---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,disclaimer ,the articles published in the ,annual ,reports of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are not to be construed as an endorsement by the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 its board of directors1 or its members4 ,no endorsement is intended for products mentioned1 nor is criticism meant for products not mentioned4 ,the laws and recommendations for pesticide application may have changed since the articles were written4 ,it is always the pesticide applicator's responsibility1 by law1 to read and follow all current label directions for the specific pesticide being used4 ,the discussion of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dcrd ,annual ,report ,,of ,,the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association ,incorporated ,,affiliated ,,with ,,the ,,american ,,horticultural ,,society ,annual ,meeting at ,,rockport1 ,,indiana ,august #be1 #bf and #bg1 #aieb ,table of ,contents ,officers and ,committees #aieb-ec #d ,state and ,foreign ,vice ,presidents #e ,constitution and ,by-laws #g ,call to ,order1 ,forty-,third ,annual ,meeting #aa ,address of ,welcome--,hilbert ,bennett #aa ,business ,session #ae ,treasurer's ,report--,carl ,prell #ah ,committee ,reports #ba ,president's ,address--,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels #bg ,the ,future of ,your ,nut ,planting--,w4 ,f4 ,sonnemann #cb ,the ,value of a ,tree--,ferd ,bolten #ce ,methods of ,getting ,better ,annual ,crops on ,black ,walnut4 ,panel discussion led by ,w4 ,w4 ,magill #ch ,the #aieb ,hickory ,survey--,h4 ,f4 ,stoke #df ,a ,discussion of ,hickory ,stocks--,gilbert ,l4 ,smith #di ,filbert ,varieties4 ,panel discussion led by ,g4 ,l4 ,slate #ec ,my ,experiences with ,chinese ,chestnuts--,w4 ,j4 ,wilson #fb ,persian ,walnuts in the ,upper ,south--,h4 ,f4 ,stoke #ff ,varieties of ,persian ,walnuts in ,eastern ,iowa--,ira ,b4 ,kyhl #fi ,commercial ,production and ,processing of ,black and ,persian ,walnuts--,edwin ,l4 ,lemke #ga ,black ,walnut ,processing at ,henderson1 ,kentucky--,r4 ,c4 ,mangelsdorf #gc ,nut ,shells3 ,assets or ,liabilities--,t4 ,f4 ,clark #gg ,the ,propagation of ,hickories--,panel discussion led by ,f4 ,l4 ,o',rourke #ha ,a ,promising ,new ,pecan for the ,northern ,zone--,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay and ,h4 ,l4 ,crane #hi ,the ,hickory in ,indiana--,w4 ,b4 ,ward #ia ,the ,merrick ,hybrid ,walnut--,p4 ,e4 ,machovina #ic ,producing ,quality ,nuts and ,quality ,logs--,l4 ,e4 ,sawyer #id ,colchicine for ,nut ,improvement ,programs--,o4 ,j4 ,eigsti and ,r4 ,b4 ,best #ii ,an ,early ,pecan and ,some ,other ,west ,tennessee ,nuts--,aubrey ,richards #aja ,scab ,disease in ,eastern ,kentucky on ,busseron ,pecan--,w4 ,d4 ,armstrong #ajb ,further ,news about ,oak ,wilt--,e4 ,a4 ,curl #ajb ,life ,history and ,control of the ,pecan ,spittle ,bug--,stewart ,chandler #ajf ,insect ,enemies of ,northern ,nut ,trees--,howard ,baker #aab ,tuesday ,evening ,banquet ,session ,resolutions and ,election of ,officers #aah ,chestnut ,breeding--,arthur ,h4 ,graves and ,hans ,nienstaedt #abj ,effect of ,vermiculite in ,inducing ,fibrous ,roots on ,tap ,rooting ,tree ,seedlings--,herbert ,c4 ,barrett and ,toro ,arisumi #aca ,eastern ,black ,walnut ,survey #aiea--;,h4 ,f4 ,stoke #acc ,crath's ,carpathian ,english ,walnuts in ,ontario--,p4 ,c4 ,crath #acf ,nut ,tree ,plantings in ,southeastern ,iowa--,albert ,b4 ,ferguson #adf ,rockville as a ,hickory ,interstock--,herman ,last #adg ,a ,fruitful ,pair of ,carpathian ,walnut ,varieties in ,michigan--,gilbert ,becker #adg ,suggested ,blooming ,data to be ,recorded for ,nut ,tree ,varieties--,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel #adh ,note on ,chinese ,chestnuts--,harwood ,steiger #adi ,scott ,healey--,an ,obituary #adi ,a ,letter from ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming #aej ,sweepstakes ,award in ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,contest--,l4 ,walter ,sherman #aeb ,attendance ,record1 ,rockport1 ,ind4 #aieb #aef ,membership ,list--,northern ,nut ,growers ,association #aeh ,officers for #aieb-ec ,president ,richard ,b4 ,best1 ,eldred1 ,illinois ,vice-,president ,george ,salzer1 ,rochester1 ,new ,york ,secretary ,spencer ,b4 ,chase1 ,norris1 ,tennessee ,treasurer ,carl ,f4 ,prell1 ,south ,bend1 ,indiana ,directors ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,ithaca1 ,new ,york ,dr4 ,william ,rohrbacher1 ,iowa ,city1 ,iowa ,,executive ,,appointments #aieb-ec ,program ,committee3 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay1 ,royal ,oakes1 ,gordon ,porter1 ,gilbert ,becker1 ,a4 ,a4 ,bungart1 ,w4 ,d4 ,armstrong4 ,local ,arrangements3 ,george ,salzer1 ,victor ,brook4 ,place of ,meeting ,committee3 ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,dr4 ,lloyd ,l4 ,dowell1 ,edwin ,w4 ,lemke1 ,alfred ,l4 ,barlow4 ,publication ,committee3 ,professor ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,professor ,lewis ,e4 ,theiss1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels4 ,varieties and ,contests ,committee3 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,sylvester ,m4 ,shessler1 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,royal ,oakes4 ,standards and ,judging ,committee3 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,louis ,gerardi1 ,spencer ,chase1 ,professor ,paul ,e4 ,machovina4 ,survey and ,research ,committee3 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke 7,with all the state and foreign vice-presidents74 ,exhibits ,committee3 ,sylvester ,m4 ,shessler1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,royal ,oakes1 ,a4 ,a4 ,bungart1 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson4 ,root ,stocks ,committee3 ,professor ,f4 ,l4 ,o',rourke1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,albert ,f4 ,ferguson1 ,dr4 ,aubrey ,richards1 ,louis ,gerardi1 ,dr4 ,arthur ,s4 ,colby1 ,max ,hardy1 ,gilbert ,smith4 ,auditing ,committee3 ,raymond ,e4 ,silvis1 ,sterling ,a4 ,smith1 ,edward ,w4 ,pape4 ,legal ,advisor3 ,sargent ,h4 ,wellman4 ,finance ,committee3 ,sterling ,a4 ,smith1 ,ford ,wallick1 ,edward ,w4 ,pape4 ,necrology3 ,mrs4 ,herbert ,negus1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimmerman4 ,nominating ,committee3 7,elected at ,rockport1 ,indiana71 ,max ,hardy1 ,gilbert ,becker1 ,dr4 ,william ,rohrbacher1 ,professor ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,j4 ,ford ,wilkinson4 ,membership ,committee3 ,george ,salzer 7,with all the state and foreign vice-presidents74 ,state and ,foreign ,vice-,presidents ,alabama ,edward ,l4 ,hiles1 ,loxley ,alberta ,a4 ,l4 ,young1 ,brooks ,arkansas ,w4 ,d4 ,wylie1 ,univ4 of ,ark41 ,fayetteville ,belgium ,r4 ,vanderwaeren1 ,bierbeekstraat1 #caj1 ,korbeek-,lo ,british ,columbia1 ,canada ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 ,box #ai1 ,westbank ,california ,thos4 ,r4 ,haig1 ,m4,d41 #cjba ,highland ,ave41 ,carlesbad ,colorado ,j4 ,e4 ,forbes1 ,julesburg ,connecticut ,a4 ,m4 ,huntington1 ,stanerigg ,farms1 ,bethel ,delaware ,lewis ,wilkins1 ,route #a1 ,newark ,denmark ,count ,f4 ,m4 ,knuth1 ,knuthenborg1 ,bandholm ,district of ,columbia ,ed4 ,l4 ,ford1 #cfcd ,austin ,st41 ,s4 ,e4 ,washington #bj ,florida ,c4 ,a4 ,avant1 #ifj ,n4 ,w4 #ajth ,ave41 ,miami ,georgia ,william ,j4 ,wilson1 ,north ,anderson ,ave41 ,fort ,valley ,hawaii ,john ,f4 ,cross1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #agbj1 ,hilo ,hong ,kong ,p4 ,w4 ,wang1 #f ,des ,voeux ,rd41 ,central ,idaho ,lynn ,dryden1 ,peck ,illinois ,royal ,oakes1 ,bluffs 7,scott ,county7 ,indiana ,edw4 ,w4 ,pape1 ,rt4 #b1 ,marion ,iowa ,ira ,m4 ,kyle1 ,box #bcf1 ,sabula ,kansas ,dr4 ,clyde ,gray1 #ajde ,central ,ave41 ,horton ,kentucky ,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,moss1 ,williamsburg ,louisiana ,dr4 ,harald ,e4 ,hammar1 #fjh ,court ,house1 ,shreveport ,maryland ,blaine ,mc,collum1 ,white ,hall ,massachusetts ,s4 ,lathrop ,davenport1 #bd ,creeper ,hill ,rd41 ,north ,grafton ,michigan ,gilbert ,becker1 ,climax ,minnesota ,r4 ,e4 ,hodgeson1 ,southeastern ,exp4 ,station1 ,waseca ,mississippi ,james ,r4 ,meyer1 ,delta ,branch ,exp4 ,station1 ,stoneville ,missouri ,ralph ,richterkessing1 ,route #a1 ,saint ,charles ,montana ,russel ,h4 ,ford1 ,dixon ,nebraska ,harvey ,w4 ,hess1 ,box #bji1 ,hebron ,new ,hampshire ,matthew ,lahti1 ,locust ,lane ,farm1 ,wolfeboro ,new ,jersey ,mrs4 ,alan ,r4 ,buckwalter1 ,route #a1 ,flemington ,new ,mexico ,rev4 ,titus ,gehring1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #agg1 ,lumberton ,new ,york ,stephen ,bernath1 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,poughkeepsie ,north ,carolina ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,dunstan1 ,greensboro ,college1 ,greensboro ,north ,dakota ,homer ,l4 ,bradley1 ,long ,lake ,refuge1 ,moffit ,ohio ,christ ,pataky ,jr41 #eib ,hickory ,lane1 ,route #d1 ,mansfield ,oklahoma ,a4 ,g4 ,hirschi1 #dad ,north ,robinson1 ,oklahoma ,city ,ontario1 ,canada ,elton ,e4 ,papple1 ,cainsville ,oregon ,harry ,l4 ,pearcy1 ,route #b1 ,box #aij1 ,salem ,pennsylvania ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,route #hf1 ,harrisburg ,prince ,edward ,is4 ,canada ,robert ,snazelle1 ,forest ,nursery1 ,route #e1 ,charlottetown ,rhode ,island ,philip ,allen1 #agh ,dorance ,st41 ,providence ,south ,carolina ,john ,t4 ,bregger1 ,p4,o4 ,box #ajah1 ,clemson ,south ,dakota ,herman ,richter1 ,madison ,tennessee ,w4 ,jobe ,robinson1 ,route #g1 ,jackson ,texas ,kaufman ,florida1 ,box #aed1 ,rotan ,utah ,harlan ,d4 ,petterson1 #bjgf ,jefferson ,ave41 ,ogden ,vermont ,a4 ,w4 ,aldrich1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #b1 ,box #bff1 ,springfield ,virginia ,h4 ,r4 ,gibbs1 ,linden ,washington ,h4 ,lynn ,tuttle1 ,clarkston ,west ,virginia ,wilbert ,m4 ,frye1 ,pleasant ,dale ,wisconsin ,c4 ,f4 ,ladwig1 #bbba ,st4 ,lawrence1 ,beloit ,,constitution of the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association1 ,,incorporated 7,as adopted ,september #ac1 #aidh7 ,,name ,,article ,i4 ,this ,society shall be known as the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,incorporated4 ,it is strictly a non-profit organization4 ,,purposes ,,article ,,ii4 ,the purposes of this ,association shall be to promote interest in the nut bearing plants2 scientific research in their breeding and culture2 standardization of varietal names2 the dissemination of information concerning the above and such other purposes as may advance the culture of nut bearing plants1 particularly in the ,north ,temperate ,zone4 ,,members ,,article ,,iii4 ,membership in this ,association shall be open to all persons interested in supporting the purposes of the ,association4 ,classes of members are as follows3 ,annual members1 ,contributing members1 ,life members1 ,honorary members1 and ,perpetual members4 ,applications for membership in the ,association shall be presented to the secretary or the treasurer in writing1 accompanied by the required dues4 ,,officers ,,article ,,iv4 ,the elected officers of this ,association shall consist of a ,president1 a ,vice-,president1 a ,secretary and a ,treasurer or a combined ,secretary-treasurer as the ,association may designate4 ,,board ,,of ,,directors ,,article ,v4 ,the ,board of ,directors shall consist of six members of the ,association who shall be the officers of the ,association and the two preceding elected presidents4 ,if the offices of ,secretary and ,treasurer are combined1 the three past presidents shall serve on the ,board of ,directors4 ,there shall be a ,state ,vice-president for each state1 dependency1 or country represented in the membership of the ,association1 who shall be appointed by the ,president4 ,,amendments ,,to ,,the ,,constitution ,,article ,,vi4 ,this constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting1 notice of such amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting1 or copy of the proposed amendments having been mailed by the ,secretary1 or by any member to each member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting4 ,,by-,,laws 7,revised and adopted at ,norris1 ,tennessee1 ,september #ac1 #aidh7 ,,section ,i4--,,membership ,classes of membership are defined as follows3 ,,article ,i4 ,,annual ,,members4 ,persons who are interested in the purposes of the ,association who pay annual dues of ,three ,dollars 7#c4jj74 ,,article ,,ii4 ,,contributing ,,members4 ,persons who are interested in the purposes of the ,association who pay annual dues of ,ten ,dollars 7#aj4jj7 or more4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,,life ,,members4 ,persons who are interested in the purposes of the ,association who contribute ,seventy ,five ,dollars 7#ge4jj7 to its support and who shall1 after such contribution1 pay no annual dues4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,,honorary ,,members4 ,those whom the ,association has elected as honorary members in recognition of their achievements in the special fields of the ,association and who shall pay no dues4 ,,article ,v4 ,,perpetual ,,members4 ,perpetual membership is eligible to any one who leaves at least five hundred dollars to the ,association and such membership on payment of said sum to the ,association shall entitle the name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as ,perpetual with the words ,in ,memoriam added thereto4 ,funds received therefor shall be invested by the ,treasurer in interest bearing securities legal for trust funds in the ,district of ,columbia4 ,only the interest shall be expended by the ,association4 ,when such funds are in the treasury the ,treasurer shall be bonded4 ,provided3 that in the event the ,association becomes defunct or dissolves1 then1 in that event1 the ,treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose for such uses1 individuals or companies that the donor may designate at the time he makes the bequest of the donation4 ,,section ,,ii4-,,duties ,,of ,,officers ,,article ,i4 ,the ,president shall preside at all meetings of the ,association and ,board of ,directors1 and may call meetings of the ,board of ,directors when he believes it to be the best interests of the ,association4 ,he shall appoint the ,state ,vice-presidents2 the standing committees1 except the ,nominating ,committee1 and such special committees as the ,association may authorize4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,vice-president4 ,in the absence of the ,president1 the ,vice-president shall perform the duties of the ,president4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,secretary4 ,the ,secretary shall be the active executive officer of the ,association4 ,he shall conduct the correspondence relating to the ,association's interests1 assist in obtaining memberships and otherwise actively forward the interests of the ,association1 and report to the ,annual ,meeting and from time to time to meetings of the ,board of ,directors as they may request4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,treasurer4 ,the ,treasurer shall receive and record memberships1 receive and account for all moneys of the ,association and shall pay all bills approved by the ,president or the ,secretary4 ,he shall give such security as the ,board of ,directors may require or may legally be required1 shall invest life memberships or other funds as the ,board of ,directors may direct1 subject to legal restrictions and in accordance with the law1 and shall submit a verified account of receipts and disbursements to the ,annual meeting and such current accounts as the ,board of ,directors may from time to time require4 ,before the final business session of the ,annual ,meeting of the ,association1 the accounts of the ,treasurer shall be submitted for examination to the ,auditing ,committee appointed by the ,president at the opening session of the ,annual ,meeting4 ,,article ,v4 ,the ,board of ,directors shall manage the affairs of the association between meetings4 ,four members1 including at least two elected officers1 shall be considered a quorum4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,elections ,,article ,i4 ,the ,officers shall be elected at the ,annual ,meeting and hold office for one year beginning immediately following the close of the ,annual ,meeting4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,the ,nominating ,committee shall present a slate of officers on the first day of the ,annual ,meeting and the election shall take place at the closing session4 ,nominations for any office may be presented from the floor at the time the slate is presented or immediately preceding the election4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,for the purpose of nominating officers for the year #aidi and thereafter1 a committee of five members shall be elected annually at the preceding ,annual ,meeting4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,a quorum at a regularly called ,annual ,meeting shall be fifteen 7#ae7 members and must include at least two of the elected officers4 ,,article ,v4 ,all classes of members whose dues are paid shall be eligible to vote and hold office4 ,,section ,,iv4--,,financial ,,matters ,,article ,i4 ,the fiscal year of the ,association shall extend from ,october #ast through the following ,september #cjth4 ,all annual memberships shall begin ,october #ast4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,the names of all members whose dues have not been paid by ,january #ast shall be dropped from the rolls of the ,society4 ,notices of non-payment of dues shall be mailed to delinquent members on or about ,december #ast4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,the ,annual ,report shall be sent to only those members who have paid their dues for the current year4 ,members whose dues have not been paid by ,january #ast shall be considered delinquent4 ,they will not be entitled to receive the publication or other benefits of the ,association until dues are paid4 ,,section ,v4--,,meetings ,,article ,i4 ,the place and time of the ,annual ,meeting shall be selected by the membership in session or1 in the event of no selection being made at this time1 the ,board of ,directors shall choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention4 ,such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the ,president and ,board of ,directors4 ,,section ,,vi4--,,publications ,,article ,i4 ,the ,association shall publish a report each fiscal year and such other publications as may be authorized by the ,association4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,the publishing of the report shall be the responsibility of the ,committee on ,publications4 ,,section ,,vii4--,,awards ,,article ,i4 ,the ,association may provide suitable awards for outstanding contributions to the cultivation of nut bearing plants and suitable recognition for meritorious exhibits as may be appropriate4 ,,section ,,viii4--,,standing ,,committees ,as soon as practical after the ,annual ,meeting of the ,association1 the ,president shall appoint the following standing committees3 #a4 ,membership #b4 ,auditing #c4 ,publications #d4 ,survey #e4 ,program #f4 ,research #g4 ,exhibit #h4 ,varieties and ,contests ,,section ,,ix4--,,regional ,,groups ,,and ,,affiliated ,,societies ,,article ,i4 ,the ,association shall encourage the formation of regional groups of its members1 who may elect their own officers and organize their own local field days and other programs4 ,they may publish their proceedings and selected papers in the yearbooks of the parent society subject to review of the ,association's ,committee on ,publications4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,any independent regional association of nut growers may affiliate with the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association provided one-fourth of its members are also members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,such affiliated societies shall pay an annual affiliation fee of #c4jj to the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,papers presented at the meetings of the regional society may be published in the proceedings of the parent society subject to review of the ,association's ,committee on ,publications4 ,,section ,x4--,,amendments ,,to ,,by-,,laws ,,article ,i4 ,these by-laws may be amended at any ,annual ,meeting by a two-thirds vote of the members present provided such amendments shall have been submitted to the membership in writing at least thirty days prior to that meeting4 ,forty-,third ,annual ,meeting ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association ,august #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #aieb ,spencer ,county ,court ,house1 ,rockport1 ,ind4 ,the opening session of the ,forty-third ,annual ,meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association convened at #i3bj o'clock1 a4m41 at the ,spencer ,county ,court ,house1 ,president ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels presiding4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,the gavel with which we open this forty-third annual meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association has some historical significance4 ,it was made from a pecan tree which grew in the orchard of ,mr4 ,thomas ,littlepage in ,maryland1 near the city of ,washington1 and it has been the custom of the ,association to open its meetings with that gavel4 ,the forty-third meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association will be in order4 ,to open the session we will have the presentation of the colors4 ,you will all stand1 please1 and remain standing through the invocation4 7,colors presented by ,boy ,scouts and the invocation given by the ,reverend ,william ,ellis of ,rockport47 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,at this time we will call on ,mr4 ,hilbert ,bennett to bring us greetings from the people of ,rockport4 ,mr4 ,bennett of ,rockport4 ,address of ,welcome ,,hilbert ,,bennett1 ,rockport1 ,ind4 ,some are here that were here in #aice and #aici4 ,i was on the ,citizen's ,committee in each of those years4 ,it was the purpose of the ,citizen's ,committee to take notice of your coming and to try to make you appreciate our interest in you and in your coming4 ,why was ,i on that ,committee in #aice8 ,why was ,i on that ,committee in #aici8 ,why am ,i on that ,committee in #aieb8 ,i will tell you4 ,when ,i was a boy two other young men1 somewhat older than ,i1 were young men in the same township and somewhat closely located4 ,i knew those boys and ,i knew them well4 ,you came to know them and know them well4 ,one of those boys was the late ,thomas ,p4 ,littlepage1 a charter member of this ,association4 ,it was my good pleasure to teach school with him4 ,we attended ,college together4 ,at college we roomed together4 ,we attended conventions together and were close personal friends4 ,i think ,i was in position to know him and know him well4 ,the other boy was ,r4 ,l4 ,mc,coy4 ,we too1 were close personal friends4 ,we too1 taught school in the same territory and contemporary with ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage4 ,prior to any organization of the ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,i went with these two boys 7men by that time7 on trips of investigation and inspection of certain nut trees about which they had heard and which they wanted to examine4 ,if the trees examined met the proper standards1 they wanted to use them in propagation4 ,if not they would pass them up4 ,another boy somewhat younger than myself and the two above mentioned boys1 joined most heartily into the nut discussions and investigations and explorations of promising clues4 ,with them he helped to run down clues when they would hear of a promising prospect4 ,the jungles were never too dense1 the distance too far1 the road too muddy or rough1 for those three characters to run down in those horse and buggy days1 any prospect in which they were interested4 ,this boy also became a member of your most valued organization4 ,i have a special interest in this boy4 ,i was1 especially closely associated with him and his family4 ,he went to school to me4 ,my signature appears on his ,common ,school ,diploma4 ,their home was my home whenever ,i sought to make it so4 ,i was free to come and go4 ,i came a lot4 ,ford ,wilkinson1 the third character1 and ,i have been close friends ever since4 ,another one of your fine members became a good friend of mine4 ,he came into our county and planted a farm to nut trees and nut production4 ,it is now the largest nut orchard in the county4 ,i am informed that at that time it was the largest nut farm of hardy northern varieties in the world4 ,i got acquainted with him early and became endeared to him4 ,it was none other than the late ,harry ,weber4 ,when it became known that you were to meet here in #aice1 it was a natural sequence that ,ford ,wilkinson1 knowing that ,i would gladly help in any way ,i could and knowing ,i was his genuine friend saw fit to place me on the ,citizen's ,committee4 ,if he had not1 ,i positively would have climbed aboard anyway4 ,you couldn't have driven me out with a peeled hickory club4 ,i was just going to be in on it whether or no4 ,whether ,i performed well in #aice or whether he couldn't find any one else to serve in my place1 ,i never knew2 but he again placed me on the ,committee in #aici4 ,now here ,i am in #aieb an old broken down fossil1 broken in health1 but not in spirit1 of little consequence to anybody or anything1 ,i am still on the ,committee4 ,that answers the question of some of you of why that old man ,bennett is always on the local committee and that you have wondered if there is no other person in this whole community that will serve but him4 ,no1 friends1 we have many who would gladly serve and ,i doubt not that would serve much more efficiently4 ,i have prepared a short skit that ,i wish to present4 99 99 99 99 99 #ast4 ,introducing ,joan ,flick1 of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,i am a pecan plucked from a small orchard planted by a retired business man4 ,he had some surplus ground near his premises that was too rough for easy cultivation4 ,he thought that he would plant it to pecans so that his family and his children's families would have nuts for their own use and pleasure4 ,he took good care of the trees4 ,he fertilized them every year and sometimes oftener4 ,in the course of a few years he not only had more pecans than all of the families could use1 but he sold hundreds of pounds of nuts from these trees4 ,he developed a commercial orchard unconsciously4 #bnd4 ,palma ,smith of ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,i am the hican1 ,i have no commercial value of consequence4 ,i demonstrate the ability1 the interest1 the development and the possibilities of improvement by the determined efforts of the members of your association4 ,knowing your ability and determination to make improvements in nut culture1 ,i have every feeling that in the not too distant future you will develop me into a profitable commercial product4 #crd4 ,sandra ,wright of ,rockport1 ,indiana4 ,i am the walnut1 a most valuable tree for fine fruit and fine timber for many uses4 ,i have been noted for my fine grain and my ability to take a fine polish4 ,our forefathers immediately found the walnut to be the choice timber out of which to build fine furniture1 gun stocks1 home furnishings and many other things that required high grade material4 ,we have never lost sight of its significance4 ,thin shelled nuts1 easily cracked1 and hulled out in halves have been developed4 ,walnuts will grow almost any where4 ,originally it was a common forest tree and would continue to be if it had the opportunity4 ,there is little danger of the walnut becoming extinct4 ,it is too valuable4 ,i suggest that you plant liberally to high grade walnut trees4 #dth4 ,jo ,ann ,hall of ,rockport1 ,indiana4 ,i am the once popular beech under whose folds thousands of picnickers have gathered and enjoyed life's most savory and pleasant moments4 ,i have built thousands of ,american homes and farm barns4 ,i have built thousands of miles of old farm plank fences4 ,i have built car load after car load of beautiful1 useful and valuable furniture4 ,in the early period of this country ,i furnished mast for thousands of swine that fed many families4 ,i have filled many minor places of usefulness4 ,as sad as it is to do and as much as ,i hate to do so1 ,i am now bidding you a last farewell4 ,self interest1 the slowness of my growth and the impracticability of propagation of this once valuable tree leaves but one course1 that ,i pass to my reward with the firm hope that the other trees now being developed1 and grown will fill all of the purposes for which ,i have been so useful1 and fill them with increased usefulness4 ,with this sad but necessary adieu1 ,i bid you one and all goodbye4 #eth4 ,pattie ,jones of ,rockport1 ,ind4 ,i am the oak1 the sturdy oak1 the king of the forests4 ,i am stout4 ,they make beams1 spars1 sills1 fulcrums and what not from me that require strength4 ,i grow fairly fast4 ,i came into usefulness as the world came into need of heavy timbers4 ,i am dainty and refined as well as strong4 ,i am used in making fine flooring1 fine furniture and many other useful things4 ,please do not discard me from production4 ,please do not let me pass into oblivion4 ,i am very very valuable4 ,i deserve to be perpetuated4 #fth4 ,marcia ,smith of ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,i am a pecan plucked from the tree of a man who in the early years of his married life planted pecan trees in unused spots on his farm that were unsuitable for cultivation4 ,as the trees grew into nut bearing trees his family of children grew4 ,in the ,october days1 with great gaiety1 glee and happiness1 the children would gather the fruit of those trees4 ,the children grew to maturity and went to the city to work2 but when those ,october days came they returned home and with similar happiness as of their youth they gathered the nuts from those trees4 ,with pleasure ,i say ,i am one of those trees4 #gth4 ,jean ,morris1 ,joyce ,morris and ,sandra ,wright1 all of ,rockport1 ,indiana4 ,we are a group of clusters1 the filbert1 the pecan and the walnut4 ,we came from a nut farm within the bounds of ,spencer ,county4 ,this farm was planted and developed by a former enthusiastic member of your wonderful organization4 ,he spent much time and energy in behalf of your organization4 ,he developed the largest nut orchard in the county4 ,i refer to ,harry ,weber1 who came from a neighboring state and endeared himself to this community by his superb manhood1 his genial disposition and his intense interest in his subject matter4 ,we commend his efforts to others4 #hth4 ,virginia ,mae ,daming of ,rockport1 ,ind4 ,she was carrying the former ,reports of the ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,this cluster is plucked from a ,tree of great magnitude and significance4 ,today it has its roots firmly set in ,rockport1 ,indiana4 ,its branches reach from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific1 from ,canada to ,mexico4 ,its influence is felt throughout the world4 ,its inception was in ,spencer ,county1 ,indiana1 not specifically detailed1 but in the main1 by boys that were reared among the native nut trees of this community of which there were many4 ,it was born in the great ,city of ,new ,york under the care of the late ,thomas ,p4 ,littlepage1 ,dr4 ,wm4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris and ,prof4 ,john ,craig4 ,it was nurtured throughout the land of the detailed history you know much more than ,i4 ,it has had an enormous growth4 ,it is a most meritorious organization4 ,language will not express the extent of its benefits to humanity and to civilization4 ,it adds to the comfort of untold thousands of happy homes4 ,it furnishes employment for thousands of people4 ,it furnishes food of vital importance to many families4 ,it is the main stay in the manufacture of all kinds and grades of furniture4 ,it furnishes food for thought4 ,it keeps the scientific and investigating minds busy in the constant development and improvement of its processes and benefits4 ,its possibilities are boundless4 ,that this ,tree may continue to grow and develop in the future as it has in the past in the interest of humanity and help us to realize its importance and help us to continue its forces in accord with nature and nature's ,god is my earnest prayer4 ,may ,god bless you one and all4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,thank you very much1 ,mr4 ,bennett4 ,you have made us feel most welcome in ,rockport1 as you have before on two other occasions4 ,i don't believe that there is any other man who has welcomed this organization three times in the same locality4 ,we also thank you for bringing in the trees and the children to greet us on this occasion4 ,it isn't very often that the trees themselves come into the assembly room to greet us1 and we appreciate your effort in doing this for us4 ,we will now proceed with the business of the ,association4 ,there appears to be no record of the members elected to serve on the nominating committee for this session4 ,as near as we can determine this committee is as follows3 ,mr4 ,silvis1 ,mr4 ,allen1 ,mr4 ,wilkinson1 ,mr4 ,mc,kay and ,mr4 ,gerardi4 ,is there a motion to approve these names8 ,the committee was approved by vote4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,this ,committee will bring in a slate of officers of the ,association for the next year at our final business session4 ,i will now call for the reports of standing committees4 ,there are eight of these4 ,the ,program ,committee4 ,royal ,oakes is the chairman4 ,the fact that we are having a meeting indicates the functioning of the ,program ,committee4 ,,mr4 ,,oakes3 ,i believe ,i have nothing to report at this moment4 ,i would like to say the other members did a good part of the committee work4 ,,president ,,macdaniels3 ,we appreciate the part that all of you have played in arranging these meetings4 ,the ,publications ,committee1 ,editorial ,section4 ,dr4 ,theiss1 ,i believe1 is not here4 ,dr4 ,theiss received the manuscripts and either had them read or read them himself4 ,the ,printing ,section of the ,publications ,committee1 ,mr4 ,slate4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,our proceedings are on the press and probably will be finished and in the mail this week4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,the ,place of ,meeting ,committee4 ,mr4 ,allaman is the chairman4 ,in the absence of ,mr4 ,allaman1 ,i present the invitation secured by ,mr4 ,salzer1 to meet in ,rochester1 ,new ,york in #aiec4 ,their convention bureau offers very attractive facilities and the invitation is seconded by the ,mayor1 ,joseph ,j4 ,naylor1 the president of the ,rochester ,convention and ,publicity ,bureau1 the ,president of the ,rochester ,hotel ,association1 the ,president of the ,junior ,chamber of ,commerce of ,rochester1 and the ,deputy ,commissioner of the ,rochester ,parks1 which just about covers the board4 ,it doesn't seem to me worthwhile to read all of this material4 ,what it boils down to is that ,rochester would be a very good place to meet4 ,the ,rochester parks are very interesing places to go1 and as ,i understand it1 there are facilities which would not be expensive to the ,association4 ,is that true1 ,mr4 ,salzer8 ,,mr4 ,,salzer3 ,yes1 there would be no charge for exhibit rooms if they are held in the hotel1 because we are classed as a scientific organization4 ,and we would have the facilities of the ,bausch ,memorial ,museum4 ,there would be facilities for showing moving pictures or slides1 and for an exhibit4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,it would be in order at the present time to take definite action on this ,rochester invitation1 if you care to do so4 ,a motion would be in order to accept4 ,it has been moved1 seconded1 and carried that we have our #aiec convention in the ,city of ,rochester1 the dates will be determined by the ,board of ,directors4 ,the general thinking of the ,board of ,directors is that we will go to ,lancaster1 ,pa4 again in #aied1 and in #aiee come back into the ,middle ,west4 ,mr4 ,allaman has been working on the ,lancaster proposal and ,i think there has been some spade work done in ,michigan already4 ,have you anything to say about that1 ,mr4 ,o',rourke8 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,we will be very glad to have you at ,michigan ,state ,college at any time4 ,unfortunately1 however1 we do not have any nut plantings there4 ,the nut plantings are either in the eastern part of the state or the western part4 ,it's quite a drive either way4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i don't think we have to make a commitment at this time1 but it is something to be brought to the attention of the ,place of ,meeting ,committee4 ,i think we might have a little further explanation from ,mr4 ,best about his bacon breakfast4 ,,mr4 ,,best3 ,we said in our membership drive that anyone who would go out and work would bring home the bacon1 and we further fortified the deal that we were going to furnish the bacon here at ,rockport at this session4 ,so in the morning over at ,cotton's restaurant we will have bacon1 all you want to eat1 and the only requirement is that you either got a member last year in the membership drive we have been working on1 or that you tried to get a member4 ,that's all that's necessary4 ,,mr4 ,,gravatt3 ,you have spoken about the meeting in #aied4 ,as you know1 ,i have represented this country at the ,international ,chestnut ,meeting for two years4 ,there has been some talk about the possibility of the ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 inviting the ,international ,chestnut ,meeting to meet in this country in #aied or '#ee4 ,at the last meeting the delegates from ,japan recommended that they meet in the ,united ,states in #aied4 ,the matter is not decided1 and ,i think if you will put off decision about ,lancaster until later1 it would be a little better4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,the committee on ,standards and ,judging1 ,mr4 ,spencer ,chase4 ,,mr4 ,,spencer ,,chase3 ,mr4 ,president1 we contemplated having a report on hickory standards for this meeting1 but because of circumstances beyond our control1 we didn't get the project under way4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i will call on our secretary at this time for the report of the meeting of the directors4 ,,mr4 ,mc,d,a,n,i,e,l3 ,there were several things brought up last night at the meeting of the ,board of ,directors of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,one matter was the subscription to the ,american ,fruit ,grower magazine which we give our membership4 ,the ,american ,fruit ,grower had been selling subscriptions to the ,association for its members at #cj cents a year4 ,since the first of ,july this year their rate is #ej cents4 ,the opinion of the directors and committee members present last night was that we should drop that subscription to the ,american ,fruit ,grower for our members4 ,it will be sent to all members who join for this year and up to the beginning of the next fiscal year4 ,after ,october #ast1 no subscriptions to the ,american ,fruit ,grower through the ,association4 ,do we have any discussion on this proposal8 7,considerable discussion followed47 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i suggest that we hear the report of the ,board of ,directors and then act on the various items one by one in executive session4 ,,mr4 ,mc,d,a,n,i,e,l3 ,you have heard something about the membership drive1 and we will have more on that later4 ,the directors suggested that we encourage more memberships1 contributing memberships and sustaining memberships in the ,association at #e4jj and #aj4jj per year4 ,some of us feel we can't pay any more than #c4jj for our membership2 others will be able to support the organization financially by taking memberships at the #e4jj or #aj4jj rate1 and we are still offering our life membership at #ge4jj4 ,another matter discussed was offering the set of #cd volumes of back reports in ,the ,nutshell at the price of #bj4jj for the #cd volumes now available4 ,we suggest also that the ,association authorize the appointment of a ,publicity ,committee to work with the ,membership ,committee in attracting new members4 ,that is about all ,i have as the report of the directors' meeting last night1 ,mr4 ,president4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,this matter of the ,board of ,directors reporting to the business session is a pattern which ,i think is a good one4 ,the proposition has been placed before you as to whether or not you wish to continue our affiliation with the ,american ,fruit ,grower magazine4 ,as you will recall1 the reason the question comes up at the present time is that they have raised their rate from #cj cents a member to #ej cents a member1 which is #ej cents of our #c4jj1 which with the #ej cents secretarial expenses leaves but #b4jj to run the society4 ,as the ,treasurer will explain to you later1 we are in somewhat of a financial difficulty4 ,it has been moved and seconded that the ,association subscription to the ,american ,fruit ,grower be discontinued4 ,this matter is up for discussion4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,we have much more space available in ,the ,nutshell than in the ,american ,fruit ,grower1 and there is the possibility of more frequent publication4 ,,mr4 ,,dowell3 ,if we could actually get it bi-monthly or quarterly1 in place of the ,fruit ,grower1 ,i think most all of us would be better informed and actually have more information4 ,and ,the ,nutshell is a very excellent means of showing somebody what the organization is about4 ,you give them a copy of the ,american ,fruit ,grower1 and if he is interested in nuts1 most copies aren't going to convince him of much4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i think this question is related to the appointment of a ,publicity ,committee which will explore what can be done to secure more publicity and give more information about nuts to our members than has been possible in the ,fruit ,grower4 ,the members of the ,board of ,directors felt that #cjj-plus is a high price to pay for what we got out of ,the ,american ,fruit ,grower4 7,the question was called for47 ,the motion is passed without dissent4 ,the question of authorizing the appointment of a ,publicity ,committee is introduced mainly as a matter for your information1 also because it's much better if the society as such were to authorize such a committee4 ,do ,i hear such a motion8 ,moved by ,mr4 ,salzer1 seconded by ,colby and passed that the appointment of a ,publicity ,committee be approved4 ,i will ask for the report of the ,treasurer1 ,mr4 ,prell4 ,treasurer's ,report ,,mr4 ,,prell3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ladies and gentlemen1 ,mr4 ,best has asked that ,i help in connection with his report4 ,that certainly is not because ,i can make his report better than he can1 but probably because a new member is not a new member until his check has arrived and has been recorded1 and ,i happen to have those figures4 ,i will be happy to do that1 but perhaps we should start first with the report that the ,president has asked for1 the ,treasurer's report4 ,i imagine that you are uninterested in an itemized1 detailed report of receipts and expenditures2 ,i imagine you are interested in the question3 ,how are we doing8 ,we are not doing too well4 ,the annual report for this year indicates that our financial condition is not satisfactory4 ,for the second successive year we have spent more money than we have taken in1 and that would be the third successive year1 if it hadn't been for the fact that due to the lateness of the publication in #aiej--that it1 the annual report--we did not pay for an annual report that year4 ,that means there are three years in a row that we have gone downhill4 ,the picture is not entirely black1 however4 ,there are some bright spots4 ,for instance1 all our bills are paid4 ,second1 we have money in the bank4 ,third1 our #c1jjj investment in ,government bonds is still intact1 and fourth1 our deficit this year was less than it was last year1 which may indicate that we have already touched bottom and are starting up4 ,the cause of our deficit is easy to put your finger on4 ,we are operating on budgets that are ten years old1 and costs have gone way1 way beyond4 ,dues were increased several years ago1 but even at that time they were not increased adequately1 and since then costs have skyrocketed4 ,the membership situation is not too bad1 though the cost situation is bad4 ,the two don't jibe at all4 ,the reason we have a lesser deficit this year than last is ,mr4 ,best's work and the work of his vice-presidents in increasing the membership1 and the results of that work2 ,i think1 have only begun to show4 ,specifically1 we came within #dag of collecting enough money this year to pay our expenses4 ,it was over #ejj last year1 making a total of a thousand dollars that we have spent above our receipts4 ,while we have some money in the bank1 there will be a bill due in about #cj days on the publication of the annual report1 that will be mailed within the next few days4 ,and that will take all the money that is in the bank1 plus what we are able to collect in dues immediately1 and ,i hope that many of them are paid at once4 ,but that still leaves us without money to operate through the year1 and by ,january1 unless conditions change1 we will be borrowing money4 ,the ,board of ,directors has discussed this4 ,they have some thoughts on the subject which will be presented to you by ,dr4 ,mac,daniels4 ,i think that one of the obvious things that you all think of and ,i may mention is the matter of increased membership4 ,that's an obvious solution1 and as ,i said a minute ago1 it's a very possible solution4 ,the work that was started by ,mr4 ,best last ,february is only now beginning to bear fruit4 ,new memberships1 even as late as this for this year1 in ,august1 are coming in very1 very well4 ,i personally see no reason why the membership cannot be increased to a thousand members next year1 providing all of us bring in a member or two4 ,i asked a friend of mine on ,the ,country ,gentleman for some data on state population compared to farm population4 ,i forget just exactly now how it runs on various states1 but ,i do recall ,indiana4 ,we have a population here of four million people4 ,there are about #gjj1jjj of these people on #aff1jjj farms4 ,the farms in this state produce a wealth of #ge1jjj1jjj a year4 ,with #gjj1jjj farmers in this state and population of #d1jjj1jjj with a wealth of #ge1jjj1jjj a year1 it would seem to me that the ,state of ,indiana should have more than only #ci members4 ,out of that group we should certainly increase that ten times4 ,we should have #djj members1 and if the same proportion is carried throughout the nation1 why1 this organization can easily obtain a roll of #gejj to #aj1jjj members4 ,a thousand members next year should be a pushover4 ,so much for the financial report4 ,mr4 ,best's campaign started last ,february4 ,his vice-presidents were given material and the inspiration to work for new members1 and they responded4 ,for ,mr4 ,best ,i compiled the list of the new members who have been brought in1 with the people who have brought in the greatest number1 but that thing went galley-west in the last few days by the strong finishers4 ,mr4 ,best himself came in yesterday with a pocket full of #aa new members1 and he already had a couple on the list4 ,up to that time--and ,i am not giving credit to the ,secretary1 because several of the members that show his sponsorship have come naturally through his office4 ,so disregarding the sponsored members of the ,secretary1 ,spencer ,chase was top man1 up until ,mr4 ,best upset him yesterday1 followed by ,dr4 ,rohrbacher1 who was a late finisher with members who were not recorded in this report4 ,all through the year it was a battle between ,pennsylvania and ,illinois as to who would have the greater number of members4 ,illinois1 with #cf members1 hopped up to #fj1 and ,mr4 ,best's #aa make #ga4 ,and just this morning they got two others from ,illinois1 making #gc4 ,so ,i think ,illinois has the second place position firmly nailed down4 ,last year we had #efc members all together4 ,this year now we have #agj new members4 ,we can't add that to #efc1 because in every organization there is a loss of membership every year1 and it's to be expected that our membership should have a #aj per cent turnover through circumstances of people leaving their places where they have their nut tree plantings1 deaths and other circumstances4 ,so there was a net gain of #hf members to date4 ,,treasurer',s ,,report ,august #be1 #aiea to ,august #ah1 #aieb ,,receipts ,membership ,dues #a1ijg4jj ,sales of ,annual ,reports #aij4jj ,interest on ,u4 ,s4 ,bonds #cg4ej ,donations #dh4ie ,u4,s4,p4,o4 ,unused ,balance1 ,permit #c4je ,petty ,cash #a4ig ,,total #b1ahh4dg ,,disbursements #dast ,annual ,report 7,pleasant ,valley7 #a1cge4hf ,plates and printing1 #ijj copies #a1bga4af ,envelopes1 #bejj #ca4fe ,mailing #gc4je ,the ,nutshell #hf4ee ,printing mailing ,vol4 #d1 ,no4 #c #bh4fd ,printing mailing ,vol4 #e1 ,no4 #a #eg4ia ,american ,fruit ,grower #aia4fj #ehb ,subscriptions at #cj;c #agd4fj #cd ,subscriptions at #ej;c #ag4jj ,urbana ,meeting #afc4fh ,general ,expenses #bj4bh ,reporting ,transcribing #adc4dj ,secretarial ,help1 #ej;c per member #cag4jj ,stationery and ,supplies #agi4ha ,association ,promotion #aad4ia ,application ,folder1 #ejjj #ij4jb ,supplemental ,folder1 #fej #ag4fi ,things-of-,science #g4bj ,secretary's ,expense #gg4bc ,treasurer's ,expense #id4jd ,dues1 ,american ,horticultural ,society #e4jj ,,total #b1fje4fh ,cash on deposit1 ,first ,bank1 ,south ,bend #a1cac4gh ,disbursements #b1fje4fh #c1iai4df -- -- -- -- ,on hand ,august #bf1 #aiea #a1gcj4ii ,receipts #b1ahh4dg #c1iai4df -- -- -- -- ,u4 ,s4 ,bonds in ,safety ,deposit ,box #c1jjj4jj ,i know that ,mr4 ,best has still some more material that he will supply to any of you who are anxious to go out and help in getting the new members4 ,it's only a matter of every person getting a couple1 or like ,spencer ,chase getting #aj4 ,that would put us well toward our goal of a thousand members1 on which the ,association probably can operate without deficit4 ,i thank you4 7,applause47 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,thank you very much1 ,mr4 ,prell4 ,we are very much indebted to you for your business-like handling of the affairs of the society4 ,it is sometimes bitter to know the facts1 but the only way that we are ever going to get anywhere is by knowing the facts and facing them4 ,either fortunately or unfortunately we are not like the federal government1 which can go on piling up deficits4 ,we have to do as each one of us as individuals has to do3 ,if our operating-expense exceeds income1 we either have to get more income or cease out-go4 ,that is the situation under which we are confronted at the present time4 ,a little later we can take up some of the things we have in mind4 ,did you have a further report1 ,mr4 ,secretary8 ,i think probably the ,treasurer stole some of the thunder that you might otherwise have4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,he did that1 and the ,membership ,committee also4 ,you know something of the activities of the secretary's office during the current year1 a matter of getting out three issues of ,the ,nutshell and assisting with the editing of the annual report1 which ,i hope you will receive about the time you get home4 ,one other activity in which the ,secretary participated1 in addition to the usual task of answering letters to beginning nut growers1 was this project ,things of ,science4 ,perhaps ,dr4 ,mc,kay could tell us more about that4 ,is ,dr4 ,mc,kay in the room8 ,will you come up now8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,we being near ,washington1 were1 of course1 the logical people to come in contact with this suggestion early when it was made4 ,as a matter of fact1 the very beginning of this movement goes back to ,harry ,dengler4 ,some of you may know of him4 ,he is ,extension ,forester at the ,university of ,maryland and is also ,secretary of the ,american ,holly ,association4 ,harry ,dengler was very much interested in this ,things of ,science program and happened to mention to the ,science ,service paper1 of which ,watson ,davis is editor1 that it would be a desirable thing to work up a test on nuts4 ,for the benefit of those of you who do not know what ,things of ,science is1 it is a movement sponsored by ,science ,service1 located in ,washington1 ,d4 ,c1 whereby #ab1jjj subscribers to ,things of ,science receive every month a little kit through the mails dealing with all kinds of subjects in science4 ,it is usually a little box1 as in the case of the one on nuts1 or it may be simply an envelope with some things in it to taste4 ,the idea is to give people all over the country who are interested enough to pay #e4jj a year one kit a month1 each one dealing with a different phase of science4 ,many groups subscribe to this service2 for instance a boy scout troop1 libraries and industrial plants4 ,so it goes to literally many thousands more people than the #ab1jjj actual subscribers that it has4 ,so when ,science ,service came to us and said1 ,would you be interested in helping us work up a kit on nuts1 naturally1 we wanted to do what we could towards helping these people1 and our first thought was this organization as an official sponsor for it4 ,so we contacted the directors1 the officers1 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels and ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 and as a result1 the ,northern ,nut ,growers1 through its board of directors1 because we had no other means to authorize it1 went ahead and sponsored this move4 ,to do it1 we approached the ,california ,walnut ,growers ,association1 the ,california ,almond ,growers ,association1 the ,northwest ,nut ,growers ,association1 and the ,southeastern ,pecan ,growers ,association1 with the idea of having their names mentioned in the kit1 and in return they would furnish samples to distribute4 ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association furnished the hickory nut samples4 ,the kit was composed of1 as ,i recall1 six different kinds of nuts--,persian walnuts and almonds from ,california1 filberts from the ,northwest1 ,pecans from the ,southeast1 hickory nuts from the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 and pistachio nuts furnished through the ,department of ,agriculture by ,captain ,whitehouse at ,beltsville4 ,he secured the pistachio nuts from the trees in ,california4 ,the kit was composed of a little box about four inches long1 an inch and a half deep and three inches wide1 containing two or more nuts of the various kinds1 together with a brochure that we helped the science people work up4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels and the various cooperating groups worked up this brochure of information4 ,the kits include a set of directions for the subscriber to follow in using the material4 ,there are several different possibilities1 all along the lines of scientific experimentation4 ,the idea is to get these youngsters and young people to become familiar with different kinds of nuts4 ,i think that's all ,i should say1 ,mr4 ,president4 ,that covers pretty well the effort that was made and those who made the effort4 7,applause47 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,thank you very much1 ,dr4 ,mc,kay4 ,this project is one in which there were deadlines as to time1 and we had to work rather fast4 ,air mail1 special delivery1 the long distance telephone and telegraph played quite a part in it4 ,the ,science ,service was paying the cost of assembling and mailing4 ,the only cost to the ,association was for the hickory nuts4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,we were late on that and unable to get the quality nuts we would like1 but we did get enough to fill the kits1 not all of which were worthy4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,we would like to have secured ,carpathian walnuts1 but the nuts from known sources of supply were so discolored with husk maggot that we were ashamed to send them out4 ,we were not able to locate and to furnish any considerable amount of any kind of northern nuts4 ,twelve thousand of these kits went out1 and each one of them is in a position where it probably contacted a dozen or more on the average1 so that ,i am sure as a result of the effort a great many people not only became more familiar with nuts and their various sources and uses1 but also learned that the contest was sponsored by the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,mr4 ,prell1 who knows something about advertising1 thought it was a very worthwhile project4 ,that completes the reports of the officers and of the committees4 ,we will now take ten minutes recess4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,the session will be in order4 ,as your treasurer said1 there are several other things which we discussed in the directors' meeting4 ,we discussed this matter of how1 the situation being such as it is1 the ,association could improve its position through gaining more members and through either making more money or cutting down expenditures4 ,the ,publicity ,committee was one of those suggestions1 who were to explore this matter of getting better publicity for less money4 ,that is1 whatever publicity we got from the ,american ,fruit ,grower cost us about #cjj1 and we think we can do a lot better in some other way4 ,another matter was to place the financial situation of the society squarely before the membership and ask that as many as could and felt so inclined take out a contributing or a sustaining membership4 ,we felt quite strongly that raising the dues was not the answer1 because there are a lot of people sort of on the fringe who don't work too actively for the society but who do take out regular memberships but who1 if we raised the dues even another #ej cents1 would probably fail to renew their memberships4 ,so that at least for the present we are not going to go ahead on that basis1 unless you want that to come up for further discussion4 ,another point which we1 ,i think1 should explore was the matter of advertising in the proceedings4 ,some other associations1 the pecan association1 particularly1 as ,dr4 ,mc,kay pointed out1 make a substantial part of their revenue from advertising in the proceedings4 ,we have tried that before1 but times have changed1 and ,i think it should be considered again4 ,then the matter of speeding up sales of sets of the proceedings to libraries1 that is1 further publicity in ,the ,nutshell about sets that are for sale and1 perhaps1 circularizing the library lists to sell complete sets1 or as complete as we have4 ,another matter that might be explored is having some kind of a give-away program1 some inducement for those who take out memberships for the first time4 ,other societies do it in one way or another4 ,unfortunately1 our material does not lend itself to that sort of thing as well as some others1 but we might be able to give nuts of ,carpathian strains that could be used as seed nuts1 or perhaps the hybrid hazels4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,one suggestion made in a letter from ,dr4 ,crane was to distribute hybrid walnuts to grow to fruiting size4 ,that might be explored if there is a source of enough seedlings or seed nuts of ,juglans ,regia crossed with ,juglans ,nigra4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,we would welcome any further suggestions which you may have1 either as to saving money or making money1 or increasing our membership1 which amounts to making money1 of course4 ,another thing that might be done to present the possibilities of nut growing to your communities is to sponsor exhibits at your own county or state fairs4 ,mr4 ,slate wanted to make a comment along these lines4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,that matter of urging sustaining and contributing memberships has been mentioned by you4 ,i think it would be one of the best things we could do to send a statement of our financial condition to the members of the ,association pointing out the need for additional funds and suggesting that all who can possibly afford it take out sustaining and contributing memberships4 ,it seems to me that this is just about the only alternative to increasing the dues4 ,i am not sure whether an increase in the dues would result in the loss of many members or not4 ,perhaps they are getting rather used to the higher price level1 and it might be well to have an expression of opinion from some of those here as to whether they thought there would be serious objections to an increase in the dues4 ,surely1 there are many who can afford to carry sustaining or contributing memberships4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,that is the opinion of the ,board of ,directors4 ,mr4 ,slate has raised a question as to the validity of the conclusion of the ,directors regarding the advisability of raising the dues4 ,our thinking was that to raise the dues beyond the present level would result in sufficient loss of membership to offset any gain in revenue4 ,the last time we raised the dues what was the effect8 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,when we raised the dues to #c4jj we had a membership of #fej4 ,it dropped to about #ehj2 a loss of #fj or #gj4 ,,mr4 ,,prell3 ,we in effect raised dues #ej cents this morning4 ,it won't affect new members1 but it may cause some of the older ones who are members to drop4 ,they know that at present #ej cents of their dues are going to the ,fruit ,grower2 now they aren't getting the ,fruit ,grower4 ,,mr4 ,,machovina3 ,they were getting for #b4ej what they will now get for #c4jj4 ,,president ,,macdaniels3 ,any other discussion8 ,,mr4 ,,kintzel3 ,i have given this problem of increasing the membership quite a bit of thought1 and have an idea which might be used4 ,let's see by a show of hands how many live in the city but own farms outside of the city4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,the question is how many live in the city but have farms outside4 ,sixteen or #ag1 probably about #bj4 ,,mr4 ,,kintzel3 ,you might call me a city farmer4 ,like many other city people1 ,i own a small farm near the city in which ,i live1 which is ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,i am intensely interested in the work of the ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,there must be many others who1 too1 are owners of land but who use the land for experimental farming and to get a little diversion from the daily grind in the busy1 noisy city4 ,these people would consider it a favor to have their attention called to the interesting work of our organization4 ,a practical plan for getting in touch with this reservoir of future members is to secure the names and addresses of such land owners from the records at the various county court houses fringing the cities4 ,a personal letter should be written to these future members4 ,a friendly invitation to join the ,n4,n4,g4,a4 should be extended1 and a printed brochure describing and explaining its work and objects should be included4 ,i believe that by working systematically on the city dweller1 who also owns acreage outside the city limits1 we could give our membership list a big boost4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,that is a good suggestion for the ,membership ,committee4 ,is there anything further8 ,,mr4 ,,caldwell3 ,this is not a suggestion1 but a comment following up the idea of the previous speaker4 ,in ,syracuse there was a woman with an estimated #afj acres of land1 who about #ae or #af years ago became interested in planting hybrid chestnuts4 ,unfortunately1 the land was not suitable for raising chestnuts and the two or three hundred trees she planted failed to grow4 ,i don't think there are two alive there now4 ,so you will have to be a little bit careful in encouraging city people to plant nut trees4 ,she spent a lot of money and right now if you mention that1 she will just practically tear you apart4 ,she wasted money and time1 so be careful in getting people going too strong unless you are sure the trees are going to grow for them4 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,according to the chart outside1 cutting off the ,fruit ,grower will leave us just a few cents per member in the red4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,right4 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,well1 don't we have #c1jjj in bonds8 ,what are they for1 if it isn't to tide us over a hard period like this8 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,that is a suggestion for the ,board of ,directors4 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,if inflation keeps up1 the bonds will be worth nothing4 ,we might as well use them up4 ,i would suggest we use every method to balance the budget without them1 but if necessary1 use some of them up4 ,if it is necessary1 use the bonds to balance the budget4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,the question of whether or not we use the bonds1 ,i think1 would have to be considered very carefully4 ,i think one of the ,ohio men has a suggestion4 ,,mr4 ,,dowell3 ,this discussion would follow along with that on membership4 ,the active members of the ,ohio section were organized back in #aidf1 and in #aidh the national body put in its by-laws a provision that there could be state sections formed4 ,that is ,article #a and also ,article #b1 that you could have affiliated bodies4 ,now1 as far as ,i know1 there is no other state section4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,michigan has one1 now4 ,,mr4 ,,dowell3 ,michigan has not actually affiliated yet1 and when it does come in it will be an affiliated society4 ,according to the by-laws it will not be necessary for all its members to be members of the ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 ,now1 we feel that some strong state section is the main support in membership interest and a lot of other lines1 and ,i think that if you check the rolls you will find where you have had a state organization1 whether it's affiliated or otherwise1 particularly ,ohio and ,michigan1 that our membership has not really dropped down in total numbers4 ,of course1 there is a turnover every year4 ,if it has dropped down1 it's been slight in comparison with the overall drop down4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,ohio is only holding its own now4 ,you have one more member than you had a year ago4 ,,mr4 ,,dowell3 ,that's right1 we are holding our own1 and previous to this last run1 the total number in the ,association was down a hundred4 ,that has not dropped in ,ohio1 which has the state section4 ,neither has it recently in ,michigan1 which has recently organized the ,michigan ,nut ,growers4 ,the ,executive ,committee of the ,ohio section wishes to present the following resolution for the consideration of this body3 ,,resolution ,,whereas we feel that membership in a state section has been a definite advantage in maintaining and increasing membership in the ,national ,organization1 as has been demonstrated in the ,ohio ,section of the ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a42 ,,whereas a ,national ,organization becomes strong because of its strong local sections which help maintain interest2 ,,therefore the ,national ,organization should encourage and foster the formation of local sections4 ,we therefore submit the following motion3 ,that the ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 amend its constitution to provide for the organization of local sections4 ,these amendments should include the following provisions3 #a4 ,membership in the ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 shall be a requirement for full membership in the local section2 however this shall not exclude local sections from accepting associate members4 #b4 ,that each member of the ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 shall automatically become a member of a local section when he resides in a location where a recognized local section exists4 #c4 ,wherever a local section has become established1 the local chairman shall serve as vice president of the ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 for that area4 #d4 ,the ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 shall refund to the treasurer of each local section ten percent 7#aj7 of the ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 dues paid annually by members of that section4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i conclude that you are presenting this for the consideration of the ,association4 ,it would be an amendment to the by-laws1 ,i take it1 rather than the constitution4 ,such an amendment would have to come up for consideration at the next meeting after consideration by the ,board of ,directors2 either that1 or else vote on it by mail4 ,,mr4 ,,dowell3 ,it is purely a motion now1 if passed or rejected4 ,but if it is passed1 then previous to the ,rochester meeting1 the proposal would have to be in a suitable form to be either passed or rejected for the by-laws4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,we have this resolution in printed form4 ,that will be transmitted to the ,board of ,directors for consideration at the next meeting4 ,,mr4 ,,dowell3 ,we make it as a motion that the mass accept or reject it here4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,the motion is1 then1 to accept the resolution and present it to the ,board of ,directors4 ,is that right8 ,is there a second8 ,,mr4 ,,kintzel3 ,i second it4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,are there further remarks8 ,if not1 all in favor1 signify by saying ,aye4 7,chorus of ayes74 ,opposed8 7,none47 ,it is carried4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,i am very sorry ,i was not recognized before the vote was taken4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i am sorry4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,i am speaking1 ,i think1 for the ,michigan ,nut ,growers1 of which we have quite a group here today1 and we are quite anxious to maintain an independent state organization4 ,we feel that it is perfectly all right for this motion to have been adopted as it has been1 if there will be no attempt made to delete that section which now refers to affiliation4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i think there would be no attempt to do that4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,is that clearly understood that there will be no attempt made to delete the section on affiliation8 ,,mr4 ,,dowell3 ,that is the understanding4 ,now1 there are two ways in the present by-laws4 ,now1 this would either be a third or replace the first4 ,it would have nothing to do with affiliating groups4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i think that is right1 and ,i think the thing to do1 ,mr4 ,dowell1 would be to be sure that the new president is apprized of the ,michigan point of view in that regard4 ,he will be the chairman of the new ,board of ,directors1 and this is simply a motion to consider it4 ,it doesn't go any further than that4 ,is there any further business to come before this group at this time8 ,if not1 the other item on the agenda1 as it is stated1 ,i believe1 is a presidential address4 ,the ,forward ,look ,presidential ,address1 by ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels ,as the retiring president of our ,association1 it is a time honored custom and a privilege to give what is often referred to as the presidential address4 ,i do not have in mind giving an address but rather to consider with you informally the present situation of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association and to give my ideas as to what we might do to improve our position and forward the purposes for which the ,association was organized in #aiaj4 ,time does not permit recounting the history of the development of the ,association4 ,this has been done on several previous occasions4 ,i will1 however1 go back to the #aide report in which under the title ,where ,do ,we ,go from ,here ,i tried to pick up various aspects of the condition of the ,association immediately following the war and point out areas to which special attention should be given at that time4 ,considering our situation in #aieb1 it appears that many of our problems are about the same as they were in #aide although in some areas definite progress has been made4 ,a quick look at our problems then and now is perhaps pertinent to the present discussion4 ,one of these is variety evaluation4 ,this still remains one of the important areas where we need much more information particularly as to the success or failure of different named clones of nut trees in various regions4 ,perhaps it is time for us to carefully summarize whatever data we have accumulated as to the adaptation of varieties or at least make plans for extending a program of evaluation4 ,since #aide our survey committees have been active and have secured information that will certainly be helpful4 ,the problem of judging standards has been clarified somewhat4 ,it is my personal opinion that the judging schedule for varieties of black walnuts worked out with the assistance of ,dr4 ,s4 ,s4 ,atwood is on a sound basis and might well receive much wider use4 ,following along somewhat the same pattern1 suggested schedules have been proposed for the hickories and butternuts4 ,these should receive further consideration and adoption1 if approved at least on a tentative basis4 ,a schedule for ,persian walnuts is very much needed as indicated by the recent contest in which confusion occurred related to there being no recognized standards of evaluation4 ,with the ,persian walnut such matters as the method of cracking and the importance of such characters as sealing of nuts1 recovery of whole halves and others should be agreed upon4 ,our procedure in naming varieties is still somewhat chaotic4 ,possibly we should adopt the general pattern of the ,american ,pomological ,society4 ,their example of setting up an approved list of varieties for planting on a regional basis is worthy of consideration4 ,even though such a list were tentative and incomplete1 a start which would embody the best information we have would be valuable4 ,securing new varieties of1 hardy nut trees through breeding has made some progress4 ,most encouraging is the work of the ,federal ,experiment ,station at ,beltsville where ,doctor ,crane and ,doctor ,mc,kay and their associates are using modern techniques in securing new varieties of hardy nut trees4 ,some progress in hybridization1 of course1 has been made1 particularly with the filberts1 the hybrids developed by ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,g4 ,l4 ,slate1 ,s4 ,h4 ,graham1 ,heben ,corsan and some others1 showing great improvement over previous ,european varieties in their adaptability to the northern ,united ,states4 ,at the present time there are filbert varieties of hybrid origin better than those in the nursery trade which should be propagated and made available4 ,work with the ,chinese chestnuts has also been valuable4 ,it is my opinion1 which ,i believe is shared by most of those who are familiar with progress in securing new varieties1 that we are not likely to find in the wild1 varieties or clones which show any marked improvement over those already found and named4 ,there is1 of course1 always the possibility of the perfect nut arising as a chance variation4 ,the recent walnut and hickory contests1 however1 have been somewhat disappointing for they have not discovered any variety of black walnut better than the ,thomas for instance1 or a hickory much better than some of those located years ago4 ,this does not mean that members of the ,association should not keep a sharp lookout for new varieties occurring spontaneously which will be better than existing sorts4 ,it does mean1 however1 that if real breaks are to be secured1 it will be necessary to apply some of the more effective techniques which are known in the plant breeding field4 ,any such program is a long time project and can only be effectively attempted by experiment stations1 or by some of the young men1 who begin now to make crosses under the direction or at least with the advice of those who are familiar with plant breeding techniques4 ,progress has been made in the ,association organization4 ,the constitution has been thoroughly overhauled and amended1 particularly to provide for regional groups4 ,certainly such groups are to be encouraged and have done and will do much to strengthen the national organization in the various states4 ,it is my personal opinion that these regional groups can be of particular value in working with the experiment stations and legislatures to promote the interests of the ,association4 ,the state associations should be on the alert to build on the interests of conservation departments as related to wildlife preserves and sportsmen's clubs and other agencies which put the growing of nut trees in proper perspective4 ,i am not at all in favor of securing either federal or state support for every minor project which comes along4 ,however1 the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association need make no apologies for its program1 particularly as it is related to the conservation of our natural resources2 to the promotion of better living on the farm and those values which are real and great1 even though they do not show up large in dollar value of crops produced4 ,unfortunately1 projects in nut growing have been started in various states1 particularly ,ohio and ,michigan only to be eliminated before they really got under way because of lack of support4 ,experiment station directors1 if they are confronted with a shortage of funds1 are likely to run the blue pencil through items which cannot be backed up with economic considerations4 ,the approach of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association it seems to me should not be to seek support on an economic basis but rather on the basis of better living on the farm1 improvement of gardens and farmsteads and the advantages of growing nut trees as compared with any other horticultural activity4 ,there has been a real increase in the importance which is given to this approach in recent times and an active state association1 which can keep in touch with local conditions and call on the national association for additional support1 will certainly be of great assistance in the future4 ,i personally am not in favor of any sort of a set up by which the national association gives a kick back of national dues to a regional association4 ,the dues are inadequate for the national association at the present time4 ,looking at the whole situation with some perspective1 it would seem that the regional associations might contribute to the national association rather than the reverse4 ,if the constitution and by-laws of the ,association are not such as to make affiliation with the national association and the formation of regional associations easy1 they can readily be changed to secure the very best pattern that can be devised4 ,perhaps one of the most acute problems with which the ,association is faced is the struggle to keep financially solvent4 ,we are all aware of our changing economy1 particularly the increased costs of printing and in fact of everything that our organization uses or needs1 even postage4 ,in my thinking1 the finances of the ,association are much the same as those of an individual1 who is confronted with expenditures that exceed his income4 ,the things that have to be done are obvious and the same in both cases4 ,one is to spend less and the other is to secure more funds4 ,in the judgment of your directors and executive committee1 expenditures have been reduced as low as is safe in order to keep a going organization4 ,members join the ,association for the value which they get out of it and a large part of this value is in the form of reports1 newsletters1 information made available and the organization of annual meetings4 ,if these services were discontinued or curtailed1 membership falls off4 ,this has been the experience of other plant societies1 of which there are many4 ,in my judgment retrenchment is not the answer in the present situation4 ,securing additional funds is the best forward-looking policy4 ,the question comes up as to how this may be done4 ,experience in our ,association and ,i believe other associations as well1 has shown that #c4jj is about as far as dues can be raised4 ,there comes a point with every society when1 if the dues are increased1 there is a falling off of membership1 which more than offsets the gain4 ,other obvious procedures are3 7#a7 increasing the number of members2 7#b7 providing different types of memberships to encourage larger contributions2 7#c7 gifts2 and 7#d7 special fund raising projects4 ,of these various ways and means1 certainly increasing the number of members is by far the more promising4 ,the overhead of the association is not increased with additional memberships anywhere near in proportion to the contributions of those members4 ,this is particularly true for additional copies of the report and general office expense4 ,the drive for new members under ,president ,best's leadership has produced gratifying results and ,i believe if this is continued effectively through the next few years1 a membership increase can be secured that will assure the ,association's balancing its budget4 ,somewhere in the neighborhood of a thousand paid memberships would solve most of our financial difficulties4 ,provision is already made for different types of memberships and it is to be hoped that many who can do so will join the contributing member class at least until we are out of our present financial woods4 ,other societies raise considerable revenue through special projects such as the sale of publications of one kind or another1 seed distribution or slide rental4 ,the type of material with which the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association deals is not comparable to some of these other organizations but certainly the possibilities of revenue through special projects need to be explored4 ,research with northern nut trees is exceedingly important from the standpoint of accomplishing the objectives of the ,association4 ,the matter of breeding new varieties has already been touched on4 ,other types of research are such that a large part must be carried on by experiment stations which have a continuing program4 ,much has been done in securing observational information by ,association members themselves but some problems are such that they must be continued over a long period of time and set up with adequate checks and provision for securing significant data4 ,otherwise the results are of no real value4 ,granted we need all the sound observational experience that all the members can bring to our problems1 there are still aspects of culture of northern nut trees that need continuing program of scientific research4 ,fortunately1 much of the cultural information secured with nut crops of economic value is directly applicable to northern nut trees4 ,this is true of the work with northwestern filberts1 western walnuts1 southern pecans and even the tung industry4 ,there comes a point1 however1 when information thus gained needs to be checked under the specific conditions where the crops are grown and very little research has been done in the northern states where the hardy nuts are important4 ,of special importance to the northern nut growers is the control of diseases and insects4 ,at the present time the bunch disease of walnuts is becoming increasingly more troublesome and very little is known as to how this is spread or how it may be controlled4 ,in my own filbert planting1 the hazel bud mite during past years has made the crop practically a failure4 ,little apparently is known as to the life history of this insect or when miticides might be applied4 ,examples such as the bunch disease and mite damage are multiplied many times with other diseases of local or regional importance4 ,in my thinking our best hope for getting something done is to encourage the ,departments of ,entomology and ,plant ,pathology in the experiment stations to take up these disease and insect problems1 which might be attacked by graduate students as thesis subjects1 even though the economic importance is not great4 ,as ,i see the situation of the ,association1 there is need for its members to produce more nuts of better quality4 ,nothing intrigues the interest of potential members as much as actually seeing and tasting locally grown samples of nuts of superior varieties4 ,on several occasions ,i have tried to assemble collections of nuts for exhibit or to buy them for one purpose or another and found great difficulty in finding sources of supply4 ,this was particularly true in the fall of #aiea when we were trying to assemble nuts for ,the ,things of ,science project4 ,we wanted very much to secure ,carpathian walnuts that could be sent out and used for seed purposes4 ,there was no source to which we could turn4 ,in several possible sources of supply1 husk maggots had so infested the crop that the nuts were discolored and unattractive4 ,it might have been possible to secure enough black walnuts to include in the kit but the problem of state quarantines against the bunch disease could not be easily adjusted4 ,finally ,i believe the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association is doing a very significant work4 ,our emphasis at the present time at least might very well be on nut growing as a hobby and for conservation1 for better shade trees and for better living on the farms and homesteads rather than to emphasize the commercial angles4 ,this will come in time if it can really be demonstrated that growing northern nut trees is a profitable venture4 ,in these days of job specialization everyone needs a hobby and an outlet for special interests4 ,i know of few other fields of endeavor for those who like growing things than the rewards that are to be found in the growing of hardy nut trees4 ,,monday ,,afternoon ,,session ,the ,monday afternoon session was convened at one o'clock p4m4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,the afternoon session will please be in order4 ,the first paper this afternoon will be1 ,the ,future of ,your ,nut ,planting1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,sonnemann1 ,vandalia1 ,illinois4 ,the ,future of ,your ,nut ,planting ,w4 ,f4 ,,sonnemann1 ,vandalia1 ,ill4 ,ladies and gentlemen1 it is a great pleasure to appear before the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,i am just a sprout as far as nut growing is concerned1 when we consider the age of some of our old hickory nut trees4 ,about #be years ago1 ,i became interested in nut growing and1 in particular1 the river-bottom hickory nut tree4 ,then we had so many nut trees growing in the bottom that we never thought of trying to plant a tree or look after one4 ,people could gather all the nuts they wanted and often the trees were cut just to get the nuts4 ,they'd lay a stick of dynamite at the base of the tree to shake the nuts off4 ,after a few years of that1 ,i thought we might do something to save the nut trees for the future generations4 ,that's when ,i first started to plant some nuts4 ,incidentally1 ,i made a big mistake1 by not joining the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,naturally1 ,i wanted the largest pecan ,i could find4 ,i went to the ,st4 ,louis market and bought and planted nice ,papershell pecans--very nice pecans1 but the trees do not mature their crop4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel and ,i tried to top-work them1 but that's a big job4 ,had ,i joined the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,i could have avoided a lot of those mistakes4 ,there are some things that ,i found out in practicing law that can very well apply to nut growing4 ,if you will pardon the reference to personal experience1 ,i can bring forth to you about four situations4 ,one1 a good1 close friend of mine had a vacant lot close to his home4 ,he had been planting nut trees and papaw trees and persimmon trees for years4 ,on this vacant lot he had a #be-year-old ,busch walnut growing back on the alley1 on the lawn was a beautiful ,japanese flowering cherry1 and there were two pecan trees in the yard proper4 ,he sold the lot to a neighbor whose wife was just crazy about flowers1 little dreaming that those trees would ever be cut down4 ,i don't believe the ink of the recorder had been cooled or dried before that ,english walnut was cut down1 the ,japanese cherry grubbed out of the front lawn1 and one of the pecan trees was cut4 ,it just about broke the old owner's heart1 and all he could say was1 ,i am just disappointed in my neighbors4 ,and now there is a house being erected there1 and the pecan tree that was #ab inches in diameter was cut4 ,that could have been prevented1 had this man given thought to the future4 ,another man1 named ,hagen1 who was instrumental in getting me interested in nut growing1 had a nice group of river-bottom shellbark trees growing in his field4 ,one of these has been propagated and named the ,hagen1 and although it isn't a good cracking quality1 it's a very large nut4 ,a pipe line was laid close to that field1 and this man had the fore-99sight to put a clause in this pipe-line right of way which gave him the protection of collecting adequate damages for the destruction of the trees4 ,didn't even need a lawyer1 which is something bad for the law business4 ,it is a suggestion1 that when a pipe line1 or telephone company is buying a right of way1 it is possible to protect your interests in valuable trees4 ,another instance of protecting nut trees was when the new ,u4 ,s4 ,highway #dj was built across ,illinois4 ,i had the job of condemning the right of way and when the engineer and ,i were out walking over it we noticed a fine group of hickory nut trees on the hillside4 ,i remarked what a nice group of trees it was4 ,he said1 ,yes1 that's going to be a borrow pit up there4 ,i said1 ,you mean they are going to destroy those trees8 ,he said1 ,yes1 dirt from this borrow pit will make the fill across this bottom4 ,i said1 ,why can't we get the dirt somewhere else8 ,dirt is dirt4 ,and the engineer said1 ,well1 that's the plans4 ,we had a little contrariness there1 and ,i had to threaten to drop the case as far as that tract of land was concerned4 ,if you fight long enough and hard enough in such cases you may find some other person who is interested in nut trees4 ,we did2 we found an engineer higher up1 and that group of hickory trees is now a picnic area4 ,they used a borrow pit somewhere else1 and it gives me a great pleasure to drive past that group of hickory trees and see them still standing there4 ,in the fall of the year you'd be surprised at the number of people at that picnic area1 and they keep those hickory nuts picked up clean as fast as they fall4 ,in our county hospital just started they happened to select a piece of ground ,i own an interest in for a county hospital4 ,on that are some good hickory nut trees4 ,i told them they'd never get the land until they made some arrangements in regard to those nut trees4 ,the engineer that designed that hospital must have had some sense1 because they are building a canopy around one of the trees adjacent to that hospital1 and have arranged to cut only one scrub oak4 ,the other trees will be mentioned in the deed with restrictive covenants to protect them4 ,if you sign anything a company gives you1 you are liable to have anything cut on your land4 ,remember the saying that the big print gives it to you and the fine print takes it away4 ,and it's the fine print you want to watch in all your right of ways or in your condemnation proceedings4 ,i know a man who had almost #afj acres of river-bottom hickories4 ,during his lifetime he was very careful about those trees4 ,he would cut the brush around the trees and harvest those hickory nuts as if it was a crop of corn or beans4 ,upon his death his children were scattered over the various states4 ,they didn't care anything for this hickory grove4 ,it's been cut4 ,now there is a bulldozer in there trying to clean out those hickory stumps4 ,they are not making much progress4 ,all you now have in that farm is #afj acres of old tree stumps1 wild honey-suckle vines1 poison ivy and poison oak1 and even a coon hunter gripes when he has to take his dogs through there on a coon hunt4 ,those heirs care nothing about it4 ,in selling land it doesn't make any difference whether it's a sale to a neighbor1 or to a friend or a stranger1 you should protect any trees that you have growing upon that land by what we term a covenant running with the land1 and that means if a deed is made it will provide that certain trees shall not be cut within a certain period of time4 ,in one case where ,i am forced to sell some land ,i am protecting the trees for #aj years4 ,each of these situations requires research under your own state laws4 ,i had hoped to be able to tell you something definite and precise as to each situation1 but when ,i considered the membership in the ,northern ,nut ,growers1 the many states it covers and the great difference in the state laws1 it's just impossible to lay your hand upon one set of facts that governs4 ,you should consult your attorney who is dealing with your transactions and tell him specifically what you have in mind and what you want to protect4 ,he will know whether your state recognizes covenants running with your land and what provision can be made to protect trees that you want to save or secure damages4 ,remember1 in any transaction1 if it is not in the written instrument that you sign1 it's just an oral agreement that you make on the side1 and it doesn't mean a thing4 ,it has to be in the paper that you sign4 ,as ,i mentioned briefly1 in what they call eminent domain1 the state has a right to take property for public use4 ,the only thing you can do there is just get your head square and fight1 and if you are stubborn enough1 you may find someone in the organization that you are dealing with who has some interest in trees4 ,they may not be members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association or any tree association1 but there are some people who appreciate trees and who do realize how long it takes to have a nice pecan tree or nice hickory nut tree growing4 ,if they call you contrary1 that you won't give in to anything1 let them call you contrary1 let them call you nuts1 but you can protect your trees and make sure that their future is secure4 ,what will happen to your trees after you are dead8 ,each individual's situation has to be considered separately4 ,in many states you can provide by will to whom you want your nut planting to go1 or you can1 by making a trust1 give the trees to trustees with certain powers and duties to care for and manage them for a period of time or perpetually1 depending on the laws of your state4 ,usually it is limited to the life of some person or #ba years4 ,in that length of time if your heirs or the person you desire these trees to go to have not educated themselves to the value of the tree1 then the planting will be lost anyway4 ,in all of these cases and all the transactions that you make1 if you value your trees--and you surely do when you will carry water for them and plant them and dig that large hole for those roots--it is worth while to look after them during the trees' lifetime1 not your own lifetime4 ,and if you will consult with your attorney1 particularly mention those trees to him and just exactly what your ideas are1 ,i think you will be assured that you will have a future for nut trees4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,thank you1 ,mr4 ,sonnemann4 ,are there any questions you wish to ask on this subject4 ,here is a chance to get free legal advice on the spot4 ,that's unusual4 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,there is one point ,i'd like to bring out1 backing up what the gentleman just said4 ,you know we introduced back in #aibh to #aicf very large numbers of ,chinese and ,japanese chestnuts4 ,most of them went out to state forestry departments and such2 somewhere around a half million trees4 ,we have had some very valuable cooperative orchard plantings1 which have been lost because something happened to the man1 he moved away1 sold his property1 or died4 ,with these gentlemen who have passed away1 experimental orchard plantings and other trees were part of their lives1 but their children1 or whoever inherited the property1 had no interest in continuing the work4 ,we have had the same experience with some agricultural experiment stations where one of the horticulturists is interested in the plantings1 but has moved away1 and we have lost our plantings4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,thank you1 ,dr4 ,gravatt4 ,mr4 ,becker1 do you wish to say something about the ,reed ,memorial8 ,,mr4 ,,becker3 ,this is just a word of appreciation to a number of the ,northern ,nut ,growers members who have helped out with the ,c4 ,a4 ,reed ,memorial4 ,when we organized the ,michigan ,nut ,growers ,association last ,january it was ,professor ,o',rourke's idea to have a memorial at ,mr4 ,reed's home town1 which is ,howell1 ,michigan4 ,with ,mrs4 ,reed's approval we planned as our first project1 planting a nut tree with a suitable plaque in memory of the late ,dr4 ,reed4 ,as a followup1 we issued a little bulletin asking for contributions toward the memorial4 ,we sent these out to people who knew ,mr4 ,reed1 many of whom are among this group4 ,response has been gratifying and we now have approximately #ie toward the tablet4 ,on ,arbor ,day a ,michigan variety of shagbark hickory called the ,abscoda was planted at ,howell on the library grounds4 ,the services were conducted with the cooperation of the ,michigan ,state ,college and the ,livingston ,county garden group4 ,this is a word of appreciation and also to explain what we have done4 ,thank you4 7,applause47 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,we will go on to the next paper1 ,the ,value of a ,tree1 ,ferdinand ,bolten1 ,linton1 ,indiana4 ,mr4 ,bolton4 7,applause47 ,,mr4 ,,bolten3 ,members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association and ladies and gentlemen3 ,i am just a farmer4 ,i am not a speech-maker1 like the lawyer here who makes his living talking4 ,i make my living farming1 and ,i have some ideas1 views that ,i'd like to bring before you4 ,the ,value of a ,tree ,,ferd ,,bolten1 ,linton1 ,ind4 ,members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ladies1 and gentlemen4 ,it may be a little unusual for a fruit grower and farmer to be on this program2 however1 ,i have lived a lifetime working with trees on the same farm ,i was born on sixty-six years ago last ,may4 ,we have one hundred acres of orchard1 several varieties of nut trees1 including ,english walnut1 pecans1 hybrid pecans or hicans1 hickories1 filberts1 hazelnuts1 heart nuts1 butternuts1 black walnuts2 also1 persimmons1 pawpaws1 hybrid oaks and many of the native forest trees4 ,in operating a farm this size1 you naturally get a lot of experience and headaches4 ,a very good friend of mine told me a joke that ,i think fits in with my farm very well4 ,he said a fruit grower delivered a load of apples to the insane asylum4 ,one of the inmates was helping unload the apples4 ,the inmate kept talking about apples1 so the grower asked him if he was ever on a fruit farm4 ,the inmate replied that he was before he came to the asylum and1 in return1 asked the grower if he had ever been in the asylum4 ,the grower replied that he had not4 ,then the inmate said1 ,mr41 ,i have been both places1 and ,i can tell you something4 ,it is a lot nicer here than it is on a fruit farm4 ,my subject is1 ,,the ,,value ,,of ,a ,,tree ,a tree out of its natural habitat sometimes becomes worthless4 ,as an extreme example1 the orange tree in ,indiana has no commercial value and the apple tree in ,florida has no commercial value4 ,therefore1 it seems that we should1 in ,indiana1 endeavor to develop better trees in the trees which are at home here4 ,this includes the native hickory and the black walnut1 hazels1 filberts and the pecans in ,southern ,indiana4 ,personally1 ,i am spending quite a bit of time with the ,crath ,carpathian ,english or ,persian ,walnut4 ,last winter1 ,i lost seven out of fifty trees from some cause1 after they had gone through the winter of #aiej and #aiea1 at a temperature of nineteen below zero without injury4 ,it may have been they were caught last fall by a hard freeze in full foliage1 early before the apples were all picked2 and1 again1 it may be blight4 ,i hope not4 ,but this ,i do know1 the hickory and black walnut in their natural habitat were not injured4 ,i wonder why hickories are so erratic in their bearing habits4 ,could it be the winter rest period8 ,for example1 the peach has to have from seven hundred hours1 in some varieties1 to twelve hundred hours1 in others1 of below forty-five degrees temperature1 or they will not set a good crop of fruit4 ,the value of a variety of peach in ,georgia sometimes is determined by the number of hours of rest period below forty-five degrees that the variety has to have4 ,it has happened that the same variety of peach has produced a good crop in ,northern ,georgia and a poor crop in ,southern ,georgia4 ,where the winter was not as cold in ,indiana we never lose crops from the lack of enough cold weather2 we lose them from sub-zero temperatures4 ,so you see1 the value of a variety in ,georgia is different to ,indiana4 ,the value of a tree may be in the wood or in the food its produces1 or its beauty in winter4 ,many a picture is taken of evergreens covered with snow4 ,its value may be its beauty in summer1 or the coloring of its leaves in the fall4 ,there is also a sentimental value2 a limb that is just right for a child's swing1 the ,constitutional ,elm at ,corydon1 or the ,harrison ,oak at ,north ,bend1 ,ohio4 ,they have a historical value and are visited by many people4 ,a man said to me some time ago1 ,i wonder why ,god made the hicans the cross between the pecans and the hickory8 ,there may be a valuable nut tree show up in the second or third generation of the hybrid trees when certain characteristics begin to revert to the parent trees4 ,i have on my farm some hybrid oaks grafted1 and am very anxious to see them produce acorns so ,i can plant them and watch the results4 ,this hybrid originated in the ,greene and ,sullivan ,county ,forest in ,indiana1 and is called the ,carpenter ,oak after ,mr4 ,carpenter1 the district forester4 ,it is1 apparently1 a cross between the shingle oak and the pin oak because it is comparable with both of them4 ,the value of a tree is not always the one that wins first prize in the show4 ,the best plate of nuts in the show may not be from the most valuable tree1 because it may be biennial in bearing habits1 it may be a shy bearer1 it may be an early bloomer and subject to frost4 ,my most productive ,crath ,carpathian tree is not the best walnut and would not get anywhere in the show1 but it is hardy1 blooms late1 and is productive2 so its value is in these traits4 ,the number of chromosomes in the ,crath ,carpathian walnut may be different4 ,there is quite a difference in the size of nuts produced on individual trees4 ,this indicates that there may be a difference in chromosome count4 ,if this is true1 it will be a great help in improving the size of the nuts produced4 ,it may be of value in pollination4 ,the triploid apple needs to be pollinated by the diploid variety4 ,by setting them close together1 you get a much better set of fruit4 ,sometimes ,i think trees are as temperamental as people4 ,some trees1 especially the apple1 lose their value because they are subject to certain diseases4 ,some are susceptible to scab1 blight1 codling moth1 rots1 blotch1 and other diseases1 to a point where they become worthless as commercial varieties4 ,the honey locust has been considered one of the trees on farms to be destroyed1 because it was thought to be worthless4 ,now1 its value is being found in the correcting of sugar deficiency in dairy cattle4 ,the pods of the honey locust are one of the best foods to correct sugar deficiency and cattle like them and eat them freely4 ,i have on my farm a thornless honey locust that produced ten bushels of pods one year4 ,the honey locust is also a legume and produces nitrogen which1 in turn1 is used by the pasture grasses and makes more pasture for the cattle4 ,the mulberry tree that ripens when cherries are ripe has a value in the fact that every mulberry eaten by a bird saves a cherry and the birds are valuable because they destroy insects that cause the worms in cherries4 ,after observing trees for years1 ,i am convinced that there are certain strains or families of trees in the forest that have outstanding traits4 ,those traits in growth might be dwarfs or they may be giants2 they may have short lives or long lives1 like different varieties of apples4 ,the fruit or seeds may be large or small4 ,i believe as reforestation progresses there will be certain trees located which have value as seed trees and which will improve the forest equal to the improvement in livestock on the farms today4 ,the razor back hog that roamed the forest is gone and has been replaced by animals much improved2 yet1 the forest in which it roamed is the same4 ,now we are turning to man made forests and a chance to improve them by selecting the more valuable trees for our source of seed4 ,in the native hickory and black walnut1 there is a great need for more interest in searching for and preserving the most valuable trees for their cracking quality1 flavor1 and productivity4 ,there have been and are now1 nut trees on farms that were valuable trees1 but were known only to the owner and the small boys of the community4 ,these trees should have been preserved for posterity1 but many of them are lost forever4 ,in forestry1 a tree's value may be in its ability to re-seed itself4 ,in the kinds of pine1 the ,virginia pine is one of the best1 and also1 one of the youngest to produce seed cones4 ,i have counted twenty-five cones on a five year old ,virginia ,pine tree4 ,in forestry1 the red cedar is good to re-seed itself in the area in which it grows4 ,the maple ash1 cotton wood1 and poplar also grow freely from nature's seeding4 ,every tree that grows has a value4 ,the leaves help purify the air2 the persimmon and the tree with a wild grapevine are food for wild life4 ,the old hollow tree is a refuge for the coon and o'possum and other wild life4 ,i have a hollow white oak on my farm ,i let stand because a family of squirrels is raised in it every year4 ,i also have a bee tree and the bees help pollinate my fruit trees so they produce better4 ,a world without trees would be a desolate place4 ,the value of a park is in its trees4 ,i have spoken of the value of trees for the preservation of wild life1 but how do trees affect the life of man and how does man affect tree life8 ,man is the builder or destroyer of tree life2 although the tree is the oldest living thing in plant or animal life1 man is master over trees4 ,a man came into my farm office one day and said1 ,everything in this room either grew from the earth or was mined from the earth4 ,how about everything in this room8 ,the furniture1 the clothing you wear1 the ring on your finger1 the glass in the windows1 etc48 ,let us think for a minute1 what are the things of the greatest value in this room8 ,we have an organization1 ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,it did not grow from the earth1 there is knowledge of science here1 there are doctors' degrees 7,i wish ,i had one71 there is ambition1 honesty1 love1 pride1 and patriotism4 ,man's knowledge is the key4 ,what he leaves alone or what he destroys4 ,so the greatest value is man's knowledge4 ,after all1 the greatest values are the things that come from the minds and the hearts of men4 ,by man's efforts1 we find or develop these valuable trees4 ,the value of a home is increased by trees4 ,the love of trees and the pride in owning a home is hard to separate4 ,the privilege in ,america to own a home and plant a tree on your own ground is of great value4 ,it has been said that he1 who plants a tree1 is truly a servant of ,god4 ,i sometimes wonder if this great value of the privilege of owning a piece of ground and building a home and planting a tree is in danger of being lost under the present creeping grip of socialism and communism4 ,this privilege of planting and owning a tree is of greater value than any tree1 and we must not lose this valuable inheritance in ,america4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,mr4 ,magill1 are you all set with your program8 ,,mr4 ,,magill3 ,yes1 sir4 ,this is to be a discussion of ,methods of ,getting ,better ,annual ,crops on ,black ,walnut--,a symposium led by ,w4 ,w4 ,magill 7,kentucky7--,discussion by a panel made up of ,w4 ,g4 ,tatum1 ,spencer ,chase1 ,w4 ,b4 ,ward and ,mr4 ,schlagenbusch4 ,will those men come here8 ,we will get started4 ,my business in life is ,extension peddler down in ,kentucky1 working on fruits and nuts and berries1 and naturally that takes me into a good many counties4 ,we have #abj1 and ,i have been in all of them4 ,some places didn't have anything1 so no reason to go back4 ,but ,i pick up a lot of conversation1 people give you ideas and things to think about4 ,we were talking about the conditions of the world--everybody's got a good job and plenty of money and biggest incomes that the country has ever known4 ,that's true1 but if you take down in the hills and hollows into some places that ,i go and you take the financial status of certain of those families1 it's not measured in thousands of dollars1 some cases not hardly measured in hundreds of dollars4 ,it's measured in terms of gratuities and things to eat and not measured by greenbacks1 and the families don't pay income tax4 ,last fall ,i was out on a farm in the foothills some #gj miles from ,lexington1 in a place that most of you folks wouldn't want to live in and call home1 a little farm1 probably #af acres1 with a widow lady probably #fe years old1 living there with her daughter4 ,and among other things1 she said1 ,mr4 ,magill1 ,i understand that you are supposed to know something about nuts4 ,see that tree standing right out there8 ,she says1 ,i will give you a #bj bill if you will tell me how to make that nut tree bear annual crops4 ,well1 ,i was a little bit surprised4 ,i listened1 and ,i got to asking her questions4 ,some member of the family had gone to ,chicago years ago1 and she knew about all the black walnut packing firms in ,kentucky4 ,this relative had worked in the market1 and had indicated she could get a dollar a pound for all the nut meats she would pick out and send to this relative in ,chicago4 ,and that nut tree meant about #cj to #ce dollars a year when it had a crop but only bore every other year4 ,well1 that drove home just a little more to me than ever before the question of why certain nut trees bore and others didn't bear4 ,to that lady there it meant #cj the year it bore and no income from that tree on the year it didn't bear4 ,and she stood there beside the home and pointed out other trees that bore regularly4 ,and she said1 ,why do they bear regular crops and this good tree that makes so many fine1 big kernels bears every other year8 ,that's a challenge ,i am throwing out to this audience today to all the members on this panel4 ,i am hoping that ,pappy ,ward or ,friend ,chase will answer that question completely4 ,the thing ,i have in mind1 is that in a group like we have here today1 as many nuts as we have got here1 if we think about this question and talk to the folks back home1 ,i believe in a year or two we can have worked out and have printed in the records of the report some pretty reasonable answers as to why nut trees don't bear1 or why they bear heavy crops on certain years and are off certain years4 ,mr4 ,ward1 ,i know you have observed this over a period of years4 ,what1 in your opinion1 is the one factor that is more responsible for this alternate bearing of black walnuts8 ,why ,black ,walnuts ,fail to ,bear ,satisfactory ,crops ,w4 ,b4 ,,ward1 ,department of ,horticulture1 ,purdue ,university1 ,lafayette1 ,ind4 ,when man or nature1 and sometimes both1 change the natural habits of a tree1 most anything can happen4 ,there are years when the black walnut sets very few fruits either on the seedling trees or trees of named varieties4 ,some few trees have alternate years of production1 while other trees bear annually and some not at all4 ,good results and good crops may be expected only when several factors are normal and conditions favorable4 ,after twenty years of keeping records and observations on nut trees and through correspondence with other growers1 ,i consider the main reason for crop failure or light production to be climatic conditions and the weather for an entire year4 ,the black walnut produces a pistillate flower at the end of the present season's growth4 ,the staminate flowers1 or catkins1 come from last year's wood4 ,good growing conditions are desirable for wood growth and fruit bud formation and any retarding of growth the previous season means little or no production4 ,winter injury to wood and bud1 diseases or insects attacking the foliage1 soil moisture1 and summer temperatures will lower tree vitality4 ,there are times when strong vigorous trees fail to fruit which could be due to a high or low carbohydrate-nitrogen balance4 ,soil type1 plant food1 age of tree1 and location will have some influence on annual or even biennial production but yet are not the all important reasons for light crops4 ,the pollen of the black walnut is mostly wind borne as few insects ever visit the flowers and pollination is dependent on wind borne pollen4 ,trees planted in groups and close together are generally more productive than trees planted in orchard rows even as close as #dj' by #dj'4 ,when the weather is cold and rainy during bloom1 one should not expect much of a crop4 ,the staminate flowers opened early in ,indiana the years of #aiej1 #aiea1 and #aieb4 ,the weather was more or less ideal during the time the catkins had elongated and about ready to shed pollen4 ,this warm spell was followed by a fairly cool weather and considerable rain1 which delayed the opening of the pistillate flowers1 consequently the pollen dried and was lost before the pistil was receptive4 ,the few walnut trees in the ,university plantation have always had the best of care4 ,the trees have been mulched1 fertilized 7both through root and leaf feedings71 sprayed1 cultivated and seeded to grass with the grass clipped4 ,the trees are some distance away from other seedling walnuts and a bit off the beaten path of the right direction of the spring winds4 ,the varieties are ,ohio1 ,stambaugh1 ,stabler1 ,rohwer1 and ,thomas4 ,when the spring weather is balmy at flowering time1 the trees bear a respectable crop but let the weather change to cool and moist and then that is the time one begins to think about calling up the sawmill to see if there is any need for some good walnut logs4 ,,mr4 ,,magill3 ,that's a mighty good discussion4 ,i see ,mr4 ,ward has been observing walnut trees closer than ,i assumed he had4 ,mr4 ,chase1 ,i know you have seen a lot of things in ,tennessee that you are not going to tell us about1 but ,i suggest that you discuss some of the things you have observed about walnut trees bearing anywhere4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,alternate bearing has been a problem with fruits and nuts since time immemorial4 ,i know a tremendous amount of work has been done with the apple1 which has a definite biennial bearing habit4 ,there have been all sorts of things tried to make it bear annual crops1 and as far as ,i know1 there has not been anything effective developed along that line4 ,of course1 there are varieties of apples that tend to bear annual crops4 ,as ,mr4 ,ward brought out--he took all my thunder1 so ,i don't have much to say--a tree may set a heavy crop of nuts one year because frost or poor pollination the year before destroyed the crop so that a large amount of carbohydrates were built up in the tree4 ,now1 the tree in producing a heavy crop of well filled nuts utilizes every bit of carbohydrates it has stored and can manufacture4 ,while it is doing this the terminal bud is being formed for next year's crop1 and if there isn't a sufficient amount of carbohydrates in the tree at that critical period1 there is not likely to be a flower bud formed4 ,this is not limited just to walnuts1 but occurs with nearly all fruits and nuts1 with the possible exception of the chestnut4 ,we made a study which was reported in the #aidf report by ,mr4 ,zarger in which he reported the bearing habits of some #ace trees over a #aj-year period1 and there were definite bearing cycles1 or bearing habits4 ,it was not always an on year followed by an off year1 but possibly two years in a row1 then nothing4 ,there were some trees that went three years without a crop1 then a crop4 ,very few1 however1 had annual crops1 and the annual crops were heavy or moderately heavy1 followed by what we consider a light crop4 ,these trees were scattered through seven states and1 of course1 conditions were not the same4 ,they were all seedling trees1 but careful records were kept on the bearing habits4 ,there was a group of trees that could not be classified into any definite bearing habit4 ,in those instances we suspected unfavorable weather at pollination time1 but as a general rule1 in our section ,i don't believe we are concerned with that factor4 ,the ,thomas1 which we can watch carefully in a nearby orchard1 is definitely on one year and off the next4 ,quite a few are on one year and off two years4 ,we haven't found any way to make that an annual crop1 because when it sets a crop1 it sets a bumper crop1 and there is simply not enough food in the tree to set a sufficient number of fruit buds for the following year's crop4 ,i am sure that a lot of you folks have observed this1 and ,i think1 ,mr4 ,magill1 that you might sound out some of them4 ,,mr4 ,,magill3 ,going back to an observation ,i made as a kid1 money didn't grow in bushes around our place1 and back in those days you could go out and kill ten rabbits and sell them for #h cents apiece1 and if you only used #d cents apiece for ammunition1 you have made #dj cents off of the deal and had #bj worth of fun1 and that was a good day's work4 ,you remember those days1 ,pappy8 ,back in those same times1 ,i used to get money out of hauling black walnuts to an old corn sheller and having people who didn't have an interest in the corn sheller sell them for #ej cents a bushel4 ,that was also pin money4 ,come in mighty useful4 ,we had a certain group of trees on the farm ,i was raised on that bore every other year1 and ,i can think of two fields where we rearranged the fences in such a way as to make pasture fields out of them1 and two of those trees were where #ae or #bj cattle pastured4 ,these were the only shade trees1 and naturally they manured those trees4 ,and ,i recall for a few years ,i was getting annual crops from them4 ,apparently they got something supplied by cattle that they didn't have otherwise4 ,others in the foothills of ,kentucky1 have come to the same conclusion4 ,i know a man who has pecan holdings in ,alabama4 ,he told me up to the time he got the farm the trees had a few blooms but wouldn't set pecans4 ,he applied #ae mineral elements and claims to have got results from it4 ,i have talked to at least three people in my travelling around who tried the same treatment on pecans1 one in ,georgia1 one in ,alabama and one in ,mississippi4 ,they reported that they had improved yield on pecans by using complete mineral fertilizer4 ,that's in addition to nitrogen1 phosphorus and potassium4 ,i am foolish enough to think that that nice1 young orchard of ,mrs4 ,weber's would make an excellent place to try it4 ,i understand that the trees are not behaving as well as they should4 ,i'd like for ,ford ,wilkinson to be made chairman of a committee to see that they are fertilized according to some kind of a schedule that could be worked out and do some observing4 ,that is one of the few places ,i know of in the several states that would be as adequately laid out4 ,i'd like to see a complete fertilizer including nine or ten mineral elements used4 ,i don't mean spend a lot of money1 but you can do a lot of observing for relatively few dollars4 ,i just throw that out as a hint4 ,i would like to open up this discussion4 ,mr4 ,bolten talked a while ago about things he was growing out of the ground1 or out of minerals4 ,everything comes from the ground1 and ,i reckon you'd say this ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association is a little like ,topsy1 it just developed1 as the fellow about the weeds4 ,he said they weren't created1 they just come all at once4 ,now ,i believe that out of this ,northern ,nut ,growers assembly here that we have got some keen observers that might have something on their minds they want to tell us about4 ,who wants to speak first8 ,,mr4 ,,caldwell3 ,this is just an observation ,i am throwing out for the benefit of those who are here4 ,i spent some time in ,china1 and ,i was interested in the fact that their walnuts there produced yearly crops4 ,in trying to find out why they produced yearly crops1 ,i also discovered that their persimmons1 their plums and their peaches did the same thing4 ,the reason for that apparently goes back to their mythology4 ,they believe in signs and doing certain things according to certain seasons of the year1 and one of the things that they did was to gather together in the dark of the moon on one particular night at a certain time and beat the living daylights out of these trees with big bamboo clubs4 ,i wouldn't suggest that people here do that1 but it's been known to foresters quite a while that by transplanting or severely pruning or girdling trees that you could produce fruits on these trees the following year4 ,apparently the ,chinese so injured the cambium during the severe beating that they have caused that wound stimulus to induce the formation of flower buds for the following year4 ,by so doing in their ,english or ,persian walnuts they did have yearly crops4 ,i have seen this myself1 and ,i checked back to see why4 ,perhaps they could explain it4 ,the only explanation we made was not fertilizing1 but in the wounding of the cambium4 ,now1 perhaps there could be something done of that nature for walnuts1 but ,i wouldn't suggest getting around and beating the trees up4 ,,mr4 ,,magill3 ,in that connection1 one man in ,kentucky got the same answer4 ,he said about five years ago a cyclone came through there and blew the chimney off the house and uprooted a number of apple trees and leaned over three walnut trees1 and he said they have borne five crops in succession4 ,now1 this is the same story that you have got there4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,i'd just like to remark that ,i think that's a sort of negative approach4 ,i noticed a boy who had an apple tree that was about to die4 ,he girdled it and got a tremendous crop of blossom4 ,you probably have secured the same results4 ,that is one of ,nature's ways to perpetuate itself4 ,but ,i think there a constructive angle in those trees that respond to nitrogenous fertilizer or manure4 ,i believe the secret1 if there is a secret1 is that a tree in bearing a crop exhausts itself more or less4 ,it recuperates the following year and then is ready to bear another crop4 ,and the way to meet that situation is to fertilize heavily1 especially with nitrogen1 the season of the heavy crop so that you will have not only enough leaf growth to produce that crop1 but to build up nutrients the following year4 ,i believe that will help break the cycle and establish more regularity4 ,some trees do that themselves2 that is1 they will bear a moderate crop every year4 ,i have the ,land walnut at home4 ,it bears every year4 ,certain chestnuts will bear every year1 not excessive crops1 but ,hobson bears a pretty good crop every year4 ,i believe the secret of breaking that on-and-off cycle is to fertilize heavily the year of production not the year of non-production4 ,if you apply nitrogen on the off year you produce perhaps an excess of wood growth that year and overbearing the following year4 ,,mr4 ,,magill3 ,referring to apples1 any of you apple growers well know that the ,golden ,delicious and ,york ,imperial grow crops in alternate years4 ,now1 you come along with hormone sprays and take half or two-thirds of the young fruits off soon after the trees blossom and throw them into regular production4 ,that's the same thing that you are talking about1 ,mr4 ,stoke4 ,i never heard of anybody thinning walnuts4 ,i don't know whether they do or not4 ,a lot of things ,i don't know1 but ,i don't know of anybody ever thinning walnuts1 except squirrels4 ,,mr4 ,,ward3 ,last year a lady from ,kokomo1 ,indiana1 wrote me that she had a very fine walnut tree growing near ,mr4 ,bolten's place in ,greene ,county1 and as far as she could remember that tree had borne an annual crop for the past #gj years4 ,i wrote to ,mr4 ,bolten asking him to investigate4 ,if ,i remember correctly1 these trees were grown in the poorest possible place4 ,is that right1 ,mr4 ,bolten8 ,,mr4 ,,bolten3 ,yes4 ,,mr4 ,,ward3 ,there were two or three trees right close together that had a nice crop and the ground was covered with a lot of nice nuts which ,mr4 ,bolten thought worth propagating1 and he has a tree already started4 ,we have other varieties that we call the ,saul1 the ,goose ,creek and the ,alley1 which are all seedlings and which have produced almost every year with about the same size of crop4 ,in our own planting1 at the ,university1 we have tried a lot of things without telling anybody about it4 ,every once in a while the boys mow the orchard1 and have bruised and barked a lot of these trees with no effect whatever on bearing4 ,we have time and time again taken the ,stambaugh1 ,ohio1 ,thomas1 ,stabler1 and ,aurora and have given them a good shot of fertilizer in the spring after a rain1 and have produced wonderful growth in all of those years but still had only a light crop4 ,a few years ago some of the boys were spraying the apple orchard with ,nu-,green and ,urea at the rate of #e pounds to #ajj gallons of water1 and had a little extra4 ,they said1 ,well1 we don't like ,ward's nut trees over there1 we will put this stuff on them1 and if it kills them1 that's all right1 and if they live1 that's all right1 too4 ,they gave them some feeding throughout the summer and we haven't found any different results4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,may ,i say just one more thing to clarify my suggestion8 ,i was assuming that potash and phosphate were present in sufficient quantity4 ,what ,i wanted was leaf growth to store up energy and nutrients for the following year and to apply that on the year of heavy crop1 so besides maturing the crop1 it will provide that leaf growth1 and not in the year of no crop4 ,,mr4 ,,ward3 ,we have tried that both ways1 and going back1 ,mr4 ,stoke1 again to the lack of pollination1 it seems like both the pistillate and staminate flowers are there1 but they just don't set a crop of fruit4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,one thing more ,i wanted to say1 and it slipped my mind4 ,we know any tree that grows too rapidly will not produce seed nor fruit1 and excess nitrogen on apple or walnut or anything else will not cause the formation of fruit buds1 but the normal amount is necessary for the formation of buds4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,we have even got alternate bearing on persimmons in ,urbana now4 ,trees that bore extremely heavily didn't bloom this year4 ,,mr4 ,,magill3 ,we hill-billies have been taking a pass at that4 ,i wonder if ,dr4 ,slate couldn't give us some scientific facts about this4 ,how about it1 ,slate8 ,,dr4 ,,slate3 ,mr4 ,caldwell's remarks about the beating of the walnut trees in ,china reminds me of an ancient saying that1 ,a dog1 a woman1 a walnut tree1 the more you beat them the better they be4 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,one of my seedlings began to bear seven years ago1 and has borne steadily every year exceptionally large crops4 ,it never failed until this year1 and the only explanation that ,i can give is that just as the bloom was incepted we had continuous rains4 ,there was no pollination of that tree1 whereas other trees that were receptive at other times are pretty well filled4 ,out of two or three thousand trees you will find some exceptional ones4 ,i have some that bear fairly good crops but do not fill4 ,walnut trees are just as different from each other as are apple trees4 ,there are some things you can't do anything about at all1 and weather is one of the things4 ,one shouldn't be too much mystified by an occasional failure1 because it may be due to continuous rains during the period of pollination and when they are receptive4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,this matter of alternate bearing is one that has plagued the pomologist for a great many years1 and one in which we made little progress1 with apples for example1 until with hormone sprays the trees could be thinned very early in the year4 ,any thinning done after the fruit was the size of your thumb was too late4 ,however1 now that the fruit can be thinned when it is very young1 real progress is being made in securing annual bearing on varieties that previously were a serious problem in alternate bearing4 ,the failure to fruit is due to many different factors4 ,some of these are external such as frost and rain at pollen shedding4 ,there is nothing you can do about these4 ,other factors are internal and determine the formation of fruit buds4 ,if the tree is carrying an exceptionally heavy crop1 the chances are it will not have enough of the material which determines the setting of buds to form buds for the following year4 ,with the apples we can do something about this by thinning the crop at the time it blooms4 ,with walnuts1 ,i don't see how we are going to do it4 ,fertilization is another approach4 ,certainly we should make conditions just as favorable as possible for growth and for the development of the buds and by all means control insects and diseases4 ,if you do not have a good leaf surface good crops will not be set the next year4 ,it's a complex problem1 but ,i don't think it is insoluble4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 in connection with this matter of annual bearing of black walnut trees we believe that in doing all sorts of things you will not influence the yielding of most of our black walnut varieties4 ,the black walnut1 ,juglans nigra is probably--some of us think1 at least--constituted genetically in such a way that the varieties we have do not yield annual crops simply because they are not constituted that way4 ,i know some of you may disagree with me1 but one of the greatest arguments for this idea is the fact that in some of our other nut species we do have varieties that are genetically heavy producers4 ,for instance1 we have a selection of ,chinese chestnuts right now that will bear annual crops on the poorest soil under any conditions imaginable4 ,you can graft scions of that tree on other stocks and plant them anywhere you choose under differing conditions and it will have a heavy set of burs4 ,it may not fill the nuts1 it may not attain the size1 but genetically speaking1 inherently it is a heavy bearer4 ,perhaps our black walnut species are inherently not annual producers4 ,this is hard to prove1 ,i admit1 because the breeding of the species takes so long that we cannot actually demonstrate it4 ,we have felt also that the black walnut species as a whole does not have the characteristics of thin shells and good cracking qualities that we want4 ,for this reason we have begun a program of crossing the black walnut with the ,english or ,persian walnut1 in order to get the thin shell that we want from the other species4 ,perhaps the same thing is true in the question of yield and the species as a whole does not have the characteristic of yielding heavy annual crops4 ,,mr4 ,,magill3 ,i think we can readily see that we haven't settled this problem but it is time to close the discussion4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,the next paper that we have is by ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke of ,roanoke1 ,virginia1 ,survey on ,hickory ,varieties4 ,mr4 ,stoke is the chairman of our ,survey ,committee4 ,last year he brought us very valuable information about walnuts1 and this year he is going to talk about the hickories4 ,mr4 ,stoke4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,they delegated the job to the ,survey ,committee to make a hickory survey for this year1 using the different state and provincial and national vice-presidents to collect the data4 ,i am going to read this4 ,the #aieb ,hickory ,survey ,by the ,survey ,committee ,h4 ,f4 ,,stoke1 ,chairman ,in compiling this report the pecan has been omitted from the list4 ,as it is the most important member of the hickory group it was felt that the national and state pecan associations are far more competent to compile complete and reliable data on the species than is this organization4 ,the response by our vice-presidents to the questionnaire sent out has been rather disappointing1 replies having been received from slightly less than half their number4 ,it is apparent that interest in the hickory is considerably less than in the black walnut1 which was surveyed in #aiea4 ,perhaps the most beloved and widely distributed of the hickories is the shagbark1 ,carya ovata4 ,it is reported from ,massachusetts on the east to southeastern ,minnesota1 southward to ,texas and eastward to the ,carolinas where it mingles with and is sometimes confused with the scalybark4 ,in the opinion of many the superb distinctive flavor of its nuts is not equaled by those of any species4 ,the domain of the ,shellbark or ,kingnut ,c4 laciniosa lies within the same area but is slightly less extensive4 ,like the pecan1 it is partial to the rich alluvial bottom lands along streams and is seldom found elsewhere4 ,it occurs rarely in ,virginia and ,north ,carolina1 and there only in the ,appalachian area4 ,the ,scalybark or southern ,shagbark1 ,c4 ,carolina septentrionalis1 is reported only by ,virginia1 ,west ,virginia and the ,carolinas4 ,the ,white ,hickory or ,mockernut1 ,c4 alba1 covers the ,south and is reported as far north as ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio and ,indiana and1 rarely1 in ,michigan4 ,it is found from the ,atlantic coast to east ,texas4 ,the widely distributed ,bitternut1 ,c4 cordiformis1 covers virtually the same territory as the shagbark4 ,the ,sweet ,pignut1 ,c4 glabra1 is reported from ,new ,hampshire to ,wisconsin and southward to ,north ,carolina4 ,its south-westward occurrence has not been defined in reports received4 ,in addition to these better-known species1 the ,water ,hickory1 ,c4 aquatica1 is reported from ,louisiana1 and the ,black ,hickory1 ,c4 buckleyi1 from ,indiana and ,texas4 ,in an unusually full report ,indiana lists all of sixteen hickory species and sub-species as appearing in ,the ,flora of ,indiana1 a book by ,mr4 ,charles ,deam1 former ,state ,forester4 ,the list follows4 #a4 ,c4 pecan #b4 ,c4 cordiformis #c4 ,c4 ovata #c;a4 ,c4 ovata1 var1 fraxinifolia #c;b4 ,c4 ovata1 var4 nuttali #d4 ,c4 laciniosa #e4 ,c4 tomentosa 7alba7 #e;a4 ,c4 tomentosa var4 subcoriacea #f4 ,c4 glabra #f;a4 ,c4 glabra var4 megacarpa #g4 ,c4 ovalis #g;a1 b1 c4 ,c4 ovalis var4 odorata #g;d4 ,c4 ovalis var4 obovalis #g;e4 ,c4 ovalis var4 obcordata #h4 ,c4 ovalis var4 pallida #i4 ,c4 ovalis var4 buckleyi ,doubtless many sub-species and variants are actually hybrids of obscure ancestry4 ,virginia has many such4 ,there is no reason to doubt that the hickories will grow anywhere ecological conditions approximate those of their native habitat4 ,this is true in the ,pacific coast states4 ,mr4 ,julio ,grandjean1 of ,hillerod1 ,denmark1 reports that there are several white hickories1 ,c4 alba or ,c4 tomentosa1 growing in the ,horsholm ,royal ,park that were planted about #agij4 ,there is no reason to believe that such northern species as the shellbark and shagbark would not also succeed4 ,he reports winter-killing of pecans from southern sources4 ,inasmuch as extreme winter temperatures in ,denmark are less than in some places where the pecan is grown here1 it would appear that the more northern strains should succeed there1 though lack of summer heat would prevent the maturing of nuts4 ,there appears to be much less interest in planting hickories on home grounds than the value of the species justifies4 ,only five states1 ,indiana1 ,ohio1 ,michigan1 ,pennsylvania and ,west ,virginia1 indicated any local interest4 ,in each case the shagbark was the preferred species4 ,apparently we must still depend on the much-abused squirrel for the future of the hickory4 ,r4 ,e4 ,hodgson of the ,southeast ,experiment ,station1 ,waseca1 ,minn41 reports #ae named varieties of hickory under test1 but no evaluation of their worth can be made as yet4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,dunstan of ,greensboro1 ,north ,carolina1 has also a considerable number of hickory varieties under more advanced test4 ,results have been highly variable4 ,he finds that ,schinnerling has filled poorly2 ,whitney and ,shaul are ,excellent growers and highly satisfactory bearers4 ,whitney1 however1 with a kernel of superb quality1 cracks poorly and the husk is thick and heavy4 ,shaul is reported as having a rather thin kernel and cracking poorly1 also4 ,romig1 that has been late in coming into bearing1 is described as producing a large1 handsome nut of good quality that cracks unusually well4 ,grainger1 good in other respects1 has borne light crops as also have ,glover and ,weschcke4 ,fox is described as superb in every respect except cracking quality4 ,among the hicans1 ,burton is declared to be outstanding in vigor and health of tree1 and production of good regular crops of delicious nuts that crack well4 ,it is interesting to note that in his extensive hickory experiments ,dr4 ,dunstan is using pecan stocks4 ,he uses the bark-slot method of grafting and hot wax compounded of #aj parts resin1 #b parts beeswax and one part ,kieselguhr4 ,both method and wax he finds highly successful4 ,dr4 ,dunstan also reports a ,mahan pecan grafted on a white or mockernut hickory stock that produces heavy crops of well-filled nuts4 ,this is an exceptional performance for this variety4 ,mr4 ,fayette ,etter1 of ,pennsylvania1 supports ,dr4 ,dunstan in the use of pecan stocks for hickories4 ,he states that the young trees grow more rapidly in the nursery1 transplant better1 and grow faster thereafter than when on hickory stocks4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,hirschi1 of ,oklahoma reports that in the hilly blackjack country of southeastern ,oklahoma the scrub has been cleared away and a #dj-;acre project of grafting the native hickory 7probably white or mockernut7 with pecan has been established4 ,the land has been terraced and is cropped with cotton4 ,the results have been so satisfactory that this plot in one year carried off more prizes on pecans than any other entry within the state4 ,mr4 ,harald ,e4 ,hammar reports from ,louisiana that there has been some grafting of pecan on hickory1 species not specified4 ,the older trees show a decided overgrowth of the hickory stock by the more vigorous pecan1 in some cases the diameter being almost double above the graft of that below4 ,in virtually all cases of topworking hickory on pecan1 or vice versa1 the bark slot graft has been used4 ,in point of preference of named varieties1 ,michigan suggests ,abscoda1 ,ohio suggests ,stafford1 while ,pennsylvania recommends ,glover1 ,goheen1 ,whitney and ,weschcke1 in that order4 ,in naming the insects and diseases that attack the hickories1 ,pennsylvania offers the following rather appalling list3 ,nut curculio ,hickory shuckworm ,galls ,spider mites ,twig girdlers ,fall web worm ,pecan phylloxera ,black pecan aphids ,flathead apple borer ,other unnamed borers ,those that know ,mr4 ,etter will understand that this formidable list is due to his excellent powers of observation and his integrity rather than to the likelihood that the state of ,pennsylvania is worse plagued with insects than others4 ,dr4 ,dunstan lists leaf-spot along with some of those listed above1 but adds that none are generally serious4 ,this is corroborated by other reporters4 ,wild nuts are generally harvested for home use4 ,commercial marketing1 reported by ,pennsylvania1 ,indiana1 ,west ,virginia1 ,virginia and ,north ,carolina1 is in all cases local4 ,usually the nuts are marketed whole1 but occasionally home-picked kernels are sold4 ,good stands of second-growth shagbark hickory are reported in ,pennsylvania4 ,kansas reports limited shellbark and bitternut stands4 ,west ,virginia reports considerable stands of young shagbark and pignut1 while ,north ,carolina reports small stands of mockernut4 ,the industrial use of hickory reached its height in the horse and buggy days4 ,nothing equalled its strong1 tough wood for the wheels and running gears of horse-drawn vehicles4 ,old-timers will recall hoop poles1 tall slender young saplings of shagbark hickory that were split and fashioned with the drawshave into barrel hoops4 ,the market for hickory still remains1 however4 ,it is universally used for hand tool handles1 if obtainable4 ,in the mountains of the ,south hickory splints are still woven into imperishable baskets and chair seats4 ,louisiana insists it is still the only fuel for roasting barbecue and there is1 indeed1 no finer wood fuel of any species4 ,those propagating hickory trees for sale and distribution should be given every encouragement4 ,they are contributing a real patriotic service4 ,no tree is more characteristically ,american4 ,except for a related species in ,china1 it is found nowhere else in the world4 ,in beauty1 utility and durability no tree has greater appeal4 ,who plants a hickory plants for generations unborn4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,if there are any misstatements1 ,i'd be glad to have them publicly corrected4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,thank you1 ,mr4 ,stoke4 ,the comment that you made that there wasn't as much enthusiasm about the hickory as about the black walnut1 although true1 is not the way ,i personally feel about it4 ,i have at ,ithaca a number of trees of various kinds of nuts1 and ,i think that the enjoyment ,i get out of the hickories1 which we grow1 is as great or greater than that from the black walnuts4 ,the ,davis hickory is one of the best that matures1 the ,wilcox--that's an ,ohio nut--probably has a bushel and a half of nuts in the shuck this year1 and the ,kentucky will give a pretty good record4 ,of about #bj varieties1 those are the only ones which amount to anything1 and we have a fairly good selection4 ,there was a good deal said about stocks in ,mr4 ,stoke's discussion4 ,we have a short paper here by ,gilbert ,smith on his experience with stocks1 and ,i have asked ,mr4 ,chase to read it4 ,mr4 ,smith began topworking seedling trees on a side hill many years ago and has trees of good size at the present time4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,this is a short discussion of several species of hickory which ,mr4 ,smith has used as stocks to graft named varieties4 ,a ,discussion of ,hickory ,stocks ,gilbert ,l4 ,smith1 ,rt4 #b1 ,millerton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,this is a discussion of several species of hickory as stocks on which to graft the named varieties of shagbark1 shellbark and hybrid hickories4 ,we have never had any experience grafting pecan as we are too far north for it4 ,this paper is limited to the species with which we have had experience4 ,,sweet ,,pignut1 ,carya ovalis ,this species will be discussed first because it is the poorest stock of any of the hickory species which we have used4 ,this is probably because it is a tetraploid while the shagbark1 shellbark and hybrids are diploids4 ,we have grafted many of the named varieties of hickory onto pignut stocks1 using several thousand scions4 ,we have found only one variety 7the ,davis shagbark7 that will grow on pignut stock4 ,we have heard of one or two others but have never tried them4 ,nearly all varieties grow well the first season but fail to leaf out the following spring4 ,they appear to winterkill4 ,davis has continued to grow on it for over fifteen years but growth is slower than on shagbark or bitternut stocks4 ,,pignut1 ,carya glabra ,i have never been able to positively identify this species of pignut4 ,pignuts growing here vary considerably in roughness of the bark1 some being smooth while others are as rough as the shagbark4 ,in other respects they are essentially the same1 all having seven leaflets per leaf4 ,however1 ,i have observed a very few pignut trees having smooth bark and five leaflets per leaf4 ,the leaves are finer and smaller than on the seven leaflet trees4 ,these may be the glabra species1 but if so1 grafting results have been no better on these than on the seven leaflet trees4 ,as nursery stock the pignuts are worthless4 ,however if one has some nice young pignut trees growing where he wants them1 it is feasible to graft them to ,davis or some other variety which has proven its ability to grow on pignut stocks4 ,it is not advisable to graft hickory trees growing in dense woods4 ,,mockernut1 ,carya alba ,while the mockernut is also a tetraploid1 it is a somewhat better stock than the pignuts1 in that more of the named varieties will grow on it and as the mockernut is faster growing than the pignut1 such grafts will usually grow faster4 ,it is of little value as a nursery stock1 but if one has young mockernut trees growing where hickory trees are wanted1 they would be somewhat better to graft than would pignut trees4 ,one would at least have a larger selection of varieties and the grafts would grow faster4 ,,pecan1 ,carya illinoiensis ,while we have read many favorable reports on the use of the pecan as a stock on which to graft shagbark1 shellbark and hybrid hickories1 our own experiences with it have not been very favorable4 ,this may be due to the fact that we have used only two varieties of shagbark on pecan-stocks and may have happened to use two varieties that are not well adapted to pecan4 ,pecan seedlings are much faster growing than are shagbark seedlings and for this reason would be valuable as a nursery stock if satisfactory in other respects4 ,,bitternut1 ,carya cordiformis ,all of our experiences with bitternut as a stock1 both in the nursery and as young trees growing in permanent locations1 have been very favorable4 ,we have heard reports of grafts failing on bitternut stocks after a few years growth4 ,all such reports have come from regions considerably farther south than our location4 ,it may be that the bitternut does not thrive as well in the ,south as it does here4 ,bitternut seedlings are much faster growing than are shagbark seedlings4 ,this is of considerable value in the nursery4 ,,shagbark1 ,carya ovata ,the shagbark makes the best stock on which to graft the named varieties of shagbark1 shellbark and hybrid hickories4 ,however it has one very serious drawback in that young shagbark seedlings are so very slow growing4 ,it usually takes five or more years to grow a shagbark stock from seed to a size large enough to graft in the nursery row4 ,however1 when shagbark stocks are large enough to be grafted1 all of the named varieties we have grafted onto it have grown well4 ,,shellbark1 ,carya laciniosa ,we have never had any experience with shellbark seedlings as stocks1 but as it is so similar to the shagbark1 ,i expect that it would make a good stock4 ,the production of grafted hickory trees is a serious problem in the nursery1 taking many years to grow the stocks and the grafted trees are difficult to transplant1 resulting in a high rate of mortality4 ,however1 the grafting of young hickory trees growing in a permanent location is not difficult1 and such grafts will grow much faster and bear younger than will grafted hickory trees from a nursery4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,my experience with bitternut stock with only two varieties1 the ,strever #a and the ,champigne1 has not been good4 ,the grafts have been stunted1 the stocks have tended to sprout and make vigorous growth1 and the fruiting has been sparse4 ,neither have ,i had success with the pecan stock with only three varieties4 ,the trees have been very slow coming into bearing and have made rather stubby growth4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,i was about to remark that we have had similar experience at ,urbana with bitternut stock with pecan and shagbark varieties4 ,it warps the shagbark and very likely those trees won't live long4 ,we have already lost the ,weschke hickory grafted on bitternut4 ,,mr4 ,,craig3 ,have you tried hickory on pecan8 ,the pecan is ,o4 ,k4 there4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,tomorrow we are to have a round table on hickory propagation and suggest that further discussion of stocks might be left until then4 ,has anyone any comments on hickory varieties8 ,,mr4 ,,keplinger3 7,north ,central ,michigan7 ,i was born and raised in ,saginaw ,county where the ,saginaw ,river is fed by five or six different runs and you have prairie farms4 ,more hickories grow there than any place in the ,united ,states--enormous size4 ,we think we have better hickories than anyone4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,why couldn't you send some in for testing8 ,mr4 ,becker would be glad to take them4 ,any other discussion on hickory varieties8 ,how many are growing the ,wilcox8 7#e hands74 ,how many find it a good variety8 7,two74 ,how many have ,davis8 7,three74 ,the shucks are fairly thin1 compared with the ,wilcox4 ,who else has a variety that is doing very well8 ,we ought to have a hickory show here sometime and see who has the best hickory4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i'd like to ask if anyone has the variety ,lingenfelter4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,we have it at ,ithaca2 doesn't mature4 ,,dr4 ,mc,k,a,y3 ,we have two varieties at ,beltsville that are outstanding as far as bearing is concerned4 ,one is ,lingenfelter1 which has been a consistent bearer for us for a number of years1 and the variety ,shaul1 that was mentioned in ,mr4 ,stokes' report and has been mentioned here before1 is a very good producer4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,what species is the ,shaul1 is it ovata or laciniosa8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,it's ovata4 ,it's a shagbark1 as also is ,lingenfelter4 ,the one characteristic that is outstanding with these two varieties with us is the fact that they bear while they are young trees2 from the time our trees were as tall as one's head1 they have been full of nuts4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,have you fruited the ,weschke at ,beltsville8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,no4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,how about the ,barnes8 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,i have been growing it on mockernut or white hickory4 ,it produces moderate crops and is the one that came into bearing about first on mockernut4 ,in fact1 ,i have several varieties on mockernut that haven't borne yet4 ,it's been on there about #ab years4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,the ,barnes1 with us1 has yielded more at a younger age than any other variety1 but it never filled4 ,it began early and bore heavy crops1 but the season is not long enough or hot enough4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,in ,virginia they fill well1 but they are not easily extracted4 ,the shell is rather thin and fills well4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i don't want to prolong this discussion longer than seems profitable4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,did ,i understand you to mention the variety ,schinnerling8 ,,mr4 ,,gerardi3 ,i have got that at home4 ,that's one that's bearing1 but if it's that variety ,i have there1 ,i wouldn't give it yard room4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,it is also one of our best4 ,we have three1 the ,shaul1 the ,lingenfelter that ,i mentioned1 and the third one is ,schinnerling1 all three of which are extremely heavy bearers and the three hickory varieties that we are interested in4 ,,mr4 ,,gerardi3 ,how big is that ,schinnerling8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,it's an average-sized nut4 ,,mr1 ,,gerardi3 ,big as your thumb8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,oh1 yes1 about an inch long1 ,i'd say4 ,,mr4 ,,becker3 ,i was wondering about the ,stratford4 ,that's not supposed to be a pure shagbark1 but it's the only one we've got1 ,i think1 that bears4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i have the ,stratford4 ,it grows very well1 but it doesn't quite fill4 ,what does it do with you8 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,it's not been doing well the last year or two4 ,of course1 none of them have for that matter4 ,used to bear tremendous crops and filled well4 ,i wouldn't say it's the best quality of any tree1 but it's easy to graft and bears young4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,that's been my experience1 that it was a young bearer and bears fairly consistently4 ,if there is no other discussion1 on the hickories1 we will close that discussion4 ,we stand adjourned until this evening at #g3bj4 ,adjournment at #d3cj o'clock1 p4m4 ,,monday ,,evening ,,session ,called to order at #g3bj p4m4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,we will call on ,dr4 ,mc,kay as chairman of the ,nominating ,committee to present the slate of officers for the next year4 ,dr4 ,mc,kay4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 the ,nominating ,committee1 as you know1 is charged with the responsibility of selecting a slate of officers that will be presented to the meeting4 ,the committee1 composed of myself as chairman1 ,mr4 ,allaman1 ,mr4 ,silvis1 ,mr4 ,ford ,wilkinson and ,mr4 ,gerardi1 have the following slate of officers for next year3 ,for president1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,best2 for vice-president1 ,mr4 ,george ,salzer of ,rochester2 for secretary1 ,mr4 ,spencer ,chase2 for treasurer1 ,mr4 ,carl ,prell4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,you have heard the report of the ,nominating ,committee4 ,at this time we will entertain further nominations from the floor1 if any4 ,the only action to be taken now is to accept the report of the ,nominating ,committee4 ,do ,i hear such a motion8 ,the motion to accept the report was moved1 seconded and carried4 ,going on with the program of the evening1 are you ready to show the film8 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,the film comes to us from the ,northwest ,nut ,growers now located in ,portland1 ,oregon4 ,they are an organization for marketing filberts1 and you will see1 ,the ,filbert ,valleys1 the title4 ,i haven't seen it myself and don't know exactly what the contents are4 ,we will look at it now and judge for ourselves4 ,the film1 ,the ,filbert ,valleys1 was shown4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,we appreciate very much your running it4 ,the next item will be our discussion of filbert varieties and their culture4 ,mildred ,jones1 who was to be here1 could not come4 ,she telephoned the last minute that she was ill and could not be with us4 ,i have asked ,george ,slate to be the moderator in the discussion1 with his panel1 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder1 ,raymond ,silvis1 ,a4 ,m4 ,whitford1 ,louis ,gerardi and ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,i just learned when ,i arrived here that ,i was to be on this discussion group1 and ,i learned a few minutes ago that ,i was to lead it1 so ,i can assure you that this is wholly unrehearsed1 and ,i may have to flounder around a bit before we get things running smoothly4 ,i thought ,i might review the variety situation rather briefly4 ,we have done quite a lot of variety testing of filberts at ,geneva2 in fact1 about the only nut cultural work we have done at ,geneva has been the filbert project4 ,we started out with about #be or #cj varieties that we secured from ,american nurseries1 many of them from a firm in ,rochester which imported them from ,germany4 ,later we added varieties from ,england1 ,france and ,germany4 ,i picked up nearly all the varieties that ,i could locate until we had about #abj varieties growing there at ,geneva4 ,these were there for some years1 and it became evident that many of them were not of great value4 ,then we had a hard winter in #aicc and #aicd1 and although it did not kill the trees1 most of them were blackhearted and began going back soon after that4 ,however1 ,i felt at that time that ,i knew enough about the varieties to discard most of them4 ,many of them were discarded because they had poor nuts1 many of them were unproductive1 and many of them lacked hardiness of catkins4 ,i laid a great deal of emphasis on the hardiness of catkins in testing the varieties4 ,out of that variety test were three varieties which we considered to be most satisfactory of the lot4 ,these were ,cosford1 an ,english variety1 rather a small nut but very thin-shelled4 ,the catkins were hardy and one of the heavier croppers of the lot4 ,medium ,long1 a nut which ,i believe originated as a seedling in ,rochester1 was another one1 and ,italian ,red1 which later proved to be ,gustav's ,zellernuss1 a ,german variety1 was another4 ,as a result of that variety test it became evident that varieties from ,germany1 many of which originated in the colder portions of ,germany and ,northern ,germany1 were distinctly more hardy than the varieties that we got from ,french sources and ,english sources4 ,in some of the proceedings of the ,association published during the '#cj's ,i have reported on the different varieties and their hardiness and those varieties that ,i thought were most valuable4 ,i don't recall the names of many of those ,german varieties4 ,these three varieties which we consider the best of the lot were turned over to the ,new ,york ,fruit ,testing ,association to propagate and distribute1 because they were not available from ,american nurseries4 ,i am not sure how many of them were available from other sources1 but they are still available from the ,fruit ,testing ,association4 ,then out of that variety test a grading project developed4 ,we got our start from about #ejj seedlings that ,clarence ,reed sent us in the early '#cj's4 ,we made crosses there at ,geneva1 using the ,rush variety of ,corylus americana as the seed parent in many cases4 ,we also made some crosses between ,corylus avellana varieties1 and with these seedlings from ,mr4 ,reed and seedlings of our own crossing1 we have grown about #b1jjj filbert seedlings there at ,geneva4 ,these have all been evaluated and discarded1 except possibly #cj or #ce selections still on hand1 some of them being propagated for a second test planting4 ,stock of one or two has been turned over to the ,fruit ,testing ,association for increase and eventual naming and introduction4 ,the work of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture was along similar lines4 ,mr4 ,reed did not send us all of his seedlings4 ,a number of them were fruited at ,beltsville1 and from that work at ,beltsville ,i believe two varieties have been named1 ,reed and ,potomac4 ,i am not sure whether they are available yet from commercial sources4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,two of them are4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,mr4 ,graham of ,ithaca1 a long-time member of this ,association and very much interested in filberts1 had also made some crosses and raised several hundred seedlings4 ,he used the ,winkler variety as a seed parent4 ,i believe he raised some seedlings of the ,jones hybrids1 which would make that material second generation stock from the original cross between ,rush and the avellana varieties4 ,mr4 ,graham's planting was in rather a cold area2 he had considerable winter killing4 ,eventually filbert blight got into his planting1 and it really cleaned house4 ,there were a very few seedlings in his planting which remained free of filbert blight4 ,i think it is a fairly safe guess to say that they were probably very resistant to blight4 ,so far these have not been propagated to any extent4 ,there are a few cultural problems4 ,the ones that we have encountered at ,geneva have been winter injury1 particularly of the catkins1 and also some of them have not been as hardy in wood as we would like4 ,we have had no trouble with filbert blight1 presumably because we are isolated from the wild hazel1 which harbors this blight4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels has had trouble with his planting at ,ithaca with filbert mite4 ,with this introduction1 which is mostly varieties and breeding1 because that seems to be my interest1 ,i'd like to call on some members of the panel to get their experiences4 ,mr4 ,snyder raises nut trees in ,iowa where winter injury is probably much more serious than we have at ,geneva4 ,at ,geneva we have a fairly respectable climate and can get a crop of peaches about nine years out of ten4 ,in ,iowa they have a lot more sunshine1 and ,i think probably sharper drops of temperature than we have at ,geneva4 ,i'd like to have ,mr4 ,snyder tell us what his experiences have been with filbert varieties4 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,i really didn't know that ,i was to be on this panel until ,i got here4 ,i thought ,i was on the hickory panel4 ,as ,mr4 ,slate says1 our climate is more severe that that at ,geneva4 ,we can get the very hardiest peaches to bear about two years out of three1 and the trees are severely injured in between4 ,so that will give you a little idea as to the climate in that respect4 ,we made quite a planting at one time1 maybe #cj of the ,jones hybrids1 and they did quite well for several years1 and then between the winter-killing and the blight most of them are dead now4 ,the ,winkler1 of course1 is an ,iowa nut and was introduced by our people and did very well for a number of years but has backed out on us the last several years1 too1 ,i believe due to this same mite trouble that ,dr4 ,mac,daniels reports in ,new ,york4 ,they just don't bear4 ,the bushes are quite healthy1 and we get plenty of catkins1 but we don't get any nuts to amount to anything4 ,we have a little bush of the ,mandchurian hazel4 ,it isn't worth mentioning as a nut producer1 but it does have very attractive foliage and seems to be entirely healthy1 produces perhaps three to five nuts a year on a bush as high as your head4 ,you may be familiar with it4 ,the foliage is very distinct from anything ,i know4 ,the leaves are truncate at the end1 cut off quite square1 with just a little point in the middle4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,i don't have that4 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,that is standing our conditions all right1 and several years ago ,mr4 ,reed sent us what he said at the time were ,chinese tree hazels1 but later he retracted and said that they were not ,chinese tree hazels but they were hybrids of the ,chinese tree hazel4 ,there were four of those plants2 one of them was a tremendous grower4 ,it would grow six feet or more a year and commence bearing in a year or two4 ,but the blight hit it and cleaned it out4 ,there is only one left now1 one of the slower-growing ones1 and while it promises to become a tree1 it is a very irregular-growing one4 ,i think it had half a dozen nuts on this year4 ,the ,turkish tree hazel1 of which ,i have two trees1 were very badly damaged by a very severe hailstorm #ab or #ae years ago1 which completely peeled off the bark on one side4 ,that was in early ,july1 and we were afraid to cut them off and let them grow up new for fear it would kill them4 ,they have finally developed into quite beautiful upright trees4 ,also they have more than one stem from the bottom4 ,one of them produces a great abundance of catkins1 but neither of them has produced any nuts yet1 and they are #ad feet high or more1 good-sized trees and very attractive4 ,the foliage is very beautiful1 and it remains healthy4 ,i don't know that there are any other varieties that ,i can name4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,we have had several of the ,turkish tree hazels1 ,corylus colurna1 growing at ,geneva for two or three years4 ,they came from the ,rochester ,state ,park4 ,we have one tree which ,mr4 ,bixby imported from ,china1 as ,corylus chinensis1 but recently ,i had it checked by ,dr4 ,lawrence of the ,bailey ,hortorium and he assured me that it was ,corylus colurna4 ,i think these make a very handsome tree4 ,i like that rough1 corky bark they have as they get older4 ,the trees in ,highland ,park at ,rochester are the largest1 perhaps1 in the country1 certainly the largest that ,i know anything about4 ,they are at least as large as a very large apple tree4 ,they have been fruiting for some years4 ,the trees at ,geneva have not fruited very much4 ,i don't think you can expect much in the way of nuts until the tree is about #ae years old4 ,this year one of our trees has a number of nuts on it4 ,the nuts are too small and too thick-shelled to be of any great value for nuts4 ,now1 ,mr4 ,whitford1 you have had some experience with the filbert varieties4 ,which one would you recommend8 ,,mr4 ,,whitford3 ,i haven't had a whole lot of experience with the filberts1 but we had some of the old varieties1 like ,barcelona and ,du,chilly1 and they didn't bear many nuts1 and eventually they went out with blight4 ,and we have some of the ,potomac and ,reed1 about five years old1 and they don't bear well as yet4 ,i don't know what the outcome is going to be on the ,potomac and ,reed4 ,they make a nice ornamental bush1 anyway1 and that's about the sum and substance of my experience with filberts4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,the ,barcelona and ,du,chilly at ,geneva have not been very satisfactory4 ,during the first two years ,barcelona outyielded the other varieties1 but as the trees became older they experienced winter injury4 ,du,chilly or ,kentish ,cob makes a small tree1 but the nut is about the best of the nuts4 ,there is a ,german variety not in circulation in this country1 ,langsdorfer1 which is much like ,du,chilly1 but it seems to make a much better tree4 ,i think if they were put into circulation it might be a good substitute here in the ,east for ,du,chilly variety4 ,let's hear from you1 ,mr4 ,gerardi4 ,i know you are testing filbert varieties now4 ,,mr4 ,,gerardi3 ,yes1 ,i have ,du,chilly and ,kentish ,cob4 ,so far1 at our place we have no blight or mite damage to speak of4 ,the original plantings were the ,bixby and ,buchanan4 ,we have them yet1 and they are still as healthy as the day we put them out4 ,they show no damage2 even the ,winkler hazel has had no damage or disease4 ,it may be the soil1 although we have them on high ground and low ground both4 ,among the newer ones this year the ,reed has the most on4 ,the ,potomac1 though it is the strongest grower of the two1 has less nuts4 ,although it appeared to me that the catkins were all killed in ,february of this year1 still we have some nuts4 ,the ,jones hybrids1 when the catkins are killed1 have very few1 if any nuts4 ,some years we have a crop1 if some of the catkins are held back and bloom late4 ,winter killing in ,february before they have had a chance to pollinate1 has been our main trouble4 ,if we could get a variety that this wouldn't bother1 we'd have what we are looking for4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,the ,winkler will bloom for you almost every year4 ,doesn't the ,winkler hold its catkins most years8 ,,mr4 ,,gerardi3 ,yes1 sir1 ,i'd say at our place the ,winkler has never failed entirely4 ,even though the catkins are killed1 they still bear quite regularly4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,i can say that for it at ,urbana4 ,,mr4 ,,whitford3 ,the catkins might have been killed1 but you might have had some cross-pollination from other sources4 ,,mr4 ,,gerardi3 ,there is a chance of that1 of course4 ,there is a wild hazel within a quarter of a mile1 but apparently the wild hazel bloomed first4 ,they were on a south slope and naturally came out first4 ,i tried to keep them on the north slope1 or on the cool side of any particular planting1 because if you can hold them back more1 you have got a better chance4 ,if you plant them on the south side1 you rarely get anything4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,the hybrids bloom later than the avellana varieties1 and they mature nuts later4 ,is that your experience8 ,,mr4 ,,gerardi3 ,that's true1 ,i will admit your hybrids are a little later blooming1 because your ,american hazel nuts around our place bloom very early1 sometimes in ,january in full bloom4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,c4 avellana starts blooming in ,march and blooms for about a month4 ,some years when you have had considerable open weather1 they have bloomed as early as the middle of ,february4 ,they will1 of course1 stand considerable freezing when they are in bloom4 ,as regards the pollination1 ,i believe about all the information we have is the work that was done at the ,oregon ,experiment ,station a number of years ago4 ,all of the varieties tried were self-unfruitful or self-incompatible4 ,the term1 self-sterile is often used1 but ,i think it is a little more exact to say self-unfruitful or self-incompatible4 ,they are not sterile1 because the pistillate flowers are normal and so is the pollen produced by the staminate flowers4 ,it's just a question of inability of the pollen to fertilize the pistillate flowers on the same variety4 ,we know nothing about the pollination requirements of any of these ,corylus avellana or ,corylus americana hybrids4 ,we do know that when the cross is made that the ,corylus americana variety must be the seed-parent4 ,the cross doesn't work the other way around4 ,that's about all we know about the cross-pollination of these filberts4 ,,mr4 ,,sawyer3 ,we have had them to bloom in ,april or the first week in ,may4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,the seedlings8 ,,mr4 ,,sawyer3 ,the seedlings4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,what is the origin of the seedlings8 ,,mr4 ,,sawyer3 ,they are the natives4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,the native ,c4 rostrata1 or ,c4 cornuta to some botanists1 it seems to me has nothing that we want in the way of a nut1 if we can possibly grow these other varieties1 the americana selections or the hybrids4 ,it's a miserable little nut with that long1 prickly husk4 ,it's very difficult to get the nut out of it4 ,for that reason1 ,i have never been very much interested in it4 ,,mr4 ,,sawyer3 ,how is the ,ryan8 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,mr4 ,gellatly out in ,british ,columbia has named several hybrids between avellana and the ,corylus cornuta4 ,have you seen it8 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,no1 ,i haven't seen it4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,they described them in their catalog4 ,,mr4 ,,colby3 ,i have preference for the ,winkler hazel1 as you know4 ,i bought and put them in the greenhouse several years ago and shook the pollen on the pistils and got a full set4 ,so ,i felt that was self-fruitful4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,that was pretty good evidence1 then1 that it was self-fruitful4 ,now1 ,mr4 ,silvis1 you raise nut trees1 and the climate is somewhat like that in ,western ,new ,york1 perhaps a little milder in the winter4 ,what have you to say about the filbert varieties8 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,it's ,warmer1 and in spite of all the statistics of previous gentlemen1 ,i find that avellana types which ,i had growing in my back yard three years ago produced pollen on ,january the #beth4 ,it was unseasonably warm4 ,it was #gj degrees1 and most of the pollen was dispersed4 ,and this year ,i found the wild hazel pollen much later than the early types1 due to the different situation4 ,the wild ones which ,i had seen were growing in semi shade under tall trees1 and my bushes and plants are growing in the back yard south of our house4 ,and ,i think ,i have the largest planting in the ,state of ,ohio1 about two dozen plants1 and ,i am in production4 ,besides numerous seedlings1 ,i have the following varieties3 ,italian ,red1 ,cosford1 ,medium ,long1 ,du,chilly4 ,they are in bearing4 ,italian ,red and ,du,chilly planted together1 ,i believe1 are good for one another for the production of nice filbert nuts4 ,i have1 from scion wood you sent me several years ago1 ,cosford1 and now on their own roots ,neue ,riesenuss1 and what ,i thought the tag said1 not ,langsdorfer1 but ,langsberger4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,there is a ,langsdorfer1 and ,i think there is another variety which ,langsberg is part of the name4 ,i am not sure1 ,i will have to look that up4 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,well1 ,i have it as ,langsberger4 ,i have shown last evening the picture of ,harry ,l4 ,pierce's orchard at ,willamette in ,oregon1 or in ,salem1 ,oregon4 ,i have one of his trees with staminate blooms only1 no pistillate blooms4 ,but ,i also have what ,fayette ,etter in ,pennsylvania calls his ,royal1 and ,i just cannot get two fellows together with paper and pencil to determine whether those two ,royals are the same1 but ,i am hoping to find out whether the two ,royals are identical4 ,i had ,fayette ,etter find me scion wood1 and now ,i have it growing as a graft and layered on its own roots4 ,i think you people do yourselves an injustice by not learning to graft and learning to work with the filbert4 ,you only have to have three compatible plants4 ,if you have more1 you will have more nuts4 ,i see no reason why anyone who owns a city lot cannot grow filberts4 ,they are much easier to take care of1 and you are not going to prejudice the plant by having it associate with its wild cousin1 and ,i think you will find a lot of enjoyment in the filbert bush4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,what variety do you think is best8 ,what two or three would you plant8 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,for eating ,i like ,du,chilly1 and the catkin is hardy with me1 and ,i am between the #djth and #dast parallel4 ,i'd say anyone who lives from ,iowa to the ,east ,coast within one hundred miles north or south of the #djth parallel should have the same luck that ,i have4 ,and as to a group planting1 ,i would suggest1 as you recommended to me when we first started out the ,medium ,long1 ,cosford and ,italian ,red4 ,if you want only two bushes1 ,italian ,red and ,du,chilly will work well together4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,do you have ,medium ,long8 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,yes1 ,i do4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,is that doing well8 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,i don't think it fruits as well as ,cosford or ,du,chilly4 ,that's been my experience4 ,my ,du,chilly was plastered with nuts last year and this year1 and ,i believe it's due to the ,italian ,red which ,new ,york ,fruit ,testing ,laboratory sold me4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,thank you4 ,,mr4 ,,whitford3 ,do you fertilize those bushes8 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,due to the fact ,i have started to mulch with sawdust ,i have been using nitrate and rock phosphate1 so my teeth don't fall out when ,i chew them4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,i crack mine with a hand cracker1 ,i don't crack them with my teeth4 ,,dr4 ,,colby3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 we can grow filberts4 ,how does the chairman keep the squirrels from eating them8 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,i will tell you that4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,mr4 ,stoke raises his nut trees in the ,sunny ,south1 and he has problems down there that we don't have up north4 ,i think he has to worry a lot more about winter killing than we do way up north where we are in ,central ,new ,york4 ,what's been your experience with some of the varieties and what are your principal cultural problems with the filberts8 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,i wish to answer ,dr4 ,colby's query about squirrels4 ,i find that squirrels are very highly allergic to these ,,bb caps or the ,,cp caps used in a #bb rifle4 ,it works4 ,in my back yard there is a ,brixnut filbert1 which originated in ,oregon4 ,i guess it's been there #ae years4 ,there are four trunks to it1 the largest about #af inches in diameter4 ,one of those ,i grafted to ,giant1 as a pollinizer for ,brixnut4 ,it's similar in shape1 somewhat smaller in spite of its name1 but it's pretty effective4 ,then about ten years ago there was an old gentleman from ,halsey1 ,oregon4 ,i don't know whether any of you have corresponded with him or not4 ,he bought the ,breslau ,persian walnut--,i pretty nearly said the ,english walnut1 and ,i'd have been disgraced--and furnished me scions and ,i got a start of it from him4 ,russ sent me some scions from a filbert he called ,jumbo4 ,you will see it out on the table there4 ,it's rather a long nut1 little larger than ,du,chilly and not quite so flat1 that ,i grafted in there4 ,it absolutely is hopeless as a pollinizer for anything1 because it loses its staminate blossoms by ,christmas4 ,but the ,hall's ,giant pollinizes them1 and it's the best filbert ,i have1 all things considered4 ,this year off that one scion--of course1 it's four inches in diameter--,i got about #g quarts of nuts1 and they began ripening at least three weeks ago1 and the crop is all off now4 ,and the foliage is unusually heavy1 almost in clusters1 and it drops cleanly and freely from the husks1 and ,i think it is a very nice filbert4 ,whether it's a recognized variety in the ,west ,i have no idea1 and ,i haven't corresponded with the old gentleman for some years1 and he probably has passed on by this time1 because he was an elderly man and not in good health at the time ,i had my correspondence with him4 ,i consider that an excellent filbert1 and ,i think anyone wishing to plant filberts should investigate with the ,oregon nurseries or ,washington nurseries and see if that is a recognized variety4 ,i tried to find out once and failed so far4 ,i do not have it on its own roots4 ,i hope that ,i will have it rooted in another year4 ,in my back yard also ,i have one that ,i bought in ,oregon4 ,that's as tall as up to that beam1 maybe almost to the ceiling1 very vigorous growth1 larger nut than ,longfellow1 thicker nuts and also longer4 ,but ,i think the thing he sold me was a graft and the graft died and this came from the root4 ,it bears very sparingly1 but it's a very large nut1 and ,i wondered why it was always so spare1 and ,i caught it blooming in ,december1 staminate blossoms in ,december this year4 ,so that's that4 ,ten miles east of my home1 east of the ,blue ,ridge ,mountains in the granitic1 very heavy clay soil of what we call the ,piedmont down there1 ,i have a planting that was made #ae years ago of filberts1 some on their own roots and some that ,i grew on the ,turkish tree hazel stocks4 ,those grew well1 and the main advantage was they put up no suckers4 ,you had a nice clean trunk1 and you didn't have that problem of getting rid of the sprouts all the time4 ,and it looked very good for a while4 ,i find where you graft that way1 the stocks get old and do not renew themselves1 and eventually the life will be shorter than if you had a shrub that might last for a century1 when you are renewing your stalks when they reach maturity and cease to grow enough to be productive4 ,two years ago ,i had most of the standard varieties you mentioned here in that planting1 about three-quarters or perhaps an acre planted in between chestnut trees4 ,planted the chestnut trees #dj feet apart and then interplanted with the filberts at #bj feet4 ,two years ago we had an unusually wet season1 and the blight1 of which ,i had had some before1 hit hard and virtually ruined the whole planting4 ,and in addition to that1 we have leaf miner4 ,it's an insect that lays a tiny egg in the leaf and develops a little larva or worm that eats out the chlorophyll between the two membranes of the leaf1 just hollows it out and makes unsightly spots in there and1 of course1 kills that portion of the leaf4 ,but the blight1 known as the eastern filbert blight1 according to ,mr4 ,gravatt1 has just ruined that planting4 ,some of the trees have been killed outright1 and most of the tops are either dead or dying4 ,this year the blight wasn't apparently active on the living part1 because it was very dry up until the first of ,august1 and since then it's been very wet4 ,that's what happened to my filberts there4 ,now1 in that same location ,i have some younger1 second-generation or third-generation plantings that ,i grew from scions from the ,jones hybrids and so far those have not been attacked by the blight and not much by the leaf miner4 ,i used them to replace some of the others that had died several years ago1 so they are right in there together4 ,about the best ,i have of those are also on exhibit out there and marked as the ,jones ,hybrid4 ,at the same time ,i put out some seedling ,colurna or the ,turkish tree hazel in that same plot4 ,they were attacked somewhat but not badly by the blight4 ,today you'd never know they had any blight4 ,they look healthy1 and as has already been said1 they make a beautiful tree4 ,and if you want an avenue of trees on a drive that don't spread too wide and run up like ,lombardi poplar1 they'll beat ,lombardi poplar all to pieces4 ,and if you crowd them a little1 they will grow up like a spire and retain their branches1 so you really have a tree4 ,there was one in the ,j4 ,f4 ,jones yard at ,lancaster that ,i think was at least #ad inches in trunk diameter #bj years ago when ,i saw it4 ,do you know whether that is still there at the ,jones place1 that ,turkish tree hazel1 ,mrs4 ,weber8 ,,mrs4 ,,weber3 ,where is it located8 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,it's right near the house1 it seems to me between the house and the side near the barn4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,mr4 ,stoke1 that tree is gone4 ,we were there last fall4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,but it was a very nice tree1 and for shade it's very nice4 ,the ,manchurian hazel has been spoken of1 and ,i might mention that1 because ,i have dabbled in everything1 ,i guess4 ,i got seed from the ,university of ,nanking along with some other things1 and those seedlings were quite variable4 ,the nuts compared rather favorably with the ,american hazel4 ,some were thick-shelled1 but they will average almost as good as the ,american hazel1 and they bore quite freely for me until ,i let the bushes get right thick4 ,they will send out suckers and make a very spreading growth4 ,if you dig them out and leave a piece of root in the ground1 it will come up just like sassafras or persimmon will on that piece of root4 ,but it is an attractive bush1 and mine has a reddish-brown little spot in the middle of the leaf in most cases4 ,it seems to be characteristic of that strain that ,i have4 ,the nuts were quite variable and1 as ,i say1 they bore right well until ,i let them get too thick4 ,i believe that's all4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,i neglected to answer your question1 ,dr4 ,colby1 but the squirrels have not been much of a problem with our filberts at ,geneva1 strange as it may seem4 ,they have never taken a very high percentage of the crop4 ,we have a ,lancaster heartnut1 and they clean up every nut on that tree every year before the end of ,august4 ,i'd like to comment on this matter of the name of ,halle's ,giant1 ,i think you called it4 ,i think the name is ,halle1 the ,german town where the variety originated4 ,i prefer the name ,halle1 because calling it ,hall's ,giant is more or less a sign its origin is a man named ,hall4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,in some catalogs it is one way and some the other4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,we have other items on the program tonight1 and as the ,latin student said1 ,tempus is fugiting very fast1 so ,i think we had better turn the meeting back to ,dr4 ,mac,daniels4 ,,president ,,macdaniels3 ,the next two talks have slides to be shown1 and it is suggested that you take about ten minutes1 take a stretch and then come back when the slide projector is set up4 ,my ,experiences ,with ,chinese ,chestnuts ,w4 ,j4 ,,wilson1 ,fort ,valley1 ,ga4 ,when ,i was asked to appear on this program to tell my experiences as a grower of chestnuts1 ,i felt like a child1 appearing before a group of grown-ups to tell them how to make marriage succeed4 ,when ,i see the sages of chestnut knowledge seated before me ,i realize that ,i can only relate my experiences and ask your advice4 ,my father was a pioneer peach and pecan grower2 he loved trees and has told me time after time that if ,i ever made more than just a living1 farming1 it would have to come from trees1 not row crops4 ,he was what ,i would call a self-educated man4 ,he had small chance of formal education1 being the sickly son1 one of eight sons and three daughters1 of a couple who eked out an existence on the poor1 unproductive1 sandy1 soils of ,crawford ,county1 ,georgia1 growing the one and only cash crop of those days1 cotton4 ,the combined wages of these boys often amounted to more cash money than their own cotton crop returned because the supplier got most of the money from their own crop4 ,they helped neighbors pick out their cotton crops after finishing their own4 ,grandfather must have liked to experiment in his limited way4 ,each spring as ,grandfather would plant his small patch of ,spanish peanuts and yellow corn1 ,grandmother would tongue-lash him1 saying1 'so long as you fool away your time with ,spanish peanuts and yellow corn you will remain a poor man4 ,time has proven ,grandfather right and ,grandmother wrong4 ,spanish peanuts is a huge industry2 most of our hybrid corns1 which have added millions of bushels to our yields are yellow4 ,my father wasted his time back at the turn of the century planting a peach orchard on his best cotton land4 ,he planted pecans each winter1 beginning about #aiab1 often to the ribbing of friends who still worshipped at the feet of ,king ,cotton4 ,one told him that he had a pecan tree or two about his home and the damn flying squirrels ate all of the nuts4 ,another told him that if he wanted a load of stove wood he would just as soon cut down a pecan tree as any other kind4 ,at his death in #aidb1 my father had planted six hundred acres of pecan orchards1 each acre having been interplanted with peaches1 to produce income while the pecans were reaching bearing age4 ,i give you this background so that you may better understand my attitude toward chestnut growing4 ,the scale on which ,i have set out on chestnut growing ,i know to some of you will seem rather bold or foolhardy4 ,about ten years ago ,i found that the ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pecan ,experiment ,station at ,albany1 ,georgia had a small chestnut orchard4 ,max ,hardy1 was doing the chestnut work and was so much interested in them that ,i caught fire and have been burning ever since4 ,when ,i found that the harvest came between the peach harvest and the pecan harvest it fitted right into my kind of farming4 ,the fact1 that it was a possible tree crop made chestnut growing still more attractive to me4 ,max suggested that ,i join the ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 when ,i complained that ,i couldn't find much information on chestnuts4 ,i attended my first convention at ,norris4 ,i have tried to make most of them since that time4 ,of all the discussions at the ,norris meeting1 the one that stuck in my mind was whether nurseries should recommend seedlings or grafted trees4 ,i thought then1 and still think1 that for commercial production one must have varieties1 because seedlings are so variable4 ,i believe1 that when1 chestnut growing comes of age1 the major part of the production will go through processing plants4 ,it will be a great advantage to have nuts of uniform quality and size1 which is and will be impossible with seedlings4 ,of the fifteen trees that ,i planted in #aidf1 only one fruited in #aiea4 ,it bore only #c-a_/d pounds of nuts4 ,the other fourteen did not fruit4 ,this year there are a few scattering burs at seven years of age1 on those that ,i did not graft this spring4 ,i am now too old to wait seven or eight years for a chestnut tree to begin bearing4 ,these trees came from a ,virginia nursery4 ,the trees ,i planted in #aidg1 ,i started grafting in #aiej1 to ,nanking1 ,meiling1 and ,kuling1 and finished this spring1 except for a few replants4 ,i also grafted ten trees in #aiej to ,abundance4 ,these tops bore the second year1 several bearing good burs the same year the scions were set4 ,these grafted trees are anxious to go to work1 because they bloom in the spring and again in late ,july and early ,august4 ,i have used the in-lay bark1 modified cleft1 the cleft1 and what ,i call a saddle graft1 bevelling two sides of the stock and splitting the scion1 thus slipping the split scion down over the prepared stock4 ,i have had equally good take on all types of grafts used4 ,in #aidh ,i planted two hundred seedlings bought from ,max ,hardy1 grown from seed from the ,experiment ,station orchard4 ,i believe the production record of this orchard has been given to this convention at previous meetings4 ,you will recall that the off-type trees were rogued1 leaving the parent trees of ,nanking1 ,kuling and ,meiling and others of good bearing habits4 ,in #aiea four trees out of this lot1 were outstanding in precocity4 ,the earliest started dropping nuts the fifteenth of ,august and bore #g-a_/d pounds4 ,the next matured ,september #eth and produced #h-a_/b pounds4 ,the third tree is unusual4 ,i noticed it the #dth of ,october4 ,the ground was covered with nuts1 but only an occasional bur4 ,all of the burs were wide open and still on the tree4 ,the crop weighed #f-a_/b pounds4 ,the fourth tree ,i found on the #eth of ,october with all of its nuts on the ground1 the tree retaining the burs4 ,the yield of this tree was #d-a_/b pounds4 ,mind you1 this was the fourth summer after planting4 ,these trees have repeated this year with another good heavy crop4 ,the other trees in this block bore from none to one or two pounds of nuts in #aiea4 ,this year less than ten trees in the block are not bearing4 ,next spring these ten will be growing new tops1 because their present tops are not satisfactory4 ,i noticed that one tree in this block bloomed long after the rest this spring1 several weeks in fact4 ,it might have possibilities in northern areas because of its late blooming4 ,of the eleven hundred trees planted in #aiej1 one bore nuts in #aiea4 ,i didn't know it until this spring1 when ,i was pruning the trees in this block1 and found nuts on the ground under this tree4 ,it is bearing a good crop this year for its size and age4 ,there are a number of these trees bearing this year4 ,dr4 ,crane in a hurried inspection of these trees this summer thought those trees bearing were offspring of a certain tree in the ,philema orchard4 ,i do not give my chestnut trees special care4 ,they are fertilized and cultivated the same as young peach orchards4 ,we try to bring in a peach orchard the third summer1 with enough fruit to make it worth spraying4 ,i see no reason to wait seven or eight years to get a chestnut orchard into bearing4 ,if you will keep down competition from weeds1 cultivate frequently1 and give the tree plenty of nitrogen you will be surprised at the growth it will make4 ,i set the trees twenty-four feet each way1 with the idea of thinning later when they begin to crowd4 ,in this way ,i will get higher acre yields in the early years4 ,when they reach maturity ,i will have them thinned down to forty-eight feet each way4 ,as they reach heavy bearing the rate of growth will slow down and ,i will adjust the nitrogen to keep them from becoming too vegetative4 ,so far the only insects that have bothered me are caterpillars that ordinarily feed on wild maypops1 or passion flowers4 ,these caterpillars will defoliate a tree4 ,the only tree that ,i have lost from winter-killing was one defoliated by the caterpillars early last fall4 ,it may become necessary for me to spray for these worms if they become too plentiful4 ,i do not come before you as an authority on chestnut growing4 ,i feel that to force myself to do my best ,i should plant enough trees to make me find out how to handle them4 ,in the rush and bustle of peach and pecan growing if ,i had only a few chestnut trees ,i might decide that not much was involved1 and neglect the chestnuts4 ,i know that with two thousand trees already planted and some of them bearing ,i am going to make a great effort to make the project profitable4 ,i have decided that chestnut growing has possibilities as a tree crop in my section1 and is worth my time and effort4 ,i know there are many problems ahead1 but so did my father when he planted peaches and pecans many years ago4 ,i am still meeting new problems with them each year4 ,problems go hand in hand with the fruit and nut business4 ,it is the fellow who is willing to try to work them out who has a chance to profit4 ,if ,i wait until all the problems are solved ,i will never grow chestnuts4 ,the day that ,i decide that ,i know all the answers about growing peaches1 pecans or chestnuts1 is the day ,i start going broke4 ,i have been badly bent several times while ,i was struggling to find an answer4 ,each year starts full of hope1 with visions of a nice fat bank balance when the jobs are all done4 ,then the problems start and if ,i can lick enough of them1 ,i come through with the right to see if ,i can't do a still better job next year1 despite the risks of too much rain1 not enough rain1 hail1 insects and diseases4 ,i have found that each year from #ae to #ej million pounds of chestnuts are imported from ,europe4 ,the same blight that destroyed our native chestnuts1 is going full tilt in ,italy and other ,european countries4 ,if the blight runs its course as it did in this country1 it will not be many years until we will not have chestnuts from ,europe4 ,i am going to grow some to fill this gap4 ,in #aiej ,dr4 ,mc,kay sent me eight trees1 four ,meiling1 two ,nanking1 two ,kuling4 ,two ,meiling and two ,nanking to be planted together1 two ,meiling and two ,kuling together4 ,each combination to be isolated so that the nuts produced would be of known crosses4 ,these trees bloomed this spring and two of them set a few burs4 ,next year ,i hope to turn over to ,dr4 ,mc,kay nuts from these trees to be planted1 and grown to fruiting age4 ,i now have about one hundred and sixty grafted trees4 ,i intend to fruit my seedlings with the hope that among them ,i will find trees superior enough to be given variety status4 ,i will then top-work the rest to varieties4 ,at present ,i intend to plant more trees each winter until ,i have at least one hundred acres of orchards4 ,if and when the weevil moves in ,i will have the equipment on hand to spray1 using the same equipment on peaches or pecans4 ,i would like to see this ,association ask that more research on chestnut production be done by the ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,it will not be done until we ask for it4 ,the men in the department are not in position to do much asking for additional funds4 ,it is the responsibility of groups like the ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 and the ,southeastern ,chestnut ,grower's ,association4 ,we are in need of more breeding and selection of new1 and better adapted varieties4 ,we need processing research1 marketing research1 and research in the field of production4 ,we are not going to get it done until we insist on it good and strong4 ,this spring1 at ,fort ,valley1 ,georgia1 the ,southeastern ,chestnut ,grower's ,association was formed4 ,we hold our convention in ,march and will be glad to have everyone interested in chestnut growing1 marketing1 processing or research1 attend our convention4 ,i think in time this organization will want to become affiliated with the ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a41 to the mutual benefit of both4 ,i will be glad to have any of you visit my orchards and show me how to grow chestnuts1 ,i am constantly searching for information4 ,,president ,,macdaniels3 ,we thank ,mr4 ,wilson very much for his talk1 and we think it does take a lot of courage to embark on an experiment of that kind4 ,in view of the lateness of the hour1 unless somebody objects1 we will adjourn until tomorrow morning at #h3cj4 ,at #i3dj o'clock1 p4m41 the meeting adjourned4 ,,tuesday ,,morning ,,session 7,called to order at #h3cj o'clock1 a4m41 ,president ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels presiding47 ,persian ,walnuts in the ,upper ,south ,h4 ,f4 ,,stoke1 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,my experience with the ,persian walnut has been acquired in the ,roanoke district of south-west ,virginia4 ,it is located #cjj miles from the ,atlantic seaboard and my trees are at an approximate elevation of eleven hundred feet4 ,roanoke is on the same parallel as ,springfield1 ,missouri1 and about thirty miles south of ,rockport1 ,indiana4 ,this experience covers a period of more than twenty years with named varieties and seedlings of the species4 ,i shall here attempt to present some findings that may be of some value to others similarly located4 ,for the sake of brevity ,i shall put the cart before the horse1 the findings before the facts from which they are derived4 ,for the upper south and1 in my opinion1 for the middle west1 late vegetating and blossoming is of prime importance for success with the ,persian walnut4 ,no matter how vigorous1 prolific and precocious the tree may be1 nor how fine the nuts1 the variety is worthless for anything except shade if the crop is destroyed by normal spring frosts4 ,in the second place is winter hardiness4 ,this is of two kinds2 resistance to extreme cold1 and resistance to the wooing of warm winter days that starts premature activity1 followed by a destructive freeze4 ,my experience with the ,payne variety is a case in point4 ,having read some place of the vigor1 precocity and heavy bearing of the new variety1 then called the ,payne ,seedling1 ,i secured some scions of it from its originator and worked it on a young black walnut4 ,the variety was already making a name for itself in ,northern ,california and ,oregon1 not only because of its bearing habits but for the superb quality of its nuts4 ,during the first few years it did well despite its early starting in the spring1 and bore heavy crops2 then disaster fell4 ,one spring the tree failed to leaf out at the usual time4 ,on examination ,i found that it had winter-killed back to five-year wood4 ,the winter had been unusually cold1 and the tree could not take it4 ,pruned back1 the belated new growth did not fully mature before winter so in turn was damaged1 a phenomenon that recurred from year to year4 ,exit ,payne as a ,virginia prospect4 ,an example of the other type of winter injury was that of my first ,crath ,carpathian4 ,i secured scions of this variety from ,rev4 ,p4 ,c4 ,crath in #aibi4 ,the parent tree had been growing and bearing in the vicinity of ,toronto and was apparently fully hardy4 ,the scions grew vigorously on the young black walnut stock on which it was worked1 and completed their longitudinal growth early in ,july1 giving ample time for the ripening of the wood before winter4 ,after several years ,i noticed the bark on the south side of the trunks dead from so-called sun-scald4 ,activity had been induced by the warmth of the winter sun1 followed by freezing4 ,after some years the wood was killed back to limbs the thickness of one's wrist1 and this has been again repeated4 ,the tree was hardy in ,ontario1 but not in ,virginia4 ,the nut of this variety1 which to me is the ,crath1 is much superior to the average ,carpathian1 and ,i think might be well worth while in the north-east and along the ,great ,lakes1 but not in the upper ,south nor the ,mid-,west4 ,besides their winter weaknesses1 both the ,payne and ,crath start too early in the spring for my conditions4 ,broadview and ,lancaster both blossom here in mid-season and1 since both have a rather long period of producing pistillate blossoms1 they seldom fail to produce a crop when properly pollenized4 ,franquette and ,mayette1 both highly recommended as being late vegetating and producing excellent nuts1 have offered me some difficulties of another order4 ,with ,franquette the chief trouble has been to get a suitable pollenizer4 ,like the ,mayette1 its pistillate blossoms appear ten days or more after the staminate blossoms and self-pollination is not effected4 ,i tried ,king1 recommended as a pollenizer1 but it was too early to be reliably effective4 ,when ,franquette is properly pollenized it1 with ,payne1 is one of the heaviest bearers4 ,mayette in ,virginia produces a fine1 healthy1 vigorous tree1 but it refuses to produce pistillate blossoms4 ,a dozen nuts is an average crop for a tree that should produce a bushel4 ,it1 like ,franquette1 demands a late pollenizer1 but the pistillate blossoms are simply not there4 ,neither of these two late varieties have ever suffered winter injury with me1 nor have been damaged by spring frosts4 ,i will not attempt to go into detail regarding all the varieties and seedlings that ,i have tried through the years2 ,eureka1 that ranks with ,mayette and ,franquette for lateness1 but refuses to bear1 apparently for want of pollination2 ,chambers that was recommended along with ,king for pollenizing the late bloomers but not fully successful2 ,breslau1 with its huge nuts but slow growth1 in addition to an assortment of ,carpathian seedlings4 ,of the latter my ,caesar is one of the more promising with its vigorous growth1 large thin-shelled nuts and ability to pollenize itself in some seasons4 ,gilbert ,becker has reported it passing through ,michigan winters unhurt4 ,as matters now stand1 ,i believe ,bedford1 ,caesar and ,lancaster have proven the most satisfactory varieties to date under my conditions1 although some seedlings ,i have grown appear even more promising4 ,chief of these are several that ,i grew from open-pollenized nuts of the ,lancaster1 which ,i am here exhibiting4 ,you will note that the one ,i designate as ,l-#b is an extremely large nut1 considerably larger than its seed parent which it somewhat resembles4 ,l-#h is of somewhat similar type1 but smaller4 ,l-#c and ,l-#f1 on the other hand1 are of entirely different type4 ,much smaller1 they are smooth1 thin-shelled and well filled1 with kernels running #ej by weight and of high quality4 ,they resemble their seed parent1 ,lancaster1 not at all but in type are much nearer ,bedford1 their probable pollen parent4 ,another one of these seedlings1 ,l-#g1 resembles ,caesar1 its probable pollen parent1 far more than it does its seed parent4 ,some years ago ,i hand-pollenized several blossoms of ,broadview1 using pollen from my original ,crath4 ,one of the seedlings from these hand-pollenized nuts resembles ,crath much more than ,broadview1 the seed parent4 ,i have it here as ,c x ,b #b4 ,aside from the apparent profound influence of the pollen parent on the offspring1 there is the unexplained fact at that with the exception of ,l-#h1 all these seedlings are later vegetating than the seed parents and any of the suspect pollen parents4 ,of the ,lancaster seedlings ,l-#b1 ,l-#c and ,l-#f are fully as late as ,franquette and ,mayette1 blooming well after the first of ,may4 ,inasmuch as there were no ,persians producing pollen anywhere near that time ,i can only believe that these nuts were pollenized by the black walnut on which they were top-worked4 ,i intend to plant some of these nuts1 and expect to produce hybrids4 ,this brings up the enticing subject of breeding ,persian walnuts adapted to one's own conditions4 ,i have no suggestions to offer scientists1 but offer the following for the benefit of amateurs like myself4 ,if your grounds are cluttered up with varieties1 as are mine1 ingratiate yourself to some friend who has an isolated young black walnut tree by volunteering to convert it to the production of ,persian walnuts4 ,select two varieties whose characteristics you desire to blend and that will pollenize each other1 and grow seedlings from the resulting nuts4 ,you can check results in as little as four years by taking buds from the seedlings at two years and placing then on black walnut4 ,creative work1 this4 ,you will get the thrill of your life--if you are that kind of a person--and may produce something well worth while4 ,persian walnuts are self-pollenizing if pistillate and staminate blossoms occur at the same time1 but such usually is not the case4 ,crath1 ,breslau1 ,caesar and ,king produce their pistillate blossoms some days before their staminate blossoms shed their pollen1 while ,payne1 ,lancaster1 ,broadview1 ,franquette and ,mayette produce their blossoms in reverse order4 ,of all those ,i have tested only ,bedford can be depended to produce both types of bloom simultaneously and certainly and fully pollenize itself4 ,it is enlightening to keep a record of the blossoming time of each variety relative to others1 but dates should all be recorded for the same year4 ,warm1 early spring induces early blooming2 late1 cool weather delays blossoming4 ,by my records1 ,payne pistillates were receptive ,may #c in #aice1 ,april #bh in #aicg and ,march #ca1 in #aide1 a variation of over a month4 ,all varieties vary with the season1 but the variation is greatest with the early varieties4 ,there has been little disease among my ,persian walnuts except that in wet seasons leaves and nut shucks are sometimes attacked by a fungous blight4 ,in the city there has been no insect injury worthy of note4 ,in the country1 adjacent to wooded areas1 insect injury is sometimes serious4 ,pests include spittle bugs1 stink bugs and other insects that attack young leaves and tender growth4 ,these check the leaders and cause late multiple growths that may fail to mature and hence winterkill4 ,in such locations the butternut curculio also attacks and destroys the young nuts4 ,avoid wooded areas if choosing a site for a ,persian walnut orchard4 ,the most destructive pest with which ,i have had to contend has been the large black-bird or purple grackle4 ,oddly enough they are much worse in the city than in the country4 ,as soon as the young are grown1 about the middle of ,june1 they appear in flocks and attack the nuts of the ,persian walnut4 ,at first1 before the shell has hardened1 they penetrate the nut apparently for the nectar which is the substance of the immature kernel4 ,when the shell can no longer be penetrated they continue to eat away the husk1 which is equally fatal to the nut4 ,this continues until late in ,july1 when the squirrels take over4 ,fortunately squirrels are highly allergic to a bullet from a #bb rifle4 ,in pointing out some of the hazards encountered in growing ,persian walnuts in the ,east the writer has not intended to be discouraging but helpful4 ,persian walnuts of good quality can be grown in this section2 full understanding of the factors involved make it possible1 ,i believe1 to grow them successfully on a commercial scale4 ,varieties of ,persian ,walnuts in ,eastern ,iowa ,ira ,b4 ,kyhl1 ,sabula1 ,iowa ,there are a great many varieties of ,persian walnuts1 many of which originated in the region of the ,carpathian mountains and other parts of ,europe and a few varieties in the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,i believe that some varieties now grown in the ,united ,states and ,canada which originated in ,europe may have come from the same tree as they appear to have the same shape1 thickness of shell and flavor4 ,i have as many as four varieties that are identical4 ,the ,persian walnut has always been my favorite nut4 ,i started with #b or #c varieties and now have #ce or #dj varieties and #bjj trees most of which are doing well4 ,some are superior in hardiness and vigor4 ,in eastern ,iowa at #db degrees ,n4 latitude minimum winter temperatures vary from #be to #cb degrees below zero4 ,usually the minimum is #ab to #ae degrees below zero1 but last winter it was #be degrees below zero for several days4 ,only the hardier varieties will endure -#be degrees without injury1 but -#ab to -#ae does not injure any variety very much4 ,schafer is my favorite variety and it was not injured at -#be degrees4 ,i have several of these trees1 some from seeds1 some top-worked on black walnut and the others grafted trees from a nursery4 ,it grafts easily1 grows rapidly and bears a fine nut4 ,a top-worked tree of ,colby withstood -#be degrees without injury and is one of the most vigorous trees ,i have4 ,fifteen seedlings from ,crath ,mayette and ,crath ,franquette seeds from the late ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan1 of ,toronto1 ,canada1 are developing into very fine trees1 but are not yet bearing4 ,one of the first varieties planted1 ,broadview1 grew rapidly and produced nuts after two mild winters1 but the several trees of this variety killed to the ground after the -#be degrees of last winter4 ,crath ,no4 #a1 ,crath ,no4 #ci1 and ,breslau grew well until last winter when they were killed4 ,three ,breslau seedlings did not winterkill4 ,rumanian ,giant1 the first tree ,i grafted1 killed back somewhat1 but is recovering4 ,this variety produces the largest nut ,i have seen and it fills well4 ,top-worked trees of other varieties that were not injured last winter are ,crath ,no4 #e1 ,crath ,no4 #ab1 ,,sg ,no4 #e1 ,crath ,no4 #bi1 ,graham and ,crath ,special4 ,seedlings in the nursery row that stood severe temperature are ,carpathian ,d1 ,,nwf ,nos4 #a and #c1 ,,fb ,o and ,,fb ,,oo1 ,fort ,custer1 ,hansen1 ,jacobs and others4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,does the black walnut bloom at the same time that the ,persian walnut blooms8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,it bloomed near the end of the receptive period4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,that first experiment of yours was trying to pollinize the black walnut with the ,persian1 but the reciprocal cross may be quite different1 as ,jones proved with the filberts4 ,,dr4 ,mc,k,a,y3 ,that could be4 ,we have no large amount of data on the reciprocal cross4 ,these cases where it is said that the black walnut pollinates the ,persian regularly and is producing good crops of nuts1 ,i would consider doubtful until ,i see the seedlings1 their growth and characteristics4 ,yesterday ,mr4 ,bolten asked the question whether or not some walnuts that have large nuts could possibly be tetraploid or polyploid4 ,a number of years ago ,i examined the chromosomes of one of these large fruited varieties1 and it had the same chromosome number as the others1 namely sixteen pairs or thirty two4 ,the whole question of chromosome number in nut varieties and species is as follows4 ,so far as we know1 all of the species have a constant number within the genus except the hickories where we have tetraploid species and diploid species4 ,all of the species of ,castanea1 as far as we know1 have the same chromosome number1 and all of the varieties within each species have the same number4 ,in the ,oaks1 which are related to chestnuts1 we have an extremely large genus in which there is a great constancy of number4 ,the pines1 and all other cone-bearing trees make up another very large group in which chromosome numbers are constant4 ,exactly the opposite situation is found in the related family of alders and willows where the chromosome number is very variable4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,unless there is some special question or comment on this subject1 we will go on to the next item4 ,,mr4 ,,lemke3 ,there was a panel discussion about four years ago1 and they were talking about what nuts to grow1 and one of the men said1 ,before you offer a man a good nut1 give him a good nut cracker4 ,that's been on my mind for some time4 ,commercial ,production and ,processing of ,black and ,persian ,walnuts ,,edwin ,w4 ,,lemke1 ,washington1 ,mich4 ,sometime ago a group of nut minded men associated with ,spencer ,b4 ,chase announced their findings on the quality of the wild black walnut growing in the area of ,norris1 ,tenn4 ,nuts were gathered from #aea wild walnut trees4 ,after judging1 the group came to the conclusion that only one tree had a flavor that was considered by their standards as good4 ,it is these good nuts that caused the formation of the ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,when we speak of the good nut it gives the word commercial an entirely different meaning4 ,it by necessity excludes most of wild black walnut kernels processed by the large cracking plants of ,kentucky and ,tennessee4 ,the large crackers are willing to pay better prices for the improved black walnut but were they to rely on this source of supply they could not stay in business very long4 ,to produce and process1 ,i chose the ,thomas and ,ohio variety and ,i have met with some success4 ,the black walnut can be made to bear in the first and second year after grafting but this is but a novelty feature4 ,jones from whom ,i purchased my trees1 told me that the black walnut could be classed with the ,northern ,spy ,apple for coming into bearing4 ,this has proven true4 ,commercial production of the improved black walnut is by its very nature small scale production4 ,because of this fact only small scale machines to process these nuts are feasible4 ,since #aiaf ,i have had time to reflect on the problem of the three basic machines needed4 ,these are the huller1 cracker and kernel picker4 ,fortunately for me ,i learned the machinist trade and had a machine shop at my disposal4 ,i tried every way to hull the black walnut and finally accepted the commercial potato peeler as the best principle4 ,i built several crackers and at last accepted the ,wiley cracker as the best commercial cracker4 ,the third machine is the picker which has yet to be assembled4 ,this picker is copied after ,the ,kenneth ,dick machine with some variations in the separation process4 ,let me briefly explain these three basic machines4 ,as the nuts are gathered in the orchard they are brought to the huller in bushel crates4 ,the huller is located in a separate room4 ,this room has the floor depressed to catch the removed hulls that are flushed outdoors with the aid of running water4 ,the cylinder of this huller is #cj inches in diameter and #ad inches high4 ,it is made of #c_/afths boiler plate4 ,three inches from the bottom of the cylinder is a revolving disc smaller than the inside of the cylinder4 ,the disc being small enough it allows a #e_/hth opening around the inside of the cylinder4 ,it is this opening that permits the hulls to drop to the floor4 ,the nuts are held captive because there is no opening in the cylinder for them to leave until the discharge door is opened on the side of the cylinder4 ,the cover of the cylinder has a #aj inch feed hole into which the nuts are fed4 ,a #aj inch furnace pipe elbow runs from the hole to the serving trough into which the nuts are poured4 ,a #aj inch pusher is used to shove the nuts into the huller and serves to keep the feed hole closed while the nuts tumble around4 ,the disc runs at #bej ,,rpm which is the proper speed to do a good job4 ,while the nuts tumble around a stream of water is used to wash the hulls free from the nuts and force the removed hulls to the floor below4 ,the disc is supported by a #a-c_/h inch diameter shaft that runs through the disc and is held central as it revolves in a flange containing a #c_/d ball bearing that fits into the end of the concave in the shaft4 ,up four feet from the disc is a link self aligning bearing that allows the shaft and disc to turn like a gyroscopic top4 ,the shaft's pulley has ',v' belts connected to a #c_/d h4p4 motor4 ,i have hulled up to #dj bushels of clean nuts in #h hours4 ,the nuts after hulling are placed on drying trays indoors where temperatures are better controlled4 ,the principal of this huller is that it separates the hull by centrifugal force4 ,the hull drops down through the opening between cylinder and disc while the nuts riding on disc are discharged at right angles to the fall of hull4 ,the machine is a separator4 ,the next basic machine is the cracker4 ,this cracker is the ,wylie cracker in principle and is made in ,eugene1 ,oregon4 ,simply explained it could be likened to two pages in a book4 ,one page is perpendicular while the other page is off the perpendicular about #g degrees4 ,the first page which is the anvil is fixed save for adjustments for nuts of varying size4 ,the other page or hammer riding up and down through an inch and one quarter of travel is fixed to a crank below4 ,both of these pages or plates are heavy cast iron plates that are fluted and cause the nut to be cracked against these saw toothed flutes and while being cracked are revolved down through the plates4 ,the plate moving at an angle forces the nut finally through a #c_/h inch opening where they fall into a rotary sieve4 ,the sieve has three sizes of mesh4 #e mesh1 #b mesh and #c_/d mesh4 ,the larger pieces go on through and are returned to the cracker4 ,this cracker will crack up to #ejj pounds per hour1 and uses a #c_/d h4p4 motor4 ,the last of the three basic machines is the picker4 ,i have not yet built the picker but a number of the parts have already been machined and before long it will be a reality4 ,the ,kenneth ,dick1 picker1 of ,peebles1 ,ohio is the best for small orchards4 ,it is essentially a separator using a conveyor belt which carries the cracked nuts to needles that pick up the kernels and deposit them on trays that at the timed moment accept the black walnut kernels4 ,the discarded shells remain on conveyor and travel to the end and fall into a receptacle4 ,after this process1 further inspection becomes necessary but up to the present it is the best we have4 ,the black walnut is a messy nut to fool with but with the proper machines it soon becomes a pleasure to work with it4 ,i can work all day hulling nuts and finish with clean unstained hands4 ,processing the ,persian walnut is a simple matter as compared with the black walnut4 ,my ,persian nuts are gathered and placed on drying trays4 ,most of the nuts fall free from hull and the stick tights are discarded as inferior4 ,n4,n4,g4,a4 members need but write to the agricultural colleges in ,california1 ,oregon and ,washington and a list of publications will be sent4 ,one of the latest machines being offered is one that picks the nut from the orchard floor with a speed with which no human can compete4 ,it has not only removed the back ache but the human back as well4 ,the ,persian walnut industry in the ,pacific ,coast states is big business4 ,there is only one organization that can and does disseminate the necessary knowledge and experience that will give the northern grown nut its proper place in the ,american diet4 ,that is the ,northern ,nut ,grower's ,assn4 ,you newer members have become heirs to knowledge based on the experiences of others which represents not only blood1 sweat and tears but a lot of good hearty belly laughs4 ,when one becomes nut conscious there is no turning back4 ,it gives life a new approach and a finer meaning4 ,black ,walnut ,processing at ,henderson1 ,kentucky ,r4 ,c4 ,,mangelsdorf1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,mr4 ,walker and ,mr4 ,mc,donald are unable to be here today1 and ,i don't know if ,i can fill their shoes or not1 because ,i am not in the purchasing or processing end of the black walnut business4 ,we started this black walnut shelling operation a season ago at ,henderson1 ,kentucky1 with the idea of processing the nuts there and transporting the kernels to ,st4 ,louis for final processing and marketing4 ,at ,henderson1 ,kentucky we are located outside the city limit1 and we have no fire protection1 and as a result1 the insurance rates on our building1 storage sheds1 and black walnuts in storage have been so high that we are looking around for possible plant location sites where we can reduce that expense of operation4 ,another factor in our operation there is the transportation of raw material to our cracking site4 ,if we have to transport black walnuts1 which give an approximate #aj per cent yield1 any distance1 the freight adds materially to the cost per pound of the finished material4 ,that is1 if we have to pay #aj cents per hundred additional freight cost in transporting them from outlying districts to the cracking plant1 that adds a cent a pound to the cost of the finished kernels4 ,all such factors1 have to be given weighty consideration1 because our business is primarily concerned with making money for the stockholders4 ,if we don't make money for the stockholders1 they are not interested in seeing us continue the operation4 ,mr4 ,walker and ,mr4 ,mc,donald at the present time are out on a crop inspection trip and also making surveys of locations and availability of buildings or sites that might be more advantageous than the one at ,henderson1 ,kentucky4 ,it may be that we will continue the operation there1 making modifications in the building1 which will result in lower insurance rates4 ,at the present time1 with the new crop coming on1 we are in a chaotic state of affairs1 because we just don't know exactly what's the best path to follow in our operation at ,henderson1 ,kentucky4 ,are there any questions8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,will you tell us something about how you handle the nuts in your plant1 how they are hulled and cracked1 and so forth8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,it's a similar operation to what ,mr4 ,lemke described4 ,the nuts are brought in in burlap bags by the farmers and growers and are put in storage in cribs4 ,the plant at ,henderson1 ,kentucky1 was a popcorn processing plant1 with a large crib under roof where the nuts are stored4 ,after the moisture content is reduced somewhat1 they pass through a tumbling drum to remove any of the extraneous hulls and other dirt that might be adhering4 ,after the nuts are completely freed of all this extraneous matter1 they are passed through a series of cracking rollers with screens4 ,the nuts are cracked1 by passing between two rollers like a wringer then passed over a shaker screen1 the free nut meats passing through the screen4 ,the large material that comes off of the screen is then passed between more closely spaced cracking rollers and then further sifted and screened4 ,then the various materials that have passed through the screens are run through a ,smalley picker4 ,this is nothing more than metal pins on a series of fingers rotating on a roller that presses against a sponge rubber roller4 ,the nut meats adhere to the prongs or points4 ,the shells1 not being penetrated by the points of the pins1 are not picked up4 ,then there is a comb that picks off the adhering kernels from the picker prongs4 ,that's the principle of most of the shelling operations of the black walnuts4 ,i don't believe any major changes have been made in the processing of black walnuts in the last ten years4 ,,dr4 ,,colby3 ,how do you remove the hulls8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,we try to buy only hulled walnuts1 the farmer and the grower removing the hulls in a tumbler and selling to us only the dehulled walnuts4 ,the kernels are packed in cartons and shipped to ,st4 ,louis for final picking of remaining shells and off-colored nut meats and graded for color1 size and quality4 ,after this grading separation is made1 they are either packed in our #d-ounce vacuum-packed tins or #cj-pound bulk cartons which are then sold through the trade4 ,,mr4 ,,wallick3 ,what percentage of kernels do you get8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,i think our operation at ,henderson1 ,kentucky this past season for all of the nuts that were grown and gathered in this locality was about #i4dh per cent yield of black walnut kernels by weight4 ,,mr4 ,,whitford3 ,do you get any improved varieties1 such as ,thomas1 ,stabler or ,ohio8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,no4 ,with most of the nuts that we gather in our marketing operation very little attention is paid to variety or source4 ,we don't try to differentiate and store them separately1 but everything is processed as it is brought together4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,do you have any indication that you get a better quality nut from one county or one area than you do from another8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,that is a question that ,i can't answer1 because ,i am in the research and development end of the business1 and have very little to do with the purchasing and marketing of the nuts themselves4 ,,mr4 ,,lemke3 ,what do you do when you strike a day that is very humid and the nuts start getting moldy8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,that is a bugaboo4 ,i always say you don't have to be nuts to be in the nut business1 but it sure helps a little bit4 ,all the nuts that ,i have ever had any dealing with seem to be very susceptible to mold growth4 ,if the moisture content of the nuts is above a critical level1 mold growth takes place in the shell at a very fast rate4 ,the only thing we can do in a case like that is to get the kernels in to ,st4 ,louis and destroy the mold growth or spores on the surface before it can grow so that the fungous mycelium is visible to the eye4 ,the black walnut and pecan1 if you examine them under the microscope1 all seem to have mold growth on the surface of the kernels4 ,i am inclined to believe that the nut kernel is not completely sterile in the shell and that through some manner or means the mold spores have been introduced onto the kernel1 because immediately after shelling examination of these nuts under a microscope1 will show some fungous mycelium on the surface of the kernels4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,one comment is that the pellicle of a black walnut or a pecan1 is very hygroscopic4 ,it tends to absorb moisture readily1 whereas the kernel itself1 being high in oil1 does not take up water readily4 ,that1 apparently1 is why there may be evidences of mold growth on the kernel though it may not be actually penetrating4 ,it is only superficial1 growing on the pellicle of the kernel1 not on the kernel itself4 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,right4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,black walnut kernels are outstanding in their resistance to heat and will get rancid very slowly under conditions of high heat--not humidity4 ,for example1 we had some nuts in our attic for two summers in a place where it gets very hot1 yet dry4 ,those nuts are in very good eating condition today4 ,i don't know about pecans4 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,that's very true of black walnuts4 ,pecans have to be carried throughout the season in our cracking operations under refrigeration1 but the black walnuts we can store out in any shed with tin roof4 ,the temperature gets very hot1 and it seems to have no effect whatever on the edibility or rancidity of the nut kernel4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,you spoke of storing the whole nuts in large bins4 ,there you may have an extreme amount of mold1 too1 if the nuts are damp4 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,we try to have storage conditions such that air has free passage through the bulk of nuts4 ,the mold and the yeast are there and when they start to grow1 their metabolism throws off quite a large amount of heat4 ,as a result the molding process is speeded up like a chain reaction1 and before long the nuts will be worthless for shelling4 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,we had nuts until just a few weeks ago from our last season's gatherings4 ,that's almost a whole year4 ,,mr4 ,,salzer3 ,can you tell me if the farmer is paid by the weight of the nuts1 or does he receive his pay after the kernels are shelled out8 ,does he receive more money if it contains a higher percent of kernels8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,he receives his pay on the basis of the whole nut that he delivers to the plant1 and we try to exercise some control over the quality of the delivery4 ,samples are taken and cracked1 and if most of the nuts are rotten or the quality is very low1 we may reject buying that entire lot1 or we may discount the lot of nuts a certain amount1 depending upon the percentage of the nut meats that are salvaged4 ,,mr4 ,,murphy3 ,do you pay a premium for cultivated nuts8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,that ,i can't answer1 but ,i don't believe that they have this past season4 ,i wouldn't want to go on record as to that4 ,there is a tremendous difference in the flavor of what we call the eastern black walnut in comparison with the ,california or western black walnut4 ,we think that the flavor of the ,california walnut is not at all comparable to the eastern black walnut4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,you don't notice any difference1 do you1 between the ,missouri and the ,kentucky nuts8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,no1 not in my experience1 but there is a tremendous difference in flavor between the eastern and western4 ,,mr4 ,,rohrbacher3 ,on what basis do you buy black walnuts8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,i understand that each individual sale is an individual horse-trading deal1 the price paid1 depending upon the quality of nuts1 moisture content1 color and other factors4 ,of course1 our aim is to buy the nuts as cheaply as possible and the object of the fellow selling the nuts is to get the greatest return that he can from what he has to offer4 ,so we try to reach a happy medium in our dealings1 and a lot of concessions might be made one way or the other with special lots that are offered for sale4 ,,mr4 ,,whitford3 ,what sizes and grades of kernels do you have8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,we have the large1 medium1 small and granules4 ,granules are very small pieces4 ,usually the prices paid for the nuts are not determined1 actually1 until the crop starts to move4 ,everybody has an idea what the market price will be for the nuts1 but nothing is crystallized or brought to a focus until the first nuts are actually on the market4 ,then the nuts sold are examined as to quality1 giving some idea of the future quality of deliveries that might be made in that section1 and then prices can be established4 ,as ,i say1 it's a nutty business4 ,i haven't grown very many gray hairs yet1 but ,i expect to have many before ,i am through4 ,and each new problem that arises in this nut business1 when you reach a solution for it1 invariably there are two other problems that are created1 and if you are not wide awake1 one of these problems can be much greater than the one that you just had a solution for4 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,do you know anything as to the bearing of black walnuts this year as compared to previous years8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,mr4 ,walker and ,mr4 ,mc,donald are out at the present time making a crop inspection tour of the various localities1 and ,i have had no report as to what the condition of the crop will be this year4 ,,mr4 ,,whitford3 ,which grades bring the highest prices8 ,,mr4 ,,mangelsdorf3 ,the large particles of kernel demand a premium over the smaller sizes4 ,that is one of the discrepancies in the shelling operation1 that the material that costs us the least money to produce gives the largest returns4 ,when you have small pieces1 the operation of removing the last remaining shells and off-colored particles is much greater than with the large kernels4 ,one large kernel amounts to considerable weight and you may have to pick up many small particles to represent the same weight4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,we appreciate very much your talk1 ,mr4 ,mangelsdorf4 ,one thing that interested me was your statement that having large pieces was an advantage4 ,that question has been argued on the floor of these conventions a number of times and there have been those who claimed that the larger pieces were all ground up anyway and that the varieties from which you can recover large pieces were of no particular merit commercially4 ,the next paper is1 ,nut ,shells--,asset or ,liability81 ,t4 ,s4 ,clark of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,regional ,laboratory1 ,peoria1 ,illinois4 ,nut ,shells--,assets or ,liabilities ,t4 ,s4 ,,clark1 ,northern ,regional ,research ,laboratory1#a ,peoria1 ,illinois ,,abstract4 ,the value of nut shells as materials for agricultural and industrial use is discussed4 ,problems of plant location1 shell collection1 processing1 and hazards are considered4 ,applications and specifications are illustrated4 ,we are particularly pleased that the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association is presenting this opportunity for a discussion of nut shell utilization4 ,the ,northern ,regional ,research ,laboratory feels that it has played an important role in what is now becoming a new industry of increasing magnitude4 ,for the benefit of those who are not already acquainted with the ,laboratory1 permit me to digress momentarily to explain briefly its organization and functions4 ,the ,northern ,regional ,laboratory at ,peoria1 ,illinois1 is one of four large research laboratories established by an act of ,congress in #aich and placed under the administration of the ,bureau of ,agricultural and ,industrial ,chemistry4 ,the function of these laboratories is to conduct research and to develop new chemical and technical uses as well as new and expanded markets for the farm commodities and byproducts of the regions in which the laboratories are located4 ,the commodities studied at the ,northern ,regional ,research ,laboratory are the oilseeds1 cereal grains and agricultural residues which include corncobs1 stalks1 straws1 sugar cane bagasse1 hulls and shells of nuts and fruit pits4 ,because of the great similarity in chemical and physical characteristics of the residues all research on these materials is conducted at the ,northern ,laboratory4 ,during the time that the ,northern ,laboratory has been actively investigating shell materials and other agricultural residues we have been in direct communication with operators of shell grinding plants2 some of these have been visited4 ,we have received numerous letters and calls for information and assistance in solving grinding problems1 or in using the ground products4 ,through these contacts and our experiences we have learned much about the factors that lead to success or failure in this utilization4 ,ten plants are now producing a variety of ground shell products useful in both agriculture and industry4 ,when the ,northern ,laboratory was organized1 only one plant1 established originally by the ,california ,walnut ,growers ,association1 was grinding nut shells4 ,this plant1 following a number of operational difficulties and administrative changes1 now processes #dj tons or more of shells per day and produces a wide variety of ground products including exceedingly fine flours for use in plastics and plywood adhesives4 ,it has been said that this plant processes all of the ,english walnut and apricot pit shells and #hj percent of the peach pit shells available in ,california4 ,the ,laboratory has attempted to determine the amount of shells and pits available commercially in different areas4 ,data of this nature has been obtained for the larger cracking plants but there are many small operations for which we lack this information4 ,agricultural ,statistics compiled and published annually by the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture provide an excellent source of information regarding production and1 in many cases1 the disposition of farm commodities4 ,for example1 the production of pecans in #aiea1 presented by states1 totaled more than #gc1jjj tons for the #aj states reported4 ,however1 no data were available regarding marketings in-shell1 or the quantities remaining on the farms or in the orchards4 ,thus1 the quantity of pecan shells actually available for processing can be determined only through surveys of cracking plants4 ,only limited information is available concerning black walnut shells and this has been obtained through the cooperation of shellers or crackers4 ,in some areas fruit pits1 such as apricot and peach pits1 accumulate at canneries or freezing plants4 ,similarity in character of the pit shells to those of the nuts permits their use in plants grinding nut shells4 ,thus1 the supply of raw material in any area may be augmented by inclusion of fruit pit shells4 ,collection of nut shells for grinding operations is a relatively simple procedure1 particularly where grinding is done at a cracking plant4 ,where shells must be collected over large areas both rail and truck transportation are used4 ,if fruit pits are considered1 provisions should be made for removal of residual flesh or pulp before the pits leave the canneries4 ,in the cases where the pits have been cut during processing of the fruits1 the released kernels should be removed before shipping the shells4 ,pit kernels are valuable for their oil content4 ,shell ,use ,during ,world ,war ,,ii ,the production and maintenance schedules set up during ,world ,war ,,ii resulted in the development and expansion of uses for ground shell materials4 ,fine flours from walnut shells were needed as extenders in plywood adhesives4 ,soft grits from various shells were used by the ,army ,air ,forces in the air-blast method for cleaning airplane engines and parts4 ,grits were required for deburring metal stampings and flash-removal from molded plastics4 ,these uses have expanded considerably to meet civilian needs since the war4 ,grinding ,nut ,shells and ,fruit ,pits ,as uses for ground shell products were developed the ,laboratory sought advice of grinding equipment manufacturers for information on the design and construction of suitable grinding plants4 ,only limited tests had been made and data were not readily available in any published form4 ,consequently the ,laboratory undertook an extensive study on grinding nut shells and fruit pits as part of its research on agricultural residues4 ,these studies were not limited to grinding only1 but included methods of separation and classification based on physical characteristics of the raw materials2 the relation of associated mechanical operations2 a consideration of the hazards2 the problems of labor1 management1 and merchandising4 ,a number of fires have occurred in plants grinding nut shells1 corncobs1 stock feeds1 and similar materials4 ,in most cases the causes of fire have been other than the grinding operation4 ,from a consideration of the causes of fires a number of safety precautions have been developed4 ,good plant housekeeping is paramount4 ,this is essential1 not only because of influence of dust and dirt on the maintenance of motors and equipment1 but because of the highly explosive nature of shell dusts4 ,the ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,mines has cooperated closely with the ,northern ,laboratory in evaluating the explosive hazards of the shell dusts4 ,many of the present operators of shelling-grinding plants have benefited from the information and assistance available from this ,laboratory4 ,the cooperation of equipment manufacturers has aided considerably in extending the scope of the ,laboratory's studies4 ,the ,northern ,laboratory has published bulletin ,,aic-#ccf1 ,dry ,grinding ,agricultural ,residues1 ,a ,new ,industrial ,enterprise that summarizes the research conducted to date4 ,this is the first time that such data on engineering and design has been assembled and published to cover this field4 ,copies of the bulletin may be obtained by addressing requests to the ,northern ,regional ,research ,laboratory1 ,peoria1 ,illinois4 ,plants designed to produce at least #a-a_/b tons per hour of ground shell products will cost upwards of #fj1jjj4 ,a well-engineered plant of such size will require three to five men per shift4 ,among other factors1 the working capacity of a grinding plant depends upon the quantity of shells available and the ability of the organization to merchandize its products4 ,the plant should be located in an area in which at least #e1jjj tons of nut shells or fruit pits are annually available at low transportation costs4 ,uses of ,shell ,products ,the more important uses for nut shell products1 together with their specifications for particle size1 are shown in ,table #a4 ,table #a4--,uses for ground nut shells and fruit pits ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,applications ,size ,deburring1 cleaning1 burnishing and polishing in metal stamping1 electroplating and ,no4 #aj to ,no4 #ej plastics industries ,soft-grit blasting ,no4 #aj to ,no4 #cj ,fillers for plastics and plywood adhesives ,finer than ,no4 #ajj ,insecticide diluents and carriers ,finer than ,no4 #adj ,explosives ,no4 #aj to ,no4 #ajj ,fur cleaning ,no4 #aj to ,no4 #ajj ,poultry litter and mulch 7almond and peanut7 #a_/d to #c_/d inch ,fillers for fertilizers 7almond and peanut7 ,finer than ,no4 #bj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,experience shows that no matter how nut shells or fruit pit shells are ground both under- and oversize particles will be produced4 ,the hard1 friable character of most of the nut shells makes their reduction to fine size particles less difficult than for tough materials1 such as corncobs1 or fibrous materials such as woods4 ,shells from almonds because of their bulk and very fibrous nature are somewhat less convenient to handle than other shells4 ,good business practice shows that sales outlets should be found for each fraction so that grinding expenses can be kept at a minimum4 ,because there are some differences in physical characteristics of nut shells and fruit pits all shell products do not necessarily meet the same specifications1 nor have the same uses4 ,industrial ,cleaning and ,finishing ,oil1 dirt1 corrosion products1 stain1 paint1 grease and the like can be removed from metal surfaces by air-blasting with soft grits prepared from shells of walnuts1 pecans1 peach pits1 and similar residues4 ,this method was developed originally for the ,navy to use grits from corn-cobs for cleaning aircraft engines and parts4 ,the method is inexpensive and foolproof because surfaces are cleaned without change of dimensions4 ,no pitting or abrasion1 such as produced by sand blasting1 occurs4 ,the method is particularly useful with mild steel1 nonferrous metals1 alloys1 and parts that must be maintained at close tolerances4 ,modifications of the blast method are used in finishing molded plastics1 metal die-castings1 and machined parts4 ,one manufacturer of precision instruments states that his company saves #ajj1jjj a year in finishing parts with shell grits4 ,many stamped metal articles and molded plastics are deburred1 cleaned1 burnished1 and polished by tumbling in drums containing shell grits4 ,various grades of grits are required depending upon the nature of the pieces being finished4 ,fillers for ,plastics and ,plywood ,glues ,the ,laboratory has studied the use of shell flours for use in plastics and plywood glues4 ,many of these flours are now in regular commercial use4 ,flours for these applications are prepared in various grades1 all finer than #ajj-mesh4 ,use of these flours not only improves the properties of the final products but also reduces the cost of the products4 ,molded plastics prepared with fine flour from ,english walnut shells have exceptionally fine surface finish4 ,insecticide ,carriers ,the insecticide field provides a good outlet for shell flours4 ,flour from walnut shells was the first of this type of material to be used for this purpose4 ,often the active ingredient in a finished insecticide is present in quantities of less than #a percent4 ,custom grinders should plan to recover the flour as a co-product of their operations rather than attempting to grind to flour alone4 ,explosives ,large amounts of shell grits and meal are used as diluents in the manufacture of dynamite4 ,material for this use ranges in size from ,no4 #aj to ,no4 #ajj1 the requirements of the individual manufacturers falling within much narrower limits as to size4 ,fur ,cleaning ,furriers have found that various ground shell products are very effective agents for cleaning furs4 ,size requirements for this purpose are broad1 the limits being dependent upon the cleaning equipment maintained by the furrier4 ,the natural oils present in some shell products are considered advantageous for this application4 ,sundry ,applications ,stock bedding1 poultry litters1 fillers in feeds and fertilizers1 mulches1 charcoal1 tannin and abrasives in hand soaps are some of the other products that are prepared from nut shells4 ,the shell products cannot be used interchangeably but must be selected in accordance with their chemical and physical properties4 ,i hope that the foregoing brief discussion has conveyed to you the potential value that lies in the piles of shells accumulating at the cracking plants1 and that these accumulations can be converted from expensive wastes to profitable products4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,one of the laboratories of the ,bureau of ,agricultural and ,industrial ,chemistry1 ,agricultural ,research ,administration1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 ,the ,propagation of the ,hickories 7,panel ,discussion led by ,f4 ,l4 ,o',rourke1 ,east ,lansing1 ,mich47 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,i hope that we can have a rather stimulating session on hickory propagation this morning4 ,last year we had a session which was supposed to take in propagation of all nut tree species4 ,however1 we never got away from ,chinese chestnuts4 ,it was ,chinese chestnuts from the start to the finish4 ,the ,program ,committee this time thought that we should limit it to one group1 and they chose the hickories4 ,i have compiled a review of all the literature pertaining to the hickories and passed it out yesterday afternoon4 ,i hope that some of you have had a chance to read it and will have some questions to ask us this morning4 ,in order to really have some help1 ,i am going to call upon ,mr4 ,louis ,gerardi of ,illinois1 ,mr4 ,ferguson of ,iowa1 ,mr4 ,max ,hardy of ,georgia1 ,mr4 ,ward of ,indiana1 and ,mr4 ,wilkinson also of ,indiana and ,mr4 ,bernath of ,poughkeepsie1 ,new ,york4 ,the subject matter of the panel will be limited to the propagation of hickories1 which includes the pecan4 ,who has some questions that they'd like to bring up8 ,,mr4 ,,salzer3 ,which varieties will grow on fairly wet soil8 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,that is a question pertaining to culture1 rather than propagation1 but we can still allow it4 ,which varieties--,i presume you mean species1 is that correct8--will grow on fairly wet soil8 ,i think ,mr4 ,ward has a little bit of black soil in that good1 old state of ,indiana4 ,,mr4 ,,salzer3 ,i mean soil that doesn't dry well in the spring4 ,i have one spot that's too wet for chestnuts4 ,,mr4 ,,ward3 ,i wouldn't put any hickory nuts on it4 ,you are going to find it is going to be very difficult for if the soil is the least bit heavy or wet1 the hickory nut does not do well at all4 ,in the ,wabash bottoms there is a lot of this black soil that is overflowed every year1 and some of the finest hickory nuts and some of the finest pecans that you can find in the country are there4 ,sometimes ,i have seen water marks on those hickory trees several feet from the ground in the spring of the year and sometimes in the summer1 yet they come through with a good crop of nuts4 ,underneath it is a strata of gravel so that the soil drains out in a hurry4 ,,mr4 ,,salzer3 ,this has subsoil drainage4 ,,mr4 ,,ward3 ,the soil around ,rochester is very heavy like what we call slashland type of soil here in ,indiana1 and where this occurs we find that the hickory nut does very1 very poorly4 ,i wouldn't advise putting them on such soils4 ,the black walnut will grow a lot better in places like that4 ,,mr4 ,,gerardi3 ,in ,illinois we have that deep1 black soil and we just call it plain gumbo4 ,it's all filled-in soil1 and ,i never have reached the bottom4 ,it's at least #bj feet thick4 ,and these swamp hickories--,i think ,reed was the one that called them swamp hickories--thrive there4 ,they can be two months under water six foot deep1 and still bear wonderful crops4 ,you can get a wagon load of them in that mucky soil4 ,,mr4 ,,caldwell3 ,the hickory in ,new ,york ,state which will stand the most moist conditions is the bitternut hickory1 and with that root stock you may be able to get some of the others through4 ,the shagbark will withstand considerable moisture if it has deep soil4 ,the bitternut does well on shallow soil or the soil that is made shallow by high water4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,the bitternut1 then1 will survive wet conditions4 ,this is of interest as far as root stocks are concerned4 ,i am wondering if anyone would like to report on the ability of the pecan to take wet soil conditions4 ,,mr4 ,,wilkinson3 ,they will turn out all right if they have dry feet during the summer months1 but they will not stand wet feet all summer4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,will the bitternut do better1 or would the mockernut8 ,,mr4 ,,wilkinson3 ,i am not well enough versed on that to say4 ,but the pecan1 ,i have seen them stand under water for weeks at a time two or three times during the winter1 water #bj feet deep and not affect them at all4 ,but if they are around in a place where the water stands in ,july and ,august1 they won't take it4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,any other discussion on stocks that will take wet soil conditions8 ,if not1 let us take up ,mr4 ,beckert's question3 ,when do you take scion wood of the shagbark hickory8 ,who would like to answer that8 ,mr4 ,gerardi8 ,,mr4 ,,gerardi3 ,the time ,i like best1 the time it can be done in our particular area is the latter part of ,february4 ,leave it on the tree as long as you can before any sap rises4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,you would say probably #aj days to #b weeks before the bud scales would break8 ,,mr4 ,,gerardi3 ,that's right1 before any growth begins4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,any other comment on that8 ,dr4 ,mc,kay8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i want to ask the question about which there is difference of opinion4 ,do pecan seed have a rest period1 and is there any difference between pecans and hickory in that respect8 ,,mr4 ,,hardy3 ,i am not sure that ,i can answer the question exactly4 ,most pecans planted for seed have been allowed to dry before they are harvested1 and it is general practice to stratify them either in sand for planting in the spring or planting them immediately in the fall4 ,i am inclined to think that there is very little rest period in pecans and that if they were planted immediately from the tree that perhaps they would begin to grow almost immediately4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i think that's true4 ,the seed will germinate quickly4 ,but can you plant dry seed any time during the winter8 ,,mr4 ,,hardy3 ,once they are dried ,i think they must go through after-ripening conditions4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,do ,i understand you correctly that you do feel that the pecan must be after-ripened8 ,,mr4 ,,hardy3 ,yes1 if permitted to dry4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,the work of ,burdette in ,texas a great many years ago has indicated that the pecan seed does not have a rest period4 ,mr4 ,wilkinson1 what has been your experience in germinating pecan seeds8 ,,mr4 ,,wilkinson3 ,i usually like to either plant or stratify soon after gathering1 although one time ,i had some off the shelf of a grocery store in ,march and got excellent results4 ,one thing more about time of cutting graft wood4 ,i never like to cut it for at least #dh hours after a freezing temperature1 regardless of time4 ,i would rather cut it in ,april with the buds green than to cut it in the first of ,march right after a freeze4 ,i have had excellent results just this spring cutting extra graft wood with green buds on4 ,but if you cut it within #dh hours after a freezing temperature1 you might just as well throw it away4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,i am very glad you brought that out4 ,irrespective of whether it be pecan or hickory1 ,i believe it would work the same1 that the scion wood should be cut when it is moist1 and that is not the condition after a freeze1 when it is in very dry condition4 ,let's get back to this seed propagation now4 ,i am asking anyone here1 can you throw any light at all on the need for stratification of pecan or hickory seed of any species4 ,,mr4 ,,caldwell3 ,i have read in several publications that hickories should be stratified over the winter period before planting for spring germination4 ,i always find things a little bit different1 so a year ago at the greenhouse ,i took seven different sources of seed of shagbark hickory1 ,carya ovata and one source of ,carya ovalis4 ,some of those seeds germinated within three weeks from the time ,i put them in1 and after a month and a half ,i had a full stand in all cases4 ,i don't think that more than #b per cent of the seeds failed to germinate4 ,they were planted in warm greenhouse1 with a minimum of1 about #fh degrees at night and about #ij during the day4 ,they were planted in a combination of peat and garden soil2 no special care other than water4 ,i have had no trouble since the seedlings have continued to grow1 even though the seeds were planted only two and a half inches deep4 ,so it may be that there is no need for stratifying hickories4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,your experience is the exact duplication of ,dr4 ,lelia ,barton's of the ,boyce-,thompson ,institute4 ,she found that hickory seeds germinated from three weeks1 as you did1 to a number of months1 when put in a warm greenhouse4 ,apparently the difference in time is related to the thickness of the seed coat or possibly to an inhibitor in the pellicle rather than to any need for after-ripening4 ,i think that ,burdette in ,texas also pointed out that thick-shelled pecans took longer to germinate than thin-shelled pecans4 ,,mr4 ,,pataky3 ,if you take a nut of any kind and let it dry and plant it1 you will get quicker germination than if you plant it soon after harvest4 ,i don't see any difference in taking a nut and planting it and stratifying it4 ,if planted the rodents will get it1 but if you put it in something all winter1 it will be there in the spring4 ,i don't see any reason for planting a nut in the fall1 taking a chance of rodents getting at them4 ,if you plant them in the spring1 they come up so much quicker that the rodents don't have a chance to get at them4 ,they got nearly all of mine that ,i planted in the fall4 ,,mr4 ,,hardy3 ,a good many nuts don't have any rest period requirements4 ,i think it probably is a matter of convenience as to the manner in which they are handled4 ,i have talked with nurserymen in the ,south4 ,if they get the nuts in the fall they may either plant them in the fall or stratify them over winter and then plant them in the rows in the spring4 ,if they get them in the spring1 they soak them for a day or two days in water before planting4 ,perhaps the dry nut is slow in taking up moisture direct from the soil1 and they are primarily interested in getting a uniform stand of trees so that they handle it in such a manner that all the nuts will grow at the same time4 ,and ,i believe many will agree that a dry nut planted in the spring will show considerable variation as to the time in which they appear above ground4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,the suggestion of soaking them in water a few days is well taken1 because a great many have recommended it4 ,most folks recommend changing the water daily4 ,by changing the water you replace the oxygen which would be in the water1 and you also eliminate any toxic substances which may have leached out of the shells during the preceding #bd hours4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i'd like to mention the reason for raising this question4 ,dr4 ,crane has the idea that there is no definite rest period in the pecan nut2 if they are soaked in water they will sprout at any time4 ,i decided ,i would test that hypothesis1 so ,i stratified one group of nuts of about four pounds4 ,another lot of four pounds ,i kept in the laboratory dry all winter long4 ,then ,i planted the two lots of nuts this spring together1 side by side1 in the cold frame4 ,today there is not a single seedling growing out of the dry lot1 and there is a perfect stand in the group that was stratified4 ,to me that means that there is a definite rest period in the pecan seed4 ,i don't see how you can get away from it4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,i am going to stick my neck out a little bit4 ,i have absolutely no basis to make this statement1 but it does give us something to think about4 ,that is the greater the distance towards the north that certain species of plants may have migrated or disseminated1 the greater the rest period requirement4 ,that is a protective device for a species to persist in northern climates1 because if it were not for this rest period1 those seed would germinate in the fall of the year1 and the young seedlings would be frozen out immediately4 ,but by having the rest period requirement over winter1 the seedlings do not germinate until the following spring1 and the plant can persist4 ,i am speaking now in general of northern plants4 ,i am wondering if the pecan species in itself may not be variable in that the southern pecan does not need a rest period1 and the northern pecan is beginning to develop the rest period requirement4 ,,mr4 ,,hardy3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ,i am inclined to think there may be some other factor entering into the picture there4 ,a pecan carried through winter in a dry condition at normal room temperatures would be liable to develop quite a bit of rancidity by spring4 ,furthermore1 nuts that have been held over so long in a dry condition may still be good and may germinate the second year4 ,i'd hesitate to destroy that planting until next spring1 and to my notion that does not indicate dormancy so much as it would possibly indicate the inhibition of growth by some other products developed during that storage period4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,you have brought up a very important point and something we should not neglect4 ,it may be that drying to a certain degree will induce dormancy1 a grievously overworked word1 but you know what ,i mean4 ,it may take two years for the seed to germinate1 as ,mr4 ,hardy has suggested4 ,if you can leave them in that cold frame over this winter1 maybe you can tell us next year just what happened4 ,,mr4 ,,pataky3 ,if we take nature's way1 watch a squirrel plant a hickory or black walnut4 ,he will bury it about an inch deep1 and it will stay moist all winter long1 the same as if it were stratified4 ,but if you take a nut and store in a hot place you are going to slow up or kill that germ4 ,you can do that very easily in a chestnut4 ,take a little advice from nature itself in the locality where you are4 ,if you are in the ,south1 that nut can start growing in the fall1 and it probably won't hurt it1 but if you are in the ,north1 you don't want to start a nut growing in the winter1 because it's going to get winter killed4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,in all probability the amount of oxygen about the germinating seedling might be quite a factor4 ,the shallow planted seed will have more oxygen available than deep planted seed1 everything else being equal4 ,if we are finished with the discussion or germination of seeds1 we can go on to the next question1 that of a suitable root stock for hickory--and that could keep us here for two or three days4 ,have you had some experience1 ,mr4 ,ferguson8 ,,mr4 ,,ferguson3 ,we use the pecan and the shagbark as root stock for the hickory group4 ,formerly we have used some of the bitternut1 but we do not use it any more4 ,some of the hickories will grow well on pecan1 and some are not satisfactory at all4 ,what they will do in old age is hard to tell4 ,we have a few in the orchard down in ,mr4 ,snyder's farm4 ,i think we have ,stratford on pecan1 which is not satisfactory4 ,pecan grows too fast for the ,stratford1 and some way or other it just doesn't work4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,are you familiar with ,mr4 ,lassiter's stock work8 ,,mr4 ,,ferguson3 ,he has used the ,rockville as an intermediate stock on pecan4 ,the ,rockville is a hybrid of the pecan and the shellbark4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,mr4 ,lassiter sent us a letter in which he stated that he had a good variety of shagbark that when grafted on the ,rockville intermediate stock produced much better nuts than on pecans alone4 ,is that due to the exceptional vigor of ,rockville which apparently is a hybrid and may have hybrid vigor8 ,again1 we can only guess4 ,this interstock problem is a big problem4 ,we now have some evidence that pecan is not always satisfactory for all varieties of hickory1 although ,mr4 ,dunstan at ,greensboro1 ,north ,carolina1 states it's been satisfactory for every variety he has worked upon it4 ,,mr4 ,,hardy3 ,i am inclined to believe that root stocks and scion varieties worked in the north and grown in the north or worked in the south and grown in the south may not react the same4 ,,mr4 ,,wilson3 ,i think you are right on that4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,mr4 ,gilbert ,smith's report of yesterday indicated a pecan was not satisfactory with him in ,new ,york ,state1 and that may bear out the comment that ,mr4 ,hardy has made4 ,,mr4 ,,gerardi3 ,well1 ,i think that is true enough1 myself4 ,in southern ,illinois ,i find that the bitternut hickory root for shellbark or shagbark don't seem to be satisfactory at all4 ,with the shagbark on pecan1 the variety of shagbark makes a difference4 ,some varieties of shagbark1 and shellbark hickories seem to do all right1 and then again others don't4 ,it's going to need further study to determine what varieties will stand on pecans1 what will stand on bitter hickories1 or what will stand on regular ovata stock4 ,i think that the nurseryman's wisest way is to use stocks of the same species as the scion and then he is on the safe side4 ,because the bitter hickory grows faster1 the nurseryman may find it advantageous to grow the bitter hickory stock in preference to the other two4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,the bitter stock makes a hickory big enough to graft in two or three years4 ,,mr4 ,,gerardi3 ,in two or three1 and four or five for the shagbark4 ,shagbark or shellbark varieties on bitternut may grow for three or four years and then die4 ,the pecan does well on the bitter hickory and the bitter hickory on the pecan1 but ,i have no reason to grow any bitter hickory because ,i don't like the nut4 ,i think it's a waste of time to fool with it that way4 ,as far as the hybrid pecans are concerned1 the pecan root is certainly the right stock to use on all hybrids4 ,they grow very satisfactorily and bear well4 ,,mr4 ,,whitford3 ,i have ,gerardi and ,mc,allister hybrids growing on pecan1 and the ,downing overgrows the pecan4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,to summarize some of this information that we have gathered this morning on root stocks1 it seems that different clones behave differently on the same stock4 ,that is true1 we know1 with other plants1 such as apple4 ,instead of saying that shagbark is not compatible with pecan1 perhaps we should say that the ,davis or the ,wilcox variety of shagbark is not compatible with a certain type of pecan4 ,it's going to take years of effort to find out the truth of the matter4 ,,mr4 ,,ward3 ,sometimes you will find that a two-year-old scion1 if you can get a dormant bud coming1 is better than the matured wood from last year4 ,i'd just like to get an opinion from some of the growers what they use for topworking stocks for grafting4 ,,mr4 ,,ferguson3 ,i think one thing quite important is to get scion wood that has a good layer of wood around the pith1 whether one-year wood or two-year wood4 ,at the base of the year's growth it will have a lot more wood in it4 ,at the tip the wood around the pith is thin4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,some years ago ,dr4 ,mac,daniels stated that a good scion may be made with the tip of the scion in the one-year wood and the base of the scion in the two-year wood4 ,mr4 ,bernath at ,poughkeepsie1 ,new ,york1 has done some bench grafting of hickory4 ,why other people have not done so1 ,i do not know1 and ,i'd like ,mr4 ,bernath to tell us briefly just why he likes to bench graft hickory4 ,,mr4 ,,bernath3 ,i like it because ,i do my work in the wintertime under glass4 ,i have no time in the spring to fuss with outside grafting4 ,so if you gentlemen would like to hear it1 ,i will tell you all about it4 ,many years ago when ,i learned my profession1 we had difficulty in finding a method to graft oaks4 ,we finally did find a method that would take and which ,i have found successful with hickories4 ,the stocks are dug in the fall and stored heeled in earth4 ,when ,i am ready to graft ,i put them on a table1 along with the scion wood and start grafting4 ,i use the side graft at the crown leaving a short spur above the graft4 ,leave them unwaxed and layer them in moss peat in a glass covered frame in the greenhouse with some ventilation4 ,in three or four weeks' time1 when the union has formed and just before the leaves come out1 take them out and plant them in a cold frame outside4 ,of course you have to put glass on it to protect them from frost1 as well as intense sun4 ,here you can use part peat and part soil4 ,leave them there for one year in those frames1 with partial shade1 until they get fairly high so they shade each other4 ,they can then be set in the nursery row4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,mr4 ,bernath1 ,i know there are some folks here who are nurserymen and who are interested in the cost of production of a finished tree4 ,do you feel that you can produce a tree to transplant any height you want to select1 five1 six feet1 so on1 as cheaply according to this method of bench grafting in the greenhouse as if you bud it or graft it in a nursery row8 ,,mr4 ,,bernath3 ,that's a question4 ,i have never kept a record of that4 ,it is all right for a young man who is able to get down on his hands and knees and graft1 but for me that wouldn't do4 ,,mr4 ,,ferguson3 ,what temperature do you use in the frames8 ,,mr4 ,,bernath3 ,about #fe4 ,sun heat naturally will raise it4 ,care must be used to ventilate the frames in the greenhouse to prevent condensation soaking the grafts4 ,,mr4 ,,ferguson3 ,do you carry higher temperatures for walnuts8 ,,mr4 ,,bernath3 ,all of them about the same4 ,you follow the method just the same as nature4 ,if you follow nature1 you will never go wrong4 ,but you have to watch out for fungus in the case1 because if you have excessive temperature1 the fungus disease will get in your case and ruin the whole thing4 ,,mr4 ,,ward3 ,i presume1 ,mr4 ,bernath1 when you set out a tree and get a hundred per cent stand it's going to reduce your cost4 ,,mr4 ,,bernath3 ,yes1 because you have a better take1 because you have everything under control1 moisture1 heat1 ventilation1 and so on4 ,,mr4 ,,beckert3 ,are the hickory stocks potted before you graft1 or are you grafting bare roots8 ,,mr4 ,,bernath3 ,hickory and oaks are bare rooted4 ,they are too long to pot4 ,,mr4 ,,shessler3 ,how many years are lost in this method of bench grafting compared with field grafting trees in the nursery row8 ,,mr4 ,,bernath3 ,quite a few4 ,the gentleman is right1 if you graft outside where the tree remains1 you get a big growth on it4 ,,mr4 ,,shessler3 ,in other words1 a tree grafted out in the field will have nuts on it three years sooner8 ,,mr4 ,,bernath3 ,yes if you leave it where it is4 ,but if you transplant it1 look out for a large tree4 ,it is likely to fail4 ,bench grafted trees transplant easily4 ,the roots are limited and little of the root system is destroyed4 ,,mr4 ,,wilkinson3 ,i have been propagating for about #ci years1 and ,i have grafted thousands of pecan trees in my nursery1 and ,i have only a few trees growing from grafts4 ,budding is much more successful with me4 ,several times ,i have had up to a #ij per cent stand by budding4 ,,mr4 ,,gerardi3 ,i have tried bench grafting but it sets you back three years in the nursery to get a tree of equal size compared to grafting in the nursery row4 ,if you want a small tree1 it's all right4 ,and then again1 it's your help situation4 ,if you have got to set them out1 they handle the grafts like brush1 and ,i don't like that4 ,hickory is not hard to graft in the field4 ,i think if you set #aj you get #i to grow4 ,for scions ,i go back on two-year wood and oftentimes on three-year wood where there are buds4 ,i don't have trouble at all4 ,with pecans1 you have a little more difficulty1 because the wood is more pithy inside and doesn't grow so well4 ,,mr4 ,,bernath3 ,with any tree1 ,i don't care what it is1 give me one-year growth1 this year's growth1 and ,i am going to have wonderful success4 ,when you take the old wood you have to be sure that you have buds4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,this last discussion certainly shows that1 there is more than one way to get results4 ,the fact remains that all these different men are producing hickory and other trees by various different means of grafting and budding4 ,they have their own techniques which worked4 ,what there is behind it from a scientific basis we probably don't understand too well at the present time4 ,i now call on ,dr4 ,mc,kay to present his paper4 ,dr4 ,mc,kay4 ,a ,promising ,new ,pecan for the ,northern ,zone ,j4 ,w4 ,,mckay and ,h4 ,l4 ,,crane#b ,in late #aidi ,professor ,a4 ,f4 ,vierheller1 ,extension ,horticulturist at the ,university of ,maryland1 ,college ,park1 obtained two small pecans from an exhibit at the ,prince ,georges ,county ,fair1 ,upper ,marlboro1 ,maryland1 which he sent to the ,office of ,nut ,investigations at ,beltsville1 ,maryland4 ,these nuts were very thin shelled and contained solid1 well developed kernels very light in color and attractive4 ,we gave them no particular heed until the fall of #aiea1 when the authors together with ,professor ,vierheller1 ,p4 ,e4 ,clark1 ,county ,agent of ,prince ,georges ,county1 visited the tree on which they had been produced4 ,we found also a number of other pecan trees nearby4 ,all of them were on an old southern ,maryland estate known as ,brookfield4 ,the present owner is ,john ,c4 ,duvall1 whose address is ,naylor1 a small southern ,maryland community located about #be miles southeast of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 in the heart of the tobacco growing area4 ,origin of the ,duvall trees3 ,the present trees probably grew from nuts sent to ,maryland from the vicinity of ,iron ,mountain1 ,missouri1 by a friend of the ,duvall family named ,mrs4 ,mary ,medora ,johnson4 ,mrs4 ,johnson had lived in ,maryland as a neighbor of the ,duvall family and when she moved to ,missouri she apparently was so impressed with the native pecan that she sent nuts to her friends in ,maryland for planting4 ,this must have happened about #ahej since the oldest trees at ,brookfield are estimated to be about #ajj years old and ,mrs4 ,johnson was a friend of ,john ,c4 ,duvall's grandmother4 ,in terms of the human life span the trees are thus three generations removed from the time of planting1 a time period which fits fairly well the estimated age of #ajj years based upon size of the trees4 ,description3 ,the three largest trees are approximately equal in size and undoubtedly represent the original planting4 ,the eight other trees are all smaller and could well have originated as seedlings of the original three4 ,five of the largest trees have been given numbers #a to #e and will be referred to by number4 ,duvall ,no4 #a1 #b and #e are the three large trees situated more or less in a circle surrounding the old mansion1 each about #ajj yards from the others4 ,the smaller trees are located more or less between and around the larger ones1 the old mansion being on a slight knoll in the center of the planting4 ,the original dwelling of ,brookfield is now crumbling ruins1 part of the building being more than #bjj years old1 according to ,mr4 ,duvall1 who lives in a modern new country home across the road from the original mansion4 ,the three large trees have a diameter at breast height of approximately #d feet and all of them have a branch spread of more than #aej feet4 ,they are #ge to #ajj feet tall4 ,all of the trees have very narrow and pointed leaflets characteristic of ,texas and southwestern varieties1 and they are remarkably free of insect pests and diseases4 ,the nuts from this group of seedlings are variable in size and appearance as might be expected of those from any group of pecan seedlings4 ,however1 one of the most striking characteristics of all the nuts is that the kernels are solid and well developed4 ,this is an unusual characteristic for pecans grown in the latitude of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,in all of the varieties that are usually grown in this area none which regularly fill their nuts well are known4 ,another outstanding characteristic of all of the nuts produced by these seedlings is the bright1 attractive color of the kernel4 ,in fact1 when the nuts of ,duvall ,no4 #a are promptly harvested and dried in the fall1 the kernels are almost white4 ,nuts that stayed on the ground #f months during the winter of #aiea-eb were harvested in late ,march #aieb and the kernels were still in good condition4 ,some of the nuts were on display at the ,rockport meetings4 ,small size of nut is without question the chief undesirable characteristic of these trees4 ,duvall ,no4 #e produces the largest nuts of all the seedlings but they are so small that more than #ajj are required to weigh a pound4 ,duvall ,no4 #a produces the smallest nuts and almost #bjj are required to weigh a pound4 ,past ,yields3 ,the one characteristic that sets these trees apart from all other pecan trees that we have observed in the ,maryland area is that they yield heavy crops of nuts every year4 ,we have known the trees only since the fall of #aiea but have observed two crops and ,mr4 ,duvall has observed their performance for many years4 ,in the fall of #aiea ,duvall ,no4 #b yielded an estimated #h to #aj bushels of nuts4 ,mr4 ,duvall harvested #c bushels and he knew that #c bushels were harvested by friends of the family4 ,an unknown quantity estimated at several bushels was plowed under when wheat was sown shortly before we visited the tree in the fall of #aiea4 ,the tree had a heavy set of nuts in ,august #aieb and ,mr4 ,duvall predicted that it would probably yield as much this year as last4 ,he told us that the three oldest trees always have had annual crops of nuts except for #a or #b years when one of the trees failed to produce as much as usual4 ,he could not remember which of the trees produced the light crops but he was certain that light crops were borne at only very infrequent intervals4 ,sweeney ,tree3 ,the two nuts originally sent us by ,professor ,vierheller were produced by a tree growing approximately #bjj yards from the nearest ,duvall tree on a part of the farm recently subdivided and now occupied by a tenant named ,sweeney4 ,mrs4 ,sweeney placed the plate of nuts on exhibit at the ,prince ,georges ,county ,fair and from this plate ,professor ,vierheller procured the sample which he sent4 ,hence this tree has become known informally as the ,sweeney tree4 ,its nuts are very long and pointed but in other respects resemble very closely those produced by the other trees4 ,the ,sweeney tree is undoubtedly a seedling of one of the three large ,duvall trees4 ,this tree also has an impressive yield record1 as ,mrs4 ,sweeney said that she has harvested a bushel or more of nuts from the tree every year during the ten or more years that she has lived on the place4 ,in #aieb the ,sweeney tree was bearing a heavy crop of nuts4 ,soil3 ,the trees growing on soil that is classified as ,sassafras fine sandy loam in the heart of the southern ,maryland tobacco growing district4 ,this soil type1 one of the best agricultural soils of the area1 is not generally regarded as one of high fertility4 ,this soil is well drained and aerated and friable to a considerable depth1 thus permitting the trees to root deeply4 ,none of the trees are growing under crowded conditions since they are located around the margins of the building sites of the old homestead4 ,the question now is whether grafted trees propagated from the best of the ,duvall seedlings will yield heavy crops of well filled nuts that will mature early under other conditions of soil and climate in other localities4 ,we are inclined to believe that some or all of these trees may represent a line of pecan genetically constituted to bear heavy crops of nuts every year under conditions in ,maryland4 ,if trees propagated from the ,duvall trees will perform elsewhere in the northern zone there will be available for this area a new type of pecan that we feel will be distinctly worthwhile notwithstanding the small size of the nuts4 ,present varieties of the so-called northern pecan grown in the northern zone perform erratically at best and when many of the varieties produce crops the nuts fail to mature and fill properly4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #b3 ,horticulturist and ,principal ,horticulturist1 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,soils1 and ,agricultural ,engineering1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,beltsville1 ,maryland4 ,the ,hickory in ,indiana ,w4 ,b4 ,,ward1 ,department of ,horticulture1 ,purdue ,university1 ,lafayette1 ,ind4 ,mr4 ,charles ,c4 ,deam1 forester1 naturalist and botanist1 in his book ,trees of ,indiana1 revised #aieb1 lists seven distinct types of hickory in the state and nine sub species4 ,as ,deam is approaching his #hgth year 7,august #cj71 he makes this statement3 ,i thought ,i knew trees1 and hickories especially1 but at this time when ,i can hardly see and write ,i find there is a great need for reclassification4 ,what is true in ,indiana is no doubt true in other areas where ,hicoria grows--each year new seedlings and hybrids are found that just step out of any previous description and a new tree may result or change the published data4 ,some trees develop five leaflets1 while others have seven and nine leaflets4 ,the bark may be smooth1 rough1 scaly1 or shag4 ,the nuts will vary in size and form with a thin to quite thick shell4 ,this1 of course1 applies to the seedlings as the grafted or budded varieties vary only with the location1 season1 and growing conditions4 ,the present classification1 according to ,deam1 is as follows3 #a4 ,carya pecan--,pecan4 #b4 ,c4 cordiformis--,bitternut4 #c4 ,c4 ovata--,shagbark and #b sub species--fraxinifolia and nuttali4 #d4 ,c4 laciniosa--,bigleaf ,shagbark 7,shellbark74 #e4 ,c4 tomentosa 7alba7--,mockernut--one sub species4 #f4 ,c4 glabra--,pignut and sub species--,black ,hickory4 #g4 ,c4 ovalis--,small-,fruited ,hickory and #e sub species4 #h4 ,c4 pallida #i4 ,c4 buckleyi --,minor species of lesser importance4 ,the hickory species thrive in ,indiana1 doing very well in all sections except in certain portions of the northwestern part of the state and on muck or sandy soils4 ,the tree loves company or does well alone4 ,when the hickory stands alone1 the trees are well formed and make a good specimen tree4 ,many hickory trees are found growing in the river bottom land from ,central to ,southern ,indiana with fewer trees found north of a line extending from ,terre ,haute through ,indianapolis to ,richmond4 ,this southern area also contains the largest population of pecans4 ,there are some woods that contain only pecan trees while a mile or so away no pecans are found but all are hickories and occasionally some woods contain both pecan and hickory4 ,the trees in the woods areas1 many of which seem to be the same species1 produce a wide variety of fruits4 ,when the trees are more closely examined there is a difference in the bark1 the branch1 the leaf1 pubescence1 shape of nut and shell structure4 ,as there are all seedling trees in this particular woods1 several outstanding trees have been checked and especially as to cracking qualities of the nuts4 ,at harvest time a hammer is part of the equipment and the nuts are cracked at the tree and the tree marked for discard or further consideration4 ,future ,possibilities of the ,hickory ,the hickory nut has not reached the popularity of the pecan1 although the hickory contains more protein and slightly less fat1 carbohydrates1 and calories per pound than the pecan4 ,where the pecan does not fruit1 the better hickories1 which are hardy1 fill the need4 ,the named varieties are good and trees are available from some nurserymen4 ,the propagators have developed a few new crosses but man is far behind nature in this work4 ,the many new seedling trees scattered all over the regions where the hickory grows require only propagation and distribution for wider acclaim4 ,the development of a new hickory is a long-time process1 yet may be hastened by first planting the nuts for new seedlings and when the growth is mature to bud or graft the seedling on large rootstocks4 ,when old trees have been top-worked it is only two or three years' time until the fruit develops and1 if worthy of propagation1 much time may be saved by this method4 ,most of the hickories have either #cb or #fd chromosomes1 except pecan which varies from #bj to #bd to possibly #cb4 ,the chances of making suitable crosses between the pecan and hickory are most difficult yet it appears that these chance crosses result from time to time as in the hican through natural cross pollination4 ,how extensive will be the plantings of the hickories is yet to be determined but it is a known fact that many people1 especially north of the route of ,federal ,highway #dj1 prefer the hickory to the pecan4 ,this may be due to the fact that from childhood the hickory was the local fruit4 ,the fruit and tree hold great promise for the future4 ,if the hickories are to be of commercial importance1 the work must be done by all concerned and not left to a few eager individuals to carry on the work alone4 ,,mr4 ,,machovina3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 members of the ,association1 ,i hope you will bear with me if ,i run #cj seconds over4 ,perhaps ,i had better point out that my training is that of an engineer and not a botanist1 hence this report on the ,merrick tree is that of a layman4 ,i have not bothered to go into detail on the various features of the tree1 such as leaves1 buds1 and so forth1 because ,i have slides which you will see afterwards4 ,the ,merrick ,hybrid ,walnut ,p4 ,e4 ,,machovina1 ,columbus1 ,ohio ,the ,merrick hybrid walnut is a natural cross between ,persian and black walnut and is distinguished from most other such hybrids by the good crops it usually bears4 ,the tree is located in ,rome ,township1 ,athens ,county1 ,ohio1 on property owned by ,mr4 ,m4 ,m4 ,merrick a farmer and fruit grower4 ,in ,august1 #aiej1 ,mr4 ,merrick first described his ,english walnut to the writer and arrangements were made to view the tree4 ,most striking at first sight was the large crop of nuts4 ,the general outward appearance of the tree suggested it to be pure ,persian2 however1 upon closer examination1 mixed parentage became evident4 ,as a hybrid1 the tree's history was a matter of interest and the owner was happy to supply what information he could4 ,mr4 ,merrick purchased the property on which the hybrid is located1 in #aiba4 ,a few years prior to this1 the previous owner had planted six ,persian walnut trees obtained from a nursery in northern ,ohio4 ,these young trees bore their first crop of nuts during ,mr4 ,merrick's first year of ownership4 ,it is known that the nursery owners were also proprietors of a commercial ,persian walnut orchard located in the vicinity of ,niagara ,falls4 ,with this combination of date and orchard location1 it seems not illogical to presume that the six nursery trees were of the ,pomeroy strain4 ,from ,mr4 ,merrick's description of the nuts produced by these trees1 they appear to have been two each of three different grafted varieties4 ,in the early nineteen-thirties1 ,mr4 ,merrick planted several nuts from the ,persian trees and raised a number of seedlings4 ,one of these seedlings1 transplanted to its present location1 is the subject of this discussion and is presumed to be a cross between one of the six ,persians and a native black walnut4 ,during the late nineteen-thirties1 all of the trees1 ,persians and seedlings1 with the single exception of the existing hybrid1 were killed by an unusually hard winter4 ,the ,merrick hybrid walnut1 now about #bj years of age1 is an extremely vigorous and healthy tree4 ,its height is between #ee and #fj feet and its spread nearly as great4 ,trunk diameter is at present about #ab inches at breast height4 ,the location of the tree is very favorable1 being near the crest of a high ridge and with protection from the northwest by the house4 ,a chicken yard is near and the kitchen drain empties close by to supply moisture4 ,in nearly all aspects excepting the nut itself1 the tree favors its pistillate parent4 ,this is evidenced by the general shape of the tree1 by the texture and color of the bark of limbs and twigs1 and by the shape and color of the leaves1 the buds1 the flowers1 and the nut hull4 ,hybridity is indicated by the 7usually7 eleven leaflets to the leaf stem1 by the nut1 and in the disintegration of the hull which1 after falling1 quickly changes into a most disagreeable1 dark-brownish1 semi-liquidlike mess4 ,the nut itself is much more like a ,persian walnut in appearance than a black walnut4 ,the shell surface is slightly rougher and somewhat darker than most ,persian nuts4 ,the suture of the ,persian parent is prominent4 ,black walnut parentage is exhibited by the thick shell1 the interior configuration and in the flavor of the small kernel4 ,nut size varies somewhat with diameters ranging from #a to #a-a_/d inches and lengths ranging from #a-a_/d to #a-a_/b inches4 ,the bloom1 which is strikingly like that of pure ,persian trees1 is always profuse and precedes that of the surrounding native black walnuts by a week or two4 ,in the two years during which the writer has observed the tree1 the greater part of the staminate bloom has preceded the pistillate by several days4 ,this was noticeably the case during the current year1 and either this1 or the rainy weather1 has resulted in a small set of nuts which the owner states to be unusual4 ,during the years observed1 the tree appeared to be self-pollinating4 ,it is recognized1 of course1 that the ,merrick hybrid is worthless as a producer of edible nuts4 ,the possible value of the tree lies in opportunities it offers in being the forbearer of more worthwhile progeny4 ,we know of the vast possibilities in hybridization4 ,we know of the difficulties involved in obtaining nuts from controlled crosses between ,persian and black walnut trees2 and we know that seedling trees raised from the nuts of such crosses are almost always sterile4 ,the ,merrick hybrid1 yielding good crops1 offers possibilities both in crossbreeding and in the raising of seedling trees from the nuts of the tree itself4 ,in the latter connection1 ,drs4 ,crane and ,mc,kay1 of the ,u4,s4,d4,a41 requested several pounds of ,merrick nuts for planting purposes this spring4 ,the writer himself planted five such nuts1 of which four germinated4 ,of the four trees1 one died early in the season1 while the remaining three have thrived4 ,the heights attained by the three remaining trees thus far this season are #a1 #b1 and #c feet1 respectively4 ,these trees have the general appearance of young ,persian seedlings4 ,the only crossbreeding attempted thus far ended in failure when a storm destroyed most of the bags prior to application of pollen4 ,persian pollen was used on the few bloom remaining covered but1 unfortunately1 no nuts were set4 ,the experiment will be continued4 ,also1 the ,merrick will be topworked onto producing walnuts1 both ,persian and black1 in the hope of obtaining nuts from which interesting and perhaps better second generation hybrids can be raised4 ,an interesting point of conjecture on which to terminate this report1 and one to which nut experts will likely give little credence1 may be found in a statement made by ,mr4 ,merrick and vouched to by ,mrs4 ,merrick4 ,the statement is to the effect that the nuts borne by the ,merrick during its early years1 that is1 prior to the time the adjacent ,persians were killed1 were of much better quality1 being more like ,persian walnuts both in appearance and in flavor4 ,we've heard of pollen influence with chestnuts4 ,did it occur here8 ,,tuesday ,,afternoon ,,session ,producing ,quality ,nuts and ,quality ,logs ,l4 ,e4 ,,sawyer1 ,director1 ,division of ,forestry and ,reclamation1 ,indiana ,coal ,producers ,association ,i was trained as a forester and having worked at the profession for nearly thirty years1 my first thought of trees is for their utility in building or in cabinet work4 ,in school we were taught that the fruit of forest trees was a by-product4 ,its economic importance was not emphasized nor was the possibility of establishing stands of some species specifically for the production of their fruit4 ,through the years the value of the nut crop from some species has increased so that the fruit is now the primary crop and any wood materials that may be derived are the by-product4 ,this production of valuable food and necessary materials of high quality for the building of quality furniture and interior finish is a combination that will work well together4 ,black walnut1 the most highly utilized of any of our native timber for furniture1 veneer1 and cabinet work is becoming increasingly more difficult for the mills to obtain in larger sized logs4 ,native chestnut1 almost completely destroyed in our timbered areas by the chestnut blight1 is in demand for interior finish4 ,pecan1 which has had only a limited use in the past1 is now enjoying a market for the manufacture of flooring4 ,the production of nuts from plantations or orchards of these three species will no doubt produce greater economic returns for many years after the initial planting than could be derived from the sale of the trees for the wood they contain4 ,there will come a time in the life of any tree when it is no longer a profitable producer and should be replaced by a younger1 more thrifty tree4 ,when that time comes1 the tree to be removed will have no economic value unless it contains products that industry can use4 ,with the thought in mind that the wood from the tree is to have some future economic value the trunk of the tree should be kept free of all limbs to a height of about nine feet above the ground4 ,the development of a large spreading top above that point will be desirable for nut production4 ,the space below that top will give ample head room for maintenance work in the orchard and that clear length of trunk will produce a high quality log eight feet long4 ,that is the minimum standard length normally used by the lumber industry4 ,some shorter lengths are utilized by the veneer industry but those lengths usually command a lower unit price4 ,the production of figured walnut could be combined with the production of one log per tree but it would take several more years to bring the trees to nut producing age4 ,mr4 ,wilkinson has successfully demonstrated that the figure of the ,lamb ,walnut does carry over through a graft or bud4 ,a double budding operation should not be difficult to perform4 ,it would simply consist of budding the figured stock on the root at as low a point as possible1 then when the figured growth has reached sufficient height1 of budding again to the desired variety for nut production4 ,this procedure would no doubt require a few additional years before the first crop of fruit would be harvested but it would produce an extremely valuable log when the tree is finally cut4 ,i would be remiss in my present job if ,i did not bring the revegetation program of the ,indiana coal stripping industry into the discussion4 ,that industry produces over fifty percent of the coal mined in ,indiana today and is recovering coal that could not be mined by any other means4 ,in driving to ,rockport many of you no doubt passed by areas of newly mined land1 rough1 barren desolate looking areas with no vegetation4 ,they have the appearance of complete desolation and give the impression that those lands are forever lost4 ,in that same vicinity you no doubt passed plantations of pine1 or mixture of pine or ,locust with our native deciduous species4 ,those too were mined areas that a few short years ago were just as desolate in appearance as the bare areas you saw4 ,these plantations are the direct result of a reclamation program started by the members of the ,indiana ,coal ,producers ,association1 a program that has attracted national attention4 ,the first record of an attempt at the reclamation of coal mine spoil is here in ,indiana4 ,in #aiah1 the ,rowland ,power ,company1 now owned by the ,maumee ,collieries ,company1 planted peach1 apple and pear trees on mined land in ,owen county4 ,the records show that for a period of years the trees thrived and were good producers4 ,then1 because the topography was rough and no spraying was done1 disease and insects took their toll of the peaches and apples4 ,seedlings of the original apple and peach tree still grow on the area4 ,the original ,kieffer pear trees still stand and produce large crops of fruit4 ,in #aibf1 the larger1 more far sighted companies began a definite program of reforestation of their mined lands under the direction of ,ralph ,wilcox1 at that time assistant ,state ,forester and fortunately our ,state ,forester today4 ,that voluntary program was carried on until #aida when the ,indiana ,coal ,producers ,association1 the ,association of the mining companies1 sat down with representatives of the ,indiana ,department of ,conservation1 representing the state1 and the ,indiana ,farm ,bureau1 representing the people1 and drafted a bill which was enacted into law4 ,this law required each company to obtain a permit from the state to operate and required that each company revegetate an area each year equal to #aja of the area they had mined4 ,to insure compliance1 a bond was required4 ,this law remained in effect for ten years4 ,in #aiea1 representatives of those same groups again sat down together and drafted several amendments to the original act4 ,some grading is now required where areas lie adjacent to public roads4 ,access roads must be provided and areas to be devoted to pasture must be graded so that they can be traversed with agricultural machinery4 ,under this program1 sponsored by ,industry1 the ,farm ,bureau1 and the ,department of ,conservation1 #gi of the area that has been mined to date has been successfully revegetated4 ,the remaining #ba is a natural lag and represents lands newly mined or areas that have not weathered to the point where they will support revegetation4 ,the demand for recreation lands and home sites where water is available is constantly increasing4 ,at least #ac of the revegetated area is now being used for public recreation or for home sites4 ,near the more heavily populated sections the price commanded by mined territory containing good lakes often exceeds the value of the land before it was mined4 ,these lakes1 formed in the final cuts and in low lying areas of the strip mines1 furnish the only clean1 clear water available for public recreation and fishing in the south western part of the state4 ,the reforestation being carried on under the reclamation program consists of planting several species of pines1 as well as a large variety of our native deciduous trees4 ,the older plantations are being used as a guide as the research started in the last eight years has not progressed far enough to give conclusive results on many points4 ,until the last few years the ,agricultural ,experiment ,station has devoted little or no time to the problem of reclaiming strip mine spoil4 ,the area of the state that is involved1 less than #a_/d of #a1 has been too small to justify the use of their limited funds4 ,however1 since funds have been made available to that ,station1 through the ,industry1 to establish research fellowships1 the ,station has given whole hearted cooperation4 ,the information being obtained through these fellowships and through work being carried on cooperatively with the ,central ,states ,forest ,experiment ,station is going to answer many of the questions on reclamation we have been confronted with4 ,included in our reforestation has been a liberal scattering of black walnut4 ,a breakdown of species is not available on much of the earlier work but since #aidj1 when accurate records have been maintained1 we have planted #bci1jjj black walnut seedlings or seed4 ,initial survival is not high1 averaging only about #ej percent but we still have a general distribution of seed trees that are providing a source of seed for natural reproduction4 ,trees from plantings made in #aibg to #aicd have grown well and we now have walnut trees over #aj inches in diameter and #fj feet in height4 ,the average for all areas would probably not exceed #e inches but individual trees have made remarkable growth4 ,these trees are only seedlings1 but they are bearing heavily and their fruit is sought by the local people4 ,in #aidf and #aidg1 budded stock of walnuts and pecans and seedlings of ,chinese chestnut were obtained from ,mr4 ,wilkinson and were set out on six selected areas4 ,a wide variety of sites were picked and a wide variation in both survival and growth has been obtained4 ,no special treatment was given the areas where the trees were to be planted nor were the trees mulched or watered after planting4 ,even under these rugged conditions we have a survival of over #fj percent of all trees4 ,the walnut trees now range from #e to #ab feet in height and the pecans up to #f feet4 ,the chestnuts vary in form from low spreading plants #d-a_/b to #e feet in height and as much as #h feet across to well formed trees #h to #aj feet tall4 ,pruning on all three species to produce a clear butt log has been started4 ,pasture seeding on areas high enough in available lime to support legumes is following a pattern laid down by three years of graduate study1 financed by the ,indiana ,coal ,producers ,association1 at ,purdue and by work done by the ,illinois ,agricultural ,experiment ,station under a similar arrangement with the ,illinois ,coal ,strippers ,association4 ,unfortunately1 we have only a small portion of the spoil area in ,indiana that is suitable for the development of improved pasture4 ,not over #aj percent of the area mined to date is good enough and that percentage will decrease4 ,modern operations are deeper than the early ones and are exposing more hard rock and shale4 ,fortunately1 most of these areas can be reforested after three or four years4 ,in exceptional cases less than #e percent of the area mined the exposed materials contain large amounts of sulfides4 ,these break down into acid that in some cases require ten to twelve years to leach out before revegetation can be undertaken4 ,the fact that these stands of trees established on raw spoil will produce merchantable timber has been proven4 ,in #aiea1 an area was clear cut at the ,enos mine in ,pike county4 ,the pines on this tract were planted in #aicc-cd4 ,the products from that cutting1 peeled posts and poles1 were sold to the ,indiana ,wood ,preserving ,company at the rate of #cce4ei per acre4 ,an increase in value of #af4dh per acre per year4 ,pasture1 forests and fishing are not the only products4 ,game of all varieties is abundant in the worked out areas4 ,one of the largest herds of white tailed deer in the state1 now referred to as the strip mine herd1 is located in northern ,warrick and southern ,pike counties4 ,in the ,indiana deer season of #aiea1 the first open season since #ahic1 the second largest recorded kill came from the strip mine herd4 ,the ,pitman-,robertson report of the ,division of ,fish and ,game carries the following comment on deer from that area4 ,the superiority of the diversified range of the strip mine herd was reflected in above average weights and measurements in most age classes4 ,from the evidence at hand1 there is every reason to believe that most of the mined area will again be highly productive forest land4 ,it has completed the entire cycle of land use4 ,originally it supported magnificent stands of hardwood timber4 ,this timber was cut and the lands devoted to farming4 ,poor management and erosion soon depleted the supply of top soil and many areas were abandoned to broom sedge1 blackberries and gullies4 ,because it was close enough to the surface the coal has been removed and the areas replanted to many of the same species of trees4 ,with this reestablishment of the forest cover and the creation of the lakes in the final cuts1 we can again have our forest resource combined with fishing1 hunting and other forms of outdoor recreation1 some areas of pasture and1 ,i believe1 others that can be profitably devoted to the production of nut crops and the by-product of quality logs for the veneer and lumber industry4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,if you ever think you are going to sell your logs for veneer or lumber1 don't nail hammocks or other things on the trees4 ,the metal is very soon buried and causes no end of difficulty4 ,we will go to the next paper1 which is1 ,colchicine as a ,tool in ,nut ,breeding1 ,mr4 ,o4 ,j4 ,eigsti1 ,funk ,brothers ,seed ,co41 ,bloomington1 ,illinois4 ,,mr4 ,,eigsti3 ,three years ago this project was conceived in a discussion between ,mr4 ,best and myself4 ,then during the two-year period1 all ,i did was turn over some ,colchicine to ,mr4 ,best4 ,mr4 ,best took the material1 treated the trees and performed as well as any graduate student ,i had ever graduated in the #ac years that ,i was in university work4 ,it is through his fine cooperation that we are able to start this project1 and ,i look forward to this developing into a rather important nut breeding venture4 ,but as you all know1 it will take a long time4 ,i have this paper written4 ,it's only four pages double-spaced4 ,colchicine for ,nut ,improvement ,programs ,o4 ,j4 ,,eigsti and ,r4 ,b4 ,,best1 ,normal1 ,illinois1 and ,eldred1 ,illinois ,colchicine 7#a1 #b7 as a plant breeders' tool is universally well known4 ,only limited use has been made of this technique for nut improvement4 ,early work was started by ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay1 a member of the ,n4,n4,g4,a41 but numerous other problems demanded his attention and the ,colchicine project was not carried to final completion4 ,other reports are at hand from ,sweden and ,japan but these results do not shed direct light on the problems under discussion today at ,rockport1 ,indiana4 ,colchicine1 acting on cell-division1 ultimately causes a doubling of the number of chromosomes within those cells in contact with the substance at the time of division4 ,such changes are transferred to succeeding generations by the hereditary chain familiar to plant breeders4 ,several species of nuts are among this class of plants with doubled chromosomal numbers1 however1 such duplications occurred in nature4 ,a report on this phase was given at a recent meeting of the ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,therefore such excellent nut producing species as the pecan are naturally doubled types1 called polyploids4 ,we find numbers such as #cb representative of a polyploid situation4 ,since colchicine is effective in doubling the chromosome number and that variations in chromosome number exist among species1 the authors planned a series of experiments to determine the best methods of applying colchicine toward a nut improvement program4 ,seedlings of pecan were available and out of this experience a schedule is submitted that may be of use for other members of this association confronted with particular problems applicable to colchicine techniques4 ,the most satisfactory schedule for doubling the number of chromosomes is given in a number of steps as listed below4 #a7 ,select expanding vegetative buds in the earliest stages of development4 #b7 ,use seedlings or branches from mature trees4 #c7 ,prune leaves and probe to the growing cone without damage to tissue4 #d7 ,pack a small wad of cotton into the terminal point4 #e7 ,soak this cotton by dropping 4#b aqueous solution of colchicine on same4 #f7 ,add glycerine to cotton to improve penetration of colchicine4 #g7 ,place drop of colchicine on cotton morning and evening for four days4 #h7 ,remove cotton wading from bud on #eth day4 #i7 ,if sufficient tests at hand1 allow cotton to remain on some buds4 #aj7 ,try for at least one hundred buds treated4 #aa7 ,observe growth during first season and also next season4 #ab7 ,if treated bud dies1 watch for growth among lower laterals4 #ac7 ,evidence of changes appears in the new leaves1 darker1 thicker1 greener4 #ad7 ,conclusive evidence of doubling rests with microscopic and anatomical analysis which is a task for trained technicians only4 ,the above procedures are suggestions for a start and everyone will wish to make changes suited to his particular needs4 ,the concentration of colchicine need not be exact as in an analytical experiment in chemistry4 ,one gram dissolved in #ejj ml4 water is an adequate and a sufficiently careful measurement4 ,the local pharmacist or physician is well acquainted with colchicine in the practise of medicine since this drug is a standard for gout4 ,effective use may be made from two specific areas of plant breeding4 ,first1 doubling of chromosomes changes sterile hybrids into fertile individuals4 ,this is a promising field and whenever such hybrids are discovered1 efforts should be made to apply the colchicine technique4 ,second1 doubling of the chromosome number makes possible hybridization of individuals heretofore unsuccessful in such effort4 ,in both instances germ plasm of wide genetic difference is incorporated into a new propagating breeding stock4 ,in the case of the sterile hybrid transformed into fertile individuals1 no counting of chromosomes is necessary because restoration of fertility is evidence of changes in the chromosomal makeup4 ,however1 the second type of experiment requires microscopic analysis4 ,there are a number of fundamental research problems in the plant sciences associated with the treatment of plants with colchicine4 ,from horticultural subjects such as the apple17#c7 pear1 cranberries17#d7 and grapes1 it is obvious that periclinal chimeras will be of prime importance in analysis of results in treatment of nut trees4 ,following the treatment of a growing point with colchicine the outer layer of cells may be doubled by colchicine but the lower layers may remain unchanged4 ,or a reverse of this situation may obtain1 and even other types4 ,since the formation of pollen takes place from a certain layer it is very important that such specific layers are changed4 ,the course of plant breeding can be altered by these kinds of changes4 ,to our knowledge1 no investigations of periclinal chimeras have been made with nuts1 following treatment with colchicine4 ,specific experiments were conducted at ,eldred1 ,illinois in the spring of #aiea with seedlings of pecan4 ,the cooperation of the ,r4,b4 ,best ,farms and ,nut ,plantation made this project possible4 ,several types of treatment were tried4 ,out of this experience the above schedule listed in #ad steps was developed4 ,other details may be obtained by contacting the authors direct4 ,observations of the new growth in #aiea and #aieb were made and the shape of leaves1 color1 texture and general appearance suggest that doubling of chromosomes has been induced4 ,up until the present time1 no microscopic analysis has been made but this is a contemplated step and facilities are at hand to complete this work4 ,while this paper is not a completed research1 the authors hope that the presentation of technique will aid and stimulate interest in this new approach to nut improvement4 ,in such instances where certain members may have a particular problem such as a true hybrid-sterile as a result of hybridity1 it is hoped that the suggestions given in the above pages may lead into a new field of improvement4 ,there are rewards in store for the plant breeder willing to master this new technique1 but the mastery requires careful study and diligent work4 ,literature ,cited #a4 ,eigsti1 ,o4 ,j4 and ,dustin1 ,p4--,colchicine ,bibliography4 ,lloydia #aj3 #fe-aad4 #aidg4 #b4 ----1 ----4--,colchicine ,bibliography4 ,lloydia #ab3ahe-bjg4 #aidi4 #c4 ,dermen1 ,h4--,ontogeny of tissues in stem and leaf of cytochimeral apples4 ,am4 ,jour4 ,bot4 #ch3gec-fj4 #aiea4 #d4 ,dermen1 ,h4 and ,bain1 ,h4 ,f4--,periclinal and total polyploidy in cranberries induced by colchicine4 ,proc4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 #ch3 #djj4 #aida4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,the ,resolutions ,committee for this meeting is3 ,john ,davidson1 chairman1 and ,dr4 ,rohrbacher working with him4 ,if you have anything in mind that should be brought up in the resolutions1 see one of these two men4 ,the next paper is3 ,an ,early ,pecan and ,some ,other ,west ,tennessee ,nuts ,,aubrey ,,richards1 ,m4,d41 ,whiteville1 ,tenn4 ,,mr4 ,,richards3 ,there came under my observation in the latter part of last summer a seedling pecan tree growing in the city limits of my home town4 ,it seemed that this tree had been growing unnoticed for possibly #ej years1 judging by the size of the tree4 ,the outstanding thing about this tree and what called it to my attention was a patient who came into my office complaining with a backache from picking up pecans on the #bjth day of ,august4 ,i wrote my friend1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 about this pecan1 and when he visited me during the ,christmas holidays ,i gave him a sample4 ,the only thing that he could say bad about the pecan was that it was slightly on the small side4 ,i know personally that at least three or possibly four bushels of good quality nuts were harvested from that tree1 most of them on the ground by the #bjth of ,august4 ,in my section the ,stuart pecan1 which we use more or less as a yard-stick1 was ripe the latter part of ,october1 and we thought that possibly this tree1 since it had undergone an unusually low temperature the winter before of #bj below zero1 might have possibilities4 ,but let's dispense with this pecan and say that we believe in the old adage that one raindrop doesn't make a shower4 ,it has a fair crop this year1 and they are just as green as my ,stuarts now4 ,there is another tree that originated in ,west ,tennessee which ,mr4 ,mc,daniel chose to call this nut ,rhodes heartnut4 ,this tree is #g years old from a dormant bud on a #b-year-old black walnut seedling growing on my back yard4 ,it bore two clusters its second growing season1 and since that time it has borne annually1 the crops increasing in proportion to the size of the tree4 ,this year's crop consisted of #hh clusters of nuts1 with an average nut count of #aj4b nuts per cluster1 giving a total of almost #ijj nuts on this #g-year-old tree4 ,there is one more figure ,i'd like to give you4 ,the count of clusters compared to the number of terminals we had this spring is better than #ij per cent clusters4 ,i have a few bud sticks here cut from green water sprouts4 ,that's the only kind ,i can find a sprout on4 ,i brought them up to ,mr4 ,mc,daniel4 ,if anybody can talk ,mr4 ,mc,daniel out of a bud he wanted to try1 but ,i don't really know what plans he had for these bud sticks4 ,the #g or #h other varieties of heartnuts ,i have growing don't have any that have clusters like the ,rhodes4 ,scab ,disease in ,eastern ,kentucky on the ,busseron ,pecan ,w4 ,d4 ,,armstrong1 ,university of ,kentucky1 ,princeton1 ,kentucky ,,mr4 ,,armstrong3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ladies and gentlemen3 ,it is nice to be here at the ,northern ,nut ,growers meeting4 ,this is my second session4 ,i attend all the pecan and nut sessions in the country4 ,i have attended ,georgia-,florida ,pecan ,growers ,association and ,oklahoma and ,texas ,pecan ,growers ,association4 ,these plates that ,i have contain some of the ,busseron pecans affected with pecan scab4 ,the disease has shown up in ,southeastern ,kentucky1 about a hundred miles southeast of ,lexington1 a hundred miles west of the ,virginia line1 and about a hundred miles north of the ,tennessee line1 on a straight line west of ,roanoke1 ,virginia4 ,these trees were planted in bottom soil1 rather well drained1 and they made a rapid growth4 ,in the original planting there were two ,green ,river pecans1 one ,major1 one ,busseron and two walnuts1 a ,stabler and a ,thomas4 ,about #aidf we noticed that all of the pecans on the ,busseron were like these that we have here--did not mature1 completely covered with scab fungus and dropped off the tree4 ,the shells were so thin that you could just crush the whole pecan1 hull1 shell and all with no meats in them4 ,the ,major tree right beside it and the two ,green ,river trees had none of this trouble1 and they have none of it as yet4 ,and each year now that this ,busseron tree has borne there1 practically all of the nuts have been like this4 ,at the time we located this disease first in #aidf1 ,i sent samples to the ,u4,s4,d4,a4 at ,washington and also to the ,southeastern ,pecan ,laboratory at ,albany1 ,georgia1 and ,dr4 ,cole1 there identified it as pecan scab4 ,i reported the presence of the disease to ,mr4 ,wilkinson and to ,dr4 ,colby and they were surprised to see the disease on ,busseron in any location1 and particularly that far north4 ,in the south this disease frequently affects ,schley1 ,delmas1 ,alley and ,van ,deman and some others4 ,formerly the trees were sprayed with ,bordeaux ,mixture4 ,i think they are using ,zerlate now4 ,it's a problem to be reckoned with4 ,it occurs on the nuts and on the leaves1 and it is carried over winter on the stems and the one-year shoots4 ,further ,news ,about ,oak ,wilt ,e4 ,a4 ,,curl1 ,illinois ,natural ,history ,survey1 ,urbana1 ,ill4 ,in #aiea a review of the oak wilt situation was given in a paper1 ,present ,status of the ,oak ,wilt ,disease1 at the ,forty-,second ,annual ,meeting of the ,n4,n4,g4,a4 at the ,university of ,illinois4 ,the following report is aimed at bringing up to date the present known distribution of the oak wilt disease1 recent developments in scientific research on the disease1 and possible control measures4 ,the oak wilt disease is caused by the fungus ,chalara quercina ,henry and is characterized by a very noticeable bronzing and wilting of leaves that drop prematurely4 ,brown streaks are usually present in the outer sapwood4 ,these symptoms may be seen from ,june to ,september or until normal autumn colors of the foliage develop4 ,more than #cj species of oak are known to be susceptible to the disease4 ,other susceptible genera of the family ,fagaceae are ,chinese chestnut1 ,castanea mollissima1 golden chinquapin1 ,castanopsis chrysophylla1 tanbark oak1 ,lithocarpus densifiora1 and ,nothofagus from ,south ,america4 ,the red and black oaks seem to be most susceptible and are often killed within #f weeks after infection4 ,distribution ,during the past few years the oak wilt disease has spread with such rapidity and destructiveness among valuable forest and shade oaks in parts of the eastern half of the ,united ,states that its seriousness is now well recognized4 ,at present oak wilt is known to be in the following states3 ,wisconsin1 ,iowa1 ,minnesota1 ,illinois1 ,missouri1 ,indiana1 northern ,arkansas1 eastern ,kansas1 southeastern ,nebraska1 ,ohio1 ,pennsylvania1 ,west ,virginia1 northwestern ,virginia1 western part of ,north ,carolina1 eastern ,tennessee1 northeastern ,kentucky1 western ,maryland and southern ,michigan4 ,aerial surveys for #aieb are not yet complete1 but there are indications of extensive new infections in ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1 and ,west ,virginia while the other states show a moderate increase in the number of infections4 ,the first case of oak wilt in ,illinois was seen in ,rockford in #aidb4 ,today #ed of the #ajb counties in the state have oak wilt areas4 ,the disease is present in both the extreme northern part and the southern-most tip of the state4 ,practically all wilt areas in the southern half of ,illinois consist of #e trees or less that appear to have died within the last #d years1 indicating a recent spread of the disease southward4 ,a similar condition exists in southern ,missouri and northern ,arkansas4 ,developments in ,research ,in #aidb a report from the ,wisconsin ,agricultural ,experiment ,station revealed that the oak wilt disease was caused by a fungus1 and research programs were started early in ,wisconsin and ,iowa4 ,neighboring states were quick to follow as surveys showed a wider distribution of the disease4 ,now almost every state in which oak wilt occurs is taking part in efforts to learn more about the disease and its causal agent so that practical control measures may be applied before the spread of the disease gets out of hand4 ,the ,national ,oak ,wilt ,research ,committee at ,memphis1 ,tennessee1 supports in part an intensive oak wilt research program in coordination with several midwestern universities and with the ,u4,s4,d4,a41 ,bureau of ,forest ,pathology4 ,until recently the causal fungus of oak wilt was known only in its asexual or imperfect form living in the sap stream of infected trees4 ,the most important question to be answered now is how the fungus spreads over long distances from diseased to healthy trees4 ,before this could be accomplished1 however1 we had to know how the fungus escapes from the inside to the outside of diseased trees where it can be exposed to agents of dissemination4 ,in the late summer of #aiea clearly visible mycelial mats of the oak wilt fungus were found in ,illinois under the loose bark of wilt-killed trees4 ,these mats were usually located beneath cracks in the bark2 thus1 they were exposed to the outside air and to visiting insects4 ,most wilt-killed trees contain beneath the bark numerous insect larvae of wood and bark boring beetles4 ,larvae were frequently found in direct contact with mycelial mats of the fungus4 ,larvae of the two-lined chestnut borer1 ,agrilus bilineatus1 were most abundant1 but larvae of species of the families ,scolytidae and ,cerambycidae were also present in large numbers4 ,in addition to the mycelial mat under the bark there was often present a thick dark pad usually in the center of the mat4 ,it is not known yet what part this pad plays in the life history of the fungus but we do know that it is produced by the same fungus which causes oak wilt4 ,we also found in ,illinois that the oak wilt fungus often develops into visible mats from chips of bark and wood that have been chopped from wilt-killed trees and allowed to lie on the moist forest floor4 ,this should be remembered when considering sanitation as a partial means of controlling the disease4 ,in #aiea the sexual or perfect form of the oak wilt fungus was produced on laboratory media in ,missouri by crossing different strains of the fungus4 ,the sexual form is recognized by the appearance of microscopic1 black1 short-beaked fruiting structures or perithecia that are filled with sticky ascospores4 ,this sexual form is a species of ,endoconidiophora4 ,the sexual form of the fungus was first found in nature in ,illinois in the autumn of #aiea4 ,the perithecia are produced on the mycelial mats beneath the loose and sometimes cracked bark of diseased oaks4 ,both the ascospores of the sexual form and the endospores or conidia of the asexual form will cause wilt if the spores are injected into oak trees4 ,from the foregoing information it is apparent that several methods by which the disease might be spread over long distances are possible4 ,first1 and what seems to be most probable1 is transmission by insects4 ,adult beetles1 such as the two-lined chestnut borer1 which emerge from dead trees in the spring and feed on the leaves of healthy trees might transmit the spores of the fungus4 ,other insects might feed on the fungus mats that are exposed through cracks in the bark and carry both the sticky ascospores and conidia to other trees4 ,additional agents that must be considered are woodpeckers1 squirrels and air currents4 ,besides searching for the vector or vectors that spread the disease other important studies are in progress4 ,among these is the consideration of chemotherapy as a possible means of controlling oak wilt4 ,for our purpose1 plant chemotherapy may be defined as the control of disease by chemicals which are introduced into the plant4 ,according to ,dr4 ,paul ,hoffman of the ,illinois ,natural ,history ,survey1 a number of chemicals have shown promise in curing small diseased oak trees when treated in a very early stage of the disease4 ,in one instance1 trees that were inoculated with the oak wilt fungus then treated with chemicals #b years ago are still alive4 ,the most promising results were obtained by injecting the chemicals into the soil where they are taken up by the roots and by applying chemicals directly to the foliage in a spray4 ,trunk injection showed least promise because of the limited distribution of the chemicals through the tree4 ,the use of chemicals for curing wilt-infected trees is still in the early experimental stage and is not yet recommended as a practical control measure4 ,in #aidi ,wisconsin workers demonstrated the local spread of oak wilt through natural root grafts4 ,they found that the poisoning of a single healthy tree with sodium arsenite often killed as many as #ae other trees nearby1 indicating that their roots were connected4 ,recently the results of experiments in ,wisconsin explained in part what causes the leaves of diseased trees to wilt4 ,when a tree becomes infected it is stimulated to produce tyloses or swellings in the vessels of the wood4 ,therefore1 the flow of water from the roots to the tree top is restricted and the leaves wilt and die4 ,it is also known that the fungus itself produces a toxin which might be responsible for the actual killing effect on the tree4 ,in ,illinois experiments are being conducted with insects in relation to the spread of oak wilt4 ,insects of various species are collected from wilt-killed trees and allowed to run over or feed on laboratory cultures of the oak wilt fungus4 ,the insects are then caged on parts of healthy trees to feed on the leaves4 ,a single red oak treated in this way contracted the disease and died4 ,this shows that the disease can be transmitted by an insect4 ,controlling the ,disease ,the spread of oak wilt in local areas may be stopped by preventing the underground movement of the disease from tree to tree through natural root grafts4 ,this can be done by 7#a7 poisoning all healthy trees within #ej feet of diseased trees1 7#b7 cutting a ditch #cj inches deep with a small trenching machine between diseased and healthy trees to sever root connections or 7#c7 severing root connections with a tractor drawn plow on which a knife blade is attached4 ,unfortunately the use of such heavy equipment is not practical in rocky and hilly areas4 ,chemicals used for killing trees are sodium arsenite and ammate4 ,ammate is safe to use but does not kill trees as rapidly as the other poison4 ,in some localities #b1d1e-,t used as a trunk spray has given satisfactory results in killing small trees4 ,if infected trees are left standing mycelial mats with their numerous spores develop under the loosening bark4 ,it is therefore advisable to cut and burn all parts of diseased trees as soon as possible after symptoms appear4 ,a combination trenching and eradication program was started in the summer of #aiej in the ,forest ,preserve ,district of ,cook ,county in ,illinois4 ,according to ,mr4 ,noel ,b4 ,wysong1 ,chief ,forester1 #b newly wilted trees were found in the ,forest ,preserve in #aidh1 #gb trees in #aidi1 #ada trees in #aiej1 and #if trees in #aiea4 ,the count for #aieb is not complete but a continued decrease in the number of new infections would indicate good control4 ,there is no information on resistant species of oak4 ,in very rare cases1 however1 trees have been observed to recover after showing symptoms in the early spring4 ,future ,outlook ,among the many things that we need to know yet about the oak wilt disease and its causal fungus one is outstanding4 ,how does the disease jump from one infection center to healthy trees #bjj yards1 #b miles or even #ajj miles away8 ,although spread through root grafts may be controlled by severing root connections1 the value of such a control measure is limited as long as the agent or agents responsible for long distance spread remain unknown4 ,the discovery of other methods of spread might result in the development of control measures that are cheaper and less drastic than those known at present4 ,a great deal remains to be done and research is increasing in the various states concerned4 ,there is reason to believe that oak wilt can be checked before it reaches devastating proportions comparable to chestnut blight which wiped out our ,american chestnuts4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,what is the origin of the fungus8 ,is it a native fungus1 or imported8 ,,mr4 ,,curl3 ,yes1 it is a native fungus1 as far as we know4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,any evidence that the fungus is mutating to make more virulent strains8 ,,mr4 ,,curl3 ,that's something that hasn't been found yet4 ,there are several strains of the fungus1 what we call strains1 because they will form the sexual stage1 and a strain alone will not4 ,there is not too much known about that yet1 the strain business4 ,,mr4 ,,gravatt3 ,just a word4 ,we had a conference in ,beltsville all day ,sunday about the recent developments on the oak wilt4 ,there has been very extensive spread in ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,west ,virginia and ,maryland this year4 ,we are very much alarmed about the situation4 ,the ,chinese chestnut is very severely affected4 ,we have learned that in ,missouri4 ,one year there were three ,chinese chestnuts killed by the fungus1 the next year #fj4 ,the oak wilt is a serious threat to the chestnut orchards4 ,life ,history and ,control of the ,pecan ,spittle ,bug ,,stewart ,,chandler1 ,associate ,entomologist1 ,ill4 ,nat4 ,history ,survey1 ,urbana1 ,ill41 ,consulting ,entomologist1 ,southern ,illinois ,university ,since it was a year ago that this subject of spittle bug was first brought to the attention of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 it might be well to review briefly the high lights of that report4 ,i told you at the annual meeting at ,urbana1 something of the life history4 ,there are two broods1 one appearing in ,june and one in ,july4 ,the adult is a small sucking bug about an eighth to a quarter inch long4 ,the species at that time was uncertain but now has been determined by specialists in that group as ,cercoptera achatina ,germ4 ,this insect1 ,i reported1 is not the same as the one occurring on meadow and other field crops1 not only the species but the genus being different4 ,the distribution was found to be in every area where pecans are grown4 ,as to its importance ,i pointed out that in ,illinois it had become very serious in the past three or four years1 apparently causing a marked reduction in crop4 ,control measures were directed against the nymphal stage1 which is protected by the spittle which the insect emits continuously while feeding4 ,three insecticides were tested at ,anna1 ,illinois1 ,lindane1 parathion1 and tetra ethyl pyro phosphate1 known as ,,tepp4 ,lindane proved to be approximately #ie efficient1 parathion roughly #fj and ,,tepp about #aj4 ,in #aieb the work was resumed in the orchard of ,conrad ,casper near ,anna1 ,illinois and was begun at the ,richard ,best place at ,eldred1 #age miles northwest4 ,in #aieb five phases of the work with pecan spittle bug were undertaken as follows3 #a4 ,a study of the importance of the pecan spittle bug4 #b4 ,the hibernation of the insect4 #c4 ,life history and occurrence of the various stages and broods of the insect in relation to nut development of the pecan4 #d4 ,control measures4 #e4 ,varietal susceptibility to the insect4 #a4 ,importance of the insect ,hibernation ,studies ,to learn to what extent if any the insect reduces the crop of pecans1 terminal shoots from trees sprayed the previous season with three different materials were compared with the unsprayed check4 ,these are shown in ,table #a4 ,table #a4 ,pecan spittle bug effect of #aiea sprays on terminal shoots in spring of #aieb ,dead shoots ,treatment per hundred ,check #hg ,,tepp #fb ,parathion #ag ,lindane #d ,since these terminals shoots later develop most of the nuts it would appear that the pecan spittle bug is responsible for much of the loss of crop under these heavy infestations4 ,it was planned to follow this up with later examination of nuts1 and this was done with the assistance of ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 but unfortunately it was found that this was the off year and the crop was very small1 so we could not definitely settle that point4 ,this will be a job for the future4 #b4 ,hibernation studies4 ,in ,august of #aiea1 ,i introduced adult bugs into a cage placed over a branch of an unsprayed pecan tree for the purpose of determining whether there was possibly a third brood4 ,finding none the branch was removed and examined to study the hibernating eggs and the egg slits in which they were layed4 ,the slits were not over a quarter inch long and frequently in pairs4 ,eggs were deep enough that they were rarely seen without opening the slits4 ,many slits were found containing egg shells1 presumably from the previous brood1 but possibly from a season earlier as the slits are corked over4 ,following this study branches were cut from the sprayed and unsprayed blocks and gone over very carefully to find the numbers and location of the egg splits and the numbers containing live eggs and egg shells4 ,each split would contain as many as #e or #f eggs4 ,table #b show their numbers and locations1 and ,table #c the effect of sprays on numbers of live eggs4 ,table #b4 ,pecan ,spittle ,bug ,location of egg slits in branches ,diameter of branches1 inches #a_/h to #a_/d #c_/d #c_/h #a_/b #a_/b to #a inch ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,live eggs #b #i #c #a #j ,egg shells #e #db #id #bc #j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,table #c4 ,pecan ,spittle ,bug ,effect of #aiea sprays on number of eggs ,examinations made ,march #d1 #aieb ,inches wood ,number of ,slits with ,treatment examined live eggs egg shells ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,check #ejh #aj #fc ,,tepp #gie #e #be ,lindane #dgh #j #ac ---------------------------------------- --------------- #c4 ,life history and correlation of stages of insect and nut development4 ,it was soon found that the pecan spittle bug was putting in its appearance earlier according to the calendar than in #aiea so an effort was made during the season to correlate insect life history and nut development during the season4 ,table #d give some of the principal points in both4 ,table #d4 ,pecan ,spittle ,bug and ,nut ,development ,anna1 ,illinois1 #aieb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,insect ,date ,tree ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,egg stage ,apr4 #bd ,catkins #a_/b to #c_/d inch ,first nymphs ,may #e ,catkins #a to #a-a_/b inch ,many nymphs and spittle ,may #ab ,catkins #b to #c inches ,fruit buds ,peak hatch ,may #bj ,female flowers ,spittle drying ,june #b ,nuts developing #ast4 #bnd brood ,june #bg ,hatch mostly over ,july #g ,spittle drying ,july #bf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,another phase of life history which is of practical importance is the increase of second brood over first4 ,records were made both at ,anna and at ,eldred in unsprayed blocks at approximately the peaks of occurrence of nymphs and spittle1 and are tabulated in ,table #e4 ,table #e4 ,pecan ,spittle ,bug ,infestation1 first and second broods1 #aieb ,number of spittle masses per #ajj terminals ,first brood1 ,june ,second brood1 ,july ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,anna #da #fb ,eldred #bc #ej ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,this table shows an increase of approximately #ej at ,anna and #ajj at ,eldred4 ,it is thought that a #c inch flash flood which occurred at ,anna might have reduced the first brood infestation somewhat after the counts were made and been responsible for no greater increase and possibly that the heat and drought in both places might have resulted in a reduction4 ,be that as it may the total infestation was not as severe in #aieb as in #aiea4 #d4 ,control4 ,first ,brood ,sprays ,it was originally planned to spray in both places but at ,anna the owner sprayed all but the #aiea check block with parathion early and the infestation was reduced to the point where later hatch did not build up to a sufficient point that good results could be observed so no spraying was done at ,anna till the second brood4 ,at ,eldred two materials only were available1 ,lindane and ,dieldrin4 ,at ,eldred we had two difficulties in spraying4 ,one was the type of machine with which ,i was not familiar and the other the inaccessibility of some of the trees4 ,the machine is probably more fitted for field crop work than for large trees4 ,it is called a ,mechanical ,aresol ,generator1 manufactured by the ,hessian ,microsol ,corporation of ,darien1 ,conn4 ,the engine is a ,wisconsin ,air cooled motor made in ,milwaukee1 ,wisconsin4 ,the machine was mounted on a platform and transported in the orchard on a truck4 ,two fifty gallon barrels constitute the tank4 ,due to the nature of the machine and to lack of agitation only liquid materials can be used in it4 ,it uses a much smaller amount of material than ,i had been accustomed to1 and my first job was to learn to what extent the materials must be concentrated to compensate for the small output and how to get a comparison with the amounts used in regular orchard sprayer4 ,in concentrate tests on fruit trees we arrive at this by judging the number of gallons which a tree would normally receive with a standard sprayer4 ,there was little background to go on with nut trees and the problem was further complicated by the arrangement of trees which were not planted but grafted in their original positions in the woods4 ,a clump of trees which could not be approached individually might have to receive not much more material than one tree which could be hit from both sides4 ,sizes of trees also varied4 ,it was decided to use only #be gallon lots of material and even this small amount sprayed from #ee to #fe trees of varying sizes4 ,it was soon seen that the tops of the moderate and large sized trees were not covered very well4 ,for the first brood sprays at ,eldred about six times as much material per #ajj gallons was used as had been successful at ,anna the previous season4 ,the results are shown in ,table #f4 ,table #f4 ,spittle ,bug ,control1 ,eldred1 #aieb ,first brood1 sprayed ,may #bc1 examined ,june #i ,treatment ,amount in ,spittle masses #ajj gallons #hjj terminals ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,dieldrin #a gal4 of #ah-a_/b #ah ,lindane #a gal4 of #bj #bg ,check ------ #ahi ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,it will be seen that the reduction over the unsprayed blocks was about #ij with ,dieldrin and #he with ,lindane4 ,for second brood sprays at ,eldred materials were increased to about #h times normal in hopes of getting better results4 ,in this test #aj trees were selected in each block that could be reached moderately well and sprayed separately before the entire block was sprayed4 ,records were made the day before spraying1 #c days after spraying1 and #aj days after spraying4 ,four materials were available1 making five blocks with an unsprayed check4 ,the results of these sprayings are given in ,table #g4 ,table #g4 ,spittle ,bug ,control1 ,eldred1 #aieb ,second brood1 sprayed ,july #ah ,treatment ,amounts in ,in #bjj terminals #ajj gallons ,july #ag ,july #ba ,july #bh ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,lindane #f qts4 of #bj #abc #bd #b ,,bhc #aj qts4 of #aa4g #ih #aa #j ,dieldrin #f qts4 of #ah-a_/b #acj #ai #i ,toxaphene #h qts4 of #eh #ajg #af #c ,check ------ #ii #ih #dg ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,due to the natural reduction in the check by ,july #bh most attention probably should be given to the ,july #ba examination4 ,this table shows approximately #ib reduction from ,lindane1 #hg with ,,bhc1 #he from ,dieldrin1 and #he from ,toxaphene on ,july #ba4 ,at ,anna trees are all very big1 from #ej to #ge feet high4 ,they are planted in rows4 ,a regular orchard sprayer was used with #fjj pounds pressure using one gun and sprayed from the top of the rig4 ,approximately #be gallons was used per tree4 ,as will be noted the dosage was much smaller than at ,eldred1 and for ordinary use these are probably the proper dosages4 ,table #h gives the results of these tests4 ,table #h4 ,pecan ,spittle ,bug ,control1 ,anna1 #aieb ,treatment ,amounts in ,in #bjj terminals #ajj gallons ,july #aj ,july #ad ,july #bb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,lindane #a lb4 of #be #bad #a #a ,,bhc #b-a_/b lbs4 of #aj #bdd #e #i ,dieldrin #a and #a_/c pints of #ah-a_/b #adh #c #e ,toxaphene #a qt4 of #ca #adf #bb #ba ,check #fa #dg #bj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,the reduction in the check block ,july #ad may be due to proximity to the sprayed block which was not true in ,eldred4 ,this check was small4 ,table #h shows on ,july #ad an approximate reduction of ,lindane #ii1 ,,bhc #ih1 ,dieldrin #ih1 and ,toxaphene #he4 ,from these tests in both places it appears that we have a choice of three very good materials1 ,lindane1 ,benzene hexachloride called ,,bhc and ,dieldrin1 and for that reason we can ignore the less efficient material1 toxaphene4 ,at ,eldred1 since first brood sprays were applied in a sizeable area records of infestation were made shortly before time to spray for the second brood to determine whether the first brood spraying would eliminate the need for second brood spraying4 ,however1 the infestation was found to be practically as great in this area as the unsprayed part of the woods4 ,it appears that the control was not good enough to allow this4 ,in part this was due to failure to reach the tops of the trees4 ,records were made in the lower parts4 #e4 ,varietal susceptibility4 ,at ,anna where there was a limited number of trees1 the orchards were plotted on paper and location of each tree with variety indicated records were made of each tree separately1 in hopes that some varietal susceptibility would be shown4 ,there is nothing very clear in this respect except that of the varieties in the ,casper orchard1 ,butterick1 ,busseron1 ,indiana1 ,posey1 ,stewart1 ,osburn1 ,major1 ,green ,river1 the ,indiana and ,posey may be a little more heavily infested than the others4 ,at ,eldred for the second brood infestation1 the variety of each of the #aj record trees was reported1 but there were so many varieties and they did not occur often enough in the five plots to make variety infestation data reliable4 ,however1 the rather high average on the ,indiana variety did seem to corroborate the findings at ,anna4 ,there was some foliage burn in two of the record trees in the ,dieldrin plot at ,eldred1 both being the variety ,rockville4 ,another tree in another part of the plot was also found to be burned and also found to be the same variety1 so it appears that this may be particularly susceptible to spraying especially in this concentrated form such as we used4 ,there were no ,rockville trees in any of the other plots1 so we have no way of knowing whether the ,lindane1 ,,bhc or ,toxaphene would have done the same or not4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,the next paper1 the last paper of the afternoon1 is ,control of ,insects ,injuring ,nut ,trees1 by ,howard ,baker1 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,bureau of ,entomology and ,plant ,quarantine1 ,beltsville1 ,md4 ,,mr4 ,,baker3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association3 ,it is a great deal of pleasure to be back here speaking before a group of nut growers4 ,back some years ago my first assignment to a station of which ,i had charge was an investigation to count insects in ,louisiana and ,eastern ,texas1 so it is a pleasure to be back before a group of nut growers4 ,insect ,enemies of ,northern ,tree ,nuts ,,howard ,,baker1 ,u4,s4,d4,a41 ,agr4 ,res4 ,admin41 ,bureau of ,entomology and ,plant ,quarantine ,the small number of requests for information on insect pests of northern tree nuts received in the ,bureau of ,entomology and ,plant ,quarantine is a strong indication that such pests are of little concern to northern nut growers4 ,this is fortunate1 because intensive1 all-season spray programs1 such as are necessary to produce most other crops without serious losses due to insect injury1 are laborious and expensive and not always as effective as desired4 ,however1 as your acreage is increased and as your trees become older and larger1 insect problems are likely to increase in number and intensity and require more of your thought and attention4 ,a somewhat similar situation prevailed in the pecan industry at one time in the ,south4 ,i well remember the statement of one of the larger pecan growers in ,louisiana to the effect that all the pleasure of growing pecans would be gone the day he had to start spraying to control insects and diseases4 ,only a short time later it became necessary for him to initiate a regular spray program4 ,he still took great pride in growing pecans1 however4 ,it is well1 therefore1 for you to watch your trees closely for insect damage and keep informed concerning the habits and control of the species that show up in your plantings or in those of your neighbors4 ,because of the scattered nature of the northern nut industry1 the small size of most plantings1 and the more pressing demands for information on the control of pests of more intensively planted crops1 it has not been possible for the ,bureau of ,entomology and ,plant ,quarantine to give attention to many of the pests of northern nuts4 ,a great deal of work has been done on the pests of pecans in the ,south1 and some work on those that attack filberts and chestnuts4 ,in addition1 some of the pests with which you are concerned1 or others similar to them1 are receiving attention in connection with studies of pests of tree fruits4 ,the results of these studies will give you up-to-date information applicable to your particular problems4 ,the timely use of insecticides is the most effective means of combating most injurious insects1 but if spraying is not possible1 other methods can often be used to prevent or reduce damage4 ,a great many new insecticides have become available during the last six or seven years4 ,work with them has resulted in the development of treatments effective against a number of pests for which there was formerly no known means of control and markedly more effective treatments for the control of others4 ,it is my purpose to bring to you as much of this new information as is applicable to your problems4 ,leaf-feeding ,caterpillars ,the fall webworm#c and the walnut caterpillar#d are the leaf-feeding caterpillars most commonly reported as attacking northern tree nuts4 ,fall webworms#e are the insects usually responsible for unsightly webs on or near the end of the branches of the trees during the summer and fall4 ,they enlarge the webs as they need more leaves4 ,when nearly full grown they scatter to complete their feeding4 ,the full-grown caterpillars are a little more than an inch in length and are covered with long black and white hairs4 ,they spend the winter in cocoons in trash on the ground or just below the surface of the soil4 ,there are two broods a year in many areas1 the second usually being the more numerous4 ,control can be obtained by applying a spray containing #c pounds of lead arsenate with an equal quantity of hydrated lime 7to prevent possible injury to the foliage71 #b pounds of #ej-percent ,,ddt wettable powder1 or #b pounds of #ae-percent parathion wettable powder per #ajj gallons of water4 ,apply the spray when the caterpillars are still small4 ,follow the precautions furnished with each package4 ,parathion is a particularly dangerous material to use4 ,if you are not equipped to spray or have only a few trees1 you can control this insect by removing the webs from the trees with a long-handled pruner or a long bamboo pole with a hook at the end4 ,the walnut caterpillar feeds in groups1 or colonies1 and commonly eats all the leaves on small trees or on certain limbs on large trees4 ,the winter is spent in cocoons in the ground4 ,the moths appear late in the spring or early in the summer and lay masses of eggs on the underside of the leaves4 ,from time to time as they grow1 the stout1 black caterpillars go down to a large limb or to the trunk of the tree to molt1 or shed their skins4 ,after molting they return toward the ends of the branches and resume their feeding4 ,this insect can be controlled with the same spray treatments that are recommended for the fall webworm1 and also by crushing or burning the caterpillars when they are clustered on the lower limbs or tree trunks4 ,pecan ,phylloxera#f ,swellings called galls sometimes appear on leaves1 leafstalks1 succulent shoots1 or nuts of the current season's growth of hickory and pecan4 ,these galls are caused by small insects known as phylloxera1 which are closely related to aphids1 or plant lice4 ,several species are involved1 but only one1 known as the pecan phylloxera1 causes serious damage4 ,it causes twigs to become malformed1 weakened and finally to die1 and destroys the crop on the infested terminals4 ,the insect passes the winter in the egg stage in protected places on the trees4 ,the young appear in the spring about the time the buds begin to unfold4 ,the phylloxera can be controlled by spraying the trees thoroughly with a mixture containing #c_/d pint of nicotine sulfate plus #b-a_/b gallons of lime-sulfur or #b quarts of lubricating-oil emulsion to #ajj gallons of water during the delayed dormant period or by the time buds show about an inch of green4 ,sprays containing #c pounds of ,,bhc 7#aj-percent gamma7 or #a-a_/d pounds of #be-percent lindane wettable powder per #ajj gallons are also effective1 and their use is increasing4 ,other materials have given good control when applied about the time the buds begin to swell4 ,they are #cf-percent dinitro-o-sec-butylphenol liquid1 #c quarts per #ajj gallons1 and a mixture of #dj-percent dinitro-o-cyclohexylphenol powder1 #b pounds1 and lubricating-oil emulsion1 #e quarts1 per #ajj gallons of spray4 ,do not use the dinitro materials after the buds begin to open4 ,twig ,girdler ,a stout1 brown beetle about #a_/b inch in length1 known as the twig girdler1#g often cuts off the twigs of hickory1 pecan1 and many other trees in the late summer and early fall4 ,the larvae spend the winter in the cut twigs1 which are gradually broken off and fall to the ground4 ,injury can be reduced by collecting and destroying the fallen twigs before the larvae complete development the following spring4 ,recent work on pecans in ,florida indicates that most injury can be prevented by applying a spray containing #d pounds of #ej-percent ,,ddt or #c pounds of #ae-percent parathion wettable powder per #ajj gallons of water4 ,three applications appear to be necessary1 the first when the injured branches are first noticed1 usually sometime in ,august1 and the second and third two and four weeks later4 ,when handling parathion be sure to follow the precautions on the package4 ,weevils and ,curculios ,weevils and curculios are small1 hard-shelled1 grayish to brown beetles about #a_/d to #a_/b inch long1 with stiff1 slender snouts or beaks4 ,they feed and lay eggs in the nuts and_/or shoots of many kinds of nuts1 including hickory1 walnut1 pecan1 chestnut1 hazelnut or filbert1 and butternut4 ,there are a number of species1 but most of them attack only one kind of nut4 ,the species usually called weevils most often lay eggs and injure the nuts from the time the meat begins to form until it is mature1 whereas the group known as curculios generally emerge and cause most serious damage during the early part of the growing season1 when the new shoots are developing and the crop starts to set and grow4 ,the chestnut weevils are probably the weevils best known to most of you4 ,e4 ,r4 ,van,leeuwen1 of the ,bureau of ,entomology and ,plant ,quarantine1 has added much to our knowledge of these weevils in recent years4 ,two species1 the small chestnut weevil#h and the large chestnut weevil1#i are commonly present together and cause similar injury4 ,the small chestnut weevil appears as an adult over a period of about #f weeks beginning near the first of ,may in the vicinity of ,beltsville1 ,md41 but it does not lay eggs until about the middle of ,august4 ,the larger species does not emerge until about the middle of ,august and begins to lay eggs soon thereafter4 ,eggs are laid in the developing nuts1 and injury is caused by the feeding of the larvae therein4 ,most of the small weevils require two years to complete development1 and most of the larger weevils but one year4 ,some control of these weevils can be obtained by collecting and destroying the infested nuts before the larvae leave them to enter the soil4 ,better control can be obtained by spraying the trees with ,,ddt4 ,apply a spray containing #d pounds of #ej-percent ,,ddt wettable powder per #ajj gallons of water 7#c level tablespoonfuls per gallon7 #cj days before the first mature nuts are expected to drop1 and make two additional applications at intervals of #g days4 ,if you are not equipped to spray1 you may obtain some control by treating the soil under the trees with ethylene dibromide at a depth of #e inches4 ,make injections at intervals of #a foot in each direction and also in the center of each square formed by these injection holes4 ,place #a milliliter of #dj-percent ethylene dibromide or an equivalent quantity of another dilution in each hole4 ,make the application in the fall immediately after the nuts are harvested and close the injection holes by pressing with the foot4 ,the soil should preferably be loose to a depth of #e inches4 ,the pecan weevil1#aj also known as the hickory nut weevil1 often causes heavy losses of pecans and most species of hickory4 ,two or three years are required for the insect to complete its life cycle1 but some specimens reach maturity every year4 ,adults emerge from the ground from the middle of ,july until early in ,september1 according to locality and seasonal conditions4 ,injury is of two types--7#a7 that resulting from attack before the shell-hardening period in ,july and ,august1 causing the young nuts to drop1 and 7#b7 that resulting from attack after kernel formation1 the kernel being destroyed by the developing larvae1 or grubs4 ,egg deposition in the nuts usually begins late in ,august4 ,to control this weevil spray the trees twice with #f pounds of #ej-percent ,,ddt or #dj-percent toxaphene wettable powder per #ajj gallons of water4 ,make the first application when at least six weevils can be jarred onto a sheet on the ground beneath any tree known to have been infested in previous seasons1 and make the second #aj to #ad days later4 ,the first application will be needed sometime between the last week in ,july and the first week in ,september4 ,if the soil is hard and dry1 it will delay emergence of the weevils4 ,if you are not equipped to spray1 you can reduce weevil injury about #ej percent by jarring the limbs of the trees lightly and gathering the weevils on a sheet during the period of emergence4 ,the dislodged weevils will remain quiet on the sheet long enough to be picked up and destroyed4 ,begin jarring about the last week in ,july and confine it to two or three trees until the first weevils appear4 ,then jar all trees at weekly intervals until about the middle of ,september1 when egg laying will have been largely completed4 ,the butternut curculio#aa attacks native butternuts and introduced nuts of a similar type4 ,it passes the winter as an adult in trash or other shelter it can find in the vicinity of nut trees4 ,it is a small1 hard-shelled1 rough-backed snout beetle4 ,late in the spring it makes its way to the trees1 and lays eggs in the young shoots4 ,on hatching1 the young larva penetrates into the young shoot or leaf stem or nut and feeds there1 causing the leaf or nut to dry up and fall off4 ,upon completing development in the fallen leaf or nut1 the mature larva enters the soil4 ,after a month or so in the ground the adult emerges1 feeds on the foliage for a while1 and then enters hibernation4 ,there is but one generation a year4 ,the black walnut curculio#ab is similar to the butternut curculio in seasonal history1 but it attacks principally the fruit of the black walnut and butternut1 apparently preferring the former4 ,the hickory nut curculio#ac is much like the preceding two species1 but it attacks chiefly partly grown hickory nuts1 causing a heavy dropping in midsummer4 ,the hickory shoot curculio#ad attacks chiefly the shoots of various kinds of hickory4 ,the damage is seldom of much importance except to newly transplanted trees4 ,on pecan it attacks the unfolding buds and shoots4 ,pecans most commonly attacked are those that are uncultivated or are adjacent to woodlands containing native pecan and hickory trees4 ,for many years these curculios have been controlled by spraying the trees soon after growth starts with lead arsenate1 #b pounds per #ajj gallons1 plus an equal amount of hydrated lime4 ,one or two additional applications may be needed as new growth appears or as the nuts increase in size4 ,recent experimental work indicates that ,,bhc or lindane may be more effective for controlling these insects4 ,a spray containing #c or #d pounds of technical ,,bhc 7#aj-percent gamma7 or #a-a_/b to #b pounds of #be-percent lindane wettable powder per #ajj gallons1 applied when the buds show from #a_/d to #a inch of green growth or when jarrings show adults are present1 has given fairly good control4 ,walnut ,husk ,maggot ,the walnut husk maggot#ae attacks black and ,english walnuts1 butternuts1 and a few other nuts4 ,the feeding of the larva1 or maggot1 in the husks impairs the quality of the kernels1 discolors the shell1 and often causes the shells to adhere to the nuts4 ,it causes the most damage to ,english walnuts4 ,this insect hibernates in the pupal stage in the ground4 ,in midsummer it transforms to the adult fly stage1 leaves the soil1 and flies to the nut trees4 ,after #a to #c weeks the flies lay eggs in the husks of the developing nuts4 ,the eggs hatch in a week or #aj days1 and the young maggots burrow within and throughout the husks of the nuts2 they mature in the fall4 ,the walnut husk maggot can be controlled by spraying the trees with lead arsenate or cryolite the latter part of ,july and again #c to #d weeks later4 ,use #b or #c pounds of lead arsenate plus an equal quantity of hydrated lime or #c pounds of cryolite per #ajj gallons of water4 ,filbert ,moth ,the filbert moth1#af a serious pest in some filbert orchards in ,oregon1 also causes some injury to chestnuts4 ,adult moths begin emerging toward the end of ,june and lay their eggs singly on the leaves beginning early in ,july4 ,the newly hatched larvae tunnel through the husk and feed between the husk and the chestnut shell before entering the nut4 ,this feeding produces a gummy substance1 which causes the husk to adhere to the nut4 ,the larvae may tunnel into the center of the kernel or excavate an irregular cavity in the side4 ,they reach maturity about the time nuts are ripe1 and then leave the nuts and construct cocoons in the soil in which to pass the winter4 ,control can be obtained by spraying the tree with lead arsenate or ,,ddt early in ,july4 ,use #c pounds of lead arsenate or #b pounds of #ej-percent ,,ddt wettable powder in #ajj gallons of water4 ,mites ,two general types of mites sometimes damage nut trees1 eriophyid mites and spider mites4 ,the most important eriophyid mites are the wormlike gall mites and bud mites1 most of which overwinter in the buds and cause deformities of the buds and leaves and otherwise limit their development4 ,the spider mites may overwinter in the egg stage on the twigs or as adults in protected places on or beneath the trees4 ,these mites feed primarily on the foliage4 ,the filbert bud mite#ag is occasionally of economic importance as a pest of filberts in ,oregon and has been of some concern recently in ,new ,york4 ,it attacks the leaf and flower buds and catkins4 ,infested catkins become distorted1 rigid1 and brittle1 and yield no pollen4 ,in ,oregon this pest has been controlled with #c gallons of a dormant oil emulsion or #f-a_/b to #h gallons of liquid lime-sulfur in water to make #ajj gallons of spray just as the buds are opening4 ,related species of similar habits that attack walnuts have been controlled with #i or #aj gallons of liquid lime-sulfur in water to make #ajj gallons of spray applied at the time the buds break or soon thereafter4 ,the feeding of the spider mites on the foliage of infested trees causes it first to have a bronzed or scorched appearance1 and later to dry up and fall4 ,these mites frequently become abundant following the use of some of the new organic insecticides1 such as ,,ddt and ,,bhc1 which destroy their natural enemies and perhaps have other effects on the trees favorable to mite activity4 ,the ,european red mite1 which overwinters on the trees in the egg stage1 can be controlled by application of #c-percent oil-emulsion spray in the late-dormant period4 ,the two-spotted spider mite and related species1 as well as the ,european red mite if it is not controlled with the dormant spray1 can be controlled with a spray containing #a pound of a #ae-percent parathion or #a-a_/b pounds of a #ae-percent ,aramite wettable powder per #ajj gallons4 ,apply the spray before many leaves show the typical bronzing or leaf scorching4 ,if the infestation is heavy1 a second application may be necessary in about #h or #aj days4 ,be sure to follow the precautions on the container1 especially if you use parathion4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,we greatly appreciate your care in getting this thing together1 and we know it is going to be a great help to us when we get it printed as a matter of reference4 ,,mr4 ,o',,rourke3 ,i'd like to ask ,dr4 ,baker if insects are getting stronger or if the chemicals are getting weaker4 ,i refer to the rates of application4 ,formerly we were told that one-half pound of parathion for one hundred gallons and one pound of ,,ddt would control almost all insects4 ,i note the rates are going up4 ,,mr4 ,,baker3 ,that's true1 particularly with parathion4 ,the first year that we tested parathion on any scale we thought a quarter to a half a pound would control mites for #cj days or more and would control curculio for #bj or #cj days1 but the next year we used it we found that was a little optimistic4 ,it seems that each year since we have had to use more of it or use it more often1 or with mites1 particularly1 there are a number of instances where it just doesn't control them at all4 ,two years ago that came to notice in the ,wenatchee area of ,washington on apples4 ,mites in a certain orchard just couldn't be controlled with parathion4 ,a year ago the area in the ,pacific ,northwest where that was true was extended and included several orchards of the ,yakima ,valley4 ,this year it also includes orchards in the ,east1 in ,new ,york4 ,we have seen an orchard where two pounds of parathion and a hundred gallons of water just didn't have much effect on the mites1 and we have had to use other materials4 ,we hear of instances of codling moth on apples where ,,ddt doesn't seem to be as good as it was in the beginning4 ,i have talked with some of the people working on the problem1 and they find that there is quite a difference between different brands of some of these insecticides4 ,possibly that is the answer4 ,,mr4 ,,machovina3 ,after spraying for shuck maggot with ,,ddt do you encourage the presence of mites8 ,,mr4 ,,baker3 ,it's very possible that you might4 ,that has happened where ,,ddt has been used4 ,with some of our work with chestnut weevils1 mites seem to be a little more abundant where we used ,,ddt4 ,we have had reports of this happening in ,california where they used ,,ddt on walnuts4 ,so it is a possibility1 and that's why ,i brought into the paper a little information on the control of mites4 ,session closed at #d3ae o'clock1 p4m4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #c3 ,hyphantria cunea 7,drury74 ,footnote #d3 ,datana integerrima ,g4 ,r4 ,footnote #e3 ,clastoptera achatina ,germ4 ,footnote #f3 ,phylloxera devastatrix ,perg4 ,footnote #g3 ,oncideres cingulata 7,say74 ,footnote #h3 ,curculio auriger ,casey4 ,footnote #i3 ,c4 proboscideus ,f4 ,footnote #aj3 ,curculio caryae 7,horn74 ,footnote #aa3 ,conotrachelus juglandis ,lee4 ,footnote #ab3 ,conotrachelus retentus ,say4 ,footnote #ac3 ,conotrachelus affinis ,boh4 ,footnote #ad3 ,conotrachelus aratus ,germ4 ,footnote #ae3 ,rhagoletis suavis ,loew4 ,footnote #af3 ,melissopus latiferreanus 7,wlsm47 ,footnote #ag3 ,phytoptus avellanae ,nal4 ,,tuesday ,,evening ,,banquet ,,session ,we will now have the report of the ,resolutions ,committee4 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,to ,royal ,oakes1 ,chairman of the ,program ,committee1 and to ,j4 ,ford ,wilkinson1 the ,city of ,rockport and its hospitable people1 the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association extends its grateful greetings to you and to your loyal helpers1 mentioning only a few2 that is1 ,mrs4 ,negus1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,sly1 ,mr4 ,richard ,best1 a group of people who say little and who do much1 our very hearty thanks to you and to your helpers4 ,we have had a splendid meeting1 good attendance1 good fellowship and tomorrow a good field trip4 ,,resolution3 ,the sincere and grateful appreciation of this ,association is hereby tendered to ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 who has so faithfully and fruitfully served it as ,secretary for five years4 ,your creation of new avenues of service1 such as ,the ,nutshell is sufficient evidence of your resourcefulness in a difficult and most important office4 ,,resolution3 ,be it resolved1 that this ,association instruct its ,secretary to communicate the following action to the responsible agencies of ,federal and ,state authorities in all areas where the oak wilt disease is present or threatens3 ',the oak wilt disease threatens severe damage to our eastern and southern oaks and ,chinese chestnut trees4 ,recently reported spread of the disease in ,ohio1 ,west ,virginia1 ,maryland and ,pennsylvania indicates a very serious and critical situation4 ,all state and federal authorities are urged to take prompt and appropriate action before it is too late4' ,all ,,nnga members are asked to write to their state and federal senators and representatives urging immediate preventive measures against the spread and for the eradication of the oak wilt disease4 ,please write those letters4 ,they are important4 ,to ,dr4 ,deming1 greetings and congratulations from your ,association on the occasion of your #ijth birthday1 ,september #a1 #aieb4 ,may your years continue to be golden and happy4 ,may our organization deserve in the future the gifts of inspiration and accomplishment that you have had so large a part in giving it in the past4 ,to ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith3 ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers assembled at ,rockport send greetings and best wishes to you4 ,we miss you this year and hope to see you at ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 next year4 ,to ,mildred ,jones ,langdoc4 ,mildred3 ,we have missed you at our meeting4 ,your absence is noted by all who know you4 ,may the illness in your home be short4 ,may we see you and your family in ,rochester in #aiec4 ,,resolution3 ,on behalf of the members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association the ,secretary is asked to send our affectionate greetings to two well-loved1 absent members1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed and ,mrs4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimmerman3 ',best wishes to you both for speedy recovery of good health and with our hope to see you next year4' ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,is it your pleasure to adopt these resolutions all at once1 or do you wish to separate them8 ,i take it that you wish to adopt them1 all at the same time1 and to that end a motion to accept the report of the ,resolutions ,committee and to adopt the resolutions and to send the greetings would be appropriate4 ,the report of the resolutions committee was accepted unanimously4 ,,mr4 ,,mcdaniel3 ,before this meeting convened we planned a bud wood exchange at the convention4 ,mr4 ,gerardi and ,i brought some buds1 and ,mr4 ,richard brought a few of the ,rhodes heartnut4 ,we have persimmons1 some buds of the new ,crandall apple1 and a few sticks of ,chinese and hybrid chestnuts4 ,they are for anyone who would like to experiment with them4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,next year at ,rochester we are going to have opportunity for putting on a considerable exhibit of nuts1 and ,i think that it would be much to the advantage of the ,association1 if we could have an outstanding exhibit there where there is a good chance to have a large number of people see the exhibits and become interested4 ,to that end ,i think that all of us who have nut trees bearing this fall1 should save some samples with extra care2 that is1 clean them up1 make them look attractive and have them on hand ready for the exhibit next fall4 ,a good sample for exhibit should be about #aj or a dozen for black walnuts and the ,persian walnuts and perhaps #bj to #be for the hickories and the smaller nuts1 the hazel1 particularly4 ,i think that we have a good chance next year to forward the cause of the ,association1 and certainly having these exhibits will be much to our advantage4 ,at this time1 towards the end of our session1 it is our usual custom to elect our next year's officers4 ,before going on with that election1 ,i would just like to say that ,i personally1 as president of the ,association during this year1 wish to thank all of the other officers who have worked with me4 ,it has been a pleasure to work with them and with the committee chairmen1 and ,i think the meeting here at ,rockport and the work during the year attest to their effective service4 ,the ,nominations ,committee report4 ,for president next year1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,best2 for vice-president1 ,george ,salzer of ,rochester1 ,new ,york2 for ,treasurer1 ,carl ,prell of ,south ,bend1 ,indiana1 who continues in the office2 and for ,secretary ,mr4 ,spencer ,chase of ,norris1 ,tennessee4 ,the slate presented was elected unanimously4 ,a nominating committee consisting of ,max ,hardy1 ,gilbert ,becker1 ,george ,slate1 ,dr4 ,william ,rohrbacker1 and ,ford ,wilkinson was unanimously elected for #aiec4 ,,president ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s3 ,i will now call upon our newly elected president to come forward4 ,it is usual at these meetings for the retiring president to present the gavel to the incoming president1 and here it is4 ,this gavel is made of pecan wood presented to the ,association by ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 who was born in this locality4 ,i hope you will have as much fun and pleasure as president of the ,association as ,i have had4 ,it's all yours4 ,,mr4 ,,wilkinson3 ,that gavel was made from the wood of a pecan tree4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage planted the nut when he was #ad years old on a piece of land that he inherited as a boy4 ,i cut the wood and sent it to him in ,washington to have the gavel made of it4 ,chestnut ,breeding ,report for #aiea-aieb ,,arthur ,h4 ,,graves#ah and ,,hans ,,nienstaedt1 ,connecticut ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,weather ,conditions ,two serious enemies of the chestnut1 if we disregard parasitic organisms1 are drought and extreme cold4 ,the winter of #aiej-ea was unusually mild--scarcely cold enough to freeze the ground4 ,the precipitation was plentiful during the winter months so that the water table was sufficient to tide over a slightly dry ,june and a much more serious drought in ,september and early ,october4 ,but the latter dry period came when the nuts were matured1 or nearly so4 ,the winter of #aiea-eb was again mild except for a short cold spell at the end of ,january1 with plentiful precipitation up to the first week of ,june1 and then a long drought with the driest ,july since #aidd4 ,however1 the heavy rainfall of ,august1 #h4fi inches1#ai made amends for this1 and with the normal rainfall of #c4dh inches of ,september1 prepared the trees to endure the long drought of ,october and early ,november4 ,this serious drought1#bj which resulted in disastrous forest fires filling the air with smoke over much of the ,new ,england ,states1 came late1 however1 after the nuts were nearly matured1 some of the early kinds being ripe as early as the first week in ,september4 ,the excessive heat of ,july1 in which month occurred the greatest number of days on record with a maximum temperature of #ij degrees or above1 was probably the chief cause of somewhat smaller results from our cross pollination work4 ,there is evidence1 indeed1 that for effective fertilization1 considerable heat is needed1 but not the extreme temperatures that occurred during this period4 ,in spite of the mild winter of #aiea-eb1 the attacks of ,cryptodiaporthe castanea 7,tul47 ,wehmeyer caused considerable twig blight1 especially on our crosses of ,castanea mollissimax seguini4 ,this is not surprising since ,c4 seguini comes from a warmer region in ,china1 but why these attacks should occur during a mild winter is a puzzle4 ,evidently other factors1 such as the drought of the preceding fall1 entered in4 ,hybridization in #aiea and #aieb ,a total of #bdjj hybrid nuts was harvested in the #aiea season and #afij in #aieb4 ,this compares with the #abei nuts reported for #aiej4 ,the increased production over past years can in part be ascribed to a concentration of the efforts on a fewer number of different crosses2 while #ajc were made in #aiej1 the total was #gg in #aiea and #hj in #aieb4 ,the pollinations followed the same general program in the two seasons1 the emphasis being on the ,chinese x 7,japanese x ,american7 hybrids4 ,this is our most promising timber tree hybrid1 and it seems worthwhile to test it on a somewhat larger scale under forest conditions4 ,therefore1 some of the best early crosses have been repeated1 new parent trees are being tried and selected hybrids intercrossed4 ,back-crosses to the native chestnut with the ,cx,j,a hybrids were made in an attempt to improve the form of the hybrid4 ,another cross which has attained some importance in the last years is the hybrid between ,japanese chestnut 7forest type1 from ,u4,s4,d4,a47 and ,s-#h1 the latter being a hybrid between ,japanese chestnut and ,c4 pumila1 the common chinquapin4 ,this cross has a high degree of resistance and a sufficiently good form to make it a possible timber tree 7,fig4 #a74 ,it is also a fairly good nut bearer with nuts which ripen early1 perhaps due to the influence of the chinquapin parent 7,fig4 #b74 ,selected individuals of this hybrid were intercrossed1 and some crossing with the native chestnut was done4 ,in the last two seasons the total harvest from some older ,chinese trees 7#bf yrs47 was recorded4 ,the best tree yielded #be4j lbs4 in #aiea and #bh4b lbs4 in #aieb2 on other trees the yield varied between #ae to #bb lbs4 ,the average size of the nuts varies considerably from year to year on the same tree4 ,on one ,japanese tree the average weight per nut was #e4f g4 in #aiea and #ad4e g4 in #aieb2 on a ,chinese tree the same values were #g4g g4 and #ae4a g4 ,other trees showed a #bj-dj per cent increase in the average weight per nut in #aieb over #aiea4 ,this seems to indicate a marked influence of the climatic conditions during the latter part of the growing season on the weight of the nuts4 ,a long-term study of this relationship might yield some interesting results4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,hybrid of ,s-#h and ,castanea crenata1 ,u4,s4,d4,a1 forest type1 #ah years old4 ,about #ce ft4 high4 ,good forest type and also good nut bearer4 ,blight resistant4 ,sleeping ,giant ,chestnut ,plantation1 ,hamden1 ,conn4 ,photo by ,louis ,buhle1 ,brooklyn ,botanic ,garden4 ,sept4 #bf1 #aieb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,fruiting branches and nuts of ,s-#h x crenata1 ,sleeping ,giant ,chestnut ,plantation4 ,about #a_/b natural size4 ,photo by ,b4 ,w4 ,mc,farland1 ,conn4 ,agric4 ,expt4 ,sta4 ,sept4 #h1 #aieb4 ,grafting ,a considerable amount of grafting has been done since #aidi and the results have been good4 ,two year old ,chinese transplants are usually used as rootstocks and all grafting is done in the field4 ,the best results have been obtained where the rootstock plant was transplanted one year prior to the grafting4 ,the simple splicegraft1 or the bark or rind graft are used1 depending on the size of the scion compared to that of the rootstock1 the latter technique being used when the stock is considerably larger than the scion4 ,there is some evidence of incompatibility2 thus1 scions from ,chinese trees1 or hybrids that show a dominance of ,chinese characters1 give a higher percentage of takes when grafted on ,chinese rootstocks than scions from the native chestnut1 or from hybrids between ,japanese and native chestnut4 ,some indications of incompatibility between ,european and ,chinese chestnut in grafts have also been encountered where scions received through the cooperation of ,dr4 ,c4 ,schad1 ,centre de ,recherches agronomiques du ,massif ,central1 ,france1 and ,count ,f4 ,m4 ,knuth1 ,knuthenborg1 ,denmark1 were used1 but in some cases these grafts were successful4 ,topworking1 using the veneer crown graft1 has been quite successful as long as sufficient sap drawers are left on the stock 7,fig4 #c74 ,inarching ,the senior writer has already explained in detail 7#b7 the simple method by which blighted chestnut trees can be restored to health and vigor by cutting out blighted areas in the bark1 painting them over1 and inarching or ingrafting one or more basal shoots into the healthy bark above the lesion4 ,we do this work from mid-,april to mid-,may1 and make a systematic canvas of all the trees in all our plantations1 inarching all those where if is necessary or might be advantageous4 ,each operation requires only a few minutes4 ,last year we put in many hundreds of inarches1 altogether1 which later showed nearly #ajj take4 ,owners of chestnut orchards should take advantage of this method of keeping valuable nut-bearing trees1 although with cankered areas1 in healthy1 vigorous condition4 ,we believe that1 in cutting out the diseased bark1 it is advisable to cut out also a few of the outer annual rings of wood 7of course tangentially71 especially if the canker is one of long-standing1 since we know that the fungus eventually penetrates the outer rings of wood4 ,since that is true1 the canker might enlarge later on from this same source of infection4 ,further it may also be possible for spores or bits of mycelium to be transported upward in the sap stream and cause new infections higher up in the tree4 ,a thorough painting of the cut surfaces should go far toward remedying this situation4 ,one can usually judge the extent of damage caused by the blight by the number and vitality of the basal shoots1 a large number of basal shoots indicating a heavy attack4 ,however1 if the roots have been severely injured1 perhaps by short-tailed mice1 as sometimes happens1 no basal shoots appear1 in which case the tree is doomed4 ,if no blight is present1 but one or more basal shoots appear 7sometimes due to shrubby ancestors71 it is advisable to inarch these as an insurance against possible trouble in the future4 ,this inarching process has not received the attention it deserves4 ,there is absolutely no reason why1 if this method is followed1 there should be any death from blight in resistant hybrids or in ,japanese or ,chinese chestnuts1 barring1 of course1 cases where roots are attacked by mice 7or ,phytophthora in warmer regions74 ,those of our trees in ,connecticut which have been blighted have continued in health and nut-bearing ever since we began the inarching method in #aicg 7,fig4 #d74 ,if the inarches become blighted1 they can themselves be inarched1 as shown4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,veneer crown grafting on chestnut4 ,photo by ,b4 ,w4 ,mc,farland1 ,conn4 ,agric4 ,expt4 ,sta4 ,may1 #aieb4 ,research on ,blight ,resistance ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,japanese-,american ,chestnut1 #ba yrs4 old1 showing inarching begun #ae yrs4 ago4 ,original trunk1 long since dead and now rotting1 shows in center4 ,kept alive and vigorous because valuable for hybrid vigor and future breeding4 ,sleeping ,giant ,chestnut ,plantation1 ,hamden1 ,conn4 ,photo by ,louis ,buhle1 ,brooklyn ,botanic ,garden4 ,sept4 #bf1 #aieb4 ,a study has been made of the factors that cause the ,chinese and ,japanese chestnut to be resistant to the ,endothia canker1 and a close correlation was found between the tannin content of the bark and the relative resistance of the three species1 i4e41 ,chinese1 ,japanese and ,american chestnut4 ,the total tannin concentration in the bark of the ,asiatic species is only slightly higher than in the ,american1 and native trees can be found with as high a concentration as is found in the ,asiatic4 ,a similar overlap in resistance does not occur and it is therefore clear that the total tannin concentration as such cannot account for resistance4 ,there is1 however1 good evidence that the tannins in the ,asiatic species1 as a result of the way in which they are bound to other colloids in the cells1 are more soluble than in the ,american species4 ,this1 of course1 would have a marked bearing on the effectiveness with which the tannins could check the spread of the parasite4 ,furthermore1 it has been found that the types of tannins in the three species differ4 ,in the ,american and ,japanese species they are a mixture of catechol and pyrogallol tannins1 while they appear to be pure pyrogallol tannins in the ,chinese species4 ,considering the specificity of the enzyme systems of fungi it is quite possible that different tannins show different degrees of toxicity to a certain fungus4 ,the following hypothesis has been suggested to explain the relative resistance of the three species3 ,in the ,american chestnut bark the concentration of the available toxic tannin never reaches a level where it can stop the advancing parasite4 ,the tannins in the ,japanese species1 although of the same type as in the native tree1 are more soluble and reach a level toxic to the fungus4 ,in the ,chinese trees all the tannins of the bark belong to the toxic pyrogallol groups1 and this1 combined with their high solubility1 results in the high degree of resistance in this species 7#d74 ,the information available at present regarding the formation of tannins in plants is not conclusive4 ,in some plants1 apparently1 they are formed in the leaves1 and the presence of carbon dioxide and light is required2 in other plants the tannin concentration can increase when the plants are grown in darkness 7#e74 ,a more general formation of tannin in tissues with a high metabolic rate throughout the plant has also been suggested 7#c74 ,it would be important to know the centers of origin of the tannins in the chestnut1 their translocation1 and whether they are translocated through or over graft-unions4 ,in other words1 will a susceptible scion when grafted on a resistant rootstock become more resistant because antibiotic substances formed in the roots of the resistant rootstock are translocated into the scion8 ,from a number of older grafts of non-resistant ,japanese-,american hybrid scions on ,japanese or ,chinese rootstocks it appears that this indeed might be the case4 ,these grafts1 some of which are #af years old1 appear to be more resistant than the original hybrid tree1 even if not as resistant as the rootstock4 ,this would indicate the possibility that the antibiotic substances are produced in the roots and translocated into the scion4 ,however1 the possibility still remains that the compounds are formed also in the leaves and translocated to the base of the tree4 ,to clarify this whole problem an experiment with ,chinese-,american grafts in different combinations is under way4 ,preliminary results show that antibiotic substances are formed in upper parts of the plants1 but that they are not translocated downward across the graft union4 ,thus it was found that ,chinese branches grafted on two year old ,american seedlings remained resistant1 without the ,american seedlings showing any increase in resistance4 ,in future experiments the upward translocation will be studied in detail on grafts of ,american scions on ,chinese seedlings4 ,some ,abnormal ,conditions #a4 ,sterility ,sterility occurs quite commonly in interspecific hybrids either because the chromosomes fail to pair in meiosis or because the parent genes when brought together in the hybrid interact in some way deleterious to the formation of sex-cells4 ,furthermore1 cytoplasmic sterility is likely to occur in a wide cross4 ,sterility has been encountered in several instances in ,american x ,chinese and ,japanese x ,american hybrids4 ,in most cases it is a case of pollen abortion only2 either anthers fail to develop completely as shown in ,fig4 #e1 ,b1 or the anthers develop but are much reduced in size and contain no functioning germ cells4 ,pollen sterility is not sporadic in a given individual3 it is uniform throughout the flowering branches4 ,the individual flowers are arranged on the catkin axis as in the normal flowers 7,fig4 #e74 ,but when the flowers open1 a hand lens reveals #c-e tiny1 membranous perianth-segments for each tiny flower1 whitish in color1 and more or less connected at their bases4 ,a minute rounded mass appears in the center of the flower1 perhaps primordia of abortive stamens1 but this does not develop further4 ,the catkin begins to take on a brownish color and at length the whole catkin1 in case it is staminate1 drops off4 ,if it is androgynous1 the staminate part drops off1 or withers4 ,these male sterile trees appear to have a normal1 sometimes excessive1 development of the females1 and are quite prolific nut producers4 ,information on the occurrence of female sterility in the hybrid trees is incomplete1 but the indications are that at least partial sterility is frequent4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,a4 ,normal androgynous catkin 7female flower at base72 ,b4 ,androgenous catkin with sterile pollen4 ,from ,sleeping ,giant ,chestnut ,plantation1 ,hamden1 ,conn4 ,photo by ,mary ,alice ,clark1 ,conn4 ,agric4 ,expt4 ,sta4 ,july1 #aidi4 #b4 ,triploid ,hybrid ,in #aicd we produced a cross of ,chinese and ,american chestnut which proved to be unusual in several respects4 ,the leaves are enormous--#i inches to #a foot in length1 and #d or #e inches in width4 ,the hybrid is not particularly blight resistant but more so than its ,american parent4 ,it died back from the blight about #aidj and the present tree has developed as a shoot from the old roots4 ,the growth is rapid and vigorous4 ,the flowers appear normal1 but we have never been able to make a cross with its pollen1 nor to effect fertilization of its pistillate flowers4 ,it may be triploid1 that is1 with #c sets of chromosomes instead of the normal double set1 and this would account for its barrenness4 ,in the spring of #aieb some of the vigorous shoots of this tree were successfully grafted on shoots from an old stump of ,chinese chestnut1 using the veneer crown graft method4 ,the scions had not been taken when dormant1 but were transferred directly from the tree to the stock in late ,april4 ,this grafting was done in order to impart greater resistance1 if possible1 to the ,,ca hybrid by means of the roots of the ,chinese stock4 #c4 ,systemic ,defect ,since the early #aicj's we have seen occasional individuals with abnormal foliage--somewhat mottled1 usually curled and often misshapen4 ,thinking that a virus might be the cause of this trouble the senior author tried grafting some of the shoots on to healthy stocks4 ,the grafts were in no case successful because the scions were too weak4 ,finally he succeeded in grafting a branch from an affected tree on to a branch of a normal individual4 ,the only result was an increased vigor of the healthy branch4 ,this year he rubbed juices from leaves of such an abnormal individual on to wounded healthy leaves1 without result4 ,moreover1 such sick individuals1 although growing for years close to healthy trees1 have never communicated the malady to their neighbors4 ,growth is comparatively slow1 and there is much dying back or dying out of the slender branchlets4 ,the evidence indicates that this is not a virus trouble1 but a systemic defect1 probably caused by chromosome aberration or gene abnormality4 ,it is significant that this trouble occurs only in hybrids4 ,such trees never flower4 ,we have known four such cases1 two of which are now dead4 ,similar types appear in other species as inherited deviations from normal4 ,insect ,injuries ,a heavy attack from the spring canker worms developed in #aiea1 but spraying with ,,ddt on ,may #bdth prevented serious damage4 ,no outbreak of canker worms appeared in the spring of #aieb4 ,the ,japanese beetle has been very little in evidence4 ,the principal bad actors are the mites1 ,paratetranychus bicolor4 ,although barely visible to the naked eye1 the effect they produce of whitening the leaves is conspicuous1 especially on the ,chinese chestnut and its hybrids4 ,these insects overwinter in egg form on the surface of the bark4 ,last winter they were so numerous on some of the trees that the bark had taken on a red color--especially on smooth-barked trunks just below a branch4 ,an application of ,scalecide on ,april #ba1 while the trees were still dormant1 followed by two heavy applications of ,aramite 7#f-g lbs4 per acre7 on ,june #acth and #bgth1 gave good control for the rest of the summer4 ,spraying with ,,ddt for weevils was done on ,august #ahth and ,september #crd in #aieb with good results4 ,cooperative ,hybrid ,chestnut ,plantations ,in #aidg the first hybrid chestnut plantation under forest conditions was made in cooperation with the ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,division of ,forest ,pathology4 ,the plantations are made in order to test the hybrids under normal forest conditions and different climatic conditions4 ,in general1 each plantation consists of about #ajj trees1 #ej ,u4,s4,d4,a4 hybrids and #ej ,connecticut hybrids4 ,the trees are planted at a #aj' by #aj' spacing1 and the overstory is girdled at the time of planting in order to give the plants better light conditions without causing an abrupt change in the microclimate of the forest floor--a method developed by ,dr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,diller of the ,division of ,forest ,pathology 7#a74 ,ten plantations at #i locations have been established since #aidg4 ,these are listed below3 ,no4 of ,plots ,location ,year ,established ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a ,edward ,childs ,estate1 ,norfolk1 ,conn4 #aidg #a ,tennessee ,valley ,authority1 ,norris1 ,tenn4 #aidg #a ,table ,rock ,state ,park1 ,pickens1 ,s4,c4 #aidh #a ,antioch ,college1 ,yellow ,springs1 ,ohio #aidh #a ,upper ,perkiomen ,valley ,park1 ,green ,lane1 ,pa4 #aidi #a ,so4 ,ill4 ,univ4 ,fish ,wildlife ,service1 ,cartersville1 ,ill4 #aidi #a ,russ ,state ,forest1 ,decatur1 ,mich4 #aiea #b ,nathan ,hale ,state ,forest1 ,coventry1 ,conn4 #aiea #a ,ouichata ,nat'l4 ,forest1 ,hot ,springs1 ,ark4 #aieb ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,connecticut ,state ,ownership of ,sleeping ,giant ,plantations ,on ,april #aa1 #aiea1 at a meeting at the ,little ,red ,house1 ,sleeping ,giant ,mountain1 the lands on the ,sleeping ,giant ,mountain1 ,hamden1 ,connecticut1 about #aj acres1 on which about #aejj chestnut trees are now growing1 including nearly every chestnut species known to science1 and many valuable1 blight resistant hybrids1 were formally deeded over to the ,state of ,connecticut by their owner1 the senior writer of this report4 ,the meeting was attended by officials of the ,sleeping ,giant ,park ,association1 the ,connecticut ,state ,park and ,forest ,commission1 ,the ,connecticut ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 and the ,yale ,school of ,forestry4 ,the transfer to the ,state was made with the understanding that ,the ,connecticut ,agricultural ,experiment ,station would continue the chestnut breeding work4 ,the whole region is now undergoing a fairly rapid housing development1 and in the ordinary course of mortal events this plantation would have been divided into building lots within the next few decades4 ,the ,state ownership will obviate this1 and ,the ,connecticut ,agricultural ,experiment ,station sponsorship will assure a continuation of the breeding work4 ,literature ,cited #a4 ,diller1 ,j4 ,d4 ,growing chestnuts for timber4 #cgth ,ann4 ,rept4 of ,northern ,nut ,grower's ,assn4 for #aidf4 #ff-fh4 #aidg4 #b4 ,graves1 ,arthur ,harmount4 ,a method of controlling the chestnut blight on partially resistant species and hybrids of ,castanea4 #dast ,ann4 ,rept4 of ,northern ,nut ,growers ,assn4 #aiej4 #adi-aea4 #aiea4 #c4 ,hauser1 ,willibald4 ,zur ,physiologie des ,gerbstoffes in der ,pflanzenzelle4 ,,iii4 ,protoplasma #bg3abe-acj4 #aicf-cg4 #d4 ,nienstaedt1 ,hans4 ,tannin as a factor in the resistance of chestnut1 castanea spp41 to the chestnut blight fungus1 ,endothia parasitica4 ,phytopathology #dc3cb-ch4 #aiec4 #e4 ,nierenstein1 ,m4 ,the natural organic tannins4 ,j4 ,a4 ,churchill4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ah3 ,also of ,the ,division of ,forest ,pathology1 ,u4,s4,d4,a41 ,plant ,industry ,station1 ,beltsville1 ,maryland4 ,footnote #ai3 ,records furnished by the ,u4,s4 ,weather ,bureau at ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,footnote #bj3 ,october1 #aieb1 was among the six driest ,octobers on record4 ,these were3 #ahgi1 #ahib1 #ahig1 #aiaf and #aibd4 ,from ,u4,s4 ,weather ,report1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,effect of ,vermiculite in ,inducing ,fibrous ,roots on ,tap-,rooting ,tree ,seedlings ,,herbert ,c4 ,,barrett#ba and ,,toru ,,arisumi#bb ,when seedlings of nut trees and other tap-rooted species are transplanted from nursery to orchard1 the percentage of survival in often quite low4 ,perhaps the chief reason for this failure is the marked and pronounced tendency of most tap-rooted plants to produce little or no fibrous1 branched roots in lieu of the long1 straight1 and seldom branched tap roots4 ,the common practice of undercutting seedlings during the dormant season to induce a branched root system requires additional labor1 and often results in reduced growth and vigor during the following season4 ,the use of hardware cloth or other close-meshed wire is effective1 but this method also has the disadvantage of being relatively expensive for the nurseryman4 ,preliminary work carried on during the past two years has shown that with certain nut trees and other tap-rooted plants1 it is possible to induce fibrous roots by growing such seedlings in vermiculite4 ,the methods and results of this work are presented in this paper4 ,material and ,methods ,seeds of black walnut 7,juglans nigra71 ,persian walnut 7,juglans regia71 ,chinese chestnut 7,castanea mollissima71 pignut hickory 7,carya glabra71 shellbark hickory 7,carya laciniosa71 shagbark hickory 7,carya ovata71 pecan 7,carya illin71 pawpaw 7,asimina triloba71 and three persimmons 7,diospyros kaki1 ,d4 lotus1 and ,d4 virginiana7 were stratified in moist sawdust for three months at a temperature range of #ce to #dj degrees ,f4 ,after this period of stratification the seeds of each species were divided into three lots and planted in flats #be x #bf x #f inches containing one of the following media3 7#a7 sharp sand of the type used in potting soil1 7#b7 potting soil1 and 7#c7 vermiculite4 ,seeds were kept moist with ordinary tap water and allowed to germinate and grow in the greenhouse4 ,when the seedlings had grown two or three true leaves1 they were carefully removed from the medium and examined for the type of root system developed4 ,results ,in the first eight species listed in ,table #a1 the differences between branched and tap-rooted seedlings were quite pronounced4 ,the few tap-rooted seedlings growing in vermiculite medium showed some laterals and were less strongly tap-rooted than those in soil or sand4 ,pawpaws in soil and sand media were practically devoid of laterals1 and their fibrous root system in vermiculite was not as pronounced as with the walnuts1 hickories1 and pecans4 ,of the species studied1 the persimmons ,table #a4 ,sand ,soil ,vermiculite ,species ,number of plants ,tap rooted ,fibrous ,tap ,fibrous ,tap ,fibrous ,black ,walnut #bj #c #bd #b #j #ci ,persian ,walnut #ae #b #ac #a #j #ae ,chinese ,chestnut #ce #f #cb #g #c #cg ,pignut ,hickory #ai #j #bb #j #c #af ,shellbark ,hickory #i #j #h #j #j #ac ,shagbark ,hickory #bg #j #be #j #b #bh ,pecan #ba #j #bc #j #j #ae ,pawpaw #ajb #j #adj #j #bj #he ,d4 kaki #f #b #e #c #j #aj ,d4 lotus #bj #aa #ah #g #j #cj ,d4 ,virginia #af #j #bj #j #j #ad showed the least tendency to produce tap-rooted seedlings4 ,typical branched or fibrous-rooted seedlings grown in vermiculite are illustrated in ,figure #a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,seedlings grown in vermiculite medium4 ,left1 ,juglans regia2 right1 ,castanea mollissima4 ,summary ,the chief difficulty encountered in transplanting several nut tree and other commonly tap-rooted seedlings is thought to be due to the lack of a branched root system4 ,the methods and results of a fairly simple technique of inducing fibrous roots1 that of growing seedlings in vermiculite1 have been presented4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ba3 ,first ,assistant in ,plant ,breeding1 ,university of ,illinois1 ,department of ,horticulture4 ,footnote #bb3 ,formerly ,half-time ,assistant in ,plant ,breeding1 ,university of ,illinois1 ,department of ,horticulture4 ,eastern ,black ,walnut ,survey1 #aiea ,h4 ,f4 ,,stoke1 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 at its #aiej ,annual ,meeting1 adopted a resolution directing that a survey covering the eastern ,american black walnut1 ,juglans nigra be conducted during the ensuing year1 and that the services of the ,state and regional ,vice-presidents be utilized in making the survey4 ,in carrying out this mandate fifty questionaires were sent out1 and #cg replies were received4 ,of these1 #cc were from the ,states1 including the ,district of ,columbia1 three were from ,canada1 including ,british ,columbia1 ,ontario and ,prince ,edward ,island1 respectively1 and one was from ,belgium4 ,from these replies1 as compiled1 it is apparent that the natural range of the ,american black walnut may be defined approximately as follows3 ,beginning at the ,atlantic seaboard at ,massachusetts ,bay curving slightly northward then westward across northeastern ,new ,york to ,toronto and on westward across lower ,ontario1 ,lake ,huron1 ,michigan1 ,wisconsin and ,minnesota1 in which state the line curves south-westward1 crossing about the northwest corner of ,iowa4 ,from this point the line runs approximately south across the eastern parts of ,nebraska1 ,kansas1 ,oklahoma and ,texas4 ,as the line approaches the ,gulf of ,mexico it turns eastward1 crossing the southern parts of ,louisiana1 ,mississippi1 ,alabama and ,georgia1 back again to the ,atlantic4 ,the natural range of the black walnut may be said to have been limited on the north by winter cold1 on the west by lack of sufficient rainfall and on the south by a winter climate too mild for the required dormant rest period4 ,where these limitations are removed the ,american black walnut appears to do well far out of its natural range4 ,in its native state it seemed to thrive best along water-ways and in hollows among the hills and mountains1 though it was also to be found on the uplands wherever the soil was fertile and other conditions favorable4 ,the overflow of streams undoubtedly did much to distribute and plant the seed1 aided always by the ubiquitous squirrel4 ,twenty-nine of the ,states reported the trees as thrifty and bearing well-filled nuts4 ,eastern ,maryland reported the trees as thrifty but the nut crop light4 ,michigan reports the nuts as having been well filled formerly1 but poor in recent years4 ,west ,virginia makes a similar report1 and attributes poor crops to the presence of anthracnose1 a fungus disease of the leaves causing early defoliation4 ,the nut crop of the wild trees appears to be ungathered to a large extent1 taking the country as a whole4 ,eleven states report whole husked nuts being marketed in a limited way and six report the marketing of home-produced kernels4 ,prices for the whole nuts are quoted as low as #b4jj per bushel1 with a top of #e4jj per bushel for ,kansas-produced named varieties4 ,accurate statistics as to whole nut and kernel production are not available4 ,tennessee reports black walnut cracking plants1 as follows3 ,one each at ,lebanon and ,morristown1 and three located at ,nashville4 ,a ,west ,virginia report estimates the ,state's kernel production at #bjj1jjj per annum4 ,a cracking plant in ,st4 ,louis is reported as processing #a-a_/b million pounds of whole nuts annually1 for which it pays #e-a_/b cents per pound4 ,other cracking plants reported are one at ,stanford1 ,kentucky1 one at ,broadway1 ,virginia and one or two in ,west ,virginia1 location unstated4 ,no statement was received as to the amount of business done by these4 ,a new one is starting operations at ,henderson1 ,kentucky in #aiea4 ,production of black walnut kernels as a home industry has languished since the ,federal ruling that the kernels must be pasteurized as soon as produced4 ,most of such kernels are now consumed locally1 so as not to run afoul of inter-state regulations4 ,no epidemic has1 as yet1 been traced to such local use4 ,a question designed to disclose what named varieties give the best results in the various localities was not very effective4 ,replies usually came in the form of lists of varieties being planted with little definite indication as to the ones that have proven superior4 ,as might be expected1 ,thomas led the list by being mentioned #ae times4 ,elmer ,myers was listed #i times1 ,stabler #f1 ,ohio #f1 ,mintle #c1 ,snyder #b1 7,new ,york and ,tenn471 ,sifford #b1 7,kentucky and ,kansas71 and the following one each3 ,adams1 ,grundy1 ,korn 7,michigan72 ,rohwer1 ,vandersloot 7,kansas72 ,sparrow1 ,victoria1 ,homeland 7,north ,carolina72 ,ten ,eyck 7,new ,jersey72 ,creitz 7,virginia72 and ,impit 7,british ,columbia74 ,a study of the geographical distribution of the preferred varieties fails to produce any significant conclusions as to the varieties best adapted to any specific state4 ,doubtless ,thomas heads the list because it has had the longest and largest distribution4 ,a ,new ,york state survey gave ,thomas the preference #i times1 ,snyder #g1 ,myers #d1 ,ohio #b1 and one each to several other varieties4 ,a similar survey in ,new ,jersey gave ,thomas preference #b1 ,stabler #b1 ,ten ,eyck #a and ,ohio #a4 ,one ,new ,jersey correspondent reported ,ohio as excellent1 another listed ,ten ,eyck as fair1 and a third reported ,thomas as terrible4 ,one ,kansas producer reports ,thomas his best and ,ohio his worst4 ,another ,kansan reports the exact opposite4 ,pennsylvania reports ,ohio as best1 ,stabler as worst4 ,her neighbor to the east1 ,new ,jersey1 rates ,stabler highly1 as does ,ohio1 immediately to the west4 ,the notable leaf-disease resistance of the ,ohio variety is worthy of the consideration of planters in districts where early defoliation causes poor filling of the nuts4 ,for a late comer1 the thin-shelled ,myers makes a strong showing1 which may be significant4 ,it is worth watching4 ,until there is wider planting and production of the named varieties1 it will not be possible to name the varieties best adapted to any specific state or location1 in the opinion of your reporter4 ,the possibilities of profit in planting black walnut orchards have not been determined4 ,from ,pennsylvania comes the report that of the several black walnut orchards planted twenty-five years ago1 only three are now being given care4 ,a ten-acre orchard at ,wharton1 ,md4 that1 presumably1 was being given special care1 is reported as nearly all dead--too much commercial fertilizer1 or the wrong kind4 ,the report on several small ,west ,virginia plantings is submitted as inconclusive4 ,the main general interest at present appears to be the planting of the better walnuts on home grounds and on the farm4 ,twenty-four states reported such use1 with varying degrees of interest4 ,considering that the black walnut is our finest cabinet wood1 and one of the best in the world1 forestry planting may be truthfully said to be lagging deplorably4 ,the state of ,pennsylvania has shown some interest and made some small plantings4 ,ohio has done some planting4 ,the ,sunny ,hill ,coal ,company of ,new ,lexington1 ,ohio1 is reported to have planted #ejjj seedlings4 ,in ,indiana ,ford ,wallick has reported the planting of #ad bu4 of seed1 the seedlings to be budded later to the ,lamb curly walnut4 ,tennessee and ,west ,virginia report small plantings4 ,kansas reports some interest in planting walnuts on lands that have been destroyed for agricultural purposes by strip coal mining4 ,as a whole1 the forestry plantings of the walnut of the future1 as of the past1 appear mainly dependent on the untiring squirrel4 ,there has never been an adequate supply of walnut timber since pioneer days when walnut logs were rolled together for burning in the clearing of land1 or split for fence rails1 nor is an adequate supply in sight for the future4 ,in producing districts buyers are always ready to pounce on the owner of any walnut tree of marketable size4 ,prices paid are usually much lower than the real value of the timber1 partly because the stand is so scattering as to prevent the use of efficient means of logging and transportation4 ,of all the agencies tending to destroy the black walnut1 war is the most devastating4 ,the superb qualities of the wood for the making of gun stocks causes the country to be combed more and more closely by buyers in each succeeding war4 ,however1 from the standpoint of human interest1 the picture is not wholly dark4 ,it is perhaps too much to expect that private enterprise will enter into the long-time investment necessary for extensive forestry plantings1 but the states can and should do so in connection with their park and forestry programs4 ,as already indicated some few states are working in that direction4 ,of perhaps more immediate concern and value are the possibilities of interesting the #d-;,h clubs and similar organizations of youth in making home and farm plantings4 ,refreshingly encouraging is the following excerpt from the report of the ,arkansas state ,vice-president1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,hale1 a vocational instructor of ,camden1 ,arkansas4 ,when a student comes into the class of vocational agriculture in the ninth grade ,i try to get him to plant some black walnuts so they will get big enough to graft while he is in high school4 ,the use of this method is helpful in getting many trees started4 ,by grafting one or more of the ,persian walnuts1 interest is also added4 ,one way that has helped me get people started with a tree on the home grounds is to pot a few sprouted nuts and when a neighbor is sick take a seedling walnut instead of a flower4 ,i usually go back to help with the transplanting of it4 ,such practical methods1 if widely used1 would bring far more valuable results than any legislative program4 ,the ,virginia ,polytechnic ,institute is showing some interest1 and conducted a field clinic in top-working the walnut in the ,shenandoah ,valley area in the spring of #aiea4 ,county ,agents have become interested1 and a county-wide ,black ,walnut ,contest will be held at ,harrisonburg1 ,va41 ,nov4 #i and #ajth of this year1 in which ,,vpi is collaborating4 ,it is hoped this idea will spread4 ,on ,prince ,edward ,island1 just off the ,canadian east coast1 there does not appear to be enough summer heat to mature the nuts1 though the tree is grown somewhat on home grounds4 ,in the fruit-growing sections of ,british ,columbia the black walnut appears quite at home1 trees of a diameter of from three to four feet being reported at ,chilliwack1 in the ,fraser ,river valley4 ,j4 ,u4 ,gellattly also reports the walnut at ,brooks and ,medicine ,hat1 ,alberta4 ,confirmation of the ability of the black walnut to stand extremely low temperatures is to be found in a letter of ,aug4 #bb1 #aiea from ,w4 ,r4 ,leslie1 ,superintendent1 ,dominion ,experiment ,station1 ,morden1 ,manitoba1 as follows3 ,black walnut is doing fairly well in such places as the ,provincial ,horticultural ,station1 ,brooks1 ,alberta1 7,p4 ,d4 ,hargrave1 ,supt471 and at ,portage la ,prairie1 ,winnipeg and ,morden1 ,manitoba4 ,apparently the black walnut enjoys a heavier soil than the butternut 7or white walnut74 ,the white has been more widely planted than the black4 ,the ,manchurian seems hardier than either and is the most rapid grower of the three ,juglans on test here4 ,however1 the two natives usually give us a fairly abundant crop of nuts4 ,our source of black walnut was from around ,new ,ulm1 ,minnesota2 the butternut came from around ,sault ,ste4 ,marie1 at the lower end of ,lake ,superior4 ,i am not aware of either indigenous species being native closer than the points mentioned4 ,belgium reports the black walnut as thriving in door-yards and along roadways1 where the nuts are mentioned as a menace to traffic4 ,in conclusion it is urged that friends of conservation and a sound economy should lend their every effort to the extension of black walnut plantings4 ,some progress has been made since the days of pioneer plunder1 but much remains to be done4 ,thanks are extended to all those who have contributed to this survey4 ,crath's ,carpathian ,english ,walnuts in ,ontario #bc,p4 ,c4 ,,crath1 #abi ,felbrigg ,ave41 ,toronto #ab1 ,ontario ,introduction ,the ,english ,walnut 7,juglans regia7 in ,england is known as ,persian walnut4 ,some think that the nuts originated in ,persia4 ,the primeval forests of ,english walnut trees1 which in many places cover the southern as well as northern slopes of the ,caucasian ,mountains show that ,caucasia is the country of the origin of those trees4 ,but in the ,western ,carpathian ,mountains in ,europe geologists had excavated ancient walnuts in the salt rocks of the pits of ,weliczka4 ,in some places of the ,eastern ,carpathians walnuts could be found in a wild stage2 and of course domesticated walnuts flourish in every ,ukrainian orchard from the northern slopes of the ,carpathians up to the southern banks of the ,pripet ,river1 and all over ,ukraine as far as the ,don4 ,but there they could not be found in a wild form4 ,walnuts in such countries as ,italy1 ,spain1 ,france are probably of ,persian origin4 ,since ,canada was discovered by ,cartier ,european settlers have many times tried to introduce the southern ,european walnuts in to the ,new ,world1 but without success4 ,only in ,california1 along the ,ocean's shore1 ,europeans succeeded in acclimatizing some1 as they think1 ,english ,walnuts2 though in reality the ,california ,walnuts are halfbreeds4 ,in ,old ,ontario the people enjoyed the local wild black walnuts1 butternuts and hickory4 ,up to the present ,english ,walnuts are imported into this ,province4 ,when in #aiag ,i settled in ,toronto and found that even in the southern part of the ,province1 so rich in different fruits1 no ,english ,walnuts grew there1 ,i was amazed4 ,in my old home in the ,ukraine walnut trees were as common as elms in ,ontario4 ,and ,i have found that the ,southern ,ontario climate is warmer than the climate of ,kiev or ,poltava regions in ,ukraine4 ,it has seemed to me that ,english walnuts from the ,carpathian region should thrive well around ,toronto4 ,my ,experiments ,in my old home ,i have heard gardeners say3 ,where apples grow1 walnuts will grow there also4 ,and around ,toronto there ,i have seen nice apple orchards producing splendid fruits4 ,the ,ontario apple trees withstood winter colds well1 and that fact encouraged me to try to plant ,english walnuts from ,ukraine in the neighborhood of ,toronto4 ,at the end of the ,first ,world ,war ,ukraine revolted against the ,russian ,empire and at the same time she was fighting for her independence with ,poland4 ,at that time my father's family lived in the city of ,stanyslaviv at the northern foot of the ,carpathians4 ,i asked my sister to send me as many local ,english walnut seeds by mail as she could4 ,giving such an order to my sister ,i expected that the nuts would arrive not later than the end of ,october1 just in time to be planted before the freeze up4 ,this was in #aiba4 ,i remembered from my boyhood that planting of ,english walnut seeds was surrounded by some mystery4 ,it seemed to me that people in ,ukraine regarded it as a very difficult matter to cultivate walnut trees4 ,being under such a notion myself ,i asked a horticulturist how long the germination power of a walnut seed would last4 ,he told me that it could prevail in a fresh walnut not longer than a week4 ,he advised me in order to prevent walnuts from drying to dip them in melted parawax4 ,following that information ,i wrote my sister to parawax the walnut seeds before sending them to ,canada4 ,owing to the ,polish-,ukrainian war at that time the shipment of the walnut seeds got to ,toronto not late in the ,fall1 as had been expected1 but in ,february when the farm land around ,toronto was frozen4 ,and the worst of it was my sister did not parawax the nuts6 ,being sure the kernels were dead ,i allowed the children to do what they pleased with them4 ,but before they cracked the last one my wife advised me to plant a dozen of the nuts in our flower pots1 as she said1 for fun4 ,i did it4 ,other nuts the children destroyed1 and in spite of my sorrow and anguish in two weeks the walnut sprouts came up in the pots4 ,everyone of them came up1 proving that you do not need to protect walnut germination by dipping the nuts into melted parawax4 ,from the flower pots the walnut seedlings were transplanted that spring of #aibb into our city garden at #dh ,peterboro ,ave41 ,toronto4 ,at least a thousand of the kernels of several varieties were thus destroyed and ,i was obliged to wait until another fall when the ,juglans regia nuts were sent again by my sister4 ,they came also late in the winter and were dry as pepper4 ,in the spring of #aibc ,i took the walnut seeds of the second shipment to the farm of my friend ,mr4 ,m4 ,kozak located a couple of miles north of the ,scarboro ,golf ,club4 ,there ,i soaked them in water in a tub for five days and then planted in rows #a-a_/b ft4 apart1 row from row1 and the nuts #f inches apart nut from nut and two inches deep4 ,in a couple of weeks nearly every nut produced a sapling4 ,i kept them well cultivated the whole summer1 and in the ,fall the seedlings were from six to eight inches tall4 ,the nuts on the ,kozak farm were of different varieties2 some were small1 some large1 some were round1 some oblong1 some paper-thin-shelled1 some hard shelled2 some varieties had sweet kernels1 some had a little slightly bitter taste1 some were flat4 ,according to their variety the bark of the seedlings1 some of them at least1 was shiny brown1 while other varieties had their bark shiny dark green1 light gray1 light green4 ,now ,i have known how to produce walnut seedlings4 ,then another worry came--could the seedlings stand the ,ontario winter8 ,they had stood the winter of #aibe-bh very well4 ,only the tops of those were spoiled1 which were injured by buffalo tree hoppers4 ,it seemed that the regular ,ontario caterpillars did not like the sap of the ,english walnut foliage4 ,but the worst enemies of the ,carpathians was the bacterial disease4 ,the leaves and young shoots curled1 turned black1 being infested by the disease4 ,in such a case the spraying is needed4 ,acquaintance with the ,vineland ,government ,experimental ,farm ,somehow1 but very soon after ,i started my experiments with ,english ,carpathian ,walnuts in ,ontario1 ,mr4 ,james ,neilson1 the nut specialist in the ,government ,experimental ,farm1 ,vineland1 ,ont4 discovered me4 ,by him ,i was introduced to the late ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan of ,islington1 ,ont4 who was known as a prominent nut grower in ,ontario4 ,in the year #aibd1 when we met the first time1 ,mr4 ,corsan already was interested in the culture of black walnuts and butternuts1 in hickories1 pecans1 hicans and filberts4 ,soon ,i transferred my ,english ,carpathian walnut nursery to ,corsan's place at ,islington4 ,mr4 ,corsan1 with a great deal of enthusiasm broadcasted my ,carpathians all over the ,american continent1 but under different names3 ,english ,walnuts1 ,persian1 ,russian1 ,carpathian1 etc4 ,soon we were joined by a third walnut enthusiast ,mr4 ,l4 ,k4 ,davitt1 a teacher in a ,toronto ,high ,school4 ,prof4 ,c4 ,t4 ,currelly the ,founder and at that time the ,director of the ,royal ,ontario ,museum of ,archeology in ,toronto1 also became interested in my walnut experiments4 ,then later on some other prominent ,torontonians followed us and the ,nut ,growers ,society of ,ontario was organized4 ,americans also became interested in the ,carpathian walnuts4 ,first among them was a graduate from ,cornell ,university1 a farmer near ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 ,mr4 ,samuel ,graham4 ,mr4 ,george ,slate of the ,geneva ,experiment ,station was one of the first ,americans who early got interested in the ,carpathians4 ,there in the ,states is the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,following ,mr4 ,corsan ,i also became a member of the ,association4 ,my ,research in ,english ,walnuts in ,ukraine ,from the year #aibd until #aicf ,i spent most of my time as a ,presbyterian missionary in ,western ,ukraine1 which was then under ,polish occupation4 ,from time to time ,i used to come to ,canada on furlough4 ,every time1 coming from ,ukraine1 ,i brought also a box or more of ,carpathian ,english ,walnuts for planting4 ,then ,i liked to tell ,dr4 ,palmer1 the ,director of the ,vineland ,government ,experimental ,farm about my research in walnuts in ,ukraine4 ,in ,western ,ukraine my headquarters were in the city of ,kolomyja1 ,province of ,galicia1 at the foot of the ,eastern ,carpathians4 ,thus ,i was in the center of the culture of the ,carpathian walnuts4 ,though my circuit was very large 7,provinces of ,galician and ,volynia7 and there was a time when ,i served #cj congregations1 nevertheless ,i had a little time also to study the ,english ,walnuts in their native environments4 ,before starting the research in that country ,i decided for myself what in my conception should be the ideal ,english walnut4 ,i have come to the conclusion that the nut should be of large size1 thin shelled1 its kernel well filled up1 being of a pleasant sweet taste2 inside of the nut there should be no partitions1 thus allowing the kernel to roll out unbroken4 ,then ,i printed questionnaire blanks for each individual nut tree to be examined4 ,beside the above mentioned questions ,i added3 ,what is the name and address of the owner of the tree1 and its location8 ,how old1 tall and thick the trunk of tree is8 ,how many pounds of the nuts the tree yielded that year8 ,in what kind of soil does it thrive8 ,what enemies attack it8 ,what fertilizer1 or manure1 has been used in the particular case1 or none8 ,is there in the nuts1 leaves and bark any sign of cross-pollination8 ,regarding the grafting and budding ,i found that the local nut-growers had not the slightest idea how to go about it4 ,they also did not care to prevent their walnut trees from cross-pollination4 ,soon ,i found that there in ,galicia alone could be found several hundreds of varieties of ,carpathian ,english walnuts4 ,anyway till #aice1 ,i sent to ,toronto #bjj varieties of the ,carpathians4 ,some of those ,english ,carpathian walnuts were #b-a_/b inches long1 or five nuts to a foot2 others were only one third of an inch4 ,some very small ,carpathians produced nuts in clusters1 like grapes4 ,in some ,carpathians it was possible to detect cross-pollination with ,asiatic walnuts by their harder shells1 by partitions1 by the shape of nuts1 by the construction of the leaves and their odor1 and in some cases by the color of bark4 ,by kernels all the ,carpathian halfbreeds are ,english walnuts1 differing group from group by the taste4 ,i remember that only in #ahih in the bourg of ,loubni1 and in #aicc in the ,city of ,kolomyja ,i came across two trees which resembled our black walnut4 ,in both towns some people used to live in ,america1 and coming home they could bring with them some ,american nuts4 ,in the region around ,kossiv ,i came across groves of ,american black walnuts and butternuts4 ,those trees were planted there by the ,austrian ,government #ge or so years ago4 ,of course they did not cause all the hybridizing ,i mentioned above4 ,maybe the ,asiatic nuts were brought in ,eastern ,carpathians when the ,tartar hordes crossed the mountains in the region of ,pokouttia 7,kossiv7 in the year #abdb4 ,not far from ,kossiv1 westward1 in the village of ,kosmuch in the ,carpathians #bejj feet above sea level ,i found ,english walnut trees of small size 7#ae feet tall1 #f inches thick7 with light gray bark1 producing #b inch long nuts of speary shape1 like our ,canadian butternuts but of ,english ,walnut shells and kernels4 ,the kernels were tasty4 ,there was no question but that they were halfbreeds1 ,english plus ,mongolian nuts4 ,there in ,kosmuch1 not far from the historical ,tartar ,passage1 through which in #acth century ,ghengis ,khan hordes invaded the ,danube plains1 in winter the temperature falls to #de degrees below zero4 ,owing to the hardiness of the strain and pleasant taste of the nuts ,i picked up about #aj pounds of them to be tried in colder parts of ,ontario1 7and some of them already are bearing north of ,toronto and true to the type47 ,i called the nuts ,hutzulian ,pointies1 as they grow in ,hutzulia the country of the ,ukrainian ,mountaineers4 ,the year #aicf4 ,my last trip to ,western ,ukraine ,in ,ontario farmers were slow to grasp the idea of cultivating my ,carpathian ,english walnuts4 ,either they did not believe the ,english walnuts could thrive in this ,province1 or waited till my trees would start to bear4 ,nevertheless some thousand of my seedlings were planted here and there all over ,ontario and smaller quantities in the ,maritime ,provinces1 ,manitoba and ,alberta4 ,the late ,sir ,wm4 ,mulock hired ,mr4 ,corsan to graft with the ,carpathian scions tops of many of his black walnut trees in ,orillia1 ,ont4 ,fred ,gaby1 the engineer who built the ,ontario ,hydro1 ordered through me from ,ukraine #ej to #ab feet tall ,carpathians of bearing age and planted them on #aj acres near ,cooksville4 ,ont4 ,prof4 ,currelly has bought #be acres near his estate west of ,pt4 ,hope1 ,ont4 for my use in experimental work4 ,the late ,col4 ,mc,alpyne planted one thousand of my yearlings on his estate at ,fenelon ,falls1 ,ont4 ,two young farmers1 ,papple ,bros41 in the ,georgian ,bay region also started an ,english ,carpathian walnut orchard4 ,in #aice ,i moved my ,carpathian walnut nursery from ,islington to ,prof4 ,currelly's estate1 and ,mr4 ,l4 ,k4 ,devitt sold his lot of the trees through the ,dominion ,seed ,co41 ,georgetown1 ,ont4 ,in the ,states1 ,mr4 ,carl ,weschoke1 a manufacturer in ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn41 who in the year #aice was elected the ,president of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 also got interested in ,carpathians4 ,his son-in-law about that time started a walnut nursery on their estate some #cj miles east of ,st4 ,paul4 ,that #aicf year ,mr4 ,weschoke sponsored my expedition to ,northeastern ,poland 7,northwestern ,ukraine7 to find the geographical line north of which ,english walnuts do not thrive in ,europe4 ,my expedition was successful4 ,i discovered that northward from the ,pripet ,river1 which flows from west to east toward the ,dneiper1 ,english ,walnuts could not be found4 ,if ,i had come across there some ,english seedlings nearer to the ,lithuanian boundary and the ,baltic ,sea shore1 they would have been planted there recently and not before the year #aibd4 ,farther north1 though there ,english walnuts do not thrive1 around the ,lake ,peipus ,i came across filberts not as bushes but as large trees4 ,every fall peasants in that district go in the woods and bring bags of filberts for winter use4 ,such filbert trees ,i found also in the ,carpathian mountains near the ,ukrainian settlement of ,vizhnytza in the ,province of ,bukovina4 ,west of the town of ,sarny and south of the ,pripet ,i came across a grove of #ah ancient ,english walnut trees4 ,in the year #afdh when ,ukrainian ,hetman ,bohdan ,khmelnytzky led a war against ,poland those trees already were #gj years old1 and they still were bearing in #aicf when ,i visited that region4 ,indeed their limbs were broken and they presented a sad sight1 but they proved how long the ,ukrainian ,english walnut could live4 ,the seeds of those ancient trees ,i also shipped to ,mr4 ,weschcke4 ,beside that ,i brought to my sponsors thousands of selected walnut seeds1 seedlings and scions4 ,my ,english ,carpathian walnut tree in the back yard of #dh ,peterboro ,ave4 ,toronto1 ,ont41 being planted out there from the pot in the spring of #aibb started to produce nuts in #aibi4 ,the nuts were exactly to the type3 oblong1 pointy1 inch and a half long1 the shell semi-hard1 partitions large1 the kernel of pleasant taste4 ,it started to produce female bloom when it was #d years old1 but till #aibi there were no catkins of male bloom4 ,the crop of the nuts1 that year and following years was usually carried away by marauding black squirrels4 ,other people who got from us the ,carpathian ,english walnut seedlings reported that their plants also started to bear the seventh year or around that4 ,but the ,papple ,bros4 reported that they had a case when a seedling produced by them straight from the ,carpathian walnut bore a nut in the second year of its life4 ,on the other hand there were cases where some ,carpathian ,english seedlings1 as well as grafted ones1 still produce no nuts though they are #ae years old and over4 ,i think the cause lies in the soil4 ,on the gravelly hills over ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,carpathian walnuts are slow to bear1 even being grafted4 ,the undersoil in the valleys #f miles north of ,pt4 ,hope1 ,ont4 is not favorable1 not only for ,english walnuts but even for native black walnuts1 though very favorable to hickories4 ,on another hand1 north-east of ,toronto and near ,unionville at the place called ,hagerman ,cornor on the farm of ,mr4 ,m4 ,artymko there is an orchard of #bg ,crath's ,carpathian ,english walnuts over #ah years old1 each fruiting now every year4 ,the trees are #be feet tall1 #e-f inches thick1 situated on a knoll of clay1 well drained soil1 lying open toward the northwest4 ,when the trees were younger they were subject to attacks of the bacterial disease and their barks were cracked by frost4 ,now the trees are in nice shape1 no trace of the bacterial disease injuries and the frost's scars disappearing4 ,some of those trees produced a bushel of the nuts each4 ,among ,artymko's trees there is a tree bearing the walnut of giant type1 and the tree--,hutzulian ,pointie4 ,the success of the ,artymko's farm lies probably in the soil and its high elevation4 ,there in ,toronto ,mr4 ,t4 ,h4 ,barrister1 has in his backyard two ,carpathian ,english ,walnuts1 producing nuts of the giant size--five nuts to a foot4 ,the bacterial disease had touched them slightly1 and the tree never has been sprayed4 ,we should expect that the ,ontario ,agricultural ,college at ,guelph would find out what is the best soil for ,english walnuts and what fertilizer to be applied for them4 ,chicken wire fences should protect the walnut orchard from squirrels and the trees should be sprayed against bacterial disease4 ,about walnut trees bearing and fertilizer--let us return to their native abode in the ,carpathians4 ,there in the village of ,peestynka ,i have come across a large ,english walnut tree #dj feet tall and about #cf years old which1 as ,i was informed by the people there1 never fruited till the ,first ,world ,war4 ,during the war an ,austrian horse squadron had put a stall around the tree4 ,the horses well manured the soil around there and since that time the tree was bearing nuts regularly and abundantly when ,i saw it in #aicf4 ,at ,last ,success6 ,the year #aiea should be regarded as the final establishing of the culture of the ,carpathian ,english walnuts in ,ontario4 ,the three decades of experimentation have passed leaving a splendid result4 ,the fact is established that the ,carpathian ,english walnuts have become aclimatized in ,south ,ontario4 ,this fall ,i had an opportunity to examine my walnut trees at many points in the ,province4 ,everywhere ,i have seen the tree bearing4 ,in ,toronto in many a backyard1 in ,thorold ,south1 in ,welland1 in ,port ,colboren1 in ,islington1 near ,port ,hope on ,prof4 ,currelly's estate1 around ,scarboro1 ,ont4 and so on1 the ,carpathians are in good shape and all are bearing4 ,the more the trees mature1 the better they look4 ,on the average they are #bj years old1 #bj feet tall and #f inches thick4 ,the summer of #aiea in ,ontario was more cloudy than usual1 and it caused the ,carpathian walnuts in this ,province to turn out smaller than their size1 should be about one quarter smaller4 ,the people who knew ,carpathian ,english walnut trees in ,galicia agree that in ,ontario the ,carpathians grow more slowly than they do in their native land4 ,it is not in ,ontario1 but on the ,university ,farm at ,madison1 ,wisconsin1 one of our ,carpathian trees is nearly #dj feet tall and bearing4 ,in ,galicia ,i had seen many a ,carpathian walnut tree as high as #fj feet4 ,polish ,government ,interested in ,my ,activity ,during the time of my activities1 in the town of ,kessiv1 there used to live a famous physician1 ,dr4 ,tarnawski4 ,outside of his clinics he was much interested in the welfare of the country4 ,my activities could not be hidden from his sight4 ,what does that ,american see in our nuts8 ,are there in ,america no nuts8 he asked4 ,soon ,i was introduced to him4 ,it was in the fall of #aicd4 ,he was not well and in bed at that time4 ,he liked to talk with me about the walnut culture and wished to know why ,i was collecting the nuts1 scions and seedlings for ,canada4 ,and then it seemed to him impossible that there in ,ontario and the northeastern states ,english walnuts were not yet cultivated4 ,then ,i turned his attention to the fact that in ,poland they know little about their own trees4 ,my challenge awoke him to activity1 and through his intervention ,starosta1 the county governor1 planted the first twenty-five acres with walnut seedlings along the south side of the highway leading from ,kessiv to the town of ,kooty4 ,dr4 ,tarnawski wrote also an article to a horticultural magazine on ,english walnuts on what he learned from me4 ,when in the fall of #aicf ,i was going back to my home in ,toronto1 ,dr4 ,tarnawski wrote about me to the ,department of ,agriculture in ,warsaw introducing me to the minister4 ,i had an opportunity to give a talk on the ,carpathian ,english walnuts in the presence of many horticulturists in the ,government ,experimental ,farm at ,skieerniewice near ,warsaw4 ,late in #aicf ,i came back to ,canada and till the ,second ,world ,war continued to cultivate the ,carpathian walnuts and other horticultural material brought by me from ,western ,ukraine4 ,the ,second ,war cut me off from my field in ,europe4 ,a decade and a half has passed4 ,the ,carpathians have been acclimatized1 have grown1 and have been bearing nuts in ,ontario4 ,when such success has been achieved1 it seems that there in ,canada all the enterprise is forgotten4 ,of course1 the ,carpathian walnuts could not advertise themselves--they are dumb critters4 ,in the ,states the situation with the ,carpathians is entirely different4 ,interest in them is growing steadily1 and as ,i said previously the ,american nurseries have already put the ,carpathians on the broad market4 ,in #aiej at the annual meeting the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association made me an ,honorary ,member of the ,association4 ,in #aiea the ,association held a contest and the ,crath ,carpathians won most of the prizes4 ,culture of ,crath's ,carpathian ,english ,walnut ,trees #a4 ,propagation by seeds ,pick up the largest and heaviest nuts from a certain tree4 ,dry them in a windy place1 but not in the sun4 ,gather the nuts into a jute bag and hang for the winter in a dry and cold place protected from squirrels4 ,around ,may #adth put the nuts into a vessel with lukewarm water1 soak about one week4 ,prepare a bed of rich soil manured previously with horse manure4 ,the land should not be of a wet kind4 ,plant the nuts in rows1 #f inches nut from nut1 and two feet1 row from row4 ,protect your nursery from squirrels4 ,in a week or two the nuts should come up4 ,keep the nursery free from weeds4 ,it will protect the seedling from the buffalo tree hoppers4 ,if the signs of the bacterial disease are detected spray the seedlings at once4 ,for the first winter leave the seedlings as they are in the field4 ,the next spring dig them up1 every one4 ,cut off the leading root of each plant and transplant the seedlings again in rows a foot apart seedling from seedling and two feet row from row4 ,the amputation of the leading root causes the seedling to grow up instead of down and will make them start to bear nuts earlier4 ,in ,europe instead of cutting off the walnut seedling's main roots they put under them a flat stone1 or start in an earthen pot4 ,the next spring the walnut seedlings are ready for the permanent planting4 ,being permanently transplanted they should be cultivated at least two or three years4 ,whitewash the walnut trunks in the late fall to protect bark from bursting by the winter sun4 ,put a screen around the trunks to protect them from mice and rabbits4 ,though1 if a walnut is gnawed by rodents do nothing about it1 the tree will produce a stalk--a new one--from the root4 #b4 ,propagation by ,grafting ,take ,canadian black walnut seedling1 one or two years old early in the spring1 if you have a greenhouse and can graft them one inch above the root line1 tie up with raffia1 cover with melted parawax and put in boxes covering each row with light soil mixed with the moss4 ,after #bjth of ,may when the danger of frost is over transplant in your nursery4 ,the grafting of walnuts should be called a barking method4 ,cut off the upper part of the stock horizontally4 ,split the bark with your grafting knife as much as needed and lift up the bark as far as the wood and insert the scion4 ,tie up with raffia and do the rest as said previously4 ,the top grafting on the large ,canadian black nuts gives good results also4 #c4 ,budding ,we bud the walnuts in the middle of ,august4 ,regular ,t cut has to be done1 the bud put in and wrapped with raffia4 ,then it should be covered with parawax and left for a couple of weeks4 ,after that time the budding should be examined and the raffia removed4 ,if the leaf by the bud remains green it indicates that the grafting is successful4 ,the next spring1 cut off the upper part of the stalk about two feet over the bud4 ,you will tie up to it the budded shoot1 which by the fall might be up to #f feet high4 ,spraying and cultivating is required as has been said above4 ,owing to the fact that the budded plant in its first year continues to grow deep into fall and in many cases its upper part does not harden well1 wrap the budding with straw for winter4 #d4 ,harvesting ,in the ,carpathian ,mountains when they gather the walnuts in the fall they mash them down with a very long and quite thin hazel sticks4 ,doing that they beat off the thin tops of the walnut branches4 ,they say such an operation causes a better crop of the nuts next season4 #e4 ,giant ,walnuts and their problems ,some giant walnuts on the same tree have sometimes small kernels or withered ones4 ,in the ,carpathian ,region they do not know what to do with such a problem4 ,it seems to me that we in ,canada have to solve it4 ,maybe it is because of the bacterial disease1 or it may be a lack of the proper fertilizer4 ,in ,warsaw ,i have seen the giant walnuts sold not being dried4 #f4 ,reforestation with the ,carpathian ,walnuts ,crath's ,carpathian ,english walnuts could produce for ,canada a very valuable forest and in shorter time than other trees do4 ,we should always remember that in the ,caucasian ,mountains there are huge walnut forests4 ,some trees are of primeval age4 ,before the ,first ,world ,war ,english buyers often paid a ,caucasian farmer from #e1jjj to #aj1jjj rubles for a tree4 ,walnut ,wine ,there in the ,town of ,kooty ,mrs4 ,babiuk1 a good wife of a local burgher told me about the walnut wine as follows3 ,in my girlhood in this region there raged an awful epidemic of cholera4 ,many people died4 ,but those who drank the wine made of green ,english ,walnuts did not die4 ,the recipe that she gave me is as follows3 ,take equal parts of walnuts in which the shells are not yet hardened1 and the same quantity of sugar4 ,cut each green walnut in half a dozen parts1 mix them with the sugar4 ,in a couple of days the juice will be extracted by means of the sugar and ensuing fermentation which continues about one month4 ,in two months it is ready to be consumed4 ,on my return to ,canada ,i made wine from the ,canadian black walnuts4 ,the color of the wine was dark brown and quite pleasant4 ,it stops stomach ache4 ,also we should not forget the walnut oil and the use of walnuts in confectionary4 ,walnut ,candies ,take equal quantities of walnut kernels and honey4 ,mix4 ,boil1 watching that the honey does not over-run4 ,mix with a wooden spoon4 ,in half an hour cool to see if the honey has turned into taffy4 ,if not1 boil longer4 ,when it is ready put upon a wooden board1 with a spoon4 ,when cooled the candy is ready4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bc3 ,mr4 ,crath died late ,december #aieb ,nut ,tree ,plantings in ,southeastern ,iowa ,,albert ,b4 ,,ferguson1 ,center ,point1 ,iowa ,last year on our return from the ,nut ,growers ,assn4 tour1 ,mr4 ,snyder and ,i stopped to see the ,schlagenbusch ,brothers and their nut plantings4 ,we thought at the time that it would be profitable to the ,association to have a report on their work4 ,mr4 ,snyder and ,i went down a month ago to visit them again4 ,sidney and ,carl ,schlagenbusch live in the southeastern part of ,iowa4 ,the walnut orchard is on high land overlooking the ,mississippi ,river bottom4 ,the ground was formerly oak and hickory timber4 ,most of their other plantings are near the farm buildings which are just below the higher ground4 ,the first planting of the walnut orchard was made in #aibh and was completed #h or #aj years later4 ,it consisted of #bje trees4 ,later additions have been made4 ,there are about #cbe grafted trees in the orchard at present1 most of them of bearing age4 ,the trees are spaced #ej feet by #ej feet in staggered rows4 ,some of the branches are beginning to touch4 ,the diameter of the larger trees is #ah inches4 ,the orchard is in grass which is not grazed close4 ,the larger portion of the orchard is the ,thomas variety4 ,they have a selection of their own which was first in the ,iowa contest a few years ago4 ,i thought it outstanding1 but they consider it a little small4 ,the nuts are gathered in a wagon and run through a corn sheller1 then cleaned in a device they made themselves4 ,the nuts are then floated and dried4 ,over half of the crop is cracked and sold as kernels4 ,they have been getting around a #a4bj per pound in ,fort ,madison4 ,no crop to date has exceeded a thousand dollars in value4 ,they also have several hickories and hybrids4 ,the shellbark variety1 ,wagoner1 is outstanding--the best ,i've seen4 ,it is large1 thin shelled1 cracks easily1 and is of good quality4 ,a small tree grafted on shagbark is bearing well4 ,they have the common varieties of pecans1 a few chestnuts1 a few ,english walnuts1 ,japanese walnuts and hybrids4 ,the ,winkler ,hazel has not been very productive with them4 ,they had several trees of ,stabler1 which were not satisfactory so they cut the trees off close to the ground and put #f or #h bark grafts in the stump4 ,they saved the largest one as the main trunk and taking a graft or a large sprout from the opposite side of the stump1 inarching it into the main trunk two or three feet up4 ,this prevents the wind from blowing the graft off of the stump4 ,it also makes it possible to utilize the strength of the roots from the opposite side of the stump4 ,they had several trees worked this way which are now of good size4 ,in addition to caring for their large farm1 nut orchard and a choice herd of ,hereford cattle1 ,carl has found time to do some breeding work with ,oriental poppies from which he has made some very choice selections4 ,they have also worked with several other perennials4 ,sidney and ,carl ,schlagenbusch are true horticulturists by nature and are fine folks4 ,on the way home from this recent trip1 we stopped to see ,corliss ,williams near ,danville4 ,his brother ,wendell ,williams1 located the ,winkler ,hazel1 before the first world war in which he served and never returned4 ,we saw a ,persian walnut1 #be or #cj years old1 in ,mr4 ,williams front yard4 ,it was a ,u4,s4,d4,a4 introduction from ,russia4 ,it seems to be perfectly hardy1 bears well and is of excellent quality4 ,the shagbark hickories are plentiful in his locality4 ,he has top-worked #bjj or more1 many of them to ,burlington1 which is productive and fills well with him4 ,rockville as a ,hickory ,interstock ,,herman ,,last1 ,steamboat ,rock1 ,iowa ,as a nut-grower ,i am afraid ,i have been over-rated2 ,i make my living tilling the soil and dabble in my nut grove only when ,i can find a few moments to spare--in fact all ,i know about nuts and nut-grafting1 ,i owe to my good friend1 ,edgar ,huen4 ,i shall always remember that balmy ,may morning #be years ago when ,mr4 ,huen came over with a kit full of hickory scions1 and suggested we go out in my pasture and do some grafting4 ,in that bag were ,stratford1 ,rockville1 ,des ,moines1 ,marquette1 ,hagen and ,monahan4 ,we grafted all that day--that is ,mr4 ,huen did the grafting and ,i watched him4 ,today these trees are living monuments of our work4 ,the only tree of these varieties that has ever borne enough nuts to feed a squirrel is the ,stratford4 ,meanwhile ,i have been doing a little grafting myself4 ,i acquired a few pecans for understocks but the only variety that was congenial with pecan as far as ,i knew was ,rockville1 but it produced no nuts--it was just a nice tree to look at4 ,one spring my brother-in-law who lives just across the line in ,missouri sent me some shellbark scions from a tree in his pasture4 ,i grafted these scions on a pecan and they took off like a house on fire4 ,this variety proved to be a rugged individual and bore every year but the nuts were no good--all cavities like a true shellbark4 ,then one spring morning ,i grafted some of these shellbark scions on ,rockville2 the grafts took and ,i soon noticed a transformation4 ,the grafts had blended with the understock and the offspring was different from either parent4 ,the best part of the new hybrid was that it bore abundantly and the nuts are of fine quality4 ,to those who have some young ,rockville trees for top-working1 ,i can furnish a limited amount of scionwood of this shellbark which ,i have named my ,super ,x1 it being so rugged and hardy4 ,to me the grafting of trees is a noble work4 ,someone has said that he who plants a tree is a true lover of his race and ,i don't know of anything that will live longer in the memory of our children and those who follow in our footsteps than a row of hickories laden with nuts4 ,a ,fruitful ,pair of ,carpathian ,walnut ,varieties in ,michigan ,,gilbert ,,becker1 ,climax1 ,mich4 ,i would like to tell you briefly my experience with the difficulties of ,persian walnut pollination4 ,it took #h years before ,i got any nuts1 although they had nutlets time and again6 ,it was after ,i had ,crath #a bearing1 that all proceeded to fruit1 and then heavier every year1 until #aiea when the freeze of ,november #aiej eliminated the nuts4 ,crath #a has done so well that ,i feel it well worthy of being a commercial prospect for us4 ,the size and shape are so attractive4 7,the accuracy of the numbering was once questioned by ,mr4 ,stoke1 so ,i do not know if it is the same ,no4 #a that others have had from ,crath4 ,this was named by ,prof4 ,nielson4 ,it definitely is not ,broadview1 as ,stoke at first thought47 ,my ,crath #a had over four bushels of hulled and unhulled nuts 7as they are picked up1 after shaking7 this fall4 ,it was grafted on black walnut in #aich4 ,at my folks' place ,i planted a grafted ,crath #a1 and a ,carpathian ,d1 side by side4 ,there are no other ,persian walnuts near1 and they have always had nuts1 since they started to bear4 ,i feel that this is a proper combination4 ,i do not know whether the blooming periods overlap4 ,suggested ,blooming ,data to be ,recorded for ,nut ,tree ,varieties ,j4 ,c4 ,,mcdaniel1 ,univ4 of ,illinois1 ,urbana1 ,ill4 ,such experiences as ,mr4 ,becker's 7extracted from a letter to me7 are well worth knowing1 and we need similar information for several years and at different locations1 for all the promising ,persian seedlings and new varieties4 ,i would suggest that all of us who have them flowering in our plantings 7even if only one tree7 make an effort in #aiec to record as much as possible of the phenological data on them4 ,a form such as the following might be used1 for flowering1 fruiting1 and related data4 ,year3 #ai ,location3 ,data by3 ,first freeze previous fall3 7,date7 ,minimum temperature previous winter3 deg4,f4 on 7,date7 ,last killing frost this spring 7,date7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,variety ,age ,date ,first ,end ,date ,nuts ,yield,remarks 7or of from catkins of pistils harvested seedling tree new shedding sheddingappear 7date7 ,no47 or growth 7date7 receptive graftscion ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #a4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #b4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #c4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,under ,remarks could be recorded such information as the distance and direction to trees furnishing pollen in the period when a given variety has sticky appearing pistils1 the abundance of pollen shed1 apparent winter killing of catkins1 etc4 ,the list of items could be expanded1 if desired1 but it is thought that those included here are among the most important in determining the potential performances of varieties and variety combinations in specific climates4 ,a compilation of such data for a period of about three years1 supplemented with data on the nuts themselves1 would be of very practical value as a basis for selecting varieties most promising to plant or propagate4 ,the same data form would be applicable to other walnuts1 hickories1 pecans1 and filberts1 and perhaps to a lesser extent with chestnuts4 ,note on ,chinese ,chestnuts ,,harwood ,,steiger1 ,redhook1 ,n4 ,y4 ,my earliest ,chinese chestnuts are ripening4 ,stoke ,hybrid is earliest and the nuts are so attractive1 too bad they are not better in quality4 ,it is an exciting time here as there are always a few seedlings that are ripening for the first time4 ,honan1 which ripens later1 has been one of my best grafted trees4 ,one of my seedlings has very large nuts1 very early ripening1 nuts are now falling1 and it is prolific1 nearly every burr has from two to three large to very large nuts4 ,the quality seems good4 ,we like the large nuts as they are easier to peel and we like them boiled and served as a vegetable4 ,the boiled nuts keep well when frozen4 ,i think this tree is superior to any of my grafted and named varieties4 ,scott ,healey--,an ,obituary ,scott ,healey was born ,december #c1 #ahha1 in ,wheatley1 ,ontario1 ,canada1 and came to ,otsego1 ,michigan1 in #aijd4 ,he married in #aijh4 ,mr4 ,healey was a chiropractor for a number of years4 ,in #aiba1 ,mr4 ,healey and his cousin1 ,lewis ,healey1 formed the ,healey ,healey ,lumber and ,coal ,company1 in ,otsego1 which they operated together until a few years ago1 when ,mr4 ,healey retired due to ill health4 ,mr4 ,healey was a director of the ,state ,savings ,bank in ,otsego for many years4 ,he was a member of the first ,baptist ,church in ,otsego4 ,he became interested in nut culture while the late ,professor ,james ,a4 ,neilson was nut specialist at the ,michigan ,state ,college4 ,mr4 ,healey planted a nut orchard of about eighty grafted nut trees in #aicc1 which ,professor ,neilson helped him plan4 ,most of the trees were black walnut varieties1 chiefly ,thomas4 ,however1 there were some ,ohio1 ,stabler1 ,allen1 ,crietz1 ,stambaugh1 ,ten ,eyck1 and ,rohwer trees4 ,there were also some filberts1 several ,chinese chestnuts1 and some heartnuts he had raised from seed4 ,one nice tree of the ,mc,callister hican makes good shade1 but has never borne any nuts4 ,he did some topworking in a large black walnut tree in the backyard1 where he got a ,persian walnut to grow4 ,mr4 ,healey was very much interested in nut culture1 and had planned on having a nut grove for a hobby to keep him busy when he retired4 ,mr4 ,healey joined the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association in #aicc4 ,he and his wife attended the ,battle ,creek meeting one year later4 ,they also attended the ,rockport1 ,indiana meeting in #aice1 and the one at ,geneva1 ,new ,york in #aicf4--,the rest of the time he couldn't go or was in too poor health to go4 ,they sold their home1 with the nut planting1 to a young couple1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,lewis ,lovett1 in #aidh1 moved into ,otsego2 and retired4 ,mr4 ,healey died1 ,january #ahth1 #aieb at their winter home in ,port ,richey1 ,florida4 ,surviving are his wife1 ,mabel1 and one son1 ,virgil4 ,,gilbert ,,becker ,a ,letter from ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 the ,only ,living ,charter ,member of the ,association ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,dear ,old ,friends3 ,the #dbnd ,annual ,report has recently come to me4 ,think of it1 the #dbnd ,annual ,report6 ,how familiar to me are a great many of the names of the officers and members6 ,i can even recall the very features of many of them4 ,i am myself now ninety years old and practically house-bound4 ,though yesterday1 a day almost like summer1 ,i did take a taxi and a drive through the park amid the brilliant foliage1 with ,miss ,dorothy ,hapgood1 who by the way is a member of our association a thing with which ,i may have had something to do4 ,recently ,i was in the ,veterans ,hospital at ,newington for a couple of weeks4 ,the doctors called it polycythemia1 the direct opposite of anaemia1 did #aj phlebotomies taking #e pints of blood which they said they used for transfusions on ward patients1 much to my gratification4 ,i now have in1 or had put in me1 a dose1 of radio-active phosphorus ,p#cb which1 they assure me will be getting in its good work for the next three months4 ,nothing like being up to date1 even if valetudinarian4 ,you have made me ,dean of the association4 ,in the beginning ,clarence ,reed was always back of me with his abilities and vast fund of information4 ,although ,i believe ,i am1 by virtue of my office1 exempt from dues and entitled to the annual reports1 ,i wish my five children to be at least once represented in the membership4 ,i append their names and addresses3 ,hawthorne1 the eldest1 is with the ,gen4 ,electric ,co4 in ,new ,york4 ,i don't know what he does but presume that with the other ,new ,york millionaires he is busy accumulating wealth4 ,this hint may guide you in soliciting alms for the association some day4 ,his home is in ,hamilton ,lane1 ,larien1 ,conn4 ,but ,i don't know if he knows a nut from a lunatic4 ,he has two kids1 one now preparing for ,korea4 ,god preserve him4 ,benton is already a member4 ,he has a few acres in the town of ,avon1 ,conn4 where1 among the rocks and the native rattlesnakes and copperheads he tells me he has ,chinese chestnuts growing4 ,recently he got two of the copperheads4 ,he is an energetic chap4 ,he rises at #d a4m4 and drives the several miles into ,hartford where he broadcasts from #g to #h1 for people's breakfasts1 ,i suppose1 and is released at #aj a4m4 ,he has just contracted for a television program once a week in ,new ,haven4 ,olcott is a consul in the ,u4,s4 ,embassy in ,tokio1 transferred from a similar position in ,siam4 ,if there is something you want from ,japan ,i guess he is your boy4 ,mention my name6 ,he has a lovely wife and three children4 ,una ,king1 my elder daughter1 whose husband was killed in an accident1 interviews ,,vip's on the same radio station as brother ,ben4 ,joan ,howe 7,mrs4 ,paul7 and her husband1 who is in a bank in ,new ,york1 live in my old home on ,umpawaug ,hill1 ,redding1 ,conn4 ,she writes of having had a crop of black walnuts from one of the trees ,i planted4 ,i've forgotten all the others there may be there4 ,nothing of value ,i guess4 ,joan has two daughters4 ,ben has a son and daughter4 ,that makes five children ,i'm responsible for and they have acknowledged the eleven grandchildren for me4 ,i want you to make four of my children 7,ben is already ensnare7 members of the association1 for which ,i will enclose a check for #ab4jj 7if ,i don't forget47 7,the many typing mistakes of this letter are due mostly to the age of the machine1 not mine47 ,my two sisters who live in our old home in ,litchfield and who are close behind me in years1 recently sent me a handful of nice chestnuts1 ,chinese1 from a tree #dj feet or more high in our backyard4 ,they have to divide them1 very unequally1 with the squirrels4 ,the only other noteworthy trees in our little place are a few papaws4 ,asimina triloba1 too shaded to bear4 ,this fruit might be worthy of a little attention from the nut growers4 ,the dictionary speaks of several other species of papaw4 ,any of you who have outgrown the labor of caring for nut trees might find interest in mycology in which ,i found diversion and edibles for a while4 ,only beware the deadly ,amanita and others of that ilk4 ,i cannot adequately express to you my heartfelt joy at the prosperity of our association4 ,for one thing the great increase in the membership1 for another the birth of three branch state associations1 but above all the success in the production of nuts4 ,in my time we had mostly1 if not entirely1 the promising production of specimen nuts only4 ,we had nothing like the ,jacobs ,persian walnut with its imposing spread and its production of #bjj pounds of nuts in one season2 ,mr4 ,kyhl's orchard with its many varieties of ,persian walnuts2 his success in grafting and his reporting of a tree which bears three or four bushels of heartnuts yearly2 ,mr4 ,best's #e1jjj grafted pecan trees2 ,mr4 ,hirshi's chestnuts2 the splendid results of the ,persian walnut contests2 and the almost spectacular increase in the number of nurseries selling grafted nut trees of many varieties4 ,these facts1 and many that ,i have not mentioned1 make it certain that nut growing is now a firmly established and surely increasing industry4 ,you may be sure that these facts give me great delight4 ,some years ago while ,i was in possession of a mind as good as it had been at any time1 ,i did a little grafting of nut trees in a commercial way for people at their country places1 and ,i had the nerve to charge them fifty dollars a day4 ,what's more ,i got paid and never got kicked1 nor did ,i hear mutterings or see scowls4 ,but then1 you see1 there was no other grafter1 of the kind1 around my part of the country4 ,almost a monopoly and1 of course1 a wicked one4 ,but here my mind goes blank4 ,i can't recall what luck ,i had with the grafting1 nor can ,i recall the name of a single one for whom ,i did such work4 ,i strongly advise every one of you to have a good book in which you keep personal and geographic records of all your work with nut growing4 ,all the details are vividly in your mind now1 but when you get to be ninety you may find them1 as ,i do1 faded away and all washed up4 ,please go on with the good work4 ,some more good friends have just taken me for a round trip to ,litchfield where my little sister1 who is #hd1 has just partly circumvented the squirrels and by going out very early in the morning to the chestnut tree has succeeded in getting a good big double handful of chestnuts1 nice big ones4 ,she also called to my attention a good-sized ,persian walnut which she says ,i once grafted on a black walnut and this year was quite well covered with nuts which she says the squirrels cut off while green1 and she says they were helped by one of the black plumaged birds4 ,some time ago she gave me one of the nuts and ,i tried to husk it with my knife4 ,but it was too immature4 ,they would have matured this fall1 ,i think but for the pests4 ,william ,c4 ,deming ,sweepstakes ,award in ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,contest ,l4 ,,walter ,,sherman1 ,canfield1 ,ohio ,this ,i believe1 is the third report to the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association concerning the black walnut contest held in ,ohio in #aidf4 ,the first report was given soon after the close of the contest4 ,during the year following the contest 7#aidg71 ,i visited each of the ten prize winning trees1 photographing them1 and getting as complete a case history of each as was possible4 ,this1 the third report1 concerns mainly the process used to determine the winner of the #ej4jj sweepstakes award given in #aiea for the best performance of a black walnut tree for a five-year period4 ,the owners of the ten prize-winning trees in the #aidf contest were asked to report the amount of crop harvested each year as well as to send in samples of the nuts for a cracking test4 ,complete data were recorded each year from the samples just as they had been for the #aidf contest4 ,the average weight of nut1 recovery of kernel at first cracking1 total kernel content1 and per cent of kernel content were recorded4 ,from these data tables and charts were compiled to make a visual comparison between the various nuts4 ,walnuts other than the prize winners were not excluded from this five-year competition and quite a few were submitted4 ,however1 only one of them1 the ,chamberlin was of special merit and it was given a place on these charts4 ,no samples or crop records were received from the ,davidson 7sixth prize7 and the ,jackson 7tenth prize7 nuts1 and so they are not shown on all the charts4 ,one sample from the #aidi crop of ,penn walnuts was lost to a pilfering squirrel1 and the #aidi data used on the chart for the ,penn walnut was therefore the average of all other samples of this variety4 ,the weight of total crop harvested in #aidi1 however1 is actual4 ,table ,no4 #a gives the average weight in grams of the sample nuts4 ,the ,duke1 7first prize7 was the largest nut of all1 in #aide1 averaging just over #bg grams2 but the ,orth1 in #aidh1 averaged almost a gram more4 ,the ,kuhn1 which was the smallest of the eight nuts in #aidf and again in #aiej1 was the largest nut in #aidi1 and its size in #aidi was exceeded only four times by any of the other nuts during the contest4 ,the nuts were large in size during the off year when only a small crop was produced and they were small when there was a heavy crop4 ,in table ,no4 #b the weight in grams of the kernel recovered on first crack1 secured without the aid of nut pick1 is recorded4 ,in this comparison the ,duke1 because of large size1 might be expected to be an easy winner and it was in #aidf and in #aiej2 but in #aidh1 though second in average weight of nut for that year1 it was in fifth place in recovery of kernel at first cracking4 ,table ,no4 #c records the average weight in grams of the kernels4 ,here the ,duke1 due largely to its size1 is a consistent winner in all three years it produced nuts4 ,however1 in #aidi1 a small crop year for the ,kuhn1 the nuts of this variety were large and contained more kernel than the ,duke did in #aidh or in #aiej4 ,the per cent of kernel in the nuts as recorded in table ,no4 #d is interesting4 ,the ,burson1 which was the smallest nut in #aidg1 had the highest per cent of kernel and also had the highest total kernel content of any sample in that year4 ,evidently the per cent of kernel is higher in well-filled nuts and this is largely determined by the weather and available food supply late in the season4 ,a comparison of the numerical score of the various nuts1 figured out according to the ,t4,v4,a4 score system1 is given in ,table ,no4 #e4 ,by this system1 no variety had a consistent high score1 but each varied greatly from year to year4 ,the nut characters studied so far in charts #a to #e inclusive have varied so much from year to year that any judgment based on these characters for any one year could not be relied upon4 ,what characteristic of a black walnut1 then1 can be used in evaluating it8 ,in table ,no4 #f the percentage of the total kernel that is recovered at first cracking is given4 ,oliver and ,penn show considerable consistency in that they remain above #ia per cent in all samples1 but look at the ,kuhn4 ,it was perfect in #aiej but in #aidh only #fe per cent of the kernel was recoverable in the first cracking and ,duke was nearly as bad1 varying from #fi to #ih per cent recovery4 ,after careful study of these six charts1 ,i am sure you will have to admit that any judgment of a black walnut variety based on these characters only is none too dependable4 ,these are the nut characters that we have been using in our contest6 ,some further method of evaluation is needed6 ,individual nut characters alone are not enough4 ,a good farmer is concerned in quality of his produce but quantity is of more importance for financial success4 ,the ,elberta peach well illustrates this4 ,there are many peaches of better quality1 but the ,elberta peach is a prolific producer and this is one reason more ,elberta peaches are raised than any other variety4 ,quality without quantity means little4 ,with this in mind1 the #ej4jj sweepstakes prize was offered for the tree with the best five-year record4 ,the judges interpreted this to mean the most pound of kernels produced that were recovered on first crack4 ,going back over the records1 we find some trees have been much more productive than others4 ,at first it would seem unfair to compare the crop from trees of different size and age1 but this time luck was with the judges4 ,take a look at ,table ,no4 #g which gives the ages and sizes of the trees4 ,there is not too much difference in size or age to make reasonable comparisons possible4 ,however1 it should be clearly understood that only trees of the same age growing in the same orchard and receiving the same care can be accurately compared4 ,the trees we are dealing with were in different localities1 with vast differences in soil conditions1 air drainage1 climate1 etc4 ,table ,no4 #g gives the total production for the five-year period for each tree1 in bushels1 the total amount of kernel as well as the amount of kernel recovered at first cracking4 ,only five trees had produced over four bushels of nuts each during the five year period4 ,the ,oliver tree produced #a4h bushels and #be pounds more kernels than the ,penn tree4 ,the ,kuhn tree1 though producing four bushels less nuts than the ,penn tree1 did produce #d4a pounds more kernels1 with the same amount recovered on first cracking from the nuts of each tree--almost a photo finish for second place4 ,the sweepstakes award of #ej4jj was therefore given to ,mrs4 ,oliver ,shaffer1 of ,lucasville1 ,ohio1 who sent in the ,oliver entry4 ,referring to the case histories of these trees as written up in #aidg1 you will find that the ,oliver1 ,kuhn1 ,penn1 and ,orth trees were reported on favorable sites1 while the ,duke and ,burson were on very unfavorable ones so that the above results are only what might have been expected4 ,the ,orth tree1 however1 is in a favorable location and better production could have been expected of it4 ,table #a4 ,size1 as ,weight of ,unshelled ,walnuts 7,approximate74 ,grams #aidf #aidg #aidh #aidi #aiej ,average#bd per nut ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #bh ,orth #bg ,duke ,duke #bf ,penn ,oliver ,orth ,duke ,kuhn #be ,penn ,orth ,duke ,duke ,athens ,penn ,williamson ,penn ,penn #bc ,orth ,williamson ,oliver ,oliver ,oliver ,orth ,williamson ,kuhn ,duke #bb ,oliver ,chamberlin ,burson ,williamson #ba ,oliver ,penn ,athens ,kuhn ,burson ,burson ,burson ,burson1 ,athens ,burson ,kuhn ,athens #bj ,athens ,chamberlin ,williamson #ai ,kuhn #ah ,chamberlin #ag #af ,kuhn ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,judges for the contest were ,c4 ,w4 ,ellenwood and ,o4 ,d4 ,diller of the ,ohio ,experiment ,station and ,l4 ,walter ,sherman1 then with the ,department of ,agriculture1 ,commonwealth of ,pennsylvania4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bd3 ,average of five years for ,duke1 ,oliver1 ,burson and ,kuhn2 four years for ,penn1 which was not cracked in #aidi1 but interpolated in charts4 ,note3 ,to save time and the expense of redrawing and reproduction1 these seven tables are printed instead of ,mr4 ,sherman's graphic charts4 ,with a ruler and pencil1 lines can be drawn through the ,d's of ,duke1 and so forth1 to give an approximation of the original graphs4--,editor4 ,table #b4 ,kernel ,recovery at ,first ,crack1 in ,grams ,per ,nut 7,approximate74 ,grams #aidf #aidg #aidh #aidi #aiej ,average#be ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #g ,duke ,orth ,orth #f ,williamson ,duke ,penn1 ,kuhn ,duke1 ,orth ,williamson ,duke ,oliver ,athens ,kuhn ,burson1 ,w'ms4 ,athens ,duke #e ,burson1 ,williamson ,ch'lin ,athens1 ,burson ,orth1 ,oliver ,penn1 ,burson ,penn ,burson1 ,kuhn ,kuhn1 ,oliver ,athens ,orth ,oliver1 ,kuhn ,penn ,oliver1 ,penn ,ch'lin ,duke ,bur41 ,wms41 ,ath4 ,oliver ,chamberlin #d ,kuhn ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #be3 ,see note with ,table #a4 ,attendance ,register1 ,rockport1 ,ind41 #aieb ,ontario1 ,canada ,o4 ,filman1 ,aldershot ,district of ,columbia ,howard ,baker1 ,washington ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,l4 ,ford1 ,washington ,florida ,mrs4 ,r4 ,b4 ,pattie1 ,st4 ,augustine ,georgia ,max ,b4 ,hardy1 ,leesburg ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,j4 ,wilson1 ,fort ,valley ,illinois ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,r4 ,b4 ,best1 ,eldred ,c4 ,r4 ,blyth1 ,urbana ,s4 ,c4 ,chandler1 ,carbondale ,t4 ,f4 ,clark1 ,peoria ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,urbana ,e4 ,a4 ,curl1 ,urbana ,albert ,dahlberg1 ,chicago ,o4 ,j4 ,karl ,eigsti1 ,normal ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,o4 ,h4 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,contributing member ,sustaining member ,,alabama ,east ,alabama ,nursery1 ,auburn4 ,chestnut1 pecan and persimmon nurserymen ,hiles1 ,edward ,l41 ,hiles ,repair ,shop1 ,loxley4 ,auto repair ,long1 ,pope ,m41 ,box #cc1 ,cordova4 ,real ,estate ,,arkansas ,hale1 ,a4 ,c41 ,fairview ,school1 ,camden ,schlan1 ,mrs4 ,agnes1 ,rt4 #b1 ,mountainburg ,vaile1 ,joseph ,e41 ,dept1 of ,horticulture1 ,u4 of ,ark41 ,fayetteville ,wade1 ,clifton1 ,forest ,ave41 ,fayetteville4 ,attorney ,wylie1 ,w4 ,d41 ,dept1 of ,entomology1 ,u4 of ,ark41 ,fayetteville4 ,entomologist ,,belgium ,vanderwaeren1 ,r41 ,bierbeekstraat1 #bag1 ,korbeek-,lo4 ,horticultural ,adviser ,,california ,andrew1 ,col4 ,james ,w41 ,box #ab1 ,hamilton ,a4 ,f4 ,b4 ,brand1 ,george1 ,see ,nebraska ,buck1 ,ernest ,homer1 ,three ,arch ,bay1 #af ,n4 ,portola1 ,south ,laguna ,fulcher1 ,e4 ,c41 #egjg ,fulcher ,ave41 ,north ,hollywood ,haig1 ,dr4 ,thomas ,r41 #cjba ,highland ,dr41 ,rt4 #b1 ,box #bceg1 ,carlsbad ,gililland1 ,guy ,s41 ,l4,v4,s4,r4 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