---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,disclaim] ,! articles publi%$ 9 ! ,annual ,reports ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association are ! f9d+s & ?\ghts solely ( ! au?ors & are n to be con/ru$ z an endorsem5t by ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 its bo>d ( directors1 or its memb]s4 ,no endorsem5t is int5d$ = products m5tion$1 nor is criticism meant = products n m5tion$4 ,! laws & recomm5dations = pe/icide application may h *ang$ s9ce ! articles 7 writt54 ,x is always ! pe/icide applicator's responsibility1 by law1 to read & foll[ all curr5t label directions = ! specific pe/icide be+ us$4 ,! discussion ( specific nut tree cultiv>s & ( specific te*niques to gr[ nut trees t might h be5 successful 9 "o area & at a p>ticul> "t is n a gu>antee t simil> results w occur else:]e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ,,incorporat$ ,affiliat$ ) ,! ,am]ican ,horticultural ,society #cg? ,annual ,report ,,conv5tion ,,at ,,woo/]1 ,,ohio ,,septemb] #c1 #d1 #e #aidf ,table ( ,cont5ts ,(fic]s & ,committees #c ,/ate ,vice ,presid5ts #d ,li/ ( ,memb]s #e ,con/itution #ba ,by-,laws #bb ,proce$+s ( ! ,?irty-,sev5? ,annual ,conv5tion #bc ,address ( ,welcome--,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,g\rley #bc ,response--,john ,e4 ,cannaday1 ,m4,d4 #bd ,address ( ,retir+ ,presid5t--,c>l ,wes*cke #bd ,report ( ,secret>y--,mildr$ ,m4 ,jones #be ,report ( ! ,treasur]--,d4 ,c4 ,snyd] #bf ,aims & ,aspirations ( ! ,ohio ,nut ,gr[]s--,a4 ,a4 ,bung>t #bg ,notes on ! ,annual ,meet+ #ca ,nut ,gr[+ ,"u ,semi-,arid ,conditions--,a4 ,g4 ,hirs*i #cb ,wea!r ,conditions v]sus ,nut ,tree ,crops--,j4 ,f4 ,wilk9son #cg ,nut ,tree ,notes f ,s\?we/]n ,ohio--,h>ry ,r4 ,web] #ci ,black ,walnut ,nurs]y ,/udies--,/u>t ,b4 ,*ase #dj ,my ,exp]im5ts1 ,gambles & ,failures--,john ,davidson #db ,nut ,trees 9 ,wildlife ,cons]vation--,floyd ,b4 ,*apman #de ,comm]cial ,aspects ( ,nut ,crops z f> ,nor? z ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9nesota--,c>l ,wes*cke #dh ,! #aidf ,/atus ( ,*9ese ,*e/nut ,gr[+ 9 ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates--,cl>5ce ,a4 ,re$ #ea ,be>+ ,record ( ! ,hemm+ ,*9ese ,*e/nut ,or*>d--,e4 ,sam ,hemm+ #eh ,walnut ,notes--,g4 ,h4 ,corsan #fj ,self-fruitfulness 9 ! ,w9kl] ,hazel--,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby #fj ,hickories & ,o!r ,nuts 9 ,nor?we/]n ,ill9ois--,a4 ,b4 ,an?ony #fa ,nut ,trees = ,ohio ,pa/ures--,dr4 ,oliv] ,d4 ,dill] #fb ,h[ ,h>dy ,are ,ori5tal ,*e/nuts & ,hybrids8--,russell ,b4 ,clapp] & ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt #fd ,gr[+ ,*e/nuts = ,timb]--,jesse ,d4 ,dill] #ff ,improv$ ,me?ods ( ,/or+ ,*e/nuts--,h4 ,l4 ,crane & ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay #ga ,ess5tial ,elem5ts 9 ,tree ,nutrition--,w4 ,f4 ,wis*us5 #gc ,nut ,tree ,propagation z a ,hobby = a ,*emi/--,dr4 ,e4 ,m4 ,%elton #hc ,notes on ,propagation & ,transplant+ 9 ,we/]n ,t5nessee--,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel #hg ,propagat+ ,nut ,trees ,"u ,glass--,/eph5 ,b]na? #ij ,! ,economic1 ,ecological & ,horticultural ,aspects ( ,int]cropp+ ,nut ,plant+s--,dr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,o',r\rke #ia ,nut ,"w at ! ,mahon+ ,c\nty ,exp]im5t ,f>m1 ,canfield1 ,ohio--,l4 ,walt] ,%]man #ic ,! ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,conte/ ( #aidf #if #aidf ,i[a ,black ,walnut ,conte/ #ih ,graft+ ,me?ods ,adapt$ to ,nut ,trees--,h4 ,f4 ,/oke #ii ,beg9n+s 9 ,walnut ,graft+--,c4 ,c4 ,l\nsb]ry #ajc ,=e/ ,backgr\nd--,john ,davidson #ajf ,graft ! ,p]sian ,walnut ,high 9 ,mi*igan--,gilb]t ,beck] #aaa ,pecan ,gr[+ 9 ,we/]n ,ill9ois--,r4 ,b4 ,be/ #aab ,r&om ,notes f ,ea/]n ,new ,york--,gilb]t ,l4 ,smi? #aad ,yield & ,nut ,quality ( ! ,common ,black ,walnut 9 ! ,t5nessee ,valley--,?omas ,g4 ,z>g] #aah ,! #aidf ,field ,t\r--,c4 ,a4 ,re$ #abd ,report ( ,resolutions ,committee #abf ,obitu>y--,g\rley1 ,bixby #abf ,lett]s to ! ,secret>y2 ,notes2 ,extracts #abh ,li/ ( ,exhibits #acc ,att5dance #acd ,,(fic]s ,,( ,,! ,,association ,presid5t--,,cl>5ce ,a4 ,,re$1 #gcji ,p9ey ,bran* ,rd41 ,n4,w41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,vice ,presid5t--,,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,,macdaniels1 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,treasur]--,d4 ,c4 ,,snyd]1 ,c5t] ,po9t1 ,i[a ,secret>y--,,mildr$ ,m4 ,,jones1 ,,box #cef1 ,lanca/]1 ,p5na4 ,director--,,c>l ,,wes*cke1 #if ,s4 ,waba%a ,/41 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n4 ,director--,,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,colby1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 ,urbana1 ,ill4 ,dean--,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,dem+1 ,lit*field1 ,conn4 ,p>liam5t>ian--,,john ,,davidson1 #bcd ,e4 ,second ,/41 ,x5ia1 ,o4 ,,executive ,,appo9tm5ts ,,p>liam5t>ian ,john ,davidson ,,legal ,,advis]s ,s>g5t ,wellman1 ,h>ry ,web] ,,audit+ ,e4 ,p4 ,g]b]1 ,g4 ,a4 ,gray1 ,r4 ,e4 ,silvis ,,f9ance ,c>l ,wes*cke1 ,h>ry ,web]1 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyd] ,,press ,,& ,,publication ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan ,,v>ieties ,,& ,,conte/s--,gilb]t ,beck]1 ,gilb]t ,l4 ,smi?1 ,l4 ,walt] ,%]man1 ,a4 ,g4 ,hirs*i1 ,sew>d ,be?[ ,,survey ,john ,davidson ,,exhibits--,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimm]man1 ,mrs4 ,h]b]t ,negus1 ,i4 ,w4 ,%ort1 ,gilb]t ,l4 ,smi?1 ,h4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,l4 ,walt] ,%]man1 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilk9son1 ,royal ,oakes1 ,sew>d ,b]h[1 ,george ,br&1 ,a4 ,g4 ,hirs*i1 ,r4 ,t4 ,dun/an1 ,sp5c] ,b4 ,*ase & ,abe ,m>gol91 ,c>l ,wes*cke1 ,,program--,mildr$ ,jones1 ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,o4 ,d4 ,dill]1 ,?omas ,g4 ,z>g]1 ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,cl>5ce ,a4 ,re$ ,,memb]%ip--,mrs4 ,s4 ,h4 ,graham1 ,a4 ,a4 ,bung>t1 ,mrs4 ,h]b]t ,negus1 ,george ,kratz]1 ,lewis ,a4 ,!iss ,,necrology--,mrs4 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 ,mrs4 ,john ,h]%ey1 ,mrs4 ,william ,rohrba*]1 ,mrs4 ,john ,davidson1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,,place ,,( ,,meet+ 7,bo? #aidg & #aidh7--;,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyd]1 ,g4 ,j4 ,korn ,,(ficial ,,j\rnal--,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[]1 #aggj ,ont>io ,/41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio ,/ate ,vice ,presid5ts ,alabama ,,lovic ,,orr ,alb]ta1 ,canada ,a4 ,l4 ,,"y ,arkansas ,,se>les ,,johnson ,briti% ,columbia1 ,c4 ,j4 ,u4 ,,gellatly ,cali=nia ,,dr4 ,,?omas ,r4 ,,haig ,canal ,zone ,l4 ,c4 ,,leighton ,colorado ,w4 ,a4 ,,colt ,connecticut ,,william ,g4 ,,canfield ,delaw>e ,,edw>d ,c4 ,,lake ,georgia ,g4 ,,clyde ,,eidson ,idaho ,,fr$ ,,bais* ,ill9ois ,,joseph ,,g]>di ,indiana ,,dr4 ,,*>les ,h4 ,,sk9n] ,i[a ,e4 ,f4 ,,hu5 ,kansas ,h4 ,s4 ,,wise ,k5tucky ,,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,moss ,l\isiana ,j4 ,,hill ,,fullilove ,ma9e ,,radcliffe ,b4 ,,pike ,m>yl& ,,wilm] ,p4 ,,hoopes ,massa*usetts ,,dr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,,van ,,met] ,mexico ,,julio ,,gr&jean ,mi*igan ,,gilb]t ,,beck] ,m9nesota ,r4 ,e4 ,,hodgson ,mississippi ,,dr4 ,,erne/ ,a4 ,,cook ,miss\ri ,,dr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,,b>nes1 ,,jr4 ,nebraska ,,george ,,br& ,new ,hamp%ire ,l4 ,a4 ,,d\gh]ty ,new ,j]sey ,,mrs4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,buckwalt] ,new ,york ,,cl>5ce ,,lewis ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,,dun/an ,ohio ,g4 ,a4 ,,gray ,oklahoma ,a4 ,g4 ,,hirs*i ,ont>io1 ,c4 ,g4 ,h4 ,,corsan ,oregon ,e4 ,,russ ,p5nsylvania ,h4 ,,gleason ,,mattoon ,quebec1 ,c4 ,,gordon ,l4 ,,som]s ,rhode ,isl& ,,phillip ,,all5 ,s\? ,am]ica ,,cel$onia ,v4 ,,p]$a ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,,john ,t4 ,,bregg] ,s\? ,dakota ,,hom] ,l4 ,,bradley ,t5nessee ,,?omas ,g4 ,,z>g] ,texas ,,kaufman ,,florida ,utah ,,granville ,,oleson ,v]mont ,a4 ,w4 ,,aldri* ,virg9ia ,,dr4 ,v4 ,a4 ,,p]tz(f ,wa%+ton ,f4 ,d4 ,,l9klett] ,we/ ,virg9ia ,,mey] ,s4 ,,slotk9 ,wiscons9 ,w4 ,s4 ,,bassett ,wyom+ ,w4 ,d4 ,,gre5e ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ,memb]%ip ,li/ z ( ,janu>y #d1 #aidg ,,alabama ,orr1 ,lovic1 ,p5n-,orr-,mac,daniel ,or*>ds1 ,r4 ,d4 #a1 ,danville ,ri*>ds1 ,paul ,n41 ,r4 ,d4 #a1 ,box #cjh1 ,birm+ham ,,arkansas ,johnson1 ,se>les1 ,japton ,upham1 ,h>ry1 ,qu9ta ,nogalada1 ,cove ,williams1 ,j]ry ,f41 ,r4 ,d4 #a1 ,viola ,,cali=nia ,arm/rong ,nurs]ies1 #djh ,n4 ,euclid ,ave41 ,ont>io ,field1 ,lt4 ,eug5e ,a41 ,,usn1 ,u4,s4,s4 ,:itney1 c_/o ,po/ma/]1 ,san ,diego ,haig1 ,dr4 ,?omas ,r41 #ccdd ,h ,/41 ,sacram5to ,kemple1 ,w4 ,h41 #bbb ,we/ ,ral/on ,/41 ,ont>io ,p>sons1 ,*as4 ,e41 ,felix ,gillet ,nurs]y1 ,nevada ,city ,walt]1 ,e4 ,d41 #hii ,alam$a1 ,b]keley ,welby1 ,h>ry ,s41 #ejj ,bu*anan ,/41 ,taft ,,canada ,br[n1 ,alg]1 ,r4 ,d4 #a1 ,h>ley1 ,ont>io ,casanave1 ,r4 ,d4 #b1 ,euburne1 ,b4 ,c4 ,corsan1 ,george ,h41 ,e*o ,valley1 ,isl+ton1 ,ont>io ,cra?1 ,rev4 ,paul ,c41 ,r4 ,d4 #b1 ,conn+ton1 ,ont>io ,eddie ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,pacific ,coa/ ,nurs]ies1 ,s>dis1 ,b4 ,c4 ,elgood1 ,h41 #gd ,trans ,canada ,highway ,we/1 ,*illiwack1 ,b4 ,c4 ,engli%1 ,h4 ,a41 ,box #aec1 ,duncan1 ,b4 ,c4 ,filman1 ,o41 ,ald]%ot1 ,ont>io ,gellatly1 ,david1 ,box #ag1 ,we/bank1 ,b4 ,c4 ,gellatly1 ,j4 ,r41 ,we/bank1 ,b4 ,c4 ,gieg]i*1 ,h4 ,c41 ,con-,m9e1 ,yell[ ,knife1 ,,nwt ,h\ss]1 ,levi1 ,beamsville1 ,ont>io ,maill5e1 ,george1 ,n>amata1 ,b4 ,c4 ,mant51 ,jacob1 ,r4 ,d4 #a1 ,:ite ,rock1 ,b4 ,c4 99 ,neilson1 ,mrs4 ,ell51 #e ,mc,donald ,ave41 ,guelph1 ,ont>io ,papple1 ,elton ,e41 ,r4 ,d4 #c1 ,ga9sville1 ,ont>io ,port]1 ,gordon1 ,y4,m4,c4,a41 ,w9dsor1 ,ont>io ,som]s1 ,gordon ,l41 #cg ,london ,/41 ,%]brooke1 ,quebec ,trayl+1 ,e4 ,j41 #eji ,ri*>ds ,/41 ,vanc\v]1 ,b4 ,c4 ,wagn]1 ,a4 ,s41 ,delhi1 ,ont>io ,wood1 ,d4 ,f41 ,hobbs ,glass ,ltd41 #ed ,duke ,/41 ,toronto1 ,ont>io ,yates1 ,j41 #baej ,e4 #fe? ,ave41 ,vanc\v]1 ,b4 ,c4 ,"y1 ,a4 ,l41 ,brooks1 ,alta4 ,,canal ,,zone ,leighton1 ,l4 ,c41 ,box #adeb1 ,cri/obal ,,colorado ,colt1 ,w4 ,a41 ,lyons ,wild]1 ,w4 ,e41 #iae ,we/ #d?1 ,la ,junta ,,connecticut ,canfield1 ,william ,g41 #dfc ,we/ ,ma9 ,/41 ,new ,brita9 ,david1 ,alex&] ,m41 #djh ,s4 ,ma9 ,/41 ,we/ ,h>t=d ,dawley1 ,ar?ur ,e41 ,r4 ,d4 #a1 ,norwi* 9999,dem+1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c41 ,lit*field ,frueh1 ,alfr$ ,j41 ,we/ ,cornwall ,graham1 ,mrs4 ,coop]1 ,d>i5 99 ,hunt+ton1 ,a4 ,m41 ,/an]igg ,f>ms1 ,be!l ,j5n+s1 ,clyde1 #cj ,we/ ,ma9 ,/41 ,wat]bury ,lehr1 ,fr$]ick ,l41 #de ,elihu ,/41 ,hamd5 ,le,mieux1 ,w4 ,e41 #dd ,grove ,/41 ,rockville ,mc,sweet1 ,ar?ur1 ,clapbo>d ,hill ,rd41 ,guil=d ,milde1 ,k>l ,f41 ,t[n ,f>m ,rd41 ,lit*field ,mor5cey1 ,edw>d1 #cg ,k5s+ton ,/41 ,man*e/] 99 ,newmak]1 ,adolph1 ,r4 ,d41#a1 ,rockville ,page1 ,donald ,t41 ,box #bbh1 ,r4 #a1 ,danielson ,pratt1 ,george ,d41 ,jr41 ,bridgewat] ,rodg]s1 ,raymond1 ,r4 ,d4 #b1 ,we/port ,r\rke1 ,rob]t ,u41 ,r4 ,d4 #a1 ,pomfret ,c5t] ,scazlia1 ,jos4 ,a41 #cgb ,matson ,hill ,rd41 ,s\? 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,van ,pelt ,/41 ,philadelphia #c ,mc,cartney1 ,j4 ,lupton1 ,rm4 #a1 ,horticultural ,bldg41 ,/ate ,college ,m]c]1 ,rob]t ,a41 #dce ,e4 ,phil-,ell]a ,/41 ,philadelphia #ai ,mill]1 ,elwood ,b41 c_/o ,! ,hazleton ,blea*+ ,dye+ ,works1 ,hazleton ,mill]1 ,rob]t ,o41 #crd ,ridge ,/41 ,emmaus ,moy]1 ,philip ,s41 ,union ,tru/ ,bldg41 ,h>risburg ,ni$]rit]1 ,leon>d1 #agbf ,/ate ,/41 ,erie ,reidl]1 ,paul ,g41 ,a%l& ,rial1 ,john1 #ebh ,h>rison ,ave41 ,gre5sburg 99 ,rick1 ,john1 #dch ,p5nsylvania ,sq41 ,read+ ,rob9son1 ,p4 ,s41 ,gettysburg ,rupp1 ,edw>d ,e41 ,jr41 #eg ,w4 ,omfret ,/41 ,c>lisle ,same?1 ,sigmund1 ,gr&eval ,f>m1 ,r4 ,d4 #c1 ,kutzt[n ,s*aible1 ,p]cy1 ,upp] ,black ,eddy ,s*midt1 ,alb]t ,j41 #ecd ,smi?field ,/41 ,pittsburgh ,%eibley1 ,j4 ,w41 ,/> ,r\te1 ,l&isburg ,%elly1 ,david ,b41 ,r4 ,d4 #b1 ,elizabe?t[n ,smi?1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell1 #eej ,elm ,ave41 ,sw>?more ,/ew>t1 ,e4 ,l41 ,p9e ,hill ,f>ms ,nurs]y1 ,r4 ,d4 #b1 ,hom] ,city ,/ew>t1 ,john ,h41 ,yule ,tree ,f>m1 ,akeley ,/oeb5]1 ,h>ry ,w41 #fbbg ,p5n ,ave41 ,pittsburgh ,!iss1 ,dr4 ,lewis ,e41 ,bucknell ,univ]sity1 ,lewisburg ,twi/1 ,frank ,s41 ,nor?umb]l& ,waggon]1 ,*>les ,w41 #dcb ,h>mony ,ave41 ,ro*e/] ,wa%ick1 ,dr4 ,frank ,a41 #eja ,cottman ,ave41 ,philadelphia #aa ,we9ri*1 ,:itney1 #acd ,s4 ,lansd[ne ,ave41 ,lansd[ne ,wicks1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,g41 #bbg ,baywood ,ave41 ,mt4 ,lebanon 99 ,wi/]1 ,john ,c41 ,scott ,f\ndation1 ,sw>?more ,college1 ,sw>?more ,wood1 ,wayne1 ,r4 ,d4 #a1 ,newville ,wright1 ,ross ,pi]1 #bce ,we/ #f? ,/41 ,erie ,zimm]man1 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,a41 ,r4 ,i1 ,l+le/[n ,,rhode ,,isl& ,all51 ,philip1 #agh ,dorance ,/41 ,provid5ce ,r4 ,i4 ,/ate ,college1 ,libr>y ,dept41 ,gre5 ,hall1 ,k+/on ,,s\? ,,am]ica ,p]$a1 ,cel$onia ,v41 ,arroyo #aadb1 ,bu5os ,aires1 ,arg5t9a ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a ,bregg]1 ,john4 ,t41 ,clemson ,,s\? ,,dakota ,bradley1 ,hom] ,l41 ,la,creek ,national ,wildlife ,refuge1 ,m>t9 ,,t5nessee ,h[ell ,nurs]ies1 ,sweetwat] ,mc,daniel1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,c1 ,t5n4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 #djc ,/ate ,(fice ,bldg4 ,na%ville #c ,mey]1 ,james ,r41 ,agronomy ,dept41 ,univ]sity ( ,t5n41 ,knoxville ,rhodes1 ,g4 ,b41 ,r4 ,d4 #b1 ,cov+ton ,ri*>ds1 ,dr4 ,a41 ,:iteville ,ro>k1 ,w4 ,f41 ,malesus ,z>g]1 ,?omas ,g41 ,norris ,,texas ,florida1 ,kaufman1 ,box #aed1 ,rotan ,price1 ,w4 ,s41 ,jr41 ,gu/9e ,,utah ,jeppes51 ,*ris41 ,wildwood ,holl[ ,f>m ,nurs]y1 ,provo ,city ,oleson1 ,granville1 #abaj ,laird ,ave41 ,salt ,lake ,city #e ,pet]son1 ,h>lan ,d41 #bafd ,jeff]son ,ave41 ,ogd5 ,,v]mont ,aldri*1 ,a4 ,w41 ,r4 ,d4 #c1 ,spr+field ,ellis1 ,z5as ,h41 ,fair ,hav54 ,p]petual ,memb]%ip ,9 ,memoriam ,f>r+ton1 ,rob]t ,a41 ,v]mont ,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,montpeli] ,fo/]1 ,=e/ ,k41 ,we/ ,top%am ,ladd1 ,paul1 ,hilltop ,f>m1 ,jamaica ,,virg9ia ,ack]1 ,e4 ,d41 ,co41 ,broadway ,brew/]1 ,/anley ,h41 ,c]ro ,gordo1 ,ga9esville ,burton1 ,george ,l41 #gbh ,college ,/41 ,b$=d ,case1 ,lynn ,b41 ,r4 ,d4 #a1 ,fr$]icksburg ,dick]son1 ,t4 ,c1 #caf-ef? ,/41 ,newport ,news ,gibbs1 ,h4 ,r41 ,mc,lean ,johnson1 ,dr4 ,walt] ,r41 ,g>risonville ,morse1 ,*&l]1 ,valross1 ,r4 ,d4 #e1 ,alex&ria ,nix1 ,rob]t ,w41 ,jr41 ,lucketts ,p]tz(f1 ,dr4 ,v4 ,a41 ,c>t]'s ,bridge ,pet]s1 ,john ,rog]s1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #cg1 ,mc,lean ,p9n]1 ,h4 ,mc,r41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #aee1 ,suffolk ,p[ell1 ,frank1 ,/u>t ,/oke1 ,h4 ,f41 #adbj ,watts ,ave41 ,roanoke ,/oke1 ,dr4 ,john ,h41 #djh-aj ,boxley ,bldg41 ,roanoke ,?ompson1 ,h4 ,c41 ,%ort ,?ompson1 ,inc41 ,hopewell ,v>iety ,products ,co41 #e ,middlebrook ,ave41 ,/aunton ,virg9ia ,tree ,f>m1 ,woodlawn ,webb1 ,john1 ,hillsville ,zimm]man1 ,ru?1 ,bridgewat] ,,we/ ,,virg9ia ,cannaday1 ,dr4 ,john ,e41 ,*>le/on ,g5]al ,hospital1 ,*>le/on #be ,cross1 ,&rew1 ,ripley ,frye1 ,wilb]t ,m41 ,pleasant ,dale ,gl5mont ,nurs]ies1 ,ar?ur ,m4 ,re$1 ,m\ndsville1 ,w4 ,va4 ,gold5 ,*e/nut ,nurs]y1 ,ar?ur ,a4 ,gold1 ,c[5 ,gross1 ,&rew1 ,ripley ,holcomb1 ,h]b]t ,l41 ,riv]side ,nurs]ies1 ,p4,o4 ,box #e1 ,s4 ,*>le/on #c ,hoov]1 ,w5dell ,w41 ,web/] ,spr+s ,m>gol91 ,abe ,s41 ,univ]sity ( ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,morgant[n ,slotk91 ,mey] ,s41 #fbi-aj? ,ave41 ,hunt+ton ,,wa%+ton ,altman1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,e41 #bcch ,k+ ,/41 ,bell+ham #i ,b>?1 ,j4 ,h41 ,box #ahbg ,r4 ,d4 #c1 ,spokane #f ,b>tleson1 ,c4 ,j41 ,box #be1 ,*att>on ,biddle1 ,miss ,g]trude ,w41 #ibc ,gordon ,ave41 ,spokane #ab ,c>ey1 ,joseph ,e41 #dbai ,letona ,ave41 ,seattle ,cl>k1 ,r4 ,w41 #dbba ,ph9ney ,ave41 ,seattle ,d5man1 ,george ,l41 #acai ,ea/ ,n9a ,ave41 ,spokane ,f]ris1 ,major ,hiram ,b41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #gd1 ,spokane #a ,jessup1 ,j4 ,m41 ,cook ,kl+1 ,william ,l41 ,r4 ,d4 #b1 ,box #bcj1 ,cl>k/on ,latt]ell1 ,e!l1 ,gre5acres ,l9klett]1 ,f4 ,d41 #hjcd-ce? ,ave41 ,n4,e41 ,seattle #e ,lynn ,tuttle ,nurs]y1 ,! ,heights1 ,cl>k/on ,m>t91 ,fr$ ,a41 ,/> ,r\te1 ,*elan ,nad]man1 ,g4 ,w41 ,r4 ,d4 #a1 ,box #cgj1 ,olymphia ,%ane ,bros41 ,va%on ,,wiscons9 ,bassett1 ,w4 ,s41 #aebb ,ma9 ,/41 ,la ,crosse ,bru/1 ,john ,j41 #ace ,w4 ,wells ,/41 ,milwaukee #c ,dopk9s1 ,m>v91 ,r4 ,d4 #a1 ,riv] ,falls ,d[ns1 ,m4 ,l41 #ajbd ,n4 ,lem9wah ,/41 ,appleton ,johnson1 ,alb]t ,g41 ,r4 ,d4 #b1 ,box #deg1 ,wauke%a ,koels*1 ,norman1 ,jackson ,ladwig1 ,c4 ,f41 #bbba ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,beloit ,mort5s51 ,m4 ,c41 #baag ,/anson ,ave41 ,rac9e ,z9n1 ,walt] ,g41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #gdg1 ,milwaukee ,,wyom+ ,gre5e1 ,w4 ,d41 ,box #cdh1 ,greybull 99 ,life ,memb] ,contribut+ ,memb] 9999 ,honor>y ,memb] ,,con/itution ,,article ,i--,,"n ,?is ,society %all be kn[n z ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,incorporat$4 ,,article ,,ii--,,object ,its object %all be ! promotion ( int]e/ 9 nut-be>+ plants1 _! products & _! culture4 ,,article ,,iii--,,memb]%ip ,memb]%ip 9 ?is society %all be op5 to all p]sons :o desire to fur!r nut culture1 )\t ref]5ce to place ( resid5ce or nationality1 subject to ! rules & regulations ( ! committee on memb]%ip4 ,,article ,,iv--,,(fic]s ,!re %all be a presid5t1 a vice-presid5t1 a secret>y & a treasur]1 :o %all be elect$ by ballot at ! annual meet+2 & a bo>d ( directors consi/+ ( six p]sons1 ( :i* ! presid5t1 ! two la/ retir+ presid5ts1 ! vice-presid5t1 ! secret>y & ! treasur] %all be memb]s4 ,!re %all be a /ate vice-presid5t f ea* /ate1 dep5d5cy1 or c\ntry repres5t$ 9 ! memb]%ip ( ! association1 :o %all be appo9t$ by ! presid5t4 ,,article ,v--,,election ,,( ,,(fic]s ,a committee ( five memb]s %all be elect$ at ! annual meet+ = ! purpose ( nom9at+ (fic]s = ! foll[+ ye>4 ,,article ,,vi--,,meet+s ,! place & "t ( ! annual meet+ %all be select$ by ! memb]%ip 9 session or1 9 ! ev5t ( no selection be+ made at ?is "t1 ! bo>d ( directors %all *oose ! place & "t = ! hold+ ( ! annual conv5tion4 ,su* o!r meet+s z may seem desirable may be call$ by ! presid5t & bo>d ( directors4 ,,article ,,vii--,,quorum ,t5 memb]s ( ! ,association %all con/itute a quorum b mu/ include two ( ! f\r (fic]s4 ,,article ,,viii--,,am5dm5ts ,?is con/itution may be am5d$ by a two-?irds vote ( ! memb]s pres5t at any annual meet+1 notice ( su* am5dm5t hav+ be5 read at ! previ\s annual meet+1 or copy ( ! propos$ am5dm5t hav+ be5 mail$ by any memb] to ea* memb] ?irty days be=e ! date ( ! annual meet+4 ,,by-,,laws ,,article ,i--,,committees ,! ,association %all appo9t /&+ committees z foll[s3 ,on memb]%ip1 on f9ance1 on programme1 on press & publication1 on exhibits1 on v>ieties & conte/s1 on survey1 & an audit+ committee4 ,! committee on memb]%ip may make recomm5dations to ! ,association z to ! discipl9e or expulsion ( any memb]4 ,,article ,,ii--,,fees ,annual memb]s %all pay two doll>s annually4 ,contribut+ memb]s %all pay t5 doll>s annually4 ,life memb]s %all make "o paym5t ( fifty doll>s & %all be exempt f fur!r dues & %all be entitl$ to ! same b5efits z annual memb]s4 ,honor>y memb]s %all be exempt f dues4 ,p]petual memb]%ip is eligible to any "o :o leaves at lea/ five hundr$ doll>s to ! ,association & su* memb]%ip on paym5t ( said sum to ! ,association %all entitle ! "n ( ! deceas$ to be =ev] enroll$ 9 ! li/ ( memb]s z ,p]petual ) ! words ,9 ,memoriam add$ !reto4 ,funds receiv$ !re= %all be inve/$ by ! ,treasur] 9 int]e/ be>+ securities legal = tru/ funds 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,only ! int]e/ %all be exp5d$ by ! ,association4 ,:5 su* funds are 9 ! treasury ! ,treasur] %all be bond$4 ,provid$3 t 9 ! ev5t ! ,association becomes defunct or dissolves !n1 9 t ev5t1 ! ,treasur] %all turn ov] any funds held 9 8 h&s = ?is purpose = su* uses1 individuals or companies t ! donor may designate at ! "t he makes ! beque/ or ! donation4 ,,article ,,iii--,,memb]%ip ,all annual memb]%ips %all beg9 ,octob] #a/4 ,annual dues receiv$ f new memb]s aft] ,april fir/ %all entitle ! new memb] to full memb]%ip until ,octob] fir/ ( t ye> & a cr$it ( "o-half annual dues = ! foll[+ ye>4 ,,article ,,iv--,,am5dm5ts ,by-,laws may be am5d$ by a two-?irds vote ( memb]s pres5t at any meet+4 ,,article ,v ,memb]s1 %all be s5t a notification ( annual dues at ! "t !y are due &1 if n paid )9 two mon?s1 !y %all be s5t a second notice1 tell+ !m t !y are n 9 good /&+ on acc\nt ( non-paym5t ( dues & are n entitl$ to receive ! annual report4 ,at ! end ( ?irty days f ! s5d+ ( ! second notice1 a ?ird notice %all be s5t notify+ su* memb]s t1 unless dues are paid )9 t5 days f ! receipt ( ?is notice1 _! names w be dropp$ f ! rolls = non-paym5t ( dues4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,?irty-sev5? ,annual ,conv5tion ,report ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association at its ?irty-sev5? ,annual ,conv5tion1 held at ,woo/]1 ,ohio1 ,septemb] #c1 #d1 #e1 #aidf1 9 ! auditorium ( ! ,ohio ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,! conv5tion 0 call$ to ord] at #aj ,a4,m4 ) ! ,presid5t1 ,c>l ,wes*cke1 9 ! *air4 ,address ( ,welcome ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,g\rley1 ( ! ,woo/] ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,! ?+ t w\ld /rike me p>ticul>ly ab\t ?is meet+ we are hav+ is to see p come f s f> away2 a gr\p t is on fire ) int]e/ 9 a fruit :i* has no great economic importance1 9 a place l ! c5tral we/1 9 comp>ison ) o!r fruits4 ,ano!r ?+ t is int]e/+1 z contra/$ ) o!r fruit gr\ps1 w\ld be ?is2 t ! ext5t to :i* nuts become ( great economic importance 9 ^! places lies v l>gely ) y4 ,x seems to me t )\t ! insi/5t desire ( a v small m9ority ( p an indu/ry l ?is w\ld n get v f>4 ,ohio has n done z mu* z %e %\ld4 ,y may h come to ,ohio to give u a %ot 9 ! arm4 ,on behalf ( ! ,director1 ,i want to ext5d to y a cordial welcome to ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation & to ,woo/]4 ,?is ,/ation has #cfjj acres ( l& & "o-?ird is at ,woo/]--#abjj acres4 ,we h #ae di/rict & c\nty f>ms1 #fc1jjj acres 9 /ate =e/s & p>ks4 ,?is /ation has introduc$ a numb] ( v>ieties ( :eat4 ,sixty to sev5ty-five p] c5t ( all :eat 9 ,ohio is gr[n f v>ieties t orig9at$ at ?is /ation4 ,?is /ation 0 organiz$ 9 #ahhb at ,columbus4 ,! ,f$]al ,hat* ,act p]mitt+ ?is type ( organization 0 pass$ 9 #ahhg2 ?us ,ohio 0 five ye>s ahead ( ! ,f$]al ,act4 ,9 #ahib1 ! /ation 0 mov$ f ,columbus to ,woo/]4 ,! /ate act provid$ t an exp]im5t /ation %\ld be locat$ )9 fifty miles ( ,columbus1 b lat] x 0 p]mitt$ to ext5d ! di/ance to #ajj miles4 ,!y settl$ on ,woo/]1 :i* is #ij miles4 ,! t5d5cy is to "w m & m closely ) ! ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,! tr5d seems to be s !y w function z "o agricultural in/itution4 ,i w\ld l to ext5d ! keys ( ! ,/ation to y1 b ! keys may n unlock ! fruit /orage4 ,i tru/ y w h a mo/ pr(itable "t :ile y are ) u4 ,response ,by ,john ,e4 ,cannaday1 ,m4 ,d41 ,*>le/on1 ,we/ ,virg9ia ,x is a pleasure to meet "h "u su* favorable auspices & to be receiv$ ) ^! hospitable words by ,dr4 ,g\rley4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 ,ohio has gone f> 9 nut gr[+ "u 8 lead]%ip & t ( 8 /aff4 ,p5nsylvania also has done a great deal to put nut gr[+ on its feet4 ,my own /ate1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 is also mak+ good headway4 ,9 ! e>ly #aijj's ,i got ! 'bee'1 b ,i lo/ two or ?ree ( my fir/ few trees4 ,9 #aiag ,i import$ "s *e/nuts f ,japan = plant+ & tri$ out v>i\s s*emes 9 nut gr[+4 ,9 my op9ion1 *e/nuts are ! mo/ important nuts = human food t gr[ 9 ! temp]ate zone4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ *e/nuts foll[ true to se$ 9 _m respects4 ,i h be5 advis$ t all ( ! *e/nuts gr[n 9 ,*9a are f select$ se$4 ,e foot ( /eep m\nta9 l& 9 "s sections ( ,italy is said to be completely cov]$ ) *e/nut trees4 ,9 my /ate1 ! weevil is ! sc\rge ( *e/nuts2 ,i _h hop$ t aft] ! *e/nut blight de/roy$ our native *e/nuts1 ! ,*9ese & ,japanese *e/nuts w\ld be free f t pe/4 ,:]e x came f ,i d n "k1 unless x came f ! *9kap94 ,we/ ,virg9ia has *9kap9s & ^!1 be+ blight resi/ant1 app>5tly h kept up ! supply ( weevils4 ,occasionally1 %ortly be=e ! *e/nuts beg9 to rip51 a few decay f "s type ( rot4 ,i took a c5sus ( my *e/nut trees rec5tly & f\nd #hj trees ( be>+ age4 ,"s ( ! l>ge/ are #bb to #bd feet 9 height1 ) a trunk diamet] ( #e in*es or m4 ,none h be5 prun$ b h ma9ta9$ _! normal bran* =mation & gr[ l[4 ,! timb] tree mu/ be yet to come4 ,i h read int]e/+ /atem5ts to ! effect t 9 p>ts ( ,*9a & ,burma1 !re are *e/nut trees ( timb] %ape & size4 ,*e/nut trees are likely to become ( extreme importance 9 our future economy4 ,! nuts fill a v significant place 9 our diet>y ne$s4 ,we %\ld cont9ue to plant *e/nut trees & take c>e ( !m4 ,i h also f #cej to #djj y\ng] trees t are com+ on1 & ,i want to plant additional *e/nut trees e ye>4 ,! black walnut & hickory nut are v important1 b ! *e/nut crop is ! corn crop ( ! nuts4 ,address ( ,retir+ ,presid5t ,c>l ,wes*cke1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9nesota ,our la/ conv5tion at ,h]%ey1 ,pa41 9 ,septemb] #aida1 0 a v out/&+ "o4 ,n only 0 x successful because ( good att5dance1 excell5t addresses & ! places ( int]e/ we visit$1 p>ticul>ly ! home ( ,mildr$ ,jones1 our ,secret>y1 at ,lanca/] & ( ! late ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimm]man at ,l+le/[n1 b x 0 important because x m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( a long p]iod dur+ :i* we _h to =ego our conv5tions4 ,! dea? ( ,dr4 ,zimm]man %ortly be=e t meet+ damp5$ our usually jovial spirits :5 we 7 ent]ta9$ at 8 home1 b 8 wife did mu* to alleviate ?is4 ,to me1 ! la/ conv5tion we held 0 by f> ! mo/ important s9ce ! v fir/ "o at ,new ,york 9 ,novemb]1 #aiaj1 because at x ,i receiv$ ! hon\r ( be+ *os5 presid5t = ! ensu+ ye>4 ,?is 0 dur+ ! era :5 presid5ts 7 usually re-elect$ = a second t]m1 b ,i assure y t ,i h n s]v$ z presid5t = ?is long p]iod because ,i h be5 seek+ to emulate o!r presid5ts1 b only because ! w> ye>s prev5t$ our hold+ ! annual meet+s at :i* our (fic]s are elect$4 ,9 m5tion+ any "p ( ! hi/ory ( our gr\p1 we %\ld always rememb] t we owe its exi/5ce to ,dr4 ,dem+1 :o is n[ ,dean ( ! ,association4 ,n[ x is n my prov9ce to make a long spee* ab\t ! ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a41 because a numb] ( o!r p w talk to y ab\t x4 ,i believe t ! gr[? ( our society 9 rec5t ye>s has fulfill$ ! fonde/ dreams ( ,dr4 ,dem+1 s9ce we h almo/ d\bl$ our memb]%ip s9ce #aida4 ,we n[ h approximately ov] #fjj memb]s4 ,p all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates are becom+ aw>e ( ! value ( nuts z food important to m54 ,x is too bad t nuts h n be5 available on a competitive price basis ) o!r foods1 & t luxury prices h limit$ int]e/ 9 nuts among ! wom5 buy]s4 ,a bett] und]/&+ ( ! uses & comp>ative value ( nuts is gradually com+ ab\t :i* w result 9 a trem5d\s dem& on ! nut-gr[+ indu/ry1 :i* ( c\rse1 includes ! nurs]ym5 :o develop & gr[ all v>ieties ( nut trees4 ,x is un=tunate = our new] memb]s t !y w nev] h ! opportunity ( kn[+ ^? m5 :o 7 among our e>lie/ & mo/ valu$ associates :om dea? has rec5tly tak5 f u & t !y are ?us depriv$ ( ! pleasure & k !y might h ga9$ ?r\gh p]sonal contact ) ! wisdom & fri5dl9ess ^! m5 display$4 ,let u all take advantage ( e opportunity we h to meet ) & le>n f ! s5ior memb]s ( our gr\p :o are ) u today4 ,!y are ! salt ( ! e>?1 ,i assure y4 ,to ^? ( y :o h come long di/ances f y\r homes to att5d ?is annual meet+ ( ! ,n4,n4,g4,a41 to our ho/s & to all ( my good fri5ds "h1 may ,i express my great pleasure at meet+ aga9 ) y aft] s long a "t4 ,secret>y's ,report ,mildr$ ,m4 ,jones1 ,lanca/]1 ,p5nsylvania ,9 addition to ! regul> r\t9e duties ( answ]+ inquiries ab\t ! ,association1 sales ( reports1 giv+ in=mation ab\t nut trees1 :]e !y may be obta9$1 & s\rces ( additional read+ mat]ial & ref]5ce mat]ial ab\t nut tree "w1 a l>ge "p ( ! "t ,i c\ld devote to ,association affairs ?is ye> 0 9 prep>ation = ?is meet+4 ,because ( travel re/rictions1 & ! fact t ! ,canadian ,national ,exhibition w\ld n be held ?is fall1 & assurance f ! ,toronto ,conv5tion & ,t\ri/ ,association1 ,inc4 t ! ,exhibition w\ld be resum$ 9 ! fall ( #aidg1 & t x w\ld be a new] & great] %[1 x seem$ advisable to place ^! facts be=e ! memb]s1 & all[ !m to vote on _! pref]5ce = a meet+ place ?is fall4 ,9 addition to responses f ! (fic]s1 ,i receiv$ #fc votes f memb]s1 #cg ( :i* 7 = ,woo/]1 ,ohio1 #bd = ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&1 & #c = ,canada4 ,s9ce ! lett] ask+ = votes c>ri$ ! und]/&+ t we 7 putt+ ! ,canadian meet+ (f = a ye> by vot+ = a place 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ?is ye>1 & 7 n cancel+ ! ,canadian invitation1 ?is w\ld expla9 ! small vote = ,canada4 ,our program committee ?is ye> 0 compris$ ( ?ree memb]s & myself--,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$1 ^: _m ye>s ( ,association "w & wide acqua9tance made him an invaluable s\rce ( sugge/ions2 ,dr4 ,oliv] ,dill]1 :o took *>ge ( ! trem5d\s task ( h&l+ local arrangem5ts2 & ,mr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,bung>t1 :o help$ greatly 9 procur+ speak]s4 ,^! m5 help$ s spl5didly t ,i %\ld l "h to voice my ?anks & appreciation4 ,mu* new data = ! revision ( ! #d-page pamphlet giv+ in=mation ab\t ! ,association1 s\rces ( se$s1 nut tree nurs]ym51 & ref]5ce mat]ial = read+ has be5 ga!r$ = pr9t+4 ,s9ce ,i accept$ ! secret>y%ip 9 "t = ! fir/ conv5tion aft] ! w>1 x seem$ advisable to me to hold ?is mat]ial until x c\ld be turn$ ov] to my successor :o w be elect$ at ?is meet+1 r ?an put ! ,association to ! exp5se ( pr9t+ only a small numb] ( circul>s4 ,a good _m inquiries 7 receiv$ dur+ ! ye> = s\rces ( c]ta9 v>ieties ( nuts4 ,x w\ld help ! secret>y1 & also ! memb]s1 to h a li/ ( ^? :o h nuts = sale4 ,treasur]'s ,report ,= ,p]iod f ,octob] #a1 #aide to ,septemb] #cj1 #aidf ,,receipts3 ,annual ,memb]%ip #hga4jj ,contribut+ ,memb]%ip-- ,philip ,all5 #aj4jj ,sale ( ,reports #aed4hj ,z5as ,h4 ,ellis ,legacy #iej4jj ,miscellane\s #d4jj ------- #a1ihi4hj ,,disbursem5ts3 ,subscriptions to ,fruit ,gr[] #gi4dj ,supplies #ab4eb ,secret>y's ,exp5se #fj4eb ,treasur]'s ,exp5ses #da4id ,miscellane\s #aj4jj ------- #bjd4ch ---------- ,excess ( ,receipts ov] ,disbursm5ts #a1ghe4db ,balance on ,h&--,octob] #a1 #aide #a1dgd4df ---------- ,total ,balance--,septemb] #a1 #aidf #c1bei4hh ,deposit$ 9 ,walk] ,/ate ,bank #c1bcf4jg ,ca% on ,h& #bc4ha #c1bei4hh ,notes on ! ,annual ,meet+ ,a telegram 0 s5t to ,dr4 ,dem+ 9 reply to "o ( greet+ f him1 & v>i\s committees 7 appo9t$4 ,mr4 ,corsan sugge/$ t an exhibit ( nuts be plac$ on display 9 ! ,royal ,york ,hotel1 ,toronto1 ,canada4 ,mr4 ,hirs*i said t = kill+ trees by poison he uses two p\nds :ite ars5ic1 "o p\nd cau/ic soda & "o gallon ( wat]4 ,a memb] /at$ t a few drops ( m]cury w\ld answ] ! same purpose4 ,mr4 ,hirs*i /at$ t he f\nd ! ,niblack pecan an almo/ p]fect crack]1 br++ a premium price4 ,mr4 ,wilk9son /at$ t :ile ! ,niblack pecan _h nev] be5 a prolific be>]1 ! nut has few equals4 ,p]haps int5sive cultivation w\ld improve ! be>+4 ,x 0 vot$ to leave ! date ( ! next meet+ to ! executive committee4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] ,*ase1 ( ! ,,tva1 invit$ ! memb]s to meet 9 ,t5nessee at an e>ly date4 ,! ,presid5t3 ,we %\ld consid] ?is a f9e invitation = #aidh4 ,= #aidg we %\ld honor our commitm5ts & g to ,canada4 ,a free discussion occurr$ on ! sugge/ion to e/abli% a nut j\rnal & on ! proposal to raise ! dues4 ,! ,presid5t sugge/$ t ! way to get ! "w ( association done promptly w\ld be to pay = x4 ,dr4 ,mc,kay express$ d\bt ab\t ! inadvisability ( rais+ ! dues4 ,mr4 ,walk] ?\ght t if ! dues 7 rais$ x %\ld be to ! ext5t ( a doll> on acc\nt ( ! inconv5i5ce ( s5d+ fractional curr5cy4 ,! treasur] sugge/$ ! advisability ( gett+ out a mimeograph$ lett] to record progress4 ,mr4 ,slate emphasiz$ ! importance ( produc+ a good report to hold ! memb]s4 ,mr4 ,h]%ey also approv$ ! idea ( gett+ out a news lett] or progress report4 ,! ,presid5t sugge/$ t "o ?\s& memb]s w\ld settle ! :ole "q4 ,mr4 ,jay ,smi? /at$ he ?\ght ! ,association %\ld adv]tise 9 "s way1 especially 9 sportsm5's magaz9es4 ,a motion on ! "p ( ,mr4 ,/oke to raise ! dues by fifty c5ts p] ye> 0 lo/4 ,! nom9at+ committee made ! foll[+ nom9ations = (fic]s = ! ensu+ ye>1 #aidf-dg3 ,cl>5ce ,a4 ,re$1 ,presid5t ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,vice-,presid5t ,miss ,mildr$ ,m4 ,jones1 ,secret>y ,d4 ,c4 ,snyd]1 ,treasur] ,! nom9at+ committee also1 ?r\gh its *airman1 ,mr4 ,web]1 recomm5d$ t appropriate /eps be tak5 at ! next annual meet+ to am5d ! ,con/itution to consolidate ! (fices ( treasur] & secret>y s t !y c be fill$ by "o p]son1 & t ! remun]ation ( ! secret>y-treasur] be fix$ at fifty c5ts p] memb]4 ,mr4 ,/oke mov$ t ! report ( ! nom9at+ committee be approv$1 & t ! nom9ees be decl>$ elect$4 ,motion 0 second$ & c>ri$4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyd] (f]$ ! foll[+ resolution3 ,because ( ! great & endur+ s]vice t ,dr4 ,william ,c4 ,dem+ has r5d]$ ! ,association1 ,i move t he be nam$ ,dean ( ! ,association & be giv5 an honor>y life memb]%ip1 )\t paym5t ( dues4 ,! motion 0 second$1 & c>ri$ ) applause4 ,on be+ call$ to ! *air1 ! newly-elect$ ,presid5t1 ,cl>5ce ,a4 ,re$1 spoke z foll[s3 ,i take ?is z a v great honor2 x is an equally great responsibility4 ,all ,i c say is t ,i appreciate x deeply1 & t ,i w give y ! be/ s]vice ,i h 9 me4 ,! ,ohio ,section ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,inc41 submitt$ a copy ( its ,con/itution conta9+ a provision t x affiliate ) ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association by hav+ its accr$it$ memb]s become also memb]s ( bo? ,associations4 ,aft] an op5 discussion by (fic]s & memb]s ( bo? ,associations1 a resolution 0 adopt$ by ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association express+ appreciation to ! ,ohio organization = _! (f] ( affiliation1 & accept+ su* affiliation on ! t]ms /at$4 ,x 0 also br\ght out z ! s5se ( ! meet+ t ! ,executive ,committee "w out any necess>y details 9 connection ) ?is & any subsequ5t affiliation on ! "p ( any di/rict or /ate ,association1 ! same to be submitt$ to ! next annual meet+ ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association = ratification4 ,x 0 also recomm5d$ t ! ,presid5t appo9t a memb] ( ea* affiliat+ ,association to ! ,executive ,committee ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association4 ,?is /atem5t is made 9 lieu ( an accurate transcript ( ! proce$+s1 or a v]batim report ( ! resolution z adopt$1 nei!r ( :i* is available4 ,aims & ,aspirations ( ! ,ohio ,nut ,gr[]s ,a4 ,a4 ,bung>t1 ,avon1 ,ohio ,9 "o ( ! previ\s bullet9s ( ! ,,nnga1 !re appe>$ an eighte5-po9t program =mulat$ by ! ,ohio ,nut ,gr[]s4 ,no d\bt y are wond]+ :at has be5 done & is be+ done to make ?is program function4 ,we h elim9at$ "o po9t1 ! "o on ! poll5 bank4 ,at ! "t our program 0 be+ prep>$ we assum$ t nut poll5 c\ld be /or$ = sev]al weeks or mon?s3 ,s9ce nut poll5 does n rema9 viable 9 /orage1 we %all sub/itute a po9t on ! use ( lime1 f]tiliz]s ( v>i\s =mulas & ! use ( trace elem5ts 9 nut culture4 ,! ,ohio ,=e/ry ,association on ,janu>y #ah1 #aidd1 pass$ a resolution approv+ our eighte5-po9t program4 ,z y are well aw>e1 ! w> put a damp] on _m activities1 nut & o!rwise4 ,"h 9 ,ohio1 ! nut crops ( #aidd & #aide 7 virtually failures2 ev5 ! crop ( #aidf is decid$ly spotty4 ,yet 9 spite ( ! w> & adv]se wea!r conditions1 ! ,ohio gr[]s are look+ =w>d1 & plann+ = ! future4 ,z a gr\p we are direct+ our ef=ts to ! atta9m5t ( two specific objectives4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we h almo/ #cjj collect$ z prize money = ,/ate nut conte/s4 ,i take ?is opportunity to ann\nce a donation ( #aje f ,mr4 ,john ,davidson1 ( ,x5ia1 ,ohio4 ,) ! aid ( su* a g5]\s contributor1 we are able to (f] a fir/ prize ( #ej2 second prize ( #be2 ?ird prize ( #ae2 f\r? prize ( #aj2 fif? prize ( #e2 & five "o-doll> prizes = black walnuts4 ,9 ?ree or five ye>s we int5d to h ano!r conte/2 ei!r a sweep/akes ( #aaj1 or a repetition ( ! am\nts (f]$ ?is ye>4 ,we may keep ! conte/ op5 next ye> & ! ye> aft] = ^? wi%+ to ent] nuts = ! f9al aw>ds4 ,9 ?is way1 too1 we include black walnuts :i* are n be>+ ?is ye>4 ,our foll[-up w "w some?+ l ?is3 ,we int5d to keep a record ov] ! ye>s ( ! p]=mance ( ea* ( ! t5 prize w9n]s & ! t5 honorable m5tions ( ! #aidf conte/4 ,to t end we h made a score c>d4 ,! fir/ section ( ?is c>d w conta9 in=mation useful to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,=e/ry & to nut culture 9 g5]al1 b x w n be a factor 9 select+ ! prize w9n] unless a virtual tie might result 9 ! sweep/akes conte/4 ,?is section w include3 #a4 ,location--own]1 ,c\nty1 rural r\te1 village1 t[n1 /ate r\te1 etc4 #b4 ,location ( ,tree--isolat$1 mod]ately cr[d$1 9 d5se woods1 f>m1 pa/ure1 city lot1 f5ce r[1 g5]al ecology2 types ( o!r trees 9 neighborhood1 air dra9age1 exposure4 #c4 ,size ( ,tree--circumf]5ce #d-a_/b ft4 f ! gr\nd1 probable age1 height1 limb spread2 %ape1 tall1 %ort2 symmetry or lack ( x4 #d4 ,type ( ,soil--bottom l&1 slope & direction1 upl&2 clay1 loam1 alluvial2 pres5ce or abs5ce ( humus2 acidity2 sod or cultivat$1 mul* or n2 dep? & k9d ( subsoil4 #e4 ,moi/ure ,conditions--pres5ce ( /ream or tile dra91 proximity to to /ream1 lake1 pond1 etc4 #f4 ,f]tility ,conditions--wild natural /ate1 ne> b>ny>d1 f]tiliz$ or n ) manure or comm]cial f]tiliz]s1 application ( lime1 etc4 ,! second section w conta9 in=mation t w aid 9 aw>d+ ! f9al prizes4 ,sup]ior rat+ "u ?is head might1 9 ! f9al judg+1 make an honorable m5tion ( ! #aidf conte/ ! be/ all ar\nd p]=m] ?ree or five ye>s h5ce4 ,?is section w include3 #a4 ,resi/ance to disease & insect pe/s #b po9ts #b4 ,be>+ habits ov] ! giv5 p]iod2 annual1 bi5nial1 occasional #g po9ts #c4 ,l5g? ( gr[+ season2 rate ( gr[?2 "t ( blossom+ 7/am9ate & pi/illate fl[]s71 "t ( leaf+ out1 "t ( nut rip5+1 "t ( leaf fall #d po9ts #d4 ,size ( nut clu/]s1 range 9 numb] ( nuts1 p] clu/]1 numb] ( p\nds ( immature nuts #b po9ts #e4 ,size ( crop 9 proportion to tree #e po9ts ,total #bj po9ts ,"s =mula w h to be work$ out = ! la/1 i4e41 size ( crop 9 proportion to ! size ( tree4 ,p]haps we might say ! crop equals 7p\nds ( nuts7 _/ 7r squ>$ x h7 9 :i* r w\ld repres5t ! radius or half ! limb spread & h ! height1 measur$ f ! top to l[e/ bran*es4 ,= example1 if a tree t yield$ #ajj p\nds ( nuts _h a limb spread ( #bj feet & 0 tw5ty feet high1 x w\ld h a value ( #ajj _/ 7#aj squ>$ x #bj7 or #a_/bj4 ,! fraction1 ( c\rse1 c\ld be elim9at$ if ! numb] ( nuts 7 sub/itut$ = p\nds4 ,x is h>dly likely t su* a =mula w\ld be us$ = all ! trees1 probably only 9 in/ances :]e scores 9 o!r respects 7 close4 ,! ?ird section ( ! score c>d w record ! rat+ ( ! judges on ! crack+ qualities & o!r *>act]i/ics ( ! nuts !mselves4 ,any =m accept$ & approv$ by ! ,,nnga w be satisfactory4 ,we plan to use ?is sy/em = hickory1 butt]nut & o!r nut conte/s4 ,)\t a ,mr4 ,davidson1 h[ev]1 we %all be compell$ to r$uce our prizes = ! o!r conte/s4 ,i %\ld l to take ?is opportunity to ?ank ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$ = orig9at+ ?is plan4 ,he told u we ought to "k m ab\t ! trees f :i* ! prize nuts 7 tak54 ,our score c>d aims at a complete record4 ,our second aim is to secure a full "t rese>* work] 9 nut culture "u ! ,horticultural ,dep>tm5t ( ,ohio4 ,we h ! promise ( ,director ,secre/ t he w include 9 8 bi5nial budget an appropriation = su* a speciali/4 ,we h ! enc\ragem5t ( ,dr4 ,g\rley1 ! head ( ! dep>tm5t4 ,b bo? m5 w expect u to d our "p4 ,bo? expect u to speak = our gr\p & our project :5 ! "t comes4 ,we accept t responsibility4 ,our gr\p has already contact$ ! memb]s ( ! f9ance committee t passes on ! budget1 & we expect to h our repres5tatives pres5t :5 ! budget is discuss$ 9 committee4 ,at pres5t1 to be sure1 we _c furni% or ev5 promise an end[m5t 9 money4 ,sixty ,nut ,gr[] memb]s c sc>cely compete ) su* p[]ful gr\ps z ! ,apple ,gr[]s1 ! ,hybrid ,corn ,bre$]s1 ! ,p\ltrym5 & o!rs4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 furni% an end[m5t ( m54 ,among our memb]s we h su* m5 z ,mr4 ,davidson1 ,mr4 ,%essl]1 ,mr4 ,cranz1 ,mr4 ,smi? & ,mr4 ,web]1 along ) _m o!rs :o h done a great deal ) nut trees4 ,a rese>* work] c\ld draw ^u _! advice1 _! exp]i5ce1 _! te*nique4 ,he w\ld h z 8 assi/ants m5 :o 7 actuat$ by no m]c5>y or selfi% motives1 & w\ld give ( _! "t & trees to make ?is dream a reality4 ,c]ta9ly mu* ( ! exp]im5tal "w su* z ! cross+ ( v>ieties c\ld well be p]=m$ on ! trees ( individual memb]s4 ,! ne$ ( su* an exp]t is obvi\s4 ,! job ( gett+ ahead 9 nut culture is too big = any "o ( u4 ,we all "k1 frequ5tly to our regret1 t nut gr[+ is a sl[ & at times a disc\rag+ bus9ess4 ,if we are hone/ ) ourselves we h to admit failures aga9 & aga92 yet ! "w is creative & fasc9at+4 ,we always plan to elim9ate "s blund]1 to p]fect "s me?od1 next ye>4 ,sometimes a man has a gre5 ?umb1 or a magic t\*1 or :atev] x takes to make grafts gr[1 or buds take1 or hun*es to succe$4 ,su* a man 0 ,mr4 ,otto ,witte1 ( ,nor? ,amh]/4 ,z a nonag5>ian1 he 0 ev] look+ ahead to ano!r ye> ) 8 belov$ trees1 b he di$ 9 8 n9eties4 ,"s ( 8 prize trees h be5 cut d[n & probably o!rs w be4 ,:at has happ5$ to ! exp]im5ts ( #fj ye>s8 ,ano!r su* man 0 ,mr4 ,ross ,fickes1 ( ,woo/]1 ^: skill 9 graft+ nut trees 0 at once our envy & our admiration4 ,:5 8 f>m is sold1 w ! new own] s5se ! h& ( ! ma/] & wat* c>efully ov] ! walnuts & hickories1 or w he cut !m d[n8 ,i suppose t dea? br+s an end to _m a bus9ess1 b ! nut bus9ess is a new "o1 & a sl[ "o1 too4 ,x is regrett$ t a life "t ( pati5t c>e & pa9/ak+ rese>* is lo/ to u & to nut culture4 ,true1 a nut speciali/ w n keep dea? f ! door ( nut gr[]s1 nor w he save _! groves f de/ruction1 b he c keep a record ( ea* gr[]'s trees4 ,he c plant 8 trees & lay out 8 plant+s on /ate l& :]e !re w\ld be m assurance ( p]man5cy4 ,once a nut dep>tm5t is e/abli%$ !re is good reason to suppose t ! "w w\ld g on until c]ta9 objectives 7 atta9$4 ,well1 :at %\ld our speciali/ specialize 98 ,may ,i sugge/ a few activities8 ,su* a speciali/ w\ld be ! prop] p]son to keep ! score c>ds ( ! prize-w9n+ black walnuts1 hickories1 butt]nuts & ,engli% 7,p]sian7 walnuts ( nut conte/s held 9 ! /ate4 ,he w\ld h ! "t & space = graft+ scions f su* trees = fur!r obs]vation & /udy4 ,9 ! second place1 he c\ld plant & /udy o!r v>ieties "u id5tical conditions & obs]ve _! p]=mance4 ,by correlat+ ^! data ) ! records ( individual gr[]s he ought to be able to recomm5d c]ta9 v>ieties ( nut trees = v>i\s sections ( ! /ate4 ,9 ,ohio1 we h *apt]s ( ! ,izaak ,walton ,league2 we h ,fri5ds ( ! ,l&2 we h sportsm5s clubs2 we h ext5sive tracts ( municipal & /ate l&4 ,we h ! problem ( do+ some?+ con/ructive ) /rip m9+ areas2 we h1 & w h "u cont\r f>m+1 little crazy-quilt blocks ( l& unsuitable = cultivation4 ,all ^! ag5cies & all ^! ne$s tie 9 ) ! intellig5t use ( trees1 p>ticul>ly nut trees1 because !y s]ve a f\rfold purpose2 lumb]1 food1 erosion control1 & a balanc$ wild life4 ,"h is :]e ! nut speciali/ w\ld ent] ! sc5e4 ,by collect+ data1 by pool+ ! results ( ! individual gr[]s1 & especially by selection & bre$+1 he %\ld be able to recomm5d ! prop] v>ieties ( nut trees = specific ne$s4 ,x seems to me1 h[ev]1 t ! ma9 job ( su* a work] %\ld be to produce a /reaml9$ black walnut1 a ?9-%ell$1 good-crack+1 fa/-gr[+ walnut4 ,! black walnut is1 inde$1 a regal tree4 ,x gr[s all ov] ! ,/ate4 ,"h is a tree ( almo/ inf9ite v>iation4 ,:at an opportunity = ! g5etic sci5ti/6 ,:at an opportunity = ! nut speciali/6 ,9 connection ) ! improvem5t ( ! black walnut z a nut & timb] tree1 ! speciali/ might well inve/igate ! ,engli% or ,p]sian walnut4 ,:at ab\t ! possibilities ( ,circassian walnut lumb]8 ,:at is to prev5t ! gr[]s & ! speciali/ f plant+ ! ,engli% walnut = timb]8 ,"h 9 ,nor!rn ,ohio1 ,engli% walnut trees h be5 cut = timb]4 ,!re are probably sev]al hundr$ ,engli% walnut trees scatt]$ ?r\gh ! nor!rn c\nties ( ,ohio4 ,"s ( !m are f #aj to #ah in*es 9 diamet]4 ,a few are second g5]ation4 ,z ^! trees seem to be fairly rapid gr[]s x w\ld seem reasonable t nuts f ^! h>dy trees w\ld gr[ into valuable timb]1 ap>t f ! value ( ! nuts4 ,p]haps all ^! aspirations & aims seem ,utopian4 ,probably su* a program w\ld keep a doz5 work]s occupi$4 ,9 coop]ation ) ! ,=e/ry ,dep>tm5t1 h[ev]1 /ud5ts might be assign$ to /udy c]ta9 phases ( nut culture4 ,a ,ph4,d4 diss]tation might well be writt5 on ! v>iation ( ! ,?omas walnut 9 ,ohio4 ,9 conclusion1 ! ,ohio gr[]s w try to produce bett] nut trees4 ,?r\gh prize conte/s !y hope to f9d :at nature has produc$4 ,?r\gh ! s]vices ( a sci5ti/ !y hope to f9d :at man c produce4 ,! two aims dovetail4 ,we are reasonably c]ta9 ( ! prize conte/s2 we are n yet c]ta9 ( secur+ ! nut sci5ti/4 ,ohio is ho/ to ! ,,nnga ?is ye>4 ,may ! ,ohio gr[]s ask y = y\r moral support 9 ?is v5ture8 ,! ,,nnga is ! "m organization4 ,?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! (fic]s1 pa/ & pres5t1 ! association is 9 a fl\ri%+ condition ) prospects ( a v bright future4 ,:atev] we d 9 ,ohio1 :atev] w be done 9 o!r /ates & c\ntries w be a monum5t to ! ,,nnga4 ,! grop+ ye>s1 ! h>d ye>s1 are beh9d4 ,! spade "w has be5 done4 ,we want y to feel t ! aims & aspirations ( ! ,ohio gr[]s sprang f y\r advice1 y\r exp]im5ts & en?usiasm4 ,i w\ld l to add a f9al ^w ab\t ! unique advantage we enjoy "h 9 ,ohio4 ,we h ! coop]ation ( a p[]ful & excell5t f>m pap]1 ,! ,ohio ,f>m]4 ,?r\gh its pages our conte/s get a wide publicity4 ,mr4 ,ray ,kelsey has furni%$ u ) #ejjj fold]s ann\nc+ ! conte/ & ! purpose beh9d x4 ,we h ! coop]ation ( ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation "h at ,woo/] & its affiliat$ ag5cies4 ,drs4 ,secri/ & ,g\rley h be5 k9d1 enc\rag+1 helpful4 ,dr4 ,oliv] ,dill]1 ( ! ,=e/ry ,dep>tm5t1 & ,mr4 ,walt] ,%]man1 ( ! ,mahon+ ,f>m1 h help$ & work$ ) u 9 a hundr$ ways4 ,we feel ! ,,nnga ought to "k ab\t ?is h>moni\s & :ole-he>t$ team "w4 ,nut ,gr[+ ,"u ,semi-,arid ,conditions ,a4 ,g4 ,hirs*i1 ,oklahoma ,city1 ,oklahoma ,! pecan is ! major nut crop 9 ,oklahoma4 ,! timb] gr[? along ! riv]s & creeks conta9s en\gh pecan trees1 if !y 7 prop]ly di/ribut$1 to make "o cont9u\s pecan grove entirely across ! /ate4 ,pecan improvem5t "w is only 9 its beg9n+4 ,! ,oklahoma ,pecan ,gr[]'s ,association 0 organiz$ 9 #aibf4 ,x is devot$ to ! g5]al improvem5t ( ! pecan1 & to ! dissem9ation ( in=mation ga9$ by ! memb]s f _! exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,dr4 ,frank ,cross1 head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture ( our ,a ,m ,college at ,/illwat]1 is v active 9 nut improvem5t & is giv+ u mu* valuable assi/ance4 ,e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( our association we began to graft ! l>ge improv$ v>ieties on our se$l+ trees4 ,true1 _m mi/akes 7 made4 ,i recall :5 all our trees produc+ small & inf]ior nuts1 7 cut d[n level ) ! gr\nd1 & ! spr\ts gr[+ f ! roots1 7 budd$ or graft$ to pap]-%ells4 ,?is meant a long wait = production4 ,we soon realiz$ x 0 bett] to /ub back ! limbs & graft ^!1 or p]mit ! spr\ts to develop & bud !m1 plus sav+ mo/ ( ! framework ( ! trees1 :i* gives u heavy production ( graft$ pecans 9 a %ort "t4 ,compet+ gr[?1 t is und]bru% & all k9ds ( trees o!r ?an pecans1 rob ! grove ( moi/ure1 sunlight1 & plant food4 ,?is gr[? 0 =m]ly remov$ by h& grubb+1 b n[ ) a l>ge bulldoz] x is pu%$ "r out ( ! gr\nd into piles :]e x is burn$4 ,n[ ! gr\nd is clean1 no /umps to grub out1 & ready = a cov]-crop or clean cultivation4 ,no?+ rema9s b pecan trees1 "s elm1 hackb]ry & oak1 too l>ge = ! bulldoz]4 ,^! are poison$ & burn$ "r :]e !y /& ! foll[+ w9t]4 ,= poison+ a mixture ( two p\nds ( :ite ars5ic & a p\nd ( cau/ic soda to a gallon ( wat]1 if appli$ f an oilcan ) a sp\t 9 an op5 circle *opp$ 9 ! b>k s z to girdle ! tree1 w usually dead5 x 9 a %ort :ile4 ,)9 ! ye> no?+ is left b pecan trees4 ,^! are wat*$ c>efully = production & %ell+ quality &1 if n desirable1 or /&+ too ?ick1 are remov$ = great] spac+ = p]man5t trees4 ,today1 only ! small] pecan trees are top work$1 ei!r to nam$ v>ieties or to select$ se$l+s4 ,due to *ang$ conditions ( m>ket & labor1 ! native pecan has come into its own4 ,! pecan %ell] buys #ij ( ! native pecans4 ,he w pay only a few c5ts m = ! big pap]-%ell4 ,! native pecan is z /aple z butt] & eggs4 ,e produce man buys !m = ! %ell+ plants4 ,?is leaves ! big pap]-%ell to seek a special m>ket at an adv]tis+ co/4 ,due to ! small diff]5tial 9 ! :olesale price ( ! native & ! pap]-%ell1 ! l>g] native trees are no long] top-graft$ b are enc\rag$ 9 e way = heavy production4 ,?us1 :5 creek & riv] bottom ?ickets are op5$ up to sun%9e & air1 no?+ left b pecan trees prop]ly spac$1 & ?is on l& usually consid]$ wor?less1 ^! trees w quadruple 9 production & pay a h&some return on a #bjj p] acre valuation4 ,?is is a real & altoge!r possible two-/ory agriculture to ^? :o are =tunate en\gh to own undevelop$ pecan timb] l&4 ,_m ( our memb]s h beautiful groves r$eem$ f ! wild ) b\nte\s crops ( nuts ov]head & cattle graz+ on enri*+ cov] crops und]nea?4 ,! pecan means a lot to ! f>m]s ( ,oklahoma4 ,! av]age ye>ly tonnage is ab\t #af1jjj1jjj p\nds1 ) a peak production ( #cj1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,?is am\nts to an av]age ( #b1jjj1jjj annually1 ) a peak ( #e1jia1jjj4 ,i want to %[ y :at x means to "s ( our memb]s to develop _! native pecans1 ei!r z natives or graft$ to improv$ v>ieties4 ,! proce$s f "o lone pecan tree 9 ,mr4 ,skorkosky's cotton pat* paid ! taxes on 8 f>m sev]al diff]5t ye>s4 ,?us enc\rag$1 he r$eem$ a small ?icket1 add$ a few nurs]y trees ( pap]-%ells1 ab\t t5 acres 9 all1 :i* n[ (t5 makes a return equal to ! re/ ( ! f>m4 ,mr4 ,kram] paid #a1jjj = #aj acres1 ) "p 9 se$l+ pecans4 ,he sold #a1jjj wor? ( pecans sev]al diff]5t times1 & ! re/ ( ! f>m makes a good return 9 pa/ure & hay4 ,he also has #ea acres t (t5 makes a return ( #ej p] acre 9 pecans1 besides pa/ur+ #bj ,h]=ds4 ,mr4 ,kram] de/roys trees by girdl+4 ,mr4 ,pfile makes x a bus9ess to buy f>ms on :i* !re are pecan ?ickets4 ,"o f>m has #gj acres1 all top-graft$ to improv$ v>ieties4 ,trees 7 small & no production = five ye>s1 support+ production = ! next f\r ye>s4 ,t5? ye> gross$ #h1ejj2 elev5? ye>1 #e1djj2 twelf? ye>1 #a1hjj1 & ?is ye> 8 cons]vative e/imate is #aj1jjj4 ,mr4 ,camp has #fjj acres 9 pecans1 #ij improv$ v>ieties4 ,he plant$ #ej acres on upl& s&y l& on t]races1 ) pecan trees #dj feet ap>t & an apple tree betwe5 ea* two pecan trees4 ,! t5? ye> he produc$ #h1jjj p\nds ( pap]-%ells & #d1jjj bu%els ( apples4 ,m rec5tly he plant$ #abe acres on upl&1 b plant$ ! pecans #fj feet ap>t on t]races ) an apple tree betwe54 ,9 ?is or*>d he produces #c_/d ( a bale ( cotton p] acre & plants vet* 9 ! fall betwe5 cotton r[s4 ,9 ,octob] he _h f\r crops on ?is l&1 cotton1 vet*1 apples & pecans4 ,he says apple trees alt]nat$ ) pecans on t]races are ,,ok4 ,cotton1 potatoes & sweet potatoes betwe5 ! t]races = ! fir/ t5 ye>s are ,,ok1 b vet* z a w9t] cov] crop to improve ! soil mu/ n be neglect$4 ,grov] ,hayd5 has ! l>ge/ native pecan grove 9 ! _w--#a1hjj acres f5c$ hog tight4 ,he />t$ #ca ye>s ago z a f>m h&4 ,he _h r h #ejj acres ( pecans ?an #a1jjj acres ( alfalfa4 ,n[ aft] #cj ye>s he owns ! place at a pur*ase price ( #ij1jjj1 n c\nt+ improvem5ts & equipm5t4 ,8 av]age production is ab\t #cjj1jjj p\nds p] ye>4 ,9 #aice1 he produc$ #djj1jjj4 ,he held back 8 #aida crop & toge!r ) 8 #aidb crop1 he sold bo? = #fa1jjj4 ,?9k ( ! fai? a man mu/ h 9 pecans 9 ,oklahoma to g 9 debt = #ga1jjj z ,mr4 ,hayd5 did6 ,he rode a pony t 0 mortgag$ = all x 0 wor? f ,arkansas to ?is ran*4 ,^? ( u :o d n h native or se$l+ pecan trees to "w )1 mu/ develop or*>ds f nurs]y trees4 ,i 0 rais$ on a poor f>m 9 ,miss\ri4 ,i always _h a desire to take a poor piece ( l& & see :at ,i c\ld d to improve x4 ,consequ5tly1 ,i plant$ #bbe improv$ pecan trees ( #be diff]5t v>ieties & all o!r k9ds ( nut trees1 fruit trees & a v>iety ( b]ries on a piece ( worn-out upl&1 pron\nc$ by our c\nty ag5t to be ! poore/ piece ( gr\nd 9 our c\nty1 & pr$ict$ x w\ld be a complete failure4 ,i plant$ ! pecan trees #fj feet ap>t1 & int]plant$ ) o!r nut & fruit trees4 ,! trees 7 plant$ on ! cont\r ) y\ngb]ries & _m o!rs plant$ 9 r[s betwe5 ! tree r[s1 mak+ a p]fect soil cons]vation arrangem5t4 ,b>ny>d f]tiliz] 0 us$ to />t ! trees4 ,e ,septemb]1 vet* & rye 7 s[n z a cov]-crop & soil-build] & disk$ into ! soil ! foll[+ spr+4 ,clean cultivation is practic$ dur+ ! summ] to cons]ve moi/ure4 ,?is proc$ure has be5 adh]$ to mo/ rigidly )\t a s+le crop failure4 ,at #ab ye>s mo/ ( ! trees are produc+ #be wor? ( pap]-%ells4 ,! y\ngb]ries & plants sold h paid ! exp5se ( ! or*>d & a h&some pr(it besides1 until ! trees ne$$ all ! room4 ,?is project has prov$ to my satisfaction t pr(itable nuts & fruit crops c be gr[n on upl&1 if soil cons]vation & improvem5t are practis$4 ,! limit+ factors ( nut & fruit production are plant food & moi/ure1 & if ^! are suppli$1 good production is assur$4 ,black ,walnuts ,! native black walnut ( ,oklahoma is small & ( little value4 ,mo/ pecan gr[]s h a few native black walnut trees !y graft to ! improv$ v>ieties4 ,i h ,?omas1 ,/abl]1 ,ohio1 ,m9tle1 ,my]s1 & o!rs4 ,?omas has be5 us$ mo/ ext5sively1 b does n fill well on upl&4 ,h[ev]1 9 deep s& & l[ bottoms x fills p]fectly4 ,x is an alt]nate be>] & is subject to sunscald 9 our hot dry summ]s4 ,ohio & ,/abl] h n prov5 satisfactory4 ,m9tle is a f9e nut1 spl5did crack]1 fills well1 b is an alt]nate be>]4 ,i l ,my]s v mu*1 a consi/5t be>]1 has ?9ne/ %ell ( all1 vegetates aft] fro/ 9 spr+1 has abundant foliage & twigs1 holds leaves until late autumn4 ,my]s is my *oice ( all v>ieties at pres5t4 ,h[ev]1 z ) pecans1 :at v>ieties to use is ea* gr[]'s individual problem4 ,we w be look+ = bett] v>ieties #ej ye>s f n[4 ,= five ye>s ,i am (f]+ #be annually = ! be/ se$l+ black walnut4 ,write to our ,a ,m ,college1 ,horticulture ,dep>tm5t1 ,/illwat]1 ,oklahoma1 = rules & regulations ( ! conte/4 ,h[ to ,make ,money ) ,black ,walnuts ,i believe ,i h discov]$ ! be/ way to m>ket black walnuts4 ,i h n _h mu* success sell+ !m ei!r husk$ or unhusk$1 too h>d to crack4 ,!n someone rem>k$1 ,if y w\ld crack !m & put 9 "s horse%oe nails to pick out ! meats1 !y might sell4 ,!re x is3 ! secret is discov]$4 ,! l[ly & almo/ ext9ct horse%oe nail w sell crack$ black walnuts4 ,i h ! reputation among local h>dw>e deal]s ( hav+ m horses ?an any man 9 ,oklahoma4 ,black walnuts & horse%oe nails are rem9isc5t ( ! good old days d[n on ! f>m4 ,! big fat meats ( improv$ crack$ walnuts pe]+ ?r\gh ! sides ( "o or two p\nd cellophane bags p9n$ %ut ) a c\ple ( horse%oe nails is a temptation few p c resi/4 ,leave a few packages ) y\r groc] or druggi/ & try x4 ,i get #be;c p] p\nd = ! :ole walnuts1 & #ce;c = ^? crack$4 ,i sell sev]al ?\s& p\nds e season1 & s9ce ! black walnut does n become rancid we sell !m all ! ye>4 ,i h a d[n-t[n %op w9d[ to display nuts & fruits4 ,we husk our walnuts by runn+ !m ?ru an ord9>y corn-%ell]1 or by jack+ up ! re> :eel ( an automobile1 put on a mud *a91 ) a tr\gh und]nea?1 place c> 9 ge> & scoop walnuts into tr\gh 9 front ( ! :eel4 ,?is w husk !m rapidly & well4 ,we %\ld promote ! gr[+ ( m improv$ black walnuts4 ,mo/ catalog nurs]ies /ill li/ se$l+ walnuts4 ,we sold #cjjj ,?omas & ,my]s black walnut trees to "o mail ord] nurs]y1 & !y c\ld h us$ m4 ,engli% ,walnuts ,i tri$ all ! ,cali=nia v>ieties1 b ^! lack$ h>d9ess4 ,! ,wiltz ,mayette grew into a big f9e tree b ! #aidj ,armi/ice ,day freeze prov$ fatal4 ,breslau1 ,broadview1 ,s*af]1 & sev]al o!rs ) "s #be ,c>pa?ian se$l+s are j com+ into be>+4 ,"s give promise ( adaptation "h4 ,i am det]m9$ to f9d a prolific & adapt$ v>iety4 ,9 ! meantime we mu/ cont5t ourselves to gr[ ?is mo/ attractive tree ) its l>ge waxy leaves & beautiful light-color$ b>k z a useful novelty4 ,he>tnuts ,"h is a surprise nut & tree to ,oklahoma p4 ,bo? are unlike any?+ ev] se5 "h4 ,:5 !y see ?is mo/ unusual tree1 ) its tropical leaves & ta/e ! delici\s nuts !y want a tree = _! y>d4 ,visitors />e 9 amazem5t at ! imm5se catk9s1 & ! grape-l clu/]s ( nuts t develop lat]4 ,?is is a he>tnut ye>4 ,9 mo/ all v>ieties1 t5 to fifte5 nuts to ! clu/] hang f ! t]m9al ( ea* twig4 ,! leaves sun-burn easily4 ,9 spite ( ?is we _h a heavy crop ( well-fill$ nuts4 ,( ! sev]al v>ieties ,i h1 ,/rang] is ! mo/ prolific4 ,fodemai]1 & ,walt]s bloom late en\gh to escape our late spr+ freezes1 are l>g] nuts1 & %\ld prove to be ! be/ ev5tually4 ,butt]nuts ,butt]nuts gr[ native 9 ,miss\ri & ,arkansas4 ,our section is mo/ too hot & dry = !m4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h a few grafts ( ,buckley & ,wes*ecke be>+ nicely1 graft$ on native black walnuts4 ,hickories ,! wood$ hills & riv] bottoms conta9 sev]al k9d ( hickories4 ,i h sev]al pecan trees graft$ to ! ,pleas & ,mc,callister hybrids1 b !y are light produc]s 9 ,oklahoma4 ,i h #hj acres ( riv] bottom hickory nuts 9 s\?we/ ,miss\ri t be> abundantly4 ,ori5tal ,p]simmons ,p]simmons gr[ native "h4 ,! ,e>ly ,gold51 an ,am]ican v>iety1 is v productive & rip5s 9 ,septemb] long be=e fro/4 ,( ! ,ori5tals ,i h ,tamopan1 ,eureka1 ,fuyu1 ,data ,m>u1 ,tan5a%i4 ,mo/ all be> heavily1 9 fact usually ov]be>4 ,!y /& our dry wea!r bett] ?an does ! native p]simmon4 ,! v l>ge fruit usually 9 colors ( yell[ & r$ attract mu* att5tion f visitors :o ?9k !y are oranges4 ,! p]simmon belongs to ! ebony family4 ,! fruit conta9s z high z #dj sug> & 9 ! ,ori5t is a national di%4 ,we propagate !m by graft+ our native /ock4 ,pawpaw ,! ,pawpaw is native 9 ,miss\ri & ,arkansas & 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,oklahoma4 ,x is a beautiful tree & v productive4 ,we %ade ! small trees "h until !y get />t$1 aft] :i* !y d q well4 ,! fruit is a favorite ) _m4 ,*e/nuts ,i ?9k ! greate/ trag$y t ev] befell ,am]ican horticulture 0 ! *e/nut blight4 ,n s long ago e hill & m\nta9-side ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 f ne> ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ! ,canadian bord] 0 cov]$ ) native *e/nut trees produc+ millions ( p\nds ( food = man & bea/4 ,today all has be5 deva/at$ by ?is t]rible blight & no?+ rema9s save leafless trunks1 l tomb/ones1 9 memory ( a gr& food tree4 ,9 #ahhi1 ,tom & ,m>y ,jones left _! ,k5tucky m\nta9 home to e/abli% a new "o 9 ,oklahoma4 ,z ) all pione]s !y br\ght se$s ( _m species ) !m1 includ+ *e/nuts4 ,i n[ own ! f>m !y home/ead$4 ,on x today !re is an ,am]ican *e/nut tree #d feet 9 diamet] ) a limb-spread ( #ej feet4 ,?is gr& tree has be5 an inspiration to me1 surviv+ our hot dry summ]s & outliv+ two g5]ations ( fruit trees by its side4 ,?is beautiful tree1 n[ ne>ly #fj ye>s ( age1 0 pro(-suffici5t t *e/nuts w\ld gr[ 9 ,oklahoma4 ,i began to plant *e/nuts4 ,i plant$ all ! ,riehl v>ieties--,progress1 ,dan ,pat*1 ,van ,fleet & o!rs4 ,i also _h ,boone1 an ,am]ican & ,japanese hybrid1 br\ght ab\t by ,endicott1 also ( ,ill9ois4 ,^! h borne well4 ,be+ isolat$ & outside ( ! native *e/nut range1 !y h n blight$4 ,s9ce #aijf1 ! ,gov]nm5t has import$ _m ?\s& se$ *e/nuts f ,*9a4 ,lat]1 x di/ribut$ little trees among ! nut gr[]s 9 an ef=t to re-e/abli% *e/nut gr[+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is ,*9ese *e/nut is blight-resi/ant4 ,! be/ ,*9ese se$l+s h be5 select$ = propagation & h be5 nam$2 ( ^! ,i h ,/oke 7a hybrid71 ,hobson1 ,c>r & sev]al o!rs4 ,!y are v prolific & (t5 set burs ! same ye> set out4 ,mr4 ,/oke s5t me scions ( ! new] v>ieties ?is spr+--,colby's hybrid1 & ,/oke se$l+'s ,nos4 #a & #b4 ,i graft$ ^! on ,*9ese /ocks2 !y set burs & matur$ nuts ! same ye> graft$4 ,! nam$ v>ieties ( ,*9ese ,*e/nut are ! mo/ precoci\s be>]s ( all ! nut trees1 are adapt$ & wor?y ( plant+ ov] a wide area4 ,x %\ld be ! duty ( e man :o is int]e/$ 9 food trees to l5d a h& to help re-e/abli% *e/nut gr[+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 n[ t we h blight-resi/ant v>ieties4 ,almo/ )9 ! %ad[ ( our ,/ate ,capitol1 on a ma9 highway lead+ f our fair city1 ,i h plant$ #b-a_/b acres ( blight-resi/ant ,*9ese *e/nut trees1 z a liv+ memorial to our only *ild1 ,h>old1 :o gave 8 life to our c\ntry 9 a ,jap prison camp 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,we %all devote ! re/ ( our days to ?is ,liv+ ,memorial1 & leave means = its cont9uance1 s t pass]s-by 9 g5]ations to come may be rem9d$ ( ! _w's greate/ tree trag$y1 & to demon/rate t *e/nuts :i* once grew native ov] half ! nation1 & 7 laid l[ by a t]rible disease1 may aga9 be gr[n4 ,9 conclusion1 let me w>n y to improve y\r soil cont9ually4 ,,no ,,tree ,,c ,,be ,,bett] ,,?an ,,! ,,soil ,,9 ,,:i* ,,x ,,gr[s4 ,no man is a great] expon5t ( soil improvem5t ?an "o ( ,ohio's mo/ illu/ri\s sons1 ,l\is ,bromfield4 ,9 8 book1 ,,9 ,,pleasant ,,valley1 he says1 ,:at we ne$ is a new k9d ( pione]1 n ! sort :i* cut d[n ! =e/1 & burn$ (f ! prairies1 & rap$ ! l&1 b ! k9d :i* creates new =e/s & heals & re/ores ! ri*ness ( ! c\ntry ,god has giv5 u4 ,wea!r ,conditions v]sus ,nut ,tree ,crops ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,wilk9son1 ,indiana ,nut tree crops1 l o!r crops1 are dep5d5t on heat1 light & moi/ure 9 prop] am\nt at ! "r "t to produce a crop ( nuts ( normal quality2 soil conditions also to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,^! conditions are probably m ess5tial to a nut crop ?an mo/ ( u h realiz$2 ev5 ! wea!r ( ! prec$+ season ( late summ] & fall may affect or det]m9e next seasons nut crop4 ,! size ( ! nut dep5ds on ! wea!r 9 ,spr+ & e>ly ,summ]1 = :5 ! %ell is once =m$ & h>d5$ little m gr[? c be expect$ "u any conditions1 :ile plumpness ( k]nel dep5ds on favorable conditions 9 late ,summ] & ,fall4 ,aft] ! %ell is =m$ x fills ) wat] :i* gradually *anges to k]nel1 beg9n+ at out] "p next to %ell1 & unless !re is pl5ty ( heat1 light1 & moi/ure1 k]nel may n be fill$1 :i* w cause k]nel to %r9k1 & n be plump1 nei!r w x h normal g]m9at+ vitality1 flavor1 or weight4 ,9 ! pa/ !re h be5 seasons :5 nuts 7 n up to normal quality1 b ,i did n realize !n j :at caus$ ?is condition1 until a few ye>s ago1 ,i he>d a p>ty rem>k t a dry season 0 an indication ( a good nut crop ! foll[+ ye>4 ,recall+ back sev]al seasons ?is1 z a rule1 has be5 true1 especially :]e !re 0 no unusually e>ly ,fall freezes1 & ,spr+ wea!r 0 favorable4 ,! season ( #aidd "h 0 "o ( ! drie/ on record4 ,up until ! middle ( ,augu/1 nut trees 7 %[+ signs ( go+ dormant4 ,late 9 ,june1 sap 0 gett+ s l[ t ,i did all my budd+ late 9 ,june1 a mon? e>li] ?an usual4 ,?is e>ly dry wea!r caus$ ! nuts t ye> to be v small1 especially on trees gr[+ "u less favorable conditions4 ,trees t 7 well cultivat$ produc$ ne>] normal siz$ nuts4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ,augu/ ra9s began1 & ^! nuts 7 well fill$4 ,! ra9s ( ,augu/ br\ght new life into ! trees caus+ !m to hold _! foliage unusually late1 & n be+ ?or\ghly dormant be=e cold wea!r1 at :i* "t no d\bt _m ( ! fruit buds 7 kill$1 ) ! result t a v light crop ( nuts 0 set 9 ,spr+ ( #aide4 ,spr+ op5$ v e>ly ) a bright w>m ,m>* />t+ gr[? be=e usual "t1 ev5 "s trees set ,pi/illate bloom by ! fir/ ( ,april2 !n lat] 9 ,april x began ra9+1 & ra9s cont9u$ mo/ ( ! ,summ] ) mu* cool1 cl\dy wea!r ) ! result t mo/ ( ! nuts fail$ to prop]ly fill1 or mature4 ,?is 0 true ( hickory nuts1 walnuts & pecans ( bo? ! nam$ v>ieties & native se$l+s4 ,:ile ! #aide nut crop 0 v light ( bo? pecans & walnuts1 ,i _h a few trees ) fair crops1 ?\gh none ( ! nuts _h well fill$ plump k]nels4 ,"s ( ! fir/ nuts to rip5 seem$ to h fairly well fill$ k]nels aft] ga!r+ & k]nels got dri$ out1 !y %rivel$ & lack$ flavor4 ,walnuts seem$ to suff] ev5 worse ?an ! pecans4 ,i 0 n able to f9d a walnut tree 9 ?is section t produc$ good plant+ nuts2 ev5 f>m crops suff]$1 especially corn ( :i* mu* ( ! crop 0 n ( normal quality4 ,! spr+ ( #aidf began v mu* z 9 #aide ) a v w>m ,m>*1 aga9 caus+ trees to />t gr[? unusually e>ly1 & ?is spr+1 pi/illate bloom 0 visible on "s pecan trees 9 ! la/ days ( ,m>*4 ,?is wea!r condition rema9$ until ab\t ! middle ( ,april :5 cool ra9y wea!r set 9 la/+ = a mon? ) fro/s & light freezes z late z ,may #aj?1 :i* took all ! nut crop 9 ?is section ) ! exception ( a v few walnuts1 & ^! 7 ( v poor quality4 ,ano!r v peculi> ?+ happ5$ 9 ,spr+ ( #aidf4 ,! ,posey & ,giles v>ieties1 bo? ( :i* are usually heavy bloom]s ( ,/am5 bloom1 fail$ to set a s+le catk9 ?is spr+1 :ile trees ( o!r v>ieties gr[+ ne> !m set heavy crops ( catk9 bloom4 ,! behavior ( nut trees 9 ?is section 9 ! pa/ two ye>s1 bo? ( :i* h be5 unusual seasons1 is evid5ce t nut crops are subject to wea!r conditions1 n only ( ! pres5t1 b ( previ\s season z well4 ,nut ,tree ,notes f ,s\?we/]n ,ohio ,h>ry ,r4 ,web]1 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio ,influ5ce ( ,/ock on ,scion ,at my f>m home 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ,hamilton ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 at ab\t #hjj feet elevation1 on clay soil1 ! ,c>pa?ian walnuts comm5ce gr[? too e>ly 9 spr+ = _! own good & my com=t1 well kn[+ :at lurk+ ,jack ,fro/ c d to !m4 ,^! ,c>pa?ian walnuts are un9flu5c$ by _! black walnut und]/ocks1 ! ,s*af] v>iety alone except$4 ,i also h two ,s*af] trees t came graft$ app>5tly on ,c>pa?ian und]/ock2 b ^! />t z e>ly z ! o!rs4 ,! ,s*af] exception1 to :i* ,i ref]1 is graft$ on a native black walnut /ock to :i* ! ,broadview v>iety also _h be5 graft$4 7,! ,s*af] v>iety is pat5t$4 ,i _h p]mission to use ! graft z ,i did47 ,) ^! two h>dy v>ieties 9 ! same tree1 :i* itself is a late />t] 9 ! spr+1 ,i unwitt+ly laid ! f\ndation = an unanticipat$ result4 ,?is became app>5t aft] a sev]e e>ly spr+ fro/ 9 #aide caus$ me to exam9e all my h>dy 7,p]sian7 walnut trees to note ! effects ( t freeze4 ,! new gr[? ( ,broadview on ! same tree ) ! ,s*af] 0 froz51 :ile ! ,s*af] ) ! re/ ( ! tree 0 dormant4 ,! new gr[? ( ! o!r two ,s*af] trees2 ( ,breslau top-work$ on two trees2 ( ,broadview on ano!r tree2 ( an unkn[n v>iety on /ill ano!r tree2 all trees be+ native black walnut1 all 7 froz54 ,! same 0 true z to ,breslau se$l+s & also a ,krem5etz on ,m9nesota black walnut4 ,( c\rse1 all ^! trees /ag$ come-backs ) no bad aft] effects4 ,9 ,april1 #aide1 we _h a sev]e hail /orm t clipp$ clean ! second new gr[? f ^! trees4 ,! topwork$ ,s*af] 0 /ill dormant1 :ile its companion ,broadview 9 ! same tree suff]$ l ! re/4 ,! spr+ ( #aidf %[$ ! topwork$ ,s*af] /ill dormant1 :ile all ! o!rs 7 active4 ,! ,broadview on ! same tree ) ! ,s*af] 0 almo/ 9 full leaf be=e ! ,s*af] & ! re/ ( ! und]/ock %[$ signs ( gr[?4 ,a numb] ( p]sons ?\ght ! re/ ( ! tree 0 dead4 ,! ,key/one ,black ,walnut ,i h a cut leaf black walnut tree1 ( value z an ornam5tal1 :i* orig9at$ 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,al?\gh x _h catk9s = sev]al seasons1 n until ! pa/ season did x produce1 & !n only "o lone nut4 ,! husk ( t nut _h a smoo? ext]ior simil> to t ( a ,p]sian walnut2 b x lack$ ! *>act]i/ic black walnut odor4 ,9 fact1 x _h none4 ,if ?is tree has any ,p]sian walnut blood 9 its makeup1 t hybrid /ra9 may h manife/$ itself 9 ! foliage2 9 any ev5t1 !re 0 an influ5ce ( "s k9d t caus$ ! *ange 9 ! usual type ( foliage4 ,i 0 m int]e/$ 9 plant+ ! nut to see :at k9d ( foliage ! se$l+ w h r ?an 9 crack+ x = exam9ation to det]m9e its value z a nut4 ,?rop ,walnut ,! p>5t ,?rop tree /ood bord]+ a road along ! ,ralph ,?rop f>m 9 ,indiana1 #dj miles f my home4 ,ab\t six ye>s ago1 ) ! p]mission ( ,mr4 ,?rop1 & be+ a v old tree1 x 0 cut d[n z its bran*es int]f]$ ) ov]hang+ wires4 ,:5 ,i la/ saw ! /ump e>ly 9 #aidb1 x _h /ag$ a come-back by ?r[+ num]\s suck]s4 ,h[ev]1 ! ma9 po9t 9 m5tion+ ?is tree is to regi/] ! fact t x be>s two k9ds ( nuts1 s+le-lob$1 or peanut type1 & d\bl$-lob$1 ) ! peanut type pr$om9at+4 ,a ,?rop tree ( m9e %[$ ?is v>iation1 & on my next visit to ! ,?rop f>m1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,gray1 "o ( our memb]s1 ,mr4 ,?rop def9itely confirm$ ! fact t ! p>5t tree bore ! two k9ds ( nuts a=esaid & t ! peanut type pr$om9at$4 ,i am prompt$ to make ?is /atem5t = ! reason t "o ( our prom95t memb]s1 well v]s$ 9 ! p]=mance ( our be/ v>ieties ( nor!rn nut trees1 _h n be5 aw>e ( ! dual p]=mance ( ! ,?rop tree1 until ,i call$ x to 8 att5tion4 ,black ,walnut ,nurs]y ,/udies ,s4 ,b4 ,*ase1 ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority1 ,norris1 ,t5nessee ,briefly summ>iz$1 "h are ! results ( a s]ies ( black walnut nurs]y /udies und]tak5 9 #aidj & #aida by ! ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority4 ,! object 0 to develop nurs]y practices :i* w\ld yield ! l>ge uni=m se$l+s mo/ desirable z und]/ocks = graft$ or budd$ trees4 ,g]m9ation & ,/ratification ,x is kn[n t ei!r fall- or spr+-plant$ walnuts g]m9ate readily if ! nuts are viable & if ^? plant$ 9 ! spr+ are prop]ly /ratifi$ ov] w9t]4 ,to f9d out j :at effect spr+ & fall plant+ has on g]m9ation & to comp>e v>i\s me?ods ( /ratification1 ?ree se$lots 7 giv5 ! foll[+ treatm5ts on ,novemb] #bh1 #aidj3 #a4 ,plant$ 9 se$b$s #e4 ,/ratifi$ at #fe-ge deg4 ,f #b4 ,/ratifi$ outdoors #f4 ,/or$ dry at #de-ej deg4 ,f #c4 ,/ratifi$ at #ch-dj deg4 ,f #g4 ,/or$ dry at #de-ej deg4 ,f #d4 ,/ratifi$ at #de-ej deg4 ,f subsequ5tly soak$ 9 wat] prior to plant+ ,nuts f ! ?ree se$lots 7 kept sep>ate & plant$ 9 r&om plots 9 ?ree se$b$s4 ,ea* treatm5t 0 !re=e repres5t$ n9e times ) a total ( #afb nuts 9 ea* treatm5t4 ,to det]m9e :e!r "t ( outdoor /ratification has any effect on g]m9ation & em]g5ce1 ?ree o!r se$lots 7 treat$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,plant$ ,novemb] #bh1 #aidj #e4 ,/ratifi$ ,janu>y #cj1 #aida #b4 ,/ratifi$ ,novemb] #bh1 #aidj #f4 ,/ratifi$ ,febru>y #bj1 #aida #c4 ,/ratifi$ ,decemb] #ai1 #aidj #g4 ,/ratifi$ ,m>* #ac1 #aida #d4 ,/ratifi$ ,janu>y #i1 #aida ,^! ?ree se$lots 7 also plant$ 9 ?ree se$b$s ) a total ( #ace 9 ea* treatm5t4 ,) "o exception1 all nuts 9 ! two te/s 7 plant$ ,april #c1 #aida4 ,"o ( ! two lots /or$ dry 0 soak$ 9 wat] = five days1 !n plant$ ,april #g4 ,se$b$s 7 equipp$ ) scre5 wire clo? at a dep? ( #aj in*es4 ,results3 ,9 bo? te/s1 fall nut plant+ result$ 9 ! be/ g]m9ation4 ,g]m9ation 0 high] = nuts plant$ 9 ! fall ?an = nuts /ratifi$ on ! same day = spr+ plant+1 al?\gh ! diff]5ce 0 significant only 9 ! second te/4 ,outdoor /ratification produc$ ! be/ results1 foll[$ 9 ord] by indoor /ratification at #ch-dj deg4 ,f & #de-ej deg4 ,f4 ,none ( ! nuts /or$ dry g]m9at$4 ,"t ( /ratification prov$ to be important4 ,any delay aft] ,novemb] #bh result$ 9 r$uc$ & ret>d$ g]m9ation & consequ5tly small] se$l+s4 ,dep? ( ,plant+ & ,se$ ,ori5tation ,! effect ( plant+ dep? on g]m9ation & on se$l+ size 0 inve/igat$ by plant+ black walnuts "o1 two1 ?ree1 & f\r in*es deep4 ,o!r nuts 7 plant$ 9 ?ree positions3 7#a7 radicle end up1 7#b7 on side1 & 7#c7 radicle end d[n4 ,results3 ,g]m9ation 0 unaffect$ by any ( ^! treatm5ts4 ,! em]g5ce ( ! se$l+s 0 ret>d$ by deep plant+ & h5ce ! f9al diamet] ( se$l+s 0 small]4 ,!re 0 little diff]5ce 9 se$l+s f nuts plant$ "o & two in*es deep b !y 7 noticeably l>g] ?an ^? plant$ #c & #d in*es deep4 ,plant+ nuts ) ! radicle end d[n inv>iably produc$ se$l+s ) undesirable crooks 9 ! root-/em region :i* made !m unsuitable = graft+4 ,plant+ nuts radicle end up produc$ /raight] se$l+s ?an plant+ !m on _! side4 ,! latt] me?od 0 ! mo/ economical = nurs]y practice4 ,se$ ,size ,to /udy ! effect ( k]nel size on size ( se$l+ produc$ 9 ! nurs]y1 nuts f n9e wild trees & ,?omas nuts 7 plant$4 ,k]nel weights rang$ f #a4ba to #e4fa grams2 nut weight f #f4e grams to #bd4c grams4 ,results3 ,) "o exception :]e g]m9ation 0 poor1 nuts ) small k]nels produc$ small se$l+s & nuts ) l>ge k]nels produc$ l>ge se$l+s4 ,"u nurs]y conditions ! ne$ = uni=mly l>ge se$l+s = budd+ & graft+ is app>5t4 ,! results ( ?is /udy indicat$ ! desirability ( us+ se$ nuts ) l>ge k]nels = production ( und]/ocks4 ,se$b$ & ,budd+ ,/udies ,d5sity ( /& 9 se$b$s influ5ces se$l+ size4 ,z size ( se$l+ is important 9 budd+ & graft+ black walnut1 in=mation on ! mo/ desirable spac+ 9 se$b$s 0 ne$$4 ,9 ?ree se$b$s ,?omas nuts 7 plant$ 9 ?ree nut spac+s3 #d x #d in*es1 #e x #e in*es1 & #f x #g in*es4 ,9 o!r plots nuts 7 plant$ #d x #d in*es & aft] em]g5ce ! /& 0 ?9n$4 ,all se$l+s f ! ?9n+ te/ 7 set out 9 nurs]y r[s ! foll[+ spr+ & ^? l>ge en\gh 7 budd$ 9 ! summ]4 ,results3 ,increas+ ! spac+ produc$ se$l+s ( l>g] gir? & %ort] height--a desirable *>act]i/ic 9 black walnut budd+ /ocks4 ,! mo/ desirable spac+ appe>$ to be #f x #g in*es4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! numb] ( se$l+s result+ f ?is spac+ 0 approximately half ! numb] produc$ at #d x #d in*es spac+1 m usable se$l+s 7 produc$ at ! wid] spac+4 ,?9n+ se$l+s spac$ #d x #d in*es result$ 9 l>g] gir? ( ^? rema9+--v simil> 9 size to se$l+s spac$ #e x #e in*es4 ,se$l+s f ! ?9n$ & un?9n$ plots av]ag$ #j4fb cm4 & #j4ee cm4 9 diamet]1 respectively4 ,9 ! nurs]y r[ #gc p]c5t ( ! l>g] transplant$ se$l+s 7 l>ge en\gh = budd+ ! foll[+ summ]1 :ile only #ei p]c5t ( ! small] se$l+s atta9$ prop] size4 ,bud survival 0 #bb p]c5t on ! l>g] /ocks indicat+ ! desirability ( us+ l>ge /ocks4 ,my ,exp]im5ts1 ,gambles & ,failures ,john ,davidson1 ,x5ia1 ,ohio ,9 read+ ! pa/ reports ( ?is ,association1 ,i f9d "o ?+ lack+4 ,"o becomes int]e/$ 9 a report dat$1 let u say1 #aj or #bj ye>s ago1 :i* conta9s an acc\nt ( a project !n />t$4 ,x _h great possibilities4 ,:at 0 ! outcome8 ,we d n "k4 ,no m5tion ( x has appe>$ s9ce4 ,did x fail8 ,let u say x did4 ,:y8 ,! answ] to ?is f9al qu]y is almo/1 if n q1 z important z w\ld be an acc\nt ( ! means employ$ to make x successful--if x succe$$4 ,i %\ld l to "k1 = example1 :e!r any?+ rema9s ( ! ,neilson-,po/ project 9 ,mi*igan & :at its hi/ory has be54 ,i %\ld l to he> m1 also1 ab\t ! outcome ( _m ( ,mr4 ,g]>di's int5sely int]e/+ & orig9al exp]im5ts1 su* z 8 me?od1 describ$ 9 ! #bi? ,annual ,report1 ( asexual propagation ( he>tnut trees on _! own roots2 or 8 me?od ( artificially creat+ beautifully m>k$ burls on black walnut logs by sy/ematically & repeat$ly scor+ ! b>k4 ,^! & _m o!rs4 ,:i* exp]im5ts 7 successful & :i* 7 n8 ,mr4 ,g]>di's orig9al & adv5tur\s m9d is ! sort t %\ld be prob$ = ! b5efit ( ^? :o come aft] u4 ,my report today is my own %ort & t5tative contribution to su* a resume4 ,9 ! #aich ,report1 on page #gc1 y w f9d my ambiti\s & optimi/ic ,f>m ,plan = ,nut ,tree ,plant+4 ,9 x ,i tri$ to outl9e a plan :i* c\ld be us$ by any practical f>m] ) b slight sacrifice ( useful l&4 ,its la/ s5t5ce reads z foll[s3 ,meantime1 ,i %all h kept practically all my l& 9 pr(itable use all ! "t4 ,well1 t dep5ds ^u :at is int]pret$ z pr(itable use4 ,tree gr[? is surely pr(itable4 ,! plan1 9 sub/ance1 0 z foll[s3 ,fir/1 plant #bj acres 9 a modifi$ =e/ =mation to select$ se$1 mo/ly black walnut1 ! trees to /& #h feet ap>t 9 r[s #bb feet ap>t4 ,use ! space betwe5 ! r[s fir/ = truck g>d5+ & lat] = an int]plant$ r[ ( "s fa/-gr[+ species = timb]4 ,no graz+ p]mitt$4 ,second1 plant ano!r #bj acres to a nut or*>d us+ graft$ trees ( nam$ v>ieties spac$ #hj feet ap>t4 ,protect f live/ock & p]mit graz+4 ,f9ally1 plant se$ 9 ano!r #cj acres1 spac$ #hj feet ap>t1 ! se$l+s to be ev5tually topwork$ to ! wood ( promis+ discov]ies f ! fir/ plot4 ,protect & cultivate or graze4 ,:at has be5 ! outcome ( ?is plan to date8 ,! propos$ plan work$ v well 9 a #bj-;acre plot :]e a mead[ 0 plant$ to an or*>d ( graft$ trees1 mo/ly pecans & ,c>pa?ians1 :i* 7 protect$ by cattle gu>ds1 b 0 n complet$ 9 ! se$l+ #bj-;acre plantation :]e ! trees /ood #h feet ap>t 9 r[s #bb feet ap>t4 ,no graz+ 0 p]mitt$ !re1 b b]ries & truck crops 7 put out4 ,i c\ldn't keep x up4 ,! reason3 a ,_w ,w>1 & lack ( help = ! int5sive type ( f>m+ requir$ = ! project4 ,f9ally1 :5 ,i attempt$ to int]plant ! r[s ) fa/-gr[+ trees1 we$s *ok$ out mo/ ( !m 9 spite ( my own ef=ts4 ,my own physical & "t limitations defeat$ me 9 ! int]plant+ und]tak+4 ,?is leads up to an enum]ation ( my mi/akes4 ,fir/1 ,i did n />t e>ly en\gh 9 life4 ,! elem5ts ( heal? & /r5g? h _! "p 9 success4 ,!n1 too1 let u see :at might h be5 ! result if ,i _h />t$ at ! age ( #bj4 ,rememb]1 9 ?is fir/ tract ( #bj acres ,i plann$ a =e/ plantation ( select$ black walnut se$l+s1 "s *os5 = nut quality & "s = l>ge1 /raight timb] gr[?4 ,a tract ( #bj acres plant$ #h x #h x #bb feet w hold ab\t #dejj trees4 ,all[ = ?9n+ & o!r r$uctions4 ,if only #abej trees %\ld rea* log size 9 #ej ye>s1 t is1 by today = me1 at an av]age ( #ej ea*1 !y w\ld come to #fb1ejj--;a v tidy e/ate4 ,j n[ !re are p]haps #bejj well gr[n trees 9 ! good portion ( ! gr\nd 9 ?is #bj acres4 ,pleasantly en\gh1 !y d n n[ seem to ne$ ! int]plant+ ( fa/]-gr[+ trees 9 ord] to develop upright gr[? b are pu%+ ea* o!r up z !y /&1 #h x #h x #bb feet ap>t4 ,9 ?is plant+1 !n1 !re is evid5ce ( successful timb] gr[? 9 ! good gr\nd b ( almo/ complete failure 9 ! poor gr\nd4 ,ano!r failure is to be not$ 9 my orig9al plan = cattle gu>ds4 ,^! gu>ds 7 #ab feet 9 diamet]1 & ab\t #f feet 9 height4 ,^! 7 satisfactory = %eep aft] ,i _h in/all$ pipe = po/s1 b n = cattle4 ,trees gr[ horizontally z well z v]tically4 ,cattle1 rea*+ = ^! side %oots1 rea*$ ov] ! gu>ds & pu%$ 9 & "u4 ,i lat] r$uc$ ! gu>ds to a #f-;foot diamet] ( /rong] wov5 f5ce-wire ) #f-;in* /ays1 n #ab-;in*1 & rais$ ! height to n less ?an #aj feet4 ,! cattle may n[ nibble (f ! side %oots if !y wi% b ! v]tical gr[? is protect$4 ,above #aj feet ! trees c spread out )\t dang]4 ,o!rs say1 ,p]mit no graz+ at all4 ,?is /atem5t1 ,i ?9k1 %\ld be made ) c]ta9 qualifications4 ,:]e bluegrass bottom is us$ = ! or*>d plant+ ( pecans or black walnuts1 !re is a possible slight r$uction 9 gr[? f lack ( cultivation1 b ?is loss w be n[h]e ne>ly proportionate to a f>m]'s loss ( pa/urage4 ,& ev5 9 my #h x #h x #bb-;foot plant+ ( se$l+s1 ?\gh no graz+ 0 p]mitt$ :ile ! trees 7 "y1 n[ ! old] trees are l>ge & /rong en\gh 9 ! good soil to take c>e ( !mselves4 ,"s l[] bran*es are rubb$ (f b !y %\ld be (f anyh[4 ,also1 ?ank heav51 ! we$s are at la/ kept d[n by graz+1 ! grass is utiliz$ &1 mo/ important ( all1 ! haz>d ( grass fires is entirely wip$ out4 ,i "k ( a neighbor's plant+ de/roy$ 9 ?is way & ,i %all always fe> fire4 ,i %\ld n p]mit graz+ 9 a g5]al purpose woods lot :]e "y gr[? is con/antly com+ on4 ,failure ?ree3 ,i h fail$ completely to int]e/ my t5ant 9 my project4 ,ea* m[+ or clean-up job is j a *ore to him4 ,i c't blame him4 ,:y %\ld ,i expect any?+ else8 ,) a ,_w ,w> on h&1 & ) 8 son 9 ! army1 & ) two f>ms to c>e =1 ! imm$iate bread-&-butt] jobs come fir/ & my m[+ suff]s4 ,h[ev]1 ! wond]ful trees someh[ cont9ue to gr[ 9 spite ( we$s & w>s1 p]haps a bit m sl[ly ?an !y o!rwise might1 b ,i am 9 no hurry4 ,! la/ w> casualty 0 my orig9al plan to make a fur!r or*>d plant+ ( se$l+s 9 loco1 ready to be top-work$ to ! wood ( "s out/&+ f9d among ! select$ se$l+s4 ,x has n be5 done--p]iod4 ,i ?9k ,i d h "o or two r out/&+ nuts among ! se$l+s1 b ?is leads up to ano!r casualty :i* mu/ be fac$ by all ( u--a tempor>y "o1 =tunately1 namely1 crop failures due to ! wea!r4 ,! l>g] trees began to be> at age sev54 ,!n1 ?ree ye>s ago we _h a dr\?4 ,= ! two ye>s s9ce !n1 we h _h summ] 9 ,m>* & w9t] 9 ,may4 ,! catk9s 7 mo/ly kill$ & ! pi/illate bloom 0 delay$ 9 gr[? ^u ! new wood until mo/ ( x came too late = ev5 su* poll9ation z 0 s sp>+ly available4 ,?us we h _h no g5]ally good nut produc+ season = ?ree ye>s 9 our "p ( ,ohio4 ,z a result1 my truly out/&+ nut is /ill 9 hid+1 & ,i am wait+ = a good season to br+ x out4 ,ano!r disappo9tm5t ) me has be5 ! ,c>pa?ians4 ,!y p>tially w9t]-kill ea* w9t]4 ,_! trunks /ill live & s5d up %oots4 ,i let !m /&1 hop+ = an ev5tual h>d5+ ( ! wood4 ,i reg>d !m n z failures b z n yet prov54 ,= purely exp]im5tal purposes ,i plant$ apple & pea* trees close up to ! walnuts4 ,:i*ev] won out 0 to /ay4 ,bo? are !re yet4 ,!re is z yet no sign ( ! results ( toxicity4 ,!y /&1 lit]ally1 arm 9 arm4 ,"o success ,i feel may safely be *alk$ up4 ,9 select+ se$ = my orig9al plant+1 "s 7 *os5 = bett] nuts1 z /at$1 & "s because ( ! magnific5t gr[? ( ! p>5t trees4 ,"o su* tree gave me se$l+s t are def9itely sup]ior 9 gr[? to o!r trees :i* /& 9 equally good soil--9 fact1 9 adjo9+ r[s4 ,?is is notewor?y4 ,z = ! se$ select$ = nut quality1 because ( ! ?ree poor produc+ seasons n[ pa/1 ! result is n s app>5t4 ,i c only say t1 out ( "s score or m s\rces1 ! nuts produc$ ^u su* se$l+s z h fruit$ t5d to resemble ! qualities ( _! p>5ts4 ,!y all %[ "s v>iations4 ,ea* nut tree is a new individual b ) a family inh]itance /rongly en\gh m>k$ to make ! plant+ ( se$l+s1 :5 done 9 l>ge quantities1 f ! be/ p>5ts1 a sort ( gamble 9 :i* ! p]c5tage is 9 favor ( ! gambl]--:i* is1 z y %\ld "k1 unusual4 ,"o utt]ly complete failure mu/ be not$4 ,i %all nev] aga9 plant a black walnut se$ or tree 9 any b good soil4 ,ev5 ! be/ inh]itance _c prevail aga9/ h>dpan or worn-out soil4 ,i 0 un=tunate1 :5 ,i made my fir/ & l>ge/ plant+ ( se$1 9 n kn[+ ab\t ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,s ,i adv]tis$ = local nuts1 pay+ d\ble = ! se$ ,i accept$4 ,s f> z ! se$ :i* 0 select$ because ( ! timb] gr[? ( ! p>5t tree 0 conc]n$1 ,i am well satisfi$4 ,b nut quality 0 only fair2 f> bel[ ! quality ( our nam$ v>ieties4 ,!n1 ?r\gh ! f9e mission>y "w ( ,h>ry ,web]1 ,i 0 introduc$ to ! ,,nnga4 ,all my replant+ s9ce !n has be5 f se$ b\ght f ! memb]'s plantations4 ,next ye> ,i expect "s ( !m to come into be>+4 ,mo/ ( y are *iefly int]e/$ 9 graft$ or budd$ trees1 & ?is is z x %\ld be4 ,:]e sure results & ! be/ possible nuts are ! aim1 "o w\ld be utt]ly fooli% to plant a se$l+4 ,^u ! o!r h&1 :]e plant+s are made 9 great quantities1 z is ! case ) =e/]s1 /ate or f$]al ag5cies1 colleges & o!r in/itutions--& ) occasional individuals l myself :o f9d _! greate/ int]e/ 9 ?is p>ticul> excit+ gamble1 ,i ?9k x is fairly well demon/rat$ t ! p]c5tage ( success c be turn$ 9 favor ( ! plant] by intellig5t selection4 ,b :]e c ! be/ se$ be f\nd8 ,! answ] is z pla9 z ! nose on y\r face4 ,! be/ possible s\rce is 9 exi/+ plantations ( nam$1 prov5 v>ieties4 ,z a f>m]1 ,i %\ld n use a cross-roads mav]ick :5 ,i c use a regi/]$ ,j]sey1 ,h]e=d or ,angus4 ,z a plant] ( black walnuts1 or any o!r nuts1 ei!r = timb] or wood1 ,i %\ld n pick up my se$ haphaz>dly f cross-roads trees4 ,e nut produc$ by plant]s ( or*>ds ( ! be/ nam$ v>ieties %\ld be 9 active dem& by /ate & national ag5cies = _! own plant+s1 & ! se$l+s f !m %\ld be available = ! wide/ di/ribution to ! public4 ,?is urg5t dem& = bett] se$ w make exi/+ plantations ( prov$ v>ieties m pr(itable & w fill our =e/s & f>ms ) f> bett] trees4 ,nut ,trees 9 ,wildlife ,cons]vation ,by ,floyd ,b4 ,*apman ,ohio ,division ( ,cons]vation ,natural ,res\rces ,atte/+ to our great fai? 9 ! value ( ! nut trees = wildlife cons]vation & re/oration1 ! ,ohio ,division ( ,cons]vation & ,natural ,res\rces has di/ribut$ free ( *>ge1 to coop]at+ l&[n]s3 #acb1jjj ,am]ican hazelnut1 #ajjj ,european & ,am]ican hazel hybrids1 #ajjj pecans1 #ajjj butt]nut1 ov] "o ?\s& %agb>k hickory1 #aejj ,asiatic *e/nut1 #bjjj black walnut trees1 & m ?an #ej bu%els ( black walnut nuts = se$ spott+4 ,?is program has only be5 9 op]ation s9ce #aidb1 & ,i ?9k a great deal has be5 accompli%$ 9 spite ( ! w> & difficulties 9 gr[+ & %ipp+ ( nurs]y /ock4 ,?is record w\ld n be s impressive _h we n be5 able to take advantage ( a va/ am\nt ( surplus /ock made available :5 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,soil ,cons]vation ,s]vice clos$ out a l>ge nurs]y 9 ?is region4 ,to %[ h[ dep5d5t are c]ta9 wildlife species on an adequate supply ( nut ma/1 ,i ne$ only m5tion "o gr\p1 ! squirrels4 ,mu* in=mation conc]n+ ! abundance ( squirrels 9 ! orig9al =e/s is on record4 ,x is also well kn[n t nuts ( sev]al k9ds 7 always pl5tiful3 native *e/nuts1 walnuts1 butt]nuts1 hazelnuts1 hickorynuts1 & bee*nuts4 ,! supply 0 s l>ge t an occasional crop failure 0 unimportant2 mu* ( ! production f ! prec$+ ye> 0 /ill available4 ,num]\s wild animals1 includ+ squirrels1 de]1 rabbits1 raccoons1 & o!rs f$ on ! native *e/nut4 ,x 0 su* an important /aple 9 ! diet ( _m animals t its pass+ is "o ( ! mo/ deva/at+ bl[s to befall ! wildlife ( ?is cont95t4 ,9 ord] to comp5sate = ! loss ( ! *e/nut1 & at ! same "t re/ore "s ( ! food & cov] de/roy$ ?r\gh pa/ur+ ( woodlots1 & ! removal ( f5c][ cov] 9 clean f>m+1 ! ,division ( ,cons]vation in/itut$ its popul> tree & %rub unit plant+ project f\r ye>s ago4 ,9 ?is program1 units ( #ajj or #bjj p9e trees & %rubs = food & cov] are di/ribut$ free ( *>ge to f>m]s :o w plant !m z sugge/$ & protect !m f fire1 graz+1 & cultivation4 ,am]ican hazelnut 0 ext5sively us$ 9 ?is project dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s4 ,s9ce !n we h be5 unable to obta9 se$l+ plants 9 ! l>ge quantities t are ne$$4 ,! ,division also has sev]al o!r wildlife re/oration projects 9 :i* ! nut trees are utiliz$4 ,^! are a f>m pond project1 a small wildlife refuge program1 & a f5c][ cov] re/oration proposition4 ,9 ! pond developm5t program1 a f>m] is assi/$ 9 imp\nd+ a small body ( wat]1 f :i* live/ock is f5c$1 if he w agree to p]mit hunt+ on a portion ( 8 f>m4 ,! pond m>g9s are se$$ to a grass mixture to prev5t soil erosion & silt+1 & sev]al hundr$ trees & %rubs hav+ value z wildlife food & cov] are plant$ 9 ! area4 ,! l& imm$iately surr\nd+ ! pond becomes a wildlife refuge :]e no hunt+ is p]mitt$4 ,_m ,asiatic *e/nuts h be5 plant$ on ^! sites1 9 addition to ,am]ican hazelnuts1 & consid]able se$ spott+ ) black walnuts has be5 accompli%$4 ,9 ! small refuge plan1 areas are select$1 develop$ = wildlife by plant+ & o!r managem5t measures1 & are !n clos$ to hunt+ = a p]iod ( ye>s4 ,_m hazelnuts1 butt]nuts1 "s hickorynuts1 walnuts & ,asiatic *e/nuts h be5 us$ 9 ?is "w4 ,our own field m5 plant ! se$l+s or assi/ ! l&[n] 9 plant+ !m1 !n give advice on ! culture ( ! plants4 ,9 ! ?ird und]tak+1 :i* is rese>* to det]m9e ! be/ me?ods ( re/or+ or develop+ f5c][ food & cov] /rips2 ne>ly a ?\s& hazelnut hybrids h be5 plant$4 ,among ^! hybrids are3 ,b>celona x ,european ,globe1 avellana x ,italian r$1 ,b>celona x purple avel9e1 ,b>celona x ,cos=d1 ,b>celona x ,italian r$1 ,ru% x ,k5ti% ,cob1 & ,b>celona x v>i\s o!r types4 ,! bett] sorts ( hazelnuts h be5 us$ 9 ?is project to famili>ize ! f>m]s ) !m s t !y w h an inc5tive to gr[ some?+ valuable 9 f5c][s4 ,we h f\nd t mo/ f>m]s w n li/5 to ! argum5t ( gr[+ any?+ 9 f5c][s purely = ! b5efit ( wildlife4 ,by us+ a m subtle1 conv9c+1 & practical approa*1 we are conv9c$ t success w be atta9$ & t wildlife w be b5efitt$ 9 ! end4 ,9 addition to ^! projects :i* are ( a /atewide nature1 ! ,division ( ,cons]vation owns "s #ad1jjj acres ( game l&s on :i* exp]im5tal plant+s ( nut trees h be5 made4 ,f plant+s ( ,*9ese *e/nuts e/abli%$ 9 #aida1 we are n[ beg9n+ to realize def9ite returns4 ,on ! ,zaleski ,/ate =e/ game area1 "o ( ^! trees1 n[ ab\t #f feet high1 is be>+ #ba burs ?is ye>4 ,9 connection ) a squirrel rese>* problem1 "o ( our field m51 ,rob]t ,butt]field1 is c>ry+ on "s exp]im5ts 9 f]tiliz+ nut & o!r trees :i* %\ld yield "s v valuable in=mation4 ,i rec5tly saw a plot ( ,ca/anea mollissima :i* _h be5 treat$ ) a #cc-a_/b nitrog5 f]tiliz]4 ,plant$ on poor1 acid1 erod$ soils 9 ! hill c\ntry1 ^! h b>ely surviv$4 ,aft] treatm5t1 ! yell[1 /unt$ foliage *ang$ miracul\sly to a /rik+ d>k gre51 ! leaves grew l>g]1 & ! entire plants %[$ e evid5ce ( heal?y gr[?4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t int]plant+ *e/nuts ) black locu/ might h ! same b5eficial effect & we int5d to try x4 ,none ( u has ceas$ to hope t "s day ! blight :i* has /rick5 our native *e/nuts c be conqu]$4 ,we c be assur$ t :5ev] a resi/ant v>iety ( *e/nut does orig9ate 9 ! wild1 squirrels w f9d x & give x widespread di/ribution4 ,9 ,ohio1 squirrels are /ill pr(ici5t 9 locat+ ! few spr\ts t are fruit+1 bury+ ! nuts & =gett+ !m 9 ! woods ea* ye>1 ) ! result t we always h a few se$l+ trees com+ on4 ,la/ spr+1 ,i f\nd sev]al bu%els ( *e/nut burs ca*$ 9 a s&/one cave 9 s\!rn ,ohio by woodrats4 ,! ,/ates :i* are mo/ int]e/$ 9 ! nut trees f ! /&po9t ( wildlife are usually ^? 9 :i* squirrels or wild turkeys are important game species4 ,if ^? :o are gr[+ nut trees comm]cially w\ld conc5trate _! ef=ts 9 ^! /ates :i* ext5d f ,p5nsylvania to ,miss\ri & ?r\gh\t ! s\?1 ,i ?9k !y w\ld be help+ !mselves & contribut+ 9 an important measure to wildlife cons]vation & recreation4 ,i ?9k _m ,/ates1 & ,i "k ?is is true ( ,ohio1 w\ld l to introduce "s ( ! bett] nam$ v>ieties ( walnuts1 hazelnuts1 filb]ts1 & o!r nut trees to ! l&[n]s ( ! ,/ate ?r\gh cons]vation projects :i* ,i h describ$1 b ! co/ is ?us f> too prohibitive = /ock :i* is di/ribut$ by u free ( *>ge4 ,i am p]sonally int]e/$ 9 ! f9e program ( nut tree rese>* :i* is be+ initiat$ 9 ,ohio & else:]e4 ,! hill culture exp]im5ts are especially int]e/+ & valuable4 ,h[ev]1 ,i believe e gr[] %\ld give increas+ att5tion to ! possibilities ( nut trees 9 cons]vation1 to ! end t bett] & m prolific v>ieties c be made available = ?is purpose4 ,/ates :i* c use good nut tree /ock 9 _! cons]vation "w %\ld be solicit$1 _! int]e/ ar\s$ 9 plant+s = ! dual purpose ( home use & wildlife1 & a few select v>ieties sold or giv5 to !m ea* ye> = exp]im5tal use4 ,"s gr[]s are already g5]\s 9 releas+ a few new & promis+ nut tree v>ieties = trial gr[+ 9 v>i\s sections ( ! c\ntry4 ,mo/ ,cons]vation dep>tm5ts are f9anc$ on an annual basis ) funds f hunt+ & fi%+ lic5ses4 ,?is prev5ts our kn[+ f ye> to ye> exactly :at our requirem5ts are go+ to be 9 ! l9e ( plant+ mat]ial4 ,su* /ock _c be contract$ = ev5 "o ye> prior to pur*ase4 ,we h no ,division-own$ nurs]y = propagat+ game food & cov] plants1 & ne>ly all h>dwood /ocks are pur*as$ f comm]cial nurs]ies4 ,mo/ /ates pref] to pur*ase nurs]y /ock t is gr[n locally1 & if nut gr[]s c\ld succe$ 9 l9+ up _! own /ate cons]vation dep>tm5ts1 ,i am sure t !y c\ld exp& _! production to furni% ! /ock ne$$1 bo? at a pr(it to !mselves & at a price we c\ld af=d to pay4 ,comm]cial ,aspects ( ,nut ,crops ,z ,f> ,nor? ,z ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9nesota ,by ,c>l ,wes*cke1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9nesota ,= ! b5efit ( ^? new memb]s :o are n famili> ) my nut tree plantation at ,riv] ,falls1 ,wiscons91 ,i wi% to expla9 its geographical conditions4 ,situat$ 9 ! #de? p>allel1 longitude #ib-a_/b deg41 ab\t #hfj feet above sea level1 ?is is a v sev]e climate = gr[+ mo/ species ( nut trees4 ,=tunately1 ,i did n realize t fact #cj ye>s ago1 & ,i le>n$ a great deal ab\t ! h>d9ess ( _m species & v>ieties & ! difficulties ( gr[+ !m be=e ,i 0 conv9c$ ( x4 ,my optimism 9 ^? ye>s s rul$ me t ,i 0 influ5c$ by x to try out su* t5d] species z almonds1 ,engli% walnuts1 filb]ts1 pecans & *e/nuts1 along ) h>di] types su* z butt]nuts1 black walnuts1 hicans1 hickories & hazels4 ,to give y a r\gh idea ( ! te/+ ,i did1 ,i w m5tion "s ( my "w among hickories4 ,i 0 =tunate en\gh to h a =e/ ( bitt]nut trees on my l&4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t1 at lea/ tempor>ily1 ^! bitt]nut hickories l5d !mselves well z graft+ /ock = _m sup]ior v>ieties ( hickories1 hicans & pecans1 al?\gh ! la/ species seldom is consid]$ p]man5tly compatible ) bitt]nut4 ,! numb] ( v>ieties ,i te/$ on bitt]nut /ock is r\ghly ab\t #ge4 ,dur+ ! ye>s s9ce ,i />t$ su* graft+1 mo/ ( ^! h be5 lo/ by natural elim9ation1 lack ( h>d9ess or incompatibility4 ,^? v>ieties :i* on my place h prov$ h>dy & compatible ) bitt]nut /ock = at lea/ t5 ye>s are3 ,bridgewat]1 ,c$> ,rapids1 ,de,veaux1 ,glov]1 ,kirtl&1 & ,wes*cke4 ,^? :i* h endur$ well on ?is /ock = f #f to #ae ye>s are3 ,b>nes1 ,davis1 ,fox1 ,leon>d1 ,mil=d1 ,netk+1 ,platman1 & ,taylor4 ,among hybrids :i* h /ood = #aj ye>s or m1 !re are3 ,beav]1 ,burl+ton1 ,laney1 ,pleas1 & ,rockville4 ,( pecan1 !re are ,hope & ,norton4 ,!re are a few o!r survivors ( ^: id5tity ,i am n c]ta91 z !y h n yet fruit$4 ,?is does n mean t all ( ^? li/$ h borne1 b only t ! id5tity ( "s ( ! survivors c n be e/abli%$ )\t su* v]ification4 ,preem95t among ! hickories :i* h produc$ nuts1 /&s ! ,wes*cke v>iety1 :i* has borne ! greate/ quantity ) ! mo/ regul>ity4 ,?is v>iety1 graft$ on bitt]nut 9 #aicb1 produc$ "o nut t ye>4 ,its be>+ record has be5 unbrok5 f !n to #aidf1 :51 on ,may #aa1 ! temp]ature dropp$ to #bf deg4,f & on ,may #ab1 a simil>1 l[ temp]ature 0 accompani$ by f\r in*es ( sn[fall4 ,pictures ,i h on display v]ify ^! /atem5ts4 ,! fro/ at t "t de/roy$ ! :ole crop 9 a ne>by #cj-;acre or*>d ( apples1 pe>s1 plums1 & nuts4 ,al?\gh ! fir/ gr[? ( ,wes*cke 0 totally de/roy$ along ) ! crop1 ! second gr[? conta9$ a fair di/ribution ( pi/illate fl[]s :i* probably w\ld h produc$ nuts1 _h !y be5 poll9at$4 ,! ,wes*cke produces no poll51 be+ "o ( ^? curi\s freaks ( nature :i* aborts its /am9ate fl[]s be=e !y rea* maturity4 ,o!r hickory hybrids & %agb>ks :i* h borne satisfactory crops on my f>m1 ) fair regul>ity1 are ! ,beav]1 ,fairbanks1 ,bridgewat]1 ,c$> ,rapids1 ,kirtl&1 ,si]s & ,laney1 9 ! ord] ( _! wor?4 ,! rema9+ v>ieties t ,i m5tion$ h n yet fruit$1 al?\gh ,i hope !y w d s4 ,! facts ,i h giv5 are my reasons = recomm5d+ ! ,wes*cke hickory z a tree suitable = comm]cial use 9 ! nor?4 ,i realize1 ( c\rse1 t f>!r s\?1 :]e h>d9ess is n s ess5tial a quality1 o!r trees may be j z satisfactory4 ,i might also m5tion t ! size & crack+ qualities ( ! ,wes*cke v>iety are also comm5dable4 ,! quality ( ! k]nel1 :i* is practically #ej ( ! total weight ( ! nut1 is prais$ by all :o h ta/$ x4 ,x is ) great regret t ,i admit t ,i h no black walnut v>ieties :i* ,i c recomm5d = comm]cial use ?is f> nor?4 ,h[ev]1 ,i w\ld place ,ohio ahead ( ,?omas1 because ( its great] h>d9ess4 ,! ease ( hull+1 ! size & appe>ance ( ,?omas1 plus its productivity1 w\ld c]ta9ly place x fir/ 7 x n = ! frequ5t w9t]-kill+ x suff]s1 to :i* ,ohio1 ( c\rse1 is n completely invuln]able4 ,o!r v>ieties :i* h be5 fairly satisfactory b :i* are n z well-kn[n1 include ,patt]son & ,rohw]4 ,! fact rema9s1 h[ev]1 t n "o black walnut ,i h te/$ has produc$ a regul> & satisfactory crop1 al?\gh !y h be5 m productive ?an native butt]nuts4 ,at pres5t1 ,i w\ld rule out bo? species z app>5tly hav+ no comm]cial value 9 ! nor!rn climate :]e my plantation lies1 al?\gh !y may be satisfactory = home or*>ds4 ,be=e leav+ ! hickories1 ,i d want to m5tion t ,i feel !re is a good *ance = gr[+ pecans 9 ?is climate4 ,i h se$l+ trees1 n[ m ?an #bj ye>s old1 :i* are 9 be>+ b d n mature _! fruit4 ,x is possible t "s ( ^! may become acclimat$ to an ext5t t _! cycle ( dormancy w r$uce itself1 br++ _! p]iod ( fl[]+ e>ly en\gh 9 ! spr+ to all[ suffici5t "t & heat units = matur+ ! nuts4 ,e>ly 9 my exp]im5tal "w1 ,i te/$ *e/nuts & *9kap9s b met ) poor results4 ,only 9 ! la/ few ye>s h exp]im5ts ) !m be5 successful en\gh to w>rant _! be+ m5tion$ z comm]cial possibilities 9 ! nor?4 ,at pres5t1 ,i h sev]al ,*9ese & two ,am]ican v>ieties1 z well z "o *9kap91 :i* h prov$ h>dy & fruitful4 ,fur!r te/+ is necess>y be=e ,i c report any?+ def9ite ab\t !m4 ,i h graft$ on native plum /ock mo/ ( ! almonds :i* h be5 consid]$ h>dy1 includ+ ! h>d-%ell$ v>ieties f ,mi*igan & ! ,nor?l& f ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,"s h fl[]$ b none h set nuts4 ,all prov$ too t5d] = our climate4 ,i feel m hopeful = success ) "s ( ! _m se$l+ hybrid plums ,i am gr[+4 ,a numb] ( ^! h edible k]nels & ! trees c\ld be consid]$ = _! fruit z well z = ! k]nels ( _! se$s4 ,among o!r species ( walnut ,i h te/$ is ! he>tnut1 :i* is a sport ( ! ,japanese walnut4 ,?is is a wor?y nut & has done well :5 graft$ on black walnut /ock4 ,only two v>ieties h prov$ h>dy & only "o ( ^!1 ,gellatly1 has produc$ good crops = a long "t4 ,7 x n = ! insect pe/s :i* attack x &1 worse /ill1 ! sapsuck]1 ?is tree might be consid]$ = semi-comm]cial use 9 ! nor?4 ,! sapsuck] is a woodpeck]4 ,x *ips out b>k "r d[n to ! wood1 girdl+ l>ge limbs & kill+ :ole sections ( a tree4 ,?is results 9 an excessive am\nt ( succul5t1 t5d] gr[? :i* is subsequ5tly w9t]-kill$4 ,insects attack ! new %oots1 lay+ _! eggs 9 ! bud & /em portions1 caus+ immature gr[? :i* /unts ! tree & prev5ts its be>+4 ,i h also f\nd ! he>tnut difficult to graft1 ev5 on black walnut1 :i* is a favorable comb9ation4 ,i began te/+ ,p]sian walnuts #cj ye>s ago by graft+ !m on wild butt]nut /ock4 ,al?\gh _m grafts 7 successful1 n "o ev5 liv$ ?r\gh a w9t]4 ,x 0 n until #aicg1 :5 ,i graft$ hundr$s ( trees ) ?\s&s ( grafts ( ! _m v>ieties ( ,cra? importations f ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s1 t ,i succe$$ 9 gett+ any to survive our w9t]s4 ,a few ev5tually bore nuts1 b ! sev]ity ( our w9t]s & ! inroads ( new insects dur+ ! w> ye>s f9ally prov$ fatal to !m4 ,i made /r5u\s attempts to save ! v>ieties by regraft+1 b ,i 0 :olly unsuccessful4 ,"r n[1 ,i am n at all hopeful t ,p]sian walnuts ( any k9d c ev] survive v long ?is f> nor?4 ,we n[ come to ! la/ gr\p ( species m5tion$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is report1 namely1 filb]ts & _! hybrids4 ,9 my op9ion1 ^! h pot5tialities ( comm]cial value 9 ! nor?4 ,ev5 ! fro/s ( ,may #aa? & #ab? ?is ye> 7#aidf7 did n wipe out ! crops :i* _h be5 set4 ,) prop] poll9ization1 ,i am c]ta9 t _! production w become z reliable z ! corn crop 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,at ! banquet1 ,i %all give ea* ( y a sample ( a new product made f ^! nuts4 ,! comb9ation ( qualities ( ! cultivat$ filb]t f ,europe & our wild ,wiscons9 filb]t results 9 an extremely h>dy plant1 ) *>act]i/ics sometimes l ! =m]1 sometimes l ! latt]4 ,_m times1 ! hybrid comb9es ! be/ ( ea*4 ,i am te/+ ^! = field culture1 to be c>$ = mu* z corn is4 ,i expect to h ?ree exp]im5tal f>ms be=e v long1 demon/rat+ ! success ( comm]cial or*>ds ( ^! hybrids :i* ,i call hazilb]ts4 ,hazilb]ts is a ^w ,i co9$ by borr[+ f ! names ( its p>5ts4 ,x has be5 readily accept$ by ! lay public & is easily und]/ood to ref] to hybrids betwe5 hazels & filb]ts4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i 0 able to obta9 a ,u4 ,s4 tradem>k on ?is = application to ^! plants4 ,hazilb]ts are all subject to ! native hazel blight1 ,cryptosporella anomala1 a fungus infection4 ,!y are also susceptible to ano!r blight simil> to ! bact]iosis ( ! ,p]sian walnut4 ,m s]i\s ?an ^!1 ?\gh1 is ! damage caus$ by a curculio1 :i* cuts d[n heavily ! production ( nuts if measures are n tak5 to combat !m4 ,bre$+ has demon/rat$ t "s hybrids are s resi/ant to ! inroads ( ?is pe/ t !y may almo/ be consid]$ immune1 especially :5 !y are int]plant$ ) o!r hazilb]ts :i* d attract curculios & s act z trap-plants4 ,9 ?is way1 ! insects are enc\rag$ to conc5trate 9 "o place :]e !y may be poison$1 ?us protect+ ! ma9-crop plants4 ,s9ce poll9ators are requir$ = filb]ts anyh[1 ! poll9ators may be ! trap-plants4 ,?is is actually ! case 9 ! initial plant+s4 ,clean cultivation w also d away ) _m ( ! curculios1 s9ce !y dep5d on unbrok5 soil 9 ! fall = _! metamorphosis4 ,! pres5ce ( blight makes x unwise to dep5d on a s+le-trunk$ tree & ,i f9d t great productivity c be ma9ta9$ :5 ! plant is all[$ to gr[ 9 /ools hav+ f ?ree to five trunks4 ,! managem5t ( su* plants is l t ( raspb]ry bu%es1 except t in/ead ( ?\s&s ( plants p] acre to be c>$ =1 ) hazilb]ts !re are only #ade1 #ae x #bj feet ap>t4 ,judg+ by ! numb] ( nuts on small plants1 "o may reasonably expect crops to av]age "o-half ton ( nuts p] acre4 ,! hybrids ,i h gr[n s f> h be5 self-husk+4 ,! size ( _! nuts is good1 "s measur+ an in* 9 diamet]4 ,= comm]cial purposes1 h[ev]1 ! l>ge size is n p>ticul>ly desirable nor necess>y4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i want to say t !re is a v promis+ situation develop+ = ^! nuts comm]cially4 ,n only are ^! hazel-filb]t hybrids easily plant$1 b !y are easy to propagate1 s9ce !y are "o ( v few species ( nut trees :i* are easily propagat$ by lay]s & root spr\ts4 ,out ( m ?an #fjj hazilb]ts :i* ,i plant$ 9 ! fall ( #aide1 only ab\t a doz5 7 dead 9 ,june ( #aidf1 :i* gives y a practical idea ( ! ease & safety ( transplant+ !m4 ,! #aidf ,/atus ( ,*9ese ,*e/nut ,gr[+ ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates ,by ,cl>5ce ,a4 ,re$ ,u4 ,s4 ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation1 ,beltsville1 ,m>yl& ,introduction ,! ,*9ese *e/nut1 ,ca/anea mollissima1 n[ dom9ates int]e/ among well-in=m$ *e/nut plant]s ( ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates almo/ to ! exclusion ( o!r species4 ,s9ce its introduction 9 #aijf1 x has _h b "o important competitor1 ! ,japanese *e/nut1 ,c4 cr5ata4 ,among ! _w's mo/ important produc]s ( tree *e/nuts1 only ^! two species are effectively resi/ant to blight4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,japanese *e/nut lacks ! palatability to :i* ,am]icans are accu/om$ & = all practical purposes x has be5 reject$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,_m small plant+s /ill survive2 b ?is species s]ves bett] = %ade & ornam5tation ?an = food production4 ,description ( ! ,*9ese ,*e/nut ,! nut ( ?is species is usually ( good size1 r\ndi% 9 =m1 n po9t$ at ! apex1 & ) ! basal sc> small] ?an ! l[] end ( ! nut4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( gray d[n is on ! surface4 ,?is d[n may be conf9$ to a small area ab\t ! apex or x may cov] mu* ( ! upp] end ( ! nut1 & x may be ?ick1 ?91 or scant4 ,! nut may h good clean+ quality1 mean+ t ! k]nel & its pellicle are easily sep>at$4 ,clean+ quality may be good f ! "t ! nut falls f ! tree or x may become s only aft] cur+ = a "t4 ,once x develops x may rema9 good z long z ! k]nel is usable or x may la/ = a %ort :ile only4 ,9 texture & 9 palatability1 ! k]nel ( ! ,*9ese *e/nut is n excell$ by any o!r true *e/nut4 ,individual nuts are sometimes sweet f ! fir/ b ! great majority become s only aft] be+ cur$ = a week or #aj days4 ,v few nuts ( ! pure species fail to be sweet :5 fully cur$4 ,9 ! op5 ! ,*9ese *e/nut tree atta9s mu* ! same size & g5]al proportions z does ! apple b x may become some:at l>g]1 m upright & consid]ably tall]4 ,"y se$l+s v>y greatly 9 =m & are (t5 unga9ly & unsymmetrical2 b o!rs are all t c\ld be desir$ ) respect to symmetry4 ,e>ly lack ( symmetry t5ds to become less objectionable z ! tree gr[s old] & is seldom conspicu\s aft] ! fir/ decade or s4 ,9 fruitfulness1 _m ( ! se$l+ trees ( be>+ age are def9itely disappo9t+4 ,also 9 _m cases ! nuts are small4 ,to judge ! species by ! pa/ fruit+ p]=mance ( a majority ( its repres5tatives 9 ?is c\ntry w\ld leave little ju/ification = comm]cial hope4 ,h[ev]1 !re are a good _m individual trees ab\t ! c\ntry ^: p]=mance record is excell5t & a l>ge numb] ( ^! are "u c>eful obs]vation z pot5tial v>ieties4 ,! species has ga9$ rapidly 9 popul>ity s9ce ! middle '?irties :5 en\gh good-p]=m+ trees began be>+ = a fair appraisal ( ! species to be possible4 ,x 0 also at ab\t t "t t trees = plant+ began to be available f ! nurs]ies4 ,be=e !n trees c\ld only be _h 9 limit$ numb]s f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,today1 !y are li/$ 9 nurs]y catalogues ( "o or m firms 9 ea* ( a half doz5 or m /ates4 ,! total numb] ( trees yet plant$ is comp>atively small & bo? nurs]ym5 & plant]s up to ?is "t h proce$$ cauti\sly because ( ! newness ( ! indu/ry & its unc]ta9ties4 ,environm5tal ,requirem5ts ,! ,*9ese *e/nut requires mu* ! same conditions ( climate soil1 & soil moi/ure z does ! pea*1 b !re are indications t x w succe$ some:at f>!r bo? nor? & s\?4 ,z ) ! pea* air dra9age mu/ be good & fro/ pockets mu/ be avoid$1 = :ile at ! latitude ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 ! fl[]+ p]iod is f late ,may until t[>d ! end ( ,june1 gr[? beg9s e>ly & may be badly damag$ 9 ,april4 ,?is is especially true dur+ su* seasons z ^? ( #aide & #aidf 9 ! middle ,atlantic ,/ates :5 summ] temp]atures prevail$ dur+ a great "p ( ,m>*1 & new %oot gr[? up to two in*es _h develop$ :5 sub-freez+ temp]atures kill$ all new gr[? & s injur$ ! buds t at ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&1 & g5]al vic9ity !re 7 no crops 9 ei!r ye>4 ,9 "s cases "y trees 7 kill$ out-"r z 7 occasional old] trees t _h become devitaliz$ 9 "s way4 ,"y trees are s s5sitive to lack ( soil moi/ure t sometimes :ole plant+s are kill$ by dr\ght4 ,spr+ gr[? is rapid z long z ! soil is moi/ b root developm5t is %all[ dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s &1 unless wat]$1 trees are likely to f>e badly 9 case ( prolong$ dr\ght4 ,ano!r s]i\s type ( injury1 especially to newly plant$ trees1 is sunscald on ! expos$ sides ( ! trunks4 ,probably ! be/ means ( prev5tion is to head ! trees l[ en\gh to provide = %ad+ by ! tops4 ,x is said#a t at ! altitude ( #bbjj feet 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 sn[ & ice frequ5tly cause mu* injury to "y trees4 ,x is a notable *>act]i/ic ( ! species = "y trees to reta9 _! leaves dur+ mu* ( ! w9t]4 ,unless ^! are remov$ soon aft] turn+ br[n1 !y are apt to become heavily weight$ ) wet sn[ & to cause sev]e breakage4 ,hail & spr+ freezes also cause mu* damage 9 t locality4 ,! la/1 h[ev]1 is n peculi> to high altitude alone z fro/ injury is frequ5t at mu* l[] elevations4 ,x 0 g5]ally 9 evid5ce 9 c5tral ,m>yl& dur+ ! spr+s ( #aide & #aidf z has already be5 m5tion$4 ,?is type ( injury is easily ov]look$1 b ! cambium w be f\nd d>k if a cut is made ?r\gh ! out] b>k4 ,recov]y usually takes place rapidly if ! injur$ trees are left undi/urb$1 b heal+ w be sl[ if !y are dug up = transplant+ or ! tops are sev]ely cut back 9 prep>ation ( ! /ock = graft+4 ,footnote #a3 ,v]bal /atem5t by ,mr4 ,au?ur ,gold1 ( ,c[51 ,w4 ,va41 made dur+ ,april1 #aidf4 ,be>+ ,ages ,"y trees may be> a few nuts ?ree or f\r ye>s aft] be+ transplant$1 b x usually takes f #aj to #ab ye>s = tops to become l>ge en\gh to produce pr(itable crops4 ,:ile !re are occasional trees t become pr(itable at ^! ages1 !re are _m t d n4 ,! only significant record ( yields yet made public is "o report$ by ,hemm+4#b ,8 /atem5t %[s t #ah se$l+ trees plant$ 9 #aicj bore an av]age ( #bi4e p\nd 7gre5 weight7 dur+ six ( ! eight ye>s f #aicg to #aidd1 inclusive1 :5 crops 7 l>ge en\gh to be sep>ately record$ = ea* tree4 ,! range 9 total production p] tree = ! six ye>s 0 f #ajf to #bgg p\nds4 ,at an arbitr>y price ( #be c5ts a p\nd1 ! av]age gross return p] tree w\ld h be5 #g4ci = ea* ( ! six crops4 ,! #aidd crop 0 a practical failure4 ,t ( #aidf1 am\nt$ to ab\t #ajjj p\nds1 or an av]age ( ab\t #ee p\nds p] tree4 ,footnote #b3 ,e4 ,sam ,hemm+1 ,ea/on1 ,md41 ,*9ese ,*e/nuts 9 ,m>yl&1 ,ann4 ,rep't41 ,nor4 ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,incorporat$1 vol4 #ce1 pp4 #cb-cd4 #aidd4 ,! ,se$l+ ,tree ,! orig9al plant+ /ock ( ! ,*9ese *e/nut z gr[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates consi/$ :olly ( se$ nuts import$ direct f ! ,ori5t4 ,x 0 !re=e1 inevitable t a p]iod ( se$l+ developm5t %\ld foll[4 ,! great majority ( ! e>lie/ trees gr[n prov$ unfit = use z pot5tial v>ieties1 al?\gh ) "s exceptions1 !y produc$ nuts t 7 sweet & palatable4 ,s9ce ! middle '?irties1 sup]ior /ra9s h be5 introduc$1 cultural & environm5tal requirem5ts h become bett] und]/ood1 & ! outlook = comm]cial or*>ds is mu* improv$4 ,to a great ext5t ! se$l+ has s]v$ z well z w\ld a graft$ tree = ! pione] exp]im5tal "w t _h to be done4 ,x has be5 f> bett] ?an no tree at all & ev5 n[ x has its advantages4 ,) x !re is no exp5se = graft+1 no problems ( cong5iality betwe5 /ock & scion & ^? ( cross poll9ation are held at a m9imum4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t x is only f se$l+ trees t sup]ior v>ieties are possible4 ,9 #aidf1 ! ye> 9 :i* ?is pap] is be+ writt51 v few graft$ trees are available f any s\rce4 ,! ,graft$ ,tree ,! fir/ v>ietal selections 7 made 9 #aicj4 ,q unavoidably !y 7 *os5 solely by :at c\ld be judg$ f ! nuts ) no k ( ! be>+ habits ( ! p>5t trees4 ,^! 7 fir/ graft$ 9 #aicb & fir/ catalogu$ 9 #aice4 ,already by #aidf1 "s _h be5 supplant$ by o!rs ( great] promise4 ,few graft$ trees h be5 br\ght into be>+ & ) m9or exceptions1 x has n be5 possible to obta9 be>+ records4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ma9ly ) ! graft$ tree t ! future ( ! indu/ry is expect$ to be built up4 ,individual ,v>ieties--,abundance ,?is v>iety 0 fir/ catalogu$ 9 #aida by ,c>roll ,d4 ,bu%1 !n a nurs]yman at ,eagle ,creek1 ,oregon4 ,( ! v few trees ( ?is v>iety sold by him1 "o w5t to ,mr4 ,fayette ,ett]1 ,lema/]s1 ,p5na41 ) :om x e>ly became a favorite among #g or #h he _h "u te/4 ,dur+ #aide1 he s5t a quantity ( ,abundance *e/nuts to ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?1 ,sw>?more1 ,p5na41 :o 9 turn =w>d$ #ab specim5s to ! ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation4 ,^! arriv$ ,octob] #aa & 7 imm$iately plac$ 9 a refrig]ator4 ,on ,octob] #bb1 !y av]ag$ #ej to ! p\nd & rang$ f #ch to #gf4 ,! appe>ance 0 v attractive z ! color 0 a ri* br[n & !re 0 v little d[n ov] ! surface4 ,! clean+ quality 0 also v good & ! flavor excell5t4 ,! ,abundance has attract$ consid]able att5tion &1 :ile x does n appe> to be li/$ 9 any nurs]y catalogue1 a numb] ( lead+ gr[]s are us+ x 9 top work+ se$l+ trees & x may soon be available ?r\gh regul> nurs]y *annels4 ,c>r ,! ,c>r *e/nut orig9at$ z "o ( two se$l+s s5t by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 #aiae to ! late ,r4 ,d4 ,c>r1 ,magnolia1 ,n4 ,c4 ,sixty-two nuts f ,mr4 ,c>r 7 receiv$ by ! ,dep>tm5t 9 #aicj4 ,^! 7 n especially attractive z ! surface 0 ?ickly coat$ ) gray d[n4 ,! lot av]ag$ #eh p] p\nd & ! nuts 7 consid]$ l>ge4 ,clean+ quality 0 v good & ! flavor 0 sweet & pleas+4 ,! v>iety 0 imm$iately nam$ 9 honor ( ,mr4 ,c>r al?\gh propagation did n beg9 until #aicb4 ,x is believ$ to h be5 ! fir/ v>iety ( ! species ev] graft$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! "w 0 p]=m$ by ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,lat] ! ,c>r became available = sev]al ye>s f a numb] ( nurs]ies4 ,x 0 a /rong gr[] b (t5 fail$ to make good unions ) its /ock & is n n[ 9 g5]al favor4 ,hobson ,?is also orig9at$ z "o ( two se$l+ trees s5t to a private gr[] by ! ,dep>tm5t4 ,he 0 ,mr4 ,james ,hobson1 ,jasp]1 ,ga41 9 ^: honor x 0 nam$ 9 #aicj4 ,x 0 lat] tak5 up by comm]cial nurs]ym5 & widely di/ribut$ = sev]al ye>s4 ,x has mu* 9 its favor z x is easy to graft1 precoci\s1 prolific1 annual 9 be>+1 & ! nuts are v sweet4 ,also1 ! clean+ quality is v good1 b ! nuts are too small to meet m>ket requirem5ts ( ?is c\ntry to be/ advantage4 ,fur!rmore1 be+ small1 !y are exp5sive & "t consum+ ( labor at "t ( h>ve/4 ,! av]age p] p\nd = a lot ( #aaj nuts receiv$ 9 #aicj 0 #gh4 ,o!rs receiv$ dur+ lat] ye>s 7 ev5 small]4 ,! v>iety rapidly lo/ favor ) mo/ nurs]ym5 & its propagation 0 l>gely if n entirely discont9u$4 ,h[ev]1 = home use1 x is mu* to good to be ab&on$ at ?is "t4 ,reliable ,reliable 0 an introduction ( ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 ,roanoke1 ,va41 by :om x 0 propagat$ = a %ort "t only1 beg9n+ 9 #aich4 ,x is n kn[n to h be5 catalogu$ by any o!r nurs]yman4 ,t5 fre% nuts 9 #aici av]ag$ at ! rate ( #gi to ! p\nd4 ,six days lat]1 aft] fur!r cur+ _h tak5 place1 ! numb] became #aja to ! p\nd4 ,aside f hav+ a good be>+ record1 !re appe>s to be little reason = cont9u+ ?is v>iety4 ,/oke ,?is v>iety appe>s to be ! result ( a natural ,*9ese-,japanese cross4 ,! orig9al tree 0 gr[n by ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 ,roanoke1 ,va41 ^: att5tion 0 attract$ to x because ( its habit ( matur+ e>ly4 ,he reports t 9 s\?we/]n ,virg9ia1 burs (t5 beg9 op5+ dur+ ! ?ird week ( ,augu/4 ,9 appe>ance1 ! nuts greatly resemble pure ,japanese4 ,! p>5t tree be>s well b ! nuts are lack+ 9 good quality4 ,ins(> z kn[n propagation has be5 discont9u$4 ,yankee 7,syn4 ,connecticut ,yankee7 ,! ,yankee orig9at$ z a *ance se$l+ on prop]ty ( ,e4 ,e4 ,hunt1 ,riv]side1 ,conn4 ,x 0 fir/ propagat$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?1 ,sw>?more1 ,p5na41 9 nor!rn ,virg9ia by :om x 0 fir/ catalogu$ 9 #aice4 ,! writ] has se5 no specim5s b accord+ to ,dr4 ,smi?1 ! size & o!r features are v good4 ,! p>5t tree is said to be> well & to be h>dy :]e x is locat$1 :i* is n f> f ,long ,isl& ,s\nd 9 ! extreme s\?we/]n corn] ( ,connecticut4 ,zimm]man ,?is orig9at$ z a #aicj selection made by ! late ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimm]man1 ,l+le/[n1 ,p5na4 ,v few s\nd nuts ( ,zimm]man h ev] be5 produc$1 = soon aft] ! fir/ crop ! id5tity ( ! tree became lo/ & ev5tually x 0 de/roy$ toge!r ) o!rs 9 an ov]gr[n nurs]y r[ :]e x /ood4 ,9 "o kn[n case :]e !re are graft$ trees ( be>+ age1 ! nuts are regul>ly de/roy$ by weevils4 ,su* nuts z h be5 se5 by ! writ] h be5 ( a dull br[n color & h _h surface d[n only ab\t ! apex4 ,! ,zimm]man 0 fir/ catalogu$ 9 #aich-ci by ,dr4 ,smi?4 ,x is probable t z _m trees ( ?is v>iety h be5 sold & plant$ z ( any "o v>iety b p]=mance records are difficult to obta94 ,pot5tial ,v>ieties ,o!r v>ietal selection are be+ made1 ma9ly by ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,soils1 & ,agricultural ,eng9e]+ f trees at its v>i\s field /ations4 ,"s ( ^! are already "u te/ z graft$ /ock 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! mo/ promis+ w be releas$ to comm]cial nurs]ym5 z soon z _! sup]iority ov] exi/+ v>ieties is e/abli%$4 ,poll9ation ,!re is mu* evid5ce t *e/nut poll5 is l>gely c>ri$ by insects al?\gh ?is has n be5 fully e/abli%$4 ,! ,*9ese *e/nut is l>gely1 al?\gh app>5tly n :olly1 self /]ile2 m ?an a s+le se$l+ or graft$ v>iety %\ld be includ$ 9 any plant+4 ,sev]al se$l+s or sev]al v>ieties w\ld be bett]4 ,9 se$l+ plant+s1 all trees t produce inf]ior nuts %\ld be remov$ 9 ord] to avoid dang] ( undesirable poll5 influ5ce1 ei!r on nut *>act]s1 or on ! g5etic makeup ( ! embryos if ! nuts are to be us$ z se$4 ,h>ve/+ & ,cur+ ,*e/nuts %\ld be h>ve/$ daily z soon z "s beg9 to rip5 & drop to ! gr\nd4 ,!y %\ld be plac$ at once on %elves or 9 cur+ conta9]s ) wood5 or metal bottoms ?r\gh :i* ! l>vae ( any weevils ) :i* ! nuts may be infe/$ _c p5etrate & rea* ! gr\nd4 ,9 areas ( infe/ation1 ^! grubs soon beg9 to bore _! way out ( ! nuts & leave conspicu\s holes 9 ! %ells4 ,all infe/$ nuts %\ld be promptly burn$4 ,9 ord] to cure *e/nuts to be/ advantage1 !y %\ld be spread ?9ly on floors1 or on %elves1 or 9 %all[ conta9]s z j describ$1 & held 9 a well-v5tilat$ room4 ,!y %\ld be /irr$ frequ5tly & held = f #e to #aj days dep5d+ bo? ^u ! condition ( ! nuts & ! atmosph]ic conditions at ! "t ( h>ve/3 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( cur+1 ! nuts w %r9k rapidly 9 weight & ! color w *ange mat]ially4 ,bo? lu/] & brightness w l>gely disappe> &1 al?\gh /ill attractive1 ! nuts w quickly become dull br[n4 ,?ree weeks is ab\t z long z ,*9ese *e/nuts usually rema9 edible )\t special treatm5t4 ,*e/nuts %\ld be m>ket$ z promptly z possible bo? to m9imize det]ioration & to take advantage ( good prices :i* are usually highe/ e>ly 9 ! season4 ,/or+ ,*e/nuts 9 s\nd condition :5 /or$ may be kept fit = eat+ or plant+ = sev]al mon?s by any "o ( sev]al me?ods4 ,:5 available1 cold /orage ) temp]atures some:at above freez+ is ! simple/ & g5]ally ! mo/ satisfactory me?od4 ,/ratify+ me?od4 ,/ratify+ 9 a wire-me% conta9] buri$ deeply 9 moi/ b well-dra9$ s& is v satisfactory & successful4 ,ano!r me?od is to hold ! nuts 9 a tightly clos$ t9 conta9] ei!r 9 a refrig]ator or 9 cold /orage at #cb deg4 ,f4 ,bury+ "u a por* or 9 ! %ade ( a h\se or ev5 9 a b9 ( gra91 pref]ably :eat or rye1 is also a good me?od4 ,reg>dless1 h[ev]1 ( temp]ature or o!r conditions1 g]m9ation is likely to beg9 9 e>ly ,m>* & nuts int5d$ = plant+ %\ld be ha/5$ into ! gr\nd z promptly z possible aft] t "t4 ,insect ,pe/s ,! two *e/nut weevils are ! pr9cipal insects attack+ ! nuts4 ,^! are exce$+ly well-kn[n 9 c]ta9 l>ge areas :]e ! *e/nut is gr[n & 9 ^! areas bo? are (t5 extremely abundant4 ,unless *eck$ 9 "s way !y (t5 r5d] :ole crops unfit = use4 ,"o ( mo/ effective means ( control is to plant trees only 9 well populat$ p\ltry y>ds2 h[ev]1 9 l>ge developm5ts1 ?is is impracticable & o!r me?ods mu/ be employ$4 ,9 prelim9>y "w c>ri$ on by ! ,bureau ( ,entomology & ,plant ,qu>ant9e at ,beltsville1 ,,ddt has giv5 v enc\rag+ results 9 ! control ( ! weevil4 ,! weevils h sometimes be5 call$ curculios1 "u :i* "n !y 7 well discuss$ by ,brooks & ,cotton4#c ,! ,japanese ,beetle is also a s]i\s pe/ z *e/nut leaves are among its favorite foods4 ,control me?ods h be5 giv5 by ,hadley4#d ,ano!r insect pe/ :i* fe$s on ! leaves is ! ,june bug or ,may beetle4 ,x works ma9ly at night & fe$s on ! newe/ leaves4 ,x is seldom se5 & usually disappe>s ab\t ! "t :5 ! op]ator becomes aw>e ( its pres5ce4 ,footnote #c3 ,fr$ ,b4 ,brooks & ,ri*>d ,t4 ,cotton1 ,*e/nut ,curculios4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,te*4 ,bul4 #ahj4 #aibi4 ,footnote #d3 ,c4 ,h4 ,hadley1 ,! ,japanese ,beetle & its ,control4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,f>m]s' ,bul4 #ahef4 #aidj4 ,diseases ,blight is ! disease attack+ ! *e/nut tree ) :i* ! public is mo/ famili>4 ,! ,*9ese *e/nut is /rongly resi/ant al?\gh n immune z few old trees entirely escape attack 9 areas :]e blight is preval5t4 ,9 mo/ cases heal?y vigor\s trees ( ?is species ov]come ! disease )9 a few ye>s aft] be+ attack$4 ,! ones t die are usually ^? t h be5 devitaliz$ 9 "s way4 ,! nuts are subject to attack by any ( sev]al diseases ei!r be=e or aft] ! h>ve/4 ,a prelim9>y report on ^! has be5 made by ,gravatt & ,f[l]4#e ,footnote #e3 ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt & ,m>v9 ,f[l]4 ,nor4 ,nut ,gr[]s ,ass'n4 ,proc4 #ca3 #aaj-aac4 #aidj4 ,pres5t ,ext5t ( ,plant+ ,) few exceptions ! kn[n plant+s consi/ ( small numb]s ( trees ab\t resid5ces4 ,occasionally !re are "o or two hundr$ trees 9 or*>d arrangem5t4 ,production is n l>ge & 9 mo/ cases all s\nd nuts are ei!r consum$ locally or us$ by nurs]ym5 & o!rs = plant+4 ,! quantity t has rea*$ ! :olesale m>ket is kn[n to be small al?\gh a beg9n+ 9 t field has be5 made4 ,future ,outlook ,ext5sive expansion has n appe>$ possible 9 ! ne> future until ! #aidf crop 0 h>ve/$4 ,?is 0 unexpect$ly l>ge & a numb] ( tons are kn[n ei!r to h be5 plant$ imm$iately or set aside = plant+ 9 ! spr+ ( #aidg4 ,x is conceivable t annual production ( nuts available = se$ purposes w increase rapidly4 ,9 ?is case1 ! ext5t ( plant+ )9 ! next few ye>s w be entirely a matt] ( guesswork4 ,ext5sive plant+ 9 ! e>ly future _c be consid]$ economically safe = 9 addition to ! usual numb] ( problems t mu/ be solv$ 9 e/abli%+ any new horticultural ent]prise1 *e/nut gr[]s mu/ expect ke5 competition ) imports f bo? ,europe & ,asia4 ,at ! outbreak ( ,_w ,w> ,,ii1 an av]age ( m ?an #af million p\nds ( *e/nuts 7 ye>ly be+ import$ into ?is c\ntry4#f ,^! imports w d\btless aga9 appe> ) ! return ( normal int]national relations4 ,footnote #f3 ,comput$ f ,table #eda1 p4 #dac1 ,agricultural ,/ati/ics #aich4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 #ai ,fur!rmore almo/ an exact half-c5tury ago1 ! *e/nut outlook 0 reg>d$ z be+ s bright t x c\ld h>dly g wrong4 ,dur+ ! middle & late 'n9eties ext5sive *e/nut developm5ts 7 e/abli%$ 9 c]ta9 ea/]n di/ricts ma9ly by use ( ,p>agon & o!r v>ieties ( ,european p>5tage4 ,?\s&s ( small plant+s 7 develop$ ab\t home gr\nds & occasionally !re 7 l>ge or*>ds4 ,! greate/ developm5ts 7 conduct$ by top work+ suck]s t sprung up f /umps ( native *e/nut trees on cutov] m\nta9 l&4 ,hundr$s ( acres 7 h&l$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,)\t exception1 all end$ 9 f9ancial disa/]4 ,summ>y ,! nut ( ! ,*9ese *e/nut is an excell5t product4 ,x is unexcell$ 9 sweetness & g5]al palatability by any o!r kn[n *e/nut4 ,! tree be>s well & is ab\t equally z h>dy z ! pea*4 ,x appe>s to require mu* ! same conditions ( cultural environm5t z does t fruit4 ,x is practically ! only species ( *e/nut n[ be+ plant$ by in=m$ gr[]s 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is ?us f> gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry almo/ entirely z se$l+ trees4 ,v>iation is ab\t :at 0 to be expect$1 ) ! majority ( be>+ trees prov+ to be poor produc]s &1 9 mo/ cases1 ) nuts too small to sell well4 ,v>ietal selections ( mu* promise are be+ made2 ! fir/ appe>$ 9 #aicj & 7 fir/ catalogu$ 9 #aice4 ,"s ( ! e>lie/ h already be5 dropp$ z _! defects came to be kn[n1 & o!rs ( great] app>5t promise h orig9at$4 ,! process ( selection is con/antly go+ on & fur!r introductions %\ld %ortly appe>4 ,by tak+ c]ta9 simple /eps *e/nuts 9 s\nd condition may be kept 9 usable condition = _m weeks4 ,! ,*9ese *e/nut is subject to attack by c]ta9 s]i\s natural enemies4 ,^! include bo? insects & diseases & ! tree z well z ! nuts are affect$4 ,h[ev]1 all t are n[ kn[n appe> controllable4 ,pa/ plant+ has be5 l>gely limit$ to small numb]s ( trees ma9ly ab\t resid5ce gr\nds4 ,! total numb] ( trees available = plant+ has nev] be5 l>ge1 due *iefly to ! sc>city ( se$ nuts ne$$ = nurs]y use4 ,production1 h[ev]1 rose %>ply ) ! h>ve/ ( ! #aidf crop :i* 0 unexpect$ly l>ge4 ,annual production may cont9ue to increase s9ce ! numb] ( trees ( be>+ age is likely to become appreciably great] ea* ye>4 ,nurs]y plant+ is likely to be proportionately great]4 ,! ext5t ( future plant+ w d\btless be correspond+ly influ5c$4 ,pres5t en?usiasm ov] ! ,*9ese *e/nut is v great & x is possible ext5sive plant+ may soon take place4 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 t ?is w\ld be unwise f an economic po9t ( view4 ,!re are _m unc]ta9ties 9 connection ) ! indu/ry 9 its pres5t /ate ( developm5t1 &1 n improbably !re w be ke5 competition 9 ! m>ket ) import$ *e/nuts f bo? ,europe & ,asia z soon z int]national relations become normal4 ,be>+ ,record ( ! ,hemm+ ,*9ese ,*e/nut ,or*>d ,by ,e4 ,sam ,hemm+1 ,ea/on1 ,m>yl& ,our ,*9ese *e/nut trees h ar\s$ su* int]e/ t we are sure ! read]s ( ! ,proce$+s w wi% to he> ( ! l>ge crop h>ve/$ 9 #aidf4 ,a ye> ago an unseasonal spr+ br\ght a fro/ t kill$ back ! six in*es ( s(t new gr[?4 ,z a result1 ! #aide crop am\nt$ to less ?an #bej p\nds4 ,?is ye> ! #ah trees produc$ #aach p\nds1 #ich by actual weigh+ & #bjj e/imat$4 ,?is is an av]age ( #fc p\nds p] tree1 ) ! l>ge/ crop ( #abd p\nds on ,no4 #ai1 & ! smalle/ on ,no4 #ad ( #bb p\nds4 ,^! trees are n[ #ah ye>s old & 7 un=tunately plant$ too close4 ,b us+ a spac+ ( #cj feet x #cj feet1 !y w\ld h borne #cjjj p\nds p] acre & if plant$ #dj feet x #dj feet w\ld h borne #afjj p\nds p] acre4 ,figure ?is crop at #be;c a p\nd & y w\ld get a really high return4 ,?is ye> ! price 0 mu* bett] ?an t1 b we plant$ ! crop4 ,! tree record 0 z foll[s3 ,numb] #a--ch2 ,numb] #b--be2 ,numb] #c--cj2 ,numb] #d--eb2 ,numb] #e--dd2 ,numb] #f--cj2 ,numb] #g--db2 ,numb] #h--dj2 ,numb] #i--de2 ,numb] #aj--eh2 ,numb] #aa--ef2 ,numb] #ab--dh2 ,numb] #ac--eh2 ,numb] #ad--bb2 ,numb] #ae--ej2 ,numb] #af--hj2 ,numb] #ah--hf2 ,numb] #ai--abd2 ,total ( #ich #bjj 7e/imat$7 #aach4 ,x is also wor?y ( note1 t ,no4 #ai is spac$ #cj feet f ,no4 #ah & ,no4 #af is ! same di/ance f ,no4 #ah1 :ile all ! o!r trees are spac$ #af feet ap>t4 ,an acre ( trees l ,no's4 #af1 #ah & #ai1 spac$ #cj feet ap>t1 w\ld av]age #if p\nds p] tree or #dbjj p\nds p] acre1 a really trem5d\s crop4 ,we _h "o disappo9tm5t ?is ye>1 9 t our me?od ( controll+ ! weevil 0 n completely effective4 ,to our *agr9 we f\nd t1 :ile we 7 dilig5tly pick+ ! nuts up ea* day1 "s ( ! l>vae 7 escap+ ?r\gh ! cotton bags to re9fe/ ! gr\nd4 ,next ye>1 we w use metal conta9]s & we are sure t w /op !m4 ,we w fumigate if necess>y4 ,we d n p>ticul>ly fe> ! weevil z we are sure t spray+1 & fumigation w clean !m up2 aft] t prop] h>ve/+ %\ld control !m4 ,we h he>d t ! ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 has f\nd ! use ( ,,ddt to be effective4 ,9 ano!r c\nty a rais] ( hybrid corn se$ du/$ 8 corn ) ,,ddt by plane1 to kill ! ,japanese beetle1 = #c4jj p] acre4 ,surely t me?od w\ld be adaptable to *e/nut or*>ds to control ! weevil4 ,at ! pres5t "t we are us+ our entire crop = se$ purposes & ?is ye> we s[$ #dj to #ej ?\s& nuts4 ,we c>efully grade ! se$1 n only disc>d+ any infe/$ nuts1 b all moldy1 split or und]siz$ nuts1 s t we get trees gr[n only f ! *oice/4 ,by do+ ?is we feel t al?\gh ! trees are se$l+ rais$1 !y come f p>5t trees t are be>+ well1 & f :i* all extrane\s poll5 is exclud$ s t ! cu/om] has a good *ance ( gett+ a tree t w be> well4 ,! se$ is s[n 9 ! fall1 because x keeps bett] t way & g]m9ates bett] too1 al?\gh we h "s tr\ble f a mole-mice comb9ation4 ,! se$s are s[n 9 %all[ tr5*es #f in*es ap>t & #b in*es deep & back--fill$ ei!r ) sawdu/ or light soil4 ,on top is m\nd$ a fur!r #d to #f in*es ( soil :i* is remov$ 9 ! spr+4 ,?is r$uces damage f freez+ & ?aw+4 ,we d n d\bt = a mom5t t ! ,*9ese *e/nut is "h to /ay z an important food crop = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,walnut ,notes ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,isl+ton1 ,ont>io ,i f9d ! ,ohio1 ,t5 ,eyck1 ,/abl]1 ,all5 & ,wi>d black walnuts inf]ior & unsuitable4 ,! ,/abl] has only a small crop e five ye>s4 ,v excell5t v>ieties1 ,i f9d1 come f ,?omas se$l+s4 ,! black walnut makes an excell5t /ock = ! ,p]sian walnut 9 l[ & slightly damp gr\nd4 ,i bud ! ,p]sian on ! black dur+ ,augu/4 ,! ,japanese he>tnut & ! butt]nut x he>tnut hybrid c be graft$ on black walnut4 ,! ,p]sian walnut :5 graft$ on ! black decid$ly outgr[s ! latt]4 ,! rev]se is ! case :5 ,japanese he>tnut1 ,japanese butt]nut1 or hybrids ( ei!r are graft$ on ! black4 ,s f> ,i h n f\nd "o good butt]nut wor?y ( nam+1 b !re is "o ,japanese butt]nut t gr[s 9 clu/]s ( #ag or ev5 m t has a v ?9 %ell2 x is ! ,helmick4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 v _m nam$ z well z unnam$ black walnut se$l+s t are v excell5t nuts4 ,?is has be5 a v cold summ] & ,i _c /ate yet z to ! matur+ ( ! l>g] black walnuts1 z !y require a long season to mature prop]ly4 ,pecan & hican trees gr[ well at ,e*o ,valley & ! small twigs h>d5 up s t !re is nev] any w9t] kill+ b ! nuts d n fill well2 9 consequ5ce ,i am us+ ! trees z /ocks = graft+ ) good %agb>ks4 ,! ,weik] hickory rip5s nicely ) me & ,i consid] x "o ( ! be/ v>ieties 9 e way4 ,self-fruitfulness 9 ! ,w9kl] ,hazel ,by ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 ,urbana1 ,ill9ois ,to insure fruitfulness 9 nut plants x is g5]ally recomm5d$ t m ?an "o v>iety ( ea* k9d be plant$ 9 reasonably close proximity to help 9 br++ ab\t cross-poll9ation4 ,!n1 ) o!r conditions be+ favorable1 ! gr[] w\ld be m c]ta9 ( good yields ( well-fill$ nuts4 ,) specific ref]5ce to ! filb]t1 ! lit]ature conta9s ref]5ces to ! effect t provision = cross-poll9ation is ess5tial4 ,h[ev]1 "o exception is li/$4 ,9 ! report ( ! proce$+s ( ! #bf? 7#aice7 annual meet+ ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association1 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyd] ( ,i[a says on page #dg1 ,! catk9s ( ,w9kl] always come ?r\gh ! w9t] bright & ! v>iety c be dep5d$ ^u to be> )\t o!r v>ieties ne> = cross-poll9ation4 ,! writ] has be5 int]e/$ 9 ?is subject = sev]al ye>s4 ,! "q arises2 h[ ne> 7 ,mr4 ,snyd]'s ,w9kl]s to o!r v>ieties & 9 :at direction ) ref]5ce to ! prevail+ w9ds8 ,x is n kn[n j h[ f> filb]t poll5 may be c>ri$ & /ill function4 ,a plant+ ( ,w9kl] filb]ts consi/+ ( ab\t #cj bu%es 0 set on ! ,univ]sity ,f>m at ,urbana 9 #aidj4 ,crops h be5 borne annually s9ce t "t4 ,! plant+ 0 isolat$ f o!r filb]ts to ! s\?we/ by ab\t "o-f\r? ( a mile4 ,9 an ef=t to det]m9e :e!r ! v>iety 0 self-fruitful1 plants 7 dug 9 ! e>ly w9t] ( #aidc aft] ! re/ p]iod 0 ov] & reset 9 ! gre5h\se4 ,! plants leav$ out 9 ,janu>y1 #aidd1 & bo? male & female fl[]s appe>$ soon aft]4 ,! poll5 0 appli$ to ! pi/ils bo? by %ak+ ! bran*es & by means ( a camels hair bru%4 ,ne>ly all ! blossoms set & ! nuts c>ri$ ?r\gh to maturity4 ,! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ 9 #aidd-de ) ! same results4 ,x is !re=e conclud$ t ! ,w9kl] filb]t is self-fruitful & may safely be plant$ alone :]e climatic conditions are favorable = filb]t production4 ,hickories & ,o!r ,nuts 9 ,nor?we/]n ,ill9ois ,by ,a4 ,b4 ,an?ony1 ,/]l+1 ,ill9ois ,i h some?+ l #be graft$ hickories ( my ,no4 #a 7,an?ony7 v>iety4 ,! l>ge/ tree n[ has a trunk ( #e-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]2 has #bj nuts on x ?is ye>2 & :ile x has _h b few nuts ea* ye>1 has miss$ be>+ b "o season 9 ! pa/ sev5 ye>s4 ,o!r ,no4 #a trees run f #c-a_/b in*es1 9 diamet] d[n to ab\t #a in*4 ,"o #c-a_/b in* tree is (f]+ its second be>+ ) five nuts ?is season4 ,all ^! trees 7 graft$ 9 cutov] woodl& tracts & mov$ "h except ! l>ge/ "o :i* 0 mov$ 9 #aicj & graft$ 9 #aicc1 #cj in*es high & nev] trimm$ = a high] head4 ,heavy annual catk9 bloom]1 few pi/illates s f>4 ,( my ,no4 #b v>iety1 "o tree transplant$ 9 #aibg n[ has some?+ l #be nuts on x4 ,! ,no4 #c hickories1 five ( !m1 h nev] borne ei!r pi/illate or /am9ate blooms4 ,no4 #d is a hican f ! p>5t tree ( :i* ,i h _h b ?ree good nuts4 ,! weevil mo? works s well 9 d5se woods t r>ely are ! nuts good !re4 ,! nuts are attractive & %\ld n discolor l ! light] hickories1 %\ld _! op5+ husks get ra9$ ^u :5 matur+4 ,m5 ( ! future mu/ decide on ! m]its ( ^! trees4 ,( ! two ,hag5 trees graft$ 9 #aica1 "o n[ has its fir/ nuts1 eight 9 numb]4 ,i h be5 told t "s "o w cut ^! trees d[n "s day4 ,"o ( our c\nty or /ate (ficials said a %ort "t back t if hog tr\bles keep com+ on z ( late1 9 #ej ye>s we w n be able to raise hogs4 ,) corn be+ ! ma9 hog food & ! corn bor] com+1 ?is may come to be q true1 & !n p]haps m m5 w get new vision z to :]e _! meat is com+ f4 ,! pa/ ?ree ye>s h (f]$ almo/ no hickories at all4 ,hickories d n l %ade1 b !y h to gr[ :]e ! squirrels h plant$ !m4 ,c>ry+ a nut #ajj y>ds to bury x w\ld d\btless be ab\t a squirrel's limit4 ,i h notic$ 9 timb] ( sizeable gr[? a nor? slope %[$ no "y hickories1 :ile a s\? slope %[$ a scatt]+ few4 ,oak trees 9 ?is section pr$om9ate :5 x comes to groves ( "o species4 ,cottonwood trees come up "h & !re1 probably because _! se$ is w9d-c>ri$4 ,will[ /icks get c>ri$ d[n /ream & get lodg$1 & gr[4 ,i h kn[n a few "y oaks to come up on my place all ( a mile & a half ( su* woods4 ,h[ come8 ,x is probably ! comb9ation ( ! blue jay & squirrel1 ?is "t4 ,no tr\ble = ! blue jay to travel "s di/ance & put 8 acorn 9 a b>k crevice ( cottonwood or will[ tree4 ,along comes a w&]+ squirrel1 f9ds ! acorn1 & if n hungry en\gh puts 9 ! gr\nd :]e x has a *ance to gr[4 ,i h se5 blue jays />t (f ) *e/nuts & ! ne>e/ trees !y c\ld rea* 7 will[s "o-f\r? mile or fur!r away4 ,= "s reason !re seems to be a t5d5cy = ! hickories to be> 9 seasons :5 ! black walnut does n & ! walnut to be> :5 ! hickory fails4 ,la/ ye>1 except = fill+1 walnuts did reasonably well & ?is ye>1 at lea/ ) my ,rohw] v>iety1 ! yield is /ill bett] except t ! nuts are unusually small1 d\btless because all ( ,july & up to ! #i? ( ,augu/ x 0 v dry4 ,?r\gh\t my ye>s !re h always be5 walnut trees on ! place1 fir/ />t$ by a pione] l& own]1 !n squirrels took x up1 s ,i h a *oice ( /ocks ,i did n h 9 hickories4 ,two ( my ,rohw] trees h trunks #ab in*es 9 diamet]2 "o is #aa in*es & ! o!r #ad in*es 9 diamet]4 ,= ye>s ^! trees1 graft$ 9 #aica1 h be5 v pr(use ) catk9s1 b ) few nuts4 ,i h he>d o!r compla9ts ( x n be>+4 ,my compla9t ) all walnuts gr[n 9 ,nor?we/ ,ill9ois is t s _m k]nels turn out black & immature4 ,i am incl9$ to blame x1 9 "p1 to ! walnut %uck1 :i* takes 9 s mu* moi/ure4 ,! hickory %uck is mu* dry] & nev] has s _m immature k]nels4 ,late summ] is g5]ally ! dry] "p ( our gr[+ season1 :i* c well be ! cause4 ,9 ! ye> #aidj1 we _h an excess ( moi/ure 9 t x ra9$ day aft] day all ?r\gh ,augu/1 & t is ! only season ,i c say we _h good walnuts ) practically all good1 light-color$ k]nels4 ,i h a few ,?omas walnuts plant$ on ! edges ( ! l[e/ flat gr\nd ,i possess1 hop+ t !y may !re get m moi/ure & produce completely matur$ nuts4 ,we _h on ,augu/ #i? ab\t "o in* ( ra9 & s9ce t #b-a_/b in*es m4 ,s f>1 ?r\gh\t ?is mon?1 ,i h be5 c>ry+ ab\t #ae gallons ( wat] daily to two ,rohw] trees & hope = "s bett] fill$ walnuts1 ?\gh !y are unusually small4 ,i am writ+ ?is ,augu/ #bd?4 ,nut ,trees = ,ohio ,pa/ures ,by ,dr4 ,oliv] ,d4 ,dill]1 ,woo/]1 ,ohio ,today ,i w\ld l to discuss = a few m9utes ! possibilities ( nut trees = %ade & nut production 9 p]man5t pa/ures on ,ohio f>ms4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important developm5ts 9 ,ohio agriculture dur+ ! pa/ decade has be5 improvem5t ( pa/ure l& ?r\gh f]tilization1 new v>ieties1 & comb9ations ( grasses & clov]s1 & bett] me?ods ( managem5t4 ,z "o drives ov] ! ,/ate x is evid5t t _m f>m]s practice clean agriculture :i* means clean f5ce r[s & treeless fields4 ,%ade on a hot summ] day is an important item to cont5t$ c[s1 s today ,i am go+ to plead ! case = a c[ out on pa/ure on a swelt]+ day4 ,i believe t nut trees1 p>ticul>ly black walnuts1 c be ( real s]vice 9 ! f5ce r[s & ! int]ior ( hundr$s ( p]man5t pa/ures 9 ,ohio4 ,9 #aici1 ,l4 ,r4 ,neel1#g ( ! ,t5nessee ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 publi%$ an int]e/+ article on ! effect ( %ade on pa/ure4 ,! results indicat$ di/9ct improvem5t 9 ! c>ry+ capacity ( ! pa/ures :i* _h black locu/ & black walnuts spac$ regul>ly ?r\gh\t ! fields4 ,improvem5t 0 evid5t bo? 9 ! am\nt ( ,k5tucky bluegrass & ! p\nds ( beef produc$4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 no evaluation has ev] be5 made ( ! direct effect ( %ade on ! cont5tm5t & consequ5t increase 9 effici5cy ( cattle = ei!r beef or milk production4 ,i believe ?is is an important factor & is frequ5tly us$ z an excuse = woodl& graz+4 ,footnote #g3 ,neel1 ,l4 ,r41 #aici4 ,! effect ( %ade on pa/ure4 ,t5n4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,cir4 #fe4 ,ano!r /udy simil> to ! "o 9 ,t5nessee 0 conduct$ by ,r4 ,m4 ,smi? 9 s\!a/]n ,ohio dur+ ! p]iod #aici to #aida4h ,dr4 ,smi? made an int5sive /udy ( ! effects ( black locu/ & black walnuts ^u gr\nd cov]s & he f\nd t 9 poor pa/ures black walnut trees improv$ bo? ! species composition & *emical cont5t ( ! plants gr[+ "u ! trees4 ,he rat$ walnut high z an ideal pa/ure tree because ( its p]iod ( leaf activity2 its light cr[n canopy2 its small1 fragile leaves :i* decompose rapidly1 & are high 9 m9]al matt] & nitrog52 its deep tap root :i* competes v little ) ! surface root$ grasses = moi/ure & nutri5ts2 its h>d9ess2 & f9ally its high comm]cial value4 ,footnote #h3 ,smi?1 ,r4 ,m41 #aidb4 ,"s effects ( black locu/ & black walnut on s\!a/]n ,ohio pa/ures4 ,soil ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #ec1 ,no4 #e4 ,x seems app>5t1 !re=e1 t ! introduction ( improv$ black walnut trees into p]man5t pa/ures w\ld be practical f ! agronomic angle to say no?+ ab\t ! b5eficial effect ( %ade to live/ock & possible income f occasional crops ( high quality nuts4 ,"o /umbl+ block to ! adoption ( ?is idea is ! protection ( ! trees dur+ ! p]iod ( _! e/abli%m5t4 ,! conv5tional cattle gu>d ) ?ree or f\r long po/s support+ a wire f5ce is exp5sive 9 bo? labor & mat]ials4 ,dur+ ! spr+ ( #aidf 9 connection ) my =e/ry in/ruction at ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,i _h z "o class project ! plant+ ( #ej black walnut se$l+s ( select$ p>5tage 9 ! cattle & p\ltry ranges on ! ,univ]sity f>m4 ,?irty ( ^! trees 7 plant$ along a f5ce r[ at #cb foot int]vals & 7 protect$ by a s+le electric wire connect$ to a batt]y *>g]4 ,! set-up is illu/rat$ 9 figure #a :i* %[s ! *>g] at "o end ( ! l9e & ! wire support$ by ! l9e po/s & a %ort s+le po/ opposite ea* tree4 ,! "o ye> old se$l+s 7 plant$ #d feet f ! f5ce at alt]nate po/s & ! wire zig-zagg$ along ! l9e to create ! gu>ds ar\nd ! trees4 ,)9 a few days aft] plant+ & completion ( ! electric gu>ds ! trees 7 mul*$ to control we$s & cons]ve soil moi/ure4 ,:ile ?is exp]im5t has be5 9 effect = only "o gr[+ season1 ! results1 to date1 indicate t ?is me?od is effective 9 provid+ protection f live/ock4 ,gr[? & survival ( ! trees has be5 v satisfactory ?us f>4 ,! advantages ( ?is me?od appe> to be ! r l[ co/ ( labor & mat]ials & ease ( in/allation4 ,)9 ! next decade1 we %\ld be able to det]m9e h[ ! nuts f ^! se$l+ trees comp>e ) ! p>5t tree & !re %\ld be adequate %ade = all classes ( live/ock on ei!r side ( ! f5ce4 ,h[ ,h>dy ,are ,ori5tal ,*e/nuts & ,hybrids8 ,by ,russell ,b4 ,clapp] & ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation1 ,beltsville1 ,m>yl& ,"o ( ! que/ions mo/ frequ5tly ask$ 9 reg>d to ! ,ori5tal *e/nuts is1 w !y ?rive 9 a giv5 locality8 ,broadly speak+1 ) respect to temp]ature requirem5ts ^! *e/nuts h be5 f\nd ab\t equally h>dy ) ! pea*4 ,"s /ra9s ( ! ,*9ese *e/nut appe> to be sup]ior to ! ,japanese *e/nut 9 h>d9ess4 ,! ,*9ese *e/nut is m widely plant$ 9 ?is c\ntry ?an ! ,japanese *e/nut & m in=mation has be5 collect$ on ! h>d9ess ( ! =m] species ?an ( ! latt]4 ,! ,*9ese *e/nut is gr[+ satisfactorily 9 c]ta9 plant+s z f> s\? z ,orl&o1 ,fla4 & ! o!r ,gulf ,/ates1 nor?w>d to ! s\!rn tip ( ,ma9e1 & we/w>d z f> z ,i[a4 ,b _m areas )9 ?is l>ge zone are unsuitable = gr[+ ,*9ese *e/nuts because ( m sev]e climatic conditions4 ,specific data h be5 obta9$ relat+ to sev]al types ( w9t] injury ( ,ori5tal *e/nuts & hybrids4 ,?is in=mation is limit$ to ! p]=mance ( mo/ly "y trees & to a comp>atively small numb] ( locations4 ,! fall freeze t occurr$ 9 mid-,novemb]1 #aidj1 0 /udi$ 9 detail by ,b[5 ,s4 ,cr&all1#i =m]ly ( ?is ,division4 ,widespread damage occurr$ to ,ori5tal *e/nuts 9 ! c5tral p>ts ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 & ,alabama4 ,temp]atures be=e ! freeze _h be5 mild1 & heavy ra9s 9 e>ly ,novemb] _h brok5 a dr\ght4 ,on ! nights ( ,novemb] #ae & #af1 temp]atures ( #ab deg4 & #ad deg4 ,f4 7 report$ by v>i\s f>m]s1 & a drop to #bj deg4 ,f4 0 g5]al on ! night ( ! #af?4 ,! damage to *e/nuts by ?is freeze 0 increas$ because ( ! mild temp]atures & heavy ra9s t prec$$ ! freeze4 ,! *e/nut trees 7 n able to atta9 complete dormancy4 ,^? trees1 h[ev]1 t 7 gr[+ on upl&s or on sites t 7 well air-dra9$ suff]$ mu* less damage4 ,app>5tly equal damage 0 inflict$ to ,*9ese & ,japanese *e/nuts4 ,footnote #i3 ,cr&all1 ,b[5 ,s4 ,freez+ injury to ,asiatic *e/nut trees 9 ! ,s\? 9 ,novemb]1 #aidj4 ,plant ,disease ,report] #bg3cib-cid4 ,octob] #a1 #aidc4 ,on "o f>m ne> ,columbus1 ,ga41 f\r plant+s 7 locat$ at diff]5t elevations4 ,! plant+ at ! l[e/ elevation1 ma9ta9$ z a well cultivat$ or*>d1 suff]$ almo/ #ajj p] c5t loss f ?is fall freeze4 ,! trees at ! highe/ elevation1 9 a =e/ plant+1 7 practically un9jur$4 ,! damage f ?is freeze v>i$ f kill+ ( buds & %oots to kill+ ( complete trees4 ,_m own]s ( *e/nut plant+s did n notice ! damage until ! foll[+ spr+4 ,=tunately fall freezes ( ?is magnitude occur only infrequ5tly4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #aidd1 ?is ,division lo/ #bc p] c5t ( its hybrids at ,gl5n ,dale1 ,md41 f freez+ foll[+ abnormally high temp]atures4 ,! hybrids _h be5 f]tiliz$ 9 ,octob] ( ! prec$+ ye>1 b ! effect on ! ext5t ( freez+ damage is n kn[n4 ,! mon?s ( ,novemb]1 #aidc1 ?r\gh ,m>*1 #aidd1 7 *>act]iz$ by extremely v>iable temp]atures4 ,= example1 9 ,novemb] a m9imum ( #ae deg4 ,f4 occurr$ on ! #ag?1 a maximum ( #gb deg4 on ! #ai?2 9 ,decemb] a maximum ( #ff deg4 on ! #crd1 a m9imum ( #b deg4 on ! #af?2 9 ,janu>y a m9imum ( #h deg4 on ! #ag?1 a maximum ( #gd deg4 on ! #bg?2 9 ,febru>y a m9imum ( #aa deg4 on ! #bnd1 a maximum ( #gb deg4 on ! #be?2 9 ,m>* a m9imum ( #h deg4 on ! #aj?1 a maximum ( #ha deg4 on ! #af?4 ,! extremes ( temp]atures 9 any "o ( ^! mon?s may h be5 suffici5t to cause damage to *e/nut1 al?\gh ! ext5t ( damage is influ5c$ by ! physiological conditions )9 ! tree4 ,! usual type ( injury to ! hybrids 0 a kill+ ( ! cambial cells ext5d+ f ! base ( ! trunk up to v>y+ heights4 ,! cambial region 0 grayi%-black & ! inn] b>k 0 sappy & gre5i%-br[n4 ,m trees 7 injur$ & kill$ on ! l[] portions ( ! plot ?an on ! high] portions4 ,?is cata/rophe af=d$ opportunity to /udy resi/ance ( ! hybrids to freez+4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( ! plot !re 7 sev]al #c-ye>-old ,am]ican *e/nut se$l+s t 7 n damag$4 ,sixte5 p] c5t ( fir/ g5]ation hybrids ( ,*9ese & ,am]ican *e/nut 7 kill$4 ,*9ese by ,am]ican backcross$ ) ,*9ese 7 kill$ to ! ext5t ( #cf p] c5t4 ,*9ese by ,japanese *e/nut ( ! second g5]ation 7 kill$ to ! ext5t ( #ce p] c5t4 ,despite ?is ext5sive kill+ ( hybrids by extreme v>iations ( w9t] temp]atures1 old] ,*9ese & ,japanese *e/nuts on slightly high] gr\nd 9 ! same plot suff]$ no visible injury4 ,^! old trees h r\gh b>k1 :i* may s]ve z an effective insulator aga9/ extremes ( temp]ature4 ,9 #aidd1 !re 0 no damag+ late spr+ fro/1 & ^! old trees produc$ ! l>ge/ nut crop 9 _! hi/ory4 ,w9t] temp]atures ( -#be deg4 ,f4 or l[] are usually injuri\s to ,ori5tal *e/nuts4 ,a few reports ( *e/nuts surviv+ temp]atures ( -#be deg4 ,f4 h be5 record$1 b usually ,ori5tal *e/nuts d n ?rive 9 ^? nor!rn ,/ates or regions :]e su* temp]atures occur4 ,_m ( our coop]ators report t late spr+ fro/s frequ5tly cause failure ( *e/nut crops4 ,damag+ fro/s 9 late spr+ occur m frequ5tly & ov] great] areas ?an e>ly fall fro/s or extreme w9t] temp]ature v>iations4 ,a late spr+ fro/ 9 #aide r$uc$ ! *e/nut crop at ,gl5n ,dale1 ,md41 f #ej bu%els expect$ to #c bu%els actual4 ,a freeze ( #bd deg4,f4 on ! nights ( ,april #d & #e 0 suffici5t to inflict ?is damage aft] two weeks ( abnormally w>m wea!r4 ,_m ( ! trees 7 visibly injur$1 ) wilt$ or dri$ unfold+ buds4 ,o!r trees on high] gr\nd 7 n visibly affect$1 yet !y produc$ no crops4 ,aga9 x 0 not$ t ! ,am]ican *e/nut1 foll[$ by ,am]ican *e/nut hybrids1 su/a9$ none to little damage4 ,! ,am]ican *e/nut1 besides its inh]5t resi/ance to freez+1 leafs late 9 ! spr+4 ,mo/ ( ! crop ( nuts obta9$ 9 #aide 0 produc$ by ! ,am]ican *e/nut hybrids4 ,late spr+ fro/s 9 #aide 7 v ext5sive1 rea*+ ?r\gh\t ! ea/]n & nor!a/]n ,/ates1 & !re 7 practically no *e/nut crops4 ,!re 7 also num]\s reports ( late spr+ fro/ injury to *e/nut 9 ! ,c5tral ,/ates4 ,9 ord] to r$uce freez+ injury to ,ori5tal *e/nuts1 x is ess5tial t !y be gr[n on sites t h excell5t cold air dra9age4 ,z an approximate rule1 ^! *e/nuts %\ld be plant$ on sites simil> to ^? t are be/ = pea*es4 ,! or*>d plant+ is n ! only type t is subject to w9t] injury2 =e/ plant+s1 ornam5tal plant+s1 & plant+s = wildlife are also subject to w9t] injury especially if !y are n on ! mo/ favorable sites4 ,gr[+ ,*e/nuts = ,timb] ,by ,jesse ,d4 ,dill] ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation1 ,beltsville1 ,m>yl& ,be=e ! turn ( ! c5tury1 & ev5 be=e *e/nut blight _h swept ?r\gh our ea/]n =e/s1 de/roy+ "o ( our mo/ valuable comm]cial timb] trees1 ,european & ,asiatic *e/nuts _h be5 introduc$4 ,!y made v>iable gr[? 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates1 along ! ea/]n seabo>d f ,florida to s\!rn ,ma9e1 ! s\!rn half ( ,p5nsylvania1 s\?we/]n ,mi*igan1 s\!a/]n ,i[a1 d[n ! ,mississippi ,riv] ,valley & on ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,^! trees 7 gr[n = horticultural purposes1 & = ! mo/ "p1 repres5t$ l>ge-fruit$ v>ieties ( ,japanese *e/nuts4 ,!y 7 n reg>d$ z hav+ =e/-tree possibilities = 9 ! op5 situations 9 :i* !y 7 usually plant$ to insure e>ly fruit+1 ! trees develop$ l[-spread+ cr[ns1 resembl+ or*>d trees4 ,h[ev]1 aft] ! blight became fully e/abli%$ & x became app>5t t our ,am]ican *e/nut 0 doom$1 & t ^! scatt]$ ,asiatic *e/nut trees _h a natural resi/ance to ?is disease1 a new int]e/ develop$ 9 ! ,asiatic *e/nuts z a possible sub/itute = ! ,am]ican *e/nut4 ,! int]e/ 9 & ne$ = resi/ant1 =e/-type *e/nuts became s great t ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture import$ f ! ,ori5t se$ ( /ra9s t might be suitable = ! production ( timb]1 poles & po/s1 ) tann9 & nuts z valuable by-products--qualities inh]5t 9 our native *e/nut4 ,! ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology1 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,soils1 & ,agricultural ,eng9e]+ has be5 c>ry+ on ! project ( te/+ ,asiatic *e/nuts z timb] trees4 ,pr(essor ,r4 ,k5t ,beattie ( ?is ,division 0 9 ,*9a1 ,korea1 & ,japan f #aibg to #aicj1 & collect$ ov] #bej bu%els ( se$ = %ipm5t to ?is ,division4 ,! se$s repres5t$ f\r species3 ,ca/anea mollissima--! ,*9ese *e/nut2 ,c4 h5ryi--! ,h5ry *9kap92 ,c4 segu9ii--! ,segu9 *e/nut2 & ,c4 cr5ata--! ,japanese *e/nut4 ,direct ,se$+ ,/udies ,at ! v beg9n+ ( ^! inve/igations 9 gr[+ ,asiatic *e/nuts z timb] trees1 x 0 believ$ t great] success 9 e/abli%m5t c\ld be obta9$ by plant+ se$l+s1 r ?an by direct se$+4 ,9 direct se$+ trials dur+ ! e>ly ?irties ! plant$ nuts 7 promptly dev\r$ by rod5ts4 ,sixte5 ye>s ( field exp]i5ce has prov5 ! s\ndness ( ?is belief4 ,! import$ nuts 7 plant$ 9 ! ,division's nurs]y at ,gl5n ,dale1 ,md41 & ! result+ se$l+s di/ribut$ z #a- & #b-ye>-old trees to coop]ators ?r\gh\t ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ord] to ?or\ghly te/ ! possibilities ( direct se$+ z an economical me?od ( e/abli%m5t1 ?is ,division dur+ sev5 ye>s 7#aici to #aidb1 & #aidd to #aidf7 plant$ ov] #g1jjj nuts by direct se$+ 9 #bjj locations 9 #ah ea/]n ,/ates4 ,x 0 suspect$ t ! greate/ haz>d to direct se$+ 9 or ne> =e/s w\ld be rod5ts4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! spr+ ( #aici & #aidj1 #djj nuts & #fjj nuts1 respectively1 7 coat$ ) a /ry*n9e-alkaloid rod5t repell5t1 & a comp>able numb] ( se$s1 = bo? ye>s1 7 left untreat$ to s]ve z *ecks4 ,! *ecks 7 held 9 sphagnum moss at ,beltsville1 ,md41 & ! nuts to be treat$ 7 pack$ 9 sphagnum moss & express$ to ,d5v] = treatm5t by ! ,division ( ,wildlife ,rese>*1 ! ,fi% & ,wildlife ,s]vice1 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior4 ,only #e4i & #b4e p] c5t ( ! treat$ se$s develop$ into se$l+s1 :]eas #bb4f & #ac4e p] c5t ( ! untreat$ se$s produc$ se$l+s4 ,n only did m ( ! treat$ se$s fail to g]m9ate ?an ( ! untreat$ se$s1 b ! se$l+s f ! treat$ nuts 7 less vigor\s4 ,because ( ! results obta9$1 ! rod5t-repell5t /udy 0 discont9u$ at ! end ( ! second ye>4 ,9 #aida & #aidb1 ov] #d1jjj untreat$ *e/nut se$s1 repres5t+ #bb /ra9s1 7 plant$ 9 #ab locations 9 eight ea/]n ,/ates4 ,! se$ s\rce 0 entirely f ,am]ican-gr[n1 ,asiatic *e/nut trees gr[+ 9 #bh locations 9 #af ea/]n ,/ates4 ,!y repres5t$ ,*9ese1 ,japanese1 hybrids1 & also a limit$ quantity ( ,am]ican *e/nut se$4 ,se$ ( ! ,am]ican species 0 includ$ prim>ily to det]m9e :e!r or n x diff]s f ! ,asiatic species ) ref]5ce to e/abli%m5t by direct se$+4 ,! results = ! two ye>s confirm$ our e>li] beliefs3 ,only #b4b p] c5t 9 #aida1 & #d4j p] c5t 9 #aidb1 develop$ into se$l+s1 ( :i* only a remnant h surviv$4 ,no species or /ra9 diff]5ces 7 app>5t4 ,t9 ,c ,me?od ,9 #aidd1 ! t9-c me?od 0 employ$ 9 plant+ #djj nuts 9 f\r ea/]n ,/ates4 ,by ?is me?od #ae4e p] c5t ( ! plant$ nuts develop$ into se$l+s1 repres5t+ a f\rfold increase ov] results obta9$ = ! ?ree previ\s ye>s4 ,"o end ( a ,no4 #b c is remov$1 & a cross is cut 9 ! o!r end ) a heavy-blad$ knife4 ,! op5 end ( ! c is !n =c$ into ! gr\nd1 ov] ! plant$ nut1 s t ! top lies flu% ) ! gr\nd level4 ,! f\r corn]s at ! c5t] ( ! cut top !n are turn$ slightly upw>d1 to all[ a small op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! hypocotyl ( ! develop+ se$l+ c em]ge4 ,! c completely dis9tegrates by ru/+ )9 two or ?ree ye>s1 & does n int]f]e ) ! se$l+'s developm5t4 ,an exam9ation made ( ! v>i\s burr[s ab\t ! t9 cans1 & also ( ! tee? m>ks on fragm5ts ( *e/nut se$coats ly+ ab\t1 indicat$ t n only squirrels1 b o!r rod5ts1 su* z *ipmunks1 field mice1 moles1 & ev5 wood*ucks 7 probably involv$ 9 ! direct se$+ failures4 ,9 #aide & #aidf1 ! t9-c me?od 0 te/$ widely on f>ms1 to det]m9e its possibilities 9 secur+ e/abli%m5t ( blight-resi/ant *e/nuts )\t a great outlay ( ca% to f>m]s4 ,9 #aide1 five se$s 7 di/ribut$ to ea* ( #ij coop]ators resid+ 9 ! ,pi$mont & s\!rn ,appala*ian regions1 & 9 ! l[] ,mississippi & ,ohio ,riv] valleys2 & 9 #aidf1 to #ch coop]ators resid+ 9 ! ,middle ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,prelim9>y results indicate t #dj4j & #cg4b p] c5t ( ! nuts plant$ by ! f>m]s develop$ into se$l+s4 ,x %\ld be po9t$ out t ^! results are n /rictly comp>able ) ^? ( previ\s ye>s1 because mo/ ( ! f>m]s pref]r$ to plant ! *e/nuts 9 _! g>d5s1 & "u ^! conditions ! nuts 7 n expos$ to ! sev]e competition & ! extreme rod5t haz>ds t occur 9 ! =e/s4 ,fur!r pro( ( ! sup]iority ( plant+ se$l+ /ock ov] direct se$+ z a me?od ( e/abli%m5t is indicat$ 9 ! results ( an exp]im5t initiat$ 9 #aici4 ,"o hundr$ & fifty #a-ye>-old se$l+s & #aej nuts1 all ( ! same ,*9ese /ra91 7 plant$ on cle>$ =e/ l&s 9 ! ,coa/al ,pla9s1 ! ,pi$mont1 & ! s\!rn ,appala*ian regions1 & 9 ! ,middle ,we/4 ,at ! end ( ! eigh? ye>1 at ea* location1 e/abli%m5t & developm5t ( ^? orig9at+ f ! #a-ye>-old transplants 7 bett] ?an ^? orig9at+ f se$1 & _! av]age survival 0 six times great]4 ,di/ribution ( ,plant+ ,/ock ,dur+ ! p]iod #aicj to #aidf1 ! ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology di/ribut$ ?\s&s ( ,asiatic *e/nut se$l+s to ,f$]al1 ,/ate1 & private ag5cies = exp]im5tal =e/ plant+s 9 #cb ea/]n ,/ates4 ,! t5 ,/ates receiv+ ! mo/ plant+ /ock1 9 ! ord] nam$ 73 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,t5nessee1 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,virg9ia1 ,ohio1 ,georgia1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ,m>yl&4 ,! purpose ( ?is se$l+ di/ribution 0 to obta9 in=mation conc]n+ ! little-kn[n *>act]i/ics ( ! ,asiatic *e/nuts--_! soil & climatic requirem5ts1 & _! range adaptability4 ,selection ( ,plant+ ,sites ,at fir/ ! selection ( ! plant+ sites 0 left entirely to ! judgm5t ( ! coop]ators1 & mo/ ( !m assum$ t ! ,asiatic *e/nuts h site requirem5ts simil> to ^? ( ! native ,am]ican *e/nut4 ,because ! ,am]ican *e/nut (t5 occurs on dry ridges & upp] slopes1 especially :]e soil is ?9 & rock outcrops are frequ5t1 ! coop]ators proce$$ to plant ! ,asiatic *e/nuts on simil> t\gh sites4 ,!y believ$ t ! plant+ ( =e/-tree species is ju/ifi$ only on defro/$ areas t h rev]t$ to grassl&1 or worn-out1 unproductive agricultural l&1 or on wa/el&s--sites t we n[ "k are bett] suit$ to ! gr[+ ( conif]s r ?an h>dwoods4 ,z a result ( ?is un=tunate *oice ( site selection1 toge!r ) ! sev]al sev]e dr\ght p]iods recurr+ 9 ! e>ly ?irties1 ! coop]ators lo/ mo/ ( _! trees dur+ ! fir/ & second ye>s aft] plant+4 ,inspections ( "s ( ^! plant$ areas aft] a lapse ( f #aj to #ae ye>s indicat$ t ! sites /ill support only a scant h]bace\s cov]1 ) brooms$ge & pov]tygrass pr$om9at+1 & ) no evid5ce ( native woody species encroa*+ on ! areas4 ,! few surviv+ ,asiatic *e/nut se$l+s 7 sickly look+1 multi-/emm$1 mis%ap5 trees1 heavily infect$ ) twig blight & *e/nut blight1 & sev]ely damag$ by w9t] injury4 ,b despite ^! heavy losses1 a few plantations succe$$ at lea/ 9 "p1 & f ^! limit$ areas1 toge!r ) an appraisal ( ! situations :]e "s ( ! e>li] plant$ *e/nuts grew well1 valuable in=mation z to ! site requirem5ts ( ! ,asiatic *e/nut species 0 obta9$4 ,site ,requirem5ts ,^! field /udies cle>ly %[$ t ! site requirem5ts ( ! ,asiatic *e/nuts1 p>ticul>ly ) ref]5ce to soil moi/ure1 are m ne>ly l ^! ( yell[ popl>1 nor!rn r$ oak1 & :ite a%1 ?an l ! ,am]ican *e/nut or ! native *9kap9 species4 ,on f]tile1 fre% soils t support ! m mesophytic native species1 ,asiatic *e/nuts rema9$ relatively disease-free1 develop$ /raight boles1 made satisfactory gr[?1 & 7 able to ma9ta9 !mselves 9 ! /&s 9 competition ) ! o!r rapid-gr[+ associat$ h>dwood species4 ,! indicator plants t sugge/ good sites = ,asiatic *e/nuts are3 7a7 ,tree species--yell[popl>1 nor!rn r$ oak1 :ite a%1 sug> maple1 & yell[ bir*2 7b7 %rub species--spicebu%2 7c7 h]bace\s species--maid5 hair f]n1 bloodroot1 jack-9-!-pulpit1 squirrelcorn &_/or ,dut*man's bree*es4 ,plants t indicate sites too dry = =e/-tree gr[? ( ,asiatic *e/nuts are3 7a7 ,tree species--! h>d p9es1 black oak & scrub oak2 7b7 %rub species--dw>f sumac1 & l[ blueb]ry2 & 7c7 h]bace\s species--brooms$ge1 wild /rawb]ry1 & pov]tygrass4 ,plants t indicate sites too wet are3 7a7 ,tree species--black a%1 r$ maple1 & will[s2 7b7 %rub species--ald]2 7c7 h]bace\s species--s$ges & skunkcabbage4 ,climatic ,te/ ,plots ,on ! basis ( ! exp]i5ce ga9$ f ! e>li]1 ext5sive di/ribution ( ,asiatic *e/nut plant+ /ock1 ! ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology1 dur+ ! ye>s ( #aicf1 #aich1 & #aici1 e/abli%$ #ba ,asiatic *e/nut climatic te/ plots on cle>$ =e/ l&s 9 eight ea/]n ,/ates on ! mo/ favorable sites obta9able4 ,^! plots1 ) _! isolation bord]s1 aggregat+ slightly less ?an #cb acres1 & accommodat+ ne>ly #bb1jjj trees spac$ #h by #h feet1 occur f nor!rn ,massa*usetts1 along ! ,allegh5ies s\?w>d to ! s\!rn ,appala*ians 9 s\?we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & f ! ,atlantic seabo>d1 9 s\!a/]n ,s\? ,c>ol9a ?r\gh ! ,middle ,we/ to s\!a/]n ,i[a4 ,m ?an #bj /ra9s are be+ te/$ at ea* place1 includ+ ,*9ese1 ,japanese1 ,segu91 & ,h5ry species1 z well z hybrids1 & prog5y ( "s ( ! olde/ introduc$ *e/nuts4 ,mo/ ( ! plots are f5c$ aga9/ live/ock & de]4 ,al?\gh ! results f ^! plots are z yet entirely prelim9>y1 dur+ ! #h- to #aa-ye> p]iod ( te/+1 valuable in=mation has already be5 obta9$3 7#a7 ,! range ( ! ,asiatic *e/nuts te/$ does n co9cide entirely ) ! range ( ! ,am]ican *e/nut or ! native *9kap9s4 ,all ,asiatic *e/nut species t h be5 te/$ h fail$ at ,orange1 ,massa*usetts1 :]e ! ,am]ican *e/nut grew 9 abundance4 ,9 s\!a/]n ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 :]e ! sev]al species ( native *9kap9 ?rive1 "s ( !m atta9+ a height ( #bj feet1 ! ,asiatic species h l>gely fail$4 ,on ! o!r h& 9 nor!rn ,indiana & s\!a/]n ,i[a1 entirely outside ! botanical range ( ! ,am]ican *e/nut1 a few ,*9ese /ra9s h done rem>kably well4 7#b7 ,! ,*9ese *e/nuts h a mu* wid] range adaptability to site ?an ! ,japanese *e/nuts2 ! latt] are m re/rict$ to mild climate & appe> to require some:at bett] site conditions4 ,( t5 ,*9ese /ra9s te/$1 only f\r c ?us f> be recomm5d$ = future plant+ 9 ! ,middle ,we/4 ,"o ,*9ese /ra9 t has ?us f> prov5 f> sup]ior to ! o!rs1 9 all ! climatic plots1 0 introduc$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture z se$ f ,nank+1 ,*9a 9 #aibd4 7#c7 ,poorly a]at$ soil is an important limit+ factor 9 all regions :]e ! *e/nuts 7 te/$4 ,e/abli%m5t by ,und]plant+ & ,girdl+ ,on ! basis ( ! field exp]i5ce ga9$ f ! wide di/ribution ( ,asiatic *e/nut plant+ /ock & ! in=mation ?us f> obta9$ f ! climatic te/ plots1 a new me?od ( e/abli%+ ,asiatic *e/nut "u =e/ conditions 0 initiat$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aidf1 & is n[ be+ tri$ on a limit$ scale4 ,x consi/s ( und]plant+1 ) *e/nut se$l+s1 a fully /ock$ /& ( h>dwoods rang+ f #d to #h in*es 9 diamet] brea/ height 9 :i* ! pr$om9ant species are yell[ popl>1 nor!rn r$ oak1 :ite a%1 & sug> maples4 ,all ov]/ory gr[? #e feet & ov] 9 height is !n girdl$4 ,z ! girdl$ ov]/ory trees die1 !y gradually yield ! site to ! plant$ *e/nuts 9 transition t does n greatly di/urb ! ecological conditions1 p>ticul>ly ( ! =e/ floor4 ,rapid dis9tegration ( ! mantle ( leafmold is prev5t$ by ! p>tial %ad+1 :i* ! dead or dy+ ov]/ory1 girdl$ trees ca/4 ,at ! same "t1 ! p>tial %ad+ h9d]s ! encroa*m5t ( ! spr\t h>dwoods & ! o!r plant invad]s 7:i* w\ld normally become e/abli%$ if ! plant$ area _h be5 cle> cut7 until ! *e/nuts h become fully e/abli%$4 ,n only does ?is sy/em provide ! be/ site conditions conducive to ! developm5t ( =e/-tree =m 9 ! ,asiatic *e/nuts1 9 limit$ areas1 b also "u e/abli%m5t conditions t require a m9imum am\nt ( ma9t5ance4 ,summ>y ,9 g5]al1 ,asiatic *e/nuts1 :5 gr[n = timb] purposes1 are be/ adapt$ to nor!rn slopes1 above fro/ pockets on cool protect$ sites1 on deep1 f]tile soils hav+ a cov]+ ( leaf litt] & humus 9 ! top soil1 a soil t is p]meable to bo? roots & wat]1 & t has a good wat]-hold+ capacity4 ,! plant association1 above m5tion$ z indicat+ ideal sites = ,asiatic *e/nuts = be/ timb] developm5t1 occur 9 ri* soils ( slight holl[s 9 moi/ hilly woods & on ! m\nta9s 9 cove sites4 ,improv$ ,me?ods ( ,/or+ ,*e/nuts ,by ,h4 ,l4 ,crane & ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation1 ,beltsville1 ,m>yl& ,trees ( ! ,*9ese *e/nut1 ,ca/anea mollissima1 are q resi/ant to ! *e/nut b>k or blight disease4 ,! heavy be>+ ( ! trees toge!r ) ! good quality ( ! nuts produc$ has /imulat$ plant+ ( trees to replace ^? ( ! ,am]ican species l>gely kill$ by t disease4 ,al?\gh a few horticultural v>ieties ( ,*9ese *e/nuts h be5 introduc$ & propagat$1 ! great majority ( ! be>+ trees are se$l+s4 ,9 se$l+ plant+s seldom d two trees produce nuts ( ! same size1 color1 & %ape4 ,all ( ^! nuts :5 prop]ly h>ve/$1 treat$1 & /or$ are sweet & edible & n\ri%+ z food ei!r raw1 boil$1 roa/$1 or comb9$ ) o!r foods 9 p\ltry dress+1 salads1 or pancakes4 ,!n too1 !re is a big dem& = ,*9ese *e/nuts z se$ = ! purpose ( gr[+ se$l+ trees to be plant$ 9 or*>ds or to be us$ z root/ocks 9 propagat+ horticultural v>ieties4 ,9 ei!r case1 x is (t5 desirable to /ore ! nuts = sev]al mon?s be=e us+ !m4 ,*e/nuts are n l ! oily nuts1 su* z pecans1 walnuts1 almonds1 filb]ts1 or peanuts1 t mu/ be dri$ to a moi/ure cont5t ( #e to #h p] c5t to /ore well4 ,*e/nuts are />*y nuts1 conta9+ ab\t #ej moi/ure :5 fir/ h>ve/$1 & on dry+ !y become v h>d4 ,9 exp]im5ts conduct$ at ! ,u4 ,s4 ,horticultural ,field ,/ation1 ,m]idian1 ,miss41 x 0 f\nd t ! loss 9 weight ( *e/nuts rang$ f #af4b to #cj4e :5 /or$ = #d mon?s 9 op5 conta9]s at #cb deg4,f41 & #hj relative humidity4 ,9 an exp]im5t 9 :i* *e/nuts 7 /or$ #d-a_/b mon?s at #cb deg4,f41 !y lo/ #ah4h 9 weight :5 /or$ 9 burlap sacks1 #c4g :5 /or$ 9 wax$ pap] c>tons ) tight-fitt+ lids1 & #b4j :5 /or$ 9 friction-top cans4 ,fur!rmore1 *e/nuts on dry+ lose _! viability & become wor?less4 ,*e/nuts lose moi/ure rapidly & become subject to spoilage due to molds & o!r fungi & !re=e mu/ be consid]$ z highly p]i%able & h&l$ accord+ly4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce 9 ! keep+ quality ( ! nuts produc$ by diff]5t trees 9 t "s are v susceptible to infection by molds & bact]ia & spoil quickly :ile o!rs keep q well4 ,at ,m]idian1 ,miss41 nuts f #e diff]5t se$l+ trees rang$ f #b to #cd mold infection at h>ve/4 ,/udies made by ,john ,r4 ,l>ge at ,u4 ,s4 ,pecan ,field ,/ation1 ,albany1 ,ga41 %[$ t mu* ( ! infection ( ! nuts by molds occurr$ aft] !y _h fall5 f ! burs & :ile ! nuts 7 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ess5tial t ! nuts be h>ve/$ promptly aft] !y are mature4 ,z a g5]al practice ! nuts %\ld be ga!r$ e o!r day dur+ ! rip5+ season4 ,burs t h split op5 & expos$ ! br[n nuts %\ld be knock$ f ! trees1 & all ( ! nuts on ! gr\nd %\ld be ga!r$ up cleanly4 ,x w\ld be difficult to emphasize too /rongly ! importance ( h>ve/+ ! nuts promptly z soon z !y are mature4 ,prompt & c>eful att5tion mu/ !n be giv5 to ! conditions "u :i* !y are /or$ if !y are to rema9 = long 9 an edible & viable condition4 ,aft] ! nuts h be5 ga!r$#aj !y %\ld be held 9 a lay] n exce$+ #a or #b in*es deep = #c or #d days4 ,x is important t !y be kept 9 a well-v5tilat$ build+ & t ! sun does n /rike ! nuts dur+ cur+4 ,aft] ! prelim9>y cur+1 ! nuts %\ld be plac$ 9 friction-top metal cans 7slip-top cans7 & ! lids %\ld n be tight = ! fir/ mon? ( /orage4 ,! nuts conta9 en\gh moi/ure aft] ! %ort cur+ process t ! lids w sweat1 or surplus moi/ure w accumulate on ! "u side4 ,?is w disappe> sl[ly by evaporation dur+ ! fir/ mon? or #f weeks ( /orage & ! lids may !n be pu%$ firmly into place1 mak+ ! c ne>ly airtight4 ,! conta9]s ( nuts %\ld be held 9 cold /orage at temp]atures ( #cb deg4 to #cf deg4,f4 ,:ile "s nuts h kept q well at temp]atures z high z #de deg4,f41 ! te/s indicate t ! ne>] ! /orage temp]ature is to #cb deg4,f41 ! less is ! mold developm5t4 ,plac+ ! cans 9 an ord9>y home refrig]ator %\ld prove fairly satisfactory ) nuts t h good keep+ quality4 ,footnote #aj3 ,if ! nuts are infect$ ) weevils1 !y %\ld imm$iately be treat$ aft] h>ve/+ ) ! hot wat] or me?yl bromide treatm5t z recomm5d$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bureau ( ,entomology & ,plant ,qu>ant9e4 ,x is ess5tial t ! nuts be plac$ 9 /orage imm$iately aft] !y h _h ! prelim9>y cur+4 ,any delay may increase ! possibility ( mold developm5t4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #aide-df1 nuts f #f se$l+ ,*9ese *e/nut trees 7 /or$ sep>ately 9 five-gallon friction-top cans at ! ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation1 ,beltsville1 ,md41 at #cb deg4,f4 = approximately #f mon?s4 ,! results are giv5 9 ,table #a4 ,x w be not$ t !re 0 "s v>iation 9 ! p]c5tage ( spoil$ nuts 9 ! diff]5t lots1 b ! loss 0 small :5 comp>$ ) results obta9$ by o!r me?ods4 ,all ( ! s\nd nuts 9 ^! lots 7 plant$ 9 a rod5t-pro( coldframe imm$iately aft] !y 7 remov$ f /orage1 & f #ij to #ie g]m9ation ( ! se$ 0 obta9$ ?r\gh\t4 ,x is almo/ impossible to keep "s v>ieties satisfactorily ) ev5 ! be/ ( c>e4 ,because ( ! great diff]5ce 9 keep+ quality ( ! nuts ( diff]5t v>ieties & f diff]5t se$l+ trees1 ea* *e/nut gr[] %\ld /udy ! keep+ p]=mance ( ! nuts f ! diff]5t trees 9 8 own or*>d4 ,he %\ld save = p]man5t trees ^? produc+ nuts t keep well4 ,! me?od ( /or+ *e/nuts t p]haps has be5 m widely us$ ?an any o!r is to pack ! nuts 9 slightly moi/ sphagnum moss or fre% h>dwood sawdu/ 9 boxes & place !m 9 cold /orage at #cb deg4,f4 to #cd deg4,f4 ,a little less volume ( pack+ mat]ial ?an ( nuts is cu/om>ily us$4 ,! correct am\nt ( moi/ure may be atta9$ by add+ #d fluid ounces ( wat] to #a p\nd ( dry sphagnum moss4 ,!re is great dang] ( gett+ too mu* moi/ure1 :i* w t5d to cause spoilage4 ,if ! cold /orage comp>tm5t is "o t has a t5d5cy to dry ! /or$ mat]ial1 x may be necess>y at "s "t dur+ ! ye> to op5 up ! boxes & add a little moi/ure to ! sphagnum1 b 9 mo/ /orage h\ses ?is is n necess>y4 ,bas$ ^u results obta9$ dur+ ! la/ #b or #c ye>s1 x seems probable t ! me?od ( /or+ *e/nuts 9 friction-top cans w prove to be m effici5t ?an o!r me?ods n[ 9 use4 ,te/s are "u way to det]m9e ! mo/ desirable moi/ure cont5t ( nuts at ! "t ( /orage4 ,if ?is c be det]m9$ ! pres5t p]iod ( prelim9>y cur+ w become a matt] ( r$uc+ ! moi/ure cont5t ( ! nuts to a kn[n am\nt be=e !y are /or$4 ,x is likely t o!r ref9em5ts ( ! me?od w be made 9 ! ne> future1 b ! proc$ure "h describ$ has giv5 results t m]it fur!r trial by ^? conc]n$ ) *e/nut /orage problems4 ,,table ,i--,record ( ,keep+ ,quality ( ,nuts f #f ,se$l+ ,*9ese ,*e/nut ,trees ,/or$ ,9 ,friction-,top ,cans ,at #cb deg4,f4 = ,approximately #f ,mon?s ,at ,beltsville1 ,w9t]--#aide-dfaa ,total ,weight ,weight ( ,weight ( ,tree ,numb] ( ,nuts ,s\nd ,nuts ,spoil$ ,nuts ,p]c5t ,spoil$ #d-bd-df--,lbs4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #ghfa #bc4fi #bc4jh 4#fa #b4eg #ghha #be4bj #bd4fc 4#eg #b4bf #gicj #bf4he #bf4dh 4#cg #a4cg #gicb #bd4bi #bc4hj 4#di #b4jb #gich #bi4jj #bg4dh #a4eb #e4bd #hagd #ae4hb #ad4hj #a4jb #f4de ,,all ,,lots #add4he #adj4bg #d4eh #c4af ,footnote #aa3 ,weigh$ & exam9$ #d_/bd_/df4 ,ess5tial ,elem5ts 9 ,tree ,nutrition 7,pap] pres5t$ be=e ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ,conv5tion1 ,septemb] #c-e1 #aidf1 ,woo/]1 ,ohio47 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,wis*hus5 ,manganese ,rese>* ,developm5t ,f\ndation1 ,clevel& #aj1 ,ohio ,mank9d has h>bor$ an age-old grudge aga9/ insects & fungi1 s t "u ! head+ ( crop protection f ^! pe/s !re has develop$ a l>ge insecticide & fungicide indu/ry4 ,relatively little att5tion has be5 paid to ! effects ( a nutritional "* t c be obta9$ f simultane\s applications ( ess5tial elem5ts4 ,insects w probably always con/itute a problem ( de/ruction1 ei!r ( !m or by !m4 ,b fungi1 bact]iae1 viruses1 c be made to combat1 control & balance ea* o!r2 dep5d+ on ! conditions "u :i* _! propagation is ei!r facilitat$ or inhibit$4 ,!re is evid5ce t s-call$ ess5tial nutri5ts1 also v>i\sly ref]r$ to z m9or1 trace1 r>e1 or micro elem5ts play a direct z well z indirect role ( consid]able importance 9 ?is matt]1 & t trees c be f]tiliz$1 spray$1 inject$ or treat$ ) !m 9 o!r ways to insure _! gr[?1 heal?1 crop be>+ ability1 longevity1 disease--fro/--& dr\ght--resi/ance4 ,!re /ill exi/s a paucity ( sci5tific explanations on ^! subjects1 b !re is already a good deal ( scatt]$ in=mation1 :i* x is my purpose to draw to y\r att5tion4 ,p d n c>e ab\t sci5tific facts if !y c obta9 results )\t !m1 & !n sci5tific concepts too may und]go *anges4 ,! mann] 9 :i* trees obta9 _! nutri5ts f soil1 air & wat]1 h[ev]1 w =ev] rema9 un*ang$1 :e!r we und]/& x or n1 & x behooves e gr[] to obs]ve effects f causes1 & to reflect ^u !m1 & report 8 obs]vations to 8 association = ! b5efit ( all4 ,physical ,soil ,*>act]i/ics ,t ! prim>y requisites = tree gr[+ are ! physical *>act]i/ics ( all soils favorable = t purpose requires no discussion4 ,! successful nut tree plant+ />ts ) ! soil1 :e!r x be on ! scale ( an or*>d1 grove1 or j a few trees ar\nd ! f>m or g>d54 ,! bett] soils = g5]al crop production are on lime/one1 basalt1 dolemite1 dol]ite1 diorite & gabbro =mations1 :]eas s&/ones1 aplites1 granites1 pi]re %ale1 cretaci\s rocks & volcanic =mations wea!r into inf]ior soils4 ,gneiss c be sometimes good1 sometimes unfavorable = build+ ( f]tile soil4 ,x is well to be> 9 m9d t geology & botany are our two fundam5tal sci5ces1 & t all our o!r sci5ces are 9 reality dep>tm5ts ( ^!4 ,*emi/ry c be ei!r a bran* ( botany if x deals ) organic *emi/ry1 or else a bran* ( geology1 if x deals ) inorganic *emi/ry1 & x w\ld appe> t ! mod]n sci5tific gr[] ( nut trees or any o!r crops is witt+ly or unwitt+ly conc]n$ ) bo?4 ,biology & zoology bo? are bran*es ( botany4 ,! ,ess5tial ,elem5ts ,9 ! pa/1 economics h gov]n$ any crop production1 :e!r ( trees1 gra9s1 fruits or vegetables2 n nutrition & heal?4 ,! future 9 all likelihood w dem& improv$ crops f ! /&po9t ( nutritional purposes z foods4 ,x is gradually be+ realiz$ t ! production ( bett] crops c be br\ght ab\t by great] application ( ess5tial nutri5ts to soils or z nutritional sprays direct to trees1 & t su* practices also reflect true economics4 ,! same pr9ciple %\ld gov]n wood production4 ,accord+ to our today's k1 !re are at lea/ n9ete5 elem5ts inv>iably ess5tial to life1 viz3 ,prim>y3 ,hydrog51 c>bon1 nitrog51 oxyg51 phosphorus4 ,second>y3 ,calcium1 magnesium1 sodium1 potassium1 iron1 sulphur1 *lor9e4 ,micro3 ,manganese1 copp]1 boron1 silicon1 alum9um1 fluor9e1 iod9e4 ,!n !re are ano!r eighte5 elem5ts at lea/ v>iably necess>y to life1 viz3 7#a7 ,v>iable ,second>y ,elem5ts3 ,z9c1 titanium1 vanadium & brom9e4 7#b7 ,v>iable ,micro-,elem5ts3 ,li?ium1 rubidium1 caesium1 silv]1 b]yllium1 /rontium1 cadmium1 g]manium1 t91 lead1 ars5ic1 *romium1 cobalt & nickel4 ,elem5ts 9 ,soils ,ess5tial = ,plant ,gr[? ,x is fur!rmore safe to /ate at ! pres5t "t t f]tile soils %\ld conta9 at lea/ ! foll[+ tw5ty elem5ts3 ,nitrog51 phosphorus1 potassium1 calcium1 magnesium1 sulphur1 hydrog51 c>bon1 oxyg51 iron1 sodium1 *lor9e1 alum9um1 silicon1 manganese1 copp]1 z9c1 boron1 iod9e1 & fluor9e4 ,until q rec5tly _m sci5ti/s believ$ t only ! fir/ t5 elem5ts 7 necess>y = gr[? & matur+ ( crops2 t only ! fir/ ?ree %\ld be consid]$ z f]tiliz] +r$i5ts1 & t ! o!rs 7 suppli$ by soil1 air & wat]1 or 7 pres5t z natural fill]s 9 manures & f]tiliz] raw mat]ials4 ,! mod]n agronomi/1 h[ev]1 takes all ^! tw5ty ess5tial elem5ts into consid]ation1 & _m s-call$ complete f]tiliz]s conta9 at lea/ sixte5 to eighte51 if n all ( ! elem5ts m5tion$ above4 ,cobalt1 ess5tial to animal nutrition1 c also mo/ economically be suppli$ ?r\gh ! soil1 ev5 ?\gh crops gr[ )\t x4 ,z long z we h suffici5t exp]im5tal rese>* data t at lea/ n9ete5 elem5ts are inv>iably ess5tial to all life1 x /&s to reason1 t !y at lea/ mu/ also be pres5t 9 "o way or ano!r = ! normal1 or bett] ! optimum gr[? ( nut trees1 & a crop ( m nutriti\s nuts4 ,!re=e1 e "t "o ( !m is consid]$1 all ! o!rs mu/ also be borne 9 m9d4 ,x w nei!r prove difficult nor co/ly to exp]im5t ) !m4 ,x is a matt] ( f9d+ ! prop] balance ( ev]y?+ ess5tial = optimum nut tree gr[+4 ,inde$1 to asc]ta9 ! true balance ( all elem5ts t are inv>iably ess5tial to life1 & _! relation%ip to ! elem5ts :i* are v>iably ess5tial1 w\ld q naturally appe> to con/itute ! qu9tess5ce ( rese>* /ill to be p]=m$4 ,we _c control su* ess5tial factors z climate1 wea!r1 sun%9e1 b man c control ! supply & adju/m5t ( nutri5ts to trees1 & x re/s entirely ) him to d s4 ,!re is "o advantage a nut crop has ov] "s o!r crops2 x does n h to be h>ve/$ be=e fully mature4 ,nut crops obta9 ! b5efit f elem5ts t may be sl[ly assimilat$ dur+ ! season4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5tal & hi/orical evid5ce & op9ions h come to my att5tion1 & ,i record !m = :at int]e/ !y may h4 ,pa/ exp]i5ce is (t5 disc>d$ z too old1 b _m a "t an exp]im5t] 0 ahead ( 8 "t1 & 8 "w rema9$ unrecogniz$1 s t n[ "s old ref]5ces c be reviv$ & pres5t$ z novelties4 ,:at ! pa/ ignor$ may inde$ be due to ! ignorance ( ^? :o did ! ignor+4 #a7 ,! ,*e/nut ,blight ,! *e/nut blight1 = in/ance1 ( a g5]ation ago1 may be re-exam9$ 9 ! light ( ! proce$+s be=e a *e/nut blight conf]5ce1 held at ,h>risburg1 ,p5na41 ,febru>y #bj-ba1 #aiab4 ,a *e/nut extract manufactur]1 a ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,b5son#c1 /at$ at ! "t t 9 8 exp]i5ce ! be/ extracts 7 made f trees high 9 lime4 ,a blight$ tree1 he /at$1 is simply a tree 9 ! process ( />v+ to dea? = lack ( lime4 ,maps %[$ t ! blight 0 wor/ :]e !re 0 lea/ lime1 & t ! *e/nut trees di$ la/ 9 ,t5nessee1 :]e soils are high 9 lime4 ,analysis %[$ t *e/nuts conta9$ #dj lime1 an unhe>d ( am\nt4 ,t ?is high te/ may reflect a faulty condition is po9t$ out lat]4 ,all ,i c add to ?is is t !re is an ,engli% ,walnut ,tree1 ,alp9e v>iety1 on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,deknatel1 on ,r\te #bjb1 ,*alfont1 ,p5na41 :i* is rem>kable = its virility & crops ( l>ge nuts4 ,?is tree gr[s 9 a place protect$ by h\se & b>n ne> a well1 9 lime/one soil4 ,x resi/$ ! sev]e w9t]s ( #aice & #aicf1 :5 _m o!r ,engli% ,walnuts 9 ! vic9ity di$4 ,my op9ion is t any tree 9 t location w\ld be an out/&+ tree2 & vice v]sa1 _h t p>ticul> tree be5 plant$ 9 ano!r location1 x w\ld h done no bett] ?an any trees !re locat$4 ,nuts f t tree might well be te/$ & comp>$ ) nuts f o!r trees4 #b7 ,! ,banana ,blight ,! banana blight 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica ?reat5$ = a :ile to be z de/ructive z ! *e/nut blight 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x 0 due admitt$ly to an attack by soil fungi1 b no fungicide to foliage or to ! soil s]v$ its purpose4 ,h[ev]1 ! prop] re/oration ( bact]ial life 9 soils to keep ! soil fungi 9 *eck prov$ effective4 ,?is 0 a matt] n ( ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( any "o inorganic nutri5t1 b ( re/or+ to soils ! balance ( f]tility1 an abundance ( organic matt] z food = bact]iae4 ,dr4 ,george ,d4 ,sc>se?1 ,we/ ,lafayette1 ,ind4#d1 is "o ( ^? l>gely responsible = correct+ ?is epidemic4 ,8 exp]i5ce may prove useful to nut gr[]s1 s t !y may n live 9 con/ant fe> ( ano!r blight epidemic su* z ! "o t ext]m9at$ our *e/nuts only a g5]ation ago4 #c7 ,tree ,nutrition1 ,microbial ,f ,engl& comes int]e/+ in=mation ab\t ,tree ,nutrition#e4 ,evid5ce %[s t ! heal?y gr[? ( trees su* z p9es & spruces is intimately b\nd up ) an association betwe5 _! roots & fungi pres5t 9 woodl& soil4 ,pov]ty 9 m9]al nutri5ts is no long] reg>d$ z a necess>ily critical factor 9 ! failure ( gr[? ( trees ( ?is k9d1 s9ce ! associat$ fungi h at _! disposal s\rces ( supply inaccessible to ! roots ( high] plants4 ,exp]im5ts c>ri$ out dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s at ,w>eham 9 ,engl& fully confirm ! op9ion express$ long ago by ,pr(essor ,elias ,mel91 ,upsala1 ,sw$51 t ! gr[? ( trees & o!r plants on poor soils ( ! raw humus type is greatly influ5c$ by ! root-fungus association4 ,by fo/]+ ! appropriate comb9ation x has be5 possible to c>ry out successful af=e/ation ( hea?l& s poor t ord9>y cultural me?ods prove inadequate = ! lea/ exact+ tree species4 ,satisfy+ ! m9]al requirem5ts ( ! trees by direct application ( f]tiliz]s is n 9 itself suffici5t treatm5t to ensure cont9u$ heal?y gr[?2 biological factors also play an ess5tial role 9 promot+ soil f]tility4 ,! exp]im5ts h %[n t failure ( ! trees to e/abli% a satisfactory biological equilibrium ) ! necess>y fungi is due 9 ?is case1 n to ! abs5ce ( ^! fungi 9 ! soil1 b to _! inactivation by toxic products ( biological orig94 ,! factors inhibit+ ! activity ( ! fungi c be remov$ by ! application ( comp>atively small am\nts ( organic compo/s :i* produce dramatic & la/+ effects on ! gr[? ( roots & %oots4 ,! special compo/s us$ are prep>$ f organic mat]ials su* z /raw1 hop wa/e & sawdu/4 ,! me*anism by :i* !y /imulate gr[? is /ill obscure4 ,all ( !m conta9 small am\nts ( directly available plant foods su* z phosphates & pota%1 b c>eful inve/igation bo? 9 laboratory pot cultures & 9 ! field1 has %[n t ^! c acc\nt = only a relatively tempor>y effect on gr[?4 ,x is sugge/$ t ! compo/s act ma9ly by modify+ ! c\rse ( humus decomposition1 ?us br++ ab\t dra/ic *anges 9 ! biological activities ( ! organic sub/rate ( ! soil4 ,?is demon/ration ( ! pr(\nd influ5ce ( biological factors on ! nutrition ( trees *all5ges ! att5tion ( =e/]s & has important practical applications4 ,by mak+ use ( suitable compo/s1 x w be possible to c>ry out ! successful af=e/ation ( l& =m]ly reg>d$ z :olly unproductive4 ,= fur!r in=mation see ,problems ( ,tree ,nutrition#e4 ,f ! two =ego+ examples x is se5 t 9 ! case ( banana blight1 fungi _h to be suppress$ by bact]iae1 b t = p9e trees on poor ,engli% soils fungi _h to be activat$ = prop] tree nutrition4 #d7 ,inorganic ,tree ,nutri5ts ,o!r in=mation also f ,engl& conc]ns ! use ( s-call$ m9]als :i* ,i pref] to call ess5tial inorganic nutri5ts1 & "n by ! elem5t or ! comp\nd 9 :i* ! elem5t is conta9$4 ,m9]als1 /rictly speak+1 ref]s to comp\nds =m$ by nature z rocks1 ores1 br9es1 salt deposits1 etc4 ,pr(essor ,wallace1 ,director ( ,brita9's ,long ,a%ton ,rese>* ,/ation#f1 has laid ! f\ndation = diagnos+ m9]al defici5cies by leaf symptoms4 ,^! are reliable indicators ( :at nutri5ts to furni% plants :5 !y are di/9ct & easily recogniz$4 ,b = subacute defici5cies1 plant analysis & injections are resort$ to4 ,injections ( manganese sulphate z pellets into holes drill$ 9 trunks ( *]ry trees caus$ or*>ds t _h be5 b>r51 to be> heavy crops a few mon?s lat]4 ,manganese1 boron1 z9c1 copp]1 iron1 magnesium also l5d !mselves q readily = applications z nutritional sprays1 :5 appli$ z suitable comp\nds su* z ! sulphates4 ,bo? spray applications & tree injections h great diagno/ic values1 because a response to !m1 if ne$$ is relatively quick4 ,:5 trees are defici5t _! foliage w %[ m>k$ improvem5t f a spray application )9 a few days1 s t a te/ c be made on a few trees be=e an entire or*>d is treat$4 ,trunk injections %\ld ( c\rse be made dur+ ! dormant season = results to %[ ! foll[+ summ]4 #e7 ,nutritional ,sprays ,florida & ,cali=nia lead 9 ! application ( nutritional sprays on citrus & o!r fruit#g4 ,vegetables1 too1 respond rem>kably !reto#h4 ,i see no reason :y nut trees likewise %\ld n b5efit f !m1 especially :5 o!r spray mat]ials are us$4 ,copp] sulphate1 z9c sulphate1 manganese sulphate1 magnesium sulphate1 iron sulphate1 cobalt sulphate & borax are all compatible ) ea* o!r & ) mo/ o!r spray mat]ials4 ,comb9ation sprays seem to p]=m bett]1 anyway1 ?an s+le sprays1 & ! only objection w\ld seem to be t "s elem5t is appli$ t is n defici5t4 ,x c be tak5 = grant$1 h[ev]1 t no?+ is wa/$1 ev5 ?\gh ! b5efits may be invisible4 ,soils b5efit 9 ! long run f sprays4 ,"o elem5t1 ev5 ?\gh n noticeably ne$$1 may make ano!r available or x may antidote toxicity ( "s elem5t pres5t to excess4 ,indirect results 9 all likelihood are always obta9$4 ,9 ,florida1 recomm5dations = spray applications to citrus are made annually#i4 ,!y c be obta9$ f ! ,florida ,citrus ,commission1 ,lakel&1 ,fla4 ,a typical =mulae is z foll[s3 #c-e lbs4 z9c sulphate #c-e lbs4 manganese sulphate p] #ajj gallons ( wat] or #b-e lbs4 copp] sulphate ) o!r spray mat]ial equal am\nts ( lime4 #a gallon ( lime sulphur or #a-a_/b lbs4 ( lime is us$ = e #c lbs4 ( sulphate ( manganese or z9c4 ,*]ries1 apples1 plums are q responsive to su* applications1 & ,i h se5 ! defoliation ( prune trees 9 ,new ,york ,/ate correct$ ) a mixture conta9+3 ,manganese #aj ,all z metallic1 9 ! =m ( hydrat$ oxides1 ,copp] #aj & appli$ at ! rate ( #d lbs1 = ! comb9ation ,z9c #e mat]ial p] #ajj gallons4 ,boron #a ,! addition ( #b lbs4 lime is optional4 ,9 ,cali=nia a manganese defici5cy has be5 obs]v$ on ,engli% ,walnuts#aj1 & #e-ae lbs4 comm]cial manganese sulphate 0 us$ p] #ajj gallons ( wat] dur+ late ,may1 ?r\gh ,june1 to correct ?is4 ,sprays %\ld be appli$ at t5 day int]vals until ! defici5cy symptoms no long] p]si/4 ,plausible reasons = ! some:at quick] action ( sprays ?an f]tiliz]s may be furni%$ by two prom95t au?orities3 ,mc,collum#aa1 "o ( our =emo/ nutritioni/s1 fir/ not$ ! discov]y t ! leaf ( ! plant is a complete food1 & t none ( ! /orage organs ( plants1 se$s1 tub]s1 roots1 fruits enjoy t di/9ction4 ,9 ! leaf1 biological processes are mo/ active4 ,x is ! site ( syn!sis ( prote9s1 c>bohydrates & fats4 ,! leaf is ri* 9 actively function+ cells :i* conta9 ev]y?+ necess>y = ! metabolic processes1 & !y supply all ! nutri5ts :i* an animal requires4 7,all fle% is grass74 ,hoagl&#ab1 ano!r au?ority1 writes on ?is subject ?us3 ,x is n[ c]ta9 t soils are n inv>iably capable ( supply+ en\gh boron1 z9c1 copp] & manganese to ma9ta9 heal?y gr[? ( plants4 ,?is k has come ma9ly dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s4 ,)9 ?is p]iod ?\s&s ( cases f _m p>ts ( ! _w h be5 report$ ( crop failure1 ( plant disease1 result+ f defici5cies ( micro nutri5t elem5ts4444 ,! /atem5ts d n imply t mo/ soils are defici5t 9 any ( ^! elem5ts1 b ! areas involv$ are l>ge & important en\gh to w>rant ! view t ! recognition ( micro nutri5t defici5cies con/itutes a developm5t 9 appli$ plant nutrition ( major significance4 ,:5 ,i ref] to defici5cies ( boron1 copp]1 manganese1 or z9c1 x is n a "q ( absolute defici5cy 9 total quantity ( ! elem5t pres5t 9 ! soil1 b r a physiological defici5cy aris+ f ! insuffici5t availability ( ! elem5t 9 ! plant2 9 o!r words1 n en\gh ( ! elem5t c be absorb$ & di/ribut$ 9 ! plant = its physiological ne$s at ea* successive phase ( gr[?4 ,nutritional sprays "u su* circum/ances may prove ! rem$y1 & we h exp]im5tal evid5ce to support ?is4 ,nut trees z is %[n by ! above m5tion$ exp]im5t1 may respond to spray applications equally z well z citrus1 o!r fruit & vegetables1 & effects1 too may possess special diagno/ic values1 %[+ ! ne$ ( trees1 & !re=e also ! ne$ ( soils on :i* !y are gr[n4 ,inve/igators are con/antly confront$ ) det]m9+ :e!r foliage %[s symptoms ( disease or />vation1 & :e!r ?is is due to a defici5cy or an excess ( any p>ticul> nutri5t2 :e!r fungicides inhibit ! g5]ation ( fungi f ! spore /ate1 or :e!r ! plant is =tifi$ f sprays or du/s to become disease resi/ant1 or repell5t4 ,fungicides are valueless :]e plant disease is caus$ by bact]iae :i* invade ! wat] conduct+ tubes1 7r\ghly correspond+ to ! blood vessels ( mammals71 ( plants1 tree trunks1 etc4 & prev5t ! fl[ ( wat] & nutri5t solutions f roots to leaves4 ,depriv$ ( wat] & n\ri%m5t1 ! plants or trees w wilt & die4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 soils furni% ^! plants ) protective inorganic nutri5ts1 su* z manganese1 copp]1 iron1 z9c1 borax1 etc4 ^! bact]ial diseases are prev5t$4 ,simil> actions may take place 9 leaves4 ,defici5cy ,symptoms4 ,koda*rome ,slides4 ,_m acute defici5cy symptoms h be5 id5tifi$ by au?orities & photograph$1 & ,i am able to %[ ,koda*rome slides ( ! foll[+3 ,manganese />vation on ,swiss *>d1 sp9a* 7five illu/rations71 c\rtesy ( ,dr4 ,rob]t ,e4 ,"y1 ,wal?am1 ,massa*usetts4 ,apricot1 sweet *]ry1 lemon1 onions1 peanut1 soybean 7two illu/rations71 tobacco 7#d illu/rations71 sug>beets1 walnuts1 :eat1 all by diff]5t au?ors4 ,manganese defici5cies 9 ,indiana on soyabeans1 hemp1 corn1 by c\rtesy ( ,george ,h4 ,enfield1 ,purdue ,univ]sity4 ,manganese on beets 7mangels71 7#d illu/rations71 & ,roma9e lettuce1 ,nassau ,c\nty1 ,long ,isl&4 ,c\rtesy ( ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,?ompson1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,_m m are publi%$ 9 ,hung] ,signs ( ,crops1 an illu/rat$ ref]5ce book popul> ) sci5tific f>m]s & gr[]s#ac4 ,o!r defici5cies t h be5 obs]v$ on nut trees are ! s-call$ little leaf or rosette ( pecans & black walnuts#ad1 :i* is due to a lack ( z9c4 ,/rangely en\gh1 heal?y or*>ds 9 ?is case conta9$ a prepond]ance ( fungi1 :]eas 9 affect$ or*>ds ! soil micr(lora 0 pr$om9antly bact]ial#ae4 ,we n[ h def9ite exp]im5tal evid5ce t lime1 manganese & z9c are requir$ 9 appreciable quantities = ! gr[?1 heal? & be>+ quality ( nut trees4 ,x is well to make sure ( ^! elem5ts 9 ! soils devot$ to nut tree plant+1 b x _c be emphasiz$ too (t5 t all ess5tial elem5ts & factors %\ld be tak5 c>e (2 anyone ( !m may be ! limit+ factor 9 crop failure2 ! "o t is abs5t is always ! mo/ important4 ,9 reg>d to inorganic nutri5ts1 m att5tion has probably be5 devot$ to citrus trees ?an to any o!r tree species1 l>gely because ! soils ( ,florida & ,cali=nia require additions !re(4 ,x w\ld be unfair to say t su* ma9 fruit crops z apples1 *]ries1 pea*es1 plums h be5 neglect$2 we m]ely possess m in=mation on ! nutri5ts ( citrus trees ?an on o!r tree crops1 z f> z ! micro ess5tial nutri5ts are conc]n$4 ,mo/ or*>ds & groves are f]tiliz$ only ) nitrog51 phosphorus & pota%1 & lim$ :5 necess>y4 ,nitrog5 c /imulate size ( fruit at ! exp5se ( quality4 ,a pap] by ,p4 ,w4 ,rohrbaugh#af1 ,plant ,physiologi/ ( ! ,cali=nia ,fruit ,gr[]s ,ex*ange1 ,ont>io1 ,cali=nia1 deals ) elev5 m9]al nutri5t defici5cies & _! causes1 viz3 calcium1 magnesium1 pota%1 phosphorus1 sulphur1 nitrog51 iron1 boron1 z9c1 manganese1 copp]1 & ?is might well be us$ z a guide = nut trees4 #f7 ,miscellane\s ,a few oddities may also be m5tion$ = anyone incl9$ to exp]im5t3 ,f ,holl& x is report$ t an av5ue ( l>ge h&some %ade trees close to a c5tury old1 all di$ 9 "o ye>1 except :]e a junk deal] _h /ack$ a pile ( old metals4 ,! trees _h exhau/$ ! inorganic nutri5ts )9 rea* ( _! roots 9 ! soil1 b ! junkpile _h repl5i%$ !m suffici5tly1 s t ^? )9 rea* ( x kept alive to ?is day1 tw5ty ye>s lat]4 ,a rock mul* is report$ to h improv$ ! gr[? ( lime & lemon trees consid]ably#ag1 & x w\ld seem t simil> exp]im5ts %\ld be made on "y nut trees1 j be=e be>+ age 9 a comp>ative te/ ) a *eck plant+4 ,/ones c be select$ = ! nutri5ts !y conta91 & a geologi/ c easily po9t out ^? conta9+ ! greate/ numb] ( elem5ts4 ,no "o c\ld g wrong 9 plac+ a few rocks ( lime/one or dolomite ne> ! base ( a tree1 & let ra9 & sun%9e1 heat & fro/ att5d to ! f]tiliz+ 9 a sl[ b p]petual mann]4 ,maple sug> conta9s manganese#ah1 %[+ ?is z a di/9ct quality ov] cane sug>4 ,manganese & o!r ess5tial nutri5ts are kn[n to facilitate ! production ( prote9s#ai1 & ! "q ( bett] quality nut production may well be exam9$ f ! viewpo9t ( ! indirect effect f activities ( soil microbiology by manganese1 copp]1 cobalt & z9c4 ,"s ( ^! elem5ts h also be5 class$ z inorganic plant hormones#bj4 ,*lorosis1 ! yell[+ ( leaves1 may n only be a defici5cy symptom ( manganese1 b also "o ( iron1 copp] & magnesium4 ,lack ( manganese c cause a decrease 9 photosyn!sis#ba1 s mu* s t 9 manganese defici5t leaves ! ,,co#b assimilation may be r$uc$ to half ( normal4 ,h]e91 too1 may lie ! cause ( l[ yields1 small] roots & l[]$ resi/ance ( ^? roots to invad+ detrim5tal organism4 ,contempor>y "w on soil microbiology may %[ t manganese & o!r ess5tial nutri5ts are p]haps mo/ important 9 _! functions = ! pres]vation & balanc+ ( microbial life & actions 9 soils4 ,!re is :]e tree nutrition mu/ beg92 :atev] is neglect$ 9 soils c at be/ only tempor>ily be adju/$ aft]w>ds4 ,aft] all1 defici5cy symptoms on foliage %[ lack ( soil f]tility1 & :ile we %\ld welcome !m = _! diagno/ic value1 our corrective measures to be mo/ economical mu/ be tak5 on soils4 ,transmission ( ,inorganic ,nutri5ts f ,soils to ,plants to ,animals ,soil analysis & plant tissue te/s bo? h _! value1 b also _! limitations4 ,_m laboratories & exp]im5t /ations are equipp$ to make rapid soil te/s1 & "s engage 9 leaf analysis4 ,x is important t !y be correctly int]pret$4 ,= in/ance1 at ! ,citrus ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,riv]side1 ,cali=nia#bb1 b>k & leaves 7 collect$ f heal?y & diseas$ ,p]sian ,walnuts4 ,!y 7 analyz$ = calcium1 magnesium1 inorganic phosphate1 manganese & iron4 ,a high] p]c5tage ( a% 0 f\nd 9 ! diseas$ ?an 9 ! heal?y b>k1 & calcium1 magnesium1 manganese & inorganic phosphates 7 also g5]ally high]4 ,x w\ld be a fallacy ,i ?9k to conclude !refrom t ^! elem5ts 7 n necess>y1 or 7 pres5t to excess4 ,!y 7 probably pres5t because !y _h fail$ to function prop]ly1 due to *anges 9 wea!r1 excessive ra9s or dr\ghts1 & c\ld n elim9ate !mselves4 ,we mu/ consid] ! results f ! functions ( ! ess5tial elem5ts1 & disc>d ! popul> belief t inorganic nutri5ts 9 soils are transmitt$ f soils to plants1 & !re9 conta9$ = ! express purpose ( satisfy+ ! ne$ ( animals & humans#bc4 ,! plant has only "o purpose to p]=m :i* is to gr[ & to reproduce itself1 & su* is ! case ) all o!r =ms ( life4 ,plants conta9 v (t5 inorganic elem5ts 9 a =m 9 :i* !y _c be utiliz$4 ,x is !re=e q easy to mi/ake _! pres5ce ei!r z a toxicity symptom or z a high requirem5t1 :5 z a matt] ( fact ^! elem5ts are pres5t due to conditions unfavorable to metabolism1 & !y rema9$ 9 b>k & leaves z end products1 9 an in]t =m4 ,r ?an be+ transmitt$ f soils to plant1 _! functions may consi/ ( ! =mation ( enzymes1 prote9s1 hormones1 *lorophyll1 antibodies1 vitam9s1 9 c>bon assimilation4 ,:5 !y h s]v$ su* purposes !y are n likely to be pres5t 9 plants 9 any?+ l ! am\nts or =ms z pres5t 9 soils4 ,!y may come into "q z cataly/s or bio-cataly/s1 z s\rces ( en]gy = microorganism1 f :i* _! optimum effects h be5 secur$ :5 !y are n transmitt$ at all1 caus+ *anges1 b rema9+ !mselves un*ang$4 ,!y are ess5tial 9 ! s5se t ! elem5ts compos+ soils1 sea1 atmosph]e are con/antly en]giz$1 *ang$ & us$ ov] & ov] aga9 to create plant1 animal & human life4 ,9 ?is cycle no?+ is lo/1 only *ang$ f old to new g5]ations4 ,summ>y ,soil factors = tree gr[? are physical1 *emical & biological4 ,to control ! organisms ( soils & plants is probably ! mo/ difficult problem 9 microbiology4 ,x is n wise to alt]nate neglect ) fev]i% att5tion :5 blights or o!r pe/s become epidemic or ?reat5+4 ,!y may be ( a nutritional1 prev5table r ?an curable nature4 ,pa?ology & tree nutrition may z well become a con/ant "p ( y\r activities4 ,ref]5ces to ! ,lit]ature #a4 ,,beeson1 ,k4 ,c4 ,! ,m9]al ,composition ( ,crops ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #cfi4 ,m>*1 #aida #b4 ,,fe>on1 ,w4 ,r4 ,a ,classification ( ! ,biological ,elem5ts ,sci4 ,proc4 ,royal ,dubl9 ,soc4 ,vol4 #bj ,no4 #ce4 ,febru>y1 #aicc #c4 ,,wis*hus51 ,j4 ,f4 ,m9]als 9 ,agricultural & 9 ,animal ,husb&ry ,manganese ,rese>* ,developm5t ,f\ndation ,clevel& #aj1 ,ohio #d4 ,,rodale1 ,j4 ,i4 ,! ,organic ,=e/--,editorial ,organic ,g>d5+1 ,emmaus1 ,pa4 ,april1 #aide1 pp4 #d-i #e4 ,,sc>se?1 ,,george ,d4 ,gr[+ ,bananas on ,acid ,soils,agriculture 9 ! ,am]icas1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,octob]1 #aidd1 ,no4 #aj #f4 ,,rayn]1 ,m4 ,c4 & ,,neilson-,,jones1 ,w4 ,problems ( ,tree ,nutrition ,fab] & ,fab]1 ,lt4 ,london #g4 ,,roa*1 ,w4 ,a4 ,soil ,f]tility & ,trace ,elem5ts ,soil ,cons]vation1 ,wa%+ton4 ,octob]1 #aide ,cond5s$ 9 ,f>m]'s ,dige/1 ,ambl]1 ,pa4 ,janu>y1 #aidf #h4 ,,camp1 ,a4 ,f4 ,! ,m9or ,elem5ts 9 ,citrus ,f]tilization ,comm]cial ,f]tiliz]1 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,janu>y1 #aide #i4 ,,*apman1 ,h4 ,d42 ,,br[n1 ,s4 ,m42 & ,,rayn]1 ,d4 ,s4 ,nutri5t ,defici5cies 9 ,citrus ,cali=nia ,citrograph1 ,may1 #aide #aj4 ,mc,l,e,a,n1 ,f4 ,t4 ,fe$+ ,plants ,manganese ?r\gh ! ,/omata ,sci5ce #ff 7#aibg74 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,rec ,no4 #eh #aa4 ,,spray ,,& ,,du/ ,,s*$ules1 ,publi%$ ,annually ,florida ,citrus ,commission1 ,lakel&1 ,fla4 #ab4 ,,brau*]1 ,o4 ,l4 & ,,s\?wick1 ,b4 ,w4 ,correction ( ,manganese ,defici5cy ,symptoms ( ,walnut ,trees ,proc4 ,horticultural ,sci5ce #ci4 #acc--f4 #aida #ac4 ,mc,c,o,l,l,u,m1 ,e4 ,v4 ,,or5t-,,keiles ,! ,new] ,k ( ,nutrition4 ,fif? ,edition ,! ,mac,millan ,company1 pp4 #ffa-b #ad4 ,,hoagl&1 ,d4 ,r4 ,inorganic ,nutrition ( ,plants ,*ronic ,botanica1 #aidd1 pp4 #cb-c #ae4 ,,hung] ,,signs ,,( ,,crops--,a ,symposium ,national ,f]tiliz] ,assn4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #aida ,judd ,detwil]1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 #af4 ,,blackmon1 ,g4 ,h4 ,v>iety & ,/ock ,te/s ( ,pecan & ,walnut ,trees ,florida ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,annual ,report #aicf1 #ge 7#aicg7 #ag4 ,,blackmon1 ,g4 ,h4 ,pecan ,v>iety ,response to ,diff]5t ,soil ,types1 ,localities3 ,z9c ,treatm5ts ,florida ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,ann4 ,rep4 #aice1 #gd-e1 7#aicf7 #ah4 ,,ark1 ,p4 ,a4 ,little ,leaf or ,rosette ( ,fruit ,trees ,,vii4 ,soil ,micr(lora & ,little ,leaf or ,rosette ,disease ,proc4 ,am]4 ,soc4 ( ,horticultural ,sci4 #cd1 #bah-ba4 #aicg #ai4 ,,rohrbaugh1 ,p4 ,w4 ,m9]al ,nutri5t ,defici5cies 9 ,cali=nia ,citrus ,trees & _! ,causes ,cali=nia ,citrograph1 ,april-,may1 #aidf #bj4 ,,:ite1 ,,cl>5ce ,decorative ,rock ,mul*es ,organic ,g>d5+1 ,novemb]1 #aide--;,emmaus1 ,pa4 #ba4 ,,ri\1 ,,paul & ,,delorme1 ,,joa*im ,manganese 9 ,maple & ,cane ,sug>s ,comptes ,r5dues #bjj #aacb-c 7#aice7 ,c4,a4 #bidfag #bb4 ,,delorme1 ,,joa*im ,manganese 9 ,maple & ,cane ,sug>s ,contrib4 ,lab4 del',ecole ,hautes ,etudes ,comm4 ,montreal ,no4 #g1 page #cb #aicg #bc4 ,,baudis*1 ,,osk> ,biological ,functions ( ,m9or ,elem5ts ,soil ,sci4 ,vol4 #fj ,no4 #b ,augu/1 #aide #bd4 ,,ellis1 ,,c>leton2 ,,swaney1 ,,mill]4 ,w4 ,soilless ,gr[? ( ,plants ,re9hold ,publi%+ ,co4 #aich #bd4 ,,willis1 ,l4 ,g4 & ,,pil&1 ,j4 ,r4 ,m9or ,elem5ts & ,major ,soil ,problems ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,soc4 ,agronomy4 #cj--che--hgd 7#aich7 #bf4 ,,haas1 ,a4 ,r4 ,c4 ,walnut ,yell[ 9 ,relation to ,a% ,composition1 ,manganese1 ,iron & ,a% ,con/itu5ts ,bot4 ,gazette #id 7#aicc7 ,e4,s4,r4 #fi1 #eaa #bg4 ,,wis*hus51 ,j4 ,f4 ,recomm5dations = ,fe$+ ,manganese ,manganese ,rese>* ,developm5t ,f\ndation1 ,clevel& #aj1 ,ohio ,nut ,tree ,propagation ,z a ,hobby = a ,*emi/ ,by ,dr4 ,e4 ,m4 ,%elton1 ,clevel&1 ,ohio ,n s long ago we saw a movie by ! title ( ,cluny ,br[n4 ,! h]o9e 0 possess$ ) a passion = repair+ plumb+1 b 0 cont9ually inhibit$ by well-mean+ relatives :o told h] t %e didn't "k h] place4 ,a sc5e e>ly 9 ! /ory %[s ,cluny on ! floor "u a /opp$-up kit*5 s9k expla9+ h] problem to a sympa!tic pr(essor :o /ates a philosophy some?+ l ?is4 ,to be happy1 "o %\ld n h to be b\nd by :at is appropriate4 ,if x is cu/om>y to ?r[ nuts to ! squirrels & y pref] to ?r[ squirrels to ! nuts1 x %\ld be all "r to ?r[ squirrels to ! nuts4 ,x is obvi\sly n always advisable to be s unconv5tional1 b x seems to me t 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to "o's hobby x %\ld be p]missable to ?r[ squirrels to ! nuts4 ,a hobby1 l a %ad[1 is necess>ily a v p]sonal ?+4 ,)\t ! p]son ) :i* x is associat$ x c\ld n exi/4 ,!re=e1 ,i feel t x is appropriate to pres5t ?r\gh\t ?is pap] a lib]al use ( ! pron\n 9 ! fir/ p]son4 ,ye>s ago1 z a boy on an ,ohio f>m1 ,i tri$ repeat$ly1 )\t success1 to graft on small hickory trees along ! riv] bank scions f "o especially good tree t /ood out 9 a cultivat$ field4 ,"t t foll[$ 0 too cr[d$ = fur!r attempts at nut tree propagation until ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago1 :51 liv+ 9 ,connecticut1 ,i b\ght a graft$ walnut1 a ,?omas1 & set out to produce m l x4 ,be=e we left ,connecticut1 ,i _h be5 able to pres5t graft$ walnut trees to _m ( my neighbors :o _h p]si/$1 hi!rto1 9 call+ hickory-nuts walnuts4 ,!y w\ld li/5 ) "s %[ ( int]e/ :ile ,i exp\nd$ on my en?usiasm = black walnuts1 b soon] or lat] w\ld inevitably ask1 ,d y mean ! %agb>k k9d8 ,la/ summ] we drove back to ,connecticut = a brief visit1 &1 on call+ at ! home ( "o ( ^! fri5ds1 we f\nd t ! fir/ nut borne on _! ,?omas tree _h be5 c>efully sav$4 ,=?) !re 0 a solemn nut-crack+ c]emony1 & all pres5t ta/$ ! meat & pron\nc$ x good4 ,we hope t t tree & _m o!rs w ?rive = ye>s to come to add to ! bonds ( fri5d%ip ) ^! neighbors we h kn[n4 ,lately ,i h arrang$ my "w s t we may once aga9 live 9 ,ohio n too f> f my boyhood home4 ,la/ ye> ,i tri$ once aga9 to graft along ! hillside scions f t priz$ hickory1 & ?is "t six out ( sev5 grafts h gr[n4 ,my field ( "w has be5 t ( a *emi/1 engag$ 9 indu/rial problems relat$ to animal & plant products4 ,h5ce1 my hobby & my day's "w are productive ( mutually helpful ideas4 ,! lit]ature :i* ,i review frequ5tly conta9s sugge/ions applicable to ! v>i\s phases ( tree propagation4 ,?\gh a few ref]5ces are quot$ 9 ! bibliography at ! end ( ?is pap]1 ^! are = illu/ration only & comprise a v small numb] ( ^? :i* h appe>$4 ,my exp]im5ts 9 nut tree propagation h be5 report$ f "t to "t 9 ! ye>books ( ! ,n4,n4,g4,a4 & ,i int5d 9 ! rema9d] ( ?is pap] only to outl9e problems "u a numb] ( g5]al head+s 9 :i* ,i am p>ticul>ly int]e/$1 & give "s indication ( proc$ures :i* seem wor? :ile inve/igat+4 ,an important phase ( nut gr[+ to :i* ,i h giv5 little att5tion is ! se>* = new v>ieties4 ,i f9d my int]e/ 9 ?is aspect gr[+ z ,i associate ) ! gr\p ( nut gr[]s 9 ,ohio1 :o ?r\gh prize conte/s & active p]sonal "w are try+ to discov] sup]ior nut trees 9 nature1 yet ,i d n f9d 9 ?is ! opportunity ,i seek = exp]im5tation unless x may be 9 ! matt] ( hybridization4 ,root/ock ,propagation ,root/ocks = walnuts & hickories are v easily gr[n f se$4 ,*e/nuts are gr[n ) v>iable success1 & x w\ld seem t p>ticul> c>e 9 dra9age ( ! se$ b$1 & possibly ! use ( "o ( ! se$ fungicides1 %\ld improve *e/nut g]m9ation4 ,! pres5t tr5d 9 ! propagation ( fruit trees is t[>d selection ( p>ticul>ly suitable root/ocks4 ,d "s nut tree se$l+s accept grafts m readily ?an o!rs8 ,we d n "k4 ,num]\s writ]s h discuss$ ! idea ( v>y+ degrees ( compatibility ( root/ocks ) scions & ,jones#a has br\ght toge!r consid]able evid5ce to relate incompatibility among plants ) some?+ p>allel to all]gy 9 animals4 ,initial gr[? ( ! scion leads to a fl[ ( =eign bodies into ! /ock4 ,! !ory is advanc$ t ! /ock develops antitox9s to ^! =eign bodies :i* succe$ 9 kill+ ! scion a few weeks lat]4 ,if a p>ticul> /ra9 ( nut tree /ock is "s day f\nd to be ( p>ticul> value = graft+1 or = propagation ( a disease resi/ant type1 z 9 ! *e/nut1 ! propagation ( su* /ock vegetatively w\ld be ess5tial4 ,a pres5t illu/ration is ! s]ies ( ,mall+ apple root/ocks :i* are gr[n f cutt+s4 ,i h tri$ _m times to gr[ *e/nuts f cutt+s ) no success4 ,a few exp]im5ts n[ 9 progress are limit$ to ,mall+ ,,ix apple /ocks :i* ,i assume are n especially difficult to root4 ,i am try+ sev]al modifications ( a pr9ciple ( mak+ ! cutt+s at "s "t aft] girdl+ ! /em4 ,! hope is t 9 ?is way !re w be accumulat$ at ! base ( ! cutt+ m ?an ! usual res]ve ( nutritive elem5ts toge!r ) :atev] plant w\nd hormones & plant gr[? sub/ances ! twig is capable ( syn!siz+4 ,scion ,/orage ,9 e>li] pap]s ,i describ$ ! use ( sodium sulfate cry/als 7,glaub]'s salt7 = controll+ ! humidity 9 scion /orage4 ,?is season ,i h adapt$ ! practice to ! %ipp+ ( fre% walnut bud /icks4 ,a sack ( ,glaub]'s salt 9 ! bottom ( ! mail+ tube keeps ! cutt+s moi/1 & if1 9 addition1 ! conta9] is kept 9 a refrig]ator :5 n actually 9 transit1 ! buds h be5 kept 9 condition = use up to tw5ty-five days4 ,a l[ temp]ature is ess5tial 9 /orage ( any scions4 ,v>iations 9 ?is factor may h be5 ! cause ( "s ( ! objections :i* h be5 rais$ to ! practice ( coat+ scions ) wax :5 !y g into /orage4 ,if wax is to be appli$ ov] a scion1 x c be done m uni=mly & 9 a ?9n] coat+ by imm]sion ( ! scion 9 melt$ wax4 ,! scion s coat$ seems to be 9 bett] condition ?an an uncoat$ scion :5 x comes out ( /orage provid$ ! /orage temp]ature has be5 l[4 ,h[ev]1 if ! wood has n be5 kept dormant by l[ temp]ature1 gases are evolv$ :i* =m bli/]s "u ! wax & injure ! scion4 ,x is q probable t a wax coat+ !n aggravates ?is damage4 ,graft+ & ,budd+ ,until ?is ye> ,i _h n tri$ budd+1 & h gott5 into x fir/ ( all to le>n :e!r an ord9>y laboratory cork bor] is n a usable sub/itute = a pat* bud cutt]4 ,x seems to d v well4 ,! pat*es are small1 b z an aid 9 tie+ !m 9 ,i prep>$ %ort /rips ( pa9t]'s mask+ tape ) a ?9 coat ( a pla/ic graft+ wax on "o side4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ea* piece ( tape is a hole j l>ge en\gh = ! bud to %[ ?r\gh4 ,! tape is press$ on ov] ! bud pat*1 aft] :i* ! usual b9d+ ) rubb] /rips is appli$4 ,! :ole te*nic ( budd+ is fasc9at+ & ,i plan to exp]im5t z ext5sively next season z "t & /ock p]mit4 ,wax & ,tape ,9 #aicg1 ,%e>#b publi%$ a report on a numb] ( w\nd dress+s = trees 9 :i* he obs]v$ t lanol9 ex]ts a m>k$ action 9 /imulat+ cambial gr[?4 ,?is l$ me to try v>i\s wax comb9ations 9 :i* lanol9 0 incorporat$1 & a mixture ( equal p>ts ( lanol9 & beeswax has become ! base = mo/ ( my exp]im5tal graft+ wax mixtures4 ,i h comm5t$ already on ! importance ( incorporat+ an opaque +r$i5t to exclude light4 ,exp]im5ts 9 progress ?is season h _h to d ) introduction ( gre5 vs4 r$ dye & ) ! incorporation ( a wax soluble pyrridyl m]curic /e>ate#c z a fungicide4 ,i h recomm5d$ pa9t]'s mask+ tape = ty+ 9 scions 9 all cases 9 :i* mod]ate t5sion is suffici5t4 ,a w9d+ ( su* a tape ( c\rse excludes ! graft+ wax f contact ) ! l9e ( cambial contact1 s any favorable action :i* any +r$i5t 9 ! wax might h mu/ be l>gely int]f]$ )4 ,if a tape is prep>$ ) a ?9 coat+ ( pla/ic graft+ wax on "o side to s]ve z ! adhesive1 x %\ld be possible to br+ ! wax into contact ) ! cut cambial surface )\t1 h[ev]1 introduc+ su* a mass ( wax z w\ld make its way betwe5 /ock & scion & int]f]e ) contact4 ,nutrition ,my own field ( "w has rec5tly *ang$ to nutrition1 infant fe$+1 & ,i %all und\bt$ly come to h m ( an und]/&+ ( plant nutrition z well z ( babies z ,i /udy long] on ?is subject4 ,our recollections ( ! good old days are (t5 mi/ak51 b ,i ?9k !re is no d\bt t ! nut trees bore m & bett] nuts :5 ,i 0 a boy ?an we c f9d n[4 ,c x be a matt] ( nutritional failure8 ,! fir/ consid]ation 9 plant nutrition seems to be ! wat] supply1 & p]haps 9 _m localities ! wat] table has fall5 suffici5tly to ?reat5 our trees ) malnutrition4 ,! supply ( ! common m9]al elem5ts may or may n be adequate4 ,^! elem5ts %\ld n be difficult to supply4 ,! matt] ( ! trace elem5ts & _! significance cat*es our fancy at pres5t & _m ( u w und\bt$ly beg9 to explore ! effect ( ?is or t panacea = re/or+ a favorite old tree to a second y\?4 ,m$ication ,x is only a /ep f ! consid]ation ( nutrition ( a plant or animal to t ( m$ication4 ,rem$ial ag5ts are readily introduc$ into plants1 ei!r ?r\gh ! roots1 or by spray on ! foliage1 or by direct injection into ! trees4 ,go+ a little fur!r1 su* me?ods become means ( kill+ trees4 ,a few ye>s ago1 ,i became int]e/$ 9 kill+ trees 9 a way :i* w\ld prev5t spr\t+ & also protect ! wood to "s ext5t f insect attack & decay organisms4 ,m rec5tly my int]e/ has turn$ t[>d ! use ( hygroscopic *emicals inject$ 9 ! liv+ tree = ! purpose1 n only ( kill+ ! tree1 b ( prev5t+ ! wood f crack+ radially or dry+4 ,a numb] ( gov]nm5t publications#d-aj h contribut$ in=mation along ?is l9e4 ,to inject en\gh *emical to accompli% ?is purpose x seems necess>y to introduce ! *emical solution ?r\gh a cut ! dep? ( ! sap wood & ext5d+ entirely ar\nd ! tree4 ,a coll> ( wat]-pro( pap] cem5t$ to ! tree provides a means ( supply+ ! *emical solution to ! cut4 ,all ?is is describ$ 9 ! lit]ature cit$4 ,! only contribution ,i h made is ! use ( urea 9 ! solutions4 ,_m salts are m soluble 9 a wat] solution ( urea ?an 9 wat] alone1 & _m su* mixtures are v hygroscopic4 ,moreov]1 x seems t 9 ! pres5ce ( urea high] conc5trations ( salt may be introduc$ into ! sap /ream ( trees1 ?\gh ,i d n z yet h exp]im5tal data to confirm ?is /atem5t quantitatively4 ,an example ( a solution inject$ into a small a% tree is z foll[s3 #ij grams urea #abj grams copp] sulfate cry/als #cjj cubic c5timet]s wat] ,i hope 9 ano!r ye> to cure a numb] ( v>ieties ( woods on ! /ump & lat] to comp>e _! qualities 9 ! %op ) lumb] cur$ 9 ! usual way4 ,by-,products ,any object z juicy & colorful z a black walnut hull may well become a subject = se>* 9 recov]y ( by-products4 ,! !rmally active c>bon made f ! %ells has actuat$ laboratory !rmo/ats = me = sev]al ye>s4 ,b m real & imm$iate by-products h be5 ! p]sonal associations :i* h aris5 f ?is hobby4 ,physicians1 eng9e]s1 tea*]s1 f>m]s1 p]sons f e call+ are among ^? :om ,i h met ?r\gh a common int]e/ 9 nut tree propagation4 ,i c recomm5d ?is hobby to anyone mature en\gh to take an int]e/ 9 ! future1 & to *emi/s 9 p>ticul>4 ,bibliography #a4 ,w4 ,,neilson ,,jones ,plant ,*ima]as & ,graft ,hybrids ,me?u5 & ,company1 ,london #b4 ,,%e>-,,lanol9 ,z a ,w\nd ,dress+ = ,trees ,proc4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 #cd1 #bhf-h 7#aicg7 #c4 ,,horn]1 ,,koppa & ,,h]b/--,m]curial ,fungicide ,wax ,problems ,ind4 ,eng4 ,*em1 #cg #ajfi-gc 7#aide7 #d4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,bureau ,,( ,,entomology ,,& ,,plant ,,qu>ant9e--,e-#dji--;,june #aicg4 ,a me?od = prev5t+ insect injury to mat]ial us$ = po/s1 poles1 & ru/ic con/ruction4 #e4 ,e-#dcd--,may #aich1 ,an effici5t me?od = introduc+ liquid *emicals into liv+ trees4 #f4 ,e-#dfg--;,febru>y #aici1 ,*emicals & me?ods us$ 9 treatm5ts ( trees by injections1 ) annotat$ bibliography4 #g4 ,conn4 ,agr4 ,expt4 ,/a4--,cir4 ,no4 #abc--;,july1 #aich ,! use ( wat] soluble pres]vatives 9 prev5t+ decay 9 f5ce po/s & simil> mat]ials4 #h4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4--,cir4 ,no4 #fje--;,june1 #aida ,! int]nal application ( *emicals to kill elm trees & prev5t b>k-beetle attack4 #i4 ,,=e/ ,,products ,,laboratory--,novemb]1 #aich ,a prim] on ! *emical season+ ( ,d\glas fir4 #aj4 ,,repr9t ,,f ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,=e/ry--,vol4 #ce--,m>*1 #aicg 7,procur$ f ,=e/ ,products ,laboratory7 ,season+ transv]se tree sections )\t *eck+4 ,notes on ,propagation & ,transplant+ 9 ,we/]n ,t5nessee ,by ,joseph ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,/ate ,horticulturi/ ,t5nessee ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,na%ville #c1 ,t5nessee ,^! obs]vations are pres5t$ z a prelim9>y report ( ! results obta9$ by ?ree ent]pris+ amateurs ( nut gr[+ 9 ! we/]n c\nties ( ,t5nessee1 ^: "w po9ts ! way t[>d ov]com+ "s ( ! weaknesses previ\sly enc\nt]$ 9 nut culture 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! cotton belt /ates4 ,^! gr[]s are ! ?ree ,r's ( our ,association 9 we/ ,t5nessee3 ,dr4 ,aubrey ,ri*>ds ( ,:iteville1 ,mr4 ,george ,rhodes ( ,cov+ton1 & ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,ro>k ( ,malesus4 ,i am giv+ ?is brief acc\nt ( "s ( _! exp]i5ces1 ) ! hope t x w /imulate o!rs to try _! me?ods "u v>i\s conditions1 & to report _! results at lat] ,n4,n4,g4,a4 meet+s4 ,we d n expect ^! me?ods to "w equally well 9 all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada repres5t$ "h today1 b !y are giv+ promis+ results 9 ! mid-,s\? t]ritory1 & p]haps w h value 9 a wid] area4 ,z ,mr4 ,davidson has s ably done at ?is meet+ 9 ! case ( 8 ,ohio plant+s1 we expect to give y a foll[-up report on ?is "w 9 we/ ,t5nessee at ! ,toronto meet+ or lat]4 ,tw9-,t ,budd+ 9 ,*e/nut ,propagation ,( ! nut trees gr[n 9 ?is area1 ! *e/nut has be5 ! mo/ difficult to propagate by budd+4 ,nurs]ies 9 ! upp] ,s\? h propagat$ _! pecan & walnut trees mo/ly by pat*-budd+ or ! simil> r+-budd+ me?od1 ) v good success4 ,:5 appli$ to *e/nuts1 pat*-buds h seldom gr[n4 ,! common ,t-bud1 likewise1 has be5 a g5]al failure on *e/nuts 9 ,am]ica1 ?\gh report$ successful 9 ,japan4 ,*ip-buds h n be5 mu*-bett]4 ,sev]al ye>s ago1 ,dr4 ,max ,b4 ,h>dy told me t ! inlay b>k-graft _h be5 us$ successfully ) ,*9ese *e/nuts at ! ,u4,s4,d4,a1 laboratory 9 ,albany1 ,ga41 foll[+ ,dr4 ,b4 ,g4 ,sitton's use ( ?is me?od ) pecans 9 ,l\isiana4 7,x is describ$ 9 a bullet9 f ,mi*igan ,/ate ,college1 ,ea/ ,lans+1 ,mi*47 ,i tri$ x 9 a small way1 & _h "s success us+ x on *e/nuts 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,?is spr+ ,i sugge/$ x to ,mr4 ,ro>k & ,dr4 ,ri*>ds1 bo? ( :om tri$ x out1 us+ ,ca/anea mollissima /ocks & v>i\s scion v>ieties4 ,mr4 ,ro>k us$ ! inlay b>k-graft 9 ! spr+1 topwork+ a ,c4 mollissima se$l+ ) scions ( ! ,colossal1 a hybrid v>iety f ,cali=nia4 ,ab\t #ej p] c5t ( ^! h gr[n ?is ye>4 ,dr4 ,ri*>ds tri$ x dur+ ,july1 on ,c4 mollissima se$l+s f a diff]5t s\rce4 ,none ( ! ,colossal w\ld gr[ on 8 trees1 b he 0 p>tially successful ) scions ( ! ,c4 mollissima v>ieties1 ,hobson1 ,c>r & ,zimm]man4 ,he !n devis$ a v>iation 9 ! me?od :i* 0 highly successful ) ,c4 mollissima v>ieties4 ,?is ,i %all call ! ,ri*>ds ,tw9-,t bud4 ,9 ,tw9-,t budd+1 a v]tical slit is made 9 ! b>k ( ! /ock4 ,!n horizontal cuts are made ?r\gh ! b>k at bo? top & bottom ( ! v]tical cut4 ,! bud piece is cut f ! well matur$ "p ( a curr5t season's twig1 leav+ a r ?ick slice ( wood b5ea? ! bud4 7,x may be z ?ick z half ! diamet] ( ! twig47 ,! bud is ins]t$ 9 ! /ock z 9 ord9>y ,t-budd+1 !n wrapp$ ) a l>ge siz$ rubb] budd+ /rip4 7,we/+h\se electrician's tape & ,curity adhesive tape h also be5 us$4 ,"s o!r br&s poison$ ! buds47 ,! take ( ,*9ese *e/nut buds by ?is me?od has run f #fj to #ij p] c5t on ,dr4 ,ri*>ds' trees ( v>i\s sizes ?is ye>4 ,9 a %ort nurs]y r[1 buds 7 plac$ "u fir/ or second ye> b>k1 :ile l>g] trees 7 topwork$ by plac+ ! buds mo/ly "u ! b>k ( second ye> limbs4 ,! ,colossal fail$ aga9 on ,dr4 ,ri*>ds' trees :5 budd$ by ! ,tw9-,t me?od1 b ,c>r & o!r ,*9ese v>ieties 7 budd$ successfully4 ,! graft-compatibility problem 9 *e/nuts is "o ( consid]able complexity4 ,?us ,c>r1 :i* has pres5t$ incompatibility ) c]ta9 /ocks ( ,c4 mollissima at o!r places1 grew on ^! trees1 & ,colossal1 compatible on ano!r ,c4 mollissima tree1 fail$ on trees :i* are app>5tly compatible ) ,c>r4 ,! ,*9ese *e/nut species v>ies 9 its graft-compatibilities possibly z mu* z 9 o!r *>act]i/ics 7gr[?1 productivity1 size & quality ( nuts1 etc47 s t nut nurs]ym5 %\ld beg9 to select _! se$ = *e/nut und]/ocks ) a view t[>d gett+ /ra9s ) a great] degree ( compatibility to ! lead+ scion v>ieties4 ,mr4 ,ro>k has be5 able to propagate ! ,colossal ^u its own roots by lay]+ a small tree 9 8 or*>d4 ,two limbs pegg$ into ! gr\nd 9 ! spr+ ( #aide _h produc$ roots a ye> lat]1 & 7 !n deta*$ f ! p>5t tree4 ,?is is a sl[ b sure me?od ( propagat+ nut tree v>ieties t are n cong5ial ) ! /ocks available = graft+ or budd+4 ,he has also lay]$ sweet *]ries & prune trees by ?is me?od :i* is describ$ 9 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,f>m]s ,bullet9 #aeja ) ref]5ce to filb]ts4 ,a ,he>tnut ,v>iety ,compatible ) ,black ,walnut ,/ocks ,se$l+ black walnuts are common on f>ms ( we/ ,t5nessee4 ,dr4 ,ri*>ds & ,mr4 ,rhodes h be5 mo/ active 9 %[+ t ^! c be topwork$ readily to improv$ black walnut v>ieties "u ! conditions prevail+ !re4 ,mr4 ,rhodes has also fruit$ su* old] ,p]sian walnut v>ieties z ,lanca/]1 ,mayette1 & ,franquette on black walnut /ocks1 b f9ds !m g5]ally unproductive 9 8 climate4 ,new] v>ieties1 includ+ "s selections ( ! ,c>pa?ian /ra9s are n[ be+ tri$ & %\ld be ( fruit+ age soon4 ,mr4 ,rhodes has also f\nd1 at ,cov+ton1 a he>tnut t is vigor\s & productive "u we/ ,t5nessee conditions4 ,he f9ds t x buds readily on ! native black walnut4 ,"s budd$ trees ( x are ov] a doz5 ye>s old4 ,!y h m$ium siz$ nuts1 smoo? %ell$ 7) fairly ?ick %ells = a he>tnut7 & k]nels ( good flavor1 com+ out :ole :5 ! nuts are crack$ c>efully4 ,i am giv+ ?is v>iety ! "n ,rhodes1 & sugge/+ x = use 9 we/ ,t5nessee because ( its adaptability & ! fact t x c be budd$ ^u black walnut4 ,o!rs h report$ ,japanese walnut 7includ+ he>tnut7 v>ieties incompatible ) black walnut at o!r locations4 ,dr4 ,ri*>ds has propagat$ "s o!r he>tnut v>ieties on black walnut1 b f9ds !m m v>iable ?an ! ,rhodes1 9 obta9+ a good union4 ,pap] ,wrap ,gives ,summ]-,long ,protection to ,transplant$ ,trees ,too commonly1 transplant$ nut trees suff] f sunscald injury on _! s\?we/ sides dur+ ! fir/ summ] 9 ! or*>d4 ,?is injury is p>ticul>ly common on pecans1 :i* suff] a sev]e %ock f transplant+ & are sl[ 9 re-e/abli%+ vigor\s gr[?4 ,9 we/ ,t5nessee1 z "o gr[] puts x1 ,a pecan is do+ well if x holds "o gre5 leaf its fir/ ye>4 ,pecans h be5 kn[n to rema9 dormant 9 _! tops until ! second spr+ aft] plant+1 & !n />t gr[?4 ,dur+ ?is initial p]iod ( e/abli%m5t 9 ! or*>d1 x is b5eficial to give "s k9d ( %ade to ! tree trunk1 to keep ! b>k f cook+ & dy+ on "p ( ! mo/ expos$ side4 ,wax+ ( ! trunks be=e plant+ helps r$uce dry+ out ( ! tops be=e ! roots are p>tially reg5]at$ & top gr[? beg9s1 b wax+ alone1 "u our conditions1 is n suffici5t to prev5t ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( a dead area />t+ on ! s\?we/ side ( ! trunk dur+ ! summ] foll[+ tree sett+4 ,dr4 ,ri*>ds has f\nd t a heavy wallpap] ( a *eap grade1 cut 9 /rips & wrapp$ spirally to cov] ! tree trunk f ! gr\nd up1 la/s ?r\gh ! season & elim9ates ne>ly all ( ! sunscald injury on pecans :i* he has mov$ f 8 f>m nurs]y r[ to ! or*>d4 ,) trees t are %ipp$ long di/ances1 & all[$ to dry out too mu* be=e resett+1 ! results are n s uni=m4 ,we are /ill 9 favor ( ! use ( wax coat+s on trees t mu/ be %ipp$1 b w\ld recomm5d t !y be giv5 additional protection by "s means1 to %ade ! trunks ?r\gh\t ! fir/ gr[+ season4 ,?is pap] wrap ( ,dr4 ,ri*>ds seems z effici5t z any me?od1 & is ! mo/ economical ,i h obs]v$4 ,x %\ld be b5eficial on mo/ species ( nut trees "u summ] conditions 9 ! mid-s\? region4 ,propagat+ ,nut ,trees ,"u ,glass ,by ,/eph5 ,b]na?1 ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,new ,york ,ab\t t5 ye>s ago ,i decid$ to try a few nut grafts 9 my small propagat+ h\se4 ,! results 7 s satisfactory t s9ce t "t ,i h graft$ f a few hundr$ to sev]al ?\s& ea* ye>4 ,i f\nd by exp]im5t t ,i c\ld n graft nut trees exactly z ,i did ornam5tal trees & %rubs1 due to _! extra sap cont5t4 ,nut trees ble$ excessively & ,i _h to ov]come ?is or my losses 7 heavy4 ,i use no wax on grafts4 ,my me?od is z foll[s3 ,i take a /rong light /r+ & wax x ) beeswax & p>af9 mix$ fifty-fifty4 ,i use a modifi$ side graft1 ty+ ) ?is wax$ /r+4 ,late 9 ,decemb] or e>ly 9 ,janu>y1 ,i pot ! und]/ock1 us+ black walnut se$l+s = f\r v>ieties 7,p]sian walnut1 butt]nut1 black walnut & he>tnut74 ,i make sure ! und]/ock has _h its re/ p]iod by n digg+ & /or+ !m until !y h be5 really hit by fro/ & left = a p]iod1 to be sure ! wood has matur$ = ! season4 ,! mature und]/ock is !n /or$ 9 moi/ s& 9 a cool cell>4 ,9 late-,decemb]1 z ,i h /at$1 ,i place ! und]/ock 9 b5*es us+ #c-a_/b to #d in* pots1 wett+ !m ?or\ghly aft] imb$d+ !m 9 peat moss4 ,keep ! moss damp & at a temp]ature ( #ee degrees at night4 ,aft] two or ?ree weeks exam9e ! roots by knock+ sev]al loose f ! pots4 ,if root action has />t$1 ! roots w %[ :ite ?read-l fib]s & are ready = graft+4 ,?is is important1 because if graft+ is done too soon ! loss is heavy4 ,if delay$ too long ! top />ts gr[+4 ,s ,i caution1 d graft+ :5 ! und]/ock is ready4 ,place newly made grafts on _! side1 imb$d$ 9 moss1 & refra9 f wat]+ until ! union has =m$4 ,op5 graft+ case aft] ?ird day & daily !reaft]1 until union is complete4 ,ea* day wipe glass (f ) clo? to prev5t moi/ure f dripp+ on grafts4 ,increase bottom heat aft] grafts are laid 9 b5*es f #fh to #ge degrees4 ,9 ab\t ?ree to f\r weeks1 if union has =m$1 place grafts 9 up "r position1 !n wat]+ is resum$ & heat is r$uc$ to ar\nd #fj degrees at night4 ,:5 graft %[s two in*es or m gr[?1 cut und]/ock (f close above ! union1 & !n give h\se pl5ty ( v5tilation to avoid s(t gr[?4 ,i f9d nut trees v t5d] subjects & delay plant+ ^! "u-glass gr[n grafts out 9 nurs]y r[s until e ve/ige ( fro/ has pass$4 ,also be sure to sev] ! wax$ /r+ z ?is is t\gh] ?an ! gre5 graft4 ,if ?is me?od s\nds l a great deal ( "w & tr\ble g5]ally1 rememb] ! rew>d w be heavy root$1 easy to transplant1 heal?y1 nam$ v>ieties ( nut trees4 ,:o c say t1 at ! pres5t1 !re is an abundance ( su* trees 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,economic1 ,ecological & ,horticultural ,aspects ( ,int]cropp+ ,nut ,plant+s ,by ,f4 ,l4 ,o',r\rke ,mi*igan ,/ate ,college1 ,ea/ ,lans+1 ,mi*igan ,mature nut trees are usually l>ge trees1 & l>ge trees dem& space4 ,"y nut trees1 !re=e1 mu/ be plant$ relatively f> ap>t f ea* o!r & = ! fir/ few ye>s1 at lea/1 !re is an abundance ( unus$ l& betwe5 ! trees1 :i* may be us$ = int]cropp+4 ,! *oice ( j :at crop or plants to use is (t5 p]plex+ & %\ld be consid]$ = sev]al aspects4 ,! economic factors are ( prime importance4 ,! co/ ( gr[+ ! crop1 ! specializ$ f>m ma*9]y & equipm5t ne$$1 ! availability ( labor1 ! di/ribution ( ! seasonal labor dem&1 ! "t ( ! critical cultural practices or ( h>ve/+1 ! pot5tial m>ket1 & ! expect$ price ( ! saleable product mu/ all be consid]$4 ,! /aple f>m crops ( ! region are (t5 pref]able to specialty crops1 p>ticul>ly f ! labor /&po9t4 ,corn1 :eat1 oats1 potatoes1 & legumes c all be gr[n ) a m9imum ( labor & ! use ( p[] ma*9]y4 ,!re is less risk involv$ ) f>m crops ?an ) specialities1 bo? 9 secur+ an adequate crop & 9 ! price receiv$ = ! product4 ,fruit1 vegetables & ornam5tals (t5 h v critical requirem5ts4 ,!y mu/ be spray$1 h>ve/$1 & %ipp$ at exactly ! "r "t or all ! proce$s w be lo/4 ,/aple crops are n s dem&+ 9 ei!r culture or h>ve/+4 ,! labor di/ribution ?r\gh\t ! season or ev5 ?r\gh\t ! ye> mu/ be consid]$ & well plann$ 9 advance4 ,no two crops %\ld require exact & dem&+ att5tion at ! same "t4 ,!y %\ld be *os5 & plant$ s t a regul>1 ev5 di/ribution ( labor c be ma9ta9$ ) z little ( a ru% p]iod z possible & yet ) a m9imum ( idle "t4 ,! g5]al agricultural patt]n ( ! region mu/ be consid]$4 ,9 a sp>sely settl$ gra9 & live/ock region x w\ld be q inadvisable to gr[ /rawb]ries or o!r crops :i* require a maximum ( h& labor dur+ a v brief p]iod4 ,b]ries1 h[ev]1 may be p]fectly well suit$ to sections :]e ei!r transi5t work]s or city *ildr5 c be secur$ ) little ef=t4 ,! crop %\ld suit f ! ecological viewpo9t4 ,x mu/ n compete ) ! "y1 gr[+ trees = m9]al food & wat]1 p>ticul>ly dur+ spr+ & e>ly summ] :5 ! trees make mo/ ( _! annual gr[?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if plant$ too close to ! trees1 "s int]crops may be %ad$ too sev]ely to produce a normal yield4 ,success 9 int]cropp+ is usually f\nd betwe5 plants :i* are q dissimil> 9 =m & habit4 ,black walnuts & pa/ure grasses furni% a typical example4 ,! long taproots ( ! walnuts p5etrate deeply into ! soil1 :ile ! grass roots are %all[ & fibr\s & fe$ 9 ! soil surface lay]4 ,! a]ial portions ( ^! plants are likewise q diff]5t1 ! walnuts t[] high 9 ! air1 :ile ! grasses =m _! cr[ns on ! v surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! light %ade ca/ by ! walnuts does n int]f]e ) ! photosyn!tic activity ( ! grasses1 b x is suffici5t to disc\rage gr[? ( broad-leav$ we$s :i* h a high] light requirem5t ?an t ( grass4 ,?is light %ade also t5ds to provide a great] supply ( available moi/ure = ! grass1 9 t x r$uces temp]ature &1 consequ5tly1 wat] loss f ! grass & soil by keep+ d[n bo? transpiration & evaporation4 ,exp]im5ts 9 bo? ,t5nessee & ,ohio h %[n t ! quantity ( grass produc$ f b5ea? walnut trees is great] ?an on equal areas 9 ! op5 & t ! quality1 z repres5t$ by a l>g] prote9 cont5t1 is also high]4 ,= ?is reason1 "o may well consid] live/ock z ! income-produc+ portion ( a walnut-pa/ure plant+4 ,ov] "o f\r? ( ! agricultural l& ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is devot$ to pa/ure & mu* ( ! l& is suitable = int]plant+ to walnuts1 butt]nuts1 & o!r pa/ure trees1 z honey locu/s & black locu/s1 all ( :i* are kn[n to improve ! pa/ure grasses to "s ext5t4 ,! pot5tial income :i* may be d]iv$ f su* plant+s ov] ?is va/ acreage is enorm\s & is ! m /rik+ 9 t ^! pa/ure trees occupy a plane t is n[ idle & unproductive1 t is1 ! area ly+ above ! grass tops4 ,! nuts produc$ on ?is upp] /ory w repres5t almo/ all cle> pr(it 9 t v little c>e ne$ be giv5 ^! walnut trees aft] !y h be5 prop]ly plant$4 ,live/ock gu>ds w ne$ to be plac$ ab\t ! trees at plant+ "t & kept !re until ! trees h gr[n to ! po9t :]e !y may no long] be h>m$ by /raddl+ & br[s+4 ,pa/ures are excell5t sites f ano!r angle4 ,! closely graz$ sod furni%es an ideal place to rake ! nuts toge!r at h>ve/ "t4 ,anyone :o has hunt$ = nuts 9 a d5se gr\nd cov] w appreciate ?is factor4 ,:ile ! walnut responds be/ to ! deep1 f]tile soil ( ! riv] bottoms & flood pla9s1 x w gr[ well on ! l[] portions ( slopes if wat] is available & ! site is n too expos$ to ! =ce ( dry+ w9ds4 ,cont\r /rips %\ld be prep>$ by pl[+ sev]al furr[s d[nhill1 ea* a little less 9 dep? ?an ! prec$+1 & ! walnuts plant$ !reon4 ,! walnut is a spread+ tree & pl5ty ( space %\ld be all[$4 ,p]haps x may be wise to plant ! walnuts at ext5d$ int]vals & fill up ! cont\r r[ ) black locu/s1 = po/ wood1 & honey locu/s to produce succul5t pods = cattle fe$4 ,9 any ev5t1 x is bett] to all[ too mu*1 r ?an too little space1 z walnuts are long-liv$ trees & w ?rive be/ :]e !re is lea/ competition4 ,9 ,i[a1 black walnuts are respond+ well to bas9 culture 9 sites :i* 7 prep>$ by scalp+ ! sod f ! upp] portion ( a slope & deposit+ x on a l[] portion 9 ord] to cat* & reta9 m wat]4 ,nut trees are l all o!r trees 9 t !y react favorably to good horticultural practice4 ,f]tiliz]1 p>ticul>ly nitrog51 is usually always helpful4 ,! addition ( lime :5 ! soil is acid & ( organic matt] :5 humus becomes deplet$ w aid 9 bett] soil a]ation & an increas$ moi/ure supply4 ,?is1 9 turn1 w be reflect$ 9 m vigor\s tree gr[? & great] nut production4 ,occasional spray+ may be necess>y to control ! ,datana cat]pill> 9 ! summ]4 ,*9ese *e/nuts seem to be admirably adapt$ = int]plant+ ) mulb]ries1 *]ries1 pe>s1 & ! l 9 p\ltry runs & hog lots :]e ! pigs & *ick5s w control ! weevils by glean+ ! prematurely dropp$ & ov]look$ *e/nuts :i* conta9 ! grubs ( ! weevil4 ,! fruit portion ( ! integrat$ plant+ w ma9ta9 a high c>bohydrate ration dur+ ! season = ! use ( ! live/ock4 ,"h1 aga91 pl5ty ( space %\ld be all[$ betwe5 trees to all[ ea* its full measure ( wat]1 food1 air & sunlight4 ,c>eful & ?or\gh rese>* is ne$$ to det]m9e ! full requirem5ts ( nut trees & to "w out ! int]plant+ relation%ips4 ,9 view ( ! va/ pot5tialities = _! use1 inve/igational programs may soon be "u way & mu* m def9ite in=mation be made available to ! f>m] & l&[n]4 ,ref]5ces ,,aikman1 ,j4 ,m4--,a ,bas9 ,me?od ( ,nut ,tree ,culture4 ,proc4 ,i[a4 ,acad4 ,sci4 #ej3bda-bdf4 #aidc ,,neel1 ,l4 ,r4--,! ,effect ( ,%ade on ,pa/ure4 ,t5n4 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,cir4 #fe1 #aici ,,smi?1 ,r4 ,m4--,"s ,effects ( ,black ,locu/s & ,black ,walnuts on ,s\!a/]n ,ohio ,pa/ures ,soil ,sci4 #ec3che-cih1 #aidb ,nut ,"w ,at ! ,mahon+ ,c\nty ,exp]im5t ,f>m1 ,canfield1 ,ohio ,by ,l4 ,walt] ,%]man1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,my int]e/ 9 nuts dates back to ! turn ( ! c5tury :51 z a boy 9 high s*ool1 ,i delight$ 9 ga!r+ wild nuts = my own use4 ,i knew ( sev]al black walnut trees be>+ v f9e nuts & also "o excell5t hickory4 ,^! 7 ne> my home 9 nor!rn ,ohio4 ,aft] my s*ool days 7 ov]1 ,i m>ri$ & w5t to ,oklahoma1 :]e ,i f\nd ! mo/ mis]able wild nuts imag9able4 ,h[ev]1 ,i /ay$ b a %ort "t & return$ to my native /ate :]e ! wild nuts 7 reasonably good4 ,9 #aice1 ,i made a trip to ,cali=nia & visit$ ! ,p]sian walnut or*>ds at h>ve/ "t4 ,z if t 7 n en\gh to conv9ce me t x w\ld be wor? my :ile to d :at ,i c\ld 9 behalf ( ! nut indu/ry1 ! ,agricultural press ( ! "t publi%$ sev]al intrigu+ acc\nts ( ,p]sian walnuts gr[+ 9 & ne> ,toronto1 ,ont>io :i* _h be5 br\ght !re by ,rev4 ,paul ,c4 ,cra? f ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s ( ,pol&4 ,my con/ant talk ab\t h>dy /ra9s ( ,p]sian walnut prompt$ fri5ds to tell me ( sev]al plant+s already gr[+ 9 nor!rn ,ohio ) m or less success4 ,i promptly obta9$ scions & und]took to graft a numb] ( ^!1 b ,i _h ! usual ill-success ( a beg9n]4 ,i fail$ 9 attempts to top "w trees & _h no bett] results ) b5* graft+ al?\gh ,i began e>ly 9 ! season & cont9u$ my ef=ts till ! "t arriv$ = plant+ ! trees4 ,i /or$ ! graft$ mat]ial 9 a cool apple /orage h\se f ! "t !y 7 graft$ until !y 7 plant$4 ,!n someh[ ,i le>n$ t walnut w\nds w\ld n call\s ov] except at relatively high temp]atures4 ,accord+ly1 ,i plac$ my next b5*-graft$ trees 9 a w>m gre5h\se1 :]e gr[? />t$ at once4 ,?is m>k$ my fir/ successful graft+ ( black walnut4 ,lat]1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,fickes ( ,woo/]1 expla9$ to me 8 te*nique ( box+ (f or ble$+4 ,by foll[+ 8 in/ructions1 ,i 0 able successfully to top "w "s ( ! se$l+s ,i _h gr[n = ! purpose4 ,my next /eps 7 to procure "s ( ! nuts f ,rev4 ,cra? :i* he _h br\ght f ,pol& & to make a p]sonal importation ( se$ f an exp]im5t /ation 9 ,russia4 ,) ^! two lots ,i />t$ out to raise ,p]sian walnut se$l+s4 ,! fir/ graft$ trees set out at ! ,f>m 7 obta9$ f ,hom] ,c4 ,jacobs ( ,k5t1 ,ohio1 9 #aicg4 ,t ye> we began plant+ a ?ree-acre tract4 ,! trees 7 gr[n ) scions cut f prize w9n+ se$l+s br\ght out z a result ( ! ,ohio nut conte/ held 9 #aicd4 ,! trees 7 set #be feet ea* way 9 ord] to cons]ve room4 ,?is di/ance all[$ = b #fi trees to ! acre & available space 0 quickly occupi$4 ,by #aidd1 x became necess>y to add two m acres4 ,! new l& 0 f an ab&on$ b]ry gr\nd4 ,x 0 pl[$1 lim$ heavily & f]tiliz$4 ,! alt]nate r[s 7 us$ = pea* trees z fill]s4 ,! ma9 r[s 7 mo/ly fill$ ) new v>ieties ( ,p]sian walnut f nor!rn ,ohio :i* _h be5 graft$ on black walnut /ocks4 ,"s ( ! room 0 us$ = gr[+ black walnut se$l+s = use 9 graft+ ) scions ( prize w9n]s 9 ! next ,ohio conte/1 plans = :i* 7 already "u way4 ,9 #aidd1 f\r plant+s ( ,p]sian walnut trees locat$ "s di/ance f ea* o!r 9 nor!rn ,ohio1 all _h good crops & all produc$ sup]ior nuts4 ,a half bu%el ( ! nuts 7 plant$ at ! ,f>m dur+ ! foll[+ spr+4 ,all lots grew rem>kably well4 ,! result+ se$l+s1 toge!r ) graft$ trees1 :i* by !n 7 gr[+ 9 ! ,f>m nurs]y1 made x necess>y to fur!r add to ! or*>d room4 ,! increase ?is "t 0 eight acres1 ( :i* five 7 plant$ to trees dur+ ! spr+ ( #aidf4 ,9 all plant+s1 ! di/ance betwe5 trees has rema9$ ! same z at fir/1 n t #be feet is en\gh = be>+ trees b because x is expect$ to d a l>ge am\nt ( ?9n+ out z be>+ beg9s & _m trees prove _! inf]iority4 ,! problem ( propagat+ desirable v>ieties has be5 our greate/ difficulty4 ,! k9ds we want$ 7 n to be _h f nurs]y s\rces z !y 7 entirely new4 ,comm]cial nurs]ym5 w\ld n ev5 und]take ! task ( graft+4 ,we 7 =c$ to rely ^u our own +5uity4 ,n only did we h to ma/] ! art ( graft+ b we _h to drive hundr$s ( miles 9 ord] to obta9 scions ( ! v>i\s k9ds4 ,we /ill "k too little ab\t graft+4 ,we (t5 raise ! "q z to h[ x happ5s t surgeons c d almo/ any?+ !y wi% 9 ! way ( cutt+ & splic+ p>ts ( ! human body1 yet ) nut trees1 #ge p] c5t ( success is r>ely atta9$4 ,la/ spr+ ,i began a r elaborate comp>ison ( p>aff9 ) beeswax--lanol9 = use 9 graft+4 ,dr4 ,%elton _h demon/rat$ t ! latt] 0 a good dress+ = w\nds & ,i assum$ t 9 graft+1 x w\ld promote call\s+4 ,my exp]im5t 0 p>tially fru/rat$ by ! loss ( my melt+ pot :i* burn$ at ab\t ! "t ! "w 0 half done4 ,! graft+ _h to be f9i%$ )\t wax ( any k9d4 ,out ( #fj grafts s set1 only five grew4 ,! five survivors _h be5 m]ely box$ (f or bl$1 none grew :i* _h be5 treat$ ) hot wax ( any k9d4 ,rese>* ) nuts has b b>ely begun at ! ,f>m4 ,we feel1 h[ev]1 mu* enc\rag$ & t ! wor/ is ov]4 ,we h a total ( #gbe trees 9 ! plant+1 _m ( :i* h already borne a few nuts4 ,production %\ld increase rapidly & we w soon h consid]able quantities ( nuts & o!r mat]ial ) :i* to "w4 ,we h ! foll[+ g5]a1 species1 v>ieties1 & hybrid =ms3 ,butt]nut--,craxezy & ,v9camp2 ,*e/nut--,c>r1 ,hobson1 ,yankee 7,syn41 ,connecticut ,yankee71 & ,zimm]man2 ,hickory1 includ+ hybrids--,bixby1 ,bogne1 ,boor ,nos4 #a & #b1 ,b[51 ,cranz ,nos4 #a & #b1 ,fairbanks1 ,frank1 ,haskell1 ,lea*1 ,lozsdon1 ,mc,conkey1 ,ne?+1 ,reynolds1 ,ridik]1 ,russell1 ,/rat=d1 ,wes*cke1 & ,wright2 ,pecan--,buss]on1 ,gre5riv]1 & ,posey2 ,black ,walnut--,b>nh>t1 ,br[n1 ,c[le1 ,fulton 7,syn4 ,mill] ( ,ohio71 ,h>e1 ,havice1 ,horton1 ,jans51 ,krause1 ,lisbon1 ,m9tle1 ,mohican1 ,murphey1 ,ohio1 ,rohw]1 ,snyd]1 ,sp>r[1 ,/abl]1 ,/ambaugh1 ,?omas1 ,tritt51 ,tw9 ,lakes1 & ,w&a2 ,p]sian ,walnut--,alliance1 ,baxt]1 ,bloss]1 ,broadview1 ,dill]1 ,elmore1 ,gligor ,nos4 #a & #b1 ,grab]1 ,hall1 ,lieb]1 ,lopeman1 ,oehn1 & ,s*af]2 ,he>tnut--,bellevue1 ,canoka1 ,fi%1 & ,keck4 ,9 addition !re are #ee black walnut se$l+s ( ,br[n & ,lisbon v>ieties2 #fe se$l+ black walnuts ( unkn[n p>5tage2 #bhj ,p]sian walnut se$l+s ( kn[n p]c5tage2 #cg he>tnut se$l+s2 #cj ,*9ese *e/nut se$l+s2 & #bb se$l+ filb]ts4 ,! ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,conte/ ( #aidf ,! conte/ 0 sponsor$ by ! ,ohio *apt] ( ! ,n4,n4,g4,a41 ,inc41 & 0 publicis$ ?r\gh ! coop]ation ( ! ,ohio ,=e/ry ,association & ! ,ohio ,f>m] magaz9e4 ,!re 7 #fib sep>ate black walnut entries1 %[+ ! great int]e/ ar\s$4 ,! nuts t won fir/ place 7 gr[n by ,mr4 ,duke ,hughes1 ( ,coal ,run1 ,noble ,c\nty1 ,o4 ,he /ates ! tree is ab\t #ej ye>s old & /&s 9 well-lim$ p]man5t pa/ure ne> ! cre/ ( a ridge1 9 ,musk+um silt loam4 ,! sy/em ( judg+ 0 t set up by ! ,,tva at ,norris1 ,t5n4 ,! judges 7 ,oliv] ,d4 ,dill]1 ,secret>y ( ! ,ohio ,=e/ry ,association2 ,l4 ,walt] ,%]man1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,mahon+ ,c\nty ,exp]im5t ,f>m2 & ,c4 ,w4 ,ell5wood1 ,associate ,horticulturi/ at ! ,woo/] ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,!y 7 assi/$ by ,william ,h4 ,cumm+s1 ,sp5c] ,b4 ,*ase & ,?omas ,g4 ,z>g]1 all ( ,t4,v4,a41 & sev]al memb]s ( ! ,ohio *apt] ( ,,nnga4 ,! prize w9n]s are li/$ 9 ord] ( aw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,mr4 ,duke ,hughes1 ,coal ,run1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 & ! tree produc+ ! fir/ prize--,duke black walnut4 ,"n ,weight1 ,fir/ ,f9al ,p]c5t ,appli$ ,grams ,pick1 ,pick1 ( ,grams ,grams ,k]nel #a4 ,duke ,hughes1 ,coal ,run1 ,duke #bg4b #f4h #f4i #be4c ,wa%+ton ,c\nty1 ,ohio #b4 ,j4 ,c4 ,burson1 ,rt4 #e1 ,a!ns1 ,burson #ba4e #d4i #f4b #bh4h ,a!ns ,c\nty1 ,ohio #c4 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,e4 ,campbell1 ,l[ellsville1 ,kuhn #ai4j #e4e #e4h #cj4e ,mahon+ ,c\nty ,ohio #d4 ,ed4 ,smi?1 ,rt4 #c1 ,a!ns1 ,a!ns #bc4e #d4i #f4e #bg4f ,a!ns ,c\nty1 ,ohio #e4 ,mrs4 ,o4 ,%aff]1 ,lucasville1 ,oliv] #bb4f #e4c #e4h #be4e ,scioto ,c\nty1 ,ohio #f4 ,wm4 ,j4 ,davidson1 ,x5ia1 ,davidson #ac4e #d4f #d4h #ce4e ,gre5 ,c\nty1 ,ohio #g4 ,a4 ,c4 ,or?1 ,rt4 #e1 ,dayton1 ,or? ,montgom]y ,c\nty1 ,ohio #h4 ,h4 ,c4 ,williamson1 ,s\?side1 ,williamson ,mason ,c\nty1 ,we/ ,virg9ia #i4 ,h]b]t ,p5n1 ,otway1 ,p5n ,scioto ,c\nty1 ,ohio #aj4 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,l4 ,jackson1 ,little ,jackson ,hock+1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty1 ,ohio ,illu/ration3 ,! ,judges ,at ,"w #aidf ,i[a ,black ,walnut ,conte/ ,by ,c4 ,c4 ,l\nsb]ry1 ,secret>y ,i4,n4,g4,a4 ,! #aidf black walnut conte/ sponsor$ by ! ,i[a ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association 0 held at ! ,hoyt ,%]man ,place1 ,des ,mo9es1 ,i[a1 on ,novemb] #ad & #ae1 #aidf4 ,! judges 7 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,e4 ,ni*ols1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,plagge1 & ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,aikman4 ,foll[+ ! policy set 9 ! #aidb conte/1 ! ,i[a ,/ate ,horticultural ,society put up ca% & ribbons ) special ref]5ce to /&>d & previ\sly %[n v>ieties1 :ile ! ,i[a ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association 0 int]e/$ 9 new v>ieties4 ,! foll[+ are ! premiums aw>d$3 ,/&>d ,v>ieties3 ,prize ,"n ,v>iety #a ,s*lag5bus* ,bros41 ,ft4 ,madison ,?omas #b ,russell ,kr\se1 ,toddville ,kr\se #c ,s*lag5bus* ,bros41 ,ft4 ,madison ,/ambaugh #d ,e4 ,f4 ,hu51 ,eldora ,?omas #e ,sew>d ,b]h[1 ,huxley ,ohio #f ,sew>d ,b]h[1 ,huxley ,my]s #g ,r4 ,s4 ,h]rick1 ,prole ,?omas #h ,s*lag5bus* ,bros41 ,ft4 ,madison ,hepl] #i ,e4 ,f4 ,hu51 ,eldora ,ohio #aj ,e4 ,f4 ,hu51 ,eldora ,rohw] ,new ,v>ieties3 ,prize ,"n ,v>iety #a ,s*lag5bus* ,bros41 ,ft4 ,madison ,s*lag5bus* #b ,f4 ,j4 ,wagn]1 ,danville ,wagn] #c ,tom ,b&field1 ,%ell ,rock ,%ep>d #d ,roy ,a4 ,wood1 ,ca/ana ,wood #e ,mrs4 ,m9nie ,waldo1 ,gr& ,junction ,waldo #f ,e4 ,f4 ,hu51 ,eldora ,hu5 #g ,ira ,m4 ,kyhl1 ,sabula ,t9k] #h ,s*lag5bus* ,bros41 ,ft4 ,madison ,kram] #i ,sam ,moncrief1 ,c5t] ,junction ,acme #aj ,c4 ,e4 ,brockway1 ,grundy ,c5t] ,bir*wood ,!re 7 only #bb entries 9 /&>d v>ieties & #bb entries 9 new v>ieties s we did n make mu* ( a %[+ z comp>$ ) ! #aidf ,ohio conte/4 ,h[ev]1 v good walnuts came 94 ,!y 7 all sampl$ ) a me*anical crack]4 ,an int]e/+ developm5t to me 0 ! fact t ma*9e crack+ left ! c5t] ( sev]al ( ! be/ v>ieties ( walnuts look+ mu* l ! core ( an apple1 in/ead ( be+ brok5 9 two z 9 h& crack+4 ,graft+ ,me?ods ,adapt$ to ,nut ,trees ,by ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 ,virg9ia 7,! notes ,i contribut$ to ! #aide ,report "u ! title ,exp]i5ces ,) ,nut ,graft+ 7 s fragm5t>y z to be ( little value4 ,9 an ef=t to correct ! error ,i am (f]+ ! foll[+ supplem5t>y notes 9 ! hope t amateurs l myself may f9d !m ( "s practical use47 ,my be/ success ) ! propagation ( nut trees has be5 ) ! foll[+ me?ods4 ,= budd+1 ,i use ! plate bud exclusively4 ,= graft+ on /ocks up to "o in* ,i use ei!r ! splice graft or ! modifi$ cleft graft4 ,= l>g] /ocks ,i use ei!r ! simple b>k graft or ! slot b>k graft4 ,ea* w be discuss$ 9 ord]4 ,9 mak+ ! plate bud1 x is cut f ! scion or bud /ick ! same z = ! famili> ,t bud4 ,usually a bit ( wood is cut away ) ! bud1 :i* %\ld n be remov$4 ,a bud1 or a bit ( b>k1 %\ld simil>ly be cut f ! /ock at ! desir$ po9t1 & disc>d$4 ,! area ( expos$ cambium on ! /ock %\ld correspond z closely z possible ) ! cambium area expos$ on ! bud4 ,! bud is !n laid on ! expos$ cambium ( ! /ock1 & b\nd 9 place1 pref]ably ) rubb] budd+ /rips4 ,! po9t ( ! bud %\ld be left expos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,simple ,,b>k ,,graft ,useful ) ?9-b>k$ species4 ,*oice ( "t :5 conditions are "r is q z necess>y = success z ! prop] proc$ure4 ,!re are two sep>ate p]iods :5 ! plate bud may be us$ on walnut ) ! greate/ success4 ,! fir/ p]iod1 9 ,virg9ia1 is ! latt] half ( ,may1 :5 ! black walnut /ock is 9 almo/ full leaf4 ,if done e>li] ! bud is likely to be dr[n$ by ! excessive ble$+ ( ?is species4 ,dormant buds cut ! previ\s w9t] are us$4 ,! foll[-up c>e is vitally important4 ,! /ock %\ld be cut (f above ! bud )9 five to sev5 days aft] budd+4 ,if successful1 ! bud w />t into gr[? )9 ano!r week or t5 days1 & may be a foot long )9 #cj days4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,slot b>k graft2 useful 9 top-work+4 #b4 ,splice graft2 unexcell$ :5 scion & /ock are ( equal diamet]4 #c4 ,modifi$ cleft graft2 = all g5]al purposes4 #d4 ,plate bud2 = small & m$ium /ocks4 ,! ty+ mat]ial %\ld be cut & remov$ )9 a few days aft] ! bud />ts1 to prev5t /rangulation ( ! t5d] %oot4 ,be sure to keep native gr[? ( ! /ock trimm$ (f until midsumm] to =ce gr[? ( ! bud4 ,! second p]iod = successful plate budd+ ( ! walnut c5t]s ar\nd ,augu/ fir/1 v>y+ some:at ) ! wea!r conditions4 ,buds ( ! curr5t season's gr[? are us$4 ,! "t mu/ be late en\gh = ^! buds to be well matur$1 & e>ly en\gh s t ! /ock is /ill gr[+ & ! b>k slipp+4 ,if ! buds are immature1 or ! b>k tight1 ! op]ation w be a failure4 ,! buds rema9 dormant dur+ ! foll[+ w9t]1 & are =c$ into gr[? by cutt+ (f ! /ock above ! bud e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,! ty+ mat]ial1 if durable1 %\ld be remov$ ab\t #cj days aft] budd+4 ,if conditions are "r & ! "w is prop]ly done1 a high p]c5tage ( takes may be expect$4 ,9 summ] ,i pref]ably place ! bud on ! %ady side ( ! /ock1 or %ade x ) a little skirt ( :ite pap] ti$ j above ! bud4 ,*e/nuts c be budd$ by ! same me?od1 b ! spr+ budd+ %\ld be done e>li]1 :ile ! /ocks are 9 bud1 & ! summ] budd+ %\ld be done two or ?ree weeks lat] ?an ) ! walnut4 ,i h n tri$ ! plate bud on hickory or pecan1 b x is ! only budd+ me?od ,i use on walnut & *e/nut1 & ,i h tri$ !m all4 ,:5 x comes to graft+1 ! simple splice graft1 z illu/rat$1 is v successful1 b x %\ld only be us$ :5 scion & /ock are ( ! same size4 ,x works spl5didly on *e/nut1 filb]t & hickory1 & c also be us$ on walnut2 h[ev]1 ,i pref] ! modifi$ cleft graft = ! latt]1 because ( ! ble$+ problem4 ,9 mak+ ! splice graft1 ! diagonal cut %\ld be ab\t f\r times z long z ! diamet] ( ! scion1 to prev5t slippage 9 ty+4 ,= ! modifi$ cleft graft ,i cut ! /ock (f at ! select$ po9t at an angle ( f #de to #fj degrees4 ,?is greatly facilitates ! heal+ ( ! entire w\nd4 ,! cleft is made n by splitt+1 b by mak+ a cut ) a %>p knife1 beg9n+ at ! apex ( ! /ock & cutt+ diagonally d[nw>d & inw>d t[>d ! c5t] ( ! /ock4 ,be=e mak+ ! cut1 ! scion %\ld be select$1 & ! w$ge cut1 ) "o face slightly long] ?an ! o!r4 ,?is enables "o to prop]ly judge ! dep? & angle ( ! cleft1 ?us secur+ a fit on all f\r cambial l9es4 ,! long] face goes t[>d ! ma9 body ( ! /ock1 & is left slightly above ! top ( ! /ock4 ,! apex ( ! /ock is squ>$ (f slightly be=e ! cleft is cut1 & ! knife is set v slightly on ! wood at ! />t+ po9t1 r ?an betwe5 ! b>k & ! wood4 ,c>e at ?is po9t gu>antees v rapid heal+1 ) no dead tissues or heel on ! /ock1 sometimes call$ dieback4 ,rememb] to wat* all ties 9 graft+ to prev5t /rangulation ( ! t5d] new gr[?4 ,?is1 ) removal ( spr\ts or suck]s f ! /ock bel[ ! graft are two v important features ( aft]-c>e1 & neglect c nullify ! mo/ exp]t "w 9 ! graft+ op]ation4 ,9 graft+ ! black walnut ,i pref] to use ! side graft because ( ! ble$+ problem4 ,?is is precisely ! same z ! modifi$ cleft graft except t ! cleft is made ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* bel[ ! apex ( ! /ock4 ,by mak+ ! graft a little bel[ ! top ( ! /ock "o c tie & wax x1 )\t wax+ ! top ( ! /ock1 :i* is p]mitt$ to ble$ at w4 ,?is fre$om to ble$ relieves ! pressure ( ! sap at ! graft1 :]e heal+ takes place )\t flood+4 ,= /ocks "u an in* 9 diamet]1 ,i use ! splice & modifi$ cleft grafts exclusively4 ,= l>g] /ocks1 su* z are enc\nt]$ 9 top work+1 o!r me?ods are pref]r$4 ,"o c cut ! ma9 /ock (f j above a small limb1 & graft "o or m ( ! limbs4 ,aga91 "o may cut ! l>ge /ock (f a ye> 9 advance1 & bud or graft "o or m ( ! suck]s t are ?r[n out4 ,if nei!r ( ! above me?ods are applicable1 "o c use ei!r ! simple b>k graft1 or ! slot b>k graft4 ,9 mak+ ! simple b>k graft1 ,i cut ! /ock (f at a #de degree angle z = ! modifi$ cleft graft4 ,! scion is prep>$ by mak+ "o long w$ge face1 & on ! o!r side make two %ort faces s t ! po9t is triangul>4 ,to ins]t ! scion make a cut ?r\gh ! b>k d[nw>d f ! apex ( ! /ock4 ,ins]t ! scion betwe5 ! b>k & ! /ock1 ) ! long face next to ! wood1 & =ce g5tly d[n until j a little ( ! face ( ! w$ge %[s above ! top ( ! scion4 ,x is well1 9 case ! /ock is l>ge1 to place ?ree or f\r scions ar\nd ! /ock1 remov+ all b ! /ronge/ aft] a ye> ( two4 ,?is graft is satisfactory = ?9-b>k$ species1 b = ! hickory1 ! slot b>k graft is pref]able4 ,= ?is graft1 ! scion %\ld be trimm$ z a w$ge1 ) "o face ab\t twice z long z ! o!r4 ,two p>allel cuts are made ?r\gh ! b>k at ! top ( ! /ock a di/ance ap>t equal to ! wid? ( ! scion w$ge4 ,?is /rip ( b>k1 or tongue is loos5$ at ! top1 & ! w$ge is =c$ betwe5 x & ! wood1 ) ! long face next to ! /ock1 z 9 ! simple b>k graft4 ,secure ty+ & wax+ %\ld be practic$ 9 all graft+4 ,small nails or tacks driv5 into ! top ( ! /ock w help 9 an*or+ ! ty+ mat]ial to ! slop+ surface4 ,inexp]i5c$ propagators %\ld get x cle>ly 9 m9d t union takes place only 9 ! new gr[?4 ,?is new gr[? builds up f ! cambium lay]1 :i* is ! outside lay] ( wood cells t lies j b5ea? & 9 contact ) ! b>k4 ,?is is :y x is s vitally necess>y t ! l9es betwe5 ! b>k & cambium be plac$ 9 p>allel contact z closely z possible1 9 ! splice & cleft grafts4 ,nev] m9d if ! outside ( ! b>k ( scion & d n mat* p]fectly1 due to diff]5ces 9 ! ?ickness ( ! b>k4 ,x is ! inside l9e ( ! b>k t mu/ mat*4 ,actual union takes place along ?is cambial l9e4 ,! old wood ( ! w$ge & cleft _c1 & nev] does1 unite4 ,a ^w ab\t scions4 ,i seldom use a scion ) m ?an two buds4 ,! be/ scion wood is ( ! previ\s season's gr[?1 if x is ( good diamet] & well rip5$4 ,?91 sl5d] twigs give poor results4 ,on old1 sl[-gr[+1 be>+ trees x is sometimes n possible to get good scion wood "o ye> old4 ,9 ?is case x is be/ to take "s ( ! old] wood 9 cutt+ ! scion4 ,:5 us$1 ! w$ge %\ld be cut f ! two-ye> wood1 j bel[ ! "o-ye> wood1 ) ! top ( ! scion c>ry+ two or ?ree buds on ! new wood4 ,! tip ( ! scion %\ld be wax$1 if cut4 ,scions %\ld be cut :5 p]fectly dormant & kept 9 cold /orage until us$4 ,if kept too w>m & wet ! buds may swell1 mak+ ! scions wor?less4 ,x is q possible to cut ! scions ab\t ?ree weeks be=e ! buds beg9 to swell & get good results by graft+ imm$iately4 ,! *ief dang] f ?is practice is t late fro/s may nip ! buds aft] />t+1 :i* is fatal to ! new scion4 ,wax+ all cut surfaces1 includ+ ! tip ( ! scion1 %\ld be practic$ except z expla9$ :5 ! side graft is us$ = walnuts4 ,"s advocate wax+ ! entire scion1 also4 ,if ?is is done ,i ?9k x bett] to leave ! buds unwax$4 ,h y\r knife v %>p4 ,a broad blade is desirable 9 a graft+ knife1 z x helps 9 mak+ smoo?1 flat surfaces 9 w$ges & clefts4 ,= budd+1 use a knife ) a n>r[ blade1 b also v %>p4 ,develop skill 9 mak+ ! scion w$ge1 & 9 cutt+ ! cleft j ! "r dep? & wid? = ! scion select$4 ,exp]im5t on wor?less mat]ial until y get ! knack4 ,if y are a good1 natural-born :ittl] y w f9d x a great] asset ?an a college degree4 ,beg9n+s 9 ,walnut ,graft+ ,by ,c4 ,c4 ,l\nsb]ry1 ,i[a ,anyone :o has /udi$ propagation manuals f anci5t to mod]n times _c help b see h[ me?ods are c>ri$ d[n f old] books to mod]n ones4 ,h[ev]1 9 walnut graft+ "o suspects !re 7 trade secrets n p]mitt$ publication4 ,h[ diff]5t ?is 0 f fri5dly & helpful cultural & propagation directions giv5 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+1 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,t4 ,morris1 & o!rs ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association4 ,beg9n+ ) ,anci5t ,times ,greeks3 ,!ophra/us m5tions hazel nuts b no?+ ab\t walnuts4 ,romans3 ,pl9y1 ,cato1 etc4 h little to say ab\t walnuts4 ,pl9y ref]s to plant+ se$s ( walnuts b no o!r me?od ( propagation4 ,h[ev]1 he /ates oaks & walnuts are poison\s to soil1 & walnuts are only us$ 9 a few cases = human rem$ies4 ,engli%3 ,l\don1 ,evelyn1 ,knight1 etc4 ,l\don /icks to propagation ( walnuts by se$4 ,knight#h foll[$ ! ,fr5* practice ( graft+ walnuts by approa* up to ! "t ( 8 discov]ies 9 #ahcb1 :i* 7 simil> to ,dr4 ,morris's imm$iate graft+4 ,fr5*3 ,! ,fr5* us$ graft+ by approa* 7in>*+7 e>ly 9 ! #ai? c5tury4 ,mortillet#aa1 #ahfc1 /ates only "o-?ird to "o-half ( walnut grafts are successful4 ,^! 7 probably ,p]sian walnuts4 ,we are n sure :at o!r me?ods ! ,fr5* us$4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,p>sons ( ! ,felix ,gillet ,co4 9 #aidj1 s5t u a picture %[+ ,felix ,gillet 9 8 gre5h\se at ,b>r5 ,hill ,nurs]y1 ,nevada ,city1 ,cali=nia4 ,?is picture he /ates 0 tak5 9 #aijj-aijb4 ,x %[s "o ye> graft$ walnut trees1 & b5* graft$ walnut trees cov]$ by tumbl]s six in*es high1 graft$ by ! ,treyve process4 ,beg9n+s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,! fir/ graft+ ( black walnuts ?us comes d[n to ! beg9n+ ( ! #bj? c5tury4 ,william ,p4 ,corsa#c ) ! ,,usda gave mu* in=mation f replies to a que/ionnaire s5t out 9 #ahij1 on nut culture & graft+1 includ+ b5* graft+1 9 #ahif4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,oliv]#ac 9 #aija1 describes a me?od foll[$ by ,corsa 9 b5* graft+ walnuts & hickories4 ,he us$ an incubator4 ,mr4 ,jackson ,dawson#ae previ\sly1 work+ ) hickories1 _h success 9 ! gre5h\se4 ,&rew ,s4 ,full]#d 9 8 ,nut ,culturi/1 publi%$ 9 #ahif1 advises t ! ,s\? _h n yet p]fect$ pecan graft+4 ,?is seems to h be5 a *all5ge to ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones#a #g1 = we f9d he mov$ f ,miss\ri to ,monticello1 ,fla41 ab\t #ahii1 & specializ$ 9 pecan graft+4 ,he develop$ ! slant+ cut he lat] advocat$ 9 walnut graft+4 ,h[ev]1 aga9 %[+ !re is no?+ new "u ! sun ! au?or's uncle1 ,ow5 ,albright1 is cr$it$ by ,corsa#c ) sugge/+ x 9 #ahid1 & x is also sugge/$ by ,mortillet#aa 9 #ahfc4 ,graft+ ,wax ,! necessity to protect graft unions by exclud+ air & moi/ure f cut plant tissue l$ to ! use ( balls ( mud 9 anci5t times4 ,lat]1 v>i\s k9ds ( waxes 7 us$4 ,9 #ahgi1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,l4 ,budd#b1 head ( ! ,horticultural ,dep>tm5t at ,i[a ,/ate ,college1 us+ res9 & l9se$ oil1 side graft$ #aej v>ieties ( ,russian apples receiv$ f ! int]ior ( ,russia 9 ! w9t] ( #ahgh4 ,a boy swabb$ hot wax on ! grafts1 us+ a lant]n heat] n too diff]5t f ^? us$ n[adays4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,o4 ,h>r+ton & ,mr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,snyd]1 ,i[a nurs]ym5 7 tea*+ graft+ to memb]s ( ! ,i[a ,horticultural ,society 9 #aijj1 #aija & #aijb1 at _! annual meet+s4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,mc,laughlin#i1 ,college ,spr+s1 ,i[a1 speaks ( successfully graft+ walnuts 9 #aijj 9 a discussion ( ! horticultural society l$ by ,van ,h\ton1 ,edw>ds1 etc4 ,9 #aiji1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl#ad gave a talk be=e ! ,i[a ,/ate ,horticultural ,society 9 :i* he advocat$ cov]+ ! :ole walnut scion1 buds & all1 ) liquid wax4 ,8 fir/ ,?omas graft$ tree is 9 a rav9e back at 8 b>n at ,godfrey1 ,ill9ois4 ,x 0 plant$ ab\t #aijbab4 ,9 #aiaj1 ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association 0 organiz$ by ,pr(4 ,john ,craig ( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,t4 ,morris1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage & o!rs4 ,craig _h previ\sly be5 at ,i[a ,/ate ,college :]e he & ,budd _h %[n mu* int]e/ 9 nut trees4 ,9 #aiab1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones #ag1 came up f ! ,s\? :]e he _h be5 successful 9 pecan graft+ & />t$ a black walnut nurs]y at ,lanca/]1 ,p5na4 ,he _h be5 9 ,florida up to #aijg4 ,:ile 9 ,florida he became acqua9t$ ) ,mr4 ,john ,g4 ,ru%1 ( ,will[ ,run1 ,p5na41 & did "s walnut graft+ = him4 ,x 0 ,mr4 ,ru% :o advis$ him to g to ,lanca/] & />t a nurs]y = nor!rn black walnuts4 ,jones pat5t$ 8 pat* budd] 9 #aiab1 & us+ ! hot wax me?od develop$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl 0 v successful 9 walnut graft+4 ,9 #aiad1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+ & ,presid5t ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage ( ! ,n4,n4,g4,a4 & ,messrs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$ & ,c4 ,p4 ,close ( ! ,,usda _h a conf]5ce 9 ,wa%+ton :i* result$ 9 ! publication ( ! ,am]ican ,nut ,j\rnal4 ,p>aff9 ,9 ,graft+ ,dr4 ,rob]t ,t4 ,morris#aj1 writ+ 9 ! ,am]ican ,nut ,j\rnal 9 #aibi1 advocates ! use ( p>aff9 to cov] walnut grafts in/ead ( wax4 ,bo? he & ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?#ae cr$it ,mr4 ,j4 ,=d ,wilk9son ) fir/ us+ p>aff9 in/ead ( wax on walnut grafts4 ,mr4 ,wilk9son wrote t he got ! idea f see+ a c>eless workman spla% p>aff9 on ! buds z well z on ! union 9 fruit tree graft+ at ! ,mc,coy ,nurs]y ab\t #aiad4 ,! au?or b\ght apple & plum grafts ab\t #aibb f ! ,gurney ,nurs]y :i* 7 all cov]$ ) p>aff94 ,x 0 at conv5tions ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association t new me?ods l ?is 7 pass$ along to memb]s4 ,b5* ,graft+ ,9 #aicb1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulties 9 outdoor graft+ ( ! walnut1 ! au?or became int]e/$ 9 b5* graft+ ( walnuts 9 ! gre5h\se z a means ( supplem5t+ outdoor graft+4 ,h[ev]1 l _m o!r s-call$ new me?ods1 x 0 discov]$ :5 we look$ up ! lit]ature 9 #aicg t ,william ,p4 ,corsa#c _h us$ me?ods t 7 simil> ab\t #ahif4 ,he cut (f ! se$l+ above ! cr[n in/ead ( bel[ ! cr[n z we did4 ,! complet$ graft 0 pack$ 9 lay]s ( sphagnum & plac$ 9 an incubator in/ead ( us+ a gre5h\se4 ,not)/&+ all t has be5 done 9 black walnut graft+1 ! /raight gra9$ & brittle wood1 ! heavy sap fl[1 ! almo/ in/ant oxidation ( cut tissues1 ! liability to fro/ injury 9 ! ,nor? 9 %ort seasons l[]+ vitality ( scions1 all comb9e to make walnut graft+ ) be/ me?ods available1 a seasonal gamble4 ,lit]ature ,cit$ #a4 ,,am]ican ,,nut ,,j\rnal ,life ( ,j4 ,f4 ,jones4 ,am4 ,nut ,j\r4 #bh3ce1 #aibh #b4 ,,budd1 ,j4 ,l4 ,hot ,wax+ ( ,apple ,grafts4 ,trans4 ,i[a ,hort4 ,soc4 #ad3dba4 #ahgi #c4 ,,corsa1 ,,william ,p4 ,,usda1 ,div4 ( ,pom41 ,nut ,culture ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 pp4 #ac-af1 #eh4 #ahif #d4 ,,full]1 ,,&rew ,s4 ,nut ,culturi/4 #ahif #e4 ,,h]%ey1 ,,john ,w4 ,life ( ,j4 ,f4 ,jones4 ,! ,nut ,gr[]4 #d3bb1 #aibh #f4 ,,in/itut ,,fur ,,ob/bau1 ,,b]l9 ,die ,walnusz v]$iung4 7,vegetative ,propagation ( ,walnuts47 ,m]kbl4 ,in/4 ,ob/b4 ,b]l9 #e1 pp4 #ae1 #aicf #g4 ,,jones1 ,j4 ,f4 ,propagation ( ,nut ,trees4 ,ab\t #aibg #h4 ,,knight1 ,,?omas ,,&rew ,new me?ods ( ,graft+ ,walnuts4 ,trans4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ( ,london4 #bnd s]ies4 ,vol4 ,i1 #ahca-ahce4 pp #bad-baf #i4 ,mc,l,a,u,g,h,l,i,n1 ,j4 ,b4 ,graft+ ,black ,walnuts4 ,trans4 ,i[a ,hort4 ,soc4 #ce3ecd1 #aijj #aj4 ,,morris1 ,,dr4 ,,rob]t ,t4 ,p>aff9 ,coat+ ,solves ,difficult ,graft+4 ,am4 ,nut ,j\r4 #cj3gj1he4 #aibi #aa4 ,,mortillet1 ,,paul ,d4 ,le ,noy] sa ,culture ses ,v>ieties4 7,propagation ( ! ,walnut47 ,rev4 ,hort4 #acf3dii4 #ahfc #ab4 ,,nnga ,,conv5tion1 ,/4 ,l\is ,trip to ,riehl ,nut ,or*>d4 ,am4 ,nut ,j\rn4 #bc3ei1 #aibe #ac4 ,,oliv]1 ,g4 ,w4 ,graft+ ,walnuts & ,hickories4 ,am]4 ,g>d4 #bb3cjg-cjh4 #aija #ad4 ,,riehl1 ,e4 ,a4 ,nut ,gr[+ = ,pleasure & ,pr(it4 ,trans4 ,i[a ,/ate ,hort4 ,soc4 #dd3hd1 #aiji #ae4 ,,smi?1 ,j4 ,,russell ,tree ,crops4 #aibi #af4 ,,/&>d ,,cyc4 ,,( ,,hort4 ,hickory ,propagation1 p4 #adhi1 #aibe #ag4 ,,witt1 ,a4 ,w4 & ,,h[>d ,,sp5ce ,vegetative ,propagation ( ,walnuts4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,ea/ ,mall+ ,res4 ,/a4 #aibf-g1 ,supl4 ,a #aj1 #aibh1 pp4 #fj-fd ,=e/ ,backgr\nd ,by ,john ,davidson1 ,x5ia1 ,ohio 7,read at ! ,ohio ,nut ,gr[]s ,annual ,meet+1 ,ohio ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,augu/ #af1 #aidf47 ,:]e did ! ,p]sian1 or s-call$ ,engli% walnut come f8 ,:y is x a good comm]cial nut8 ,! ,pecan8 ,h[ f> c x be c>ri$ nor? beyond its natural1 or orig9al1 environm5t8 ,! ,pawpaw8 ,:y is x n a good comm]cial fruit8 ,:y don't mo/ p l x8 ,:at is ! matt] ) ! mulb]ry 9 ,am]ica8 ,9 ,*9a & ,japan x has a score ( uses & great popul>ity4 ,^! que/ions ne$ an answ]1 & ! answ] almo/ inv>iably is t ! poor] v>ieties & species h _h b little att5tion & developm5t by human be+s :ile ! bett] ones1 ,p]sian walnuts1 grapes1 melons1 apples1 dates1 figs--all h _h mu* att5tion & pa9/ak+ selection--9 "s cases = c5turies4 ,^u ! o!r h&1 to cite a contra/+ case ! black walnut has no su* hi/ory4 ,x is ! baby among nuts--a pure ,am]ican baby--wait+ = "s nursemaid--= _m nursemaids--to t5d & develop x z a pr9ce among trees %\ld be develop$4 ,let u look back into ! /ory beh9d a few--a v few--( our bett] kn[n fruits & nuts & see1 if we c1 h[ !y happ5$4 ,9 ,am]ica once liv$ a man nicknam$ ,johnny ,applese$4 ,8 neighbors call$ him a crackpate4 ,he _h a mania = plant+ tree se$s :]ev] he w5t4 ,z a rule !y 7 haphaz>dly select$ se$s1 b usually applese$s4 ,:at />t$ him ^u ?is crazy j\rney ?r\gh ! wild]ness8 ,:atev] x 01 x w\ld be wor? :ile to isolate ! g]m & ) x inoculate our pres5t-day soil wa/]s4 ,b he 0 n ! fir/ "o ( 8 k9d4 ,hundr$s ( pre-hi/oric plant]s _h gone be=e him4 ,= ye>s1 n[1 explor]s h be5 se>*+ out & s5d+ back to ,am]ica c]ta9 valuable discov]ies4 ,trem5d\sly int]e/+1 all ( !m4 ,z "o reads1 x becomes increas+ly evid5t t a consid]able am\nt ( sci5tific plant & animal bre$+1 selection1 p]haps ev5 graft+ & artificial cross f]tilization1 budd+ & slip propagat+ may h be5 practic$ by pre-hi/oric1 intellig5t1 =gott5 m5 long be=e our mod]n times4 ,we usually f9d1 today1 t ! be/ plants & animals h _h _! />t 9 "s c5t] ( old civilization4 ,*9a1 ,man*uria1 ,japan1 ,indo-,*9a1 ,india1 ,p]sia1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,oceania--^! places1 ! nurs]ies ( all exi/+ races ( m5 are today ! bonanza spots = ^! explor]s4 ,su* a co9cid5ce c\ld h>dly h be5 due to *ance4 ,x mu/ surely occur to ! m9d ( anyone :o c>es to put two & two toge!r t1 9 ea* ( ^! c5t]s1 o!r anci5t ga!r]s & plant]s _h be5 busy 9 _! day1 j z our own explor]s & exp]im5t /ation sci5ti/s are c>ry+ on today--our mod]n1 sci5tific ,johnny ,applese$s4 ,x is h>dly possible1 "h1 to foll[ to ! ends ( ! e>? all ( ! trails ( ! tribe ( ,johnny ,applese$4 ,"o little section w d well en\gh = purposes ( illu/ration4 ,let u consid] ,iran1 or1 z our fa!rs knew x1 ,p]sia4 ,"h is a field t1 possibly because ( previ\s plund]+s1 is n n[ ! mo/ fruitful ( our s\rces ( plant & animal discov]y1 yet x is an eye-op5]1 & w d v well z a type ( simil> te/-plots ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,"h is a %ort li/ ( only a few ( ! plants :i* h be5 develop$ = c5turies1 & 7 report$ 9 ! la/ c5tury z gr[+ 9 ,p]sia--_m1 no d\bt1 desc5d$ f /ocks :i* once grew 9 ! fam\s hang+ g>d5s ( ,babylon3 apples1 pe>s1 filb]ts muskmelons1 wat]melons1 grapes1 pea*es1 plums1 nect>9es4 ,& ( fl[]s1 ^!3 m>igold1 *rysan!mum1 hollyhock1 n>cissus1 tulip1 tub]ose1 a/]1 wallfl[]1 dalia1 :ite lily1 hyac9?1 violet1 l>kspur1 p9k & f9ally1 ! fam\s rose ( ,p]sia1 f :5ce comes ! att> ( roses = :i* ,p]sia is /ill fam\s4 ,x w\ld seem t someone mu/ h possess$ a k ( plant propagation 9 ,p]sia c5turies ago4 ,sev]al ( ^! products h _h _! influ5ce ^u ! hi/ory & poetry ( ! _w4 ,x w be rememb]$ by mo/ high s*ool /ud5ts t :5 ! ,caes>s & big %ots ( ,rome & ,greece wi%$ to create a big spla% 9 ! social ponds ( _! day1 !y s5t1 at enorm\s exp5se1 = melons & dates f ,p]sia4 ,melons1 9 p>ticul>1 seem$ to be ! high spot 9 ^? ,lucullan fea/s1 &1 9 ?is connection x is well to rememb] t ,lucullus1 himself1 z comm&+ g5]al ( a ,roman legion1 _h long liv$ 9 ,p]sia & _h1 no d\bt1 acquir$ a ta/e = ,p]sian delicacies4 ,8 pr9cely e/ates ne> ,rome1 no d\bt1 grew r>e plants f ,asia ,m9or & 7 v likely t5d$ by ! skill$ ,aryan1 e>ly ,accadian or ,semitic g>d5]s ( ,p]sia4 ,^! slaves 7 probably desc5d$ f & 7 heir to ! trade secrets ( "s ( ! v build]s ( t sev5? wond] ( ! _w1 ! hang+ g>d5s ( ,babylon4 ,except = ^? =gott5 work]s f ,p]sia1 "o may well wond] :e!r1 today1 our ,rocky ,=d1 ,ohio ,sug>1 or ,he>ts-(-,gold muskmelon delicacies w\ld exi/ at all4 ,an int]e/+ side-light may be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ! pea*4 ,orig9ally ?is fruit 0 9 all probability a poison\s v>iety ( almond4 ,:at wiz>d1 or succession ( wiz>ds1 0 x :o creat$ a pea* f a pe/--an asset f a liability8 ,p]sian1 probably4 ,:oev] did x1 x con/itutes "o ( ! out/&+ miracles ( plant bre$+1 :e!r natural or artificial4 ,! poison 0 seal$ )9 ! se$ 7:]e x rema9s to ?is day7 & ! nect> ( ! gods 0 br$ into ! pulp ar\nd x4 ,consid] also ! ,p]sian walnut1 n[1 = "s /range reason1 popul>ly call$ ,engli% walnut4 ,?is delicacy1 too1 0 unlikely to h happ5$ m]ely by *ance4 ,x 01 no d\bt1 br$ by a race ( m5 tra9$ 9 obs]vation & exp]im5t su* z ! ,p]sians preem95tly 74 ,hav+ fir/ be5 nomads1 dome/icators & bre$]s ( animals2 !y ev5tually became husb&m51 bre$]s ( trees & plants1 & !y und\bt$ly f\nd t ! pr9ciples :i* 7 s usefully employ$ 9 produc+ animal v>iations c\ld also be us$ 9 produc+ & fix+ plant v>ieties4 ,! poll5 or g]m ( an out/&+ good male individual1 :5 br\ght into contact ) ! pi/il or ovum ( an out/&+ female individual ( ! same species w produce a scion t is m likely ?an any o!r to h good qualities4 ,"h 0 ! secret ( mo/ ( ! progress :i* has be5 made 9 bo? animal & plant bre$+1 a secret ( imm5se value--s valuable1 9 fact1 t x 0 gu>d$ = g5]ation aft] g5]ation by a close-m\!d prie/hood4 ,j z1 9 ! middle ages1 ! mona/]ies ( ,europe & ,asia kept alive ! t9y flame ( ,greek & ,roman culture ?r\gh\t ! foggy ignorance ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 s did ! prie/s ( ,baal1 ( ,a%tore?1 ( ,m>duk & ( ,ormuzd pass on ! tor* ( _! day to _! successors :o 7 ,greeks & ,romans4 ,! ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 :i* at a lat] "t 7 associat$ ) a consid]able am\nt ( s5sual1 closely gu>d$ ritual1 71 9 ! ,greek p]iod1 celebrat$ 9 ! temple ( ,c]es 9 ,eleusis4 ,! orig9 ( ^! sacr$ my/]ies is lo/ 9 ! %ad[ ( pr(\nd antiquity4 ,we "k1 only1 t !y 7 9 ! safekeep+ ( _m g5]ations ( prie/s :o jeal\sly gu>d$ !m f ?iev+ & ignorant conqu]ors4 ,^! my/]ies 7 probably1 at bottom1 a body ( sci5tific tru?s4 ,!y und\bt$ly _h to d ) a /ore ( in=mation1 pa9fully glean$ = g5]ations1 ab\t ^? facts ( reproduction1 selection & b5efici5t f]tility :i* are s close to ! ,holy ( ,holies ( creation itself4 ,probably ^! preci\s my/]ies c\ld be simm]$ d[n to a few fundam5tals & su* z are n[ g5]ally practic$ by all plant & animal bre$]s4 ,& !y are n fully und]/ood today1 any m ?an !y 7 fully und]/ood ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,by ! practice ( ^! simple arts1 h$g$ 9 ) taboos & religi\s inhibitions1 ,p]sia1 ,assyria1 & all ,mesopotamia became ! g>d5 spot ( ! _w :]e ?+s seem$ to gr[ z !y grew no place else4 ,"h1 9 fact1 0 said to h be5 locat$ ! only g5u9e & orig9al ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 po9t$ out to ?is day by ! fai?ful z ! v]itable spot :]e ! fa!r & "m ( ! race liv$ 9 a laborless1 exhau/less ,p>adise4 ,m5tion has be5 made ( ! probability t ! ,p]sians1 :o orig9ally 7 nomadic & !re=e 7 *iefly int]e/$ 9 ! dome/ication ( animals--:i* means1 really1 selective bre$+--us$ ?is k 9 plant bre$+ :5 !y f9ally settl$ d[n4 ,! big leap f nomadic to settl$ life mu/ h caus$ ! old tim]s ( t day pl5ty ( heada*es4 ,x 0 a new deal to top all ,new ,deals4 ,0 x1 p]haps1 "s ,johnny ,applese$ :o eng9e]$ ! ,new ,deal ( t day8 ,let u guess at ! me?od he us$4 ,z ! nomad tribe pass$ f place to place ) its goats1 its %eep1 its camels1 ,johnny ) 8 sons & gr&sons w\ld take to pretty+ up ! camp sites a bit4 ,he p>ticul>ly l ! dates f "o palm t grew ^u an oasis f> d[n ! des]t4 ,he c>ri$ ! se$s f ?is tree & plant$ !m at v>i\s /opp+ places4 ,he did ! same ?+ ) "s especially sweet nuts f a walnut tree :i* he _h f\nd1 let u say1 9 ! ,caucasus ,m\nta9s4 ,he set out _m bright-blossom$ des]t we$s 9 ord] to attract ! wild honey bees4 ,bees6 ,:]ev] !re 7 bees1 he _h f\nd fl[]s t reproduc$ !mselves1 trees t bore fruit4 ,"s ( ^! bees he f\nd to be good work]s & o!rs he f\nd lazy1 qu>relsome & ineffici5t4 ,he kill$ out ! qu>relsome colonies & built hid+ places = ! bett] ones4 ,9 %ort1 he did s mu* to make ! camp+ places cozy1 com=table & 9 e way desirable t f9ally x became m & m difficult = ! tribe to te> itself away on mov+ day4 ,by reason ( ! small irrigation arrangem5ts :i* ,johnny _h f\nd desirable = 8 plant+s & 8 bees1 grass became m abundant & ! flocks did n ne$ to be mov$ s (t54 ,9 "t1 ! :ole tribe wak5$ to ! fact t a revolution _h tak5 place4 ,!y did n ne$ to move at all1 ev]6 ,!re 0 pl5ty ( grumbl+ f ! die-h>ds1 b "h ! tribe /uck4 ,x refus$ to budge4 ,9 "t1 a c]ta9 phrase1 curr5t ?r\gh\t t "p ( ! _w1 0 us$ to describe ?is pleasant c\ntry3 ,a l& fl[+ ) milk & honey6 ,un=tunately1 x 0 a l&1 also1 :i* c\ld n fail1 9 ! fl[] ( its weal? & luxury1 to attract ! att5tion ( ^? savage nor!rn]s :o liv$ beyond ?is favor$ l&4 ,!y came1 !y saw1 & ev5tually !y conqu]$4 ,:5 ,rome _h def9itely de/roy$ ! fl[] ( ,asia ,m9or's civilization1 ! ,roman proconsuls & m]*ants rescu$ & c>ri$ back to ,italy _m ( ! r>e/ ( ,mesopotamia's possessions4 ,among ^!1 p]haps1 7 ^? indisp5sable wond]-work]s among ! fl[]s1 ! bett] bees ( ,p]sia4 ,& ?is may be ! reason :y1 ^! _m c5turies lat]1 our bee exp]ts /ill recomm5d t1 if we wi% to increase ! /r5g? & productivity ( a backw>d hive ( bees1 we buy & introduce into ! hive an ,italian que54 ,h] anci5t & /ill prepot5t virility c almo/ inv>iable be reli$ ^u to transfuse ! colony ) new & fruitful vigor4 ,an ,italian que51 is x8 ,we wond]1 z we ?9k ( t v5]able l& ( ,ed5 :i* once fl[$ ) milk & honey1 :e!r ?is s-call$ ,italian que5 might n m correctly be nam$ ,p]sian4 ,y see1 9 ?is /ory we are travel+ backw>ds into hi/ory l ,ally ,oop 9 8 "t ma*9e4 ,b beyond ,p]sia "o c g only 9 imag9ation4 ,= ! ,p]sians1 too1 7 a conqu]+ nation &1 no d\bt1 ga!r$ _! booty ( gold & %eep & camels1 ( fl[]s & bees1 f all ! !n kn[n _w :i* 0 subject to !m4 ,s p]haps ,p]sia1 too1 has no m "r to label h] treasures ,p]sian ?an has ,italy ) h] presumably mislabel$ ,italian bees1 nor ,engl& ) h] und\bt$ly mislabel$ ,engli% walnuts4 ,h[ev]1 ! "w ( ,johnny ,applese$ has always belong$1 n to 8 tribe nor to 8 locality1 b to ! _w4 ,^! same ,p]sian walnuts take rank among ! bett] clues by :i* migrations ( ! ,aryans may be trac$ ov] ! face ( ! e>?4 ,= in/ance1 n only d !y take root easily 9 ! mild1 fri5dly climate ( ,cali=nia1 b mu* h>di] /ra9s are f\nd to h climb$ ! ,c>pa?ians & ! /eppes ( ,russia almo/ to ! v doors ( ,mosc[4 ,scions ( ^! h>di] /ra9s h v rec5tly be5 made to gr[ & yield _! nuts 9 ,am]ica z f> nor? z ,toronto & are be+ set out 9 numb]s 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,h[ well !y w prosp] 9 ?is new1 m v>iable & *illy climate rema9s to be se51 b ! />t is made4 ,no d\bt x w be by ,johnny's old me?od ( pati5t & repeat$ selection1 fir/ = h>d9ess !n = quality1 t ! plann$ result w be accompli%$4 ,! contributions ( ,p]sia & ! plant+s ( its =gott5 sci5ti/s h "h m]ely be5 t\*$ on4 ,no?+1 = in/ance1 has be5 said ab\t h] great groves ( mulb]ry trees1 :i* l$ to silk-worms1 :i* l$ to silk1 :i* l$ to ! production ( jewel-bright vegetable dyes1 :i* l$ to ! developm5t ( a decorative art 9 fabrics t is rival$ by ,*9a1 alone1 9 all ! _w4 ,& ( c\rse1 ,aryan ,p]sia is only "o ( ! _m treasure c5t]s ( anci5t civilization4 ,9 scores ( racial settlem5ts else:]e our lives today are be+ *ang$ & enri*$ 9 innum]able ways by ! h&s ( ^? old miracle-work]s ^: names 7 writ 9 wat] & ^: works are immortal4 ,! accompli%m5ts ( ,*9a are ( su* magnitude t ev5 n[ we are only beg9n+ to discov] our debt to h]4 ,india1 ,indo-,*9a1 ,mongolia1 ,man*uria1 ,japan--all h simil> backgr\nds4 ,ev5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "y z x is1 ! migrations ( pre-hi/oric races h left _! trails 9 ! g>d5s & =e/s ar\nd u4 ,pecans f ! ,s\?1 = example1 h be5 c>ri$ ,nor? & are gradually develop+ h>dy /ra9s t surviv$ 9 ,indiana & ,ill9ois groves4 ,en\gh has be5 said to blaze ! way to ! end at :i* ,i h be5 driv+4 ,x may beg9 to look z ?\gh mod]n plant explor]s h n[ foll[$ ! plant-spoor ( human migrations to _! f9al limits4 ,x may look1 too1 z ?\gh ! ends ( ^! conv]g+ trails w f9d civilization at la/ firmly e/abli%$4 ,or w !y8 ,! future race1 let u admit1 may ev5tually be able1 by means ( an almo/ un?9kable developm5t ( food1 clo?+1 build+ & m$ical supplies ( a syn!tic or semi-syn!tic nature1 to disp5se ) "s ( ! agriculture we "k4 ,?is is ! pr$iction ( "s sci5ti/s4 ,let x /&4 ,:at !n is to be done ) ! l& ^u :i* our food crops _h =m]ly be5 rais$8 ,manife/ly1 x mu/ aga9 be cov]$ ) hurricane-control1 flood-control1 & erosion-control vegetation1 *iefly trees1 p]haps4 ,trees = safety's sake1 trees = beauty's sake1 = recreation's sake1 trees = food's--yes1 food's sake1 = flavor & heal?1 trees & vegetation z s\rces = ! v syn!tic t are suppos$ to supplant !m2 & la/ b n lea/1 trees & vegetation = ! protection & p]petuation ( animal life1 ( bird life1 & insect life4 ,all ^! are insep>ably b\nd up ) human life4 ,come :at may at ! h&s ( a %ort-sight$ human race1 no matt] :at surface *anges may come ab\t 9 human eat+ habits1 h\s+ /yles1 f>m+ or factory practice1 /ill ! w9ds w sweep ! e>? 9 hurricanes :]e !re is no?+ to imp$e !m2 ! wat]s & ice ( ! heav5s w /ill te> ap>t & level ! hills1 w ga% ! valleys & w c>ry (f ! e>? & dump x into ! sea4 ,foll[+ ?is1 ! sun w burn ! unprotect$ e>? into a c9d]4 ,no?+ c *ange ^! facts4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( life ^u ! e>?1 trees & vegetation h be5 ! *ief means by :i* a balance has be5 ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! antagoni/ically de/ructive & creative natures ( ! elem5ts4 ,d we realize fully1 ,i wond]1 h[ important is ! "w ( ?is gr\p & ! p>5t ,,nnga8 ,! int]e/ ( its memb]s is *iefly 9 wild trees t produce food crops--ma9ly1 b n exclusively1 nut crops4 ,& !y are int]e/$ n m]ely 9 plant+ & te/+ names & kn[n v>ieties1 b 9 f9d+ & te/+ ! be/ individuals among ! wild trees1 plant+ select$ se$1 enjoy+ ! excit+ gamble :i* is always seal$ up 9 ! magic1 unkn[n pot5tialities ( a hybrid4 ,z1 c5turies ago1 ! ,p]sian walnut 0 rescu$ f ! =e/ & develop$ into ! spl5did nut we "k today1 s ! ,am]ican black walnut c be rescu$2 its nut c be improv$ & develop$ by selection & cross-bre$+4 ,x is a gr& mahogany-l timb] tree :i* is becom+ f> too sc>ce4 ,ea* w> takes its toll = gun /ocks4 ,its nuts are ! only nuts )9 my k1 n ev5 except+ our lo/ ,am]ican *e/nuts1 t reta9 _! full di/9ctive flavor ?r\gh cook+4 ,no?+ c replace its flavor 9 c&y or cake mak+4 ,! tree is indig5\s to ,am]ica &1 9 contra/ to ! ,p]sian1 has only decades1 r ?an c5turies ( selective bre$+ beh9d x4 ,no "o c tell :at ev5 "o %ort c5tury ( intellig5t selection may make ( ?is great tree4 ,we ,am]icans1 9 fact1 h b>ely />t$ on ! ,applese$ trail1 a trail :i* t5ds t[>d ! developm5t ( a p]man5t p]5nial1 r ?an annual1 type ( agriculture1 ) trees1 %rubs1 v9es & p]5nial grasses its *ief int]e/4 ,=1 no matt] :at *emi/ry has 9 /ore = u 9 ! way ( pla/ics = con/ruction & ( syn!tics = foods & drugs1 ! good e>? is /ill our sole s\rce ( supply4 ,! *e/nut1 ! mulb]ry1 p]simmon1 pawpaw1 pecan1 hickory1 wild *]ry1 ! grape1 ! eld]b]ry 9 fact ! :ole tribe ( fruits & nuts ) flavors f\nd n[h]e else on e>?--all are gr[+ along ?is anci5t trail4 ,!y (f] an inf9ite v>iety ( opportunity = exploration & discov]y4 ,to "w ) !m gives "o a s5se ( %>+ 9 ! "w ( creation4 ,graft ! ,p]sian ,walnut ,high 9 ,mi*igan ,by ,gilb]t ,beck]1 ,climax1 ,mi*igan ,! rule to plant ! ,p]sian walnut :]e pea*es & sweet *]ries d well is a good "o2 b n infallible & c]ta9ly c't be too closely reli$ ^u "h 9 s\?we/]n ,mi*igan4 ,s9ce #aicc1 ,i h plac$ sev]al hundr$ grafts ( ! ,p]sian walnut ^u black /ocks4 ,_m ( ^! are top work$ trees1 b !re 7 #fh graft$ se$l+s 9 nurs]y r[s1 graft$ 9 #aicf4 ,^! 7 plant$ out two ye>s lat]4 ,"s are n[ ab\t t5 feet tall ) a well bran*$ head4 ,( ?is lot ,i h only h>ve/$ "o ripe nut & t 0 f\r ye>s ago4 ,two ( ^! same trees 7 plant$ ne> "s build+s & %rubb]y at a neighbor's home1 & !y are n[ be>+ well4 ,be=e go+ fur!r ,i mu/ say t ,p]sian walnut trees & pea* trees are q diff]5t4 ,fir/1 ! ,p]sian walnut _c /& hav+ its female fl[]s fro/$ :5 !y are out or ne>ly s4 ,second1 ! pea* c /& fro/ at1 or %ortly aft]1 full bloom1 & !y w set a bump] crop ( pea*es4 ,we h _h two ye>s ( late spr+ fro/s at ! "t nut trees 7 9 bloom1 & we h _h bump] crops ( pea*es ea* ye>4 ,apples 7 badly hit1 s _m h fail$ to be>4 ,lilac blossoms fail$ to come out & be %[y because ( ^! sev]e fro/s4 ,h[ev]1 ,i "k ( a pea* tree heavily load$ "r n[ gr[+ betwe5 two ,p]sian walnuts t hav5't _h a s+le nut ei!r ye>1 ?\gh !y h borne nuts previ\sly4 ,?us1 pea*es w be> 9 fro/y spr+s :5 ,p]sian walnuts are damag$4 ,fur!r1 good-air dra9age1 su* z a high hill1 ) a deep valley bel[ w save ! ,p]sian nut crop 9 a fro/y spr+4 ,i h a small ,p]sian walnut graft$ 9 su* a location1 & x is ! heavie/ load$ nut tree ,i h4 ,x has s _m l>ge nuts on its limbs t its l[] limbs are actually re/+ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,?is 0 graft$ ^u an e/abli%$ black se$l+ f\r ye>s ago4 ,:at ,i h s f> told w\ld lead "o to ?9k t !re is no nut crop on my ,p]sian grafts ?is ye>4 ,?is is n s1 = ,i h "o ( ! l>ge/ crops 9 ! #ac ye>s ,i h _h graft$ ,p]sian walnuts4 ,^! are on top-work$ trees high above ! gr\nd6 ,mo/ ( ! top-work$ trees are ov] #ab feet at ! graft1 or high]1 & x is be/ to h !m ?is high1 because almo/ all l[] limbs are simply m9us nuts1 due to our unfavorable spr+4 ,z = pro(1 ,i notic$ t ! l[] limbs _h black5$ leaves1 :ile ! entire tops 7 undamag$ a few days aft] ! fro/y wea!r4 ,! l[] bran*es leav$ out ! second "t 9 late ,may4 ,x seems z if ! ,p]sian walnut produces two nuts to e "o t a graft$ black walnut w on a top ( equal size4 ,we are tr\bl$ ) walnut curculio z well z consid]ably by squirrels1 & by a leaf disord] t (t5 black5s ! leaves & causes !m to fall 9 e>ly ,septemb]1 foll[$ by premature dropp+ ( ! nuts4 ,ev5 !n1 !re %\ld be a good crop ?is ye>4 ,n[1 comes ! "q1 %\ld we graft ! ,p]sian walnut high1 "h 9 ,mi*igan8 ,x c]ta9ly saves "t1 because a middle-ag$ walnut tree produces1 9 t]ms ( pecks & bu%els1 9 eight to #ae ye>s4 ,be+ well e/abli%$ x saves pati5ce & disappo9tm5t4 ,& ,i "k x is f> m pr(itable4 ,?is writ+ ( my exp]i5ce is n int5d$ to hurt ! e/abli%$ nut tree nurs]yman 9 any way4 ,any ( y :o may live 9 ,mi*igan are c]ta9ly devot$ to y\r hobby & h d\btless le>n$ ! skills & pleasures ( top-work+ a good siz$ se$l+ black walnut4 ,y w surely f9d x pr(itable4 ,fir/1 pur*ase ! graft$ ,p]sian tree f y\r nurs]yman1 & lat]1 f ?is1 "w y\r e/abli%$ se$l+ blacks at y\r conv5i5ce4 ,graft !m at lea/ #ab feet up & see if :at ,i say isn't q true4 ,pecan ,gr[+ 9 ,we/]n ,ill9ois ,by ,r4 ,b4 ,be/1 ,eldr$1 ,ill9ois ,we ne$ a consi/5t philosophy 9 ?is tr\bl$ _w ( ours4 ,work+ ) nature & especially ) nut trees helps u to develop ?is philosophy & to realize t !re are no panaceas = our pres5t day problems except z we "w !m out ourselves4 ,aft] all our wi%ful ?9k+ ) panaceas & doctr9es1 we come back to ! same conclusion4 ,^? p ) ! be/ f\ndations built on reason & tru? are ^? :o are ne>e/ ! soil & gr[+ ?+s4 ,^? :o "w ) trees & o!r liv+ ?+s 9 nature possess ! philosophy :i* acts z a brea/work aga9/ ! =ces :i* w\ld de/roy our society4 ,we />t$ our propagation ( nut trees 9 #aicj "u ! guid+ h& ( ,mr4 ,wilk9son1 ,mr4 ,sawy] & ,pr(essor ,ray ,m>% ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 & lat] h _h help f ,dr4 ,colby ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,we h at pres5t ab\t #bejj graft$ pecan trees1 a few v>ieties ( hickories1 black walnuts1 *e/nuts1 filb]ts1 p]simmons1 butt]nuts1 he>tnuts1 pawpaws1 etc4 ,:5 p ask me :at we expect f our trees1 ,i tell !m t ! trees h already paid me 9 satisfaction if n 9 fill+ my purse4 ,i d expect our nut tree project to give u a good f9ancial return4 ,! pecan is our lead] 9 ,we/]n ,ill9ois z a popul> nut4 ,mu* ( our ,ill9ois riv] bottom l&1 if des]t$ by man1 w\ld imm$iately pass back to nature & exi/ z pecan groves4 ,i h be5 work+ ) pecan trees s9ce #aicj & today f9d myself ) m que/ions ?an answ]s4 ,we are gr[+ at pres5t ab\t #cg v>ieties ( pecans4 ,we are rea*+ c]ta9 notions :i* we hope are "r4 ,! hybrids are f9e & make wond]ful trees b ,i d\bt if !y are ! answ] to our problem4 ,) ^! rem>ks ,i dispose ( fur!r discussion ( ! ,burl+ton1 ,rockville1 ,mc,callister & ,g]>di v>ieties4 ,! ,major & ,gre5riv] are excell5t p]=m]s b are a little late matur+ = u4 ,! ,posey nut is slightly e>li] & makes an excell5t quality b is n to be comp>$ ) ,major & ,gre5riv] = be>+4 ,our ,butt]ick trees are excell5t gr[]s b be> few nuts4 ,?is v>iety is ! poore/ be>] t we h4 ,our e>lie/ pecans ( ! bett] kn[n v>ieties are ,indiana & ,buss]on1 ( ! new] v>ieties1 ,/eph5s & ,gildig ,no4 #b4 ,! ,giles pecan :i* ,mr4 ,wilk9son discov]$ 9 ,kansas is our out/&+ nut = yield1 size & e>ly be>+ b x %\ld also be e>li] matur+4 ,al?\gh ! ,giles has be5 late :5 graft$ on "s ( our native trees1 x has be5 e>ly on o!rs4 ,9 #aide1 :i* w always be kn[n by ! ,ill9ois wea!r man z ! ye> )\t a summ]1 we f\nd a great diff]5ce 9 our ,major1 ,gre5riv]1 & ,giles nuts f tree to tree z to size & maturity4 ,?is "q ( compatibility betwe5 /ock & scion is ( ! utmo/ importance & x imp$es inve/igational "w1 complicat+ comp>isons we are try+ to make4 ,"s ( our new v>ieties :i* we are try+ out might be *eck$ imm$iately if we knew ! effect ( ! "u /ocks ( our trees4 ,our f>ms are ab\t #ej miles nor? ( ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,our fir/ problem ) pecans is maturity4 ,! old nam$ v>ieties are a little late = u4 ,i p]sonally feel t we %\ld get grafts f no f>!r nor? ?an ,new ,hav51 ,ill41 or ,rockport1 ,ind4 ,i am int]e/$ 9 ,mr4 ,g]>di's v>ieties at ,o',fallon1 ,ill41 because !y %\ld be e>ly4 ,dr4 ,colby has br\ght to light ?ree new ones f ,cass ,c\nty1 ,ill4 :i* %\ld make excell5t maturity 9 c5tral ,ill9ois4 ,we are bless$ 9 our community ) l>ge numb]s ( native pecan se$l+s4 ,! behavior ( diff]5t nuts on diff]5t /ocks is n ! same4 ,be=e any nut %\ld be condemn$ we feel x %\ld h an opportunity to p]=m on diff]5t /ocks ov] a p]iod ( ye>s4 ,= ?is reason we always try to graft a numb] ( trees to ea* v>iety4 ,mo/ ?+s tak5 f nature are subject to improvem5t & c be bett] adapt$ to ! use ( man4 ,i w\ld l to see "s new v>ieties ( pecans develop$ = our nor!rn zone4 ,i w\ld l to see l>ge plant+s ( nuts f all our lead+ v>ieties ( pecans4 ,f ^! se$l+ /udies1 great good w\ld come & possibly a good v>iety4 ,i w\ld l to see ,major1 ,gre5riv]1 ,giles1 ,posey1 ,buss]on1 ,indiana1 ! ,gildigs cross$ ) "s e>ly prolific nuts4 ,i w\ld l to see e nut t _h any good quality cross$ ) e o!r good nut 9 a mass plant+ s t g5etics c\ld op]ate & h ^! trees plant$ :]e !y might be p]mitt$ to rea* maturity & ! get ( ea* union /udi$4 ,we might get an e>ly heavy be>] :i* w\ld revolutionize ! pecan indu/ry4 ,i w\ld l to see "s ( our good ,s\!rn v>ieties l ,/u>t cross$ ) e>ly nor!rn v>ieties4 ,?is se>* = new nuts %\ld be accel]at$4 ,let u r$$icate ourselves to ! problem ( gett+ ! sup]-nut4 ,let u explore ^! new fields ( nut g]m plasm :i* lie all ab\t u1 pull ^! old nuts ap>t g5etically & recomb9e _! good ) ! good ( o!r nuts into new v>ieties4 ,if we %\ld fail #aj1jjj times & succe$ once1 success w\ld be *eap4 ,r&om ,notes f ,ea/]n ,new ,york ,by ,gilb]t ,l4 ,smi?1 ,wassaic1 ,new ,york ,dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s ,i h f\nd x increas+ly difficult to keep up my nut tree "w4 ,h[ev]1 ?ree ye>s h5ce1 ,i expect to retire f my job z ,f>m ,manag] at ,wassaic ,/ate ,s*ool & !n to devote mu* ( my "t to nut "w4 ,mr4 ,b5ton n[ has ev5 less "t ?an ,i d = ! nut "w4 ,our "w ( previ\s ye>s is n[ beg9n+ to %[ results1 especially our v>iety te/s :i* %\ld become m significant ea* ye> z m v>ieties come into be>+ & repeat crops be> out or disprove our e>li] op9ions4 ,foll[+ are "s ( our f9d+s on su* v>ieties z h borne en\gh = u to =m an op9ion4 ,black ,walnuts ,,?omas1 no d\bt1 is /ill entitl$ to fir/ place4 ,we made a poor />t ) ,?omas z our fir/ graft 0 plac$ on a /ock gr[+ at ! edge ( l[ swampy gr\nd & ! nuts ( ?is graft h nev] matur$ prop]ly1 :ile ^? f two y\ng] grafts1 on high] gr\nd1 h matur$ _! nuts well4 ,?is %[s t black walnuts %\ld n be plant$ 9 l[ wet gr\nd1 t is1 l& t is actually swampy2 l[ gr\nd :i* is well-dra9$ is all "r4 ,we h f\nd ,?omas to be a fa/ gr[+ & v good type tree4 ,! nut is l>ge1 ?9-%ell$ & cracks excell5tly1 giv+ light-color$ f9e appe>+ k]nels1 l>gely 9 :ole qu>t]s4 ,we d n consid] ! flavor ( ,?omas to be "o ( ! be/4 ,i h te/$ ?is _m times by crack+ nuts ( ,b5ton1 ,snyd]1 ,sp>r[ & ,?omas1 & !n1 )\t reveal+ :i* is :i*1 h _h v>i\s p try !m & pick out ! ones !y l be/2 ,b5ton & ,sp>r[ 9 all cases 7 lik$ be/1 ,snyd] second & ,?omas always lea/ 9 favor4 ,?omas is a consi/5t be>] "h4 ,,sp>r[ is a little kn[n v>iety :i* has a good _m good po9ts 9 its favor4 ,9 my op9ion1 x surpasses ,?omas 9 ev]y?+ except size ( nut & crack+ quality4 ,9 crack+ quality ,i consid] !m to be ab\t equal4 ,sp>r[ orig9at$ ne> ,lomax1 ,ill4 ,wood ( x 0 s5t to u by ,c4 ,a4 ,re$ 9 ! ,spr+ ( #aich4 ,x has nev] be5 ent]$ 9 any conte/ s is little kn[n4 ,! tree may n be q z fa/ gr[+ z ,?omas1 b x reta9s its foliage 9 ! fall until cut by h>d fro/1 long aft] its nuts h rip5$1 :ile ,?omas w be ne>ly b>e ( leaves = "s "t be=e fro/ or its nuts are ripe4 ,sp>r[ rip5s its nuts a full two weeks ahead ( ,?omas4 ,! nuts ( ,sp>r[ are m$ium 9 size1 be+ ab\t #bg to ! p\nd :ile ,?omas w run ab\t #ai or #bj to ! p\nd4 ,! nuts ( ,sp>r[ look small :ile on ! tree because x has a ?9 husk4 ,yet x husks easily1 com+ out ( ! husk clean] ?an any o!r black walnut ,i "k (4 ,also ,i h nev] se5 a husk maggot 9 ?is v>iety :ile "s v>ieties ) ?ick husks 7 badly infe/$4 ,z ! nut rip5s1 ! husk turns yell[4 ,! nut yields practically #cj k]nel 7#bi4id7 ) #if unbrok5 qu>t]s4 ,color ( k]nel is bright & ! flavor is excell5t4 ,sp>r[ has borne consi/5tly4 ,,snyd] is a fairly well-kn[n v>iety1 hav+ won fir/ prize 9 ! ,new ,york & ,new ,engl& conte/ ( #aicd4 ,! tree is a little sl[] 9 gr[+ ?an mo/ v>ieties1 yet x be>s "y & consi/5tly ,l ,sp>r[1 x reta9s its foliage well until cut by fro/4 ,! nut is l>ge1 be+ ab\t #ba p] p\nd1 ) a v ?ick husk1 on :i* acc\nt x %\ld be husk$ z soon z ga!r$1 z ! husk w turn d>k & /a9 ! k]nel4 ,x rip5s at ! same "t z ,sp>r[1 la/ ( ,septemb] "h4 ,! nut cracks well1 yield+ ab\t #be k]nel ( good quality1 ab\t #ie 9 unbrok5 qu>t]s4 ,! color ( ! k]nel t5ds to be a little d>k4 ,c]ta9ly ,snyd] %\ld prove to be a valuable v>iety = %ort season locations & possibly z a poll9iz] = ,sp>r[4 ,also ! ret5tion ( foliage 9 fall1 until cut by fro/1 make ?is & ,sp>r[ ( consid]able ornam5tal value4 ,e>ly dropp+ ( ! foliage 9 ! fall is a s]i\s fault ( "s v>ieties z an ornam5tal4 ,,b5ton orig9at$ ) u1 ! orig9al tree gr[+ 9 ,mr4 ,b5ton's doory>d4 ,x won second prize 9 ! ,new ,york & ,new ,engl& conte/ ( #aicd4 ,! nut is r small1 runn+ ab\t #cd to ! p\nd4 ,h[ev]1 x yields ab\t #bi k]nel ( excell5t quality1 light 9 color & ab\t #hf qu>t]s4 ,x rip5s ab\t a week lat] ?an ,snyd] & ,sp>r[4 ,x is a consi/5t be>]1 a fairly fa/ gr[+ tree1 b only fair z to ret5tion ( foliage 9 ! fall4 ,,/ambaugh is a well kn[n v>iety1 b we are a little too f> nor? = x1 #da deg4#de' ,n4 ,lat4 ,x matures well "h only 9 our mo/ favorable seasons4 ,x appe>s to be an excell5t nut1 l>ge1 good crack+ quality & good flavor4 ,x appe>s to be a little caprici\s z to be>+1 two ye>s ago our "o graft 0 heavily load$1 b !re 0 no crop la/ ye> & a light "o only ?is ye>4 ,9 spite ( ! lat5ess 9 matur+ ! nut1 ! tree %$s its foliage e>ly4 ,hickories ,,wilcox is ! out/&+ v>iety ( hickory ( ^? :i* h borne 9 our te/ or*>d1 s f>4 ,?is orig9at$ ne> ,g5eva1 ,ohio4 ,x4 won second prize 9 ! ,ohio conte/ ( #aicd4 ,x appe>s to be a consi/5t1 alt]nate be>]4 ,! nut is only m$ium 9 size = a %agb>k1 ab\t #ij to ! p\nd4 ,x cracks almo/ p]fectly1 yield+ ab\t #ch k]nel1 mo/ly 9 :ole halves4 ,color ( k]nel bright & ( v good flavor4 ,,m9nie has also appe>$ v good4 ,x is a trifle l>g] ?an ,wilcox1 be+ #he to ! p\nd4 ,x cracks excell5tly & is ( good quality4 ,b s f> x has n yield$ z well z has ,wilcox4 ,,davis has %[n up q well4 ,our olde/ graft is on a bitt]nut /ock2 x has borne well b ! nuts h n crack$ z well z ^? f ! orig9al tree or ! ones gr[n at ,cornell4 ,9 size ! nut is betwe5 ,m9nie & ,wilcox1 k]nel bright1 plump & ( good quality4 ,,fox has be5 r disappo9t+ z produc$ on grafts s f>4 ,n t x is a poor nut1 9 fact x is a good nut1 b because x has fall5 s f> %ort ( :at 0 expect$ ( x4 ,fox is ! my/]y v>iety ( ! hickories4 ,h[ x c\ld unanim\sly w9 fir/ prize 9 ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association conte/ ( #aicd1 ) a sample ( nuts s excell5t 9 e way & !n = ! grafts to be> only fair nuts1 is a my/]y4 ,"s h advanc$ ! idea ( bud v>iation 9 ! p>5t tree4 ,to prove or disprove ?is1 ,i made a trip to ! orig9al tree 9 ! spr+ ( #aidc & ga!r$ graft+ wood f v>i\s p>ts ( ! tree4 ,?is wood 0 graft$ on v>i\s /ocks 9 our te/ or*>d1 s t we n[ h liv+ grafts f #ac diff]5t p>ts ( ! orig9al tree4 ,if !re is a bud v>iation1 we %\ld c]ta9ly h "s ( ! good ones & are anxi\sly wait+ ! "t :5 ^! grafts beg9 to be>4 ,to l5d a little cr$5ce to ! bud v>iation !ory1 ,i f\nd t at "s "t 9 ! pa/ ! ,fox tree _h be5 brok5 (f 9 a /orm & _h s9ce =m$ a new top1 l>gely f a s+le lead]4 ,mr4 ,fox /at$ t he _h naturally tak5 wood f ! l[] portions ( ! tree z x 0 mu* easi] to d s4 7,! late ,dr4 ,zimm]man made a simil> /udy ( ?is tree & its nuts f diff]5t bran*es4 ,he 0 firmly conv9c$ t !re 7 diff]5ces4--,ed47 ,he>tnuts ,we h really te/$ only two v>ieties s f>1 ^! are ! ,fod]mai] & ,wright4 ,bo? are v good1 b we n[ consid] ,wright to be by f> ! bett] ( ! two4 ,x is some:at h>di] ?an ,fod]mai]1 nuts rip5 e>li]1 & be>s bett] ) u4 ,fod]mai] is also m sev]ely affect$ by ! butt]nut curculio ?an is ! ,wright1 "s ye>s ne>ly all ( ! ,fod]mai] nuts h be5 de/roy$ by ! curculio4 ,,gellatly has borne only "o ye> ) u1 s we _c =m mu* ( an op9ion on x4 ,x appe>s to be a v good nut4 ,cra? ,c>pa?ian ,p]sian ,walnuts ,sev]al ( our se$l+ ,cra? trees h nuts ?is ye>4 ,9 all cases1 !re are only a few nuts on ea* z our trees are /ill q small4 ,i _h to h&-poll9ate ! blossoms ?is spr+2 ?is result$ 9 a r small p]c5tage ( sets2 !n ! curculio took a r sev]e toll1 s we w h only a few ( ea* v>iety4 ,9 #aidd "o ( our se$l+s bore #ab nuts4 ,^! 7 s good t we h nam$ ! v>iety ,littlepage 9 honor ( ! late ,?omas ,littlepage1 & are hav+ x pat5t$4 ,we h publi%$ a little booklet on ?is v>iety1 & ^u reque/1 we w be glad to mail a copy to anyone int]e/$4 ,?is is ab\t all we h to (f] at ?is "t 9 reg>d to our v>iety te/s4 ,we h a problem :i* ,i wi% to br+ be=e ! memb]s ( ! ,association4 ,x is t ( controll+ ! butt]nut curculio4 ,?is insect is v bad on butt]nut1 he>tnut & ,p]sian walnuts1 ) u x does n attack black walnuts or hickories4 ,i fe> t x is go+ to prove h>d to control1 z ! l>va is ( ! bor+ type1 be+ f\nd inside ! gre5 nuts1 inside ! new gr[? ( ! t]m9als & 9 ! fle%y "p ( ! leaf /ems4 ,9 ^! places x _c be rea*$ by poisons4 ,x appe>s t we w h to "w entirely on ! adult beetles4 ,^! eat v little & seem to make puncture-l holes1 eat+ little outside tissue b mo/ly deep] tissues1 ?us poison w probably h to be appli$ heavily 9 ord] = x to get en\gh to kill x4 ,d4,d4,t4 is n effective aga9/ ! apple & plum curculio s probably w n be s aga9/ ! butt]nut curculio4 ,x might be effective to apply a heavy coat+ ( ,d4,d4,t4 be>+ du/ "u ! trees s t z ! l>va drop to ! gr\nd to pupate1 !y w be kill$ :ile ! adult beetle may be immune to ,d4,d4,t41 x is n likely t ! pupa c\ld survive 9 heavily impregnat$ soil4 ,! adult beetles are pres5t f ! "t ! fir/ leaves appe> until late summ]4 ,a spray ( #d to #e p\nds ( ars5ate ( lead & #ab to #ae p\nds ( hydrat$ lime to #ajj gallons ( wat]1 appli$ once a week ?r\gh\t ! e>ly "p ( ! season might prove effective b x w c]ta9ly prove exp5sive4 ,plant+ ( ! affect$ v>ieties at "s di/ance f woodl&s & wild butt]nut trees is helpful 9 avoid+ ?is insect1 b z ! trees gr[ old] ! pe/s may build up a population ( _! own4 ,"s sections ( ! c\nty may n be affect$2 ,i hope s4 ,maybe we c get "s ( our entomologi/s to "w on ?is insect4 ,let's put a little pressure on our ,/ate ,exp]im5t ,/ations & ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,maybe ,mr4 ,re$ c help u4 ,ano!r subject ,i wi% to m5tion is t ( h>d9ess 9 nut trees4 ,9 read+ ! ,,nnga reports & 9 "s ( ! lett]s ,i h receiv$1 ,i h f\nd t _m p confuse kill+ ( ! "y leaves 9 ! spr+ by late fro/s1 ) w9t] h>d9ess4 ,9 my op9ion !re is no connection at all4 ,i h se5 _m trees t 7 n hurt at all by -#cd deg4,f4 9 mid-w9t] yet _h all ( _! leaves kill$ by a late fro/ 9 ! spr+4 ,9 fact all species & v>ieties ( hickory & walnut w h _! leaves kill$ by a h>d fro/ if ! leaves h op5$ out ( ! buds2 ?is includes our native wild trees z well z ! graft$ v>ieties4 ,! only h>d9ess aga9/ late spr+ fro/s is ! *>act]i/ic ( leaf+ out late1 ?us escap+ mo/ ( su* fro/s4 ,( ! diff]5t species1 ! black walnuts seem to be be/ protect$ 9 ?is way1 ) ! hickories next & ! he>tnuts & ,p]sian walnuts lea/ protect$4 ,( c\rse !re is a consid]able v>ietal v>iation )9 ea* species4 ,!n ! protection we c provide1 is to plant nut trees on side hills or o!r high gr\nd :]e !re is good air dra9age1 ?us avoid+ ! fro/ pockets4 ,( c\rse _m want to plant nut trees & h no place except 9 l[ fro/y sites4 ,to ^! ,i say t !y c expect to lose an occasional nut crop by ^! late spr+ fro/s1 b t only 9 exceptional cases w ! trees suff] p]man5t injury4 ,9 ye>s :5 ! crops are lo/ ! trees w /ill be good ornam5tals & %ade trees4 ,my door y>d is q a fro/ pocket1 yet ,i h lo/ only "o crop ( he>tnuts out ( f\r or five crops1 no p]man5t injury to ! tree4 ,yield & ,nut ,quality ( ! ,common ,black ,walnut ,9 ! ,t5nessee ,valley#ab ,by ,?omas ,g4 ,z>g]1 ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority ,black walnut occurs on op51 non-crop l& 9 ! ,t5nessee ,valley region4 ,trees gr[ ar\nd ! f>m/ead1 along f5ce r[s1 & 9 pa/ures on mo/ f>ms4 ,9 rec5t ye>s h>ve/+ ( walnuts = m>ket f ^! trees has increas$ significantly4 ,look+ =w>d to a full] utilization ( ! wild black walnut crop1 k on ! be>+ habits ( ^! op5-gr[n black walnut trees 0 requir$4 ,to supply ?is in=mation a /udy ( tree gr[?1 nut yield1 & nut quality 0 und]tak5 9 #aidj4 ,results on nut yield available f ?is /udy aft] six ye>s are summ>iz$ 9 ?is report4 ,footnote #ab3 ,contribution f ,,tva ,=e/ry ,relations ,dep>tm5t1 ,=e/ry ,inve/igations ,division on a project conduct$ 9 ! ,=e/ ,products ,section4 ,?is /udy 0 initiat$ ) ! selection ( repres5tative op5-gr[n walnut trees ?r\gh\t ! ,t5nessee ,valley4 ,9 #aidj1 #if sample trees 7 select$ & #cf trees 7 add$ to ! /udy 9 #aidb4 ,^! #acb trees are locat$ 9 #db c\nties & af=d a good repres5tation ( age1 size1 & gr[? quality ( op5-gr[n black walnut4 ,ea* sample tree has be5 visit$ annually4 ,entire crops 7 collect$1 c>efully weigh$ & sampl$3 tree diamet]s & o!r measurem5ts 7 tak5 = ! tree gr[? phase ( ! /udy4 ,:5 conv5i5t1 nuts 7 hull$ 9 ! field ) a corn %ell]1 b m (t5 !y 7 br\ght to ,norris & run ?r\gh a hull+ ma*9e4 ,aft] hull+1 ! nuts 7 dri$ until cur$1 !n a sample = ea* tree 0 te/$ = p]c5tage ( fill$ nuts1 nut weight1 & crack+ quality4 ,yield ,results on nut yield & nut quality = ! #acb sample trees h be5 cond5s$ to ! pres5tation 9 ,table #a4 ,= ! six-ye> p]iod ! av]age tree 9 ?is /udy _h a diamet] ( #ac4c in*es & yield$ #cc p\nds ( hull$1 dry nuts a ye>4 ,! yield ( common black walnut trees 9 ! ,t5nessee ,valley is *>act]iz$ by extreme v>iation4 ,tree size1 ( c\rse1 influ5ces nut yield4 ,"o-half ( ! yields f a #f-;in* diamet] tree rang$ f no crop to #d p\nds ( hull$1 dry nuts2 :]eas half ! yields f a #bb-;in* tree rang$ f #dj to #ajj p\nds4 ,a yield ( less ?an "o-half p\nd ( hull$1 dry walnuts 0 consid]$ no crop4 ,"s individual trees _h unusually high or l[ yields4 ,! out/&+ be>] 0 tree #aag4 ,x _h ! highe/ av]age yield = ! six-ye> p]iod1 & ! heavie/ crop ( hull$1 dry nuts = any s+le ye>4 ,dur+ ! six ye>s ?is tree yield$ #iec p\nds ( dry1 hull$ nuts & #aid p\nds ( k]nels--truly out/&+ production = a common black walnut tree4 ,ano!r notable be>]1 tree #ajj1 yield$ #iaf p\nds ( nuts & #ahi p\nds ( k]nels4 ,h[ev]1 ?is tree 0 almo/ #aa in*es l>g] 9 diamet] ?an tree #aag4 ,! exceptional be>]s 9 ea* diamet] class also _h ! highe/ s+le nut crops4 ,! o!r extreme is *>act]iz$ by l[ yields4 ,crops 7 lack+ or insignificant = trees #fj1 #fc1 #baa1 & #bba4 ,tree #cg1 ) a #ai4g-;in* diamet]1 bore only "o crop ( #ca p\nds dur+ ! entire six-ye> p]iod4 ,?is tree has no value = nut production b w\ld yield a good sawlog4 ,v>iation ( yield by seasons & locality 0 exam9$ by gr\p+ ! #acb sample trees into six localities ( #bb trees ea*4 ,great] v>iation 9 av]ages by crop ye>s exi/$ ?an av]ages by tree location gr\ps4 ,h[ev]1 "s v>iation 0 f\nd betwe5 ! ea/]n & we/]n portions ( ! ,t5nessee ,valley4 ,indications on be>+ habits 7 obta9$ = a six-ye> p]iod on #if trees1 ,nos4 #a ?r\gh #adj 7,table #a74 ,crop records = ea* ( ^! trees 7 exam9$ = relatively high & l[ yield by seasons4 ,conv9c+ evid5ce on ! alt]nation ( be>+ has accumulat$ dur+ ?is six-ye> p]iod ) #df p]c5t ( ! trees hav+ light] crops e o!r ye>4 ,( ^!1 #bh trees bore light] crops 9 ! odd ye>s & #af trees bore light] crops 9 ! ev5 ye>s4 ,tree #aag1 previ\sly m5tion$ z out/&+ 9 reg>d to yield1 produc$ light] crops 9 #aidj1 #aidb1 & #aidd4 ,?is tree is locat$ 9 we/ ,t5nessee4 ,walnut trees be>+ light] crops 9 #aida1 #aidc1 & #aide are m abundant 9 ! ea/]n ?an 9 ! we/]n portion ( ! ,t5nessee ,valley4 ,?is occurr5ce und\bt$ly acc\nts = mu* ( ! v>iation f\nd betwe5 ! ea/]n & we/]n portions4 ,f\r o!r yield patt]ns 7 recogniz$ 9 #cj p] c5t ( ! trees4 ,^! indicate ! exi/5ce ( uni=m annual crops & ?ree-ye> cyclic be>+ ( black walnut4 ,! be>+ habits ( ! rema9+ #bd p] c5t ( ! trees is consid]$ m]ely irregul>1 s9ce def9ite patt]ns _c be recogniz$ until be>+ records cov] a long] p]iod ( ye>s4 ,nut ,quality ,! crack+ quality ( ! nuts f ! trees 9 ?is /udy 0 te/$ on a r&om sample ( nuts f ea* crop t 0 collect$ & br\ght back to ,norris4 ,! nuts ( ea* sample 7 weigh$ & ! av]age nut weight comput$4 ,! nuts 7 !n crack$ 9 a h&-crack+ ma*9e1 & k]nels t c\ld be extract$ ) ! f+]s 7 remov$ & weigh$4#ac ,f ?is weight 0 comput$ ! fir/-crack m>ketable k]nel p]c5tage4 ,! nuts t /ill conta9$ k]nels 7 recrack$ & ! rema9+ k]nel remov$4 ,all k]nels1 includ+ crumbs1 7 !n weigh$ 9 ord] to compute ! total k]nel weight & k]nel p]c5tage4 ,f9ally1 all ( ! qu>t]s extract$ 7 c\nt$1 & ! av]age numb] ( qu>t]s 0 comput$4 ,k]nels recov]$ at fir/ crack & ! av]age numb] ( qu>t]s extract$ indicate ! relative ease ( extraction ( k]nels4 ,crack+ quality ( walnuts = individual sample trees av]ag$ by crop ye>s are pres5t$ 9 ,table #a4 ,nuts ( all crops collect$ f f\r trees1 #eg1 #eh1 #fj1 & #aci1 7 %rivel$ or abnormal1 & af=d$ no te/ ( nut quality dur+ ! six-ye> p]iod4 ,?us1 nut quality data1 bas$ on #ddj nut crop samples1 are complete = #abh ( ! #acb sample trees4 ,f ?is /udy1 ! av]age common black walnut 9 ! ,t5nessee ,valley has a nut weight ( #ag grams1 a k]nel weight ( #c4c grams1 a total k]nel cont5t ( #bj p] c5t1 a m>ketable k]nel recov]y at fir/ crack ( #ag p] c5t1 & a qu>t] recov]y ( unbrok5 qu>t]s av]ag+ #a4h4 ,footnote #ac3 ,! k]nels 7 extract$ ov] a #f-me% wire scre54 ,9 comm]cial crack+1 k]nel pieces pass+ ?r\gh ?is type ( scre5 are n m>ketable z k]nels4 ,table ,i--,yield ( ,nuts & ,k]nels1 & ,crack+ ,quality ( ,nuts f #acb ,sample ,trees ( ,common ,black ,walnut 9 ! ,t5nessee ,valley ,tree ,diamet] at #d-a_/b ,sample ft4 numb] av4 yr4 #aidj #aida #aidb #aidc #aidd #aide ,av4 yr4 in*es p\nds p\nds p\nds p\nds p\nds p\nds p\nds #a #bj4d #bg #af #b #ie #e #c #be #b #ad4i #dc #dc #bf #de #db #bc #ch #c #i4c #bb #ab #h #bb #f #bi #ag #e #aa4b #ed #j #fa #j #cc #g #bf #f #ac4f #bh #a #gb #j #af #a #bj #h #ac4b #ej #bh #bc #da #gf #de #dd #i #ac4b #cf #ej #dj #bh #cc #g #cb #aj #bb4i #bi #be #j #j #f #ae #ab #aa #f4a #b #d #ab #b #d #a #d #ab #ag4d #aaj #ah #abh #dj #ajj #di #gd #ac #ad4e #ih #e #hc #ej #df #abh #fh #ad #ab4b #a #j #ab #c #b #ih #ai #ae #aa4f #ch #df #dd #ajf #j #fc #ej #af #ae4g #acj #j #ajf #be #ace #cc #gb #ag #ab4j #a #ff #d #ajj #b #fa #ci #ah #g4h #bj #j #dj #ba #cc #d #bj #be #h4f #ac #j #hb #j #j #j #af #bf #bj4g #j #cf #df #ij #j #fg #df #bg #h4d #j #a #bf #b #j #bb #h #bh #h4j #j #aa #a #ai #j #ab #g #bi #i4b #j #ag #bb #ba #b #ai #ad #cj #ae4b #aej #be #bjj #j #ajb #ae #hb #ca #ah4j #cc #aid #ad #bei #j #ace #ajf #cd #af4d #j #ajh #j #be #j #abi #dd #cg #ai4g #j #j #ca #j #j #j #e #ch #i4a #b #j #ad #j #dg #j #aj #ci #ag4g #aea #j #hj #j #ef #j #dh #dj #af4e #hh #j #ej #e #cg #f #ca #da #i4e #fj #j #gd #j #fg #j #cd #db #ad4e #abc #j #agj #j #aai #j #fi ,av4 ,fill$ nuts ,complete crack ,k]nel yield ,fir/- be>+ ,9 t]ms crack ,crops yrs4 ( total ,av]age m>ketable ,k]nel te/$ numb] only weight weight k]nel weight ,k]nel ,qu>t]s basis p\nds p]c5t grams p]c5t grams p]c5t numb] numb] #a #b4b #f #ag #ba #c4g #bb #b4i #b #b #d4i #ej #ad #ag #b4f #ai #a4c #e #c #b4b #fc #af #ah #c4c #ba #b4j #g #e #g4i #fg #af #bc #d4e #bg #a4a #c #f #d4i #ib #ad #bb #c4b #bc #b4h #d #h #e4f #ei #bd #ag #e4j #ba #c4j #g #i #f4a #ef #af #bj #c4f #bc #a4c #e #aj #a4f #cf #ac #ae #b4f #ai #j4f #b #aa #j4h #ii #ad #af #b4g #ai #a4d #g #ab #af4c #ie #ah #ag #d4b #bc #a4e #g #ac #ag4i #ib #ai #be #e4b #bh #b4i #g #ad #d4i #ia #ai #ah #d4c #bb #b4d #c #ae #aa4h #if #ag #ai #c4d #bj #b4a #f #af #bj4j #id #bd #ai #f4j #be #b4c #f #ag #h4d #ig #ac #ag #b4g #bj #b4e #g #ah #e4c #he #ae #bd #d4j #bf #b4e #d #be #i4f #ic #ah #af #c4h #ba #b4e #d #bf #e4e #db #af #ad #c4a #ah #j4f #d #bg #b4g #ie #ag #ai #c4g #ba #a4b #c #bh #a4g #ii #i #ad #a4f #ah #a4f #d #bi #c4d #ajj #aa #ae #b4b #ba #a4b #d #cj #ai4i #gg #ai #ag #d4c #bc #b4c #c #ca #be4a #ij #bj #ae #d4e #bc #a4c #d #cd #af4h #gc #bj #ag #d4j #bj #b4e #b #cg #f4b #ajj #af #af #b4h #ah #c4d #b #ch #d4e #fc #ah #ad #b4h #ae #b4c #b #ci #ae4j #hg #ai #ad #c4e #ah #b4b #c #dj #d4i #hb #bj #ac #c4a #ae #b4c #c #da #i4a #gc #af #ag #c4j #ai #b4e #c #db #bh4d #hf #ai #ba #d4e #bd #c4c #c #df #ac4h #ad #ah #ae #cf #ab #ab #ah #dg #i4h #ae #j #ci #j #bj #b #ac #dh #ac4f #be #cd #ej #eb #ag #if #df #di #f4f #ad #i #af #d #ai #j #aj #ej #i4e #bi #j #ac #be #j #eg #bj #ea #aa4b #aa #ac #aa #j #bd #j #aj #eb #ac4c #be #h #j #hd #j #ad #bb #ef #ac4d #ae #h #j #ab #d #f #h #eg #af4g #afb #e #ajc #ag #gd #d #ei #eh #ab4j #db #b #cj #f #bj #b #ag #ei #i4d #b #h #d #h #b #h #e #fj #i4f #a #a #c #j #b #j #a #fa #aj4f #b #b #bj #a #aj #j #f #fb #ab4d #bg #f #bc #g #ac #j #ac #fc #ab4a #b #j #j #j #j #j #j #fd #aa4h #ah #b #cg #j #ba #j #ac #fe #ag4h #acj #ec #aja #i #ajg #j #fg #ff #i4f #ca #j #be #a #ac #e #ab #fg #i4d #hi #j #g #g #aj #aa #ba #fi #ac4g #gj #b #ajd #d #cj #b #ce #gj #af4a #gb #b #aa #ie #j #fh #da #ga #ae4b #g #a #dc #a #j #a #i #gf #h4a #g #j #f #j #i #j #d #gg #aa4b #dj #j #ba #f #d #bc #af #gh #aa4d #cd #j #dj #j #ca #b #ah #gi #af4d #bh #j #bd #j #aa #bb #ad #hj #aa4d #acb #dd #aaj #h #ahi #db #hh #hf #bd4i #aia #j #bhb #j #fd #aaj #ajh #hg #ad4j #de #j #ajg #j #ca #i #cb #hi #h4d #a #h #b #ci #j #dd #af #ij #ac4b #aa #f #gb #h #ac #g #bj #ia #ab4d #fh #e #bjj #c #ed #bb #ei #ib #ag4f #ah #gd #ach #gf #b #abf #gb #ic #aj4i #cj #j #dh #c #bf #j #ah #id #g4b #j #cf #j #ba #j #ec #ah #df #a4g #ea #ag #af #b4h #ag #b4h #d #dg #c4h #ig #aa #ag #b4b #bj #a4j #c #dh #h4b #hc #ac #af #b4f #bj #a4c #d #di #b4j #hj #ah #af #c4g #bj #b4j #c #ej #c4g #gb #ag #ai #c4f #ba #c4d #c #ea #a4i #di #ah #ai #d4b #bc #a4f #c #eb #f4j #hj #ah #af #c4b #ah #a4c #b #ef #j4f #ac #bb #bj #d4h #bb #c4j #a #eg #d #j #eh #i #j #ei #j4d #bj #bg #ai #e4f #ba #c4j #b #fj #j4j #j #bb #ae #c4d #ae #c4i #a #fa #j4b #dh #ad #i #b4j #ad #a4e #b #fb #j4d #ae #be #ai #d4f #ai #c4h #b #fc #j4e #id #ac #ba #c4b #bd #c4a #b #fd #c4a #gj #ba #bj #e4a #bd #c4b #c #fe #g4i #eh #bc #ae #c4g #af #c4d #c #ff #a4f #cd #bd #ah #d4f #ai #c4g #c #fg #b4b #ca #bj #ah #c4g #ah #c4f #c #fi #h4f #ib #ba #ba #e4d #be #a4i #c #gj #i4b #hg #ah #af #c4d #bj #a4e #c #ga #b4j #hh #ad #af #b4f #ai #a4i #c #gf #a4d #id #ac #af #b4f #bj #b4b #d #gg #b4f #hi #ba #af #c4e #ag #c4f #c #gh #d4b #hj #bj #ad #c4f #ah #c4j #c #gi #e4j #ig #ba #bj #e4j #bd #b4h #c #hj #ai4c #id #ah #bb #d4c #bc #c4b #c #hf #cb4j #if #ac #ai #b4h #bj #a4h #d #hg #aa4c #ajj #aa #ai #b4g #bb #j4e #c #hi #c4b #ia #ac #ah #b4f #ba #a4a #f #ij #c4d #hg #ah #ai #c4e #bj #b4f #c #ia #ac4d #if #af #bb #c4h #bc #b4d #g #ib #ae4e #ic #af #bj #c4d #ba #b4b #g #ic #e4a #ig #ab #ad #b4d #ah #a4g #c #id #c4f #eb #ai #bd #d4g #bd #b4a #c ,table ,i----,yield ( ,nuts & ,k]nels1 & ,crack+ ,quality ( ,nuts f #acb ,sample ,trees ( ,common ,black ,walnut 9 ! ,t5nessee ,valley 7cont9u$7 ,tree ,diamet] at #d-a_/b ,sample ft4 numb] av4 yr4 #aidj #aida #aidb #aidc #aidd #aide ,av4 yr4 in*es p\nds p\nds p\nds p\nds p\nds p\nds p\nds #if #af4e #bc #ca #ic #ea #bi #ajc #ee #ig #i4h #b #h #i #g #d #f #f #ih #ba4c #dd #bj #ff #ce #bf #d #cb #ajj #bg4h #aei #bgb #fe #ccd #f #hj #aec #aja #ba4b #j #bid #abj #bjf #cj #bci #adh #ajb #ac4a #ch #b #dd #d #ab #c #ag #ajc #g4e #bj #ae #be #cj #i #aai #cf #ajd #ab4c #dj #ag #eb #ag #af #j #bd #ajf #aa4d #ej #af #ff #bi #df #ff #df #ajg #ac4b #bi #j #e #h #j #a #g #ajh #i4j #cd #aa #ab #be #ab #g #ag #aji #ab4f #aa #ab #cj #fi #j #ad #bc #aaj #ad4i #fe #ajd #bi #fa #ed #cb #eh #aaa #aa4c #h #ee #e #fe #j #ed #ca #aaf #aa4h #j #af #f #g #d #i #g #aag #ag4j #aj #bhe #ac #adb #aaf #chg #aei #aah #ac4c #c #gh #f #agj #d #bfc #hg #aai #ad4f #j #cd #adh #j #dj #ade #fa #aba #ag4f #fg #i #da #ae #j #fd #cc #abi #ac4c #ac #gj #h #aeg #j #adi #ff #acj #ae4c #dg #a #ej #aj #j #bd #bb #aca #af4b #gh #a #cc #hi #j #fi #de #acb #ad4b #f #h #bb #aj #j #ag #aj #acd #ac4c #i #bj #aa #ag #bd #c #ad #ace #ad4a #ab #ee #j #ae #j #id #bi #acf #ae4a #g #a #ah #ad #j #b #g #acg #i4d #bg #j #ch #ac #e #bh #ah #ach #ad4e #cf #ah #bh #ce #fi #h #cb #aci #aj4b #ad #i #ai #fd #ea #j #bf #adj #aa4a #j #ah #fb #ec #bh #cd #cb ,av4 ,fill$ nuts ,complete crack ,k]nel yield ,fir/- be>+ ,9 t]ms crack ,crops yrs4 ( total ,av]age m>ketable ,k]nel te/$ numb] only weight weight k]nel weight ,k]nel ,qu>t]s basis p\nds p]c5t grams p]c5t grams p]c5t numb] numb] #if #i4f #ajj #ab #ae #b4a #ag #j4g #c #ig #j4f #ea #aa #ac #a4g #ae #b4j #c #ih #b4g #dd #ah #aj #b4d #ac #j4d #g #ajj #ca4d #ig #bb #ag #d4f #ba #b4h #g #aja #ca4g #id #be #ae #d4h #ai #a4e #c #ajb #c4d #di #ah #ai #c4f #bj #b4e #c #ajc #e4i #id #ai #af #c4g #bj #j4i #c #ajd #d4d #hd #ae #ae #b4e #ag #j4h #c #ajf #f4b #ha #ah #ae #c4a #ag #a4d #c #ajg #b4a #gh #ac #ad #b4a #af #j4g #d #ajh #c4d #ii #af #ag #c4d #ae #j4i #c #aji #e4j #ih #ad #ad #b4f #ah #j4f #c #aaj #i4a #gg #bc #ad #d4h #bj #a4a #c #aaa #g4g #ajj #ae #ag #c4j #ba #j4f #c #aaf #a4d #ajj #ae #af #b4g #ah #j4g #c #aag #cb4b #hf #bi #ae #e4g #bj #a4e #g #aah #ae4b #if #ai #ab #c4c #ah #j4b #c #aai #ab4b #gb #bj #ah #d4j #bj #a4f #c #aba #g4a #ib #af #ag #c4j #ai #j4g #c #abi #ad4b #ih #af #ae #c4j #ah #j4h #c #acj #d4d #ig #ac #ad #b4b #af #a4c #d #aca #aj4b #ie #ai #ag #c4h #bj #a4g #c #acb #b4g #ih #ag #af #c4e #ba #a4j #c #acd #a4g #ge #af #ad #b4f #af #j4g #c #ace #c4d #eh #bj #ae #c4c #af #a4e #c #acf #a4h #da #aj #ac #a4g #ag #j4a #c #acg #b4g #ff #ae #ag #c4j #bj #j4g #c #ach #b4g #di #af #ae #b4f #ai #j4f #d #aci #h #adj #g4f #ib #ac #ai #b4i #bb #j4h #c #aii #ac4c #ae #d #b #b #f #bjj #aj4d #ah #ag #a #a #i #bja #ac4a #cj #bh #bc #aag #ej #bjb #ae4a #b #d #ad #j #e #bjc #ac4g #ac #cj #h #ba #ah #bje #bb4f #ef #cd #cc #gg #ej #bjf #i4c #df #bf #ci #d #bi #bjg #e4h #a #j #i #a #c #bjh #aj4d #b #h #d #ai #h #baj #f4f #ce #j #ae #j #ab #baa #ab4f #b #d #c #a #b #bad #ac4a #cb #aa #ai #bd #bb #bae #f4i #c #e #f #j #d #baf #aj4h #j #f #b #e #c #bag #ai4a #aaa #ab #fb #be #dh #bah #g4a #ah #j #a #j #e #bai #ab4j #e #ac #bf #ad #ad #bbj #aj4g #ac #j #h #f #g #bba #f4d #j #j #j #c #a #bbb #ae4c #bi #f #f #g #ab #bbc #ai4b #bb #c #f #j #h #bbd #ac4i #ec #aa #af #bi #bg #bbe #af4h #af #eg #bg #dh #cg #bbf #ae4f #aai #bf #aja #ac #fe #bbg #f4f #i #ab #j #cc #ad #bbh #g4c #d #i #j #b #d #bca #ah4d #gd #da #j #ahd #ge #bcb #ba4a #dg #j #j #ahj #eg #bcf #bb4c #h #bjd #j #abj #hc #bcg #bj4c #aba #bi #hf #ie #hc #bdj #f4f #e #g #c #ac #g #bda #ac4j #ej #bd #dd #b #cj #bdb #f4d #aa #h #aj #a #h #bdc #bb4j #hb #j #ac #aa #bf #bdf #ba4a #ic #bbj #eb #baf #ade #bdg #ai4a #b #eg #ag #a #ba #aii #a4h #di #ai #bb #d4h #be #c4j #d #bjj #a4g #bd #ag #af #c4c #ai #b4j #c #bja #aj4i #ajj #ag #ai #c4h #bb #b4b #c #bjb #j4d #df #ba #ad #d4a #bj #a4j #c #bjc #d4c #ig #ah #bc #d4d #be #c4a #c #bje #f4d #ai #aa #bb #b4f #bc #d4j #a #bjf #d4b #ih #ai #ab #b4g #ae #b4b #c #bjg #j4g #ba #ag #ae #b4h #af #b4j #b #bjh #a4a #ff #af #bb #c4h #bd #b4d #c #baj #d4h #ih #ag #ad #c4b #ai #j4g #c #baa #j4c #hc #aa #aa #a4f #ae #j4b #c #bad #c4j #hg #ah #af #c4a #ag #b4g #c #bae #j4i #ajj #ac #ah #b4g #bj #j4g #c #baf #j4g #ig #aa #ac #a4g #af #j4f #d #bag #ab4a #ic #ah #ba #d4d #be #j4h #c #bah #a4g #ajj #ah #ag #c4j #ag #b4f #b #bai #b4e #id #aa #ag #b4j #ah #j4h #c #bbj #j4h #fa #bj #ac #c4b #af #a4i #c #bba #j4d #ec #af #bj #c4d #ba #c4b #b #bbb #a4c #gb #af #af #c4j #ah #a4i #c #bbc #j4h #ee #ab #ai #b4f #bj #j4e #c #bbd #d4i #ic #ag #af #c4e #bj #a4a #c #bbe #g4h #id #ae #ah #c4d #bb #a4j #c #bbf #i4h #if #ab #ab #a4i #af #j4b #c #bbg #d4b #ii #af #ai #c4f #bc #j4g #c #bbh #a4a #ii #ae #ba #c4c #bb #b4c #c #bca #g4c #eb #aj #ag #b4c #ai #a4a #c #bcb #bf4f #ih #ai #ag #d4e #bd #b4j #c #bcf #aj4e #bf #ae #ag #c4j #ai #j4e #b #bcg #af4a #ajj #ah #ad #c4e #ai #a4e #c #bdj #a4b #ajj #ad #ae #b4e #ag #j4i #c #bda #d4f #if #ad #ae #b4c #af #a4b #c #bdb #a4d #ih #ac #ag #b4e #bj #j4g #c #bdc #d4i #ih #ad #ab #b4j #ad #a4c #c #bdf #bi4f #ih #ad #af #b4i #ba #j4g #c #bdg #a4b #bc #ae #ab #a4g #ae #j4b #c ,results ( crack+ te/s %[ t1 9 g5]al1 crack+ quality ( nut samples f ! trees 9 ?is /udy is poor4 ,:5 crack$1 ! k]nels crumble badly1 mak+ extraction difficult & qu>t] recov]y l[4 ,v>iation 9 crack+ quality c be se5 by /udy+ ! values 9 ,table #a4 ,nuts f trees #bh & #acf 7 extremely small1 av]ag+ #i & #aj grams1 respectively4 ,nuts f trees #fa & #ih _h g5]ally poor *>act]i/ics4 ,trees be>+ walnuts ( bett]-?an-av]age quality are trees #e & #ah ) high total k]nel p] c5t1 & trees #h1 #af1 & #ei ) high nut weight & an unusually high k]nel weight4 ,o!r trees1 ( int]e/ z exceptional be>]s1 include tree #aja ) l>ge nut weight1 & tree #aag ) bo? exceptional nut & k]nel weight4 ,! out/&+ tree 9 ! /udy f ! /&po9t ( crack+ quality ( ! nuts is tree #ac1 :i* has exhibit$ ^? *>act]i/ics ( ?9ness ( %ell & high k]nel cont5t s\ght = 9 improv$ v>ieties4 ,?is black walnut selection is be+ propagat$ at ! ,norris ,nurs]y "u ! appropriate "n ( ,norris4#ad ,footnote #ad3 ,kl9e1 ,l4 ,v4 ,a me?od ( evaluat+ ! nuts ( black walnut v>ieties4 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 #da3acf-add4 #aidb4 ,results f ?is /udy on ! common black walnut h application 9 ! evaluation ( ! relative yield & nut quality ( improv$ selections suitable = use 9 ! ,t5nessee ,valley4 ,?is summ>y %\ld also prove ( value to o!r work]s deal+ ) black walnut 9 o!r regions4 ,x provides a basis = comp>ison1 br+s out ! possibilities = mak+ selections1 & emphasizes ! importance ( nut production f improv$ v>ieties4 ,! #aidf ,field ,t\r ,by ,c4 ,a4 ,re$ ,att5d+ ! indoor sessions ( ! meet+ = two days 9 ,woo/]1 visit+ ! ,/ation or*>ds & plant+s ne> t[n & contact+ p]sonally "s ( ! big m5 ( ! ,/aff toge!r ) ! wives ( "s1 call$ = int5sive att5tion on ! "p ( ev]ybody4 ,x 0 "t exce$+ly well sp5t & creat$ a feel+ 9 ev]ybody t !y w\ld l soon to return = ano!r conv5tion ( ! same k9d4 ,b ! good ?+s t _h be5 plann$ 7 n ov] :5 ! delegates left on ! morn+ ( ! ?ird day 9 ! g5]al direction ( _! homes4 ,no matt] 9 :at direction !y w5t1 h>dly a r\te c\ld be f\nd :i* did n lead ne> or ?r\gh ! home t[n ( "s nut man4 ,a few took opportunity to visit ! plant+ ne> ,woo/] ( ! late ,w4 ,r4 ,fickes4 ,a lett] is be=e my eyes z ^! l9es are be+ writt5 :i* 0 direct$ to ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+ by ,mr4 ,fickes on ,janu>y #i1 #aibd1 9 :i* he ask$ = in=mation reg>d+ c]ta9 k9ds ( nut trees :i* he did n h4 ,he m5tion$ hav+ ,beav]1 ,fairbanks1 & ,si]s hickory hybrids & ask$ ab\t ,weik]4 ,he want$ to "k ab\t ,b>celona & ,:ite ,avel9e filb]ts4 ,he said he _h procur$ sev5 v>ieties ( filb]t ( ,european orig9 :i* 7 !n be+ featur$ by ,conrad ,voll]ts5 ( ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,he 0 conc]n$ ov] ! *e/nut weevil z he _h ab\t #abe trees ( ! ,reihl v>ieties f ,ill9ois & already weevils 7 tr\blesome4 ,^? :o _h ! privilege ( keep+ 9 t\* ) ,mr4 ,fickes dur+ 8 lat] ye>s "k t he assembl$ toge!r a good _m v>ieties ( o!r k9ds ( nuts4 ,8 0 an excell5t collection ( black walnut v>ieties4 ,p]sons :o knew him well /ill m\rn 8 pass+4 ,he 0 ! type ( man :o made o!rs feel bett] to be 9 8 pres5ce4 ,x 0 #bd ye>s ago la/ ,febru>y t ! ,am]ican ,nut ,j\rnal1 !n edit$ & publi%$ by ,r4 ,t4 ,olcott ( ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 told ( x x ! #eg-;acre f>m ( ,o4 ,f4 ,witte ne> ,amh]/ 79 nor!rn ,ohio71 on :i* ,mr4 ,witte1 :o 0 !n #gb ye>s old1 _h be5 gr[+ nuts = #eb ye>s4 ,! dispat* w5t on to say t ! x x f>m 0 devot$ exclusively to nut trees4 ,:at a pity su* m5 c't live on indef9itely6 ,h[ev]1 ! spirits ( ,fickes & ,witte live on4 ,no "o ne$ g f> 9 ,ohio to see ! evid5ce4 ,go+ ea/ f ,woo/] on ! morn+ ( ! ?ird day1 a gr\p ( #ej or m p]sons /opp$ fir/ at ,kidron :]e !y 7 %[n ! nut plant+s ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,p4 ,g]b] & 8 family ( t small hamlet4 ,a half mile nor? ( t[n1 ,mr4 ,g]b] l$ ! p>ty ?r\gh 8 l>ge/ plant+ ( nut trees mo/ly ( be>+ age4 ,( black walnuts he %[$ su* v>ieties z ,dem+ 7purple foliage1 especially 9 e>ly spr+71 ,lamb 7! orig9al tree _h a figur$ gra971 ,ohio1 ,/abl]1 ,t5 ,eyck1 & ,?omas4 ,( pecan1 !re 7 five v>ieties1 ,buss]on1 ,butt]ick1 ,gre5riv]1 ,indiana & ,posey4 ,9 ! gr\p ( he>tnuts1 !re 7 two nam$ v>ieties1 ,bates & ,fau/1 & "o ( :i* ,mr4 ,g]b] appe>$ n to h ! "n4 ,he simply call$ x a sport4 ,!re 7 filb]ts ( v>i\s k9ds1 ,b>celona1 ,du,chilly & ,jones ,hybrids1 be+ ! ones be>+ v>iety designations4 ,also !re 7 ,p]sian 7,engli%7 walnut trees1 pr9cipally ,broadview & ,cra?4 ,mr4 ,g]b] _h m ,*9ese *e/nut se$l+s ?an trees ( any o!r "o k9d4 ,!re 0 b "o butt]nut & t appe>$ to h be5 unnam$4 ,altoge!r #dj black walnut trees1 #bj pecan1 #cj filb]t1 #bj ,p]sian walnut1 "o butt]nut1 & #adj ,*9ese *e/nut trees 7 se54 ,^u f9i%+ ) ! fir/ block ( trees1 ! p>ty 0 tak5 into t[n :]e a l>ge bus9ess h\se ( ,g]b] & ,sons 0 pass$ & a %ort visit paid to a second plant+ 9 ! re> ( v>i\s ,g]b] build+s1 includ+ ! resid5ce ( ,mr4 ,g]b]4 ,"h 7 "s two or ?ree doz5 f9e appe>+ trees ( v>i\s species & hybrid =ms4 ,la/ly at ,kidron1 ! p>ty1 0 pilot$ a half mile we/ to a small p>k :i* ,mr4 ,g]b] _h develop$ z a public picnic gr\nd & a s\rce ( wat] = ! village4 ,x 0 well plant$ ) nut trees & x 0 "h t ! ,g]b] family _h provid$ tables & v>i\s food delicacies1 includ+ fre% milk1 pea*es & ice cream = ev]ybody4 ,a great "p ( ! "w ( prep>ation _h be5 tak5 c>e ( by ,mrs4 ,g]b] & h] two y\nge/ *ildr54 ,! next /op on ! t\r 0 at ! ,mahon+ ,c\nty ,exp]im5t ,f>m1 a half-mile s\? ( ,canfield1 "s #gj odd miles ea/ & nor? ( ,woo/]4 ,"h transportation 0 provid$ & ! entire gr\p 0 tak5 9 *>ge by ,l4 ,walt] ,%]man1 ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,! fir/ impression "o ga9$ "h 0 t ( good build+s1 excell5t l&1 able managem5t1 & a lot ( ?+s "u way4 ,all is comp>atively new4 ,f a mimeograph$ li/ ( species1 v>ieties1 hybrids1 & /ra9s :i* 0 prep>$ 9 ,june = ano!r occasion1 "o ga!r$ t !re 7 p]haps m se$l+ nut trees "h ?an graft$ k9ds4 ,mr4 ,%]man has report$ fully else:]e 9 ^! ,proce$+s reg>d+ ! nut "w t is "u way at ?is ,/ation4 ,report ( ! ,resolutions ,committee ,! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association 9 its annual meet+ assembl$ at ,woo/]1 ,ohio1 ,septemb] #crd to #e?1 #aidf1 adopt$ ! foll[+ resolutions3 ,t our s9c]e ?anks be ext5d$ to ,dr4 ,edmund ,secre/1 ,director ( ! ,ohio ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation & o!r memb]s ( 8 /aff = ! c\rtesies ext5d$1 & = ! facilities provid$ 9 ! use ( ! auditorium & exhibit room ( ! ,/ation4 ,t we ext5d ?anks to ! speak]s :o unit$ly made a successful meet+4 ,t we appreciate ! f9e "w ( our ,secret>y1 ,miss ,mildr$ ,m4 ,jones1 9 =mulat+ ! program & t we are m9dful ( ! valuable assi/ance r5d]$ by ,dr4 ,oliv] ,dill]1 ,mr4 ,cl>5ce ,a4 ,re$1 & ,mr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,bung>t4 ,t we ackn[l$ge appreciation to ! e/ate ( ! late ,z5as ,h4 ,ellis = provid+ 9 8 w a gift ( "o ?\s& doll>s to a special fund ( ! ,association & t we ?ank ,mr4 ,s>g5t ,h4 ,wellman = 8 legal ef=ts !re)4 ,t ! memb]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association fully appreciate & ext5d s9c]e ?anks to our (fic]s = _! h>d "w & en?usia/ic ef=ts 9 ma9ta9+ ! ,association dur+ ! pa/ five ye>s :5 w> conditions preclud$ annual meet+s4 ,,resolutions ,,committee ,c4 ,f4 ,walk]1 ,*airman ,j4 ,l4 ,smi? ,alb]t ,b4 ,f]guson ,obitu>ies ,,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,g\rley ,memb]s ( ?is ,association :o att5d$ ! ,woo/] meet+ 9 #aidf w n soon =get ! *e]y1 witty & res\rceful toa/ma/] :o presid$ at _! annual banquet1 ,dr4 ,joseph ,g\rley4 ,soon aft] ?is meet+1 on ,octob] #ai?1 to be exact1 ,dr4 ,g\rley 0 /rick5 ) coron>y ?rombosis1 & ! field ( horticulture lo/ a nationally kn[n lead]4 ,dr4 ,g\rley's pass+ came at a "t ( high tide 9 8 "w4 ,less ?an an h\r be=e he 0 /rick51 said an associate1 he 0 engag$ 9 plann+ a project t he knew w\ld cont9ue long aft] 8 active c>e] mu/ end4 ,?is is ! _s ( ! true rese>* man4 ,he 0 a graduate ( ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 _h s]v$ z head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,new ,hamp%ire & lat] 9 a l position ) ! ,univ]sity ( ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,9 #aiba1 he 0 appo9t$ *ief ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture at ! ,ohio ,exp]im5t ,/ation &1 f #aibi1 he concurr5tly held ! position ( ,*airman ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture at ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,he s]v$ bo? ( ^! (fices until ! day ( 8 dea?4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( _m bullet9s & te*nical articles z well z ( "s bett] kn[n text books :i* h _h wide use 9 ,am]ican ,univ]sities4 ,he _h act$ z presid5t ( ,! ,am]ican ,society = ,horticultural ,sci5ce1 ,presid5t ( ,! ,am]ican ,promological ,society1 & z presid5t & memb] ( num]\s simil> organizations to :i* he gave cont9u$ & en?usia/ic s]vice4 ,x is z a good tea*]1 companion & w>m fri5d1 h[ev]1 t ,dr4 ,g\rley w be/ be rememb]$ by ^? :o knew him well4 ,8 life & fire h sp>k$ _m ano!r tea*]1 rese>* work] & common man to great] ef=t & bett] a*ievem5t4 ,a close associate clos$ a press notice ( ,dr4 ,g\rley's pass+ ) ^! words3 ,8 consid]ation = 8 associates1 bo? ^? equal & bel[ 9 rank1 m>k$ 8 e contact ?r\gh 8 long ye>s ( s]vice4 ,he 0 inde$1 a truly great ,*ief4 ,8 family & close associates 9 ! two dep>tm5ts he head$ = s _m ye>s w miss him mo/ ( all1 b life = !m & = c\ntless o!rs :o call$ him fri5d has be5 made ri*]1 full] & deep] because he pass$ ?is way4 ,tea*]1 sci5ti/1 ,*ri/ian g5tleman1 fri5d & *ief1 we salute y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mrs4 ,i4 ,e4 ,,bixby ,mrs4 ,ida ,elise ,bixby1 wife ( ! late ,will>d ,g4 ,bixby1 di$ at h] home at ,baldw91 ,new ,york1 ,april #bi1 #aide4 ,mrs4 ,bixby 0 a life memb] ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ( :i* h] late husb& 0 a pa/ presid5t4 ,foll[+ ,mr4 ,bixby's dea? 9 ,augu/1 #aicc1 ,mrs4 ,bixby int]e/$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 tak+ ov] mu* ( _! l>ge exp]im5tal plant+ ( nut trees4 ,_m specim5s 7 mov$ to exp]im5t /ations "u ,gov]nm5t control1 :ile o!r in/itutions z well z individuals b5efitt$ by _! collection4 ,mrs4 ,bixby is surviv$ by ?ree *ildr53 ,will>d ,f41 ( ,clevel&1 ,ohio2 & ,ka!r9e ,elise & ,ida ,tielke1 ( ,baldw94 ,lett]s to ! ,secret>y2 ,notes2 ,extracts ,,exc]pt ,,f ,,lett] ,,to ,,secret>y ,,f ,g4 ,s4 ,,jones ,july #d1 #aidf4 ,f ,g4 ,s4 ,jones1 ,r #a1 ,box #adj1 ,ph5ix ,city1 ,lee ,c\nty1 ,alabama4 ,my trees 7,*9ese *e/nuts7 appe> to be heal?y & gr[ vigor\sly4 7,!y 7 giv5 me by ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry 9 #aicd47 ,!y began be>+ 9 #e or #f ye>s & h n[ be5 be>+ q l>ge crops = #c or #d ye>s4 ,!re are #bb trees 9 ! or*>d1 & ! approximate yields h be53 #aidc--eej p\nds2 #aidd--dej p\nds1 & #aide--iej p\nds4 ,! enorm\s increase 9 #aide 0 due p>tly1 ,i am q sure1 to m9]aliz$ f]tiliz] 7,es ,m94 ,el47 :i* ,i began us+ 9 #aidd4 ,z my trees are se$l+s !y v>y consid]ably 9 productivity & 9 size ( nuts4 ,mo/ ( ! nuts are ( good size & quality :5 fir/ ga!r$4 ,?is is :]e ! tr\ble beg9s4 ,! keep+ quality is v poor1 sometimes half ( !m spoil dur+ ! fir/ mon? aft] be+ h>ve/$4 ,s9ce ?is is ! case1 y c see t g]m9ation may be v poor1 unless !y are h&l$ 9 a special way4 ,refrig]ation helps = a %ort :ile only4 ,dur+ ! la/ two ye>s1 ,i h _h good results 9 g]m9ation by /ratify+ ! nuts "u ! trees1 j z soon z !y fall4 ,9 ?is way1 ! nuts are n all[$ to become too dry z !y are n expos$ to ! hot sun b are kept 9 ! %ade4 ,our falls are usually dry & our soil is s&y s !re is little dang] ( ! nuts becom+ too wet dur+ ! w9t]4 ,! dang] ( spoilage does n seem to be s great by ! "t w9t] ra9s set 94 ,by ?is plan1 ,i h _h f #fj to #ij p] c5t g]m9ation dur+ ! la/ two ye>s4 ,i dig ! nuts j z soon z !y beg9 to spr\t 9 late w9t] & l9e !m out 9 nurs]y r[s :]e !y are to gr[ dur+ ! fir/ ye>4 ,sometimes ! spr\ts become f #d to #f in*es 9 l5g? be=e ,i get to d ! mov+1 b !y transplant easily4 ,i believe ! micorrhiza f ! soil ( ! old trees helps ! "y ones to gr[ bett]4 ,decemb] #aa1 #aidf--,my *e/nut trees ?is fall produc$ slightly ov] #a1gbb p\nds4 ,! nuts seem$ to keep bett] ?an usual :i* ,i attribute to ! cool ra9y wea!r :i* we _h dur+ ! rip5+ p]iod4 ,hot1 dry wea!r causes ! nuts to beg9 spoil+ quickly4 ,my records %[ ,augu/ #g? z ! beg9n+ ( ! rip5+ p]iod & ,octob] #crd z ! end+4 ,s "o c see t ?is is (t5 a hot & dry p]iod 9 our section4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,exc]pt ,,f ,,lett] ,,to ,,secret>y ,,f ,,mrs4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,p\nd5 ,dairy ,dep>tm5t--,ohio ,agric4 ,expt4 ,/a4 ,woo/]1 ,ohio ,octob] #ad1 #aidf ,i am glad to give y ! me?od ,i us$ 9 cann+ pecan k]nels4 ,spread ! %ell$ pecans 9 a %all[ pan & place 9 a w>m ov5 j long en\gh to heat ! k]nels ?r\gh4 ,h clean j>s--pref]ably p9ts s t ! heat w p5etrate m easily 9 process+--:i* h be5 w>m$ 9 ! ov5 to be sure !y are ?or\ghly dry inside be=e add+ ! pecans4 ,fill ! j>s ) ! pecans 7d n add any liquid71 place ! lid on ! j> 7,i pref] ! ,k]r self-seal+ type71 & process ! nut-fill$ j>s 9 a #bej deg4 ov5 = #cj m9utes4 ,i h kept pecan meats = ov] a ye> us+ ?is me?od & !y are z crisp & good z :5 !y came out ( ! %ell4 ,,hybrids ,at an in=mal meet+ at ,dr4 ,dill]'s cab9 ! ev5+ be=e ! ,conv5tion1 ,mr4 ,slate 0 ask$ to say some?+ ab\t hybrids4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,l4 ,slate3 ,hybrids betwe5 black & ,p]sian walnuts 7 made at ,g5eva ab\t #aiaf by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4 ,ald]man1 n[ ( ! ,m9nesota ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,aft] ^! trees _h fruit$ all b five 7 remov$ to p]mit ! rema9+ trees to atta9 full size4 ,! trees h produc$ v few nuts & h be5 absolutely no good4 ,v>i\s p]sons h attempt$ to raise second-g5]ation se$l+s f ^! trees1 b f my obs]vation no "o has succe$$4 ,f :at ,i "k ( ^! hybrids & :at ,re$ has publi%$ ab\t ^? ) :i* he is famili> ,i am conv9c$ x a wa/e ( "t & ef=t to attempt to produce hybrids betwe5 black & ,p]sian walnuts ) ! hope ( gett+ desirable nuts4 ,! trees !mselves are v rapid gr[+1 h&some & well wor? :ile z %ade trees4 ,b ! walnut bre$] w h m to %[ = 8 ef=ts if he conf9es 8 labor = ! "t be+ to improv+ ! black & ,p]sian walnuts by cross+ among !mselves ! _m clones )9 ea* species4 ,h[ev]1 ! unsatisfactory hybrids betwe5 black & ,p]sian walnuts1 ( betwe5 butt]nuts & ,p]sian walnuts %\ld n bl9d u to ! fact t !re are _m species-hybrids ( great pomological value4 ,! hybrids betwe5 ! ,ru% v>iety ( ,corylus am]icana & v>i\s v>ieties ( ,c4 avellana produc$ by ! late ,j4 ,f4 ,jones are v mu* wor? :ile4 ,"s ( our f9e/ r$ raspb]ry v>ieties are hybrids ( ! ,european & ,am]ican species4 ,! purple raspb]ry result$ f cross+ ! r$ & black raspb]ries4 ,all our cultivat$ /rawb]ries are desc5d$ f crosses betwe5 ! native ,virg9ia /rawb]ry & ! ,*ilean /rawb]ry4 ,! valuable new plums f ! ,m9nesota ,exp]im5t ,/ation result$ f cross+ ! native ,am]ican plum1 ,prunus am]icana ) ! ,japanese plum1 ,p4 salic9a4 ,_m ( our be/ grapes1 ! ,boys5b]ry1 ! ,kieff] pe>1 & v>i\s citrus v>ieties are species hybrids4 ,we mu/ n g5]alize too mu* z to ! m]it or lack ( m]it ( species-hybrids4 ,"s are v good & ( great economic importance4 ,_m o!rs ( :i* we nev] he> are )\t m]it1 (t5 be+ disc>d$1 leav+ only a few l9es 9 a notebook to record _! *>act]i/ics4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,w\ld y consid] *e/nut hybrids wor? :ile8 ,mr4 ,slate3 ,if y c get ev]y?+ y ne$ f ! ,*9ese *e/nut ,i see no reason = hybrids ) any o!r4 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,s4 ,colby has made a numb] ( hybrids betwe5 ,full] & ,*9ese4 ,i consid] 8 hybrid ,no4 #b z promis+2 ! nut is l>ge1 beautiful & ( good quality4 ,s f> ,i h f\nd no weevils 9 ?is hybrid4 ,! bur is v ?ick & fle%y1 ) close-set sp9es4 ,possibly ! curculio is n able to p5etrate ! ?ick husk 9 lay+ its eggs4 ,colby ,no4 #b is ! mo/ rapid gr[] ( all my *e/nuts4 ,,pecans ,,) ,,companion ,,ev]gre5s#ae ,tw5ty ye>s ( exp]im5t+ ) pecan trees at ! ,i[a ,p>k /ation h reveal$ t pecans 9 ! ,wi*ita irrigat$ valley ( ,texas d v poorly 9 buffalo grass or ,b]muda sod1 mu* bett] :5 giv5 clean cultivation1 b be/ ( all :5 plant$ ) or ne> ev]gre5s1 p>ticul>ly conif]s4 ,footnote #ae3 ,=ty-,eigh? ,annual ,report1 ,texas ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,p4 #db4 #aide4 ,9 #aibf "s pecan trees 7 set along ! we/ l9e ( ! f>m/ead4 ,mo/ ( ^! di$ soon aft] sett+ & ! few t surviv$ did n gr[ satisfactorily4 ,lat]1 a g5]al f>m/ead improvem5t program call$ = ,arizona cypress along ?is l9e4 ,9 #aicc1 :5 ^! pecan trees 7 sev5 ye>s old1 !y _h made little gr[? & 7 9 su* poor condition t x 0 decid$ to ignore !m & set ! cypress on equal spac+s4 ,"s ( ! cypress trees 7 plac$ v ne> pecan trees :ile o!rs 7 f>!r away4 ,none ( ! pecans 7 remov$1 h[ev]4 ,z ! cypress trees grew1 ! pecan trees ne> !m began to take on new life1 :ile ! isolat$ pecan trees cont9u$ 9 _! un?rifty /ate4 ,z ! ye>s pass$ ! pecans ) companion cypress trees cont9u$ to increase 9 heal? & vigor until !re 0 no d\bt ab\t ! favorable influ5ce ( ?is companion%ip4 ,at ! "t ! cypress trees 7 set close to ! old] pecans1 o!r pecan trees 7 be+ set 9 v>i\s locations on ! f>m/ead2 "s 9 op5 sod & o!rs ) or ne> ev]gre5s ( v>i\s types4 ,! behavior ( ^! trees also confirms ! value ( companion ev]gre5s = pecans 9 ! ,wi*ita irrigat$ valley4 ,at ! age ( sev5 ye>s ! pecan trees 7 ab\t ! same size & 9 equally poor condition4 ,! treatm5t z f> z cultivation & irrigation is conc]n$ has be5 ! same4 ,h5ce1 ! great contra/ 9 size ( ! pecan trees is attribut$ to ! favorable influ5ce ( ! companion conif]s4 ,,note ,,by ,,editor--,heavy %ade c r$uce soil temp]ature1 on summ] aft]noons1 m ?an #bj deg4,f six in*es und]gr\nd4 ,?is may l>gely expla9 ! b5efits ( companion trees4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sawdu/ ,,makes ,,good ,,fruit ,,tree ,,mul* ,_m k9ds ( mat]ial rang+ f pap] to glass wool h be5 us$ z mul*es = fruit trees1 discloses ,j4 ,h4 ,g\rley1 ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture at ,! ,ohio ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,/raw1 hay1 & or*>d m[+s h be5 mo/ commonly us$4 ,9 "s areas1 sawdu/ & %av+s are available 9 quantity & h be5 us$ to "s ext5t = mul*es :i* raises ! que/ions ( :e!r !y make ! soil acid4 ,! ,exp]im5t ,/ation has us$ bo? h>dwood & p9e sawdu/ & also %av+s = a numb] ( ye>s 9 contra/ ) :eat /raw1 alfalfa1 timo?y1 & o!rs4 ,no diff]5ce 9 appe>ance or behavior ( ! trees c be not$4 ,sawdu/ packs & gives poor] a]ation ?an /raw & x requires a l>ge am\nt to mul* a tree4 ,?is mass also absorbs a l>ge am\nt ( ra9fall be=e pass+ ?r\gh to ! soil b no injuri\s effects h be5 not$4 ,! *ief "q has be5 ab\t soil acidity & x may be /at$ t aft] #ab ye>s ( treatm5t ! soil is little or no m acid ?an x is "u bluegrass sod4 ,! soil "u ! latt] has a p,h ( #e4bb1 ! h>dwood sawdu/ #e4jg1 ! s(twood sawdu/ #e4jg1 h>dwood %av+s #e4bj1 & :eat /raw #e4ce4 ,contr>y to ! common conception1 no objection to sawdu/ f ! /&po9t ( soil acidity is ju/ifi$ f ,/ation exp]i5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,two ,,fam\s ,,trees 7,tak5 f ,bruce ,e ,mon?1 ,decemb]1 #aich1 page #ag4 ,publi%$ by ,e4 ,l4 ,bruce ,company1 ,memphis1 ,t5nessee47 ,liv+ monum5ts to a great gov]nor ( ,texas are two nut be>+ trees1 a pecan & an old fa%ion$ walnut4 ,! la/ wi% ( ,gov]nor ,james ,s4 ,hogg 0 t no monum5t ( /one or m>ble be plac$ at 8 grave1 b in/ead !re %\ld be plant$--at my head a pecan tree & at my feet an old fa%ion$ walnut2 & :5 ^! trees %all be>1 let ! pecans & walnuts be giv5 out among ! pla9s p ( ,texas s t !y may plant !m & make ,texas a l& ( trees4 ,8 wi% has be5 fulfill$ 9 its entirety1 _m trees f ^! two p>5t ones adorn+ ! lawns ( s*ools & c\rt h\ses ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate ( ,texas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ohio ,,trees ,,s]ies ,no4 #a4--;,black walnut 7,juglans nigra73--,black walnut is "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( ! =e/ trees native to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is reg>d$ z ! c\ntry's premi] tree = high grade cab9et wood2 x produces valuable nut crops2 & "u c]ta9 conditions is highly effective z an ornam5tal %ade & pa/ure tree4 ,lumb]--,z lumb]1 black walnut is us$ pr9cipally = furniture1 radio cab9ets1 caskets1 int]ior f9i%1 sew+ ma*9es1 & gun /ocks4 ,x is us$ ei!r 9 ! =m ( solid wood cut f lumb] or 9 ! =m ( plywood made by glu+ %eets ( pla9 or figur$ v5e] to bo? sides ( a core4 ,black walnut v5e] is made by ! slic+ me?od & to a limit$ ext5t by ! rot>y-cut me?od4 ,nuts--,9 rec5t ye>s ! black walnut has ga9$ an important position 9 ! k]nel indu/ry4 ,!re has nev] be5 a m>ket surplus ( black walnut k]nels4 ,! dem&1 mo/ly f confection]s & ice cream manufactur]s1 has /eadily increas$ :ile ! supply has be5 limit$ l>gely by ! labor ( crack+ & extract+ ! k]nels4 ,! process ( crack+ ! nuts & sep>at+ ! k]nels f ! %ells has be5 me*aniz$ by a f>m] 9 ,adams ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 to ! ext5t t he uses ov] #d1jjj bu%els ( walnuts p] ye>4 ,he s5ds ! k]nels to m>kets 9 ,new ,york1 ,baltimore1 ,pittsburgh1 ,columbus1 & ,*icago4 ,! facts all emphasize ! economic importance ( ! black walnut 9 a m>ket t is /ill f> f saturat$4 ,ornam5tal ,value--,!re are few trees ^: utility is z great z ! black walnut1 t c rival x 9 beauty z a lawn tree4 ,its long graceful leaves provide a light dappl$ %ade & grass w gr[ luxuriantly up to ! v base ( ! tree4 ,9 its pleas+ =m & maje/ic size ! black walnut c be a great addition to any l&scape4 ,any tree yield+ su* f9e timb] & nuts1 yet possess+ beauty & utility = y>d & pa/ure1 c be no?+ b a s\nd inve/m5t4 ,soil ,requirem5ts--,black walnut gr[s be/ 9 valleys & bottom l&s :]e !re is a ri*1 moi/ soil b well dra9$4 ,x does n g5]ally gr[ on ! high] elevations nor on wet bottom l&s4 ,x usually occurs z a scatt]$ tree 9 h>dwood /&s & along roadsides1 f5ce r[s1 & f5ce corn]s4 ,di/ribution & ,gr[?--,! botanical range ( ?is tree cov]s mo/ ( ! ea/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is among ! m rapid gr[+ h>dwoods4 ,on good sites trees #aj ye>s old w be ab\t #bj feet high & 9 #dj ye>s w rea* #fj feet 9 height & #ab in*es 9 diamet] at brea/ height4 ,accord+ to ,=e/ ,survey figures1 ! e/imat$ m]*antable /& ( walnut 9 ,ohio 9 #aida 0 #aab1bge1jjj bo>d feet :ile ! cut dur+ ! same ye> 0 slightly ov] #c million bo>d feet4 ,pe/s--,! mo/ s]i\s pe/ is ! walnut datana ^: l>vae eat ! leaves4 ,o!r leaf-eat+ insects include ! fall web worm & ! hickory-horn$ devil4 ,sev]al leaf spot diseases h attack$ ! leaves1 also caus+ e>ly defoliation4 ,leaf eat+ insects & leaf spot disease c be controll$ by ! application ( "o spray 9 ,june4 ,?is is compos$ ( ?ree p\nds ( ars5ate ( lead1 t5 p\nds ( p[]$ ,bordeaux mixture1 & a good /ick] 9 "o hundr$ gallons ( wat]4 ,select$ ,v>ieties--,walnut trees v>y greatly 9 ! type ( nut !y produce4 ,! mo/ popul> /ra9s h be5 select$ = propagation4 ,! v>ieties :i* h be5 propagat$ by nurs]ym5 are ! ,?omas1 ,ohio1 ,/abl]1 ,t5 ,eyck1 & ,elm] ,my]s4 ,s9ce ! co/ ( graft$ nut trees is r high1 _m p are int]e/$ 9 plant+ ! nuts ( ! bett] v>ieties = l>ge scale plant+4 ,se$l+ trees may be rais$ easily by anyone1 :]eas mu* skill & practice are requir$ to produce graft$ & budd$ trees4 ,! degree to :i* ! desirable *>act]i/ics ( select$ v>ieties are transmitt$ ?r\gh se$ is n[ be+ /udi$ by ! ,ohio ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,a li/ ( comm]cial nut nurs]ies may be obta9$ by writ+ to ,miss ,mildr$ ,jones1 ,secret>y1 ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,lanca/]1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,ref]5ces--,a few ( ! mo/ out/&+ publications on black walnut are li/$ bel[4 #a4 ,black walnut = timb] & nuts4 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #acib1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #b4 ,nut ,gr[+ 9 ,new ,york4 ,bullet9 #egc1 ,college ( ,agriculture1 ,i?aca1 ,new ,york4 #c4 ,top-work+ & ,b5* ,graft+ ( ,walnut ,trees4 ,special ,circul> #fi1 ,ohio ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,woo/]1 ,ohio4 #d4 ,gr[+ walnut = pr(it4 ,! ,am]ican ,walnut ,manufactur]s ,association1 #faf ,s\? ,mi*igan ,av5ue1 ,*icago #e1 ,ill9ois4 ,exhibits ,gilb]t ,beck]1 ,climax1 ,mi*igan4 ,cra? /ra9s ( ,j4 regia1 hickory1 black walnut k]nels4 ,hebd5 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,hillsdale1 ,mi*igan4 ,cases ( nuts1 fold]s on nut plant+ = success4 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 ,roanoke1 ,virg9ia4 ,*9ese *e/nuts1 hybrid *e/nuts1 tree hazel hybrid1 ,jones hybrid filb]ts1 hazelb]ts1 black walnuts1 ,e4 ,gold5 p]simmons1 ,j4 regia1 hickories1 nut ornam5ts4 ,edw9 ,w4 ,lemke1 ,wa%+ton1 ,mi*igan4 ,he>tnuts1 black walnuts1 filb]ts1 tree hazels1 black walnut wood1 a vacuum nut crack]4 ,jay ,l4 ,smi?1 ,*e/]1 ,new ,york4 ,books1 black walnuts1 hickories1 *e/nuts1 hacksaws1 grafts4 ,e4 ,j4 ,korn1 ,kalamazoo1 ,mi*igan4 ,j4 nigra1 hickories1 filb]ts4 ,s4 ,h4 ,burton1 ,indiana4 ,petrifi$ nuts1 wild hazels4 ,h>ry ,r4 ,web]1 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio4 ,breslau ,p]sian walnuts1 filb]ts4 ,e4 ,p4 ,g]b]1 ,kidron1 ,ohio4 ,photos1 hickories1 *e/nuts1 hicans1 black walnuts4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a41 ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&4 ,gre5 hickory nuts ( sev]al v>ieties4 ,a4 ,g4 ,hirs*i1 ,oklahoma ,city1 ,oklahoma4 ,he>tnuts1 ,j4 regia1 p]simmons1 *e/nuts4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a41 ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&4 #ce l>ge pictures ( fam\s nut & o!r trees fully describ$2 _m o!r small] photos ( fam\s trees rem>kable = cle>ness4 ,john ,davidson1 ,x5ia1 ,ohio4 ,cross-sections ( se$l+ black walnut4 ,a v rem>kable exhibit ( ?9-%ell$ black walnuts4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 ,urbana1 ,ill9ois4 ,a v desirable ,cra? 7se$l+ ,i believe7 ,p]sian walnut4 ,fayette ,ett]1 ,lema/]s1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,l>ge numb] ( filb]t v>ieties4 ,att5dance ,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,truman ,a4 ,jones1 ,f>kesburg1 ,p5na4 ,ge(frey ,a4 ,gray1 ,c9c9nati1 ,o4 ,john ,w4 ,h]%ey1 ,d[n+t[n1 ,p5na4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$ & ,miss ,betty ,re$1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimm]man1 ,l+le/[n1 ,r4 ,i1 ,p5na4 ,s4 ,b4 ,*ase1 ,norris1 ,t5n4 ,?omas ,g4 ,z>g]1 ,norris1 ,t5n4 ,w4 ,a4 ,cumm+s1 ,norris1 ,t5n4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,john ,davidson1 ,x5ia1 ,o4 ,h4 ,c4 ,cook1 ,leetonia1 ,o4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,raymond ,e4 ,silvis1 ,massillon1 ,o4 ,victor ,brook1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,d4 ,ed4 ,seas1 ,orrville1 ,o4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,f4 ,walk]1 ,clevel&1 ,o4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,j4 ,f4 ,wis*hus51 ,clevel&1 ,o4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,s4 ,h4 ,graham1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,waite1 ,p]rysburg1 ,n4 ,y4 ,k5ne? ,w4 ,hunt1 ,yell[ ,spr+s1 ,o4 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilk9son1 ,rockport1 ,ind4 ,william ,s4 ,cl>ke1 ,jr41 ,/ate ,college1 ,p5na4 ,ira ,m4 ,kyhl1 ,sabula1 ,io4 ,edw9 ,w4 ,lemke1 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,william ,c4 ,hodgson1 ,:ite ,hall1 ,md4 ,j4 ,h4 ,g\rley1 ,woo/]1 ,o4 ,h4 ,r4 ,gibbs1 ,mc,lean1 ,va4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,s4 ,b]na?1 ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,c>l ,wes*cke1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n4 ,joseph ,m4 ,ma/]s1 ,woo/]1 ,o4 ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,g5eva1 ,n4 ,y4 ,george ,h4 ,corsan1 ,toronto1 ,ont4 ,mrs4 ,ka!r9e ,c9adr1 #acead ,coa? ,ave41 ,clevel& #bj1 ,o4 ,o4 ,d4 ,dill]1 ,woo/]1 ,o4 ,emmet ,yod]1 ,smi?ville1 ,o4 ,f4 ,l4 ,o',r\rke1 ,e4 ,lans+1 ,mi*4 ,r4 ,e4 ,mc,alpin1 ,e4 ,lans+1 ,mi*4 ,g4 ,j4 ,korn1 ,kalamazoo1 ,mi*4 ,l4 ,w4 ,%]man1 ,canfield1 ,o4 ,h4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,hillsdale1 ,mi*4 ,j4 ,l4 ,smi?1 & daught]1 ,*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,a4 ,j4 ,metzg]1 ,tol$o1 ,o4 ,a4 ,w4 ,weav]1 ,tol$o1 ,o4 ,s4 ,%essl]1 ,g5oa1 ,o4 ,a4 ,a4 ,bung>t1 ,avon1 ,o4 ,/]l+ ,a4 ,smi?1 ,v]milion1 ,o4 ,c4 ,p4 ,/ock]1 ,lora91 ,o4 ,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,john ,e4 ,cannaday1 ,*>le/on1 ,w4 ,va4 ,&res ,cross ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,r4 ,b4 ,be/1 ,eldr$1 ,ill4 ,g4 ,m4 ,br&1 ,l9coln1 ,nebr4 ,wm4 ,m4 ,rohrba*]1 ,i[a ,city1 ,io4 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyd]1 ,c5t] ,po9t1 ,io4 ,wm4 ,n4 ,neff1 ,m>tel1 ,o4 ,e4 ,p4 ,g]b]1 ,kidron1 ,o4 ,geo4 ,kratz]1 ,dalton1 ,o4 ,a4 ,g4 ,hirs*i1 ,oklahoma ,city1 ,okla4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,h>ry ,r4 ,web]1 ,c9c9nati1 ,o4 ,mr4 ,=d ,wallick1 ,p]u1 ,ind4 ,c>l ,prell1 ,s4 ,b5d1 ,ind4 ,alb]t ,b4 ,f]guson1 ,c5t] ,po9t1 ,io4 ,e4 ,f4 ,hu51 ,eldora1 ,io4 ,john ,b4 ,longneck]1 ,orrville1 ,o4 ,p]cy ,s*aible1 ,upp] ,black ,eddy1 ,p5na4 ,ru? ,s*aible1 ,upp] ,black ,eddy1 ,p5na4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,bla9e ,mc,collum1 ,:ite ,hall1 ,md4 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,negus1 ,mt4 ,rani]1 ,md4 ,dr4 ,elb]t ,m4 ,%elton1 ,lakewood1 ,o4 ,h4 ,m4 ,oe/]l+1 ,h>risburg1 ,p5na4 ,frank ,m4 ,k9tzel1 ,c9c9nati1 ,o4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay1 ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation1 ,beltsville1 ,md4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 ,urbana1 ,ill4 ,e4 ,c4 ,soliday1 ,lanca/]1 ,o4 ,l4 ,e4 ,gauly1 ,clevel&1 ,o4 ,mrs4 ,reub5 ,bixl]1 ,apple ,creek1 ,o4