9 ea* ( 
:i* place an ord9>y /eel trap1 unbait$1 

conceal$ 9 z skilful a mann] z possible4
 ,! animal runn+ along "o ( ^! pa?ways1 
to seize 8 prey1 is inevitably trapp$4  
,be sure & h two op5+s1 or ?is plan w n 
succe$4 ,cats may be trapp$ 9 ?is mann]4
  ,/4 ,john1 9 8 ,highl& ,sports1       
m5tions t if a wild cat1 or fox1 c be   
kill$1 & ! body plac$ 9 ! usual haunts (
 its k9d1 well surr\nd$ ) traps1        
curiosity or "s su* feel+ w impel !m to 
visit ! de> dep>t$1 & 9 walk+ r\nd !y   
(t5 succe$ 9 spr++ ! traps1 & rema9+ z  
m\rn]s 9 a fa%ion !y did n int5d4       
,hawks may be trapp$ by fir/ captur+ _! 
"y1 & pegg+ "o or m to ! gr\nd1 &       
surr\nd+ x or !m by conceal$ traps4 ,?is
 cruel b highly effective way succe$s by
 reason ( ! old birds see+ or he>+ _!   
"y1 & attempt+ to release !m4  ,if "p ( 
a bird or animal kill$ by a hawk c be   
f\nd1 a good plan is to all[ x to rema91
 surr\nd+ x also ) conceal$ traps1 z !y 
usually return to f9i% _! meal1 & t     
sometimes aft] ! lapse ( days4  ,! box  
trap is us$ = cat*+ _m animals = :i* !  

ord9>y g9 is us$2 b ! advantage :i* x   
possesses ov] ! latt] is t x captures   
all animals alive1 :i*1 9 ! case ( a h>e
 or a rabbit accid5tally gett+ 91 is (  
consequ5ce1 z x may be releas$ unhurt1  
:]eas ! ord9>y /eel trap1 if accid5tally
 sprung by !m1 w\ld h kill$ or maim$ !m 
to a c]ta9ty4 ,^! box traps c be b\ght  
ready-made at _m places2 b1 = ^? :o wi% 
to make "o !mselves1 ,i mu/ ref] !m =   
plans & description to ,col4 ,hawk]1 or 
,/oneh5ge4 ,almo/ any?+ does to bait a  
g9 or box trap )--bits ( fle%1 fi%1     
(fal1 half-cook$ r$ h]r+s1 etc4--& x is 
a g5]ally und]/ood ?+ t if half-putrid  
fle% or entrails ( any animal are rubb$ 
ov] traps or ! ?orns or bu%es plac$ z   
entrances to traps1 h>es & ! l w seldom 
g ne>4  ,( c\rse1 a v small trap mu/ be 
us$ = small birds1 & bait$ ei!r ) se$s1 
bread1 worms1 or a small piece ( fat    
meat1 :i* latt] is a mo/ tempt+ bait = !
 birds ( ! g5us ,p>us 7titmice74  ,!re  
are sev]al o!r made traps1 su* z ! trap 
cage2 ! be/ ( :i* has a bird z a decoy  

p>tition$ (f f ! actual trap4 ,?is is a 
useful little trap 9 "s seasons1 & is   
well kn[n1 be+ easily procurable at any 
( ! bird fanci]s'4  ,mr4 ,james ,hiam1  
well kn[n 9 ,worce/]%ire = 8 ,notes on  
,natural ,hi/ory1 s5ds me ! foll[+      
description ( 8 me?od ( trapp+          
bullf9*es3  ,i f9d ! be/ way to trap    
bullf9*es is to procure a cag$ bird1    
also :at is kn[n z a trap-cage1 putt+ ! 
tame bird 9 ! l[] "p1 plac+ a bun* (    
blackb]ries or privet b]ries 9 ! top "p2
 & hang+ ! cage aga9/ a wall or tree out
 ( ! rea* ( cats4 ,i h res]v$ a /ook (  
bun*es ( blackb]ries by ins]t+ _! /ems 9
 wat]1 grape-fa%ion1 = a succession (   
food = bait4 ,i h also caught scores1 if
 n hundr$s1 on bird-lime1 b ?is injures 
_! plumage & is some:at tr\blesome1     
especially to anyone n accu/om$ to h&le 
x4 ,i h also caught !m 9 a bat f[l+ net 
at night out ( ?ick h$ges4 ,i f9d a trap
 cage or cages be/1 = bullf9*es g5]ally 
g 9 small p>ties1 & ,i h tak5 two out at
 once f two sep>ate cages1 :ile o!rs    

wait$ r\nd & 7 caught aft]w>ds4  ,!     
well-kn[n & easily imitat$ call ( !     
bullf9* at ?is season ( ! ye> 7autumn7  
appe>s to h a great] attraction--= :at  
reason ,i _c say--?an at any o!r p]iod2 
!re is also a great diff]5ce 9          
individual call birds4 ,! be/ %\ld be   
select$4 ,:5 fre% caught1 bullf9*es are 
be/ plac$ 9 a l[ k9d ( box cage ab\t six
 in*es deep1 ) wires only on "o side4   
,su* cage may be easily made out ( a    
soap box f ! groc]'s1 giv+ !m a good    
supply ( can>y & hemp se$ & wat]4 ,if !y
 refuse to eat ! se$1 :i* sometimes     
happ5s1 give a few blackb]ries or su*   
o!r food z !y fe$ on at ! "t2 ! se$ ( ! 
dock is always a fav\rite di% 9 ! w9t]1 
& ! probability is 9 a day or two !y w  
take to ! se$1 :i* %\ld be /rew$ ov] !  
bottom ( ! cage4  ,! night+ale trap     
7p]haps n q s well kn[n7 is a compromise
 betwe5 ! b[ net & ! spr+ trap2 x is    
useful = tak+ mo/ insectivor\s birds1 is
 easily made by anyone possess+ a little
 me*anical ability1 & is to be b\ght    

*eaply at mo/ ( ! bird %ops4 ,z ,i h be5
 ask$1 h[ev]1 by _m correspond5ts 9 !   
c\ntry1 :]e su* ?+s are to be procur$1  
!y are in=m$ t 9 ! classic retreat ( !  
,sev5 ,dials--t is to say1 9 ! /reet    
runn+ ?r\gh f ,*>+ ,cross to            
,bloomsbury--are to be f\nd _m bird     
fanci]s' %ops :]e ! night+ale trap c be 
procur$ = some?+ "u a c\ple ( %ill+s4   
,9 sett+ all ( ^! traps be sure to t\*  
!m ) ! h&s z little z possible1         
especially if sett+ a bait$ trap4       
,gloves are recomm5d$ to be worn1 sc5t$ 
) musk :5 bait+ = /oats1 weasels1 etc1 &
 ) v]va9 or val]ian if bait+ = cats4  ,i
 w proce$ n[ to ! consid]ation ( decoys4
 ,decoys are ( two classes1 fix$ &      
me*anical1 or ^? easily removable &     
natural4 ,( ! =m] ! mo/ important is :at
 is call$ a decoy = wild f[l1 viz1 a    
l>ge tract ( l& & wat] specially fitt$  
up ) nets ( ! sorts mo/ suitable = tak+ 
ducks & simil> birds1 & ne> :i* x is    
unlawful to fire a gun4 ,= a ?or\ghly   
exhau/ive & int]e/+ article on decoy    

ponds1 see ,folk>d's ,wild ,f[l]1 pp4   
#dd-id4  ,"s s+ul> & highly orig9al     
me?ods ( cat*+ birds are describ$ by    
anci5t & mod]n au?ors4 ,p5nant1 9 8     
,arctic ,zoology1 vol4 ii1 page #eej1   
describes a qua9t b d\btful me?od (     
decoy+ wild geese 9 ,sib]ia2 he also1 at
 page #caa1 records h[ imm5se numb]s (  
will[ gr\se are tak5 by a curi\s mode ( 
nett+4  ,folk>d also m5tions an +5i\s   
way ( captur+ wild f[l 9 _! own elem5t  
by ! aid ( calaba%es4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ,i   
?9k1 mu/ be se5 to be believ$1 ?\gh ,i  
am b\nd to confess t x is p>tly         
corroborat$ by o!r writ]s4  ,( ! lasso  
or ! bolas1 us$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica = captur+
 c]ta9 animals & birds1 no description  
ne$ be giv51 z ?is me?od ( trapp+ is    
only to be p]=m$ by a p]son tra9$ f     
*ildhood to ride & ?r[ ! lasso4 ,! same 
rem>k applies to ! use ( ! bl[pipe 7see 
,bates's ,amazons71 & ! ,au/ralian      
boom]ang & ?r[/ick4  ,reg>d+ ! use ( !  
bl[pipe1 ,i see t an ,am]ican au?or on  
,taxid]my1 :o has writt5 a v good book  

on ! subject--albeit he has1 p]haps     
unwitt+ly1 cribb$ my title ( ,practical 
,taxid]my--appe>s to h atta9$ rem>kable 
pr(ici5cy 9 ! use ( ?is weapon1 &       
describes also 8 me?od ( mak+ x1 ?us3   
,! bl[pipe is ( great s]vice = collect+ 
w>bl]s & o!r small birds4 ,x %\ld be    
made by encas+ a long glass tube 9 wood1
 to prev5t break+4 ,! ord9>y glass tubes
 us$ by glass-bl[]s make good bl[pipes1 
:i* %\ld h a diamet] ( #j4e 94 & be n   
less ?an #f ft4 long4  ,to encase a pipe
 ) wood1 take two /rips ( /raight-gra9$ 
p9e1 & plane or g\ge out a half-r\nd    
groove ! full l5g? ( ea*1 glue !m       
toge!r1 & wire firmly ov] ! glass pipe4 
,:5 ! glue is dry1 remove ! wires1 &    
plane ! wood r\nd until x has a diamet] 
( #a4e 942 if small] x w sag1 & n d good
 %oot+4 ,putty balls %\ld be us$1 & bl[n
 ) a quick puff1 :i* is easily acquir$  
by practice4 ,! putty is ?ick5$ ) :it+  
until ! pellets w roll h>d1 b !y %\ld n 
be dry en\gh to crumble4  ,) ?is novel  
gun ,i h kill$ z _m z fifty-six w>bl]s 9

 less ?an a day1 & spoil$ b few specim5s
 9 kill+4  ,r[l& ,w>d1 also1 9 8        
,sportsman's ,h&book1 appe>s to fav\r ! 
use ( ! bl[pipe1 & v correctly says at  
page #i3  ,! implem5t is s simple & s   
easily con/ruct$ t ! price ( x is       
inappreciable4 ,ab\t #c ft4 l5g? ( any  
/raight metal or wood5 tub+1 #j4ge 94   
diamet]1 ?r\gh :i* a pellet ! size ( a  
m>ble may be ?r[n1 w s]ve well1 b an ev5
 long] tube may be *os54 ,! pellet %\ld 
be ( clay or any putty1 roll$ 9 ! h& to 
easily pass ?r\gh ! b>rel )\t too mu*   
w9dage4 ,x %\ld n t\* ! m\?1 b be       
lightly plac$ j 9 ! orifice1 by /opp+   
:i* ) ! ?umb ! tube c be conv5i5tly     
c>ri$ load$1 muzzle up1 ready = ! mo/   
rapid use4 ,to propel ! pellet ! puff   
mu/ be sudd5 & p[]ful4 ,!re is a prop]  
way ( effect+ ?is4 ,:5 a practition]    
fir/ beg9s to use ! bl[-pipe1 x is a    
common error to eject ! brea? only      
direct f ! lungs2 he %\ld acquire !     
habit ( inflat+ 8 *eeks1 s z to make a  
/orage ( w9d1 z x 71 = ea* %ot2 t1 add$ 

to ! brea? f ! lungs1 gives a =ce :i* w 
sometimes a/oni% him4 ,! h& foll[s ! eye
 9 aim1 & practice w (t5 develop        
un?\ght-( pr(ici5cy4  ,! catapult is    
also a fir/-rate weapon 9 a skilful h& =
 procur+ small birds4 ,i mu/ confess ,i 
_c use x z well z "s "y fri5ds ( m9e1 :o
 knock ov] ne>ly e sitt+ bird !y aim at1
 & ev5 n[ & !n are successful ) su*     
difficult %ots z at swall[s on ! w+2 a  
novice1 on ! contr>y1 ne>ly always      
succe$s 9 /++ 8 f+]s & miss+ ! object   
aim$ at4  ,i rememb] also1 :5 a boy1 us+
 a v effective weapon1 :i* ,i %\ld      
describe z a catapult gun4 ,x 01 if ,i  
recollect aright1 fa%ion$ simil>ly to a 
cross b[1 ! bolt1 h[ev]1 f :i* 0 eject$ 
f a little wa%-lea!r bag by means ( v   
p[]ful ,india-rubb] spr+s1 :i* be+      
releas$ by a trigg] deliv]$ a bullet or 
small %ot f a tube ) amaz+ =ce &        
precision4 ,i d n "k if su* guns are    
made n[1 b ,i %\ld imag9e t anyone ) a  
little +5uity c\ld con/ruct "o =        
himself4  ,all ^! appliances1 ) !       

well-kn[n air-gun1 are *iefly ( use =   
collect+ ! small] birds ) a m9imum (    
noise4 ,!re are sev]al small collect+   
guns made :i* d ! "w requir$ 9 a mu* m  
?or\gh mann]4 ,messrs4 ,bl&1 gun-mak]s1 
( ,birm+ham1 "s "t s9ce %[$ me an       
elegant little d\ble-b>rell$ c5tral fire
 gun1 :i* seems to be j ! ?+ = !        
purpose4 ,messrs4 ,cl>ke1 ( ,leice/]1   
also make a small s+le-b>rell$ c5tral   
fire 4#daj-;bore collector's gun1 b z   
be=e obs]v$1 !y are only fit = small    
birds at %ort ranges4  ,i h lately      
procur$ a small walk+-/ick gun          
4#daj-;bore1 c5tral fire1 ) a removeable
 /ock1 :i* ,i h f\nd ( great s]vice 9   
collect+ small birds--br++ d[n swifts & 
swall[s fly+1 at mod]ate ranges4  ,_m   
birds1 especially males1 9 ! bre$+      
season1 are tak5 by decoy+ !m into nets 
or sn>es by tame or wild birds ( !      
opposite sex2 9 fact1 advantage 0 wont  
to be tak5 ( ! pugnacity or devotion ( !
 ,ruffes :5 hill+1 by previ\sly sett+   
spr+es or nets on _! battle-gr\nd1 into 

:i* said sn>es !y danc$1 :5 c\rt+ or    
fight+ 7see ,daniel1 vol4 ,u1 p4 #bab74 
,poa*]s also sometimes take cock        
pheasants by br++ an arm$ gamecock into 
! woods & hid+ !mselves1 :ile !         
dome/icat$ bird *all5ges & gives battle 
to ! un>m$ wild "o4 ,! boldness ( cock  
pheasants dur+ _! bre$+ "t is wond]ful2 
_m in/ances hav+ come "u my notice (    
wild pheasants com+ f ! woods to d      
battle ) avi>y ones1 & also ) f>m-y>d   
roo/]s4  ,a highly int]e/+ acc\nt ( !   
ludicr\s actions & ins5sibility to fe> (
 ! cap]cailzie1 & blackgame1 :5 c\rt+ 7&
 ?r\gh :i* !y are easily %ot71 is giv5  
by a writ] on ,norway 9 ! ,field ( ,m>* 
#bg1 #ahge2 & ?is br+s u to ! greate/ ( 
all aids = ! procur+ ( specim5s--,i mean
 ! %ot-gun & rifle4 ,s mu* ( success    
dep5ds ^u be+ a clev] m>ksman1 & also ^u
 hav+ a good g5]al k ( woodcraft1 t     
al?\gh = in/ructions 9 guns & %oot+ ,i  
ref] ! read] to ,col4 ,hawk]1 ,daniel1  
,bla9e1 ,/oneh5ge1 ,folk>d1 ,gre5]1     
,wildf[l]1 & _m o!rs1 yet a few words on

 "s peculi>1 & 9 "s cases well-kn[n1    
me?ods ( decoy+ birds )9 gun%ot1 may n  
be out ( place4  ,! /alk+-horse 01 no   
d\bt1 ! e>lie/ decoy or %ield "u :i* !  
anci5t f[l] got ne> 8 birds ) ! crossb[ 
or gun4 ,x 0 sometimes a m]e framework (
 wood1 cov]$ ) pa9t$ canvas to repres5t 
a horse or c[1 or 0 a real animal tra9$ 
to fe$ & move 9 a natural mann] 9 ! mid/
 ( ! f[l4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! f[l]     
c>ri$ ! framework 9 front ( him1 & made 
8 %ot ?r\gh an op5+2 9 ! second case he 
g5tly urg$ ! animal on1 hid+ beh9d1 &   
mak+ 8 %ot "u ! belly1 or ov] ! back4 ,=
 anci5t me?ods ( /alk+1 see ,g]vase     
,m>kham2 = a mod]n me?od1 see ,bu/>d    
,%oot+ 9 ,spa91 9 ! ,c\ntry ( ,jan4 #ba1
 #ahge1 & curr5t pages ( ! ,field4      
,decoy+ birds by imitat+ _! notes or    
cries is an art :i* ! collector mu/     
acquire4 ,_m me*anical calls = wood     
pigeons1 curfews1 & o!r birds are made4 
,"o call1 :i* ,i d n ?9k is made or us$ 
9 ,engl&1 is a ,greek idea = decoy+     
?ra%es4 ,x is a :i/le =m$ f two discs ( 

?9 silv] or silv]$ copp]1 ea* ! size (1 
or a little small] ?an1 a graceless     
flor91 or say an in* across2 ^? discs   
are--"o fully concave1 & ! o!r slightly 
convex1 bo? h a hole 9 ! c5tre & are    
sold]$ toge!r by _! edges 9 ! mann] %[n 
9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,footnote3 ,s9ce writ+ ?is 
,i f9d !re are n[ sold to boys1 = ! l>ge
 sum ( "o-halfp5ny1 :i/les =m$ 9 t91 (  
almo/ simil> con/ruction to ^? describ$4
 ,i nev] yet f\nd anyone to make !m     
speak prop]ly2 boys n kn[+ h[ to        
modulate or inspire ! brea?4 ,i h n[    
tri$ "o ( !m aga9/ my silv] :i/le1 & ,i 
_c say :i* has ! bett] tone4  ,fig4     
#aj--;,,decoy ,,:i/le ,,= ,,?ru%es1 etc4
  ,! concave "p is plac$ 9 ! m\?1 press+
 aga9/ ! tee?1 & by inspir+ ! brea? &   
modulat+ ! tones ) ! clos$ or op5 h&s1 z
 ! case may be1 a v p]fect imitation ( !
 song-?ru%'s note is ! result4 ,?is1 !  
arriv+ or newly-arriv$ birds he>1 &1    
imag9+ x proce$s f ! ?roat ( "o ( _!    
species1 :o1 entirely at 8 ease1 is     
lett+ ! orni?ological _w "k h[          

excessively ov]joy$ he is at 8 safe     
arrival1 alight 9 ! trees :i* surr\nd & 
conceal ! trea*]\s imitator1 & quickly  
fall a prey to ! ready gun4 ,s infatuat$
 are !y1 t enorm\s quantities are kill$ 
by ?is me?od e>ly 9 ! season2 9 fact1 ,i
 knew "o p]son :o %ot "o hundr$ & f\r1  
besides o!r birds1 to 8 own gun 9 "o    
day4  ,quails may be call$ f a di/ance  
if ! sportsman hides himself & imitates 
) 8 m\? _! peculi> cry1 ,m wet1 m wet4  
,!re are _m o!r birds :i* come to call 9
 addition to quail4 ,woodpigeons & doves
 w sometimes be attract$ to an ambu% by 
mak+ a s(t coo+ noise ) ! m\? & ! holl[s
 ( bo? h&s1 b ! mo/ successful way (    
procur+ bo? ( ^! birds is to build a hut
 ) b\ghs 9 ! h$ge ( a field to :i* !y   
resort1 9 :i* hut ! %oot] hides himself1
 keep+ p]fectly quiet1 & n attempt+ to  
%oot until ! birds h begun fe$+1 z      
woodpigeons1 or doves1 :5 !y fir/ alight
 h _! eyes all ab\t !m1 ! slight ru/le  
ev5 ( ! gun be+ br\ght to ! pres5t1 is  
en\gh to sc>e !m1 & a snap %ot at a fly+

 dove is r>ely successful :5 y are p5n$ 
& cramp$ up 9 a little b\gh hut4 ,pea1  
t>e1 & b>ley fields1 :5 !y are fir/ s[n 
9 ! spr+1 & pea & corn fields1 aft]     
gett+ 9 ! crops 9 ! autumn1 are _!      
especial haunts1 ?\gh !y d n despise    
turnip leaves & acorns4  ,salt m>%es are
 also especially fav\r$ by all ! pigeon 
family 9 que/ ( salt1 ( :i* !y seem to  
be inord9ately fond4 ,fre% wat] riv]s 9 
hot wea!r are also sure spots to f9d !m2
 & a /uff$ pigeon is a good decoy 9 "s  
seasons1 if plac$ 9 front ( a place (   
concealm5t4  ,p]haps x may be z well to 
m5tion t (t51 :ile ly+ 9 wait = wild    
pigeons1 y w obs]ve ! adv5t ( "o or two 
tame ones1 or ev5 a flock f "s neighb\r+
 f>my>d1 &1 z "s ( ^! pigeons are almo/ 
c]ta9 to closely resemble ! wild /ock   
dove 7,columba o5as1 #a471 "s little    
discrim9ation is requir$ to di/+ui% !   
two species4  ,! ,gannet or ,solon goose
 7,sula bassana1 ,hewitson7 is said to  
be tak5 by ! /range device ( float+ a   
plank out at sea1 to :i* a fi% is       

atta*$1 9 su* a mann] t1 on ! bird da%+ 
d[n on ! half-subm]g$ plank1 x /rikes   
itself ) su* viol5ce z n unfrequ5tly to 
break its neck or brea/bone4 ,on m5tion+
 ?is to ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,ryl&1 he assur$  
me t he has 9 "s in/ances obs]v$ ! m>ks 
( ! bird's bill1 :i* _h ind5t$ !        
plank--a pretty conclusive evid5ce ( !  
extraord9>y =ce ( its desc5t4  ,_m o!r  
birds besides pigeons are attract$ by   
/ales1 :i* 0 ! anci5t "n = a            
repres5tation ( ! liv+ bird by /uff$    
specim5s or wood5 images2 knots &       
godwits1 says ,daniel 7vol4 iii4 p4     
#bad71 7 attract$ into nets by ?is mode4
 ,gulls & t]ns ,i h (t5 f\nd attract$ by
 a /uff$ bird1 or1 :5 "o c be %ot1 %\ld 
x be left to lie on ! wat]1 or propp$ up
 on l&1 z if alive1 ! o!rs almo/ always 
hov] ar\nd x4 ,%eep's lights ?r[n on !  
wat] is ano!r good decoy = gulls4       
,ducks are sometimes attract$ by dummies
 ( indi>ubb] sold at "s ( ! %ops = t    
purpose1 b ! be/ modification ( ?is is !
 ,fr5* hut sy/em1 describ$ at l5g?1 9 8 

usual amus+ /yle1 by ! once-r5[n$ ,col4 
,hawk]4  ,a m s+ul> way /ill1 ( decoy+  
^! birds to ! gun is by ! ,am]ican      
fa%ion ( tol+1 a lucid description ( :i*
 ,i app5d1 cull$ f ! pages ( ,folk>d's  
,wildf[l]3  ,!re is "o sy/em ( f[l+     
practis$ 9 ,am]ica :i* is z curi\s 9    
p]=mance z x is int]e/+4 ,x is probably 
"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable me?ods ev] inv5t$1 
& approa*es ! ne>e/ to ! sy/em ( decoy z
 practis$ 9 ,engl& ( any ( ! arts       
employ$ by ! p ( a =eign c\ntry = !     
capture ( wildf[l4 ,! me?od allud$ to is
 t]m$ tol+4 ,i am unable to trace !     
orig9 ( ! t]m1 unless x simply implies a
 dea? knell1 = su* x assur$ly assumes to
 ^? birds :i* approa* )9 range ( !      
secret$ sportsman4 ,?is s+ul> proce$+ is
 said to h be5 fir/ introduc$ upw>ds (  
fifty ye>s ago ne> ,havre-de-,grace1 9  
,m>yl&2 &1 accord+ to traditional       
te/imony1 ! art 0 accid5tally discov]$  
by a sportsman :il/ pati5tly ly+ 9 ambu%
 wat*+ a paddl+ ( wild ducks1 :i* 7 a   
little beyond ! range ( 8 gun4 ,:il/ 9 a

 /ate ( d\bt & anxiety z to :e!r !y w\ld
 approa* ne> en\gh to be %ot1 he sudd5ly
 obs]v$ !m raise _! heads & swim t[>ds !
 %ore ap>t f 8 ambuscade2 &1 :il/ wond]+
 at ! cause ( s /range a proce$+1 8     
att5tion 0 direct$ to a fox :i* 0 skipp+
 ab\t on ! %ore1 & evid5tly entic+ !    
ducks to approa*4 ,?is accid5tal        
discov]y ( s weak a po9t 9 ! nature ( ! 
fea!r$ tribe l$ ! sportsman to turn x to
 advantage1 & !nce arose ! curi\s art ( 
tol+4 ,to practise x successfully !     
sportsman requires simply ! s]vices ( a 
dog1 :i* he uses 9 a simil> way to t ( a
 pip]1 employ$ at an ,engli% decoy4     
,footnote3 ,! ^w tol+ may be expla9$ z a
 corruption ( toll+1 i4e4 entic+4  ,= ! 
purpose ( tol+1 ! ,am]ican sportsman    
erects bl9ds or scre5s on ! m>g9 ( "s   
lake1 ! resort ( wildf[l2 :5 any birds  
are 9 sight ^u ! wat]1 he1 ) 8 dog1     
takes up a position beh9d ! scre5s1 & by
 ?r[+ small bits ( wood or pebbles up & 
d[n ! %ore1 he keeps ! dog 9 active     
motion s z to attract ! att5tion ( !    

birds1 & induce !m to swim t[>ds ! %ore 
)9 a few y>ds ( ! scre5s1 :51 if !y d1 !
 sportsman imm$iately dis*>ges 8 f[l+   
piece at !m1 & sometimes kills l>ge     
numb]s at a %ot4 ,! pr9cipal ?+s to be  
obs]v$ are1 a /rict sil5ce1 & to keep ! 
dog con/antly 9 motion1 & all ! "t 9    
sight ( ! ducks4 ,! little animal %\ld  
be enc\rag$ to skip & b\nd ov] ! rocks &
 /ones 9 front ( ! scre5s1 & to fl\ri% 8
 tail ab\t ) playful vivacity4 ,he mu/  
nev] b>k1 = t w\ld al>m ! f[l & cause !m
 to fly away imm$iately4  ,r$ or *e/nut 
col\r$ dogs ) long bu%y tails are be/ = 
! purpose ( tol+2 ! ne>] !y approa* a   
fox 9 col\r & appe>ance ! bett]4  ,tubs 
may be sunk on ! sea%ore into :i* !     
%oot] gets at ! approa* ( night 7or ev5 
a skip or basket may be us$ to sit on7  
to wait till flight "t to procure       
specim5s2 b hav+ myself sat 9 a m>% at  
night betwe5 a riv] & ! sea 9 ,norfolk m
 ?an once = sev]al h\rs dur+ a v sev]e  
w9t]1 ,i _c recomm5d ?is z a torrid     
amusem5t--inde$1 ! melan*oly s\gh ( !   

sea1 & ! pale glitt] ( ! />s 9 !        
half-froz5 pools1 ^: dead & dry s$ges   
ru/le 9 unison to ! icy bla/s ru%+ f !  
dead :ite nor?1 make ev5 ! mo/ h>dy long
 = ! old arm*air by ! cozy fireside4  ,a
 writ] 9 ! ,zoologi/ "s ye>s ago appe>$ 
to ?9k t iod9e 0 a species ( en*ant]'s  
w& 9 r5d]+ y\r pres5ce unkn[n to        
wildf[l4 ,i h nev] tri$ x1 hav+ b little
 fai? 9 cunn+ no/rums concoct$ = ! tak+ 
( ei!r birds or fi%2 b z he is a        
g5tleman ( /&+ & great exp]i5ce1 ,i w   
quote 8 words f :i* ,i drew my inf]5ce3 
,a cormorant once p]*$ himself on my    
back z ,i lay conceal$ on a rock        
envelop$ 9 a drab driv+ coat1 :i* s     
closely resembl$ ! rock 9 col\r t ev5 he
 0 deceiv$1 &1 tak+ my back z ! highe/  
p9nacle1 accommodat$ himself accord+ly2 
nei!r did he discov] 8 error till my h& 
grasp$ him by ! legs4 ,i h frequ5tly _h 
cormorants & %ags p]*$ ar\nd me )9 a few
 feet2 b _! suspicions seem$ g5]ally to 
be ar\s$ by human smell1 unless ,i _h   
rubb$ iod9e on "s "p ( my clo!s4  ,!    

l&rail or corncrake1 ^: peculi> rasp+   
cry we he> 9 ! grass or "y corn 9 ! spr+
 ( ! ye>1 is easily call$ to ! gun by   
rubb+ "o not*$ bone ov] ano!r1 or1 bett]
 /ill1 us+ t peculi> in/rum5t ( torture 
work$ at fairs1 & call$ a scrat*back--! 
same :i*1 9 ! palmy days ( ,gre5wi* or  
,*>lton fairs1 0 retail$ to ! cry ( ,all
 ! fun ( ! fair = "o p5ny4  ,9 br++ ?is 
*apt] to a close1 let me n omit to      
m5tion t all %ot birds %\ld imm$iately h
 ! m\?1 palatal slit1 & no/rils1 /opp$ )
 t[ or cotton wool1 to prev5t ! blood f 
runn+ out & soil+ ! fea!rs2 !n1 if      
possible1 always wrap ea* specim5       
sep>ately 9 pap]1 smoo?+ ! fea!rs 9 _!  
prop] places be=e do+ s4 ,also1 nev]    
c>ry a %ot bird by its neck1 z ! weight 
( ! bird's body dep5d+ f ! neck mu/     
/ret* ! latt] beyond its fair           
proportions4  ,i h "h briefly glanc$ at 
a few ( ! _m ways ( tak+ birds & bea/s2 
to h describ$ !m all w\ld h requir$ a   
special volume d\ble ! size ( ! pres5t  
"o4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 ,i h said en\gh = all

 practical ne$s2 b 9 case any read] %\ld
 require full] in=mation1 ,i mu/ ref]   
him to su* articles z he w f9d week by  
week 9 ,! ,field1 ,l& & ,wat]1 or !     
,am]ican publication1 ,=e/ & ,/ream4    
,good text books1 also1 on ,trapp+1 etc1
 are ,w4 ,b4 ,"l's ,%ifts & ,exp$i5ts ( 
,camp ,life1 ,capta9 ,d>w9's 7,high     
,elms7 ,game ,pres]v]s' ,manual1        
,jeff]ries' ,amateur ,poa*]1 ,gamekeep] 
at ,home1 etc4 ,= details z to ! hunt+ &
 sci5tific %oot+ ( =eign l>ge game1 )   
directions z to ! vuln]able spots to be 
aim$ at1 ,i mu/ aga9 ref] ! read] to    
articles f ! p5 ( su* m5 z ,sir ,samuel 
,bak]1 ,g4 ,p4 ,s&]son1 ,smoo?bore1 ,!  
,old ,%ek>ry1 ,gordon ,cumm+1 ,jules    
,g]>d1 ,c4 ,j4 ,&]sson1 ,emil ,holub1   
,f4 ,c4 ,sel\s1 etc1 all ( :om h ei!r   
writt5 books on sport+1 or ^: articles  
are /ill to be met ) 9 late numb]s ( ,! 
,field4  ,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,necess>y     
,,tools4  ,a ,,bad workman1 x is said1  
always qu>rels ) 8 tools4 ,if ?is be s1 
x is equally c]ta9 t a good workman1    

?\gh he may make %ift ) indiff]5t       
implem5ts ( 8 craft1 yet always pref]s !
 be/ & mo/ lab\r-sav+ tools he c        
procure4 ,! *ief po9t ( diff]5ce1 h[ev]1
 betwe5 ! skill$ & unskill$ workman is1 
t ! =m] may & (t5 does get ! be/ results
 ) ! fewe/ possible tools1 :ile ! o!r   
mu/ surr\nd himself ) doz5s ( unnecess>y
 ?+s be=e he c d a /roke4 ,?is be+ s1 ,i
 propose to po9t out to my read]s 9 a   
few words1 & by means ( draw+s1 h[ v few
 tools are requir$ to sk9 & set up a    
bird or small animal4 ,my rem>ks w1     
!re=e1 be address$ z mu* to ! amateur z 
to ! tyro desir\s ( becom+ a            
pr(essional2 9 fact1 ,i wi% x to be     
und]/ood t ,i write z mu* to educate !  
"o z ! o!r4  ,! fir/ & almo/            
indisp5sable tool is ! knife 7,i say    
almo/1 because ,i h kn[n a p]son beg9 & 
f9i% a small bird ) a pair ( scissors72 
ne>ly any small knife w d to make ! fir/
 incision1 b exp]i5ce has %[n ! mo/     
useful %ape to be z 9 ,fig4 #aa1 :i* is 
! sk9n+ knife2 ! blade1 x w be obs]v$1  

is long & n>r[1 #c 94 to #d 94 along !  
cutt+ edge1 & half an in* across2 !     
h&le1 :i* %\ld be ( box1 lignum vitae1  
or any h>d wood susceptible1 ( a high   
poli%1 is #c4e 94 9 l5g?1 exclusive ( a 
half-in* brass f]rule2 ! %ape %[n is !  
mo/ com=table & h&ie/ to "w )4 ,fig4 #ab
 %[s a broad] & /rong] knife1           
five-eigh?s ( an in* across1 hav+ a     
some:at diff]5tly %ap$ h>d wood h&le1 z 
! knife is int5d$ = heavi] "w4 ,fig4 #ac
 %[s a broad /rong blade1 "o in* across1
 & ( an entirely diff]5t "*2 ?is1 :i* is
 useful = ! r\gh1 l>ge "w1 to be h]eaft]
 m5tion$1 has a p]=at$ tang1 to :i* two 
half r\nd$ pieces ( h>d wood %\ld be    
bolt$4 ,l5g? ( blade & h&le1 #d 94 ea*4 
,my reason = hav+ all ( ^! h&les (      
poli%$ h>d wood is1 t blood & dirt w ! m
 easily wa% (f4 ,all ( ^! knives are be/
 procur$ at ! lea!r sell]s'1 = ! reasons
 t1 fir/1 ! %apes drawn are always 9    
/ock2 secondly1 !y are manufactur$ ( !  
f9e/ & t\ghe/ /eel2 & ?irdly1 _! exp5se 
is trifl+4 ,! h&les1 h[ev]1 are usually 

( s(twood1 unpoli%$1 & _h bett] be      
replac$ at ! turn]'s4 ,! knives :5 fir/ 
pur*as$ are ab\t #d 94 long 9 ! blade2 =
 sk9n+ ,i ?9k !m pleasante/ to use :5   
gr\nd or worn d[n to #c 94 or #c4e 942  
?is1 h[ev]1 is a matt] ( individual     
ta/e4  ,i h1 s9ce ! above 0 writt51 f\nd
 t "s deal]s 9 lea!r & %oemak]s' gr9d]y 
sell knives ( v>i$ & s]viceable         
patt]ns--o!r ?an ^? describ$--all ( :i* 
h h>d wood h&les4 ,dissect+ knives &    
scalpels1 to be procur$ at any ,surgical
 in/rum5t mak]'s1 are also v useful =   
f9e "w4 ,transfixion knives are ( s]vice
 :5 engag$ ^u v l>ge animals1 & "h also 
come 9 ! po/-mortem hooks4  ,fig4 #aa1  
#ab1 #ac--,,sk9n+ ,,knives4  ,! next mo/
 important tool is ! scissors1 two pairs
 ( :i* %\ld be procur$1 "o pair long &  
f9e1 #e4e 94 or #f 94 long 7see ,fig4   
#ad71 = use 9 small & delicate "w       
connect$ ) birds2 ! o!r ab\t #d 94 long1
 ( a diff]5t %ape & mu* /\t] & /rong]   
7see ,fig4 #ae74 ,^! are us$ = g5]al "w 
^u l>g] birds or small mammals4  ,fig4  

#ad--,,scissors1 ,no #a4 patt]n4  ,fig4 
#ae--,,scissors1 ,no #b4 patt]n4  ,=    
/ill heavi] "w connect$ ) mammals1 &    
especially ) fi%1 ,i pref] a pair (     
small spr+ %e>s1 #f 91 to #g 94 long1   
simil> to ^? us$ by g>d5]s =            
grape-prun+4  ,fig4 #af4--;,bell-hang]s'
 ,pli]s4  ,fig4 #af br+s u to a really  
indisp5sable adjunct to ! taxid]mi/'s   
kit--! comp\nd or bell-hang]s' pli]s2 ^!
 pli]s are z ! ord9>y hold+ ones at !   
top1 b h a cutt+ plane fix$ l[] d[n 7^? 
) flat1 n rais$1 cutt]s1 are to be      
pref]r$72 ! figure gives a good idea1 b 
! grip %\ld n be q s broad z !y are     
usually made2 f #h 94 to #aj 94 is ! mo/
 useful size4 ,! #aj 94 is r l>ge1 b is1
 p]haps1 ! be/ = pr(essional ne$s4      
,footnote3 ,^! pli]s are sometimes made 
) a nick at ! int]section ( ! jo9t to =m
 a cutt+ plane = ?ick wires4  ,fig4 #ag 
%[s ! ord9>y cutt+ nipp]s1 #d 94 to #e  
94 long1 useful = cutt+ f9e wires or    
p9s1 9 situations :]e ! use ( ! o!r     
pli]s is impracticable4 ,rem>ks z to    

grip z be=e4  ,fig4 #ag--;,cutt+ nipp]s4
  ,bo? ( ^! articles %\ld be ( ! be/    
workman%ip & mat]ials4 ,buck1 ( ,london1
 & ,/ubbs1 ( ,w>r+ton1 may be recomm5d$ 
z good mak]s4  ,i lately procur$ a v h&y
 little pair ( cutt+ nipp]s ( elegant   
workman%ip1 us$ *iefly by wat*mak]s1 &  
made 9 ,p>is4 ,^! are excell5t =        
delicate "w or = cutt+ v f9e wire or    
entomological p9s 7see ,fig4 #ah74      
,fig4 #ah--;,fr5* ,cutt+ ,nipp]s  ,i n[ 
figure a mo/ necess>y little pair (     
pli]s = dress+ ! fea!rs ( birds4 ,^! are
 also us$ by wat*mak]s1 are ( neat      
con/ruction & diff] f mo/ pli]s 9 hav+  
an obtusely r\nd$ po9t 7see ,fig4 #ai1  
,a & ,b74 ,^!1 :i* ,i call fea!r pli]s1 
are 9 conjunction ) a small1 ?ick1 r\nd1
 camel-hair bru% 7us$ by arti/s = wa%+  
971 indisp5sable = fea!r+ up birds1 a   
process to be describ$ lat] on4  ,fig4  
#bj is ! next1 & ,i fancy ,i he> "s     
read] exclaim1 ,:at on e>? has a        
g(f]+-iron to d ) taxid]my8 ,i reply3   
,?is %ap$ tool is want$ = artfully      

convey+ small morsels ( t[1 etc1 into ! 
necks & holl[ places ( birds' sk9s4 ,x  
may be easily made 9 ?is wise3 ,procure 
z small & f9e a pair ( g(f]+-irons z y  
possibly c1 & h !m drawn out & br\ght to
 a f9e yet obtuse po9t by "s smi?1 & y  
?us get a f9i%$ tool = ab\t half :at x  
w\ld co/ to make outright4 ,l5g?1 :5    
f9i%$1 %\ld be some:]e ab\t #aj 94      
,fig4 #ai--;,fea!r ,pli]s  ,a l>ge & a  
f9e crook$ awl ) h&les1 a file1 & a r\gh
 /one f ! lea!rsell]'s1 are o!r ?+s to  
procure1 & ^!1 ) ! t5 tools previ\sly   
p>ticul>is$1 "s t[1 wool1 wire1 eyes1 & 
a ne$le & ?read1 a pot ( pres]vative    
pa/e1 & a piece ( wood or a wire = a    
/uff+ iron1 are all t ! amateur or !    
pr(essional requires to sk9 & /uff a    
small or m$ium-siz$ bird or mammal4 ,co/
 ( ! /one & tools 7:i*1 ) ord9>y c>e1 w 
la/ = ye>s7 %\ld be )9 ! rea* ( all4    
,fig4 #bj--,t[ ,=ceps  ,! /uff+ iron    
m5tion$ above is be/ made1 if want$ =   
small birds1 f ! brok5 /eel ( a wool    
comb]'s devil1 ab\t n9e in*es long1 fix$

 9 a bradawl h&le ( ab\t f\r in*es1 or1 
if = l>ge birds or mammals1 ! iron may  
be made f a brok5 f5c+ foil1 to any size
 betwe5 twelve & ?irty in*es1 ) suitable
 h&le4 ,9 ei!r case ! smalle/ end is    
driv5 into ! h&le1 & ! top is fil$      
across ) a smoo? nick1 to pu% 91 b n to 
reta9 ! t[4 ,see ,fig4 #ba4  ,fig4      
#ba--,/uff+ ,iron  ,?is1 ,i w\ld po9t   
out to ! non-pr(essional read]1 is a mu*
 m satisfactory way ( gett+ ?or\ghly    
effici5t tools ?an go+ to ! exp5se (    
ord]+ a box ( bird-/uff+ implem5ts1 at a
 co/ ( _m p\nds & f9d+ "o half ( !m     
unnecess>y1 & ! o!r half wor?less4      
,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,,pres]vative ,,soaps1   
,,p[d]s1 ,,etc4  ,,hav+ sk9n$ a         
zoological specim51 we require1 z a     
matt] ( c\rse1 to ano9t ! inside ( ! sk9
 ) "s pres]vative1 = ! purpose ( arre/+ 
decomposition & g5]al decay1 & also     
def5d+ x f ! ravages ( insects = an     
indef9ite p]iod4 ,_m ?+s w p>tially cure
 a sk92 = in/ance1 rubb+ x ) dry e>? &  
expos+ x to ! sun1 z ,i h done ) "s     

success :5 hunt+ abroad2 *alk also w d1 
if no?+ else c be procur$4 ,i h at !    
pres5t mom5t a rav5's head cut (f by a  
rifle ball1 cur$ only ) *alk1 & :i* is  
n[1 aft] a lapse ( tw5ty ye>s1 9 z good 
a /ate ( pres]vation z ne$ be4 ,/ill we 
require o!r aids ?an sun & *alk to      
prop]ly pres]ve our specim5s1 especially
 9 our usually cold1 damp climate2 & if 
we ask :at is ! s9e qua non1 a *orus (  
pr(essional & amateur taxid]mi/s %\t    
out1 ,ars5ic1 ( c\rse4  ,i propose to %[
 ! fallacy ( ?is1 be+ q ( ! way ( ?9k+ (
 ,wat]ton1 :o says1 ,x 7ars5ic7 is      
dang]\s to ! op]ator & ineffici5t z a   
pres]vative4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 give ev]yone a
 *ance ( do+ exactly z he pleases by    
jott+ d[n ?ree diff]5t recipes =        
ars5ical soaps4 ,! inv5tor ( ! fir/ ( ^!
 appe>s to h be5 "o ,bcoeur1 ( ! n[     
_w-r5[n$ ,metz4 ,bcoeur appe>s to h     
fl\ri%$ ab\t ! ye> #aggj1 & 8 =mula is  
/ill commonly us$4 ,x is comp\nd$ z     
foll[s3  ,no4 #a4--;,bcoeur's ,ars5ical 
,soap4  ,camphor1                       

#e oz4  ,salt ( t>t>1                   
#ab oz4  ,p[d]$ ars5ic1                 
#b lb4  ,lime 9 p[d] 7or p[d]$ *alk71   
#d oz4  ,:ite soap1                     
#b lb4  ,cut ! soap into small slices z 
?9 z possible1 put !m into a pot ov] a  
g5tle fire ) v little wat]1 /irr+ x (t5 
) a wood5 spoon2 :5 dissolv$1 add !     
salts ( t>t> & p[d]$ *alk2 take x (f !  
fire1 add ! ars5ic1 & /ir ! :ole g5tly2 
la/ly1 put 9 ! camphor1 :i* mu/ fir/ be 
p\nd$ 9 a mort> ) a little spirits (    
w9e4 ,:5 ! :ole is prop]ly mix$ toge!r x
 w h ! consi/5ce ( pa/e4 ,x may be      
pres]v$ 9 t9 or e>!nw>e pots1 well clos$
 & cauti\sly labell$4 ,:5 want$ = use x 
mu/ be dilut$ ) a little cold wat] to ! 
consi/5ce ( cle> bro?2 ! pot may be     
cov]$ ) a lid ( pa/ebo>d1 hav+ a hole = 
! passage ( ! bru%1 by :i* ! liquor is  
appli$4 7,!re appe>s 9 ?is =mula to be  
an error 9 giv+ #ab oz4 ( ,salts ( t>t>1
 :i* %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be r$uc$ to #b oz42  
also ! proportion1 ( ars5ic & soap is   
cle>ly excessive ) reg>d to ! quantity (

 ! lime or *alk47  ,swa9son appe>s to h 
us$ a composition some:at diff]5t f !   
prec$+4 ,he describes x z foll[s3  ,no4 
#b4--,swa9son's ,ars5ical ,soap4        
,ars5ic1             #a oz4  ,di/ill$   
wat]1         #f drms4  ,:ite soap1     
#a oz  ,camphor1             #b drms4   
,c>bonate ( pota%1     #a drm4  ,?is    
mixture %\ld be kept 9 small t9 boxes2  
:5 x is to be us$ moi/5 a camel-hair    
p5cil ) any k9d ( spiritu\s liquor1 & ) 
x make a la!r f ! soap1 :i* is to be    
appli$ to ! inn] surface ( all p>ts ( ! 
sk91 & also to su* bones z may n be     
remov$4  ,! next =mula is ( my own      
arrangem5t2 ,i h us$ x1 & h f\nd x q    
equal to any ( ! o!r ars5ical           
prep>ations1 :i* is n say+ mu* = any (  
!m4  ,no4 #c4--;,br[ne's ,ars5ical      
,soap4  ,ars5ic1                     #a 
lb  ,di/ill$ wat]                 #f    
drms  ,s(t soap1                     #b 
lb4  ,:it+ 7or p[d]$ *alk71         #c  
lb4  ,camphor or t9cture ( musk1        
#b oz4  ,place ! ars5ic 9 an old        

saucepan 7:i* is n to be us$ = any o!r  
purpose :atev]72 put ! :it+ ov] x1 next 
p\r suffici5t wat] ov] x to make x into 
a ?ick pa/e1 !n add ! s(t soap1 /ir !   
:ole well toge!r1 add a little wat]1 &  
place on ! fire to boil1 add+ f "t to "t
 wat] suffici5t to r5d] ! :ole mass ( ! 
consi/5ce ( gruel4 ,:5 x boils up x is  
suffici5tly well done2 take x (f ! fire1
 & place outside 9 ! op5 air to cool1 z 
! fumes1 if giv5 (f 9 a close room1 are 
highly prejudicial to heal?4 ,:5 ne>ly  
cold1 /ir 9 ! camphor1 previ\sly p\nd$  
to a f9e p[d] by ! addition ( a few     
drops ( any _s--spirits ( w9e1 g91 rum1 
turp5t9e1 etc4 ,if musk is us$ x is     
suffici5t to /ir x 9 ! mass1 or #a oz4 (
 pure c>bolic acid 7previ\sly melt$7 may
 be sub/itut$ = ei!r ! camphor or musk4 
,! reason = /irr+ 9 ! camphor1 musk1 or 
c>bolic acid1 :5 ! ars5ical pa/e is     
ne>ly cold1 is tw(old--fir/1 to prev5t !
 inhal+ ( ! metallic fumes1 :i* readily 
attack ! lungs2 & secondly1 to prev5t ! 
said fumes or heat$ air c>ry+ (f ) x !  

volatile ess5ces ( ^? drugs4 ,!         
quantities giv5 are suffici5t to fill   
two six-p\nd ,au/ralian meat t9s1 :i* =m
 capital receptacles = ars5ical pa/e1 & 
%\ld be sold]$ up1 only to be op5$ z    
requir$ = use4 ,z ?is quantity is1      
h[ev]1 p]haps too mu* = ! amateur1 !    
proportions may be decreas$1 & :at is n 
9 actual use _h bett] be sold]$ up 9 !  
t9s j ref]r$ to1 & :i* may be f\nd v    
useful1 besides1 = su* purposes z pa9t  
pots1 etc4 ,c>efully label ?is          
prep>ation ,poison1 & place x out ( !   
rea* ( *ildr54  ,i h giv5 ! =ego+       
=mulae1 n because ,i h ! slighte/ fai? 9
 any ( !m1 b simply = ! b5efit1 or      
o!rwise1 ( ^? p]sons :o elect to use    
ars5ical prep>ations 9 defiance ( !     
tea*+s ( common s5se1 & 9 def]5ce to !  
prevail+ notion t ars5ic is ! only      
poison extant :i* has extraord9>y       
pres]vative p[]s4 ,?is ,i flatly d5y1   
aft] an exp]i5ce ( m ?an five & tw5ty   
ye>s4 ,let u dissect ! evid5ce z to !   
claim ( ars5ic to be consid]$ z !       

antiseptic & pres]vative ag5t p>        
excell5ce4  ,its advocates claim =      
x--,fir/1 t x dries & pres]ves all fle% 
f decay bett] ?an any?+ else kn[n2      
secondly1 t if ! sk9 is well pa9t$ )    
ars5ical soap no mo? or maggot w be f\nd
 to t\* x4 ,?is1 !n1 is all is          
want$--immunity f decay & protection f  
insects4 ,n[ ,i ma9ta9 t ars5ical       
mixtures are n only mo/ dang]\s1 b q    
useless also = ! purpose4  ,ars5ic is   
simply a dri] ( animal tissue to a c]ta9
 ext5t1 b s are hundr$s ( o!r ag5ts n s 
dang]\s4 ,x is also p]fectly useless z a
 sc>ecr[ or poison to ^? btes noire ( ! 
taxid]mi/1 ! l>vae ( ! v>i\s clo!s & fur
 eat+ mo?s ( ! g5us ,t9ea1 or ! l>vae ( 
,d]me/es l>d>ius1 mur9us1 & o!r museum  
beetles4 ,!y simply laugh ars5ic to     
scorn2 inde$1 ,i believe1 l ! ,/yrian   
ars5ic eat]s1 !y fatt5 on x4 ,i c\ld    
give _m in/ances4 ,( c\rse1 :5 y po9t   
out to a bro!r taxid]mi/--rival1 ,i     
mean2 !re are no bro!rs 9 art--! fact t 
someh[ ?is ars5ical pa/e does n "w !    

wond]s claim$ = x1 he replies1 ,oh6 ah6 
yes6 t specim51 ,i n[ recollect1 0 done 
by a v c>eless man ,i employ$2 he nev]  
half pa9t$ ! sk94  ,all nons5se6 ,m51 z 
well z ma/]s1 lay ! pres]vative on z    
?ickly z !y c4 ,v]bum sap46 ,a great    
outcry is be+ made at ! pres5t day z to 
ars5ical wall pap]s & ladies' dresses--v
 prop]ly s2 b did x nev] /rike any      
taxid]mi/--!y mu/ read ! pap]s "s times1
 ev5 if n sci5tific m5--t if x 0 dang]\s
 to live 9 a room1 ! pap] ( :i* conta9s 
a b>ely appreciable quantity ( ars5ic1 x
 0 also dang]\s to "w all day 9 a %op   
amid hundr$s ( specim5s actually reek+ )
 ars5ic1 & giv+ x (f :5 dry1 & :5 h&l$1 
9 ! =m ( du/8 ,pa9t$ on ! sk9 :ile wet  
is bad en\gh2 b :at %all we say to      
^?--well1 we w n use h>% t]ms--:o calmly
 tell y t !y always use dry ars5ic4     
,incr$ible z ! /atem5t may appe> to !   
sci5ti/1 yet x is true t ,i h se5 a man 
plunge 8 h& 9 ! mo/ matt]-(-fact way    
into a box conta9+ dry ars5ic1 & coolly 
proce$ to du/ x on a sk94 ,:at is !     

consequ5ce ( ?is to ! us] ( wet or dry  
ars5ical prep>ations8 ,c\ghs1 colds1    
*ronic bron*itis1 sor5ess ( ! lips &    
nose1 ugly ulc]s1 brittl5ess ( nails1 & 
p>tial or complete p>alysis4 ,i knew a  
man :o =m]ly us$ dry ars5ic1 ^:         
con/itution 0 ?or\ghly brok5 up by x4   
,aga91 an amateur ( long /&+ call$ on me
 "s "t s9ce1 p>alyz$ 9 "o h&--! doctors 
c\ld make no?+ ( him4 ,i said at once1  
,y h be5 us+ quantities ( ars5ic1 &     
probably dry8  ,mu* a/oni%$1 he said    
,yes2 & he _h nev] m5tion$ ?is fact to 8
 num]\s doctors1 :o work$1 ( c\rse1 9 ! 
d>k1 :51 by a c\rse ( antidotes tak5 at 
fir/1 he might h be5 sav$4  ,us$ alone1 
ars5ical pa/e is worse ?an useless =    
animals1 caus+ !m to sweat at once 9    
c]ta9 places1 & prev5t+ y\r pull+ !m    
ab\t1 z y mu/ d if modell+2 aga91 if us$
 = fur1 y seldom or nev] c relax by t   
crucial te/ ( a good pres]vative1       
i4e1--plung+ 9 wat]4  ,yet "o "q to !   
advocates ( ars5ic4 ,if x possesses !   
*ief advantage claim$ = x1 :y use       

camphor 9 museums "u ! idea t x drives  
away mo?s8  ,p]haps x w be z well to    
po9t out secundum artem ! pros & cons = 
! use ( ars5ic4  ,,ars5ical ,,pa/e4     
,advantages claim$4                     
,disadvantages4  ,a p]fect dry] (       
,w (t5 sweat sk9s1 especially   animal  
tissue4              ^? ( mammals1 = :i*
 x is useless4  ,keeps all ?+s free     
,is n ( ! slighte/ use = f attack (     
insects4                    ?is purpose4
  ,easi] to make & use                  
,d5i$4 ?an any o!r prep>ation4  ,gives  
(f poison\s fumes :5 hot4  ,deposits    
metallic ars5ic :5 dry+4  ,gives (f     
poison\s du/ :5 ?or\ghly dry4  ,causes  
colds1 c\ghs1 etc1 :i* turn to          
bron*itis1 p>alysis1 etc4  ,hav+ n[     
summ$ up 9 ! case ( ,common ,s5se v]sus 
,ars5ic1 ,i *all5ge contradiction to any
 ( my /atem5ts1 & ask1 ,:y use a dang]\s
 & ineffici5t pres]vative ag5t1 :5 a    
h>mless pres]vative1 & t q z good work] 
& dry] z ars5ic1 w suffice8 ,i h inv5t$ 
a soap = :i* ,i claim ^? advantages1 & z

 to its det]r5t pr9ciple re insects1 ,i 
am conv9c$ t x is q z good z ! o!r1 = is
 !re any "o ?+ kn[n--compatible )       
clean-look+ "w--t w prev5t ! ravages ( !
 maggots 9 birds' sk9s8 ,i answ]1       
,no6--if we except "o ?+1 too dang]\s to
 h&le--bi*loride ( m]cury1 ( :i* anon4  
,let me :isp] a little fact1 & bl[ !    
poison !ory to ! w9ds3 ,! real secret ( 
success is to case y\r specim5s up z    
soon z practicable1 or to keep !m always
 9 full light1 n pok+ !m away 9 obscure 
corn]s1 :i* ! ,t9eidae & o!r pe/s       
love--hat+ light z ! ,fa!r ( ,evil is   
said to hate holy wat]4  ,my            
,pres]vative =mula is z foll[s3  ,no4   
#d4--;,br[n's 7,non poison\s7           
,pres]vative ,soap4  ,:it+ or *alk1     
#b4e lb4  ,*loride ( lime1         #b   
oz4  ,s(t soap1                #a lb4   
,t9cture ( musk1         #a oz4  ,boil  
toge!r ! :it+ & ! soap ) ab\t a p9t (   
wat]2 !n /ir 9 ! *loride ( lime         
7previ\sly f9ely p\nd$7 :ile ! mixture  
is hot2 if ?is po9t is n att5d$ to1 !   

mixture w n "w smoo?ly2 :5 ne>ly cool1  
/ir 9 ! t9cture ( musk4 ,?is w ab\t fill
 a #f lb4 ,au/ralian meat t94 ,caution3 
,x is n necess>y to hold ! m\? ov] !    
mixture :ile hot1 z *lor9e is !n rapidly
 evolv$4 ,?is mixture has /ood ! te/ (  
"w & "t1 & ,i !re=e confid5tly br+ x to 
! notice ( ! public z completely sup]s$+
 ! ars5ical pa/e or soap = small mammals
 & all birds2 inde$1 numb]s ( p]sons1   
totally unkn[n to me1 h writt5 to me    
ab\t its advantages4  ,"o says3 ,i h    
foll[$ ! bird-/uff+ n[ = sev]al ye>s 9  
connection ) ano!r trade1 b ,i h nev]   
se5 any?+ to t\* x be=e4 ,i h q giv5 up 
ars5ic1 & c get on f9e )\t x1 & only wi%
 t ,i _h kn[n ! gr& secret be=e4        
,ano!r3 ,y\r recipe = pres]vative       
unction 7non-poison\s7 is simply        
invaluable to taxid]mi/s4 ,i h be5 try+ 
= a long "t to make a non-poison\s      
unction1 b nev] fairly succe$$2 always  
_h a d\bt z to _! efficacy1 prejudice _h
 some?+ to d ) x4  ,a ?ird says3 ,i h   
tri$ y\r recipe1 & am well satisfi$ (   

its qualities = pres]v+ sk9s1 hav+ tri$ 
,swa9son's1 & ,bcoeur's1 & y\rs1 & aft] 
a twelvemon? h relax$ ! sk9s1 & give my 
fav\r to y\rs z a t\gh5] ( ! sk94  ,none
 ( ! above correspond5ts are kn[n tome1 
& _! op9ion 0 s5t unask$4 ,^? p ,i d "k 
:o are us+ x are p]fectly satisfi$1 z ,i
 myself am aft] a con/ant use ( x = !   
pa/ sev5 ye>s4 ,i f9d t sk9s dress$ by x
 are n burn$1 z "s p may ?9k1 b relax   
mo/ p]fectly aft] a lapse ( ye>s by any 
me?od1 ev5 by ! wat] process spok5 (    
h]eaft]4 ,i d n ?9k x any bett] or worse
 ?an ! ars5ical prep>ations = prev5t+ ! 
attacks ( insects1 b ! addition (       
t9cture ( musk 7a la/+ p]fume7 has seem$
 to me to be a great ga94 ,"o p]son     
wrote to me /at+ 8 op9ion t ! lime      
unduly corrod$ ! wires us$ 9 sett+ up4  
,i believe ?is might happ5 9 cases :]e !
 mixture 0 us$ 9 a m fluid /ate ?an     
direct$1 namely1 z a pa/e ( a creamy    
consi/5ce4 ,i "k ( no evil effects      
produc$4  ,( c\rse ! mixture1 if kept   
expos$1 dries up 9 "t1 & is !n be/ wett$

 ) a little w>m wat]1 into :i* a few    
drops ( t9cture ( musk h be5 /irr$4 ,:]e
 !re is m fat or fle% ?an usual1 say1 on
 ! inside ( ! w+s1 or on ! leg bones1 or
 inside ! m\?1 a small quantity (       
c>bolic acid wa% 7,=mula ,no4 #af7 w be 
f\nd useful to dilute ! pres]vative     
pa/e4 ,c>bolic acid1 h[ev] weak1 mu/ n  
be us$ on ! ?9 p>ts ( ! sk9 ( small     
mammals or birds1 z x dries & %rivels !m
 up s quickly z to s]i\sly int]f]e )    
subsequ5t modell+4  ,?\gh _m insects eat
 ! sk9 itself1 yet h[ is x possible to  
gu>d aga9/ insects :i* attack ! fea!rs  
only ( birds 7z ! mo/ m9ute species ( ! 
little pe/s d7 by an ag5t :i* pr(ess$ly 
cures ! sk9 only8 ,i rememb] once see+ !
 mo/ comical sight possible1 a /uff$    
cock & h5 entirely d5ud$ ( fea!rs by    
?\s&s ( a m9ute t9es1 _! dry sk9s only  
left2 !y 7 z p>*m5t effigies ( _! =m]   
selves4 ,difficult z ! matt] is1 ,i yet 
hope to %[ bo? amateurs & pr(essionals  
h[ to consid]ably increase ! *ances (   
pres]vation4 ,x is ?is3 ,aft] us+ !     

soap1 & hav+ ! mammal arrang$ or bird   
/uff$ ready = cotton+1 bru% ov] ! :ole (
 ! fea!rs1 legs1 toes1 & beak1 ) !      
foll[+ prep>ation3  ,no4 #e4--,wat]ton's
 ,solution ( ,corrosive ,sublimate4  ,to
 a w9e-bottleful ( spirits ( w9e add a  
l>ge teaspoonful ( corrosive sublimate2 
9 twelve h\rs draw x (f into a clean    
bottle1 dip a black fea!r into !        
solution1 & if1 on dry+1 a :it5ess is   
left on ! fea!r1 add a little m alcohol4
  ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to h&le ! bird m   
?an absolutely necess>y aft] ?is        
op]ation1 = reasons :i* ,i w give bel[  
:5 speak+ ( ! foll[+ recipe1 :i* ,i h   
extract$ f a little book pr(ess$ly      
writt5 by a well-kn[n taxid]mi/1 ?\gh ,i
 believe he knew no?+ at all ab\t x     
until x 0 publi%$4  ,! prep>ation ref]r$
 to1 :i* %\ld be labell$ ,dang]\s6 ,n to
 be us$6 is z foll[s3  ,no4             
#f4--;,g>dn]'s ,pres]vative4  ,ars5ic1  
#f oz4  ,camphor1 #a oz4  ,corrosive    
sublimate1 #c oz4  ,spirits ( w9e1 #j4e 
p9t4  ,yell[ soap1 #b oz4  ,put all ^!  

+r$i5ts 9 a pipk91 :i* place ov] a sl[  
fire1 /irr+ ! mixture briskly till !    
sev]al p>ts are dissolv$ & =m "o        
homog5e\s mass4 ,?is may !n be p\r$ into
 a wide-m\!d bottle & all[$ to /& till q
 cold1 :5 x w be ready = use4 ,( c\rse1 
^! quantities may be increas$ or        
decreas$ accord+ to ! size ( ! animal to
 be op]at$ on2 b ! proportions "h giv5  
mu/ be pres]v$4  ,did x ev] occur to !  
gift$ au?or ( ?is t /irr+ camphor &     
spirits ( w9e briskly ov] a sl[ fire    
w\ld be z quick a way z c\ld be inv5t$ (
 summon+ ! fire brigade2 also1 t n9e    
ounces ( poison to elev5 ounces ( o!r   
+r$i5ts1 well work$ into ! h&s at       
diff]5t times1 z x mu/ be1 :5 h&l+1 or  
return+ sk9s pa9t$ ) x1 w\ld n t5d to   
l5g!n ! life ( ! le>n]8 ,corrosive      
sublimate be+ a m]curial                
prep>ation--i4e1 bi*loride ( m]cury--,i 
ask any *emi/ among/ my read]s :at      
effect ?ree ounces ( t dang]\s          
prep>ation1 six ounces ( ars5ic1 yell[  
soap1 & spirits ( w9e w\ld h ^u !       

con/itution8 ,w\ld x n be readily       
absorb$ ?r\gh ! h&s into ! sy/em8 & next
 comes salivation1 & !n--! la/ sc5e (   
all6  ,yet ano!r little treat = !       
amateur desir\s ( committ+ suicide "u ! 
transp>5t pret5ce ( /udy+ taxid]my4     
,?is1 :i* ,i h cull$ f ! pages (        
,maund]s' ,treasury ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 
is1 by a f9e irony1 entitl$ ,bullock's  
,pres]vative ,p[d]3  ,no4               
#g4--;,bullock's ,pres]vative ,p[d]4    
,ars5ic1             #a lb4  ,camphor1  
#j4e lb4  ,burnt alum1          #a lb4  
,t9cture ( musk1     #ab oz4  ,tann]s'  
b>k         #b lb4  ,mix ! :ole         
?or\ghly1 & aft] r$uc+ x to a p[d] pass 
x ?r\gh a sieve4 ,keep 9 close t9       
cani/]s4 ,?is p[d] is m p>ticul>ly      
adapt$ to fill up incisions made 9 !    
nak$ p>ts ( quadrup$s & ! skulls ( l>ge 
birds4 ,x has be5 /rongly recomm5d$ to  
u1 b1 be+ p]fectly satisfi$ ) our own1  
we h nev] tri$ x4  ,) reg>d to ! =ego+  
composition ,i h a few words to say1 :i*
 are ^!1 t ! reason ,i h copi$ x is t ,i

 h met ) x 9 m books ?an "o1 & ,i wi%   
!re=e to call special att5tion to x1 t x
 may be labell$ ,dang]\s1 & t anyone us+
 x w d s at 8 p]il4 ,fancy %ak+ ars5ic  
up 9 a sieve1 & aft]w>ds du/+ x 9 con   
amore6 ,really1 if p w use poisons1 &   
o!rs put !mselves to consid]able pa9s to
 inv5t ! mo/ deadly comp\nds = !m1 is x 
n crim9al c>elessness t su* ?+s %\ld be 
publi%$ )\t a ^w ( w>n+ z to _! "* or   
effects8  ,p[d]s1 z a rule1 be+ made (  
a/r+5ts1 dry ! sk9 too quickly          
7especially if a bird is be+ op]at$ on7 
to p]fectly %ape ! specim54 ,z !y are   
useful1 h[ev]1 to fill up & quickly dry 
cavities 9 ! w+s1 & su* l1 ( l>ge birds1
 etc1 & 9 "s cases ev5 to prep>e a sk9 =
 future /uff+1 ,i w give a p[d] ( my own
 composition1 ! *ief po9t ( m]it ( :i*  
consi/s 9 its be+ h>mless to ! us]1 &   
also t x has be5 tri$ on a l>ge bird's  
sk91 :i* x s effectually pres]v$ &      
t\gh5$ t1 eighte5 mon?s aft]w>ds1 x 0   
relax$ & /uff$ up bett] ?an ! usual run 
( made sk9s3  ,no4 #h4--;,br[ne's       

,pres]vative ,p[d]4  ,pure tann91       
#a oz4  ,r$ pepp]1         #a oz4       
,camphor1             #a oz4  ,burnt    
alum1         #h oz4  ,p\nd & ?or\ghly  
mix1 & keep 9 /opp]$ bottles or cani/]s4
  ,! =ego+ prep>ation1 ?\gh p]fectly    
effici5t = small mammals 7say up to     
squirrel size7 & = birds1 is n          
suffici5tly /rong to p5etrate ! sk9 &   
?or\ghly fix ! hair ( ! l>g] mammals4 ,=
 ?is purpose ! old] taxid]mi/s us$ a wa%
 or p[d]1 compos$ ( equal p>ts ( alum & 
nitre 7saltpetre74 ,?is _h ! d\ble      
disadvantage ( r5d]+ ! specim5 cur$ by  
its aid almo/ dripp+ ) humidity 9 damp  
wea!r1 & effloresc+ ) ! d\ble salts     
ar\nd ! eyes & m\? 9 dry wea!r4 ,alum   
alone 0 frequ5tly us$ by ^? unaw>e ( its
 peculi> prop]ty ( deliquesc+ 9 heat z  
well z 9 humidity4  ,i h1 ,i believe1 at
 la/ succe$$ 9 arrang+ ! prop]          
proportions1 & 9 sub/itut+1 = ! worse   
?an useless crude alum1 ! alum u/um or  
burnt alum1 :i* is n affect$ by moi/ure 
7at lea/ to any appreciable ext5t74 ,!  

proportions are3  ,no4 #i4--;,br[ne's   
,pres]vative ,p[d] = ,sk9s ( ,mammals4  
,burnt alum1             #a lb4         
,saltpetre1                 #j4be lb4   
,p\nd & ?or\ghly mix4  ,?is1 well rubb$ 
into ! sk9 & fle%y p>ts ( mammals1 is a 
c]ta9 & ?or\ghly tru/wor?y cure1 & w    
p5etrate ?r\gh sk9 a qu>t] ( an in* or m
 ?ick1 fix+ ! hair or fur 9 a mo/       
admirable mann]1 & has ! d\ble advantage
 ( be+ h>mless to ! p]son us+ x1 &      
b5eficial ev5 if x gets on ! outside ( !
 sk9 ( ! specim52 inde$1 x %\ld be rubb$
 9 on ! fur side if ! specim5 is at all 
high :5 br\ght 94 ,9 all cases x is a   
good plan to ?or\ghly rub ! outside ( ! 
e>s1 eyelids1 nose1 & lips1 ) ?is       
composition be=e sk9n+4 ,i consid] ?is !
 greate/ boon to ! animal pres]v] ev]   
inv5t$1 & ^? to :om ,i h imp>t$ ! =mula 
are l\d 9 its praise1 z witness ! doz5s 
( lett]s ,i h receiv$ f all p>ts dur+ ! 
la/ sev5 ye>s4  ,if ! proportions giv5  
are adh]$ to1 no cry/allisation ( salts 
w take place ar\nd ! eyes & m\?4 ,%\ld  

?is1 h[ev]1 happ5 f any cause1 a /iff   
bru% dipp$ 9 olive oil may be us$ to    
remove x & prev5t its reappe>ance4      
,aft] ! mammal is /uff$ & m\nt$1 x may  
be wa%$ ov] ) ,wat]ton's ,solution      
7previ\sly giv57 or ! foll[+1 :i* ought 
to pres]ve ! specim5 f ! attacks (      
insects3  ,no4 #aj4--,pres]vative ,wa%4 
,corrosive sublimate1             #a oz4
  ,t9cture ( camphor 7or musk71     #a  
oz4  ,me?ylat$ spirits1 #a qu>t4        
#a oz4  ,?is solution mu/ be kept 9 a   
bottle1 c>efully labell$ ,poison1 & :5  
us$ is n to be t\*$ ) ! h&s1 b laid on )
 a bru%4  ,x con/antly happ5s t p>ts ( !
 bodies ( animals--notably _! =e & h9d  
limbs1 & _! heads ev5--are requir$ to be
 pres]v$ = "s consid]able "t = purposes 
( modell+ _! cont\r or muscles2 x !n    
becomes necess>y to f9d "s prep>ation   
:i* w keep l>ge pieces ( fle%           
suffici5tly sweet & firm to model f4 ,= 
! fir/ edition1 ,i _h writt5 to a       
sci5tific fri5d z to ! prep>ations n[ 9 
use at ! v>i\s hospitals = ! pres]vation

 ( subjects1 etc1 to :i* he answ]$3  ,z 
f> z ,i c glean f v>i\s s\rces1 ! m$ical
 pr(ession has only )9 ! la/ few ye>s   
attempt$ to pres]ve :ole bodies4 ,p>ts  
h1 ( c\rse1 be5 pres]v$ 9 alcohol ( "s  
k9d until !y h lit]ally crumbl$ away4   
,at ,/4 ,george's ,hospital !y use a    
pres]vative fluid1 inv5t$ by ! hospital 
port] 7dissect+-room port]74 ,! subjects
 are kept 9 a slate tank fill$ ) !      
fluid4 ,to %[ ! effici5cy ( ?is fluid1  
,i might m5tion t ! fir/ subject arriv$ 
mu* decompos$ "s mon?s s9ce1 b is n[ q  
fre% & sweet4 ,! muscles inevitably lose
 a little ( _! col\r 9 ! prep>ation1 :i*
 is all ! *ange z yet obs]v$4 ,at ,guy's
 is us$ a prep>ation ( glyc]9e & ars5ic1
 b at ! pres5t mom5t ,i d n recollect ! 
exact proportions4 ,at ,k+'s ,college1 !
 me?od inv5t$ by ,/]l+1 ( ,ed9burgh1 is 
us$4 ,all o!r hospitals h ! old me?ods 9
 vogue1 su* z prep>ations ( ars5ic4     
,s9ce !n1 ,i h _h occasion to g m deeply
 into ! subject & h us$ "s ( ! =mulae   
:i* foll[1 viz1 rectifi$ spirits1       

,moell]'s ,solution1 & v>i\s prep>ations
 ( lime4  ,messrs4 ,m$lock & ,bailey's  
bisulphite ( lime 7calcium7 is mo/      
highly recomm5d$ by analytical exp]ts = 
pres]v+ l>ge jo9ts ( meat & fi%2 &1     
inde$1 ! exp]im5ts conduct$ "u sci5tific
 & ,gov]nm5t sup]vision h abundantly    
prov$ its value4 ,its price is n great4 
,= l>ge jo9ts ! foll[+ is ! =mula3  ,no4
 #aa4--,messrs4 ,m$lock & ,bailey's     
,=mula4  ,bisulphite ( lime1     #a     
gall4  ,common salt1         #j4be p9t4 
,wat]1             #b to #d galls4  ,!  
foll[+1 tak5 f ! ,ye> ,book ( ,ph>macy =
 #ahhj1 appe>s to be a v effici5t =mula2
 l all ! re/ ( su* =mulae1 x conta9s a  
c]ta9 p]c5tage ( ars5i\s acid3  ,a new  
,pres]v+ ,fluid4--,! ,prussian ,secret>y
 ( ,/ate = ,education has caus$ !       
publication ( ! foll[+ comp\nd & me?od (
 its application1 discov]$ by           
,wick]%eim]1 ! ,prep>ator ( !           
,anatomical ,museum ( ! ,univ]sity (    
,b]l91 :o _h at fir/ pat5t$ ! comp\nd1 b
 0 induc$ to r5\nce 8 pat5t claims4     

,no4 #ab4--,wick]%eim]'s ,pres]v+       
,liquid1 ,no4 #a4  ,9 #cjjj p>ts ( boil+
 wat] dissolve #ajj ( alum1 #be ( sodium
 *loride1 #ab ( potassium nitrate1 #fj (
 potassa1 & #aj ( ars5i\s acid1 let cool
 & filt]4 ,to e #aj litres ( ! filtrate 
add #d litres ( glyc]9e & #a litre (    
me?ylic alcohol4 ,footnote3 ,a gram     
#ae4ddd gra9s troy2 a litre  a little m 
?an #aa p9ts4  ,its application diff]s )
 ! special objects to be pres]v$4 ,9    
g5]al1 ! objects mu/ be impregnat$ ) x4 
,if ! objects are to be pres]v$ dry1 !y 
are soak$ 9 ! liquid f six to twelve    
days1 & aft]w>ds dri$ 9 ! air4          
,ligam5ts1 muscles1 & o!r animal objects
 rema9 p]fectly s(t & movable4 ,holl[   
organs1 z lungs & inte/9es1 %\ld be     
fill$ ) ! liquid previ\s to imm]sion 9  
x2 aft] be+ tak5 out1 & be=e dry+1 x is 
advisable to inflate !m ) air4 ,inject+ 
! liquid into a corpse w pres]ve ! latt]
 completely1 & ! muscul> tissue w always
 reta9 ! natural col\r ( fre% corpses4  
,to pres]ve ! outw>d appe>ance ( !      

latt]1 !y %\ld be well impregnat$       
ext]nally & enclos$ 9 air-tight oases2  
?is is only necess>y to pres]ve ! exact 
orig9al appe>ance2 if x is n done1 !    
body w keep equally well if ?or\ghly    
inject$1 b ! ext]ior w gradually become 
some:at dry & d>k col\r$4 ,plants may   
likewise be pres]v$ by ?is liquid4      
,footnote3 ,s exp5sive a prep>ation is1 
,i ?9k1 suffici5tly well replac$ by     
salt1 corrosive sublimate1 & di/ill$    
wat] 7see ,=mula ,no4 #bg74 ,m4         
,dec&olle exhibit$1 "s ye>s s9ce1 a     
bran* ( a c(fee tree :i* _h be5 p]fectly
 pres]v$ = fifty ye>s4 ,x 0 !n po9t$ out
 t ! efficacy ( su* solutions 7sal9e7   
dep5d$ on _! be+ boil$ & appli$ to !    
plants hot 7n boil+74  ,! foll[+ is a   
modification ( ! above1 useful =        
comp>ison z to relative /r5g?s =        
injection & imm]sion3  ,no4             
#ac4--,wick]%eim]'s ,pres]v+ ,liquids1  
,nos4 #b & #c4                          
,= ,inject+4         ,= ,imm]s+4        
,ars5i\s acid             #af grams     

#ab grams4  ,sodium *loride             
#hj grams               #fj grams4      
,potassium sulphate        #bjj grams   
#aej grams4  ,potassium nitrate         
#be grams               #ah grams4      
,potassium c>bonate        #bj grams    
#ae grams4  ,wat]                       
#aj litres              #aj litres4     
,glyc]9e                   #d litres    
#d litres4  ,wood naph?a                
#j4ge litres            #j4ge litres4   
,my fri5d1 ,dr4 ,prie/ley ,smi?1 surgeon
 to ! ,birm+ham ,eye ,hospital1 has     
k9dly giv5 me 8 =mula = a process :i*   
mo/ admirably pres]ves delicate p>ts (  
animals4 ,hav+ be5 enabl$ to give him "s
 eyes ( r>e animals & fi%es 7:ales &    
%>ks71 he %[$ me ! process :i* is n[    
fully expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ extract f !    
,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal ( ,jan4 #aj?1   
#ahhj3  ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,oph?almic   
,,specim5s4  ,sev]al fri5ds &           
correspond5ts h ask$ me to ref] !m to a 
description ( ! me?od :i* ,i employ = ! 
pres]vation ( oph?almic specim5s1       

examples ( :i* 7 exhibit$ 9 ! annual    
museum ( ! ,association 9 ,cork la/     
summ]4 ,i publi%$ an acc\nt ( x 9 !     
,birm+ham ,m$ical ,review = ,july1      
#ahgh2 b1 z sev]al improvem5ts h be5    
effect$ s9ce t "t1 ,i %all be greatly   
oblig$ by be+ all[$ space 9 ?is j\rnal =
 a brief description ( my pres5t me?od4 
,no4 #ad4--,prie/ley ,smi?'s ,=mula4  ,!
 foll[+ are ! solutions1 etc1 employ$3  
#a4 ,muell]'s ,fluid--viz4              
,bi*romate ( pota% #a "p1     ,sulphate 
( soda #a "p1     ,wat] #ajj p>ts2  #b4 
,hydrate ( *loral & wat]1 #a 9 #bj2  #c4
 ,glyc]9e & wat]1 #a 9 #d1  #d4 ,glyc]9e
 & wat]1 #a 9 #b--;i4e1 equal p>ts2  #e4
 ,glyc]9e-jelly--viz4     ,be/ ,fr5*    
gelat9e #a "p1     ,glyc]9e #f p>ts1    
,wat] #f p>ts1     ,soak ! gelat9e 9 !  
wat] until swoll51 !n heat & add    !   
glyc]9e1 add a few drops ( a saturat$   
solution ( c>bolic    acid1 & filt] hot 
?r\gh :ite blott+-pap]2  #f4 ,a ?ick    
:ite v>ni% made by mix+ oxide ( z9c )   
copal    v>ni% 9 a mort>4  ,! eyeball is

 plac$1 imm$iately aft] excision1       
unop5$1 9 ,muell]'s ,fluid = ab\t ?ree  
weeks1 light be+ c>efully exclud$4 ,x is
 !n froz5 solid by imm]sion = a few     
m9utes 9 a mixture ( f9ely p[d]$ ice &  
salt1 & imm$iately divid$ into lat]al   
halves by means ( a %>p-edg$            
table-knife4 ,! portion to be m\nt$ is  
!n plac$ 9 *loral solution = "s weeks1 9
 ord] to remove ! yell[ col\r2 light be+
 /ill exclud$1 & ! fluid be+ *ang$ until
 x is no long] discol\r$ by ! bi*romate4
 ,! specim5 next lies = tw5ty-f\r h\rs  
or long] 9 ! weak] glyc]9e solution1 &  
is !n transf]r$ = a simil> p]iod to !   
/rong] glyc]9e solution1 aft] :i* x may 
be m\nt$ 9 ! jelly )\t dang] ( %r9k+4 ,a
 specim5-j> be+ two-?irds fill$ ) melt$ 
jelly1 ! half-eye is plac$ 9 x1 !       
concavity upw>ds4 ,:5 e int]/ice is     
fill$1 x is turn$ ov] 7c>e be+ tak5 to  
avoid ! inclusion ( an air-bubble71 &   
held 9 a c5tral position 9 contact ) !  
bottom ( ! j>4 ,:5 cold & firmly        
coagulat$1 ! jelly is coat$ ov] ) :ite  

v>ni%4 ,a few days lat]1 :5 ! surface ( 
! v>ni% is firm1 ?is aga9 is ?9ly coat$ 
) a film ( jelly1 & !reby pres]v$ f !   
ultimate dang] ( crack+4 ,! j> is fix$ )
 glue into a suitable wood5 /&4 ,!      
gelat9e :i* yields ! /ronge/ & mo/      
col\rless jelly is t manufactur$ by     
,coignet & ,co1 ( ,p>is1 obta9able 9    
packets1 & kn[n z ! gold-label v>iety4  
,! specim5-j>s1 admirable bo? z to      
mat]ial & workman%ip1 h be5 made        
expressly = me by ,messrs4 ,f4 & ,c4    
,osl]1 ( ,broad ,/reet1 ,birm+ham1 f :om
 !y may be obta9$ 9 any                 
numb]4--,,prie/ley ,,smi?1 ,birm+ham4   
,glyc]9e ret>ds f]m5tation &            
decomposition to a rem>kable degree4 ,x 
comb9es readily ) alcohol or wat]4      
,boracic acid 9 small quantities mix$ ) 
a solution ( saltpetre1 i4e1 #a to #ej1 
is /at$ to be ( s]vice 9 ! pres]vation (
 fle%4  ,previ\sly salt$ meat _c be     
pres]v$ ?is way2 salt+ evid5tly removes 
! phosphates4 ,action ( boracic acid    
w\ld1 no d\bt1 set up acid phosphates1  

:i* are ! prime causes ( ! pres]vation4 
,a prep>ation ( borax has be5 br\ght out
 by ,mr4 ,robottom1 ( ,birm+ham1 :o     
claims = x t x pres]ves all animal &    
vegetable tissue1 z well z be+ useful = 
tann+ sk9s4 ,i %all ref] to ?is         
prep>ation fur!r on4 ,c>bolic acid      
7pure7 w be f\nd a valuable ally ( !    
taxid]mi/4 ,calv]t 0 ! *ief if n ! only 
mak] ( ! pure prep>ation1 :i* is sold 9 
#j4e lb4 or #a lb4 bottles 9 a solid    
cry/all9e /ate1 z if x 7 froz54 ,!      
bottle1 ) ! /opp] tempor>ily remov$1 mu/
 be plung$ 9 boil+ wat] to melt out z   
mu* z is requir$1 to :i* mu/ be add$ _m 
times its weight or quantity ( wat]4    
,?is dilut$ prep>ation w be f\nd (      
inf9ite s]vice 9 ! hot summ] mon?s =    
p\r+ 9 ! g5tle infe/$ ?roats or w\nds ( 
mammals & birds prep>atory to sk9n+4    
,dilut$ & p\r$ on a little burnt alum or
 pure tann91 & ! mixture well %ak5      
toge!r1 x =ms an exce$+ly /rong         
prep>ation1 z well z a valuable "o1 =   
pa9t+ ! noses or pickl+ ! tongues (     

animals be=e or aft] sk9n+4 ,two /r5g?s 
( ?is w be f\nd v useful4 ,?us3  ,no4   
#ae--;,c>bolic ,wa%1 ,no4 #a 7=         
,mammals74  ,glacial c>bolic acid1      
#b oz4  ,burnt alum or pure tann91      
#a oz4  ,wat]1                          
#a p9t4  ,keep 9 /opp]$ bottle labell$  
,poison1 & %ake up be=e us+4  ,no4      
#af4--;,c>bolic ,wa%1 ,no4 #b 7=        
,birds74  ,glacial c>bolic acid1 #a oz4 
,wat]1 #a p9t4  ,keep 9 /opp]$ bottle   
labell$ ,poison1 & %ake be=e us+4       
,c>bolic acid is a cau/ic poison1 &     
!re=e mu/ be h&l$ c>efully4  ,x         
sometimes happ5s t ! taxid]mi/1 if 9 a  
l>ge way ( bus9ess1 is call$ ^u to      
de/roy ! insects infe/+1 x may be1 !    
entire collection ( heads or sk9s hang+ 
9 "s g5tleman's hall4 ,no bett] or m    
effective way ( do+ ?is is to be f\nd   
?an plung+ !m entirely 9 a ba? compos$  
(3  ,no4 #ag4--;,c>bolic ,acid ,wa%1    
,no4 #c 7,poison74  ,c>bolic acid1      
#a lb4  ,sal ammoniac1              #j4e
 oz4  ,corrosive sublimate1         #c  

oz4  ,pure tann91                 #d oz4
  ,hot wat]1                   #d galls4
  ,mix ?is up 9 "s out-h\se1 or 9 ! op5 
air away f ! h\se1 if a f9e day2 & :5 ! 
mixture is cold plunge ! heads or sk9s  
91 hold+ ! =m] by ! horns1 & /irr+ !    
latt] ab\t ) a /ick2 9 fact1 all[+ !    
mixture to t\* ! h&s z little z         
possible4  ,x is1 ,i believe1 m         
efficaci\s if laid on hot ?an cold1 b ! 
dang] to heal? is great]4 ,i v5ture to  
say t if !re is any?+ :i* w pres]ve     
objects = an indef9ite p]iod x is       
corrosive sublimate4 ,deadly ?\gh x be1 
& dang]\s to "w )1 x has ! advantage (  
be+ us$ z a f9i%+ prep>ation1 & !re=e   
ne$ n1 except 9 extreme cases1 be h&l$4 
,in/ead ( rectifi$ spirits ( w9e1 ,i h  
us$ ) mu* success z an ext]ior wa% =    
valuable bird sk9s1 ! foll[+3  ,no4     
#ah4--,pres]vative ,wa%4  ,pure         
sulphuric e!r1         #a p9t4          
,corrosive sublimate1          #f grs4  
,keep 9 a /opp]$ bottle1 labell$        
,poison1 & :5 us$ apply ) a bru%4 ,?is  

is m rapid 9 its evaporation ?an spirits
 ( w9e1 b is v exp5sive4 ,( c\rse1 ! m  
rapidly any _s evaporates1 & deposits   
poison previ\sly held 9 solution1 !     
bett] *ance y h ( n spoil+ y\r specim5s4
  ,,pres]vative ,,fluids ,,= ,,fi%es ,,&
 ,,reptiles4  ,i h lately giv5 a great  
deal ( att5tion to ! pres]vation (      
fi%es--& especially l>ge ones--9 "s     
fluid :i* %\ld h f\r advantages3  #a4   
,p]fect pres]vation ( ! specim5--& :i*  
also1 if a =eign "o1 is consequ5tly a   
long "t 9 transit4  #b4 ,its fre$om f   
caus+ great %r9k+ or %rivell+ ( !       
integum5t4  #c4 ,! po9ts #a & #b be+ s  
well balanc$ t ! specim5 is 9 a fit     
/ate--aft] _m mon?s--ei!r to be treat$ z
 a specim5 %[n 9 fluid1 or to be m\nt$  
by ! process ( taxid]my4  #d4 ,!        
comp>ative *eapness & facility ( c>riage
 ( ! pres]vative m$ium4  ,9 try+ to     
obta9 all ^! advantages !re seem almo/  
insup]able difficulties 9 ! reconcilem5t
 ( ^! div]se conditions4  ,dr4 ,a4      
,gu5!r1 ,f4,r4,s1 ! em95t1 i*?yologi/ & 

,*ief ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 recomm5ds1 9 
8 new book1 t pure or rectifi$ spirits (
 w9e 7#ef p] c5t4 ov]-pro(7 be ! only ?+
 us$ = fi%es1 = p]man5t pres]vation 9   
glass j>s or tanks1 & ?is ev5 = ord9>y  
fi%es #c ft4 to #d ft4 9 l5g?1 or ev5 up
 to #f ft4 9 l5g?1 if eel-l4 ,pro( _s   
7conta9+ only #di p] c5t4 by weight (   
pure alcohol z aga9/ #hd p] c5t4 conta9$
 9 rectifi$ _s7 is1 says ,dr4 ,gu5!r1 ! 
l[e/ /r5g? :i* c be us$4  ,^! w !n /& z 
,no4 #ai4--,rectifi$ ,spirits ( ,w9e    
7#ef p] c5t4 ov]-pro(71  &  ,no4        
#bj4--,pro( ,spirits ( ,w9e4  ,if a     
spiritu\s solution is absolutely        
requir$1 ,i w\ld sub/itute = pure       
spirits ( w9e me?ylat$ _s 7alcohol      
conta9+ a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( impure gum or
 undr9kable wood _s7 z be+ *eap &       
suffici5tly good = "s purposes4 ,x w n1 
h[ev]1 be> any dilut+ ) wat]2 x mu/ /&1 
!re=e1 z  ,no4 #ba4--,me?ylat$ ,_s      
7undilut$71  or z  ,no4                 
#bb4--;,alcoholic ,solution1 ,no4 #a4   
,me?ylat$ _s1             #a4e p9ts4    

,burnt alum 7p\nd$71            #b oz4  
,di/ill$ wat]1               #j4e p9t4  
,saltpetre1                       #d oz4
  ,?is1 :i* is to be well %ak5 toge!r1  
becomes milky at fir/1 b w soon f9e d[n1
 & may !n be decant$4  ,no4             
#bc4--;,alcoholic ,solution1 ,no4 #b4   
,me?ylat$ _s1              #c p>ts4     
,glyc]9e1                      #a "p4   
,di/ill$ wat]1                #a "p4    
,al?\gh turp5t9e w n pres]ve reptiles or
 fi%es1 yet1 /ruck ) ! p]fect mann] )   
:i* ,i 0 enabl$ to pres]ve s(t-bodi$    
beetles = ne>ly a ye> 9 b5zol or        
b5zol9e1 ,i lately tri$ if ?is *eap &   
col\rless liquid w\ld be ( s]vice = o!r 
subjects1 ) ! result t ,i h n[ "s frogs 
7six or sev57 9 a glass j> conta9+      
b5zol9e :i* h be5 imm]s$ = ov] ?ree     
mon?s1 & h app>5tly und]gone less *ange 
?an if 9 spirits = ! same l5g? ( "t4    
,:e!r !y are likely to be p]man5tly     
pres]v$ by ?is me?od ,i _c1 ( c\rse1 yet
 det]m9e1 b if s1 x w\ld be a great ga91
 ow+ to ! brilliancy ( ! liquid1 its    

*eapness1 & its advantages ov] all      
alcoholic _s 9 its less p[]ful action on
 ! seal+ wax or coat+ us$ ov] ! corks or
 /opp]s ( ! glass prep>ation j>s4  ,!re 
is no d\bt t pure spirits ( w9e w       
pres]ve objects = a great l5g? ( "t1 b !
 co/ is v s]i\s to mo/ p]sons1 or ev5 to
 in/itutions ( less importance ?an !    
,briti% ,museum--add$ to :i* ! /rong _s 
unque/ionably %rivels & di/orts su*     
objects z fi%es & reptiles1 :il/1 dilut$
 to any appreciable ext5t1 _s w n       
pres]ve any?+ = any great p]iod4 ,to    
obviate ^! inconv5i5ces *emi/s h inv5t$ 
m or less p]fect pres]vative fluids1 !  
olde/ p]haps ( :i* is  ,no4             
#bd4--;,goadby's ,solution1 ,no4 #a4    
,bay salt1                        #d oz4
  ,corrosive sublimate1             #d  
grs4  ,alum1                            
#b oz4  ,boil+ wat]1                    
#b qu>ts4  ,keep 9 /opp]$ bottle labell$
 ,poison4  ,footnote3 ,bay salt is salt 
=m$ by evaporation ( sea-wat] 9 %all[   
lagoons or salt-pans expos$ to ! rays ( 

! sun4  ,no4 #be4--;,goadby's ,solution1
 ,no4 #b4  ,bay salt1                   
#j4e lb4  ,corrosive sublimate1         
#b grs4  ,ars5i\s acid1             #bj 
grs4  ,boil+ ra9 wat]1          #a qu>t4
  ,keep 9 /opp]$ bottle labell$ ,poison4
  ,note t1 corrosive sublimate be+ a    
rem>kably difficult ?+ to dissolve1 ev5 
9 pure spirits ( w9e1 x may n be g5]ally
 kn[n t ! addition ( a saturat$ solution
 ( sal ammoniac1 9 weight ab\t half an  
ounce1 is suffici5t to dissolve _m      
ounces ( corrosive sublimate4 ,?us a    
solution useful = "s purposes is easily 
made z foll[s3  ,no4 #bf4--;,br[ne's    
,pres]vative ,solution4  ,saltpetre1    
#d oz4  ,corrosive sublimate1           
#j4be oz4  ,alum1                       
#b oz4  ,sal ammoniac1                  
#j4abe oz4  ,boil+ wat]1                
half gallon4  ,keep 9 /opp]$ bottle     
labell$ ,poison4  ,?is1 x w be se51 is a
 modification ( ,goadby's ,solution4  ,9
 ! ?ree prec$+ =mulae ! corrosive       
sublimate mu/ be dissolv$ 9 a small     

quantity ( spirits ( "s k9d1 or1 z      
expla9$ above1 by ! addition ( a /rong  
solution ( sal ammoniac4  ,no4          
#bg4--,sal9e ,solution = bottl+ ,fi% &  
,reptiles4  ,bi*loride ( m]cury         
7corrosive sublimate71      #a gra94    
,*loride ( sodium 7common salt71        
#ij gra9s4  ,di/ill$ wat]1              
#a p9t4  ,intimately mix1 set aside1 let
 settle1 & :5 cle>1 decant & pres]ve 9  
/opp]$ bottles4 ,! foll[+ might also be 
tri$3  ,no4 #bh4--;,camphorat$ ,fluid = 
,pres]v+ ,fi%es1 etc4  ,to di/ill$ wat]1
 sixte5 p>ts1 add "o "p ( rectifi$      
spirits ( w9e & a few drops ( creosote1 
suffici5t to saturate x2 /ir 9 a small  
quantity ( be/ prep>$ *alk1 & !n filt]4 
,) ?is fluid mix an equal quantity (    
camphor wat] 7wat] saturat$ ) camphor71 
& be=e us+1 /ra9 (f ?r\gh v f9e musl94  
,! bisulphite ( lime 7see =mula ,no4    
#aa1 ante7 w\ld also1 no d\bt1 be       
excell5t z a pres]vative = fi%es if n q 
s mu* dilut$4 ,*loride ( z9c1 mu*       
dilut$1 is recomm5d$ z a good           

pres]vative4  ,dr4 ,prie/ley ,smi?'s    
=mula 7see ,no4 #ad1 ante7 w\ld d       
exce$+ly well = small specim5s to be    
subsequ5tly arrang$ 9 glass-topp$ tanks1
 z at ! ,briti% ,museum4  ,ano!r =mula1 
sometimes us$ 9 ! m$ical s*ools =       
pres]v+ p>ts ( subjects1 & useful z a   
pickle = fi% & reptiles1 is a prep>ation
 call$ ,moell]'s ,solution3  ,no4       
#bi--,moell]'s ,solution4  ,bi*romate ( 
pota%1     #b oz4  ,sulphate ( soda1    
#a oz4  ,di/ill$ wat]1          #c p9ts4
  ,a saturat$ solution ( *romic acid is 
also us$ = ! same purposes4 ,! *ief     
disadvantage :i* bo? ?is & ,moell]'s    
,solution possess 9 common is _!        
col\r--a ri* gold5 "o--:i*1 ( c\rse1    
/a9s ev]y?+ ) :i* !y come 9 contact4    
,?is1 h[ev]1 is easily removable by !   
,hydrate ( ,*loral =mula 7see ,prie/ley 
,smi?'s =mula1 ,no4 #ad1 ,section #b1   
ante74  ,?is la/ 7,moell]'s ,solution7  
,i h kept purposely until ! end1 z x is 
! =mula :i*1 9 my op9ion1 fulfils all ! 
f\r requirem5ts /at$ 9 ! op5+ p>agraph1 

z desirable 9 ! pres]vation ( ! l[]     
v]tebrates4 ,on my appo9tm5t to !       
curator%ip ( ! ,leice/] ,museum ,i _h   
occasion to ov]haul ! pickles & prep>e  
"s fre% specim5s1 & 0 v lo? to use      
exp5sive spirits1 or ev5 me?ylat$1 =    
l>ge fi%1 & !re=e tri$ _m ?+s ) v>y+    
results4 ,at la/ ,i 0 driv5 back on     
,moell]'s ,solution1 & by its aid sav$  
"s specim5s :i* 7 sl[ly rott+ 9 o!r     
fluids1 & successfully pickl$ su* flabby
 ?+s z %>ks' eggs1 sea anemones1 &      
l>ge-siz$ lump fi%4 ,x 0 !n tri$ on     
common dog-fi%1 "o ( :i* came out limp1 
yet p]fectly t\gh1 & 0 sk9n$ z an       
exp]im5t aft] a mon?'s imm]sion4  ,"o   
day two l>ge top]s 7a small species (   
%>k71 ab\t six feet long1 7 s5t f       
,sc>boro'4 ,my taxid]mi/ be+ v busy at !
 "t1 ,i decid$ to give ,moell] a sev]e  
te/ & pickle !m4 ,accord+ly--_! visc]a  
only be+ remov$--!y 7 tumbl$ into a l>ge
 tub conta9+ #b lb4 ( bi*romate (       
potassa to #bj galls4 ( spr+ wat]4 ,?is 
0 on #ac? ,sept1 #ahhb2 ,i look$ at !m  

on #ag? ,july1 #ahhc1 & !y 7 p]fectly   
fre%1 q limp1 un%rivell$1 & yet s t\gh z
 to be capable ( any treatm5t1 ev5 to   
be+ ca/ z models1 or set up by !        
taxid]mic art2 & ?is aft] ! lapse ( t5  
cal5d> mon?s--a "t m ?an suffici5t = ev5
 a sail+ vessel to come f any "p ( ! _w4
  ,i *ang$ ! solution once1 ! total co/ 
f fir/ to la/ be+ "o %ill+ & f\rp5ce4   
,_h pure _s be5 us$1 ! exp5se w\ld h be5
 _m p\nds1 to say no?+ ( ! great        
%rivell+ :i* w\ld h tak5 place by n[4 ,i
 mu/ !re=e ?9k t ,moell]'s solution is1 
= ! purpose1 "o ( ! be/ ?+s ev] inv5t$4 
,,pres]vative ,,fluids ,,= ,,mollusca4  
,g5]ally speak+1 pure alcohol is ! be/ =
 ?is purpose4 ,*loride ( z9c w\ld       
d\btless be ( consid]able s]vice1 & ,i  
notice t ,woodw>d1 9 8 ,manual ( !      
,molluscs1 says t *loride ( calcium1    
made by dissolv+ *alk1 or ! pur]        
c>bonate --:ite m>ble1--9 hydro-*loric  
acid until eff]vesc5ce ceases & a       
saturat$ solution is obta9$1 is mo/     
useful z a pres]vative1 z x keeps !     

specim5 previ\sly /eep$ 9 x p]man5tly   
moi/ )\t injur+ its col\r or texture2   
:ile its antiseptic prop]ties w aid 9 ! 
pres]vation ( matt]s liable to decay4   
,possibly "s ( ! beautiful prep>ations 9
 ! ,fi%]ies ,exhibition ( #ahhc 7 prep>$
 9 ?is mann]1 & su* objects z !         
sea-anemones1 ) t5tacles exp&$ z 9 life1
 may h be5 in/antane\sly kill$ by osmic 
acid4  ,,lut+ ,,= ,,/opp]s4  ,no d\bt1 e
 "o notices h[ ! ord9>y wax1 :i* is us$ 
z a protective coat+ = bottles or       
prep>ation j>s1 is attack$ by ! conta9$ 
_s 9 su* a mann] z to be useless z a    
prev5tive ( evaporation4 ,ord9>y seal+  
wax1 bottle wax1 beeswax1 or p>aff9 wax1
 be+ useless1 we are driv5 back on a v  
old recipe ( ! ,fr5* naturali/ ,m4      
,p]on1 :o claim$ = x advantages :i* x   
c]ta9ly possesses4  ,no4                
#cj4--,li?ocolle = ,seal+ ,bottles4     
,common res94  ,yell[ beeswax 7or p>aff9
 wax74  ,r$ o*re 79 p[d]74  ,oil (      
turp5t9e 7turps74  ,! proportions ( ?is 
lut+ are det]m9$ by putt+ m or less res9

 & r$ o*re1 or turp5t9e & wax1 z !      
li?ocolle is to be m or less brittle or 
ela/ic4 ,melt ! wax 9 ! res91 !n add !  
o*re 9 small quantities1 & at ea*       
addition ( ?is /ir ! :ole briskly r\nd4 
,:5 ! mixture has boil$ sev5 or eight   
m9utes1 p\r 9 ! turp5t9e1 /ir x r\nd1 & 
set x ne> ! fire to keep x w>m "s little
 "t4 ,to asc]ta9 ! quality1 & if x      
requires m or less wax1 put a little out
 on a cold plate1 & note its degree (   
t5acity4  ,x is r dang]\s to prep>e1 &  
is be/ manag$ ov] a gas jet or /ove1 s  
arrang$ t ! flame does n rise above !   
edge ( ! iron pot conta9+ ! composition2
 if ?is is att5d$ to1 n mu* dang] c     
arise1 especially if1 9 case ( !        
composition fir+1 ! lid ( ! pot be      
imm$iately clapp$ on4  ,apply ) an old  
bru%1 or by repeat$ly plung+ ! neck ( ! 
bottle 9 ! lut+ be=e ! latt] becomes    
cold4 ,i h us$ an application ( glue )  
great success on corks ov] spirits1 by  
procur+ ! be/ glue1 mak+ x r ?91 &      
apply+ x :il/ hot 9 successive coats4 ,x

 w n d1 h[ev]1 = non-alcoholic          
solutions1 nor = glass /opp]s1 f :i* x  
scales (f :5 cold4  ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks4   
,9 all cases :5 pickl+ animals x mu/ be 
rememb]$ t ! fir/ pickle1 :e!r alcoholic
 or n1 is ess5tially det]iorat$ by !    
bloody mucus & wat] :i* exudes f !      
specim5s1 especially if l>ge & flabby2  
?is1 ( c\rse1 r$uces ! /r5g? ( !        
pres]vative m$ium4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 to
 h f ?ree to f\r diff]5t vessels1 9 :i* 
! objects %all be successively imm]s$ = 
sev]al days1 or ev5 weeks1 until1 com+  
to ! f9al prep>ation j>1 !y %all n /a9 !
 liquid 9 :i* !y are ultimately to re/4 
,by us+ ! v>i\s /r5g?s ( ea* pres]vative
 fluid "o "u ! o!r1 9 :i* to /eep !     
specim5s1 prop] results w be obta9$1 by 
! ex]cise ( a little =e?\ght & judgm5t4 
,filtration ?r\gh blott+ pap] or *>coal 
is necess>y f "t to "t1 & exp5sive      
spirits may be re-di/ill$ :5 becom+ too 
weak by con/ant use4  ,l>ge fi%es mu/ h 
small cuts made 9 ! walls ( ! abdom5 to 
all[ ! fluid to prop]ly p5etrate4 ,9    

cases :]e ! specim5 is n requir$ =      
dissection1 ! removal ( ! visc]a        
facilitates ! ultimate pres]vation4  ,if
 at 'any "t x is necess>y to ?r[ away a 
quantity ( inexp5sive sp5t liquor :i*   
may smell (f5sively1 a small quantity ( 
! cry/als ( p]manganate ( potassa w     
in/antly deodorise a l>ge quantity (    
fluid1 & ?is )\t add+ to x any (f5sive  
sc5t ( its own1 z 9 ! case ( *loride (  
lime or c>bolic acid4 ,! vessel mu/ be  
aft]w>ds well r9s$ out 9 clean wat]1 z  
'! potassa tempor>ily /a9s ev]y?+ 9     
contact a ri* purpli% r$4  ,"s exp]im5ts
 :i* ,i conduct$ ) b5zol9e inconte/ably 
prov$ to me its valuable prop]ties4 ,i  
exp]im5t$ on a ,corni% *\gh--an old     
specim51 infe/$ ) maggots or l>vae ( !  
clo!s mo?4 ,i imm$iately plung$ x 9     
b5zol9e1 took x out1 dra9$ ! sup]flu\s  
_s (f1 & rapidly dri$ x by susp5d+ x 9 a
 /rong curr5t ( air4  ,x took b a %ort  
"t to dry1 &1 ?\gh ! fea!rs 7 v slightly
 clott$ aft] ! op]ation1 yet1 by a      
little manipulation1 expla9$ h]eaft]1 !y

 soon arriv$ at _! pri/9e fre%ness1 &   
all ! insects :i* previ\sly infe/$ x 7  
effectually kill$4 ,i aft]w>ds f\nd on  
ano!r specim5--a %ort-e>$ owl--two or   
?ree l>vae fe$+ on ! fea!rs4 ,i p\r$ a  
little b5zol9e ov] !m 9 situ1 & !y fell 
(f1 app>5tly dead4 ,i kept !m = a day1 &
 by t "t !y 7 %rivell$ & und5iably dead4
  ,"h1 !n1 we h ! two elem5ts (         
success--a p]fect de/roy] ( insects1 &  
an ag5t n damag+1 b positively          
b5eficial1 to ! fea!rs ( birds :5       
appli$2 add$ to :i*1 is ! rem>kable     
*eapness ( b5zol9e4 ,caution--d n use x 
ne> a c&le1 lamp1 nor fire1 z x gives (f
 a highly inflammable vap\r at a l[     
temp]ature2 x also fills a h\se ) a     
peculi>ly disagreeable od\r1 f9d+ its   
way up/airs1 z all volatile gases d2 s x
 _h bett] always be us$ 9 ! work%op or  
ou?\se4  ,i h j discov]$--& feel v small
 t ,i did n d s be=e--t b5zol9e p]fectly
 pres]ves birds 9 ! fle% = a consid]able
 "t4 ,i tri$ x on a razorbill 7,alta    
torda1 #a471 :i* ,i plac$ 9 a prep>ation

 j>1 fill$ ) common b5zol9e at #a s4 p] 
gallon4 ,! bird 0 simply cut "u ! w+ to 
all[ ! b5zol9e to p5etrate1 & 0 left =  
?ree weeks2 at ! end ( :i* "t x & tak5  
out1 clean$ 9 pla/] 7z describ$ 9 ,*apt]
 ,,xi471 & made a mo/ excell5t taxid]mic
 object6 ,! advantages ( ?is to !       
ov]work$ pr(essional are obvi\s4  ,9 v  
sev]e cases ,i h us$ turp5t9e 7turps7 ) 
excell5t effect2 9 fact1 z a de/ructive 
ag5t = insects1 ,i pref] x to b5zol9e1  
hav+ n[ ma/]$ ! hi!rto fatal objections 
to its use on birds' sk9s4 ,= ! sk9s (  
mammals !re is no?+ to beat x4 ,?is w be
 enl>g$ on 9 ! *apt] on ,relax+ &       
,clean+ ,sk9s4  ,9 ?us speak+ ( b5zol9e 
& turp5t9e z ag5ts 9 ! de/ruction (     
insect plagues1 ,i mean1 ( c\rse1 t !   
specim5s %\ld be plung$ into1 or h p\r$ 
ov] !m ei!r b5zol9e or turp5t9e4 ,?is   
seems to h be5 lo/ sight ( by "s =m]    
correspond5ts ( m9e1 "o ( :om writes--,9
 y\r toxicological section1 ,i d n f9d  
any op9ion on atmosph]ic poison+ ( ac>i1
 etc4  ,if n giv+ y too mu* tr\ble1 ,i  

%\ld be glad to "k :e!r y ?9k spirits ( 
turp5t9e w\ld be efficaci\s if all[$ to 
evaporate 9 a case ( birds 9 :i* mo?s h 
lately %[n !mselves4  ,i am unwill+ to h
 !m tak5 out1 9 fact !y h n be5 cas$    
twelve mon?s1 & ,i ?\ght ( bor+ a hole 9
 an obscure corn] ) bit & brace1 &      
ins]t+ a saturat$ sponge1 & !n clos+ x  
aga94  ,wat]ton says--',! atmosph]e ( _s
 ( turp5t9e w all[ nei!r ac>us nor any  
insect to live 9 x3 ,d y believe ?is8   
,my answ] to him1 & to all su*          
correspond5ts1 0 t ,i _h repeat$ly prov$
 t all su* little v]m9 did n c>e a bit =
 ! fumes ( b5zol9e1 nor ( any spirits   
:atev]1 z ,i _h caus$ gallons (         
turp5t9e1 etc1 to be p\r$ into l>ge     
cases conta9+ specim5s )\t produc+ !    
smalle/ effect1 unless x absolutely t\*$
 !m1 b t ,i _h p>tly succe$$ by         
introduc+ cyanide ( potassium 7deadly   
poison7 into small cases conta9+ birds1 
?r\gh a hole bor$ = ! purpose2 b x 0    
objectionable3  7,i7 on ! score ( its   
dang] to heal?1 %\ld ! poison\s vap\r   

escape2 &  7#b7 because x deliquesc$    
rapidly 9 any b ! drie/ atmosph]e1 by   
its aff9ity = damp1 &1 consequ5tly1 (t5 
caus$ mildew 9 cases ( birds1 etc1 into 
:i* x _h be5 introduc$4 ,! fumes (      
sulphur dur+ combu/ion are1 on !        
contr>y1 really ( s]vice 9 de/roy+      
insect life1 z evid5c$ 9 ! fumigation ( 
hospital w>ds1 etc1 b ,i _c tell h[     
anyone may burn sulphur 9 specim5 cases 
)\t half *ok+ himself1 & probably sett+ 
on fire ! fitt+s & spoil+ ! "w altoge!r4
 ,x is also objectionable because x     
readily dis*>ges c]ta9 col\rs f fabrics1
 fl[]s1 & birds' fea!rs4 ,my advice is1 
!re=e1 to pull to pieces any case infe/$
 ) insects1 to burn all fitt+s n        
absolutely valuable1 & to dr5* )        
turp5t9e all specim5s1 toge!r ) all !   
rockwork & fitt+s desir$ to be reta9$4  
,footnote3 ,i w\ld inde$ advise !       
de/ruction by burn+ ( ! birds !mselves  
ev51 %\ld !y be common specim5s1 or     
easily replac$4  ,crude creosote1 9     
little pots or sauc]s1 is a great       

det]r5t to ! visits ( insect plagues2 x 
_c1 h[ev]1 be expos$ op5ly1 z its sc5t  
is ov]p[]+ & decid$ly unheal?y = use 9  
private h\ses4 ,9 museums x does v well 
if cas$ up4  ,) reg>d to camphor 9      
museums1 al?\gh x is s con/antly us$1 ,i
 consid] x ( no use z a det]r5t4 ,a     
small piece ( tall[ c&le is equally     
efficaci\s1 & ( late ,i h _h mu* m fai? 
9 insect p[d]s1 ! be/ ( :i* is1 ,i      
believe1 comp\nd$ ( ! petals ( !        
,russian tansy 7,pyre?rum roseum74 ,?is 
has c]ta9ly "s pr9ciple conta9$ 9 x n   
obvi\s to our s5ses4 ,x is p]fectly     
h>mless to man1 & to dome/ic animals1 b 
on insects its action is entirely       
diff]5t4 ,i _c z yet discov] :e!r       
insects eat x1 or if its smell ov]comes 
!m1 :e!r x repels1 or attracts !m to _! 
doom4 ,a s]ies ( exp]im5ts has left me j
 z mu* 9 ! d>k z ev]4 ,c]ta9 x is t ,i h
 nev] f\nd insects among sk9s ov] :i* x 
has be5 /rewn4  ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o      
slight objection to its use1 :i* is t x 
/a9s light-col\r$ sk9s1 if at all       

greasy1 ) its f9e1 br[ni%-yell[ du/4    
,?is is1 h[ev]1 b a trifle1 easily      
avoid$1 9 face ( its unque/ionable      
value4 ,i h us$ x n[ = _m ye>s1 & h nev]
 _h cause to alt] my op9ion z to its    
efficacy4 ,! be/ only mu/ be procur$1 f 
"s well-kn[n :olesale h\se1 price ab\t  
#cs4 p] lb4 ,t sold made up 9 small     
quantities is g5]ally adult]at$ &       
useless4 ,no curator %\ld ev] be )\t x1 
& a small quantity %\ld always be plac$ 
inside a newly-made sk94 ,x c also be   
work$ up 9 _m ( ! pres]vative pa/es1 or 
mac]at$ 9 _s z a wa%1 = ! inside ( sk9s4
  ,bak+ or /[+ maggot-infect$ specim5s  
is recomm5d$ by "s au?ors1 b ,i /rongly 
object to x 9 ! case ( old or valuable  
sk9s1 fir/ly1 because ! heat c seldom be
 prop]ly regulat$1 unless 9 an app>atus 
specially con/ruct$2 secondly1 because  
heat suffici5t to kill ! l>vae is also  
suffici5t to crimp or twi/ "s "p ( !    
plumage or r5d] ! sk91 if an old        
specim51 too crisp or t5d] = ultimate   
h&l+2 ?irdly1 because ev5 a mod]ate     

degree ( heat is suffici5t to set free !
 fat conta9$ 9 ! sk91 & ?us spoil !     
fea!rs4  ,p]haps ! tyro may rem>k1 ,b 9 
a pres]v$ & /uff$ sk9 !re ought to be no
 fat to ooze out4 ,q true1 !re ought n  
to be1 b z sk9s are usually dress$ )    
ars5ical soap1 ! fat1 in/ead ( be+ dri$ 
up1 is beautifully cons]v$1 ready to run
 out at ! slighte/ provocation1 or be   
drawn out by ! capill>y attraction ( !  
?reads us$ 9 sew+ up--ano!r h>d knock = 
ars5ical pa/es6  ,writ+ ab\t pa/es      
rem9ds me t no taxid]mi/ %\ld be )\t a  
pot ( fl\r pa/e1 :i* is f> bett] & m    
cleanly ?an gum or glue = /ick+ 9 loose 
fea!rs1 etc4 ,= a small quantity1       
suffici5t to fill a jam-pot1 take  ,no4 
#ca4--;,fl\r ,pa/e4  ,good :eat fl\r1   
#b oz4  ,ess5ce ( cloves1     #j4e a    
teaspoonful4  ,wat]1             #j4e   
p9t4  ,mix ! fl\r ) "p ( ! wat] 9 a     
bas91 be+ c>eful to cru% out all !      
lumps1 & "w x up smoo?ly to ! consi/5ce 
( ?ick cream2 add ! rema9d] ( ! wat]1 & 
boil = a few m9utes 9 a saucepan4 ,turn 

out into a jam-pot1 & :5 ne>ly cold /ir 
9 ! ess5ce ( cloves2 ?is latt] gives an 
agreeable od\r to ! pa/e1 is n poison\s1
 & pres]ves ! pa/e indef9itely f turn+  
m\ldy4 ,a few drops ( c>bolic acid may  
be us$ in/ead ( ! cloves2 b 9 ?is case !
 pot mu/ be labell$ ,poison4  ,/rong gum
 wat] may be made f gum arabic1 into :i*
 a little p[d]$ :ite sug> is /irr$4     
,ess5ce ( cloves prev5ts m\ld 9 ?is     
also1 unless !re be an excess ( wat]4   
,a f9e pa/e1 useful = pap] or           
photographic "w1 is made f rice-fl\r4   
,dextr9e1 9 p[d]1 is *eap & /rong1      
easily soluble 9 cold wat]1 b z a pa/e  
%[s up on fea!rs1 etc1 mu* m ?an        
:eat-fl\r pa/e4  ,cem5t1 = unit+ brok5  
bones or fossils1 or to fix %ells1 etc1 
on tablets1 is1 says ! late ,frank      
,buckl&1 made ?us  ,no4 #cb4--,:ite     
,cem5t4  ,beeswax1                      
#a "p4  ,p[d]$ pla/] ( ,p>is 7be/ f9e71 
#e p>ts4  ,res91                        
#d p>ts4  ,w>m ! edges 7:5 possible7 &  
use ! cem5t w>m4  ,i w\ld advise ! pla/]

 be+ /irr$ into ! o!r two +r$i5ts z     
want$4 ,! great objection to ?is & to   
all ! coagul9es is t ! edges ( ! specim5
 require w>m+1 :i* _c always be done4   
,ano!r good col\rless cem5t is  ,no4    
#cc4--,:ite ,cem5t1 ,no4 #b4  ,gum      
tragacan? 9 p[d]1         #a "p4  ,gum  
arabic 7acacia7 9 p[d]1     #a "p4      
,glacial acetic acid1             a few 
drops4  ,:5 us$1 moi/5 ! gums ) a little
 ( ! acetic acid dilut$4  ,gum ma/ic    
dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 & :ite %ellac       
dissolv$ 9 naph?a1 are two o!r :ite     
cem5ts4  ,:]e1 h[ev]1 col\r does n      
matt]1 take  ,no4 #cd--;,br[n ,cem5t4   
,common %ellac1         #j4be lb4       
,spirits ( naph?a1     #j4e p9t4  ,place
 !m 9 a bottle 9 a w>m situation on a   
clos$ /ove1 or 9 a vessel conta9+ hot   
wat]4 ,be c>eful ( fire4 ,! edges (     
bones or und]sides ( fossils are sme>$ )
 ?is1 ti$ ) /r+1 & left = a day or s to 
unite4  ,! read] has n[ a rep]toire (   
poison\s & h>mless prep>ations f :i* he 
may *oose4 ,z = myself1 = ! pres]vation 

( birds1 ,i p9 my fai? to =mula ,no4 #d1
 viz1 my ,pres]vative ,soap = ! inside (
 ! sk91 & a wa% ( b5zol9e or turp5t9e   
lib]ally appli$ f "t to "t--say twice a 
ye>--to ! outside ( all uncas$ or expos$
 specim5s4 ,?is1 x w be se51 entirely   
does away ) ! use ( any poison1 & yet is
 prov$ to be ( ! highe/ efficacy4  ,= ^?
 :o d n object to exp5se nor to ! use ( 
a poison\s prep>ation1 a wa% (          
,wat]ton's ,solution 7,no4 #e71 or !    
sulphuric e!r prep>ation 7,no4 #ah71 c  
be sub/itut$ = b5zol9e or turp5t9e4 ,i  
m5tion ! exp5se1 because only rectifi$  
spirits ( w9e1 or pure sulphuric e!r1 w 
d = birds2 ! me?ylat$ _s1 ?\gh ( s]vice 
= wa%+ ov] mo/ subjects1 is n s good :5 
appli$ to ! delicate fea!rs ( birds1 z x
 leaves on dry+ a c]ta9 impure residuum 
beh9d x4  ,= mammals ,i recomm5d my     
=mula ( burnt alum & saltpetre 7,no4    
#i71 foll[$ by a wa% ( b5zol9e or       
turp5t9e twice a ye>1 or by any "o ( !  
m]curial prep>ations giv54  ,on a       
retrospect ( ?is *apt] x w1 ,i ?9k1 be  

admitt$ t1 if ,i am adv]se to ! use (   
any poison\s prep>ations 9 taxid]my1 ,i 
at lea/ po9t out ! :y & :]e=e1 z also an
 alt]native c\rse1 %[+ at ! same "t !   
b5efits & defects ( bo? sy/ems4 ,i n[1  
!re=e1 leave ! amateur to *oose =       
himself--be>+ 9 m9d ! "t-hon\r$         
aphorism1 *acun  son gt4  ,plate ,,ii   
,skeleton ( ,p]egr9e ,falcon  ,,%[+ ,,! 
,,prop] ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s      
,,boxes4  ,explanation3 foll[s3         
,,skeleton ,,( ,,p]egr9e ,,falcon       
7above47  ,,%[+ ,,! ,,prop] ,,position  
,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,boxes4  ,explanation3 
,a1 skull2 ,b1 upp] m&ible2 ,c1 l[]     
m&ible2  ,d1 c]vical v]tebrae 7#i72  ,e1
 hum]i 7s+4 hum]us72 ,f1 radius2 ,g1    
,ulna2  ,h1 c>pus1 or wri/ ,i & ,j1     
metac>pal bones 7#h72 i1 knuckle jo9t2  
,k1 pollex 7fir/ digit1 or '?umb72 ,k#b 
& ,k#c second or index digit1 & next or 
?ird digit2  #a1 pelvis or ossa         
innom9ata ilium1 is*ium1 & pubes        
an*ylos$2  ,m1 femur2 ,n1 tibia2 ,o ,o1 
fibula2  ,p1 metat>se1 or t>so-met>sus  

7#c1 sometimes #d bones72  p1 actual    
knee jo9t2 q1 heel1 or tibiot>sal jo9t2 
,q1 hallux 7fir/ or big toe71 call$ 9   
orni?ology ! h9d toe  ,r1 f\r? 7or      
out]mo/7 toe2 ,s ,s /]num1 or brea/     
bone4  ,,*apt] ,v4  ,,sk9n+ ,,&         
,,pres]v+ ,,birds4  ,,9 ord] t ?is %all 
be a ?or\ghly practical *apt]1 ,i w1 9  
my me?od ( work+1 copy ! admirable plan 
( my old sport+ fav\rite1 ,col4 ,hawk]1 
:o1 :5 wi%+ to note d[n "s difficult    
po9t1 0 9 ! habit ( do+ ) 8 own h&s all 
?+s p]ta9+ to ! matt] at issue1 because1
 z he said1 he might n make mi/akes :5  
subsequ5tly writ+ ^u knotty subjects    
int5d$ = 8 read]s' consid]ation4  ,i h1 
!re=e1 specially procur$ a />l+1 z ,i   
consid] ?is bird ! v be/ = ! amateur's  
purpose1 n only on acc\nt ( ! t\ghness (
 ! sk91 b also because1 be+ a m$ium-siz$
 bird1 x pres5ts no difficult po9ts 9   
sk9n+1 & ) ?is bird be=e me ,i %all     
m9utely in/ruct my pupil1 po9t+ out ea* 
/ep t has to be tak5 & ea* difficulty t 
is likely to arise4  ,z ,i %all h       

occasion con/antly to ref] to ! v>i\s   
p>ts ( ! skeleton1 ,i n[ give an engrav+
 ( t ( ! ,p]egr9e ,falcon1 9 ord] to    
help my explanations 9 ! future 7see    
,plate ,,ii474  ,hav+ plac$ ready = use 
! sk9n+ knife 7see ,fig4 #aa71 !        
scissors 7,fig4 #ad71 & ! cobbl]'s      
crook$ awl 9 h&le1 a pot ( pres]vative  
mixture1 "s cotton wool or wadd+1 "s t[1
 & a ne$le & ?read2 lay ! />l+ on its   
back on a piece ( clean pap]1 ! head ( !
 bird po9t+ f ! op]ator2 !n seize ! bird
 by ! sides ( ! head ) ! fir/ two f+]s &
 ?umb ( ! left h& 9 opposition1 ! awl   
held 9 ! palm ( ! "r h&1 & a piece (    
wool betwe5 ! "r-h& f+] & ?umb2 !n ins]t
 ! po9t ( ! awl betwe5 ! upp] & l[]     
m&ibles1 &1 hav+ op5$ !m1 keep !m op5 ) 
! fir/ f+] ( ! "r h&1 remov+ ! piece (  
wool :i* %\ld h be5 previ\sly plac$ !re 
by ! sportsman 7see in/ructions re %ot  
birds1 at end ( ,*apt] ,,ii474 ,replac+ 
x ) ! fre% piece ( wool held 9 read9ess1
 plug ! no/rils 9 ! same mann]4  ,z ev5 
?is simple op]ation w h some:at         

dis>rang$ ! fea!rs ( ! head & neck1     
smoo? !m d[n ) ! f+]s1 tak+ c>e1 h[ev]1 
n to /ret* ! neck 9 do+ s4 ,! next      
op]ation is to hold ! left-h& w+ ) !    
left h&1 & ) ! f+]s ( ! "r h& break or  
disjo9t ! bone ( ! w+ z close to ! body 
z possible1 i4e1 across ! hum]us 7,e7 79
 ! case ( l>ge birds1 or = "s special   
purpose1 ?is bone is (t5 left intact1 b 
! amateur w be puzzl$ h[ to subsequ5tly 
arrange x 9 ! sk9 if unbrok574 ,repeat  
?is on ! o!r w+4 ,= ^? ^: f+]s are n    
/rong en\gh to d ?is effectually1 ,i    
recomm5d a small pair ( flat-nos$ pli]s1
 "s sizes l>g] ?an ! fea!r pli]s 7,fig4 
#ai74  ,l>ge birds may h _! w+s brok5 at
 ! hum]i 7,e7 by /rik+ !m ) a /ick or   
hamm] 9 su* a mann] z n to break nor    
s]i\sly dis>range ! fea!rs2 ! l>ge/-siz$
 pli]s 7,fig4 #af7 may also be us$ = ?is
 purpose1 b 9 t case a piece ( clean rag
 %\ld be fold$ 9 ! jaws ( ! pli]s s z to
 envelope ! upp] & "u surface ( ! w+1 9 
ord] to protect ! fea!rs f injury4      
,practice w1 h[ev]1 po9t out ! be/ me?od

 ( do+ ?is4 ,next take hold ( ! legs ) !
 f+]s & g5tly twi/ !m out ( jo9t at !   
junction ( ! tibia & femur4  ,n[1 keep+ 
! head ( ! bird t[>d y1 "p ! fea!rs away
 f ea* side ( ! /]num or brea/-bone2 !n 
) ! knife held %ort 9 ! h&1 ! po9t plac$
 exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ! bird 7calculat+ f
 ! bill to ! tip ( ! tail71 make ! fir/ 
incision j on ! "r side ( ! brea/ bone  
d[n to ! v5t1 tak+ c>e n to cut s deeply
 z to expose ! inte/9es4 ,n[ turn ! bill
 t[>ds y\r "r1 & g5tly lay hold ( ! cut 
edge ( ! sk91 :i* y see %9+ :itely 9    
front ( y2 !n ) ! po9t ( ! knife--!     
cutt+ edge kept on ! fle%--g5tly loos5 !
 sk9 above1 bel[1 & d[nw>ds4 ,completely
 rev]se ! bird1 & repeat ?is = ! o!r    
side4  ,at ?is /age ! body may be held  
d[n1 ) ! knife press$ on ! side ( !     
brea/ bone1 & ?us ! two fir/ f+]s ( !   
left h& may be advantage\sly employ$--b 
9 a v g5tle mann]--to loos5 ! sk9 ar\nd 
! upp] "p ( ! brea/-bone f ! inside1    
:ile ! ?umb regulates ! pull f !        
outside4 ,all mu/ be done ) ! fea!rs    

kept z mu* away f ! fle% z possible4    
,fig4 #bb--,/>l+--,%[+ ,position ( ,fir/
 ,incision & ! ,comm5cem5t ( ! ,removal 
( ! ,sk94  ,fig4 #bb %[s ! appe>ance :i*
 ! specim5 %\ld n[ pres5t4  ,! sk9 be+1 
z x 71 nicely p]suad$ f ! fle% 7m be+   
done by pu%+ ?an by pull+71 ! legs beg9 
to appe>4 ,take hold ( ! "o ne>e/ to y )
 ! "r h&1 at ! same "t ins]t+ ! f+]s ( !
 left inside ! sk92 !n1 by g5tly pu%+ up
 ) ! "r h&1 free ! legs suffici5tly to  
%[ ! second jo9t1 :]e x has be5         
previ\sly twi/$ or brok54  ,lay+ d[n !  
knife1 & pick+ up ! scissors1 =ce _!    
po9t und]nea? ! jo9t1 m>k$ ,p 9 ,plate  
,,ii1 & cut x completely (f2 x %\ld !n  
be cle> ( ! fle%1 %[+ ! sk9 on ei!r side
 z if x 7 a /ock+ turn$ inside out4     
,pull x g5tly by ! claw back into its   
prop] position1 & !re leave x1 & d !    
same by ! o!r leg1 turn+ ! bird aga9 =  
t1 purpose4  ,bo? ! legs %\ld n[ be     
entirely free1 n hold+ to ! body at any 
po9t4 ,tak+ up ! knife aga91 c>efully "w
 ) x d[n t[>d ! tail1 & z f> r\nd ! back

 z y c get ) safety4 ,n[ let ! bird re/ 
on its head1 z x 71 ) ! beak f y1 &1    
plac+ ! f+]s ) ! ?umb on ! back 7:i* is 
n[ und]nea?71 ! middle f+] on ! root ( !
 tail inside1 flank$ by ! fir/ & ?ird   
f+]s keep+ d[n ! sk9 on ei!r side1      
cauti\sly ins]t ! knife ?r\gh ! sk9 ( ! 
v5t1 & cut t free1 cutt+ upw>d 9 a      
slant+ direction2 hav+ done ?is1        
c>efully cut away on ! root ( ! tail1 at
 ! same "t free+ x :]ev] x /icks2 !n1 :5
 no?+ b "o bone1 t is to say1 ! la/     
caudal v]tebra1 holds x1 slip ! knife   
und]nea? & cut ) a draw+ motion upw>d4  
,! tail is n[ entirely sep>at$ f ! body4
  ,n[ advance ! f+]s ( ! left h& & seize
 ! bottom "p ( ! loos5$ body ) ! "r h&1 
& by pu%+ ) ! f+]-nails1 & occasionally 
us+ ! knife :]e ! t5dons hold ! sk91    
gradually "w up ! back1 turn+ x r\nd &  
r\nd1 & work+ v c>efully until ! place  
:]e ! w+s h be5 previ\sly brok5 is      
arriv$ at4 ,aga9 lay d[n ! knife1 & tak+
 up ! scissors1 cut ! w+ ne>e/ to y away
 f ! sk92 d ! same ) ! o!r side2 & n[ ! 

only ?+ :i* holds sk9 & body toge!r is !
 neck4 ,tak+ ! :ole ( ! body 9 ! h&1    
proce$ ) ! f+]s ( ! o!r 7us+ no knife7  
to gradually cause ! sk9 to leave its   
atta*m5t at ! neck4 ,) c>e "w ov] ! head
 by ! same means1 & "h progress is /opp$
 by ! sk9 be+ held on ei!r side ( ! face
 by a little membrane2 ?is is ! inn] sk9
 ( ! e>s4  ,rega9+ ! knife1 slip ! po9t 
und]nea?1 & gradually lift !m out1 cutt+
 t[>ds ! fle% & n t[>ds ! sk94 ,?is     
done1 ! sk9 w appe> d>k]1 imm$iately    
above ?is po9t4 ,^! are ! eyes2 c>efully
 cut on top ( !m ) a v g5tle motion1    
until !y are sk9n$ to :]e only a v ?9   
membrane hides !m f view2 arriv$ at ?is1
 ! knife-po9t mu/ be pu%$ g5tly         
und]nea?1 & an upw>d cut made1 :i*1 if  
c>efully done1 entirely sev]s ! eyelids 
f ! reta9+ membrane4 ,! exact po9t %[n 9
 ,fig4 #bc is n[ rea*$4  ,fig4 #bc--,sk9
 ( ,bird ,turn$ ,ready = ,sev]ance f    
,body  ,aft] ?is sev] ! skull f ! neck  
at ! po9t :]e ! dott$ l9es ,a--,b are   
%[n 9 ! draw+4 ,?is exposes ! bra9 )\t  

cutt+ (f too mu* at ! base ( ! cranium1 
! %ape ( :i* is want$ = subsequ5t       
op]ations4 ,aft] ! body is completely   
sev]$1 proce$ to pull ! tongue out      
7unless want$ = %[7 by plac+ ! knife on 
! o!r aside ( x 9 opposition to ! ?umb1 
give a sm>t pull1 keep+ an ev5 pressure 
on1 & ! tongue w come out ) little or no
 difficulty4  ,next enl>ge ! orifice at 
! back ( ! head by cutt+ a triangul>    
piece out t[>ds ! palate or ro( ( ! m\?1
 scoop+ ! bra9s out ) ! po9t ( ! knife1 
hav+ a small piece ( pap] 9 read9ess to 
receive !m4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation hold !   
beak ( ! bird ?r\gh ! sk9 ( ! neck by ! 
two fir/ f+]s1 & ?umb1 ! latt] be+      
upp]mo/1 ! o!r f+]s be+ employ$ 9 keep+ 
! rema9d] ( ! sk9 ) ! fea!rs out ( h>m's
 way4  ,ins]t+ ! po9t ( ! knife at !    
back ( ! eye1 place ! ?umb on ! eyeball 
& g5tly pull x out1 tak+ c>e n to let ! 
po9t ( ! knife cut upw>d s z to bur/ !  
eye1 or ! effect w be to lib]ate !      
d>k-col\r$ pigm5t or ! vitre\s hum\r1 & 
?us wet or /a9 ! fea!rs4 ,hav+ done all 

?is1 !re w /ill rema9 "s little fle% at 
! back ( ! eye & ! junction ( ! m&ibles1
 & ?is mu/ be c>efully cut away s z n to
 dis-articulate ! latt]4 ,! ,pres]vative
 ,pa/e n[ comes into requisition1 & )   
?is ! skull & orbits are well pa9t$     
inside & out4 ,a little t[1 previ\sly   
*opp$ by ! m$ium ( a %>p pair (         
scissors1 is n[ pu%$ into ! empty skull1
 ) ! /uff+ iron1 :i* is a small piece ( 
?ick wire 7see ,fig4 #ba74 ,= l>ge birds
 ! t[ =ceps 7see ,fig4 #bj7 may be      
conv5i5tly us$4  ,hav+ neatly fill$ !   
head ) ! t[1 proce$ to put a small piece
 ( cotton wadd+ 9 ea* orbit4 7,note1 be 
c>eful t t[ only is pu%$ into ! head1 z 
if nev] s small a piece ( wadd+ gets    
into ! cavity ( ! head x w effectually  
prev5t any subsequ5t m\nt+ ( ! specim51 
z1 s+ul> ?\gh x may appe>1 a small piece
 ( wadd+ is m ?an a mat* = a po9t$      
wire47  ,dur+ all ?is "t ! neck mu/ be  
kept z %ort & z little /ret*$ z         
possible4 ,9 "s birds a l9e ( fat w be  
obs]v$ ext5d+ f ! neck to ! back or ev5 

to ! brea/1 :i* mu/ be z c>efully z     
possible scrap$ (f ! sk9 by us+ ! edge (
 ! knife1 guid$ by ! ?umb4 ,hav+ done   
?is1 pa9t ! neck only ) ! pres]vative1 &
 lay ! sk9 on ! pap]1 back upw>d & tail 
f y2 ! "u "p ( ! head 9 ?is position    
po9ts upw>d4  ,place ! ?umbs ( bo? h&s1 
_! nails t\*+ ea* o!r1 at ! back ( !    
head ) ! fir/ two f+]s ( ea* h& plac$ 9 
?is wise3 =ef+]s along ! side ( ! face1 
second f+]s und]nea? on ! top ( ! sk9 ( 
! head2 !n1 by g5tly pu%+ ) ! ?umbs &   
pull+ or scrat*+1 z x 71 ) ! o!r f+]s1  
gradually =ce ! head ?r\gh until !      
m&ibles appe>1 z also ! eyelids4 ,let g 
) ! "r h&1 /ill keep+ ! ?umb ( ! left   
press+ aga9/ ! head2 &1 by g5tly work+ )
 ! two fir/ f+]s ( ! left h& outside !  
fea!rs1 & by pull+ ! beak upw>d & t[>d y
 ) ! "r1 ! bird is return$ to ! position
 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4  ,z ! bird n[ lies1 x 
is optional :e!r ! fle% is clean$ away f
 ! root ( ! tail fir/ or f ! legs & w+s4
 ,i w1 h[ev]1 9 ?is case take ! w+ on my
 "r4 ,place ! "r h& und]nea?1 lift ! w+ 

z f> up into ! sk9 z possible1 & by     
hold+ x tightly 9 t position ) ! f+] &  
?umb ( ! left h&1 a ridge ( sk9 becomes 
visible1 runn+ d[n ea* side1 & fram+ 91 
z x 71 a little oval-%ap$ piece ( fle%1 
i4e4 t ly+ betwe5 ! radius & ulna ,!    
brok5 bone & fle% ( ! w+ is n[ t[>d y4  
,clean ! fle% away f ?is & !n devote !  
att5tion to ! be=e-nam$ oval-%ap$ piece 
( fle%4 ,putt+ ! po9t ( ! knife d[n on !
 "r1 lift & scoop away 7us+ ! greate/   
c>e mean:ile7 "s small pieces ( fle%4   
,?is by degrees reveals ! top ( ano!r   
little bone1 f "u :i* all ! fle% to be  
se5 mu/ be scrap$ away2 ano9t ?is freely
 ) ! pres]vative1 & return x to its     
normal position aft] ty+ a small piece (
 /rong ?read ?r\gh ! loop ( ! bone 79   
l>ge birds a little t[ %\ld be plac$ 9 !
 cavity74  ,if ?is process is too t$i\s1
 or n q compreh5d$ by ! amateur--i4e4 ! 
cle>+ out ( ! fle% betwe5 ! radius &    
ulna--! small] bone ( ! two--! radius   
7,f1 ,plate ,,ii7 may be twi/$ or cut   
out entirely1 leav+ only ! l>g] bone ( !

 two to cle> ( fle%4 ,sometimes--b ?is )
 l>ge birds only--! w+ may be           
advantage\sly cut f ! outside along its 
entire l5g? und]nea?1 ! fle% remov$1 sk9
 dress$1 & ! cut c>efully sewn up4  ,d !
 same by ! o!r w+1 & !n pu% ! leg on !  
same side up ?r\gh ! sk91 pu%+ ! sk9 d[n
 ) ! f+]s & ?umb ( ! left h&1 & pull+ ) 
! "r1 until y h /ripp$ ! sk9 ne>ly d[n  
to ! s-call$ knee1 q 7n ! prop] knee1   
h[ev]1 t be+ situat$ high] up--,plate   
,,ii71 or tibio-t>sal jo9t4 ,at ?is jo9t
 a bundle ( little lead]s1 or muscles1  
assemble2 cut !m away f ar\nd ! bone    
7)\t int]f]+ ) ! jo9t1 h[ev]71 & !y w   
roll up ) ! fle% to ! head ( ! bone     
previ\sly cut (f at ! prop] knee jo9t1 &
 c !re be easily pull$ (f4 7,9 practice1
 x w be f\nd t reta9+ ! full l5g? ( ?is 
bone--! tibia--is n desirable =         
subsequ5t op]ations2 x may !re=e be     
advantage\sly %ort5$ by "o-half47       
,ano9t ) ! pres]vative & neatly wrap a  
piece ( t[ ar\nd ! leg-bone 7or tibia7  
to ! suppos$ %ape ( ! fle% previ\sly    

remov$4 ,return ! leg to its natural    
position2 & repeat ! same on ! o!r side4
  ,! tail is n[ ! only ?+ left :i*      
requires to be fre$ f fle%4 ,keep+ !    
beak /ill f y1 pu% ! tail1 ) ! left h&1 
z f> up into ! body z possible1 !n cle> 
x ( e p>ticle ( fle% by scrap+ & cutt+1 
tak+ c>e to cut away ! oil ducts or     
gl&s--usually full ( a ?ick fat--& be+  
c>eful also n to cut away ! atta*m5t ( !
 roots ( ! fea!rs to ! sk92 ano9t ) !   
pres]vative1 & return4 ,sev]al little   
/reaks ( fat 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! sk9 may n[
 be se51 :i* mu/ be c>efully scrap$     
away4  ,! w+ bones mu/ n[ be ti$ ne>ly  
toge!r by ! pieces ( ?read previ\sly    
atta*$2 ! di/ance betwe5 !m v>ies ) !   
size ( ! bird's body previ\sly remov$   
7?is k is1 ( c\rse1 ga9$ by exp]i5ce1 b 
amateurs are recomm5d$ to take c>eful   
measurem5ts ( ?is & o!r analog\s po9ts74
 ,! :ole ( ! sk9 ( ! back1 body1 & ?roat
 is to be well ano9t$4 ,n[ take ! =ceps 
7see ,fig4 #bj71 & =m a little neck ( t[
 on x1 introduce x into ! sk91 leav+ !  

end ( ! t[ re/+ aga9/ ! back ( ! head4  
,!n ins]t "s l>g] pieces ( t[ ) ! f+]s  
or tongs into ! body1 & :5 y h %ap$ x z 
ne>ly z possible to ! orig9al body ( !  
bird--tak+ c>e to nicely obs]ve !       
adju/m5t ( ! sev]al p>ts--neatly sew up 
! sk9 ) a f9e ne$le & ?read by an "u    
/it* on ! edges ( ! sk91 draw+ x tight  
aft] two or ?ree /it*es2 & ?us proce$   
until ! bottom is rea*$1 avoid+ ! common
 fault ( sew+ ! fea!rs 9 ) ! /it*es4    
,"s few ends ( t[ w possibly be protrud+
 f ! l[] "p1 :i* mu/ be cut (f be=e !   
f9al /it*4 ,! bird's legs are ti$ "o    
across ! o!r1 & ! w+s press$ close to ! 
body 9 ! prop] position2 ! neck is also 
%ort5$1 & a little n>r[ b& ( pap] is    
cut1 & plac$ und]nea? ! bird1 br\ght    
r\nd ! butts ( ! w+s or %\ld]s1 & p9n$  
toge!r on ! top ( ! brea/2 a ne$le &    
?read are ins]t$ ?r\gh ! no/rils1 !     
?read is br\ght r\nd und]nea? ! bird's  
l[] m&ible1 & is ti$ 9 a knot to keep ! 
beak clos$4  ,9 ! c\rse ( a week or s1  
:5 suffici5tly dry1 ! b&age is remov$1 &

 ?us we h :at is te*nically call$ a sk94
  ,?is is ! loose body me?od ( mak+     
sk9s2 p]haps a bett] plan is mak+ a     
body--see f>!r on--on wire1 :i* %\ld n  
come ?r\gh ! top ( ! head1 or on a piece
 ( /ick 7a lucif] mat* ) ! top brok5 (f 
w d = small sk9s7 com+ into ! base ( !  
skull2 ?is gives a great support to !   
neck1 & prev5ts ! common fault ( ! sk9  
break+ away j above ! %\ld]s4  ,if great
 nicety is desir$--& neatness 9 mak+ a  
sk9 is ev]y?+--rememb] p>ticul>ly n to  
ov]/uff x2 x w really require j ab\t    
half z mu* pack+ z y w\ld at fir/ imag9e
 suffici5t to fill x4 ,be c>eful z to ! 
set ( ! w+s1 at ! %\ld]s especially2 &  
aft] hav+ coax$ e fea!r ) lov+ c>e into 
its prop] position1 wrap ! :ole sk9 9 a 
%eet ( wadd+1 leav+ ! ends op51 & put   
away 9 a secure place to dry4  ,ano!r   
me?od ( %ap+ sk9s :il/ dry+ is describ$ 
by ,mr4 ,batty1 ! well-kn[n ,am]ican    
taxid]mi/1 :o makes a dry+ bo>d = small 
sk9s 9 ! foll[+ mann] 7see ,fig4 #bd73  
,procure a piece ( bo>d ( ! l5g? & wid? 

y require1 on :i* nail on edge          
#j4ge-;in* slips ( wood two in*es high  
at int]vals requir$2 betwe5 ^! supports 
/ret* /\t c>dbo>d 9 ! =m ( gutt]s4 ,9   
^!1 padd$ 9 wadd+1 ! sk9s re/ until dry4
  ,fig4 #bd--,set or ,dry+ ,bo>d =      
,birds' ,sk9s4  ,(t5 blood & o!r        
sub/ances clog & spoil ! fea!rs ( a     
bird2 h[ to remove ^! w be f\nd expla9$ 
9 ! *apt] on ,clean+ ,birds' ,sk9s4     
,fig4 #be--,/>l+ ,prop]ly ,made ,into a 
,sk9 ,) ,label ,atta*$4  ,9 not+ ! sex (
 a bird an important matt]1 only manag$ 
9 mo/ cases by ! aid ( a little         
dissection--x w be necess>y to cut !    
body1 aft] x is out ( ! sk91 ?r\gh !    
ribs along ! side close to ! back1 op5  
x1 & look ^u ! kidneys 7d>k col\r$      
masses app>5tly let into ! holl[ ( !    
back-bone at ! n>r[e/ "p ( ! body7 = !  
sexual organs4  ,if a male1 !re w appe> 
j ^u ! upp] end ( ! kidneys1 "o on ea*  
side ( ! back bone1 two little oval-%ap$
 bodies1 usually ( a dull :ite or light 
yell[ t9t 7d n mi/ake ! supra-r5al      

capsules--q yell[1 small1 & a little    
high] up--= ^!74  ,if a female1 ^! two  
small oval bodies w be replac$ a little 
l[] cl[n by a /r+ or bundle ( eggs1 v   
m9ute 9 "s seasons1 b /rongly m>k$ &    
l>ge 9 ! bre$+ season4 ,x is sometimes  
difficult to tell ! sex--9 "y birds     
especially2 b a good plan is to get a   
bird1 kn[n by its plumage to be a       
male--say a cock sp>r[--& a female bird1
 & dissect out ^! organs1 putt+ !m 9    
spirits 9 sep>ate bottles1 ! organs (   
ea* sex atta*$ to its "p ( ! bone &     
kidneys1 & keep !m = ref]5ce until      
exp]i5ce tea*es ! way to readily decide 
sexes4  ,a label is atta*$ to ! legs1   
giv+ sci5tific & common "n ( bird1 sex1 
locality1 & date1 & "n or initials (    
collector4 ,?us3  ,no4 #a4 ,,/urnus     
,,vulg>is1 #a4 7,/>l+74  ,sex4--,male   
,juv4  ,col\r ( irides--,d>k br[n4      
,col\r ( beak--,d>k slate4  ,col\r (    
legs  toes--,r$di%-br[n4  ,leice/]1     
#ba_/i_/hc4 ,collector1 ,,mb4  ,9 !     
cases ( su* birds z ! hawks1 :i* h b>e  

spaces ar\nd ! eyes 7sub1 & sup]-cili>y 
pat*es7 & ar\nd ! base ( ! beak 7c]e71  
note d[n ! col\rs ( ^! p>ts also4 ,9 !  
cases ( r>e birds ! measurem5ts ( !     
extreme l5g? f tip ( beak to tail--aga9 
f inn] edge ( gape to v5t1 ! bill & tail
 be+ measur$ sep>ately f ^? po9ts--%\ld 
be c>efully tak51 z also ! l5g? ( culm51
 c>pus1 & t>sus1 & set d[n 9 in*es &    
t5?s1 on ! label1 or 9 ! note book1 :5 !
 matt] becomes too volum9\s4 ,! ref]5ce 
numb] & "n1 9 ! latt] case1 w be        
suffici5t = ! label1 ?us keep+ x v      
small4 ,9 ord9>y cases1 all in=mation1  
except+ "n1 date1 & collector's "n1 may 
be writt5 on ! back4 ,"p ( ! label may  
be pr9t$ ready = fill+ 94  ,ano!r plan (
 sk9n+ a bird is to "w upw>d in/ead (   
d[nw>d1 & by rais+ ! sk9 on top ( !     
brea/ & ?roat to approa* ! neck1 :i* is 
!n cut (f by slipp+ ! po9t ( ! scissors 
und]nea?4 ,?is gives room = "o w+ to be 
loos5$1 & ultimately cut (f1 ! o!r "o !n
 easily foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse1 & by  
alt]nately sk9n+ away ! back & ! brea/1 

! legs & ! tail are arriv$ at1 :i* are  
treat$ z be=e describ$4 ,?is me?od is   
useful 9 cases :]e ! l[] extremities are
 badly %ot or high1 b is o!rwise        
objectionable1 z1 9 any o!r b ! mo/     
c>eful h&s1 x is apt to /ret* or split  
any delicate sk91 9 ! attempt to get !  
%\ld]s out1 b = :i* ,i %\ld h no?+ to   
say aga9/ x4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 h[ev]1 x  
is m practis$ by amateurs ?an by        
pr(essionals4  ,"o ( ! mo/ important1   
h[ev]1 ( all me?ods ( sk9n+ ev] inv5t$1 
is t kn[n z sk9n+ f "u ! w+2 x is p]haps
 m difficult to a beg9n] ?an ! o!r way (
 sk9n+1 b its advantages are enorm\s4   
,suppos+ y h a bird v badly %ot1 or "o )
 its w+ half torn (f or ripp$ und]nea?1 
z sometimes happ5s1 y !n1 in/ead (      
complicat+ matt]s by mak+ an incision 9 
ano!r place1 take advantage ( ! ripp$   
side & cut x op5 !re4  ,! birds1 h[ev]1 
= :i* ?is sy/em is invaluable are sea   
birds1 or all birds hav+ :ite or v light
 col\r$ brea/s4 ,to cut su* birds on !  
brea/ practically ru9s !m1 = h[ev] well 

a sea bird's sk9 may be clean$1 !re /ill
 rema9s "s little greas9ess betwe5 !    
roots ( ! fea!rs2 & 9 spite ( ! mo/     
c>eful sew+1 ! capill>y action ( ! ?read
 us$ 9 /it*+ up 7aid$1 ( c\rse1 by !    
position ( ! m\nt$ bird--brea/ d[nw>d7  
is suffici5t to draw to ! surface :atev]
 oily fat or grease rema9s 9 ! sk92 &   
?\gh x may n %[ = a few mon?s1 yet1     
soon] or lat]1 a ru/ col\r$ l9e ( grease
 appe>s1 & 9 spite ( all clean+ w       
reappe>1 & gradually spread ov] ! brea/1
 de/roy+ ! beauty ( p]haps a unique     
specim54  ,to sk9 a bird f "u ! w+1     
select ! wor/ side1 or t injur$ ! mo/ by
 %ot1 etc1 & lay+ ! bird ) t side       
upp]mo/1 make an incision f j above !   
leg to j "u ! w+4 ,pu% ! leg-bone up1 & 
cut x (f ) a pair ( scissors2 !n "w !   
sk9 away a little f ! back1 & z mu* z   
possible f ! brea/1 gradually work+ y\r 
way until y see ! w+-bone1 :i* cut (f4  
,c>eful sk9n+ br+s y to ! neck &        
w9dpipe1 :i* also cut (f4 ,! :ole ( "o  
side ( ! bird is n[ sk9n$ out ) !       

exception ( ! tail2 come d[nw>d on !    
opposite side to y\r incision1 & across 
! brea/ until y c cut (f ! rema9+ w+2   
hav+ done ?is1 keep sk9n+ d[nw>d until !
 leg is arriv$ at1 & cut (f4 ,no?+ n[   
holds ! sk9 to ! body b ! tail-bone1 :i*
 sep>ate4 ,clean & f9i% ! bird 9 !      
ord9>y way4  ,i %all n[ suppose t1      
in/ead ( mak+ a sk9 7z previ\sly        
describ$71 y desire to /uff ! specim5 ) 
! ultimate idea ( its =m+ "p ( a        
collection m\nt$ 9 ! same mann] z !     
birds are m\nt$ 9 ! ,briti%             
,museum--namely1 on turn$ /&s z p]*es2  
or1 z is usual n[1 to =m a unit ( a     
*>act]i/ic gr\p m\nt$ 9 a m arti/ic     
mann] 9 a %ade or a case4  ,= ! purpose 
( ?is lesson ,i h relax$ ! orig9al />l+ 
we be=e made into a sk91 & %all n[ m\nt 
x1 keep+ to "o bird1 s z n to confuse ! 
le>n]4  ,9 sett+ up a bird we require to
 use wires4 ,! sizes ( wires are det]m9$
 by gauges4 ,?us ! smalle/ siz$ wire    
made is t kn[n z ,gauge #bh4 ,?is & !   
two foll[+ numb]s1 #bf & #bg1 are only  

requir$ = ! humm+ birds2 #bh is1 h[ev]1 
a good size = ! lea/4 #bd w be f\nd a   
good size = ! small] k9ds ( w>bl]s &    
f9*es up to can>ies4 #ba is a useful    
g5]al size = a great numb] ( small      
birds1 & w d = su* a bird z ! hawf9*4   
#ai is a good size = ?ru%es & />l+s1 & w
 also d v well = squirrels4 #af is a    
good useful size = _m ?+s--w d = su*    
birds z ! l&rail or pigeons4 #ac is a   
good size = su* birds z p>rots1 & t or !
 next l>ge/ size w d = owls4 #ab w d = !
 l>g] hawks1 su* z ! p]egr9e falcon1    
etc4 & = small dogs4 #i is m suitable = 
foxes & l>g] dogs4 #g w d = eagles4 #e1 
#c1 & #a approa* s ne>ly to b>s z to be 
fit only = ! l>g] animals4  ,z a rule1  
h[ev]1 practice enables a p]son to use  
small] siz$ wires ?an appe>s possible to
 him at fir/4 ,i w\ld "h also recomm5d t
 galvanis$ be us$ in/ead ( ! common     
anneal$ wire 7nev] use h>d wire7 = all  
purposes1 except+ = l>ge animals4 ,its  
advantages are v great1 z ,i c p]sonally
 te/ify4  ,if y decide on m\nt+ y\r bird

 on a turn$ /&1 y w1 if n possess+ a la!
 y\rself1 h to call 9 ! assi/ance ( a   
turn]1 :o w1 = a small sum1 turn !      
requisite /&s1 :i* may be ei!r 9        
mahogany1 boxwood1 ebony1 or ivory1     
accord+ to y\r ta/e & ! l5g? ( y\r      
pocket4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 y decide to  
ultimately m\nt y\r specim5 9 a case or 
a %ade1 y _h bett] provide y\rself ) "s 
wire ( a suitable /r5g?1 & "s t[1 :i*   
latt] y w proce$ to wrap r\nd ! wire to 
)9 a c\ple ( in*es ( "o end--=m+1 9     
fact1 an artificial twig1 :i* y may b5d 
to any %ape1 rivet+ ! unb\nd end ?r\gh a
 piece ( wood ( suffici5t weight to     
balance ! bird :5 set up4  ,hav+1 !n1   
be=e y1 z ! fir/ indisp5sable adjunct1 !
 turn$ /& or artificial twig 7a natural 
"o does 9 "s cases71 ! /uff+ irons1     
file1 crook$ awl1 pli]s1 scissors1 wire1
 t[1 ne$le & ?read1 p9s1 & "s f9e d>n+  
cotton1 :i* is call$ wrapp+ cotton1 y   
proce$ to bus9ess ?us3 ,! bird be+      
sk9n$1 all ! fle% clean$ out1 & well    
dress$ ) ! pres]vative up to ! po9t     

previ\sly describ$--leg bones be+ wrapp$
 & w+s be+ ti$--lay ! bird d[n on a     
clean piece ( pap]4  ,hav+ select$ !    
wire ( two sizes1 ( a suitable ?ickness1
 ! ?9n] = ! body wire & ! o!r = ! leg   
wires1 cut ! ?ree1 ) ! aid ( ! pli]s1 a 
little long] ?an ! body & legs          
respectively1 po9t+ ea* wire at "o end )
 a file--n r\nd+ ! po9ts1 b leav+ !m )  
cutt+ edges4  ,tak+ up ! ?ick] or body  
wire 9 ! "r h& & "s t[ 9 ! left1 comm5ce
 at ab\t an in* f ! po9t to tightly &   
neatly b9d on ! t[ 9 ! %ape ( ! neck1 & 
( ne>ly ! same l5g? t ! neck 0 be=e be+ 
cut (f--t is to say1 mak+ ! artificial  
neck some:at long] ?an ! neck ( ! sk9   
7if prop]ly tak5 (f & n abnormally      
l5g!n$7 appe>s to be4 ,! reason = ?is is
 t ! natural neck1 be+ c>ri$ betwe5 !   
clavicles =m+ ! furculum or m]ry-?\ght1 
is b5t d[nw>d & =w>d betwe5 !m :5 p]*+  
7see ,fig4 #bb72 h5ce ! artificial neck 
mu/ imitate nature s f> z t1 :5 ins]t$ 9
 ! sk91 x may be also b5t =w>d & d[nw>d1
 & aft]w>ds ?r[n back on ! body 9 a     

natural position4  ,( c\rse1 if a bird's
 neck is to be repres5t$ v %ort1 z x w  
be 9 c]ta9 attitudes1 ! artificial neck 
mu/ be almo/1 if n q1 done away )2      
inde$1 ! %ort5+ ( ! neck ( ! m\nt$      
specim5 dep5ds almo/ entirely on !      
abs5ce ( /uff+ above ! %\ld]s4 ,be sure1
 also1 n to /uff ! sk9 too wide ab\t !  
%\ld]s2 if s1 ! butts ( ! w+s w nev]    
come into place1 nor all[ ! fea!rs ( !  
brea/ to be br\ght ov] !m 9 a natural   
mann]4  ,x is exce$+ly difficult to     
in/ruct 9 ^! niceties ( detail2 close   
obs]vation--note a can>y or any song    
bird at re/--add$ to exp]i5ce1 w alone  
tea* ! amateur ^! po9ts4 ,to excel 9    
m\nt+ animals ! arts ( draw+ & modell+ f
 liv+ examples mu/ be cultivat$2 !      
amateur taxid]mi/ ?us ga9s ! requisite k
 to help him 9 8 art4 ,footnote3 ,x may 
p]haps1 be necess>y to w>n !            
non-sci5tific t :5ev] ,i speak ( animals
 ,i include fi%es1 reptiles1 & birds ) !
 mammals4  ,hav+ %ap$ ! neck to y\r own 
satisfaction1 proce$ !nce to =m ! body1 

by cont9u\sly wrapp+ ! t[ r\nd & r\nd ! 
wire1 keep+ ! %ape1 h[ev]1 some:at flat 
on ! sides1 full on ! brea/ & back1 &   
n>r[e/ at ! l[] extremity ( ! body1 :]e 
x comes 9 betwe5 ! legs to ! tail4 ,ab\t
 an in* ( ! wire %\ld n[ be left unb\nd1
 :i* turn up on ! back ( ! false body to
 prev5t ! t[ slipp+ (f2 next take "s    
cotton1 :i* w9d all ov] ! false body to 
keep ! t[ 9 its place1 add+1 z y g on1  
small pieces ( t[1 & b9d+ !m on :]e     
depressions or faults appe>4  ,?is be+  
f9i%$ secundum artem1 ins]t ! po9t$ end 
( ! wire or false neck up ! neck ( !    
specim51 pu%+ ! po9t ( ! wire "r ?r\gh !
 skull until x comes out at ! cr[n ( !  
head4 ,n[ gradually1 by p]suasive means1
 pull ! sk9 ov] ! false body2 & lift !  
/>l+ up & obs]ve :at faults are         
app>5t--possibly a little difficulty    
exi/s at ! %\ld]s1 if s1 press !m 9 ) ! 
?umbs1 & !n note if !re are any app>5tly
 holl[ places2 if s1 fill !m out ) a    
little m t[4 ,see t ! back is nicely    
slop$1 t ! brea/ is full en\gh1 &       

especially if x be ev5 & n>r[ betwe5 !  
legs4 ,hav+ obs]v$ all ^! po9ts ) great 
exactness1 proce$ to nicely sew up ! sk9
 ) ! /it* previ\sly m5tion$4  ,!n select
 two o!r pieces ( wire ( ! "r size1 &   
po9t !m ea* at "o end4 7,note4--,! wires
 are g5]ally a size or s /rong] = ! legs
 ?an = ! body47 ,tak+ a wire 9 ! "r h&1 
op5 ! claws ( ! bird ) ! o!r1 s z to    
expose ! sole ( ! foot1 into :i* pu% !  
po9t ( ! wire1 =c+ x up ! leg on its "u 
side betwe5 ! sk9 & ! bone--be c>eful h[
 y pass "u ! s-call$ knee jo9t4 ,pull+ !
 leg n[ d[nw>d & upw>d1 t is to say1    
t[>d ! brea/1 pu% ! wire "r ?r\gh !     
false body to ! o!r side1 until x comes 
out "u ! w+ on ! side f>!/ f ! leg4 ,) a
 small pair ( pli]s turn ! po9t d[nw>d1 
pull ! wire at ! foot1 & x is ?us cl5*$ 
& firmly fix$2 d ! same ) ! o!r leg4    
,rememb] t if ! leg wires are n firmly  
cl5*$ 9 ! made body1 & are n p]fectly   
/iff & tight1 all y\r lab\r goes = no?+4
 ,n[ br+ toge!r ! sk9 at ! l[] "p ) y\r 
f+]s1 & pu% a small wire ?r\gh ! root ( 

! tail up into ! made body4  ,pick+ !   
bird up ) "o h&1 b5d ! legs into _!     
prop] position1 b5d ! neck a little     
d[nw>d & backw>d on ! front1 !n =w>d &  
d[nw>d f ! back ( ! head4 ,place ! leg  
wires ?r\gh two holes bor$ 9 !          
crosspiece ( ! /&1 or ?r\gh ! natural   
twig1 or w9d !m r\nd on ! false twig &  
make !m secure4 ,run a f9e p9           
7entomological p91 ,no4 #b7 ?r\gh !     
%afts ( ! fea!rs ( ! tail to cause !m to
 dry 9 prop] %ape1 !n neatly ins]t !    
eyes 7putt+ a small piece ( putty 9 !   
orbit previ\sly71 br++ ! eyelids ov] ) a
 f9e ne$le1 be+ exce$+ly c>eful n to rip
 !m1 & n to h !m too />+1 a v common    
fault ) ! amateur4 ,see t ! w+s are fix$
 9 _! "r places ) "o or m p9s or wires4 
,place "o p9 9 ! c5tre ( ! brea/ & 9 !  
middle ( ! back 7all ( ^! p9s mu/ be    
left half-way out71 proce$ to nicely    
arrange ! fea!rs 9 _! prop] places by ! 
aid ( ! crook$ awl & fea!r pli]s 7see   
,fig4 #ai74 ,hav+ done ?is till x appe>s
 z ne>ly l ! liv+ bird z possible 7:i*  

con/ant practice & close att5tion alone 
w enable y to d71 take ! wrapp+ cotton1 
&1 hav+ made a loop on "o end1 fix x to 
! p9 on ! back4 ,br+ x across to ! p9 on
 "o ( ! w+s1 & across 9 a zig-zag mann] 
to ! o!r p9s 9 ! w+s1 b9d+ d[n ! back   
fir/4 ,!n att5d to ! brea/ & "u tail    
cov]ts1 tak+ c>e to b9d d[n m securely  
?an ! o!rs ^? fea!rs :i* w />t up       
7usually ! upp] w+ cov]ts74 ,a c>eful   
b9d] work+ prop]ly w %ape 8 bird by     
b9d+4 ,tie ! m&ibles if !y are want$    
clos$1 & cut ! wire (f ! head1 z x      
p]man5tly raffles ! fea!rs if left until
 ! specim5 is dry4  ,?is is b9d+ = a    
clos$-w+$ bird2 b = "o ^: w+s are to be 
?r[n up1 say a hawk on flight1 ! modus  
op]&i is slightly diff]5t2 wire /ays &  
c>d braces n[ supplem5t wrapp+ cotton4  
,! bird be+ op5$ on its wor/ side is    
/uff$ 9 ! usual mann] z f> z gett+ !    
neck up into ! skull1 ! atta*$ body is  
n[ bolt$ ?r\gh ne> ! top ( ! cut by !   
w+1 by a long wire suffici5tly /rong to 
keep ! bird susp5d$2 ?is wire1 be+      

firmly cl5*$ on ! opposite side ( ! body
 to ! cut1 has its free end1 ( c\rse1   
dep5d+ f ! incision "u ! w+4  ,! next ?+
 to d is to support ! w+s 9 ! position  
necess>y to repres5t flight4 ,= ?is     
purpose1 po9t f\r wires suffici5tly long
 to ext5d ! w+s1 & to come ?r\gh ! body 
to be cl5*$4 ,two ( ^! wires %\ld be ( a
 size ?9n] ?an ! o!r two4 ,select ! w+  
on ! side ( ! body f>!/ f ! cut1 & ent] 
! po9t ( "o ( ! ?icke/ wires 9 ! w+ at !
 end ( ! "p call$ ! metac>pus 7i1 ,plate
 ,,ii72 pu% x g5tly along betwe5 ! bone 
& ! sk9--mean:ile hold+ ! w+ ) ! left-h&
 f+]s--along ! side ( or betwe5 ! radius
 & ulna1 f9ally pu%+ x into ! body at ! 
%\ld]1 & cl5*+ x :5 x comes ?r\gh1 :i* x
 %\ld d "u ! opposite w+ at ! cut4 ,x is
 (t5 v difficult or impossible to get ! 
wire to g ?r\gh ! c>pus2 x w suffice1   
!re=e1 if1 aft] com+ along ! metac>pus1 
x j misses ! c>pus & ent]s ! sk9 aga9 at
 ! junction ( ! radius & ulna4 ,if      
prop]ly manag$1 ! wire w be snugly hidd5
 9 ! sk9 ( ! w+ by ! fea!rs ( ! p>ts    

along :i* x has travell$4  ,d likewise )
 ! o!r w+1 b ?is wire (t5 _c be c>ri$ "r
 ?r\gh to ! opposite side1 & mu/ !re=e  
be firmly secur$ 9 ! body on its own    
side2 next fix ! legs 9 ! mann] be=e    
detail$1 or1 z ! bird is to be repres5t$
 on flight1 ! wires ne$ only be ent]$ at
 ! tibia-t>sal jo9t 7q1 ,plate ,,ii74   
,pu% a wire 9 ! tail1 & sew up !        
incision "u ! w+4  ,! bird has n[ its   
w+s1 legs1 & tail fix$1 & ! free end ( !
 support+ wire is /ick+ out f "u ! w+4  
,fix ?is wire firmly ?r\gh ! top ( a    
n>r[ /rip ( bo>d at su* a di/ance z to  
miss ! outspread w+2 let ?is bo>d also  
be long en\gh to all[ ( "o end be+ fix$ 
9 a vice or screw$ to ! edge ( a table1 
:il/ ! hawk or o!r bird cle>s its       
surface4 ,! bird be+ n[ %ap$ up a       
little1 take ! two ?9ne/ wires & ent] ! 
po9t ( "o 9 ea* w+ at ! end ( ! fle%y "p
 ( ! w+ 7really ! bird's middle f+]71 or
 ?r\gh ! base ( ! fir/ quill1 an in* or 
s f ! o!r wire4 ,?is la/ wire travels   
along ! outside ( ! fea!rs "u ! w+1 & is

 consequ5tly n hidd5 at all :5 pu%$ into
 ! body3 its use is to curve ! w+ ^u x  
into a graceful %ape1 & :5 ! bird is    
suffici5tly dry x is pull$ out1 ! fir/  
wire at ! %\ld] be+ q suffici5t to be>  
up ! w+ :5 set4  ,z1 h[ev]1 ! w+ fea!rs 
/>t up "h & !re1 & d n readily con=m to 
all ! curves ( ! wires1 ! wir+ & b9d+   
mu/ be supplem5t$ by braces1 :i* are    
n>r[ /rips ( c>dbo>d p9n$ 9 pairs at    
int]vals bel[ & above ! w+1 & held 9    
position by p9s runn+ ?r\gh bo? braces f
 ! "u to ! upp] surface4 ,= explanation 
( ?is see ,plate ,i 7,frontispiece71 a  
hawk prop]ly set up & b\nd to repres5t x
 swoop+ on its prey4  ,putty sometimes  
greases light-col\r$ sk9s ar\nd ! eyes2 
x w be well1 !re=e1 to ins]t 9 its /ead 
a little pipe or modell+ clay work$ up  
/iff4 7,clay w be treat$ ( 9 a subsequ5t
 *apt]4 ,x w be f\nd useful = ! faces ( 
"s sea-birds & hawks1 & inde$ = ! great]
 "p ( ! body & legs ( l>ge birds4 ,!    
,cass[>y 9 ! ,leice/] ,museum has be5   
work$ up l>gely 9 ?is mann]47  ,/eel p9s

 ) black bead heads are fir/-rate helps 
to b9d+4 ,!y are sold 9 v>i\s l5g?s1 &  
be+ long1 %>p1 & f9e1 q sup]s$e ord9>y  
p9s4  ,audi alt]am p>tem6 ,let u n[ take
 ! evid5ce ( ,wat]ton3  ,y w obs]ve h[  
beautifully ! fea!rs ( a bird are       
arrang$2 "o fall+ ov] ! o!r 9 nice/     
ord]1 & t1 :]e ?is *>m+ h>mony is       
int]rupt$1 ! defeat1 ?\gh n notic$ by an
 ord9>y spectator1 w appe> imm$iately to
 ! eye ( a naturali/4 ,?us1 a bird n    
w\nd$1 & 9 p]fect fea!r1 mu/ be procur$1
 if possible1 = ! loss ( fea!rs c seldom
 be made good2 & :]e ! defici5cy is     
great all ! skill ( ! arti/ w avail him 
little 9 8 attempt to conceal ! defect2 
because1 9 ord] to hide x1 he mu/       
contract ! sk91 br+ d[n ! upp] fea!rs & 
%ove 9 ! l[] ones1 :i* w\ld ?r[ all !   
surr\nd+ p>ts into contortion4  ,y w    
also obs]ve t ! :ole ( ! sk9 does n     
produce fea!rs1 & t x is v t5d] :]e !   
fea!rs d n gr[4 ,! b>e p>ts are         
admirably =m$ = expansion ab\t ! ?roat &
 /oma*1 & !y fit into ! diff]5t cavities

 ( ! body at ! w+s1 %\ld]1 rump1 &      
?ighs1 ) wond]ful exactness1 s t 9 /uff+
 ! bird1 if y make an ev5 rotund surface
 ( ! sk91 :]e ! cavities exi/$1 9 lieu (
 re-=m+ !m1 all symmetry1 ord]1 &       
proportion are lo/ = ev]4  ,y mu/ lay x 
d[n z an absolute rule t ! bird is to be
 entirely sk9n$1 o!rwise y c nev] succe$
 9 =m+ a true & pleas+ specim54  ,y w   
all[ ?is to be j1 aft] reflect+ a mom5t 
on ! nature ( ! fle%y p>ts & t5dons1 :i*
 are (t5 left 94 ,fir/1 !y require to be
 well season$ ) aromatic spices2        
secondly1 !y mu/ be put into ! ov5 to   
dry2 ?irdly1 ! heat ( ! fire1 & !       
natural t5d5cy all cur$ fle% has to %r9k
 & become h>d1 r5d] ! specim5 )]$1      
di/ort$1 & too small2 f\r?ly1 ! inside  
!n becomes l a ham or any o!r dri$ meat4
 ,ere long ! insects claim x z _! own1 !
 fea!rs beg9 to drop (f1 & y h ! hide\s 
spectacle ( dea? 9 ragg$ plumage4  ,wire
 is ( no mann] ( use1 b1 on ! contr>y1 a
 great nuisance1 =1 :5 x is introduc$1 a
 disagreeable /iffness & dis>rangem5t ( 

symmetry foll[4  ,! head & neck c be    
plac$ 9 any attitude2 ! body support$1 !
 w+s clos$1 ext5d$1 or elevat$2 ! tail  
depress$1 rais$1 or exp&$2 ! ?ighs set  
horizontal1 or oblique1 )\t any aid f   
wire4 ,cotton w effect all ?is4  ,a v   
small proportion ( ! skull bone--say f !
 =e "p ( ! eyes to ! bill--is to be left
 91 ?\gh ev5 ?is is n absolutely        
necess>y4 ,"p ( ! w+ bones1 ! jaw bones1
 & half ! ?igh bones rema94 ,ev]y?+     
else--fle%1 fat1 eyes1 bones1 bra9 &    
t5dons--are all to be tak5 away4  ,:ile 
dissect+1 x w be ( use to keep 9 m9d t1 
9 tak+ (f ! sk9 f ! body1 by means ( y\r
 f+]s & a little knife1 y mu/ try to    
%ove x1 9 lieu ( pull+ x1 le/ y /ret* x4
  ,t y mu/ press z lightly z possible on
 ! bird1 & e n[ & !n take a view ( x1 to
 see t ! fea!rs are all "r4  ,t1 :5 y   
come to ! head1 y mu/ take c>e t ! body 
( ! sk9 re/s on y\r knee2 =1 if y all[ x
 to dangle f y\r h&1 its own weight w   
/ret* x too mu*4  ,t ?r\gh\t ! :ole     
op]ation1 z fa/ z y deta* ! sk9 f ! body

 y mu/ put cotton imm$iately betwe5 !   
body & x1 & ?is w effectually prev5t any
 fat1 blood1 or moi/ure f com+ 9 contact
 ) ! plumage4 ,"h x may be obs]v$ t on !
 belly y f9d an inn] sk9 :i* keeps !    
b[els 9 _! place4  ,by a nice op]ation )
 ! knife y c cut ?r\gh ! out] sk91 &    
leave ! inn] sk9 :ole4 ,att5tion to ?is 
w r5d] y\r "w v clean1 s t1 ) a little  
c>e 9 o!r p>ts1 y may sk9 a bird )\t ev5
 soil+ y\r f+] ends4  ,z y c seldom get 
a bird )\t %oot+ x1 a l9e or two on ?is 
head w be necess>y4 ,if ! bird be /ill  
alive1 press x h>d ) y\r f+] & ?umb j   
beh9d ! w+s1 & x w soon expire4 ,c>ry x 
by ! legs1 & !n1 ! body be+ rev]s$1     
blood _c escape d[n ! plumage ?r\gh !   
%ot holes4  ,z blood w (t5 h issu$ out  
be=e y h laid hold ( ! bird1 f9d out !  
%ot holes by divid+ ! fea!rs ) y\r f+]s 
& bl[+ on !m1 & !n1 ) y\r p5knife or !  
leaf ( a tree1 c>efully remove ! clott$ 
blood1 & put a little cotton 9 ! hole4  
,if1 aft] all1 ! plumage has n escap$ ! 
m>ks ( blood1 or if x has imbib$ slime f

 ! gr\nd1 wa% ! "p 9 wat] )\t soap1 &   
keep g5tly agitat+ ! fea!rs ) y\r f+]s  
till !y are q dry4 ,7 y to wa% !m &     
leave !m to dry by !mselves !y w\ld h a 
v mean & %rivell$ appe>ance4  ,9 ! act (
 sk9n+ a bird y mu/ ei!r h x ^u a table 
or ^u y\r knee4 ,probably y w pref] y\r 
knee1 because1 :5 y cross "o knee ov] ! 
o!r1 & h ! bird ^u ! upp]mo/1 y c raise 
x to y\r eye1 or l[] x at pleasure1 by  
means ( ! foot on ! gr\nd1 & !n y\r knee
 w always move 9 unison ) y\r body1 by  
:i* mu* /oop+ w be avoid$ & lassitude   
prev5t$4  ,) ^! precaution>y h9ts 9 m9d1
 we w n[ proce$ to dissect a bird4      
,suppos+ we take a hawk4 ,! little birds
 w ?ank u ) a song = 8 dea?1 = he has   
oppress$ !m sorely2 & 9 size he is j !  
?+4 ,8 sk9 is also pretty t\gh & !      
fea!rs adh]e to x4  ,we w put close by u
 a little bottle ( ! solution (         
corrosive sublimate 9 alcohol1 also a   
/ick l a common knitt+ ne$le1 & a h&ful 
or two ( cotton4  ,n[ fill ! m\? &      
no/rils ( ! bird ) cotton1 & place x ^u 

y\r knee on its back ) its head po9t+ to
 y\r left %\ld]4 ,take hold ( ! knife ) 
y\r two fir/ f+]s & ?umb1 ! edge upw>ds4
 ,y mu/ n keep ! po9t ( ! knife         
p]p5dicul> to ! body ( ! bird1 because1 
7 y to hold x s1 y w\ld cut ! inn] sk9 (
 ! belly & ?us let ! b[els out4 ,to     
avoid ?is1 let y\r knife be p>allel to !
 body1 & !n y w divide ! out] sk9 )     
great ease4  ,beg9 on ! belly bel[ !    
brea/bone1 & cut d[n ! middle q to !    
v5t4 ,?is done1 put ! bird 9 any        
conv5i5t position1 & sep>ate ! sk9 f !  
body till y get at ! middle jo9t ( !    
?igh4 ,cut x ?r\gh1 & d no m !re at     
pres5t1 except introduc+ cotton all !   
way on t side f ! v5t to ! brea/bone4 ,d
 exactly ! same on ! opposite side4  ,n[
 place ! bird p]p5dicul>1 ! brea/ re/+  
on y\r knee1 ) its back t[>ds y4        
,sep>ate ! sk9 f ! body on ea* side at !
 v5t1 & nev] m9d at pres5t ! "p f ! v5t 
to ! root ( ! tail4 ,b5d ! tail g5tly   
d[n to ! back1 & :ile y\r f+]s & ?umb   
are keep+ d[n ! deta*$ p>ts ( ! sk9 on  

ea* side ( ! v5t1 cut q across & deep   
till y see ! backbone ne> ! oil gl& at !
 root ( ! tail4 ,sev] ! backbone at !   
jo9t1 & !n all ! root ( ! tail toge!r1 )
 ! oil gl& dissect$ f ! body4 ,apply    
pl5ty ( cotton4  ,aft] ?is seize ! end (
 ! backbone ) ! f+] & ?umb1 & n[ y c    
hold up ! bird cle> ( y\r knee & turn x 
r\nd & r\nd z occasion requires4  ,:ile 
y are hold+ x ?us1 contrive1 ) ! help ( 
y\r o!r h& & knife1 by cutt+ & %ov+1 to 
get ! sk9 pu%$ up till y come to :]e !  
w+s jo9 on ! body4  ,=get n to apply    
cotton2 cut ^! jo9ts ?r\gh1 add cotton1 
& g5tly pu% ! sk9 ov] ! head1 cut out ! 
roots ( ! e>s1 :i* lie v deep 9 ! head1 
& cont9ue sk9n+ till y rea* ! middle ( !
 eye2 cut ! nictat+ membrane q ?r\gh1   
o!rwise y w\ld te> ! orbit ( ! eye2 &   
aft] ?is no?+ difficult int]v5es to     
prev5t y\r arriv+ at ! root ( ! bill4   
,:5 ?is is effect$ cut away ! body1     
leav+ a little bit ( skull1 j z mu* z w 
rea* to ! =e-"p ( ! eye1 clean well !   
jaw bones1 fa/5 a little cotton at ! end

 ( y\r /ick1 dip x into ! solution1 &   
t\* ! skull & correspond+ p>ts ( ! sk91 
z y _c well get at ^! places aft]w>ds4  
,f ! "t ( pu%+ ! sk9 ov] ! head y are   
suppos$ to h _h ! bird re/+ ^u y\r knee4
 ,keep x !re /ill1 & ) great caution &  
t5d]ness return ! head ?r\gh ! inv]t$   
sk91 & :5 y see ! beak appe>+ pull x v  
g5tly till ! head comes out unruffl$ &  
un/a9$4  ,y may n[ take ! cotton out ( !
 m\?4 ,cut away all ! rema9+ fle% f !   
palate1 & :atev] may h rema9$ at ! "u   
jaw4  ,"h is n[ be=e y ! sk9 )\t loss ( 
any fea!rs1 & all ! fle%1 fat1 & unclean
 bones out ( x1 except ! middle jo9t ( !
 w+s1 "o bone ( ! ?ighs1 & ! fle%y root 
( ! tail4 ,! extreme po9t ( ! w+ is v   
small1 & has no fle% on x1 comp>atively 
speak+1 s t x requires no att5tion      
except t\*+ x ) ! solution f ! outside4 
,take all ! fle% f ! rema9+ jo9t ( ! w+1
 & tie a ?read ab\t f\r in*es long to ! 
end ( x1 t\* all ) ! solution1 & put !  
w+ bone back into its place4 ,9 b>+ ?is 
bone y mu/ by no means pull ! sk94 ,y   

w\ld h x to pieces beyond all d\bt1 = ! 
ends ( ! long fea!rs are atta*$ to !    
bone itself4 ,y mu/ pu% (f ! sk9 ) y\r  
?umb & =ef+]4 ,n[ sk9 ! ?igh1 q to !    
bone1 cut away all fle% & t5dons1 & b>e 
! bone1 =m an artificial ?igh r\nd x )  
cotton1 apply ! solution1 & draw back ! 
sk9 ov] ! artificial ?igh2 ! same to !  
o!r ?igh4  ,la/ly1 proce$ to ! tail1    
take out ! inside ( ! oil gl&1 remove   
all ! rema9+ fle% f ! root till y see ! 
ends ( ! tail fea!rs1 give x ! solution 
& replace x4 ,n[ take out all ! cotton  
:i* y h be5 putt+ into ! body f "t to "t
 to pres]ve ! fea!rs f grease & /a94    
,place ! bird ^u y\r knee1 on its back1 
tie toge!r ! two ?reads :i* y _h fa/5$  
to ! ends ( ! w+ jo9ts1 leav+ exactly ! 
same space betwixt !m z y\r k ( anatomy 
in=ms y exi/$ !re :5 ! bird 0 entire1   
hold ! sk9 op5 ) y\r f+] & ?umb1 & apply
 ! solution to e "p ( ! inside4 ,neglect
 ! head & neck at pres5t2 !y are to     
receive x aft]w>ds4  ,fill ! body       
mod]ately ) cotton le/ ! fea!rs on !    

belly %\ld be injur$4 ,:il/ y are ab\t !
 foll[+ op]ation y mu/ recollect t half 
( ! ?igh--or1 9 o!r words1 "o jo9t ( !  
?igh bone--has be5 out away4 ,n[1 z ?is 
bone nev] mov$ p]p5dicul> to ! body1 b1 
on ! contr>y1 9 an oblique direction1 ( 
c\rse1 z soon z x is cut (f1 ! rema9+ "p
 ( ! ?igh & leg1 hav+ no?+ to support !m
 obliquely1 mu/ naturally fall to _!    
p]p5dicul>2 h5ce ! reason :y ! legs     
appe> too long4 ,to correct ?is1 take   
y\r ne$le & ?read1 fa/5 ! end r\nd !    
bone inside1 & !n pu% ! ne$le ?r\gh !   
sk9 j opposite to x2 look on ! outside1 
& aft] f9d+ ! ne$le among/ ! fea!rs1    
tack up ! ?igh "u ! w+ ) sev]al /rong   
/it*es4 ,?is w %ort5 ! ?igh & r5d] x q  
capable ( support+ ! weight ( ! body )\t
 ! help ( wire4  ,?is done take out e   
bit ( cotton except ! artificial ?ighs1 
& adju/ ! w+ bones 7:i* are connect$ by 
! ?read7 9 ! mo/ ev5 mann] possible1 s t
 "o jo9t does n appe> to be l[] ?an !   
o!r1 = unless !y are q equal ! w+s      
!mselves w be unequal :5 y come to put  

!m 9 _! prop] attitude4 ,"h1 !n1 re/s ! 
%ell ( ! poor hawk ready to receive f   
y\r skill & judgm5t1 ! size1 ! %ape1 !  
features1 & expression x bad ere dea? & 
y\r dissect+ h& br\ght x to its pres5t  
/ill & =mless /ate4 ,! cold h& ( dea?   
/amps deep its m>k ^u ! pro/rate victim4
 ,:5 ! he>t ceases to beat & ! blood no 
long] c\rses ?r\gh ! ve9s1 ! features   
collapse1 & ! :ole frame seems to %r9k  
)9 itself4 ,if1 !n1 y h =m$ y\r idea ( !
 real appe>ance ( ! bird f a dead       
specim5 y w be 9 error4 ,) ?is 9 m9d1 & 
at ! same "t =m+ y\r specim5 a trifle   
l>g] ?an life to make up = :at x w lose 
9 dry+1 y w reproduce a bird t w please 
y4  ,x is n[ "t to introduce ! cotton = 
an artificial body by means ( ! little  
/ick l a knitt+ ne$le2 & )\t any o!r aid
 or sub/ance ?an t ( ?is little /ick &  
cotton y\r own g5ius mu/ produce ^?     
swell+s & cavities1 t j proportion1 t   
elegance & h>mony ( ! :ole1 s mu* admir$
 9 animat$ nature1 s little att5d$ to 9 
pres]v$ specim5s4 ,aft] y h introduc$ ! 

cotton1 sew up ! orifice y orig9ally    
made 9 ! belly1 beg9n+ at ! v5t4 ,& f "t
 to "t1 till y arrive at ! la/ /it*1    
keep add+ a little cotton 9 ord] t !re  
may be no defici5cy !re4 ,la/ly1 dip y\r
 /ick into ! solution & put x d[n !     
?roat ?ree or f\r times 9 ord] t e "p   
may receive x4  ,:5 ! head & neck are   
fill$ ) cotton q to y\r lik+1 close !   
bill z 9 nature4 ,a little bit ( beeswax
 at ! end ( x w keep ! m&ibles 9 _!     
prop] place4 ,a ne$le mu/ be /uck into !
 l[] m&ible p]p5dicul>ly4  ,y w %ortly  
see ! use ( x4 ,br+ also ! feet toge!r  
by a p91 & !n run a ?read ?r\gh ! knees1
 by :i* y may draw !m to ea* o!r z ne> z
 y judge prop]4 ,no?+ n[ rema9s to be   
add$ b ! eyes4 ,) y\r little /ick make a
 holl[ 9 ! cotton )9 ! orbit1 &         
introduce ! glass eyes ?r\gh ! orbit2   
adju/ ! orbit to !m z 9 nature1 & t     
requires no o!r fa/5]4  ,y\r close      
inspection ( ! eyes ( animals w already 
h in=m$ y t ! orbit is capable ( receiv+
 a mu* l>g] body ?an t "p ( ! eye :i*   

appe>s )9 x :5 9 life1 s t 7 y to       
proportion y\r eye to ! size ! orbit is 
capable ( receiv+ x w\ld be f> too l>ge4
 ,inatt5tion to ?is has caus$ ! eyes ( e
 specim5 9 ! be/ cab9ets ( natural      
hi/ory to be out ( all proportion4 ,to  
prev5t ?is1 contract ! orbit1 by means (
 a v small delicate ne$le & ?read1 at t 
"p ( x f>!/ f ! beak4 ,?is may be done )
 su* nicety t ! /it* _c be obs]v$1 & ?us
 y h ! artificial eye 9 true proportion4
  ,aft] ?is t\* ! bill1 orbits1 feet1 & 
=m] oil-gl& at ! root ( ! tail ) !      
solution1 & !n y h giv5 to ! hawk ev]y?+
 necess>y1 except attitude & a prop]    
degree ( ela/icity--two qualities v     
ess5tial4  ,procure any common ord9>y   
box1 fill "o end ( x ab\t ?ree-f\r?s up 
to ! top ) cotton1 =m+ a slop+ plane4   
,make a mod]ate holl[ 9 x to receive !  
bird4 ,n[ take ! hawk 9 y\r h&s1 & aft] 
putt+ ! w+s 9 ord]1 place x 9 ! cotton )
 its legs 9 a sitt+ po/ure4 ,! head w   
fall d[n2 nev] m9d4 ,get a cork & run   
?ree p9s into ! end1 j l a ?ree-legg$   

/ool4 ,place x "u ! bird's bill1 & run !
 ne$le1 :i* y =m]ly fix$ !re1 into !    
head ( ! cork4 ,?is w support ! bird's  
head admirably4 ,if y wi% to l5g!n !    
neck1 raise ! cork by putt+ m cotton "u 
x4 ,if ! head is to be br\ght =w>d1 br+ 
! cork ne>] to ! end ( ! box4 ,if x     
requires to be set backw>ds on ! %\ld]s1
 move back ! cork4  ,z 9 dry+ ! back "p 
( ! neck w %r9k m ?an ! =e "p1 & ?us ?r[
 ! beak high] ?an y wi% x to be--putt+ y
 9 m9d ( a />-gaz+ horse--prev5t ?is    
fault by ty+ a ?read to ! beak & fa/5+ x
 to ! end ( ! box ) a p9 or ne$le4 ,if y
 *oose to elevate ! w+s1 d s1 & support 
!m ) cotton2 & %\ld y wi% to h !m       
p>ticul>ly high1 apply a little /ick "u 
ea* w+1 & fa/5 ! ends ( !m to ! side ( !
 box ) a little beeswax4  ,if y w\ld h !
 tail exp&$1 rev]se ! ord] ( ! fea!rs1  
beg9n+ f ! two middle ones4 ,:5 dry1    
replace !m 9 _! true ord]1 & ! tail w   
pres]ve = ev] ! expansion y h giv5 x4   
,is ! cre/ to be erect8 ,move ! fea!rs 9
 a contr>y direction to t 9 :i* !y lie =

 a day or two1 & x w nev] fall d[n aft]4
  ,place ! box any:]e 9 y\r room out ( !
 influ5ce ( ! sun1 w9d1 & fire1 = !     
specim5 mu/ dry v sl[ly if y wi% to     
reproduce e feature4 ,on ?is acc\nt !   
solution ( corrosive sublimate is       
uncommonly s]viceable1 =1 at ! same "t t
 x totally prev5ts putrefaction1 x r5d]s
 ! sk9 moi/ & flexible = _m days4 ,:ile 
! bird is dry+1 take x out & replace x 9
 its position once e day4 ,!n1 if y see 
t any "p beg9s to %r9k into             
disproportion1 y c easily rem$y ft4  ,! 
small cov]t fea!rs ( ! w+s are apt to   
rise a little1 because ! sk9 w come 9   
contact ) ! bone :i* rema9s 9 ! w+4     
,pull g5tly ! "p t rises ) y\r f+] &    
?umb = a day or two2 press ! fea!rs d[n2
 ! sk9 w adh]e no m to ! bone1 & !y w   
cease to rise4  ,e n[ & !n1 t\* & re-t\*
 all ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! fea!rs1 9 ord]  
to r5d] !m di/9ct & visible1 correct+ at
 ! same "t any h>%ness or unnatural     
ris+s or s9k+s1 flatness1 or rotundity4 
,?is is putt+ ! la/ f9i%+ t\* to x4  ,9 

?ree or f\r days ! feet lose _! natural 
ela/icity1 & ! knees beg9 to /iff54 ,:5 
y obs]ve ?is1 x is "t to give ! legs any
 angle y wi%1 & arrange ! toes = a /&+  
position1 or curve !m to y\r f+]4 ,if y 
wi% to set ! bird on a bran*1 bore a    
little hole "u ea* foot a little way up 
! leg1 &1 hav+ fix$ two proportional    
spikes on ! bran*1 y c 9 a mom5t transf]
 ! bird f y\r f+] to x1 & f x to y\r    
f+]1 at pleasure4  ,:5 ! bird is q dry1 
pull ! ?read out ( ! knees1 take away ! 
ne$le1 etc1 f "u ! bill1 & all is done4 
,9 lieu ( be+ /iff ) wires1 ! cotton w h
 giv5 a consid]able ela/icity to e "p ( 
y\r bird1 s t :5 p]*+ on y\r f+]1 if y  
press x d[n ) ! o!r h&1 x w rise aga94  
,y ne$ n fe> t y\r hawk w alt]1 or its  
col\rs fade4  ,! alcohol has introduc$ !
 sublimate into e "p & pore ( ! sk91 q  
to ! roots ( ! fea!rs4 ,its use is      
tw(old3 ,fir/1 x1 has totally prev5t$   
all t5d5cy to putrefaction1 & ?us a s\nd
 sk9 has atta*$ itself to ! roots ( !   
fea!rs4 ,y may take hold ( a s+le "o1 & 

f x susp5d five times ! weight ( ! bird2
 y may j]k x1 x w /ill adh]e to ! ak91  
&1 aft] repeat$ trials1 (t5 break %ort4 
,secondly1 z no "p ( ! sk9 has escap$   
receiv+ p>ticles ( sublimate conta9$ 9 !
 alcohol1 !re is n a spot expos$ to !   
depr$ation ( insects2 = !y w nev] v5ture
 to attack any sub/ance :i* has receiv$ 
corrosive sublimate4  ,y are aw>e t     
corrosive sublimate is ! mo/ fatal      
poison to insects t is kn[n4 ,x is      
anti-putresc5t1 s is alcohol1 & !y are  
bo? col\rless4 ,( c\rse1 !y _c leave a  
/a9 beh9d !m4 ,! _s p5etrates ! pores ( 
! sk9 ) wond]ful velocity1 deposits     
invisible p>ts ( ! sublimate1 & flies   
(f4 ,! sublimate w n injure ! sk91 &    
no?+ c deta* x f ! "p :]e ! alcohol has 
left x4  99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99  
99 99 99 99 99 99  ,all ! fea!rs require
 to be t\*$ ) ! solution 9 ord] t !y may
 be pres]v$ f ! depr$ation ( ! mo?4 ,!  
sure/ way ( proce$+ is to imm]se ! bird 
9 ! solution ( corrosive sublimate1 & !n
 dry x be=e y beg9 to dissect x4        

7,wat]ton's ,w&]+s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica47  ,on
 ref]5ce to ! in/ructions giv5          
previ\sly1 & ^? la/ quot$1 x w be se5 t 
! two sy/ems are diametrically oppos$ to
 ea* o!r4 ,i w1 !re=e1 n[ po9t out !    
objections to a g5]al use ( ,wat]ton's  
plan4  ,fir/1 let me premise t ,i       
entirely agree ) him 9 8 op5+ p>agraph z
 to select+1 :5 practicable1 a bird z   
little damag$ z possible2 b ,i ne$ n    
rem9d pr(essionals1 or amateurs ( "s    
practice1 h[ seldom ^! conditions exi/1 
especially 9 ! in/ance ( birds s5t to !m
 = m\nt+1 by p totally ignorant ( ! fir/
 pr9ciples ( taxid]my4 ,:]e a great     
numb] ( fea!rs are miss+1 ! loss mu/ be 
repair$ by ! ins]tion ( simil> fea!rs   
plac$ "o by "o 9 position by ! aid (    
/rong pa/e1 9 :i* a little ( ! corrosive
 sublimate prep>ation 7see *apt] on     
,pres]vatives1 ante7 or c>bolic acid has
 previ\sly be5 /irr$4 ,he is also q "r  
:5 he insi/s ^u ! specim5 n be+ /uff$ z 
a r\nd ball ( fea!rs1 z "s tyros are 9 !
 habit ( do+1 & also :5 he says t ! bird

 mu/ be well sk9n$4  ,) ! next p>agraph1
 z to ! uselessness ( wire1 ,i totally  
disagree1 & = ?is reason1 t1 al?\gh ,i h
 myself prov$ x possible--hav+ _m ye>s  
ago foll[$ ,wat]ton's in/ructions--to   
m\nt a bird entirely )\t wire1 /ill x is
 at ! be/ b an amateur's dodge2 & ,i c  
fe>lessly ass]t t x w n /& ! te/ ( "w & 
exp$i5cy4 ,x is1 9 fact1 impossible to  
disp5se ) wire1 if taxid]my is to be    
foll[$ z a pr(ession4 ,z to putt+ cotton
 wool betwe5 ! fle% & ! sk91 practice w 
enable "o to d )\t ?is4 ,to me x w\ld be
 a great nuisance1 unless 9 ! case ( mu*
 grease1 ( p]si/5t ble$+1 or clots (    
extravasat$ blood occurr+4 ,all ! re/ ( 
! in/ructions on sk9n+ are s\nd &       
practical1 except :]e he advises ! knee 
to be us$ in/ead ( a table4 ,a little   
reflection1 or1 bett] /ill1 a trial1 w  
conv9ce anyone t no?+ c comp>e 9        
practice ) a table or b5* = com=table   
work+4  ,i d n hold1 ei!r1 ) ! total    
removal ( ! skull4 ,= in/ance1 h[ are y 
to exhibit ! sup]cili>y ridge :i* gives 

s di/9ctive a "* to ! v bird ,wat]ton   
selects--! hawk--if y cut x away8 ,i h  
tri$ bo? plans1 & ,i unhesitat+ly say t 
y _c give "* to ! heads ( ! l>g] birds  
if y remove ! skull 7unless1 ( c\rse1 y 
*oose to model x up 9 clay1 etc1 z 9 !  
heads ( mammals71 ?\gh ,i agree t y mu/ 
free ! sk9 f all its surr\nd+s4 ,i h at 
! pres5t mom5t sev]al birds 7set up by a
 man 9 ! ,we/ ( ,engl&71 9 :i* ! skulls 
h be5 remov$2 ! sk9 has %runk 9 at !    
back ( ! head & at ! m&ibles2 & 9 "o    
in/ance--an osprey--! bird has entirely 
lo/ its nobility & eagle-l appe>ance by 
! removal ( ! ridge above ! eye4  ,i _c 
urge ! advisability ( mak+ ! body l>g]  
to all[ = %r9k+1 inasmu* z 9 ! case (   
c]ta9 birds--notably gulls--:i* %\ld    
pres5t an ev5' surface on ! brea/1 !    
opposite effect w be produc$ if ! false 
body is unduly l>ge1 z !n1 9 place ( !  
ev5ness s desirable1 a division w appe> 
9 ! c5tre ( ! body1 :i* entirely m>s !  
beautiful symmetry ( ! sea-bird's brea/4
 ,no p]ceptible %r9kage c1 h[ev]1 occur 

if ! body is prop]ly made & pack$2 & "h 
is %[n ! va/ sup]iority ( ! made body ( 
well-wrapp$ t[ ov] t made ( loose cotton
 ins]t$ 9 ! sk91 bit by bit4  ,! eyes ,i
 pref] to ins]t 9 ! l>g] birds aft] !   
specim5 is dry1 z !n any little fault 9 
! %ape ( ! head is easily rectifi$ ?r\gh
 ! orbit1 ! eyelid1 ( c\rse1 be+        
previ\sly relax$ 7) cotton wool dipp$ 9 
w>m wat]7 to d ?is & to receive !       
artificial eye4  ,wat]ton's me?od (     
sett+ up birds may be dismiss$ 9 a few  
words2 x is impracticable = anyone b an 
amateur :o has unlimit$ "t at 8         
disposal1 & :o does n object to sp5d    
ab\t a c\ple ( days ov] "o specim51 & :o
 has also ample room = ! l>ge collection
 ( diff]5t-siz$ boxes he mu/ accumulate4
  ,9 us+ ! corrosive sublimate ! /ud5t w
 d well to c>efully read ! *apt] on     
,pres]vatives1 & !n make up 8 m9d4 ,i   
may "h m5tion1 h[ev]1 t ,i %\ld n advise
 anyone to "w on a bird previ\sly       
saturat$ ) a solution ( corrosive       
sublimate4  ,x has be5 said1 ,de mortuis

 nil nisi bonum2 b1 :ile fully ackn[l$g+
 ! =ce ( ! rem>k1 z also ! great        
sci5tific atta9m5ts & love = natural    
hi/ory :i* di/+ui%$ ! illu/ri\s         
travell]1 ,i _c all[ anyone :o reads 8  
ent]ta9+ works to be misl$ into wa/+ "t 
9 an unpr(itable mann]4  ,ano!r way (   
sett+ up a bird may be describ$ z       
foll[s3 ,provide y\rself ) f\r          
wires--two ( :i* are = ! legs1 a long "o
 = ! body1 & a %ort] "o = ! w+s2 let u  
suppose we h ano!r />l+ 9 front ( u4 ,= 
?is bird take a suitable piece ( wire   
ab\t ?ree in*es long 7po9t$ at bo?      
ends71 & b5d x d[n at ea* end = !       
di/ance ( an in*1 :i* ( c\rse leaves "o 
in* 9 ! middle at a "r angle to ea* end2
 ?is is call$ ! w+-be>]4 ,!n place a    
little piece ( t[ inside ! sk9 to fit   
along ! back1 & on to ! top ( ?is lay ! 
w+-be>]1 pu%+ ! po9t$ ends d[n & into ! 
holl[s ( ! w+-bones 7:i* mu/ be left    
ne>ly _! full l5g? to admit ( ?is74     
,next take ! body wire1 also %>p5$ at   
bo? ends1 & a little long] ?an y        

require1 & at a suffici5t di/ance f "o  
end =m ) ! pli]s a loop simil> to ,fig4 
#a1 s t x comes ab\t ! c5tre ( !        
project$ body2 "o end w ?us be mu* long]
 f ! loop ?an ! o!r4 ,run "o end 7!     
longe/7 "r up ! body to come out at !   
cr[n ( ! head 7! head itself be+        
previ\sly /uff$71 pu% x ?r\gh a         
suffici5t di/ance1 s t ! loop$ end falls
 )9 ! incision ( ! sk92 s soon z x is   
pass$ inside pull ! loop$ end d[n1 & pu%
 its po9t ?r\gh ! root ( ! tail2 ! loop 
%\ld n[1 if accurately calculat$1 come j
 9 ! c5tre ( ! body incision4  ,pack    
und]nea? ! wire at all po9ts ) little   
pieces ( f9ely cut t[1 n =gett+ ! neck4 
,! wire %\ld n[ be protect$ f t\*+ !    
bird on its und]side4 ,n[ take ! leg    
wires1 po9t !m & pass !m up ! legs z    
be=e describ$2 :5 !y appe> )9 ! sk9 by !
 side ( ! legs1 pu% ! ends ( ea* "o     
?r\gh ! little loop on ! body wire1 & by
 ! aid ( ! small pli]s & y\r f+] & ?umb 
twi/ !m tightly up or d[n ! ma9 wire4   
,if prop]ly done1 ! bird %\ld be capable

 ( be+ lift$ by "o leg wire & %\ld feel 
p]fectly /iff & firm4 ,proce$ by !      
addition ( cut t[ to gradually =m !     
body1 :i*1 :5 arrang$ to y\r lik+1 sew  
up4  ,?is1 9 contradi/9ction to ! o!r   
me?od1 is call$ ! s(t body1 & is n a    
plan :i* ,i at all recomm5d4 ,sometimes 
a cork is pu%$ on at ! ma9 or body wire 
to act 9 ! place ( ! loop2 ! leg wires  
are !n pu%$ ?r\gh & cl5*$ on ! o!r side1
 & ! sk9 is fill$ ) cut t[ z be=e4      
,ano!r sy/em ( =m+ an artificial body = 
a bird is by means ( peat4 ,footnote3   
,peat is compress$ vegetable fibre cut f
 old bogs1 & is sold by ! deal]s1 9 dri$
 cakes ab\t #a foot long by #f in*es by 
#b in*es4 ,hav+ provid$ y\rself ) "o (  
^! bricks ( peat1 y cut x ) a %>p knife 
to z ne> ! %ape requir$ z possible1 hav+
 ! natural body be=e y z a guide1 f9ally
 ins]t+ x 9 ! bird4  ,my objection to ! 
use ( peat = ?is purpose is1 fir/1 ! du/
 & dirt caus$ by ! wa/e pieces2 &1      
secondly1 ! fact t birds m\nt$ on ?is   
sy/em h a t5d5cy to look wood51 z1      

unlike a body =m$ ( t[1 t made ( peat is
 /iff & unyield+1 &1 !re=e1 aft] x is   
once 9 ! sk91 x _c be press$ into %ape  
:]e defects appe>1 & is ( c\rse n s     
easily alt]$4 ,aft] a long & pati5t     
trial ( ! peat body1 ,i h become conv9c$
 ( its _m disadvantages1 & h ( late ye>s
 return$ to my fir/ plan--! body made ( 
well wrapp$ t[--nor d ,i ?9k any?+ w    
comp>e ) x1 = ! reasons above /at$4     
,peat 9 ! case ( v l>ge birds 7o/ri*es1 
etc47 & mammals is useful1 b = ! ord9>y 
run ( birds ,i decid$ly veto its        
application4  ,birds ) l>g] heads ?an   
necks1 su* z ducks1 etc1 mu/ be treat$ 9
 "o ( ?ree ways4 ,fir/1 aft] sk9n+ out !
 body1 & cutt+ (f ! neck f ! inside1 cut
 ) ! /rong scissors a triangul> piece   
away f ! base ( ! skull1 f :i* extract !
 bra91 & !n compress ! sides ( ! face   
7m&ibles7 betwe5 y\r f+] & ?umb f !     
outside1 at ! same "t endeav\r+ to slip 
! head 7n[ some:at ela/ic by ! removal (
 ! base ( ! skull7 ?r\gh ! neck4  ,d ?is
 :5ev] possible2 b = ^? birds ^: m&ibles

 resi/ any am\nt ( mod]ate pressure1 (  
:i* ! l>g] ducks1 woodpeck]s1 etc1 are  
examples1 ! second plan mu/ be adopt$1  
:i* is to cut 7aft] ! removal ( ! body7 
on ! cre/ ( ! head ( a specim5--if a    
cre/$ bird--or along ! sides ( ! face if
 fail+ 9 ?is p>ticul>2 ! head may !n be 
c>efully sk9n$1 leav+ x atta*$ z mu* z  
be=e direct$1 bra9s cle>$ out1 eyes     
extract$1 etc1 !n pa9t$ ) ! pres]vative1
 head nicely /uff$ ) *opp$ t[1 & return$
 9 ! sk91 & f9ally v neatly sewn up4 ,if
 ?is latt] op]ation be well p]=m$1 &    
especially if ! /it*es are drawn tight1 
! seam ought n to %[4  ,a m t$i\s me?od 
is to extract ! bra9 & eyes ?r\gh ! ro( 
( ! m\?1 or f ! back ( ! head 7aft] !   
neck has be5 cut (f71 b nei!r ( ^! plans
 w be> comp>ison ) slipp+1 or ) cutt+ on
 ! cre/1 or by ! side ( ! head1 z by ^! 
latt] me?ods y d n miss any fle% by !   
sides ( ! face 9 sk9n+ out4  ,let me    
give an in/ance4 ,9 ! eid] duck1 ! fle% 
( ! face is protract$ along ! sides ( ! 
bill2 if1 !re=e1 y fail to op5 on !     

cr[n1 or by ! side ( ! face1 y mu/ (    
necessity miss ^!1 or h t5 times m      
tr\ble 9 feel+ y\r way to x4 ,if !      
processes by ! side ( ! face are        
entirely miss$1 ! consequ5ces are an    
unsightly & in>ti/ic %rivell+2 x is z   
well1 !re=e1 to make a note ( all birds 
hav+ su* a peculi>ity4  ,among/ ! birds 
:i* may be in/anc$ z hav+ heads too l>ge
 to pass ! neck 9 ! usual mann]1 we may 
place ! :ole ( ! ducks1 geese1 & swans1 
?\gh ! heads ( ! h]ons & div]s1 :i*     
appe> to be z l>ge & yet h z small necks
 z ! =m] birds1 pass easily4 ,aga91 !   
head ( ! great or cre/$ grebe passes1   
:ile t ( ! little grebe /icks4 ,( ! ?ree
 woodpeck]s f\nd 9 ,brita91 ! heads ( ! 
great-spott$ & less]-spott$ w n pass !  
neck1 b ! head ( ! o!r1 ! gre5          
woodpeck]1 ! l>ge/ look+ ( ! ?ree1 w    
pass if c>e be tak54 ,^! ?+s be+ not$ & 
borne 9 m9d w save ! tyro a consid]able 
am\nt ( tr\ble4  ,9 conclud+ ?is *apt]1 
let x be not$ z an unalt]able doctr9e1 t
 no :ite-brea/$ birds1 sea birds        

especially1 are1 "u any pret5ce :atev]1 
to be cut on _! brea/s4 ,h[ _m birds    
pass ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! pr(essional1 spoil$
 by a neglect or ignorance ( ?is rule1 x
 w\ld be impossible to say1 nor are     
amateurs ! only (f5d]s 9 ?is p>ticul>4  
,grebes1 etc1 :i* h w+s h>dly suffici5t 
to hide ! cut b5ea?1 c be cut on ! back1
 betwe5 ! w+s1 & sk9n$ out t way2 & if !
 brea/ is1 z x %\ld be1 front$ = !      
%[piece1 ! effect1 if skilfully done1 is
 v f9e4  ,i h lately giv5 a great deal (
 att5tion to ?is me?od ( sk9n+ f ! back1
 hav+ f\nd x necess>y 9 m\nt+ "y birds  
:i* o!rwise %[$ an unsightly cut on _!  
nak$ brea/s4 ,i f\nd t ! modell+ 0 mu*  
tru] & m effective by ?is me?od1 & !re=e
 ext5d$ x to mature specim5s ) ! result 
t ,i n[ ?9k no birds1 except+ ! v l>ge/1
 p]haps1 %\ld ev] be op5$ on ! brea/4 ,i
 am q conv9c$ t if a p]son ( any        
exp]i5ce makes up 8 m9d nev] to sk9 a   
bird by any o!r way ?an by ! side or    
back1 he w h no reason to ev] regret 8  
decision4 ,%\ld a bird be requir$ =     

flight1 und\bt$ly ! prop] place to cut x
 is "u ! side2 ! susp5d+ wire !n comes  
along ! (f side & is hidd5 by ! w+4 ,if 
! w+s are to be rais$ & ! brea/ or side 
%[n1 cut x on ! back2 if clos$ w+s1 !   
same2 9 ei!r case ! cut is p]fectly     
hidd51 & is :]e x %\ld be1 out ( ! way (
 grease4  ,p]haps x may be z well to    
/ate "h t--contr>y to my usual cu/om (  
work+ f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ animal =m--,i
 h writt5 ^u birds out ( _! prop]       
natural ord]2 ! reason be+ t birds are  
always select$ because ( eas9ess (      
treatm5t = ! /ud5t's fir/ lessons 9     
taxid]my1 be=e 8 tea*] all[s him to try 
8 'pr5tice h& on ! m difficult bran*es (
 ! art4  ,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,,sk9n+ ,,&     
,,pres]v+ ,,mammals4  ,plate ,,iii      
,skeleton ( ,ott]  ,explanation3  ,a1   
skull2  ,b1 l[] maxill>y 7or jaw7 at    
po9t ( articulation ) upp]2  ,c1 c]vical
 v]tebrae 7#g72 ,d1 dorsal ,v]tebrae2   
,e1 lumb> v]tebrae2 ,f1 sacral v]tebrae2
  ,g1 caudal v]tebrae2  ,h pelvic       
girdle1 or ossa innom9ata 7ilium1       

is*ium1 & pubes an*ylos$72  ,i1 femur2  
i1 patella1 or knee pan2  ,j1 tibia2 ,k1
 fibula2  #a1 t>sal1 & meta-t>sal bones1
 & phalanges ( digits1 ( pes or h9d     
foot2  ,m1 scapula2 ,n1 hum]us2 ,o1     
radius2 ,p1 ulna2  ,q1 c>pal &          
meta-c>pal bones1 & phalanges1 ( digits1
 ( manes or =e-foot2  ,r1 dorsal & /]nal
 ribs4    ,,! art ( sett+ up quadrup$s 9
 a natural & life-l mann] is ( s rec5t a
 date t few1 if any1 ( ! manuals on     
taxid]my d m ?an glance at x4 ,true1 !y 
ne>ly all give directions1 9 an (f-h&   
way1 z to ! sk9n+ ( mammals2 b _!       
in/ructions are s vague & meagre t1 ?\gh
 confess+ t ! subject is no easy "o to  
write ^u1 ,i yet feel t we may1 p]haps1 
improve1 9 po9t ( detail1 on :at has    
gone be=e4  ,9 accordance ) my usual    
cu/om1 ,i h procur$ an animal--a fox--to
 illu/rate my in/ructions1 &1 ! le>n]   
hav+ got out ! :ole ( ! knives          
7previ\sly figur$7 & ! :et/one1 may     
proce$ to "w 9 ! foll[+ mann]3  ,measure
 ! fox1 z a prelim9>y1 tak+ note ( 8    

l5g?1 bread?1 & f95ess ( limb2 l5g? &   
?ickness ( muzzle & side ( face2 &1 hav+
 aid$ ! recollection by ! use ( !       
callip]s1 & made all necess>y notes1 lay
 him on ! sk9n+ table1 back d[nw>ds1 &1 
sep>at+ ! fur on ! /oma* at ab\t two    
in*es f ! root ( ! tail1 g5tly ins]t !  
po9t ( ! sk9n+ knife 7keep+ ! h&le well 
d[n7 "u ! sk91 & cont9ue ! cut to )9    
ab\t t5 in*es ( ! *e/1 betwe5 ! =e      
limbs--t is to say1 up to ! fir/ rib1   
:i* may be felt ) ! f+] & ?umb4 ,if an  
ord9>y-siz$ fox1 ?is w all[ ! cut to be 
( ab\t ! same l5g?1 viz1 t5 in*es4 ,be v
 c>eful1 9 mak+ ?is incision1 to cut !  
top sk9 only1 & n t :i* reta9s ! b[els4 
,hav+ done ?is1 comm5ce to cle> away !  
sk9 f ! fle% on "o side by us+ ! po9t ( 
! knife 9 a slant+ mann] betwe5 sk9 &   
fle%4 ,! fox be+ ) its head f y &       
directly to y\r front1 ! side :i* y     
naturally beg9 on fir/ w\ld be ! "o on  
y\r left2 turn ! fox n[ s t its head    
comes to y\r left h& in/ead ( directly  
to y\r front1 & sk9 9 ! same mann] on ! 

o!r side1 :i* is n[ f y4 ,! sk9 ( a fox 
be+ v ?9 ab\t ?is "p1 z inde$1 ne>ly all
 ov] its body1 y mu/ be c>eful :ile mak+
 y\r cuts to release ! sk91 n to pu% !  
po9t ( y\r knife ?r\gh4 ,z y get along !
 side ( ! fox1 use y\r knife1 po9t      
d[nw>d1 cutt+ edge t[>d y1 on ! inn]    
side1 & f y on ! out]1 ) a scrap+ motion
 to sep>ate ! sk9 f ! body at ! sides4  
,no d\bt1 by ?is "t y w be some:at      
tr\bl$ ) a dis*>ge ( blood2 if s1 use   
sawdu/ or silv] s&1 ei!r ( :i* w n dirty
 ! sk91 b yet af=ds a good grip4 7,pla/]
 is v commonly us$ in/ead ( ei!r1 b1    
?\gh a capital absorb5t ( blood &       
grease1 ,i object to x1 except 9 !      
in/ances ( :ite or v light col\r$ furs47
 ,silv] s& is1 ,i ?9k1 ! be/ ( all1 z   
sawdu/ is apt to get into "s furs1 & x  
requires a great deal ( pa9s to get x   
out aga94  ,by a little managem5t ( !   
po9t ( ! knife1 & by und]cutt+ slightly1
 y expose ! ?ighs ( ! h9d limbs4 ,! fox 
lies /ill 9 front ( y ) its head to y\r 
left4 ,*ang+ y\r position1 g to ! tail1 

&1 seiz+ ! foot ne>e/ to y ) y\r "r h&1 
& ! sk9 ) y\r left1 pu% & pull at "o & !
 same "t until y expose ! knee-jo9t1 or 
r--to speak m correctly--! articulation 
( ! femur or ?igh bone 7i1 ,plate       
,,iii47 ) ! two small] bones 7fibula &  
tibia7 :i* =m ! %ank 7,k & ,j74  ,let g 
) y\r "r h&1 & by an arrangem5t ( ! f+]s
 ( ! left--difficult to describe--reta9 
y\r hold ( bo? ! sk9 & fle% ( ! leg1 &  
re-comm5ce sk9n+ ) ! knife on ea* side (
 ! leg until y arrive at ! holl[ :i*    
lies beh9d1 j above ! %ank2 ?is exposes 
daylight betwe5 sk9 & fle%1 & ?us y may 
get y\r f+]s betwe5 ! two sk9s1 &1 f9d+ 
! articulation1 or jo9t ( ! ?igh 7j     
m5tion$71 y pu% ! po9t ( y\r knife 91 & 
sev] ! ligam5ts1 & !n return ! loose    
%ank to its sk94  ,hold+ ! f+]s ( y\r   
left h& und]nea? ! sk9--?umb & bottom ( 
! palm ( ! h& oppos+--sk9 out ! re/ ( ! 
?igh1 :i* br+s y j on top ( ! root ( !  
tail4 ,turn ! fox 9 an exactly opposite 
direction1 & repeat ! process2 y w be=e 
do+ ?is f9d y\rself1 p]haps1 re/ra9$ by 

! sk9 ( ! v5tral orifice1 :i* c>efully  
cut out2 ?is frees ! limb consid]ably4  
7,i may m5tion t ! animal sk9n] mu/ n be
 afraid ( h&l+ 8 subject2 x is n s      
pleasant nor s delicate an op]ation z   
sk9n+ a bird1 &1 consequ5tly1 does n    
require s f9e a t\*47  ,y w n[ h expos$ 
! tail at its back & front4 ,n[ d\ble up
 ! fox1 support+ x ) y\r left h&1 & get 
! :ole ( ! tail free at ! root4 ,lett+ x
 re/ on ! table aga91 y sk9 z f> up !   
tail z y c g4 ,! two ?ighs & "p ( ! back
 are entirely fre$ f ! sk91 b ! tail    
/ill holds at ab\t ?ree in*es up4  ,n[  
get a pair ( common p9c]s1 su* z are us$
 = pull+ nails out1 & place !m s t !    
tail comes betwe5 _! holl[s2 pu% ?is    
aga9/ ! "p /ill unsk9n$2 hold ?is firmly
 d[n on ! table ) ! left h&1 & pull f ! 
root ( ! tail ) ! "r4 ,v (t5 ! tail w n 
move pa/ ?is po9t2 9 t case !re is no?+ 
left b to cut x (f at ! root1 & place ! 
latt] firmly 9 a vice 7aft] ! animal is 
sk9n$ out71 & tak+ bo? h&s to ! sk91    
cross ! ?umbs & two fir/ f+]s1 s z to   

obta9 a good grip & yet prev5t ! sk9 ( !
 tail f turn+ inside out1 & pull ) all  
y\r might 7j]k+ x at ! same "t7 until x 
slides4  ,n[ free ! sk9 f ! back1 work+ 
r\nd to ! front4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation !   
fox mu/ be frequ5tly turn$ to get r\nd !
 sides & back4 ,! knife be+ held %ort 9 
! h& & guid$ ne> ! tip by ! =e-f+]      
consid]ably facilitates ?is4 ,endeav\r z
 mu* z possible to keep all ! fle% & fat
 7if any7 on ! body1 & n on ! sk94      
,com+ up n[ to ! =e limbs y w f9d ! sk9 
hold consid]ably betwe5 !m at ! *e/4    
,?is is ! place :]e an amateur g5]ally  
runs 8 knife ?r\gh1 :i*1 ,i ne$ h>dly   
say1 is "o ( ! wor/ places 9 :i* ?is    
accid5t c\ld happ54 ,hav+ releas$ ! *e/1
 sk9 all away f ! back & %\ld]2 ! =e-arm
 n[ appe>s1 %[+ ! articulation ( !      
hum]us ) ! radius & ulna4 ,sk9 all r\nd 
x until y come to ! return ( ! =e-arm 9 
precisely ! same mann] z y h done ) !   
h9d limbs4 ,?is po9t is n s easy to f9d 
z is t ( ! h9d legs1 b if y w twi/ ! leg
 y w at once see ! po9t ( junction1 :]e 

slip ! knife 9 & cut (f z be=e4 ,turn ! 
fox1 & treat ! o!r leg 9 ! same mann]4  
,arriv$ at ! neck1 sk9 all r\nd until y 
arrive at ! base ( ! skull2 y w !n      
become aw>e ( two c>tilag9\s bodies /&+ 
up "o on ea* side--^! are ! e>s4 ,hav+  
sk9n$ a little on top ( ^!1 ) y\r f+] & 
?umb raise !m slightly & cut !m away f  
_! atta*m5t at _! bases4  ,hav+ fre$ bo?
 e>s c>efully1 sk9 on ! top ( ! head & !
 side ( ! face1 until1 at ab\t two & a  
half in*es f ! e>1 & 9 a l9e ) x1 y f9d 
! eye1 :i* holds by a ?9 membrane at ?is
 po9t2 c>efully sk9 on ! top until !    
eyeball %[s ?r\gh1 & v c>efully free x f
 its atta*m5t all r\nd1 except at its   
l[] angle1 i4e1 t ne>e/ ! nose2 d ! same
 ) ! o!r4 ,n[ sk9 a little m by ! side (
 ! jaw until y f9d x firmly held by a   
return angle ( sk92 !re leave x atta*$4 
,turn+ ! "u jaw exactly upp]mo/1 sk9    
along ! bone t[>d ! lip z f> z y c get1 
n1 h[ev]1 entirely reliev+ x f ! jawbone
 at ! side1 b only until a ?9 blue      
membrane appe>s1 :i* take c>e n to cut  

?r\gh2 ?is is inside ( ! sk9 :i* comes  
betwe5 ! l[] lip & ! tee?4  ,! fox's sk9
 is n[ held to ! body at five po9ts1    
viz1 ! l[] corn]s ( ea* eye1 two2 at ea*
 return ( ! jaw j und]nea?1 two m2 & at 
! po9t ( ! junction ( ! two l[] jawbones
 close to ! "u lip4 ,procure a saw & saw
 ! head (f1 s z to expose ! bra94 ,on   
rea*+ ! fle% "u ! jaw1 slip ! knife up  
betwe5 on ea* side ( ! jaw1 :i* w h !   
effect ( pull+ out ! tongue atta*$ to ! 
body2 pres]ve ! tongue = fur!r          
op]ations4 ,) a small *opp]1 or a mallet
 & *isel1 cut away "p ( ! bone by !     
palate1 betwe5 :i* & ! skull bones !    
bra9s are includ$4 ,?is consid]ably     
assi/s ! removal ( ! bra94  ,a l>ge     
quantity ( fle% /ill rema9s at ! top ( !
 head1 :i* mu/ be cleanly remov$1 & !   
eyeballs tak5 out4 ,y w !n f9d j        
und]nea? ! eye a bony ridge1 runn+      
backw>d to ! base ( ! skull4 ,surr\nd+  
?is is a pad ( fle%1 :i* hides !        
atta*m5t ( ! l[] jaw ) ! upp]4 ,by digg+
 und]nea? ) ! po9t ( ! knife y remove   

all ?is fle%1 tak+ c>e1 h[ev]1 n to cut 
! atta*m5ts ( ! sk9 close by1 :i* y     
previ\sly left1 nor ! ligam5ts :i* hold 
! upp] to ! l[] jaw4 ,bo? sides be+ s]v$
 9 ! same mann]1 ! skull pres5ts a      
tol]ably clean appe>ance4  ,! e>s are n[
 ne>e/ to ! op]ator4 7,y w recollect !y 
h be5 cut (f inside74 ,all y c see ( !m1
 h[ev]1 are two %apeless masses ( gri/le
 surr\nd+ a small hole4 ,on ! sides (   
ea*--f>!/ f ! head--y mu/ beg9 cauti\sly
 sk9n+1 & by pu%+ y\r left h& ?r\gh !   
ap]ture ( ! sk9 ( ! body1 assi/ ?is )   
y\r f+] & ?umb1 pu%$ into ! e> f !      
outside1 until by skilfully work+ ) !   
knife & left-h& f+]s y turn ! inside sk9
 ( ea* e> to its v edge & tip1 until1 9 
fact1 ea* /&s up inside ! sk91          
completely rev]s$4  ,! next ?+ :i*      
engages y\r att5tion is ! ne> =e leg1   
:i* y sk9 z f> z y c g1 9 ?is in/ance to
 ! next jo9t1 ! "o above ! c>pus or wri/
 jo9t4 ,repeat ?is ) all ! limbs1 9 ea* 
case remov+ all ! fle% f ! two bones 7! 
radius & ulna ( ! =e limbs & ! tibia &  

fibula ( ! h9d71 :i* toge!r =m ^? p>ts (
 ! bones y leave 94 ,if n done          
previ\sly1 n[ is ! "t to remove ! tail  
bone4 ,f9ally1 rub e "p ( ! sk9 on its  
inside1 z also all ! bones left 91 ) !  
pres]vative recomm5d$ = mammals 7,no4   
#i71 n =gett+ to pu% "s up ! holl[ ( !  
bru% :]e ! tail bone has be54  ,turn y\r
 fox's sk9 completely inside out1 skull1
 leg bones & all1 until x comes to its  
normal position4 ,comm5ce n[ f ! pad (  
ea* foot1 & make an incision f ne> !    
toes to ! po9t :]e y left (f4 ,sk9 r\nd 
c>efully & z mu* und]nea? z possible1 s 
z to expose all ! fle% & s9ews1 :i* cle>
 f (f ! bone4 ,be sure to pu% y\r knife 
well r\nd on ! top ( ! bones1 :i* y may 
d by feel+ ) ! knife & keep+ ! pad      
upp]mo/4 ,?is is = ! purpose ( free+ !  
atta*m5t ( sk9 ar\nd1 to prev5t ultimate
 %rivell+4  ,y may get ne>ly to ! po9ts 
( ! toes 9 ?is mann]1 ! only places x   
%\ld hold to ! bone be+ ! top ( ! la/   
jo9t & at ! tips ( ! toes2 ! actual pad1
 :i* y w f9d load$ ) a ?ick fat1 mu/ be 

trimm$ z well z possible4  ,:il/ do+ all
 ?is take notice ( ! po9ts ( atta*m5t & 
%apes ( s9ews1 etc1 :i* y remove1       
especially ^? ( ! h9d legs4  ,x w be    
recollect$ t al?\gh we h return$ ! head1
 no?+ has be5 done to ! upp] lip or nose
 f ! outside4 ,accord+ly ! knife mu/ be 
slipp$ ! :ole way r\nd1 beg9n+ at ! nose
 & keep+ z close to ! tee? z possible1 9
 fact1 on ! v edges ( ! gums4 ,?is is   
important4 ,sk9 away n[ f ! bone ( !    
upp] jaw on ea* side2 hav+ b>$ ?is1 come
 back to ! nose1 ! c>tilage ( :i* sk9   
until y arrive at ! extreme tip2 9 po9t 
( fact1 sk9 x entirely out1 :i* is be/  
done by cutt+ a portion (f inside1 & !n 
c>efully sk9n+ ! little bit :i* is left 
until ! extreme tip ( ! no/rils is      
arriv$ at4 ,?is requires great c>e1 z ! 
black sk9 on ! top ( ! nose is extremely
 ?94 ,?is is ! v wor/ place 9 :i* a cut 
c\ld be made2 &1 al?\gh ! cutt+ out ( ! 
nose c\ld be done 9 five m9utes1 ! tyro 
w d well if he completes x 9 half an    
h\r4  ,?is be+ satisfactorily end$1 free

 ! fle% f ! bone1 except at ! atta*m5t  
previ\sly left at ! corn] ( ! eye4 ,!re 
is n[ a smoo? & %9y sk9 betwe5 ! upp]   
lip & ! cut y made to free x f ! gums2  
?is is ! inn] sk9 ( ! lips2 ! knife mu/1
 !re=e1 be slipp$ betwe5 ?is sk9 & !    
out] sk91 & x mu/ !n be c>efully sep>at$
 ! :ole ( ! way r\nd1 to ! extreme edge 
( ! upp] lip2 ?is requires nice         
manipulation & great c>e4 ,?is inn] sk9 
n[ hangs d[n f ! inn] lip1 & =ms a bag1 
! uses ( :i* w be se5 h]eaft]4  ,!re    
/ill rema9s ! inside ( ! bone ( ! nose  
to be clean$ out ) a po9t$ knife4 ,! l[]
 lip is n[ atta*$ only at ! extreme tip2
 ?is mu/ be cut away f ! gum at t place 
& ! knife pu%$ und]nea?1 by ! side ( !  
can9e tee?1 to /ill fur!r free ! sk94   
,! sk9 is n[ ready = /uff+1 :5 y h      
?or\ghly rubb$ ! pres]vative into ! cut 
( ! pads1 & ar\nd ! eyelids1 outside !  
e>s1 m\?1 nose1 & v5t1 or any damag$    
p>ts4 ,if ! sk9 is all[$ to rema9 = a   
night z x is1 x w be all ! bett]1 z x   
all[s "t = ! pres]vative to p5etrate4   

,?r[ ! tongue into a pickle ( tann9 &   
c>bolic acid 7see *apt] ,,iv1 ,no4 #ae71
 & !re leave x until want$4  ,x w no    
d\bt h be5 obs]v$ t ,i h us$ sev]al     
tools n previ\sly m5tion$ z necess>ies2 
my reason is t ,i assume no "o :o       
aspires to become an amateur workman    
fails to provide himself ) su* ev]yday  
implem5ts z saw1 *isel1 *opp]1 hamm]1   
p9c]s1 rule1 etc1 ! only tool n 9 ord9>y
 use be+ ! callip]s1 :i* are made (     
v>i\s patt]ns1 & are us$ to take        
measurem5ts ( bread?s & dep?s 9         
situations :]e ! foot rule is useless1  
su* z sph]ical & cyl9drical bodies4 ,!  
price ( a pair ( callip]s ne$ n exce$   
#as4  ,:5 ! sk9 is suffici5tly p5etrat$ 
) ! pres]vative1 lay x on its back ready
 = /uff+4 ,fir/ take hold ( ! bone ( !  
nose & pu% ! skull into ! sk91 s t x    
comes ?r\gh ! orifice ( ! sk9 ( ! body4 
,! back ( ! skull be+ n[ t[>d y1 proce$ 
to pu% t[ into ! cavity :5ce ! bra9s 7  
remov$1 also 9 ! cavity ( ea* orbit1    
betwe5 ! articulations ( ! jaws at !    

sides ( ! face1 & ! l[] jaw--9 fact1    
ev]y:]e :]e ! fle% has be5 remov$1 =m+ x
 z well z y possibly c to ! %ape :i*    
exi/$ previ\sly4  ,:5 y h modell$ ?is z 
well z ! nature ( ! t[ w all[1 return ! 
head ?r\gh ! sk9 to its fir/ position4  
,next cut f\r /rong wires ( suitable    
size1 "o a little /rong] ?an ! o!rs &   
some:at long] ?an ! :ole ( y\r sk91     
includ+ bru%4 ,po9t ?is wire at "o end &
 make two loops 9 x 7ea* simil> to t 9  
,fig4 #a72 "o loop to occur ab\t #d 94 f
 ! tail1 & ! o!r up 9 ! *e/1 ne> !      
junction ( ! =e limbs4 ,spread a        
suffici5t quantity ( t[ inside ! sk9 to 
run all ! way along ! back & up ! neck  
to jo9 ! head4 ,ent] ! po9t ( ! wire    
?r\gh ! orifice ( ! sk91 pu% x up ! l[] 
jaw into ! holl[ "p ( ! skull1 & hold+ !
 head 9 ! left h&1 calculate s t ! wire 
may come ?r\gh ! sk9 at ab\t ! c5tre ( !
 head1 ab\t #a4e 94 f1 & above ea* eye4 
,be> 9 m9d t ! skull be+ some:at ?ick1 x
 is ! m necess>y = y\r wire to h cutt+  
edges1 z be=e expla9$4 ,hav+ pu%$ ! wire

 ?r\gh ?ree or f\r in*es1 cut (f ! po9t 
) y\r l>ge pli]s 7,fig4 #af7 to prev5t  
injur+ y\rself1 turn+ d[n ! rema9d] to  
prev5t ! wire pull+ ?r\gh aga94 ,pu% !  
o!r end ( ! wire "r up ! bru%1 to d :i* 
y mu/ b5d x back on itself ab\t halfway 
up1 /raight5+ up z y proce$4  ,next take
 f\r wires1 some:at long] ?an ! legs1 & 
po9t$ at ea* end4 ,pu% "o ( ^! "r up !  
foot 9 at ! pad1 along ! back ( ! leg1 &
 up into ! body1 pu%+ x ?r\gh its prop] 
loop on ! body wire1 & twi/+ x r\nd &   
r\nd ! same ) y\r pli]s until x is      
firmly atta*$4 ,fill ! cut pad ) *opp$  
t[1 & nicely sew x up to its normal     
%ape4 ,d ! same ) ! ?ree rema9+ limbs4  
,y %\ld be able n[ to lift ! fox by any 
"o ( ! leg wires1 & f9d x support !     
rema9d]4  ,hav+ by ?is "t det]m9$ ! %ape
 :i* ! fox %all assume--t is to say1 if 
/&+1 runn+1 or spr++ on its             
prey--comm5ce by gradually fill+ up !   
neck ) suitable pieces ( t[1 b5d+ ! head
 & neck z y wi%2 9 po9t ( fact1 %ap+ z y
 g on4 ,next "w d[n ! *e/1 & !n fill up 

! sk9 ( ! limbs ) small] pieces ( t[1   
endeav\r+ to keep to ! *>act]i/ic %apes 
( ! ?9 & ?ick p>ts 7v>i\s /uff+ irons ( 
diff]5t degrees ( ?ickness w h to be us$
 dur+ ! process74 ,hav+ fill$ up ! =e   
limbs1 b5d !m to _! requir$ position & g
 to ! h9d1 disreg>d+ ! body = ! pres5t4 
,! h9d limbs h m "* 9 !m ?an ! =e1 &    
are1 9 consequ5ce1 h>d] to model2 be ! m
 c>eful1 !re=e1 to pay p>ticul> att5tion
 to ! prop] developm5t ( ^! limbs1 b5d+ 
!m into %ape dur+ "w1 & keep+ ! ?ighs   
nice & ?91 & di/9ct f ! body4 ,all !    
limbs be+ %ap$1 model up ! v>i\s p>ts ( 
! body1 n gett+ x l a sack1 z is too    
frequ5tly ! case1 b produc+ ^? f9e fl[+ 
l9es :i* are s necess>y to ensure !     
p]fect model ( a zoological specim54    
,lift y\r "w up f "t to "t1 not+ :]e    
inequalities appe>4  ,! fox be+ n[      
fairly well %ap$1 sew x up ) a          
?ree-corn]$ sk9 7or glov]'s7 ne$le &    
/r+4 ,a bo>d is n[ to be procur$1 ( !   
necess>y l5g? & ?ickness1 9 :i* holes   
are to be bor$ to receive ! leg wires1  

:i* are !n cl5*$ und]nea?4 ,?is         
op]ation1 no d\bt1 w knock ! specim5    
some:at out ( %ape1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is    
easily rem$i$1 & hav+ br\ght up ! limbs 
to _! prop] position1 y w n[ address    
y\rself to ! =mation ( ! head & face4   
,?is latt] w possess b little           
expression1 ow+ to ! nose1 etc1 be+ cut 
out4 ,to rem$y ?is procure a cork1 :i*  
pu% into ! cavity :5ce ! c>tilage ( !   
nose has be5 remov$1 r\ghly %ap+ x1 &   
cov]+ x ov] ) a pad ( putty1 pu%+ "s    
also into ! sk9 ( ! no/rils at ! same   
"t4 ,! inn] sk9 ( ! lips is /ill hang+  
d[n z a bag4 ,fill ?is up ) suffici5t   
putty to all[ = %r9k+1 sew+ x to ! out] 
sk94  ,! lips may n[ be adju/$ 9        
position by sew+ ! upp] to ! "u1 if !   
fox is to be %[n ) a clos$ m\?1 or by   
driv+ 9 ne$le po9ts 9 v>i\s positions1  
if ! m\? is to be op51 until ^! p>ts    
set4 ,fill 9 ! orbits ) putty1 att5d+ to
 ! eyebr[s1 reproduc+ ! v>i\s muscles   
und]nea?1 & ins]t ! artificial eyes4    
,all t n[ rema9s to be done is to pu%   

two po9t$ wires d[n ! back ( ! e>s1 &   
run !m along ea* edge1 f9ally pu%+ !m 9 
! sk9 ( ! head1 :]e requir$2 ! two loose
 ends be+ twi/$ toge!r at ! top keep !  
e>s 9 position4  ,! tongue1 if int5d$ to
 be %[n1 mu/ be remov$ f ! pickle1 cut  
on its "u side1 & sk9n$ completely out  
to ! tips & to ea* edge4 ,all ! includ$ 
fle% mu/ !n be cut away1 & replac$ )    
putty1 ! cut sewn up1 & x is !n ready to
 be ins]t$ 9 ! m\? 9 ! requir$ position1
 :5 modell$ into %ape4  ,! animal be+   
/uff$ & m\nt$ to y\r satisfaction1 y mu/
 be> 9 m9d1 t al?\gh y h p]fectly cur$ !
 sk9--turn+ x1 9 fact1 into a species ( 
lea!r--y h n r5d]$ x pro( aga9/ !       
attacks ( insects2 x mu/1 !re=e1 be wa%$
 ov] ) "o ( ! prep>ations giv5 9 ,*apt] 
,,iv4  ,! prec$+ me?od ( sk9n+ & /uff+  
an animal is giv51 n because x is ! mo/ 
sci5tific1 b because x is ! mo/         
satisfactory to ! le>n]1 & is1 inde$1 ! 
me?od :i* obta9s ) ! majority (         
taxid]mi/s4 ,?\gh p]fectly effici5t z f>
 z x goes1 x yet possesses !            

disadvantage ( all[+ a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( 
%r9kage1 & t caus$ solely by ! yield+   
nature ( ! t[ us$ to fill out ! places  
:]e ! muscles =m]ly re/$4 ,to an educat$
 eye ?is defect is at once recognis$ by 
! unev5 cont\r ( ! *eeks1 sup]cili>y    
muscles1 & v>i\s p>ts ( ! limbs1 & also 
by ! g5]ally wood5 appe>ance ( !        
specim54  ,! sy/em on :i* ,i w n[ give a
 lesson is f> m t$i\s 9 its application1
 b c]ta9 9 its effects1 be+1 9 fact1    
sub/itut+ h>d = loose /uff+1 & diff]+ f 
! =ego+ 9 "o ess5tial p>ticul>1 viz1 !  
modell+ ( ! head & limbs ) a m$ium ( an 
unyield+ nature4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 we w
 take ano!r fox or simil> animal4 ,aft] 
sk9n+ x1 z 9 ! =ego+ lesson1 y w1 in/ead
 ( leav+ ! leg bones 9 ! sk91 cut !m    
completely out d[n to ! claws1 :i* may  
be/ be done by sk9n+ d[n z f> z y c1    
cutt+ ! bones (f at ! la/ jo9t1 !n mak+ 
an incision above ! pads1 & slipp+ !    
bones completely out2 ?is all[s y to "w 
"r d[n to ! la/ jo9t ( ! phalanges or   
toes1 at :i* po9t y cut ! bones free4   

,! head is n[ to be consid]$4 ,:5 x has 
be5 cut (f z be=e1 sk9 d[n to ! eyelids1
 & in/ead ( leav+ !m atta*$ at ! l[]    
angles1 cut !m completely away4 ,n[ take
 ! sk9 (f all r\nd ! skull1 until !     
return ( ! sk9 ( ! side ( ! m\? is      
arriv$ at4 ,sk9 well "u ! jaw to ! v    
tip1 & n[ beg9 "u-cutt+ at ! sides1 com+
 up to ! return angle--keep+1 h[ev]1    
well to ! side ( ! sk94 ,by cauti\s     
work+ y c sk9 9 betwe5 ! inn] & out]    
sk9s until y c t\* ! tips ( ! l[] tee?  
at ! po9t ( ! jaw ) y\r f+]s4  ,com+    
along f "h by ! side ( ! l[] jaw1 y sk9 
by und]cutt+ almo/ to ! inside ( ! m\?1 
tak+ c>e n to cut ! ?9 membrane :i*     
holds at ! extreme edge4 ,/ill work+    
along ! l[] jaw1 come "r up until y c   
cut out1 j "u ! eye1 ! top end ( !      
return4 ,leav+ x atta*$ by a ?9 membrane
 'to ! upp] jaw1 sk9 d[nw>d t[>d ! nose1
 &1 by und]cutt+ & us+ great c>e1       
completely sk9 up to ! no/ril1 :i* sev]4
 ,d precisely ! same ) ! o!r side4 ,!   
no/rils be+ completely sk9n$ out1 ! sk9 

holds j bel[ !m4  ,place ! head on !    
table1 /&+ on ! base ( its skull1 ! e>s 
t[>d y4 ,take ! no/rils ) ! f+] & ?umb (
 ! left h&1 & ) ! knife 7! broad knife w
 be f\nd mo/ useful "h7 v c>efully "w   
all r\nd until y arrive at ! extreme tip
 ( ! inn] sk9 ( ! upp] jaw1 :i* is n[   
turn$ inside out1 & actually re/s bel[ !
 "u jaw4 ,y\r cuts mu/ be made a hair's 
bread? at a "t to get to ! extreme edge4
 ,by ?is "t ! sev]$ no/rils w h fall5 "s
 little di/ance und]nea? ! "u jaw4 ,see1
 n[1 t ! lips1 bo? upp] & l[]1 z well z 
! inn] angles ( ! m\?1 are sk9n$ inside 
to ! extreme edge at e po9t1 or all y\r 
lab\r w be ?r[n away4 ,?is op]ation is  
"o ( ! mo/ nice & difficult 9 ! :ole    
range ( sk9n+ op]ations1 & is equally   
difficult to describe4 ,cut out !       
c>tilage ( ! nose1 slip out ! tongue1 & 
g5]ally trim ! head 9 ! usual mann]1 &  
well rub 9 ! pres]vative4 ,if y %\ld f9d
 too mu* ( ! inn] angle left f> up 9 !  
m\? x may be cut (f4  ,if ! head 7      
return$ n[ x w\ld be se5 t ! l[] edges (

 ! inside sk9 ( ! m\? 7 ! only po9ts (  
atta*m5t1 & ev5 !re only to ! edge ( !  
tee? all ar\nd !m4  ,! skull bone be+ n[
 only atta*$ to ! subject1 lit]ally by !
 sk9 ( its tee?1 y h ! :ole bone expos$ 
to "w on4  ,fill up ! orbits & holl[    
bone ( ! nose ) any loose pieces ( peat1
 to give solidity to ! next op]ation1   
:i* is1 to cut pieces ( peat 9 an       
arti/ic mann] to repres5t ! fle% ( !    
*eeks1 ! *91 ! top ( ! head1 & !        
c>tilage ( ! nose4 ,:5 ! :ole ( ^!      
pieces are %ap$ to _! requir$           
measurem5ts1 atta* !m by /r+ or wire to 
_! neighb\r+ bones 9 ! mann] :i* occurs 
to y z be+ ! be/4 ,hav+ well secur$ !m1 
g ov] ! :ole ) pla/] ( ,p>is1 mix$ )    
wat] to ! consi/5ce ( a /iff pa/e1 m]ely
 smoo?+ x z x sets1 up to ! requir$ %ape
 ) a broad knife4 ,! pla/] w soon set1 &
 may be fur!r rasp$ or trimm$ into %ape4
 ,pla/] alone may be us$1 b my reason = 
mak+ a sub/ratum ( peat is1 t if ! =m]  
only is us$ x r5d]s ! head unpleasantly 
heavy4  ,! great advantage :i* ?is sy/em

 has ov] ! =m] is t1 by ! unyield+      
nature ( ! m$ium1 no?+ c possibly %r9k  
or %ift1 & ?\gh ?is plan is1 p]haps1 m  
t$i\s1 & c]ta9ly requires m skill 9 its 
execution1 yet x is1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 
f> pref]able ?an tru/+ to t[ alone = !  
=mation ( ! head4  ,f9ally1 place "s    
putty or clay 9 ! e>s1 nose1 & ar\nd !  
sk9 ( ! lips1 & pull ! mask ov] ! model4
  ,pad ! body1 & put 9 ! c5tral body    
wire z be=e1 also ! leg wires1 b 9 ?is  
sy/em y add ano!r1 b ?9n]1 wire to come 
up ! back ( ea* ( ! =e legs & ! front ( 
! h9d1 n atta*+ ^! wires1 h[ev]1 to any 
po9t1 b lett+ !m come up into ! body1 & 
m]ely wrapp+ !m ) t[ to ! l>ge leg wires
 9 ! necess>y mann]4 ,?is second wire   
p>tly supplies ! place ( ! small bone & 
muscles ( ea* leg1 & its natural        
appe>ance is consid]ably enhanc$ by !   
application ( putty or clay to pad p>ts 
( ! animal's legs & feet4 ,be+ ( a      
yield+ nature1 until dry1 putty or clay 
may be squeez$ & m\ld$ into prop] %ape  
to give "* to ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,9 ! return 

( ! s9ews ( ! legs1 make _! peculi>1    
holl[ appe>ance by /it*+ ?r\gh f side to
 side4 ,wr9kles ( ! neck1 etc1 may be   
treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,f9i% z be=e     
direct$4  ,no %r9k+ c possibly take     
place 9 ! mo/ important p>ts2 h5ce !    
manife/ advantages ( ?is sy/em2 b z 9   
practice x requires "s k & exp]i5ce1 ,i 
h n v5tur$ to insi/ ^u x previ\sly1 z x 
is too mu* to expect a tyro to take x up
 until he is ?or\ghly gr\nd$ 9 ! fir/   
sy/em4 ,an amateur1 h[ev]1 :o c sk9 &   
/uff fairly may try ?is1 & ,i am        
positive t he w succe$1 & nev] aga9     
return to ! good old /yle ( loose /uff+4
  ,9 cases :]e ! animal 7especially if  
small7 is m]ely to be ly+ d[n1 ?ree     
wires w sometimes be f\nd suffici5t1    
namely1 "o long & /rong body wire 7) no 
loops7 & two wires = ! legs1 "o ( :i* w 
be run 9 at ! "r =e leg & cross ! body1 
& be pu%$ d[n ! left h9d leg & come out 
at ! sole ( ! foot1 ! o!r wire !n       
crosses x rev]sely4 ,! body wire 7hav+  
no loops7 c be pu%$ 9 at ! head ?r\gh a 

hole previ\sly made ) a bradawl4 ,e>s   
may be fill$ 9 ) br[n pap]1 cut to %ape1
 in/ead ( putty4 ,pieces ( wood1 peat1  
or clips ( t9 may be cut to ! =m ( !    
e>s1 & us$ to block !m to %ape1 f !     
outside4  ,a ?ird sy/em is = ! small]   
horn$ heads1 su* z de]1 goats1 etc1 :i* 
are begun some:at diff]5tly1 b are      
aft]w>ds treat$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,!    
usual way 9 :i* horn$ heads are sk9n$ is
 to cut !m "u ! ?roat "r up to ! jaw1   
turn+ ! sk9 back1 & !n to sk9 upw>d to !
 horns4 ,?is1 ?\gh p]petrat$ by p :o    
ought to "k bett]1 is bas$ on entirely  
false pr9ciples1 = a head :5 f9i%$ be+  
hung usually at "s height1 y h con/antly
 be=e y\r eyes ! hide\s spectacle ( a   
*a9 ( /it*es 7:i* no art c successfully 
hide7 runn+ up ! ?roat & "u ! *94  ,!   
buck's or goat's head1 be+1 p]haps1 !   
mo/ easily obta9$1 ,i w take "o z an    
example4 ,make an incision exactly on ! 
top ( ! head1 runn+ f ! back ( ! neck to
 j beh9d ! horns2 !n make two cross cuts
 up to _! seats or burrs1 &1 pu%+ y\r   

knife d[n at ! side ( ! ne>e/ horn1 cut 
! sk9 entirely away1 keep+ z close to ! 
horn z possible--9 fact1 %av+ its edge4 
,:5 y arrive j above ! eye1 :ile do+    
?is1 y w f9d ! e> hold back ! sk9       
consid]ably4 ,sk9 x z mu* z possible on 
! top1 &1 putt+ y\r f+] und]nea?1 cut x 
out z usual4 ,n[ y c "w all r\nd ! horn 
to jo9 ! cut at ! back4 ,d ! same ) !   
o!r horn & side1 sk9n+ away r\nd ! neck 
to ! "u jaw & sides ( ! face until y f9d
 ! sk9 ( ea* eyelid holds4 ,sk9 ?is     
completely (f1 n leav+ x atta*$ any:]e1 
z also ! sk9 on ! =ehead :]e x holds4   
,cont9ue & f9i% 9 ! same mann] z ! fox's
 head4  ,! sk9s ( ! heads ( bulls1 l>ge 
/ags1 tig]s1 etc1 are be/ tak5          
completely (f ! bone1 & ! inside ( !    
lips1 no/rils1 eyelids1 etc1 aft]w>ds   
sk9n$ out & well cur$2 ! skull-bone may 
!n be plung$ 9 a copp] full ( wat] &    
boil$ out2 ?is saves consid]able lab\r1 
& also gets ! skulls nicely clean$ &    
free f grease4  ,! plan ( tak+ ! sk9    
entirely (f ! head w be f\nd ( ! utmo/  

advantage to explor]s or collectors 9   
=eign c\ntries1 z ! skulls may be numb]$
 & a correspond+ numb] scrat*$ on a t91 
or writt5 on a p>*m5t label1 :i* may be 
ti$ ?r\gh ! eyehole ( ! sk94 ,! skulls  
be+ left loose1 _! sk9s may be pack$ 9  
b>rels1 & if well rubb$ 9 ) my          
pres]vative 7,no4 #i71 & look$ at       
occasionally to prev5t mildew1 !y w1    
aft] ! lapse ( _m ye>s1 only ne$ relax+ 
to make p]fect specim5s4 ,! usual way ( 
s5d+ horn$ heads home f abroad is to    
leave ! sk9s atta*$ to ! skull1 & !     
consequ5ce is1 t at ! v>i\s po9ts (     
atta*m5t ! sk9 is improp]ly cur$ 7(t5 ) 
!--worse ?an--useless ars5ic71 & if !y  
escape ! inevitable knock+ ab\t !y      
receive 9 travell+1 & get to ,engl& 9   
fair condition1 ! hair1 :5 ! sk9 is     
relax$1 sweats (f1 p>ticul>ly at ! v    
places x %\ld n1 ar\nd ! eyes1 lips1    
nose1 & e>s1 & ! lab\r (1 p]haps1 ye>s (
 anxi\s collect+ & dang]\s hunt+ is     
nullifi$4  ,fig4 #bf--,,skull ,,(       
,,horn$ ,,head1 ,,block$ ,,ready ,,=    

,,m\nt+4  ,i w n[ take a bull's head z  
our subject1 to illu/rate ! me?od (     
m\nt+ su* heads4 ,i w assume t a fair   
piece ( neck is atta*$ to ! head1 & hav+
 sk9n$ ! head completely (f ! skull &   
pres]v$ x1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,:5 ! bone  
is suffici5tly trimm$1 %\ld ! meat h be5
 cut (f1 or dry1 if ! head has be5      
previ\sly boil$1 tie toge!r ! upp] & !  
l[] jaws at _! po9ts ( articulation     
beh9d ! eye1 by ! aid ( wire or /r+2 tie
 also ! tip ( ! l[] jaw to ! nose 9 any 
mann] t all[s ! tee? to come 9 _! prop] 
position z 9 nature4  ,att5tion to ?is  
po9t w give y a guide z to ! l5g? ( !   
model4 ,! jaws be+ n[ rigidly fix$1 lay 
! head d[n = a :ile1 & gett+ a piece (  
in* deal ( suitable l5g?1 saw x to !    
%ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf1 :i* also %[s !    
me?od ( atta*m5t4  ,ins]t ! "p m>k$ ,a  
inside ! head up to ! return ,b2 ?is be+
 ins]t$ exactly 9 ! middle ( ! skull1   
bore two or m holes ?r\gh ! latt] at !  
=ehead1 & make fa/ ! bone to ! wood by  
/rong screws4 ,block on ea* side ( ?is  

bo>d & inside ! jaws ) pieces ( peat    
nail$ on ) ,fr5* nails 7,po9ts-de-,p>is7
 or pieces ( po9t$ wire4 ,at ! place    
m>k$ ,b 7,a to ,b be+ n[ hidd57 make up 
) wet pla/] ( ,p>is1 :i*1 :ile fill+ up1
 s]ves also to /eady ! prop4 ,fill up ! 
orbits ) any pieces ( loose peat1 pap]1 
etc4 ,n[ c>ve a l>ge piece ( peat = ea* 
side1 cut to ! %ape ( ! *eeks1 & atta*  
!m to ! jaw bones 9 _! prop] positions )
 wires driv5 "r ?r\gh into ! bo>d1 fill 
also ! bone ( ! nose ) peat r\ghly cut  
to %ape4 ,cut ano!r piece ( peat = !    
swell+ ( ! "u jaw1 & entirely model up )
 peat ! front & sides ( ! neck4  ,next  
mix "s pla/] ( ,p>is1 & g ov] ! :ole ( !
 peat ) x1 br++ x up level to ! bones1  
nicely smoo?+ x ov] ) a knife1 &1 z x   
sets1 add+ m :]e requir$1 or %av+ x (f  
if 9 excess--9 %ort1 replac+ ! fle%1 :]e
 x has be5 remov$1 ) peat & pla/]4 ,!   
front view %\ld n[ pres5t a some:at ev5 
appe>ance2 ! nice swell+ ( ! *eeks be+  
well r\nd$ (f1 z also "u ! jaws & on !  
top ( ! nose1 etc4  ,n[ draw ! sk9      

nicely ov] ! model1 tak+ c>e especially 
to get ! eye holes 9 _! prop] places    
ar\nd ! orbits4 ,?is be+ a guide = !    
tru? ( t "p ( ! head1 drive two wires   
?r\gh ! sk91 into ! bone above ! orbits1
 to keep x 9 its place4 ,sew ! hair 9   
position r\nd ! horns4 ,be+ n[ qualifi$ 
to judge z to ! size ( ! neck-block1 y w
 cut an oval1 or r egg-%ap$1 piece (    
wood1 out ( in* /uff1 to ! requir$ size2
 ?is det]m9es ! bread? & l5g? ( ! neck  
at ! back4 ,! head-block ( ,fig #bf be+ 
cut (f along ! dott$ l9e ,d1 x ( c\rse  
/&s to reason t if ! neck-bo>d 7,fig4   
#bg7 is screw$ on to x along its c5tre1 
! head1 if ! bo>d is plac$ aga9/ a wall1
 w n[ look d[nw>ds at ! angle det]m9$ by
 ! cutt+ ( ,d4  ,hav+ firmly screw$ !   
oval neck-block to ! prop1 or           
head-block1 9 su* a mann] t ! top ( !   
oval does n come above nor int]f]e ) !  
modell+ ( ! back ( ! head1 fill ! inside
 ( ! e>s ) putty1 & also make up ! back 
( ! head & neck1 ) peat & pla/] ( ,p>is 
betwe5 ! wood & ! skull4 ,hav+ previ\sly

 cut ! bo>d some:]e ne> ! dott$ l9e ,e1 
! ?roat & neck w n[ claim y\r att5tion1 
& w require ! nice/ skill to %[ ! v>i\s 
wr9kles1 depressions1 etc1 :]e !y %\ld  
occur4 ,putty or clay z a f9i% w be f\nd
 ( great s]vice at ?is /age4  ,fig4     
#bg--,neck-bo>d = sk9 ( head4           
,con/antly turn ! head to ! light1 to   
see h[ y are go+ on4 ,if a horn$ head & 
heavy1 _m plans w occur to y = easily   
support+ x1 su* z ropes atta*$ to !     
horns1 & to a beam1 etc4 ,:5 all ! head 
& back ( ! neck is adju/$ to y\r        
measurem5ts1 br+ ! sk9 ov] & ar\nd !    
edge ( ! oval to its back1 atta*+ x     
firmly !re ) /rong tacks4  ,no?+ has z  
yet be5 done to ! eyes1 lips1 or nose4  
,turn1 !re=e1 ! bags ( ! sk9 ( ! eyelids
 inside out1 &1 fill+ !m ) putty or     
clay1 %ape !m & return4 ,fill up !      
orbits also ) putty or clay to receive !
 eyes1 pack+ up above & bel[ !m to %[ ! 
v>i\s depressions & ridges4 ,turn+ !    
nose up1 fill ! no/rils & bag ( ! lips )
 putty or clay1 be+ c>eful to %[ up all 

! wr9kles 7! division 9 ! *91 if "o     
exi/s71 &1 9 f9e1 g5]ally modell+ &     
fill+ out ) putty or clay1 ( :i* y w use
 sev]al p\nds if y are work+ on a l>ge  
head4  ,sew up ! lips1 or p]haps a bett]
 plan is to ent] a sk9 ne$le1 *>g$ )    
/rong /r+1 9 at ! l[] lip1 & br+ ! /r+  
ar\nd wires driv5 9 at ! front & sides (
 ! nose inside1 pull+ y\r /r+ ov] f side
 to side1 & mak+ a f9al /it* 9 ! mo/    
conv5i5t situation4 ,nicely ins]t !     
eyes1 br++ ! upp] lids ov]1 s z n to    
give too />+ an appe>ance to ! animal1 &
 hang ! head up to dry by firmly atta*+ 
a v /rong hook ( wire to ! oval block1  
or by a small rope ti$ r\nd ! horns at  
_! base4  ,note t ! horns ( goats1      
antelopes1 etc1 & bulls & c[s are set on
 a bony core1 & mu/ come (f to prev5t an
 (f5sive effluvium4 ,plac+ ! skull 9 a  
hot b$ has be5 recomm5d$1 boil+ w       
sometimes fet* ! horns (f1 b x v (t5    
happ5s t no?+ b "t w loos5 !m4 ,:5 ?is  
occurs wa% ! cores & horns ) c>bolic wa%
 7,no4 #ae74  ,! /ud5t may1 if he likes1

 fill 9 ! eyelids1 bags ( ! upp] & l[]  
lips1 & no/rils ) putty or clay be=e    
draw+ ! sk9 on ! head2 b 9 ?is case he w
 h to sew ! inn] to ! upp] sk9s1 9      
addition to :i* he w f9d _m ?+s occur 9 
draw+ on & %ap+ ! sk9 to r5d] mo/ ( 8   
lab\r useless if ^! p>ts are modell$    
fir/ in/ead ( la/4  ,! foll[+ sy/em1 !  
f\r?1 diff]s f all ! prec$+ 9 !re be+   
erect$ a sort ( framework on :i* to m\nt
 ! sk91 & h5ce is 9 use only = l>ge     
animals4 ,z an illu/ration let u take ! 
be> 7:i* 0 ! la/ l>ge animal ,i caus$ to
 be set up by ?is me?od74  ,sk9 z be=e1 
subsequ5tly remov+ ! leg bones & head1 &
 modell+ z 9 ! second sy/em1 or work+ by
 ! fir/ me?od1 accord+ to y\r degree (  
pr(ici5cy4 ,to d su* an animal z a be>1 
h[ev]1 y %\ld remove all ! bones ( !    
legs1 & sk9 to ! toes1 z direct$ 9 !    
second sy/em1 also remov+ ! skull1 &    
treat+ x & ! sk9 ( ! head z be=e4       
,procure n[ a piece ( deal #b 94 squ>e1 
& ( ! l5g? :i* y wi% y\r animal to      
assume :5 f9i%$1 calculat+ f ! c5tre ( !

 *e/ to ! tail4 ,9 ?is wood fix a /rong 
iron rod1 or wire1 at "o end1 by bor+   
two holes ?r\gh x at "s di/ance ap>t1 & 
pu%+ ! end ( ! wire 9 at "o hole1 !n    
beat+ x d[n & cl5*+ x ?r\gh ! o!r4  ,!  
b> ( wood n[ repres5ts ! backbone1 & !  
wire ! neck ( ! animal4 ,po9t ! wire &  
pu% x up into ! skull1 :i* model up z   
be=e1 b9d+ t[ r\nd ! wire und]nea? to   
r\ghly =m a neck some:at small] ?an y   
int5d x to be :5 f9i%$4 ,pull ! sk9 ov] 
?is1 & adju/ x s t y may see ! places on
 ! wood5 backbone :]e ! =e & h9d limbs w
 come4 ,hav+ m>k$ ! position ( ^!1 pull 
back ! sk9 up to ! neck1 & bore holes   
?r\gh ! wood1 at "r angles to ! o!r     
holes made = ! neck wire4  ,tak+ n[ f\r 
rods or wires = ! legs1 po9t ea* at "o  
end1 & screw ! o!r ) nuts to fit !      
screws1 b5d ea* rod = #g 94 or m1 at a  
%>p angle1 at its screw$ end1 & pu% !   
po9t$ end d[n ! =e legs f ! inside1 s t 
! po9ts come ?r\gh ! ball ( ea* foot1 & 
hav+ /uff$ & b5t ! =e-legs into %ape1   
pu% ! screw$ "p into1 & ?r\gh1 !        

correspond+ holes 9 ! artificial        
backbone2 screw+ on ! nuts on ! opposite
 aides1 :i* w ( c\rse prev5t ! rods f   
pull+ ?r\gh aga94  ,f9i% ! /uff+ ( !    
neck & *e/1 & com+ along ! body repeat !
 same process ) ! h9d limbs z ) ! =e4   
,great] /ead9ess c be atta9$ if requir$1
 by us+ two nuts in/ead ( "o to ea* rod1
 t is to say1 "o on ea* side ( ! wood1  
,no4 #a be+ screw$ on fir/1 ! arm ( !   
rod !n pu%$ ?r\gh ! hole1 & nut ,no4 #b 
screw$ up to its be>+4  ,= a ne>ly      
tail-less animal1 su* z ! be>1 x w be   
suffici5t to drive a /rong wire ?r\gh ! 
/ump ( ! tail f ! outside1 to hold 9 !  
end ( ! backbone1 b a long-tail$ animal 
w require to h ! tail-be>] ins]t$ 9 !   
wood1 9 ! same mann] z ! neck wire1 & ! 
artificial tail run up ! sk9 be=e ! legs
 are atta*$4  ,! extreme /ability ( !   
=ego+ sy/em is obvi\s1 z ! backbone     
completely supports ! weight ( ! sk9 &  
head1 :ile ! leg rods support ?is 9 _!  
turn4  ,wood ( suitable ?ickness mu/ be 
us$ to m\nt ! animal on :ile dry+1 & !  

leg rods1 if too /rong to cl5* ?r\gh on 
! "u side1 may be screw$ & nuts atta*$4 
,= ! v l>ge/ animals1 su* z ! elephant1 
a some:at diff]5t sy/em w\ld be adopt$2 
a model 9 p>ts w\ld be made1 fitt$      
toge!r1 & ! sk9 /ret*$ ov]4 ,a v int]e/+
 acc\nt ( ! me?od adopt$ _m ye>s ago 9 !
 ,fr5* capital is "h app5d$3  ,! corpse 
( ! elephant hav+ be5 ext5d$ ^u ! gr\nd 
facilitat$ our tak+ & writ+ all its     
dim5sions2 ! ?ickness 0 tak5 by a sort (
 rule1 :i* ,m4 ,lassaigne1 cab9et mak] (
 ! museum ( ,p>is1 inv5t$ at ! "t4 ,?is 
in/rum5t is ! rule us$ by %oemak]s on a 
l>ge scale4 ,! curves ( ! back1 ! belly1
 etc1 7 tak5 by b>s ( lead1 #j4ge 94    
?ick4 ,?is metal1 n hav+ any ela/icity1 
accommodat$ or b5t itself to ! curves we
 wi%$ to measure & pres]v$ ! measurem5ts
 until want$4 ,m4 ,desm\l9s drew !      
animal on "o ( ! sides ( ! wall accord+ 
to all ^! measurem5ts1 9 ! work%op :]e !
 model 0 to be con/ruct$1 9 its natural 
size4 ,?is done1 we proce$$ to ! sk9n+ (
 ! elephant1 :i* we 7 only able to place

 ^u its back by f\r cord$ pulleys fa/5$ 
to ! plat=m4 ,9 ?is position we made an 
incision 9 ! =m ( a d\ble cross2 !      
middle l9e w5t f ! m\? to ! anus1 ! two 
o!rs 7 direct$ f ea* left foot to !     
opposite "r foot2 ! tail & trunk 7 op5$ 
und]nea? longitud9ally4 ,we scoop$ out !
 soles ( ! feet )9 an in* ( _! edge1 t !
 nails might rema9 9 ! sk92 to effect   
?is we 7 oblig$ to employ ! *isel &     
mallet4 ,?is op]ation 0 v difficult4    
,aft] f\r days' lab\r ( sev]al p]sons we
 sep>at$ ! sk9 f ! body2 x !n weigh$    
#egf lb4 ,we ext5d$ x on ! gr\nd to take
 away ! cutane\s muscles :i* adh]$ to   
its int]ior--p>ticul>ly to ! head4 ,9   
?is /ate ! sk9 0 plac$ 9 a l>ge tub2 we 
spread a consid]able quantity ( p\nd$   
alum 9 all its folds4 ,we !n boil$ "s   
wat] ) su* quantities ( alum t "s pieces
 /ill rema9$ at ! bottom ( ! boil]--t   
is1 m ?an saturat$ ! wat]4 ,?is wat] 0  
p\r$ ^u ! sk91 & we cont9u$ to d s until
 ! sk9 0 cov]$ ) x #f 94 deep4  ,to r5d]
 ! dim5sions ( ! model or %ape :i* 0 to 

receive ! sk9 m exact1 we modell$       
"o-half ( ! sk9n$ head 9 pla/]1 z well z
 "o ( ! h9d & "o ( ! =e legs4  ,all ^!  
measures be+ tak51 ,lassaigne con/ruct$ 
a factiti\s body 9 l9d5 wood4 ,! read]  
w\ld f9d ! detail too long & too m9ute  
if we 7 to describe ! +5i\s me?ods      
inv5t$ by ,lassaigne1 ei!r to cut ! wood
 or to pres]ve ! =m he _h giv5 to ?is   
great mass4 ,b to avoid all prolixity1 x
 w be suffici5t to obs]ve t he compos$  
?is wood5 elephant 9 su* a mann] t all !
 p>ts c\ld be sep>at$4 ,he op5$ a panel 
7x is immat]ial on :i* side ( ! body7 & 
introduc$ himself into ! int]ior by     
means ( ?is op5+1 ei!r to dim9i% !      
?ickness ( ! wood or = any o!r purpose  
dur+ its con/ruction2 ! head1 ! trunk1  
all 0 holl[2 s t ! body1 al>m+ at fir/ f
 its suppos$ weight1 might be easily    
transport$ f "o place to ano!r4  ,aft]  
tak+ ! alum wat] f ! tub :]e ! sk9 0    
plac$1 we heat$ x1 & p\r$ x1 boil+1 on !
 sk92 we left x an h\r & a half 9 ?is   
/ate1 aft] :i* we drew ! sk9 out to     

place x1 q w>m1 ^u ! %ape4 ,?is 0 n an  
easy ?+1 b x 0 r5d]$ /ill m difficult by
 our f9d+ ! false body a little too     
l>ge--! sk9 w\ld n entirely cov] x4 ,!re
 0 b "o ?+ :i* c\ld be done2 we c\ld n  
dim9i% ! wood )\t de/roy+ ! proportions2
 besides1 ! iron p9s1 ! screws :i* fa/5$
 ! "w1 w\ld h lo/ _! hold1 & we %\ld h  
run ! risk ( ov]turn+ ! edifice4 ,we !n 
took d[n ! sk91 plac$ x on tre/les1 &   
dim9i%$ ! ?ickness ( x by ! help ( l>ge 
knives1 cutt+ x away 9 ?ick & long %r$s 
f ! :ole ( ! inside4 ,?is "w occupi$    
five p]sons = f\r days4 ,we weigh$ ^!   
%r$s & !y am\nt$ to #aid lb4 ,dur+ ?is  
op]ation ! sk9 _h dri$1 & consequ5tly   
lo/ its suppl5ess4 ,we put x back into a
 tub & cov]$ x ) s(t cold wat]4 ,! next 
day we plac$ x afre% on ! %ape1 & fix$ x
 ) wire nails & l>ge brads2 ^? :i* fix$ 
! edge ( ! sk9 7 driv5 9 deeply1 ! o!rs 
only half way1 to accommodate ! sk9 to  
all ! s9uosities ( ! model4 ,we drew out
 a great _m ( !m :5 ! sk9 0 suffici5tly 
dry4  ,?is p>+ ( ! sk9 answ]$ our       

purpose 9 two ess5tial po9ts3  fir/1 by 
facilitat+ ! means ( envelop+ ! model   
entirely1 ! =m ( :i* _h n be5 alt]$2 &1 
secondly1 by ensur+ its spe$y           
desiccation4 ,?is la/ _h n be5 ! lea/   
al>m+1 = we fe>$ t ! humidity secret$ 9 
! sk9 might conc5trate 9 su* a mann]    
7not)/&+ we _h tak5 ! precaution to give
 ! wood5 model a coat ( oil pa9t7 z to  
occasion m\ld9ess 9 ! p>ts expos$ to !  
air4 ,! alum ) :i* x 0 saturat$ soon    
cry/allis$ on ! int]ior1 :i* at fir/    
gave x a v ugly grey col\r2 b we        
entirely got rid ( x by rubb+ ! surface 
( ! sk91 fir/ ) spirits ( turp5t9e1 & !n
 ) oil ( olives4  ,"s little h9ts :i*   
occurr$ to me z be+ useful to ! animal  
m\nt] ,i w n[ jot d[n3 ,i h be5         
frequ5tly ask$1 ,suppos+ ,i get a fat   
dog1 or animal ( any k9d1 to set up1 h[ 
c ,i manage su* a subject               
satisfactorily8 ,if ,i leave ! fat on ! 
sk9 ,i am do+ wrong 9 e way1 & if ,i    
trim x cleanly (f1 z x %\ld be done1 ,i 
/ret* ! sk9 to su* an ext5t t my dog is 

completely out ( %ape1 & ?\gh =m]ly a   
'pug' he spe$ily becomes a 'greyh\nd4'  
,9 fact1 ,i am 9 a qu&>y1 & d n "k :at  
to d4  ,my reply is3 ,try :at a hot     
knife w d pass$ ov] ! sk91 ) s& or      
sawdu/ ?r[n on to absorb ! fat z x melts
 (f4 ,c&idly speak+1 h[ev]1 x is purely 
a matt] ( exp]i5ce to trim fat (f a sk9 
)\t /ret*+ x to any al>m+ degree1 & 9 v 
f9e-sk9n$ animals1 if we f9d !m /ret* 9 
spite ( all c>e1 we take advantage (    
wr9kles to sew up "h & tuck 9 !re1      
resort+ ev51 9 extreme cases1 to cutt+  
away portions ( ! sk91 notably 9 ^? p>ts
 und]nea?1 hidd5 by ! subsequ5t op]ation
 ( m\nt+4  ,! sk9 ( ! soles ( ! feet (  
"s animals requires p>+ d[n4 ,! be> is  
an in/ance ( ?is4 ,! h&s ( monkeys also 
mu/ be c>efully sk9n$ out to ! extreme  
tips ( ! f+]s4 ,^! latt] animals are be/
 sk9n$ out f ! back1 z a great _m ( our 
relatives h b little hair on ! abdom5 to
 hide ! /it*es1 add$ to :i* _! usually  
upright position t5ds /ill m to %[ up   
any defect 9 sew+4  ,peat & /raw may    

sometimes be us$ ) advantage 9 ! bodies 
( l>ge animals4  ,moles may be v well   
m\nt$ by be+ cut across f "o h9d limb to
 ! o!r1 j "u ! tail1 sk9n$ out1 pres]v$1
 & ! sk9 !n fill$ ) s& or dry pla/]4    
,h$gehogs1 if requir$ to be curl$ up1   
may be also fill$ ) s&1 !n ti$ up 9 a   
clo?1 & hung up to dry4  ,bats are sk9n$
 out f ! back or front accord+ to !     
position x is requir$ to %[ !m 94 ,a ?9 
piece ( wire is d\bl$2 ea* end is !n    
pull$ out at "r angles = a c]ta9 di/ance
 up its l5g?1 & pu%$ into ! holl[s ( !  
bones ( ! w+s4 ,! animal is !n /uff$ )  
*opp$ t[1 s&1 or sawdu/1 sewn up1 leav+ 
! d\bl$ wire outside2 a hole is !n made 
9 a bo>d 7( ! l5g? & bread? suit$ to !  
specim571 ?r\gh :i* ! wire passes1 & !  
w+s are kept 9 place1 until dry1 by f9e 
ne$le-po9ts1 or entomological p9s pass$ 
?r\gh ! jo9ts1 or by braces ( c>dbo>d4  
,! e>s1 if long1 are be/ block$ ) cork  
cut to fit ! inside1 & !n b\nd r\nd )   
wrapp+ cotton4 ,! %rivell$ e>s ( ^! &   
mu* l>g] animals may be got into prop]  

%ape by c>eful iron+4  ,mice1 small     
lev]ets1 or rabbits1 w be f\nd v useful1
 if r\ghly /uff$1 to place 9 ! m\? or "u
 ! feet ( birds or small bea/s ( prey4  
,^! animals1 if v "y1 _h bett] be plac$ 
= an h\r or s 9 b5zol9e or 9 "o ( !     
h>d5+ solutions 7,nos4 #ae or #af74 ,?is
 rem>k applies ) especial =ce to animals
 z yet unborn1 :i* ! naturali/ w        
sometimes f9d dur+ "w1 & w wi% to       
pres]ve4 ,^! foetal specim5s1 h[ev]1 let
 x be rememb]$1 are ( ! greate/         
consequ5ce 9 ! /udy ( embryology1 & %\ld
 always be pres]v$ intact 9 a fluid     
m$ium ( "s k9d4 ,sometimes ! op]ator    
comes across a foetus ( "s r>ity1 :i*1  
if n l>ge1 c be pres]v$ 9 a small       
prep>ation j>1 fill$ ) be/ rectifi$     
spirits ( w9e1 z be+ n too exp5sive =   
su* subjects4  ,,*apt] ,,vii4  ,,modell+
 ,,( ,,animals ,,by ,,sub/itution ,,(   
,,clay1 ,,composition1 ,,pla/] ,,ca/s1  
,,or ,,wax ,,= ,,loose ,,/uff+4  ,,!    
subject to be n[ treat$ ( is ( s v>i$ a 
nature1 requir+ s great a k ( anatomy1 &

 s mu* exp]i5ce & aptitude1 t ,i h deem$
 x advisable to res]ve = a sep>ate *apt]
 ! explanations ( ! processes to be     
le>n$1 to avoid1 at ! outset1 confus+ ! 
le>n] by ask+ him to attempt too mu*4   
,?is *apt] may !re=e be consid]$ a f9i%+
 "o1 &1 p]haps1 x w be be/ to be c&id1 &
 say at once1 t no "o %\ld attempt !    
m\nt+ ( animals by ?is me?od until he   
has fully ma/]$ ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 !
 =ego+ *apt]1 & has le>n$ ! *>act]i/ic  
attitudes & expression ( "s hundr$s (   
animal =ms4  ,x is q true t ?is art--:i*
 has = its end & aim ! bett] del9eation 
( "* z exhibit$ by ! l[] animals--is n  
tea*able unless ! pupil is well gr\nd$ 9
 anatomy1 & is also a clev] draughtsman 
& modell]--9 f9e1 an arti/6--) all an   
arti/'s p]ception ( beauty ( l9e & ( =m4
 ,i w "h indicate :at ,i take to be !   
basis ^u :i* a compet5t taxid]mi/ mu/   
proce$ to become a zoological arti/4    
,fir/1 !n1 let him take lessons 9 draw+1
 p9n+ himself /eadily to copy+ pictures 
by ! be/ ma/]s ( zoological subjects2 z 

he advances1 let him draw f ! ca/s (    
animals1 :5 procurable4  ,let him bew>e1
 h[ev]1 ( ! conv5tional lion1 & lion's  
head1 :i* are ab\t z mu* l ! real ?+s z 
! donkey is l ! horse--j a family       
resemblance1 no?+ m4 ,hav+ done all ?is1
 let him copy animals f nature2 & if he 
lives 9 or ne> ,london1 s mu* ! bett]1  
!re is ! ,zoo = him to /udy 94 ,inde$1 x
 is a m>vel to me t1 ) ! museums & !    
,zoological ,g>d5s surr\nd+ !m1 s few   
,london taxid]mi/s atta9 ev5 a          
respectable pr(ici5cy 9 ! correct       
del9eation ( animal =ms4 ,! pupil be+   
well gr\nd$ 9 draw+1 w h obs]v$ _m po9ts
 9 animal anatomy n hi!rto suspect$ by  
him1 & w naturally wi% to "k ! :y &     
:]e=e ( ! swell+s & depressions occurr+ 
9 8 subjects4 ,to ?is end he mu/ /udy a 
little simple anatomy ( bones &         
muscles--_! objects & mean+s 9 diff]5t  
animals4  ,! la/ /age is ! reproduction1
 by modell+ 9 clay1 etc1 ( ! v>i\s p>ts 
( animals1 ! head1 ( c\rse1 9 ! in/ance 
( l>ge mammals1 be+ look$ ^u z ! *ief   

motif 9 composition4 ,to d all ?is      
requires "t & consid]able p]sev]ance1 b1
 ) ! facilities = /udy n[ (f]$ by !     
v>i\s s*ools ( art1 he %\ld n despair ( 
success 9 a few ye>s' "t aft] ma/]+ !   
fir/ pr9ciples ( 8 art4  ,i w n[ proce$ 
to demon/rate h[ ! le>n] may "w himself 
up to a respectable pr(ici5cy 9 modell+ 
animals1 %\ld he possess ! necess>y     
aptitude4  ,let u divide our !me into   
?ree p>ts--,fir/1 m\nt+ ! sk9 ( !       
specim51 by us+ ! skeleton z a          
f\ndation4  ,secondly1 m\nt+ by means ( 
a r\gh framework ( wood & iron1 m       
completely ?an z in/anc$ 9 ! example ( !
 be> m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4  ,?irdly1   
m\nt+ on a model skeleton ( c>v$ wood & 
iron1 to repres5t1 & to take ! place (1 
! bones2 some:at 9 ! mann] describ$ = ! 
elephant4  ,9 ea* ( ^! sy/ems !re is "o 
po9t ( resemblance1 namely1 t ! bones1  
or _! semblances1 are to be cov]$ ) h>d 
composition1 ( "s k9d or ano!r1 to      
replace ! fle% & muscles1 & t ! heads ( 
mammals be+ (t5 ( great beauty1 &       

possess+ c]ta9 *>act]s ( _! own1 are to 
be copi$ fir/ ( all by "o ( two me?ods4 
,ei!r !y mu/ be  7#a7 ca/ z a m\ld f !  
dead head1 & ! return1 or model1 aga9   
ca/ f t2 or  7#b7 modell$ f ! dead head 
9 clay1 by ! eye & by measurem5ts1 & a  
m\ld tak5 f t1 to be aga9 ca/ into = !  
model4  ,?is latt]1 ?\gh entail+ ?ree   
processes1 is ! m correct1 & gives ! be/
 result :5 ! modell] is exp]i5c$2 b z ! 
=m] is ! easi]1 & leads up to bett] ?+s1
 ,i mu/ describe x fir/4  ,we w take z  
an example ! mo/ difficult head to      
ca/--a horn$ head--consid]+ t1 if we d  
?is correctly1 all o!rs w be easy en\gh4
 ,"h1 !n1 is a /ag's head1 "s modell+ or
 pipe-clay1 "s s(t-soap1 a hundr$weight 
or s ( common pla/] ( ,p>is at ab\t #ds4
 p] cwt1 two pails1 or r z9c or         
galvanis$ iron buckets1 "o ( !m conta9+ 
wat]4 ,footnote3 ,pipe-clay q good en\gh
 = ?is purpose is sold by ! pipe mak]s 9
 dry blocks or pieces1 at ab\t #fs4 or  
#gs4 p] cwt4 ,! clay mu/ be soak$ z     
want$ 9 a bucket ( wat] & beat5 up ) a  

/ick or bat until x is smoo?1 free f    
lumps1 & ( ! consi/5ce ( v /iff putty4  
,x %\ld !n be =m$ into a squ>e mass1 &  
kept damp by wet clo?s4  ,! fir/        
op]ation1 aft] beat+ up ! clay1 is gett+
 ! head into position2 ?is w be easy    
en\gh %\ld x be cut (f f ! body1 o!rwise
 ! head mu/ be propp$ up on ! table1    
:il/ ! great] "p ( ! body re/s on boxes1
 or tre/les1 some:at l[] ?an ! table4 ,a
 v little gumption w enable ! le>n] to  
cope ) ^! small difficulties1 always    
rememb]+1 h[ev]1 t bo? body & head mu/  
be immovably fix$ dur+ ! process ( ca/+4
  ,let u assume1 !re=e1 ! body arrang$ s
 t ! head--face upp]mo/--& "p ( ! neck1 
re/s on ! table1 firmly fix$2 supports1 
or /ays ( wood1 fa/5$ at "o end to !    
horns by wires or cords1 & at ! o!r end 
by nails to ! table1 w effect ?is4 ,! *9
 %\ld be propp$ up a little f ! surface 
( ! table1 by means ( a pad ( clay :i*  
has be5 previ\sly prep>$2 next cut m    
slices ( clay f ! mass1 & build 9 !     
front & sides ( ! face 9 a /raight l9e1 

to j "u ! no/rils1 b above ! l9e ( !    
m\?2 smoo? ! clay--:i* %\ld ext5d       
outw>ds "s two or ?ree in*es f ! head--)
 wat] & a broad knife4 ,! l[] half ( !  
head is n[ hidd51 m\? & all1 up to j    
above ! upp] lip4  ,next fill 9 !       
no/rils & ! la*rymal s9uses 7! orifices 
bel[ ! eyes7 ) clay1 b 9 a c>eful mann]1
 s t1 al?\gh !y %all be fill$ up        
suffici5tly to prev5t ! pla/] f runn+ 9 
to make und]cuts1 !y %all /ill pres]ve a
 c]ta9 %all[ impr9t ( _! orig9al =m4 ,n[
 mix y\r s(t soap ) a bru% until x      
becomes a /iff la!r1 & pa9t x all ov] ! 
face & hair ( ! head2 build up a wall ( 
?9 bo>d ar\nd ! clay--9 ! mann] describ$
 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 on ,fi% ,ca/+--& :5   
practicable tie a ?9 bo>d j 9 front ( ! 
horns1 s t ! model may end !re4  ,if1   
h[ev]1 ! back ( ! head d[n to ! neck is 
requir$--:i* x seldom is1 = reasons     
expla9$ h]eaft]--x mu/ be manag$ by     
piece-ca/+4 7,see ,*apt] ,,xii47 ,! head
 be+ nicely soap$1 lay a ?9 piece ( /r+ 
or /rong hemp along ! top ( ! face &    

head1 exactly 9 ! c5tre1 & ext5d+ f !   
clay "u ! no/rils up to ! back ( ! head 
9 a /raight l9e4 ,be sure t ! /r+ is    
p]fectly /raight1 & t x presses closely 
to ! nose be=e com+ on to ! clay4  ,next
 mix ! pla/]1 n 9 ! usual mann]1 by add+
 wat] to x1 b by half fill+ a vessel )  
wat]1 to :i* ! pla/] is add$1 a little  
at a "t1 until en\gh is mix$ to s]ve !  
purpose1 i4e1 9 suffici5t quantity to   
cov] ! head ) a lay] "s in*es ?ick4     
,aft] x is well work$ up & mod]ately    
?ick1 c>efully p\r x ov] ! specim51 tak+
 x up z x runs d[n1 & pil+ x up a little
 ?ick] 9 ! c5tre1 to give /ability to ! 
mass4 ,j z ! pla/] is sett+--:i* a v    
little exp]i5ce w tea*--lift ! ends ( ! 
/r+ upw>d ?r\gh ! pla/]1 :i* has !      
effect ( cutt+ x 9 two1 b ^! halves w n 
fall (f ( _! own accord if c>e be tak54 
,! m\ld be+ all[$ to set = ab\t half an 
h\r or an h\r1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! 
pla/]1 is !n ready = ! next op]ation1   
:i* is ! turn+ ( ! c>case1 s t ! head   
may also be turn$ upside d[n4 ,previ\sly

 to ?is1 %\ld ! m\ld %[ ! lea/ sign (   
com+ (f1 x w be z well to tie x on4     
,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t ! wall ( bo>ds be+   
remov$1 ! head is successfully turn$    
until x re/s ) its c5tre on ! table1 x  
may happ5 t ! horns1 be+ 9 ! way1 may   
require to hang ov] ! edge ( ! table to 
effect ?is prop]ly1 & t ! head1 be+     
r\nd$ by ! sup]ior ?ickness ( ! m\ld1   
may require propp+4 ,to describe ! means
 = ov]com+ su* self-evid5t little       
difficulties z ^!1 w\ld only insult my  
read]'s judgm5t4  ,! head1 !n1 be+ n[   
securely fix$ face d[nw>ds1 ! clay :i*  
hides ! l[] half mu/ be pick$ (f4 ,?is  
exposes ! inn] edge ( ! m\ld1 toge!r ) !
 l[] jaw4 ,scrape ! pla/] to a level    
surface1 & cut two mod]ately l>ge       
,v-%ap$ nicks1 "o on ea* edge ( ! m\ld1 
build up ar\nd z be=e ) wood1 & fill 9  
all int]/ices lead+ to ! table bel[ )   
clay4 ,see t ! m\? is prop]ly %ut1      
introduc+ a little clay if ne$$4 ,bru%  
ov] ) s(t soap1 n =gett+ ! top ( ! pla/]
 m\ld1 & mix "s m pla/] & p\r ov] ! l[] 

jaw1 on to ! edges ( ! pla/] m\ld1 until
 /opp$ by ! wall2 build up ?ick] 9 !    
c5tre1 z be=e1 & suff] all to dry = ab\t
 an h\r4 ,aft] ?is1 pull away ! walls1 &
 all reta9+ clay1 & ! m\ld w easily come
 away f ! head 9 ?ree pieces1 i4e1 two =
 ! upp] surface1 & "o = ! "u4  ,! *ief  
?+ to gu>d aga9/ is n to get ! pla/]    
beh9d ! horns1 s t x locks ! front up4  
,z1 h[ev]1 y may require to ca/ m1 9    
l5g?1 ( ! "u surface ?an ( ! upp]1 y may
 easily d ?is by l5g!n+ ! upp] surface1 
:5 turn$ ov]1 ) clay1 & ca/+ on to t4 ,x
 is ?is sy/em :i* gives ! diagonally-cut
 appe>ance to ! model 7see ,fig4 #bh74  
,y h n[ ?ree pieces1 =m+1 :5 trimm$ &   
put toge!r1 a concavity repres5t+ !     
place :5ce ! /ag's head has be5         
extract$2 bake ^! pieces 9 an ov5 = a   
day or s until suffici5tly dri$1 !n     
exam9e !m = flaws or air-bubble holes1  
:i* fill up ) clay1 bru% ov] inside )   
l9se$ oil or s(t soap1 tie toge!r1 & fix
 ! m\ld1 nose d[nw>d1 9 a bucket or     
pail1 pack ) w$ges1 & run 9 s& outside !

 m\ld to make all secure4  ,prep>e "s   
pla/] & p\r into ! m\ld at ! op5+ & be=e
 x is q set1 scoop out "s to make x     
holl[ at ! neck2 all[ x to rema9        
undi/urb$ = f two to f\r h\rs1 !n take x
 out1 undo ! /r+1 & g5tly tap ! m\ld 9 e
 "p ) a small mallet1 roll+ x e n[ & !n 
^u ! table2 9 a %ort "t y w he> some?+  
rattle1 & p]haps a little loos5+ ( "o   
edge or piece w take place2 tap n[ v    
cauti\sly1 le/ y %\ld break any?+2 soon 
"o piece w come (f1 :i* w mat]ially     
assi/ y\r lab\r2 take "t & h pati5ce1 & 
y w be rew>d$ by see+ a p]fect model ( !
 /ag's head come out ( ! m\ld 9 due     
c\rse4 ,footnote3 ,bak+1 :5 practicable1
 w (t5 assi/ ! p>t+ ( ! m\ld f ! model4 
,i h said p]fect1 b ,i mean p]fect s f> 
z ?is sy/em all[s ( p]fection4 ,if y    
hold ! model up to ! light1 or look d[n 
^u x f above1 y w see1 if y\r eye is    
suffici5tly educat$1 t1 al?\gh x        
correctly repres5ts ! hair ev51 & all   
prom95t features1 yet t ! weight ( !    
pla/] has p]haps caus$ "o eye to drop   

l[] ?an ! o!r1 or twi/$ ! m\? aside1 &  
giv5 a diff]5t expression altoge!r to t 
ne$$4  ,:at is to be done !n8 ,no?+ b   
alt]+ ! model1 by cutt+ & scrap+ x1     
until bo? sides are ev51 ca/+ aga9 f !  
correct$ model :5 necess>y1 t is to say1
 :5 x is desir$ to get or to keep a v   
good "o = ref]5ce4 ,rememb] t ! model is
 a little l>g] ?an y require x1 s t !   
hair m>ks1 etc4 mu/ be trimm$ away to   
less5 x4 ,%av+ ! hair all away f ! head1
 leav+ only ! nak$ sk91 has be5         
recomm5d$ z a prelim9>y to ca/+2 b ?is1 
( c\rse1 de/roys "o specim5 entirely1 t 
o!rs ( ! same size may be m\nt$ f !     
model made f ! %av$ head4 ,sk9n+ ! head 
fir/1 & ca/+ f ! fle%1 does n help !    
amateur1 z s _m muscles & o!r *>act]i/ic
 p>ts are cut away1 t a model tak5 9 ?is
 mann] is (t5 worse ?an useless4  ,:at1 
!n1 is our way out ( ?is difficulty8    
,no?+ b educat+ ! h& & eye to ! po9t (  
be+ able to take a dead head1 &1 by k ( 
its liv+ anatomy1 to model x 9 clay s   
tru?fully z to f> surpass any o!r       

process :atev]4 ,i c1 un=tunately1 give 
no directions = do+ ?is4 ,i c m]ely say1
 9 ! words ( _m unpractical guide books 
to art3 ,take a bo>d1 "s tools1 a       
well-knead$ lump ( clay2 place ! head   
be=e y 9 /rong light1 & turn out a      
lifelike repres5tation ( x2 wr9kles1    
muscles1 & all--9 clay4 ,to me1 ?is is  
n[ f> ! easie/ ?+ to d1 b ,i d n =get ! 
"t :5 ,i us$ p]haps a ton ( pla/] 9     
exp]im5ts1 & wa/$ lots m1 & le>n$ _m    
little arts be=e ,i c\ld model          
correctly4  ,let ?is be a gra9 ( com=t  
to ! le>n]1 t1 al?\gh he mu/ wa/e a deal
 ( good pla/] ere he sees ! po9ts1 &    
be=e he c model /raight away1 yet t he  
has an advantage :i* ,i1 z a self-taught
 man1 did n possess--! advantage ( "s   
little practical advice1 su* z is giv5 9
 ! pages ( ?is "w4  ,n[1 return+ to our 
muttons1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t our omega 
is ga9$ :5 ! tyro has modell$ by eye1 & 
by measurem5ts1 8 fir/ head 9 clay2 ?is 
has to be ca/ f1 z if f ! dead head1 & !
 resultant model t\*$ up1 :]e incorrect1

 by cutt+ & scrap+ :5 too l>ge1 or by   
addition ( clay :5 too small4 ,sometimes
 x w be necess>y to ca/ f ?is aga9 &    
aga91 b 9 all cases ! m\ld & model %\ld 
be manag$ z be=e describ$4  ,fig4       
#bh--,/ag's head 9 pla/] f clay model4  
,assum+ t ! /ud5t has manag$ a ca/ to 8 
satisfaction1 he w see1 by look+ at !   
accompany+ cut1 ,fig4 #bh1 t ! orbits ( 
! eyes are %all[1 t only ! upp] l9e ( ! 
s9us %[s1 t ! lips & no/rils are also   
%all[ depressions2 all ( ^! p>ts mu/ be 
holl[$ out or und]cut4 ,to d ?is we     
require a knife su* z t figur$ ,no4 #ab 
9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 & ?ree o!r tools1 "o a  
l>ge crook$ awl 7%>p5$ at "o edge71 9   
h&le1 & /eel und]cutt+ & reliev+ tools  
7see ,figs4 #bi & #cj74 ,footnote3      
,messrs4 ,le*]ti]1 ,b>bs1 et ,cie1 (    
#fj1 ,reg5t-/reet1 ,london1 h _m patt]ns
 ( ^! = pla/] "w1 at a l[ figure4  ,fig4
 #bi--,/eel und]cutt+ tool4  ,fig4      
#cj--,/eel reliev+ tool4  ,) ^! ! eyes1 
no/rils1 lips1 etc1 ( ! model1 are      
reliev$ & und]cut1 9 ord] to take 9 !   

folds ( ! inn] surfaces ( ! sk9 ( ^?    
p>ts4 ,be sure to holl[ out ! m\? upw>d 
t[>d ! no/rils1 keep+ x f9e1 h[ev]1 at !
 lips1 & n op5+ x outw>d too mu*2 ! same
 ) ! no/rils1 look+ to ! dead head to   
note ! beautiful curves :i* c be treat$ 
s z to express1 at w1 re/1 al>m1 or     
defiance1 accord+ z ! "u-cutt+ is       
manag$2 ! eyes ( ! model mu/ be holl[$  
out & deeply und]cut to receive ! holl[ 
glass globes 7see ,*apt] ,,xii71 & ! eye
 pits 7la*rymal s9uses7 reliev$4        
,al?\gh we h ca/ ! head :il/ atta*$ to !
 body 9 ord] to get our difficulties    
increas$1 yet we w n[ imag9e ! /ag's    
head1 ) a long piece ( neck-sk9 atta*$1 
sev]$ f ! body1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* heads   
usually arrive f ,scotl& to be m\nt$ z  
trophies ( ! *ase4 ,! model be+ ready1 !
 dead head is n[ sk9n$1 ! sk9 be+ tak5  
entirely (f ! head1 & be+ d\ble-sk9n$ z 
describ$1 wa%$ & cur$1 is n[ ready =    
m\nt+4  ,fir/1 h[ev]1 ! horns mu/ be    
sawn f ! skull by cutt+ away a triangul>
 piece ( ! bone to :i* !y are atta*$2   

drill ?is bone = two long screws1 by    
means ( an ,am]ican twi/-drill1 fitt$   
into an ord9>y brace4 ,next1 ! prep>$   
model requires block+2 ?is may be done z
 %[n at ,fig4 #bf4 ,a slot to receive ! 
bo>d %\ld h be5 previ\sly cut 9 ! pla/] 
"u-jaw ( ! model1 or1 9 a m simple &    
effici5t mann] 7see ,fig4 #ca71 by      
procur+ a piece ( qu>t]+1 #c 94 x #b 91 
ab\t #b ft4 9 l5g?1 cutt+ a *annel 9 !  
"u-jaw & ! back ( ! head to fit x1 w$g+ 
up1 & p\r+ 9 wet pla/] to make all      
secure4 ,! head ( ! model %\ld be cut to
 receive ! horns1 leav+ ab\t half-an-in*
 or m ( pla/] be=e com+ to ! wood4  ,!  
qu>t]+ protrud+ bel[ ! neck mu/ n[ be   
fix$ 9 a vice1 & ! horns screw$ 94      
seats1 ! screws com+ ?r\gh ! pla/] &    
into ! wood1 :i* !y %\ld bite = an in*  
or s ( _! l5g?2 wet pla/] is !n p\r$ on 
! top1 & ! back ( ! head made up by !   
addition ( m4 ,:5 dry ! qu>t]+ %\ld     
support ! model ) horns atta*$1 & all   
p>ts %\ld be immovably rigid4  ,no?+    
rema9s n[ b to ?9 ! sk9 all ov] ! inside

 9 a c>eful mann]1 rememb]+1 ! ?9n] !   
sk9 ! bett] ! po9ts ( ! model w %[ up4  
,:5 f9i%$1 simply draw ! sk9 ov] ! model
 l a glove ^u ! h&1 put a little clay 9 
! bags ( ! eyelids1 p]haps a little ab\t
 ! no/rils1 & fix ! v>i\s p>ts 9 !      
"u-cutt+s made to receive !m1 be+ sure t
 ! lips g 9 naturally1 n leav+ a ?ick   
edge outside4 ,! e>s n[ require block+2 
to d ?is _m taxid]mi/s run a wire all   
ar\nd ea* e> f ! inside1 or put c>dbo>d 
inside1 sew+ ano!r piece outside by !   
edges to give %ape4  ,nei!r ( ^! plans  
is1 ,i am sure1 equal to my me?od (     
cutt+ a z9c plate to ! full size ( !    
e>--:5 flatt5$ out--& ins]t+ x betwe5 ! 
sk91 pu%+ x well up to ! tip2 aft]w>ds x
 may be elevat$ or depress$1 & m\ld$ to 
any %ape1 or to any degree ( convexity2 
a little clay plac$ at ! base ( ea* e>  
improves its %ape1 & assi/s to fix x 9  
position4  ,! la/ ?+ to be done is to   
cut ! qu>t]+ to ! l5g? & angle requir$1 
to det]m9e ^u ! %ape & size ( ! neck1 & 
to fix ! neck block 7see ,fig4 #bg7 to !

 qu>t]+ by screws4  ,fig4 #ca--;,back   
view ( model ) neck block ins]t$4  ,a   
,a1 ! ,horns atta*$ to piece ( ,skull2  
,b ,b1 ! ,model2 ,c1 ,qu>t]+ on :i* !   
,model is m\nt$4  ,try ! sk9 ( ! neck = 
l5g? & %ape1 & !n fill up ea* side ( !  
block ) peat nail$ on1 ov] :i* p\r wet  
pla/]1 mak+ up ! back ( ! head z y g on1
 keep+ ! neck 9 front n>r[1 & ( an      
elegant %ape1 us+ clay aft]w>ds ov] all 
to d ?is4 ,dur+ all ?is "t y w no d\bt h
 _h ! sk9 (f & on sev]al times to get ! 
%ape to suit1 & y w h tak5 precautions n
 to break away ! ?9ly c>v$ p>ts ar\nd ! 
m\?1 nose & eyes4  ,! v la/ op]ation is 
sew+ up2 ?is is done ) a sk9 ne$le      
7glov]'s ne$le7 & /rong hemp1 d\ble &   
wax$2 comm5ce y\r /it*es at ! sk9 9     
front ( "o ( ! horns1 br+ x ar\nd to !  
back1 & ent] y\r ne$le 9 ! edge ( ! sk9 
at ! side1 lace across & across1 includ+
 ! o!r horn1 9 ! mann] mo/ conv5i5t1 be+
 c>eful1 h[ev]1 to make e /it* tell1    
o!rwise1 z ! sk9 dries1 ! horns w be    
left b>e ar\nd ! burrs1 & ugly gaps     

appe>4 ,! neck be+ sewn up1 is to be    
nail$ ar\nd its circumf]5ce to !        
neckblock by /rong tacks4  ,! sk9 ( !   
face is1 p]haps1 a little out (         
position2 x mu/ be prop]ly arrang$ on ! 
model1 & wire po9ts ( suitable size1    
fil$ up f galvaniz$ wire1 mu/ be driv5  
into ! eye-pits1 inside ! corn]s ( !    
m\?1 ! no/rils & e>s1 & also on v>i\s   
p>ts ( ! face & ! head1 to prev5t ! sk9 
ris+ :il/ dry+4 ,! eyes %\ld n[ be      
ins]t$1 & ! sk9 ( ! eyelids fill$       
slightly1 & drawn naturally ar\nd !m4   
,hang ! head up z high z possible out ( 
! way1 & also because ! room is always  
w>me/ ne> ! ceil+2 two c5tre-bit holes (
 diff]5t sizes1 =m+ a k9d ( keyhole1 may
 be drill$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! neck-block1 or 
/rong wire bolt$ 9 ! =m ( a loop ne> !  
top to hang x up by4  ,be sure all is   
s\nd & firm1 z also ! nail on :i* !     
specim5 hangs1 o!rwise y\r own1 or y\r  
/ag's1 head may come to grief4 ,pla/]   
heads be+ v heavy at fir/1 be=e dry+1 x 
is z well to get !m dri$1 if possible1 9

 advance ( ! m\nt+1 to obviate great    
weight1 & also a t5d5cy to cause mildew 
inside ! sk94 ,x is really a/\nd+1      
h[ev]1 to obs]ve h[ v light pla/]       
becomes :5 ?or\ghly dry2 clay ( ! same  
siz$ model is1 on ! contr>y1 exce$+ly   
heavy--m ?an twice ! weight ( pla/]4    
,sometimes x may be necess>y1 if want+ a
 frill ( hair1 or :at n1 to be          
conspicu\s1 to keep x 9 position until  
dry1 by bru%+ on pa/e1 or ?ick clay     
wat]1 to /iff5 ! hair 9 ! desir$ mann]4 
,?is c aft]w>ds be bru%$ (f1 :5 ! head  
is ultimately cleans$1 be=e screw+ x on 
its %ield4 ,foxes' & o!r simil> heads   
may be block$ be/ by ! process sket*$   
out z relat+ to ,figs4 #bf & #bg3 &     
f9ally atta*$ to suitable %ields 7see   
,*apt] ,,xiii47  ,look+ at ! skeleton ( 
! ott]1 ,plate ,,iii1 we at once obs]ve 
t x is plac$ 9 ! position x assum$ :5 ! 
animal 0 alive & walk+ ) a /eal?y1      
cat-l1 movem5t4 ,?is skeleton is n v    
unlike t ( ! fox1 nor1 if we except its 
small] size1 t ( ! lion4 ,h5ce we %all  

be enabl$ to ref] to x1 f "t to "t1 z   
be+ suffici5tly our guide to ! m\nt+ (  
^! animals4  ,we w n be too ambiti\s to 
beg9 )1 & w1 !re=e1 take our old fri5d !
 fox = our fir/ lesson4 ,?is is ! animal
 sure to be select$ by all le>n]s1 & !  
reason is n f> to seek--x be+ ( a       
manageable size1 n too l>ge nor too     
small2 an animal1 moreov]1 ( a          
picturesque habit ( body1 & ab\t ^: dea?
 m or less ( my/]y hangs--?is my/]y s   
de> to ! imag9ation ( ! y\?ful amateur6 
,9 "s places ! dea? ( ! vulp9e robb] (  
h5 roo/s is hail$ ) delight1 & p are to 
be f\nd ev5 --oh1 horror6--will+ to     
grasp 9 fri5d%ip ! h& ( ! slay]4  ,9 su*
 a c\nty z ,leice/]%ire1 foxes are n    
accid5tally kill$1 b :5 s1 :at bewail+s 
ov] ! late lam5t$6 :at ana!mas ^u !     
villa9's head :o is suspect$ (          
vulpicide6 ,if x 7 n s s]i\s a matt]1 "o
 w\ld be incl9$ to laugh ov] ,an?ony    
,trollope's description1 9 ! ,am]ican   
,s5ator1 ( ! old hunt+ f>m] :o mov$     
himself & 8 d9n] to ! o!r side ( !      

table1 9 spee*less indignation1 le/ he  
%\ld be contam9at$ by ! pres5ce ( a     
sympa?is] ) a man :o wantonly kill$ a f>
 too sacr$ fox1 :i* gobbl$ up ! a=esaid 
man's ducks & f[ls4 ,let ?is sad        
relation be a w>n+ to all :o look )     
acquisitive eyes on ! sc5t$ jacket ( our
 ,reyn>d4  ,moral1 procure y\r specim5s 
f ! ,highl&s1 :]e !y are n wor%ipp$1 nor
 protect$1 ) a view to be+ hunt$ to dea?
 aft]w>ds4  ,hav+ procur$ our specim51  
we lay x 9 /ate on ! modell+ table1 &1  
hav+ decid$ to m\nt x by ! fir/ process 
m5tion$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 viz1 by
 us+ ! skeleton z a f\ndation1 we h     
fur!r to decide if ! animal is to be    
op5-m\!d or n4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 we %all  
require ! skull1 9 ord] to %[ ! tee? &  
palate2 9 ! latt] case1 we may disc>d ! 
skull if we *oose1 mak+ a model ( ! head
 9 a simil> mann] to t ( ! /ag1 b ) !   
diff]5ce t n[1 our specim5 n be+ horn$1 
w make a m\ld & model mu* m easily4  ,we
 decide1 !n1 to keep ! skull z "p ( !   
skeletal f\ndation4 ,sk9 out ! animal 9 

! usual mann]1 z describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1
 ) ^! diff]5ces1 t ! sk9 mu/ be split on
 ! und]nea?1 f ! v5t to above ! %\ld] 79
 "s cases1 & = "s attitudes1 ?is cut mu/
 ext5d up ! ?roat72 cross cuts f ?is mu/
 ext5d all ! way d[n ! limbs1 on _!     
inside surfaces4 ,by ^! five cuts ! body
 is releas$ entirely f ! sk91 ! head be+
 cut (f at ! nose1 & ! feet at ! claws2 
no?+1 !re=e1 ( ! skeleton rema9s 9 ! sk9
 b ! cores support+ ! claws4  ,measure !
 body n[ c>efully = size1 etc1 & treat !
 sk9 9 ! mann] indicat$1 & turn+ to !   
body1 disjo9t ! h9d limbs at ! junction 
( ! femur ) ! pelvic girdle1 & ! =e     
limbs at ! junction ( ! hum]us ) !      
scapul> ar* 7see ,plate ,,iii74 ,cut (f 
! head 7,a1 ,b71 & trim x4 ,if y _c make
 a r\gh repres5tation 9 wood ( ! pelvic 
girdle 7,h7 & scapul> ar* 7,m71 y _h    
bett] cut ^! bones out & trim !m1 z !y1 
or _! repres5tatives1 give a natural set
 to ! limbs4 ,?r[ away ! rema9d] ( !    
body4 ,y n[ possess ! complete sk91 &   
also ! bones ,i1 ,j1 ,k1 #a1 & ,n1 ,o1  

,p1 ,q1 toge!r ) ! skull & ! f\r o!r    
bones1 or _! semblances4 ,hav+ prop]ly  
cur$ all ^! p>ts1 we w = ?is lesson take
 ! skeleton ( ! ott] & its attitude z   
our guide4  ,our fir/ c>e1 !n1 is to    
provide a block ( wood1 simil> to t 9 ! 
illu/ration1 = ! animal to /& on2 ! l5g?
 & wid? ( ?is are1 ( c\rse1 det]m9$ by !
 measurem5ts :i* %\ld h be5 previ\sly   
tak5--its ?ickness %\ld n be less ?an "o
 in*4 ,! next ?+ to be done is to cut a 
piece ( #j4e 94 or #j4ge 94 deal to     
repres5t ! body--n[ ?r[n away--figur$ 9 
! plate z ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 & ,r2 ! %ape z %[n
 9 ,fig4 #cb w be f\nd ! mo/ conv5i5t4  
,to ?is atta*1 by bolt+1 a ?ick wire1 to
 repres5t ! neck 7,c71 & ( suffici5t    
/r5g? to c>ry ! weight ( ! head1 also   
ano!r ?9n] "o to take ! place ( ! tail  
7,g74 ,at ! po9t ,m nail two small      
blocks ( wood on ea* side ( ! body-bo>d1
 9 ord] to slightly raise f its surface1
 & also atta* !reto1 ! scapul>s2 d !    
same at ,h1 rememb]+ t ! ?ickness ( !   
blocks ) bones atta*$ det]m9es ! wid? ( 

! *e/1 etc4 ,bore holes along ,d1 ?r\gh 
:i* ?ru/ /\t wires to repres5t ! ribs1  
b5d+ !m into position1 & br++ !m ov] !  
edge ( ,r1 & bolt+ ea* end into "o or ! 
o!r ( ! holes along its l[] surface4 ,! 
wires mu/1 ( c\rse1 be cut ( suffici5t  
l5g? to g "r ?r\gh ! holes at ,d1 to =m 
bo? sides ( ! ribs1 ere be+ f9ally bolt$
 9 ! holes at ,r4  ,fig4 #cb--;,false   
body ( wood1 ) neck & tail wires atta*$4
  ,we n[ h a cage1 z x 71 ( wood & wire1
 t]m9at+ 9 two long wires1 9 :i* /ate we
 leave x = ! pres5t4 ,! next process is 
to drill ! leg bones 7,i & ,j1 & ,n &   
,p7 ) an ,am]ican twi/-drill & brace1 9 
ord] to pu% up a wire rod ( suffici5t   
/\tness to c>ry ! weight ( ! body2 leave
 pl5ty ( l5g? ( wire above & bel[4      
,footnote3 ,9 cases :]e drill+ is       
impracticable1 x w be suffici5t to      
firmly la% ! bones to ! rod 9 ! position
 :i* !y %\ld occupy dur+ ! subsequ5t    
modell+4  ,next drill ! bottom bo>d to  
receive ! wires "u ! feet1 :]e %[n at #a
 & ,q2 :5 firmly bolt$ und]nea? b5d !   

rod ) atta*$ bones into ! positions %[n 
on ,plate ,,iii4 ,b5d ! upp] portion ( !
 rods n[ at "r angles1 9 ord] to g ?r\gh
 ! scapul>s & pelvis4 ,next take ! cage 
7,fig4 #cb7 repres5t+ ! body1 ) pelvic  
girdle & scapul> ar* atta*$1 & ready    
drill$1 lift betwe5 ! limbs1 pu%+ ! top 
wires--n[ at "r angles--?r\gh ! holes   
drill$ to receive !m1 b5d+ ^! d[n on ea*
 side4 ,we h n[ a r\gh b fairly correct 
image ( ! skeleton )\t a head4  ,tak+ n[
 ! natural skull 7,a ,b71 we op5 ! jaws 
z mu* z desir$1 & fill+ 9 ! cavities )  
pap] & t[1 p]fect ! %ape by modell+ )   
clay to replace ! fle%4 ,fix+ ?is on !  
wire1 ,c1 we make up ! neck ) t[ & clay1
 b9d+ ! =m] on v tightly1 & add+ clay to
 give "*1 especially :]e x approa*es !  
*e/4 ,! cage mu/ n[ be tightly pack$ )  
old newspap]s1 br[n pap]1 or clean /raw1
 b ) nei!r hay nor flocks4 ,footnote3   
,flocks & sack+ are ! h>b\r+ places (   
,t9ea ,tapetzella1 #a1 a de/ructive     
little mo?1 ! ravages ( ^: l>vae once   
co/ me all ! s(t p>ts ( a s(a1 besides  

fill+ ! h\se be=e discov]y ) ! p]fect   
insect--eag] to p]petuate its race at my
 exp5se4  ,be=e ?is is done1 h[ev]1 x w 
be z well to int]lace ! wires ) t[1 laid
 on z a ?9 %eet1 & glu$2 be sure ( !    
%ape n[--if ev]2 let ! cage be wide/ 9 !
 middle1 tap]+ (f above & bel[ & t[>d   
ea* end1 be+ c>eful to make x a little  
small]1 if any?+1 ?an ! actual body2    
make up ) /raw & t[ at ,e1 keep+ ?is "p 
n>r[ und]nea?2 b9d ! tail1 ,g1 ?9ly )   
t[1 gradually ?ick5+ x z x approa*es ,f2
 cov] all ^! p>ts ) clay :]e requir$4   
,! =e & h9d limbs1 especially ! latt]1  
require v c>eful modell+4 ,to d ?is     
prop]ly measurem5ts & trac+s ( ! %apes  
%\ld h be5 tak54 ,b9d t[ ar\nd all1 to  
r\ghly repres5t ! =m1 & !n arti/ically  
adju/ clay to repres5t ! muscles & fle%4
 ,! appe>ance pres5t$ n[ %\ld be z a    
clay model--)\t hair--( ! specim5 tak5 9
 h&4  ,no?+ n[ rema9s b to take ! sk91  
prop]ly ?9n$ d[n & prep>$1 & try x ov] !
 model1 alt]+ ! latt] :]e x is too l>ge 
or too small4 ,p]haps x may be necess>y 

to pull x ov]--comm5c+ at ! head--sev]al
 times be=e gett+ x q "r4 ,:5 fairly    
satisfi$ ) y\r progress1 comm5ce /it*+ !
 sk9 up f ! neck1 add+ clay :]e want$1  
notic+ t1 9 ! position y are n[ work+   
to1 ! neck w hang l[1 & r f9e 9 front1  
betwe5 ! =e limbs1 & t ! flanks w be    
tuck$ up4  ,g on sew+ up until y are at 
! po9t beh9d ! %\ld]s1 includ+ ! =e     
limbs 9 ?is2 pad ! sk9 at ! toes ) clay1
 to replace ! fle% previ\sly cut away4  
,leave ?is n[1 & g to ! tail end2 b5d ! 
wire d[n1 & ins]t x 9 ! holl[ ( ! sk9 ( 
! tail1 & "w on ! h9d limbs1 f9i%+ z y g
 on1 & sew+ up to ! po9t betwe5 ,f & ,e4
 ,?is leaves y ! rema9d] ( ! body to    
f9i%1 & also gives y a *ance to dispose 
( any loose sk9 ab\t t "p4 ,! clay &    
wire1 be+ bo? am5able to any alt]ation1 
c be beat5 into %ape :]e requir$4       
,f9ally1 sew up1 & if y\r modell+ is    
correct all ! rema9d] mu/ ( necessity be
 correct also4  ,to keep ! sk9 9        
position on ! model1 tack x d[n )       
galvanis$ wire po9ts1 or by /it*+ x     

?r\gh 9 places1 su* z occur 9 ! neck &  
v>i\s p>ts ( ! limbs4 ,^! wires c1 (    
c\rse1 be remov$1 & all /it*es cut &    
drawn away :5 ! specim5 is dry1 at :i*  
"t ! eyes c be ins]t$1 if n previ\sly   
done4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 ! specim5 mu/
 be ?or\ghly dri$ be=e x c be f9i%$ (f  
by modell+ ! inside ( ! lips & palate ) 
wax or cem5t 7describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xii71 
or be=e ! model tongue is ins]t$4  ,!   
=ego+ ?us describes ! me?od :i* may be  
adopt$ to educate ! tyro to a correct   
idea ( ! o/eology ( 8 subject1 &1 by    
analogy1 to ! o/eology & relation ( p>ts
 ( _m o!rs4 ,x is practicable only 9 !  
case ( mammals done f ! fle%1 & ^:      
skeleton is n valuable4 ,9 ?is sy/em1 z 
9 all ! foll[+1 ! model head ( any      
animal1 ca/ z describ$ = ! /ag1 may be  
sub/itut$ = ! natural skull1 unless !   
tee?1 etc4 are requir$ to be %[n4 ,model
 tee? c>v$ f bone1 or f wood1           
subsequ5tly col\r$1 are sometimes ins]t$
 9 model heads1 b ?is is n recomm5d$4   
,! next "p ( our !me deals ) m\nt+ sk9s 

f ! flat1 :5 no body or skeleton is     
=?com+1 & is practis$ by ma/]s ( ! art1 
:o "k by exp]i5ce ! v>i\s positions     
assum$ by _! subjects :5 9 a /ate (     
,nature4 ,by ?is means l>ge animals1 su*
 z tig]s1 lions1 be>s1 etc1 may be m\nt$
 f sk9s s5t home f abroad4  ,! sk9 hav+ 
be5 relax$ & ?9n$ 7see ,*apt] ,x471 is  
put ov] ! model 9 exactly ! same mann] z
 describ$ = ! ott]4 ,! model is1 h[ev]1 
n[ det]m9$ by ! size ( ! sk91 :i*1 :5   
p]fectly s(t1 is fold$ toge!r1 legs &   
all1 & %ap$ on ! floor ( ! /udio1 9     
some:at ! position requir$2 f ?is a r\gh
 trac+ is made ) r$ *alk on bo>ds kept =
 t purpose1 or on %eets ( br[n pap]4 ,^!
 are aft]w>ds correct$ by eye1 or by !  
aid ( small] draw+s or good pr9ts4      
,inside ?is l>ge f9i%$ trac+ trace an   
irregul>ly-%ap$ long oval1 q two in*es  
small] all ! way r\nd ?an ! trac+ ( !   
sk9 itself4 ,cut ?is out 9 /iff pap]1 & 
f x %ape up "o or two bo>ds ( #a 94 to  
#a4e 94 deal1 jo9t$ toge!r on edge2 to  
?is body-bo>d bolt by /aples ! f\r /rong

 rods repres5t+ ! =e & h9d limb bones4  
,let ea* h a "r-angl$ crook :]e !y fir/ 
spr+ f ! bo>d1 to repres5t ! scapul> &  
pelvic ar*es1 !n b5d ea* "o 7m or less7 
at ea* jo9t 7see ,plates ,,iii4 & ,,iv47
 accord+ to ! attitude desir$4  ,ins]t  
^! rods at ! feet ?r\gh a /rong base    
made ( #a 94 or #a4e 94 bo>ds1 rememb]+ 
t1 if ! project$ attitude ( y\r model   
dem&s ! =e-feet rais$1 y mu/ nail qu>t]+
 on end1 to :i* atta* a plat=m ( bo>d ( 
! requisite height4 ,fix two m$ium siz$ 
or "o v /rong rod = ! neck1 & "o        
mod]ately /rong = ! tail4 ,9 a l>ge     
animal--& ,i am assum+ t we are n[      
engag$ on a lion--! wire ribs may be    
replac$ by sections ( #j4e 94 bo>d1 cut 
z 9 ,fig4 #cc1 & nail$ v]tically on ea* 
side ( ! body-bo>d4 ,on ! half-r\nd$    
surfaces ( ^!1 la?s are tack$1 &        
aft]w>ds cov]$ ) /raw1 or pla/]$ ov]1 j 
z a pla/]] w\ld f9i% a p>tition2 let ?is
 be kept some:at small] ?an y wi% x1 9  
ord] to all[ = its subsequ5t cov]+ )    
clay4 ,f ?is proce$ to model ! limbs z  

be=e1 us+ pla/] ov] ! t[1 & clay ov]    
all2 next arrange ! tail1 &1 la/ly1 fix 
on ! skull1 if y possess x1 or ! pla/]  
head1 :i* has be5 modell$ & ca/ 9 ! same
 mann] z ! /ag's head4  ,! sk9 is !n    
fitt$ on z be=e1 ) ! diff]5ce t ! head  
"p1 :i*1 p]haps1 is split "r ?r\gh ! *91
 & ! tail1 split up its :ole l5g?1 w    
come on m easily1 b w ( c\rse require m 
sew+ up4 ,:5 f9i%$1 adju/ ! claws1 !    
mane1 ! e>s 7block$ ) z9c z 9 ! /ag71 & 
! m\?4 ,%\ld x be wi%$ to op5 ! m\? to  
express rage or :at n1 ! edges ( ! sk9 (
 ! m\?1 be+ no d\bt de/itute 79 a flat  
sk97 ( _! inn] l9+ 7! muc\s membrane71  
mu/ h ?is replac$ by wa% lea!r sewn all 
ar\nd to =m ! bags ( ea* side ( ! lips1 
previ\sly m5tion$4  ,^! bags are !n     
fill$ ) clay or model+ wax1 & :5 ! sk9  
is put on ov] ! skull1 are p9*$ into    
prop] %ape & atta*$ by _! inn] edges to 
:]e ! gums %\ld be1 or ar\nd conv5i5t   
tee? by /it*es1 or by /rong wire po9ts  
driv5 into ! bone1 9 ! mann] :i* w be/  
comm5d itself to ! le>n]4 ,suff] x to   

dry1 look+ at x f "t to "t1 & :5        
p]fectly dri$ model ! palate1 etc4 7%\ld
 ! animal be repres5t$ op5-m\!d71 9 !   
mann] describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,s great 
a mass ( damp clay us$ on ^! l>ge       
animals is apt to crack2 pap] may       
advantage\sly be pa/$ ov] ! :ole surface
 be=e ! sk9 is put on1 :i* w /ick well &
 n int]f]e ) ! modell+4  ,fig4          
#cc--,section ( half-in* bo>d to        
repres5t ribs  ,plate ,,iv4 ,lion m\nt$ 
f ! ,flat4  ,plate ,,iv4 repres5ts a    
lion m\nt$ by ?is me?od3 ,a1 ,b1 !      
skull2 ,c1 ! neck rod 7sometimes two72  
,d1 ,e1 & ,f1 ! body-bo>d2 ,g1 ! tail   
rod2 & #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d1 ! rods         
repres5t+ ! p>ts ,h1 ,i1 ,j1 ,k1 #a1 &  
,m1 ,n1 ,o1 ,p1 ,q1 9 ,plate ,,iii4  ,! 
la/ process ( all is m\nt+1 by means ( a
 model skeleton ( c>v$ wood1 supplem5t$ 
by iron rods4 ,?is is a sy/em :i*       
requires a slight k ( wood c>v+1 & w\ld 
be practis$ 9 ! case ( hav+ ! skeleton (
 ! l>ge animal to model f1 or 9 cases   
:]e1 hav+ bo? skeleton & fle%1 x is     

desirable to reta9 ! =m] z an           
o/eological prep>ation1 & to treat ! sk9
 z a taxid]mic object4  ,suppos+1 !n1 we
 h a lion 9 ! fle%1 our fir/ c>e mu/ be 
to det]m9e ^u ! position & attitude x is
 to ultimately assume4 ,n to p]plex !   
/ud5t too mu*1 we det]m9e t x %all take 
! attitude ( our la/ example 7,plate    
,,iv71 or else t %[n 9 ,plate ,,iii4    
,accord+ly1 we arrange x on a plat=m j  
rais$ f ! floor ( ! /udio1 :5 by propp+ 
& judici\s managem5t we make x1 al?\gh  
ly+ on its side1 assume ! position we   
require4  ,we c>efully measure & take a 
r\gh trac+ ( ! :ole4 ,! muscles are n[  
work$ up into position1 & m\lds tak5 f  
!m1 or f su* p>ts ( ! limbs z we        
require4 ,by c>eful arrangem5t ( clay1  
wood5 walls1 & o!r pack+1 x is q        
possible to take a complete ca/ ( ! :ole
 c>case4 ,piece-ca/+1 h[ev] 7describ$ 9 
,*apt] ,,xii71 assi/s u "h4 ,f ^! m\lds 
we ca/ reproductions ( p>ts ( ! lion1   
:i* w be patt]ns =1 & greatly assi/ u   
:51 ultimately modell+ up4  ,! animal is

 n[ sk9n$1 & ! sk9 prep>$ 9 ! usual     
mann]1 i4e1 /ripp$ entirely f ! body1   
cur$1 & ?9n$ d[n4 ,! b[els are tak5 out1
 ! fle% is cut (f ! bones1 & ! p>ts ,h1 
,i1 ,j1 ,k1 & ,m1 ,n1 ,o1 ,p 7see ,plate
 ,,iii471 are copi$ by c>v+ 9 lime-tree 
or bee* wood4 ,footnote3 ,bones c be ca/
 9 pla/] q z easily z any?+ else1 & (t5 
take ! place ( c>v$ wood4  ,^! models   
are !n sawn longitud9ally 9 halves1 &   
ea* half holl[$ out to receive1 & to be 
ei!r ti$1 or wir$ on to1 ! rods-#a1 #b1 
#c & #d ( ,plate ,,iv4 ,by ?is x w be   
se5 t ! model is made up precisely z 9  
t1 ! only addition be+ ! sub/itution (  
c>v$ limb-bones 9 place ( t[ previ\sly  
us$ to b9d ov] ! rods4 ,clay or o!r     
sub/ances is work$ ov] ^! wood5 bones1 &
 ! f9i%+ processes are ! same z ! la/4  
,! skeleton mu/ be c>efully m\nt$ &     
articulat$1 z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xii4  
,be c>eful to get ! ultimate phalanges (
 ea* limb out ( ! sk91 & by c>eful      
managem5t we %all also be enabl$ to get 
! bony core f ! claw1 & ?us reap !      

advantage ( hav+ two specim5s in/ead (  
"o only4  ,l>ge fi%es--su* z %>ks2 or   
reptiles1 su* z v l>ge alligators &     
crocodiles--may be m\nt$ by slight      
modifications ( any ( ! =ego+ processes4
  ,(t5 h>d5$ wax1 l9se$ oil & pla/]1    
pla/] composition1 modell+ wax1 cobbl]'s
 wax1 %ellac1 or :at n1 is us$ to       
repres5t ! muscles & flabby p>ts4 ,wax  
is also us$ to pa9t ov] ! muc\s         
membrane1 :]e %[n or expos$4 ,all ?is w 
be f\nd fully expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xii1   
?us explod+ all ! rubbi% talk$1 &       
writt51 ab\t secret or pat5t            
compositions1 :i*1 :5 put on s(t1 w     
ultimately dry z h>d z m>ble4 ,^!       
wond]ful secrets may be summ$ up "u ?ree
 heads--,clay1 ,pla/]1 & ,wax6  ,,*apt] 
,,viii4  ,,sk9n+1 ,,pres]v+1 ,,& ,,m\nt+
 ,,fi%1 ,,& ,,ca/+ ,,fi%es ,,9 ,,pla/]1 
etc4  ,,fi% be+1 p]haps1 ! mo/ difficult
 ?+s 9 ! range ( taxid]mical sci5ce to  
set up 9 a satisfactory mann]1 ,i w\ld  
impress ^u ! amateur to take p>ticul>   
note ( _! peculi>ities ( %ape & col\r1 &

 to practise ^u any easily-obta9$ &     
t\gh-sk9n$ fi%1 su* z ! p]*1 :i* is1    
inde$1 "o ( ! be/ ( all subjects = !    
purpose4  ,h[ev]1 z ,i h n[ be=e me a   
pike ( ov] #aa lb1 ,i w take x to       
illu/rate ?is lesson4  ,provide y\rself 
fir/ ) sk9n+ knives 7see ,figs4 #aa-ac7 
& a tool previ\sly figur$1 :i* ,i call !
 und]cutt+ knife or scrap] 7see ,fig4   
#bi74 ,x is be/ made by an artisan1 b   
may be r\ghly fa%ion$ by beat+ out a    
squ>e piece ( /eel 7a worn-out1 n>r[1   
flat or squ>e file w furni% ?is71 :ile  
hot1 to a flat surface at "o end1 turn+ 
x at "r angles = ab\t an in*1 & fil+ ea*
 side ( ?is return1 z also ! po9t 7!    
latt] previ\sly r\nd$7 to a cutt+ edge1 
& aft]w>ds giv+ x ! requisite h>dness by
 temp]+ x 9 oil4 ,_m tools us$ by ! gun 
/ock]s are to be b\ght ready made1 :i* w
 fulfil all ! requirem5ts ( ?is tool1 b 
x is s easily made t ,i consid] anyone )
 ! lea/ me*anical ability %\ld be able  
to make "o4 ,! object ( ?is tool is to  
run 9 "u bones & to cut & drag out      

pieces ( fle% ?r\gh small op5+s4        
,measurem5ts be+ tak5 & a bo>d provid$  
on :i* to trace ! outl9e1 select ! be/  
side ( ! fi%--by :i* ,i mean ! side mo/ 
free f bruises or gaff m>ks4 ,cov] ?is )
 ?9 pap] 7cap pap]7 or musl91 :i*       
readily adh]es by ! natural mucus       
peculi> to fi%4 ,?is process1 x w be    
se51 keeps ! scales fa/ 9 _! seats dur+ 
! op]ation ( sk9n+1 & gives also a set1 
z x 71 to ! sk94 ,! f9s & tail mu/ n1   
h[ev]1 be all[$ to dry until ! fi% is   
f9i%$4 ,to avoid ?is & ! consequ5t      
splitt+ ( ^! memb]s1 keep !m con/antly  
damp$ by wet clo?s or t[ wrapp$ ar\nd   
!m4  ,lay ! wor/ side upp]mo/1 & !n cut 
! sk9 f head to tail 9 a /raight l9e4 ,a
 m>k call$ ! subdorsal or lat]al l9e is 
an excell5t guide = ?is4 ,) a /rong pair
 ( scissors1--or r %e>s1 cut ?r\gh !    
scapul> ar* 7! l>ge bone b5ea? !        
gills--see ,fig4 #cd1 ,a74 ,slip ! knife
 "u ! edges ( ! cut sk91 & lift ! sk9 ! 
:ole ( ! way up at ab\t an in* 9 on bo? 
sides ( ! cut4 ,hav+ c>efully sep>at$   

?is f ! fle%1 take ! broad knife 9 y\r  
h&1 &1 hold+ ! sk9 lightly 9 ! middle1 )
 a scrap+ motion ( ! knife on ! sk9 free
 x f ! fle%4 ,if ! knife is held 9 a    
prop] mann]1 slant+ inw>d t[>ds y1 ?is w
 be done v easily4 ,take c>e1 h[ev]1 :5 
approa*+ ! f9s n to cut outw>d too mu*1 
or y w rip !m out ( ! sk94 ,fig4 #cd %[s
 ! po9t :]e we h arriv$1 ,b be+ ! loos5$
 sk9 & ,c ! fle% d5ud$ ( t sk94  ,fig4  
#cd--;,diagram ( pike1 %[+ sk9 remov$ on
 "o side f l[] half ( body4  ,sk9 out ! 
rema9+ "p up to ! back1 hold+ ! knife 9 
! same mann]2 ! fi% is n[ half way      
sk9n$1 & hold+ only by ! f9s4 ,slip !   
scissors c>efully und]nea? ! bones ( ea*
 f9 & cut !m away f ! inside4 ,d n be   
afraid ( leav+ a little fle% atta*$1 z  
?is c be easily cut away f ! int]-sp9\s 
bones aft]w>ds1 x be+ bett] to h too mu*
 fle% atta*$ to !m ?an to f9d y h cut ! 
sk9 ?r\gh on ! o!r side4 ,x is a matt] (
 little importance z to :i* f9 y cut    
away fir/2 b let me assume t y beg9 at !
 "u anal f91 &1 hav+ cut ?is away       

c>efully1 y n[ f9d t x is /ill held at a
 little di/ance above x by4 ! orifice ( 
! v5t4 ,a great deal ( c>e is requir$ "h
 to cut ! atta*m5t away s z n to pi]ce  
?r\gh to ! outside2 a piece ( wool comes
 9 v h&ily to pu% 91 to /op ! fl[ (     
blood1 etc4  ,n[ turn y\r att5tion to ! 
only f9 on a pike's back1 ! second or   
l[] dorsal "o1 :i* cut away 9 ! same    
c>eful mann] z be=e4 ,work+ d[n t[>d !  
tail1 get ! broad knife z mu* und]nea? z
 y c1 & !n pu% ! f+]s und]nea? until !y 
meet1 & ?us gradually free ! fle% f !   
sk9 almo/ up to ! extreme end ( ! caudal
 f9 7or tail74 ,ins]t ! po9t ( ! l>ge   
%e>s und]nea?1 & cut ! bone & fle%      
completely ?r\gh at a di/ance ( ab\t #a 
94 f ! la/ jo9t ( ! v]tebrae at ! tail2 
?is leaves a little fle% atta*$ to be   
subsequ5tly cle>$ out4  ,leav+ ?is1 g n[
 to ! head ( ! fi%1 &1 hold+ d[n ! sk9 (
 ! back1 :i* is n[ flat on ! table1 run 
! f+]s ( ! "r h&1 especially ! ?umb1 "r 
d[n ! :ole l5g? ( ! fi% to ! tail1 9    
ord] to loos5 all f ! und]nea? to !     

front ( ! fi%1 :5 ! :ole w be free up to
 ! two v5tral f9s1 :i* y may cut away1 z
 x 71 ) y\r f+] nails1 leav+ ! atta*$   
fle% to be trimm$ away aft]w>ds4 ,! only
 "p :i* n[ holds to ! sk9 is t ne> !    
head1 z also ! "u "o ( ! pectoral f9s2  
?is latt] mu/ be c>efully cut away1 z ! 
sk9 is v ?9 ab\t "h1 & is r awkw>d to   
get at4  ,n[ let ! f+]s ( bo? h&s come  
into requisition1 & let !m meet "u !    
head4 ,rega9+ ! l>ge knife1 ) x sev] !  
bone ( ! head cutt+ t[>d y4 ,if ?is is  
prop]ly p]=m$1 ! cutt+ edge ( ! knife w 
t\* ! gills2 be c>eful 9 ?is1 t y\r     
knife does n slip & g too f> into !     
und]nea? sk94 ,v>i\s int]nal organs w n[
 appe>1 hold+ fa/ to ! sk92 ^! mu/ be   
cut ?r\gh ) ! knife1 & ! effect %\ld be 
t ! :ole ( ! body comes out 9 a piece4  
,footnote3 ,! beg9n] may1 h[ev]1 =      
great] facility ( h&l+1 cut ! body ( a  
l>ge fi% into sections1 & remove !m     
piece by piece z he progresses4 ,= l>g] 
fi%1 say "o ( #bj lb4 or m1 ,i recomm5d 
splitt+ ! fle% longitud9ally or         

v]tically1 & gett+ out ea* section      
sep>ately4  ,! sk9 n[ be+ free f ! body1
 scrape away all ! small pieces ( fle% t
 are /ill adh]+ inside ! sk91 d[n !     
c5tre1 & ar\nd ! f9s & tail4 ,^?        
f9-bones 7int]-sp9\s bones7 :i* protrude
 inside may be cut fairly %ort ) !      
scissors1 & ! fle% nicely scrap$ (f f   
ea* side4 ,:at fle% is left on ! tail   
mu/ be c>efully cut away ) ! aid ( !    
knife1 scissors1 & %e>s1 c>e be+ tak5   
also to free ! bone to ! v end1 & yet n 
to di/urb ! scales und]nea?4 ,a         
consid]able am\nt ( scrap+1 coax+1 &    
und]cutt+ w h to be done "h4  ,hav+ well
 fre$ ! f9s ( fle%1 turn y\r att5tion to
 ! head3 make a cut along ! side ( ! "u 
jaw1 !n cut away ! gills at _! top &    
bottom atta*m5ts & pull !m out1 if y d n
 wi% !m ultimately to %[4 ,:5 ?is is    
done y w become aw>e t !re is /ill      
rema9+ a piece ( ! v]tebra lead+ up into
 ! head2 take ! l>ge knife & *op x to ! 
und]nea?2 x w !n lift up1 expos+ :at    
little bra9 ! fi% has4 ,cut ?is piece (f

 be=e x ent]s ! palate2 & !n1 by cle>+  
away a little fle%1 y come to ! eye1 :i*
 take hold ( ) y\r f+] & pull out4 ,y w 
n[ see sev]al small cavities fill$ )    
fle% runn+ up to ! sides ( ! face1      
*eeks1 etc4  ,! scrap] or und]cutt+     
knife w n[ come into use1 & small pieces
 ( fle% mu/ be labori\sly cle>$ out4    
,aft] ?is tool has well loos5$ & p>tly  
cut away ! int]v5+ fle%1 ! f+]s may be  
advantage\sly us$ to "w )1 by be+ pu%$ 9
 at ! orbits ( ! eyes1 to pull out !    
loose pieces ( fle%4 7,note t1 9 do+    
?is1 x is z well to be c>eful n to cut  
y\r f+]s ) ! edges ( ! small bones ( !  
head1 nor ) ! palatal or l+ual tee?47   
,! op]ator mu/ n =get dur+ "w to keep ! 
f9s well damp$1 o!rwise !y rapidly dry &
 split1 z ,i h be=e obs]v$4  ,runn+     
betwe5 & f ! pectoral f9s a ?ick1 fle%y 
process cont9ues "r up und]nea? ! jaw4  
,z ! includ$ fle% is conta9$ 9 a        
rem>kably ?9 silv]y sk91 extraord9>y c>e
 is necess>y 9 free+ ?is f ! fle%1 s !  
knife1 ! scrap]1 & ! f+]s w all h to    

come into play4 ,x is held at ! extreme 
end "u ! jaw by a ?9 bone1 :i*1 ?\gh    
sk9n$ to its "u "p1 mu/ n be cut away1 b
 left slightly atta*$4  ,a little s& at 
?is /age is useful to rub ! f+]s 91 to  
prev5t !m slipp+1 :5 pull+ out small    
pieces ( fle%4 ,! pectoral f9s are1 (   
all1 ! mo/ awkw>dly situat$ to sk9 out1 
com+1 z !y d1 at ! bottom ( ! pectoral  
process1 & !y mu/ be left ) _! bones    
atta*$1 & ! fle% be scrap$ away f betwe5
 ! two f9s1 & und]nea? ea* "o1 until    
no?+ rema9s4 ,c>efully att5d to ! latt] 
"p ( ^! in/ructions1 or ! f9al result w 
be any?+ b cr$itable4  ,"s fle% n[ lies 
betwe5 two sk9s along ! sides ( ! fi%'s 
gums1 betwe5 ! tongue & ! tee?2 a hole  
mu/ be cut inside at ! back "p ( ! head 
bel[ ! eye1 ! crook$ scrap] ins]t$1 &   
all ! fle% dragg$ out bit by bit4       
,rememb]1 ?is is m]ely a ?9 membrane1 & 
! slighte/ awkw>dness ruptures x2 9 l>ge
 fi%1 h[ev]1 ! f+] may be introduc$ )   
advantage1 to pull out pieces ( fle%4   
,_m taxid]mi/s cut ! :ole ( ?is away1 & 

replace x ) pla/]2 b if ! fi%'s m\? is  
to be left op5 x nev] looks s well z if 
done by ?is me?od4  ,cut "u ! tongue f !
 outside1 & scrape out ! fle%1 fill up )
 putty1 & sew up neatly4  ,to /uff !    
fi%1 procure a ?ick piece ( wire some:at
 long] ?an ! body1 b5d+ "o end1 to =m a 
l>ge oval-%ap$ loop1 to be aft]w>ds pu%$
 up z a be>] into ! head4 ,at "s little 
di/ance f ?is 7:i* w be det]m9$ by !    
size ( ! fi%71 =m a small] loop1 to :i*1
 by twi/+1 atta* a %ort piece ( wire a  
size small] ?an ! ma9 be>]4 ,at "s      
di/ance f ?is--ne> ! tail--=m ano!r     
small loop1 to :i* atta* 9 ! same mann] 
ano!r piece ( wire4 ,cut (f ! end ( !   
ma9 wire1 s t :5 po9t$ & pu%$ ?r\gh x w 
fall j outside ! bone ( ! tail4 ,x w no 
d\bt be obvi\s to ! read] t ?is =ms an  
artificial backbone4  ,! l>ge oval or   
pe>-%ap$ loop at ! "o end is int5d$ to  
be pu%$ 9 to support ! head1 &1 9 !     
pres5t me?od1 also to help ! =mation ( !
 model4 ,! loops & atta*$ wires are to  
support ! body1 & also to bolt x to !   

back ( ! case :5 f9i%$4 ,! po9t$ end is 
to pu% into & support ! tail4  ,i %\ld h
 previ\sly m5tion$ t ?is wire backbone  
%\ld be made be=e ! fi% is sk9n$1 z y !n
 h a correct guide to position ( be>+   
wire1 &1 m important /ill1 a guide to ! 
extreme l5g? ( ! fi%4  ,r\nd ?is wire1  
wrap pap]1 glu$1 or ti$ ) /r+1 until x  
is a little less ?an ! body ( ! fi%     
previ\sly tak5 out2 :5 ?is is done1 cov]
 ov] ) t[ well ti$ on ) hemp1 until x   
has arriv$ at almo/ ! %ape & size ( !   
body--be+1 9 fact1 ! %ape ( ! fi% )\t   
head or tail--lay ?is d[n & ?or\ghly    
ano9t all p>ts ( ! fi%4 ,/uff out ! n[  
holl[ sides ( ! face1 gums1 & ! und]nea?
 ( ! ?roat ) putty1 ( :i* pu% "s ?ick   
pads und]nea? ! root ( ! tail & all ab\t
 ! f9s2 next lay a ?9 sk9 ( putty ov] ! 
:ole ( ! sk9 on ! inside4  ,wet pla/] is
 commonly us$ = ?is1 b ,i pref] putty1 z
 n be+ q s heavy1 & z af=d+ also a m    
agreeable ag5t to "w )4 ,ano!r objection
 to pla/]1 us$ 9 quantities1 is t ! heat
 x evolves 9 dry+ has a t5d5cy to make !

 scales rise4  ,! next ?+ to be done is 
to ins]t ! body4 ,pu%+ ! %>p5$ end ( !  
tail wire ?r\gh ! bone ( ! tail1 br+ x  
up on ! inside4 ,n[ drill a little hole 
) a /raight awl ?r\gh ! bone ( ! scapul>
 ar*1 & ) a /rong ne$le & ?read jo9 t "p
 toge!r4 ,! next hole %\ld be drill$    
?r\gh ! upp]mo/ gill-cov]1 ?r\gh :i*    
pass ! ne$le2 !n comm5ce1 travell+      
d[nw>d1 to sew ! sk9 toge!r1 tak+ c>e to
 g inw>d a suffici5t di/ance f ! cut    
edges ) ! ne$le & ?read1 & yet n all[+ !
 edges ( ! sk9 to ov]lap4  ,?is requires
 pati5ce1 & a little coax+ toge!r ( !   
edges ( ! sk94 ,z y g on1 see :]e y\r   
fi% appe>s out ( %ape on ! upp] side1   
:i* is a pretty good guide b n always   
s--= ! "u1 or %[ side4 ,if ! defect is  
s]i\s1 ins]t a little m putty1 foll[$ by
 a judici\s application ( t[1 :i* w pu% 
! putty to ! "u side :]e y mo/ require  
x4  ,x is sometimes exp$i5t1 aft] hav+  
sewn half-way d[n1 to beg9 to sew up f !
 tail end1 s z to meet ! o!r /it*es4 ,a 
f9e sk9 ne$le mu/ be us$4  ,aft] x is   

entirely /it*$ up !re w /ill be little  
places :i* w require deep5+ & fill+ up4 
,a little t[1 pu%$ 9 any int]/ices :i*  
maybe left betwe5 ! /it*es1 w soon      
rectify ?is1 & also help to %ort5 ! fi%1
 :i*1 9 a fir/ attempt1 is almo/ sure to
 be made too long4 ,?is is important1 z 
a well-f$ pike %\ld be ( "s consid]able 
dep?1 & n a lanky mon/] l a snake4 ,a   
little g5tle tapp+ ) ! h&le ( ! /uff] on
 ! upp] surface is sometimes advisable4 
,get ! back almo/ /raight1 &1 hav+      
br\ght x ne>ly to y\r measurem5ts1 y may
 lift ! fi% by ! two wires1 b 9 a v     
c>eful mann]1 to exam9e ! %[ side1 & !re
 note any little defect4 ,( c\rse1 y mu/
 con/antly alt] y\r position4  ,c>efully
 lift ! fi% (f ! bo>d1 /ill keep+ ! sewn
 side upp]mo/1 & measure ! di/ance      
betwe5 ! two upright wires1 & make      
correspond+ holes 9 ! bo>d1 :i* pu% d[n 
on ! top ( ! fi%1 br++ ! wires ?r\gh1 & 
b5d+ _! ends d[n ^u ! bo>d1 s t !       
specim5 may be tempor>ily rivett$ !reto4
 ,place y\r h& c>efully und]nea? ! head 

( ! fi%1 & turn ! bo>d ov]4 ,y h n[ !   
fi% "r side upp]mo/4 ,ab\t ! head "s    
little extra /uff+ w d\btless be        
requir$1 &1 z ! putty w h got a little  
out ( place 9 ! process1 x mu/ be       
replac$1 & ! head & neck made up nice & 
squ>e2 also look to ! tail1 & put t 9   
prop] %ape4  ,g5tly press ! sk9 all ov] 
) ! h&s1 deftly patt+ x ) a small piece 
( smoo? flat bo>d to r$uce any lumps1 & 
to get ! putty to "w ev5ly ov] !        
surface4 ,get "s %ort wires & set !     
head1 ) ! m\? op5 z mu* z y require4 ,"o
 wire may be pu%$ ?r\gh ! no/ril1 ano!r 
may g "u ! tongue1 & a ?ird p>allel to x
 b5ea? ! "u-jaw4 ,arrange ! tee?1 "s (  
:i* y w f9d loose1 &1 ) ne$le po9ts1 fix
 into position ! gill-cov]s1 :i* tie ov]
 ) a little wrapp+ cotton to keep !m f  
spr++ up out ( place4 ,next look to !   
f9s1 "u :i* put "s pieces ( peat1 cov]$ 
by /iff c>d-bo>d1 & nicely display !m1  
p9n+ !m d[n & b9d+ ! wrapp+ cotton ov]  
!m4  ,z a la/ op]ation1 g ov] ! :ole ( !
 outside sk9 ) ! c>bolic =mula1 ,no4    

#ae4 ,:5 ?is dries1 :i* x w d 9 ! c\rse 
( an h\r or s1 v>ni% ! :ole upp] surface
 ) be/ cle> pap] v>ni%1 :i* w h ! effect
 ( keep+ ! sk9 & scales 9 position4 ,let
 ! fi% be n[ put by 9 a mod]ately w>m   
situation to ?or\ghly dry1 :i* w1 9 !   
case ( a l>ge specim51 take ab\t a mon?4
 ,! sk9 is !n l lea!r1 ) no col\r 9 x at
 all1 & mu/1 ( c\rse1 be subsequ5tly    
col\r$ up accord+ to nature1 ! eyes put 
91 & m\nt$ 9 a case ) appropriate       
wat]-we$2 notes on all ( :i* w be f\nd 9
 ,*apt]s ,,xii1 ,,xiii1 & ,,xiv4        
,sawdu/ or bran may be us$ = /uff+ !    
fi%1 :i*1 ) ! addition ( putty & t[ to  
c]ta9 p>ts1 w %ape x up v fairly4 ,"s   
taxid]mi/s use t[ alone1 b ?is ,i d n   
?9k advisable4  ,small fi%1 up to #b lb1
 may1 aft] sk9n+1 h a b5t wire ins]t$ z 
be=e1 & be fill$ entirely ) pla/] (     
,p>is1 :i* mu/ be mix$ 9 read9ess1 &    
p\r$ 9 ! sk9 to fill out e "p4 ,! cut   
edges ( ! sk9 are n[ br\ght toge!r1 & ! 
:ole fi% turn$ ov] to %[ its prop] side 
& rapidly patt$ into %ape1 be=e ! pla/] 

has "t to set4  ,beautiful models ( !   
?ick]-sk9n$ fi%es maybe made by ?is     
me?od1 b rapidity ( execution is a s9e  
qu non4  ,z ! /ud5t progresses he w f9d 
t x w n be necess>y 9 all cases to cut  
?r\gh ! scapul> ar* ( ! "u side to cle> 
out ! head4 ,z a pro(1 ,i may m5tion t  
,i h j f9i%$ an #ah lb4 fi%1 ! head (   
:i* 0 sk9n$ out by ?is process4  ,small 
pieces ( cab9et cork 7ab\t "o-eigh? in* 
?ick7 w be f\nd v useful = spread+ ! f9s
 ( small fi%es4 ,footnote3 ,notes on    
repair+ f9s w be f\nd 9 ,*apt] ,,xii4   
,9 ! ev5t ( ! scales ris+ f ! use ( wet 
pla/] or any o!r cause1 wrapp+ cotton1  
i4e1 d>n+ cotton1 or %oemak]s' hemp1 mu/
 be b\nd ov] !m to keep !m 9 place4     
,s9ce ! =ego+ 0 writt5 ,i h consid]ably 
modifi$ & improv$ on my =m] me?od4 ,hav+
 tri$ wet pipe or modell+ clay1 ) :i* to
 /uff ! sk91 ,i f\nd t al?\gh at fir/ ! 
work+ & g5]al %ape 7 excell5t1 yet t1   
aft] a few days1 ! sk9 %rank & puck]$ 9 
s abom9able a fa%ion z to r5d] all !    
lab\r be/[$ ^u x ( no avail4 ,?is 0 mo/ 

un=tunately tri$ ^u a tw5ty p\nd pike1 &
 s utt]ly mis%ap5 did x become z to     
necessitate ! relax+ ( ! specim5--!     
removal ( ! clay--& ! ultimate %ap+ up  
aga91 by ! dry pla/] process4 ,footnote3
 ,sev]al correspond5ts h writt5 z to !  
relax+ ( fi% sk9s4 ,?is is a v easy     
process1 no?+ m be+ done to ! sk9 ?an   
plung+ x 9 wat] until suffici5tly s(t5$4
  ,?is sub/itution ( dry pla/] ( ,p>is  
7price ab\t #ds4 p] cwt47 = s& is "o ( !
 v be/ ?+s ev] tri$4 ,hav+ sk9n$ y\r fi%
 9 ! mann] be=e direct$1 cr[d ! head )  
peat & ! face1 & p>ts ( ! sk9 inside1 & 
ar\nd ! f9s & tail1 ) putty4 ,lay !     
fi%-sk91 cut upp]mo/ z be=e1 & ladle 9  
dry pla/]1 beg9n+ at ! tail end2 z ?is  
fills 91 sew up1 be+ c>eful to %ort5 !  
sk91 mak+ x deep1 & n long & n>r[ at t  
"p2 be+ p>ticul> also to well ram 9 ) a 
%ort /ick ! pla/] to fill all out1 & to 
remove ugly creases or depressions4 ,:5 
ab\t a ?ird ( ! fi% is done1 fa/5 y\r   
/it*es & g on fill+ 9 at ! head2 z y "w 
t[>d ! middle1 lift head or tail v g5tly

 to peep und]nea? at ! progress y are   
mak+4  ,z ! /uff+ progresses1 deep5 !   
body t[>d ! middle1 be+ c>eful at ! same
 "t to well ram 9 ! pla/]4 ,f9ally sew  
up4  ,n[ take ano!r bo>d1 a little m ?an
 ! l5g? & bread? ( ! specim51 lay x ^u !
 top ( ! sk9 & tie x to ! bo>d on :i* ! 
fi% is re/+2 by ?is means y w be enabl$ 
to rev]se ! fi% )\t crack+ ! sk9 or     
de/roy+ ! set ( x4 ,untie y\r bo>ds & ! 
object is be=e y "r side upp]mo/4 ,x w  
n[ be se5 if y\r modell+ is true or n2 9
 ! latt] case1 note :]e all imp]fections
 occur1 rev]se ! fi% once m1 & ram m dry
 pla/] 9 betwe5 ! /it*es1 or if ! latt] 
be sewn up too tightly1 cut !m :]e ne$$1
 sew+ up aga9 :5 all is satisfactorily  
accompli%$4  ,! specim5 be+ once aga9 "r
 side upp]mo/1 w appe> some:at flat     
along ! c5tre1 ?is arises f ! pla/]     
accommodat+ itself to ! flat surface ( !
 bo>d4 ,y mu/ n[1 !re=e1 pass a wet clo?
 sev]al times ov] ! surface ( ! sk91 &  
proce$ to pat x 9 a light & dext]\s     
mann] into a m r\nd$ %ape ) y\r h&1 or  

by ! aid ( a piece ( bo>d %ap$ 9 ! mann]
 ( a small flat bat4  ,! head w require 
a great deal ( att5tion2 x is n[ flat &1
 p]haps1 drops d[n ^u ! bo>d1 caus+ !   
upp] gill cov] to op5 m widely ?an x    
%\ld2 to obviate ?is1 prop ! nose f !   
und]nea? by a piece ( peat1 or by a     
w$ge-%ap$ piece ( wood2 ! tail may be   
twi/$ or ?r[n up by ! same means if     
requir$4 ,! m\? may be kept op5 z mu* z 
desir$ by po9t$ wires1 "o driv5 ?r\gh ! 
no/rils ( ! upp] jaw1 ! o!r wire re/+   
aga9/ ! tee? inside ! l[] jaw4 ,! f9s   
be+ kept damp dur+ ! prec$+ op]ations1  
mu/ n[ be brac$ out by ! process        
h]et(ore describ$1 & ! fi% wa%$1 v>ni%$1
 & dri$ 9 ! usual mann]4  ,no?+1 y w    
obs]ve1 has be5 said z to ! oval-%ap$   
piece ( bo>d previ\sly us$ inside ! pike
 m\nt$ by ! fir/ process4 ,?is is want$ 
:5 ! fi% is ?or\ghly set & dri$2 :5 ?is 
takes place1 cut ! /it*es & c>efully    
%ake out ! pla/]4 ,if a l>ge fi%1       
replace ?is by t[1 mod]ately pack$2 on  
?is lay an irregul>ly oval-%ap$ piece ( 

?ree-qu>t] in* bo>d1 edges r\nd$ & cut  
to ! %ape1 & almo/ ! l5g? ( ! fi%4  ,no 
wires are ne$$ at ! head & ! tail 7"o   
end ( ! bo>d runn+ into ! head71 b only 
^? requir$ to support ! specim5 9 its   
case4 ,:5 ?is bo>d is prop]ly 9 position
 inside ! fi%1 nail ! edges ( ! sk9 on x
 ) tacks ( a suitable l5g?4 ,no?+ is n[ 
ne$$ to complete ! fi% b ! fix+ ( ! eyes
 & ! col\r+ ( ! sk94 ,! eyes are holl[1 
& fix$ by wax 7see ,*apt] ,,xii74  ,9   
cases :]e x is undesirable or inconv5i5t
 to m\nt a fi% z a :ole1 ! head only may
 be treat$ z a taxid]mic object4 ,9 ?is 
case cut (f ! head beh9d ! scapul> ar*1 
leav+ suffici5t ( ! sk9 ( ! neck = nail+
 on ! block4 ,! head be+ sk9n$ &        
pres]v$1 z above direct$1 is !n nail$ by
 ! sk9 ( ! neck on to a simil> block to 
t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,! m\? is set op5 :5 
requir$1 & ! gullet & und]nea? ! tongue 
fill$ up & modell$ ) ei!r clay1 cem5t1  
or wax1 ! tongue remodell$ or sub/itut$ 
by a copy 9 wax or cem5t1 ! composition 
& application ( :i* is fully expla9$ 9  

,*apt] ,,xii4  ,notes ( ! col\r ( !     
v>i\s p>ts ( y\r specim5 %\ld h be5 tak5
 previ\sly2 9 "s cases1 x is a good plan
 to make a wat]-col\r draw+ ( ! :ole or 
c]ta9 p>ts ( y\r subject :5 fre%4  ,,fi%
 ,,ca/+ 4--,ca/+ fi%es by ! pla/] (     
,p>is me?od des]ves description1 z by   
?is means y are enabl$ to get correct   
copies ( ! %apes & peculi>ities ( any   
specim51 f ! smalle/ to ! l>ge/4        
,procure "s pla/] ( ,p>is ( a f9]       
quality--kn[n z ,s4,f4--?an t y h be5   
us+ previ\sly 9 modell+ mammals1 or to  
fill out ! sk9s ( fi%es2 also "s temp]$ 
clay--describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4--& "s    
/rips ( bo>d calculat$ to ! dep?1 wid?1 
& l5g? ( ! fi% y wi% to ca/4 ,! specim5 
hav+ _h all ! mucus wa%$ f its mo/      
p]fect side1 is laid ^u "o or two %eets 
( br[n pap] or common c>d-bo>d          
7/raw-bo>d7 cov]+ ! "w-table4 ,footnote3
 ,i see t ,r[l& ,w>d advises ! fi% be+  
wa%$ ) dilute vitriol 7sulphuric acid & 
wat]7 to remove ?is mucus4  ,decide n[ z
 to ! attitude y wi% x to f9ally assume1

 & tak+ "s ( ! temp]$ clay1 cut x into  
?9 slices1 build x on1 z x 71 until only
 ! upp] half ( ! fi% is expos$1 build "u
 ! f9s--includ+ ! caudal "o--& spread !m
 out z y wi%2 ! clay w usually /ick to  
_! "u surfaces1 & hold !m 9 position4   
,%\ld !y run back1 /ick f9e p9s 9 !m "h 
& !re1 be+ sure1 h[ev]1 to cut ( ! heads
 ( ! latt] close to ! upp] surface ( !  
f9s4  ,x is (t5 advisable to lay ?9     
c>d-bo>d or /rong pap] "u ! f9s1 if !   
clay is s s(t z to come up ov] ! edges4 
,hav+ n[ nicely built 9 ! fi%--! upp]   
surface ( ! clay be+ c>efully smoo!d ov]
 ) a knife-blade & a /iff bru% 7,arti/'s
 hog-hair1 ,no4 #h7 dipp$ 9 wat]1       
surr\nd ! clay ) pieces ( bo>d1 set up  
on edge1 s z to =m a wood5 wall ar\nd   
all2 ! height ( ?is wall %\ld exce$ !   
greate/ dep? or ?ickness ( ! fi% by "s  
in*es4 ,tie ^! f\r walls--plan$ on _!   
inside surface--ar\nd ) /rong /r+1      
f9ally nail+ outside all ) long ,fr5*   
nails1 driv5 into ! table z a support   
aga9/ pressure f )94 ,look all ov]      

c>efully1 & if any op5 spaces appe>     
betwe5 ! clay tablet & ! bo>ds1 fill 9 )
 m clay4  ,! fi% be+ n[ ready = ca/+1   
take a b[l1 :i* half fill ) clean wat]1 
into ?is du/ 9 ! f9e pla/] ( ,p>is1 9   
small quantities at a "t1 /irr+ ea*     
portion until all is ultimately mix$    
smoo?ly & )\t lumps2 :5 en\gh is mix$--&
 ! k ( quantity only comes )            
exp]i5ce--p\r x quickly1 yet g5tly1 ov] 
! :ole surface ( ! fi%2 j>r+ ! table )  
y\r fi/ causes ! pla/] to settle d[n m  
ev5ly1 )\t leav+ bl[holes4 ,! pla/] %\ld
 n[ be an in* or m 9 ?ickness ov] !     
highe/ portion ( ! fi%1 9 ord] to give  
suffici5t /r5g? = ! return ca/4 ,%\ld   
?is n be s1 mix "s m pla/] & /r5g!n !   
ca/1 endeav\r+ to get a flat surface on 
! top4  ,aft] t5 m9utes1 take away !    
nails & bo>ds1 ?us all[+ m air to get to
 ! mass ( pla/]4 ,9 half an h\r--%\ld ! 
pla/] be ( good quality--! m\ld may be  
rais$1 turn$ ov]1 & ! fi% w tumble out1 
or may be pull$ c>efully out )\t ! lea/ 
tr\ble4 ,remove ! clay1 & on look+ into 

! m\ld x w1 if prop]ly made1 %[ e scale 
& e l9e1 be free f bl[-holes or blemi%es
 ( ca/+1 besides hav+ a fairly ev5 &    
squ>e surface surr\nd+ ! cavity f :5ce !
 fi% has be5 extract$4  ,?is fir/ m\ld c
 be ca/ into aga9 by pla/] ( ,p>is1 & w1
 9 ! case ( mo/ fi%es1 turn out a       
satisfactory reproduction ( ! orig9al4  
,"s fi%es !re are1 h[ev]1 s curi\sly    
%ap$ z to make ! fir/ or female m\ld s  
und]cut z to r5d] x impossible to get a 
return ca/4 ,9 ?is case1 no?+ avails b !
 de/ruction ( ! fir/ to release ! copy4 
,!re are sev]al ways ( do+ ?is2 "o ( !  
mo/ simple is saw+ ) _m cuts ! edges ( !
 fir/1 or1 z x n[ becomes1 ! wa/e m\ld z
 ne> to ! cavity z y d>e1 be=e ca/+ into
 x2 hav+ done :i*1 & all[$ sev]al h\rs1 
or a day ev51 to elapse1 y proce$ to    
break x away1 piece by piece1 by g5tle  
bl[s ) a hamm]1 leav+ ! enclos$ fi% to  
make its appe>ance little by little4 ,:5
 ?is plan is adopt$1 ! la/ ca/ or copy  
mu/ be run d\ble ! ?ickness to t y wi%  
to de/roy1 o!rwise y may break ! copy   

in/ead ( ! wa/e m\ld4 ,ano!r way is to  
make ! fir/ m\ld v ?91 or to put ?9     
successive coats ( pla/] ov] ! fi%1 )   
br[n pap] betwe5 ea* coat1 & subsequ5tly
 break+ !m away1 lay] by lay]1 aft] !   
fi% is extract$ & ! m\ld is fill$ 9 by  
pla/]4  ,9 ca/+ into ! fir/ m\ld = !    
copy or p]fect ca/1 x w1 ( c\rse1 be    
necess>y to lay x concavity upp]mo/1 &  
to surr\nd x ) a wall ( bo>d l ! la/1   
bru%+ ov] ! concavity1 & inde$ ! :ole ( 
! tablet surr\nd+ x1 ) s(t soap & wat]1 
or oil1 or ?9 pipe-clay & wat]2 or1 if !
 m\ld has be5 bak$ dry1 soak+ x 9 wat]  
alone w be suffici5t to prev5t ! copy   
/ick+4 ,recollect t ! flatt] !          
tablet--surr\nd+ ! cavity left by !     
fi%--is made1 ! bett] w be t ( ! model4 
,suppos+ t y\r ca/1 or model fi%1 has   
be5 turn$ out 9 good condition1 y w see 
t !re are /ill c]ta9 inequalities ( !   
tablet1 & c]ta9 r\ghnesses ar\nd ! f9s1 
m\?1 etc42 ^! latt] mu/ be reliev$ &    
und]cut by ! aid ( ! und]cutt+ & reliev+
 tools 7see ,figs4 #bi & #cj71 ! tablet 

mu/ be p>$ flat by a long broad flat    
*isel call$ a firm]1 & ! edges also     
nicely squ>$4  ,y\r fi% is n[ 9 high    
relief on a flat backgr\nd1 b1 ?\gh hav+
 correct =m1 x /ill lacks col\r4 ,h[ to 
col\r pla/] satisfactorily is a puzzle  
:i* has p]plex$ m p]sons ?an taxid]mi/s4
 ,speak+ = myself1 ,i say t1 hav+ col\r$
 ! ca/1 :5 wet & :5 dry1 ) wat]-col\rs1 
us$ pap] v>ni% :5 dry1 ) wat]-col\rs &  
v>ni%$ & pa9t$1 & pa9t$ & v>ni%$ ! ca/ 9
 oils1 hav+ us$ m$iums1 temp]a pa9t+1   
secco--yet ,i am n satisfi$2 !re appe>s 
a want ( s(tness & brilliancy2 probably 
! electro-type or wax process ,i am n[  
try+ may give ! desir$ effect4  ,s      
disgu/$ 0 ,i at ! seem+ impossibility ( 
gett+ tone on pla/]1 t ,i det]m9$ to try
 pap] = ! la/ ca/ or model2 to ?is end  
,i took lessons at a !atre 9 ! art (    
mak+ 7pap]7 faces1 ) ! result t ,i n[   
employ pap] :5ev] practicable1 & f9d x  
answ]1 f a #b lb4 p]* to a #b cwt4      
skate4 ,two or ?ree mo/ valuable results
 accrue f ! sub/itution ( pap] = pla/]4 

,fir/1 extreme lightness comb9$ ) /r5g?2
 & secondly1 ( c\rse1 excell5ce ( detail
 & facility ( col\r+ 9 ei!r wat] or oil4
 ,= rem>ks ^u ! arti/ic m\nt+ ( fi%es1  
see ,*apt]s ,,xii1 ,,xiii1 & ,,xiv4     
,!re are1 ,i f9d1 two excell5t articles 
on fi%-ca/+ 9 ,sci5ce ,gossip = #ahgh1  
to :i* ,i mu/ ref] my read]s = fur!r    
details4 ,!y agree to diff]1 h[ev]1 9 "o
 important p>ticul>4 ,"o writ] says t   
pla/]-"w is z cleanly z any cook+       
op]ation1 & !re is no reason :y ladies  
%\ld n engage 9 x6 ,! o!r writ] speaks (
 x z fil?y1 &1 really1 ,i feel incl9$ to
 back 8 op9ion2 = hav+ n[ us$ "s tons ( 
pla/]1 rang+ 9 quantities f a few p\nds 
to #c cwt4 at a "t1 ,i mu/ say t1 ( all 
! diabolical messes = gett+ into ! hair 
or on ! boots1 & ab\t a h\se or work%op1
 pla/] is ! wor/4 ,matt] 9 ! wrong      
place1 ma foi6 y c't keep x 9 ! "r4  ,i 
see t ,mr4 ,taylor1 among/ o!r          
sugge/ions1 advises ! use ( half glue & 
treacle 7see ,*apt] ,,xii47 to ca/ !    
fir/ m\ld = gr\ps ( small fi%es4 ,if ^! 

glue-m\lds 7 back$ ) pla/] piece-m\lds1 
!y might be useful = l>g] und]cut       
specim5s4  ,pla/] m\lds & ca/s1 x mu/ be
 rememb]$1 are1 :5 dri$1 ab\t a qu>t] ( 
_! weight :5 wet1 & ! same bulk ( dri$  
7n dry7 pla/] is n half ! weight ( dri$ 
clay4  ,a v sci5tific way ( gett+ !     
correct %ape ( a fi% = m\nt+ by taxid]my
 is to take a ca/ ( ! specim5 & to !n   
adju/ ! sk91 /uff$ by ! dry-pla/]       
process1 into ! cavity ( ! m\ld1 suff]+ 
all to dry !re94  ,fi%es are n[ & !n    
m\nt$ 9 halves1 %\ld "o side be v badly 
mangl$2 ! effect is n v good1 h[ev]1 &  
%\ld n be resort$ to b 9 extreme cases4 
,l>ge fi%es1 su* z %>ks1 rays1 &        
/urgeons ( great size & weight1 mu/ be  
ca/ by ! piece-m\ld process--describ$ 9 
,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! m\nt+ ( su* z ^!1 by   
processes ( taxid]my1 diff]s f all      
previ\sly describ$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,:5 (   
excessive size & weight1 !y may be set  
up ) wood & iron 7see ,*apt] ,,vii471 or
 if small]--say1 up to #e cwt4--may be  
manag$ by be+ cut und]nea? along !      

/oma*1 f head to tail1 & m\nt$ by two   
%ort iron rods be+ screw$ into a beam ( 
wood1 or b> ( iron fitt$ into ! body1 n[
 fill$ out ) hay1 /raw1 or1 bett] /ill1 
clean %av+s1 supplem5t$ by t[ "h & !re4 
,:5 all is sewn up1 & ! m\?--if         
op5--modell$ by any ( ! me?ods describ$ 
9 ,*apt] ,,xii1 ! %ort iron rods        
protrud+ f ea* end ( ! fi% mu/ be let   
into metal sockets 7iron gas pipes w (t5
 d7 screw$ into iron feet1 support+ all 
cle> f ! floor ( ! museum or room !y are
 to be exhibit$ 94    ,,*apt] ,,ix4     
,,sk9n+1 ,,pres]v+1 ,,& ,,m\nt+         
,,reptiles4  ,,! *ief requirem5t 9      
pres]v+ reptiles is a f9e & delicate h&1
 9 ord] to deal successfully ) ^! mo/ly 
?9-sk9n$ objects4 ,i w n[ take "o ( !   
easie/ reptiles z our fir/ /udy1 viz1 ! 
common snake4  ,=m]ly1 by ! old me?od ( 
sk9n+1 ! bodies ( all snakes 7 remov$   
?r\gh an incision made along ! sk9 ( !  
/oma*4 ,?is 0 a mi/ake1 = ! small]      
snakes may be sk9n$ ?r\gh ! m\?1 9 ?is  
wise3 ,op5 ! jaws ( ! snake to _! fulle/

 ext5t1 tak+ c>e1 if a v5om\s "o1 n to  
scrat* ! f+]s ) ! fangs1 :i*1 9 ! add]  
or vip]1 lie fold$ backw>d along ! ro( (
 ! m\?4 ,if ! fangs are n requir$ to be 
%[n1 ! safe/ plan w be to cut !m away ) 
a po9t$ pair ( scissors4  ,hold+ ! snake
 by ! back ( ! neck ) ! left h&1 pu% !  
po9t$ knife or scissors into ! m\? t[>ds
 ! back ( ! head1 feel+ at ! same "t ) !
 po9t ( ! knife = ! fir/ jo9t ( !       
c]vical v]tebrae1 hav+ f\nd :i* proce$  
to dislocate x ) ! po9t ( ! knife1 g5tly
 feel+ y\r way1 & cutt+ d[nw>d t[>d ! "r
 h&1 ! ?umb ( :i* presses aga9/ !       
snake's head at ! "u jaw4 ,feel r\nd ) !
 po9t ( ! knife or scissors up t[>d !   
out] sk91 gradually work+ ! fle% away4  
,cut away ! "u jaw1 inside ! sk91 f its 
atta*m5t to ! fle%1 pu%+ ! po9t ( y\r   
scissors or knife at ! same "t z f> z y 
c get x d[n inside ! sk94  ,?is all     
requires "t & pati5ce1 le/ y pu% ! po9t 
( ! knife or scissors ?r\gh ! sk91 &    
also z y w n at ! fir/ trial succe$ 9   
deta*+ ! head f ! body4  ,! knife or    

scissors mu/ !n be run a little way d[n 
! back1 to deta* ! sk94 ,! neck be+ n[  
entirely free1 lay ! knife d[n1 &       
endeav\r to pu% ! brok5 or cut "p ( !   
neck up ?r\gh ! m\?2 seize ! end ) y\r  
"r-h& f+]s & gradually slide ! sk9 d[n )
 y\r left h&1 turn+ x inside out until !
 v5t is rea*$1 :i* c>efully cut away2   
beyond ?is ! sk91 in/ead ( com+ (f      
easily1 holds mo/ t5aci\sly to ! fle%1 &
 ! knife aga9 comes into play to free x 
all ar\nd4  ,ne> ! extreme tip ( ! tail 
x w be almo/ impossible to get ! fle%   
out1 y mu/ !re=e sk9 z f> z y c1 & !n   
make a small incision und]nea?1 lay back
 ! sk9 on ea* side1 & cut ! fle% away4  
,?is op]ation w br+ ! outside ( t "p    
inside4 ,return1 x1 & neatly sew up !   
cut f ! inside1 trim away all fle% f !  
skull bone1 take out ! eyes1 put a /it* 
9 ! v5t1 & ano9t ! :ole ( ! sk9 ) !     
pres]vative4  ,to return ! sk91 pu% a   
small r\nd /ick d[n & pull ! sk9 back on
 x2 :5 ne>+ ! tail1 ! /ick may be remov$
 & ! f+]s us$ to gradually "w ?is end   

?r\gh1 or tie a small piece ( wool to =m
 a knot on ! end ( a piece ( d\bl$      
?read1 & pu% x ?r\gh by a long f9e ne$le
 f ! inside to ! out1 at ! same "t all[+
 ! ne$le to come ?r\gh1 by d\bl+ up !   
sk94 ,y may rea* ! ne$le ) y\r f+]s1 or 
by long pli]s1 or ev5 %ake x d[n by its 
own weight1 !n by pull+ g5tly y return !
 sk9 effectually4  ,to /uff ! snake     
ins]t a funnel 9 ! m\?1 & fill ! sk9    
?r\gh ?is ) f9e dry s&1 or dry pla/] (  
,p>is1 tak+ great c>e to %ake ! s& well 
d[n1 & fill 9 e "p 9 a regul> & natural 
mann]4 ,on ne>+ ! head1 pu% a piece (   
wool 9 ! m\? to prev5t ! s& f runn+     
back1 & !n adju/ ! snake to ! position y
 require1 leav+ ! head to be modell$ la/
 ) clay1 putty1 or pla/]1 !n remove !   
wool & make up ! ?roat & inside ( ! m\?4
 ,! natural tongue %\ld be left 91 &    
display$ ) f9e entomological p9s pu%$ 9 
! holl[ und]nea?1 &1 if %[n op5-m\!d1 ! 
fangs mu/ be dropp$1 & ! head rais$1 z 9
 ! attitude ( /rik+4  ,l>ge snakes1 su* 
z rock snakes or boas1 mu/ be cut on !  

old sy/em1 viz1 "u ! belly & sk9n$ out1 
work+ up & d[n1 z ! muscles h s firm an 
atta*m5t t ! slipp+-out process _c be   
resort$ to1 b ea* in* w h to be         
labori\sly cut away f ! sk94  ,sawdu/1  
mix$ ) a little s&1 w be f\nd v useful =
 /uff+ ! l>g] snakes1 z ! weight ( s    
l>ge a quantity ( s&1 or pla/]1 is too  
great to successfully manipulate4  ,a   
few h9ts z to snakes & snake bites may n
 be out ( place "h4 ,to di/+ui% ! only  
v5om\s snake f\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,isles is 
an easy matt]1 if y h ! opportunity (   
exam9ation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! vip]     
appe>s to h a m spade-l & flatt] head   
?an ! common snake1 & has a black cross 
f ne> ! neck runn+ up to ! c5tre ( !    
head1 :]e x t]m9ates 9 a black1         
oval-%ap$ spot4 ,b ! greate/ di/9ction1 
p]haps1 is t a decid$ patt]n runs d[n ! 
c5tre ( ! back1 appe>+ z a *a9 (        
obtusely-%ap$ diamond m>k+s1 jo9$       
toge!r1 & some:at confus$ 9 places4     
,aga91 x has 9 ! upp] jaw two fangs or  
poison tee?1 :i* 9 re/ lie fold$ back2  

on pull+ !m d[n ) a ne$le1 or by !      
crook$ awl1 !y appe> z fle%y lobes1 out 
( ! apex ( :i* is ?ru/ a little glitt]+ 
po9t l a small fi% bone4 ,?is small bone
 or fang is holl[1 & ?r\gh x ! poison is
 eject$ by a process too complex to     
describe 9 ! pages ( ?is "w4  ,!        
sl[-worm1 common snake1 & ! "o o!r r>]  
species f\nd 9 ,brita91 h m]ely ! ord9>y
 hold+ tee?1 & are all p]fectly h>mless4
 ,%\ld anyone be s un=tunate z to be    
bitt5 or scrat*$ by a vip]'s fang1 a    
spe$y application ( liquor ammoniae =t  
7/rong ammonia7 to ! w\nd1 ) ! fur!r    
application ( a ligature above ! bitt5  
"p w be f\nd ( b5efit1 & p]haps av]t    
s]i\s consequ5ces until surgical aid is 
obta9$4 ,ipecacuanha has be5 recomm5d$1 
p[d]$ & appli$ z a p\ltice1 ) an int]nal
 adm9i/ration at ! "t also1 ( ! same    
drug1 b t requires m$ical k z to ! ext5t
 & frequ5cy ( ! doses4  ,to sk9 frogs1  
!y mu/ be plung$ = an h\r or s into !   
h>d5+ solution1 ,no4 #ae1 & !n sk9n$ out
 f ! m\?4 ,?is requires a f9] h& &      

great] pati5ce ev5 ?an sk9n+ a snake1 z 
!y mu/ be c>efully cut all ar\nd ! m\?1 
& ! body drawn out to ! tips ( ! toes4  
,!y may !n be fill$ ) s& or pla/]4      
,v>i\s comic sc5es may be made by       
skilfully gr\p+ frogs1 b if requir$ to  
/& on _! h9d legs1 etc1 !y w h to be    
wir$1 by pu%+ f9e wires or /\t ne$le    
po9ts ?r\gh a small piece ( bo>d into ! 
sole ( ! foot1 to run a little di/ance  
up ! legs4 ,a drop or two ( /rong glue1 
or %ellac1 may !n be plac$ "u ea* foot1 
:i* %\ld be ti$ d[n until ! glue sets   
h>d4  ,tortoises & turtles may be sk9n$ 
out1 by hav+ ! sk9 ( ! legs1 tail1 &    
head1 cut away all r\nd f _! atta*m5ts  
to ! "u %ell or pla/ron4 ,! jo9ts ( !   
limbs %\ld !n be cut away f ! inside1 & 
! tortoise or turtle laid on its back1 9
 :i* position ! sep>at$ limbs hang d[n1 
rema9+ only atta*$ by _! top sk9 7n[    
und]nea?71 to ! upp] "p ( ! %ell or     
c>apace4 ,?is exposes ! :ole ( ! rema9+ 
sk9 & fle%1 :i* mu/ be cut & scrap$ out 
) knives1 or ) ! "u-cutt+ tool4 ,! limbs

 are !n sk9n$ out1 pres]v$ & /uff$1 & _!
 prop] bottom edges1 :5 9 position1 pu%$
 back & atta*$ by ne$le po9ts to !      
pla/ron4  ,liz>ds1 horn$ toads1 &       
*ameleons may be cut und]nea? & fill$   
out ) s& or pla/]4  ,9 all cases :]e s& 
is us$ x may1 aft] ! animal is ?or\ghly 
dry1 be %ak5 out if desir$2 b if !      
reptile is n v l>ge1 x is bett] to leave
 x 94  ,dry pla/] w1 9 ne>ly all cases1 
be f\nd ! be/ m$ium = fill+ out ! sk9s (
 reptiles2 ) ?is ,i h succe$$ 9 giv+    
*>act]i/ic & life-l attitudes to        
mod]ately-siz$ alligators1 etc4  ,v l>ge
 saurians may be m\nt$ by ei!r ( !      
me?ods ref]r$ to 9 ! clos+ s5t5ces ( !  
la/ two *apt]s4  ,,*apt] ,x4  ,,dress+  
,,& ,,s(t5+ ,,sk9s ,,or ,,furs ,,z      
,,lea!r4  ,,! art ( tann+ is1 z ,i be=e 
obs]v$ 7vide ,*apt] ,i471 ( ! highe/    
antiquity1 z sy/ems :i* are n[ 9 vogue  
mu/ h be5 kn[n--if ev5 9 a modifi$      
=m--to ! anci5ts4 ,we may r\ghly divide 
! op]ation ( tann+ into two di/9ct      
classes3 ,"o :i* deals ) sk9s )\t !     

pres]vation ( ! fur1 & :i* turns ! sk9 s
 op]at$ ^u into ! mat]ial kn[n z lea!r2 
& ! o!r 9 :i* we seek to pres]ve ! fur  
or hair 9 its normal position1 at ! same
 "t dress+ or r5d]+ s(t ! actual sk9    
itself4 ,footnote3 ,"s "t dur+ #ahgd1   
,mr4 ,joseph ,tussaud read a pap] be=e !
 ,society ( ,arts1 9 :i* he describ$ an 
+5i\s me?od ( remov+ ! fur ( any animal 
to an artificial back+ ( india-rubb] or 
flannel1 :il/ ! orig9al sk9 0 utilis$ z 
lea!r4  ,! fir/ process--! mak+ (       
lea!r--does n lie )9 ! scope ( ?is "w2  
suffice x to say1 t ! hair or fur is    
fir/ remov$ by lime1 etc1 & t aft] ! sk9
 is scrap$ x is treat$ v>i\sly ) oak    
b>k1 valonia1 suma*1 divi-divi1 etc42 x 
is a long & t$i\s process1 & c]ta9ly    
does n lie )9 ! prov9ce ( a taxid]mi/ to
 attempt2 & ?\gh x is possible = a tann]
 to pres]ve ! fur ) ! sk91 yet ! attempt
 is undesirable1 by reason ( ! false or 
unnatural col\r x p]man5tly gives !     
fur--totally de/roy+ ! "* ( a light "o1 
& height5+ or l[]+1 z ! case may be1 !  

t9t ( a d>k fur4 ,footnote3 ,te*nical   
works on ,tann+ are ,tann+1 ,curry+1 &  
,lea!r-dress+1 by ,f4 ,dussance3 ,!     
,arts ( ,tann+1 ,curry+1 &              
,lea!r-dress+1 f ! ,fr5* ( ,j4 de       
,font5elle & ,f4 ,malepeyre4  ,to       
obviate all ^! difficulties &           
disagreeable effects1 a totally di/9ct  
me?od ( dress+ sk9s has be5 devis$1 :i* 
is call$ :ite lea!r dress+4 ,be=e ,i    
describe ?is1 h[ev]1 x may be z well to 
say t no liquid1 p[d]1 or comb9ation (  
liquids or p[d]s1 is kn[n into :i* a sk9
 c be plung$1 &--)\t ! aid ( manual     
lab\r--come out z lea!r4 ,i m5tion ?is  
to correct a popul> error1 _m p suppos+ 
t lab\r has no "p 9 ! prep>ation ( :ite 
lea!r4 ,to ^? :o are n prep>$ to "w h>d1
 & v h>d inde$1 ,i say1 ,d n wa/e y\r "t
 9 read+ ?is *apt]4  ,! usual &         
"t-hon\r$ me?od ( dress+ sk9s1 say a    
rabbit's sk91 is--directly x is remov$ f
 ! animal--to nail x on a bo>d1 & rub x 
9 ) alum f\r p>ts1 & common salt "o "p1 
or plunge x 9 a w>m solution ( ! same = 

a day or s1 tak+ x out1 nail+ x on a    
bo>d1 lett+ x dry1 rubb+ x d[n ) pumice 
/one1 & plung+ x aga9 & aga91 & repeat+ 
! dry+ & pumice-/on+ process until ! sk9
 becomes pliable4 ,?is is r an unc]ta9  
process1 = if well /eep$ ! hair or fur  
is con/antly damp1 or dripp+ ev51 9     
humid wea!r1 & if alum alone is us$1    
?\gh kill+ mu* ( ! dampness1 x r5d]s a  
f9e ?9 sk9 ( a p>*m5t-l texture4        
,h[ev]1 z any?+ is bett] ?an a damp sk91
 ,i h us$ a mixture ( f\r p>ts ( burnt  
alum to "o "p ( saltpetre 7see ,=mula   
,no4 #i7 = small sk9s1 f9ally rubb+ d[n 
& dress+ ! sk9 ) l>d1 into :i* a little 
ess5ce ( musk has be5 /irr$1 & knead+ ! 
sk9 ) ! h&s 9 bran to remove ! sup]fl\s 
grease4  ,?is1 & all o!r su* processes  
:]e alum is us$1 mu/1 h[ev]1 give way to
 ! foll[+1 :i* ,i h us$ = c]ta9 sk9s =  
ye>s1 & = :i* ,i 0 orig9ally indebt$ to 
a correspond5t 9 ! ,engli% ,me*anic2 8  
=mula 03 ,mix bran & s(t wat] suffici5t 
to cov] ! sk9s1 let ?is /& f\r h\rs     
cov]$1 be=e be+ us$1 !n imm]se ! sk9s1  

keep+ !m well cov]$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs    
7less 9 ,india71 !n take out1 wa% clean1
 & c>efully scrape (f all ! fle%4 ,to "o
 gallon ( wat] 7hot7 add "o p\nd ( alum 
& a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( salt4 ,:5 dissolv$ 
& ! mixture is cool en\gh to be> ! h&1  
imm]se ! sk9s = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 take out
 & dry 9 ! %ade1 & well rub ) ! h&4     
,/ir ! liquor1 & aga9 imm]se = tw5ty-f\r
 h\rs2 dry1 & h&-rub z be=e1 & !n put ! 
sk9s = tw5ty-f\r h\rs into w>m oatmeal &
 wat]1 /irr+ occasionally4 ,dry 9 !     
%ade1 & :5 ! sk9 is ne>ly dry1 h&-rub   
till q dry4  ,! only ?+ ,i h f\nd       
necess>y to gu>d aga9/ 9 ?is is1 t !    
sk9s mu/ be p]fectly fre% be=e be+ put 9
 ! bran & wat]1 o!rwise x w be necess>y 
to rub !m 9 ) ! salt & alum fir/4 ,ano!r
 improvem5t is1 to te> up ! fibre ) a   
little in/rum5t ,i h inv5t$1 or r adapt$
 7see ,fig4 #ce71 :i* is simply a hog   
scrap]1 gr\nd up %>p all r\nd1 & !n fil$
 up into %ort r\nd$ tee? :]e %[n2 ?is w 
be f\nd ( incalculable s]vice 9 te>+ (f 
! h>d upp] sk9 or dri$ fle% & blood1 :i*

 locks up z x 7 ! true sk91 & :i* mu/ be
 got at be=e ! pelt w become at all     
flexible4  ,fig4 #ce--,scrap] ) :i* to  
dress sk9s4  ,(t5 a ?or\gh wett+ ( ! sk9
 w consid]ably facilitate ?is op]ation4 
,con/ant scrap+ & h>d h&-rubb+1 simil>  
to a wa%]woman's rubb+ ( clo!s1 is      
necess>y4 ,9 ! cases ( "s sk9s :i* are  
ob/9ate1 ?ick1 or h be5 simply sun-dri$1
 z are _m tig]s' & leop>ds' sk9s s5t f  
,india1 x w be f\nd necess>y to fix !m  
ov] a slop+ bo>d or on ! edge ( a table1
 & to use a spoke%ave1 or curri]'s ?9n+ 
knife1 to ?9 !m d[n--p]haps an eigh? (  
an in* all ov]--!n te> ! fibre up ) !   
scrap]1 grease !m ) l>d1 to :i* has be5 
add$ ess5ce ( musk1 & pun* !m = sev]al  
h\rs or sev]al days ) a dolly 9 a tub   
half full ( bran or h>d-wood sawdu/2    
f9ally cov]+ !m ) pla/] ( ,p>is1 or     
p[d]$ :it+1 to absorb ! grease2 scrap+  
(f ! old pla/] or :it+1 & add+ fre% f "t
 to "t1 until ! sk9 is fre$ ( fat &     
p]fectly pliant4 ,footnote3 ,pr(essional
 workm5 (t5 knead ! l>d into sk9s by !  

m$ium ( _! feet & h&s--n too clean an   
op]ation6  ,to aft]w>ds clean ! fur1    
dress x d[n ) a scrat*-c>d 7to be       
procur$ ( any ironmong]7--/eel wire wov5
 on clo? 9 su* a mann] t %ort ends      
protrude l a wire bru%4  ,v fat sk9s1   
su* z dogs' sk9s1 may1 if p]fectly fre%1
 be nail$ out & gone ov] ) a saturat$   
solution ( borax1 or a solution ( "o "p 
borax to "o-eigh? "p saltpetre1 & left  
to dry 9 ! %ade = ?ree mon?s1 aft] :i*  
!y may be scrap$1 & _! natural fat w1   
aft] all sup]fluity has be5 remov$ )    
pla/]1 etc1 be f\nd to h suffici5tly    
imbu$ ! "u or prop] sk9 to r5d] ! f9al  
greas+ unnecess>y4  ,! two =ego+        
processes seem to h be5 modifi$ ) "s    
success by ,mr4 ,r4 ,backh\se1 (        
,/ockton-on-,tees1 ^: process is spok5 (
 9 ! ,field ( ,june #crd1 #ahhb1 z      
foll[s3  ,! sk91 :i* %\ld be remov$ f ! 
animal z soon z possible aft] x has be5 
kill$1 is /ret*$ & tack$ on to a bo>d1 !
 fle% side be+ outw>ds4 ,?is is at once 
cov]$ ) l>d c>efully spread ov] ! entire

 surface1 no portion be+ all[$ to       
escape4 ,z ! moi/ure dries out ( ! sk91 
! l>d ent]s ! pores & supplies its      
place1 & 9 ab\t a week's "t 7! l>d be+  
c>efully r5ew$ :5 requisite7 ! sk9 w h  
alt]$ its "*1 9 consequ5ce ( be+        
p5etrat$ by ! grease4 ,x is !n remov$ & 
wa%$ ?or\ghly 9 w>m wat] & soap until ! 
ext]nal grease is remov$4  ,dur+ ! dry+ 
x is necess>y to pull & /ret* ! sk9 9   
all directions1 s t its texture op5s1 & 
x becomes :ite1 ow+ to ! admission ( air
 into ! pores2 ?is /ret*+ is accompani$1
 or r prec$$1 by c>eful scrap+ or curry+
 ) a %>p knife or razor1 to remove !    
fle%y matt]s & r5d] ! sk9 ?9n]4 ,) !    
l>g] numb] ( sk9s ! process is          
successful2 b "s few g bad1 app>5tly f n
 absorb+ ! l>d ) suffici5t rapidity444  
,possibly ! species ( mammals treat$ may
 h some?+ to d ) ?is1 ! sk9s ( c>nivor\s
 animals be>+ exposure bett] ?an ^? ( ! 
rod5tia--h>es1 rabbits1 squirrels1 etc1 
& insectivora--bats1 %rew-mice1 &       
moles--inde$1 ! latt] animals mu/ be    

sk9n$ almo/ z soon z !y are dead1 or !  
sk9 turns gre5 & goes bad 9 a v %ort "t4
 ,no d\bt ! vegetable & insect food     
consum$ by ^! cause f]m5tation aft]     
dea?1 ) ! resultant putrefaction ( !    
b[els & ! ?9 cov]+s ( ! latt]4  ,i w\ld 
"h po9t out1 h[ev]1 t small sk9s--cats'1
 rabbits'1 etc4--w be p]fectly pres]v$  
if /ret*$ out :il/ fre%1 cur$ ) !       
*loride ( lime pres]vative 7,no4 #d71 & 
!n f9ally treat$ ) l>d & ess5ce ( musk1 
& f9i%$ (f by ei!r ( ! prec$+ me?ods to 
r5d] !m clean & supple4 ,a correspond5t 
:o _h treat$ "s cats' sk9s by ?is me?od 
writes to say he has succe$$ 9 cur+ "s  
cats' sk9s 9 an admirable mann] by      
foll[+ ^! in/ructions4  ,a v conv5i5t   
mixture ( borax & ano!r natural salt has
 be5 br\ght out by ,mr4 ,robottom1 (    
,birm+ham 7see ,*apt] ,i74 ,i h giv5 8  
prep>ation a long & pati5t inve/igation1
 & c recomm5d x = small sk9s1 :ile its  
conv5i5t =m1 cleanl9ess1 & l[ price1    
place x )9 ! rea* ( all amateurs4       
,equal p>ts ( salt1 alum1 & ,glaub]'s   

salts1 mix$ ) half a "p ( saltpetre1 !  
:ole rubb$ 9 sev]al times a day1 has be5
 recomm5d$1 b ,i h n tri$ x4  ,a mixture
 ( sulphur & ars5ic ) s(t soap is       
sometimes us$ to dress sk9s )1 & if left
 on = ab\t a ye> c]ta9ly r5d]s !m v     
pliant1 aft] ! removal ( ! grease4  ,!  
,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ,i believe1    
smoke _! de] sk9s1 etc4 & aft] work+ !m1
 use bra9s to dress !m )4  ,! sk9s (    
mammals 9 ! fle% may1 if bloody1 be     
wa%$1 %\ld ! blood be new1 or comb$ ) ! 
scrat* c>d 7see ante7 if x has dri$ on !
 hair or fur4 ,9 old sk9s wa%+ is       
effective :5 ! animal is relax$4 ,fre%ly
 sk9n$ de] & bulls' heads %\ld always be
 wa%$ & comb$1 & wrung out be=e hav+ !  
pres]vative appli$4  ,mammals' fur is   
also consid]ably improv$ 9 tone by be+  
well bru%$ ) /iff horse or c>riage      
bru%es1 & aft]w>ds wip$ d[n ) turp5t9e1 
foll[$ by b5zol9e4  ,:5 a sk9 is prop]ly
 clean$ & f9i%$1 x may be l9$ ) r$ or   
black clo?1 or baize1 & a p\nc$ bord] ( 
clo? atta*$4 ,! tools = p\nc+ are to be 

b\ght at mo/ saddl]s' or ironmong]s'4   
,i h be5 ask$ _m times :at to d1 if     
camp+ out abroad1 suppos+ y %ot a tig]  
or a be>1 & wi%$ to pres]ve ! sk9 z a   
flat4 ,simply lay x on ! gr\nd & slit ! 
sk9 und]nea?1 9 a /raight l9e ?r\gh ! "u
 lip to ! tip ( ! tail1 !n make f\r     
cross cuts f ! m$ian l9e along ! inside 
( ! limbs d[n to ! toes1 & sk9 out !    
body by /ripp+ x 9 a c>eful mann]1 n    
all[+ any pieces to be cut away1 9 case 
y might *ange y\r m9d & wi% x m\nt$ z a 
specim54  ,take out ! skull1 clean &    
pres]ve x1 & ?\gh sk9n+ out ! toes      
completely1 be c>eful to reta9 ! claws 9
 _! seats4 ,:5 ! body is remov$1 fle% ! 
sk91 :i* means scrap+ & cutt+ away all  
sup]flu\s fle% & fat1 !n lay x out flat 
& rub x well 9 ) ! burnt alum &         
saltpetre 7,=mula ,no4 #i74 ,9 dress+   
?ick sk9s1 x w be advisable to make a   
pa/e ( ! alum & saltpetre by mix+ x ) a 
little wat]1 & repeat$ly rub ?is mixture
 into ^? p>ts :]e ! sk9 is ?icke/1 su* z
 ar\nd ! lips1 eyes1 e>s1 etc1 tak+ c>e 

t n a wr9kle 9 any "p escapes a ?or\gh  
dress+1 o!rwise x w assur$ly sweat1 & ! 
hair come (f 9 su* places4  ,! sk9 may  
n[ be roll$ or fold$ toge!r = travell+1 
b ! next day1 :5 settl$ 9 camp1 x mu/ be
 dress$ aga9--twice w be q suffici5t =  
any b ! ?icke/ or mo/ greasy sk9s2 aft] 
t x mu/ be expos$ day by day to ! sun & 
air1 tak+ c>e mean:ile to gu>d x aga9/  
all possible enemies4 ,treat$ 9 ?is     
mann]1 x has no nature 9 x1 b is z /iff 
z a bo>d2 be=e ?is happ5s1 h[ev]1 x w be
 advisable to roll x1 unless y h pl5ty (
 space at disposal on ! floor ( a       
travell+ waggon1 etc1 9 :i* case x may  
be fold$ to fit4 ,a fold$ sk9 is1 h[ev]1
 worse to treat1 subsequ5tly1 ?an a     
roll$ "o4  ,valuable sk9s %\ld be1 :5   
practicable1 spr9kl$ ) insect p[d]1     
turp5t9e1 or pepp]1 & sewn up 9 sack+   
until !y c be tann$1 or made into s(t   
lea!r1 by any "o ( ! processes previ\sly
 describ$4 ,if "t is no object ! sk9    
may1 aft] ! fir/ rubb+-9 ( !            
pres]vative1 be /ret*$ by ! old-fa%ion$ 

me?od ( pegg+ out1 or by ! m effici5t   
pr(essional frame1 made ( f\r b>s (     
wood1 to :i* ! specim5 is lac$1 or      
sometimes made ( b>s ( wood & /\t sack+1
 adju/able by means ( wood screws1 :i*  
op5 ! b>s & /ret* ! atta*$ sk9 9 a prop]
 mann] to ! requir$ size4  ,:5 alum1    
etc1 _c be obta9$1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to 
common salt1 :i* is g5]ally procurable 9
 any "p ( ! _w2 a /rong --almo/ a       
saturat$--solution ) wat] mu/ be made ( 
?is 9 a tub1 & ! sk9 plac$ 9 x4 ,if     
possible1 *ange ! liquor aft] a few days
 & add fre%2 head ! tub up tightly & !  
sk9 w keep _m ye>s4 ,i receiv$ ! sk9 ( a
 pol> be>1 s5t f ! ,arctic ,regions to  
,leice/] = ! ,t[n ,museum1 simply flay$ 
& pickl$ 9 ?is mann]1 & aft] a lapse (  
two ye>s x 0 exam9$1 & f\nd to be       
p]fectly sweet & firm--q fit = m\nt+ :5 
opportunity s]v$4  ,( c\rse1 ^! salt$   
subjects are t]rible nuisances ei!r to  
m\nt or to treat z flat sk9s1 hav+ to g 
?r\gh _m processes to rid !m ( ! salt   
:i* p]vades !m4 ,! fir/ process is      

?or\gh wa%+ & /eep+ 9 wat]1 con/antly   
*ang$2 aft] t exp]i5ce alone det]m9es ! 
treatm5t to be pursu$4 ,if alum 7 mix$ )
 r\gh salt 9 ! proportion ( two p>ts ( !
 =m] to "o ( ! latt]1 ! solution w\ld   
become m a/r+5t 9 its op]ation4 ,a      
pickle made ( oatmeal1 saltpetre1 &     
boil+ v9eg> has be5 recomm5d$1 b ,i h n 
yet tri$ x4  ,i ?9k ,i h n[ put !       
w\ld-be tann] & curri] 9 a fair way to d
 "s ( ! dirtie/ "w imag9able1 & if aft] 
a fair trial he does n cry1 ,hold1      
en\gh6 & h& all future lea!r-dress+ ov] 
to ! pr(essionals1 ,i %all inde$ ?9k him
 h>d to kill4  ,9 conclusion1 ,i c only 
reit]ate to ^? :o wi% to d sk9s well by 
any ( ! =ego+ me?ods1 t no?+ c be done  
)\t h>d "w4  ,,*apt] ,,xi  ,,relax+ ,,& 
,,clean+ ,,sk9s--,,mak+-,,up ,,f        
,,pieces4  ,,relax+ ,,sk9s4--,9 _m      
in/ances1 especially :5 collect+ abroad1
 x may be f\nd incompatible ) ! "t &    
/orage space at ! disposal ( ! collector
 to set up birds & animals 9 _! natural 
positions4 ,to obviate ^! difficulties  

we make a sk9 z previ\sly describ$1 & by
 ?is means pack _m 9 ! space :i* w\ld   
o!rwise be occupi$ by "o4 ,! "t comes1  
h[ev]1 :5 we wi% to set up ! sk9s       
procur$ by ourselves1 or by o!rs1 & =   
?is purpose we relax !m4  ,relax+ is    
p]=m$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b probably ! olde/  
plan is t ( simply un/uff+ ! sk91 lay+ x
 d[n on a bo>d1 wrapp+ ! feet & legs    
r\nd ) wet clo?s or t[1 & apply+ ! same 
to ! insides ( ! butts ( ! w+s1 all[+ ! 
sk9 to rema9 f "o to f\r or five days 9 
?is position1 accord+ to its size2 !n1  
:5 ! legs1 feet1 & w+s are suffici5tly  
damp$1 w>m wat] is p\r$ into ! orifices 
( ! sk91 & suff]$ to run out at ! eyes &
 beak4 ,x is !n ready = /uff+ 9 ! ord9>y
 way4  ,ano!r r\gh & ready me?od is     
simply p\r+ hot wat] ?r\gh ! bird's sk92
 ?is relaxes j suffici5tly to b5d !     
head1 :i* _m workm5 ( slov5ly habits    
consid] q suffici5t6  ,! next mo/ anci5t
 me?od is relax+ by ! pla/] box1 :i* is 
a r\gh box1 ) a lid made to fit ov] all 
tightly1 & hav+ ! :ole ( its inside l9$ 

) a coat+ ( pla/] ( ,p>is mix$ ) wat]1 &
 laid on two or ?ree in*es ?ick4 ',:5 a 
bird is to be relax$1 ! inside ( ! box  
is saturat$ ) wat]1 :i* ! pla/] readily 
absorbs up to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,!n !       
surplus wat] is p\r$ (f1 ! sk9 or sk9s  
are plac$ )9 ! box1 ! lid is fa/5$ d[n1 
& ! :ole plac$ 9 ! cell> = s long a "t z
 is requir$ to ?or\ghly s(t5 ! includ$  
sk9s4  ,?is plan1 ?\gh fairly effici5t =
 ! small] sk9s1 mu/ give place to t :i* 
,i h ev] adopt$1 & :i* is almo/ z       
effective = a l>ge z = a small sk94 ,x  
is ?is3 ,procure a box ( suitable size1 
:i*1 = great] effici5cy1 may be l9$ )   
z9c4 ,into ?is put sev]al qu>ts ( clean 
silv] s& well damp$ ) wat]1 b n up to ! 
po9t ( actual wetness4 ,wrap ea* sk9    
sep>ately 9 a clean rag or 9 a piece (  
unpr9t$ pap] 7cap pap] w d = ! small]   
birds71 pull back ! s& to "o end ( !    
box1 leav+ a ?9 lay]1 h[ev]1 all ov] !  
rema9+ "p ( ! bottom1 on :i* place !    
sk9s1 cov]+ !m up z y g on ) ! s& f !   
o!r end4 ,:5 cov]$ ) ! prop] dep? ( s&1 

lay a damp clo? ov] ! top1 & put ! box  
away 9 ! cell> or 9 ! %ade4  ,9 f ?ree  
days to a week1 accord+ to ! size ( !   
sk9s1 !y w be f\nd m ?or\ghly relax$ by 
?is ?an by any o!r me?od1 & w be        
kept--by _! cov]+ pap] or l95 rag--f    
hav+ _! fea!rs soil$ or di/urb$ by ! s&4
  ,9 ! fir/ edition1 ,i decri$ !        
practice ( plung+ birds' sk9s into wat] 
9 ! mann] pursu$ by ,wat]ton & 8        
foll[]s1 b ,i _h n at t "t f\nd anyone  
to please me 9 ! subsequ5t manipulation 
( sk9s aft] be+ tak5 out ( wat]4 ,i h   
n[1 h[ev]1 *ang$ my views on ! subject1 
& w proce$ to describe a plan1 :i*1 ?\gh
 entail+ "s little tr\ble1 is yet s     
simple1 & s complete 9 its effects1 z   
almo/ to sup]s$e ! previ\s me?ods1 :5 ! 
op]ator has atta9$ any degree (         
pr(ici5cy 9 ?is4  ,! sk9 to be op]at$ ^u
 is1 if small1 simply plac$ 9 a pan or  
bucket p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 & weight$ own
 9 su* a mann] t x %all always be b5ea? 
! surface4 ,if ! taxid]mi/ is 9 a fair  
way ( bus9ess1 he w f9d a wood5 tank1   

ab\t #cf 94 by #bd 94 by #ab 94 deep    
7inside measurem5t71 suffici5tly l>ge = 
8 ne$s4 ,?is tank %\ld be tongu$ &      
dress$ ) r$ lead1 or l9$ ) z9c1 to r5d] 
x wat]pro(4 ,( c\rse1 ! pr(essional w n 
f9d x l>ge en\gh = any?+ b m$ium-siz$   
sk9s2 = ! l>g] ones1 & = mammals1 he w  
require o!r & l>g] tanks4 ,a petroleum  
cask 7procurable f any oilman = a few   
%ill+s71 cut unequally 9 two p>ts1 w be 
f\nd ( s]vice :5 "o l>ge sk9 only is    
soak$ at a "t4  ,:5 ! sk9 is 9 ! wat]1 a
 bo>d may be plac$ ^u x1 weight$ s z n  
to flatt5 aga9/ ! bottom ( ! vessel1 or 
x may be kept 9 position "u ! wat] by   
press+ ?9 slips ( wood ov] f side to    
side4 ,! sk9 be+ well saturat$--:i*1    
accord+ to ! size ( ! bird1 w take place
 9 f twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs--mu/ h !  
/uff+ remov$ f x1 & !n be all[$ to soak 
= s long a "t z exp]i5ce w dictate4     
,footnote3 ,?is %\ld n be attempt$ be=e 
! sk9 is prop]ly soak$1 o!rwise ! cotton
 wool1 or :atev] x maybe /uff$ )1 w /ick
 & frequ5tly pull ! head1 etc4 (f ) x4  

,z a rule1 h[ev]1 :5 ! w+s & tail w     
spread out ) g5tle h&l+1 ! bird is fit  
to m\nt4  ,sometimes ! legs1 if ?ick1 & 
ev5 ! w+s & tail1 if l>ge1 w require a  
long] "t to soak ?an is conducive to !  
well-be+ ( ! rema9d] ( ! sk92 9 ?is     
case1 no?+ rema9s b to skilfully pull (f
 ! w+s1 legs1 & tail1 & let !m soak a   
few h\rs long]4 ,footnote3 ,?is w\ld    
seem to an amateur v r\gh treatm5t1 b   
(t5 x is ! only me?od to pursue         
especially if ! sk9 be t5d]1 al?\gh 9 !m
 latt] case v9eg> is recomm5d$ to be    
add$ to ! wat] 9 :i* x is /eep$4        
,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t ! sk9 is prop]ly     
relax$ )\t rec\rse to ?is1 x mu/ !n be  
hung up by a wire secur$ ?r\gh !        
no/rils1 9 ord] to dra9 ! wat] out ( x4 
,aft] hang+ a few h\rs 7or _m1 if l>ge7 
x is1 :5 all ! wat] has dra9$ away f x1 
b :ile yet damp1 c>efully wip$ d[n 9 e  
"p ) b5zol9e1 appli$ lib]ally1 b f head 
to tail1 ! way ( ! fea!rs2 ?is is       
important4 ,! sk9 may n[ be plac$ 9 a   
long %all[ box1 call$ ! dry pla/] box1 &

 all ! fea!rs well cov]$ above & bel[ ) 
common dry pla/] ( ,p>is1 & ! sk9 all[$ 
to be buri$ 9 x = ?ree or f\r h\rs1 !n !
 damp cak$ pla/] may be %ak5 (f & fre%  
dry pla/] add$1 all[+ x to rema9 =      
sev]al m h\rs4  ,?is %\ld be repeat$    
until ! fea!rs are fairly dry--:i*1 if !
 bird be l>ge1 w take f twelve to       
tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! fea!rs ( ! sk9 mu/ n[
 be beat5 ) a bundle ( /iff fea!rs1 or !
 w+ ( a goose1 or o!r l>ge bird1 until  
ne>ly dry1 !n dry pla/] add$ f "t to "t1
 & ! sk9 twirl$ ab\t 9 ! op5 air if     
possible4 ,v soon ! fea!rs w cease to   
rema9 clogg$ ) pla/]1 & w come out ready
 = m\nt+1 nicely dri$1 fre%1 & s        
beautifully clean z to surprise any     
p]son ignorant ( ! process4  ,c>efully  
manag$1 ?is is "o ( ! mo/ valuable aids 
to arti/ic taxid]my1 z by its means     
birds' sk9s are r5d]$ z limp & supple1 &
 mu* t\gh]1 ?an if j remov$ f ! body4 ,9
 pro( ( my ass]tion1 ,i may m5tion t ,i 
h caus$ sk9s f t5 to fifte5 ye>s old1 & 
rang+ 9 size f a cass[>y to a humm+     

bird1 to be prep>$ by ?is me?od1 all (  
:i* subsequ5tly m\nt$ up 9 a fir/-rate  
mann]4 ,footnote3 ,a humm+ bird1 aft]   
relax+ by wat]1 is1 :5 dra9$            
suffici5tly1 be/ treat$ by plung+ 9     
b5zol9e & !n c>efully dri$ 9 pla/]4 ,a  
night 9 wat]1 & half-an-h\r's treatm5t )
 b5zol9e & pla/]1 is suffici5t = ^!     
small creatures4  ,! po9ts to obs]ve    
are--fir/1 p]fect relax+2 secondly1 wip+
 d[n ?or\ghly ) b5zol9e2 ?irdly1 dry+ ! 
fea!rs ( ! sk9 well1 by du/+ 9 pla/] &  
beat+ & agitat+ !m 9 a curr5t ( air4    
,%\ld ! sk9 be greasy1 cov]$ ) fat1 or  
imp]fectly fre$ ( fle% 7z _m ( ! =eign  
birds' sk9s are71 x w be necess>y to    
scrape & trim :5 ! specim5 comes out ( !
 pla/]1 be=e x is f9ally clean$4 ,9 any 
case1 x is always advisable to turn !   
sk9 ( ! head inside out1 /ret* ! face1  
scrape ! neck1 & /uff ! head 9 ! ord9>y 
mann] be=e return+ ! sk94  ,! great     
advantage 9 ! wat] process is1 t a ,pa/ 
ma/] 9 ! me?od c m\nt a sk9 9 z arti/ic 
& natural a mann] z if done f ! fle%4   

,usually1 specim5s done f ! sk9 are at  
once recognisable by _! uneasy & wood5  
appe>ance1 b ,i defy anyone to pick out 
! sk9s 9 ! ,leice/] ,museum--unless by  
_! neat] appe>ance--f ^? anci5tly m\nt$ 
f ! fle%4  ,sk9s ( mammals1 if cur$ by !
 =mula 7,no4 #i7 giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 ne$
 only to be plung$ 9 wat] = a night or s
 to relax !m1 wrung out1 ?9n$ d[n :]e   
requir$1 & m\nt$ /raight away2 a wet sk9
 be+ an advantage :5 modell+ mammals1   
wet clo?s ev5 be+ necess>y to cov] ov]  
c]ta9 p>ts1 %\ld ! m\nt+ occupy m ?an a 
day or s4 ,?is1 if ! sk9 is prop]ly     
cur$1 does n injure ! fur or any "p 9 ! 
slighte/ degree1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 x  
?or\ghly relaxes4  ,z newly relax$ sk9s 
7especially ^? ( birds7 dry rapidly x w 
be advisable to h ev]y?+ ready1 & %ape  
!m up z quickly z possible4  ,! col\rs (
 ! bills & feet ( mo/ birds recov] _!   
pri/9e hues :il/ be+ relax$--a matt] (  
great importance z assi/+ ! naturali/ to
 ! subsequ5t natural r5d]+ ( ^? p>ts4   
,,clean+ ,,birds' ,,sk9s1 etc4--,=m]ly1 

x appe>s1 ! or?odox me?od ( clean+      
birds' sk9s 0 by ! application ( wat] & 
pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,:5 x 0 wi%$ to remove   
blood1 or o!r /a9s1 f a :ite or a       
light-col\r$ bird1 ?is 0 effect$ by     
means ( a s(t piece ( wadd+ saturat$ )  
w>m wat]1 & !n rapidly & lightly appli$ 
to ! /a9$ "p1 foll[$ by pla/] ( ,p>is   
du/$ on ! way ( ! gra91 & all[$ to rema9
 on ! specim5 until p]fectly dry1 :5 x  
easily came (f 9 cake-l pieces1 leav+ ! 
fea!rs ?or\ghly cleans$ ( all           
impurities4 ,if ! wadd+ became ov]*>g$ )
 blood1 x 01 ( c\rse1 *ang$ f "t to "t  
be=e ! pla/] 0 ?r[n on4  ,?\gh ?is me?od
 does v well = blood /a9s ( a rec5t     
date1 x w n remove grease or ! /a9s f   
old sk9s4 ,?is 0 always a weak po9t ) ! 
taxid]mi/s ( yore1 :o us$1 ) v meagre   
results1 turp5t9e & pla/] ( ,p>is to    
clean _! sk9s4 ,?is w5t on = _m ye>s1 &1
 ?\gh an unsatisfactory /ate ( ?+s1 _h  
to be endur$1 z no?+ bett] 0 kn[n4  ,"s 
few ye>s ago b5z9e collas 0 introduc$1 &
 ! taxid]mi/s 7 n long 9 f9d+ out its   

valuable prop]ties = fea!r clean+4      
,b5zol9e 7,b5zol1 or ,b5z9e ,c#f;,h#f71 
!n came into m g5]al use1 & 01 ( c\rse1 
f\nd to h all ! prop]ties ( ! s-call$   
b5z9e collas4 ,?is discov]y1 we may say1
 completely revolutionis$ ! art ( fea!r 
clean+4 ,x s]v$ equally z well z ! o!r  
prep>ation1 & its sup]ior *eapness plac$
 x )9 ! rea* ( ev]ybody4 ,! cleans+     
prop]ty ( b5zol9e is /ill some:at a     
secret out ( ! pr(ession1 & is really   
wor?1 z a matt] ( bus9ess1 all ! money  
:i* is sometimes ask$ = divulg+ x to an 
amateur4  ,:51 !re=e1 y h a bird :i* is 
greas$1 or /a9$ ) greasy dirt1 etc1 wipe
 x d[n ! way ( ! fea!rs ) a piece ( wool
 saturat$ ) common 7or ,fr5*7 b5zol9e1  
us+ f "t to "t fre% wool z ! o!r becomes
 soil$4 ,:5 ! fea!rs are well damp$1    
cov] ! newly-clean$ "p ) dry pla/] (    
,p>is1 all[+ ! bird to rema9 f "o to two
 or ?ree h\rs1 at ! expiration ( :i* "t 
take x out1 du/+ ! wa/e pla/] (f ) a s(t
 bundle ( fea!rs1 ,d n be al>m$ if !    
bird looks some:at mis]able at ! outset1

 b be sure t1 if ! pla/] is du/$ on !   
way ( ! fea!rs1 all w come out "r4      
,blood1 :e!r fre% or old1 is be/ remov$ 
by w>m wat] z j describ$1 & ! fea!rs !n 
c>efully wip$ d[n ) b5zol9e1 be=e putt+1
 on ! pla/]2 ?is obviates ! r\ghness (t5
 obs]vable 9 wat]-clean$ birds4         
,footnote3 ,! ,am]ican publication1     
,sci5ce1 po9ts out t ! addition ( salt  
to ! wat] cleanses blood f fea!rs1 by   
prev5t+ ! solution ( ! blood-globules1 &
 diffusion to ! col\r+ matt]1 or r$     
haemoglob94 ,i h f\nd ?is wr9kle ( great
 b5efit 9 cleans+ :ite-plumag$ birds4   
,sometimes1 9 v old sk9s1 successive    
applications ( wat]1 turp5t9e1 b5zol9e1 
& pla/]1 c>efully manag$1 w "w wond]s4  
,i h m5tion$ ! fact t birds may be      
plung$ into turp5t9e to rid !m (        
insects4 ,aft] ?is process !y d n       
readily dry 91 prop] =m1 rema9+ greasy &
 /reak$ )1 dirt--9 fact1 9 a g5]ally    
deplorable condition 7z ,i "k to my co/1
 te/e1 ! ,leice/] ,museum collection1   
ignorantly treat$ 9 ?is mann] be=e my   

adv5t74 ,birds treat$ ) turp5t9e mu/ be 
well wa%$ d[n aft]w>ds ) b5zol9e & !n   
dri$ 9 pla/] ( ,p>is1 z be=e describ$4  
,9 cleans+ old specim5s1 d n =get to du/
 !m1 or to beat !m ?or\ghly ) fea!rs1   
be=e apply+ ! b5zol9e1 etc4  ,9 a fre%  
specim5 x w\ld be a p]son's own fault if
 he %\ld fail to clean a bird1 ev5 7 x  
dipp$ 9 blood & grease4 ,pati5ce &      
sev]al clean+s are all t are necess>y4  
,d>k plumag$ birds--:i* may h light or  
:ite p>ts--w require c>e 9 clean+1 9    
ord] t _! d>k] fea!rs may n be dull$ by 
contact ) ! :ite pla/]4 ,%\ld ?is happ51
 h[ev]1 9 spite ( all pa9s1 x w be f\nd 
t beat+ ) fea!rs1 & a light t\*+ ov] )  
wadd+1 on :i* a v little b5zol9e has be5
 p\r$1 w bright5 !m up wond]fully4      
,o/ri* & o!r fea!rs may be effectually  
clean$ by any ( ! =ego+ me?ods1 &1 by   
managem5t1 re-curl$ ) a blunt knife & ! 
f+]s4  ,,mak+ ,,up ,f ,pieces4--,i h    
be=e m5tion$ t birds are sometimes made 
up fea!r by fea!r1 & also :5 pull$ to   
pieces = relax+4 ,! fir/ is simply      

pretty pa/ime1 :i* any p]son possess$ ( 
pati5ce1 "s little ability1 & a /ock (  
fea!rs1 pa/e1 & pap]1 may indulge 9 z a 
recreation4  ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 is a      
diff]5t matt]1 & is practis$ 9 cases :]e
 a bird's sk9 is accid5tally torn 9     
sev]al p>ts1 or drops to pieces :5      
relax$ ?r\gh imp]fect cur+1 or by old   
age4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 ! amateur ne$ n    
feel z if ! _w w\ld be ! next ?+ to     
tumble to pieces1 b simply get to "w    
?us3 ,make a body ( t[1 ) neck atta*$1 z
 describ$2 next1 pull ! legs (f 7if !y h
 n previ\sly fall5 (f71 wire !m1 & atta*
 !m firmly to ! body by cl5*+ _! free   
ends2 b5d ^! legs into ! position y wi% 
! specim5 ultimately to assume & atta* !
 wires at ! feet to a block or p]*4 ,a  
,t1 =m$ ( two pieces ( wood1 ! bottom   
end atta*$ to a block1 is1 p]haps1 ! be/
 support1 z y c get all r\nd to adju/   
ev]y?+1 ev5 to ! tail4  ,y\r progress up
 to ?is po9t is simply a headless neck  
atta*$ to a t[ body1 support$ by natural
 legs fix$ to a p]*4 ,i assume t y\r    

fragm5ts are suffici5tly relax$1 & !    
fea!rs clean$ & ne>ly dri$4 ,all ! fat  
mu/1 ( c\rse1 h be5 scrap$ (f ! inside (
 ea* piece ( sk94 ,arrange ^! pieces 9 !
 ord] !y %\ld come ^u ! model1 to get ! 
fit1 z a dressmak] w\ld arrange !       
patt]ns ( a dress ^u a lady4 ,notice :]e
 y\r model is too small or mis%ap51 &   
b9d on pieces ( t[2 or pa/e & b9d on    
wadd+1 except+ ne> ! w+s1 :]e wires w\ld
 fail to pi]ce wool or wadd+4  ,:5      
prop]ly-%ap$1 give ! :ole ( ! model a   
good dress+ ) fl\r pa/e 7see ,no4 #ca71 
into :i* a little c>bolic acid has be5  
/irr$4 ,pa/e ! inside ( ea* piece ( sk9 
) ?is1 & comm5ce to f9ally re>range !m4 
,z a rule1 ! "u & brea/ pieces are fix$ 
fir/1 !n ! w+s are wir$ & firmly cl5*$  
on ! body2 adju/ ! w+s into prop]       
position1 br++ ! brea/ fea!rs ov] at !  
%\ld]s2 next1 put on ! w+ cov]ts1 !     
back1 ! tail 7firmly wir$71 & ! upp] &  
"u tail cov]ts2 la/ly1 ! head & neck    
pieces1 %ap+ ! made neck into position1 
etc1 z y proce$4 ,footnote3 ,note t ev5 

9 close-w+$ birds1 :i* a piec$ specim5  
su* z ?is "o describ$ mu/ be (          
necessity1 x is always advisable to wire
 ! w+s z = flight1 runn+ !m on ^! wires 
close to ! body1 & giv+ !m by ?is means 
! necess>y curvature2 entirely diff]5t1 
& mu* m natural1 ?an if simply bolt$ on 
by /raight wires runn+ ?r\gh ! %\ld]s   
into ! body4  ,sometimes x is necess>y  
to slip a piece ( wadd+ und]nea? to     
swell out a c]ta9 set ( fea!rs2 9 ?is   
case1 lift up ! surr\nd+ p>ts ) a crook$
 awl or ) ! fea!r-pli]s1 & c>efully     
ins]t ! wadd+ 9 su* a mann] t ! pa/e    
%all n clog ! o!r fea!rs 9              
juxtaposition4  ,:5 f9i%$ to y\r        
satisfaction1 lightly sponge (f any     
excess ( pa/e ) w>m wat]2 wipe d[n )    
b5zol9e1 & du/ pla/] ?ickly ov] all !   
specim52 ?is assi/s ! dry+ & cleans x4  
,9 an h\r or s du/ (f ! pla/] ) a bun* (
 fea!rs1 & b9d ! sk9 ) wrapp+ cotton 9 !
 usual mann]4 ,set x 9 a w>m place1 or 9
 a curr5t ( air1 = a week or s1 to dry1 
&1 la/ly1 put 9 ! eyes & f9i% (f4 ,!    

=ego+1 ?\gh app>5tly a ,caes>ian        
op]ation1 is n difficult to a practis$  
h&4 ,i may1 p]haps1 "h m5tion1 9 ord] to
 enc\rage my read]s1 t ,i myself once   
successfully m\nt$ a l>ge sn[y owl f    
?irte5 pieces ( sk91 & t _h !re be5     
tw5ty-?ree x w\ld h come out j z well4  
,9 relax+ x is (t5 bett]1 especially 9  
su* specim5s z ,birds ( ,p>adise1 to    
pull (f ! legs & w+s2 by ?is means ! sk9
 is m easily /ret*$1 & always1 9 ! h&s (
 a ma/]1 makes up m satisfactorily ?an  
by any o!r means4  ,,*apt] ,,xii        
,col\r+ ,bills ,& ,feet ,( ,birds1 ,b>e 
,sk9 ,( ,mammals1 ,fi%es1 ,etc4--,re/or+
 ,%runk5 ,p>ts ,by ,a ,wax              
,process--,dry+ ,& ,col\r+ ,f]ns        
,grasses1 ,seawe$s1 ,etc4--,piece       
,m\lds1 ,& ,modell+ ,fruit ,9           
,pla/]--,pres]v+ ,spid]s--,mak+         
,skeletons ,( ,animals1 ,skeleton       
,leaves ,etc4--,poli%+ ,horns1 ,%ells1  
,etc4--,egg ,collect+ ,&                
,pres]v+--,additional ,=mulae1 ,etc4    
,,col\r+ ,,bills ,,& ,,feet ,,(         

,,birds4--,birds :i*1 :5 alive1 h ei!r  
legs1 bills1 or faces ( v>i\s bright    
col\rs1 lose ^! t9ts :5 dead1 & aft]    
lapse ( "t1 ! col\r+ matt] 9 "s cases   
totally disappe>s1 & no?+ c re/ore !    
loss ( pigm5t b artificial treatm5t ( ! 
fad$ p>ts4 ,to d ?is satisfactorily is n
 "o ( ! easie/ matt]s 9 ! _w1 inasmu* z 
two ?+s are to be /rictly gu>d$ aga9/4  
,"o--?ick pa9t+1 :i* hides all !        
*>act]i/ics ( ! scutellae1 or plates ( !
 legs & toes1 or fills up ! m9ute       
papillae ( ! face2 ! o!r--imp>t+ a too  
%9+ or v>ni%$ appe>ance to ! p>ts       
col\r$4 ,s little col\r is requir$ = ?is
 purpose t ,i h f\nd ! oil-col\r tubes  
us$ by arti/s to be ! h&ie/ & *eape/4 ,!
 col\r1 :5 squeez$ out1 is to be ?9n$ ) 
turp5t9e only1 until x readily fl[s (f !
 bru% on to ! beak or legs ( ! specim52 
if prop]ly done x is v transp>5t1 & ( j 
suffici5t quality to give ! necess>y    
brightness )\t undesirable %99ess4  ,!  
col\rs t are mo/ useful are *rome yell[1
 yell[ o*re1 ,prussian blue1 p]man5t    

blue1 light r$1 burnt umb]1 flake :ite1 
& v]milion4 ,) ^! e %ade ( grey1 blue1  
gre51 r$1 or p9k c be obta9$2 !y are all
 *eap1 b if a quantity ( v]milion is    
desir$1 x is *eape/ b\ght z a p[d] at ! 
oilman's1 & mix$ z requir$4 ,:5 col\r   
tubes are n procurable1 ! same col\rs   
are to be obta9$ at ! oilman's 9 p[d]1  
or ready mix$1 :i* latt] mu/ be ?9n$ )  
"o "p transp>5t pap] v>ni% to two p>ts  
turp5t9e 7turps71 ! v>ni% be+ add$ or   
decreas$ z dry or mix$ col\rs are us$4  
,brunswick black1 a *eap & durable br[n1
 if laid on ?9ly1 i4e4 ?9n$ ) turps1 is 
sometimes us$ = col\r+ ! noses (        
mammals4 ,x mu/ be recollect$1 h[ev]1 t 
greys pr$om9ate 9 "s noses ov] br[ns1 & 
t ! surface is seldom ( "o t9t1 h5ce    
,brunswick black is seldom us$ by       
arti/s1 :o pref] to make t9ts f "s ( !  
col\rs m5tion$4  ,faces ( p>rots mu/ be 
:it5$ ) dry flake :ite appli$ ) a piece 
( cotton wool4  ,! bills ( t\cans1 &    
simil> birds1 require "s nice col\r+ to 
bl5d ! v>i\s t9ts "o )9 ! o!r4 ,if !    

read] requires a m sci5tific me?od ( do+
 ?is1 ,i mu/ ref] him to ,wat]ton's     
,w&]+s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 :i* "w he w f9d
 an acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* t ecc5tric   
naturali/ cut out ! insides ( 8 t\cans' 
bills1 p>+ !m d[n to ! out] lay]1 ?r\gh 
:i* ! subsequ5t artificially-introduc$  
col\r 0 reveal$4  ,x w\ld1 no d\bt1 be  
possible to introduce col\r into combs &
 wattles1 & also into ! bills ( "s      
species ( birds by subcutane\s          
injections ( v>i\s dyes :5 ! specim5 0  
fre%1 b z all taxid]mi/s are n skill$   
anatomi/s1 & h n too mu* "t to sp>e 9   
do+ :at is--at be/--b an unsatisfactory 
& unpractical me?od1 ,i may relieve _!  
anxiety by say+ at once t ! difficulty  
att5dant on %r9kage ( ! integum5t may be
 avoid$ by us+ wax1 ) :i* to ?9ly pa9t !
 l>ge bills ( "s birds1 & ! legs ( all1 
re/or+ also ! fle%y appe>ance ( wattles1
 etc4  ,let u take "o or two            
repres5tative birds--fir/1 an eagle1 to 
"w ^u1 ,premis+ t y\r bird is f9i%$ &   
dry1 & t y h previ\sly accurately copi$ 

into y\r note-book ! col\rs ( ! s(t     
p>ts1 y w beg9 by bru%+ ov] ! p>ts to be
 col\r$ ) a v little turp5t9e4 ,next1   
heat 9 a pipk91 or patty-pan1 "s        
beeswax1 into :i* a little common res9  
has be5 p[d]$1 j suffici5t to h>d5 ! wax
 "u ! po9t ( brittl5ess2 apply ?is )    
camel-hair bru%es ( diff]5t sizes to !  
eyelids 7! eye be+ 9 & fix$71 !         
sup]cili>y ridge1 ! c]e1 ! gape1 & all  
ov] ! bill1 & legs1 & feet1 regulat+ !  
?ickness ( ! wax ?us--v ?9 ov] ! bill & 
eyelids1 a little ?ick] ^u ! c]e1 ridge1
 & gape1 & q ?ick ^u ! legs & feet2 s   
mu* s1 inde$1 9 places on ! latt]1 z to 
necessitate c>v+ up ) tools to reproduce
 ! und]ly+ %runk5 scutes1 etc4 ,?is1 (  
c\rse1 is a delicate op]ation1 involv+  
practice & arti/ic p]ception ( =m4      
,remove all sup]flu\s wax by p>+ ) curv$
 awls ( v>i\s sizes1 & rubb+ d[n ) rag  
wett$ 9 turp5t9e4 ,"s p>ts ( ! legs may 
be treat$ ) hot irons 7l>ge wires1 old  
awls1 knives1 etc474 ,:5 ! wax is       
suffici5tly cold1 :i* x w be 9 a qu>t] (

 an h\r aft] f9i%+1 comm5ce col\r+1 by  
us+ ! col\rs direct f ! tubes1 ) z      
little admixture ( turps z possible4    
,footnote3 ,w9sor & ,newton1 ,r[ney1 or 
,rob]son1 are "s ( ! be/ mak]s ( ^!4    
,note ! diff]5t t9ts--q ?ree %ades (    
yell[ ^u ! c]e1 f\r or five ^u ! bill   
itself1 & p]haps half-a-doz5 ^u ! legs &
 feet1 & c>efully put !m on4 ,prop]ly   
f9i%$1 y\r eagle w--if correctly        
%ap$--be q life-l2 all ! s(t p>ts n[    
look full & fle%y1 hav+ lo/ t h>d       
appe>ance insep>able f direct pa9t+ on !
 %rivell$ integum5t )\t ! int]v5tion (  
wax4  ,! wattles & combs ( gall9ace\s   
birds1 aft] be+ wa%$ ) pres]vative      
7,=mula ,no4 #ae71 or1 :5 practicable1  
sk9n$ out & fill$1 toge!r ) analog\s    
processes on ! vultures1 & also ! p\*es 
( pelicans1 etc1 may be treat$ 9 l      
mann]1 ! wax be+ ?9ly or ?ickly pa9t$ z 
requir$4  ,! inside ( ! m\?s ( mammals1 
_! tongues1 eyelids1 & noses1 %\ld be   
treat$ 9 a simil> mann]4  ,! sk9 ( fi%es
 also1 :i*1 :5 dry1 %r9ks away above !  

eye & ar\nd ! m\? & lips1 %\ld h ^! p>ts
 replac$ by wax be=e col\r+1 9 ! mann]  
practis$ on ! new specim5s 9 ! ,leice/] 
,museum4 ,s little1 h[ev]1 is ! want (  
?is und]/ood1 t1 ( ! ?\s&s ( /uff$ fi%es
 exhibit$ 9 ! ,fi%]ies ,exhibition1 ,i  
look$ 9 va9 = "o ) un%rivell$ lips or   
orbital ridges4 ,= ! cr$it ( arti/ic    
taxid]my1 let u hope ,i ov]look$ "s1    
f9i%$ z !y %\ld be4  ,! f9s ( fi%es may 
be repair$ ) ?9 tissue pap]1 or1 if     
f9less by accid5t--w>e cat6--may be     
replac$ by wax4 ,:ite wax may be col\r$ 
9 "s in/ances be=e us+4 ,p>aff9 wax does
 9 "s situations1 b is n a v tractable  
m$ium4 ,dry col\rs may sometimes be     
rubb$ into ! wax ) advantage4 ,! col\r+ 
( a fi%'s sk91 :i*1 :5 set up & dri$1 is
 col\rless1 z not$1 is a nice op]ation  
involv+ "s arti/ic ability2 ! same      
rem>ks apply z ^? ^u ! col\r+ ( ! bills 
& feet ( birds 7see ante71 b ) ?is      
diff]5ce1 t al?\gh ! col\r %\ld be ?9ly 
appli$ z direct$1 yet 9 ?is in/ance !   
appe>ance ( wetness has to be repres5t$4

 ,9 ord9>y taxid]mic "w ?is is manag$ by
 add+ cle> pap] v>ni%1 or ,rob]son's    
m$ium1 to ! col\rs1 ?9n$ by turp5t9e1   
float+ ! t9ts on ! sk9 ( ! specim51 &   
nicely bl5d+ !m1 9 ord] to obviate      
unnatural /reaks or b&s ( col\r4        
,speak+ ( ! duck-bill$ platypus1 ! ,rev4
 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood1 9 ,homes )\t ,h&s1 has  
"s p]t95t rem>ks ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ne>ly 
all taxid]mi/s all[ ! cuticle to dry &  
%rivel1 to ! ultimate di/ortion ( !     
surr\nd+ p>ts3  ,! wond]ful duck-l      
m&ibles into :i* ! head is prolong$ are 
sadly misrepres5t$ 9 ! /uff$ specim5s   
:i* we g5]ally see1 & are black1 flat1  
/iff1 & %rivell$1 z if cut f %oe lea!r4 
,! d>k col\r is unavoidable1 at all     
ev5ts 9 ! pres5t /ate ( taxid]my4 ,b>e  
sk9 inv>iably becomes blacki%-br[n by   
lapse ( "t1 no matt] :at ! previ\s col\r
 may h be51 s t ! delicate t9ts ( an    
,engli% maid5's *eek & ! sable hue ( !  
blacke/ negro w\ld 9 a few ye>s assume !
 same d+y col\r1 & become q             
undi/+ui%able f ea* o!r4  ,b !re is no  

excuse n[-a-days = all[+ ! b>e sk9 to   
become %rivell$4 ,! col\rs we _c        
pres]ve1 ! =m we c & ought to reproduce4
 ,no "o w\ld conceive1 aft] inspect+ a  
dri$ specim51 h[ r\nd1 full1 & p\t+ 7   
once ^? black & wr9kl$ m&ibles1 & h[    
delicately !y _h be5 col\r$ :ile !      
animal reta9$ life4 ,_! natural hue is r
 curi\s1 ! out] surface ( ! upp] m&ible 
be+ v d>k grey1 spott$ pr(usely ) black1
 & its l[] surface pale fle%-col\r4 ,9 !
 l[] m&ible ! inn] surface is           
fle%-col\r$1 & ! out] surface p9ky :ite1
 sometimes ne>ly pure :ite4  ,all ?is   
c\ld easily be avoid$ by ! taxid]mi/    
fir/ sk9n+ ! beak & lips to _! f>!/     
ext5t1 & !n fill+ !m ) clay or          
composition1 & aft]w>ds wax+ & col\r+ ! 
p>ts 9 "q4  ,small birds hav+ black feet
 or bills1 :i* p]man5tly reta9 _! col\r1
 ne$ only to h !m slightly bru%$ ) oil1 
be=e cas+ up1 to give !m prop] fre%ness4
  ,,holl[ ,,eyes4--,i h = a great numb] 
( ye>s disc>d$ ! conv5tional glass      
eyes--glass buttons ,i h he>d !m        

irrev]5tly t]m$6--= all fi%es1 reptiles1
 birds1 & mammals1 except+ ! smalle/1   
us+1 9 _! /ead1 holl[ half-globes r m   
oval ?an r\nd2 ^! are h&-pa9t$ on !     
inside ) ei!r wat] or oil-col\rs1 & :5  
dry are v>ni%$1 fill$ 9 ) wadd+ & putty1
 or modell+-wax1 n clay1 & fix$ 9 !     
orbits ) wax1 see ante4 ,^!1 prop]ly    
col\r$1 &1 9 ! in/ance ( fi%es1 gild$   
inside1 are wond]ful repres5tations ( ! 
natural eye1 & :5 prop]ly ins]t$1 !     
cornea 9 mammals reproduc$ by wax1 & !  
eyelids prop]ly manag$1 give a mo/      
life-l & natural appe>ance to any       
specim54 ,footnote3 ,glass eyes h ( late
 be5 mu* improv$ 9 %ape & col\r by !    
,g]mans1 & also by "s ,engli% eyemak]s1 
:o h _h ! s5se to li/5 to ! sugge/ions (
 arti/ic taxid]mi/s4 ,i h by me n[ a    
really beautiful pair ( glass lynx eyes1
 ve9$ & /reak$1 & corn]$ 9 porcela91 9  
almo/ z p]fect a mann] z c\ld be manag$ 
by h&-pa9t+4  ,,piece ,,m\lds ,,&       
,,modell+ ,,tongues1 ,,muscles1 etc1 ,,9
 ,,composition4 ,z ,i /at$ at ! end (   

,*apt] ,,vii1 composition has = its base
 "o ( ?ree ?+s--clay1 pla/]1 or wax4 ,! 
uses ( ! fir/ ,i h fully                
expla9$--glue-wat] & pla/] w /iff5 or   
t\gh5 x4 ,!re is also t]ra-cotta clay1  
:i*1 if m\ld$ into %ape1 c be fir$1 & is
 light]1 & reta9s its %ape )\t crack+4  
,its s]vice to ! taxid]mi/ is limit$ to 
! reproduction ( c]ta9 bones & "s few   
natural objects1 su* z fungi1 etc4      
,pla/] ca/s ( almo/ any?+ may be made by
 piece-ca/+1 :i* is ca/+ arrang$ to take
 m\lds f any?+ und]cut or complicat$2   
su*1 let u say1 z a lion's head ) op5   
jaws1 or ! human face1 surr\nd$ by a    
wrea? ( leaves & fl[]s1 z 9 ! antique   
sculptures4 ,assum+ y _h su* a model z  
?is to ca/ f1 y w\ld comm5ce by oil+ or 
soap+ ! :ole 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,! pla/] 
be+ prep>$1 is p\r$ on ! neck or *91 be+
 prev5t$ f spread+ to o!r p>ts by clay  
plac$ across z a b>ri]4 ,! fir/ section1
 be+ ca/1 is trimm$1 & its edges cut    
diagonally t[>d ! *91 9 su* a mann] t ! 
next piece ultimately unlocks f x1 )\t  

be+ w$g$ by und]ca/+4  ,s y may proce$1 
trimm+ ea* piece1 cutt+ its edges to    
prev5t lock+1 & ca/+ bit by bit until y 
rea* ! hair & =ehead1 ) wrea?4 ,"h !    
pieces w be num]\s1 & y\r +5uity w be   
ex]cis$ to keep out ( tr\ble f gett+ "s 
piece or ano!r to lock ! o!rs4 ,! face w
 (t5 m\ld into ?ree or f\r pieces2 b x  
is on ! =ehead1 *91 & ?roat--&1 if a    
lion's head1 9 ! op5 m\?--:]e !         
multiplicity ( p>ts may p]plex4  ,^!    
small pieces are1 :5 tak5 f (f ! model1 
v difficult to put toge!r aga9 )\t a    
core2 h5ce1 :5 ! m\ld is complete1 ea*  
little piece mu/ h a %all[ hole cut on  
its top1 be replac$ on ! model1 & a     
jacket-m\ld cut into two or m pieces by 
/r+ 7z describ$ at *apt] ,,vii7 made ov]
 ! :ole4 ,?is jacket keeps all toge!r = 
! ultimate ca/+ by ! pegs 9 its surface 
made by ! holes ( ! pieces und]nea?4  ,!
 ultimate ca/ is made by pla/] be+ p\r$ 
into a hole left at "o end ( ! m\ld = t 
purpose4 ,%\ld ?is ultimate ca/+ be     
want$ holl[1 x w be necess>y to %ake !  

pla/]1 :5 p\r$ 91 ar\nd ! m\ld 9 ! mann]
 describ$ = mak+ wax fruit4  ,small     
und]cut articles may be ca/ f1 by mak+ a
 m\ld ( be/ glue--gelat9e glue--:i*     
readily /ret*es en\gh to cle> und]cuts &
 come (f ! model4 ,to get a model f ?is 
glue m\ld1 cov] ! orig9al model y wi% to
 ca/ f ) z ?ick a cov]+ ( clay z y wi%  
y\r gelat9e m\ld to be :5 run2 ^u ?is   
p\r pla/] to =m a jacket1 lett+ its top 
& bottom re/ on ! top & bottom ( !      
orig9al model4 ,:5 ! clay is remov$1 & !
 jacket fitt$ on aga91 x w1 ( c\rse1    
only t\* at top & bottom1 leav+ an      
int]space all ov] ! rema9d] ( ! model4  
,a hole be+ n[ cut 9 ! jacket1 ! glue   
,footnote3 ,made by /eep+ = a night1 &  
all[+ x to absorb all ! wat] x w1 ?r[+  
away ! surplus1 & boil+ ! rema9d] 9 !   
usual mann] 9 a glue-kettle4 ,p\r on :5 
hot1 n boil+4 is p\r$ 9 ov] ! orig9al   
oil$ model1 & fills up ! int]space left 
by ! removal ( ! clay4 ,:5 cold1 x1 (   
c\rse1 =ms a m\ld into :i* pla/] c be   
run1 9 ! usual mann]1 to =m ! ultimate  

model4  ,piece-ca/+ ( l>ge subjects1 :]e
 ! v>i\s p>ts are ca/ & !n fitt$ toge!r 
aft]w>ds1 is be/ und]/ood by le>n+ a    
little f "s ,italian modell]1 or look+  
ov] ! seams 7repres5t+ ! piece-ca/+     
jo9ts7 9 "s "o or o!r ( ,brucciani's    
reproductions1 :i* may be se5 9 almo/   
any art gall]y or museum4  ,"o great    
advantage ( ?is sy/em is1 t by its means
 l>ge models1 if built up 9 ord9>y field
 clay1 or by any o!r means1 may be ca/ f
 9 pla/] or 9 metal by ! int]v5tion (   
piece m\lds1 fail+ :i* x w\ld be        
impossible to d s4 ,! resultant model1  
if 9 pla/]1 is n ca/ solid1 b is holl[$ 
out 9 ! ca/+--to prev5t weight--by cores
 be+ ins]t$ 9 ! m\lds4 ,ca/+ s& is1     
h[ev]1 necess>y :5 ca/+ 9 metal1 toge!r 
) all sorts ( te*nical appliances & k   
beyond ! scope ( ! taxid]mi/1 & al?\gh  
,i h f\nd x necess>y to ca/ 9 metal = "s
 purposes1 x is s seldom ne$$ t ,i d n  
purpose describ+ :at any fri5dly brass  
f\nd] w tell ! amateur 9 a few m9utes4  
,! ca/+ by amateurs at an ord9>y fire is

 limit$ to ?ree metals--lead1 t91 &     
z9c--or a mixture ( two4  ,h[ l>ge      
models 9 clay1 etc1 c be made is        
describ$ by ,mr4 ,wat]h\se ,hawk9s1     
,f4,g4,s1 etc1 9 8 pap] on !            
reproductions he made ( ! ext9ct animals
 exhibit$ at ! ,cry/al ,palace1         
,syd5ham3  ,by c>eful /udy ( _! works ,i
 qualifi$ myself to make prelim9>y      
draw+s1 ) c>eful measurem5ts ( ! fossil 
bones 9 our ,museum ( ! ,college (      
,surgeons1 ,briti% ,museum & ,geological
 ,society4 ,?us prep>$1 ,i made my      
sket*-models to scale1 ei!r a six? or   
twelf? ( ! natural size1 design+ su*    
attitudes z my long acqua9tance ) !     
rec5t & liv+ =ms ( ! animal k+dom enabl$
 me to adapt to ! ext9ct species ,i 0   
endeav\r+ to re/ore4  ,i caus$ ! clay   
model to be built ( ! natural size by   
measurem5ts f ! sket* model1 & :5 x     
approximat$ to ! =m1 ,i1 ) my own h& 9  
all in/ances1 secur$ ! anatomical       
details & ! *>act]i/ics ( its nature4   
,"s ( ^! models conta9$ ?irty tons (    

clay1 :i* _h to be support$ on f\r legs1
 z _! natural hi/ory *>act]i/ics w\ld n 
all[ ( my hav+ rec\rse to any ( !       
exp$i5ts = support all[$ to sculptors 9 
an ord9>y case4 ,i c\ld h no trees1 nor 
rocks1 nor foliage to support ^! great  
bodies1 :i*1 to be natural1 mu/ be built
 fairly on _! f\r legs4 ,9 ! in/ance ( !
 iguanodon1 x is n less ?an build+ a    
h\se ^u f\r columns1 z ! quantities (   
mat]ial ( :i* ! /&+ iguanodon is        
compos$1 consi/ ( #d iron columns1 #i   
ft4 long by #g 94 diamet]1 #fjj bricks1 
#fej #e 94 half-r\nd dra9-tiles1 #ijj   
pla9 tiles1 #ch casks ( cem5t1 #ij casks
 ( brok5 /one2 mak+ a total ( #fdj      
bu%els ( artificial /one4 ,^!1 ) #ajj   
ft4 ( iron hoop+ & #bj ft4 ( cube in* b>
 con/itute ! bones1 s9ews1 & muscles (  
?is l>ge model1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* !re is any
 record ( a ca/+ be+ made4  ,o!r uses ( 
pla/] are also describ$ 9 ,*apt]s ,,vi4 
& ,,vii4 ,"o ( ! uses ( pla/] 9 modell+ 
is1 h[ev]1 to reproduce fle%1 etc4 ,=   
?is purpose mix pla/] ( ,p>is 7be/      

,s4,f47 ) boil$ oil until x =ms a smoo?1
 ?ick putty1 :i*1 ?\gh at fir/ capable (
 mu* f+]-&-?umb manipulation1 dries z   
h>d z /one1 & is fairly light & imp]vi\s
 to damp4 ,pla/] w also make a putty if 
mix$ ) glue-wat]4  ,! composition us$ by
 ! picture-frame mak]s is also a        
fir/-rate m$ium1 be+ susceptible to !   
s(t5+ influ5ces ( hot wat] :5 newly     
made1 b ultimately dries z h>d z !      
prec$+4 ,x is made v>i\sly1 b p]haps !  
be/ is made ?us3  ,cem5t = ,modell+4    
,?ree p>ts be/ glue4  ,"o "p l9se$ oil4 
,"o "p p[d]$ res94  ,:it+4  ,tall[ c&le4
  ,melt ! glue ) wat] until x is        
mod]ately ?94 ,boil up ! res9 & oil     
toge!r 7be c>eful ( fire74 ,mix up ?is )
 ! glue by ?or\gh /irr+ & boil+ toge!r1 
turn x all out into a bucket 7unless y  
are boil+ x 9 "o71 & add half a tall[   
c&le4 ,/ir 9 en\gh p[d]$ :it+ to make a 
?ick putty4 ,p\r "s out on a plate1 &   
let x get cold2 y w !n be able to       
det]m9e :e!r ! mixture requires m or    
less glue1 :it+ or oil4 ,x %\ld dry     

t\gh1 b n too brittle1 & %\ld1 :5 cut   
into /rips & w>m$ by hot wat] or /eam1  
be t\gh & yet pliable4 ,prop]ly made1   
?is cem5t is invaluable to ! taxid]mi/1 
z x works well by ! h& or by tools1 dry+
 sl[ly until x sets4 ,x c be work$ ov]  
real or modell$ bones to %[ s9ews or    
muscles z previ\sly m5tion$4 ,! tongues 
( mammals or fi%es may be ca/ ei!r 9    
pla/]1 glue1 or wax1 & subsequ5tly      
modell$ 9 ?is cem5t1 pla/]1 or wax1 z   
requir$4  ,wax is ! la/1 &1 z ,i h be=e 
po9t$ out1 is1 :e!r us$ melt$ or s(t5$  
by w>m wat]1 ( ! highe/ s]vice to !     
arti/4 ,beeswax1 :5 melt$1 w mix well ) 
ei!r pla/] or :it+1 or ) bo?1 & w make a
 useful modell+ composition1 its        
brittl5ess be+ det]m9$ by its conta9+ m 
or less pla/]4 ,wax w also mix ) r$     
o*re1 & makes a modell+ composition4    
,modell+ wax is sold1 h[ev]1 ready      
prep>$1 & is useful to pack "u ! sk9 =  
delicate muscles or flabby folds ( sk94 
,p>aff9 wax melt$1 & modell$ :5 half    
cold1 is also sometimes ( s]vice2 x has1

 h[ev]1 s little aff9ity = /ick+ z to   
come away f almo/ any?+ smoo?1 on !     
slighte/ provocation4  ,:ite lead /iff5$
 ) :it+ is sometimes useful 9 tak+ !    
place ( putty1 & is a trifle m durable4 
,p]haps1 at ! end ( ?is section1 x may n
 be amiss to po9t out to ! modell] t x  
is ( ! highe/ importance t all 8 tools  
%\ld be fre$ f dirt & pla/] at !        
conclusion ( 8 day's "w2 sc>cely any?+  
ru/s & spoils tools m quickly ?an damp  
pla/] left on !m4  ,,to ,,imitate       
,,blood4--,frequ5tly blood is requir$ to
 be %[n1 z 9 in/ances :]e "s animal may 
be repres5t$ te>+ its prey4 ,usually ?is
 is done by ?ickly pa9t+ on v]milion &  
r$ lead mix$ ) v>ni%1 or bru%+ on r$    
lead mix$ ) ?ick glue1 z a base on :i*  
to subsequ5tly lay ! v]milion4 ,i may   
po9t out1 h[ev]1 t blood diff]s 9 t9t1 &
 t ! appe>ance ( torn fle%1 fre% blood1 
& coagulat$ blood is be/ got by pa9t+ ! 
p>ts ) wax1 & t9t+1 ) a little v]milion1
 "s madd] br[n1 or madd] lake 7a r      
exp5sive col\r71 & light r$1 arrang$ &  

bl5d$ "o ) ! o!r z 9 nature4  ,%\ld y be
 sett+ up a l>ge gr\p1 su* z a tig] te>+
 op5 a de]1 or a vulture at a %eep1 y   
may repres5t ! liv] & o!r organs 9      
modell+ clay or pla/]1 dri$1 wax$1 &    
col\r$1 or by col\r$ wax alone if ! "p  
to be modell$ is n l>ge4  ,,sn[1 ,,fro/1
 ,,& ,,ice4--,! appe>ances ( sn[ & fro/ 
are imitat$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,p\nd$   
:ite sug>2 alum p[d]$1 or put on boil+1 
& suff]$ to cry/allize2 borax1 two p>ts1
 alum1 f\r p>ts1 burnt 9 a %ovel ov] !  
fire2 & v>i\s o!r cry/all9e prep>ations4
 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 is half s good z us+ be/ 
,s4,f4 pla/] ( ,p>is mix$ ) p[d]$ glass 
fro/+--b\ght f ! glass-bl[]'s or        
artificial eyemak]'s--to imitate sn[1 ! 
p[d]$ glass fro/+ be+ ?r[n ^u ! foliage 
& rocks--! latt] be+ gumm$ or v>ni%$ )  
pap] v>ni%--to imitate ice4 ,blocks (   
ice require special treatm5t ) glass &  
?9 pap] /ra9$ ov] a framework & v>ni%$  
to get a good & natural effect4 ,icicles
 are be/ modell$ 9 glass4  ,,wat] ,,&   
,,waves4--,wat] is be/ repres5t$ by     

hamm]$ glass col\r$1 & /reak$ & v>ni%$1 
to ! t9t requir$4 ,birds may be         
repres5t$ swimm+ by be+ cut 9 halves1 _!
 upp] & "u surfaces fix$ to !           
correspond+ sides ( ! glass1 or ! glass 
may be cut to receive ! body1 :i* is !  
mo/ satisfactory1 al?\gh ! mo/ difficult
 to manage )\t sma%+ ! glass4 ,footnote3
 ,!re is a black-neck$ swan 7,cygnus    
nigricollis71 f ,*ili1 treat$ 9 ?is     
mann]1 9 ! ,leice/] ,museum4 ,holes may 
be drill$ 9 ! glass to all[ wat] plants 
to come ?r\gh1 or to all[ long-legg$    
birds1 su* z h]ons1 to /& mid-leg 9     
wat]4  ,waves are mod]ately well imitat$
 by ?9 pap] creas$1 v>ni%$ & col\r$1 on 
:i* :ite wool foam is arrang$4          
,,modell+ ,,fruit1 etc1 ,,9 ,,pla/]4--,y
 may1 p]haps1 wi% to model an apple1    
pea*1 or plum1 to place 9 ! h&s ( "s    
m\nt$ object1 su* z a monkey4 ,to d ?is1
 y take a natural fruit1 :i* oil1 & pu% 
x half way 7on its longe/ axis7 into a  
b$ ( damp$ & h>d-press$ s& bank$ up all 
r\nd4 ,at "s little di/ance f ! edges ( 

! fruit /ick two or ?ree small pegs (   
wood 7po9ts d[nw>ds7 ab\t half-an-in*   
long1 leav+ a qu>t]-(-an-in* out ( ! s&4
 ,ov] all ?is p\r "s pla/] ( ,p>is mix$ 
) wat] to ! ?ickness ( a pa/e2 :5 set1  
lift x up c>efully--! pla/] n[ appe>s ) 
! fruit half set 9 x1 & ! two or ?ree   
little pegs ( wood /ick+ up1 _! o!r half
 firmly fix$ 9 ! pla/]--oil _! po9ts1 ! 
face ( ! pla/]1 & also ! fruit1 & lay+ !
 half-ca/ fruit upp]mo/1 p\r ov] x "s m 
pla/]4  ,:5 set1 trim ! edges1 !        
complete m\ld w !n "p 9 halves1 & !     
fruit w %ake out4 ,oil ! m\ld inside1 & 
:5 dry procure "s wax--beeswax f !      
oilman's w d = ?is purpose--& aft] heat+
 x c>efully1 = fe> ( fire1 p\r x :ile   
hot into ! m\ld ?r\gh a hole cut = t    
purpose4 ,:5 ab\t a qu>t] full1 put y\r 
?umb or f+] ov] ! hole1 & rotate ! m\ld 
rapidly4 ,all[ x to cool1 & on op5+ !   
m\ld ! artificial fruit w drop out1 &   
may !n be col\r$ by p[d] or v>ni% col\rs
 to ! t9ts requir$4  ,my fri5d1 ,wright 
,wilson1 ,f4,l4,s1 etc1 surgeon to !    

,birm+ham ,e> & ,?roat ,hospital1 has v 
k9dly writt5 me a %ort description ( !  
plan he adopts1 :i*1 x w be se51 is a   
complete rev]sal ( ! =ego+3  ,) reg>d to
 pla/] ca/s ( fruit1 etc1 a mu* neat] & 
readi] me?od ( mak+ ! m\ld is to mix a  
suffici5t quantity ( beeswax ) res9 9 a 
pipk9 ov] a sl[ fire4 ,x mu/ be us$ :il/
 j lukew>m by ei!r dipp+ ! fruit--say1  
an apple--until suffici5t adh]es to =m a
 good /rong coat+4 ,:5 cold 7dipp+ 9    
cold wat] w readily make x s71 ! :ole c 
be cut ?r\gh ) a %>p knife1 ! halves ( !
 fruit come out easily1 & a p]fect m\ld 
9 two halves is ?us obta9$4 ,fa/5 !     
halves ( ! m\ld toge!r ) /r+1 & sme> a  
little ( ! w>m mat]ial ov] ! jo9t to    
hold x toge!r1 & ca/ y\r model 7into    
?is1 ?r\gh a small hole made = !        
purpose7 9 ! usual way ) pla/] ( ,p>is  
made r ?9 ) wat]4 ,:5 set1 place 9 a    
little w>m wat]1 :5 ! m\ld easily /rips 
(f1 leav+ a model ( ! mo/ p]fect k9d &  
at a small exp5se1 = ! m\ld c be melt$  
up & us$ ov] & ov] aga94  ,glue may     

sometimes be sub/itut$ = ! wax4  ,!     
advantage ( be+ able to fall back on ?is
 sy/em is obvi\s1 especially if !       
modell$ fruit is to be plac$ 9 a        
position expos$ to consid]able heat4 ,( 
c\rse1 ! pla/] model mu/ be col\r$ to   
nature1 &1 z ,i h be=e po9t$ out1 ?is is
 n "o ( ! easie/ ?+s to d4 ,i w\ld      
sugge/ dipp+ ! model 7:5 dry7 9 melt$   
wax to give a surface = col\r+1 or      
modell+ x 9 pap]4  ,,pres]v+ ,,spid]s1  
etc4--,spid]s1 :i* f _! r>ity or !      
beauty ( _! m>k+s x may be desirable to 
pres]ve1 require ! cont5ts ( ! abdom5 to
 be press$ out1 or _! bodies to be cut  
und]nea?4 ,a fir/-rate article on       
pres]v+ ^! cru/aceans appe>$ 9 ,sci5ce  
,gossip = ,janu>y1 #ahfh1 9 :i* ! au?or 
po9ts out :at is j z well to be> 9 m9d1 
:i* is t ! col\r+ matt] or pigm5t is    
plac$ betwe5 ! out] or abdom9al cov]+ & 
! pulpy cont5ts )91 ^u a v delicate     
membrane1 :i* adh]es v loosely to bo?1 b
 m firmly to ! cont5ts )92 s t :5 !     
visc]a or cont5ts are rudely remov$1 &  

)\t mu* te>+1 ! :ole mass w be f\nd m or
 less col\r$1 :ile ! out] sk9 w be left 
entirely transp>5t4 ,to pres]ve1 !re=e1 
! beauty ( spid]s1 ?is mu/ be unt\*$4   
,he fur!r says3 ,make an incision along 
! v5tral aspect ( ! abdom51 ne>ly its   
:ole l5g?1 or z long z w enable ! pulpy 
cont5ts to be easily remov$2 !n p9* up !
 pulpy mass ) a small =ceps1 c>efully   
avoid+ any dragg+2 !n1 ) %>p-po9t$      
scissors1 cut away ! cont5ts bit by bit 
until ! :ole is ne>ly remov$1 or until y
 c see ! brilliant col\r %9+ ?r\gh :at  
rema9s 9 ! cavity--bett] leave a little 
too mu* ?an be too nice 9 cle>+ all     
away2 !n1 ) a bl[pipe1 di/5d ! empty    
abdom52 x w v soon become firm1 & reta9 
its orig9al =m1 b until x is s ! bl[+   
mu/ be frequ5tly repeat$4  ,a           
correspond5t to ,sci5ce ,gossip1 page   
#ba1 #ahfh1 says3 ,i f\nd ! be/ way to  
pres]ve spid]s 0 to susp5d !m by a loop 
r\nd _! wai/ 9 a solution ( glyc]9e     
#b_/c1 wat] #a_/c4 ,! solution may want 
*ang+ once or twice at fir/1 aft] t x w 

keep un*ang$ = ye>s4  ,fig4             
#cf--;,bl[-pipe = inflat+ l>vae         
,,pres]v+ ,,cat]pill>s4--,! l>vae ( mo?s
 & butt]flies may be pres]v$ by press+  
out ! cont5ts ( _! bodies1 & by work+ f 
! head to ! tail 9 a g5tle mann]1 &     
assi/+ ! removal ( ! mass by a c>eful   
dragg+ ) a cro*et ne$le4 ,:5 empty1 a   
little corrosive sublimate solution may 
be inject$ ) a metal or glass bl[-pipe1 
& ! empty sk9 !n di/5d$ by bl[+ into x  
?r\gh a v f9e bl[pipe1 made by draw+ out
 9 a cle> flame a small glass tube until
 x is att5uat$ to a f9e po9t4 ,?is be+  
ins]t$ 9 ! orifice at ! la/ segm5t ( !  
cat]pill>1 is kept 9 place by be+ ti$   
r\nd ) a piece ( d>n+ cotton1 or1 bett] 
/ill1 by a contrivance %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf  
7! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,auld1 9 ,sci5ce     
,gossip = #ahgb74 ,a ,a are pieces (    
wat* spr+ ti$ on ! ?ick "p ( ! bl[pipe1 
& hold+ ! cat]pill> by pressure on ! la/
 segm5ts :5 ! po9t ,b is ins]t$4  ,mr4  
,auld1 ,i see by 8 article1 us$ a _s    
lamp "u a glass j> to =m a dry+ *amb]   

:ile bl[+2 b ,i h myself f\nd a box iron
 a mo/ conv5i5t arrangem5t4 ,! inn]     
iron1 be+ heat$ 9 ! fire1 is plac$ 9 !  
*amb] or box1 :i* x ?or\ghly heats2 !n  
remov$1 & ! l>vae introduc$ & bl[n out 9
 ! hot air1 b n s full z to unnaturally 
di/5d ! segm5ts4  ,a c]ta9 loss ( col\r 
inevitably takes place 9 pres]v$ l>vae1 
:i* 9 ! l>g] ones may be re/or$ by      
col\r+ inside !m ) p[d] col\rs mix$ 9   
turps4 ,col\r$ wax is sometimes inject$1
 & makes ! sk9 v firm1 b x is a delicate
 op]ation1 requir+ great skill 9        
application4 ,:5 f9i%$1 !y may be m\nt$ 
on gre5 silk-cov]$ wire1 or1 m          
naturally1 on nicely modell$ leaves ( _!
 v>i\s food-plants1 by gum atta*$ to _! 
clasp]s4  ,x is (t5 necess>y to plunge !
 m delicate l>vae into a weak solution (
 c>bolic acid1 or alum & wat]1 to h>d5  
!m be=e pres]vation4  ,,skeletons ,,(   
,,animals4--,_m p be+ "u ! impression t 
x is only necess>y to remove ! fle% (   
any mammal or bird 9 ord] to get a      
p]fect skeleton1 x may be z well to po9t

 out t z ! fle% rots1 s d ! ligam5ts :i*
 hold ! bones1 & consequ5tly ! skeleton 
falls to pieces4 ,:51 !re=e1 y h made   
y\r skeleton by ! means recomm5d$ by    
v>i\s au?ors1 su* z expos+ x 9 an       
ant-hill1 a wasp's ne/1 or to ! attacks 
( ! bl[-flies or mealworm 7! l>vae ( a  
beetle71 to tadpoles1 or --z is ! usual 
way ) ! bone pres]v]s--by mac]ation 9   
wat] = a l5g!n$ p]iod 7aft] removal ( a 
great deal ( ! fle%1 ! sk91 & entrails71
 y w1 aft] ! c>eful removal ( ! fle%    
/ill rema9+1 & subsequ5t dry+ ( ! bones 
9 ! sun & air1 f9d t ne>ly e bone w h to
 be atta*$ to its fell[ by f9e brass    
wire1 & 9 ! case ( ! bones ( l>ge       
animals1 ea* bone w h to be neatly      
drill$ & c\pl$ ) brass wire ( great]    
/r5g?4  ,skeleton-mak+ by mac]ation 9   
cold wat] is1 p]haps1 "o ( ! mo/ sick5+ 
op]ations4 ,i h be5 some:at successful  
by trimm+ (f all ! fle% possible1 wir+  
"s p>ts toge!r1 ty+ o!rs 9 clo?s & boil+
 !m g5tly = sev]al h\rs 9 wat] *ang$ f  
"t to "t1 aft]w>ds tak+ !m out & pick+  

(f1 ) f+]s & blunt tools1 all ! fle%    
rema9+--:il/ hot--!n drill+ & wir+ all  
toge!r ) galvanis$ or copp] fa/5+s 9 a  
prop] mann]1 boil+ aga9 9 pl5ty ( wat]1 
& !n all[+ ! bones to rema9 9 cold      
wat]--con/antly *ang$--= a week or s2   
f9ally lay+ out 9 ! sun & air to blea*4 
,by ?is sy/em ,i h lately skeletoniz$ "p
 ( a horse1 & ! bones are free f grease 
& fairly :ite4 ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 9 ?is z
 9 ev]y?+ else1 w tell y :at to d & h[  
to piece "o sy/em into ano!r to be/     
advantage4 ,wa%+ ! bones ) ,hudson's dry
 soap1 or soda & wat]1 w (t5 remove a   
great deal ( ! grease4 ,*loride ( lime &
 wat] w assi/ ! blea*+1 b mu/ be manag$ 
cauti\sly1 or 9 c>eless h&s x is likely 
to d m h>m ?an good4 ,! mak+ ( good &   
nicely blea*$ o/eological prep>ations   
really dep5ds on c>efulness & neatness1 
supplem5t$ by wat]1 air1 & sun2 by !    
?ree latt] aids1 ,i h repeat$ly improv$ 
9 a wond]ful mann] old bones :i* 7      
greasy & discol\r$4  ,%\ld ! sea be     
close at h&1 ! skeleton1 %ut 9 a box )  

holes1 may be sunk1 & expos$ to !       
attacks ( v>i\s small de]1 especially   
bees 7,aega trid5s71 :i* sw>m 9 "s %all[
 wat]s to su* an ext5t z to cle> ! fle% 
f a l>ge animal 9 a few h\rs4           
,,skeleton ,,leaves4--,v beautiful      
objects may be made by plac+ ! leaves ( 
trees & %rubs1 or su* z are ( a /rong or
 woody texture1 9 a pan1 p\r+ boil+ s(t 
or ra9 wat] ov] !m1 !n expos+ !m to !   
atmosph]e = a "t v>y+ f "o to ?ree or   
f\r mon?s4 ,!y are !n g5tly lift$ out & 
held on a bo>d1 or on a plate1 "u runn+ 
wat]1 & ! pulpy "p1 or epid]mis1 remov$ 
by g5tle bru%+ ) a camel-hair p5cil or  
f9e ne$le1 to split ! sk9 away f !      
mid-rib4  ,:5 no?+ b ! ligne\s skeleton 
or woody fibre rema9s1 x may be plac$ 9 
a weak solution ( *loride ( lime1 &     
expos$ to ! sun "u glass to dry & blea*4
 ,to prev5t !m /ick+ to ! pap] on :i* y 
may wi% to dry !m1 use ei!r blott+-pap] 
or oil$ pap]1 aft] well wa%+ ! leaves4  
,if skeletoniz+ 9 summ] "t1 tru/ to sun 
alone1 z *loride ( lime has a t5d5cy to 

make ! leaves g brittle4 ,! se$ vessels 
( v>i\s plants1 su* z ! poppies1 ?orn   
apples 7,daturae71 & campions1 z also ! 
leaves ( laurel1 holly1 ivy1 lime1      
sycamore1 popl>1 & a ho/ ( o!rs1 may be 
treat$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,:5 f9i%$1 !y may be
 m\nt$ on wires :ipp$ ) :ite silk1 &    
plac$ on black velvet "u a %ade4  ,"s   
writ]s h advis$ ! boil+ ( ! leaves 9 a  
solution ( cau/ic soda1 or /eep+ !m 9 a 
/rong mixture ( *loride ( lime & wat]1 b
 ,i h hi!rto consid]$ ^! plans n s      
practical z ! =ego+1 ?\gh1 p]haps1      
quick]2 z1 h[ev]1 ,i f9d two writ]s1 9  
,sci5ce ,gossip = #ahfg1 v positive on !
 subject1 ,i w give ! foll[+ extracts3  
,a solution ( cau/ic soda is made by    
dissolv+ #c oz4 ( wa%+ soda 9 two p9ts (
 boil+ wat]1 & add+ #a4e oz4 (          
quicklime1 previ\sly slack$2 boil = t5  
m9utes1 decant ! cle> solution1 & br+ x 
to ! boil4 ,dur+ ebullition add !       
leaves2 boil briskly = "s "t--say1 an   
h\r--occasionally add+ hot wat] to      
supply ! place ( t lo/ by evaporation4  

,take out a leaf & put into a vessel (  
wat]1 rub x betwe5 ! f+]s "u ! wat]4 ,if
 ! epid]mis & p>5*yma sep>ate easily1 ! 
re/ ( ! leaves may be remov$ f !        
solution1 & treat$ 9 ! same way2 b if n1
 !n ! boil+ mu/ be cont9u$ = "s "t      
long]4  ,to blea* ! skeletons1 mix ab\t 
a dra*m ( *loride ( lime ) a p9t ( wat]1
 add+ suffici5t acetic acid to lib]ate !
 *lor9e4 ,/eep ! leaves 9 ?is till !y   
are :it5$ 7ab\t t5 m9utes71 tak+ c>e n  
to let !m /ay 9 too long1 o!rwise !y are
 apt to become brittle4 ,put !m into    
clean wat]1 & float !m out on pieces (  
pap]4 ,la/ly1 remove !m f ! pap] be=e !y
 are q dry1 & place !m 9 a book or      
botanical press4--,dr4 ,g4 ,dickson1    
,sci5ce ,gossip1 ,janu>y1 #ahfg4  ,i    
once saw ano!r way ( manag+ skeleton    
leaves t int]e/$ me greatly4 ,! leaves 7
 boil$ = two m9utes1 & !n transf]r$ to a
 /rong solution ( p]manganate ( pota% & 
g5tly heat$4 ,9 an h\r or two ! lax]    
tissues 7 easily remov$ by means ( a    
bru%4 ,sulphur\s acid 0 us$ = blea*+ !m1

 & ?is liquid 0 also employ$ ) mu*      
facility = ! remov+ ( ! /a9s on ! f+]s  
caus$ by ! p]manganate ( pota%4--,george
 ,newlyn1 ,sci5ce ,gossip1 ,novemb]1    
#ahfg4  ,! la/-nam$ g5tleman appe>s to  
blea* 8 leaves by fa/5+ !m across a     
hat-box by means ( /r+s1 ins]t+ a pan or
 t9 cup conta9+ sulphur1 sett+ x on     
fire1 & %utt+ d[n ! lid 7( c\rse1 out ( 
doors74 ,! :ole article is v int]e/+1 b 
too long = ins]tion "h4                 
,,cru/aceans4--,lob/]s1 crawfi%1 & crabs
 mu/ h ! cephalo-?orax 7! upp] "p7      
disjo9t$ f ! body or tail "p1 ! limbs   
tak5 (f at _! atta*m5t to ! body1 & !   
:ole ( ! fle% remov$ by means ( !       
und]cutt+ tool 7see ,fig4 #bi71 & crook$
 wires2 aft]w>ds wa% ! inside ) c>bolic 
wa% 7,no4 #ae71 & fill ! limbs & body ) 
dry pla/] & wadd+1 neatly fix+ on ! legs
 :]e disjo9t$1 & putt+ ! rema9d] ( !    
body toge!r ) any ( ! cem5ts m5tion$ 9  
,*apt] ,,iv4  ,,poli%+ ,,horns4--,z a   
comm5cem5t x w be requisite to remove   
all ! r\gh %ell-l lay]s ( horn :i* /& up

 z knots & gn>ls1 & m> ! symmetry ( !   
horns4 ,9 "s horns1 old ones especially1
 y w f9d _! inn] sides cov]$ ) sev]al   
?icknesses ( ?is wa/e or dead /uff4 ,d n
 be afraid1 b boldly p>e ?is d[n level )
 ! surr\nd+ horn1 = :i* purpose no?+ is 
s good z a spoke%ave4 ,blood /a9s       
usually lie 9 ! s(t upp] lay]s2 %ave ^! 
d[n c>efully until !y end1 :i* w be     
und]nea? :]e ! horn becomes :ite & ( a m
 ivory-l texture4 ,:5 ne>+ ?is x w be z 
well to give up ! use ( ! spoke%ave1 &  
use "s in/rum5t 9 a scrap+ mann]2 ! side
 ( a *isel 7n ! cutt+ edge7 or a knife  
is be/ = ?is purpose4 ,! h&le be+ held 9
 ! "r h& & ! po9t 9 ! left1 scrape !    
horn until y get to ! :ite "p1 :i* w be 
some:at h>d] ?an ! rema9d]4  ,9         
col\rless horns y mu/ get d[n to ?is    
:ite "p1 or y\r poli% w n be high2      
besides ?is1 blood /a9s w %[ up1 & !    
surface w look ( a soapy1 greasy nature1
 in/ead ( ! ivory-l texture x %\ld      
assume4 ,be c>eful :5 work+ to ! l>ge/  
"p1 or base ( ! horn1 n to run y\r tool 

?r\gh1 z x is mu* ?9n] !re ?an at !     
tips4  ,:il/ ?9n+ r\gh places 9 c]ta9   
horns y w f9d a half r\nd & flat f9e    
rasp ( great assi/ance4 ,:5 y h obta9$ a
 nice ev5 surface all ov]1 use glass    
pap] ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess1 &      
pumice-/one4 ,collect ! du/ :i* falls   
(f1 ) a rag dipp$ 9 l9se$ oil & well rub
 ! horn ) ?is4 ,next get "s putty p[d]  
7oxide ( t971 :i* rub viol5tly on all   
p>ts ( ! horn ) a rag & l9se$ oil1      
f9ally f9i%+ (f ) br[n pap]1 a s(t rag1 
& ! palm ( ! h&1 us+ pl5ty ( elb[       
grease4  ,rememb]1 horn poli%+ is all   
h>d "w1 unless manag$ by bobb+ on a la!1
 s let no "o attempt x :o is n prep>$ to
 "w v h>d1 z pl5ty ( quick & viol5t     
friction is indisp5sable 9 ! latt] /ages
 to give ! high poli% requisite4 ,horn  
may be s(t5$1 & ultimately dissolv$ 9   
cau/ic soda4  ,,poli%+                  
,,tortoise-,,%ell1 etc4--,to poli%      
tortoise-%ell 7:i* is 9 _m cases        
turtle-%ell7 x is necess>y to scrape !  
%ell v c>efully ) a broad knife1 tak+   

c>e n to cut ?r\gh to ! "u %ell or bone4
 ,:5 prop]ly smoo!d rub x ov] )         
pumice-/one & wat]1 !n ) ba?-brick &    
wat]1 f9ally poli%+ (f1 :5 y h a nice   
f9e surface1 ) putty-p[d] & oil1 or     
rott5-/one & oil1 ) pl5ty ( h>d "w &    
h&-poli%+ t[>ds ! la/4 ,a little tall[  
rubb$ 9 ) ! h&1 z ! v la/ f9i%+ t\*1 w  
be f\nd ( b5efit4 ,a pa/e made ( sal    
volatile & r\ge has be5 recomm5d$ to be 
appli$ to ! %ell aft] scrap+1 !n suff]$ 
to rema9 until dry1 & f9ally poli%$ (f4 
,bad places 9 ! %ell1 :]e x has peel$ or
 be5 brok5 (f1 %\ld be made up ) col\r$ 
%ellac1 or h>d5$ wax1 put 9 ) a w>m$    
knife aft] poli%+1 & f9i%$ (f sep>ately4
 ,tortoise-%ell may be weld$ by heat4   
,sea %ells may be poli%$ by be+ plung$ =
 a little "t 9 dilute nitric acid1 !n   
rubb$ d[n ) s& pap] or f9e em]y & oil1  
f9i%$ ) ,wat]-,ayr or ,snake-/one1 &    
f9ally poli%$ ) putty-p[d] & oil4 ,a    
mussel-%ell treat$ 9 ?is mann] makes a  
mo/ beautiful object1 com+ out purple1 )
 /reaks ( light] blue & pe>l4  ,/ones1  

su* z agates1 :i* are f\nd on ! sea     
bea*1 or any /one :i* is requir$ to be  
poli%$1 is to be fir/ gr\nd d[n to a    
r\gh surface1 !n poli%$ by successive   
rubb+s ( fir/1 second1 & ?ird grit-/ones
 ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess1 la/ly      
,wat]-,ayr or ,snake-/one1 & f9i%$ )    
putty p[d] appli$ ) oil4 ,all ( ! /ones 
or grits m5tion$ are to be procur$ at ! 
m>ble mason's at a l[ rate4 ,s]p5t9e    
treat$ 9 ?is mann] makes a v beautiful  
object4  ,,eggs1 ,,collect+ ,,&         
,,pres]v+4--,eggs ( v>i\s birds may be  
s\ght = 9 _! seasons 9 ! localities be/ 
suit$ to ! sev]al species4 ,b s mu*     
dep5ds ^u special tra9+ or aptitude 9 ! 
collect+ ( birds' eggs1 t a detail$     
description ( localities :]e to seek &  
h[ to f9d1 eggs1 is h>dly necess>y1 9 ! 
pages ( ?is "w1 fur!r ?an to rem>k t a  
pair ( climb+ irons are requisite = ^?  
individuals :o d n possess ! agility ( a
 cat or ( a s*oolboy4  ,climb+ ,irons   
7see ,fig4 #cg71 to fit ! foot & leg1   
are be/ made ( wr\ght iron ) a weld+ (  

f9ely-temp]$ /eel f ,c to ,,de1 to =m ! 
claw us$ :5 climb+4 ,to affix !m to !   
leg1 ! foot is plac$ z 9 a /irrup f ,c  
to ,b1 ! claw ,,ed po9t+ inw>d4 ,a /rap 
%\ld n[ be pass$ ?r\gh a slot or squ>e  
hole pun*$ 9 ! metal betwe5 ,c & ,d 7n  
%[n 9 ! figure71 & lac$ "u & across !   
foot to & ?r\gh ! loop %[n betwe5 ,b &  
,a at a1 ?us keep+ ! foot itself tightly
 fix$4 ,ano!r /rap passes ?r\gh ! loop  
at ! top :]e m>k$ ,a1 & is /rapp$ r\nd !
 calf ( ! leg1 keep+ all bel[ ! knee    
rigid & secure4 ,:5 climb+1 ! h&s clasp 
! tree 9 ! usual mann]1 & ! side ( !    
foot is /ruck sm>tly aga9/ ! trunk1 to  
cause ! claw to p5etrate4 ,! climb] n[  
re/s on ?is1 & /rikes ! claw ( ! o!r    
iron 91 on ! o!r side1 high] up1 & s on 
alt]nately4  ,fig4 #cg--;,climb+ iron   
,eggs1 :5 procur$1 mu/ h _! cont5ts     
remov$4 ,to d ?is !y mu/ fir/ be drill$ 
) little /eel in/rum5ts call$           
egg-drills1 :i* are made ( v>i\s degrees
 ( f95ess accord+ to ! size ( ! egg to  
be op]at$ ^u4 ,drills are to be procur$ 

f ! v>i\s deal]s1 b c be made f /eel    
wire s(t5$ 9 ! fire & fil$ to a %>p     
?ree-corn]$ po9t--aft]w>ds temp]$ to    
h>dness--= ! small] eggs1 or fil$ up = !
 l>g] eggs to ! patt]n ( a c\nt]s9k us$ 
= wood2 inde$1 ! smalle/-siz$ c\nt]s9k  
made--to be procur$ at any              
ironmong]'s--w d v well = eggs ! size ( 
a h5's4 ,capital egg-drills are to be   
made f p9ion wire us$ by wat*mak]s4     
,simply file to a po9t1 & relieve ) a   
small ?ree-squ>e file ! *annels ( !     
wire1 giv+ !m a cutt+ edge up to _!     
po9t4 ,) su* a drill z ?is--co/1 ab\t   
#b;d4--,i h bl[n1 )\t any breakage1 eggs
 v>y+ 9 size1 f swall[s' to h5s'4 ,a    
drill co/+ #bs4 #f;d1 :i* 0 ! price ,i  
paid = my fir/--pur*as$ f a             
surgical-in/rum5t mak] 9 ,london1 s9ce  
deceas$--c\ld n d ! "w bett]4  ,to use  
^! drills1 rotate ! po9t by twiddl+ !   
drill betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb1 mak+ only "o 
hole1 & t 9 ! c5tre ( ! egg4 ,:5 a      
nicely-r\nd$ hole is cut1 ! egg mu/ be  
empti$ by means ( an egg-bl[]1 or       

bl[pipe2 ! po9t be+ introduc$ into !    
hole1 ! cont5ts are bl[n out or suck$ up
 into ! bulb1 :i*1 :5 full1 is empti$   
out at ! o!r end4 ,x sometimes happ5s t 
! egg is h>d set4 ,! embryo mu/1 9 t    
case1 be cut out ) small curv$ scissors 
specially made4 ,if h>d set1 putrid1 or 
/ale1 an egg (t5 bur/s :5 t\*$4 ,to     
obviate ?is1 drill & bl[ x "u wat]4  ,"y
 birds c (t5 be extract$1 ) a little    
c>e1 un9jur$ f _! egg-%ells1 & yet--z   
happ5$ to me lately 9 ! in/ance ( a     
hawk--! %ell may make a pres5table      
museum object1 aft] su* extraction4  ,9 
all cases eggs %\ld be ?or\ghly r9s$ out
 ) a solution ( six gra9s ( corrosive   
sublimate to an ounce ( rectifi$ spirits
 ( w9e4 ,?is may be suck$ up into ! bulb
 ( ! egg-bl[]1 & !nce eject$ into ! egg1
 :i* is to be rotat$1 & :at solution is 
left may !n be suck$ back & ?r[n away1  
or return$ to ! bottle4 ,great c>e mu/  
be tak51 h[ev]1 t ! mixture %all n pass 
! bulb & be drawn up into ! m\?1 z x is1
 ( c\rse1 a deadly poison2 ! egg1 be+   

plac$ 7hole d[nw>ds7 on blott+ pap]1 is 
to be left until dry4  ,^? :o object to 
poison may r9se _! eggs out ) wat] to   
:i* has be5 add$ a few drops ( /rong    
ess5ce ( cloves4 ,?is is agreeable to   
use1 & appe>s to cleanse away all       
impurities4  ,a little label may f9ally 
be gumm$ ov] ! orifice1 & ! specim5 is  
!n ready = ! cab9et2 or1 z labels w 9 "t
 fall (f1 h[ev] well !y may h be5       
previ\sly gumm$1 x is bett] to write a  
di/+ui%+ numb]1 & z mu* ( ! hi/ory ( its
 collection z is possible on ! egg      
itself1 ! full hi/ory1 ( c\rse1 be+ po/$
 up 9 ! note book4 ,labels may1 h[ev]1  
be us$ ) great advantage on ! divisions 
( ! cab9et draw] :i* sep>ate "o species 
( egg f ! o!r4  ,loose labels are n to  
be us$ on any acc\nt1 z !y (t5 get      
rev]s$ & create confusion1 & a          
collection ?us treat$ is br\ght into    
grave discr$it4 ,eggs1 :5 be+ s5t any   
di/ance1 %\ld be sep>ately wrapp$ 9     
cotton wool1 & pack$ 9 a /rong box1 any 
int]/ices be+ lightly fill$ ) wool also4

 ,sawdu/ or bran %\ld nev] be us$ z a   
pack+ m$ium1 z ! eggs %ake toge!r &     
break ea* o!r 9 travell+4  ,= ^? :o     
require col\r$ figures ( eggs ,i mu/    
ref] !m to ,hewitson's ,eggs ( ,briti%  
,birds1 or ,atk9son's ,briti% ,birds'   
,eggs & ,ne/s1 a mu* *eap]1 b v good    
little "w2 also to a new "w by ,mr4 ,h4 
,seebohm 7! celebrat$ travell] 9        
,sib]ia1 etc471 entitl$1 ,a ,hi/ory (   
,briti% ,birds1 ) col\r$ illu/rations ( 
_! eggs4  ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,microscopic
 ,,objects4--,! same rem>k applies to   
?is z to aqu>ia 7see ,*apt] ,,xiii474 ,!
 treatm5t is s v>i$1 ! objects s num]\s1
 t books ^u books h be5 writt5 on x4 ,e 
naturali/ & curator1 h[ev]1 has to "w   
sometimes ) ! microscope2 b tak+ into   
consid]ation ! va/ness ( ! subject1 ,i  
mu/ ref] !m to text-books1 su* z        
,beale's ,h[ to ,"w ) ! ,microscope2    
,lanke/]'s ,half-h\rs ) ! ,microscope2  
,hon4 ,mrs4 ,w>d's ,! ,microscope2      
,davies ,on ! ,prep>ation & ,m\nt+ (    
,microscopic ,objects2 ,g4 ,e4 ,davis'  

,practical ,microscopy2 ,gosse's        
,half-h\rs ) ! ,microscope2 ,wood's     
,common ,objects ( ! ,microscope2 any ( 
,quekett's works1 & to late numb]s ( !  
,mon?ly ,microscopical ,j\rnal1 ,nature1
 ,sci5ce ,gossip 7! latt] teem+ )       
practical h9ts on all matt]s connect$ ) 
natural hi/ory71 & ho/s ( o!r works4    
,?is *apt]1 deal+ z x does ) details &  
h9ts ^u _m subjects1 may fitt+ly be     
clos$ ) scraps =gott5 9 ! body ( ?is "w1
 b :i* n[ occur to me z be+ useful k4   
,,/>* ,,z ,,pa/e3 7see *apt]            
,,iv74--,procure "s common />* 7t :i* is
 :ite look+ is p]haps ! be/71 mix x up )
 a little cold wat]1 j suffici5t to     
dissolve x1 /irr+ x ?or\ghly to prev5t  
lumps4 ,p\r ^u ?is suffici5t boil+ wat] 
to make x into a /iff pa/e4 ,?is w be   
f\nd mo/ useful = clean pap] or         
photographic "w1 z x enables pap] to be 
pa/$ on c>dbo>d1 etc4 )\t creas+4 ,!    
pap] %\ld be fir/ wett$ on ! face side1 
! back pa/$ ) ! />*-pa/e1 fix$ on !     
c>dbo>d1 & ! :ole dri$ (f by blott+     

pap]4 ,= common taxid]mic "w1 pa/e      
conta9+ res9 7sold at lea!r m]*ants'7 is
 /rong & *eap4  ,,be/ ,,glue1 made 9 !  
ord9>y mann]1 b r ?ick] ?an usual1 !n   
p\r$ into a bottle conta9+ en\gh        
me?ylat$ _s to ?9 x1 is recomm5d$ z be+ 
a /rong m$ium to /ick pap] on wood or   
c>dbo>d1 ) ! advantage claim$ = x t x   
does n cause ! ?9 wood or c>dbo>d to ca/
 or buckle4  ,,m>9e ,,glue dissolv$ 9   
dilut$ acetic acid makes a /rong cem5t =
 c]ta9 ?+s1 su* z m5d+ %ells4 ,?is1 z   
also ! prep>ation ( ,=mula ,no4 #cc1    
%\ld be kept 9 bottles1 or small /opp]$ 
j>s1 & melt$ = use by surr\nd+ ) hot    
wat]4  ,,lea!r is 7s says a bookb9d]7 to
 be pa/$1 aft] x is damp$ on ! outside4 
,clo? is to be glu$4 ,?is is useful to  
"k if mak+ up clo?-cov]$ boxes ) lea!r  
backs1 to imitate books 7see ,*apt]     
,,xv1 on ,entomology74  ,,anti-,,insect 
,,no/rums 7see *apt] ,,iv74--,russian   
tall[ 9 sauc]s1 oil ( bir*1 fl[]s (     
sulphur1 hellebore1 pepp]1 tobacco1 are 
said to be bogies1 ! la/ especially1 to 

! ,d]me/es beetles & _! c\s91 ,an?r5us  
museorum4 ,try !m1 b don't rely too mu* 
^u !m1 is my advice2 nor1 inde$1 ^u     
any?+--n except+ ev5 corrosive          
sublimate4 ,tru/ only to exposure to    
light & con/ant sup]vision1 z9c or wire 
dry+ cases1 & to cas+ up z soon z       
possible4  ,if s5d+ specim5s long       
di/ances1 x is well to pepp] ! %ot p>ts1
 enclos+ also 9 ! p>cel "s pieces (     
*>coal wrapp$ 9 pap]4 ,( c\rse1 if !    
specim5s are n = ! table1 dilute glacial
 c>bolic acid1 p\r$ on ! w\nds & d[n !  
?roat1 is ! be/ ?+ to d1 b x %\ld always
 be not$ 9 an accompany+ lett]1 = fe> ( 
accid5ts4 ,sme>+ ! h&s & face ) p>aff9  
is said to keep =e/ flies & midges f    
bit+4  ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,animal       
,,tissue 7see *apt] ,,iv74  ,*loride (  
z9c1     #a "p4  ,wat]1         #bj     
p>ts4  ,?is =mula appe>s to be "o ( !   
non-alcoholic pres]vatives mo/ suit$ =  
fi%es 9 prep>ation j>s4 ,i h s lately   
tri$ x t ,i _c at pres5t /ate if x is ! 
v be/4  ,,picric ,,acid1 =m$ by a c]ta9 

*emical fusion ( c>bolic acid ) nitric  
acid1 is recomm5d$ 7:5 dilut$7 = !      
pres]vation ( s(t-bodi$ animals1 su* z  
zoophytes1 etc4  ,,bi*romate ,,( ,,pota%
 7see *apt] ,,iv71 ?\gh s useful =      
pickl+ fi%es1 mollusca1 worms1 & ev5    
jelly fi% & sea-anemones1 is1 ,i h f\nd1
 liable to be attack$ by mildew2 to     
prev5t ?is add a few drops ( ph5ic      
7c>bolic acid74 ,footnote3 ,ph5ol1      
,ph5ic ,acid1 ,ph5ic ,alcohol1 ,hydrate 
( ,ph5yl 7,c#f;,h#e;,,ho7,c>bolic add4  
,?is salt is also us$ 9 microscopy to   
assi/ 9 fix+ glass cov]s on glass       
slides4 ,! cem5t 9 "q appe>s s admirably
 adapt$ to _m purposes1 t ,i ?9k x wor? 
quot+ 7see ,sci5ce ,gossip1 #ahgi1 p4   
#acf73  ,cox's gelat9e1         #b oz4  
,acetic acid1 fluid1         #a dra*m4  
,gum ammoniac1         #aj gra9s4       
,dissolve 9 a wat] ba?1 & filt] ?r\gh   
cotton :ile w>m4 ,?is cem5t rema9s fluid
 :5 cold1 & dries quickly4 ,aft] ! r+   
has become set1 or /iff1 ! :ole slide is
 imm]s$ = a m9ute or s 9 a #aj-;gra9    

solution ( bi*romate ( pota%1 & is !n   
all[$ to dry1 expos$ to ! light1 :i*    
makes ! bi*romat$ gelat9e p]fectly      
insoluble1 ev5 9 boil+ wat]1 & ?or\ghly 
prev5ts ! escape ( any glyc]9e4         
,,p]manganate ,,( ,,pota% 7see *apt]    
,,iv7 is recomm5d$ at p4 #di1 ,sci5ce   
,gossip1 #ahgi1 by a ,fr5* sci5ti/1 =   
pres]v+ delicate organisms4 ,x is       
especially good 9 hi/ological rese>*es1 
z x acts l osmic acid1 burn+ up !       
protoplasm1 br++ out ! m9utiae1 & %[+ ! 
nuclei1 outl9es ( cells1 etc4 ,x is us$ 
z a saturat$ solution 9 di/ill$ or v    
pure spr+ wat]2 sea-wat] also dissolves 
x4 ,! conc5trat$ solution1 ( a lovely   
violet col\r1 kills small organisms at  
once1 & !n burns !m4 ,!y are left 9 x f 
?irty m9utes to an h\r1 !n )drawn1 &    
plac$ 9 alcohol1 aft] :i* !y c be made  
transp>5t ) ess5ce ( t]eb9? & m\nt$ 9   
,canada balsam4 ,beautiful results are  
?us obta9$ ) e*9od]ms1 zoophytes1 worms 
& m>9e ar?ropoda4 ,= delicate rese>*es1 
especially 9 ! ciliat$ infusoria1 x is  

bett] ?an osmic acid1 )\t its great co/1
 & is ev]y:]e easily obta9$4--,g4 du    
,plessis4  ,,glyc]9e 7see ,*apt]        
,,iv74--,glyc]9e w be f\nd useful =     
rubb+ on ! eyes or noses ( animals to   
keep !m moi/ & prev5t _! dry+ up :5     
modell+1 z well z = _m o!r purposes1 :i*
 w readily occur to ! practical work]4  
,,corals1 etc1 may be clean$ by fir/    
soak+ 9 w>m wat]1 to remove surface du/1
 etc1 !n all[+ ! tap to run on !m = "s  
h\rs1 & aft]w>ds soak+ !m 9 a weak      
solution ( *loride ( lime = a %ort "t1  
until fairly blea*$4  ,,birds may be    
r\ghly pres]v$ f imm$iate decay by p\r+ 
d[n _! ?roats1 or into _! bodies by an  
incision "u ! w+1 crude creosote or     
c>bolic acid4 ,i rememb] once hav+ a    
collection ( birds f ,india prep>$ 9 ?is
 way1 :i* aft] a lapse ( ye>s 7         
successfully sk9n$ & made up--z well z  
c\ld be expect$4  ,sometimes ,i h be5   
writt5 to by correspond5ts to say t !y  
_h cur$ "s mammals' sk9s by ,=mula ,no4 
#i1 & t !re 0 an effloresc5ce ab\t !    

m\?1 or t mildew _h appe>$4 ,my answ]   
has ev] be53  ,fir/ly1 t possibly !     
specim5 _h be5 cas$ up too soon4 ,at    
lea/ two mon?s %\ld elapse aft] /uff+   
be=e mammals %\ld be m\nt$ 9 a case4    
,secondly1 t common alum _h be5 us$     
in/ead ( burnt alum4  ,?irdly1 t an     
undue proportion ( saltpetre _h be5 mix$
 ) ! alum4  ,%\ld mildew make its       
appe>ance1 x w\ld po9t to improp] m\nt+ 
--i4e1 n trimm+ (f en\gh fle% or fat1 or
 to ! specim5 be+ m\nt$ 9 a case be=e x 
0 suffici5tly dry4 ,if x be mildew1 !   
specim5 mu/ come out ( ! case & be      
prop]ly dri$4 ,if x be m]ely            
cry/allisation ( impure alum1 ! cry/als 
mu/ be wa%$ (f ) w>m wat] f "t to "t z  
!y =m1 until no m appe>4 ,x mu/ be      
rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t a damp h\se1 or      
juxtaposition to a wet wall1 w ru9 ! mo/
 c>efully m\nt$ specim5s4               
,correspond5ts may be q sure t nei!r !  
me?od nor ! =mula are to blame 9 !      
matt]4 ,! great po9t is to wipe (f !    
mildew or cry/als z fa/ z !y appe> until

 no m =m1 :i* w det]m9e :5 ! specim5 is 
?or\ghly dry4  ,h[ to sold]1 ei!r by !  
bl[pipe or by ! bit1 is n[ & !n useful  
k4 ,any me*anic w imp>t ?is = a         
consid]ation4  ,,*apt] ,,xiii4  ,,cases1
 ,,m\nts1 ,,%ields1 ,,egg ,,cab9ets1    
,,rockwork1 ,,f]ns1 ,,grasses1          
,,sea-,,we$s1 ,,etc1 ,,= ,,fitt+ ,,up4  
,,cases c be made 9 all /yles4 ,! olde/ 
is ! box1 :i* ne$s no description4 ,next
 9 age is ! cant$-corn] case1 a mo/     
odi\s abom9ation belov$ ( ! amateur2 !  
%ape ( ! gr\nd plan be+ z ,fig4 #ch4 ,a 
to ,a ! front1 ,b to ,b ! back1 ,c ,c ,c
 is glass1 ! po9ts ,a ,a are wood5 or   
metal uprights1 p9n+ toge!r top &       
bottom2 ,b ,b ,b ,b is wood2 h5ce x     
foll[s t all ! space outside ! dott$    
l9es is useless1 or if us$ at all1 !    
uprights 7,a ,a7 cross p]haps ! mo/     
important "p ( ! "w1 s t ?is %ap$ case  
resolves itself into ! foll[+           
difficulty3 ei!r ! case is too l>ge = ! 
object1 or two l9es cross x4  ,fig4     
#ch--,plan ( cant$-corn] case4  ,! usual

 glass-end$ squ>e case is easily made by
 any amateur jo9] 9 ?is wise3 ,take two 
pieces ( wood = top & bottom to size    
requir$1 plane & squ>e !m up toge!r to  
ensure _! be+ exactly alike2 !n1 ) a    
pl\gh plane1 set to #j4cge 91 pl\gh out 
all ar\nd ! front & sides ( ea* to half 
its ?ickness4 ,take ! back & nail x to !
 top & bottom ) brads2 hav+ done :i*1   
next take two pieces ( wood = ! uprights
 ( suffici5t ?ickness to suit !         
case--too great ?ickness be+ gu>d$      
aga9/4  ,fig4 #ci--,section ( uprights  
or pill>s ( squ>e case4  ,let u1 h[ev]1 
assume t ea* ( ^! pieces is #j4ge 94    
squ>e1 ! height immat]ial1 pl\gh ^! out 
on two sides1 ! pl\gh /ill set at #j4cge
 94 = dep?4 ,= ! front1 pl\gh out #j4cge
 94 f ! edge1 & #j4cge 94 deep1 ?is /ill
 leaves #j4cge 94 out ( ! #j4ge 94      
unt\*$2 turn ! upright n[ on its side & 
repeat ! pl\gh+1 all[+ = j miss+ ! po9t 
( int]section4 ,fig4 #ci %[s a section2 
! d>k "p is ! wood left1 ! dott$ squ>es 
%[ :]e ! wood has be5 remov$2 ! corn]   

,a1 outside ! dott$ l9e1 is aft]w>ds    
r\nd$ (f4 ,ea* upright is pl\gh$ alike2 
!y are !n glu$ & nail$ to ! top & bottom
 by brads runn+ ?r\gh2 ! r\nd$ edges    
fall+ outside4  ,! case is n[ f9i%$1 z w
 be se51 = ! reception ( glass at its   
front & sides4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 x w h to be
 black$ or ebonis$4 ,mix1 !re=e1 "s lamp
 or drop black 9 p[d] ) ?9 glue-wat]1   
boil1 & lay ! mixture on ) a /iff bru%  
ov] ! case :il/ w>m4 ,:5 q dry1 rub x   
d[n ) f9e s& pap]4  ,! subjects be+     
m\nt$ 9 ! case1 pap] ! glass 9 ) br[n   
pap] & /rong pa/e1 & !n g ov] !         
previ\sly black5$ case ) a v ?9 coat (  
,brunswick black4 ,:5 ?is is dry put a  
slip ( #j4e 94 or #j4ge 94 gilt m\ld+   
7procur$ at ! picture frame mak]'s7 all 
ar\nd ! front ( ! case on top ( ! prep>$
 glass1 & j )9 ! edges ( ! wood pl\gh$  
out to receive x1 nicely mitr+ ! com]s )
 a mitre & %oot+ block4  ,! f\ndation ( 
?is latt] is a s\nd #a 94 bo>d1 #b ft4  
#f 94 long by #ah 94 wide1 or ( any o!r 
conv5i5t dim5sions4 ,^u ?is is screw$   

ano!r piece an in* or m ?ick 7,fig4     
#dj71 s z to make a /ep 7,c ,c74 ,bo?   
pieces mu/ be dry1 s z n to be liable to
 w>p2 ^u ! high] "p are screw$ two /rips
 ( h>d wood 7,b ,b7 ab\t #a4e 94 or #b  
94 wide1 =m+ a "r angle :]e !y meet4 ,! 
:ole mu/ be v accurately made1 & al?\gh 
deal w answ] ! purpose1 h>d wood ( "s   
k9d w be m satisfactory4 ,bee* or oak w 
d v well4  ,fig4 #dj--,mitre block4     
,suppose a piece ( m\ld+ to require     
mitr+2 x has only to be laid z %[n aga9/
 ! guide b> 7,b71 & sawn (f on ! l9e    
7,,cc71 or laid on ! o!r side aga9/ !   
second guide b>1 & simil>ly cut (f4 ,x w
 be necess>y to use bo? sides 9 ?is way1
 because1 al?\gh ! piece cut (f has also
 an angle ( #de deg1 x w\ld ne$ to be   
turn$ ov] & appli$ to ! o!r1 :i* c\ld n 
be done )\t rev]s+ ! m\ld+4 ,9 a pla9   
unm\ld$ /rip ?is1 ( c\rse1 w\ld n       
signify4  ,gilt m\ld+ may be put at ea* 
end or n1 accord+ to ! fancy & pocket ( 
! workman4 ,! case is n[ f9i%$1 & %[s ! 
front & two sides ( glass fram$ 9 by    

gilt1 outside ( :i* is ! n>r[ black l9e 
( ! wood4 ,if x be desir$ to get up !   
wood ( ! case 9 a sup]ior mann]1 x mu/  
fir/ be black$ ) ! glue & lamp-black1   
s&-pap]$ d[n1 black$ & s&-pap]$ aga91 & 
f9ally ,fr5* poli%$4  ,! mo/ sub/antial 
& effective case is ! /op-*amf]$ "o1    
made ei!r 9 deal eboniz$1 or fancy woods
 poli%$4 ,9 ?is ! glass is put 9 f !    
back ) putty1 or pap]$ 91 & f9ally held 
9 place by beads ( wood1 ! top is l9$ ) 
l95 & col\r$ 9 oil1 & aft] ! "w is put 9
 7f ! back7 ! back-bo>d 7previ\sly l9$ &
 col\r$7 is screw$ up1 & ?us y h a case 
p]fectly imp]vi\s to du/ or to ! *anges 
( ! atmosph]e4 ,unless ! amateur is a   
good workman1 x w be bett] = him to get 
su* a case turn$ out by a pr(essional   
jo9]1 to ensure clean-cut "w4  ,^! are v
 h&some & neat cases1 especially if !   
back be pl\gh$ out deeply to receive a  
canvas on a /ret*]1 on :i* a *>act]i/ic 
sc5e is pa9t$4 ,9 ?is ev5t ! includ$ "w 
mu/ be good1 & ! fitt+-up z pla9 z      
possible4  ,cases = fi%es are be/ glaz$ 

by sprung or semi-convex glass = !      
fronts1 :i* (t5 does away ) ! necessity 
= glass ends1 & gives also a m arti/ic &
 f9i%$ appe>ance4  ,glass %ades1        
especially ^? ( an oval %ape1 suit _m   
birds well1 b = l>ge "w are m exp5sive  
?an cases4 ,/&s 9 black or gilt are     
usually suppli$ ) !m2 b ^? 9 mahogany1  
oak1 & o!r fancy woods mu/ be ord]$1    
unless ! amateur possesses a la!1 & !   
requisite k to use x4 ,9 fitt+ up ^! )  
rockwork1 etc1 x is be/ to arrange ! "w 
on a false bottom1 or at lea/ to cov] up
 ) pap] ! poli%$ /&1 le/ x be spoil$4   
,,m\nts4--,m\nts1 :i* are simply tops ( 
r\nd or oval %ades fitt$ into           
correspond+ /&s or frames ( wood1 or are
 op5 cyl9d]s ( glass ) a flat piece     
cem5t$ on "o end1 71 ,i believe1 fir/   
inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,george ,a%mead1 (       
,bi%opsgate-/reet1 ,london4 ,!y are v   
effective1 & also occupy b little space1
 z !y hang up on ! wall 9 positions :]e 
%ades or cases w n g4  ,! me?od ( mak+  
up a m\nt is z foll[s3 ,procure f a     

glass m]*ant ! top ( a %ade1 let u say  
#ab 94 9 diamet] by #g 94 high4 ,to ?is 
h a /& or rim turn$ out ( ?or\ghly dry  
wood ( suffici5t size to ov]lap ! %ade  
#a 94 all r\nd--#ad 94 9 diamet]1 !re=e1
 = a #ab 94 %ade4 ,a groove %\ld be     
turn$ 9 !m /& ( suffici5t wid? to all[ !
 glass to play freely4  ,! groove1      
h[ev]1 %\ld be s arrang$ t ! excess 9   
wid? %\ld fall outside ! glass4 ,! c5tre
 ( ! /& inside ! groove be+ t9t$ = a    
sky1 z desir$1 ! objects1 :e!r small    
birds or butt]flies1 are introduc$ 9 !  
usual mann]1 & ! glass is !n cem5t$1 9 !
 groove1 ov] !m4  ,wa/e cyl9d]s ( glass 
may be economis$ = mak+ m\nts4 ,x w !n1 
h[ev]1 be necess>y to h a circul> plate 
= ! top cut by a glazi]'s turn-table4   
,^! are really bett] = %[+ up any?+ ?an 
! r\nd-topp$ m\nts1 z !y ca/ no         
reflection2 b ! top plates are h>d] to  
put on & to keep on :5 f9i%$4 ,/rongly  
pa/$ black tape w d to fix ! v small    
ones1 b = l>g] ! tops %\ld be cem5t$ )  
?ick :ite-lead1 left to dry1 & !n fur!r 

cem5t$ ) n>r[ tape sme>$ ) :ite-lead1 or
 any ( ! cem5ts giv5 9 *apt] ,,iv4 ,if x
 be desir$ to give a r\nd$ edge to ?is  
tap+1 pla/] or :it+ mix$ ) glue &       
lamp-black may be laid on ?ickly1 rubb$ 
d[n ) f9e s&-pap]1 & poli%$1 or if !    
black is left out1 ! cem5t may be gild$1
 aft] ! mann] ( picture frames4  ,! /&  
itself may be di%$ out 9 ! c5tre1 9     
concave =m1 & ?us m room all[$ = !      
enclos$ specim5s2 b 9 ?is case ! /& mu/ 
be ( "s ?ickness4  ,at "o "t ! glasses 7
 put 9 ! /&s ) glue & cork1 or glue &   
pap]1 until x 0 f\nd1 9 n9e cases out ( 
t51 t glue1 "u atmosph]ic *anges1 soon] 
or lat] broke ! glass1 or else entirely 
releas$ x4 ,putty 0 !n us$1 b t fail$ to
 hold ) ! t5acity requir$1 z !re 0 a    
con/ant t5d5cy ( ! %ade to fall out by  
its natural weight :5 hang+ up4 ,i h    
accord+ly mix$ :ite-lead ) putty ) bett]
 results1 9 ! proportion ( two p>ts     
putty2 "o ditto :ite-lead 7?ick1 su* z  
gasfitt]s use72 "o-eigh? ditto gold     
size--or ,i h us$ r$-lead1 mix$ ) common

 putty & boil$ oil2 &1 aga91 simply     
pla/] ( ,p>is mix$ ) wat]4 ,^! la/ two  
are ! be/ holdfa/s ( glass )9 my        
exp]i5ce4  ,suppos+ ! /& to be eboniz$1 
or ( mahogany or any o!r fancy wood1 !  
putty or pla/] c be col\r$ to any       
requir$ t9t1 or if ! /& is gilt ! cem5t 
c be gild$ ov]4 ,fail+ to make a v neat 
job1 x w be necess>y to w9d a piece (   
*5ille ar\nd ! %ade 9 ord] to hide !    
junction4  ,z x is v difficult to prev5t
 a small p]c5tage ( ! cem5t f work+     
inside1 & ?us spoil+ ! neatness ( ! sky 
effect1 ,i h devis$ ! foll[+ plan1 :i*  
,i d n ?9k is g5]ally kn[n3 ,in/ead (   
us+ a solid /& ) groove = ! back ( !    
m\nt1 ,i turn a rim ( wood to =m a r+1 9
 su* a mann] t x %all j pass ov] ! %ade 
)\t all[+ ! latt] to fall ?r\gh at its  
bottom edge4 ,und]nea? ?is rim1 or r+1  
,i turn x out to )9 a qu>t] ( an in* (  
its edge to receive ! back1 turn$ out ( 
a piece ( ?9n] wood4  ,! rim ( wood is  
be/ turn$ by be+ ne>ly cut ?r\gh on its 
upp] or patt]n side1 ! wood !n rev]s$ on

 ! la!1 turn$ out to receive ! back1 !n 
alt]$ aga91 & ! rim cut entirely ?r\gh4 
,to fix ?is1 ! rim is fitt$ on ov] !    
glass1 & kept 9 place ) cem5t4 ,! "w is 
made up on ! back1 :i* is !n screw$1 or 
pa/$1 or glu$1 9 ! holl[ turn$ out at ! 
back ( ! rim4 ,by ?is me?od !re is no   
cem5t %[+ inside on ! sky-l9e ( ! "w :5 
f9i%$1 nor c ! glass possibly tumble    
out1 be+1 ( c\rse1 held by ! rim1 :i* is
 ( necessity small] ?an ! bottom ( !    
glass4 ,su* rims may1 ( c\rse1 be       
eboniz$1 ( fancy woods1 or gild$1       
accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! workman4 ,a small 
screw-plate ) r+ %\ld be atta*$ to hang 
x up by4  ,a modification ( ! m\nt is   
made by secur+ five pieces ( glass      
toge!r 9 ! usual mann]1 by tape pa/$ on 
ea* edge to make a squ>e glass cov]1    
mak+ up ! "w on a piece ( bo>d ( !      
requir$ size1 rebat$ or groov$ all      
ar\nd1 or by nail+ on /rips ( wood to   
receive ! glass cov]1 :i* is !n pa/$ or 
cem5t$ to ! edges ( ! bo>d1 & f9ally    
f9i%$ (f by dropp+ ov] all picture-frame

 m\ld+1 cut & jo9$ to size1 to :i* !    
back is screw$4 ,?is /yle does ei!r =   
fi%es or dead game to /& ^u a hall      
table1 or easily becomes a m\nt by !    
simple process ( screw+ on plate-r+s1 & 
hang+ x up on a wall4  ,! col\r+ ( !    
backs ( cases & m\nts is ( two          
k9ds--di/emp] & oil2 t is to say1       
suppos+ pap]1 calico or %eet+ is us$ = !
 back ( ! cases or m\nts4 ,col\r ! pap] 
or o!r mat]ial--if y wi% to %[ a ton$   
sky--) :it+ 9 :i* a little glue-wat] or 
pa/e is dissolv$1 or ) common flake-:ite
 & size 7note t !re mu/ be a good body (
 :ite to give a lum9\s appe>ance71 t9t+ 
at ! same "t ) blue1 %ad+ (f into p9k1  
etc4 ,! col\rs mo/ useful are ultram>9e1
 v]milion1 & *rome yell[ 9 p[d]4 ,?is   
col\r+ w n d if putty is us$ to put !   
glass 9 )1 z ! oil flies ov] ! t9t$ sky4
 ,= oil pa9t+ place a ?9 calico or      
canvas on ! backs1 & col\r ) ! t9ts y   
desire1 mix$ 9 oil & turps4 ,putty c be 
us$ 9 any "p ) ?is col\r+4 ,"o coat (   
col\r is suffici5t1 z if ano!r is add$  

an unpleasant glaze is ! result4        
,,%ields4--,heads ( mammals1 etc1 :5 set
 up & f9i%$1 %\ld be m\nt$ on %ields (  
fancy wood2 oak or mahogany be+ ! be/1  
unless eboniz$ & gild$ p9e is pref]r$4  
,! %apes are usually a modification ( ! 
conv5tional he>t1 su* z w be f\nd 9 a   
pack ( c>ds4 ,?is be+ purely a matt] (  
individual ta/e1 ! taxid]mi/ may easily 
make z _m patt]ns z he *ooses by d\bl+ a
 piece ( br[n or /iff pap] & cutt+ 8    
%apes out !refrom4 ,"o ( ^! pap] patt]ns
 may be trac$ ar\nd ^u a piece ( plan$  
wood ( ! suitable size1 & cut out by a  
b[ -saw1 ! edges trimm$ & bevell$1 & !  
surface f9ally poli%$4 ,a key-hole      
7protect$ by metal screw$ across 9 !    
in/ances ( l>ge or weighty heads71 is   
bor$ or cut1 by :i* to hang x up1 & !   
neck-block ( ! specim5 is screw$ !reto  
by ?ree screws ( suffici5t l5g? plac$ 9 
! =m ( a triangle4 ,horns alone are     
atta*$ to %ields by screws runn+ ?r\gh !
 frontal bone1 or1 if )\t ?is1 are      
atta*$--to a model ( ! frontal bone 9   

wood1 by nuts & screws4  ,,cab9ets ,,=  
,,eggs ,,& ,,sk9s4--,i h lately se5 _m  
cab9ets = eggs1 sk9s1 etc1 con/ruct$ on 
a capital sy/em1 ! inv5tion1 ,i believe1
 ( ,mr4 ,salv91 ! em95t orni?ologi/4 ,! 
draw]s are made ( v>y+ dep?s1 f #a 94 to
 #f 91 & ! bottoms are fitt$ ) tongues  
ov]lapp+ ea* side1 :i* fit into grooves 
cut 9 ! c>case ( ! cab9et1 & s arrang$  
by a little calculation t a %all[ draw] 
c imm$iately be ins]t$ 9 ! place        
previ\sly occupi$ by a deep "o1 or vice 
v]sa--i4e1 a deep #f 94 draw]1 :i* may  
be ,no4 #cj1 at ! bottom1 c be pu%$     
upw>ds at any int]m$iate po9t betwe5 t &
 ,no4 #a4  ,! modus op]&i is z foll[s3  
,:atev] ! dep? decid$ on ( ! draw]s1 !  
c>case is groov$ all ! way d[n to half !
 dep? ( ! %all[e/ draw]1 if 9 ev5 in*es1
 or to a multiple ( ea* draw] if        
o!rwise4 ,example3 ,take a foot rule &  
m>k (f #aj 9 on a piece ( pap]1 divid+ x
 into alt]nate half in*es mak+1 ( c\rse1
 tw5ty half in*es2 ?is repres5ts !      
c>case4 ,!n take "s /rips ( pap] or     

c>dbo>d1 :i* cut to #a 91 #a4e 91 #b 94 
#b4e 94 & #c 94 respectively1 total #aj 
94 ,^! repres5t ! draw]s2 putt+ !m 9 _! 
ord]1 !y w1 ( c\rse1 fit 9 ! #aj 94 ,n[ 
*ange !m ab\t1 top to bottom1 or bottom 
9 ! middle1 or 9 any way t y l1 & y w   
f9d t !y w always fall 9 a groove1 leav+
 room = ! o!rs1 :5 pu%$ d[n1 )\t any op5
 space betwe54  ,! same me?od is adopt$ 
9 ! cab9ets "u ! inv]tebrate %[ cases 9 
! ,liv]pool ,museum1 :i* ,i rec5tly     
visit$ "u ! able guidance ( ! clev] &   
g5ial curator1 ,mr4 ,moore1 s well kn[n1
 toge!r ) 8 family1 9 connection ) _m   
unique & beautiful o/eological          
prep>ations4  ,,cas+ ,,up ,,)           
,,rockwork1 ,,etc4--,br[n pap] 0 =m]ly !
 pice de rsi/ance ( ^? :o aspir$ to     
imitate rocks on :i* to place or to     
surr\nd _! animals4 ,x 0 us$ by be+ fir/
 soak$ 9 wat] & drawn ov] pieces ( wood1
 boxes1 or l>ge c9d]s ev51 to give %ape4
 ,x 0 !n glu$1 & small /ones & s& ?r[n  
on4 ,usually uncol\r$1 x reveal$ itself 
9 its nak$ ugl9ess1 & look$ :at x       

0--pap]4 ,lat]1 x 0 m arti/ically       
arrang$1 & :5 dive/$ ( folds by !       
application ( m pap]1 pl5ty ( glue1 &   
well col\r$1 x c]ta9ly look$ dec5t4 ,!n 
came peat1 a glori\s innovation = quick1
 if n arti/ic1 "w4 ,?is dri$ e>?1 dug f 
bogs1 admits ( be+ c>v$ & %ap$ to almo/ 
any =m4 ,s&/one & "s o!r rocks may be   
repres5t$ by x1 z also trunks ( trees4  
,well glu$ & s&$1 x takes col\r readily1
 or x may be gone ov] ) a mixture ( :it+
 & pla/] ( ,p>is ) glue-wat]1 & f9ally  
col\r$2 or dry pla/] may be mix$ ) ?ick 
oil pa9t z a prim+ m$ium4  ,virg9 cork  
is ! late/ rockwork model4 ,its %ape be+
 irregul>1 x is well suit$ to imitate   
craggy rocks1 add$ to :i* x takes ?ick  
col\r or :it+ well1 glu$ or unglu$4     
,no?+1 h[ev]1 beats a mixture ( all     
me?ods--pap]1 peat1 & cork1 _! l9es     
brok5 up or bl5d$ ) wadd+4 ,! :ole (    
?is1 well glu$1 s&$1 & prop]ly col\r$1 w
 defy ! mo/ critical unpr(essional      
judgm5t to decl>e x any?+ b :at x       
seems--h>d rock4  ,i am speak+1 ( c\rse1

 ( small cases2 l>ge "w requires        
consid]ation4 ,peat w n d = any?+ b !   
illu/ration ( small subjects4 ,x is too 
heavy1 & does n readily adapt itself to 
imitate l>ge masses ( ov]hang+ rock2    
add$ to :i*1 its exp5se 9 l>ge          
quantities is v great4 ,x is also dirty 
to "w )1 & is (t5 a h>b\r = l>vae (     
v>i\s mo?s--inimical to ! taxid]mi/4 ,i 
s recognis$ all ^! facts 9 ! treatm5t ( 
! rockwork 9 ! ,leice/] ,museum1 t ,i   
det]m9$ to use pap] only1 treat+ x by an
 old me?od1 arti/ically elaborat$4  ,?is
 me?od 01 aft] mak+ a r\gh draw+ &      
calculation z to ! positions ! specim5s 
w\ld occupy 9 ! case1 to nail /rips (   
qu>t]+ across ! backs ( ! cases1 to :i* 
aga9 7 nail$ /rips ( #j4ge 94 wood1     
cross+ 9 all directions1 b especially   
:]e ! draw+s indicat$ a mass ( rock4 ,on
 ^!1 & to ^!1 small %elves ( wood 7     
nail$ 9 ! positions to be subsequ5tly   
occupi$ by ! specim5s4 ,to ^! %elves    
c>dbo>d 0 tack$1 & b5t upw>d & d[nw>d to
 ! po9t$ or squ>e %apes assum$ by !     

rocks modell$ f4 ,footnote3 ,x is q     
necess>y 9 arti/ic modell+ n only to h  
col\r$ draw+s ( ! rocks y are imitat+1 b
 to h an actual piece by y z a little   
guide to =m & col\r4 ,:]e ! edges 7 too 
%>p !y 7 beat5 9 by a mallet1 or alt]$  
by glue+ on wadd+4  ,! mass ( rock be+  
jo9$ "h & !re to break up ! appe>ance ( 
%elves1 & to give a c]ta9 homog5eity1 0 
!n treat$ by hav+ br[n pap] well glu$ on
 bo? sides1 /uck all ov] ! edges1 jo9s1 
or accid5tal fissures2 ?is1 suff]$ to   
dry1 0 !n well pa9t$ ) a mixture ( :it+ 
& glue-wat]1 aga9 all[$ to dry1 & aga9  
pa9t$4 ,:5 ?is la/ 0 dry x 0 gone ov] ) 
a ?9 wa% ( glue-wat]1 & %>p silv] s&    
?r[n on2 :5 dry1 col\r$ by /a9+ x )     
v>i\s oil col\rs 7n tube71 & "s few p[d]
 col\rs--blue-black1 yell[ o*re1 ,v&yke 
br[n1 cele/ial blue 7*eap71 burnt si5na1
 etc1 ?9n$ ) turps1 aft]w>ds t\*$ up1 :5
 dry1 ) t\*es ( tube col\rs1 sm>tly &   
cleanly put on4 ,?is w\ld be ! treatm5t 
& col\r+ = greyi%-br[n or yell[i%-grey  
smoo?1 dry-look+ rocks1 s&/ones1 etc42 &

 by a little alt]ation ( t9t & treatm5t 
9 places1 w\ld imitate ! v>i\s slates4  
,= *alk & lime/one1 mix pla/] & s& ) !  
:it+ & lay x on ?ickly1 n ?r[+ on s&1 z 
a f9al op]ation4 ,col\rs1 ( c\rse1 are  
diff]5t "h1 m bright & light gre5       
pr$om9at+2 b ! col\r+ ( ! rockwork1 etc1
 to imitate ! v>i\s k9ds ( rocks        
requir$1 is only to be le>n$ by         
exp]i5ce2 9 po9t ( fact1 to col\r rocks 
9 an effective mann] is really ! "w ( an
 arti/1 = x is requisite to "k !        
prop]ties ( col\rs1 & to scumble &      
/ipple or glaze "o col\r ov] ano!r to   
get dep?4 ,a few h9ts may1 h[ev]1 help  
out ! tyro4  ,= r\gh sea rocks1 aft] s&+
 & glue+1 g ov] ! rockwork ) a mixture (
 *rome yell[ & ,prussian blue1 mix$ )   
oil & turps1 ! blue pr$om9at+2 t\* up ! 
po9ts ) :ite1 & all[ x to dry4 ,! next  
day deep5 ! %ad[s ) ,brunswick black1   
/ippl+ lightly ! rema9d] ( ! rock ) !   
same4 ,arrange sea-%ells & sea-we$1 "h &
 !re1 :]e ! m\nt$ subject all[s ( ?is   
treatm5t4 ,?is is a %9+ d>k blui%-gre5 &

 br[n rock1 suitable = sea-gulls1 div]s1
 etc4  ,= r\gh grey l& rock1 pa9t ov]   
all ) lamp-black 9 p[d]1 mix$ ) pla/] ( 
,p>is1 & t\* up ! po9ts ) oil :ite4 ,:5 
! "w is q dry1 g ov] all ) a glaze (    
,prussian blue mix$ ) ,brunswick black4 
,fit up ) f]ns1 grass1 & gold5 li*5s on 
! po9ts1 or 9 ! holl[s4 ,?is makes a    
greyi% rock ) no gloss1 & is suitable = 
owls & simil> birds4  ,= r\gh s&/one    
rock1 pa9t ov] ) *rome yell[ & a v      
little blue mix$ ) oil :ite1 ! latt]    
pr$om9at+2 du/ ov] on ! po9ts ) r$ s&1  
t\* up ! holl[s ) ,brunswick black1     
suff] to dry1 & !n g ov] all ) a v      
little rose p9k or v]milion1 work$ up 9 
turps ) a little v>ni%4 ,fit up ) f]ns1 
grasses1 & mosses4 ,?is is a r$di%-yell[
 rock1 suitable = any?+ n hav+ r$ or    
yell[ fur or fea!rs4  ,! pr$om9at+ col\r
 may be mix$ ) ! :it+1 etc1 to pa9t ov] 
! artificial rock2 b !re is a c]ta9 loss
 ( brilliancy 9 ! col\rs :i* foll[1     
unless a :ite gr\nd has be5 previ\sly   
laid on4  ,= c]ta9 objects a great      

advantage is obta9$ by mak+ up !        
rockwork on a false bottom & slipp+ x1  
ready f9i%$1 into ! case4  ,!re are     
hundr$s ( o!r v>ieties1 b !y mu/ be     
work$ out by ea* p]son accord+ to 8     
proclivities4 ,x might z well be expect$
 t a picture c\ld be pa9t$ f pr9t$      
directions z to imag9e t "o p]son c\ld  
make a rockwork precisely simil> to     
ano!r )\t see+ x done1 or )\t work+ x   
out by 8 own exp]i5ce4  ,trees = l>ge   
gr\ps may be c>v$ out ( successive lay]s
 ( peat1 or modell$ up ) br[n pap] &    
virg9 cork2 bett] /ill by arrang+ br[n  
pap] ov] rods or a wire framework1 cov]$
 previ\sly by t[1 & aft]w>ds col\r$ to  
nature4 ,! leaves ( "s trees dry & col\r
 up well1 & c be introduc$ on ! natural 
or artificial twigs4                    
,,twigs4--,artificial twigs c be made by
 twi/+ t[ r\nd wire1 glue+1 & ?r[+ on   
sawdu/1 peat-du/1 etc1 & aft]w>ds       
col\r+4 ,! mo/ natural way1 h[ev]1 is to
 rub up ! gold & grey li*5s1 & ?r[ !m on
 ! glu$ t[1 fill+ up aft]w>ds ) l>g]    

pieces to break ! l9es4 ,natural &      
artificial twigs mix well toge!r2 !     
latt]1 f _! flexibility1 all[+ ( any    
treatm5t4  ,,f]ns1 ,,grasses1 ,,etc1 ,,=
 ,,fitt+ up4--,"t 0 :5 our ance/ors 7   
cont5t to /ick _! pres]v$ specim5s 9    
boxes ) no?+ to break ! blank ( :ite    
pap] :i* back$ !m up4 ,n[adays we h     
arriv$ at su* a pit* ( decorative art 9 
taxid]my1 z 9 all ?+s1 t ?is /iffness ( 
outl9e does n suffice2 accord+ly1 we    
break our backgr\nd by fl[+ l9es (      
beauty1 produc$ by ! graceful aids (    
dri$ f]ns & grasses1 twigs ( trees1 etc4
  ,_m f]ns are n suitable = decoration2 
= in/ance1 ! male f]n 7,filix-mas7 is ( 
too t5d] a texture to /& upright :5     
weight$ ) col\r4 ,! v be/ f]n is !      
common brake 7,pt]is aquil9a71 z also ! 
common polypody 7,polypodium vulg>e74 ,!
 fronds ( ! brake %\ld be ga!r$ 9 ,augu/
 or ,septemb]1 :5 !y are fully matur$ & 
h>d1 & also :5 ! wea!r1 is hot & dry4   
,if ga!r$ 9 cont9u\s wet wea!r1 h>dly   
any am\nt ( dry+ w prev5t ! fronds f    

ultimately becom+ m\ldy1 :5 no am\nt (  
aft]-dry+ prev5ts !m go+ brittle &      
dropp+ to pieces4 ,f]ns :i* h lo/ _!    
gre5 col\r+ matt]1 & are go+ r$ & yell[1
 dry well1 & reta9 _! col\rs nicely if  
quickly dri$4  ,=eign f]ns1 su* z !     
v>i\s adiantums1 ! gold & silv] f]ns1 & 
_m o!rs1 dry well1 & reta9 _! col\r if  
c>e be us$2 no?+ suits =eign birds bett]
 z a backgr\nd ?an ! f]ns & grasses ( ! 
v>i\s c\ntries !y inhabit4  ,pap] us$ 9 
! dry+ ( botanical specim5s is sold1 b  
be+ too exp5sive = ?is p>ticul> purpose1
 a supply ( l>ge %eets ( common grey    
pap] us$ by ironmong]s or groc]s1 or ev5
 br[n pap]1 w suffice--! f]ns %\ld1     
directly !y are ga!r$1 be laid out      
/raight on a bo>d1 or on a floor1 &     
cov]$ ) pap]1 !n m f]ns1 aga9 a lay] (  
pap]1 & s on--a bo>d weight$ ) bricks   
%\ld be plac$ ov] all1 & suff]$ to rema9
 = a few days2 ! f]ns are !n to be      
turn$1 ! pap] dri$1 & ! process repeat$4
  ,:5 ?or\ghly dry1 ! f]ns may be col\r$
 ) oil pa9t ?9n$ ) turps & v>ni%1       

suffici5t to give lu/re )\t %99ess4 ,"h 
& !re break ! gre5 col\r ) :ite1 r$1    
blue1 & yell[1 9 a mann] :i* w occur to 
anyone hav+ arti/ic ability4 ,f]ns      
treat$ 9 ?is mann] soon dry1 & reta9 _! 
col\r = an indef9ite p]iod1 ! only ?+ to
 be said aga9/ !m be+ _! r unnatural    
flatness--due to pressure2 ?is1 h[ev]1  
may be c\nt]act$ by a little judgm5t    
dur+ ! dry+1 "o plan be+ ! regulation ( 
pressure at c]ta9 po9ts1 aid$ also by   
clean dry s&4  ,sev]al h>d-leav$ plants 
7mo/ly =eign7 f\nd 9 our cons]vatories  
are also excell5t dri]s1 _m tak+ col\r  
readily4  ,_m grasses 7n ! fl[]s1 b !   
leaves or blades7 dry well4 ,among/ !   
be/ ( ^! is ! wiregrass1 f\nd 9 woods1  
gr[+ especially ov] runnels 9 ^?        
localities4 ,! fl[] also ( ?is plant is 
mo/ eligible z a decorative ag5t4 ,!    
wood melick is ano!r elegant & suitable 
plant4  ,! s$ges 7,c>ex7 dry & col\r    
well1 z also sev]al ( ! wat]-ru%es1     
re$s1 & flags4 ,! toad-ru% 7,juncus     
bufonius71 & its allies1 f\nd 9 damp    

places1 by roads1 by canals1 & 9 pa/ure 
or corn-fields1 dry & col\r excell5tly4 
,sphagnum1 or bog moss1 especially :5   
hav+ p9k tips1 is a mo/ beautiful       
object2 ! only ?+ to be said aga9/ x is 
! difficulty ( gett+ x free f wat]1 & ! 
l5g? ( "t x takes aft]w>ds to dry4      
,mosses ( v>i\s sorts gr[+ 9 woods on   
trees--li*5s1 gold & grey1 mosses or    
li*5-cov]$ twigs1 sprigs ( hea!r1 furze1
 sea-lav5d]--all dry well1 & come 9     
usefully4  ,_m p]sons l _! moss &       
grasses dy$3 ?is is p]haps all[able 9 "s
 cases = common "w2 b if a bird or a    
mammal is nicely m\nt$1 ! pla9] ! fitt+1
 & ne>] nature1 ! bett]4 ,to ^?1 h[ev]1 
:o desire to dye _! grasses1 ,i recomm5d
 ,judson's p[d] dyes z ! readie/ m$ium1 
! directions = manipulat+ :i* are giv5 )
 !m4 ,any r\gh grass 9 fl[] does = dye+1
 & a visit to ! fields j be=e haymak+ w 
supply ! amateur ) all he wants = ?is4  
,teazles1 ?i/les1 & ! umbels 7se$-heads7
 ( v>i\s plants1 *iefly compositae1 w be
 f\nd ( s]vice2 b ev]y?+ mu/ be ?or\ghly

 dri$ be=e be+ col\r$1 or be=e be+      
introduc$ into %ades or cases4 ,no?+ mu/
 be col\r$ ) wat] col\rs or gums1 z "s  
writ]s cont5d1 or m\ld w inevitably     
foll[4 ,a few drops ( creosote1 or !    
black c>bolic acid ( comm]ce1 p\r$ into 
! case or %ade j be=e clos+ up1 is a v  
good ?+ to prev5t mildew1 ?\gh if ev]y?+
 is ?or\ghly dri$1 & only oil col\rs are
 us$1 no dang] f ?is cause ne$ be       
appreh5d$4  ,,sea-,,we$s1 ,,%ells1      
,,etc4--,sea-we$s1 :i* are con/antly us$
 9 fitt+ up cases ( sea birds1 ne$ no   
description z to _! collection1 fur!r   
?an to say t all sea-we$s1 :e!r sea-we$s
 prop]1 corall9es1 & zoophytes1 mu/ be  
well wa%$ 9 spr+ wat]1 _m times *ang$1  
to ?or\ghly remove ! salt1 & mu/ be well
 dri$ be=e be+ introduc$ into cases or  
%ades4 ,^? :o require full descriptions 
( ,briti% sea-we$s1 _! collection &     
pres]vation1 ,i mu/ ref] to ,briti%     
,m>9e ,algae1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,grattan1      
publi%$ at ! (fice ( ,! ,baza>1 #agj1   
,/r&1 ,london4  ,few sea-we$s prop] are 

applicable to ! purpose ( ! taxid]mi/1  
?\gh "s ( ! o>-we$s c be us$1 & _m ( !  
r$ sea-we$s 7,rhodosp]ms7 c be float$   
out 9 wat] & c>elessly arrang$ on pap]1 
if want$ = fitt+-up purposes1 or m      
c>efully arrang$ if = a collection4     
,aft] wa%+1 ^! small plants adh]e by _! 
natural mucilage to ! pap] on :i* !y may
 be float$ out4  ,( all ! sea-we$s prop]
 ! ,c>rage5 mosses 7,*ondrus crispus &  
mamillosus7 are ! mo/ eligible1 & if    
dri$ & arrang$ 9 cases are v elegant4 ,!
 common corall9e 7,corall9a             
(fic9alis7--a sea-we$ :i* s rapidly     
attracts c>bonate ( lime z to be almo/ (
 a /ony or coral-l texture--is ano!r    
invaluable plant = fitt+ up4 ,:5 wet x  
is usually purple or p9k1 b on exposure 
to ! sun becomes :ite4  ,among/ !       
zoophytes :i*1 ?\gh look+ l ! sea-we$s1 
are n ( vegetable orig91 !re are _m :i* 
are mo/ useful1 n to say indisp5sable to
 ! taxid]mi/4 ,leav+ out ! =eign corals1
 sea-fans1 sponges1 etc1 we %all c]ta9ly
 f9d ! mo/ useful ,engli% species to be 

fir/3 ! broad leav$ horn-wrack 7,flu/ra 
foliacia71 t mass ( ?9 h&-l leaves1 ( ! 
col\r ( br[n pap]1 :i* is ca/ up on "s  
%ores1 (t5 9 great quantities4 ,o!r     
useful sorts are ^? l little trees1 su* 
z ! common sea fir 7,s]tul>ia1 abiet9a &
 op]culata72 ^! la/ are f\nd especially 
atta*$ to /ones1 %ells & sea-we$s4 ,!   
lob/]'s horn corall9e 7,ant5nul>ia      
ant5n9a7 & ! v>i\s sponges are also mo/ 
useful ?+s1 ! bran*$ sponge             
7,hali*ondria oculata7 & o!rs be+ among/
 ! be/ = use4 ,sev]al ( ! bladd]-wracks 
or sea-grapes w dry nicely1 z also w !  
egg cases ( ! :elk & ! sea purses &     
skate b>r[s1 really ! egg bags ( !      
dogfi% & skate4  ,! />fi%1 or five f+]s1
 w1 aft] wa%+1 dry well1 or c be plung$ 
9 any "o ( ! h>d5+ solutions m5tion$ 9  
,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! v>i\s sea ur*9s         
7,e*9ii71 if empti$ ( _! cont5ts1 make  
pretty objects1 ei!r ) or )\t _! sp9es4 
,! beautiful sea anemones are1 h[ev]1   
impossible to pres]ve z dri$ objects1 b 
mu/ be modell$ 9 glass or wax1 z        

imitations4 ,v>i\s %ells come 9 h&ily   
also2 among/ ^? may be m5tion$ ! common 
razor %ells 7,sol5 ensis & siliqua71    
sev]al ( ! ,v5us %ells1 ! common        
limpets1 ! *itons1 sev]al ( ! tro*i1 &  
la/1 b n lea/1 ! %ells ( ! speckl$      
scallop 7,pect5 v>ius74  ,_m fre%wat]1 z
 also l& %ells1 come 9 = decorat+ cases 
( littoral birds4 ,among/ ^? ( ! fir/ we
 may in/ance ,limnoea /agnalis1         
palu/ris1 p]egra1 etc1 ,dreiss5a        
polymorpha1 ,planorbis corneus1 etc42 ! 
v>i\s ,unios1 anodons1 & _m o!rs4       
,among/ ! l& %ells v _m ( ! ,helices1   
su* z ! gaily-col\r$ nemoralis1 or its  
v>iety hort5sis1 cap]ata1 arbu/orum1    
cantiana1 etc1 z well z _m o!r specim5s4
  ,! pres]vation ( mo/ fre%wat] & l&    
%ells is exce$+ly easy1 ! great] numb] (
 specim5s requir+ only to be plung$ into
 boil+ wat]1 & ! cont5ts remov$--an easy
 op]ation 9 ! case ( ! bivalves1 & !    
cont5ts ( univalves or snail-l %ells be+
 also easily worm$ out ) a p9 or crook$ 
awl4 ,footnote3 ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,woodw>d1  

,f4,g4,s1 etc4 9 "o ( ! v be/ & mo/     
practical ( ^? wond]ful little p5ny     
,h&books = "y collectors1 advises a l>ge
 spoonful ( salt be+ add$ to ! boil+    
wat]1 = two reasons1 "o1 because x puts 
!m out ( pa9 at once1 & also makes _!   
subsequ5t extraction m easy4 ,x is a    
good plan 7says he7 to soak ! small]    
%ells 9 cold wat] 7)\t salt71 be=e kill+
 !m1 z !y swell out ) ! wat]1 & d n :5  
dead retreat s f> into _! %ells4  ,=    
works on %ells see ,manual ( !          
,mollusca1 by ,dr4 ,s4 ,p4 ,woodw>d1 ,j4
 ,gywn-,jeffreys' ,briti% ,con*ology1   
,lovell ,reeve's ,briti% ,l& & ,fre%wat]
 ,mollusks1 & sev]al clev] articles 9   
,sci5ce ,gossip & ! ,con*ological       
,j\rnal1 by ,mr4 ,g4 ,%]riff ,tye &     
o!rs4  ,glue is suffici5t to fix all ^! 
objects 9 _! places on rockwork1 9      
cases2 res9s1 su* z ma/ic or %ellac1 or 
any ( ! cem5ts m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1   
are1 h[ev]1 ! be/ m$iums to fix su*     
objects ^u tablets = sci5tific purposes4
 ,= fix+ %ells on labell$ c>ds1 ,mr4    

,woodw>d recomm5ds gum arabic1 ) "o-six?
 ( its bulk ( pure glyc]9e add$ to x1   
:i* makes a semi-ela/ic cem5t1 ) !      
advantage also ( all[+ ! %ells to be    
tak5 f _! tablets1 at any "t1 by !      
int]v5tion ( hot wat]4  ,,dry+ ,,&      
,,/orage ,,( ,,specim5s4--,x is always a
 vex$ "q h[ to keep newly-m\nt$ specim5s
 free f mo?s1 & flies1 & du/1 :il/ dry+4
 ,! difficulty is1 t y _c put !m away at
 once 9 boxes1 cases1 or %ades1 = if y d
 !y d n dry at all1 b sweat & sl[ly rot1
 or else become mildew$4 ,if y expose !m
 fully )\t any cov]+1 !y are soon cov]$ 
) du/1 & liable at any mom5t to--fir/1 !
 attacks ( meat flies1 & next ( mo?s &  
beetles4  ,good insect p[d] is1 z ,i h  
be=e po9t$ out1 a det]r5t2 /ill1 to make
 assurance d\bly sure1 ,i w\ld always1 9
 ! case ( valuable specim5s1 enclose !m 
9 squ>e cages1 made "o side ( glass1 & !
 ?ree o!r sides & top ( f9e me%$ musl91 
wirework1 or p]=at$ z9c1 ! latt]        
suffici5tly f9e n to all[ small mo?s &  
flies to creep 94 ,^! c be made ( v>i\s 

sizes1 c be v>i$ by hav+ a top & back ( 
wood1 c h ! front to op5 l a meat safe )
 %elves1 or be simply cases to lift ov] 
! specim5s l %ades2 9 any case1 h[ev]1 !
 front glass all[s y to see h[ all is   
go+ on1 & ! wire sides p]mit a free     
curr5t ( air to pass ?r\gh to dry !     
specim5s4  ,9 ?is mann] ,i h be5 enabl$ 
to laugh at ! little wret*es ( insects  
buzz+ ar\nd1 & flatt5+ _! noses aga9/ ! 
z9c1 9 va9 endeav\rs to int]view "s *>m+
 specim5s ( "y birds1 ^: fluffy plumage 
!y delight 94 ,l ! cats1 !y are s fond (
 notic+ ^? de> little birds6  ,sk9s n 9 
con/ant use = ref]5ce %\ld1 :5 dri$1 be 
wrapp$ 9 s(t pap] amid/ insect p[d]1 &  
put away 9 closely fitt+ draw]s4 ,pap]  
fa/5]s are v useful to clip ! ends ( !  
pap]--fold$ ov]--:i* encloses !m4       
,,aqu>ia4--,?is be+ a subject a little  
outside my prov9ce1 ,i d n purpose      
dwell+ on x1 fur!r ?an to say t all     
in=mation w be f\nd 9 ,! ,aqu>ium1 its  
,hi/ory1 ,/ructure1 & ,managem5t1 by    
,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,taylor1 ,f4,l4,s1 etc42   

,gosse's ,h&book ( ! ,m>9e ,aqu>ium1 &  
_m o!rs4 ,two recipes1 cull$ f !        
,sci5tific ,am]ican1 #ahgi1 may be (    
s]vice1 h[ev]3 ,*eap tanks c be made (  
wood & glass1 ! frame & bottom be+ (    
wood1 & sides ( glass4 ,9 ord] to make !
 jo9ts wat]tight1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to get
 a prop] aqu>ium putty or cem5t4 ,!     
foll[+ is a good recipe3 ,put an        
egg-cupful ( oil & #d oz4 t> to #a lb4  
res91 melt ov] a g5tle fire1 te/ x to   
see if x has ! prop] consi/5cy :5 cool$2
 if x has n1 heat long]1 or add m res9  
or t>4 ,p\r ! cem5t into ! angles 9 a   
heat$ /ate1 b n boil+ hot1 z x w\ld     
crack ! glass4 ,! cem5t w be firm 9 a   
few m9utes4 ,!n tip ! aqu>ium 9 a       
diff]5t position1 & treat a second angle
 likewise1 & s on4 ,! cem5t does n      
poison ! wat]4  ,to m5d ! brok5 glass ( 
an aqu>ium1 fa/5 a /rip ( glass ov] !   
crack1 inside ! aqu>ium1 us+ = a cem5t  
:ite %ellac dissolv$ 9 "o-eigh? its     
weight ( ,v5ice turp5t9e4  ,,*apt]      
,,xiv4  ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,arti/ic 

,,m\nt+1 ,,modell$ ,,foliage1 ,,scre5s1 
,,lamps1 ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,jewell]y1 
,,etc4  ,,arti/ic ,,m\nt+4--,,g5]al     
,,rem>ks4--,by ! "t ! /ud5t has sl[ly   
work$ 8 way to ?is *apt]1 he w no       
d\bt--%\ld he be apt1 & h an arti/ic    
m9d--h a*iev$ ?+s beyond ! m]e drudg]y (
 ! pr(ession4 ,i take x t1 be+ int]e/$ 9
 8 "w1 he w n h re/$ cont5t ) m\nt+--ev5
 9 a p]fect mann]--8 animals at re/1 b w
 h _h a %y at animals 9 action1 or      
engag$ 9 "s *>act]i/ic occupation4 ,!   
days ( birds on hat-pegs1 /iff-legg$1   
long-neck$ & />+1 r\nd-ey$1 at no?+--(  
mammals1 ^: l5g? & /iffness are _!      
greate/ m]it--has pass$ away = ev]2 &   
only 9 dre>y museums1 f> beh9d ! age1   
:]e fun]eal sil5ce obta9s1 & :]e ! du/ (
 mummi$ animals arises to awe & half    
poison ! adv5tur\s explor]1 are ^!      
specim5s to be f\nd4  ,public museums   
are1 un=tunately1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 
n good s*ools = del9eat+ ! natural      
attitudes or *>act]i/ics ( animals4 ,?is
 arises p>tly f ! fact t all1 save ! m  

mod]n ones1 reta9 _! orig9al specim5s   
m\nt$ 9 ! old /yle4 ,! new] "w ( !      
museums ( ,london1 ,p>is1 ,madrid1 etc1 
is1 h[ev] g5]ally ( q a diff]5t /amp4   
,footnote3 ,s9ce ?is 0 writt51 ! new    
,s\? ,k5s+ton ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum  
has be5 built & ,i lately _h ! pleasure 
( a private view--?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4
 ,r4 ,b[dl] ,%>pe ,f4,l4,s4--( ! new    
/yle ( m\nt+ ( ! future1 i4e4 pairs (   
birds _! ne/s & "y1 surr\nd$ )          
c>efully-modell$ foliage & accessories4 
,i !re saw a bun* ( will[-h]b           
magnific5tly modell$4 ,i 0 pleas$1      
h[ev]1 f an arti/'s po9t ( view1 to     
discov] t we 9 ,leice/] c\ld give !m a  
,rol& = an ,oliv] 9 our :ite-?roats1    
toge!r ) _! ne/ & "y1 surr\nd$ by a     
modell$ bramble-bu% 9 blossom2 & ) our  
swall[s 9 section ( a c[-h\se--nei!r (  
:i* gr\ps h yet be5 attempt$ = !        
national collection4 ,i am trembl+ )    
appreh5sion1 h[ev]1 t ere long ,mr4     
,%>pe & 8 m]ry m5--"o ( !m1 a ,g]man1 ! 
clev]e/ bird-m\nt] ,i ev] saw--w leave u

 9 ! lur*4 ,nev]!less1 heal?y emulation 
( ! be/ features ( our national         
collection w d u no h>m4   ,?is /ruck me
 mo/ =cibly ) reg>d to t ( ,madrid1 :i* 
,i visit$ "s ye>s ago4 ,! v]tebrate     
specim5s 7 old & wret*$ly m\nt$1 !      
lepidopt]a n[h]e2 b ! rec5tly acquir$   
animals 7 spl5didly r5d]$4 ,! y\?ful &  
pa9/ak+ amateur w1 no d\bt1 h[ev]1 d z  
,i did :5 a boy--viz1 pit* ^u "s        
pr(essional taxid]mi/1 to ^: w9d[ he w  
repair at all available opportunities to
 le>n 8 /yle1 n[ & !n v5tur+ on "s small
 pur*ase 7usually a pair ( eyes71 to ga9
 admittance to ! glories )91 & h spee* )
 ! great man himself4 ,explor+ 9 ?is    
mann]1 ,i h _h occasion to ?ank _m ( !  
lead+ ,london taxid]mi/s = little tips  
ungrudg+ly giv54  ,a few h9ts may       
suffice to help ! read]4 ,! mo/         
important canon is3 ,d n mix y\r ord]s (
 birds2 t is to say1 ab/a9 f surr\nd+ a 
hawk te>+ its prey1 ) v>i\s birds 9 all 
attitudes1 placidly ignor+ ! exi/5ce (  
_! enemy4 ,a sc5e ( ?is k9d irresi/ibly 

rem9ds me ( ! /age aside1 :5 ! villa9 ( 
! piece audibly proclaims v5geance aga9/
 ! unconsci\s h]o b two y>ds away on 8  
"r or left4  ,birds n ( ! same k9d1 & f 
diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 are (t5 cas$       
toge!r1 b ?is is op5 to criticism1      
unless y av[$ly wi% to illu/rate ! :ole 
ord] = purposes ( ref]5ce1 z 9 ! in/ance
 (1 say1 ! ,columbae 7pigeons74 ,pairs (
 birds are ! mo/ effective1 if ! idea ( 
! surr\nd+s is nicely c>ri$ out4  ,i h  
se5 "o or two v funny effects 9 ! ,black
 ,c\ntry4 ,9 "o example1 a sc>let ibis1 
m\nt$ 9 a case on a brok5 piece ( highly
 gorge\s *9a gaseli]2 9 ano!r1 two      
puppies fac+ ea* o!r on velvet1 a piece 
( rock salt 9 ! middle1 on :i* /ood a   
lapw+1 surr\nd$ by =eign birds 9 all    
attitudes4 ,ne$ ,i w>n ! read] aga9/ su*
 flights ( fancy & works ( art8  ,x is1 
,i w\ld rem>k1 q impossible to give     
directions z to attitudes1 b on "o po9t 
,i might advise1 9 ord] to save ! _m    
inquiries address$ to me1 f "t to "t1 ^u
 ! subject ( ! /raightness or o!rwise ( 

gulls' legs4 ,! fact is--gulls1 :5 /&+1 
tuck ! tibia q close to ! abdom51       
app>5tly "u ! w+1 & reveal only a v     
little portion ( ! tibio-t>sal jo9t1    
keep+ ! metat>se p]fectly /raight1 or1 z
 someone wrote to me once1 l two arr[s  
or /icks4 7,= explanation ( ^! p>ts     
nam$1 see ,plate ,,ii1 7,n1 q1 ,p47 7   
,al?\gh mo/ works on taxid]my pr(ess to 
give descriptions ( ! attitudes (       
animals1 ,i _c d s = ! simple reason t  
,i consid] ! acquirem5t a speciality &  
purely a matt] ( exp]i5ce4 ,nature mu/  
be closely /udi$2 fail+ ?is1 ref]5ce mu/
 be made to illu/rat$ works on natural  
hi/ory4 ,all ( ,g\ld's works are gr&    
guides to attitudes ( specim5s &        
accessories1 z also t beautiful "w ( my 
fri5d ,h4 ,e4 ,dress]1 ,f4,l4,s1 etc1 on
 ! ,birds ( ,europe2 b z ! price ( ^!   
magnific5t works places !m beyond ! rea*
 ( any b ri* p1 ! amateur may fall back 
on ,morris's ,briti% ,birds & ,bree's   
,birds ( ,europe = col\r$ plates1 &     
,r\tl$ge's ,wood's ,natural ,hi/ory =   

uncol\r$ plates ( _m mammals1 birds1 &  
fi%es2 ^? sign$ by ,coleman be+         
especially arti/ic & natural4 ,add to ^!
 ,cassell's new ,natural ,hi/ory1 edit$ 
by ,dr4 ,duncan1 ,f4,r4,s4--really ! be/
 book on popul> natural hi/ory we h4    
,o!r works1 p]haps n s easily           
accessible1 are ! ,proce$+s ( !         
,zoological ,society1 & ! ,ibis1 =      
col\r$ illu/rations ( animals--(t5 9    
*>act]i/ic attitudes1 & :i*1 ) !        
above-nam$ works1 fitly replace ! m     
anci5t pictures ( animals1 arrang$ on ! 
=e & aft sy/em1 & f :i* in/ead ( nature1
 our taxid]mi/s took _! orig9al ideas2  
inde$1 ! ,engli% s*ool1 ) true ,briti%  
insul>ity1 w\ld1 ,i presume1 h cont9u$ !
 m\nt+ ( animals by ?is =e & aft me?od1 
_h n ! ,g]mans & ,fr5* brok5 rudely 9 on
 our slumb]+ taxid]mi/s at ! ,great     
,exhibition ( #ahea4 ,footnote3 ,is x n 
s+ul> t ev5 n[ any?+ /iff1 in>ti/ic1    
solidly 7i4e4 clumsily7 made1 or beh9d !
 age1 is *]i%$ ) ! utmo/ v5]ation1 z be+
 a pro( ( ! solidity ( our ,old ,engli% 

,me?ods 7& skulls76  ,i propose n[ to   
give a few h9ts on gr\ps1 etc1 n        
describ+ _! managem5t1 b m]ely giv+ a   
li/ ( subjects4 ,fir/1 let me say t 9   
ord] ( m]it1 9 all arts connect$ ) !    
pres]vation ( natural hi/ory objects1 ,i
 mu/1 aft] _m ye>s /udy1 give ! palm to 
! ,g]mans1 n only 9 all matt]s connect$ 
) arti/ic taxid]my1 b 9 _! elegant &    
tru?ful sett+ ( beetles1 _! s5sible     
sett+ ( lepidopt]a1 & _! really         
beautiful me?od ( mak+ sk9s ( birds etc4
  ,next come ! ,fr5*1 !n ! ,engli%1 &   
la/ly1 ! ,am]icans4 ,! ,am]icans are !  
wor/ simply because !y adopt ! crude/   
,engli% me?ods ( taxid]my1 ) o!r bad    
habits ( ours4 ,i may say t ,i nev] saw 
an arti/ic piece ( "w1 nor a well made  
sk91 com+ f ,am]ica1 unless done by a   
,g]man or a ,fr5*man4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1
 ! ,european elem5t is work+ wond]s     
among/ !m1 & read+ ,mr4 ,batty's book   
7if he be a true ,am]ican71 ,i 0 v      
fav\rably impress$ ) ! signs ( progress 
conta9$ !re91 & ,i %\ld n at all wond]  

if soon our ,am]ican fri5ds g ahead &   
quickly leave u beh9d4  ,pr(essor ,h5ry 
a4 ,w>d1 ( ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york1         
,u4,s4,a1 9 a well-writt5 article 9 "o (
 8 ,bullet9s s5t to me1 has1 s9ce ,i    
wrote ! above1 confess$ ! great         
sup]iority ( ,european ov] ,am]ican     
taxid]mi/s1 b says t )9 ! la/ few 7v    
few7 ye>s1 _! native taxid]mi/s h       
greatly improv$1 ow+ to ! importation ( 
clev] =eign arti/s1 :o are gradually    
educat+ ! ,am]ican workm54  ,j be=e ?is 
!re 0 an ent]ta9+ article 9 ! ,c5tury   
magaz9e1 & illu/rations 7 giv5 %[+ ! be/
 "w ( ! ,am]ican taxid]mic arti/s4 ,i   
mu/ say1 h[ev]1 t1 unless ! draughtsman 
fail$ to copy :at an educat$ eye looks  
=1 none ( ?is "w /ruck me z be+ ( a high
 ord]--"o or two pieces1 inde$1 be+     
decid$ly capable ( improvem5t4 ,possibly
 ?is improvem5t has tak5 place by n[2   
anyway1 ,i he>tily wi% ,bro!r ,jona?an  
good luck 9 8 taxid]mic /udies4  ,at    
pres5t1 h[ev]1 ,i say to all ris+       
taxid]mi/s1 foll[ ! lead ( ! ,g]mans--!y

 are true arti/s2 & ) ! ,italian modell+
 & ,fr5* neatness ( workman%ip to fall  
back on1 success is c]ta94  ,look+ back 
to '#ea1 let u see :at "o ( ^! =eign]s  
7m5tion$ 9 *apt] ,i7 c\ld tea* u4 ,among
 ov] fifty gr\ps ( animals %[n 9 !      
,great ,exhibition 73  ,a /ag caught by 
five h\nds 7price #ahj p\nds74  ,a wild 
bo> set on by ?ree h\nds4  ,a c\ple (   
old & "y foxes 9 front ( _! e>? 7#fj    
p\nds74  ,trophy ( #be heads ( animals (
 ! *ase4  ,ne/ ( a horn$ owl4 ,two old  
birds & five "y def5d+ !mselves aga9/   
two polecats 7#cj p\nds74  ,go%awk      
attack+ an eagle owl4  ,^! 7 foll[$ by  
comic gr\ps1 six ( :i* illu/rat$ ,goe!'s
 fable ( ,re9ecke ! ,fox1 & 7 skilfully 
manag$ z well z amus+4 ,"s o!rs 73  ,a  
duel betwe5 two dormice1 ) moles z      
grav$igg]s4  ,a ,decl>ation ( ,love4    
,two weasels4  ,a ,nurs]y ,maid4 ,"o old
 & f\r "y weasels4  ,%av+ a ,luxury4 ,"o
 frog %av+ ano!r4  ,apropos ( ! above1  
frogs l5d !mselves bett] to comic sc5es 
?an almo/ any o!r animal1 f _! ridicul\s

 lik5ess1 :5 erect on _! h9d legs1 to   
mighty man4 ,h5ce advantage is (t5 tak5 
( ?is2 & among/ mir?-provok+ c>icatures 
,i h se5 ,a ,/eeple*ase1 frogs m\nt$ on 
puppies z horses1 "s tumbl+ at !        
wat]-jump1 o!rs rid+ to w91 "s unhors$1 
scrambl+ aft] _! /e$s1 & s on2 ,!       
,battle ( ! ,nile1 frogs on rafts (     
leaves ( wat] plants1 attack+ "o ano!r )
 small bulru%es2 duel sc5es2 ,c\rt%ip & 
,matrimony2 ,=tit] 9 ,re1 a "y frog     
s\ndly smack$ 79 ! mo/ approv$ fa%ion7  
by ! irate pat]nal frog2 ! companion    
picture1 ,suavit] 9 ,modo1 a "y frog    
soo!d by mat]nal affection4  ,monkeys   
are ! next be/ = comic sc5es1 b are m   
awkw>d to h&le1 & n half s funny1 unless
 v c>efully modell$ to c>icature !      
mann]s & cu/oms ( ! human subject4      
,p\rtray$ z %oemak]s1 acrobats1 z ,y    
dirty boy6 or1 z 9 ! ,fi%]ies           
,exhibition ( #ahhc1 z ,! ,en?usia/ 7a  
g\ty monkey fi%+ 9 a tub plac$ 9 8 sick 
*amb]71 !y are1 p]haps1 ! mo/           
successful4 ,! addition ( m9iature      

furniture to assi/ ! delusion is        
p]missible2 b1 aft] all1 ^! c>icatures  
are n arti/ic taxid]my1 & !y are only   
all[able n[ & !n z a relaxation4        
,p]haps t :i* mo/ ex]cises ! skill &    
judgm5t ( ! taxid]mic arti/ is reproduc+
 l>ge gr\ps ( "s ( ,l&se]'s pictures1   
su* z1 ,! ,combat 7two /ags fight+72 !  
,/ag at ,bay1 & o!rs 9 connection )     
hunt+4 ,lion & tig] fight+ ov] prey2 two
 tig]s fight+ = possession ( a de]2 head
 & paws ( lion or tig] peep+ ov] a rock2
 tig] cr\*+ = a spr+ on "s fe$+ animal2 
lion & zebra2 pan!r or jagu> cr\*+ on an
 ov]hang+ tree-trunk2 leop>d kill$ by a 
gemsbok antelope2 pol> be> kill+ seal on
 ice2 lynx creep+ ov] sn[ ^u gr\se2 wolf
 leap+ ) =e-legs 9 air on receiv+ 8     
dea?-%ot2 fox 9 full cry2 fox j miss+ a 
pheasant or duck by only secur+ ! tail  
fea!rs2 two foxes fight+2 fox & play+   
cubs2 fox & trapp$ rabbit 7aft]         
,ansdell72 ,heads & ,tails1 fox com+ ov]
 bank z rabbit disappe>s2 dogs &        
puppies2 cats & kitt5s 7see ,l&se]'s1   

,ansdell's1 ,c\ld]y's1 & ,frank ,paton's
 pictures = treatm5t ( ^!72 ott]s & "y2 
ott]s ) fi% 7see ,l&se]'s & ,rolfe's    
pictures = ^!72 ott]s div+ aft] fi%1 bo?
 se5 9 mid-wat]1 are "s ( ! /udies :i* h
 be51 or c be1 execut$4  ,among birds1  
eagles & falcons at re/ or 9 action are 
! mo/ capable ( arti/ic treatm5t1 su* z 
,! ,eagle's ,?rone 7aft] ,wolf72        
laemm]gey] c>ry+ (f lamb2 hawks fight+  
ov] a small bird1 all[+ ! latt] to      
escape2 p]egr9e falcon /rik+ a bitt]n2  
eagle & wild cat2 sea-eagle & gulls2    
osprey & fi%4 ,9 connection ) ! la/1 "o 
( ! v be/ ?+s ,i ev] saw done ) ^!      
specim5s 0 9 ! ,fi%]ies ,exhibition1    
#ahhc1 a piece ( "w--a /udy x might be  
call$--execut$ by a ,g]man resid+ 9     
,london4 ,x repres5t$ an osprey tugg+ a 
fi% f "s sea rocks4  ,bo? fi% & bird 7  
excell5tly r5d]$2 ! latt]1 ) w+s exp&$1 
_h gripp$ ! fi% ) bo? feet1 & _h rais$ x
 9 ! air "s di/ance (f ! rocks2 ! fi% 01
 h[ev]1 entangl$ by a l9e & hook x _h   
swall[$2 & ! action ( ! fi%-hawk 9      

attempt+ to te> ! fi% away 0 wond]fully 
f9e1 ! fea!rs 7 rais$ ab\t ! head1 ! eye
 0 fi]ce1 & ! sidelong waft ( ! w+s 0   
mo/ natural4 ,! /udy 0 all ! m int]e/+ f
 ! fact t bo? bird & fi% 7 pois$ 9 air  
)\t any visible means ( support1 ! case 
enclos+ !m be+ ( glass all ar\nd4 ,h[ x 
0 manag$ 0 easy = ! pr(essional eye to  
discov]1 b ,i d n ?9k ,i %\ld be do+    
ju/ice to ! inv5tor to describe ! me?od4
  ,among/ ! wat] birds1 :i* are ! next  
be/1 p]haps1 = arti/ic treatm5t1 come ! 
swans1 9 ! attitude ( swimm+ 7see ,*apt]
 ,,xii471 ducks swimm+1 div+1 & fly+4 ,!
 ,wid[$ ,duck --aft] ! celebrat$        
picture--0 "o ( ! ?+s v nicely r5d]$ 9 !
 ,fi%]ies ,exhibition2 ! pa9t+ ( an     
arti/ic sc5e at ! back ( ?is case help$ 
! effect wond]fully1 z x usually does 9 
good "w4 ,hood$ ,cr[s ,track+ a         
,widgeon1 & ,w\nd$ ,t]n1 fall5 by its   
eggs1 7 two o!r clev] gr\ps--said to be 
copyright1 ?\gh h[ on e>? su* ?+s c be  
copyright ,i d n "k1 especially z n "o (
 ! ?+s exhibit$ c\ld be call$ orig9al2  

inde$1 ev]y?+ ,i saw at ! ,fi%]ies1 ) ! 
exception ( ! osprey m5tion$ above1 _h  
be5 done ov] & ov] aga9 by ,g]man1      
,fr5*1 & ,engli% arti/s4  ,! "w ( ^!    
copyright gr\ps--except+ ! foliage1 :i* 
0 r /iff--01 h[ev]1 v clean & nice1 &   
fav\rably comp>$ ) "w by o!r taxid]mi/s1
 _m ( ^: pieces--z ! ,am]icans say--%\ld
 h be5 refus$ on ! score ( pret5ti\s    
incompet5ce4  ,!re 0 "o dete/able       
exhibit1 all ! m griev\s z be+          
pr(essional4 ,no wond] t p1 see+ ?is    
sort ( ?+1 %\ld laugh at fi% & bird     
/uff+4 ,z ,i look$ & wond]$1 ,i felt t a
 fir/-class assortm5t ( injuri\s epi!ts 
appli$ to su* "w w\ld h reliev$ my      
p]turb$ _s4  ,?is digression puts me 9  
m9d ( ano!r1 & t is to w>n ! amateur n  
to "k too mu*1 & ?9k he has no?+ to le>n
 directly he c set up a bird or mammal1 
or any?+ else1 9 a fairly respectable   
mann]4 ,! p :o "k ev]y?+1 & imag9e !y _c
 be taught1 are j ! p :o "k v little &  
:o w nev] le>n m4 ,duff]s !y are1 &     
duff]s !y w be1 to ! end ( _! days4 ,e  

s5sible man1 ev5 %\ld he rival          
,me?usaleh--:i* heav5 =f5d6--mu/ be     
le>n+ ,art 7ev5 %\ld he tea*7 all 8     
life4  ,make ha/e to le>n1 !re=e1 f     
anyone :o c give y a h9t1 & don't set   
y\rself up 7or d[n7 9 "s obscure c\ntry 
t[n & fancy y are great4 ,come out into 
! _w1 measure y\rself aga9/ ! be/1      
criticise y\r own "w z if x 7 a         
/rang]'s4 ,be hone/1 & say1 ,t man's "w 
knocks m9e into a cock$ hat1 & !n g home
 mis]able1 b det]m9$ to beat t man's "w 
or p]i% 9 ! attempt4 ,nev] sneak6 ,if y 
see fir/-class "w by anyone1 g boldly & 
say1 ,sir1 ,i am an amateur1 or1 ,i am a
 "y pr(essional1 z ! case may be4 ,y\r  
"w int]e/s & delights me4 ,may ,i look  
ar\nd8 ,d\btless1 ! p]son address$ w be 
flatt]$ by y\r appreciation1 &1 unless  
n>r[-m9d$1 w ex*ange views ) y to y\r   
b5efit4  ,let u return to our !me4      
,among/ ! wat] birds1 !n1 we may in/ance
 h]ons ) "y z mak+ a nice gr\p1 moorh5s 
lead+ out _! "y on wat] "u a mossy bank 
& s on2 & ?is br+s u to ! "q ( m\nt+    

pairs ( birds1 ) _! ne/s & eggs1 or ne/s
 & "y4  ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,birds ,,& ,,"y1   
,,) ,,modell$ ,,foliage--,no?+ 9        
taxid]my requires m correct m\nt+ &     
ta/e1 & no?+ is m *>m+1 if prop]ly done1
 ?an illu/rat+ ! life-hi/ory (1 say1 a  
pair ( birds ) _! ne/ & "y4 ,take any   
birds y l--sp>r[s or rob9s--&1 if y "k  
any?+1 y may inve/ ) arti/ic m]it ev5   
su* common specim5s z ^!4 ,!re is a     
c]ta9 fasc9ation 9 "y ?+s :i*1 ,i       
suppose1 calls up all ! k9dly feel+s (  
our nature1 & s x is t "y birds t5d$ by 
_! p>5ts are gr\ps :i* appeal ! mo/ to !
 f9] s5ses1 besides be+ really educative
 if work$ out prop]ly4  ,i rememb]1 q   
tw5ty ye>s ago1 :5 a boy1 see+ a        
collection ( ne>ly all ! ,briti% birds1 
_! ne/s & eggs1 = sale1 s t ! idea is n 
a new "o1 nor is t ( surr\nd+ su* gr\ps1
 ) prop] accessories & modell$ leaves & 
fl[]s1 z w %ortly be exhibit$ to !      
public 9 ! new ,briti% ,natural ,hi/ory 
,room at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 & z is n[       
exhibit$ 9 ! ,leice/] ,museum4 ,i       

rememb] gett+ foliage done = me _m ye>s 
ago = su* gr\ps1 & ,i believe ,mr4 ,%aw1
 ( ,%rewsbury1 did x long be=e ,i copi$ 
8 lead4 ,:o 0 ! orig9al inv5tor ( ?is   
sy/em ,i "k n1 b ,i %rewdly suspect we h
 to ?ank ,fr5* arti/s = ?is4 ,let x be  
?or\ghly und]/ood t ,i d n int5d to     
disp>age ! beautiful "w done = ,s\?     
,k5s+ton by ! v>i\s g5tlem5 & arti/s    
int]e/$1 b ,i m]ely po9t ! adage1 ,no?+ 
new "u ! sun4  ,( c\rse1 :5 ,i say      
modell$ foliage ,i d n allude to /amp$  
leaves 9 v>i\s mat]ials1 sold at s mu*  
7or s little7 a gross1 & us$ to decorate
 boxes ( birds 9 ! ,black ,c\ntry q     
fifty or sixty ye>s ago1 b t :i* has    
aris5 on its a%es 9 response to ! cry = 
m art1 & because ( ! impossibility (    
gett+ any o!r natural fl[]s ?an ev]la/+1
 or any o!r leaves ?an ^? ( grasses &   
f]ns 7m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt]71 to dry =  
decorative1 or1 z we say1 fitt+ up      
purposes4  ,to describe ! processes     
involv$ 9 copy+ leaves & fl[]s ( any    
plant f nature1 s t all w appe> p]fectly

 life-l & yet be durable1 & /& exposure 
to mod]ate heat & cold1 w\ld take up too
 mu* space1 add$ to :i*1 my p]sonal k ( 
all is requir$ 9 ?is is ( su* rec5t     
acquirem5t1 t1 al?\gh ,i h fairly       
succe$$ 9 tea*+ myself modell+ ( ?is    
k9d1 & h execut$ a few gr\ps1 yet ,i    
w\ld l a little m "t to elapse ere ,i   
pose z a tea*]2 b1 no d\bt1 :5 ! "t     
comes1 someone--p]haps ! publi%] (      
,practical ,taxid]my--may be induc$ to  
give ! results ( my lab\rs to ! class   
mo/ int]e/$4  ,i may in/ance "s gr\ps3  
,rob9's ne/1 9 bank cov]$ ) ivy1 &      
primroses 9 fl[]1 ! old female bird fe$+
 ! "y1 ! male se>*+ = m food1 or s++ on 
bran* ne> ne/2 long-tail$ titmice1 9    
furze-bu% 7,s\? ,k5s+ton72 *iff-*aff1 9 
long grass1 surr\nd$ by will[-h]b2      
*aff9*es 9 blossom+ haw?orn2            
:ite-?roat's ne/1 ) "y1 surr\nd$ by     
leaves & fl[]s ( ! bramble 7,leice/]    
,museum72 blue-tits1 9 apple-tree )     
modell$ foliage & fl[]s2 moorh5s swimm+1
 ) "y j leav+ ne/1 surr\nd$ )           

wat]-lilies1 fl[]+ ru%1 & o!r plants2   
gr\se & "y2 swall[s1 9 section (        
c[-h\se1 ) plants1 etc1 gr[+ on ro(     
7,leice/] ,museum72 grebes & ne/1 amid  
m>% plants & m>% m>igold 9 fl[]1 etc4   
7,s\? ,k5s+ton74  ,to give a t5? ( !    
phases ( ! /udies :i* c be work$ out    
w\ld fill pages ( ?is book2 suffice x to
 say t nature1 be+ ! guide 9 ?is1 mu/ be
 rigidly adh]$ to4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no 
ne$ to copy any accid5tal awkw>dness2 b 
don't inv5t too mu*1 z ! greate/ *>m (  
all is tak+ ,nature z y\r guide4 ,at !  
back ( ^! gr\ps may be plac$ ! eggs1 &  
birds ( ! same species 9 *ange ( plumage
 or w9t] dress1 ?us mak+ ! life hi/ory  
complete4 ,= museums1 & simil>          
educational in/itutions1 ! food & !     
skeleton %\ld be exhibit$1 ) explanatory
 label atta*$4  ,reptiles & fi%es are   
mo/ unsatisfactory ?+s to treat         
arti/ically4 ,:5 set up & dri$ !y       
%rivel1 & are seldom modell$ nicely4    
7,to c\nt]act su* %rivell+1 see ,*apt]  
,,xii47 ,i h almo/ made up my m9d t1    

tak+ into consid]ation ! /iffness (     
outl9e usually pres5t 9 m\nt+ by !      
ord9>y me?ods1 all fi% %\ld be ca/ 9    
pla/] or pap]1 al?\gh ev5 !n /iffness   
may be pres5t unless ! fi% is pos$      
prop]ly4 ,fi% ly+ 9 a mass on a bank1 or
 9 a di%1 z 7 "s at ! ,fi%]ies1 look !  
mo/ natural & easy4  ,"o plan1 new to   
me1 h[ev]1 0 adopt$ 9 su* subjects z    
l>ge pike1 etc1 :i* 7 ca/1 col\r$1 &    
plac$ 9 a long basket ^u /raw1 ! :ole   
cov]$ ) glass4 ,?is me?od is especially 
nice = ! hall table z a s\v5ir (        
piscatorial success4 ,i 0 r disappo9t$ 9
 ! col\r+ ( ^! ca/s4 ,_m ( ! arti/s _h  
entirely miss$ ! subtle col\rs ( ! pike1
 tr\t1 & o!r fi% --"o salmon only1 & "o 
di%ful ( grayl+1 magnific5tly manag$1   
except$4 ,footnote3 ,"o ( ! v be/ books 
,i "k to help tea* ! col\r+ ( fi% is    
,briti% ,fre%wat] ,fi%es1 by ! ,rev4 ,w4
 ,h\ghton1 ,m4,a4 ,two vols1 qu>to1 ea* 
fi% beautifully drawn & col\r$4         
,p]haps1 ! be/ treatm5t ( fi%1 :5       
modell$ 9 pla/]1 0 exhibit$ 9 ! ,indian 

section2 "h ! t9ts ( ! fi% 7 beautifully
 manag$1 ! sk9s appe>$ wet1 b n v>ni%$1 
& all ! col\rs 7 nicely bl5d$ 94 ,z = ! 
/uff$ fi%1 _! "n 0 legion1 & !y 7 !re 9 
all degrees ( m]it4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 /ruck
 me ) pa9ful surprise2 among ! ?\s&s (  
fre%wat] fi% ,i saw m\nt$ by taxid]my1 n
 "o 0 )\t ^? ridicul\s little spe>s 7cut
 f l>ge ru%es1 or f pap]7 gr[+ f !      
bottom ( ! case1 ea* "o1 or ea* bun* (  
!m1 erect z possible1 & almo/ always    
arrang$ at equal di/ances ap>t1 ) madd5+
 precision4  ,"s ( ! sea-fi% admitt$ ( m
 ela/ic treatm5t1 & ,i saw "o v good    
exhibit ( ^!4 ,! arti/ _h1 h[ev]1 r     
detract$ f _! und5iably good treatm5t by
 modell+ small /ones4 ,^! 7 s natural z 
to require a label expla9+ ?is2 b ,i    
w\ld rem9d all work]s 9 taxid]my t !re  
is no useful end ga9$ by modell+ small  
/ones2 a great am\nt ( lab\r is wa/$1 & 
! int5tion ( modell+--:i* is to replace 
! great weight ( l>ge /ones by          
extraord9>y lightness--is completely    
ov]look$4  ,,scre5s4--,! ord9>y scre5   

int5d$ = use is made ( two %eets ( ?ick 
plate-glass1 betwe5 :i* are press$ f]ns1
 butt]flies1 etc1 ! :ole set 9 an oak or
 o!r wood frame1 ) ca/ors4  ,^? int5d$ =
 ornam5t are m lightly made4 ,?us3 ,a   
squ>e frame1 ab\t #cj 94 by #bd 94 by   
#d4e 94 deep1 is made 9 ?9 fancy wood1  
or 9 p9e v5e]$2 no front nor back is    
fitt$1 m]ely a groove pl\gh$ all ar\nd1 
) beads1 to receive & to reta9 ! glass1 
on ea* face4 ,?is frame is !n fix$ by   
screws1 ) buttons fitt+ ov] ! screw     
holes1 betwe5 two turn$ & c>v$ uprights 
7l small b$/ead po/s71 support$ by c>v$ 
feet on ca/ors2 a h&le ( c>v$ wood is   
fix$ on top ( ! box1 :i* completes !    
jo9]'s "w4 ,! inside ( ! frame is pap]$ 
& col\r$2 ! birds--usually              
brightly-col\r$ =eign birds1 or humm+   
birds & butt]flies--are ins]t$1 prop]ly 
m\nt$ on light twigs1 etc1 & ! glass    
bead$ 91 to complete all4  ,"o v nice   
scre5 0 exhibit$ at ! ,fi%]ies1 almo/ a 
reproduction ( ! woodcut illu/rat+ !    
outside ( ,sci5ce ,gossip1 ) ! addition 

( a hawk /rik+ ! k+fi%]4 ,!re 7 also two
 l>ge & capital trophies1 call$ ,! ,rod4
 & ,! ,gun1 rem>kably *eap1 m\nt$ z     
scre5s 9 fram$ bamboo4 ,! fir/ repres5t$
 a /r+ ( l>ge fre%-wat] fi% dep5d+ f a  
bran* ( a tree1 a creel1 a rod1 a       
l&+-net1 & o!r angl+ ge>4 ,! ,gun %[$ a 
f9e bitt]n & h]on1 &1 ,i ?9k1 "s o!r    
birds1 also dep5d+ f a bran*1 ) a gun & 
"s old-fa%ion$ tools 7p[d]-flask1 etc47 
includ$4  ,scre5s fill$ ) corals &      
sponges 7,euplectellae1 etc47 w\ld be v 
h&some & useful4 ,i am n sure :e!r ,i h 
se5 any manag$ 9 ?is mann]4  ,v h&some  
scre5s = ! mantelpiece may be made up f 
owls1 hawks1 seagulls1 & a v>iety ( o!r 
birds4 ,! birds be+ sk9n$ out ?r\gh an  
op5+ 9 ! back1 ! w+s & tail are cut (f &
 spread out on a bo>d1 ) f9e ne$le po9ts
 driv5 ?r\gh _! webs until ! pair (     
w+s--! butts or %\ld]s plac$            
inw>d--assume ! %ape ( a long oval2 !   
tail is fully spread by ! same means1 & 
w+s & tail are wrapp$ ) cotton & left to
 dry4 ,! head & brea/ are /uff$         

indep5d5tly ( ^! & sewn up4  ,:5 all is 
ready1 a h&le ( ab\t #h 94 to #aj 94    
long by #j4e 94 squ>e mu/ be turn$ out (
 ivory1 ebony1 or any wood desir$4 ,"o  
end ( ?is %\ld be turn$ ! full ?ickness 
( ! wood = ab\t #a4be 94 f ! top1 !n    
drill$ ) two holes ?r\gh its diamet]1 & 
a slot cut ( #j4be 94 9 wid?            
longitud9ally = ! full l5g? ( ! #a4be 94
 to receive a ?9 piece ( oval %ap$ deal 
ab\t #d 94 long by #b4e 94 broad by     
#j4be 94 ?ick1 :i* %\ld h a silk5 loop  
atta*$1 & a piece ( blue or o!r col\r$  
silk /ret*$ ov] x1 & ! edges ( ! silk   
tuck$ "u ! wood & atta*$ by pa/e2 ?is   
latt] is !n fix$ to ! h&le by rivets    
runn+ ?r\gh ! two holes previ\sly       
drill$4  ,! w+s & tail are n[ glu$ &    
p9n$ to ! uncov]$ "p ( ! ?9 wood1 !     
%\ld]s ( ! w+ inw>d1 ! tail radiat+ f ! 
bottom4 ,on top ( ^! comes ! body 7also 
wir$ & glu$7 fitt+ 9 ! small space left 
betwe5 ! w+s4 ,! silk dur+ ! fix+ ( !   
w+s1 tail1 & head1 %\ld be protect$ by  
pap] pa/$ ov] all1 & :i* c be remov$ :5 

! scre5 is f9i%$4  ,scre5s are also made
 ( s+le l>ge birds1 su* z ! peacock1 or 
swan & h]on2 ^! are /uff$ 9 ! same mann]
 z above1 b in/ead ( be+ atta*$ to h&les
 %\ld be fix$ on a %ield ( "s fancy     
wood1 ! back ( :i* mu/ be poli%$1 & made
 to slide up & d[n on an upright /&>d1  
spr++ f c>v$ legs4  ,/ill m h&some      
scre5s are ^? int5d$ to flank !         
fireplace4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 ovals (      
glass1 set 9 c>v$ or gild$ frames1 :i*  
are made to slide up or d[n on a /&>d or
 upright1 support$ by a c>v$ tripod4    
,humm+ birds or insects are includ$     
betwe5 ! glasses ( ! c>v$ oval4 ,^!     
scre5s are made ( all sizes1 ! /&>d ( "s
 /&+ #e ft4 to #f ft4 high1 ! ovals be+ 
(t5 #c ft4 by #b ft42 b small] ones are 
con/antly made4  ,,jewell]y4--,foll[+ ! 
example ( ! ladies :o indirectly s5d    
exp$itions to fro/y ,caucasus or gl[+   
,ind to take ti! ( animals = ! sake ( _!
 sk9s1 ( birds = _! plumes1 & ( insects 
= _! silk1 to be us$ 9 adornm5t1 society
 dem&s t objects ( natural hi/ory %\ld n

 be all relegat$ to ! =gott5 %elves (   
du/y museums1 b live z ?+s ( beauty &   
joys =ev]4 ,h5ce ! new alliance betwe5 !
 goldsmi? & ! taxid]mi/1 result+ 9 a    
?\s& +5i\s comb9ations ( nature & art--a
 li/ ( a few ( :i* may n be unacceptable
 z h9ts4  ,= e>r+s1 two leop>d's claws  
are m\nt$ z m9iature ,rob9 ,hood bugles1
 ! m\? & bell ( ea* be+ ( gold1 atta*$  
to :i* is a *a9 dep5d+ by its c5tre f ! 
e>-wire4 ,two tig]'s claws plac$ base to
 base1 _! hooks po9t+ inw>ds1 are /rung 
& clasp$ ) gold1 ?us =m+ ! lyre ( !     
,tragic ,muse1 z a broo* or ornam5t = ! 
brea/4 ,beetles1 usually ( ! g5us       
*ryso*roa1 also1 are set z e>r+s4 ,humm+
 birds' heads1 _! ?roats surr\nd$ ) a   
fillet ( gold1 =m also h&some broo*es4  
,! feet ( ! v>i\s species ( gr\se & owls
 are capp$ ) silv] or gold 79 :i* is set
 a cairngorm71 ! toes tipp$1 or ! t>sus 
b&$ ) silv] or gold1 to =m clasps or    
broo*es4  ,p9s = ! /]n] sex are m\nt$ up
 f ! tee? ( foxes or dogs1 or m curi\sly
 ( _! noses ev54 ,h>es' e>s are also    

m\nt$ = bo? sexes1 especially = ! ,scot*
 m>kets4 ,to turn f ! adornm5t ( ! p]son
 to t ( ! h\se1 we f9d horses' ho(s     
m\nt$ 9 silv] or electro = snuff boxes1 
ink/&s1 pap] weights1 etc42 rams' or    
buffaloes' horns z ,scot* mulls or z    
fl[] /&s4 ,sometimes ! :ole head ( a ram
 or buffalo is m\nt$1 ! horns poli%$1   
sawn 9 two1 h+$ & m\nt$ 9 silv]1 & set )
 ,scot* /ones4 ,de]s' heads are m\nt$ z 
gas *&eli]s2 foxes' heads z gas brackets
 or z supports = ,duplex lamps2 monkeys1
 be>s1 ibises1 owls1 eagles1 etc1 z     
dumb-wait]s or lamp be>]s4  ,^! are a   
few ( ! uses to :i* mammals & birds c be
 put4  ,emu's eggs =m also h&some       
goblets :5 sawn ?r\gh & m\nt$ 9 silv]1  
or :5 m\nt$ z vases = ! *imney-piece1 or
 =m$ into an ink/& gr\p4  ,foxes' pads  
m\nt up z :ip h&les1 bell pulls1 & pap] 
knives1 z also d ! feet ( ! v>i\s de]4  
,! only satisfactory way1 h[ev]1 to     
prep>e ^! is to slit !m c>efully up !   
back1 & pull ! sk9 away f ! bone all    
ar\nd1 leav+ ! sk9 atta*$ to ! l[e/ po9t

 y c sk9 to4 ,clean out all ! fle% &    
s9ews1 & dress ! sk9 ) ! ,no4 #i1 & !   
bone ) ,no4 #ae1 pres]vatives4 ,/uff ) a
 little *opp$ t[ :]e ne$$1 & sew up     
neatly1 sew+ also ! sk9 at top ov] ! end
 ( ! bone2 if done neatly1 ! /it*es w   
nev] %[4 ,use wax$ hemp1 & pull ea* /it*
 tight4  ,game birds /uff$ z dead game &
 hung 9 oval m$allions =m suitable      
ornam5ts = ! billi>d-room or hall if    
treat$ 9 an ae/hetic mann]4 ,n1 h[ev]1 9
 ! mann] ,i lately saw p]petrat$ by a   
lead+ ,london taxid]mi/--a game bird    
hang+ 9 a prom95t position1 z if dead1 f
 a nail1 enclos$ 9 an elaborate m\nt1 ! 
bird s beautifully sleek & smoo? t1     
al?\gh x 0 hang+ head d[nw>ds1 n a fea!r
 0 out ( place6 ,all 0 pla/]$ d[n1 &    
gravity & nature 7 utt]ly set at        
defiance4 ,a little consid]ation1 & a   
visit to ! ne>e/ p\lt]]'s %op1 w\ld h   
prev5t$ su* a palpable error4  ,kitt5s  
or puppies ( a few days old1 if nicely  
m>k$1 c be /uff$ & m\nt$ on a piece (   
m>ble = pap] weights1 or on r$ clo? =   

p5wip]s4  ,! %ells ( small tortoises    
make tobacco p\*es if l9$ ) silk1 z d   
also ! sk9s ( ! feet ( albatrosses 7!   
long bones ( ! w+s ( ^! birds make      
pipe-/ems7 or squirrels m\nt$ z a :ole4 
,! %ells ( l>ge tortoises make fancy    
baskets if ! l[] %ell or pla/ron is sawn
 away1 ) ! exception ( ! c5tre piece1   
:i* is left to =m a h&le4 ,! %ell may be
 l9$ ) metal or ) any o!r mat]ial or    
fabric desir$4  ,lob/] claws make up z  
,pun*9ellos1 or z old m5 & wom51 or--z  
exhibit$ at ! ,fi%]ies--h&les (         
fi%-knives & =ks1 tops ( ink/&s1 pap]   
weights1 etc4 ,! uses ( ivory1 ei!r 9 ! 
r\gh1 or sawn & poli%$1 are too manifold
 to notice "h4  ,,fea!r ,,fl[]s4--,i h  
se5 "s spl5did specim5s ( fl[]s 7made f 
wa/e fea!rs ( birds7 br\ght f ,*9a1 !   
,isl& ( ,asc5sion1 & ,brazil1 b c give  
no directions = mak+ !m1 fur!r ?an to   
say t ,i %\ld suppose anyone skill$ 9 ! 
mak+ ( su* artificial fl[]s z are sold  
by ! be/ mill9]s1 or mak]s ( wax fl[]s1 
w\ld h b little difficulty 9 mak+ up ^! 

beautiful objects4  ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 b 
a prcis ( ! v>i\s uses to :i* objects ( 
natural hi/ory c be appli$ z means (    
ornam5t2 &1 inde$1 s _m bran*es are     
repres5t$ by ?is dep>tm5t ( art t x w\ld
 require a book d\ble ! size ( ! pres5t1
 & writt5 by exp]ts ( ! v>i\s pr(essions
 & trades conc]n$1 to give a full hi/ory
 ( ! practical work+ ( :at is kn[n z    
,ornam5tal ,taxid]my4    ,,*apt] ,,xv4  
,,collect+ ,,& ,,pres]v+ ,,insects4  ,,!
 taxid]mi/ w1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 avocation1  
require to "k some?+ ( v>i\s insects1 _!
 me?ods ( capture1 & h[ to pres]ve &    
utilise !m 9 8 pr(ession4  ,( ! v>i\s   
ord]s ( insects1 ,hemipt]a 7e>wigs1     
field-bugs1 etc471 ,or?opt]a            
7cockroa*es1 gras%opp]s1 locu/s1 etc471 
,dipt]a 7flies1 etc471 ,neuropt]a       
7dragon flies1 ,may flies1 ,ac471       
,lepidopt]a 7butt]flies & mo?s71        
,coleopt]a 7beetles71 & ,hym5opt]a      
7bees1 wasps1 & ,i*neumon-flies1 etc471 
! ,lepidopt]a & ,coleopt]a w f9d mo/    
fav\r 9 8 eyes1 ow+ to _! brilliancy (  

col\r+1 v>iety ( %ape & size1 & eas9ess 
( manipulation4  ,x mu/ be rememb]$1    
h[ev]1 t insects %\ld be collect$ ) a   
def9ite purpose by ! taxid]mi/1 & n     
m]ely = pa/ime1 or he w deg5]ate into t 
mo/ ,odi\s ( all creat$ be+s--a         
collector = ! sake ( collect+1 or :at   
us$ to be call$ an ext]m9ator4 ,inde$1  
,i h kn[n ( a case 9 :i* ov] #afjj ( !  
males ( a c]ta9 species 7 caught 9 "o   
day1 assembl$ by ! attractions ( sev5 or
 eight females4 ,^! figures seem        
incr$ible1 b = ! fact t ,i myself saw "p
 ( ! spoil display$ on a #ab ft4 bo>d4  
,ne$ ,i say t su* slaught] z ?is is f>  
beyond ! b\nds ( fair collect+1 & t su* 
c\rses1 p]sev]$ 91 give ! odi\s title ( 
ext]m9ators to all ^? :o practise x4 ,9 
?is p>ticul> in/ance ! mo?s 7 made up   
into pictures1 :i*1 ?\gh ornam5tal      
p]haps = a workman's home1 h>dly ju/ify 
! slaught] ( any b ! v commone/ or      
h>mful species4  ,! tortoise%ell1       
peacock1 & admiral butt]flies are (t5   
br$ 9 hundr$s = ! purpose ( mak+ a      

picture ( a snake /rangl+ a tig]1 or a  
cr[n1 or ! w+s are cut by pun*es to =m !
 petals ( fl[]s1 to be aft]w>ds gr\p$ "u
 %ades4 ,all ^! ?+s1 ?\gh v curi\s1 &   
really /rik+ if well done1 are /eps 9 ! 
wrong direction1 & on a p> ) ! use (    
humm+ & o!r birds = ladies' hats--all ( 
:i* adaptations ( natural hi/ory objects
 to comm]ce inexpressibly worry anyone )
 ! slighte/ ta/e or feel+4  ,if a really
 beautiful object is want$1 9 ord] to %[
 a gr\p ( exotic or o!r insects z       
specim5s1 out ( a cab9et1 y may m\nt !m 
9 z natural a mann] z possible on       
grasses or f9e twigs1 made z direct$1   
sett+ !m (f ) a few =eign f]ns1 &       
inclos+ ! :ole 9 a m\nt1 to hang up1 or 
9 a n>r[ oval %ade ) c>v$ oak or o!r /&2
 or !y may be sci5tifically &           
arti/ically m\nt$1 to %[ ! life-hi/ory (
 any "o species1 by arrang+ ! l>vae fe$+
 on a prop]ly modell$ repres5tation (   
its natural food-plant1 ! imag9es1 male 
& female1 ) "s few /rik+ v>ieties1 %[n  
at re/ or fly+1 z also ! eggs & !       

pupa-case1 ) a description ( _! economy 
affix$4 ,a few specim5s ( families or   
g5]a ( insects %[n ?us is1 to my m9d1 ( 
f> great] importance1 especially to     
museums1 ?an m]e collectors are aw>e (4 
,_m works h be5 writt5 on ! collect+ &  
pres]v+ ( ^! ord]s1 & especially ( !    
,lepidopt]a1 vide ,dr4 ,gu>d ,knagg's "w
 on ,collect+ ,lepidopt]a1 ,rev4 ,joseph
 ,gre5e's ,insect ,hunt]'s ,companion1 &
 _m o!rs1 includ+ a little "w on        
,collect+ ,butt]flies & ,mo?s by myself4
  ,cruelty has be5 advanc$ z a crime    
specially to be laid to ! *>ge ( ! /ud5t
 9 entomology2 b "s ( ! greate/ work]s 9
 t sci5ce h be5 ladies & cl]gym51 z also
 laym5 ( ! mo/ humane & advanc$         
sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,a va/ am\nt (     
ignorant ideas1 c>efully nurs$1 are us$ 
z weapons aga9/ ! entomologi/--! pet "o 
( :i* is1 t impalem5t ( a liv+ insect   
?r\gh ! head con/itutes ! sole aim & end
 ( ! collector4  ,! fact is curi\sly    
inv]se ( ?is1 = n only are insects      
captur$ = purposes ( /udy1 b !y are nev]

 impal$ alive b by a v ignorant or      
c>eless p]son4 ,! lepidopt]a 7butt]flies
 especially7 are v easy to kill1 !      
simple/ plan be+ to press ! ?orax       
und]nea? ! w+ ) ! f+] & ?umb1 :i*       
in/antly causes dea?4 ,?is is n[ sup]s$$
 by ! cyanide bottle1 ( :i* anon4  ,x is
 s+ul> h[ _m p !re are1 ev5 9 ! middle  
class1 :o fail to recognise ! fact t !  
egg 7ovum7 produces ! cat]pill> or grub 
7l>va71 :i*1 aft] a due season (        
prep>ation1 produces ! *rysalis 7pupa71 
:i* latt]1 ly+ quiesc5t = a v>iable     
p]iod1 ei!r 9 ! gr\nd or 9 o!r          
situations fav\rable = its developm5t1  
*anges ! la/ "t to ! p]fect insect      
7imago74 ,?is latt]1 if a butt]fly or   
mo?1 does n1 z "s p imag9e1 gr[1 b aft] 
x has unfold$ its w+s on em]g5ce to _!  
full ext5t1 x nev] becomes ei!r l>g] or 
small]4  ,an insect1 especially a       
butt]fly1 :5 se5 by a y\ng/]1 is usually
 *as$ 9 ! mo/ reckless fa%ion--jacket & 
cap1 & ev5 /icks & /ones1 are press$    
into ! s]vice1 & ! un=tunate insect is  

usually a wreck be=e its =tunate 787    
captor falls on top ( x4  ,i %all       
endeav\r 9 ! foll[+ pages to %[ ! prop] 
way 9 :i* to collect & pres]ve insects1 
especially ! lepidopt]a & coleopt]a4    
,,nets4--,! fir/ ?+ to be consid]$ is1  
h[ to cat* y\r game4 ,?is is manag$ by a
 net1 n ( ! con/ruction ( ^? m5tion$ 9  
,*apt] ,,ii1 b made ( a light] mat]ial4 
,!y are ( v>i\s %apes1 ! pr(essional1 or
 old ,engli% patt]n1 be+ some?+ ( !     
con/ruction ( a bat-fold+ net4 ,x is1 9 
my op9ion1 a mo/ unsportsmanlike weapon1
 rapidly go+ out ( date--if n deceas$   
already--& is fitly replac$ by !        
,cont95tal1 or r+-net1 :i* is n[ g5]ally
 us$4 ,h[ev]1 x may1 p]haps1 be necess>y
 to describe h[ to make ?is ma*9e or    
clap-net--fit only = deal]s or          
ext]m9ators4  ,procure two pieces ( a%  
7or bee*1 z be+ ! light] wood71 ea* (   
ab\t #e ft4 9 l5g?4 ,) a plane or       
spoke%ave r\nd ^! up until !y tap] f #a 
94 diamet] at bottom to little less ?an 
#j4e 94 at top4 ,n[ saw ea* rod into f\r

 pieces ( #ae 94 long1 or1 = great]     
/r5g?1 b less portability1 into ?ree #bj
 94 pieces4 ,f]rule ^! 9 ! mann] (      
fi%+-rods1 s t ea* rod jo9s up to its   
normal l5g? ( #e ft4 ,at ! top ( ea* rod
 fix a specially-made f]rule1 b5t or    
braz$ to ab\t ! angle ( #de deg4  ,next 
get two pieces ( cane1 ea* #ae 94 9     
l5g?1 & ( suffici5t diamet] to fit      
tightly into ! b5t angle ( ! top piece2 
bore ! top ends ( ^! canes & tie !m     
loosely toge!r4 ,if ! rods ) canes      
atta*$ are n[ laid d[n1 ) ! ends ( !    
canes po9t+ inw>ds1 x w be se5 t !y     
assume some:at ! %ape ( ! gable-end ( a 
h\se1 :i* w\ld fold 9 on itself by means
 ( ! cord act+ z a h+e4  ,n[ get "s /\t 
black holl&1 :i* sew all r\nd ! rods to 
)9 #f 94 ( ! ends ( ! bottom jo9ts1 s z 
to fit loosely to all[ !m to be ins]t$  
or )drawn at pleasure4 ,:5 ! cane ends  
are ti$ toge!r1 cut a hole on ! top ( ! 
holl&1 s t y may be enabl$ to untie !m  
:5 requir$4 ,?is hole1 = great] neatness
 & /r5g?1 %\ld be button-hol$ ar\nd4 ,to

 ?is framework ( holl& atta* at ! bottom
 "s /rong black tape1 :i* pass ?r\gh !  
holes previ\sly bor$ 9 ! la/ jo9ts ( !  
rods )9 #f 94 ( _! ends4 ,?is prev5ts ! 
net slipp+ ei!r up or (f :5 9 use4  ,!  
mat]ial ( ! net itself is ! next        
consid]ation4 ,?is is ( l5o1 a *eap k9d 
( /rong gauze4 ,procure z _m y>ds ( ?is 
z w make a loose bag :5 sewn on & ar\nd 
! framework ( holl&1 :5 ! net-rods are  
fold$ toge!r2 bagg+ especially at !     
bottom "p1 s z to fall d[n "s in*es :5 !
 net is held up4  ,y h n[ a portable    
bag1 or clap-net1 ( ov] #e ft4 high by  
#b ft4 #f 94 or m wide4 ,to use ?is     
ma*9e1 y simply /ret* x to its full     
ext5t & run out 9 front ( any insect y  
wi% to /op1 clapp+ x sm>tly toge!r &    
secur+ y\r captive 9 ! bag =m$ :5 ! net 
is %ut4 ,"s little practice is ne$$ to d
 ?is neatly1 especially ) su* da%+1     
fa/-fly+ mo?s z ! ,emp]or1 or ,bee      
,hawks4 ,lay+ d[n ! net1 & conf9+ !     
insect to "o "p1 is ! be/ way to get x  
out un9jur$4 ,to take ?is net to pieces1

 ! tapes at ! bottom & ! cords at ! top 
require only to be loos5$1 :5 ! rods c  
be drawn out1 unjo9t$1 & slipp$ into a  
bag or a pocket specially sewn 9 ! brea/
 ( ! coat to receive !m4  ,:5           
portability is n a desid]atum1 ! rods   
may be easily made ( gre5 hazel 7or nut 
tree7 w&s1 b5t & secur$ into %ape & dri$
 9 ! sun1 or up a *imney1 or o!rwise a  
/rong cane may be /eam$ 7or boil$7 &    
dri$ 9 l mann]2 few p1 ,i op9e1 h[ev]1  
c>e to c>ry out f a t[n two long        
r\ghly-%ap$ rods ( #e ft4 or #f ft4 long
 9 ?is clumsy fa%ion4  ,i did n wi% to  
describe ?is net at all1 z x is1 9 my   
op9ion1 a mo/ unsportsmanlike or        
un-entomological weapon1 z no?+ c escape
 x4 ,inde$1 a fri5d ( m9e n inaptly     
describes x z ! gobbl]2 & x does really 
gobble up any insect x is us$ aga9/4  ,!
 cont95tal or r+ net is n[ g5]ally us$4 
,= "o v>iety a t9 or brass ,y is made1  
into ! bottom arm ( :i* a /ick fits4 ,! 
spread+ arms s]ve to hold a cane1 :i* is
 b5t r\nd1 & ea* end ?ru/ 94 ,a net (   

gauze or l5o1 is atta*$4 ,my objection  
to ?is net is t ! cane (t5 slips out ( !
 arms ( ! ,y1 :i* latt] also breaks at !
 junction2 add$ to :i* x takes up a     
great deal ( room1 n be+ v easily d\bl$ 
)\t ! risk ( break+4 ,! po9ts :i* a net 
%\ld possess 9 p]fection are--fir/1     
/r5g?2 secondly1 portability2 &1 ?irdly1
 adaptability to m ?an "o use4 ,i %all  
endeav\r to %[ by ! next two figures my 
ideas ( a p]fect net4  ,fig4 #da--,plan 
( r+ net4  ,fig4 #da %[s a /rong &      
easily made net4 ,to make ?is1 procure  
"s brass wire1 gauge ,no4 #h or #i4 ,cut
 f ! r+ ( wire suffici5t to =m a net a  
foot 9 diamet]1 all[+ en\gh 9 addition =
 two %ort arms4 ,cut (f ab\t #c ft4 #h  
91 :i* w all[ = jo9ts2 divide ?is s t "o
 half is ab\t an in* & a half long] ?an 
! o!r2 make "o end ( ! longe/ piece into
 a small loop1 crank+ x at ! bottom1 z  
%[n at ,c2 "o end ( ! o!r piece is !n   
?ru/ ?r\gh ! loop at ,a1 turn$ r\nd1 &  
beat5 d[n1 =m+ z x 7 two l9ks ( a *a92  
?is acts z a h+e1 & all[s ! net to be   

d\bl$4 ,! o!r end is !n crank$1 z %[n at
 ,b1 b %ort] ?an ! arm ,c4  ,next       
procure suffici5t ( ! mat]ial kn[n z    
black holl&1 :i* sew all r\nd ! r+ ( !  
net 9 su* a mann] t x does n int]f]e ) !
 work+ ( ! h+e4 ,= ?is purpose a /rip ( 
ab\t #b 94 wide w be en\gh1 :i*1 d\bl$  
ov] & hemm$ at ! bottom1 all[s suffici5t
 = ! net--a bag made ( ! mat]ial call$  
l5o--to be subsequ5tly affix$4 ,ab\t a  
y>d ( l5o suffices = ! bag1 & ! pieces  
:i* come (f ! bottom dur+ ! op]ation (  
r\nd+ x1 =m gussets to fill ! net 9 up  
to ! po9t :]e ! arms ,b & ,c fir/ spr+4 
,to fit ?is net ready = use1 get an     
ord9>y walk+-/ick1 a portion ( :i* is   
%[n at ,a 7,fig4 #db71 9 :i* bore two   
holes1 "o on ea* side1 to receive !     
little returns %[n at ,b & ,c 7,fig4    
#da71 & at su* a di/ance f ! top ( !    
/ick z is det]m9$ by ! l5g? ( ! arms4 ,)
 a #j4abe 94 g\ge or *isel1 groove out !
 wood f ^! holes to ! end ( ! /ick1     
until ! arms ( ! net j1 b$ up level ) ! 
surface4  ,! arms be+ nicely adju/$1    

remove ! net tempor>ily f ! /ick4 ,next 
procure a piece ( brass tube f #b 94 to 
#b4e 94 long1 & ( suffici5t diamet] to  
slip f ! po9t ( ! /ick until x passes ! 
la/ hole 7a #j4fbe or #j4ge 94 diamet] w
 be f\nd a g5]ally suitable size74 ,on !
 extreme po9t ( ! /ick affix an ord9>y  
walk+-/ick f]rule ( su* a size &        
?ickness z n to all[ ! tube to slip (f4 
,to fix ! net1 slip ! tube up ! /ick pa/
 ! la/ hole1 & plac+ ! little cranks1 ,b
 & ,q 9 _! prop] holes1 ! rema9d] ( !   
arms prop]ly b$d$ 9 ! grooves1 slide !  
tube ,d 7,fig4 #da7 up to ! po9t ( !    
/ick1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #db1 & ! net is ?us 
effectually lock$ & ready = use4  ,fig4 
#db--,r+-net complete4  ,i claim = ?is  
net ! foll[+ advantages3 ,t x is ! mo/  
easily made1 ! /ronge/1 & ! mo/ easily  
tak5 d[n ( any net kn[n2 add$ to :i* its
 jo9t ,a1 :i* does n 9 ! lea/ weak5 !   
frame1 all[s x to be fold$ 9 half !     
space tak5 up by ! r+ net or ! ord9>y   
l&+ net arrangem5t4 7,note = fi%]m53    
,l&+ nets1 =m$ z ,fig4 #da1 ,i h f\nd v 

useful1 z !y take up less room 9 ! fi%+ 
basket1 & are q z quickly put toge!r z  
by ! screw & socket arrangem5t47  ,l>g] 
nets ?an are g5]ally us$ 9 ?is c\ntry w 
( c\rse be necess>y :5 collect+ su*     
insects z =m ! g5us ,orni?opt]a or      
,morpho4 ,= collect+ abroad no net w be 
f\nd m s]viceable ?an a l>ge & /rong "o1
 made z ,fig4 #da2 & really :5 y h five 
l>ge papilios 9 y\r net at "o "t1 z ,i  
once _h1 y require "o a little out ( !  
common4 ,a %ort h&le to ! net w be f\nd 
m useful ?an a long "o = collect+ "s    
insects1 b a brass telescopic h&le c be 
easily made by any gasfitt]1 & us$ ei!r 
long or %ort z exp$i5cy directs4  ,!    
next figure %[s app>5tly a m elaborate  
look+ net4 ,! only o!r "o kn[n to me :i*
 folds 9 f\r1 folds by means ( ! rule   
jo9t1 & is some:at objectionable1       
inasmu* z x mu/ ei!r be made (          
unnecess>ily ?ick & cumb]some wire1 to  
/& ! /ra91 or if made1 z x %\ld be1 ( ! 
prop] siz$ wire & ( light con/ruction1 x
 is sure to break out at "o or ! o!r ( !

 jo9ts4 ,exp]i5ce hav+ prov$ ?is1 ,i    
devis$ ! net %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc1 :i*1 9    
complim5t to a g5tleman :o gave me a h9t
 ) reg>d to ! slide1 ,i h call$ ! ,hill 
,slid+ ,net4 ,?is slide all[s ! net to  
be fold$ to j half ! size ( ! prec$+ "o1
 mak+ x1 !re=e1 highly conv5i5t to c>ry4
  ,fig4 #dc--,! ,hill slid+ net1 op54   
,fig4 #dd--,! ,hill slid+ net1 clos$4   
,?is net frame is1 ,i fe>1 beyond ! p[] 
( ! amateur to make = himself1 be+      
really a brazi]'s job4 ,a ,a ,a ,a are  
f\r pieces ( wire ( ! same ?ickness z   
us$ = ! prec$+ net4 ,! two top pieces   
are flatt5$ out at ! top & ea* "o drill$
 ) a hole1 b b4 ,at e e e e are little  
brass tubes1 braz$ to ! arms1 :i* all[  
ea* arm to slide d[n on ! o!r4 ,:5 ^!   
are braz$ & fitt$ to slide !y are fix$  
to ! tube ,d by small] tubes1 "o on ea* 
side1 9 ?is mann]4 ,at f ! arm is br\ght
 across ! tube & p]man5tly fix$ 9 !     
small] tube4 ,at g ! o!r arm is br\ght  
across 9 ! same mann]1 b all[$ to       
revolve 9 ! small tube braz$ to ! side (

 ,d2 ! end ( ?is am 7on ! "r ( ,fig4    
#dc7 com+ ?r\gh ! tube is coil$ r\nd &  
braz$ to a screw1 ,h1 fix$ 9 su* a mann]
 t1 ?\gh screw+ freely ?r\gh a burr fix$
 on ,d1 x _c come out4  ,!re are !n no  
loose pieces to ?is net1 :i*1 f ! nature
 ( ! slides1 is rem>kably /rong1 & is   
easily op5$ & %ut4 7,fig4 #dd %[s ! net 
fold$1 & ) ! arms slid d[n "o on ! o!r47
 ,to f9i%1 tie a piece ( :ipcord 9 !    
holes f b to b1 & sew ! holl& all ar\nd 
! net z be=e1 leav+ pl5ty ( room = !    
play+ ( ! slides2 ! l5o is !n sewn to   
?is 9 ! usual mann]1 & ?us becomes a    
fixture1 z 9 ! prec$+ net4  ,to op5 &   
fix ! net f ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd  
7:i* = ! sake ( cle>ness is %[n )\t !   
l5o 71 pull ! :ipcord ,c 7n[ hidd51 (   
c\rse1 by ! holl&7 & ease up ! slides2  
b5d ov] ! revolv+ arm until ! screw ,h  
comes ov] ! hole 9 ! burr on ,d4 ,pu% ! 
walk+ /ick ,a 7,fig4 #de7 into ! tube   
,d1 & screw up ,h1 ! po9t ( :i* ent]s ! 
/ick1 & firmly fixes & locks ! net4     
,fig4 #de %[s ! net ready = use4  ,!    

arrangem5t ( ! :ipcord at ,c is to      
enable ! net to be us$ z a sug>+ net 9  
addition to its ord9>y use = cat*+2 ,c  
be+ press$ aga9/ a tree1 ! corn] ( a    
wall1 a f5ce1 or a gas lamp1 etc1       
readily accommodates itself to any angle
 requir$4  ,a useful net = sug>+        
purposes1 if ,fig4 #de is n us$1 is "o  
recomm5d$ by ,dr4 ,gu>d ,knaggs4 ,x is (
 triangul> %ape1 ! frame ( x be+ =m$ by 
socket+ two pieces ( p>agon wire into a 
metal ,y piece1 & connect+ _! div]g+    
extremities by means ( catgut1 :i*1 :5  
press$ aga9/ a tree or o!r object1 w    
adapt itself to ! outl9e ( x1 z %[n bel[
 by ! dott$ l9e 7,fig4 #df74  ,kill+    
,insects4--,hav+ caught y\r butt]fly1 y 
w wi% to kill x 9 ! mo/ pa9less & lea/  
tr\blesome mann]4 ,= ?is purpose y w    
require a cyanide bottle4 ,pur*ase1     
!re=e1 at ! druggi/'s a wide-m\!d bottle
 7a #d oz4 bottle is a h&y size = !     
pocket1 b y w require l>g] sizes = c]ta9
 uses74 ,into ?is bottle put f an ounce 
to an ounce & a half ( pure cyanide (   

potassium1 9 lumps1 n p\nd$ 7a deadly   
poison71 :i* y w completely cov] ) a    
lay] ( pla/] ( ,p>is1 mix$ to !         
consi/5ce ( pa/e4 ,! bottle may be      
cork$1 h a screw top1 or glass /opp]1   
accord+ to y\r fancy4 ,a glass /opp] is1
 ( c\rse1 ! safe/ to conf9e ! deadly    
vap\r giv5 (f1 b 9 po9t ( conv5i5ce1 &  
especially = outdoor "w1 no?+ c surpass 
a well-fitt+ cork--ris+ suffici5tly high
 above ! m\? ( ! bottle to af=d a good  
grip4 ,z ! pla/] is sett+ x %\ld be well
 %ak5 d[n to insure an ev5 surface1 &   
aft]w>ds a piece ( wool or blott+-pap]  
%\ld be put into ! bottle to absorb any 
sup]flu\s moi/ure4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a day1 !
 pla/] w be dry & ready = use4          
,footnote3 ,a piece or pieces (         
blott+-pap] cut to fit w be f\nd v h&y  
to introduce into ! bottle f "t to "t to
 absorb all moi/ure1 & to keep !        
specim5s !mselves mean & dry4  ,fig4    
#de--,! ,hill slid+ net ready = use4    
,fig4 #df--,sug>+ net4  ,! insect be+   
captur$1 y twi/ y\r net rapidly ov] to  

get x z ne> to ! bottom z possible--a v 
necess>y precaution 9 ! case ( a        
swift-fly+ or excitable insect4 ,hold+ !
 net n[ 9 ! left h&1 take ! bottle1     
previ\sly uncork$1 9 y\r "r h& & slip x 
into ! net & ov] ! insect4 ,9 case (    
refractory insects1 bl[+ f ! outside w  
sometimes make !m g to ! bottom ( !     
bottle4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 y c slip y\r h& 
f ! outside ov] ! m\? ( ! bottle1 & hold
 x !re until ! insect is cork$ up4 ,9   
less ?an a m9ute x is /upefi$ &         
motionless4 ,if tak5 out1 h[ev]1 x w    
revive2 x mu/ be left 91 !re=e1 f t5 to 
fifte5 m9utes4 ,9 ! case ( female       
insects :i* h n yet deposit$ _! eggs1 & 
are consequ5tly exce$+ly t5aci\s ( life1
 a long] "t w be f\nd necess>y4  ,bruis$
 laurel leaves1 *lor(orm1 b5zol1 etc1   
are recomm5d$ by "s au?ors4 ,! fir/ is1 
,i ?9k1 unc]ta9 9 its effects1 & has1   
p]haps1 a t5d5cy to make ! insects g    
ultimately m\ldy4 ,! second /iff5s ! w+ 
rays ( "s insects to su* an ext5t z to  
r5d] !m difficult to set4 ,x has be5    

recomm5d$ 9 ! case ( l>ge insects1 su* z
 ! hawk mo?s1 to pi]ce !m und]nea? !    
?orax at ! ins]tion ( ! fir/ & second   
pairs ( w+s ) a /eel p5 dipp$ 9 a       
saturat$ solution ( oxalic acid4 ,i h   
frequ5tly done ?is myself ) good results
 9 ! days :5 cyanide bottles 7 unkn[n1 b
 = ! l>ge/ hawk mo?s--,dea?'s heads     
ev5--,i f9d no?+ to beat a l>ge bottle  
7a glass j>1 su* z ! ,fr5* bottle plums 
91 does admirably71 9 :i* is plac$ ab\t 
#j4be lb4 ( cyanide4 ,) a kill+ j> ( ?is
 k9d1 :i* ,i call ! home bottle1 ,i h   
frequ5tly in/antane\sly kill$ mice & ev5
 rats4 ,9 fact1 ! volume ( poison\s     
vap\r evolv$ f "o ( ^! bottles is su*1 t
 ,i advise my read]s n to take sniffs   
!refrom1 le/ sev]e heada*es1 or worse   
results1 %\ld foll[4  ,z x is ne>ly all 
b impossible to p9 an insect s correctly
 z y w\ld wi% dur+ ! hurry & excitem5t (
 butt]fly hunt+1 ,i recomm5d t all      
insects captur$ :5 ! collector is f home
 be laid on _! sides1 & ! p9 pass$ ?r\gh
 ! body :il/ 9 t position4 ,?is saves ! 

unnecess>y m>k+ ( ! ?orax by m ?an "o p9
 hole1 z ! p9 c be remov$ )\t detrim5t  
to ! =mation ( ! body1 & ! insect p9n$ 9
 its prop] position :5 ! collector      
rea*es home4  ,,sett+4--,hav+ br\ght !  
entomologi/ to ?is po9t1 ,i may discuss 
:at to d to pres]ve ! trophies ( ! day's
 *ase4 ,fir/1 !n1 ! insects mu/ be set4 
,to d ?is prop]ly is ! vexata quae/io ( 
! day4 ,z a nation we anci5tly practis$ 
! sett+ ( lepidopt]a ) f\r or eight     
braces1 two or "o und]nea? & two or "o  
on top ( ! w+s4 ,! w+s 7 !n n s fully   
ext5d$ z n[1 b ! body 0 press$ z close  
to ! sett+ bo>d z x 0 possible to get x4
 ,! next /ep 0 ! cork sett+ bo>d1 cut to
 %[ 9 section ne>ly a half oval1 !      
bodies 7 a little rais$ f ! set1 & !    
r\nd$ po9ts ( ! =e & h9d w+s inv>iably  
t\*$ ! pap] ( ! cab9et :5 plac$ !re91   
curl+ up :]ev] !y t\*$4  ,fig4          
#dg--,section ( ,sett+ ,bo>d  ,fig4 #dg 
%[s a section ( a sett+ bo>d design$ to 
rem$y ?is evil4 ,! block ,a is =m$ ( a  
piece ( #j4ge 94 deal1 #ab 94 to #ad 94 

long1 & ( v>y+ wid?s accord+ to !       
insects requir$ to be set4 ,exactly 9 ! 
c5tre a groove is pl\gh$ to ! dep? (    
#j4e 942 f ! out] edges ( ?is groove ,b 
! bo>d %\ld be pit*$ or bevell$ #j4abe  
94 on ea* side to its out] edge4 ,on top
 ( ea* half1 a piece ( #j4abe 94 cab9et 
cork ,c ,c is glu$1 & also 9 ! groove   
,b1 :]e %[n at ,c4  ,presum+ t y h a ,r$
 ,admiral to set ) #a4abe 94 or a ,no4  
#ac p91 y w f9d1 if all[+ #j4abe 94 = ! 
body1 t aft] sett+ an insect 9 a bo>d ( 
?is k9d ! matt] w be pretty ev5ly       
adju/$--t is to say1 ab\t #j4e 94 ( p9  
above & bel[ ! butt]fly4 ,?is all[s !   
insect :5 plac$ 9 ! cab9et to be well   
cle> ( ! pap]1 & is ! mode n[ g5]ally   
adopt$ by ^? entomologi/s :o effect a   
compromise betwe5 ! ridicul\s ,engli% l[
 sett+ & ! ,cont95tal high-set4 ,:at !  
real objections are to ?is latt] sett+ x
 has always puzzl$ me to discov]1 unless
 x is ! true ,briti% objection to any?+ 
=eign or ,fr5*4  ,9 a =eign ,camb]well  
,beauty 7,vanessa ,antiopa7 :i* ,i h j  

measur$1 ! relative proportions are z   
foll[3 ,! :ole l5g? ( ! p9 is #a4e 91 x 
comes ?r\gh ! body on ! und]side #j4hge 
91 :il/ above ! body x %[s b a little m 
?an #j4be 94 ,its advantages are        
manife/4 ,fir/1 x br+s ! insects mu*    
ne>] ! eye :5 plac$ 9 ! cab9et4         
,secondly1 by its position ! body is    
prev5t$ f greas+ ! pap] ( ! cab9et 7a n 
unimportant item :5 ! read] is told t ! 
:ite velvet ( a newly-l9$ cab9et draw]  
has be5 utt]ly ru9$ by ! grease f !     
bodies ( l[-set insects74 ,?irdly1 !    
almo/ total immunity f mites :i*        
high-set insects enjoy4  ,?is la/       
consid]ation ought to induce our        
entomologi/s to adopt ! ,cont95tal set  
nem4 con4 ,= :at entomologi/ d>e tell me
 t he has no mites 9 8 cab9et8 ,is x !  
us] ( camphor1 ( creosote1 ( ph5ic acid1
 or ( corrosive sublimate8 ,:y1 !n1 ?is 
fooli% prejudice aga9/ ! high-set8 ,i h 
tri$ bo? plans1 l[ sett+ = fifte51 &    
high sett+ = t5 ye>s4 ,i h1 z an        
exp]im5t1 mix$ high-set insects 9 )     

l[-set ex*anges4 ,! br[n du/ und]nea? ! 
latt] tells _! tale too well4 ,9 a box (
 =eign high-set insects :i* ,i h _h by  
!mselves = f\r or five ye>s little or no
 trace ( ! de/roy] is to be se54  ,re=m 
y\r sett+ bo>ds1 !n1 say ,i2 pl\gh y\r  
grooves deep]1 & if y object to ! flat  
appe>ance ( ! =eign set insects1 !re is 
no e>?ly reason :y y %\ld n pit* y\r    
bo>ds to ! angle ,i %[ 9 ,fig4 #dg1 or  
to any o!r angle y desire4 ,! objection 
to ?is high-set lies 9 a nut%ell3 x     
looks odd to "o accu/om$ to ! ,engli%   
me?od1 & t is really all to be advanc$  
aga9/ its g5]al use4  ,let me1 !re=e1   
ask my bro!r entomologi/s to give !     
high-set a fair trial1 & n to be det]r$ 
by ! sne]s ( any novice4 ,x may /r5g!n  
my plead+ & t]m9ate ! hesitation ( ! "y 
entomologi/ if ,i m5tion "h t ! (fic] 9 
*>ge ( ! collection ( lepidopt]a 9 !    
,briti% ,museum--! well-kn[n au?ority1  
,a4 ,g4 ,butl]1 ,f4,l4,s1 etc4--is n    
only sett+ all newly-receiv$ butt]flies 
& mo?s 9 precisely ! fa%ion advocat$    

above1 b is actually re-sett+ all ! old 
l[-set insects 9 ! same mann]6  ,:il/ on
 ! subject ( =eign insects ,i %\ld l to 
impress ^u ! "y beg9n] n too gre$ily to 
ru% aft] real ,briti% specim5s (        
r>ities1 or he may f9d t he has pur*as$1
 at ! exp5se ( "s p\nds1 p]haps1 a reset
 cont95tal type wor? z _m p5ce4 ,i fancy
 ,i see our w\ld-be entomologi/ %ak+ 8  
head & v sagely say+1 ,oh no6 ,i int5d  
to collect all my insects myself4 ,my "y
 fri5d1 let me tell y t y w h to collect
 f> beyond ! prescrib$ ?reescore ye>s & 
t5 if y w\ld y\rself collect all !      
,briti% lepidopt]a4 ,"w1 !re=e1 9       
collect+ z h>d z y c1 & :5 y want a     
r>ity to fill up a void 9 y\r cab9et1 g 
at once to "s respectable deal] & ask = 
a cont95tal type ( ! insect y want1     
place x 9 y\r cab9et1 label x ,=eign1 & 
:5 y c replace x ) an und\bt$ ,briti%]  
?9k y\rself lucky4  ,fig4               
#dh--;,butt]fly brac$ on bo>d4  ,to make
 my mean+ pla91 we w take ! ,ba? ,:ite  
butt]fly 7,pi]is ,daplidice7 z an       

example4 ,an und\bt$ ,briti% specim5 (  
?is1 caught1 say1 at ,dov]1 is c]ta9ly  
wor? a sov]eign--! price ( a cont95tal  
"o precisely simil>1 b captur$ on ! o!r 
side ( ! silv] /reak1 #e;d4 ,diff]5ce 9 
co/ = a m]e fancy1 #ais4 #g;d46  ,aga91 
:at w\ld be ! price ( an ,engli% captur$
 ,ole&] ,hawk 7,*o]ocampa ,n]ii7--%all  
we say f #ab to #bj p\nds1 accord+ to ! 
consci5ce ( ! v5dor & ! pocket ( !      
pur*as]8 ,a f9e =eign specim51          
beautifully set & precisely simil>1 c be
 b\ght = ab\t #es4  ,to set y\r         
butt]flies1 see ,fig4 #dh1 :i* %[s a    
common :ite butt]fly brac$ on ! sett+   
bo>d4 ,to d ?is y\r insect mu/ be truly 
p9n$ z be=e direct$1 & plac$ 9 ! c5tre (
 ! groove ,a ,b 7:i* is also %[n 9      
section at ,b1 ,fig4 #dg72 f\r pieces ( 
?9 c>dbo>d1 ea* ab\t #a 94 long1 are cut
 to ! %ape %[n at ,c ,c ,c ,c4 ,an      
ord9>y p9 is pu%$ a little way ?r\gh !m 
at _! bases4  ,) a f9e ne$le n[ lift up 
f und]nea? ! left h& upp] w+ ( ! insect 
to ab\t ! angle %[n 9 ,fig4 #dh2 pick+  

up a brace ) ! left h&1 pu% ! p9 9 !    
cork 9 su* a mann] t ! brace lightly    
holds d[n ! w+4 ,d ! same ) ! und]w+4   
,repeat ) ! o!r side4 ,footnote3 ,!     
braces %[n 9 ,fig4 #dh %\ld be a little 
ne>] ! tips ( ! =e w+s1 or supplem5t$ by
 /iff papa p9n$ across1 o!rwise ! tips  
are likely to curl up :5 dry+4  ,i h be5
 assum+ t ! w+s ( ! insect previ\sly lay
 flat4 ,if !y are fold$ up above ! back 
!y _h bett] be pu%$ d[n ) ! braces      
in/ead ( ) ! ne$le1 & p9n$ to any       
position !y w readily fall to1 & f t    
gradually work$ up by means ( ano!r     
brace to ! angle requir$4 ,! =e pair (  
legs %\ld be brac$ to ! front1 & h9d    
pair ( legs1 especially ( mo?s1 are to  
be brac$ out to fall neatly betwe5 !    
body & ! w+s4 ,sometimes v f9e cambric  
ne$les are ?ru/ ?r\gh1 j und]nea? "o ( !
 w+ rays1 to lift up & keep x 9         
position1 -until ! braces c be br\ght to
 be>4 ,?is ought n to be resort$ to     
except 9 extreme cases1 or = o!r ?an    
cab9et specim5s4  ,a correspond5t 7,mr4 

,g4 ,h4 ,bryan7 writ+ 9 ,sci5ce ,gossip 
= ,decemb]1 #ahhc1 says3--,! groov$     
cork1 in/ead ( be+ glu$ to "o wood5     
bo>d1 is fa/5$ on to ! two bo>ds1 !     
groove betwe5 !m correspond+ exactly ) !
 groove 9 ! cork4 ,^! 9 turn are held   
toge!r by ?ree slips ( wood1 to :i* !y  
are firmly nail$4 ,9 sett+ insects1 ! p9
 %\ld n be run into ! groove j above !  
slips4 ,if run into ! cork any:]e else1 
! p9 c be pu%$ ?r\gh to any dep?        
requir$1 &1 z a rule1 ! slips are s high
 t1 :5 ! bo>d is laid d[n on a table1   
none ( ! p9s t\* ! table4  ,i "s "t ago 
saw1 at ! h\se ( a well-kn[n naturali/ &
 travell]1 resid+ ne> ,cir5ce/]1 an     
+5i\s arrangem5t appli$ to sett+-bo>ds1 
by :i* ! groove ( ea* bo>d c\ld be alt]$
 s z to take 9 ! body ( ! smalle/ or !  
l>ge/ butt]fly or mo? at w4 ,x 0 manag$ 
by "o half ( ! bo>d be+ movable f its   
fell[1 & capable ( be+ adju/$ to any    
size1 by simply turn+ a screw work+ 9 a 
slot 9 a brass plate at top & bottom4   
,ano!r me?od ( sett+ insects is by means

 ( blocks1 sections ( v>y+ wid?s cut f !
 uncork$ sett+-bo>d1 ! grooves only be+ 
cork$4 ,! insect be+ p9n$ 9 ! groove is 
ext5d$ ) ! sett+ ne$le1 & ! w+s lightly 
wrapp$1 :5 9 position1 ) silk com+ ov] &
 ov]1 f side to side4 ,to d ?is nicely  
requires practice1 to avoid m>k+ ! w+s )
 ! silk4  ,! block sy/em ( sett+ is m   
us$ by collectors 9 ! ,midl&s & ! ,nor? 
?an ab\t ,london or 9 ! ,s\?4 ,insects  
%\ld be left on ! sett+-bo>ds or blocks 
f two or ?ree days to a week1 or ev5 m1 
accord+ to _! size2 & dur+ ?is "t %\ld  
be kept out ( ! du/1 b all[$ air to dry 
!m ?or\ghly4  ,! ,g]man sy/em ( sett+ by
 means ( pieces ( glass dropp$ ov] ! w+s
 :5 9 position is a clean neat me?od (  
flat sett+1 all[+ ! insect to be cle>ly 
se5 if x be truly set or n4  ,:5 insects
 are f any cause too /iff to set )\t    
fir/ relax+ !m--plac+ !m 9 ! cyanide    
bottle = a day or night w (t5 d ?is     
effectually1 or plac+ !m 9 a wet cork$  
z9c box1 or 9 a box ) damp s&1 or 9 a   
small pla/] box w d equally z well4 ,?is

 is made by l9+ ! :ole ( ! inside ( a   
wood5 box ) pla/] ( ,p>is mix$ ) wat]1 &
 laid on f "o to two in*es ?ick4 ,!     
pla/] is1 ( c\rse1 ?or\ghly damp$1 & !  
insects enclos$ 9 ! box4 ,! same p9s )  
:i* !y are p9n$ :il/ relax+ %\ld n be   
p]man5tly left 91 if x be possible to   
remove !m )\t injur+ ! aspect ( ! ?orax4
 ,p9s s left 91 be+ m corrod$ ?an usual1
 frequ5tly break aft] be+ 9 use a %ort  
"t4  ,old insects1 :i* x may be dang]\s 
to relax1 or l>ge =eign unset           
lepidopt]a1 may sometimes be set by a   
skilful h& by hav+ _! w+s c>efully p9*$ 
(f by =ceps1 & replac$ 9 ! requir$      
position by us+ a /rong pa/e or cem5t   
7see ,=mula ,no4 #cc73 ,repairs may be  
execut$ ) promptness & despat* by cem5t+
 on p>ts ( o!r w+s to replace torn or   
miss+ pieces1 or tissue pap] may be us$1
 provid+ ! repair] is a skilful arti/4  
,i once saw a v poor specim5 ( ,urania  
rhipheus--a spl5did mo? f ,madagasc>--s 
clev]ly piec$ by tissue pap] & col\r$1 t
 x w\ld deceive any b an exp]t4         

,beetles 79 sci5ce--,coleopt]a7 may be  
s\ght = ev]y:]e--9 woods1 fields1 ponds1
 riv]s1 und]nea? /ones & exuviae (      
cattle2 9 decay+ leaves1 trees1 & fungi2
 9 & und]nea? dead animals2 9 cell>s1   
ou?\ses1 & ev5 9 :at w\ld be suppos$ !  
mo/ unlikely place to f9d !m--ant hills1
 bees' & wasps' ne/s--& 9 ! rubbi%      
collect$ at ! sides ( /reams1 especially
 if aft] a flood4 ,!y may be tak5 by    
sweep+1 beat+1 sug>+1 or by c>efully    
prospect+ tufts ( grass1 moss1 leaves1 &
 fl[]s4 ,bags ( moss or ant-hills may be
 br\ght home & look$ ov] at leisure =   
m9ute beetles--?r[+ rubbi% into wat]1 or
 sift+ x ov] :ite pap]1 be+ ! h&ie/ way 
to reveal !m4  ,= ^? :i* inhabit wat]1 a
 net made ( any /rong mat]ial1 :i* all[s
 wat]1 b no?+ else1 to run ?r\gh quickly
 7a net fa%ion$ z 9 ,fig4 #da or #df w d
 = ?is71 %\ld be us$ z well z = collect+
 o!r wat] insects4 ,beetles may be      
br\ght home 9 small te/ tubes1 cork$ at 
! op5 end1 or 9 quills /opp$ at "o end )
 seal+ wax1 & at ! o!r ) wadd+1 or a    

quill may be ins]t$ 9 ! cork ( a l>g]   
bottle1 into & ?r\gh :i* !y may be      
dropp$1 or !y may be kill$ at once 9 !  
cyanide bottle1 or o!rwise ?r[n into a  
bottle conta9+ alcohol1 9 :i* corrosive 
sublimate 79 ! proportion ( #f gr4 to ! 
ounce ( _s7 has be5 previ\sly plac$1 :i*
 effectually kills & ultimately t5ds to 
pres]ve !m4  ,on rea*+ home1 ! cont5ts (
 ?is bottle may be turn$ out into any   
%all[ di% kept specially = t purpose 7a 
photograph]'s pr9t pan7 & fi%$ = ) small
 pieces ( pap] or c>dbo>d1 & ! _s       
aft]w>ds return$ to ! bottle4 ,! l>g]   
beetles are to be p9n$ ?r\gh ! "r w+    
case1 & nev] 9 ! c5tre1 _! legs be+     
nicely arrang$ 9 ! prop] positions1 & 9 
"s cases ! w+s may be display$4 ,! m    
m9ute beetles may be gumm$ on a small   
slip ( c>d ?r\gh :i* ! p9 passes1 _!    
legs arrang$ by ! aid ( f9e pati5ce1 a  
crook$ p91 a camel-hair p5cil1 & a pair 
( small =ceps1 ! latt] be+ also v h&y = 
pick+ up any o!r small objects4  ,9     
sett+ ! l>g] beetles1 z well z ! v>i\s  

?ick-bodi$ insects1 belong+ to ! ord]s  
,or?opt]a1 ,neuropt]a1 ,dipt]a1 &       
,hym5opt]a1 d\ble braces in/ead (       
sett+-bo>ds may be us$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3
 ,! insect be+ p9n$ high on a bo>d or   
piece ( cork1 ) legs ext5d$1 two l>ge   
pieces ( c>d1 "o = ea* side1 are br\ght 
up und]nea? ! w+s & close to ! body by  
p9s /uck ?r\gh ! corn]s4 ,?is =ms a re/ 
= ! w+s :5 ext5d$1 :i* are !n brac$ on  
top ( ! c>ds by small] braces 9 ! usual 
mann]1 ! p9s1 h[ev]1 ( ! braces fall+   
outside ! support+ c>ds & fix+ 9 ! wood 
or flat cork und]nea?4  ,_m exotic      
insects--butt]flies & mo?s--are set 9   
?is mann]1 :i* is really flat sett+4 ,if
 ! braces are at any "t too limp & d n  
seem to clip ! w+s prop]ly1 a little    
piece ( cork j suffici5t = ! p9 to slip 
?r\gh may be add$ on top ( ! brace4  ,! 
l>g] beetles & o!r insects1 su* z !     
dragon-flies1 cicadas1 gras%opp]s1 &    
walk+ leaf insects1 %\ld always h !     
cont5ts ( ! abdom5 remov$ ei!r by       
pressure1 or by be+ cut und]nea?1 &1 :5 

empty1 inject$ ) a little ( ! corrosive 
sublimate prep>ation1 & aft]w>ds fill$  
out ) wool or bl[n out ) a small bl[pipe
 until ! abdom5 is aga9 di/5d$ & dry4   
,"s insects :i* are n>r[ at ! wai/ may  
be advantage\sly snipp$ ?r\gh at t "p to
 remove ! cont5ts !refrom1 ! body be+   
aft]w>ds fix$ ) gum or cem5t to its     
normal position4  ,9 ! sett+ (          
beetles--z 9 o!r ?+s--! ubiquit\s       
,g]mans & ! ,fr5*m5 beat u4 ,comp>e !   
beautifully =eign set coleopt]a1 ) our  
wret*$ly lame & unev5-sid$ attempts4 ,x 
is impossible to mi/ake ! ord9>y ,engli%
 = =eign sett+1 & ( ?is ,i 0 curi\sly   
conv9c$ on my arrival at ,leice/]1 9 !  
,museum ( :i* t[n ,i f\nd "s            
exquisitely-set specim5s ( coleopt]a4 ,i
 said at once1 ,^! are ,g]man-set4 ,no1 
inde$1 ,i 0 told1 !y are set by a local 
man4 ,i c\ld n believe x2 & aft] great  
difficulty1 ! man himself ev5 p]si/+ 9  
?is ass]tion1 ,i discov]$ t !y 7 all    
procur$ f ,g]many or 7 set by a ,g]man  
fri5d4  ,?is g5tleman hav+ subsequ5tly  

%[n me 8 me?od1 ,i n[ give x = ! b5efit 
( coleopt]i/s3 ,! beetles1 aft] be+     
kill$1 are plung$ into b5zol9e 7b5zol7 =
 two or ?ree days1 to cleanse !m f      
grease & impurities4 ,inde$1 x          
consid]ably simplifies matt]s to c>ry a 
bottle ( b5zol1 z ,i d :5 collect+      
beetles1 to plunge !m into :5 fir/ tak54
 ,x in/antly kills1 & ! cleans+ op]ation
 goes on at once4 ,on rea*+ home !      
beetles are1 aft] a day or two1 p9n$1 or
 gumm$ unset on to any pieces ( c>d 9   
any mann] mo/ suitable at ! "t to       
economise space2 ! c>ds c !n be p9n$    
into a /ore-box4  ,dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 or
 at any "t :5 requir$1 ! beetles may be 
set1 ?us3 fir/1 plunge !m into wat] = a 
day or s until q limp1 !n take !m out & 
place !m "o by "o on sep>ate pieces (   
c>d1 well gumm$ 9 ! c5tre to reta9 !m   
firmly by ! abdom5 :il/ be+ set4 ,a v   
little "t w suffice to d ?is %\ld ! gum 
be /rong4  ,aft] tw5ty or s are fix$1 ! 
fir/ "o gumm$ d[n c be f9i%$ (f4 ,! c>d 
is sme>$ ) gum :]e ! legs1 or r t>si1 w 

come into place1 & arrang$ ) a sett+    
ne$le4 ,n[ c>efully place ! limbs into a
 natural & ev5 position1 _! feet re/+ on
 ! gumm$ surface2 adju/ ! ant5nae1 etc1 
& leave ! insect to dry by p9n+ ! c>d 9 
any suitable receptacle4 ,:5 p]fectly   
set & dry1 ! f9al op]ations are once m  
plung+ ! beetle into b5zol9e1 !n wett+  
its abdom5 & feet to release x f ! dirty
 c>d1 & la/ly slightly re-gumm+ !       
und]nea? & tips ( ! feet ) cem5t 7see   
,=mula #cc7 & f9ally adju/+ x on a clean
 c>d1 :i* may be labell$ or numb]$1 &   
secur$ by a small p9 at ea* end 9 !     
cab9et or /ore-box4  ,,collect+ ,,&     
,,o!r ,,boxes4--,! collect+ box is a    
small box made to fit ! pocket1 cork$   
top & bottom1 op5+ 9 ! middle1 & made ( 
suffici5t dep? to all[ ! heads ( ! p9s  
on "o side to well cle> ! insects1 :i*  
may be p9n$ on ! o!r4 ,collect+ boxes   
may be made ( v>i\s woods & ( v>i\s     
sizes to suit ! pleasure & pocket ( !   
collector4 ,!y %\ld be made light b     
/rong1 & a little fillet ( ?9 wood %\ld 

be ins]t$ along "o side on ! front edge1
 to ensure ! close fitt+ ( ! box4 ,ano!r
 sort ( collect+ box is t cork$ at !    
bottom1 hav+ a flat lid1 on :i* a piece 
( cork is glu$1 & cut to fit ! box      
tightly :5 clos$1 ?us =m+ ! top lid4    
,?is /yle is also us$ = po/al boxes4  ,9
 v hot wea!r1 or if ! collector roves f>
 afield1 he w f9d t _m ( 8 butt]flies1  
if plac$ 9 ! ord9>y wood5 collect+ box1 
w h become /iff be=e he c rea* home to  
set !m4 ,! rem$y = ?is is a z9c box l9$ 
) cork1 :i* latt] is soak$ 9 wat] be=e  
comm5c+ ! day's collect+4 ,^! boxes are 
made 9 v>i\s %apes & sizes4 ,a h&y "o = 
! pocket is a #g 94 by #d 91 #b4e 94    
deep1 made ( an oval %ape if desir$1    
cork$ on top & bottom1 ! cork held by   
clips ( z9c sold]$ to top & bottom4 ,= m
 ext5d$ op]ations a l>g] box w be       
requir$1 say1 #ac 94 by #i 91 #b4e 94   
deep1 ) loops sold]$ to ! back1 ?r\gh   
:i* a /rap passes to susp5d x f !       
%\ld]s4 ,^! boxes are light] if made 9  
t91 & ! wat] does n corrode !m s rapidly

 if !y are japann$ inside z well z out4 
,po/al boxes1 by :i* entomologi/s       
transmit _! captures to "o ano!r1 %\ld  
be made ( /rong :ite p9e1 ! tops &      
bottoms nail$ on1 on ! cross4 ,!y may   
op5 9 ! middle or at top1 z be=e        
m5tion$1 & fur!r h a /r5g!n+ piece (    
?ick cork glu$ all ov] !m outside &     
rasp$ d[n to ! %ape ( a r\gh oval4      
,inside1 ! cork %\ld be glu$ d[n on top 
& bottom2 on ?is a few small /rips ( !  
same cork runn+ across ) int]/ices left 
betwe5 !m4 ,on top ( ?is ano!r %eet (   
cork1 ?us =m+ ?ree ?icknesses1 9 :i* !  
p9 is pu%$ z f> z x w g4 ,9 ! case (    
l>ge-bodi$ mo?s1 or any valuable        
insects1 x is z well to support ! abdom5
 ) a lay] ( wool1 cross-p9n+ ! body on  
ei!r side to prev5t x j>r+ or %ift+4 ,! 
box may !n1 = great] security1 be wrapp$
 9 a %eet ( wool & ti$ up4 ,! address   
%\ld n be writt5 on ! box1 or ! /amps   
affix$ !reto1 b on a direction label1   
o!rwise "s vigor\s po/-(fice sort]1 or  
/amp]1 w conv9ce y to y\r sorr[ t he    

scorns su* paltry protection z is af=d$ 
by ! triple alliance ( wood1 cork1 &    
wool4  ,! ,g]mans cov] ! bottoms ( a    
great _m ( _! entomological boxes )     
peat1 & ?is c]ta9ly holds ! long p9s    
firmly 9 transit2 & x is also mu* less  
exp5sive ?an cork4  ,=eign insects1 :5  
space is limit$1 may be s5t home unp9n$ 
& unset1 _! w+s fold$ ov] _! backs1 &   
ea* specim5 wrapp$ 9 silv] or tissue    
pap]4 ,x is a/oni%+ :at a numb] ( !m w  
pack 9 ?is mann] 9 ! compass ( an ord9>y
 cig> box4  ,dry+ h\ses are sold by mo/ 
( ! deal]s1 b are exp5sive & cumb]some1 
& are really only ( s]vice :5 travell+1 
or collect+ away f home4 ,= ?is reason  
,i sugge/ ! foll[+--:i* is a /ore box & 
receptacle = sett+ bo>ds comb9$4  ,make 
( #j4e 94 deal a box #bj 94 long & #ae  
94 wide by #j4e 94 deep 7all inside     
measurem5ts71 glue up all b ! front     
piece 7#d 94 wide by #bj 94 long71 :i*  
m]ely tie 9 its place :il/ glue+ up !   
o!rs4 ,cut ! box :5 dry ?r\gh ! #d 94   
back piece to exactly halve x4 ,h+e ea* 

half ) /rong h+es4 ,x n[ resembles an   
op5 backgammon bo>d box1 )\t its two    
fronts4  ,take n[ a /rip ( #a 94 deal1  
#ae 94 long1 & =m x ) a pl\gh plane to !
 %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,! "p m>k$ ,a w  
be #j4cge 94 ?ick1 ! p>ts m>k$ ,b ,b    
ov]hang #j4be 91 & rise f ,a to ,b ,b to
 ! height :i* ! ?ickness ( y\r sett+    
bo>ds det]m9e4  ,divide ?is d[n ! :ole  
l5g? ) a cutt+ gauge :]e %[n by ! dott$ 
l9es2 glue "o ( ^! halves to ! side ( "o
 ( ! bottoms ( ! box1 & f "h measure (f 
#e 91 :i* w be ! size ( y\r l>ge/ sett+ 
bo>d = hawk mo?s4 ,at ?is po9t glue d[n 
a :ole /rip1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #di1 :i*     
7suppos+ y h comm5c$ f y\r left7 clips !
 "r-h& side ( ! fir/ or #e 94 sett+     
bo>d1 & ! left-h& side ( ! second4      
,proce$ 9 ?is mann] until ! bottom ( !  
box is cov]$ ) sett+ bo>ds1 :i* w n[    
slide 9 & out betwe5 ! #j4cge 94        
divisions4 ,turn ! box r\nd & d         
precisely ! same ) ! o!r half4  ,z _m m 
insects "u1 ?an above1 #d 94 9 expanse (
 w+ w be captur$1 ! mo/ useful sizes =  

sett+ bo>ds1 z also ! prop] proportions 
( bo>ds & divisions to fill up ! bottom 
( ea* half ( ! box1 are z foll[3  ,fir/ 
half4--#j4be 94 /rip1 #e 94 bo>d2 #j4cge
 94 /rip1 #d 94 bo>d2 #j4cge 94 /rip1   
#c4e 94 bo>d2 #j4cge 94 /rip1 #c 9 bo>d2
 #j4cge 94 /rip1 #b4e 94 bo>d2 #j4be 94 
/rip  #bj 94 total4  ,second            
half4--#j4be 94 /rip1 #c4e 94 bo>d2     
#j4cge 94 /rip1 #c 94 bo>d2 #j4cge 94   
/rip1 #b4e 94 bo>d2 #j4cge 94 /rip1 #b4e
 94 bo>d2 #j4cge 94 /rip1 #b4be 94 bo>d2
 #j4cge 94 /rip1 #b 94 bo>d2 #j4cge 94  
/rip1 #a4e 94 bo>d2 #j4be 94 /rip  #bj  
94 total4  ,fig4 #di--,section (        
division /rips4  ,!re are ?us twelve    
sett+ bo>ds #ae 94 long1 ( ! mo/ useful 
sizes1 conta9$ 9 ?is box4 ,! front is   
/ill z x 01 op54 ,! loose piece ( wood1 
#bj 94 by #d 91 mu/ n[ be cut d[n !     
l5g?1 & ea* half mu/ 7mak+ #bj 94 by #b 
947 be h+$ to ! top & bottom ( ! box2 a 
lock c !n be fix$ to bolt toge!r ! two  
halves1 hooks also be+ fix$ at ea* end (
 ! box to fur!r secure ! front flaps4   

,fig4 #ej %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! box at   
?is /age--%ut1 b ) ! front flaps lift$  
up & d[n1 %[+ ! slid+ sett+ bo>ds snugly
 fix$ )94 ,insects may by ?is me?od be  
left on ! bo>ds :il/ travell+ )\t !     
slighte/ risk1 z no?+ c come loose1 & ! 
p9s ( "o side miss ^? ( ! o!r :5 ! box  
is %ut & lock$4  ,fig4 #ej--;,front (   
sett+-bo>d box1 ) flaps op54  ,a m      
simple plan1 s]v+ equally z well p]haps1
 & hav+ ! advantage ( disp5s+ ) !       
int]v5+ slips1 !re=e giv+ m space =     
sett+ bo>ds1 is simply fix+ a slip (    
wood at ea* inn] end ( ! box1 & ano!r on
 ea* flap1 s arrang$ z to hold all !    
sett+ bo>ds d[n :5 %ut4 ,?is is manag$  
by all[+ ! wood ( ea* sett+ bo>d to     
protrude beyond its cork to ! ?ickness (
 ! slip--say half an in*4 ,footnote3    
,?is box %\ld be made 9 oak or mahogany2
 put toge!r ) brass screws1 if = =eign  
s]vice4  ,insects1 aft] removal f _!    
sets1 require to be /or$ 9 glaz$ cases  
or cab9ets = great] security &          
protection aga9/ evils previ\sly glanc$ 

at4 ,"s collectors cont5t !mselves ) us+
 = ?is purpose ! ord9>y /ore-box1 made 9
 ! same mann] z ! collect+ box1 b (     
great] capacity4 ,"o #ae 94 by #aj 94 by
 #d 94 deep w be f\nd a useful size2    
?is--op5+ 9 ! same mann] z a backgammon 
bo>d--is cork$ ) cab9et cork1 ea* %eet (
 :i* is usually #aa 94 by #c4e 94 or    
7d\ble size7 #ab 94 by #g4e 94  ,! cork 
be+ glu$ ev5ly ov] ea* half ( ! box1 is 
rubb$ d[n ) pumice-/one1 & aft]w>ds )   
s&-pap]1 to get an ev5 surface &        
reconcile ! jo9ts "o ) ! o!r4 ,x is !n  
pap]$ ) :ite blott+-pap]1 ton$1 or black
 pap]1 pa/$ d[n ov] ! cork ) pa/e1 9 :i*
 has be5 previ\sly /irr$ a little       
c>bolic acid or corrosive sublimate 7bo?
 poisons74  ,x has also be5 recomm5d$ to
 previ\sly /eep ! cork1 especially if = 
=eign s]vice1 9 a solution (3           
,corrosive sublimate1     #j4e oz4      
,camphor1             #a oz4  ,spirits (
 w9e1         #a p9t4  ,"s little c>e   
is1 ( c\rse1 requir$ 9 ! h&l+ ( poison$ 
cork1 etc1 b ,i d n write expect+ t     

infants w be all[$ to h&le ! v>i\s le?al
 ag5ts ) :i* ^! *apt]s necess>ily ab\nd4
  ,ano!r sort ( /ore box is ! book box1 
h+$ at ! back & op5+ along ! front1     
repres5t+ two di/9ct volumes ( a book4  
,?is is ei!r cov]$ 9 clo?1 labell$ )    
gilt lett]s1 or is made 9 mahogany1 !   
b&s let 9 9 ebony1 or :ite wood1 & /rips
 ( lett]$ lea!r pa/$ 9 betwe5 !m4       
,footnote3 see rem>ks on lea!r 9 *apt]  
,,xii4 ,all ar\nd ! box inside runs a   
little l$ge ( wood = ! reception (      
glass1 :i*1 z ea* half is fill$ )       
insects1 is pa/$ 9 ) ornam5tal pap]4  ,=
 ^? :o delight 9 camphor1 a piece (     
p]=at$ c>dbo>d or cork %\ld be plac$ 9 !
 corn]s1 =m+ angle pieces1 & enclos+ )9 
! triangle ?us =m$1 ! 7un7necess>y      
morsels ( ! drug4 ,:5 fill$1 x %\ld be  
pa/$ ov] on ! top1 & ! glass !n fits    
close on top ( x4 ,book boxes h "o or   
two advantages3 !y look well 9 a libr>y 
& take up b little room1 & are easily   
h&l$ :5 %[+ !m to fri5ds4 ,z exhibition 
boxes !y are ne>ly p]fect4              

,,cab9ets4--,! entomological cab9et is a
 mu* m s]i\s matt]2 !re is no limit to  
its size1 f ! mode/ "o ( six draw]s to !
 work+ "o ( ?irty4 ,! size ( ! draw]s   
v>ies ) individual ta/e4 ,a nice size1  
h[ev]1 is #ah4e 94 long by #af4e 94 by  
#b4e 91 or ! #bj 94 by #ah 94 by #b4e 91
 or deep] if = l>ge insects4  ,no       
amateur1 unless he is a pa/ ma/] at     
jo9]y1 c hope to con/ruct a ?or\ghly    
well-made cab9et2 inde$1 few cab9et     
mak]s "k h[ to turn out "o to suit a    
vet]an entomologi/4 ,briefly3 ! draw]s (
 a fir/ class cab9et %\ld be made ( !   
be/ ,spani% mahogany1 or oak1 9 e "p2 no
 baywood1 c$>1 or any su* spuri\s /uff  
%\ld ent] into its composition 7good    
:ite p9e be+ pref]able to su*74 ,c$> is 
totally unfit = /ore boxes or cab9ets1  
ow+ to its t5d5cy to ?r[ out 9 "t a     
gummy exudation1 :i* settles on ! w+s ( 
! insects & utt]ly ru9s !m4 ,?is rem>k  
applies also to cab9ets = eggs4  ,!     
frames :i* hold ! cov]+ glass %\ld      
pref]ably fit by a tongue re/+ 9 a      

groove1 pl\gh$ ) a fili/] 9 ! sub/ance (
 ! draw] itself4 ,a fillet %\ld re/     
inside1 fitt+ aga9/ ! inn] edge ( !     
frame1 :i* %\ld also be l9$ ) velvet1 to
 fur!r exclude ! du/4 ,draw] & frame    
%\ld be made s true t ! latt] %\ld fit  
back to front1 if requir$1 equally ) its
 normal position4 ,! c>case1 or "p into 
:i* ! draw]s fit1 ei!r by runn]s or 9   
grooves by tongues atta*$ to ! draw]s1  
%\ld be made s truly t ,no4 #a draw]    
%\ld fit 9 ! place ( ,nos4 #ae or #cj1 &
 vice v]sa1 & all %\ld suck back :5     
pull$ out half way4 ,! draw]s %\ld be   
look$ by pila/]s1 or h glaz$ & fram$    
doors4  ,!re are b few mak]s ( su*      
cab9ets z ,i h j describ$1 & prices are 
proportionately high1 a sov]eign a draw]
 be+ ab\t ! figure4 ,fair cab9ets 9     
mahogany or walnut1 q good en\gh4 ord9>y
 purposes1 c be made1 h[ev]1 = half ?is 
sum1 & deal ones a little less4 ,! cork+
 ( ^! be/ cab9ets is g5]ally done be=e !
 bottoms are fix$1 z ?us an op5 surface 
is obta9$ = rubb+ d[n1 by leav+ out !   

bottom until cork$4 ,:ite or black      
velvet1 in/ead ( pap]1 is (t5 us$ to    
cov] ! cork4  ,"s little skill is       
requisite to d ?is )\t soil+ ! delicate 
mat]ial2 ! be/ way is1 p]haps1 to glue !
 cork on c>dbo>d1 cut to ! size ( !     
draw]1 less ! ?ickness ( ! velvet all   
r\nd2 on ?is glue ! cork1 rub x d[n z   
be=e direct$1 & /ra9 ! velvet ov] x1    
br++ its edges und]nea? ! c>dbo>d2 glue 
! bottom ( ! cab9et draw]1 & drop !     
prep>$ velvet-cov]$ cork & c>dbo>d into 
x1 place clean pap] ov] ! velvet1 &     
weight x d[n = a day or two4 ,?is plan  
ensures ! cleanl9ess ( y\r cov]+        
m$ium--a highly necess>y precaution if  
us+ :ite velvet4  ,!re are _m o!r ways (
 fitt+ glass to draw]s ?an t recomm5d$4 
,= in/ance1 a h+$ frame may be us$1     
dropp+ 9 a rabbet1 pl\gh$ ar\nd ! front1
 back1 & sides ( ! draw]s2 or ! top     
frame may h a tongue fitt+ inside ! :ole
 sub/ance ( ! draw]1 or ! glass may be a
 fixture1 bead$ or putti$ 9 on top1 !   
:ole ( ! bottom unscrew+ f ! draw]      

frame4 ,?is latt] is v well = a         
collection :5 fully made up & complete1 
b if requir$ = an incomplete collection1
 ! risk & annoyance ( unscrew+ & screw+ 
up1 to con/antly remove or ins]t a      
specim51 are great4  ,9 view ( ! almo/  
impossibility ( keep+ du/ out ( ev5 !   
be/-made cab9et draw]s1 if made on !    
top-lift+ sy/em1 & also to d away ) !   
screws1 ,i h devis$ :at ,i call !       
du/-pro( cab9et draw]4 ,! glass is bead$
 & putti$ 9 z a fixture on ! top ( !    
draw]1 ei!r f ! inside or out4 ,at !    
usual di/ance f ! glass1 to cle> ! p9s1 
a /rip is fix$ all ar\nd ! frame ( !    
draw]4 ,bel[ ?is1 at a dep? settl$ by ! 
?ickness ( ! bottom1 a groove runs all  
ar\nd1 except at ! back1 :i* is cut out 
up to ! bottom edge ( ! groove4 ,!      
bottom1 :5 cork$ & pap]$1 fits inside ! 
frame1 butt+ up to ! /rip :i* clips x   
all ar\nd to ab\t ! wid? ( #j4be 94 ,a  
false bottom n[ slides 9 ! groove bel[1 
& fa/5s ) a cat*1 mak+ all p]fectly     
secure & altoge!r du/ pro(4  ,if well   

made1 ?is draw] is easy to op51 z1      
directly ! false bottom is remov$ ! inn]
 "o slips d[n & is f\nd on ! table :5 ! 
upp] "p is lift$ (f4 ,! only ?+ to be   
said aga9/ ?is draw] is t ! fronts %[ a 
little deep] ?an usual to all[ = ! extra
 bottom4  ,a modification ( ?is is a    
closely glaz$ cab9et draw]1 ) a false   
cork$ bottom1 loosely held d[n by a slip
 affix$ to ea* side ( ! draw]1 & slid+  
out f ! back2 manag$ by h++ ! back piece
 or fix+ x by brass eyes & hooks4 ,note1
 t all loose flaps to draw]s or         
door-frames1 9 be/ cab9et-"w1 %\ld be   
work$ & fitt$ by ,du/-jo9t planes4 ,?is 
r$uces risk & du/ to a m9imum4          
,,p9s4--,! p9s us$ are ^? call$         
entomological1 & are made 9 v>i\s sizes 
to suit v>i\s insects4 ,an insect %\ld  
be p9n$ ) "o ( ^! exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ! 
back1 runn+ ?r\gh truly to ! und]nea?1  
slant+1 h[ev]1 a little d[nw>d t[>d !   
body1 ?us ?r[+ ! p9's head a little     
=w>d1 b exactly 9 a l9e ) ! longe/ axis 
( ! body4 ,^! are specially made by "o  

or two firms only4 ,messrs4 ,d4 ,f4     
,tayl] & ,co1 ( ,birm+ham1 issue a      
sample c>d1 ! mo/ useful sizes ( :i* are
 ,no4 #aa 7at #f;d4 p] oz47 = ! hawk    
mo?s1 ,no4 #ac 7at #f;d4 p] oz47 =      
small] mo?s & butt]flies1 & ,no4 #g 7at 
#bs4 #f;d4 p] oz47 = small mo?s1 & su*  
butt]flies z ! ,blues4 ,i h1 ( late1    
almo/ conf9$ myself to ,no4 #b 7at #bs4 
p] oz471 a long f9e p91 useful = _m     
purposes 7see *apt] ,v74  ,!re are _m   
o!r sizes1 b ^! w be f\nd q suffici5t = 
! beg9n]4 ,^! p9s are also gilt1 "u !   
impression t gild+ t5ds to prev5t !     
corrosion ( v]digris :i* ! juices f !   
bodies ( "s mo?s1 ! ,hepialidae         
especially1 induce4 ,?is is n s2 !      
,cont95tal black v>ni%$ p9s are bett]   
safegu>ds1 b prejudice =bids _! use4    
,messrs4 ,tayl] n[ make all _! sizes 9  
enamell$ black to ord]1 at ! same prices
 z _! gild$ ones4  ,v>ni%+ ! common     
entomological p9s ) a h>d & ne>ly       
col\rless v>ni% has be5 tri$ ) good     
effect1 ?\gh x is a trial ( pati5ce to d

 ?is to p9s "o by "o4 ,really ! only ?+ 
to /op grease appe>+ 9 ! bodies ( mo?s1 
to ! subsequ5t break+ ( y\r p9s & soil+ 
( y\r cab9et pap] or velvet1 is to op5  
all ! insects und]nea?1 take out all _! 
int]nal organs1 c>efully pa9t ! inside )
 a little ( ! corrosive sublimate       
prep>ation 7see ,*apt] ,,iv71 & fill up 
! void ) cotton wool4 ,un=tunately !    
evil ( greasy exudations f ! bodies (   
un/uff$ or l[-set insects does n /op at 
! corrosion ( ! p9s or greas+ ( ! pap]1 
b 9 _m cases ext5ds to ! und]ly+ cork1  
:i* is sometimes s badly greas$ z to    
necessitate ! cutt+ out ( ! damag$ pat* 
to prev5t ! grease reappe>+ :5 ! draw]  
is newly pap]$4  ,,grease ,,&           
,,mites4--,grease & mites are 9 fact !  
btes noires ( ! entomological collector4
 ,:5 y h an insect1 !re=e1 old & greasy1
 b yet too fondly de> to ?r[ 9 ! fire1  
place ! (f5d] on a piece ( cork weight$ 
at ! bottom ) lead & s9k x bodily 9 a   
wide-m\!d bottle1 p>tly full ( b5zol9e2 
leave x !re f a day to a week1 accord+  

to its /ate4 ,:5 x comes out x w look   
ev5 worse ?an be=e1 b aft] be+ cov]$ up 
) a lay] ( p[d]$ *alk1 magnesia1 or     
pla/] ( ,p>is1 x w (t5 come out z good z
 new4  ,i say (t51 = cases occur n[ & !n
 9 :i* no am\nt ( pa9s re/ores ! insect 
to its pri/9e fre%ness2 b ^! exceptions 
are few & f> betwe54 ,mitey insects are 
cur$ 9 a simil> mann]2 9 fact1 ,i w\ld  
advise t all ex*anges be submitt$ to !  
b5zol9e te/4 ,i h also us$ ,wat]ton's   
solution 7see *apt] ,,iv7 to plunge !m  
91 ?\gh #f gr4 ( corrosive sublimate to 
! ounce ( alcohol are ab\t ! proportions
 ( ! ba? = mo/ insects2 b ! _s may be   
increas$1 if1 on trial ) a common insect
 or black fea!r1 x %\ld be f\nd t !     
m]cury is deposit$ z a :ite /a9 on !    
evaporation ( ! _s4  ,rectifi$ ae!r     
7pure7 is a bett] m$ium ?an alcohol =   
rapidity ( dry+ 7especially 9 a         
draught71 b is m exp5sive4 ,no?+1 ,i    
believe1 prev5ts mites 7psocidae7 appe>+
 n[ & !n ev5 9 poison$ insects4 ,con/ant
 c>e1 /uff$ bodies1 & soak+ 9 b5zol9e1  

are ! det]r5t ag5ts2 camphor is a       
pleasant fiction1 s is wool soak$ 9     
creosote1 ph5ic acid1 cajeput oil1      
cry/als ( nap!l91 etc4--9 fact1 x may be
 laid d[n z an indisputable doctr9e t no
 atmosph]ic poison is ( ! slighte/ avail
 aga9/ mites4 ,footnote3 ,see rem>ks on 
?is 9 *apt] ,,iv4 ,get !m to eat poison1
 or dr[n !m & %rivel !m up 9 _s & y may 
settle !m1 b n o!rwise4  ,i h he>d (    
cab9et draw]s suff]$ to rema9 upside d[n
 to prev5t mites gett+ to ! insects2 b  
,i v mu* fe> t su* a plan z ?is1 is on  
all f\rs ) t ( a man :om ,i knew1 :o1   
be+ abroad 9 a ,norfolk-,h[>d infe/$    
c\ntry1 turn$ ! head ( 8 b$ e o!r night 
to puzzle ! enemy6  ,! late ,mr4        
,d\bl$ay1 ! fa!r ( ,engli% entomology1  
nev] admitt$ camphor 9 8 cab9et 7?9k+1 z
 ,i d1 t x conduces to grease71 b us$ ! 
corrosive sublimate prep>ation in/ead1  
to t\* ! und]nea? ( ! bodies ( d\btful  
/rang]s4 ,loose quicksilv] or insect    
p[d] is by "s /rewn among/ _! insects2 b
 ! dang] ( ! fir/ to ! p9s1 & ! untidy  

appe>ance ( ! second1 militate aga9/ _! 
g5]al use4 ,footnote3 ,x is q true t1   
al?\gh camphor evaporates rapidly1 &    
settles on any?+1 s z to be p]ceptible  
ev5 to ! nak$ eye1 yet t x re-evaporates
 & ultimately disappe>s4 ,?is1 to my    
m9d1 is ! mo/ fatal objection to its    
use3 its ready evaporation leav+ !      
insects etc1 ultimately )\t any         
protection4  ,,haunts4--,hav+ giv5 a    
brief outl9e ( ! capture1 sett+ & /or+ (
 an ord9>y insect1 ,i w1 9 z few words z
 possible1 give a %ort hi/ory ( any     
peculi>ities att5d+ ! capture (         
extraord9>y insects4  ,"s butt]flies &  
mo?s 7! autumnal appe>+ species7 live   
?r\gh all ! w9t] hid up 9 holl[ trees1  
ou?\ses1 etc4 appe>+ at ! fir/ rays ( ! 
spr+ sun to lay _! eggs & die4 ,o!rs    
pass ?r\gh ! fro/ & sn[ z pupae1 bur/+  
_! c]em5ts 9 ! sun%9e1 to live _! brief 
life & p]petuate _! race2 o!rs eke out a
 half dormant exi/5ce z m9ute l>vae1    
o!rs pass ! w9t] 9 ! egg /ate4 ,9 fact1 
ea* species has its idiosyncrasy4       

,footnote3 ,"h1 p]haps1 ,i may explode t
 my? & enorm\s gooseb]ry ( ! mild w9t]  
or e>ly spr+1 head$ 9 ! newspap] e ye> z
 ,extraord9>y ,mildness ( ! ,season3 ,we
 are cr$ibly in=m$ t1 ow+ to ! mildness 
( ! pa/ week1 ,mr4 ,william ,smi?1 (    
,dullt[n1 ,blank%ire1 captur$ a spl5did 
specim5 ( a butt]fly1 :i* a sci5tific   
g5tleman to :om x 0 s5t pron\nc$ to be !
 small tortoise%ell ,vanessa1 etc4 ,n[ !
 fact is1 t ,urticae m]ely came out = an
 air+1 awak5$ f its w9t] sleep by !     
extraord9>y w>m? ( ! day1 & x might j z 
likely h be5 %ook up on ! prec$+ ,guy   
,faux or ,*ri/mas-day2 all !            
,vanessidae1 & _m o!rs1 be+ hyb]nators4 
,f> diff]5t1 h[ev]1 is x :5 any ( !     
,:ites--,pi]idae--are se5 or caught4 ,!y
 inde$ d h]ald ! com+ spr+1 z1 ly+ 9 !  
*rysalis /ate ?r\gh\t ! autumn & foll[+ 
w9t]1 "s degree ( cont9u\s w>m? mu/ take
 place 'ere !y c em]ge4  ,! swall[-tail 
butt]fly1 fir/ on "s ,briti% li/s1 mu/  
be s\ght = 9 ! f5s ( ,norfolk1 &        
,cambridge%ire1 & ,nor?ampton%ire4 ,x is

 a /rong fly]1 & requires runn+ d[n1    
unless :5 settl$ on ! head ( "o ( !     
v>i\s umbellif]\s plants x delights 94  
,! cl\d$ yell[ is usually a lov] ( !    
sea-coa/ dur+ ! mon?s ( ,augu/ &        
,septemb]--?\gh 9 t ye> ( /range        
climatic *anges 7#ahgg7 x appe>$ 9      
consid]able numb]s f ! beg9n+ ( ,june1  
:e!r hyb]nat$1 or an e>ly brood evolv$ f
 pupae ly+ dormant ?r\gh\t ! la/ summ]1 
is an op5 "q4  ,! ,purple ,emp]or1 n[ "o
 ( our r>e/ insects 7,i h n se5 x alive 
s9ce ! "t :5 ,i 0 a boy1 & saw x ar\nd !
 oaks ( ,d>5? ,wood71 0 =m]ly captur$ by
 ! aid ( a net fix$ to a pole #cj ft4 or
 #dj ft4 long4 ,b accid5t or sci5ce     
discov]$1 h[ev]1 t ?is we>] ( ,imp]ial  
purple possess$ a v degrad$ ta/e1       
desc5d+1 9 fact1 f ! tops ( ! highe/    
oaks to sip ! juices f any decay+ or    
excrem5tal matt]4 ,n[1 !re=e1 !         
recognis$ bait is a dead dog or cat 9 a 
sev]e /ate ( highness4 ,! gamekeep]'s   
museum 9 ! few places :]e ,iris n[      
resorts may be se>*$ ) advantage1 yield+

 also a pl5tiful supply ( beetles (     
v>i\s sorts4 ,! ,holly ,blue ,i h notic$
 to h a simil> degrad$ ta/e4  ,mud holes
 also 9 hot wea!r attract _m butt]flies1
 z d ! sweet exudations f v>i\s trees1  
or f fall5 or ov]-ripe fruit4           
,occasionally a high-fly+ insect may be 
induc$ to foll[ to ! gr\nd a /one or    
piece ( turf ?r[n up 9 front ( x4 ,!    
p]si/5t mann] 9 :i* "s species w return 
aga9 & aga9 to ! v same spot is some?+  
wond]ful4 ,! same fl[] head1 ! same     
muddy puddle or pat* ( road1 is select$4
 ,! collector1 if foil$ 9 8 fir/        
attempt1 w d well1 !re=e1 to wait = !   
probable return ( 8 prize4 ,c]ta9       
species frequ5t ! *alk di/rict only1    
o!rs woods & s&y lanes2 "s are f\nd only
 high up 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! nor?1 o!rs b 9 
! l[-ly+ valleys ( ! s\?4  ,! sea coa/  
has its specialities1 "s insects ev5    
fly+ well out to seaw>d1 9 cross+ f l&  
to l&4 ,i rememb] a crimson-speckl$     
footman mo?1 ,deiopeia pul*ella1 fly+ on
 bo>d a /eam%ip :il/ we 7 fully a hundr$

 miles f ! ne>e/ l&4 ,no place1 9 fact1 
%\ld be disreg>d$ 9 :i* to se>* =       
insects1 = "s are s exce$+ly local t a  
di/rict ( p]haps tw5ty miles 9 ext5t may
 be se>*$ 9 va9 = a desir$ species1     
until ! collector sudd5ly comes ^u "o or
 two fields sw>m+ ) !m4  ,nor is ?is    
all1 = 9 ! case ( two or ?ree extremely 
local species1 b "o or two spots 9 !    
,briti% ,isles are _! fav\r$ haunts4    
,bean fields 9 fl[]1 clov] & luc]ne     
fields 9 sun%9e1 are fir/-class hunt+   
gr\nds1 :il/ on cl\dy or v w9dy days _m 
butt]flies1 su* z ! ,blues1 may be f\nd 
re/+ on grasses or on tree trunks 9     
woods2 or1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,hair/reaks1  
high] up "u ! leaves4 ,beat+ ! b\ghs ) a
 long /ick w (t5 =ce insects to fly1 :5 
_! pres5ce is unkn[n to u4  ,i h hi!rto 
spok5 ( ! collect+ ( insects by day     
only1 b z !re are _m insects--mo?s--:i* 
appe> b at night1 we mu/ foll[ !m to _! 
haunts1 prep>$ ) lant]n & net4 ,9 ! dusk
 ( ! ev5+1 j z ! sun sets & twilight    
comes on1 we mu/ take our /& ne> ! fl[]s

 frequ5t$ by c]ta9 mo?s4 ,9 spr+ ! blue 
bell1 *]ry1 & apple blossom may be      
wat*$4  ,lat] on1 ! blossoms ( lime     
trees1 fl[]s ( ! honeysuckle1 bramble1  
petunias1 scabi\s1 & a ho/ ( o!rs4      
,nettle b$s also are great hunt+        
localities at ?is "t ( ! ev5+ = _m mo?s4
 ,d>k & %elt]$ h$g][s ( lanes1 fields ( 
m[+ grass1 will[s ne> wat]1 hea!r1 !    
sea%ore1 all add _! quota to ! p]sev]+  
entomologi/4 ,! sall[ blooms 7commonly  
call$ palm71 bo? male & female1 mu/ be  
se>*$ e>ly 9 spr+ "t = ! :ole ( ! g5us  
,ta5iocampa & _m o!r newly-em]g$ or     
hyb]nat$ species4 ,z !y usually drop at 
! fir/ contact ( ! light f ! lant]n1 !  
net mu/ be held "u !m1 or a %eet may be 
spread "u ! bu%1 & ^? :i* d n fall at   
fir/ may be %ak5 (f ! blooms ) a sm>t   
/roke or two ( a /ick4 ,if ! bu%es are n
 high1 h&-pick+ ) ! net held 9 read9ess 
is really ! be/4  ,ivy blooms 9 ! autumn
 are also sure f9ds1 sev]al species--_m 
( great r>ity--be+ tak5 (f ?is plant at 
night4 ,ow+ to ! usual localities 9 :i* 

ivy is f\nd1 ! spread %eet & subsequ5t  
beat+ come 9 m (t5 ?an ! saf] me?od (   
nett+ & bottl+4  ,light is also a great 
attraction to _m mo?s1 "s ( our greate/ 
r>ities be+ captur$ frequ5tly1 inside or
 outside /reet lamps1 & ! spectacle is  
by no means r>e to see a grave & rev]5d 
signor climb+ up ! lamp-po/s at a mo/   
unseemly h\r ( ! night 9 se>* (         
specim5s4 ,ligh?\ses h also yield$      
important captures1 & !re are worse ?+s 
?an be+ on fri5dly t]ms ) ! clean] (    
/reet lamps1 or ! keep] ( a ligh?\se4   
,true1 y w get "s awful rubbi%1 b ! day 
w come :5 ,alni>ia or ,cel]io 7:i* latt]
 ,i once receiv$ alive71 or "s o!r      
r>ity1 w rew>d y\r fai?4 ,light         
surfaces1 su* z :ite clo?s or %eets left
 out all night1 sometimes attract mo?s4 
,,sug>+4--,! great no/rum = captur+ mo?s
 is--,sug>6 ,a leg5d tells t _m ye>s ago
 someone discov]$ 7or imag9$7 t mo?s    
came to an empty sug> cask1 situate     
some:]e 9 a n[-unkn[n l&2 & act+ z !    
,*9aman is said to h done1 9 re ! roa/  

pork--?\ght p]haps t ! virtue resid$ 9 !
 b>rel1 & accord+ly c>t$ x (f into !    
woods1 & 0 rew>d$ by r>ities previ\sly  
unkn[n4 ,a sage subsequ5tly conceiv$ !  
gr& idea t ! virtue resid$ 9 ! sug> & n 
9 ! cask1 & aft]w>ds came ! idea ( an   
improv$ sug>1 made z foll[s3  ,co>se    
br[n sug> 7foots71     #a lb4  ,port]   
7or ale71             #a gill4  ,treacle
 7common71         #j4be lb4  ,rum1     
a w9eglassful or     #j4e qu>t]n4  ,mix 
toge!r ! sug>1 treacle1 & be] 9 a       
saucepan1 & br+ ! mixture to ! boil+    
po9t1 /irr+ x mean:ile4 ,put x 9 cork$  
bottles1 & j be=e y wi% to use x add !  
rum4 ,anise$ is sometimes us$ z !       
flav\r+ m$ium4 ,honey is also sub/itut$ 
= sug>1 & sometimes ! :ole is mix$      
unboil$2 b if ! collector w try ! =ego+ 
recipe1 ! result ( _m ye>s' exp]i5ce1 he
 w1 ,i am sure1 be ?or\ghly satisfi$4   
,! entomologi/ hav+ provid$ himself ) a 
bottle ( ! =ego+ mixture1 a t9 pot to   
p\r x into1 & a bru% to lay x on )1 !   
net figur$ at ,fig4 #df1 ! cyanide      

bottle1 a collect+ box1 & a lant]n1 is  
equipp$ = sug>+4  ,a special sug>+ c may
 be made f a t9 cani/]1 to ! rim ( :i* a
 sort ( funnel has be5 sold]$ 9 su* a   
mann] z to prev5t any spill+ ( !        
cont5ts1 & to ! lid ( :i* a bru% has be5
 affix$4 ,! wood-cut 7,fig4 #ea71 w     
expla94  ,?is is1 h[ev]1 b a fad1 int5d$
 to d :at x nev] does--viz1 keep y\r    
f+]s f /ick+1 & y\r tongue f evil speak+
 ab\t ! mess9ess ( ! sug>4  ,fig4       
#ea--,sug>+ c4  ,all seasons ( ! ye>    
7except :5 too great an abundance ( a   
fav\rite fl[] ab\nds7 yield a c]ta9     
p]c5tage ( mo?s attract$ by sug>4 ,mild 
nights 9 ! dep? ( w9t]1 or 9 v e>ly     
spr+1 sometimes af=d r>ities1 & c]ta9ly 
_m hyb]nat$ common species4 ,w>m1 cl\dy 
nights1 ) a little w9d /irr+1 are       
g5]ally ! mo/ fav\rable2 b "o ( ! be/   
nights ,i ev] _h among/ ! ,pea*         
,blossoms & ,buff ,ar*es 7,?yatira batis
 & d]asa7 0 9 a wood 9 ,w>wick%ire1 :5 !
 ra9 fell 9 torr5ts1 accompani$ ) fi]ce 
lightn+ & ?und]1 f ab\t #aa p4m4 until  

#f ! next morn+4 ,on ?is night ev]y?+   
sw>m$1 a hundr$ or m common ?+s on "o   
pat* ( sug> be+ ( frequ5t occurr5ce4    
,moonlight nights are1 z a rule1 blank  
ones = ! sug>]--7,d ! mo?s fly high to !
 light87--b ,i once _h a gr& capture (  
_m specim5s ( ! sword-grass 7,c4        
exoleta7 on a bright moonlight & v w9dy 
night 9 ,febru>y2 & ,dr4 ,knaggs says t 
on "o occasion he met ) night-fly+ mo?s 
lit]ally sw>m+ on a sug>$ f5ce 9 a field
 once 9 8 possession1 :i!r1 9 ! small   
h\rs1 he _h tak5 a /roll ) a fri5d on ! 
brighte/ moonlight morn+ x 0 ev] 8 lot  
to behold4  ,_m nights :i* appe> ! mo/  
fav\rable w1 on ! contr>y1 be           
unacc\ntably disappo9t+2 n a s+le mo? w 
make its appe>ance4 ,! pres5ce (        
gr\nd-fog1 honeydew1 m attractive fl[]s1
 or a com+ *ange ( w9d or temp]ature    
7no?+ c>+ to /ir 9 an ea/1 nor?1 or     
nor!a/ w9d7 w sometimes acc\nt = ?is4   
,%[]s1 ra91 ?und]/orms1 provid$ !y are  
accompani$ by w>m?1 are1 says ,dr4      
,knaggs1 v fav\rable1 & ! cat* dur+ ^!  

conditions ( ! atmosph]e w g5]ally repay
 ! inconv5i5ce ( a wet jacket4 ,on "o   
t]rible night1 :5 ! lightn+ 0 p]fectly  
t]rific1 almo/ bl9d+ ev51 ?\gh my       
companion's eyes & m9e 7 kept ^u our "w1
 an incr$ible pr(usion ( mo?s ( v>i\s   
k9ds 7 hu/l+ "o ano!r = a seat at !     
fe/ive bo>d1 & cont9u$ ?us to employ    
!mselves until a deluge ( ra9 swept bo? 
sweets & mo?s away f _! positions4 ,on  
ano!r /ormy night1 ,i well rememb] hav+ 
c\nt$ no less ?an a hundr$ & fifty mo?s 
( sev]al sorts & sizes /ruggl+ = !      
possession ( two small pat*es ( sug>4   
,p]haps ! be/ condition ( ! air may be  
describ$ z cl\dy ov]head1 b cle> & free 
f gr\nd-fog ne> ! e>?2 & :5 ?is /ate (  
?+s has be5 prec$$ by sultry wea!r1 & a 
/eady we/1 s\?1 or s\?-we/ w9d is bl[+  
at ! "t1 ! collector ne$ n fe> ! result1
 = he c h>dly fail to be successful4    
,july is usually "o ( ! v be/ mon?s =   
sug>+1 &1 if w>m1 :at c be m *>m+ ?an to
 select a f9e night at ?is season ( !   
ye> & to sp5d x 9 ! woods8  ,j be=e dusk

 get y\r sug> pa9t$ on ! trees1 at ab\t 
! height ( y\r *e/1 9 long n>r[ /rips1  
tak+ c>e n to let any fall at ! foot ( !
 tree or among/ ! adjac5t bu%es 7?\gh ,i
 h sometimes done v well by sug>+ l[ d[n
 ne> ! foot ( ! tree74 ,j z ! nightj>s &
 bats beg9 to fly y w h f9i%$ ! la/ tree
 ( y\r r\nd1 & rapidly retrac+ y\r /eps 
to ! fir/ y w p]haps see a small mo?1 ) 
w+s rais$1 rapidly flitt+ up & d[n y\r  
pat* ( sug>4 ,?is is mo/ probably !     
,buff ,ar*es1 usually fir/ to come2 9   
fact1 dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 x is p]haps z 
well to get ! sug> on at eight o'clock1 
z ,i h kn[n ?is species1 ! ,pea*        
,blossom & ! ,crimson ,und]w+s          
7,catocala promissa & sponsa71 to come  
on ! sug> 9 bright light :ile yet ! la/ 
rays ( ! sun 7 light+ ! we/w>d side ( ! 
tree-trunk1 :5 all ! re/ lay 9 %ad[4    
,fig4 #eb--;,impal]4  ,if y are n facile
 pr9ceps at bottl+1 d n attempt x ) !   
?ree or f\r species nam$ above1 b /rike 
!m ) ! net o at nce1 = !y are ! mo/     
skitti% ( noctuae1 especially 9 ! e>ly  

"p ( ! ev5+4 ,/rik+ d[n su* insects ) a 
p>*m5t-cov]$ battl$ore1 :i* ,dr4 ,gu>d  
,knaggs consid]s inflicts ! lea/ injury1
 or impal+ !m ) a triangle ( ne$les /uck
 9 cork1 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #eb1 or  
ev5 ) a s+le d>n+ ne$le1 has be5        
recomm5d$1 b aft] a trial ,i h come to !
 conclusion t su* plans are clumsy 9 !  
extreme4  ,a little practice w enable ! 
beg9n] to disp5se ev5 ) ! net1 :i* t5ds 
to rub su* da%+ or unquiet insects1 & to
 rapidly cov] !m ) a l>ge cyanide       
bottle1 or1 fail+ ?is1 ) ! in/rum5t %[n 
9 ,fig4 #ec1 :i* is a comb9ation ( !    
drum & cyanide bottle1 & w be f\nd v    
useful = skitti% insects4 ,a1 repres5ts 
a cyanide bottle ) no neck--a w9e or    
g+]-be] bottle cut d[n1 by fil+ x ar\nd1
 & !n tapp+ x sm>tly1 does v well on an 
em]g5cy4  ,fig4 #ec--;,diaphragm bottle4
  ,on ?is is fix$ a t9 cyl9d]1 ,b1 hav+ 
a slot cut 9 at ,d1 9 :i* a diaphragm1  
,c1 works1 & is prev5t$ f fall+ out by a
 /ud fix$ to its inside1 & f fall+      
inside by ! /ud above ,c4 ,to use ?is1 !

 bottom mu/ be /opp$ ) a cork1 ?r\gh :i*
 a piece ( /\t wire is bolt$1 ! wire to 
come up to1 b j und]nea?1 ! slot ,d1    
all[+ ! diaphragm to close4 ,9 action   
?is ma*9e is work$ ?us3 ,suppos+ an     
insect is se5 re/+ on a flat surface1   
su* z pal+s1 a wall1 or ! trunk ( a     
tree1 y hav+ previ\sly remov$ ! cork &  
pull$ ! diaphragm out ( ! slot to its   
full ext5t1 take aim1 z x 71 at ! insect
 ) ! op5 m\? ( ,b1 & rapidly cov] him ) 
x4 ,! mo?1 or :at n1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 
flies t[>d ! light :i* is at ! bottom ( 
! bottle1 ,a2 directly x has done s y   
pu% 9 ! diaphragm1 :i* ( c\rse          
effectually bottles him up4 ,n[ ent] !  
cork 9 ! m\?1 ,b1 & pull out ! diaphragm
 aga9 to all[ ! cork to pass to its     
place 9 ! m\? ( ! cyanide bottle1 :i*   
/opp+ is ( c\rse fatal to ! insect4     
,fig4 #ed--,sug>+ drum4  ,! sug>+ drum  
ref]r$ to is ?us describ$ & figur$ by   
,dr4 -,knaggs2 & x w be se5 t 9 its ma9 
pr9ciple x is simil> to my diaphragm    
bottle1 sans cyanide3  ,?is is a holl[  

metal tube ( two or ?ree in*es diamet]1 
ov] "o end ( :i* a piece ( gauze has be5
 /ra9$1 :ile at ! o!r end a valve1 to   
op5 & %ut ! m\?1 works 9 a transv]se    
slit 7%[n 9 ,fig4 #ed74 ,to use x we op5
 ! valve & deftly place ! m\? ( ! drum  
ov] ! insect :i*1 9 n9ete5 cases out (  
tw5ty1 flies t[>ds ! gauze4 ,we !n seize
 ! opportunity to close ! valve1 & pu%+ 
! cork$ pi/on repres5t$ at ! "r side ( !
 figure aga9/ x1 once m op5 ! valve1 &  
=ce ! capture up to ! gauze1 ?r\gh :i* x
 may be p9n$1 & ! pi/on %\ld !n be      
)drawn ) ! insect /uck ^u x4  ,aft] all1
 ,i l no?+ s well z work+ two or ?ree   
l>ge cyanide bottles 9 ?is mann]3 ,get  
"s #f oz4 or #h oz4 bottles1 ) z l>ge   
m\?s z possible--a confection]'s small &
 /rong glass j> is ab\t z good a ?+ z y 
c get4 ,to ?is h a cork1 cut z tightly z
 possible1 slop+ outw>ds above ! bottle 
"s little di/ance1 to af=d a good grip4 
,fill ) cyanide z be=e direct$1 putt+ 9 
en\gh to make ! bottles "w quickly4 ,:5 
y see "o ( ! re/less hov]+ k9d ( insects

 at y\r sug>1 aim at him /eal?ily1 z x  
71 ) ! m\? ( y\r bottle1 & :5 ne> en\gh 
rapidly close ! m\? ov] him--t5 to "o he
 flies to ! light1 & ) a little         
managem5t y c contrive to get ! bottle  
recork$4 ,let him rema9 9 ! bottle until
 /upefi$1 mean:ile us+ ano!r bottle4 ,:5
 ?is is t5ant$ & ! insect drops1 g5tly  
%ake him into ! fir/ bottle1 us+ ! la/  
to capture ! next insect1 & s on4 ,by   
us+ ?ree bottles y c always h "o        
dis5gag$1 & ! bottl$ insects c ?us be   
all[$ to rema9 a suffici5t "t to g dead 
be=e p9n+4  ,_m insects sit v quietly at
 ! sug>1 b "s few h a na/y trick (      
dropp+ at ! lea/ al>m2 to prev5t ?is1 ! 
:ipcord ( ! net 7,fig4 #dc or ,fig4     
#df71 %\ld be always press$ close to !  
tree to receive !m4 ,! cyanide bottle   
%\ld be held ) ! left h&1 & ! insect    
g5tly flick$ 9 ) a dis5gag$ f+]1 ! cork 
held 9 ! "r h& to close ! bottle z      
quickly z possible4  ,my read]s w say1  
,h[ is ! necess>y lant]n held all ?is   
"t8 ,betwe5 ! tee? by a piece ( wood1 or

 lea!r1 fix$ r\nd ! top or sw++ h&le2 or
 by be+ /rapp$ on ! *e/ at ! height ( ! 
sug> pat*4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 on !       
assumption t y "w solus--n too pleasant 
if 9 a lonely wood = ?ree or f\r days & 
nights4 ,unless y are gre$y1 !re=e1 &   
wi% to make a regul> trade ( y\r        
lonel9ess1 y w f9d t a fri5d1 hold+ !   
lant]n or net :ile y bottle1 is n by any
 means prohibitory to enjoyable         
collect+4 ,two work+ toge!r c get ov] m 
gr\nd ?an "o1 & :at "o fri5d misses1 !  
o!r /ops4  ,f dusk to elev5 on a        
fav\rable night 9 ! summ] mon?s ! fun is
 fa/ & furi\s2 ?\s&s ( mo?s ( ! common  
sorts come & g2 n[ & !n a good ?+ to    
sweet5 ! toil4 ,! ,pea* ,blossoms &     
,buff ,ar*es slack5 at ab\t half-pa/    
n9e1 & d n reappe> until exactly ! same 
light reappe>s 9 ! morn+1 go+ on well   
into ! daylight4 ,9 fact1 ,i h tak5 !m  
/ill com+ to ! sug> z late z a qu>t] pa/
 ?ree1 :5 ! fir/ rays ( ! sun 7 j       
appe>+4  ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s ?+s  
ab\t sug>+4 ,! sw>m+ ( "o species at a  

c]ta9 h\r ( ! night1 _! almo/ total     
disappe>ance1 & _! replacem5t by mo?s ( 
q a diff]5t g5us1 giv+ way aga9 to o!rs2
 !n comes a lull--rem>k$ by             
ev]yone--betwe5 half-pa/ elev5 & "o or  
half-pa/1 !n a ru% aga9 up to daylight1 
:5 !y all disappe>1 save "o or two1 :o  
rema9 until !y tumble dead drunk (f !   
tree--a %ock+ example to ! wood fairies1
 :o are popul>ly suppos$ to draw ! l9e  
at rum6  ,ano!r curi\s ?+ is t y may    
sug> 9 a wood = ye>s & w always f9d     
c]ta9 trees unpr(itable4 ,i rememb] "o  
tree 9 a fav\rite wood1 :i* tree ,i     
sug>$ = ye>s )\t tak+ a s+le mo? f x4 ,y
 c assign no reason = ?is1 z !          
unproductive tree may be precisely      
simil> to o!rs on :i* insects sw>m4 ,z a
 rule1 h[ev]1 r\gh-b>k$ trees are ! be/2
 & smoo?1 or dead or rott5 ones1 ! wor/4
 ,/ill !re is no h>d-&-fa/ l9e 9 ?is4   
,fail+ trees on :i* to put y\r sug>1    
pa9t pal+s1 walls1 bu%es1 leaves (      
plants1 & ev5 fl[] heads3 or1 if work+  
on ! sea%ore1 on :i* sev]al r>e & local 

species are f\nd1 sug> flat /ones1      
rocks1 or ev5 make bundles ( ! mat we$1 
z y w h to d on ! d5es ( ,norfolk or    
simil> places1 & sug> !m4 ,if y are     
entirely at a loss = bu%es or grasses1  
soak "s pieces ( clo? or calico1 be=e   
leav+ home1 9 ! sug>1 & peg !m d[n on ! 
gr\nd1 or /ick !m 9 ! crevices ( !      
rocks1 if ! latt] are1 f any cause1 too 
wet to hold ! sug>4  ,x (t5 happ5s t    
mo?s w come to sug>1 ev5 :5 n fre%ly    
pa9t$ on ! trees4 ,i rememb] once tak+  
sev]al ,crimson ,und]w+s 7,c4 promissa71
 & sev]al o!r ?+s1 on sug> :i* 0 pa9t$  
on ! trees by a collector f\r nights    
be=e ,i arriv$ at ! spot4 ,butt]flies & 
sev]al o!r ?+s are (t5 attract$ by sug>$
 trees1 :e!r old or fre%2 & ,dr4 ,knaggs
 says t by day sev]al butt]flies1 *iefly
 ,vanessidae1 a gr\p compris+ !         
,peacock1 ! ,tortoise%ell1 ! ,r$        
,admiral1 ! ,pa9t$ ,lady1 & ! ,camb]well
 ,beauty1 h a p5*ant = ! sug>1 & may1 by
 ?is means1 be entic$ )9 our rea*2 & !  
,purple ,emp]or has ?us be5 frequ5tly   

entrapp$4  ,sug>+ con/antly 9 ! same    
tract ( woodl& is c]ta9 ultimately to   
yield some?+ out ( ! common1 = mo?s h   
be5 prov$ to fly _m miles 9 se>* (      
natural or artificial sweets1 & ev5 a   
b>r5 locality may be made exce$+ly      
productive by p]sev]+ly sug>+ x4  ,"s v 
curi\s ?+s come to sug> n[ & !n4 ,su*   
insects z beetles1 woodlice1 slugs1 etc1
 are expect$ z a matt] ( c\rse1 b toads1
 dormice1 & bats--all attract$1 h[ev]1  
,i suspect1 z mu* by ! insects z !      
sug>--y d n expect1 nor ! sundry        
cat]pill>s :i* y occasionally c cat*    
sipp+ at ! sweet juice4 ,! ,hawk mo?s & 
,bombyces are popul>ly suppos$ n to     
come1 b ,i h a di/9ct recollection (    
cat*+1 ne> ,woolwi*1 _m ye>s ago1 a goat
 mo? c]ta9ly inspect+ ! sug>1 & analog\s
 b isolat$ in/ances n[ & !n occur4  ,9 !
 grey ( ! morn+1 :5 sug>+ is f9i%$1 x w 
be z well to keep y\r eye on ! h$g][s or
 hea?s y may pass1 z occasionally c]ta9 
insects sw>m at an e>ly h\r1 & n[ & !n  
important captures may be made4  ,be=e  

dismiss+ ! subject ( sug>+1 x may be z  
well to say a few words on lant]ns & *ip
 boxes4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/1 bull's eyes 
are g5]ally recomm5d$4 ,possibly1 ,i may
 be prejudic$ aga9/ !m :5 ,i say t ,i   
?9k !y conc5trate ! gl>e ( light too    
sudd5ly & 9 too n>r[ a focus1 caus+     
!reby _m insects to drop1 :i* ! broad]  
/ream ( light f an ord9>y lant]n does n 
appe> to d to su* an ext5t4  ,i         
recomm5d1 !re=e1 a m$ium-siz$ ord9>y    
lant]n1 ab\t #g 94 high by #d4e 94 by   
#c4e 9 back to front1 fitt$ ) a         
d\ble-wick$ res]voir1 hold+ suffici5t   
oil to burn sev5 or eight h\rs4 ,a screw
 cap %\ld be fitt$ ov] ! burn]s to      
prev5t ! oil runn+ out & spoil+ ev]y?+ )
 :i* ! lant]n may be pack$ :5 travell+4 
,! usual plate glass door %\ld be made  
to op5 f ! front1 ! glass sides1 h[ev]1 
be+ replac$ ) bright metal1 conv]g+ !   
rays f a /rong reflector at ! back2 a   
sw+ h&le %\ld be fix$ at ! top & two at 
! back1 all fold+ close to ! lant]n :5 n
 9 use4  ,pl5ty ( v5tilation1 )\t all[+ 

actual w9d to p5etrate1 %\ld be provid$1
 & only ! be/ colza oil be us$4 ,if made
 to ord]1 a great advantage w be f\nd 9 
hav+ ! "r-h& side to op5 outw>ds 7f !   
back7 in/ead ( op5+ on ! front1 z !     
lant]n c !n be m easily trimm$ :5 /rapp$
 on ! body )\t ! necessity ( its removal
 = t purpose4  ,! *ip boxes1 :i* "s     
entomologi/s use in/ead ( ! cyanide     
bottle to take ! mo?s (f ! trees1 are   
simply ! v>i\s siz$ o9tm5t boxes ( !    
druggi/1 /r5g!n$ by pap]+1 or by pieces 
( glu$ l95 cross+ !m4 ,_m use !m1 *iefly
 ^? ( ! old s*ool1 9 pref]5ce to any?+  
else--,de gu/ibus1 etc4  ,! objections  
to a g5]al use ( ^! boxes are _m4 ,fir/1
 y mu/ provide y\rself ) a l>ge bagful  
or pocketful ( ^! boxes on />t+ out1 z  
"o mo? only goes 9 ea* box1 leav+ "o    
pocket empty on ! rev]se side ( y\r coat
 to receive ! boxes :5 fill$1 9 ord] n  
to mix ! empty ) ! full ones4 ,second1 y
 are n q sure at night z to rubb$ or    
*ipp$ specim5s1 & may f9d 9 ! morn+ y\r 
boxes fill$ ) wor?less ?+s1 :i* a brief 

introduction to ! cyanide bottle w\ld   
long be=e h reveal$4  ,?ird1 ! mo/      
important fact1 t ?\gh !re are _m       
insects :i* re/ quietly :5 box$1 !re is 
a l>ge p]c5tage :i* pass ! "t ( _!      
captivity 9 madly da%+ !mselves aga9/ ! 
walls ( _! prison1 & a box$ insect ( ?is
 turn ( m9d pres5ts a sorry sight 9 !   
morn+1 _m /ages1 9 fact1 on ! wrong side
 ( %abby-g5teel4 ,!n :51 aft] a night's 
sev]e "w1 y are limp+ home 9 ! morn+1   
?9k+ h[ cold x is--until r\s$ to action 
by ! appe>ance ( "s unexpect$           
insect--!n1 inde$1 h[ mu* m cold & holl[
 seems ! _w1 :51 sudd5ly cat*+ y\r tir$ 
foot 9 a /ump or tangle ( grass1 y roll 
ov] on ! full pocket side & he> 7& feel7
 ! boxes bur/ up on ! unhappy mo?s )94  
,i h gone ?r\gh x all1 & ,i don't l x6  
,,assembl+--,i _h almo/ =gott5 to m5tion
 ano!r extraord9>y way ( cat*+ mo?s     
7*iefly ,bombyces71 by :at is call$     
assembl+1 :i* is expos+ 9 a gauze-cov]$ 
box a virg9 female1 :o1 by "s my/]i\s   
p[] calls ! males ( ! same species ar\nd

 h] 9 s infatuat$ a mann] t !y w ev5    
creep into ! collector's pocket 9 _!    
que/ ( ! hidd5 *>m]4  ,9 a highly       
int]e/+ pap] 9 ! ,c\ntry1 ( #bnd ,oct1  
#ahgc1 ,dr4 ,gu>d ,knaggs gave a v full 
acc\nt ( ! !ory & practice ( assembl+1 s
 int]e/+1 inde$1 t ,i v5ture to         
reproduce x 9 ext5so4 ,he says3  ,!     
g5]ally accept$ !ory is t ea* female    
%\ld1 at "o or o!r p]iod ( h] exi/5ce1  
captivate at lea/ "o ( ! opposite sex1  
?\gh x w be f\nd by exp]i5ce t "s       
species possess a f> m pot5t influ5ce = 
?is purpose ?an o!rs4  ,x may be set d[n
 z a rule t females :i* are captur$ at  
re/ dur+ ! "t ( day or night at :i* !y  
%\ld naturally be ^u ! w+ are           
unimpregnat$1 & may be us$ = attract+ ) 
fair *ances ( success4 ,!re may be      
exceptions to ?is rule2 my op9ion       
incl9es to ! belief t ! butt]flies take 
w+ be=e impregnation2 b ( ?is ,i am     
c]ta91 namely1 t ! females (            
butt]flies--at any rate ( c]ta9         
species--h consid]able influ5ce ov] !   

males4  ,d\btless1 too1 !re are _m      
skitti% ,geometrae or sl5d]-bodi$ mo?s1 
& ,pyrales1 or ,pe>ls1 :i* are easily   
fright5$1 ! females ( :i* w ru% f _!    
places ( concealm5t ev5 be=e !y are     
prep>$ to />t on ! mission ( oviposit+4 
,! conv]se ( ?is rule1 t female insects 
captur$ on ! w+ are almo/ inv>iably     
impregnat$1 may be tak5 z an axiom1 at  
lea/ s f> z ! mo? tribe is conc]n$4  ,( 
c\rse females :i* h made _! appe>ance 9 
our bre$+ cages are ! mo/ eligible = !  
purpose ( attraction2 b :5ev] we bre$ ^!
 ) ! int5tion ( us+ !m = attract+1 we   
mu/ be> well 9 m9d t ! re>+ process1    
:e!r f ! *rysalis1 ! cat]pill>1 or !    
egg1 mu/ be conduct$ "u surr\nd+        
conditions ( temp]ature1 etc1 z ne>ly z 
possible resembl+ ^? to :i* !y w\ld be  
subject$ 9 _! natural /ate4 ,o!rwise1 if
 we ret>d _! appe>ance by keep+ our     
bre$+-cages 9 too cool a situation1 we  
%all be too late = our sport1 or at be/ 
capture only worn specim5s2 :ile1 if we 
=ce !m by an unnatural /ate ( w>m?1 !   

males w n h made _! appe>ance at l>ge by
 ! "t we are ready to arrive ^u !       
hunt+-gr\nd4  ,hav+ furni%$ ourselves ) 
a br$ female1 ! next proc$ure w be to   
con/ruct a cage = h] reception 9 su* a  
mann] t ! males w be compell$ to keep )9
 a respectful di/ance1 & =m$ ( su*      
mat]ial z w p]mit ! air to readily      
p]meate ! sides ( ! prison4  ,fig4      
#ee--;,assembl+ cage4  ,! cage 7,fig4   
#ee7 adapt$ to our requirem5ts is a v   
simple affair2 x is =m$ by b5d+ our ?ree
 /rips ( cane ( ab\t equal l5g?s ea*    
into ! =m ( a circle1 & fix+ !m 9 t =m  
by means ( tw9e2 ^! ?ree circul> pieces 
are !n plac$ 9 su* a mann] t !y cross "o
 ano!r at "r angles 7,fig4 #ee71 !reby  
=m+ ! rudim5t>y outl9e ( a holl[ sph]e1 
ov] :i* x is an easy matt] to /ret* &   
tie a piece ( l5o4 ,:5 requir$ = use !  
female may be put 91 ei!r loose or cl++ 
to a twig ( ! l5g? ( ! diamet] ( !      
globe1 & ! l5o ti$ aft]w>ds4  ,! !ory ( 
! peculi> action ( ! female ^u ! s5ses (
 ! males is usually consid]$ to be due  

to a subtle sc5t :i* emanates f h]1 & is
 waft$ on ! breeze to di/ant p>ts2 & x  
is believ$ t by means ( ?is sc5t$ track 
! males are enabl$ to discov] ! :]eab\ts
 ( ! object ( _! se>*4 ,& t ?is w\ld    
appe> to be ! true solution1 no "o :o   
has witness$ ! gr& spectacle ( ! ',k5ti%
 ,glories' or ! ',emp]or' mo?s com+ up  
aga9/ ! w9d c1 ,i %\ld say1 = a mom5t   
d\bt4  ,to be attractive ! female mu/ be
 9 t condition :i* is kn[n by !         
frat]nity z 'call+1' t is1 %e %\ld be   
slightly convuls$ ) tremor1 & ! la/     
segm5t ( ! body %\ld be d5ud$ ( fur4    
,!n1 if ! wea!r be propiti\s--bright =  
su* males z fly 9 ! sun%9e1 w>m at dusk 
= ^? ^: h\r ( flight comm5ces ) ! %ades 
( ev5+--& if also ! w9d be bl[+ /eadily 
f a fav\rable qu>t]1 su* z we/1 s\?1 or 
a g5tle s\?-we/1 we may reasonably hope 
= success4  ,b ! "y collector mu/       
rememb] t x does n by any means foll[ t 
because he captures a female1 say an    
',oak egg>1' on ! w+ 9 ! ev5+1 he has   
detect$ ! "t ( flight ( ! males4 ,9     

fact1 x v frequ5tly happ5s t ! males fly
 9 ! daytime & ! females 9 ! ev5+4  ,9 !
 case ( species :i* inhabit op5 p>ts ( !
 c\ntry1 su* z moors1 mosses1 commons1  
*ases1 f5s1 & fields1 we %\ld take c>e t
 no ob/acle is 9 ! way to prev5t !      
curr5t ( air f c>ry+ ! sc5t freely ov] !
 locality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x be !      
inmates ( a wood or copse :i* we are    
desir\s ( attract+1 we mu/ ei!r select a
 ride d[n :i* ! w9d f9ds its way1 or    
else we %all h to all[ ! breeze to      
convey ! sc5t f "s "p ( ! surr\nd+      
c\ntry to ! outskirts ( ! wood4  ,z a   
rule1 x is q suffici5t = our ends to lay
 ! bait$ cage ^u ! gr\nd1 & !n to lie   
d[n at a little di/ance (f & keep wat*4 
,b 9 "s cases x is advisable to tie !   
cage to ! trunk or bran* ( a tree1 or to
 fix x 9 a bu%4 ,i h f\nd ! latt] v     
effective ) ! r$-belt$ apple cle>w+     
7,sesia myopi=mis71 & no d\bt x w\ld    
also prove s ) o!r species ( ! class4   
,any ,london] :o w\ld l to judge =      
himself c easily manage x4 ,he has only1

 9 ! fir/ place1 to hunt ab\t 9 8 own or
 "s "o else's g>d5 = a h&some little    
cat]pill>1 ( a blacki% col\r1 spott$ )  
p9k1 ) f\r r[s ( ?ick tufts ( yell[i%   
hairs resembl+ bru%es ^u its back1 ) two
 long tufts ( blacki% hairs po9t+ =w>ds 
9 front1 almo/ l horns1 & a simil> "o   
beh9d po9t+ backw>ds1 some?+ l a tail4  
,x eats almo/ any?+1 & is easily re>$4  
,:5 full f$ x sp9s a web1 9 :i* x *anges
 to a *rysalis2 &1 9 "t1 f "s ( !       
cocoons ?us =m$1 spid]-l creatures w    
em]ge & atta* !mselves to ! out] "p ( ! 
web4 ,^! %\ld at once be remov$ 7web &  
all71 & plac$ securely 9 ! cage already 
m5tion$1 :51 if !re be any males ab\t1  
,i w w>rant x w n be long be=e !        
proprietor has a v tol]able idea ( :at  
is meant by attract+ by ! br$ female4   
,,collect+ ,,& ,,re>+ ,,l>vae4--,v _m   
insects are m easily collect$ 9 ! l>val 
or cat]pill> /age ?an 9 ! p]fect "o4 ,e 
tree1 bu%1 or plant1 ! grass1 & ev5 !   
li*5s gr[+ on trees or walls1 produce "s
 l>vae fe$+ on x4 ,x w\ld1 ,i feel1 be a

 "w ( sup]]ogation to attempt to give   
detail$ descriptions ( food-plants & !  
insects fe$+ on !m1 :5 we h a book s    
good & *eap to fall back on z ,m]r9's   
,lepidopt]i/'s ,cal5d>1 :i* gives !     
times ( appe>ance ( butt]flies & mo?s 9 
all _! /ages1 ) localities & !          
food-plants ( ! l>vae1 & ?is = e mon? ( 
! ye>4  ,= br++ cat]pill>s home1 a l>vae
 box is necess>y2 ?is %\ld1 if possible1
 be made ( a cyl9d] ( wire gauze or     
p]=at$ z9c 7see ,fig4 #ef71 capp$ top & 
bottom ) z9c1 ! bottom a fixture1 ! top 
to lift (f1 di%$ inw>d t[>ds an orifice 
) a tube sold]$ 9 x1 :i* is kept cork$  
until x is want$ to drop l>vae d[n x4 ,!
 tube com+ well ?r\gh into ! cyl9d]1 &  
n>r[+ inside to half its diamet] at !   
top1 prev5ts any?+ escap+1 ev5 if ! cork
 %\ld be left out1 & also prev5ts !     
sw>m+ out ( ! enclos$ l>vae1 :i* w\ld   
take place if ! top 7 lift$ (f bodily4  
,wood5 cani/]s1 su* z tobacco is (t5    
/or$ 91 make v good sub/itutes if small 
holes are bor$ 9 ! side4 ,t9 cani/]s1   

or1 inde$1 any?+ made entirely ( metal1 
unless pl5ty ( v5tilation is af=d$1 z 9 
,fig4 #ef1 h a t5d5cy to cause ! enclos$
 l>vae to sweat4  ,"s few h9ts z to     
collect+ l>vae may n be unacceptable4 ,9
 ! spr+1 j z ! buds ( v>i\s l[ plants & 
bu%es break =?1 !y %\ld be se>*$ by     
night1 by ! aid ( a lant]n1 = ! l>vae ( 
v>i\s noctuae & geometrae !n fe$+4 ,!   
be/ plants to se>* w be ! m\nta9 a%1    
bilb]ry1 honeysuckle1 & bramble1 giv5 9 
_! ord] ( m]it4 ,_m o!r plants may be   
advantage\sly se>*$1 9 fact1 all l[     
plants & bu%es ought to be well look$   
ov] by ! p]sev]+ collector4  ,lat] on1  
sweep+1 i4e1 pu%+ a /rong r+ net ?r\gh !
 grass1 may be resort$ to4 ,! net = ?is 
%\ld be made ( /rong wire 9 ! %ape ( !  
net at ,fig4 #df1 or #dc1 if )\t !      
jo9ts1 a bag ( /rong d[las & a /ick are 
atta*$1 & ! front squ>e-end$ "p is pu%$ 
by ! collector ?r\gh ! grass1 9 ord] to 
trap any l[ fe$+ or invisible insects4  
,:5 ! leaves are fully out on ! trees1  
beat+ w %ake _m l>vae1 pupae1 c]ta9     

mo?s1 beetles1 etc1 into ! net or %eet  
spread to receive !m1 ,bo? sweep+ &     
beat+ may be practis$ by night z by day4
  ,! situations 9 :i* l>vae are f\nd are
 _m1 "s roll+ !mselves 9 nettle1 oak1 or
 o!r leaves2 o!rs bor+ into ! sub/ance (
 ! wood itself1 & "s fe$+ 9 ! /ems (    
v>i\s bu%es1 plants1 re$s1 etc4 ,= life 
hi/ories ( su* consult ! pages ( !      
,entomologi/'s ,mon?ly ,magaz9e1 or     
,entomologi/1 bo? publi%$ e mon? at     
#f;d4 ea*2 or ,newman's ,briti%         
,butt]flies & ,briti% ,mo?s1 publi%$ z  
complete volumes at4 #gs4 #f;d4 & #bjs4 
respectively4 ,^! latt] are ! f9e/ works
 at ! price 9 any language :atev]1 giv+ 
figures--p]fect specim5s ( ! wood       
engrav]'s art--( ! :ole ( !             
,macro-,lepidopt]a1 back$ up by         
exhau/ive descriptions4  ,fig4          
#ef--;,cage = collect+ l>vae4  ,digg+ 9 
! dead mon?s ( ! ye>1 :5 ! wea!r is     
mild1 = pupae1 is ano!r me?od ( gett+   
insects4 ,corn]s :]e roots meet or spr+ 
f ! trunks ( trees1 are good h>b\rs (   

refuge = pupae2 s are inn] angles (     
walls1 und]nea? %elt]$ h$g][s1 or "u    
isolat$ trees 9 p>ks or mead[s1 & a ho/ 
( o!r spots4  ,! be/ places = digg+ are 
n always1 z y w\ld suppose1 9 ! ?icke/  
p>ts ( woods or %rubb]ies1 b "u skirt+  
trees or 9 av5ues4 ,! be/ times = pupae 
are f ,octob] to ,janu>y4 ,_m p atta9   
great pr(ici5cy 9 f9d+--! ,rev4 ,joseph 
,gre5e1 to wit4 ,= my own "p ,i mu/     
confess t ,i h nev] e>n$ my salt at x1 b
 t is possibly due to want ( skill or   
p]sev]ance4  ,! tools requir$ are simply
 a tr[el1 a curv$ piece ( /eel fitt$ 9 a
 h&le1 or a ?ree-corn]$ in/rum5t simil> 
to1 b small] ?an1 ! scrap] us$ by       
%ipwrights2 any?+1 9 fact1 h&y to c>ry1 
& efficaci\s 9 scrat*+ up ! sod at !    
roots ( trees1 or te>+ (f ! pseudo-knots
 ( b>k :i* veil ! pupae ( v>i\s mo?s4   
,:5 l>vae or pupae are br\ght home1 x w 
be necess>y to place !m 9 some?+ :i*1   
?\gh reta9+ !m 9 captivity1 yet all[s !m
 z natural conditions ( liv+ z is       
possible 9 a circumscrib$ space4 ,pupae1

 may be kept 9 a fl[] pot cov]$ ) e>?1  
or 9 moss damp$ f "t to "t ) wat] ( n   
too cold a temp]ature4 ,ov] ! fl[] pot  
may be /ra9$ two pieces ( wire or cane1 
cross+ ea* o!r 9 ! =m ( ar*es1 ! :ole   
cov]$ ) musl92 or a h&i] plan to get to 
! insects quickly :5 em]g$1 or to damp !
 pupae1 is to procure f ! glass m]*ant !
 wa/e cyl9d]s ( glass cut f %ades1 pa/+ 
ov] "o end ) l5o or musl91 & plac+ ! o!r
 9 ! fl[] pot on top ( ! e>? or moss4   
,?is also makes a *eap sub/itute = !    
bre$+ cage = l>vae1 if a little e>? only
 is put 9 ! fl[] pot 9 :i* a bottle (   
wat] is plac$ conta9+ ! food plant4     
,wire gauze cyl9d]s are h&y z af=d+     
pl5ty ( air to delicate l>vae4 ,b&boxes 
) a squ>e piece cut out f ! top lid1 !  
hole ?us made cov]$ ) musl91 w d v well 
= bre$+ a quantity ( a h>dy common sort4
  ,fig4 #eg--;,insect bre$+ cage  ,!    
usual wood5 bre$+ cage is %[n at ,fig4  
#eg4 ,?is requires h>dly any            
explanation3 ,a is a glass door1 ,b ,b  
,b are sides & top ( p]=at$ z9c1 ,c is a

 tray fitt+ inside1 :]e dott$ l9es are  
%[n1 to hold ! e>? 9 :i* ! bottle ( wat]
 hold+ food is plac$1 or :]e ! l>vae    
bury !mselves to *ange to pupae4        
,prop]ly1 ! inn] tray ( box ,c %\ld be  
con/ruct$ ( z9c p]=at$ ) a few holes at 
! bottom1 9 ord] t x may be lift$ out to
 all[ ! pupae to be well damp$ :5 =c+4  
,footnote3 ,= ^? l>vae ( butt]flies &   
mo?s :i* d n require e>?1 x w be        
suffici5t to h a z9c pan1 ) cov]$ top   
p]=at$ ) holes1 9 :i* ! /alks ( ! food  
plants be ins]t$ 9 ! wat] :i* fills !   
pan1 ^: cov]+ prev5ts ! insects f dr[n+ 
!mselves !re94  ,=c+ is a me?od adopt$  
to cause any mo? to em]ge at !          
collector's w1 & sev]al mon?s be=e its  
prop] "t1 x hav+ be5 prov$ t c]ta9 mo?s 
m ?an o!rs die 9 ! *rysalis or pupa /ate
 if left to g _! full "t1 notably !     
,dea?'s ,head1 ! ,spurge1 & o!r hawks4  
,! be/ "t = =c+ is ab\t ,*ri/mas1 & !   
conditions are simply heat & moi/ure1 ! 
pupae be+ plac$ ov] a _s lamp1 9 a      
ho?\se1 on ! kit*5 mantelpiece1 or by ! 

fire grate ev51 kept = a week or s at a 
temp]ature ( #he deg4 or !reab\t1 &     
con/antly damp$ ) moss wrung out 9 w>m  
wat]4 ,be> 9 m9d t heat )\t moi/ure w n 
d by any means4  ,! bre$+ cage itself   
ne$ n be us$1 b only ! tray1 provid$ t  
gauze is /ret*$ ov] 9 su* a mann] z to  
all[ room = ! mo? to dry its w+s on     
em]g5ce4 ,b if ! :ole ( ! bre$+ cage 7  
made ( fram$ z9c 7su* z aqu>ia are made 
(71 & ! glass & p]=at$ z9c fix$ 91 !    
co/1 ?\gh great] at fir/1 w\ld be m ?an 
c\nt]balanc$ by its great] /r5g?1 )     
lightness & capability ( resi/+ we> &   
te>1 add$ to :i* is ! advantage ( be+   
us$ z a :ole dur+ ! op]ation ( =c+1 wood
 n /&+1 ( c\rse1 ! heat & moi/ure       
necess>y4 ,bre$+ cages %\ld n be pa9t$4 
,fre% food1 & pl5ty ( x1 %\ld1 if       
possible1 be suppli$ to ! l>vae4 ,dry   
food is1 z a rule1 ! be/1 ?\gh ! l>vae (
 "o or two ( ! =eign ,saturnidae require
 _! food to be spr9kl$ ) wat]1 &        
sometimes ev5 ) ! addition ( salt1 to   
make !m ?rive4 ,mo?s on em]g5ce %\ld n  

be kill$ at once1 z !y are !n too       
flaccid1 & h n suffici5tly purg$        
!mselves4 ,yet !y %\ld n be left too    
long or ov] night1 z !y (t5 fly at t "t1
 & knock !mselves ab\t 9 ! cage1 to !   
detrim5t ( _! beauty2 de/roy+1 9 fact1 !
 :ole aim & end ( bre$+1 :i* is ( c\rse1
 in/itut$ to procure specim5s = ! cab9et
 z f9e z x is possible to get !m4  ,9   
collect+ insects x is always z well to  
be> 9 m9d t a worn female1 ?\gh n ( !   
slighte/ use to ! entomologi/1 unless %e
 c be induc$ to lay 9 conf9em5t1 may    
become ! prog5itor ( _m1 & may ?us af=d 
y dur+ ! next season great pleasure 9   
collect+4 ,?is be+ s1 ,i %\ld l to      
impress ^u my read]s 7! "y especially7 !
 propriety ( giv+ all insects1 n        
actually noxi\s1 heir lib]ty1 if on     
exam9ation !y prove to be useless z     
specim5s4 ,^! rem>ks apply also to !    
case ( hyb]nat$ females4 ,_m female     
insects1 ?\gh unwill+ to lay 9          
conf9em5t1 may be wat*$ at l>ge1 & !    
fl[]s & plants on :i* !y h f "t to "t   

re/$1 se>*$ = _! eggs4  ,9 conclud+ ?is 
*apt]1 ,i feel t ,i might h said mu* m  
^u ne>ly e section--h expla9$ _m new    
dodges1 & s =?1 7 x n t ! limit ( space 
has be5 rea*$4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 may be    
not$ z an omission1 & t is !            
recomm5dation z to :at books %\ld be    
procur$ by ! "y entomologi/4 ,?is is s  
difficult a matt]--dep5d+ entirely ^u ! 
aim ( ! individual--t ,i pref] to leave 
x an op5 "q1 m]ely mak+ ! g5]al /atem5t 
t ne>ly all our advanc$ sy/ems are f\nd$
 ^u ! lab\rs ( ,g]man & ,fr5*           
entomologi/s4 ,footnote3 ,mr4 ,wm4      
,wesley4 ,essex ,/reet ,/r&1 ,london1   
publi%es mon?ly a ,natural ,hi/ory ,book
 ,circul>1 :i* he w s5d to naturali/s if
 ask$4  ,,*apt] ,,xvi4  ,,on ,,natural  
,,hi/ory ,,museums1 ,,) ,,special       
,,ref]5ce ,,to ,a ,,new ,,sy/em ,,(     
,,pictorial ,,arrangem5t ,,(            
,,v]tebrates4  ,i ,,mu/ confess t1 at "o
 "t1 ! consid]ation ( ! be/ me?od (     
deal+ to advantage ) ! limit$ space     
usually exi/+ 9 ! old] prov9cial museums

 w\ld h dismay$ me4 ,ev5 at t "t1 h[ev]1
 ,i _h glimm]+s ( ! bright] light :i*   
has s9ce illum9$ ! way1 & ,i 01 p]haps1 
aid$ by ! p]si/5t mann] 9 :i* ,i haunt$ 
museums bo? abroad & at home1 until at  
la/ ,i nev] w5t on a j\rney )\t manag+  
to break x1 or to make x end at ! !n    
summum bonum ( my happ9ess--a museum4   
,l ,diog5es1 ,i w5t ab\t ) my lamp to   
f9d1 n an hone/ man1 b an hone/         
museum--a museum ) "s orig9ality1 & ) "s
 def9ite idea z to its sph]e ( "w4      
,leav+ out1 ( c\rse1 su* complete &     
te*nical in/itutions z ! ,museum (      
,geology1 ! ,museum ( ! ,college (      
,surgeons1 & su* in/itutions :i* really 
h a motive 9 view--/eadfa/ly adh]$      
to--,i saw1 !n z n[1 t e prov9cial      
museum 0 no?+ if left to its own        
devices1 &1 if inspir$1 01 at ! be/1 b a
 sorry & s]vile imitator ( ! wor/ po9ts 
( our national museum4  ,ev]yone mu/ h  
obs]v$1 no d\bt1 9 any prov9cial museum 
:i* dates back ?irty or =ty ye>s1 t !   
great curse ( ! collection1 s to speak1 

is sket*y v]satility4 ,9 walk+ ?r\gh !  
usually dry-z-du/ collections y f9d     
numb]s ( v atroci\sly-r5d]$ mammals1 a  
great] spr9kl+ ( fun]eal &              
highly-disreputable birds1 "s           
extremely-protract$ fi%es1 "s *ipp$     
insects1 & a lot ( %ells1 *iefly m>9e1  
:i* sugge/ association ) ! ^w /ores4 ,i 
allude to ^? odds & ends :i* p d n want 
!mselves1 & :i* are1 !re=e1 s k9dly     
br\ght z an (f]+--w\ld ,i might say a   
burnt "o--to any in/itution s reckless (
 consequ5ces z to admit !m4  ,ne>ly all 
museums ( e>ly days 7 imitators ( !     
,briti% ,museum1 :il/ ^? ( lat] days    
affect ! new] treatm5t ( ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 
,h5ce1 9 walk+ ?r\gh any museum1 a      
te*nical obs]v] c easily detect ! s\rces
 ( inspiration & ! l9es ( dem>cation    
betwe5 ! old & ! new4 ,really x am\nts  
to ?is1 t h>dly any in/itution 9 ,engl& 
?9ks = itself4 ,museum au?orities1 l    
%eep1 foll[ ! lead ( ! mo/ anci5t       
bell-we!r2 & ! reason ( ?is is n f> to  
seek4 ,curators1 z a rule1 are m5 ) "o  

hobby--"o-horse m51 z ! ,am]icans s     
aptly put x--sometimes wise1 sometimes  
o!rwise1 b 9 _m cases totally devoid ( t
 te*nical education s mu* ne$$ 9        
reconcil+ ! div]g5t atoms ( !           
in/itutions !y repres5t2 9 fact1 head & 
h& seldom "w toge!r4  ,(t51 ow+ to !    
want ( te*nical advice1 money is wa/$ 9 
m ?an "o dep>tm5t1 cases are too highly 
paid =1 & h n be5 ?\ght out suffici5tly 
z to _! fitness = _! future cont5ts1 or 
! position 9 :i* !y are to be plac$1 or 
! m fatal error has be5 p]petrat$ (     
consid]+ !m z m]ely units ( a c]ta9     
dep>tm5t in/ead ( p>ts ( a :ole4 ,i     
cont5d t if x be necess>y = a civil     
eng9e] or o!r pr(essional man to h ma/]$
 ! v>i\s te*nicalities ( 8 pr(ession1 x 
is also incumb5t on curators to h done  
or to d likewise1 9 ord] t !y may grasp 
! treatm5t ( _! museum z a :ole1 & n    
fall into ! grave fault ( work+ up "o   
dep>tm5t :il/ ignor+ ! o!rs4  ,no?+ is m
 di/a/eful to my m9d ?an t a man 9 !    
position ( a curator %\ld imp]t95tly    

ride "o s+le hobby to dea?1 to ! utt]   
exclusion & detrim5t ( all o!r bran*es (
 k entru/$ to 8 c>e4 ,:at is ! sum total
 ( ?is8 ,9 look+ ar\nd any museum ( old 
/&+ we see tw5ty diff]5t /yles & col\rs 
( cases1 :i* may be briefly summ>iz$ z  
repres5t+ ! eoc5e1 mioc5e1 & plioc5e    
=mation ( cases2 space has be5 wa/$1 or 
n utiliz$ z x might be1 & ! result is a 
confus$ jumble ( odds & ends1 consequ5t 
on "s p]sons consid]+ t ! end & aim ( a 
museum %\ld be ! pres]vation ( bullets  
collect$ by ,h&y-,&y f ! field (        
,arrah-na-,pogue1 ,my ,gr&fa!r's ,clock1
 & s on4  ,?is is c]ta9ly n ! mission ( 
any museum1 nor %\ld x lay itself out ) 
avidity to collect disjo9t$ scraps (    
savage life1 su* z portraits ( ! ladies 
:o ate cold savage & :o--horresco       
ref]5s6--drank 8 blood4 ,footnote3 ,a   
fact6  ,su* a museum object z ?is1      
awfully1 yet ludicr\sly1 rem9ds me ( t  
%[man :o entic$ 8 audi5ce 9 )--,"h y'll 
see ! ,duke ( ,vell+ton at ! battle (   
,vaut]loo1 ) ! blood all a-runn5 d[n 8  

fut1' or ( poor little ,totty 79 ,hel5's
 ,babies71 :o lov$ to he> ab\t ,b'liaff 
& 8 headlessness1 & ! sword t 0 all     
bluggy4 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 "o ( ! mi/akes 
:i* mo/ museums fall into4 ,!y collect a
 va/ quantity ( rubbi% utt]ly useless to
 anyone b a s*oolboy or a %[man1 & 9    
consequ5ce !y f9d valuable space wa/$ to
 make way = tops ( teapots1 bits (      
lea!r1 ,kaffirs' or ,zulus' knives made 
9 ,%effield1 native ornam5ts1 9 beads & 
brass1 made 9 ,birm+ham1 & su*-l memb]s 
( ! great family ( curios4 ,all su* z ^!
 %\ld be firmly & respectfully decl9$   
)\t ?anks4 ,footnote3 ,:5 ,i fir/ came  
to ! ,leice/] ,museum ,i 0 reque/$ to   
pres5t to ! ,museum & enclose 9 a       
suitable receptacle--,no4 #a1 a piece ( 
?ick lea!r1 :i* ! donor ?\ght j ! "r    
?ickness = ! heel ( a boot2 & ,no4 #b a 
teapot lid ) no p>ticul> hi/ory1 only   
t--z ! dame :o br\ght x phras$ x--maybe 
x's summat old4  ,i h spok51 9 some:at  
sacrilegi\s t]ms1 ( imitation ( ! wor/  
po9ts ( ! old ,briti% ,museum & ( ,s\?  

,k5s+ton 7,i don't mean ! new ,natural  
,hi/ory ,gall]ies1 b arti/ic ,s\?       
,k5s+ton72 b p]haps ,i may be =giv5 :5  
,i /ate t ,i consid]1 & always consid]$1
 ! weake/ "p ( our old natural hi/ory   
gall]ies at ,bloomsbury 0 ! arrangem5t (
 all ! mammals1 birds1 etc1 9 t         
provok+ly =e-&-aft mann] 7spok5 ( be=e71
 on un9t]e/+ /&s or p]*es 7hat-pegs7 su*
 z ! skeletons 9 ,plates ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 
are repres5t$ on4  ,?is1 :i* 01 p]haps1 
inevitable 9 a national collection      
pr(ess$ly %[+ to ! public e species (   
bird & mammal 9 ! lea/ possible space1  
is unp>donable 9 a prov9cial museum1 :i*
 has n ! task impos$ ^u x ( attempt+ to 
vie ) ! national collection 9 po9t (    
numb]s4 ,prov9cial museums1 !n1 if      
elect+ to %[ only animals collect$ 9 _! 
imm$iate vic9ity or c\nty 7:i* "s       
au?orities--( :om anon--say is ! only   
raison d'tre ( a prov9cial museum71 or1 
if elect+ to supplem5t ^! by %[+ a few  
=eign =ms ( /rik+ appe>ance1 fall into  
griev\s error by m\nt+ ! necess>ily few 

specim5s !y c get toge!r on hat-pegs1   
simply because ! national collection1 ) 
:i* !y are n on all f\rs1 sets !m ! bad 
example 9 ?is4  ,n[ = ,s\? ,k5s+ton3 !  
imitation ,i decry is t ( black1 or     
black-&-gold cases1 suitable !          
exhibition ( art treasures1 b           
objectionable = natural hi/ory objects1 
:i*1 usually dre>y en\gh 9 _! abject    
condition on pegs1 are r5d]$ m fun]eal  
by _! black1 or black-&-gold surr\nd+s2 
yet1 ) ^! obvi\s disadvantages1 :at d we
 see 9 "s prov9cial museums8--a s]vile  
adoption ( ,s\? ,k5s+ton eboniz$ cases1 
)\t any ref]5ce to fitness4 ,x is       
positively pa9ful to see elaborately    
c>v$ & gild$ cases1 co/+1 p]haps1 a     
hundr$ gu9eas a-piece1 entomb+ a few    
wret*$ly-m\nt$ specim5s wor?1 p]haps1   
less ?an #e ! lot4  ,i h te*nical       
objections to eboniz$ cases1 :i* ,i am  
sure h be5 lo/ sight ( by all b ! mak]s 
( su* articles4 ,^! are--fir/1 t if     
deal1 or p9e1 or common c$> is us$ to   
make ! cases )1 !y w %r9k1 lose col\r1  

or be easily *ipp$ or d9t$1 becom+ 9 a  
%ort "t useless & %abby2 &1 on ! o!r h&1
 if made by fir/-class mak]s out ( good 
mahogany1 aft]w>ds black$ or eboniz$1 _!
 price is enorm\s1 & out ( all          
proportion to _! appe>ance1 add$ to :i* 
!y get worn on _! edges 9 a %ort "t & %[
 ! mahogany und]nea? 9 r$di%1 ru/-col\r$
 /reaks on _! mo/ prom95t p>ts4  ,h[    
ridicul\s1 !n1 does x seem to cov] up   
s]viceable & h&some 7& exp5sive7        
mahogany ) a coat ( black simply = !    
sake ( gett+ an effect :i* is1 to say ! 
lea/1 depress+6  ,well1 y w say1 y h    
fall5 f\l ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples (    
ne>ly all museums--black cases1 &       
animals on hat-pegs4 ,:at d y propose8  
,i propose1 9 ! fir/ place1 mahogany1   
walnut1 or oak cases2 &1 9 ! second     
place1 ! pictorial m\nt+ ( all specim5s1
 & n only d ,i propose x1 b ,i claim 9 !
 ,leice/] ,museum to h done on a l>ge   
scale :at has hi!rto be5 appli$ to small
 matt]s only4 ,fir/1 z to ! wood2 ,i    
delight 9 oak1 &1 al?\gh ,i "k h[ mu* m 

liable x is to twi/ ?an fir/-class      
mahogany1 yet if ( good pick$ quality1  
dry & s\nd1 & prop]ly tongu$ & fram$1   
!re is n mu* to fe>1 & its light &      
elegant appe>ance is a great ga9 9 a    
l>ge room1 add$ to ?is x improves by age
 & is practically inde/ructible4  ,n[ = 
! pictorial m\nt+ ( specim5s2 & "h let  
me say t1 = any p]son to lay d[n a      
h>d-&-fa/ l9e z to :at natural hi/ory   
specim5s %\ld be1 or %\ld n be1 collect$
 by prov9cial natural hi/ory museums z a
 :ole1 is ab\t z s5sible a plan z say+ t
 a nation z a :ole mu/ dr9k no?+ b be]  
or no?+ b wat]4 ,x is app>5tly =gott5 t 
g5]al pr9ciples _c apply to museums     
rang+ 9 size f #bj ft4 by #ab ft4 to t (
 ,liv]pool ) its sev]al l>ge rooms1 ea* 
"o l>g] ?an ! entire museum ( small     
t[ns4  ,i ?9k x may be laid d[n z a     
common-s5se proce$+ t1 if a prov9cial   
museum consi/s ( only "o or two rooms ( 
! size above giv51 ! manag]s %\ld       
/rictly conf9e !mselves to collect+ only
 ! fossils1 animals1 & plants ( _! own  

di/rict4 ,if1 h[ev]1 l ,leice/]1 !y     
possess a zoological room #hj ft4 9 l5g?
 by #dj ft4 9 wid?1 & ( great height1   
toge!r ) small] rooms1 !n ! proposition 
to /rictly conf9e !mselves to local =ms 
is unwise 9 ! extreme4 ,h[ w\ld x be    
possible to fill s mu* cubic space ) !  
few specim5s--ev5 if ext5d$             
unw>rantably1 & elaborately m\nt$--:i*  
_m ye>s ( ardu\s collect+ might obta98  
,tak+ ! li/ ( v]tebrates ( any midl&    
c\nty1 h[ _m ( !m d we f9d c\ld be      
collect$ if we left out ( c\nt !        
accid5tals8 ,"h is a li/3 ,fi%es1 #bf2  
reptiles1 #aj2 birds1 #aaj2 mammals1 #bf
 7! fox be+ ! l>ge/ ( ^!74 ,footnote3   
,ab\t #hj only1 ( ! #aaj1 bre$ 9 any    
giv5 midl& di/rict4  ,x w\ld be         
impossible to fill ! wall-cases1 if     
prop]ly proportion$1 ) ^! few1 ev5 giv5 
all ! fav\rable conditions ( procur+ !  
accid5tals & v>ieties1 "u t5 ye>s4 ,x is
 q true1 also1 t ! contemplation (      
purely local fauna1 ?\gh giv+ int]e/ to1
 & hold+ undue importance 9 ! eyes ( a  

few m51 :o n>r[ _! views to _! own c\nty
 7:i*1 p]haps1 !y believe 9 to su* an   
ext5t z to seldom pass its b\nd>ies71 is
 mislead+ & ev5 possibly damag+ to !    
/ud5t ( biology1 :o mu/ be %[n1 9 !     
cle>e/ possible mann]1 ! aff9ities--say1
 ( su* a well-kn[n bird z ! h]on1 :i* a 
local collection w tell him1 by means ( 
a huge & unblu%+ label1 is a ,blank%ire 
bird1 %ot some:]e 9 ! vic9ity2 n a ^w is
 said z to its be+ also a ,briti% bird &
 also a ,=eign bird1 ! h]on rang+       
?r\gh\t e c\nty 9 ,brita91 ?r\gh\t      
,europe1 ! great] "p ( ,africa & ,asia1 
& ev5 p5etrat+ into ,au/ralia4  ,! rem$y
 = ?is is a typical g5]al               
collection--runn+ ar\nd ! room1 let u   
say--& a local collection entirely      
di/9ct & sep>ate4  ,fir/1 9 ! /ructural 
necessities ( a museum1 ,i place        
well-light$ rooms--pref]ably f ! top4 ,(
 c\rse1 side w9d[s1 ?\gh giv+ an        
increase ( light1 yet by t v increase   
become objectionable by mak+ cross      
lights1 :i* ! %eets ( glass enclos+ !   

v>i\s objects t5d to multiply2 next1 !  
col\r ( ! walls--?is is v important4 ,"s
 museums h blue or ,pompeian-r$ walls1  
"u ! impression t x suits c]ta9 objects2
 9 ! in/ances ( pictures or /atu>y1 etc1
 x may be "r1 b1 = natural hi/ory       
objects1 no?+ suits !m & %[s !m up bett]
 ?an a light neutral t9t--"o ( !        
t]ti>ies--light5$ consid]ably1 until x  
arrives at a light /one1 v light sage1  
or pale slate col\r4 ,footnote3 ,!      
,leice/] ,museum1 :5 ,i fir/ came to x1 
_h ! walls ( its *ief room1 ! !n        
,curiosity %op1 pa9t$ dull d>k r$1 cut  
up by tw5ty-f\r pila/]s ( ad deep gre5 9
 imitation ( m>ble2 ! ceil+ bad n be5   
:it5$ = tw5ty ye>s1 & ! birds & animals 
on hat-pegs1 9 cases ) small panes (    
glass1 etc1 7 frightfully contra/$ by a 
back+ ( crude1 deep ultram>9e-blue6     
,?ree prim>y col\rs4 ,c\ld human        
p]v]sity & bad ta/e g mu* fur!r8  ,!    
pila/]s1 if any1 mu/ be ignor$1 & bl5d$ 
into ! walls by be+ pa9t$ ( ! same col\r
 z ! rema9d]2 o!rwise1 ! fir/ ?+s :i*   

/rike ! obs]v] on ent]+ are ! walls &   
pila/]s1 & n ! objects2 :]eas !         
impression to be secur$ on ! m9d %\ld be
 exactly ! rev]se ( ?is1 = be sure t1 if
 ! col\r ( ! walls be notic$ at all by !
 casual visitor1 some?+ is radically    
wrong4 ,?is is "o ( ! reasons :y ,i     
pref] light oak wall-cases to any?+     
else1 by _! be+ s unobtrusive1 & n      
divid+ ! room s %>ply into squ>es z !   
black & gold4 ,i v5ture to say t ! fir/ 
?+ noticeable on ent]+ ! zoological-room
 at ,leice/] is ! =m & col\r ( !        
objects1 & ?is is z x %\ld be4  ,hav+ n[
 got light 9 ! rooms f ! top &1         
possibly1 f ! nor?1 supplem5t$ by1 &    
radiat+ f1 ! light walls & ceil+1 we1   
hav+ our oak cases 9 position1 mu/ glaze
 !m ) z l>ge %eets ( plate glass z are  
manageable or z we c af=d2 a v h&y size 
is-say1 #h ft4 9 height by #e ft4 #d 94 
9 bread?1 ?is prev5ts cutt+ up ! enclos$
 specim5s by _m b>s1 enclos+ small      
panes1 s preval5t 9 ! old] museums1     
also1 ( c\rse1 add+ greatly to ! g5]al  

effect4 ,! backs ( ! wall cases %\ld be1
 if ! specim5s are m\nt$ on pegs1 ( "s  
light t9t slightly contra/+ ) t ( !     
walls1 or1 if ! specim5s are to be      
pictorially treat$1 ) s(tly graduat$    
skies applicable to ea* gr\p4  ,p]haps a
 sket* ( ! treatm5t ( ! zoological-room 
( ,leice/] ,museum w\ld help ! read] to 
grasp ! facts ( ! case bett]4 ,9 ! fir/ 
place1 ! walls 7 cut = m w9d[s1 at a    
height ( #ab ft4 above ! floor1 ! top   
light n be+ suffici5t nor prop]ly       
available1 nor end lights obta9able1 ow+
 to ! /ructural defects ( ! exi/+       
build+2 ! ceil+ 0 !n :itewa%$1 & walls  
pa9t$ ( a nice w>m /one col\r1 q        
unobtrusive 9 itself2 ! artificial light
 0 provid$ = by twelve gas p5dants (    
tw5ty-f\r lights ea*1 i4e1 eight arms1  
ea* hold+ ?ree burn]s4 ,! heat+--a mo/  
important matt]1 n only = ! com=t (     
visitors1 b = ! prop] pres]vation ( !   
specim5s--0 manag$ by hot-wat] coils    
runn+ ar\nd ! walls "u ! cases4         
,footnote3 ,i am n at all sure if !     

artificial light+ ( wall cases is n be/ 
manag$ by gas arms %ad$ f ! eye ( !     
spectator1 & ?r[+ _! light into ! cases 
by a hi simil> arrangem5t to t adopt$ = 
light+ jewell]s' & o!r %ops f ! outside4
  ,! cases !mselves 7 fram$ 9 oak1 ris+ 
#aj ft4 f ! floor1 ?us--#a ft4 #c4e 94 (
 pl9? & frames1 enclos+ panell$ grat+s  
to all[ ! hot air to escape2 on ?is !   
wood5 bottoms ( ! range 0 built2 !n #c4e
 94 & #c 94 frame at bottom & top1      
enclos+ #g ft4 #f 94 space = glass1 & #h
 94 frieze m\ld+2 ! divisions ( ea* 7   
arrang$ to suit ! space at disposal to  
repres5t all ord]s ( v]tebrates4  ,!    
doors or sa%es 7 r\nd-head$ & glaz$ )   
plate glass1 ?ree plates ( :i* 7 #g ft4 
#f 94 by #d ft4 #d4e 942 eight1 #g ft4  
#f 94 by #d ft4 #f 942 elev51 #g ft4 #f 
94 by #e ft4 #a 942 elev51 #g ft4 #f 94 
by #e ft4 #b4e 942 "o1 #g ft4 #f 94 by  
#d ft4 #g4e 942 & ?ree1 #g ft4 #f 94 by 
#d ft4 #a 942 ?irty-sev5 plates 9 all4  
,all b twelve ( ! cases 7 #b ft4 #f 94 f
 back to front1 ^! twelve be+ #c ft4 f  

back to front1 all glaz$ at ! top1 to   
admit light1 by glass fix$ 9 iron       
,t-pieces at int]vals ( #b ft4 #f 91    
mak+ two divisions4  ,to ^!1 two cases 7
 subsequ5tly add$2 "o1 #g ft4 #f 94 by  
#b ft4 #f 942 ! o!r1 #g ft4 #f 94 by #f 
ft4 ,! division frames1 be+ rebat$ & l9$
 ) molesk91 _h ! sa%es1 previ\sly glaz$ 
f ! inside1 lift$ 9 & screw$ to !m1 !   
screw heads be+ hidd5 by turn$ buttons (
 oak4 ,i object$ to ^! doors or sa%es   
be+ hung 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 x be+ s      
difficult to h+e l>ge & weighty frames  
)\t dang] ( twi/+ or ( /ra9+ ! surr\nd+ 
p>ts1 to say no?+ ( ! almo/             
impossibility ( keep+ du/ f gett+ 9     
?r\gh h+$ doors2 accord+ly x 0 felt t1  
al?\gh !re might be a little inconv5i5ce
 9 unscrew+ ! eight or t5 screws :i*    
held !m 9 _! places1 yet t ! tr\ble ( _!
 removal1 n be+ an e-day occurr5ce1 9   
any in/ance1 w\ld be m ?an comp5sat$ by 
! increas$ /r5g?1 & air & du/-pro(      
advantages4  7,t ^! pr$ictions 7 ju/ifi$
 is prov$ by ! fact t ! cases1 be+      

fill$1 7 op5$ at ! end ( #ahhc to all[ (
 _! cont5ts be+ photograph$-)\t !       
int]v5tion ( glass-& ! air :i* !n issu$ 
f !m 0 /rongly *>g$ ) turp5t9e & o!r    
ag5ts us$ ab\t ! birds1 & ! rockwork1   
ne>ly two ye>s be=e1 :il/ n a p>ticle ( 
du/ 0 obs]vable any:]e47  ,^! cases 71 z
 reg>ds workman%ip1 /rongly & well made 
by a local man1 work+ "u my direction1 &
 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 lack+ ! m9ute f9i% (  
su* *ampions ( case-mak+ z ,sage1 yet1  
tak+ into consid]ation t q #cjj p\nds 0 
sav$ 9 ! con/ruction1 we may be fairly  
pr\d ( our success4  ,reg>d+ !          
classification ( ! v]tebrates1 x 0      
admitt$ on all h&s t we might take      
,huxley z our /&po9t2 b ,i felt t1 9 ?is
 age ( speciali/s1 we ought to be guid$ 
by ^? :o1 tak+ ! lab\rs ( ! lead+       
physiologi/s & m5 ( sci5ce = _!         
gr\ndwork1 compil$1 s to speak1 f ^!    
results1 & be+ anatomi/s & m5 ( great   
le>n+ !mselves1 7 g5]ally accept$       
?r\gh\t ! _w z ! lead+ expon5ts ( !     
bran* ( biology !y repres5t$4           

,accord+ly ! plan 0 sket*$ out1 &1      
select+ ,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4 ,fl[]1        
,f4,r4,s1 ! presid5t ( ! ,college (     
,surgeons1 = ! mammals2 ,dr4 ,p4 #a4    
,sclat]1 ,f4,r4,s1 secret>y ( !         
,zoological ,society1 = ! birds2 & ,dr4 
a4 ,c4 ,gu5!r1 ,f4,r4,s1 *ief ( !       
,briti% ,museum1 = ! reptiles & fi%es1  
,i submitt$ my plans to ea* g5tleman1 :o
 did me ! hon\r to return !m correct$   
:]e necess>y4 ,s9ce !n ,i h slightly    
modifi$ :]e ! late/ views ( ^! great m5 
h und]gone "s slight *ange2 & n[ ! s*eme
 ( our zoological room is z 9 !         
accompany+ plan 7see ,plate74  ,( c\rse1
 = purposes ( conv5i5ce & ref]5ce1 a    
l9e> arrangem5t has be5 adopt$1 b x w n 
be necess>y to po9t out t no actual l9e>
 arrangem5t c exi/ 9 nature1 ! *a9 be+  
brok51 n only 9 l9ks1 b by l>ge portions
 be+ twi/$ (f4 ,r may we lik5 biology to
 a tree ^: bran*es ramify 9 _m          
directions f ! ma9 trunk ( life4  ,!    
classification--sup]s$+ ! old1          
unsci5tific ,vigorsian & o!r sy/ems1    

f\nd$ on ext]nal *>act]i/ics--be+ decid$
 on1 ! /yle ( m\nt+ ( ! specim5s _h to  
be settl$4 ,! peg sy/em 0 to be disc>d$2
 b "h occurr$ ! mo/ s]i\s hit* ( all4 ,9
 accordance ) ! plan n[ be+ pursu$ 9 _m 
prov9cial museums1 x 0 wi%$ by "o p>ty  
to elevate ! local exhibits into undue  
importance1 at ! exp5se ( g5]al zoology1
 by tak+ up mu* m ( ! room at disposal  
?an 0 practicable or necess>y4  ,plate  
,v4 ,arrangem5ts ( v]tebrates 9         
,zoological ,room4  ,! sugge/ion 0 to   
furni% cases ( a c]ta9 size1 "o or m (  
:i* 0 to be devot$ to ea* ord] (        
animals4 ,tak+ birds 7= conv5i5ce7 z !  
/&po9t1 we 7 to place on ! gr\nd l9e    
local birds1 male & female1 ) ne/ & "y1 
& eggs1 m\nt$ ) appropriate accessories1
 9 ! mo/ complete & arti/ic mann]4 ,?is 
division tak+ up #c ft4 #f 94 9 height  
out ( a possible #h ft1 leav+ #d ft4 #f 
94 to be dispos$ ( ?us--ano!r division =
 ,briti% birds :i* h nev] be5 f\nd 9 !  
locality4  ,^! ,briti% 7 to be 9 pairs1 
b n v well m\nt$1 & )\t ne/s & "y4      

,above ^!1 aga91 ano!r l9e1 exhibit+ a  
few ( ! mo/ /rik+ typical =eign birds4  
,^! ,=eign birds 7 n to be well m\nt$1 b
 pla9 /uff$4 ,x 0 claim$ = ?is t ea*    
ord] w\ld be di/9ct1 & t !re w\ld be !  
be/ opportunity ( comp>+ ! local birds )
 ^? ( ,brita9 g5]ally & ( ! :ole _w1    
:ile a real notion ( ! life ( birds w\ld
 be convey$ by ! full portraiture ( ^?  
=ms ) :i* ! local visitors w\ld be mo/  
famili>1 mak+ !m di/9ct items ( k 9 a   
mann] sc>cely ev] attempt$1 &1 9 fact1  
almo/ impossible ) ! usual me?ods (     
arrangem5t4  ,x is an ela/ic sy/em1     
admitt+ ( _m v>iations1 :ile reta9+ !   
fundam5tal pr9ciple2 & ( all really     
effective sy/ems x is ! lea/ exp5sive1  
because x dep5ds ma9ly ^u objects       
procurable 9 ! locality4 ,! ,leice/]%ire
 species %\ld occupy ! gr\nd l9e1 & come
 up to ! front4 ,! ,briti% species %\ld 
be set back #h 94 to #ab 91 & ! ,=eign  
#ae 94 to #ah 942 b ^! limits might be  
occasionally infr+$ :]e x seems         
necess>y4  ,to give ! read] an idea ( h[

 disproportionate ^! divisions w\ld be  
:5 comp>+ local ) =eign1 see ! diagram  
7,fig4 #eh71 repres5t+ "o division or   
bay m>k$ on ,plan4  ,fig4 #eh--,project$
 arrangem5t ( a biological collection by
 ,s*eme ,a4  ,aga91 x 0 urg$ t ,! ?ree  
sections %\ld be divid$ horizontally1 b 
! l9es ( division ne$ n be /raight4 ,!y 
may be brok5 s z to pres]ve ! pictorial 
effect1 b n to de/roy ! division4       
,reg>d+ ?is "p ( ! cont5tion1 x is only 
necess>y to po9t out t no pictorial     
effects 7 possible "u su* a sy/em1 :i*  
is really a lucus a non luc5do4  ,by ?is
 s*eme1 we h local birds at bottom 7v   
well arrang$71 ,briti% next 7n s well   
arrang$71 & =eign at top 7n well arrang$
 at all71 & ^! arbitr>y & totally       
unnatural divisions 7 suppos$ to drive  
home ! tru?s ( natural hi/ory into !    
m9ds ( casual visitors1 to be applicable
 to all ! dep>tm5ts ( a museum1 s t1 if 
x 7 adopt$1 a uni=m plan might be c>ri$ 
?r\gh ! collections f end to end1 giv+ a
 sy/ematic complet5ess :i* is r>ely f\nd

 9 museums at ! pres5t "t4 ,x utilises !
 breaks & blank spaces 9 e s]ies4  ,nev]
 0 !re a m impracticable !ory broa*$4 ,!
 :ole arrangem5t 0 bas$ on an utt]      
disreg>d ( ! requirem5ts ( sci5ce1 leav+
 out art altoge!r1 &1 worse /ill1 ^u an 
utt] ignorance ( fir/ pr9ciples (       
zoology4 ,may ,i ask if anyone c def9e a
 local bird f a ,briti% bird1 or a      
,briti% bird f a =eign bird8 ,la/ly1 e  
"o %\ld "k t e bird f\nd 9 ,leice/]%ire 
is a ,briti% bird1 & t e ,briti% bird is
 a =eign "o2 & t ea* ( ^! imag9>y       
divisions is be+ con/antly recruit$ f ! 
division imm$iately above x4 ,footnote3 
,!re are b two birds belong+ to !       
,p>idae 7,titmice71 :i* are claim$ z be+
 peculi> to ,brita92 & ^! m]ely on !    
gr\nd ( be+ climatic v>ieties--h>dly    
suffici5t to w>rant ! f\nd+ ( new       
species4  ,= in/ance1 ! gold5 eagle is n
 a local bird1 b x may be s to-morr[1   
%\ld "o /ray f ,nor? ,brita91 z !y      
sometimes d1 & be %ot by "s p]son )9 !  
b\nd>y ( ! c\nty4 ,x !n becomes local6  

,?is bird1 :i* is z di/9ctly =eign--be+ 
f\nd 9 ,europe1 ,nor? ,africa1 ,am]ica1 
etc4--z x is ,briti%6 ,put ?is 91 or    
leave x out ( ! local division1 & :at   
does x tea*8  ,argu+ p] contra1 ! osprey
 has be5 kill$ 9 our own c\nty m ?an    
once2 x is ?us local2 x is also ,briti%1
 ne/+ 9 ,nor? ,brita92 x is also        
di/9ctly =eign1 be+ f\nd positively 9 e 
qu>t] ( ! globe--9 ,au/ralia ev5--%>+ ) 
! common b>n owl ! di/9ction ( be+      
actually cosmopolitan4  ,9 :i* division 
are we to place ?is8 ,x is local1 & yet 
_c be m\nt$ 9 t division1 ) its ne/ &   
"y1 because x has nev] br$ 9 ! ,midl&s2 
b x has br$ 9 ,nor? ,brita91 & might be 
%[n 9 ! ,briti% division fully display$2
 b1 says ?is cont5tion1 :i* ,i h call$  
,s*eme ,a1 no ,briti% specim5s %all be  
m\nt$ ) ne/ & "y6  ,be+ =eign1 x %\ld   
also come 9 ! ,=eign division4 ,:at1 !n1
 c ?is tea*8 ,ei!r ! bird mu/ be repeat$
 9 all ?ree divisions1 or x mu/1 accord+
 to ! =ego+1 appe> only 9 ! local       
division1 ?us act+ an orni?ological lie1

 & lead+ ! unle>n$ to believe t x is a v
 r>e bird1 peculi> only to ,leice/]%ire4
 ,^! examples might be repeat$ ad       
nauseam4 ,! sp>r[1 ! swall[1 ! k+fi%]1 !
 h]on1 ! wild duck1 ! wood-pigeon1 !    
pheasant1 ! coot1 ! woodcock1 ! t]ns1 ! 
gulls1 etc1 are "s common =ms :i* occur 
to me4  ,aga91 !re are five ord]s (     
birds n repres5t$ 9 ,leice/]%ire1 nor 9 
,engl& ev54 ,^! conta9 ne>ly five hundr$
 species4 ,are ^! to be entirely        
elim9at$ f ! collection8 or does x tea* 
any?+ to put c>ds 9 ! ,local or ,briti% 
divisions ( ! p>rot cases to say t no   
p>rots occur 7out ( cages7 9 ei!r       
,leice/]%ire or ,brita98 ,aga91 :at c   
?is tea*8  ,well1 we w take a           
repres5tative gr\p--say1 ! ord]         
,gall9ae1 or game-birds1 &1 tak+ our own
 c\nty ( ,leice/]%ire z an example1 we  
%all f9d t1 al?\gh !re are ne>ly f\r    
hundr$ species ( ?is ord] kn[n1 b elev5 
at ! v outside are claim$ z hav+ occurr$
 9 ,brita91 :il/ b ?ree ( ^! are        
commonly f\nd 9 ! c\nty4 ,i give _!     

names & values "u ea* head+3  ,,local4  
,,briti%4  ,,=eign4  ,pt>migan  ,no4    
,yes4  ,yes4  ,r$ ,gr\se  ,has occurr$4 
,yes4  ,yes4,footnote3 ,=m]ly indig5\s  
to ,brita91 b n[ f\nd 9 ,sw$51 etc4     
,cap]caillie  ,no4  ,yes4  ,yes4  ,black
 ,gr\se  ,has occurr$4  ,yes4  ,yes4    
,pheasant  ,yes4  ,yes4  ,yes4          
,r$-legg$ ,p>tridge  ,yes4  ,yes4  ,yes4
  ,b>b>y ,p>tridge  ,said to h once     
occurr$  ,d\btful4  ,yes4  ,p>tridge    
,yes4  ,yes4  ,yes4  ,virg9ian ,col9    
,no4  ,d\btful4  ,yes4  ,quail  ,has    
occurr$4  ,yes4  ,yes4  ,&alusian       
,hemipode  ,no4  ,d\btful4  ,yes4  ,or1 
putt+ x into a tabul> =m1 z if suppos+ t
 ! :ole f\r hundr$ kn[n species c\ld be 
%[n1 we %\ld h x pres5t$ ?us3           
,,ord]--,,gall9ae4  7#djj ,,species47   
#chi  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4#djj  ,,=eign4  #h 
4 4 4 4  4 4 4 4 #aa  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4  ,,briti%4  #c 4 4 4 4  4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4  4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4  ,,local4
  ,t is to say1 t1 al?\gh x 0 wi%$ to   
claim ! #c ft4 #f 94 division 9 height1 

( indef9ite l5g? 7really t5 feet :5     
work$ out7 = ! ?ree local birds1 yet x w
 be se5 by ! =ego+ tables t ^? ?ree     
locals w\ld d equally z well if plac$ 9 
! ,briti% division1 & ! sum total ( !   
local & ,briti% might be plac$ correctly
 ) all ! re/ 9 ! =eign4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld   
valuable space be wa/$ = ?ree birds1    
simply to p]petuate an error 9 work+ out
 a crot*et8  ,! "q aga9 arose1 ,:at c\ld
 su* a model sy/em z ?is tea*8 ,?is 0   
effectually answ]$ by a specim5 case1   
repres5t+ ! above1 be+ fitt$ up1 :5 !   
gl>+ errors ( ! propos$ sy/em 7 at once 
evid5t1 !re be+ fully a space ( #aj ft4 
x #c ft4 #f 94 x #b ft4 #f 94  #hg4e ft4
 cube1 devot$ to five birds only--?ree (
 :i* 7 n n[ f\nd 9 ! c\nty4 ,^!         
repres5t$ ! locals4 ,9 ! ,briti%        
division1 ( #aj ft4 9 l5g? x #b ft4 #f  
94 9 height x #a ft4 #f 94 back to      
front1 viz1 a cube ( #cg4e ft4 !re      
appe>$ b six o!rs--?ree ( :i* 7 d\btful4
 ,fur!rmore1 z if to po9t to ! cr[n+    
absurdity ( ! :ole s*eme1 b #aj ft4 x #b

 ft4 x #a ft4  #bj ft4 cube1 0 provid$ =
 ! great rema9d] ( ! =eign specim5s1    
ne>ly ?irty-sev5 times z num]\s z bo?   
local & ,briti% comb9$4  ,n[ = !        
*eapness ( ! sy/em advocat$4 ,9 ! fir/  
place1 local specim5s ( r>e birds are n 
*eap4 ,= in/ance1 anyone c get a =eign  
specim5 (--say1 ! honey buzz>d--= ab\t  
#hs4 b a locally-kill$ specim5 w\ld be v
 likely to co/ sev]al p\nds4 ,z = !     
ela/icity ( su* a sy/em1 if x is meant t
 x w /ret* any way b ! "r1 ,i agree1 b  
if meant to be appli$ to any dep>tm5t ( 
natural hi/ory x is di/9ctly wrong4     
,let u take ! case ( ! inv]tebrates1    
ne>ly all ( :i*1 z ! birds1 h a wide    
range4 ,_m in/ances occur to me1 b "o w 
be suffici5t1 ,vanessa ,antiopa1 !      
,camb]well ,beauty butt]fly4 ,n[ ?is    
insect has be5 tak5 ?ree times 7p]haps  
m87 9 ! c\nty1 & ,i suppose x has       
occurr$ 9 ne>ly e c\nty 9 ,engl&1 b z x 
is f\nd also commonly ?r\gh\t ! great]  
"p ( ,europe1 p>ts ( ,africa1 ,asia1 &  
,am]ica1 we are confront$ by !          

unpleasant rem9d]1 :at %all we d ) x "u 
! sy/em propos$8  ,x is1 accord+ to t   
!ory1 local1 ,briti%1 & =eign2 x is r>e/
 z local1 be+1 ( c\rse1 ( accid5tal     
occurr5ce2 yet x is propos$ to %[ x only
 9 t division1 to ! ext5t ( ignor+ ! two
 o!r divisions :i* h manife/ly a great] 
claim on x4 ,if ?is1 !n1 7 adh]$ to1 !  
/ud5t w\ld at once h pres5t$ to him an  
incorrect view ( ! di/ribution (        
species4  ,"o o!r way only is !re out ( 
! difficulty1 :i* is to %[ a specim5 ( !
 same insect 9 all ?ree divisions2 b ?is
 w\ld1 ?\gh m correct1 be z emb>rass+ to
 und]/&1 to say no?+ ( ! loss ( space   
involv$1 because ! same ?+ w\ld h to be 
repeat$ ) ne>ly e inv]tebrate possess$  
by a museum arrang$ on ^! l9es4  ,!     
prop] way1 ,i cont5d1 to give real      
in=mation is to %ake (f all insul>      
prejudice & n call ?+s by _! wrong      
names1 i4e4 claim z ,briti%1 ?+s :i* are
 n ess5tially s4 ,to ?is end ,i h       
labell$ ! butt]fly 9 "q3  ,,vanessa4    
,,antiopa1 #a4  7,camb]well ,beauty47   

,range3 ,asia1 ,africa1 ,am]ica1        
,europe g5]ally1 includ+ ,brita9        
7r>ely71  & has occurr$ 9 ,leice/]%ire  
?ree times4  ,?is1 ,i am q sure1 is !   
prop] me?od to educate ! public1 :o _c  
und]/&1 or are misl$ by1 su* crudities z
 plac+ specim5s 9 arbitr>y divisions su*
 z ,local1 ,briti%1 & ,=eign4  ,! same  
rule applies to ! plants2 & ,i rememb] a
 case occurr+1 b a %ort "t s9ce :5 a "y 
botani/1 wi%+ to "n a few plants        
collect$ abroad 79 ,europe71 came to our
 h]b>ium1 modell$ on ^! mislead+ l9es1 &
 at once turn$ to ! ,=eign division to  
f9d specim5s by :i* to comp>e 8 own4 ,an
 h\r 0 wa/$ 9 try+ to puzzle "s ( !m    
out1 & he !n came to me say+1 ,y hav'n't
 got !m4  ,at once ,i saw he _h ?+s (   
_w-wide di/ribution1 & turn+1 mu* to 8  
amazem5t1 to ! ,local division1 f\nd !m 
= him4 ,all ?is comp>ison1 & wa/e ( "t &
 temp]1 might h be5 sav$ _h ! plants be5
 arrang$ 9 _! prop] ord]s & families1   
irrespective ( imag9>y divisions1 ) a   
label atta*$ /at+ _! range & if occurr+ 

locally4  ,leav+ biology n[1 we %all see
 h[ ?is ela/ic sy/em c be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! 
collections f end to end4 ,take ! rocks 
z an example4 ,is x real sci5ce--or :at 
is x--:i* w\ld label sy5ite a           
,leice/]%ire rock8 ,su* qu]ies & replies
 c\ld be multipli$ ad inf9itum1 = x w be
 obs]v$ t ,i h said no?+ ab\t ! mammals1
 :]e ! loss ( space & want ( cohesion 9 
su* a gr\p z ! c>nivora--be/ repres5t$ (
 all 9 local--are pat5t4 ,! fi%es--fancy
 a local salmon6 yet !y occasionally run
 up ! riv]s4  ,b ,i ne$ n enl>ge on ?is1
 fur!r ?an to say t "u ?is ela/ic sy/em 
x 0 gravely propos$ to pictorially m\nt 
! local fre%wat] fi%es "u ! sea fi%es1 n
 because x 0 a direct violation ( !     
physics ( salt & fre% wat]1 b because ! 
local division mu/ come 9 its place at !
 bottom ( ! range ( cases6 ,i _h almo/  
=gott5 to say t ^! preci\s divisions 7  
to be made self-evid5t to ! bucolic     
intellect ev51 by means ( col\r--?us1   
,local 0 to be br[ni%-r$ rock2 ,briti%1 
gre52 & ,=eign1 blue2 & ^! col\rs 71 )\t

 ref]5ce to any arti/ic consid]ations   
su* z ! laws ( contra/ 9 col\r1 or light
 & %ade1 to be rigidly adh]$ to1 & to be
 c>ri$ 9 di/9ct1 if wavy b&s1 all ar\nd 
! room4  ,=tunately1 x 0 po9t$ out t    
%elves ( wood w\ld c>ry out t idea m    
effectually ?an play+ ) sci5ce & art 9  
su* a mann]1 !re=e ^! absurd            
propositions 7 promptly disc>d$4 ,& n[1 
hav+ describ$ :at ,i take to be ! evils 
to be gu>d$ aga9/ 9 pla9 or pictorial   
m\nt+1 if f\nd$ on su* l9es z ^? 9 !    
s*eme ,i h call$ ,a1 ,i w briefly sket* 
out :at ,i take to be ! l9es ( ! museum 
( ! future4  ,i mu/ confess ,i _h ?\ght 
a great deal ( arrang+ ! v]tebrata 9    
zoo-geographical ord]1 9 a mann] f\nd$  
on a4 ,r4 ,wallace's great & concise "w 
on ! ,geographical ,di/ribution (       
,animals4 ,x seem$ to me a fairly       
compreh5sive & sci5tific1 c]ta9ly a     
novel1 me?od ( treatm5t1 & ,i _h gone s 
f> z to sket* out sev]al ( my gr\ps1 :5 
,i 0 confront$ by difficulties1 & saw t 
x 0 n a sy/em :i* 0 ?or\ghly coh]5t     

?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! collections1 & ,i    
f9ally ab&on$ x1 on ! advice ( ,dr4     
,sclat]1 ! orig9ator1 ,i believe1 ( !   
zoo-geographical divisions4  ,i want$ a 
sy/em :i* might be c>ri$ out ?r\gh\t !  
:ole biological collections1 & ?is end 0
 be/ ga9$ by arrang+ !m 9 zoological    
ord]1 s f> z is possible 9 ^! days1 :5 !
 microscope tells u t a plant may be an 
animal1 or vice v]sa1 or t an organism  
may be a plant n[ & some?+ v l an animal
 a %ort "t aft] 7see ,saville ,k5t on ! 
myxomycetes74  ,) ! plants &            
inv]tebrates ?is 0 comp>atively easy1 = 
?\gh1 z ,i h be=e po9t$ out1 no l9e>    
arrangem5t is correct1 yet 9 a small    
museum ! table cases = inv]tebrates mu/ 
run on 9 l9es1 & ! m\nt+1 ow+ to _!     
enorm\s numb]s & usually small size1 mu/
 be tabul>1 & n pictorial 7except1 (    
c\rse1 9 r>e in/ances74  ,i 0 aw>e t    
sev]al naturali/s _h laid d[n ! law z to
 ! position to be tak5 by local museums1
 & t notably ,mr4 ,john ,hopk9son1 ( !  
,wat=d ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 _h    

writt5 8 views ^u ! subject2 b ^! views 
are1 ,i ?9k1 probably some:at n>r[$ by !
 small size ( ! museum he _h 9 m9d :il/ 
writ+4 ,?\gh agree+ ) him 9 ! ma91 ,i   
consid]$ t v few prov9cial museums1     
except+ ,liv]pool1 c\ld boa/ ( hav+     
any?+ l s l>ge a space = ! exhibition ( 
specim5s z we possess$ 9 our zoological 
room4  ,x may be tak51 !re=e1 = grant$1 
t :at 0 writt5 specially to suit !      
requirem5ts ( ,wat=d is n ( ! slighte/  
use :5 s\ght to be appli$ to l>g]       
museums4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,hopk9son     
quotes ! op9ions ( su* well-kn[n        
sci5ti/s z ,pr(essors ,fl[]1 ,rudl]1    
,dr4 ,sclat]1 & o!r practical work]s1 8 
compilation becomes ( "s value4         
,pr(essor ,rudl]1 x w be se51 po9ts out 
t1 h[ev] full & p]fect a local          
collection may be1 x w\ld tea* no?+ if  
n>r[$ d[n to purely local limits1 & t1  
!re=e1 x mu/ be broad5$ = ! sake (      
comp>ison2 & he v prop]ly says3 ,:il/ we
 %\ld patriotically aspire to r5d] !    
local collection z p]fect z possible1 ,i

 w\ld n by any means h ! usefulness (   
museums /op "h4 ,comp>+ any local       
collection ) a g5]al collection1 x w1 ( 
c\rse1 be f\nd t _m important gr\ps (   
'animals1 vegetables1 & m9]als1 are b   
imp]fectly repres5t$1 :il/ o!rs are     
altoge!r blank4 ,!re is1 consequ5tly1   
great dang] ( v limit$ & inadequate     
notions ( ! great sy/em ( ,nature be+   
=m$ by ! /ud5t :o conf9es 8 att5tion to 
local natural hi/ory4 ,to c\nt]act su* a
 t5d5cy1 x is em95tly desirable to =m1  
"u prop] conditions1 a g5]al collection1
 :i* w give ! visitor "s notion (1 at   
any rate1 ! l>g] gr\ps 9 :i* natural    
bodies are classifi$4 ,!re %\ld1        
consequ5tly1 be two dep>tm5ts to our    
c5tral museum---"o local & ! o!r        
g5]al--ea* ) di/9ct aims1 & ea* appeal+ 
to a di/9ct class ( visitors4  ,^! be+  
exactly my views1 b ) ! radical *ange ( 
wi%+ to m\nt bo? collections            
pictorially1 ,i consid]$ t1 al?\gh !    
newly-erect$ wall-cases 9 oak1 ) s+le   
%eets ( plate-glass1 #g ft4 #f 94 by #e 

ft1 71 :5 fill$ z ,i project$1 admirably
 suit$ to int]e/ ! g5]al public1 :o     
comprise1 p]haps1 n9e-t5?s ( museum     
visitors1 yet t ! claims ( ! respectable
 m9ority ( /ud5ts1 arti/s1 &            
quasi-sci5tific p %\ld n be neglect$1 & 
= ^! ! local fauna1 etc1 %\ld be        
p]sev]+ly collect$ & m\nt$ ) all !      
appliances :i* sci5ce & art c sugge/4   
,to d ?is prop]ly1 & to pres]ve gr\ps = 
an indef9ite "t1 x is necess>y1 & inde$ 
indisp5sable1 t ea* gr\p ( male1 female1
 ne/ & eggs1 or "y1 %\ld be m\nt$ 9 a   
sep>ate case1 or 9 sep>ate divisions ( a
 r[ ( cases q di/9ct f ! g5]al          
collection4  ,al?\gh ,i _h assum$1 &1   
inde$1 _h ! c\rage ( my op9ions1 t !    
pictorial me?od ( display+ natural      
hi/ory specim5s 0 a great improvem5t ^u 
! old peg sy/em1 ,i recognis$ !         
difficulties att5dant ^u ?is & also t _m
 excell5t au?orities 7 adv]se to any    
pictorial arrangem5t :atev]4 ,&1 inde$1 
if we come to ! consid]ation ( true     
sci5ce1 ,i unhesitat+ly ass]t t end is  

be/ s]v$ by a collection ( prop]ly      
au!nticat$ birds' sk9s sci5tifically    
arrang$ 9 cab9ets1 & n m\nt$ 9 any way  
:atev]2 b al?\gh ?is me?od might satisfy
 a few work]s1 ,i v mu* fe> t ! g5]al   
bulk ( ! ratepay]s w\ld be h>dly        
satisfi$ ) a museum arrang$ on s sev]ely
 sci5tific pr9ciples4  ,x mu/ be        
consid]$ t a public museum diff]s f a   
private "o 9 a v mat]ial po9t4 ,9 ! =m] 
!re is a div]sity ( ta/es to please1 & x
 is (t5 difficult to "k ! exact po9t :]e
 ! l9e %\ld be drawn2 9 a private       
museum1 on ! contr>y1 !re is b "o p]son 
to please1 & t ! own]1 consequ5tly he   
may indulge 8 crot*ets )\t fe> ( do+    
damage to anyone b himself4 ,i consid]$ 
t public museums mu/ always be affect$  
by matt]s ( exp$i5cy & local feel+1 & t 
! w ( ! majority mu/ always be /udi$1 :5
 x has common s5se = its basis4  ,to ?is
 end ,i work$1 & n wi%+ to be s mu* 9   
love ) my own sy/em z to be bl9d to     
advice1 ,i wrote to t5 ( ! mo/ em95t m5 
( sci5ce--m5 ( ,european reputation1 &  

^: dictum on museum matt]s _c be        
que/ion$--sett+ =?1 "u ! head+ ,s*eme ,a
 & ,s*eme ,b1 ! pros & cons ( bo?1 n    
fav\r+ "o or ! o!r 9 ! slighte/1 giv+ no
 clue :atev] to my lean+ to ei!r1 &     
resolv+ to be guid$ entirely by ! op9ion
 ( ! majority1 or1 %\ld x be a close    
tie1 to ref] x to an umpire4  ,( ^! t51 
eight return$ unqualifi$ approval ( hav+
 a g5]al collection = ,leice/]1 & also (
 t plan :i* kept ! g5]al & local        
collections entirely di/9ct2 "o gave no 
op9ion1 & "o em95t man sugge/$ an       
alt]native s*eme ( a typical collection 
some:at l ,pr(essor ,ow5's ,index       
,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 & :i* c\ld be 
c>ri$ out aft]w>ds )\t ref]5ce to ! "q  
at issue4  ,z reg>ds ! pictorial m\nt+ (
 ! specim5s 9 zoological ord] --! ?+ ,i 
0 mo/ d\btful ab\t--bo? = ! g5]al & !   
local collections1 five out ( ! t5      
unhesitat+ly fav\r$ pictorial m\nt+--if 
well done--( bo? collections1 & f\r m   
said no?+ = or aga9/ x4  ,ne>ly e "o (  
^! g5tlem5 wrote me a l5g?y lett]1 giv+ 

mo/ valuable advice--advice :i* has 9   
all cases be5 act$ on :]e practicable4  
,dr4 a4 ,c4 ,gu5!r1 ,f4,r4,s1 etc1 at "o
 "t ! ,keep] ( ,zoology1 ,briti%        
,museum1 has k9dly all[$ me to quote 8  
views embodi$ 9 a lett] to me4 ,he says3
  ,i %\ld recomm5d y to adopt ! foll[+  
plan3 ,arrang+ ! g5]al & ,briti%        
collections toge!r1 /rictly             
sy/ematically1 receiv+1 ( ! =eign       
animals1 typical =ms only1 b mak+ !     
,briti% s]ies z complete z possible1 &  
*oos+ 9 pref]5ce ,leice/]%ire animals :5
 practicable4  ,exclud+ f ! g5]al s]ies 
specially m\nt$ objects1 su* z gr\ps (  
birds %[+ nidification1 *ange ( plumage1
 or illu/rat+ ! habits ( animals--su*   
gr\ps to be m\nt$ on sep>ate /&s 9 !    
middle ( ! room4  ,i believe ?is plan   
w\ld be/ meet ! requirem5ts 9 y\r       
museum4  ,hav+ n[ some?+ to "w ^u1 !    
,museum ,committee reject$ ,s*eme ,a4 ^:
 weak po9ts h be5 detail$ at l5g?1 &    
sanction$ ,s*eme ,b be+ c>ri$ out1 :i* n
 only sep>at$ local f g5]al1 b provid$ =

 ! pictorial m\nt+ ( bo?4  ,tak+1 !re=e1
 any ( ! ord]s m>k$ on ! plan 7see      
,plate7 z an example1 ! be/ kn[n1 &     
!re=e local or ,briti% species ( ! fir/ 
family 7or g5]a7 ( t ord] is select$1 !n
 ! lea/ kn[n or mo/ /rik+ =eign species 
( ! same family 7or g5]a7 to comp>e ) x1
 & s on ?r\gh\t4 ,space be+ limit$1     
h[ev]1 species closely alli$ are n      
always repres5t$1 b are collect$ z sk9s 
to fill up ! unavoidable blanks4 ,9 all 
cases1 h[ev]1 typical specim5s ( !      
families & g5]a ( animals are attempt$  
to be %[n1 & z _m species z possible are
 collect$ z sk9s4  ,! highe/ =m ( ea*   
ord] is plac$ at ! top1 ! next und]nea?1
 until ! bottom ( ! case is arriv$ at1  
!n asc5ds aga91 =m+ a s]p5t9e l9e1 :i*1 
tak+ ! fir/ ord]1 ,pass]es1 z an        
example1 beg9s at ! top ( ! fir/ case1 &
 takes ! song ?ru%--"o ( ! locals--z be+
 ( ! fir/ g5]a ( ! fir/ family2 ?is is  
contra/$ by a =eign =m ( ! same family  
7& g5us71 ! ,am]ican ,rob91 & ?us runs  
on ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! wall-cases on t   

side ( ! room devot$ to birds 7see      
,plan71 until x ends at ! o/ri*1 z be+ !
 la/4  ,x w9 be se5 by ?is t1 al?\gh !  
s-call$ local birds are (t51 nay ne>ly  
always1 repres5t$1 !y h no fictiti\s    
value giv5 to !m1 b simply take _! place
 9 ! great s*eme ( ,nature 9 a prop]    
mann]1 be+ (t5 close to s-call$ =eign   
=ms1 ) :i* !y are easily comp>$4 ,! :ole
 arrangem5t ( accessories is pictorial1 
birds be+ repres5t$ on trees or on      
rockwork1 _m ( !m swimm+1 or fly+1 or   
eat+1 surr\nd$ by mosses & ! few dri$   
plants available = su* purposes--9 fact1
 repres5t$ 9 z natural a mann] z is     
possible "u ! circum/ances4  ,exception 
may be tak5 to ! close contiguity ( an  
,am]ican or ,indian =m ) an ,european1  
sometimes ,briti% =m1 :i*1 ?\gh         
sci5tifically correct1 is arti/ically & 
topographically wrong2 & ?is c]ta9ly 0 a
 crux ( m9e until ,i reflect$ t1 "u !   
old peg sy/em1 ! same /ate ( affairs    
exi/$4 ,i h endeav\r$ to isolate z mu* z
 possible su* incongruities "o f ! o!r1 

(t5 by p>tially surr\nd+ !m ) f]ns1 etc1
 ( _! native habitat1 & by leav+ little 
blanks "h & !re4 ,ap>t f ?is1 ! g5]al   
op9ion ( bo? sci5tific ,footnote3 ,9 ?is
 category ,i may place ,sir ,philip     
,cunliffe ,ow51 ,c4,b1 etc42 ,mr4 ,r4   
,b[dl] ,%>pe1 ,f4,l4,s1 etc42 ,mr4 ,smi?
 ,woodw>d1 all ( ,s\? ,k5s+ton2 ,sir ,j4
 ,a4 ,picton1 ,f4,s4,a1 etc ( ,liv]pool2
 ,pr(essor ,/4 ,george ,miv>t1 ,f4,r4,s4
 etc42 ,pr(essor #a4 ,o4 ,miall2        
,pr(essor ,wm4 ,knight2 ,pr(essor ,a4   
,s*u/]1 etc42 ,mr4 ,jas4 ,orrock1 ,memb]
 ( ! ,royal ,in/itute ( ,wat]-col\r     
,pa9t]s2 & sev]al o!r g5tlem5 :o h done 
me ! hon\r to speak 9 mo/ flatt]+ t]ms (
 ! new arrangem5t4 & unsci5tific p is t 
! s*eme is a success1 & t su* trifl+ &  
inevitable irreconcilem5ts are amply    
condon$ & comp5sat$ = by ! increas$     
beauty ( ! gr\ps1 & by ! pleasure x     
af=ds1 n only to arti/ic p1 b to ! g5]al
 public2 inde$1 if vox populi be vox    
,dei1 !re is no d\bt ^u ! subject       
:atev]4  ,o!r defects !re are2 =        

in/ance1 repetitions ( grasses 9        
fitt+-up1 :i* proves h[ little c be done
 ) dri$ ?+s1 & h[ mu* bett] x w\ld be to
 replace !m by modell$ foliage 7m5tion$ 
9 ,*apt] ,,xiv74 ,footnote3 ,"o w\ld-be 
critic wrote to ! pap]s condemn+ ! :ole 
arrangem5t1 because1 9 "o ( ! cases1 "o 
plant 0 ab\t a foot ne>] ! wat] or a y>d
 ne>] to ano!r plant ?an x %\ld be6 ,!  
same wiseacre1 or 8 fri5d1 wrote q an   
article ^u "s suppos$ fir twigs :i*1 mu*
 to 8 confusion1 7 no?+ ( ! sort1 b a   
plant q prop] to its place 9 ! case4  ,i
 w\ld n[ wi% to po9t out :y ,i object s 
mu* to c>efully-manag$ gr\ps ( s-call$  
local birds1 _! ne/s & eggs1 be+        
introduc$ 9 a g5]al collection1         
especially if ! latt] be arrang$ 9 a    
pictorial mann]4  ,fir/1 because small  
gr\ps1 su* z ( necessity ! great] numb] 
( pairs ( local birds w\ld cut up into1 
w\ld be lo/ amid/ _! l>g] surr\nd+s1 &  
be really z if an arti/ 7 to pa9t a     
small1 highly f9i%$ picture 9 ! corn] ( 
"s l>ge1 broad subject2 secondly1 !     

great difficulty !re is 9 protect+ su*  
*oice gr\ps f mo? if expos$ 91 say1 a   
cubic space ( #ajj ft4 fill$ ) o!r      
specim5s1 "s ( !m old & d\btful z reg>ds
 fre$om f insects4 ,a g5]al collection1 
ev5 %\ld great c>e be tak51 requires    
con/ant wat*+ to seize ^u any specim5   
%[+ signs ( damage2 b :y a *oice gr\p ( 
"y birds 9 _! ne/1 ) p>5ts--birds 9     
*ange ( plumage1 surr\nd$ by accessories
 :i* p]haps h co/ hundr$s ( h\rs to     
execute--%\ld be expos$ to all ! evils  
imag9able :5 isolation is s mu* m       
practicable & practical1 passes         
compreh5sion4  ,no2 ,i am conv9c$ t !   
only way to manage1 9 a museum (        
suffici5t size to h a g5]al collection1 
is to arrange x z ,i h sket*$ out1 & to 
make a sep>ate collection close at h&1  
if ne$ be1 = comp>ison ( ! animals      
collect$ 9 ! di/rict4  ,n[ = labell+4 ,x
 0 propos$ orig9ally 9 ,s*eme ,a 9 ?is  
=m3  ,x w be ess5tial to h labels 9 !   
cases4 ,^! maybe made simple1 h[ev]1 )  
ref]5ces to a descriptive catalogue4 ,! 

labels %\ld be> ! ,engli% "n1 )         
',resid5t1' ,summ] ,visitant1' or ',w9t]
 ,visitant' on all ,briti% species4     
,no?+ m4  ,! ?ree sections %\ld h labels
 ( di/9ct col\rs--say1 yell[ = local1   
p9k = ,briti%1 :ite = =eign4 ,! labels w
 probably be be/ glu$ on to "s "p ( ! /&
 or sett+4 ,!y %\ld be z small z        
possible1 s z to be legible1  ,local    
species maybe di/+ui%$ z ',native' &    
',casual1 or ,accid5tal4  ,! latt] might
 h a d>k l9e above1 & bel[ ! "n on !    
label--?us1 ,/ork1 or be m>k$           
',casual--,spr+1' or ',casual--,autumn4'
  ,to ?is ,i object$ t if ! arrangem5t 0
 to be pictorial1 ! spotty appe>ance (  
labels1 especially if ( light t9ts1 0   
de/ructive to ! effect s\ght to be ga9$2
 t yell[ is n di/9ct f :ite by gaslight2
 & t p9k (t5 fades to yell[2 also t to  
col\r-bl9d p ^! labels w\ld h no        
significance :atev]4  ,9 addition1 ,i   
submitt$ t !re are educat$ p z well z p 
( ! o!r class1 & t ! sy/em ( labels     
writt5 ) common names inside ! cases is 

n only unsci5tific b ugly 9 ! extreme1 =
 ^! reasons--t !re are _m birds ^:      
,engli% names are j z puzzl+ z _!       
sci5tific to ! un$ucat$2 :]eas1 = ^? :o 
c>e to le>n1 ! sci5tific "n is a factor 
( k4  ,reg>d+ _! inexp$i5ce & ugl9ess1  
su* a ^w z ! ,less]-spott$-,woodpeck] ) 
! m>k+ und]nea? x ( ,resid5t1 w\ld fill 
up a l>ge label if x 7 to be read at any
 height or di/ance4 ,tak+ x z a :ole1 ! 
proposition 0 beh9d ! age1 & 0          
commonplace also4  ,to disp5se altoge!r 
) ! necessity = labels1 ,i propos$ t a  
*>t might be made = e gr\p--a picture1 9
 fact1 ( ! cont5ts ( ea* case1 e bird   
numb]$1 & a li/ prep>$1 ^: correspond+  
numb] w\ld give ! :ole hi/ory ( ea*     
specim52 b1 9 any case1 ! adoption ( a  
mass ( pr9t$ matt] clumsily introduc$   
amid/ pictorial effects mu/ be condemn$4
  ,t all ?is 0 practicable is n[ prov$  
by ! pres5t /ate ( ! ,leice/] ,museum1  
provisionally f9i%$ 9 its g5]al         
zoological collections s f> z ! birds & 
fi%es are conc]n$4 ,footnote3 ,t is to  

say1 t _m ( ! ill-m\nt$ & old specim5s w
 ultimately be replac$ by bett] ones ( !
 same species1 & t "s modell$ foliage w 
take ! place ( _m ( ! dri$ grasses1     
ru%es1 etc1 :i* are n q tru?fully       
arrang$4  ,! ref]5ce to species 9 !     
g5]al collection is n[ manag$ z ,i      
propos$4 7,see li/1 on p4 #ccg1 ( "p ( !
 ,ord] ,ans]es1 pr9t$ on sage-gre5      
c>ds47 ,?is is1 ,i cont5d1 a great      
advance on ! old sy/em ( labell+1 :i*   
has ?is defect1 t ! labels1 ev5 if      
small1 are spotty & obtrusive ne> ! eye1
 & if plac$ #aj ft4 f ! floor1 z !y mu/ 
be 9 _m in/ances1 x is impossible to    
read !m unless bo? label & type be v    
l>ge1 :i* is an absurdity 9 a           
pictorially-m\nt$ collection4 ,footnote3
 ,:5 ,i fir/ came to ,leice/] ! birds1  
m\nt$ on /&s & p]*es #i ft4 f ! floor1 7
 labell$ by slips ( yell[ pap] pa/$ on !
 /&s1 ! type be+ t kn[n z ,pica &       
,b\rgeois6  ,fancy ,ramiphomicron       
microrhyn*um1 ,boiss4 7"o ( !           
humm+-birds71 peep+ ov] a label long    

en\gh to take 8 "n--say1 #c 94 x #a 946 
,multiply ?is by fifty1 & fancy a       
typical collection ( pictorially-m\nt$  
humm+-birds labell$ 9 ?is mann]6 ,a     
well-kn[n naturali/ & sci5tific         
zoologi/1 p]sonally unkn[n to me1 to :om
 ,i wrote1 advis$1 z usual1 ! labels to 
be ( diff]5t col\rs z di/+ui%+ m>ks4 ,i 
s5t him "o ( my li/s & *>ts1 & he wrote3
 ,i return ! pr9t$ description :i* seems
 to me admirably calculat$ to convey    
in/ruction 9 a becom+ & sightly way4 ,x 
is und\bt$ly an advance ^u labell+4     
,aga91 a sci5tific g5tleman ( local     
celebrity wrote an article on ! museum1 
& did me ! hon\r to especially note !   
sub/itute = labels4 ,he says3 ,affix$ to
 ! front ( ea* gr\p case1 & on a level )
 ! eye1 is a neatly-pr9t$ explanatory   
tablet1 suitably fram$1 compris+ a li/ (
 ! specim5s 7numb]$71 class1 sub-class1 
ord]1 family1 etc1 ) _! sci5tific t]ms4 
,! lit]al int]pretation ( ^! sev]al t]ms
 is !n giv54 ,!n foll[ ! sci5tific      
names1 ) sex 7:]e det]m9$72 &1 la/ly1 ! 

kn[n range ( ea* species--a matt] (     
ackn[l$g$ importance4 ,?is is supplem5t$
 by an arti/ically-col\r$ *>t1 repres5t+
 ea* example 7also numb]$71 9 !         
correspond+ position :i* x occupies 9   
any giv5 gr\p case4 ,?us is convey$1 9 a
 concise & intelligible =m1 all !       
in=mation :i* c fairly be embodi$ 9 !   
limit$ space at comm&4  ,ano!r r$eem+   
feature1 consequ5t ^u ?is in/ructive &  
unique me?od1 is ! disp5s+ ) ! =midable 
array ( labels m\nt$ on unsightly coils 
( wire dott$ ab\t1 rem9d+ "o ( ! labels 
display$ 9 ! %op w9d[ ( a hatt] or      
hab]da%]--',! ,late/ ,novelty1' ',new   
?is ,season1' etc4 ,!y are n only       
obtrusive to ! eye1 b h a decid$ t5d5cy 
to m> ! neat effect & appropriate m\nt+ 
( ! g5]al collection1 & mat]ially       
int]f]e ) ! surr\nd+s1 outl9e1 & beauty 
( ! objects to :i* !y are app5d$1 & _!  
multipli$ =m only enhances ?is          
confusion4 ,beside :i*1 ^! labels are ( 
necessity frequ5tly plac$ at su* a      
height t1 9 ord] to deciph] !m1 ! head (

 ! obs]v] ne$s to be p]*$ on a neck     
some:at l ! giraffe4 ,s =cibly impress$ 
am ,i ) ! s\ndness & value ( ?is        
newly-devis$ plan1 t ,i am l$ to pr$ict 
t its adoption w soon] or lat] f9d fav\r
 among o!r k9dr$ in/itutions ev5 ( a    
l>g] gr[?4  ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,specim5s    
,,conta9$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,gr\p4  7,arrang$ f
 ! mo/ highly specializ$ to l[e/ =m47   
,= ,ref]5ce see col\r$ ,,*>t bel[4      
,,ord]--,,ans]es4 ,f ! ,lat9 ,ans]--a   
,goose1  ,,includ+ ,,geese1 ,,swans1    
,,tree-,,ducks1 ,,ducks1 ,,m]gans]s1 etc
  ,total numb] ( ,species ( ?is ,ord]   
kn[n to inhabit ! ,_w #ahe  ,( ?is numb]
 !re are z visitants to1 & resid5ts 9   
,brita91 b #dd1 #ai only ( :i* rema9 to 
bre$4  ,( ^! #dd = ,brita91 !re are z   
visitants to1 & resid5ts 9 ,leice/]%ire 
#ac  #c only ( :i* bre$ 9 ! ,c\nty4     
,family--,,anatidae4  ,f ! ,lat9        
,anas--a ,duck4  7,ducks1 ,geese1 etc47 
,no4--,,egyptian ,,goose  ,*5alopex     
aegyptiaca 7#a74 ,,range--,africa4      
,dome/icat$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe1 includ+

 ,brita9 & ,leice/]%ire4  ,%ot at ,)cote
 ,hall1 ne> ,oakham 7probably escap$ f  
conf9em5t71 & pres5t$ by ,f4 ,,palm]1   
,esq4  ,no4--,,black-,,neck$ ,,swan4    
,cygnus nigricollis 7,gm474             
,,range--,ant>ctic ,am]ica4  ,f ,riv]   
,plate1 ,s4 ,am]ica4  ,pres5t$ 79 ! sk97
 by ,c4 ,j4 ,,musson1 ,esq1 #ahgf4      
,no4--,,black ,,swan4  ,cygnus atratus  
7,la?47 7,immature7 ,,range--,au/ralia  
,f ,sydney1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4  ,pres5t$ 
by ,w4 ,m4 ,,squires1 ,esq1 #ahge4      
,no--,,%eldrake4 ,tadorna cornuta       
7,gm474 ,,range--,n4 ,africa1 ,asia1 z  
f> ea/ z ,japan1 ,europe includ+        
,brita91 & has occurr$ z a r>e /raggl] 9
 ,leice/]%ire4  ,f ,scotl&1 by pur*ase1 
#ahha4  ,no4--,,wild ,,duck ,,or        
,,mall>d4  ,anas boscas 7#a474          
,range--,nor? ,africa1 ,asia f ! f>     
,nor? to ,*9a & ,japan1 ,n4 ,am]ica to  
,mexico1 ,europe g5]ally1 includ+       
,brita91 & commonly occurr+ 9           
,leice/]%ire4  ,f ,b>/on1 ,w>wick%ire4  
,pres5t$ by ! ,curator 7,m4,b471 #ahhb4 

,! animals collect$ 9 ! di/rict are n[  
be+ plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! room 9 oak     
cases1 ) plate-glass all ar\nd1 on !    
tops ( table-cases hold+ at pres5t !    
inv]tebrates1 & w %[ ! male & female1 "y
 9 ne/1 ! eggs1 birds 9 *ange ( plumage1
 all surr\nd$ z 9 nature by             
c>efully-modell$ plants & o!r           
accessories1 ! food1 & ! skeleton4 ,!   
labell+ ( ^! latt] gr\ps requir+ a mass 
( in=mation1 z be+ ( local int]e/1 is 9 
?is wise 7on light sage-gre5 col\r$     
c>ds73  ,,t[n ,,museum1 ,,leice/]4      
,/udies illu/rat+ ! ,habits1 etc1 (     
,animals collect$ 9 ! ,c\nty4           
,,class--,aves ,,ord]--,pass]es         
,,family--,turdidae  ,,gr\p ,no4        
4--,illu/rative ( ! ,life-,hi/ory ( !   
,:ite?roat 7,,sylvia ,,c9]ea1 ,be*/71 a 
,bird ( ,passage1 or ,spr+ ,migrant to  
,brita9 7w9t]s 9 ,africa74  ,no4        
,c#a;,a--,male ,:ite?roat  ,no          
,c#a;,b--,female ,:ite?roat  ,no        
,c#a--,ne/ ,( ,:ite?roat  ,nos4 ,c#a4ej 
to ,c#a4ec--;,f\r ,"y ,( ,:ite?roat  ,! 

:ole collect$ by ! ,curator at          
,ayle/one1 ,augu/1 #ahhc4  ,! ,male &   
,female are ! actual build]s ( ! ne/1 & 
p>5ts ( ! "y birds "h %[n4  ,no4 ,a     
,male1 & ,no4 ,female1 9 ,spr+ plumage4 
,to be procur$  ,,range4--,n4 ,africa1  
,we/]n ,asia1 ,europe g5]ally1 common 9 
,brita9 7except 9 ! ,nor?71 & also 9    
,leice/]%ire4  ,,food4--,cat]pill>s1    
v>i\s small insects1 & occasionally     
small fruits4  ,,eggs4--,f\r or five4   
,builds its ne/ among/ nettles or       
brambles1 9 l[ bu%es ne> to ! gr\nd4    
7,n4,b4--,eggs %[n at back ( gr\p47     
,duplicate ,sk9 & ,skeleton4  ,,plant   
,,exhibit$4  ,,bramble 7,rubus          
fruticosus1 #a474 ,,v>43 discolor       
,,range4--,:ole ( ,europe except extreme
 ,nor?1 ,russian & ,c5tral ,asia &      
,nor!rn ,africa 7,n high ,alp9e74       
,common 9 ,leice/]%ire4  ,fl[]s & leaves
 modell$ f ,nature by ! curator  ,n[ = !
 inv]tebrates4 ,n hav+ a special room at
 pres5t = ^!1 !y are be/ display$ 9 !   
c5tre ( ! v]tebrate-room1 if possible1 9

 table-cases1 :i* are--= conv5i5ce1     
?\gh1 incorrectly 9 sci5ce--arrang$ 9   
l9e> ord]1 beg9n+ at ! ,protozoa & runn+
 on to ! ,cephalopoda4 ,z ,i be=e po9t$ 
out1 a tabul> arrangem5t is inevitable  
except 9 "s r>e cases1 :]e a gr\p might 
be tak5 to be pictorially display$ to   
give an idea ( ! creature's mode ( life4
  ,by f> ! be/ arrangem5t ( inv]tebrates
 ,i h ev] se5 is t adopt$ at ! ,liv]pool
 ,museum "u ! auspices ( ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4
 ,higg9s1 ,m4,a1 ^: views on !          
inv]tebrates are v cle>ly def9$ 9 8     
,introduction to a ,synopsis ( an       
,arrangem5t ( ,inv]tebrate ,animals     
conta9$ 9 ! ,liv]pool ,museum4 ,he says 
!re93  ,! s]ies _h to be con=m$ to a    
l9e> arrangem5t4 ,9 "s respects ?is 0 a 
s]i\s disadvantage4 ,! classes (        
inv]tebrate animals _c well be repres5t$
 9 a s+le asc5d+ or desc5d+ s]ies4      
,probably x w\ld n be possible on any   
symmetrical plan to assign to !m _!     
prop] positions relatively to ea* o!r2 b
 "s palpable incongruities might be     

avoid$ by ! use ( table-cases on a gr\nd
 plan resembl+ a g5ealogical tree1 "o   
propos$ =m ( :i* is repres5t$ by a      
diagram 9 a "w publi%$ by ,pr(essor     
,rolle/on4  ,! importance ( a suitable  
gr\nd plan = cases 9 museums seems to be
 mu* und]rat$4 ,:5 a class ( /ud5ts     
visit a museum frequ5tly1 ! localities (
 cases conta9+ special gr\ps become     
indelibly impress$ ^u ! memory4 ,?is    
might be turn$ to good acc\nt4  ,9      
prep>+ ! fir/ s*eme ( ! collection1 x   
seem$ ess5tial t pla9 & mod]ately-simple
 pr9t$ descriptions ( ! life-hi/ory ( ! 
animals %\ld accompany ! specim5s2      
!re=e1 z x 0 cle>ly impossible to       
describe e g5us1 x became necess>y to   
fix on "s mode ( associat+ 9 gr\ps a    
numb] ( examples to :i* ! descriptions  
might apply4 ,su* divisions z 'classes' 
& 'ord]s' 7 manife/ly too l>ge1 :il/    
'families' v>i$ f a s+le g5us1 includ+ a
 solit>y species1 to an army ( m ?an a  
?\s& g5]a--e4g1 ! ,l9naean families     
,c]ambycidae & ,curculionidae 9 !       

,coleopt]a4 ,x 0 ) "s regret t ! idea ( 
atta*+ a readable sket* to ea* division 
( a giv5 rank 9 rec5t sy/ems (          
classification 0 rel9qui%$2 b x 0 f\nd  
to be impracticable1 & ! life-hi/ory    
sket* ?us became ! f\ndation ( !        
arrangem5t ev5tually adopt$4  ,:e!r x   
might be a few species1 or a g5us1 or a 
family1 or an ord]1 t seem$ to af=d     
suitable scope = a page ( readable &    
in/ructive matt]1 x 0 decid$ t1 ?r\gh\t 
! entire collection1 su* a gr\p %\ld be 
segregat$1 s z to =m ! unit ( ! s]ies4  
,ev5tually1 9 ord] t ! sket*es1 :i* x 0 
propos$ to pr9t = t purpose on tablets1 
might all be 9 positions :]e !y c\ld    
conv5i5tly be read1 x 0 f\nd to be      
exp$i5t t ea* gr\p or unit %\ld occupy  
an equal space2 & z ! blocks on :i* !   
table-cases re/$ 7 to be fitt$ up )     
trays or draw]s1 twelve ( :i* w\ld      
occupy ! table-case )\t loss ( room1 ^! 
trays or draw]s 7 adopt$ z ! receptacles
 & b\nd>ies ( ! gr\ps4  ,! entire plan (
 ! table-cases1 & ! limits ( _m ( !     

gr\ps1 7 committ$ to writ+ be=e any     
consid]able advance _h be5 made 9       
procur+ specim5s4 ,9 "o respect ?is     
circum/ance 0 f\nd to be v              
advantage\s--our desid]ata 7 at once    
well def9$4 ,x 0 an object t ea* ( !    
gr\ps %\ld be illu/rat$ by              
c>efully-select$ specim5s1 &1 until ?is 
c\ld be atta9$1 o!r acquisitions ne$ n  
be s\ght =4 ,9 mak+ pur*ases1 su* an    
object1 /eadily kept 9 view1 ex]cises a 
p[]ful influ5ce aga9/ ! s$uctive        
attractions ( 'great b>ga9s1' :i* (t5   
turn out to be great mis=tunes to a     
museum4 ,moreov]1 9 accept+ donations1 x
 is sometimes conv5i5t to be able to    
ref] to a fix$ plan4 ,:]e room is       
scanty1 z 9 mo/ museums1 no?+ is m      
subv]sive ( ord]1 or m fatal to an      
in/ructive arrangem5t1 ?an ! gift ( a   
collection1 c\pl$ ) a /ipulation t x mu/
 be display$ 9 "s special way4          
,footnote3 ,we possess 9 ! ,leice/]     
,museum a v f9e collection ( ! :ole ( ! 
,briti% ,birds 7totally devoid1 h[ev] ( 

a hi/ory ( ! specim5s7 call$ ! ,bickley 
,collection--bequea!d to ! t[n "u ^!    
conditions--:i*1 c\ld we h us$ x to     
embelli% our pres5t arrangem5t1 w\ld h  
sav$ money1 &1 :at is /ill m important1 
! entire wall space ( a small room n[   
devot$ to !m4 ,x is f> bett] to =ego !  
possession ev5 ( a valuable s]ies (     
specim5s ?an to sacrifice ord] = _! sake
 4 4 4 4  ,! foll[+ is ! plan (         
arrangem5t adopt$ 9 connection ) ea*    
gr\p3 ,:]ev] circum/ances p]mit1 ! plan 
= ea* gr\p includes 7#a7 ,a pr9t$       
s*$ule1 7#b7 ,exotic species1 7#c7      
,briti% repres5tatives1 7#d7 ,! pr9t$   
tablet1 7#e7 ,e>lie/ fossils1 7#f7      
,diagrams & o!r illu/rations1 7#g7      
,species & v>ieties on a m ext5d$ scale4
  ,! s*$ule1 ( :i* an example foll[s1 is
 pr9t$ 9 l>ge type1 & is atta*$         
conspicu\sly to ! draw]3  ,,gr\p #bbb4  
,,sub-,,k+dom  ,,prov9ce  ,,class       
,,sub-,,class  ,,ord]  ,,sub-,,ord]     
,,family  ,annulosa  ,ar?ropoda         
,insecta  ,metabola  ,lepidopt]a        

,rhopaloc]a  ,papilionidae  ,skeleton   
ext]nal1 r+$4  ,limbs jo9t$4  ,legs1    
six4  ,trans=mations complete4  ,w+s )  
scales4  ,horns clubb$ at ! apex4       
,middle n]ve ( =e-w+ #d-;bran*$4  ,!    
:ole ,synopsis1 publi%$ at a %ill+1 by !
 au?orities ( ! ,liv]pool ,museum1 is   
well wor? read+4 ,x conta9s a /ore (    
in=mation1 n ! lea/ int]e/+ be+ ! ,greek
 & ,lat9 d]ivations ( ! sci5tific names4
 ,i am especially glad to see t ! ,greek
 *>act]s are n b>b>\sly replac$ by      
,engli% equival5ts1 :i* ne>ly always    
fail to give ! key to ! roots4          
,footnote3 ,i notic$ ,ocnai gunaike     
writt5 9 a sci5tific "w lately1 & ,i    
?\ght ,i nev] saw a s5t5ce s ugly & s   
unlike :at x w\ld be if writt5 9 ,greek 
*>act]s or prop]ly pron\nc$4  ,! cases  
!mselves are excell5tly adapt$ to %[ !  
specim5s1 & ! plan--if we except !      
division labell$ ,briti%1 :i* might be  
advantage\sly alt]$1 ,i ?9k1 to ,animals
 belong+ to ! above gr\p 7etc471 f\nd   
also 9 ,brita9--is admirable4 ,n only   

are objects dri$1 m\nt$1 or %[n 9       
spirits1 b fir/-class col\r$ draw+s (   
su* creatures z ,m$usae1 etc1 are       
provid$4 ,?is is1 ,i am sure1 a /ep 9 ! 
"r direction1 & ,i s recognise !        
importance ( ?is1 t ,i am prep>+ *>ts ( 
p>ts1 etc1 ( animals z keys to _!       
/ructure1 & also enl>g+ m9ute =ms "u !  
microscope1 to be plac$ 9 position 9 !  
inv]tebrate cases = ! ,leice/] ,museum4 
,ano!r v f9e feature ( ! ,liv]pool      
,museum1 & wor?y ( imitation1 is ! mann]
 9 :i* ! o/eological prep>ations are    
manag$4 ,n only are complete skeletons (
 mammals %[n1 b p>ts = comp>ison--t is  
to say1 !re is a l>ge s]ies ( skulls (  
v>i\s mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 & fi%es1
 &1 aga91 leg & arm bones1 & _! p>ts1   
arrang$ side by side2 h5ce y may comp>e 
! =e-limb ( ! human subject ) t ( a     
monkey1 a lion1 a :ale1 a m>supial1 a   
bird1 a reptile1 or a fi%4 ,footnote3 ,(
 c\rse1 all ?is may be se5 9 ! ,museum (
 ! ,college ( ,surgeons1 or at ,ox=d or 
,cambridge1 etc1 b ^! are special       

in/itutions1 & ,i am m]ely tak+         
prov9cial g5]al museums z my /&po9t4  ,x
 is ne$less to say--tak+ into           
consid]ation ! fact t ^! are prep>$ "u !
 direction ( ! curator1 ,mr4 ,moore1 & 8
 accompli%$ family--t all are           
beautifully arrang$ & classifi$4 ,9     
%ort1 ,liv]pool is to be congratulat$ on
 its collections ( bones & inv]tebrates4
 ,turn+1 h[ev]1 to ! v]tebrates1 we see 
t1 al?\gh ! managem5t beg9s to recognise
 ! importance ( pictorial m\nt+1 x is   
done 9 a half-he>t$ mann]--isolat$ gr\ps
 "h & !re1 on squ>e bo>ds1 plac$ 9 !    
g5]al collection among/ ! birds1 on     
pegs1 s]v+ only to r5d] ! latt] m       
conspicu\s 9 _! %ortcom+s4 ,?is sy/em ( 
,liv]pool is be+ copi$ at ,nott+ham1    
,d]by1 & o!r places1 & 0 be+ copi$ also 
at ,leice/]1 b n be+1 to my m9d1 half   
?or\gh en\gh1 has be5 disc>d$ = ! m     
ambiti\s--c]ta9ly m effective--& q z    
sci5tific me?od ( arrang+ ! v]tebrates  
pictorially1 & 9 _! prop] sequ5ce 9     
ord]s & families1 endeav\r be+ made to  

repres5t specim5s ( ea* g5us also1 :]e  
practicable1 9 ?is mann]4  ,z w be se51 
9 mak+ a brief rsum ( :at has gone be=e1
 ,i am 9 fav\r ( l>ge1 top-light$ rooms1
 pa9t$ 9 a light neutral t9t1 well w>m$2
 cases built 9 oak1 ) s+le %eets (      
plate-glass n less ?an #g ft4 #f 94 by  
#e ft4 or #h ft4 by #e ft4 #d 91        
artificially light$ by p5dants %ad$ f ! 
eye2 ! v]tebrates to be pictorially     
m\nt$ bo? 9 ! g5]al & local collections1
 b1 ( c\rse1 zoological sequ5ce & sci5ce
 n to suff] 9 consequ5ce2 ,i ?9k t !    
local & g5]al typical collections %\ld  
be entirely di/9ct ?\gh close to ea* o!r
 9 ! same room = comp>ison2 t extreme   
c>e %\ld be tak5 9 ! collection & m\nt+ 
( ! animals inhabit+ ! di/rict1 & t no  
opportunity be lo/ ( mak+ ?is latt] z   
complete z possible2 t any?+ = :i* !    
locality is fam$1 be x fossils or       
antiquities1 be ! *ief motif ( any      
prov9cial museum2 t1 fail+ ?is1 "s gr\ps
 or =ms be collect$ to e/abli% a        
monograph1 su* z ,norwi* is do+ ) its   

,accipitres2 t1 :]e practicable1 bones &
 complete skeletons ( animals %\ld be   
collect$1 z be+1 ( ! greate/ s]vice to  
all /ud5ts1 be !y m$ical or biological4 
,also t explanatory *>ts & li/s take !  
place ( labels = ! v]tebrates1 & t all  
in=mation z to range & di/ribution (    
species be giv54 ,fur!r1 t anatomical   
diagrams & figures explanatory ( !      
/ructure & =m ( animals be provid$1     
toge!r ) all facilities = ! /udy (      
biology f a sci5tific /&-po9t4 ,i h also
 laid d[n ! axiom t a v small museum mu/
 & %\ld conf9e itself to objects        
collect$ 9 its imm$iate vic9ity1 b t a  
fairly l>ge museum w\ld ev] be 9 a      
disjo9t$ & unfurni%$ /ate if x reli$    
solely on su* specim5s4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 h
 a g5]al collection2 & c>e %\ld be tak5 
9 ! selection ( specim5s s t !y may fill
 up ! blanks occurr+ 9 ! local4  ,ano!r 
?+ ,i am q assur$ (2 x is t ! managem5t 
%\ld ex]cise a wise discretion 9 refus+ 
unsuitable objects 7*iefly ( e?nology7  
or duplicates ( common =ms1 & nev]      

receive a collection if fett]$ ) !      
condition t x mu/ be kept sep>ate4      
,ord]1 me?od1 neatness1 & c>eful        
catalogu+ ,i say no?+ ab\t1 = ,i assume 
t all pr9cipals mu/ practise ^! virtues 
to d any good :atev] ) ! collections    
entru/$ to _! c>e4    ,scann]'s rem>ks4 
,?is book seems to h be5 pr9t$ ab\t     
#ahhe4 ,i got my copy :5 ,i 0 /ill a    
te5ag] 7n?-h&2 ,i am n really z old z   
all t67 & h greatly enjoy$ ! enlight5$1 
yet practical & d[n-to-e>? attitude ( ! 
writ]4 ,x seems to me a f9e example (   
late ,victorian in/ructional mat]ial ( !
 unpret5ti\s p]suasion4 ,"s ( ,br[ne's  
views 7 ahead ( 8 "t 9 t]ms ( compassion
 & cons]vation1 s ,i urge mod]n read]s n
 to sne] at :at !y see z 8 out-(-date   
int]e/ 9 /uff$ animals4 ,nor %\ld !y    
take too patronis+ an attitude to       
,br[ne's long p>agraphs & occasionally  
/ra9$ concordances2 he 0 n a pr(essional
 writ] & he produc$ a f9e1 readable1 &  
useful "w4 ,bo? to ! biologi/ & hi/orian
 ( sci5ce1 ! book rema9s useful to ?is  

day1 &1 z books ( t p]iod disappe> =    
good1 ,i hope1 9 scann+ x1 to prev5t a  
sorry loss to our g5]ation & to ^? :o   
foll[ u4 ,?\gh ,i n[h]e edit$ 8 word+ or
 punctuation 9 any o!r way1 no matt] h[ 
mu* self-control ?is occasionally dem&$1
 ,i did split a lot ( p>agraphs1        
especially :5 !y spann$ pages & !reby   
confus$ l9es ( ?\ght4  ,9 transcrib+ ?is
 book ,i h g5]ally kept z truly to !    
orig9al z ,i c\ld1 includ+ :5 ,br[ne's  
7or possibly 8 editors'7 conv5tions = ! 
use ( quotes & p>5!ses set my tee? on   
edge4 ,h[ev]1 = lack ( conv5i5t font    
*>act]s & sophi/ication ( scann+ s(tw>e1
 ,i h conv]t$ mo/ ( ! vulg> fractions to
 decimals4 ,! o!rs ,i h repres5t$ )     
sla%es1 s t say1 a value ( "o ?ird might
 appe> z #a_/c4 ,simil>ly1 ,i h split   
ligatur$ *>act]s su* z ! ligatur$ ae &  
oe frequ5t 9 late ,lat9 9 p>ticul>4     
,also1 foll[+ a practical & common      
conv5tion1 ,i h replac$ ! umlaut ) a    
foll[+ lett] e4 ,?us ,mll] becomes      
,moell]4  ,br[ne frequ5tly cross-ref]r$ 

read]s to pages 9 ! book4 ,z pages got  
*ang$ 9 scann+ & edit+1 ,i h *ang$ su*  
page ref]5ces ma9ly to *apt]s or simil> 
ref]5ces4  ,!re 7 sev]al places :]e     
*anges 7g5]ally advances1 ,i hope67 9   
te*nical biology1 or possibly slips t   
,br[ne made 9 matt]s outside 8          
speciality1 l$ to errors4 ,i h n        
correct$ ^! 9 ! text ( c\rse1 nor d ,i  
discuss _m ( !m4 ,aft] all1 mo/ read]s  
:o c recognise ! errors 9 mod]n t]ms d n
 ne$ my assi/ance 9 correct+ !m1 & to ! 
o!r read]s !y w\ld h>dly matt]4 ,"h     
h[ev] are comm5ts on a few arbitr>ily   
*os5 po9ts1 9 no p>ticul> sequ5ce3  99  
,br[ne seems to h work$ be=e hydrog5    
p]oxide became g5]ally available1 or    
possibly be=e its blea*ng p[]s 7        
recognis$4  ,= blea*+ mo/ biological    
specim5s1 especially bones & ! l1       
hydrog5 p]oxide is 9 e way bett]1 less  
(f5sive1 less corrosive1 & less damag+  
to tissues1 ?an hypo*lorite4 ,soak+ ev5 
badly yell[$ tee? 9 say1 a five volumes 
conc5tration 7ab\t #a to #b7 ( p]oxide =

 a few days or weeks1 :it5s !m          
beautifully )\t damage or rott+ (       
tissues4 ,y might f9d t o!r p]oxide     
comp\nds1 su* z p]borates1 "w bett]     
/ill1 b ,i h n yet _h occasion to use   
!m4 ,o!r me?ods ( blea*+ only are wor?  
try+ :5 ! specim5s happ5 to conta9 a    
p>ticul> pigm5t t does n respond well to
 p]oxide blea*+4  ,"s su* pigm5ts are   
bett] blea*$ ) o!r *emicals1 su* z      
sulphites or hypo*lorites4  99 ,x takes 
"s trawl+ ?r\gh ! book to discov] t by  
mites 9 insect collections1 ,br[ne      
probably means booklice1 i4e4           
,psocopt]a4  99 ,e>wigs 7,d]mapt]a7 are 
n ,hemipt]a1 z ,br[ne class$ !m4        
,d]mapt]a & ,hemipt]a are n ev5 closely 
relat$4 ,! error is an int]e/+ "o h[ev]4
 ,x presumably arose f a n9ete5?-c5tury 
confusion ( ! hemelytra ( ! ,hemipt]a1 )
 ! %ort tegm9a1 ! cov]+ =e-w+s ( !      
,d]mapt]a1 t protect _! h9d w+s :5 !y   
are n 9 flight4 ,hemelytra ( ,hemipt]a  
are n really half-w+s anyway1 b         
protective =e-w+s arm\r$ = only ab\t    

half _! l5g?4 ,! two ord]s d n ev5      
resemble ea* o!r 9 appe>ance1 anatomy1  
habits or ecological significance4  99  
,br[ne uses a few t]ms n easily to be   
f\nd 9 e diction>y n[adays4 ,d[las is   
707 a co>se k9d ( l951 b probably ,br[ne
 ref]r$ to a /rong calico 9 imitation ( 
su* l954 ,= fili/] read filli/]2 accord+
 to m or less contempor>y diction>ies1 x
 is a misspell+4 ,x turns out to be a   
type ( rabbet plane us$ 9 mak+ w9d[     
frames & simil> /ructures4  99 ,= sett+ 
insects on a sett+ bo>d1 ,i 0 slightly  
surpris$ at ,br[ne's use ( braces & ! l4
 ,n[adays ev]yone ,i "k uses /rips (    
smoo?1 non-/icky1 transluc5t pap] or    
simil> mat]ial = ! purpose1 & ,i _h n   
realis$ t any o!r me?ods _h be5 us$ 9 ! 
pa/4 ,! use ( su* /rips is easy1 fa/ &  
effective4 ,x p]mits "o to set l>ge     
numb]s ( insects almo/ 9 an assembly l9e
 fa%ion1 work+ f ! f> end ( ! bo>d t[>ds
 oneself1 lay+ ! tape ov] ! w+s1 bl[+ or
 g5tly dragg+ ! w+s into position1 p9n+ 
d[n ! tape1 & proce$+ to ! next insect4 

99 ,if y get a small fi% alive1 !n !re  
is absolutely no way to set x m p]fectly
 ?an by dropp+ x alive into r /rong     
acetic acid4 ,?is is n g5]ally practical
 = say1 a l>ge salmon1 b = any?+ (      
manageable size1 x leaves ! gills1 jaws1
 & f9s fully & /iffly ext5d$4 ,/rong    
=maldehyde has a simil> effect1 b n z   
good4 ,imm$iately ! specim5 is /iff &   
dead 7a few seconds at mo/7 remove x f !
 acid & r9se x g5tly ) clean1 cold wat]1
 !n transf] x to a solution ( ammonium  
c>bonate1 lime wat]1 or simil>ly g5tle  
alkal9e mat]ial1 to neutralise ! acid   
be=e proce$+ ) :atev] means ( prep>ation
 y int5d$4 ,see also ! means ,i describe
 = prev5t+ acid damage4  99 ,if y happ5 
to use hypo*lorite or any o!r comp\nd t 
releases *lor9e1 & y !n wi% to remove ! 
residues1 fir/ r9se y\r specim5s clean z
 well z is conv5i5t1 !n soak !m 9 v weak
 p]oxide = a :ile4 ,hypo*lorite &       
p]oxide react ) ea* o!r to produce free 
oxyg5 7h>mless7 & *loride 7also h>mless 
9 any plausible conc5trations74  ,!     

effect is to neutralise any h>mful or   
irritat+ residues or smell ( *lor9e4  99
 ,9 at lea/ "o place ,i 0 surpris$ to   
see t ,br[ne speaks ( p9n+ insects      
exactly ?r\gh ! middle4 ,n[adays ?is is 
n widely done because "o risks damag+   
/ructures on ! m$ian l9e ( ! specim54   
,in/ead ! common conv5tion is to p9     
specim5s some:at to ! "r ( ! m$ian1 s t 
any?+ damag$ on ! "r c g5]ally be se5   
undamag$ on ! left4 ,:5 sett+ beetles or
 ! l1 ?is usually means p9n+ !m ?r\gh ! 
"r elytron4 ,commonly "o !n may set !   
specim5 ) ! left elytron & w+ spread4 ,n
 all beetles w p]mit ?is ( c\rse1 z _m  
flightless species h _! elytra fa/5$    
d[n1 & "s1 su* z _m ,sc>abaeidae1 flip  
_! fly+ w+s out p5-knife-l )\t          
noticeably rais+ ! elytra4  99 ,no d\bt 
! non-toxic soaps & s on t ,br[ne       
describes d "w z adv]tis$1 b = keep+    
pe/s ( dri$ mat]ial at bay1 = protect+  
hides1 pres]v$ insects & s on1 d n copy 
! recipes f ?is book4 ,?\gh _m (        
,br[ne's obs]vations are 9 e way        

practical & intellig5t1 our curr5t k (  
safe1 p]si/5t1 effective insecticides   
w\ld n em]ge = "s fifty or sixty ye>s   
aft] 8 dea?4 ,&1 please1 please6 ,?\gh  
,br[ne 0 reali/ic 9 8 assessm5t ( !     
dang]s ( ! *emicals he describes1 be> 9 
m9d t ev5 8 precautions 7 insuffici5t = 
mod]n purposes4 ,above all1 be v w>y ( !
 m]curial recipes he m5tions666 ,x is   
true t m]curic *loride is v effective1 b
 ,i _c ?9k ( a s+le mod]n reason to use 
x4 ,today we h mu* saf]1 m appropriate1 
mat]ials at our disposal1 includ+ "s v  
effective fumigants t ,br[ne w\ld h     
covet$4  99 ,note t among ! sub/ances t 
,br[ne fails to w>n u aga9/1 are ^? t   
c]ta9ly are ( l[ acute toxicity1 b      
pres5t s]i\s risks ( *ronic m$ical      
conditions or canc]1 unrecognis$ 9 8    
day4 ,8 mu* belov$ b5zol9e seems to h   
be5 l>gely b5z5e1 :i* n[adays is reg>d$ 
z a c>c9og51 & = _m purposes too dang]\s
 to h&le4 ,be=e ?is became g5]ally kn[n 
,i p]sonally h&l$ b5z5e 9 totally       
unacceptable ways1 b s f> ,i seem to h  

be5 lucky1 & ,i seem to h giv5 up tempt+
 fate be=e ,i incurr$ dang]\s symptoms4 
99 ,br[ne seems to me a bit too *e]ful  
ab\t high-p9n$ insects be+ protect$ f "s
 museum pe/s4 ,high p9n+ might help a   
little1 b x mo/ c]ta9ly is n[h]e ne>    
adequate4 ,i h se5 entire cases r$uc$ to
 labell$ p9s /&+ among ,d]me/id beetle  
frass4 ,use mod]n insecticides &        
c>efully seal$ draw]s or cases4 ,i l !  
new pyre?roids1 b keep 9 t\* ) museums  
to be sure y "k ! be/ curr5t means (    
protection4 ,grease f p9n$ insects has  
caus$ me less ( a problem ?an ,br[ne    
describes1 b possibly t is because ,i   
always h us$ ! high-p9n+ te*niques1 nev]
 hav+ kn[n any o!r4  99 ,:5 x comes to  
sett+ insects ,br[ne 0 no d\bt v arti/ic
 & v compet5t at produc+ a pres5table   
specim5 no matt] :at1 b "s ( 8 proc$ures
 = *e]fully snipp+ insects & re-assembl+
 !m %\ld be avoid$4 ,su* exp$i5ts c\ld  
ru9 specim5s int5d$ = ! use (           
pr(essional entomologi/s4 ,= !          
requirem5ts ( biological /udies1 x is f>

 m important to h a fully g5u9e specim51
 no matt] h[ badly disfigur$1 ?an a     
hopefully recon/ruct$ mosaic1 no matt]  
h[ arti/ic4 ,= "s purposes "o c\ld use m
 radical relax+ proc$ures in/ead4 ,br[ne
 seems to h us$ only cool wat] vap\r or 
sometimes liquid wat]4 ,c>eful          
application ( hot /eam c relax mo/      
specim5s t o!rwise c\ld n be re-set4 ,"o
 good trick 7,bew>e ( ! risks ( cuts &  
scald+ if y\r app>atus %\ld bur/67 is to
 boil wat] 9 a clos$ vessel1 lead+ !    
/eam out into a tube1 pref]ably (       
silicone rubb]1 tipp$ ) a drawn glass   
tube or ! blunt$ ne$le ( a syr+e4       
,direct /eam at ! p>ts t ne$ relax+4 ,) 
practice y (t5 c relax legs or w+s "o at
 a "t1 /opp+ z soon z !y rea* ! desir$  
position4  99 ,note too1 t ,br[ne is    
*e]ful ab\t m\nt+ "s insects by gumm+ _!
 feet 7t>si7 to c>d4 ,= entomological   
purposes ?is has sev]e disadvantages4   
,n[adays pr(essionals h>dly ev] use any 
means ( sett+ t prev5t "o f exam9+ a    
specim5 f all sides4 ,ev5 m\nt+ !m on a 

transp>5t mat]ial t5ds to int]f]e )     
prop] exam9ation4 ,= mo/ purposes p9 !  
insects us+ :at ,br[ne call$ flat sett+1
 high on ! p91 ) ! label b5ea?4 ,:]e ?is
 is n practical1 su* z = t9y specim5s1  
!re are o!r me?ods1 :i* y may see       
describ$ 9 manuals or us$ 9 museums4  99
 ,note3 ,br[ne wrote 9 pre-decimal days1
 us+ l>gely ! s-call$ ,imp]ial units4   
,?is might raise difficulties 9 und]/&+ 
8 quantities4 ,e4g4 8 dram or dra*m     
7drm7 probably 0 #j4abe ounce 7r\ghly   
#c4e grams74 ,8 p\nd w\ld be sixte5     
ounces 7oz47 ( #bh4ce grams1 b 8 p9t    
w\ld be tw5ty fluid ounces 7n #af z 9   
,am]ican p9ts67 ,correspond+ly 8 gallon 
w\ld be t5 p\nds1 n eight4 ,a gra9 w\ld 
be ab\t #fe mg4 ,( o!r units & ut5sils  
app>5tly common 9 ,br[ne's day1 su* z   
six-p\nd ,au/ralian meat t9s1 or        
g(f]+-irons1 make :at s5se y may4 ,a    
w9e-bottleful 0 probably ab\t #gjj cc4  
99 ,note3 ,i h _h little use = hexaval5t
 *rome comp\nds b "o ?+ ,i did notice 9 
exp]im5t+ ) a few ( ,br[ne's            

recomm5dations 7bi*romates1 *romic acid 
etc71 is t ! m]e/ few drops ( su*       
comp\nds 7typically z a solution (      
potassium di*romate or *romate7 add$ to 
wat] conta9+ s(t creatures su* z        
molluscs1 g5]ally w kill !m g5tly by    
p>alysis & leave !m relax$4 ,usually    
almo/ any?+ else "o uses1 %ort ( illegal
 or exp5sive drugs1 causes su* specim5s 
to di/ort or contract into useless      
lumps4 ,once ! *romate has ?or\ghly     
kill$ & relax$ !m1 say aft] an h\r or   
two1 ! specim5s c be fix$1 pres]v$1 or  
manipulat$ z requir$4 ,y may wi% to     
comp>e ?is me?od ) ! me?od t ,i describe
 = kill+ molluscs ) boil$ wat]4  99 ,"o 
effective way ( kill+ molluscs1         
p>ticul>ly ga/ropods1 snails & ! l1 :e!r
 t]re/rial1 fre%wat] or m>9e1 9 fully   
ext5d$ =m1 is to put !m into cool or    
b>ely lukew>m1 fre%ly-boil$ wat] t has  
be5 kept closely cov]$ 9 airtight       
conta9]s = cool+ )\t p]mitt+ a lot (    
oxyg5 to re-dissolve 9 ! wat]4 ,fir/    
r9se ! live specim5s 9 fre% wat] to     

clean away sup]ficial dirt & slime1 !n  
subm]ge !m 9 ! de-oxyg5at$ wat]4 ,place 
"s sort ( grid or o!r b>ri] to ensure t 
!y _c get ne> ! surface1 & re-seal !    
conta9] to keep air out4 ,leave !m = at 
lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e transf]r+ !m to
 a pres]vative fluid or o!rwise proce$+ 
to deal ) !m4 ,?is me?od leaves !m fully
 ext5d$ & firm1 ready = dissection or = 
pres]vation = display4 ,if y remove !m  
too soon1 !y at fir/ seem dead1 b       
contract say1 :5 a scalpel /imulates a  
/ill-liv+ n]ve4  99 ,! cyanide bottle = 
kill+ insects c]ta9ly c\ld be v useful1 
?\gh ,i am n c]ta9 h[ widely su* a      
dang]\s sub/ance w\ld be available      
n[adays4 ,_m =ms ( kill+ bottle h be5   
us$ 9 ! la/ c5tury or s1 & sev]al are   
describ$ 9 _m h&books4 ,an old fav\rite 
h&book ( m9e is ! ,briti% ,museum       
,in/ructions to ,collectors 7,insects74 
,mo/ kill+ bottles dep5d on "s volatile 
liquid soak$ into pla/]1 rubb] or cotton
 wool4 ,my own fav\rite 0 e?yl acetate1 
:i* is safe1 in(f5sive1 & has sev]al    

advantages1 z long z ! bottle & fluid   
are kept free f moi/ure4 ,= "s reason ! 
pres5ce ( wat] seems to r$uce its       
effectiv5ess at quickly immobilis+      
specim5s4  ,dry e?yl acetate p>alyses   
mo/ insects v quickly1 ev5 if x takes   
long] to kill !m4 ,= example1 unlike _m 
popul> compon5ts ( kill+ bottles1 e?yl  
acetate leaves dead specim5s relax$4  99
 ,:5 y h treat$ wet specim5s ) any?+    
acid1 d rememb] to neutralise ! acid    
residues z soon z possible4 ,! same     
applies if y h pres]v$ !m ) any?+ t     
gradually produces acid2 ,= example1    
=maldehyde gradually reacts ) oxyg5 to  
produce =mic acid4 ,9 due c\rse x       
de/roys %ells1 & ev5 f9e bones & tee?4  
,z a buff]1 ammonia is *eap1 effective &
 safe 9 reasonable circum/ances4 ,h[ev]1
 x is too volatile to be a reliable     
buff] aga9/ long t]m acidity4 ,specim5s 
pres]v$ 9 =maldehyde c be protect$ 9 !  
long t]m by add+ hexame?yl5etetram9e    
7o!rwise kn[n z hexam9e1 ! product (    
ammonia & =maldehyde7 to ! liquid4 ,a   

practical proportion is to add #ajj     
grams ( hexam9e to a litre ( conc5trat$ 
=maldehyde solution 7=mal974 ,dilute ?is
 solution be=e use1 accord+ !           
requirem5ts ( y\r p>ticul> application4 
,if y _c get hexam9e1 y c use /rong     
ammonia 7ab\t #cf7 solution1 ab\t #aej  
ml to #a litre ( =mal94 ,9 prep>+ to use
 su* =mal91 all[ = ! fact t 9 add+ !    
ammonia y dilut$ ! =mal9 by ab\t "o     
six?4 ,alt]natively1 ?\gh usually less  
effectively1 y c\ld add "s ammonium     
c>bonate or sodium bic>bonate to !      
conta9]4 ,sometimes a little oy/]-%ell  
grit or *alk w d = long-t]m buff]+2 x c 
be us$ toge!r ) ! hexam9e & c g on work+
 aft] ! hexam9e is exhau/$ if !         
collection is poorly ma9ta9$4 ,use y\r  
good s5se 9 adapt+ y\r measures to y\r  
ne$s4