---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,disclaim] ,! articles publi%$ 9 ! ,annual ,reports ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association are ! f9d+s & ?\ghts solely ( ! au?ors & are n to be con/ru$ z an endorsem5t by ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 its bo>d ( directors1 or its memb]s4 ,no endorsem5t is int5d$ = products m5tion$1 nor is criticism meant = products n m5tion$4 ,! laws & recomm5dations = pe/icide application may h *ang$ s9ce ! articles 7 writt54 ,x is always ! pe/icide applicator's responsibility1 by law1 to read & foll[ all curr5t label directions = ! specific pe/icide be+ us$4 ,! discussion ( specific nut tree cultiv>s & ( specific te*niques to gr[ nut trees t might h be5 successful 9 "o area & at a p>ticul> "t is n a gu>antee t simil> results w occur else:]e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dcrd ,annual ,report ,,( ,,! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ,incorporat$ ,,affiliat$ ,,) ,,! ,,am]ican ,,horticultural ,,society ,annual ,meet+ at ,,rockport1 ,,indiana ,augu/ #be1 #bf & #bg1 #aieb ,table ( ,cont5ts ,(fic]s & ,committees #aieb-ec #d ,/ate & ,=eign ,vice ,presid5ts #e ,con/itution & ,by-laws #g ,call to ,ord]1 ,=ty-,?ird ,annual ,meet+ #aa ,address ( ,welcome--,hilb]t ,b5nett #aa ,bus9ess ,session #ae ,treasur]'s ,report--,c>l ,prell #ah ,committee ,reports #ba ,presid5t's ,address--,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels #bg ,! ,future ( ,y\r ,nut ,plant+--,w4 ,f4 ,sonnemann #cb ,! ,value ( a ,tree--,f]d ,bolt5 #ce ,me?ods ( ,gett+ ,bett] ,annual ,crops on ,black ,walnut4 ,panel discussion l$ by ,w4 ,w4 ,magill #ch ,! #aieb ,hickory ,survey--,h4 ,f4 ,/oke #df ,a ,discussion ( ,hickory ,/ocks--,gilb]t ,l4 ,smi? #di ,filb]t ,v>ieties4 ,panel discussion l$ by ,g4 ,l4 ,slate #ec ,my ,exp]i5ces ) ,*9ese ,*e/nuts--,w4 ,j4 ,wilson #fb ,p]sian ,walnuts 9 ! ,upp] ,s\?--,h4 ,f4 ,/oke #ff ,v>ieties ( ,p]sian ,walnuts 9 ,ea/]n ,i[a--,ira ,b4 ,kyhl #fi ,comm]cial ,production & ,process+ ( ,black & ,p]sian ,walnuts--,edw9 ,l4 ,lemke #ga ,black ,walnut ,process+ at ,h5d]son1 ,k5tucky--,r4 ,c4 ,mangelsdorf #gc ,nut ,%ells3 ,assets or ,liabilities--,t4 ,f4 ,cl>k #gg ,! ,propagation ( ,hickories--,panel discussion l$ by ,f4 ,l4 ,o',r\rke #ha ,a ,promis+ ,new ,pecan = ! ,nor!rn ,zone--,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay & ,h4 ,l4 ,crane #hi ,! ,hickory 9 ,indiana--,w4 ,b4 ,w>d #ia ,! ,m]rick ,hybrid ,walnut--,p4 ,e4 ,ma*ov9a #ic ,produc+ ,quality ,nuts & ,quality ,logs--,l4 ,e4 ,sawy] #id ,col*ic9e = ,nut ,improvem5t ,programs--,o4 ,j4 ,eig/i & ,r4 ,b4 ,be/ #ii ,an ,e>ly ,pecan & ,"s ,o!r ,we/ ,t5nessee ,nuts--,aubrey ,ri*>ds #aja ,scab ,disease 9 ,ea/]n ,k5tucky on ,buss]on ,pecan--,w4 ,d4 ,arm/rong #ajb ,fur!r ,news ab\t ,oak ,wilt--,e4 ,a4 ,curl #ajb ,life ,hi/ory & ,control ( ! ,pecan ,spittle ,bug--,/ew>t ,*&l] #ajf ,insect ,enemies ( ,nor!rn ,nut ,trees--,h[>d ,bak] #aab ,tuesday ,ev5+ ,banquet ,session ,resolutions & ,election ( ,(fic]s #aah ,*e/nut ,bre$+--,ar?ur ,h4 ,graves & ,hans ,ni5/a$t #abj ,effect ( ,v]miculite 9 ,induc+ ,fibr\s ,roots on ,tap ,root+ ,tree ,se$l+s--,h]b]t ,c4 ,b>rett & ,toro ,arisumi #aca ,ea/]n ,black ,walnut ,survey #aiea--;,h4 ,f4 ,/oke #acc ,cra?'s ,c>pa?ian ,engli% ,walnuts 9 ,ont>io--,p4 ,c4 ,cra? #acf ,nut ,tree ,plant+s 9 ,s\!a/]n ,i[a--,alb]t ,b4 ,f]guson #adf ,rockville z a ,hickory ,int]/ock--,h]man ,la/ #adg ,a ,fruitful ,pair ( ,c>pa?ian ,walnut ,v>ieties 9 ,mi*igan--,gilb]t ,beck] #adg ,sugge/$ ,bloom+ ,data to be ,record$ = ,nut ,tree ,v>ieties--,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel #adh ,note on ,*9ese ,*e/nuts--,h>wood ,/eig] #adi ,scott ,healey--,an ,obitu>y #adi ,a ,lett] f ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+ #aej ,sweep/akes ,aw>d 9 ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,conte/--,l4 ,walt] ,%]man #aeb ,att5dance ,record1 ,rockport1 ,ind4 #aieb #aef ,memb]%ip ,li/--,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association #aeh ,(fic]s = #aieb-ec ,presid5t ,ri*>d ,b4 ,be/1 ,eldr$1 ,ill9ois ,vice-,presid5t ,george ,salz]1 ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york ,secret>y ,sp5c] ,b4 ,*ase1 ,norris1 ,t5nessee ,treasur] ,c>l ,f4 ,prell1 ,s\? ,b5d1 ,indiana ,directors ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,i?aca1 ,new ,york ,dr4 ,william ,rohrba*]1 ,i[a ,city1 ,i[a ,,executive ,,appo9tm5ts #aieb-ec ,program ,committee3 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay1 ,royal ,oakes1 ,gordon ,port]1 ,gilb]t ,beck]1 ,a4 ,a4 ,bung>t1 ,w4 ,d4 ,arm/rong4 ,local ,arrangem5ts3 ,george ,salz]1 ,victor ,brook4 ,place ( ,meet+ ,committee3 ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,dr4 ,lloyd ,l4 ,d[ell1 ,edw9 ,w4 ,lemke1 ,alfr$ ,l4 ,b>l[4 ,publication ,committee3 ,pr(essor ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,pr(essor ,lewis ,e4 ,!iss1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels4 ,v>ieties & ,conte/s ,committee3 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,sylve/] ,m4 ,%essl]1 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 ,royal ,oakes4 ,/&>ds & ,judg+ ,committee3 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,l\is ,g]>di1 ,sp5c] ,*ase1 ,pr(essor ,paul ,e4 ,ma*ov9a4 ,survey & ,rese>* ,committee3 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke 7,) all ! /ate & =eign vice-presid5ts74 ,exhibits ,committee3 ,sylve/] ,m4 ,%essl]1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 ,royal ,oakes1 ,a4 ,a4 ,bung>t1 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilk9son4 ,root ,/ocks ,committee3 ,pr(essor ,f4 ,l4 ,o',r\rke1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,alb]t ,f4 ,f]guson1 ,dr4 ,aubrey ,ri*>ds1 ,l\is ,g]>di1 ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,s4 ,colby1 ,max ,h>dy1 ,gilb]t ,smi?4 ,audit+ ,committee3 ,raymond ,e4 ,silvis1 ,/]l+ ,a4 ,smi?1 ,edw>d ,w4 ,pape4 ,legal ,advisor3 ,s>g5t ,h4 ,wellman4 ,f9ance ,committee3 ,/]l+ ,a4 ,smi?1 ,=d ,wallick1 ,edw>d ,w4 ,pape4 ,necrology3 ,mrs4 ,h]b]t ,negus1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$1 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimm]man4 ,nom9at+ ,committee3 7,elect$ at ,rockport1 ,indiana71 ,max ,h>dy1 ,gilb]t ,beck]1 ,dr4 ,william ,rohrba*]1 ,pr(essor ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,j4 ,=d ,wilk9son4 ,memb]%ip ,committee3 ,george ,salz] 7,) all ! /ate & =eign vice-presid5ts74 ,/ate & ,=eign ,vice-,presid5ts ,alabama ,edw>d ,l4 ,hiles1 ,loxley ,alb]ta ,a4 ,l4 ,"y1 ,brooks ,arkansas ,w4 ,d4 ,wylie1 ,univ4 ( ,ark41 ,fayetteville ,belgium ,r4 ,v&]wa]51 ,bi]beek/raat1 #caj1 ,korbeek-,lo ,briti% ,columbia1 ,canada ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 ,box #ai1 ,we/bank ,cali=nia ,?os4 ,r4 ,haig1 ,m4,d41 #cjba ,highl& ,ave41 ,c>lesbad ,colorado ,j4 ,e4 ,=bes1 ,julesburg ,connecticut ,a4 ,m4 ,hunt+ton1 ,/an]igg ,f>ms1 ,be!l ,delaw>e ,lewis ,wilk9s1 ,r\te #a1 ,new>k ,d5m>k ,c\nt ,f4 ,m4 ,knu?1 ,knu!nborg1 ,b&holm ,di/rict ( ,columbia ,ed4 ,l4 ,=d1 #cfcd ,au/9 ,/41 ,s4 ,e4 ,wa%+ton #bj ,florida ,c4 ,a4 ,avant1 #ifj ,n4 ,w4 #aj? ,ave41 ,miami ,georgia ,william ,j4 ,wilson1 ,nor? ,&]son ,ave41 ,=t ,valley ,hawaii ,john ,f4 ,cross1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #agbj1 ,hilo ,hong ,kong ,p4 ,w4 ,wang1 #f ,des ,voeux ,rd41 ,c5tral ,idaho ,lynn ,dryd51 ,peck ,ill9ois ,royal ,oakes1 ,bluffs 7,scott ,c\nty7 ,indiana ,edw4 ,w4 ,pape1 ,rt4 #b1 ,m>ion ,i[a ,ira ,m4 ,kyle1 ,box #bcf1 ,sabula ,kansas ,dr4 ,clyde ,gray1 #ajde ,c5tral ,ave41 ,horton ,k5tucky ,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,moss1 ,williamsburg ,l\isiana ,dr4 ,h>ald ,e4 ,hamm>1 #fjh ,c\rt ,h\se1 ,%reveport ,m>yl& ,bla9e ,mc,collum1 ,:ite ,hall ,massa*usetts ,s4 ,la?rop ,dav5port1 #bd ,creep] ,hill ,rd41 ,nor? ,grafton ,mi*igan ,gilb]t ,beck]1 ,climax ,m9nesota ,r4 ,e4 ,hodgeson1 ,s\!a/]n ,exp4 ,/ation1 ,waseca ,mississippi ,james ,r4 ,mey]1 ,delta ,bran* ,exp4 ,/ation1 ,/oneville ,miss\ri ,ralph ,ri*t]kess+1 ,r\te #a1 ,sa9t ,*>les ,montana ,russel ,h4 ,=d1 ,dixon ,nebraska ,h>vey ,w4 ,hess1 ,box #bji1 ,hebron ,new ,hamp%ire ,mat!w ,lahti1 ,locu/ ,lane ,f>m1 ,wolfeboro ,new ,j]sey ,mrs4 ,alan ,r4 ,buckwalt]1 ,r\te #a1 ,flem+ton ,new ,mexico ,rev4 ,titus ,gehr+1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #agg1 ,lumb]ton ,new ,york ,/eph5 ,b]na?1 ,r\te ,no4 #c1 ,p\ghkeepsie ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,dun/an1 ,gre5sboro ,college1 ,gre5sboro ,nor? ,dakota ,hom] ,l4 ,bradley1 ,long ,lake ,refuge1 ,m(fit ,ohio ,*ri/ ,pataky ,jr41 #eib ,hickory ,lane1 ,r\te #d1 ,mansfield ,oklahoma ,a4 ,g4 ,hirs*i1 #dad ,nor? ,rob9son1 ,oklahoma ,city ,ont>io1 ,canada ,elton ,e4 ,papple1 ,ca9sville ,oregon ,h>ry ,l4 ,pe>cy1 ,r\te #b1 ,box #aij1 ,salem ,p5nsylvania ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,r\te #hf1 ,h>risburg ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,is4 ,canada ,rob]t ,snazelle1 ,=e/ ,nurs]y1 ,r\te #e1 ,*>lottet[n ,rhode ,isl& ,philip ,all51 #agh ,dorance ,/41 ,provid5ce ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,john ,t4 ,bregg]1 ,p4,o4 ,box #ajah1 ,clemson ,s\? ,dakota ,h]man ,ri*t]1 ,madison ,t5nessee ,w4 ,jobe ,rob9son1 ,r\te #g1 ,jackson ,texas ,kaufman ,florida1 ,box #aed1 ,rotan ,utah ,h>lan ,d4 ,pett]son1 #bjgf ,jeff]son ,ave41 ,ogd5 ,v]mont ,a4 ,w4 ,aldri*1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #b1 ,box #bff1 ,spr+field ,virg9ia ,h4 ,r4 ,gibbs1 ,l9d5 ,wa%+ton ,h4 ,lynn ,tuttle1 ,cl>k/on ,we/ ,virg9ia ,wilb]t ,m4 ,frye1 ,pleasant ,dale ,wiscons9 ,c4 ,f4 ,ladwig1 #bbba ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,beloit ,,con/itution ( ! ,,nor!rn ,,nut ,,gr[]s ,,association1 ,,incorporat$ 7,z adopt$ ,septemb] #ac1 #aidh7 ,,"n ,,article ,i4 ,?is ,society %all be kn[n z ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,incorporat$4 ,x is /rictly a non-pr(it organization4 ,,purposes ,,article ,,ii4 ,! purposes ( ?is ,association %all be to promote int]e/ 9 ! nut be>+ plants2 sci5tific rese>* 9 _! bre$+ & culture2 /&>dization ( v>ietal names2 ! dissem9ation ( in=mation conc]n+ ! above & su* o!r purposes z may advance ! culture ( nut be>+ plants1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,nor? ,temp]ate ,zone4 ,,memb]s ,,article ,,iii4 ,memb]%ip 9 ?is ,association %all be op5 to all p]sons int]e/$ 9 support+ ! purposes ( ! ,association4 ,classes ( memb]s are z foll[s3 ,annual memb]s1 ,contribut+ memb]s1 ,life memb]s1 ,honor>y memb]s1 & ,p]petual memb]s4 ,applications = memb]%ip 9 ! ,association %all be pres5t$ to ! secret>y or ! treasur] 9 writ+1 accompani$ by ! requir$ dues4 ,,(fic]s ,,article ,,iv4 ,! elect$ (fic]s ( ?is ,association %all consi/ ( a ,presid5t1 a ,vice-,presid5t1 a ,secret>y & a ,treasur] or a comb9$ ,secret>y-treasur] z ! ,association may designate4 ,,bo>d ,,( ,,directors ,,article ,v4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,directors %all consi/ ( six memb]s ( ! ,association :o %all be ! (fic]s ( ! ,association & ! two prec$+ elect$ presid5ts4 ,if ! (fices ( ,secret>y & ,treasur] are comb9$1 ! ?ree pa/ presid5ts %all s]ve on ! ,bo>d ( ,directors4 ,!re %all be a ,/ate ,vice-presid5t = ea* /ate1 dep5d5cy1 or c\ntry repres5t$ 9 ! memb]%ip ( ! ,association1 :o %all be appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t4 ,,am5dm5ts ,,to ,,! ,,con/itution ,,article ,,vi4 ,?is con/itution may be am5d$ by a two-?irds vote ( ! memb]s pres5t at any annual meet+1 notice ( su* am5dm5t hav+ be5 read at ! previ\s annual meet+1 or copy ( ! propos$ am5dm5ts hav+ be5 mail$ by ! ,secret>y1 or by any memb] to ea* memb] ?irty days be=e ! date ( ! annual meet+4 ,,by-,,laws 7,revis$ & adopt$ at ,norris1 ,t5nessee1 ,septemb] #ac1 #aidh7 ,,section ,i4--,,memb]%ip ,classes ( memb]%ip are def9$ z foll[s3 ,,article ,i4 ,,annual ,,memb]s4 ,p]sons :o are int]e/$ 9 ! purposes ( ! ,association :o pay annual dues ( ,?ree ,doll>s 7#c4jj74 ,,article ,,ii4 ,,contribut+ ,,memb]s4 ,p]sons :o are int]e/$ 9 ! purposes ( ! ,association :o pay annual dues ( ,t5 ,doll>s 7#aj4jj7 or m4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,,life ,,memb]s4 ,p]sons :o are int]e/$ 9 ! purposes ( ! ,association :o contribute ,sev5ty ,five ,doll>s 7#ge4jj7 to its support & :o %all1 aft] su* contribution1 pay no annual dues4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,,honor>y ,,memb]s4 ,^? :om ! ,association has elect$ z honor>y memb]s 9 recognition ( _! a*ievem5ts 9 ! special fields ( ! ,association & :o %all pay no dues4 ,,article ,v4 ,,p]petual ,,memb]s4 ,p]petual memb]%ip is eligible to any "o :o leaves at lea/ five hundr$ doll>s to ! ,association & su* memb]%ip on paym5t ( said sum to ! ,association %all entitle ! "n ( ! deceas$ to be =ev] enroll$ 9 ! li/ ( memb]s z ,p]petual ) ! words ,9 ,memoriam add$ !reto4 ,funds receiv$ !re= %all be inve/$ by ! ,treasur] 9 int]e/ be>+ securities legal = tru/ funds 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,only ! int]e/ %all be exp5d$ by ! ,association4 ,:5 su* funds are 9 ! treasury ! ,treasur] %all be bond$4 ,provid$3 t 9 ! ev5t ! ,association becomes defunct or dissolves1 !n1 9 t ev5t1 ! ,treasur] %all turn ov] any funds held 9 8 h&s = ?is purpose = su* uses1 individuals or companies t ! donor may designate at ! "t he makes ! beque/ ( ! donation4 ,,section ,,ii4-,,duties ,,( ,,(fic]s ,,article ,i4 ,! ,presid5t %all preside at all meet+s ( ! ,association & ,bo>d ( ,directors1 & may call meet+s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,directors :5 he believes x to be ! be/ int]e/s ( ! ,association4 ,he %all appo9t ! ,/ate ,vice-presid5ts2 ! /&+ committees1 except ! ,nom9at+ ,committee1 & su* special committees z ! ,association may au?orize4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,vice-presid5t4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,presid5t1 ! ,vice-presid5t %all p]=m ! duties ( ! ,presid5t4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,secret>y4 ,! ,secret>y %all be ! active executive (fic] ( ! ,association4 ,he %all conduct ! correspond5ce relat+ to ! ,association's int]e/s1 assi/ 9 obta9+ memb]%ips & o!rwise actively =w>d ! int]e/s ( ! ,association1 & report to ! ,annual ,meet+ & f "t to "t to meet+s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,directors z !y may reque/4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,treasur]4 ,! ,treasur] %all receive & record memb]%ips1 receive & acc\nt = all moneys ( ! ,association & %all pay all bills approv$ by ! ,presid5t or ! ,secret>y4 ,he %all give su* security z ! ,bo>d ( ,directors may require or may legally be requir$1 %all inve/ life memb]%ips or o!r funds z ! ,bo>d ( ,directors may direct1 subject to legal re/rictions & 9 accordance ) ! law1 & %all submit a v]ifi$ acc\nt ( receipts & disbursem5ts to ! ,annual meet+ & su* curr5t acc\nts z ! ,bo>d ( ,directors may f "t to "t require4 ,be=e ! f9al bus9ess session ( ! ,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,association1 ! acc\nts ( ! ,treasur] %all be submitt$ = exam9ation to ! ,audit+ ,committee appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t at ! op5+ session ( ! ,annual ,meet+4 ,,article ,v4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,directors %all manage ! affairs ( ! association betwe5 meet+s4 ,f\r memb]s1 includ+ at lea/ two elect$ (fic]s1 %all be consid]$ a quorum4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,elections ,,article ,i4 ,! ,(fic]s %all be elect$ at ! ,annual ,meet+ & hold (fice = "o ye> beg9n+ imm$iately foll[+ ! close ( ! ,annual ,meet+4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,! ,nom9at+ ,committee %all pres5t a slate ( (fic]s on ! fir/ day ( ! ,annual ,meet+ & ! election %all take place at ! clos+ session4 ,nom9ations = any (fice may be pres5t$ f ! floor at ! "t ! slate is pres5t$ or imm$iately prec$+ ! election4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,= ! purpose ( nom9at+ (fic]s = ! ye> #aidi & !reaft]1 a committee ( five memb]s %all be elect$ annually at ! prec$+ ,annual ,meet+4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,a quorum at a regul>ly call$ ,annual ,meet+ %all be fifte5 7#ae7 memb]s & mu/ include at lea/ two ( ! elect$ (fic]s4 ,,article ,v4 ,all classes ( memb]s ^: dues are paid %all be eligible to vote & hold (fice4 ,,section ,,iv4--,,f9ancial ,,matt]s ,,article ,i4 ,! fiscal ye> ( ! ,association %all ext5d f ,octob] #a/ ?r\gh ! foll[+ ,septemb] #cj?4 ,all annual memb]%ips %all beg9 ,octob] #a/4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,! names ( all memb]s ^: dues h n be5 paid by ,janu>y #a/ %all be dropp$ f ! rolls ( ! ,society4 ,notices ( non-paym5t ( dues %all be mail$ to del9qu5t memb]s on or ab\t ,decemb] #a/4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,! ,annual ,report %all be s5t to only ^? memb]s :o h paid _! dues = ! curr5t ye>4 ,memb]s ^: dues h n be5 paid by ,janu>y #a/ %all be consid]$ del9qu5t4 ,!y w n be entitl$ to receive ! publication or o!r b5efits ( ! ,association until dues are paid4 ,,section ,v4--,,meet+s ,,article ,i4 ,! place & "t ( ! ,annual ,meet+ %all be select$ by ! memb]%ip 9 session or1 9 ! ev5t ( no selection be+ made at ?is "t1 ! ,bo>d ( ,directors %all *oose ! place & "t = ! hold+ ( ! annual conv5tion4 ,su* o!r meet+s z may seem desirable may be call$ by ! ,presid5t & ,bo>d ( ,directors4 ,,section ,,vi4--,,publications ,,article ,i4 ,! ,association %all publi% a report ea* fiscal ye> & su* o!r publications z may be au?oriz$ by ! ,association4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,! publi%+ ( ! report %all be ! responsibility ( ! ,committee on ,publications4 ,,section ,,vii4--,,aw>ds ,,article ,i4 ,! ,association may provide suitable aw>ds = out/&+ contributions to ! cultivation ( nut be>+ plants & suitable recognition = m]itori\s exhibits z may be appropriate4 ,,section ,,viii4--,,/&+ ,,committees ,z soon z practical aft] ! ,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,association1 ! ,presid5t %all appo9t ! foll[+ /&+ committees3 #a4 ,memb]%ip #b4 ,audit+ #c4 ,publications #d4 ,survey #e4 ,program #f4 ,rese>* #g4 ,exhibit #h4 ,v>ieties & ,conte/s ,,section ,,ix4--,,regional ,,gr\ps ,,& ,,affiliat$ ,,societies ,,article ,i4 ,! ,association %all enc\rage ! =mation ( regional gr\ps ( its memb]s1 :o may elect _! own (fic]s & organize _! own local field days & o!r programs4 ,!y may publi% _! proce$+s & select$ pap]s 9 ! ye>books ( ! p>5t society subject to review ( ! ,association's ,committee on ,publications4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,any indep5d5t regional association ( nut gr[]s may affiliate ) ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association provid$ "o-f\r? ( its memb]s are also memb]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,su* affiliat$ societies %all pay an annual affiliation fee ( #c4jj to ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,pap]s pres5t$ at ! meet+s ( ! regional society may be publi%$ 9 ! proce$+s ( ! p>5t society subject to review ( ! ,association's ,committee on ,publications4 ,,section ,x4--,,am5dm5ts ,,to ,,by-,,laws ,,article ,i4 ,^! by-laws may be am5d$ at any ,annual ,meet+ by a two-?irds vote ( ! memb]s pres5t provid$ su* am5dm5ts %all h be5 submitt$ to ! memb]%ip 9 writ+ at lea/ ?irty days prior to t meet+4 ,=ty-,?ird ,annual ,meet+ ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ,augu/ #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #aieb ,sp5c] ,c\nty ,c\rt ,h\se1 ,rockport1 ,ind4 ,! op5+ session ( ! ,=ty-?ird ,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association conv5$ at #i3bj o'clock1 a4m41 at ! ,sp5c] ,c\nty ,c\rt ,h\se1 ,presid5t ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels presid+4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,! gavel ) :i* we op5 ?is =ty-?ird annual meet+ ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association has "s hi/orical significance4 ,x 0 made f a pecan tree :i* grew 9 ! or*>d ( ,mr4 ,?omas ,littlepage 9 ,m>yl&1 ne> ! city ( ,wa%+ton1 & x has be5 ! cu/om ( ! ,association to op5 its meet+s ) t gavel4 ,! =ty-?ird meet+ ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association w be 9 ord]4 ,to op5 ! session we w h ! pres5tation ( ! colors4 ,y w all /&1 please1 & rema9 /&+ ?r\gh ! invocation4 7,colors pres5t$ by ,boy ,sc\ts & ! invocation giv5 by ! ,rev]5d ,william ,ellis ( ,rockport47 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,at ?is "t we w call on ,mr4 ,hilb]t ,b5nett to br+ u greet+s f ! p ( ,rockport4 ,mr4 ,b5nett ( ,rockport4 ,address ( ,welcome ,,hilb]t ,,b5nett1 ,rockport1 ,ind4 ,"s are "h t 7 "h 9 #aice & #aici4 ,i 0 on ! ,citiz5's ,committee 9 ea* ( ^? ye>s4 ,x 0 ! purpose ( ! ,citiz5's ,committee to take notice ( y\r com+ & to try to make y appreciate our int]e/ 9 y & 9 y\r com+4 ,:y 0 ,i on t ,committee 9 #aice8 ,:y 0 ,i on t ,committee 9 #aici8 ,:y am ,i on t ,committee 9 #aieb8 ,i w tell y4 ,:5 ,i 0 a boy two o!r "y m51 some:at old] ?an ,i1 7 "y m5 9 ! same t[n%ip & some:at closely locat$4 ,i knew ^? boys & ,i knew !m well4 ,y came to "k !m & "k !m well4 ,"o ( ^? boys 0 ! late ,?omas ,p4 ,littlepage1 a *>t] memb] ( ?is ,association4 ,x 0 my good pleasure to tea* s*ool ) him4 ,we att5d$ ,college toge!r4 ,at college we room$ toge!r4 ,we att5d$ conv5tions toge!r & 7 close p]sonal fri5ds4 ,i ?9k ,i 0 9 position to "k him & "k him well4 ,! o!r boy 0 ,r4 ,l4 ,mc,coy4 ,we too1 7 close p]sonal fri5ds4 ,we too1 taught s*ool 9 ! same t]ritory & contempor>y ) ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage4 ,prior to any organization ( ! ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,i w5t ) ^! two boys 7m5 by t "t7 on trips ( inve/igation & inspection ( c]ta9 nut trees ab\t :i* !y _h he>d & :i* !y want$ to exam9e4 ,if ! trees exam9$ met ! prop] /&>ds1 !y want$ to use !m 9 propagation4 ,if n !y w\ld pass !m up4 ,ano!r boy some:at y\ng] ?an myself & ! two above m5tion$ boys1 jo9$ mo/ he>tily into ! nut discussions & inve/igations & explorations ( promis+ clues4 ,) !m he help$ to run d[n clues :5 !y w\ld he> ( a promis+ prospect4 ,! jungles 7 nev] too d5se1 ! di/ance too f>1 ! road too muddy or r\gh1 = ^? ?ree *>act]s to run d[n 9 ^? horse & buggy days1 any prospect 9 :i* !y 7 int]e/$4 ,?is boy also became a memb] ( y\r mo/ valu$ organization4 ,i h a special int]e/ 9 ?is boy4 ,i 01 especially closely associat$ ) him & 8 family4 ,he w5t to s*ool to me4 ,my signature appe>s on 8 ,common ,s*ool ,diploma4 ,_! home 0 my home :5ev] ,i s\ght to make x s4 ,i 0 free to come & g4 ,i came a lot4 ,=d ,wilk9son1 ! ?ird "*1 & ,i h be5 close fri5ds ev] s9ce4 ,ano!r "o ( y\r f9e memb]s became a good fri5d ( m9e4 ,he came into our c\nty & plant$ a f>m to nut trees & nut production4 ,x is n[ ! l>ge/ nut or*>d 9 ! c\nty4 ,i am in=m$ t at t "t x 0 ! l>ge/ nut f>m ( h>dy nor!rn v>ieties 9 ! _w4 ,i got acqua9t$ ) him e>ly & became ende>$ to him4 ,x 0 none o!r ?an ! late ,h>ry ,web]4 ,:5 x became kn[n t y 7 to meet "h 9 #aice1 x 0 a natural sequ5ce t ,=d ,wilk9son1 kn[+ t ,i w\ld gladly help 9 any way ,i c\ld & kn[+ ,i 0 8 g5u9e fri5d saw fit to place me on ! ,citiz5's ,committee4 ,if he _h n1 ,i positively w\ld h climb$ abo>d anyway4 ,y c\ldn't h driv5 me out ) a peel$ hickory club4 ,i 0 j go+ to be 9 on x :e!r or no4 ,:e!r ,i p]=m$ well 9 #aice or :e!r he c\ldn't f9d any "o else to s]ve 9 my place1 ,i nev] knew2 b he aga9 plac$ me on ! ,committee 9 #aici4 ,n[ "h ,i am 9 #aieb an old brok5 d[n fossil1 brok5 9 heal?1 b n 9 _s1 ( little consequ5ce to anybody or any?+1 ,i am /ill on ! ,committee4 ,t answ]s ! "q ( "s ( y ( :y t old man ,b5nett is always on ! local committee & t y h wond]$ if !re is no o!r p]son 9 ?is :ole community t w s]ve b him4 ,no1 fri5ds1 we h _m :o w\ld gladly s]ve & ,i d\bt n t w\ld s]ve mu* m effici5tly4 ,i h prep>$ a %ort skit t ,i wi% to pres5t4 99 99 99 99 99 #a/4 ,introduc+ ,joan ,flick1 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,i am a pecan pluck$ f a small or*>d plant$ by a retir$ bus9ess man4 ,he _h "s surplus gr\nd ne> 8 premises t 0 too r\gh = easy cultivation4 ,he ?\ght t he w\ld plant x to pecans s t 8 family & 8 *ildr5's families w\ld h nuts = _! own use & pleasure4 ,he took good c>e ( ! trees4 ,he f]tiliz$ !m e ye> & sometimes (t5]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s he n only _h m pecans ?an all ( ! families c\ld use1 b he sold hundr$s ( p\nds ( nuts f ^! trees4 ,he develop$ a comm]cial or*>d unconsci\sly4 #bnd4 ,palma ,smi? ( ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio4 ,i am ! hican1 ,i h no comm]cial value ( consequ5ce4 ,i demon/rate ! ability1 ! int]e/1 ! developm5t & ! possibilities ( improvem5t by ! det]m9$ ef=ts ( ! memb]s ( y\r association4 ,kn[+ y\r ability & det]m9ation to make improvem5ts 9 nut culture1 ,i h e feel+ t 9 ! n too di/ant future y w develop me into a pr(itable comm]cial product4 #crd4 ,s&ra ,wright ( ,rockport1 ,indiana4 ,i am ! walnut1 a mo/ valuable tree = f9e fruit & f9e timb] = _m uses4 ,i h be5 not$ = my f9e gra9 & my ability to take a f9e poli%4 ,our =efa!rs imm$iately f\nd ! walnut to be ! *oice timb] out ( :i* to build f9e furniture1 gun /ocks1 home furni%+s & _m o!r ?+s t requir$ high grade mat]ial4 ,we h nev] lo/ sight ( its significance4 ,?9 %ell$ nuts1 easily crack$1 & hull$ out 9 halves h be5 develop$4 ,walnuts w gr[ almo/ any :]e4 ,orig9ally x 0 a common =e/ tree & w\ld cont9ue to be if x _h ! opportunity4 ,!re is little dang] ( ! walnut becom+ ext9ct4 ,x is too valuable4 ,i sugge/ t y plant lib]ally to high grade walnut trees4 #d?4 ,jo ,ann ,hall ( ,rockport1 ,indiana4 ,i am ! once popul> bee* "u ^: folds ?\s&s ( picnick]s h ga!r$ & enjoy$ life's mo/ savory & pleasant mom5ts4 ,i h built ?\s&s ( ,am]ican homes & f>m b>ns4 ,i h built ?\s&s ( miles ( old f>m plank f5ces4 ,i h built c> load aft] c> load ( beautiful1 useful & valuable furniture4 ,9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ?is c\ntry ,i furni%$ ma/ = ?\s&s ( sw9e t f$ _m families4 ,i h fill$ _m m9or places ( usefulness4 ,z sad z x is to d & z mu* z ,i hate to d s1 ,i am n[ bidd+ y a la/ f>ewell4 ,self int]e/1 ! sl[ness ( my gr[? & ! impracticability ( propagation ( ?is once valuable tree leaves b "o c\rse1 t ,i pass to my rew>d ) ! firm hope t ! o!r trees n[ be+ develop$1 & gr[n w fill all ( ! purposes = :i* ,i h be5 s useful1 & fill !m ) increas$ usefulness4 ,) ?is sad b necess>y adieu1 ,i bid y "o & all goodbye4 #e?4 ,pattie ,jones ( ,rockport1 ,ind4 ,i am ! oak1 ! /urdy oak1 ! k+ ( ! =e/s4 ,i am /\t4 ,!y make beams1 sp>s1 sills1 fulcrums & :at n f me t require /r5g?4 ,i gr[ fairly fa/4 ,i came into usefulness z ! _w came into ne$ ( heavy timb]s4 ,i am da9ty & ref9$ z well z /rong4 ,i am us$ 9 mak+ f9e floor+1 f9e furniture & _m o!r useful ?+s4 ,please d n disc>d me f production4 ,please d n let me pass into oblivion4 ,i am v v valuable4 ,i des]ve to be p]petuat$4 #f?4 ,m>cia ,smi? ( ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio4 ,i am a pecan pluck$ f ! tree ( a man :o 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( 8 m>ri$ life plant$ pecan trees 9 unus$ spots on 8 f>m t 7 unsuitable = cultivation4 ,z ! trees grew into nut be>+ trees 8 family ( *ildr5 grew4 ,9 ! ,octob] days1 ) great gaiety1 glee & happ9ess1 ! *ildr5 w\ld ga!r ! fruit ( ^? trees4 ,! *ildr5 grew to maturity & w5t to ! city to "w2 b :5 ^? ,octob] days came !y return$ home & ) simil> happ9ess z ( _! y\? !y ga!r$ ! nuts f ^? trees4 ,) pleasure ,i say ,i am "o ( ^? trees4 #g?4 ,jean ,morris1 ,joyce ,morris & ,s&ra ,wright1 all ( ,rockport1 ,indiana4 ,we are a gr\p ( clu/]s1 ! filb]t1 ! pecan & ! walnut4 ,we came f a nut f>m )9 ! b\nds ( ,sp5c] ,c\nty4 ,?is f>m 0 plant$ & develop$ by a =m] en?usia/ic memb] ( y\r wond]ful organization4 ,he sp5t mu* "t & en]gy 9 behalf ( y\r organization4 ,he develop$ ! l>ge/ nut or*>d 9 ! c\nty4 ,i ref] to ,h>ry ,web]1 :o came f a neighbor+ /ate & ende>$ himself to ?is community by 8 sup]b manhood1 8 g5ial disposition & 8 int5se int]e/ 9 8 subject matt]4 ,we comm5d 8 ef=ts to o!rs4 #h?4 ,virg9ia ,mae ,dam+ ( ,rockport1 ,ind4 ,%e 0 c>ry+ ! =m] ,reports ( ! ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,?is clu/] is pluck$ f a ,tree ( great magnitude & significance4 ,today x has its roots firmly set 9 ,rockport1 ,indiana4 ,its bran*es rea* f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 f ,canada to ,mexico4 ,its influ5ce is felt ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,its inception 0 9 ,sp5c] ,c\nty1 ,indiana1 n specifically detail$1 b 9 ! ma91 by boys t 7 re>$ among ! native nut trees ( ?is community ( :i* !re 7 _m4 ,x 0 born 9 ! great ,city ( ,new ,york "u ! c>e ( ! late ,?omas ,p4 ,littlepage1 ,dr4 ,wm4 ,c4 ,dem+1 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,t4 ,morris & ,pr(4 ,john ,craig4 ,x 0 nurtur$ ?r\gh\t ! l& ( ! detail$ hi/ory y "k mu* m ?an ,i4 ,x has _h an enorm\s gr[?4 ,x is a mo/ m]itori\s organization4 ,language w n express ! ext5t ( its b5efits to humanity & to civilization4 ,x adds to ! com=t ( untold ?\s&s ( happy homes4 ,x furni%es employm5t = ?\s&s ( p4 ,x furni%es food ( vital importance to _m families4 ,x is ! ma9 /ay 9 ! manufacture ( all k9ds & grades ( furniture4 ,x furni%es food = ?\ght4 ,x keeps ! sci5tific & inve/igat+ m9ds busy 9 ! con/ant developm5t & improvem5t ( its processes & b5efits4 ,its possibilities are b\ndless4 ,t ?is ,tree may cont9ue to gr[ & develop 9 ! future z x has 9 ! pa/ 9 ! int]e/ ( humanity & help u to realize its importance & help u to cont9ue its =ces 9 accord ) nature & nature's ,god is my e>ne/ pray]4 ,may ,god bless y "o & all4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,?ank y v mu*1 ,mr4 ,b5nett4 ,y h made u feel mo/ welcome 9 ,rockport1 z y h be=e on two o!r occasions4 ,i don't believe t !re is any o!r man :o has welcom$ ?is organization ?ree times 9 ! same locality4 ,we also ?ank y = br++ 9 ! trees & ! *ildr5 to greet u on ?is occasion4 ,x isn't v (t5 t ! trees !mselves come into ! assembly room to greet u1 & we appreciate y\r ef=t 9 do+ ?is = u4 ,we w n[ proce$ ) ! bus9ess ( ! ,association4 ,!re appe>s to be no record ( ! memb]s elect$ to s]ve on ! nom9at+ committee = ?is session4 ,z ne> z we c det]m9e ?is committee is z foll[s3 ,mr4 ,silvis1 ,mr4 ,all51 ,mr4 ,wilk9son1 ,mr4 ,mc,kay & ,mr4 ,g]>di4 ,is !re a motion to approve ^! names8 ,! committee 0 approv$ by vote4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,?is ,committee w br+ 9 a slate ( (fic]s ( ! ,association = ! next ye> at our f9al bus9ess session4 ,i w n[ call = ! reports ( /&+ committees4 ,!re are eight ( ^!4 ,! ,program ,committee4 ,royal ,oakes is ! *airman4 ,! fact t we are hav+ a meet+ indicates ! function+ ( ! ,program ,committee4 ,,mr4 ,,oakes3 ,i believe ,i h no?+ to report at ?is mom5t4 ,i w\ld l to say ! o!r memb]s did a good "p ( ! committee "w4 ,,presid5t ,,macdaniels3 ,we appreciate ! "p t all ( y h play$ 9 arrang+ ^! meet+s4 ,! ,publications ,committee1 ,editorial ,section4 ,dr4 ,!iss1 ,i believe1 is n "h4 ,dr4 ,!iss receiv$ ! manuscripts & ei!r _h !m read or read !m himself4 ,! ,pr9t+ ,section ( ! ,publications ,committee1 ,mr4 ,slate4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,our proce$+s are on ! press & probably w be f9i%$ & 9 ! mail ?is week4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,! ,place ( ,meet+ ,committee4 ,mr4 ,allaman is ! *airman4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ,mr4 ,allaman1 ,i pres5t ! invitation secur$ by ,mr4 ,salz]1 to meet 9 ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york 9 #aiec4 ,_! conv5tion bureau (f]s v attractive facilities & ! invitation is second$ by ! ,mayor1 ,joseph ,j4 ,naylor1 ! presid5t ( ! ,ro*e/] ,conv5tion & ,publicity ,bureau1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,ro*e/] ,hotel ,association1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,junior ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce ( ,ro*e/]1 & ! ,deputy ,commission] ( ! ,ro*e/] ,p>ks1 :i* j ab\t cov]s ! bo>d4 ,x doesn't seem to me wor?:ile to read all ( ?is mat]ial4 ,:at x boils d[n to is t ,ro*e/] w\ld be a v good place to meet4 ,! ,ro*e/] p>ks are v int]es+ places to g1 & z ,i und]/& x1 !re are facilities :i* w\ld n be exp5sive to ! ,association4 ,is t true1 ,mr4 ,salz]8 ,,mr4 ,,salz]3 ,yes1 !re w\ld be no *>ge = exhibit rooms if !y are held 9 ! hotel1 because we are class$ z a sci5tific organization4 ,& we w\ld h ! facilities ( ! ,baus* ,memorial ,museum4 ,!re w\ld be facilities = %[+ mov+ pictures or slides1 & = an exhibit4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,x w\ld be 9 ord] at ! pres5t "t to take def9ite action on ?is ,ro*e/] invitation1 if y c>e to d s4 ,a motion w\ld be 9 ord] to accept4 ,x has be5 mov$1 second$1 & c>ri$ t we h our #aiec conv5tion 9 ! ,city ( ,ro*e/]1 ! dates w be det]m9$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,directors4 ,! g5]al ?9k+ ( ! ,bo>d ( ,directors is t we w g to ,lanca/]1 ,pa4 aga9 9 #aied1 & 9 #aiee come back into ! ,middle ,we/4 ,mr4 ,allaman has be5 work+ on ! ,lanca/] proposal & ,i ?9k !re has be5 "s spade "w done 9 ,mi*igan already4 ,h y any?+ to say ab\t t1 ,mr4 ,o',r\rke8 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,we w be v glad to h y at ,mi*igan ,/ate ,college at any "t4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 we d n h any nut plant+s !re4 ,! nut plant+s are ei!r 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! /ate or ! we/]n "p4 ,x's q a drive ei!r way4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i don't ?9k we h to make a commitm5t at ?is "t1 b x is some?+ to be br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! ,place ( ,meet+ ,committee4 ,i ?9k we might h a little fur!r explanation f ,mr4 ,be/ ab\t 8 bacon breakfa/4 ,,mr4 ,,be/3 ,we said 9 our memb]%ip drive t anyone :o w\ld g out & "w w\ld br+ home ! bacon1 & we fur!r =tifi$ ! deal t we 7 go+ to furni% ! bacon "h at ,rockport at ?is session4 ,s 9 ! morn+ ov] at ,cotton's re/aurant we w h bacon1 all y want to eat1 & ! only requirem5t is t y ei!r got a memb] la/ ye> 9 ! memb]%ip drive we h be5 work+ on1 or t y tri$ to get a memb]4 ,t's all t's necess>y4 ,,mr4 ,,gravatt3 ,y h spok5 ab\t ! meet+ 9 #aied4 ,z y "k1 ,i h repres5t$ ?is c\ntry at ! ,int]national ,*e/nut ,meet+ = two ye>s4 ,!re has be5 "s talk ab\t ! possibility ( ! ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 invit+ ! ,int]national ,*e/nut ,meet+ to meet 9 ?is c\ntry 9 #aied or '#ee4 ,at ! la/ meet+ ! delegates f ,japan recomm5d$ t !y meet 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aied4 ,! matt] is n decid$1 & ,i ?9k if y w put (f decision ab\t ,lanca/] until lat]1 x w\ld be a little bett]4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,! committee on ,/&>ds & ,judg+1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] ,*ase4 ,,mr4 ,,sp5c] ,,*ase3 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 we contemplat$ hav+ a report on hickory /&>ds = ?is meet+1 b because ( circum/ances beyond our control1 we didn't get ! project "u way4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i w call on our secret>y at ?is "t = ! report ( ! meet+ ( ! directors4 ,,mr4 ,mc,d,a,n,i,e,l3 ,!re 7 sev]al ?+s br\ght up la/ night at ! meet+ ( ! ,bo>d ( ,directors ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,"o matt] 0 ! subscription to ! ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[] magaz9e :i* we give our memb]%ip4 ,! ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[] _h be5 sell+ subscriptions to ! ,association = its memb]s at #cj c5ts a ye>4 ,s9ce ! fir/ ( ,july ?is ye> _! rate is #ej c5ts4 ,! op9ion ( ! directors & committee memb]s pres5t la/ night 0 t we %\ld drop t subscription to ! ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[] = our memb]s4 ,x w be s5t to all memb]s :o jo9 = ?is ye> & up to ! beg9n+ ( ! next fiscal ye>4 ,aft] ,octob] #a/1 no subscriptions to ! ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[] ?r\gh ! ,association4 ,d we h any discussion on ?is proposal8 7,consid]able discussion foll[$47 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i sugge/ t we he> ! report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,directors & !n act on ! v>i\s items "o by "o 9 executive session4 ,,mr4 ,mc,d,a,n,i,e,l3 ,y h he>d some?+ ab\t ! memb]%ip drive1 & we w h m on t lat]4 ,! directors sugge/$ t we enc\rage m memb]%ips1 contribut+ memb]%ips & su/a9+ memb]%ips 9 ! ,association at #e4jj & #aj4jj p] ye>4 ,"s ( u feel we c't pay any m ?an #c4jj = our memb]%ip2 o!rs w be able to support ! organization f9ancially by tak+ memb]%ips at ! #e4jj or #aj4jj rate1 & we are /ill (f]+ our life memb]%ip at #ge4jj4 ,ano!r matt] discuss$ 0 (f]+ ! set ( #cd volumes ( back reports 9 ,! ,nut%ell at ! price ( #bj4jj = ! #cd volumes n[ available4 ,we sugge/ also t ! ,association au?orize ! appo9tm5t ( a ,publicity ,committee to "w ) ! ,memb]%ip ,committee 9 attract+ new memb]s4 ,t is ab\t all ,i h z ! report ( ! directors' meet+ la/ night1 ,mr4 ,presid5t4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,?is matt] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,directors report+ to ! bus9ess session is a patt]n :i* ,i ?9k is a good "o4 ,! proposition has be5 plac$ be=e y z to :e!r or n y wi% to cont9ue our affiliation ) ! ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[] magaz9e4 ,z y w recall1 ! reason ! "q comes up at ! pres5t "t is t !y h rais$ _! rate f #cj c5ts a memb] to #ej c5ts a memb]1 :i* is #ej c5ts ( our #c4jj1 :i* ) ! #ej c5ts secret>ial exp5ses leaves b #b4jj to run ! society4 ,z ! ,treasur] w expla9 to y lat]1 we are 9 some:at ( a f9ancial difficulty4 ,x has be5 mov$ & second$ t ! ,association subscription to ! ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[] be discont9u$4 ,?is matt] is up = discussion4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,we h mu* m space available 9 ,! ,nut%ell ?an 9 ! ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[]1 & !re is ! possibility ( m frequ5t publication4 ,,mr4 ,,d[ell3 ,if we c\ld actually get x bi-mon?ly or qu>t]ly1 9 place ( ! ,fruit ,gr[]1 ,i ?9k mo/ all ( u w\ld be bett] in=m$ & actually h m in=mation4 ,& ,! ,nut%ell is a v excell5t means ( %[+ somebody :at ! organization is ab\t4 ,y give !m a copy ( ! ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[]1 & if he is int]e/$ 9 nuts1 mo/ copies ar5't go+ to conv9ce him ( mu*4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i ?9k ?is "q is relat$ to ! appo9tm5t ( a ,publicity ,committee :i* w explore :at c be done to secure m publicity & give m in=mation ab\t nuts to our memb]s ?an has be5 possible 9 ! ,fruit ,gr[]4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,directors felt t #cjj-plus is a high price to pay = :at we got out ( ,! ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[]4 7,! "q 0 call$ =47 ,! motion is pass$ )\t diss5t4 ,! "q ( au?oriz+ ! appo9tm5t ( a ,publicity ,committee is introduc$ ma9ly z a matt] = y\r in=mation1 also because x's mu* bett] if ! society z su* 7 to au?orize su* a committee4 ,d ,i he> su* a motion8 ,mov$ by ,mr4 ,salz]1 second$ by ,colby & pass$ t ! appo9tm5t ( a ,publicity ,committee be approv$4 ,i w ask = ! report ( ! ,treasur]1 ,mr4 ,prell4 ,treasur]'s ,report ,,mr4 ,,prell3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 ladies & g5tlem51 ,mr4 ,be/ has ask$ t ,i help 9 connection ) 8 report4 ,t c]ta9ly is n because ,i c make 8 report bett] ?an he c1 b probably because a new memb] is n a new memb] until 8 *eck has arriv$ & has be5 record$1 & ,i happ5 to h ^? figures4 ,i w be happy to d t1 b p]haps we %\ld />t fir/ ) ! report t ! ,presid5t has ask$ =1 ! ,treasur]'s report4 ,i imag9e t y are un9t]e/$ 9 an itemiz$1 detail$ report ( receipts & exp5ditures2 ,i imag9e y are int]e/$ 9 ! "q3 ,h[ are we do+8 ,we are n do+ too well4 ,! annual report = ?is ye> indicates t our f9ancial condition is n satisfactory4 ,= ! second successive ye> we h sp5t m money ?an we h tak5 91 & t w\ld be ! ?ird successive ye>1 if x hadn't be5 = ! fact t due to ! lat5ess ( ! publication 9 #aiej--t x1 ! annual report--we did n pay = an annual report t ye>4 ,t means !re are ?ree ye>s 9 a r[ t we h gone d[nhill4 ,! picture is n entirely black1 h[ev]4 ,!re are "s bright spots4 ,= in/ance1 all our bills are paid4 ,second1 we h money 9 ! bank4 ,?ird1 our #c1jjj inve/m5t 9 ,gov]nm5t bonds is /ill intact1 & f\r?1 our deficit ?is ye> 0 less ?an x 0 la/ ye>1 :i* may indicate t we h already t\*$ bottom & are />t+ up4 ,! cause ( our deficit is easy to put y\r f+] on4 ,we are op]at+ on budgets t are t5 ye>s old1 & co/s h gone way1 way beyond4 ,dues 7 increas$ sev]al ye>s ago1 b ev5 at t "t !y 7 n increas$ adequately1 & s9ce !n co/s h skyrocket$4 ,! memb]%ip situation is n too bad1 ?\gh ! co/ situation is bad4 ,! two don't jibe at all4 ,! reason we h a less] deficit ?is ye> ?an la/ is ,mr4 ,be/'s "w & ! "w ( 8 vice-presid5ts 9 increas+ ! memb]%ip1 & ! results ( t "w2 ,i ?9k1 h only begun to %[4 ,specifically1 we came )9 #dag ( collect+ en\gh money ?is ye> to pay our exp5ses4 ,x 0 ov] #ejj la/ ye>1 mak+ a total ( a ?\s& doll>s t we h sp5t above our receipts4 ,:ile we h "s money 9 ! bank1 !re w be a bill due 9 ab\t #cj days on ! publication ( ! annual report1 t w be mail$ )9 ! next few days4 ,& t w take all ! money t is 9 ! bank1 plus :at we are able to collect 9 dues imm$iately1 & ,i hope t _m ( !m are paid at once4 ,b t /ill leaves u )\t money to op]ate ?r\gh ! ye>1 & by ,janu>y1 unless conditions *ange1 we w be borr[+ money4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,directors has discuss$ ?is4 ,!y h "s ?\ghts on ! subject :i* w be pres5t$ to y by ,dr4 ,mac,daniels4 ,i ?9k t "o ( ! obvi\s ?+s t y all ?9k ( & ,i may m5tion is ! matt] ( increas$ memb]%ip4 ,t's an obvi\s solution1 & z ,i said a m9ute ago1 x's a v possible solution4 ,! "w t 0 />t$ by ,mr4 ,be/ la/ ,febru>y is only n[ beg9n+ to be> fruit4 ,new memb]%ips1 ev5 z late z ?is = ?is ye>1 9 ,augu/1 are com+ 9 v1 v well4 ,i p]sonally see no reason :y ! memb]%ip _c be increas$ to a ?\s& memb]s next ye>1 provid+ all ( u br+ 9 a memb] or two4 ,i ask$ a fri5d ( m9e on ,! ,c\ntry ,g5tleman = "s data on /ate population comp>$ to f>m population4 ,i =get j exactly n[ h[ x runs on v>i\s /ates1 b ,i d recall ,indiana4 ,we h a population "h ( f\r million p4 ,!re are ab\t #gjj1jjj ( ^! p on #aff1jjj f>ms4 ,! f>ms 9 ?is /ate produce a weal? ( #ge1jjj1jjj a ye>4 ,) #gjj1jjj f>m]s 9 ?is /ate & population ( #d1jjj1jjj ) a weal? ( #ge1jjj1jjj a ye>1 x w\ld seem to me t ! ,/ate ( ,indiana %\ld h m ?an only #ci memb]s4 ,out ( t gr\p we %\ld c]ta9ly increase t t5 times4 ,we %\ld h #djj memb]s1 & if ! same proportion is c>ri$ ?r\gh\t ! nation1 :y1 ?is organization c easily obta9 a roll ( #gejj to #aj1jjj memb]s4 ,a ?\s& memb]s next ye> %\ld be a pu%ov]4 ,s mu* = ! f9ancial report4 ,mr4 ,be/'s campaign />t$ la/ ,febru>y4 ,8 vice-presid5ts 7 giv5 mat]ial & ! inspiration to "w = new memb]s1 & !y respond$4 ,= ,mr4 ,be/ ,i compil$ ! li/ ( ! new memb]s :o h be5 br\ght 91 ) ! p :o h br\ght 9 ! greate/ numb]1 b t ?+ w5t galley-we/ 9 ! la/ few days by ! /rong f9i%]s4 ,mr4 ,be/ himself came 9 ye/]day ) a pocket full ( #aa new memb]s1 & he already _h a c\ple on ! li/4 ,up to t "t--& ,i am n giv+ cr$it to ! ,secret>y1 because sev]al ( ! memb]s t %[ 8 sponsor%ip h come naturally ?r\gh 8 (fice4 ,s disreg>d+ ! sponsor$ memb]s ( ! ,secret>y1 ,sp5c] ,*ase 0 top man1 up until ,mr4 ,be/ upset him ye/]day1 foll[$ by ,dr4 ,rohrba*]1 :o 0 a late f9i%] ) memb]s :o 7 n record$ 9 ?is report4 ,all ?r\gh ! ye> x 0 a battle betwe5 ,p5nsylvania & ,ill9ois z to :o w\ld h ! great] numb] ( memb]s4 ,ill9ois1 ) #cf memb]s1 hopp$ up to #fj1 & ,mr4 ,be/'s #aa make #ga4 ,& j ?is morn+ !y got two o!rs f ,ill9ois1 mak+ #gc4 ,s ,i ?9k ,ill9ois has ! second place position firmly nail$ d[n4 ,la/ ye> we _h #efc memb]s all toge!r4 ,?is ye> n[ we h #agj new memb]s4 ,we c't add t to #efc1 because 9 e organization !re is a loss ( memb]%ip e ye>1 & x's to be expect$ t our memb]%ip %\ld h a #aj p] c5t turnov] ?r\gh circum/ances ( p leav+ _! places :]e !y h _! nut tree plant+s1 dea?s & o!r circum/ances4 ,s !re 0 a net ga9 ( #hf memb]s to date4 ,,treasur]',s ,,report ,augu/ #be1 #aiea to ,augu/ #ah1 #aieb ,,receipts ,memb]%ip ,dues #a1ijg4jj ,sales ( ,annual ,reports #aij4jj ,int]e/ on ,u4 ,s4 ,bonds #cg4ej ,donations #dh4ie ,u4,s4,p4,o4 ,unus$ ,balance1 ,p]mit #c4je ,petty ,ca% #a4ig ,,total #b1ahh4dg ,,disbursem5ts #da/ ,annual ,report 7,pleasant ,valley7 #a1cge4hf ,plates & pr9t+1 #ijj copies #a1bga4af ,envelopes1 #bejj #ca4fe ,mail+ #gc4je ,! ,nut%ell #hf4ee ,pr9t+ mail+ ,vol4 #d1 ,no4 #c #bh4fd ,pr9t+ mail+ ,vol4 #e1 ,no4 #a #eg4ia ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[] #aia4fj #ehb ,subscriptions at #cj;c #agd4fj #cd ,subscriptions at #ej;c #ag4jj ,urbana ,meet+ #afc4fh ,g5]al ,exp5ses #bj4bh ,report+ ,transcrib+ #adc4dj ,secret>ial ,help1 #ej;c p] memb] #cag4jj ,/ation]y & ,supplies #agi4ha ,association ,promotion #aad4ia ,application ,fold]1 #ejjj #ij4jb ,supplem5tal ,fold]1 #fej #ag4fi ,?+s-(-,sci5ce #g4bj ,secret>y's ,exp5se #gg4bc ,treasur]'s ,exp5se #id4jd ,dues1 ,am]ican ,horticultural ,society #e4jj ,,total #b1fje4fh ,ca% on deposit1 ,fir/ ,bank1 ,s\? ,b5d #a1cac4gh ,disbursem5ts #b1fje4fh #c1iai4df -- -- -- -- ,on h& ,augu/ #bf1 #aiea #a1gcj4ii ,receipts #b1ahh4dg #c1iai4df -- -- -- -- ,u4 ,s4 ,bonds 9 ,safety ,deposit ,box #c1jjj4jj ,i "k t ,mr4 ,be/ has /ill "s m mat]ial t he w supply to any ( y :o are anxi\s to g out & help 9 gett+ ! new memb]s4 ,x's only a matt] ( e p]son gett+ a c\ple1 or l ,sp5c] ,*ase gett+ #aj4 ,t w\ld put u well t[>d our goal ( a ?\s& memb]s1 on :i* ! ,association probably c op]ate )\t deficit4 ,i ?ank y4 7,applause47 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,?ank y v mu*1 ,mr4 ,prell4 ,we are v mu* indebt$ to y = y\r bus9ess-l h&l+ ( ! affairs ( ! society4 ,x is sometimes bitt] to "k ! facts1 b ! only way t we are ev] go+ to get any:]e is by kn[+ ! facts & fac+ !m4 ,ei!r =tunately or un=tunately we are n l ! f$]al gov]nm5t1 :i* c g on pil+ up deficits4 ,we h to d z ea* "o ( u z individuals has to d3 ,if our op]at+-exp5se exce$s income1 we ei!r h to get m income or cease out-g4 ,t is ! situation "u :i* we are confront$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,a little lat] we c take up "s ( ! ?+s we h 9 m9d4 ,did y h a fur!r report1 ,mr4 ,secret>y8 ,i ?9k probably ! ,treasur] /ole "s ( ! ?und] t y might o!rwise h4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,he did t1 & ! ,memb]%ip ,committee also4 ,y "k some?+ ( ! activities ( ! secret>y's (fice dur+ ! curr5t ye>1 a matt] ( gett+ out ?ree issues ( ,! ,nut%ell & assi/+ ) ! edit+ ( ! annual report1 :i* ,i hope y w receive ab\t ! "t y get home4 ,"o o!r activity 9 :i* ! ,secret>y p>ticipat$1 9 addition to ! usual task ( answ]+ lett]s to beg9n+ nut gr[]s1 0 ?is project ,?+s ( ,sci5ce4 ,p]haps ,dr4 ,mc,kay c\ld tell u m ab\t t4 ,is ,dr4 ,mc,kay 9 ! room8 ,w y come up n[8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,we be+ ne> ,wa%+ton1 71 ( c\rse1 ! logical p to come 9 contact ) ?is sugge/ion e>ly :5 x 0 made4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! v beg9n+ ( ?is movem5t goes back to ,h>ry ,d5gl]4 ,"s ( y may "k ( him4 ,he is ,ext5sion ,=e/] at ! ,univ]sity ( ,m>yl& & is also ,secret>y ( ! ,am]ican ,holly ,association4 ,h>ry ,d5gl] 0 v mu* int]e/$ 9 ?is ,?+s ( ,sci5ce program & happ5$ to m5tion to ! ,sci5ce ,s]vice pap]1 ( :i* ,watson ,davis is editor1 t x w\ld be a desirable ?+ to "w up a te/ on nuts4 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? ( y :o d n "k :at ,?+s ( ,sci5ce is1 x is a movem5t sponsor$ by ,sci5ce ,s]vice1 locat$ 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c1 :]eby #ab1jjj subscrib]s to ,?+s ( ,sci5ce receive e mon? a little kit ?r\gh ! mails deal+ ) all k9ds ( subjects 9 sci5ce4 ,x is usually a little box1 z 9 ! case ( ! "o on nuts1 or x may be simply an envelope ) "s ?+s 9 x to ta/e4 ,! idea is to give p all ov] ! c\ntry :o are int]e/$ en\gh to pay #e4jj a ye> "o kit a mon?1 ea* "o deal+ ) a diff]5t phase ( sci5ce4 ,_m gr\ps subscribe to ?is s]vice2 = in/ance a boy sc\t troop1 libr>ies & indu/rial plants4 ,s x goes to lit]ally _m ?\s&s m p ?an ! #ab1jjj actual subscrib]s t x has4 ,s :5 ,sci5ce ,s]vice came to u & said1 ,w\ld y be int]e/$ 9 help+ u "w up a kit on nuts1 naturally1 we want$ to d :at we c\ld t[>ds help+ ^! p1 & our fir/ ?\ght 0 ?is organization z an (ficial sponsor = x4 ,s we contact$ ! directors1 ! (fic]s1 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels & ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 & z a result1 ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s1 ?r\gh its bo>d ( directors1 because we _h no o!r means to au?orize x1 w5t ahead & sponsor$ ?is move4 ,to d x1 we approa*$ ! ,cali=nia ,walnut ,gr[]s ,association1 ! ,cali=nia ,almond ,gr[]s ,association1 ! ,nor?we/ ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 & ! ,s\!a/]n ,pecan ,gr[]s ,association1 ) ! idea ( hav+ _! names m5tion$ 9 ! kit1 & 9 return !y w\ld furni% samples to di/ribute4 ,! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association furni%$ ! hickory nut samples4 ,! kit 0 compos$ (1 z ,i recall1 six diff]5t k9ds ( nuts--,p]sian walnuts & almonds f ,cali=nia1 filb]ts f ! ,nor?we/1 ,pecans f ! ,s\!a/1 hickory nuts f ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 & pi/a*io nuts furni%$ ?r\gh ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture by ,capta9 ,:iteh\se at ,beltsville4 ,he secur$ ! pi/a*io nuts f ! trees 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! kit 0 compos$ ( a little box ab\t f\r in*es long1 an in* & a half deep & ?ree in*es wide1 conta9+ two or m nuts ( ! v>i\s k9ds1 toge!r ) a bro*ure t we help$ ! sci5ce p "w up4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels & ! v>i\s coop]at+ gr\ps work$ up ?is bro*ure ( in=mation4 ,! kits include a set ( directions = ! subscrib] to foll[ 9 us+ ! mat]ial4 ,!re are sev]al diff]5t possibilities1 all along ! l9es ( sci5tific exp]im5tation4 ,! idea is to get ^! y\ng/]s & "y p to become famili> ) diff]5t k9ds ( nuts4 ,i ?9k t's all ,i %\ld say1 ,mr4 ,presid5t4 ,t cov]s pretty well ! ef=t t 0 made & ^? :o made ! ef=t4 7,applause47 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,?ank y v mu*1 ,dr4 ,mc,kay4 ,?is project is "o 9 :i* !re 7 deadl9es z to "t1 & we _h to "w r fa/4 ,air mail1 special deliv]y1 ! long di/ance telephone & telegraph play$ q a "p 9 x4 ,! ,sci5ce ,s]vice 0 pay+ ! co/ ( assembl+ & mail+4 ,! only co/ to ! ,association 0 = ! hickory nuts4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,we 7 late on t & unable to get ! quality nuts we w\ld l1 b we did get en\gh to fill ! kits1 n all ( :i* 7 wor?y4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,we w\ld l to h secur$ ,c>pa?ian walnuts1 b ! nuts f kn[n s\rces ( supply 7 s discolor$ ) husk maggot t we 7 a%am$ to s5d !m out4 ,we 7 n able to locate & to furni% any consid]able am\nt ( any k9d ( nor!rn nuts4 ,twelve ?\s& ( ^! kits w5t out1 & ea* "o ( !m is 9 a position :]e x probably contact$ a doz5 or m on ! av]age1 s t ,i am sure z a result ( ! ef=t a great _m p n only became m famili> ) nuts & _! v>i\s s\rces & uses1 b also le>n$ t ! conte/ 0 sponsor$ by ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,mr4 ,prell1 :o kn[s some?+ ab\t adv]tis+1 ?\ght x 0 a v wor?:ile project4 ,t completes ! reports ( ! (fic]s & ( ! committees4 ,we w n[ take t5 m9utes recess4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,! session w be 9 ord]4 ,z y\r treasur] said1 !re are sev]al o!r ?+s :i* we discuss$ 9 ! directors' meet+4 ,we discuss$ ?is matt] ( h[1 ! situation be+ su* z x is1 ! ,association c\ld improve its position ?r\gh ga9+ m memb]s & ?r\gh ei!r mak+ m money or cutt+ d[n exp5ditures4 ,! ,publicity ,committee 0 "o ( ^? sugge/ions1 :o 7 to explore ?is matt] ( gett+ bett] publicity = less money4 ,t is1 :atev] publicity we got f ! ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[] co/ u ab\t #cjj1 & we ?9k we c d a lot bett] 9 "s o!r way4 ,ano!r matt] 0 to place ! f9ancial situation ( ! society squ>ely be=e ! memb]%ip & ask t z _m z c\ld & felt s incl9$ take out a contribut+ or a su/a9+ memb]%ip4 ,we felt q /rongly t rais+ ! dues 0 n ! answ]1 because !re are a lot ( p sort ( on ! fr+e :o don't "w too actively = ! society b :o d take out regul> memb]%ips b :o1 if we rais$ ! dues ev5 ano!r #ej c5ts1 w\ld probably fail to r5ew _! memb]%ips4 ,s t at lea/ = ! pres5t we are n go+ to g ahead on t basis1 unless y want t to come up = fur!r discussion4 ,ano!r po9t :i* we1 ,i ?9k1 %\ld explore 0 ! matt] ( adv]tis+ 9 ! proce$+s4 ,"s o!r associations1 ! pecan association1 p>ticul>ly1 z ,dr4 ,mc,kay po9t$ out1 make a sub/antial "p ( _! rev5ue f adv]tis+ 9 ! proce$+s4 ,we h tri$ t be=e1 b times h *ang$1 & ,i ?9k x %\ld be consid]$ aga94 ,!n ! matt] ( spe$+ up sales ( sets ( ! proce$+s to libr>ies1 t is1 fur!r publicity 9 ,! ,nut%ell ab\t sets t are = sale &1 p]haps1 circul>iz+ ! libr>y li/s to sell complete sets1 or z complete z we h4 ,ano!r matt] t might be explor$ is hav+ "s k9d ( a give-away program1 "s inducem5t = ^? :o take out memb]%ips = ! fir/ "t4 ,o!r societies d x 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,un=tunately1 our mat]ial does n l5d itself to t sort ( ?+ z well z "s o!rs1 b we might be able to give nuts ( ,c>pa?ian /ra9s t c\ld be us$ z se$ nuts1 or p]haps ! hybrid hazels4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,"o sugge/ion made 9 a lett] f ,dr4 ,crane 0 to di/ribute hybrid walnuts to gr[ to fruit+ size4 ,t might be explor$ if !re is a s\rce ( en\gh se$l+s or se$ nuts ( ,juglans ,regia cross$ ) ,juglans ,nigra4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,we w\ld welcome any fur!r sugge/ions :i* y may h1 ei!r z to sav+ money or mak+ money1 or increas+ our memb]%ip1 :i* am\nts to mak+ money1 ( c\rse4 ,ano!r ?+ t might be done to pres5t ! possibilities ( nut gr[+ to y\r communities is to sponsor exhibits at y\r own c\nty or /ate fairs4 ,mr4 ,slate want$ to make a comm5t along ^! l9es4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,t matt] ( urg+ su/a9+ & contribut+ memb]%ips has be5 m5tion$ by y4 ,i ?9k x w\ld be "o ( ! be/ ?+s we c\ld d to s5d a /atem5t ( our f9ancial condition to ! memb]s ( ! ,association po9t+ out ! ne$ = additional funds & sugge/+ t all :o c possibly af=d x take out su/a9+ & contribut+ memb]%ips4 ,x seems to me t ?is is j ab\t ! only alt]native to increas+ ! dues4 ,i am n sure :e!r an increase 9 ! dues w\ld result 9 ! loss ( _m memb]s or n4 ,p]haps !y are gett+ r us$ to ! high] price level1 & x might be well to h an expression ( op9ion f "s ( ^? "h z to :e!r !y ?\ght !re w\ld be s]i\s objections to an increase 9 ! dues4 ,surely1 !re are _m :o c af=d to c>ry su/a9+ or contribut+ memb]%ips4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,t is ! op9ion ( ! ,bo>d ( ,directors4 ,mr4 ,slate has rais$ a "q z to ! validity ( ! conclusion ( ! ,directors reg>d+ ! advisability ( rais+ ! dues4 ,our ?9k+ 0 t to raise ! dues beyond ! pres5t level w\ld result 9 suffici5t loss ( memb]%ip to (fset any ga9 9 rev5ue4 ,! la/ "t we rais$ ! dues :at 0 ! effect8 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,:5 we rais$ ! dues to #c4jj we _h a memb]%ip ( #fej4 ,x dropp$ to ab\t #ehj2 a loss ( #fj or #gj4 ,,mr4 ,,prell3 ,we 9 effect rais$ dues #ej c5ts ?is morn+4 ,x won't affect new memb]s1 b x may cause "s ( ! old] ones :o are memb]s to drop4 ,!y "k t at pres5t #ej c5ts ( _! dues are go+ to ! ,fruit ,gr[]2 n[ !y ar5't gett+ ! ,fruit ,gr[]4 ,,mr4 ,,ma*ov9a3 ,!y 7 gett+ = #b4ej :at !y w n[ get = #c4jj4 ,,presid5t ,,macdaniels3 ,any o!r discussion8 ,,mr4 ,,k9tzel3 ,i h giv5 ?is problem ( increas+ ! memb]%ip q a bit ( ?\ght1 & h an idea :i* might be us$4 ,let's see by a %[ ( h&s h[ _m live 9 ! city b own f>ms outside ( ! city4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,! "q is h[ _m live 9 ! city b h f>ms outside4 ,sixte5 or #ag1 probably ab\t #bj4 ,,mr4 ,,k9tzel3 ,y might call me a city f>m]4 ,l _m o!r city p1 ,i own a small f>m ne> ! city 9 :i* ,i live1 :i* is ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio4 ,i am int5sely int]e/$ 9 ! "w ( ! ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,!re mu/ be _m o!rs :o1 too1 are own]s ( l& b :o use ! l& = exp]im5tal f>m+ & to get a little div]sion f ! daily gr9d 9 ! busy1 noisy city4 ,^! p w\ld consid] x a favor to h _! att5tion call$ to ! int]e/+ "w ( our organization4 ,a practical plan = gett+ 9 t\* ) ?is res]voir ( future memb]s is to secure ! names & addresses ( su* l& own]s f ! records at ! v>i\s c\nty c\rt h\ses fr++ ! cities4 ,a p]sonal lett] %\ld be writt5 to ^! future memb]s4 ,a fri5dly invitation to jo9 ! ,n4,n4,g4,a4 %\ld be ext5d$1 & a pr9t$ bro*ure describ+ & expla9+ its "w & objects %\ld be includ$4 ,i believe t by work+ sy/ematically on ! city dwell]1 :o also owns acreage outside ! city limits1 we c\ld give our memb]%ip li/ a big boo/4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,t is a good sugge/ion = ! ,memb]%ip ,committee4 ,is !re any?+ fur!r8 ,,mr4 ,,caldwell3 ,?is is n a sugge/ion1 b a comm5t foll[+ up ! idea ( ! previ\s speak]4 ,9 ,syracuse !re 0 a woman ) an e/imat$ #afj acres ( l&1 :o ab\t #ae or #af ye>s ago became int]e/$ 9 plant+ hybrid *e/nuts4 ,un=tunately1 ! l& 0 n suitable = rais+ *e/nuts & ! two or ?ree hundr$ trees %e plant$ fail$ to gr[4 ,i don't ?9k !re are two alive !re n[4 ,s y w h to be a little bit c>eful 9 enc\rag+ city p to plant nut trees4 ,%e sp5t a lot ( money & "r n[ if y m5tion t1 %e w j practically te> y ap>t4 ,%e wa/$ money & "t1 s be c>eful 9 gett+ p go+ too /rong unless y are sure ! trees are go+ to gr[ = !m4 ,,mr4 ,,snyd]3 ,accord+ to ! *>t outside1 cutt+ (f ! ,fruit ,gr[] w leave u j a few c5ts p] memb] 9 ! r$4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,"r4 ,,mr4 ,,snyd]3 ,well1 don't we h #c1jjj 9 bonds8 ,:at are !y =1 if x isn't to tide u ov] a h>d p]iod l ?is8 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,t is a sugge/ion = ! ,bo>d ( ,directors4 ,,mr4 ,,snyd]3 ,if inflation keeps up1 ! bonds w be wor? no?+4 ,we might z well use !m up4 ,i w\ld sugge/ we use e me?od to balance ! budget )\t !m1 b if necess>y1 use "s ( !m up4 ,if x is necess>y1 use ! bonds to balance ! budget4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,! "q ( :e!r or n we use ! bonds1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld h to be consid]$ v c>efully4 ,i ?9k "o ( ! ,ohio m5 has a sugge/ion4 ,,mr4 ,,d[ell3 ,?is discussion w\ld foll[ along ) t on memb]%ip4 ,! active memb]s ( ! ,ohio section 7 organiz$ back 9 #aidf1 & 9 #aidh ! national body put 9 its by-laws a provision t !re c\ld be /ate sections =m$4 ,t is ,article #a & also ,article #b1 t y c\ld h affiliat$ bodies4 ,n[1 z f> z ,i "k1 !re is no o!r /ate section4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,mi*igan has "o1 n[4 ,,mr4 ,,d[ell3 ,mi*igan has n actually affiliat$ yet1 & :5 x does come 9 x w be an affiliat$ society4 ,accord+ to ! by-laws x w n be necess>y = all its memb]s to be memb]s ( ! ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 ,n[1 we feel t "s /rong /ate section is ! ma9 support 9 memb]%ip int]e/ & a lot ( o!r l9es1 & ,i ?9k t if y *eck ! rolls y w f9d :]e y h _h a /ate organization1 :e!r x's affiliat$ or o!rwise1 p>ticul>ly ,ohio & ,mi*igan1 t our memb]%ip has n really dropp$ d[n 9 total numb]s4 ,( c\rse1 !re is a turnov] e ye>4 ,if x has dropp$ d[n1 x's be5 slight 9 comp>ison ) ! ov]all drop d[n4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,ohio is only hold+ its own n[4 ,y h "o m memb] ?an y _h a ye> ago4 ,,mr4 ,,d[ell3 ,t's "r1 we are hold+ our own1 & previ\s to ?is la/ run1 ! total numb] 9 ! ,association 0 d[n a hundr$4 ,t has n dropp$ 9 ,ohio1 :i* has ! /ate section4 ,nei!r has x rec5tly 9 ,mi*igan1 :i* has rec5tly organiz$ ! ,mi*igan ,nut ,gr[]s4 ,! ,executive ,committee ( ! ,ohio section wi%es to pres5t ! foll[+ resolution = ! consid]ation ( ?is body3 ,,resolution ,,:]eas we feel t memb]%ip 9 a /ate section has be5 a def9ite advantage 9 ma9ta9+ & increas+ memb]%ip 9 ! ,national ,organization1 z has be5 demon/rat$ 9 ! ,ohio ,section ( ! ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a42 ,,:]eas a ,national ,organization becomes /rong because ( its /rong local sections :i* help ma9ta9 int]e/2 ,,!re=e ! ,national ,organization %\ld enc\rage & fo/] ! =mation ( local sections4 ,we !re=e submit ! foll[+ motion3 ,t ! ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 am5d its con/itution to provide = ! organization ( local sections4 ,^! am5dm5ts %\ld include ! foll[+ provisions3 #a4 ,memb]%ip 9 ! ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 %all be a requirem5t = full memb]%ip 9 ! local section2 h[ev] ?is %all n exclude local sections f accept+ associate memb]s4 #b4 ,t ea* memb] ( ! ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 %all automatically become a memb] ( a local section :5 he resides 9 a location :]e a recogniz$ local section exi/s4 #c4 ,:]ev] a local section has become e/abli%$1 ! local *airman %all s]ve z vice presid5t ( ! ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 = t area4 #d4 ,! ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 %all refund to ! treasur] ( ea* local section t5 p]c5t 7#aj7 ( ! ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 dues paid annually by memb]s ( t section4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i conclude t y are pres5t+ ?is = ! consid]ation ( ! ,association4 ,x w\ld be an am5dm5t to ! by-laws1 ,i take x1 r ?an ! con/itution4 ,su* an am5dm5t w\ld h to come up = consid]ation at ! next meet+ aft] consid]ation by ! ,bo>d ( ,directors2 ei!r t1 or else vote on x by mail4 ,,mr4 ,,d[ell3 ,x is purely a motion n[1 if pass$ or reject$4 ,b if x is pass$1 !n previ\s to ! ,ro*e/] meet+1 ! proposal w\ld h to be 9 a suitable =m to be ei!r pass$ or reject$ = ! by-laws4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,we h ?is resolution 9 pr9t$ =m4 ,t w be transmitt$ to ! ,bo>d ( ,directors = consid]ation at ! next meet+4 ,,mr4 ,,d[ell3 ,we make x z a motion t ! mass accept or reject x "h4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,! motion is1 !n1 to accept ! resolution & pres5t x to ! ,bo>d ( ,directors4 ,is t "r8 ,is !re a second8 ,,mr4 ,,k9tzel3 ,i second x4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,are !re fur!r rem>ks8 ,if n1 all 9 favor1 signify by say+ ,aye4 7,*orus ( ayes74 ,oppos$8 7,none47 ,x is c>ri$4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,i am v sorry ,i 0 n recogniz$ be=e ! vote 0 tak54 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i am sorry4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,i am speak+1 ,i ?9k1 = ! ,mi*igan ,nut ,gr[]s1 ( :i* we h q a gr\p "h today1 & we are q anxi\s to ma9ta9 an indep5d5t /ate organization4 ,we feel t x is p]fectly all "r = ?is motion to h be5 adopt$ z x has be51 if !re w be no attempt made to delete t section :i* n[ ref]s to affiliation4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i ?9k !re w\ld be no attempt to d t4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,is t cle>ly und]/ood t !re w be no attempt made to delete ! section on affiliation8 ,,mr4 ,,d[ell3 ,t is ! und]/&+4 ,n[1 !re are two ways 9 ! pres5t by-laws4 ,n[1 ?is w\ld ei!r be a ?ird or replace ! fir/4 ,x w\ld h no?+ to d ) affiliat+ gr\ps4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i ?9k t is "r1 & ,i ?9k ! ?+ to d1 ,mr4 ,d[ell1 w\ld be to be sure t ! new presid5t is appriz$ ( ! ,mi*igan po9t ( view 9 t reg>d4 ,he w be ! *airman ( ! new ,bo>d ( ,directors1 & ?is is simply a motion to consid] x4 ,x doesn't g any fur!r ?an t4 ,is !re any fur!r bus9ess to come be=e ?is gr\p at ?is "t8 ,if n1 ! o!r item on ! ag5da1 z x is /at$1 ,i believe1 is a presid5tial address4 ,! ,=w>d ,look ,presid5tial ,address1 by ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels ,z ! retir+ presid5t ( our ,association1 x is a "t honor$ cu/om & a privilege to give :at is (t5 ref]r$ to z ! presid5tial address4 ,i d n h 9 m9d giv+ an address b r to consid] ) y in=mally ! pres5t situation ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association & to give my ideas z to :at we might d to improve our position & =w>d ! purposes = :i* ! ,association 0 organiz$ 9 #aiaj4 ,"t does n p]mit rec\nt+ ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! ,association4 ,?is has be5 done on sev]al previ\s occasions4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 g back to ! #aide report 9 :i* "u ! title ,:]e ,d ,we ,g f ,"h ,i tri$ to pick up v>i\s aspects ( ! condition ( ! ,association imm$iately foll[+ ! w> & po9t out areas to :i* special att5tion %\ld be giv5 at t "t4 ,consid]+ our situation 9 #aieb1 x appe>s t _m ( our problems are ab\t ! same z !y 7 9 #aide al?\gh 9 "s areas def9ite progress has be5 made4 ,a quick look at our problems !n & n[ is p]haps p]t95t to ! pres5t discussion4 ,"o ( ^! is v>iety evaluation4 ,?is /ill rema9s "o ( ! important areas :]e we ne$ mu* m in=mation p>ticul>ly z to ! success or failure ( diff]5t nam$ clones ( nut trees 9 v>i\s regions4 ,p]haps x is "t = u to c>efully summ>ize :atev] data we h accumulat$ z to ! adaptation ( v>ieties or at lea/ make plans = ext5d+ a program ( evaluation4 ,s9ce #aide our survey committees h be5 active & h secur$ in=mation t w c]ta9ly be helpful4 ,! problem ( judg+ /&>ds has be5 cl>ifi$ some:at4 ,x is my p]sonal op9ion t ! judg+ s*$ule = v>ieties ( black walnuts work$ out ) ! assi/ance ( ,dr4 ,s4 ,s4 ,atwood is on a s\nd basis & might well receive mu* wid] use4 ,foll[+ along some:at ! same patt]n1 sugge/$ s*$ules h be5 propos$ = ! hickories & butt]nuts4 ,^! %\ld receive fur!r consid]ation & adoption1 if approv$ at lea/ on a t5tative basis4 ,a s*$ule = ,p]sian walnuts is v mu* ne$$ z indicat$ by ! rec5t conte/ 9 :i* confusion occurr$ relat$ to !re be+ no recogniz$ /&>ds ( evaluation4 ,) ! ,p]sian walnut su* matt]s z ! me?od ( crack+ & ! importance ( su* *>act]s z seal+ ( nuts1 recov]y ( :ole halves & o!rs %\ld be agre$ ^u4 ,our proc$ure 9 nam+ v>ieties is /ill some:at *aotic4 ,possibly we %\ld adopt ! g5]al patt]n ( ! ,am]ican ,pomological ,society4 ,_! example ( sett+ up an approv$ li/ ( v>ieties = plant+ on a regional basis is wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,ev5 ?\gh su* a li/ 7 t5tative & incomplete1 a />t :i* w\ld embody ! be/ in=mation we h w\ld be valuable4 ,secur+ new v>ieties (1 h>dy nut trees ?r\gh bre$+ has made "s progress4 ,mo/ enc\rag+ is ! "w ( ! ,f$]al ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,beltsville :]e ,doctor ,crane & ,doctor ,mc,kay & _! associates are us+ mod]n te*niques 9 secur+ new v>ieties ( h>dy nut trees4 ,"s progress 9 hybridization1 ( c\rse1 has be5 made1 p>ticul>ly ) ! filb]ts1 ! hybrids develop$ by ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,g4 ,l4 ,slate1 ,s4 ,h4 ,graham1 ,heb5 ,corsan & "s o!rs1 %[+ great improvem5t ov] previ\s ,european v>ieties 9 _! adaptability to ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re are filb]t v>ieties ( hybrid orig9 bett] ?an ^? 9 ! nurs]y trade :i* %\ld be propagat$ & made available4 ,"w ) ! ,*9ese *e/nuts has also be5 valuable4 ,x is my op9ion1 :i* ,i believe is %>$ by mo/ ( ^? :o are famili> ) progress 9 secur+ new v>ieties1 t we are n likely to f9d 9 ! wild1 v>ieties or clones :i* %[ any m>k$ improvem5t ov] ^? already f\nd & nam$4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 always ! possibility ( ! p]fect nut aris+ z a *ance v>iation4 ,! rec5t walnut & hickory conte/s1 h[ev]1 h be5 some:at disappo9t+ = !y h n discov]$ any v>iety ( black walnut bett] ?an ! ,?omas = in/ance1 or a hickory mu* bett] ?an "s ( ^? locat$ ye>s ago4 ,?is does n mean t memb]s ( ! ,association %\ld n keep a %>p look\t = new v>ieties occurr+ spontane\sly :i* w be bett] ?an exi/+ sorts4 ,x does mean1 h[ev]1 t if real breaks are to be secur$1 x w be necess>y to apply "s ( ! m effective te*niques :i* are kn[n 9 ! plant bre$+ field4 ,any su* program is a long "t project & c only be effectively attempt$ by exp]im5t /ations1 or by "s ( ! "y m51 :o beg9 n[ to make crosses "u ! direction or at lea/ ) ! advice ( ^? :o are famili> ) plant bre$+ te*niques4 ,progress has be5 made 9 ! ,association organization4 ,! con/itution has be5 ?or\ghly ov]haul$ & am5d$1 p>ticul>ly to provide = regional gr\ps4 ,c]ta9ly su* gr\ps are to be enc\rag$ & h done & w d mu* to /r5g!n ! national organization 9 ! v>i\s /ates4 ,x is my p]sonal op9ion t ^! regional gr\ps c be ( p>ticul> value 9 work+ ) ! exp]im5t /ations & legislatures to promote ! int]e/s ( ! ,association4 ,! /ate associations %\ld be on ! al]t to build on ! int]e/s ( cons]vation dep>tm5ts z relat$ to wildlife pres]ves & sportsm5's clubs & o!r ag5cies :i* put ! gr[+ ( nut trees 9 prop] p]spective4 ,i am n at all 9 favor ( secur+ ei!r f$]al or /ate support = e m9or project :i* comes along4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ne$ make no apologies = its program1 p>ticul>ly z x is relat$ to ! cons]vation ( our natural res\rces2 to ! promotion ( bett] liv+ on ! f>m & ^? values :i* are real & great1 ev5 ?\gh !y d n %[ up l>ge 9 doll> value ( crops produc$4 ,un=tunately1 projects 9 nut gr[+ h be5 />t$ 9 v>i\s /ates1 p>ticul>ly ,ohio & ,mi*igan only to be elim9at$ be=e !y really got "u way because ( lack ( support4 ,exp]im5t /ation directors1 if !y are confront$ ) a %ortage ( funds1 are likely to run ! blue p5cil ?r\gh items :i* _c be back$ up ) economic consid]ations4 ,! approa* ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association x seems to me %\ld n be to seek support on an economic basis b r on ! basis ( bett] liv+ on ! f>m1 improvem5t ( g>d5s & f>m/eads & ! advantages ( gr[+ nut trees z comp>$ ) any o!r horticultural activity4 ,!re has be5 a real increase 9 ! importance :i* is giv5 to ?is approa* 9 rec5t times & an active /ate association1 :i* c keep 9 t\* ) local conditions & call on ! national association = additional support1 w c]ta9ly be ( great assi/ance 9 ! future4 ,i p]sonally am n 9 favor ( any sort ( a set up by :i* ! national association gives a kick back ( national dues to a regional association4 ,! dues are inadequate = ! national association at ! pres5t "t4 ,look+ at ! :ole situation ) "s p]spective1 x w\ld seem t ! regional associations might contribute to ! national association r ?an ! rev]se4 ,if ! con/itution & by-laws ( ! ,association are n su* z to make affiliation ) ! national association & ! =mation ( regional associations easy1 !y c readily be *ang$ to secure ! v be/ patt]n t c be devis$4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ acute problems ) :i* ! ,association is fac$ is ! /ruggle to keep f9ancially solv5t4 ,we are all aw>e ( our *ang+ economy1 p>ticul>ly ! increas$ co/s ( pr9t+ & 9 fact ( ev]y?+ t our organization uses or ne$s1 ev5 po/age4 ,9 my ?9k+1 ! f9ances ( ! ,association are mu* ! same z ^? ( an individual1 :o is confront$ ) exp5ditures t exce$ 8 income4 ,! ?+s t h to be done are obvi\s & ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,"o is to sp5d less & ! o!r is to secure m funds4 ,9 ! judgm5t ( y\r directors & executive committee1 exp5ditures h be5 r$uc$ z l[ z is safe 9 ord] to keep a go+ organization4 ,memb]s jo9 ! ,association = ! value :i* !y get out ( x & a l>ge "p ( ?is value is 9 ! =m ( reports1 newslett]s1 in=mation made available & ! organization ( annual meet+s4 ,if ^! s]vices 7 discont9u$ or curtail$1 memb]%ip falls (f4 ,?is has be5 ! exp]i5ce ( o!r plant societies1 ( :i* !re are _m4 ,9 my judgm5t retr5*m5t is n ! answ] 9 ! pres5t situation4 ,secur+ additional funds is ! be/ =w>d-look+ policy4 ,! "q comes up z to h[ ?is may be done4 ,exp]i5ce 9 our ,association & ,i believe o!r associations z well1 has %[n t #c4jj is ab\t z f> z dues c be rais$4 ,!re comes a po9t ) e society :51 if ! dues are increas$1 !re is a fall+ (f ( memb]%ip1 :i* m ?an (fsets ! ga94 ,o!r obvi\s proc$ures are3 7#a7 increas+ ! numb] ( memb]s2 7#b7 provid+ diff]5t types ( memb]%ips to enc\rage l>g] contributions2 7#c7 gifts2 & 7#d7 special fund rais+ projects4 ,( ^! v>i\s ways & means1 c]ta9ly increas+ ! numb] ( memb]s is by f> ! m promis+4 ,! ov]head ( ! association is n increas$ ) additional memb]%ips any:]e ne> 9 proportion to ! contributions ( ^? memb]s4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true = additional copies ( ! report & g5]al (fice exp5se4 ,! drive = new memb]s "u ,presid5t ,be/'s lead]%ip has produc$ gratify+ results & ,i believe if ?is is cont9u$ effectively ?r\gh ! next few ye>s1 a memb]%ip increase c be secur$ t w assure ! ,association's balanc+ its budget4 ,some:]e 9 ! neighborhood ( a ?\s& paid memb]%ips w\ld solve mo/ ( our f9ancial difficulties4 ,provision is already made = diff]5t types ( memb]%ips & x is to be hop$ t _m :o c d s w jo9 ! contribut+ memb] class at lea/ until we are out ( our pres5t f9ancial woods4 ,o!r societies raise consid]able rev5ue ?r\gh special projects su* z ! sale ( publications ( "o k9d or ano!r1 se$ di/ribution or slide r5tal4 ,! type ( mat]ial ) :i* ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association deals is n comp>able to "s ( ^! o!r organizations b c]ta9ly ! possibilities ( rev5ue ?r\gh special projects ne$ to be explor$4 ,rese>* ) nor!rn nut trees is exce$+ly important f ! /&po9t ( accompli%+ ! objectives ( ! ,association4 ,! matt] ( bre$+ new v>ieties has already be5 t\*$ on4 ,o!r types ( rese>* are su* t a l>ge "p mu/ be c>ri$ on by exp]im5t /ations :i* h a cont9u+ program4 ,mu* has be5 done 9 secur+ obs]vational in=mation by ,association memb]s !mselves b "s problems are su* t !y mu/ be cont9u$ ov] a long p]iod ( "t & set up ) adequate *ecks & provision = secur+ significant data4 ,o!rwise ! results are ( no real value4 ,grant$ we ne$ all ! s\nd obs]vational exp]i5ce t all ! memb]s c br+ to our problems1 !re are /ill aspects ( culture ( nor!rn nut trees t ne$ cont9u+ program ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,=tunately1 mu* ( ! cultural in=mation secur$ ) nut crops ( economic value is directly applicable to nor!rn nut trees4 ,?is is true ( ! "w ) nor?we/]n filb]ts1 we/]n walnuts1 s\!rn pecans & ev5 ! tung indu/ry4 ,!re comes a po9t1 h[ev]1 :5 in=mation ?us ga9$ ne$s to be *eck$ "u ! specific conditions :]e ! crops are gr[n & v little rese>* has be5 done 9 ! nor!rn /ates :]e ! h>dy nuts are important4 ,( special importance to ! nor!rn nut gr[]s is ! control ( diseases & insects4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! bun* disease ( walnuts is becom+ increas+ly m tr\blesome & v little is kn[n z to h[ ?is is spread or h[ x may be controll$4 ,9 my own filb]t plant+1 ! hazel bud mite dur+ pa/ ye>s has made ! crop practically a failure4 ,little app>5tly is kn[n z to ! life hi/ory ( ?is insect or :5 miticides might be appli$4 ,examples su* z ! bun* disease & mite damage are multipli$ _m times ) o!r diseases ( local or regional importance4 ,9 my ?9k+ our be/ hope = gett+ some?+ done is to enc\rage ! ,dep>tm5ts ( ,entomology & ,plant ,pa?ology 9 ! exp]im5t /ations to take up ^! disease & insect problems1 :i* might be attack$ by graduate /ud5ts z !sis subjects1 ev5 ?\gh ! economic importance is n great4 ,z ,i see ! situation ( ! ,association1 !re is ne$ = its memb]s to produce m nuts ( bett] quality4 ,no?+ intrigues ! int]e/ ( pot5tial memb]s z mu* z actually see+ & ta/+ locally gr[n samples ( nuts ( sup]ior v>ieties4 ,on sev]al occasions ,i h tri$ to assemble collections ( nuts = exhibit or to buy !m = "o purpose or ano!r & f\nd great difficulty 9 f9d+ s\rces ( supply4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly true 9 ! fall ( #aiea :5 we 7 try+ to assemble nuts = ,! ,?+s ( ,sci5ce project4 ,we want$ v mu* to secure ,c>pa?ian walnuts t c\ld be s5t out & us$ = se$ purposes4 ,!re 0 no s\rce to :i* we c\ld turn4 ,9 sev]al possible s\rces ( supply1 husk maggots _h s infe/$ ! crop t ! nuts 7 discolor$ & unattractive4 ,x might h be5 possible to secure en\gh black walnuts to include 9 ! kit b ! problem ( /ate qu>ant9es aga9/ ! bun* disease c\ld n be easily adju/$4 ,f9ally ,i believe ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association is do+ a v significant "w4 ,our emphasis at ! pres5t "t at lea/ might v well be on nut gr[+ z a hobby & = cons]vation1 = bett] %ade trees & = bett] liv+ on ! f>ms & home/eads r ?an to emphasize ! comm]cial angles4 ,?is w come 9 "t if x c really be demon/rat$ t gr[+ nor!rn nut trees is a pr(itable v5ture4 ,9 ^! days ( job specialization ev]yone ne$s a hobby & an outlet = special int]e/s4 ,i "k ( few o!r fields ( endeavor = ^? :o l gr[+ ?+s ?an ! rew>ds t are to be f\nd 9 ! gr[+ ( h>dy nut trees4 ,,monday ,,aft]noon ,,session ,! ,monday aft]noon session 0 conv5$ at "o o'clock p4m4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,! aft]noon session w please be 9 ord]4 ,! fir/ pap] ?is aft]noon w be1 ,! ,future ( ,y\r ,nut ,plant+1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,sonnemann1 ,v&alia1 ,ill9ois4 ,! ,future ( ,y\r ,nut ,plant+ ,w4 ,f4 ,,sonnemann1 ,v&alia1 ,ill4 ,ladies & g5tlem51 x is a great pleasure to appe> be=e ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,i am j a spr\t z f> z nut gr[+ is conc]n$1 :5 we consid] ! age ( "s ( our old hickory nut trees4 ,ab\t #be ye>s ago1 ,i became int]e/$ 9 nut gr[+ &1 9 p>ticul>1 ! riv]-bottom hickory nut tree4 ,!n we _h s _m nut trees gr[+ 9 ! bottom t we nev] ?\ght ( try+ to plant a tree or look aft] "o4 ,p c\ld ga!r all ! nuts !y want$ & (t5 ! trees 7 cut j to get ! nuts4 ,!y'd lay a /ick ( dynamite at ! base ( ! tree to %ake ! nuts (f4 ,aft] a few ye>s ( t1 ,i ?\ght we might d some?+ to save ! nut trees = ! future g5]ations4 ,t's :5 ,i fir/ />t$ to plant "s nuts4 ,incid5tally1 ,i made a big mi/ake1 by n jo9+ ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,naturally1 ,i want$ ! l>ge/ pecan ,i c\ld f9d4 ,i w5t to ! ,/4 ,l\is m>ket & b\ght & plant$ nice ,pap]%ell pecans--v nice pecans1 b ! trees d n mature _! crop4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel & ,i tri$ to top-"w !m1 b t's a big job4 ,_h ,i jo9$ ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,i c\ld h avoid$ a lot ( ^? mi/akes4 ,!re are "s ?+s t ,i f\nd out 9 practic+ law t c v well apply to nut gr[+4 ,if y w p>don ! ref]5ce to p]sonal exp]i5ce1 ,i c br+ =? to y ab\t f\r situations4 ,"o1 a good1 close fri5d ( m9e _h a vacant lot close to 8 home4 ,he _h be5 plant+ nut trees & papaw trees & p]simmon trees = ye>s4 ,on ?is vacant lot he _h a #be-ye>-old ,bus* walnut gr[+ back on ! alley1 on ! lawn 0 a beautiful ,japanese fl[]+ *]ry1 & !re 7 two pecan trees 9 ! y>d prop]4 ,he sold ! lot to a neighbor ^: wife 0 j crazy ab\t fl[]s1 little dream+ t ^? trees w\ld ev] be cut d[n4 ,i don't believe ! ink ( ! record] _h be5 cool$ or dri$ be=e t ,engli% walnut 0 cut d[n1 ! ,japanese *]ry grubb$ out ( ! front lawn1 & "o ( ! pecan trees 0 cut4 ,x j ab\t broke ! old own]'s he>t1 & all he c\ld say 01 ,i am j disappo9t$ 9 my neighbors4 ,& n[ !re is a h\se be+ erect$ !re1 & ! pecan tree t 0 #ab in*es 9 diamet] 0 cut4 ,t c\ld h be5 prev5t$1 _h ?is man giv5 ?\ght to ! future4 ,ano!r man1 nam$ ,hag51 :o 0 in/rum5tal 9 gett+ me int]e/$ 9 nut gr[+1 _h a nice gr\p ( riv]-bottom %ellb>k trees gr[+ 9 8 field4 ,"o ( ^! has be5 propagat$ & nam$ ! ,hag51 & al?\gh x isn't a good crack+ quality1 x's a v l>ge nut4 ,a pipe l9e 0 laid close to t field1 & ?is man _h ! =e-99sight to put a clause 9 ?is pipe-l9e "r ( way :i* gave him ! protection ( collect+ adequate damages = ! de/ruction ( ! trees4 ,didn't ev5 ne$ a lawy]1 :i* is some?+ bad = ! law bus9ess4 ,x is a sugge/ion1 t :5 a pipe l9e1 or telephone company is buy+ a "r ( way1 x is possible to protect y\r int]e/s 9 valuable trees4 ,ano!r in/ance ( protect+ nut trees 0 :5 ! new ,u4 ,s4 ,highway #dj 0 built across ,ill9ois4 ,i _h ! job ( condemn+ ! "r ( way & :5 ! eng9e] & ,i 7 out walk+ ov] x we notic$ a f9e gr\p ( hickory nut trees on ! hillside4 ,i rem>k$ :at a nice gr\p ( trees x 04 ,he said1 ,yes1 t's go+ to be a borr[ pit up !re4 ,i said1 ,y mean !y are go+ to de/roy ^? trees8 ,he said1 ,yes1 dirt f ?is borr[ pit w make ! fill across ?is bottom4 ,i said1 ,:y c't we get ! dirt some:]e else8 ,dirt is dirt4 ,& ! eng9e] said1 ,well1 t's ! plans4 ,we _h a little contr>9ess !re1 & ,i _h to ?reat5 to drop ! case z f> z t tract ( l& 0 conc]n$4 ,if y fight long en\gh & h>d en\gh 9 su* cases y may f9d "s o!r p]son :o is int]e/$ 9 nut trees4 ,we did2 we f\nd an eng9e] high] up1 & t gr\p ( hickory trees is n[ a picnic area4 ,!y us$ a borr[ pit some:]e else1 & x gives me a great pleasure to drive pa/ t gr\p ( hickory trees & see !m /ill /&+ !re4 ,9 ! fall ( ! ye> y'd be surpris$ at ! numb] ( p at t picnic area1 & !y keep ^? hickory nuts pick$ up clean z fa/ z !y fall4 ,9 our c\nty hospital j />t$ !y happ5$ to select a piece ( gr\nd ,i own an int]e/ 9 = a c\nty hospital4 ,on t are "s good hickory nut trees4 ,i told !m !y'd nev] get ! l& until !y made "s arrangem5ts 9 reg>d to ^? nut trees4 ,! eng9e] t design$ t hospital mu/ h _h "s s5se1 because !y are build+ a canopy ar\nd "o ( ! trees adjac5t to t hospital1 & h arrang$ to cut only "o scrub oak4 ,! o!r trees w be m5tion$ 9 ! de$ ) re/rictive cov5ants to protect !m4 ,if y sign any?+ a company gives y1 y are liable to h any?+ cut on y\r l&4 ,rememb] ! say+ t ! big pr9t gives x to y & ! f9e pr9t takes x away4 ,& x's ! f9e pr9t y want to wat* 9 all y\r "r ( ways or 9 y\r condemnation proce$+s4 ,i "k a man :o _h almo/ #afj acres ( riv]-bottom hickories4 ,dur+ 8 lifetime he 0 v c>eful ab\t ^? trees4 ,he w\ld cut ! bru% ar\nd ! trees & h>ve/ ^? hickory nuts z if x 0 a crop ( corn or beans4 ,^u 8 dea? 8 *ildr5 7 scatt]$ ov] ! v>i\s /ates4 ,!y didn't c>e any?+ = ?is hickory grove4 ,x's be5 cut4 ,n[ !re is a bulldoz] 9 !re try+ to clean out ^? hickory /umps4 ,!y are n mak+ mu* progress4 ,all y n[ h 9 t f>m is #afj acres ( old tree /umps1 wild honey-suckle v9es1 poison ivy & poison oak1 & ev5 a coon hunt] gripes :5 he has to take 8 dogs ?r\gh !re on a coon hunt4 ,^? heirs c>e no?+ ab\t x4 ,9 sell+ l& x doesn't make any diff]5ce :e!r x's a sale to a neighbor1 or to a fri5d or a /rang]1 y %\ld protect any trees t y h gr[+ ^u t l& by :at we t]m a cov5ant runn+ ) ! l&1 & t means if a de$ is made x w provide t c]ta9 trees %all n be cut )9 a c]ta9 p]iod ( "t4 ,9 "o case :]e ,i am =c$ to sell "s l& ,i am protect+ ! trees = #aj ye>s4 ,ea* ( ^! situations requires rese>* "u y\r own /ate laws4 ,i _h hop$ to be able to tell y some?+ def9ite & precise z to ea* situation1 b :5 ,i consid]$ ! memb]%ip 9 ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s1 ! _m /ates x cov]s & ! great diff]5ce 9 ! /ate laws1 x's j impossible to lay y\r h& ^u "o set ( facts t gov]ns4 ,y %\ld consult y\r attorney :o is deal+ ) y\r transactions & tell him specifically :at y h 9 m9d & :at y want to protect4 ,he w "k :e!r y\r /ate recognizes cov5ants runn+ ) y\r l& & :at provision c be made to protect trees t y want to save or secure damages4 ,rememb]1 9 any transaction1 if x is n 9 ! writt5 in/rum5t t y sign1 x's j an oral agreem5t t y make on ! side1 & x doesn't mean a ?+4 ,x has to be 9 ! pap] t y sign4 ,z ,i m5tion$ briefly1 9 :at !y call em95t doma91 ! /ate has a "r to take prop]ty = public use4 ,! only ?+ y c d !re is j get y\r head squ>e & fight1 & if y are /ubborn en\gh1 y may f9d someone 9 ! organization t y are deal+ ) :o has "s int]e/ 9 trees4 ,!y may n be memb]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association or any tree association1 b !re are "s p :o appreciate trees & :o d realize h[ long x takes to h a nice pecan tree or nice hickory nut tree gr[+4 ,if !y call y contr>y1 t y won't give 9 to any?+1 let !m call y contr>y1 let !m call y nuts1 b y c protect y\r trees & make sure t _! future is secure4 ,:at w happ5 to y\r trees aft] y are dead8 ,ea* individual's situation has to be consid]$ sep>ately4 ,9 _m /ates y c provide by w to :om y want y\r nut plant+ to g1 or y c1 by mak+ a tru/1 give ! trees to tru/ees ) c]ta9 p[]s & duties to c>e = & manage !m = a p]iod ( "t or p]petually1 dep5d+ on ! laws ( y\r /ate4 ,usually x is limit$ to ! life ( "s p]son or #ba ye>s4 ,9 t l5g? ( "t if y\r heirs or ! p]son y desire ^! trees to g to h n educat$ !mselves to ! value ( ! tree1 !n ! plant+ w be lo/ anyway4 ,9 all ( ^! cases & all ! transactions t y make1 if y value y\r trees--& y surely d :5 y w c>ry wat] = !m & plant !m & dig t l>ge hole = ^? roots--x is wor? :ile to look aft] !m dur+ ! trees' lifetime1 n y\r own lifetime4 ,& if y w consult ) y\r attorney1 p>ticul>ly m5tion ^? trees to him & j exactly :at y\r ideas are1 ,i ?9k y w be assur$ t y w h a future = nut trees4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,?ank y1 ,mr4 ,sonnemann4 ,are !re any que/ions y wi% to ask on ?is subject4 ,"h is a *ance to get free legal advice on ! spot4 ,t's unusual4 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,!re is "o po9t ,i'd l to br+ out1 back+ up :at ! g5tleman j said4 ,y "k we introduc$ back 9 #aibh to #aicf v l>ge numb]s ( ,*9ese & ,japanese *e/nuts4 ,mo/ ( !m w5t out to /ate =e/ry dep>tm5ts & su*2 some:]e ar\nd a half million trees4 ,we h _h "s v valuable coop]ative or*>d plant+s1 :i* h be5 lo/ because some?+ happ5$ to ! man1 he mov$ away1 sold 8 prop]ty1 or di$4 ,) ^! g5tlem5 :o h pass$ away1 exp]im5tal or*>d plant+s & o!r trees 7 "p ( _! lives1 b _! *ildr51 or :oev] inh]it$ ! prop]ty1 _h no int]e/ 9 cont9u+ ! "w4 ,we h _h ! same exp]i5ce ) "s agricultural exp]im5t /ations :]e "o ( ! horticulturi/s is int]e/$ 9 ! plant+s1 b has mov$ away1 & we h lo/ our plant+s4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,?ank y1 ,dr4 ,gravatt4 ,mr4 ,beck]1 d y wi% to say some?+ ab\t ! ,re$ ,memorial8 ,,mr4 ,,beck]3 ,?is is j a ^w ( appreciation to a numb] ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s memb]s :o h help$ out ) ! ,c4 ,a4 ,re$ ,memorial4 ,:5 we organiz$ ! ,mi*igan ,nut ,gr[]s ,association la/ ,janu>y x 0 ,pr(essor ,o',r\rke's idea to h a memorial at ,mr4 ,re$'s home t[n1 :i* is ,h[ell1 ,mi*igan4 ,) ,mrs4 ,re$'s approval we plann$ z our fir/ project1 plant+ a nut tree ) a suitable plaque 9 memory ( ! late ,dr4 ,re$4 ,z a foll[up1 we issu$ a little bullet9 ask+ = contributions t[>d ! memorial4 ,we s5t ^! out to p :o knew ,mr4 ,re$1 _m ( :om are among ?is gr\p4 ,response has be5 gratify+ & we n[ h approximately #ie t[>d ! tablet4 ,on ,arbor ,day a ,mi*igan v>iety ( %agb>k hickory call$ ! ,abscoda 0 plant$ at ,h[ell on ! libr>y gr\nds4 ,! s]vices 7 conduct$ ) ! coop]ation ( ! ,mi*igan ,/ate ,college & ! ,liv+/on ,c\nty g>d5 gr\p4 ,?is is a ^w ( appreciation & also to expla9 :at we h done4 ,?ank y4 7,applause47 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,we w g on to ! next pap]1 ,! ,value ( a ,tree1 ,f]d9& ,bolt51 ,l9ton1 ,indiana4 ,mr4 ,bolton4 7,applause47 ,,mr4 ,,bolt53 ,memb]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association & ladies & g5tlem53 ,i am j a f>m]4 ,i am n a spee*-mak]1 l ! lawy] "h :o makes 8 liv+ talk+4 ,i make my liv+ f>m+1 & ,i h "s ideas1 views t ,i'd l to br+ be=e y4 ,! ,value ( a ,tree ,,f]d ,,bolt51 ,l9ton1 ,ind4 ,memb]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ladies1 & g5tlem54 ,x may be a little unusual = a fruit gr[] & f>m] to be on ?is program2 h[ev]1 ,i h liv$ a lifetime work+ ) trees on ! same f>m ,i 0 born on sixty-six ye>s ago la/ ,may4 ,we h "o hundr$ acres ( or*>d1 sev]al v>ieties ( nut trees1 includ+ ,engli% walnut1 pecans1 hybrid pecans or hicans1 hickories1 filb]ts1 hazelnuts1 he>t nuts1 butt]nuts1 black walnuts2 also1 p]simmons1 pawpaws1 hybrid oaks & _m ( ! native =e/ trees4 ,9 op]at+ a f>m ?is size1 y naturally get a lot ( exp]i5ce & heada*es4 ,a v good fri5d ( m9e told me a joke t ,i ?9k fits 9 ) my f>m v well4 ,he said a fruit gr[] deliv]$ a load ( apples to ! insane asylum4 ,"o ( ! inmates 0 help+ unload ! apples4 ,! inmate kept talk+ ab\t apples1 s ! gr[] ask$ him if he 0 ev] on a fruit f>m4 ,! inmate repli$ t he 0 be=e he came to ! asylum &1 9 return1 ask$ ! gr[] if he _h ev] be5 9 ! asylum4 ,! gr[] repli$ t he _h n4 ,!n ! inmate said1 ,mr41 ,i h be5 bo? places1 & ,i c tell y some?+4 ,x is a lot nic] "h ?an x is on a fruit f>m4 ,my subject is1 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,a ,,tree ,a tree out ( its natural habitat sometimes becomes wor?less4 ,z an extreme example1 ! orange tree 9 ,indiana has no comm]cial value & ! apple tree 9 ,florida has no comm]cial value4 ,!re=e1 x seems t we %\ld1 9 ,indiana1 endeavor to develop bett] trees 9 ! trees :i* are at home "h4 ,?is includes ! native hickory & ! black walnut1 hazels1 filb]ts & ! pecans 9 ,s\!rn ,indiana4 ,p]sonally1 ,i am sp5d+ q a bit ( "t ) ! ,cra? ,c>pa?ian ,engli% or ,p]sian ,walnut4 ,la/ w9t]1 ,i lo/ sev5 out ( fifty trees f "s cause1 aft] !y _h gone ?r\gh ! w9t] ( #aiej & #aiea1 at a temp]ature ( n9ete5 bel[ z]o )\t injury4 ,x may h be5 !y 7 caught la/ fall by a h>d freeze 9 full foliage1 e>ly be=e ! apples 7 all pick$2 &1 aga91 x may be blight4 ,i hope n4 ,b ?is ,i d "k1 ! hickory & black walnut 9 _! natural habitat 7 n injur$4 ,i wond] :y hickories are s erratic 9 _! be>+ habits4 ,c\ld x be ! w9t] re/ p]iod8 ,= example1 ! pea* has to h f sev5 hundr$ h\rs1 9 "s v>ieties1 to twelve hundr$ h\rs1 9 o!rs1 ( bel[ =ty-five degrees temp]ature1 or !y w n set a good crop ( fruit4 ,! value ( a v>iety ( pea* 9 ,georgia sometimes is det]m9$ by ! numb] ( h\rs ( re/ p]iod bel[ =ty-five degrees t ! v>iety has to h4 ,x has happ5$ t ! same v>iety ( pea* has produc$ a good crop 9 ,nor!rn ,georgia & a poor crop 9 ,s\!rn ,georgia4 ,:]e ! w9t] 0 n z cold 9 ,indiana we nev] lose crops f ! lack ( en\gh cold wea!r2 we lose !m f sub-z]o temp]atures4 ,s y see1 ! value ( a v>iety 9 ,georgia is diff]5t to ,indiana4 ,! value ( a tree may be 9 ! wood or 9 ! food its produces1 or its beauty 9 w9t]4 ,_m a picture is tak5 ( ev]gre5s cov]$ ) sn[4 ,its value may be its beauty 9 summ]1 or ! color+ ( its leaves 9 ! fall4 ,!re is also a s5tim5tal value2 a limb t is j "r = a *ild's sw+1 ! ,con/itutional ,elm at ,corydon1 or ! ,h>rison ,oak at ,nor? ,b5d1 ,ohio4 ,!y h a hi/orical value & are visit$ by _m p4 ,a man said to me "s "t ago1 ,i wond] :y ,god made ! hicans ! cross betwe5 ! pecans & ! hickory8 ,!re may be a valuable nut tree %[ up 9 ! second or ?ird g5]ation ( ! hybrid trees :5 c]ta9 *>act]i/ics beg9 to rev]t to ! p>5t trees4 ,i h on my f>m "s hybrid oaks graft$1 & am v anxi\s to see !m produce acorns s ,i c plant !m & wat* ! results4 ,?is hybrid orig9at$ 9 ! ,gre5e & ,sullivan ,c\nty ,=e/ 9 ,indiana1 & is call$ ! ,c>p5t] ,oak aft] ,mr4 ,c>p5t]1 ! di/rict =e/]4 ,x is1 app>5tly1 a cross betwe5 ! %+le oak & ! p9 oak because x is comp>able ) bo? ( !m4 ,! value ( a tree is n always ! "o t w9s fir/ prize 9 ! %[4 ,! be/ plate ( nuts 9 ! %[ may n be f ! mo/ valuable tree1 because x may be bi5nial 9 be>+ habits1 x may be a %y be>]1 x may be an e>ly bloom] & subject to fro/4 ,my mo/ productive ,cra? ,c>pa?ian tree is n ! be/ walnut & w\ld n get any:]e 9 ! %[1 b x is h>dy1 blooms late1 & is productive2 s its value is 9 ^! traits4 ,! numb] ( *romosomes 9 ! ,cra? ,c>pa?ian walnut may be diff]5t4 ,!re is q a diff]5ce 9 ! size ( nuts produc$ on individual trees4 ,?is indicates t !re may be a diff]5ce 9 *romosome c\nt4 ,if ?is is true1 x w be a great help 9 improv+ ! size ( ! nuts produc$4 ,x may be ( value 9 poll9ation4 ,! triploid apple ne$s to be poll9at$ by ! diploid v>iety4 ,by sett+ !m close toge!r1 y get a mu* bett] set ( fruit4 ,sometimes ,i ?9k trees are z temp]am5tal z p4 ,"s trees1 especially ! apple1 lose _! value because !y are subject to c]ta9 diseases4 ,"s are susceptible to scab1 blight1 codl+ mo?1 rots1 blot*1 & o!r diseases1 to a po9t :]e !y become wor?less z comm]cial v>ieties4 ,! honey locu/ has be5 consid]$ "o ( ! trees on f>ms to be de/roy$1 because x 0 ?\ght to be wor?less4 ,n[1 its value is be+ f\nd 9 ! correct+ ( sug> defici5cy 9 dairy cattle4 ,! pods ( ! honey locu/ are "o ( ! be/ foods to correct sug> defici5cy & cattle l !m & eat !m freely4 ,i h on my f>m a ?ornless honey locu/ t produc$ t5 bu%els ( pods "o ye>4 ,! honey locu/ is also a legume & produces nitrog5 :i*1 9 turn1 is us$ by ! pa/ure grasses & makes m pa/ure = ! cattle4 ,! mulb]ry tree t rip5s :5 *]ries are ripe has a value 9 ! fact t e mulb]ry eat5 by a bird saves a *]ry & ! birds are valuable because !y de/roy insects t cause ! worms 9 *]ries4 ,aft] obs]v+ trees = ye>s1 ,i am conv9c$ t !re are c]ta9 /ra9s or families ( trees 9 ! =e/ t h out/&+ traits4 ,^? traits 9 gr[? might be dw>fs or !y may be giants2 !y may h %ort lives or long lives1 l diff]5t v>ieties ( apples4 ,! fruit or se$s may be l>ge or small4 ,i believe z re=e/ation progresses !re w be c]ta9 trees locat$ :i* h value z se$ trees & :i* w improve ! =e/ equal to ! improvem5t 9 live/ock on ! f>ms today4 ,! razor back hog t roam$ ! =e/ is gone & has be5 replac$ by animals mu* improv$2 yet1 ! =e/ 9 :i* x roam$ is ! same4 ,n[ we are turn+ to man made =e/s & a *ance to improve !m by select+ ! m valuable trees = our s\rce ( se$4 ,9 ! native hickory & black walnut1 !re is a great ne$ = m int]e/ 9 se>*+ = & pres]v+ ! mo/ valuable trees = _! crack+ quality1 flavor1 & productivity4 ,!re h be5 & are n[1 nut trees on f>ms t 7 valuable trees1 b 7 kn[n only to ! own] & ! small boys ( ! community4 ,^! trees %\ld h be5 pres]v$ = po/]ity1 b _m ( !m are lo/ =ev]4 ,9 =e/ry1 a tree's value may be 9 its ability to re-se$ itself4 ,9 ! k9ds ( p9e1 ! ,virg9ia p9e is "o ( ! be/1 & also1 "o ( ! y\nge/ to produce se$ cones4 ,i h c\nt$ tw5ty-five cones on a five ye> old ,virg9ia ,p9e tree4 ,9 =e/ry1 ! r$ c$> is good to re-se$ itself 9 ! area 9 :i* x gr[s4 ,! maple a%1 cotton wood1 & popl> also gr[ freely f nature's se$+4 ,e tree t gr[s has a value4 ,! leaves help purify ! air2 ! p]simmon & ! tree ) a wild grapev9e are food = wild life4 ,! old holl[ tree is a refuge = ! coon & o'possum & o!r wild life4 ,i h a holl[ :ite oak on my f>m ,i let /& because a family ( squirrels is rais$ 9 x e ye>4 ,i also h a bee tree & ! bees help poll9ate my fruit trees s !y produce bett]4 ,a _w )\t trees w\ld be a desolate place4 ,! value ( a p>k is 9 its trees4 ,i h spok5 ( ! value ( trees = ! pres]vation ( wild life1 b h[ d trees affect ! life ( man & h[ does man affect tree life8 ,man is ! build] or de/roy] ( tree life2 al?\gh ! tree is ! olde/ liv+ ?+ 9 plant or animal life1 man is ma/] ov] trees4 ,a man came into my f>m (fice "o day & said1 ,ev]y?+ 9 ?is room ei!r grew f ! e>? or 0 m9$ f ! e>?4 ,h[ ab\t ev]y?+ 9 ?is room8 ,! furniture1 ! clo?+ y we>1 ! r+ on y\r f+]1 ! glass 9 ! w9d[s1 etc48 ,let u ?9k = a m9ute1 :at are ! ?+s ( ! greate/ value 9 ?is room8 ,we h an organization1 ,! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,x did n gr[ f ! e>?1 !re is k ( sci5ce "h1 !re are doctors' degrees 7,i wi% ,i _h "o71 !re is ambition1 hone/y1 love1 pride1 & patriotism4 ,man's k is ! key4 ,:at he leaves alone or :at he de/roys4 ,s ! greate/ value is man's k4 ,aft] all1 ! greate/ values are ! ?+s t come f ! m9ds & ! he>ts ( m54 ,by man's ef=ts1 we f9d or develop ^! valuable trees4 ,! value ( a home is increas$ by trees4 ,! love ( trees & ! pride 9 own+ a home is h>d to sep>ate4 ,! privilege 9 ,am]ica to own a home & plant a tree on y\r own gr\nd is ( great value4 ,x has be5 said t he1 :o plants a tree1 is truly a s]vant ( ,god4 ,i sometimes wond] if ?is great value ( ! privilege ( own+ a piece ( gr\nd & build+ a home & plant+ a tree is 9 dang] ( be+ lo/ "u ! pres5t creep+ grip ( socialism & communism4 ,?is privilege ( plant+ & own+ a tree is ( great] value ?an any tree1 & we mu/ n lose ?is valuable inh]itance 9 ,am]ica4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,mr4 ,magill1 are y all set ) y\r program8 ,,mr4 ,,magill3 ,yes1 sir4 ,?is is to be a discussion ( ,me?ods ( ,gett+ ,bett] ,annual ,crops on ,black ,walnut--,a symposium l$ by ,w4 ,w4 ,magill 7,k5tucky7--,discussion by a panel made up ( ,w4 ,g4 ,tatum1 ,sp5c] ,*ase1 ,w4 ,b4 ,w>d & ,mr4 ,s*lag5bus*4 ,w ^? m5 come "h8 ,we w get />t$4 ,my bus9ess 9 life is ,ext5sion p$dl] d[n 9 ,k5tucky1 work+ on fruits & nuts & b]ries1 & naturally t takes me into a good _m c\nties4 ,we h #abj1 & ,i h be5 9 all ( !m4 ,"s places didn't h any?+1 s no reason to g back4 ,b ,i pick up a lot ( conv]sation1 p give y ideas & ?+s to ?9k ab\t4 ,we 7 talk+ ab\t ! conditions ( ! _w--ev]ybody's got a good job & pl5ty ( money & bigge/ incomes t ! c\ntry has ev] kn[n4 ,t's true1 b if y take d[n 9 ! hills & holl[s into "s places t ,i g & y take ! f9ancial /atus ( c]ta9 ( ^? families1 x's n measur$ 9 ?\s&s ( doll>s1 "s cases n h>dly measur$ 9 hundr$s ( doll>s4 ,x's measur$ 9 t]ms ( gratuities & ?+s to eat & n measur$ by gre5backs1 & ! families don't pay income tax4 ,la/ fall ,i 0 out on a f>m 9 ! foo?ills "s #gj miles f ,lex+ton1 9 a place t mo/ ( y folks w\ldn't want to live 9 & call home1 a little f>m1 probably #af acres1 ) a wid[ lady probably #fe ye>s old1 liv+ !re ) h] daught]4 ,& among o!r ?+s1 %e said1 ,mr4 ,magill1 ,i und]/& t y are suppos$ to "k some?+ ab\t nuts4 ,see t tree /&+ "r out !re8 ,%e says1 ,i w give y a #bj bill if y w tell me h[ to make t nut tree be> annual crops4 ,well1 ,i 0 a little bit surpris$4 ,i li/5$1 & ,i got to ask+ h] que/ions4 ,"s memb] ( ! family _h gone to ,*icago ye>s ago1 & %e knew ab\t all ! black walnut pack+ firms 9 ,k5tucky4 ,?is relative _h work$ 9 ! m>ket1 & _h indicat$ %e c\ld get a doll> a p\nd = all ! nut meats %e w\ld pick out & s5d to ?is relative 9 ,*icago4 ,& t nut tree meant ab\t #cj to #ce doll>s a ye> :5 x _h a crop b only bore e o!r ye>4 ,well1 t drove home j a little m to me ?an ev] be=e ! "q ( :y c]ta9 nut trees bore & o!rs didn't be>4 ,to t lady !re x meant #cj ! ye> x bore & no income f t tree on ! ye> x didn't be>4 ,& %e /ood !re beside ! home & po9t$ out o!r trees t bore regul>ly4 ,& %e said1 ,:y d !y be> regul> crops & ?is good tree t makes s _m f9e1 big k]nels be>s e o!r ye>8 ,t's a *all5ge ,i am ?r[+ out to ?is audi5ce today to all ! memb]s on ?is panel4 ,i am hop+ t ,pappy ,w>d or ,fri5d ,*ase w answ] t "q completely4 ,! ?+ ,i h 9 m9d1 is t 9 a gr\p l we h "h today1 z _m nuts z we h got "h1 if we ?9k ab\t ?is "q & talk to ! folks back home1 ,i believe 9 a ye> or two we c h work$ out & h pr9t$ 9 ! records ( ! report "s pretty reasonable answ]s z to :y nut trees don't be>1 or :y !y be> heavy crops on c]ta9 ye>s & are (f c]ta9 ye>s4 ,mr4 ,w>d1 ,i "k y h obs]v$ ?is ov] a p]iod ( ye>s4 ,:at1 9 y\r op9ion1 is ! "o factor t is m responsible = ?is alt]nate be>+ ( black walnuts8 ,:y ,black ,walnuts ,fail to ,be> ,satisfactory ,crops ,w4 ,b4 ,,w>d1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture1 ,purdue ,univ]sity1 ,lafayette1 ,ind4 ,:5 man or nature1 & sometimes bo?1 *ange ! natural habits ( a tree1 mo/ any?+ c happ54 ,!re are ye>s :5 ! black walnut sets v few fruits ei!r on ! se$l+ trees or trees ( nam$ v>ieties4 ,"s few trees h alt]nate ye>s ( production1 :ile o!r trees be> annually & "s n at all4 ,good results & good crops may be expect$ only :5 sev]al factors are normal & conditions favorable4 ,aft] tw5ty ye>s ( keep+ records & obs]vations on nut trees & ?r\gh correspond5ce ) o!r gr[]s1 ,i consid] ! ma9 reason = crop failure or light production to be climatic conditions & ! wea!r = an entire ye>4 ,! black walnut produces a pi/illate fl[] at ! end ( ! pres5t season's gr[?4 ,! /am9ate fl[]s1 or catk9s1 come f la/ ye>'s wood4 ,good gr[+ conditions are desirable = wood gr[? & fruit bud =mation & any ret>d+ ( gr[? ! previ\s season means little or no production4 ,w9t] injury to wood & bud1 diseases or insects attack+ ! foliage1 soil moi/ure1 & summ] temp]atures w l[] tree vitality4 ,!re are times :5 /rong vigor\s trees fail to fruit :i* c\ld be due to a high or l[ c>bohydrate-nitrog5 balance4 ,soil type1 plant food1 age ( tree1 & location w h "s influ5ce on annual or ev5 bi5nial production b yet are n ! all important reasons = light crops4 ,! poll5 ( ! black walnut is mo/ly w9d borne z few insects ev] visit ! fl[]s & poll9ation is dep5d5t on w9d borne poll54 ,trees plant$ 9 gr\ps & close toge!r are g5]ally m productive ?an trees plant$ 9 or*>d r[s ev5 z close z #dj' by #dj'4 ,:5 ! wea!r is cold & ra9y dur+ bloom1 "o %\ld n expect mu* ( a crop4 ,! /am9ate fl[]s op5$ e>ly 9 ,indiana ! ye>s ( #aiej1 #aiea1 & #aieb4 ,! wea!r 0 m or less ideal dur+ ! "t ! catk9s _h elongat$ & ab\t ready to %$ poll54 ,?is w>m spell 0 foll[$ by a fairly cool wea!r & consid]able ra91 :i* delay$ ! op5+ ( ! pi/illate fl[]s1 consequ5tly ! poll5 dri$ & 0 lo/ be=e ! pi/il 0 receptive4 ,! few walnut trees 9 ! ,univ]sity plantation h always _h ! be/ ( c>e4 ,! trees h be5 mul*$1 f]tiliz$ 7bo? ?r\gh root & leaf fe$+s71 spray$1 cultivat$ & se$$ to grass ) ! grass clipp$4 ,! trees are "s di/ance away f o!r se$l+ walnuts & a bit (f ! beat5 pa? ( ! "r direction ( ! spr+ w9ds4 ,! v>ieties are ,ohio1 ,/ambaugh1 ,/abl]1 ,rohw]1 & ,?omas4 ,:5 ! spr+ wea!r is balmy at fl[]+ "t1 ! trees be> a respectable crop b let ! wea!r *ange to cool & moi/ & !n t is ! "t "o beg9s to ?9k ab\t call+ up ! sawmill to see if !re is any ne$ = "s good walnut logs4 ,,mr4 ,,magill3 ,t's a mighty good discussion4 ,i see ,mr4 ,w>d has be5 obs]v+ walnut trees clos] ?an ,i assum$ he _h4 ,mr4 ,*ase1 ,i "k y h se5 a lot ( ?+s 9 ,t5nessee t y are n go+ to tell u ab\t1 b ,i sugge/ t y discuss "s ( ! ?+s y h obs]v$ ab\t walnut trees be>+ any:]e4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,alt]nate be>+ has be5 a problem ) fruits & nuts s9ce "t immemorial4 ,i "k a trem5d\s am\nt ( "w has be5 done ) ! apple1 :i* has a def9ite bi5nial be>+ habit4 ,!re h be5 all sorts ( ?+s tri$ to make x be> annual crops1 & z f> z ,i "k1 !re has n be5 any?+ effective develop$ along t l9e4 ,( c\rse1 !re are v>ieties ( apples t t5d to be> annual crops4 ,z ,mr4 ,w>d br\ght out--he took all my ?und]1 s ,i don't h mu* to say--a tree may set a heavy crop ( nuts "o ye> because fro/ or poor poll9ation ! ye> be=e de/roy$ ! crop s t a l>ge am\nt ( c>bohydrates 7 built up 9 ! tree4 ,n[1 ! tree 9 produc+ a heavy crop ( well fill$ nuts utilizes e bit ( c>bohydrates x has /or$ & c manufacture4 ,:ile x is do+ ?is ! t]m9al bud is be+ =m$ = next ye>'s crop1 & if !re isn't a suffici5t am\nt ( c>bohydrates 9 ! tree at t critical p]iod1 !re is n likely to be a fl[] bud =m$4 ,?is is n limit$ j to walnuts1 b occurs ) ne>ly all fruits & nuts1 ) ! possible exception ( ! *e/nut4 ,we made a /udy :i* 0 report$ 9 ! #aidf report by ,mr4 ,z>g] 9 :i* he report$ ! be>+ habits ( "s #ace trees ov] a #aj-ye> p]iod1 & !re 7 def9ite be>+ cycles1 or be>+ habits4 ,x 0 n always an on ye> foll[$ by an (f ye>1 b possibly two ye>s 9 a r[1 !n no?+4 ,!re 7 "s trees t w5t ?ree ye>s )\t a crop1 !n a crop4 ,v few1 h[ev]1 _h annual crops1 & ! annual crops 7 heavy or mod]ately heavy1 foll[$ by :at we consid] a light crop4 ,^! trees 7 scatt]$ ?r\gh sev5 /ates &1 ( c\rse1 conditions 7 n ! same4 ,!y 7 all se$l+ trees1 b c>eful records 7 kept on ! be>+ habits4 ,!re 0 a gr\p ( trees t c\ld n be classifi$ into any def9ite be>+ habit4 ,9 ^? in/ances we suspect$ unfavorable wea!r at poll9ation "t1 b z a g5]al rule1 9 our section ,i don't believe we are conc]n$ ) t factor4 ,! ,?omas1 :i* we c wat* c>efully 9 a ne>by or*>d1 is def9itely on "o ye> & (f ! next4 ,q a few are on "o ye> & (f two ye>s4 ,we hav5't f\nd any way to make t an annual crop1 because :5 x sets a crop1 x sets a bump] crop1 & !re is simply n en\gh food 9 ! tree to set a suffici5t numb] ( fruit buds = ! foll[+ ye>'s crop4 ,i am sure t a lot ( y folks h obs]v$ ?is1 & ,i ?9k1 ,mr4 ,magill1 t y might s\nd out "s ( !m4 ,,mr4 ,,magill3 ,go+ back to an obs]vation ,i made z a kid1 money didn't gr[ 9 bu%es ar\nd our place1 & back 9 ^? days y c\ld g out & kill t5 rabbits & sell !m = #h c5ts apiece1 & if y only us$ #d c5ts apiece = ammunition1 y h made #dj c5ts (f ( ! deal & _h #bj wor? ( fun1 & t 0 a good day's "w4 ,y rememb] ^? days1 ,pappy8 ,back 9 ^? same times1 ,i us$ to get money out ( haul+ black walnuts to an old corn %ell] & hav+ p :o didn't h an int]e/ 9 ! corn %ell] sell !m = #ej c5ts a bu%el4 ,t 0 also p9 money4 ,come 9 mighty useful4 ,we _h a c]ta9 gr\p ( trees on ! f>m ,i 0 rais$ on t bore e o!r ye>1 & ,i c ?9k ( two fields :]e we re>rang$ ! f5ces 9 su* a way z to make pa/ure fields out ( !m1 & two ( ^? trees 7 :]e #ae or #bj cattle pa/ur$4 ,^! 7 ! only %ade trees1 & naturally !y manur$ ^? trees4 ,& ,i recall = a few ye>s ,i 0 gett+ annual crops f !m4 ,app>5tly !y got some?+ suppli$ by cattle t !y didn't h o!rwise4 ,o!rs 9 ! foo?ills ( ,k5tucky1 h come to ! same conclusion4 ,i "k a man :o has pecan hold+s 9 ,alabama4 ,he told me up to ! "t he got ! f>m ! trees _h a few blooms b w\ldn't set pecans4 ,he appli$ #ae m9]al elem5ts & claims to h got results f x4 ,i h talk$ to at lea/ ?ree p 9 my travell+ ar\nd :o tri$ ! same treatm5t on pecans1 "o 9 ,georgia1 "o 9 ,alabama & "o 9 ,mississippi4 ,!y report$ t !y _h improv$ yield on pecans by us+ complete m9]al f]tiliz]4 ,t's 9 addition to nitrog51 phosphorus & potassium4 ,i am fooli% en\gh to ?9k t t nice1 "y or*>d ( ,mrs4 ,web]'s w\ld make an excell5t place to try x4 ,i und]/& t ! trees are n behav+ z well z !y %\ld4 ,i'd l = ,=d ,wilk9son to be made *airman ( a committee to see t !y are f]tiliz$ accord+ to "s k9d ( a s*$ule t c\ld be work$ out & d "s obs]v+4 ,t is "o ( ! few places ,i "k ( 9 ! sev]al /ates t w\ld be z adequately laid out4 ,i'd l to see a complete f]tiliz] includ+ n9e or t5 m9]al elem5ts us$4 ,i don't mean sp5d a lot ( money1 b y c d a lot ( obs]v+ = relatively few doll>s4 ,i j ?r[ t out z a h9t4 ,i w\ld l to op5 up ?is discussion4 ,mr4 ,bolt5 talk$ a :ile ago ab\t ?+s he 0 gr[+ out ( ! gr\nd1 or out ( m9]als4 ,ev]y?+ comes f ! gr\nd1 & ,i reckon y'd say ?is ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association is a little l ,topsy1 x j develop$1 z ! fell[ ab\t ! we$s4 ,he said !y w]5't creat$1 !y j come all at once4 ,n[ ,i believe t out ( ?is ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s assembly "h t we h got "s ke5 obs]v]s t might h some?+ on _! m9ds !y want to tell u ab\t4 ,:o wants to speak fir/8 ,,mr4 ,,caldwell3 ,?is is j an obs]vation ,i am ?r[+ out = ! b5efit ( ^? :o are "h4 ,i sp5t "s "t 9 ,*9a1 & ,i 0 int]e/$ 9 ! fact t _! walnuts !re produc$ ye>ly crops4 ,9 try+ to f9d out :y !y produc$ ye>ly crops1 ,i also discov]$ t _! p]simmons1 _! plums & _! pea*es did ! same ?+4 ,! reason = t app>5tly goes back to _! my?ology4 ,!y believe 9 signs & do+ c]ta9 ?+s accord+ to c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 & "o ( ! ?+s t !y did 0 to ga!r toge!r 9 ! d>k ( ! moon on "o p>ticul> night at a c]ta9 "t & beat ! liv+ daylights out ( ^! trees ) big bamboo clubs4 ,i w\ldn't sugge/ t p "h d t1 b x's be5 kn[n to =e/]s q a :ile t by transplant+ or sev]ely prun+ or girdl+ trees t y c\ld produce fruits on ^! trees ! foll[+ ye>4 ,app>5tly ! ,*9ese s injur$ ! cambium dur+ ! sev]e beat+ t !y h caus$ t w\nd /imulus to induce ! =mation ( fl[] buds = ! foll[+ ye>4 ,by s do+ 9 _! ,engli% or ,p]sian walnuts !y did h ye>ly crops4 ,i h se5 ?is myself1 & ,i *eck$ back to see :y4 ,p]haps !y c\ld expla9 x4 ,! only explanation we made 0 n f]tiliz+1 b 9 ! w\nd+ ( ! cambium4 ,n[1 p]haps !re c\ld be some?+ done ( t nature = walnuts1 b ,i w\ldn't sugge/ gett+ ar\nd & beat+ ! trees up4 ,,mr4 ,,magill3 ,9 t connection1 "o man 9 ,k5tucky got ! same answ]4 ,he said ab\t five ye>s ago a cyclone came ?r\gh !re & blew ! *imney (f ! h\se & uproot$ a numb] ( apple trees & lean$ ov] ?ree walnut trees1 & he said !y h borne five crops 9 succession4 ,n[1 ?is is ! same /ory t y h got !re4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,i'd j l to rem>k t ,i ?9k t's a sort ( negative approa*4 ,i notic$ a boy :o _h an apple tree t 0 ab\t to die4 ,he girdl$ x & got a trem5d\s crop ( blossom4 ,y probably h secur$ ! same results4 ,t is "o ( ,nature's ways to p]petuate itself4 ,b ,i ?9k !re a con/ructive angle 9 ^? trees t respond to nitrog5\s f]tiliz] or manure4 ,i believe ! secret1 if !re is a secret1 is t a tree 9 be>+ a crop exhau/s itself m or less4 ,x recup]ates ! foll[+ ye> & !n is ready to be> ano!r crop4 ,& ! way to meet t situation is to f]tilize heavily1 especially ) nitrog51 ! season ( ! heavy crop s t y w h n only en\gh leaf gr[? to produce t crop1 b to build up nutri5ts ! foll[+ ye>4 ,i believe t w help break ! cycle & e/abli% m regul>ity4 ,"s trees d t !mselves2 t is1 !y w be> a mod]ate crop e ye>4 ,i h ! ,l& walnut at home4 ,x be>s e ye>4 ,c]ta9 *e/nuts w be> e ye>1 n excessive crops1 b ,hobson be>s a pretty good crop e ye>4 ,i believe ! secret ( break+ t on-&-(f cycle is to f]tilize heavily ! ye> ( production n ! ye> ( non-production4 ,if y apply nitrog5 on ! (f ye> y produce p]haps an excess ( wood gr[? t ye> & ov]be>+ ! foll[+ ye>4 ,,mr4 ,,magill3 ,ref]r+ to apples1 any ( y apple gr[]s well "k t ! ,gold5 ,delici\s & ,york ,imp]ial gr[ crops 9 alt]nate ye>s4 ,n[1 y come along ) hormone sprays & take half or two-?irds ( ! "y fruits (f soon aft] ! trees blossom & ?r[ !m into regul> production4 ,t's ! same ?+ t y are talk+ ab\t1 ,mr4 ,/oke4 ,i nev] he>d ( anybody ?9n+ walnuts4 ,i don't "k :e!r !y d or n4 ,a lot ( ?+s ,i don't "k1 b ,i don't "k ( anybody ev] ?9n+ walnuts1 except squirrels4 ,,mr4 ,,w>d3 ,la/ ye> a lady f ,kokomo1 ,indiana1 wrote me t %e _h a v f9e walnut tree gr[+ ne> ,mr4 ,bolt5's place 9 ,gre5e ,c\nty1 & z f> z %e c\ld rememb] t tree _h borne an annual crop = ! pa/ #gj ye>s4 ,i wrote to ,mr4 ,bolt5 ask+ him to inve/igate4 ,if ,i rememb] correctly1 ^! trees 7 gr[n 9 ! poore/ possible place4 ,is t "r1 ,mr4 ,bolt58 ,,mr4 ,,bolt53 ,yes4 ,,mr4 ,,w>d3 ,!re 7 two or ?ree trees "r close toge!r t _h a nice crop & ! gr\nd 0 cov]$ ) a lot ( nice nuts :i* ,mr4 ,bolt5 ?\ght wor? propagat+1 & he has a tree already />t$4 ,we h o!r v>ieties t we call ! ,saul1 ! ,goose ,creek & ! ,alley1 :i* are all se$l+s & :i* h produc$ almo/ e ye> ) ab\t ! same size ( crop4 ,9 our own plant+1 at ! ,univ]sity1 we h tri$ a lot ( ?+s )\t tell+ anybody ab\t x4 ,e once 9 a :ile ! boys m[ ! or*>d1 & h bruis$ & b>k$ a lot ( ^! trees ) no effect :atev] on be>+4 ,we h "t & "t aga9 tak5 ! ,/ambaugh1 ,ohio1 ,?omas1 ,/abl]1 & ,aurora & h giv5 !m a good %ot ( f]tiliz] 9 ! spr+ aft] a ra91 & h produc$ wond]ful gr[? 9 all ( ^? ye>s b /ill _h only a light crop4 ,a few ye>s ago "s ( ! boys 7 spray+ ! apple or*>d ) ,nu-,gre5 & ,urea at ! rate ( #e p\nds to #ajj gallons ( wat]1 & _h a little extra4 ,!y said1 ,well1 we don't l ,w>d's nut trees ov] !re1 we w put ?is /uff on !m1 & if x kills !m1 t's all "r1 & if !y live1 t's all "r1 too4 ,!y gave !m "s fe$+ ?r\gh\t ! summ] & we hav5't f\nd any diff]5t results4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,may ,i say j "o m ?+ to cl>ify my sugge/ion8 ,i 0 assum+ t pota% & phosphate 7 pres5t 9 suffici5t quantity4 ,:at ,i want$ 0 leaf gr[? to /ore up en]gy & nutri5ts = ! foll[+ ye> & to apply t on ! ye> ( heavy crop1 s besides matur+ ! crop1 x w provide t leaf gr[?1 & n 9 ! ye> ( no crop4 ,,mr4 ,,w>d3 ,we h tri$ t bo? ways1 & go+ back1 ,mr4 ,/oke1 aga9 to ! lack ( poll9ation1 x seems l bo? ! pi/illate & /am9ate fl[]s are !re1 b !y j don't set a crop ( fruit4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,"o ?+ m ,i want$ to say1 & x slipp$ my m9d4 ,we "k any tree t gr[s too rapidly w n produce se$ nor fruit1 & excess nitrog5 on apple or walnut or any?+ else w n cause ! =mation ( fruit buds1 b ! normal am\nt is necess>y = ! =mation ( buds4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,we h ev5 got alt]nate be>+ on p]simmons 9 ,urbana n[4 ,trees t bore extremely heavily didn't bloom ?is ye>4 ,,mr4 ,,magill3 ,we hill-billies h be5 tak+ a pass at t4 ,i wond] if ,dr4 ,slate c\ldn't give u "s sci5tific facts ab\t ?is4 ,h[ ab\t x1 ,slate8 ,,dr4 ,,slate3 ,mr4 ,caldwell's rem>ks ab\t ! beat+ ( ! walnut trees 9 ,*9a rem9ds me ( an anci5t say+ t1 ,a dog1 a woman1 a walnut tree1 ! m y beat !m ! bett] !y be4 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,"o ( my se$l+s began to be> sev5 ye>s ago1 & has borne /eadily e ye> exceptionally l>ge crops4 ,x nev] fail$ until ?is ye>1 & ! only explanation t ,i c give is t j z ! bloom 0 incept$ we _h cont9u\s ra9s4 ,!re 0 no poll9ation ( t tree1 :]eas o!r trees t 7 receptive at o!r times are pretty well fill$4 ,out ( two or ?ree ?\s& trees y w f9d "s exceptional ones4 ,i h "s t be> fairly good crops b d n fill4 ,walnut trees are j z diff]5t f ea* o!r z are apple trees4 ,!re are "s ?+s y c't d any?+ ab\t at all1 & wea!r is "o ( ! ?+s4 ,"o %\ldn't be too mu* my/ifi$ by an occasional failure1 because x may be due to cont9u\s ra9s dur+ ! p]iod ( poll9ation & :5 !y are receptive4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,?is matt] ( alt]nate be>+ is "o t has plagu$ ! pomologi/ = a great _m ye>s1 & "o 9 :i* we made little progress1 ) apples = example1 until ) hormone sprays ! trees c\ld be ?9n$ v e>ly 9 ! ye>4 ,any ?9n+ done aft] ! fruit 0 ! size ( y\r ?umb 0 too late4 ,h[ev]1 n[ t ! fruit c be ?9n$ :5 x is v "y1 real progress is be+ made 9 secur+ annual be>+ on v>ieties t previ\sly 7 a s]i\s problem 9 alt]nate be>+4 ,! failure to fruit is due to _m diff]5t factors4 ,"s ( ^! are ext]nal su* z fro/ & ra9 at poll5 %$d+4 ,!re is no?+ y c d ab\t ^!4 ,o!r factors are int]nal & det]m9e ! =mation ( fruit buds4 ,if ! tree is c>ry+ an exceptionally heavy crop1 ! *ances are x w n h en\gh ( ! mat]ial :i* det]m9es ! sett+ ( buds to =m buds = ! foll[+ ye>4 ,) ! apples we c d some?+ ab\t ?is by ?9n+ ! crop at ! "t x blooms4 ,) walnuts1 ,i don't see h[ we are go+ to d x4 ,f]tilization is ano!r approa*4 ,c]ta9ly we %\ld make conditions j z favorable z possible = gr[? & = ! developm5t ( ! buds & by all means control insects & diseases4 ,if y d n h a good leaf surface good crops w n be set ! next ye>4 ,x's a complex problem1 b ,i don't ?9k x is insoluble4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 9 connection ) ?is matt] ( annual be>+ ( black walnut trees we believe t 9 do+ all sorts ( ?+s y w n influ5ce ! yield+ ( mo/ ( our black walnut v>ieties4 ,! black walnut1 ,juglans nigra is probably--"s ( u ?9k1 at lea/--con/itut$ g5etically 9 su* a way t ! v>ieties we h d n yield annual crops simply because !y are n con/itut$ t way4 ,i "k "s ( y may disagree ) me1 b "o ( ! greate/ argum5ts = ?is idea is ! fact t 9 "s ( our o!r nut species we d h v>ieties t are g5etically heavy produc]s4 ,= in/ance1 we h a selection ( ,*9ese *e/nuts "r n[ t w be> annual crops on ! poore/ soil "u any conditions imag9able4 ,y c graft scions ( t tree on o!r /ocks & plant !m any:]e y *oose "u diff]+ conditions & x w h a heavy set ( burs4 ,x may n fill ! nuts1 x may n atta9 ! size1 b g5etically speak+1 inh]5tly x is a heavy be>]4 ,p]haps our black walnut species are inh]5tly n annual produc]s4 ,?is is h>d to prove1 ,i admit1 because ! bre$+ ( ! species takes s long t we _c actually demon/rate x4 ,we h felt also t ! black walnut species z a :ole does n h ! *>act]i/ics ( ?9 %ells & good crack+ qualities t we want4 ,= ?is reason we h begun a program ( cross+ ! black walnut ) ! ,engli% or ,p]sian walnut1 9 ord] to get ! ?9 %ell t we want f ! o!r species4 ,p]haps ! same ?+ is true 9 ! "q ( yield & ! species z a :ole does n h ! *>act]i/ic ( yield+ heavy annual crops4 ,,mr4 ,,magill3 ,i ?9k we c readily see t we hav5't settl$ ?is problem b x is "t to close ! discussion4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,! next pap] t we h is by ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke ( ,roanoke1 ,virg9ia1 ,survey on ,hickory ,v>ieties4 ,mr4 ,/oke is ! *airman ( our ,survey ,committee4 ,la/ ye> he br\ght u v valuable in=mation ab\t walnuts1 & ?is ye> he is go+ to talk ab\t ! hickories4 ,mr4 ,/oke4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,!y delegat$ ! job to ! ,survey ,committee to make a hickory survey = ?is ye>1 us+ ! diff]5t /ate & prov9cial & national vice-presid5ts to collect ! data4 ,i am go+ to read ?is4 ,! #aieb ,hickory ,survey ,by ! ,survey ,committee ,h4 ,f4 ,,/oke1 ,*airman ,9 compil+ ?is report ! pecan has be5 omitt$ f ! li/4 ,z x is ! mo/ important memb] ( ! hickory gr\p x 0 felt t ! national & /ate pecan associations are f> m compet5t to compile complete & reliable data on ! species ?an is ?is organization4 ,! response by our vice-presid5ts to ! que/ionnaire s5t out has be5 r disappo9t+1 replies hav+ be5 receiv$ f slightly less ?an half _! numb]4 ,x is app>5t t int]e/ 9 ! hickory is consid]ably less ?an 9 ! black walnut1 :i* 0 survey$ 9 #aiea4 ,p]haps ! mo/ belov$ & widely di/ribut$ ( ! hickories is ! %agb>k1 ,c>ya ovata4 ,x is report$ f ,massa*usetts on ! ea/ to s\!a/]n ,m9nesota1 s\?w>d to ,texas & ea/w>d to ! ,c>ol9as :]e x m+les ) & is sometimes confus$ ) ! scalyb>k4 ,9 ! op9ion ( _m ! sup]b di/9ctive flavor ( its nuts is n equal$ by ^? ( any species4 ,! doma9 ( ! ,%ellb>k or ,k+nut ,c4 lac9iosa lies )9 ! same area b is slightly less ext5sive4 ,l ! pecan1 x is p>tial to ! ri* alluvial bottom l&s along /reams & is seldom f\nd else:]e4 ,x occurs r>ely 9 ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & !re only 9 ! ,appala*ian area4 ,! ,scalyb>k or s\!rn ,%agb>k1 ,c4 ,c>ol9a sept5trionalis1 is report$ only by ,virg9ia1 ,we/ ,virg9ia & ! ,c>ol9as4 ,! ,:ite ,hickory or ,mock]nut1 ,c4 alba1 cov]s ! ,s\? & is report$ z f> nor? z ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio & ,indiana &1 r>ely1 9 ,mi*igan4 ,x is f\nd f ! ,atlantic coa/ to ea/ ,texas4 ,! widely di/ribut$ ,bitt]nut1 ,c4 cordi=mis1 cov]s virtually ! same t]ritory z ! %agb>k4 ,! ,sweet ,pignut1 ,c4 glabra1 is report$ f ,new ,hamp%ire to ,wiscons9 & s\?w>d to ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,its s\?-we/w>d occurr5ce has n be5 def9$ 9 reports receiv$4 ,9 addition to ^! bett]-kn[n species1 ! ,wat] ,hickory1 ,c4 aquatica1 is report$ f ,l\isiana1 & ! ,black ,hickory1 ,c4 buckleyi1 f ,indiana & ,texas4 ,9 an unusually full report ,indiana li/s all ( sixte5 hickory species & sub-species z appe>+ 9 ,! ,flora ( ,indiana1 a book by ,mr4 ,*>les ,deam1 =m] ,/ate ,=e/]4 ,! li/ foll[s4 #a4 ,c4 pecan #b4 ,c4 cordi=mis #c4 ,c4 ovata #c;a4 ,c4 ovata1 v>1 frax9ifolia #c;b4 ,c4 ovata1 v>4 nuttali #d4 ,c4 lac9iosa #e4 ,c4 tom5tosa 7alba7 #e;a4 ,c4 tom5tosa v>4 subcoriacea #f4 ,c4 glabra #f;a4 ,c4 glabra v>4 megac>pa #g4 ,c4 ovalis #g;a1 b1 c4 ,c4 ovalis v>4 odorata #g;d4 ,c4 ovalis v>4 obovalis #g;e4 ,c4 ovalis v>4 obcordata #h4 ,c4 ovalis v>4 pallida #i4 ,c4 ovalis v>4 buckleyi ,d\btless _m sub-species & v>iants are actually hybrids ( obscure ance/ry4 ,virg9ia has _m su*4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t ! hickories w gr[ any:]e ecological conditions approximate ^? ( _! native habitat4 ,?is is true 9 ! ,pacific coa/ /ates4 ,mr4 ,julio ,gr&jean1 ( ,hill]od1 ,d5m>k1 reports t !re are sev]al :ite hickories1 ,c4 alba or ,c4 tom5tosa1 gr[+ 9 ! ,hor%olm ,royal ,p>k t 7 plant$ ab\t #agij4 ,!re is no reason to believe t su* nor!rn species z ! %ellb>k & %agb>k w\ld n also succe$4 ,he reports w9t]-kill+ ( pecans f s\!rn s\rces4 ,inasmu* z extreme w9t] temp]atures 9 ,d5m>k are less ?an 9 "s places :]e ! pecan is gr[n "h1 x w\ld appe> t ! m nor!rn /ra9s %\ld succe$ !re1 ?\gh lack ( summ] heat w\ld prev5t ! matur+ ( nuts4 ,!re appe>s to be mu* less int]e/ 9 plant+ hickories on home gr\nds ?an ! value ( ! species ju/ifies4 ,only five /ates1 ,indiana1 ,ohio1 ,mi*igan1 ,p5nsylvania & ,we/ ,virg9ia1 indicat$ any local int]e/4 ,9 ea* case ! %agb>k 0 ! pref]r$ species4 ,app>5tly we mu/ /ill dep5d on ! mu*-abus$ squirrel = ! future ( ! hickory4 ,r4 ,e4 ,hodgson ( ! ,s\!a/ ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,waseca1 ,m9n41 reports #ae nam$ v>ieties ( hickory "u te/1 b no evaluation ( _! wor? c be made z yet4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,dun/an ( ,gre5sboro1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 has also a consid]able numb] ( hickory v>ieties "u m advanc$ te/4 ,results h be5 highly v>iable4 ,he f9ds t ,s*9n]l+ has fill$ poorly2 ,:itney & ,%aul are ,excell5t gr[]s & highly satisfactory be>]s4 ,:itney1 h[ev]1 ) a k]nel ( sup]b quality1 cracks poorly & ! husk is ?ick & heavy4 ,%aul is report$ z hav+ a r ?9 k]nel & crack+ poorly1 also4 ,romig1 t has be5 late 9 com+ into be>+1 is describ$ z produc+ a l>ge1 h&some nut ( good quality t cracks unusually well4 ,gra+]1 good 9 o!r respects1 has borne light crops z also h ,glov] & ,wes*cke4 ,fox is describ$ z sup]b 9 e respect except crack+ quality4 ,among ! hicans1 ,burton is decl>$ to be out/&+ 9 vigor & heal? ( tree1 & production ( good regul> crops ( delici\s nuts t crack well4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 8 ext5sive hickory exp]im5ts ,dr4 ,dun/an is us+ pecan /ocks4 ,he uses ! b>k-slot me?od ( graft+ & hot wax comp\nd$ ( #aj p>ts res91 #b p>ts beeswax & "o "p ,kieselguhr4 ,bo? me?od & wax he f9ds highly successful4 ,dr4 ,dun/an also reports a ,mahan pecan graft$ on a :ite or mock]nut hickory /ock t produces heavy crops ( well-fill$ nuts4 ,?is is an exceptional p]=mance = ?is v>iety4 ,mr4 ,fayette ,ett]1 ( ,p5nsylvania1 supports ,dr4 ,dun/an 9 ! use ( pecan /ocks = hickories4 ,he /ates t ! "y trees gr[ m rapidly 9 ! nurs]y1 transplant bett]1 & gr[ fa/] !reaft] ?an :5 on hickory /ocks4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,hirs*i1 ( ,oklahoma reports t 9 ! hilly blackjack c\ntry ( s\!a/]n ,oklahoma ! scrub has be5 cle>$ away & a #dj-;acre project ( graft+ ! native hickory 7probably :ite or mock]nut7 ) pecan has be5 e/abli%$4 ,! l& has be5 t]rac$ & is cropp$ ) cotton4 ,! results h be5 s satisfactory t ?is plot 9 "o ye> c>ri$ (f m prizes on pecans ?an any o!r entry )9 ! /ate4 ,mr4 ,h>ald ,e4 ,hamm> reports f ,l\isiana t !re has be5 "s graft+ ( pecan on hickory1 species n specifi$4 ,! old] trees %[ a decid$ ov]gr[? ( ! hickory /ock by ! m vigor\s pecan1 9 "s cases ! diamet] be+ almo/ d\ble above ! graft ( t bel[4 ,9 virtually all cases ( topwork+ hickory on pecan1 or vice v]sa1 ! b>k slot graft has be5 us$4 ,9 po9t ( pref]5ce ( nam$ v>ieties1 ,mi*igan sugge/s ,abscoda1 ,ohio sugge/s ,/af=d1 :ile ,p5nsylvania recomm5ds ,glov]1 ,gohe51 ,:itney & ,wes*cke1 9 t ord]4 ,9 nam+ ! insects & diseases t attack ! hickories1 ,p5nsylvania (f]s ! foll[+ r appall+ li/3 ,nut curculio ,hickory %uckworm ,galls ,spid] mites ,twig girdl]s ,fall web worm ,pecan phyllox]a ,black pecan aphids ,fla!ad apple bor] ,o!r unnam$ bor]s ,^? t "k ,mr4 ,ett] w und]/& t ?is =midable li/ is due to 8 excell5t p[]s ( obs]vation & 8 integrity r ?an to ! likelihood t ! /ate ( ,p5nsylvania is worse plagu$ ) insects ?an o!rs4 ,dr4 ,dun/an li/s leaf-spot along ) "s ( ^? li/$ above1 b adds t none are g5]ally s]i\s4 ,?is is corroborat$ by o!r report]s4 ,wild nuts are g5]ally h>ve/$ = home use4 ,comm]cial m>ket+1 report$ by ,p5nsylvania1 ,indiana1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 is 9 all cases local4 ,usually ! nuts are m>ket$ :ole1 b occasionally home-pick$ k]nels are sold4 ,good /&s ( second-gr[? %agb>k hickory are report$ 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,kansas reports limit$ %ellb>k & bitt]nut /&s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia reports consid]able /&s ( "y %agb>k & pignut1 :ile ,nor? ,c>ol9a reports small /&s ( mock]nut4 ,! indu/rial use ( hickory rea*$ its height 9 ! horse & buggy days4 ,no?+ equall$ its /rong1 t\gh wood = ! :eels & runn+ ge>s ( horse-drawn vehicles4 ,old-tim]s w recall hoop poles1 tall sl5d] "y sapl+s ( %agb>k hickory t 7 split & fa%ion$ ) ! draw%ave into b>rel hoops4 ,! m>ket = hickory /ill rema9s1 h[ev]4 ,x is univ]sally us$ = h& tool h&les1 if obta9able4 ,9 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,s\? hickory spl9ts are /ill wov5 into imp]i%able baskets & *air seats4 ,l\isiana insi/s x is /ill ! only fuel = roa/+ b>becue & !re is1 inde$1 no f9] wood fuel ( any species4 ,^? propagat+ hickory trees = sale & di/ribution %\ld be giv5 e enc\ragem5t4 ,!y are contribut+ a real patriotic s]vice4 ,no tree is m *>act]i/ically ,am]ican4 ,except = a relat$ species 9 ,*9a1 x is f\nd n[h]e else 9 ! _w4 ,9 beauty1 utility & durability no tree has great] appeal4 ,:o plants a hickory plants = g5]ations unborn4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,if !re are any mis/atem5ts1 ,i'd be glad to h !m publicly correct$4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,?ank y1 ,mr4 ,/oke4 ,! comm5t t y made t !re wasn't z mu* en?usiasm ab\t ! hickory z ab\t ! black walnut1 al?\gh true1 is n ! way ,i p]sonally feel ab\t x4 ,i h at ,i?aca a numb] ( trees ( v>i\s k9ds ( nuts1 & ,i ?9k t ! enjoym5t ,i get out ( ! hickories1 :i* we gr[1 is z great or great] ?an t f ! black walnuts4 ,! ,davis hickory is "o ( ! be/ t matures1 ! ,wilcox--t's an ,ohio nut--probably has a bu%el & a half ( nuts 9 ! %uck ?is ye>1 & ! ,k5tucky w give a pretty good record4 ,( ab\t #bj v>ieties1 ^? are ! only ones :i* am\nt to any?+1 & we h a fairly good selection4 ,!re 0 a good deal said ab\t /ocks 9 ,mr4 ,/oke's discussion4 ,we h a %ort pap] "h by ,gilb]t ,smi? on 8 exp]i5ce ) /ocks1 & ,i h ask$ ,mr4 ,*ase to read x4 ,mr4 ,smi? began topwork+ se$l+ trees on a side hill _m ye>s ago & has trees ( good size at ! pres5t "t4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,?is is a %ort discussion ( sev]al species ( hickory :i* ,mr4 ,smi? has us$ z /ocks to graft nam$ v>ieties4 ,a ,discussion ( ,hickory ,/ocks ,gilb]t ,l4 ,smi?1 ,rt4 #b1 ,mill]ton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,?is is a discussion ( sev]al species ( hickory z /ocks on :i* to graft ! nam$ v>ieties ( %agb>k1 %ellb>k & hybrid hickories4 ,we h nev] _h any exp]i5ce graft+ pecan z we are too f> nor? = x4 ,?is pap] is limit$ to ! species ) :i* we h _h exp]i5ce4 ,,sweet ,,pignut1 ,c>ya ovalis ,?is species w be discuss$ fir/ because x is ! poore/ /ock ( any ( ! hickory species :i* we h us$4 ,?is is probably because x is a tetraploid :ile ! %agb>k1 %ellb>k & hybrids are diploids4 ,we h graft$ _m ( ! nam$ v>ieties ( hickory onto pignut /ocks1 us+ sev]al ?\s& scions4 ,we h f\nd only "o v>iety 7! ,davis %agb>k7 t w gr[ on pignut /ock4 ,we h he>d ( "o or two o!rs b h nev] tri$ !m4 ,ne>ly all v>ieties gr[ well ! fir/ season b fail to leaf out ! foll[+ spr+4 ,!y appe> to w9t]kill4 ,davis has cont9u$ to gr[ on x = ov] fifte5 ye>s b gr[? is sl[] ?an on %agb>k or bitt]nut /ocks4 ,,pignut1 ,c>ya glabra ,i h nev] be5 able to positively id5tify ?is species ( pignut4 ,pignuts gr[+ "h v>y consid]ably 9 r\ghness ( ! b>k1 "s be+ smoo? :ile o!rs are z r\gh z ! %agb>k4 ,9 o!r respects !y are ess5tially ! same1 all hav+ sev5 leaflets p] leaf4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h obs]v$ a v few pignut trees hav+ smoo? b>k & five leaflets p] leaf4 ,! leaves are f9] & small] ?an on ! sev5 leaflet trees4 ,^! may be ! glabra species1 b if s1 graft+ results h be5 no bett] on ^! ?an on ! sev5 leaflet trees4 ,z nurs]y /ock ! pignuts are wor?less4 ,h[ev] if "o has "s nice "y pignut trees gr[+ :]e he wants !m1 x is feasible to graft !m to ,davis or "s o!r v>iety :i* has prov5 its ability to gr[ on pignut /ocks4 ,x is n advisable to graft hickory trees gr[+ 9 d5se woods4 ,,mock]nut1 ,c>ya alba ,:ile ! mock]nut is also a tetraploid1 x is a some:at bett] /ock ?an ! pignuts1 9 t m ( ! nam$ v>ieties w gr[ on x & z ! mock]nut is fa/] gr[+ ?an ! pignut1 su* grafts w usually gr[ fa/]4 ,x is ( little value z a nurs]y /ock1 b if "o has "y mock]nut trees gr[+ :]e hickory trees are want$1 !y w\ld be some:at bett] to graft ?an w\ld pignut trees4 ,"o w\ld at lea/ h a l>g] selection ( v>ieties & ! grafts w\ld gr[ fa/]4 ,,pecan1 ,c>ya ill9oi5sis ,:ile we h read _m favorable reports on ! use ( ! pecan z a /ock on :i* to graft %agb>k1 %ellb>k & hybrid hickories1 our own exp]i5ces ) x h n be5 v favorable4 ,?is may be due to ! fact t we h us$ only two v>ieties ( %agb>k on pecan-/ocks & may h happ5$ to use two v>ieties t are n well adapt$ to pecan4 ,pecan se$l+s are mu* fa/] gr[+ ?an are %agb>k se$l+s & = ?is reason w\ld be valuable z a nurs]y /ock if satisfactory 9 o!r respects4 ,,bitt]nut1 ,c>ya cordi=mis ,all ( our exp]i5ces ) bitt]nut z a /ock1 bo? 9 ! nurs]y & z "y trees gr[+ 9 p]man5t locations1 h be5 v favorable4 ,we h he>d reports ( grafts fail+ on bitt]nut /ocks aft] a few ye>s gr[?4 ,all su* reports h come f regions consid]ably f>!r s\? ?an our location4 ,x may be t ! bitt]nut does n ?rive z well 9 ! ,s\? z x does "h4 ,bitt]nut se$l+s are mu* fa/] gr[+ ?an are %agb>k se$l+s4 ,?is is ( consid]able value 9 ! nurs]y4 ,,%agb>k1 ,c>ya ovata ,! %agb>k makes ! be/ /ock on :i* to graft ! nam$ v>ieties ( %agb>k1 %ellb>k & hybrid hickories4 ,h[ev] x has "o v s]i\s drawback 9 t "y %agb>k se$l+s are s v sl[ gr[+4 ,x usually takes five or m ye>s to gr[ a %agb>k /ock f se$ to a size l>ge en\gh to graft 9 ! nurs]y r[4 ,h[ev]1 :5 %agb>k /ocks are l>ge en\gh to be graft$1 all ( ! nam$ v>ieties we h graft$ onto x h gr[n well4 ,,%ellb>k1 ,c>ya lac9iosa ,we h nev] _h any exp]i5ce ) %ellb>k se$l+s z /ocks1 b z x is s simil> to ! %agb>k1 ,i expect t x w\ld make a good /ock4 ,! production ( graft$ hickory trees is a s]i\s problem 9 ! nurs]y1 tak+ _m ye>s to gr[ ! /ocks & ! graft$ trees are difficult to transplant1 result+ 9 a high rate ( mortality4 ,h[ev]1 ! graft+ ( "y hickory trees gr[+ 9 a p]man5t location is n difficult1 & su* grafts w gr[ mu* fa/] & be> y\ng] ?an w graft$ hickory trees f a nurs]y4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,my exp]i5ce ) bitt]nut /ock ) only two v>ieties1 ! ,/rev] #a & ! ,*ampigne1 has n be5 good4 ,! grafts h be5 /unt$1 ! /ocks h t5d$ to spr\t & make vigor\s gr[?1 & ! fruit+ has be5 sp>se4 ,nei!r h ,i _h success ) ! pecan /ock ) only ?ree v>ieties4 ,! trees h be5 v sl[ com+ into be>+ & h made r /ubby gr[?4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,i 0 ab\t to rem>k t we h _h simil> exp]i5ce at ,urbana ) bitt]nut /ock ) pecan & %agb>k v>ieties4 ,x w>ps ! %agb>k & v likely ^? trees won't live long4 ,we h already lo/ ! ,wes*ke hickory graft$ on bitt]nut4 ,,mr4 ,,craig3 ,h y tri$ hickory on pecan8 ,! pecan is ,o4 ,k4 !re4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,tomorr[ we are to h a r\nd table on hickory propagation & sugge/ t fur!r discussion ( /ocks might be left until !n4 ,has anyone any comm5ts on hickory v>ieties8 ,,mr4 ,,kepl+]3 7,nor? ,c5tral ,mi*igan7 ,i 0 born & rais$ 9 ,sag9aw ,c\nty :]e ! ,sag9aw ,riv] is f$ by five or six diff]5t runs & y h prairie f>ms4 ,m hickories gr[ !re ?an any place 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--enorm\s size4 ,we ?9k we h bett] hickories ?an anyone4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,:y c\ldn't y s5d "s 9 = te/+8 ,mr4 ,beck] w\ld be glad to take !m4 ,any o!r discussion on hickory v>ieties8 ,h[ _m are gr[+ ! ,wilcox8 7#e h&s74 ,h[ _m f9d x a good v>iety8 7,two74 ,h[ _m h ,davis8 7,?ree74 ,! %ucks are fairly ?91 comp>$ ) ! ,wilcox4 ,:o else has a v>iety t is do+ v well8 ,we ought to h a hickory %[ "h sometime & see :o has ! be/ hickory4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i'd l to ask if anyone has ! v>iety ,l+5felt]4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,we h x at ,i?aca2 doesn't mature4 ,,dr4 ,mc,k,a,y3 ,we h two v>ieties at ,beltsville t are out/&+ z f> z be>+ is conc]n$4 ,"o is ,l+5felt]1 :i* has be5 a consi/5t be>] = u = a numb] ( ye>s1 & ! v>iety ,%aul1 t 0 m5tion$ 9 ,mr4 ,/okes' report & has be5 m5tion$ "h be=e1 is a v good produc]4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,:at species is ! ,%aul1 is x ovata or lac9iosa8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,x's ovata4 ,x's a %agb>k1 z also is ,l+5felt]4 ,! "o *>act]i/ic t is out/&+ ) ^! two v>ieties ) u is ! fact t !y be> :ile !y are "y trees2 f ! "t our trees 7 z tall z "o's head1 !y h be5 full ( nuts4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,h y fruit$ ! ,wes*ke at ,beltsville8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,no4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,h[ ab\t ! ,b>nes8 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,i h be5 gr[+ x on mock]nut or :ite hickory4 ,x produces mod]ate crops & is ! "o t came into be>+ ab\t fir/ on mock]nut4 ,9 fact1 ,i h sev]al v>ieties on mock]nut t hav5't borne yet4 ,x's be5 on !re ab\t #ab ye>s4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,! ,b>nes1 ) u1 has yield$ m at a y\ng] age ?an any o!r v>iety1 b x nev] fill$4 ,x began e>ly & bore heavy crops1 b ! season is n long en\gh or hot en\gh4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,9 ,virg9ia !y fill well1 b !y are n easily extract$4 ,! %ell is r ?9 & fills well4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i don't want to prolong ?is discussion long] ?an seems pr(itable4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,did ,i und]/& y to m5tion ! v>iety ,s*9n]l+8 ,,mr4 ,,g]>di3 ,i h got t at home4 ,t's "o t's be>+1 b if x's t v>iety ,i h !re1 ,i w\ldn't give x y>d room4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,x is also "o ( our be/4 ,we h ?ree1 ! ,%aul1 ! ,l+5felt] t ,i m5tion$1 & ! ?ird "o is ,s*9n]l+1 all ?ree ( :i* are extremely heavy be>]s & ! ?ree hickory v>ieties t we are int]e/$ 94 ,,mr4 ,,g]>di3 ,h[ big is t ,s*9n]l+8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,x's an av]age-siz$ nut4 ,,mr1 ,,g]>di3 ,big z y\r ?umb8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,oh1 yes1 ab\t an in* long1 ,i'd say4 ,,mr4 ,,beck]3 ,i 0 wond]+ ab\t ! ,/rat=d4 ,t's n suppos$ to be a pure %agb>k1 b x's ! only "o we've got1 ,i ?9k1 t be>s4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i h ! ,/rat=d4 ,x gr[s v well1 b x doesn't q fill4 ,:at does x d ) y8 ,,mr4 ,,snyd]3 ,x's n be5 do+ well ! la/ ye> or two4 ,( c\rse1 none ( !m h = t matt]4 ,us$ to be> trem5d\s crops & fill$ well4 ,i w\ldn't say x's ! be/ quality ( any tree1 b x's easy to graft & be>s "y4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,t's be5 my exp]i5ce1 t x 0 a "y be>] & be>s fairly consi/5tly4 ,if !re is no o!r discussion1 on ! hickories1 we w close t discussion4 ,we /& adj\rn$ until ?is ev5+ at #g3bj4 ,adj\rnm5t at #d3cj o'clock1 p4m4 ,,monday ,,ev5+ ,,session ,call$ to ord] at #g3bj p4m4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,we w call on ,dr4 ,mc,kay z *airman ( ! ,nom9at+ ,committee to pres5t ! slate ( (fic]s = ! next ye>4 ,dr4 ,mc,kay4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 ! ,nom9at+ ,committee1 z y "k1 is *>g$ ) ! responsibility ( select+ a slate ( (fic]s t w be pres5t$ to ! meet+4 ,! committee1 compos$ ( myself z *airman1 ,mr4 ,allaman1 ,mr4 ,silvis1 ,mr4 ,=d ,wilk9son & ,mr4 ,g]>di1 h ! foll[+ slate ( (fic]s = next ye>3 ,= presid5t1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,be/2 = vice-presid5t1 ,mr4 ,george ,salz] ( ,ro*e/]2 = secret>y1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] ,*ase2 = treasur]1 ,mr4 ,c>l ,prell4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,y h he>d ! report ( ! ,nom9at+ ,committee4 ,at ?is "t we w ent]ta9 fur!r nom9ations f ! floor1 if any4 ,! only action to be tak5 n[ is to accept ! report ( ! ,nom9at+ ,committee4 ,d ,i he> su* a motion8 ,! motion to accept ! report 0 mov$1 second$ & c>ri$4 ,go+ on ) ! program ( ! ev5+1 are y ready to %[ ! film8 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,! film comes to u f ! ,nor?we/ ,nut ,gr[]s n[ locat$ 9 ,portl&1 ,oregon4 ,!y are an organization = m>ket+ filb]ts1 & y w see1 ,! ,filb]t ,valleys1 ! title4 ,i hav5't se5 x myself & don't "k exactly :at ! cont5ts are4 ,we w look at x n[ & judge = ourselves4 ,! film1 ,! ,filb]t ,valleys1 0 %[n4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,we appreciate v mu* y\r runn+ x4 ,! next item w be our discussion ( filb]t v>ieties & _! culture4 ,mildr$ ,jones1 :o 0 to be "h1 c\ld n come4 ,%e telephon$ ! la/ m9ute t %e 0 ill & c\ld n be ) u4 ,i h ask$ ,george ,slate to be ! mod]ator 9 ! discussion1 ) 8 panel1 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyd]1 ,raymond ,silvis1 ,a4 ,m4 ,:it=d1 ,l\is ,g]>di & ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,i j le>n$ :5 ,i arriv$ "h t ,i 0 to be on ?is discussion gr\p1 & ,i le>n$ a few m9utes ago t ,i 0 to lead x1 s ,i c assure y t ?is is :olly unrehe>s$1 & ,i may h to fl\nd] ar\nd a bit be=e we get ?+s runn+ smoo?ly4 ,i ?\ght ,i might review ! v>iety situation r briefly4 ,we h done q a lot ( v>iety te/+ ( filb]ts at ,g5eva2 9 fact1 ab\t ! only nut cultural "w we h done at ,g5eva has be5 ! filb]t project4 ,we />t$ out ) ab\t #be or #cj v>ieties t we secur$ f ,am]ican nurs]ies1 _m ( !m f a firm 9 ,ro*e/] :i* import$ !m f ,g]many4 ,lat] we add$ v>ieties f ,engl&1 ,france & ,g]many4 ,i pick$ up ne>ly all ! v>ieties t ,i c\ld locate until we _h ab\t #abj v>ieties gr[+ !re at ,g5eva4 ,^! 7 !re = "s ye>s1 & x became evid5t t _m ( !m 7 n ( great value4 ,!n we _h a h>d w9t] 9 #aicc & #aicd1 & al?\gh x did n kill ! trees1 mo/ ( !m 7 blackhe>t$ & began go+ back soon aft] t4 ,h[ev]1 ,i felt at t "t t ,i knew en\gh ab\t ! v>ieties to disc>d mo/ ( !m4 ,_m ( !m 7 disc>d$ because !y _h poor nuts1 _m ( !m 7 unproductive1 & _m ( !m lack$ h>d9ess ( catk9s4 ,i laid a great deal ( emphasis on ! h>d9ess ( catk9s 9 te/+ ! v>ieties4 ,out ( t v>iety te/ 7 ?ree v>ieties :i* we consid]$ to be mo/ satisfactory ( ! lot4 ,^! 7 ,cos=d1 an ,engli% v>iety1 r a small nut b v ?9-%ell$4 ,! catk9s 7 h>dy & "o ( ! heavi] cropp]s ( ! lot4 ,m$ium ,long1 a nut :i* ,i believe orig9at$ z a se$l+ 9 ,ro*e/]1 0 ano!r "o1 & ,italian ,r$1 :i* lat] prov$ to be ,gu/av's ,zell]nuss1 a ,g]man v>iety1 0 ano!r4 ,z a result ( t v>iety te/ x became evid5t t v>ieties f ,g]many1 _m ( :i* orig9at$ 9 ! cold] portions ( ,g]many & ,nor!rn ,g]many1 7 di/9ctly m h>dy ?an ! v>ieties t we got f ,fr5* s\rces & ,engli% s\rces4 ,9 "s ( ! proce$+s ( ! ,association publi%$ dur+ ! '#cj's ,i h report$ on ! diff]5t v>ieties & _! h>d9ess & ^? v>ieties t ,i ?\ght 7 mo/ valuable4 ,i don't recall ! names ( _m ( ^? ,g]man v>ieties4 ,^! ?ree v>ieties :i* we consid] ! be/ ( ! lot 7 turn$ ov] to ! ,new ,york ,fruit ,te/+ ,association to propagate & di/ribute1 because !y 7 n available f ,am]ican nurs]ies4 ,i am n sure h[ _m ( !m 7 available f o!r s\rces1 b !y are /ill available f ! ,fruit ,te/+ ,association4 ,!n out ( t v>iety te/ a grad+ project develop$4 ,we got our />t f ab\t #ejj se$l+s t ,cl>5ce ,re$ s5t u 9 ! e>ly '#cj's4 ,we made crosses !re at ,g5eva1 us+ ! ,ru% v>iety ( ,corylus am]icana z ! se$ p>5t 9 _m cases4 ,we also made "s crosses betwe5 ,corylus avellana v>ieties1 & ) ^! se$l+s f ,mr4 ,re$ & se$l+s ( our own cross+1 we h gr[n ab\t #b1jjj filb]t se$l+s !re at ,g5eva4 ,^! h all be5 evaluat$ & disc>d$1 except possibly #cj or #ce selections /ill on h&1 "s ( !m be+ propagat$ = a second te/ plant+4 ,/ock ( "o or two has be5 turn$ ov] to ! ,fruit ,te/+ ,association = increase & ev5tual nam+ & introduction4 ,! "w ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 0 along simil> l9es4 ,mr4 ,re$ did n s5d u all ( 8 se$l+s4 ,a numb] ( !m 7 fruit$ at ,beltsville1 & f t "w at ,beltsville ,i believe two v>ieties h be5 nam$1 ,re$ & ,potomac4 ,i am n sure :e!r !y are available yet f comm]cial s\rces4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,two ( !m are4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,mr4 ,graham ( ,i?aca1 a long-"t memb] ( ?is ,association & v mu* int]e/$ 9 filb]ts1 _h also made "s crosses & rais$ sev]al hundr$ se$l+s4 ,he us$ ! ,w9kl] v>iety z a se$ p>5t4 ,i believe he rais$ "s se$l+s ( ! ,jones hybrids1 :i* w\ld make t mat]ial second g5]ation /ock f ! orig9al cross betwe5 ,ru% & ! avellana v>ieties4 ,mr4 ,graham's plant+ 0 9 r a cold area2 he _h consid]able w9t] kill+4 ,ev5tually filb]t blight got into 8 plant+1 & x really clean$ h\se4 ,!re 7 a v few se$l+s 9 8 plant+ :i* rema9$ free ( filb]t blight4 ,i ?9k x is a fairly safe guess to say t !y 7 probably v resi/ant to blight4 ,s f> ^! h n be5 propagat$ to any ext5t4 ,!re are a few cultural problems4 ,! ones t we h enc\nt]$ at ,g5eva h be5 w9t] injury1 p>ticul>ly ( ! catk9s1 & also "s ( !m h n be5 z h>dy 9 wood z we w\ld l4 ,we h _h no tr\ble ) filb]t blight1 presumably because we are isolat$ f ! wild hazel1 :i* h>bors ?is blight4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels has _h tr\ble ) 8 plant+ at ,i?aca ) filb]t mite4 ,) ?is introduction1 :i* is mo/ly v>ieties & bre$+1 because t seems to be my int]e/1 ,i'd l to call on "s memb]s ( ! panel to get _! exp]i5ces4 ,mr4 ,snyd] raises nut trees 9 ,i[a :]e w9t] injury is probably mu* m s]i\s ?an we h at ,g5eva4 ,at ,g5eva we h a fairly respectable climate & c get a crop ( pea*es ab\t n9e ye>s out ( t54 ,9 ,i[a !y h a lot m sun%9e1 & ,i ?9k probably %>p] drops ( temp]ature ?an we h at ,g5eva4 ,i'd l to h ,mr4 ,snyd] tell u :at 8 exp]i5ces h be5 ) filb]t v>ieties4 ,,mr4 ,,snyd]3 ,i really didn't "k t ,i 0 to be on ?is panel until ,i got "h4 ,i ?\ght ,i 0 on ! hickory panel4 ,z ,mr4 ,slate says1 our climate is m sev]e t t at ,g5eva4 ,we c get ! v h>die/ pea*es to be> ab\t two ye>s out ( ?ree1 & ! trees are sev]ely injur$ 9 betwe54 ,s t w give y a little idea z to ! climate 9 t respect4 ,we made q a plant+ at "o "t1 maybe #cj ( ! ,jones hybrids1 & !y did q well = sev]al ye>s1 & !n betwe5 ! w9t]-kill+ & ! blight mo/ ( !m are dead n[4 ,! ,w9kl]1 ( c\rse1 is an ,i[a nut & 0 introduc$ by our p & did v well = a numb] ( ye>s b has back$ out on u ! la/ sev]al ye>s1 too1 ,i believe due to ?is same mite tr\ble t ,dr4 ,mac,daniels reports 9 ,new ,york4 ,!y j don't be>4 ,! bu%es are q heal?y1 & we get pl5ty ( catk9s1 b we don't get any nuts to am\nt to any?+4 ,we h a little bu% ( ! ,m&*urian hazel4 ,x isn't wor? m5tion+ z a nut produc]1 b x does h v attractive foliage & seems to be entirely heal?y1 produces p]haps ?ree to five nuts a ye> on a bu% z high z y\r head4 ,y may be famili> ) x4 ,! foliage is v di/9ct f any?+ ,i "k4 ,! leaves are truncate at ! end1 cut (f q squ>e1 ) j a little po9t 9 ! middle4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,i don't h t4 ,,mr4 ,,snyd]3 ,t is /&+ our conditions all "r1 & sev]al ye>s ago ,mr4 ,re$ s5t u :at he said at ! "t 7 ,*9ese tree hazels1 b lat] he retract$ & said t !y 7 n ,*9ese tree hazels b !y 7 hybrids ( ! ,*9ese tree hazel4 ,!re 7 f\r ( ^? plants2 "o ( !m 0 a trem5d\s gr[]4 ,x w\ld gr[ six feet or m a ye> & comm5ce be>+ 9 a ye> or two4 ,b ! blight hit x & clean$ x out4 ,!re is only "o left n[1 "o ( ! sl[]-gr[+ ones1 & :ile x promises to become a tree1 x is a v irregul>-gr[+ "o4 ,i ?9k x _h half a doz5 nuts on ?is ye>4 ,! ,turki% tree hazel1 ( :i* ,i h two trees1 7 v badly damag$ by a v sev]e hail/orm #ab or #ae ye>s ago1 :i* completely peel$ (f ! b>k on "o side4 ,t 0 9 e>ly ,july1 & we 7 afraid to cut !m (f & let !m gr[ up new = fe> x w\ld kill !m4 ,!y h f9ally develop$ into q beautiful upright trees4 ,also !y h m ?an "o /em f ! bottom4 ,"o ( !m produces a great abundance ( catk9s1 b nei!r ( !m has produc$ any nuts yet1 & !y are #ad feet high or m1 good-siz$ trees & v attractive4 ,! foliage is v beautiful1 & x rema9s heal?y4 ,i don't "k t !re are any o!r v>ieties t ,i c "n4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,we h _h sev]al ( ! ,turki% tree hazels1 ,corylus colurna1 gr[+ at ,g5eva = two or ?ree ye>s4 ,!y came f ! ,ro*e/] ,/ate ,p>k4 ,we h "o tree :i* ,mr4 ,bixby import$ f ,*9a1 z ,corylus *95sis1 b rec5tly ,i _h x *eck$ by ,dr4 ,lawr5ce ( ! ,bailey ,hortorium & he assur$ me t x 0 ,corylus colurna4 ,i ?9k ^! make a v h&some tree4 ,i l t r\gh1 corky b>k !y h z !y get old]4 ,! trees 9 ,highl& ,p>k at ,ro*e/] are ! l>ge/1 p]haps1 9 ! c\ntry1 c]ta9ly ! l>ge/ t ,i "k any?+ ab\t4 ,!y are at lea/ z l>ge z a v l>ge apple tree4 ,!y h be5 fruit+ = "s ye>s4 ,! trees at ,g5eva h n fruit$ v mu*4 ,i don't ?9k y c expect mu* 9 ! way ( nuts until ! tree is ab\t #ae ye>s old4 ,?is ye> "o ( our trees has a numb] ( nuts on x4 ,! nuts are too small & too ?ick-%ell$ to be ( any great value = nuts4 ,n[1 ,mr4 ,:it=d1 y h _h "s exp]i5ce ) ! filb]t v>ieties4 ,:i* "o w\ld y recomm5d8 ,,mr4 ,,:it=d3 ,i hav5't _h a :ole lot ( exp]i5ce ) ! filb]ts1 b we _h "s ( ! old v>ieties1 l ,b>celona & ,du,chilly1 & !y didn't be> _m nuts1 & ev5tually !y w5t out ) blight4 ,& we h "s ( ! ,potomac & ,re$1 ab\t five ye>s old1 & !y don't be> well z yet4 ,i don't "k :at ! outcome is go+ to be on ! ,potomac & ,re$4 ,!y make a nice ornam5tal bu%1 anyway1 & t's ab\t ! sum & sub/ance ( my exp]i5ce ) filb]ts4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,! ,b>celona & ,du,chilly at ,g5eva h n be5 v satisfactory4 ,dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s ,b>celona outyield$ ! o!r v>ieties1 b z ! trees became old] !y exp]i5c$ w9t] injury4 ,du,chilly or ,k5ti% ,cob makes a small tree1 b ! nut is ab\t ! be/ ( ! nuts4 ,!re is a ,g]man v>iety n 9 circulation 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,langsdorf]1 :i* is mu* l ,du,chilly1 b x seems to make a mu* bett] tree4 ,i ?9k if !y 7 put into circulation x might be a good sub/itute "h 9 ! ,ea/ = ,du,chilly v>iety4 ,let's he> f y1 ,mr4 ,g]>di4 ,i "k y are te/+ filb]t v>ieties n[4 ,,mr4 ,,g]>di3 ,yes1 ,i h ,du,chilly & ,k5ti% ,cob4 ,s f>1 at our place we h no blight or mite damage to speak (4 ,! orig9al plant+s 7 ! ,bixby & ,bu*anan4 ,we h !m yet1 & !y are /ill z heal?y z ! day we put !m out4 ,!y %[ no damage2 ev5 ! ,w9kl] hazel has _h no damage or disease4 ,x may be ! soil1 al?\gh we h !m on high gr\nd & l[ gr\nd bo?4 ,among ! new] ones ?is ye> ! ,re$ has ! mo/ on4 ,! ,potomac1 ?\gh x is ! /ronge/ gr[] ( ! two1 has less nuts4 ,al?\gh x appe>$ to me t ! catk9s 7 all kill$ 9 ,febru>y ( ?is ye>1 /ill we h "s nuts4 ,! ,jones hybrids1 :5 ! catk9s are kill$1 h v few1 if any nuts4 ,"s ye>s we h a crop1 if "s ( ! catk9s are held back & bloom late4 ,w9t] kill+ 9 ,febru>y be=e !y h _h a *ance to poll9ate1 has be5 our ma9 tr\ble4 ,if we c\ld get a v>iety t ?is w\ldn't bo!r1 we'd h :at we are look+ =4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,! ,w9kl] w bloom = y almo/ e ye>4 ,doesn't ! ,w9kl] hold its catk9s mo/ ye>s8 ,,mr4 ,,g]>di3 ,yes1 sir1 ,i'd say at our place ! ,w9kl] has nev] fail$ entirely4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! catk9s are kill$1 !y /ill be> q regul>ly4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,i c say t = x at ,urbana4 ,,mr4 ,,:it=d3 ,! catk9s might h be5 kill$1 b y might h _h "s cross-poll9ation f o!r s\rces4 ,,mr4 ,,g]>di3 ,!re is a *ance ( t1 ( c\rse4 ,!re is a wild hazel )9 a qu>t] ( a mile1 b app>5tly ! wild hazel bloom$ fir/4 ,!y 7 on a s\? slope & naturally came out fir/4 ,i tri$ to keep !m on ! nor? slope1 or on ! cool side ( any p>ticul> plant+1 because if y c hold !m back m1 y h got a bett] *ance4 ,if y plant !m on ! s\? side1 y r>ely get any?+4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,! hybrids bloom lat] ?an ! avellana v>ieties1 & !y mature nuts lat]4 ,is t y\r exp]i5ce8 ,,mr4 ,,g]>di3 ,t's true1 ,i w admit y\r hybrids are a little lat] bloom+1 because y\r ,am]ican hazel nuts ar\nd our place bloom v e>ly1 sometimes 9 ,janu>y 9 full bloom4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,c4 avellana />ts bloom+ 9 ,m>* & blooms = ab\t a mon?4 ,"s ye>s :5 y h _h consid]able op5 wea!r1 !y h bloom$ z e>ly z ! middle ( ,febru>y4 ,!y w1 ( c\rse1 /& consid]able freez+ :5 !y are 9 bloom4 ,z reg>ds ! poll9ation1 ,i believe ab\t all ! in=mation we h is ! "w t 0 done at ! ,oregon ,exp]im5t ,/ation a numb] ( ye>s ago4 ,all ( ! v>ieties tri$ 7 self-unfruitful or self-incompatible4 ,! t]m1 self-/]ile is (t5 us$1 b ,i ?9k x is a little m exact to say self-unfruitful or self-incompatible4 ,!y are n /]ile1 because ! pi/illate fl[]s are normal & s is ! poll5 produc$ by ! /am9ate fl[]s4 ,x's j a "q ( inability ( ! poll5 to f]tilize ! pi/illate fl[]s on ! same v>iety4 ,we "k no?+ ab\t ! poll9ation requirem5ts ( any ( ^! ,corylus avellana or ,corylus am]icana hybrids4 ,we d "k t :5 ! cross is made t ! ,corylus am]icana v>iety mu/ be ! se$-p>5t4 ,! cross doesn't "w ! o!r way ar\nd4 ,t's ab\t all we "k ab\t ! cross-poll9ation ( ^! filb]ts4 ,,mr4 ,,sawy]3 ,we h _h !m to bloom 9 ,april or ! fir/ week 9 ,may4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,! se$l+s8 ,,mr4 ,,sawy]3 ,! se$l+s4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,:at is ! orig9 ( ! se$l+s8 ,,mr4 ,,sawy]3 ,!y are ! natives4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,! native ,c4 ro/rata1 or ,c4 cornuta to "s botani/s1 x seems to me has no?+ t we want 9 ! way ( a nut1 if we c possibly gr[ ^! o!r v>ieties1 ! am]icana selections or ! hybrids4 ,x's a mis]able little nut ) t long1 prickly husk4 ,x's v difficult to get ! nut out ( x4 ,= t reason1 ,i h nev] be5 v mu* int]e/$ 9 x4 ,,mr4 ,,sawy]3 ,h[ is ! ,ryan8 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,mr4 ,gellatly out 9 ,briti% ,columbia has nam$ sev]al hybrids betwe5 avellana & ! ,corylus cornuta4 ,h y se5 x8 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,no1 ,i hav5't se5 x4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,!y describ$ !m 9 _! catalog4 ,,mr4 ,,colby3 ,i h pref]5ce = ! ,w9kl] hazel1 z y "k4 ,i b\ght & put !m 9 ! gre5h\se sev]al ye>s ago & %ook ! poll5 on ! pi/ils & got a full set4 ,s ,i felt t 0 self-fruitful4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,t 0 pretty good evid5ce1 !n1 t x 0 self-fruitful4 ,n[1 ,mr4 ,silvis1 y raise nut trees1 & ! climate is some:at l t 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york1 p]haps a little mild] 9 ! w9t]4 ,:at h y to say ab\t ! filb]t v>ieties8 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,x's ,w>m]1 & 9 spite ( all ! /ati/ics ( previ\s g5tlem51 ,i f9d t avellana types :i* ,i _h gr[+ 9 my back y>d ?ree ye>s ago produc$ poll5 on ,janu>y ! #be?4 ,x 0 unseasonably w>m4 ,x 0 #gj degrees1 & mo/ ( ! poll5 0 disp]s$4 ,& ?is ye> ,i f\nd ! wild hazel poll5 mu* lat] ?an ! e>ly types1 due to ! diff]5t situation4 ,! wild ones :i* ,i _h se5 7 gr[+ 9 semi %ade "u tall trees1 & my bu%es & plants are gr[+ 9 ! back y>d s\? ( our h\se4 ,& ,i ?9k ,i h ! l>ge/ plant+ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,ohio1 ab\t two doz5 plants1 & ,i am 9 production4 ,besides num]\s se$l+s1 ,i h ! foll[+ v>ieties3 ,italian ,r$1 ,cos=d1 ,m$ium ,long1 ,du,chilly4 ,!y are 9 be>+4 ,italian ,r$ & ,du,chilly plant$ toge!r1 ,i believe1 are good = "o ano!r = ! production ( nice filb]t nuts4 ,i h1 f scion wood y s5t me sev]al ye>s ago1 ,cos=d1 & n[ on _! own roots ,neue ,ries5uss1 & :at ,i ?\ght ! tag said1 n ,langsdorf]1 b ,langsb]g]4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,!re is a ,langsdorf]1 & ,i ?9k !re is ano!r v>iety :i* ,langsb]g is "p ( ! "n4 ,i am n sure1 ,i w h to look t up4 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,well1 ,i h x z ,langsb]g]4 ,i h %[n la/ ev5+ ! picture ( ,h>ry ,l4 ,pi]ce's or*>d at ,willamette 9 ,oregon1 or 9 ,salem1 ,oregon4 ,i h "o ( 8 trees ) /am9ate blooms only1 no pi/illate blooms4 ,b ,i also h :at ,fayette ,ett] 9 ,p5nsylvania calls 8 ,royal1 & ,i j _c get two fell[s toge!r ) pap] & p5cil to det]m9e :e!r ^? two ,royals are ! same1 b ,i am hop+ to f9d out :e!r ! two ,royals are id5tical4 ,i _h ,fayette ,ett] f9d me scion wood1 & n[ ,i h x gr[+ z a graft & lay]$ on its own roots4 ,i ?9k y p d y\rselves an inju/ice by n le>n+ to graft & le>n+ to "w ) ! filb]t4 ,y only h to h ?ree compatible plants4 ,if y h m1 y w h m nuts4 ,i see no reason :y anyone :o owns a city lot _c gr[ filb]ts4 ,!y are mu* easi] to take c>e (1 & y are n go+ to prejudice ! plant by hav+ x associate ) its wild c\s91 & ,i ?9k y w f9d a lot ( enjoym5t 9 ! filb]t bu%4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,:at v>iety d y ?9k is be/8 ,:at two or ?ree w\ld y plant8 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,= eat+ ,i l ,du,chilly1 & ! catk9 is h>dy ) me1 & ,i am betwe5 ! #dj? & #da/ p>allel4 ,i'd say anyone :o lives f ,i[a to ! ,ea/ ,coa/ )9 "o hundr$ miles nor? or s\? ( ! #dj? p>allel %\ld h ! same luck t ,i h4 ,& z to a gr\p plant+1 ,i w\ld sugge/1 z y recomm5d$ to me :5 we fir/ />t$ out ! ,m$ium ,long1 ,cos=d & ,italian ,r$4 ,if y want only two bu%es1 ,italian ,r$ & ,du,chilly w "w well toge!r4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,d y h ,m$ium ,long8 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,yes1 ,i d4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,is t do+ well8 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,i don't ?9k x fruits z well z ,cos=d or ,du,chilly4 ,t's be5 my exp]i5ce4 ,my ,du,chilly 0 pla/]$ ) nuts la/ ye> & ?is ye>1 & ,i believe x's due to ! ,italian ,r$ :i* ,new ,york ,fruit ,te/+ ,laboratory sold me4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,?ank y4 ,,mr4 ,,:it=d3 ,d y f]tilize ^? bu%es8 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,due to ! fact ,i h />t$ to mul* ) sawdu/ ,i h be5 us+ nitrate & rock phosphate1 s my tee? don't fall out :5 ,i *ew !m4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,i crack m9e ) a h& crack]1 ,i don't crack !m ) my tee?4 ,,dr4 ,,colby3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 we c gr[ filb]ts4 ,h[ does ! *airman keep ! squirrels f eat+ !m8 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,i w tell y t4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,mr4 ,/oke raises 8 nut trees 9 ! ,sunny ,s\?1 & he has problems d[n !re t we don't h up nor?4 ,i ?9k he has to worry a lot m ab\t w9t] kill+ ?an we d way up nor? :]e we are 9 ,c5tral ,new ,york4 ,:at's be5 y\r exp]i5ce ) "s ( ! v>ieties & :at are y\r pr9cipal cultural problems ) ! filb]ts8 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,i wi% to answ] ,dr4 ,colby's qu]y ab\t squirrels4 ,i f9d t squirrels are v highly all]gic to ^! ,,bb caps or ! ,,cp caps us$ 9 a #bb rifle4 ,x works4 ,9 my back y>d !re is a ,brixnut filb]t1 :i* orig9at$ 9 ,oregon4 ,i guess x's be5 !re #ae ye>s4 ,!re are f\r trunks to x1 ! l>ge/ ab\t #af in*es 9 diamet]4 ,"o ( ^? ,i graft$ to ,giant1 z a poll9iz] = ,brixnut4 ,x's simil> 9 %ape1 some:at small] 9 spite ( its "n1 b x's pretty effective4 ,!n ab\t t5 ye>s ago !re 0 an old g5tleman f ,halsey1 ,oregon4 ,i don't "k :e!r any ( y h correspond$ ) him or n4 ,he b\ght ! ,breslau ,p]sian walnut--,i pretty ne>ly said ! ,engli% walnut1 & ,i'd h be5 disgrac$--& furni%$ me scions & ,i got a />t ( x f him4 ,russ s5t me "s scions f a filb]t he call$ ,jumbo4 ,y w see x out on ! table !re4 ,x's r a long nut1 little l>g] ?an ,du,chilly & n q s flat1 t ,i graft$ 9 !re4 ,x absolutely is hopeless z a poll9iz] = any?+1 because x loses its /am9ate blossoms by ,*ri/mas4 ,b ! ,hall's ,giant poll9izes !m1 & x's ! be/ filb]t ,i h1 all ?+s consid]$4 ,?is ye> (f t "o scion--( c\rse1 x's f\r in*es 9 diamet]--,i got ab\t #g qu>ts ( nuts1 & !y began rip5+ at lea/ ?ree weeks ago1 & ! crop is all (f n[4 ,& ! foliage is unusually heavy1 almo/ 9 clu/]s1 & x drops cleanly & freely f ! husks1 & ,i ?9k x is a v nice filb]t4 ,:e!r x's a recogniz$ v>iety 9 ! ,we/ ,i h no idea1 & ,i hav5't correspond$ ) ! old g5tleman = "s ye>s1 & he probably has pass$ on by ?is "t1 because he 0 an eld]ly man & n 9 good heal? at ! "t ,i _h my correspond5ce ) him4 ,i consid] t an excell5t filb]t1 & ,i ?9k anyone wi%+ to plant filb]ts %\ld inve/igate ) ! ,oregon nurs]ies or ,wa%+ton nurs]ies & see if t is a recogniz$ v>iety4 ,i tri$ to f9d out once & fail$ s f>4 ,i d n h x on its own roots4 ,i hope t ,i w h x root$ 9 ano!r ye>4 ,9 my back y>d also ,i h "o t ,i b\ght 9 ,oregon4 ,t's z tall z up to t beam1 maybe almo/ to ! ceil+1 v vigor\s gr[?1 l>g] nut ?an ,longfell[1 ?ick] nuts & also long]4 ,b ,i ?9k ! ?+ he sold me 0 a graft & ! graft di$ & ?is came f ! root4 ,x be>s v sp>+ly1 b x's a v l>ge nut1 & ,i wond]$ :y x 0 always s sp>e1 & ,i caught x bloom+ 9 ,decemb]1 /am9ate blossoms 9 ,decemb] ?is ye>4 ,s t's t4 ,t5 miles ea/ ( my home1 ea/ ( ! ,blue ,ridge ,m\nta9s 9 ! granitic1 v heavy clay soil ( :at we call ! ,pi$mont d[n !re1 ,i h a plant+ t 0 made #ae ye>s ago ( filb]ts1 "s on _! own roots & "s t ,i grew on ! ,turki% tree hazel /ocks4 ,^? grew well1 & ! ma9 advantage 0 !y put up no suck]s4 ,y _h a nice clean trunk1 & y didn't h t problem ( gett+ rid ( ! spr\ts all ! "t4 ,& x look$ v good = a :ile4 ,i f9d :]e y graft t way1 ! /ocks get old & d n r5ew !mselves1 & ev5tually ! life w be %ort] ?an if y _h a %rub t might la/ = a c5tury1 :5 y are r5ew+ y\r /alks :5 !y rea* maturity & cease to gr[ en\gh to be productive4 ,two ye>s ago ,i _h mo/ ( ! /&>d v>ieties y m5tion$ "h 9 t plant+1 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s or p]haps an acre plant$ 9 betwe5 *e/nut trees4 ,plant$ ! *e/nut trees #dj feet ap>t & !n int]plant$ ) ! filb]ts at #bj feet4 ,two ye>s ago we _h an unusually wet season1 & ! blight1 ( :i* ,i _h _h "s be=e1 hit h>d & virtually ru9$ ! :ole plant+4 ,& 9 addition to t1 we h leaf m9]4 ,x's an insect t lays a t9y egg 9 ! leaf & develops a little l>va or worm t eats out ! *lorophyll betwe5 ! two membranes ( ! leaf1 j holl[s x out & makes unsightly spots 9 !re &1 ( c\rse1 kills t portion ( ! leaf4 ,b ! blight1 kn[n z ! ea/]n filb]t blight1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,gravatt1 has j ru9$ t plant+4 ,"s ( ! trees h be5 kill$ outright1 & mo/ ( ! tops are ei!r dead or dy+4 ,?is ye> ! blight wasn't app>5tly active on ! liv+ "p1 because x 0 v dry up until ! fir/ ( ,augu/1 & s9ce !n x's be5 v wet4 ,t's :at happ5$ to my filb]ts !re4 ,n[1 9 t same location ,i h "s y\ng]1 second-g5]ation or ?ird-g5]ation plant+s t ,i grew f scions f ! ,jones hybrids & s f> ^? h n be5 attack$ by ! blight & n mu* by ! leaf m9]4 ,i us$ !m to replace "s ( ! o!rs t _h di$ sev]al ye>s ago1 s !y are "r 9 !re toge!r4 ,ab\t ! be/ ,i h ( ^? are also on exhibit out !re & m>k$ z ! ,jones ,hybrid4 ,at ! same "t ,i put out "s se$l+ ,colurna or ! ,turki% tree hazel 9 t same plot4 ,!y 7 attack$ some:at b n badly by ! blight4 ,today y'd nev] "k !y _h any blight4 ,!y look heal?y1 & z has already be5 said1 !y make a beautiful tree4 ,& if y want an av5ue ( trees on a drive t don't spread too wide & run up l ,lomb>di popl>1 !y'll beat ,lomb>di popl> all to pieces4 ,& if y cr[d !m a little1 !y w gr[ up l a spire & reta9 _! bran*es1 s y really h a tree4 ,!re 0 "o 9 ! ,j4 ,f4 ,jones y>d at ,lanca/] t ,i ?9k 0 at lea/ #ad in*es 9 trunk diamet] #bj ye>s ago :5 ,i saw x4 ,d y "k :e!r t is /ill !re at ! ,jones place1 t ,turki% tree hazel1 ,mrs4 ,web]8 ,,mrs4 ,,web]3 ,:]e is x locat$8 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,x's "r ne> ! h\se1 x seems to me betwe5 ! h\se & ! side ne> ! b>n4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,mr4 ,/oke1 t tree is gone4 ,we 7 !re la/ fall4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,b x 0 a v nice tree1 & = %ade x's v nice4 ,! ,man*urian hazel has be5 spok5 (1 & ,i might m5tion t1 because ,i h dabbl$ 9 ev]y?+1 ,i guess4 ,i got se$ f ! ,univ]sity ( ,nank+ along ) "s o!r ?+s1 & ^? se$l+s 7 q v>iable4 ,! nuts comp>$ r favorably ) ! ,am]ican hazel4 ,"s 7 ?ick-%ell$1 b !y w av]age almo/ z good z ! ,am]ican hazel1 & !y bore q freely = me until ,i let ! bu%es get "r ?ick4 ,!y w s5d out suck]s & make a v spread+ gr[?4 ,if y dig !m out & leave a piece ( root 9 ! gr\nd1 x w come up j l sassafras or p]simmon w on t piece ( root4 ,b x is an attractive bu%1 & m9e has a r$di%-br[n little spot 9 ! middle ( ! leaf 9 mo/ cases4 ,x seems to be *>act]i/ic ( t /ra9 t ,i h4 ,! nuts 7 q v>iable &1 z ,i say1 !y bore "r well until ,i let !m get too ?ick4 ,i believe t's all4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,i neglect$ to answ] y\r "q1 ,dr4 ,colby1 b ! squirrels h n be5 mu* ( a problem ) our filb]ts at ,g5eva1 /range z x may seem4 ,!y h nev] tak5 a v high p]c5tage ( ! crop4 ,we h a ,lanca/] he>tnut1 & !y clean up e nut on t tree e ye> be=e ! end ( ,augu/4 ,i'd l to comm5t on ?is matt] ( ! "n ( ,halle's ,giant1 ,i ?9k y call$ x4 ,i ?9k ! "n is ,halle1 ! ,g]man t[n :]e ! v>iety orig9at$4 ,i pref] ! "n ,halle1 because call+ x ,hall's ,giant is m or less a sign its orig9 is a man nam$ ,hall4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,9 "s catalogs x is "o way & "s ! o!r4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,we h o!r items on ! program tonight1 & z ! ,lat9 /ud5t said1 ,tempus is fugit+ v fa/1 s ,i ?9k we _h bett] turn ! meet+ back to ,dr4 ,mac,daniels4 ,,presid5t ,,macdaniels3 ,! next two talks h slides to be %[n1 & x is sugge/$ t y take ab\t t5 m9utes1 take a /ret* & !n come back :5 ! slide projector is set up4 ,my ,exp]i5ces ,) ,*9ese ,*e/nuts ,w4 ,j4 ,,wilson1 ,=t ,valley1 ,ga4 ,:5 ,i 0 ask$ to appe> on ?is program to tell my exp]i5ces z a gr[] ( *e/nuts1 ,i felt l a *ild1 appe>+ be=e a gr\p ( gr[n-ups to tell !m h[ to make m>riage succe$4 ,:5 ,i see ! sages ( *e/nut k seat$ be=e me ,i realize t ,i c only relate my exp]i5ces & ask y\r advice4 ,my fa!r 0 a pione] pea* & pecan gr[]2 he lov$ trees & has told me "t aft] "t t if ,i ev] made m ?an j a liv+1 f>m+1 x w\ld h to come f trees1 n r[ crops4 ,he 0 :at ,i w\ld call a self-educat$ man4 ,he _h small *ance ( =mal education1 be+ ! sickly son1 "o ( eight sons & ?ree daught]s1 ( a c\ple :o ek$ out an exi/5ce on ! poor1 unproductive1 s&y1 soils ( ,craw=d ,c\nty1 ,georgia1 gr[+ ! "o & only ca% crop ( ^? days1 cotton4 ,! comb9$ wages ( ^! boys (t5 am\nt$ to m ca% money ?an _! own cotton crop return$ because ! suppli] got mo/ ( ! money f _! own crop4 ,!y help$ neighbors pick out _! cotton crops aft] f9i%+ _! own4 ,gr&fa!r mu/ h lik$ to exp]im5t 9 8 limit$ way4 ,ea* spr+ z ,gr&fa!r w\ld plant 8 small pat* ( ,spani% peanuts & yell[ corn1 ,gr&mo!r w\ld tongue-la% him1 say+1 's long z y fool away y\r "t ) ,spani% peanuts & yell[ corn y w rema9 a poor man4 ,"t has prov5 ,gr&fa!r "r & ,gr&mo!r wrong4 ,spani% peanuts is a huge indu/ry2 mo/ ( our hybrid corns1 :i* h add$ millions ( bu%els to our yields are yell[4 ,my fa!r wa/$ 8 "t back at ! turn ( ! c5tury plant+ a pea* or*>d on 8 be/ cotton l&4 ,he plant$ pecans ea* w9t]1 beg9n+ ab\t #aiab1 (t5 to ! ribb+ ( fri5ds :o /ill wor%ipp$ at ! feet ( ,k+ ,cotton4 ,"o told him t he _h a pecan tree or two ab\t 8 home & ! damn fly+ squirrels ate all ( ! nuts4 ,ano!r told him t if he want$ a load ( /ove wood he w\ld j z soon cut d[n a pecan tree z any o!r k9d4 ,at 8 dea? 9 #aidb1 my fa!r _h plant$ six hundr$ acres ( pecan or*>ds1 ea* acre hav+ be5 int]plant$ ) pea*es1 to produce income :ile ! pecans 7 rea*+ be>+ age4 ,i give y ?is backgr\nd s t y may bett] und]/& my attitude t[>d *e/nut gr[+4 ,! scale on :i* ,i h set out on *e/nut gr[+ ,i "k to "s ( y w seem r bold or foolh>dy4 ,ab\t t5 ye>s ago ,i f\nd t ! ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pecan ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,albany1 ,georgia _h a small *e/nut or*>d4 ,max ,h>dy1 0 do+ ! *e/nut "w & 0 s mu* int]e/$ 9 !m t ,i caught fire & h be5 burn+ ev] s9ce4 ,:5 ,i f\nd t ! h>ve/ came betwe5 ! pea* h>ve/ & ! pecan h>ve/ x fitt$ "r into my k9d ( f>m+4 ,! fact1 t x 0 a possible tree crop made *e/nut gr[+ /ill m attractive to me4 ,max sugge/$ t ,i jo9 ! ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 :5 ,i compla9$ t ,i c\ldn't f9d mu* in=mation on *e/nuts4 ,i att5d$ my fir/ conv5tion at ,norris4 ,i h tri$ to make mo/ ( !m s9ce t "t4 ,( all ! discussions at ! ,norris meet+1 ! "o t /uck 9 my m9d 0 :e!r nurs]ies %\ld recomm5d se$l+s or graft$ trees4 ,i ?\ght !n1 & /ill ?9k1 t = comm]cial production "o mu/ h v>ieties1 because se$l+s are s v>iable4 ,i believe1 t :51 *e/nut gr[+ comes ( age1 ! major "p ( ! production w g ?r\gh process+ plants4 ,x w be a great advantage to h nuts ( uni=m quality & size1 :i* is & w be impossible ) se$l+s4 ,( ! fifte5 trees t ,i plant$ 9 #aidf1 only "o fruit$ 9 #aiea4 ,x bore only #c-a_/d p\nds ( nuts4 ,! o!r f\rte5 did n fruit4 ,?is ye> !re are a few scatt]+ burs at sev5 ye>s ( age1 on ^? t ,i did n graft ?is spr+4 ,i am n[ too old to wait sev5 or eight ye>s = a *e/nut tree to beg9 be>+4 ,^! trees came f a ,virg9ia nurs]y4 ,! trees ,i plant$ 9 #aidg1 ,i />t$ graft+ 9 #aiej1 to ,nank+1 ,meil+1 & ,kul+1 & f9i%$ ?is spr+1 except = a few replants4 ,i also graft$ t5 trees 9 #aiej to ,abundance4 ,^! tops bore ! second ye>1 sev]al be>+ good burs ! same ye> ! scions 7 set4 ,^! graft$ trees are anxi\s to g to "w1 because !y bloom 9 ! spr+ & aga9 9 late ,july & e>ly ,augu/4 ,i h us$ ! 9-lay b>k1 modifi$ cleft1 ! cleft1 & :at ,i call a saddle graft1 bevell+ two sides ( ! /ock & splitt+ ! scion1 ?us slipp+ ! split scion d[n ov] ! prep>$ /ock4 ,i h _h equally good take on all types ( grafts us$4 ,9 #aidh ,i plant$ two hundr$ se$l+s b\ght f ,max ,h>dy1 gr[n f se$ f ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation or*>d4 ,i believe ! production record ( ?is or*>d has be5 giv5 to ?is conv5tion at previ\s meet+s4 ,y w recall t ! (f-type trees 7 rogu$1 leav+ ! p>5t trees ( ,nank+1 ,kul+ & ,meil+ & o!rs ( good be>+ habits4 ,9 #aiea f\r trees out ( ?is lot1 7 out/&+ 9 precocity4 ,! e>lie/ />t$ dropp+ nuts ! fifte5? ( ,augu/ & bore #g-a_/d p\nds4 ,! next matur$ ,septemb] #e? & produc$ #h-a_/b p\nds4 ,! ?ird tree is unusual4 ,i notic$ x ! #d? ( ,octob]4 ,! gr\nd 0 cov]$ ) nuts1 b only an occasional bur4 ,all ( ! burs 7 wide op5 & /ill on ! tree4 ,! crop weigh$ #f-a_/b p\nds4 ,! f\r? tree ,i f\nd on ! #e? ( ,octob] ) all ( its nuts on ! gr\nd1 ! tree reta9+ ! burs4 ,! yield ( ?is tree 0 #d-a_/b p\nds4 ,m9d y1 ?is 0 ! f\r? summ] aft] plant+4 ,^! trees h repeat$ ?is ye> ) ano!r good heavy crop4 ,! o!r trees 9 ?is block bore f none to "o or two p\nds ( nuts 9 #aiea4 ,?is ye> less ?an t5 trees 9 ! block are n be>+4 ,next spr+ ^! t5 w be gr[+ new tops1 because _! pres5t tops are n satisfactory4 ,i notic$ t "o tree 9 ?is block bloom$ long aft] ! re/ ?is spr+1 sev]al weeks 9 fact4 ,x might h possibilities 9 nor!rn areas because ( its late bloom+4 ,( ! elev5 hundr$ trees plant$ 9 #aiej1 "o bore nuts 9 #aiea4 ,i didn't "k x until ?is spr+1 :5 ,i 0 prun+ ! trees 9 ?is block1 & f\nd nuts on ! gr\nd "u ?is tree4 ,x is be>+ a good crop ?is ye> = its size & age4 ,!re are a numb] ( ^! trees be>+ ?is ye>4 ,dr4 ,crane 9 a hurri$ inspection ( ^! trees ?is summ] ?\ght ^? trees be>+ 7 (fspr+ ( a c]ta9 tree 9 ! ,philema or*>d4 ,i d n give my *e/nut trees special c>e4 ,!y are f]tiliz$ & cultivat$ ! same z "y pea* or*>ds4 ,we try to br+ 9 a pea* or*>d ! ?ird summ]1 ) en\gh fruit to make x wor? spray+4 ,i see no reason to wait sev5 or eight ye>s to get a *e/nut or*>d into be>+4 ,if y w keep d[n competition f we$s1 cultivate frequ5tly1 & give ! tree pl5ty ( nitrog5 y w be surpris$ at ! gr[? x w make4 ,i set ! trees tw5ty-f\r feet ea* way1 ) ! idea ( ?9n+ lat] :5 !y beg9 to cr[d4 ,9 ?is way ,i w get high] acre yields 9 ! e>ly ye>s4 ,:5 !y rea* maturity ,i w h !m ?9n$ d[n to =ty-eight feet ea* way4 ,z !y rea* heavy be>+ ! rate ( gr[? w sl[ d[n & ,i w adju/ ! nitrog5 to keep !m f becom+ too vegetative4 ,s f> ! only insects t h bo!r$ me are cat]pill>s t ord9>ily fe$ on wild maypops1 or passion fl[]s4 ,^! cat]pill>s w defoliate a tree4 ,! only tree t ,i h lo/ f w9t]-kill+ 0 "o defoliat$ by ! cat]pill>s e>ly la/ fall4 ,x may become necess>y = me to spray = ^! worms if !y become too pl5tiful4 ,i d n come be=e y z an au?ority on *e/nut gr[+4 ,i feel t to =ce myself to d my be/ ,i %\ld plant en\gh trees to make me f9d out h[ to h&le !m4 ,9 ! ru% & bu/le ( pea* & pecan gr[+ if ,i _h only a few *e/nut trees ,i might decide t n mu* 0 involv$1 & neglect ! *e/nuts4 ,i "k t ) two ?\s& trees already plant$ & "s ( !m be>+ ,i am go+ to make a great ef=t to make ! project pr(itable4 ,i h decid$ t *e/nut gr[+ has possibilities z a tree crop 9 my section1 & is wor? my "t & ef=t4 ,i "k !re are _m problems ahead1 b s did my fa!r :5 he plant$ pea*es & pecans _m ye>s ago4 ,i am /ill meet+ new problems ) !m ea* ye>4 ,problems g h& 9 h& ) ! fruit & nut bus9ess4 ,x is ! fell[ :o is will+ to try to "w !m out :o has a *ance to pr(it4 ,if ,i wait until all ! problems are solv$ ,i w nev] gr[ *e/nuts4 ,! day t ,i decide t ,i "k all ! answ]s ab\t gr[+ pea*es1 pecans or *e/nuts1 is ! day ,i />t go+ broke4 ,i h be5 badly b5t sev]al times :ile ,i 0 /ruggl+ to f9d an answ]4 ,ea* ye> />ts full ( hope1 ) visions ( a nice fat bank balance :5 ! jobs are all done4 ,!n ! problems />t & if ,i c lick en\gh ( !m1 ,i come ?r\gh ) ! "r to see if ,i c't d a /ill bett] job next ye>1 despite ! risks ( too mu* ra91 n en\gh ra91 hail1 insects & diseases4 ,i h f\nd t ea* ye> f #ae to #ej million p\nds ( *e/nuts are import$ f ,europe4 ,! same blight t de/roy$ our native *e/nuts1 is go+ full tilt 9 ,italy & o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,if ! blight runs its c\rse z x did 9 ?is c\ntry1 x w n be _m ye>s until we w n h *e/nuts f ,europe4 ,i am go+ to gr[ "s to fill ?is gap4 ,9 #aiej ,dr4 ,mc,kay s5t me eight trees1 f\r ,meil+1 two ,nank+1 two ,kul+4 ,two ,meil+ & two ,nank+ to be plant$ toge!r1 two ,meil+ & two ,kul+ toge!r4 ,ea* comb9ation to be isolat$ s t ! nuts produc$ w\ld be ( kn[n crosses4 ,^! trees bloom$ ?is spr+ & two ( !m set a few burs4 ,next ye> ,i hope to turn ov] to ,dr4 ,mc,kay nuts f ^! trees to be plant$1 & gr[n to fruit+ age4 ,i n[ h ab\t "o hundr$ & sixty graft$ trees4 ,i int5d to fruit my se$l+s ) ! hope t among !m ,i w f9d trees sup]ior en\gh to be giv5 v>iety /atus4 ,i w !n top-"w ! re/ to v>ieties4 ,at pres5t ,i int5d to plant m trees ea* w9t] until ,i h at lea/ "o hundr$ acres ( or*>ds4 ,if & :5 ! weevil moves 9 ,i w h ! equipm5t on h& to spray1 us+ ! same equipm5t on pea*es or pecans4 ,i w\ld l to see ?is ,association ask t m rese>* on *e/nut production be done by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,x w n be done until we ask = x4 ,! m5 9 ! dep>tm5t are n 9 position to d mu* ask+ = additional funds4 ,x is ! responsibility ( gr\ps l ! ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 & ! ,s\!a/]n ,*e/nut ,gr[]'s ,association4 ,we are 9 ne$ ( m bre$+ & selection ( new1 & bett] adapt$ v>ieties4 ,we ne$ process+ rese>*1 m>ket+ rese>*1 & rese>* 9 ! field ( production4 ,we are n go+ to get x done until we insi/ on x good & /rong4 ,?is spr+1 at ,=t ,valley1 ,georgia1 ! ,s\!a/]n ,*e/nut ,gr[]'s ,association 0 =m$4 ,we hold our conv5tion 9 ,m>* & w be glad to h ev]yone int]e/$ 9 *e/nut gr[+1 m>ket+1 process+ or rese>*1 att5d our conv5tion4 ,i ?9k 9 "t ?is organization w want to become affiliat$ ) ! ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a41 to ! mutual b5efit ( bo?4 ,i w be glad to h any ( y visit my or*>ds & %[ me h[ to gr[ *e/nuts1 ,i am con/antly se>*+ = in=mation4 ,,presid5t ,,macdaniels3 ,we ?ank ,mr4 ,wilson v mu* = 8 talk1 & we ?9k x does take a lot ( c\rage to emb>k on an exp]im5t ( t k9d4 ,9 view ( ! lat5ess ( ! h\r1 unless somebody objects1 we w adj\rn until tomorr[ morn+ at #h3cj4 ,at #i3dj o'clock1 p4m41 ! meet+ adj\rn$4 ,,tuesday ,,morn+ ,,session 7,call$ to ord] at #h3cj o'clock1 a4m41 ,presid5t ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels presid+47 ,p]sian ,walnuts 9 ! ,upp] ,s\? ,h4 ,f4 ,,/oke1 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,my exp]i5ce ) ! ,p]sian walnut has be5 acquir$ 9 ! ,roanoke di/rict ( s\?-we/ ,virg9ia4 ,x is locat$ #cjj miles f ! ,atlantic seabo>d & my trees are at an approximate elevation ( elev5 hundr$ feet4 ,roanoke is on ! same p>allel z ,spr+field1 ,miss\ri1 & ab\t ?irty miles s\? ( ,rockport1 ,indiana4 ,?is exp]i5ce cov]s a p]iod ( m ?an tw5ty ye>s ) nam$ v>ieties & se$l+s ( ! species4 ,i %all "h attempt to pres5t "s f9d+s t may be ( "s value to o!rs simil>ly locat$4 ,= ! sake ( brevity ,i %all put ! c>t be=e ! horse1 ! f9d+s be=e ! facts f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,= ! upp] s\? &1 9 my op9ion1 = ! middle we/1 late vegetat+ & blossom+ is ( prime importance = success ) ! ,p]sian walnut4 ,no matt] h[ vigor\s1 prolific & precoci\s ! tree may be1 nor h[ f9e ! nuts1 ! v>iety is wor?less = any?+ except %ade if ! crop is de/roy$ by normal spr+ fro/s4 ,9 ! second place is w9t] h>d9ess4 ,?is is ( two k9ds2 resi/ance to extreme cold1 & resi/ance to ! woo+ ( w>m w9t] days t />ts premature activity1 foll[$ by a de/ructive freeze4 ,my exp]i5ce ) ! ,payne v>iety is a case 9 po9t4 ,hav+ read "s place ( ! vigor1 precocity & heavy be>+ ( ! new v>iety1 !n call$ ! ,payne ,se$l+1 ,i secur$ "s scions ( x f its orig9ator & work$ x on a "y black walnut4 ,! v>iety 0 already mak+ a "n = itself 9 ,nor!rn ,cali=nia & ,oregon1 n only because ( its be>+ habits b = ! sup]b quality ( its nuts4 ,dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s x did well despite its e>ly />t+ 9 ! spr+1 & bore heavy crops2 !n disa/] fell4 ,"o spr+ ! tree fail$ to leaf out at ! usual "t4 ,on exam9ation ,i f\nd t x _h w9t]-kill$ back to five-ye> wood4 ,! w9t] _h be5 unusually cold1 & ! tree c\ld n take x4 ,prun$ back1 ! belat$ new gr[? did n fully mature be=e w9t] s 9 turn 0 damag$1 a ph5om5on t recurr$ f ye> to ye>4 ,exit ,payne z a ,virg9ia prospect4 ,an example ( ! o!r type ( w9t] injury 0 t ( my fir/ ,cra? ,c>pa?ian4 ,i secur$ scions ( ?is v>iety f ,rev4 ,p4 ,c4 ,cra? 9 #aibi4 ,! p>5t tree _h be5 gr[+ & be>+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,toronto & 0 app>5tly fully h>dy4 ,! scions grew vigor\sly on ! "y black walnut /ock on :i* x 0 work$1 & complet$ _! longitud9al gr[? e>ly 9 ,july1 giv+ ample "t = ! rip5+ ( ! wood be=e w9t]4 ,aft] sev]al ye>s ,i notic$ ! b>k on ! s\? side ( ! trunks dead f s-call$ sun-scald4 ,activity _h be5 induc$ by ! w>m? ( ! w9t] sun1 foll[$ by freez+4 ,aft] "s ye>s ! wood 0 kill$ back to limbs ! ?ickness ( "o's wri/1 & ?is has be5 aga9 repeat$4 ,! tree 0 h>dy 9 ,ont>io1 b n 9 ,virg9ia4 ,! nut ( ?is v>iety1 :i* to me is ! ,cra?1 is mu* sup]ior to ! av]age ,c>pa?ian1 & ,i ?9k might be well wor? :ile 9 ! nor?-ea/ & along ! ,great ,lakes1 b n 9 ! upp] ,s\? nor ! ,mid-,we/4 ,besides _! w9t] weaknesses1 bo? ! ,payne & ,cra? />t too e>ly 9 ! spr+ = my conditions4 ,broadview & ,lanca/] bo? blossom "h 9 mid-season &1 s9ce bo? h a r long p]iod ( produc+ pi/illate blossoms1 !y seldom fail to produce a crop :5 prop]ly poll5iz$4 ,franquette & ,mayette1 bo? highly recomm5d$ z be+ late vegetat+ & produc+ excell5t nuts1 h (f]$ me "s difficulties ( ano!r ord]4 ,) ,franquette ! *ief tr\ble has be5 to get a suitable poll5iz]4 ,l ! ,mayette1 its pi/illate blossoms appe> t5 days or m aft] ! /am9ate blossoms & self-poll9ation is n effect$4 ,i tri$ ,k+1 recomm5d$ z a poll5iz]1 b x 0 too e>ly to be reliably effective4 ,:5 ,franquette is prop]ly poll5iz$ x1 ) ,payne1 is "o ( ! heavie/ be>]s4 ,mayette 9 ,virg9ia produces a f9e1 heal?y1 vigor\s tree1 b x refuses to produce pi/illate blossoms4 ,a doz5 nuts is an av]age crop = a tree t %\ld produce a bu%el4 ,x1 l ,franquette1 dem&s a late poll5iz]1 b ! pi/illate blossoms are simply n !re4 ,nei!r ( ^! two late v>ieties h ev] suff]$ w9t] injury ) me1 nor h be5 damag$ by spr+ fro/s4 ,i w n attempt to g into detail reg>d+ all ! v>ieties & se$l+s t ,i h tri$ ?r\gh ! ye>s2 ,eureka1 t ranks ) ,mayette & ,franquette = lat5ess1 b refuses to be>1 app>5tly = want ( poll9ation2 ,*amb]s t 0 recomm5d$ along ) ,k+ = poll5iz+ ! late bloom]s b n fully successful2 ,breslau1 ) its huge nuts b sl[ gr[?1 9 addition to an assortm5t ( ,c>pa?ian se$l+s4 ,( ! latt] my ,caes> is "o ( ! m promis+ ) its vigor\s gr[?1 l>ge ?9-%ell$ nuts & ability to poll5ize itself 9 "s seasons4 ,gilb]t ,beck] has report$ x pass+ ?r\gh ,mi*igan w9t]s unhurt4 ,z matt]s n[ /&1 ,i believe ,b$=d1 ,caes> & ,lanca/] h prov5 ! mo/ satisfactory v>ieties to date "u my conditions1 al?\gh "s se$l+s ,i h gr[n appe> ev5 m promis+4 ,*ief ( ^! are sev]al t ,i grew f op5-poll5iz$ nuts ( ! ,lanca/]1 :i* ,i am "h exhibit+4 ,y w note t ! "o ,i designate z ,l-#b is an extremely l>ge nut1 consid]ably l>g] ?an its se$ p>5t :i* x some:at resembles4 ,l-#h is ( some:at simil> type1 b small]4 ,l-#c & ,l-#f1 on ! o!r h&1 are ( entirely diff]5t type4 ,mu* small]1 !y are smoo?1 ?9-%ell$ & well fill$1 ) k]nels runn+ #ej by weight & ( high quality4 ,!y resemble _! se$ p>5t1 ,lanca/]1 n at all b 9 type are mu* ne>] ,b$=d1 _! probable poll5 p>5t4 ,ano!r "o ( ^! se$l+s1 ,l-#g1 resembles ,caes>1 its probable poll5 p>5t1 f> m ?an x does its se$ p>5t4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i h&-poll5iz$ sev]al blossoms ( ,broadview1 us+ poll5 f my orig9al ,cra?4 ,"o ( ! se$l+s f ^! h&-poll5iz$ nuts resembles ,cra? mu* m ?an ,broadview1 ! se$ p>5t4 ,i h x "h z ,c x ,b #b4 ,aside f ! app>5t pr(\nd influ5ce ( ! poll5 p>5t on ! (fspr+1 !re is ! unexpla9$ fact at t ) ! exception ( ,l-#h1 all ^! se$l+s are lat] vegetat+ ?an ! se$ p>5ts & any ( ! suspect poll5 p>5ts4 ,( ! ,lanca/] se$l+s ,l-#b1 ,l-#c & ,l-#f are fully z late z ,franquette & ,mayette1 bloom+ well aft] ! fir/ ( ,may4 ,inasmu* z !re 7 no ,p]sians produc+ poll5 any:]e ne> t "t ,i c only believe t ^! nuts 7 poll5iz$ by ! black walnut on :i* !y 7 top-work$4 ,i int5d to plant "s ( ^! nuts1 & expect to produce hybrids4 ,?is br+s up ! entic+ subject ( bre$+ ,p]sian walnuts adapt$ to "o's own conditions4 ,i h no sugge/ions to (f] sci5ti/s1 b (f] ! foll[+ = ! b5efit ( amateurs l myself4 ,if y\r gr\nds are clutt]$ up ) v>ieties1 z are m9e1 +ratiate y\rself to "s fri5d :o has an isolat$ "y black walnut tree by volunte]+ to conv]t x to ! production ( ,p]sian walnuts4 ,select two v>ieties ^: *>act]i/ics y desire to bl5d & t w poll5ize ea* o!r1 & gr[ se$l+s f ! result+ nuts4 ,y c *eck results 9 z little z f\r ye>s by tak+ buds f ! se$l+s at two ye>s & plac+ !n on black walnut4 ,creative "w1 ?is4 ,y w get ! ?rill ( y\r life--if y are t k9d ( a p]son--& may produce some?+ well wor? :ile4 ,p]sian walnuts are self-poll5iz+ if pi/illate & /am9ate blossoms occur at ! same "t1 b su* usually is n ! case4 ,cra?1 ,breslau1 ,caes> & ,k+ produce _! pi/illate blossoms "s days be=e _! /am9ate blossoms %$ _! poll51 :ile ,payne1 ,lanca/]1 ,broadview1 ,franquette & ,mayette produce _! blossoms 9 rev]se ord]4 ,( all ^? ,i h te/$ only ,b$=d c be dep5d$ to produce bo? types ( bloom simultane\sly & c]ta9ly & fully poll5ize itself4 ,x is enlight5+ to keep a record ( ! blossom+ "t ( ea* v>iety relative to o!rs1 b dates %\ld all be record$ = ! same ye>4 ,w>m1 e>ly spr+ induces e>ly bloom+2 late1 cool wea!r delays blossom+4 ,by my records1 ,payne pi/illates 7 receptive ,may #c 9 #aice1 ,april #bh 9 #aicg & ,m>* #ca1 9 #aide1 a v>iation ( ov] a mon?4 ,all v>ieties v>y ) ! season1 b ! v>iation is greate/ ) ! e>ly v>ieties4 ,!re has be5 little disease among my ,p]sian walnuts except t 9 wet seasons leaves & nut %ucks are sometimes attack$ by a fung\s blight4 ,9 ! city !re has be5 no insect injury wor?y ( note4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 adjac5t to wood$ areas1 insect injury is sometimes s]i\s4 ,pe/s include spittle bugs1 /9k bugs & o!r insects t attack "y leaves & t5d] gr[?4 ,^! *eck ! lead]s & cause late multiple gr[?s t may fail to mature & h5ce w9t]kill4 ,9 su* locations ! butt]nut curculio also attacks & de/roys ! "y nuts4 ,avoid wood$ areas if *oos+ a site = a ,p]sian walnut or*>d4 ,! mo/ de/ructive pe/ ) :i* ,i h _h to cont5d has be5 ! l>ge black-bird or purple grackle4 ,oddly en\gh !y are mu* worse 9 ! city ?an 9 ! c\ntry4 ,z soon z ! "y are gr[n1 ab\t ! middle ( ,june1 !y appe> 9 flocks & attack ! nuts ( ! ,p]sian walnut4 ,at fir/1 be=e ! %ell has h>d5$1 !y p5etrate ! nut app>5tly = ! nect> :i* is ! sub/ance ( ! immature k]nel4 ,:5 ! %ell c no long] be p5etrat$ !y cont9ue to eat away ! husk1 :i* is equally fatal to ! nut4 ,?is cont9ues until late 9 ,july1 :5 ! squirrels take ov]4 ,=tunately squirrels are highly all]gic to a bullet f a #bb rifle4 ,9 po9t+ out "s ( ! haz>ds enc\nt]$ 9 gr[+ ,p]sian walnuts 9 ! ,ea/ ! writ] has n int5d$ to be disc\rag+ b helpful4 ,p]sian walnuts ( good quality c be gr[n 9 ?is section2 full und]/&+ ( ! factors involv$ make x possible1 ,i believe1 to gr[ !m successfully on a comm]cial scale4 ,v>ieties ( ,p]sian ,walnuts 9 ,ea/]n ,i[a ,ira ,b4 ,kyhl1 ,sabula1 ,i[a ,!re are a great _m v>ieties ( ,p]sian walnuts1 _m ( :i* orig9at$ 9 ! region ( ! ,c>pa?ian m\nta9s & o!r p>ts ( ,europe & a few v>ieties 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,i believe t "s v>ieties n[ gr[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada :i* orig9at$ 9 ,europe may h come f ! same tree z !y appe> to h ! same %ape1 ?ickness ( %ell & flavor4 ,i h z _m z f\r v>ieties t are id5tical4 ,! ,p]sian walnut has always be5 my favorite nut4 ,i />t$ ) #b or #c v>ieties & n[ h #ce or #dj v>ieties & #bjj trees mo/ ( :i* are do+ well4 ,"s are sup]ior 9 h>d9ess & vigor4 ,9 ea/]n ,i[a at #db degrees ,n4 latitude m9imum w9t] temp]atures v>y f #be to #cb degrees bel[ z]o4 ,usually ! m9imum is #ab to #ae degrees bel[ z]o1 b la/ w9t] x 0 #be degrees bel[ z]o = sev]al days4 ,only ! h>di] v>ieties w endure -#be degrees )\t injury1 b -#ab to -#ae does n injure any v>iety v mu*4 ,s*af] is my favorite v>iety & x 0 n injur$ at -#be degrees4 ,i h sev]al ( ^! trees1 "s f se$s1 "s top-work$ on black walnut & ! o!rs graft$ trees f a nurs]y4 ,x grafts easily1 gr[s rapidly & be>s a f9e nut4 ,a top-work$ tree ( ,colby )/ood -#be degrees )\t injury & is "o ( ! mo/ vigor\s trees ,i h4 ,fifte5 se$l+s f ,cra? ,mayette & ,cra? ,franquette se$s f ! late ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ( ,toronto1 ,canada1 are develop+ into v f9e trees1 b are n yet be>+4 ,"o ( ! fir/ v>ieties plant$1 ,broadview1 grew rapidly & produc$ nuts aft] two mild w9t]s1 b ! sev]al trees ( ?is v>iety kill$ to ! gr\nd aft] ! -#be degrees ( la/ w9t]4 ,cra? ,no4 #a1 ,cra? ,no4 #ci1 & ,breslau grew well until la/ w9t] :5 !y 7 kill$4 ,?ree ,breslau se$l+s did n w9t]kill4 ,rumanian ,giant1 ! fir/ tree ,i graft$1 kill$ back some:at1 b is recov]+4 ,?is v>iety produces ! l>ge/ nut ,i h se5 & x fills well4 ,top-work$ trees ( o!r v>ieties t 7 n injur$ la/ w9t] are ,cra? ,no4 #e1 ,cra? ,no4 #ab1 ,,sg ,no4 #e1 ,cra? ,no4 #bi1 ,graham & ,cra? ,special4 ,se$l+s 9 ! nurs]y r[ t /ood sev]e temp]ature are ,c>pa?ian ,d1 ,,nwf ,nos4 #a & #c1 ,,fb ,o & ,,fb ,,oo1 ,=t ,cu/]1 ,hans51 ,jacobs & o!rs4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,does ! black walnut bloom at ! same "t t ! ,p]sian walnut blooms8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,x bloom$ ne> ! end ( ! receptive p]iod4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,t fir/ exp]im5t ( y\rs 0 try+ to poll9ize ! black walnut ) ! ,p]sian1 b ! reciprocal cross may be q diff]5t1 z ,jones prov$ ) ! filb]ts4 ,,dr4 ,mc,k,a,y3 ,t c\ld be4 ,we h no l>ge am\nt ( data on ! reciprocal cross4 ,^! cases :]e x is said t ! black walnut poll9ates ! ,p]sian regul>ly & is produc+ good crops ( nuts1 ,i w\ld consid] d\btful until ,i see ! se$l+s1 _! gr[? & *>act]i/ics4 ,ye/]day ,mr4 ,bolt5 ask$ ! "q :e!r or n "s walnuts t h l>ge nuts c\ld possibly be tetraploid or polyploid4 ,a numb] ( ye>s ago ,i exam9$ ! *romosomes ( "o ( ^! l>ge fruit$ v>ieties1 & x _h ! same *romosome numb] z ! o!rs1 namely sixte5 pairs or ?irty two4 ,! :ole "q ( *romosome numb] 9 nut v>ieties & species is z foll[s4 ,s f> z we "k1 all ( ! species h a con/ant numb] )9 ! g5us except ! hickories :]e we h tetraploid species & diploid species4 ,all ( ! species ( ,ca/anea1 z f> z we "k1 h ! same *romosome numb]1 & all ( ! v>ieties )9 ea* species h ! same numb]4 ,9 ! ,oaks1 :i* are relat$ to *e/nuts1 we h an extremely l>ge g5us 9 :i* !re is a great con/ancy ( numb]4 ,! p9es1 & all o!r cone-be>+ trees make up ano!r v l>ge gr\p 9 :i* *romosome numb]s are con/ant4 ,exactly ! opposite situation is f\nd 9 ! relat$ family ( ald]s & will[s :]e ! *romosome numb] is v v>iable4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,unless !re is "s special "q or comm5t on ?is subject1 we w g on to ! next item4 ,,mr4 ,,lemke3 ,!re 0 a panel discussion ab\t f\r ye>s ago1 & !y 7 talk+ ab\t :at nuts to gr[1 & "o ( ! m5 said1 ,be=e y (f] a man a good nut1 give him a good nut crack]4 ,t's be5 on my m9d = "s "t4 ,comm]cial ,production & ,process+ ( ,black & ,p]sian ,walnuts ,,edw9 ,w4 ,,lemke1 ,wa%+ton1 ,mi*4 ,sometime ago a gr\p ( nut m9d$ m5 associat$ ) ,sp5c] ,b4 ,*ase ann\nc$ _! f9d+s on ! quality ( ! wild black walnut gr[+ 9 ! area ( ,norris1 ,t5n4 ,nuts 7 ga!r$ f #aea wild walnut trees4 ,aft] judg+1 ! gr\p came to ! conclusion t only "o tree _h a flavor t 0 consid]$ by _! /&>ds z good4 ,x is ^! good nuts t caus$ ! =mation ( ! ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,:5 we speak ( ! good nut x gives ! ^w comm]cial an entirely diff]5t mean+4 ,x by necessity excludes mo/ ( wild black walnut k]nels process$ by ! l>ge crack+ plants ( ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee4 ,! l>ge crack]s are will+ to pay bett] prices = ! improv$ black walnut b 7 !y to rely on ?is s\rce ( supply !y c\ld n /ay 9 bus9ess v long4 ,to produce & process1 ,i *ose ! ,?omas & ,ohio v>iety & ,i h met ) "s success4 ,! black walnut c be made to be> 9 ! fir/ & second ye> aft] graft+ b ?is is b a novelty feature4 ,jones f :om ,i pur*as$ my trees1 told me t ! black walnut c\ld be class$ ) ! ,nor!rn ,spy ,apple = com+ into be>+4 ,?is has prov5 true4 ,comm]cial production ( ! improv$ black walnut is by its v nature small scale production4 ,because ( ?is fact only small scale ma*9es to process ^! nuts are feasible4 ,s9ce #aiaf ,i h _h "t to reflect on ! problem ( ! ?ree basic ma*9es ne$$4 ,^! are ! hull]1 crack] & k]nel pick]4 ,=tunately = me ,i le>n$ ! ma*9i/ trade & _h a ma*9e %op at my disposal4 ,i tri$ e way to hull ! black walnut & f9ally accept$ ! comm]cial potato peel] z ! be/ pr9ciple4 ,i built sev]al crack]s & at la/ accept$ ! ,wiley crack] z ! be/ comm]cial crack]4 ,! ?ird ma*9e is ! pick] :i* has yet to be assembl$4 ,?is pick] is copi$ aft] ,! ,k5ne? ,dick ma*9e ) "s v>iations 9 ! sep>ation process4 ,let me briefly expla9 ^! ?ree basic ma*9es4 ,z ! nuts are ga!r$ 9 ! or*>d !y are br\ght to ! hull] 9 bu%el crates4 ,! hull] is locat$ 9 a sep>ate room4 ,?is room has ! floor depress$ to cat* ! remov$ hulls t are flu%$ outdoors ) ! aid ( runn+ wat]4 ,! cyl9d] ( ?is hull] is #cj in*es 9 diamet] & #ad in*es high4 ,x is made ( #c_/af?s boil] plate4 ,?ree in*es f ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] is a revolv+ disc small] ?an ! inside ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! disc be+ small en\gh x all[s a #e_/h? op5+ ar\nd ! inside ( ! cyl9d]4 ,x is ?is op5+ t p]mits ! hulls to drop to ! floor4 ,! nuts are held captive because !re is no op5+ 9 ! cyl9d] = !m to leave until ! dis*>ge door is op5$ on ! side ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! cov] ( ! cyl9d] has a #aj in* fe$ hole into :i* ! nuts are f$4 ,a #aj in* furnace pipe elb[ runs f ! hole to ! s]v+ tr\gh into :i* ! nuts are p\r$4 ,a #aj in* pu%] is us$ to %ove ! nuts into ! hull] & s]ves to keep ! fe$ hole clos$ :ile ! nuts tumble ar\nd4 ,! disc runs at #bej ,,rpm :i* is ! prop] spe$ to d a good job4 ,:ile ! nuts tumble ar\nd a /ream ( wat] is us$ to wa% ! hulls free f ! nuts & =ce ! remov$ hulls to ! floor bel[4 ,! disc is support$ by a #a-c_/h in* diamet] %aft t runs ?r\gh ! disc & is held c5tral z x revolves 9 a flange conta9+ a #c_/d ball be>+ t fits into ! end ( ! concave 9 ! %aft4 ,up f\r feet f ! disc is a l9k self align+ be>+ t all[s ! %aft & disc to turn l a gyroscopic top4 ,! %aft's pulley has ',v' belts connect$ to a #c_/d h4p4 motor4 ,i h hull$ up to #dj bu%els ( clean nuts 9 #h h\rs4 ,! nuts aft] hull+ are plac$ on dry+ trays indoors :]e temp]atures are bett] controll$4 ,! pr9cipal ( ?is hull] is t x sep>ates ! hull by c5trifugal =ce4 ,! hull drops d[n ?r\gh ! op5+ betwe5 cyl9d] & disc :ile ! nuts rid+ on disc are dis*>g$ at "r angles to ! fall ( hull4 ,! ma*9e is a sep>ator4 ,! next basic ma*9e is ! crack]4 ,?is crack] is ! ,wylie crack] 9 pr9ciple & is made 9 ,eug5e1 ,oregon4 ,simply expla9$ x c\ld be lik5$ to two pages 9 a book4 ,"o page is p]p5dicul> :ile ! o!r page is (f ! p]p5dicul> ab\t #g degrees4 ,! fir/ page :i* is ! anvil is fix$ save = adju/m5ts = nuts ( v>y+ size4 ,! o!r page or hamm] rid+ up & d[n ?r\gh an in* & "o qu>t] ( travel is fix$ to a crank bel[4 ,bo? ( ^! pages or plates are heavy ca/ iron plates t are flut$ & cause ! nut to be crack$ aga9/ ^! saw too!d flutes & :ile be+ crack$ are revolv$ d[n ?r\gh ! plates4 ,! plate mov+ at an angle =ces ! nut f9ally ?r\gh a #c_/h in* op5+ :]e !y fall into a rot>y sieve4 ,! sieve has ?ree sizes ( me%4 #e me%1 #b me% & #c_/d me%4 ,! l>g] pieces g on ?r\gh & are return$ to ! crack]4 ,?is crack] w crack up to #ejj p\nds p] h\r1 & uses a #c_/d h4p4 motor4 ,! la/ ( ! ?ree basic ma*9es is ! pick]4 ,i h n yet built ! pick] b a numb] ( ! p>ts h already be5 ma*9$ & be=e long x w be a reality4 ,! ,k5ne? ,dick1 pick]1 ( ,peebles1 ,ohio is ! be/ = small or*>ds4 ,x is ess5tially a sep>ator us+ a conveyor belt :i* c>ries ! crack$ nuts to ne$les t pick up ! k]nels & deposit !m on trays t at ! tim$ mom5t accept ! black walnut k]nels4 ,! disc>d$ %ells rema9 on conveyor & travel to ! end & fall into a receptacle4 ,aft] ?is process1 fur!r inspection becomes necess>y b up to ! pres5t x is ! be/ we h4 ,! black walnut is a messy nut to fool ) b ) ! prop] ma*9es x soon becomes a pleasure to "w ) x4 ,i c "w all day hull+ nuts & f9i% ) clean un/a9$ h&s4 ,process+ ! ,p]sian walnut is a simple matt] z comp>$ ) ! black walnut4 ,my ,p]sian nuts are ga!r$ & plac$ on dry+ trays4 ,mo/ ( ! nuts fall free f hull & ! /ick tights are disc>d$ z inf]ior4 ,n4,n4,g4,a4 memb]s ne$ b write to ! agricultural colleges 9 ,cali=nia1 ,oregon & ,wa%+ton & a li/ ( publications w be s5t4 ,"o ( ! late/ ma*9es be+ (f]$ is "o t picks ! nut f ! or*>d floor ) a spe$ ) :i* no human c compete4 ,x has n only remov$ ! back a*e b ! human back z well4 ,! ,p]sian walnut indu/ry 9 ! ,pacific ,coa/ /ates is big bus9ess4 ,!re is only "o organization t c & does dissem9ate ! necess>y k & exp]i5ce t w give ! nor!rn gr[n nut its prop] place 9 ! ,am]ican diet4 ,t is ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]'s ,assn4 ,y new] memb]s h become heirs to k bas$ on ! exp]i5ces ( o!rs :i* repres5ts n only blood1 sweat & te>s b a lot ( good he>ty belly laughs4 ,:5 "o becomes nut consci\s !re is no turn+ back4 ,x gives life a new approa* & a f9] mean+4 ,black ,walnut ,process+ at ,h5d]son1 ,k5tucky ,r4 ,c4 ,,mangelsdorf1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,mr4 ,walk] & ,mr4 ,mc,donald are unable to be "h today1 & ,i don't "k if ,i c fill _! %oes or n1 because ,i am n 9 ! pur*as+ or process+ end ( ! black walnut bus9ess4 ,we />t$ ?is black walnut %ell+ op]ation a season ago at ,h5d]son1 ,k5tucky1 ) ! idea ( process+ ! nuts !re & transport+ ! k]nels to ,/4 ,l\is = f9al process+ & m>ket+4 ,at ,h5d]son1 ,k5tucky we are locat$ outside ! city limit1 & we h no fire protection1 & z a result1 ! insurance rates on our build+1 /orage %$s1 & black walnuts 9 /orage h be5 s high t we are look+ ar\nd = possible plant location sites :]e we c r$uce t exp5se ( op]ation4 ,ano!r factor 9 our op]ation !re is ! transportation ( raw mat]ial to our crack+ site4 ,if we h to transport black walnuts1 :i* give an approximate #aj p] c5t yield1 any di/ance1 ! freight adds mat]ially to ! co/ p] p\nd ( ! f9i%$ mat]ial4 ,t is1 if we h to pay #aj c5ts p] hundr$ additional freight co/ 9 transport+ !m f outly+ di/ricts to ! crack+ plant1 t adds a c5t a p\nd to ! co/ ( ! f9i%$ k]nels4 ,all su* factors1 h to be giv5 weighty consid]ation1 because our bus9ess is prim>ily conc]n$ ) mak+ money = ! /ockhold]s4 ,if we don't make money = ! /ockhold]s1 !y are n int]e/$ 9 see+ u cont9ue ! op]ation4 ,mr4 ,walk] & ,mr4 ,mc,donald at ! pres5t "t are out on a crop inspection trip & also mak+ surveys ( locations & availability ( build+s or sites t might be m advantage\s ?an ! "o at ,h5d]son1 ,k5tucky4 ,x may be t we w cont9ue ! op]ation !re1 mak+ modifications 9 ! build+1 :i* w result 9 l[] insurance rates4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ) ! new crop com+ on1 we are 9 a *aotic /ate ( affairs1 because we j don't "k exactly :at's ! be/ pa? to foll[ 9 our op]ation at ,h5d]son1 ,k5tucky4 ,are !re any que/ions8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,w y tell u some?+ ab\t h[ y h&le ! nuts 9 y\r plant1 h[ !y are hull$ & crack$1 & s =?8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,x's a simil> op]ation to :at ,mr4 ,lemke describ$4 ,! nuts are br\ght 9 9 burlap bags by ! f>m]s & gr[]s & are put 9 /orage 9 cribs4 ,! plant at ,h5d]son1 ,k5tucky1 0 a popcorn process+ plant1 ) a l>ge crib "u ro( :]e ! nuts are /or$4 ,aft] ! moi/ure cont5t is r$uc$ some:at1 !y pass ?r\gh a tumbl+ drum to remove any ( ! extrane\s hulls & o!r dirt t might be adh]+4 ,aft] ! nuts are completely fre$ ( all ?is extrane\s matt]1 !y are pass$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( crack+ roll]s ) scre5s4 ,! nuts are crack$1 by pass+ betwe5 two roll]s l a wr+] !n pass$ ov] a %ak] scre51 ! free nut meats pass+ ?r\gh ! scre54 ,! l>ge mat]ial t comes (f ( ! scre5 is !n pass$ betwe5 m closely spac$ crack+ roll]s & !n fur!r sift$ & scre5$4 ,!n ! v>i\s mat]ials t h pass$ ?r\gh ! scre5s are run ?r\gh a ,smalley pick]4 ,?is is no?+ m ?an metal p9s on a s]ies ( f+]s rotat+ on a roll] t presses aga9/ a sponge rubb] roll]4 ,! nut meats adh]e to ! prongs or po9ts4 ,! %ells1 n be+ p5etrat$ by ! po9ts ( ! p9s1 are n pick$ up4 ,!n !re is a comb t picks (f ! adh]+ k]nels f ! pick] prongs4 ,t's ! pr9ciple ( mo/ ( ! %ell+ op]ations ( ! black walnuts4 ,i don't believe any major *anges h be5 made 9 ! process+ ( black walnuts 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,,dr4 ,,colby3 ,h[ d y remove ! hulls8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,we try to buy only hull$ walnuts1 ! f>m] & ! gr[] remov+ ! hulls 9 a tumbl] & sell+ to u only ! dehull$ walnuts4 ,! k]nels are pack$ 9 c>tons & %ipp$ to ,/4 ,l\is = f9al pick+ ( rema9+ %ells & (f-color$ nut meats & grad$ = color1 size & quality4 ,aft] ?is grad+ sep>ation is made1 !y are ei!r pack$ 9 our #d-ounce vacuum-pack$ t9s or #cj-p\nd bulk c>tons :i* are !n sold ?r\gh ! trade4 ,,mr4 ,,wallick3 ,:at p]c5tage ( k]nels d y get8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,i ?9k our op]ation at ,h5d]son1 ,k5tucky ?is pa/ season = all ( ! nuts t 7 gr[n & ga!r$ 9 ?is locality 0 ab\t #i4dh p] c5t yield ( black walnut k]nels by weight4 ,,mr4 ,,:it=d3 ,d y get any improv$ v>ieties1 su* z ,?omas1 ,/abl] or ,ohio8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,no4 ,) mo/ ( ! nuts t we ga!r 9 our m>ket+ op]ation v little att5tion is paid to v>iety or s\rce4 ,we don't try to diff]5tiate & /ore !m sep>ately1 b ev]y?+ is process$ z x is br\ght toge!r4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,d y h any indication t y get a bett] quality nut f "o c\nty or "o area ?an y d f ano!r8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,t is a "q t ,i c't answ]1 because ,i am 9 ! rese>* & developm5t end ( ! bus9ess1 & h v little to d ) ! pur*as+ & m>ket+ ( ! nuts !mselves4 ,,mr4 ,,lemke3 ,:at d y d :5 y /rike a day t is v humid & ! nuts />t gett+ moldy8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,t is a bugaboo4 ,i always say y don't h to be nuts to be 9 ! nut bus9ess1 b x sure helps a little bit4 ,all ! nuts t ,i h ev] _h any deal+ ) seem to be v susceptible to mold gr[?4 ,if ! moi/ure cont5t ( ! nuts is above a critical level1 mold gr[? takes place 9 ! %ell at a v fa/ rate4 ,! only ?+ we c d 9 a case l t is to get ! k]nels 9 to ,/4 ,l\is & de/roy ! mold gr[? or spores on ! surface be=e x c gr[ s t ! fung\s mycelium is visible to ! eye4 ,! black walnut & pecan1 if y exam9e !m "u ! microscope1 all seem to h mold gr[? on ! surface ( ! k]nels4 ,i am incl9$ to believe t ! nut k]nel is n completely /]ile 9 ! %ell & t ?r\gh "s mann] or means ! mold spores h be5 introduc$ onto ! k]nel1 because imm$iately aft] %ell+ exam9ation ( ^! nuts "u a microscope1 w %[ "s fung\s mycelium on ! surface ( ! k]nels4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,"o comm5t is t ! pellicle ( a black walnut or a pecan1 is v hygroscopic4 ,x t5ds to absorb moi/ure readily1 :]eas ! k]nel itself1 be+ high 9 oil1 does n take up wat] readily4 ,t1 app>5tly1 is :y !re may be evid5ces ( mold gr[? on ! k]nel ?\gh x may n be actually p5etrat+4 ,x is only sup]ficial1 gr[+ on ! pellicle ( ! k]nel1 n on ! k]nel itself4 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,"r4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,black walnut k]nels are out/&+ 9 _! resi/ance to heat & w get rancid v sl[ly "u conditions ( high heat--n humidity4 ,= example1 we _h "s nuts 9 our attic = two summ]s 9 a place :]e x gets v hot1 yet dry4 ,^? nuts are 9 v good eat+ condition today4 ,i don't "k ab\t pecans4 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,t's v true ( black walnuts4 ,pecans h to be c>ri$ ?r\gh\t ! season 9 our crack+ op]ations "u refrig]ation1 b ! black walnuts we c /ore out 9 any %$ ) t9 ro(4 ,! temp]ature gets v hot1 & x seems to h no effect :atev] on ! edibility or rancidity ( ! nut k]nel4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,y spoke ( /or+ ! :ole nuts 9 l>ge b9s4 ,!re y may h an extreme am\nt ( mold1 too1 if ! nuts are damp4 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,we try to h /orage conditions su* t air has free passage ?r\gh ! bulk ( nuts4 ,! mold & ! yea/ are !re & :5 !y />t to gr[1 _! metabolism ?r[s (f q a l>ge am\nt ( heat4 ,z a result ! mold+ process is spe$$ up l a *a9 reaction1 & be=e long ! nuts w be wor?less = %ell+4 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,we _h nuts until j a few weeks ago f our la/ season's ga!r+s4 ,t's almo/ a :ole ye>4 ,,mr4 ,,salz]3 ,c y tell me if ! f>m] is paid by ! weight ( ! nuts1 or does he receive 8 pay aft] ! k]nels are %ell$ out8 ,does he receive m money if x conta9s a high] p]c5t ( k]nels8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,he receives 8 pay on ! basis ( ! :ole nut t he deliv]s to ! plant1 & we try to ex]cise "s control ov] ! quality ( ! deliv]y4 ,samples are tak5 & crack$1 & if mo/ ( ! nuts are rott5 or ! quality is v l[1 we may reject buy+ t entire lot1 or we may disc\nt ! lot ( nuts a c]ta9 am\nt1 dep5d+ ^u ! p]c5tage ( ! nut meats t are salvag$4 ,,mr4 ,,murphy3 ,d y pay a premium = cultivat$ nuts8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,t ,i c't answ]1 b ,i don't believe t !y h ?is pa/ season4 ,i w\ldn't want to g on record z to t4 ,!re is a trem5d\s diff]5ce 9 ! flavor ( :at we call ! ea/]n black walnut 9 comp>ison ) ! ,cali=nia or we/]n black walnut4 ,we ?9k t ! flavor ( ! ,cali=nia walnut is n at all comp>able to ! ea/]n black walnut4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,y don't notice any diff]5ce1 d y1 betwe5 ! ,miss\ri & ! ,k5tucky nuts8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,no1 n 9 my exp]i5ce1 b !re is a trem5d\s diff]5ce 9 flavor betwe5 ! ea/]n & we/]n4 ,,mr4 ,,rohrba*]3 ,on :at basis d y buy black walnuts8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,i und]/& t ea* individual sale is an individual horse-trad+ deal1 ! price paid1 dep5d+ ^u ! quality ( nuts1 moi/ure cont5t1 color & o!r factors4 ,( c\rse1 our aim is to buy ! nuts z *eaply z possible & ! object ( ! fell[ sell+ ! nuts is to get ! greate/ return t he c f :at he has to (f]4 ,s we try to rea* a happy m$ium 9 our deal+s1 & a lot ( concessions might be made "o way or ! o!r ) special lots t are (f]$ = sale4 ,,mr4 ,,:it=d3 ,:at sizes & grades ( k]nels d y h8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,we h ! l>ge1 m$ium1 small & granules4 ,granules are v small pieces4 ,usually ! prices paid = ! nuts are n det]m9$1 actually1 until ! crop />ts to move4 ,ev]ybody has an idea :at ! m>ket price w be = ! nuts1 b no?+ is cry/alliz$ or br\ght to a focus until ! fir/ nuts are actually on ! m>ket4 ,!n ! nuts sold are exam9$ z to quality1 giv+ "s idea ( ! future quality ( deliv]ies t might be made 9 t section1 & !n prices c be e/abli%$4 ,z ,i say1 x's a nutty bus9ess4 ,i hav5't gr[n v _m gray hairs yet1 b ,i expect to h _m be=e ,i am ?r\gh4 ,& ea* new problem t arises 9 ?is nut bus9ess1 :5 y rea* a solution = x1 inv>iably !re are two o!r problems t are creat$1 & if y are n wide awake1 "o ( ^! problems c be mu* great] ?an ! "o t y j _h a solution =4 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,d y "k any?+ z to ! be>+ ( black walnuts ?is ye> z comp>$ to previ\s ye>s8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,mr4 ,walk] & ,mr4 ,mc,donald are out at ! pres5t "t mak+ a crop inspection t\r ( ! v>i\s localities1 & ,i h _h no report z to :at ! condition ( ! crop w be ?is ye>4 ,,mr4 ,,:it=d3 ,:i* grades br+ ! highe/ prices8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,! l>ge p>ticles ( k]nel dem& a premium ov] ! small] sizes4 ,t is "o ( ! discrepancies 9 ! %ell+ op]ation1 t ! mat]ial t co/s u ! lea/ money to produce gives ! l>ge/ returns4 ,:5 y h small pieces1 ! op]ation ( remov+ ! la/ rema9+ %ells & (f-color$ p>ticles is mu* great] ?an ) ! l>ge k]nels4 ,"o l>ge k]nel am\nts to consid]able weight & y may h to pick up _m small p>ticles to repres5t ! same weight4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,we appreciate v mu* y\r talk1 ,mr4 ,mangelsdorf4 ,"o ?+ t int]e/$ me 0 y\r /atem5t t hav+ l>ge pieces 0 an advantage4 ,t "q has be5 argu$ on ! floor ( ^! conv5tions a numb] ( times & !re h be5 ^? :o claim$ t ! l>g] pieces 7 all gr\nd up anyway & t ! v>ieties f :i* y c recov] l>ge pieces 7 ( no p>ticul> m]it comm]cially4 ,! next pap] is1 ,nut ,%ells--,asset or ,liability81 ,t4 ,s4 ,cl>k ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,regional ,laboratory1 ,peoria1 ,ill9ois4 ,nut ,%ells--,assets or ,liabilities ,t4 ,s4 ,,cl>k1 ,nor!rn ,regional ,rese>* ,laboratory1#a ,peoria1 ,ill9ois ,,ab/ract4 ,! value ( nut %ells z mat]ials = agricultural & indu/rial use is discuss$4 ,problems ( plant location1 %ell collection1 process+1 & haz>ds are consid]$4 ,applications & specifications are illu/rat$4 ,we are p>ticul>ly pleas$ t ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association is pres5t+ ?is opportunity = a discussion ( nut %ell utilization4 ,! ,nor!rn ,regional ,rese>* ,laboratory feels t x has play$ an important role 9 :at is n[ becom+ a new indu/ry ( increas+ magnitude4 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? :o are n already acqua9t$ ) ! ,laboratory1 p]mit me to digress mom5t>ily to expla9 briefly its organization & functions4 ,! ,nor!rn ,regional ,laboratory at ,peoria1 ,ill9ois1 is "o ( f\r l>ge rese>* laboratories e/abli%$ by an act ( ,congress 9 #aich & plac$ "u ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,bureau ( ,agricultural & ,indu/rial ,*emi/ry4 ,! function ( ^! laboratories is to conduct rese>* & to develop new *emical & te*nical uses z well z new & exp&$ m>kets = ! f>m commodities & byproducts ( ! regions 9 :i* ! laboratories are locat$4 ,! commodities /udi$ at ! ,nor!rn ,regional ,rese>* ,laboratory are ! oilse$s1 c]eal gra9s & agricultural residues :i* include corncobs1 /alks1 /raws1 sug> cane bagasse1 hulls & %ells ( nuts & fruit pits4 ,because ( ! great simil>ity 9 *emical & physical *>act]i/ics ( ! residues all rese>* on ^! mat]ials is conduct$ at ! ,nor!rn ,laboratory4 ,dur+ ! "t t ! ,nor!rn ,laboratory has be5 actively inve/igat+ %ell mat]ials & o!r agricultural residues we h be5 9 direct communication ) op]ators ( %ell gr9d+ plants2 "s ( ^! h be5 visit$4 ,we h receiv$ num]\s lett]s & calls = in=mation & assi/ance 9 solv+ gr9d+ problems1 or 9 us+ ! gr\nd products4 ,?r\gh ^! contacts & our exp]i5ces we h le>n$ mu* ab\t ! factors t lead to success or failure 9 ?is utilization4 ,t5 plants are n[ produc+ a v>iety ( gr\nd %ell products useful 9 bo? agriculture & indu/ry4 ,:5 ! ,nor!rn ,laboratory 0 organiz$1 only "o plant1 e/abli%$ orig9ally by ! ,cali=nia ,walnut ,gr[]s ,association1 0 gr9d+ nut %ells4 ,?is plant1 foll[+ a numb] ( op]ational difficulties & adm9i/rative *anges1 n[ processes #dj tons or m ( %ells p] day & produces a wide v>iety ( gr\nd products includ+ exce$+ly f9e fl\rs = use 9 pla/ics & plywood adhesives4 ,x has be5 said t ?is plant processes all ( ! ,engli% walnut & apricot pit %ells & #hj p]c5t ( ! pea* pit %ells available 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! ,laboratory has attempt$ to det]m9e ! am\nt ( %ells & pits available comm]cially 9 diff]5t areas4 ,data ( ?is nature has be5 obta9$ = ! l>g] crack+ plants b !re are _m small op]ations = :i* we lack ?is in=mation4 ,agricultural ,/ati/ics compil$ & publi%$ annually by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture provide an excell5t s\rce ( in=mation reg>d+ production &1 9 _m cases1 ! disposition ( f>m commodities4 ,= example1 ! production ( pecans 9 #aiea1 pres5t$ by /ates1 total$ m ?an #gc1jjj tons = ! #aj /ates report$4 ,h[ev]1 no data 7 available reg>d+ m>ket+s 9-%ell1 or ! quantities rema9+ on ! f>ms or 9 ! or*>ds4 ,?us1 ! quantity ( pecan %ells actually available = process+ c be det]m9$ only ?r\gh surveys ( crack+ plants4 ,only limit$ in=mation is available conc]n+ black walnut %ells & ?is has be5 obta9$ ?r\gh ! coop]ation ( %ell]s or crack]s4 ,9 "s areas fruit pits1 su* z apricot & pea* pits1 accumulate at cann]ies or freez+ plants4 ,simil>ity 9 "* ( ! pit %ells to ^? ( ! nuts p]mits _! use 9 plants gr9d+ nut %ells4 ,?us1 ! supply ( raw mat]ial 9 any area may be augm5t$ by inclusion ( fruit pit %ells4 ,collection ( nut %ells = gr9d+ op]ations is a relatively simple proc$ure1 p>ticul>ly :]e gr9d+ is done at a crack+ plant4 ,:]e %ells mu/ be collect$ ov] l>ge areas bo? rail & truck transportation are us$4 ,if fruit pits are consid]$1 provisions %\ld be made = removal ( residual fle% or pulp be=e ! pits leave ! cann]ies4 ,9 ! cases :]e ! pits h be5 cut dur+ process+ ( ! fruits1 ! releas$ k]nels %\ld be remov$ be=e %ipp+ ! %ells4 ,pit k]nels are valuable = _! oil cont5t4 ,%ell ,use ,dur+ ,_w ,w> ,,ii ,! production & ma9t5ance s*$ules set up dur+ ,_w ,w> ,,ii result$ 9 ! developm5t & expansion ( uses = gr\nd %ell mat]ials4 ,f9e fl\rs f walnut %ells 7 ne$$ z ext5d]s 9 plywood adhesives4 ,s(t grits f v>i\s %ells 7 us$ by ! ,army ,air ,=ces 9 ! air-bla/ me?od = clean+ airplane eng9es & p>ts4 ,grits 7 requir$ = deburr+ metal /amp+s & fla%-removal f mold$ pla/ics4 ,^! uses h exp&$ consid]ably to meet civilian ne$s s9ce ! w>4 ,gr9d+ ,nut ,%ells & ,fruit ,pits ,z uses = gr\nd %ell products 7 develop$ ! ,laboratory s\ght advice ( gr9d+ equipm5t manufactur]s = in=mation on ! design & con/ruction ( suitable gr9d+ plants4 ,only limit$ te/s _h be5 made & data 7 n readily available 9 any publi%$ =m4 ,consequ5tly ! ,laboratory und]took an ext5sive /udy on gr9d+ nut %ells & fruit pits z "p ( its rese>* on agricultural residues4 ,^! /udies 7 n limit$ to gr9d+ only1 b includ$ me?ods ( sep>ation & classification bas$ on physical *>act]i/ics ( ! raw mat]ials2 ! relation ( associat$ me*anical op]ations2 a consid]ation ( ! haz>ds2 ! problems ( labor1 managem5t1 & m]*&is+4 ,a numb] ( fires h occurr$ 9 plants gr9d+ nut %ells1 corncobs1 /ock fe$s1 & simil> mat]ials4 ,9 mo/ cases ! causes ( fire h be5 o!r ?an ! gr9d+ op]ation4 ,f a consid]ation ( ! causes ( fires a numb] ( safety precautions h be5 develop$4 ,good plant h\sekeep+ is p>am\nt4 ,?is is ess5tial1 n only because ( influ5ce ( du/ & dirt on ! ma9t5ance ( motors & equipm5t1 b because ( ! highly explosive nature ( %ell du/s4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,m9es has coop]at$ closely ) ! ,nor!rn ,laboratory 9 evaluat+ ! explosive haz>ds ( ! %ell du/s4 ,_m ( ! pres5t op]ators ( %ell+-gr9d+ plants h b5efit$ f ! in=mation & assi/ance available f ?is ,laboratory4 ,! coop]ation ( equipm5t manufactur]s has aid$ consid]ably 9 ext5d+ ! scope ( ! ,laboratory's /udies4 ,! ,nor!rn ,laboratory has publi%$ bullet9 ,,aic-#ccf1 ,dry ,gr9d+ ,agricultural ,residues1 ,a ,new ,indu/rial ,ent]prise t summ>izes ! rese>* conduct$ to date4 ,?is is ! fir/ "t t su* data on eng9e]+ & design has be5 assembl$ & publi%$ to cov] ?is field4 ,copies ( ! bullet9 may be obta9$ by address+ reque/s to ! ,nor!rn ,regional ,rese>* ,laboratory1 ,peoria1 ,ill9ois4 ,plants design$ to produce at lea/ #a-a_/b tons p] h\r ( gr\nd %ell products w co/ upw>ds ( #fj1jjj4 ,a well-eng9e]$ plant ( su* size w require ?ree to five m5 p] %ift4 ,among o!r factors1 ! work+ capacity ( a gr9d+ plant dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( %ells available & ! ability ( ! organization to m]*&ize its products4 ,! plant %\ld be locat$ 9 an area 9 :i* at lea/ #e1jjj tons ( nut %ells or fruit pits are annually available at l[ transportation co/s4 ,uses ( ,%ell ,products ,! m important uses = nut %ell products1 toge!r ) _! specifications = p>ticle size1 are %[n 9 ,table #a4 ,table #a4--,uses = gr\nd nut %ells & fruit pits ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,applications ,size ,deburr+1 clean+1 burni%+ & poli%+ 9 metal /amp+1 electroplat+ & ,no4 #aj to ,no4 #ej pla/ics indu/ries ,s(t-grit bla/+ ,no4 #aj to ,no4 #cj ,fill]s = pla/ics & plywood adhesives ,f9] ?an ,no4 #ajj ,insecticide dilu5ts & c>ri]s ,f9] ?an ,no4 #adj ,explosives ,no4 #aj to ,no4 #ajj ,fur clean+ ,no4 #aj to ,no4 #ajj ,p\ltry litt] & mul* 7almond & peanut7 #a_/d to #c_/d in* ,fill]s = f]tiliz]s 7almond & peanut7 ,f9] ?an ,no4 #bj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,exp]i5ce %[s t no matt] h[ nut %ells or fruit pit %ells are gr\nd bo? "u- & ov]size p>ticles w be produc$4 ,! h>d1 friable "* ( mo/ ( ! nut %ells makes _! r$uction to f9e size p>ticles less difficult ?an = t\gh mat]ials1 su* z corncobs1 or fibr\s mat]ials su* z woods4 ,%ells f almonds because ( _! bulk & v fibr\s nature are some:at less conv5i5t to h&le ?an o!r %ells4 ,good bus9ess practice %[s t sales outlets %\ld be f\nd = ea* fraction s t gr9d+ exp5ses c be kept at a m9imum4 ,because !re are "s diff]5ces 9 physical *>act]i/ics ( nut %ells & fruit pits all %ell products d n necess>ily meet ! same specifications1 nor h ! same uses4 ,indu/rial ,clean+ & ,f9i%+ ,oil1 dirt1 corrosion products1 /a91 pa9t1 grease & ! l c be remov$ f metal surfaces by air-bla/+ ) s(t grits prep>$ f %ells ( walnuts1 pecans1 pea* pits1 & simil> residues4 ,?is me?od 0 develop$ orig9ally = ! ,navy to use grits f corn-cobs = clean+ aircraft eng9es & p>ts4 ,! me?od is inexp5sive & foolpro( because surfaces are clean$ )\t *ange ( dim5sions4 ,no pitt+ or abrasion1 su* z produc$ by s& bla/+1 occurs4 ,! me?od is p>ticul>ly useful ) mild /eel1 nonf]r\s metals1 alloys1 & p>ts t mu/ be ma9ta9$ at close tol]ances4 ,modifications ( ! bla/ me?od are us$ 9 f9i%+ mold$ pla/ics1 metal die-ca/+s1 & ma*9$ p>ts4 ,"o manufactur] ( precision in/rum5ts /ates t 8 company saves #ajj1jjj a ye> 9 f9i%+ p>ts ) %ell grits4 ,_m /amp$ metal articles & mold$ pla/ics are deburr$1 clean$1 burni%$1 & poli%$ by tumbl+ 9 drums conta9+ %ell grits4 ,v>i\s grades ( grits are requir$ dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ! pieces be+ f9i%$4 ,fill]s = ,pla/ics & ,plywood ,glues ,! ,laboratory has /udi$ ! use ( %ell fl\rs = use 9 pla/ics & plywood glues4 ,_m ( ^! fl\rs are n[ 9 regul> comm]cial use4 ,fl\rs = ^! applications are prep>$ 9 v>i\s grades1 all f9] ?an #ajj-me%4 ,use ( ^! fl\rs n only improves ! prop]ties ( ! f9al products b also r$uces ! co/ ( ! products4 ,mold$ pla/ics prep>$ ) f9e fl\r f ,engli% walnut %ells h exceptionally f9e surface f9i%4 ,insecticide ,c>ri]s ,! insecticide field provides a good outlet = %ell fl\rs4 ,fl\r f walnut %ells 0 ! fir/ ( ?is type ( mat]ial to be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,(t5 ! active +r$i5t 9 a f9i%$ insecticide is pres5t 9 quantities ( less ?an #a p]c5t4 ,cu/om gr9d]s %\ld plan to recov] ! fl\r z a co-product ( _! op]ations r ?an attempt+ to gr9d to fl\r alone4 ,explosives ,l>ge am\nts ( %ell grits & meal are us$ z dilu5ts 9 ! manufacture ( dynamite4 ,mat]ial = ?is use ranges 9 size f ,no4 #aj to ,no4 #ajj1 ! requirem5ts ( ! individual manufactur]s fall+ )9 mu* n>r[] limits z to size4 ,fur ,clean+ ,furri]s h f\nd t v>i\s gr\nd %ell products are v effective ag5ts = clean+ furs4 ,size requirem5ts = ?is purpose are broad1 ! limits be+ dep5d5t ^u ! clean+ equipm5t ma9ta9$ by ! furri]4 ,! natural oils pres5t 9 "s %ell products are consid]$ advantage\s = ?is application4 ,sundry ,applications ,/ock b$d+1 p\ltry litt]s1 fill]s 9 fe$s & f]tiliz]s1 mul*es1 *>coal1 tann9 & abrasives 9 h& soaps are "s ( ! o!r products t are prep>$ f nut %ells4 ,! %ell products _c be us$ int]*angeably b mu/ be select$ 9 accordance ) _! *emical & physical prop]ties4 ,i hope t ! =ego+ brief discussion has convey$ to y ! pot5tial value t lies 9 ! piles ( %ells accumulat+ at ! crack+ plants1 & t ^! accumulations c be conv]t$ f exp5sive wa/es to pr(itable products4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,"o ( ! laboratories ( ! ,bureau ( ,agricultural & ,indu/rial ,*emi/ry1 ,agricultural ,rese>* ,adm9i/ration1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,! ,propagation ( ! ,hickories 7,panel ,discussion l$ by ,f4 ,l4 ,o',r\rke1 ,ea/ ,lans+1 ,mi*47 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,i hope t we c h a r /imulat+ session on hickory propagation ?is morn+4 ,la/ ye> we _h a session :i* 0 suppos$ to take 9 propagation ( all nut tree species4 ,h[ev]1 we nev] got away f ,*9ese *e/nuts4 ,x 0 ,*9ese *e/nuts f ! />t to ! f9i%4 ,! ,program ,committee ?is "t ?\ght t we %\ld limit x to "o gr\p1 & !y *ose ! hickories4 ,i h compil$ a review ( all ! lit]ature p]ta9+ to ! hickories & pass$ x out ye/]day aft]noon4 ,i hope t "s ( y h _h a *ance to read x & w h "s que/ions to ask u ?is morn+4 ,9 ord] to really h "s help1 ,i am go+ to call ^u ,mr4 ,l\is ,g]>di ( ,ill9ois1 ,mr4 ,f]guson ( ,i[a1 ,mr4 ,max ,h>dy ( ,georgia1 ,mr4 ,w>d ( ,indiana1 & ,mr4 ,wilk9son also ( ,indiana & ,mr4 ,b]na? ( ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,new ,york4 ,! subject matt] ( ! panel w be limit$ to ! propagation ( hickories1 :i* includes ! pecan4 ,:o has "s que/ions t !y'd l to br+ up8 ,,mr4 ,,salz]3 ,:i* v>ieties w gr[ on fairly wet soil8 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,t is a "q p]ta9+ to culture1 r ?an propagation1 b we c /ill all[ x4 ,:i* v>ieties--,i presume y mean species1 is t correct8--w gr[ on fairly wet soil8 ,i ?9k ,mr4 ,w>d has a little bit ( black soil 9 t good1 old /ate ( ,indiana4 ,,mr4 ,,salz]3 ,i mean soil t doesn't dry well 9 ! spr+4 ,i h "o spot t's too wet = *e/nuts4 ,,mr4 ,,w>d3 ,i w\ldn't put any hickory nuts on x4 ,y are go+ to f9d x is go+ to be v difficult = if ! soil is ! lea/ bit heavy or wet1 ! hickory nut does n d well at all4 ,9 ! ,waba% bottoms !re is a lot ( ?is black soil t is ov]fl[$ e ye>1 & "s ( ! f9e/ hickory nuts & "s ( ! f9e/ pecans t y c f9d 9 ! c\ntry are !re4 ,sometimes ,i h se5 wat] m>ks on ^? hickory trees sev]al feet f ! gr\nd 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> & sometimes 9 ! summ]1 yet !y come ?r\gh ) a good crop ( nuts4 ,und]nea? x is a /rata ( gravel s t ! soil dra9s out 9 a hurry4 ,,mr4 ,,salz]3 ,?is has subsoil dra9age4 ,,mr4 ,,w>d3 ,! soil ar\nd ,ro*e/] is v heavy l :at we call sla%l& type ( soil "h 9 ,indiana1 & :]e ?is occurs we f9d t ! hickory nut does v1 v poorly4 ,i w\ldn't advise putt+ !m on su* soils4 ,! black walnut w gr[ a lot bett] 9 places l t4 ,,mr4 ,,g]>di3 ,9 ,ill9ois we h t deep1 black soil & we j call x pla9 gumbo4 ,x's all fill$-9 soil1 & ,i nev] h rea*$ ! bottom4 ,x's at lea/ #bj feet ?ick4 ,& ^! swamp hickories--,i ?9k ,re$ 0 ! "o t call$ !m swamp hickories--?rive !re4 ,!y c be two mon?s "u wat] six foot deep1 & /ill be> wond]ful crops4 ,y c get a wagon load ( !m 9 t mucky soil4 ,,mr4 ,,caldwell3 ,! hickory 9 ,new ,york ,/ate :i* w /& ! mo/ moi/ conditions is ! bitt]nut hickory1 & ) t root /ock y may be able to get "s ( ! o!rs ?r\gh4 ,! %agb>k w )/& consid]able moi/ure if x has deep soil4 ,! bitt]nut does well on %all[ soil or ! soil t is made %all[ by high wat]4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,! bitt]nut1 !n1 w survive wet conditions4 ,?is is ( int]e/ z f> z root /ocks are conc]n$4 ,i am wond]+ if anyone w\ld l to report on ! ability ( ! pecan to take wet soil conditions4 ,,mr4 ,,wilk9son3 ,!y w turn out all "r if !y h dry feet dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 b !y w n /& wet feet all summ]4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,w ! bitt]nut d bett]1 or w\ld ! mock]nut8 ,,mr4 ,,wilk9son3 ,i am n well en\gh v]s$ on t to say4 ,b ! pecan1 ,i h se5 !m /& "u wat] = weeks at a "t two or ?ree times dur+ ! w9t]1 wat] #bj feet deep & n affect !m at all4 ,b if !y are ar\nd 9 a place :]e ! wat] /&s 9 ,july & ,augu/1 !y won't take x4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,any o!r discussion on /ocks t w take wet soil conditions8 ,if n1 let u take up ,mr4 ,beck]t's "q3 ,:5 d y take scion wood ( ! %agb>k hickory8 ,:o w\ld l to answ] t8 ,mr4 ,g]>di8 ,,mr4 ,,g]>di3 ,! "t ,i l be/1 ! "t x c be done 9 our p>ticul> area is ! latt] "p ( ,febru>y4 ,leave x on ! tree z long z y c be=e any sap rises4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,y w\ld say probably #aj days to #b weeks be=e ! bud scales w\ld break8 ,,mr4 ,,g]>di3 ,t's "r1 be=e any gr[? beg9s4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,any o!r comm5t on t8 ,dr4 ,mc,kay8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i want to ask ! "q ab\t :i* !re is diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,d pecan se$ h a re/ p]iod1 & is !re any diff]5ce betwe5 pecans & hickory 9 t respect8 ,,mr4 ,,h>dy3 ,i am n sure t ,i c answ] ! "q exactly4 ,mo/ pecans plant$ = se$ h be5 all[$ to dry be=e !y are h>ve/$1 & x is g5]al practice to /ratify !m ei!r 9 s& = plant+ 9 ! spr+ or plant+ !m imm$iately 9 ! fall4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t !re is v little re/ p]iod 9 pecans & t if !y 7 plant$ imm$iately f ! tree t p]haps !y w\ld beg9 to gr[ almo/ imm$iately4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i ?9k t's true4 ,! se$ w g]m9ate quickly4 ,b c y plant dry se$ any "t dur+ ! w9t]8 ,,mr4 ,,h>dy3 ,once !y are dri$ ,i ?9k !y mu/ g ?r\gh aft]-rip5+ conditions4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,d ,i und]/& y correctly t y d feel t ! pecan mu/ be aft]-rip5$8 ,,mr4 ,,h>dy3 ,yes1 if p]mitt$ to dry4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,! "w ( ,burdette 9 ,texas a great _m ye>s ago has indicat$ t ! pecan se$ does n h a re/ p]iod4 ,mr4 ,wilk9son1 :at has be5 y\r exp]i5ce 9 g]m9at+ pecan se$s8 ,,mr4 ,,wilk9son3 ,i usually l to ei!r plant or /ratify soon aft] ga!r+1 al?\gh "o "t ,i _h "s (f ! %elf ( a groc]y /ore 9 ,m>* & got excell5t results4 ,"o ?+ m ab\t "t ( cutt+ graft wood4 ,i nev] l to cut x = at lea/ #dh h\rs aft] a freez+ temp]ature1 reg>dless ( "t4 ,i w\ld r cut x 9 ,april ) ! buds gre5 ?an to cut x 9 ! fir/ ( ,m>* "r aft] a freeze4 ,i h _h excell5t results j ?is spr+ cutt+ extra graft wood ) gre5 buds on4 ,b if y cut x )9 #dh h\rs aft] a freez+ temp]ature1 y might j z well ?r[ x away4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,i am v glad y br\ght t out4 ,irrespective ( :e!r x be pecan or hickory1 ,i believe x w\ld "w ! same1 t ! scion wood %\ld be cut :5 x is moi/1 & t is n ! condition aft] a freeze1 :5 x is 9 v dry condition4 ,let's get back to ?is se$ propagation n[4 ,i am ask+ anyone "h1 c y ?r[ any light at all on ! ne$ = /ratification ( pecan or hickory se$ ( any species4 ,,mr4 ,,caldwell3 ,i h read 9 sev]al publications t hickories %\ld be /ratifi$ ov] ! w9t] p]iod be=e plant+ = spr+ g]m9ation4 ,i always f9d ?+s a little bit diff]5t1 s a ye> ago at ! gre5h\se ,i took sev5 diff]5t s\rces ( se$ ( %agb>k hickory1 ,c>ya ovata & "o s\rce ( ,c>ya ovalis4 ,"s ( ^? se$s g]m9at$ )9 ?ree weeks f ! "t ,i put !m 91 & aft] a mon? & a half ,i _h a full /& 9 all cases4 ,i don't ?9k t m ?an #b p] c5t ( ! se$s fail$ to g]m9ate4 ,!y 7 plant$ 9 w>m gre5h\se1 ) a m9imum (1 ab\t #fh degrees at night & ab\t #ij dur+ ! day4 ,!y 7 plant$ 9 a comb9ation ( peat & g>d5 soil2 no special c>e o!r ?an wat]4 ,i h _h no tr\ble s9ce ! se$l+s h cont9u$ to gr[1 ev5 ?\gh ! se$s 7 plant$ only two & a half in*es deep4 ,s x may be t !re is no ne$ = /ratify+ hickories4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,y\r exp]i5ce is ! exact duplication ( ,dr4 ,lelia ,b>ton's ( ! ,boyce-,?ompson ,in/itute4 ,%e f\nd t hickory se$s g]m9at$ f ?ree weeks1 z y did1 to a numb] ( mon?s1 :5 put 9 a w>m gre5h\se4 ,app>5tly ! diff]5ce 9 "t is relat$ to ! ?ickness ( ! se$ coat or possibly to an inhibitor 9 ! pellicle r ?an to any ne$ = aft]-rip5+4 ,i ?9k t ,burdette 9 ,texas also po9t$ out t ?ick-%ell$ pecans took long] to g]m9ate ?an ?9-%ell$ pecans4 ,,mr4 ,,pataky3 ,if y take a nut ( any k9d & let x dry & plant x1 y w get quick] g]m9ation ?an if y plant x soon aft] h>ve/4 ,i don't see any diff]5ce 9 tak+ a nut & plant+ x & /ratify+ x4 ,if plant$ ! rod5ts w get x1 b if y put x 9 some?+ all w9t]1 x w be !re 9 ! spr+4 ,i don't see any reason = plant+ a nut 9 ! fall1 tak+ a *ance ( rod5ts gett+ at !m4 ,if y plant !m 9 ! spr+1 !y come up s mu* quick] t ! rod5ts don't h a *ance to get at !m4 ,!y got ne>ly all ( m9e t ,i plant$ 9 ! fall4 ,,mr4 ,,h>dy3 ,a good _m nuts don't h any re/ p]iod requirem5ts4 ,i ?9k x probably is a matt] ( conv5i5ce z to ! mann] 9 :i* !y are h&l$4 ,i h talk$ ) nurs]ym5 9 ! ,s\?4 ,if !y get ! nuts 9 ! fall !y may ei!r plant !m 9 ! fall or /ratify !m ov] w9t] & !n plant !m 9 ! r[s 9 ! spr+4 ,if !y get !m 9 ! spr+1 !y soak !m = a day or two days 9 wat] be=e plant+4 ,p]haps ! dry nut is sl[ 9 tak+ up moi/ure direct f ! soil1 & !y are prim>ily int]e/$ 9 gett+ a uni=m /& ( trees s t !y h&le x 9 su* a mann] t all ! nuts w gr[ at ! same "t4 ,& ,i believe _m w agree t a dry nut plant$ 9 ! spr+ w %[ consid]able v>iation z to ! "t 9 :i* !y appe> above gr\nd4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,! sugge/ion ( soak+ !m 9 wat] a few days is well tak51 because a great _m h recomm5d$ x4 ,mo/ folks recomm5d *ang+ ! wat] daily4 ,by *ang+ ! wat] y replace ! oxyg5 :i* w\ld be 9 ! wat]1 & y also elim9ate any toxic sub/ances :i* may h lea*$ out ( ! %ells dur+ ! prec$+ #bd h\rs4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i'd l to m5tion ! reason = rais+ ?is "q4 ,dr4 ,crane has ! idea t !re is no def9ite re/ p]iod 9 ! pecan nut2 if !y are soak$ 9 wat] !y w spr\t at any "t4 ,i decid$ ,i w\ld te/ t hypo!sis1 s ,i /ratifi$ "o gr\p ( nuts ( ab\t f\r p\nds4 ,ano!r lot ( f\r p\nds ,i kept 9 ! laboratory dry all w9t] long4 ,!n ,i plant$ ! two lots ( nuts ?is spr+ toge!r1 side by side1 9 ! cold frame4 ,today !re is n a s+le se$l+ gr[+ out ( ! dry lot1 & !re is a p]fect /& 9 ! gr\p t 0 /ratifi$4 ,to me t means t !re is a def9ite re/ p]iod 9 ! pecan se$4 ,i don't see h[ y c get away f x4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,i am go+ to /ick my neck out a little bit4 ,i h absolutely no basis to make ?is /atem5t1 b x does give u some?+ to ?9k ab\t4 ,t is ! great] ! di/ance t[>ds ! nor? t c]ta9 species ( plants may h migrat$ or dissem9at$1 ! great] ! re/ p]iod requirem5t4 ,t is a protective device = a species to p]si/ 9 nor!rn climates1 because if x 7 n = ?is re/ p]iod1 ^? se$ w\ld g]m9ate 9 ! fall ( ! ye>1 & ! "y se$l+s w\ld be froz5 out imm$iately4 ,b by hav+ ! re/ p]iod requirem5t ov] w9t]1 ! se$l+s d n g]m9ate until ! foll[+ spr+1 & ! plant c p]si/4 ,i am speak+ n[ 9 g5]al ( nor!rn plants4 ,i am wond]+ if ! pecan species 9 itself may n be v>iable 9 t ! s\!rn pecan does n ne$ a re/ p]iod1 & ! nor!rn pecan is beg9n+ to develop ! re/ p]iod requirem5t4 ,,mr4 ,,h>dy3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k !re may be "s o!r factor ent]+ into ! picture !re4 ,a pecan c>ri$ ?r\gh w9t] 9 a dry condition at normal room temp]atures w\ld be liable to develop q a bit ( rancidity by spr+4 ,fur!rmore1 nuts t h be5 held ov] s long 9 a dry condition may /ill be good & may g]m9ate ! second ye>4 ,i'd hesitate to de/roy t plant+ until next spr+1 & to my notion t does n indicate dormancy s mu* z x w\ld possibly indicate ! inhibition ( gr[? by "s o!r products develop$ dur+ t /orage p]iod4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,y h br\ght up a v important po9t & some?+ we %\ld n neglect4 ,x may be t dry+ to a c]ta9 degree w induce dormancy1 a griev\sly ov]work$ ^w1 b y "k :at ,i mean4 ,x may take two ye>s = ! se$ to g]m9ate1 z ,mr4 ,h>dy has sugge/$4 ,if y c leave !m 9 t cold frame ov] ?is w9t]1 maybe y c tell u next ye> j :at happ5$4 ,,mr4 ,,pataky3 ,if we take nature's way1 wat* a squirrel plant a hickory or black walnut4 ,he w bury x ab\t an in* deep1 & x w /ay moi/ all w9t] long1 ! same z if x 7 /ratifi$4 ,b if y take a nut & /ore 9 a hot place y are go+ to sl[ up or kill t g]m4 ,y c d t v easily 9 a *e/nut4 ,take a little advice f nature itself 9 ! locality :]e y are4 ,if y are 9 ! ,s\?1 t nut c />t gr[+ 9 ! fall1 & x probably won't hurt x1 b if y are 9 ! ,nor?1 y don't want to />t a nut gr[+ 9 ! w9t]1 because x's go+ to get w9t] kill$4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,9 all probability ! am\nt ( oxyg5 ab\t ! g]m9at+ se$l+ might be q a factor4 ,! %all[ plant$ se$ w h m oxyg5 available ?an deep plant$ se$1 ev]y?+ else be+ equal4 ,if we are f9i%$ ) ! discussion or g]m9ation ( se$s1 we c g on to ! next "q1 t ( a suitable root /ock = hickory--& t c\ld keep u "h = two or ?ree days4 ,h y _h "s exp]i5ce1 ,mr4 ,f]guson8 ,,mr4 ,,f]guson3 ,we use ! pecan & ! %agb>k z root /ock = ! hickory gr\p4 ,=m]ly we h us$ "s ( ! bitt]nut1 b we d n use x any m4 ,"s ( ! hickories w gr[ well on pecan1 & "s are n satisfactory at all4 ,:at !y w d 9 old age is h>d to tell4 ,we h a few 9 ! or*>d d[n 9 ,mr4 ,snyd]'s f>m4 ,i ?9k we h ,/rat=d on pecan1 :i* is n satisfactory4 ,pecan gr[s too fa/ = ! ,/rat=d1 & "s way or o!r x j doesn't "w4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,are y famili> ) ,mr4 ,lassit]'s /ock "w8 ,,mr4 ,,f]guson3 ,he has us$ ! ,rockville z an int]m$iate /ock on pecan4 ,! ,rockville is a hybrid ( ! pecan & ! %ellb>k4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,mr4 ,lassit] s5t u a lett] 9 :i* he /at$ t he _h a good v>iety ( %agb>k t :5 graft$ on ! ,rockville int]m$iate /ock produc$ mu* bett] nuts ?an on pecans alone4 ,is t due to ! exceptional vigor ( ,rockville :i* app>5tly is a hybrid & may h hybrid vigor8 ,aga91 we c only guess4 ,?is int]/ock problem is a big problem4 ,we n[ h "s evid5ce t pecan is n always satisfactory = all v>ieties ( hickory1 al?\gh ,mr4 ,dun/an at ,gre5sboro1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 /ates x's be5 satisfactory = e v>iety he has work$ ^u x4 ,,mr4 ,,h>dy3 ,i am incl9$ to believe t root /ocks & scion v>ieties work$ 9 ! nor? & gr[n 9 ! nor? or work$ 9 ! s\? & gr[n 9 ! s\? may n react ! same4 ,,mr4 ,,wilson3 ,i ?9k y are "r on t4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,mr4 ,gilb]t ,smi?'s report ( ye/]day indicat$ a pecan 0 n satisfactory ) him 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 & t may be> out ! comm5t t ,mr4 ,h>dy has made4 ,,mr4 ,,g]>di3 ,well1 ,i ?9k t is true en\gh1 myself4 ,9 s\!rn ,ill9ois ,i f9d t ! bitt]nut hickory root = %ellb>k or %agb>k don't seem to be satisfactory at all4 ,) ! %agb>k on pecan1 ! v>iety ( %agb>k makes a diff]5ce4 ,"s v>ieties ( %agb>k1 & %ellb>k hickories seem to d all "r1 & !n aga9 o!rs don't4 ,x's go+ to ne$ fur!r /udy to det]m9e :at v>ieties w /& on pecans1 :at w /& on bitt] hickories1 or :at w /& on regul> ovata /ock4 ,i ?9k t ! nurs]yman's wise/ way is to use /ocks ( ! same species z ! scion & !n he is on ! safe side4 ,because ! bitt] hickory gr[s fa/]1 ! nurs]yman may f9d x advantage\s to gr[ ! bitt] hickory /ock 9 pref]5ce to ! o!r two4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,! bitt] /ock makes a hickory big en\gh to graft 9 two or ?ree ye>s4 ,,mr4 ,,g]>di3 ,9 two or ?ree1 & f\r or five = ! %agb>k4 ,%agb>k or %ellb>k v>ieties on bitt]nut may gr[ = ?ree or f\r ye>s & !n die4 ,! pecan does well on ! bitt] hickory & ! bitt] hickory on ! pecan1 b ,i h no reason to gr[ any bitt] hickory because ,i don't l ! nut4 ,i ?9k x's a wa/e ( "t to fool ) x t way4 ,z f> z ! hybrid pecans are conc]n$1 ! pecan root is c]ta9ly ! "r /ock to use on all hybrids4 ,!y gr[ v satisfactorily & be> well4 ,,mr4 ,,:it=d3 ,i h ,g]>di & ,mc,allister hybrids gr[+ on pecan1 & ! ,d[n+ ov]gr[s ! pecan4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,to summ>ize "s ( ?is in=mation t we h ga!r$ ?is morn+ on root /ocks1 x seems t diff]5t clones behave diff]5tly on ! same /ock4 ,t is true1 we "k1 ) o!r plants1 su* z apple4 ,in/ead ( say+ t %agb>k is n compatible ) pecan1 p]haps we %\ld say t ! ,davis or ! ,wilcox v>iety ( %agb>k is n compatible ) a c]ta9 type ( pecan4 ,x's go+ to take ye>s ( ef=t to f9d out ! tru? ( ! matt]4 ,,mr4 ,,w>d3 ,sometimes y w f9d t a two-ye>-old scion1 if y c get a dormant bud com+1 is bett] ?an ! matur$ wood f la/ ye>4 ,i'd j l to get an op9ion f "s ( ! gr[]s :at !y use = topwork+ /ocks = graft+4 ,,mr4 ,,f]guson3 ,i ?9k "o ?+ q important is to get scion wood t has a good lay] ( wood ar\nd ! pi?1 :e!r "o-ye> wood or two-ye> wood4 ,at ! base ( ! ye>'s gr[? x w h a lot m wood 9 x4 ,at ! tip ! wood ar\nd ! pi? is ?94 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,"s ye>s ago ,dr4 ,mac,daniels /at$ t a good scion may be made ) ! tip ( ! scion 9 ! "o-ye> wood & ! base ( ! scion 9 ! two-ye> wood4 ,mr4 ,b]na? at ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,new ,york1 has done "s b5* graft+ ( hickory4 ,:y o!r p h n done s1 ,i d n "k1 & ,i'd l ,mr4 ,b]na? to tell u briefly j :y he likes to b5* graft hickory4 ,,mr4 ,,b]na?3 ,i l x because ,i d my "w 9 ! w9t]time "u glass4 ,i h no "t 9 ! spr+ to fuss ) outside graft+4 ,s if y g5tlem5 w\ld l to he> x1 ,i w tell y all ab\t x4 ,_m ye>s ago :5 ,i le>n$ my pr(ession1 we _h difficulty 9 f9d+ a me?od to graft oaks4 ,we f9ally did f9d a me?od t w\ld take & :i* ,i h f\nd successful ) hickories4 ,! /ocks are dug 9 ! fall & /or$ heel$ 9 e>?4 ,:5 ,i am ready to graft ,i put !m on a table1 along ) ! scion wood & />t graft+4 ,i use ! side graft at ! cr[n leav+ a %ort spur above ! graft4 ,leave !m unwax$ & lay] !m 9 moss peat 9 a glass cov]$ frame 9 ! gre5h\se ) "s v5tilation4 ,9 ?ree or f\r weeks' "t1 :5 ! union has =m$ & j be=e ! leaves come out1 take !m out & plant !m 9 a cold frame outside4 ,( c\rse y h to put glass on x to protect !m f fro/1 z well z int5se sun4 ,"h y c use "p peat & "p soil4 ,leave !m !re = "o ye> 9 ^? frames1 ) p>tial %ade1 until !y get fairly high s !y %ade ea* o!r4 ,!y c !n be set 9 ! nurs]y r[4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,mr4 ,b]na?1 ,i "k !re are "s folks "h :o are nurs]ym5 & :o are int]e/$ 9 ! co/ ( production ( a f9i%$ tree4 ,d y feel t y c produce a tree to transplant any height y want to select1 five1 six feet1 s on1 z *eaply accord+ to ?is me?od ( b5* graft+ 9 ! gre5h\se z if y bud x or graft x 9 a nurs]y r[8 ,,mr4 ,,b]na?3 ,t's a "q4 ,i h nev] kept a record ( t4 ,x is all "r = a "y man :o is able to get d[n on 8 h&s & knees & graft1 b = me t w\ldn't d4 ,,mr4 ,,f]guson3 ,:at temp]ature d y use 9 ! frames8 ,,mr4 ,,b]na?3 ,ab\t #fe4 ,sun heat naturally w raise x4 ,c>e mu/ be us$ to v5tilate ! frames 9 ! gre5h\se to prev5t cond5sation soak+ ! grafts4 ,,mr4 ,,f]guson3 ,d y c>ry high] temp]atures = walnuts8 ,,mr4 ,,b]na?3 ,all ( !m ab\t ! same4 ,y foll[ ! me?od j ! same z nature4 ,if y foll[ nature1 y w nev] g wrong4 ,b y h to wat* out = fungus 9 ! case1 because if y h excessive temp]ature1 ! fungus disease w get 9 y\r case & ru9 ! :ole ?+4 ,,mr4 ,,w>d3 ,i presume1 ,mr4 ,b]na?1 :5 y set out a tree & get a hundr$ p] c5t /& x's go+ to r$uce y\r co/4 ,,mr4 ,,b]na?3 ,yes1 because y h a bett] take1 because y h ev]y?+ "u control1 moi/ure1 heat1 v5tilation1 & s on4 ,,mr4 ,,beck]t3 ,are ! hickory /ocks pott$ be=e y graft1 or are y graft+ b>e roots8 ,,mr4 ,,b]na?3 ,hickory & oaks are b>e root$4 ,!y are too long to pot4 ,,mr4 ,,%essl]3 ,h[ _m ye>s are lo/ 9 ?is me?od ( b5* graft+ comp>$ ) field graft+ trees 9 ! nurs]y r[8 ,,mr4 ,,b]na?3 ,q a few4 ,! g5tleman is "r1 if y graft outside :]e ! tree rema9s1 y get a big gr[? on x4 ,,mr4 ,,%essl]3 ,9 o!r words1 a tree graft$ out 9 ! field w h nuts on x ?ree ye>s soon]8 ,,mr4 ,,b]na?3 ,yes if y leave x :]e x is4 ,b if y transplant x1 look out = a l>ge tree4 ,x is likely to fail4 ,b5* graft$ trees transplant easily4 ,! roots are limit$ & little ( ! root sy/em is de/roy$4 ,,mr4 ,,wilk9son3 ,i h be5 propagat+ = ab\t #ci ye>s1 & ,i h graft$ ?\s&s ( pecan trees 9 my nurs]y1 & ,i h only a few trees gr[+ f grafts4 ,budd+ is mu* m successful ) me4 ,sev]al times ,i h _h up to a #ij p] c5t /& by budd+4 ,,mr4 ,,g]>di3 ,i h tri$ b5* graft+ b x sets y back ?ree ye>s 9 ! nurs]y to get a tree ( equal size comp>$ to graft+ 9 ! nurs]y r[4 ,if y want a small tree1 x's all "r4 ,& !n aga91 x's y\r help situation4 ,if y h got to set !m out1 !y h&le ! grafts l bru%1 & ,i don't l t4 ,hickory is n h>d to graft 9 ! field4 ,i ?9k if y set #aj y get #i to gr[4 ,= scions ,i g back on two-ye> wood & (t5times on ?ree-ye> wood :]e !re are buds4 ,i don't h tr\ble at all4 ,) pecans1 y h a little m difficulty1 because ! wood is m pi?y inside & doesn't gr[ s well4 ,,mr4 ,,b]na?3 ,) any tree1 ,i don't c>e :at x is1 give me "o-ye> gr[?1 ?is ye>'s gr[?1 & ,i am go+ to h wond]ful success4 ,:5 y take ! old wood y h to be sure t y h buds4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,?is la/ discussion c]ta9ly %[s t1 !re is m ?an "o way to get results4 ,! fact rema9s t all ^! diff]5t m5 are produc+ hickory & o!r trees by v>i\s diff]5t means ( graft+ & budd+4 ,!y h _! own te*niques :i* work$4 ,:at !re is beh9d x f a sci5tific basis we probably don't und]/& too well at ! pres5t "t4 ,i n[ call on ,dr4 ,mc,kay to pres5t 8 pap]4 ,dr4 ,mc,kay4 ,a ,promis+ ,new ,pecan = ! ,nor!rn ,zone ,j4 ,w4 ,,mckay & ,h4 ,l4 ,,crane#b ,9 late #aidi ,pr(essor ,a4 ,f4 ,vi]hell]1 ,ext5sion ,horticulturi/ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,m>yl&1 ,college ,p>k1 obta9$ two small pecans f an exhibit at ! ,pr9ce ,georges ,c\nty ,fair1 ,upp] ,m>lboro1 ,m>yl&1 :i* he s5t to ! ,(fice ( ,nut ,inve/igations at ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&4 ,^! nuts 7 v ?9 %ell$ & conta9$ solid1 well develop$ k]nels v light 9 color & attractive4 ,we gave !m no p>ticul> he$ until ! fall ( #aiea1 :5 ! au?ors toge!r ) ,pr(essor ,vi]hell]1 ,p4 ,e4 ,cl>k1 ,c\nty ,ag5t ( ,pr9ce ,georges ,c\nty1 visit$ ! tree on :i* !y _h be5 produc$4 ,we f\nd also a numb] ( o!r pecan trees ne>by4 ,all ( !m 7 on an old s\!rn ,m>yl& e/ate kn[n z ,brookfield4 ,! pres5t own] is ,john ,c4 ,duvall1 ^: address is ,naylor1 a small s\!rn ,m>yl& community locat$ ab\t #be miles s\!a/ ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 9 ! he>t ( ! tobacco gr[+ area4 ,orig9 ( ! ,duvall trees3 ,! pres5t trees probably grew f nuts s5t to ,m>yl& f ! vic9ity ( ,iron ,m\nta91 ,miss\ri1 by a fri5d ( ! ,duvall family nam$ ,mrs4 ,m>y ,m$ora ,johnson4 ,mrs4 ,johnson _h liv$ 9 ,m>yl& z a neighbor ( ! ,duvall family & :5 %e mov$ to ,miss\ri %e app>5tly 0 s impress$ ) ! native pecan t %e s5t nuts to h] fri5ds 9 ,m>yl& = plant+4 ,?is mu/ h happ5$ ab\t #ahej s9ce ! olde/ trees at ,brookfield are e/imat$ to be ab\t #ajj ye>s old & ,mrs4 ,johnson 0 a fri5d ( ,john ,c4 ,duvall's gr&mo!r4 ,9 t]ms ( ! human life span ! trees are ?us ?ree g5]ations remov$ f ! "t ( plant+1 a "t p]iod :i* fits fairly well ! e/imat$ age ( #ajj ye>s bas$ ^u size ( ! trees4 ,description3 ,! ?ree l>ge/ trees are approximately equal 9 size & und\bt$ly repres5t ! orig9al plant+4 ,! eight o!r trees are all small] & c\ld well h orig9at$ z se$l+s ( ! orig9al ?ree4 ,five ( ! l>ge/ trees h be5 giv5 numb]s #a to #e & w be ref]r$ to by numb]4 ,duvall ,no4 #a1 #b & #e are ! ?ree l>ge trees situat$ m or less 9 a circle surr\nd+ ! old mansion1 ea* ab\t #ajj y>ds f ! o!rs4 ,! small] trees are locat$ m or less betwe5 & ar\nd ! l>g] ones1 ! old mansion be+ on a slight knoll 9 ! c5t] ( ! plant+4 ,! orig9al dwell+ ( ,brookfield is n[ crumbl+ ru9s1 "p ( ! build+ be+ m ?an #bjj ye>s old1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,duvall1 :o lives 9 a mod]n new c\ntry home across ! road f ! orig9al mansion4 ,! ?ree l>ge trees h a diamet] at brea/ height ( approximately #d feet & all ( !m h a bran* spread ( m ?an #aej feet4 ,!y are #ge to #ajj feet tall4 ,all ( ! trees h v n>r[ & po9t$ leaflets *>act]i/ic ( ,texas & s\?we/]n v>ieties1 & !y are rem>kably free ( insect pe/s & diseases4 ,! nuts f ?is gr\p ( se$l+s are v>iable 9 size & appe>ance z might be expect$ ( ^? f any gr\p ( pecan se$l+s4 ,h[ev]1 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( all ! nuts is t ! k]nels are solid & well develop$4 ,?is is an unusual *>act]i/ic = pecans gr[n 9 ! latitude ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,9 all ( ! v>ieties t are usually gr[n 9 ?is area none :i* regul>ly fill _! nuts well are kn[n4 ,ano!r out/&+ *>act]i/ic ( all ( ! nuts produc$ by ^! se$l+s is ! bright1 attractive color ( ! k]nel4 ,9 fact1 :5 ! nuts ( ,duvall ,no4 #a are promptly h>ve/$ & dri$ 9 ! fall1 ! k]nels are almo/ :ite4 ,nuts t /ay$ on ! gr\nd #f mon?s dur+ ! w9t] ( #aiea-eb 7 h>ve/$ 9 late ,m>* #aieb & ! k]nels 7 /ill 9 good condition4 ,"s ( ! nuts 7 on display at ! ,rockport meet+s4 ,small size ( nut is )\t "q ! *ief undesirable *>act]i/ic ( ^! trees4 ,duvall ,no4 #e produces ! l>ge/ nuts ( all ! se$l+s b !y are s small t m ?an #ajj are requir$ to weigh a p\nd4 ,duvall ,no4 #a produces ! smalle/ nuts & almo/ #bjj are requir$ to weigh a p\nd4 ,pa/ ,yields3 ,! "o *>act]i/ic t sets ^! trees ap>t f all o!r pecan trees t we h obs]v$ 9 ! ,m>yl& area is t !y yield heavy crops ( nuts e ye>4 ,we h kn[n ! trees only s9ce ! fall ( #aiea b h obs]v$ two crops & ,mr4 ,duvall has obs]v$ _! p]=mance = _m ye>s4 ,9 ! fall ( #aiea ,duvall ,no4 #b yield$ an e/imat$ #h to #aj bu%els ( nuts4 ,mr4 ,duvall h>ve/$ #c bu%els & he knew t #c bu%els 7 h>ve/$ by fri5ds ( ! family4 ,an unkn[n quantity e/imat$ at sev]al bu%els 0 pl[$ "u :5 :eat 0 s[n %ortly be=e we visit$ ! tree 9 ! fall ( #aiea4 ,! tree _h a heavy set ( nuts 9 ,augu/ #aieb & ,mr4 ,duvall pr$ict$ t x w\ld probably yield z mu* ?is ye> z la/4 ,he told u t ! ?ree olde/ trees always h _h annual crops ( nuts except = #a or #b ye>s :5 "o ( ! trees fail$ to produce z mu* z usual4 ,he c\ld n rememb] :i* ( ! trees produc$ ! light crops b he 0 c]ta9 t light crops 7 borne at only v infrequ5t int]vals4 ,swe5ey ,tree3 ,! two nuts orig9ally s5t u by ,pr(essor ,vi]hell] 7 produc$ by a tree gr[+ approximately #bjj y>ds f ! ne>e/ ,duvall tree on a "p ( ! f>m rec5tly subdivid$ & n[ occupi$ by a t5ant nam$ ,swe5ey4 ,mrs4 ,swe5ey plac$ ! plate ( nuts on exhibit at ! ,pr9ce ,georges ,c\nty ,fair & f ?is plate ,pr(essor ,vi]hell] procur$ ! sample :i* he s5t4 ,h5ce ?is tree has become kn[n in=mally z ! ,swe5ey tree4 ,its nuts are v long & po9t$ b 9 o!r respects resemble v closely ^? produc$ by ! o!r trees4 ,! ,swe5ey tree is und\bt$ly a se$l+ ( "o ( ! ?ree l>ge ,duvall trees4 ,?is tree also has an impressive yield record1 z ,mrs4 ,swe5ey said t %e has h>ve/$ a bu%el or m ( nuts f ! tree e ye> dur+ ! t5 or m ye>s t %e has liv$ on ! place4 ,9 #aieb ! ,swe5ey tree 0 be>+ a heavy crop ( nuts4 ,soil3 ,! trees gr[+ on soil t is classifi$ z ,sassafras f9e s&y loam 9 ! he>t ( ! s\!rn ,m>yl& tobacco gr[+ di/rict4 ,?is soil type1 "o ( ! be/ agricultural soils ( ! area1 is n g5]ally reg>d$ z "o ( high f]tility4 ,?is soil is well dra9$ & a]at$ & friable to a consid]able dep?1 ?us p]mitt+ ! trees to root deeply4 ,none ( ! trees are gr[+ "u cr[d$ conditions s9ce !y are locat$ ar\nd ! m>g9s ( ! build+ sites ( ! old home/ead4 ,! "q n[ is :e!r graft$ trees propagat$ f ! be/ ( ! ,duvall se$l+s w yield heavy crops ( well fill$ nuts t w mature e>ly "u o!r conditions ( soil & climate 9 o!r localities4 ,we are incl9$ to believe t "s or all ( ^! trees may repres5t a l9e ( pecan g5etically con/itut$ to be> heavy crops ( nuts e ye> "u conditions 9 ,m>yl&4 ,if trees propagat$ f ! ,duvall trees w p]=m else:]e 9 ! nor!rn zone !re w be available = ?is area a new type ( pecan t we feel w be di/9ctly wor?:ile not)/&+ ! small size ( ! nuts4 ,pres5t v>ieties ( ! s-call$ nor!rn pecan gr[n 9 ! nor!rn zone p]=m erratically at be/ & :5 _m ( ! v>ieties produce crops ! nuts fail to mature & fill prop]ly4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #b3 ,horticulturi/ & ,pr9cipal ,horticulturi/1 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,soils1 & ,agricultural ,eng9e]+1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&4 ,! ,hickory 9 ,indiana ,w4 ,b4 ,,w>d1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture1 ,purdue ,univ]sity1 ,lafayette1 ,ind4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,c4 ,deam1 =e/]1 naturali/ & botani/1 9 8 book ,trees ( ,indiana1 revis$ #aieb1 li/s sev5 di/9ct types ( hickory 9 ! /ate & n9e sub species4 ,z ,deam is approa*+ 8 #hg? ye> 7,augu/ #cj71 he makes ?is /atem5t3 ,i ?\ght ,i knew trees1 & hickories especially1 b at ?is "t :5 ,i c h>dly see & write ,i f9d !re is a great ne$ = reclassification4 ,:at is true 9 ,indiana is no d\bt true 9 o!r areas :]e ,hicoria gr[s--ea* ye> new se$l+s & hybrids are f\nd t j /ep out ( any previ\s description & a new tree may result or *ange ! publi%$ data4 ,"s trees develop five leaflets1 :ile o!rs h sev5 & n9e leaflets4 ,! b>k may be smoo?1 r\gh1 scaly1 or %ag4 ,! nuts w v>y 9 size & =m ) a ?9 to q ?ick %ell4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 applies to ! se$l+s z ! graft$ or budd$ v>ieties v>y only ) ! location1 season1 & gr[+ conditions4 ,! pres5t classification1 accord+ to ,deam1 is z foll[s3 #a4 ,c>ya pecan--,pecan4 #b4 ,c4 cordi=mis--,bitt]nut4 #c4 ,c4 ovata--,%agb>k & #b sub species--frax9ifolia & nuttali4 #d4 ,c4 lac9iosa--,bigleaf ,%agb>k 7,%ellb>k74 #e4 ,c4 tom5tosa 7alba7--,mock]nut--"o sub species4 #f4 ,c4 glabra--,pignut & sub species--,black ,hickory4 #g4 ,c4 ovalis--,small-,fruit$ ,hickory & #e sub species4 #h4 ,c4 pallida #i4 ,c4 buckleyi --,m9or species ( less] importance4 ,! hickory species ?rive 9 ,indiana1 do+ v well 9 all sections except 9 c]ta9 portions ( ! nor?we/]n "p ( ! /ate & on muck or s&y soils4 ,! tree loves company or does well alone4 ,:5 ! hickory /&s alone1 ! trees are well =m$ & make a good specim5 tree4 ,_m hickory trees are f\nd gr[+ 9 ! riv] bottom l& f ,c5tral to ,s\!rn ,indiana ) few] trees f\nd nor? ( a l9e ext5d+ f ,t]re ,haute ?r\gh ,indianapolis to ,ri*mond4 ,?is s\!rn area also conta9s ! l>ge/ population ( pecans4 ,!re are "s woods t conta9 only pecan trees :ile a mile or s away no pecans are f\nd b all are hickories & occasionally "s woods conta9 bo? pecan & hickory4 ,! trees 9 ! woods areas1 _m ( :i* seem to be ! same species1 produce a wide v>iety ( fruits4 ,:5 ! trees are m closely exam9$ !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! b>k1 ! bran*1 ! leaf1 pubesc5ce1 %ape ( nut & %ell /ructure4 ,z !re are all se$l+ trees 9 ?is p>ticul> woods1 sev]al out/&+ trees h be5 *eck$ & especially z to crack+ qualities ( ! nuts4 ,at h>ve/ "t a hamm] is "p ( ! equipm5t & ! nuts are crack$ at ! tree & ! tree m>k$ = disc>d or fur!r consid]ation4 ,future ,possibilities ( ! ,hickory ,! hickory nut has n rea*$ ! popul>ity ( ! pecan1 al?\gh ! hickory conta9s m prote9 & slightly less fat1 c>bohydrates1 & calories p] p\nd ?an ! pecan4 ,:]e ! pecan does n fruit1 ! bett] hickories1 :i* are h>dy1 fill ! ne$4 ,! nam$ v>ieties are good & trees are available f "s nurs]ym54 ,! propagators h develop$ a few new crosses b man is f> beh9d nature 9 ?is "w4 ,! _m new se$l+ trees scatt]$ all ov] ! regions :]e ! hickory gr[s require only propagation & di/ribution = wid] acclaim4 ,! developm5t ( a new hickory is a long-"t process1 yet may be ha/5$ by fir/ plant+ ! nuts = new se$l+s & :5 ! gr[? is mature to bud or graft ! se$l+ on l>ge root/ocks4 ,:5 old trees h be5 top-work$ x is only two or ?ree ye>s' "t until ! fruit develops &1 if wor?y ( propagation1 mu* "t may be sav$ by ?is me?od4 ,mo/ ( ! hickories h ei!r #cb or #fd *romosomes1 except pecan :i* v>ies f #bj to #bd to possibly #cb4 ,! *ances ( mak+ suitable crosses betwe5 ! pecan & hickory are mo/ difficult yet x appe>s t ^! *ance crosses result f "t to "t z 9 ! hican ?r\gh natural cross poll9ation4 ,h[ ext5sive w be ! plant+s ( ! hickories is yet to be det]m9$ b x is a kn[n fact t _m p1 especially nor? ( ! r\te ( ,f$]al ,highway #dj1 pref] ! hickory to ! pecan4 ,?is may be due to ! fact t f *ildhood ! hickory 0 ! local fruit4 ,! fruit & tree hold great promise = ! future4 ,if ! hickories are to be ( comm]cial importance1 ! "w mu/ be done by all conc]n$ & n left to a few eag] individuals to c>ry on ! "w alone4 ,,mr4 ,,ma*ov9a3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 memb]s ( ! ,association1 ,i hope y w be> ) me if ,i run #cj seconds ov]4 ,p]haps ,i _h bett] po9t out t my tra9+ is t ( an eng9e] & n a botani/1 h5ce ?is report on ! ,m]rick tree is t ( a layman4 ,i h n bo!r$ to g into detail on ! v>i\s features ( ! tree1 su* z leaves1 buds1 & s =?1 because ,i h slides :i* y w see aft]w>ds4 ,! ,m]rick ,hybrid ,walnut ,p4 ,e4 ,,ma*ov9a1 ,columbus1 ,ohio ,! ,m]rick hybrid walnut is a natural cross betwe5 ,p]sian & black walnut & is di/+ui%$ f mo/ o!r su* hybrids by ! good crops x usually be>s4 ,! tree is locat$ 9 ,rome ,t[n%ip1 ,a!ns ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 on prop]ty own$ by ,mr4 ,m4 ,m4 ,m]rick a f>m] & fruit gr[]4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aiej1 ,mr4 ,m]rick fir/ describ$ 8 ,engli% walnut to ! writ] & arrangem5ts 7 made to view ! tree4 ,mo/ /rik+ at fir/ sight 0 ! l>ge crop ( nuts4 ,! g5]al outw>d appe>ance ( ! tree sugge/$ x to be pure ,p]sian2 h[ev]1 ^u clos] exam9ation1 mix$ p>5tage became evid5t4 ,z a hybrid1 ! tree's hi/ory 0 a matt] ( int]e/ & ! own] 0 happy to supply :at in=mation he c\ld4 ,mr4 ,m]rick pur*as$ ! prop]ty on :i* ! hybrid is locat$1 9 #aiba4 ,a few ye>s prior to ?is1 ! previ\s own] _h plant$ six ,p]sian walnut trees obta9$ f a nurs]y 9 nor!rn ,ohio4 ,^! "y trees bore _! fir/ crop ( nuts dur+ ,mr4 ,m]rick's fir/ ye> ( own]%ip4 ,x is kn[n t ! nurs]y own]s 7 also proprietors ( a comm]cial ,p]sian walnut or*>d locat$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,niag>a ,falls4 ,) ?is comb9ation ( date & or*>d location1 x seems n illogical to presume t ! six nurs]y trees 7 ( ! ,pom]oy /ra94 ,f ,mr4 ,m]rick's description ( ! nuts produc$ by ^! trees1 !y appe> to h be5 two ea* ( ?ree diff]5t graft$ v>ieties4 ,9 ! e>ly n9ete5-?irties1 ,mr4 ,m]rick plant$ sev]al nuts f ! ,p]sian trees & rais$ a numb] ( se$l+s4 ,"o ( ^! se$l+s1 transplant$ to its pres5t location1 is ! subject ( ?is discussion & is presum$ to be a cross betwe5 "o ( ! six ,p]sians & a native black walnut4 ,dur+ ! late n9ete5-?irties1 all ( ! trees1 ,p]sians & se$l+s1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! exi/+ hybrid1 7 kill$ by an unusually h>d w9t]4 ,! ,m]rick hybrid walnut1 n[ ab\t #bj ye>s ( age1 is an extremely vigor\s & heal?y tree4 ,its height is betwe5 #ee & #fj feet & its spread ne>ly z great4 ,trunk diamet] is at pres5t ab\t #ab in*es at brea/ height4 ,! location ( ! tree is v favorable1 be+ ne> ! cre/ ( a high ridge & ) protection f ! nor?we/ by ! h\se4 ,a *ick5 y>d is ne> & ! kit*5 dra9 empties close by to supply moi/ure4 ,9 ne>ly all aspects except+ ! nut itself1 ! tree favors its pi/illate p>5t4 ,?is is evid5c$ by ! g5]al %ape ( ! tree1 by ! texture & color ( ! b>k ( limbs & twigs1 & by ! %ape & color ( ! leaves1 ! buds1 ! fl[]s1 & ! nut hull4 ,hybridity is indicat$ by ! 7usually7 elev5 leaflets to ! leaf /em1 by ! nut1 & 9 ! dis9tegration ( ! hull :i*1 aft] fall+1 quickly *anges into a mo/ disagreeable1 d>k-br[ni%1 semi-liquidlike mess4 ,! nut itself is mu* m l a ,p]sian walnut 9 appe>ance ?an a black walnut4 ,! %ell surface is slightly r\gh] & some:at d>k] ?an mo/ ,p]sian nuts4 ,! suture ( ! ,p]sian p>5t is prom95t4 ,black walnut p>5tage is exhibit$ by ! ?ick %ell1 ! int]ior configuration & 9 ! flavor ( ! small k]nel4 ,nut size v>ies some:at ) diamet]s rang+ f #a to #a-a_/d in*es & l5g?s rang+ f #a-a_/d to #a-a_/b in*es4 ,! bloom1 :i* is /rik+ly l t ( pure ,p]sian trees1 is always pr(use & prec$es t ( ! surr\nd+ native black walnuts by a week or two4 ,9 ! two ye>s dur+ :i* ! writ] has obs]v$ ! tree1 ! great] "p ( ! /am9ate bloom has prec$$ ! pi/illate by sev]al days4 ,?is 0 noticeably ! case dur+ ! curr5t ye>1 & ei!r ?is1 or ! ra9y wea!r1 has result$ 9 a small set ( nuts :i* ! own] /ates to be unusual4 ,dur+ ! ye>s obs]v$1 ! tree appe>$ to be self-poll9at+4 ,x is recogniz$1 ( c\rse1 t ! ,m]rick hybrid is wor?less z a produc] ( edible nuts4 ,! possible value ( ! tree lies 9 opportunities x (f]s 9 be+ ! =be>] ( m wor?:ile prog5y4 ,we "k ( ! va/ possibilities 9 hybridization4 ,we "k ( ! difficulties involv$ 9 obta9+ nuts f controll$ crosses betwe5 ,p]sian & black walnut trees2 & we "k t se$l+ trees rais$ f ! nuts ( su* crosses are almo/ always /]ile4 ,! ,m]rick hybrid1 yield+ good crops1 (f]s possibilities bo? 9 crossbre$+ & 9 ! rais+ ( se$l+ trees f ! nuts ( ! tree itself4 ,9 ! latt] connection1 ,drs4 ,crane & ,mc,kay1 ( ! ,u4,s4,d4,a41 reque/$ sev]al p\nds ( ,m]rick nuts = plant+ purposes ?is spr+4 ,! writ] himself plant$ five su* nuts1 ( :i* f\r g]m9at$4 ,( ! f\r trees1 "o di$ e>ly 9 ! season1 :ile ! rema9+ ?ree h ?riv$4 ,! heights atta9$ by ! ?ree rema9+ trees ?us f> ?is season are #a1 #b1 & #c feet1 respectively4 ,^! trees h ! g5]al appe>ance ( "y ,p]sian se$l+s4 ,! only crossbre$+ attempt$ ?us f> end$ 9 failure :5 a /orm de/roy$ mo/ ( ! bags prior to application ( poll54 ,p]sian poll5 0 us$ on ! few bloom rema9+ cov]$ b1 un=tunately1 no nuts 7 set4 ,! exp]im5t w be cont9u$4 ,also1 ! ,m]rick w be topwork$ onto produc+ walnuts1 bo? ,p]sian & black1 9 ! hope ( obta9+ nuts f :i* int]e/+ & p]haps bett] second g5]ation hybrids c be rais$4 ,an int]e/+ po9t ( conjecture on :i* to t]m9ate ?is report1 & "o to :i* nut exp]ts w likely give little cr$5ce1 may be f\nd 9 a /atem5t made by ,mr4 ,m]rick & v\*$ to by ,mrs4 ,m]rick4 ,! /atem5t is to ! effect t ! nuts borne by ! ,m]rick dur+ its e>ly ye>s1 t is1 prior to ! "t ! adjac5t ,p]sians 7 kill$1 7 ( mu* bett] quality1 be+ m l ,p]sian walnuts bo? 9 appe>ance & 9 flavor4 ,we've he>d ( poll5 influ5ce ) *e/nuts4 ,did x occur "h8 ,,tuesday ,,aft]noon ,,session ,produc+ ,quality ,nuts & ,quality ,logs ,l4 ,e4 ,,sawy]1 ,director1 ,division ( ,=e/ry & ,reclamation1 ,indiana ,coal ,produc]s ,association ,i 0 tra9$ z a =e/] & hav+ work$ at ! pr(ession = ne>ly ?irty ye>s1 my fir/ ?\ght ( trees is = _! utility 9 build+ or 9 cab9et "w4 ,9 s*ool we 7 taught t ! fruit ( =e/ trees 0 a by-product4 ,its economic importance 0 n emphasiz$ nor 0 ! possibility ( e/abli%+ /&s ( "s species specifically = ! production ( _! fruit4 ,?r\gh ! ye>s ! value ( ! nut crop f "s species has increas$ s t ! fruit is n[ ! prim>y crop & any wood mat]ials t may be d]iv$ are ! by-product4 ,?is production ( valuable food & necess>y mat]ials ( high quality = ! build+ ( quality furniture & int]ior f9i% is a comb9ation t w "w well toge!r4 ,black walnut1 ! mo/ highly utiliz$ ( any ( our native timb] = furniture1 v5e]1 & cab9et "w is becom+ increas+ly m difficult = ! mills to obta9 9 l>g] siz$ logs4 ,native *e/nut1 almo/ completely de/roy$ 9 our timb]$ areas by ! *e/nut blight1 is 9 dem& = int]ior f9i%4 ,pecan1 :i* has _h only a limit$ use 9 ! pa/1 is n[ enjoy+ a m>ket = ! manufacture ( floor+4 ,! production ( nuts f plantations or or*>ds ( ^! ?ree species w no d\bt produce great] economic returns = _m ye>s aft] ! initial plant+ ?an c\ld be d]iv$ f ! sale ( ! trees = ! wood !y conta94 ,!re w come a "t 9 ! life ( any tree :5 x is no long] a pr(itable produc] & %\ld be replac$ by a y\ng]1 m ?rifty tree4 ,:5 t "t comes1 ! tree to be remov$ w h no economic value unless x conta9s products t indu/ry c use4 ,) ! ?\ght 9 m9d t ! wood f ! tree is to h "s future economic value ! trunk ( ! tree %\ld be kept free ( all limbs to a height ( ab\t n9e feet above ! gr\nd4 ,! developm5t ( a l>ge spread+ top above t po9t w be desirable = nut production4 ,! space bel[ t top w give ample head room = ma9t5ance "w 9 ! or*>d & t cle> l5g? ( trunk w produce a high quality log eight feet long4 ,t is ! m9imum /&>d l5g? normally us$ by ! lumb] indu/ry4 ,"s %ort] l5g?s are utiliz$ by ! v5e] indu/ry b ^? l5g?s usually comm& a l[] unit price4 ,! production ( figur$ walnut c\ld be comb9$ ) ! production ( "o log p] tree b x w\ld take sev]al m ye>s to br+ ! trees to nut produc+ age4 ,mr4 ,wilk9son has successfully demon/rat$ t ! figure ( ! ,lamb ,walnut does c>ry ov] ?r\gh a graft or bud4 ,a d\ble budd+ op]ation %\ld n be difficult to p]=m4 ,x w\ld simply consi/ ( budd+ ! figur$ /ock on ! root at z l[ a po9t z possible1 !n :5 ! figur$ gr[? has rea*$ suffici5t height1 ( budd+ aga9 to ! desir$ v>iety = nut production4 ,?is proc$ure w\ld no d\bt require a few additional ye>s be=e ! fir/ crop ( fruit w\ld be h>ve/$ b x w\ld produce an extremely valuable log :5 ! tree is f9ally cut4 ,i w\ld be remiss 9 my pres5t job if ,i did n br+ ! revegetation program ( ! ,indiana coal /ripp+ indu/ry into ! discussion4 ,t indu/ry produces ov] fifty p]c5t ( ! coal m9$ 9 ,indiana today & is recov]+ coal t c\ld n be m9$ by any o!r means4 ,9 driv+ to ,rockport _m ( y no d\bt pass$ by areas ( newly m9$ l&1 r\gh1 b>r5 desolate look+ areas ) no vegetation4 ,!y h ! appe>ance ( complete desolation & give ! impression t ^? l&s are =ev] lo/4 ,9 t same vic9ity y no d\bt pass$ plantations ( p9e1 or mixture ( p9e or ,locu/ ) our native decidu\s species4 ,^? too 7 m9$ areas t a few %ort ye>s ago 7 j z desolate 9 appe>ance z ! b>e areas y saw4 ,^! plantations are ! direct result ( a reclamation program />t$ by ! memb]s ( ! ,indiana ,coal ,produc]s ,association1 a program t has attract$ national att5tion4 ,! fir/ record ( an attempt at ! reclamation ( coal m9e spoil is "h 9 ,indiana4 ,9 #aiah1 ! ,r[l& ,p[] ,company1 n[ own$ by ! ,maumee ,colli]ies ,company1 plant$ pea*1 apple & pe> trees on m9$ l& 9 ,ow5 c\nty4 ,! records %[ t = a p]iod ( ye>s ! trees ?riv$ & 7 good produc]s4 ,!n1 because ! topography 0 r\gh & no spray+ 0 done1 disease & insects took _! toll ( ! pea*es & apples4 ,se$l+s ( ! orig9al apple & pea* tree /ill gr[ on ! area4 ,! orig9al ,kieff] pe> trees /ill /& & produce l>ge crops ( fruit4 ,9 #aibf1 ! l>g]1 m f> sight$ companies began a def9ite program ( re=e/ation ( _! m9$ l&s "u ! direction ( ,ralph ,wilcox1 at t "t assi/ant ,/ate ,=e/] & =tunately our ,/ate ,=e/] today4 ,t volunt>y program 0 c>ri$ on until #aida :5 ! ,indiana ,coal ,produc]s ,association1 ! ,association ( ! m9+ companies1 sat d[n ) repres5tatives ( ! ,indiana ,dep>tm5t ( ,cons]vation1 repres5t+ ! /ate1 & ! ,indiana ,f>m ,bureau1 repres5t+ ! p1 & draft$ a bill :i* 0 enact$ into law4 ,?is law requir$ ea* company to obta9 a p]mit f ! /ate to op]ate & requir$ t ea* company revegetate an area ea* ye> equal to #aja ( ! area !y _h m9$4 ,to insure compliance1 a bond 0 requir$4 ,?is law rema9$ 9 effect = t5 ye>s4 ,9 #aiea1 repres5tatives ( ^? same gr\ps aga9 sat d[n toge!r & draft$ sev]al am5dm5ts to ! orig9al act4 ,"s grad+ is n[ requir$ :]e areas lie adjac5t to public roads4 ,access roads mu/ be provid$ & areas to be devot$ to pa/ure mu/ be grad$ s t !y c be trav]s$ ) agricultural ma*9]y4 ,"u ?is program1 sponsor$ by ,indu/ry1 ! ,f>m ,bureau1 & ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,cons]vation1 #gi ( ! area t has be5 m9$ to date has be5 successfully revegetat$4 ,! rema9+ #ba is a natural lag & repres5ts l&s newly m9$ or areas t h n wea!r$ to ! po9t :]e !y w support revegetation4 ,! dem& = recreation l&s & home sites :]e wat] is available is con/antly increas+4 ,at lea/ #ac ( ! revegetat$ area is n[ be+ us$ = public recreation or = home sites4 ,ne> ! m heavily populat$ sections ! price comm&$ by m9$ t]ritory conta9+ good lakes (t5 exce$s ! value ( ! l& be=e x 0 m9$4 ,^! lakes1 =m$ 9 ! f9al cuts & 9 l[ ly+ areas ( ! /rip m9es1 furni% ! only clean1 cle> wat] available = public recreation & fi%+ 9 ! s\? we/]n "p ( ! /ate4 ,! re=e/ation be+ c>ri$ on "u ! reclamation program consi/s ( plant+ sev]al species ( p9es1 z well z a l>ge v>iety ( our native decidu\s trees4 ,! old] plantations are be+ us$ z a guide z ! rese>* />t$ 9 ! la/ eight ye>s has n progress$ f> en\gh to give conclusive results on _m po9ts4 ,until ! la/ few ye>s ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation has devot$ little or no "t to ! problem ( reclaim+ /rip m9e spoil4 ,! area ( ! /ate t is involv$1 less ?an #a_/d ( #a1 has be5 too small to ju/ify ! use ( _! limit$ funds4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce funds h be5 made available to t ,/ation1 ?r\gh ! ,indu/ry1 to e/abli% rese>* fell[%ips1 ! ,/ation has giv5 :ole he>t$ coop]ation4 ,! in=mation be+ obta9$ ?r\gh ^! fell[%ips & ?r\gh "w be+ c>ri$ on coop]atively ) ! ,c5tral ,/ates ,=e/ ,exp]im5t ,/ation is go+ to answ] _m ( ! que/ions on reclamation we h be5 confront$ )4 ,includ$ 9 our re=e/ation has be5 a lib]al scatt]+ ( black walnut4 ,a breakd[n ( species is n available on mu* ( ! e>li] "w b s9ce #aidj1 :5 accurate records h be5 ma9ta9$1 we h plant$ #bci1jjj black walnut se$l+s or se$4 ,initial survival is n high1 av]ag+ only ab\t #ej p]c5t b we /ill h a g5]al di/ribution ( se$ trees t are provid+ a s\rce ( se$ = natural reproduction4 ,trees f plant+s made 9 #aibg to #aicd h gr[n well & we n[ h walnut trees ov] #aj in*es 9 diamet] & #fj feet 9 height4 ,! av]age = all areas w\ld probably n exce$ #e in*es b individual trees h made rem>kable gr[?4 ,^! trees are only se$l+s1 b !y are be>+ heavily & _! fruit is s\ght by ! local p4 ,9 #aidf & #aidg1 budd$ /ock ( walnuts & pecans & se$l+s ( ,*9ese *e/nut 7 obta9$ f ,mr4 ,wilk9son & 7 set out on six select$ areas4 ,a wide v>iety ( sites 7 pick$ & a wide v>iation 9 bo? survival & gr[? has be5 obta9$4 ,no special treatm5t 0 giv5 ! areas :]e ! trees 7 to be plant$ nor 7 ! trees mul*$ or wat]$ aft] plant+4 ,ev5 "u ^! rugg$ conditions we h a survival ( ov] #fj p]c5t ( all trees4 ,! walnut trees n[ range f #e to #ab feet 9 height & ! pecans up to #f feet4 ,! *e/nuts v>y 9 =m f l[ spread+ plants #d-a_/b to #e feet 9 height & z mu* z #h feet across to well =m$ trees #h to #aj feet tall4 ,prun+ on all ?ree species to produce a cle> butt log has be5 />t$4 ,pa/ure se$+ on areas high en\gh 9 available lime to support legumes is foll[+ a patt]n laid d[n by ?ree ye>s ( graduate /udy1 f9anc$ by ! ,indiana ,coal ,produc]s ,association1 at ,purdue & by "w done by ! ,ill9ois ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation "u a simil> arrangem5t ) ! ,ill9ois ,coal ,/ripp]s ,association4 ,un=tunately1 we h only a small portion ( ! spoil area 9 ,indiana t is suitable = ! developm5t ( improv$ pa/ure4 ,n ov] #aj p]c5t ( ! area m9$ to date is good en\gh & t p]c5tage w decrease4 ,mod]n op]ations are deep] ?an ! e>ly ones & are expos+ m h>d rock & %ale4 ,=tunately1 mo/ ( ^! areas c be re=e/$ aft] ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,9 exceptional cases less ?an #e p]c5t ( ! area m9$ ! expos$ mat]ials conta9 l>ge am\nts ( sulfides4 ,^! break d[n into acid t 9 "s cases require t5 to twelve ye>s to lea* out be=e revegetation c be und]tak54 ,! fact t ^! /&s ( trees e/abli%$ on raw spoil w produce m]*antable timb] has be5 prov54 ,9 #aiea1 an area 0 cle> cut at ! ,enos m9e 9 ,pike c\nty4 ,! p9es on ?is tract 7 plant$ 9 #aicc-cd4 ,! products f t cutt+1 peel$ po/s & poles1 7 sold to ! ,indiana ,wood ,pres]v+ ,company at ! rate ( #cce4ei p] acre4 ,an increase 9 value ( #af4dh p] acre p] ye>4 ,pa/ure1 =e/s & fi%+ are n ! only products4 ,game ( all v>ieties is abundant 9 ! work$ out areas4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ h]ds ( :ite tail$ de] 9 ! /ate1 n[ ref]r$ to z ! /rip m9e h]d1 is locat$ 9 nor!rn ,w>rick & s\!rn ,pike c\nties4 ,9 ! ,indiana de] season ( #aiea1 ! fir/ op5 season s9ce #ahic1 ! second l>ge/ record$ kill came f ! /rip m9e h]d4 ,! ,pitman-,rob]tson report ( ! ,division ( ,fi% & ,game c>ries ! foll[+ comm5t on de] f t area4 ,! sup]iority ( ! div]sifi$ range ( ! /rip m9e h]d 0 reflect$ 9 above av]age weights & measurem5ts 9 mo/ age classes4 ,f ! evid5ce at h&1 !re is e reason to believe t mo/ ( ! m9$ area w aga9 be highly productive =e/ l&4 ,x has complet$ ! entire cycle ( l& use4 ,orig9ally x support$ magnific5t /&s ( h>dwood timb]4 ,?is timb] 0 cut & ! l&s devot$ to f>m+4 ,poor managem5t & erosion soon deplet$ ! supply ( top soil & _m areas 7 ab&on$ to broom s$ge1 blackb]ries & gullies4 ,because x 0 close en\gh to ! surface ! coal has be5 remov$ & ! areas replant$ to _m ( ! same species ( trees4 ,) ?is ree/abli%m5t ( ! =e/ cov] & ! creation ( ! lakes 9 ! f9al cuts1 we c aga9 h our =e/ res\rce comb9$ ) fi%+1 hunt+ & o!r =ms ( outdoor recreation1 "s areas ( pa/ure &1 ,i believe1 o!rs t c be pr(itably devot$ to ! production ( nut crops & ! by-product ( quality logs = ! v5e] & lumb] indu/ry4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,if y ev] ?9k y are go+ to sell y\r logs = v5e] or lumb]1 don't nail hammocks or o!r ?+s on ! trees4 ,! metal is v soon buri$ & causes no end ( difficulty4 ,we w g to ! next pap]1 :i* is1 ,col*ic9e z a ,tool 9 ,nut ,bre$+1 ,mr4 ,o4 ,j4 ,eig/i1 ,funk ,bro!rs ,se$ ,co41 ,bloom+ton1 ,ill9ois4 ,,mr4 ,,eig/i3 ,?ree ye>s ago ?is project 0 conceiv$ 9 a discussion betwe5 ,mr4 ,be/ & myself4 ,!n dur+ ! two-ye> p]iod1 all ,i did 0 turn ov] "s ,col*ic9e to ,mr4 ,be/4 ,mr4 ,be/ took ! mat]ial1 treat$ ! trees & p]=m$ z well z any graduate /ud5t ,i _h ev] graduat$ 9 ! #ac ye>s t ,i 0 9 univ]sity "w4 ,x is ?r\gh 8 f9e coop]ation t we are able to />t ?is project1 & ,i look =w>d to ?is develop+ into a r important nut bre$+ v5ture4 ,b z y all "k1 x w take a long "t4 ,i h ?is pap] writt54 ,x's only f\r pages d\ble-spac$4 ,col*ic9e = ,nut ,improvem5t ,programs ,o4 ,j4 ,,eig/i & ,r4 ,b4 ,,be/1 ,normal1 ,ill9ois1 & ,eldr$1 ,ill9ois ,col*ic9e 7#a1 #b7 z a plant bre$]s' tool is univ]sally well kn[n4 ,only limit$ use has be5 made ( ?is te*nique = nut improvem5t4 ,e>ly "w 0 />t$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay1 a memb] ( ! ,n4,n4,g4,a41 b num]\s o!r problems dem&$ 8 att5tion & ! ,col*ic9e project 0 n c>ri$ to f9al completion4 ,o!r reports are at h& f ,sw$5 & ,japan b ^! results d n %$ direct light on ! problems "u discussion today at ,rockport1 ,indiana4 ,col*ic9e1 act+ on cell-division1 ultimately causes a d\bl+ ( ! numb] ( *romosomes )9 ^? cells 9 contact ) ! sub/ance at ! "t ( division4 ,su* *anges are transf]r$ to succe$+ g5]ations by ! h]$it>y *a9 famili> to plant bre$]s4 ,sev]al species ( nuts are among ?is class ( plants ) d\bl$ *romosomal numb]s1 h[ev]1 su* duplications occurr$ 9 nature4 ,a report on ?is phase 0 giv5 at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,!re=e su* excell5t nut produc+ species z ! pecan are naturally d\bl$ types1 call$ polyploids4 ,we f9d numb]s su* z #cb repres5tative ( a polyploid situation4 ,s9ce col*ic9e is effective 9 d\bl+ ! *romosome numb] & t v>iations 9 *romosome numb] exi/ among species1 ! au?ors plann$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! be/ me?ods ( apply+ col*ic9e t[>d a nut improvem5t program4 ,se$l+s ( pecan 7 available & out ( ?is exp]i5ce a s*$ule is submitt$ t may be ( use = o!r memb]s ( ?is association confront$ ) p>ticul> problems applicable to col*ic9e te*niques4 ,! mo/ satisfactory s*$ule = d\bl+ ! numb] ( *romosomes is giv5 9 a numb] ( /eps z li/$ bel[4 #a7 ,select exp&+ vegetative buds 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( developm5t4 #b7 ,use se$l+s or bran*es f mature trees4 #c7 ,prune leaves & probe to ! gr[+ cone )\t damage to tissue4 #d7 ,pack a small wad ( cotton into ! t]m9al po9t4 #e7 ,soak ?is cotton by dropp+ 4#b aque\s solution ( col*ic9e on same4 #f7 ,add glyc]9e to cotton to improve p5etration ( col*ic9e4 #g7 ,place drop ( col*ic9e on cotton morn+ & ev5+ = f\r days4 #h7 ,remove cotton wad+ f bud on #e? day4 #i7 ,if suffici5t te/s at h&1 all[ cotton to rema9 on "s buds4 #aj7 ,try = at lea/ "o hundr$ buds treat$4 #aa7 ,obs]ve gr[? dur+ fir/ season & also next season4 #ab7 ,if treat$ bud dies1 wat* = gr[? among l[] lat]als4 #ac7 ,evid5ce ( *anges appe>s 9 ! new leaves1 d>k]1 ?ick]1 gre5]4 #ad7 ,conclusive evid5ce ( d\bl+ re/s ) microscopic & anatomical analysis :i* is a task = tra9$ te*nicians only4 ,! above proc$ures are sugge/ions = a />t & ev]yone w wi% to make *anges suit$ to 8 p>ticul> ne$s4 ,! conc5tration ( col*ic9e ne$ n be exact z 9 an analytical exp]im5t 9 *emi/ry4 ,"o gram dissolv$ 9 #ejj ml4 wat] is an adequate & a suffici5tly c>eful measurem5t4 ,! local ph>maci/ or physician is well acqua9t$ ) col*ic9e 9 ! practise ( m$ic9e s9ce ?is drug is a /&>d = g\t4 ,effective use may be made f two specific areas ( plant bre$+4 ,fir/1 d\bl+ ( *romosomes *anges /]ile hybrids into f]tile individuals4 ,?is is a promis+ field & :5ev] su* hybrids are discov]$1 ef=ts %\ld be made to apply ! col*ic9e te*nique4 ,second1 d\bl+ ( ! *romosome numb] makes possible hybridization ( individuals h]et(ore unsuccessful 9 su* ef=t4 ,9 bo? in/ances g]m plasm ( wide g5etic diff]5ce is incorporat$ into a new propagat+ bre$+ /ock4 ,9 ! case ( ! /]ile hybrid trans=m$ into f]tile individuals1 no c\nt+ ( *romosomes is necess>y because re/oration ( f]tility is evid5ce ( *anges 9 ! *romosomal makeup4 ,h[ev]1 ! second type ( exp]im5t requires microscopic analysis4 ,!re are a numb] ( fundam5tal rese>* problems 9 ! plant sci5ces associat$ ) ! treatm5t ( plants ) col*ic9e4 ,f horticultural subjects su* z ! apple17#c7 pe>1 cranb]ries17#d7 & grapes1 x is obvi\s t p]icl9al *im]as w be ( prime importance 9 analysis ( results 9 treatm5t ( nut trees4 ,foll[+ ! treatm5t ( a gr[+ po9t ) col*ic9e ! out] lay] ( cells may be d\bl$ by col*ic9e b ! l[] lay]s may rema9 un*ang$4 ,or a rev]se ( ?is situation may obta91 & ev5 o!r types4 ,s9ce ! =mation ( poll5 takes place f a c]ta9 lay] x is v important t su* specific lay]s are *ang$4 ,! c\rse ( plant bre$+ c be alt]$ by ^! k9ds ( *anges4 ,to our k1 no inve/igations ( p]icl9al *im]as h be5 made ) nuts1 foll[+ treatm5t ) col*ic9e4 ,specific exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ at ,eldr$1 ,ill9ois 9 ! spr+ ( #aiea ) se$l+s ( pecan4 ,! coop]ation ( ! ,r4,b4 ,be/ ,f>ms & ,nut ,plantation made ?is project possible4 ,sev]al types ( treatm5t 7 tri$4 ,out ( ?is exp]i5ce ! above s*$ule li/$ 9 #ad /eps 0 develop$4 ,o!r details may be obta9$ by contact+ ! au?ors direct4 ,obs]vations ( ! new gr[? 9 #aiea & #aieb 7 made & ! %ape ( leaves1 color1 texture & g5]al appe>ance sugge/ t d\bl+ ( *romosomes has be5 induc$4 ,up until ! pres5t "t1 no microscopic analysis has be5 made b ?is is a contemplat$ /ep & facilities are at h& to complete ?is "w4 ,:ile ?is pap] is n a complet$ rese>*1 ! au?ors hope t ! pres5tation ( te*nique w aid & /imulate int]e/ 9 ?is new approa* to nut improvem5t4 ,9 su* in/ances :]e c]ta9 memb]s may h a p>ticul> problem su* z a true hybrid-/]ile z a result ( hybridity1 x is hop$ t ! sugge/ions giv5 9 ! above pages may lead into a new field ( improvem5t4 ,!re are rew>ds 9 /ore = ! plant bre$] will+ to ma/] ?is new te*nique1 b ! ma/]y requires c>eful /udy & dilig5t "w4 ,lit]ature ,cit$ #a4 ,eig/i1 ,o4 ,j4 & ,du/91 ,p4--,col*ic9e ,bibliography4 ,lloydia #aj3 #fe-aad4 #aidg4 #b4 ----1 ----4--,col*ic9e ,bibliography4 ,lloydia #ab3ahe-bjg4 #aidi4 #c4 ,d]m51 ,h4--,ontog5y ( tissues 9 /em & leaf ( cyto*im]al apples4 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,bot4 #ch3gec-fj4 #aiea4 #d4 ,d]m51 ,h4 & ,ba91 ,h4 ,f4--,p]icl9al & total polyploidy 9 cranb]ries induc$ by col*ic9e4 ,proc4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 #ch3 #djj4 #aida4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,! ,resolutions ,committee = ?is meet+ is3 ,john ,davidson1 *airman1 & ,dr4 ,rohrba*] work+ ) him4 ,if y h any?+ 9 m9d t %\ld be br\ght up 9 ! resolutions1 see "o ( ^! two m54 ,! next pap] is3 ,an ,e>ly ,pecan & ,"s ,o!r ,we/ ,t5nessee ,nuts ,,aubrey ,,ri*>ds1 ,m4,d41 ,:iteville1 ,t5n4 ,,mr4 ,,ri*>ds3 ,!re came "u my obs]vation 9 ! latt] "p ( la/ summ] a se$l+ pecan tree gr[+ 9 ! city limits ( my home t[n4 ,x seem$ t ?is tree _h be5 gr[+ unnotic$ = possibly #ej ye>s1 judg+ by ! size ( ! tree4 ,! out/&+ ?+ ab\t ?is tree & :at call$ x to my att5tion 0 a pati5t :o came into my (fice compla9+ ) a backa*e f pick+ up pecans on ! #bj? day ( ,augu/4 ,i wrote my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ab\t ?is pecan1 & :5 he visit$ me dur+ ! ,*ri/mas holidays ,i gave him a sample4 ,! only ?+ t he c\ld say bad ab\t ! pecan 0 t x 0 slightly on ! small side4 ,i "k p]sonally t at lea/ ?ree or possibly f\r bu%els ( good quality nuts 7 h>ve/$ f t tree1 mo/ ( !m on ! gr\nd by ! #bj? ( ,augu/4 ,9 my section ! ,/u>t pecan1 :i* we use m or less z a y>d-/ick1 0 ripe ! latt] "p ( ,octob]1 & we ?\ght t possibly ?is tree1 s9ce x _h und]gone an unusually l[ temp]ature ! w9t] be=e ( #bj bel[ z]o1 might h possibilities4 ,b let's disp5se ) ?is pecan & say t we believe 9 ! old adage t "o ra9drop doesn't make a %[]4 ,x has a fair crop ?is ye>1 & !y are j z gre5 z my ,/u>ts n[4 ,!re is ano!r tree t orig9at$ 9 ,we/ ,t5nessee :i* ,mr4 ,mc,daniel *ose to call ?is nut ,rhodes he>tnut4 ,?is tree is #g ye>s old f a dormant bud on a #b-ye>-old black walnut se$l+ gr[+ on my back y>d4 ,x bore two clu/]s its second gr[+ season1 & s9ce t "t x has borne annually1 ! crops increas+ 9 proportion to ! size ( ! tree4 ,?is ye>'s crop consi/$ ( #hh clu/]s ( nuts1 ) an av]age nut c\nt ( #aj4b nuts p] clu/]1 giv+ a total ( almo/ #ijj nuts on ?is #g-ye>-old tree4 ,!re is "o m figure ,i'd l to give y4 ,! c\nt ( clu/]s comp>$ to ! numb] ( t]m9als we _h ?is spr+ is bett] ?an #ij p] c5t clu/]s4 ,i h a few bud /icks "h cut f gre5 wat] spr\ts4 ,t's ! only k9d ,i c f9d a spr\t on4 ,i br\ght !m up to ,mr4 ,mc,daniel4 ,if anybody c talk ,mr4 ,mc,daniel out ( a bud he want$ to try1 b ,i don't really "k :at plans he _h = ^! bud /icks4 ,! #g or #h o!r v>ieties ( he>tnuts ,i h gr[+ don't h any t h clu/]s l ! ,rhodes4 ,scab ,disease 9 ,ea/]n ,k5tucky on ! ,buss]on ,pecan ,w4 ,d4 ,,arm/rong1 ,univ]sity ( ,k5tucky1 ,pr9ceton1 ,k5tucky ,,mr4 ,,arm/rong3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 ladies & g5tlem53 ,x is nice to be "h at ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s meet+4 ,?is is my second session4 ,i att5d all ! pecan & nut sessions 9 ! c\ntry4 ,i h att5d$ ,georgia-,florida ,pecan ,gr[]s ,association & ,oklahoma & ,texas ,pecan ,gr[]s ,association4 ,^! plates t ,i h conta9 "s ( ! ,buss]on pecans affect$ ) pecan scab4 ,! disease has %[n up 9 ,s\!a/]n ,k5tucky1 ab\t a hundr$ miles s\!a/ ( ,lex+ton1 a hundr$ miles we/ ( ! ,virg9ia l9e1 & ab\t a hundr$ miles nor? ( ! ,t5nessee l9e1 on a /raight l9e we/ ( ,roanoke1 ,virg9ia4 ,^! trees 7 plant$ 9 bottom soil1 r well dra9$1 & !y made a rapid gr[?4 ,9 ! orig9al plant+ !re 7 two ,gre5 ,riv] pecans1 "o ,major1 "o ,buss]on & two walnuts1 a ,/abl] & a ,?omas4 ,ab\t #aidf we notic$ t all ( ! pecans on ! ,buss]on 7 l ^! t we h "h--did n mature1 completely cov]$ ) scab fungus & dropp$ (f ! tree4 ,! %ells 7 s ?9 t y c\ld j cru% ! :ole pecan1 hull1 %ell & all ) no meats 9 !m4 ,! ,major tree "r beside x & ! two ,gre5 ,riv] trees _h none ( ?is tr\ble1 & !y h none ( x z yet4 ,& ea* ye> n[ t ?is ,buss]on tree has borne !re1 practically all ( ! nuts h be5 l ?is4 ,at ! "t we locat$ ?is disease fir/ 9 #aidf1 ,i s5t samples to ! ,u4,s4,d4,a4 at ,wa%+ton & also to ! ,s\!a/]n ,pecan ,laboratory at ,albany1 ,georgia1 & ,dr4 ,cole1 !re id5tifi$ x z pecan scab4 ,i report$ ! pres5ce ( ! disease to ,mr4 ,wilk9son & to ,dr4 ,colby & !y 7 surpris$ to see ! disease on ,buss]on 9 any location1 & p>ticul>ly t f> nor?4 ,9 ! s\? ?is disease frequ5tly affects ,s*ley1 ,delmas1 ,alley & ,van ,deman & "s o!rs4 ,=m]ly ! trees 7 spray$ ) ,bordeaux ,mixture4 ,i ?9k !y are us+ ,z]late n[4 ,x's a problem to be reckon$ )4 ,x occurs on ! nuts & on ! leaves1 & x is c>ri$ ov] w9t] on ! /ems & ! "o-ye> %oots4 ,fur!r ,news ,ab\t ,oak ,wilt ,e4 ,a4 ,,curl1 ,ill9ois ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey1 ,urbana1 ,ill4 ,9 #aiea a review ( ! oak wilt situation 0 giv5 9 a pap]1 ,pres5t ,/atus ( ! ,oak ,wilt ,disease1 at ! ,=ty-,second ,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,n4,n4,g4,a4 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois4 ,! foll[+ report is aim$ at br++ up to date ! pres5t kn[n di/ribution ( ! oak wilt disease1 rec5t developm5ts 9 sci5tific rese>* on ! disease1 & possible control measures4 ,! oak wilt disease is caus$ by ! fungus ,*al>a qu]c9a ,h5ry & is *>act]iz$ by a v noticeable bronz+ & wilt+ ( leaves t drop prematurely4 ,br[n /reaks are usually pres5t 9 ! out] sapwood4 ,^! symptoms may be se5 f ,june to ,septemb] or until normal autumn colors ( ! foliage develop4 ,m ?an #cj species ( oak are kn[n to be susceptible to ! disease4 ,o!r susceptible g5]a ( ! family ,fagaceae are ,*9ese *e/nut1 ,ca/anea mollissima1 gold5 *9quap91 ,ca/anopsis *rysophylla1 tanb>k oak1 ,li?oc>pus d5sifiora1 & ,no?(agus f ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! r$ & black oaks seem to be mo/ susceptible & are (t5 kill$ )9 #f weeks aft] infection4 ,di/ribution ,dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s ! oak wilt disease has spread ) su* rapidity & de/ructiv5ess among valuable =e/ & %ade oaks 9 p>ts ( ! ea/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t its s]i\sness is n[ well recogniz$4 ,at pres5t oak wilt is kn[n to be 9 ! foll[+ /ates3 ,wiscons91 ,i[a1 ,m9nesota1 ,ill9ois1 ,miss\ri1 ,indiana1 nor!rn ,arkansas1 ea/]n ,kansas1 s\!a/]n ,nebraska1 ,ohio1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 nor?we/]n ,virg9ia1 we/]n "p ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ea/]n ,t5nessee1 nor!a/]n ,k5tucky1 we/]n ,m>yl& & s\!rn ,mi*igan4 ,a]ial surveys = #aieb are n yet complete1 b !re are indications ( ext5sive new infections 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1 & ,we/ ,virg9ia :ile ! o!r /ates %[ a mod]ate increase 9 ! numb] ( infections4 ,! fir/ case ( oak wilt 9 ,ill9ois 0 se5 9 ,rock=d 9 #aidb4 ,today #ed ( ! #ajb c\nties 9 ! /ate h oak wilt areas4 ,! disease is pres5t 9 bo? ! extreme nor!rn "p & ! s\!rn-mo/ tip ( ! /ate4 ,practically all wilt areas 9 ! s\!rn half ( ,ill9ois consi/ ( #e trees or less t appe> to h di$ )9 ! la/ #d ye>s1 indicat+ a rec5t spread ( ! disease s\?w>d4 ,a simil> condition exi/s 9 s\!rn ,miss\ri & nor!rn ,arkansas4 ,developm5ts 9 ,rese>* ,9 #aidb a report f ! ,wiscons9 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation reveal$ t ! oak wilt disease 0 caus$ by a fungus1 & rese>* programs 7 />t$ e>ly 9 ,wiscons9 & ,i[a4 ,neighbor+ /ates 7 quick to foll[ z surveys %[$ a wid] di/ribution ( ! disease4 ,n[ almo/ e /ate 9 :i* oak wilt occurs is tak+ "p 9 ef=ts to le>n m ab\t ! disease & its causal ag5t s t practical control measures may be appli$ be=e ! spread ( ! disease gets out ( h&4 ,! ,national ,oak ,wilt ,rese>* ,committee at ,memphis1 ,t5nessee1 supports 9 "p an int5sive oak wilt rese>* program 9 coord9ation ) sev]al midwe/]n univ]sities & ) ! ,u4,s4,d4,a41 ,bureau ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology4 ,until rec5tly ! causal fungus ( oak wilt 0 kn[n only 9 its asexual or imp]fect =m liv+ 9 ! sap /ream ( infect$ trees4 ,! mo/ important "q to be answ]$ n[ is h[ ! fungus spreads ov] long di/ances f diseas$ to heal?y trees4 ,be=e ?is c\ld be accompli%$1 h[ev]1 we _h to "k h[ ! fungus escapes f ! inside to ! outside ( diseas$ trees :]e x c be expos$ to ag5ts ( dissem9ation4 ,9 ! late summ] ( #aiea cle>ly visible mycelial mats ( ! oak wilt fungus 7 f\nd 9 ,ill9ois "u ! loose b>k ( wilt-kill$ trees4 ,^! mats 7 usually locat$ b5ea? cracks 9 ! b>k2 ?us1 !y 7 expos$ to ! outside air & to visit+ insects4 ,mo/ wilt-kill$ trees conta9 b5ea? ! b>k num]\s insect l>vae ( wood & b>k bor+ beetles4 ,l>vae 7 frequ5tly f\nd 9 direct contact ) mycelial mats ( ! fungus4 ,l>vae ( ! two-l9$ *e/nut bor]1 ,agrilus bil9eatus1 7 mo/ abundant1 b l>vae ( species ( ! families ,scolytidae & ,c]ambycidae 7 also pres5t 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,9 addition to ! mycelial mat "u ! b>k !re 0 (t5 pres5t a ?ick d>k pad usually 9 ! c5t] ( ! mat4 ,x is n kn[n yet :at "p ?is pad plays 9 ! life hi/ory ( ! fungus b we d "k t x is produc$ by ! same fungus :i* causes oak wilt4 ,we also f\nd 9 ,ill9ois t ! oak wilt fungus (t5 develops into visible mats f *ips ( b>k & wood t h be5 *opp$ f wilt-kill$ trees & all[$ to lie on ! moi/ =e/ floor4 ,?is %\ld be rememb]$ :5 consid]+ sanitation z a p>tial means ( controll+ ! disease4 ,9 #aiea ! sexual or p]fect =m ( ! oak wilt fungus 0 produc$ on laboratory m$ia 9 ,miss\ri by cross+ diff]5t /ra9s ( ! fungus4 ,! sexual =m is recogniz$ by ! appe>ance ( microscopic1 black1 %ort-beak$ fruit+ /ructures or p]i!cia t are fill$ ) /icky ascospores4 ,?is sexual =m is a species ( ,endoconidiophora4 ,! sexual =m ( ! fungus 0 fir/ f\nd 9 nature 9 ,ill9ois 9 ! autumn ( #aiea4 ,! p]i!cia are produc$ on ! mycelial mats b5ea? ! loose & sometimes crack$ b>k ( diseas$ oaks4 ,bo? ! ascospores ( ! sexual =m & ! endospores or conidia ( ! asexual =m w cause wilt if ! spores are inject$ into oak trees4 ,f ! =ego+ in=mation x is app>5t t sev]al me?ods by :i* ! disease might be spread ov] long di/ances are possible4 ,fir/1 & :at seems to be mo/ probable1 is transmission by insects4 ,adult beetles1 su* z ! two-l9$ *e/nut bor]1 :i* em]ge f dead trees 9 ! spr+ & fe$ on ! leaves ( heal?y trees might transmit ! spores ( ! fungus4 ,o!r insects might fe$ on ! fungus mats t are expos$ ?r\gh cracks 9 ! b>k & c>ry bo? ! /icky ascospores & conidia to o!r trees4 ,additional ag5ts t mu/ be consid]$ are woodpeck]s1 squirrels & air curr5ts4 ,besides se>*+ = ! vector or vectors t spread ! disease o!r important /udies are 9 progress4 ,among ^! is ! consid]ation ( *emo!rapy z a possible means ( controll+ oak wilt4 ,= our purpose1 plant *emo!rapy may be def9$ z ! control ( disease by *emicals :i* are introduc$ into ! plant4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,paul ,h(fman ( ! ,ill9ois ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey1 a numb] ( *emicals h %[n promise 9 cur+ small diseas$ oak trees :5 treat$ 9 a v e>ly /age ( ! disease4 ,9 "o in/ance1 trees t 7 inoculat$ ) ! oak wilt fungus !n treat$ ) *emicals #b ye>s ago are /ill alive4 ,! mo/ promis+ results 7 obta9$ by inject+ ! *emicals into ! soil :]e !y are tak5 up by ! roots & by apply+ *emicals directly to ! foliage 9 a spray4 ,trunk injection %[$ lea/ promise because ( ! limit$ di/ribution ( ! *emicals ?r\gh ! tree4 ,! use ( *emicals = cur+ wilt-infect$ trees is /ill 9 ! e>ly exp]im5tal /age & is n yet recomm5d$ z a practical control measure4 ,9 #aidi ,wiscons9 work]s demon/rat$ ! local spread ( oak wilt ?r\gh natural root grafts4 ,!y f\nd t ! poison+ ( a s+le heal?y tree ) sodium ars5ite (t5 kill$ z _m z #ae o!r trees ne>by1 indicat+ t _! roots 7 connect$4 ,rec5tly ! results ( exp]im5ts 9 ,wiscons9 expla9$ 9 "p :at causes ! leaves ( diseas$ trees to wilt4 ,:5 a tree becomes infect$ x is /imulat$ to produce tyloses or swell+s 9 ! vessels ( ! wood4 ,!re=e1 ! fl[ ( wat] f ! roots to ! tree top is re/rict$ & ! leaves wilt & die4 ,x is also kn[n t ! fungus itself produces a tox9 :i* might be responsible = ! actual kill+ effect on ! tree4 ,9 ,ill9ois exp]im5ts are be+ conduct$ ) insects 9 relation to ! spread ( oak wilt4 ,insects ( v>i\s species are collect$ f wilt-kill$ trees & all[$ to run ov] or fe$ on laboratory cultures ( ! oak wilt fungus4 ,! insects are !n cag$ on p>ts ( heal?y trees to fe$ on ! leaves4 ,a s+le r$ oak treat$ 9 ?is way contract$ ! disease & di$4 ,?is %[s t ! disease c be transmitt$ by an insect4 ,controll+ ! ,disease ,! spread ( oak wilt 9 local areas may be /opp$ by prev5t+ ! und]gr\nd movem5t ( ! disease f tree to tree ?r\gh natural root grafts4 ,?is c be done by 7#a7 poison+ all heal?y trees )9 #ej feet ( diseas$ trees1 7#b7 cutt+ a dit* #cj in*es deep ) a small tr5*+ ma*9e betwe5 diseas$ & heal?y trees to sev] root connections or 7#c7 sev]+ root connections ) a tractor drawn pl[ on :i* a knife blade is atta*$4 ,un=tunately ! use ( su* heavy equipm5t is n practical 9 rocky & hilly areas4 ,*emicals us$ = kill+ trees are sodium ars5ite & ammate4 ,ammate is safe to use b does n kill trees z rapidly z ! o!r poison4 ,9 "s localities #b1d1e-,t us$ z a trunk spray has giv5 satisfactory results 9 kill+ small trees4 ,if infect$ trees are left /&+ mycelial mats ) _! num]\s spores develop "u ! loos5+ b>k4 ,x is !re=e advisable to cut & burn all p>ts ( diseas$ trees z soon z possible aft] symptoms appe>4 ,a comb9ation tr5*+ & eradication program 0 />t$ 9 ! summ] ( #aiej 9 ! ,=e/ ,pres]ve ,di/rict ( ,cook ,c\nty 9 ,ill9ois4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,noel ,b4 ,wysong1 ,*ief ,=e/]1 #b newly wilt$ trees 7 f\nd 9 ! ,=e/ ,pres]ve 9 #aidh1 #gb trees 9 #aidi1 #ada trees 9 #aiej1 & #if trees 9 #aiea4 ,! c\nt = #aieb is n complete b a cont9u$ decrease 9 ! numb] ( new infections w\ld indicate good control4 ,!re is no in=mation on resi/ant species ( oak4 ,9 v r>e cases1 h[ev]1 trees h be5 obs]v$ to recov] aft] %[+ symptoms 9 ! e>ly spr+4 ,future ,outlook ,among ! _m ?+s t we ne$ to "k yet ab\t ! oak wilt disease & its causal fungus "o is out/&+4 ,h[ does ! disease jump f "o infection c5t] to heal?y trees #bjj y>ds1 #b miles or ev5 #ajj miles away8 ,al?\gh spread ?r\gh root grafts may be controll$ by sev]+ root connections1 ! value ( su* a control measure is limit$ z long z ! ag5t or ag5ts responsible = long di/ance spread rema9 unkn[n4 ,! discov]y ( o!r me?ods ( spread might result 9 ! developm5t ( control measures t are *eap] & less dra/ic ?an ^? kn[n at pres5t4 ,a great deal rema9s to be done & rese>* is increas+ 9 ! v>i\s /ates conc]n$4 ,!re is reason to believe t oak wilt c be *eck$ be=e x rea*es deva/at+ proportions comp>able to *e/nut blight :i* wip$ out our ,am]ican *e/nuts4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,:at is ! orig9 ( ! fungus8 ,is x a native fungus1 or import$8 ,,mr4 ,,curl3 ,yes1 x is a native fungus1 z f> z we "k4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,any evid5ce t ! fungus is mutat+ to make m virul5t /ra9s8 ,,mr4 ,,curl3 ,t's some?+ t hasn't be5 f\nd yet4 ,!re are sev]al /ra9s ( ! fungus1 :at we call /ra9s1 because !y w =m ! sexual /age1 & a /ra9 alone w n4 ,!re is n too mu* kn[n ab\t t yet1 ! /ra9 bus9ess4 ,,mr4 ,,gravatt3 ,j a ^w4 ,we _h a conf]5ce 9 ,beltsville all day ,sunday ab\t ! rec5t developm5ts on ! oak wilt4 ,!re has be5 v ext5sive spread 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,we/ ,virg9ia & ,m>yl& ?is ye>4 ,we are v mu* al>m$ ab\t ! situation4 ,! ,*9ese *e/nut is v sev]ely affect$4 ,we h le>n$ t 9 ,miss\ri4 ,"o ye> !re 7 ?ree ,*9ese *e/nuts kill$ by ! fungus1 ! next ye> #fj4 ,! oak wilt is a s]i\s ?reat to ! *e/nut or*>ds4 ,life ,hi/ory & ,control ( ! ,pecan ,spittle ,bug ,,/ew>t ,,*&l]1 ,associate ,entomologi/1 ,ill4 ,nat4 ,hi/ory ,survey1 ,urbana1 ,ill41 ,consult+ ,entomologi/1 ,s\!rn ,ill9ois ,univ]sity ,s9ce x 0 a ye> ago t ?is subject ( spittle bug 0 fir/ br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 x might be well to review briefly ! high lights ( t report4 ,i told y at ! annual meet+ at ,urbana1 some?+ ( ! life hi/ory4 ,!re are two broods1 "o appe>+ 9 ,june & "o 9 ,july4 ,! adult is a small suck+ bug ab\t an eigh? to a qu>t] in* long4 ,! species at t "t 0 unc]ta9 b n[ has be5 det]m9$ by speciali/s 9 t gr\p z ,c]copt]a a*at9a ,g]m4 ,?is insect1 ,i report$1 is n ! same z ! "o occurr+ on mead[ & o!r field crops1 n only ! species b ! g5us be+ diff]5t4 ,! di/ribution 0 f\nd to be 9 e area :]e pecans are gr[n4 ,z to its importance ,i po9t$ out t 9 ,ill9ois x _h become v s]i\s 9 ! pa/ ?ree or f\r ye>s1 app>5tly caus+ a m>k$ r$uction 9 crop4 ,control measures 7 direct$ aga9/ ! nymphal /age1 :i* is protect$ by ! spittle :i* ! insect emits cont9u\sly :ile fe$+4 ,?ree insecticides 7 te/$ at ,anna1 ,ill9ois1 ,l9dane1 p>a?ion1 & tetra e?yl pyro phosphate1 kn[n z ,,tepp4 ,l9dane prov$ to be approximately #ie effici5t1 p>a?ion r\ghly #fj & ,,tepp ab\t #aj4 ,9 #aieb ! "w 0 resum$ 9 ! or*>d ( ,conrad ,casp] ne> ,anna1 ,ill9ois & 0 begun at ! ,ri*>d ,be/ place at ,eldr$1 #age miles nor?we/4 ,9 #aieb five phases ( ! "w ) pecan spittle bug 7 und]tak5 z foll[s3 #a4 ,a /udy ( ! importance ( ! pecan spittle bug4 #b4 ,! hib]nation ( ! insect4 #c4 ,life hi/ory & occurr5ce ( ! v>i\s /ages & broods ( ! insect 9 relation to nut developm5t ( ! pecan4 #d4 ,control measures4 #e4 ,v>ietal susceptibility to ! insect4 #a4 ,importance ( ! insect ,hib]nation ,/udies ,to le>n to :at ext5t if any ! insect r$uces ! crop ( pecans1 t]m9al %oots f trees spray$ ! previ\s season ) ?ree diff]5t mat]ials 7 comp>$ ) ! unspray$ *eck4 ,^! are %[n 9 ,table #a4 ,table #a4 ,pecan spittle bug effect ( #aiea sprays on t]m9al %oots 9 spr+ ( #aieb ,dead %oots ,treatm5t p] hundr$ ,*eck #hg ,,tepp #fb ,p>a?ion #ag ,l9dane #d ,s9ce ^! t]m9als %oots lat] develop mo/ ( ! nuts x w\ld appe> t ! pecan spittle bug is responsible = mu* ( ! loss ( crop "u ^! heavy infe/ations4 ,x 0 plann$ to foll[ ?is up ) lat] exam9ation ( nuts1 & ?is 0 done ) ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 b un=tunately x 0 f\nd t ?is 0 ! (f ye> & ! crop 0 v small1 s we c\ld n def9itely settle t po9t4 ,?is w be a job = ! future4 #b4 ,hib]nation /udies4 ,9 ,augu/ ( #aiea1 ,i introduc$ adult bugs into a cage plac$ ov] a bran* ( an unspray$ pecan tree = ! purpose ( det]m9+ :e!r !re 0 possibly a ?ird brood4 ,f9d+ none ! bran* 0 remov$ & exam9$ to /udy ! hib]nat+ eggs & ! egg slits 9 :i* !y 7 lay$4 ,! slits 7 n ov] a qu>t] in* long & frequ5tly 9 pairs4 ,eggs 7 deep en\gh t !y 7 r>ely se5 )\t op5+ ! slits4 ,_m slits 7 f\nd conta9+ egg %ells1 presumably f ! previ\s brood1 b possibly f a season e>li] z ! slits are cork$ ov]4 ,foll[+ ?is /udy bran*es 7 cut f ! spray$ & unspray$ blocks & gone ov] v c>efully to f9d ! numb]s & location ( ! egg splits & ! numb]s conta9+ live eggs & egg %ells4 ,ea* split w\ld conta9 z _m z #e or #f eggs4 ,table #b %[ _! numb]s & locations1 & ,table #c ! effect ( sprays on numb]s ( live eggs4 ,table #b4 ,pecan ,spittle ,bug ,location ( egg slits 9 bran*es ,diamet] ( bran*es1 in*es #a_/h to #a_/d #c_/d #c_/h #a_/b #a_/b to #a in* ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,live eggs #b #i #c #a #j ,egg %ells #e #db #id #bc #j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,table #c4 ,pecan ,spittle ,bug ,effect ( #aiea sprays on numb] ( eggs ,exam9ations made ,m>* #d1 #aieb ,in*es wood ,numb] ( ,slits ) ,treatm5t exam9$ live eggs egg %ells ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,*eck #ejh #aj #fc ,,tepp #gie #e #be ,l9dane #dgh #j #ac ---------------------------------------- --------------- #c4 ,life hi/ory & correlation ( /ages ( insect & nut developm5t4 ,x 0 soon f\nd t ! pecan spittle bug 0 putt+ 9 its appe>ance e>li] accord+ to ! cal5d> ?an 9 #aiea s an ef=t 0 made dur+ ! season to correlate insect life hi/ory & nut developm5t dur+ ! season4 ,table #d give "s ( ! pr9cipal po9ts 9 bo?4 ,table #d4 ,pecan ,spittle ,bug & ,nut ,developm5t ,anna1 ,ill9ois1 #aieb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,insect ,date ,tree ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,egg /age ,apr4 #bd ,catk9s #a_/b to #c_/d in* ,fir/ nymphs ,may #e ,catk9s #a to #a-a_/b in* ,_m nymphs & spittle ,may #ab ,catk9s #b to #c in*es ,fruit buds ,peak hat* ,may #bj ,female fl[]s ,spittle dry+ ,june #b ,nuts develop+ #a/4 #bnd brood ,june #bg ,hat* mo/ly ov] ,july #g ,spittle dry+ ,july #bf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,ano!r phase ( life hi/ory :i* is ( practical importance is ! increase ( second brood ov] fir/4 ,records 7 made bo? at ,anna & at ,eldr$ 9 unspray$ blocks at approximately ! peaks ( occurr5ce ( nymphs & spittle1 & are tabulat$ 9 ,table #e4 ,table #e4 ,pecan ,spittle ,bug ,infe/ation1 fir/ & second broods1 #aieb ,numb] ( spittle masses p] #ajj t]m9als ,fir/ brood1 ,june ,second brood1 ,july ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,anna #da #fb ,eldr$ #bc #ej ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,?is table %[s an increase ( approximately #ej at ,anna & #ajj at ,eldr$4 ,x is ?\ght t a #c in* fla% flood :i* occurr$ at ,anna might h r$uc$ ! fir/ brood infe/ation some:at aft] ! c\nts 7 made & be5 responsible = no great] increase & possibly t ! heat & dr\ght 9 bo? places might h result$ 9 a r$uction4 ,be t z x may ! total infe/ation 0 n z sev]e 9 #aieb z 9 #aiea4 #d4 ,control4 ,fir/ ,brood ,sprays ,x 0 orig9ally plann$ to spray 9 bo? places b at ,anna ! own] spray$ all b ! #aiea *eck block ) p>a?ion e>ly & ! infe/ation 0 r$uc$ to ! po9t :]e lat] hat* did n build up to a suffici5t po9t t good results c\ld be obs]v$ s no spray+ 0 done at ,anna till ! second brood4 ,at ,eldr$ two mat]ials only 7 available1 ,l9dane & ,dieldr94 ,at ,eldr$ we _h two difficulties 9 spray+4 ,"o 0 ! type ( ma*9e ) :i* ,i 0 n famili> & ! o!r ! inaccessibility ( "s ( ! trees4 ,! ma*9e is probably m fitt$ = field crop "w ?an = l>ge trees4 ,x is call$ a ,me*anical ,aresol ,g5]ator1 manufactur$ by ! ,hessian ,microsol ,corporation ( ,d>i51 ,conn4 ,! eng9e is a ,wiscons9 ,air cool$ motor made 9 ,milwaukee1 ,wiscons94 ,! ma*9e 0 m\nt$ on a plat=m & transport$ 9 ! or*>d on a truck4 ,two fifty gallon b>rels con/itute ! tank4 ,due to ! nature ( ! ma*9e & to lack ( agitation only liquid mat]ials c be us$ 9 x4 ,x uses a mu* small] am\nt ( mat]ial ?an ,i _h be5 accu/om$ to1 & my fir/ job 0 to le>n to :at ext5t ! mat]ials mu/ be conc5trat$ to comp5sate = ! small output & h[ to get a comp>ison ) ! am\nts us$ 9 regul> or*>d spray]4 ,9 conc5trate te/s on fruit trees we arrive at ?is by judg+ ! numb] ( gallons :i* a tree w\ld normally receive ) a /&>d spray]4 ,!re 0 little backgr\nd to g on ) nut trees & ! problem 0 fur!r complicat$ by ! arrangem5t ( trees :i* 7 n plant$ b graft$ 9 _! orig9al positions 9 ! woods4 ,a clump ( trees :i* c\ld n be approa*$ individually might h to receive n mu* m mat]ial ?an "o tree :i* c\ld be hit f bo? sides4 ,sizes ( trees also v>i$4 ,x 0 decid$ to use only #be gallon lots ( mat]ial & ev5 ?is small am\nt spray$ f #ee to #fe trees ( v>y+ sizes4 ,x 0 soon se5 t ! tops ( ! mod]ate & l>ge siz$ trees 7 n cov]$ v well4 ,= ! fir/ brood sprays at ,eldr$ ab\t six times z mu* mat]ial p] #ajj gallons 0 us$ z _h be5 successful at ,anna ! previ\s season4 ,! results are %[n 9 ,table #f4 ,table #f4 ,spittle ,bug ,control1 ,eldr$1 #aieb ,fir/ brood1 spray$ ,may #bc1 exam9$ ,june #i ,treatm5t ,am\nt 9 ,spittle masses #ajj gallons #hjj t]m9als ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,dieldr9 #a gal4 ( #ah-a_/b #ah ,l9dane #a gal4 ( #bj #bg ,*eck ------ #ahi ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,x w be se5 t ! r$uction ov] ! unspray$ blocks 0 ab\t #ij ) ,dieldr9 & #he ) ,l9dane4 ,= second brood sprays at ,eldr$ mat]ials 7 increas$ to ab\t #h times normal 9 hopes ( gett+ bett] results4 ,9 ?is te/ #aj trees 7 select$ 9 ea* block t c\ld be rea*$ mod]ately well & spray$ sep>ately be=e ! entire block 0 spray$4 ,records 7 made ! day be=e spray+1 #c days aft] spray+1 & #aj days aft] spray+4 ,f\r mat]ials 7 available1 mak+ five blocks ) an unspray$ *eck4 ,! results ( ^! spray+s are giv5 9 ,table #g4 ,table #g4 ,spittle ,bug ,control1 ,eldr$1 #aieb ,second brood1 spray$ ,july #ah ,treatm5t ,am\nts 9 ,9 #bjj t]m9als #ajj gallons ,july #ag ,july #ba ,july #bh ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,l9dane #f qts4 ( #bj #abc #bd #b ,,bhc #aj qts4 ( #aa4g #ih #aa #j ,dieldr9 #f qts4 ( #ah-a_/b #acj #ai #i ,toxaph5e #h qts4 ( #eh #ajg #af #c ,*eck ------ #ii #ih #dg ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,due to ! natural r$uction 9 ! *eck by ,july #bh mo/ att5tion probably %\ld be giv5 to ! ,july #ba exam9ation4 ,?is table %[s approximately #ib r$uction f ,l9dane1 #hg ) ,,bhc1 #he f ,dieldr91 & #he f ,toxaph5e on ,july #ba4 ,at ,anna trees are all v big1 f #ej to #ge feet high4 ,!y are plant$ 9 r[s4 ,a regul> or*>d spray] 0 us$ ) #fjj p\nds pressure us+ "o gun & spray$ f ! top ( ! rig4 ,approximately #be gallons 0 us$ p] tree4 ,z w be not$ ! dosage 0 mu* small] ?an at ,eldr$1 & = ord9>y use ^! are probably ! prop] dosages4 ,table #h gives ! results ( ^! te/s4 ,table #h4 ,pecan ,spittle ,bug ,control1 ,anna1 #aieb ,treatm5t ,am\nts 9 ,9 #bjj t]m9als #ajj gallons ,july #aj ,july #ad ,july #bb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,l9dane #a lb4 ( #be #bad #a #a ,,bhc #b-a_/b lbs4 ( #aj #bdd #e #i ,dieldr9 #a & #a_/c p9ts ( #ah-a_/b #adh #c #e ,toxaph5e #a qt4 ( #ca #adf #bb #ba ,*eck #fa #dg #bj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! r$uction 9 ! *eck block ,july #ad may be due to proximity to ! spray$ block :i* 0 n true 9 ,eldr$4 ,?is *eck 0 small4 ,table #h %[s on ,july #ad an approximate r$uction ( ,l9dane #ii1 ,,bhc #ih1 ,dieldr9 #ih1 & ,toxaph5e #he4 ,f ^! te/s 9 bo? places x appe>s t we h a *oice ( ?ree v good mat]ials1 ,l9dane1 ,b5z5e hexa*loride call$ ,,bhc & ,dieldr91 & = t reason we c ignore ! less effici5t mat]ial1 toxaph5e4 ,at ,eldr$1 s9ce fir/ brood sprays 7 appli$ 9 a sizeable area records ( infe/ation 7 made %ortly be=e "t to spray = ! second brood to det]m9e :e!r ! fir/ brood spray+ w\ld elim9ate ! ne$ = second brood spray+4 ,h[ev]1 ! infe/ation 0 f\nd to be practically z great 9 ?is area z ! unspray$ "p ( ! woods4 ,x appe>s t ! control 0 n good en\gh to all[ ?is4 ,9 "p ?is 0 due to failure to rea* ! tops ( ! trees4 ,records 7 made 9 ! l[] p>ts4 #e4 ,v>ietal susceptibility4 ,at ,anna :]e !re 0 a limit$ numb] ( trees1 ! or*>ds 7 plott$ on pap] & location ( ea* tree ) v>iety indicat$ records 7 made ( ea* tree sep>ately1 9 hopes t "s v>ietal susceptibility w\ld be %[n4 ,!re is no?+ v cle> 9 ?is respect except t ( ! v>ieties 9 ! ,casp] or*>d1 ,butt]ick1 ,buss]on1 ,indiana1 ,posey1 ,/ew>t1 ,osburn1 ,major1 ,gre5 ,riv]1 ! ,indiana & ,posey may be a little m heavily infe/$ ?an ! o!rs4 ,at ,eldr$ = ! second brood infe/ation1 ! v>iety ( ea* ( ! #aj record trees 0 report$1 b !re 7 s _m v>ieties & !y did n occur (t5 en\gh 9 ! five plots to make v>iety infe/ation data reliable4 ,h[ev]1 ! r high av]age on ! ,indiana v>iety did seem to corroborate ! f9d+s at ,anna4 ,!re 0 "s foliage burn 9 two ( ! record trees 9 ! ,dieldr9 plot at ,eldr$1 bo? be+ ! v>iety ,rockville4 ,ano!r tree 9 ano!r "p ( ! plot 0 also f\nd to be burn$ & also f\nd to be ! same v>iety1 s x appe>s t ?is may be p>ticul>ly susceptible to spray+ especially 9 ?is conc5trat$ =m su* z we us$4 ,!re 7 no ,rockville trees 9 any ( ! o!r plots1 s we h no way ( kn[+ :e!r ! ,l9dane1 ,,bhc or ,toxaph5e w\ld h done ! same or n4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,! next pap]1 ! la/ pap] ( ! aft]noon1 is ,control ( ,insects ,injur+ ,nut ,trees1 by ,h[>d ,bak]1 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,bureau ( ,entomology & ,plant ,qu>ant9e1 ,beltsville1 ,md4 ,,mr4 ,,bak]3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 memb]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association3 ,x is a great deal ( pleasure to be back "h speak+ be=e a gr\p ( nut gr[]s4 ,back "s ye>s ago my fir/ assignm5t to a /ation ( :i* ,i _h *>ge 0 an inve/igation to c\nt insects 9 ,l\isiana & ,ea/]n ,texas1 s x is a pleasure to be back be=e a gr\p ( nut gr[]s4 ,insect ,enemies ( ,nor!rn ,tree ,nuts ,,h[>d ,,bak]1 ,u4,s4,d4,a41 ,agr4 ,res4 ,adm941 ,bureau ( ,entomology & ,plant ,qu>ant9e ,! small numb] ( reque/s = in=mation on insect pe/s ( nor!rn tree nuts receiv$ 9 ! ,bureau ( ,entomology & ,plant ,qu>ant9e is a /rong indication t su* pe/s are ( little conc]n to nor!rn nut gr[]s4 ,?is is =tunate1 because int5sive1 all-season spray programs1 su* z are necess>y to produce mo/ o!r crops )\t s]i\s losses due to insect injury1 are labori\s & exp5sive & n always z effective z desir$4 ,h[ev]1 z y\r acreage is increas$ & z y\r trees become old] & l>g]1 insect problems are likely to increase 9 numb] & int5sity & require m ( y\r ?\ght & att5tion4 ,a some:at simil> situation prevail$ 9 ! pecan indu/ry at "o "t 9 ! ,s\?4 ,i well rememb] ! /atem5t ( "o ( ! l>g] pecan gr[]s 9 ,l\isiana to ! effect t all ! pleasure ( gr[+ pecans w\ld be gone ! day he _h to />t spray+ to control insects & diseases4 ,only a %ort "t lat] x became necess>y = him to initiate a regul> spray program4 ,he /ill took great pride 9 gr[+ pecans1 h[ev]4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 = y to wat* y\r trees closely = insect damage & keep in=m$ conc]n+ ! habits & control ( ! species t %[ up 9 y\r plant+s or 9 ^? ( y\r neighbors4 ,because ( ! scatt]$ nature ( ! nor!rn nut indu/ry1 ! small size ( mo/ plant+s1 & ! m press+ dem&s = in=mation on ! control ( pe/s ( m int5sively plant$ crops1 x has n be5 possible = ! ,bureau ( ,entomology & ,plant ,qu>ant9e to give att5tion to _m ( ! pe/s ( nor!rn nuts4 ,a great deal ( "w has be5 done on ! pe/s ( pecans 9 ! ,s\?1 & "s "w on ^? t attack filb]ts & *e/nuts4 ,9 addition1 "s ( ! pe/s ) :i* y are conc]n$1 or o!rs simil> to !m1 are receiv+ att5tion 9 connection ) /udies ( pe/s ( tree fruits4 ,! results ( ^! /udies w give y up-to-date in=mation applicable to y\r p>ticul> problems4 ,! timely use ( insecticides is ! mo/ effective means ( combat+ mo/ injuri\s insects1 b if spray+ is n possible1 o!r me?ods c (t5 be us$ to prev5t or r$uce damage4 ,a great _m new insecticides h become available dur+ ! la/ six or sev5 ye>s4 ,"w ) !m has result$ 9 ! developm5t ( treatm5ts effective aga9/ a numb] ( pe/s = :i* !re 0 =m]ly no kn[n means ( control & m>k$ly m effective treatm5ts = ! control ( o!rs4 ,x is my purpose to br+ to y z mu* ( ?is new in=mation z is applicable to y\r problems4 ,leaf-fe$+ ,cat]pill>s ,! fall webworm#c & ! walnut cat]pill>#d are ! leaf-fe$+ cat]pill>s mo/ commonly report$ z attack+ nor!rn tree nuts4 ,fall webworms#e are ! insects usually responsible = unsightly webs on or ne> ! end ( ! bran*es ( ! trees dur+ ! summ] & fall4 ,!y enl>ge ! webs z !y ne$ m leaves4 ,:5 ne>ly full gr[n !y scatt] to complete _! fe$+4 ,! full-gr[n cat]pill>s are a little m ?an an in* 9 l5g? & are cov]$ ) long black & :ite hairs4 ,!y sp5d ! w9t] 9 cocoons 9 tra% on ! gr\nd or j bel[ ! surface ( ! soil4 ,!re are two broods a ye> 9 _m areas1 ! second usually be+ ! m num]\s4 ,control c be obta9$ by apply+ a spray conta9+ #c p\nds ( lead ars5ate ) an equal quantity ( hydrat$ lime 7to prev5t possible injury to ! foliage71 #b p\nds ( #ej-p]c5t ,,ddt wettable p[d]1 or #b p\nds ( #ae-p]c5t p>a?ion wettable p[d] p] #ajj gallons ( wat]4 ,apply ! spray :5 ! cat]pill>s are /ill small4 ,foll[ ! precautions furni%$ ) ea* package4 ,p>a?ion is a p>ticul>ly dang]\s mat]ial to use4 ,if y are n equipp$ to spray or h only a few trees1 y c control ?is insect by remov+ ! webs f ! trees ) a long-h&l$ prun] or a long bamboo pole ) a hook at ! end4 ,! walnut cat]pill> fe$s 9 gr\ps1 or colonies1 & commonly eats all ! leaves on small trees or on c]ta9 limbs on l>ge trees4 ,! w9t] is sp5t 9 cocoons 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! mo?s appe> late 9 ! spr+ or e>ly 9 ! summ] & lay masses ( eggs on ! und]side ( ! leaves4 ,f "t to "t z !y gr[1 ! /\t1 black cat]pill>s g d[n to a l>ge limb or to ! trunk ( ! tree to molt1 or %$ _! sk9s4 ,aft] molt+ !y return t[>d ! ends ( ! bran*es & resume _! fe$+4 ,?is insect c be controll$ ) ! same spray treatm5ts t are recomm5d$ = ! fall webworm1 & also by cru%+ or burn+ ! cat]pill>s :5 !y are clu/]$ on ! l[] limbs or tree trunks4 ,pecan ,phyllox]a#f ,swell+s call$ galls sometimes appe> on leaves1 leaf/alks1 succul5t %oots1 or nuts ( ! curr5t season's gr[? ( hickory & pecan4 ,^! galls are caus$ by small insects kn[n z phyllox]a1 :i* are closely relat$ to aphids1 or plant lice4 ,sev]al species are involv$1 b only "o1 kn[n z ! pecan phyllox]a1 causes s]i\s damage4 ,x causes twigs to become mal=m$1 weak5$ & f9ally to die1 & de/roys ! crop on ! infe/$ t]m9als4 ,! insect passes ! w9t] 9 ! egg /age 9 protect$ places on ! trees4 ,! "y appe> 9 ! spr+ ab\t ! "t ! buds beg9 to unfold4 ,! phyllox]a c be controll$ by spray+ ! trees ?or\ghly ) a mixture conta9+ #c_/d p9t ( nicot9e sulfate plus #b-a_/b gallons ( lime-sulfur or #b qu>ts ( lubricat+-oil emulsion to #ajj gallons ( wat] dur+ ! delay$ dormant p]iod or by ! "t buds %[ ab\t an in* ( gre54 ,sprays conta9+ #c p\nds ( ,,bhc 7#aj-p]c5t gamma7 or #a-a_/d p\nds ( #be-p]c5t l9dane wettable p[d] p] #ajj gallons are also effective1 & _! use is increas+4 ,o!r mat]ials h giv5 good control :5 appli$ ab\t ! "t ! buds beg9 to swell4 ,!y are #cf-p]c5t d9itro-o-sec-butylph5ol liquid1 #c qu>ts p] #ajj gallons1 & a mixture ( #dj-p]c5t d9itro-o-cyclohexylph5ol p[d]1 #b p\nds1 & lubricat+-oil emulsion1 #e qu>ts1 p] #ajj gallons ( spray4 ,d n use ! d9itro mat]ials aft] ! buds beg9 to op54 ,twig ,girdl] ,a /\t1 br[n beetle ab\t #a_/b in* 9 l5g?1 kn[n z ! twig girdl]1#g (t5 cuts (f ! twigs ( hickory1 pecan1 & _m o!r trees 9 ! late summ] & e>ly fall4 ,! l>vae sp5d ! w9t] 9 ! cut twigs1 :i* are gradually brok5 (f & fall to ! gr\nd4 ,injury c be r$uc$ by collect+ & de/roy+ ! fall5 twigs be=e ! l>vae complete developm5t ! foll[+ spr+4 ,rec5t "w on pecans 9 ,florida indicates t mo/ injury c be prev5t$ by apply+ a spray conta9+ #d p\nds ( #ej-p]c5t ,,ddt or #c p\nds ( #ae-p]c5t p>a?ion wettable p[d] p] #ajj gallons ( wat]4 ,?ree applications appe> to be necess>y1 ! fir/ :5 ! injur$ bran*es are fir/ notic$1 usually sometime 9 ,augu/1 & ! second & ?ird two & f\r weeks lat]4 ,:5 h&l+ p>a?ion be sure to foll[ ! precautions on ! package4 ,weevils & ,curculios ,weevils & curculios are small1 h>d-%ell$1 grayi% to br[n beetles ab\t #a_/d to #a_/b in* long1 ) /iff1 sl5d] sn\ts or beaks4 ,!y fe$ & lay eggs 9 ! nuts &_/or %oots ( _m k9ds ( nuts1 includ+ hickory1 walnut1 pecan1 *e/nut1 hazelnut or filb]t1 & butt]nut4 ,!re are a numb] ( species1 b mo/ ( !m attack only "o k9d ( nut4 ,! species usually call$ weevils mo/ (t5 lay eggs & injure ! nuts f ! "t ! meat beg9s to =m until x is mature1 :]eas ! gr\p kn[n z curculios g5]ally em]ge & cause mo/ s]i\s damage dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! gr[+ season1 :5 ! new %oots are develop+ & ! crop />ts to set & gr[4 ,! *e/nut weevils are probably ! weevils be/ kn[n to mo/ ( y4 ,e4 ,r4 ,van,leeuwen1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,entomology & ,plant ,qu>ant9e1 has add$ mu* to our k ( ^! weevils 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,two species1 ! small *e/nut weevil#h & ! l>ge *e/nut weevil1#i are commonly pres5t toge!r & cause simil> injury4 ,! small *e/nut weevil appe>s z an adult ov] a p]iod ( ab\t #f weeks beg9n+ ne> ! fir/ ( ,may 9 ! vic9ity ( ,beltsville1 ,md41 b x does n lay eggs until ab\t ! middle ( ,augu/4 ,! l>g] species does n em]ge until ab\t ! middle ( ,augu/ & beg9s to lay eggs soon !reaft]4 ,eggs are laid 9 ! develop+ nuts1 & injury is caus$ by ! fe$+ ( ! l>vae !re94 ,mo/ ( ! small weevils require two ye>s to complete developm5t1 & mo/ ( ! l>g] weevils b "o ye>4 ,"s control ( ^! weevils c be obta9$ by collect+ & de/roy+ ! infe/$ nuts be=e ! l>vae leave !m to ent] ! soil4 ,bett] control c be obta9$ by spray+ ! trees ) ,,ddt4 ,apply a spray conta9+ #d p\nds ( #ej-p]c5t ,,ddt wettable p[d] p] #ajj gallons ( wat] 7#c level tablespoonfuls p] gallon7 #cj days be=e ! fir/ mature nuts are expect$ to drop1 & make two additional applications at int]vals ( #g days4 ,if y are n equipp$ to spray1 y may obta9 "s control by treat+ ! soil "u ! trees ) e?yl5e dibromide at a dep? ( #e in*es4 ,make injections at int]vals ( #a foot 9 ea* direction & also 9 ! c5t] ( ea* squ>e =m$ by ^! injection holes4 ,place #a millilit] ( #dj-p]c5t e?yl5e dibromide or an equival5t quantity ( ano!r dilution 9 ea* hole4 ,make ! application 9 ! fall imm$iately aft] ! nuts are h>ve/$ & close ! injection holes by press+ ) ! foot4 ,! soil %\ld pref]ably be loose to a dep? ( #e in*es4 ,! pecan weevil1#aj also kn[n z ! hickory nut weevil1 (t5 causes heavy losses ( pecans & mo/ species ( hickory4 ,two or ?ree ye>s are requir$ = ! insect to complete its life cycle1 b "s specim5s rea* maturity e ye>4 ,adults em]ge f ! gr\nd f ! middle ( ,july until e>ly 9 ,septemb]1 accord+ to locality & seasonal conditions4 ,injury is ( two types--7#a7 t result+ f attack be=e ! %ell-h>d5+ p]iod 9 ,july & ,augu/1 caus+ ! "y nuts to drop1 & 7#b7 t result+ f attack aft] k]nel =mation1 ! k]nel be+ de/roy$ by ! develop+ l>vae1 or grubs4 ,egg deposition 9 ! nuts usually beg9s late 9 ,augu/4 ,to control ?is weevil spray ! trees twice ) #f p\nds ( #ej-p]c5t ,,ddt or #dj-p]c5t toxaph5e wettable p[d] p] #ajj gallons ( wat]4 ,make ! fir/ application :5 at lea/ six weevils c be j>r$ onto a %eet on ! gr\nd b5ea? any tree kn[n to h be5 infe/$ 9 previ\s seasons1 & make ! second #aj to #ad days lat]4 ,! fir/ application w be ne$$ sometime betwe5 ! la/ week 9 ,july & ! fir/ week 9 ,septemb]4 ,if ! soil is h>d & dry1 x w delay em]g5ce ( ! weevils4 ,if y are n equipp$ to spray1 y c r$uce weevil injury ab\t #ej p]c5t by j>r+ ! limbs ( ! trees lightly & ga!r+ ! weevils on a %eet dur+ ! p]iod ( em]g5ce4 ,! dislodg$ weevils w rema9 quiet on ! %eet long en\gh to be pick$ up & de/roy$4 ,beg9 j>r+ ab\t ! la/ week 9 ,july & conf9e x to two or ?ree trees until ! fir/ weevils appe>4 ,!n j> all trees at weekly int]vals until ab\t ! middle ( ,septemb]1 :5 egg lay+ w h be5 l>gely complet$4 ,! butt]nut curculio#aa attacks native butt]nuts & introduc$ nuts ( a simil> type4 ,x passes ! w9t] z an adult 9 tra% or o!r %elt] x c f9d 9 ! vic9ity ( nut trees4 ,x is a small1 h>d-%ell$1 r\gh-back$ sn\t beetle4 ,late 9 ! spr+ x makes its way to ! trees1 & lays eggs 9 ! "y %oots4 ,on hat*+1 ! "y l>va p5etrates into ! "y %oot or leaf /em or nut & fe$s !re1 caus+ ! leaf or nut to dry up & fall (f4 ,^u complet+ developm5t 9 ! fall5 leaf or nut1 ! mature l>va ent]s ! soil4 ,aft] a mon? or s 9 ! gr\nd ! adult em]ges1 fe$s on ! foliage = a :ile1 & !n ent]s hib]nation4 ,!re is b "o g5]ation a ye>4 ,! black walnut curculio#ab is simil> to ! butt]nut curculio 9 seasonal hi/ory1 b x attacks pr9cipally ! fruit ( ! black walnut & butt]nut1 app>5tly pref]r+ ! =m]4 ,! hickory nut curculio#ac is mu* l ! prec$+ two species1 b x attacks *iefly p>tly gr[n hickory nuts1 caus+ a heavy dropp+ 9 midsumm]4 ,! hickory %oot curculio#ad attacks *iefly ! %oots ( v>i\s k9ds ( hickory4 ,! damage is seldom ( mu* importance except to newly transplant$ trees4 ,on pecan x attacks ! unfold+ buds & %oots4 ,pecans mo/ commonly attack$ are ^? t are uncultivat$ or are adjac5t to woodl&s conta9+ native pecan & hickory trees4 ,= _m ye>s ^! curculios h be5 controll$ by spray+ ! trees soon aft] gr[? />ts ) lead ars5ate1 #b p\nds p] #ajj gallons1 plus an equal am\nt ( hydrat$ lime4 ,"o or two additional applications may be ne$$ z new gr[? appe>s or z ! nuts increase 9 size4 ,rec5t exp]im5tal "w indicates t ,,bhc or l9dane may be m effective = controll+ ^! insects4 ,a spray conta9+ #c or #d p\nds ( te*nical ,,bhc 7#aj-p]c5t gamma7 or #a-a_/b to #b p\nds ( #be-p]c5t l9dane wettable p[d] p] #ajj gallons1 appli$ :5 ! buds %[ f #a_/d to #a in* ( gre5 gr[? or :5 j>r+s %[ adults are pres5t1 has giv5 fairly good control4 ,walnut ,husk ,maggot ,! walnut husk maggot#ae attacks black & ,engli% walnuts1 butt]nuts1 & a few o!r nuts4 ,! fe$+ ( ! l>va1 or maggot1 9 ! husks impairs ! quality ( ! k]nels1 discolors ! %ell1 & (t5 causes ! %ells to adh]e to ! nuts4 ,x causes ! mo/ damage to ,engli% walnuts4 ,?is insect hib]nates 9 ! pupal /age 9 ! gr\nd4 ,9 midsumm] x trans=ms to ! adult fly /age1 leaves ! soil1 & flies to ! nut trees4 ,aft] #a to #c weeks ! flies lay eggs 9 ! husks ( ! develop+ nuts4 ,! eggs hat* 9 a week or #aj days1 & ! "y maggots burr[ )9 & ?r\gh\t ! husks ( ! nuts2 !y mature 9 ! fall4 ,! walnut husk maggot c be controll$ by spray+ ! trees ) lead ars5ate or cryolite ! latt] "p ( ,july & aga9 #c to #d weeks lat]4 ,use #b or #c p\nds ( lead ars5ate plus an equal quantity ( hydrat$ lime or #c p\nds ( cryolite p] #ajj gallons ( wat]4 ,filb]t ,mo? ,! filb]t mo?1#af a s]i\s pe/ 9 "s filb]t or*>ds 9 ,oregon1 also causes "s injury to *e/nuts4 ,adult mo?s beg9 em]g+ t[>d ! end ( ,june & lay _! eggs s+ly on ! leaves beg9n+ e>ly 9 ,july4 ,! newly hat*$ l>vae tunnel ?r\gh ! husk & fe$ betwe5 ! husk & ! *e/nut %ell be=e ent]+ ! nut4 ,?is fe$+ produces a gummy sub/ance1 :i* causes ! husk to adh]e to ! nut4 ,! l>vae may tunnel into ! c5t] ( ! k]nel or excavate an irregul> cavity 9 ! side4 ,!y rea* maturity ab\t ! "t nuts are ripe1 & !n leave ! nuts & con/ruct cocoons 9 ! soil 9 :i* to pass ! w9t]4 ,control c be obta9$ by spray+ ! tree ) lead ars5ate or ,,ddt e>ly 9 ,july4 ,use #c p\nds ( lead ars5ate or #b p\nds ( #ej-p]c5t ,,ddt wettable p[d] 9 #ajj gallons ( wat]4 ,mites ,two g5]al types ( mites sometimes damage nut trees1 eriophyid mites & spid] mites4 ,! mo/ important eriophyid mites are ! wormlike gall mites & bud mites1 mo/ ( :i* ov]w9t] 9 ! buds & cause de=mities ( ! buds & leaves & o!rwise limit _! developm5t4 ,! spid] mites may ov]w9t] 9 ! egg /age on ! twigs or z adults 9 protect$ places on or b5ea? ! trees4 ,^! mites fe$ prim>ily on ! foliage4 ,! filb]t bud mite#ag is occasionally ( economic importance z a pe/ ( filb]ts 9 ,oregon & has be5 ( "s conc]n rec5tly 9 ,new ,york4 ,x attacks ! leaf & fl[] buds & catk9s4 ,infe/$ catk9s become di/ort$1 rigid1 & brittle1 & yield no poll54 ,9 ,oregon ?is pe/ has be5 controll$ ) #c gallons ( a dormant oil emulsion or #f-a_/b to #h gallons ( liquid lime-sulfur 9 wat] to make #ajj gallons ( spray j z ! buds are op5+4 ,relat$ species ( simil> habits t attack walnuts h be5 controll$ ) #i or #aj gallons ( liquid lime-sulfur 9 wat] to make #ajj gallons ( spray appli$ at ! "t ! buds break or soon !reaft]4 ,! fe$+ ( ! spid] mites on ! foliage ( infe/$ trees causes x fir/ to h a bronz$ or scor*$ appe>ance1 & lat] to dry up & fall4 ,^! mites frequ5tly become abundant foll[+ ! use ( "s ( ! new organic insecticides1 su* z ,,ddt & ,,bhc1 :i* de/roy _! natural enemies & p]haps h o!r effects on ! trees favorable to mite activity4 ,! ,european r$ mite1 :i* ov]w9t]s on ! trees 9 ! egg /age1 c be controll$ by application ( #c-p]c5t oil-emulsion spray 9 ! late-dormant p]iod4 ,! two-spott$ spid] mite & relat$ species1 z well z ! ,european r$ mite if x is n controll$ ) ! dormant spray1 c be controll$ ) a spray conta9+ #a p\nd ( a #ae-p]c5t p>a?ion or #a-a_/b p\nds ( a #ae-p]c5t ,aramite wettable p[d] p] #ajj gallons4 ,apply ! spray be=e _m leaves %[ ! typical bronz+ or leaf scor*+4 ,if ! infe/ation is heavy1 a second application may be necess>y 9 ab\t #h or #aj days4 ,be sure to foll[ ! precautions on ! conta9]1 especially if y use p>a?ion4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,we greatly appreciate y\r c>e 9 gett+ ?is ?+ toge!r1 & we "k x is go+ to be a great help to u :5 we get x pr9t$ z a matt] ( ref]5ce4 ,,mr4 ,o',,r\rke3 ,i'd l to ask ,dr4 ,bak] if insects are gett+ /rong] or if ! *emicals are gett+ weak]4 ,i ref] to ! rates ( application4 ,=m]ly we 7 told t "o-half p\nd ( p>a?ion = "o hundr$ gallons & "o p\nd ( ,,ddt w\ld control almo/ all insects4 ,i note ! rates are go+ up4 ,,mr4 ,,bak]3 ,t's true1 p>ticul>ly ) p>a?ion4 ,! fir/ ye> t we te/$ p>a?ion on any scale we ?\ght a qu>t] to a half a p\nd w\ld control mites = #cj days or m & w\ld control curculio = #bj or #cj days1 b ! next ye> we us$ x we f\nd t 0 a little optimi/ic4 ,x seems t ea* ye> s9ce we h _h to use m ( x or use x m (t51 or ) mites1 p>ticul>ly1 !re are a numb] ( in/ances :]e x j doesn't control !m at all4 ,two ye>s ago t came to notice 9 ! ,w5at*ee area ( ,wa%+ton on apples4 ,mites 9 a c]ta9 or*>d j c\ldn't be controll$ ) p>a?ion4 ,a ye> ago ! area 9 ! ,pacific ,nor?we/ :]e t 0 true 0 ext5d$ & includ$ sev]al or*>ds ( ! ,yakima ,valley4 ,?is ye> x also includes or*>ds 9 ! ,ea/1 9 ,new ,york4 ,we h se5 an or*>d :]e two p\nds ( p>a?ion & a hundr$ gallons ( wat] j didn't h mu* effect on ! mites1 & we h _h to use o!r mat]ials4 ,we he> ( in/ances ( codl+ mo? on apples :]e ,,ddt doesn't seem to be z good z x 0 9 ! beg9n+4 ,i h talk$ ) "s ( ! p work+ on ! problem1 & !y f9d t !re is q a diff]5ce betwe5 diff]5t br&s ( "s ( ^! insecticides4 ,possibly t is ! answ]4 ,,mr4 ,,ma*ov9a3 ,aft] spray+ = %uck maggot ) ,,ddt d y enc\rage ! pres5ce ( mites8 ,,mr4 ,,bak]3 ,x's v possible t y might4 ,t has happ5$ :]e ,,ddt has be5 us$4 ,) "s ( our "w ) *e/nut weevils1 mites seem to be a little m abundant :]e we us$ ,,ddt4 ,we h _h reports ( ?is happ5+ 9 ,cali=nia :]e !y us$ ,,ddt on walnuts4 ,s x is a possibility1 & t's :y ,i br\ght into ! pap] a little in=mation on ! control ( mites4 ,session clos$ at #d3ae o'clock1 p4m4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #c3 ,hyphantria cunea 7,drury74 ,footnote #d3 ,datana integ]rima ,g4 ,r4 ,footnote #e3 ,cla/opt]a a*at9a ,g]m4 ,footnote #f3 ,phyllox]a deva/atrix ,p]g4 ,footnote #g3 ,oncid]es c+ulata 7,say74 ,footnote #h3 ,curculio aurig] ,casey4 ,footnote #i3 ,c4 proboscideus ,f4 ,footnote #aj3 ,curculio c>yae 7,horn74 ,footnote #aa3 ,conotra*elus jugl&is ,lee4 ,footnote #ab3 ,conotra*elus ret5tus ,say4 ,footnote #ac3 ,conotra*elus aff9is ,boh4 ,footnote #ad3 ,conotra*elus aratus ,g]m4 ,footnote #ae3 ,rhagoletis suavis ,loew4 ,footnote #af3 ,melissopus latif]reanus 7,wlsm47 ,footnote #ag3 ,phytoptus avellanae ,nal4 ,,tuesday ,,ev5+ ,,banquet ,,session ,we w n[ h ! report ( ! ,resolutions ,committee4 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,to ,royal ,oakes1 ,*airman ( ! ,program ,committee1 & to ,j4 ,=d ,wilk9son1 ! ,city ( ,rockport & its hospitable p1 ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ext5ds its grateful greet+s to y & to y\r loyal help]s1 m5tion+ only a few2 t is1 ,mrs4 ,negus1 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,sly1 ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,be/1 a gr\p ( p :o say little & :o d mu*1 our v he>ty ?anks to y & to y\r help]s4 ,we h _h a spl5did meet+1 good att5dance1 good fell[%ip & tomorr[ a good field trip4 ,,resolution3 ,! s9c]e & grateful appreciation ( ?is ,association is h]eby t5d]$ to ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 :o has s fai?fully & fruitfully s]v$ x z ,secret>y = five ye>s4 ,y\r creation ( new av5ues ( s]vice1 su* z ,! ,nut%ell is suffici5t evid5ce ( y\r res\rcefulness 9 a difficult & mo/ important (fice4 ,,resolution3 ,be x resolv$1 t ?is ,association in/ruct its ,secret>y to communicate ! foll[+ action to ! responsible ag5cies ( ,f$]al & ,/ate au?orities 9 all areas :]e ! oak wilt disease is pres5t or ?reat5s3 ',! oak wilt disease ?reat5s sev]e damage to our ea/]n & s\!rn oaks & ,*9ese *e/nut trees4 ,rec5tly report$ spread ( ! disease 9 ,ohio1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,m>yl& & ,p5nsylvania indicates a v s]i\s & critical situation4 ,all /ate & f$]al au?orities are urg$ to take prompt & appropriate action be=e x is too late4' ,all ,,nnga memb]s are ask$ to write to _! /ate & f$]al s5ators & repres5tatives urg+ imm$iate prev5tive measures aga9/ ! spread & = ! eradication ( ! oak wilt disease4 ,please write ^? lett]s4 ,!y are important4 ,to ,dr4 ,dem+1 greet+s & congratulations f y\r ,association on ! occasion ( y\r #ij? bir?day1 ,septemb] #a1 #aieb4 ,may y\r ye>s cont9ue to be gold5 & happy4 ,may our organization des]ve 9 ! future ! gifts ( inspiration & accompli%m5t t y h _h s l>ge a "p 9 giv+ x 9 ! pa/4 ,to ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?3 ,! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s assembl$ at ,rockport s5d greet+s & be/ wi%es to y4 ,we miss y ?is ye> & hope to see y at ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york1 next ye>4 ,to ,mildr$ ,jones ,langdoc4 ,mildr$3 ,we h miss$ y at our meet+4 ,y\r abs5ce is not$ by all :o "k y4 ,may ! illness 9 y\r home be %ort4 ,may we see y & y\r family 9 ,ro*e/] 9 #aiec4 ,,resolution3 ,on behalf ( ! memb]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ! ,secret>y is ask$ to s5d our affectionate greet+s to two well-lov$1 abs5t memb]s1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$ & ,mrs4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimm]man3 ',be/ wi%es to y bo? = spe$y recov]y ( good heal? & ) our hope to see y next ye>4' ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,is x y\r pleasure to adopt ^! resolutions all at once1 or d y wi% to sep>ate !m8 ,i take x t y wi% to adopt !m1 all at ! same "t1 & to t end a motion to accept ! report ( ! ,resolutions ,committee & to adopt ! resolutions & to s5d ! greet+s w\ld be appropriate4 ,! report ( ! resolutions committee 0 accept$ unanim\sly4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,be=e ?is meet+ conv5$ we plann$ a bud wood ex*ange at ! conv5tion4 ,mr4 ,g]>di & ,i br\ght "s buds1 & ,mr4 ,ri*>d br\ght a few ( ! ,rhodes he>tnut4 ,we h p]simmons1 "s buds ( ! new ,cr&all apple1 & a few /icks ( ,*9ese & hybrid *e/nuts4 ,!y are = anyone :o w\ld l to exp]im5t ) !m4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,next ye> at ,ro*e/] we are go+ to h opportunity = putt+ on a consid]able exhibit ( nuts1 & ,i ?9k t x w\ld be mu* to ! advantage ( ! ,association1 if we c\ld h an out/&+ exhibit !re :]e !re is a good *ance to h a l>ge numb] ( p see ! exhibits & become int]e/$4 ,to t end ,i ?9k t all ( u :o h nut trees be>+ ?is fall1 %\ld save "s samples ) extra c>e2 t is1 clean !m up1 make !m look attractive & h !m on h& ready = ! exhibit next fall4 ,a good sample = exhibit %\ld be ab\t #aj or a doz5 = black walnuts & ! ,p]sian walnuts & p]haps #bj to #be = ! hickories & ! small] nuts1 ! hazel1 p>ticul>ly4 ,i ?9k t we h a good *ance next ye> to =w>d ! cause ( ! ,association1 & c]ta9ly hav+ ^! exhibits w be mu* to our advantage4 ,at ?is "t1 t[>ds ! end ( our session1 x is our usual cu/om to elect our next ye>'s (fic]s4 ,be=e go+ on ) t election1 ,i w\ld j l to say t ,i p]sonally1 z presid5t ( ! ,association dur+ ?is ye>1 wi% to ?ank all ( ! o!r (fic]s :o h work$ ) me4 ,x has be5 a pleasure to "w ) !m & ) ! committee *airm51 & ,i ?9k ! meet+ "h at ,rockport & ! "w dur+ ! ye> atte/ to _! effective s]vice4 ,! ,nom9ations ,committee report4 ,= presid5t next ye>1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,be/2 = vice-presid5t1 ,george ,salz] ( ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york2 = ,treasur]1 ,c>l ,prell ( ,s\? ,b5d1 ,indiana1 :o cont9ues 9 ! (fice2 & = ,secret>y ,mr4 ,sp5c] ,*ase ( ,norris1 ,t5nessee4 ,! slate pres5t$ 0 elect$ unanim\sly4 ,a nom9at+ committee consi/+ ( ,max ,h>dy1 ,gilb]t ,beck]1 ,george ,slate1 ,dr4 ,william ,rohrback]1 & ,=d ,wilk9son 0 unanim\sly elect$ = #aiec4 ,,presid5t ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i w n[ call ^u our newly elect$ presid5t to come =w>d4 ,x is usual at ^! meet+s = ! retir+ presid5t to pres5t ! gavel to ! incom+ presid5t1 & "h x is4 ,?is gavel is made ( pecan wood pres5t$ to ! ,association by ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 :o 0 born 9 ?is locality4 ,i hope y w h z mu* fun & pleasure z presid5t ( ! ,association z ,i h _h4 ,x's all y\rs4 ,,mr4 ,,wilk9son3 ,t gavel 0 made f ! wood ( a pecan tree4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage plant$ ! nut :5 he 0 #ad ye>s old on a piece ( l& t he inh]it$ z a boy4 ,i cut ! wood & s5t x to him 9 ,wa%+ton to h ! gavel made ( x4 ,*e/nut ,bre$+ ,report = #aiea-aieb ,,ar?ur ,h4 ,,graves#ah & ,,hans ,,ni5/a$t1 ,connecticut ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,wea!r ,conditions ,two s]i\s enemies ( ! *e/nut1 if we disreg>d p>asitic organisms1 are dr\ght & extreme cold4 ,! w9t] ( #aiej-ea 0 unusually mild--sc>cely cold en\gh to freeze ! gr\nd4 ,! precipitation 0 pl5tiful dur+ ! w9t] mon?s s t ! wat] table 0 suffici5t to tide ov] a slightly dry ,june & a mu* m s]i\s dr\ght 9 ,septemb] & e>ly ,octob]4 ,b ! latt] dry p]iod came :5 ! nuts 7 matur$1 or ne>ly s4 ,! w9t] ( #aiea-eb 0 aga9 mild except = a %ort cold spell at ! end ( ,janu>y1 ) pl5tiful precipitation up to ! fir/ week ( ,june1 & !n a long dr\ght ) ! drie/ ,july s9ce #aidd4 ,h[ev]1 ! heavy ra9fall ( ,augu/1 #h4fi in*es1#ai made am5ds = ?is1 & ) ! normal ra9fall ( #c4dh in*es ( ,septemb]1 prep>$ ! trees to endure ! long dr\ght ( ,octob] & e>ly ,novemb]4 ,?is s]i\s dr\ght1#bj :i* result$ 9 disa/r\s =e/ fires fill+ ! air ) smoke ov] mu* ( ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 came late1 h[ev]1 aft] ! nuts 7 ne>ly matur$1 "s ( ! e>ly k9ds be+ ripe z e>ly z ! fir/ week 9 ,septemb]4 ,! excessive heat ( ,july1 9 :i* mon? occurr$ ! greate/ numb] ( days on record ) a maximum temp]ature ( #ij degrees or above1 0 probably ! *ief cause ( some:at small] results f our cross poll9ation "w4 ,!re is evid5ce1 inde$1 t = effective f]tilization1 consid]able heat is ne$$1 b n ! extreme temp]atures t occurr$ dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,9 spite ( ! mild w9t] ( #aiea-eb1 ! attacks ( ,cryptodiapor! ca/anea 7,tul47 ,wehmey] caus$ consid]able twig blight1 especially on our crosses ( ,ca/anea mollissimax segu9i4 ,?is is n surpris+ s9ce ,c4 segu9i comes f a w>m] region 9 ,*9a1 b :y ^! attacks %\ld occur dur+ a mild w9t] is a puzzle4 ,evid5tly o!r factors1 su* z ! dr\ght ( ! prec$+ fall1 ent]$ 94 ,hybridization 9 #aiea & #aieb ,a total ( #bdjj hybrid nuts 0 h>ve/$ 9 ! #aiea season & #afij 9 #aieb4 ,?is comp>es ) ! #abei nuts report$ = #aiej4 ,! increas$ production ov] pa/ ye>s c 9 "p be ascrib$ to a conc5tration ( ! ef=ts on a few] numb] ( diff]5t crosses2 :ile #ajc 7 made 9 #aiej1 ! total 0 #gg 9 #aiea & #hj 9 #aieb4 ,! poll9ations foll[$ ! same g5]al program 9 ! two seasons1 ! emphasis be+ on ! ,*9ese x 7,japanese x ,am]ican7 hybrids4 ,?is is our mo/ promis+ timb] tree hybrid1 & x seems wor?:ile to te/ x on a some:at l>g] scale "u =e/ conditions4 ,!re=e1 "s ( ! be/ e>ly crosses h be5 repeat$1 new p>5t trees are be+ tri$ & select$ hybrids int]cross$4 ,back-crosses to ! native *e/nut ) ! ,cx,j,a hybrids 7 made 9 an attempt to improve ! =m ( ! hybrid4 ,ano!r cross :i* has atta9$ "s importance 9 ! la/ ye>s is ! hybrid betwe5 ,japanese *e/nut 7=e/ type1 f ,u4,s4,d4,a47 & ,s-#h1 ! latt] be+ a hybrid betwe5 ,japanese *e/nut & ,c4 pumila1 ! common *9quap94 ,?is cross has a high degree ( resi/ance & a suffici5tly good =m to make x a possible timb] tree 7,fig4 #a74 ,x is also a fairly good nut be>] ) nuts :i* rip5 e>ly1 p]haps due to ! influ5ce ( ! *9quap9 p>5t 7,fig4 #b74 ,select$ individuals ( ?is hybrid 7 int]cross$1 & "s cross+ ) ! native *e/nut 0 done4 ,9 ! la/ two seasons ! total h>ve/ f "s old] ,*9ese trees 7#bf yrs47 0 record$4 ,! be/ tree yield$ #be4j lbs4 9 #aiea & #bh4b lbs4 9 #aieb2 on o!r trees ! yield v>i$ betwe5 #ae to #bb lbs4 ,! av]age size ( ! nuts v>ies consid]ably f ye> to ye> on ! same tree4 ,on "o ,japanese tree ! av]age weight p] nut 0 #e4f g4 9 #aiea & #ad4e g4 9 #aieb2 on a ,*9ese tree ! same values 7 #g4g g4 & #ae4a g4 ,o!r trees %[$ a #bj-dj p] c5t increase 9 ! av]age weight p] nut 9 #aieb ov] #aiea4 ,?is seems to indicate a m>k$ influ5ce ( ! climatic conditions dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! gr[+ season on ! weight ( ! nuts4 ,a long-t]m /udy ( ?is relation%ip might yield "s int]e/+ results4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,hybrid ( ,s-#h & ,ca/anea cr5ata1 ,u4,s4,d4,a1 =e/ type1 #ah ye>s old4 ,ab\t #ce ft4 high4 ,good =e/ type & also good nut be>]4 ,blight resi/ant4 ,sleep+ ,giant ,*e/nut ,plantation1 ,hamd51 ,conn4 ,photo by ,l\is ,buhle1 ,brooklyn ,botanic ,g>d54 ,sept4 #bf1 #aieb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,fruit+ bran*es & nuts ( ,s-#h x cr5ata1 ,sleep+ ,giant ,*e/nut ,plantation4 ,ab\t #a_/b natural size4 ,photo by ,b4 ,w4 ,mc,farland1 ,conn4 ,agric4 ,expt4 ,/a4 ,sept4 #h1 #aieb4 ,graft+ ,a consid]able am\nt ( graft+ has be5 done s9ce #aidi & ! results h be5 good4 ,two ye> old ,*9ese transplants are usually us$ z root/ocks & all graft+ is done 9 ! field4 ,! be/ results h be5 obta9$ :]e ! root/ock plant 0 transplant$ "o ye> prior to ! graft+4 ,! simple splicegraft1 or ! b>k or r9d graft are us$1 dep5d+ on ! size ( ! scion comp>$ to t ( ! root/ock1 ! latt] te*nique be+ us$ :5 ! /ock is consid]ably l>g] ?an ! scion4 ,!re is "s evid5ce ( incompatibility2 ?us1 scions f ,*9ese trees1 or hybrids t %[ a dom9ance ( ,*9ese *>act]s1 give a high] p]c5tage ( takes :5 graft$ on ,*9ese root/ocks ?an scions f ! native *e/nut1 or f hybrids betwe5 ,japanese & native *e/nut4 ,"s indications ( incompatibility betwe5 ,european & ,*9ese *e/nut 9 grafts h also be5 enc\nt]$ :]e scions receiv$ ?r\gh ! coop]ation ( ,dr4 ,c4 ,s*ad1 ,c5tre de ,re*]*es agronomiques du ,massif ,c5tral1 ,france1 & ,c\nt ,f4 ,m4 ,knu?1 ,knu!nborg1 ,d5m>k1 7 us$1 b 9 "s cases ^! grafts 7 successful4 ,topwork+1 us+ ! v5e] cr[n graft1 has be5 q successful z long z suffici5t sap draw]s are left on ! /ock 7,fig4 #c74 ,in>*+ ,! s5ior writ] has already expla9$ 9 detail 7#b7 ! simple me?od by :i* blight$ *e/nut trees c be re/or$ to heal? & vigor by cutt+ out blight$ areas 9 ! b>k1 pa9t+ !m ov]1 & in>*+ or +raft+ "o or m basal %oots into ! heal?y b>k above ! lesion4 ,we d ?is "w f mid-,april to mid-,may1 & make a sy/ematic canvas ( all ! trees 9 all our plantations1 in>*+ all ^? :]e if is necess>y or might be advantage\s4 ,ea* op]ation requires only a few m9utes4 ,la/ ye> we put 9 _m hundr$s ( in>*es1 altoge!r1 :i* lat] %[$ ne>ly #ajj take4 ,own]s ( *e/nut or*>ds %\ld take advantage ( ?is me?od ( keep+ valuable nut-be>+ trees1 al?\gh ) cank]$ areas1 9 heal?y1 vigor\s condition4 ,we believe t1 9 cutt+ out ! diseas$ b>k1 x is advisable to cut out also a few ( ! out] annual r+s ( wood 7( c\rse tang5tially71 especially if ! cank] is "o ( long-/&+1 s9ce we "k t ! fungus ev5tually p5etrates ! out] r+s ( wood4 ,s9ce t is true1 ! cank] might enl>ge lat] on f ?is same s\rce ( infection4 ,fur!r x may also be possible = spores or bits ( mycelium to be transport$ upw>d 9 ! sap /ream & cause new infections high] up 9 ! tree4 ,a ?or\gh pa9t+ ( ! cut surfaces %\ld g f> t[>d rem$y+ ?is situation4 ,"o c usually judge ! ext5t ( damage caus$ by ! blight by ! numb] & vitality ( ! basal %oots1 a l>ge numb] ( basal %oots indicat+ a heavy attack4 ,h[ev]1 if ! roots h be5 sev]ely injur$1 p]haps by %ort-tail$ mice1 z sometimes happ5s1 no basal %oots appe>1 9 :i* case ! tree is doom$4 ,if no blight is pres5t1 b "o or m basal %oots appe> 7sometimes due to %rubby ance/ors71 x is advisable to in>* ^! z an insurance aga9/ possible tr\ble 9 ! future4 ,?is in>*+ process has n receiv$ ! att5tion x des]ves4 ,!re is absolutely no reason :y1 if ?is me?od is foll[$1 !re %\ld be any dea? f blight 9 resi/ant hybrids or 9 ,japanese or ,*9ese *e/nuts1 b>r+1 ( c\rse1 cases :]e roots are attack$ by mice 7or ,phytoph?ora 9 w>m] regions74 ,^? ( our trees 9 ,connecticut :i* h be5 blight$ h cont9u$ 9 heal? & nut-be>+ ev] s9ce we began ! in>*+ me?od 9 #aicg 7,fig4 #d74 ,if ! in>*es become blight$1 !y c !mselves be in>*$1 z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,v5e] cr[n graft+ on *e/nut4 ,photo by ,b4 ,w4 ,mc,farland1 ,conn4 ,agric4 ,expt4 ,/a4 ,may1 #aieb4 ,rese>* on ,blight ,resi/ance ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,japanese-,am]ican ,*e/nut1 #ba yrs4 old1 %[+ in>*+ begun #ae yrs4 ago4 ,orig9al trunk1 long s9ce dead & n[ rott+1 %[s 9 c5t]4 ,kept alive & vigor\s because valuable = hybrid vigor & future bre$+4 ,sleep+ ,giant ,*e/nut ,plantation1 ,hamd51 ,conn4 ,photo by ,l\is ,buhle1 ,brooklyn ,botanic ,g>d54 ,sept4 #bf1 #aieb4 ,a /udy has be5 made ( ! factors t cause ! ,*9ese & ,japanese *e/nut to be resi/ant to ! ,endo?ia cank]1 & a close correlation 0 f\nd betwe5 ! tann9 cont5t ( ! b>k & ! relative resi/ance ( ! ?ree species1 i4e41 ,*9ese1 ,japanese & ,am]ican *e/nut4 ,! total tann9 conc5tration 9 ! b>k ( ! ,asiatic species is only slightly high] ?an 9 ! ,am]ican1 & native trees c be f\nd ) z high a conc5tration z is f\nd 9 ! ,asiatic4 ,a simil> ov]lap 9 resi/ance does n occur & x is !re=e cle> t ! total tann9 conc5tration z su* _c acc\nt = resi/ance4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 good evid5ce t ! tann9s 9 ! ,asiatic species1 z a result ( ! way 9 :i* !y are b\nd to o!r colloids 9 ! cells1 are m soluble ?an 9 ! ,am]ican species4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 w\ld h a m>k$ be>+ on ! effectiv5ess ) :i* ! tann9s c\ld *eck ! spread ( ! p>asite4 ,fur!rmore1 x has be5 f\nd t ! types ( tann9s 9 ! ?ree species diff]4 ,9 ! ,am]ican & ,japanese species !y are a mixture ( cate*ol & pyrogallol tann9s1 :ile !y appe> to be pure pyrogallol tann9s 9 ! ,*9ese species4 ,consid]+ ! specificity ( ! enzyme sy/ems ( fungi x is q possible t diff]5t tann9s %[ diff]5t degrees ( toxicity to a c]ta9 fungus4 ,! foll[+ hypo!sis has be5 sugge/$ to expla9 ! relative resi/ance ( ! ?ree species3 ,9 ! ,am]ican *e/nut b>k ! conc5tration ( ! available toxic tann9 nev] rea*es a level :]e x c /op ! advanc+ p>asite4 ,! tann9s 9 ! ,japanese species1 al?\gh ( ! same type z 9 ! native tree1 are m soluble & rea* a level toxic to ! fungus4 ,9 ! ,*9ese trees all ! tann9s ( ! b>k belong to ! toxic pyrogallol gr\ps1 & ?is1 comb9$ ) _! high solubility1 results 9 ! high degree ( resi/ance 9 ?is species 7#d74 ,! in=mation available at pres5t reg>d+ ! =mation ( tann9s 9 plants is n conclusive4 ,9 "s plants1 app>5tly1 !y are =m$ 9 ! leaves1 & ! pres5ce ( c>bon dioxide & light is requir$2 9 o!r plants ! tann9 conc5tration c increase :5 ! plants are gr[n 9 d>kness 7#e74 ,a m g5]al =mation ( tann9 9 tissues ) a high metabolic rate ?r\gh\t ! plant has also be5 sugge/$ 7#c74 ,x w\ld be important to "k ! c5t]s ( orig9 ( ! tann9s 9 ! *e/nut1 _! translocation1 & :e!r !y are translocat$ ?r\gh or ov] graft-unions4 ,9 o!r words1 w a susceptible scion :5 graft$ on a resi/ant root/ock become m resi/ant because antibiotic sub/ances =m$ 9 ! roots ( ! resi/ant root/ock are translocat$ into ! scion8 ,f a numb] ( old] grafts ( non-resi/ant ,japanese-,am]ican hybrid scions on ,japanese or ,*9ese root/ocks x appe>s t ?is inde$ might be ! case4 ,^! grafts1 "s ( :i* are #af ye>s old1 appe> to be m resi/ant ?an ! orig9al hybrid tree1 ev5 if n z resi/ant z ! root/ock4 ,?is w\ld indicate ! possibility t ! antibiotic sub/ances are produc$ 9 ! roots & translocat$ into ! scion4 ,h[ev]1 ! possibility /ill rema9s t ! comp\nds are =m$ also 9 ! leaves & translocat$ to ! base ( ! tree4 ,to cl>ify ?is :ole problem an exp]im5t ) ,*9ese-,am]ican grafts 9 diff]5t comb9ations is "u way4 ,prelim9>y results %[ t antibiotic sub/ances are =m$ 9 upp] p>ts ( ! plants1 b t !y are n translocat$ d[nw>d across ! graft union4 ,?us x 0 f\nd t ,*9ese bran*es graft$ on two ye> old ,am]ican se$l+s rema9$ resi/ant1 )\t ! ,am]ican se$l+s %[+ any increase 9 resi/ance4 ,9 future exp]im5ts ! upw>d translocation w be /udi$ 9 detail on grafts ( ,am]ican scions on ,*9ese se$l+s4 ,"s ,abnormal ,conditions #a4 ,/]ility ,/]ility occurs q commonly 9 int]specific hybrids ei!r because ! *romosomes fail to pair 9 meiosis or because ! p>5t g5es :5 br\ght toge!r 9 ! hybrid int]act 9 "s way delet]i\s to ! =mation ( sex-cells4 ,fur!rmore1 cytoplasmic /]ility is likely to occur 9 a wide cross4 ,/]ility has be5 enc\nt]$ 9 sev]al in/ances 9 ,am]ican x ,*9ese & ,japanese x ,am]ican hybrids4 ,9 mo/ cases x is a case ( poll5 abortion only2 ei!r an!rs fail to develop completely z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 ,b1 or ! an!rs develop b are mu* r$uc$ 9 size & conta9 no function+ g]m cells4 ,poll5 /]ility is n sporadic 9 a giv5 individual3 x is uni=m ?r\gh\t ! fl[]+ bran*es4 ,! individual fl[]s are arrang$ on ! catk9 axis z 9 ! normal fl[]s 7,fig4 #e74 ,b :5 ! fl[]s op51 a h& l5s reveals #c-e t9y1 membran\s p]ian?-segm5ts = ea* t9y fl[]1 :iti% 9 color1 & m or less connect$ at _! bases4 ,a m9ute r\nd$ mass appe>s 9 ! c5t] ( ! fl[]1 p]haps primordia ( abortive /am5s1 b ?is does n develop fur!r4 ,! catk9 beg9s to take on a br[ni% color & at l5g? ! :ole catk91 9 case x is /am9ate1 drops (f4 ,if x is &rogyn\s1 ! /am9ate "p drops (f1 or )]s4 ,^! male /]ile trees appe> to h a normal1 sometimes excessive1 developm5t ( ! females1 & are q prolific nut produc]s4 ,in=mation on ! occurr5ce ( female /]ility 9 ! hybrid trees is incomplete1 b ! indications are t at lea/ p>tial /]ility is frequ5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,a4 ,normal &rogyn\s catk9 7female fl[] at base72 ,b4 ,&rog5\s catk9 ) /]ile poll54 ,f ,sleep+ ,giant ,*e/nut ,plantation1 ,hamd51 ,conn4 ,photo by ,m>y ,alice ,cl>k1 ,conn4 ,agric4 ,expt4 ,/a4 ,july1 #aidi4 #b4 ,triploid ,hybrid ,9 #aicd we produc$ a cross ( ,*9ese & ,am]ican *e/nut :i* prov$ to be unusual 9 sev]al respects4 ,! leaves are enorm\s--#i in*es to #a foot 9 l5g?1 & #d or #e in*es 9 wid?4 ,! hybrid is n p>ticul>ly blight resi/ant b m s ?an its ,am]ican p>5t4 ,x di$ back f ! blight ab\t #aidj & ! pres5t tree has develop$ z a %oot f ! old roots4 ,! gr[? is rapid & vigor\s4 ,! fl[]s appe> normal1 b we h nev] be5 able to make a cross ) its poll51 nor to effect f]tilization ( its pi/illate fl[]s4 ,x may be triploid1 t is1 ) #c sets ( *romosomes in/ead ( ! normal d\ble set1 & ?is w\ld acc\nt = its b>r5ness4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aieb "s ( ! vigor\s %oots ( ?is tree 7 successfully graft$ on %oots f an old /ump ( ,*9ese *e/nut1 us+ ! v5e] cr[n graft me?od4 ,! scions _h n be5 tak5 :5 dormant1 b 7 transf]r$ directly f ! tree to ! /ock 9 late ,april4 ,?is graft+ 0 done 9 ord] to imp>t great] resi/ance1 if possible1 to ! ,,ca hybrid by means ( ! roots ( ! ,*9ese /ock4 #c4 ,sy/emic ,defect ,s9ce ! e>ly #aicj's we h se5 occasional individuals ) abnormal foliage--some:at mottl$1 usually curl$ & (t5 mis%ap54 ,?9k+ t a virus might be ! cause ( ?is tr\ble ! s5ior au?or tri$ graft+ "s ( ! %oots on to heal?y /ocks4 ,! grafts 7 9 no case successful because ! scions 7 too weak4 ,f9ally he succe$$ 9 graft+ a bran* f an affect$ tree on to a bran* ( a normal individual4 ,! only result 0 an increas$ vigor ( ! heal?y bran*4 ,?is ye> he rubb$ juices f leaves ( su* an abnormal individual on to w\nd$ heal?y leaves1 )\t result4 ,moreov]1 su* sick individuals1 al?\gh gr[+ = ye>s close to heal?y trees1 h nev] communicat$ ! malady to _! neighbors4 ,gr[? is comp>atively sl[1 & !re is mu* dy+ back or dy+ out ( ! sl5d] bran*lets4 ,! evid5ce indicates t ?is is n a virus tr\ble1 b a sy/emic defect1 probably caus$ by *romosome ab]ration or g5e abnormality4 ,x is significant t ?is tr\ble occurs only 9 hybrids4 ,su* trees nev] fl[]4 ,we h kn[n f\r su* cases1 two ( :i* are n[ dead4 ,simil> types appe> 9 o!r species z inh]it$ deviations f normal4 ,insect ,injuries ,a heavy attack f ! spr+ cank] worms develop$ 9 #aiea1 b spray+ ) ,,ddt on ,may #bd? prev5t$ s]i\s damage4 ,no outbreak ( cank] worms appe>$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aieb4 ,! ,japanese beetle has be5 v little 9 evid5ce4 ,! pr9cipal bad actors are ! mites1 ,p>atetrany*us bicolor4 ,al?\gh b>ely visible to ! nak$ eye1 ! effect !y produce ( :it5+ ! leaves is conspicu\s1 especially on ! ,*9ese *e/nut & its hybrids4 ,^! insects ov]w9t] 9 egg =m on ! surface ( ! b>k4 ,la/ w9t] !y 7 s num]\s on "s ( ! trees t ! b>k _h tak5 on a r$ color--especially on smoo?-b>k$ trunks j bel[ a bran*4 ,an application ( ,scalecide on ,april #ba1 :ile ! trees 7 /ill dormant1 foll[$ by two heavy applications ( ,aramite 7#f-g lbs4 p] acre7 on ,june #ac? & #bg?1 gave good control = ! re/ ( ! summ]4 ,spray+ ) ,,ddt = weevils 0 done on ,augu/ #ah? & ,septemb] #crd 9 #aieb ) good results4 ,coop]ative ,hybrid ,*e/nut ,plantations ,9 #aidg ! fir/ hybrid *e/nut plantation "u =e/ conditions 0 made 9 coop]ation ) ! ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology4 ,! plantations are made 9 ord] to te/ ! hybrids "u normal =e/ conditions & diff]5t climatic conditions4 ,9 g5]al1 ea* plantation consi/s ( ab\t #ajj trees1 #ej ,u4,s4,d4,a4 hybrids & #ej ,connecticut hybrids4 ,! trees are plant$ at a #aj' by #aj' spac+1 & ! ov]/ory is girdl$ at ! "t ( plant+ 9 ord] to give ! plants bett] light conditions )\t caus+ an abrupt *ange 9 ! microclimate ( ! =e/ floor--a me?od develop$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,dill] ( ! ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology 7#a74 ,t5 plantations at #i locations h be5 e/abli%$ s9ce #aidg4 ,^! are li/$ bel[3 ,no4 ( ,plots ,location ,ye> ,e/abli%$ ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a ,edw>d ,*ilds ,e/ate1 ,norfolk1 ,conn4 #aidg #a ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority1 ,norris1 ,t5n4 #aidg #a ,table ,rock ,/ate ,p>k1 ,pick5s1 ,s4,c4 #aidh #a ,antio* ,college1 ,yell[ ,spr+s1 ,ohio #aidh #a ,upp] ,p]kiom5 ,valley ,p>k1 ,gre5 ,lane1 ,pa4 #aidi #a ,s4 ,ill4 ,univ4 ,fi% ,wildlife ,s]vice1 ,c>t]sville1 ,ill4 #aidi #a ,russ ,/ate ,=e/1 ,decatur1 ,mi*4 #aiea #b ,na?an ,hale ,/ate ,=e/1 ,cov5try1 ,conn4 #aiea #a ,oui*ata ,nat'l4 ,=e/1 ,hot ,spr+s1 ,ark4 #aieb ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,connecticut ,/ate ,own]%ip ( ,sleep+ ,giant ,plantations ,on ,april #aa1 #aiea1 at a meet+ at ! ,little ,r$ ,h\se1 ,sleep+ ,giant ,m\nta91 ! l&s on ! ,sleep+ ,giant ,m\nta91 ,hamd51 ,connecticut1 ab\t #aj acres1 on :i* ab\t #aejj *e/nut trees are n[ gr[+1 includ+ ne>ly e *e/nut species kn[n to sci5ce1 & _m valuable1 blight resi/ant hybrids1 7 =mally de$$ ov] to ! ,/ate ( ,connecticut by _! own]1 ! s5ior writ] ( ?is report4 ,! meet+ 0 att5d$ by (ficials ( ! ,sleep+ ,giant ,p>k ,association1 ! ,connecticut ,/ate ,p>k & ,=e/ ,commission1 ,! ,connecticut ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 & ! ,yale ,s*ool ( ,=e/ry4 ,! transf] to ! ,/ate 0 made ) ! und]/&+ t ,! ,connecticut ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation w\ld cont9ue ! *e/nut bre$+ "w4 ,! :ole region is n[ und]go+ a fairly rapid h\s+ developm5t1 & 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( mortal ev5ts ?is plantation w\ld h be5 divid$ into build+ lots )9 ! next few decades4 ,! ,/ate own]%ip w obviate ?is1 & ,! ,connecticut ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation sponsor%ip w assure a cont9uation ( ! bre$+ "w4 ,lit]ature ,cit$ #a4 ,dill]1 ,j4 ,d4 ,gr[+ *e/nuts = timb]4 #cg? ,ann4 ,rept4 ( ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]'s ,assn4 = #aidf4 #ff-fh4 #aidg4 #b4 ,graves1 ,ar?ur ,h>m\nt4 ,a me?od ( controll+ ! *e/nut blight on p>tially resi/ant species & hybrids ( ,ca/anea4 #da/ ,ann4 ,rept4 ( ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,assn4 #aiej4 #adi-aea4 #aiea4 #c4 ,haus]1 ,willibald4 ,zur ,physiologie des ,g]b/(fes 9 d] ,pflanz5zelle4 ,,iii4 ,protoplasma #bg3abe-acj4 #aicf-cg4 #d4 ,ni5/a$t1 ,hans4 ,tann9 z a factor 9 ! resi/ance ( *e/nut1 ca/anea spp41 to ! *e/nut blight fungus1 ,endo?ia p>asitica4 ,phytopa?ology #dc3cb-ch4 #aiec4 #e4 ,ni]5/e91 ,m4 ,! natural organic tann9s4 ,j4 ,a4 ,*ur*ill4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ah3 ,also ( ,! ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology1 ,u4,s4,d4,a41 ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation1 ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&4 ,footnote #ai3 ,records furni%$ by ! ,u4,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau at ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,footnote #bj3 ,octob]1 #aieb1 0 among ! six drie/ ,octob]s on record4 ,^! 73 #ahgi1 #ahib1 #ahig1 #aiaf & #aibd4 ,f ,u4,s4 ,wea!r ,report1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,effect ( ,v]miculite 9 ,induc+ ,fibr\s ,roots on ,tap-,root+ ,tree ,se$l+s ,,h]b]t ,c4 ,,b>rett#ba & ,,toru ,,arisumi#bb ,:5 se$l+s ( nut trees & o!r tap-root$ species are transplant$ f nurs]y to or*>d1 ! p]c5tage ( survival 9 (t5 q l[4 ,p]haps ! *ief reason = ?is failure is ! m>k$ & pron\nc$ t5d5cy ( mo/ tap-root$ plants to produce little or no fibr\s1 bran*$ roots 9 lieu ( ! long1 /raight1 & seldom bran*$ tap roots4 ,! common practice ( und]cutt+ se$l+s dur+ ! dormant season to induce a bran*$ root sy/em requires additional labor1 & (t5 results 9 r$uc$ gr[? & vigor dur+ ! foll[+ season4 ,! use ( h>dw>e clo? or o!r close-me%$ wire is effective1 b ?is me?od also has ! disadvantage ( be+ relatively exp5sive = ! nurs]yman4 ,prelim9>y "w c>ri$ on dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s has %[n t ) c]ta9 nut trees & o!r tap-root$ plants1 x is possible to induce fibr\s roots by gr[+ su* se$l+s 9 v]miculite4 ,! me?ods & results ( ?is "w are pres5t$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,mat]ial & ,me?ods ,se$s ( black walnut 7,juglans nigra71 ,p]sian walnut 7,juglans regia71 ,*9ese *e/nut 7,ca/anea mollissima71 pignut hickory 7,c>ya glabra71 %ellb>k hickory 7,c>ya lac9iosa71 %agb>k hickory 7,c>ya ovata71 pecan 7,c>ya ill971 pawpaw 7,asim9a triloba71 & ?ree p]simmons 7,diospyros kaki1 ,d4 lotus1 & ,d4 virg9iana7 7 /ratifi$ 9 moi/ sawdu/ = ?ree mon?s at a temp]ature range ( #ce to #dj degrees ,f4 ,aft] ?is p]iod ( /ratification ! se$s ( ea* species 7 divid$ into ?ree lots & plant$ 9 flats #be x #bf x #f in*es conta9+ "o ( ! foll[+ m$ia3 7#a7 %>p s& ( ! type us$ 9 pott+ soil1 7#b7 pott+ soil1 & 7#c7 v]miculite4 ,se$s 7 kept moi/ ) ord9>y tap wat] & all[$ to g]m9ate & gr[ 9 ! gre5h\se4 ,:5 ! se$l+s _h gr[n two or ?ree true leaves1 !y 7 c>efully remov$ f ! m$ium & exam9$ = ! type ( root sy/em develop$4 ,results ,9 ! fir/ eight species li/$ 9 ,table #a1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 bran*$ & tap-root$ se$l+s 7 q pron\nc$4 ,! few tap-root$ se$l+s gr[+ 9 v]miculite m$ium %[$ "s lat]als & 7 less /rongly tap-root$ ?an ^? 9 soil or s&4 ,pawpaws 9 soil & s& m$ia 7 practically devoid ( lat]als1 & _! fibr\s root sy/em 9 v]miculite 0 n z pron\nc$ z ) ! walnuts1 hickories1 & pecans4 ,( ! species /udi$1 ! p]simmons ,table #a4 ,s& ,soil ,v]miculite ,species ,numb] ( plants ,tap root$ ,fibr\s ,tap ,fibr\s ,tap ,fibr\s ,black ,walnut #bj #c #bd #b #j #ci ,p]sian ,walnut #ae #b #ac #a #j #ae ,*9ese ,*e/nut #ce #f #cb #g #c #cg ,pignut ,hickory #ai #j #bb #j #c #af ,%ellb>k ,hickory #i #j #h #j #j #ac ,%agb>k ,hickory #bg #j #be #j #b #bh ,pecan #ba #j #bc #j #j #ae ,pawpaw #ajb #j #adj #j #bj #he ,d4 kaki #f #b #e #c #j #aj ,d4 lotus #bj #aa #ah #g #j #cj ,d4 ,virg9ia #af #j #bj #j #j #ad %[$ ! lea/ t5d5cy to produce tap-root$ se$l+s4 ,typical bran*$ or fibr\s-root$ se$l+s gr[n 9 v]miculite are illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,se$l+s gr[n 9 v]miculite m$ium4 ,left1 ,juglans regia2 "r1 ,ca/anea mollissima4 ,summ>y ,! *ief difficulty enc\nt]$ 9 transplant+ sev]al nut tree & o!r commonly tap-root$ se$l+s is ?\ght to be due to ! lack ( a bran*$ root sy/em4 ,! me?ods & results ( a fairly simple te*nique ( induc+ fibr\s roots1 t ( gr[+ se$l+s 9 v]miculite1 h be5 pres5t$4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ba3 ,fir/ ,assi/ant 9 ,plant ,bre$+1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture4 ,footnote #bb3 ,=m]ly ,half-"t ,assi/ant 9 ,plant ,bre$+1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture4 ,ea/]n ,black ,walnut ,survey1 #aiea ,h4 ,f4 ,,/oke1 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 at its #aiej ,annual ,meet+1 adopt$ a resolution direct+ t a survey cov]+ ! ea/]n ,am]ican black walnut1 ,juglans nigra be conduct$ dur+ ! ensu+ ye>1 & t ! s]vices ( ! ,/ate & regional ,vice-presid5ts be utiliz$ 9 mak+ ! survey4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is m&ate fifty que/ionaires 7 s5t out1 & #cg replies 7 receiv$4 ,( ^!1 #cc 7 f ! ,/ates1 includ+ ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 ?ree 7 f ,canada1 includ+ ,briti% ,columbia1 ,ont>io & ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&1 respectively1 & "o 0 f ,belgium4 ,f ^! replies1 z compil$1 x is app>5t t ! natural range ( ! ,am]ican black walnut may be def9$ approximately z foll[s3 ,beg9n+ at ! ,atlantic seabo>d at ,massa*usetts ,bay curv+ slightly nor?w>d !n we/w>d across nor!a/]n ,new ,york to ,toronto & on we/w>d across l[] ,ont>io1 ,lake ,huron1 ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons9 & ,m9nesota1 9 :i* /ate ! l9e curves s\?-we/w>d1 cross+ ab\t ! nor?we/ corn] ( ,i[a4 ,f ?is po9t ! l9e runs approximately s\? across ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,nebraska1 ,kansas1 ,oklahoma & ,texas4 ,z ! l9e approa*es ! ,gulf ( ,mexico x turns ea/w>d1 cross+ ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,l\isiana1 ,mississippi1 ,alabama & ,georgia1 back aga9 to ! ,atlantic4 ,! natural range ( ! black walnut may be said to h be5 limit$ on ! nor? by w9t] cold1 on ! we/ by lack ( suffici5t ra9fall & on ! s\? by a w9t] climate too mild = ! requir$ dormant re/ p]iod4 ,:]e ^! limitations are remov$ ! ,am]ican black walnut appe>s to d well f> out ( its natural range4 ,9 its native /ate x seem$ to ?rive be/ along wat]-ways & 9 holl[s among ! hills & m\nta9s1 ?\gh x 0 also to be f\nd on ! upl&s :]ev] ! soil 0 f]tile & o!r conditions favorable4 ,! ov]fl[ ( /reams und\bt$ly did mu* to di/ribute & plant ! se$1 aid$ always by ! ubiquit\s squirrel4 ,tw5ty-n9e ( ! ,/ates report$ ! trees z ?rifty & be>+ well-fill$ nuts4 ,ea/]n ,m>yl& report$ ! trees z ?rifty b ! nut crop light4 ,mi*igan reports ! nuts z hav+ be5 well fill$ =m]ly1 b poor 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,we/ ,virg9ia makes a simil> report1 & attributes poor crops to ! pres5ce ( an?racnose1 a fungus disease ( ! leaves caus+ e>ly defoliation4 ,! nut crop ( ! wild trees appe>s to be unga!r$ to a l>ge ext5t1 tak+ ! c\ntry z a :ole4 ,elev5 /ates report :ole husk$ nuts be+ m>ket$ 9 a limit$ way & six report ! m>ket+ ( home-produc$ k]nels4 ,prices = ! :ole nuts are quot$ z l[ z #b4jj p] bu%el1 ) a top ( #e4jj p] bu%el = ,kansas-produc$ nam$ v>ieties4 ,accurate /ati/ics z to :ole nut & k]nel production are n available4 ,t5nessee reports black walnut crack+ plants1 z foll[s3 ,"o ea* at ,lebanon & ,morri/[n1 & ?ree locat$ at ,na%ville4 ,a ,we/ ,virg9ia report e/imates ! ,/ate's k]nel production at #bjj1jjj p] annum4 ,a crack+ plant 9 ,/4 ,l\is is report$ z process+ #a-a_/b million p\nds ( :ole nuts annually1 = :i* x pays #e-a_/b c5ts p] p\nd4 ,o!r crack+ plants report$ are "o at ,/an=d1 ,k5tucky1 "o at ,broadway1 ,virg9ia & "o or two 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 location un/at$4 ,no /atem5t 0 receiv$ z to ! am\nt ( bus9ess done by ^!4 ,a new "o is />t+ op]ations at ,h5d]son1 ,k5tucky 9 #aiea4 ,production ( black walnut k]nels z a home indu/ry has langui%$ s9ce ! ,f$]al rul+ t ! k]nels mu/ be pa/euriz$ z soon z produc$4 ,mo/ ( su* k]nels are n[ consum$ locally1 s z n to run af\l ( int]-/ate regulations4 ,no epidemic has1 z yet1 be5 trac$ to su* local use4 ,a "q design$ to disclose :at nam$ v>ieties give ! be/ results 9 ! v>i\s localities 0 n v effective4 ,replies usually came 9 ! =m ( li/s ( v>ieties be+ plant$ ) little def9ite indication z to ! ones t h prov5 sup]ior4 ,z might be expect$1 ,?omas l$ ! li/ by be+ m5tion$ #ae times4 ,elm] ,my]s 0 li/$ #i times1 ,/abl] #f1 ,ohio #f1 ,m9tle #c1 ,snyd] #b1 7,new ,york & ,t5n471 ,sif=d #b1 7,k5tucky & ,kansas71 & ! foll[+ "o ea*3 ,adams1 ,grundy1 ,korn 7,mi*igan72 ,rohw]1 ,v&]sloot 7,kansas72 ,sp>r[1 ,victoria1 ,homel& 7,nor? ,c>ol9a72 ,t5 ,eyck 7,new ,j]sey72 ,creitz 7,virg9ia72 & ,impit 7,briti% ,columbia74 ,a /udy ( ! geographical di/ribution ( ! pref]r$ v>ieties fails to produce any significant conclusions z to ! v>ieties be/ adapt$ to any specific /ate4 ,d\btless ,?omas heads ! li/ because x has _h ! longe/ & l>ge/ di/ribution4 ,a ,new ,york /ate survey gave ,?omas ! pref]5ce #i times1 ,snyd] #g1 ,my]s #d1 ,ohio #b1 & "o ea* to sev]al o!r v>ieties4 ,a simil> survey 9 ,new ,j]sey gave ,?omas pref]5ce #b1 ,/abl] #b1 ,t5 ,eyck #a & ,ohio #a4 ,"o ,new ,j]sey correspond5t report$ ,ohio z excell5t1 ano!r li/$ ,t5 ,eyck z fair1 & a ?ird report$ ,?omas z t]rible4 ,"o ,kansas produc] reports ,?omas 8 be/ & ,ohio 8 wor/4 ,ano!r ,kansan reports ! exact opposite4 ,p5nsylvania reports ,ohio z be/1 ,/abl] z wor/4 ,h] neighbor to ! ea/1 ,new ,j]sey1 rates ,/abl] highly1 z does ,ohio1 imm$iately to ! we/4 ,! notable leaf-disease resi/ance ( ! ,ohio v>iety is wor?y ( ! consid]ation ( plant]s 9 di/ricts :]e e>ly defoliation causes poor fill+ ( ! nuts4 ,= a late com]1 ! ?9-%ell$ ,my]s makes a /rong %[+1 :i* may be significant4 ,x is wor? wat*+4 ,until !re is wid] plant+ & production ( ! nam$ v>ieties1 x w n be possible to "n ! v>ieties be/ adapt$ to any specific /ate or location1 9 ! op9ion ( y\r report]4 ,! possibilities ( pr(it 9 plant+ black walnut or*>ds h n be5 det]m9$4 ,f ,p5nsylvania comes ! report t ( ! sev]al black walnut or*>ds plant$ tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 only ?ree are n[ be+ giv5 c>e4 ,a t5-acre or*>d at ,:>ton1 ,md4 t1 presumably1 0 be+ giv5 special c>e1 is report$ z ne>ly all dead--too mu* comm]cial f]tiliz]1 or ! wrong k9d4 ,! report on sev]al small ,we/ ,virg9ia plant+s is submitt$ z inconclusive4 ,! ma9 g5]al int]e/ at pres5t appe>s to be ! plant+ ( ! bett] walnuts on home gr\nds & on ! f>m4 ,tw5ty-f\r /ates report$ su* use1 ) v>y+ degrees ( int]e/4 ,consid]+ t ! black walnut is our f9e/ cab9et wood1 & "o ( ! be/ 9 ! _w1 =e/ry plant+ may be tru?fully said to be lagg+ deplorably4 ,! /ate ( ,p5nsylvania has %[n "s int]e/ & made "s small plant+s4 ,ohio has done "s plant+4 ,! ,sunny ,hill ,coal ,company ( ,new ,lex+ton1 ,ohio1 is report$ to h plant$ #ejjj se$l+s4 ,9 ,indiana ,=d ,wallick has report$ ! plant+ ( #ad bu4 ( se$1 ! se$l+s to be budd$ lat] to ! ,lamb curly walnut4 ,t5nessee & ,we/ ,virg9ia report small plant+s4 ,kansas reports "s int]e/ 9 plant+ walnuts on l&s t h be5 de/roy$ = agricultural purposes by /rip coal m9+4 ,z a :ole1 ! =e/ry plant+s ( ! walnut ( ! future1 z ( ! pa/1 appe> ma9ly dep5d5t on ! untir+ squirrel4 ,!re has nev] be5 an adequate supply ( walnut timb] s9ce pione] days :5 walnut logs 7 roll$ toge!r = burn+ 9 ! cle>+ ( l&1 or split = f5ce rails1 nor is an adequate supply 9 sight = ! future4 ,9 produc+ di/ricts buy]s are always ready to p\nce on ! own] ( any walnut tree ( m>ketable size4 ,prices paid are usually mu* l[] ?an ! real value ( ! timb]1 p>tly because ! /& is s scatt]+ z to prev5t ! use ( effici5t means ( logg+ & transportation4 ,( all ! ag5cies t5d+ to de/roy ! black walnut1 w> is ! mo/ deva/at+4 ,! sup]b qualities ( ! wood = ! mak+ ( gun /ocks causes ! c\ntry to be comb$ m & m closely by buy]s 9 ea* succe$+ w>4 ,h[ev]1 f ! /&po9t ( human int]e/1 ! picture is n :olly d>k4 ,x is p]haps too mu* to expect t private ent]prise w ent] into ! long-"t inve/m5t necess>y = ext5sive =e/ry plant+s1 b ! /ates c & %\ld d s 9 connection ) _! p>k & =e/ry programs4 ,z already indicat$ "s few /ates are work+ 9 t direction4 ,( p]haps m imm$iate conc]n & value are ! possibilities ( int]e/+ ! #d-;,h clubs & simil> organizations ( y\? 9 mak+ home & f>m plant+s4 ,refre%+ly enc\rag+ is ! foll[+ exc]pt f ! report ( ! ,arkansas /ate ,vice-presid5t1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,hale1 a vocational in/ructor ( ,camd51 ,arkansas4 ,:5 a /ud5t comes into ! class ( vocational agriculture 9 ! n9? grade ,i try to get him to plant "s black walnuts s !y w get big en\gh to graft :ile he is 9 high s*ool4 ,! use ( ?is me?od is helpful 9 gett+ _m trees />t$4 ,by graft+ "o or m ( ! ,p]sian walnuts1 int]e/ is also add$4 ,"o way t has help$ me get p />t$ ) a tree on ! home gr\nds is to pot a few spr\t$ nuts & :5 a neighbor is sick take a se$l+ walnut in/ead ( a fl[]4 ,i usually g back to help ) ! transplant+ ( x4 ,su* practical me?ods1 if widely us$1 w\ld br+ f> m valuable results ?an any legislative program4 ,! ,virg9ia ,polyte*nic ,in/itute is %[+ "s int]e/1 & conduct$ a field cl9ic 9 top-work+ ! walnut 9 ! ,%5&oah ,valley area 9 ! spr+ ( #aiea4 ,c\nty ,ag5ts h become int]e/$1 & a c\nty-wide ,black ,walnut ,conte/ w be held at ,h>risonburg1 ,va41 ,nov4 #i & #aj? ( ?is ye>1 9 :i* ,,vpi is collaborat+4 ,x is hop$ ?is idea w spread4 ,on ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&1 j (f ! ,canadian ea/ coa/1 !re does n appe> to be en\gh summ] heat to mature ! nuts1 ?\gh ! tree is gr[n some:at on home gr\nds4 ,9 ! fruit-gr[+ sections ( ,briti% ,columbia ! black walnut appe>s q at home1 trees ( a diamet] ( f ?ree to f\r feet be+ report$ at ,*illiwack1 9 ! ,fras] ,riv] valley4 ,j4 ,u4 ,gellattly also reports ! walnut at ,brooks & ,m$ic9e ,hat1 ,alb]ta4 ,confirmation ( ! ability ( ! black walnut to /& extremely l[ temp]atures is to be f\nd 9 a lett] ( ,aug4 #bb1 #aiea f ,w4 ,r4 ,leslie1 ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,dom9ion ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,mord51 ,manitoba1 z foll[s3 ,black walnut is do+ fairly well 9 su* places z ! ,prov9cial ,horticultural ,/ation1 ,brooks1 ,alb]ta1 7,p4 ,d4 ,h>grave1 ,supt471 & at ,portage la ,prairie1 ,w9nipeg & ,mord51 ,manitoba4 ,app>5tly ! black walnut enjoys a heavi] soil ?an ! butt]nut 7or :ite walnut74 ,! :ite has be5 m widely plant$ ?an ! black4 ,! ,man*urian seems h>di] ?an ei!r & is ! mo/ rapid gr[] ( ! ?ree ,juglans on te/ "h4 ,h[ev]1 ! two natives usually give u a fairly abundant crop ( nuts4 ,our s\rce ( black walnut 0 f ar\nd ,new ,ulm1 ,m9nesota2 ! butt]nut came f ar\nd ,sault ,/e4 ,m>ie1 at ! l[] end ( ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,i am n aw>e ( ei!r indig5\s species be+ native clos] ?an ! po9ts m5tion$4 ,belgium reports ! black walnut z ?riv+ 9 door-y>ds & along roadways1 :]e ! nuts are m5tion$ z a m5ace to traffic4 ,9 conclusion x is urg$ t fri5ds ( cons]vation & a s\nd economy %\ld l5d _! e ef=t to ! ext5sion ( black walnut plant+s4 ,"s progress has be5 made s9ce ! days ( pione] plund]1 b mu* rema9s to be done4 ,?anks are ext5d$ to all ^? :o h contribut$ to ?is survey4 ,cra?'s ,c>pa?ian ,engli% ,walnuts 9 ,ont>io #bc,p4 ,c4 ,,cra?1 #abi ,felbrigg ,ave41 ,toronto #ab1 ,ont>io ,introduction ,! ,engli% ,walnut 7,juglans regia7 9 ,engl& is kn[n z ,p]sian walnut4 ,"s ?9k t ! nuts orig9at$ 9 ,p]sia4 ,! primeval =e/s ( ,engli% walnut trees1 :i* 9 _m places cov] ! s\!rn z well z nor!rn slopes ( ! ,caucasian ,m\nta9s %[ t ,caucasia is ! c\ntry ( ! orig9 ( ^? trees4 ,b 9 ! ,we/]n ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s 9 ,europe geologi/s _h excavat$ anci5t walnuts 9 ! salt rocks ( ! pits ( ,weliczka4 ,9 "s places ( ! ,ea/]n ,c>pa?ians walnuts c\ld be f\nd 9 a wild /age2 & ( c\rse dome/icat$ walnuts fl\ri% 9 e ,ukra9ian or*>d f ! nor!rn slopes ( ! ,c>pa?ians up to ! s\!rn banks ( ! ,pripet ,riv]1 & all ov] ,ukra9e z f> z ! ,don4 ,b !re !y c\ld n be f\nd 9 a wild =m4 ,walnuts 9 su* c\ntries z ,italy1 ,spa91 ,france are probably ( ,p]sian orig94 ,s9ce ,canada 0 discov]$ by ,c>ti] ,european settl]s h _m times tri$ to introduce ! s\!rn ,european walnuts 9 to ! ,new ,_w1 b )\t success4 ,only 9 ,cali=nia1 along ! ,ocean's %ore1 ,europeans succe$$ 9 acclimatiz+ "s1 z !y ?9k1 ,engli% ,walnuts2 ?\gh 9 reality ! ,cali=nia ,walnuts are halfbre$s4 ,9 ,old ,ont>io ! p enjoy$ ! local wild black walnuts1 butt]nuts & hickory4 ,up to ! pres5t ,engli% ,walnuts are import$ into ?is ,prov9ce4 ,:5 9 #aiag ,i settl$ 9 ,toronto & f\nd t ev5 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,prov9ce1 s ri* 9 diff]5t fruits1 no ,engli% ,walnuts grew !re1 ,i 0 amaz$4 ,9 my old home 9 ! ,ukra9e walnut trees 7 z common z elms 9 ,ont>io4 ,& ,i h f\nd t ! ,s\!rn ,ont>io climate is w>m] ?an ! climate ( ,kiev or ,poltava regions 9 ,ukra9e4 ,x has seem$ to me t ,engli% walnuts f ! ,c>pa?ian region %\ld ?rive well ar\nd ,toronto4 ,my ,exp]im5ts ,9 my old home ,i h he>d g>d5]s say3 ,:]e apples gr[1 walnuts w gr[ !re also4 ,& ar\nd ,toronto !re ,i h se5 nice apple or*>ds produc+ spl5did fruits4 ,! ,ont>io apple trees )/ood w9t] colds well1 & t fact enc\rag$ me to try to plant ,engli% walnuts f ,ukra9e 9 ! neighborhood ( ,toronto4 ,at ! end ( ! ,fir/ ,_w ,w> ,ukra9e revolt$ aga9/ ! ,russian ,empire & at ! same "t %e 0 fight+ = h] indep5d5ce ) ,pol&4 ,at t "t my fa!r's family liv$ 9 ! city ( ,/anyslaviv at ! nor!rn foot ( ! ,c>pa?ians4 ,i ask$ my si/] to s5d me z _m local ,engli% walnut se$s by mail z %e c\ld4 ,giv+ su* an ord] to my si/] ,i expect$ t ! nuts w\ld arrive n lat] ?an ! end ( ,octob]1 j 9 "t to be plant$ be=e ! freeze up4 ,?is 0 9 #aiba4 ,i rememb]$ f my boyhood t plant+ ( ,engli% walnut se$s 0 surr\nd$ by "s my/]y4 ,x seem$ to me t p 9 ,ukra9e reg>d$ x z a v difficult matt] to cultivate walnut trees4 ,be+ "u su* a notion myself ,i ask$ a horticulturi/ h[ long ! g]m9ation p[] ( a walnut se$ w\ld la/4 ,he told me t x c\ld prevail 9 a fre% walnut n long] ?an a week4 ,he advis$ me 9 ord] to prev5t walnuts f dry+ to dip !m 9 melt$ p>awax4 ,foll[+ t in=mation ,i wrote my si/] to p>awax ! walnut se$s be=e s5d+ !m to ,canada4 ,ow+ to ! ,poli%-,ukra9ian w> at t "t ! %ipm5t ( ! walnut se$s got to ,toronto n late 9 ! ,fall1 z _h be5 expect$1 b 9 ,febru>y :5 ! f>m l& ar\nd ,toronto 0 froz54 ,& ! wor/ ( x 0 my si/] did n p>awax ! nuts6 ,be+ sure ! k]nels 7 dead ,i all[$ ! *ildr5 to d :at !y pleas$ ) !m4 ,b be=e !y crack$ ! la/ "o my wife advis$ me to plant a doz5 ( ! nuts 9 our fl[] pots1 z %e said1 = fun4 ,i did x4 ,o!r nuts ! *ildr5 de/roy$1 & 9 spite ( my sorr[ & angui% 9 two weeks ! walnut spr\ts came up 9 ! pots4 ,ev]yone ( !m came up1 prov+ t y d n ne$ to protect walnut g]m9ation by dipp+ ! nuts into melt$ p>awax4 ,f ! fl[] pots ! walnut se$l+s 7 transplant$ t spr+ ( #aibb into our city g>d5 at #dh ,pet]boro ,ave41 ,toronto4 ,at lea/ a ?\s& ( ! k]nels ( sev]al v>ieties 7 ?us de/roy$ & ,i 0 oblig$ to wait until ano!r fall :5 ! ,juglans regia nuts 7 s5t aga9 by my si/]4 ,!y came also late 9 ! w9t] & 7 dry z pepp]4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aibc ,i took ! walnut se$s ( ! second %ipm5t to ! f>m ( my fri5d ,mr4 ,m4 ,kozak locat$ a c\ple ( miles nor? ( ! ,sc>boro ,golf ,club4 ,!re ,i soak$ !m 9 wat] 9 a tub = five days & !n plant$ 9 r[s #a-a_/b ft4 ap>t1 r[ f r[1 & ! nuts #f in*es ap>t nut f nut & two in*es deep4 ,9 a c\ple ( weeks ne>ly e nut produc$ a sapl+4 ,i kept !m well cultivat$ ! :ole summ]1 & 9 ! ,fall ! se$l+s 7 f six to eight in*es tall4 ,! nuts on ! ,kozak f>m 7 ( diff]5t v>ieties2 "s 7 small1 "s l>ge1 "s 7 r\nd1 "s oblong1 "s pap]-?9-%ell$1 "s h>d %ell$2 "s v>ieties _h sweet k]nels1 "s _h a little slightly bitt] ta/e1 "s 7 flat4 ,accord+ to _! v>iety ! b>k ( ! se$l+s1 "s ( !m at lea/1 0 %9y br[n1 :ile o!r v>ieties _h _! b>k %9y d>k gre51 light gray1 light gre54 ,n[ ,i h kn[n h[ to produce walnut se$l+s4 ,!n ano!r worry came--c\ld ! se$l+s /& ! ,ont>io w9t]8 ,!y _h /ood ! w9t] ( #aibe-bh v well4 ,only ! tops ( ^? 7 spoil$1 :i* 7 injur$ by buffalo tree hopp]s4 ,x seem$ t ! regul> ,ont>io cat]pill>s did n l ! sap ( ! ,engli% walnut foliage4 ,b ! wor/ enemies ( ! ,c>pa?ians 0 ! bact]ial disease4 ,! leaves & "y %oots curl$1 turn$ black1 be+ infe/$ by ! disease4 ,9 su* a case ! spray+ is ne$$4 ,acqua9tance ) ! ,v9el& ,gov]nm5t ,exp]im5tal ,f>m ,someh[1 b v soon aft] ,i />t$ my exp]im5ts ) ,engli% ,c>pa?ian ,walnuts 9 ,ont>io1 ,mr4 ,james ,neilson1 ! nut speciali/ 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ,exp]im5tal ,f>m1 ,v9el&1 ,ont4 discov]$ me4 ,by him ,i 0 introduc$ to ! late ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan ( ,isl+ton1 ,ont4 :o 0 kn[n z a prom95t nut gr[] 9 ,ont>io4 ,9 ! ye> #aibd1 :5 we met ! fir/ "t1 ,mr4 ,corsan already 0 int]e/$ 9 ! culture ( black walnuts & butt]nuts1 9 hickories1 pecans1 hicans & filb]ts4 ,soon ,i transf]r$ my ,engli% ,c>pa?ian walnut nurs]y to ,corsan's place at ,isl+ton4 ,mr4 ,corsan1 ) a great deal ( en?usiasm broadca/$ my ,c>pa?ians all ov] ! ,am]ican cont95t1 b "u diff]5t names3 ,engli% ,walnuts1 ,p]sian1 ,russian1 ,c>pa?ian1 etc4 ,soon we 7 jo9$ by a ?ird walnut en?usia/ ,mr4 ,l4 ,k4 ,davitt1 a tea*] 9 a ,toronto ,high ,s*ool4 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,t4 ,currelly ! ,f\nd] & at t "t ! ,director ( ! ,royal ,ont>io ,museum ( ,ar*eology 9 ,toronto1 also became int]e/$ 9 my walnut exp]im5ts4 ,!n lat] on "s o!r prom95t ,torontonians foll[$ u & ! ,nut ,gr[]s ,society ( ,ont>io 0 organiz$4 ,am]icans also became int]e/$ 9 ! ,c>pa?ian walnuts4 ,fir/ among !m 0 a graduate f ,cornell ,univ]sity1 a f>m] ne> ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 ,mr4 ,samuel ,graham4 ,mr4 ,george ,slate ( ! ,g5eva ,exp]im5t ,/ation 0 "o ( ! fir/ ,am]icans :o e>ly got int]e/$ 9 ! ,c>pa?ians4 ,!re 9 ! ,/ates is ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,foll[+ ,mr4 ,corsan ,i also became a memb] ( ! ,association4 ,my ,rese>* 9 ,engli% ,walnuts 9 ,ukra9e ,f ! ye> #aibd until #aicf ,i sp5t mo/ ( my "t z a ,presbyt]ian mission>y 9 ,we/]n ,ukra9e1 :i* 0 !n "u ,poli% occupation4 ,f "t to "t ,i us$ to come to ,canada on furl\gh4 ,e "t1 com+ f ,ukra9e1 ,i br\ght also a box or m ( ,c>pa?ian ,engli% ,walnuts = plant+4 ,!n ,i lik$ to tell ,dr4 ,palm]1 ! ,director ( ! ,v9el& ,gov]nm5t ,exp]im5tal ,f>m ab\t my rese>* 9 walnuts 9 ,ukra9e4 ,9 ,we/]n ,ukra9e my headqu>t]s 7 9 ! city ( ,kolomyja1 ,prov9ce ( ,galicia1 at ! foot ( ! ,ea/]n ,c>pa?ians4 ,?us ,i 0 9 ! c5t] ( ! culture ( ! ,c>pa?ian walnuts4 ,?\gh my circuit 0 v l>ge 7,prov9ces ( ,galician & ,volynia7 & !re 0 a "t :5 ,i s]v$ #cj congregations1 nev]!less ,i _h a little "t also to /udy ! ,engli% ,walnuts 9 _! native environm5ts4 ,be=e />t+ ! rese>* 9 t c\ntry ,i decid$ = myself :at 9 my conception %\ld be ! ideal ,engli% walnut4 ,i h come to ! conclusion t ! nut %\ld be ( l>ge size1 ?9 %ell$1 its k]nel well fill$ up1 be+ ( a pleasant sweet ta/e2 inside ( ! nut !re %\ld be no p>titions1 ?us all[+ ! k]nel to roll out unbrok54 ,!n ,i pr9t$ que/ionnaire blanks = ea* individual nut tree to be exam9$4 ,beside ! above m5tion$ que/ions ,i add$3 ,:at is ! "n & address ( ! own] ( ! tree1 & its location8 ,h[ old1 tall & ?ick ! trunk ( tree is8 ,h[ _m p\nds ( ! nuts ! tree yield$ t ye>8 ,9 :at k9d ( soil does x ?rive8 ,:at enemies attack x8 ,:at f]tiliz]1 or manure1 has be5 us$ 9 ! p>ticul> case1 or none8 ,is !re 9 ! nuts1 leaves & b>k any sign ( cross-poll9ation8 ,reg>d+ ! graft+ & budd+ ,i f\nd t ! local nut-gr[]s _h n ! slighte/ idea h[ to g ab\t x4 ,!y also did n c>e to prev5t _! walnut trees f cross-poll9ation4 ,soon ,i f\nd t !re 9 ,galicia alone c\ld be f\nd sev]al hundr$s ( v>ieties ( ,c>pa?ian ,engli% walnuts4 ,anyway till #aice1 ,i s5t to ,toronto #bjj v>ieties ( ! ,c>pa?ians4 ,"s ( ^? ,engli% ,c>pa?ian walnuts 7 #b-a_/b in*es long1 or five nuts to a foot2 o!rs 7 only "o ?ird ( an in*4 ,"s v small ,c>pa?ians produc$ nuts 9 clu/]s1 l grapes4 ,9 "s ,c>pa?ians x 0 possible to detect cross-poll9ation ) ,asiatic walnuts by _! h>d] %ells1 by p>titions1 by ! %ape ( nuts1 by ! con/ruction ( ! leaves & _! odor1 & 9 "s cases by ! color ( b>k4 ,by k]nels all ! ,c>pa?ian halfbre$s are ,engli% walnuts1 diff]+ gr\p f gr\p by ! ta/e4 ,i rememb] t only 9 #ahih 9 ! b\rg ( ,l\bni1 & 9 #aicc 9 ! ,city ( ,kolomyja ,i came across two trees :i* resembl$ our black walnut4 ,9 bo? t[ns "s p us$ to live 9 ,am]ica1 & com+ home !y c\ld br+ ) !m "s ,am]ican nuts4 ,9 ! region ar\nd ,kossiv ,i came across groves ( ,am]ican black walnuts & butt]nuts4 ,^? trees 7 plant$ !re by ! ,au/rian ,gov]nm5t #ge or s ye>s ago4 ,( c\rse !y did n cause all ! hybridiz+ ,i m5tion$ above4 ,maybe ! ,asiatic nuts 7 br\ght 9 ,ea/]n ,c>pa?ians :5 ! ,t>t> hordes cross$ ! m\nta9s 9 ! region ( ,pok\ttia 7,kossiv7 9 ! ye> #abdb4 ,n f> f ,kossiv1 we/w>d1 9 ! village ( ,kosmu* 9 ! ,c>pa?ians #bejj feet above sea level ,i f\nd ,engli% walnut trees ( small size 7#ae feet tall1 #f in*es ?ick7 ) light gray b>k1 produc+ #b in* long nuts ( spe>y %ape1 l our ,canadian butt]nuts b ( ,engli% ,walnut %ells & k]nels4 ,! k]nels 7 ta/y4 ,!re 0 no "q b t !y 7 halfbre$s1 ,engli% plus ,mongolian nuts4 ,!re 9 ,kosmu*1 n f> f ! hi/orical ,t>t> ,passage1 ?r\gh :i* 9 #ac? c5tury ,gh5gis ,khan hordes invad$ ! ,danube pla9s1 9 w9t] ! temp]ature falls to #de degrees bel[ z]o4 ,ow+ to ! h>d9ess ( ! /ra9 & pleasant ta/e ( ! nuts ,i pick$ up ab\t #aj p\nds ( !m to be tri$ 9 cold] p>ts ( ,ont>io1 7& "s ( !m already are be>+ nor? ( ,toronto & true to ! type47 ,i call$ ! nuts ,hutzulian ,po9ties1 z !y gr[ 9 ,hutzulia ! c\ntry ( ! ,ukra9ian ,m\nta9e]s4 ,! ye> #aicf4 ,my la/ trip to ,we/]n ,ukra9e ,9 ,ont>io f>m]s 7 sl[ to grasp ! idea ( cultivat+ my ,c>pa?ian ,engli% walnuts4 ,ei!r !y did n believe ! ,engli% walnuts c\ld ?rive 9 ?is ,prov9ce1 or wait$ till my trees w\ld />t to be>4 ,nev]!less "s ?\s& ( my se$l+s 7 plant$ "h & !re all ov] ,ont>io & small] quantities 9 ! ,m>itime ,prov9ces1 ,manitoba & ,alb]ta4 ,! late ,sir ,wm4 ,mulock hir$ ,mr4 ,corsan to graft ) ! ,c>pa?ian scions tops ( _m ( 8 black walnut trees 9 ,orillia1 ,ont4 ,fr$ ,gaby1 ! eng9e] :o built ! ,ont>io ,hydro1 ord]$ ?r\gh me f ,ukra9e #ej to #ab feet tall ,c>pa?ians ( be>+ age & plant$ !m on #aj acres ne> ,cooksville4 ,ont4 ,pr(4 ,currelly has b\ght #be acres ne> 8 e/ate we/ ( ,pt4 ,hope1 ,ont4 = my use 9 exp]im5tal "w4 ,! late ,col4 ,mc,alpyne plant$ "o ?\s& ( my ye>l+s on 8 e/ate at ,f5elon ,falls1 ,ont4 ,two "y f>m]s1 ,papple ,bros41 9 ! ,georgian ,bay region also />t$ an ,engli% ,c>pa?ian walnut or*>d4 ,9 #aice ,i mov$ my ,c>pa?ian walnut nurs]y f ,isl+ton to ,pr(4 ,currelly's e/ate1 & ,mr4 ,l4 ,k4 ,devitt sold 8 lot ( ! trees ?r\gh ! ,dom9ion ,se$ ,co41 ,georget[n1 ,ont4 ,9 ! ,/ates1 ,mr4 ,c>l ,wes*oke1 a manufactur] 9 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n41 :o 9 ! ye> #aice 0 elect$ ! ,presid5t ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 also got int]e/$ 9 ,c>pa?ians4 ,8 son-9-law ab\t t "t />t$ a walnut nurs]y on _! e/ate "s #cj miles ea/ ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,t #aicf ye> ,mr4 ,wes*oke sponsor$ my exp$ition to ,nor!a/]n ,pol& 7,nor?we/]n ,ukra9e7 to f9d ! geographical l9e nor? ( :i* ,engli% walnuts d n ?rive 9 ,europe4 ,my exp$ition 0 successful4 ,i discov]$ t nor?w>d f ! ,pripet ,riv]1 :i* fl[s f we/ to ea/ t[>d ! ,dneip]1 ,engli% ,walnuts c\ld n be f\nd4 ,if ,i _h come across !re "s ,engli% se$l+s ne>] to ! ,li?uanian b\nd>y & ! ,baltic ,sea %ore1 !y w\ld h be5 plant$ !re rec5tly & n be=e ! ye> #aibd4 ,f>!r nor?1 ?\gh !re ,engli% walnuts d n ?rive1 ar\nd ! ,lake ,peipus ,i came across filb]ts n z bu%es b z l>ge trees4 ,e fall peasants 9 t di/rict g 9 ! woods & br+ bags ( filb]ts = w9t] use4 ,su* filb]t trees ,i f\nd also 9 ! ,c>pa?ian m\nta9s ne> ! ,ukra9ian settlem5t ( ,vizhnytza 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,bukov9a4 ,we/ ( ! t[n ( ,s>ny & s\? ( ! ,pripet ,i came across a grove ( #ah anci5t ,engli% walnut trees4 ,9 ! ye> #afdh :5 ,ukra9ian ,hetman ,bohdan ,khmelnytzky l$ a w> aga9/ ,pol& ^? trees already 7 #gj ye>s old1 & !y /ill 7 be>+ 9 #aicf :5 ,i visit$ t region4 ,inde$ _! limbs 7 brok5 & !y pres5t$ a sad sight1 b !y prov$ h[ long ! ,ukra9ian ,engli% walnut c\ld live4 ,! se$s ( ^? anci5t trees ,i also %ipp$ to ,mr4 ,wes*cke4 ,beside t ,i br\ght to my sponsors ?\s&s ( select$ walnut se$s1 se$l+s & scions4 ,my ,engli% ,c>pa?ian walnut tree 9 ! back y>d ( #dh ,pet]boro ,ave4 ,toronto1 ,ont41 be+ plant$ out !re f ! pot 9 ! spr+ ( #aibb />t$ to produce nuts 9 #aibi4 ,! nuts 7 exactly to ! type3 oblong1 po9ty1 in* & a half long1 ! %ell semi-h>d1 p>titions l>ge1 ! k]nel ( pleasant ta/e4 ,x />t$ to produce female bloom :5 x 0 #d ye>s old1 b till #aibi !re 7 no catk9s ( male bloom4 ,! crop ( ! nuts1 t ye> & foll[+ ye>s 0 usually c>ri$ away by m>aud+ black squirrels4 ,o!r p :o got f u ! ,c>pa?ian ,engli% walnut se$l+s report$ t _! plants also />t$ to be> ! sev5? ye> or ar\nd t4 ,b ! ,papple ,bros4 report$ t !y _h a case :5 a se$l+ produc$ by !m /raight f ! ,c>pa?ian walnut bore a nut 9 ! second ye> ( its life4 ,on ! o!r h& !re 7 cases :]e "s ,c>pa?ian ,engli% se$l+s1 z well z graft$ ones1 /ill produce no nuts ?\gh !y are #ae ye>s old & ov]4 ,i ?9k ! cause lies 9 ! soil4 ,on ! gravelly hills ov] ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c>pa?ian walnuts are sl[ to be>1 ev5 be+ graft$4 ,! und]soil 9 ! valleys #f miles nor? ( ,pt4 ,hope1 ,ont4 is n favorable1 n only = ,engli% walnuts b ev5 = native black walnuts1 ?\gh v favorable to hickories4 ,on ano!r h&1 nor?-ea/ ( ,toronto & ne> ,unionville at ! place call$ ,hag]man ,cornor on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,m4 ,artymko !re is an or*>d ( #bg ,cra?'s ,c>pa?ian ,engli% walnuts ov] #ah ye>s old1 ea* fruit+ n[ e ye>4 ,! trees are #be feet tall1 #e-f in*es ?ick1 situat$ on a knoll ( clay1 well dra9$ soil1 ly+ op5 t[>d ! nor?we/4 ,:5 ! trees 7 y\ng] !y 7 subject to attacks ( ! bact]ial disease & _! b>ks 7 crack$ by fro/4 ,n[ ! trees are 9 nice %ape1 no trace ( ! bact]ial disease injuries & ! fro/'s sc>s disappe>+4 ,"s ( ^? trees produc$ a bu%el ( ! nuts ea*4 ,among ,artymko's trees !re is a tree be>+ ! walnut ( giant type1 & ! tree--,hutzulian ,po9tie4 ,! success ( ! ,artymko's f>m lies probably 9 ! soil & its high elevation4 ,!re 9 ,toronto ,mr4 ,t4 ,h4 ,b>ri/]1 has 9 8 backy>d two ,c>pa?ian ,engli% ,walnuts1 produc+ nuts ( ! giant size--five nuts to a foot4 ,! bact]ial disease _h t\*$ !m slightly1 & ! tree nev] has be5 spray$4 ,we %\ld expect t ! ,ont>io ,agricultural ,college at ,guelph w\ld f9d out :at is ! be/ soil = ,engli% walnuts & :at f]tiliz] to be appli$ = !m4 ,*ick5 wire f5ces %\ld protect ! walnut or*>d f squirrels & ! trees %\ld be spray$ aga9/ bact]ial disease4 ,ab\t walnut trees be>+ & f]tiliz]--let u return to _! native abode 9 ! ,c>pa?ians4 ,!re 9 ! village ( ,pee/ynka ,i h come across a l>ge ,engli% walnut tree #dj feet tall & ab\t #cf ye>s old :i*1 z ,i 0 in=m$ by ! p !re1 nev] fruit$ till ! ,fir/ ,_w ,w>4 ,dur+ ! w> an ,au/rian horse squadron _h put a /all ar\nd ! tree4 ,! horses well manur$ ! soil ar\nd !re & s9ce t "t ! tree 0 be>+ nuts regul>ly & abundantly :5 ,i saw x 9 #aicf4 ,at ,la/ ,success6 ,! ye> #aiea %\ld be reg>d$ z ! f9al e/abli%+ ( ! culture ( ! ,c>pa?ian ,engli% walnuts 9 ,ont>io4 ,! ?ree decades ( exp]im5tation h pass$ leav+ a spl5did result4 ,! fact is e/abli%$ t ! ,c>pa?ian ,engli% walnuts h become aclimatiz$ 9 ,s\? ,ont>io4 ,?is fall ,i _h an opportunity to exam9e my walnut trees at _m po9ts 9 ! ,prov9ce4 ,ev]y:]e ,i h se5 ! tree be>+4 ,9 ,toronto 9 _m a backy>d1 9 ,?orold ,s\?1 9 ,well&1 9 ,port ,colbor51 9 ,isl+ton1 ne> ,port ,hope on ,pr(4 ,currelly's e/ate1 ar\nd ,sc>boro1 ,ont4 & s on1 ! ,c>pa?ians are 9 good %ape & all are be>+4 ,! m ! trees mature1 ! bett] !y look4 ,on ! av]age !y are #bj ye>s old1 #bj feet tall & #f in*es ?ick4 ,! summ] ( #aiea 9 ,ont>io 0 m cl\dy ?an usual1 & x caus$ ! ,c>pa?ian walnuts 9 ?is ,prov9ce to turn out small] ?an _! size1 %\ld be ab\t "o qu>t] small]4 ,! p :o knew ,c>pa?ian ,engli% walnut trees 9 ,galicia agree t 9 ,ont>io ! ,c>pa?ians gr[ m sl[ly ?an !y d 9 _! native l&4 ,x is n 9 ,ont>io1 b on ! ,univ]sity ,f>m at ,madison1 ,wiscons91 "o ( our ,c>pa?ian trees is ne>ly #dj feet tall & be>+4 ,9 ,galicia ,i _h se5 _m a ,c>pa?ian walnut tree z high z #fj feet4 ,poli% ,gov]nm5t ,int]e/$ 9 ,my ,activity ,dur+ ! "t ( my activities1 9 ! t[n ( ,kessiv1 !re us$ to live a fam\s physician1 ,dr4 ,t>nawski4 ,outside ( 8 cl9ics he 0 mu* int]e/$ 9 ! welf>e ( ! c\ntry4 ,my activities c\ld n be hidd5 f 8 sight4 ,:at does t ,am]ican see 9 our nuts8 ,are !re 9 ,am]ica no nuts8 he ask$4 ,soon ,i 0 introduc$ to him4 ,x 0 9 ! fall ( #aicd4 ,he 0 n well & 9 b$ at t "t4 ,he lik$ to talk ) me ab\t ! walnut culture & wi%$ to "k :y ,i 0 collect+ ! nuts1 scions & se$l+s = ,canada4 ,& !n x seem$ to him impossible t !re 9 ,ont>io & ! nor!a/]n /ates ,engli% walnuts 7 n yet cultivat$4 ,!n ,i turn$ 8 att5tion to ! fact t 9 ,pol& !y "k little ab\t _! own trees4 ,my *all5ge awoke him to activity1 & ?r\gh 8 int]v5tion ,/>o/a1 ! c\nty gov]nor1 plant$ ! fir/ tw5ty-five acres ) walnut se$l+s along ! s\? side ( ! highway lead+ f ,kessiv to ! t[n ( ,kooty4 ,dr4 ,t>nawski wrote also an article to a horticultural magaz9e on ,engli% walnuts on :at he le>n$ f me4 ,:5 9 ! fall ( #aicf ,i 0 go+ back to my home 9 ,toronto1 ,dr4 ,t>nawski wrote ab\t me to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 ,w>saw introduc+ me to ! m9i/]4 ,i _h an opportunity to give a talk on ! ,c>pa?ian ,engli% walnuts 9 ! pres5ce ( _m horticulturi/s 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ,exp]im5tal ,f>m at ,skie]niewice ne> ,w>saw4 ,late 9 #aicf ,i came back to ,canada & till ! ,second ,_w ,w> cont9u$ to cultivate ! ,c>pa?ian walnuts & o!r horticultural mat]ial br\ght by me f ,we/]n ,ukra9e4 ,! ,second ,w> cut me (f f my field 9 ,europe4 ,a decade & a half has pass$4 ,! ,c>pa?ians h be5 acclimatiz$1 h gr[n1 & h be5 be>+ nuts 9 ,ont>io4 ,:5 su* success has be5 a*iev$1 x seems t !re 9 ,canada all ! ent]prise is =gott54 ,( c\rse1 ! ,c>pa?ian walnuts c\ld n adv]tise !mselves--!y are dumb critt]s4 ,9 ! ,/ates ! situation ) ! ,c>pa?ians is entirely diff]5t4 ,int]e/ 9 !m is gr[+ /eadily1 & z ,i said previ\sly ! ,am]ican nurs]ies h already put ! ,c>pa?ians on ! broad m>ket4 ,9 #aiej at ! annual meet+ ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association made me an ,honor>y ,memb] ( ! ,association4 ,9 #aiea ! ,association held a conte/ & ! ,cra? ,c>pa?ians won mo/ ( ! prizes4 ,culture ( ,cra?'s ,c>pa?ian ,engli% ,walnut ,trees #a4 ,propagation by se$s ,pick up ! l>ge/ & heavie/ nuts f a c]ta9 tree4 ,dry !m 9 a w9dy place1 b n 9 ! sun4 ,ga!r ! nuts into a jute bag & hang = ! w9t] 9 a dry & cold place protect$ f squirrels4 ,ar\nd ,may #ad? put ! nuts into a vessel ) lukew>m wat]1 soak ab\t "o week4 ,prep>e a b$ ( ri* soil manur$ previ\sly ) horse manure4 ,! l& %\ld n be ( a wet k9d4 ,plant ! nuts 9 r[s1 #f in*es nut f nut1 & two feet1 r[ f r[4 ,protect y\r nurs]y f squirrels4 ,9 a week or two ! nuts %\ld come up4 ,keep ! nurs]y free f we$s4 ,x w protect ! se$l+ f ! buffalo tree hopp]s4 ,if ! signs ( ! bact]ial disease are detect$ spray ! se$l+s at once4 ,= ! fir/ w9t] leave ! se$l+s z !y are 9 ! field4 ,! next spr+ dig !m up1 e "o4 ,cut (f ! lead+ root ( ea* plant & transplant ! se$l+s aga9 9 r[s a foot ap>t se$l+ f se$l+ & two feet r[ f r[4 ,! amputation ( ! lead+ root causes ! se$l+ to gr[ up in/ead ( d[n & w make !m />t to be> nuts e>li]4 ,9 ,europe in/ead ( cutt+ (f ! walnut se$l+'s ma9 roots !y put "u !m a flat /one1 or />t 9 an e>!n pot4 ,! next spr+ ! walnut se$l+s are ready = ! p]man5t plant+4 ,be+ p]man5tly transplant$ !y %\ld be cultivat$ at lea/ two or ?ree ye>s4 ,:itewa% ! walnut trunks 9 ! late fall to protect b>k f bur/+ by ! w9t] sun4 ,put a scre5 ar\nd ! trunks to protect !m f mice & rabbits4 ,?\gh1 if a walnut is gnaw$ by rod5ts d no?+ ab\t x1 ! tree w produce a /alk--a new "o--f ! root4 #b4 ,propagation by ,graft+ ,take ,canadian black walnut se$l+1 "o or two ye>s old e>ly 9 ! spr+1 if y h a gre5h\se & c graft !m "o in* above ! root l9e1 tie up ) raffia1 cov] ) melt$ p>awax & put 9 boxes cov]+ ea* r[ ) light soil mix$ ) ! moss4 ,aft] #bj? ( ,may :5 ! dang] ( fro/ is ov] transplant 9 y\r nurs]y4 ,! graft+ ( walnuts %\ld be call$ a b>k+ me?od4 ,cut (f ! upp] "p ( ! /ock horizontally4 ,split ! b>k ) y\r graft+ knife z mu* z ne$$ & lift up ! b>k z f> z ! wood & ins]t ! scion4 ,tie up ) raffia & d ! re/ z said previ\sly4 ,! top graft+ on ! l>ge ,canadian black nuts gives good results also4 #c4 ,budd+ ,we bud ! walnuts 9 ! middle ( ,augu/4 ,regul> ,t cut has to be done1 ! bud put 9 & wrapp$ ) raffia4 ,!n x %\ld be cov]$ ) p>awax & left = a c\ple ( weeks4 ,aft] t "t ! budd+ %\ld be exam9$ & ! raffia remov$4 ,if ! leaf by ! bud rema9s gre5 x indicates t ! graft+ is successful4 ,! next spr+1 cut (f ! upp] "p ( ! /alk ab\t two feet ov] ! bud4 ,y w tie up to x ! budd$ %oot1 :i* by ! fall might be up to #f feet high4 ,spray+ & cultivat+ is requir$ z has be5 said above4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ! budd$ plant 9 its fir/ ye> cont9ues to gr[ deep into fall & 9 _m cases its upp] "p does n h>d5 well1 wrap ! budd+ ) /raw = w9t]4 #d4 ,h>ve/+ ,9 ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s :5 !y ga!r ! walnuts 9 ! fall !y ma% !m d[n ) a v long & q ?9 hazel /icks4 ,do+ t !y beat (f ! ?9 tops ( ! walnut bran*es4 ,!y say su* an op]ation causes a bett] crop ( ! nuts next season4 #e4 ,giant ,walnuts & _! problems ,"s giant walnuts on ! same tree h sometimes small k]nels or )]$ ones4 ,9 ! ,c>pa?ian ,region !y d n "k :at to d ) su* a problem4 ,x seems to me t we 9 ,canada h to solve x4 ,maybe x is because ( ! bact]ial disease1 or x may be a lack ( ! prop] f]tiliz]4 ,9 ,w>saw ,i h se5 ! giant walnuts sold n be+ dri$4 #f4 ,re=e/ation ) ! ,c>pa?ian ,walnuts ,cra?'s ,c>pa?ian ,engli% walnuts c\ld produce = ,canada a v valuable =e/ & 9 %ort] "t ?an o!r trees d4 ,we %\ld always rememb] t 9 ! ,caucasian ,m\nta9s !re are huge walnut =e/s4 ,"s trees are ( primeval age4 ,be=e ! ,fir/ ,_w ,w> ,engli% buy]s (t5 paid a ,caucasian f>m] f #e1jjj to #aj1jjj rubles = a tree4 ,walnut ,w9e ,!re 9 ! ,t[n ( ,kooty ,mrs4 ,babiuk1 a good wife ( a local burgh] told me ab\t ! walnut w9e z foll[s3 ,9 my girlhood 9 ?is region !re rag$ an awful epidemic ( *ol]a4 ,_m p di$4 ,b ^? :o drank ! w9e made ( gre5 ,engli% ,walnuts did n die4 ,! recipe t %e gave me is z foll[s3 ,take equal p>ts ( walnuts 9 :i* ! %ells are n yet h>d5$1 & ! same quantity ( sug>4 ,cut ea* gre5 walnut 9 half a doz5 p>ts1 mix !m ) ! sug>4 ,9 a c\ple ( days ! juice w be extract$ by means ( ! sug> & ensu+ f]m5tation :i* cont9ues ab\t "o mon?4 ,9 two mon?s x is ready to be consum$4 ,on my return to ,canada ,i made w9e f ! ,canadian black walnuts4 ,! color ( ! w9e 0 d>k br[n & q pleasant4 ,x /ops /oma* a*e4 ,also we %\ld n =get ! walnut oil & ! use ( walnuts 9 confection>y4 ,walnut ,c&ies ,take equal quantities ( walnut k]nels & honey4 ,mix4 ,boil1 wat*+ t ! honey does n ov]-run4 ,mix ) a wood5 spoon4 ,9 half an h\r cool to see if ! honey has turn$ into taffy4 ,if n1 boil long]4 ,:5 x is ready put ^u a wood5 bo>d1 ) a spoon4 ,:5 cool$ ! c&y is ready4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bc3 ,mr4 ,cra? di$ late ,decemb] #aieb ,nut ,tree ,plant+s 9 ,s\!a/]n ,i[a ,,alb]t ,b4 ,,f]guson1 ,c5t] ,po9t1 ,i[a ,la/ ye> on our return f ! ,nut ,gr[]s ,assn4 t\r1 ,mr4 ,snyd] & ,i /opp$ to see ! ,s*lag5bus* ,bro!rs & _! nut plant+s4 ,we ?\ght at ! "t t x w\ld be pr(itable to ! ,association to h a report on _! "w4 ,mr4 ,snyd] & ,i w5t d[n a mon? ago to visit !m aga94 ,sidney & ,c>l ,s*lag5bus* live 9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( ,i[a4 ,! walnut or*>d is on high l& ov]look+ ! ,mississippi ,riv] bottom4 ,! gr\nd 0 =m]ly oak & hickory timb]4 ,mo/ ( _! o!r plant+s are ne> ! f>m build+s :i* are j bel[ ! high] gr\nd4 ,! fir/ plant+ ( ! walnut or*>d 0 made 9 #aibh & 0 complet$ #h or #aj ye>s lat]4 ,x consi/$ ( #bje trees4 ,lat] additions h be5 made4 ,!re are ab\t #cbe graft$ trees 9 ! or*>d at pres5t1 mo/ ( !m ( be>+ age4 ,! trees are spac$ #ej feet by #ej feet 9 /agg]$ r[s4 ,"s ( ! bran*es are beg9n+ to t\*4 ,! diamet] ( ! l>g] trees is #ah in*es4 ,! or*>d is 9 grass :i* is n graz$ close4 ,! l>g] portion ( ! or*>d is ! ,?omas v>iety4 ,!y h a selection ( _! own :i* 0 fir/ 9 ! ,i[a conte/ a few ye>s ago4 ,i ?\ght x out/&+1 b !y consid] x a little small4 ,! nuts are ga!r$ 9 a wagon & run ?r\gh a corn %ell]1 !n clean$ 9 a device !y made !mselves4 ,! nuts are !n float$ & dri$4 ,ov] half ( ! crop is crack$ & sold z k]nels4 ,!y h be5 gett+ ar\nd a #a4bj p] p\nd 9 ,=t ,madison4 ,no crop to date has exce$$ a ?\s& doll>s 9 value4 ,!y also h sev]al hickories & hybrids4 ,! %ellb>k v>iety1 ,wagon]1 is out/&+--! be/ ,i've se54 ,x is l>ge1 ?9 %ell$1 cracks easily1 & is ( good quality4 ,a small tree graft$ on %agb>k is be>+ well4 ,!y h ! common v>ieties ( pecans1 a few *e/nuts1 a few ,engli% walnuts1 ,japanese walnuts & hybrids4 ,! ,w9kl] ,hazel has n be5 v productive ) !m4 ,!y _h sev]al trees ( ,/abl]1 :i* 7 n satisfactory s !y cut ! trees (f close to ! gr\nd & put #f or #h b>k grafts 9 ! /ump4 ,!y sav$ ! l>ge/ "o z ! ma9 trunk & tak+ a graft or a l>ge spr\t f ! opposite side ( ! /ump1 in>*+ x into ! ma9 trunk two or ?ree feet up4 ,?is prev5ts ! w9d f bl[+ ! graft (f ( ! /ump4 ,x also makes x possible to utilize ! /r5g? ( ! roots f ! opposite side ( ! /ump4 ,!y _h sev]al trees work$ ?is way :i* are n[ ( good size4 ,9 addition to c>+ = _! l>ge f>m1 nut or*>d & a *oice h]d ( ,h]e=d cattle1 ,c>l has f\nd "t to d "s bre$+ "w ) ,ori5tal poppies f :i* he has made "s v *oice selections4 ,!y h also work$ ) sev]al o!r p]5nials4 ,sidney & ,c>l ,s*lag5bus* are true horticulturi/s by nature & are f9e folks4 ,on ! way home f ?is rec5t trip1 we /opp$ to see ,corliss ,williams ne> ,danville4 ,8 bro!r ,w5dell ,williams1 locat$ ! ,w9kl] ,hazel1 be=e ! fir/ _w w> 9 :i* he s]v$ & nev] return$4 ,we saw a ,p]sian walnut1 #be or #cj ye>s old1 9 ,mr4 ,williams front y>d4 ,x 0 a ,u4,s4,d4,a4 introduction f ,russia4 ,x seems to be p]fectly h>dy1 be>s well & is ( excell5t quality4 ,! %agb>k hickories are pl5tiful 9 8 locality4 ,he has top-work$ #bjj or m1 _m ( !m to ,burl+ton1 :i* is productive & fills well ) him4 ,rockville z a ,hickory ,int]/ock ,,h]man ,,la/1 ,/eamboat ,rock1 ,i[a ,z a nut-gr[] ,i am afraid ,i h be5 ov]-rat$2 ,i make my liv+ till+ ! soil & dabble 9 my nut grove only :5 ,i c f9d a few mom5ts to sp>e--9 fact all ,i "k ab\t nuts & nut-graft+1 ,i owe to my good fri5d1 ,edg> ,hu54 ,i %all always rememb] t balmy ,may morn+ #be ye>s ago :5 ,mr4 ,hu5 came ov] ) a kit full ( hickory scions1 & sugge/$ we g out 9 my pa/ure & d "s graft+4 ,9 t bag 7 ,/rat=d1 ,rockville1 ,des ,mo9es1 ,m>quette1 ,hag5 & ,monahan4 ,we graft$ all t day--t is ,mr4 ,hu5 did ! graft+ & ,i wat*$ him4 ,today ^! trees are liv+ monum5ts ( our "w4 ,! only tree ( ^! v>ieties t has ev] borne en\gh nuts to fe$ a squirrel is ! ,/rat=d4 ,mean:ile ,i h be5 do+ a little graft+ myself4 ,i acquir$ a few pecans = und]/ocks b ! only v>iety t 0 cong5ial ) pecan z f> z ,i knew 0 ,rockville1 b x produc$ no nuts--x 0 j a nice tree to look at4 ,"o spr+ my bro!r-9-law :o lives j across ! l9e 9 ,miss\ri s5t me "s %ellb>k scions f a tree 9 8 pa/ure4 ,i graft$ ^! scions on a pecan & !y took (f l a h\se on fire4 ,?is v>iety prov$ to be a rugg$ individual & bore e ye> b ! nuts 7 no good--all cavities l a true %ellb>k4 ,!n "o spr+ morn+ ,i graft$ "s ( ^! %ellb>k scions on ,rockville2 ! grafts took & ,i soon notic$ a trans=mation4 ,! grafts _h bl5d$ ) ! und]/ock & ! (fspr+ 0 diff]5t f ei!r p>5t4 ,! be/ "p ( ! new hybrid 0 t x bore abundantly & ! nuts are ( f9e quality4 ,to ^? :o h "s "y ,rockville trees = top-work+1 ,i c furni% a limit$ am\nt ( scionwood ( ?is %ellb>k :i* ,i h nam$ my ,sup] ,x1 x be+ s rugg$ & h>dy4 ,to me ! graft+ ( trees is a noble "w4 ,someone has said t he :o plants a tree is a true lov] ( 8 race & ,i don't "k ( any?+ t w live long] 9 ! memory ( our *ildr5 & ^? :o foll[ 9 our foot/eps ?an a r[ ( hickories lad5 ) nuts4 ,a ,fruitful ,pair ( ,c>pa?ian ,walnut ,v>ieties 9 ,mi*igan ,,gilb]t ,,beck]1 ,climax1 ,mi*4 ,i w\ld l to tell y briefly my exp]i5ce ) ! difficulties ( ,p]sian walnut poll9ation4 ,x took #h ye>s be=e ,i got any nuts1 al?\gh !y _h nutlets "t & aga96 ,x 0 aft] ,i _h ,cra? #a be>+1 t all proce$$ to fruit1 & !n heavi] e ye>1 until #aiea :5 ! freeze ( ,novemb] #aiej elim9at$ ! nuts4 ,cra? #a has done s well t ,i feel x well wor?y ( be+ a comm]cial prospect = u4 ,! size & %ape are s attractive4 7,! accuracy ( ! numb]+ 0 once que/ion$ by ,mr4 ,/oke1 s ,i d n "k if x is ! same ,no4 #a t o!rs h _h f ,cra?4 ,?is 0 nam$ by ,pr(4 ,nielson4 ,x def9itely is n ,broadview1 z ,/oke at fir/ ?\ght47 ,my ,cra? #a _h ov] f\r bu%els ( hull$ & unhull$ nuts 7z !y are pick$ up1 aft] %ak+7 ?is fall4 ,x 0 graft$ on black walnut 9 #aich4 ,at my folks' place ,i plant$ a graft$ ,cra? #a1 & a ,c>pa?ian ,d1 side by side4 ,!re are no o!r ,p]sian walnuts ne>1 & !y h always _h nuts1 s9ce !y />t$ to be>4 ,i feel t ?is is a prop] comb9ation4 ,i d n "k :e!r ! bloom+ p]iods ov]lap4 ,sugge/$ ,bloom+ ,data to be ,record$ = ,nut ,tree ,v>ieties ,j4 ,c4 ,,mcdaniel1 ,univ4 ( ,ill9ois1 ,urbana1 ,ill4 ,su* exp]i5ces z ,mr4 ,beck]'s 7extract$ f a lett] to me7 are well wor? kn[+1 & we ne$ simil> in=mation = sev]al ye>s & at diff]5t locations1 = all ! promis+ ,p]sian se$l+s & new v>ieties4 ,i w\ld sugge/ t all ( u :o h !m fl[]+ 9 our plant+s 7ev5 if only "o tree7 make an ef=t 9 #aiec to record z mu* z possible ( ! ph5ological data on !m4 ,a =m su* z ! foll[+ might be us$1 = fl[]+1 fruit+1 & relat$ data4 ,ye>3 #ai ,location3 ,data by3 ,fir/ freeze previ\s fall3 7,date7 ,m9imum temp]ature previ\s w9t]3 deg4,f4 on 7,date7 ,la/ kill+ fro/ ?is spr+ 7,date7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,v>iety ,age ,date ,fir/ ,end ,date ,nuts ,yield,rem>ks 7or ( f catk9s ( pi/ils h>ve/$ se$l+ tree new %$d+ %$d+appe> 7date7 ,no47 or gr[? 7date7 receptive graftscion ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #a4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #b4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #c4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,"u ,rem>ks c\ld be record$ su* in=mation z ! di/ance & direction to trees furni%+ poll5 9 ! p]iod :5 a giv5 v>iety has /icky appe>+ pi/ils1 ! abundance ( poll5 %$1 app>5t w9t] kill+ ( catk9s1 etc4 ,! li/ ( items c\ld be exp&$1 if desir$1 b x is ?\ght t ^? includ$ "h are among ! mo/ important 9 det]m9+ ! pot5tial p]=mances ( v>ieties & v>iety comb9ations 9 specific climates4 ,a compilation ( su* data = a p]iod ( ab\t ?ree ye>s1 supplem5t$ ) data on ! nuts !mselves1 w\ld be ( v practical value z a basis = select+ v>ieties mo/ promis+ to plant or propagate4 ,! same data =m w\ld be applicable to o!r walnuts1 hickories1 pecans1 & filb]ts1 & p]haps to a less] ext5t ) *e/nuts4 ,note on ,*9ese ,*e/nuts ,,h>wood ,,/eig]1 ,r$hook1 ,n4 ,y4 ,my e>lie/ ,*9ese *e/nuts are rip5+4 ,/oke ,hybrid is e>lie/ & ! nuts are s attractive1 too bad !y are n bett] 9 quality4 ,x is an excit+ "t "h z !re are always a few se$l+s t are rip5+ = ! fir/ "t4 ,honan1 :i* rip5s lat]1 has be5 "o ( my be/ graft$ trees4 ,"o ( my se$l+s has v l>ge nuts1 v e>ly rip5+1 nuts are n[ fall+1 & x is prolific1 ne>ly e burr has f two to ?ree l>ge to v l>ge nuts4 ,! quality seems good4 ,we l ! l>ge nuts z !y are easi] to peel & we l !m boil$ & s]v$ z a vegetable4 ,! boil$ nuts keep well :5 froz54 ,i ?9k ?is tree is sup]ior to any ( my graft$ & nam$ v>ieties4 ,scott ,healey--,an ,obitu>y ,scott ,healey 0 born ,decemb] #c1 #ahha1 9 ,:eatley1 ,ont>io1 ,canada1 & came to ,otsego1 ,mi*igan1 9 #aijd4 ,he m>ri$ 9 #aijh4 ,mr4 ,healey 0 a *iropractor = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,9 #aiba1 ,mr4 ,healey & 8 c\s91 ,lewis ,healey1 =m$ ! ,healey ,healey ,lumb] & ,coal ,company1 9 ,otsego1 :i* !y op]at$ toge!r until a few ye>s ago1 :5 ,mr4 ,healey retir$ due to ill heal?4 ,mr4 ,healey 0 a director ( ! ,/ate ,sav+s ,bank 9 ,otsego = _m ye>s4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! fir/ ,bapti/ ,*ur* 9 ,otsego4 ,he became int]e/$ 9 nut culture :ile ! late ,pr(essor ,james ,a4 ,neilson 0 nut speciali/ at ! ,mi*igan ,/ate ,college4 ,mr4 ,healey plant$ a nut or*>d ( ab\t eighty graft$ nut trees 9 #aicc1 :i* ,pr(essor ,neilson help$ him plan4 ,mo/ ( ! trees 7 black walnut v>ieties1 *iefly ,?omas4 ,h[ev]1 !re 7 "s ,ohio1 ,/abl]1 ,all51 ,crietz1 ,/ambaugh1 ,t5 ,eyck1 & ,rohw] trees4 ,!re 7 also "s filb]ts1 sev]al ,*9ese *e/nuts1 & "s he>tnuts he _h rais$ f se$4 ,"o nice tree ( ! ,mc,callister hican makes good %ade1 b has nev] borne any nuts4 ,he did "s topwork+ 9 a l>ge black walnut tree 9 ! backy>d1 :]e he got a ,p]sian walnut to gr[4 ,mr4 ,healey 0 v mu* int]e/$ 9 nut culture1 & _h plann$ on hav+ a nut grove = a hobby to keep him busy :5 he retir$4 ,mr4 ,healey jo9$ ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association 9 #aicc4 ,he & 8 wife att5d$ ! ,battle ,creek meet+ "o ye> lat]4 ,!y also att5d$ ! ,rockport1 ,indiana meet+ 9 #aice1 & ! "o at ,g5eva1 ,new ,york 9 #aicf4--,! re/ ( ! "t he c\ldn't g or 0 9 too poor heal? to g4 ,!y sold _! home1 ) ! nut plant+1 to a "y c\ple1 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,lewis ,lovett1 9 #aidh1 mov$ into ,otsego2 & retir$4 ,mr4 ,healey di$1 ,janu>y #ah?1 #aieb at _! w9t] home 9 ,port ,ri*ey1 ,florida4 ,surviv+ are 8 wife1 ,mabel1 & "o son1 ,virgil4 ,,gilb]t ,,beck] ,a ,lett] f ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+1 ! ,only ,liv+ ,*>t] ,memb] ( ! ,association ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,de> ,old ,fri5ds3 ,! #dbnd ,annual ,report has rec5tly come to me4 ,?9k ( x1 ! #dbnd ,annual ,report6 ,h[ famili> to me are a great _m ( ! names ( ! (fic]s & memb]s6 ,i c ev5 recall ! v features ( _m ( !m4 ,i am myself n[ n9ety ye>s old & practically h\se-b\nd4 ,?\gh ye/]day1 a day almo/ l summ]1 ,i did take a taxi & a drive ?r\gh ! p>k amid ! brilliant foliage1 ) ,miss ,doro?y ,hapgood1 :o by ! way is a memb] ( our association a ?+ ) :i* ,i may h _h some?+ to d4 ,rec5tly ,i 0 9 ! ,vet]ans ,hospital at ,new+ton = a c\ple ( weeks4 ,! doctors call$ x polycy!mia1 ! direct opposite ( anaemia1 did #aj phlebotomies tak+ #e p9ts ( blood :i* !y said !y us$ = transfusions on w>d pati5ts1 mu* to my gratification4 ,i n[ h 91 or _h put 9 me1 a dose1 ( radio-active phosphorus ,p#cb :i*1 !y assure me w be gett+ 9 its good "w = ! next ?ree mon?s4 ,no?+ l be+ up to date1 ev5 if valetud9>ian4 ,y h made me ,dean ( ! association4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,cl>5ce ,re$ 0 always back ( me ) 8 abilities & va/ fund ( in=mation4 ,al?\gh ,i believe ,i am1 by virtue ( my (fice1 exempt f dues & entitl$ to ! annual reports1 ,i wi% my five *ildr5 to be at lea/ once repres5t$ 9 ! memb]%ip4 ,i app5d _! names & addresses3 ,haw?orne1 ! elde/1 is ) ! ,g54 ,electric ,co4 9 ,new ,york4 ,i don't "k :at he does b presume t ) ! o!r ,new ,york millionaires he is busy accumulat+ weal?4 ,?is h9t may guide y 9 solicit+ alms = ! association "s day4 ,8 home is 9 ,hamilton ,lane1 ,l>i51 ,conn4 ,b ,i don't "k if he kn[s a nut f a lunatic4 ,he has two kids1 "o n[ prep>+ = ,korea4 ,god pres]ve him4 ,b5ton is already a memb]4 ,he has a few acres 9 ! t[n ( ,avon1 ,conn4 :]e1 among ! rocks & ! native rattlesnakes & copp]heads he tells me he has ,*9ese *e/nuts gr[+4 ,rec5tly he got two ( ! copp]heads4 ,he is an en]getic *ap4 ,he rises at #d a4m4 & drives ! sev]al miles into ,h>t=d :]e he broadca/s f #g to #h1 = p's breakfa/s1 ,i suppose1 & is releas$ at #aj a4m4 ,he has j contract$ = a television program once a week 9 ,new ,hav54 ,olcott is a consul 9 ! ,u4,s4 ,embassy 9 ,tokio1 transf]r$ f a simil> position 9 ,siam4 ,if !re is some?+ y want f ,japan ,i guess he is y\r boy4 ,m5tion my "n6 ,he has a lovely wife & ?ree *ildr54 ,una ,k+1 my eld] daught]1 ^: husb& 0 kill$ 9 an accid5t1 int]views ,,vip's on ! same radio /ation z bro!r ,b54 ,joan ,h[e 7,mrs4 ,paul7 & h] husb&1 :o is 9 a bank 9 ,new ,york1 live 9 my old home on ,umpawaug ,hill1 ,r$d+1 ,conn4 ,%e writes ( hav+ _h a crop ( black walnuts f "o ( ! trees ,i plant$4 ,i've =gott5 all ! o!rs !re may be !re4 ,no?+ ( value ,i guess4 ,joan has two daught]s4 ,b5 has a son & daught]4 ,t makes five *ildr5 ,i'm responsible = & !y h ackn[l$g$ ! elev5 gr&*ildr5 = me4 ,i want y to make f\r ( my *ildr5 7,b5 is already ensn>e7 memb]s ( ! association1 = :i* ,i w enclose a *eck = #ab4jj 7if ,i don't =get47 7,! _m typ+ mi/akes ( ?is lett] are due mo/ly to ! age ( ! ma*9e1 n m9e47 ,my two si/]s :o live 9 our old home 9 ,lit*field & :o are close beh9d me 9 ye>s1 rec5tly s5t me a h&ful ( nice *e/nuts1 ,*9ese1 f a tree #dj feet or m high 9 our backy>d4 ,!y h to divide !m1 v unequally1 ) ! squirrels4 ,! only o!r notewor?y trees 9 our little place are a few papaws4 ,asim9a triloba1 too %ad$ to be>4 ,?is fruit might be wor?y ( a little att5tion f ! nut gr[]s4 ,! diction>y speaks ( sev]al o!r species ( papaw4 ,any ( y :o h outgr[n ! labor ( c>+ = nut trees might f9d int]e/ 9 mycology 9 :i* ,i f\nd div]sion & edibles = a :ile4 ,only bew>e ! deadly ,amanita & o!rs ( t ilk4 ,i _c adequately express to y my he>tfelt joy at ! prosp]ity ( our association4 ,= "o ?+ ! great increase 9 ! memb]%ip1 = ano!r ! bir? ( ?ree bran* /ate associations1 b above all ! success 9 ! production ( nuts4 ,9 my "t we _h mo/ly1 if n entirely1 ! promis+ production ( specim5 nuts only4 ,we _h no?+ l ! ,jacobs ,p]sian walnut ) its impos+ spread & its production ( #bjj p\nds ( nuts 9 "o season2 ,mr4 ,kyhl's or*>d ) its _m v>ieties ( ,p]sian walnuts2 8 success 9 graft+ & 8 report+ ( a tree :i* be>s ?ree or f\r bu%els ( he>tnuts ye>ly2 ,mr4 ,be/'s #e1jjj graft$ pecan trees2 ,mr4 ,hir%i's *e/nuts2 ! spl5did results ( ! ,p]sian walnut conte/s2 & ! almo/ spectacul> increase 9 ! numb] ( nurs]ies sell+ graft$ nut trees ( _m v>ieties4 ,^! facts1 & _m t ,i h n m5tion$1 make x c]ta9 t nut gr[+ is n[ a firmly e/abli%$ & surely increas+ indu/ry4 ,y may be sure t ^! facts give me great delight4 ,"s ye>s ago :ile ,i 0 9 possession ( a m9d z good z x _h be5 at any "t1 ,i did a little graft+ ( nut trees 9 a comm]cial way = p at _! c\ntry places1 & ,i _h ! n]ve to *>ge !m fifty doll>s a day4 ,:at's m ,i got paid & nev] got kick$1 nor did ,i he> mutt]+s or see sc[ls4 ,b !n1 y see1 !re 0 no o!r graft]1 ( ! k9d1 ar\nd my "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,almo/ a monopoly &1 ( c\rse1 a wick$ "o4 ,b "h my m9d goes blank4 ,i c't recall :at luck ,i _h ) ! graft+1 nor c ,i recall ! "n ( a s+le "o = :om ,i did su* "w4 ,i /rongly advise e "o ( y to h a good book 9 :i* y keep p]sonal & geographic records ( all y\r "w ) nut gr[+4 ,all ! details are vividly 9 y\r m9d n[1 b :5 y get to be n9ety y may f9d !m1 z ,i d1 fad$ away & all wa%$ up4 ,please g on ) ! good "w4 ,"s m good fri5ds h j tak5 me = a r\nd trip to ,lit*field :]e my little si/]1 :o is #hd1 has j p>tly circumv5t$ ! squirrels & by go+ out v e>ly 9 ! morn+ to ! *e/nut tree has succe$$ 9 gett+ a good big d\ble h&ful ( *e/nuts1 nice big ones4 ,%e also call$ to my att5tion a good-siz$ ,p]sian walnut :i* %e says ,i once graft$ on a black walnut & ?is ye> 0 q well cov]$ ) nuts :i* %e says ! squirrels cut (f :ile gre51 & %e says !y 7 help$ by "o ( ! black plumag$ birds4 ,"s "t ago %e gave me "o ( ! nuts & ,i tri$ to husk x ) my knife4 ,b x 0 too immature4 ,!y w\ld h matur$ ?is fall1 ,i ?9k b = ! pe/s4 ,william ,c4 ,dem+ ,sweep/akes ,aw>d 9 ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,conte/ ,l4 ,,walt] ,,%]man1 ,canfield1 ,ohio ,?is ,i believe1 is ! ?ird report to ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association conc]n+ ! black walnut conte/ held 9 ,ohio 9 #aidf4 ,! fir/ report 0 giv5 soon aft] ! close ( ! conte/4 ,dur+ ! ye> foll[+ ! conte/ 7#aidg71 ,i visit$ ea* ( ! t5 prize w9n+ trees1 photograph+ !m1 & gett+ z complete a case hi/ory ( ea* z 0 possible4 ,?is1 ! ?ird report1 conc]ns ma9ly ! process us$ to det]m9e ! w9n] ( ! #ej4jj sweep/akes aw>d giv5 9 #aiea = ! be/ p]=mance ( a black walnut tree = a five-ye> p]iod4 ,! own]s ( ! t5 prize-w9n+ trees 9 ! #aidf conte/ 7 ask$ to report ! am\nt ( crop h>ve/$ ea* ye> z well z to s5d 9 samples ( ! nuts = a crack+ te/4 ,complete data 7 record$ ea* ye> f ! samples j z !y _h be5 = ! #aidf conte/4 ,! av]age weight ( nut1 recov]y ( k]nel at fir/ crack+1 total k]nel cont5t1 & p] c5t ( k]nel cont5t 7 record$4 ,f ^! data tables & *>ts 7 compil$ to make a visual comp>ison betwe5 ! v>i\s nuts4 ,walnuts o!r ?an ! prize w9n]s 7 n exclud$ f ?is five-ye> competition & q a few 7 submitt$4 ,h[ev]1 only "o ( !m1 ! ,*amb]l9 0 ( special m]it & x 0 giv5 a place on ^! *>ts4 ,no samples or crop records 7 receiv$ f ! ,davidson 7six? prize7 & ! ,jackson 7t5? prize7 nuts1 & s !y are n %[n on all ! *>ts4 ,"o sample f ! #aidi crop ( ,p5n walnuts 0 lo/ to a pilf]+ squirrel1 & ! #aidi data us$ on ! *>t = ! ,p5n walnut 0 !re=e ! av]age ( all o!r samples ( ?is v>iety4 ,! weight ( total crop h>ve/$ 9 #aidi1 h[ev]1 is actual4 ,table ,no4 #a gives ! av]age weight 9 grams ( ! sample nuts4 ,! ,duke1 7fir/ prize7 0 ! l>ge/ nut ( all1 9 #aide1 av]ag+ j ov] #bg grams2 b ! ,or?1 9 #aidh1 av]ag$ almo/ a gram m4 ,! ,kuhn1 :i* 0 ! smalle/ ( ! eight nuts 9 #aidf & aga9 9 #aiej1 0 ! l>ge/ nut 9 #aidi1 & its size 9 #aidi 0 exce$$ only f\r times by any ( ! o!r nuts dur+ ! conte/4 ,! nuts 7 l>ge 9 size dur+ ! (f ye> :5 only a small crop 0 produc$ & !y 7 small :5 !re 0 a heavy crop4 ,9 table ,no4 #b ! weight 9 grams ( ! k]nel recov]$ on fir/ crack1 secur$ )\t ! aid ( nut pick1 is record$4 ,9 ?is comp>ison ! ,duke1 because ( l>ge size1 might be expect$ to be an easy w9n] & x 0 9 #aidf & 9 #aiej2 b 9 #aidh1 ?\gh second 9 av]age weight ( nut = t ye>1 x 0 9 fif? place 9 recov]y ( k]nel at fir/ crack+4 ,table ,no4 #c records ! av]age weight 9 grams ( ! k]nels4 ,"h ! ,duke1 due l>gely to its size1 is a consi/5t w9n] 9 all ?ree ye>s x produc$ nuts4 ,h[ev]1 9 #aidi1 a small crop ye> = ! ,kuhn1 ! nuts ( ?is v>iety 7 l>ge & conta9$ m k]nel ?an ! ,duke did 9 #aidh or 9 #aiej4 ,! p] c5t ( k]nel 9 ! nuts z record$ 9 table ,no4 #d is int]e/+4 ,! ,burson1 :i* 0 ! smalle/ nut 9 #aidg1 _h ! highe/ p] c5t ( k]nel & also _h ! highe/ total k]nel cont5t ( any sample 9 t ye>4 ,evid5tly ! p] c5t ( k]nel is high] 9 well-fill$ nuts & ?is is l>gely det]m9$ by ! wea!r & available food supply late 9 ! season4 ,a comp>ison ( ! num]ical score ( ! v>i\s nuts1 figur$ out accord+ to ! ,t4,v4,a4 score sy/em1 is giv5 9 ,table ,no4 #e4 ,by ?is sy/em1 no v>iety _h a consi/5t high score1 b ea* v>i$ greatly f ye> to ye>4 ,! nut *>act]s /udi$ s f> 9 *>ts #a to #e inclusive h v>i$ s mu* f ye> to ye> t any judgm5t bas$ on ^! *>act]s = any "o ye> c\ld n be reli$ ^u4 ,:at *>act]i/ic ( a black walnut1 !n1 c be us$ 9 evaluat+ x8 ,9 table ,no4 #f ! p]c5tage ( ! total k]nel t is recov]$ at fir/ crack+ is giv54 ,oliv] & ,p5n %[ consid]able consi/5cy 9 t !y rema9 above #ia p] c5t 9 all samples1 b look at ! ,kuhn4 ,x 0 p]fect 9 #aiej b 9 #aidh only #fe p] c5t ( ! k]nel 0 recov]able 9 ! fir/ crack+ & ,duke 0 ne>ly z bad1 v>y+ f #fi to #ih p] c5t recov]y4 ,aft] c>eful /udy ( ^! six *>ts1 ,i am sure y w h to admit t any judgm5t ( a black walnut v>iety bas$ on ^! *>act]s only is none too dep5dable4 ,^! are ! nut *>act]s t we h be5 us+ 9 our conte/6 ,"s fur!r me?od ( evaluation is ne$$6 ,individual nut *>act]s alone are n en\gh4 ,a good f>m] is conc]n$ 9 quality ( 8 produce b quantity is ( m importance = f9ancial success4 ,! ,elb]ta pea* well illu/rates ?is4 ,!re are _m pea*es ( bett] quality1 b ! ,elb]ta pea* is a prolific produc] & ?is is "o reason m ,elb]ta pea*es are rais$ ?an any o!r v>iety4 ,quality )\t quantity means little4 ,) ?is 9 m9d1 ! #ej4jj sweep/akes prize 0 (f]$ = ! tree ) ! be/ five-ye> record4 ,! judges int]pret$ ?is to mean ! mo/ p\nd ( k]nels produc$ t 7 recov]$ on fir/ crack4 ,go+ back ov] ! records1 we f9d "s trees h be5 mu* m productive ?an o!rs4 ,at fir/ x w\ld seem unfair to comp>e ! crop f trees ( diff]5t size & age1 b ?is "t luck 0 ) ! judges4 ,take a look at ,table ,no4 #g :i* gives ! ages & sizes ( ! trees4 ,!re is n too mu* diff]5ce 9 size or age to make reasonable comp>isons possible4 ,h[ev]1 x %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood t only trees ( ! same age gr[+ 9 ! same or*>d & receiv+ ! same c>e c be accurately comp>$4 ,! trees we are deal+ ) 7 9 diff]5t localities1 ) va/ diff]5ces 9 soil conditions1 air dra9age1 climate1 etc4 ,table ,no4 #g gives ! total production = ! five-ye> p]iod = ea* tree1 9 bu%els1 ! total am\nt ( k]nel z well z ! am\nt ( k]nel recov]$ at fir/ crack+4 ,only five trees _h produc$ ov] f\r bu%els ( nuts ea* dur+ ! five ye> p]iod4 ,! ,oliv] tree produc$ #a4h bu%els & #be p\nds m k]nels ?an ! ,p5n tree4 ,! ,kuhn tree1 ?\gh produc+ f\r bu%els less nuts ?an ! ,p5n tree1 did produce #d4a p\nds m k]nels1 ) ! same am\nt recov]$ on fir/ crack+ f ! nuts ( ea* tree--almo/ a photo f9i% = second place4 ,! sweep/akes aw>d ( #ej4jj 0 !re=e giv5 to ,mrs4 ,oliv] ,%aff]1 ( ,lucasville1 ,ohio1 :o s5t 9 ! ,oliv] entry4 ,ref]r+ to ! case hi/ories ( ^! trees z writt5 up 9 #aidg1 y w f9d t ! ,oliv]1 ,kuhn1 ,p5n1 & ,or? trees 7 report$ on favorable sites1 :ile ! ,duke & ,burson 7 on v unfavorable ones s t ! above results are only :at might h be5 expect$4 ,! ,or? tree1 h[ev]1 is 9 a favorable location & bett] production c\ld h be5 expect$ ( x4 ,table #a4 ,size1 z ,weight ( ,un%ell$ ,walnuts 7,approximate74 ,grams #aidf #aidg #aidh #aidi #aiej ,av]age#bd p] nut ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #bh ,or? #bg ,duke ,duke #bf ,p5n ,oliv] ,or? ,duke ,kuhn #be ,p5n ,or? ,duke ,duke ,a!ns ,p5n ,williamson ,p5n ,p5n #bc ,or? ,williamson ,oliv] ,oliv] ,oliv] ,or? ,williamson ,kuhn ,duke #bb ,oliv] ,*amb]l9 ,burson ,williamson #ba ,oliv] ,p5n ,a!ns ,kuhn ,burson ,burson ,burson ,burson1 ,a!ns ,burson ,kuhn ,a!ns #bj ,a!ns ,*amb]l9 ,williamson #ai ,kuhn #ah ,*amb]l9 #ag #af ,kuhn ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,judges = ! conte/ 7 ,c4 ,w4 ,ell5wood & ,o4 ,d4 ,dill] ( ! ,ohio ,exp]im5t ,/ation & ,l4 ,walt] ,%]man1 !n ) ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,commonweal? ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bd3 ,av]age ( five ye>s = ,duke1 ,oliv]1 ,burson & ,kuhn2 f\r ye>s = ,p5n1 :i* 0 n crack$ 9 #aidi1 b int]polat$ 9 *>ts4 ,note3 ,to save "t & ! exp5se ( r$raw+ & reproduction1 ^! sev5 tables are pr9t$ in/ead ( ,mr4 ,%]man's graphic *>ts4 ,) a rul] & p5cil1 l9es c be drawn ?r\gh ! ,d's ( ,duke1 & s =?1 to give an approximation ( ! orig9al graphs4--,editor4 ,table #b4 ,k]nel ,recov]y at ,fir/ ,crack1 9 ,grams ,p] ,nut 7,approximate74 ,grams #aidf #aidg #aidh #aidi #aiej ,av]age#be ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #g ,duke ,or? ,or? #f ,williamson ,duke ,p5n1 ,kuhn ,duke1 ,or? ,williamson ,duke ,oliv] ,a!ns ,kuhn ,burson1 ,w'ms4 ,a!ns ,duke #e ,burson1 ,williamson ,*'l9 ,a!ns1 ,burson ,or?1 ,oliv] ,p5n1 ,burson ,p5n ,burson1 ,kuhn ,kuhn1 ,oliv] ,a!ns ,or? ,oliv]1 ,kuhn ,p5n ,oliv]1 ,p5n ,*'l9 ,duke ,bur41 ,wms41 ,a?4 ,oliv] ,*amb]l9 #d ,kuhn ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #be3 ,see note ) ,table #a4 ,att5dance ,regi/]1 ,rockport1 ,ind41 #aieb ,ont>io1 ,canada ,o4 ,filman1 ,ald]%ot ,di/rict ( ,columbia ,h[>d ,bak]1 ,wa%+ton ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,l4 ,=d1 ,wa%+ton ,florida ,mrs4 ,r4 ,b4 ,pattie1 ,/4 ,augu/9e ,georgia ,max ,b4 ,h>dy1 ,leesburg ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,j4 ,wilson1 ,=t ,valley ,ill9ois ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,r4 ,b4 ,be/1 ,eldr$ ,c4 ,r4 ,bly?1 ,urbana ,s4 ,c4 ,*&l]1 ,c>bondale ,t4 ,f4 ,cl>k1 ,peoria ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,urbana ,e4 ,a4 ,curl1 ,urbana ,alb]t ,dahlb]g1 ,*icago ,o4 ,j4 ,k>l ,eig/i1 ,normal ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,o4 ,h4 ,full]1 ,joliet ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,l\is ,g]>di1 ,caseyville ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,urbana ,mrs4 ,r4 ,e4 ,norris1 ,%awneet[n ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,royal ,oakes1 ,bluffs ,elizabe? 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,laguna ,ful*]1 ,e4 ,c41 #egjg ,ful*] ,ave41 ,nor? ,hollywood ,haig1 ,dr4 ,?omas ,r41 #cjba ,highl& ,dr41 ,rt4 #b1 ,box #bceg1 ,c>lsbad ,gilill&1 ,guy ,s41 ,l4,v4,s4,r4 ,box #cdb1 ,luc]ne ,valley ,jeff]s1 ,h>old ,w41 ,lt4 ,u4,s4,n41 ,,uss ,dixie1 ,,ad #ad1 c_/o ,f4,p4,o41 ,san ,francisco ,kemple1 ,w4 ,h41 #baf ,w4 ,ral/on ,/41 ,ont>io ,l9wood ,nurs]y1 ,rt4 #b1 ,box #dgf1 ,turlock ,p5tl]1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,f41 #acbb ,m>t9 ,ave41 ,palo ,alto4 ,am]ican ,fri5ds ,s]vice ,committee ,pozzi1 ,p4 ,h41 #bhge ,s4 ,dutton ,ave41 ,santa ,rosa4 ,brew]y work]1 f>m] ,s]r1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,f41 ,jr41 ,agr4 ,exp]im5t ,/a41 ,davis4 ,pomologi/ ,/ew>t1 ,d\glas ,n41 #fcc ,f ,/41 ,davis ,sullivan1 ,c4 ,edw>d1 ,g>d5 ,highway1 ,box #ddg1 ,yuba ,city ,welby1 ,h>ry ,s41 #ejj ,bu*anan ,/41 ,taft4 ,private & ,corp4 ,hort4 ,,canada ,coll5s1 ,adam ,h41 #db ,seaton ,/41 ,toronto #b1 ,ont>io 9999,cra?1 ,rev4 ,paul ,c1 #abi ,felbrigg ,ave41 ,toronto #ab1 ,ont>io ,engli%1 ,h4 ,a41 ,box #aec1 ,duncan1 ,b4 ,c4 ,f>m]1 fruit & nut gr[] ,gage1 ,james ,m41 #gf ,wat] ,/4 ,e41 ,burl+ton1 ,ont>io ,gellatly1 ,j4 ,u41 ,box #ai1 ,we/bank1 ,b4 ,c4 ,plant bre$]1 fruit gr[]1 nurs]yman ,h>rhy1 ,ivor ,h41 ,rt4 #g1 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,ont>io4 ,fruit gr[] & p\ltry ,holmes1 ,b4 ,t41 #cbj ,delora9e ,ave41 ,toronto1 ,ont>io ,h\ss]1 ,levi1 ,rt4 #a1 ,beamsville1 ,ont>io4 ,fruit f>m] ,lefevre1 ,h4 ,e41 #ced ,/4 ,ca!r9e ,/4 ,e41 ,montreal #ah1 ,quebec ,loss+1 ,elg91 ,norwi*1 ,ont>io 99,neilson1 ,mrs4 ,ell51 #e ,macdonald ,ave41 ,guelph1 ,ont>io ,papple1 ,elton ,e41 ,rt4 #a1 ,ca9sville1 ,ont>io ,port]1 ,gordon1 ,rt4 #b1 ,h>r[1 ,ont>io4 ,*emi/ ,smi?1 ,edw>d ,a41 ,box #f1 ,sp>ta1 ,ont>io4 ,f>m] ,snazelle1 ,rob]t1 ,=e/ ,nurs]y ,rt4 #e1 ,*>lottet[n1 ,p4,e4,i4 ,nurs]y ,supt4 ,trayl+1 ,e4 ,j41 #eji ,ri*>ds ,/41 ,vanc\v]1 ,b4 ,c4 ,jewell] ,wagn]1 ,a4 ,s41 ,delhi1 ,ont>io ,walk]1 ,j4 ,w41 ,mc,carthy ,mc,carthy1 #ccj ,univ]sity ,ave41 ,toronto #a1 ,ont>io ,:>ton1 ,h4 ,w41 ,rt4 #b1 ,guelph1 ,ont>io4 ,f>m] ,:ite1 ,pet]1 #cj ,pe> ,ave41 ,toronto #e1 ,ont>io ,willis1 ,a4 ,r41 ,rt4 #a1 ,royal ,oak1 ,vanc\v] ,isl&1 ,b4 ,c4 ,acc\ntant ,woods1 ,david ,m41 #dh ,s4 ,front ,/41 ,we/ ,toronto1 ,ont4 ,vice ,pres41 ,gordon ,mc,kay1 ,inc4 ,"y1 ,a4 ,l41 ,brooks1 ,alb]ta4 ,dairy f>m] ,,colorado ,boyd1 ,a41 #abcb ,clayton1 ,d5v]4 ,salesman ,=bes1 ,j4 ,e41 ,julesburg4 ,bank] ,,connecticut ,corcoran1 ,h4 ,f41 ,int]national ,silv] ,co41 #afi ,colony ,/41 ,m]id5 ,daniels1 ,honorable ,paul ,c4 ,see ,ecuador ,david1 ,alex&] ,m41 #dhj ,s4 ,ma9 ,/41 ,we/ ,h>t=d ,dem+1 ,b5ton ,h41 ,radio ,,w?t1 ,h>t=d ,dem+1 ,haw?orne1 ,hamilton ,lane1 ,d>i5 9999,dem+1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c1 ,lit*field4 ,dean ( ! ,association ,frueh1 ,alfr$ ,j41 ,rt4 #a1 ,%>on ,graves1 ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,h41 ,p4,o4 ,box #abi1 ,wall+=d4 ,consult+ ,pa?ologi/1 ,conn4 ,agr4 ,expt4 ,/ation1 ,new ,hav5 ,hapgood1 ,miss ,doro?y ,a41 #gde ,f>m+ton ,ave41 ,h>t=d ,h5ry1 ,david ,s41 ,blue ,hills ,f>m1 ,rt4 #b1 ,wall+=d ,h[e1 ,mrs4 ,paul1 ,umpawang ,hill1 ,rt4 #a1 ,we/ ,r$d+ 99,hunt+ton1 ,a4 ,m41 ,/an]igg ,f>ms1 ,be!l4 ,patron ,k+1 ,mrs4 ,una1 #eg ,mead[brook ,rd41 ,we/ ,h>t=d 99,newm>k]1 ,adolph1 ,rt4 #a1 ,rockville ,pratt1 ,george ,d41 ,jr41 ,bridgewat] ,s*ukoske1 ,john ,a41 ,rt4 #b1 ,box #beg1 ,saybrook ,rd41 ,middlet[n ,:ite1 ,george ,e41 ,rt4 #b1 ,&ov]4 ,f>m] ,,delaw>e ,brugmann1 ,elm] ,w41 #ajh;,c ,?omas ,dr41 ,monroe ,pk41 ,wilm+ton4 ,*emical ,eng9e] ,logue1 ,r4 ,f41 ,g54 ,mgr41 ,&elot1 ,inc41 #bjih ,du ,pont ,bldg41 ,wilm+ton ,,d5m>k ,butz[1 ,o41 #di ,br$gade1 ,cop5hag5 ,c>oe1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,f41 ,meul5borg1 ,hels+or ,granjean1 ,mr4 ,julio1 ,hill]od ,knu?1 ,c\nt ,f4 ,m41 ,knu!nborg1 ,b&holm ,p]s1 ,mr4 ,plantageej] ,e41 ,edelga>d1 ,vej/rup ,rev5tl[1 ,johan ,otto1 ,damga>d1 ,fr$]icia ,sor5s51 ,director ,k4 ,kaae1 ,dyrehavevej #bb1 ,klamp5borg ,,di/rict ,,( ,,columbia ,am]ican ,pota% ,in/41 ,inc41 #aajb #af? 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