,transcriber's ,note3 ,this text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the real 7unicode_/utf-#h7 version of the file4 ,characters in the ,notes and ,vocabulary that could not be fully displayed have been unpacked and shown in brackets3 -a -e -i -o -u vowels with macron or long mark 7a 7e 7i 7o 7u 7y vowels with breve or short mark 77y and long vowels are rare7 7-a 7-e 7-i 7-u vowel with combined breve and macron 7rare7 the oe ligature1 used only in ,english text1 is shown simply as oe 7unmarked7 ,greek words have been transliterated and shown between marks4 ,the original text used numbered lines for reference in the ,notes4 ,these have been replaced with line numbers in braces placed between sentences1 generally at mid-line4 ,the lines in your text reader are probably longer than the lines in the original book1 so numbers such as #e and #aj will be less than five physical lines apart4 ,selections are short1 and each ,note starts with the word or phrase referenced4 ,except as noted above1 brackets in the ,notes and ,vocabulary are in the original4 ,typographical errors are listed at the end of the text4 ,elementary ,classics4 ,,stories ,,from ,,aulus ,,gellius1 ,being ,selections ,and ,adaptations ,from ,the ,,noctes ,,atticae1 ,edited ,with ,notes ,exercises ,and ,vocabularies ,for ,the ,use ,of ,lower ,forms ,by ,the ,,rev4 ,g4 ,h4 ,,nall1 ,m4,a41 ,assistant ,master ,at ,westminster ,school4 ,london3 ,,macmillan ,,and ,,co41 ,,and ,,new ,,york4 #ahhh4 ,,preface4 ,it is hoped that this series of short stories from ,a4 ,gellius may serve as a pleasant change to young boys after a course of ,cornelius ,nepos1 ,eutropius1 etc4 ,the language of the original has been simplified in parts1 and some rare or late words and constructions cut out4 ,the ,notes have been made1 with few exceptions1 as short as possible2 a few more lengthy digressions1 such as those upon the ablative absolute and the gerundial constructions1 will need no apology1 if they succeed in leading boys to think out for themselves the difficulties which these constructions present4 ,some simple ,exercises have been added at the request of the ,publishers1 and for these an ,english-,latin ,vocabulary has been compiled4 ,in this ,vocabulary the words are arranged in alphabetical order1 since the ,exercises are intended principally for viva voce drill in form1 and the ,editor's experience does not confirm the theory of some ,editors1 that a boy's knowledge of a language is increased in proportion to the time that he spends in hunting for words that he does not know2 he considers that the paragraph vocabulary makes the lazy boy take refuge in guessing1 whilst it wastes the time of the industrious boy4 ,the ,editor acknowledges his obligations to the ,latin ,grammars of ,dr4 ,kennedy and ,mr4 ,roby1 and to ,dr4 ,smith's ,dictionaries of ,biography and ,antiquities1 and to similar works which lie at every schoolmaster's elbow4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,preface1 v ,life of ,aulus ,gellius1 ix ,text of the ,stories from ,aulus ,gellius1 #a ,notes on the ,text1 #cc ,exercises1 #ge ,latin-,english ,vocabulary1 #ih ,english-,latin ,vocabulary1 #acg ,table showing the order of the ,stories compared with the ,books of the ,noctes ,atticae1 #adg ,index to ,notes1 #adh ,index to ,proper ,names4 #aeb ,i ,,aulus ,,gellius4 ,nothing is known about the life of ,a4 ,gellius beyond what can be gathered from occasional hints in his own writings2 it has even been disputed whether his name was ,agellius or ,a4 ,gellius4 ,probably he was a ,roman by birth1 of good family and connections4 ,he seems to have spent his early years at ,rome1 studying under the celebrated teachers1 ,sulpicius ,apollinaris1 ,t4 ,castricius1 and ,antonius ,julianus 7cf4 xxxiv4 #a73 to have continued his studies at ,athens1 where he lived on terms of familiarity with ,herodes ,atticus1 ,calvisius ,taurus1 ,peregrinus ,proteus1 and other famous philosophers of that day3 and after the lapse of many years to have returned to ,rome1 and devoted the remaining years of his life to literary pursuits and the society of a large circle of friends4 ,the dates of his birth and death are unknown1 but from the names of his teachers and friends it is certain that he lived during the reigns of ,hadrian1 ,antoninus ,pius1 and ,marcus ,aurelius1 #aag-ahj ,a4,d4 ,the only work of ,a4 ,gellius that has reached us1 possibly the only one that he wrote1 is the ,noctes ,atticae1 so called because it was begun during the long nights of winter in a country house in ,attica 7longinquis per hiemen noctibus in agro terrae ,atticae74 ,it consists of numerous extracts from ,greek and ,roman writers on subjects connected with history1 philosophy1 philology1 and antiquities1 illustrated by abundant criticisms and discussions4 ,these extracts are thrown together without any attempt at order or arrangement1 and divided into twenty books4 ,he had been accustomed whilst reading1 he says1 to make notes upon anything which struck him as worth remembering4 ,these notes he embodied with little change in his work1 in the same haphazard order in which they had been made 7usi autem sumus ordine rerum fortuito quem antea in excerpendo feceramus74 ,naturally the various parts of such a ',miscellany' vary greatly in quality4 ,some portions of it are highly valuable and interesting4 ,for instance1 many quotations are preserved from ancient authors whose works have perished1 some of which throw light upon questions of constitutional and antiquarian interest1 which would otherwise have remained obscure2 many literary and historical anecdotes are given which are valuable in themselves2 and some important grammatical usages and theories are noted4 ,but the author's appetite was omnivorous4 ,he is as eager to tell the story of a marvellous ,african serpent1 #abj feet in length1 whose destruction required the utmost efforts of a whole ,roman army1 with their ballistae and catapultae 7magna totius exercitus conflictione1 ballistis atque catapultis diu oppugnatum4 --,n4 ,a4 vii4 #c71 or to discuss some absurd etymology1 such as that of avarus from avidus aeris1 as to preserve some really valuable detail of senatorial procedure1 or record the use and origin of obscure constitutional phrases4 ,his own criticisms1 moreover1 are as a rule worthless1 and his translations are feeble2 but in spite of all these defects his work is exceedingly interesting1 and we could ill afford to lose it4 ,his ,latin style shows the defects of his age1 an age in which the ,romans had ceased to feel the full meaning of the words which they used1 and endeavoured to gain emphasis by employing obscure phrases and unnatural turns of expression4 ,but these peculiarities are even more noticeable in the writings of his contemporaries4 ,,stories ,,from ,,aulus ,,gellius4 ,i4 ,,vergil ,,and ,,his ,,poems4 ,vergil1 who spent much labour in polishing his verses1 used to compare himself to a bear1 which licks its cubs into shape4 ,dicebat ,p4 ,vergilius1 ut amici eius familiaresque ferunt1 se parere versus more ursino4 ,namque ut illa bestia inquit1 fetum edit informem lambendoque postea conformat et fingit1 sic ingenii quoque mei partus primum rudes et inperfecti sunt1 sed tractando corrigendoque reddo iis oris et vultus liniamenta4 #f ,,ii4 ,,menander ,,and ,,philemon4 ,the poet ,menander1 meeting his successful rival ,philemon1 asked him if he did not feel ashamed to defeat him4 ,menander a ,philemone1 nequaquam pari scriptore1 in certaminibus comoediarum ambitu gratique saepenumero vincebatur4 ,ei forte obviam factus est ,menander1 et ,quaeso inquit1 ,philemo1 bon veni dic mihi1 cum me vincis1 nonne erubescis8 #e ,,iii4 ,,the ,,palm ,,tree4 ,the palm has been made the emblem of victory1 because its wood does not yield1 when heavy weights are placed upon it4 ,rem hercle mirandam ,aristoteles et ,plutarchus dicunt4 ,si super palmae arboris lignum inquiunt magna pondera imponis1 non deorsum palma cedit nec intra flectitur1 sed adversus pondus resurgit et sursum recurvatur2 propterea in certaminibus palma signum victoriae facta est1 quoniam urgentibus opprimentibusque non cedit4 #g ,,iv4 ,,socrates ,,and ,,his ,,wife4 ,socrates1 when asked why he endured his quarrelsome wife1 replied that to bear her temper was good discipline4 ,xanthippe1 ,socratis philosophi uxor1 admodum morosa et litigiosa fuisse fertur1 irisque muliebribus per diem perque noctem scatebat4 ,quam rem in maritum ,socraten ,alcibiades demiratus1 ,cur mulierem inquit tam acerbam domo non exigis8 ,quoniam1 respondit ,socrates1 cum illam domi talem perpetior1 insuesco et exerceor1 ut ceterorum quoque foris petulantiam et iniuriam facilius feram4 #h ,v4 ,,the ,,self-,,discipline ,,of ,,socrates4 ,socrates used to train himself to bear fatigue by standing motionless for twenty-four hours at a time4 ,his health was always perfect4 ,inter labores voluntarios corporis firmandi caus id quoque accepimus ,socraten facere insuevisse3 stabat per diem perque noctem a lucis ortu ad solem alterum orientem immobilis1 iisdem in vestigiis1 et ore atque oculis eundem in locum directis1 cogitans1 tamquam quodam secessu mentis atque animi facto a corpore4 #g ,temperanti quoque tant fuisse traditus est1 ut omnem fere vitam valitudine integr vixerit4 ,in e etiam pestilenti1 quae in belli ,peloponnensiaci principiis ,atheniensium civitatem depopulata est1 dicitur vigorem corporis retinuisse4 #ab ,,vi4 ,,alexander ,,and ,,bucephalas4 ,how ,alexander obtained his famous charger ,bucephalas1 how it saved his life in battle1 and how the ,king showed his gratitude4 ,equus ,alexandri regis nomine ,bucephalas fuit4 ,emptum ,chares scripsit talentis tredecim et regi ,philippo donatum2 hoc autem aeris nostri summa est sestertia trecenta duodecim4 ,de hoc equo haec memori digna accepimus4 #e ,ubi ornatus erat armatusque ad proelium1 haud umquam inscendi sese ab alio1 nisi ab rege passus est4 ,bello ,indico cum insidens in eo ,alexander facinora faceret fortia1 in hostium cuneum1 non satis sibi providens1 inmisit4 ,coniectis undique in ,alexandrum telis1 vulneribus altis in cervice atque in latere equus perfossus est4 #aa ,moribundus tamen ac prope iam exanguis e mediis hostibus regem citato cursu retulit atque1 ubi eum extra tela extulerat1 ilico concidit et1 domini iam superstitis securus1 animam expiravit4 ,tum rex ,alexander1 part eius belli victori1 oppidum in iisdem locis condidit idque ob equi honores ,bucephalon appellavit4 #ag ,,vii4 ,,alcibiades ,,and ,,the ,,pipes4 ,alcibiades1 when a boy1 refused to learn to play the pipes1 because they distorted the player's mouth4 ,alcibiades ,atheniensis apud avunculum ,periclen educatus est1 qui artibus ac disciplinis liberalibus puerum docendum curavit4 ,inter alios magistros tibicinem arcessi iussit1 ut eum canere tibiis doceret1 quod honestissimum tum videbatur4 ,traditas sibi tibias ,alcibiades ad os adhibuit inflavitque2 sed ubi oris deformitatem vidit1 abiecit infregitque4 ,cum ea res percrebuisset1 omnium tum ,atheniensium consensu disciplina tibiis canendi desita est4 #i ,,viii4 ,,fabricius ,,and ,,the ,,samnite ,,gold4 ,fabricius refused rich presents1 which the ,samnites offered him1 saying that1 while he retained command over his senses1 he had all that he needed4 ,legati a ,samnitibus ad ,c4 ,fabricium1 imperatorem populi ,romani1 venerunt et1 memoratis multis magnisque rebus1 quae bene post redditam pacem ,samnitibus fecisset1 dono grandem pecuniam obtulerunt4 ,quae facimus ,samnites inquiunt1 quod multa ad splendorem domus atque victus defieri videmus4 #f ,tum ,fabricius manus ab auribus ad oculos et infra deinceps ad nares et ad os et ad gulam deduxit1 et legatis ita respondit3 ,dum his omnibus membris1 quae attigi1 imperare possum1 numquam quicquam mihi deerit2 quamobrem hanc pecuniam1 qu nihil mihi est usus1 a vobis1 qui e uti scitis1 non accipio4 #ab ,,ix4 ,,hannibal',s ,,jest4 ,antiochus1 proud of his army1 asked ,hannibal if they were 'enough for the ,romans4' ',quite enough1' replied ,hannibal1 'however greedy the ,romans are4' ,antiochus ostendebat ,hannibali in campo copias ingentis1 quas bellum populo ,romano facturus comparaverat1 convertebatque exercitum insignibus argenteis et aureis micantem2 inducebat etiam currus cum falcibus et elephantos cum turribus equitatumque frenis1 ephippiis1 monilibus1 phaleris fulgentem4 #f ,atque ibi rex ,hannibalem aspicit et ,putasne inquit satis esse ,romanis haec omnia8 ,tum ,poenus1 eludens ignaviam militum eius tam pretiose armatorum1 ,satis1 plane satis esse credo ,romanis haec omnia1 etiamsi avarissimi sunt4 #aa ,x4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,milo4 ,milo1 when enfeebled by age1 tried to tear a tree open1 but the wood closed on his hands and he perished miserably4 ,milo ,crotoniensis1 athleta inlustris1 exitum habuit e vita miserandum et mirandum4 ,cum iam natu grandis artem athleticam desisset iterque faceret forte solus in locis ,italiae silvestribus1 quercum vidit proxime viam rimis in parte medi hiantem4 #e ,tum experiri etiam tunc volens1 an ullae sibi vires adessent1 inmissis in cavernas arboris digitis1 diducere et rescindere quercum conatus est4 ,ac mediam quidem partem discidit divellitque2 quercus autem in duas diducta partis1 cum ille manus laxasset1 rediit in naturam1 manibusque eius retentis inclusisque dilacerandum hominem feris praebuit4 #ab ,,xi4 ,a ,,hoax3--,,the ,,story ,,of ,,papirius ,,praetextatus4 ,the young ,papirius1 pressed by his mother to reveal the secret proceedings of the ,senate1 told her that they had debated whether it was better for one husband to have two wives1 or one wife two husbands4 ,mos antea senatoribus ,romae fuit1 in curiam cum praetextatis filiis introire4 ,forte res maior quaepiam consultata et in diem posterum prolata est1 placuitque ut eam rem ne quis enuntiaret1 priusquam decreta esset4 ,sed mater ,papirii pueri1 qui cum patre suo in curi fuerat1 percontata est filium1 quidnam in senatu patres egissent4 #g ,puer respondit tacendum esse neque id dici licere4 ,mulier autem fit audiendi cupidior1 ac tandem puer matre urgente lepidi mendacii consilium capit4 ,actum in senatu dixit1 utrum videretur utilius exque republic esse1 unusne ut duas uxores haberet1 an ut una duobus nupta esset4 #ab ,,xii4 ,,the ,,result ,,of ,,the ,,hoax4 ,the consternation of the ,roman ,matrons1 the bewilderment of the ,senators1 the confession of ,papirius1 and the reward for his discretion4 ,ubi illa hoc audivit1 domo trepidans egreditur1 ad ceteras matronas se adfert4 ,pervenit ad senatum postridie matrum familias caterva4 ,lacrimantes atque obsecrantes orant1 ut una potius duobus nupta fieret quam ut duae uni4 ,senatores in curiam ingredientes mirabantur1 quae illa mulierum insania et quid sibi postulatio istaec vellet4 #g ,puer ,papirius in medium curiae progressus1 quid mater audire institisset1 quid ipse matri dixisset1 denarrat4 ,senatus fidem atque ingenium pueri laudat et consultum facit1 uti posthac pueri cum patribus in curiam ne introeant1 praeter illum unum ,papirium1 cui postea cognomen honoris grati datum ,praetextatus4 #ac ,,xiii4 ,,sertorius4 ,the extraordinary influence that ,sertorius exercised over the minds of his soldiers1 and the means by which he maintained this influence4 ,sertorius1 vir acer egregiusque dux1 et utendi et regendi exercitus peritus fuit4 ,is in temporibus difficillimis et mentiebatur ad milites1 si mendacium prodesset1 et litteras compositas pro veris legebat1 et somnium simulabat1 et falsas religiones conferebat1 si quid istae res eum apud militum animos adiuvabant4 #f ,haec hominum barbarorum credulitas ,sertorio in magnis rebus magno usui fuit4 ,memoria prodita est1 neminem umquam ex his nationibus1 quae cum ,sertorio faciebant1 cum multis proeliis superatus esset1 ab eo descivisse1 quamquam id genus hominum esset mobilissimum4 #ab ,,xiv4 ,,sertorius ,,and ,,the ,,doe4 ,sertorius pretended that divine revelations were made to him through a white doe4 ,this doe once ran away1 but was soon found again4 ,the use which ,sertorius made of this incident4 ,huic ,sertorio cerva alba eximiae pulchritudinis et celeritatis a ,lusitano quodam dono data est4 ,hanc persuasit omnibus1 oblatam sibi divinitus et instinctam ,dianae numine1 conloqui secum et monere et docere1 quae utilia factu essent1 ac1 si quid durius videbatur1 quod imperandum militibus foret1 a cerv sese monitum praedicabat4 #g ,id cum dixerat1 universi1 tamquam si deo1 libentes ei parebant4 ,ea cerva quodam die1 cum incursio hostium esset nuntiata1 tumultu consternata in fugam se proripuit atque in palude proxim delituit1 et postea requisita periisse credita est4 ,neque multis diebus post inventam esse cervam ,sertorio nuntiatur4 #ab ,tum eum qui nuntiaverat iussit tacere ac1 ne cui palam diceret1 interminatus est praecepitque1 ut eam postero die repente in eum locum1 in quo ipse cum amicis esset1 inmitteret4 #af ,admissis deinde amicis postridie1 cervam ait1 quae periisset1 visam esse in quiete ad se reverti et1 ut prius consuerat1 quod opus esset facto praedicere2 tum servo quod imperaverat significat1 cerva emissa in cubiculum ,sertorii introrupit1 clamor factus et orta admiratio est4 #ba ,,xv4 ,,tarquin ,,and ,,the ,,sibylline ,,books4 ,a ,sibyl offered to sell ,king ,tarquin nine books for a large sum4 ,on his scornful refusal she burnt three1 and offered the remaining six for the same sum1 but he again refused4 ,she burnt three more and offered the remaining three for the same sum3 these the ,king bought and deposited in the ',sacristy4' ,in antiquis annalibus haec memoria de libris ,sibyllinis prodita est3 ,anus hospita atque incognita ad ,tarquinium ,superbum regem adiit1 novem libros ferens1 quos divina oracula esse dicebat2 eos velle vendere4 ,tarquinius pretium percontatus est4 ,mulier nimium atque inmensum poposcit3 rex1 quasi anus aetate desiperet1 derisit4 #g ,tum illa foculum coram cum igni apponit1 tris libros ex novem deurit et1 ecquid reliquos sex eodem pretio emere vellet1 regem interrogavit4 ,sed enim ,tarquinius id multo magis risit1 dixitque anum iam procul dubio delirare4 ,mulier ibidem statim tris alios libros exussit atque id ipsum denuo placide rogat1 ut tris reliquos eodem illo pretio emat4 #ad ,tarquinius ore iam serio atque attentiore animo fit1 eam constantiam confidentiamque non contemnendam intellegit1 libros tris reliquos mercatur nihilo minore pretio1 quam quod erat petitum pro omnibus4 ,sed ea mulier tunc a ,tarquinio digressa postea nusquam loci visa est4 ,libri tres1 in sacrarium conditi1 ,sibyllini appellati2 ad eos quasi ad oraculum quindecimviri adeunt1 cum di immortales publice consulendi sunt4 #bb ,,xvi4 ,,scipio ,,africanus ,,impeached3 ,,his ,,answer4 ,scipio was accused of having received bribes from ,antiochus4 ,scorning to answer such a charge1 he reminded the people that this was the anniversary of his great victory at ,zama1 and called upon them to follow him to the ,capitol and there return thanks to the gods4 ,m4 ,naevius tribunus plebis accusavit ,scipionem ad populum1 dixitque eum accepisse a rege ,antiocho pecuniam1 ut condicionibus mollibus pax cum eo populi ,romani nomine fieret1 et quaedam item alia indigna tali viro addidit4 ,tum ,scipio pauca praefatus1 quae dignitas vitae suae atque gloria postulabat1 #f ,memori inquit1 ,quirites1 repeto1 diem esse hodiernum1 quo ,hannibalem ,poenum1 imperio vestro inimicissimum1 magno proelio in terr ,afric vici1 pacemque et victoriam vobis peperi praeclaram4 ,non igitur simus adversum deos ingrati et1 censeo1 relinquamus nebulonem hunc1 eamus hinc protinus ,iovi optimo maximo gratulatum4 #ac ,id cum dixisset1 avertit et ire ad ,capitolium coepit4 ,tum contio universa1 quae ad sententiam de ,scipione ferendam convenerat1 relicto tribuno ,scipionem in ,capitolium comitata1 atque inde ad aedes eius cum laetiti et gratulatione sollemni prosecuta est4 #ah ,,xvii4 ,,scipio ,,africanus3 ,,another ,,impeachment4 ,scipio on another occasion was accused of embezzling the money paid by ,antiochus as a war indemnity3 he answered the charge by tearing his accounts in pieces before the eyes of the ,senators4 ,item aliud est factum eius praeclarum4 ,petilii quidam tribuni plebis a ,m41 ut aiunt1 ,catone1 inimico ,scipionis1 comparati in eum atque inmissi1 desiderabant in senatu1 ut pecuniae ,antiochinae praedaeque in eo bello captae rationem redderet3 fuerat enim ,l4 ,scipioni ,asiatico1 fratri suo1 imperatori in e provinci legatus4 #g ,ibi ,scipio exurgit et1 prolato e sinu togae libro1 rationes in eo scriptas esse dixit omnis pecuniae omnisque praedae2 allatum1 ut palam recitaretur et ad aerarium deferretur4 ,sed enim id iam non faciam inquit1 nec me ipse afficiam contumeli1 eumque librum statim coram discidit suis manibus1 aegre passus1 quod1 cui salus imperii ac reipublicae accepta referri deberet1 ab eo ratio praedae posceretur4 #ad ,,xviii4 ,,scipio ,,africanus ,,and ,,the ,,gods4 ,scipio believed that he was a special favourite of the gods3 before entering on any important work he used to spend hours of quiet meditation in the temple on the ,capitol4 ,a story is given showing his power of foreseeing the future4 ,id etiam dicere haut piget1 quod ii1 qui de vit et rebus ,africani scripserunt1 litteris mandaverunt4 ,solitus est noctis extremo ante primam lucem in ,capitolium ventitare ac iubere aperiri cellam ,iovis1 atque ibi solus diu demorari1 quasi consultans de republic cum ,iove4 #f ,aeditumi eius templi saepe admirati1 quod in eum solum id temporis in ,capitolium ingredientem canes1 semper in alios saevientes1 neque latrarent neque incurrerent4 ,has volgi de ,scipione opiniones confirmare atque approbare videbantur dicta factaque eius pleraque admiranda4 ,ex quibus est unum huiuscemodi4 #ab ,assidebat oppugnabatque oppidum in ,hispani situm1 moenibus defensoribusque validum et munitum1 re etiam cibari copiosum1 nullaque eius potiundi spes erat4 ,quodam die ius in castris sedens dicebat1 atque ex eo loco id oppidum procul visebatur4 #ag ,tum quispiam e militibus1 qui in iure apud eum stabant1 interrogavit ex more1 in quem diem locumque vadimonium promitti iuberet3 et ,scipio manum ad ipsam oppidi1 quod obsidebatur1 arcem protendens1 perendie sese sistere illo in loco iussit4 ,atque ita factum3 die tertio1 in quem vadari iusserat1 oppidum captum est eodemque eo die in arce eius oppidi ius dixit4 #bd ,,xix4 ,,duty ,,and ,,friendship4 ,how a man1 when trying a friend who was guilty1 succeeded in reconciling the claims of duty and of friendship1 by himself voting for condemnation1 but persuading his fellow iudices to vote for acquittal4 ,super amici capite iudex cum duobus aliis fui4 ,ita lex fuit1 uti eum hominem condemnari necesse esset4 ,aut amico igitur caput perdendum aut adhibenda fraus legi fuit4 ,multa cum animo meo ad casum tam ancipitem medendum consultavi2 tandem hoc1 quod feci1 visum est optimum4 ,ipse tacitus ad condemnandum sententiam tuli1 iis qui simul iudicabant1 ut absolverent1 persuasi4 ,sic mihi et iudicis et amici officium in re tant salvum fuit4 #i ,,xx4 ,,avoid ,,obsolete ,,language4 ,favorinus rebuked a young man1 who affected the use of archaic language1 by telling him to hold his tongue altogether if he did not wish to be understood3 if he admired the purity of the good old times he should imitate their ways1 not their words4 ,favorinus philosophus adulescenti1 veterum verborum cupidissimo et plerasque voces nimis priscas et ignotas in cotidianis sermonibus expromenti1 ,curius inquit et ,fabricius et ,coruncanius1 antiquissimi viri1 et his antiquiores ,horatii illi trigemini plane ac dilucide cum suis locuti sunt1 neque ,auruncorum aut ,sicanorum aut ,pelasgorum1 qui primi coluisse ,italiam dicuntur1 sed aetatis suae verbis usi sunt2 #h tu autem1 proinde quasi cum matre ,euandri nunc loquare1 sermone abhinc multis annis iam desito uteris1 quod neminem vis scire atque intellegere quae dicas4 ,nonne1 homo inepte1 ut quod vis abunde consequaris1 taces8 #ab ,sed antiquitatem tibi placere ais1 quod honesta et bona et sobria et modesta sit4 ,vive ergo moribus praeteritis1 loquere verbis praesentibus3 atque id1 quod a ,c4 ,caesare scriptum est1 habe semper in memori atque in pectore1 ut tamquam scopulum sic fugias insolens verbum4 #ah ,,xxi4 ,,torquatus ,,and ,,the ,,gaul3--,,the ,,challenge4 ,in one of the struggles between the ,romans and the ,gauls in #cfa ,b4,c4 a gigantic ,gaul challenged the ,romans to send out a champion to meet him3 all held back except the young ,t4 ,manlius4 ,titus ,manlius summo loco natus fuit4 ,ei cognomen factum est ,torquatus4 ,causa cognomenti fuisse dicitur torquis1 quam ex hoste1 quem occiderat1 detractam induit4 ,quis hostis fuerit et qualis pugna ita accepimus4 #e ,galli contra ,romanos pugnabant1 cum interim ,gallus quidam nudus praeter scutum et gladios duos1 torque atque armillis decoratus1 qui et viribus et magnitudine et adulescenti et virtute ceteros praestabat1 processit et manu significare coepit utrisque1 ut quiescerent4 ,extemplo silentio facto voce maxim conclamat1 si quis secum depugnare vellet1 uti prodiret4 #ab ,nemo audebat propter magnitudinem atque inmanem faciem4 ,deinde ,gallus inridere coepit atque linguam exertare4 ,doluit ,titus ,manlius1 tantum flagitium civitati adcidere1 e tanto exercitu neminem prodire4 ,processit ipse scuto pedestri et gladio ,hispanico cinctus et contra ,gallum constitit4 #ah ,,xxii4 ,,torquatus ,,and ,,the ,,gaul3--,,the ,,battle4 ,in the struggle which followed ,manlius disconcerted the ,gaul by suddenly with his shield dashing him back from his posture of defence2 he then came to close quarters with the ,gaul1 and slew him4 ,he put on his own neck the necklace which the ,gaul had worn2 hence he was named ,torquatus4 ,this same ,manlius executed his son for disobeying orders and slaying an enemy who had challenged him4 ,metu magno ea congressio in ipso ponte1 utroque exercitu inspectante1 facta est4 ,constitit ,gallus su disciplin scuto proiecto cunctabundus2 ,manlius1 animo magis quam arte confisus1 scuto scutum percussit atque statum ,galli conturbavit4 #e ,dum se ,gallus iterum eodem pacto constituere studet1 ,manlius iterum scuto scutum percutit atque de loco hominem iterum deiecit2 eo pacto ei sub ,gallicum gladium successit atque ,hispanico pectus hausit2 deinde continuo umerum dextrum incidit neque recessit usquam1 donec subvertit4 ,ubi eum evertit1 caput praecidit1 torquem detraxit eamque sanguinulentam sibi in collum inponit4 ,quo ex facto ipse posterique eius ,torquati sunt cognominati4 #ac ,ab hoc ,tito ,manlio imperia et aspera et immitia ,manlia dicta sunt1 quoniam postea1 cum bello adversum ,latinos esset consul1 filium suum securi percussit1 qui speculatum ab eo missus1 pugn interdict1 hostem1 a quo provocatus fuerat1 occiderat4 #ah ,,xxiii4 ,,valerius ,,corvinus3--,,the ,,origin ,,of ,,his ,,name4 ,on another occasion the young ,valerius accepted the challenge of a gigantic ,gaul4 ,during the fight a raven aided the ,roman by attacking his enemy with its talons2 thus helped ,valerius slew the ,gaul1 and received the name of ,corvinus4 ,copiae ,gallorum ingentes agrum ,pomptinum insederant instruebanturque acies a consulibus4 ,dux interea ,gallorum1 vast proceritate armisque auro praefulgentibus1 manu telum vibrans incedebat perque contemptum et superbiam circumspicit despicitque omnia1 et venire iubet et congredi1 si quis pugnare secum ex omni ,romano exercitu auderet4 #g ,tum ,valerius adulescens1 tribunus iam militaris1 ceteris inter metum pudoremque ambiguis1 impetrat a consulibus1 ut in ,gallum pugnare sese permitterent1 et progreditur intrepidus obviam4 ,et congrediuntur et consistunt et conserebantur iam manus4 #ab ,atque ibi vis quaedam divina fit3 corvus repente advolat et super galeam tribuni insistit atque inde in adversarii os atque oculos pugnare incipit1 eius manum unguibus laniabat atque1 ubi satis saevierat1 revolabat in galeam tribuni4 ,sic tribunus1 spectante utroque exercitu1 et su virtute nixus et oper1 alitis adiutus1 ducem hostium ferocissimum vicit interfecitque1 atque ob hanc causam cognomen habuit ,corvinum4 #bj ,statuam ,corvino isti divus ,augustus in foro suo statuendam curavit4 ,in eius statuae capite corvi simulacrum est1 rei pugnaeque1 quam diximus1 monimentum4 ,,xxiv4 ,,aesop4 ,aesop in his fables gives good advice in a pleasant way1 and hence men attend to him4 ,an instance of this is his fable of the lark1 which has been put into verse by ,ennius4 ,aesopus ille e ,phrygia fabularum scriptor haud inmerito sapiens existimatus est2 quae enim utilia monitu suasuque erant1 non severe praecepit1 ut philosophis mos est1 sed hilares iucundosque apologos commentus1 in mentes hominum cum audiendi qudam inlecebr induit4 #f ,velut haec eius fabula de parvae avis nidulo lepide praemonet spem fiduciamque rerum1 quas efficere quis possit1 haut umquam in alio1 sed in semetipso habendam4 ,hunc ,aesopi apologum ,q4 ,ennius in satiris versibus quadratis composuit1 quorum duo postremi hi sunt3 #aa ,hc erit tibi rgumentum smper in prompt situm1 ,n quid expects amicos1 qud tute agere pssies4 #ac ,,xxv4 ,a ,,fable ,,of ,,aesop3--,,the ,,lark ,,and ,,the ,,reapers4 ,a certain lark found the corn1 in which it had built1 ripe for cutting before its young were fledged4 ,it therefore ordered them to report anything unusual which might happen in its absence4 ,the first day they announced that the master had been to the field and had sent to ask his friends to help him to reap the corn4 ,on hearing this the mother said that there was no immediate need for them to leave the field4 ,avis est parva1 nomen est cassita4 ,habitat in segetibus1 id ferme temporis ut appetat messis pullis iam iam plumantibus4 ,ea cassita in sementes forte congesserat tempestiviores2 propterea frumentis flavescentibus pulli etiam tunc inplumes erant4 #e ,dum igitur ipsa iret cibum pullis quaesitum1 monet eos1 ut1 si quid ibi rei novae fieret dicereturve1 animadverterent idque sibi1 ubi rediisset1 nuntiarent4 ,dominus postea segetum illarum filium adulescentem vocat et ,videsne inquit haec maturuisse et manus iam postulare8 idcirco cras1 ubi primum dilucescit1 fac amicos eas et roges1 ut veniant operamque mutuam dent et in hac messi nos adiuvent4 #ac ,haec ubi ille dixit1 et discessit4 ,atque ubi redit cassita1 pulli tremibundi orare matrem1 ut iam statim properet inque alium locum sese asportet3 ,nam dominus inquiunt misit1 qui amicos roget1 uti luce oriente veniant et metant4 ,mater iubet eos otioso animo esse3 ,si enim dominus inquit messim ad amicos reiicit1 cras seges non metetur1 neque necesse est hodie uti vos auferam4 #bj ,,xxvi4 ,,the ,,lark ,,and ,,the ,,reapers 7,continued74 ,next day the young ones reported that the master1 finding his friends had not come1 had sent to ask the aid of his relations4 ,the mother still tells them to be in no fear1 and next day again goes out to seek food4 ,this time the young ones report that the master1 finding his relations lingered1 had determined to cut the corn himself4 ,on hearing this the mother announces that they must go at once4 ,die postero mater in pabulum volat4 ,dominus1 quos rogaverat1 opperitur4 ,sol fervit1 et fit nihil2 it dies1 et amici nulli eunt4 ,tum ille rursum ad filium ,amici isti inquit cessatores sunt4 ,quin potius imus et cognatos adfinesque nostros oramus1 ut adsint cras ad metendum8 #f ,itidem hoc pulli pavefacti matri nuntiant4 ,mater hortatur1 ut tum quoque sine metu ac sine cur sint2 cognatos adfinesque nullos ferme tam faciles esse ait1 ut ad laborem capessendum nihil cunctentur et statim dicto oboediant3 ,vos modo inquit advertite1 si modo quid denuo dicetur4 ,ali luce ort avis in pastum profecta est4 #ab ,cognati et adfines operam1 quam dare rogati sunt1 neglexerunt4 ,ad postremum igitur dominus filio ,valeant inquit amici cum propinquis4 ,afferes prim luce falces duas2 unam egomet mihi et tu tibi capies alteram et frumentum nosmetipsi manibus nostris cras metemus4 #ag ,id ubi ex pullis dixisse dominum mater audivit1 ,tempus inquit est cedendi et abeundi2 fiet nunc dubio procul quod futurum dixit4 ,in ipso enim iam vertitur cuia res est1 non in alio1 unde petitur4 ,atque ita cassita e nido migravit1 seges a domino demessa est4 #bc ,,xxvii4 ,,pyrrus ,,and ,,fabricius4 ,a friend of ,king ,pyrrus came to the ,roman general ,fabricius and offered to poison the ,king for a bribe4 ,fabricius reported the matter to the ,senate1 who warned ,pyrrus to be on his guard4 ,pyrrus showed his gratitude by sending back all the ,roman prisoners4 ,cum ,pyrrus rex in terr ,itali esset et unam atque alteram pugnas prospere pugnasset et pleraque ,italia ad regem descivisset1 tum ,ambraciensis quispiam ,timochares1 regis ,pyrri amicus1 ad ,c4 ,fabricium consulem furtim venit ac praemium petivit et1 si de praemio conveniret1 promisit se regem venenis necaturum2 idque facile esse factu dixit1 quoniam filius suus pocula in convivio regi ministraret4 #h ,eam rem ,fabricius ad senatum scripsit4 ,senatus ad regem legatos misit mandavitque1 ut de ,timochare nihil proderent1 sed monerent1 uti rex cautius ageret atque a proximorum insidiis salutem tutaretur4 ,quamobrem ,pyrrus populo ,romano laudes atque gratias scripsisse dicitur captivosque omnes1 quos tum habuit1 vestivisse et reddidisse4 #ae ,,xxviii4 ,,androclus ,,and ,,the ,,lion3 ,,scene ,,in ,,the ,,circus4 ,at the games in the ,circus a lion of gigantic size was seen to fawn upon one of the condemned slaves exposed in the arena4 ,in circo maximo venationis pugna populo dabatur4 ,multae ibi ferae1 sed praeter alia omnia leo corpore vasto terrificoque fremitu et sonoro animos oculosque omnium in sese converterat4 ,introductus erat inter compluris ceteros ad pugnam bestiarum datos servus viri consularis2 ei servo ,androclus nomen fuit4 #f ,hunc ille leo ubi vidit procul1 repente quasi admirans stetit ac deinde sensim atque placide1 tamquam familiaris1 ad hominem accedit4 ,tum caudam more adulantium canum blande movet cruraque et manus hominis1 prope iam exanimati metu1 lingu leniter demulcet4 #aa ,homo ,androclus inter illa tam atrocis ferae blandimenta amissum animum recuperat1 paulatim oculos ad contuendum leonem refert4 ,tum quasi mutu recognitione fact laetos et gratulantes videres hominem et leonem4 #af ,,xxix4 ,,androclus ,,and ,,the ,,lion3--,,the ,,slave',s ,,story4 ,when questioned by the ,emperor the slave explained that he had fled from his master into the ,african desert1 that he had by accident taken refuge in this lion's cave1 and1 when the lion had returned to its home lame1 he had extracted a thorn from its foot4 ,haec tam mira res maximos populi clamores excitat et ,caesar ,androclum vocat quaeritque causam1 cur illi uni atrocissimus leo pepercisset4 ,ibi ,androclus rem mirificam atque admirandam narrat4 #d ,cum provinciam inquit ,africam proconsulari imperio meus dominus obtineret1 ego ibi iniquis eius et cotidianis verberibus ad fugam sum coactus et1 quo mihi a domino1 terrae illius praeside1 tutiores latebrae forent1 in locos desertos et remotos concessi ac1 si defuisset cibus1 consilium fuit mortem aliquo pacto quaerere4 #aj ,tum die medio sole flagrante specum quemdam nanctus remotum latebrosumque1 in eum me recondo4 ,neque multo post ad eundem specum venit hic leo1 debili uno et cruento pede1 gemitus edens et murmura ob dolorem cruciatumque vulneris4 #ae ,atque illic primo quidem conspectu advenientis leonis territus et pavefactus sum2 sed postquam introgressus leo videt me procul delitescentem1 mitis et mansuetus accessit et sublatum pedem ostendere mihi et porrigere quasi opis petendae grati visus est4 #bj ,ibi ego stirpem ingentem1 vestigio pedis eius haerentem1 revelli conceptamque saniem volnere intimo expressi et sine magn iam formidine siccavi penitus atque detersi cruorem4 ,ill tunc me oper levatus1 pede in manibus meis posito1 recubuit et quievit4 #be ,,xxx4 ,,androclus ,,and ,,the ,,lion3--,,the ,,slave',s ,,story 7continued74 ,for three years he and the lion had lived together4 ,at last he had grown weary of the savage life1 but as soon as he had returned to the haunts of men he had been captured1 condemned1 and sent to ,rome to be exposed to the wild beasts in the circus4 ,androclus was pardoned and the lion was given to him4 ,ex eo die triennium totum ego et leo in eodem specu eodemque et victu viximus4 ,nam1 quas venabatur feras1 membra opimiora ad specum mihi ferebat1 quae ego1 ignis copiam non habens1 meridiano sole torrens edebam4 #e ,sed ubi me vitae illius ferinae iam pertaesum est1 leone in venatum profecto1 reliqui specum et1 viam ferme tridui permensus1 a militibus visus adprehensusque sum et ad dominum ex ,afric ,romam deductus4 ,is me statim rei capitalis damnandum dandumque ad bestias curavit4 ,intellego autem inquit hunc quoque leonem me tunc separato captum1 gratiam mihi nunc beneficii et medicinae referre4 #ac ,haec dixit ,androclus2 quae cum scripta essent circumlataque populo et declarata1 cunctis petentibus dimissus ,androclus et poen solutus et leone suffragiis populi donatus4 ,postea ,androclus et leo1 loro tenui revinctus1 urbe tot circum tabernas ibat3 donatus est aere ,androclus1 floribus sparsus est leo1 omnesque ubique obvii exclamant1 ,hic est leo hospes hominis1 hic est homo medicus leonis4 #ba ,,xxxi4 ,,the ,,actor ,,polus4 ,polus1 having to act the part of ,electra soon after his only son had died1 appeared on the stage holding the urn which contained the remains of his son1 and over this he wept the tears of real grief4 ,histrio in terr ,graeci fuit fam celebri1 cui nomen erat ,polus4 ,is unice amatum filium morte amisit1 sed ubi cum satis visus est luxisse1 rediit ad quaestum artis4 #d ,eo tempore ,athenis ,electram ,sophoclis acturus1 gestare urnam quasi cum ,oresti ossibus debebat4 ,ita compositum fabulae argumentum est ut1 veluti fratris reliquias ferens1 ,electra comploret interitum eius existimatum4 #i ,igitur ,polus1 lugubri habitu ,electrae indutus1 ossa atque urnam e sepulcro tulit filii et1 quasi ,oresti amplexus1 opplevit omnia non simulacris sed luctu atque lamentis veris4 ,itaque cum agi fabula videretur1 dolor actus est4 #ac ,,xxxii4 ,a ,,greek ,,orator ,,is ,,bribed1 ,,and ,,glories ,,in ,,his ,,shame4 ,a ,greek orator--some say ,demosthenes1 others ,demades--at first opposed a request of the ,milesians for aid1 but took a bribe to withdraw his opposition4 ,when the matter was again discussed he announced that he was suffering from an inflamed throat1 and so could not speak4 ,he afterwards openly boasted that he had been paid to hold his tongue4 ,legati ,mileto auxilii petendi caus venerunt ,athenas4 ,tum qui pro sese verba facerent advocaverunt2 hi1 uti erat mandatum1 verba pro ,milesiis ad populum fecerunt1 sed ,demosthenes ,milesiorum postulatis acriter respondit2 neque ,milesios auxilio dignos neque ex republic id esse contendit4 ,res tandem in posterum diem prolata est4 #g ,tum legati ad ,demosthenen venerunt oraveruntque1 uti contra ne diceret4 ,is pecuniam petivit et quantam petiverat abstulit4 ,postridie1 cum res agi denuo coepta esset1 ,demosthenes1 lan mult collum circumvolutus1 ad populum prodit et dixit se synanchen pati2 eo contra ,milesios loqui non quire4 ,tum e populo quidam exclamavit1 non synanchen eum pati sed argyranchen4 #ad ,ipse etiam ,demosthenes non id postea celavit1 quin gloriae quoque hoc sibi adsignavit4 ,nam cum interrogasset ,aristodemum1 actorem fabularum1 quantum mercedis1 uti ageret1 accepisset1 et ,aristodemus talentum respondisset1 ,at ego plus inquit accepi1 ut tacerem4 #bj ,quod hic diximus de ,demosthene1 id nonnulli scriptores in ,demaden contulerunt4 #bb ,,xxxiii4 ,,cicero4 ,cicero once borrowed money to buy a house1 but afterwards denied that he had ever taken the money or had intended to purchase the property4 ,he did buy the house1 and1 when reminded of what he had said1 replied that a prudent man always concealed his intended purchases4 ,cicero cum emere vellet in ,palatio domum neque pecuniam in praesens haberet1 a ,p4 ,sulla1 qui tum reus erat1 mutua sestertium viciens tacita accepit4 ,ea res tamen1 priusquam emeret1 prodita est et in vulgus exivit1 obiectumque ei est1 quod pecuniam domus emendae caus a reo accepisset4 #f ,tum ,cicero inopinat obprobratione permotus accepisse se negavit ac domum quoque se empturum negavit4 ,sed cum postea emisset et hoc mendacium in senatu ei ab amicis obiiceretur1 risit satis atque inter ridendum3 akoinonotoi inquit homines estis1 cum ignoratis prudentis et cauti patrisfamilias esse1 quod emere velit1 empturum sese negare propter competitores emptionis4 #ac ,,xxxiv4 ,,fires ,,at ,,rome3--,a ,,remedy4 ,property in ,rome1 said a friend1 would be worth far more if the risk from fire were not so great4 ,archelaus1 replied ,julianus1 preserved his defensive outworks from fire by covering them with alum4 ,declamaverat ,antonius ,iulianus rhetor quam felicissime1 eumque nos familiares eius circumfusi undique prosequebamur domum1 cum subeuntes montem ,cispium conspicimus insulam quandam multis1 arduisque tabulatis editam1 igni occupatam et propinqua iam omnia flagrare vasto incendio4 #f ,tum quispiam ibi ex comitibus ,iuliani1 ,magni inquit reditus urbanorum praediorum1 sed pericula sunt longe maxima4 ,si quid autem posset remedii fore1 ut ne tam adsidue domus ,romae arderent1 venum hercle dedissem res rusticas et urbicas emissem4 ,atque illi ,iulianus ,si annalem inquit undevicensimum ,q4 ,claudi legisses1 docuisset te profecto ,archelaus1 regis ,mitridati praefectus1 quo remedio ignem defenderes4 #ad ,in eo enim libro scriptum inveni1 cum obpugnaret ,l4 ,sulla in terr ,attic ,piraeum et contra ,archelaus regis ,mitridati praefectus ex eo oppido propugnaret1 turrim ligneam defendendi grati structam1 cum ex omni latere circumplexa igni foret1 ardere non quisse1 quod alumine ab ,archelao oblita fuisset4 #bj ,,xxxv4 ,,arion ,,and ,,the ,,dolphin4 #a4 ,,the ,,robbery4 ,arion1 having gained much money in ,italy and ,sicily1 took ship to return to ,corinth1 but was robbed and made to leap overboard by the sailors4 ,vetus et nobilis cantor ,arion fuit4 ,is oppido ,methymnaeus1 terr ,lesbius fuit4 ,eum ,arionem rex ,corinthi ,periander amicum habuit artis grati4 ,is inde a rege proficiscitur1 ut terras praeclaras ,siciliam atque ,italiam viseret4 ,ubi eo venit aures omnium mentesque in utriusque terrae urbibus delectavit1 et postea grandem pecuniam adeptus ,corinthum instituit redire4 #h ,navem igitur et navitas1 ut notiores amicioresque sibi1 ,corinthios delegit4 ,sed ei ,corinthii1 homine accepto navique in altum provect1 praedae pecuniaeque cupidi1 consilium de necando ,arione ceperunt4 ,tum ille pecuniam ceteraque sua eis dedit vitam modo sibi ut parcerent oravit4 #ac ,navitae per vim suis manibus eum non necaverunt1 sed imperaverunt1 ut iam statim coram desiliret praeceps in mare4 ,homo ibi territus1 spe omni vitae perdit1 id unum postea oravit1 ut1 priusquam mortem obpeteret1 induere permitterent sua sibi omnia et fides capere et canere carmen4 #ai ,quod oraverat impetrat1 atque ibi mox de more cinctus1 amictus1 ornatus stansque in summ puppi1 carmen1 quod orthium dicitur1 voce sublatissim cantavit4 ,ad postrema cantus cum fidibus ornatuque omni1 sicut stabat canebatque1 iecit sese procul in profundum4 #bd ,,xxxvi4 ,,arion ,,and ,,the ,,dolphin4 #b4 ,,the ,,rescue4 ,a dolphin carried him safely to ,taenarum2 thence he travelled to ,corinth1 and told his adventure to the ,king4 ,the sailors on their arrival were confronted by ,arion and convicted of their crime4 ,navitae1 hautquaquam dubitantes1 quin periisset1 cursum1 quem facere coeperant1 tenuerunt4 ,sed novum et mirum et pium facinus contigit4 ,delphinus repente inter undas adnavit1 fluitantique sese homini subdidit1 et dorso super fluctus edito vectavit incolumique eum corpore et ornatu ,taenarum in terram ,laconicam devexit4 #g ,tum ,arion prorsus ex eo loco ,corinthum petivit talemque ,periandro regi1 qualis delphino vectus fuerat1 inopinanti sese optulit1 eique rem1 sicuti acciderat1 narravit4 ,rex istaec parum credidit1 ,arionem1 quasi falleret1 custodiri iussit1 navitas inquisitos1 ablegato ,arione1 dissimulanter interrogavit1 ecquid audissent in his locis1 unde venissent1 de ,arione8 #ad ,dixerunt hominem1 cum inde irent1 in terr ,itali fuisse et illic bene agere4 ,tum inter haec eorum verba ,arion cum fidibus et indumentis1 cum quibus se in salum deiecerat1 extitit1 navitaeque stupefacti convictique ire infitias non quiverunt4 ,hanc fabulam dicunt ,lesbii et ,corinthii1 atque fabulae argumentum est quod simulacra duo aenea ad ,taenarum visuntur1 delphinus vehens et homo insidens4 #ba ,,xxxvii4 ,,the ,,thracian ,,husbandman4 ,a ,thracian having heard that trees required cutting and pruning1 proceeded to chop the tops off his vines and olives1 and thus in his ignorance destroyed all his property4 ,homo ,thracus ex ultim barbari ruris colendi insolens1 cum in terras cultiores migrasset1 fundum mercatus est oleo atque vino consitum4 ,qui nihil admodum de vite aut arbore colend sciret1 videt forte vicinum rubos alte atque late obortas excidentem1 fraxinos ad summum prope verticem deputantem1 suboles vitium e radicibus super terram fusas revellentem1 stolones in pomis aut in oleis proceros amputantem2 #i acceditque prope et cur tantam ligni atque frondium caedem faceret1 percontatus est4 ,et vicinus ita respondit3 ,ut ager inquit mundus purusque fiat1 eius arbor atque vitis fecundior4 #ab ,discedit ille a vicino gratias agens et laetus1 tamquam adeptus rei rusticae disciplinam4 ,tum falcem ac securim capit2 atque ibi homo miser imperitus vites suas sibi omnis et oleas detruncat1 comasque arborum laetissimas uberrimosque vitium palmites decidit1 et virgulta simul omnia1 pomis gignendis felicia1 cum sentibus et rubis purgandi agri grati convellit4 #ai ,,xxxviii4 ,,mitridates4 ,mitridates by the use of antidotes made himself proof against poisons3 hence when he wished to kill himself he had to use his sword4 ,he could speak perfectly the languages of the twenty-two nations over which he ruled4 ,mitridates ille ,ponti rex medicinae rei et remediorum sollers erat1 quorum adsiduo usu a clandestinis epularum insidiis cavebat2 quin et ultro ostentandi grati venenum rapidum et velox saepenumero hausit1 atque id tamen sine nox fuit4 ,quamobrem postea1 cum proelio victus in ultima regni refugisset et mori decrevisset1 venena festinandae necis caus frustra expertus1 suo se ipse gladio transegit4 #h ,quintus ,ennius tria corda sese habere dicebat1 quod loqui ,graece et ,osce et ,latine sciret4 ,mitridates autem duarum et viginti gentium1 quas sub dicione habuit1 linguas percalluit1 earumque omnium gentium viris haut umquam per interpretem conlocutus est1 sed lingu et oratione cuiusque1 non minus scite quam si gentis eius esset1 locutus est4 #ae ,,xxxix4 ,,the ,,philosopher ,,and ,,his ,,pupil4 ,euathlus agreed to pay ,protagoras a certain sum of money on the day when he won his first case4 ,he never undertook one1 so at last ,protagoras brought an action against him to recover the money4 ,you are in this dilemma1 said the philosopher3 if you lose this action1 the court will award me the money2 if you win it1 you will have won your first case1 and will owe me the fee according to our agreement4 ,nay1 replied the pupil1 if ,i win the action1 ,i shall owe you nothing according to the sentence of the court2 if ,i lose1 ,i shall owe you nothing according to our agreement4 ,euathlus1 adulescens dives1 eloquentiae discendae causarumque orandi cupidus fuit4 ,is in disciplinam ,protagorae sese dedit daturumque promisit mercedem grandem pecuniam1 quantam ,protagoras petiverat1 dimidiumque eius dedit iam tunc pepigitque1 ut reliquum dimidium daret1 quo primo die causam apud iudices orasset et vicisset4 #g ,postea cum diu auditor ,protagorae fuisset1 causas tamen non reciperet1 tempusque iam longum transcurreret et facere id videretur1 ne relicum mercedis daret1 capit consilium ,protagoras1 ut tum existimabat1 astutum3 petere institit ex pacto mercedem1 litem cum ,euathlo contestatur4 #ab ,cum ad iudices venissent1 tum ,protagoras sic exorsus est3 ,disce1 inquit stultissime adulescens1 utroque id modo fore1 uti reddas quod peto1 sive contra te pronuntiatum erit sive pro te4 ,nam1 si contra te lis data erit1 merces mihi ex sententi debebitur1 quia ego vicero2 sin vero secundum te iudicatum erit1 merces mihi ex pacto debebitur1 quia tu viceris4 #bj ,ad ea respondit ,euathlus3 ,disce igitur tu quoque1 magister sapientissime1 utroque modo fore1 uti non reddam quod petis1 sive contra me pronuntiatum fuerit sive pro me4 ,nam1 si iudices pro caus me senserint1 nihil tibi ex sententi debebitur1 quia ego vicero2 sin contra me pronuntiaverint1 nihil tibi ex pacto debebo1 quia non vicero4 #bg ,tum iudices hoc inexplicabile esse rati1 causam in diem longissimam distulerunt4 ,sic ab adulescente discipulo magister doctissimus suo ipse argumento confutatus est4 #ca ,,xl4 ,,roman ,,respect ,,for ,,an ,,oath2 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,ten ,,captives4 ,hannibal after the battle of ,cannae sent ten captives to ,rome to propose an exchange of prisoners1 but bound the ten by an oath to return1 if the ,senate did not accept his offer4 ,the ,senate rejected it1 and eight out of the ten returned1 but two1 yielding to the entreaties of their friends1 and alleging that they had by a trick freed themselves from the obligation of the oath1 remained behind4 ,these two were treated with such scorn that they found life unbearable and committed suicide4 ,post proelium ,cannense ,hannibal ex captivis nostris electos decem ,romam misit1 mandavitque eis pactusque est1 ut1 si populo ,romano videretur1 permutatio fieret captivorum et pro his1 quos alteri plures acciperent1 darent argenti pondo libram et selibram4 ,hoc1 priusquam proficiscerentur1 iusiurandum eos adegit1 redituros esse in castra ,poenica1 si ,romani captivos non permutarent4 #h ,veniunt ,romam decem captivi4 ,mandatum ,poeni imperatoris in senatu exponunt4 ,permutatio senatui non placet4 ,parentes1 cognati adfinesque captivorum amplexi eos postliminio in patriam redisse dicebant1 statumque eorum integrum incolumemque esse1 ac1 ne ad hostes redire vellent1 orabant4 #ad ,tum octo ex his postliminium iustum non esse sibi responderunt1 quoniam iure iurando vincti forent1 statimque1 uti iurati erant1 ad ,hannibalem profecti sunt4 #ag ,duo reliqui ,romae manserunt solutosque se esse ac liberatos religione dicebant1 quoniam1 cum egressi castra hostium fuissent1 commenticio consilio1 tamquam ob aliquam fortuitam causam1 eodem regressi sunt1 atque ita rursum iniurati abissent4 #bb ,haec eorum fraudulenta calliditas tam esse turpis existimata est1 ut contempti vulgo sint censoresque eos postea omnibus ignominiae notis adfecerint4 #be ,multis autem in senatu placuit1 ut datis custodibus ad ,hannibalem deducerentur1 sed ea sententia numero plurium1 quibus id non videretur1 superata4 ,usque adeo tamen invisi erant1 ut taedio vitae necem sibi conscivissent4 #cj ,,notes4 ,i4 #a4 ,p4 ,vergilius ,maro1 the greatest of ,roman epic poets1 was born #gj ,b4,c4 near ,mantua1 in the ,n4 of ,italy1 and died #ai ,b4,c4 at ,brundusium1 in the ,s4,e4 of ,italy4 ,his chief works were the ,b-uc7ol7ic7a 7bou-kole1 ,i tend cattle71 or ,ecl7ogae 7',selections1' from ek-leg1 ,i choose out71 a series of short poems1 chiefly pastoral2 the ,g7eorg7ic7a 7g ergon71 a poetical treatise on agriculture2 and the ,aen-es1 or story of ,aen-eas1 a poem in twelve books1 relating the adventures of ,aeneas after the fall of ,troy4 #b4 se parere versus1 'that he produced his verses like a bear1' lit4 'in a bear-like manner4' p7ar7ere1 from p7ario4 ,distinguish three words1 7#a7 p7aro1 -avi1 -atum1 -are1 ',i prepare1' 7#b7 p-areo1 -ui1 -itum1 --ere1 ',i obey1' gov4 dat4 case1 7#c7 p7ario1 p7ep7eri1 partum1 or par7itum1 -7ere1 ',i bring forth4' #c4 lambendo1 abl4 of the gerund1 'by licking it'2 so tractando corrigendoque1 'by polishing and correcting them4' #e4 partus1 nom4 pl41 best translated by the ,english sing41 'the offspring of444' #f4 reddo1 compound of re and do4 ,r7ed is used for re in red7amo1 redarguo1 reddo1 redeo1 redhibeo1 redigo1 redimo1 redoleo1 redundo4 ,in composition the re is short except in 444 r-eligio 7often spelt relligio71 r-eliquiae 7often spelt relliquiae71 and the perfects of r7epello1 r7eperio1 and r7efero1 viz41 r-epuli 7or reppuli71 r-eperi 7or repperi71 and r-etuli 7or rettuli74 ,r-efert1 the impersonal verb1 'it concerns1' is a compound of res-fert3 r7efero1 makes #crd sing1 r7efert4 ,re or red in composition has two principal meanings1 7#a7 'back' or 'backward1' as redeo1 ',i go back1' 7#b7 'again1' as reficio1 ',i make again1 repair4' ,it also frequently denotes 7#c7 'duty' or 'obligation1' so reddo here means ',i give as is due1' 'render4' ,,ii4 #a4 ,menander 7#cdb-bia ,b4,c471 an ,athenian comic poet1 famous as the model of ,roman dramatists1 especially ,terence4 ,philemon1 also an ,athenian comic poet1 the contemporary and rival of ,menander4 #b4 in certaminibus comoediarum4 ,in ,athens dramas were represented at the great festivals in honour of ,dionysus1 at which every citizen was present1 as a matter of course1 from daybreak to sunset 7,donaldson74 ,judges were appointed by lot to decide upon the merits of the rival plays4 ,the successful poet was crowned with ivy1 and his name was proclaimed before the audience4 ambitus1 'bribery1' from ambio2 properly a 'going round' to canvass for votes1 etc41 especially by bribery4 ,ambitio1 from the same verb1 is used both in this sense and also as 'a desire for power1' etc41 our 'ambition4' #d4 quaeso1 used parenthetically like our 'pray6' bon veni1 'apologizing for the question'2 lit4 'with your good leave444' i4e4 'pardon me1 but444' #e4 nonne introduces a question expecting the answer ',yes1' e4g4 nonne erubescis1 'do you not blush8' ,num introduces a question expecting the answer ',no1' e4g4 num erubescis1 'you do not blush1 do you8' -ne is used when the answer is doubtful1 e4g4 erubescisne1 'do you blush8' erubesco4 ,the termination -sco shows that the verb is inceptive or inchoative1 i4e4 denotes the beginning 7inceptum7 of an action or state4 ,such verbs are always of the #crd conjugation1 and form their perfects and supines 7if they have supines1 but in most inceptives the supine is wanting7 from the simple verb or stem from which they spring1 e4g4 pallesco 7from palleo71 pallui1 7no supine71 pallescere1 ,i begin to grow pale2 v7et7erasco 7from old form v7eter1 classical v7etus1 -7eris71 -ravi1 no sup41 veterasc7ere1 ',i grow old4' ,,iii4 #a4 ,aristoteles1 the ,greek philosopher1 was born at ,stag-ira1 in ,macedonia1 #chd ,b4,c4 ,he lived for twenty years at ,athens1 where he was a pupil of ,plato2 afterwards he returned to ,macedonia1 and became the tutor of ,alexander4 ,when ,alexander succeeded to the throne1 ,aristotle again went to ,athens and taught philosophy for #ac years in the ,lyceum1 a gymnasium sacred to ,apollo ,lyceus4 ,he died in #cbb ,b4,c4 at ,chalcis in ,euboea4 ,many of his writings upon logic1 moral and political philosophy1 natural history1 etc41 have reached us4 ,plutarchus was born at ,chaeronea in ,boeotia about #ej ,a4,d4 ,he came to ,rome at an early age1 and spent many years there and in other parts of ,italy4 ,in his old age he returned to ,chaeronea1 where he died at an unknown date4 ,his works were written in ,greek3 the most famous of them is the ,parallel ,lives of forty-six ,greeks and ,romans1 arranged in pairs1 a ,greek and a ,roman together 7e4g4 ,alexander and ,caesar1 ,demosthenes and ,cicero71 the life of each pair being followed by a short discussion of their comparative merits4 hercle is a nominative form2 the similar exclamations mehercules1 mehercule1 mehercle1 hercules1 hercule1 and hercle are all abbreviations for 'me ,hercules juvet6' 'may ,hercules help me6' ,cf4 the interjectional phrase1 'medius fidius1' for 'me deus ,fidius juvet'1 'so help me the ,god of ,faith6' #b4 si super 4441 the order is 'si imponis magna pondera super lignum palmae arboris4' #c4 non deorsum1 the wood does not yield and bend inwards beneath the weight1 but rises up against it and bends outwards4 #f4 urgentibus opprimentibusque1 dat4 after cedit1 'it does not yield to4444' ,,iv4 #a4 ,socrates was born at ,athens #dfi ,b4,c4 ,his father was a statuary1 and in early life ,socrates followed the same profession1 but he soon abandoned it and devoted himself entirely to philosophy4 ,he did not follow the usual custom of giving public lectures or opening a school1 but went about in the city talking to men wherever he met them1 and endeavouring to awake in them a love of true knowledge4 ,by his attacks upon the popular theories and his free discussion of religious questions he roused a strong antagonism2 at last he was impeached on the three charges of corrupting the ,athenian youth1 despising the gods of the ,state1 and introducing new deities1 and was executed by a draught of hemlock poison1 #cii ,b4,c4 ,he left no written works1 so that our knowledge of him is derived from the writings of his pupils and contemporaries1 chiefly ,plato and ,xenophon4 #c4 iris 444 scatebat1 lit4 'bubbled over with1' 'overflowed with 444' ,cf4 ,hor4 ,od4 iii4 #bg1 #bf1 'scatentem beluis pontum1' 'the ocean teeming with monsters'2 and ,aulus ,gellius1 ,n4 ,a4 l4 #ae1 uses 'scatere verbis4' quam rem 444 demiratus1 'having expressed his astonishment at this fact to her husband ,socrates4' #d4 ,alcibiades1 #dej-djd ,b4,c41 was a brilliant but unprincipled ,athenian statesman1 who became famous during the ,peloponnesian war4 ,he enjoyed the friendship of ,socrates1 was saved by ,socrates at the battle of ,potidaea1 #dcb ,b4,c41 and saved the life of ,socrates at the battle of ,delium1 #dbd ,b4,c4 #e4 7acerbum1 7acer-bus from -acer1 as s7uper-bus from s7uper4 ,usually words retain the quantity of the word from which they are derived1 but there are many exceptions1 e4g4 h7omo and h-umanus1 n-otus and cog-n7itus1 so rex1 gen4 r-egis1 but r7ego1 dux1 gen4 d7ucis1 but d-uco4 #g4 insuesco4 ,cf4 note on erubesco1 ii4 #e4 exerceor1 in a middle sense1 ',i exercise myself4' ,cf4 faciunt idem1 cum exercentur1 athletae 7,cic4 ,tusc4 ii4 #bc1 #ef71 'athletes do the same when they exercise themselves4' ,many ,latin passives have thus a 'middle' force2 cf4 vertor1 ,i turn myself2 lavor1 ,i wash myself2 and the deponents glorior1 ,i boast myself2 vescor1 ,i feed myself1 etc4 #h4 ut 444 feram1 'so that ,i bear more easily4' ,ut used in a consecutive sense1 i4e4 denoting the consequence or result4 ,v4 #a4 corporis firmandi caus1 '7undergone7 for the sake of strengthening his body'--the gerundive attraction4 ,cf4 note xiii4 #a4 #c4 ad solem alterum orientem1 'till the next sunrise4' ,sol oriens is used for sunrise1 i4e4 the rising of the sun1 as 'summus mons' for 'the top of the mountain1' ,caesar mortuus for 'the death of ,caesar1' etc4 #e4 tanquam 444 facto1 lit4 a certain withdrawal1 as it were1 of mind and feeling from the body having taken place1 i4e4 'mind and feeling having1 as it were1 left his body4' ,he stood in seeming unconsciousness4 ,animus1 when contrasted with mens1 is the mind as the seat of the passions1 etc42 mens the higher reasoning faculty1 the intellect4 #i4 valitudine integra1 the abl4 absolute1 'in unimpaired health4' ,ablative ,absolute1 'absolute' 7absolutus1 fr4 absolvo1 ',i release'7 here means 'released' from government by any word in the principal sentence4 ,the construction is one of many varieties of the adverbial ablative2 e4g4 the abl4 of time1 the abl4 of place where1 the abl4 of manner1 etc42 but it differs from these ablatives-- 7#a7 ,in being equivalent to a complete clause1 e4g4 ,caesar hoc dixit1 convocatis militibus is equivalent to cum milites convocati essent4 7#b7 ,or1 to express the same fact in another way1 it consists of two words each in the ablative1 one of which stands to the other in the relation of predicate to subject2 the 'subject' being a substantive or pronoun1 the 'predicate' a participle1 adjective1 substantive1 or1 more rarely1 a pronoun4 ,exceptions3 ,but 7a7 sometimes the subject is not expressed1 and a participle is used impersonally by itself in the abl4 absol4--the participle here being equivalent to a clause containing an impersonal verb1 e4g4 mihi1 errato1 nulla venia1 'there is no pardon for me1 if ,i blunder' 7errato si erratum erit a me74 7b7 ,sometimes a whole clause is substituted for the abl4 of the 'subject'3 e4g4 excepto quod non simul esses1 cetera laetus1 'happy in all respects1 except the fact that you were not with me' 7lit4 'the fact that you were not with me being excepted'74 ,examples3 7#a7 ,subst4 and participle1 ,tullio regnante vixerunt1 'they lived whilst ,tullius was king4' 7#b7 ,subst4 and adj41 ,hannibale vivo ,romani semper ,poenos timuerunt1 'the ,romans always feared the ,carthaginians whilst ,hannibal lived4' 7#c7 ,subst4 and subst41 ,nil desperandum ,teucro duce1 'there is no cause for despair whilst ,teucer is our leader4' 7#d7 ,subst4 and pron41 quid hoc populo obtineri potest1 'what can be maintained with such a people as this8' 7#e7 ,pron4 and participle1 eis occisis ceteri domum redierunt1 'when those men had been slain the rest returned home4' 7#f7 ,pron4 and adj41 me invito id fecit1 'he did it contrary to my wishes4' 7#g7 ,pron4 and subst41 eo rege tuti erant1 'they were safe whilst he was king4' ,note4--7#a7 ,the abl4 absolute sometimes expresses merely time 7e4g4 inita aestate1 'at the beginning of summer'71 but more often attendant circumstances1 or cause4 7#b7 ,the abl4 absol4 cannot be used when the 'subject' of the clause is the same as the subject or object of the principal clause4 ,this rule is sometimes1 but rarely1 violated4 7#c7 ,in ,greek the genitive is the absolute case3 in most modern languages the nom4 is thus used3 but the acc4 is sometimes used absolutely in ,german1 and in ,old ,english the accusative 7representing the dative of ,anglo-,saxon7 was used absolutely4 ,milton uses both nom4 and acc43 cf4 ,us dispossessed1 ,par4 ,l41 vii4 #adj2 ,i extinct1 id4 ix4 #iid4 #aj4 pestilentia1 the famous plague of ,athens1 which raged during the second and third years of the ,peloponnesian war4 ,this was a war between ,athens with her allies and ,sparta with her allies1 which lasted for #bh years1 from #dca to #djd ,b4,c41 and ended in the defeat of ,athens and the loss of her maritime supremacy4 ,,vi4 #a4 ,alexander ,,iii4 7#cef-cbc ,b4,c471 surnamed the ,great1 ascended the throne of ,macedonia on the death of his father ,philip1 #ccf ,b4,c4 ,in the #ac years of his reign he conquered the greater part of ,eastern ,europe and ,asia ,minor1 and marched even into ,northern ,india and ,egypt4 ,the incident here mentioned happened in his ,indian campaign4 ,in #cbg he crossed the ,indus1 entered the ,punjaub1 defeated and captured the ,indian king ,porus in a great battle on the banks of the ,hydaspes1 and founded there two towns--,bucephalon and ,nicaea4 ,he continued his progress as far as the banks of the ,hyphasis1 but here his wearied troops mutinied and refused to advance any further4 ,b-uc7eph7al-as 7boukephalas1 bous kephal71 'ox-head1' so called from the breadth of its forehead4 #b4 emptum1 ',chares has stated that it was bought for #ac talents4' talentis1 abl4 of price4 ,chares was an officer at ,alexander's court1 who wrote a series of anecdotes about the life and exploits of the king4 #c4 hoc autem1 the order is hoc est nostri aeris summa trecenta duodecim sestertia1 'this is in 7lit4 of7 our money the sum 7of7 #cab sestertia4' ,sestertium #a1jjj sestertii1 about #h at this time4 ,therefore #cab sestertia #cab x #h #b1dif4 ,for sestertium cf4 xxxiii4 #b4 #f4 haud unquam1 etc41 'it never allowed itself to be mounted by any one except the king4' #h4 faceret1 subj4 after cum4 ,cum 7 when71 like other temporal conjunctions1 takes as a rule the indic4 mood2 but the subj4 is required when the time of the cum clause is regarded as depending on the time of the principal clause4 ,this is usually the case in past time1 hence the rule is that cum in past time requires the imperf4 or plup4 subj41 unless 7#a7 it is used in a frequentative sense1 e4g4 'as often as' 7but later writers1 e4g4 ,livy1 often use the subj4 even in this sense71 e4g4 cum palam ejus anuli ad palmam converterat1 a nullo videbatur 7,cic4 ,off471 'as often as he turned the bezel of that ring to his palm1 he was seen by no one1' cf4 xiv4 #g1 id cum dixerat1 'as often as he had said that'2 7#b7 it is simply equivalent to et tum1 e4g4 castra ibi posita1 cum subito advenere ,samnitium legiones 7,livy71 'the camp had been pitched there1 when the ,samnite legions suddenly arrived'2 7#c7 the two clauses mark strictly contemporaneous events1 tum being often added in the principal clause to mark this fact1 e4g4 vos tum paruistis cum paruit nemo 7,cic4 p4 ,lig4 #g71 'you were obedient at a time when no one 7else7 was obedient4' #i4 non satis sibi providens1 'without sufficient forethought4' inmisit used absolutely1 i4e4 without an object2 this1 if expressed1 would be 'equum1' 'spurred it forward against4' #aa4 moribundus4 ,the termination bundus1 or cundus1 denotes fulness1 e4g4 vagabundus1 'wandering'2 iracundus1 'wrathful4' ,cf4 ,l4 ,primer1 p4 #eh1 #gj ,e4 #ab4 e mediis hostibus1 'from the midst of the enemy4' ,in many phrases the adj4 is used in ,latin where in ,english we use a subst4 with another subst4 depending on it1 and vice versa3 e4g4 summus mons1 'the top of the mountain'2 but animi dolor1 'mental pain'2 cf4 v4 #c1 sol oriens4 #ad4 domini iam superstitis securus1 'relieved from anxiety for its master1 now safe4' ,for the genitive domini after securus1 cf4 s-ec-ur7a f7ut-uri1 ,ovid2 s-ec-urus p7el7agi atque mei1 ,verg4 ,,vii4 #a4 ,alcibiades4 ,cf4 iv4 #d4 note4 ,pericles was a great ,athenian statesman4 ,he was born about #dij ,b4,c4 7the year of the battle of ,marathon71 and first took part in public affairs in #dfi1 when ,athens was beginning to develop rapidly after the ,persian wars4 ,from this time till his death in #dbi he was the recognised leader of the democratic party4 ,under his guidance ,athens became the most powerful state and the most beautiful city in ,greece4 7avunc7ulus 7deminutive of 7avus1 a grandfather7 is an uncle on the mother's side--a mother's brother2 p7atruus 7p7-ater71 an uncle on the father's side--a father's brother4 #c4 puerum docendum curavit1 'had the boy educated4' ,this use of the gerundive in a final sense1 as 'an oblique predicate' with the direct object of certain transitive verbs1 e4g4 curo1 do1 suscipio1 etc41 is common in ,latin writers1 especially ,caesar4 ,cf4 pontem faciendum curavit1 'he had a bridge made'2 agros eis habitandos dedit1 'he gave them lands to dwell in'2 me dandum ad bestias curavit 7xxx471 'he had me given to the wild beasts4' ,cf4 ,note xiii4 #a4 iv41 on the ,gerundive4 #d4 canere tibiis1 'to play on the pipes4' ,both ,greeks and ,romans usually played on a double pipe1 composed of two instruments not unlike flageolets1 joined at the mouth-piece1 and spreading out in the form of a ,v2 hence the plural tibiae4 ,tibia means originally the shin bone1 and then a musical instrument1 pipes or flutes being at first made of bone4 ,,viii4 #a4 ,c4 ,fabricius ,lusc-inus was one of the most popular heroes in ,roman history4 ,he was regarded as the type of the old-fashioned honest warrior1 who was proof against the luxury and corruption of the rising generation4 ,in his first consulship1 #bhb ,b4,c41 he defeated the ,lucanians1 ,bruttians1 and ,samnites2 in #bhj-bgh ,b4,c4 he served with distinction against ,pyrrus 7cf4 xxvii474 ,the ,samnites were a powerful people living to the east of ,rome4 ,the ,romans first came into contact with them in #cdc ,b4,c42 for #ej years there was war between the two nations2 at last the ,samnites were conquered1 but they still maintained their love of freedom1 and once more proved formidable opponents to ,rome in the ,social ,war1 #ij ,b4,c4 #b4 memoratis 444 rebus1 abl4 absolute1 'after mentioning the many great services which he had rendered 7rebus quae bene fecisset7 to the ,samnites after the restoration of peace4444' #c4 post redditam pacem4 ,pax reddita1 'the restoration of peace4' ,cf4 sol oriens1 'the rising of the sun1' v4 #c4 note4 #d4 dono1 as a gift1 the predicative dative1 or dative of purpose used as a complement4 ,cf4 ,hor4 exitio est avidum mare nautis1 'the greedy sea is as a destruction to sailors4' #aa4 qu1 abl4 after usus1 'for which ,i have no use4' ,,ix4 #a4 ,hannibal1 the famous general of the ,carthaginians in the second ,punic war1 was born in #bdg ,b4,c4 ,in #bah he began his march from ,spain into ,italy1 crossed the ,alps1 and defeated the ,romans in ,n4 ,italy on the ,ticinus and the ,trebia2 then followed the great victories at ,lake ,trasimenus1 #bag1 and ,cannae1 #baf4 ,in #bjc ,hannibal was compelled to return to ,africa to oppose ,scipio1 who had defeated the ,carthaginian troops and their ally ,syphax4 ,a decisive battle was fought at ,zama1 ,october #aith1 #bjb1 in which ,scipio gained a great victory over ,hannibal4 ,in the following year peace was made4 ,hannibal now set to work to prepare ,carthage for a fresh struggle1 but his political enemies denounced his designs to the ,romans1 and he was compelled in #aic ,b4,c4 to take refuge at the court of ,antiochus the ,great1 ,king of ,syria1 who was on the eve of war with ,rome4 ,on the defeat of ,antiochus the surrender of ,hannibal was made one of the conditions of peace2 but he fled to ,prusias1 ,king of ,bithynia1 #ahh ,b4,c4 ,the ,romans still pursued him1 and sent messengers to ,prusias demanding his surrender4 ,fearing that ,prusias would be unable to resist this demand1 and not knowing whither to flee to escape the vengeance of his enemies1 he took poison1 #ahc ,b4,c4 #b4 ingentis4 ,the acc4 pl4 of -i nouns of the #crd decl4 varies in the mss4 between --is1 -eis1 and -es4 ,all three forms seem to have been used till the ,augustan age1 after which period the form in -es prevailed4 ,a nom4 pl4 also in -is and -eis is found sometimes in the mss4 of ,plautus and ,lucretius and in old inscriptions4 populo ,romano1 dat4 of the ',remoter ,object' after facturus1 the 'nearer object' being bellum4 #d4 currus cum falcibus4 ,the wheels of these chariots were armed with projecting scythes or hooks1 which kept the enemy at a distance1 or cut them down1 as the charioteers drove at full speed through their ranks4 ,these war chariots were in use among the ,assyrians1 ,persians1 ,medes1 and ,syrians in ,asia1 and in ,europe among the ,gauls and ,britons4 ,some have supposed that these are the 'chariots of iron' referred to in the books of ,joshua and ,judges2 but ,xenophon 7,cyrop41 vi4 i4 #cj7 says that 'scythe chariots' were not introduced into ,asia ,minor till the time of ,cyrus4 #e4 elephantos cum turribus1 small turrets placed on the backs of the elephants1 and carrying a few soldiers4 #f4 frenis4 ,the bits were sometimes made of silver and gold1 and the bridles decorated with jewels1 etc4 ephippiis4 ,the saddles in use among ,eastern nations1 the ,greeks and the ,romans1 consisted sometimes of a mere skin or cloth1 sometimes of a wooden frame1 upon which padded cloth1 etc41 was stretched2 from either side cloths hung down1 often dyed with bright colours1 and decorated with fringes1 etc4 monilibus1 necklets used as ornaments for horses1 as well as for men and women4 phaleris1 bosses of metal attached as ornaments to the harness of horses and the armour of men4 ,they were sometimes hung as pendants to the horse's saddle1 and jangled loudly as it charged forward against the enemy4 ,for these military ornaments cf4 the well-known passage in ,verg41 ,aen4 vii4 #bgf-- ,omnibus extemplo ,teucris jubet ordine duci ,instratos ostro alipedes pictisque tapetis2 ,aurea pectoribus demissa monilia pendent2 ,tecti auro1 fulvum mandunt sub dentibus aurum4 #g4 putasne4 ,cf4 ii4 #e4 note4 #h4 ,poenus 7,poen7icus or ,p-un7icus71 properly ,phoenician1 but applied by ,roman writers especially to the inhabitants of ,carthage1 which was founded about #hej ,b4,c4 by ,phoenician colonists1 who came probably from ,tyre4 ,x4 #a4 ,milo was the most famous wrestler in ,greece2 he was six times victor in wrestling at the ,olympic games and seven times at the ,pythian games4 ,many stories are told about his great strength3 he is said to have carried a heifer four years old on his shoulders through the stadium 7or race course1 a distance of about #dj yards71 to have then killed it with a blow of his fist1 and eaten the whole of it the same day4 ,he was a pupil of the great philosopher ,pythagoras1 at ,crotona4 ,one day the pillar on which the roof of the school rested suddenly gave way1 but ,milo supported the whole weight of the building1 and gave the philosopher and his disciples time to escape4 ,crotona was a ,greek city on the ,s4,e4 coast of ,italy1 founded #gdj ,b4,c4 by the ,achaeans4 ,it became the most important city in ,s4 ,italy1 owing to its trade with the ,e4 ,mediterranean4 ,it attained its greatest power in #eaj by the defeat of its neighbour and rival ,sybaris3 on this occasion ,milo commanded the army of ,crotona4 ,crotoniensis4 ,note the use of the adj4 where we employ a subst4 and prep41 ',milo of ,crotona'2 so pugna ,cannensis 7xl4 #a471 'the ,battle of ,cannae1' etc4 #c4 artem athleticam desisset1 'had given up athletics4' ,the acc4 after desino is rare1 and chiefly poetical2 but ,cicero 7,fam4 vii4 #a4 #d7 uses artem desinere4 #e4 rimis in parte medi hiantem1 lit4 'gaping open with cracks in the middle4' #f4 an ullae 444 adessent4 ,adessent is the subj4 after the dependent interrogative word an2 the construction is called the ,indirect or ,dependent ,question1 ,interrogatio ,obliqua4 ,thus 'who are you8' is 'quis es8' but ',i ask you who you are' is 'interrogo quis sis4' ullae4 ,quisquam 7pronoun7 and ullus 7adjective7 are used for 'any' in comparative and negative sentences1 in questions expecting the answer ,no1 and in hypothetical sentences4 #aa4 rediit in naturam1 'returned to its natural 7i4e4 former7 position4' #ab4 feris1 dat4 after praebuit1 'gave the man to the beasts to tear to pieces4' ,for this use of the gerundive cf4 xiii4 #a4 note4 ,,xi4 #a4 ,romae1 'at ,rome1' the locative case4 ,this case1 which had almost died out in classical ,latin1 originally ended in -i for the singular and -s for the plural4 ,in some forms it still survived1 viz41 7#a7 in such words as militiae 7earlier militiai71 belli1 'in the field1' 'at the war'2 domi1 at home2 humi1 'on the ground'2 vesperi 7or -e71 'in the evening'2 ruri1 'in the country'2 luci1 'in the light'2 and the adverbs ubi1 'in which place'2 ibi1 'in that place1' etc42 7#b7 in the names of towns--,romae 7earlier ,romai71 'at ,rome'2 ,tarenti1 'at ,tarentum'2 ,carthagini 7or ,carthagine71 'at ,carthage1' etc42 7#c7 in such phrases as animi angor1 ',i am vexed in mind'2 maturus aevi1 'advanced in age1' etc4 ,curiam4 ,the word ,curia is connected with ,c7ures1 the chief town of the ,sabines1 and ,qu7ir-ites 7or ,c7ur-ites71 the inhabitants of ,c7ures4 ,it originally denoted one of the #cj divisions into which the ,romans and ,sabines were divided when they united in one community4 ,the word was then applied to the building used for the religious service of a ,curia1 and afterwards especially to the building in which the ,senate met4 #b4 praetextatis1 i4e4 wearing the toga praetexta1 a white toga with a broad purple border1 worn under the ,republic by the higher magistrates1 by persons engaged in paying vows1 and by free-born children4 ,it is said to have been adopted from the ,etruscans1 and made the royal robe by ,tullus ,hostilius2 and to have been worn with the bulla by boys after the reign of ,tarquinius ,priscus1 whose son at the age of fourteen slew an enemy with his own hand in the ,sabine war1 and was allowed as a reward to wear the royal robe4 maior1 more important than usual4 #d4 placuitque ut eam rem ne quis4444 ',it was resolved that no one should mention the matter until a decision had been arrived at' 7lit4 until it had been decreed74 ut 444 ne quis1 or ne quis1 'that no one1' is always used in a final sentence instead of ut nemo2 so ne quid1 ne ullus1 and ne unquam1 instead of ut nihil1 ut nullus1 ut nunquam4 ,the indefinite pronoun quis is1 as a rule1 used for 'any' or 'some' in relative sentences1 and after si1 nisi1 num1 ne1 and cum2 but aliquis is sometimes found after si1 more rarely after ne4 #e4 decreta esset4 ,the subj4 is required1 because this is a dependent sentence forming part of the ,oratio ,obliqua after placuit4 #g4 egissent1 subj4 after the dependent interrogative quidnam4 ,cf4 x4 #f4 note4 ,for the same reason videretur1 line #aa1 is in subj4 #i4 lepidi mendacii consilium capit1 'bethought himself of an amusing falsehood4' #aj4 utrum 444 unusne 444 an4444 ,the -ne is 'pleonastic1' i4e4 more than is required1 for the sentence would be complete without it--utrum videretur utilius ut unus 444 an 7videretur utilius7 ut una4444 ,this idiom is chiefly ante-classical 7found often in ,plautus71 but ,cicero uses it1 'est etiam illa distinctio1 utrum illudne non videatur aegre ferendum 444 an 444' 7,cic4 ,tusc4 iv4 #bg1 #ei74 ,translate ',he said the ,senate had discussed whether it seemed more useful and advantageous to the ,state that one man should have two wives1 or that one woman should be married to two men4' ,,xii4 #c4 matrum familias1 gen4 plur4 of mater familias4 ,when familia is compounded with pater1 mater1 filius1 and filia1 the old gen4 sing4 familias is usually found1 but familiae also is frequently used by ,cicero and other writers1 by ,livy always4 ,in ,sallust and later writers even patres familiarum is found4 #d4 una potius 444 duae4 ,the order is ut una 7uxor7 nupta fieret duobus viris potius quam ut duae 7uxores nuptae fierent7 uni 7viro74 #f4 esset1 vellet1 subj4 after the dept4 interrogatives quae and quid2 so institisset and dixisset4 ,cf4 x4 #f4 note4 quid sibi postulatio istaec vellet1 'what that demand of theirs meant4' ,quid sibi res vult1 'what does the thing mean8' lit4 'what does it wish for itself8' 'what is its object or drift8' so quid tibi vis1 'what do you mean1 or want8' and1 more rarely1 quid mihi volo1 'what do ,i mean1 or want8' ,,xiii4 #a4 ,sertorius was a ,roman general1 who first distinguished himself in ,gaul4 ,on the outbreak of civil war in #hh ,b4,c4 between ,marius and ,sulla he joined the former4 ,at first the ,sullan party were victorious1 but when their leader went to the ,east to fight against ,mitridates they were defeated1 and from #hg-hb the ,marian party were supreme4 ,in #hc 7or1 according to another writer1 #hb7 ,sertorius was sent to ,spain as governor in the ,marian interest4 ,finding himself unable to hold his ground against the ,sullan generals1 he crossed to ,africa1 and gained various successes there4 ,the ,lusitani1 who inhabited the western part of the ,spanish peninsula1 then invited him to become their leader against the ,romans4 ,he returned with a small force of #b1fjj men1 one third of whom were ,libyans1 and then by his extraordinary influence over the natives1 and his great powers of organisation1 succeeded in forming an army which for years set at defiance every effort made by the generals of the ,sullan party1 which was now in the ascendant4 ,in #gf ,pompeius was sent to ,spain with a large army to reinforce the ,sullan generals1 but for five years more ,sertorius held his ground4 ,at last1 in #gb ,b4,c41 he was assassinated by ,perperna and other of his own ,roman officers1 who were jealous of his power4 et utendi et regendi exercitus1 the gerundial attraction4 ,when an object is expressed after a gerund1 the construction called the gerundial1 or gerundival attraction is preferred4 ,in this construction the object is attracted 7if it differs7 into the case of the gerund1 and the gerund1 taking adjectival inflections 7and then called the gerundive71 is made to agree adjectivally with the object in number and gender4 ,examples3-- a4 ,the ,acc41 praemisit milites ad ,gallos insequendos1 'he sent the soldiers forward to pursue the ,gauls4' b4 ,the ,gen41 caus urbis delendae1 'for the sake of destroying the city4' c4 ,the ,dat41 bello gerendo me praefecistis1 'you placed me in command of the management of the war4' d4 ,the ,abl41 in vestigiis persequendis operam consumpsi1 ',i spent labour in following their tracks4' ,the ,gerundival ,attraction is of course only used with transitive verbs which govern a direct object in the acc4 case4 ,the words fungor1 fruor1 utor1 vescor1 potior are exceptions2 they are used both in this construction and in the constructions explained in ii4 and iii4 below1 because they were originally transitive1 and governed an acc4 ,the gerunds and gerundives are the substantival and adjectival forms respectively of a participle in -ndus4 ,under the gerund are included the substantival forms in -ndum1 -ndi1 -ndo2 under the gerundive the full adjectival declension in -ndus1 a1 um1 etc4 ,the uses of the gerund and gerundive may be divided under four headings4 i4 ,by its oblique cases the gerund 7and the gerundive in the construction mentioned above--the 'gerundival attraction'7 completes the active infinite verb noun1 which is only used in the nom4 and acc41 e4g4 haec ad iudicandum sunt facillima1 'these matters are very easy to decide'2 amor agendi1 canendi1 etc41 'love of acting1 singing1' etc42 caus agendi1 'for the sake of acting'2 aqua utilis bibendo1 'water useful for drinking'2 mens alitur discendo1 'the mind is nourished by learning4' ii4 ,the nom4 7and in oratio obliqua the acc47 of the gerund is used intransitively with parts of the verb sum 7est1 erat1 fuit1 esse1 etc471 as an impersonal verb to denote necessity1 duty1 or suitability1 e4g4 nunc est bibendum1 'now it is right to drink'1 eundum est1 'there is a necessity to go'2 parendum est legibus1 'it is necessary to be obedient to the laws4' ,the person on whom the duty falls is expressed by the dat4 case1 the ',dative of the ,agent1' except after verbs which govern a dative2 after these1 to avoid ambiguity1 the agent is expressed by a or ab with the abl41 e4g4 eundum est mihi1 ',i must go1' but parendum est ei a te1 'you must obey him'4 iii4 ,the gerundive is used 7#a7 personally as a verb1 usually with a passive signification1 e4g4 aqua bibenda est1 'water ought to be drunk'2 7#b7 as a mere epithet1 e4g4 ridenda poemata1 'poems to be laughed at4' iv4 ,the acc4 of the gerundive is used in a final sense as an oblique predicate1 or complement1 agreeing with the direct object of certain transitive verbs--curo1 do1 suscipio1 habeo1 etc41 e4g4 ,caesar pontem faciendum curavit1 ',caesar had a bridge made'2 agros eis habitandos dedit1 'he gave them the lands to dwell in4' ,cf4 vii4 #c4 note4 #h4 usui1 predicative dative or dat4 of purpose4 ,cf4 dono1 viii4 #d4 note4 memoria1 etc4 ,the order is memoria prodita est neminem ex his nationibus1 quae cum ,s4 faciebant 7'who served with ,sertorius'71 cum multis proeliis superatus esset 7'although he had been defeated in many battles'71 unquam ab eo descivisse4 #i4 neminem4 ,the gen4 of this word1 neminis1 is only found in writers before ,cicero1 the abl4 nemine in late writers 7e4g4 ,tacitus and ,suetonius71 and once in ,plautus2 the plural is not used4 ,hence we have ,nom41 nemo1 nulli1 etc4 ,acc41 neminem1 nullos1 etc4 ,gen41 nullius1 nullorum1 etc4 ,dat41 nemini1 nullis4 ,abl41 nullo or null1 nullis4 ,,xiv4 #a4 alba4 ,albus is a dull white as opposed to ater1 dull black2 candidus1 shining white1 opposed to niger1 shining black4 eximiae pulchritudinis et celeritatis1 genitives of quality4 #b4 dono1 predicative dat41 or dat4 of purpose4 ,cf4 dono1 viii4 #d4 note4 #e4 factu1 the supine in -u1 used as an abl4 of respect4 ,cf4 foedum dictu est1 'it is horrible to state' 7lit4 'in the saying'71 and xxiv4 #b1 utilia monitu suasuque4 quid1 the indef4 pron42 so cui1 line #ac4 ,for its use after si cf4 xi4 #d4 note4 #g4 dixerat1 indic4 after cum in a frequentative sense1 'whenever he had said that4' ,cf4 vi4 #h4 note4 #aj4 in fugam se proripuit1 'took to hasty flight4' #ah4 consuerat1 indic41 because it is not part of what ,sertorius said1 but a statement made by the author4 quod opus esset facto1 'what had to be done4' ,facto is the abl4 of the perf4 part4 pass42 for this use cf4 maturato1 properato opus est1 'there is need of haste'2 and the similar construction with the abl4 of the supine1 dictu opus est 7,terence71 'it is necessary to speak'2 quod scitu opus est 7,cicero71 'what has to be known4' ,,xv4 ,tarquinius ,superbus1 according to tradition1 was the seventh and last of the ,roman kings 7#ece-eaj ,b4,c471 the others being ,romulus1 ,numa ,pompilius1 ,tullus ,hostilius1 ,ancus ,martius1 ,tarquinius ,priscus1 ,servius ,tullius4 #a4 ,libris ,sibyllinis4 ,little is known about the famous ,sibylline books4 ,they were probably derived from ,cumae in ,campania1 the seat of a celebrated oracle4 ,at ,rome they were kept in a stone chest 7sacrarium7 beneath the temple of ,jupiter ,capitolinus1 under the charge of certain officers 7quindecimviri71 and consulted only by the special command of the ,senate4 ,in #hb ,b4,c4 this temple was burnt and the books destroyed4 ,a fresh collection of oracles was made by ambassadors sent to the chief cities of ,italy1 ,greece1 and ,asia ,minor4 ,when the temple was rebuilt these were deposited in the same place1 but many spurious prophetic books1 purporting to be ,sibylline oracles1 seem to have got into circulation at ,rome1 and several revisions of the books were ordered from time to time4 ,christian writers frequently appeal to the ,sibylline oracles as containing prophecies of the ,messiah4 #b4 hospita1 feminine form of hospes4 ,cf4 antistes and sacerdos1 priest1 antistita and sacerdota 7in inscriptions71 priestess1 sospes and sospita1 saviour1 etc4 #d4 eos velle vendere1 '7she said7 that she wished to sell them4' #f4 nimium atque inmensum1 #cjj pieces of gold1 according to one form of the legend4 quasi 444 desiperet4 ,quasi1 'as if1' introducing a statement which is not a fact1 naturally governs the subj41 'as if she were mad' 7but she was not74 ,in sentences of comparison introduced by such conjunctions as tanquam1 ceu1 quasi1 velut1 etc41 the subj4 is usually found1 because the statement is usually not true2 but when the statement is a fact the indic4 is employed1 e4g4 ,fuit olim1 quasi nunc ego sum1 senex 7,plautus74 ,frequently quasi1 etc41 are used1 not as conjunctions introducing the sentence1 but adverbially with a single word2 in such cases they do not affect the mood1 e4g4 servis respublica et quasi civitas domus est 7,pl4 ,ep4 viii4 #af71 'to slaves their home is a state1 and1 as it were1 a city4' ,cf4 xviii4 #e1 quasi consultans cum ,jove4 #g4 foculum4 ,f7oc7ulus1 deminutiveof f7ocus 7a hearth74 ,cf4 r7iv7ulus1 a rivulet1 and rivus1 a river4 #i4 vellet1 subj4 after the dependent interrogative ecquid4 ,cf4 x4 #f4 note4 #aj4 sed enim1 'but indeed4' ,cf4 the use of all gr in ,greek4 #ad4 ore 444 fit1 'now becomes serious and more attentive' 7lit4 'of a serious countenance and more attentive mind'74 ,ore and animo are ablatives of quality4 #ai4 nusquam loci1 'nowhere in the world4' ,the genitives loci1 locorum1 gentium and terrarum are frequently used with adverbs of place--ubi1 quo1 unde1 usquam1 nusquam1 etc41 e4g4 ubi terrarum sumus 7,cic471 'where on earth are we8' ,,xvi4 #a4 ,publius ,cornelius ,scipio ,africanus ,maior was born in #bcd ,b4,c4 ,he is first mentioned in #bah ,b4,c4 at the battle of the ,ticinus 7cf4 ix4 #a4 note71 in which he is said to have saved the life of his father ,p4 ,scipio4 ,he fought at ,cannae1 #baf1 and was chosen with ,app4 ,claudius to command the remains of the ,roman army after that great disaster4 ,in #bab he was unanimously elected aedile4 ,when the tribunes objected to the election1 because he was under the legal age1 he replied1 ',if all the ,quirites wish to make me aedile1 ,i am old enough4' ,in #baj1 at the age of twenty-four1 he was appointed to command the army in ,spain1 having come forward as a candidate for the post which all the old generals feared to accept4 ,by #bjg he had conquered almost the whole of that country from the ,carthaginians4 ,in #bje he was elected consul4 ,he was anxious to cross over to ,africa and end the war by a blow at ,carthage itself1 but the ,senate1 partly from jealousy1 partly from timidity1 opposed his plans and would only grant him the province of ,sicily1 with power to cross over to ,africa if he thought it in the interests of the ,state2 but this permission they endeavoured to render useless by refusing him an army4 ,volunteers however flocked from every part of ,italy to his standard1 and in #bjd he was able to land in ,africa with a large force4 ,in #bjc he defeated ,hasdrubal and his ally ,syphax1 and in #bjb brought the second ,punic war to an end by a great victory at ,zama over ,hannibal1 who had been recalled from ,italy4 ,in #bja peace was made1 and ,scipio1 returning to ,rome1 received the agnomen ,africanus1 and was overwhelmed with every mark of honour4 ,in #aij he served as legate under his brother1 ,lucius ,scipio ,asiaticus1 in the war against ,antiochus 7cf4 ix4 and xvii47 ,on their return the accusations mentioned in xvi4 and xvii4 were made against the brothers4 ,in #ahe ,scipio retired into private life1 and died soon afterwards1 probably in #ahc4 #a4 tribunus plebis4 ,the tribuni plebis were appointed in #did1 after the secession to ,mons ,sacer1 to protect the plebeians against the patrician magistrates4 ,at first they were two in number1 afterwards they were increased to ten4 #c4 ut condicionibus1 etc41 'that peace might be made with him 7i4e4 ,antiochus7 on favourable conditions in the name of the ,roman people4' #g4 diem esse hodiernum1 'that this is the day on which 444' 7lit4 'that it is to-day on which 444'74 #i4 proelio4 ,the battle of ,zama1 ,oct4 #aith1 #bjb ,b4,c4 #aa4 simus1 'let us not be ungrateful therefore to the gods4444' #ab4 censeo1 used parenthetically1 ',i propose4' ,cf4 quaeso1 ii4 #d4 #ac4 gratulatum1 the supine in -um1 used to express purpose after the verb of motion1 eamus4 #ag4 aedes1 in sing41 a 'temple' 7a single room71 in the plur41 a 'house' 7a collection of rooms74 ,as distinguished from templum1 aedes is a simple building without division into rooms2 templum is a large edifice consisting of many rooms1 consecrated by the augurs1 and belonging often to several deities4 #ah4 sollemni4 ,sollemnis1 from sollus 7cf4 holos1 salvus71 whole2 prop4 taking place every year1 'established1' especially of festivals2 then1 with the religious force predominating1 'religious1' 'festive1' 'solemn4' ,,xvii4 #b4 ,m4 ,porcius ,cato1 known as the ,censor 7#bcd-adi71 first distinguished himself in the second ,punic war2 in #bjd-c he served as ,quaestor to ,scipio ,africanus in ,sicily and ,africa4 ,from this time forward he became the declared enemy of the ,scipios and their friends1 who were introducing1 he said1 into ,rome the luxury and refinement of degenerate ,greece and ruining the simple and honest ,roman character4 ,he served with distinction in ,spain1 #aie-d1 and against ,antiochus1 #aia4 ,in #ahd he was censor1 and applied himself strenuously1 but in vain1 to stem the tide of ,greek luxury4 ,he was one of the ambassadors sent to ,africa to arbitrate between ,masinissa and the ,carthaginians1 and was so struck by the flourishing condition of ,carthage1 that on his return he insisted that1 whilst that city existed1 ,rome would never be safe4 ,whenever he was called upon for his vote in the ,senate1 whatever the subject before the house was1 he always concluded his remarks by ',and ,i further am of opinion that ,carthage must be destroyed 7delendam esse ,carthaginem74' ,the third ,punic war1 which broke out soon after his death1 was largely due to his influence4 #e4 ,l4 ,cornelius ,scipio ,asiaticus served under his brother ,africanus in ,spain1 and in #aij defeated ,antiochus at ,mount ,sipylus4 ,cf4 xvi4 #a4 #c4 comparati in eum4 ,comparare hominem in aliquem is the regular phrase for procuring a man to attack another4 ',having been set upon him4444' #d4 pecuniae 444 rationem redderet1 'to give an account of the money paid by ,antiochus1 and the spoil4444' #i4 allatum1 i4e4 dixit librum allatum esse1 'he said that it had been brought4' #aj4 aerarium1 the public treasury at ,rome1 in which1 besides the ,state treasure1 the standards of the legions and copies of all decrees of the ,senate were kept4 ,after the expulsion of the kings the ,temple of ,saturn1 at the head of the ,forum1 was used for this purpose4 #aj4 sed enim1 'but indeed4' ,cf4 xv4 #aj4 #aa4 nec me ipse afficiam contumeli1 'nor will ,i insult myself with my own lips 7ipse74' #ab4 coram1 'before their eyes4' #ac4 quod cui4 ,the order is quod ab eo ratio praedae posceretur1 cui salus 444 deberet1 'indignant that an account of the booty was demanded from a man1 to whom the safety of the ,state and constitution ought to be ascribed4' ,acceptum aliquid referre alicui1 lit4 'to put down a thing as received to a man's account1' 'to credit him with it'2 a metaphor from banking4 ,,xviii4 #b4 ,scipio ,africanus was unquestionably one of the greatest men of ,rome1 and he acquired at an early age the confidence and admiration of his countrymen4 ,his enthusiastic mind led him to believe that he was a special favourite of the gods2 and he never engaged in any public or private business without first going to the ,capitol1 where he sat some time alone1 enjoying communication from the gods4 ,for all he proposed or executed he alleged the divine approval2 and the ,roman people gave credit to his assertions1 and regarded him as a being almost superior to the common race of men4 ,there can be no doubt that ,scipio believed himself in the divine revelations1 which he asserted to have been vouchsafed to him1 and the extraordinary success which attended all his enterprises must have deepened this belief4--,smith's ,classical ,dictionary4 #c4 noctis extremo1 'at the end of night4' ,the neuter extremum is used as a substantive1 meaning 'the end4' ,cf4 extremo anni1 ,livy1 xxxv4 #aa4 #a2 sub extremum noctis1 ,sil4 #d4 #hh4 #d4 ventitare4 ,ventito is the frequentative form of venio4 ,frequentative or iterative verbs denote repeated action3 they are of the first conjugation1 and formed by adding -to1 -so1 -ito1 or -itor to the supine stem1 or1 more rarely1 to the clipt stem1 as can-to1 ',i sing often'2 cur-so1 ',i run often'2 rog-ito1 ',i ask often'2 min-itor1 ',i threaten often'2 haes-ito1 ',i stick fast4' ,sometimes one frequentative verb is formed from another1 as cant-ito from canto4 ac iubere 444 ,iovis1 'and to order the temple of ,jupiter to be opened4' #e4 quasi consultans4 ,cf4 xv4 #f4 note4 #g4 id temporis4 ,for this 'genitive of the thing measured1' depending on a neuter pronoun1 expressing quantity1 hence often called the 'partitive genitive1' cf4 aliquid veri1 falsi2 id aetatis2 nihil reliqui facere1 'to leave nothing undone' 7,caes472 quantum mercedis 7xxxii4 #ag472 si quid remedii 7xxxiv4 #h471 and such phrases as navium quod ubique fuerat in unum locum coegerant 7,caes474 ,id in this phrase is in the accusative4 ,similar adverbial accusatives are--hoc noctis1 magnam partem1 suam vicem1 multum1 etc4 ,the use of the acc4 has arisen from an extended use of the cognate acc4 after intransitive verbs 7e4g4 servire servitatem1 dormire noctem1 dolere aliquid1 etc474 quod in eum solum 444 incurrerent1 the order is aeditumi 444 admirati1 quod canes1 semper in alios saevientes1 neque latrarent neque incurrerent in eum solum id temporis in ,capitolium ingredientem1 'because he was the only man who entered the temple at that time1 at whom the dogs1 that always attacked others1 did not bark and fly4' #ad4 re cibaria copiosum1 'well supplied with provisions4' #ae4 eius potiundi4 ,gerundival attraction1 cf4 xiii4 #a4 note4 #af4 ius dicebat1 'he was administering justice1' the technical term4 #ah4 in iure stare1 or esse1 'to stand1' 'present oneself before a magistrate'2 in ius ire1 'to go before a magistrate4' #ai4 vadimonium promittere1 to promise or give security 7bail7 for a man's appearance1 'for what day and what place' 7i4e4 for his appearance on what day and place7 'he would order security to be given4' iuberet1 subj4 after the dependent interrog4 quem4 ,cf4 x4 #f4 note4 #ba4 sese1 object4 of sistere1 'ordered him to present himself on the third day in yonder place4' #bb4 atque ita factum1 'and so it happened4' vadari4 ,vador aliquem ',i bind a man over by bail'3 the object4 of vadari here is militem2 on the third day1 on which he had ordered 7them7 to bind 7the man7 over to appear4 ,,xix4 #a4 capite4 ,caput denotes the legal status of a citizen3 he lost it as much if he were struck off the roll of citizens as if his head were struck off his shoulders 7,wilkins1 ,r4 ,lit4 ,primer74 ,i and two others were trying a friend on a capital charge4 #d4 ad casum 444 medendum1 'to remedy so perilous a mischance4' #f4 ad condemnandum1 sc4 hominem1 ',i gave my vote in silence for condemning the man4' ,,xx4 #a4 ,favorinus was a native of ,arles1 in ,gaul2 he was a famous philosopher1 and resided at different periods of his life in ,rome1 ,greece1 and ,asia ,minor 7about #aaj-acj ,a4,d474 #c4 ,curius4 ,m' ,curius ,dentatus1 consul in #bij1 #bge1 and #bgd ,b4,c41 distinguished himself in the ,samnite wars4 ,he was a favourite hero of the ,romans1 and celebrated as a type of the old-fashioned virtue and frugality4 ,the ,samnites1 it is said1 once sent an embassy to him with costly gifts4 ,the messengers found the great general sitting by his hearth1 and roasting turnips4 ,they proffered their gifts1 but he rejected them1 saying that he would rather rule over those who possessed gold than possess it himself4 #d4 ,fabricius4 ,cf4 viii4 #a4 note4 ,coruncanius1 consul #bfj ,b4,c41 fought with success against the ,etruscans and against ,pyrrus 7cf4 xxvii4 #a4 note72 he was also a distinguished lawyer1 and the first plebeian who became ,pontifex ,maximus4 #e4 his1 abl4 after the comparative antiquiores4 antiquus1 'former1' 'ancient1' is used of what has existed in past time as opposed to novus1 what has not previously existed1 new4 ,vetus denotes what has existed for a long time1 old1 aged1 opposed to r7ecens1 what has not existed for long1 recent4 ,horatii4 ,the three brothers of the ,horatian gens1 who1 according to the legend1 in the reign of ,tullus ,hostilius1 fought against the ,curiatii1 three brothers from ,alba1 to determine whether ,rome or ,alba was to exercise the supremacy4 #f4 ,auruncorum1 etc41 genitives depending of verbis1 'used the language of the ,aurunci1' etc4 ,the ,aurunci1 ,sicani1 and ,pelasgi were old ,italian races4 #i4 quasi loquare4 ,cf4 xv4 #f4 note1 'quasi desiperet4' ,euandri4 ,the legend says that ,euander1 son of ,hermes and an ,arcadian nymph1 about #fj years before the ,trojan war1 led a ,pelasgian colony from ,arcadia in ,greece to ,italy1 and built the town of ,pallantium at the foot of the ,palatine hill4 ,vergil represents ,euander as still alive when ,aeneas came to ,italy4 7,aeneid1 viii4 #ea47 #aj4 abhinc multis annis1 'many years ago4' ,to express 'how long ago1' abhinc and ante are used with either abl4 or acc4 case4 ,cf4 abhinc triennium huc commigravit1 'she came hither three years ago' 7,ter4 ,an4 i4 #gj74 #aa4 quae dicas1 'anything that you say4' ,the subj4 7a consecutive subjunctive7 after the relative marks the statement as indefinite2 quae dicis would mean the particular words which you are actually using4 #ad4 sit1 subjunctive1 because a dependent sentence in the oratio obliqua after ais4 #af4 ,c4 ,julius ,caesar1 the ,dictator1 #ajj-dd ,b4,c4 ,this quotation is from his lost work ,de ,analogia1 written1 it is said1 when he was crossing the ,alps4 #ah4 ut tamquam1 'that you should avoid a rare word1 as 7you would avoid7 a rock4' ,,xxi4 #a4 ,t4 ,manlius ,imperiosus ,torquatus was another of the favourite heroes of ,roman history4 ,his exploit here mentioned happened in #cfa4 ,in #cec and again in #cdi he was ,dictator2 in #cdg1 #cdd1 and #cdj1 ,consul4 ,in this last year ,torquatus and ,p4 ,decius ,mus gained a great victory over the ,latins near ,mt4 ,vesuvius1 and established the ,roman supremacy in ,latium4 ,it was shortly before this battle that the disobedient act of his son occurred1 mentioned at the end of xxii4 #c4 torquis1 a 'twisted neck chain1' as opposed to monile 7cf4 ix4 #f71 which was made of beads1 stones1 etc41 strung together4 ex hoste detractam induit1 'he had taken from an enemy1 and put on himself4' ,a participle and verb are frequently used in ,latin where in ,english two verbs are employed1 e4g4 scripsit se profectum celeriter adfore1 'he wrote 7to say7 that he had set out and would soon arrive4' #d4 fuerit1 subj4 after the dependent interrogative quis4 ,cf4 x4 #f4 note4 #f4 cum 444 processit1 etc4 ,the indicative is used in past time after cum1 when the conjunction is purely temporal1 and equivalent to et tum4 ,cf4 vi4 #h note4 #g4 nudus1 'unarmed4' ,nudus is used in many senses besides its usual one of 'unclothed1' 'naked'3 e4g4 'without a toga1' i4e4 'in a tunic only1' nudus ara1 sere nudus 7,verg4 ,g4 i4 #bii72 'uncovered by turf1' silex nuda 7,verg4 ,e4 i4 #ae72 'leafless1' nudum nemus2 'without a garrison1' urbs nuda praesidio 7,cic4 ,att4 vii4 #ac-a72 'destitute1' nuda senectus 7,juv472 'unadorned1' nuda oratio 7,cic471 etc4 #ab4 si quis 444 vellet1 uti prodiret1 'that if any one was willing to fight him1 he should step forward4' ,the tenses are historic1 because conclamant is the historical present1 and therefore equivalent to a past tense4 ,primary tenses are sometimes used after a historic present1 but historic tenses are more common4 #ag4 scuto pedestri4 ,the scutum was an oblong or oval shield 7#d ft4 by #b ft41 ,polybius71 made of wood or wickerwork4 ,it was borrowed from the ,sabines and made the shield of the whole ,roman army1 superseding the large circular clipeus1 when the ,roman soldiers first began to receive pay1 and to form a permanent army instead of an irregular militia 7,livy1 viii4 #h4 etc474 cinctus in this connection is properly 'surrounded' with a girdle to support a shield or sword1 hence 'armed with4' ,,xxii4 #a4 metu magno1 'amid great anxiety4' ,an ablative of manner1 closely akin to the ablative absolute4 #b4 sua disciplina1 'according to his custom1' i4e4 way of fighting4 ,cf4 eadem nos disciplina utimur1 'our habits are the same' 7,plaut4 ,as4 i4 #c4 #di71 and disciplina militiae1 bellica militaris1 etc41 'the art of war4' #c4 cunctabundus4 ,cf4 moribundus1 vi4 #aa4 note4 ,the ,gaul stood on the alert ready to parry a blow1 and waiting his opportunity4 ,manlius disconcerted him by suddenly dashing him backwards4 #g4 eo pacto ei 444 1 etc41 'in that way he got to close quarters with him 7ei successit7 under his ,gallic sword1 and wounded his chest with his ,spanish sword 7sc4 gladio74' ,the ,spanish sword was a short weapon1 fitted for thrusting and stabbing at close quarters2 the ,gallic sword a much longer and heavier weapon4 #i4 pectus hausit4 ,haurire of a weapon in the sense of 'wounding1' 'tearing open1' is found in ,lucretius1 ,vergil1 and often in ,ovid3 probably the sword1 etc41 is regarded as devouring the flesh or drinking the blood 7,conington74 ,cf4 ,verg4 ,aen4 x4 #cac-- ,huic gladio perque aerea suta1 ,per tunicam squalentem auro1 latus haurit apertum4 ',with his sword1 through brazen coat of mail and tunic stiff with gold1 he wounded his unguarded side4' #ag4 speculatum4 ,the supine is -um1 expressing purpose after a verb of motion4 pugna interdicta1 'though he had been forbidden to fight4' ,abl4 absolute4 ,,xxiii4 #a4 ,agrum ,pomptinum4 ,the ,ager ,pomptinus was a low plain on the coast of ,latium1 between ,circeii and ,terracina2 it was originally a fertile cornland1 but after the third century ,b4,c41 it became more and more marshy1 till at last the ,pomptine marshes were the most malarious district in ,italy4 ,they were partially drained from time to time1 but no permanent relief was afforded till the time of ,pius ,,vi4 7#aggh74 ,the district is still the most unhealthy in ,italy4 #c4 vasta proceritate1 abl4 of description4 armis auro fulgentibus1 abl4 abs41 'a man of enormous stature1 with armour gleaming with gold4' #e4 per contemptum et superbiam1 'scornfully and haughtily4' ,cf4 per vim1 'forcibly1' etc4 #f4 venire iubet1 etc41 'bids anyone out of the whole ,roman army who dares to fight1 to come forward and meet him1' lit4 'bids 7him7 come1 if anyone dares4' ,auderet is in historical time1 because iubet is the historic present1 standing for a past tense4 ,cf4 xxi4 #ab4 note4 #h4 tribunus militaris4 ,the tribuni militum1 or militares1 were the chief officers of the legion2 there were originally three1 afterwards six1 to each legion4 ceteris 444 ambiguis4 ,abl4 absol41 'since the rest hesitated4' #aa4 progreditur 444 obviam1 'advances to meet him4' #ac4 vis quaedam divina fit1 'a miracle happens'3 lit41 a divine power is manifested4 #af4 laniabat 444 revolabat1 the imperfects denote repeated action4 #ba4 statuam statuendam curavit1 'had a statue set up'3 for this use of curo cf4 xiii4 #a4 #d4 note4 ,augustus4 ,cf4 xxix4 #b4 note4 in foro suo1 the ',forum ,augusti4' ,there were three great fora at ,rome1 the ,f4 ,augusti1 the ,f4 ,magnum1 ,vetus1 or ,romanum1 and the ,f4 ,julii4 #bc4 monimentum1 in apposition to simulacrum4 ,,xxiv4 #a4 ,aesopus lived about #egj ,b4,c4 ,little is known about his life4 ,he was a slave1 but was freed by one of his masters1 ,iadmon of ,samos4 ,he is said to have visited ,croesus1 king of ,lydia1 and ,pisistratus of ,athens1 and to have been sent by the former to ,delphi to distribute a gift of money among the citizens4 ,a dispute however arose1 and he refused to give any of the money1 so the angry men of ,delphi threw him over a precipice4 ,later stories1 without good authority1 represent him as deformed4 e ,phrygia4 ,cotioeum in ,phrygia1 ,mesembria in ,thrace1 ,samos1 and ,sardis each claimed to be the birthplace of ,aesop4 #b4 utilia monitu suasuque4 ,the abl4 of the supine in -u is regularly used as an abl4 of respect4 ,cf4 nefas visu1 turpe dictu1 facile factu 7xxvii4 #g471 etc4 #e4 cum audiendi quadam inlecebra1 lit4 'with some charm of hearing4' #g4 spem1 etc41 'that in matters 7rerum7 which a man can manage himself1 hope and trust ought never to be placed in another1 but in himself1' i4e4 that a man ought not to rely upon another for what he can do himself4 #aj4 ,q4 ,ennius4 ,cf4 xxxviii4 #i4 satiris4 ,satira or satura 7satur full71 properly a mixture of all sorts of things1 originally denoted a work which dealt with many subjects2 then the title was applied to poems which treated 'didactically' the follies and vices of mankind4 versibus quadratis1 versus quadrati 7square7 are those containing eight or seven feet4 ,these lines of ,ennius are called ,septenarii or ,tetrameter ,catalectic verses4 ,the principal feet in them are the trochee 71 and spondee 4 ,h-oc 7er-it t7ib7i7 -arg7um-ent-um s-emp7er -in pr-ompt-u s7itum1 ,n-e qu7id -exp-ect-es 7am-ic-os1 quod t7ut7e7 7ag7er7e poss7ies4 #ab4 semper in promptu situm1 'ever ready at hand4' #ac4 ne quid1 etc41 'not to wait for your friends at all 7quid7 in a matter which 7quod7 you yourself can do4' possies1 old form of possis1 pres4 subj4 of possum4 ,,xxv4 #b4 id temporis4 ,cf4 xviii4 #g4 note1 'at such a time1 as a rule1 that the harvest is at hand when its young ones are just becoming fledged4' #c4 ea cassita1 that particular lark about which the story is told4 congesserat1 used absolutely 7i4e4 without an object7 in the sense of making a nest1 as we used the word 'to build4' ,cf4 ,verg4 ,ecl4 iii4 #fi1 locum aeriae quo congessere columbae4 #e4 dum iret4 ,dum1 like other temporal conjunctions1 takes the indic4 7in ,oratio ,r47 when strictly temporal1 but the subj4 is required when the notion of time is complicated with that of purpose1 consequence1 etc4 ,in other words1 dum1 'whilst1' always takes the indic41 dum1 'until1' the indic4 usually1 the subj4 sometimes1 viz41 when the idea of expecting or waiting for something comes in4 ,here purpose is expressed3 'to enable her to meanwhile go 4441' 'till she should go4' ,cf4 priusquam emeret1 xxxiii4 #d4 note4 #f4 quaesitum1 'to seek for food 444'2 the supine in -um expressing purpose after a verb of motion4 ,cf4 xvi4 #ac1 xxii4 #ag4 #g4 si quid1 etc41 'if anything unusual happened4' ,for the genitive quid rei1 cf4 id temporis1 xviii4 #g4 note4 #aa4 fac eas et roges1 a less peremptory way of expressing a command than the simple imperative4 ,cf4 scribas velim1 cura ut scribas1 scribe sis 7for si vis71 instead of scribe4 #ab4 veniant1 etc41 subj4 after roges1 'ask them to come 444' #ae4 orare1 the historical infinite1 used instead of a finite verb4 ,in this construction1 which is frequent in an animated description of a scene1 the pres4 inf4 only is used 7besides the two perfects odisse and meminisse1 which have a present meaning74 ,dr4 ,kennedy 7,pub4 ,sch4 ,lat4 ,gr41 #ccb7 treats it as analogous to the omission of parts of the verb sum 7e4g4 occisus for occisus est71 as it leaves out the expression of time1 number1 and person4 ',it is used to express the occurrence of actions without marking the order of time4' 7,roby47 #ag4 misit qui amicos roget4 ,roget is in subj41 because the relative expresses purpose3 'has sent me to ask 4444' ,misit is the perfect proper1 'has sent1' a primary tense1 hence roget is in the pres4 subj4 #ah4 otioso animo esse1 abl4 of quality1 lit4 'bids them be of an easy mind1' i4e4 'bids them be easy in mind4' ,,xxvi4 #d4 isti1 ironical1 'those friends of yours are laggards4' quin 444 imus1 'why do we not rather go 4448' ,the conjunction quin 7 qu1 an old ablative1 and -ne7 is thus used in exhortations and remonstrances 7a7 usually with the pres4 indic41 e4g4 quin conscendimus equos8 7,livy71 'why do we not mount8' i4e4 'nay1 mount at once'3 7b7 sometimes with the imperative1 quin aspice me1 'nay1 look at me'2 quin dic uno verbo1 'just answer in a single word4' #e4 cognatos4 ,cognatus is a kinsman by blood1 either on the father's or the mother's side2 agnatus1 a blood relation on the father's side2 gentilis1 a member of the same gens1 and bearing the same gentile name1 e4g4 ,cornelii1 ,fabii2 all these three classes were consanguinei1 related by blood2 adfinis1 a relation by marriage1 or sometimes merely a neighbour4 #h4 cognatos adfinesque nullos ferme 4441 lit4 'as a rule no kinsmen and neighbours were so good-natured1' she said1 'as to make no delay in undertaking work1 and to obey orders at once4' #ad4 valeant1 'good-bye to 4441' i4e4 let us have no more to do with4444 #ah4 id ubi 4441 the order is1 ubi mater audivit ex pullis dominum dixisse id4444 #ai4 tempus cedendi et abeundi1 'it is time to go and be off4' #bj4 in ipso enim4 ,the order is1 vertitur enim iam in ipso1 cuia res est1 non in alio1 unde petitur1 lit4 'for 7the work7 now depends upon the man himself1 whose the property is1 not upon another1 from whom 7the work7 is asked1' i4e4 who is asked to do the work4 ,,xxvii4 #a4 ,pyrrus 7#cah-bgb ,b4,c471 king of ,epirus1 was one of the most famous generals of his age4 ,in #bhj he was invited to ,italy by the ,tarentines to aid them in their struggle with ,rome4 ,he defeated the ,romans in two great battles1 near ,heraclea on the ,siris in #bhj1 and near ,asculum in #bgi1 but his own troops suffered so severely that he concluded an armistice1 and in #bgh crossed to ,sicily to help the ,greek colonies in that island against the ,carthaginians4 ,the incident mentioned in this selection afforded the pretext for the truce4 ,in #bgf ,pyrrus returned to ,italy1 but he was decisively defeated by ,curius ,dentatus near ,beneventum and compelled to leave ,italy4 ,he went back to ,epirus1 and engaged in many new warlike enterprises4 ,in #bgb1 when retreating from ,argos1 he was stunned by a tile thrown by a woman1 and slain by the pursuing soldiers4 ,hannibal is reported to have said1 that of all the great generals the world had seen1 ,alexander was the greatest1 ,pyrrus the second1 himself the third2 or1 according to another version1 ,pyrrus the first1 ,scipio the second1 and himself the third4 in terra ,italia1 'in the land of ,italy'2 cf4 xxxi4 #g1 in terra ,graecia1 so urbs ,roma1 etc41 the two substantives being in apposition4 #d4 ,fabricius4 ,cf4 viii4 #a4 note4 #g4 facile factu1 'easy to do4' ,cf4 xxiv4 #b41 utilia monitu et suasu1 note4 #ab4 salutem tutaretur1 'should protect himself from4441' 'be on his guard against2' lit4 'protect his safety4' #ac4 laudes 444 scripsisse1 'it is said that ,pyrrus wrote to the ,roman people1 praising and thanking them 4441' lit4 'wrote praises and thanks4' populo ,romano4 ,cf4 ad senatum scripsit1 line #i4 ,the rule is that1 if the verb expresses or implies motion1 ad with the acc4 is used to express the remoter object2 if no motion is implied1 the dative is used2 so1 misit hoc ad me1 but dedit hoc mihi4 ,hence many verbs admit both constructions1 as they fall on the line between expressing motion and not expressing it4 ,scribo is one of these1 for the letter has to be sent1 so motion is implied1 but the verb itself expresses no motion4 ,this rule1 however1 is not always observed even in prose1 and far less so in poetry4 ,,xxviii4 #a4 ,in circo maximo4 ,the early ,roman legends say that when ,tarquinius ,priscus had taken the town of ,apiolae from the ,latins1 he commemorated his success by holding races and games in the ,murcian ,valley1 between the ,palatine and ,aventine hills4 ,round the valley temporary platforms and stands were erected1 and the course with its surroundings was called ',circus1' either because the spectators stood in a circle or because the races went round in a circle4 ,soon a permanent building was erected in this valley4 ,this was enlarged and beautified from time to time1 and known as the ,circus ,maximus1 to distinguish it from the many similar buildings which were erected in various parts of ,rome4 ,in the time of ,julius ,caesar the ,circus ,maximus was about #fjj yards in length1 and #bjj in width1 and held #aej1jjj people3 a century later it could hold twice as many4 ,the building was used chiefly for chariot-racing2 but sometimes the area was flooded1 and naval battles were represented1 and often beasts were let loose in it to fight with one another1 or with men1 either condemned criminals and captives1 or bestiari1 specially trained for the purpose4 ,this latter exhibition was called venatio1 or pugna venationis4 ,animals were brought in almost incredible numbers from all parts of the ,roman world to be thus slaughtered4 ,julius ,caesar once turned #ejj lions into the arena together1 and ,augustus1 in the ,monimentum ,ancyranum1 boasts that he had thus killed #c1ejj elephants during his reign4 #b4 multae ibi ferae1 sc4 erant4 #g4 quasi admirans4 ,cf4 quasi desiperet1 xv4 #f4 note4 #ae4 videres1 'you might have seen4' ,cf4 ,livy1 maesti1 crederes victos1 redeunt in castra1 'you would have thought they had been defeated4' ,this use is confined to the second person singular 7'you' indefinite one72 the subjunctive is explained by treating the expression as part of a conditional sentence1 the condition understood being the reality of the subject4 ',if you had been there1 you might have seen4444' ,,xxix4 #b4 ,caesar1 probably ,claudius1 emperor #da-ed ,a4,d42 he was the fourth emperor--,augustus being the first1 ,tiberius the second1 and ,caligula the third4 ,caesar was originally the name of a patrician family of the ,julian gens4 ,the name was taken by ,augustus 7,octavianus71 as the adopted son of the ,dictator1 ,c4 ,julius ,caesar3 by ,tiberius1 as the adopted son of ,augustus ,caesar3 and it continued to be used by ,caligula1 ,claudius1 and ,nero1 as members1 by adoption1 or female descent1 of ,caesar's family4 ,this family became extinct with ,nero1 but succeeding emperors employed the name as part of their official title4 #c4 uni with illi1 'had spared him alone4' pepercisset1 subj4 after the dependent interrogative cur4 #e4 proconsulari imperio4 ,the ,proconsulare ,imperium is the power held by a man who acts pro consule1 'in the place of a consul4' ,as the number of ,roman provinces increased1 it became the custom under the ,republic for men1 who had held the office of consul1 to accept the government of provinces for a year1 and rule these with the ,imperium ,proconsulare1 which was conferred by a special decree of the ,senate and of the people4 ,under the ,empire the provinces were divided into two groups3 7#a7 the ,senatorial ,provinces 7the more peaceful ones in which no large armies were maintained71 which were governed with ,imperium ,proconsulare by men who had been consuls or praetors3 7#b7 the ,imperial ,provinces1 which were governed with ,praetorian power by ,legati ,caesaris1 who acted as the ,emperor's deputies4 ,africam1 the ,roman name for the district round ,carthage4 #aj4 consilium fuit1 'my plan was1' ',i purposed4' #ad4 debili 444 pede4 ,abl4 absol41 'with one foot lame and bloodstained4' #bb4 volnere intimo expressi1 ',i pressed out from the bottom of the wound4' ,words compounded with ab1 cum1 de1 and ex usually govern an abl41 either with or 7less frequently in prose7 without the preposition repeated4 #bc4 cruorem3 cruor is 'gore1' i4e4 blood which has flowed from a wound2 sanguis1 either 'gore1' or blood circulating in the body4 ,,xxx4 #a4 triennium totum1 acc4 of duration of time2 'for three whole years4' #b4 eodemque et victu1 abl4 of matter2 'on the same food also4' nam quas1 etc4 ,the order is--'ferebat ad specum mihi 7to the cave for me71 membra opimiora ferarum quas venabatur1' the antecedent ferarum being attracted into the relative sentence1 and so becoming feras4 #g4 viam 444 permensus1 'having travelled a journey of almost three days4' #i4 rei capitalis1 the genitive of the charge used after verbs of condemning and acquitting4 ,res capitalis is a crime punishable by death or loss of civil rights1 caput denoting both life and civil status4 ,cf4 xix4 #a4 note4 #aj4 damnandum curavit4 ,cf4 xiii4 #a4 #d4 note4 #aa4 quoque1 the lion1 as well as ,i1 having been captured4 ,,xxxi4 #a4 in terra ,graecia4 ,cf4 in terra ,italia1 xxvii4 #a4 note4 fama celebri1 abl4 of quality1 'of great reputation4' #e4 ,athenis1 'at ,athens1' the locative case4 ,cf4 xi4 #a4 note4 ,electram1 etc4 ,the order is--acturus ,electram ,sophoclis1 debebat gestare urnam quasi cum ,oresti ossibus1 'being about to play the part of ,sophocles' ,electra 7i4e4 the part of ,electra in the play of ,sophocles called 'the ,electra'7 he had to carry an urn1 supposed to contain 7quasi cum7 the bones of ,orestes4' ,women's characters were played by men both on the ,greek and on the ,roman stage4 ,when ,agamemnon1 king of ,argos and ,mycenae1 returned from the ,trojan war1 he was murdered by his wife ,clytaemnestra4 ,electra1 their daughter1 contrived to save her young brother ,orestes1 and send him to the court of ,strophius1 king of ,phocis4 ,after some years ,orestes returned in company with ,pylades1 the son of ,strophius4 ,at first he pretended to be a messenger from ,strophius1 who had come to announce the death of ,orestes in a chariot race1 in token of which he brought an urn containing1 he said1 the ashes of the dead man4 ,finally1 he made himself known to ,electra1 and then slew ,clytaemnestra and her lover ,aegisthus4 ,sophocles1 #die-djf1 the great ,athenian tragic poet1 was thirty years younger than ,aeschylus and fifteen years older than ,euripides4 ,he is said to have written #acj plays1 but of these seven only have reached us1 of which the ',electra1' here mentioned1 is one4 #f4 ,oresti4 ,the gen4 sing4 of ,greek proper names in -es of the third declension usually ends in -i1 sometimes in -is4 ,hence we have nom4 and voc41 ,orestes2 acc41 ,oresten and ,orestem2 gen41 ,oresti and ,orestis2 dat41 ,oresti2 abl41 ,orest7e1 rarely ,orest-e4 ,the plural1 when used1 follows the first declension4 #aa4 quasi ,oresti amplexus4 ,oresti is the gen4 depending on ossa understood4 #ab4 itaque1 etc41 lit4 'and so when a play seemed to be represented1 7true7 grief was represented4' ,when the great ,english actor ,macready played the part of ,virginius1 soon after the death of his own daughter1 he declared that his recent experience of real grief gave a new force to his acting4 ,diderot1 on the other hand1 in his famous ,paradoxe sur le ,comdien1 maintains that the emotions of the actor must be artificial1 not real1 to produce an artistic effect4 ,,xxxii4 #b4 qui pro se 444 advocaverunt1 'they engaged men to plead their case'2 lit4 'who should speak for them1' qui being used in a final sense1 and hence the subj4 ,for this sense of advocaverunt cf4 the ,english word 'advocate4' #d4 ,demosthenes1 the greatest of ,athenian orators1 was born in #che and died in #cbb ,b4,c4 ,as a statesman his whole policy was directed to resisting the aggressions of the ,macedonian kings ,philip and ,alexander 7cf4 vi474 ,he made many bitter enemies1 of whom ,demades 7line #bb7 was one of the most important4 ,demades was a warm supporter of the ,macedonian party1 and1 as he is known to have been an unprincipled man1 this story probably applies to him1 and not to ,demosthenes4 #aa4 lana multa 444 circumvolutus1 lit4 'wrapped round as to his neck with much wool4' ,collum is the acc4 of respect4 #ab4 eo1 for that reason1 therefore4 #ad4 non synanchen 444 sed argyranchen1 'that his throat was inflamed not by cold1 but by gold4' ,argyranche 7arguranch7 is a sarcastic word coined to imitate synanche 7sunanch71 'an inflamed throat4' #ae4 quin 444 quoque1 'nay he even prided himself upon it1' lit4 ascribed it as a glory 7dat of purpose or complement1 cf4 viii4 #d4 note7 to himself4 ,quinetiam is more common than the simple quin in this sense4 #ag4 quantum mercedis4 ,for this 'genitive of the thing measured1' usually called the 'partitive genitive1' depending of a neuter pronoun1 cf4 id temporis1 xviii4 #g4 note1 'how much pay he had received for acting4' ,accepisset is subj4 after the dependent interrogative quantum4 #ah4 uti ageret1 lit4 in order to act1 a final sentence4 ,so 'ut tacerem'4 #ai4 talentum1 the ,attic talent1 #bdc #aes4 ,,xxxiii4 #a4 ,marcus ,tullius ,cicero1 the famous ,roman orator1 was born near ,arpinum on ,jan #crd1 #ajf ,b4,c4 ,he was consul in #fc ,b4,c41 and was murdered ,dec #gth1 #dc ,b4,c41 by the emissaries of ,m4 ,antonius4 in ,palatio1 the ,palatium or ,mons ,palatinus was the hill on the ,s4,w4 of the ,roman ,forum4 ,on it the original city is said to have been built4 #b4 in praesens sc4 tempus1 'for the present'4 ,praesens1 the pres4 participle of praesum1 and absens1 the pres4 participle of absum1 are the only forms in which the pres4 participle of sum is found4 ,p4 ,sulla1 the nephew of the great ,dictator1 ,l4 ,sulla1 was accused of complicity in the ,catilinarian conspiracy4 ,he was defended by ,cicero and ,hortensius--the famous rival of ,cicero1 and1 though certainly guilty1 was acquitted1 #fb ,b4,c4 mutua 444 tacita accepit1 'accepted as a secret loan4444' sestertium viciens1 #b1jjj1jjj sestertii1 i4e4 about #ai1jjj4 ,the unit for reckoning large sums was the sestertius or nummus 7 of a denarius1 the ordinary silver coin in use1 or #b asses71 in value about #b;d4 ,up to #b1jjj the cardinal numbers were prefixed1 e4g4 centum sestertii1 mille sestertii1 etc4 ,the gen4 plur4 of sestertius is sestertium1 so #b1jjj sestertii is duo millia sestertium4 ,this form sestertium in time became treated as if it were a neuter singular4 ,hence for duo millia sestertium1 duo or bina sestertia was written1 as the 'distributive' form of the numeral was often used4 ,hence for sums from #b1jjj up to #a1jjj1jjj sestertii we have duo or bina sestertia1 sexaginta or sexagena sestertia1 etc4 ,for sums above #a1jjj1jjj sestertii the numeral adverb was generally employed3 thus1 #b1jjj1jjj sestertii was written viciens centena 7or centum7 millia sestertium1 which was generally contracted into viciens sestertium1 or viciens alone4 #d4 priusquam emeret4 ,priusquam and antequam1 like other temporal conjunctions1 usually govern the indicative2 but when they introduce an event which is expected1 and its occurrence prevented1 i4e4 when they convey any idea of purpose1 they usually require the subjunctive4 ,cf4 note on dum iret1 xxv4 #e4 ,translate1 before he could buy4 quod 444 accepisset1 'that he had accepted4' ,fees to lawyers were illegal at ,rome2 but the law was evaded in many ways4 #aj4 inter ridendum1 'amidst his laughing4' ,cf4 note on the gerund1 xiii4 #a4 akoinonotoi 7akoin7on7o-etoi71 a-koinos-notos 7nosis71 not having common sense4 ,the word is not found in extant ,greek works4 #aa4 cum ignoratis1 'because you do not know that4' ,this use of cum with the indic41 giving a reason1 is common in early writers 7e4g4 ,plautus71 but only used by ,cicero after such words as laudo and gratulor4 ,later writers do not employ it4 #ab4 patris familias1 'it is the custom of a prudent and careful master of the household to say that he is not going to buy what he wishes to purchase4444' ,for the genitive1 cf4 cuiusvis hominis est errare1 'it is any man's nature to err1' etc4 ,the genitive may be explained by saying that it depends upon some such word as indoles1 'nature1' officium1 'duty1' etc41 understood4 ,,xxxiv4 #c4 ,mons ,cispius was one of the peaks of ,mons ,esquilinus1 on the ,e4 of the ,forum4 subeuntes montem4 ,many intransitive verbs1 especially verbs of motion1 gain a semi-transitive or transitive force by being compounded with prepositions1 chiefly prepositions which govern an acc41 e4g4 adire1 circumvenire1 adstare1 adloqui1 oppugnare1 etc4 ,but many of these compounds govern a dative1 instead of1 or as well as1 an accusative1 e4g4 adlabi1 succedere4 ,some verbs compounded with prepositions which govern an ablative take an accusative1 e4g4 convenire1 expugnare1 etc4 #d4 insulam4 ,insula was a house for poor people1 let out in rooms or flats to several families2 as opposed to domus1 the large mansion of a single wealthy family4 multis 444 editam1 built to a great height with many floors4 #g4 magni1 nominative1 'the profits of city property are great4' #h4 si quid remedii4 ,for the gen4 cf4 id temporis1 xviii4 #g4 note1 'if any remedy could have been found to prevent houses burning so constantly at ,rome1 ,i would have sold4444' #aj4 venum dedissem4 ,venum 7neuter7 is only found in the classical period in the acc4 sing41 but ,tacitus uses veno1 and still later writers venui4 ,venum do--often written as one word1 venumdo1 contracted into vendo--is ',i give for sale'2 venum eo--often written veneo--is ',i am for sale4' ,for the acc4 cf4 pessum dare1 ',i give to destruction1' and pessum ire1 ',i go to destruction4' #ab4 annalem undevicensimum1 'the nineteenth book of the history 7annals7 of ,q4 ,claudius4444' #ac4 ,mitridati1 genitive2 cf4 ,oresti1 xxxi4 #f4 note4 #ad4 defenderes1 subj4 after the dependent interrogative quo4 #ae4 ,l4 ,cornelius ,sulla1 surnamed ,felix1 was born in #ach and died #gh ,b4,c4 ,he first distinguished himself in ,africa1 when serving under ,marius in the campaign against ,jugurtha 7#ajg-ajf74 ,in #hh he was appointed to the command of the war against ,mitridates1 but ,marius1 eager to obtain this for himself1 got a new law passed transferring the command to himself4 ,sulla thereupon marched upon ,rome with his troops1 and ,marius fled1 only to return and deluge the streets of ,rome with blood1 when his rival had sailed for the ,east4 ,the siege of ,athens here referred to took place in #hf3 in #hc ,sulla returned to ,rome1 and quickly overthrew the remains of the ,marian party1 ,marius having died in #hf4 ,in #ha ,sulla was appointed ,dictator4 ,he devoted two years to reforming the ,state1 and restoring the power of the senate and aristocracy1 and then retired into private life in #gi4 ,in the following year he died4 ,piraeum4 ,piraeus1 ,munychia1 and ,phalerum were the three harbours of ,athens4 ,,xxxv4 #a4 ,arion4 ,this story about ,arion comes from the ,greek historian ,herodotus4 ,periander was tyrant of ,corinth from #fbe to #ehe ,b4,c4 ,like most of the ,greek tyrants he was a patron of art and literature4 nobilis is common in the sense of 'famous1' as well as in its technical use of one whose ancestors had held curule office4 ,methymnaeus4 ,methymna was a town at the northern extremity of ,lesbos4 #e4 viseret1 the imperf4 subj41 because proficiscitur is the 'historical present' standing for a past tense4 ,cf4 xxi4 #ab4 note4 #h4 ut notiores1 'as better known4444' #aj4 in altum1 'the deep sea4' #aa4 de necando ,arione1 gerundial attraction4 ,cf4 xiii4 #g4 note4 #ba4 carmen 444 orthium1 ,greek nomos orthios1 lit4 the loud1 high song1 was the name for a shrill1 stirring air4 ,,xxxvi4 #b4 cursum 444 tenuerunt1 'held on their course4' #d4 fluitanti sese homini subdidit1 'placed itself under the floating man4' #e4 incolumique corpore et ornatu1 abl4 absol41 'carried him to land 7devexit7 at ,taenarum1 in the country of ,laconia1 with body and clothes unharmed4' ,taenarum is the acc4 of 'place whither4' in terram ,laconicam1 lit4 'to ,taenarum into the land of ,laconia4' ,so 'he set out for ,carthage in ,africa' is 'profectus est ,carthaginem in ,africam4' #f4 ,taenarum was a promontory and town in the ,s4,w4 of ,laconia1 now ,cape ,matapan4 #g4 devexit1 'carried down1' i4e4 to land4 ,the ,greeks and ,romans spoke of the coast line as lower than both the inland country and the 'high' sea4 ,cf4 the uses of anabain and katabain4 #h4 talemque1 etc41 lit4 'presented himself to ,king ,periander1 not expecting him1 in the same guise 7talem7 as he had been in 7qualis7 7when7 carried on the dolphin4' quasi falleret4 ,cf4 quasi desiperet1 xv4 #f4 note4 #ab4 dissimulanter1 secretly1 hiding the truth2 simulanter1 feignedly1 pretending what does not exist 7the form simulanter is post-classical74 ,this distinction between simulo and dissimulo is expressed in the pentameter-- ,quod non es simulas1 dissimulasque quod es1 'you pretend what you are not1 and hide what you are4' #ac4 audissent1 subj4 after the dept4 interrogative 'ecquid4' unde venissent1 subj4 because a dept4 sentence in the interrogatio obliqua1 after interrogavit4 #ah4 ire infitias1 'to deny4' ,for the phrase1 cf4 ire exequias1 'to attend a funeral4' ,the acc4 in these phrases must be compared with the 'acc4 of place whither' after a verb of motion1 e4g4 ,romam1 domum1 rus ire2 and the acc4 of the supine used to express purpose after a verb of motion1 e4g4 lusum it ,maecenas1 dormitum ego 7,horace71 ',maecenas goes to play1 ,i to sleep4' #bj4 quod1 'the fact that4441' introduces the substantival sentence 'simulacra 444 visuntur' which is the subject of est4 #ba4 delphinus and homo are in opposition with simulacra4 ,,xxxvii4 #a4 ruris colendi insolens1 'ignorant of agriculture4' ,for the gerundial attraction1 cf4 xiii4 #a4 note4 #c4 qui 444 sciret1 'since he knew4441' the relative when used in a causal sense governs the subjunctive4 #aj4 faceret1 subj4 after the dept4 interrogative cur2 'he asked why he was making4444' #ac4 gratias agens4 ,the plural gratias is always used with agere2 but after referre1 debere1 sentire1 etc41 the singular1 gratiam1 is most commonly found4 #ae4 imperitus goes closely with detruncat4 ,in ,english we should use the adverb1 'ignorantly 7or1 in his ignorance7 cuts the tops off4444' vites suas sibi omnes et oleas1 'all the vines and olives that he possessed4' #ah4 pomis gignendis felicia1 lit4 all the twigs 'productive for bearing fruit1' i4e4 'all the fruit-bearing twigs4' ,pomis gignendis is the dative after felicia4 ,for the gerundive attraction cf4 xiii4 #a4 note4 felicia4 ,the root of felix is the same as the root of fecundus 7fruitful71 fetus 7offspring71 etc4 ,hence the earliest meaning of felix is fruit-bearing3 in this sense it is used in ,lucretius1 ,ovid1 ,livy1 etc41 and the adverb felicius in ,verg4 7hic segetes1 illic veniunt felicius uvae4--,georg4 i4 #ed47 ,,xxxviii4 #a4 ,mitridates ,,vi41 king of ,pontus1 #abj-fc ,b4,c41 was the most powerful foe whom the ,romans encountered in the ,east4 ,the first ,mitridatic war was brought to a successful conclusion by ,sulla in #hd ,b4,c42 the second1 #hc-hb ,b4,c41 was uneventful2 the third1 #gd-fc ,b4,c41 in which ,pompeius distinguished himself1 ended in the flight and suicide of the king1 as described in line #h4 #b4 quorum 444 cavebat1 'by the continual use of which he protected himself from secret attempts at banquets'2 epularum is a descriptive genitive depending on insidiis4 #c4 quin 444 est4 ,cf4 quin quoque1 xxxii4 #ae4 note1 'nay1 he even4444' ostentandi gratia1 'to show off4' #f4 in ultima regni1 'to the most distant parts of his kingdom4' #i4 ,q4 ,ennius 7#bci-afi ,b4,c471 though a ,greek by birth1 spent his life at ,rome1 and was regarded by the ,romans as the father of their poetry1 alter ,homerus 7,horace74 ,his most important work was the ,annales1 an epic poem upon the history of ,rome4 ,only a few fragments of his writings have reached us4 #aj4 ,osce4 ,the ,osci were a primitive people who lived in ,campania4 #ad4 lingua locutus est1 'he spoke in the tongue and language of each as skilfully as if he had been of that nation4' ,,xxxix4 #a4 eloquentiae discendae causarumque orandi cupidus1 lit4 'was anxious to learn eloquence and to plead causes4' causarum orandi1 the genitive orandi depends upon cupidus1 and causarum is a genitive depending on the gerund orandi4 ,this construction 7instead of the gerundial attraction1 or the ordinary acc4 after the gerund7 is very rare2 but cf4 nobis fuit exemplorum eligendi potestas 7,cic de ,juv4 ii4 #b71 'we had the power of choosing examples4' in disciplinam 444 sese dedit1 'entered himself as a pupil of ,protagoras1' lit4 gave himself to the teaching of ,protagoras4 #c4 ,protagoras1 of ,abd-era1 in ,thrace1 was born about #dhj ,b4,c4 and died #daa ,b4,c4 ,he came to ,athens before the year #dde1 and there established a school4 ,he was the first ,greek philosopher who called himself a ',sophist1' and taught for pay4 daturumque1 etc4 ,the order is--promisit se daturum esse grandem pecuniam mercedem1 'promised to give a large sum as a remuneration4444' ,mercedem is in apposition with pecuniam4 #f4 quo primo die1 'on the first day on which he pleaded and won a case'2 the antecedent primo die is attracted into the relative clauses1 a common construction in ,latin4 ,cf4 xxx4 #b4 #h4 causas 444 reciperet1 'did not undertake cases1' i4e4 take briefs4 #ab4 litem 444 contestatur is the technical phrase for setting a suit on foot by calling witnesses2 'he brings an action against ,euathlus4' #ag4 ex sententia1 in accordance with the votes of the judges4 ',sententia' is an expressed opinion1 hence our 'sentence4' #ah4 secundum te1 'in your favour4' #bd4 pro causa mea senserint1 'shall have pronounced in my favour4' ,,xl4 #a4 proelium ,cannense1 #baf ,b4,c4 ,cf4 ix4 #a4 ,note the use of the adjective1 where we use a subst4 and prep41 'the battle of ,cannae4' #b4 electos 444 misit1 'sent to ,rome ten men chosen out of our captives1' i4e4 'selected ten of our captives and sent them to ,rome4' ,cp4 xxi4 #c4 note4 #c4 videretur1 'if it seemed good to the ,roman people4' #d4 quos alteri plures acciperent1 'whom the one side received more 7than the other7'2 plures is acc4 qualifying quos4 #e4 argenti1 etc41 'a pound and a half of silver by weight4' #f4 hoc iusiurandum eos adegit1 'bound them by this oath4' ,adigere aliquem iusiurandum1 or ad iusiurandum1 is literally to drive a man to an oath1 i4e4 to make him take it4 ,after the time of ,livy the construction adigere aliquem iure iurando1 'to bind a man by an oath1' was more common4 #ab4 postliminio1 'by the right of postliminium4' ,postliminium is the recovery of rights by a person returned from captivity1 or the recovery of rights over a person or thing recovered from hostile possession 7,poste's ,gaius1 #abi71 since a man by hostile capture became the slave of the enemy1 and so during the interval of captivity his rights as a free citizen were suspended4 ,the usual derivation given is from post and limen1 'a returning behind the threshold'2 others derive the post from the same root as potestas and possessio4 liberatos religione1 'freed from their obligation4' #ai4 quoniam1 etc41 lit4 'since1 when they had left the enemy's camp1 they had returned to it 7eo lem4 lit4 to the same place7 on an imaginary pretext1 as if for some accidental reason1 and so had again left 7the camp7 not bound by an oath4' #bd4 censores4 ,two censors were elected every five years 7lustrum72 they held office for #ah months4 ,their duties were 7#a7 to take the census1 i4e4 the register of the citizens and their property2 7#b7 to exercise a supervision over the morals of the citizens1 and punish defaulters by the nota censoria1 and degrade them in various ways4 ,the consequence of the nota was ignominia4 ,,exercises ,,to ,,be ,,translated ,,into ,,latin4 ,the words in brackets are not to be translated4 ,i4 #a4 ,vergil used to produce his verses like a bear4 #b4 ,the verses of ,vergil were at first rough and unfinished4 #c4 ,he used to polish and correct his rough verses like a bear4 #d4 ,that animal by licking gives features to its shapeless offspring4 #e4 ,all the verses of ,vergil were afterwards polished and corrected4 #f4 ,the offspring of that animal is at first rough and shapeless4 #g4 ,it produces a shapeless offspring1 but afterwards licks and forms it4 #h4 ,the rough verses were polished and corrected by ,vergil1 as 7its7 offspring is licked and formed by that animal4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,philemon was an author by no means equal to ,menander4 #b4 ,do you not blush1 whenever you defeat me in such contests8 #c4 ,philemon did not blush when he met ,menander4 #d4 ,philemon often defeated ,menander in those contests4 #e4 ,menander will meet ,philemon by chance4 #f4 ,menander1 a writer of comedies1 defeated ,philemon by bribery4 #g4 ,menander and ,philemon were by no means equal4 #h4 ,how do you defeat me in these contests8 ,,iii4 #a4 ,a wonderful thing is told by ,plutarch about the palm4 #b4 ,great weights were placed by the philosophers on the stem of that palm tree4 #c4 ,the tree will not yield1 but will rise against the great weight4 #d4 ,they have made the palm the emblem of victory4 #e4 ,why is this tree an emblem of victory in battle8 #f4 ,the stem of the tree was not bent by the weights placed upon it4 #g4 ,philosophers tell many wonderful tales about this tree4 #h4 ,this tree was made by the ,greeks the emblem of victory4 ,,iv4 #a4 ,it is said that ,xanthippe was the wife of ,socrates the philosopher4 #b4 ,socrates had a very bad-tempered wife1 ,xanthippe by name4 #c4 ,he did not drive his quarrelsome wife from home4 #d4 ,i can bear the impertinence of the others more easily4 #e4 ,the wife of ,socrates was very quarrelsome both day and night4 #f4 ,the friends of ,socrates wondered at his bad-tempered wife4 #g4 ,why has your quarrelsome and bad-tempered wife not been driven from home8 #h4 ,alcibiades1 the friend of ,socrates1 wondered at ,xanthippe1 the quarrelsome wife of that philosopher4 ,v4 #a4 ,voluntary labours used to strengthen the body of ,socrates4 #b4 ,he used to stand day and night motionless4 #c4 ,socrates lived in perfect health for almost his whole life4 #d4 ,a plague ravaged the city of ,athens in the ,peloponnesian war4 #e4 ,socrates kept his bodily vigour during the plague which ravaged ,athens4 #f4 ,he used to stand with his eyes directed to the same place4 #g4 ,socrates bore very many labours to strengthen his body4 #h4 ,he directed his eyes to the same place from one sunrise to the next sunrise4 ,,vi4 #a4 ,king ,alexander had a wonderful horse called ,bucephalas4 #b4 ,no one1 except ,king ,alexander1 could mount this horse4 #c4 ,the king1 seated on this horse1 performed many brave deeds in the ,indian war4 #d4 ,darts were thrown from all sides at ,king ,alexander4 #e4 ,the king was carried back at full speed by the dying horse from the middle of the battle4 #f4 ,a town1 called ,bucephalon1 was built by ,alexander in that place4 #g4 ,the horse was pierced by many wounds and fell down almost lifeless4 #h4 ,alexander built a town in ,india1 which he called ,bucephalon in honour of his wonderful horse ,bucephalas4 ,,vii4 #a4 ,alcibiades was educated by his uncle ,pericles4 #b4 ,a flute-player endeavoured to teach ,alcibiades to play the flute4 #c4 ,the flute was handed to ,alcibiades by his master4 #d4 ,the flute was thrown away and broken by the boy ,alcibiades4 #e4 ,the ,athenians unanimously ceased to play the flute4 #f4 ,the uncle caused the boy to be taught to play the flute4 #g4 ,the wise uncle caused many masters to be summoned4 #h4 ,flute-playing was formerly considered by the ,athenians a most honourable accomplishment4 ,,viii4 #a4 ,the ,samnites sent ambassadors to ,c4 ,fabricius1 the ,roman general4 #b4 ,they offered the ,roman general a large sum of money as a gift4 #c4 ,many things were lacking to the magnificence of his home4 #d4 ,fabricius could control his eyes1 mouth and ears4 #e4 ,fabricius was unwilling to receive the money from the ,samnites4 #f4 ,the ,samnites know 7how7 to use the money4 #g4 ,fabricius did many things for the ,samnites after peace had been made4 #h4 ,the ,roman general was unwilling to use the ,samnite money4 ,,ix4 #a4 ,the king had collected his forces on the plain4 #b4 ,king ,antiochus was about to make war on his enemies1 the ,roman people4 #c4 ,the army of the king was glittering with gold and silver trappings4 #d4 ,he manoeuvred his chariots1 cavalry and elephants4 #e4 ,these things will be enough for the greedy ,romans4 #f4 ,many elephants had been collected by ,antiochus4 #g4 ,hannibal jeered at the cowardice of ,antiochus' soldiers4 #h4 ,the king had collected chariots with sickles and elephants with turrets4 ,x4 #a4 ,the death of ,milo was wonderful and pitiable4 #b4 ,athletics were abandoned by ,milo 7when7 advanced in age4 #c4 ,a large oak was standing near the road4 #d4 ,he thrust his fingers into the hollows of the tree4 #e4 ,milo endeavoured with his fingers to tear open the oak4 #f4 ,the tree returned to its natural position and shut in his hands4 #g4 ,the man was torn to pieces by wild beasts4 #h4 ,the oak was torn open by the hands of ,milo4 ,,xi4 #a4 ,the ,roman senators used to enter the senate house with their sons4 #b4 ,the senators were consulting about a very important matter4 #c4 ,no one spoke about the matter1 7which had been7 adjourned to the next day4 #d4 ,the mother of the boy ,papirius was very anxious to hear the matter4 #e4 ,it is advantageous to the state for one man to have two wives4 #f4 ,the boy was unwilling to tell his mother those matters4 #g4 ,in that city one woman was not married to two men4 #h4 ,i must be silent1 for ,i am not allowed to tell you this4 ,,xii4 #a4 ,on hearing this she betook herself in alarm to the other women4 #b4 ,next day a crowd of women came to the senate-house4 #c4 ,what is this crowd of women1 and what do these demands mean8 #d4 ,the boy advances into the middle of the senate-house and says these things4 #e4 ,afterwards no boy entered the senate-house except ,papirius4 #f4 ,the name 7of7 ,praetextatus was given to the boy4 #g4 ,the women were frightened and surrounded the senate-house weeping and praying4 #h4 ,the senators wondered1 when they saw the crowd of matrons4 ,,xiii4 #a4 ,sertorius was an energetic general1 skilled in commanding an army4 #b4 ,in times of difficulty he used to pretend dreams and tell lies to the soldiers4 #c4 ,a certain man gave ,sertorius a white doe of remarkable beauty4 #d4 ,this doe has been presented to me by heaven4 #e4 ,the doe used to converse with ,sertorius and advise him4 #f4 ,he announced that the doe had given him this advice4 #g4 ,the soldiers willingly obeyed ,sertorius as if 7he were7 a god4 #h4 ,the doe1 which had been given him as a gift1 was of remarkable beauty and extraordinary speed4 ,,xiv4 #a4 ,the doe1 alarmed by an inroad of the enemy1 took to flight4 #b4 ,the doe one day hid in a neighbouring marsh1 and was searched for in vain4 #c4 ,it was believed that ,sertorius' doe had perished4 #d4 ,sertorius ordered the man1 who found the doe1 to be silent4 #e4 ,the doe appeared to me in the middle of the night and foretold what must be done4 #f4 ,the doe was suddenly let loose into the room1 in which ,sertorius and his friends were sitting4 #g4 ,the credulity of these barbarians was very useful to the general4 #h4 ,no one deserted ,sertorius1 though he was often conquered4 ,,xv4 #a4 ,an old woman brought nine books to ,king ,tarquin4 #b4 ,she said that she wished to sell the books1 which she had brought4 #c4 ,the woman demanded an immense 7sum of7 money1 and therefore the king laughed4 #d4 ,three out of the nine books were burnt before the king's face4 #e4 ,the king said that the old woman was certainly mad4 #f4 ,she sold these books for the same price that she had demanded for all4 #g4 ,tarquin at first despised the old woman1 but afterwards bought the three remaining books4 #h4 ,the books1 which this old woman sold to ,tarquin1 are called the ,sibylline 7books74 ,,xvi4 #a4 ,scipio ,africanus did not receive money from ,king ,antiochus4 #b4 ,scipio made peace with ,antiochus on favourable terms4 #c4 ,many charges were made against ,scipio by ,m4 ,naevius4 #d4 ,this is the day on which ,scipio conquered ,hannibal in a very great battle in ,africa4 #e4 ,this victory of ,scipio in the land of ,africa was very famous4 #f4 ,they went to the ,capitol1 to give thanks to ,jupiter4 #g4 ,the assembly did not pass sentence on ,scipio4 #h4 ,they all followed ,scipio to his house with rejoicings and congratulations4 ,,xvii4 #a4 ,cato1 ,scipio's enemy1 won over a certain tribune1 named ,petilius4 #b4 ,he was unwilling to give an account of the money and spoil to the senate4 #c4 ,scipio produced a book1 in which was written an account of the money and the spoil4 #d4 ,he tore the book to pieces with his own hands4 #e4 ,the safety of the state ought to be ascribed to ,scipio4 #f4 ,he rose and produced a book1 in which were the accounts4 #g4 ,i will not read the accounts to you1 for ,i am unwilling to insult myself4 #h4 ,scipio had taken much money and spoil in the war against ,antiochus1 and had written an account of it in a book4 ,,xviii4 #a4 ,old writers have told many 7tales7 about the life and deeds of ,africanus4 #b4 ,before dawn ,scipio used to go to the temple of ,jupiter4 #c4 ,the dogs did not attack ,scipio as he went to the ,capitol4 #d4 ,the attendants of the temple wondered that the dogs did not bark at ,scipio4 #e4 ,scipio was attacking a very strong town1 situated in ,spain4 #f4 ,there was small hope of taking this strong town4 #g4 ,he ordered bail to be given by the soldier for 7his appearance on7 the third day4 #h4 ,scipio stretched out his hand towards the town1 which he was attacking4 ,,xix4 #a4 ,the man must be condemned by the law4 #b4 ,i consulted about the life of my friend with the judges4 #c4 ,i persuaded the other judges to acquit my friend4 #d4 ,he silently gave his vote for condemning the man4 #e4 ,the duty of a friend and of a judge was thus safe4 #f4 ,he consulted with himself about the life of his friend4 #g4 ,two out of the three judges acquitted my friend4 #h4 ,it is the duty of a judge to condemn a man1 who ought by the law to be condemned4 ,,xx4 #a4 ,a certain young man was very fond of old words4 #b4 ,in his daily conversations he used old-fashioned expressions4 #c4 ,the ,pelasgi were the first who inhabited ,italy4 #d4 ,he used old-fashioned words1 as though he were talking with the mother of ,evander4 #e4 ,he did not wish any one to understand what he said4 #f4 ,you ought to be silent1 and thus you would gain what you wish for4 #g4 ,you ought to use modern expressions1 if you wish to be understood4 #h4 ,i love the old ,aurunci1 for they were honourable and good4 ,,xxi4 #a4 ,titus ,manlius took a necklace from an enemy1 whom he had killed4 #b4 ,he was named ,torquatus in honour of a necklace1 which he had taken from an enemy4 #c4 ,a certain ,gaul advanced with a shield and two swords4 #d4 ,a ,gaul advanced1 who surpassed the other in height and strength4 #e4 ,he beckoned with his hand1 and cried with a very loud voice4 #f4 ,the others dared not fight against this enemy1 on account of his dreadful appearance4 #g4 ,the barbarian began to jeer at them1 because no one dared to advance4 #h4 ,t4 ,manlius was grieved that the others dared not fight against the ,gaul4 ,,xxii4 #a4 ,the two soldiers1 the ,roman and the ,gaul1 fought on the bridge in the sight of both armies4 #b4 ,manlius trusted in his courage1 the ,gaul in his skill4 #c4 ,the enemy's shield was struck again by ,manlius4 #d4 ,manlius wounded the ,gaul's shoulder with his ,spanish sword4 #e4 ,the ,roman threw his enemy down and cut off his head4 #f4 ,the bloodstained necklace was taken from the neck of the ,gaul by ,manlius4 #g4 ,the son of ,manlius killed an enemy1 who had challenged him1 although he had been forbidden to fight by his father4 #h4 ,harsh commands are called ,manlian1 because this ,manlius beheaded his own son4 ,,xxiii4 #a4 ,the consul drew up the ,roman lines facing the vast forces of the ,gauls4 #b4 ,the arms of the ,gallic leader shone with gold4 #c4 ,the ,gaul1 a man of enormous height1 advanced shaking his spear4 #d4 ,he haughtily ordered any ,roman to come1 who dared to fight against him4 #e4 ,whilst the others were wavering between shame and fear1 ,valerius advanced boldly against the enemy4 #f4 ,a raven suddenly attacked the eyes of the ,gaul4 #g4 ,the raven1 having torn the hands and face of the ,gaul1 perched on the head of ,valerius4 #h4 ,thus1 helped by the bird1 he killed his enemy1 and in honour of the victory was named ,corvinus4 ,,xxiv4 #a4 ,aesop1 who lived in ,phrygia1 was a very wise writer of fables4 #b4 ,he invented amusing stories1 and thus gave useful advice4 #c4 ,philosophers give useful advice1 but what they say is not amusing4 #d4 ,aesop invented an amusing story about a lark4 #e4 ,this fable about the lark warned men that their hopes ought to be placed in themselves4 #f4 ,q4 ,ennius composed many verses about this story of ,aesop4 #g4 ,this is a proof that our confidence ought to be placed in ourselves4 #h4 ,it is the custom with philosophers to give useful advice1 with writers of fables amusing advice4 ,,xxv4 #a4 ,it is said that a lark built in the corn4 #b4 ,the corn was ripening when the young ones were unfledged4 #c4 ,the lark went to search for food1 and left her young ones in the nest4 #d4 ,if anything unusual happens1 said she1 tell me when ,i return home4 #e4 ,the young ones saw the owner of the crops calling his son4 #f4 ,the owner's friends were unwilling to assist him in the harvest4 #g4 ,make haste1 mother1 and carry us to another nest4 #h4 ,the lark said that it was not necessary to take her young ones to another home4 ,,xxvi4 #a4 ,when the mother had flown to seek food1 the owner returned to the field with his son4 #b4 ,he told his son that the friends were loiterers1 for they had not come4 #c4 ,let us go1 said he1 and ask our relations to help us to-morrow4 #d4 ,the young ones told their mother that the master had sent for his relations4 #e4 ,the master said that he would himself reap the corn with his sickle4 #f4 ,the relations neglected to come1 and so the master and his son themselves reaped the corn4 #g4 ,the mother said that it was time to go2 for what he had ordered would now be done4 #h4 ,the matter now depends on the master himself1 not on his friends4 ,,xxvii4 #a4 ,pyrrhus fought many battles with success in the land of ,italy4 #b4 ,timochares1 a friend of ,pyrrhus1 wished to kill the king by poison4 #c4 ,if we agree about the reward1 ,i promise to kill the king by poison4 #d4 ,my son is the king's cup-bearer1 and so he will easily be able to give poison to the king4 #e4 ,fabricius wrote to the ,roman ,senate1 that ,timochares wished to kill ,king ,pyrrhus by poison4 #f4 ,the ,senate advised the king to act more cautiously4 #g4 ,your friends wish to kill you by poison2 therefore it is necessary to act very cautiously4 #h4 ,the king wrote to the ,roman ,senate1 thanking and praising them1 and restored all the prisoners whom he had taken4 ,,xxviii4 #a4 ,a lion of enormous size was brought into the circus4 #b4 ,many slaves had been given by their masters to fight wild beasts4 #c4 ,an enormous and terrible lion attracted the attention of all by its roaring4 #d4 ,it is said that the lion1 seeing ,androclus1 suddenly stood still4 #e4 ,it is said that the lion wagged its tail like a dog1 and licked the man's hands4 #f4 ,the slave recovered his lost courage and turned his eyes on the lion4 #g4 ,you might have seen the lion licking the legs and hands of the slave4 #h4 ,a mimic hunt was given in the circus1 for which many wild-beasts had been sent from ,africa4 ,,xxix4 #a4 ,loud shouts were aroused by this wonderful sight4 #b4 ,caesar asked why the lion spared ,androclus alone4 #c4 ,a wonderful and marvellous story was told ,caesar by the slave4 #d4 ,the slave1 driven to flight by his master's daily blows1 took refuge in the desert4 #e4 ,at mid-day the slave hid in a cave1 to which a lion came4 #f4 ,an enormous lion was coming to the cave1 with one foot lame1 groaning and sighing4 #g4 ,he was at first terrified by the sight of the lion1 but soon recovered his courage4 #h4 ,the slave pulled a large thorn out of the lion's foot2 the lion then placed its foot in his hands and slept4 ,,xxx4 #a4 ,he said that for three years he had lived in the same cave as the lion4 #b4 ,i used to cook my food by the mid-day sun1 because ,i had no fire4 #c4 ,i am weary of this wild-beast's life1 and ,i will leave the cave4 #d4 ,his master arrested him and sent him from ,africa to ,rome4 #e4 ,my master had me condemned to death and given to the wild-beasts in the ,circus4 #f4 ,the lion1 after ,i was separated from it1 was taken and sent to ,rome4 #g4 ,androclus1 after telling this wonderful tale1 was pardoned and presented with the lion4 #h4 ,they gave money to the slave and flowers to the lion1 which had been the host of the man4 ,,xxxi4 #a4 ,polus1 a famous actor in ,greece1 had a well-loved son4 #b4 ,polus lost his son1 and mourned for him many days4 #c4 ,polus was about to act the ,electra of ,sophocles1 and to carry the bones of ,orestes in his hands4 #d4 ,electra carried the remains of her brother in an urn1 and wept for his death4 #e4 ,electra1 the sister of ,orestes1 was dressed in mourning and carried the remains of her brother4 #f4 ,she took the urn from the tomb and carried it in her hands4 #g4 ,the urn1 which ,electra was carrying1 had been placed in a tomb4 #h4 ,polus carried in his hands the remains of his own son1 and wept for his1 not ,orestes'1 death4 ,,xxxii4 #a4 ,it is said that ambassadors came from ,athens to ,miletus to ask for help4 #b4 ,they pleaded for the ,milesians1 but ,demades replied that help ought not to be given to them4 #c4 ,demades maintained that the ,milesians were not worthy of help4 #d4 ,he said that it would not be advantageous to the state to give help4 #e4 ,it is said that ,demades received from the ,milesian ambassadors as much money as he asked for4 #f4 ,i am suffering from an inflamed throat and therefore ,i cannot oppose the ,milesian demands4 #g4 ,he did not conceal what he had done1 but said he had received much money4 #h4 ,you received three talents for acting1 ,i received more for being silent4 ,,xxxiii4 #a4 ,cicero wished to buy a house on the ,palatine1 but had no money at the time4 #b4 ,p4 ,sulla lent ,cicero #e1jjj1jjj sesterces secretly4 #c4 ,you have received1 said they1 money from ,sulla for buying a house4 #d4 ,cicero afterwards bought the house with the money which he had received from ,sulla4 #e4 ,i said that ,i did not wish to buy that house1 because ,i was a cautious father of a family4 #f4 ,cicero's friends reproached him with this lie4 #g4 ,cicero told that lie1 because he had received money from a defendant4 #h4 ,cicero wished to buy that house1 but he said that he did not wish to buy it4 ,,xxxiv4 #a4 ,many friends accompanied ,julianus home4 #b4 ,a block1 many stories high1 was blazing4 #c4 ,he said that property in the city gave great returns4 #d4 ,there is no remedy to prevent houses at ,rome burning4 #e4 ,he sold all his country property and bought city property4 #f4 ,the philosopher said that alum was the best remedy for fire4 #g4 ,a wooden tower1 which had been built to defend the city1 was smeared with alum by ,archelaus4 #h4 ,q4 ,claudius says that this tower1 smeared with alum1 could not burn4 ,,xxxv4 #a4 ,arion of ,lesbos lived at ,corinth1 and was loved by ,periander4 #b4 ,arion went to ,italy and charmed the ears of all in that land4 #c4 ,he gained much money by playing1 and afterwards wished to return to ,king ,periander at ,corinth4 #d4 ,he chose a ,corinthian ship1 because he thought the sailors would be more friendly to him4 #e4 ,arion gave all his money to the sailors1 but prayed them to spare his life4 #f4 ,the sailors ordered ,arion to spring down into the sea1 in order that they might take possession of his money4 #g4 ,in a loud voice he sang this song1 and then threw himself into the sea4 #h4 ,he took his lyre in his hand and1 standing on the stern1 began to sing a song4 ,,xxxvi4 #a4 ,the sailors thought that ,arion had perished in the sea1 and held on their course to ,corinth4 #b4 ,it is said that a dolphin carried the man safe to ,taenarum4 #c4 ,arion went from ,taenarum to ,corinth and related what had happened to himself4 #d4 ,the king believed that ,arion was deceiving him1 and ordered him to be guarded for two days4 #e4 ,the king ordered the sailors to be sent for1 and asked them if they had heard anything about ,arion4 #f4 ,the sailors told the king that ,arion was living in ,italy4 #g4 ,arion stood forth before the astounded sailors1 who thought that he had perished in the sea4 #h4 ,at ,taenarum two bronze figures stand as a proof of this tale4 ,,xxxvii4 #a4 ,a certain barbarian bought a large farm planted with olives and vines4 #b4 ,the ,thracian saw his neighbour pruning his trees4 #c4 ,he asked his neighbour why he pulled up the vine suckers4 #d4 ,the trees of his neighbour were more fruitful than his own4 #e4 ,he thanked his neighbour and went home rejoicing4 #f4 ,the ignorant ,thracian took a sickle1 and began to cut off the most luxuriant foliage of the trees4 #g4 ,he cut off all the fruitful twigs of the apple-trees4 #h4 ,the ignorant man thought that he was pruning his trees1 as his neighbour had done4 ,,xxxviii4 #a4 ,the ,king of ,pontus was very skilled in medicine4 #b4 ,it is said that these medicines are good for dissipating poisons4 #c4 ,the ,king of ,pontus for his whole life was on his guard against secret treachery4 #d4 ,mitridates often drank poison to show that it was harmless to him4 #e4 ,he slew himself with his own sword1 7after7 having in vain tried the strongest poisons4 #f4 ,ennius could speak ,greek1 ,latin and ,oscan1 and so he used to say that he had three hearts4 #g4 ,the ,king of ,pontus knew the languages of all the nations under his dominion1 twenty-two in number4 #h4 ,mitridates used to talk with the men of each nation1 whom he had under his dominion1 in the language of that nation1 and not through an interpreter4 ,,xxxix4 #a4 ,he gave ,protagoras half of the money which he asked for1 and promised to give the remaining half afterwards4 #b4 ,i will give you1 said he1 the remaining half on the first day on which ,i win a case4 #c4 ,he was a pupil of ,protagoras for a long while1 but did not undertake any case4 #d4 ,he did not undertake any case1 in order to avoid paying the rest of the money4 #e4 ,protagoras thought that his plan for gaining the money was very clever4 #f4 ,if the verdict is given in your favour1,a it will be necessary for you to pay me the money4 #g4 ,the judges left the matter unsettled1 because they did not know what sentence they ought to give4 #h4 ,the wise judges adjourned the law-suit to a very distant day4 ,footnote ,a3 ,the verdict is given in my favour3 pronuntiatum est pro me4 ,,xl4 #a4 ,hannibal chose ten prisoners and sent them to ,rome4 #b4 ,he wished after the battle of ,cannae to make an exchange of prisoners with his enemies4 #c4 ,the ,roman prisoners promised with an oath to return to ,hannibal4 #d4 ,they told the senators what ,hannibal had said about an exchange of prisoners4 #e4 ,their relations embraced them and prayed them with tears not to return to ,hannibal4 #f4 ,of the ten prisoners eight returned to ,hannibal1 and two only remained at ,rome4 #g4 ,the two prisoners1 who remained at ,rome1 were despised by all4 #h4 ,the censors branded with every mark of infamy the prisoners1 who had refused to return to ,hannibal4 ,,latin-,,english ,,vocabulary4 ,the parts of regular verbs are not given4 ,a dot occurring in a word separates the parts of a compound4 ,a4 for ,aulus1 -i4 a1 ab1 prep4 gov4 abl41 from1 by4 abeo1 --ivi or -ii1 -7itum1 --ire1 #d v4 n41 ,i go away4 abhinc1 adv41 henceforward1 since4 abi7icio1 -i-eci1 -iectum1 #c v4 a41 ,i throw away1 throw from4 7i7acio47 abl-ego1 v4 a4 #a1 ,i send away4 absolvo1 -solvi1 -s7ol-utum1 #c v4 a41 ,i set loose1 ,i acquit4 7abund-e1 adv41 abundantly1 sufficiently4 7abundo1 ,i overflow2 cf4 unda1 a wave47 ac1 conj41 and4 acc-edo1 -cessi1 -cessum1 #c v4 n41 ,i go to1 ,i approach4 7ad1 c-edo47 acc7ido 7or adc7ido71 -cidi1 no sup41 #c v4 n41 ,i fall to1 fall out1 happen4 7ad1 c7ado47 7acies1 -ei1 f41 line-of-battle 7lit4 sharp edge74 7-acer1 7acus47 acc7ipio1 -c-epi1 -ceptum1 #c v4 a41 ,i receive1 learn1 hear4 7ad1 c7apio47 acc-uso1 #a v4 a41 ,i impeach1 blame4 -acer1 acris1 acre1 adj41 sharp1 eager1 energetic4 7acerbus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 bitter1 bad-tempered4 7-acer47 -acr7iter1 adv41 sharply1 keenly4 7-acer47 actor1 --oris1 m41 actor4 77ago47 acturus1 fut4 part41 fr4 7ago4 7ad1 prep4 gov4 acc41 to1 for4 adcido4 ,cf4 accido4 addo1 -d7idi1 -d7itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i bring to1 add4 7adeo1 --ivi or -ii1 -7itum1 #d v4 n41 ,i go to1 approach4 ade7-o1 adv41 thus far2 usque adeo1 to such an extent1 7ad1 is2 cf4 quoad47 adf7ero 7or aff7ero71 -t7uli1 -l-atum1 #c v4 a41 ,i bring to4 adficio4 ,cf4 afficio4 adf-inis 7or affinis71 -e1 adj41 neighbouring to1 related to 7by marriage72 as a subst41 neighbour1 relation4 ad7igo1 --egi1 -actum1 #c v4 a41 ,i drive to4 adigo aliquem 7ad7 iusiurandum1 ,i drive a man to an oath1 make him swear4 77ago47 adh7ibeo1 -h7ibui1 -h7ib7itum1 #b v4 a41 ,i bring to1 employ4 7h7abeo47 ad7ipiscor1 -eptus1 #c v4 dep41 ,i obtain4 77apiscor47 adi7uvo1 -i-uvi1 -i-utum1 #a v4 a41 ,i assist4 adm-ir-atio1 --onis1 f41 wonder4 adm7iror1 #a v4 dep41 ,i wonder at4 admitto1 -m-isi1 -missum1 #c v4 a41 ,i bring to1 bring in1 admit4 adm7odum1 adv41 lit4 to a measure1 in a high degree1 very4 7m7odus47 adno1 #a v4 n41 ,i swim to4 adpr7ehendo 7or apprehendo71 -pr7ehendi1 -pr7ehensum1 #c v4 a41 ,i seize4 ads7iduus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 constant1 eager1 diligent4 7adsideo3 cf4 continuus1 fr4 contineo47 ads7idue1 adv41 constantly4 7adsiduus47 adsigno1 #a v4 a41 ,i attribute to4 7signum47 adsum1 -fui1 -esse1 v4 n41 ,i am present4 ad7ulescens 7or ad7olescens71 -entis1 c41 young man1 young woman4 7ad7olesco47 ad7ulescentia1 -ae1 f41 youth1 manly strength1 7adolesco47 ad7ulor1 #a v4 dep41 ,i fawn on1 flatter4 adv7enio1 -v-eni1 -ventum1 #d v4 n41 ,i come to1 approach4 advers-arius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 turned towards1 opposed to2 subst41 antagonist4 7ad1 versus47 adversum1 or adversus1 adv41 and prep4 gov4 acc41 towards1 against4 adverto1 -verti1 -versum1 #c v4 a41 ,i turn towards1 observe 7generally in phrase 'animum adverto'74 adv7oco1 #a v4 a41 ,i call to my aid4 adv7olo1 #a v4 n41 ,i fly towards4 aedes 7or aedis71 -is1 f41 a building1 temple2 in pl41 a house4 aed7it7umus1 -i1 m41 keeper of temple1 sacristan4 7aedes47 aegr-e1 adv41 with difficulty1 scarcely4 aegre passus1 displeased4 7aeger47 7a-eneus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 brazen4 7aes47 aer-arium1 -ii1 n41 treasury4 7aes47 aes1 aeris1 n41 copper1 brass1 money4 ,aes-opus1 -i1 m41 ,aesop4 7,aispos47 aetas1 --atis1 f41 age 7for aev7itas1 fr4 aevum1 ain47 affero4 ,cf4 adfero4 aff7icio1 -f-eci1 -fectum1 #c v4 a41 ,i affect in some way3 afficio contumeli1 ,i affect1 brand with disgrace1 i4e4 ,i disgrace1 insult4 7f7acio47 ,afr7ica1 -ae1 f41 ,africa1 i4e4 the land round ,carthage4 ,afr7ic-anus1 -i1 m41 agnomen of ,scipio4 7ager1 agri1 m41 land1 territory4 7agros1 cf4 ,english acre1 ,german ,acker47 7ago1 -egi1 actum1 #c v4 a41 ,i drive1 do1 act2 of the ,senate1 ,i transact1 ,i discuss3 ago gratias1 ,i give thanks2 bene ago1 ,i fare well1 prosper4 -aio1 v4 n41 defective1 ,i say4 akoinonotoi 7cf4 xxxiii4 #aj1 note71 deficient in common sense4 -ala1 -ae1 f41 wing4 albus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 white4 ,alc7ib7i7ades1 -is or -i1 m41 ,alcibiades4 7,alkibiads47 -ales1 -7itis1 adj41 winged2 as subst41 c41 a bird4 7-ala47 ,alexander1 -dri1 m41 ,alexander4 7,alexandros47 7al7iqu7is1 aliquid1 subst4 pron41 some one1 any one4 77alius1 quis47 7al7iter1 adv41 otherwise4 77alius47 7alius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 other1 another4 7,cf4 allos47 alt-e1 adv41 deeply4 7altus47 alter1 -7era1 -7erum1 adj41 the one 7or other7 of two4 7,cf4 7alius47 altus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 deep2 as subst41 altum1 i1 n41 the deep sea4 77alo1 ,i nourish47 7al-umen1 -7inis1 n41 alum4 amb7iguus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 wavering1 hesitating4 7amb7igo1 fr4 ambi1 ,gr4 amphi1 7ago47 amb7itus1 -us1 m41 lit4 a going round1 bribery4 7ambio4 fr4 ambi1 ,gr4 amphi1 eo47 ,ambr7aciensis1 -e1 adj41 ,ambracian1 belonging to ,ambr7acia1 town in ,s4 of ,ep-irus4 7am7icio1 -7icui or -ixi1 -ictum1 #d v4 a41 ,i wrap around1 clothe4 7am or amb1 ,gr4 amphi1 and i7acio4 ,cf4 amphiball47 7amictus1 -a1 -um1 part4 fr4 am7icio4 ,as subst41 amictus1 -us m41 clothing4 7am-icus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 friendly2 subst41 7am-icus1 i1 m41 a friend4 77amo47 -amitto1 -m-isi1 -missum1 #c v4 a41 ,i send away1 let go1 lose4 7amo1 #a v4 a41 ,i love4 amplector1 -exus1 #c v4 dep41 ,i embrace4 7am cf4 amicio1 plecto1 ,i plait47 ampl7it-udo1 -7inis1 f41 dignity4 7amplus47 amp7uto1 #a v4 a41 ,i lop off4 7an1 conj41 or1 whether 7in disjunctive interrogations74 anceps1 -c7ip7itis1 adj41 two-headed1 doubtful1 dangerous4 7an1 cf4 am7icio1 caput47 ,androclus1 -i1 m41 ,androclus4 7an7ima1 -ae1 f41 soul4 7animous1 anemos1 that which breathes47 7an7imadverto1 -ti1 -sum1 #c v4 a41 ,i direct my attention to1 notice4 7animus1 ad1 verto47 7an7imus1 -i1 m41 mind4 7,cf4 anima47 ann-alis1 -e1 adj41 belonging to a year4 ,as subst41 annalis1 -is1 m4 7sc4 liber71 chronicle1 annal4 7annus47 annus1 -i1 m41 year4 ant7e1 adv41 and prep4 gov4 acc41 before4 ant7e-a1 adv41 before4 ant7equam1 conj41 before that4 ,ant7i7och-inus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 belonging to ,antiochus4 ,ant7i7ochus1 -i1 m41 ,antiochus 7,antiochos47 ant-iqu7itas1 --atis1 f41 antiquity1 old times4 7antiquus47 ant-iqu7itus1 adv41 from of old1 in former times4 7antiquus47 ant-iquus 7or anticus71 -a1 -um1 adj41 ancient4 7ante47 ,ant-onius1 -ii1 m41 ,antonius4 7anus1 -us1 f41 old woman4 7ap7erio1 -7erui1 -7ertum1 #d v4 a41 ,i open4 7ap7ol7ogus1 -i1 m41 fable4 7apologos47 appello 7or adpello71 #a v4 a41 ,i drive to1 go to1 ,i accost1 appeal to4 app7eto 7or adpeto71 --ivi and -ii1 --itum1 #c v4 a4 and n41 ,i seek for1 long for1 approach4 appono 7or adpono71 -p7osui1 -p7os7itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i place near4 appr7obo 7or adpr7obo71 #a v4 a41 ,i approve1 ,i confirm4 aptus1 -a1 -um1 part4 fr4 7apo1 7apere1 ,i fit to2 fit1 suited4 7,cf4 apiscor1 hapt47 7ap7ud1 prep4 gov4 acc41 near to1 at the house of4 arbor1 -7oris1 f41 a tree4 arcesso1 --ivi1 --itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i send for4 ,arch7el-aus1 -i1 m41 ,archelaus4 ardeo1 arsi1 arsum1 #b v4 n41 ,i am on fire1 burn4 arduus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 steep1 lofty4 argentum1 -i1 n41 silver4 arg-umentum1 -i1 n41 proof1 argument1 plot4 7arguo47 arg7yranche 7arguranch74 ,cf4 xxxii4 #ad1 note4 7,ar-ion1 7onis1 m41 ,arion4 ,arist7od-emus1 -i1 m41 ,aristodemus4 7,arist7ot7eles1 -is or -i1 m41 ,aristotle4 arma1 -orum1 n41 plur4 only1 arms4 armilla1 -ae1 f41 bracelet4 7arma47 armo1 #a v4 a41 ,i arm1 equip4 7arma47 ars1 artis1 f41 art1 skill4 7,cf4 arma47 arx1 arcis1 f41 citadel4 7arceo47 ascendo1 -ndi1 -sum1 #c v4 n41 ,i mount up4 7scando1 ,i climb47 7-,as7i-at7icus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 belonging to ,asia4 aspectus1 -us1 m41 look4 7aspicio47 asper1 -7era1 -7erum1 adj41 harsh1 rough4 aspernor1 #a v4 dep41 ,i despise4 7ab1 sperno47 aspicio1 -exi1 -ectum1 #c v4 a41 ,i behold1 look at4 asporto1 #a v4 a41 ,i carry away4 7abs1 porto47 ass7ideo1 -s-edi1 -sessum1 #b v4 n41 ,i sit by2 ,i besiege4 7ad1 sedeo47 assum4 ,cf4 adsum4 ast-utus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 skilled1 clever4 7astus47 7at1 conj41 but4 7,ath-enae1 -arum1 f4 plur4 only1 ,athens4 7,ath-eniensis1 -e1 adj41 ,athenian4 -athl-eta1 -ae1 m41 wrestler1 athlete4 7athlts47 -athl-et7icus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 athletic4 ars athletica1 athletics4 atqu7e1 conj41 and4 7-atrox1 --ocis1 adj41 frightful1 fierce4 7-ater1 black1 gloomy47 ,att7ica1 -ae1 f41 ,attica4 attent-e1 adv41 comp41 attentius1 attentively4 7attendo47 attingo1 -t7igi1 -tactum1 #c v4 a41 ,i touch4 7adtango47 auctor1 --oris1 m41 author4 7augeo47 audeo1 ausus1 #b v4 a4 and n41 ,i dare4 audio1 #d v4 a41 ,i hear4 7,cf4 auris1 ear47 aud-itor1 --oris1 m41 hearer4 7audio47 auf7ero1 abst7uli1 abl-atum1 auferre1 #c v4 a41 ,i carry away1 take4 7ab1 fero47 aureus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 golden4 7aurum47 auris1 -is1 f41 ear4 aurum1 -i1 n41 gold4 ,aurunci1 -orum1 m41 the ,aurunci4 aut1 conj41 or4 aut 444 aut1 either 444 or4 autem1 conj41 but1 however1 moreover4 aux7il7ium1 -ii1 n41 help4 7augeo47 7av-arus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 covetous1 greedy4 77aveo1 ,i long for47 -aversus1 -a1 -um1 part4 from -averto1 turned away4 -averto1 -ti1 -sum1 #c v4 a41 ,i turn away4 7avis1 -is1 f41 bird4 7avunc7ulus1 -i1 m41 maternal uncle4 7,diminutive of 7avus1 grandfather47 barb7aria1 -ae1 f41 foreign country4 7barb7arus47 barb7arus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 foreign4 7barbaros3 cf4 balbus1 stammering47 bellum1 -i1 n41 war4 bell-ator1 --oris1 m41 warrior4 7bellum47 b7en7e1 adv41 well4 bene facio1 ,i benefit4 b7en7ef7icium1 -ii1 n41 kindness4 7bene1 facio47 bestia1 -ae1 f41 wild beast4 bland-e1 adv41 gently4 7blandus74 bland-imentum1 -i1 n41 blandishment4 7blandior1 ,i caress47 b7onus1 -a -um1 adj41 good4 ,b-uc7eph7alas1 -ae 7,boukephalas71 m41 ,bucephalas4 ,cf4 vi4 #a4 note4 ,c4 for ,c-a7i7us or ,g-a7i7us4 caedes1 -is1 f41 lopping off1 destruction4 7caedo47 ,caesar1 -7aris1 m41 ,caesar4 ,c-a7i7us1 -i1 m41 ,caius4 call7id7itas1 --atis1 f41 skill1 cunning4 7callidus47 campus1 -i1 m41 plain4 c7anis1 -is1 c41 dog4 7kun47 ,cannensis1 -e1 adj41 of ,cannae4 c7ano1 c7ec7ini1 cantum1 #c v4 a41 ,i sing1 ,i play4 cano tibiis ,i play the flute4 canto1 #a v4 n4 and a41 ,i sing1 ,i play 7frequentative form of cano47 cantor1 --oris1 m41 singer1 musician4 7c7ano47 cantus1 -us1 m41 song1 melody4 7c7ano47 c7apesso1 --ivi or -ii1 --itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i strive for1 undertake4 7desiderative form fr4 c7apio47 c7apio1 c-epi1 captum1 #c v4 a41 ,i take4 capio consilium1 ,i form or adopt a plan4 ,c7ap7it-olium1 -ii1 n41 the ,capitol4 7c7aput47 c7ap7it-alis1 -e1 adj41 relating to the caput1 i4e4 life or civil rights1 capital4 res capitalis1 capital offence4 7c7aput47 capt-ivus1 -i1 m41 captive1 7c7apio47 c7aput1 -7itis1 n41 head1 life1 civil rights4 7,cf4 kephal47 carmen1 -7inis1 n41 song4 7c7ano47 cass-ita1 -ae1 f41 the crested lark1 7alauda cristata1 ,l4 7cassis1 a helmet47 castrum1 -i1 n41 fort2 in plur41 a camp4 7,cf4 c7asa1 hut47 c-asus1 -us1 m41 accident1 case4 7c7ado1 ,i fall1 happen47 c7aterva1 -ae1 f41 troop1 band1 body of men4 ,c7ato1 --onis1 m41 ,cato4 7c7atus1 shrewd47 cauda1 -ae1 f41 tail4 causa1 -ae1 f41 cause1 reason1 case4 caus-a1 abl4 of causa1 for the sake of1 with genitive4 caut-e1 adv41 cautiously1 7cautus47 cautus1 -a1 -um1 part4 from c7aveo1 careful4 c7aveo1 c-avi1 cautum1 #b v4 n41 ,i am on my guard1 cautious4 c7averna1 -ae1 f41 cave1 hollow4 7c7avus1 hollow47 c-edo1 cessi1 cessum1 #c v4 n4 and a41 ,i yield1 go away1 depart4 c7el7eber1 -bris1 -bre1 adj41 numerous1 famous4 c7el7er7itas1 --atis1 f41 speed4 7c7eler47 c-ella1 -ae1 f41 shrine1 part of temple in which the image of the god stood4 c-elo1 #a v4 a41 ,i conceal4 censeo1 -ui1 censum1 #b v4 a41 ,i assess1 think1 vote for1 decree1 resolve4 censor1 --oris1 m41 censor4 7censeo47 centum1 indecl4 num4 adj41 one hundred4 cert-amen1 -7inis1 n41 contest1 competition4 7certo1 ,i strive47 cerva1 -ae1 f41 doe4 cervix1 --icis1 f41 neck4 cess-ator1 --oris1 m41 loiterer4 7cesso47 c-et7erus1 -a1 -um1 the other1 the rest4 ,the nom4 sing4 masc4 is not in use4 ,ch-il-o1 --onis1 m41 ,chilo4 7,cheiln47 c7ib-arius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 belonging to food 7c7ibus74 res cibaria1 provisions4 c7ibus1 -i1 m41 food4 c7ic-atrix1 --icis1 f41 scar4 ,c7ic7ero1 --onis1 m41 ,cicero4 cingo1 -nxi1 -nctum1 #c v4 a41 ,i surround1 gird on1 clothe4 circum1 adv41 and prep4 gov4 acc41 around4 circumf7ero1 -t7uli1 -l-atum1 #c v4 a41 ,i carry round1 report4 circumfundo1 -f-udi1 -f-usum1 #c v4 a41 ,i pour around1 surround4 circumplector1 -plexus1 #c v4 dep4 a41 ,i embrace1 surround4 circumsp7icio1 -spexi1 -spectum1 #c v4 n4 and a41 ,i look around1 survey4 circumvolvo1 no perf41 -v7ol-utum1 #c v4 a41 ,i roll round4 circus1 -i1 m4 7kirkos71 circus4 ,cispius 7mons71 the ,cispian hill4 c7it-atus1 -a1 -um1 part4 fr4 c7ito1 urged on4 citato cursu1 at full speed4 c7ito1 #a v4 a41 ,i urge on4 7frequentative form of cieo47 c-ivis1 -is1 c41 citizen4 c-iv7itas1 --atis1 f41 state4 7c-ivis47 cl-amor1 --oris1 m41 shout1 noise4 7cl-amo47 clandest-inus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 secret4 7clam47 ,claudius1 -ii1 m41 ,claudius4 claudo1 -si1 -sum1 #c v4 a41 ,i shut4 7,cf4 clavis1 key1 klei47 coepi1 coepisse1 #c v4 a41 defective 7the pres4 coepio only in ante-classical writers47 perf4 with pres4 signific41 ,i begin4 c-og7ito1 #a v4 a41 ,i meditate upon4 7co1 agito47 cogn-atus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 related by blood2 as subst41 a kinsman4 7co1 gnatus for natus47 cogn-omen1 -7inis1 n41 surname4 7co1 n-omen47 cogn-om7ino1 #a v4 a41 ,i surname4 cognosco1 -gn-ovi1 -gn7itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i become acquainted with1 investigate a case4 7nosco47 c-ogo1 c7o-egi1 c7oactum1 #c v4 a41 ,i drive together1 compel1 7co1 ago47 coll7oquor1 -l7oc-utus1 #c v4 dep41 ,i talk with4 c7olo1 c7olui1 cultum1 #c v4 a41 ,i cultivate4 7,cf4 7-agr7i-c7ola47 collum1 -i1 n41 neck4 c7oma1 -ae1 f41 hair1 foliage4 7kom47 c7omes1 -7itis1 c41 companion4 7com1 eo47 comment7icius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 pretended1 false4 7comminiscor47 c7om7itor1 #a v4 dep41 ,i accompany4 7c7omes47 commentus1 -a1 -um1 part4 fr4 comm7iniscor4 comm7iniscor1 -mentus1 #c v4 dep41 ,i devise1 invent4 7,cf4 reminiscor47 c-omoedia1 -ae1 f41 comedy4 7kmdia47 certamina comoediarum1 dramatic competitions4 comp7aro1 #a v4 a41 prepare1 procure4 comp7et-itor1 --oris1 m41 rival1 competitor4 7competo47 compl-oro1 #a v4 a41 ,i bewail violently4 compl-ures1 -a1 rarely -ia1 adj41 several4 comp-ono1 -p7osui1 -p7os7itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i place together1 arrange1 compose4 litterae compositae1 forged letters4 conc-edo1 -cessi1 -cessum1 #c v4 a4 and n41 ,i yield1 grant1 retire4 conc7ido1 7idi1 no sup41 #c v4 n41 ,i fall down4 7c7ado47 conc7ipio1 -c-epi1 -ceptum1 #c v4 a41 ,i take to myself4 concepta sanies1 matter which has gathered in a wound4 7c7apio47 concl-amo1 #a v4 a4 and n41 ,i cry out1 shout together or loudly4 condemno1 #a v4 a41 ,i sentence1 condemn4 7damno47 cond7icio1 --onis1 f41 agreement1 conditions1 terms1 7condico47 condo1 -d7idi1 -d7itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i bring together1 build1 lay up1 hide4 conf7ero1 -t7uli1 -l-atum1 or coll-atum1 #c v4 a41 ,i bring together1 employ1 attribute4 conf7icio1 -f-eci1 -fectum1 #c v4 a41 ,i execute1 finish4 7f7acio47 conf-identia1 -ae1 f41 boldness1 confidence4 7conf-ido47 conf-ido1 -fisus1 #c v4 n41 ,i trust in4 confirmo1 #a v4 a41 ,i establish1 confirm4 conf-isus1 -a1 -um1 part4 fr4 confido1 confident4 conformo1 #a v4 a41 ,i shape4 conf-uto1 #a v4 a41 ,i restrain1 silence4 7futo1 intens4 form of f7oveo47 cong7ero1 -gessi1 -gestum1 #c v4 a41 ,i bring together4 ,absolutely 7sc4 nidum71 ,i build a nest4 congr7edior1 -gressus1 #c v4 dep41 ,i meet as friend1 or foe1 ,i attack4 7gradior47 congressio1 -onis1 f41 meeting1 attack4 7congredior47 c-oni7icio1 -i-eci1 -iectum1 #c v4 a41 ,i throw together1 hurl4 7i7acio47 coni-ur-atio1 --onis1 f41 conspiracy4 7coni-uro47 c-onor1 #a v4 dep41 ,i attempt4 conscisco1 -sc-ivi1 or -scii1 -sc-itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i approve of4 conscisco aliquid mihi1 ,i adjudge something to myself2 conscisco necem1 mortem1 mihi1 ,i kill myself4 consensus1 -us1 m41 consent1 agreement4 7consentio47 cons7equor1 -s7ec-utus1 #c v4 dep41 ,i follow after1 attain1 gain4 cons7ero1 -s-evi1 -s7itum1 or -s7atum1 #c v4 a41 ,i sow1 plant4 cons-ido1 -s-edi1 -sessum1 #c v4 n41 ,i sit down1 encamp4 7s7edeo47 cons7ilium1 -ii1 n41 plan1 purpose4 7con1 root sul2 cf4 consul47 consisto1 -st7iti1 st7itum1 #c v4 n4 and a41 ,i halt4 cons7itus1 -a1 -um1 part4 fr4 cons7ero4 conspectus1 -us1 m41 sight1 view4 7consp7icio47 consp7icio1 -spexi1 -spectum1 #c v4 a4 and n41 ,i look at with attention1 see4 consterno1 #a v4 a41 ,i stretch on ground1 terrify4 const7ituo1 -ui1 --utum1 #c v4 a41 ,i place 7a thing7 somewhere1 station4 7st7atuo47 cons7uesco1 -su-evi1 -su-etum1 #c v4 n41 ,i grow accustomed4 consul1 -7ulis1 m41 consul4 7,cf4 cons7ilium47 cons7ul-aris1 -e1 adj41 consular4 cons7ulo1 -lui1 -ltum1 #c v4 n4 and a41 ,i reflect1 ,i consult with4 7,cf4 consilium47 consulto1 #a v4 a41 ,i deliberate upon1 ,i debate4 7frequentative form of cons7ulo47 consultum1 -i1 n41 decision1 decree4 7cons7ulo47 contemno1 -mpsi1 -mptum1 #c v4 a41 ,i despise4 contendo1 -di1 -tum1 #c v4 a4 and n41 ,i strain after1 strive for1 assert4 contestor1 #a v4 dep41 ,i call to witness4 ,contestor litem1 ,i introduce a lawsuit by calling witnesses4 7testis47 contingo1 -t7igi1 -tactum1 #c v4 n41 ,i touch1 reach to1 happen4 7tango47 cont7inuo1 adv41 immediately4 7continuus1 fr4 contineo47 contio1 -onis1 f41 meeting1 assembly4 7for conventio1 a coming together47 contr-a1 adv41 prep4 gov4 acc41 against4 contra d-ico1 ,i object to4 appeal against sentence4 contueor1 -tuitus1 #b v4 dep41 ,i gaze upon4 cont7um-elia1 -ae1 f41 disgrace1 ignominy4 7root tem3 cf4 contemno47 conturbo1 #a v4 a41 ,i throw into disorder4 7turba47 convello1 -velli 7rarely -vulsi71 -vulsum1 #c v4 a41 ,i tear away1 up4 conv7enio1 -v-eni1 -ventum1 #d v4 n4 and a41 ,i come together1 agree with1 meet4 converto1 -ti1 -sum1 #c v4 a41 ,i turn round1 manoeuvre4 convinco1 -v-ici1 -victum1 #c v4 a41 ,i completely conquer4 ,i convict of 7a crime74 conv-ivium1 -ii1 n41 banquet4 7v-ivo47 c-opia1 -ae1 f41 plenty1 supply2 in plur41 forces4 7co1 ops47 c-opi-osus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 with abl41 well supplied with4 cor1 cordis1 n41 heart4 7,cf4 kardia47 c-oram1 adv41 and prep4 gov4 abl41 in the presence of4 ,c7orinthius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 ,corinthian4 ,c7orinthus1 -i1 f41 ,corinth4 c7or-ona1 -ae1 f41 wreath1 garland4 7korn47 c7or-ono1 #a v4 a41 ,i crown4 7c7or-ona47 corpus1 -7oris1 n41 body4 corr7igo1 -rexi1 -rectum1 #c v4 a41 ,i make straight1 correct4 7con1 rego47 ,c7orunc-anius1 -ii1 ,coruncanius4 ,corv-inus1 -i1 m41 ,corvinus4 7corvus47 corvus1 -i1 m41 raven4 7korax47 c7ot-id7i-anus 7or qu7ot-id7i-anus71 -a1 -um1 adj41 daily4 7c7ot-id7i-e47 cras1 adv41 to-morrow4 ,crassus1 -i1 m41 ,crassus4 cr-edo1 -d7idi1 -ditum1 #c v4 a41 ,i entrust1 ,i trust in1 ,i believe4 ,used absolutely1 ,i suppose4 cr-ed7ul7itas1 --atis1 f41 easiness of belief1 credulity1 7cr-ed7ulus1 cr-edo47 cr-imen1 -7inis1 n41 charge1 accusation4 ,cr7ot-oniensis1 -e1 adj41 of ,crotona4 cr7uc7i-atus1 -us1 m41 torture1 7cr7ucio1 crux47 cruentus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 stained with blood4 7cruor47 cruor1 --oris1 m41 gore1 blood which has flowed from wounds4 cr-us1 cr-ur7is1 n41 leg4 c7ub7ic7ulum1 -i1 m41 a resting or sleeping room1 7c7ubo47 c-uius1 -a1 -um1 interrog4 and relat4 adj4 pron41 whose8 or whose4 7qui47 cultus1 -a1 -um1 part4 fr4 colo1 cultivated1 civilized4 cum 7or quum71 conj41 when1 since1 if1 although4 cum1 prep4 gov4 abl41 with4 cunct-abundus1 -a1 -um1 lingering1 7cunctor47 cunctor1 #a v4 dep41 ,i loiter1 linger4 cunctus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 all in a body1 all4 7for coniunctus47 c7uneus1 -i1 m41 wedge1 wedge-shaped body of troops4 c7up7idus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 eager1 desirous1 proud of 7with gen47 7c7upio47 c-ur1 adv4 and conj41 why1 wherefore4 c-ura1 -ae1 f41 care1 anxiety4 c-uria1 -ae1 f41 senate-house4 7,quiris1 ,cures47 ,c7urius1 -ii1 m41 ,curius4 c-uro1 #a v4 a41 ,i take care of4 ,with gerundive1 cf4 vii4 #c4 note4 ,curo puerum docendum1 ,i get the boy taught4 7c-ura47 currus1 -us1 m41 chariot4 7curro47 cursus1 -us1 m41 running1 race1 course4 ,c7itato cursu1 at full speed4 7curro47 cust-odio1 #d v4 a41 ,i guard4 7custos47 custos1 --odis1 c41 guard4 damno1 #a v4 a41 ,i condemn4 7damnum1 hurt1 loss47 de1 prep4 gov4 abl41 concerning1 from4 d-ebeo1 #b v4 a41 ,i owe4 7de1 h7abeo47 d-eb7ilis1 -e1 adj41 lamed1 feeble4 7de1 habilis47 d7ecem1 numer41 ten4 d-ecerno1 -cr-evi1 -cr-etum1 #c v4 a4 and n41 ,i determine1 decide2 of the senate1 ,i pass a decree4 d-ec-ido1 -c-idi1 -c-isum4 #c v4 a41 ,i cut off4 7caedo47 decl-amo1 #a v4 n4 and a41 ,i exercise myself in speaking1 declaim4 decl-aro1 #a v4 a41 ,i show1 proclaim4 d7ec7oro1 #a v4 a41 ,i adorn4 7d7ecus1 ornament1 glory47 d-ed7itio1 --onis1 f41 surrender4 7d-edo47 d-ed-uco1 -xi1 -ctum1 #c v4 a41 ,i lead away1 withdraw1 bring down4 d-efendo1 -di1 -sum1 #c v4 a41 ,i ward off1 keep off4 d-efensor1 --oris1 m41 defender4 7d-efendo47 d-ef7ero1 -t7uli1 -l-atum1 #c v4 a41 ,i bring down1 hand over4 d-ef-io1 -fectus1 -f7i7eri1 v4 n4 7used as passive of d-ef7icio71 ,i am wanting1 ,i fail4 d-eform7itas1 --atis1 f41 ugliness1 deformity4 7d-eformis1 ugly4 ,cf4 forma47 d-ei7icio1 -i-eci1 -iectum1 #c v4 a41 ,i throw down4 7i7acio47 de-inceps 7dissyl471 or d7enceps1 adv41 next1 following4 7deinde47 de-ind7e 7dissyl471 or d7e-ind7e1 adv41 then1 thereupon4 d-electo1 #a v4 a41 ,i delight4 7intens4 of del7icio47 d-el7igo1 -l-egi1 -lectum1 #c v4 a41 ,i choose out1 select4 7l7ego47 d-el-iro1 #a v4 n41 ,i rave4 7de1 lira1 out of the furrow47 d-el7itesco1 -tui1 #c v4 n41 ,i lie hid1 conceal myself4 7l7atesco1 inceptive of l7ateo47 delph-inus1 -i1 m41 dolphin4 7delphis47 ,d-em-ad-es1 -is1 m41 ,demades4 7,dmads47 dem7eto1 -messui1 -messum1 #c v4 a41 ,i reap1 mow4 d-em-iror1 #a v4 dep4 a41 ,i wonder at4 d-em7oror1 #a v4 dep41 ,i linger4 ,d-emosth7enes1 -is and -i1 m41 ,demosthenes4 7,dmosthens47 d-emulceo1 -mulsi1 -mulctum1 #b v4 a41 ,i stroke down1 caress4 d-emum1 adv41 at last4 7de47 d-en7iqu7e1 adv41 and then1 finally4 7de47 ,dent-atus1 -i1 m41 ,dentatus4 d-enuo1 adv41 again4 7,for de novo47 d-ep7op7ulor1 #a v4 dep4 a41 ,i ravage4 d-ep7uto1 #a v4 a4 ,i cut off1 prune4 der-ideo1 -si1 -sum1 #b v4 a41 ,i laugh at4 descisco1 --ivi or -ii1 --itum1 #c v4 n41 ,i withdraw1 revolt from1 abandon2 with prep4 ab and abl4 d-es7ero1 -rui1 -rtum1 #c v4 a41 ,i desert1 abandon4 7,lit41 ,i undo1 sever2 sero1 ,i join47 d-esertus1 -a1 -um1 part4 fr4 d-es7ero1 lonely1 desert4 d-es-id7ero1 #a v4 a41 ,i long for4 d-es7ilio1 -7ilui1 -ultum1 #d v4 n41 ,i leap down1 7s7alio47 d-es7ino1 -sii1 rarely -s-ivi1 -s7itum1 #c v4 n4 and a41 ,i give up1 cease4 d-es7ipio1 no perf4 or sup41 -ere1 v4 n41 ,i act foolishly1 ,i am foolish1 7s7apio47 d-es7itus1 -a1 -um1 part4 of des7ino1 obsolete1 disused4 d-esp7icio1 -exi1 -ectum1 #c v4 a4 and n41 ,i look down upon1 despise4 d-esum1 -fui1 -esse1 v4 n41 ,i am wanting4 d-et7ego1 -xi1 -ctum1 #c v4 a41 ,i uncover1 discover4 d-etergeo1 -si1 -sum1 #b v4 a41 ,i wipe off4 d-etr7aho1 -xi1 -ctum1 #c v4 a41 ,i take away4 d-etrunco1 #a v4 a41 ,i lop1 cut off4 d7e-uro1 -ussi1 -ustum1 #c v4 a41 ,i burn up4 deus1 -i1 m41 god4 d-ev7eho1 -xi1 -ctum1 #c v4 a41 ,i carry away1 carry down4 d-ev7enio1 -v-eni1 -ventum1 #d v4 n41 ,i come from1 ,i go to1 arrive at4 dexter1 -t7era1 -t7erum1 and tra1 trum1 adj41 on the right side1 right4 7dexios47 ,di-ana1 -ae1 f41 ,diana4 d7icio1 --onis1 f41 rule1 jurisdiction4 7,cf4 dico1 condicio47 d-ico1 -xi1 -ctum1 #c v4 a41 ,i say1 tell1 call4 dictum1 -i1 n41 saying1 command1 7d-ico47 d-id-uco1 -xi1 -ctum1 #c v4 a41 ,i draw apart1 separate4 dies1 -ei1 m4 7in sing4 com471 day4 differo1 dist7uli1 d-il-atum1 #c v4 a41 ,i carry away1 put off4 diff-ic7ilis1 -e1 adj41 difficult1 hard4 7f7ac7ilis47 d-ig7ero1 -gessi1 -gestum1 #c v4 a41 ,i separate1 disperse1 dissipate4 d7ig7itus1 -i1 m41 finger4 dign7itas1 --atis1 f41 rank1 dignity4 7dignus47 dignus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 worthy4 d-igr7edior1 -gressus1 #c v4 dep41 ,i go away4 7gr7adior47 d-il7ac7ero1 #a v4 a41 ,i tear to pieces4 d-il-ucesco1 luxi1 no sup41 #c v4 n41 ,i begin to grow light4 7,inceptive form of dil-uceo47 d-il-uc7id-e1 adv41 clearly4 7dil-uceo1 lux47 d-im7idium1 -ii1 n41 half1 7di1 medius47 d-imitto1 -m-isi1 -missum1 #c v4 a41 ,i send away1 dismiss4 d-ir7igo1 -rexi1 -rectum1 #c v4 a41 ,i arrange in a straight line1 ,i direct to4 disc-edo1 -cessi1 -cessum1 #c v4 n41 ,i depart1 go away4 discindo1 -sc7idi1 -scissum1 #c v4 a41 ,i tear asunder1 cut open4 disc7-ipl-ina1 -ae1 f41 teaching1 knowledge1 tactics1 custom4 7disc7ip7ulus1 disco47 disc7ip7ulus1 -i1 m41 disciple1 follower4 7disco47 disco1 d7id7ici1 no sup41 #c v4 a41 ,i learn4 7,root da3 cf4 didask1 doceo47 diss7im7ulanter1 adv41 secretly4 7diss7im7ulo47 d7i-u1 adv41 for a long time4 7dies47 d-ivello1 -velli1 rarely -vulsi1 -vulsum1 #c v4 a41 ,i tear asunder4 d-ives1 -7itis1 adj41 rich4 d-iv-in7itus1 adv41 from heaven1 by divine providence or influence4 7d-ivus1 deus47 d-iv-inus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 divine4 7d-ivus1 deus47 do1 d7edi1 d7atum1 d7are1 v4 a41 ,i give4 7,cf4 didmi d-onum47 d7oceo1 -cui1 -ctum1 #b v4 a41 ,i teach4 7,cf4 disco47 d7oleo1 -ui1 -7itum1 #b v4 n4 and a41 ,i grieve1 ,i grieve for4 d7olor1 --oris1 m41 pain1 grief4 7d7oleo47 d7omi1 adv41 at home4 ,locative case of d7omus4 d7omus1 -us1 f41 home1 house4 7domos1 root dem1 to build47 d-on7ec1 conj41 until4 d-ono1 #a v4 a41 ,i give1 ,i present4 7do47 d-onum1 -i1 n41 gift1 7do47 dorsum1 -i1 n41 back4 d7ub7ito1 #a v4 a41 ,i hesitate4 d7ubius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 doubtful4 ,d7ubio pr7ocul1 without doubt4 dum1 conj41 whilst1 until4 d7u7o1 -ae1 -7o1 numer41 two4 7duo47 d7u7od-ev-iginti1 numer41 eighteen4 d-urus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 hard1 harsh4 dux1 d7ucis1 m41 leader4 7d-uco47 e1 ex1 prep4 gov4 abl41 out of1 from4 ,ex republica1 to the advantage of the state4 7edo1 -edi1 -esum1 #c v4 a41 ,i eat4 7,cf4 7edax1 ed1 esthi47 ecqu7is1 ecqu7id1 interrog4 subst4 pron41 whether any8 -edo1 -d7idi1 -d7itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i give forth1 bring forth1 produce1 utter1 form1 raise4 -ed-uco1 #a v4 a41 ,i rear1 educate4 eff7ero1 ext7uli1 -el-atum1 #c v4 a41 ,i bring out4 eff7icio1 -f-eci1 -fectum1 #c v4 a41 ,i bring to pass1 accomplish4 7ex1 f7acio47 7eg7o1 pers4 pron41 ,i4 7eg7om7et1 ,i myself4 -egr7edior1 -gressus1 #c v4 dep41 ,i go out1 ,i leave4 7gr7adior47 -egr7eg7ius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 distinguished1 eminent4 7e1 grex1 chosen from the herd47 -,electra1 -ae1 f41 ,electra4 7lektra47 7el7ephantus1 -i1 m41 elephant4 7elephas47 -el7oquentia1 -ae1 f41 eloquence4 7-el7oquor47 -el-udo1 -si1 -sum1 #c v4 a41 ,i mock1 jeer at4 -emitto1 -m-isi1 -missum1 #c v4 a41 ,i send out4 7emo1 -emi1 emptum1 #c v4 a41 ,i buy4 emptio1 --onis1 f41 purchase1 buying4 77emo47 7enim1 conj41 for4 sed enim1 but indeed4 ,ennius1 -ii1 m41 ,ennius4 -enuntio1 #a v4 a41 ,i declare1 mention4 eo1 -ivi or ii1 7itum1 -ire1 #d v4 n41 ,i go4 7,root i2 cf4 eimi47 eo1 adv41 thither1 for that reason1 therefore4 7is47 7ephippium1 -ii1 n41 saddle1 horse caparison4 7ephippion1 from epi1 hippos47 7ep7ulae1 -arum1 f41 feast1 banquet4 7,in sing4 7ep7ulum1 -i1 n47 7equ7it-atus1 -us1 m41 cavalry4 77equus47 7equ7us1 -i1 m41 horse4 7hippos47 ergo1 adv41 therefore4 -er7ubesco1 -bui1 no sup41 #c v4 n4 incep41 ,i grow red1 blush4 7et1 conj41 and4 7et7iam1 conj41 also1 even4 7et7iamsi1 conj41 even if4 ,euander1 -dri1 m41 ,evander4 ,euathlus1 -i1 m41 ,euathlus4 -everto1 -ti1 -sum1 #c v4 a41 ,i overthrow4 exangu7is1 or exsanguis1 -e1 adj41 bloodless1 lifeless4 7ex1 sanguis47 ex7an7im-atus1 part41 from ex-7an7imo1 lifeless4 ex7an7imo1 #a v4 a41 ,i deprive of life4 7anima47 exc-ido1 -c-idi1 -c-isum1 #c v4 a41 ,i cut out1 off4 7caedo47 exc7ito1 #a v4 a41 ,i arouse4 7,freq4 form of excio47 excl-amo1 #a v4 a4 and n41 ,i cry out1 exclaim4 exeo1 -ivi or ii1 -7itum1 -ire1 #d v4 n41 ,i go out4 exerceo1 -ui1 -7itum1 #b v4 a41 ,i drive on1 ,i practise4 7arceo47 exerc7itus1 -us1 m41 army4 7exerceo47 exerto1 or exserto1 no perf4 and sup41 #a v4 a41 ,i thrust out4 7ex1 serto1 freq4 of s7ero47 ex7igo1 --egi1 -actum1 #c v4 a41 ,i drive out4 77ago47 ex7ilium1 or exsilium1 -ii1 n41 exile4 7exul47 ex7imius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 extraordinary1 uncommon4 7eximo1 ,i take out of the mass47 exist7imo1 #a v4 a41 ,i judge1 consider4 7aestimo47 ex7itus1 -us1 m41 going out1 departure4 7exeo47 exordior1 -orsus1 #d v4 dep4 a41 ,i begin4 expecto1 or exspecto1 #a v4 a41 ,i look for4 7ex1 specto47 exp7erior1 -pertus1 #d v4 dep41 ,i try4 exp-iro1 or exsp-iro1 #a v4 a41 ,i breathe out4 7ex1 spiro47 exp-ono1 -p7osui1 -p7os7itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i set forth1 explain4 expr7imo1 -pressi1 -pressum1 #c v4 a41 ,i press out4 7pr7emo47 expr-omo1 -mpsi1 -mptum1 #c v4 a41 ,i bring forth1 utter4 extemplo1 adv41 immediately4 exto1 or exsto1 no perf4 and sup41 -are1 v4 n41 ,i stand forth1 appear4 7ex1 sto47 extr-a1 prep4 gov4 acc41 outside4 ,extra tela1 out of range4 extr-emus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 outermost1 furthest4 ,extrem nocte1 at the very end of night4 ,superl4 degree from exter and ext7erus1 post-classical1 ext7erior1 extr-emus1 and ext7imus4 7ex47 exurgo1 or exsurgo1 exurrexi1 no sup41 #c v4 n41 ,i rise up4 7ex1 surgo47 ex-uro1 -ussi1 -ustum1 #c v4 a41 ,i burn up4 ,f7abius1 -ii1 m41 ,fabius4 ,f-abr7icius1 -ii1 m41 ,fabricius4 f-ab7ula1 -ae1 f41 fable1 story4 7f-ari1 to say47 f7ac7ilis1 -e1 adj41 easy1 good-natured4 7f7acio47 f7ac7inus1 -7oris1 n41 deed1 crime4 7f7acio47 f7acio1 f-eci1 factum1 f7ac7ere1 #c v4 a41 ,i make1 do4 ,facio cum aliquo1 ,i take part with anyone4 factum1 -i1 n41 deed4 7f7acio47 f-acundia1 -ae1 f41 eloquence4 7f-ari1 to say47 fallo1 f7efelli1 falsum1 #c v4 a41 ,i deceive4 7sphall1 asphals47 falsus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 false4 7fallo47 falx1 falcis1 f41 sickle4 f-ama1 -ae1 f41 renown4 7f-ari1 to say47 f7am7ilia1 -ae 7old gen4 -as71 f41 the slaves in a household1 a household4 f7am7ili-aris1 -e1 adj41 belonging to a household 7f7am7ilia71 intimate2 as subst41 friend4 ,f7av-or-inus1 -i1 m41 ,favorinus4 f-ecundus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 fruitful4 f-el-ic7iter1 happily3 f-el-icius1 f-el-icissime4 7f-elix47 f-elix1 f-el-icis1 adj41 happy1 rich4 f7era1 -ae1 f41 wild beast4 7ferus47 f7er-e1 adv41 almost4 f7er-inus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 of wild beasts4 7f7erus47 ferm-e1 adv41 nearly1 about1 usually4 7,cf4 fere47 f7ero1 t7uli1 l-atum1 ferre1 #c v4 a41 ,i bear2 ,i tell1 say4 7pher1 tollo47 f7erox1 f7er-ocis1 adj41 fierce4 7,cf4 ferus47 f7erus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 wild4 7,cf4 ferox47 fervo1 -vi1 no sup41 #c1 v4 n41 ,i grow hot2 commoner form1 ferveo1 -bui1 no sup41 #b4 fest-ino1 #a1 v4 n4 and a41 ,i hasten4 f-etus1 -us1 m41 brood1 offspring4 f7ides1 -ei1 f41 faith1 trustworthiness4 7f-ido47 f7ides1 -is1 f41 string1 stringed instrument1 lyre2 usually in plural only4 f-id-ucia1 -ae1 f41 trust1 courage4 7fido47 f-ilius1 -ii1 m41 son4 fingo1 -nxi1 -nctum1 #c v4 a41 ,i form1 fashion4 f-io1 factus1 fi7eri1 v4 n41 7used as pass4 of facio71 ,i am made1 become4 firmo1 #a v4 a41 ,i strengthen4 7firmus47 fl-ag7itium1 -ii1 n41 shameful act1 disgrace4 7fl-ag7ito47 fl7agro1 #a v4 n41 ,i burn1 blaze4 fl-avesco1 no perf4 and sup41 #c v4 n41 ,i become yellow4 7,inceptive form of fl-aveo47 flecto1 -xi1 -xum1 #c v4 a41 ,i bend4 fl-os1 --oris1 m41 flower4 fluctus1 -us1 m41 wave4 7fluo47 fluito1 #a v4 n41 ,i float4 7,intensitive form of fluo47 f7oc7ulus1 -i1 m41 little hearth1 brazier4 7diminutive of focus47 f7oris1 adv41 out of doors1 7f7oris1 a door47 form-ido1 -7inis1 f41 fear4 fors1 fortis1 f41 chance4 fort7e1 adv41 by chance4 7abl4 of fors47 fortis1 -e1 adj41 brave4 fort7iter1 adv41 bravely4 7fortis47 fort7it-udo1 -7inis1 f41 bravery4 7fortis47 fortu7-itus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 accidental4 7fors47 fr-ater1 -tris1 m41 brother4 7phratr1 clansman47 fraud7ulentus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 deceitful4 7fraus47 fraus1 fraudis1 f41 deceit4 frax7inus1 -i1 f41 ash tree4 fr7em7itus1 -us1 m41 roaring 7fr7emo47 fr-enum1 -i1 n41 bridle1 bit4 frons1 frondis1 f41 leafy branch1 foliage4 fr-uges1 -um4 ,cf4 frux4 fr-umentum1 -i1 n41 corn4 7,for frug7imentum1 cf4 frux1 fruor47 frustr-a1 adv41 in vain4 7,cf4 fraus47 frux1 fr-ugis1 f41 fruit4 ,nom4 sing4 rare2 more common in plural4 7,cf4 fruor47 f7uga1 -ae1 f41 flight1 7f7ugio1 pheug47 f7ug7it-ivus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 fugitive4 7f7ugio47 fulgeo1 fulsi1 no sup41 #b v4 n41 ,i glitter4 7,cf4 fulgur1 lightning47 fundo1 f-udi1 f-usum1 #c v4 a41 ,i pour out1 scatter4 fundus1 -i1 m41 farm4 furtim1 adv41 secretly4 7fur1 thief47 f-usus4 ,cf4 fundo4 g7alea1 -ae1 f41 helmet4 ,gall7icus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 belonging to ,gaul1 ,gallic4 ,gallus1 -i1 m41 a ,gaul4 ,gellius1 -ii1 m41 ,gellius4 g7em7itus1 -us1 m41 groan4 7g7emo47 gens1 gentis1 f41 clan1 race1 nation4 7,cf4 gigno1 genus47 g7enus1 -7eris1 n41 race1 kind4 7genos1 gens1 gigno47 g7ero1 gessi1 gestum1 #c v4 a41 ,i bear1 ,i carry on4 gesto1 #a v4 a41 ,i carry4 7,intens4 of g7ero47 gigno1 g7enui1 g7en7itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i produce4 7,cf4 gens1 genus47 gl7adius1 -ii1 m41 sword4 gl-oria1 -ae1 f41 renown1 glory4 ,graec-e1 adv41 in ,greek4 ,graecia1 -ae1 f41 ,greece4 gr-amen1 -7inis1 n41 grass4 gr-am7ineus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 made of grass4 7gr-amen47 grandis1 -e1 adj41 great1 large1 abundant4 ,grandis natu1 advanced in age4 gr-atia1 -ae1 f41 favour1 influence1 gratitude1 thanks3 with agere in plural only4 ,in abl4 grati1 for the sake of1 with gen4 7gratus47 gr-at7ul-atio1 -onis1 f41 rejoicing1 congratulation4 7gr-at7ulor47 gr-at7ulor1 #a v4 dep41 ,i congratulate1 give thanks4 7gr-atus47 g7ula1 -ae1 f41 throat4 h7abeo1 #b v4 a41 ,i have4 h7ab7ito1 #a v4 a4 and n41 ,i inhabit1 dwell in4 7,intensitive of h7abeo47 haereo1 haesi1 haesum1 #b v4 n41 ,i stick to4 ,hann7ibal1 -7alis1 m41 ,hannibal4 haud1 adv41 not4 haurio1 hausi1 haustum1 #d v4 a41 ,i draw up1 drink1 tear open1 wound4 haut 7or haud71 adv41 not4 hautqu-aquam1 or haudquaquam1 adv41 by no means4 ,hercles 7or ,herc7ules71 -is and -i4 m41 ,hercules4 ,for form ,hercle1 cf4 iii4 #a4 note4 h-ic1 haec1 h-oc1 demonstr4 pron41 this4 h-ic1 adv41 here4 h7il7aris1 -e1 adj41 merry1 amusing4 hinc1 adv41 hence4 7hic47 hio1 #a v4 n41 ,i open my mouth1 gape4 ,rimis hiantem1 with wide open clefts1 lit41 gaping open with clefts4 ,hisp-ania1 -ae1 f41 ,spain4 ,hisp-an7icus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 ,spanish4 histrio1 --onis1 m41 actor4 7,etruscan word hister1 an actor47 h7odi-e1 adv41 to-day4 7hoc die47 h7odiernus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 of this day4 7h7odie47 h7omo1 -7inis1 m41 man4 7,cf4 h-um-anus47 h7onestus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 honourable1 proper1 respectable4 7h7onor47 h7onor1 or h7onos1 --oris1 m41 honour4 ,h7or-atius1 -ii1 m41 ,horatius4 hortor1 #a v4 dep41 ,i encourage1 urge4 7,cf4 ornumi1 horm47 hospes1 -7itis1 m41 host1 guest1 stranger4 7,cf4 hostis1 stranger1 enemy47 hosp7ita1 -ae1 f4 7feminine form of hospes17 female host1 guest1 stranger4 hostis1 -is1 c41 enemy4 h-uiusc7em7odi1 and h-uiusm7odi1 of this kind4 7,cf4 m7odus47 h7um7erus1 -i1 m41 shoulder4 h7um7ilis1 -e1 adj41 low1 humble1 insignificant4 7h7umus1 ground47 i7acio1 i7eci1 iactum1 #c v4 a41 ,i throw4 iam1 adv41 already1 now4 7ib7-i1 adv41 there1 thereupon4 7is47 7ib7-idem1 adv41 in the same place1 immediately4 7ibi1 dem4 cf4 idem47 ictus1 -us1 m41 blow1 stroke4 7,obsolete present1 ico and icio1 ,i strike47 idcirco1 adv41 therefore4 7id-circo47 -idem1 7e7adem1 7idem1 pron41 same4 7is1 and suffix dem47 7id-oneus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 fit4 7ig7itur1 conj41 then1 therefore4 7is1 and suffix tur47 ign-avia1 -ae1 f41 cowardice4 7in-gn-avus1 lazy1 cowardly2 from navus1 or gnavus1 busy47 ignis1 -is1 m41 fire4 ign-om7inia1 -ae1 f41 disgrace4 7in-n-omen1 or gn-omen1 loss of good name47 ign-oro1 #a v4 a4 and n41 ,i am ignorant of4 7ign-arus1 for in-gnarus or -narus47 ignosco1 -n-ovi1 n-otum1 #c v4 a41 ,i pardon1 overlook4 7in-gnosco or -nosco47 ign-otus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 unknown4 7ingnotus or notus47 -ilex1 -7icis1 f41 holm-oak1 or great scarlet oak4 ,quercus ilex ,l4 -il7ico 7or illico71 adv41 on the spot1 immediately4 7in1 loco47 ill7e1 ill7a1 ill7ud1 demonstr4 pron41 that1 he4 ill-ic1 adv41 in that place1 there4 7ille1 ce47 imm-ob7ilis1 -e1 adj41 motionless4 7in1 m7oveo47 imp7edio1 --ivi or -ii1 --itum1 #d v4 a41 ,i hinder4 7in1 pes47 imp7er-ator1 --oris1 m41 general4 7imp7ero47 imp7erium1 -ii1 n41 command1 empire4 7imp7ero47 imp7ero1 #a v4 a41 ,i command1 ,i rule over 7dat474 impetro1 #a v4 a41 ,i accomplish1 obtain4 imp7etus1 -us1 m41 attack1 force4 7inpeto1 ,i rush upon47 imm-itis1 -e1 adj41 stern4 in1 prep4 gov4 acc4 and abl41 in1 into1 on1 against4 inc-edo1 -cessi1 -cessum1 #c v4 n41 ,i approach4 incendium1 -ii1 n41 fire4 7in-cendo1 fr4 in1 candeo47 inc-ido1 -c-idi1 -c-isum1 #c v4 a41 ,i cut into1 cut through1 open4 7in1 caedo47 inc7ipio1 -c-epi1 -ceptum1 #c v4 a41 ,i begin4 7in1 c7apio1 ,i seize upon47 incl-udo1 -si1 -sum1 #c v4 a41 ,i shut in4 7claudo47 incogn7itus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 unknown4 7incognosco47 inc7ol7umis1 -e1 adj41 uninjured1 safe4 incruentus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 bloodless4 7cruor47 incurro1 -curri or -c7ucurri1 cursum1 #c v4 n41 ,i rush into1 rush against1 attack4 incursio1 --onis1 f41 inroad1 attack4 7incurro47 ind7e1 adv41 thence1 thenceforward4 7is47 ind-ico1 -xi1 -ctum1 #c v4 a41 ,i proclaim4 ,ind7icus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 ,indian4 indignus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 unworthy4 ind-uco1 -xi1 -ctum1 #c v4 a41 ,i bring in1 exhibit4 induo1 -ui1 --utum1 #c v4 a41 ,i put on4 7endu47 ineptus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 unsuitable1 foolish4 7in1 aptus47 7inexpl7ic-ab7ilis1 -e1 adj41 hard to unfold1 understand1 intricate4 7in1 ex1 plico1 ,i fold47 inf7itiae1 -arum1 f41 denial4 ,only used in acc4 plur4 in phrase infitias ire1 to deny4 7infateor47 inflo1 #a v4 a41 ,i blow into or upon4 informis1 -e1 adj41 shapeless4 7forma47 infr-a1 adv41 and prep4 gov4 acc41 below4 7,for infer7a1 sc4 parte47 infringo1 -fr-egi1 -fractum1 #c v4 a41 ,i break in upon1 break4 7frango47 ing7enium1 -ii1 n41 nature1 talent1 genius4 7in1 gigno47 ingens1 -entis1 adj41 immense4 ingr-atus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 ungrateful4 ingr7edior1 -gressus1 #c v4 dep41 ,i step into1 advance4 7gr7adior47 7in7im-icus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 hostile2 as subst41 an enemy4 7in1 7am-icus47 in-iquus1 -a1 -um1 unequal1 unfair1 dangerous4 7in1 aequus47 ini-ur-atus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 unsworn1 relieved from oath4 7in1 i-uro47 ini-uria1 -ae1 f41 wrong1 insult4 7in1 ius47 inl7ec7ebra1 or ill7ec7ebra1 -ae1 f41 attraction1 allurement4 7illicio47 inlustris1 or illustris1 -e1 adj41 famous4 7inlustro1 ,i make light47 inm-anis1 or immanis1 -e1 adj41 fierce4 7in1 m-anus1 old ,latin word bonus3 cf4 manes1 good spirits47 inmensus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 immeasurable4 7metior47 inm7er7ito1 adv41 undeservedly4 7in1 mereo47 inmitto1 -m-isi1 -missum1 #c v4 a41 ,i send in1 thrust in1 carry in1 incite or suborn against4 ,used absolutely1 sc4 equum1 urge horse forward1 vi4 #i4 inmort-alis1 or immort-alis1 -e1 adj41 immortal4 in7op-in-atus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 unexpected4 7in1 7op-inor47 inp7er-itus1 -a1 -um1 unskilled4 inperfectus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 not thoroughly finished1 unfinished4 7f7acio47 inpl-umis1 -e1 adj41 unfeathered1 unfledged4 7pl-uma47 inp-ono1 -p7osui1 -p7os7itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i place on4 inquam1 v4 n41 defective1 ,i say4 inqu-iro1 -s-ivi1 -s-itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i search into1 examine1 7in1 quaero47 inr-ideo1 -r-isi1 -r-isum1 #b v4 a4 and n41 ,i laugh at4 ins-ania1 -ae1 f41 madness4 7s-anus47 inscendo1 -endi1 -ensum1 #c v4 a41 ,i climb up1 mount4 7scando47 ins7ideo1 -s-edi1 -sessum1 #b v4 n41 ,i sit on1 occupy1 7s7edeo47 ins7idiae1 -arum1 f41 plur4 only1 ambush1 treachery4 7ins7ideo47 insigne1 -is1 n41 badge1 ornament4 7insignis1 distinguished by a mark1 signum47 insisto1 -stiti1 no sup41 #c v4 n41 ,i stand on1 rest on1 persist4 ins7olens1 -entis1 adj41 unaccustomed to1 with gen4 7in1 s7oleo47 ins7olenter1 adv41 haughtily4 7insolens47 inspecto1 #a v4 a41 ,i look upon4 7,frequentative of inspicio1 from specio47 instinctus1 -a1 -um1 part4 fr4 instinguo4 instinguo1 -nxi1 -nctum1 #c v4 a41 ,i incite4 7,only in perf4 part4 pass4 in classical writers47 inst7ituo1 -ui1 --utum1 #c v4 a41 ,i determine4 7st7atuo47 insto1 -st7iti1 no sup41 #a v4 n41 ,i stand upon1 press upon1 insist4 instruo1 -xi1 -ctum1 #c v4 a41 ,i build upon1 ,i draw up1 arrange4 insuesco1 --evi1 --etum1 #c v4 n41 ,i am accustomed4 ins7ula1 -ae1 f41 island1 lodging-house4 int7eger1 -gra1 -gram1 adj41 untouched1 sound4 7tango47 intell7ego1 -exi1 -ectum1 #c v4 a41 ,i perceive1 understand4 7inter1 l7ego47 inter1 prep4 gov4 acc41 between1 among4 int7er7e-a1 adv41 meanwhile4 7interea1 from is47 interd-ico1 -xi1 -ctum1 #c v4 a41 ,i forbid4 int7ereo1 -ii1 -7itum1 #d v4 n41 ,i die4 7,lit41 ,i go among several things1 and so1 disappear47 interf7icio1 -f-eci1 -fectum1 #c v4 a41 ,i kill4 7f7acio1 lit41 ,i put between47 int7erim1 adv41 meanwhile4 7inter1 im old acc4 of is47 inter7itus1 -us1 m41 ruin1 death4 7intereo47 interpres1 -7etis1 com41 interpreter4 interr7ogo1 #a v4 a41 ,i question1 ask4 int7imus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 inmost1 superlative from int7erus1 not found2 cf4 inter and intra1 int7erior4 intr-a1 adv41 and prep4 gov4 acc41 within4 intr7ep7idus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 fearless4 intr-od-uco1 -xi1 -ctum1 #c v4 a41 ,i bring in1 introduce4 intr7oeo1 --ivi or -ii1 -7itum1 #d v4 n41 ,i go in1 enter4 intr-ogr7edior1 -gressus1 #c v4 dep41 ,i step in1 enter4 7gr7adior47 intr-orumpo1 -r-upi1 -ruptum1 #c v4 n41 ,i burst into4 inv7enio1 -v-eni1 -ventum1 #d v4 a41 ,i come upon1 find4 inv-isus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 hated4 7inv7ideo1 ,i look at with evil eye1 hate47 ipse1 -a1 -um1 demonstr4 pron41 himself1 herself1 itself4 -ira1 -ae1 f41 anger4 is1 ea1 id1 demonstr4 pron41 that1 he1 she1 it4 ist7e1 -a1 -7ud1 demonstr4 pron41 that of yours1 that near you4 istic1 -aec1 -oc or -uc1 demonstr4 pron41 that of yours1 that near you4 7,for istece47 7ita1 adv41 thus1 so4 -,it7alia1 -ae1 f41 ,italy4 7item1 adv41 likewise1 also4 7is47 7iter1 it7in7eris1 n41 journey4 7eo47 7it7erum1 adv41 a second time1 again4 7,acc4 sing4 of comparative form from is47 7it7idem1 adv41 in like manner4 7ita1 dem47 i7ubeo1 iussi1 iussum1 #b v4 a41 ,i order4 i-ucunde1 adv41 pleasantly4 7i-ucundus47 i-ucundus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 pleasant1 delightful4 7i7ocus47 i-udex1 -7icis1 m41 judge4 7ius1 d-ico47 i-ud7ico1 #a v4 a41 ,i judge1 decide4 7ius1 d-ico47 ,i-uli-anus1 -i1 m41 ,julian4 ,i-up7iter 7or ,iupp7iter71 ,i7ovis1 m41 ,jupiter1 ,jove4 7,iovis pater3 cf4 ,zeus patr4 ,iovis from root div1 bright47 i-uro and i-uror 7dep471 #a v4 a41 ,i swear4 7ius47 i-us1 i-uris1 n41 right1 law1 justice4 7,root iu1 join3 cf4 zeugnumi47 iusiurandum1 iurisiurandi1 n41 oath4 7ius1 i-uro47 iustus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 right1 fair4 7ius47 ,l41 for ,lucius4 l7abor1 --oris1 m41 toil1 labour4 ,l7ac7edaem7onius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 ,lacedaemonian1 ,spartan4 ,l7ac-on7icus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 ,laconian1 ,lacedaemonian4 l7-acr7imo1 #a v4 n41 ,i weep4 7l7-acr7ima3 cf4 dakru1 tear47 laet7itia1 -ae1 f41 joy4 7laetus47 laetus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 glad1 rich4 lambo1 -bi1 -b7itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i lick4 l-amenta1 orum1 n41 plur4 only1 wailing1 lamentation4 l-ana1 -ae1 f41 wool4 l7anio1 #a v4 a41 ,i tear1 mangle4 7,cf4 l7acer1 torn to pieces47 lat-e1 adv41 widely4 7l-atus47 l7at-ebra1 -ae1 f41 hiding place4 7l7ateo1 ,i lie hid47 l7at7-ebr-osus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 full of hiding places2 hidden1 retired4 7l7at7-ebra47 ,l7at-in-e1 adv41 in ,latin4 ,l7at-inus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 ,latin4 l-atro1 #a v4 n41 ,i bark1 bark at4 l-atus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 broad4 l-atus1 -a1 -um1 part4 of f7ero4 l7atus1 -7eris1 n41 side4 laudo1 #a v4 a41 ,i praise4 7laus47 laurus1 -us1 f41 bay tree1 laurel tree4 laus1 laudis1 f41 praise4 laxo1 #a v4 a41 ,i loosen1 relax4 7laxus2 cf4 languidus47 l-eg-atus1 -i1 m41 ambassador1 lieutenant4 7l-ego1 -are1 ,i send with a charge1 depute47 l7ego1 -lexi1 -ctum1 #c v4 a41 ,i collect1 choose out1 read4 7leg1 logos1 dilegens47 l-en7iter1 adv41 gently4 7l-enis3 cf4 lentus47 leo1 --onis1 m41 lion4 len4 l7ep7id-e1 adv41 charmingly1 humorously4 7l7ep7idus47 l7ep7idus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 charming1 humorous4 7l7epos1 charm47 ,lesbius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 ,lesbian1 of ,lesbos4 l7evo1 #a v4 a41 ,i raise up1 relieve4 7,cf4 l7evis1 light47 lex1 l-egis1 f41 law4 l7ibenter1 adv41 gladly1 willingly4 7l7ibet47 l7iber1 -bri1 m41 book4 7,lit41 inner bark of tree47 l-ib7er-alis1 -e1 adj41 befitting a freeman1 decorous1 noble4 7l-iber47 l-ib7ero1 #a v4 a41 ,i set free4 7l-iber47 l-ibra1 -ae1 f41 pound4 7,cf4 litra47 l7icet1 l7icuit and l7ic7itum est1 #b v4 n41 defective1 it is allowable4 ligneus1 -a1 -um1 adj441 wooden4 7lignum47 lignum1 -i1 n41 what is gathered 7l7ego7 as firewood1 wood4 l-ine-amentum1 -i1 n41 feature4 7l-inea1 a line47 lingua1 -ae1 f41 tongue4 l-is1 l-itis1 f41 lawsuit4 l-itigi-osus1 -a1 -um1 quarrelsome4 7lis47 littera 7or l-itera71 -ae1 f41 letter4 7l7ino47 l7ocus1 -i1 nom4 plur4 -i and -a1 m41 place1 position1 rank4 long-e1 adv41 far off1 by far4 longus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 long1 far off4 l7oquor1 -c-utus1 #c v4 dep41 ,i speak1 say4 l-orum1 -i1 n41 thong1 leash4 ,l-ucius1 -ii1 m41 ,lucius4 luctus1 -us1 m41 mourning4 7l-ugeo47 l-ugeo1 -xi1 -ctum1 #b v4 n4 and a41 ,i mourn1 mourn for4 l-ug7-ubris1 -e1 adj41 mournful4 7l-ugeo47 ,l-us7it-anus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 of ,lusitania4 lux1 l-ucis1 f41 light1 day4 ,lucis ortu1 at sunrise2 prim luce1 at dawn4 7l-uceo47 ,m41 for ,marcus4 m7agis1 adv41 more3 comparative degree from magn7op7ere1 magis1 maxime4 7,root magh3 cf4 megas47 m7agister1 -tri1 m41 master4 7m7agis and comparative suffix ter47 magn7it-udo1 -7inis1 f41 size4 7magnus47 magnus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 great4 7,root magh3 cf4 megas47 m-aior1 maius1 adj41 comparative degree of magnus1 maior1 max7imus4 mand-atum1 -i1 n41 command4 7mando47 mando1 #a v4 a41 ,i entrust1 command1 enjoin upon4 ,mando litteris1 ,i commit to writing4 7manus1 do47 m7aneo1 -nsi1 -nsum1 #b v4 n41 ,i remain4 ,manlius1 -ii1 m41 ,manlius4 mans7u-etus1 -a1 -um1 part4 from mansuesco1 tamed1 gentle4 mans7u-esco1 -s7u-evi1 s7u-etum1 #c v4 a4 and n41 ,i tame1 grow tame4 7,manus1 suesco1 ,i accustom to the hand47 m7anus1 -us1 f41 hand1 band4 ,marcus1 -i1 m41 ,marcus4 m7ar7e1 -is1 n41 sea4 7,root mar1 to shine3 cf4 marmor47 m7ar7it7imus1 -a1 -um1 belonging to the sea1 maritime4 7mare47 m7ar-itus1 -i1 m41 husband4 7mas47 m-ater1 -tris1 f41 mother4 7mtr47 m-aterf7am7ili-as1 m-atrisf7am7ili-as1 f41 mother of a family1 matron4 m-atr7im-onium1 -ii1 n41 marriage4 7m-ater47 m-atr-ona1 -ae1 f41 matron4 7m-ater47 m-at-uresco1 -rui1 no sup41 #c v4 n4 inceptive1 ,i become ripe4 max7imus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 greatest2 superlative degree1 from magnus1 maior4 m7edeor1 no perf41 #b v4 dep41 ,i cure4 m7ed7ic-ina1 -ae1 f41 medicine1 remedy4 7,from adj4 m7ed7ic-inus1 sc4 ars47 m7ed7ic-inus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 medical4 7,cf4 m7edeor47 m7ed7icus1 -i1 m41 doctor4 7,cf4 m7edeor47 m7edius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 middle4 7mesos47 membrum1 -i1 n41 limb4 m7em7oria1 -ae1 f41 memory1 recollection1 story4 7m7emor47 m7em7oro1 #a v4 a41 ,i call to remembrance1 ,i relate4 7,cf4 memoria47 ,m7enander1 -dri1 m41 ,menander4 7,menandros47 mend-acium1 -ii1 n41 lie4 7mendax1 mentior47 mens1 mentis1 f41 mind4 7,root mem2 cf4 memini47 mentior1 #d v4 dep41 ,i tell lies4 7,lit41 ,i invent1 root men3 cf4 mens47 merces1 --edis1 f41 price4 7m7ereor1 ,i earn47 mercor1 #a v4 dep4 a41 ,i buy4 7merx1 merchandise1 m7ereor47 m7ereor1 #b v4 dep41 ,i deserve1 earn1 7meros1 share47 m7er-idi-anus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 of mid-day4 7mer-idies for medi- dies1 from m7edius1 dies47 messis1 -is1 acc4 -em and -im1 f4 harvest4 7m7eto47 ,m-ethymnaeus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 of ,methymna4 7,mthumna47 m7eto1 messui1 messum1 #c v4 a41 ,i reap4 7,cf4 messis47 m7etus1 -us1 m41 fear4 meus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 my4 m7ico1 -ui1 no sup41 #a v4 n41 ,i glitter4 m7-igro1 #a v4 n41 ,i depart from1 quit4 7,cf4 meo1 ,i go47 m-iles1 -7itis1 c41 soldier4 ,m-il-esius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 of ,miletus4 ,m-il-etus1 -i1 f41 ,miletus1 a town in ,asia ,minor4 7,miltos47 m-il7it-aris1 -e1 adj41 military4 7m-iles47 ,m7ilo1 --onis1 m41 ,milo4 m7inistro1 #a v4 a41 ,i wait upon1 serve up1 hand4 7m7inister1 servant47 m7inor1 -us1 adj41 less4 comparative of parvus4 7,root min3 cf4 minuo1 ,i lessen47 m7inor1 #a v4 dep41 ,i threaten4 7minae1 threats47 m-irandus1 -a1 -um1 wonderful3 ger4 of m-iror4 m-ir7if7icus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 causing wonder1 marvellous4 7m-irus1 f7acio47 m-iror1 #a v4 dep41 ,i wonder at4 7,cf4 m-irus47 m-irus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 wonderful4 m7iser1 -era1 -erum1 adj4 wretched4 7,root mi3 cf4 m7inuo47 m7iserandus1 -a1 -um1 pitiable3 gerundive of m7iseror4 m7iseror1 #a v4 dep41 ,i pity4 7m7iser47 m-itis1 -e1 adj41 gentle4 ,m7itr7id-ates1 -is and -i1 m41 ,mitridates or ,mithridates4 mitto1 m-isi1 missum1 #c v4 a41 ,i send4 m-ob7ilis1 -e1 adj41 movable1 fickle4 7,for movibilis1 from m7oveo47 m7odestus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 moderate1 virtuous1 discreet4 7m7odus47 m7od7o1 adv41 only4 7,lit41 by measure1 m7odus47 m7odus1 -i1 m41 measure1 manner4 huiusmodi1 of this sort4 moenia1 -ium1 n41 plur4 only1 defensive walls1 ramparts4 7,cf4 m-unio47 mollis1 -e1 adj41 easy1 soft1 7moveo47 m7oneo1 #b v4 a41 ,i warn1 advise1 remind4 m7on-ile1 -is1 n41 collar1 necklace4 m7on7imentum1 -i1 n41 monument4 7m7oneo1 ,i remind47 mons1 montis1 m41 mountain4 m7or7ibundus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 dying4 7m7orior47 m7orior1 mortuus1 #c v4 n41 ,i die4 m-or-osus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 bad-tempered4 mors1 mortis1 f41 death4 7,cf4 m7orior47 mos1 m-oris1 m41 manner1 custom4 ,more ursino1 like a bear4 ,de more1 according to custom1 as usual4 mox1 adv41 soon4 m7uli-ebris1 -e1 adj41 womanly1 7m7ulier47 m7ulier1 -7eris1 f41 woman4 multo 7or mulcto71 #a v4 a41 ,i punish1 fine4 multus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 many1 much4 ,comp41 pl-us2 sup41 pl-ur7imus4 mundus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 clean1 tidy4 m-un-imentum1 -i1 n41 fortification4 7m-unio47 m-unio1 #d v4 a41 ,i fortify4 7,cf4 moenia1 m-urus47 murmur1 -7uris1 n41 complaint4 m-urus1 -i1 m41 wall4 7,root mu3 cf4 m-unio1 moenia47 m-utuus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 borrowed1 lent4 7m-uto1 ,i change47 nam1 conj41 for4 nanciscor1 nactus1 and nanctus1 #c v4 dep41 ,i obtain1 reach4 n-aris1 -is1 f41 nostril1 nose2 usually in plural4 narro1 #a v4 a41 ,i tell1 relate4 7,cf4 ignarus1 nosco2 root gna1 know47 nascor1 n-atus1 #c v4 dep41 ,i am born1 spring up4 n-atio1 --onis1 f41 race1 nation4 7nascor47 n-at-ura1 -ae1 f41 nature4 ,rediit in naturam1 it returned to its natural position4 7nascor47 n-atus1 -us1 m41 birth1 age4 ,natu grandis1 advanced in age4 7nascor47 nauta4 ,cf4 navita4 n-av-alis1 -e1 adj41 naval4 7n-avis47 n-avis1 -is1 f41 ship4 7naus47 n-av7ita 7or nauta71 -ae1 m41 sailor4 7n-avis47 n-e1 adv4 and conj41 not1 in order that not1 lest4 -n7e1 enclitic interrog4 particle4 n7eb7ulo1 --onis1 m41 worthless fellow4 7n7eb7ula1 mist3 cf4 n-ubes1 cloud47 n7ec1 neither1 nor1 and not4 n7ecess7e1 adj41 nom4 and acc4 neuter only1 necessary4 n7eco1 #a v4 a41 ,i kill4 7,cf4 nekus1 corpse47 negl7igo1 and negl7ego1 -exi1 -ectum1 #c v4 a41 ,i neglect4 7nec1 l7ego1 ,i do not pick up47 n7eego1 #a v4 n4 and a41 ,i deny1 refuse4 n-emo1 -7inis1 pron41 no one4 7ne1 h7omo47 n-equ-aquam1 adv41 by no means4 n7equ7e1 neither1 nor1 and not4 nex1 n7ecis1 f41 violent death4 7n7eco47 n-id7ulus1 -i1 m41 a little nest4 7demin4 of n-idus47 n7ih7il1 n-il1 n41 indecl41 nothing4 n7ih7ilo1 by nothing2 cf4 n7ih7ilum4 ,used with comparatives1 nihilo minus1 none the less4 n7ih7ilum1 -i1 n41 nothing4 n7imis1 adv41 too much4 n7im7ium1 adv4 and subst41 too much4 n7is7i1 conj41 unless4 n-itor1 n-isus and nixus1 #c v4 dep41 ,i strive4 n-ob7ilis1 -e1 adj41 celebrated1 noble4 7,for gnobilis1 from nosco or gnosco47 n-omen1 -7inis1 n41 name4 7,cf4 nosco47 non1 adv41 not4 nonn7e1 interrog4 adv41 is not8 nonnullus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 some1 several4 nos1 plur4 of ego1 we4 7,cf4 n47 nos metipsi1 we ourselves4 nosco1 n-ovi1 n-otum1 #c v4 a41 ,i know4 7,or gnosco1 root gno3 cf4 n-omen1 n-obilis47 noster1 -tra1 -trum1 adj41 our4 7n-os47 n-ota1 -ae1 f41 mark1 brand4 7nosco47 n-otus1 -a1 -um1 known1 part4 from nosco4 n7ovem1 numer41 nine4 n7ovus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 new4 nox1 noctis1 f41 night4 7nux47 noxa1 -ae1 f41 injury1 harm4 7n7occo47 n-ubo1 -psi1 -ptum1 #c v4 n41 ,i am married 7of the woman71 with dative4 7,lit41 ,i veil myself3 cf4 n-ubes47 n-udus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 bare1 unarmed4 nullus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 none4 7neullus47 n-umen1 -7inis1 n41 nod1 will1 divinity4 7nuo47 n7um7erus1 -i1 m41 number4 7,cf4 nem1 ,i distribute1 nummus47 nunc1 adv41 now4 7numce3 cf4 nun47 nunquam1 adv41 never4 7ne-unquam47 nuntio1 #a v4 a41 ,i announce1 report4 7,cf4 n7ovus47 nusquam1 adv41 nowhere4 7ne-usquam47 7ob1 prep4 gov4 acc41 on account of4 obi7icio1 and -ob7icio1 obi-eci1 obiectum1 #c v4 a41 ,i throw before1 ,i reproach with4 7j7acio47 obl7ino1 -l-evi1 -l7itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i smear over4 7oboedio1 #d v4 n41 ,i obey1 with dative4 7ob1 audio47 7ob7orior1 -ortus1 #d v4 dep41 ,i grow1 spring up4 obp7eto 7or oppeto71 --ivi or -ii1 --itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i encounter4 obpugno 7or oppugno71 #a v4 a41 ,i fight against1 attack4 obs7ecro1 #a v4 a41 ,i beseech1 entreat4 7sacro1 lit41 ,i ask on religious grounds1 ob sacrum47 obs7ideo1 -s-edi1 -sessum1 #b v4 n41 ,i besiege4 7s7edeo47 obs7idio1 --onis1 f41 siege4 7obs7ideo47 observo1 #a v4 a41 ,i notice1 attend to4 obt7ineo1 -ui1 -tentum1 #b v4 a41 ,i hold4 7t7eneo47 obv7enio1 -v-eni1 -ventum1 #d v4 n41 ,i come in way of1 fall to lot of4 obviam1 adv41 with dative1 in the way4 ,obviam ire1 progredi1 etc41 alicui1 to meet anyone4 7via47 obvius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 in the way4 7via47 occ-ido1 -c-idi1 c-isum1 #c v4 a41 ,i kill4 7caedo47 occ7upo1 #a v4 a41 ,i seize1 take hold of4 7ob1 c7apio47 octo1 num41 eight4 7okt47 oct-oginta1 num41 eighty4 7oc7ulus1 -i1 m41 eye4 7,cf4 osse1 the two eyes2 ossomai1 ,i see47 off7ero1 obt7uli1 obl-atum1 #c v4 a41 ,i offer1 present4 off7icium1 -ii1 n41 service1 work1 duty4 7,for opificium1 opus1 f7acio47 7olea1 -ae1 f41 olive tree4 7elaia47 7ole-ag7ineus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 of the olive4 77olea47 7oleum1 -i1 n41 olive oil4 7elaion47 7omitto1 -m-isi1 -missum1 #c v4 a41 ,i neglect4 7ob1 mitto1 ,i let go47 omnis1 -e1 adj41 all4 7op7era1 -ae1 f41 work4 7,cf4 7opus47 7op-imus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 rich1 fat1 choice4 7op-inio1 --onis1 f41 opinion1 supposition4 7op-inor47 opp7erior1 -per-itus and -pertus1 #d v4 dep41 ,i wait for4 7,cf4 experior and peritus1 from obsolete perior47 opp7idum1 -i1 n41 town4 oppleo1 --evi1 --etum1 #b v4 a41 ,i fill up4 oppr7imo1 -essi1 -essum1 #c v4 a41 ,i press against1 oppress1 crush4 7pr7emo47 ops1 7opis1 f41 nom4 sing4 not used1 power1 wealth1 help4 7,cf4 7opulentus47 opt7imus1 -a1 -um1 superlative of b7onus4 7,cf4 ops47 opto1 #a v4 a41 ,i wish for4 7,root op1 pick out3 cf4 opsomai47 opt7ulit 7or obt7ulit71 fr4 off7ero4 -or-ac7ulum1 -i1 n41 oracle1 7-oro47 7or-atio1 -onis1 f41 speech1 7-oro47 7,orestes1 -is or -i1 ,orestes4 7,orests47 7orior1 ortus1 #d v4 dep41 ,i arise4 ,sol oriens1 sunrise4 7,cf4 ornumi47 orn-atus1 -us1 m41 attire4 7orno47 orno1 #a v4 a41 ,i adorn4 -oro1 #a v4 a41 ,i pray for1 beg4 7-os47 orthius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 high4 ,carmen orthium1 nomos orthios3 cf4 note xxxv4 #ba4 ortus1 -us1 m41 rising4 77orior47 solis ortu1 at sunrise4 -os1 -oris1 n41 mouth1 face4 7os1 ossis1 n41 bone4 7osteon47 ,osc-e1 adv41 in ,oscan4 ostendo1 -di1 -sum and -tum1 #c v4 a41 ,i show4 7obstendo47 ostento1 #a v4 a41 ,i show2 freq4 form fr4 ostendo4 -oti-osus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 unoccupied1 free1 quiet4 7-otium47 ,p4 for ,publius1 -ii1 m41 ,publius4 p-ab7ulum1 -i1 n41 food4 7pasco47 p7aciscor1 -i1 pactus1 #c v4 dep41 a4 and n41 ,i agree1 bargain4 7,cf4 pax1 pactum47 pactum1 -i1 n41 agreement1 manner4 7p7aciscor47 p7alam1 adv41 openly4 ,p7al-atium1 -ii1 n41 the ,palatine hill4 palma1 -ae1 f41 palm4 palmes1 -7itis1 m41 vine-shoot4 7palma47 p7al-us1 --udis1 f41 marsh4 7plos1 mud47 pango1 p7ep7igi1 pactum 7also panxi and p-egi1 panctum71 #c v4 a41 ,i settle4 7,cf4 pax47 ,p7ap-irius1 -ii1 m41 ,papirius4 p-ar1 p7aris1 adj41 equal4 parco1 p7eperci1 rarely parsi1 parc7itum and parsum1 #c v4 n41 with dat41 ,i spare4 p7arens1 -entis1 c41 parent4 7p7ario47 p-areo1 #b v4 n41 with dative1 ,i obey4 p7ario1 p7ep7eri1 p7ar7itum and partum1 #c v4 a41 ,i beget1 produce4 pars1 partis1 f41 part1 side4 partus1 -us1 m41 birth1 offspring4 7p7ario47 p7arum1 adv41 too little4 7,cf4 parvus47 parvus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 small4 7,cf4 paucus47 pastus1 -us1 m41 food1 pasture4 7pasco47 p7ater1 p-atris1 m41 father4 7patr1 root pa3 cf4 pasco47 p7atior1 passus1 #c v4 dep41 ,i suffer1 allow4 ,aegre passus1 displeased4 paucus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 few4 7,root pau3 cf4 pauros1 paulus47 paul-atim1 adv41 by degrees1 gradually4 7paulus1 little47 p7av7ef7acio1 -f-eci1 -factum1 #c v4 a41 ,i terrify4 7p7aveo47 pax1 p-acis1 f41 peace4 7,root pac1 make firm3 cf4 paciscor1 pango1 pgnumi47 pectus1 -7oris1 n41 breast3 mind4 p7ec-unia1 -ae1 f41 money4 7p7ecus1 cattle being the original standard of value47 p7edester1 -tris1 -tre1 adj41 on foot2 in plur4 as subst41 foot-soldiers4 7pes47 ,p7elasgus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 ,pelasgian4 ,p7el7oponnensi7acus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 ,peloponnesian4 p7en7itus1 adv41 deeply1 thoroughly4 per1 prep4 gov4 acc41 through4 percallesco1 -lui1 no sup41 #c v4 a41 ,i am well versed in1 know well4 7,inceptive form from percalleo3 cf4 call7idus47 percontor1 #a v4 dep41 ,i enquire4 percr-ebesco 7or percrebresco71 bui 7or brui71 no sup41 #c v4 n41 ,i spread abroad4 7creber47 perc7utio1 cussi1 cussum1 #c v4 a41 ,i strike4 securi percutio1 ,i behead4 7qu7atio47 perdo1 -d7idi1 -d7itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i lose4 p7erendie1 adv41 on the day after to-morrow4 7peran1 dies47 p7ereo1 -ii or --ivi1 -7itum1 #d v4 n41 ,i pass away1 die4 perf7odio1 -f-odi1 -fossum1 #c v4 a41 ,i dig through1 pierce through4 ,p7eriander1 -dri1 m41 ,periander4 ,p7er7icles1 -is or -i1 m41 ,pericles4 p7er-ic7ulum1 -i1 n41 danger4 p7er-itus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 skilled4 7,part4 fr4 obsolete perior3 cf4 opperior47 perm-etior1 -ensus1 #d v4 dep4 a41 ,i measure through1 travel over4 permitto1 m-isi1 missum1 #c v4 a41 ,i suffer1 allow4 perm7oveo1 -m-ovi1 -m-otum1 #b v4 a41 ,i move thoroughly1 rouse1 disturb4 perm-ut-atio1 --onis1 f41 exchange4 7perm-uto47 perm-uto1 #a v4 a41 ,i exchange4 perp7etior1 pessus1 #c v4 dep4 n41 and a41 ,i suffer1 endure4 7p7atior47 persu-adeo1 -su-asi1 su-asum1 #b v4 a41 ,i convince1 persuade4 pertaedet1 -taesum est1 #b v4 n41 impersonal2 it thoroughly wearies4 7,acc4 of person affected1 and gen4 of thing or person causing the weariness47 perv7enio1 -v-eni1 -ventum1 #d v4 n41 ,i arrive at4 p-es1 p7edis1 m41 foot4 7,cf4 pous1 podos47 pest7ilentia1 -ae1 f41 plague4 7pestis47 ,p7et-ilius1 -ii1 m41 ,petilius4 p7eto1 --ivi or -ii1 --itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i seek1 ask for4 7,lit41 to fall upon3 cf4 pipt47 p7et7ulantia1 -ae1 f41 impudence4 7,obsolete p7et7ulo3 cf4 p7eto47 ph7al7erae1 -arum1 f41 plur4 only1 ornaments for chests and foreheads of horses4 7phalara47 ,ph7il-emon 7or ,ph7il-emo71 --onis1 m41 ,philemon4 7,philmn47 ph7il7os7ophus1 -i1 m41 philosopher4 7philosophos47 ,phrygia1 -ae1 f41 ,phrygia4 p7iget1 p7iguit and p7ig7itum est1 #b v4 n4 7rarely used personally71 it troubles1 displeases4 pinna1 or penna1 -ae1 f41 feather4 7,root pet3 cf4 petomai1 ,i fly47 ,p-iraeus1 -i1 the ,piraeus1 port of ,athens4 pius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 dutiful1 kind4 pl7aceo1 #b v4 n41 ,i am pleasing2 often used impersonally1 placet mihi1 it pleases me1 seems good to me1 is my opinion2 of the senate1 it is resolved1 determined4 pl7ac7id-e1 adv41 gently1 quietly4 7pl7ac7idus1 pl7aceo47 pl-an-e1 adv41 clearly1 plainly4 7pl-anus1 level47 plebs1 plebis 7or pl-ebes1 -ei and -is71 f41 the common people4 pl-erusque1 -aque1 -umque1 adj41 very many1 most4 7plerus3 cf4 pl-enus1 root ple1 fill47 pl-umo1 #a v4 a4 and n41 ,i cover1 or am covered with1 feathers1 am fledged4 7pl-uma47 pl-us1 pl-uris1 adj41 more3 comparative of multus4 ,pl-utarchus1 -i1 m41 ,plutarch4 p-oc7ulum1 -i1 n41 cup1 goblet4 7,cf4 p-otus1 a draught47 ,poen7icus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,cf4 ,poenus4 ,poenus1 -a1 -um1 ,punic1 ,carthaginian4 ,cf4 ix4 #h note4 poena1 -ae1 f41 punishment1 penalty4 7poin1 punio1 poeniteo47 ,p7olus1 -i1 m41 ,polus4 ,pompt-inus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 ,pomptine1 i4e4 near ,pometia1 in ,latium4 p-omum1 -i1 n41 fruit or apple4 pondo1 adv41 in or by weight4 7pondus47 pondus1 -7eris1 n41 weight4 7pendo1 ,i hang up47 p-ono1 p7osui1 p7os7itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i place4 pons1 pontis1 m41 bridge4 7prop1 a path1 patos1 ,german ,pfad1 esp4 across a river3 cf4 ,pontifex47 ,pontus1 -i1 m41 district in ,asia ,minor4 p7op7ulus1 -i1 m41 people4 porgere4 ,cf4 porrigo4 porr7igo1 -rexi1 -rectum1 #c v4 a41 ,i stretch out4 7,several contracted forms1 porgere1 porge1 porgite1 etc47 7pro1 rego47 posco1 p7oposci1 no sup41 #c v4 a41 ,i demand4 possies1 old pres4 subj4 of possum1 for possis4 possum1 p7otui1 posse1 v4 n41 ,i am able4 7p7otis1 sum47 post1 adv41 and prep4 gov4 acc41 afterwards1 after4 poste-a1 adv41 afterwards4 7post1 ea1 from is47 post7erior1 -us1 comparative fr4 posterus4 post7erus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 coming after2 as subst41 descendant4 7post1 comp4 post7erior1 sup4 postr-emus47 posthac1 adv41 after this1 henceforth4 postl-im7inium1 -ii1 n41 return to rank and privileges4 ,cf4 note xl4 #ac4 7post1 limen1 usual derivation47 postquam1 conj41 after that4 postr-emus1 -a1 -um1 last2 superlative from post7erus4 ad postremum1 at last4 postr-idi-e1 adv41 on the next day4 7post7erus1 dies47 post7ul-atio1 --onis1 f41 demand4 7post7ulo47 post7ul-atum1 -i1 n41 demand4 7post7ulo47 post7ulo1 #a v4 a41 ,i demand4 7posco47 p7otior1 #d v4 dep41 ,i obtain possession of2 with gen4 and abl4 7p7otis1 able47 p7otius1 adv41 rather2 only used in comparative p7otius1 and superl4 p7otissime4 7fr4 p7otis1 -e1 adj41 p7otior1 p7otissimus47 praebeo1 #b v4 a41 ,i offer1 give4 praeceps1 -7ip7itis1 adj41 head-first1 headlong1 7prae1 c7aput47 praec-ido1 -c-idi1 -c-isum1 #c v4 a41 ,i cut off4 7caedo47 praec7ipio1 -c-epi1 -ceptum1 #c v4 a41 ,i take beforehand1 ,i instruct4 7c7apio47 praecl-arus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 famous4 praeda1 -ae1 f41 booty1 spoil4 praed7ico1 #a v4 a41 ,i proclaim1 declare publicly4 praedium1 -ii1 n41 farm1 estate4 praefectus1 -i1 m41 a man placed over1 overseer1 prefect4 7prae1 f7acio47 praefor1 #a v4 dep41 ,i say beforehand4 praefulgeo1 -si1 no sup41 #b v4 n41 ,i glitter4 praemium1 -ii1 n41 reward4 praem7oneo1 #b v4 a41 ,i forewarn1 admonish beforehand4 praesens1 -entis1 adj41 present4 7praesum47 praeses1 -7idis1 adj41 protecting2 as subst41 ruler4 7prae1 s7edeo47 praesto1 -7iti1 -7itum 7rarely --avi1 --atum71 #a v4 n4 and a41 ,i am superior1 ,i surpass4 praeter1 prep4 gov4 acc41 besides1 except4 7prae1 and suffix ter47 praeter7itus1 -a1 -um1 part4 fr4 praetereo1 past4 praet7ereo1 -ii or --ivi1 7itum1 #d v4 n4 and a41 ,i pass by4 praetext-atus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 wearing the toga praetexta4 pr7eti-os-e1 adv41 expensively1 splendidly4 7pr7eti-osus3 cf4 pr7etium47 pr7etium1 -ii1 n41 price4 pr-imum1 adv41 at first4 ,ubi1 or cum1 primum1 as soon as4 pr-imus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 first1 superl42 no positive2 comp4 prior4 7,cp4 priscus47 princ7ipium1 -ii1 n41 beginning4 7princeps47 prior1 -us1 adj41 former1 comp42 7,cf4 pr-imus47 prius1 adv41 before4 7prior47 priusquam1 conj41 before that4 pro1 prep4 gov4 abl41 before1 for1 in proportion to4 pr-oc-edo1 -cessi1 -cessum1 #c v4 n41 ,i advance4 pr-oc-er7itas1 --atis1 f41 height4 7pr-oc-erus47 pr-oc-erus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 tall4 7procello47 pr-ocons7ul-aris1 -e1 adj41 proconsular1 acting instead of a consul4 pr7oc7ul1 adv41 absolutely1 or with abl41 with or without 'ab'2 at a distance1 far from4 ,dubio procul1 without doubt4 pr7oc-uro1 #a v4 a4 and n41 ,i take care of4 pr-odeo1 -ii1 -7itum1 -ire1 #d v4 n41 ,i come forward1 7pro1 eo47 pr-odo1 -d7idi1 -d7itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i give forth1 report1 relate2 ,i betray4 proelium1 -ii1 n41 battle4 pr-of7ero1 -t7uli1 -l-atum1 #c v4 a41 ,i bring forth1 ,i prolong4 pr7of7iciscor1 -fectus1 #c v4 dep4 n41 ,i set out4 7pro1 f7acio47 pr7ofundus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 deep2 as subst4 profundum1 -i 7sc4 mare71 deep sea4 pr-ogr7edior1 -essus1 #c v4 dep4 n41 ,i advance4 7gr7adior47 pr7oind-e1 adv41 just so1 just as4 pr-oi7icio1 or pr-o7icio1 -i-eci1 -iectum1 #c v4 a41 ,i throw forward1 thrust forward4 7i7acio47 pr-omitto1 -m-isi1 -missum1 #c v4 a41 ,i send forth2 ,i say beforehand1 promise4 pr-om7oveo1 -m-ovi1 -m-otum1 #b v4 a41 ,i move forward1 cause to advance4 promptus1 -us1 m41 readiness4 in promptu esse1 to be at hand1 ready4 7pr-omo1 ,i take forth47 pr-onuntio1 #a v4 a41 ,i proclaim1 announce4 pr7ope1 adv41 and prep4 gov4 acc41 near1 almost3 pr7ope1 pr7opius1 prox7im-e4 pr7op7ero1 #a v4 a4 and n41 ,i hasten4 7pr7op7erus1 quick47 pr7opinquus1 -a1 -um1 near1 neighbouring2 as subst41 a neighbour4 7pr7ope47 propter1 prep4 gov4 acc41 on account of4 7for propiter1 fr4 pr7ope47 propt7ere-a1 adv41 on account of those things1 therefore4 pr-opugno1 #a v4 n41 ,i fight in front of1 fight for1 defend4 pr-or7ipio1 -r7ipui1 -reptum1 #c v4 a41 ,i drag forth2 se proripere1 to rush forth1 take refuge in4 7r7apio47 prorsus1 adv41 forward1 directly4 7pro1 versus47 pr-os7equor1 -c-utus1 #c v4 dep4 a41 ,i follow4 prospectus1 -us1 m41 view4 7prosp7icio47 prosp7er-e1 adv41 successfully4 7prosp7erus1 from prospe1 answering to hope47 pr-osum1 -fui1 pr-odesse1 v4 n41 ,i am of use to4 ,pr-ot7ag7oras1 -ae1 m41 ,protagoras4 pr-o-tendo1 -di1 -sum and -tum1 #c v4 a41 ,i stretch forth4 pr-ot7inus1 adv41 forthwith4 7t7enus1 prep41 as far as47 pr-ov7eho1 -xi1 -ctum1 #c v4 a41 ,i carry forward2 in pass41 ,i go forward1 ,i sail1 etc4 pr-ov7idens1 -entis1 part4 of prov7ideo1 careful4 pr-ov7ideo1 -v-idi1 -v-isum1 #b v4 n4 and a41 ,i foresee1 ,i am careful4 pr-ovincia1 -ae1 f41 sphere of duty1 province4 pr-ov7oco1 #a v4 a41 ,i call forth1 challenge4 prox7im-e1 adv41 and prep4 with acc41 very near3 super4 fr4 pr7ope4 prox7imus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 very near3 pr7opis obsolete1 pr7opior1 prox7imus4 7,cf4 pr7ope47 pr-udens1 -entis1 adj41 foreseeing1 discreet4 7,for prov7idens47 publ7ic-e1 adv41 in behalf of the state4 p7udor1 --oris1 m41 shame1 modesty4 7p7udeo47 puer1 -7eri1 m41 boy4 pugna1 -ae1 f41 battle1 contest4 7,root pug1 strike3 cf4 pugil1 pugno47 pugno1 #a v4 a41 ,i fight4 7pugna47 pulchr7it-udo1 -7inis1 f41 beauty4 7pulcher47 pullus1 -i1 m41 young animal or bird4 p-unio1 --ivi or ii1 -itum1 #d v4 a41 ,i punish4 7poena47 puppis1 -is1 f41 stern1 poop of ship4 purgo1 #a v4 a41 ,i make clean1 clear4 7p-urus1 7ago47 p7uto1 #a v4 a41 ,i think4 7,lit41 ,i trim1 arrange1 and so reckon1 think2 root1 pu1 cleanse3 cf4 purus47 ,pyrrhus1 -i1 m41 ,pyrrhus4 qu-adr-agint-a1 num41 forty4 quaero1 -s-ivi or -sii1 s-itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i seek1 inquire for1 ask4 quaeso1 --ivi or -ii1 no sup41 #c v4 a41 ,i seek1 beg4 ,used parenthetically1 'pray4' quaestus1 -us1 m41 gain1 business4 7quaero47 qu-alis1 -e1 adj4 pron41 of what kind2 talis 444 qualis1 such 444 as4 7quis47 quam1 conj4 and adv41 than1 as4 7qui47 quamobrem1 adv41 relative and interrog41 wherefore4 quamquam1 conj41 although4 quantus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 how great1 as great4 7quam47 qu7as7i1 adv41 as if1 just as4 7quamsi47 quattuord7ecim 7or quatuord7ecim71 numer41 fourteen4 -qu7e1 enclitic conj41 and4 qu7eo1 --ivi and -ii1 -7itum1 -ire1 #d v4 n41 ,i am able4 quercus1 -us1 f41 oak4 qui1 quae1 quod1 rel4 pron41 indef4 adj4 pron4 and inter4 adj4 pron41 who1 what4 qu7i7a1 conj41 because4 7,for qui-am1 qu-iam1 whereby now47 qu-idam1 quaedam1 quoddam 7and quiddam1 subst471 indef4 pron41 a certain one4 qu7idem1 adv41 indeed4 qu7ies1 --etis1 f41 rest4 qu7iesco1 --evi1 --etum1 #c v4 n41 ,i rest1 7quies47 qu-in1 conj41 that not1 but that1 but indeed1 rather2 interrog41 why not8 7qui1 ne47 quind7ecimv7ir1 -i1 a quindecimvir1 one of the college of #ae men who had charge of the ,sibylline books4 quinqu7e1 numer41 five4 quinqu7ies1 adv41 five times4 quis1 quid1 inter4 pron41 who8 which8 quis1 qua1 quid1 indef4 pron41 any4 quisnam1 quidnam1 inter4 pron41 who1 which1 what pray8 whoever8 quispiam1 quaepiam1 quodpiam 7and subst41 quidpiam or quippiam71 indef4 pron41 any1 some4 quisqu7e1 quaeque1 quodque 7and subst41 quidque or quicque71 indef4 pron41 each1 every4 quisquam1 quaequam1 quicquam or quidquam1 indef4 pron41 anyone4 quo1 adv4 and conj41 for which reason1 in order that1 so that4 7qui47 quod1 conj41 because1 that4 7qui47 qu7on7iam1 adv41 since1 because4 7quom for cum1 iam47 qu7oqu7e1 conj41 also4 r-adix1 --icis1 f41 root4 7,cf4 ramus1 branch2 rhixa1 root47 r7ap7idus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 swift4 7r7apio47 r7atio1 --onis1 f41 reason1 account4 7reor47 r7ec-edo1 -cessi- -cessum1 #c v4 n41 ,i fall back1 withdraw4 r7ec7ipio1 -c-epi1 -ceptum1 #c v4 a41 ,i take back1 receive4 7c7apio47 r7ec7ito1 #a v4 a41 ,i read out1 repeat4 r7econdo1 -d7idi1 -d7itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i put back1 hide4 r7ecord-atio1 -onis1 f41 recollection4 7recordor3 cf4 cor47 r7ecumbo1 -c7ubui1 #c v4 n41 ,i lie down again4 r7ec7up7ero1 #a v4 a41 ,i recover4 7c7apio47 r7ecurvo1 no perf41 --atum1 #a v4 a41 ,i bend back4 reddo1 -d7idi1 -d7itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i give back1 render1 impart1 restore4 7re1 do47 r7edeo1 --ivi or -ii1 -7itum1 -ire1 #d v4 n41 ,i go back4 r7ed7itus1 -us1 m41 return4 7r7edeo47 r7ef7ero1 r-et7uli 7and rett7uli71 r7el-atum1 #c v4 a41 ,i bring back1 return1 turn back1 attribute4 r7ef7ugio1 -f-ugi1 no sup41 #c v4 n4 and a41 ,i flee back1 flee away1 escape4 regnum1 -i1 n41 kingdom4 7rex47 r7ego1 -xi1 -ctum1 #c v4 a41 ,i rule1 direct4 7rex47 r7egr7edior1 -gressus1 #c v4 dep4 n41 ,i return4 7gr7adior47 reicit1 for reiicit4 r-ei7icio1 or r-e7icio1 -i-eci1 -iectum1 #c v4 a41 ,i throw back1 postpone4 7i7acio47 r7el7icus4 ,cf4 reliquus4 r7-el7igio1 --onis1 f41 religious scruple1 obligation4 r7elinquo1 -l-iqui1 -lictum1 #c v4 a41 ,i leave behind4 r7-el7iqu7iae1 -arum1 pl4 only1 remains4 7r7el7iquus47 r7el7iquus 7or relicus71 -a1 -um1 adj41 remaining4 7r7elinquo47 r7em7edium1 -ii1 n41 remedy1 cure4 7re1 m7edeor47 r7em-otus1 -a1 -um1 part4 from rem7oveo1 retired1 distant4 r7em7oveo1 -m-ovi1 m-otum1 #b v4 a41 ,i move back1 withdraw4 reor1 r7atus1 #b v4 dep4 a41 ,i believe1 think4 r7epent-e1 adv41 suddenly4 7r7epens1 sudden47 r7ep7eto1 --ivi or -ii1 --itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i seek again4 ,memori repeto1 ,i call to mind4 r7equ-iro1 -s-ivi or -sii1 -s-itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i seek again1 seek for4 7quaero47 r-es1 rei1 f41 thing1 deed4 rescindo1 -sc7idi1 -scissum1 #c v4 a41 ,i tear open4 rescr-ibo1 -psi1 -ptum1 #c v4 a41 ,i write back4 respondeo1 -di1 -sum1 #b v4 n41 ,i reply4 7,lit41 ,i promise in return47 respubl7ica1 reipublicae1 f41 state4 r7esurgo1 -surrexi1 -surrectum1 #c v4 n41 ,i rise again4 r7et7ineo1 -ui1 -tentum1 #b v4 a41 ,i hold back1 keep4 7t7eneo47 r7e7us1 -i1 m41 defendant in an action1 culprit4 7res47 r7evello1 -velli1 -vulsum and -volsum1 #c v4 a41 ,i pull away1 pull out4 r7everto1 -ti1 -sum1 #c v4 n41 ,i turn back1 return4 r7evertor1 -versus1 #c v4 dep4 n41 ,i turn back1 return4 r7evincio1 -nxi1 -nctum1 #d v4 a41 ,i bind back1 fasten4 r7ev7olo1 no perf4 or sup41 are1 #a v4 n41 ,i fly back4 rex1 r-egis1 m41 king4 7r7ego47 rh-etor1 -7oris1 m41 teacher of oratory1 rhetorician4 7rhtr47 r-ideo1 -si1 -sum1 #b v4 n4 and a41 ,i laugh1 laugh at1 mock4 r-ima1 -ae1 f41 crack1 cleft4 r-it7e1 adv41 duly1 fitly4 7ritus1 religious observance47 r7ogo1 #a v4 a41 ,i ask for1 ask4 ,r-oma1 -ae1 f41 ,rome4 ,r-om-anus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 ,roman4 rostrum1 -i1 n41 beak1 prow4 7r-odo1 ,i gnaw47 r7ubus1 -i1 m41 bramble4 7r7uber1 red47 r7udis1 -e1 adj41 rough4 rursum and rursus1 adv41 again4 7,for revorsum1 from reverto47 rust7icus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 of the country1 rural1 rustic4 7rus47 s7-acr-arium1 -ii1 n41 shrine1 sacristy4 7s7acer1 sacred47 saep7e1 adv41 often4 7,obsolete adj4 saepis1 frequent47 saep7en7um7er-o1 adv41 often4 saevio1 -ii1 --itum1 #d v4 n41 ,i rage1 am fierce4 7saevus47 s7alum1 -i1 n41 the open sea4 7salos47 s7al-us1 --utis1 f41 safety4 7,cf4 salvus47 salvus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 safe4 ,samnis1 --itis1 adj41 ,samnite4 sangu7in7olentus1 -a1 -um1 blood-stained4 7sanguis47 s7an7ies 7-em1 -e1 no genitive nor plural71 f41 corrupted blood1 matter4 7sanguis47 s7apiens1 -entis1 adj41 wise4 7s7apio47 s7at7ira1 or s7at7ura1 -ae1 f41 a satire4 s7atis1 adv41 sufficiently4 sc7ateo1 no perf4 or sup41 --ere1 #b v4 n41 ,i bubble1 flow forth2 bubble over with3 with abl4 scio1 --ivi1 --itum1 #d v4 a41 ,i know4 ,sc-ipio1 --onis1 m41 ,scipio4 sc-it-e1 adv41 cleverly1 skilfully4 7scio47 sc7op7ulus1 -i1 m41 rock4 7skopelos47 scr-ibo1 -psi1 -ptum1 #c v4 a41 ,i write4 7graph1 schreiben47 scriptor1 --oris1 m41 writer1 author4 7scr-ibo47 sc-utum1 -i1 n41 shield4 7skutos47 s-e1 and s-es-e1 gen4 sui1 reflex4 pron41 himself1 herself1 itself4 s-ecessus1 -us1 m41 withdrawal4 7s-ec-edo47 s-ecum1 for cum se1 with himself1 etc4 s7ecundum1 prep4 gov4 acc41 following after1 according to4 7s7equor47 s7ecundus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 following1 second1 favourable1 7s7equor47 s7ec-uris1 -is1 f41 axe4 securi percutio1 ,i behead4 7s7eco47 s-ec-urus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 free from care4 7se1 sine1 cura47 sed1 conj41 but4 sed enim1 but indeed4 s7edeo1 s-edi1 sessum1 #b v4 n41 ,i sit4 7s-edes1 ins7idiae47 s7eges1 -7etis1 f41 cornfield4 s-el-ibra1 -ae1 f41 half pound4 7semi1 libra47 s-ementis1 -is1 f41 seed1 crop4 7s-emen47 s-em7et1 strengthened form of se4 semper1 adv41 always4 7,cf4 s7emel47 s7en-ator1 --oris1 m41 ,senator4 7s7enex47 s7en-atus1 -us1 m41 ,senate4 s7en-atus consultum1 -i1 n41 decree of ,senate4 sensim1 adv41 slowly4 7sentio1 lit41 perceptibly47 sententia1 -ae1 f41 way of thinking1 opinion1 decision4 7sentio47 sentio1 -si- -sum1 #d v4 a41 ,i perceive1 judge1 decide4 sentis1 -is1 m41 rarely f41 thorn4 seorsum1 adv41 separately1 7se1 verto47 s-ep7aro1 #a v4 a41 ,i separate4 7p7aro47 septem1 numer41 seven4 7,cf4 hepta47 s7epulcrum1 -i1 n41 tomb4 7s7ep7elio47 sermo1 --onis1 m41 speech4 7s7ero47 ,sert-orius1 -ii1 m41 ,sertorius4 servo1 #a v4 a41 ,i preserve4 servus1 -i1 m41 slave4 sestertium1 -ii1 n41 a thousand sestertii4 ,cf4 note vi4 #d4 s7ev-er-e1 adv41 austerely1 severely4 sex1 numer41 six4 sex-aginta1 numer41 sixty4 si1 conj41 if4 ,s7ibyll-inus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 of the ,sibyl1 ,sibylline4 7,s7ibylla47 s-ic1 adv4 so1 thus4 ut 444 sic1 correlatives1 as 444 so4 ,s7ic-ani1 -orum1 m41 the ,sicani4 sicco1 #a v4 a41 ,i dry4 7siccus1 dry47 ,s7ic7ilia1 -ae1 f41 ,sicily4 s-ic7ut1 adv41 just as1 so as4 sign7if7ico1 #a v4 a41 ,i show1 make known1 signify1 beckon4 7signum1 f7acio47 signum1 -i1 n41 sign1 emblem4 s7ilentium1 -ii1 n41 silence1 7s7ileo47 silvestris1 -e1 adj41 woody4 7silva47 s7im7ul1 adv41 at once1 at same time4 s7im7ul-acrum1 -i1 n41 image1 representation1 appearance4 7s7im7ilis1 s7im7ulo47 s7im7ulo1 #a v4 a41 ,i pretend4 7similis47 s-in1 conj41 but if4 7si1 ne47 s7in7e1 prep4 gov4 abl41 without4 s7ino1 s-ivi1 s7itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i set down2 ,i allow4 s7inus1 -us1 m41 folds of garment1 bosom4 sisto1 stiti1 statum1 #c v4 a4 and n41 ,i cause to stand1 ,i stand4 ,se sistere1 to present oneself1 appear1 7sto1 histmi47 s7itus1 -a1 -um1 part4 from s7ino1 situated4 s-iv7e 7or seu71 conj41 or if4 ,sive 444 sive1 whether 444 or4 s-obrius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 not drunk1 sober1 moderate4 ,s-ocr7ates1 -is or -i1 m41 ,socrates4 7,skrats47 s-ol1 s-olis1 m41 sun4 s-olemnis 7or solennis or sollennis71 -e1 adj41 annual1 stated1 customary1 solemn4 7sollus1 whole1 cf4 holos47 s7oleo1 -itus1 #b v4 n41 ,i am accustomed4 sollers1 -ertis1 adj41 skilled3 with gen4 7sollus1 whole47 s-olus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 alone4 7,cf4 sollus1 whole47 solvo1 -lvi1 -l-utum1 #c v4 a41 ,i release1 set loose4 7seluo47 somnium1 -ii1 n41 dream4 7somnus1 hupnos47 s7on-orus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 loud4 7s7onus47 ,s7ophocles1 -is and -i1 m41 ,sophocles4 7,sophokls47 ,sp4 for ,spurius1 -i1 m41 ,spurius4 spargo1 -si1 -sum1 #c v4 a41 ,i sprinkle1 strew4 sp7ec7ulor1 -atus1 #a v4 dep4 a41 ,i spy out1 reconnoitre4 7sp7ecio1 sp7ec7ula1 watch tower47 specto1 #a v4 a41 ,i gaze at4 7,intens4 form of sp7ecio47 sp7ecus1 -us1 m41 cave4 sp-es1 -ei1 f41 hope4 7,cf4 sp-ero47 splendor1 --oris1 m41 magnificence4 7splendeo1 ,i shine47 sp7olium1 -ii1 n41 spoil1 booty4 st7atim1 adv41 immediately4 7sto47 st7atus1 -us1 m41 position4 7sto47 stirps1 stirpis1 f41 rarely m41 stem1 root4 sto1 st7eti1 st7atum1 st-are1 #a v4 n41 ,i stand4 7istmi47 st7olo1 --onis1 m41 sucker of tree4 str-enuus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 active1 energetic4 7,cf4 stereos1 hard47 struo1 -xi1 -ctum1 #c v4 a41 ,i build up4 st7udeo1 -ui1 no sup41 #b v4 a41 ,i am eager1 ,i strive4 st7udium1 -ii1 n41 zeal1 study4 7st7udeo47 stultus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 foolish4 st7up7ef7acio1 -f-eci1 -factum1 #c v4 a41 ,i make stupid or senseless2 ,i amaze4 7st7upeo47 su-adeo1 -si1 -sum1 #b v4 n4 and a41 ,i persuade4 7,cf4 su-avis47 s7ub1 prep4 gov4 acc4 and abl41 under4 subdo1 -d7idi1 -d7itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i place under4 subl-atiss7imus1 superl4 of subl-atus1 from tollo1 very high4 s7ub7oles1 -is1 f41 shoot4 7sub1 7olesco1 grow47 subverto1 -ti1 -sum1 #c v4 a41 ,i overthrow4 succ-edo1 -cessi1 -cessum1 #c v4 n41 ,i go under1 go from under1 ascend1 advance4 7sub1 c-edo47 suffr-agium1 -ii1 n41 vote4 ,sulla1 -ae1 m41 ,sulla4 sum1 fui1 esse1 v4 n41 ,i am4 summus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 highest2 superl4 fr4 s7up7erus1 s7up7erior1 s-upr-emus or summus4 s7up7er1 adv41 and prep4 gov4 acc4 and abl41 above1 over1 on1 about4 s7uperbia1 -ae1 f41 pride4 7s7uperbus47 s7uperbus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 proud1 haughty4 7s7uper47 s7up7erior1 -us1 adj41 higher1 former2 comp4 fr4 s7up7erus1 sup7erior1 s7-upr-emus or summus4 s7up7ero1 #a v4 a41 ,i overcome4 7s7uper47 s7uperstes1 -7itis1 adj41 surviving4 suppl7icium1 -ii1 n41 punishment4 7supplex47 sursum1 adv41 from below4 7sub-versum47 suus1 -a1 -um1 reflex4 adj4 pron41 his own1 her own1 its own4 synanch-e1 -es1 f41 7sunanch71 a sore throat4 ,t41 for ,titus1 -i1 m41 ,titus4 t7aberna1 -ae1 f41 shop4 7,cf4 t7ab7ula1 plank47 t7ab7ul-at-um1 -i1 n41 floor4 7t7ab7ula1 plank47 t7aceo1 #b v4 n4 and a41 ,i am silent1 pass over in silence4 t7ac7itus1 -a1 -um1 part4 from taceo1 not spoken of1 silent4 taedium1 -ii1 n41 weariness4 7taedet47 ,taen7arum1 -i1 n41 and ,taen7arus1 -i1 m4 and f41 ,taenarum and ,taenarus4 t7alentum1 -i1 n41 talent 7sum of money1 #bdc #aes474 7talanton47 t-alis1 -e1 adj41 of such a kind1 such4 tam1 adv41 so4 t7amen1 adv41 however4 tamquam1 adv41 just as1 as if1 as it were4 tandem1 adv41 at last4 tantus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 so great4 ,tarqu7inius1 -ii1 m41 ,tarquin4 t-elum1 i41 n41 dart4 temp7erantia1 -ae1 f41 moderation1 temperance4 7temp7ero1 tempus47 tempest-ivus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 seasonable1 ripe4 7tempus47 templum1 -i1 n41 temple4 tempus1 -7oris1 n41 time4 t7eneo1 t7enui1 tentum1 #b v4 a41 ,i hold1 keep4 ,cursum teneo1 ,i hold on a course4 t7en7uis1 -e1 adj41 drawn out1 thin1 slender4 7t7eneo47 terra1 -ae1 land1 country4 terreo1 #b v4 a41 ,i alarm4 7tre47 terr7if7icus1 -a1 -um1 alarming1 terrible4 7terreo1 f7acio47 tertius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 third4 7ter47 testis1 -is1 c41 witness4 7testor47 ,thr-acus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 ,thracian4 ,tib41 for ,t7ib7erius1 -ii1 m41 ,tiberius4 t-ibia1 -ae1 f41 pipe1 flute4 t-ib-ic-en1 -7inis1 m41 flute-player4 7,for tib7i7icen1 fr4 t-ib7i7a1 c7ano47 ,t-im7och7ares1 -is and -i1 m41 ,timochares4 t7oga1 -ae1 f41 a garment1 a toga4 7t7ego47 tollo1 sust7uli1 subl-atum1 #c v4 a41 ,i raise4 7,cf4 t7uli1 t7ol7ero47 ,torqu-atus1 -i1 m41 ,torquatus4 torques 7and torquis71 -is1 m4 and f41 twisted necklace or collar4 7torqueo47 torreo1 torrui1 tostum1 #b v4 a41 ,i roast4 t-otus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 all1 whole4 tracto1 #a v4 a41 ,i handle1 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7un7icus1 unus47 -un7iversus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 all together4 7unus1 verto1 turned into one47 unquam1 or umquam1 adv41 at any time1 ever4 -unus1 -a1 -um1 numer41 one4 urb-anus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 of the city4 7urbs47 urb7icus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 of the city4 7urbs47 urbs1 -is1 f41 city4 urgeo1 ursi1 no sup41 #b v4 a41 ,i press on1 press hard upon1 urge4 urna1 -ae1 f41 urn4 7,properly a vessel of burnt clay2 -uro1 ,i burn47 urs-inus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 like a bear4 7ursus47 usquam1 adv41 anywhere1 in anything4 7,for ubsquam1 from 7ubi47 usqu7e1 adv41 all the way1 always4 ,usque adeo1 to such an extent4 7,for ubsque1 from 7ubi47 -usus1 -us1 m41 use1 advantage4 7-utor47 7ut1 7ut-i1 with indic41 as1 when2 ut 444 sic1 correlatives1 as 444 so2 with subj41 in order that1 so that4 7uterqu7e1 7-utr7aque1 7-utrumque1 adj4 pron41 both1 each4 -ut7ilis1 -e1 adj41 useful4 7-utor47 -utor1 -usus1 #c v4 dep41 ,i use2 with abl4 7-utrum1 interrog4 adv41 whether4 77uter47 uxor1 --oris1 f41 wife4 v7ad7im-onium1 -ii1 n41 bail4 7v7as1 a surety47 v7ador1 #a v4 dep4 a41 ,i bind over by bail4 7v7as47 v7aleo1 #b v4 n41 ,i am strong1 ,i am of value4 ,in leave-taking1 v7al-e1 etc41 farewell4 ,v7al7erius1 -ii1 m41 ,valerius4 v7al7idus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 strong4 7v7aleo47 v7al-it-udo 7or v7al-et-udo71 -7inis1 f41 health4 7v7aleo47 vallum1 -i1 n41 a rampart with palisades4 7vallus1 a stake47 v7arius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 diverse1 different4 vast-us1 -a1 -um1 adj41 empty1 immense4 -v7e1 enclitic1 or4 vecto1 #a v4 a41 ,i carry4 7intens4 of v7eho47 v7eho1 -xi1 -ctum1 #c v4 a41 ,i carry4 v-elox1 --ocis1 adj41 swift4 7,cf4 v7olo1 --are1 ,i fly47 v7el7ut1 v7el7uti1 adv41 just as1 as if4 v-en-atio1 --onis1 f41 hunting4 7v-enor47 vendo1 -d7idi1 -d7itum1 #c v4 a41 ,i sell4 7v-enum1 do47 v7en-enum1 -i1 n41 poison4 v7enia1 -ae1 f41 pardon4 ,bon veni1 by your kind leave4 v7enio1 v-eni1 ventum1 #d v4 n41 ,i come4 v-enor1 #a v4 dep4 a41 ,i hunt4 v-enum1 -i1 n41 sale4 ,in classical writers only in acc4 sing4 vent7ito1 #a v4 n41 ,i come 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force1 strength4 7v7igeo1 ,i flourish47 vincio1 -nxi1 -nctum1 #d v4 a41 ,i bind4 vinco1 v-ici1 victum1 #c v4 a41 ,i conquer4 vind7ico1 #a v4 a41 ,i avenge4 7vim-dico1 ,i assert authority47 v-inum1 -i1 n41 vine1 wine4 7oinos47 vi7olens1 -entis1 adj41 impetuous4 7vis47 vir1 v7iri1 m41 man1 husband4 virgultum1 -i1 n41 twig4 7,for virg7ul-etum1 fr4 virg7ula1 demin4 of virga1 branch1 twig47 virt-us1 --utis1 f41 valour4 7vir47 vis 7vim1 vi1 no gen4 sing41 plur4 v-ires1 etc471 f41 strength1 force4 7is47 v-iso1 -si1 -sum1 #c v4 a41 ,i behold4 7,intens4 of v7ideo47 v-ita1 -ae1 f41 life4 7vivo47 v-itis1 -is1 f41 vine4 v-ivo1 -xi1 -ctum1 #c v4 n41 ,i live4 v7oco1 #a v4 a41 ,i call4 7vox47 volgus 7or vulgus71 -i1 n41 rarely m41 common people2 in abl41 volgo1 as adv41 commonly4 v7olo1 -ui1 no sup41 velle1 #c v4 a41 ,i wish for4 ,quid hoc sibi vult1 what does this mean4 v7olo1 #a v4 n41 ,i fly4 v7olunt-arius1 -a1 -um1 adj41 voluntary4 7v7olo1 ,i wish47 vos1 plur4 of tu1 you4 vox1 v-ocis1 f41 voice1 expression4 7v7oco47 vulgus and vulgo4 ,cf4 volgus4 vulnus1 or volnus1 --eris1 n41 wound4 7,cf4 vello1 ,i tear47 vultus1 -us1 m41 countenance4 ,xanthippe1 -es1 f41 ,xanthippe4 7,xanthipp47 ,,english-,,latin ,,vocabulary4 ,for details about ,latin words turn to the ,latin-,english ,vocabulary4 abandon1 desino4 able1 ,i am1 possum4 about1 de4 accompany 7home71 prosequor4 accomplishment1 disciplina4 account1 ratio4 account1 on account of1 propter4 acquit1 absolvo4 act1 ago4 actor1 histrio1 actor4 adjourn1 profero1 differo4 administer 7justice71 dico 7jus74 advance1 incedo1 procedo1 prodeo1 progredior4 advanced 7in age71 grandis 7natu74 advantageous to1 e1 ex4 advise1 moneo4 after1 post4 afterwards1 postea1 posthac4 again1 denuo1 iterum4 against1 adversus1 adversum1 in4 age1 natus4 agree1 convenio4 alarm1 in1 trepidans4 all1 omnis4 allowed1 it is1 licet4 almost1 fere1 prope4 alone1 solus4 alum1 alumen4 ambassador1 legatus4 amusing1 hilaris1 iucundus4 and1 et1 atque1 -que4 animal1 bestia1 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corpus4 boldly1 intrepidus4 bone1 os4 book1 liber4 both1 uterque1 both 444 and1 et 444 et4 boy1 puer4 brand 7with mark of infamy71 adficio4 brave1 fortis1 strenuus4 brazen1 aeneus4 break1 infringo4 bribery1 ambitus4 bridge1 pons4 bring1 fero4 bring in1 introduco4 brother1 frater4 build1 struo1 condo1 congero4 burn1 ardeo1 deuro4 but1 sed1 at4 buy1 emo1 mercor4 by no means1 nequaquam1 haudquaquam4 call1 appello1 voco4 called1 nomine4 camp1 castra4 can1 possum4 carry1 fero1 vecto4 carry back1 refero4 carry to1 asporto4 case1 causa1 res4 cause1 7v471 curo with gerundive4 cautious1 cautus4 cavalry1 equitatus4 cave1 specus4 cease1 omitto4 censor1 censor4 centre1 media pars4 certain1 a 7indef471 quidam4 certainly1 procul dubio4 challenge1 provoco4 chance1 by1 forte4 chariot1 currus4 charm1 demulceo4 choose1 deligo1 eligo4 citizen1 civis4 city1 urbs4 city1 in the 7adj471 urbanus1 urbicus4 clever1 astutus4 collect1 comparo4 come1 venio4 come to1 pervenio4 comedy1 comoedia4 command1 imperium4 command 7army71 rego4 conceal1 celo4 condemn1 condemno1 damno4 confidence1 confidentia4 congratulation1 gratulatio4 conquer1 vinco1 supero4 consider1 habeo2 ,i am considered1 videor1 habeor4 conspiracy1 coniuratio4 consult1 consulo1 consulto4 contest1 certamen4 control1 impero4 conversation1 sermo4 converse with1 colloquor4 cook1 torreo4 corn1 sementes4 correct1 corrigo4 country 7adj471 rusticus4 courage1 animus4 course1 cursus4 cowardice1 ignavia4 credulity1 credulitas4 crop1 seges4 crowd1 turba1 caterva4 crown 7s471 corona4 crown 7v471 corono4 cry1 conclamo4 custom1 mos4 cut off1 decido1 praecido4 daily1 quotidianus4 dare1 audeo4 dart1 telum4 daughter1 filia4 dawn1 prima lux4 day1 dies4 death1 mors1 exitus e vita2 7condemn to7 death1 capitis 7damno47 deceive1 fallo4 deed1 facinus1 factum4 defeat1 vinco1 supero4 defend1 defendo4 defendant1 reus4 demand 7s471 postulatum1 postulatio4 demand 7v471 posco4 depart1 digredior4 depend on1 vertor in4 desert 7s471 locus desertus4 desert 7v471 descisco ab4 desire1 opto4 despise1 contemno4 difficulty1 of 7adj471 difficilis4 direct1 dirigo4 discover1 detego4 dissipate1 digero4 distance1 at a1 procul4 distant1 longus4 divine1 divinus4 do1 facio4 doe1 cerva4 dog1 canis4 dolphin1 delphin4 dominion1 dicio4 draw up1 instruo4 dreadful1 inmanis4 dream1 somnium4 dress1 induo4 drink1 haurio4 drive1 cogo2 7from home71 exigo4 duty1 officium4 dying1 moribundus4 each1 quisque4 ear1 auris4 easily1 faciliter4 educate1 educo4 eight1 octo4 eighty1 octoginta4 elephant1 elephantus4 emblem1 signum4 embrace1 amplector4 endeavour1 conor4 enemy1 hostis1 inimicus4 energetic1 acer4 enormous1 ingens1 vastus4 enough1 satis4 enter1 introeo1 ascendo in4 equal1 par4 except1 nisi1 praeter4 exchange1 permutatio4 exile1 exilium4 expression1 vox4 extraordinary1 egregius4 eye1 oculus4 fable1 fabula4 face1 os4 facing1 adversum1 adversus4 fall down1 concido4 famous1 praeclarus1 fam celebri4 farm1 fundus4 father1 pater1 paterfamilias4 favourable1 mollis4 fear1 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glitter1 mico4 go1 eo1 cedo4 god1 deus4 gold 7adj471 aureus4 good1 bonus4 good for1 ,i am1 valeo4 grass1 gramen4 great1 magnus4 greedy1 avarus4 grieve1 doleo4 groan1 gemitus edo4 ground1 locus4 grow1 nascor4 guard1 custodio4 guard1 ,i am on my1 caveo4 half1 dimidium4 hand1 manus4 hand to1 trado4 happen1 fio1 accido4 harmless1 sine nox4 harsh1 asper4 harvest1 messis4 haste1 make1 propero4 haughtily1 per superbiam4 have1 habeo4 head1 caput4 hear1 audio4 health1 valetudo4 heart1 cor4 heaven1 by1 divinitus4 height1 proceries1 magnitudo4 help 7s471 auxilium4 help 7v471 adjuvo4 herself1 ipsa1 se4 hide1 recondo1 delitesco4 high1 many stories1 multis tabulatis editus4 his1 suus1 ejus4 hold on1 teneo4 hollow1 caverna4 home1 domus4 honour1 honor2 in honour of1 ob honorem4 honourable1 honestus4 hope1 spes4 horse1 equus4 host1 hospes4 house1 aedes4 how1 quomodo4 hundred1 centum4 hunt1 venatio4 ignorant1 imperitus4 immediately1 statim4 immense1 inmensus4 impertinence1 petulantia4 important1 magnus4 in1 in4 in honour of1 ob honorem4 infamy1 ignominia4 inflamed-throat1 synanche4 inhabit1 incolo1 colo4 inroad1 incursio4 insult1 contumeli afficio4 interpreter1 interpres4 invent1 comminiscor4 jeer at1 eludo1 inrideo4 judge1 iudex4 justice1 ius4 keep1 retineo4 kill1 occido1 interficio4 king1 rex4 know1 scio1 percallesco4 labour1 labor4 lack1 desum4 lame1 debilis4 land1 terra4 language1 lingua4 large1 magnus1 ingens4 large sum of1 grandis4 lark1 cassita4 laugh at1 derideo4 laurel 7s471 laurus4 laurel 7adj471 laureus4 law1 lex4 law-suit1 lis4 leader1 dux4 leaf1 frons4 leave1 relinquo4 leg1 crus4 lend1 dare 444 mutuum4 lick1 lambo1 demulceo4 lie1 mendacium4 lies1 tell1 mentior4 life1 vita1 caput4 lifeless1 exanguis4 like1 more 7with adj4 or gen474 line 7of battle71 acies4 linger1 demoror4 lion1 leo4 live1 vivo4 loiterer1 cessator4 long while1 for a1 diu4 loose1 let1 emitto4 lose1 amitto4 loud1 sublatus1 magnus4 love1 amo4 luxuriant1 laetus4 lyre1 fides4 mad1 ,i am1 deliro4 magnificence1 splendor4 maintain1 retineo1 contendo4 make1 facio1 reddo4 make haste1 propero4 man1 homo4 manoeuvre1 converto4 many1 multus4 many sorts of1 varius4 mark1 nota4 marriage1 matrimonium4 married to1 ,i am1 nubo4 marsh1 palus4 marvellous1 mirandus4 master1 dommus1 magister4 matron1 materfamilias4 matter1 res4 mean1 what does this1 quid hoc sibi vult4 medicine1 medicina1 res medicina4 meet1 obviam fio4 mid-day1 7s471 dies medius4 mid-day1 7adj471 meridianus4 middle1 medius4 military1 militaris4 mimic hunt1 pugna venationis4 modern1 praesens4 money1 pecunia4 mother1 mater4 motionless1 immobilis4 mount1 inscendo4 mourn for1 lugeo4 mourning1 habitus lugubris4 mouth1 os4 much1 multus1 grandis4 much1 as much as1 tantus 444 quantus4 must1 necesse est4 my1 meus4 myself1 ego ipse4 name1 nomen1 cognomen4 nation1 gens4 natural position1 natura4 near1 prope4 necessary1 necesse4 neck1 collum4 neck-lace1 torquis4 neglect1 negligo4 neighbour1 vicinus4 neighbouring1 proximus4 nest1 nidus4 never1 nunquam1 nusquam4 next1 posterus4 next day1 postridie4 night1 nox4 nine1 novem4 no one1 nemo1 nullus4 not1 non1 haud4 number1 numerus4 oak1 quercus4 oath1 iusiurandum4 obey1 pareo4 offer1 offero4 offspring1 fetus4 often1 saepe4 old1 antiquus1 vetus4 old days1 in1 antiquitus4 old-fashioned1 priscus4 old woman1 anus4 olive1 oleum4 on1 in1 super4 one1 unus4 one day1 quodam die4 only1 modo4 opinion1 ,i am of1 censeo4 oppose1 loquor contra4 oracle1 oraculum4 order1 jubeo1 impero4 order that1 in1 ut1 quo4 other1 alius4 others1 the1 ceteri4 ought1 debeo1 or gerundive4 out of1 e1 ex4 own1 his1 suus4 owner1 dominus4 palm1 palma4 pardon1 poen solvo4 pass 7sentence71 fero 7sententiam74 pay1 do1 solvo4 peace1 pax4 people1 populus1 vulgus4 perch on1 insisto4 perfect1 integer4 perform1 facio4 perish1 pereo4 persuade1 persuadeo4 philosopher1 philosophus4 pierce1 perfodio4 pitiable1 miserandus4 place1 7s471 locus4 place 7hope71 habeo 7spem74 place in1 condo4 place on1 impono1 pono4 plague1 pestilentia4 plain1 campus4 plan1 consilium4 plant1 consero4 play1 cano4 plead1 verba facere4 poison1 venenum4 polish1 tracto4 position1 natural1 natura4 possession1 take1 potior4 praise1 laus4 pray1 obsecro1 oro4 present1 dono1 offero4 pretend1 simulo4 prevent1 to1 ut ne1 ne4 price1 pretium4 prisoner1 captivus4 produce1 pario1 edo1 profero4 promise1 promitto4 proof1 argumentum4 property1 praedium4 propose1 censeo4 provided with1 copiosus4 prune1 amputo4 publicly1 publice4 pull out1 revello4 pull up1 revello4 punish1 vindico1 punio1 multo4 pupil1 auditor4 quarrelsome1 litigiosus4 ravage1 depopulor4 raven1 corvus4 read1 recito4 reap1 meto4 receive1 accipio1 fero4 recover1 recupero4 refuse1 nolo4 rejoicing 7s471 laetitia4 rejoicing 7adj471 laetus4 relate1 narro1 trado4 relation1 cognatus4 remain1 maneo4 remaining1 reliquus4 remains1 reliquiae4 remarkable1 eximius4 remedy1 remedium4 reply1 respondeo4 reproach1 obiicio4 restore1 reddo4 return1 redeo4 returns 7s471 reditus4 reward1 praemium4 rise1 exurgo1 resurgo4 road1 via4 roaring1 fremitus4 room1 cubiculum4 rough1 rudis4 safe1 salvus1 incolumis4 safety1 salus4 sailor1 nauta4 same1 idem4 save1 servo4 say1 dico1 narro4 scorn1 aspernor4 sea1 mare4 search for1 quaero1 requiro4 seated on1 insidens4 secret1 clandestinus1 tacitus4 secretly1 tacite4 see1 video4 sell1 vendo4 senate1 senatus4 senate-house1 curia4 senator1 senator4 send1 mitto4 send for1 arcesso4 sentence1 sententia4 separate1 separo4 shake1 vibro4 shame1 pudor4 shapeless1 informis4 shield1 scutum4 shine1 praefulgeo4 ship1 navis4 shoulder1 humerus4 shout1 clamor4 show1 ostendo4 shut in1 includo4 shut up1 claudo4 sickle1 falx4 siege1 obsideo4 sigh1 murmura edo4 sight1 aspectus4 sight1 in my1 me inspectante4 silent1 ,i am1 taceo4 silently1 tacite4 silver 7adj471 argenteus4 sing1 cano4 sister1 soror4 sit1 sedeo4 situated1 situs4 six1 sex4 size1 corpus4 skill1 ars1 disciplina4 skilled1 peritus1 sollers4 slave1 servus4 slay1 transigo4 sleep1 quiesco4 small1 parvus4 smear1 lino4 so1 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tell1 dico1 narro1 enuntio4 tell lies1 mentior4 temple1 templum4 ten1 decem4 term1 condicio4 terrible1 terrificus4 terrified1 territus4 thank1 grates ago1 gratias ago4 thanks1 grates1 gratiae4 that1 ille1 is4 their1 suus1 eorum1 illorum4 therefore1 itaque4 thing1 res4 think1 puto4 third1 tertius4 this1 hic4 thorn1 stirps4 though1 cum4 three1 tres4 three years1 triennium4 through1 per4 throw1 iacio1 coniicio4 throw away1 abiicio4 throw down1 everto4 thus1 ita1 sic4 time1 tempus4 time1 at the1 in praesens4 tomb1 sepulcrum4 to-morrow1 cras4 towards1 ad4 tower1 turris4 town1 oppidum4 trappings1 insignia4 treachery1 insidiae4 tree1 arbor4 tribune1 tribunus4 triumph 7s471 triumphus4 triumph 7v471 triumpho4 trust in1 confido4 try1 experior1 cognosco4 turn to or on1 refero4 turret1 turris4 twenty1 viginti4 twenty-times1 vicies4 twig1 virgultum4 two1 duo4 uncle1 patruus4 understand1 intellego4 undertake1 recipio4 unfinished1 inperfectus4 unfledged1 involucris4 unsettled1 iniudicatus4 unusual1 novus4 unwilling1 ,i am1 nolo4 urn1 urna4 use1 utor1 expromo4 useful1 utilis1 magno usu and magno usui4 vain1 in1 frustra4 vast1 ingens4 verdict1 ,i give a1 pronuntio4 verse1 versus4 very1 admodum4 victory1 victoria4 vigour1 vigor4 vine1 vinum4 voice1 vox4 voluntary1 voluntarius4 vote1 sententia4 wag1 moveo4 war1 bellum4 warn1 moneo1 praemoneo4 warrior1 bellator4 wavering1 ambiguus4 weary1 ,i am1 of this1 pertaedet me huius4 weep1 lacrimo4 weep for1 comploro4 weight1 pondus4 well-loved1 amatus4 what1 quis4 whatever1 quicumque4 when1 ubi1 cum4 whenever1 ubicumque1 cum4 which1 qui4 white1 albus4 who1 quis1 qui4 whoever1 quicumque4 whole1 totus4 why1 cur4 wife1 uxor4 wild-beast1 fera1 bestia4 wild-beast1 of a1 7adj471 ferinus4 willingly1 libenter4 win1 vinco4 win over1 comparo4 with1 cum4 wise1 sapiens4 wish1 volo4 woman1 mulier4 woman1 old1 anus4 wonder at1 miror1 admiror1 demiror4 wonderful1 minis1 mirandus1 mirificus4 wooden1 ligneus4 word1 verbum4 worthy1 dignus4 wound 7s471 vulnus4 wound 7v471 haurio4 write1 scribo4 writer1 scriptor4 you1 tu1 vos4 young man1 adulescens4 young ones1 pulli4 ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,stories ,,compared ,,with ,,the ,,books ,,of ,,the ,,noctes ,,atticae4 ,,selection4 ,,noctes ,,atticae4 #a4 xvii4 #aj #b4 xvii4 #d #c4 xiii4 #f #d4 i4 #ag #e4 ii4 #a #f4 v4 #b #g4 xv4 #ag #h4 i4 #ad #i4 v4 #e #aj4 xv4 #af #aa4 i4 #bc #ab4 i4 #bc #ac4 xv4 #bb #ad4 xv4 #bb #ae4 i4 #ai #af4 iv4 #ah #ag4 iv4 #ah #ah4 vi4 7vii47 #a #ai4 i4 #c #bj4 i4 #aj #ba4 ix4 #ac #bb4 ix4 #ac #bc4 ix4 #aa #bd4 ii4 #bi #be4 ii4 #bi #bf4 ii4 #bi #bg4 iii4 #h #bh4 v4 #ad #bi4 v4 #ad #cj4 v4 #ad #ca4 vi4 7vii47 #e #cb4 xi4 #i #cc4 xii4 #ab #cd4 xv4 #a #ce4 xvi4 #ai #cf4 xvi4 #ai #cg4 xix4 #ab #ch4 xvii4 #af #ci4 v4 #aj #dj4 vi4 7vii47 #ah ,,index ,,to ,,the ,,most ,,important ,,notes4 ,the ,roman figures give the number of the selection1 the ,arabic figures the number of the line in the selection4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the ,notes and the ,proper ,names were printed as shown here1 in a single merged ,index4 abhinc multis annis1 xx4 #aj4 ablative absolute1 v4 #i4 acceptum referre1 xvii4 #ac4 accusative plural of #crd declension in -is1 ix4 #b4 acerbus1 v4 #e4 adfines1 xxvi4 #e4 adigere aliquem iusiurandum1 xl4 #f4 adjective for ,english substantive and preposition1 x4 #a 7,milo ,crotoniensis72 xl4 #a 7proelium ,cannense74 advocare1 xxxii4 #b4 aedes1 xvi4 #ag4 aerarium1 xvii4 #aj4 ,aesopus1 xxiv4 #a4 ager ,pomptinus1 xxiii4 #a4 akoinonotoi1 xxxiii4 #aj4 albus1 xiv4 #a4 ,alcibiades1 iv4 #d4 ,alexander1 vi4 #a4 ambitus1 ii4 #b4 animus and mens1 v4 #e4 ,antiochus1 ix4 #a4 antiquus1 xx4 #d4 argyranche1 xxxii4 #ad4 ,arion1 xxxv4 #a4 ,aristoteles1 iii4 #a4 attraction of antecedent into relative clause1 xxx4 #b2 xxxix4 #f4 ,aurunci1 xx4 #f4 avunculus1 vii4 #a4 ,bucephalas1 vi4 #a4 -bundus and -cundus1 vi4 #aa4 ,caesar1 ,c4 ,iulius1 xx4 #af4 ,caesar1 ,claudius1 xxix4 #b4 canere tibiis1 vii4 #d4 ,cannae1 ix4 #a4 capitalis res1 xxx4 #i4 caput1 xix4 #a4 ,cato1 xvii4 #a4 censeo 7parenthetically71 xvi4 #ab4 censores1 xl4 #bd4 ,chares1 vi4 #b4 ,cicero1 xxxiii4 #a4 cinctus1 xxi4 #ag4 ,circus ,maximus1 xxviii4 #a4 ,cispius ,mons1 xxxiv4 #c4 cognati1 xxvi4 #e4 comoediarum certamina1 ii4 #b4 comparare hominem in aliquem1 xvii4 #c4 congerere 7absolutely71 xxv4 #c4 consecution of tenses after historic present1 xxi4 #ab2 xxiii4 #f2 xxxv4 #e4 contestari litem1 xxxix4 #ab4 ,coruncanius1 xx4 #d4 ,crotoniensis1 x4 #a4 ,crotona1 x4 #a4 cruor1 xxix4 #bc4 cum 7conj471 vi4 #h2 with indic4 7#a7 frequentative1 xiv4 #g2 7#b7 et tum1 xxi4 #f2 7#c7 because1 xxxiii4 #aa4 curia1 xi4 #a4 ,curius ,dentatus1 xx4 #c4 curo with gerundive1 vii4 #c2 xiii4 #a4 dative of purpose 7predicative dat471 viii4 #d4 ,demades1 xxxii4 #d4 ,demosthenes1 xxxii4 #d4 dependent interrogatives1 x4 #f4 desinere artem1 x4 #c4 deveho 7de to land71 xxxvi4 #g4 disciplina1 xxii4 #b4 dissimulanter1 xxxvi4 #ab4 dum with subj41 xxv4 #e4 ,electra1 xxxi4 #e4 ,ennius1 xxxviii4 #i4 ephippium1 ix4 #f4 ,euander1 xx4 #i4 exerceor1 in middle sense1 iv4 #g4 ,fabricius1 viii4 #a4 fac eas1 xxv4 #aa4 facto 444 opus est1 xiv4 #ah4 falcibus 7currus cum71 ix4 #d4 familias1 xii4 #c4 ,favorinus1 xx4 #a4 felix 7fruitful71 xxxvii4 #ah4 foculus1 xv4 #g4 forum1 xxiii4 #ba4 frequentative verbs1 xviii4 #d4 frenis 444 fulgentem1 ix4 #f4 genitive denoting nature1 duty of1 xxxiii4 #ab4 genitive after gerund 7causarum orandi cupidus71 xxxix4 #a4 gerunds and gerundives1 xiii4 #a4 gratiae1 xxxvii4 #ac4 ,hannibal1 ix4 #a4 haurire pectus1 xxii4 #i4 hercle1 iii4 #a4 ,hispanicus gladius1 xxii4 #g4 historic infinitive1 xxv4 #ae4 ,horatii1 xx4 #e4 hospita1 xv4 #b4 id temporis1 xviii4 #g4 imperium proconsulare1 xxix4 #e4 inceptive or inchoative verbs1 ii4 #e4 ingentis1 7acc4 plur471 ix4 #b4 in iure stare1 xviii4 #ah4 inmittere 7absolutely71 vi4 #i4 insula 7lodging-house71 xxxiv4 #d4 interrogatives1 dependent1 x4 #f4 ire infitias1 xxxvi4 #ah4 ius dicere1 xviii4 #af4 iusiurandum aliquem adigere1 xl4 #f4 locative case1 xi4 #a4 loci 7nusquam71 xv4 #ai4 7e7 mediis hostibus1 vi4 #ab4 ,menander1 ii4 #a4 mens and animus1 v4 #e4 ,methymna1 xxxv4 #a4 middle signification of passive voice1 iv4 #g4 mihi and ad me after verbs1 xxvii4 #ac4 ,milo1 x4 #a4 ,mitridates1 xxxviii4 #a4 monilia1 ix4 #f4 -ne pleonastic1 xi4 #aj4 ne 444 quis1 xi4 #d4 nemo1 xiv4 #i4 nobilis1 xxxv4 #a4 noctis extremo1 xviii4 #c4 nonne1 num1 -ne1 ii4 #e4 nudus1 xxi4 #g4 nusquam loci1 xv4 #af4 ,orestes1 xxxi4 #e4 ,oresti 7genitive71 xxxi4 #f4 orthium carmen1 xxxv4 #ba4 ,osce1 xxxviii4 #aj4 ,palatium1 xxxiii4 #a4 pareo1 pario1 paro1 i4 #b4 participle and verb in ,latin two verbs in ,english1 xxi4 #c2 xl4 #b4 partitive genitive1 id temporis1 xviii4 #g2 quantum mercedis1 xxxii4 #ag4 passives with middle signification1 iv4 #g4 ,pelasgi1 xx4 #f4 per contemptum1 xxiii4 #e4 ,periander1 xxxv4 #a4 ,pericles1 vii4 #a4 phalerae1 ix4 #f4 ,philemon1 ii4 #a4 ,piraeus1 xxxiv4 #ae4 plague of ,athens1 v4 #aj4 ,plutarchus1 iii4 #a4 ,poenus1 ix4 #h4 ,pomptinus ager1 xxiii4 #a4 possies1 xxiv4 #ac4 postliminium1 xl4 #ab4 7in7 praesens1 xxxiii4 #b4 praetextatus1 xi4 #b4 predicative dative1 viii4 #d4 prepositions1 verbs compounded with1 xxix4 #bb2 xxxiv4 #c4 priusquam with subjunctive1 xxxiii4 #d4 proconsulare imperium1 xxix4 #e4 ,protagoras1 xxxix4 #c4 purpose1 dative of1 viii4 #d4 ,pyrrus1 xxvii4 #a4 ,pythagoras1 x4 #a4 quadrati versus1 xxiv4 #aj4 quae dicas 7indefinite71 xx4 #aa4 quaeso 7parenthetically71 ii4 #d4 quasi1 xv4 #f4 qui with subjunctive 7final71 xxv4 #ag2 7causal7 xxxvii4 #c4 quid 444 sibi vult1 xii4 #f4 7si7 quid rei1 xxv4 #g4 quin with indicative1 xxvi4 #d4 quis 7indefinite71 xi4 #d4 quisquam and ullus1 x4 #f4 re in composition1 i4 #f4 ,samnites1 viii4 #a4 satira1 xxiv4 #aj4 scatebat iris1 iv4 #c4 ,scipio ,africanus1 xvi4 #a2 xviii4 #b4 ,scipio ,asiaticus1 xvii4 #e4 scutum1 xxi4 #ag4 securus with genitive1 vi4 #ad4 sed enim1 xv4 #aj4 sequence of tenses after historic present1 xxi4 #ab2 xxiii4 #f2 xxxv4 #e4 sestertii and sestertium1 vi4 #c2 xxxiii4 #b4 ,sertorius1 xiii4 #a4 ,sibyllini libri1 xv4 #a4 ,sicani1 xx4 #f4 ,socrates1 iv4 #a1 #d4 sol oriens1 v4 #c4 sollemnis1 xvi4 #ah4 ,sophocles1 xxx4 #e4 ,sulla1 ,l41 xxxiv4 #ae4 ,sulla1 ,p41 xxxiii4 #b4 supine in -um1 xvi4 #ac2 xxii4 #ag2 xxv4 #f4 supine in -u1 xiv4 #e2 xxiv4 #b2 xxvii4 #ab4 ,taenarum1 xxxvi4 #f4 talentum1 xxxii4 #ai4 ,tarquinius ,superbus1 xv4 #a4 temporal conjunctions with subjunctive1 cum1 vi4 #h2 dum1 xxv4 #e2 priusquam1 xxxiii4 #d4 tibiae1 vii4 #d4 ,torquatus1 xxi4 #a4 torquis1 xxi4 #c4 tribunus militaris1 xxiii4 #h4 tribunus plebis1 xvi4 #a4 turribus 7elephanti cum71 ix4 #e4 ullus1 x4 #f4 vadari1 xviii4 #bb4 vadimonium1 xviii4 #ai4 venum dare1 xxxiv4 #aj4 ,vergilius1 i4 #a4 vertitur in1 xxvi4 #bj4 videres1 xxviii4 #ae4 vult1 quid sibi1 xii4 #f4 ,zama1 ix4 #a4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,errata 7noted by transcriber7 ,the spelling deminutive 7demin47 is used consistently4 ,a few terms were inconsistently italicized1 including e4g41 i4e4 and only 7in vocabulary notes such as sing4 only74 ,rather than try to second-guess the author1 they have been left as printed4 ,errors and ,irregularities3 ,,xv3 ,tarquinius ore iam serio atque attentiore animo fit ,tarquinus ,,vi ,note3 entered the ,punjaub spelling unchanged ,,xvi ,note3 gratulatum 444 the verb of motion notion ,latin-to-,english ,vocabulary3 d-on7ec1 conj41 until4 ,text has ,greek e for 7e in donec l-ib7ero 444 7l-iber47 ,macron in l-iber conjectural3 printed text has liber without visible macron or dot ,missing or invisible punctuation3 ,invisible means that there is a suitably sized gap1 but no printing is visible4 ,,stories ,,xiv4 444 in eum locum1 in quo ipse cum amicis esset1 4 for second 1 ,,xviii4 atque ibi solus diu demorari1 4 for 1 ,,xxix4 recubuit et quievit4 missing ,,notes ,i4 ,p4 ,vergilius ,maro 444 after the fall of ,troy 4 missing p7ar7ere 444par7itum1 -7ere - missing ,,iii4 hercle 444 'me deus ,fidius juvet' ' missing ,,xiii4 ,the uses of the gerund and gerundive 444 e4g4 haec ad iudicandum sunt facillima 444 sum 7est1 erat1 fuit1 esse1 etc47 444 e4g4 nunc est bibendum all periods in e4g4 and etc4 invisible 'he gave them the lands to dwell in4' ,cf4 vii4 #c4 note4 4 missing after dwell in and after vii4 ,,xvi4 ,publius ,cornelius 444 his father ,p4 ,scipio 4 missing ,i am old enough4' for ' ,,xviii4 ventitare 444 ',i stick fast4' for ' ,,xx4 #aa4 quae dicas 4 invisible ,,xxvi4 quin 444 imus 444 'nay1 look at me' for ' ,,xxix4 proconsulari imperio 444 praetors3 7#b7 the ,imperial ,provinces shown as printed1 but 3 may be error for 2 ,,xxxi4 ,electram 444 the bones of ,orestes4' for ' ,,xxxii4 quin 444 quoque1 ellipsis in printed phrase invisible ,,xxxiii4 sestertium viciens 444 or #b asses denominator invisible ,,latin ,,vocabulary adficio4 ,cf4 afficio4 invisible c7or-ona1 -ae - missing deus1 -i1 m41 god4 4 missing f-acundia1 -ae1 f41 eloquence 4 invisible f-ecundus1 -a1 -um - missing g7em7itus1 -us - missing ign-oro 444 7ign-arus1 for in-gnarus or -narus47 7 missing imm-itis invisible m-ir7if7icus1 -a1 -um first - missing obv7enio invisible p7av7ef7acio 444 7p7aveo47 4 missing pax1 p-acis 444 7pgnumi47 4 invisible ,p7eriander1 -dri1 m4 4 for second 1 quaero1 -s-ivi or -sii1 s-itum second - missing qu-alis1 -e 444 talis 444 qualis ellipsis in talis 444 qualis invisible quamobrem1 adv4 4 invisible s7up7erior1 -us 444 s7-upr-emus or summus4 4 invisible vast-us1 -a1 -um second - missing v-erus1 -a1 -um1 4 after -um41 vict-oria1 -ae1 f41 victory4 7victor1 vinco47 4 invisible vis 7vim1 vi1 no gen4 sing41 plur4 v-ires1 etc47 4 invisible ,,english ,,vocabulary bail1 vadimonium 4 missing sight1 in my1 me inspectante 4 missing ,,index ,,to ,,notes ,osce1 xxxviii4 #aj4 4 after xxxviii missing