,,bird ,,houses ,,boys ,,can ,,build ,,by ,,albert ,f4 ,,siepert1 ,b4,s4 ,professor of ,manual ,arts1 ,bradley ,polytechnic ,institute ,editor1 ,shop ,problems ,series 7on tracing paper7 ,editor1 ,shop ,notes and ,problems ,department of ,,manual ,,training ,,magazine ,illustration ,,the ,,manual ,,arts ,,press ,,peoria1 ,,illinois ,copyright #aiaf ,the ,manual ,arts ,press ,fourth ,edition1 #aiai ,,foreword4 ,years ago a country boy heard or read that if a simple box having a hole of a certain size were set upon a post in ,march or early ,april it would not be long before bluebirds would be around to see if the place would do as a summer cottage4 ,so he took an old paint keg such as white lead is sold in1 nailed a cover across the top1 cut an opening in the side and then placed it on a post ten or twelve feet high4 ,only a day or two passed before a soft call-note was heard1 a flash of blue1 and the songster had arrived4 ,his mate came a few days later and the paint keg with its tenants became the center of interest in my life4 ,a second brood was reared in midsummer and when the cool days of ,september came a fine flock left for the ,south4 ,each year the house was occupied until the post decayed and the paint keg fell down1 but in memory the sad call-note is still heard when spring comes1 for it is house hunting time once more1 and the bluebirds are looking for the home they had known4 ,that boys elsewhere may know the joy of the companionship of birds1 this little book is written4 ,birds will come and live near the houses of men whenever food and water are to be had1 safety from enemies is given1 and when homes are built for them to replace the shelters nature offered before men came with their cultivated fields and crowded cities4 ,the following pages give pictures and drawings of houses that boys have built and in which birds have lived4 ,these houses are planned for the species of birds that have become accustomed to civilization so that they will inhabit the houses put up for them4 ,the author is indebted to ,professor ,chas4 ,a4 ,bennett of ,bradley ,institute and ,mr4 ,l4 ,l4 ,simpson of ,the ,manual ,arts ,press for helpful suggestions and encouragement2 to ,john ,friese for making the drawings2 and to the following for the use of the originals of the illustrations which tell most of the story4 ,edward ,g4 ,anderson1 ,seattle1 ,wash4 ,figs4 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #cf1 #ci1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg4 ,frank ,h4 ,ball1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,figs4 #ab1 #bi1 #de1 #ff1 #fg4 ,leon ,h4 ,baxter1 ,st4 ,johnsbury1 ,vt4 ,figs4 #ba1 #bb4 ,f4 ,d4 ,crawshaw1 ,university of ,wisconsin1 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,figs4 #aa1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #dc1 #dd4 ,donald ,v4 ,ferguson1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,figs4 #i1 #bh1 #ch1 #fb4 ,geo4 ,g4 ,grimm1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,c4 ,m4 ,hunt1 ,milton1 ,mass4 ,figs4 #df1 #eb4 ,h4 ,a4 ,hutchins1 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,figs4 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai4 ,elmer ,knutson1 ,st4 ,cloud1 ,minn4 ,figs4 #cj1 #ca4 ,national ,association of ,audubon ,societies1 #aigd ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h4 ,chas4 ,tesch1 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,fig4 #fd4 ,the ,crescent ,co41 ,toms ,river1 ,n4 ,j4 ,figs4 #ce1 #di1 #ej4 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture ,bulletins2 ,figs4 #bj1 #ea1 #fe4 ,youths ,companion1 ,perry ,mason ,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,figs4 #eh1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa4 ,,albert ,f4 ,,siepert4 ,peoria1 ,ill41 ,march1 #aiaf4 ,,contents ,,page4 ,birds ,that ,live in ,nesting ,boxes #g ,bluebird--robin--chickadee--wren--house finch--woodpecker--flicker--martin ,construction of ,bird ,houses #ae ,dimensions of nesting boxes--houses of sawed lumber--rustic houses--cement and stucco houses ,placing ,houses #cf ,feeding ,shelves and ,shelters #cg ,foods ,bird ,baths #dh ,bird ,enemies #ea ,men--ants and vermin--,english or house sparrow--sparrow traps ,bird ,house ,exhibitions #ed ,bibliography #eg ,bird and bird house literature ,index #ei ,,birds ,,that ,,live ,,in ,,nesting ,,boxes4 ,certain varieties of birds will nest in homes built for them if these houses are of the right shape and dimensions4 ,other birds may be just as desirable but do not build nests and rear their young in boy-made nesting boxes4 ,we are therefore mainly concerned with the first group which select cavities in trees for their homes if nothing better is to be found4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,blue ,,birds1 ,,adults ,,and ,,young ,,bird4 ,,bluebird4 ,this bird may be found during the summer months in most of the states east of the ,rocky ,mountains1 ,figs4 #a and #ei4 ,it spends its winter in the southern states and southward1 returning north in ,march and ,april4 ,the principal items of food are grasshoppers1 caterpillars and beetles4 ,it should have a house measuring about #e in length and width1 inside measurements1 and #h or more in depth4 ,the entrance hole should be #a-a_/b in diameter and placed near the top1 so that the young birds cannot get out until strong enough to have some chance of escape from their enemies after they leave the nest4 ,while authorities differ as to the need of cleaning after a season's use1 it seems wise to provide the house with some device whereby the bottom may be removed for such purposes4 ,houses for this species are shown in ,figs4 #aa1 #ba1 #bb and #bd4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 7,,robin7 ,,robin4 ,robins usually announce the coming of spring when they return to their breeding grounds in the northern states1 where they are general favorites4 ,figs4 #b and #fj4 ,the nest is usually built of mud and lined with grasses2 placed in the fork of a tree or on some sheltered ledge4 ,robins take kindly to nesting shelves put up for them and it is well to put up several since but one brood is reared in each nest built4 ,this old nest should be removed after the young birds have gone4 ,a simple shelf is shown in the lower left hand corner of the photograph1 ,fig4 #bd1 as well as in ,figs4 #bj and #di4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 7,,chickadees7 ,,chickadee4 ,the chickadee is one of the brave little spirits who spends the entire winter with us1 ,fig4 #c4 ,we can be of considerable service to him during the cold weather by providing food shelters4 ,during the summer months his home is usually found in some decaying stump1 hence nesting boxes of the rustic type placed in some remote spot of the orchard or park are most attractive to him4 ,,wren4 ,when all other song birds fail to take advantage of a house built for them1 the wren may still be counted on4 ,almost any sort of home from a tin can or hollow gourd on up is satisfactory if put in a safe place and provided with an opening #a or slightly less in diameter1 so the sparrows must stay out1 ,figs4 #d and #e4 ,good homes are shown in ,figs4 #aj1 #ad1 #ae1 #af and others4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,wren ,,and ,,rustic ,,house4 ,,house ,,finch4 ,the house finch has made many enemies because of its fondness for cultivated fruits and berries4 ,however1 it has some redeeming features in its song and beauty4 ,the nest is usually placed in the fork of a limb--evergreens being favorite nesting places4 ,the house shown in ,fig4 #ea is suitable for these birds but is also acceptable to wrens4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,wrens4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,flicker4 ,,woodpecker4 ,the favorite of this interesting family is the little downy1 ,fig4 #g4 ,living largely upon harmful grubs and insects1 this bird does an immense amount of good by protecting our forests from insect scourges4 ,woodpeckers do not build nests as most birds do1 but excavate a deep cavity in some dead tree leaving a quantity of chips at the bottom on which the eggs are laid4 ,nesting boxes should be of the rustic type made as shown in ,fig4 #ab1 leaving some sawdust mixed with a little earth in the cavity4 ,these houses should be placed on trees in a park or orchard4 ,boys should be able to tell the difference between the woodpeckers beneficial to man and the sapsucker whose misdeeds often cause considerable damage to fruit trees4 ,a nuthatch is also seen in ,fig4 #g enjoying a meal of sunflower seed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,downy ,,woodpecker 7,,above7 ,,nuthatch 7,,below74 ,,flicker4 ,the flickers spend much of their time on the ground in search of ants which form the larger percentage of their food4 ,since ants sometimes cause considerable trouble for other birds1 a pair of flickers are worth cultivating for the sake of the work they can do4 ,artificial nesting boxes of sufficient depth and size are quite readily used1 ,figs4 #f1 #bj and #be4 ,,martin4 ,nearly everyone knows swallows of one variety or another4 ,the most beautiful of the family are the martins1 ,fig4 #h4 ,this bird is of great service against the inroads of wasps1 bugs and beetles4 ,it prefers to live in colonies even though the males fight bitterly at times4 ,martin houses should have at least several rooms1 each separate from all the others4 ,houses have been built to accommodate fifty and more families4 ,smaller ones are shown in ,figs4 #h1 #i1 #ac and #de4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,a ,,martin ,,colony4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,the ,,peer ,,gynt ,,cottage ,,for ,,martins4 ,fig4 #i is a miniature reproduction of ,peer ,gynt's cottage for a martin house4 ,this house was not only an attractive thing to make1 but martins selected it for their home during the past summer4 ,,construction ,,of ,,bird ,,houses4 ,bird houses may be divided into three main classes3 7#a7 those made of sawed lumber to specified dimensions2 7#b7 the rustic type made of 7a7 slabs of wood with the bark left on1 or 7b7 pieces of tree trunk1 or 7c7 of sawed lumber trimmed with bark or twigs2 and 7#c7 cement or stucco houses4 ,in each case the entrance should slant slightly upward to keep the rain out4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,wren ,,houses4 ,almost any sort of lumber may be used1 but birds take most readily to that which has been weathered out of doors4 ,a kind should be used which does not warp or check badly2 white pine and cypress meet these requirements and are worked with ease4 ,yellow poplar is used and cedar with or without the bark left on has its friends for houses of the first or second classes4 ,nesting boxes of sawed lumber should be painted on the outside to improve their appearance and to preserve them against the effect of the weather4 ,it is often wise to leave a small amount of unpainted surface around the entrance1 and all paint should be thoroughly dry before houses are expected to be occupied4 ,colors selected will depend somewhat upon the neighborhood1 but white1 grey1 dull greens or browns are often used4 ,,dimensions ,,of ,,nesting ,,boxes4 ,the following table1 copied from ,farmers ,bulletin1 ,no4 #fji1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 gives in small space valuable information about dimensions that experience and investigation have indicated as good for particular varieties of birds4 ,this list includes many varieties that do not commonly live in houses built for them1 however4 ,as time goes on1 we may expect to find more of these birds living in our nesting boxes because they are apt to seek the same sort of home as the one in which they were reared4 ,the table is given to be of service to those wishing to plan new houses not shown here4 ,dimensions of nesting boxes for various species of birds4 ,floor ,depth ,entrance ,diameter ,height ,species4 of of above of above cavity4 cavity4 floor4 entrance4 ground4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,inches4 ,inches4 ,inches4 ,inches4 ,feet4 ,bluebird #e by #e #h #f #a-a_/b #e to #aj ,robin #f by #h #h #a #a #f to #ae ,chickadee #d by #d #h to #aj #h #a-a_/h #f to #ae ,tufted titmouse #d by #d #h to #aj #h #a-a_/d #f to #ae ,white-breasted nuthatch #d by #d #h to #aj #h #a-a_/d #ab to #bj ,house wren #d by #d #f to #h #a to #f #g_/h #f to #aj ,bewick wren #d by #d #f to #h #a to #f #a #f to #aj ,carolina wren #d by #d #f to #h #a to #f #a-a_/h #f to #aj ,dipper #f by #f #f #a #c #a to #c ,violet-green swallow #e by #e #f #a to #f #a-a_/b #aj to #ae ,tree swallow #e by #e #f #a to #f #a-a_/b #aj to #ae ,barn swallow #f by #f #f #a #a #h to #ab ,martin #f by #f #f #a #b-a_/b #ae to #bj ,song sparrow #f by #f #f #b #b #a to #c ,house finch #f by #f #f #d #b #h to #ab ,phoebe #f by #f #f #a #a #h to #ab ,crested flycatcher #f by #f #h to #aj #h #b #h to #bj ,flicker #g by #g #af to #ah #af #b-a_/b #f to #bj ,red-headed woodpecker #f by #f #ab to #ae #ab #b #ab to #bj ,golden-fronted woodpecker #f by #f #ab to #ae #ab #b #ab to #bj ,hairy woodpecker #f by #f #ab to #ae #ab #a-a_/b #ab to #bj ,downy woodpecker #d by #d #h to #aj #h #a-a_/d #f to #bj ,screech owl #h by #h #ab to #ae #ab #c #aj to #cj ,sparrow hawk #h by #h #ab to #ae #ab #c #aj to #cj ,saw-whet owl #f by #f #aj to #ab #aj #b-a_/b #ab to #bj ,barn owl #aj by #ah #ae to #ah #d #f #ab to #ah ,wood duck #aj by #ah #aj to #ae #c #f #d to #bj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,footnote #a3 ,one or more sides open4 ,footnote #b3 ,all sides open4 ,,houses ,,of ,,sawed ,,lumber4 ,the boy with an outfit of tools at home1 or with a teacher of manual training interested in birds1 can make all of the houses to be described in this section4 ,figs4 #aj and #aa show simple houses for wrens and bluebirds4 ,drawings for this type of house are shown in ,figs4 #ad1 #ae and #ba4 ,while the surfaces of lumber used for these houses may or may not be planed1 care must be taken that all pieces are sawed or planed to the correct sizes with edges and ends square and true so there will be no bad cracks for drafts and rain to enter4 ,be careful to nail the pieces together so that they will not have occasion to crack or warp4 ,a good way to save time and lumber is to prepare a piece of stock1 getting it of the right thickness1 width and length1 and then to saw up this stock on lines carefully laid out as shown in the drawings of the bluebird and wren houses1 flicker nest1 robin shelf and finch house4 ,the most difficult houses to build are those for martins4 ,in ,fig4 #de is given a drawing for a small home arranged to care for eight families1 while the photographs1 ,figs4 #h1 #i1 #ch1 #ff and #fg show larger1 finer and more difficult houses4 ,the doors or openings are #b-a_/b in diameter and can be made with an expansion bit or a key-hole saw4 ,all of these houses are to be made so they may be cleaned4 ,sometimes the bottom is hinged on two screws or nails1 and held in proper place by a dowel 7bluebird house1 ,fig4 #ba72 or screwed in place 7wren house1 ,fig4 #ba1 and martin house1 ,fig4 #de72 or hinged and held in place by a brass spring 7wren house1 ,fig4 #ad74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,houses ,,for ,,wrens ,,and ,,bluebirds4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,rustic ,,houses4 ,,rustic ,,houses4 ,the first group of houses of this type are shown in ,figs4 #ab1 #ce and #cf4 ,these are made of slabs of wood with the bark left on1 and in some cases1 of the bark alone if it can be secured of sufficient thickness4 ,it is usually a good plan to drive a sufficient number of nails into the bark to keep it in place1 otherwise it will drop off4 ,houses such as these attract birds that would avoid a freshly painted imitation of some large residence or public building4 ,figs4 #bj and #cg show houses made of a section of a tree split or sawed in halves1 the nest cavity hollowed out1 and then fastened together again with screws4 ,the top should be covered with a board or piece of tin to keep out rain4 ,the third division of this type of house is made of sawed lumber and then trimmed with bark or twigs4 ,in this way the same frames may be made to appear as very different bird houses when completed4 ,such houses are shown in ,figs4 #cj to #cd4 ,sometimes a pail is used for the frame and then covered with bark1 as the center house of ,fig4 #bh4 ,this house has a partition placed half-way up making it a two family apartment1 and is provided with ventilating and cleaning devices4 ,,cement ,,and ,,stucco ,,houses4 ,houses may be cast of concrete as ,fig4 #ci4 ,this requires a mold or form1 and takes considerable planning to insure success4 ,a form is made whose inside dimensions are those of the outside of the bird house1 and of the desired shape4 ,a second form1 or core1 to be placed inside of the first form1 is made as large as the inside of the bird house4 ,the two forms must be mounted so they will remain in the right relation while concrete is placed in the space between them4 ,after this has set1 the forms may be removed1 cleaned and used again4 ,the roof is generally made separately and put in position last4 ,or the roof can be cast as a part of the house in which case the bottom is inserted last4 ,birds do not take as kindly to this type of house as a rule1 as to those made of wood4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,stucco ,,house ,,for ,,martins4 ,the stucco house has many possibilities4 ,fig4 #ch1 shows a group of such houses designed to match the general appearance of garages in good residence districts4 ,the frame is made of wood and the stucco applied by one of the methods in use on large houses4 ,seventh grade boys have made such houses1 using #c_/h material for the frames1 tacking on wire netting and then plastering each side of the house in turn with concrete4 ,the sides were given a pebble-dash surface1 while the roof was finished with a steel trowel to give a smooth surface that will shed water readily1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 7,,wren ,,house7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 7,,wren ,,house7 ,a ,,carefully ,,planned ,,project ,,is ,,shown ,,in ,,various ,,stages ,,of ,,completion ,,in ,,figs4 #ae-ai4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,wren ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,economy ,,of ,,time ,,and ,,material ,,when ,,laid ,,out ,,in ,,this ,,manner4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,assembling ,,bird ,,houses4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,finishing ,,bird ,,houses4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 7,,flicker ,,house ,,mounted ,,on ,,post ,,or ,,tree71 7,,home ,,for ,,woodpeckers71 7,,outdoor ,,nest ,,shelf ,,for ,,barn ,,swallows1 ,,phoebes ,,and ,,robins7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 7,,bluebird ,,house71 7,,wren ,,house71 7,,woodpecker ,,house7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,houses ,,built ,,by ,,students ,,at ,,st4 ,,johnsbury1 ,,vt4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 7,,chickadee ,,house7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,wren1 ,,blue ,,bird ,,and ,,robin ,,houses4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4 7,,flicker ,,or ,,woodpecker ,,house7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 7,,wren ,,box7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 7,,flycatcher ,,home7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,rustic ,,houses ,,made ,,by ,,st4 ,,paul1 ,,minn4 ,,boys4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,,rustic ,,houses ,,made ,,by ,,pittsburgh1 ,,pa4 ,,boys4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,simple ,,log ,,and ,,birchbark ,,construction1 ,,houses ,,for ,,wrens1 ,,bluebirds1 ,,etc4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,,birch ,,bark ,,houses4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,,good ,,types ,,of ,,small ,,houses4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,,good ,,types ,,of ,,small ,,houses4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,a ,,quaint ,,bird ,,home4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,a ,,house ,,of ,,cedar ,,slabs ,,for ,,jenny ,,wren4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,,making ,,bird ,,houses ,,to ,,order4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,,construction ,,of ,a ,,woodpecker',s ,,home4 ,a ,,martin1 ,,or ,,tree ,,swallow ,,home4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,,stucco ,,houses4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,,concrete ,,houses4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,,ready ,,to ,,place ,,finished ,,houses4 ,,placing ,,houses4 ,the table given on page #af states the height from the ground that different species of birds seem to prefer for their nests1 to which several suggestions may be added4 ,the houses should be so located that cats and other bird enemies do not have easy access to them4 ,the openings ought to be turned away from the directions from which storms and winds most often come2 and the house must hang or tilt so rain does not run in at the entrance4 ,such birds as the woodpeckers spend most of their time in the trees and so do not take as readily to a house set on a pole out in the open as martins or bluebirds4 ,flickers are seen on the ground a good share of the time in search of their favorite food1 and so will frequently live in houses nailed to fence posts4 ,houses are more apt to be occupied if placed in position in fall or winter before the spring migration1 especially houses made of freshly dressed or newly painted wood4 ,however1 such birds as the robin and bluebird rear more than one brood each season and so a house set up in ,may or ,june may have a tenant4 ,figs4 #dj to #dd show boys of the ,university of ,wisconsin ,high ,school placing some of the houses they had made4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #da4 7,,placing ,,houses7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #db4 7,,placing ,,houses7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 7,,placing ,,houses7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 7,,placing ,,houses7 ,,feeding ,,shelves ,,and ,,shelters4 ,nesting boxes make their appeal to but a part of the birds of any community4 ,these attract during the early spring and summer months4 ,many other species are worth having in our orchards and gardens for their songs and their activity in destroying insects and weed seeds4 ,to these some other attraction than nesting boxes must be offered4 ,then again1 many birds would spend a longer time with us if a certain food supply were assured them4 ,a simple suet feeder is shown in ,fig4 #de4 ,the birds cling to the chicken wire while eating4 ,a feeding box for seed-eating birds is given in ,fig4 #df4 ,fig4 #dg gives a shelf to be nailed to the sunny side of a building1 while ,fig4 #dh shows a somewhat similar type to be fastened to a window sill1 making it possible to observe the birds that come to dine4 ,birds that hesitate to come close to buildings may be attracted by the feeders set out in the open4 ,fig4 #ej shows a feeder mounted on an iron pipe so it can be turned in any direction4 ,this feeder has one end closed by a pane of glass1 and is to be turned so that prevailing winds do not enter4 ,fig4 #di shows a feeding shelf for winter use which makes an acceptable robin nesting shelf in spring4 ,in ,fig4 #ec is given a feeder mounted on a base with a vane so the adjustment takes place automatically4 ,figs4 #ea and #eb show two food shelters considerably more difficult to construct4 ,they have glass on all sides1 and are open at the bottom so that birds can enter or leave at will4 ,fig4 #cj shows a simple food shelter offering some protection against rain and snow1 while a very attractive group of shelters are given in ,figs4 #ed1 #ee1 #ef and #eg4 ,if you look closely you may see ,mabel in the right hand feeder in ,fig4 #ed4 ,the builder of these shelters found her so positive about her rights--since she discovered the food supply--that he has been obliged to put up the others to keep peace4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #de4 7,,martin ,,house71 7,,suet ,,feeder7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #df4 7,,nesting ,,box ,,for ,,bluebirds71 7,,feeding ,,box7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 7,,feeding ,,shelf7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 7,,window ,,food ,,shelter7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,,robin ,,shelf ,,or ,,feeding ,,shelf4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,,hilbersdorfer ,,food ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 7,,house ,,for ,,house ,,finches71 7,,food ,,shelter ,,house7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 7,,sheltered ,,food ,,house7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 7,,adjustable ,,food ,,shelter7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 7,,food ,,shelters7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,,when ,,the ,,shelter ,,is ,,most ,,needed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,,birds ,,should ,,find ,,these ,,food ,,shelters ,,before ,,bad ,,weather ,,comes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,a ,,japanese ,,effect4 ,the window-sill lunch counter shown in ,figs4 #eh and #fa is a most effective way to study birds at close range4 ,the window selected for this purpose should be on a quiet and sheltered side of the house if possible4 ,if trees and shrubbery are near at hand birds are more likely to be attracted4 ,branches of thorn apples1 alders and evergreens are fastened firmly to the window frames to dress the lunch counter on the outside while house plants or at least a curtain should be placed on the inside as a screen4 ,fig4 #ei shows how particular varieties of birds may be attracted by offering favorite foods while ,fig4 #fj gives an idea of what kindness will do4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,,the ,,bird ,,window ,,seen ,,from ,,inside ,,the ,,room4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,,bluebirds ,,attracted ,,to ,,the ,,window ,,sill ,,by ,,meal ,,worms4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,a ,,robin ,,about ,,to ,,eat ,,from ,,the ,,children',s ,,hands4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,,the ,,window-,,sill ,,lunch ,,counter ,,from ,,outside4 ,,foods4 ,food shelters become centers of interest in proportion to the number of birds attracted to them4 ,the kind of food placed there determines in time the kind of birds that will be found frequenting them4 ,seed-eating birds are readily attracted by the use of small grains such as oats and wheat4 ,however1 every farmer finds a quantity of weed seeds upon cleaning his seed grain1 which proves very acceptable to chickadees and blue jays4 ,bread crusts or crumbs1 crackers and doughnuts may be placed in the food shelter with the knowledge that the birds will eat them4 ,for those of the city who would need to buy seeds1 it will be just as well to get hemp1 millet1 canary seed and sunflower seed1 together with the small grains and cracked corn for foods4 ,suet1 scraps of meat and various vegetable scraps1 such as celery1 lettuce1 apples1 raisins1 and the berries of various bushes1 if they can be obtained1 are relished4 ,bluebirds seem fond of meal worms such as develop in old cereals4 ,all birds require water and frequently suffer because this is not to be had4 ,if it is possible to meet this need a great service is rendered4 ,finally1 when the ground is snow covered1 many birds appreciate a supply of sand and finely ground poultry grit4 ,many birds are lost each winter because of insufficient food during inclement weather1 that if cared for would remain near neighbors in the summer to wage war upon insect pests4 ,,bird ,,baths4 ,the best bird baths have to meet two requirements3 7a7 clean1 fresh water1 and 7b7 safety from enemies4 ,almost any shallow dish will meet both requirements if properly placed and cared for4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,,the ,,palm ,,garden ,,exhibit ,,of ,,bird ,,baths1 ,,etc41 ,,st4 ,,paul1 ,,minn4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 7,,concrete ,,bird ,,bath7 ,fig4 #fb shows several baths made of concrete4 ,the pedestal and basin are made of two separate pieces1 and are cast in a form or mold4 ,a more difficult concrete bath is shown in ,fig4 #fc4 ,this project is made in four pieces4 ,the base consists of two parts1 the bottom being cast in a form made of #a_/b or #g_/h stock4 ,the upper part is swept up by means of the templet shown1 which revolves about an iron rod or a dowel-rod firmly fastened above1 and held below in a hole bored in a temporary base of wood4 ,the column is cast in a mold made of sheet tin or galvanized iron run thru tinners' rolls1 and held by means of several wires twisted about it4 ,when this is being cast two pieces of iron rod are inserted as shown which are to pass into both bowl and base to make the whole job firm4 ,the bowl may be swept by either of two methods4 ,the first consists of the making of two templets4 ,with the first templet a core of clay is swept up of the desired depth and diameter4 ,then concrete is placed over this core1 which has previously been treated to a coat of oil4 ,woven wire is cut into a circular shape and bent to approximate the curve of the bowl4 ,more concrete is placed over this1 and swept up by means of the second templet4 ,some difficulty will be experienced in removing the templet if undercut as much as shown2 however1 the mark where it was taken off can easily be troweled smooth again4 ,the finished pieces are now assembled with a small quantity of neat cement in each joint4 ,the second method for making the bowl begins with the making of templets cut on the opposite side of the outline1 as compared with the first method4 ,a box is then nailed up and a clay or plaster-of-paris base made4 ,this is oiled1 and the concrete put in place4 ,in this case a wetter mixture than in the first case should be used4 ,the second templet is then used to strike off the inside of the bowl4 ,after this has set the pieces may be assembled as before4 ,,bird ,,enemies4 ,one sometimes wonders that birds manage to exist and to actually increase in numbers4 ,possibly the first group of enemies should include men and boys who kill adult birds1 leaving the fledglings to starve1 or who rob the nests of eggs4 ,it is the writer's belief that every boy who makes one or more of the projects in this booklet1 and sees it occupied1 will become one of a growing number who will care for instead of destroy the birds of his neighborhood4 ,further1 if every man who now thoughtlessly or willfully destroys birds1 knew the real money value of the work birds do1 he would build or buy houses and food shelters to increase ,nature's best friends to mankind4 ,the second group of enemies include ants and other vermin which at times infest nests and nesting boxes1 snakes1 squirrels1 mice and rats4 ,protection against this group is afforded by bands of tin about the pole1 or spikes of wood or metal pointing downward so that access is impossible by climbing up the pole4 ,another protection is to make the entrance holes small enough to admit only the occupant for whom the house was intended4 ,of course1 the houses for the larger birds must be protected in other ways4 ,charles ,tesch of ,milwaukee suggests a sticky fly paper compound made of resin 7melted7 and castor oil as a preventive for the inroads of the small red ant1 if suitable support is available4 ,the final group consists of the two worst foes of bird life1 cats and ,english or house sparrows4 ,if you really value the birds that have been reared in the house you have built you may need to get up early more than one morning when the youngsters leave the nest to protect them from the highly respectable 787 tabby that lives possibly next door if not at your own house4 ,it often comes to a choice between cats and birds3 and the cats may be disposed of in two ways--the right kind of box traps for the homeless and unknown robbers1 and an air rifle with sufficient sting for the trespasser from next door4 ,a few lessons of this kind usually have some effect4 ,the ,english or house sparrow was introduced into this country about a half-century ago4 ,it has spread over practically all of the ,united ,states and ,southern ,canada4 ,possibly no bird has exhibited such powers of adapting itself to new conditions4 ,the sparrow is no respecter of places for locating its nest4 ,it lives on a variety of foods changing from one to another as the necessity arises4 ,in spite of opposition1 this bird is constantly on the increase1 so much so that in many cases more desirable native birds have been obliged to leave4 ,the sparrow is filthy and quarrelsome1 and lives mainly upon valuable small grains in every case where this is possible4 ,there are two methods possible which afford partial relief3 7#a7 traps and 7#b7 driving them away with an air-rifle4 ,traps are usually successful for a comparatively brief time1 since the sparrows soon associate the trap with danger and so avoid it4 ,a very successful type of woven wire trap is advocated by the ,department of ,agriculture but is probably beyond the ability of the average boy to make well4 ,it sells by commercial manufacturers of bird supplies for about #d4jj4 ,this trap works all the year around as it depends upon the attraction of food4 ,fig4 #fe gives a simple1 yet effective trap4 ,however1 it requires the presence of some hidden observer to spring it at the right moment4 ,another type of trap is based upon the nest-house idea4 ,its effectiveness is limited largely to the nesting season1 though it may be used by the birds for shelter4 ,one of the most efficient traps was invented by ,charles ,tesch1 of ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,its principle is that of a tipping chamber leading into a sack thru a chute4 ,fig4 #fd gives the dimensions to be followed in making such a trap4 ,the inventor says that the bag should be far enough away from the box to make certain that the victim has no chance to tell the others what happened to him by chirping1 otherwise they will no longer enter the trap4 ,the box must be perfectly tight in order to prevent drafts from issuing thru the entrance which will cause sparrows to keep away4 ,if a few feathers are glued or shellacked to the tipping chamber floor1 the sparrow is often attracted more strongly4 ,the bag should be examined frequently to liberate bluebirds and wrens1 who may have been caught4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 7,,sparrow ,,trap7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 7,,sparrow ,,trap7 ,however1 fighting bird enemies without the cooperation of neighbors is not an easy matter4 ,in the case of sparrows1 so many more are left that traps alone are ineffective4 ,an airgun properly used offers some help in the city to drive them away from the premises1 while a shot gun or #bb caliber rifle are more effective in the country4 ,if every sparrow nest were torn down and no place given them in your neighborhood1 the pest is likely to avoid your grounds4 ,finally1 keep nesting boxes free from sparrows while the owners are away for the winter4 ,,bird ,,house ,,exhibitions4 ,many cities are beginning to do excellent work along the lines of bird preservation and attraction4 ,this usually leads into an exhibition or contest1 though many times quantities of houses are made and sold for other purposes1 such as raising money for athletic suits for the school teams4 ,at ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 a large number of houses such as are shown in ,figs4 #ae-ai were made for the city ,bird ,lovers' ,association to be placed in the city parks4 ,the boys received the profits of the sale after materials were paid for4 ,in the ,mercer ,center1 ,seattle1 ,wash41 the boys wanted suits for the team4 ,bird houses were made in dozen lots for a large department store1 and soon the boys had all the money the suits cost4 ,fig4 #cf shows a group of #gth grade boys with the houses made in two class periods of two hours each4 ,at ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn41 the annual exhibit has become a larger affair than the automobile show4 ,this year it will be held in the city auditorium which seats #aj1jjj people4 ,the city council will pay the rent of this building for a week and the boys will see that it is filled with bird houses4 ,up to date 7,march #aa1 #aiaf7 over #a1jjj worth of orders have been taken for houses to be delivered after the exhibition4 ,fig4 #fb shows the palm room at the ,st4 ,paul exhibit in #aiae4 ,the county making the most bird houses in #aiae1 so far as has been reported1 was ,allegheny ,county1 ,pa41 where approximately #ae1jjj houses were produced4 ,fig4 #fg shows the prize winners in a department store contest at ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 while an exhibit in the same city is shown in ,fig4 #ff4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,,the ,,pittsburgh ,,exhibit4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,,prizewinners ,,in ,,department ,,store ,,contest4 ,space will not permit giving extended rules for such contests since the rules must vary with each city4 ,briefly1 there should be provision made to give all competitors an equal chance4 ,boys of the #fth grade should meet others of that grade4 ,prizes may be awarded for the best houses made for the more common birds1 such as wrens1 bluebirds1 and martins4 ,these should be judged as to adaptability or fitness to purpose1 amount of protection afforded to birds1 good workmanship and artistic merit4 ,a prize might be awarded to the boy whose house has the first pair of birds nesting in it4 ,prizes may be of many kinds1 but tools and books1 as well as cash prizes are often given by local business men4 ,,where ,,more ,,information ,,may ,,be ,,obtained4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,division of ,publications3 ,bird ,houses and ,how to ,build ,them1 ,bulletin ,no4 #fji2 ,fifty ,common ,birds1 ,bulletin ,no4 #eac 7#ae cents72 ,the ,english ,sparrow as a ,pest1 ,bulletin ,no4 #dic4 ,magazines which have published articles on birds and bird houses3 ,bird ,lore2 ,country ,life2 ,the ,craftsman2 ,elementary ,school ,teacher2 ,ladies' ,home ,journal2 ,manual ,training and ,vocational ,education2 ,outing2 ,outlook2 ,school ,arts ,magazine2 ,something ,to ,do2 ,the ,farm ,journal2 ,the ,national ,geographic ,magazine2 ,youths ,companion4 ,national ,association of ,audubon ,societies3 ,leaflets1 photographs1 advice4 ,liberty ,bell ,bird ,club of ,the ,farm ,journal1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa43 ,leaflets1 books1 pictures1 supplies1 inspiration4 ,public ,library3 ,reed1 ,bird ,guide2 ,blackburn1 ,problems in ,farm ,woodwork2 ,chapman1 ,bird ,life2 ,hiesemann1 ,how to ,attract ,wild ,birds2 ,national ,geographic ,society1 ,common ,birds of ,town and ,country2 ,trafton1 ,methods of ,attracting ,birds4 ,catalogs of ,bird ,house ,companies3 ,audubon ,bird ,house ,co41 ,meriden1 ,new ,hampshire2 ,bird ,architecture ,crescent ,co41 ,toms ,river1 ,n4 ,j4 7#bj cents72 ,joseph ,h4 ,dodson1 #gbh ,security ,bldg41 ,chicago1 ,ill42 ,bird ,houses ,large and ,small1 ,mathews ,mfg4 ,co41 ,cleveland1 ,ohio2 ,charles ,e4 ,white1 ,box #de;,b1 ,kenilworth1 ,ill42 ,the ,wheatley ,pottery1 #bdbi ,reading ,road1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,,index 7,numbers refer to pages7 ,a ,adjustable food shelters1 #da1 #dd ,ants1 #ea ,audubon ,association1 #eg ,b ,bibliography1 #eg ,birchbark houses1 #cj1 #cb ,bird ,architecture1 #eg ,bird baths1 #dh1 #di1 #ej ,bird enemies1 #ea ,bird ,houses and ,how to ,build ,them1 #eg ,bird house exhibitions1 #ed ,bird ,houses ,large and ,small1 #eg ,bird house manufacturers1 #eg ,birds that live in nesting boxes1 #g ,bluebirds1 #g1 #df ,bluebird houses1 #ag1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #cj1 #ci ,books about birds1 #eg ,c ,cats1 #ea ,cement and stucco houses1 #ai1 #cd1 #ce ,chickadee1 #i ,chickadee houses1 #ah1 #bf ,construction of bird houses1 #ae ,construction of ,woodpecker's home1 #bd1 #cd ,contests1 #ef ,contributors1 #c1 #d ,d ,dimensions of nesting boxes1 #af ,downy ,woodpecker1 #ab ,e ,enemies of birds1 #ea ,english ,sparrows1 #eb ,exhibitions of bird houses1 #ed ,f ,feeding shelves and shelters1 #cg1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #de ,feeding box for seed eating birds1 #ci ,feeding shelf for side of building1 #dj ,finch1 #aj ,flicker1 #aa1 #ab ,flicker homes1 #bd1 #bg ,flycatcher home1 #bi ,foods1 #df ,h ,hilbersdorfer feeder1 #da ,house ,finch1 #aj ,houses covered with bark or twigs1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc ,houses for ,bluebirds1 #ag1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #ci ,houses for ,chickadees1 #ah1 #bf ,house for ,finches1 #db ,houses for ,flickers1 #bd1 #bg ,house for ,flycatchers1 #bi ,houses for ,martins1 #ac1 #ad1 #ch ,houses for ,robins1 #bd1 #bg ,houses for ,woodpeckers1 #bd1 #be ,houses for ,wrens1 #aj1 #ae1 #ag1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #be1 #bg1 #bh1 #cj ,houses of sawed lumber1 #af ,houses of slabs1 #cc ,l ,log houses1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj ,m ,magazines which have published bird articles1 #eg ,martins1 #ac ,martin houses1 #ac1 #ad1 #ch ,n ,nuthatch feeding on sunflower seeds1 #ab ,o ,opening for various bird houses1 #af ,p ,pointing houses1 #ae ,palm garden exhibit of bird baths1 #di ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 exhibit1 #ee ,placing houses1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg ,protection against enemies1 #ea ,r ,robin1 #h1 #df ,robin shelves1 #bd1 #bg1 #da ,rules for bird house contests1 #ef ,rustic houses1 #ah1 #bh1 #bi ,s ,seed feeder1 #ci ,shelters1 bird house1 #cg1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #de ,sizes of entrances and houses1 #af ,sparrows1 #eb ,sparrow traps1 #ec1 #ed ,stucco houses1 #ai1 #cd ,suet feeder1 #ch ,t ,table of dimensions of houses1 #af ,time for placing houses1 #cg ,traps for sparrows1 #ec1 #ed ,v ,vermin1 #dj ,w ,wall feeding shelf1 #dj ,window feeding shelf1 #dj ,window sill lunch counter1 #de1 #df1 #dg ,woodpeckers1 #aa1 #ab ,woodpecker houses1 #bd1 #be ,wood suitable for making houses1 #ae ,wrens1 #aj1 #aa ,wren houses1 #aj1 #ae1 #ag1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #be1 #bg1 #bh ,,manual ,,training ,,toys ,,for ,,the ,,boy',s ,,workshop ,by ,,harris ,w4 ,,moore ,supervisor of ,manual ,training1 ,watertown1 ,mass4 ,a ,,collection ,,of ,,forty-,,two ,,projects ,,overflowing ,,with ,,boy ,,interest ,a popular boys' book that is truly educational4 ,the projects are all new in the manual training shop4 ,the text gives instructions for making each project and treats of tools and tool processes4 ,the following is a partial list-- ,windmills ,kites ,water ,wheels ,water ,motors ,pumps ,boat ,pile ,driver ,kite ,string ,reel ,cannon ,darts ,buzzers ,tops ,guns ,whistles ,bow and ,arrows ,swords ,boxes ,telephone ,,thirty-,,five ,,full-,,page ,,plates ,,of ,,working ,,drawings ,,price1 ,,postpaid1 #a4ae 99 99 99 99 99 ,,kitecraft ,,and ,,kite ,,tournaments ,by ,,charles ,m4 ,,miller ,assistant ,supervisor of ,manual ,training ,los ,angeles1 ,california ,,kites--,,aeroplanes--,,tournaments ,a comprehensive and reliable treatment of kites and kite flying4 ,mr4 ,miller1 the author of the book1 for a number of years past1 has made a wonderful success of kite flying in the schools of ,los ,angeles1 ,california4 ,the book deals with general kite construction1 tells how to make all kinds of kites and how to fly them4 ,describes kite accessories and how to decorate kites4 ,it also describes the construction and use of moving devices1 messengers1 suspended figures and appliances1 balloons and parachutes4 ,four chapters treat of aeroplanes1 gliders and model aeroplanes1 together with one on propellers1 motors1 gears and winding devices4 ,the book contains over #bfg illustrations1 photographs1 drawings1 and diagrams4 ,,price1 ,,postpaid1 #a4ej 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,manual ,,arts ,,press1 ,,peoria1 ,,illinois ,,choice ,,books ,,for ,,boys 99 99 99 99 99 ,,for ,,home ,,and ,,school ,,libraries ,,design ,,and ,,construction ,,in ,,wood4 ,,by ,,william ,,noyes4 ,a book full of charm and distinction and the first to give due consideration to the esthetic side of woodworking4 ,it is intended to give to beginners practice in designing simple projects in wood and an opportunity to acquire skill in handling tools4 ,the book illustrates a series of projects and gives suggestions for other similar projects together with information regarding tools and processes for making4 ,a pleasing volume abundantly and beautifully illustrated4 ,price1 #a4ge4 ,,handwork ,,in ,,wood4 ,,by ,,william ,,noyes4 ,a handbook for teachers and a textbook for normal school and college students4 ,the best reference book available for teachers of woodworking4 ,a comprehensive and scholarly treatise1 covering logging1 saw-milling1 seasoning and measuring1 hand tools1 wood fastenings1 equipment and care of the shop1 the common joints1 types of wood structures1 principles of joinery1 and wood finishing4 ,price1 #b4be4 ,,wood ,,and ,,forest4 ,,by ,,william ,,noyes4 ,treats of wood1 distribution of ,american forests1 life of the forest1 enemies of the forest1 destruction1 conservation and uses of the forest1 with a key to the common woods by ,filibert ,roth4 ,describes #fg principal species of wood with maps of the habitat1 leaf drawings1 life size photographs and microphotographs of sections4 ,contains a general bibliography of books and articles on wood and forest4 ,profusely illustrated with photographs from the ,united ,states forest service and with pen and ink drawings by ,anna ,gausmann ,noyes and photographs by the author4 ,price1 #c4ej4 ,,essentials ,,of ,,woodworking4 ,,by ,,ira ,s4 ,,griffith4 ,a clear and comprehensive treatment of woodworking tools1 materials1 and processes4 ,it is illustrated with photographs and numerous pen drawings4 ,the standard textbook for students beginning woodworking4 ,price1 #ge cents4 ,,art ,,metalwork4 ,,by ,,arthur ,f4 ,,payne4 ,a textbook written by an expert craftsman and experienced teacher4 ,it treats of the various materials and their production1 ores1 alloys1 commercial forms1 etc42 of tools and equipments suitable for the work2 the inexpensive equipment of the practical craftsman2 and of the correlation of art metalwork with design and other school subjects4 ,it describes in detail all the processes involved in making articles ranging from a watch fob to a silver loving-cup4 ,it is abundantly and beautifully illustrated1 showing work done by students under ordinary school conditions in a manual training shop4 ,the standard book on the subject4 ,price1 #b4jj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,manual ,,arts ,,press1 ,,peoria1 ,,illinois ,,choice ,,books ,,for ,,boys ,,the ,,problems ,,series ,,for ,,either ,,home ,,or ,,school ,,use ,,problems ,,in ,,farm ,,woodwork4 ,,by ,,samuel ,a4 ,,blackburn4 ,a book of working drawings of #ajj practical problems relating to agriculture and farm life4 ,there are #fj full-page plates of working drawings1 each accompanied by a page or more of text treating of ,purpose1 ,material1 ,bill of ,stock1 ,tools1 ,directions and ,assembly4 ,a wonderfully practical book4 ,price1 #a4be4 ,,projects ,,for ,,beginning ,,woodwork ,,and ,,mechanical ,,drawing4 ,,by ,,ira ,s4 ,,griffith4 ,consists of working drawings and working directions4 ,the projects are such as have proved of exceptional service where woodworking and mechanical drawing are taught in a thoro1 systematic manner in the seventh and eighth grades4 ,the #ej projects in the book have been selected and organized with the constant aim of securing the highest educational results4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,,problems ,,in ,,woodworking4 ,,by ,m4 ,w4 ,,murray4 ,a convenient collection of good problems consisting of #dj plates of working drawings of problems in bench work that have been successfully worked out by boys in grades seven to nine1 inclusive4 ,price #ge cents4 ,,problems ,,in ,,furniture ,,making4 ,,by ,,fred ,d4 ,,crawshaw4 ,contains #dc full-page working drawings of articles of furniture4 ,every piece shown is appropriate and serviceable in the home4 ,in addition to the working drawings1 there is a perspective sketch of each article completed4 ,there #cf pages of text giving notes on the construction of each project1 chapters on the ,design1 and ,construction of furniture1 and one on ,finishes4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,,furniture ,,making--,,advanced ,,projects ,,in ,,woodwork4 ,,by ,,ira ,s4 ,,griffith4 ,consists of #ej plates of problems and accompanying notes4 ,it is essentially a collection of problems in furniture making1 selected and designed with reference to school use4 ,on the plate with each working drawing is a good perspective sketch of the completed object4 ,in draftsmanship and refinement of design these problems are of superior quality4 ,it is in every respect an excellent collection4 ,price1 #ie cents4 ,,problems ,,in ,,wood-,,turning4 ,,by ,,fred ,d4 ,,crawshaw4 ,a textbook on the science and art of wood-turning4 ,contains #be full-page plates of working drawings covering spindle1 face-plate1 and chuck turning4 ,it is a clear1 practical and suggestive book on wood-turning1 and a valuable textbook for students' use4 ,price1 #ej cents4 ,,problems ,,in ,,mechanical ,,drawing4 ,,by ,,charles ,a4 ,,bennett4 ,with drawings made by ,fred ,d4 ,crawshaw4 ,a students' textbook consisting of #hj plates classified into groups according to principle and arranged according to difficulty of solution4 ,price1 #ge cents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,manual ,,arts ,,press1 ,,peoria1 ,,illinois 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes ,index has been added to the ,table of ,contents4 ,some illustrations have been moved to paragraph breaks to prevent the breakup of text4 ,page references match the original book4 ,descriptive titles in parentheses have been added to images which originally had only a ,fig4 number for a caption4 ,page #ac3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,a ,,martin ,,colonys was changed to ,a ,,martin ,,colony4 ,page #ad3 ,the two occurrences of ,pere ,gynt were changed to ,peer ,gynt4 ,page #ae3 thoroly was changed to thoroughly4 ,page #ea3 oposite was changed to opposite4 ,page #ed1 now ,page #eb3 shellaced was changed to shellacked4 ,templet7s7 used #g times2 retained4 ,thru1 used #c times2 retained4 ,page #fc3 thoro2 retained4 ,bold text is indicated with the symbol4