,transcrib]'s ,note  ,typographical     
errors 9 ! orig9al h be5 ma9ta9$ 9 ?is  
v]sion4 ,!y are m>k$ ) a ,,tn-4 ,a li/ (
 ! errors is f\nd at ! end ( ! pres5t   
text4  ,! foll[+ codes are us$ = *>act]s
 t are n f\nd 9 ! "* set us$ = ?is      
ebook3    o  ,,lat9 ,,small ,,lett] ,o  
,,) ,,d\ble ,,acute   ',s  ,,lat9       
,,capital ,,lett] ,s ,,) ,,acute        
,,pap]s                              ,,(
 ,,!             ,,peabody ,,museum ,,( 
,,am]ican ,,ar*aeology ,,&              
,,e?nology1 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity         
,,vol4 ,,vi4--,no4 #a                   
,,comm5t>y                       ,,^u   
,,! ,,maya-,,tz5tal                     
,,p]ez ,,codex                    ,,) ,a
 ,,conclud+ ,,note ,,^u ,,!             
,,l+ui/ic ,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,maya      
,,glyphs                                
,,by                          ,,william 
,e4 ,,gates    ,,pr(essor ,,9 ,,s*ool   
,,( ,,antiquity1 ,,int]national         
,,!osophical               ,,headqu>t]s1
 ,,po9t ,,loma1 ,,cali=nia              

,,cambridge1 ,,mass4                    
,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,museum             
,,novemb]1 #aiaj       ,illu/ration     
,,! ,,aryan ,,!osophical ,,press   ,po9t
 ,loma1 ,cali=nia     ,,note   ,9       
pres5t+ ?is ,comm5t>y on ! ,codex ,p]ez 
to /ud5ts ( ,am]ican ,ar*aeology1 !     
,peabody ,museum adds ano!r pap] to its 
s]ies relat+ to ! /udy ( ! hi]oglyphic  
writ+ ( ! anci5t peoples ( ,mexico &    
,c5tral ,am]ica4  ,! ,museum is =tunate 
9 add+ to its collaborators ,mr4        
,william ,e4 ,gates1 ( ,po9t ,loma1     
,cali=nia1 :o = m ?an t5 ye>s has be5 an
 e>ne/ /ud5t ( ,am]ican hi]oglyphs4 ,f 8
 lifelong /udies 9 l+ui/ics 9 connection
 ) 8 rese>* 9 ! motifs ( civilizations &
 cultures1 he comes well-equipp$ to take
 up ! difficult & all-absorb+ /udy (    
,am]ican hi]oglyphic writ+4 ,mr4 ,gates 
has mat]ially advanc$ ?is /udy by 8     
reproduction ( ! glyphs 9 type4 ,^!     
type-=ms he has us$ fir/ 9 8            
reproduction ( ! ,codex ,p]ez1 & n[ 9   
?is ,comm5t>y !y are us$ = ! fir/ "t 9  

pr9t+4 ,! me?od us$ 9 ! con/ruction (   
?is font ( type is expla9$ by ,mr4      
,gates 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,?is important 
aid to ! /udy w be highly appreciat$ by 
all /ud5ts ( ,am]ican hi]oglyphs1 z x w 
greatly facilitate ! pres5tation ( !    
results ( future rese>*4  ,x w be se5 t 
?is ,comm5t>y is m 9 ! l9e ( sugge/ion  
to be exp&$ aft] fur!r /udies1 ?an 9 !  
way ( conclusions4  ,at ! close ( ! pap]
 ! au?or pres5ts ! g5]al d$uctions he   
has drawn f 8 comp>ative /udy (         
languages & cultures4 ,8 conclud+       
p>agraph =cibly pres5ts ! hope t !      
und]/&+ ( ! ,maya glyphs w furni% new & 
important data 9 ! life hi/ory ( man4   
,f4 ,w4 ,,putnam    ,,peabody ,,museum  
,octob]1 #aiaj     ,illu/ration3 ,,p]ez 
,,codex3 ,,page #f  ,illu/ration3 ,,p]ez
 ,,codex3 ,,page #ag     ,,! ,,p]ez     
,,codex   ,! ,p]ez ,codex 0 discov]$ j  
fifty ye>s ago by ,pr(4 ,leon de ,rosny1
 :ile se>*+ ?r\gh ! ,biblio!que         
,imp]iale1 ,p>is1 9 ! hope ( br++ to    
light "s docum5ts ( int]e/ = ! !n newly 

awak5$ /udy ( ,pre-,columbian ,am]ica4  
,x 0 f\nd by him 9 a basket among a lot 
( old pap]s1 black ) du/ & practically  
ab&on$ 9 a *imney corn]4 ,f a few words 
) ! "n ,p]ez1 writt5 on a torn scrap (  
pap] !n ar\nd x b s9ce lo/1 x receiv$   
its "n4  ,be+ re/or$ to its prop] place 
9 ! ,libr>y1 x 0 9 #ahfd photograph$ by 
ord] ( ,m4 ,victor ,duruy1 ,m9i/] (     
,in/ruction1 & a few copies issu$ )\t   
fur!r explanatory notes ?an ! pr9t$     
wrapp]s4 ,! numb] ( copies is /at$ by   
,pr(4 de ,rosny to h be5 v small2 9     
,lecl]c's ,bibl4 ,am]4 7#ahgh1 ,no4     
#bbij7 x is giv5 z only #aj1 & 9        
,brasseur's ,bibl4 ,mex4-,guat4 7page   
#ie71 z #ej4 ,a copy is 9 ! libr>y ( !  
,bureau ( ,e?nology at ,wa%+ton1 &      
ref]r$ to 9 _! publications z a mo/     
=tunate acquisition4 ,i _h ! good =tune 
to secure a copy "s t5 ye>s ago1 & "o   
o!r has rec5tly appe>$ 9 a ,leipzig     
catalog at a high price4 ,beyond ^! ,i h
 n trac$ any o!r copy4  ,9 #ahgb ,pr(4  
de ,rosny publi%$ a reproduction1 drawn 

by h&1 :i*1 z /at$ by him lat]1 may be  
disreg>d$ = practical purposes4#g-99  ,9
 #ahhg he issu$ a facsimile edition 9   
colors1 #he copies1 :i* up to ! pres5t  
"t has rema9$ ! only attempt to %[ !    
,codex 9 its prop] colors1 & has become 
exce$+ly difficult to procure2 s mu* s t
 x 0 only aft] sev5 ye>s se>* t ,i 0    
able to secure my own copy4#h-99  ,9    
#ahhh he reissu$ ! ,codex1 uncolor$1 ) !
 same lett]-press1 & 9 an edition ( #ajj
 copies4 ,?is has also become sc>ce4    
,ea* ( ^! ?ree editions has its         
advantages & disadvantages4 ,! color$   
edition ( #ahhg1 hav+ be5 work$ ov] by  
h&1 9 li?ography1 is defective 9 v>i\s  
places1 bo? z reg>ds ! black ( ! figures
 & glyphs1 & 9 ! colors4 ,color+ exi/s  
on ! orig9al codex :i* 0 n reproduc$ at 
all 9 ! edition1 & ! colors giv5 are 9  
_m cases n exact4 ,?us on pages #ai &   
#bj two diff]5t r$s are us$ = !         
backgr\nds1 :]eas b "o is f\nd 9 !      
orig9al2 on pages #ae1 #af ! figures are
 a turquoise gre51 & on pages #ag1 #ah  

an olive gre51 ! correct color = all f\r
 be+ turquoise gre54  ,i h be5 able to  
f9d no inaccuracy 9 ! #ahhh edition1 :i*
 is inde$ /at$ 9 ! introduction to be   
entirely by me*anical process1 )\t h&   
int]v5tion2 b be+ reproduc$ by pr9t]'s  
ink 9 black only1 n only d ! colors n   
appe>1 b ! *romatic values are actually 
f> inf]ior to ! photographs ( #ahfd4 ,x 
0 /at$ fur!r by ,pr(4 de ,rosny t "s    
features ( ! ,,ms4 _h be5 lo/ by        
det]ioration 9 ! #be ye>s previ\s to 8  
editions ( #ahhg & #ahhh1 b ?is ,i h n  
be5 able to v]ify 9 any important po9t4 
,! photographs & ! edition ( #ahhh are  
to all g5]al purposes id5tical2 b1      
not)/&+ t ! photographs are /eadily     
yell[+ by age1 ! *romatic values are s  
f> sup]ior t ,i h cont9ually come to f9d
 !m ! c\rt ( f9al decision 9 d\btful    
matt]s4 ,9 a v consid]able numb] (      
in/ances a close exam9ation ( !         
photographs has sugge/$ ! pres5ce ( fa9t
 l9es ( color on glyphs or figures1 :i* 
0 entirely indi/+ui%able 9 bo? ( ! pr9t$

 editions1 & :i* 0 yet 9 e case         
confirm$1 al?\gh sometimes ) difficulty1
 by ! exam9ation ( ! orig9al ,,ms4  ,!  
prov$ value1 z well z ! sc>city1 ( ^!   
photographs 0 s great1 t 9 #aije ,i _h  
my set photograph$ twice1 by dry & wet  
plate processes1 & a few copies pr9t$   
aft] a c>eful comp>ison & selection ( ! 
two sets ( plates4 ,x is f ^! t ! pres5t
 edition has gr[n4#i-99  ,! pres5t      
edition1 save = ! photographs ?us       
reproduc$1 hav+ be5 entirely r$rawn1 &  
p>tly re/or$1 x is fitt+ to detail j :at
 has be5 done 9 ?is respect4  ,at ! v   
beg9n+ ( my introduction to ,maya /udies
 ! enorm\s burd5s plac$ on rese>* !re9  
at e turn1 bore ^u me z ^u e o!r /ud5t4 
,! subject & its possibilities /imulate 
en?usiasm to ! highe/ degree2 ! rew>ds (
 success are great] ?an ^? ( any l      
problem today2 & yet1 fifty ye>s s9ce ! 
pres5t ,codex 0 discov]$1 & ?irty ye>s  
s9ce ,dr4 ,fo]/emann's unsurpassable    
edition ( ! ,dresd5 ,codex1 ! actual    
work]s on ! problem are ! b>e/ h&ful4 ,a

 few scatt]$ & obscure ref]5ces among/ !
 volumes on volumes ( ,spani% writ]s1   
ne>ly all untranslat$1 mo/ ( !m sc>ce or
 almo/ unprocurable1 & _m n ev5 pr9t$1  
make up ! lit]ature to be se>*$ out4 ,& 
a few po9ts ( deciph]m5t won & safely   
fix$ by ! rese>*]s1 f ,brasseur1 de     
,rosny1 ,p\sse1 ,br9ton & o!rs a        
g5]ation ago1 to ,messrs4 ,b[dit*1      
,sel]1 ,goodman & a few o!rs ( today1   
are all we h--/&+ out 9 a wild]ness (   
guesses by _m writ]s1 ne$less ( nam+4   
,( c\rse ! prime & absolute necessity ( 
su* a /udy is true facsimiles2 b ! task 
( us+ ev5 ^!1 tak5 z !y mu/ be f mu*    
defac$ inscriptions & manuscripts1 is   
too obvi\s = comm5t4 ,s f ! v fir/ ( my 
/udies ,i began to *]i% ?\ghts ( ! day  
:5 ,maya c\ld be pr9t$ ) type1 &        
classifi$ indexes to ! glyphs at h&4 ,f 
"o po9t ( view su* facilities c only be 
expect$ to come aft] deciph]m5t2 f      
ano!r1 9 abs5ce ( bil+ual keys1 !y are a
 necessity be=e t c be atta9$4 ,s f> z 8
 "w cov]s1 a great deal has be5 done 9  

?is l9e by ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,maudslay 9 !   
field ( ! inscriptions4  ,at ! v outset 
!re=e ,i mu/ ent] ackn[l$gm5t ( !       
assi/ance t ,i owe to ! c\rtesy at t "t 
( ,pr(4 ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam1 ( ,peabody     
,museum1 & ,mr4 ,*as4 ,p4 ,b[dit*1 9    
plac+1 ) a fre$om by no means univ]sal  
among curators & rese>*]s1 _! mat]ial at
 my disposal1 ) privilege ( copy+4 ,i am
 safe to say t :ile ,i h reclassifi$ !  
glyphs = my own use z my /udies w5t on1 
yet )\t ! copy :i* by ,mr4 ,b[dit*'s    
c\rtesy ,i 0 all[$ to make ( 8 c>d index
 to ! glyphs ( ! ?ree codices1 z a />t1 
?is edition ( ! ,p]ez ,codex w\ld n yet 
h rea*$ daylight ?r\gh ! _m o!r         
occupations among :i* ,maya /udies h _h 
to take _! *ances4  ,at fir/ x seem$    
possible to prep>e a font ( sep>ate     
types = ! v>i\s elem5ts ( ! comp\nd     
glyphs we f9d 9 ! texts2 b aft] hav+ su*
 a font made a numb] ( ye>s ago1 & pr9t+
 a c\ple ( pages ( ! ,dresd5 ,codex1 !  
result 0 unsatisfactory2 x became evid5t
 t ! prop] ,maya font ( type mu/ be bo? 

sep>ate & composite1 z is us$ 9 ,*9ese1 
& n sep>ate only z we h = ,egyptian4 ,! 
type = ! text c>ds ( ?is edition h !re=e
 be5 made ?is way4  ,z to ! color$      
plates ( ! ,codex h]e)1 x is evid5t t   
no?+ :atev] is ga9$ by pres]v+ !        
irregul>ities ( ! defac$ p>ts ( !       
,codex1 :ile ev]y?+ is to be ga9$ by    
mak+ all z cle> & di/9ct z possible4 ,! 
fir/ /ep !re=e 0 to h a set (           
photograph$ enl>gem5ts ( two diamet]s1  
made direct f ! #ahfd issue4 ,f ^! ,i   
made c>eful trac+s1 myself1 ( ! black   
figure & glyph l9es ( ! orig9al1 mak+ at
 ! same "t ! sep>ate enl>g$ draw+s f :i*
 ! type 7 aft]w>ds made4 ,at ?is fir/   
draw+ only ! evid5t1 ! indisputable p>ts
 7 drawn4 ,! type =ms 7 !n classifi$1   
arrang$ 9 p>allel columns1 & comp>$4    
,all 0 !n gone ov]1 & new po9ts settl$  
on ! basis ( ! famili>ity ?us ga9$4 ,x  
is a fair e/imate to say t ?is process (
 *eck+ & v]ify+ 0 gone ?r\gh1 fir/ to   
la/1 d[n to ! f9al pro(-read+ ( ! pr9t$ 
%eets1 "s fifty times4  ,"o mo/         

important fact 0 e/abli%$ by ?is        
process1 & mu/ be not$4 ,9 ! ,p]ez      
,codex at lea/1 no?+ is to be tak5 =    
grant$1 no?+ *>g$ to a c>eless scribe1 &
 no v>iants reg>d$ z be+ id5tical 9     
value--) a v few exceptions1 to :i* ,i  
%all adv]t lat]4 ,:]ev] !re rema9s en\gh
 ( any glyph to %[ its *>act]i/ic       
/rokes1 x c be reg>d$ z safely indicat$2
 :5ev] ! /rokes are n j ^? *>act]i/ic ( 
any glyph1 x _c be inf]r$4 ,d[n to ! v  
end ( ! v>i\s revisions ,i f\nd myself  
able to add glyphs :i* at fir/ seem$    
hopeless1 & yet :5 once se5 became cle> 
& pla94 ,rely+ on ! pres5ce ( !         
photographs to *eck ! "w1 ,i h ?us add$ 
a v consid]able numb] to ! glyphs at    
fir/ app>5t4 ,9 "s cases1 z 9 #f-;b-#aa 
& #ag1 & especially 9 #h-;b-#g1 #h1 #aj1
 :]e glyphs 7 only p>tially eras$1 b no 
o!r in/ances ( p]fect glyphs exi/$ to   
comp>e !m )1 ,i h let !m alone1 )\t     
attempt+ re/oration4 ,9 %ort1 ,i may h  
made "s errors ( eye1 b ,i h guess$     
no?+4  ,9 a v few places ,i h re/or$    

glyphs totally eras$1 rely+ on !        
p>allelism ( ! passages4 ,su* are "s ( !
 ,ahau-numb]s 9 ! upp] sections ( pages 
#b to #aa1 & 9 ! c5tral sections on ^?  
pages1 ! initial pairs ( glyphs on pages
 #ae to #ah-;a1 b1 c1 ! fir/ columns (  
pages #ai & #bj1 & a few day-signs on   
pages #ba1 #bc & #bd4 ,^! glyphs are all
 necessitat$ by _! diff]5t s]ies1 & h5ce
 c cause no confusions2 :ile x seem$    
advantage\s to h !m be=e ! eye4 ,a fair 
in/ance ( ! proc$ure is %[n on page     
#c-;b-#a1 #c4 ,! temptation 0 /rong to  
put ! usual ,hi]oglyph glyph "h z on all
 ! o!r pages1 b ! slight v>iation 9 !   
l9es left ( glyph #c-;b-#c =bade x4  ,! 
re/oration w fur!r be f\nd a little     
bold] on ! type-c>ds ?an 9 ! color$     
plates1 :]e ,i h 9 g5]al only endeavor$ 
to reproduce :at c\ld be se5 actually   
pres5t4 ,! glyphs re/or$ on ! upp] "p ( 
page #g w\ld seem hopeless at fir/      
sight2 b !y are well-kn[n & common =ms1 
& ! *>act]i/ic traces %[n on !          
photographs belong to ^! & to no o!rs   

kn[n4         99       99       99      
99       99  ,! c>ds ( type-pr9t$ text1 
9 p>allel columns = conv5i5ce ( /udy1   
are self-explanatory4 ,su* an arrangem5t
 has f ! fir/ seem$ to me indisp5sable =
 prop] /udy & comp>ison4 ,! pag+ ( ! de 
,rosny editions ,i h reta9$1 except to  
*ange ! practically blank page #a to be 
page #be1 s9ce to numb] ?is z #a is     
confus+4 ,= ! divisions & ! numb]+ ( !  
glyphs ,i h made my own arrangem5t4 ,x  
is possible t section b on pages #b to  
#aa %\ld only g to ! bottom l9e ( !     
c5tral figure1 leav+ section d to read  
cle> across ! page1 & ano!r section to  
be made to ! left ( ! ne>ly eras$       
figures at ! bottom2 b ! *ances z %[n by
 ! l9+ & arrangem5t ( ! columns seem$ to
 favor x z ,i h giv5 x4 ,only f9al      
deciph]m5t c decide def9itely4          
,,footnotes3  #g-99 ,9 ,ar*ives         
paleographiques de l',ori5t et de       
l',am]ique1 atlas1 t4 ,i1 pl4 #aag-adb4 
#h-99 ,9 8 ,comm5t> zur ,p>is]          
,mayah&s*rift1 ,danzig1 #aijc1 ,dr4     

,fo]/emann does n "k ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is  
edition4  #i-99 ,codex ,p]ez3           
,maya-,tz5tal4 ,r$rawn & ,slightly      
,re/or$1 & ) ! ,color+ z x orig9ally    
/ood1 s f> z possible1 giv5 on ! basis (
 a new & m9ute exam9ation ( ! ,codex    
itself4 ,m\nt$ 9 ! =m ( ! ,orig9al4     
,accompani$ by a ,reproduction ( ! #ahfd
 ,photographs2 also by ! entire ,text ( 
! ,glyphs1 unem5d$ b ) "s re/orations1  
,pr9t$ f ,type1 & arrang$ 9 ,p>allel    
,columns = conv5i5ce ( /udy & comp>ison4
 ,drawn & edit$ by ,william ,e4 ,gates4 
7,privately pr9t$47 ,po9t ,loma1 #aiji4 
,,! ,,colors   ,! colors ( ! ,codex     
af=d$ a numb] ( que/ions = solution1 "s 
( :i* ,i h cle>$ up & embodi$ 9 !       
plates2 a few are ,i believe insoluble4 
,i h also be5 able to add a few :olly   
new po9ts1 n indicat$ by any ( ! prec$+ 
editions4  ,be+ unable to make a p]sonal
 exam9ation ( ! orig9al1 ,i prep>$ f my 
enl>g$ black draw+s1 above m5tion$1     
ano!r full set includ+ ! figures & all  
glyphs or o!r p>ts %[+ any sugge/ions ( 

color4 ,^u ^! ,i prep>$ a li/ ( ne>ly   
#bjj que/ions cov]+ e detail1 toge!r )  
c]ta9 g5]al specifications1 & _h ! :ole 
made ! subject ( a c>eful & exhau/ive   
comp>ison ) ! orig9al at ! ,biblio!que  
,nationale4 ,?is report1 :5 duly return$
 ) ! v>i\s details set out1 ) ! v>i\s   
colors %[n 9 _! exact t9ts by           
wat]-colors1 & ) a special analysis ( ! 
"q ( ! fad+ ( ! colors1 0 aga9 *eck$ &  
v]ifi$ by ! evid5ce ( ! ?ree editions4  
,9 d\btful que/ions aris+ f fad$ colors1
 ,i h s\ght to %[ ! condition ( !       
orig9al z x exi/s today4 ,9 ! solid r$  
backgr\nds & o!r places ,i h aim$ to %[ 
z f> z possible :at ! ,codex look$ l :5 
fre%4  ,?is "q z to :at all ! colors 9  
detail 7 :5 fre%1 ,i d n feel t ,i h q  
solv$4 ,! foll[+ palette s*eme seems to 
me ab\t z ne> z ! data p]mit u to       
=mulate4  ,a p]man5t black1 be+ ! p>ts  
reproduc$ 9 black 9 ! pres5t edition4   
,a brick-r$1 t+$ ) crimson1 us$ =       
backgr\nds1 r$ num]als1 & probably      
else:]e4 ,?is we may call unfad+ r$4  ,a

 g5u9e br[n1 z on ! animals1 pages      
#e-;a1 #h-;a2 p]haps also else:]e z l9+ 
ornam5t4  ,a pale p9k z fle% color on ! 
human figures4  ,a blue1 z on ! possible
 katun numb] s]ies on pages #bc & #bd4  
,a turquoise-gre51 ) v>y+ am\nts ( blue 
t+e1 on ! spott$ figures & 9 ! num]al   
columns ( pages #ae to #ah2 also1 )     
some:at less ( ! blue1 = ! wat] b&s on  
pages #ba to #bd4  ,! above colors are  
all def9ite & positive4  ,!n next appe>s
 a br[ni% color us$ = l9+ or ornam5t+   
v>i\s glyphs1 & ! clo?+1 headdress1     
etc41 etc41 ( ! figures4 ,we f9d _m     
%ades f a pale neutral up to a d>k] cle>
 br[n1 & also a def9itely r$di%1 z on ! 
tail ( ! bird on ! "r side ( page #bc4  
,?is br[n may be a fad+ ( ! r$ ( !      
backgr\nds & num]als1 b ! p]man5ce ( !  
color 9 ^! latt] places is s positive t 
,i believe x is n s4 ,i ?9k x %\ld be   
reg>d$ z sep>ate4  ,we next come to a   
color "q relat$ directly to deciph]m5t1 
t ( ! v difficult num]al columns on     
pages #ae to #ah4 ,!re is no practical  

reason disc]nable = ! use ( alt]nat+    
colors save ! avoidance ( confusion     
betwe5 b> comb9ations4 ,?ree b>s toge!r 
( diff]5t colors /& ( c\rse = ?ree #e's2
 ( "o color !y w\ld make a s+le numb]   
#ae4 ,we !re=e f9d "h our above black1  
r$ & blue-gre5 alt]nat+ & cle>ly m>k$ 9 
places2 b we also f9d _m num]als ( v>y+ 
%ades ( br[ni%1 bi/re & grayi%4 ,i call$
 = especial c>e 9 ! exam9ation ( ^!     
po9ts on ! orig9al ,codex1 & !          
wat]-color %eets & explanatory notes %[ 
9 detail ! facts ( ! pres5t /ate ( !    
,codex4 ,prior to ! exam9ation ,i       
suppos$ t ^! fad$ num]als 7 a fad$ r$1 b
 ?is is /at$ 9 ! report to be c]ta9ly n 
! case2 ! sugge/ion is made t !y are    
probably fad$ blacks4  ,f ! latt]       
conclusion ,i am incl9$ 9 "p to diss5t1 
at lea/ z to c]ta9 passages1 = two      
reasons4 ,^! are1 fir/ ! actual p]man5ce
 ( ! above not$ ma9 colors1 ev]y:]e     
else2 & second1 passages 9 ! second     
columns ( pages #af & #ag4 ,9 ea* ( ^!  
we f9d fad$ br[n or gray b>s1 s plac$   

betwe5 or next to pla9 black b>s z w\ld 
give1 7 !y fad$ blacks1 m ?an ?ree black
 b>s toge!r4  ,ano!r po9t on page #ag is
 to be not$4 ,9 ! top section1 fir/     
column1 are five blue #c's4 ,"s ( ^!    
blue dots1 z %[n 9 ! #ahhg edition & 9  
my wat]-colors1 h fad$ to ! same light  
br[n se5 else:]e4 ,! br[n & ! blue #e 9 
! second column ( ?is page1 middle      
division1 z j m5tion$1 h also an        
id5tical *romatic value 9 ! photographs4
  ,my :ole conclusion !re=e1 s f> z ,i c
 =mulate "o1 is t 9 ^! columns we h3    
,r$1 black1 & blue-gre5 num]als1 z %[n4 
,"s ( ! blue num]als seem to h be5      
outl9$ ) black1 ( :i* traces /ill appe> 
on ! orig9al1 are se5 9 ! photographs1 &
 indicat$ 9 ! pres5t color plates4      
,sev]al in/ances :]e ! ,codex has be5   
rubb$ s z to leave only ! outl9es (     
orig9al black num]als4 ,^! are n[ gray 9
 ! orig9al1 & ,i h left !m z black      
outl9es1 t\*$ 9 ) gray4  ,f9ally1 a     
numb] ( pale br[n num]als :i* are ei!r  
fad$ blue-gre5s1 or else indicate a f\r?

 color 9 ! orig9al4 ,:i* ( ^!           
alt]natives is ! true "o1 ,i _c say4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,! orig9al ,codex is /ill 9 practically 
z good condition z :5 ! ?ree editions 7 
tak5 f x4 ,! mat]ial ( :i* x is made is 
a maguey pap] ( grayi% t+e1 & n a       
yell[i% br[n z w\ld be inf]r$ f ! #ahhg 
edition4 ,?is is notewor?y1 z ! we>+    
away ( ! coat+ ) :i* ! pap] 0 surfac$ = 
! writ+1 does n leave a br[ni% place    
:i*1 z 9 ! #ahhg edition1 might be      
mi/ak5 = traces ( appli$ color4 ,?is    
coat+ is inde$ bett] pres]v$ 9 places   
?an is %[n by ! #ahhg edition2 ?us !    
headdress at ! extreme left ( page #bj1 
j to ! "r ( ! re/or$ #h ,ezanab on !    
pres5t color plates1 is %[n ) ! coat+   
all eras$ & ! black writ+ z if left on !
 gr\nd-pap]--:i* is incorrect4     ,,!  
,,pages ,,9 ,,detail   ,com+ !n to ! "q 
( ! subject-matt] ( ! ,codex1 ,i feel t 
little is 9 ord] beyond a simple        
analytical description ( ! diff]5t      
pages1 r ?an any attempt at an          

int]pretation4 ,! road ( g5]al d$uctions
 f sup]ficial resemblances betwe5 unkn[n
 elem5ts & ! details ( o!r kn[n ?+s f   
o!r times & places1 is /rewn by ! wrecks
 ( too _m !ories to be attractive       
travel+4 ,i am firmly conv9c$ ( !       
greatness & importance ( ! /udy we h    
be=e u1 & ! exalt$ civilization :i*     
produc$ x2 b ,i d n "k h[ to int]pret ^!
 monum5ts4 ,inde$ ! v p]si/5ce ) :i* !  
int]pretation 7:i* w c]ta9ly be         
self-evid5t & ev]y:]e applicable :5 x   
does f9ally come7 /ill eludes u1 is a   
suffici5t pro( t we h n yet f\nd ! "r   
road4 ,:5 we d1 great doorways to ! pa/ 
( mank9d w op5 ( !mselves1 & we w "k m (
 human life & evolution ?an we n[ guess4
 ,until !n we c only describe1 classify1
 & try to get rid ( "s ( ! me*anical    
imp$im5ta ( ! se>*4  ,:at we h ( ! ,p]ez
 ,codex is manife/ly b a fragm5t2 !     
ext5t ( x orig9ally we h no means ( ev5 
guess+4 ,x is =tunate h[ev] t :at we h  
gives sev]al practically complete *apt]s
 or portions ( ! "w4 ,tak+ fir/ ! side (

 ! ,,ms4 pag$ #b to #ab1 we f9d ! entire
 side cov]$ by a s]ies ( pictures )     
text1 all id5tical 9 arrangem5t4 ,! few 
rema9+ traces on page #ab %[ its lik5ess
 to ! o!rs1 = we see 9 _! prop] places  
p>ts ( ! ,tun-glyph on :i* ! figures on 
! upp] section are seat$2 ( ! ,cimi1    
,tun & ,cauac glyphs j z 9 pages        
#aa-;c-#b1 #f & #h2 also ( ! columns (  
glyphs to ! left1 & traces ( !          
headdress4 ,z w appe> fur!r1 at lea/ two
 m pages are requir$ to complete ?is    
s]ies1 & x is z good a supposition z any
 o!r t !y 7 ^? :i* w\ld be numb]$ #a &  
#ac--t is1 "o be=e page #b & "o aft]    
page #ab4 ,= conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce !      
divisions ( ^! pages may be lett]$ f a  
to e2 a be+ giv5 to ! upp] portion1 b to
 ! left columns ( glyphs1 e to ! l>ge   
middle picture1 & c & d to ! text       
divisions above & bel[ ?is4         99  
99       99       99       99  ,tak+ up 
fir/ ! c5tral figures1 section e1 we f9d
 9 ea* a /&+ figure1 ) c]emonial        
headdress ( v>y+ "*1 (f]+ a dragon's    

head 7a univ]sal symbol ( wisdom7 to    
ano!r figure1 seat$ on a cu%ion$ dais1 !
 side ( :i* be>s v>i\s con/ellation     
signs4 ,! latt] 9 turn ext5ds 8 h&s1    
ei!r hold+ "s object1 or else 9 a simple
 ge/ure4 ,! /&+ figures are all almo/   
completely pres]v$2 ! seat$ ones        
un=tunately l>gely or :olly oblit]at$4  
,9 front ( ! /&+ m9i/rant is a vase (   
(f]+s1 usually a triple ,kan figure1 & 9
 two cases ) knives4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( !   
picture1 fac+ 9 e case b "o t[>ds !     
m9i/rant1 is a bird figure1 diff]5t on  
ea* page1 & hav+ 9 two cases a human    
head4 ,on ea* page is an ,ahau sign ) r$
 num]al1 all ( !m toge!r =m+ a s]ies :i*
 7/>t+ on ! suppos$ page #a ) #d ,ahau7 
gives ! succession #d1 #b1 #ac1 #aa1 #i1
 #g1 #e1 #c1 #a1 #ab1 #aj1 #h1 #f2 9 o!r
 words ! numb]s ( ?irte5 consecutive    
katuns4 ,! ,ahau num]als #ac1 #aa1 #i1  
on pages #c1 #d & #e1 are entirely      
di/9ct1 & en\gh traces appe> on o!r     
pages to e/abli% ?is z a katun s]ies    
beyond "q4 ,if ?is *apt] includes j a   

r\nd ( numb]s x w\ld ( c\rse be complete
 9 #ac pages4 ,! *apt] may be hi/orical 
9 cont5ts1 b ! pres5ce ( ?is num]al     
,ahau-s]ies cle>ly relates ^! pages to  
successive katuns 9 "s way1 :atev] o!r  
be>+s !y may h4 ,! t5 pages ?us 9 "s way
 def9itely h to d ) ! lapse ( #gb1jjj   
days1 or n q #bjj sol> ye>s1 & !        
ext5sion ( ! s]ies to a full cycle ( #bj
 katuns is q likely4 ,! backgr\nd ( ?is 
section e is r$ on ea* alt]nate page4   
,return+ n[ to section a1 we f9d on ea* 
page ?ree figures1 ne>ly all ( p]sons or
 animals1 seat$ on a l>ge base          
,hi]oglyph practically id5tical ) !     
tun-glyph4 ,f\rte5 ( ! backgr\nds to ^! 
figures are r$4 ,above ea* figure !re   
seems to h be5 at lea/ six glyphs1 ( :i*
 b v few are left4 ,above ^! is a space 
entirely eras$4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! section on
 ea* page is a column conta9+ at lea/   
two ,ahaus ) r$ num]als4 ,! num]als ( ! 
upp] r[ exce$ ^? ( ! l[] by #f2 ea* r[  
decreases f page to page by #d4 ,! eras$
 m>g9s ( ! ,,ms4 d n af=d space = ano!r 

picture besides ! ?ree1 on ei!r side1 b 
!y d j give room = ano!r ,ahau-column on
 ! left ( ea* page4 ,if ?is second      
,ahau-column exi/$1 we h aga9 !         
katun-s]ies repeat$ 9 ea* r[ across4 ,if
 x did n exi/1 ! s]ies 7read+ f !       
suppos$ page #a7 ( #ac1 #i1 #e1 etc41 & 
#g1 #c1 #ab1 etc41 decreas+ by #d's1    
give ! numb]s ( successive tuns4 ,once  
aga9 ! "q ( :e!r a simple numb]-r\nd (  
?irte5 t]ms1 or a full r\nd ( tw5ty     
t]ms1 :e!r tuns or katuns1 0 orig9ally  
display$ on ! ,codex1 mu/ be left       
undet]m9$4 ,x is fur!r to be not$ t fa9t
 b exact traces ( a ?ird ,ahau1 on a    
high] l9e1 appe> on page #e1 z well z "s
 d\btful traces on page #h4 ,no def9ite 
relation%ip betwe5 ! pictures ( ?is     
section a & ^? ( section e is app>5t4   
,section b is made up ( #de or m glyphs 
9 ?ree columns4 ,! fir/ column is almo/ 
totally eras$ on e page1 & ,i h         
disreg>d$ x bo? 9 assign+ ref]5ce numb]s
 & 9 ! type c>ds4 ,! o!r two columns ,i 
h numb]$ 9 d\ble column sequ5ce d[nw>ds2

 b ?is c be reg>d$ z solely = conv5i5ce'
 sake4 ,! glyph ,hi]oglyph :i* is ?ree  
times repeat$ at ! beg9n+ ( page #b1 &  
recurs 9 p>allel position repeat$ two to
 five times on ea* page1 is ! mo/ common
 glyph 9 ! :ole ,codex4 ,x is           
id5tifiable probably #ch times1 includ+ 
twice at ! top ( ! eras$ fir/ column on 
page #d4 ,x heads ! second column sev]al
 times on e page1 except #g1 :i* is too 
eras$ = any det]m9ation1 & page #c1 :]e 
a slight v>iation 9 :at is left ( !     
po/fix at b-#c =bade its ins]tion "u !  
rules ,i h giv5 limit+ re/orations4 ,i  
suspect t ?is glyph %\ld be repeat$ at  
#c-;b-#i & #aa-;b-#i1 = ! foll[+ reason4
 ,9 positions b-#f1 b-#h or b-#aj ( ea* 
page occurs a c]ta9 face-glyph          
,hi]oglyph t is f\nd n[h]e else 9 ei!r !
 ,p]ez1 ,dresd5 or ,tro4-,cort4 codices4
 ,if ! initial glyph is repeat$ at      
#c-;b-#i & #aa-;b-#i z sugge/$1 !n 7) a 
slight v>iation on page #d7 ?is s]ies ( 
repetitions ( ! initial glyph w 9 ea*   
case be clos$ by ! face-glyph 9 "q4  ,a 

m>k$ feature ( section b is ! occurr5ce1
 ne> ! bottom ( ea* page1 ( a           
,cauac-sign1 ) or )\t ! ,hi]oglyph      
w+-po/fix1 & ) prefix$ & sup]fix$       
,hi]oglyph num]als1 exactly z is s      
common 9 connexion ) ! ,*u5-sign on !   
,inscriptions4 ,?is ,cauac-sign is      
usually accompani$ by an ,ahau & a ,tun1
 ea* ) num]als t are = ! mo/ "p eras$4  
,?is comb9ation sugge/s di/ance-numb]s &
 dates1 some:at z on ! ,inscriptions2 9 
?is case ! d\ble-numb]$ ,cauacs w\ld /& 
= s _m u9als plus s _m days4 ,! foll[+  
comb9ations1 besides ! "o above1 are    
also f\nd3  ,hi]oglyphs  ,section c     
consi/s ( #af glyphs 9 two r[s1 above ! 
c5tral picture4 ,glyphs #ae & #af on ea*
 page are eras$4 ,! *ief g5]al          
*>act]i/ic is ! frequ5t repetition ( !  
,cimi-comp\nd1 ,hi]oglyph2 ! repetition 
on ea* page ( a ,cauac-sign ) s+le or   
d\ble num]als z 9 section b2 & (        
,tun-comp\nds1 ) ,hi]oglyph subfix & )  
v>y+ prefixes 7frequ5tly faces71 z      
especially see page #e4  ,section d is a

 triple r[ ( glyphs1 orig9ally #ba 9 "s 
in/ances1 b ) _m n[ eras$4 ,i am able to
 e/abli% few g5]al *>act]i/ics = ?is    
section1 save aga9 ! frequ5cy ( !       
,cimi-comp\nd z 9 section c1 ( v>i\s    
,tun-comp\nds1 & ( ! two glyphs         
,hi]oglyph & ,hi]oglyph,,tn-#a ,) !     
exception ( #aj-;b-#d1 ! face ) !       
tau-eye occurs only 9 ?is section d & on
 pages #ae to #ah4 ,?is glyph is        
exce$+ly common bo? 9 ,dres4 &          
,tro4-,cort1 ! =m 9 :i* x appe>s at     
#c-;d-#d1 #f1 ,hi]oglyph occurr+        
7includ+ its second>y comp\nds7 no less 
?an #abf times 9 ,dres4 & #cc times 9   
,tro4-,cort4  ,b5ea? section d are !    
rema9s ( r$ num]als & ( heads &         
headdresses ( figures :i* are n[ too mu*
 eras$ to give any basis = comm5t4  ,a  
mo/ m>k$ feature ( ! ,codex is ! v l>ge 
numb] ( ,tun-comp\nds1 a feature conf9$ 
exclusively1 ) "o exception1 to ! pres5t
 pages #b to #aa1 & pages #bc1 #bd4 ,a  
classifi$ li/ %[s #bh comp\nds ( ?is    
glyph1 ,hi]oglyph #bj ( ^! %[+ ! subfix1

 & comb9$ ) a face or o!r prefix4 ,!    
connexion ( ?is fact ) ! ,tun-bases (   
section a1 & ) ! katun-r\nds %[n by !   
,ahau-s]ies above ref]r$ to1 is manife/4
  ,to sum up ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ?is  
side ( ! ,,ms41 & )\t attempt+ to       
int]pret any sep>ate glyphs1 we f9d !   
foll[+ data3  ,! ,cimi-comp\nd          
,hi]oglyph & its sub-comp\nd ,hi]oglyph 
occurs #be times4  ,! num]al-comp\nd$   
,cauac occurs #bj times4  ,! glyph      
,hi]oglyph occurs #ac times on ?is side 
& once on page #bc4  ,! ,*u5-comp\nd    
,hi]oglyph occurs #ai times & probably  
(t5]--once only on ! o!r side ( ! ,,ms4 
,! v>i\s ,tun-glyphs occur #de times1 on
 ! two sides4  ,! face-glyph ,hi]oglyph 
occurs #aj times4  ,! ,kan-,ymix glyph  
,hi]oglyph occurs #aj times4  ,! glyph  
,hi]oglyph occurs #cg times on ?is side 
&1 ) a prefix & a *ang$ po/fix1 once on 
page #bd4  ,) ! exceptions not$1 none ( 
! above glyphs occur at all on ! rev]se 
side ( ! ,,ms4  ,!re are f9ally #ai     
diff]5t ,yax 7,hi]oglyph7 comp\nds1     

occurr+ 9 all #be times1 #af ( !m on ?is
 side ( ! ,,ms4  ,) ?ree exceptions !   
above glyphs are ! only ones t are      
repeat$ 9 ! ,codex ) any m>k$ frequ5cy4 
,! ?ree exceptions are ! face ) tau-eye1
 already ,hi]oglyph m5tion$1 & ! two    
glyphs occurr+ z an initial ,hi]oglyphs 
pair twelve times on pages #ae to #ah1  
sections a1 b1 c4  ,( mon? signs us$ z  
su* ,i am only ,hi]oglyphs satisfi$ (   
#ab ,cumhu1 at #ah-;b-#d & ( #af ,zac1  
at #d-;c-#g4 ,! glyph ,hi]oglyph at     
#g-;c-#b may also be #a ,yaxk94  ,! only
 c>d9al po9t sign is t ( ! ,we/1        
,hi]oglyph occurr+ at #d-;b-#ad & aga9  
at #af-;a-#f4  ,!re are besides ^!      
num]al ,cauacs1 #ae o!r ,cauac          
,hi]oglyph comp\nds1 occurr+ 9 all #ag  
times on ?is side1 & twice on pages #bc1
 #bd4         99       99       99      
99       99  ,^u turn+ ov] ! ,codex1 we 
f9d t :]eas on ! side we h be5 consid]+ 
! scribe limit$ himself to ! conv5tional
 r$ num]als & backgr\nds1 ) "h & !re a  
t\* ( br[n1 ^u ?is o!r side we h a weal?

 ( color unit$ ) a h>mony ( composition 
& /ructure t m>ks a v high degree (     
arti/ic skill4 ,x is n alone ! accuracy 
( ! draw+ & ! writ+1 su* z we h not$ 9  
connexion ) ! /udy ( ! glyphs1 b ! :ole 
manuscript z x lies op5 be=e u %[s t    
s5se ( proportion1 t ability to unify   
)\t seem+ ef=t a multitude ( details    
into a p]fectly balanc$ :ole1 :i* is !  
positive m>k ( develop$ & g5u9e culture4
 ,:5 we rememb] ! exce$+ difficulty (   
comb9+ prim>y colors into a brilliancy t
 is n g>i%1 & ! equal difficulty (      
a*iev+ arti/ic ma/]y 9 a conv5tional    
treatm5t ( =ms1 we are simply =c$ to    
recognize t we h "h ! evid5ce ( an      
advanc$ s*ool ( art ) full rights (     
indep5d5t citiz5%ip4 ,if ! figures look 
/range & sometimes di/ort$1 we mu/      
rememb] t our :ole tra9+ has be5 9 !    
reali/ic s*ool1 by :i* we are prone to  
judge all o!rs1 b by :i* !y mu/ n be    
judg$4 ,we h no m "r to weigh ^!        
compositions 9 ! scales ( our art motifs
 ?an we h to weigh ,greek rhy?m (       

quantity or ,saxon ( allit]ation aga9/  
our weights by :i* we measure rhy?m (   
rhyme & /ress4 ,9 fact x is impossible =
 u ev5 to judge conc]n+ ! true h>monic  
effect ( ^! o!r measures1 & x may well  
be d\bt$ :e!r ! v s\l itself ( our met] 
is n empty & t9ny z comp>$ ) ^!         
o!rs--quality = quality4  ,!re is "o    
great broad l9e t divides ! nations &   
civilizations ( ! e>?1 pa/ & pres5t1 9  
all _! arts ( expression4 ,we may call x
 t ( ! ideographic z aga9/ ! lit]al4 ,x 
controls ! inn] =m ( language & (       
languages2 x manife/s 9 ! passage (     
?\ght f man to man2 x det]m9es :e!r !   
writ+ ( ! p %all be hi]oglyphic or      
alphabetic2 x gives bo? life & =m to !  
ideals ( _! art4 ,x is a di/9ction t 0  
cle>ly recogniz$ by ,wilhelm von        
,humboldt1 :5 he laid d[n t !           
incorporative *>act]i/ic ess5tial to all
 ! ,am]ican languages is ! result ( !   
exaltation ( ! imag9ative ov] !         
ratioc9ative elem5ts ( m9d4  ,! "t has  
pass$ :5 we ?9k t ! abs5ce ( our        

p]spective draw+ 9 ,japanese pictures is
 due to ! fact t ^! *ildr5 ( nature nev]
 happ5$ to recognize t a ?+ looks small]
 9 proportion to its di/ance1 s t !y    
ought to come to u to le>n4 ,we h come1 
9 "s measure if n yet fully1 to         
recognize t :]eas we %[ a ?+ to ! eye1  
^! o!r peoples sugge/ a ?\ght to ! m9d1 
by _! pictures4 ,& we %\ld rememb]1 &   
rememb] always1 t :ile our mod]n art    
hav+ won its te*nical & arti/ic skill )9
 ! pa/ few hundr$ ye>s1 is n[ beg9n+ to 
emancipate itself f ! mat]ialism ( ! eye
 by ef=ts t[>ds ! impressioni/ me?ods1  
^! anci5t peoples _h long s9ce arriv$ at
 ! ability to convey impressions ?r\gh !
 m$ium ( h>moni\s compositions ( ! mo/  
rigid conv5tional elem5ts--an arti/ic   
a*ievem5t :i* ^? :o "k its difficulties 
c alone beg9 to appreciate4  ,x may be q
 easily =giv5 to "o tra9$ ) ,we/]n1     
mod]n eyes1 :o at fir/ sight ( ^!       
monum5ts1 9 total ignorance ( _! mean+s1
 sees !m z /range or grotesque4 ,b :51 z
 _! /rang5ess we>s away1 "o comes to see

 ! unfail+ accuracy ) :i* ! glyphs are  
drawn1 "o's op9ion ( _! mak]s has to    
*ange4 ,& :51 ) ?is famili>ity ga9$1 "o 
advances to an appreciation ( ! "w 9 its
 be>+s z a :ole1 "o has to ackn[l$ge    
himself fac+ ! production ( craftsm5 :o 
_h ! inh]itance ( n only g5]ations1 b   
ages ( tra9+4 ,su* a comb9ation (       
complete ma/]y 9 composition1 p]fect    
control ( def9ite & fix$ =ms1 & h&      
te*nique1 c gr[ up f b>b>ism 9 no few   
hundr$ ye>s4 ,i w\ld hesitate to ?9k x  
c\ld ev5 come 9 a few ?\s&s1 unless !y 7
 ye>s ( great] settl$ness & peaceful    
civilization ?an our two ?\s& ye>s (    
di/urb$ & w>r+ ,european ,*ri/5dom h yet
 _h an example ( to %[ u4 ,x is easy    
en\gh 9 ! abs5ce ( def9ite hi/orical    
records1 & 9 our g5]al ignorance ( human
 evolution1 to !orize & speculate ab\t x
 all2 b ! commonly accept$ picture 9 our
 m9ds ( a few savage w&]+ tribes settl+ 
& gr[+ up 9 ?is c\ntry "s sev]al hundr$ 
or a ?\s& ye>s aft] ! ,*ri/ian era1     
simply w n fit 9 ) ! fact ( _! ability  

to produce su* works a few hundr$ ye>s  
lat]4 ,_h we no?+ b ! ,p]ez ,codex &    
,/ela ,p at ,copan1 ! m]its ( _!        
execution alone1 weigh$ simply 9        
comp>ison ) obs]v$ hi/ory else:]e1 w\ld 
prove t we h to d n ) ! traces ( an     
ephem]al1 b ) ! rema9s ( a wide-spread1 
settl$ race & civilization1 wor?y to be 
rank$ ) or beyond ev5 su* z ! ,roman1 9 
its endurance1 developm5t & influ5ce 9 !
 _w1 & ! beg9n+s ( ^: culture are /ill  
totally unkn[n4 ,z to ! ,codex be=e u1  
we c only imag9e :at ! beauty1          
especially ( ! pages we n[ come to      
discuss1 mu/ h be5 :5 ! :ole 0 fre% &   
p]fect4  ,! second side ( ! ,codex has  
to be treat$ 9 f\r divisions or *apt]s1 
! fir/ ( :i* includes pages #ae to #ah4 
,= num]ical reasons :i* w appe>1 ?is    
*apt] mu/ probably h begun1 h[ev]1 at   
lea/ "o page fur!r to ! left4  ,^! f\r  
pages are laid out ) ?ree ma9 divisions1
 upp]1 middle & l[]4 ,too mu* ( ! upp]  
section is eras$ = any comm5t o!r ?an t 
its arrangem5t seems to h be5 p>allel 9 

all respects ) ! middle section4 ,?is   
latt] %[s ?ree subsections1 ! backgr\nds
 9 "s cases be+ r$1#bd-99 conta9+ ea* a 
picture 7probably ( a god or a human    
figure 9 e in/ance71 surm\nt$ by a black
 & a r$ num]al & by six glyphs1 9 d\ble 
column4 ,?is gives #ab subsections = !  
f\r pages1 :i* we may ref] to           
respectively z #ae-;a1 b1 c1 etc4 ,( !  
initial pairs ( glyphs 9 ea* subsection 
_m are complete1 & no section is left   
)\t ! correct traces ( ! correspond+    
glyph = "o or o!r ( ! positions2 s t    
al?\gh #e ( ! #bd glyphs are totally    
eras$1 we may safely re/ore !m all4 ,o!r
 features ( ! comp>ative use & frequ5cy 
( ! glyphs on ^! pages h already be5    
giv54  ,at ! top ( ea* picture is f\nd a
 black & a r$ num]al4 ,^! =m !          
consecutive black c\nt]s or int]val     
numb]s1 & ! correspond+ r$ day numb]s ( 
subdivid$ tonalamatls1 s common 9 ,dres4
 & ,tro4-,cort4 ,x is cu/om>y to f9d ^! 
tonalamatls divid$ into fif?s or f\r?s1 
#eb or #fe days respectively--f\r or    

five trec5as4 ,at ! #ecrd or #ff? day ! 
initial r$ numb] is aga9 rea*$1 & !     
calculation is 7by hypo!sis7 repeat$1   
/>t+ aga9 at ! left ) a new day-sign    
bel[ ! fir/4 ,su* a column is se5 9 !   
l[] "p ( page #ag1 :]e we f9d #f ,oc1   
,ik1 ,ix2 ^! are to be complet$ by      
re/or+ bel[ an eras$ ,cimi & ,ezanab1   
complet+ ! #bfj days & br++ u ar\nd aga9
 to #f ,oc4 ,! total ( all ! black      
c\nt]s 9 any s]ies mu/ always be "s     
multiple ( #ac1 usually #eb or #fe1 z   
/at$4 ,& s9ce ea* c\nt] is ! int]val    
betwe5 its adjo9+ r$ numb]s1 :]ev] a r$ 
& a black numb] are giv51 ! o!r r$      
numb]1 :e!r be=e or aft]1 c always be   
fill$ 94  ,no traces ( ?is initial      
column appe> = ! s]ies 9 ! middle       
division1 & sev]al ( ! num]als are also 
eras$4 ,two obscurities mu/ be cle>$ up 
be=e try+ to fill out ! s]ies4 ,on page 
#af "r is a p>tly eras$ black num]al1   
:i* f ! traces may be ei!r #aj or #aa4  
,tak+ x z #aj1 we h #ac plus #aj equals 
an eras$ r$ #aj2 plus #e 7on page #ag7  

equals ! r$ #b bel[ ! #e4 ,?is v]ifies s
 f>4 ,b we next f9d--plus #e equals #h1 
:i* is ( c\rse incorrect4 ,an inspection
 ( ! ,,ms4 & ! photographs reveals a    
r$di% spot 7or p]haps ev5 ?ree su*      
spots7 9 ! extreme upp] "r corn] ( !    
picture space1 #ag-;a1 & also a d>k spot
 "u ! black #e 9 #ag-;b4 ,x is possible 
t ! sep>at$ r$ dots 7"o d\btful7 are to 
be read toge!r z #c2 or t ! r$ dots "u !
 #e are to be disreg>d$ 9 ! c\nt 7j z is
 ! r$ #h on ! next page1 #ah-;a71 & ! r$
 numb] = #ag-;a f\nd 9 ! upp] "r1 above 
! seat$ figure4 ,if ! r$ numb] 9 #ag-;a 
is #c1 ! two numb]s 9 #af-;c mu/ be #aa4
 ,or x may be assum$ t ! spot "u ! #e 9 
#ag-;b belongs to x1 mak+ #f in/ead (   
#e1 :i* figures out4 ,! f9al result is !
 same1 z we h ei!r #aj & #f1 or #aa &   
#e1 9 ^! two places1 & ei!r rea*es      
prop]ly ! cle> r$ #h 9 #ag-;b4  ,9      
#ah-;a we f9d black #bf1 ) a small r$ #h
 bel[1 & a l>ge r$ #ac 9 ! usual place  
at ! side4 ,! r$ #h w h to be disreg>d$1
 z n "p ( ! s]ies1 :i* requires #ac1 &  

no?+ else4  ,we may n[ possibly set d[n 
! s]ies z foll[s1 us+ small figures     
above ! !,,tn-#b l9e = ! black c\nt]s1 &
 putt+ 9 p>5!ses all numb]s re/or$3     
7#f7ci7f77b7egfacaa7aa7ecehe7ac7bfacajaj
1   or else                             
7#f7ci7f77b7egfacaj7aj7ebfhe7ac7bfacajaj
  ,?is leaves u ! black numb] at !      
beg9n+1 9 #ae-;a1 & bo? numb]s at ! end1
 #ah-;c1 /ill n fill$ 94 ,add+ toge!r   
all ! c\nt]s we get #hb1 plus at lea/ ! 
two miss+ black numb]s1 "o at ea* end4  
,if ! total 7 #ajd1 we might expect x to
 h be5 compris$ )9 ! f\r subsections    
#ae-;a to #ah-;a4 ,b #ajd is n a        
tonalamatl fraction4 #acj days1 al?\gh a
 tonalamatl half1 is an unkn[n division1
 & w\ld h>dly get into ! space4 ,if we  
beg9 ! s]ies 9 ! upp] division ( ! page 
7z occurs 9 ,dres47 & come ar\nd to !   
middle division1 ! probabilities w\ld   
require t x display$ a full s]ies ( #bfj
 days1 & aga9 also t x began to ! left (
 page #ae4 ,! probabilities ( ?is s]ies 
z x is1 !re=e1 indicate at lea/ a page  

#ad to ! left1 arrang$ l ! o!r f\r1 &   
=m+ "o *apt] ) !m4  ,we h n[ to deal ) !
 puzzl+ num]al columns1 9 alt]nat+      
colors1 f\nd to ! left ( ea* subsection 
( ! upp] & middle divisions--#bd columns
 9 all4 ,^! h be5 ref]r$ to at "s l5g? 9
 ! prelim9>y discussion ( ! colors1 &   
!re is little m t c be said4 ,z !re     
said1 ! entire reason = alt]nat+ !      
colors c n be c]ta9ly assum$4           
,alt]nation ( color occurs n only :]e x 
is ne$$ to di/+ui% b>s1 b also :]e we h 
only l9es ( dots1 :i* are ( c\rse       
self-sep>at+4 ,& to say t x is only =   
arti/ic purposes is a m]e begg+ ( ! "q4 
,only f\r or five ( ^! columns are      
complete1 & a foot+ ( ! numb]s 9 ea*    
gives u v>y+ am\nts f #aac to #aec1 &   
tells u no?+4 ,on ! p>ts t are left we  
six times h a ,*u5 ,hi]oglyph ) a black 
numb] app>5tly belong+ to x 7p]haps a   
multipli]71 & also once a d\ble ,*u51 z 
9 ,tro4-,cort4 ,! use ( ! r$ kal-sign1  
or #bj1 is frequ5t4  ,! l[] division (  
^! pages 0 also subdivid$1 into f\r     

sections on ea*1 :i* we may ref] to z d1
 e1 f1 g4 ,ea* conta9s a picture1 )     
black & r$ num]als z above1 surm\nt$ by 
f\r glyphs only4 ,! pictures are all q  
incomplete2 nei!r is !re any?+ to add to
 :at has be5 already said ( ! glyphs4   
,9 ! middle ( page #ag "o tonalamatl    
ends1 ) a r$ #f1 & ano!r beg9s1 also )  
#f4 ,! second />ts ) ! day #f ,oc1 is   
divid$ into fif?s1 & ! initial column   
mu/ h be5 9 full3 #f ,oc1 ,ik1 ,ix1     
,cimi1 ,ezanab4 ,! re/oration ( ! s]ies 
gives3 #fbbb7ae 9 two /ages77#d7ajadf4  
,?is h[ev] only gives a total ( #ea = ! 
black c\nt]s4 ,!re is space to ! "r =   
ano!r section1 b :atev] may h be5 writt5
 !re has entirely disappe>$4 ,! la/ ?ree
 numb]s #adf seem unmi/akable1 !        
,hi]oglyph especially s4 ,if we reg>d ! 
la/ #f z an error = #e1 & !n re/ore #af 
9 section #ah-;g1 x w\ld give ! necess>y
 #eb4 ,?is is ! "o passage 9 ! ,codex   
:]e ,i c see no way b to assume a mi/ake
 9 ! writ+2 = #a plus #d does n equal   
#f1 & unless = "s entirely unkn[n reason

 ! error is cle>4  ,! prec$+ tonalamatl 
may h be5 divid$ ei!r into #eb- or      
#fe-;day p]iods4 ,if ! p]iod 0 #eb1 x   
mu/ h begun ) an initial column on page 
#ae1 "r side4 ,9 ?is ev5t x w\ld be     
re/or$ z foll[s3    7initial #f77ai 9   
two /ages77#ab7fegab7ab 9 two /ages7    
7#aa7hf1  giv+ #eb4 ,9 ?is case a ?ird  
tonalamatl mu/ h begun some:]e to !     
left1 & end$ on ! eras$ "r side ( page  
#ae4  ,a diff]5t re/oration w\ld c>ry ! 
initial column back to ! extreme edge ( 
page #ae1 :5 we w\ld h ?is3    7initial 
#f77b77h7hcaa7a77aa 9 two /ages77#ab7feg
   #ab7ab two /ages77#aa7hf  giv+ #fe4  
,to *oose betwe5 ^! two w\ld be m]e     
guess+4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,! well-kn[n pages #ai &   
#bj come next4 ,toge!r !y make f\r      
comp>tm5ts1 up & d[n ! full l5g? ( !    
pages1 two ) r$ & two ) black           
backgr\nds4 ,ea* is1 or r 01 prec$$ by a
 column ( #ac ye>-be>]s4 ,! left column 
on ea* page ,i h re/or$1 al?\gh no      
traces ( x are left4 ,b ap>t f its      

manife/ necessity1 z "p ( ! s]ies1 if ! 
wid? ( ! r$ gr\nd on page #bj 7see !    
photographs7 is measur$1 x w be f\nd to 
be j ! correct proportion1 & "p ( !     
/raight left edge ( ! r$ c /ill be se51 
j left ( ! rod 9 ! h& ( ! mummy-figure1 
& leav+ j room = ! ,ezanab column4 ,9 ! 
color$ plates ,i h only %[n #ab in/ead (
 #ac day-signs 9 ea* column1 b a        
measurem5t ( ! space above & bel[ %[s t 
! miss+ f\r are to be plac$ at ! top & n
 at ! bottom4 ,^! two pages !re=e h     
application 9 "s way to #eb sol> ye>s1  
beg9n+ ) #a ,lamat & end+ ) #ac ,akbal  
7,votan74  ,^! ye>-be>]s are ^? ( !     
,tz5tal in/ead ( ! ,yucatecan sy/em1 z  
describ$ by ,l&a1 & on ^! two pages     
re/s1 s f> z reg>ds kn[n subject-matt]1 
! assignm5t ( ! ,codex ,p]ez to !       
,pal5que r ?an to ! nor!rn ,maya        
di/rict4 ,x is ?us to be consid]$ ) !   
,inscriptions ( t region1 & ) ! ,dresd5 
,codex4#bh-99 ,& 9 accord ) :at is kn[n 
( ! /ate ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry at 
! "t ( ! ,conque/1 & ( ! hi/ory ( !     

break-up & ext9ction ( ! ,maya empire1 x
 mu/ be assign$ ! great] antiquity on t 
acc\nt4  ,x is probable t pages #ai &   
#bj _h no text passages4         99     
99       99       99       99  ,pages   
#ba & #bb aga91 judg+ f ! color+ & !    
arrangem5t1 seem to =m a pair4 ,ea* _h  
on ! upp] "p probably five r[s ( glyphs1
 "s #gj 9 all1 ( :i* only #aj or #ab are
 at all recognizable4 ,contr>y to all ! 
pages hi!rto discuss$1 x may be t ^!    
glyphs are to be read f "r to left4 ,!  
faces 9 ^! all look to ! "r1 & ! cu/om>y
 prefixes are all on ! "r4 ,9 classify+ 
^! glyphs1 !re=e1 !y mu/ be all rev]s$4 
,! great] "p ( page #ba is fram$ 9 &    
divid$ up by gre5 b&s1 evid5tly = wat]1 
two bran*es ( :i*1 aft] cross+ a        
con/ellation b& ne> ! bottom1 end "o 9  
fall+ torr5ts1 ! o!r 9 a circle surr\nd+
 a k9-sign1 ,hi]oglyph1 ! sun1 & itself 
surr\nd$ by f\r dragon's heads1 all     
figur$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! torr5ts4 ,bel[ ?is  
symbol is ! op5 m\? ( a dragon1 t[>ds   
:i* is look+ & po9t+ a black-fac$       

figure1 ( ! god ,d1 ! ,anci5t ( ,days1  
describ$ by ,s*ellhas z ! moon & night  
god4 ,to ! left ( ! torr5ts is a figure1
 ne>ly eras$1 b ) ! wri/lets *>act]i/ic 
( ! god ( dea?1 & hold+ 9 ! h& a tor*4  
,! glyph ,hi]oglyph occurs writt5 9 !   
torr5ts1 at ! left side4  ,! gre5 b&s   
divide ! middle ( ! page into six       
comp>tm5ts conta9+1 s f> z n totally    
eras$1 #fe day-signs1 9 columns ( five4 
,all my ef=ts to relate ^! signs ei!r to
 ea* o!r or to any o!r s]ies 9 !        
codices1 h s f> be5 fruitless4 ,! upp]  
sev5 columns h ea* a black num]al b5ea?1
 runn+ f "r to left1 #a #b #c #c #e #f &
 ! dot ( ano!r #f4  ,ea* ( ! columns (  
five day-signs =ms a clos$ circuit      
return+ into itself4 ,9 ! upp] r[ ! #a/ 
& #f? columns %[ successive days #h ap>t
 9 ord]2 columns #b1 #c1 #d1 #e & #g are
 #af ap>t 9 ord]4 ,! #a/ 9 ! l[] r[ is  
at int]vals ( #h1 ! #bnd & #e? at       
int]vals ( #af4 ,! #crd column is1 ) !  
#d?1 an exception1 ! int]vals be+       
successively #h1 #d1 #d1 #h1 #af4 ,t ?is

 is probably n a scribal error is %[n by
 ! fact t ! same s]ies1 ?\gh beg9n+ )   
diff]5t days1 occurs 9 bo? columns4 ,!  
#f? & possible #g? columns ( ! l[] "p   
are indet]m9able4  ,we ?us h ?ree r\nds 
( #e times #h1 or #dj days2 sev5 r\nds (
 #e times #af1 or #hj days2 two irregul>
 r\nds ( #dj days4 ,^! are n su* columns
 z c\ld =m ! beg9n+ ( a s]ies (         
tonalamatl fif?s1 9 :i* ! successive    
days come #ab ap>t4 ,s t ?is section mu/
 be left unexpla9$4#bi-99  ,at ! "r (   
page #ba beg9s a solid r$ backgr\nd :i* 
probably ext5d$ "r across page #bb4 ,two
 /&+ spott$ gre5 figures appe> on page  
#ba2 sev5 seat$ figures1 "o gre5 spott$1
 on page #bb4  ,page #bb is cross$ by a 
w9d+ dragon ^: body is cov]$ by !       
con/ellation b&4 ,a n>r[ gre5 b& also   
w9ds across ! page1 inclos+ two ( ! upp]
 figures4 ,bel[ ! dragon & ?is gre5 b&  
are se51 seat$ above ! op5 m\?s ( two   
erect dragons1 two figures 9            
conv]sation1 ea* be>+ v>i\s insignia ( !
 dea? god4 ,a v curi\s c>t\*e outl9e1   

p>tly eras$1 at ! l[] "r1 incloses :at  
seems to be #ac ,ahau1 #c1 #f1 ! "r h&  
dot ( ! #c be+ eras$4         99        
99       99       99       99  ,on pages
 #bc & #bd ! brilliant backgr\nds ( !   
prec$+ pages disappe>1 & we h two pages1
 to be read toge!r1 ( glyphs1 day-signs 
& small figures1 f9ely & sp>+ly         
illum9at$ ) ! usual f\r colors4 ,! body 
( ! dragon is app>5tly cont9u\s f page  
#ba1 & crosses ^! pages entirely ) !    
con/ellation b&1 display$ along its full
 l5g?4  ,! upp] "p ( ^! two pages       
conta9$ orig9ally #ia glyphs1 p]haps to 
be read f "r to left1 ! same z #ba &    
#bb4 ,! faces look to ! "r1 ! usual     
prefixes & ! few num]als are also on !  
"r ( _! respective comp\nds4 ,_m ( !    
glyphs are ! same z ^? on pages #b to   
#aa1 rev]s$ "r = left4 ,glyph #bc-;a-#aa
 %\ld be specially not$4 ,at fir/ sight 
! num]al prefix1 #f1 appe>s to belong1  
po/fix$1 to glyph #bc-;a-#ag4 ,b on     
inve/igation we f9d ! same comp\nd1 a   
yax-*u5 ) ,hi]oglyph prefix1 also at    

#ba-;a-#h & #bd-;a-#bf1 9 ea* case ) !  
#f atta*$4 ,! ,hi]oglyph affix j bel[   
?is numb] #f is also pla9ly a prefix to 
glyph #bc-;a-#ab2 s t glyph #bc-;a-ll   
mu/ be read ,hi]oglyph & include ! #f z 
prefix4 ,at #bd-;a-#bf1 ,hi]oglyph !    
same glyph is writt5 left to "r4  ,!re  
are also a few o!r glyphs on ^! pages   
:i* _c be reg>d$ z "r to left4 ,su* =   
in/ance1 z ,hi]oglyph at #bc-;a-#ai &   
#bd-;a-#ag4 ,9 ?is glyph ! affix        
,hi]oglyph at ! side is prop]ly a prefix
 7p]haps ! possessive71 & ,i d n recall 
any in/ance ( its use z a po/fix4 ,9 !  
affixes1 ! sup]fix & prefix positions   
may z a g5]al rule be reg>d$ z :olly    
id5tical2 also ! subfix & po/fix        
positions4 ,b also z a g5]al rule ! two 
pairs are ,i believe n to be int]*ang$1 
any m ?an we int]*ange prefixes & end+s 
9 ,engli%2 ?is rule is n univ]sal = all 
affixes1 z "s seem able to g any:]e1 b x
 is "o ,i h always reg>d$ 9 my glyph    
classify+4 ,z to ,hi]oglyph x is to be  
not$ t ?is is a symmetrical glyph & z   

!re c be no d\bt t ^! glyphs 7 equally  
legible to ! ,maya read] writt5 9 ei!r  
direction1 x may well be reg>d$ z       
unimportant1 & n to be rat$ ev5 z an    
error4 ,hi]oglyph is a /ill /rong]      
simil> case4 ,"h ! w+ ,hi]oglyph affix  
to ! "r is c]ta9ly a po/fix1 ! sup]fix  
is 9 ! usual left to "r ord]1 ,hi]oglyph
 & ! ma9 elem5t writt5 left to "r1 z 9  
all its o!r in/ances4 ,& ,hi]oglyph is  
aga9 9 po9t4  ,! face-tun comp\nds on ^!
 pages1 & also on ! opposite side ( !   
manuscript1 %\ld be p>ticul>ly not$4    
,bel[ ! con/ellation b&1 inscrib$ on a  
wavy gre5 b& 7! wat]s ( space87 are sev5
 repetitions ( ,hi]oglyph or ! sun glyph
 ,hi]oglyph )9 ! %ields4#ca-99 ,betwe5  
ea* appe>$ probably two black #h's4 ,!  
sun-%ields are ab\t to be seiz$ by      
diff]5t animals1 dragon1 tortoise1 bird1
 etc41 a seem+ evid5t sugge/ion ( ei!r  
an eclipse1 or ! passage ( ! sun into "s
 zodiacal sign4 ,ano!r s]ies ( sev5     
sun-%ields1 on ! gre5 b&1 sep>at$ by    
num]al #h's1 & attack$ by animals & a   

skeleton1 crosses ! l[] "p ( ! pages4   
,betwe5 ^! two b&s we f9d a s]ies (     
columns ( five day-signs ea* prec$$ by  
r$ num]als4 ,all[+ = ! space eras$ ,i h 
re/or$ ! la/ column to ! "r1 & "p ( !   
prec$+4 ,?is gives #ab columns only1    
:]eas at lea/ #ac are requir$4 ,!re may 
h be5 a #ab? column to ! left ( page    
#bc1 :]e !re is j ! prop] space =       
?is1#cb-99 leav+ ! dragon's body to     
curve above ! column s z to pass to page
 #bb4 ,! s]ies may h cont9u$ on across  
page #be2 #ac columns on pages #bc1 #bd1
 & #g m fill+ page #be1 w\ld make a full
 cycle ( #bj columns4 ,& 9 ?is connexion
 x %\ld be not$ t ! dragon's body )     
con/ellation b& goes almo/ to ! edge (  
page #bd ) no sign ( end+ or turn+1 su* 
z might be expect$ if ! *apt] ends "h4  
,& if ! con/ellation dragon cont9ues ov]
 page #be1 ! column s]ies may well h    
done ! same4  ,be=e discuss+ ?is s]ies x
 w be ( advantage to review :at ! ,codex
 gives u on ! "q ( read+ left to "r or  
"r to left4  ,fir/1 9 bo? ! ,dresd5 &   

,tro4-,cort4 ! glyph faces look to !    
left2 &1 z %[n by ! calculations1 read+ 
is f left to "r1 ) a v few possible     
exceptions1 su* z ! tables on ,dres4    
#bd1 #fd1 #fi1 etc4  ,9 ! ,p]ez1 z %[n  
by ! tonalamatls on #ae to #ah1 ! #eb   
ye>-be>]s on #ai & #bj1 & ! katun-s]ies 
on #b to #ab1 ! g5]al direction ( !     
read+ is also left to "r4  ,above or    
bel[ ea* ( ! r$ numb] columns ( ^! pages
 #bc1 #bd1 is to be f\nd a blue numb]4  
,^! numb]s make a katun-s]ies1 />t+ )   
#d1 decreas+ by #b1 if we read x left to
 "r4 ,x is n1 to be sure1 accompani$ by 
! cu/om>y ,ahau-sign1 ,hi]oglyph1 b1    
tak5 9 connexion ) ! m>k$ p>allelism ( !
 glyphs1 face-tun glyphs & also o!rs1 on
 ^! two pages ) ^? on pages #b to #aa1  
already discuss$1 ! possibility t a     
katun-s]ies is a "p ( ?is subject-matt] 
mu/ be consid]$4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ! glyphs
 9 ! upp] "p ( all f\r pages #ba to #bd 
face to ! "r1 &1 z already set out 9    
detail1 are practically all writt5 9    
rev]se position z reg>ds _! prefixes1   

etc4 ,& s also does ! ,eb-glyph 9 !     
day-columns we are n[ consid]+ face to !
 "r4 ,^! columns1 unlike ^? on page #ba1
 :i* include all ( ! #bj day-signs1 only
 include #e ( ! day-signs3 ,kan1 ,lamat1
 ,eb1 ,cib & ,ahau2 ,eb be+ ! only      
non-symmetrical "o ( ^!4  ,we h ?us q   
/rong evid5ce1 especially z provid$ by !
 position ( ! prefixes1 = a "r to left  
read+1 oppos$ by ! direction ( ?is      
katun-numb] s]ies--if x be "o4 ,9       
,egyptian writ+1 ( c\rse1 ! direction ( 
! read+ *anges ) ! fac+ ( ! figures4    
,to return n[ to ! columns !mselves1 all
 ! day-signs 9 any "o column h ea* !    
same r$ num]al1 s t we h3 #h ,cib1 #h   
,ahau1 #h ,kan1 #h ,lamat1 #h ,eb2 & s  
on4 ,! r$ num]als to ea* column also    
decrease by #b t[>ds ! "r1 p>i passu ) !
 blue num]als4 ,if we read ea* column   
d[nw>ds1 x w =m a clos$ circuit or r\nd1
 return+ into itself1 ) int]vals ( #ajd 
days1 f #h ,cib to #h ,ahau1 etc41 &    
aga9 f #h ,eb back to #h ,cib4 ,b if we 
next try to g to ! next column1 ! s]ies 

breaks1 = f #h ,eb to #f ,lamat is only 
#gf days4 ,we get a l break :e!r we read
 upw>d or d[nw>d1 or "r to left4 ,tak+ !
 columns sep>ately !n1 ! entire s]ies   
7:e!r made up ( #ac1 #bj or any o!r     
numb] ( columns7 _c be made to read 9 "o
 regul> s]ies1 ) a con/ant int]val      
betwe5 ! successive days ( ! :ole4  ,b1 
if we re/ore two columns1 mak+ #ac      
columns1 & !n read horizontally across1 
ei!r "r to left1 or left to "r1 "o l9e  
aft] ano!r1 ! fir/ day ( ! second l9e   
foll[s ! la/ ( ! fir/1 & aft] go+ ?r\gh 
! :ole #fe t]ms1 we return aga9 f ! la/ 
( ! la/ l9e to ! fir/ ( ! fir/--always )
 a con/ant int]val4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is   
section c\ld be writt5 ar\nd a :eel4 ,if
 we read left to "r1 ! di/ance f 7#aj   
,kan7 to #h ,cib1 etc41 is #bcb days2   
#bcbx#feae1jhj4 ,or if f "r to          
left1#cc-99 ! int]val f 7#ab ,lamat7 to 
#a ,cib1 etc41 is #bh days2 #bhx#ac     
#cfd1 x#e  #ahbj4 ,t bo? ( ^! products  
are multiples ( #bfj is a truism1 & _c 9
 any way require u to see a tonalamatl  

reckon+ z ! basis ( ?is passage4 ,nor is
 ea* sep>ate day-column a tonalamatl 9  
fif?s1 z s (t5 f\nd4  ,f9ally1 if we    
%\ld assume t ! s]ies w5t on across page
 #be1 to a full katun-r\nd ( #bj t]ms1 !
 circuit w\ld be brok52 l9e #b w\ld n   
regul>ly foll[ l9e #a1 & s on4 ,!       
probabilities !n1 z d]iv$ f ! succession
 ( ! days1 seem almo/ conclusive t ?is  
is a section ( #fe t]ms1 to be read     
horizontally1 9 :i*ev] direction4 ,& !n1
 s9ce ! subdivision ( #ae1jhj days 7or  
#ahbj1 if read "r to left7 into #fe     
t]ms1 necess>ily gives u successive     
day-numb]s decreas+ 7or increas+7 by #b1
 ! lik5ess to ! katun-s]ies may be only 
app>5t--a simple truism4 ,or1 on ! o!r  
h&1 9 view ( ! glyph simil>ities 7a po9t
 :i* ,i ?9k %\ld always be giv5 close   
att5tion71 !re may be "s relation to !  
katun-s]ies--all 9 spite ( ! "r-left or 
left-"r difficulties4  ,:at "p !        
blue#cd-99 numb] s]ies plays1 ,i _c say4
 ,dr4 ,sel]1#cd- sugge/s t !y are       
corrections1 to set ea* t]m ahead #bj   

days4 ,?is /ates a fact1 b does n give  
any explanation4 ,ea* blue numb] is #f  
less ?an its r$ column1 & #g ,kan is (  
c\rse #bj days lat] ?an #ac ,kan4       
,,footnotes3  #bd-99 ,dr4 ,fo]/emann    
7,comm4 z4 ,p>4 ,mayahds47 speaks ( !   
backgr\nd to ! c5tral figure on page #af
 z black1 in/ead ( r$2 he also describes
 ! numb] columns z made up ( r$ & black 
num]als only4 ,!re are _m simil> errors 
9 8 ,comm5t>y1 due to 8 ignorance ( !   
colors1 & to ! obscurity ( !            
photographic reproductions4  #bh-99 ,:]e
 to place ! ,tro4-,cort41 9 view ( !    
app>5t ,kan1 ,muluc,,tn-#c ,ix1 ,cauac  
ye>s indicat$ on pages #cd-cg1 & ! #ac  
,cumhu imm$iately next to #ac ,ahau on  
page #gc 7#ac ,ahau #ac ,cumhu fall+    
only possibly 9 a ye> #ab ,lamat7 ,i am 
n ready to say4  #bi-99 ,mr4 ,b[dit*    
sugge/s to me t ! numb]s #a #b #c #c #e 
#f #f are to be read ) ea* ( ! day signs
 9 _! respective columns1 &1 be+ plac$ 9
 ! middle1 may apply bo? to ! upp] & l[]
 sets4 ,! /ronge/ objection ,i c see to 

?is is t ! numb]s are black1 in/ead ( ! 
usual r$4 ,9 ?is case1 in/ead ( int]vals
 ( #h & #af1 giv+ r\nds ( #ex#hdj &     
#ex#afhj days1 we w\ld h int]vals ( #aef
 & #bjh 7f #a ,ymix to #a ,muluc1 etc471
 giv+ r\nds ( #ghj & #ajdj days         
respectively4 ,or1 if read upw>ds1 we   
w\ld h #eb & #ajd day int]vals 7#a ,b5  
to #a ,*ic*an1 etc471 & r\nds ( #bfj &  
#ebj days4 ,b :i*ev] be ! case1 ! page  
is sui g5]is1 & its :y is /ill beyond u4
  #ca-99 ,i h reta9$ ! usual t]m %ields 
= ! fl>+ =ms :i* embrace ! sun glyph1   
?\gh )\t accept+ its appropriat5ess4 ,!y
 might ) equal likelihood be            
conv5tionaliz$ w+s4  #cb-99 ,dr4        
,fo]/emann ignores ! space on ! "r (    
page #bd1 & re/ores two columns to !    
left ( page #bc 9 ord] to make up !     
?irte5 columns2 b1 z %[n by ! edges ( ! 
pages 9 ! photographs1 "o column re/or$ 
9 ea* place w j fill ! oblit]at$ space4 
#cc-99 ,dr4 ,sel]'s read+2 ,gesammelte  
,abh&lung51 ,i1 #eae4  #cd-99 ,! blue is
 a true blue1 q di/9ct f ! turquoise    

blue else:]e1 & is f\nd 9 ! case ( ^!   
numb]s only4  #cd- ,gesammelte          
,abh&lung51 ,i1 #eae2 ,zur mexik4       
,*ronologie4     ,,! ,,maya ,,glyphs    
,up to date our k ( ! mean+s ( ! glyphs 
is /ill to all int5ts & purposes limit$ 
to ! direct tradition we h ?r\gh ,l&a1 &
 ! d$uctions imm$iately involv$ 9 ^!4   
,we "k ! day & mon? signs1 ! numb]s1    
includ+ #j & #bj1 f\r units ( ! ar*aic  
cal5d> c\nt 7! day1 tun1 katun & cycle71
 ! c>d9al po9t signs1 ! negative        
p>ticle4 ,we h n fully solv$ ! u9al or  
mon? sign1 :i* seems to be *u5 on !     
monum5ts & a cauac1 or *u51 9 !         
manuscripts4 ,we are able to id5tify :at
 mu/ be reg>d$ z metaphysical or esot]ic
 applications ( c]ta9 glyphs 9 c]ta9    
places1 su* z ! face num]als4#ce-99 ,b e
 "o ( ^! po9ts is ei!r d$ucible directly
 by necess>y ma!matical calculation1 or 
else f ! names ( c]ta9 signs giv5 by    
,l&a 9 8 day & mon? li/1 & !n f\nd 9 o!r
 comb9ations1 su* z yax1 k91 etc4 ,t we 
h z _m ( ! po9ts z we h1 & /ill _c =m f 

!m ! key--t we _c read ! glyphs--is a   
con/ant wond]2 b a fact nev]!less4  ,!  
innum]able ef=ts to id5tify ! glyphs by 
_! sup]ficial appe>ance1 call+ ! b&$    
headdress a pott]y decoration1 & expla9+
 ! face-glyph ( ! ,nor? !reby1 because 9
 ,maya xaman is nor? & xama* a tortilla 
di% 7to say no?+ ( o!rs /ill m fanciful1
 by a ho/ ( writ]s71 h brok5 d[n1 z 0 to
 be expect$4 ,i m5tion ?is in/ance      
because x illu/rates fully ! results (  
sup]ficial analysis1 unit$ ) a seem+    
in]adicable t5d5cy ev5 among ^? mo/ able
 /ud5ts :o h add$ ! mo/ to our /ock (   
,maya k 7among :om ,dr4 ,br9ton 0       
c]ta9ly "o ( ! =emo/71 to treat ^!      
glyphs z c>elessly done1 to disreg>d !  
diff]5ces betwe5 manife/ v>iants1 or    
else to talk freely1 :5ev] a passage    
does n fit ! explanation :i* is be+     
work$ out1 ( scribal errors4  ,9 ! fir/ 
place1 if ^! glyphs are to be int]pret$ 
prim>ily by ! ,yucatecan ,maya dialect  
7"o 9 :i* we h mo/ ample pr9t$ & ,,ms4  
lexicographic mat]ial71 & if 9 t dialect

 no o!r words at all resembl+ xaman &   
xama* are f\nd1 z we are told1 !n 7if ! 
,mayas nam$ ! nor? />1 or ! ,nor?1 by a 
pun on a tortilla di%7 :]ev] ?is b&$    
headdress is f\nd1 we mu/ assume ! text 
to be treat+ ei!r ( ! ,nor?1 or (       
tortillas4 ,t might safely be left to   
break d[n ( its own weight2 b we %all   
also see t ! explanation is giv5 9 total
 disreg>d ( manife/1 important v>iants4 
,?is b&$ headdress appe>s ornam5t+ at   
lea/ ,hi]oglyphs five sep>ate & di/9ct  
faces2 "o a :olly human face1 ! o!rs )  
v>i\s o!r def9ite *>act]i/ics1 ! mo/    
frequ5t & prom95t ( :i* are ! monkey-l  
face & m\? we see 9 ! ,hi]oglyph glyph =
 ! nor?1 & a sort ( bird's plumage cov]+
 ! back ( ! head4 ,^! two are sep>ate1  
are nev] comb9$1 & mu/ be classifi$     
rigidly ap>t4 ,we h !re=e ?ree elem5ts1 
! monkey face1 ! plumage cov]+ 7if we   
may call x s71 & ! b&$ headdress4 ,x is 
obvi\s t :ile ! monkey face may be      
specific ( ! ,nor?1 ! b&s are n specific
 at all1 b g5]al4  ,x is ) ! greate/    

diffid5ce t ,i sugge/ any int]pretations
 on my own "p z yet1 b x is ( c\rse     
c]ta9 t ! di/9ction ( mascul9e & fem99e 
exi/$ 9 ! spok5 language1 & x mu/ exi/  
some:]e 9 ! glyphs4 ,& x w h to be a    
prefix1 n a po/fix2 = :at ,i may call ! 
syntax ( glyph =mation mu/ foll[ t ( !  
spee*4 ,at ! bottom ( ,dres4 #fa & #fb  
are sev5 id5tical ,oc-glyphs ) subfix1 &
 ) prefixes4 ,five ( ^! prefixes are    
faces ) ! woman's curl1 recogniz$ on !  
figur$ illu/rations4 ,"o is a face ) !  
b&$ headdress4 ,rememb]+ t ?is headdress
 occurs n infrequ5tly on a pla9 human   
face ) no o!r *>act]i/ic1 x is n a f>   
guess t x may h d5ot$ a freeman1 a "l1  
entitl$ to su* a headdress4 ,9 ?is ev5t 
x may on ! "o h& s]ve z a simple        
mascul9e def9itive1 ! prefix ah-1 & on !
 o!r1 to atta* ! idea ( lord%ip to o!r  
glyphs ) :i* x is incorporat$1 z3 !     
,nor? ,/>1 or region1 ! ,"l ( !         
,firmam5t4  ,?is illu/ration s]ves to %[
 :at seems to me an ess5tial prelim9>y (
 ! "w we h 9 h&1 & ! "p to :i* ,i h s f>

 devot$ mo/ ef=t4 ,! glyphs mu/ be      
det]m9$1 comp>$ & classifi$1 & :at ,i h 
call$ ! syntax ( _! composition1 /udi$4 
,! p>ticles & _! positions1 ! v>i\s     
incorporat$ elem5ts1 are ( ! utmo/      
importance1 ?\gh !y are v frequ5tly     
ignor$4 ,!y are ! writt5 picture ( ! _s 
( ! spok5 language4 ,! task ,i h mo/    
look$ =w>d to 9 ?is connexion has (     
c\rse be5 ) ! ,dresd51 b hav+ />t$ ^u ! 
,p]ez = ! reasons ,i h giv51 x 0 a      
small] task 9 itself1 & c\ld be br\ght  
to completion )9 less "t1 :ile s]v+ z "p
 ( ! l>g] "w4 ,z ! det]m9ation &        
classification ( ! glyphs _h to proce$  
all z "o "w1 x has enabl$ me n only to  
complete my ,index = ?is codex1 b also  
to pr9t ! text 9 type1 & to v]ify & br+ 
out su* facts reg>d+ ! color que/ions z 
0 possible to d--bo? ( !m /ages ne$$ 9 !
 g5]al "w4 ,9 do+ x ,i h /udi$ ) my h&s 
z well z ) eyes1 & ,i h be5 well repaid4
 ,! actual labor has n be5 small1 b x   
has be5 wor? x all if only to see be=e !
 eyes some?+ ( :at ?is ,codex mu/ h be5 

:5 fre% & new4 ,= z ,i h said1 :ile 9 my
 color$ re/oration ,i may h made "s     
mi/akes ( eye1 = :i* ! photographs w be 
a *eck1 ,i h guess$ no?+4  ,!           
classification ( ! glyphs meets ( c\rse 
) "s difficulties 9 detail1 b x c       
readily be ca/ into a q simple g5]al    
outl9e4 ,some?+ ov] #bjjj diff]5t       
comp\nd =ms are f\nd 9 ! ?ree codices4  
,! simple elem5ts compos+ ^! are p]haps 
#cej 9 numb]1 & may be divid$ broadly   
into ma9 elem5ts & affixes or p>ticles4 
,fir/ ( c\rse come day & mon? signs1    
:i*1 ) k91 tun1 kal1 & a few m>k$       
v>iants1 use up #ej numb]s4 ,next w come
 ! faces1 ab\t #ge simple elem5ts4 ,next
 ! animal & bird heads & figures1 ab\t  
#ej numb]s4 ,next ! h&s1 crosses1 etc41 
& ! li/ ( conv5tional or geometric =ms1 
ano!r #ge4 ,!n "s #ge p>ticles4  ,! c>ds
 requir$ = ! fir/ #ej numb]s1 includ+   
only comp\nds =m$ f day-signs & exclud+ 
day-signs us$ simply z su*1 am\nt to    
practically "o half ( ! numb] requir$ = 
! :ole index4 ,c]ta9 elem5ts1 notably ! 

k91 ! tun1 ! monkey-face ) b&$          
headdress1 already ref]r$ to1 ! face )  
tau-eye1 ! yax1 ! cross1 produce a great
 numb] ( comp\nds--a fact ( note1 z x is
 evid5t t ! numb] ( comp\nds1 hav+ due  
reg>d to our limit$ mat]ial1 is an index
 to ! relative position ( ! idea 9 !    
,mayan vocabul>ies4 ,"s ( ! day-signs   
produce practically no comp\nds1 o!rs a 
great _m4 ,! comp\nds fall readily into 
a sy/em ( prim>y & second>y d]ivatives1 
by :i* _! relations may be easily /udi$1
 & _! proportions recogniz$4  ,com+ to !
 di/+ui%+ ( v>iants1 "o fir/ meets !    
fact t ! ?ree codices diff]4 ,! writ+ ( 
! ,dresd5 & ,p]ez is regul> & accurate1 
! ,p]ez exce$+ly s4 ,e diff]5t v>iant   
mu/ "h be acc\nt$ =4 ,9 ,tro4-,cort4 !  
writ+ is crude & c>eless1 s t we h _m   
evid5t abbreviations :i* are n g5u9e    
v>iants4 ,9 ! next place1 c]ta9 regul>  
diff]5ces occur 9 ?is or t glyph or     
p>ticle1 betwe5 ! =ms ( ! diff]5t       
manuscripts4 ,?us ! ,p]ez uses          
,hi]oglyph & ! o!rs ,hi]oglyph & s on4  

,a comp>ison ( ! comp\nds %[s t ^! mu/  
be ! same4 ,! regul> v>iations betwe5 ! 
?ree manuscripts & v>iations (          
abbreviation1 :5 well evid5c$1 may be   
elim9at$4  ,! day-signs h _m v>iants1   
mo/ly q simple1 & all *eck$ positively  
by ! use ( ! =m 9 "s day-s]ies4 ,ix has 
_m =ms4 ,!re are at lea/ ?ree entirely  
diff]5t ,cimi =ms3 ,hi]oglyphs,,tn-#d   
,!re are f\nd two diff]5t =ms ( ! clos$ 
eye1 "o ( :i* c]ta9ly is ,cimi1 ! o!r   
occurs regul>ly 9 su* diff]5t comp\nds  
7& ,i ?9k nev] z a simple day-sign71 z  
to make x necess>y to sep>ate x2        
,hi]oglyph x has probably a diff]5t     
mean+ entirely--p]haps t ( sleep4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,a notewor?y te*nical l9e is to be f\nd 
9 ! draw+ ( ! glyphs4 ,:]eas 9 ! case ( 
! day-signs1 faces1 & conv5tional =ms 9 
g5]al1 c]ta9 v>iations ( h&writ+1 etc41 
are evid5tly p]mitt$1 b only )9 c]ta9   
def9ite l9es1 9 "s few animal glyphs no 
two in/ances are j alike4 ,9 o!r words1 
! glyphs 9 g5]al are conv5tions )       

e/abli%$ mean+s--actual writ+2#ci-99 b  
we also h pictures ( birds or animal    
=ms1 :]e ! writ] is n foll[+ conv5tion1 
b nature4 ,! fre$om ( /yle us$ 9 ! latt]
 case only s]ves to emphasize !         
conv5tionality ( ! =m]1 & to sep>ate !  
entire sy/em f ei!r picture or rebus    
writ+4 ,see ! foll[+ fi%-glyph =ms3     
,hi]oglyphs  ,^! pictures are almo/     
exclusively 9 uncomp\nd$ =ms1 :]eas !   
conv5tional glyphs1 :e!r human1 animal  
or o!rwise1 are subject to ! g5]al rules
 ( incorporation4  ,writ+ is a sy/em (  
conv5tional =ms ) e/abli%$ mean+s1      
correspond+ to & reflect+ ! /ructure ( !
 spok5 language2 "s picture elem5ts ^:  
value z su* has rema9$ ei!r :olly or    
p>tly pres5t 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o use !m1   
are n inconsi/5t ) g5u9e writ+2 :5      
pres5t !y add vividness to ! writ+1 &   
emphasize its ideographic "*4 ,a        
comb9ation ( picture =ms only1 may be   
us$ z means ( communication to a c]ta9  
degree1 b c nev] con/itute writ+2 t1 l  
spee*1 mu/ provide = ! expression ( !   

relation%ips & categories t make up !   
/ructure ( language4  ,egyptian writ+1  
:i* is ( c\rse true writ+1 conta9s      
elem5ts ( e class4 ,x has symbols & also
 pictures1 n only ( ?+s or creatures1 b 
( actions z well1 contract$ to a n>r[   
space1 made cursive2 ^! pictures1 al?\gh
 /ill rank+ z su*1 /& = words--!y c be  
pron\nc$1 & h syntax1 :i* is ! crucial  
te/4 ,egyptian next has unrecognizable  
=ms1 ^: mean+ has become a simple       
conv5tion1 b :i* /ill /& = words1 or    
p>ticles4 ,x has elem5ts :i* are n      
pron\nc$ = !mselves1 b only s]ve z      
det]m9atives4 7,su* a use ( det]m9atives
 is n limit$ to hi]oglyphic writ+1 b is 
possess$ also by alphabetic2 ! second o 
9 ! ^w too is /rictly a det]m9ative1 to 
di/+ui% ! adv]b too f ! preposition to1 
bo? pron\nc$ alike4 ,tibetan has an     
elaborate sy/em ( sil5t lett]s us$ z    
grammatical det]m9atives47 ,& !n        
,egyptian writ+ f9ally has pure         
alphabetic elem5ts4  ,z to ,maya1 ,i ?9k
 x f> m ?an likely t1 :5 at la/         

deciph]$1 x w be f\nd to conta9 mo/ if n
 all ( ^! classes--mutatis mut&is4 ,!re 
seems e evid5ce t x is made up (        
pictures ) probably bo? concrete &      
ab/ract mean+s2 ^w-conv5tions2 &        
grammatical p>ticles4 ,x is at lea/     
probable t !re are also sil5t           
det]m9atives & n unlikely t !re is also 
a pure phonetic or alphabetic elem5t4 ,t
 ! latt] elem5t is n ! basic "o may ,i  
?9k be n[ reg>d$ z e/abli%$4            
,,footnotes3  #ce-99 ,! ,tibetan use (  
symbolical words 9 place ( num]als is   
wor? not+ "h1 ev5 ?\gh we d n "k ! ,maya
 face num]als well en\gh z yet = any    
comp>ison4 ,see ,csoma de ,koros1       
,tibetan gramm>1 ,calcutta1 #ahbd1 pp4  
#aee et seq42 also ,ph4 ,ed4 ,f\caux1   
,grammaire ,tibeta9e1 ,p>is1 #aheh1 pp4 
#aeg et seq4  #ci-99 ,^! ! ,maya glyphs 
d n repres5t a real script1 z is s (t5  
ma9ta9$1 b are only pictures :i* h be5  
r$uc$ to ! appe>ance ( lett]s1 contract$
 to a n>r[ space1 made cursive46--,dr4  
,edu>d ,sel]1 ,codex ,vaticanus ,no4    

#cggc1 page #fe4--,well8                
,,conclusion  ,introite1 nam et hic dii 
sunt4   ,x is n my desire to add1 z a   
conclusion to a comm5t be>+ on !        
re/oration & int]pretation ( ,mayan     
hi]oglyphic texts1 any g5]al discussion 
( ! data :i* tradition & ! e>ly ,spani% 
writ]s h left u ( ! my?ology1 rites &   
cu/oms ( ! ,am]ican races2 & /ill less  
to run out a l9e ( attractive analogies 
betwe5 isolat$ in/ances ( _! words1     
symbols or works1 ) ^? ( any ( ! v>i\s  
nations ( ! o!r hemisph]e2 nor to build 
up any !ory ( desc5t or int]c\rse ) any 
( ^! latt] z today kn[n to hi/ory4 ,!   
subject be=e u is on its v face too va/2
 ! writt5 & traditional data are        
entirely too scanty & too little        
und]/ood2 & :ile we are /ill oblig$ to  
designate ! v>i\s gods & p]sonages ( !  
,codices z god ,a1 ,b1 etc41 & are      
unable to fix def9itely#da-99 a s+le    
inscrib$ date 9 t]ms ( our *ronology1 or
 tell ! ev5t atta*$ to x1 fanci$        
comp>isons am\nt to little4 ,& !        

favorite l+ui/ic me?od is m fragile yet1
 especially :5 ! unc]ta9ties ( spell+ & 
translit]ation are consid]$1 & above all
 ! frequ5t total ignorance ( ! pa/      
hi/ory & *anges ! diff]5t words comp>$  
mu/ h gone ?r\gh s9ce ! "t :5 by any    
possibility a physical transmission f "o
 locality to ! o!r c\ld h tak5 place4   
,^! ought to be commonplaces ( rese>*1 b
 x is to be fe>$ t !y h n q yet become  
s4#db-99 ,!re is no ne$ to give in/ances
 ( su* false analogies :i* h s]v$ z !   
bases = a multitude ( filiation !ories1 
all equally well support$ by details1 & 
all mutually exclusive4 ,nor on ! o!r h&
 c we d5y ! exi/5ce actually ( a v great
 numb] ( resemblances & id5tities :i* _c
 be ignor$1 b mu/ imply connexions ( "s 
k9d4 ,! ,engli% nation is n a ,hebrew p 
because x _h a prime m9i/] ,disraeli1   
nor ,greeks because !y h a ,que5        
,alex&ra1 nor ,romans because ( c]ta9   
local names4 ,su* facts ev5 :5 real1 &  
e/abli%$ z su*1 may only be evid5ce ( a 
s+le cont95tal culture or transcont95tal

 int]c\rse4  ,x has be5 ! dictum ( a    
c]ta9 s*ool ( ar*aeology1 /ill v mu* 9  
g5]al favor1 t all ^! id5tities are to  
be expla9$ z ! natural result ( ! innate
 t5d5cies ( untutor$ m51 on _!          
evolution>y rise1 at c]ta9 cultural     
/ages1 to imag9e ! same my?s & inv5t !  
same rites4 ,f ?is z a pr9ciple ,i :olly
 diss5t2 x simply does n meet ! facts4  
,!re are ( c\rse _m facts to :i* x does 
apply1 su* z ^? t bo? ,*9ese & ,am]icans
 made pap]1 tann$ lea!r1 made fea!r     
ornam5ts1 us$ /> & fl[] names = _!      
*ildr51 & s on3 facts :i* _h be5 us$ to 
prove ,*9ese & ,am]ican id5tity1 & to   
:i* ,dr4 ,br9ton ju/ly add$ 9 retort t  
!y also slept at night1 wore clo!s :5 x 
0 cold1 & s on4 ,b !re is a v great     
numb] ( facts1 a numb] con/antly gr[+ ) 
rese>*1 :i* _c be s dismiss$4 ,su* are !
 employm5t ( ab/ract symbolism1 !       
erection ( great /ructures all hav+ a   
def9ite & id5tical a/ronomical be>+ &   
evid5t use1 ! common possession (       
s-call$ my?s all tell+ ! "o /ory1 & only

 slightly modifi$ locally1 su* z !      
bir?-/ories ( ,huitzilopo*tli & (       
,h]akles1 & ! /ories ( ! travail (      
,latona pursu$ by ! ,py?on & ( ! ,woman 
clo!d ) ! ,sun 9 ,revelation2 or !      
univ]sal tradition ( sev5 ance/ral caves
 or cities 9 ,am]ica1 comp>$ ) !        
,tibetan & ,puranic /ories ( ! sev5     
lotus-leaves ( ',sveta-dvipa1 ! fir/    
cont95tal home ( ! race2 ! ,ha*a de     
cobre ( ! ,miztecs & ! ev]-turn+ spe> ( 
jade ( ! ,japanese /ory ( ! place :]e ! 
gods fir/ desc5d$ on e>?2 or ! :ole "q (
 ! orig9 ( ! ,zodiac4 ,^! ?+s1 & a ho/ (
 o!rs1 ne$ a diff]5t explanation--all ! 
m s9ce ! m we are le>n+ ( !m ! m we f9d 
t !y enclose facts ( :i* ! hypo!tical   
savage *ildr5 c\ld n1 ex hypo!si1 h be5 
aw>e--"s facts inde$ :i* our v late/    
mod]n sci5ce is only n[ le>n+4#dc-99  ,b
 :ile diss5t+ n[ :olly f ?is !ory 7(    
co9cid5talism7 "o _c b hold 9 all       
respect ^? :o 9 _! "t held x4 ,x is !   
duty ( ! savant to make ! be/ logical   
use he c ( :at he has1 & he _c be       

criticis$ = n us+ f9] scales ?an ! "t   
af=ds4 ,& ?is !ory 0 ne$$ z an answ] to 
! absurdities1 br\ght out 9 utt]        
disreg>d ( physical possibilities1      
po/ulat+ (f-h& migrations & filiations &
 evolution>y advances totally impossible
 )9 ! p]iods all[$ = _! completion1 &   
utt]ly )\t p>allel 9 any kn[n "p ( ! _w 
or page ( hi/ory4 ,& yet1 :5 ?is !ory _h
 its bir?1 ! mo/ ( ,*ri/5dom 0 /ill     
en?rall$ by ! ,us%]ian *ronology ( !    
creation & hi/ory ( ! :ole div9e        
univ]se1 :i* simply did n h room 9 x =  
all ^! ?+s to happ5 naturally &         
connect$ly4  ,& if x is urg$ t pres5t   
sci5ce _h already say a g5]ation ago1 a 
second's "t we might say 9 ! life (     
humanity1 begun to emancipate our ideas 
( "t & evolution1 /ill x is ! fact t t  
increase 9 bread? ( vision has s f>     
appli$ to e kn[n ?+ b man himself4 ,!   
old belief t gave ! _w #fjjj ye>s (     
life1 at lea/ put ?9k+ man at its       
beg9n+2 ! mod]n nightm>e gives u a _w = 
hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s )\t ?\ght1 &  

makes human civilization an ephem]al    
episode ( a few seconds ( univ]sal      
duration4 ,disreg>d+1 "o is =c$ to say  
wilfully1 ! fact t e s+le "o ( _! own   
argum5ts 9 favor ( an?ropoid desc5t =   
man w\ld equally support a !ory t !     
an?ropoids are debas$ (f%oots ( human   
/ocks1#de-99 biology /ill dem&s su* a   
lapse ( "t = its physical evolution t   
its adh]5ts oppose & belittle to ! utmo/
 e bit ( evid5ce ( any antiquity ev5 = !
 physical frame ( man4 ,we h1 to say    
no?+ ( ! re/ ( ! _w1 ,egyptian          
civilization n[ pu%$ back #aj1jjj ye>s1 
& 7toge!r ) o!rs z we sl[ly uncov] !m7 z
 f> remov$ z ev] f b>b>ism1 if n inde$  
gr[+ great] z we g back2 b we are n     
all[$ any?+ b apelike1 half arboreal    
savages #ej1jjj ye>s ago4 ,& yet e      
obs]v$ fact %[s u savage or worn-out    
races ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! _w det]iorat+ & 
dy+ out1 & n[h]e any savages progress+  
or1 unaid$ by outside influ5ce1 develop+
 :at we "k z civilization4 ,we see      
ev]y:]e ! rise & fall ( nations1 races &

 civilizations1 & _! utt] blott+ out2 & 
we refuse to accept t process z a       
univ]sal law ?r\gh :i* ! de/9y ( ! human
 race is work+ itself out4 ,9 fact1 we d
 n seem to believe t ! human race has   
any de/9y2 x may h beg9n+ & an end1 b no
 de/9y4  ,& s al?\gh ?is mod]n sci5tific
 s*ool began z a reaction aga9/ !       
n>r[ness ( !ological limitations1 bo? ( 
"t & greatness1 s hamp]$ & hypnotiz$ has
 our ?\ght be5 by bo?1 t man is ( ne>ly 
z little univ]sal acc\nt ) "o z ) ! o!r1
 & we f9d a seem+ly in]adicable         
repugnance to admit t any p _h develop$ 
writ+ be=e ! lea/ possible "t ago we c  
fix x1 usually ?is side ( ! ye> #a ( !  
,*ri/ian era4 ,& ?us we h ,m4 ,t]ri5 de 
,lac\p]ie's #dej embryo scripts &       
writ+s--:i* ano!r fifty ye>s may %[ to  
be ne>ly z _m fragm5ts ( "o or a few    
great /ocks ( anci5t hi]oglyphs4 ,(     
c\rse x is impossible to d]ive !        
,am]ican races or civilizations f !     
,*9ese1 ,pho5icians1 ,hittites1 or any (
 ! cultures ( ! o!r hemisph]e1 if we    

limit ! latt] to :at we "k ( _! hi/ory  
)9 ! pa/ two or ?ree ?\s& odd ye>s1 &   
,am]ican civilization to ! pa/ fifte5   
hundr$ ye>s4 ,! matt] is some:at great] 
?an t--j z man is some:at great] ?an a  
fool ( natural caprice4  ,!re is "o po9t
 f :i* ?is "q ( ,am]ican orig9s1 at lea/
 ( ,am]ican place 9 human society &     
civilization1 c be /udi$ 9 its broad]   
l9es1 ev5 ) :at mat]ials we h4 ,x is t (
 language 9 g5]al4 ,all ^! o!r matt]s we
 h t\*$ ^u are necess>y factors 9 ! "q (
 human evolution1 & ! position ( ,am]ica
 _c be consid]$ ap>t f !m1 & all ( !m4  
,b ,language t\*es bo? ! glyphs directly
 & also all ^! o!r ?+s1 & is itself (   
surpass+ int]e/ & importance z a human  
/udy4         99       99       99      
99       99  ,f "o po9t ( view ,language
 is man himself1 & x c]ta9ly is         
civilization4 ,)\t x man is n man1 a    
,self-express+ & social be+4 ,x is1 z   
von ,humboldt laid d[n1 n an act b an   
activity1 or en]gy1 n a ?+ done1 b a    
do+4 ,x is ! con/ant ef=t ( ! consci\s  

self to =mulate ?\ght4 ,x is ! use ( !  
en]gy ( creation1 ( objectivation1 a    
v]itable _m-color$ ra9b[ bridge betwe5 !
 inn] or high] man & ! out] or l[]      
worlds4 ,& x is n only ! expression (   
,man z man1 b 9 its v>i$ =ms x is !     
inevitable & liv+ expression ( ea* man  
or body ( m5 at any & e po9t ( "t4      
,itself b\ndless z an ocean1 x is 9 its 
inf9ite =ms & /reams & colors & s\nds1 !
 fai?ful & exact expon5t bo? ( ! s\rces 
& *annels by :i* x has come1 & ( ! banks
 9 :i* x is held1 racial1 national or   
individual4 ,x is liv+ or dead1 =ceful  
or weak1 pure or f\l1 refre%+ or flat1  
heal+ or poison\s4 ,x limits u1 b yields
 to our =ce4 ,e ^w or =m comes to u ) ! 
?\ght impress ( e man or nation t has   
us$ or mold$ x be=e u4 ,we mu/ take x z 
x comes1 b we give x some?+ ( ourselves 
z we pass x on4 ,if our intellectual &  
spiritual ?\ght is aflame1 :e!r z nation
 or individual1 we may purify x1 en]gize
 x1 give x p[] to =m & arrange ! atoms  
ar\nd x--& we h a new lit]ature1 a new &

 b5efic5t1 creative social vehicle (    
int]c\rse1 mutual und]/&+1 & human      
unification4 ,or if our m5tal or        
spiritual life is /ale1 & petty1 or     
egoi/ic1 or seek+ = enjoym5t only r ?an 
action2 if we h no?+ 9 u to give ! words
 & =ms we use1 b only "s national =ce   
left to use & play ) !m1 we = a :ile    
ref9e1 & pa9t1 & pettify1 & elaborate   
into mean+less subtleties ( =m1 e "o (  
:i* 9 turn reacts ^u our m5tal &        
spiritual life1 di/ract+ & en*a9+ u1    
until at la/ ! nation & its             
language--die out2 = nei!r c live )\t ! 
o!r4  ,n[ x is evid5t t ! crit]ion ( !  
p]fectness ( any language is n to be    
f\nd 9 a comp>ison ( its =ms or me?ods )
 ^? ( any o!r1 b 9 its fitness z a      
vehicle = ! expression ( deep] life1 ( !
 be/ & ! greate/ t is 9 ^? :o use x1 &  
above all 9 its ability to react &      
/imulate new] & yet great] m5tal &      
spiritual activity & expression4 ,! =ce 
beh9d man1 dem&+ expression ?r\gh him1 &
 him only1 into ! human life ( all1 is  

inf9ite--( necessity inf9ite4 ,!re is no
 limit1 nor ev] has be5 any limit1 to   
:at man may br+ d[n into ! dignify+1    
broad5+ & enri*+ ( human life &         
evolution1 save 9 8 own ability to      
compreh5d1 express1 & live x4 ,& !      
brightness & cleanness ( ! tools :]eby  
he =mulates 8 ?\ght1 z well z ! wor?9ess
 & fitness ( ! sub/ance & ! =ms into :i*
 he %apes x = o!rs to see1 are !        
ess5tials ( 8 craft4 ,= su* is ! economy
 ( nature1 :i* wa/es no?+ 9 reality1 t a
 fit vehicle w be tak5 possession ( by  
its own t5ant2 & ! unfit left to & be   
tak5 by ^? :o c use no bett]4  ,be=e1   
!n1 tak+ up ! great =mal classes into   
:i* language at l>ge is usually divid$1 
x w be necess>y to say a few words z to 
! f\ndations ( =m itself 9 language1 t  
we may !n proce$ to consid] ^! classes f
 ! /&po9t ( _! inn] mean+ r ?an solely (
 ! out] =m2 & by seek+ to und]/& ! m5tal
 & spiritual equipm5t & life ( ^? t us$ 
!m1 may p]haps 9 turn be bett] fitt$    
f9ally to ent] into ! g5ius ( _! writt5 

& spok5 languages1 & to int]pret ?r\gh  
!m 9 ! detail m ( ! ideas :i* ^? =ms 7  
bo? fitt$ & us$ to express4 ,su* a me?od
 is ess5tial = ! und]/&+ ( any language 
or culture1 b x is absolutely necess>y 9
 ! case ( ^! non-,aryan tongues1 s great
 is ! di/ance bo? ( "t & ?\ght :i*      
sep>ates u f !m4 ,if we set out to      
comp>e ! =ms by :i* !y express$ _! ?\ght
 ) ^? )9 :i* we develop ours1 or approa*
 ^! cultures & peoples 9 ! attitude (   
ali5 criticism1 /udy _! int]e/+ ways    
?r\gh a m5tal lorgnette & impale _! dead
 =ms on ! ne$les ( our collection1 we   
%all n only %[ ourselves less broad 9   
culture ?an _m ( !m1 b we %all simply   
close & lock ! doors ( discrim9ation &  
und]/&+ be=e u4 ,! "q is n1 ,h[ d _! =ms
 & ways appeal to u8 b1 ,h[ did ^? =ms1 
& ways1 a*ieve _! und]ly+ objects1 & :at
 0 ! ?\ght beh9d !m8  ,life is action1 &
 )\t activity :atev] p[]s lie )9 any    
consci\s be+ are only pot5tial4         
,activity is ! bridge betwe5 ! inn] man 
& ! out] _w1 by :i* he impresses 8      

?\ght1 9 =ms1 on *aos or ! atoms ab\t   
him1 receiv+ 9 return increas$ k &      
exp]i5ce ( all he t\*es1 & k ( himself  
?r\gh ! results ( 8 own actions2 & x is 
! bridge betwe5 man & man4 ,= ?is reason
 ! v]b1 ! ^w ( action1 is ! mo/         
important & mo/ develop$ "p ( spee*4 ,! 
?ree hypo/ases ( life1 z ( language1 are
 ! self1 activity1 & ! _w2 & x is = !   
expression ( all ! possible v>i$        
relations betwe5 ^! ?ree1 t all ! =ms ( 
any language come into be+4 ,& f ! way 9
 :i* ^! =ms are develop$1 & ! relative  
importance :i* is giv5 to ?is or t =m ( 
?\ght or activity1 ! "* ( ! p1 _! grasp 
( nature1 & _! own conception ( !mselves
 & _! relation to ! _w1 c be se54#di-99 
,"s languages h ! /rong impress (       
imp]sonality1 )\t any loss ( virility2  
o!rs are /rongly egoti/ic &             
self-ass]tive1 ) p]haps ! bragg>t's lack
 ( g5u9e /r5g?4 ,ea* spok5 language t we
 "k has its own color & tone1 to :i* our
 ?\ght mu/ respond1 if we w\ld "k & use 
x well4 ,to speak good ,sw$i%1 =        

in/ance1 requires cle> ?9k+ to an       
exceptional degree4 ,to %[ ?is1 ! =m    
come "h1 :i* is ! ord9>y ,engli%        
expression1 is simply bad gramm> 9      
,sw$i%2 ! use ( come hi!r 7kom hit1     
in/ead ( kom ha]7 is imp]ative4 ,we h ! 
hi!r 9 ,engli%1 b x has become /ilt$1 & 
! l+ui/ic di/9ction lo/4 ,comp>e also ! 
use ( fa1 z a common auxili>y2 nor are  
^! exceptions1 b1 on ! contr>y1         
*>act]i/ic examples4 ,also to enunciate 
! language rightly "o mu/ hold ! back & 
neck erect & ! muscles firm4  ,9 "s     
languages ! speak] ?9ks ( himself & 8   
complet$ action z insep>able1 z a s+le  
idea1 z ! ,lat9 edi = ,i h eat52 9 o!rs 
he ?9ks ( himself subconsci\sly z       
possess+ ! results ( 8 action1 z our ,i 
h eat52 & 9 o!rs1 z among ! ,iri%       
peasantry1 he sep>ates himself & 8      
action entirely1 z ,i am aft] eat+4 ,9  
"s gramm>s1 z 9 ,maya1 ! v]bal concept  
/>ts ) ! pa/2 9 o!rs1 z our own1 we live
 9 ! pres5t2 9 ! ,wel%1 ! future is !   
*ief t5se4 ,! m]e *oice ( %all or w z ! 

fir/ p]son future auxili>y d5otes a     
specific m5tal quality4  ,n[ !          
expression ( all ^! inf9ite %ades (     
relationtion%ip,,tn-#e betwe5 ! self1 ! 
activity & ! _w1 is a*iev$ 9 two ways3  
position or placem5t--syntax2 & =m4 ,!  
cu/om>y division ( languages is into    
,monosyllabic1 ,agglut9ative1           
,incorporat+1 & ,inflectional1 & ?is    
division w suit our purpose1 ?\gh x mu/ 
be us$ ) c>e4 ,x is held 9 ! ord9>y !ory
 t ^! classes mu/ repres5t successive   
/ages ( l+ui/ic p]fection1 ea* 9 turn   
be+ high] 9 ! scale ?an ! o!r1 !y hav+  
gr[n "o f ! o!r z ! race advanc$4 ,by ! 
!ory ! monosyllabic is l[] ?an !        
agglut9ative1 & inh]5tly less useful4 ,b
 ! !ory does n "w out 9 practical       
application to ! facts we h to deal )1 =
 :ile we _c f9d /ill left 9 ! _w any    
agglut9ative languages repres5tative (  
suffici5t culture to br+ into our pres5t
 consid]ation1 we d f9d a monosyllabic 9
 ! highe/ rank1 & meet+ ! highe/        
cultural requirem5ts4 ,9 %ort1 ! latt]  

may be !oretically ! inf]ior tool1 b !  
g5ius ( ?\ght beh9d is great] ?an ! =m4 
,"o man c draw a ma/]piece ) a burnt    
/ick1 ano!r only pa9t a daub ) all !    
bru%es made4 ,once aga9 we mu/ n judge  
by our preconceiv$ pref]5ces ( =m4      
,omitt+ !re=e ! mod]n remnants (        
agglut9at+ languages1 outside ( ,am]ica1
 z af=d+ u no lit]>y mat]ial ( value =  
our /udy1 we %all f9d at once drawn     
across all ! o!r great classes a s+le   
broad l9e ( division1 betwe5 !          
ideographic & ! lit]al--! same z already
 m5tion$4 ,& ! mom5t we draw ?is l9e z  
an expon5t ( ! m5tal & spiritual        
?\ght-life ( ! diff]5t peoples1 we %all 
f9d x n only mold+ _! language =ms1 bo? 
writt5 & spok51 b manife/ z well 9 _!   
art1 philosophy1 & ev5 _! social polity4
 ,& ( c\rse we mu/ be fair 9 our        
comp>isons1 & n set a ,*9ese coolie 9 ! 
concrete aga9/ an ,engli% /atesman1 nor 
any concrete example ( ano!r k9d (      
culture 9 its decay ) ! highe/ bloom to 
:i* we believe our own type to be able  

to c>ry u4  ,x w\ld be absurd to say t !
 ratioc9ative1 lit]al m9d is high] ?an !
 ideal4 ,"o man sees directly ! mean+ ( 
! ?+s1 ! ev5ts & situations be=e him2   
ano!r reasons x all out4 ,& contr>y to  
_m ( our curr5t beliefs1 ! =m] is (t5 ! 
man ( action2 he sees at a fla% to !    
he>t ( ! matt]1 & gets ?+s done4 ,8     
?\ght1 8 activity1 is vivid2 & 8 words  
are likely to be s z well4 ,! ideali/1  
if he be broadm9d$1 & n m]ely s5tim5tal1
 is inde$ likely to be ! practical man4 
,& ! type ( m9d t is made manife/ to u  
by ^! great non-,aryan languages & _!   
=ms1 is ! =m]4 ,( c\rse idealism 9 its  
decad5ce becomes negative1 inactive1    
self-consum+ & no long] creative4 ,b 9  
its bloom ! direct vision may be ev5 m  
active1 m practical1 ?an are ! reason$  
processes4  ,mu* ink & pap] has be5 sp5t
 ov] ! "q :e!r ! ,*9ese hi]oglyphs are  
ideograms or phonograms1 :e!r ! "*      
,illu/ration3 ,*9ese "*1 = in/ance1     
conveys to ^? us+ x prim>ily ! idea (   
,heav51 or ! spok5 ^w ,t'i54 ,x is      

necess>ily bo?1 9 a s5se2 x w\ld n be   
writt5 language o!rwise4 ,& x is equally
 true t ! lett]-comb9ation ,heav5 is 9 a
 way z mu* to u a picture ( ! idea z ( !
 s\nd2 b ! diff]5ce ( proc$ure is       
radical4 ,! glyph is relat$ to ! idea   
directly1 ! spell$ ^w only ?r\gh ! =mal 
comb9ation ( symbols = s+le vocal       
spee*-elem5ts1 mean+less :5 sep>ate4 ,! 
relation ( spok5 s\nd to glyph is :olly 
adv5titi\s2 ! relation ( ! idea to !    
spell$ ^w is equally adv5titi\s4 ,!     
asc5t1 if we s call x1 ( writt5 spee* f 
! ideographic to ! alphabetic1 is !     
desc5t ( ! ?\ght fur!r into mat]ial     
=ms4#ec-99 ,& :ile x may be 7& 9 ! c\rse
 ( univ]sal evolution rightly s7        
necess>y = our ?\ght to desc5d into !   
bondage ( matt] & =m1 = its k &         
exp]i5ce1 & = ! developm5t ( matt] & =m 
into fitt] vehicles ( ?\ght1 nev]!less !
 process is a b9d+ & = a "t an en*a9+   
"o1 & ! ?\ght is1 = a "t at lea/1 likely
 to be lo/ 9 ! confusion ( =ms4  ,?us we
 may lay d[n z our fundam5tal           

proposition t a hi]oglyphic =m ( writ+  
is bett] fitt$ to1 & mu/ prop]ly1 9 !   
p]iod ( its natural developm5t1         
accompany ! imag9ative processes ( m9d4 
,or1 s9ce imag9ation to our lit]al ?\ght
 implies 9 "s degree ! fanciful 7?\gh   
wrongly s 9 ess5ce71 we might p]haps    
bett] say t t =m ( writ+ is ! fit       
att5dant & expon5t ( ^? functions ( m9d 
:i* cognize ! inn] mean+s ( ! facts (   
life directly1 r ?an ^? :i* /udy !m     
?r\gh ! correlation ( _! ph5om5a4 ,&    
also1 t ! developm5t by any p ( an      
alphabetic out ( a hi]oglyphic sy/em1   
does n imply a great] advance 9 l+ui/ic 
p]fection on _! "p1 b indicates a       
correspond+ m5tal & inn] *ange (        
attitude t[>ds ideas & ?+s1 & a diff]5t 
conception ( ! self z relat$ to !m all4 
,x is n at all necess>y to assume t ! k 
ga9$ by "o me?od is deep] or m exact ?an
 ! o!r4 ,true sci5ce may exi/ z fully "u
 "o set ( circum/ances z ! o!r4 ,if we w
 take ! type ( ! s-call$ mo/ primitive  
=m1 ! monosyllabic--! ,*9ese1 we %all   

f9d all ?is evid5c$ 9 ! cle>e/ mann]4   
,to note b "o illu/ration1 a /udy ( !   
sci5tific & philosophical ideas involv$ 
9 & convey$ by ! ^w k'ung1 = ,space1    
e!r1 ! fundam5tal sub/ratum ( s\nd or   
vibration1 z well z ! int]e!ric c5tral  
po9t ( balance & p[]1 w disclose an     
und]/&+ t has no?+ to fe> f mod]n       
comp>isons4  ,& ! v fact t ,*9ese has _h
 to dep5d on placem5t ( its             
monosyllables to express all ! relations
 = :i* spee* is call$ ^u1 in/ead ( rely+
 on *anges ( =m1 seems to h1 & inde$ has
 s /imulat$ ! developm5t ( pure l+ui/ic 
p[] t ! language is actually z p]fect & 
cle> a m$ium ( cultur$ & le>n$          
int]c\rse1 z is ! ,sanskrit1 ! supreme  
type ( ! s-call$ mo/ develop$ =m1 !     
inflectional4 ,& by reason ( its        
possession ( ! ideographic elem5t x has 
a vividness :i* ! ,sanskrit has n4 ,no  
language c be a highly develop$ "o :i*  
does n provide 9 "s way = ! expression (
 all possible ne$$ relations betwe5 !   
?ree fundam5tal po/ulates ( life &      

activity--! self1 ! action & ! _w2 &    
,*9ese does ?is 9 spite ( its           
monosyllabic /ructure by ! developm5t ( 
its syntax ( position4 ,& x %\ld be     
rememb]$ fur!r t ,*9ese syntax1 9 /rict 
correspond5ce to ! g5ius ( ! language1  
is n ! same =mal ?+ t syntax is ) our   
inflectional tongues1 b includes1 or r  
is prim>ily bas$ on ! h>monic adju/m5t (
 ! inh]5t basic ideas ( or )9 ! words4  
,! ,*9ese monosyllables are !n n ! nak$ 
sep>ate ?+s !y are 9 ! diction>y1 b !   
:ole phrase or s5t5ce is on ! contr>y z 
mu* a unit z "o ( ours2 & (t5 m s4  ,?is
 integral unity ( ! :ole s5t5ce or      
expression1 dom9at$ by a p]spective (   
ideas r ?an ( =ms1 :i* is a*iev$ 9      
,*9ese by ! elaboration ( placem5t1 is  
also *>act]i/ic ( ! /ructure ( !        
languages ( ! ,am]ican cont95t2 b1 ^!   
languages be+ polysyllabic1 ! vividness 
& unity are atta9$ by a me?od describ$ z
 ,incorporation1 :]eby ! accessories (  
relation are s includ$ 9 or atta*$ to ! 
lead+ ^w t ! :ole expression assumes !  

=m & s\nd ( a s+le ^w4 ,& a simil>      
process takes place ) ! v>i\s elem5ts ( 
a comp\nd s5t5ce4 ,s t al?\gh ?is "o ( !
 divisions ( language approa*es v       
closely to ! ,inflectional 9 its ext]nal
 =ms1 x yet has held to ! vividness &   
ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ! ideographic    
me?od4 ,& x is a po9t ( ! utmo/         
importance = ! deciph]m5t ( ! ,maya     
glyphs1 to note z has be5 /at$ be=e1 t  
_! syntax ( comb9ation mu/ foll[ t ( !  
spok5 language1 :i* we "k4  ,!re is "o  
broad l9e ( division m>k+ all !         
languages & civilizations ( ! _w--! l9e 
betwe5 ! ideographic & ! lit]al2 x m>ks 
! use ( hi]oglyphic or ( alphabetic     
writ+1 & x d5otes a culture s widely    
diff]5t f ours1 modes ( ?\ght s di/9ct1 
views ( life & man's relation to x "o   
might almo/ say s opposite to ours1 z to
 po9t unmi/akably to a mo/ di/ant pa/1 &
 a =m] _w-culture probably z wide-spread
 9 its day z is n[ ours--or m s4 ,& x is
 "o ( ! /range/ & mo/ rem>kable ( !     
ph5om5a we are consid]+1 t ! two        

divisions h ov]lapp$ ea* o!r 9 "t to su*
 a degree t :]eas we h 9 ,sanskrit1 !   
mo/ p]fect type ( ,aryan1 or            
inflectional languages1 ! olde/ ( !m    
all2 on ! o!r h& we h 9 ,*9ese an       
equally p]fect l+ui/ic m$ium ( ! o!r    
type1 kept alive into our own times4    
,:5 we consid] ! developm5t & /atus ( ! 
,am]ican civilizations :i* h be5 reveal$
 to u1 & especially :5 we h once op5$   
our m9ds to ! possibility t             
_w-civilizations diff]5t 9 _! "t f ours 
9 ours1 may = all we "k h exi/$ & be5   
blott$ out ages ago1 leav+ l+ui/ic      
traces1 & p]haps p]petuat+ cultural     
remnants 9 a few p>ts ( ! e>?1 x is     
impossible n to recognize ! bread? ( !  
problem we are consid]+4 ,all ov] !     
,am]ican cont95t at ! "t ( ! ,discov]y  
we see cultures & sy/ems ^: "t _h come4 
,back ( mo/ ( ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ican   
tribes we f9d ! rema9s ( mighty & utt]ly
 ext9ct civilizations--only _! dim      
memory left4 ,9 ! c5t]s ( high] culture 
f ,mexico to ,p]u we see ! anci5t       

civilization br\ght fur!r d[n to our own
 times2 b !re also1 9 process1 all !    
incid5ts ( break-up & an expir+         
greatness4 ,int]nec9e /rife1 invasion f 
outside1 *anges ( c5t]1 are all go+ on1 
& all m>k$ by a /eady decrease 9 ev]y?+ 
t means civilization4 ,( ! anci5t       
ma!matical & a/ronomical k a corn] ( :i*
 is reveal$ to u by ! ,maya glyph       
rema9s1 only a di/ort$ fragm5t appe>s 9 
! ,mexican1 :]e also hi]oglyphs h yield$
 to a crud] rebus-writ+4 ,! /ately &    
incomp>able compositions & ar*itecture (
 ,pal5que1 ,copan & ,quirigua h yield$  
to ! ball c\rts & local /rifes ( ,*i*5  
,itza--all ?is foll[+ ! v c\rse ( *ang+ 
hi/orical succession pres]v$ 9 !        
,*ronicles4 ,! lat] ! date1 ! l[] 9 e   
case ! culture2 ?is is impossible n to  
recognize1 nor h we traces ( any diff]5t
 c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,( c\rse we see ! rise (
 ! ,aztec nation1 a small cycle1 b l !  
,go?ic ^u ! ,roman1 x comes at ! end ( !
 g5]al ,am]ican break-up--an incursion (
 b>b>ians settl+ on & pres]v+ = u       

fragm5ts ( ! culture t prec$$ !m1 j z   
has happ5$ ov] & ov] aga9 all ov] ! _w4 
,& ! same ) ! ,incas 9 ,p]u4 ,& yet ev5 
! ,mexican culture dem&s our high       
respect1 comp>+ favorably ) ,european ( 
! same p]iod4 ,inde$ x 0 actually f>    
ahead ( ! latt] 9 matt]s ( education &  
_m po9ts ( polity4  ,b 9 spite ( its    
seem+ greatness1 its he>t & en]gy 7     
gone1 j z ) ,p]u1 & bo? yield$ to :at on
 ! face seems a miracle1 b 0 only !     
expression ( t =ce :i* 0 prep>+ !       
,am]ican cont95t = a new race &         
civilization1 /ill n[ only 9 its        
beg9n+s4 ,! ,mayan empire _h already    
brok5 up4 ,& ev5 z we write1 !          
ar*aeological hi/ory ( ! o!r hemisph]e  
is be+ repeat$ "h2 on ! heels ( ,manabi 
comes ! ,*imu ,valley1 & soon x w be )  
,am]ica z ) ,egypt--"o w n be able to   
pr9t an up-to-date "w on its e>ly       
hi/ory1 = new discov]ies w c>ry x back  
fur!r1 & to great] scope1 be=e ! previ\s
 ones c be edit$ & gott5 to press4      
,comp>e ! few pages ( e>lie/ ,egypt 9   

,%>pe's hi/ory1 ) ,fl9d]s ,petrie's "w (
 a decade or s ago1 & t ) ! situation   
today4  ,x is a simple fact t deciph]m5t
 & publication all ov] ! _w c no long]  
keep pace ) discov]y2 & ! "t has come = 
ar*aeology to beg9 to survey ^!         
remnants1 eng9e]+ works t w\ld tax any  
mod]n nation ) all our appliances1 va/  
ru9$ cities1 "o above ! o!r1 innum]able 
languages & writ+s1 ! traces ( peoples  
^: v names are lo/ to hi/ory--z a :ole1 
& to ask itself h[ long x mu/ h tak5 =  
all ^! works to be accompli%$1 let alone
 = ! bir? & decay ( ! civilizations t   
support$ !m1 & gave environm5t = !      
developm5t ( su* te*nical skill z c\ld  
f9i% ! enorm\s bulk ( ! ,great ,pyramid 
) an accuracy beyond ! f95ess ( our be/ 
in/rum5ts to measure4 ,= n only m]e bulk
 is to be consid]$--?\gh !re is en\gh ( 
t scatt]$ ov] ! e>? to keep all !       
possible available craftsm5 ( ! _w a    
:olly incomm5surate "t a*iev+ !m1 b !   
ability to conceive & c>ry out su*      
works4 ,:at sort ( p level$ ,monte      

,alban = its cr[n ( pyramids1 dream$ &  
execut$ ! /ucco model+s ( ,pal5que1     
built ! temple ( ,boro ,budur 9 ,java1  
cut ! ,bamian /atues ( ! ,h9du ,ku%1 & s
 on1 & s on1 = page aft] page8 ,if !y _h
 su* appliances z we h1 !y mu/ be rank$ 
at lea/ 9 our class = hav+ !m2 if !y did
 !m )\t our great eng9es1 :at sort ( m5 
7 !y8 ,& if !y c\ld d ^! ?+s )\t our    
appliances1 is x n a fair inf]5ce t !y  
c\ld easily h made ! tools1 or o!rs     
bett] p]haps8  ,"o fact is becom+ m     
prom95t ) e advance ( ar*aeology ov] !  
_w1 a fact ( ! greate/ l+ui/ic int]e/1  
namely t anci5t civilizations & empires1
 z a :ole1 la/$ long] ?an ours ( today4 
,consid] h[ _m diff]5t & successive     
empires ,europe has _h 9 ! la/ #bjjj odd
 ye>s1 our hi/ory2 & h[ long ea* ( our  
cultures has la/$4 ,all ( !m put toge!r 
w\ld g into "o ( ^! old] p]iods1 & h    
pl5ty to sp>e4 ,pass+ ov] :at may be !  
real mean+ & be>+ ( ?is fact on !       
problem ( univ]sal hi/ory & human       
evolution1 & ! position ( our race      

today1 ! l+ui/ic consid]ations :i* foll[
 are mo/ int]e/+4  ,if ! fundam5tal !sis
 ( language z a human activity is its   
direct correspond5ce to & expression (  
all ! inn] motives & =ces ( ! us]s1 we h
 "h a key to ! survival to our day1 an  
unkn[n p]iod pa/ its own "t1 ( ! ,*9ese 
type4  ,( ! developm5t1 modification &  
decay ( languages we h ample mat]ial 9  
our own times = /udy1 ! p]iods ov] :i* !
 modify+ =ces op]ate be+ an equal       
measure ( ! p]iods ( national activity &
 *ange4 ,&1 :at is p]haps n always      
suffici5tly recogniz$1 we h an          
elaboration ( ! =mal elem5ts go+ on "u v
 diff]5t impulses1 at diff]5t p]iods ( !
 life ( ! language4 ,! "t has come 9 !  
hi/ory ( a p = x to play a great] "p on 
! _w's /age3 "s dang] has ?reat5$ !     
national life & ar\s$ its en]gies1 or   
o!r causes h work$ to quick5 ! m5tal &  
spiritual life2 an ,elizabe?an era is   
u%]$ 91 frequ5tly by a =]unn]1 a ,*auc]1
 & ! language responds1 its =ms develop 
& are p]fect$4 ,or else "s fitt+ or     

amalgamat+ =ce comes 9 f outside1 ! life
 ( ! p is wid5$1 new blood ent]s 9 e    
s5se1 & ! =ms ( ! language respond4 ,or 
p]haps1 :5 !y may seem to h come to !   
te!r end ( ?+s1 & m5's m9ds turn back to
 old]1 ev5 prehi/oric times1 se$s long  
buri$ & =gott5 9 ! nature spr+ up1 & a  
true national ,r5aissance foll[s4 ,9 ^! 
cases ! *ange & elaboration ( =ms is a  
symptom ( new life2 ! vehicle is be+    
mold$ & exp&$ to fit ! gr[+ ?\ght4  ,b x
 is n always s4 ,!re comes a "t :5 !    
outgo+ =ce1 ! activity ( life1 wanes &1 
aft] a great] or less p]iod ( settl$    
conditions1 a p]iod ( prop] use &       
gov]nm5t ( ! regions occupi$1 a *ange   
sets 94 ,& !n we may h aga9 ! :olly     
deceptive ph5om5on ( l+ui/ic            
amplification2 b x is ! false activity (
 decay4 ,! en]gy has turn$ 9 & begun to 
fe$ ^u itself4 ,! national impulse has  
*ang$ f a*ievem5t to gratification1 m & 
m s\rces are drawn ^u to m9i/] to its   
enjoym5t1 & t enjoym5t becomes an art2  
=ms ( e k9d are subtly ref9$ 9 its      

s]vice1 & l+ui/ic =ms ) !m4 ,& ?is is !n
 ! v p]iod :5 all ^! mat]ial1 =mal      
elem5ts are po9t$ to ) pride z ! evid5ce
 ( culture & progress4 ,! ?\ght-life ( !
 nation has lo/ itself 9 ! conflict &   
confusion1 9 ! di/ractions ( ! =ms into 
:i* x has mold$ ! matt] its creative =ce
 _h ent]$4  ,we h ?us 9 nations &       
languages1 z 9 individuals1 ! ph5om5a ( 
bir?1 gr[?1 use1 & a quick or a sl[     
dea?1 all m>k$ by v>i\s degrees & signs 
( heal? or disease1 & e "o at root a    
moral "q4 ,^! are ! facts ( g5]al       
av]age1 q correspond+ to ^? t =m ! bases
 = life insurance tables4 ,b1 z ) ^!    
latt]1 n only are !re v>iations =       
inh]itance1 class1 locality1 & s on1 b  
!re are "h & !re cases ( out & out      
exception--:i* f all we c see mu/ be    
assign$ to "s ext]nal =ce 9 op]ation on 
! individual4 ,we call !m freak         
occurr5ces1 only because we _c see !    
wid] law or causes at "w4 ,:5 we meet !m
 9 suffici5t numb]s1 we make new tables 
to cov] !m z f> z we c1 aga9 9 g5]al    

only4 ,o!r causes /ill elude u1 ?\gh !y 
mu/ h a f\nta9 some:]e4  ,we h1 z great 
exceptions to our g5]al av]ages1 two    
opposite ph5om5a4 ,"o is ! sudd5        
inexplicable & dazzl+ rise on ! _w's    
/age ( a totally insignificant p1 ! o!r 
! seem+ arre/ = long p]iods ( "t ( !    
normal processes ( ev5 incipi5t decay4  
,& t\*+ ! latt] po9t1 x is /range inde$ 
t 9 two su* widely diff]5t cultures z ^?
 ( ,icel& & ,*9a we %\ld f9d ! same law 
app>5tly at "w2 ! p]iods are va/ly      
unlike 9 actual1 b n s 9 relative       
duration4 ,we h no way ( prop]ly plac+ !
 ma9t5ance ( ,icel&ic & ,*9ese z !y h   
be5 o!r ?an by simply lay+ d[n ! exi/5ce
 ( :at we may call a ,law ( ,ret>dation1
 ^: ultimate causes we _c fa?om or      
classify1 b :i* w /& z an opposite phase
 ( ! ,law ( ,/imulation1 :i* is m       
frequ5t 9 op]ation1 b is equally        
unexpla9$4  ,if we w n[ reg>d !         
languages & cultures ( ! _w1 we w f9d   
all ! phases ( l+ui/ic & cultural       
activity1 op]ative ) ab\t ! same degree 

( rapidity1 all ov] bo? hemisph]es1 save
 9 places protect$ by our ,law (        
,ret>dation4 ,we w f9d ! rate ( *anges &
 successions g5]ally f> less rapid !    
f>!r back 9 "t we g2 & f9ally we w f9d a
 special & m>k$ accel]ation on bo? sides
 ( ! ,atlantic dur+ ! la/ ?\s& ye>s1 all
 incid5t to ! plac+ ( a new race 9      
,am]ica4  ,s = ! facts z we f9d !m4 ,!y 
po9t to ! desc5t ( pa/ ,am]ican         
civilizations f a pa/ p]iod ( cont95tal1
 or f> m probably1 ( _w-wide ext5t4 ,=  
:o c imag9e t p great en\gh to build z  
^! did1 %\ld n also h navigat$8 ,:y %\ld
 we assume 9 ! face ( o!r exp]i5ces1 t  
,maya dates & calculations mean no?+1   
except on ! g5]al pr9ciple t !y did n "k
 z mu* z we d1 & 7 d\btless li>s8       
,bailly prov$ ov] a hundr$ ye>s ago t   
,h9du exact a/ronomical obs]vations mu/ 
date back at lea/ #ejjj ye>s1 & t !y 7 9
 possession ( m9utely accurate          
tables#fa-99 long be=e ,europe 04 ,& !  
rotundity ( ! e>? 0 c]ta9ly kn[n bo? to 
!m & ! o!r great nations ( antiquity4   

,ar*aeology is today pu%+ back ! dates (
 fix$ & ackn[l$g$ hi/ory almo/ to ! date
 giv5 by ! ,egyptians to ,solon = !     
subm]sion ( ! great ,atlantean isl&2 &  
if we c b read ! ,maya glyphs1 & op5 t  
door1 ano!r tw5ty ye>s f n[ may %[ u    
beyond all possible dispute evid5ces 9 e
 "p ( ! e>? belt ( a contemporane\s     
culture1 diff]5t f & prec$5t to !       
,aryan4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,i h s f> 9 ?is monograph1 
bas$ ^u & hav+ to d z x has ) ! ,maya   
glyphs1 _! int]pretation & _! place 9 ! 
l+ui/ic field1 limit$ myself to an      
analysis & consid]ation ( ! facts       
pres5t$ to u by ^? l+ui/ic & cultural   
data we h actually be=e u4 ,b !re is "o 
fur!r problem :i* is sugge/$ by x all4  
,x is ?is3 ,:]e1 9 po9t ( "t & place1 is
 ! *ange 9 ! _w's l+ui/ic & cultural    
life f ideographic to lit]al to be s\ght
 =1 & :at is its rationale8 ,sep>at$ f u
 by su* an enorm\s p]iod ( "t z x is1 ,i
 /ill _c believe t "s view ( x _c be _h4
 ,!re are v>i\s facts ( ,old ,_w hi/ory 

& language1 p>tly ( prehi/oric ,europe1 
p>tly ( ,asia1 an analysis ( :i* w\ld   
ext5d ?is pap] too f> into o!r fields2 b
 ap>t entirely f ! "q ( my?s or         
traditions1 !re are v>i\s actual obs]v$ 
ph5om5a bo? ( language & writ+1         
especially 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 :i* d n fit 
into any ( ! ord9>y !ories1 & :i* d     
sugge/ ?is1 z a simple l+ui/ic          
conclusion4 ,9 po9t ( locality1 at lea/1
 ! conclusion agrees ) ! usual ,aryan   
home !ory2 b z f> z conc]ns ?is latt] x 
mu/ be rememb]$ t h[ev] fully x         
demon/rates ! unity ( ! ,aryan race1    
beyond t fact all que/ions ( dates & ev5
 ( ! /ate ( civilization at ! "t1 are n 
matt]s ( hi/ory z yet = u1 b only (     
!ory--z to :i* our pres5t p]spective may
 be once m z faulty z x has (t5 be5     
h]et(ore4#fb-99  ,i believe t ?is c5t] (
 transition lay some:]e 9 ,c5tral ,asia1
 to ! nor? ( ! great ,himalayan range4  
,t ?is region 0 a sort ( alembic1 a     
melt+-pot 7z ,am]ica is today7 = v>i\s  
peoples ( an anci5t _w-wide culture1 z  

broad at lea/ 9 its scope z ! t]m ,aryan
 is today4 ,t ?is culture display$ !    
ideographic traits we h discuss$1 & t x 
has left m or less def9ite traces at    
diff]5t places 9 ! _w4 ,t x cov]$ ! two 
,am]icas1 9 :atev] cont95tal =m !y may  
!n h exi/$1 leav+ u !re les debris      
e*appes a un naufrage commun4 ,t        
co9cid5t ) a new & univ]sal _w-epo*1 z  
wide 9 its cultural scope z ! diff]5ce  
betwe5 ! ideographic & lit]al1 !re 0    
f9ally =m$ a totally new vehicle = ! use
 ( human ?\ght1 ! inflectional1 lit]al1 
alphabetic4 ,t ?is vehicle 0 p]fect$    
into "s great spee*1 ! direct ance/or ( 
,sanskrit1 into ! =ms ( :i* 7 conc5trat$
 all ! old p[] ( ! anci5t hi]oglyphs &  
_! und]ly+ concepts4 ,= ,sanskrit1 :ile 
! olde/ is also ! mightie/ ( ,aryan     
gramm>s2 & no "o :o has /udi$ its =ms1  
or he>d its spee* f educat$ native m\?s1
 c call x any?+ b conc5trat$ spiritual  
p[]4 ,t ! =ce :i* w5t on ! "o h& into ! 
,sanskrit =ms1 0 on ! o!r p]petuat$ on  
into ! special g5ius ( ,*9ese1 9 :i*1 z 

we "k x1 we h a ret>d$ survival1 n (    
c\rse ( out] =m s mu* z ( me?od &       
ess5ce4 ,& 9 ,tibetan1 9 spite ( all t  
is said to ! contr>y1 ,i suspect t we h 
a d]ivative1 n f ei!r ,*9ese or         
,sanskrit z we "k !m1 b by a m$ial l9e f
 a common po9t4#fc-99 ,( c\rse ! "t =   
su* *anges mu/ h be5 enorm\s2 b :atev] x
 01 x 0 no great] 9 its realm z "t1 ?an 
7 ! m5tal diff]5ces 9 !irs4 ,& !y bo?   
are equally human data4  ,c]ta9 o!r     
facts po9t to ! ,am]ican or ,atlantic   
s\rce & c5t] ( ?is anci5t epo*4 ,!y are 
briefly t all ar\nd ! ,m$it]ranean bas9 
we f9d traces ( a vani%$ culture1 unkn[n
 to our hi/ory1 & liv+ only 9 tradition 
& "s ar*aeological rema9s4 ,& ( ?is     
culture v>i\s inve/igators1 ea* approa*+
 x f 8 p>ticul> favorite locality1 h    
con/ruct$ = u z _m diff]5t ,empires1 by 
!ories ea* support$ by v>i\s details (  
analogies4 ,"o calls !m ,t>t>s1 ano!r   
,hittites1 ano!r ,pelasgians1 & s on4 ,&
 all ( !m1 9 ea* ( ! !ories1 h z a fact 
a great _m unexpla9$ *>act]i/ics1       

diff]5t f ^? ( our hi/orical nations4   
,"s ( ^! *>act]i/ics1 mo/ m>k$ly !      
,basque1 b also n a few at great]       
di/ance1 h def9ite ,am]ican simil>ities4
 ,x might n be a f> guess t ^! fragm5ts 
repres5t an ea/w>d movem5t1 :i* lat] 9 !
 hi/ory ( ! ,aryan developm5t met & 0   
pu%$ back we/w>d aga9 by ! fully =m$ &  
dom9ant ,aryan race f its ,c5tral ,asian
 c5t]4 ,?is is ! future prov9ce (       
,ar*aeology4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,& ,i am conv9c$ t
 ! wide/ door !re is to be op5$ to ?is  
pa/ ( ! human race1 is t ( ! ,maya      
glyphs4 ,! n>r[ limitations ( our m5tal 
horizon z to ! greatness & dignity (    
man1 ( 8 pa/1 & ( human evolution1 7 set
 back widely by ,egypt & :at %e has _h  
to %[1 & aga9 by ! ,sanskrit2 b ! walls 
are /ill !re1 & advances1 h[ev] rapid1  
are b gradual4 ,) ! read+ ( ,am]ica ,i  
believe ! walls !mselves w fall1 & a new
 conception ( pa/ hi/ory w come4        
,,footnotes3  #da-99 ,see ,memor&a on ! 
,*ilam ,balam ,cal5d>s1 ,c4 ,p4 ,b[dit*1

 #aija4 ,! obscurities ( ! ,*ronicles   
r5d] ! que/ions connect$ ) ,ahpula's    
dea? exce$+ly difficult4 ,= in/ance1 !  
imm$iate context 9 ! books ( ,mani &    
,tizim9 make ! date #aecf1 z giv5 9     
num]als1 an impossible "o4 ,b1 if ! date
 z giv5 9 ,maya t]ms is to be accept$ at
 all 7& x c]ta9ly is too specific to be 
reject$71 !n by ! long c\nt su* a date  
mu/ h be5 ei!r #aejb1 #ecej1 or #ab1ghf 
ye>s aft] ! date ( ,/ela #i1 ,copan4    
,mr4 ,b[dit* favors ! l[] figure1 *iefly
 because x is ! l[]1 & ?us puts ,/ela #i
 at ,a4 ,d4 #cd4 ,to get ?is date !     
longe/ possible di/ance f ,ahpula's dea?
 to ! end ( ! katun mu/ be us$--t is1 #f
 tuns %ort mu/ be tak5 to mean almo/ #g 
tuns %ort4 ,i c only say "h t if1 9     
correct+ ! figures #aecf1 z dem&$ by !  
imm$iate context1 we make ! simple/     
possible correction1 & put !m "o katun  
e>li]1 #aeaf1 & !n take z ! unexpir$ "t 
to ! end ( ! katun ! %orte/ ( ! ?ree    
t]ms giv5 z possible1 or #e tuns #aci   
days1 br++ ! end ( ,katun #ac-;,ahau on 

,jan4 #bh1 #aebb1 we n only br+ ! end ( 
,katun #aa-;,ahau )9 ! ye> #aeda1 z is  
mo/ positively /at$ by ! practically    
contempor>y ,pe* ,*ronicle1 b we also   
br+ 9 l9e ne>ly all ! important ev5ts ( 
! ,*ronicles1 f ! fall ( ,mayapan1 ca4  
#adej1 ! com+ ( ! ,spani>ds1 & !        
smallpox1 9 #aa-;,ahau 7#aeba to #aeda71
 ! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity 9 #i-;,ahau1
 d[n to ,l&a's dea? 7#aegi7 9 #g-;,ahau2
 z well z _m outside ref]5ces4 ,any o!r 
comb9ation requires h>%] em5dations     
some:]e else4 ,b ! above *oice ( ! t]m (
 #e tuns #aci days1 ?us seem+ly call$ =1
 means t ,/ela #i at ,copan is dat$1 by 
! long c\nt1 #ecej ye>s be=e ,ahpula's  
dea?1 or ,b4 ,c4 #chbd4 ,:e!r ?is is "r1
 is a "q = ! future4  #db-99 ,9 e?nology
 h[ev] "o tr\bles oneself little ) !    
detail ( l+ui/ic /ructure4 ,x is held q 
suffici5t to ga!r f diff]5t peoples &   
collate a c\ple ( hundr$ vocables1 into 
^: actual nature all insight is lack+1 &
 !n ^u dubi\s1 (t5 purely sup]ficial &  
app>5t simil>ities1 to d$uce l+ui/ic    

aff9ities4 ,or else1 z is n[ mo/ 9      
fa%ion1 ! claims ( l+ui/ic rese>* t[>ds 
! solution ( e?nological que/ions are   
r$uc$ to a 'mo/ mode/ %>e' 9 comp>ison )
 o!r fields 'some:at m 9 l9e ) natural  
sci5ces'--mean:ile po9t+ = ju/ification 
to ! absurdities set =? z ! results (   
too f>-fet*$ l+ui/ic d$uctions4444 ,!   
errors & sophi/ries *>g$ aga9/          
e?nological l+ui/ics are r an accid5tal 
result ( ! individuality ( s+le         
inve/igators1 ?an ess5tial to ! subject4
 ,!y are at lea/ sc>cely great] ?an ^?  
to ! cr$it ( rec5t ,an?ropometry4 ,a    
brief glance at ! /range *anges ( op9ion
 9 ! latt] field dur+ ! la/ ?ree        
decades1 9 spite ( all its boa/$        
figures1 %[s h[ little gr\nd x has to   
?r[ /ones4 ,s]i\s /ud5ts1 su* z ,wallace
 & ,dall1 ^: critical ability 9         
,zoomorphology no "o c d5y1 & :o d n re/
 cont5t ) a few skulls ( d\btful        
prov5ance1 ga!r$ a la ,hag5beck1 h come 
to a :olly negative view ( ! value (    
,craniometry4--,dr4 ,otto ,/oll1        

,maya-,spra*5 d] ,pokom-,gruppe1 ,i1    
vii1 ix4  #dc-99 ,our pres5t day        
speculators nev] seem to ?9k = a mom5t t
 ^! ?+s may conceal1 & !reby pres]ve1 "s
 real mean+1 or be m ?an nons5se4 ,!    
!ory ( my?ological int]pretation pu%$ to
 su* extremes z 9 ! animi/ic            
explanations ( ,web]1 ,keightley1 &     
o!rs1 & n abs5t f ! writ+s ( "s         
,am]icani/s 7namely1 t x 0 all no?+ b   
ridicul\s or concoct$ fancy1 tak5       
sob]ly7 is bad en\gh1 & argues little   
bread? or insight1 :5 appli$ to ! my?s (
 a s+le p1 consid]$ alone4 ,appli$ to   
comp>ative my?ology1 9 ! /ate ( ?+s     
today1 x is simply impossible4 ,! pla9  
fact is1 t su* id5tities z ^! mu/       
indicate "o ( two ?+s3 a common         
tradition1 locally modifi$ by           
circum/ances2 or a fact 9 nature or     
hi/ory1 symbolically express$ 9 diff]5t 
ways accord+ to ! times & modes4 ,& x   
mo/ probably indicates bo? ( ^!4 ,x is  
inde$ h>d to acc\nt = ! ext5t1 & !      
weight giv5 to "s ( ^! my?s1 n[ t we are

 com+ to a bett] appreciation ( ! scope 
& greatness ( anci5t                    
civilizations--ev]y:]e--except !y d     
correspond to actual facts 9 nature &   
hi/ory4 ,& x might be wor? our :ile to  
get at "s ( ^!4  #de-99 ,we might j z   
well ackn[l$ge1 once = all1 t 9 spite ( 
its pres5t-day curr5cy 9 ,engl& &       
,am]ica1 & its pre-emption ( ! field (  
sci5ce = ! p1 ! !ory ( man's physical & 
m5tal desc5t f ! an?ropoids1 is n only n
 prov$1 b is vehem5tly d5i$ by an       
equally able & sci5tific1 & )al m       
logical1 body ( rese>*]s ?an ^? :o =m   
its support]s4 ,to fabricate a miss+ l9k
 9 a *a9 7or ev51 z ) ,haeckel1 sev]al  
l9ks71 ^: only au?ority is ackn[l$g$ to 
be its necessity 9 ord] to complete !   
evid5ce = ! !ory1 & !n to decl>e ! !ory 
prov$ because ! fabricat$ l9k fits      
p]fectly ! gap x 0 creat$ =1 is equally 
vici\s sci5tifically :e!r ! fabrication 
be ! "w ( a physici/ ( r5[n or a l+ui/ic
 !oriz]4 ,let x simply be agre$1 z x n[ 
is by all sci5ce1 t ! evolution ( =m is 

a univ]sal & well evid5c$ pr9ciple1     
work+ out ?r\gh ! v>i\s well e/abli%$ & 
compreh5sible incid5ts1 su* z natural   
selection1 adaptation to environm5t1 & s
 on--yet ?is /atem5t ( ! fact is n an   
explanation ( its cause4 ,& e sci5tific 
& logical requirem5t w be equally1 &    
bett]1 met by reg>d+ all =ms1 :e!r      
physical1 l+ui/ic1 or ( any k9d1 z com+1
 or r br\ght1 into be+ by ! =ce ( a     
consci\sness :i* ne$s !m z ! vehicles ( 
its exp&+ activity4 ,t ?is is absolutely
 true 9 language1 anybody c see4 ,t x is
 true 9 e dep>tm5t ( daily life ab\t u1 
ev]ybody does see4 ,t x %\ld be equally 
true 9 biology & physics1 w\ld n affect 
! /&+ or v]ity ( a s+le obs]v$ fact4    
,!re 01 along ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian
 era1 & = "s "t be=e & aft]1 a v curi\s 
movem5t1 :i* seem$ to spread itself ov] 
ne>ly ! entire _w1 ea/ & we/4 ,x is told
 ( ! e>ly ,aztecs t !y de/roy$ ! records
 ( _! pr$ecessors1 9 ord] to increase _!
 own pre/ige4 ,x is relat$ t writ+ once 
exi/$ 9 ,p]u1 b 0 entirely wip$ out1 & !

 ,inca records committ$ to quipus alone4
 ,! burn+ ( ! books "u ,ts9 ,*i ,hwangti
 9 ,b4 ,c4 #bac s\ght to d ! same =     
,*9a4 ,! times ( ,akb> witness$ mu* ( ! 
same 9 ,india4 ,& 9 ,europe almo/ no?+ 0
 left to tell ! tale ( ! great          
pre-,*ri/ian ea/]n empires & sy/ems (   
?\ght2 s t f ! e/abli%m5t ( ,/ate       
,*ri/ianity "u ,con/ant9e1 & ! f9al     
settlem5t ( ! ,canon at ! ,c\ncil (     
,nicaea1 an imp5etrable veil 0 drawn ov]
 ! a*ievem5ts & greatness ( ! ,pa/1 &   
all connexion !re) brok5 (f4 ,x 0 "s "t 
aft] ?is t we f9d ! helioc5tric !ory1 z 
well z t ( o!r habitable worlds1 d5i$ 79
 ,europe71 because x w\ld deprive ! ,e>?
 ( its unique & c5tral em95ce4 ,j z we  
also today are s]v$ up ) prehi/oric     
savage & animal ance/ors1 to ! great]   
glory ( our own pres5t-day magnific5ce4 
,b x really is 9 sob] tru? only a "q (  
m5tal p]spective :i* does n affect !    
facts ( hi/ory1 biology1 ar*aeology or  
language 9 ! lea/4 ,x is only a "q ( :i*
 end ( ! telescope we look ?r\gh4       

#di-99 ,x is exce$+ly int]e/+ to trace !
 c\rse ( criticism s9ce ! appe>ance (   
,wilhelm von ,humboldt's great "w1 ,ueb]
 die ,v]s*i$5heit des m5s*li*5          
,spra*baues und ihr5 ,e9fluss auf die   
gei/ige ,entwickelung des               
,m5s*5ges*le*ts 7,b]l91 #ahcf74 ,dr4    
,br9ton gave x mo/ unqualifi$ approval2 
7see especially 8 monograph read be=e ! 
,am]ican ,philosophical ,society 9      
#ahhe1 & pr9t$ ! same ye>74 ,pr(4 ,h4   
,/e9?al 7,grammatik1 ,logik und         
,psy*ologie1 #ahee7 calls ! subject (   
inn] =m ! mo/ important "o 9 l+ui/ic    
sci5ce1 & von ,humboldt's treatm5t ( x 8
 greate/ contribution to t sci5ce4 ,& s 
on4 ,b ! "w has nev]!less receiv$ little
 att5tion f a l>ge numb] ( writ]s1 mo/ (
 !m decl>+ x uncle>4 ,^! two views1 :5  
"o /udies ! v>i\s writ]s1 seem to foll[ 
closely ^u ! /&po9ts f :i* ea* approa*es
 ! /udy4 ,^? :o /udy language 7p]haps "o
 %\ld "h say1 languages7 z a ph5om5on1 a
 set ( ext]nal =ms1 an act1 a ?+ done1  
get little use out ( von ,humboldt's "w4

 ,^? :o see x z a human activity1 an    
en]gy1 get mu*4 ,?is is q app>5t 9 "o ( 
! cle>e/ & able/ l+ui/ic works :i* has  
rec5tly appe>$1 ,dr4 ,adolf ,nore5's    
,v>t ,sprak 79 #i vols41 /ill 9 c\rse ( 
publication1 ,lund1 #aijc & lat]71 a "w 
( f> wid] l+ui/ic value ?an appe>s f its
 title4 ,dr4 ,nore51 h[ev]1 dismisses   
von ,humboldt's "w1 & ! subject ( inn]  
=m1 ) a few pages1 & ! results are      
app>5t 9 sev]al int]e/+ po9ts4 ,9 ! fir/
 place1 9 ! c\rse ( an acute & critical 
analysis1 :]e9 he %[s t ! purpose (     
spee* is n simply expression ( ?\ghts or
 ideas1 b ! communication to "s o!r     
p]son ( ! k ( ! ideas s held by !       
speak]1 he goes on to say3 ! same k (   
,a's wi%es c\ld be z well communicat$ by
 8 say+ ',i want y to come' z by 8 say+ 
j ',come4' ,?is is q true2 b ! en]gic   
effect is q diff]5t4 ,language is !     
bridge f man to man1 & x is also a      
creative activity ( man4 ,( c\rse ,dr4  
,nore51 9 a lat] volume1 :]e he mo/     
lucidly analyses ! t]ms 'words1' '=ms1' 

& 'concepts1' etc4 7ord1 morfem1 semem1 
etc471 & corrects _m errors ( def9ition 
made by 8 pr$ecessors1 ackn[l$ges !     
diff]5ce betwe5 ! two =ms2 /ill 8 :ole  
admirable "w1 analytical & critical z x 
is1 is devot$ to ?is phase ( language z 
a m]e ph5om5on1 a set ( =ms :i* s]ve z a
 m$ium ( communication4 ,f ?is /&po9t1  
we "k all !re is to "k ab\t language :5 
we h classifi$ its =ms4 ,b f ! o!r1 !   
/udy is ev] lead+ u into ! regions &    
dep?s ( man's consci\sness1 8 creative  
activity z x goes out to ! _w2 & ! true 
def9ition ( language1 f ?is position1 c 
h5ce only be a g5etic "o4 7von          
,humboldt1 ,gesammelte ,w]ke1 ,,vi1 #db7
  ,x is fur!r n unwor?y ( note t1 except
 :]e directly requir$ 9 treat+ ( v]bal  
categories1 ne>ly all ( ! enorm\s numb] 
( illu/rations :i* ,dr4 ,nore5 *ooses = 
8 po9ts1 are n\ns1 names ( ?+s1 & v>y   
r>ely v]bal =ms1 words ( action & do+4  
,b x is simply a fact t all ! pot5cy (  
language is 9 ! v]b1 & almo/ all !re is 
( language1 9 a philosophic s5se1 lies  

!re4 ,! v]b is ! bridge ( communication 
& action ^u ext]nal ?+s1 j z is language
 itself1 go+ out ( man4 ,& x is also    
notewor?y t ! recognition ( ?is position
 ( ! v]b1 toge!r ) ^! o!r matt]s ( :i*  
we are speak+1 seems ne>] at h& & cle>] 
to ^? /ud5ts :o are l$ beyond ,aryan    
languages to ! /udy ( ,am]ican &        
,asiatic1 especially ,c5tral & ,nor!rn  
,asiatic4 ,= in/ance1 ,g4 v4 d4         
,gabel5tz1 ,die ,spra*wiss5s*aft1 & o!r 
works4  #ec-99 ,x 0 n until aft] ?is    
pap] 0 already 9 type t my att5tion 0   
direct$ to ! complete agreem5t ( ?is & !
 succe$+ s5t5ces ) ! foll[+ passage 9 ,!
 ,secret ,doctr9e1 by ,h4 ,p4           
,blavatsky1 ,london1 #ahhh1 vol4 ,,ii1  
page #aii4 ,aft] say+ t "s ( !          
,atlantean races spoke ! agglut9ative   
languages1 ! passage cont9ues3 ,:ile !  
'cream' ( ! ,f\r? ,race gravitat$ m & m 
t[>d ! apex ( physical & intellectual   
evolution1 ?us leav+ z an heirloom to ! 
nasc5t ,fif? 7! ,aryan7 ,race !         
inflectional1 highly develop$ languages1

 ! agglut9ative decay$ & rema9$ z a     
fragm5t>y fossil idiom1 scatt]$ n[1 &   
ne>ly limit$ to ! aborig9al tribes (    
,am]ica4 ,note ! words ,i h italiciz$1  
m>k+ ! evolution ( ! inflectional       
languages z an att5dant ph5om5on on     
physico-intellectual evolution1 comp>e !
 passage ) von ,humboldt's !sis1 already
 quot$1 t ! incorporative quality d5otes
 an exaltation ( ! imag9ative ov] !     
ratioc9ative processes ( m9d 9 its us]s1
 & fur!r ) ! surviv+ g5ius ( ,*9ese1 !  
type ( monosyllabic languages1 & !      
agreem5t is evid5t4 ,von ,humboldt1     
h[ev]1 did n c>ry out s fully !         
ar*aeological results1 = :i* inde$ !    
mat]ials 7 9 8 day /ill lack+4 ,see also
 o!r passages 9 ,! ,secret ,doctr9e4    
#fa-99 ,traite de l',a/ronomie ,indi5ne 
et ,ori5tale1 ,disc4 ,prel4 et seq4     
#fb-99 ,! sugge/ion above is l+ui/ic1 & 
9 t phase is giv5 z a coroll>y to !     
=ego+ discussion2 b1 z /at$1 x is at !  
same "t 9 accord ) ! ,aryan !ory 9 its  
ess5tials 7?\gh n 9 its hypo!tical &    

ultra-hi/orical speculations71 & x also 
f9ds confirmation by v>i\s passages 9 ,!
 ,secret ,doctr9e1 by ,h4 ,p4           
,blavatsky1 z already quot$4 ,! traces (
 an imm5se civilization1 ev5 9 ,c5tral  
,asia1 are /ill to be f\nd4 ,?is        
civilization is und5iably prehi/oric4444
 ,! ,ea/]n & ,c5tral portions ( ^?      
regions--! ,nan-,%an & ! ,altyn-,tagh--7
 once ^u a "t cov]$ ) cities t c\ld well
 vie ) ,babylon4 ,a :ole geological     
p]iod has swept ov] ! l&1 s9ce ^? cities
 brea!d _! la/1 z ! m\nds ( %ift+ s&1 & 
! /]ile & n[ dead soil ( ! imm5se c5tral
 pla9s ( ! bas9 ( ,t>im te/ify4444 ,9 ! 
oasis ( ,*]*5 "s #cjj human be+s        
repres5t ! relics ( ab\t a hundr$ ext9ct
 nations & races--! v names ( :i* are n[
 unkn[n to our e?nologi/s4 7,vol4 ,i1   
page xxxii et seq47 ,see also ,col4     
,prjevalsky's ,travels4 ,:y %\ld x n be 
s8 ,! above 0 writt5 9 #ahhh1 b !       
evid5ces are gr[+ e day1 & x w be aga9/ 
all ar*aeological prec$5t if f>-rea*+   
results d n foll[ f ,dr4 ,/e9's small   

f9d1 & f ,capt4 d',ollone's rec5t       
rese>*es among ! ,lolos1 & ! secur+ by  
him1 z we are in=m$1 ( ! long-s\ght k ( 
_! hi]oglyphic sy/em4  #fc-99 ,! /udy ( 
,tibetan has s f> be5 approa*$ almo/    
exclusively f ! s\?1 t is by ^? already 
famili> ) ,sanskrit & ,pali4 ,to ?is    
fact1 z well z to ! ov]:elm+ influ5ce   
ex]cis$ on lit]>y ,tibetan by ! ,buddhi/
 propag&a1 is due ! difficulty "o meets 
9 any /udy ( its orig9s4 ,! traces1     
h[ev]1 d nev]!less exi/4 ,"s int]e/+    
facts conc]n+ bo? ,*9ese & ,tibetan1 :i*
 seem to be entirely omitt$ 9 su* lat]  
/&>d works z ^? ( ,summ]s1 ,wade1 &     
,giles1 are to be f\nd 9 ! almo/ =gott5 
,*9ese ,gramm> ( ,dr4 ,m>%man1          
,s]ampore1 #ahad4     ,transcrib]'s     
,note          ,page ,error   ,,tn-#a   
#bj  two glyphs ,hi]oglyph & ,hi]oglyph 
%\ld  h a 4 at             ! end        
,,tn-#b  #be  above ! ! %\ld read above 
!   ,,tn-#c  #cd  ,muluc ,ix1 ,cauac    
%\ld read ,muluc1 ,ix1 ,cauac   ,,tn-#d 
#ch  ,cimi =ms3 ,hi]oglyphs %\ld h a 4  

at ! end   ,,tn-#e  #ea  relationtion%ip
 %\ld read relation%ip