,core ,hi/orical ,lit]ature ( ,agriculture 7,,*la71 ,alb]t ,r4 ,mann ,libr>y1 ,cornell ,univ]sity 7http3_/_/*la4libr>y4cornell4edu_/7 http3_/_/*la4libr>y4cornell4edu_/cgi_/t_ /text_/text-idx8c*la2idno#bibceaj ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ betwe5 tilde *>act]s 0 9 bold face 9 ! orig9al 7bold face74 oe repres5ts ! oe-ligature4 ,,! #ajj4 ,,prize ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,cultivation ,,( ,,! ,,potato4 ,prize (f]$ by ,w4 ,t4 ,,wylie & aw>d$ to ,d4 ,h4 ,,compton4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,cook ,,! ,,potato1 ,furni%$ by ,pr(4 ,,blot4 ,illu/ration ,,illu/rat$4 ,,price1 #be ,,c5ts4 ,new-,york3 ,,orange ,,judd ,,co41 ,no4 #gea ,,broadway4 ,,prize ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,potato ,,& ,,its ,,cultivation4 #ajj4 ,9 ! fall ( #ahfh1 ,i (f]$ #ajj z a prize = ! be/ ,essay on ! ,cultivation ( ! ,potato1 "u conditions !n publi%$2 ! prize to be aw>d$ by a committee compos$ ( ! foll[+ g5tlem51 well kn[n 9 agricultural circles3 ,colonel ,,mason ,c4 ,,weld1 ,associate ,editor ( ,am]ican ,agriculturi/4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,full]1 ,,esq41 ( ,ridgewood1 ,n4 ,j41 ! popul> au?or ( sev]al horticultural works1 & ,associate ,editor ( ! ,he>? & ,home4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,,hexam]1 :o has made ! cultivation ( ! potato a special /udy4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 #ahgj1 ! committee aw>d$ ! prize to ,d4 ,a4 ,compton2 & ?is ,essay is h]e) submitt$ to ! public 9 ! hope ( /imulat+ a m intellig5t & successful cultivation ( ! ,potato4 ,,bellefonte1 ,,pa41 ,janu>y1 #ahgj4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,wylie4 ,,(fice ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,agriculturi/1 ,,new-,,york1 ,janu>y1 #ahgj4 ,,rev4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,wylie3 ,,de> ,,sir3 ,! essays submitt$ to u by ,mr4 ,bliss1 accord+ to y\r ann\ncem5t1 numb]$ ab\t tw5ty4 ,sev]al c\ld n be call$ essays f _! brevity1 & o!rs 7 exce$+ly incomplete4 ,ab\t twelve1 h[ev]1 requir$ & 7 wor?y ( c>eful consid]ation4 ,t ( ,mr4 ,d4 ,a4 ,compton1 ( ,hawley1 ,wayne ,c\nty1 ,pa41 01 9 ! op9ion ( y\r committee1 decid$ly sup]ior to ! o!rs z a practical treatise1 sure to be ( use to potato-gr[]s 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry1 & well wor?y ! lib]al prize (f]$ by y\rself4 ,9 behalf ( ! committee1 s9c]ely y\rs1 ,,mason ,c4 ,,weld1 ,*airman4 ,,potato ,,culture4 ,,by ,d4 ,a4 ,,compton1 ,,hawley1 ,,p5nsylvania4 ,! design ( ?is little treatise is to pres5t1 ) m9ut5ess ( detail1 t mode ( culture :i* exp]i5ce & obs]vation h prov$ to be be/ adapt$ to ! production ( ! ,potato crop4 ,x is writt5 by "o :o himself holds ! pl[1 & :o has1 s9ce 8 e>ly y\?1 be5 engag$ 9 agriculture 9 its v>i\s bran*es1 to ! exclusion ( o!r pursuits4 ,! /atem5ts :i* appe> 9 ! foll[+ pages are bas$ ^u actual p]sonal exp]i5ce1 & are ! results ( _m exp]im5ts made to te/ z _m !ories4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,nor!rn ,/ates ( our c\ntry ! potato is ! ?ird ( ! ?ree /aple articles ( food4 ,x is held 9 su* univ]sal e/eem z to be reg>d$ z ne>ly indisp5sable4 ,?is fact is suffici5t to r5d] a ?or\gh k ( ! be/ v>ieties = use1 ! "* ( soil be/ adapt$ to _! gr[?1 _! cultivation & aft]-c>e1 matt]s ( ! highe/ importance to ! f>m]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ma9 object ( ?is essay is s to in/ruct ! novice 9 potato-gr[+ t he may be enabl$ to g to "w und]/&+ly & produce ! potato 9 its highe/ p]fection1 & realize f 8 labors be/[$ on ! crop ! greate/ possible pr(its4 ,,soil ,,requir$--,,its ,,prep>ation4 ,! potato is mo/ pr(itably gr[n 9 a w>m1 dry1 s&y1 or gravelly loam1 well fill$ ) decay$ vegetable matt]s4 ,! fam\s potato l&s ( ,lake ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 f :i* su* va/ quantities ( potatoes are %ipp$ ye>ly1 are yell[ s&4 ,?is potato di/rict is conf9$ to ridges runn+ p>allel ) ,lake ,erie1 :i*1 accord+ to geological indications1 h ea* at diff]5t p]iods def9$ its b\nd>ies4 ,?is s& owes mu* ( its potato-gr[+ qualities to ! s$im5t>y deposit ( ! lake & to manural prop]ties furni%$ by ! decomposition ( ! %ells ( wat]-snails1 %ell-fi%1 etc41 t inhabit$ ! wat]s4 ,new l&s1 or l&s rec5tly d5ud$ ( ! =e/1 if suffici5tly dry1 produce tub]s ( ! mo/ excell5t quality4 ,gr[n on dry1 new l&1 ! potato always cooks dry & mealy1 & possesses an agreeable flavor & aroma1 n to be atta9$ 9 old] soils4 ,9 no argillace\s soil c ! potato be gr[n to p]fection z reg>ds quality4 ,l>ge crops on su* soil may be obta9$ 9 favorable seasons1 b ! tub]s are inv>iably co>se-fle%$ & ill-flavor$4 ,to produce roots ( ! be/ quality1 ! gr\nd mu/ be dry1 deep1 & por\s2 & x %\ld be rememb]$ t1 to obta9 v l>ge crops1 x is almo/ impossible to get too mu* humus 9 ! soil4 ,humus is usually add$ to arable l& ei!r by pl[+ "u gre5 crops1 su* z clov]1 buck:eat1 peas1 etc41 or by draw+ & work+ 9 muck obta9$ f swamps & l[ places4 ,! muck %\ld be drawn to ! field 9 fall or w9t]1 & expos$ 9 small heaps to ! action ( fro/4 ,9 ! foll[+ spr+1 suffici5t lime %\ld be mix$ ) x to neutralize ! acid1 7:i* is f\nd 9 ne>ly all muck17 & ! :ole be spread ev5ly & work$ into ! surface ) h>r[ or cultivator4 ,leaves f ! woods1 buck:eat /raw1 bean1 pea1 & hop v9es1 etc41 pl[$ "u long en\gh be=e plant+ to all[ !m "t to rot1 are v b5eficial4 ,sea-we$1 :5 b\ntifully appli$1 & turn$ "u e>ly 9 ! fall1 has no sup]ior z a manure = ! potato4 ,no /able or b>n-y>d manure %\ld be appli$ to ?is crop4 ,if su* nitrog5\s manure mu/ be us$ on ! soil1 x is bett] to apply x to "s o!r crop1 to be foll[$ ! succe$+ ye> by potatoes4 ,! use ( /able manure pr$isposes ! tub]s to rot2 detracts v mu* f ! desir$ flavor2 besides1 g5]ally n m ?an "o half z _m bu%els c be gr[n p] acre z c be obta9$ by us+ manures ( a diff]5t nature4 ,m>ket g>d5]s1 _m ( :om f necessity plant on ! same gr\nd ye> aft] ye>1 (t5 use f9e old /able manure ) pr(it4 ,usually !y plant only ! e>li] v>ieties1 cr[d !m ) all possible spe$1 dig e>ly1 & sell l>ge & little be=e !y h "t to rot1 ?us cle>+ ! gr\nd = lat]-gr[+ vegetables4 ,?us gr[n1 potatoes are ( inf]ior quality1 & ! yield is n always satisfactory4 ,flavor1 h[ev]1 is seldom ?\ght ( by ! hungry d5iz5s ( our cities1 9 _! eag]ness to get a ta/e ( some?+ fre%4 ,m>ket g>d5]s w f9d great b5efit f ! use ( wood-a%es1 lime1 & ! phosphates4 ,spr9kle sup]phosphate 9 ! hill at ! rate ( two hundr$ p\nds p] acre2 mix x slightly 9 ! soil ) an iron rake or potato-hook1 !n plant ! se$4 ,j be=e ! la/ hoe+1 spr9kle on & ar\nd ! hill a l>ge h&ful ( wood-a%es1 or an equal quantity ( lime slack$ 9 br9e z /rong z salt w make x4 ,b = ! g5]ality ( f>m]s1 ^? :o gr[ only _! own supply1 or ^? :o produce l>gely = m>ket1 no o!r me?od ( prep>+ ! soil is s good1 s easy1 & s *eap z ! foll[+2 x requires "t1 b pays a big int]e/3 ,se$ d[n ! gr\nd to clov] ) :eat or oats4 ,z soon z ! gra9 is (f1 s[ "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds ( pla/] 7gypsum7 p] acre1 & keep (f all /ock4 ,! next spr+1 :5 ! clov] has made a gr[? ( two in*es1 s[ ! same quantity ( pla/] aga94 ,ab\t ! t5? ( ,july1 h>r[ d[n ! clov]1 driv+ ! same direction & on ! same siz$ l&s y wi% to pl[2 !n pl[ ! clov] neatly "u ab\t sev5 in*es deep4 ,h>r[ d[n ! same way x 0 pl[$1 & imm$iately s[ & h>r[ 9 two bu%els ( buck:eat p] acre4 ,:5 x has gr[n two in*es1 s[ pla/] z be=e2 & :5 ! buck:eat has gr[n z l>ge z x w1 h>r[ d[n & pl[ "u ab\t five in*es deep4 ,?is1 :5 cross-pl[$ 9 ! spr+ suffici5tly deep to br+ up ! clov]-sod1 is potato gr\nd fir/-class 9 all respects4 ,x is h>dly supposable t ?is mode ( prep>ation ( soil w\ld meet ) favor among all f>m]s4 ,!re is a p>simoni\s class ( cultivators :o w\ld consid] x a d[nright loss ( "t1 se$1 & labor2 b any "o :o w take ! tr\ble to inve/igate1 w f9d t ^! same p>simoni\s m5 nev] produc$ f\r hundr$ bu%els ( potatoes p] acre2 & t ! few bu%els ( small tub]s t !y d dig f an acre1 are produc$ at consid]able loss4 ,m5 d n ga!r grapes f ?orns1 nor figs f ?i/les4 ,to make potato-gr[+ pr(itable 9 ^! times ( high prices ( l& & labor1 x is absolutely necess>y t ! soil be 9 e way fitt$ to meet any & all dem&s ( ! crop4 ,x is said t 9 ! ,/ate ( ,ma9e1 previ\s to ! appe>ance ( ! potato disease1 & be=e ! soil _h become exhau/$ by cont9u$ cropp+1 potatoes yield$ an av]age ( f\r hundr$ bu%els p] acre4 ,n[1 e obs]v] is aw>e t ! pres5t av]age yield ( ! same vegetable is mu* less ?an half :at x 0 =m]ly4 ,?is great det]ioration 9 yield c n be attribut$ to runn+ out ( v>ieties2 = v>ieties are extant :i* h n yet pass$ _! prime4 ,x c n be :olly due to disease2 = disease does n occur 9 e season & 9 e place4 ,true1 we h m insects ?an =m]ly1 b !y c n be responsible = all ! great fall+ (f4 ,x is traceable ma9ly to pov]ty ( ! soil 9 c]ta9 +r$i5ts imp]atively ne$$ by ! crop = its be/ developm5t1 & to ! p]nici\s effect ( enri*+ ) nitrog5\s manures4 ,any "o :o w plant on suitably dry soil1 enri*$ only ) =e/-leaves1 sea-we$s1 or by pl[+ "u gre5 crops until ! :ole soil to a prop] dep? is completely fill$ ) vegetable matt]1 w f9d to 8 satisfaction t ! potato c yet be gr[n 9 all its pri/9e vigor & productiv5ess4 ,to realize f potato-gr[+ ! greate/ possible pr(its1 7& pr(its are :at we are all aft]17 ! foll[+ conditions mu/ be /rictly adh]$ to3 ,fir/1 ! gr\nd *os5 mu/ be dry1 ei!r naturally or made s by ?or\gh dra9age2 a g5tly slop+1 deep1 s&y or gravelly loam is pref]able4 ,second1 ! l& %\ld be lib]ally enri*$ ) humus by "s ( ! means m5tion$1 if x is n already pres5t 9 ! soil 9 suffici5t quantities1 & ! soil %\ld be deeply & ?or\ghly pl[$1 r5d]+ x light1 por\s1 & pulv]ul5t1 t ! air & moi/ure may easily p5etrate to any desirable dep? ( x2 & a prop] quantity ( ei!r wood-a%es or lime1 or bo?1 mix$ ) common salt1 %\ld be h>r[$ into ! surface be=e plant+1 or be appli$ on top ( ! hills imm$iately aft] plant+4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! cultivation & aft]-c>e %\ld be prompt1 & giv5 z soon z ne$$4 ,no?+ is m conducive to failure1 aft] ! crop is prop]ly plant$1 ?an failure 9 promptness 9 ! cultivation & c>e requir$4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,manur+ ,,) ,,gre5 ,,crops4 ,exp]i5ce proves t no bett] me?od c be adopt$ to br+ up l&s p>tially exhau/$1 :i* are remote f cities1 ?an pl[+ "u gre5 crops4 ,by ?is plan ! f>m] c take lot aft] lot1 & soon br+ all up to a high /ate ( f]tility4 ,true1 he ga!rs no crop = "o ye>1 b ! outlay is little2 & if 9 ! second ye> he ga!rs z mu* f "o acre z he =m]ly did f ?ree1 he is /ill l>gely ! ga9]4 ,x co/s no m to cultivate an acre ( ri*1 productive l& ?an an acre ( poor1 unproductive l&2 & ! pleasure & pr(it ( h>ve/+ a crop t abundantly rew>ds ! husb&man = 8 c>e & labor are s ov]:elm+ly 9 favor ( ri* l& z to ne$ no comm5t4 ,besides1 manur+ ) gre5 crops is n transitory 9 its effects2 ! l& rememb]s ! g5]\s treatm5t = _m ye>s1 & if at times lime or a%es be add$ to assi/ decomposition1 w cont9ue to yield remun]ative crops long aft] l& b once treat$ ) /able manure or guano fails to produce any ?+ b we$s4 ,! sk9n+ process1 ! tak+ (f ( e ?+ gr[n on ! soil & return+ no?+ to x1 is ru9\s alike to f>m & f>m]4 ,?\s&s ( acres c be f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry too poor to pay = cultivat+ )\t manur+4 ,( ! capabilities ( _! l&s "u prop] treatm5t ! own]s !re( h no idea :atev]4 ,su* m5 say !y c n make en\gh manure on ! f>m & are too poor to buy4 ,:y n1 !n1 comm5ce pl[+ "u gre5 crops1 ! only manure )9 easy rea*8 ,if fifty acres c n be turn$ "u ! fir/ ye>1 put at lea/ "o acre "u1 :i* w help fe$ ! re/4 ,:y be cont5t$ ) ?irty bu%els ( corn p] acre1 :5 eighty or "o hundr$ may be _h8 ,:y raise eight or twelve bu%els ( :eat p] acre1 :5 =ty may z well be _h8 ,:y cut b "o half-ton ( hay p] acre1 :5 ! laws ( nature all[ at lea/ ?ree8 ,:y sp5d preci\s "t digg+ only "o hundr$ bu%els ( potatoes p] acre1 :5 ) prop] c>e & culture ?ree or f\r hundr$ may easily be obta9$8 ,&1 f9ally1 :y toil & sweat1 & h ! poor dumb bea/s toil & sweat1 cultivat+ ?irty acres = ! am\nt ( produce t %\ld gr[1 may gr[1 c gr[1 & has gr[n on t5 acres8 ,! poore/1 mo/ =sak5 side-hills1 cobble-hills1 & knolls1 if ! s& or gravel be ( mod]ate dep?1 und]laid by a subsoil r ret5tive1 by turn+ "u gre5 crops gr[ potatoes ( ! fir/ quality4 ,if l& be s poor t clov] w n take1 z is sometimes ! case1 se$ to clov] ) millet v e>ly 9 ! spr+1 & h>r[ 9 ) ! millet ?irty bu%els ( wood-a%es1 or two hundr$ p\nds ( guano p] acre2 !n s[ ! clov]-se$ "o peck p] acre2 bru% x 94 ,if nei!r a%es nor guano c be obta9$ at a reasonable price1 s[ two hundr$ p\nds ( gypsum p] acre z soon z ! bu%+ is complet$4 ,?is w n fail 9 giv+ ! clov] a fair foo?old on ! soil4 ,be=e ! millet blossoms1 cut & cure x = hay4 ,keep all /ock (f ! clov]1 pla/] x ! foll[+ spr+1 pl[ x "u :5 9 full bloom2 s[ buck:eat imm$iately2 :5 up1 s[ pla/]2 :5 9 full bloom1 pl[ "u & s[ ! gr\nd imm$iately ) rye1 to be pl[$ "u ! next ,may4 ,?us ?ree crops are put "u )9 a ye>1 ! gr\nd is left /rong1 light1 por\s1 free f we$s1 ready to gr[ a l>ge crop ( potatoes1 or almo/ any ?+ else4 ,mu* is ga9$ e way by hav+ & keep+ l& 9 a high /ate ( f]tility4 ,"s crops require s long a season = gr[?1 t high condition ( soil is absolutely necess>y to c>ry !m ?r\gh to maturity 9 "t to escape autumnal fro/s4 ,9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates manure has hi!rto be5 consid]$ ( b little value4 ,! soil ( ^! ,/ates 0 orig9ally v ri* 9 humus4 ,= a "t :eat 0 produc$ at ! rate ( =ty bu%els p] acre2 b accord+ to ! /ati/ics giv5 by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t at ,wa%+ton1 = ! ye> #ahff1 ! av]age yield 9 "s ( ^! ,/ates 0 b f\r & a half bu%els p] acre4 ,x is evid5t f ?is t ,mr4 ,sk9fl9t has _h ?+s pretty mu* 8 own way4 ,8 l& n[ produces f\r & a half bu%els p] acre2 :at "t %all elapse :5 x %all be f\r & "o half acres p] bu%el8 ,:o d>e pr$ict t manure w n at "s day be ( value we/ ( ! ,alleghanies8 ,new-,j]sey1 ) a soil naturally inf]ior to t ( ,ill9ois1 conta9s ext5sive tracts t ye>ly yield ov] "o hundr$ bu%els ( ,indian corn p] acre1 :ile ! av]age ( ! ,/ate is ov] =ty-?ree2 & ! av]age yield ( ! same c]eal 9 ,ill9ois is b little ov] ?irty-"o bu%els p] acre4 ,9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 :]e potatoes are gr[n ext5sively = ,s\!rn m>kets1 ! av]age yield is ab\t eighty bu%els p] acre2 :ile 9 old ,p5nsylvania c\ld be %[n ! la/ ye> potatoes yield+ at ! rate ( six hundr$ & =ty bu%els p] acre4 ,!re are ^? :o argue t manure is nev] necess>y--t plant-food is suppli$ 9 abundance by ! atmosph]e2 x 0 also once said a c]ta9 man _h taught 8 horse to live )\t eat+2 b x s happ5$ t j z he got ! animal p]fectly s*ool$1 x di$4 ,good1 ?or\gh cultivation & a]ation ( ! soil und\bt$ly d mu* t[>d ! production ( crops2 b m]e manipulation is n all t is ne$$4 ,t gr[+ plants draw mu* n\ri%m5t f ! atmosph]e1 & appropriate l>gely ( its con/itu5ts 9 build+ up _! tissue1 is c]ta9ly true2 x is also c]ta9ly true t !y require some?+ ( ! soil besides m]e an*orage4 ,all facts g to %[ t if ! con/itu5ts ne$$ by ! plant f ! soil are n pres5t 9 ! soil1 ! ef=ts ( ! plant t[>d prop] developm5t are abortive8 ,:at sane f>m] expects to move a heavy load ov] a rugg$ road ) a team s lean & pov]ty-/rick5 t !y ca/ b a fa9t %ad[8 ,yet is he mu* ne>] sanity :5 he expects f>m+ to be pleasant & pr(itable1 & ?+s to move aright1 unless 8 l& is /rong & fat8 ,is he p]fectly sane :5 he ?9ks he c sk9 8 f>m ye> aft] ye>1 & n f9ally come to ! bone8 ,! f>m] on exhau/$ l& mu/ ( necessity use manure4 ,manure ( "s k9d mu/ g "u1 or he mu/ g "u2 & to ! great mass ( cultivators no mode ( enri*+ is s feasible1 s *eap1 & att5d$ ) su* satisfactory results1 z t ( pl[+ "u gre5 crops4 ,! old plan ( leav+ an exhau/$ f>m1 & go+ ,we/ 9 se>* ( ri* gov]nm5t l&1 mu/ soon be ab&on$4 ,already ! head ( ! column ( l&-hunt]s h fet*$ up aga9/ ! ,pacific1 & x is d\btful :e!r _! anxi\s gaze w discov] any desirable unoccupi$ soil ov] its wat]s4 ,! writ] w\ld n be und]/ood z say+ t all f>ms are exhau/$1 or t !re is no way ( recup]ation b by pl[+ "u gre5 crops4 ,:at he wi%es und]/ood is1 t :]e poor1 s&y1 or gravelly l&s are f\nd1 :i* br+ b small returns to ! own]1 by subject+ !m to ! process indicat$1 su* l&s br+ good crops ( ! k9d "u consid]ation4 ,& fur!r1 t l& 9 ! prop] condition to yield a maximum crop ( potatoes1 is fitt$ to gr[ o!r crops equally well4 ,nei!r w\ld ! writ] be und]/ood z argu+ t a crop ( clov] & "o ( buck:eat %\ld be turn$ "u = ea* crop ( potatoes2 :]e l& is already 9 high condition1 x may n be necess>y4 ,a second gr[? ( clov] pl[$ "u 9 ! fall = plant+ e>ly k9ds1 & a clean clov] sod turn$ 9 flat furr[s 9 ! spr+1 = ! late m>ket v>ieties1 answ] v well4 ,to turn flat furr[s1 take ! furr[-slice wide en\gh to h x fall completely inside ! prec$+ "o4 ,potatoes %\ld n be plant$ ye> aft] ye> on ! same gr\nd2 tr\ble ) we$s & rapid det]ioration ( quality & quantity ( tub]s soon r5d] ! crop unpr(itable4 ,loamy soil plant$ cont9u\sly soon becomes compact1 heavy1 & lifeless4 ,:]e ( necessity potatoes mu/ be gr[n ye>ly on ! same soil1 x is advisable to dig r e>ly1 & bury ! v9es ( ea* hill 9 ! "o la/ dug2 !n h>r[ level1 & s[ rye to be pl[$ "u next plant+ "t4 ,! intellig5t f>m]1 :o gr[s l>ge crops = m>ket1 w always s arrange z to h a clov]-sod on dry l& 9 high condition ea* ye> = potatoes4 ,x is said by _m1 9 reg>d to sw9e1 t ! bre$ is 9 ! tr\gh2 ?\gh ?is is c]ta9ly untrue to a c]ta9 ext5t1 yet x is und5iable t 9 potato-gr[+ success or failure is 9 ! "* ( soil *os5 = _! production4 ,:y clov]1 or clov] & buck:eat l&s1 are s /rongly urg$ is1 su* l&s h 9 !m j :at ! tub]s ne$ = _! be/ & heal?ie/ developm5t2 ! soil is r5d]$ s ri*1 light1 & por\s1 & s free f we$s1 t ! cultivation ( su* l& is r a pleasure ?an o!rwise1 & at ! close ( ! season ! tangible pr(its 9 doll>s & c5ts are highly gratify+4 ,,v>ieties4 ,f ! fact t ! ,unit$ ,/ates produce ab\t #aji1jjj1jjj bu%els ( potatoes annually1 x might be suppos$ a great _m v>ieties w\ld be cultivat$4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! fact4 ,( ! v>ieties extant1 comp>atively few are gr[n ext5sively4 ,e gr[]'s obs]vation has e/abli%$ ! fact t = quality ! e>ly v>ieties are inf]ior to ! late ones4 ,! ,e>ly ,june is v e>ly1 b its quality is q indiff]5t4 ,! ,*]ry ,bl[ is e>ly1 atta9s good size1 & yields r well4 ,9 quality x is poor4 ,! ,e>ly ,kidney1 z to quality1 is good1 b w n yield en\gh to pay = cultivation4 ,! ,c[horn1 said to be ! ,mexican yam1 is q e>ly1 ( fir/ quality1 b yields v poorly4 ,! ,mi*igan ,:ite ,spr\t is e>ly1 r productive1 & good4 ,jackson ,:ite is 9 quality q good1 is e>ly1 & a favorite 9 "s places4 ,! ,monitor is r e>ly1 yields l>ge crops2 b z its quality is bel[ p>1 x br+s a l[ price 9 m>ket4 ,philbrick's ,e>ly ,:ite is "o ( ! :ite/-sk9n$ & :ite/-fle%$ potatoes kn[n4 ,x is ab\t z e>ly z ,e>ly ,goodri*1 is q productive1 & gr[s to a l>ge size1 ) b few small ones to ! hill4 ,its quality is excell5t4 ,x has n yet be5 ext5sively te/$4 ,! ,e>ly ,rose is said to be v e>ly1 ( excell5t quality1 & to yield extremely well4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 n be5 v widely te/$4 ,p]haps = e>l9ess & satisfactory product1 ! ,e>ly ,goodri* has no sup]ior4 ,x is ( fair quality1 & ?\gh "s seasons x does n yield z well z o!rs1 yet1 all ?+s consid]$1 x is a desirable v>iety4 ,! old ,ne%annock1 or ,m]c]1 is among ! late/ ( ! e>ly v>ieties4 ,z to quality1 x is ! /&>d ( excell5ce ( ! :ole potato family4 ,b x yields r poorly1 & its liability to rot1 except on soils especially fitt$ = x1 has s disc\rag$ gr[]s t its cultivation 9 _m sections is ab&on$4 ,on r poor1 s&y soil1 manur$ 9 ! hill ) wood-a%es1 common salt1 & pla/] only1 x w produce 9 ord9>y seasons two hundr$ bu%els p] acre ( s\nd1 m]*antable tub]s1 t w always comm& ! highe/ m>ket price4 ,any potato cultivat$ = a long s]ies ( ye>s w gradually become f9] 9 texture & bett] 9 quality2 b its liability to disease w also be greatly increas$4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is1 x w be rememb]$ t :5 ! ,m]9o & ,cali=nia v>ieties 7 fir/ introduc$1 !y 7 s co>se z to be ?\ght fit only to fe$ hogs1 & = ?is purpose1 on acc\nt ( _! great yield+ qualities1 f>m]s cont9u$ to cultivate !m1 until f9ally !y became s *ang$ z 9 _m sections to be pref]r$ = ! table4 ,_! cultivation1 h[ev]1 is n[ ne>ly ab&on$4 ,( ! lat] v>ieties1 ! ,g>net ,*ili1 a widely-diffus$ & well-kn[n sort1 des]ves notice4 ,x is n ( s good quality z ! ,pea* ,bl[2 b its fre$om f disease1 & ! l>ge crop x produces1 make x a favorite ) _m gr[]s4 ,! *ief fault ) x is1 ! l>ge/ specim5s are apt to be holl[ at ! c5tre4 ,x rip5s r e>ly2 &1 ev5 :5 dug long be=e maturity1 x has a dryness & meal9ess1 :5 prep>$ = ! table1 n f\nd 9 _m o!r sorts4 ,! ,buckeye is ext5sively gr[n = m>ket2 its yield is n satisfactory1 & its quality is only m$ium4 ,! ,dykeman is yet gr[n to "s ext5t1 b w soon be sup]s$$4 ,! ,pr9ce ,alb]t is a well-kn[n & highly-e/eem$ v>iety1 approa*+ v ne> ! ,pea* ,bl[ 9 quality4 ,"o peculi>ity ( ?is potato is1 ! l>ge/ tub]s appe> to be ( z good quality z ! small ones4 ,) prop] soil & culture1 x yields a fair crop2 is q free f disease2 & its smoo?ness1 high flavor1 & f9e appe>ance make x mu* s\ght aft] 9 ! m>ket4 ,! ,fluke1 a v late potato1 is a great favorite ) _m :o produce = m>ket4 ,its yield is v l>ge2 & its smoo?ness & uni=mity ( size make x altoge!r a desirable v>iety4 ,x is g5]ally free f disease4 ,9 quality x is r above m$ium4 ,! ,h>rison1 if x %\ld d z well 9 ! future z x has done 9 ! pa/1 bids fair to become ! potato = g5]al cultivation4 ,x has yield$ 9 ?is section1 on soil ( mod]ate f]tility1 ) ord9>y culture1 "o peck to ! hill ( uni=m-siz$1 m]*antable potatoes4 ,x is a /rong1 vigor\s gr[]1 & v heal?y4 ,its quality1 ?\gh n ! v be/1 is good4 ,! ,will>d1 lately orig9at$ by ,c4 ,w4 ,gleason1 ( ,massa*usetts1 is a half-e>ly v>iety4 ,x is enorm\sly productive1 ( a ri* rose color1 spott$ & spla%$ ) :ite4 ,! fle% is :ite4 ,9 =m & size x closely resembles ! ,e>ly ,goodri*1 its p>5t4 ,x has n be5 ext5sively te/$1 b c]ta9ly promises well4 ,! ,excelsior is said1 by ^? int]e/$ 9 its sale1 to be v productive1 & ( mo/ excell5t quality1 reta9+ its sup]ior flavor all ! ye> r\nd4 ,x is claim$ t old potatoes ( ?is v>iety are bett] ?an new ones ( mo/ e>ly k9ds1 ?us obviat+ ! necessity ( hav+ e>ly sorts4 ,! ,excelsior is said to cook v :ite & mealy2 =m ne>ly r\nd1 eyes prom95t4 ,x has n be5 mu* te/$ out ( ! neighborhood :]e x orig9at$4 ,b ! potato-eat] is yet unborn :o c ju/ly f9d fault ) a prop]ly-gr[n ,pea* ,bl[4 ,x is pron\nc$ by _m equal or sup]ior to ! ,m]c] 9 quality1 :i* is n ! fact4 ,x is emphatically a late potato2 &1 ?\gh x does n yield z well p] acre z "s o!r sorts1 x is comp>atively heal?y2 & its quality is su* t x always br+s a high price 9 ! m>ket4 ,9 fact1 b few o!r k9ds ( late sorts c\ld f9d sale if en\gh ( ?is k9d 7 (f]$ to supply ! dem&4 ,plant$ ev] s e>ly1 x keeps gre5 ?r\gh ! heat ( summ]1 & nev] matures its tub]s until aft] ! fall ra9s1 & !n no potato does x m rapidly4 ,gr[n on ri* argillace\s soil1 x w be holl[1 co>se fle%1 & ill-flavor$2 b plant$ on su* soil z is recomm5d$1 x is ab\t all t c\ld be desir$4 ,x is a /rong1 vigor\s gr[]2 & "o peculi>ity ( x is1 t insects w n attack v9es ( ?is v>iety if o!r k9ds are )9 rea*4 ,plant$ on extremely poor gr\nd1 x w1 p]haps1 yield m bu%els ( tub]s1 & ^? ( bett] quality1 ?an any o!r v>iety t c\ld be plant$ on ! same soil4 ,among all ! old or new sorts1 p]haps1 no potato c be f\nd t det]iorates s little 9 quality f maturity to maturity aga94 ,&1 9 f9e1 :]e only high quality ) mod]ate yield are desir$1 x has few if any sup]iors4 ,_m o!r v>ieties might be m5tion$2 b ! li/ giv5 includes ab\t all ( mu* m]it4 ,new v>ieties are con/antly aris+1 clamor+ = public favor1 _m ( :i* are :olly unwor?y ( g5]al cultivation4 ,"o or two v>ieties1 su* z are adapt$ to ! gr[]'s locality & m>ket1 are pref]able to a great] numb] ( sorts gr[n m]ely = v>iety's sake4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,soil ,,on ,,se$l+s4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( a potato1 su* z quality1 productiv5ess1 heal?fulness1 uni=mity ( size1 etc41 dep5d mu* on ! nature ( ! soil on :i* x orig9at$4 ,^! *>act]i/ics1 "s or all1 imbib$ by ! m9ute potato f ! +r$i5ts ( ! soil1 at its fir/ gr[? f ! se$ ( ! potato-ball1 adh]e ) great t5acity to x ?r\gh all its g5]ations4 ,a se$l+ may1 9 size1 color1 & =m resemble its p>5t2 b its con/itution & quality are 9 a great degree dep5d5t on ! nature ( ! soil1 climatic influ5ces1 & o!r accid5tal causes4 ,true crosses are g5]ally m vigor\s & heal?y ?an o!rs2 & x is probably to accid5tal crosses we are indebt$ = _m v>ieties t diff] s widely f _! p>5ts4 ,a cross is mo/ app>5t to ! eye :5 ! p>5ts are ( diff]5t colors1 9 :i* case ! (fspr+ w be /rip$ or m>k$ ) ! colors ( ea* p>5t4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,cross ,,v>ieties4 ,9 ord] to compreh5d fully ! pr9ciples ( ?is subject1 & _! application to practical op]ations1 x w be necess>y to take a g5]al view ( ! g5]ative organs ( ! vegetable k+dom1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y act 9 ! production ( _! species4 ,if we exam9e a p]fect fl[]1 we %all f9d t x consi/s ess5tially ( two sets ( organs1 "o call$ ! pi/ils1 ! o!r ! /am5s4 ,! pi/ils are locat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! fl[]1 & ! /am5s ar\nd !m4 ,! summit ( ! pi/il is call$ ! /igma2 & on ! top ( ea* /am5 is situat$ an an!r--a small sack1 :i* conta9s ! poll51 a du/-l sub/ance1 t f]tilizes ! ovules or "y se$s ( ! plant4 ,^! organs are suppos$ to p]=m (fices analog\s to ^? ( ! animal k+dom--! /am5s repres5t+ ! male1 & ! pi/ils ! female organs4 ,:5 ! an!rs1 :i* conta9 ! poll51 arrive at maturity1 !y op5 & emit a multitude ( m9ute gra9s ( poll52 & ^!1 fall+ on ! pi/ils ( ! fl[]1 ?r[ out hair-l tubes1 :i* p5etrate ?r\gh ! vascul> tissue ( ! pi/il1 & ultimately rea* ! ovules1 ?us f]tiliz+ !m1 & mak+ !m capable1 :5 mature1 ( reproduc+ plants ( _! own k9d4 ,! ovules are ! rudim5t>y se$s1 situat$ 9 a case at ! base ( ! pi/ils1 ea* consi/+ ( a c5tral portion1 call$ ! nucleus1 :i* is surr\nd$ by two coats1 ! inn] call$ ! secund9e1 ! out] ! prim9e4 ,:5 ! hairlike tube ( ! poll5-gra9 passes ?r\gh ! orifice 9 ! coat+s ( ! ovule1 & rea*es ! nucleus1 or embryo sack1 x is suppos$ to emit a sp]matic or plantlet g]m1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! wall ( ! embryo sack & ent]s ! g]m9al vesicle conta9$ 9 x4 ,! vesicle corresponds to ! vesicle1 or g]m9al spot1 9 ! eggs ( birds1 & ovum ( mammif]\s animals4 ,! g]m rema9s 9 ! vesicle1 & f9ally becomes ! embryo1 fully develop$ into a plantlet1 z may be se5 9 _m se$s4 ,fl[]s ( plants are call$ p]fect :5 ! /am5s & pi/ils are 9 ! same fl[]1 z ! apple2 monoeci\s1 :5 9 diff]5t fl[]s & on ! same plant1 z ! :ite oak2 & dioeci\s1 :5 9 diff]5t fl[]s & on diff]5t plants1 z 9 ! hemp4 ,9 t class ( plants 9 :i* ! /am5s1 or males1 are on "o plant1 & ! pi/ils1 or females1 on ano!r1 ! males ( c\rse mu/ always rema9 b>r52 & ! pi/ilates1 to be fruitful1 mu/ h ! poll5 f ! an!rs ( ! /am9ate br\ght 9 contact ) its /igma by w9d1 insects1 or o!r means4 ,9 plants ) p]fect fl[]1 ! /am5s are g5]ally situat$ ar\nd & above ! pi/il1 s t ! poll5 falls ^u ! /igma by m]e =ce ( gravity4 ,9 ! potato1 ! poll5 is convey$ f ! an!rs to ! /igma by actual contact ( ! two organs4 ,cross-bre$+ 9 plants consi/s 9 f]tiliz+ "o v>iety ) ! poll5 ( ano!r v>iety ( ! same species4 ,! (fspr+ is call$ a cross-bre$1 or v>iety4 ,! process ( cross-bre$+ consi/s 9 tak+ ! poll5 ( "o v>iety & apply+ x to ! /igma ( ano!r v>iety1 9 su* a way z to effect its f]tilization4 ,?is is done by cutt+ away 7) scissors7 ! /am5s ( ! fl[] to be f]tiliz$1 a %ort "t be=e !y arrive at maturity1 & tak+ a fl[] 9 :i* ! poll5 is ripe1 dry1 & p[d]y1 f ! /alk ( ! v>iety wi%$ = ! male p>5t2 & hold+ x 9 ! "r h&1 & !n /rik+ x on ! f+] ( ! left1 held ne> ! fl[]1 ?us scatt]+ ! poll5 on ! /igma ( ! pi/il ( ! fl[] to be f]tiliz$4 ,! utmo/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to apply ! poll5 :5 ! fl[] is 9 its greate/ vigor1 & ! /igma is cov]$ ) ! necess>y coat+ ( mucus to insure a p]fect connection ( ! poll5 ) ! pi/il1 & make ! f]tilization p]fect4 ,all fl[]s n want$ 9 ! exp]im5t %\ld be remov$ be=e any poll5 is =m$4 ,x is necess>y to tie a ?9 piece ( gauze ov] ! fl[] to be f]tiliz$1 be=e & aft] cross+1 to prev5t insects f convey+ poll5 to x1 ?us fru/rat+ ! labors ( ! op]ator4 ,if ! op]ation has be5 successful1 ! pi/il w soon beg9 to )]2 if n p]fect1 ! pi/il w cont9ue fre% & full = "s days4 ,?is modus op]&i is sub/antially ! same 9 cross+ fruits1 fl[]s1 & vegetables ?r\gh\t ! vegetable k+dom4 ,hybridiz+ diff]s f cross-bre$+ only 9 f]tiliz+ "o species1 or "o ( its v>ieties1 ) ! poll5 ( ano!r species1 or "o ( its v>ieties1 ( ! same or a diff]5t g5us4 ,! (fspr+ is call$ a hybrid1 or mule4 ,hybrids1 ) v few exceptions1 are /]ile1 !y fail to propagate !mselves f se$1 & mu/1 to pres]ve !m1 be propagat$ by grafts1 lay]s1 or suck]s4 ,no *ange is p]ceptible 9 ! fruit produc$ f blossoms ^u :i* ! op]ation ( cross-bre$+ or hybridiz+ has be5 p]=m$2 b ! se$ ( fruits s obta9$ may be plant$ ) ! c]ta9ty ( produc+ a fruit or tub] comm+l+ ! qualities1 colors1 & ma9 *>act]i/ics ( bo? p>5ts4 ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 %[s t ! *>act]i/ics ( ! male pr$om9ate some:at 9 ! (fspr+4 ,to judici\s cross-bre$+ & hybridiz+ we owe mo/ ( our sup]ior fruits & vegetables4 ,if ! op]ation 7 m g5]ally kn[n & practic$ by f>m]s1 ! mo/ gratify+ results w\ld be soon obta9$1 n only 9 ! production ( ! mo/ valuable v>ieties ( potatoes & o!r vegetables1 b also 9 fruits1 fl[]s1 & gra9 ( e description4 ,,smoo? ,,vs4 ,,r\gh ,,potatoes4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 smoo? potatoes are pref]able to ^? ) deeply-sunk5 eyes4 ,! />* be+ mo/ abundant ne> ! sk91 n s mu* is lo/ by ! ?9 p>+ ( ! =m] z by ! necess>ily deep] p>+ ( ! latt]4 ,v>ieties usually well =m$ sometimes gr[ s knobby & ill-%ap$ z to be sc>cely recogniz$4 ,?is is caus$ by sev]e dr\ght occurr+ :5 ! tub]s are ab\t two ?irds gr[n1 caus+ !m to p>tially rip54 ,on ! return ( moi/ure1 a new gr[? takes place1 :i* %[s itself 9 knobby protub]ances4 ,,cut ,,& ,,uncut ,,se$4 ,_m gr[]s argue t potatoes %\ld be plant$ :ole4 ,! only plausible !ory 9 support ( :ole se$ is1 t ! few eyes t d />t h a great] supply ( />* available f :i* to obta9 nutrim5t until ! plant c draw support f ! soil & atmosph]e4 ,b exp]im5ts also demon/rate t if all ! eyes except "o or two ne> ! middle be cut out ( ! se$-potato1 su* se$ w pu% ) ! greate/ possible vigor4 ,_m eyes ( ! uncut se$ />t1 b ! /rong] soon ov]p[] ! weak]1 & f9ally />ve !m out4 ,a plot plant$ ) ?ree small1 uncut potatoes to ! hill1 & ano!r plant$ ) ?ree pieces ( two eyes ea* to ! hill1 w n %[ mu* diff]5ce 9 numb] ( v9es dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,! poor results sometimes att5d+ cut se$ are almo/ always traceable to improp] se$ improp]ly cut4 ,only l>ge1 mature1 s\nd tub]s %\ld be us$4 ,cut !m 9 pieces ( two or ?ree eyes ea*1 tak+ pa9s to secure ar\nd ea* eye z mu* fle% z possible1 also "u ! eye to ! c5tre ( ! tub]4 ,exp]im5ts prove t eyes f ! se$ end produce potatoes t mature e>lie/2 !y are also smalle/4 ,^? f ! l>ge or /em end are l>ge/1 late/1 & lea/ 9 numb]s4 ,eyes f ! middle produce tub]s ( v uni=m size4 ,if small1 ill-%ap$ potatoes be plant$ on ! same gr\nd = ?ree successive ye>s1 ! results w give ! be/ v>iety a bad "n4 ,mu* is ga9$ by *ang+ se$4 ,no two v>ieties are made up ( ! same con/itu5ts exactly 9 ! same proportion2 h5ce1 a soil may be exhau/$ = ! be/ developm5t ( "o1 & /ill be fitt$ to meet ! dem&s ( ano!r4 ,ev5 :5 ! same v>iety is desir$1 exp]i5ce %[s ! great b5efit ( plant+ se$ gr[n on a diff]5t soil4 ,! be/ & mo/ ext5sive gr[]s procure new se$ e two or ?ree ye>s1 & _m insi/ on *ang+ se$ e ye>2 & und\bt$ly ! crop is (t5 d\bl$ by ! practice4 ,,plant+ ,,& ,,manur+4 ,e>ly k9ds %\ld be plant$ z soon z ! gr\nd has become suffici5tly dry & w>m4 ,late m>ket v>ieties %\ld be plant$ ab\t two weeks lat] ?an ! e>ly ones4 ,unque/ionably m bu%els c be obta9$ p] acre by plant+ 9 drills ?an 9 hills1 b ! labor ( cultivat+ 9 drills is mu* ! great]4 ,prep>e ! gr\nd by ?or\gh pl[+1 mak+ x decid$ly mell[4 ,m>k x out f\r feet ap>t ea* way1 if to be plant$ 9 hills1 by pl[+ broad1 flat-bottom$ furr[s ab\t ?ree in*es deep4 ,at ! cross+s drop ?ree pieces ( potato1 cut1 z direct$1 9 sections ( two or ?ree eyes ea*4 ,place ! pieces s z to repres5t ! po9ts ( a triangle1 ea* piece be+ ab\t a foot di/ant f ea* ( ! o!r two4 ,if ! cut side is put d[n1 x is bett]2 cov] ab\t two in*es deep4 ,:]e l& is free f /one & sod1 ! cov]+ may be well & rapidly done ) a light pl[4 ,imm$iately aft] plant+1 spr9kle ov] & ar\nd ea* hill a l>ge h&ful ( unlea*$ wood-a%es & salt1 7a half-bu%el ( f9e salt mix$ ) a b>rel ( a%es is ab\t ! "r proportion47 ,if a%es c n be obta9$1 z is sometimes ! case1 apply in/ead ab\t ! same quantity ( lime slack$ 9 br9e z /rong z salt w make x4 ,! potato f its peculi> organization has a hung]+ & ?ir/+ aft] pota%4 ,wood-a%es exactly meet its wants 9 ?is direction4 ,lime indirectly supplies pota% by lib]at+ :at 0 be=e in]t 9 ! soil4 ,salt 9 small quantities induces vigor\s1 heal?y gr[?4 ,to obta9 ! be/ results1 ! a%es or lime %\ld be cov]$ ) ab\t half an in* ( soil4 ,?is plan ( manur+ 9 ! hill is recomm5d$ only 9 cases :]e ! f]tiliz]s nam$ are 9 limit$ supply1 & x is desirable to make ! mo/ ( !m4 ,maximum crops h be5 obta9$ by us+ ! f]tiliz]s nam$ 9 ! mann] describ$2 b :]e !y c be obta9$ at l[ prices1 x is c]ta9ly advisable1 & requires less labor1 to apply all ?ree1 a%es1 lime1 & salt1 broadca/ 9 b\ntiful quantities1 & h>r[ x 9 be=e ! gr\nd is m>k$ out = plant+4 ,,cultivation4 ,if we$s are expect$1 pass a light h>r[ ov] ! r[s j be=e ! v9es are ready to bur/ ?r\gh2 ?is w di/urb !m & r5d] !m less tr\blesome4 ,z soon z ! tops are two in*es high1 run a corn-pl[ five in*es deep close to ! hills1 turn+ ! furr[s f ! r[s4 ,pl[ bo? ways twice betwe5 ! r[s1 f9i%+ on ! r[s runn+ ea/ & we/1 :i* w give ! sun's rays a bett] *ance to w>m ! gr\nd prop]ly4 ,/&+ on ! squ>es ( e>?1 w>m$ on all sides by ! air & sunlight1 ! potatoes w gr[ amaz+ly4 ,j z soon z ! tops h atta9$ a height ( six or sev5 in*es1 hit* a /rong horse to a two-horse pl[1 & turn furr[s fully sev5 in*es deep midway betwe5 ! r[s to ! hills4 ,pl[ twice betwe5 ! r[s bo? ways2 & if ! gr\nd be a side-hill1 turn ! fir/ furr[ betwe5 ! r[s up-hill1 :i* w leave ! r[s 9 bett] %ape4 ,hoe+ is (t5 :olly unnecess>y2 b :]e1 f we$s or poor pl[+1 x is ne$$1 draw mell[ e>? to ! plants ) ! hoe1 keep+ ! top ( ! hills some:at holl[ to cat* ! ra9s4 ,!n1 s f> z /irr+ ! soil is conc]n$1 let x alone4 ,aft] potatoes are fairly up1 _! cultivation %\ld be cr[d$ ?r\gh ) all possible spe$1 or at lea/ z rapidly z ! gr[? ( ! tops w p]mit4 ,if ! la/ pl[+ be def]r$ until ! v9es are l>ge1 a l>ge proportion ( small potatoes is sure to be ! consequ5ce4 ,aft] a c]ta9 /age ( gr[?1 new tub]s are =m$ ea* "t ! soil is di/urb$2 ^! nev] fully develop1 !y rob ^? fir/ =m$1 & make ! crop mu* inf]ior to :at x %\ld be4 ,by ! mode ( culture describ$1 ! gr\nd is made w>m & mell[ close up to ! se$-potatoes1 ! roots soon fill ! :ole hill1 & tub]s are =m$ t h no?+ to d b to gr[4 ,! writ] is aw>e flat culture has /rong advocates2 b1 aft] _m exp]im5ts1 he is conv9c$ t hills are mu* ! be/4 ,,pla/]4 ,h[ev] mu* lime or o!r f]tiliz]s may be appli$ to ! soil1 /ill great b5efit is d]iv$ f ! use ( pla/]1 7sulphate ( lime47 ,aft] all1 pla/] is ! ma9 dep5d5ce ( ! potato-gr[]1 a help on :i* he may rely ) ! utmo/ confid5ce4 ,a/oni%+ results are obta9$ f its use1 :5 appli$ 9 a prop] mann]4 ,! writ] has se5 a field1 all ( ! same soil1 all prep>$ alike1 & all plant$ ) ! same v>iety at ! same "t1 on "o half ( :i*1 t _h no pla/]1 ! yield 0 b sixty bu%els p] acre1 & _m rott52 ! o!r "p1 to :i* pla/] 0 appli$ 9 ! mann] h]eaft] expla9$1 yield$ ?ree hundr$ & sixty bu%els p] acre1 & n an uns\nd "o among !m4 ,! action ( pla/] is (t5 puzzl+4 ,f ! fact t :]e l& has be5 /rongly lim$1 a small quantity ( pla/] appli$ %[s su* decid$ b5efit1 !re w\ld seem plausibility 9 ,liebig's !ory t its effects mu/ be traceable n to ! lime1 b to ! sulphuric acid4 ,! ammonia 9 ra9-wat] 9 ! =m ( c>bonate 7a volatile salt7 is decompos$ by pla/]1 ! sulphuric acid hav+ great] aff9ity = x1 ?us =m+ two new comp\nds1 sulphate ( ammonia & c>bonate ( lime4 ,b z arable soil has ! same prop]ty ( absorb+ ammonia f ! air & ra9-wat]1 & fix+ x 9 ! same or ev5 a high] degree ?an lime1 !re is only ! sulphuric acid left to look to = an explanation ( ! favorable action ( pla/] on ! gr[? ( plants4 ,x is f\nd t pla/] 9 contact ) soil und]goes decomposition1 "p ( ! lime sep>at+ f ! sulphuric acid1 & magnesia & pota% tak+ its place1 q contr>y to ! ord9>y aff9ities4 ,^! facts %[ t ! action ( pla/] is v complex1 & t x promotes ! di/ribution ( bo? magnesia & pota% 9 ! gr\nd1 ex]cis+ a *emical action ^u ! soil :i* ext5ds to any dep? ( x2 & t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! *emical & me*anical modifications ( ! e>?1 p>ticles ( c]ta9 nutritive elem5ts become accessible & available to plants t 7 n s be=e4 ,x is said pla/] is ( mo/ b5efit 9 wet seasons2 su* is n always ! case4 ,x is c]ta9ly b5eficial to clov]1 wet or dry2 s ( potatoes4 ,a few ye>s s9ce1 :5 ! dr\ght 0 s int5se 9 ?is section z to r5d] ! g5]al potato crop almo/ a total failure1 ! writ] produc$ a pl5tiful crop by ! use ( pla/] alone4 ,on exam9ation at ! drye/ "t1 ! bottoms ( ! hills 7 f\nd to be lit]ally du/1 yet 9 ?is du/ ! tub]s 7 swell+ f9ely3 ! leaves & v9es 7 ( a deep ri* gre51 & rema9$ s until fro/1 :ile o!r fields 9 sight1 plant$ ) ! same v>iety1 b n treat$ ) pla/]1 7 br[n1 dead1 & n wor? digg+4 ,t gypsum attracts moi/ure may be prov$ by pla/]+ a hill ( corn & leav+ a hill by x unpla/]$2 ! dew w be f\nd deposit$ 9 great] abundance on ! pla/]$ hill4 ,b1 accord+ to ,liebig1 c]ta9 products ( ! *emical action ( pla/] ent] into & are incorporat$ ) ! /ructure ( ! plant1 clos+ its brea?+ pores to su* an ext5t t ! plant is enabl$ to )/& a dr\ght :i* w\ld prove fatal to x unassi/$4 ,c]ta9 x is t pla/] r5d]s plants less palatable to insects1 &1 s f> z ! writ]'s exp]im5ts ext5d1 x is fatal to _m ( ! fungi family4 ,to obta9 ! be/ results1 ! v9es ( potatoes %\ld be du/$ ) pla/] z soon z !y are fairly ?r\gh ! soil1 aga9 imm$iately aft] ! la/ pl[+ & hoe+1 &1 = reasons h]eaft] giv51 at int]vals ?r\gh\t ! :ole gr[+ season4 ,! fir/ application may be light1 ! second heavi]1 & !reaft] x %\ld be b\ntifully appli$1 say two hundr$ p\nds p] acre at "o s[+4 ,,! ,,potato-,,rot--,,its ,,cause ,! ye> #ahde w ev] be memorable by its giv+ bir? to a disease :i* ?reat5$ ! entire de/ruction ( ! potato crop1 & :i* caus$ suff]+ & pecuni>y ru9 to an incr$ible ext5t ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,! potato1 at ! "t ( ! appe>ance ( ! potato disease1 0 almo/ ! sole dep5d5ce ( ! common p ( ,irel& = food4 ,t ov]-populat$ c\ntry exp]i5c$ m actual suff]+ 9 consequ5ce ( ! potato disease ?an has any o!r f ! same cause4 ,al?\gh ?is disease has nev]1 9 ?is c\ntry1 prevail$ to ! same ru9\s ext5t t x has 9 "s o!rs1 yet we are ye>ly rem9d$ ( its exi/5ce1 & 9 "s seasons & localities its de/ructive effects are s]i\sly app>5t4 ,! f9al or culm9at+ cause ( ! disease kn[n z ! potato-rot is ,botrytis 7p]onospora7 infe/ans4 ,?is may be induc$ by _m & v>i\s pr$ispos+ causes1 su* z feebl5ess ( con/itution ( ! v>iety plant$1 r5d]+ !m an easy prey to ! disease2 by plant+ on l[1 moi/ l&1 or on l& highly enri*$ by nitrog5\s manures1 caus+ a morbid gr[? :i* invites ! disease2 also by insects or _! l>v punctur+ or eat+ (f ! leaves or v9es4 ,b by f> ! mo/ wide-spread & mo/ common cause ( ! disease is sudd5 *anges ( atmosph]ic temp]ature1 p>ticul>ly :5 accompani$ by ra94 ,dr\ght1 ?\gh q protract$ & sev]e1 unless accompani$ by /rong dry+ w9ds1 & foll[$ by sudd5 & great r$uction ( temp]ature1 seldom affects ! potato s]i\sly4 ,x is n uncommon 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 dur+ ! mon?s ( ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 = /rong we/]ly w9ds to prevail = _m days 9 succession4 ,^! w9ds1 com+ f ! great ,am]ican des]t1 are almo/ :olly devoid ( moi/ure1 & _! aridity is (t5 su* t vegetation )]s be=e !m z at ! t\* ( fire4 ,evaporation is increas$ 9 a prodigi\sly rapid ratio ) ! velocity ( w9d4 ,! effects ( ! excessive exhalation f ! leaves ( plants expos$ to ! sweep ( su* dry+ w9ds are at once s]i\sly app>5t4 ,:5 ^! w9ds f9ally cease1 ! atmosph]e has a l[ relative humidity1 n en\gh moi/ure rema9s 9 ! air to prev5t radiation2 ! heat absorb$ by ! e>? ?r\gh ! day is1 dur+ ! bright1 cl\dless night1 rapidly radiat$ & lo/ 9 space1 & a r$uction 9 temp]ature ( tw5ty to ?irty degrees is ! consequ5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! potato-v9es suff] by excessive exhalation2 9 ! second1 by sudd5 r$uction ( temp]ature1 &1 ?\gh n froz51 _! functions are mu* d]ang$1 & _! vitality greatly enfeebl$4 ,to use a common expression1 ! plant has caught a viol5t cold t has settl$ on ! lungs4 ,! leaves 7:i* are ! lungs ( plants7 n[ fail to p]=m _! functions prop]ly4 ,! po9ts ( _m ( ! leaves turn br[n1 curl up1 & die4 ,! asc5d+ sap1 n be+ fully elaborat$ by ! diseas$ leaves1 oozes out ?r\gh ! sk9 ( ! /alk 9 a ?ick1 visc\s /ate1 & ! plant to all appe>ance is 9 a /ate ( consumption4 ,at ?is /age ! ev]-pres5t m9ute spores ( ! ,botrytis infe/ans eag]ly p\nce on ! sickly plant1 fa/5+ !mselves on its mo/ diseas$ p>ts4 ,! ,botrytis infe/ans is a cryptogam\s plant1 & is includ$ 9 ! ,mucid9e\s family1 7m\lds47 ,x is a vegetable p>asite prey+ ^u ! liv+ potato plant1 l lice or o!r animal p>asites ^u ! animal species4 ,at fir/ ?is m\ld =ms webby1 creep+ filam5ts1 kn[n 9 botanical language z mycelium4 ,^! root-l fibres !n bran* out1 s5d+ out /raight or decumb5t articulat$ /ems4 ,^! bead-l jo9ts fill up successively ) se$s or spores1 :i* are dis*>g$ at ! prop] "t to multiply ! species4 ,"u favorable conditions ( w>m? & moi/ure1 ! mycelium spreads v rapidly4 ,spores are soon =m$ & matur$1 to be c>ri$ to plants n yet infect$4 ,ra9s also wa% ! sem9al du/ d[n ! plant1 caus+ x to fa/5 & gr[ on ! v9e ne> ! gr\nd4 ,! roots ( ! p>asite p5etrate & split up ! /alk ev5 to ! m$ull>y canal4 ,^! roots exude a poison\s sub/ance1 :i* is c>ri$ by ! elaborat$ desc5d+ sap d[n to ! tub]s1 & z ! l>ge/ tub]s require ! l>ge/ am\nt ( elaborat$ sap = _! developm5t1 !y w1 consequ5tly1 receive ! greate/ quantity ( ! vitiat+ pr9ciple1 & w1 on digg+1 be f\nd a mass ( rott5ness1 :5 ! small] ones are (t5 b slightly affect$4 ,! ,botrytis infe/ans c n ga9 a lodgm5t on v9es t are truly heal?y & vigor\s1 high au?ority to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,heal?y v>ieties1 gr[+ 9 a %elt]$ situation on dry1 new soil1 to :i* no nitrog5\s manures h be5 appli$1 c n be infect$1 ?\gh bru%$ ) o!r v9es cov]$ ) ! fungus4 ,diff]5t v>ieties1 & sometimes diff]5t memb]s ( ! same v>iety1 are n always alike affect$ by ! disease1 ?\gh gr[+ 9 ! same hill4 ,z w be notic$1 ! potato disease is r an effect ?an a cause1 & appe>s to h be5 design$ to prev5t memb]s enfeebl$ by accid5t or o!rwise f propagat+ _! species by putt+ su* memb]s out ( exi/5ce4 ,ozone1 suppos$ to be a peculi> =m ( oxyg51 is exhal$ f e "p ( ! gre5 surface ( plants 9 heal?1 & effectually repels ! attacks ( mildew2 b x is f\nd t :5 ! atmosph]e is v dry1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 v humid1 plants cease to evolve ozone1 & are !re=e unprotect$4 ,w9ds f ! ocean are /rongly ozonic1 & x is asc]ta9$ t plants gr[+ on soil to :i* salt has be5 appli$ evolve m ozone ?an o!rs4 ,h5ce ! b5efit d]iv$ f ! use ( salt on potato l&s4 ,! ,black knot1 ano!r species ( fungus t attacks ! bran*es ( ! plum & ,morello *]ry1 op]ates v simil>ly to ! potato mildew4 ,! roots ( ! p>asite p5etrate & split up ! cellul> tissue ( ! bran* on :i* x fa/5s1 & if ! limb be n promptly amputat$1 ! desc5d+ sap c>ries ! delet]i\s pr9ciple ?r\gh ! :ole sy/em1 & ! foll[+ ye> ! disease appe>s 9 a greatly aggravat$ =m 9 e "p ( ! :ole tree4 ,! rem$y 9 ?is case is prompt amputation ( ! "p diseas$ on its fir/ appe>ance1 & a judici\s application ( salt to ! soil4 ,common salt1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 is z b5eficial to "s plants z to animals2 & e intellig5t f>m] kn[s t if salt be )held f ! bov9e g5us = any consid]able l5g? ( "t1 ! g5]al heal? droops & p>asites are sure to ab\nd4 ,! object ( nature 9 br++ into exi/5ce ! l>ge family ( mildews1 ea* memb] ( :i* is a p]fect plant 9 its way1 & z capable ( p]=m+ its functions z ! oak ( ! =e/1 0 und\bt$ly to prev5t propagation f sickly /ock1 & by ! decomposition ( feeble plants to make room & enri* ! soil = ! bett] developm5t ( heal?i] plants4 ,b x by no means foll[s t1 because a plant is attack$ by mildew1 x mu/ necess>ily be left to die1 any m ?an x foll[s t1 because an animal is infe/$ ) v]m91 x %\ld be let alone to be eat5 up by !m4 ,,rem$y ,,= ,,! ,,potato-,,rot4 ,9 treat+ = ! potato-rot1 an ounce ( prev5tion is wor? a p\nd ( cure2 = :5 leaves or v9es are once dead1 !y ev] rema9 s4 ,all t c be done = potatoes infe/$ is to /op ! mildew f spread+1 by de/roy+ x :]e x is1 & by /r5g!n+ ^? ?+s :i* rema94 ,! writ] 0 l$ to ! adoption ( ! rem$y propos$ by exp]im5ts made ^u fruits4 ,e "o :o has an apple or pe>-or*>d mu/ h obs]v$ t mildew ( fruit sup]v5es aft] "s sudd5 *ange ( temp]ature1 especially :5 accompani$ by ra94 ,spots ( mildew inv>iably =m on ! "y fruit imm$iately aft] a cold night1 :5 ! !rmomet] has indicat$ a *ange ( tw5ty to tw5ty-five degrees4 ,?is gr[? ( mildew takes place :5 ! apples are ( v>i\s sizes1 f ! e>lie/ =mation to ! size ( l>ge m>bles4 ,^! fung\s gr[?s appe> z d>k-color$ spots1 :i* arre/ ! gr[? ( ! apple imm$iately b5ea?1 caus+ x to become di/ort$1 :ile ! expansion & contraction br+ on diseas$ action1 :i* results 9 ! crack+ & g5]al scabb9ess ( ! fruit4 ,kn[+ t dry-rot 7,m]ulius ,la*rymans1 ,s*um17 ano!r species ( fungus1 0 rem$i$ by an application ( sulphuric acid1 ,i ?\ght x might possibly de/roy ! fruit mildew4 ,an application ( pla/]1 7gypsum17 :i* is compos$ ( lime & sulphuric acid1 0 made ) ! happie/ results4 ,x 0 f\nd t an apple du/$ ) gr\nd pla/] at its fir/ =mation rema9$ free f mildew & came to maturity1 :ile apples gr[+ by x1 b n s treat$1 became scabby & wor?less4 ,x 0 also asc]ta9$ t a ?or\gh application ( pla/] de/roy$ ! mildew aft] x _h =m$1 & t su* fruit came to maturity4 ,on ! potato mildew1 s f> z ! writ]'s exp]i5ce ext5ds1 pla/]1 if appli$ e>ly1 is a p]fect prev5tion1 & if n delay$ too long aft] ! disease appe>s1 is a c]ta9 rem$y4 ,! v9es %\ld be wat*$ closely1 & on ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! disease pla/] %\ld be appli$2 n m]ely s[+ x broadca/1 b da%+ x ov] & "u ! v9es1 br++ x 9 contact ) ! /alks1 us+ a h&ful to ?ree or f\r hills4 ,pla/] = ?is purpose %\ld be v dry & p[d]y1 & %\ld be appli$ :5 ! air is /ill4 ,"o application is seldom suffici5t2 x %\ld be r5ew$ z (t5 z circum/ances require4 ,exam9e ! v9es ab\t ?ree days aft] a cold night1 or ab\t ! same l5g? ( "t aft] a heavy ra94 ,if ! leaves beg9 to curl & )]1 apply pla/] at once2 &1 9 %ort1 :5ev] ! v9es %[ any signs ( droop+1 be ! cause bites ( insects1 excessive aridity1 or excessive humidity ( ! atmosph]e1 or sudd5 *ange ( temp]ature1 droop+ f any cause :atev] indicates ! approa* ( mildew1 :i* %\ld be promptly met ) an application ( pla/]4 ,z be=e /at$1 pla/] ! v9es z soon z !y are up1 aga9 aft] ! la/ pl[+ & hoe+2 aft] t1 "o1 two1 or ?ree times1 z circum/ances indicate4 ,by ?is me?od ! v9es are kept ( a bright lively gre51 & ! tub]s are kept swell+ until gr[? is /opp$ by fro/4 ,ano!r po9t ga9$ is1 potatoes s gr[n are s s\nd & free f disease z to be easily kept = spr+ m>ket )\t loss by rot4 ,:e!r ! surpris+ effects ( pla/] on ! potato mildew is attributable to ! sulphuric acid1 to ! lime1 or to its simply be+ a du/1 has n be5 det]m9$4 ,x is well kn[n t ! fruits ( a v9ey>d or or*>d 9 close proximity to a du/y & mu* frequ5t$ highway are rem>kably free f mildew1 :i* c only be due to du/ settl+ on ! trees & fruit4 ,b 9 ! case ( pla/]1 ! writ] is incl9$ to believe its efficacy is ma9ly due to ! sulphuric acid1 probably assi/$ by ! lime 9 a /ate ( du/4 ,be ?is z x may1 x matt]s n4 ,! result is all t c be desir$2 ! rem$y is easily appli$1 co/s b a trifle1 & a s+le season's trial is all t is ne$$ to conv9ce ! mo/ skeptical gr[] ( its m]its4 ,,digg+ ,,& ,,/or+ ,is full half ! labor ( gr[+ & secur+ a crop ( potatoes4 ,digg+ is a long1 labori\s task4 ,_m small =tunes are sunk ye>ly by inv5tors 9 exp]im5t+ ) & con/ruct+ potato-digg]s2 b1 s f>1 no ma*9e has done ! "w prop]ly except "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances4 ,/ones1 v9es1 & we$s are ob/acles n yet fully ov]come4 ,_m tub]s are left cov]$ ) e>?1 & s lo/2 & besides1 "s ma*9es s bruise ! potatoes 9 digg+ z to injure _! appe>ance & keep+ qualities4 ,und\bt$ly1 ! day w come :5 ! great bulk ( potatoes w be dug well & rapidly by horse-p[]2 b until t day does come1 ! potato-hook mu/ be us$4 ,mu* ( ! back-a*e & g5]al unpleasantness incid5t to digg+ is avoid$1 or greatly mitigat$1 by hav+ ! potatoes l>ge & s\nd1 turn+ out a peck to ! hill1 especially if ! digg] is ! own] ( ! crop4 ,digg+ %\ld be done only :5 ! gr\nd is dry1 t ! potatoes may come out clean & bright4 ,a small pl[1 to turn a light furr[ f ea* side ( ! r[s1 is "s help4 ,pull up ! v9es1 & lay !m d[n s t !y w be cov]$ by ! dirt dug f ! hill4 ,comm5ce on "o side ( ! hill2 press ! hook or hoe d[n1 s t x w rea* a trifle bel[ ! potatoes1 & draw ! implem5t firmly t[>d y4 ,repeat ! op]ation1 ea* "t plac+ ! tool a few in*es fur!r 9 or across ! hill1 until ! :ole hill is dug4 ,by ?is me?od ! potatoes w n be bruis$2 :]eas1 if ! digg+ be comm5c$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! hill1 _m potatoes w be sacrific$ & mu* injur$4 ,potatoes %\ld be pick$ up z soon & z fa/ z dug2 & imm$iately cov]$ ) /raw or o!r mat]ial1 to protect !m f ! light4 ,a few h\rs' /rong sun%9e w ru9 ! be/ potato ev] gr[n4 ,light *anges ! natural color to gre51 & r5d]s ! potato s bitt] & unpalatable z to be :olly unfit to eat4 ,ow+ to ! inconsid]ate way 9 :i* potatoes are (t5 dug1 & ! light to :i* !y are expos$ :ile be+ transport$ to & :ile 9 m>ket1 ! d5iz5s ( our cities seldom1 if ev]1 ta/e ?is vegetable 9 its greate/ excell5ce4 ,if to be /or$ 9 ! cell>1 ! potatoes %\ld be left 9 ! field1 9 heaps cov]$ ) /raw1 until ! sweat+ is ov]1 & !n be remov$ to ! cell> & lightly cov]$ ) dry s&1 or e>?1 j suffici5t to exclude ! light4 ,if to be buri$ 9 ! field1 *oose a dry1 sidel+ place2 scrape out a slight holl[1 by m]ely remov+ ! surface soil ) a hoe2 into ?is1 pile t5 to twelve bu%els2 place ! potatoes prop]ly1 & cov] !m c>efully ) clean /raw1 six in*es deep2 cov] ov] ! /raw ) f\r or five in*es ( e>?1 except a small op5+ at ! top2 ov] ?is op5+ place a bo>d or flat /one1 elevat$ a little on "o side1 to lead (f ! ra94 ,let !m rema9 s until ! sweat+ is completely ov]1 or s long z prud5ce w p]mit2 & :5 cold wea!r fairly sets 91 add m e>? to keep f freez+1 leav+ only a wisp ( /raw protrud+ ?r\gh to c>ry (f any f\l air t may be g5]at$4 ,:]e ! w9t]s are int5sely cold1 x is be/ to cov] b lightly ) e>?1 say five or six in*es deep2 & :5 freez+ is becom+ sev]e1 spread ov] ! heap buck:eat /raw1 or co>se manure1 to ! dep? ( six in*es4 ,!re is dang] 9 cov]+ v deep at fir/1 especially if ! autumn %\ld prove w>m4 ,if kept too w>m1 rot is sure to ensue4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t any vegetable keeps bett] buri$ 9 pits t conta9 n m ?an t5 or twelve bu%els ea*4 ,:]e l>ge quantities are to be buri$1 x is advisable to op5 a long1 %all[1 broad tr5*1 lead+ up & d[n a hill1 if possible1 to secure good dra9age4 ,comm5ce1 at ei!r end1 by plac+ a desirable quantity ( potatoes z soon z dug2 next to ^! put a little /raw2 aga9/ ! /raw place ab\t six in*es ( e>?2 !n m /raw & m potatoes2 & s keep on until ! tr5* is full4 ,a few furr[s pl[$ on ea* side assi/ 9 cov]+2 & make a dra9 to lead (f ! ra9s1 :i* is a matt] ( ! fir/ importance4 ,by ?is me?od ea* lot ( potatoes is kept sep>ate2 & any section c be op5$ at any "t to be tak5 to m>ket1 )\t endang]+ ! o!rs4 ,potatoes buri$ prop]ly are usually ( bett] flavor 9 ! spr+ ?an x is possible = potatoes to be :i* are kept 9 a common cell>4 ,& "h let me add t1 if leaves f ! woods be us$ in/ead ( /raw1 to cov] potatoes to be buri$1 su* potatoes w be ( bett] flavor2 & fur!r1 if no?+ b dry e>? comes 9 contact ) !m1 !y w be bett] /ill4 ,/raw is us$ = ! tw(old purpose ( secur+ an air-*amb] to keep out fro/1 & to prev5t ! e>? f m+l+ ) ! tub]s on op5+ ! pits4 ,,insects ,,injuri\s ,,to ,,! ,,potato4 ,!re are t5 di/9ct species ( insects prey+ ^u ! potato-plant )9 ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,_m ( ^! t5 species are conf9$ )9 c]ta9 geographical limits4 ,_! habits & hi/ory diff] v widely4 ,"s attack ! potato bo? 9 ! l>va /ate & 9 ! p]fect or w+$ /ate2 o!rs 9 ! p]fect or w+$ /ate alone2 & o!rs aga9 9 ! l>va /ate alone4 ,9 ! case ( sev5 ( ^! insects1 !re is b "o s+le brood e ye>2 :ile ( ! rema9+ ?ree !re are e ye> f two to ?ree broods1 ea* ( !m g5]at$ by females belong+ to prec$+ broods4 ,eight ( ! t5 fe$ ext]nally on ! leaves & t5d] /ems ( ! potato2 :ile two ( !m burr[1 l a bor]1 exclusively 9 ! l>g] /alks4 ,ea* ( ^! t5 species has its peculi> insect enemies2 & a mode ( attack :i* w prove v successful aga9/ "s ( !m w (t5 turn out to be wor?less :5 employ$ aga9/ ! rema9d]4 ,illu/ration ,! ,/alk-,bor]1,a 7,gortyna nitela1 ,gu5ee47--,?is l>va 7,fig4 #b17 commonly burr[s 9 ! l>ge /alks ( ! potato4 ,x occurs also 9 ! /alks ( ! tomato1 9 ^? ( ! dahlia & a/]1 & o!r g>d5 fl[]s4 ,x is sometimes f\nd bor+ ?r\gh ! cob ( gr[+ ,indian corn4 ,x is p>ticul>ly p>tial to ! /em ( ! common cocklebur1 7,zan?ium sirum>ium27 & if x w\ld only conf9e itself to su* noxi\s we$s1 x might be consid]$ m ( a fri5d ?an an enemy4 ,x is ye>ly becom+ m num]\s & m de/ructive4 ,x is f\nd ov] a great ext5t ( c\ntry2 & is p>ticul>ly num]\s 9 ! valley ( ! ,mississippi nor? ( ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,! l>va ( ! /alk-bor] mo? leaves ! /alk 9 :i* x burr[$ ab\t ! latt] "p ( ,july1 & desc5ds a little bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?1 :]e 9 ab\t ?ree days x *anges into ! pupa1 or *rysalis /ate4 ,footnote ,a3 ,:]e no hair-l9es are giv51 ! insects are repres5t$ life-size4 ,! w+$ insect 7,fig4 #a17 :i* belongs to ! same ext5sive gr\p ( mo?s 7,noctua family1 or owlet mo?s7 to :i* all ! cut-worm mo?s app]ta91 em]ges f "u gr\nd f ! end ( ,augu/ to ! middle ( ,septemb]4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t "s few1 at all ev5ts1 ( ! female mo?s mu/ live ?r\gh ! w9t]1 9 obscure places1 to lay eggs ^u ! plants !y infe/ ! foll[+ spr+2 = o!rwise1 z !re is no "y potato1 or o!r plants1 = !m to lay eggs ^u 9 ! autumn1 ! :ole bre$ w\ld die out 9 a s+le ye>4 ,?is insect1 9 sections :]e x is num]\s1 does m injury to ! potato crop ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,! ,potato-,/alk ,weevil1 7,b>idius tr9otatus1 ,say47--,?is insect is m p>ticul>ly a s\!rn species1 occurr+ abundantly 9 ! ,middle ,/ates1 & 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,miss\ri1 ,ill9ois1 & ,indiana4 ,x appe>s to be totally unkn[n 9 ,new-,engl&4 ,! female ( ?is beetle deposits a s+le egg 9 an oblong slit1 ab\t "o eigh? ( an in* long1 :i* x has previ\sly =m$ ) its beak 9 ! /alk ( ! potato4 ,! l>va subsequ5tly hat*es out1 & bores into ! he>t ( ! /alk1 always proce$+ d[nw>d t[>d ! root4 ,:5 full gr[n1 x is a little m ?an "o f\r? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & is a s(t1 :iti%1 legless grub1 ) a scaly head4 ,h5ce x c always be readily di/+ui%$ f ! l>va ( ! /alk-bor]1 :i* has inv>iably sixte5 legs1 no matt] h[ small x may be4 ,unlike ?is la/ insect1 x becomes a pupa 9 ! int]ior ( ! potato-/alk :i* x inhabits3 & x comes out 9 ! beetle /ate ab\t ! la/ ( ,augu/ or beg9n+ ( ,septemb]4 ,! /alk inhabit$ by ! l>va wilts & dies4 ,! p]fect beetle1 l _m o!r sn\t-beetles1 mu/ ( c\rse live ?r\gh ! w9t]1 to reproduce its species ! foll[+ spr+4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,p5nsylvania1 "s ye>s1 ne>ly e /alk ( ext5sive fields is infe/$ by ?is insect1 caus+ ! premature decay ( ! v9es1 & giv+ !m ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 scald$4 ,9 "s di/ricts ( ,ill9ois1 ! potato crop has1 9 "s seasons1 be5 utt]ly ru9$ by ?is sn\t-beetle1 _m v9es hav+ a doz5 l>v 9 !m4 ,?is insect attacks no plant b ! potato4 ,! ,potato-,worm1 7,sph9x #e-maculata1 ,hawor?47--,?is well-kn[n insect1 ! l>va ( :i* 7,fig4 #c17 is usually call$ ! potato-worm1 is m common on ! closely alli$ tomato1 ! leaves ( :i* x (t5 cle>s (f v completely 9 p>ticul> spots 9 a s+le night4 ,:5 full-f$1 :i* is usually ab\t ! la/ ( ,augu/1 ! potato-worm burr[s "u ! gr\nd1 & %ortly aft]w>d trans=ms into ! pupa /ate1 7,fig4 #e47 ,! pupa is (t5 dug up 9 ! spr+ f ! gr\nd :]e tomatoes or potatoes 7 gr[n 9 ! prec$+ season1 & mo/ p]sons t meet ) x suppose t ! s+ul> jug-h&l$ app5dage at "o end ( x is its tail4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 x is ! tongue-case1 & conta9s ! long1 pliable tongue :i* ! future mo? w employ 9 lapp+ ! nect> ( fl[]s4 ,! mo? itself 7,fig4 #d7 0 =m]ly conf\nd$ ) ! tobacco-worm mo?1 7,sph9x ,c>ol9a1 ,l9nu17 :i* x v closely resembles1 hav+ ! same s]ies ( orange-color$ spots on ea* side ( ! abdom54 ,! gray & black m>k+s1 h[ev]1 ( ! w+s diff] p]ceptibly 9 ! two species2 & 9 ! tobacco-worm mo? !re is always a m or less fa9t :ite spat1 or a dot1 ne> ! c5tre ( ! front w+1 :i* is nev] met ) 9 ! o!r species4 ,! potato-worm (t5 fe$s on ! leaves ( ! tobacco plant 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 9 ,mexico & ! ,we/-,indies1 ! true potato-worm is unkn[n1 & x is ! tobacco-worm t ! tobacco-gr[] has to fight4 ,! potato-worm1 h[ev]1 is nev] kn[n to injure ! potato crop to any s]i\s ext5t4 ,! ,/rip$ ,bli/]-,beetle1 7,lytta vittata1 ,fabr47 ,?is insect 7,fig4 #f7 is almo/ exclusively a s\!rn species1 occurr+ 9 "s ye>s v abundantly on ! potato-v9es 9 ,s\!rn ,ill9ois1 & also 9 ,miss\ri1 & accord+ to ,dr4 ,h>ris1 x is occasionally f\nd ev5 9 ,new-,engl&4 ,9 "s specim5s ! broad out] black /ripe on ! w+-cases is divid$ l5g?wise by a sl5d] yell[ l9e1 s t1 in/ead ( two1 !re are ?ree black /ripes on ea* w+-case2 & (t5 9 ! same field may be notic$ all ! int]m$iate grades2 ?us prov+ t ! f\r-/rip$ individuals d n =m a di/9ct species1 z 0 suppos$ by ! ,european entomologi/ ,fabricius1 b are m]e v>ieties ( ! same species to :i* ! six?-/rip$ individual app]ta9s4 ,! /rip$ bli/]-beetle lives "u gr\nd & fe$s ^u v>i\s roots dur+ ! l>va /ate1 & em]ges to attack ! foliage ( ! potato only :5 x has pass$ into ! p]fect or beetle /ate4 ,?is insect1 9 common ) our o!r bli/]-beetles1 has ! same prop]ties z ! import$ ,spani% fly1 & any ( !m w raise j z good a bli/] z t does1 & are equally poison\s :5 tak5 int]nally 9 l>ge doses4 ,:]e ! /rip$ bli/]-beetle is num]\s1 x is a great pe/ & v de/ructive to ! potato crop4 ,x eats ! leaves s full ( holes t ! plant f9ally dies f loss ( sap & ! want ( suffici5t leaves to elaborate its juices4 ,9 "s places !y are driv5 (f ! plants 7) bu%es7 on a pile ( hay or /raw1 & burn$4 ,"s h be5 successful 9 ridd+ _! fields ( !m by plac+ /raw or hay betwe5 ! r[s ( potatoes1 & !n sett+ x on fire4 ,! insects1 x is said1 by ?is means are ne>ly all de/roy$1 & ! /raw burn+ v quickly1 does n injure ! v9es4 ,! ,a%-,gray ,bli/]-,beetle1 7,lytta c9]a1 ,fabr47--,?is species 7,fig4 #g1 male7 is ! "o commonly f\nd 9 ! m nor!rly p>ts ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 :]e x usually takes ! place ( ! /rip$ bli/]-beetle be=e m5tion$4 ,x is ( a uni=m a%-gray color4 ,x attacks n only ! potato-v9es b also ! honey locu/s1 & especially ! ,w9dsor bean4 ,9 p>ticul> ye>s x has be5 kn[n1 9 conjunction ) ! rose-bug1 7,macrodactylus subsp9osus1 ,l9n417 to sw>m ^u e apple-tree 9 "s or*>ds 9 ,ill9ois1 n only eat+ ! foliage1 b gnaw+ into ! "y apples4 ,?is beetle does consid]able damage to ! potato crop1 especially 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,/ates4 ,l ! o!r memb]s ( ! 7,lytta7 family1 x lives "u gr\nd :ile 9 ! l>va /ate1 & is tr\blesome only :5 9 ! p]fect or w+$ /ate4 ,! ,black-,rat ,bli/]-,beetle1 7,lytta mur9a1 ,le ,conte47--,?is species 7,fig4 #h17 is entirely black4 ,!re is a v simil> species1 ! black bli/]-beetle1 7,lytta atrata1 ,fabr417 f :i* ! black-rat bli/]-beetle is di/+ui%able only by hav+ f\r rais$ l9es plac$ l5g?wise ^u ea* w+-case1 & by ! two fir/ jo9ts ( ! ant5n be+ greatly dilat$ & l5g!n$ 9 ! males1 ( ! la? species4 ,x is ass]t$ by "s au?ors t ! black bli/]-beetle is injuri\s to ! potato2 b ,i c n see h[ x c\ld d mu* damage to t crop1 z ! p]fect insect does n appe> until late 9 ,augu/1 :5 ! potato crop is ne>ly out ( its rea*4 ,n s1 h[ev]1 ) ! black-rat bli/]-beetle1 :i* is on h& ready = bus9ess e>ly 9 ! season4 ,?is insect does consid]able damage to ! potato 9 ,i[a1 & neighbor+ ,/ates2 x is also f\nd1 ?\gh 9 n s great numb]s1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,! ,m>g9$ ,bli/]-,beetle1 7,lytta m>g9ata1 ,fabr47--,?is species 7,fig4 #i7 maybe at once recogniz$ by its g5]al black color1 & ! a%-gray edg+ to its w+-cases4 ,x usually fe$s on c]ta9 wild plants1 b does n object to a diet ( potato-leaves4 ,?\gh f\nd ov] a l>ge ext5t ( c\ntry1 x seldom appe>s 9 numb]s l>ge en\gh to damage ! potato crop mat]ially4 ,l o!r bli/]-beetles1 x goes "u gr\nd to pass into ! pupa /ate1 & attacks ! potato only :5 x is 9 ! p]fect or w+$ /ate4 ,! ,?ree-,l9$ ,leaf-,beetle1 7,lema tril9eata1 ,olivi]47 ,! l>va ( ! ?ree-l9$ leaf-beetle may be di/+ui%$ f all o!r insects :i* prey ^u ! potato by its habit ( cov]+ itself ) its own excrem5t4 ,9 ,figure #aj1 a1 ?is l>va is %[n 9 pr(ile1 bo? full & half gr[n1 cov]$ ) ! s(t1 gre5i% excrem5titi\s matt] :i* f "t to "t x dis*>ges4 ,figure #aj1 c1 gives a some:at magnifi$ view ( ! pupa1 & ,figure #aj1 b1 %[s ! la/ few jo9ts ( ! abdom5 ( ! l>va1 magnifi$ & view$ f above4 ,! v5t ( ! l>va1 z w be se5 f ?is la/ figure1 is situat$ on ! upp] surface ( ! la/ jo9t1 s t its excrem5t naturally falls ^u its back1 & by successive dis*>ges is cr[d$ =w>d t[>d its head1 till ! :ole upp] surface is cov]$ ) x4 ,!re are sev]al o!r l>va1 fe$+ ^u o!r plants1 :i* we> cloaks ( ?is /range mat]ial4 ,_m au?ors suppose t ! object ( ! l>va 9 all ^! cases is to protect itself f ! heat ( ! sun4 ,9 all probability ! real aim ( nature 9 ! case ( all ^! l>v is to def5d !m f ! attacks ( birds & ( cannibal & p>asitic insects4 ,!re are two broods ( ?is insect e ye>4 ,! fir/ brood ( l>v may be f\nd on ! potato-v9e t[>d ! latt] end ( ,june1 & ! second 9 ,augu/4 ,! fir/ brood /ays "u gr\nd ab\t a =tnight be=e x em]ges 9 ! p]fect beetle /ate1 & ! second brood /ays "u gr\nd all w9t]1 & only em]ges at ! beg9n+ ( ! foll[+ ,june4 ,! p]fect beetle 7,fig4 #aa7 is ( a pale yell[ color1 ) ?ree black /ripes on its back1 & be>s a /rong resemblance to ! cucumb]-bug1 7,diabrotica vittata1 ,fabr4 ,fig4 #ab47 ,f ?is la/ species1 h[ev]1 x may be di/+ui%$ by its some:at l>g] size1 & by ! rem>kable p9*+-9 ( ! ?orax1 s z to make q a lady-l wai/ !re1 or :at naturali/s call a con/riction4 ,! female1 aft] c\pl+1 lays h] yell[ eggs 7,fig4 #aj1;d7 on ! "u surface ( ! leaves ( ! potato plant4 ,! l>v hat*+1 :5 full gr[n desc5d into ! gr\nd1 :]e !y trans=m to pup 7,fig4 #aj1 c7 )9 a small oval *amb]1 f :i* 9 "t ! p]fect beetle em]ges4 ,?is insect 9 c]ta9 seasons is a great pe/ 9 ! ,ea/]n & ,middle ,/ates1 b has nev] yet occurr$ 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley 9 su* numb]s z to be mat]ially injuri\s4 ,! ,cucumb] ,flea ,beetle1 7,haltica cucum]is1 ,h>ris47 ,?is nimble m9ute beetle 7,fig4 #ac7 belongs to ! flea-beetles1 7,haltica family17 ! same sub-gr\p ( ! leaf-beetles 7,phytophaga7 to :i* also app]ta9s ! notori\s /eel-blue flea-beetle 7,haltica *alybea1 ,illig]7 t is su* a pe/ to ! v9ey>di/4 ,l all ! re/ ( ! flea-beetles1 x has its h9d ?ighs greatly enl>g$1 :i* enables x to jump ) mu* agility4 ,x is n peculi> to ! potato1 b infe/s a great v>iety ( plants1 includ+ ! cucumb]1 f :i* x d]ives its "n4 ,x eats m9ute r\nd holes 9 ! leaf ( ! plant x infe/s1 b does n always p5etrate entirely ?r\gh x4 ,! l>va fe$s int]nally ^u ! sub/ance ( ! leaf1 & goes "u gr\nd to assume ! pupa /ate4 ,x passes ?r\gh all its /ages 9 ab\t a mon?1 & !re are two or ?ree broods ( !m 9 ! c\rse ( ! same season4 ,?is is emphatically ! greate/ insect pe/ t ! potato-gr[] has to cont5d ) 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,x ab\nds ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ! ,nor!rn1 ,middle1 & ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,l>ge fields ( potatoes c any summ] be se5 9 ! ,middle ,/ates mu* injur$ by ?is m9ute insect1 e leaf app>5tly completely riddl$ ) m9ute r\nd holes1 & ! /alks & leaves appe>+ yell[ & se>$4 ,pla/] frequ5tly & b\ntifully appli$ is sure to prev5t ! attacks ( ?is insect1 or to disp]se x aft] x has comm5c$ op]ations4 ,! ,colorado ,potato-,bug1 7,doryphora #aj--l9eata1 ,say47--,?is insect1 :i*1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,wal%1 has 9 ! ,nor?-,we/ alone damag$ ! potato crop to ! am\nt ( "o million sev5 hundr$ & fifty ?\s& doll>s1 came orig9ally f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :]e x 0 f\nd =ty-five ye>s ago1 fe$+ on a wild species ( potato peculi> to t region1 7,solanum ro/ratum1 ,dunal47 ,:5 civilization m>*$ up ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & potatoes began to be gr[n 9 t region1 ?is highly improv$ pe/ acquir$ ! habit ( fe$+ ^u ! cultivat$ potato4 ,x w5t f potato-pat* to potato-pat*1 mov+ ea/-w>d at ! rate ( ab\t sixty miles a ye>1 & is n[ firmly e/abli%$ ov] all ! c\ntry ext5d+ f ,indiana to its old fe$+-gr\nds 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,9 ab\t twelve ye>s x w h rea*$ ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,!re is ano!r v closely alli$ species1 kn[n z ! ,bogus ,colorado potato-bug1 7coryphora juncta1 ,g]mor17 :i* has exi/$ ?r\gh\t a great "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f "t immemorial4 ,?is latt] insect1 h[ev]1 fe$s almo/ exclusively on ! horse-nettle1 7,solanum c>ol95se1 ,l9n417 & is nev] kn[n to injure ! potato4 ,bo? insects are figur$1 s t "o ne$ n be mi/ak5 = ! o!r4 ,figure #ad1 b1 b1 b1 gives a view ( ! l>va ( ! true ,colorado potato-bug1 9 v>i\s positions & /ages ( its exi/5ce4 ,figure #ae1 b1 b1 ( t ( ! bogus ,colorado potato-bug4 ,x w be se5 at once t ! head ( ! =m] is black1 & ! fir/ jo9t beh9d ! head is pale & edg$ ) black beh9d only2 t !re is a d\ble r[ ( black spots along ! side ( ! body2 & t ! legs are black4 ,9 ! o!r l>va1 7,fig4 #ae1 b17 on ! contr>y1 ! head is ( a pale color1 ! fir/ jo9t beh9d ! head is t+$ ) dusk & edg$ all r\nd ) black2 !re is b a s+le r[ ( spots along ! side ( ! body1 & ! legs are pale4 ,figure #ad1 d1 d1 exhibits ! true ,colorado potato-bug2 ,figure #ae1 ! bogus ,colorado potato-bug2 ea* ( its natural size4 ,figure #ad1 e1 %[s ! left w+-case enl>g$1 & ,figure #ae1 e1 an enl>g$ leg ( ! latt]4 ,on a close inspection1 x w be p]ceiv$ t 9 ! =m] 7,fig4 #ad1 e7 ! b\nd>y ( ea* d>k /ripe on ! w+-cases t[>d ! middle is /udd$ ) confus$ & irregul> punctures1 p>tly inside & p>tly outside ! edge ( ! d>k /ripe2 t x is ! ?ird & f\r? d>k /ripes1 c\nt+ f ! outside1 t are unit$ beh9d1 & t bo? ! knees & feet are black4 ,9 ,figure #ae1 d1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! second & ?ird /ripes--n ! ?ird & f\r?--c\nt+ f ! outside1 t are unit$ beh9d1 & ! leg is entirely pale1 except a black spot on ! middle ( ! front ( ! ?igh4 ,! eggs 7,fig4 #ad1 a1 a1 & ,fig4 #ae1 d1 d7 are yell[1 & are always laid on ! "u side ( ! leaf 9 pat*es ( f tw5ty to ?irty2 ^? ( ! bogus are ( a light] color4 ,ea* female ( ! true ,colorado potato-bug lays1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,s*irm]1 ab\t sev5 hundr$ eggs4 ,9 ab\t six days ! eggs hat* into l>v1 :i* fe$ on ! foliage ( ! potato plant ab\t sev5te5 days2 !y !n desc5d to ! gr\nd1 :]e !y *ange into pup at ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! p]fect beetle appe>s ab\t t5 to f\rte5 days aft] ! pupa is =m$1 beg9s to pair 9 ab\t sev5 days1 & on ! f\rte5? day beg9s to deposit h] eggs4 ,!re are ?ree broods ( ?is insect e ye>4 ,nei!r geese1 ducks1 turkeys1 nor b>n-y>d f[l w t\* ! l>va ( ! ,colorado potato-bug :5 x is (f]$ to !m1 & !re are num]\s au!ntic cases on record :]e p]sons :o h scald$ to dea? quantities ( ^! l>v1 & inhal$ ! fumes ( _! bodies1 h be5 tak5 s]i\sly ill1 & ev5 be5 conf9$ to _! b$s = _m days 9 consequ5ce4 ,x is also report$ to h produc$ poison\s effects on sev]al p]sons :o h&l$ !m incauti\sly ) nak$ h&s4 ,v>i\s plans h be5 tri$ to de/roy ?is p]si/5t enemy ( ! potato plant4 ,p[d]$ hellebore is said to h be5 us$ ) effect z a means ( de/roy+ ! pe/4 ,x %\ld be du/$ on & "u ! foliage :5 ! plant is wet ) dew4 ,hellebore1 h[ev]1 is a dang]\s rem$y on acc\nt ( its poison\s qualities4 ,a mixture ( "o "p salt1 t5 p>ts soap1 & tw5ty p>ts wat]1 appli$ to e "p ( ! plants ) a syr+e1 is q effectual4 ,sev]al cannibal & "o p>asitic insect are kn[n to prey ^u ! l>va ( ! ,colorado potato-bug1 & ! eggs 9 va/ numb]s are eat5 by sev]al species ( lady-birds & _! l>va4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,insects4 ,! "t is n f> di/ant :5 ! ,am]ican f>m] w be oblig$ to put =? great] ef=ts to de/roy noxi\s insects ?an he has hi!rto4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t noxi\s insects are increas+ 9 a rapid rate ?r\gh\t e "p ( our l&4 ,! c\ntry is becom+ s buggy t et]nal vigilance is ! price ( e ?+ produc$ f ! soil4 ,close obs]v]s calculate t m fruits ( v>i\s k9ds & v>ieties are annually de/roy$ or r5d]$ wor?less by insects ?an are ga!r$ & us$ by man4 ,! cotton-worm1 ! :eat-midge1 ! cank]-worms1 ! potato-bugs1 are ea* e ye> increas+ 9 numb]s & de/ructiv5ess4 ,! curculio alone de/roys millions ( doll>s' wor? ( fruit annually4 ,x is a safe e/imate1 all ?+s consid]$1 t1 if noxi\s insects ( all descriptions c\ld at once be annihilat$ ?r\gh\t our c\ntry1 & mildews ( v>i\s classes be effectually held 9 *eck1 ! co/ ( liv+ to our p w\ld1 9-a %ort "t1 be r$uc$ to "o ?ird ( its pres5t am\nt4 ,x is di%e>t5+ to see :at a va/ am\nt ( gra9s1 fruits1 & vegetables is annually eat5 up by ! l>v1 or appropriat$ by ! p]fect insects ( v>i\s classes1 m]ely = ! sake ( propagat+ _! abom9able species4 ,yet1 9 view ( all ! deva/ation1 b feeble ef=t is made to abate ! evil4 ,birds1 _m species ( :i* nature seem+ly design$ on purpose to keep insects 9 *eck1 are wantonly %ot by lazy boys & indol5t m51 :o range ! fields & =e/s1 kill+ all1 f ! humm+-bird to ! cr[4 ,legislative enactm5ts made expressly to protect ! insectivor\s song/]s are e day violat$ ) impunity4 ,"o man plants an or*>d & does all he c to de/roy noxi\s insects2 ano!r man ne> him also has an or*>d1 b 8 or*>d s]ves no purpose b to propagate curculios1 cank]-worms1 b>k-lice1 t5t cat]pill>s1 codl+ mo?s1 etc41 = 8 neighbors1 &1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! :ole neighborhood sw>ms ) noxi\s insects4 ,if all cultivators w\ld act 9 conc]t & ) a w1 insects might be r$uc$ 9 numb]s v rapidly4 ,mo/ mo?s ( night-fly+ insects are attract$ to & de/roy$ by small bonfires k9dl$ 9 /ill ev5+s dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,bottles half-fill$ ) sweet5$ wat]1 hung "h & !re1 w trap c\ntless bugs4 ,/rong soap-suds appli$ imm$iately aft] !y hat* is a sure rem$y = plant lice4 ,molasses & wat]1 to :i* a little ars5ic has be5 add$1 plac$ 9 %all[ di%es among ! v9es1 is good m$ic9e = potato-bugs1 & all bugs 9 g5]al4 ,a light$ lamp plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( a common milk-pan1 p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 ! :ole elevat$ a few feet f ! gr\nd1 w1 on a /ill ev5+1 attract & de/roy ! :eat-midge & simil> insects 9 great numb]s4 ,! calculations ( ! curculio & codl+ mo? are br\ght to naught by turn+ hogs into ! or*>d to eat ! /ung fruit z x falls1 & ! l>va t depa/ures ^u ! leaves ( ! curr5t & gooseb]ry is de/roy$ by syr++ ! plants ) a mixture ( soap1 salt1 & wat]4 ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,potato ,,z ,,cattle ,,food4 ,! con/itu5ts ( ! potato are accord+ to diff]5t au?orities1 z foll[s3 ,wat] #ge4b ,case9 #a4d ,/>* #ae4e ,dextr9e #j4d ,sug> #c4b ,fat #j4b ,fibre #c4b ,m9]al matt] #j4i ,or economically3 ,wat] #ge4b ,fle%-=m]s #a4d ,fat-=m]s #ah4i ,accessories #c4f ,m9]al matt] #j4i ,( ! high value ( potatoes1 :5 us$ 9 connection ) o!r food1 !re is n a %ad[ ( d\bt4 ,all exp]im5t]s & obs]v]s 9 ! economy ( food agree 9 say+ t !y are ( ! highe/ utility2 b !y mu/ be us$ ) o!r food ^: con/itu5ts are diff]5t f ^? ( ! root4 ,! analysis %[s t potatoes surpass 9 ! fat-produc+ pr9ciples ! nutriti\s or fle%-=m+ 9 su* proportions t !y c\ld n alone su/a9 ! composition ( ! blood2 = an animal f$ alone on ^! tub]s w\ld be oblig$ to consume su* quantities to provide ! blood ) ! requisite proportion ( album5 t1 ev5 if ! process ( dige/ion 7 n discont9u$1 !re w\ld be a sup]abundance ( fat accumulat$ beyond ! p[] ( ! oxyg5 to consume1 :i* w\ld successively absorb f ! album9\s sub/ance a "p ( its vital elem5ts1 & ?us a *eck w\ld be caus$ 9 ! endless *ange ( matt] 9 ! tissues 9 ! nutritive & regressive trans=mations4 ,potatoes1 !n1 to be ( mo/ value z food = cattle1 %\ld be f$ 9 connection ) gra91 or ) o!r roots 9 :i* ! fle%-=m+ elem5t pr$om9ates4 ,!re seems to be no d\bt t ! tub]s are ( mo/ value :5 cook$1 al?\gh "s au?ors affirm to ! contr>y4 ,x seems possible to prove ?is on philosophical pr9ciples2 = x is well kn[n t ! />* conta9$ 9 ! potato is incapable ( af=d+ n\ri%m5t until ! conta9+ globules are brok51 & "o ( ! mo/ effici5t means ( do+ ?is seems to be by heat4 ,b\ss+ault1 9 speak+ ( ! economy ( cook+ potatoes1 says1 ,! potato is frequ5tly /eam$ or boil$ fir/2 yet ,i c say positively t horn$ cattle d extremely well ^u raw potatoes1 & at ,be*elbrunn our c[s nev] h !m o!rwise ?an raw4 ,!y are nev] boil$1 save = horses & hogs4 ,! be/ mode ( deal+ ) !m is to /eam !m2 !y ne$ nev] be s ?or\ghly boil$ z :5 !y are to s]ve = ! food ( man4 ,! /eam$ or boil$ potatoes are cru%$ betwe5 two roll]s1 or simply brok5 ) a wood5 spade1 & mix$ ) cut hay or /raw or *aff1 be=e be+ s]v$ out4 ,x may n be unnecess>y to obs]ve t by /eam+ potatoes lose no weight2 h5ce we conclude t ! nutritive equival5t = ! boil$ is ! same z t ( ! raw tub]4 ,nev]!less1 x is possible t ! amylace\s pr9ciple is r5d]$ m easily assimilable by boil+1 & t by ?is means ! tub]s actually become m nutriti\s4 ,"s h propos$ to roa/ potatoes 9 ! ov51 & !re c be little "q t heat$ 9 ?is way !y answ] admirably = fatt5+ hogs1 & ev5 ox54 ,done 9 ! ov51 potatoes may be br\ght to a /ate 9 :i* !y may p]fectly supply ! place ( corn 9 fe$+ horses & o!r cattle4 ,! app>5t contradiction 9 ! rem>ks w be obs]v$2 b ! evid5t lean+ 9 favor ( cook$ potatoes %[s t ,b\ss+ault1 al?\gh pay+ "s att5tion to ! !ory t cook$ food is n g5]ally att5d$ ) ! same b5efit to rum9at+ z to o!r animals1 0 evid5tly almo/ conv9c$ t ^? :i* conta9$ an abundance ( />* 9 _! con/itu5ts mu/ be r5d]$ m nutriti\s :5 expos$ to ! action ( heat4 ,potatoes f$ 9 a raw /ate to /ock are laxative 9 _! effects1 & are (t5 giv5 to horses z a m$ic9e 9 cases ( hideb\nd ) decid$ b5efit4 ,bots1 :i* h be5 kn[n to live tw5ty-f\r h\rs imm]s$ 9 spirits ( turp5t9e1 die almo/ in/antly :5 plac$ 9 potato-juice2 h5ce a common practice ) horsem51 :]e bots are suspect$1 is to fir/ adm9i/] milk & molasses to decoy ! p>asites f ! coat+ ( ! /oma*1 & !n dr5* ! animal ) ! express$ juice ( potatoes4 ,a decoction made by boil+ ! p>+s ( potatoes 9 a small quantity ( wat] is (t5 us$ z a wa% to kill v]m9 on cattle4 ,raw potatoes1 f$ occasionally & 9 small quantities1 are a good tonic = /ock ( any k9d :i* is kept pr9cipally on hay2 b all exp]im5ts %[ t :5 ! potato is us$ = fatt5+ purposes1 ! tub]s %\ld 9 "s way be cook$1 t ! animal to :i* !y are f$ may d]ive f !m ! greate/ possible am\nt ( nutrim5t4 ,repeat$ exp]im5ts demon/rate ! fact t horn$ cattle or hogs lay on z mu* fat f ! consumption ( two ?irds ( a giv5 quantity ( potatoes prop]ly cook$ z !y w by eat+ ! entire quantity 9 a raw /ate4 ,9 po9t ( nutrim5t z cattle-food1 two p\nds ( potatoes are consid]$ equival5t to "o p\nd ( hay4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,cook ,,! ,,potato4 ,,furni%$ ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,pi]re ,,blot1 ,,( ,,brooklyn4 ,at ! sugge/ion ( a numb] ( fri5ds1 ,i address$ ! foll[+ note to ,pr(essor ,blot1 :i*1 ) 8 reply1 is app5d$3 ,,pr(essor ,,pi]re ,,blot3 ,,new-,,york1 ,feb4 #ae1 #ahgj4 ,,de> ,,sir3 ,9 connection ) a ,prize ,essay on ! cultivation ( ! potato1 ,i wi% to publi% an article on ,,cook+ ,,! ,,potato1 to be tak5 f y\r ,h&-,book ( ,practical ,cook]y4 ,i write ?is note to ask :e!r ,i c d ?is ) y\r entire approval4 ,hop+ t su* article may aid our ,am]ican h\sekeep]s to prep>e ! potato = ! table 9 a m palatable & :olesome mann]1 ,i rema9 y\rs v truly1 ,w4 ,t4 ,,wylie4 ,,brooklyn1 ,,c5tral ,,kit*51 ,feb4 #ae1 #ahgj4 ,,rev4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,wylie3 ,,de> ,,sir3 ,y are au?oriz$1 ) ! greate/ pleasure4 ,p4 ,,blot4 ,9 accordance ) ! above au?ority1 ! foll[+ selections h be5 made f ! book nam$3 ,to ,select4--,z a g5]al rule1 ! small] ! eye ! bett] ! potatoes4 ,by cutt+ (f a piece f ! l>g] end1 y asc]ta9 if !y are s\nd2 !y mu/ be :ite1 r$di%1 blui%1 etc41 accord+ to ! species4 ,if spott$1 !y are n s\nd1 & !re=e v inf]ior4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds1 & all ( !m are good :5 s\nd or com+ f a prop] soil4 ,use ! k9d y pref]1 or ^? t are bett] fit = ! way !y are int5d$ to be s]v$4 ,to ,boil4--,be+ naturally wat]y1 potatoes %\ld nev] be cook$ by boil+ except :5 want$ v :ite1 z = croquettes4 ,:5 boil$ :ole1 put !m ( an ev5 size z mu* z possible1 9 ord] to cook !m ev5ly4 ,!y are bett]1 m mealy1 :5 /eam$ or bak$2 b ^? :o h no /eam] mu/1 ( c\rse1 boil !m4 ,cov] !m ) cold wat]1 set on ! fire & boil till done1 !n p\r (f all ! wat]1 put ! pan back on a sl[ fire = five m9utes & well cov]$2 !n use ! potatoes4 ,to ,/eam4--,place !m above a kettle ( boil+ wat]1 9 a k9d ( dra9] made = t purpose1 & adapt$ to ! kettle4 ,! dra9] mu/ be cov]$ tight4 ,!y cook z fa/ z by boil+1 ! degree ( heat be+ ! same4 ,:5 /eam$ ! sk9 is v easily remov$4 ,to ,prep>e4--,if !y are to be boil$1 or /eam$1 or bak$1 x is only necess>y to wa% !m4 ,if want$ peel$1 z = fry+1 etc41 !n comm5ce by cutt+ (f ! g]ms or eyes2 if "y & t5d]1 take ! sk9 (f ) a scrubb+-bru%1 & drop imm$iately 9 cold wat] to keep !m :ite2 if old1 scrape ! sk9 (f ) a knife1 = ! "p imm$iately "u ! sk9 conta9s m nutrim5t ?an ! middle1 & drop 9 cold wat] also4 ,if want$ cut1 ei!r 9 dice1 or l c>pels ( oranges1 or any o!r way1 cut !m above a b[l ( cold wat]1 s t !y drop into x2 = if kept expos$ to ! air1 !y turn r$di% & lose _! nutritive qualities4 ,a l',allem&e4--,/eam1 peel1 & slice ! potatoes4 ,cut "s bread 9 ?9 slices1 & fry bread & potatoes ) a little butt]1 & turn ! :ole 9 a b[l1 du/ well ) sug>1 p\r a little milk all ov]1 & bake = ab\t fifte5 m9utes2 s]ve w>m4 ,a l',anglaise4--,/eam or boil ab\t a qu>t ( potatoes1 & !n peel & slice !m4 ,put two ounces ( butt] 9 a fry+-pan on ! fire1 & put ! potatoes 9 :5 melt$1 toss !m = ab\t t5 m9utes1 add salt1 pepp]1 a little grat$ nutmeg1 & s]ve hot4 ,broil$4--,/eam1 peel1 & slice ! potatoes4 ,lay ! slices on a gridiron1 & place x ov] a r sl[ fire2 h melt$ butt]1 & spread "s ov] ! slices ( potatoes ) a bru%2 z soon z ! "u "p is broil$1 turn ea* slice ov] & spread butt] ov] ! o!r side4 ,:5 done1 di%1 salt1 & s]ve !m hot4 ,a little butt] may be add$ :5 di%$1 accord+ to ta/e4 ,fri$4--,to be fri$1 ! potatoes are cut ei!r ) a vegetable spoon1 9 fillets1 9 slices1 ) a scallop$ knife1 or ) an ord9>y "o1 or cut 9 pieces l c>pels ( oranges1 or ev5 9 dice4 ,:5 cut1 dra9 & wipe !m dry4 ,?is mu/ be done quickly1 s z n to all[ ! potatoes to turn r$di%4 ,h a co>se t[el ready1 !n turn ! potatoes into a col&]1 & imm$iately turn !m 9 ! t[el1 %ake !m a little1 & quickly drop !m 9 hot fat4 ,:5 done1 turn !m into a col&]1 spr9kle salt on !m1 & s]ve hot4 ,be> 9 m9d t fri$ potatoes mu/ be eat5 z hot z possible4 ,fry only "o size at a "t1 z x takes ?ree times z long to fry !m :5 cut 9 pieces z :5 slic$ or cut 9 fillets4 ,to fry !m light or swell$4--,:5 fri$1 turn into ! col&]1 & h ! fat ov] a brisk fire2 leave ! potatoes 9 ! col&] only ab\t half a m9ute1 !n put !m back 9 ! v hot fat1 /ir = ab\t "o m9ute1 & put !m aga9 9 ! col&]1 salt !m1 & s]ve hot4 ,if ! fat is v hot1 :5 dropp$ into x = ! second "t !y w c]ta9ly swell2 !re is no o!r way kn[n to d x4 ,x is z easily done z x is simple4 ,potatoes cut 9 fillets & fri$ are sometimes call$ la ,p>isi5ne2 :5 cut 9 slices or ) a vegetable spoon1 !y are call$ la franaise4 ,potatoes cut ) a vegetable spoon & fri$1 make a good z well z a sightly decoration = a di% ( meat or ( fi%4 ,!y may be fri$ 9 oil also1 b x is m exp5sive ?an 9 fat4 ,!y may be fri$ 9 butt] also1 b x is /ill m exp5sive ?an oil1 & is n bett] ?an fat2 no matt] :at k9d ( fat is us$1 be x l>d1 beef suet1 or skimm+s ( sauces & gravy1 x c n be ta/$4 ,lyonnaise4--,potatoes ,lyonnaise are prep>$ accord+ to ta/e1 t is1 z mu* onion z lik$ is us$1 ei!r 9 slices or *opp$4 ,if y h n any cold potatoes1 /eam or boil "s1 let !m cool1 & peel & slice !m4 ,= ab\t a qu>t ( potatoes1 put two ounces ( butt] 9 a fry+-pan on ! fire1 & :5 melt$ put z mu* onion z y please1 ei!r slic$ or *opp$1 into ! pan1 & fry x till ab\t half done1 :5 add ! potatoes & aga9 two ounces ( butt]2 salt1 pepp]1 & /ir & toss g5tly till ! potatoes are all fri$ ( a f9e1 light-br[n color4 ,x may require m butt]1 z no vegetable absorbs m ?an potatoes4 ,ma%$4--,peel & qu>t] ab\t ?ree p9ts ( potatoes1 z direct$2 put !m 9 a saucepan ) m wat] ?an is necess>y to cov] !m1 & a little salt2 set on ! fire & boil g5tly till done1 dra91 put !m back 9 ! saucepan1 ma% !m well & mix !m ) two ounces ( butt]1 two yolks ( eggs1 salt1 pepp]1 & milk en\gh to make !m ( a prop] ?ickness4 ,set on ! fire = two or ?ree m9utes1 /irr+ ! :ile1 & s]ve w>m4 ,:5 on ! di%1 smoo? !m ) ! back ( a knife or scallop !m1 accord+ to fancy4 ,ma%$ & ,bak$4--,put two ounces ( butt] 9 a /ewpan & set x on ! fire2 :5 hot1 add a tea-spoonful ( p>sley *opp$ f9e1 & a little salt2 five m9utes aft]1 put 9 x a qu>t ( potatoes1 prep>$1 cook$1 peel$1 & ma%$1 z direct$2 !n p\r on ! :ole1 little by little1 /irr+ cont9ually ) a wood5 spoon1 a p9t ( good milk2 & :5 ! :ole is well mix$1 & becom+ r ?ick1 take f ! fire1 place on ! di%1 !n set 9 a brisk ov5 = five m9utes1 & s]ve4 ,sautees4--,take a qu>t ( "y & t5d] potatoes1 peel !m ) a bru%1 & cut 9 slices4 ,put two ounces ( butt] 9 a fry+-pan on a quick fire2 :5 hot1 put ! potatoes 91 & fry !m till ( a gold5 color2 place !m on a di% )\t any butt]1 spr9kle *opp$ p>sley & salt on1 & s]ve4 ,!y may also be s]v$ )\t p>sley1 accord+ to ta/e4 ,s\fflees4--,/eam a qu>t ( potatoes1 !n peel & ma% !m 9 a saucepan & mix an ounce ( butt] ) !m2 set on ! fire1 p\r into x1 little by little1 /irr+ ! :ile1 ab\t half a p9t ( milk1 /ir a little long] aft] ! milk is 9 & until !y are turn+ r ?ick2 di% ! potatoes1 smoo? or scallop !m ) ! back ( a knife1 & put !m 9 a quick ov5 till ( a prop] color1 & s]ve4 ,9 ,cakes4--,prep>e & cook by /eam a qu>t & a half ( potatoes1 peel & ma% !m2 mix ) !m ! yolks ( five eggs1 half a lemon-r9d grat$1 & f\r ounces ( f9e :ite sug>4 ,put f\r ounces ( butt] 9 a /ewpan & set x on ! fire2 :5 melt$1 put ! mixture 91 /irr+ x ) a wood5 spoon cont9ually2 z soon z x is 9 ! /ewpan1 add ! :ites ( ! five eggs1 well beat52 leave on ! fire only ! "t necess>y to mix ! :ole well toge!r1 & take (f2 :5 ne>ly cold1 add1 if h&y1 & :ile /irr+1 a few drops ( orange-fl[] wat]2 x gives a v good flavor2 !n put ! :ole 9 a t9 m\ld greas$ a little ) butt]2 place 9 a quick ov5 = ab\t ?irty-five m9utes1 & s]ve4 ,) ,butt]1 or ,engli% ,fa%ion4--,put wat] on ! fire ) consid]able salt 9 x2 at ! fir/ boil1 drop a qu>t ( wa%$ potatoes 9 & boil till done1 :5 take (f1 peel1 & put !m :ole 9 a saucepan1 ) butt]1 salt1 pepp]1 & a little nutmeg2 set on a r sl[ fire1 /irr+ g5tly n[ & !n till !y h absorb$ all ! butt]4 ,s]ve w>m4 ,!y absorb a great deal ( butt]4 ,) ,bacon or ,salt ,pork4--,peel & qu>t] ab\t a qu>t ( potatoes4 ,set a saucepan on ! fire ) ab\t f\r ounces ( fat salt pork cut 9 dice 9 x4 ,:5 fri$1 put ! potatoes 94 ,season ) a bun* ( season+s compos$ ( two sprigs ( p>sley1 "o ( ?yme1 & a bay-leaf2 salt & pepp] to ta/e1 & ab\t half a p9t ( bro? or wat]4 ,boil g5tly till cook$1 remove ! bun* ( season+s2 skim (f ! fat1 if any1 & s]ve w>m4 ,x is s]v$ at breakfa/1 z well z entremets = d9n]4 ,) ,cream or ,milk4--,peel & ma% a qu>t ( potatoes1 :5 prep>$ & cook$4 ,put two ounces ( butt] 9 a /ewpan & set x on a good fire2 :5 melt$1 spr9kle 9 x a tea-spoonful ( fl\r1 same ( *opp$ p>sley1 a p9* ( grat$ nutmeg1 & salt2 /ir ) a wood5 spoon five m9utes2 !n add ! potatoes1 & half a p9t ( milk or cream2 keep /irr+ t5 m9utes long]1 take f ! fire1 spr9kle 9 !m half a table-spoonful ( sug>1 & s]ve z w>m z possible4 ,) ,:ite ,sauce4--,clean1 wa%1 & ?r[ a qu>t ( potatoes 9 boil+ wat]1 ) a sprig ( ?yme1 two onions1 a bay-leaf1 two sprigs ( sweet basil1 two cloves1 salt1 & pepp]2 :5 cook$1 take ! potatoes out c>efully1 peel & cut !m 9 two1 place !m on a w>m di%1 p\r on !m a :ite sauce1 & s]ve w>m4 ,,! ,,potato3 ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,descriptions4 ,we propose to add a few pages ( illu/rations ( ! new v>ieties1 toge!r ) descriptions ( ! same4 ,a numb] ( ^! 7 giv5 9 ! pamphlet issu$ la/ ye>1 & are reproduc$ f t4 ,9 case a new edition is call$ =1 x is likely t a numb] ( additional cuts w be add$ to x4 ,we w\ld call att5tion to ! report ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made on ! f>ms connect$ ) ! ,agricultural ,college ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,!re are v _m que/ions connect$ ) ! cultivation ( ! potato :i* c be answ]$ satisfactorily only by c>eful & repeat$ exp]im5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,excelsior4 ,se$l+ ( ,e>ly ,goodri*1 n[ six ye>s old1 & is claim$ to comb9e m good qualities ?an any o!r potato4 ,d4 ,s4 ,heffron1 ( ,utica1 orig9at$ x4 ,is said to be productive1 e>ly1 & ( good keep+ qualities4 ,,massasoit4--,a new v>iety f ,we/]n ,massa*usetts1 resembl+ ! ,h>rison 9 appe>ance1 b e>li] & ( mu* bett] quality2 fle% :ite1 cooks dry & mealy1 & altoge!r a sup]ior v>iety2 /rongly recomm5d$ = a g5]al crop4 7,see next page47 ,,bellefonte1 ,febru>y #ab1 #ahgj4 ,,rev4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,wylie3 ,,de> ,,sir3 ,i inclose an extract f ! report1 suitable1 ,i ?9k1 = ! pamphlet4 ,h4 ,n4 ,,mcalli/]4 ,,agricultural ,,college ,,( ,,p5nsylvania4 ,f an int]e/+ & in/ructive report ( ! ,pr(essor ( ,agriculture to ! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees ( ! ,agricultural ,college ( ,p5nsylvania1 = #ahfi1 9 relation to ! results ( exp]im5ts made ^u ! ?ree sev]al exp]im5tal f>ms connect$ ) t in/itution1 we make ! foll[+ extracts t\*+ ! ,potato1 v]ify+ & illu/rat+ "s ( ! pr9ciples set =? 9 ! above essay3 #a/4--,v>ieties4 ,( upw>d ( ?irty diff]5t v>ieties exp]im5t$ ^u1 ! ,e>ly ,goodri*1 ,e>ly ,rose1 & ,h>rison are among ! be/ & mo/ prolific4 ,,l ,,weights ,,( ,,se$ ,,^u ,,equal ,,areas ,,( ,,gr\nd4 #b;d4--,diff]5t ,modes ( ,prep>+ ! ,se$4 ,,c5tral ,,f>m4--,"o f\r? ( ,plot ,no4 #aa--;,e>ly ,goodri*--cut tub]s1 yields #ejj p\nds1 equal to #bhf bu%els p] acre2 l>ge & :ole tub]s1 yields #daj p\nds1 equal to #bcd bu%els p] acre2 m$ium-siz$ tub]s1 yields #dai p\nds1 equal to #bci bu%els p] acre2 & small tub]s1 yields #dhf p\nds1 equal to #bgh bu%els p] acre4 #c;d4--,comb9$ ,div]sity betwe5 ,soil & ,sub-soil & ,common ,pl[+4 ,,c5tral ,,f>m4--,! #d plots1 ,nos4 #aa1 #af1 #aaf1 & #daf--soil & subsoil pl[+--yields #fbjj p\nds1 equal to #bba bu%els p] acre2 ! #b plots1 ,nos4 #baf & #caf--;common pl[+--yields #ahde p\nds1 equal to b #aca bu%els p] acre4 #d?4--,div]sity betwe5 ,lett+ all ,spr\ts ,gr[ & ,?9n+ to ,?ree 9 ea* ,hill44 ,,ea/]n ,,f>m4--,plot ,no4 #bjh3 ,monitors2 l>ge & :ole tub]s1 #ba-a_/b p\nds2 n ?9n$2 ,moro ,philips's sup]phosphate2 yield #aagd p\nds1 equal to #afh bu%els p] acre4 ,plot ,no4 #bji3 ,monitors2 l>ge & :ole tub]s1 #bc p\nds2 ?9n$2 ,moro ,philips's sup]phosphate2 yield #ajdb p\nds1 equal to #adi bu%els p] acre4 ,plot ,no4 #baj3 ,monitors2 l>ge & :ole tub]s1 #ae p\nds2 n ?9n$2 /able manure2 yield #hfj p\nds1 equal to #abd bu%els p] acre4 ,plot ,no4 #baa3 ,monitors2 l>ge & :ole tub]s1 #ad-a_/b p\nds2 ?9n$2 /able manure2 yield #hci p\nds1 equal to #aai bu%els p] acre4 #e?4--,div]sity f ,"t ( ,cutt+ ! ,se$-,potatoes44 ,plot ,no4 #bbb3 ,monitors2 cut two weeks be=e plant+2 yield #ehj p\nds1 equal to #hc bu%els p] acre4 ,plot #bbc3 ,monitors2 cut at "t ( plant+2 yield #hai p\nds1 equal to #aag bu%els p] acre4 ,plot #bbj3 ,e>ly ,%aw2 cut two weeks be=e plant+2 yield #gfd p\nds1 equal to #ajj bu%els p] acre4 ,plot #bba3 ,e>ly ,%aw2 cut at "t ( plant+2 yield #ijg p\nds1 equal to #abi bu%els p] acre4 ,illu/ration3 ,massasoit4 ,illu/ration ,bresee's ,pe]less1 or ,no4 #f4 ,! late/ & be/ ( all ,mr4 ,bresee's se$l+s = ! ma9 crop4 ,?is is also a se$l+ ( ! ,g>net ,*ili1 & orig9at$ f ! same se$-ball z ! ,e>ly ,rose2 sk9 dull :ite1 occasionally russet$2 eyes %all[1 oblong2 fle% :ite1 mealy2 gr[s to a l>ge size1 (t5 weigh+ f "o & a half to two p\nds1 & enorm\sly productive4 ,at a trial be=e a committee ( ! ,massa*usetts ,horticultural ,society1 9 ,septemb] la/1 ?is v>iety obta9$ m votes z to quality ?an any o!r ( ,bresee's se$l+s4 ,,table ,,( ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,try ,,x ,,& ,,report ,,results4 lbs4 ,two p\nds l>ge-siz$ potatoes1 plant$ :ole #jj cut into qu>t]s #jj cut to s+le eyes #jj cut to s+le eyes & plant$ f\r 9 a hill #jj plant$ 9 drills1 fifte5 in*es betwe5 ! sets1 #jj ,two p\nds small potatoes1 plant$ :ole #jj cut 9 two pieces #jj ,two p\nds cut to s+le eye1 & work$ 9 ridges #jj ! surface kept flat #jj ,to ^! add su* o!r exp]im5ts z may be int]e/+ to y4 ,weigh ! product ( ea* c>efully1 & report weight1 av]age1 size ( ea* lot1 & quality4 ,illu/ration ,brezee's ,k+ ( ! ,e>lies4 ,rais$1 9 #ahfb1 by ,alb]t ,brezee1 ( ,hubb>dton1 ,vt41 f a ball ( ! ,g>net ,*ili4 ,v9es ( m$ium height1 or a little less1 & be>+ no balls2 leaves l>ge2 tub]s l>ge & h&some1 r\ndi% & slightly flatt5$2 eyes small1 & some:at p9ki%2 sk9 fle%-color$1 or dull p9ki% :ite2 fle% :ite1 cooks well1 & is ( ! be/ quality = ! table4 ,has prov5 ?us f> v h>dy4 ,! v>iety w n be s5t out until ! spr+ ( #ahgj4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,e>ly ,,mohawk ,,potato4 ,orig9at$ 9 ,mi*igan1 9 #ahff1 f a cross ( ! ,pea*bl[ & ,brick ,eye4 ,x is ( oblong1 r\ndi% %ape1 flatt5$ at ! ends4 ,sk9 light p9k1 ) p9k blu% ne> ! eye4 ,eyes slightly sunk51 fle% :ite1 cooks dry & mealy1 & ( sup]ior flavor4 ,rip5s f six to t5 days e>li] ?an ! ,rose1 ( uni=m l>ge size & b few small ones1 & p]fectly free f ,core or ,holl[ ,he>t1 & a sup]ior ,w9t] & ,spr+ v>iety4 ,illu/ration ,brezee's ,prolific4 ,?is v>iety orig9at$ ) ,alb]t ,brezee1 ,esq41 ( ,hubb>dton1 ,vt41 9 #ahfa4 ,mr4 ,brezee 0 ! orig9ator ( ! ,e>ly ,rose1 ! se$ produc+ bo? t & ,brezee's ,prolific be+ f ! same se$-ball1 & bo? are se$l+s ( ! ,g>net ,*ili4 ,! v9es ( ,brezee's ,prolific are ( m$ium height1 q bu%y1 & some:at spread+1 & ) v l>ge leaves2 z yet !y h produc$ no se$-balls4 ,tub]s l>ge1 regul> 9 %ape1 & v smoo?1 slightly oblong1 & v mu* flatt5$2 sk9 dull :ite1 incl9$ to be russet$2 eyes b little depress$ & slightly p9ki%2 fle% :ite1 r>ely if ev] holl[2 cooks quickly1 & is v mealy & ( excell5t quality4 ,yield v l>ge1 matur+ ?ree weeks lat] ?an ! ,e>ly ,rose4 99 99 99 99 99 ,rules ,wor? ,obs]v+4--,an exp]i5c$ cultivator says1 ,my exp]i5ce leads me to lay d[n ! foll[+ z safe rules3 ,i4 ,z e>ly z possible1 lay y\r plans = ! next season's plant+1 & manure & "w y\r gr\nd accord+ly1 9 advance4 ,,ii4 ,secure ! be/ se$1 ev5 if x co/ y two or five times z mu* z a common & less valuable sort4 ,,iii4 ,always get a new1 improv$ v>iety1 z soon z x has be5 te/$ & prov$4 ,rememb] ! pr(it is ma9ly made by ! e>ly cultivators4 ,:5 x gets s common t y c buy *eap1 y w h to sell *eap1 too4 ,,iv4 ,buy only f reliable deal]s1 & be sure y get ! g5u9e article4 ,v4 ,,buy1 or at lea/ ,,ord]1 if y possibly c1 9 ! fall or w9t]2 y ?us save ! spr+ rise ( prices4 ,,vi4 ,lib]al outlay = se$1 manure1 tools1 & "w gives t5-fold ! l>ge/ return 9 money1 z well z satisfaction4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,gleason4 ,also a se$l+ ( #ahfj1 ( ! ,p9k ,eye ,ru/y ,coat1 ,no4 #ae1 :i* x closely resembles4 ,:5 two ye>s old1 ,mr4 ,goodri* describ$ x ?us3 ,longi%1 ru/y1 copp]y2 leaves & v9es d>k gre52 fl[]s :ite2 a v hopeful sort4 ,septemb] #bi?1 #ahfc1 at digg+ "t1 he add$3 ,v nice2 _m 9 ! hill2 no disease4 ,! two seasons1 #ahfe & #ahff1 "u ,dr4 ,gray's cultivation1 ?is v>iety yield$ at ! rate ( f\r hundr$ bu%els to ! acre1 be+ m productive ?an ! p>5t4 ,?is v>iety gives ! be/ satisfaction4 ,! tub]s are n ov]gr[n1 b num]\s2 h f9e-gra9$1 solid fle%1 t cooks :ite4 ,= w9t] use ?is k9d is excell5t4 ,x is a good keep]1 & has a f9e1 ri* flavor1 especially :5 bak$4 ,illu/ration ,will>d4 ,j4 ,j4 ,h4 ,gregory says ( ?is potato3 ,! ,will>d is a se$l+ f ! ,e>ly ,goodri*4 ,x proves to be a half e>ly v>iety1 enorm\sly productive1 & is a potato ( good promise4 ,x is ( a ri* rose color1 spott$ & spla%$ ) :ite4 ,! fle% is :ite4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,e>ly ,,rose4 ,x is a se$l+ ( ! ,g>net ,*ili1 t 0 orig9at$ 9 #ahfa1 by ,alb]t ,brezee1 ,esq41 an intellig5t f>m] ( ,hortonville1 ,vt4 ,i h exp]im5t$ ) x = ?ree ye>s1 & h be5 s well pleas$ ) x t ,i h pur*as$ all ,mr4 ,brezee c\ld sp>e = ! la/ two ye>s1 & h engag$ ! :ole ( 8 small crop = ano!r ye>4 ,x has a /\t1 erect /alk1 ( m$ium height2 l>ge leaves2 fl[]s freely2 be>s no fruit4 ,! tub] is q smoo?1 ne>ly cyl9drical1 v>y+ to flatti% at ! c5tre1 tap]+ gradually t[>d ea* end4 ,eyes %all[1 b %>p & /rongly m>k$4 ,sk9 ?91 t\gh1 ( a dull blui% color4 ,fle% :ite1 solid1 & brittle2 r>ely holl[2 boils ?r\gh quickly2 is v mealy1 & ( ! be/ table quality4 ,x is z heal?y & productive z ! ,e>ly ,goodri*1 matures ab\t t5 days e>li]1 & is its sup]ior = ! table4 ,! cut is a good outl9e ( ?is beautiful & excell5t sort4 ,i consid] x ! mo/ promis+ v e>ly potato ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 & ,i h tri$ ne>ly all ! e>ly sorts ( ! c\ntry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h[ to ,d\ble ,y\r ,crop1 :5 y h ,new & ,r>e ,k9ds4--,9 an ord9>y hot-b$ or cold frame1 put "s six in*es ( good1 loose1 ri* soil2 split y\r potato1 & lay x cut side d[n ab\t ?ree in*es "u ! surface4 ,:5 ! spr\ts are f\r or five in*es high1 lift ! potato1 slip (f ! spr\ts1 & plant !m4 ,y c !n cut ! tub] into s+le eyes1 & plant z usual4 ,! crop f ! spr\ts w rip5 two weeks be=e ! o!rs4 ,i made #dj ?is ye> by try+ ?is ) a h&ful ( potatoes4 ,e read] is welcome to x1 & may make z mu* or m ?an ,i did1 if he secures a few p\nds ( ! new] & co/ly b valuable k9ds4 ,w4 ,e>ly ,goodri*4 ,a se$l+ ( ! ,cusco ( #ahfj4 ,9 #ahfb1 ,mr4 ,goodri* describ$ x3 ,r\nd to longi%2 sometimes a crease at ! ins]tion ( ! root2 :ite2 fl[]s bright lilac2 7produces7 _m balls2 yield l>ge4 ,table quality is already v good4 ,?is sort is ,no4 #a e way4 ,he said to me 9 ! spr+ ( #ahfd3 ,?is e>ly sort gives me m satisfaction ?an any o!r ,i h ev] gr[n4 ,?is v>iety rip5s z e>ly z ! ,a%leaf ,kidney2 on ri* soil yields f #bej to #cej bu%els p] acre2 has nev] %[n any disease2 is :ite-fle%$1 & ( sup]ior quality4 ,! above description by ,d4 ,s4 ,heffron is fully su/a9$ by my exp]i5ce4 ,i notic$ at d9n] to-day1 7,nov4 #ag?17 e potato 9 a l>ge di%ful _h crack$ its sk91 & f mo/ ( !m ! sk9 _h peel$ itself half (f4 ,w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,rev4 ,w4 ,f4 ,dixon1 ( ,p9e ,grove1 gives ! results ( 8 exp]i5ce 9 ! foll[+ note3 ,,p9e ,,grove1 ,,m]c] ,,co41 ,,pa41 ,septemb] #bj1 #ahfh4 ,a ye> ago la/ spr+1 a fri5d gave me ?ree e>ly ,goodri* potatoes1 :i* ,i plant$ f\r eyes 9 a hill1 & la/ fall ,i rais$ ov] "o bu%el4 ,i _h ! ,buckeye plant$ 9 ! same lot4 ,! ,goodri* produc$ ab\t f\r times z mu* to ! hill z ! ,buckeye4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our c\ntry may well honor ! memory ( ,rev4 ,c4 ,e4 ,goodri*1 :o1 by p]sev]+ exp]im5ts & pati5t toil1 has produc$ su* wond]ful results4 ,8 success %\ld /imulate e f>m] to make a simil> l9e ( exp]im5ts4 ,potato ,crop ( ,new ,york ,/ate4--,! total potato crop ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 ?is ye>1 is ab\t #be1jjj1jjj bu%els4 ,! six great potato c\nties are ,wa%+ton1 ,r5ssela]1 ,s>atoga1 ,monroe1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & ,g5esee4 ,only "o o!r c\nty 7,oneida7 produces #cjj1jjj bu%els2 ?ree o!rs1 #fjj1jjj2 "o1 #ejj1jjj2 six1 #djj1jjj4 ,new ,york c\nty returns a crop ( #agjj bu%els4 ,! entire crop ( ! ,/ate1 #be1jjj1jjj bu%els1 is rais$ on #bed1djc acres ( l&4 ,! ?ree c\nties 9 ! ,/ate :i* produce ! mo/ potatoes jo9 ea* o!r1 viz41 ,wa%+ton1 ,r5ssela]1 & ,s>atoga--_! aggregate production rea*+ )9 a fraction ( #b1ejj1jjj bu%els1 or m ?an "o-eigh? ( ! total product ( ! :ole ,/ate4--,new ,york ,obs]v]4 ,,h>ison4 ,mr4 ,heffron gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is v>iety3 ,x is a bro!r ( ! ,e>ly ,goodri*--a se$l+ ( ! ,cusco ( #ahfj4 ,:5 two ye>s old1 ,mr4 ,goodri* describ$ x ?us3 ',:ite1 l>ge1 n s deep eyes z ! p>5t1 nice4' ,9 #ahfc1 ,mr4 ,goodri* _h elev5 & a half bu%els2 & ?\gh x 0 a bad ye> = disease1 & ?is a "y & t5d] se$l+1 :5 he ov]haul$ 8 se$l+s1 ,janu>y #bi?1 #ahfd1 he made ?is entry 9 8 book3 ,all p]fect1 f9e4 ,x has a smoo? :ite sk91 :ite fle%1 & is ! mo/ solid ( l>ge potatoes1 hav+ no holl[ at ! c5tre4 ,x is enorm\sly productive1 yield+ z well z ! p>5t ,cusco1 & exce$s all o!rs2 its =m is good1 table quality excell5t2 keeps well2 rip5s t5 days e>li] ?an ! ,g>net ,*ili1 & ?us f> is z h>dy z ! ,g>net ,*ili4 ,among w9t] sorts ?is potato mu/ soon hold z high a place z is conc$$ to ! ,e>ly ,goodri* among ! e>ly sorts4 ,illu/ration ,to ,keep ,potatoes dur+ ,w9t]4--,z soon z dry aft] digg+1 pick up & h&le c>efully2 /ore 9 a dry1 well-air$1 cool cell>1 free f fro/1 ei!r 9 b9s rais$ a little f ! bottom ( ! cell>1 or 9 b>rels hav+ at lea/ two holes bor$ ?r\gh ! /aves ne> ! bottom1 & lay ! top head on1 ov] a la?1 s z to exclude ! light )\t prev5t+ a free circulation ( air4 ,also spr9kle among ! potatoes ab\t half a p9t ( rec5tly slack$ quick-lime to ea* b>rel4 ,if b9s are us$1 cov] !m ov] suffici5tly to exclude ! mo/ ( ! light4 ,air ! cell> all w9t]1 z (t5 z ! temp]ature outside w admit ( x4 ,,climax4 ,illu/ration ,x has a /\t1 erect /alk1 ( full m$ium height1 int]nodes ( m$ium l5g?1 & v l>ge leaves2 ! tub] is above m$ium 9 size1 q smoo?1 9 =m ( a %ort cyl9d] swell$ out at ! c5tre1 occasionally slightly flatt5$1 & t]m9at+ r abruptly2 eyes %all[1 %>p1 sometimes swell$ out or project+1 & always /rongly def9$2 sk9 m$ium ?ickness1 consid]ably nett$ or russet1 t\gh1 :ite2 fle% entirely :ite1 solid1 heavy1 brittle1 & nev] holl[1 & x boils ?r\gh quickly1 ) no h>d core at c5tre or /em1 is mealy1 ( fl\ry :it5ess1 & ( sup]ior table quality4 ,illu/ration ,e>ly ,pr9ce4 ,! ,e>ly ,pr9ce is a se$l+ ( ! ,e>ly ,york1 & 0 propagat$ 9 #ahfd4 ,x has prov$ to be f a week to t5 days e>li] ?an ! ,e>ly ,rose1 z f> z size & solidity are conc]n$1 & f two to ?ree weeks e>li] 9 quality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,e/abli%$ ,,9 #ahdb4 ,a ,good1 ,*eap1 & v ,valuable ,pap] = ,e ,man1 ,woman1 & ,*ild ,,9 ,,city1 ,,village1 ,,& ,,c\ntry4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,agriculturi/1 ,,= ,,! ,f>m1 ,g>d51 & ,h\sehold1 ,includ+ a ,special ,dep>tm5t ( ,int]e/+ & ,in/ructive ,read+ = ,*ildr5 & ,y\?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,agriculturi/ is a l>ge p]iodical ( =ty-f\r qu>to pages1 beautifully pr9t$1 fill$ ) pla91 practical1 reliable1 orig9al matt]1 & conta9+ hundr$s ( beautiful & in/ructive ,engrav+s 9 e annual volume4 ,x conta9s ea* mon? a ,cal5d> ( ,op]ations to be p]=m$ on ! ,f>m1 9 ! ,or*>d & ,g>d51 9 & ar\nd ! ,dwell+1 etc4 ,! ?\s&s ( h9ts & sugge/ions giv5 9 e volume are prep>$ by practical1 intellig5t work+m51 :o "k :at !y write ab\t4 ,! ,h\sehold ,dep>tm5t is valuable to e h\sekeep]1 af=d+ v _m useful h9ts & directions calculat$ to light5 & facilitate indoor "w4 ,! ,dep>tm5t = ,*ildr5 & ,y\? is prep>$ ) special c>e1 to furni% n only amusem5t1 b also to inculcate k & s\nd moral pr9ciples4 ,,t]ms--,engli% ,edition4 ,! circulation ( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,agriculturi/ is s l>ge t x c be furni%$ 7po/age prepaid by ! publi%]s7 at ! l[ price ( #a4ej a ye>2 f\r copies1 "o ye>1 = #e2 six copies1 "o ye>1 = #g2 t5 or m copies1 "o ye>1 #a ea*2 s+le copies1 #ae c5ts ea*4 ,,try ,,x ,a ,,ye>4 ,a ,g]man ,edition1 conta9+ all ! pr9cipal articles & engrav+s ( ! ,engli% ,edition1 & o!r matt] ( special int]e/ to ,g]man-,am]icans1 is furni%$ at ! same rates z above /at$ = ! ,engli% ,edition1 po/age prepaid by ! publi%]s4 ,,orange ,,judd ,,company1 ,publi%]s & ,proprietors1 ,no4 #gea ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city4