---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,disclaimer ,the articles published in the ,annual ,reports of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are not to be construed as an endorsement by the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 its board of directors1 or its members4 ,no endorsement is intended for products mentioned1 nor is criticism meant for products not mentioned4 ,the laws and recommendations for pesticide application may have changed since the articles were written4 ,it is always the pesticide applicator's responsibility1 by law1 to read and follow all current label directions for the specific pesticide being used4 ,the discussion of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association ,,incorporated ,affiliated with ,the ,american ,horticultural ,society #cgth ,annual ,report ,,convention ,,at ,,wooster1 ,,ohio ,,september #c1 #d1 #e #aidf ,table of ,contents ,officers and ,committees #c ,state ,vice ,presidents #d ,list of ,members #e ,constitution #ba ,by-,laws #bb ,proceedings of the ,thirty-,seventh ,annual ,convention #bc ,address of ,welcome--,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,gourley #bc ,response--,john ,e4 ,cannaday1 ,m4,d4 #bd ,address of ,retiring ,president--,carl ,weschcke #bd ,report of ,secretary--,mildred ,m4 ,jones #be ,report of the ,treasurer--,d4 ,c4 ,snyder #bf ,aims and ,aspirations of the ,ohio ,nut ,growers--,a4 ,a4 ,bungart #bg ,notes on the ,annual ,meeting #ca ,nut ,growing ,under ,semi-,arid ,conditions--,a4 ,g4 ,hirschi #cb ,weather ,conditions versus ,nut ,tree ,crops--,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson #cg ,nut ,tree ,notes from ,southwestern ,ohio--,harry ,r4 ,weber #ci ,black ,walnut ,nursery ,studies--,stuart ,b4 ,chase #dj ,my ,experiments1 ,gambles and ,failures--,john ,davidson #db ,nut ,trees in ,wildlife ,conservation--,floyd ,b4 ,chapman #de ,commercial ,aspects of ,nut ,crops as far ,north as ,st4 ,paul1 ,minnesota--,carl ,weschcke #dh ,the #aidf ,status of ,chinese ,chestnut ,growing in the ,eastern ,united ,states--,clarence ,a4 ,reed #ea ,bearing ,record of the ,hemming ,chinese ,chestnut ,orchard--,e4 ,sam ,hemming #eh ,walnut ,notes--,g4 ,h4 ,corsan #fj ,self-fruitfulness in the ,winkler ,hazel--,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby #fj ,hickories and ,other ,nuts in ,northwestern ,illinois--,a4 ,b4 ,anthony #fa ,nut ,trees for ,ohio ,pastures--,dr4 ,oliver ,d4 ,diller #fb ,how ,hardy ,are ,oriental ,chestnuts and ,hybrids8--,russell ,b4 ,clapper and ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt #fd ,growing ,chestnuts for ,timber--,jesse ,d4 ,diller #ff ,improved ,methods of ,storing ,chestnuts--,h4 ,l4 ,crane and ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay #ga ,essential ,elements in ,tree ,nutrition--,w4 ,f4 ,wischusen #gc ,nut ,tree ,propagation as a ,hobby for a ,chemist--,dr4 ,e4 ,m4 ,shelton #hc ,notes on ,propagation and ,transplanting in ,western ,tennessee--,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel #hg ,propagating ,nut ,trees ,under ,glass--,stephen ,bernath #ij ,the ,economic1 ,ecological and ,horticultural ,aspects of ,intercropping ,nut ,plantings--,dr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,o',rourke #ia ,nut ,work at the ,mahoning ,county ,experiment ,farm1 ,canfield1 ,ohio--,l4 ,walter ,sherman #ic ,the ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,contest of #aidf #if #aidf ,iowa ,black ,walnut ,contest #ih ,grafting ,methods ,adapted to ,nut ,trees--,h4 ,f4 ,stoke #ii ,beginnings in ,walnut ,grafting--,c4 ,c4 ,lounsberry #ajc ,forest ,background--,john ,davidson #ajf ,graft the ,persian ,walnut ,high in ,michigan--,gilbert ,becker #aaa ,pecan ,growing in ,western ,illinois--,r4 ,b4 ,best #aab ,random ,notes from ,eastern ,new ,york--,gilbert ,l4 ,smith #aad ,yield and ,nut ,quality of the ,common ,black ,walnut in the ,tennessee ,valley--,thomas ,g4 ,zarger #aah ,the #aidf ,field ,tour--,c4 ,a4 ,reed #abd ,report of ,resolutions ,committee #abf ,obituary--,gourley1 ,bixby #abf ,letters to the ,secretary2 ,notes2 ,extracts #abh ,list of ,exhibits #acc ,attendance #acd ,,officers ,,of ,,the ,,association ,president--,,clarence ,a4 ,,reed1 #gcji ,piney ,branch ,rd41 ,n4,w41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,vice ,president--,,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,,macdaniels1 ,cornell ,university1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,treasurer--,d4 ,c4 ,,snyder1 ,center ,point1 ,iowa ,secretary--,,mildred ,m4 ,,jones1 ,,box #cef1 ,lancaster1 ,penna4 ,director--,,carl ,,weschcke1 #if ,s4 ,wabasha ,st41 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,director--,,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,colby1 ,university of ,illinois1 ,urbana1 ,ill4 ,dean--,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,litchfield1 ,conn4 ,parliamentarian--,,john ,,davidson1 #bcd ,e4 ,second ,st41 ,xenia1 ,o4 ,,executive ,,appointments ,,parliamentarian ,john ,davidson ,,legal ,,advisers ,sargent ,wellman1 ,harry ,weber ,,auditing ,e4 ,p4 ,gerber1 ,g4 ,a4 ,gray1 ,r4 ,e4 ,silvis ,,finance ,carl ,weschcke1 ,harry ,weber1 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder ,,press ,,and ,,publication ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan ,,varieties ,,and ,,contests--,gilbert ,becker1 ,gilbert ,l4 ,smith1 ,l4 ,walter ,sherman1 ,a4 ,g4 ,hirschi1 ,seward ,bethow ,,survey ,john ,davidson ,,exhibits--,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimmerman1 ,mrs4 ,herbert ,negus1 ,i4 ,w4 ,short1 ,gilbert ,l4 ,smith1 ,h4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,l4 ,walter ,sherman1 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 ,royal ,oakes1 ,seward ,berhow1 ,george ,brand1 ,a4 ,g4 ,hirschi1 ,r4 ,t4 ,dunstan1 ,spencer ,b4 ,chase and ,abe ,margolin1 ,carl ,weschcke1 ,,program--,mildred ,jones1 ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,o4 ,d4 ,diller1 ,thomas ,g4 ,zarger1 ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,clarence ,a4 ,reed ,,membership--,mrs4 ,s4 ,h4 ,graham1 ,a4 ,a4 ,bungart1 ,mrs4 ,herbert ,negus1 ,george ,kratzer1 ,lewis ,a4 ,theiss ,,necrology--,mrs4 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,mrs4 ,john ,hershey1 ,mrs4 ,william ,rohrbacher1 ,mrs4 ,john ,davidson1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,,place ,,of ,,meeting 7,both #aidg and #aidh7--;,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder1 ,g4 ,j4 ,korn ,,official ,,journal--,american ,fruit ,grower1 #aggj ,ontario ,st41 ,cleveland1 ,ohio ,state ,vice ,presidents ,alabama ,,lovic ,,orr ,alberta1 ,canada ,a4 ,l4 ,,young ,arkansas ,,searles ,,johnson ,british ,columbia1 ,can4 ,j4 ,u4 ,,gellatly ,california ,,dr4 ,,thomas ,r4 ,,haig ,canal ,zone ,l4 ,c4 ,,leighton ,colorado ,w4 ,a4 ,,colt ,connecticut ,,william ,g4 ,,canfield ,delaware ,,edward ,c4 ,,lake ,georgia ,g4 ,,clyde ,,eidson ,idaho ,,fred ,,baisch ,illinois ,,joseph ,,gerardi ,indiana ,,dr4 ,,charles ,h4 ,,skinner ,iowa ,e4 ,f4 ,,huen ,kansas ,h4 ,s4 ,,wise ,kentucky ,,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,moss ,louisiana ,j4 ,,hill ,,fullilove ,maine ,,radcliffe ,b4 ,,pike ,maryland ,,wilmer ,p4 ,,hoopes ,massachusetts ,,dr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,,van ,,meter ,mexico ,,julio ,,grandjean ,michigan ,,gilbert ,,becker ,minnesota ,r4 ,e4 ,,hodgson ,mississippi ,,dr4 ,,ernest ,a4 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,aldrich1 ,a4 ,w41 ,r4 ,d4 #c1 ,springfield ,ellis1 ,zenas ,h41 ,fair ,haven4 ,perpetual ,membership ,in ,memoriam ,farrington1 ,robert ,a41 ,vermont ,forest ,service1 ,montpelier ,foster1 ,forest ,k41 ,west ,topsham ,ladd1 ,paul1 ,hilltop ,farm1 ,jamaica ,,virginia ,acker1 ,e4 ,d41 ,co41 ,broadway ,brewster1 ,stanley ,h41 ,cerro ,gordo1 ,gainesville ,burton1 ,george ,l41 #gbh ,college ,st41 ,bedford ,case1 ,lynn ,b41 ,r4 ,d4 #a1 ,fredericksburg ,dickerson1 ,t4 ,c1 #caf-efth ,st41 ,newport ,news ,gibbs1 ,h4 ,r41 ,mc,lean ,johnson1 ,dr4 ,walter ,r41 ,garrisonville ,morse1 ,chandler1 ,valross1 ,r4 ,d4 #e1 ,alexandria ,nix1 ,robert ,w41 ,jr41 ,lucketts ,pertzoff1 ,dr4 ,v4 ,a41 ,carter's ,bridge ,peters1 ,john ,rogers1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #cg1 ,mc,lean ,pinner1 ,h4 ,mc,r41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #aee1 ,suffolk ,powell1 ,frank1 ,stuart ,stoke1 ,h4 ,f41 #adbj ,watts ,ave41 ,roanoke ,stoke1 ,dr4 ,john ,h41 #djh-aj ,boxley ,bldg41 ,roanoke ,thompson1 ,h4 ,c41 ,short ,thompson1 ,inc41 ,hopewell ,variety 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9999 ,honorary ,member ,,constitution ,,article ,i--,,name ,this ,society shall be known as the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,incorporated4 ,,article ,,ii--,,object ,its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants1 their products and their culture4 ,,article ,,iii--,,membership ,membership in this society shall be open to all persons who desire to further nut culture1 without reference to place of residence or nationality1 subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on membership4 ,,article ,,iv--,,officers ,there shall be a president1 a vice-president1 a secretary and a treasurer1 who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting2 and a board of directors consisting of six persons1 of which the president1 the two last retiring presidents1 the vice-president1 the secretary and the treasurer shall be members4 ,there shall be a state vice-president from each state1 dependency1 or country represented in the membership of the association1 who shall be appointed by the president4 ,,article ,v--,,election ,,of ,,officers ,a committee of five members shall be elected at the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the following year4 ,,article ,,vi--,,meetings ,the place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected by the membership in session or1 in the event of no selection being made at this time1 the board of directors shall choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention4 ,such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the president and board of directors4 ,,article ,,vii--,,quorum ,ten members of the ,association shall constitute a quorum but must include two of the four officers4 ,,article ,,viii--,,amendments ,this constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting1 notice of such amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting1 or copy of the proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting4 ,,by-,,laws ,,article ,i--,,committees ,the ,association shall appoint standing committees as follows3 ,on membership1 on finance1 on programme1 on press and publication1 on exhibits1 on varieties and contests1 on survey1 and an auditing committee4 ,the committee on membership may make recommendations to the ,association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member4 ,,article ,,ii--,,fees ,annual members shall pay two dollars annually4 ,contributing members shall pay ten dollars annually4 ,life members shall make one payment of fifty dollars and shall be exempt from further dues and shall be entitled to the same benefits as annual members4 ,honorary members shall be exempt from dues4 ,perpetual membership is eligible to any one who leaves at least five hundred dollars to the ,association and such membership on payment of said sum to the ,association shall entitle the name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as ,perpetual with the words ,in ,memoriam added thereto4 ,funds received therefor shall be invested by the ,treasurer in interest bearing securities legal for trust funds in the ,district of ,columbia4 ,only the interest shall be expended by the ,association4 ,when such funds are in the treasury the ,treasurer shall be bonded4 ,provided3 that in the event the ,association becomes defunct or dissolves then1 in that event1 the ,treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose for such uses1 individuals or companies that the donor may designate at the time he makes the bequest or the donation4 ,,article ,,iii--,,membership ,all annual memberships shall begin ,october #ast4 ,annual dues received from new members after ,april first shall entitle the new member to full membership until ,october first of that year and a credit of one-half annual dues for the following year4 ,,article ,,iv--,,amendments ,by-,laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members present at any meeting4 ,,article ,v ,members1 shall be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they are due and1 if not paid within two months1 they shall be sent a second notice1 telling them that they are not in good standing on account of non-payment of dues and are not entitled to receive the annual report4 ,at the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice1 a third notice shall be sent notifying such members that1 unless dues are paid within ten days from the receipt of this notice1 their names will be dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues4 ,proceedings of the ,thirty-seventh ,annual ,convention ,report of the ,proceedings of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association at its thirty-seventh ,annual ,convention1 held at ,wooster1 ,ohio1 ,september #c1 #d1 #e1 #aidf1 in the auditorium of the ,ohio ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,the convention was called to order at #aj ,a4,m4 with the ,president1 ,carl ,weschcke1 in the chair4 ,address of ,welcome ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,gourley1 of the ,wooster ,experiment ,station ,the thing that would strike me particularly about this meeting we are having is to see people come from so far away2 a group that is on fire with interest in a fruit which has no great economic importance1 in a place like the central west1 in comparison with other fruits4 ,another thing that is interesting1 as contrasted with other fruit groups1 would be this2 that the extent to which nuts become of great economic importance in these places lies very largely with you4 ,it seems to me that without the insistent desire of a very small minority of people an industry like this would not get very far4 ,ohio has not done as much as she should4 ,you may have come to ,ohio to give us a shot in the arm4 ,on behalf of the ,director1 ,i want to extend to you a cordial welcome to the ,experiment ,station and to ,wooster4 ,this ,station has #cfjj acres of land and one-third is at ,wooster--#abjj acres4 ,we have #ae district and county farms1 #fc1jjj acres in state forests and parks4 ,this station has introduced a number of varieties of wheat4 ,sixty to seventy-five per cent of all wheat in ,ohio is grown from varieties that originated at this station4 ,this station was organized in #ahhb at ,columbus4 ,the ,federal ,hatch ,act permitting this type of organization was passed in #ahhg2 thus ,ohio was five years ahead of the ,federal ,act4 ,in #ahib1 the station was moved from ,columbus to ,wooster4 ,the state act provided that an experiment station should be located within fifty miles of ,columbus1 but later it was permitted to extend the distance to #ajj miles4 ,they settled on ,wooster1 which is #ij miles4 ,the tendency is to work more and more closely with the ,state ,university4 ,the trend seems to be so they will function as one agricultural institution4 ,i would like to extend the keys of the ,station to you1 but the keys may not unlock the fruit storage4 ,i trust you will have a most profitable time while you are with us4 ,response ,by ,john ,e4 ,cannaday1 ,m4 ,d41 ,charleston1 ,west ,virginia ,it is a pleasure to meet here under such favorable auspices and to be received with these hospitable words by ,dr4 ,gourley4 ,in recent years1 ,ohio has gone far in nut growing under his leadership and that of his staff4 ,pennsylvania also has done a great deal to put nut growing on its feet4 ,my own state1 ,west ,virginia1 is also making good headway4 ,in the early #aijj's ,i got the 'bee'1 but ,i lost two or three of my first few trees4 ,in #aiag ,i imported some chestnuts from ,japan for planting and tried out various schemes in nut growing4 ,in my opinion1 chestnuts are the most important nuts for human food that grow in the temperate zone4 ,it is interesting to observe how chestnuts follow true to seed in many respects4 ,i have been advised that all of the chestnuts grown in ,china are from selected seed4 ,every foot of steep mountain land in some sections of ,italy is said to be completely covered with chestnut trees4 ,in my state1 the weevil is the scourge of chestnuts2 ,i had hoped that after the chestnut blight destroyed our native chestnuts1 the ,chinese and ,japanese chestnuts would be free from that pest4 ,where it came from ,i do not know1 unless it came from the chinkapin4 ,west ,virginia has chinkapins and these1 being blight resistant1 apparently have kept up the supply of weevils4 ,occasionally1 shortly before the chestnuts begin to ripen1 a few decay from some type of rot4 ,i took a census of my chestnut trees recently and found #hj trees of bearing age4 ,some of the largest are #bb to #bd feet in height1 with a trunk diameter of #e inches or more4 ,none have been pruned but have maintained their normal branch formation and grow low4 ,the timber tree must be yet to come4 ,i have read interesting statements to the effect that in parts of ,china and ,burma1 there are chestnut trees of timber shape and size4 ,chestnut trees are likely to become of extreme importance in our future economy4 ,the nuts fill a very significant place in our dietary needs4 ,we should continue to plant chestnut trees and take care of them4 ,i have also from #cej to #djj younger trees that are coming on1 and ,i want to plant additional chestnut trees every year4 ,the black walnut and hickory nut are very important1 but the chestnut crop is the corn crop of the nuts4 ,address of ,retiring ,president ,carl ,weschcke1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minnesota ,our last convention at ,hershey1 ,pa41 in ,september #aida1 was a very outstanding one4 ,not only was it successful because of good attendance1 excellent addresses and the places of interest we visited1 particularly the home of ,mildred ,jones1 our ,secretary1 at ,lancaster and of the late ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimmerman at ,linglestown1 but it was important because it marked the beginning of a long period during which we had to forego our conventions4 ,the death of ,dr4 ,zimmerman shortly before that meeting dampened our usually jovial spirits when we were entertained at his home1 but his wife did much to alleviate this4 ,to me1 the last convention we held was by far the most important since the very first one at ,new ,york in ,november1 #aiaj1 because at it ,i received the honour of being chosen president for the ensuing year4 ,this was during the era when presidents were usually re-elected for a second term1 but ,i assure you that ,i have not served as president for this long period because ,i have been seeking to emulate other presidents1 but only because the war years prevented our holding the annual meetings at which our officers are elected4 ,in mentioning any part of the history of our group1 we should always remember that we owe its existence to ,dr4 ,deming1 who is now ,dean of the ,association4 ,now it is not my province to make a long speech about the ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a41 because a number of other people will talk to you about it4 ,i believe that the growth of our society in recent years has fulfilled the fondest dreams of ,dr4 ,deming1 since we have almost doubled our membership since #aida4 ,we now have approximately over #fjj members4 ,people all over the ,united ,states are becoming aware of the value of nuts as food important to men4 ,it is too bad that nuts have not been available on a competitive price basis with other foods1 and that luxury prices have limited interest in nuts among the women buyers4 ,a better understanding of the uses and comparative value of nuts is gradually coming about which will result in a tremendous demand on the nut-growing industry1 which of course1 includes the nurserymen who develop and grow all varieties of nut trees4 ,it is unfortunate for our newer members that they will never have the opportunity of knowing those men who were among our earliest and most valued associates whom death has recently taken from us and that they are thus deprived of the pleasure and knowledge they might have gained through personal contact with the wisdom and friendliness these men displayed4 ,let us all take advantage of every opportunity we have to meet with and learn from the senior members of our group who are with us today4 ,they are the salt of the earth1 ,i assure you4 ,to those of you who have come long distances from your homes to attend this annual meeting of the ,n4,n4,g4,a41 to our hosts and to all of my good friends here1 may ,i express my great pleasure at meeting again with you after so long a time4 ,secretary's ,report ,mildred ,m4 ,jones1 ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania ,in addition to the regular routine duties of answering inquiries about the ,association1 sales of reports1 giving information about nut trees1 where they may be obtained1 and sources of additional reading material and reference material about nut tree work1 a large part of the time ,i could devote to ,association affairs this year was in preparation for this meeting4 ,because of travel restrictions1 and the fact that the ,canadian ,national ,exhibition would not be held this fall1 and assurance from the ,toronto ,convention and ,tourist ,association1 ,inc4 that the ,exhibition would be resumed in the fall of #aidg1 and that it would be a newer and greater show1 it seemed advisable to place these facts before the members1 and allow them to vote on their preference for a meeting place this fall4 ,in addition to responses from the officers1 ,i received #fc votes from members1 #cg of which were for ,wooster1 ,ohio1 #bd for ,beltsville1 ,maryland1 and #c for ,canada4 ,since the letter asking for votes carried the understanding that we were putting the ,canadian meeting off for a year by voting for a place in the ,u4 ,s4 this year1 and were not canceling the ,canadian invitation1 this would explain the small vote for ,canada4 ,our program committee this year was comprised of three members and myself--,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 whose many years of ,association work and wide acquaintance made him an invaluable source of suggestions2 ,dr4 ,oliver ,diller1 who took charge of the tremendous task of handling local arrangements2 and ,mr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,bungart1 who helped greatly in procuring speakers4 ,these men helped so splendidly that ,i should like here to voice my thanks and appreciation4 ,much new data for the revision of the #d-page pamphlet giving information about the ,association1 sources of seeds1 nut tree nurserymen1 and reference material for reading has been gathered for printing4 ,since ,i accepted the secretaryship in time for the first convention after the war1 it seemed advisable to me to hold this material until it could be turned over to my successor who will be elected at this meeting1 rather than put the ,association to the expense of printing only a small number of circulars4 ,a good many inquiries were received during the year for sources of certain varieties of nuts4 ,it would help the secretary1 and also the members1 to have a list of those who have nuts for sale4 ,treasurer's ,report ,for ,period from ,october #a1 #aide to ,september #cj1 #aidf ,,receipts3 ,annual ,membership #hga4jj ,contributing ,membership-- ,philip ,allen #aj4jj ,sale of ,reports #aed4hj ,zenas ,h4 ,ellis ,legacy #iej4jj ,miscellaneous #d4jj ------- #a1ihi4hj ,,disbursements3 ,subscriptions to ,fruit ,grower #gi4dj ,supplies #ab4eb ,secretary's ,expense #fj4eb ,treasurer's ,expenses #da4id ,miscellaneous #aj4jj ------- #bjd4ch ---------- ,excess of ,receipts over ,disbursments #a1ghe4db ,balance on ,hand--,october #a1 #aide #a1dgd4df ---------- ,total ,balance--,september #a1 #aidf #c1bei4hh ,deposited in ,walker ,state ,bank #c1bcf4jg ,cash on ,hand #bc4ha #c1bei4hh ,notes on the ,annual ,meeting ,a telegram was sent to ,dr4 ,deming in reply to one of greeting from him1 and various committees were appointed4 ,mr4 ,corsan suggested that an exhibit of nuts be placed on display in the ,royal ,york ,hotel1 ,toronto1 ,canada4 ,mr4 ,hirschi said that for killing trees by poison he uses two pounds white arsenic1 one pound caustic soda and one gallon of water4 ,a member stated that a few drops of mercury would answer the same purpose4 ,mr4 ,hirschi stated that he found the ,niblack pecan an almost perfect cracker1 bringing a premium price4 ,mr4 ,wilkinson stated that while the ,niblack pecan had never been a prolific bearer1 the nut has few equals4 ,perhaps intensive cultivation would improve the bearing4 ,it was voted to leave the date of the next meeting to the executive committee4 ,mr4 ,spencer ,chase1 of the ,,tva1 invited the members to meet in ,tennessee at an early date4 ,the ,president3 ,we should consider this a fine invitation for #aidh4 ,for #aidg we should honor our commitments and go to ,canada4 ,a free discussion occurred on the suggestion to establish a nut journal and on the proposal to raise the dues4 ,the ,president suggested that the way to get the work of association done promptly would be to pay for it4 ,dr4 ,mc,kay expressed doubt about the inadvisability of raising the dues4 ,mr4 ,walker thought that if the dues were raised it should be to the extent of a dollar on account of the inconvenience of sending fractional currency4 ,the treasurer suggested the advisability of getting out a mimeographed letter to record progress4 ,mr4 ,slate emphasized the importance of producing a good report to hold the members4 ,mr4 ,hershey also approved the idea of getting out a news letter or progress report4 ,the ,president suggested that one thousand members would settle the whole question4 ,mr4 ,jay ,smith stated he thought the ,association should advertise in some way1 especially in sportsmen's magazines4 ,a motion on the part of ,mr4 ,stoke to raise the dues by fifty cents per year was lost4 ,the nominating committee made the following nominations for officers for the ensuing year1 #aidf-dg3 ,clarence ,a4 ,reed1 ,president ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,vice-,president ,miss ,mildred ,m4 ,jones1 ,secretary ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder1 ,treasurer ,the nominating committee also1 through its chairman1 ,mr4 ,weber1 recommended that appropriate steps be taken at the next annual meeting to amend the ,constitution to consolidate the offices of treasurer and secretary so that they can be filled by one person1 and that the remuneration of the secretary-treasurer be fixed at fifty cents per member4 ,mr4 ,stoke moved that the report of the nominating committee be approved1 and that the nominees be declared elected4 ,motion was seconded and carried4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder offered the following resolution3 ,because of the great and enduring service that ,dr4 ,william ,c4 ,deming has rendered the ,association1 ,i move that he be named ,dean of the ,association and be given an honorary life membership1 without payment of dues4 ,the motion was seconded1 and carried with applause4 ,on being called to the chair1 the newly-elected ,president1 ,clarence ,a4 ,reed1 spoke as follows3 ,i take this as a very great honor2 it is an equally great responsibility4 ,all ,i can say is that ,i appreciate it deeply1 and that ,i will give you the best service ,i have in me4 ,the ,ohio ,section of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,inc41 submitted a copy of its ,constitution containing a provision that it affiliate with the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association by having its accredited members become also members of both ,associations4 ,after an open discussion by officers and members of both ,associations1 a resolution was adopted by the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association expressing appreciation to the ,ohio organization for their offer of affiliation1 and accepting such affiliation on the terms stated4 ,it was also brought out as the sense of the meeting that the ,executive ,committee work out any necessary details in connection with this and any subsequent affiliation on the part of any district or state ,association1 the same to be submitted to the next annual meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association for ratification4 ,it was also recommended that the ,president appoint a member of each affiliating ,association to the ,executive ,committee of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association4 ,this statement is made in lieu of an accurate transcript of the proceedings1 or a verbatim report of the resolution as adopted1 neither of which is available4 ,aims and ,aspirations of the ,ohio ,nut ,growers ,a4 ,a4 ,bungart1 ,avon1 ,ohio ,in one of the previous bulletins of the ,,nnga1 there appeared an eighteen-point program formulated by the ,ohio ,nut ,growers4 ,no doubt you are wondering what has been done and is being done to make this program function4 ,we have eliminated one point1 the one on the pollen bank4 ,at the time our program was being prepared we assumed that nut pollen could be stored for several weeks or months3 ,since nut pollen does not remain viable in storage1 we shall substitute a point on the use of lime1 fertilizers of various formulas and the use of trace elements in nut culture4 ,the ,ohio ,forestry ,association on ,january #ah1 #aidd1 passed a resolution approving our eighteen-point program4 ,as you are well aware1 the war put a damper on many activities1 nut and otherwise4 ,here in ,ohio1 the nut crops of #aidd and #aide were virtually failures2 even the crop of #aidf is decidedly spotty4 ,yet in spite of the war and adverse weather conditions1 the ,ohio growers are looking forward1 and planning for the future4 ,as a group we are directing our efforts to the attainment of two specific objectives4 ,in the first place1 we have almost #cjj collected as prize money for ,state nut contests4 ,i take this opportunity to announce a donation of #aje from ,mr4 ,john ,davidson1 of ,xenia1 ,ohio4 ,with the aid of such a generous contributor1 we are able to offer a first prize of #ej2 second prize of #be2 third prize of #ae2 fourth prize of #aj2 fifth prize of #e2 and five one-dollar prizes for black walnuts4 ,in three or five years we intend to have another contest2 either a sweepstakes of #aaj1 or a repetition of the amounts offered this year4 ,we may keep the contest open next year and the year after for those wishing to enter nuts for the final awards4 ,in this way1 too1 we include black walnuts which are not bearing this year4 ,our follow-up will work something like this3 ,we intend to keep a record over the years of the performance of each of the ten prize winners and the ten honorable mentions of the #aidf contest4 ,to that end we have made a score card4 ,the first section of this card will contain information useful to the ,department of ,forestry and to nut culture in general1 but it will not be a factor in selecting the prize winner unless a virtual tie might result in the sweepstakes contest4 ,this section will include3 #a4 ,location--owner1 ,county1 rural route1 village1 town1 state route1 etc4 #b4 ,location of ,tree--isolated1 moderately crowded1 in dense woods1 farm1 pasture1 city lot1 fence row1 general ecology2 types of other trees in neighborhood1 air drainage1 exposure4 #c4 ,size of ,tree--circumference #d-a_/b ft4 from the ground1 probable age1 height1 limb spread2 shape1 tall1 short2 symmetry or lack of it4 #d4 ,type of ,soil--bottom land1 slope and direction1 upland2 clay1 loam1 alluvial2 presence or absence of humus2 acidity2 sod or cultivated1 mulch or not2 depth and kind of subsoil4 #e4 ,moisture ,conditions--presence of stream or tile drain1 proximity to to stream1 lake1 pond1 etc4 #f4 ,fertility ,conditions--wild natural state1 near barnyard1 fertilized or not with manure or commercial fertilizers1 application of lime1 etc4 ,the second section will contain information that will aid in awarding the final prizes4 ,superior rating under this head might1 in the final judging1 make an honorable mention of the #aidf contest the best all around performer three or five years hence4 ,this section will include3 #a4 ,resistance to disease and insect pests #b points #b4 ,bearing habits over the given period2 annual1 biennial1 occasional #g points #c4 ,length of growing season2 rate of growth2 time of blossoming 7staminate and pistillate flowers71 time of leafing out1 time of nut ripening1 time of leaf fall #d points #d4 ,size of nut clusters1 range in number of nuts1 per cluster1 number of pounds of immature nuts #b points #e4 ,size of crop in proportion to tree #e points ,total #bj points ,some formula will have to be worked out for the last1 i4e41 size of crop in proportion to the size of tree4 ,perhaps we might say the crop equals 7pounds of nuts7 _/ 7r squared x h7 in which r would represent the radius or half the limb spread and h the height1 measured from the top to lowest branches4 ,for example1 if a tree that yielded #ajj pounds of nuts had a limb spread of #bj feet and was twenty feet high1 it would have a value of #ajj _/ 7#aj squared x #bj7 or #a_/bj4 ,the fraction1 of course1 could be eliminated if the number of nuts were substituted for pounds4 ,it is hardly likely that such a formula would be used for all the trees1 probably only in instances where scores in other respects were close4 ,the third section of the score card will record the rating of the judges on the cracking qualities and other characteristics of the nuts themselves4 ,any form accepted and approved by the ,,nnga will be satisfactory4 ,we plan to use this system for hickory1 butternut and other nut contests4 ,without a ,mr4 ,davidson1 however1 we shall be compelled to reduce our prizes for the other contests4 ,i should like to take this opportunity to thank ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed for originating this plan4 ,he told us we ought to know more about the trees from which the prize nuts were taken4 ,our score card aims at a complete record4 ,our second aim is to secure a full time research worker in nut culture under the ,horticultural ,department of ,ohio4 ,we have the promise of ,director ,secrest that he will include in his biennial budget an appropriation for such a specialist4 ,we have the encouragement of ,dr4 ,gourley1 the head of the department4 ,but both men will expect us to do our part4 ,both expect us to speak for our group and our project when the time comes4 ,we accept that responsibility4 ,our group has already contacted the members of the finance committee that passes on the budget1 and we expect to have our representatives present when the budget is discussed in committee4 ,at present1 to be sure1 we cannot furnish or even promise an endowment in money4 ,sixty ,nut ,grower members can scarcely compete with such powerful groups as the ,apple ,growers1 the ,hybrid ,corn ,breeders1 the ,poultrymen and others4 ,we can1 however1 furnish an endowment of men4 ,among our members we have such men as ,mr4 ,davidson1 ,mr4 ,shessler1 ,mr4 ,cranz1 ,mr4 ,smith and ,mr4 ,weber1 along with many others who have done a great deal with nut trees4 ,a research worker could draw upon their advice1 their experience1 their technique4 ,he would have as his assistants men who were actuated by no mercenary or selfish motives1 and would give of their time and trees to make this dream a reality4 ,certainly much of the experimental work such as the crossing of varieties could well be performed on the trees of individual members4 ,the need of such an expert is obvious4 ,the job of getting ahead in nut culture is too big for any one of us4 ,we all know1 frequently to our regret1 that nut growing is a slow and at times a discouraging business4 ,if we are honest with ourselves we have to admit failures again and again2 yet the work is creative and fascinating4 ,we always plan to eliminate some blunder1 to perfect some method1 next year4 ,sometimes a man has a green thumb1 or a magic touch1 or whatever it takes to make grafts grow1 or buds take1 or hunches to succeed4 ,such a man was ,mr4 ,otto ,witte1 of ,north ,amherst4 ,as a nonagenarian1 he was ever looking ahead to another year with his beloved trees1 but he died in his nineties4 ,some of his prize trees have been cut down and probably others will be4 ,what has happened to the experiments of #fj years8 ,another such man was ,mr4 ,ross ,fickes1 of ,wooster1 whose skill in grafting nut trees was at once our envy and our admiration4 ,when his farm is sold1 will the new owner sense the hand of the master and watch carefully over the walnuts and hickories1 or will he cut them down8 ,i suppose that death brings an end to many a business1 but the nut business is a new one1 and a slow one1 too4 ,it is regretted that a life time of patient care and painstaking research is lost to us and to nut culture4 ,true1 a nut specialist will not keep death from the door of nut growers1 nor will he save their groves from destruction1 but he can keep a record of each grower's trees4 ,he can plant his trees and lay out his plantings on state land where there would be more assurance of permanency4 ,once a nut department is established there is good reason to suppose that the work would go on until certain objectives were attained4 ,well1 what should our specialist specialize in8 ,may ,i suggest a few activities8 ,such a specialist would be the proper person to keep the score cards of the prize-winning black walnuts1 hickories1 butternuts and ,english 7,persian7 walnuts of nut contests held in the state4 ,he would have the time and space for grafting scions from such trees for further observation and study4 ,in the second place1 he could plant and study other varieties under identical conditions and observe their performance4 ,by correlating these data with the records of individual growers he ought to be able to recommend certain varieties of nut trees for various sections of the state4 ,in ,ohio1 we have chapters of the ,izaak ,walton ,league2 we have ,friends of the ,land2 we have sportsmens clubs2 we have extensive tracts of municipal and state land4 ,we have the problem of doing something constructive with strip mining areas2 we have1 and will have under contour farming1 little crazy-quilt blocks of land unsuitable for cultivation4 ,all these agencies and all these needs tie in with the intelligent use of trees1 particularly nut trees1 because they serve a fourfold purpose2 lumber1 food1 erosion control1 and a balanced wild life4 ,here is where the nut specialist would enter the scene4 ,by collecting data1 by pooling the results of the individual growers1 and especially by selection and breeding1 he should be able to recommend the proper varieties of nut trees for specific needs4 ,it seems to me1 however1 that the main job of such a worker should be to produce a streamlined black walnut1 a thin-shelled1 good-cracking1 fast-growing walnut4 ,the black walnut is1 indeed1 a regal tree4 ,it grows all over the ,state4 ,here is a tree of almost infinite variation4 ,what an opportunity for the genetic scientist6 ,what an opportunity for the nut specialist6 ,in connection with the improvement of the black walnut as a nut and timber tree1 the specialist might well investigate the ,english or ,persian walnut4 ,what about the possibilities of ,circassian walnut lumber8 ,what is to prevent the growers and the specialist from planting the ,english walnut for timber8 ,here in ,northern ,ohio1 ,english walnut trees have been cut for timber4 ,there are probably several hundred ,english walnut trees scattered through the northern counties of ,ohio4 ,some of them are from #aj to #ah inches in diameter4 ,a few are second generation4 ,as these trees seem to be fairly rapid growers it would seem reasonable that nuts from these hardy trees would grow into valuable timber1 apart from the value of the nuts4 ,perhaps all these aspirations and aims seem ,utopian4 ,probably such a program would keep a dozen workers occupied4 ,in cooperation with the ,forestry ,department1 however1 students might be assigned to study certain phases of nut culture4 ,a ,ph4,d4 dissertation might well be written on the variation of the ,thomas walnut in ,ohio4 ,in conclusion1 the ,ohio growers will try to produce better nut trees4 ,through prize contests they hope to find what nature has produced4 ,through the services of a scientist they hope to find what man can produce4 ,the two aims dovetail4 ,we are reasonably certain of the prize contests2 we are not yet certain of securing the nut scientist4 ,ohio is host to the ,,nnga this year4 ,may the ,ohio growers ask you for your moral support in this venture8 ,the ,,nnga is the mother organization4 ,through the efforts of the officers1 past and present1 the association is in a flourishing condition with prospects of a very bright future4 ,whatever we do in ,ohio1 whatever will be done in other states and countries will be a monument to the ,,nnga4 ,the groping years1 the hard years1 are behind4 ,the spade work has been done4 ,we want you to feel that the aims and aspirations of the ,ohio growers sprang from your advice1 your experiments and enthusiasm4 ,i would like to add a final word about the unique advantage we enjoy here in ,ohio4 ,we have the cooperation of a powerful and excellent farm paper1 ,the ,ohio ,farmer4 ,through its pages our contests get a wide publicity4 ,mr4 ,ray ,kelsey has furnished us with #ejjj folders announcing the contest and the purpose behind it4 ,we have the cooperation of the ,experiment ,station here at ,wooster and its affiliated agencies4 ,drs4 ,secrist and ,gourley have been kind1 encouraging1 helpful4 ,dr4 ,oliver ,diller1 of the ,forestry ,department1 and ,mr4 ,walter ,sherman1 of the ,mahoning ,farm1 have helped and worked with us in a hundred ways4 ,we feel the ,,nnga ought to know about this harmonious and whole-hearted team work4 ,nut ,growing ,under ,semi-,arid ,conditions ,a4 ,g4 ,hirschi1 ,oklahoma ,city1 ,oklahoma ,the pecan is the major nut crop in ,oklahoma4 ,the timber growth along the rivers and creeks contains enough pecan trees1 if they were properly distributed1 to make one continuous pecan grove entirely across the state4 ,pecan improvement work is only in its beginning4 ,the ,oklahoma ,pecan ,grower's ,association was organized in #aibf4 ,it is devoted to the general improvement of the pecan1 and to the dissemination of information gained by the members from their experience and observation4 ,dr4 ,frank ,cross1 head of the ,department of ,horticulture of our ,a ,m ,college at ,stillwater1 is very active in nut improvement and is giving us much valuable assistance4 ,early in the history of our association we began to graft the large improved varieties on our seedling trees4 ,true1 many mistakes were made4 ,i recall when all our trees producing small and inferior nuts1 were cut down level with the ground1 and the sprouts growing from the roots1 were budded or grafted to paper-shells4 ,this meant a long wait for production4 ,we soon realized it was better to stub back the limbs and graft these1 or permit the sprouts to develop and bud them1 plus saving most of the framework of the trees1 which gives us heavy production of grafted pecans in a short time4 ,competing growth1 that is underbrush and all kinds of trees other than pecans1 rob the grove of moisture1 sunlight1 and plant food4 ,this growth was formerly removed by hand grubbing1 but now with a large bulldozer it is pushed right out of the ground into piles where it is burned4 ,now the ground is clean1 no stumps to grub out1 and ready for a cover-crop or clean cultivation4 ,nothing remains but pecan trees1 some elm1 hackberry and oak1 too large for the bulldozer4 ,these are poisoned and burned right where they stand the following winter4 ,for poisoning a mixture of two pounds of white arsenic and a pound of caustic soda to a gallon of water1 if applied from an oilcan with a spout in an open circle chopped in the bark so as to girdle the tree1 will usually deaden it in a short while4 ,within the year nothing is left but pecan trees4 ,these are watched carefully for production and shelling quality and1 if not desirable1 or standing too thick1 are removed for greater spacing for permanent trees4 ,today1 only the smaller pecan trees are top worked1 either to named varieties or to selected seedlings4 ,due to changed conditions of market and labor1 the native pecan has come into its own4 ,the pecan sheller buys #ij of the native pecans4 ,he will pay only a few cents more for the big paper-shell4 ,the native pecan is as staple as butter and eggs4 ,every produce man buys them for the shelling plants4 ,this leaves the big paper-shell to seek a special market at an advertising cost4 ,due to the small differential in the wholesale price of the native and the paper-shell1 the larger native trees are no longer top-grafted but are encouraged in every way for heavy production4 ,thus1 when creek and river bottom thickets are opened up to sunshine and air1 nothing left but pecan trees properly spaced1 and this on land usually considered worthless1 these trees will quadruple in production and pay a handsome return on a #bjj per acre valuation4 ,this is a real and altogether possible two-story agriculture to those who are fortunate enough to own undeveloped pecan timber land4 ,many of our members have beautiful groves redeemed from the wild with bounteous crops of nuts overhead and cattle grazing on enriching cover crops underneath4 ,the pecan means a lot to the farmers of ,oklahoma4 ,the average yearly tonnage is about #af1jjj1jjj pounds1 with a peak production of #cj1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,this amounts to an average of #b1jjj1jjj annually1 with a peak of #e1jia1jjj4 ,i want to show you what it means to some of our members to develop their native pecans1 either as natives or grafted to improved varieties4 ,the proceeds from one lone pecan tree in ,mr4 ,skorkosky's cotton patch paid the taxes on his farm several different years4 ,thus encouraged1 he redeemed a small thicket1 added a few nursery trees of paper-shells1 about ten acres in all1 which now often makes a return equal to the rest of the farm4 ,mr4 ,kramer paid #a1jjj for #aj acres1 with part in seedling pecans4 ,he sold #a1jjj worth of pecans several different times1 and the rest of the farm makes a good return in pasture and hay4 ,he also has #ea acres that often makes a return of #ej per acre in pecans1 besides pasturing #bj ,herfords4 ,mr4 ,kramer destroys trees by girdling4 ,mr4 ,pfile makes it a business to buy farms on which there are pecan thickets4 ,one farm has #gj acres1 all top-grafted to improved varieties4 ,trees were small and no production for five years1 supporting production for the next four years4 ,tenth year grossed #h1ejj2 eleventh year1 #e1djj2 twelfth year1 #a1hjj1 and this year his conservative estimate is #aj1jjj4 ,mr4 ,camp has #fjj acres in pecans1 #ij improved varieties4 ,he planted #ej acres on upland sandy land on terraces1 with pecan trees #dj feet apart and an apple tree between each two pecan trees4 ,the tenth year he produced #h1jjj pounds of paper-shells and #d1jjj bushels of apples4 ,more recently he planted #abe acres on upland1 but planted the pecans #fj feet apart on terraces with an apple tree between4 ,in this orchard he produces #c_/d of a bale of cotton per acre and plants vetch in the fall between cotton rows4 ,in ,october he had four crops on this land1 cotton1 vetch1 apples and pecans4 ,he says apple trees alternated with pecans on terraces are ,,ok4 ,cotton1 potatoes and sweet potatoes between the terraces for the first ten years are ,,ok1 but vetch as a winter cover crop to improve the soil must not be neglected4 ,grover ,hayden has the largest native pecan grove in the world--#a1hjj acres fenced hog tight4 ,he started #ca years ago as a farm hand4 ,he had rather have #ejj acres of pecans than #a1jjj acres of alfalfa4 ,now after #cj years he owns the place at a purchase price of #ij1jjj1 not counting improvements and equipment4 ,his average production is about #cjj1jjj pounds per year4 ,in #aice1 he produced #djj1jjj4 ,he held back his #aida crop and together with his #aidb crop1 he sold both for #fa1jjj4 ,think of the faith a man must have in pecans in ,oklahoma to go in debt for #ga1jjj as ,mr4 ,hayden did6 ,he rode a pony that was mortgaged for all it was worth from ,arkansas to this ranch4 ,those of us who do not have native or seedling pecan trees to work with1 must develop orchards from nursery trees4 ,i was raised on a poor farm in ,missouri4 ,i always had a desire to take a poor piece of land and see what ,i could do to improve it4 ,consequently1 ,i planted #bbe improved pecan trees of #be different varieties and all other kinds of nut trees1 fruit trees and a variety of berries on a piece of worn-out upland1 pronounced by our county agent to be the poorest piece of ground in our county1 and predicted it would be a complete failure4 ,i planted the pecan trees #fj feet apart1 and interplanted with other nut and fruit trees4 ,the trees were planted on the contour with youngberries and many others planted in rows between the tree rows1 making a perfect soil conservation arrangement4 ,barnyard fertilizer was used to start the trees4 ,every ,september1 vetch and rye were sown as a cover-crop and soil-builder and disked into the soil the following spring4 ,clean cultivation is practiced during the summer to conserve moisture4 ,this procedure has been adhered to most rigidly without a single crop failure4 ,at #ab years most of the trees are producing #be worth of paper-shells4 ,the youngberries and plants sold have paid the expense of the orchard and a handsome profit besides1 until the trees needed all the room4 ,this project has proved to my satisfaction that profitable nuts and fruit crops can be grown on upland1 if soil conservation and improvement are practised4 ,the limiting factors of nut and fruit production are plant food and moisture1 and if these are supplied1 good production is assured4 ,black ,walnuts ,the native black walnut of ,oklahoma is small and of little value4 ,most pecan growers have a few native black walnut trees they graft to the improved varieties4 ,i have ,thomas1 ,stabler1 ,ohio1 ,mintle1 ,myers1 and others4 ,thomas has been used most extensively1 but does not fill well on upland4 ,however1 in deep sand and low bottoms it fills perfectly4 ,it is an alternate bearer and is subject to sunscald in our hot dry summers4 ,ohio and ,stabler have not proven satisfactory4 ,mintle is a fine nut1 splendid cracker1 fills well1 but is an alternate bearer4 ,i like ,myers very much1 a consistent bearer1 has thinnest shell of all1 vegetates after frost in spring1 has abundant foliage and twigs1 holds leaves until late autumn4 ,myers is my choice of all varieties at present4 ,however1 as with pecans1 what varieties to use is each grower's individual problem4 ,we will be looking for better varieties #ej years from now4 ,for five years ,i am offering #be annually for the best seedling black walnut4 ,write to our ,a ,m ,college1 ,horticulture ,department1 ,stillwater1 ,oklahoma1 for rules and regulations of the contest4 ,how to ,make ,money with ,black ,walnuts ,i believe ,i have discovered the best way to market black walnuts4 ,i have not had much success selling them either husked or unhusked1 too hard to crack4 ,then someone remarked1 ,if you would crack them and put in some horseshoe nails to pick out the meats1 they might sell4 ,there it is3 the secret is discovered4 ,the lowly and almost extinct horseshoe nail will sell cracked black walnuts4 ,i have the reputation among local hardware dealers of having more horses than any man in ,oklahoma4 ,black walnuts and horseshoe nails are reminiscent of the good old days down on the farm4 ,the big fat meats of improved cracked walnuts peering through the sides of one or two pound cellophane bags pinned shut with a couple of horseshoe nails is a temptation few people can resist4 ,leave a few packages with your grocer or druggist and try it4 ,i get #be;c per pound for the whole walnuts1 and #ce;c for those cracked4 ,i sell several thousand pounds every season1 and since the black walnut does not become rancid we sell them all the year4 ,i have a down-town shop window to display nuts and fruits4 ,we husk our walnuts by running them thru an ordinary corn-sheller1 or by jacking up the rear wheel of an automobile1 put on a mud chain1 with a trough underneath1 place car in gear and scoop walnuts into trough in front of the wheel4 ,this will husk them rapidly and well4 ,we should promote the growing of more improved black walnuts4 ,most catalog nurseries still list seedling walnuts4 ,we sold #cjjj ,thomas and ,myers black walnut trees to one mail order nursery1 and they could have used more4 ,english ,walnuts ,i tried all the ,california varieties1 but these lacked hardiness4 ,the ,wiltz ,mayette grew into a big fine tree but the #aidj ,armistice ,day freeze proved fatal4 ,breslau1 ,broadview1 ,schafer1 and several others with some #be ,carpathian seedlings are just coming into bearing4 ,some give promise of adaptation here4 ,i am determined to find a prolific and adapted variety4 ,in the meantime we must content ourselves to grow this most attractive tree with its large waxy leaves and beautiful light-colored bark as a useful novelty4 ,heartnuts ,here is a surprise nut and tree to ,oklahoma people4 ,both are unlike anything ever seen here4 ,when they see this most unusual tree1 with its tropical leaves and taste the delicious nuts they want a tree for their yard4 ,visitors stare in amazement at the immense catkins1 and the grape-like clusters of nuts that develop later4 ,this is a heartnut year4 ,in most all varieties1 ten to fifteen nuts to the cluster hang from the terminal of each twig4 ,the leaves sun-burn easily4 ,in spite of this we had a heavy crop of well-filled nuts4 ,of the several varieties ,i have1 ,stranger is the most prolific4 ,fodemaier1 and ,walters bloom late enough to escape our late spring freezes1 are larger nuts1 and should prove to be the best eventually4 ,butternuts ,butternuts grow native in ,missouri and ,arkansas4 ,our section is most too hot and dry for them4 ,however1 ,i have a few grafts of ,buckley and ,weschecke bearing nicely1 grafted on native black walnuts4 ,hickories ,the wooded hills and river bottoms contain several kind of hickories4 ,i have several pecan trees grafted to the ,pleas and ,mc,callister hybrids1 but they are light producers in ,oklahoma4 ,i have #hj acres of river bottom hickory nuts in southwest ,missouri that bear abundantly4 ,oriental ,persimmons ,persimmons grow native here4 ,the ,early ,golden1 an ,american variety1 is very productive and ripens in ,september long before frost4 ,of the ,orientals ,i have ,tamopan1 ,eureka1 ,fuyu1 ,data ,maru1 ,tanenashi4 ,most all bear heavily1 in fact usually overbear4 ,they stand our dry weather better than does the native persimmon4 ,the very large fruit usually in colors of yellow and red attract much attention from visitors who think they are oranges4 ,the persimmon belongs to the ebony family4 ,the fruit contains as high as #dj sugar and in the ,orient is a national dish4 ,we propagate them by grafting our native stock4 ,pawpaw ,the ,pawpaw is native in ,missouri and ,arkansas and in the eastern part of ,oklahoma4 ,it is a beautiful tree and very productive4 ,we shade the small trees here until they get started1 after which they do quite well4 ,the fruit is a favorite with many4 ,chestnuts ,i think the greatest tragedy that ever befell ,american horticulture was the chestnut blight4 ,not so long ago every hill and mountain-side east of the ,mississippi ,river1 from near the ,gulf of ,mexico to the ,canadian border was covered with native chestnut trees producing millions of pounds of food for man and beast4 ,today all has been devastated by this terrible blight and nothing remains save leafless trunks1 like tombstones1 in memory of a grand food tree4 ,in #ahhi1 ,tom and ,mary ,jones left their ,kentucky mountain home to establish a new one in ,oklahoma4 ,as with all pioneers they brought seeds of many species with them1 including chestnuts4 ,i now own the farm they homesteaded4 ,on it today there is an ,american chestnut tree #d feet in diameter with a limb-spread of #ej feet4 ,this grand tree has been an inspiration to me1 surviving our hot dry summers and outliving two generations of fruit trees by its side4 ,this beautiful tree1 now nearly #fj years of age1 was proof-sufficient that chestnuts would grow in ,oklahoma4 ,i began to plant chestnuts4 ,i planted all the ,riehl varieties--,progress1 ,dan ,patch1 ,van ,fleet and others4 ,i also had ,boone1 an ,american and ,japanese hybrid1 brought about by ,endicott1 also of ,illinois4 ,these have borne well4 ,being isolated and outside of the native chestnut range1 they have not blighted4 ,since #aijf1 the ,government has imported many thousand seed chestnuts from ,china4 ,later1 it distributed little trees among the nut growers in an effort to re-establish chestnut growing in this country4 ,this ,chinese chestnut is blight-resistant4 ,the best ,chinese seedlings have been selected for propagation and have been named2 of these ,i have ,stoke 7a hybrid71 ,hobson1 ,carr and several others4 ,they are very prolific and often set burs the same year set out4 ,mr4 ,stoke sent me scions of the newer varieties this spring--,colby's hybrid1 and ,stoke seedling's ,nos4 #a and #b4 ,i grafted these on ,chinese stocks2 they set burs and matured nuts the same year grafted4 ,the named varieties of ,chinese ,chestnut are the most precocious bearers of all the nut trees1 are adapted and worthy of planting over a wide area4 ,it should be the duty of every man who is interested in food trees to lend a hand to help re-establish chestnut growing in this country1 now that we have blight-resistant varieties4 ,almost within the shadow of our ,state ,capitol1 on a main highway leading from our fair city1 ,i have planted #b-a_/b acres of blight-resistant ,chinese chestnut trees1 as a living memorial to our only child1 ,harold1 who gave his life to our country in a ,jap prison camp in the ,philippines4 ,we shall devote the rest of our days to this ,living ,memorial1 and leave means for its continuance1 so that passers-by in generations to come may be reminded of the world's greatest tree tragedy1 and to demonstrate that chestnuts which once grew native over half the nation1 and were laid low by a terrible disease1 may again be grown4 ,in conclusion1 let me warn you to improve your soil continually4 ,,no ,,tree ,,can ,,be ,,better ,,than ,,the ,,soil ,,in ,,which ,,it ,,grows4 ,no man is a greater exponent of soil improvement than one of ,ohio's most illustrious sons1 ,louis ,bromfield4 ,in his book1 ,,in ,,pleasant ,,valley1 he says1 ,what we need is a new kind of pioneer1 not the sort which cut down the forest1 and burned off the prairies1 and raped the land1 but the kind which creates new forests and heals and restores the richness of the country ,god has given us4 ,weather ,conditions versus ,nut ,tree ,crops ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 ,indiana ,nut tree crops1 like other crops1 are dependent on heat1 light and moisture in proper amount at the right time to produce a crop of nuts of normal quality2 soil conditions also to be taken into consideration4 ,these conditions are probably more essential to a nut crop than most of us have realized2 even the weather of the preceding season of late summer and fall may affect or determine next seasons nut crop4 ,the size of the nut depends on the weather in ,spring and early ,summer1 for when the shell is once formed and hardened little more growth can be expected under any conditions1 while plumpness of kernel depends on favorable conditions in late ,summer and ,fall4 ,after the shell is formed it fills with water which gradually changes to kernel1 beginning at outer part next to shell1 and unless there is plenty of heat1 light1 and moisture1 kernel may not be filled1 which will cause kernel to shrink1 and not be plump1 neither will it have normal germinating vitality1 flavor1 or weight4 ,in the past there have been seasons when nuts were not up to normal quality1 but ,i did not realize then just what caused this condition1 until a few years ago1 ,i heard a party remark that a dry season was an indication of a good nut crop the following year4 ,recalling back several seasons this1 as a rule1 has been true1 especially where there was no unusually early ,fall freezes1 and ,spring weather was favorable4 ,the season of #aidd here was one of the driest on record4 ,up until the middle of ,august1 nut trees were showing signs of going dormant4 ,late in ,june1 sap was getting so low that ,i did all my budding late in ,june1 a month earlier than usual4 ,this early dry weather caused the nuts that year to be very small1 especially on trees growing under less favorable conditions4 ,trees that were well cultivated produced nearer normal sized nuts4 ,about the middle of ,august rains began1 and these nuts were well filled4 ,the rains of ,august brought new life into the trees causing them to hold their foliage unusually late1 and not being thoroughly dormant before cold weather1 at which time no doubt many of the fruit buds were killed1 with the result that a very light crop of nuts was set in ,spring of #aide4 ,spring opened very early with a bright warm ,march starting growth before usual time1 even some trees set ,pistillate bloom by the first of ,april2 then later in ,april it began raining1 and rains continued most of the ,summer with much cool1 cloudy weather with the result that most of the nuts failed to properly fill1 or mature4 ,this was true of hickory nuts1 walnuts and pecans of both the named varieties and native seedlings4 ,while the #aide nut crop was very light of both pecans and walnuts1 ,i had a few trees with fair crops1 though none of the nuts had well filled plump kernels4 ,some of the first nuts to ripen seemed to have fairly well filled kernels after gathering and kernels got dried out1 they shriveled and lacked flavor4 ,walnuts seemed to suffer even worse than the pecans4 ,i was not able to find a walnut tree in this section that produced good planting nuts2 even farm crops suffered1 especially corn of which much of the crop was not of normal quality4 ,the spring of #aidf began very much as in #aide with a very warm ,march1 again causing trees to start growth unusually early1 and this spring1 pistillate bloom was visible on some pecan trees in the last days of ,march4 ,this weather condition remained until about the middle of ,april when cool rainy weather set in lasting for a month with frosts and light freezes as late as ,may #ajth1 which took all the nut crop in this section with the exception of a very few walnuts1 and these were of very poor quality4 ,another very peculiar thing happened in ,spring of #aidf4 ,the ,posey and ,giles varieties1 both of which are usually heavy bloomers of ,stamen bloom1 failed to set a single catkin this spring1 while trees of other varieties growing near them set heavy crops of catkin bloom4 ,the behavior of nut trees in this section in the past two years1 both of which have been unusual seasons1 is evidence that nut crops are subject to weather conditions1 not only of the present1 but of previous season as well4 ,nut ,tree ,notes from ,southwestern ,ohio ,harry ,r4 ,weber1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio ,influence of ,stock on ,scion ,at my farm home in the northwestern part of ,hamilton ,county1 ,ohio1 at about #hjj feet elevation1 on clay soil1 the ,carpathian walnuts commence growth too early in spring for their own good and my comfort1 well knowing what lurking ,jack ,frost can do to them4 ,these ,carpathian walnuts are uninfluenced by their black walnut understocks1 the ,schafer variety alone excepted4 ,i also have two ,schafer trees that came grafted apparently on ,carpathian understock2 but these start as early as the others4 ,the ,schafer exception1 to which ,i refer1 is grafted on a native black walnut stock to which the ,broadview variety also had been grafted4 7,the ,schafer variety is patented4 ,i had permission to use the graft as ,i did47 ,with these two hardy varieties in the same tree1 which itself is a late starter in the spring1 ,i unwittingly laid the foundation for an unanticipated result4 ,this became apparent after a severe early spring frost in #aide caused me to examine all my hardy 7,persian7 walnut trees to note the effects of that freeze4 ,the new growth of ,broadview on the same tree with the ,schafer was frozen1 while the ,schafer with the rest of the tree was dormant4 ,the new growth of the other two ,schafer trees2 of ,breslau top-worked on two trees2 of ,broadview on another tree2 of an unknown variety on still another tree2 all trees being native black walnut1 all were frozen4 ,the same was true as to ,breslau seedlings and also a ,kremenetz on ,minnesota black walnut4 ,of course1 all these trees staged come-backs with no bad after effects4 ,in ,april1 #aide1 we had a severe hail storm that clipped clean the second new growth from these trees4 ,the topworked ,schafer was still dormant1 while its companion ,broadview in the same tree suffered like the rest4 ,the spring of #aidf showed the topworked ,schafer still dormant1 while all the others were active4 ,the ,broadview on the same tree with the ,schafer was almost in full leaf before the ,schafer and the rest of the understock showed signs of growth4 ,a number of persons thought the rest of the tree was dead4 ,the ,keystone ,black ,walnut ,i have a cut leaf black walnut tree1 of value as an ornamental1 which originated in ,pennsylvania4 ,although it had catkins for several seasons1 not until the past season did it produce1 and then only one lone nut4 ,the husk of that nut had a smooth exterior similar to that of a ,persian walnut2 but it lacked the characteristic black walnut odor4 ,in fact1 it had none4 ,if this tree has any ,persian walnut blood in its makeup1 that hybrid strain may have manifested itself in the foliage2 in any event1 there was an influence of some kind that caused the change in the usual type of foliage4 ,i was more interested in planting the nut to see what kind of foliage the seedling will have rather than in cracking it for examination to determine its value as a nut4 ,throp ,walnut ,the parent ,throp tree stood bordering a road along the ,ralph ,throp farm in ,indiana1 #dj miles from my home4 ,about six years ago1 with the permission of ,mr4 ,throp1 and being a very old tree1 it was cut down as its branches interfered with overhanging wires4 ,when ,i last saw the stump early in #aidb1 it had staged a come-back by throwing numerous suckers4 ,however1 the main point in mentioning this tree is to register the fact that it bears two kinds of nuts1 single-lobed1 or peanut type1 and doubled-lobed1 with the peanut type predominating4 ,a ,throp tree of mine showed this variation1 and on my next visit to the ,throp farm1 in the presence of ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,gray1 one of our members1 ,mr4 ,throp definitely confirmed the fact that the parent tree bore the two kinds of nuts aforesaid and that the peanut type predominated4 ,i am prompted to make this statement for the reason that one of our prominent members1 well versed in the performance of our best varieties of northern nut trees1 had not been aware of the dual performance of the ,throp tree1 until ,i called it to his attention4 ,black ,walnut ,nursery ,studies ,s4 ,b4 ,chase1 ,tennessee ,valley ,authority1 ,norris1 ,tennessee ,briefly summarized1 here are the results of a series of black walnut nursery studies undertaken in #aidj and #aida by the ,tennessee ,valley ,authority4 ,the object was to develop nursery practices which would yield the large uniform seedlings most desirable as understocks for grafted or budded trees4 ,germination and ,stratification ,it is known that either fall- or spring-planted walnuts germinate readily if the nuts are viable and if those planted in the spring are properly stratified over winter4 ,to find out just what effect spring and fall planting has on germination and to compare various methods of stratification1 three seedlots were given the following treatments on ,november #bh1 #aidj3 #a4 ,planted in seedbeds #e4 ,stratified at #fe-ge deg4 ,f #b4 ,stratified outdoors #f4 ,stored dry at #de-ej deg4 ,f #c4 ,stratified at #ch-dj deg4 ,f #g4 ,stored dry at #de-ej deg4 ,f #d4 ,stratified at #de-ej deg4 ,f subsequently soaked in water prior to planting ,nuts from the three seedlots were kept separate and planted in random plots in three seedbeds4 ,each treatment was therefore represented nine times with a total of #afb nuts in each treatment4 ,to determine whether time of outdoor stratification has any effect on germination and emergence1 three other seedlots were treated as follows3 #a4 ,planted ,november #bh1 #aidj #e4 ,stratified ,january #cj1 #aida #b4 ,stratified ,november #bh1 #aidj #f4 ,stratified ,february #bj1 #aida #c4 ,stratified ,december #ai1 #aidj #g4 ,stratified ,march #ac1 #aida #d4 ,stratified ,january #i1 #aida ,these three seedlots were also planted in three seedbeds with a total of #ace in each treatment4 ,with one exception1 all nuts in the two tests were planted ,april #c1 #aida4 ,one of the two lots stored dry was soaked in water for five days1 then planted ,april #g4 ,seedbeds were equipped with screen wire cloth at a depth of #aj inches4 ,results3 ,in both tests1 fall nut planting resulted in the best germination4 ,germination was higher for nuts planted in the fall than for nuts stratified on the same day for spring planting1 although the difference was significant only in the second test4 ,outdoor stratification produced the best results1 followed in order by indoor stratification at #ch-dj deg4 ,f and #de-ej deg4 ,f4 ,none of the nuts stored dry germinated4 ,time of stratification proved to be important4 ,any delay after ,november #bh resulted in reduced and retarded germination and consequently smaller seedlings4 ,depth of ,planting and ,seed ,orientation ,the effect of planting depth on germination and on seedling size was investigated by planting black walnuts one1 two1 three1 and four inches deep4 ,other nuts were planted in three positions3 7#a7 radicle end up1 7#b7 on side1 and 7#c7 radicle end down4 ,results3 ,germination was unaffected by any of these treatments4 ,the emergence of the seedlings was retarded by deep planting and hence the final diameter of seedlings was smaller4 ,there was little difference in seedlings from nuts planted one and two inches deep but they were noticeably larger than those planted #c and #d inches deep4 ,planting nuts with the radicle end down invariably produced seedlings with undesirable crooks in the root-stem region which made them unsuitable for grafting4 ,planting nuts radicle end up produced straighter seedlings than planting them on their side4 ,the latter method was the most economical for nursery practice4 ,seed ,size ,to study the effect of kernel size on size of seedling produced in the nursery1 nuts from nine wild trees and ,thomas nuts were planted4 ,kernel weights ranged from #a4ba to #e4fa grams2 nut weight from #f4e grams to #bd4c grams4 ,results3 ,with one exception where germination was poor1 nuts with small kernels produced small seedlings and nuts with large kernels produced large seedlings4 ,under nursery conditions the need for uniformly large seedlings for budding and grafting is apparent4 ,the results of this study indicated the desirability of using seed nuts with large kernels for production of understocks4 ,seedbed and ,budding ,studies ,density of stand in seedbeds influences seedling size4 ,as size of seedling is important in budding and grafting black walnut1 information on the most desirable spacing in seedbeds was needed4 ,in three seedbeds ,thomas nuts were planted in three nut spacings3 #d x #d inches1 #e x #e inches1 and #f x #g inches4 ,in other plots nuts were planted #d x #d inches and after emergence the stand was thinned4 ,all seedlings from the thinning test were set out in nursery rows the following spring and those large enough were budded in the summer4 ,results3 ,increasing the spacing produced seedlings of larger girth and shorter height--a desirable characteristic in black walnut budding stocks4 ,the most desirable spacing appeared to be #f x #g inches4 ,even though the number of seedlings resulting from this spacing was approximately half the number produced at #d x #d inches spacing1 more usable seedlings were produced at the wider spacing4 ,thinning seedlings spaced #d x #d inches resulted in larger girth of those remaining--very similar in size to seedlings spaced #e x #e inches4 ,seedlings from the thinned and unthinned plots averaged #j4fb cm4 and #j4ee cm4 in diameter1 respectively4 ,in the nursery row #gc percent of the larger transplanted seedlings were large enough for budding the following summer1 while only #ei percent of the smaller seedlings attained proper size4 ,bud survival was #bb percent on the larger stocks indicating the desirability of using large stocks4 ,my ,experiments1 ,gambles and ,failures ,john ,davidson1 ,xenia1 ,ohio ,in reading the past reports of this ,association1 ,i find one thing lacking4 ,one becomes interested in a report dated1 let us say1 #aj or #bj years ago1 which contains an account of a project then started4 ,it had great possibilities4 ,what was the outcome8 ,we do not know4 ,no mention of it has appeared since4 ,did it fail8 ,let us say it did4 ,why8 ,the answer to this final query is almost1 if not quite1 as important as would be an account of the means employed to make it successful--if it succeeded4 ,i should like to know1 for example1 whether anything remains of the ,neilson-,post project in ,michigan and what its history has been4 ,i should like to hear more1 also1 about the outcome of many of ,mr4 ,gerardi's intensely interesting and original experiments1 such as his method1 described in the #bith ,annual ,report1 of asexual propagation of heartnut trees on their own roots2 or his method of artificially creating beautifully marked burls on black walnut logs by systematically and repeatedly scoring the bark4 ,these and many others4 ,which experiments were successful and which were not8 ,mr4 ,gerardi's original and adventurous mind is the sort that should be probed for the benefit of those who come after us4 ,my report today is my own short and tentative contribution to such a resume4 ,in the #aich ,report1 on page #gc1 you will find my ambitious and optimistic ,farm ,plan for ,nut ,tree ,planting4 ,in it ,i tried to outline a plan which could be used by any practical farmer with but slight sacrifice of useful land4 ,its last sentence reads as follows3 ,meantime1 ,i shall have kept practically all my land in profitable use all the time4 ,well1 that depends upon what is interpreted as profitable use4 ,tree growth is surely profitable4 ,the plan1 in substance1 was as follows3 ,first1 plant #bj acres in a modified forest formation to selected seed1 mostly black walnut1 the trees to stand #h feet apart in rows #bb feet apart4 ,use the space between the rows first for truck gardening and later for an interplanted row of some fast-growing species for timber4 ,no grazing permitted4 ,second1 plant another #bj acres to a nut orchard using grafted trees of named varieties spaced #hj feet apart4 ,protect from livestock and permit grazing4 ,finally1 plant seed in another #cj acres1 spaced #hj feet apart1 the seedlings to be eventually topworked to the wood of promising discoveries from the first plot4 ,protect and cultivate or graze4 ,what has been the outcome of this plan to date8 ,the proposed plan worked very well in a #bj-;acre plot where a meadow was planted to an orchard of grafted trees1 mostly pecans and ,carpathians1 which were protected by cattle guards1 but was not completed in the seedling #bj-;acre plantation where the trees stood #h feet apart in rows #bb feet apart4 ,no grazing was permitted there1 but berries and truck crops were put out4 ,i couldn't keep it up4 ,the reason3 a ,world ,war1 and lack of help for the intensive type of farming required for the project4 ,finally1 when ,i attempted to interplant the rows with fast-growing trees1 weeds choked out most of them in spite of my own efforts4 ,my own physical and time limitations defeated me in the interplanting undertaking4 ,this leads up to an enumeration of my mistakes4 ,first1 ,i did not start early enough in life4 ,the elements of health and strength have their part in success4 ,then1 too1 let us see what might have been the result if ,i had started at the age of #bj4 ,remember1 in this first tract of #bj acres ,i planned a forest plantation of selected black walnut seedlings1 some chosen for nut quality and some for large1 straight timber growth4 ,a tract of #bj acres planted #h x #h x #bb feet will hold about #dejj trees4 ,allow for thinning and other reductions4 ,if only #abej trees should reach log size in #ej years1 that is1 by today for me1 at an average of #ej each1 they would come to #fb1ejj--;a very tidy estate4 ,just now there are perhaps #bejj well grown trees in the good portion of the ground in this #bj acres4 ,pleasantly enough1 they do not now seem to need the interplanting of faster-growing trees in order to develop upright growth but are pushing each other up as they stand1 #h x #h x #bb feet apart4 ,in this planting1 then1 there is evidence of successful timber growth in the good ground but of almost complete failure in the poor ground4 ,another failure is to be noted in my original plan for cattle guards4 ,these guards were #ab feet in diameter1 and about #f feet in height4 ,these were satisfactory for sheep after ,i had installed pipe for posts1 but not for cattle4 ,trees grow horizontally as well as vertically4 ,cattle1 reaching for these side shoots1 reached over the guards and pushed in and under4 ,i later reduced the guards to a #f-;foot diameter of stronger woven fence-wire with #f-;inch stays1 not #ab-;inch1 and raised the height to not less than #aj feet4 ,the cattle may now nibble off the side shoots if they wish but the vertical growth is protected4 ,above #aj feet the trees can spread out without danger4 ,others say1 ,permit no grazing at all4 ,this statement1 ,i think1 should be made with certain qualifications4 ,where bluegrass bottom is used for the orchard planting of pecans or black walnuts1 there is a possible slight reduction in growth from lack of cultivation1 but this loss will be nowhere nearly proportionate to a farmer's loss of pasturage4 ,and even in my #h x #h x #bb-;foot planting of seedlings1 though no grazing was permitted while the trees were young1 now the older trees are large and strong enough in the good soil to take care of themselves4 ,some lower branches are rubbed off but they should be off anyhow4 ,also1 thank heaven1 the weeds are at last kept down by grazing1 the grass is utilized and1 most important of all1 the hazard of grass fires is entirely wiped out4 ,i know of a neighbor's planting destroyed in this way and ,i shall always fear fire4 ,i should not permit grazing in a general purpose woods lot where young growth is constantly coming on4 ,failure three3 ,i have failed completely to interest my tenant in my project4 ,each mowing or clean-up job is just a chore to him4 ,i can't blame him4 ,why should ,i expect anything else8 ,with a ,world ,war on hand1 and with his son in the army1 and with two farms to care for1 the immediate bread-and-butter jobs come first and my mowing suffers4 ,however1 the wonderful trees somehow continue to grow in spite of weeds and wars1 perhaps a bit more slowly than they otherwise might1 but ,i am in no hurry4 ,the last war casualty was my original plan to make a further orchard planting of seedlings in loco1 ready to be top-worked to the wood of some outstanding find among the selected seedlings4 ,it has not been done--period4 ,i think ,i do have one or two rather outstanding nuts among the seedlings1 but this leads up to another casualty which must be faced by all of us--a temporary one1 fortunately1 namely1 crop failures due to the weather4 ,the larger trees began to bear at age seven4 ,then1 three years ago we had a drouth4 ,for the two years since then1 we have had summer in ,march and winter in ,may4 ,the catkins were mostly killed and the pistillate bloom was delayed in growth upon the new wood until most of it came too late for even such pollination as was so sparingly available4 ,thus we have had no generally good nut producing season for three years in our part of ,ohio4 ,as a result1 my truly outstanding nut is still in hiding1 and ,i am waiting for a good season to bring it out4 ,another disappointment with me has been the ,carpathians4 ,they partially winter-kill each winter4 ,their trunks still live and send up shoots4 ,i let them stand1 hoping for an eventual hardening of the wood4 ,i regard them not as failures but as not yet proven4 ,for purely experimental purposes ,i planted apple and peach trees close up to the walnuts4 ,whichever won out was to stay4 ,both are there yet4 ,there is as yet no sign of the results of toxicity4 ,they stand1 literally1 arm in arm4 ,one success ,i feel may safely be chalked up4 ,in selecting seed for my original planting1 some were chosen for better nuts1 as stated1 and some because of the magnificent growth of the parent trees4 ,one such tree gave me seedlings that are definitely superior in growth to other trees which stand in equally good soil--in fact1 in adjoining rows4 ,this is noteworthy4 ,as for the seed selected for nut quality1 because of the three poor producing seasons now past1 the result is not so apparent4 ,i can only say that1 out of some score or more sources1 the nuts produced upon such seedlings as have fruited tend to resemble the qualities of their parents4 ,they all show some variations4 ,each nut tree is a new individual but with a family inheritance strongly enough marked to make the planting of seedlings1 when done in large quantities1 from the best parents1 a sort of gamble in which the percentage is in favor of the gambler--which is1 as you should know1 unusual4 ,one utterly complete failure must be noted4 ,i shall never again plant a black walnut seed or tree in any but good soil4 ,even the best inheritance cannot prevail against hardpan or worn-out soil4 ,i was unfortunate1 when ,i made my first and largest planting of seed1 in not knowing about the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,so ,i advertised for local nuts1 paying double for the seed ,i accepted4 ,so far as the seed which was selected because of the timber growth of the parent tree was concerned1 ,i am well satisfied4 ,but nut quality was only fair2 far below the quality of our named varieties4 ,then1 through the fine missionary work of ,harry ,weber1 ,i was introduced to the ,,nnga4 ,all my replanting since then has been from seed bought from the member's plantations4 ,next year ,i expect some of them to come into bearing4 ,most of you are chiefly interested in grafted or budded trees1 and this is as it should be4 ,where sure results and the best possible nuts are the aim1 one would be utterly foolish to plant a seedling4 ,upon the other hand1 where plantings are made in great quantities1 as is the case with foresters1 state or federal agencies1 colleges and other institutions--and with occasional individuals like myself who find their greatest interest in this particular exciting gamble1 ,i think it is fairly well demonstrated that the percentage of success can be turned in favor of the planter by intelligent selection4 ,but where can the best seed be found8 ,the answer is as plain as the nose on your face4 ,the best possible source is in existing plantations of named1 proven varieties4 ,as a farmer1 ,i should not use a cross-roads maverick when ,i can use a registered ,jersey1 ,hereford or ,angus4 ,as a planter of black walnuts1 or any other nuts1 either for timber or wood1 ,i should not pick up my seed haphazardly from cross-roads trees4 ,every nut produced by planters of orchards of the best named varieties should be in active demand by state and national agencies for their own plantings1 and the seedlings from them should be available for the widest distribution to the public4 ,this urgent demand for better seed will make existing plantations of proved varieties more profitable and will fill our forests and farms with far better trees4 ,nut ,trees in ,wildlife ,conservation ,by ,floyd ,b4 ,chapman ,ohio ,division of ,conservation ,natural ,resources ,attesting to our great faith in the value of the nut trees for wildlife conservation and restoration1 the ,ohio ,division of ,conservation and ,natural ,resources has distributed free of charge1 to cooperating landowners3 #acb1jjj ,american hazelnut1 #ajjj ,european and ,american hazel hybrids1 #ajjj pecans1 #ajjj butternut1 over one thousand shagbark hickory1 #aejj ,asiatic chestnut1 #bjjj black walnut trees1 and more than #ej bushels of black walnut nuts for seed spotting4 ,this program has only been in operation since #aidb1 and ,i think a great deal has been accomplished in spite of the war and difficulties in growing and shipping of nursery stock4 ,this record would not be so impressive had we not been able to take advantage of a vast amount of surplus stock made available when the ,u4 ,s4 ,soil ,conservation ,service closed out a large nursery in this region4 ,to show how dependent are certain wildlife species on an adequate supply of nut mast1 ,i need only mention one group1 the squirrels4 ,much information concerning the abundance of squirrels in the original forests is on record4 ,it is also well known that nuts of several kinds were always plentiful3 native chestnuts1 walnuts1 butternuts1 hazelnuts1 hickorynuts1 and beechnuts4 ,the supply was so large that an occasional crop failure was unimportant2 much of the production from the preceding year was still available4 ,numerous wild animals1 including squirrels1 deer1 rabbits1 raccoons1 and others fed on the native chestnut4 ,it was such an important staple in the diet of many animals that its passing is one of the most devastating blows to befall the wildlife of this continent4 ,in order to compensate for the loss of the chestnut1 and at the same time restore some of the food and cover destroyed through pasturing of woodlots1 and the removal of fencerow cover in clean farming1 the ,division of ,conservation instituted its popular tree and shrub unit planting project four years ago4 ,in this program1 units of #ajj or #bjj pine trees and shrubs for food and cover are distributed free of charge to farmers who will plant them as suggested and protect them from fire1 grazing1 and cultivation4 ,american hazelnut was extensively used in this project during the first two years4 ,since then we have been unable to obtain seedling plants in the large quantities that are needed4 ,the ,division also has several other wildlife restoration projects in which the nut trees are utilized4 ,these are a farm pond project1 a small wildlife refuge program1 and a fencerow cover restoration proposition4 ,in the pond development program1 a farmer is assisted in impounding a small body of water1 from which livestock is fenced1 if he will agree to permit hunting on a portion of his farm4 ,the pond margins are seeded to a grass mixture to prevent soil erosion and silting1 and several hundred trees and shrubs having value as wildlife food and cover are planted in the area4 ,the land immediately surrounding the pond becomes a wildlife refuge where no hunting is permitted4 ,many ,asiatic chestnuts have been planted on these sites1 in addition to ,american hazelnuts1 and considerable seed spotting with black walnuts has been accomplished4 ,in the small refuge plan1 areas are selected1 developed for wildlife by planting and other management measures1 and are then closed to hunting for a period of years4 ,many hazelnuts1 butternuts1 some hickorynuts1 walnuts and ,asiatic chestnuts have been used in this work4 ,our own field men plant the seedlings or assist the landowner in planting them1 then give advice on the culture of the plants4 ,in the third undertaking1 which is research to determine the best methods of restoring or developing fencerow food and cover strips2 nearly a thousand hazelnut hybrids have been planted4 ,among these hybrids are3 ,barcelona x ,european ,globe1 avellana x ,italian red1 ,barcelona x purple aveline1 ,barcelona x ,cosford1 ,barcelona x ,italian red1 ,rush x ,kentish ,cob1 and ,barcelona x various other types4 ,the better sorts of hazelnuts have been used in this project to familiarize the farmers with them so that they will have an incentive to grow something valuable in fencerows4 ,we have found that most farmers will not listen to the argument of growing anything in fencerows purely for the benefit of wildlife4 ,by using a more subtle1 convincing1 and practical approach1 we are convinced that success will be attained and that wildlife will be benefitted in the end4 ,in addition to these projects which are of a statewide nature1 the ,division of ,conservation owns some #ad1jjj acres of game lands on which experimental plantings of nut trees have been made4 ,from plantings of ,chinese chestnuts established in #aida1 we are now beginning to realize definite returns4 ,on the ,zaleski ,state forest game area1 one of these trees1 now about #f feet high1 is bearing #ba burs this year4 ,in connection with a squirrel research problem1 one of our field men1 ,robert ,butterfield1 is carrying on some experiments in fertilizing nut and other trees which should yield some very valuable information4 ,i recently saw a plot of ,castanea mollissima which had been treated with a #cc-a_/b nitrogen fertilizer4 ,planted on poor1 acid1 eroded soils in the hill country1 these have barely survived4 ,after treatment1 the yellow1 stunted foliage changed miraculously to a striking dark green1 the leaves grew larger1 and the entire plants showed every evidence of healthy growth4 ,it has been suggested that interplanting chestnuts with black locust might have the same beneficial effect and we intend to try it4 ,none of us has ceased to hope that some day the blight which has stricken our native chestnuts can be conquered4 ,we can be assured that whenever a resistant variety of chestnut does originate in the wild1 squirrels will find it and give it widespread distribution4 ,in ,ohio1 squirrels are still proficient in locating the few sprouts that are fruiting1 burying the nuts and forgetting them in the woods each year1 with the result that we always have a few seedling trees coming on4 ,last spring1 ,i found several bushels of chestnut burs cached in a sandstone cave in southern ,ohio by woodrats4 ,the ,states which are most interested in the nut trees from the standpoint of wildlife are usually those in which squirrels or wild turkeys are important game species4 ,if those who are growing nut trees commercially would concentrate their efforts in these states which extend from ,pennsylvania to ,missouri and throughout the south1 ,i think they would be helping themselves and contributing in an important measure to wildlife conservation and recreation4 ,i think many ,states1 and ,i know this is true of ,ohio1 would like to introduce some of the better named varieties of walnuts1 hazelnuts1 filberts1 and other nut trees to the landowners of the ,state through conservation projects which ,i have described1 but the cost is thus far too prohibitive for stock which is distributed by us free of charge4 ,i am personally interested in the fine program of nut tree research which is being initiated in ,ohio and elsewhere4 ,the hill culture experiments are especially interesting and valuable4 ,however1 ,i believe every grower should give increasing attention to the possibilities of nut trees in conservation1 to the end that better and more prolific varieties can be made available for this purpose4 ,states which can use good nut tree stock in their conservation work should be solicited1 their interest aroused in plantings for the dual purpose of home use and wildlife1 and a few select varieties sold or given to them each year for experimental use4 ,some growers are already generous in releasing a few new and promising nut tree varieties for trial growing in various sections of the country4 ,most ,conservation departments are financed on an annual basis with funds from hunting and fishing licenses4 ,this prevents our knowing from year to year exactly what our requirements are going to be in the line of planting material4 ,such stock cannot be contracted for even one year prior to purchase4 ,we have no ,division-owned nursery for propagating game food and cover plants1 and nearly all hardwood stocks are purchased from commercial nurseries4 ,most states prefer to purchase nursery stock that is grown locally1 and if nut growers could succeed in lining up their own state conservation departments1 ,i am sure that they could expand their production to furnish the stock needed1 both at a profit to themselves and at a price we could afford to pay4 ,commercial ,aspects of ,nut ,crops ,as ,far ,north ,as ,st4 ,paul1 ,minnesota ,by ,carl ,weschcke1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minnesota ,for the benefit of those new members who are not familiar with my nut tree plantation at ,river ,falls1 ,wisconsin1 ,i wish to explain its geographical conditions4 ,situated in the #deth parallel1 longitude #ib-a_/b deg41 about #hfj feet above sea level1 this is a very severe climate for growing most species of nut trees4 ,fortunately1 ,i did not realize that fact #cj years ago1 and ,i learned a great deal about the hardiness of many species and varieties and the difficulties of growing them before ,i was convinced of it4 ,my optimism in those years so ruled me that ,i was influenced by it to try out such tender species as almonds1 ,english walnuts1 filberts1 pecans and chestnuts1 along with hardier types such as butternuts1 black walnuts1 hicans1 hickories and hazels4 ,to give you a rough idea of the testing ,i did1 ,i will mention some of my work among hickories4 ,i was fortunate enough to have a forest of bitternut trees on my land4 ,it is a well-known fact that1 at least temporarily1 these bitternut hickories lend themselves well as grafting stock for many superior varieties of hickories1 hicans and pecans1 although the last species seldom is considered permanently compatible with bitternut4 ,the number of varieties ,i tested on bitternut stock is roughly about #ge4 ,during the years since ,i started such grafting1 most of these have been lost by natural elimination1 lack of hardiness or incompatibility4 ,those varieties which on my place have proved hardy and compatible with bitternut stock for at least ten years are3 ,bridgewater1 ,cedar ,rapids1 ,de,veaux1 ,glover1 ,kirtland1 and ,weschcke4 ,those which have endured well on this stock for from #f to #ae years are3 ,barnes1 ,davis1 ,fox1 ,leonard1 ,milford1 ,netking1 ,platman1 and ,taylor4 ,among hybrids which have stood for #aj years or more1 there are3 ,beaver1 ,burlington1 ,laney1 ,pleas1 and ,rockville4 ,of pecan1 there are ,hope and ,norton4 ,there are a few other survivors of whose identity ,i am not certain1 as they have not yet fruited4 ,this does not mean that all of those listed have borne1 but only that the identity of some of the survivors can not be established without such verification4 ,preeminent among the hickories which have produced nuts1 stands the ,weschcke variety1 which has borne the greatest quantity with the most regularity4 ,this variety1 grafted on bitternut in #aicb1 produced one nut that year4 ,its bearing record has been unbroken from then to #aidf1 when1 on ,may #aa1 the temperature dropped to #bf deg4,f and on ,may #ab1 a similar1 low temperature was accompanied by four inches of snowfall4 ,pictures ,i have on display verify these statements4 ,the frost at that time destroyed the whole crop in a nearby #cj-;acre orchard of apples1 pears1 plums1 and nuts4 ,although the first growth of ,weschcke was totally destroyed along with the crop1 the second growth contained a fair distribution of pistillate flowers which probably would have produced nuts1 had they been pollinated4 ,the ,weschcke produces no pollen1 being one of those curious freaks of nature which aborts its staminate flowers before they reach maturity4 ,other hickory hybrids and shagbarks which have borne satisfactory crops on my farm1 with fair regularity1 are the ,beaver1 ,fairbanks1 ,bridgewater1 ,cedar ,rapids1 ,kirtland1 ,siers and ,laney1 in the order of their worth4 ,the remaining varieties that ,i mentioned have not yet fruited1 although ,i hope they will do so4 ,the facts ,i have given are my reasons for recommending the ,weschcke hickory as a tree suitable for commercial use in the north4 ,i realize1 of course1 that farther south1 where hardiness is not so essential a quality1 other trees may be just as satisfactory4 ,i might also mention that the size and cracking qualities of the ,weschcke variety are also commendable4 ,the quality of the kernel1 which is practically #ej of the total weight of the nut1 is praised by all who have tasted it4 ,it is with great regret that ,i admit that ,i have no black walnut varieties which ,i can recommend for commercial use this far north4 ,however1 ,i would place ,ohio ahead of ,thomas1 because of its greater hardiness4 ,the ease of hulling1 the size and appearance of ,thomas1 plus its productivity1 would certainly place it first were it not for the frequent winter-killing it suffers1 to which ,ohio1 of course1 is not completely invulnerable4 ,other varieties which have been fairly satisfactory but which are not as well-known1 include ,patterson and ,rohwer4 ,the fact remains1 however1 that not one black walnut ,i have tested has produced a regular and satisfactory crop1 although they have been more productive than native butternuts4 ,at present1 ,i would rule out both species as apparently having no commercial value in the northern climate where my plantation lies1 although they may be satisfactory for home orchards4 ,before leaving the hickories1 ,i do want to mention that ,i feel there is a good chance for growing pecans in this climate4 ,i have seedling trees1 now more than #bj years old1 which are in bearing but do not mature their fruit4 ,it is possible that some of these may become acclimated to an extent that their cycle of dormancy will reduce itself1 bringing their period of flowering early enough in the spring to allow sufficient time and heat units for maturing the nuts4 ,early in my experimental work1 ,i tested chestnuts and chinkapins but met with poor results4 ,only in the last few years have experiments with them been successful enough to warrant their being mentioned as commercial possibilities in the north4 ,at present1 ,i have several ,chinese and two ,american varieties1 as well as one chinkapin1 which have proved hardy and fruitful4 ,further testing is necessary before ,i can report anything definite about them4 ,i have grafted on native plum stock most of the almonds which have been considered hardy1 including the hard-shelled varieties from ,michigan and the ,northland from the ,pacific ,coast4 ,some have flowered but none have set nuts4 ,all proved too tender for our climate4 ,i feel more hopeful for success with some of the many seedling hybrid plums ,i am growing4 ,a number of these have edible kernels and the trees could be considered for their fruit as well as for the kernels of their seeds4 ,among other species of walnut ,i have tested is the heartnut1 which is a sport of the ,japanese walnut4 ,this is a worthy nut and has done well when grafted on black walnut stock4 ,only two varieties have proved hardy and only one of these1 ,gellatly1 has produced good crops for a long time4 ,were it not for the insect pests which attack it and1 worse still1 the sapsucker1 this tree might be considered for semi-commercial use in the north4 ,the sapsucker is a woodpecker4 ,it chips out bark right down to the wood1 girdling large limbs and killing whole sections of a tree4 ,this results in an excessive amount of succulent1 tender growth which is subsequently winter-killed4 ,insects attack the new shoots1 laying their eggs in the bud and stem portions1 causing immature growth which stunts the tree and prevents its bearing4 ,i have also found the heartnut difficult to graft1 even on black walnut1 which is a favorable combination4 ,i began testing ,persian walnuts #cj years ago by grafting them on wild butternut stock4 ,although many grafts were successful1 not one even lived through a winter4 ,it was not until #aicg1 when ,i grafted hundreds of trees with thousands of grafts of the many varieties of ,crath importations from the ,carpathian ,mountains1 that ,i succeeded in getting any to survive our winters4 ,a few eventually bore nuts1 but the severity of our winters and the inroads of new insects during the war years finally proved fatal to them4 ,i made strenuous attempts to save the varieties by regrafting1 but ,i was wholly unsuccessful4 ,right now1 ,i am not at all hopeful that ,persian walnuts of any kind can ever survive very long this far north4 ,we now come to the last group of species mentioned at the beginning of this report1 namely1 filberts and their hybrids4 ,in my opinion1 these have potentialities of commercial value in the north4 ,even the frosts of ,may #aath and #abth this year 7#aidf7 did not wipe out the crops which had been set4 ,with proper pollinization1 ,i am certain that their production will become as reliable as the corn crop in this part of the country4 ,at the banquet1 ,i shall give each of you a sample of a new product made from these nuts4 ,the combination of qualities of the cultivated filbert from ,europe and our wild ,wisconsin filbert results in an extremely hardy plant1 with characteristics sometimes like the former1 sometimes like the latter4 ,many times1 the hybrid combines the best of each4 ,i am testing these for field culture1 to be cared for much as corn is4 ,i expect to have three experimental farms before very long1 demonstrating the success of commercial orchards of these hybrids which ,i call hazilberts4 ,hazilberts is a word ,i coined by borrowing from the names of its parents4 ,it has been readily accepted by the lay public and is easily understood to refer to hybrids between hazels and filberts4 ,furthermore1 ,i was able to obtain a ,u4 ,s4 trademark on this for application to these plants4 ,hazilberts are all subject to the native hazel blight1 ,cryptosporella anomala1 a fungus infection4 ,they are also susceptible to another blight similar to the bacteriosis of the ,persian walnut4 ,more serious than these1 though1 is the damage caused by a curculio1 which cuts down heavily the production of nuts if measures are not taken to combat them4 ,breeding has demonstrated that some hybrids are so resistant to the inroads of this pest that they may almost be considered immune1 especially when they are interplanted with other hazilberts which do attract curculios and so act as trap-plants4 ,in this way1 the insects are encouraged to concentrate in one place where they may be poisoned1 thus protecting the main-crop plants4 ,since pollinators are required for filberts anyhow1 the pollinators may be the trap-plants4 ,this is actually the case in the initial plantings4 ,clean cultivation will also do away with many of the curculios1 since they depend on unbroken soil in the fall for their metamorphosis4 ,the presence of blight makes it unwise to depend on a single-trunked tree and ,i find that great productivity can be maintained when the plant is allowed to grow in stools having from three to five trunks4 ,the management of such plants is like that of raspberry bushes1 except that instead of thousands of plants per acre to be cared for1 with hazilberts there are only #ade1 #ae x #bj feet apart4 ,judging by the number of nuts on small plants1 one may reasonably expect crops to average one-half ton of nuts per acre4 ,the hybrids ,i have grown so far have been self-husking4 ,the size of their nuts is good1 some measuring an inch in diameter4 ,for commercial purposes1 however1 the large size is not particularly desirable nor necessary4 ,in conclusion1 ,i want to say that there is a very promising situation developing for these nuts commercially4 ,not only are these hazel-filbert hybrids easily planted1 but they are easy to propagate1 since they are one of very few species of nut trees which are easily propagated by layers and root sprouts4 ,out of more than #fjj hazilberts which ,i planted in the fall of #aide1 only about a dozen were dead in ,june of #aidf1 which gives you a practical idea of the ease and safety of transplanting them4 ,the #aidf ,status of ,chinese ,chestnut ,growing ,in the ,eastern ,united ,states ,by ,clarence ,a4 ,reed ,u4 ,s4 ,plant ,industry ,station1 ,beltsville1 ,maryland ,introduction ,the ,chinese chestnut1 ,castanea mollissima1 now dominates interest among well-informed chestnut planters of the eastern ,united ,states almost to the exclusion of other species4 ,since its introduction in #aijf1 it has had but one important competitor1 the ,japanese chestnut1 ,c4 crenata4 ,among the world's most important producers of tree chestnuts1 only these two species are effectively resistant to blight4 ,however1 the ,japanese chestnut lacks the palatability to which ,americans are accustomed and for all practical purposes it has been rejected in this country4 ,many small plantings still survive2 but this species serves better for shade and ornamentation than for food production4 ,description of the ,chinese ,chestnut ,the nut of this species is usually of good size1 roundish in form1 not pointed at the apex1 and with the basal scar smaller than the lower end of the nut4 ,a certain amount of gray down is on the surface4 ,this down may be confined to a small area about the apex or it may cover much of the upper end of the nut1 and it may be thick1 thin1 or scant4 ,the nut may have good cleaning quality1 meaning that the kernel and its pellicle are easily separated4 ,cleaning quality may be good from the time the nut falls from the tree or it may become so only after curing for a time4 ,once it develops it may remain good as long as the kernel is usable or it may last for a short while only4 ,in texture and in palatability1 the kernel of the ,chinese chestnut is not excelled by any other true chestnut4 ,individual nuts are sometimes sweet from the first but the great majority become so only after being cured for a week or #aj days4 ,very few nuts of the pure species fail to be sweet when fully cured4 ,in the open the ,chinese chestnut tree attains much the same size and general proportions as does the apple but it may become somewhat larger1 more upright and considerably taller4 ,young seedlings vary greatly in form and are often ungainly and unsymmetrical2 but others are all that could be desired with respect to symmetry4 ,early lack of symmetry tends to become less objectionable as the tree grows older and is seldom conspicuous after the first decade or so4 ,in fruitfulness1 many of the seedling trees of bearing age are definitely disappointing4 ,also in many cases the nuts are small4 ,to judge the species by the past fruiting performance of a majority of its representatives in this country would leave little justification for commercial hope4 ,however1 there are a good many individual trees about the country whose performance record is excellent and a large number of these are under careful observation as potential varieties4 ,the species has gained rapidly in popularity since the middle 'thirties when enough good-performing trees began bearing for a fair appraisal of the species to be possible4 ,it was also at about that time that trees for planting began to be available from the nurseries4 ,before then trees could only be had in limited numbers from the ,department of ,agriculture4 ,today1 they are listed in nursery catalogues of one or more firms in each of a half dozen or more states4 ,the total number of trees yet planted is comparatively small and both nurserymen and planters up to this time have proceeded cautiously because of the newness of the industry and its uncertainties4 ,environmental ,requirements ,the ,chinese chestnut requires much the same conditions of climate soil1 and soil moisture as does the peach1 but there are indications that it will succeed somewhat farther both north and south4 ,as with the peach air drainage must be good and frost pockets must be avoided1 for while at the latitude of the ,district of ,columbia1 the flowering period is from late ,may until toward the end of ,june1 growth begins early and may be badly damaged in ,april4 ,this is especially true during such seasons as those of #aide and #aidf in the middle ,atlantic ,states when summer temperatures prevailed during a great part of ,march1 and new shoot growth up to two inches had developed when sub-freezing temperatures killed all new growth and so injured the buds that at ,beltsville1 ,maryland1 and general vicinity there were no crops in either year4 ,in some cases young trees were killed out-right as were occasional older trees that had become devitalized in some way4 ,young trees are so sensitive to lack of soil moisture that sometimes whole plantings are killed by drought4 ,spring growth is rapid as long as the soil is moist but root development is shallow during the first few years and1 unless watered1 trees are likely to fare badly in case of prolonged drought4 ,another serious type of injury1 especially to newly planted trees1 is sunscald on the exposed sides of the trunks4 ,probably the best means of prevention is to head the trees low enough to provide for shading by the tops4 ,it is said#a that at the altitude of #bbjj feet in ,west ,virginia1 snow and ice frequently cause much injury to young trees4 ,it is a notable characteristic of the species for young trees to retain their leaves during much of the winter4 ,unless these are removed soon after turning brown1 they are apt to become heavily weighted with wet snow and to cause severe breakage4 ,hail and spring freezes also cause much damage in that locality4 ,the last1 however1 is not peculiar to high altitude alone as frost injury is frequent at much lower elevations4 ,it was generally in evidence in central ,maryland during the springs of #aide and #aidf as has already been mentioned4 ,this type of injury is easily overlooked1 but the cambium will be found dark if a cut is made through the outer bark4 ,recovery usually takes place rapidly if the injured trees are left undisturbed1 but healing will be slow if they are dug up for transplanting or the tops are severely cut back in preparation of the stock for grafting4 ,footnote #a3 ,verbal statement by ,mr4 ,authur ,gold1 of ,cowen1 ,w4 ,va41 made during ,april1 #aidf4 ,bearing ,ages ,young trees may bear a few nuts three or four years after being transplanted1 but it usually takes from #aj to #ab years for tops to become large enough to produce profitable crops4 ,while there are occasional trees that become profitable at these ages1 there are many that do not4 ,the only significant record of yields yet made public is one reported by ,hemming4#b ,his statement shows that #ah seedling trees planted in #aicj bore an average of #bi4e pound 7green weight7 during six of the eight years from #aicg to #aidd1 inclusive1 when crops were large enough to be separately recorded for each tree4 ,the range in total production per tree for the six years was from #ajf to #bgg pounds4 ,at an arbitrary price of #be cents a pound1 the average gross return per tree would have been #g4ci for each of the six crops4 ,the #aidd crop was a practical failure4 ,that of #aidf1 amounted to about #ajjj pounds1 or an average of about #ee pounds per tree4 ,footnote #b3 ,e4 ,sam ,hemming1 ,easton1 ,md41 ,chinese ,chestnuts in ,maryland1 ,ann4 ,rep't41 ,nor4 ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,incorporated1 vol4 #ce1 pp4 #cb-cd4 #aidd4 ,the ,seedling ,tree ,the original planting stock of the ,chinese chestnut as grown in the ,united ,states consisted wholly of seed nuts imported direct from the ,orient4 ,it was therefore1 inevitable that a period of seedling development should follow4 ,the great majority of the earliest trees grown proved unfit for use as potential varieties1 although with some exceptions1 they produced nuts that were sweet and palatable4 ,since the middle 'thirties1 superior strains have been introduced1 cultural and environmental requirements have become better understood1 and the outlook for commercial orchards is much improved4 ,to a great extent the seedling has served as well as would a grafted tree for the pioneer experimental work that had to be done4 ,it has been far better than no tree at all and even now it has its advantages4 ,with it there is no expense for grafting1 no problems of congeniality between stock and scion and those of cross pollination are held at a minimum4 ,moreover1 it must not be forgotten that it is only from seedling trees that superior varieties are possible4 ,in #aidf1 the year in which this paper is being written1 very few grafted trees are available from any source4 ,the ,grafted ,tree ,the first varietal selections were made in #aicj4 ,quite unavoidably they were chosen solely by what could be judged from the nuts with no knowledge of the bearing habits of the parent trees4 ,these were first grafted in #aicb and first catalogued in #aice4 ,already by #aidf1 some had been supplanted by others of greater promise4 ,few grafted trees have been brought into bearing and with minor exceptions1 it has not been possible to obtain bearing records4 ,it is1 however1 mainly with the grafted tree that the future of the industry is expected to be built up4 ,individual ,varieties--,abundance ,this variety was first catalogued in #aida by ,carroll ,d4 ,bush1 then a nurseryman at ,eagle ,creek1 ,oregon4 ,of the very few trees of this variety sold by him1 one went to ,mr4 ,fayette ,etter1 ,lemasters1 ,penna41 with whom it early became a favorite among #g or #h he had under test4 ,during #aide1 he sent a quantity of ,abundance chestnuts to ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,swarthmore1 ,penna41 who in turn forwarded #ab specimens to the ,plant ,industry ,station4 ,these arrived ,october #aa and were immediately placed in a refrigerator4 ,on ,october #bb1 they averaged #ej to the pound and ranged from #ch to #gf4 ,the appearance was very attractive as the color was a rich brown and there was very little down over the surface4 ,the cleaning quality was also very good and the flavor excellent4 ,the ,abundance has attracted considerable attention and1 while it does not appear to be listed in any nursery catalogue1 a number of leading growers are using it in top working seedling trees and it may soon be available through regular nursery channels4 ,carr ,the ,carr chestnut originated as one of two seedlings sent by the ,department of ,agriculture in #aiae to the late ,r4 ,d4 ,carr1 ,magnolia1 ,n4 ,c4 ,sixty-two nuts from ,mr4 ,carr were received by the ,department in #aicj4 ,these were not especially attractive as the surface was thickly coated with gray down4 ,the lot averaged #eh per pound and the nuts were considered large4 ,cleaning quality was very good and the flavor was sweet and pleasing4 ,the variety was immediately named in honor of ,mr4 ,carr although propagation did not begin until #aicb4 ,it is believed to have been the first variety of the species ever grafted in this country4 ,the work was performed by ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,later the ,carr became available for several years from a number of nurseries4 ,it was a strong grower but often failed to make good unions with its stock and is not now in general favor4 ,hobson ,this also originated as one of two seedling trees sent to a private grower by the ,department4 ,he was ,mr4 ,james ,hobson1 ,jasper1 ,ga41 in whose honor it was named in #aicj4 ,it was later taken up by commercial nurserymen and widely distributed for several years4 ,it has much in its favor as it is easy to graft1 precocious1 prolific1 annual in bearing1 and the nuts are very sweet4 ,also1 the cleaning quality is very good1 but the nuts are too small to meet market requirements of this country to best advantage4 ,furthermore1 being small1 they are expensive and time consuming of labor at time of harvest4 ,the average per pound for a lot of #aaj nuts received in #aicj was #gh4 ,others received during later years were even smaller4 ,the variety rapidly lost favor with most nurserymen and its propagation was largely if not entirely discontinued4 ,however1 for home use1 it is much to good to be abandoned at this time4 ,reliable ,reliable was an introduction of ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,roanoke1 ,va41 by whom it was propagated for a short time only1 beginning in #aich4 ,it is not known to have been catalogued by any other nurseryman4 ,ten fresh nuts in #aici averaged at the rate of #gi to the pound4 ,six days later1 after further curing had taken place1 the number became #aja to the pound4 ,aside from having a good bearing record1 there appears to be little reason for continuing this variety4 ,stoke ,this variety appears to be the result of a natural ,chinese-,japanese cross4 ,the original tree was grown by ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,roanoke1 ,va41 whose attention was attracted to it because of its habit of maturing early4 ,he reports that in southwestern ,virginia1 burs often begin opening during the third week of ,august4 ,in appearance1 the nuts greatly resemble pure ,japanese4 ,the parent tree bears well but the nuts are lacking in good quality4 ,insofar as known propagation has been discontinued4 ,yankee 7,syn4 ,connecticut ,yankee7 ,the ,yankee originated as a chance seedling on property of ,e4 ,e4 ,hunt1 ,riverside1 ,conn4 ,it was first propagated by ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,swarthmore1 ,penna41 in northern ,virginia by whom it was first catalogued in #aice4 ,the writer has seen no specimens but according to ,dr4 ,smith1 the size and other features are very good4 ,the parent tree is said to bear well and to be hardy where it is located1 which is not far from ,long ,island ,sound in the extreme southwestern corner of ,connecticut4 ,zimmerman ,this originated as a #aicj selection made by the late ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimmerman1 ,linglestown1 ,penna4 ,very few sound nuts of ,zimmerman have ever been produced1 for soon after the first crop the identity of the tree became lost and eventually it was destroyed together with others in an overgrown nursery row where it stood4 ,in one known case where there are grafted trees of bearing age1 the nuts are regularly destroyed by weevils4 ,such nuts as have been seen by the writer have been of a dull brown color and have had surface down only about the apex4 ,the ,zimmerman was first catalogued in #aich-ci by ,dr4 ,smith4 ,it is probable that as many trees of this variety have been sold and planted as of any one variety but performance records are difficult to obtain4 ,potential ,varieties ,other varietal selection are being made1 mainly by the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,soils1 and ,agricultural ,engineering from trees at its various field stations4 ,some of these are already under test as grafted stock in various parts of the country4 ,the most promising will be released to commercial nurserymen as soon as their superiority over existing varieties is established4 ,pollination ,there is much evidence that chestnut pollen is largely carried by insects although this has not been fully established4 ,the ,chinese chestnut is largely1 although apparently not wholly1 self sterile2 more than a single seedling or grafted variety should be included in any planting4 ,several seedlings or several varieties would be better4 ,in seedling plantings1 all trees that produce inferior nuts should be removed in order to avoid danger of undesirable pollen influence1 either on nut characters1 or on the genetic makeup of the embryos if the nuts are to be used as seed4 ,harvesting and ,curing ,chestnuts should be harvested daily as soon as some begin to ripen and drop to the ground4 ,they should be placed at once on shelves or in curing containers with wooden or metal bottoms through which the larvae of any weevils with which the nuts may be infested cannot penetrate and reach the ground4 ,in areas of infestation1 these grubs soon begin to bore their way out of the nuts and leave conspicuous holes in the shells4 ,all infested nuts should be promptly burned4 ,in order to cure chestnuts to best advantage1 they should be spread thinly on floors1 or on shelves1 or in shallow containers as just described1 and held in a well-ventilated room4 ,they should be stirred frequently and held for from #e to #aj days depending both upon the condition of the nuts and the atmospheric conditions at the time of harvest3 ,during the period of curing1 the nuts will shrink rapidly in weight and the color will change materially4 ,both luster and brightness will largely disappear and1 although still attractive1 the nuts will quickly become dull brown4 ,three weeks is about as long as ,chinese chestnuts usually remain edible without special treatment4 ,chestnuts should be marketed as promptly as possible both to minimize deterioration and to take advantage of good prices which are usually highest early in the season4 ,storing ,chestnuts in sound condition when stored may be kept fit for eating or planting for several months by any one of several methods4 ,when available1 cold storage with temperatures somewhat above freezing is the simplest and generally the most satisfactory method4 ,stratifying method4 ,stratifying in a wire-mesh container buried deeply in moist but well-drained sand is very satisfactory and successful4 ,another method is to hold the nuts in a tightly closed tin container either in a refrigerator or in cold storage at #cb deg4 ,f4 ,burying under a porch or in the shade of a house or even in a bin of grain1 preferably wheat or rye1 is also a good method4 ,regardless1 however1 of temperature or other conditions1 germination is likely to begin in early ,march and nuts intended for planting should be hastened into the ground as promptly as possible after that time4 ,insect ,pests ,the two chestnut weevils are the principal insects attacking the nuts4 ,these are exceedingly well-known in certain large areas where the chestnut is grown and in these areas both are often extremely abundant4 ,unless checked in some way they often render whole crops unfit for use4 ,one of most effective means of control is to plant trees only in well populated poultry yards2 however1 in large developments1 this is impracticable and other methods must be employed4 ,in preliminary work carried on by the ,bureau of ,entomology and ,plant ,quarantine at ,beltsville1 ,,ddt has given very encouraging results in the control of the weevil4 ,the weevils have sometimes been called curculios1 under which name they were well discussed by ,brooks and ,cotton4#c ,the ,japanese ,beetle is also a serious pest as chestnut leaves are among its favorite foods4 ,control methods have been given by ,hadley4#d ,another insect pest which feeds on the leaves is the ,june bug or ,may beetle4 ,it works mainly at night and feeds on the newest leaves4 ,it is seldom seen and usually disappears about the time when the operator becomes aware of its presence4 ,footnote #c3 ,fred ,b4 ,brooks and ,richard ,t4 ,cotton1 ,chestnut ,curculios4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,tech4 ,bul4 #ahj4 #aibi4 ,footnote #d3 ,c4 ,h4 ,hadley1 ,the ,japanese ,beetle and its ,control4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,farmers' ,bul4 #ahef4 #aidj4 ,diseases ,blight is the disease attacking the chestnut tree with which the public is most familiar4 ,the ,chinese chestnut is strongly resistant although not immune as few old trees entirely escape attack in areas where blight is prevalent4 ,in most cases healthy vigorous trees of this species overcome the disease within a few years after being attacked4 ,the ones that die are usually those that have been devitalized in some way4 ,the nuts are subject to attack by any of several diseases either before or after the harvest4 ,a preliminary report on these has been made by ,gravatt and ,fowler4#e ,footnote #e3 ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt and ,marvin ,fowler4 ,nor4 ,nut ,growers ,ass'n4 ,proc4 #ca3 #aaj-aac4 #aidj4 ,present ,extent of ,planting ,with few exceptions the known plantings consist of small numbers of trees about residences4 ,occasionally there are one or two hundred trees in orchard arrangement4 ,production is not large and in most cases all sound nuts are either consumed locally or used by nurserymen and others for planting4 ,the quantity that has reached the wholesale market is known to be small although a beginning in that field has been made4 ,future ,outlook ,extensive expansion has not appeared possible in the near future until the #aidf crop was harvested4 ,this was unexpectedly large and a number of tons are known either to have been planted immediately or set aside for planting in the spring of #aidg4 ,it is conceivable that annual production of nuts available for seed purposes will increase rapidly4 ,in this case1 the extent of planting within the next few years will be entirely a matter of guesswork4 ,extensive planting in the early future cannot be considered economically safe for in addition to the usual number of problems that must be solved in establishing any new horticultural enterprise1 chestnut growers must expect keen competition with imports from both ,europe and ,asia4 ,at the outbreak of ,world ,war ,,ii1 an average of more than #af million pounds of chestnuts were yearly being imported into this country4#f ,these imports will doubtless again appear with the return of normal international relations4 ,footnote #f3 ,computed from ,table #eda1 p4 #dac1 ,agricultural ,statistics #aich4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 #ai ,furthermore almost an exact half-century ago1 the chestnut outlook was regarded as being so bright that it could hardly go wrong4 ,during the middle and late 'nineties extensive chestnut developments were established in certain eastern districts mainly by use of ,paragon and other varieties of ,european parentage4 ,thousands of small plantings were developed about home grounds and occasionally there were large orchards4 ,the greatest developments were conducted by top working suckers that sprung up from stumps of native chestnut trees on cutover mountain land4 ,hundreds of acres were handled in this manner4 ,without exception1 all ended in financial disaster4 ,summary ,the nut of the ,chinese chestnut is an excellent product4 ,it is unexcelled in sweetness and general palatability by any other known chestnut4 ,the tree bears well and is about equally as hardy as the peach4 ,it appears to require much the same conditions of cultural environment as does that fruit4 ,it is practically the only species of chestnut now being planted by informed growers in the eastern part of the ,united ,states4 ,it is thus far grown in this country almost entirely as seedling trees4 ,variation is about what was to be expected1 with the majority of bearing trees proving to be poor producers and1 in most cases1 with nuts too small to sell well4 ,varietal selections of much promise are being made2 the first appeared in #aicj and were first catalogued in #aice4 ,some of the earliest have already been dropped as their defects came to be known1 and others of greater apparent promise have originated4 ,the process of selection is constantly going on and further introductions should shortly appear4 ,by taking certain simple steps chestnuts in sound condition may be kept in usable condition for many weeks4 ,the ,chinese chestnut is subject to attack by certain serious natural enemies4 ,these include both insects and diseases and the tree as well as the nuts are affected4 ,however1 all that are now known appear controllable4 ,past planting has been largely limited to small numbers of trees mainly about residence grounds4 ,the total number of trees available for planting has never been large1 due chiefly to the scarcity of seed nuts needed for nursery use4 ,production1 however1 rose sharply with the harvest of the #aidf crop which was unexpectedly large4 ,annual production may continue to increase since the number of trees of bearing age is likely to become appreciably greater each year4 ,nursery planting is likely to be proportionately greater4 ,the extent of future planting will doubtless be correspondingly influenced4 ,present enthusiasm over the ,chinese chestnut is very great and it is possible extensive planting may soon take place4 ,it is believed1 however1 that this would be unwise from an economic point of view4 ,there are many uncertainties in connection with the industry in its present state of development1 and1 not improbably there will be keen competition in the market with imported chestnuts from both ,europe and ,asia as soon as international relations become normal4 ,bearing ,record of the ,hemming ,chinese ,chestnut ,orchard ,by ,e4 ,sam ,hemming1 ,easton1 ,maryland ,our ,chinese chestnut trees have aroused such interest that we are sure the readers of the ,proceedings will wish to hear of the large crop harvested in #aidf4 ,a year ago an unseasonal spring brought a frost that killed back the six inches of soft new growth4 ,as a result1 the #aide crop amounted to less than #bej pounds4 ,this year the #ah trees produced #aach pounds1 #ich by actual weighing and #bjj estimated4 ,this is an average of #fc pounds per tree1 with the largest crop of #abd pounds on ,no4 #ai1 and the smallest on ,no4 #ad of #bb pounds4 ,these trees are now #ah years old and were unfortunately planted too close4 ,but using a spacing of #cj feet x #cj feet1 they would have borne #cjjj pounds per acre and if planted #dj feet x #dj feet would have borne #afjj pounds per acre4 ,figure this crop at #be;c a pound and you would get a really high return4 ,this year the price was much better than that1 but we planted the crop4 ,the tree record was as follows3 ,number #a--ch2 ,number #b--be2 ,number #c--cj2 ,number #d--eb2 ,number #e--dd2 ,number #f--cj2 ,number #g--db2 ,number #h--dj2 ,number #i--de2 ,number #aj--eh2 ,number #aa--ef2 ,number #ab--dh2 ,number #ac--eh2 ,number #ad--bb2 ,number #ae--ej2 ,number #af--hj2 ,number #ah--hf2 ,number #ai--abd2 ,total of #ich #bjj 7estimated7 #aach4 ,it is also worthy of note1 that ,no4 #ai is spaced #cj feet from ,no4 #ah and ,no4 #af is the same distance from ,no4 #ah1 while all the other trees are spaced #af feet apart4 ,an acre of trees like ,no's4 #af1 #ah and #ai1 spaced #cj feet apart1 would average #if pounds per tree or #dbjj pounds per acre1 a really tremendous crop4 ,we had one disappointment this year1 in that our method of controlling the weevil was not completely effective4 ,to our chagrin we found that1 while we were diligently picking the nuts up each day1 some of the larvae were escaping through the cotton bags to reinfest the ground4 ,next year1 we will use metal containers and we are sure that will stop them4 ,we will fumigate if necessary4 ,we do not particularly fear the weevil as we are sure that spraying1 and fumigation will clean them up2 after that proper harvesting should control them4 ,we have heard that the ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 has found the use of ,,ddt to be effective4 ,in another county a raiser of hybrid corn seed dusted his corn with ,,ddt by plane1 to kill the ,japanese beetle1 for #c4jj per acre4 ,surely that method would be adaptable to chestnut orchards to control the weevil4 ,at the present time we are using our entire crop for seed purposes and this year we sowed #dj to #ej thousand nuts4 ,we carefully grade the seed1 not only discarding any infested nuts1 but all moldy1 split or undersized nuts1 so that we get trees grown only from the choicest4 ,by doing this we feel that although the trees are seedling raised1 they come from parent trees that are bearing well1 and from which all extraneous pollen is excluded so that the customer has a good chance of getting a tree that will bear well4 ,the seed is sown in the fall1 because it keeps better that way and germinates better too1 although we have some trouble from a mole-mice combination4 ,the seeds are sown in shallow trenches #f inches apart and #b inches deep and back--filled either with sawdust or light soil4 ,on top is mounded a further #d to #f inches of soil which is removed in the spring4 ,this reduces damage from freezing and thawing4 ,we do not doubt for a moment that the ,chinese chestnut is here to stay as an important food crop for the ,united ,states4 ,walnut ,notes ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,islington1 ,ontario ,i find the ,ohio1 ,ten ,eyck1 ,stabler1 ,allen and ,wiard black walnuts inferior and unsuitable4 ,the ,stabler has only a small crop every five years4 ,very excellent varieties1 ,i find1 come from ,thomas seedlings4 ,the black walnut makes an excellent stock for the ,persian walnut in low and slightly damp ground4 ,i bud the ,persian on the black during ,august4 ,the ,japanese heartnut and the butternut x heartnut hybrid can be grafted on black walnut4 ,the ,persian walnut when grafted on the black decidedly outgrows the latter4 ,the reverse is the case when ,japanese heartnut1 ,japanese butternut1 or hybrids of either are grafted on the black4 ,so far ,i have not found one good butternut worthy of naming1 but there is one ,japanese butternut that grows in clusters of #ag or even more that has a very thin shell2 it is the ,helmick4 ,i have1 however1 very many named as well as unnamed black walnut seedlings that are very excellent nuts4 ,this has been a very cold summer and ,i cannot state yet as to the maturing of the larger black walnuts1 as they require a long season to mature properly4 ,pecan and hican trees grow well at ,echo ,valley and the small twigs harden up so that there is never any winter killing but the nuts do not fill well2 in consequence ,i am using the trees as stocks for grafting with good shagbarks4 ,the ,weiker hickory ripens nicely with me and ,i consider it one of the best varieties in every way4 ,self-fruitfulness in the ,winkler ,hazel ,by ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby ,university of ,illinois1 ,urbana1 ,illinois ,to insure fruitfulness in nut plants it is generally recommended that more than one variety of each kind be planted in reasonably close proximity to help in bringing about cross-pollination4 ,then1 with other conditions being favorable1 the grower would be more certain of good yields of well-filled nuts4 ,with specific reference to the filbert1 the literature contains references to the effect that provision for cross-pollination is essential4 ,however1 one exception is listed4 ,in the report of the proceedings of the #bfth 7#aice7 annual meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association1 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder of ,iowa says on page #dg1 ,the catkins of ,winkler always come through the winter bright and the variety can be depended upon to bear without other varieties near for cross-pollination4 ,the writer has been interested in this subject for several years4 ,the question arises2 how near were ,mr4 ,snyder's ,winklers to other varieties and in what direction with reference to the prevailing winds8 ,it is not known just how far filbert pollen may be carried and still function4 ,a planting of ,winkler filberts consisting of about #cj bushes was set on the ,university ,farm at ,urbana in #aidj4 ,crops have been borne annually since that time4 ,the planting was isolated from other filberts to the southwest by about one-fourth of a mile4 ,in an effort to determine whether the variety was self-fruitful1 plants were dug in the early winter of #aidc after the rest period was over and reset in the greenhouse4 ,the plants leaved out in ,january1 #aidd1 and both male and female flowers appeared soon after4 ,the pollen was applied to the pistils both by shaking the branches and by means of a camels hair brush4 ,nearly all the blossoms set and the nuts carried through to maturity4 ,the experiment was repeated in #aidd-de with the same results4 ,it is therefore concluded that the ,winkler filbert is self-fruitful and may safely be planted alone where climatic conditions are favorable for filbert production4 ,hickories and ,other ,nuts in ,northwestern ,illinois ,by ,a4 ,b4 ,anthony1 ,sterling1 ,illinois ,i have something like #be grafted hickories of my ,no4 #a 7,anthony7 variety4 ,the largest tree now has a trunk of #e-a_/b inches in diameter2 has #bj nuts on it this year2 and while it has had but few nuts each year1 has missed bearing but one season in the past seven years4 ,other ,no4 #a trees run from #c-a_/b inches1 in diameter down to about #a inch4 ,one #c-a_/b inch tree is offering its second bearing with five nuts this season4 ,all these trees were grafted in cutover woodland tracts and moved here except the largest one which was moved in #aicj and grafted in #aicc1 #cj inches high and never trimmed for a higher head4 ,heavy annual catkin bloomer1 few pistillates so far4 ,of my ,no4 #b variety1 one tree transplanted in #aibg now has something like #be nuts on it4 ,the ,no4 #c hickories1 five of them1 have never borne either pistillate or staminate blooms4 ,no4 #d is a hican from the parent tree of which ,i have had but three good nuts4 ,the weevil moth works so well in dense woods that rarely are the nuts good there4 ,the nuts are attractive and should not discolor like the lighter hickories1 should their opening husks get rained upon when maturing4 ,men of the future must decide on the merits of these trees4 ,of the two ,hagen trees grafted in #aica1 one now has its first nuts1 eight in number4 ,i have been told that some one will cut these trees down some day4 ,one of our county or state officials said a short time back that if hog troubles keep coming on as of late1 in #ej years we will not be able to raise hogs4 ,with corn being the main hog food and the corn borer coming1 this may come to be quite true1 and then perhaps more men will get new vision as to where their meat is coming from4 ,the past three years have offered almost no hickories at all4 ,hickories do not like shade1 but they have to grow where the squirrels have planted them4 ,carrying a nut #ajj yards to bury it would doubtless be about a squirrel's limit4 ,i have noticed in timber of sizeable growth a north slope showed no young hickories1 while a south slope showed a scattering few4 ,oak trees in this section predominate when it comes to groves of one species4 ,cottonwood trees come up here and there1 probably because their seed is wind-carried4 ,willow sticks get carried down stream and get lodged1 and grow4 ,i have known a few young oaks to come up on my place all of a mile and a half of such woods4 ,how come8 ,it is probably the combination of the blue jay and squirrel1 this time4 ,no trouble for the blue jay to travel some distance and put his acorn in a bark crevice of cottonwood or willow tree4 ,along comes a wandering squirrel1 finds the acorn1 and if not hungry enough puts in the ground where it has a chance to grow4 ,i have seen blue jays start off with chestnuts and the nearest trees they could reach were willows one-fourth mile or further away4 ,for some reason there seems to be a tendency for the hickories to bear in seasons when the black walnut does not and the walnut to bear when the hickory fails4 ,last year1 except for filling1 walnuts did reasonably well and this year1 at least with my ,rohwer variety1 the yield is still better except that the nuts are unusually small1 doubtless because all of ,july and up to the #ith of ,august it was very dry4 ,throughout my years there have always been walnut trees on the place1 first started by a pioneer land owner1 then squirrels took it up1 so ,i have a choice of stocks ,i did not have in hickories4 ,two of my ,rohwer trees have trunks #ab inches in diameter2 one is #aa inches and the other #ad inches in diameter4 ,for years these trees1 grafted in #aica1 have been very profuse with catkins1 but with few nuts4 ,i have heard other complaints of it not bearing4 ,my complaint with all walnuts grown in ,northwest ,illinois is that so many kernels turn out black and immature4 ,i am inclined to blame it1 in part1 to the walnut shuck1 which takes in so much moisture4 ,the hickory shuck is much dryer and never has so many immature kernels4 ,late summer is generally the dryer part of our growing season1 which can well be the cause4 ,in the year #aidj1 we had an excess of moisture in that it rained day after day all through ,august1 and that is the only season ,i can say we had good walnuts with practically all good1 light-colored kernels4 ,i have a few ,thomas walnuts planted on the edges of the lowest flat ground ,i possess1 hoping that they may there get more moisture and produce completely matured nuts4 ,we had on ,august #ith about one inch of rain and since that #b-a_/b inches more4 ,so far1 throughout this month1 ,i have been carrying about #ae gallons of water daily to two ,rohwer trees and hope for some better filled walnuts1 though they are unusually small4 ,i am writing this ,august #bdth4 ,nut ,trees for ,ohio ,pastures ,by ,dr4 ,oliver ,d4 ,diller1 ,wooster1 ,ohio ,today ,i would like to discuss for a few minutes the possibilities of nut trees for shade and nut production in permanent pastures on ,ohio farms4 ,one of the most important developments in ,ohio agriculture during the past decade has been improvement of pasture land through fertilization1 new varieties1 and combinations of grasses and clovers1 and better methods of management4 ,as one drives over the ,state it is evident that many farmers practice clean agriculture which means clean fence rows and treeless fields4 ,shade on a hot summer day is an important item to contented cows1 so today ,i am going to plead the case for a cow out on pasture on a sweltering day4 ,i believe that nut trees1 particularly black walnuts1 can be of real service in the fence rows and the interior of hundreds of permanent pastures in ,ohio4 ,in #aici1 ,l4 ,r4 ,neel1#g of the ,tennessee ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 published an interesting article on the effect of shade on pasture4 ,the results indicated distinct improvement in the carrying capacity of the pastures which had black locust and black walnuts spaced regularly throughout the fields4 ,improvement was evident both in the amount of ,kentucky bluegrass and the pounds of beef produced4 ,so far as ,i know1 no evaluation has ever been made of the direct effect of shade on the contentment and consequent increase in efficiency of cattle for either beef or milk production4 ,i believe this is an important factor and is frequently used as an excuse for woodland grazing4 ,footnote #g3 ,neel1 ,l4 ,r41 #aici4 ,the effect of shade on pasture4 ,tenn4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,cir4 #fe4 ,another study similar to the one in ,tennessee was conducted by ,r4 ,m4 ,smith in southeastern ,ohio during the period #aici to #aida4h ,dr4 ,smith made an intensive study of the effects of black locust and black walnuts upon ground covers and he found that in poor pastures black walnut trees improved both the species composition and chemical content of the plants growing under the trees4 ,he rated walnut high as an ideal pasture tree because of its period of leaf activity2 its light crown canopy2 its small1 fragile leaves which decompose rapidly1 and are high in mineral matter and nitrogen2 its deep tap root which competes very little with the surface rooted grasses for moisture and nutrients2 its hardiness2 and finally its high commercial value4 ,footnote #h3 ,smith1 ,r4 ,m41 #aidb4 ,some effects of black locust and black walnut on southeastern ,ohio pastures4 ,soil ,science1 ,vol4 #ec1 ,no4 #e4 ,it seems apparent1 therefore1 that the introduction of improved black walnut trees into permanent pastures would be practical from the agronomic angle to say nothing about the beneficial effect of shade to livestock and possible income from occasional crops of high quality nuts4 ,one stumbling block to the adoption of this idea is the protection of the trees during the period of their establishment4 ,the conventional cattle guard with three or four long posts supporting a wire fence is expensive in both labor and materials4 ,during the spring of #aidf in connection with my forestry instruction at ,ohio ,state ,university1 ,i had as one class project the planting of #ej black walnut seedlings of selected parentage in the cattle and poultry ranges on the ,university farm4 ,thirty of these trees were planted along a fence row at #cb foot intervals and were protected by a single electric wire connected to a battery charger4 ,the set-up is illustrated in figure #a which shows the charger at one end of the line and the wire supported by the line posts and a short single post opposite each tree4 ,the one year old seedlings were planted #d feet from the fence at alternate posts and the wire zig-zagged along the line to create the guards around the trees4 ,within a few days after planting and completion of the electric guards the trees were mulched to control weeds and conserve soil moisture4 ,while this experiment has been in effect for only one growing season1 the results1 to date1 indicate that this method is effective in providing protection from livestock4 ,growth and survival of the trees has been very satisfactory thus far4 ,the advantages of this method appear to be the rather low cost of labor and materials and ease of installation4 ,within the next decade1 we should be able to determine how the nuts from these seedling trees compare with the parent tree and there should be adequate shade for all classes of livestock on either side of the fence4 ,how ,hardy ,are ,oriental ,chestnuts and ,hybrids8 ,by ,russell ,b4 ,clapper and ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt ,plant ,industry ,station1 ,beltsville1 ,maryland ,one of the questions most frequently asked in regard to the ,oriental chestnuts is1 will they thrive in a given locality8 ,broadly speaking1 with respect to temperature requirements these chestnuts have been found about equally hardy with the peach4 ,some strains of the ,chinese chestnut appear to be superior to the ,japanese chestnut in hardiness4 ,the ,chinese chestnut is more widely planted in this country than the ,japanese chestnut and more information has been collected on the hardiness of the former species than of the latter4 ,the ,chinese chestnut is growing satisfactorily in certain plantings as far south as ,orlando1 ,fla4 and the other ,gulf ,states1 northward to the southern tip of ,maine1 and westward as far as ,iowa4 ,but many areas within this large zone are unsuitable for growing ,chinese chestnuts because of more severe climatic conditions4 ,specific data have been obtained relating to several types of winter injury of ,oriental chestnuts and hybrids4 ,this information is limited to the performance of mostly young trees and to a comparatively small number of locations4 ,the fall freeze that occurred in mid-,november1 #aidj1 was studied in detail by ,bowen ,s4 ,crandall1#i formerly of this ,division4 ,widespread damage occurred to ,oriental chestnuts in the central parts of ,south ,carolina1 ,georgia1 and ,alabama4 ,temperatures before the freeze had been mild1 and heavy rains in early ,november had broken a drought4 ,on the nights of ,november #ae and #af1 temperatures of #ab deg4 and #ad deg4 ,f4 were reported by various farmers1 and a drop to #bj deg4 ,f4 was general on the night of the #afth4 ,the damage to chestnuts by this freeze was increased because of the mild temperatures and heavy rains that preceded the freeze4 ,the chestnut trees were not able to attain complete dormancy4 ,those trees1 however1 that were growing on uplands or on sites that were well air-drained suffered much less damage4 ,apparently equal damage was inflicted to ,chinese and ,japanese chestnuts4 ,footnote #i3 ,crandall1 ,bowen ,s4 ,freezing injury to ,asiatic chestnut trees in the ,south in ,november1 #aidj4 ,plant ,disease ,reporter #bg3cib-cid4 ,october #a1 #aidc4 ,on one farm near ,columbus1 ,ga41 four plantings were located at different elevations4 ,the planting at the lowest elevation1 maintained as a well cultivated orchard1 suffered almost #ajj per cent loss from this fall freeze4 ,the trees at the highest elevation1 in a forest planting1 were practically uninjured4 ,the damage from this freeze varied from killing of buds and shoots to killing of complete trees4 ,many owners of chestnut plantings did not notice the damage until the following spring4 ,fortunately fall freezes of this magnitude occur only infrequently4 ,in the winter of #aidd1 this ,division lost #bc per cent of its hybrids at ,glenn ,dale1 ,md41 from freezing following abnormally high temperatures4 ,the hybrids had been fertilized in ,october of the preceding year1 but the effect on the extent of freezing damage is not known4 ,the months of ,november1 #aidc1 through ,march1 #aidd1 were characterized by extremely variable temperatures4 ,for example1 in ,november a minimum of #ae deg4 ,f4 occurred on the #agth1 a maximum of #gb deg4 on the #aith2 in ,december a maximum of #ff deg4 on the #crd1 a minimum of #b deg4 on the #afth2 in ,january a minimum of #h deg4 on the #agth1 a maximum of #gd deg4 on the #bgth2 in ,february a minimum of #aa deg4 on the #bnd1 a maximum of #gb deg4 on the #beth2 in ,march a minimum of #h deg4 on the #ajth1 a maximum of #ha deg4 on the #afth4 ,the extremes of temperatures in any one of these months may have been sufficient to cause damage to chestnut1 although the extent of damage is influenced by the physiological conditions within the tree4 ,the usual type of injury to the hybrids was a killing of the cambial cells extending from the base of the trunk up to varying heights4 ,the cambial region was grayish-black and the inner bark was sappy and greenish-brown4 ,more trees were injured and killed on the lower portions of the plot than on the higher portions4 ,this catastrophe afforded opportunity to study resistance of the hybrids to freezing4 ,in the lower part of the plot there were several #c-year-old ,american chestnut seedlings that were not damaged4 ,sixteen per cent of first generation hybrids of ,chinese and ,american chestnut were killed4 ,chinese by ,american backcrossed with ,chinese were killed to the extent of #cf per cent4 ,chinese by ,japanese chestnut of the second generation were killed to the extent of #ce per cent4 ,despite this extensive killing of hybrids by extreme variations of winter temperatures1 older ,chinese and ,japanese chestnuts on slightly higher ground in the same plot suffered no visible injury4 ,these old trees have rough bark1 which may serve as an effective insulator against extremes of temperature4 ,in #aidd1 there was no damaging late spring frost1 and these old trees produced the largest nut crop in their history4 ,winter temperatures of -#be deg4 ,f4 or lower are usually injurious to ,oriental chestnuts4 ,a few reports of chestnuts surviving temperatures of -#be deg4 ,f4 have been recorded1 but usually ,oriental chestnuts do not thrive in those northern ,states or regions where such temperatures occur4 ,many of our cooperators report that late spring frosts frequently cause failure of chestnut crops4 ,damaging frosts in late spring occur more frequently and over greater areas than early fall frosts or extreme winter temperature variations4 ,a late spring frost in #aide reduced the chestnut crop at ,glenn ,dale1 ,md41 from #ej bushels expected to #c bushels actual4 ,a freeze of #bd deg4,f4 on the nights of ,april #d and #e was sufficient to inflict this damage after two weeks of abnormally warm weather4 ,many of the trees were visibly injured1 with wilted or dried unfolding buds4 ,other trees on higher ground were not visibly affected1 yet they produced no crops4 ,again it was noted that the ,american chestnut1 followed by ,american chestnut hybrids1 sustained none to little damage4 ,the ,american chestnut1 besides its inherent resistance to freezing1 leafs late in the spring4 ,most of the crop of nuts obtained in #aide was produced by the ,american chestnut hybrids4 ,late spring frosts in #aide were very extensive1 reaching throughout the eastern and northeastern ,states1 and there were practically no chestnut crops4 ,there were also numerous reports of late spring frost injury to chestnut in the ,central ,states4 ,in order to reduce freezing injury to ,oriental chestnuts1 it is essential that they be grown on sites that have excellent cold air drainage4 ,as an approximate rule1 these chestnuts should be planted on sites similar to those that are best for peaches4 ,the orchard planting is not the only type that is subject to winter injury2 forest plantings1 ornamental plantings1 and plantings for wildlife are also subject to winter injury especially if they are not on the most favorable sites4 ,growing ,chestnuts for ,timber ,by ,jesse ,d4 ,diller ,plant ,industry ,station1 ,beltsville1 ,maryland ,before the turn of the century1 and even before chestnut blight had swept through our eastern forests1 destroying one of our most valuable commercial timber trees1 ,european and ,asiatic chestnuts had been introduced4 ,they made variable growth in the ,gulf ,states1 along the eastern seaboard from ,florida to southern ,maine1 the southern half of ,pennsylvania1 southwestern ,michigan1 southeastern ,iowa1 down the ,mississippi ,river ,valley and on the ,pacific ,coast4 ,these trees were grown for horticultural purposes1 and for the most part1 represented large-fruited varieties of ,japanese chestnuts4 ,they were not regarded as having forest-tree possibilities for in the open situations in which they were usually planted to insure early fruiting1 the trees developed low-spreading crowns1 resembling orchard trees4 ,however1 after the blight became fully established and it became apparent that our ,american chestnut was doomed1 and that these scattered ,asiatic chestnut trees had a natural resistance to this disease1 a new interest developed in the ,asiatic chestnuts as a possible substitute for the ,american chestnut4 ,the interest in and need for resistant1 forest-type chestnuts became so great that the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture imported from the ,orient seed of strains that might be suitable for the production of timber1 poles and posts1 with tannin and nuts as valuable by-products--qualities inherent in our native chestnut4 ,the ,division of ,forest ,pathology1 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,soils1 and ,agricultural ,engineering has been carrying on the project of testing ,asiatic chestnuts as timber trees4 ,professor ,r4 ,kent ,beattie of this ,division was in ,china1 ,korea1 and ,japan from #aibg to #aicj1 and collected over #bej bushels of seed for shipment to this ,division4 ,the seeds represented four species3 ,castanea mollissima--the ,chinese chestnut2 ,c4 henryi--the ,henry chinkapin2 ,c4 seguinii--the ,seguin chestnut2 and ,c4 crenata--the ,japanese chestnut4 ,direct ,seeding ,studies ,at the very beginning of these investigations in growing ,asiatic chestnuts as timber trees1 it was believed that greater success in establishment could be obtained by planting seedlings1 rather than by direct seeding4 ,in direct seeding trials during the early thirties the planted nuts were promptly devoured by rodents4 ,sixteen years of field experience has proven the soundness of this belief4 ,the imported nuts were planted in the ,division's nursery at ,glenn ,dale1 ,md41 and the resulting seedlings distributed as #a- and #b-year-old trees to cooperators throughout the eastern ,united ,states4 ,in order to thoroughly test the possibilities of direct seeding as an economical method of establishment1 this ,division during seven years 7#aici to #aidb1 and #aidd to #aidf7 planted over #g1jjj nuts by direct seeding in #bjj locations in #ah eastern ,states4 ,it was suspected that the greatest hazard to direct seeding in or near forests would be rodents4 ,accordingly1 in the spring of #aici and #aidj1 #djj nuts and #fjj nuts1 respectively1 were coated with a strychnine-alkaloid rodent repellent1 and a comparable number of seeds1 for both years1 were left untreated to serve as checks4 ,the checks were held in sphagnum moss at ,beltsville1 ,md41 and the nuts to be treated were packed in sphagnum moss and expressed to ,denver for treatment by the ,division of ,wildlife ,research1 the ,fish and ,wildlife ,service1 ,department of the ,interior4 ,only #e4i and #b4e per cent of the treated seeds developed into seedlings1 whereas #bb4f and #ac4e per cent of the untreated seeds produced seedlings4 ,not only did more of the treated seeds fail to germinate than of the untreated seeds1 but the seedlings from the treated nuts were less vigorous4 ,because of the results obtained1 the rodent-repellent study was discontinued at the end of the second year4 ,in #aida and #aidb1 over #d1jjj untreated chestnut seeds1 representing #bb strains1 were planted in #ab locations in eight eastern ,states4 ,the seed source was entirely from ,american-grown1 ,asiatic chestnut trees growing in #bh locations in #af eastern ,states4 ,they represented ,chinese1 ,japanese1 hybrids1 and also a limited quantity of ,american chestnut seed4 ,seed of the ,american species was included primarily to determine whether or not it differs from the ,asiatic species with reference to establishment by direct seeding4 ,the results for the two years confirmed our earlier beliefs3 ,only #b4b per cent in #aida1 and #d4j per cent in #aidb1 developed into seedlings1 of which only a remnant have survived4 ,no species or strain differences were apparent4 ,tin ,can ,method ,in #aidd1 the tin-can method was employed in planting #djj nuts in four eastern ,states4 ,by this method #ae4e per cent of the planted nuts developed into seedlings1 representing a fourfold increase over results obtained for the three previous years4 ,one end of a ,no4 #b can is removed1 and a cross is cut in the other end with a heavy-bladed knife4 ,the open end of the can is then forced into the ground1 over the planted nut1 so that the top lies flush with the ground level4 ,the four corners at the center of the cut top then are turned slightly upward1 to allow a small opening through which the hypocotyl of the developing seedling can emerge4 ,the can completely disintegrates by rusting within two or three years1 and does not interfere with the seedling's development4 ,an examination made of the various burrows about the tin cans1 and also of the teeth marks on fragments of chestnut seedcoats lying about1 indicated that not only squirrels1 but other rodents1 such as chipmunks1 field mice1 moles1 and even woodchucks were probably involved in the direct seeding failures4 ,in #aide and #aidf1 the tin-can method was tested widely on farms1 to determine its possibilities in securing establishment of blight-resistant chestnuts without a great outlay of cash to farmers4 ,in #aide1 five seeds were distributed to each of #ij cooperators residing in the ,piedmont and southern ,appalachian regions1 and in the lower ,mississippi and ,ohio ,river valleys2 and in #aidf1 to #ch cooperators residing in the ,middle ,atlantic ,states4 ,preliminary results indicate that #dj4j and #cg4b per cent of the nuts planted by the farmers developed into seedlings4 ,it should be pointed out that these results are not strictly comparable with those of previous years1 because most of the farmers preferred to plant the chestnuts in their gardens1 and under these conditions the nuts were not exposed to the severe competition and the extreme rodent hazards that occur in the forests4 ,further proof of the superiority of planting seedling stock over direct seeding as a method of establishment is indicated in the results of an experiment initiated in #aici4 ,one hundred and fifty #a-year-old seedlings and #aej nuts1 all of the same ,chinese strain1 were planted on cleared forest lands in the ,coastal ,plains1 the ,piedmont1 and the southern ,appalachian regions1 and in the ,middle ,west4 ,at the end of the eighth year1 at each location1 establishment and development of those originating from the #a-year-old transplants were better than those originating from seed1 and their average survival was six times greater4 ,distribution of ,planting ,stock ,during the period #aicj to #aidf1 the ,division of ,forest ,pathology distributed thousands of ,asiatic chestnut seedlings to ,federal1 ,state1 and private agencies for experimental forest plantings in #cb eastern ,states4 ,the ten ,states receiving the most planting stock1 in the order named were3 ,north ,carolina1 ,tennessee1 ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 ,west ,virginia1 ,virginia1 ,ohio1 ,georgia1 ,south ,carolina1 and ,maryland4 ,the purpose of this seedling distribution was to obtain information concerning the little-known characteristics of the ,asiatic chestnuts--their soil and climatic requirements1 and their range adaptability4 ,selection of ,planting ,sites ,at first the selection of the planting sites was left entirely to the judgment of the cooperators1 and most of them assumed that the ,asiatic chestnuts have site requirements similar to those of the native ,american chestnut4 ,because the ,american chestnut often occurs on dry ridges and upper slopes1 especially where soil is thin and rock outcrops are frequent1 the cooperators proceeded to plant the ,asiatic chestnuts on similar tough sites4 ,they believed that the planting of forest-tree species is justified only on defrosted areas that have reverted to grassland1 or worn-out1 unproductive agricultural land1 or on wastelands--sites that we now know are better suited to the growing of conifers rather than hardwoods4 ,as a result of this unfortunate choice of site selection1 together with the several severe drought periods recurring in the early thirties1 the cooperators lost most of their trees during the first and second years after planting4 ,inspections of some of these planted areas after a lapse of from #aj to #ae years indicated that the sites still support only a scant herbaceous cover1 with broomsedge and povertygrass predominating1 and with no evidence of native woody species encroaching on the areas4 ,the few surviving ,asiatic chestnut seedlings were sickly looking1 multi-stemmed1 misshapen trees1 heavily infected with twig blight and chestnut blight1 and severely damaged by winter injury4 ,but despite these heavy losses1 a few plantations succeeded at least in part1 and from these limited areas1 together with an appraisal of the situations where some of the earlier planted chestnuts grew well1 valuable information as to the site requirements of the ,asiatic chestnut species was obtained4 ,site ,requirements ,these field studies clearly showed that the site requirements of the ,asiatic chestnuts1 particularly with reference to soil moisture1 are more nearly like these of yellow poplar1 northern red oak1 and white ash1 than like the ,american chestnut or the native chinkapin species4 ,on fertile1 fresh soils that support the more mesophytic native species1 ,asiatic chestnuts remained relatively disease-free1 developed straight boles1 made satisfactory growth1 and were able to maintain themselves in the stands in competition with the other rapid-growing associated hardwood species4 ,the indicator plants that suggest good sites for ,asiatic chestnuts are3 7a7 ,tree species--yellowpoplar1 northern red oak1 white ash1 sugar maple1 and yellow birch2 7b7 shrub species--spicebush2 7c7 herbaceous species--maiden hair fern1 bloodroot1 jack-in-the-pulpit1 squirrelcorn and_/or ,dutchman's breeches4 ,plants that indicate sites too dry for forest-tree growth of ,asiatic chestnuts are3 7a7 ,tree species--the hard pines1 black oak and scrub oak2 7b7 shrub species--dwarf sumac1 and low blueberry2 and 7c7 herbaceous species--broomsedge1 wild strawberry1 and povertygrass4 ,plants that indicate sites too wet are3 7a7 ,tree species--black ash1 red maple1 and willows2 7b7 shrub species--alder2 7c7 herbaceous species--sedges and skunkcabbage4 ,climatic ,test ,plots ,on the basis of the experience gained from the earlier1 extensive distribution of ,asiatic chestnut planting stock1 the ,division of ,forest ,pathology1 during the years of #aicf1 #aich1 and #aici1 established #ba ,asiatic chestnut climatic test plots on cleared forest lands in eight eastern ,states on the most favorable sites obtainable4 ,these plots1 with their isolation borders1 aggregating slightly less than #cb acres1 and accommodating nearly #bb1jjj trees spaced #h by #h feet1 occur from northern ,massachusetts1 along the ,alleghenies southward to the southern ,appalachians in southwestern ,north ,carolina1 and from the ,atlantic seaboard1 in southeastern ,south ,carolina through the ,middle ,west to southeastern ,iowa4 ,more than #bj strains are being tested at each place1 including ,chinese1 ,japanese1 ,seguin1 and ,henry species1 as well as hybrids1 and progeny of some of the oldest introduced chestnuts4 ,most of the plots are fenced against livestock and deer4 ,although the results from these plots are as yet entirely preliminary1 during the #h- to #aa-year period of testing1 valuable information has already been obtained3 7#a7 ,the range of the ,asiatic chestnuts tested does not coincide entirely with the range of the ,american chestnut or the native chinkapins4 ,all ,asiatic chestnut species that have been tested have failed at ,orange1 ,massachusetts1 where the ,american chestnut grew in abundance4 ,in southeastern ,south ,carolina1 where the several species of native chinkapin thrive1 some of them attaining a height of #bj feet1 the ,asiatic species have largely failed4 ,on the other hand in northern ,indiana and southeastern ,iowa1 entirely outside the botanical range of the ,american chestnut1 a few ,chinese strains have done remarkably well4 7#b7 ,the ,chinese chestnuts have a much wider range adaptability to site than the ,japanese chestnuts2 the latter are more restricted to mild climate and appear to require somewhat better site conditions4 ,of ten ,chinese strains tested1 only four can thus far be recommended for future planting in the ,middle ,west4 ,one ,chinese strain that has thus far proven far superior to the others1 in all the climatic plots1 was introduced by the ,department of ,agriculture as seed from ,nanking1 ,china in #aibd4 7#c7 ,poorly aerated soil is an important limiting factor in all regions where the chestnuts were tested4 ,establishment by ,underplanting and ,girdling ,on the basis of the field experience gained from the wide distribution of ,asiatic chestnut planting stock and the information thus far obtained from the climatic test plots1 a new method of establishing ,asiatic chestnut under forest conditions was initiated in the spring of #aidf1 and is now being tried on a limited scale4 ,it consists of underplanting1 with chestnut seedlings1 a fully stocked stand of hardwoods ranging from #d to #h inches in diameter breast height in which the predominant species are yellow poplar1 northern red oak1 white ash1 and sugar maples4 ,all overstory growth #e feet and over in height is then girdled4 ,as the girdled overstory trees die1 they gradually yield the site to the planted chestnuts in transition that does not greatly disturb the ecological conditions1 particularly of the forest floor4 ,rapid disintegration of the mantle of leafmold is prevented by the partial shading1 which the dead or dying overstory1 girdled trees cast4 ,at the same time1 the partial shading hinders the encroachment of the sprout hardwoods and the other plant invaders 7which would normally become established if the planted area had been clear cut7 until the chestnuts have become fully established4 ,not only does this system provide the best site conditions conducive to the development of forest-tree form in the ,asiatic chestnuts1 in limited areas1 but also under establishment conditions that require a minimum amount of maintenance4 ,summary ,in general1 ,asiatic chestnuts1 when grown for timber purposes1 are best adapted to northern slopes1 above frost pockets on cool protected sites1 on deep1 fertile soils having a covering of leaf litter and humus in the top soil1 a soil that is permeable to both roots and water1 and that has a good water-holding capacity4 ,the plant association1 above mentioned as indicating ideal sites for ,asiatic chestnuts for best timber development1 occur in rich soils of slight hollows in moist hilly woods and on the mountains in cove sites4 ,improved ,methods of ,storing ,chestnuts ,by ,h4 ,l4 ,crane and ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay ,plant ,industry ,station1 ,beltsville1 ,maryland ,trees of the ,chinese chestnut1 ,castanea mollissima1 are quite resistant to the chestnut bark or blight disease4 ,the heavy bearing of the trees together with the good quality of the nuts produced has stimulated planting of trees to replace those of the ,american species largely killed by that disease4 ,although a few horticultural varieties of ,chinese chestnuts have been introduced and propagated1 the great majority of the bearing trees are seedlings4 ,in seedling plantings seldom do two trees produce nuts of the same size1 color1 and shape4 ,all of these nuts when properly harvested1 treated1 and stored are sweet and edible and nourishing as food either raw1 boiled1 roasted1 or combined with other foods in poultry dressing1 salads1 or pancakes4 ,then too1 there is a big demand for ,chinese chestnuts as seed for the purpose of growing seedling trees to be planted in orchards or to be used as rootstocks in propagating horticultural varieties4 ,in either case1 it is often desirable to store the nuts for several months before using them4 ,chestnuts are not like the oily nuts1 such as pecans1 walnuts1 almonds1 filberts1 or peanuts1 that must be dried to a moisture content of #e to #h per cent to store well4 ,chestnuts are starchy nuts1 containing about #ej moisture when first harvested1 and on drying they become very hard4 ,in experiments conducted at the ,u4 ,s4 ,horticultural ,field ,station1 ,meridian1 ,miss41 it was found that the loss in weight of chestnuts ranged from #af4b to #cj4e when stored for #d months in open containers at #cb deg4,f41 and #hj relative humidity4 ,in an experiment in which chestnuts were stored #d-a_/b months at #cb deg4,f41 they lost #ah4h in weight when stored in burlap sacks1 #c4g when stored in waxed paper cartons with tight-fitting lids1 and #b4j when stored in friction-top cans4 ,furthermore1 chestnuts on drying lose their viability and become worthless4 ,chestnuts lose moisture rapidly and become subject to spoilage due to molds and other fungi and therefore must be considered as highly perishable and handled accordingly4 ,there is a great difference in the keeping quality of the nuts produced by different trees in that some are very susceptible to infection by molds and bacteria and spoil quickly while others keep quite well4 ,at ,meridian1 ,miss41 nuts from #e different seedling trees ranged from #b to #cd mold infection at harvest4 ,studies made by ,john ,r4 ,large at ,u4 ,s4 ,pecan ,field ,station1 ,albany1 ,ga41 showed that much of the infection of the nuts by molds occurred after they had fallen from the burs and while the nuts were in contact with the soil4 ,it is1 therefore1 essential that the nuts be harvested promptly after they are mature4 ,as a general practice the nuts should be gathered every other day during the ripening season4 ,burs that have split open and exposed the brown nuts should be knocked from the trees1 and all of the nuts on the ground should be gathered up cleanly4 ,it would be difficult to emphasize too strongly the importance of harvesting the nuts promptly as soon as they are mature4 ,prompt and careful attention must then be given to the conditions under which they are stored if they are to remain for long in an edible and viable condition4 ,after the nuts have been gathered#aj they should be held in a layer not exceeding #a or #b inches deep for #c or #d days4 ,it is important that they be kept in a well-ventilated building and that the sun does not strike the nuts during curing4 ,after the preliminary curing1 the nuts should be placed in friction-top metal cans 7slip-top cans7 and the lids should not be tight for the first month of storage4 ,the nuts contain enough moisture after the short curing process that the lids will sweat1 or surplus moisture will accumulate on the under side4 ,this will disappear slowly by evaporation during the first month or #f weeks of storage and the lids may then be pushed firmly into place1 making the can nearly airtight4 ,the containers of nuts should be held in cold storage at temperatures of #cb deg4 to #cf deg4,f4 ,while some nuts have kept quite well at temperatures as high as #de deg4,f41 the tests indicate that the nearer the storage temperature is to #cb deg4,f41 the less is the mold development4 ,placing the cans in an ordinary home refrigerator should prove fairly satisfactory with nuts that have good keeping quality4 ,footnote #aj3 ,if the nuts are infected with weevils1 they should immediately be treated after harvesting with the hot water or methyl bromide treatment as recommended by the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,bureau of ,entomology and ,plant ,quarantine4 ,it is essential that the nuts be placed in storage immediately after they have had the preliminary curing4 ,any delay may increase the possibility of mold development4 ,in the winter of #aide-df1 nuts from #f seedling ,chinese chestnut trees were stored separately in five-gallon friction-top cans at the ,plant ,industry ,station1 ,beltsville1 ,md41 at #cb deg4,f4 for approximately #f months4 ,the results are given in ,table #a4 ,it will be noted that there was some variation in the percentage of spoiled nuts in the different lots1 but the loss was small when compared with results obtained by other methods4 ,all of the sound nuts in these lots were planted in a rodent-proof coldframe immediately after they were removed from storage1 and from #ij to #ie germination of the seed was obtained throughout4 ,it is almost impossible to keep some varieties satisfactorily with even the best of care4 ,because of the great difference in keeping quality of the nuts of different varieties and from different seedling trees1 each chestnut grower should study the keeping performance of the nuts from the different trees in his own orchard4 ,he should save for permanent trees those producing nuts that keep well4 ,the method of storing chestnuts that perhaps has been more widely used than any other is to pack the nuts in slightly moist sphagnum moss or fresh hardwood sawdust in boxes and place them in cold storage at #cb deg4,f4 to #cd deg4,f4 ,a little less volume of packing material than of nuts is customarily used4 ,the correct amount of moisture may be attained by adding #d fluid ounces of water to #a pound of dry sphagnum moss4 ,there is great danger of getting too much moisture1 which will tend to cause spoilage4 ,if the cold storage compartment is one that has a tendency to dry the stored material1 it may be necessary at some time during the year to open up the boxes and add a little moisture to the sphagnum1 but in most storage houses this is not necessary4 ,based upon results obtained during the last #b or #c years1 it seems probable that the method of storing chestnuts in friction-top cans will prove to be more efficient than other methods now in use4 ,tests are under way to determine the most desirable moisture content of nuts at the time of storage4 ,if this can be determined the present period of preliminary curing will become a matter of reducing the moisture content of the nuts to a known amount before they are stored4 ,it is likely that other refinements of the method will be made in the near future1 but the procedure here described has given results that merit further trial by those concerned with chestnut storage problems4 ,,table ,i--,record of ,keeping ,quality of ,nuts from #f ,seedling ,chinese ,chestnut ,trees ,stored ,in ,friction-,top ,cans ,at #cb deg4,f4 for ,approximately #f ,months ,at ,beltsville1 ,winter--#aide-dfaa ,total ,weight ,weight of ,weight of ,tree ,number of ,nuts ,sound ,nuts ,spoiled ,nuts ,percent ,spoiled #d-bd-df--,lbs4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #ghfa #bc4fi #bc4jh 4#fa #b4eg #ghha #be4bj #bd4fc 4#eg #b4bf #gicj #bf4he #bf4dh 4#cg #a4cg #gicb #bd4bi #bc4hj 4#di #b4jb #gich #bi4jj #bg4dh #a4eb #e4bd #hagd #ae4hb #ad4hj #a4jb #f4de ,,all ,,lots #add4he #adj4bg #d4eh #c4af ,footnote #aa3 ,weighed and examined #d_/bd_/df4 ,essential ,elements in ,tree ,nutrition 7,paper presented before the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association ,convention1 ,september #c-e1 #aidf1 ,wooster1 ,ohio47 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,wischhusen ,manganese ,research ,development ,foundation1 ,cleveland #aj1 ,ohio ,mankind has harbored an age-old grudge against insects and fungi1 so that under the heading of crop protection from these pests there has developed a large insecticide and fungicide industry4 ,relatively little attention has been paid to the effects of a nutritional character that can be obtained from simultaneous applications of essential elements4 ,insects will probably always constitute a problem of destruction1 either of them or by them4 ,but fungi1 bacteriae1 viruses1 can be made to combat1 control and balance each other2 depending on the conditions under which their propagation is either facilitated or inhibited4 ,there is evidence that so-called essential nutrients1 also variously referred to as minor1 trace1 rare1 or micro elements play a direct as well as indirect role of considerable importance in this matter1 and that trees can be fertilized1 sprayed1 injected or treated with them in other ways to insure their growth1 health1 crop bearing ability1 longevity1 disease--frost--and drought--resistance4 ,there still exists a paucity of scientific explanations on these subjects1 but there is already a good deal of scattered information1 which it is my purpose to draw to your attention4 ,people do not care about scientific facts if they can obtain results without them1 and then scientific concepts too may undergo changes4 ,the manner in which trees obtain their nutrients from soil1 air and water1 however1 will forever remain unchanged1 whether we understand it or not1 and it behooves every grower to observe effects from causes1 and to reflect upon them1 and report his observations to his association for the benefit of all4 ,physical ,soil ,characteristics ,that the primary requisites for tree growing are the physical characteristics of all soils favorable for that purpose requires no discussion4 ,the successful nut tree planting starts with the soil1 whether it be on the scale of an orchard1 grove1 or just a few trees around the farm or garden4 ,the better soils for general crop production are on limestone1 basalt1 dolemite1 dolerite1 diorite and gabbro formations1 whereas sandstones1 aplites1 granites1 pierre shale1 cretacious rocks and volcanic formations weather into inferior soils4 ,gneiss can be sometimes good1 sometimes unfavorable for building of fertile soil4 ,it is well to bear in mind that geology and botany are our two fundamental sciences1 and that all our other sciences are in reality departments of these4 ,chemistry can be either a branch of botany if it deals with organic chemistry1 or else a branch of geology1 if it deals with inorganic chemistry1 and it would appear that the modern scientific grower of nut trees or any other crops is wittingly or unwittingly concerned with both4 ,biology and zoology both are branches of botany4 ,the ,essential ,elements ,in the past1 economics have governed any crop production1 whether of trees1 grains1 fruits or vegetables2 not nutrition and health4 ,the future in all likelihood will demand improved crops from the standpoint of nutritional purposes as foods4 ,it is gradually being realized that the production of better crops can be brought about by greater application of essential nutrients to soils or as nutritional sprays direct to trees1 and that such practices also reflect true economics4 ,the same principle should govern wood production4 ,according to our today's knowledge1 there are at least nineteen elements invariably essential to life1 viz3 ,primary3 ,hydrogen1 carbon1 nitrogen1 oxygen1 phosphorus4 ,secondary3 ,calcium1 magnesium1 sodium1 potassium1 iron1 sulphur1 chlorine4 ,micro3 ,manganese1 copper1 boron1 silicon1 aluminum1 fluorine1 iodine4 ,then there are another eighteen elements at least variably necessary to life1 viz3 7#a7 ,variable ,secondary ,elements3 ,zinc1 titanium1 vanadium and bromine4 7#b7 ,variable ,micro-,elements3 ,lithium1 rubidium1 caesium1 silver1 beryllium1 strontium1 cadmium1 germanium1 tin1 lead1 arsenic1 chromium1 cobalt and nickel4 ,elements in ,soils ,essential for ,plant ,growth ,it is furthermore safe to state at the present time that fertile soils should contain at least the following twenty elements3 ,nitrogen1 phosphorus1 potassium1 calcium1 magnesium1 sulphur1 hydrogen1 carbon1 oxygen1 iron1 sodium1 chlorine1 aluminum1 silicon1 manganese1 copper1 zinc1 boron1 iodine1 and fluorine4 ,until quite recently many scientists believed that only the first ten elements were necessary for growth and maturing of crops2 that only the first three should be considered as fertilizer ingredients1 and that the others were supplied by soil1 air and water1 or were present as natural fillers in manures and fertilizer raw materials4 ,the modern agronomist1 however1 takes all these twenty essential elements into consideration1 and many so-called complete fertilizers contain at least sixteen to eighteen1 if not all of the elements mentioned above4 ,cobalt1 essential to animal nutrition1 can also most economically be supplied through the soil1 even though crops grow without it4 ,as long as we have sufficient experimental research data that at least nineteen elements are invariably essential to all life1 it stands to reason1 that they at least must also be present in one way or another for the normal1 or better the optimum growth of nut trees1 and a crop of more nutritious nuts4 ,therefore1 every time one of them is considered1 all the others must also be borne in mind4 ,it will neither prove difficult nor costly to experiment with them4 ,it is a matter of finding the proper balance of everything essential for optimum nut tree growing4 ,indeed1 to ascertain the true balance of all elements that are invariably essential to life1 and their relationship to the elements which are variably essential1 would quite naturally appear to constitute the quintessence of research still to be performed4 ,we cannot control such essential factors as climate1 weather1 sunshine1 but man can control the supply and adjustment of nutrients to trees1 and it rests entirely with him to do so4 ,there is one advantage a nut crop has over some other crops2 it does not have to be harvested before fully mature4 ,nut crops obtain the benefit from elements that may be slowly assimilated during the season4 ,the following experimental and historical evidence and opinions have come to my attention1 and ,i record them for what interest they may have4 ,past experience is often discarded as too old1 but many a time an experimenter was ahead of his time1 and his work remained unrecognized1 so that now some old references can be revived and presented as novelties4 ,what the past ignored may indeed be due to the ignorance of those who did the ignoring4 #a7 ,the ,chestnut ,blight ,the chestnut blight1 for instance1 of a generation ago1 may be re-examined in the light of the proceedings before a chestnut blight conference1 held at ,harrisburg1 ,penna41 ,february #bj-ba1 #aiab4 ,a chestnut extract manufacturer1 a ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,benson#c1 stated at the time that in his experience the best extracts were made from trees high in lime4 ,a blighted tree1 he stated1 is simply a tree in the process of starving to death for lack of lime4 ,maps showed that the blight was worst where there was least lime1 and that the chestnut trees died last in ,tennessee1 where soils are high in lime4 ,analysis showed that chestnuts contained #dj lime1 an unheard of amount4 ,that this high test may reflect a faulty condition is pointed out later4 ,all ,i can add to this is that there is an ,english ,walnut ,tree1 ,alpine variety1 on the farm of ,mr4 ,deknatel1 on ,route #bjb1 ,chalfont1 ,penna41 which is remarkable for its virility and crops of large nuts4 ,this tree grows in a place protected by house and barn near a well1 in limestone soil4 ,it resisted the severe winters of #aice and #aicf1 when many other ,english ,walnuts in the vicinity died4 ,my opinion is that any tree in that location would be an outstanding tree2 and vice versa1 had that particular tree been planted in another location1 it would have done no better than any trees there located4 ,nuts from that tree might well be tested and compared with nuts from other trees4 #b7 ,the ,banana ,blight ,the banana blight in ,central ,america threatened for a while to be as destructive as the chestnut blight in this country4 ,it was due admittedly to an attack by soil fungi1 but no fungicide to foliage or to the soil served its purpose4 ,however1 the proper restoration of bacterial life in soils to keep the soil fungi in check proved effective4 ,this was a matter not of the presence or absence of any one inorganic nutrient1 but of restoring to soils the balance of fertility1 an abundance of organic matter as food for bacteriae4 ,dr4 ,george ,d4 ,scarseth1 ,west ,lafayette1 ,ind4#d1 is one of those largely responsible for correcting this epidemic4 ,his experience may prove useful to nut growers1 so that they may not live in constant fear of another blight epidemic such as the one that exterminated our chestnuts only a generation ago4 #c7 ,tree ,nutrition1 ,microbial ,from ,england comes interesting information about ,tree ,nutrition#e4 ,evidence shows that the healthy growth of trees such as pines and spruces is intimately bound up with an association between their roots and fungi present in woodland soil4 ,poverty in mineral nutrients is no longer regarded as a necessarily critical factor in the failure of growth of trees of this kind1 since the associated fungi have at their disposal sources of supply inaccessible to the roots of higher plants4 ,experiments carried out during the past ten years at ,wareham in ,england fully confirm the opinion expressed long ago by ,professor ,elias ,melin1 ,upsala1 ,sweden1 that the growth of trees and other plants on poor soils of the raw humus type is greatly influenced by the root-fungus association4 ,by fostering the appropriate combination it has been possible to carry out successful afforestation of heathland so poor that ordinary cultural methods prove inadequate for the least exacting tree species4 ,satisfying the mineral requirements of the trees by direct application of fertilizers is not in itself sufficient treatment to ensure continued healthy growth2 biological factors also play an essential role in promoting soil fertility4 ,the experiments have shown that failure of the trees to establish a satisfactory biological equilibrium with the necessary fungi is due in this case1 not to the absence of these fungi in the soil1 but to their inactivation by toxic products of biological origin4 ,the factors inhibiting the activity of the fungi can be removed by the application of comparatively small amounts of organic composts which produce dramatic and lasting effects on the growth of roots and shoots4 ,the special composts used are prepared from organic materials such as straw1 hop waste and sawdust4 ,the mechanism by which they stimulate growth is still obscure4 ,all of them contain small amounts of directly available plant foods such as phosphates and potash1 but careful investigation both in laboratory pot cultures and in the field1 has shown that these can account for only a relatively temporary effect on growth4 ,it is suggested that the composts act mainly by modifying the course of humus decomposition1 thus bringing about drastic changes in the biological activities of the organic substrate of the soil4 ,this demonstration of the profound influence of biological factors on the nutrition of trees challenges the attention of foresters and has important practical applications4 ,by making use of suitable composts1 it will be possible to carry out the successful afforestation of land formerly regarded as wholly unproductive4 ,for further information see ,problems of ,tree ,nutrition#e4 ,from the two foregoing examples it is seen that in the case of banana blight1 fungi had to be suppressed by bacteriae1 but that for pine trees on poor ,english soils fungi had to be activated for proper tree nutrition4 #d7 ,inorganic ,tree ,nutrients ,other information also from ,england concerns the use of so-called minerals which ,i prefer to call essential inorganic nutrients1 and name by the element or the compound in which the element is contained4 ,minerals1 strictly speaking1 refers to compounds formed by nature as rocks1 ores1 brines1 salt deposits1 etc4 ,professor ,wallace1 ,director of ,britain's ,long ,ashton ,research ,station#f1 has laid the foundation for diagnosing mineral deficiencies by leaf symptoms4 ,these are reliable indicators of what nutrients to furnish plants when they are distinct and easily recognized4 ,but for subacute deficiencies1 plant analysis and injections are resorted to4 ,injections of manganese sulphate as pellets into holes drilled in trunks of cherry trees caused orchards that had been barren1 to bear heavy crops a few months later4 ,manganese1 boron1 zinc1 copper1 iron1 magnesium also lend themselves quite readily for applications as nutritional sprays1 when applied as suitable compounds such as the sulphates4 ,both spray applications and tree injections have great diagnostic values1 because a response to them1 if needed is relatively quick4 ,when trees are deficient their foliage will show marked improvement from a spray application within a few days1 so that a test can be made on a few trees before an entire orchard is treated4 ,trunk injections should of course be made during the dormant season for results to show the following summer4 #e7 ,nutritional ,sprays ,florida and ,california lead in the application of nutritional sprays on citrus and other fruit#g4 ,vegetables1 too1 respond remarkably thereto#h4 ,i see no reason why nut trees likewise should not benefit from them1 especially when other spray materials are used4 ,copper sulphate1 zinc sulphate1 manganese sulphate1 magnesium sulphate1 iron sulphate1 cobalt sulphate and borax are all compatible with each other and with most other spray materials4 ,combination sprays seem to perform better1 anyway1 than single sprays1 and the only objection would seem to be that some element is applied that is not deficient4 ,it can be taken for granted1 however1 that nothing is wasted1 even though the benefits may be invisible4 ,soils benefit in the long run from sprays4 ,one element1 even though not noticeably needed1 may make another available or it may antidote toxicity of some element present to excess4 ,indirect results in all likelihood are always obtained4 ,in ,florida1 recommendations for spray applications to citrus are made annually#i4 ,they can be obtained from the ,florida ,citrus ,commission1 ,lakeland1 ,fla4 ,a typical formulae is as follows3 #c-e lbs4 zinc sulphate #c-e lbs4 manganese sulphate per #ajj gallons of water or #b-e lbs4 copper sulphate with other spray material equal amounts of lime4 #a gallon of lime sulphur or #a-a_/b lbs4 of lime is used for every #c lbs4 of sulphate of manganese or zinc4 ,cherries1 apples1 plums are quite responsive to such applications1 and ,i have seen the defoliation of prune trees in ,new ,york ,state corrected with a mixture containing3 ,manganese #aj ,all as metallic1 in the form of hydrated oxides1 ,copper #aj and applied at the rate of #d lbs1 for the combination ,zinc #e material per #ajj gallons4 ,boron #a ,the addition of #b lbs4 lime is optional4 ,in ,california a manganese deficiency has been observed on ,english ,walnuts#aj1 and #e-ae lbs4 commercial manganese sulphate was used per #ajj gallons of water during late ,may1 through ,june1 to correct this4 ,sprays should be applied at ten day intervals until the deficiency symptoms no longer persist4 ,plausible reasons for the somewhat quicker action of sprays than fertilizers may be furnished by two prominent authorities3 ,mc,collum#aa1 one of our foremost nutritionists1 first noted the discovery that the leaf of the plant is a complete food1 and that none of the storage organs of plants1 seeds1 tubers1 roots1 fruits enjoy that distinction4 ,in the leaf1 biological processes are most active4 ,it is the site of synthesis of proteins1 carbohydrates and fats4 ,the leaf is rich in actively functioning cells which contain everything necessary for the metabolic processes1 and they supply all the nutrients which an animal requires4 7,all flesh is grass74 ,hoagland#ab1 another authority1 writes on this subject thus3 ,it is now certain that soils are not invariably capable of supplying enough boron1 zinc1 copper and manganese to maintain healthy growth of plants4 ,this knowledge has come mainly during the past ten years4 ,within this period thousands of cases from many parts of the world have been reported of crop failure1 of plant disease1 resulting from deficiencies of micro nutrient elements4444 ,the statements do not imply that most soils are deficient in any of these elements1 but the areas involved are large and important enough to warrant the view that the recognition of micro nutrient deficiencies constitutes a development in applied plant nutrition of major significance4 ,when ,i refer to deficiencies of boron1 copper1 manganese1 or zinc1 it is not a question of absolute deficiency in total quantity of the element present in the soil1 but rather a physiological deficiency arising from the insufficient availability of the element in the plant2 in other words1 not enough of the element can be absorbed and distributed in the plant for its physiological needs at each successive phase of growth4 ,nutritional sprays under such circumstances may prove the remedy1 and we have experimental evidence to support this4 ,nut trees as is shown by the above mentioned experiment1 may respond to spray applications equally as well as citrus1 other fruit and vegetables1 and effects1 too may possess special diagnostic values1 showing the need of trees1 and therefore also the need of soils on which they are grown4 ,investigators are constantly confronted with determining whether foliage shows symptoms of disease or starvation1 and whether this is due to a deficiency or an excess of any particular nutrient2 whether fungicides inhibit the generation of fungi from the spore state1 or whether the plant is fortified from sprays or dusts to become disease resistant1 or repellent4 ,fungicides are valueless where plant disease is caused by bacteriae which invade the water conducting tubes1 7roughly corresponding to the blood vessels of mammals71 of plants1 tree trunks1 etc4 and prevent the flow of water and nutrient solutions from roots to leaves4 ,deprived of water and nourishment1 the plants or trees will wilt and die4 ,where1 however1 soils furnish these plants with protective inorganic nutrients1 such as manganese1 copper1 iron1 zinc1 borax1 etc4 these bacterial diseases are prevented4 ,similar actions may take place in leaves4 ,deficiency ,symptoms4 ,kodachrome ,slides4 ,many acute deficiency symptoms have been identified by authorities and photographed1 and ,i am able to show ,kodachrome slides of the following3 ,manganese starvation on ,swiss chard1 spinach 7five illustrations71 courtesy of ,dr4 ,robert ,e4 ,young1 ,waltham1 ,massachusetts4 ,apricot1 sweet cherry1 lemon1 onions1 peanut1 soybean 7two illustrations71 tobacco 7#d illustrations71 sugarbeets1 walnuts1 wheat1 all by different authors4 ,manganese deficiencies in ,indiana on soyabeans1 hemp1 corn1 by courtesy of ,george ,h4 ,enfield1 ,purdue ,university4 ,manganese on beets 7mangels71 7#d illustrations71 and ,romaine lettuce1 ,nassau ,county1 ,long ,island4 ,courtesy of ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,thompson1 ,cornell ,university4 ,many more are published in ,hunger ,signs of ,crops1 an illustrated reference book popular with scientific farmers and growers#ac4 ,other deficiencies that have been observed on nut trees are the so-called little leaf or rosette of pecans and black walnuts#ad1 which is due to a lack of zinc4 ,strangely enough1 healthy orchards in this case contained a preponderance of fungi1 whereas in affected orchards the soil microflora was predominantly bacterial#ae4 ,we now have definite experimental evidence that lime1 manganese and zinc are required in appreciable quantities for the growth1 health and bearing quality of nut trees4 ,it is well to make sure of these elements in the soils devoted to nut tree planting1 but it cannot be emphasized too often that all essential elements and factors should be taken care of2 anyone of them may be the limiting factor in crop failure2 the one that is absent is always the most important4 ,in regard to inorganic nutrients1 more attention has probably been devoted to citrus trees than to any other tree species1 largely because the soils of ,florida and ,california require additions thereof4 ,it would be unfair to say that such main fruit crops as apples1 cherries1 peaches1 plums have been neglected2 we merely possess more information on the nutrients of citrus trees than on other tree crops1 as far as the micro essential nutrients are concerned4 ,most orchards and groves are fertilized only with nitrogen1 phosphorus and potash1 and limed when necessary4 ,nitrogen can stimulate size of fruit at the expense of quality4 ,a paper by ,p4 ,w4 ,rohrbaugh#af1 ,plant ,physiologist of the ,california ,fruit ,growers ,exchange1 ,ontario1 ,california1 deals with eleven mineral nutrient deficiencies and their causes1 viz3 calcium1 magnesium1 potash1 phosphorus1 sulphur1 nitrogen1 iron1 boron1 zinc1 manganese1 copper1 and this might well be used as a guide for nut trees4 #f7 ,miscellaneous ,a few oddities may also be mentioned for anyone inclined to experiment3 ,from ,holland it is reported that an avenue of large handsome shade trees close to a century old1 all died in one year1 except where a junk dealer had stacked a pile of old metals4 ,the trees had exhausted the inorganic nutrients within reach of their roots in the soil1 but the junkpile had replenished them sufficiently1 so that those within reach of it kept alive to this day1 twenty years later4 ,a rock mulch is reported to have improved the growth of lime and lemon trees considerably#ag1 and it would seem that similar experiments should be made on young nut trees1 just before bearing age in a comparative test with a check planting4 ,stones can be selected for the nutrients they contain1 and a geologist can easily point out those containing the greatest number of elements4 ,no one could go wrong in placing a few rocks of limestone or dolomite near the base of a tree1 and let rain and sunshine1 heat and frost attend to the fertilizing in a slow but perpetual manner4 ,maple sugar contains manganese#ah1 showing this as a distinct quality over cane sugar4 ,manganese and other essential nutrients are known to facilitate the production of proteins#ai1 and the question of better quality nut production may well be examined from the viewpoint of the indirect effect from activities of soil microbiology by manganese1 copper1 cobalt and zinc4 ,some of these elements have also been classed as inorganic plant hormones#bj4 ,chlorosis1 the yellowing of leaves1 may not only be a deficiency symptom of manganese1 but also one of iron1 copper and magnesium4 ,lack of manganese can cause a decrease in photosynthesis#ba1 so much so that in manganese deficient leaves the ,,co#b assimilation may be reduced to half of normal4 ,herein1 too1 may lie the cause of low yields1 smaller roots and lowered resistance of those roots to invading detrimental organism4 ,contemporary work on soil microbiology may show that manganese and other essential nutrients are perhaps most important in their functions for the preservation and balancing of microbial life and actions in soils4 ,there is where tree nutrition must begin2 whatever is neglected in soils can at best only temporarily be adjusted afterwards4 ,after all1 deficiency symptoms on foliage show lack of soil fertility1 and while we should welcome them for their diagnostic value1 our corrective measures to be most economical must be taken on soils4 ,transmission of ,inorganic ,nutrients from ,soils to ,plants to ,animals ,soil analysis and plant tissue tests both have their value1 but also their limitations4 ,many laboratories and experiment stations are equipped to make rapid soil tests1 and some engage in leaf analysis4 ,it is important that they be correctly interpreted4 ,for instance1 at the ,citrus ,experiment ,station1 ,riverside1 ,california#bb1 bark and leaves were collected from healthy and diseased ,persian ,walnuts4 ,they were analyzed for calcium1 magnesium1 inorganic phosphate1 manganese and iron4 ,a higher percentage of ash was found in the diseased than in the healthy bark1 and calcium1 magnesium1 manganese and inorganic phosphates were also generally higher4 ,it would be a fallacy ,i think to conclude therefrom that these elements were not necessary1 or were present to excess4 ,they were probably present because they had failed to function properly1 due to changes in weather1 excessive rains or droughts1 and could not eliminate themselves4 ,we must consider the results from the functions of the essential elements1 and discard the popular belief that inorganic nutrients in soils are transmitted from soils to plants1 and therein contained for the express purpose of satisfying the need of animals and humans#bc4 ,the plant has only one purpose to perform which is to grow and to reproduce itself1 and such is the case with all other forms of life4 ,plants contain very often inorganic elements in a form in which they cannot be utilized4 ,it is therefore quite easy to mistake their presence either as a toxicity symptom or as a high requirement1 when as a matter of fact these elements are present due to conditions unfavorable to metabolism1 and they remained in bark and leaves as end products1 in an inert form4 ,rather than being transmitted from soils to plant1 their functions may consist of the formation of enzymes1 proteins1 hormones1 chlorophyll1 antibodies1 vitamins1 in carbon assimilation4 ,when they have served such purposes they are not likely to be present in plants in anything like the amounts or forms as present in soils4 ,they may come into question as catalysts or bio-catalysts1 as sources of energy for microorganism1 from which their optimum effects have been secured when they are not transmitted at all1 causing changes1 but remaining themselves unchanged4 ,they are essential in the sense that the elements composing soils1 sea1 atmosphere are constantly energized1 changed and used over and over again to create plant1 animal and human life4 ,in this cycle nothing is lost1 only changed from old to new generations4 ,summary ,soil factors for tree growth are physical1 chemical and biological4 ,to control the organisms of soils and plants is probably the most difficult problem in microbiology4 ,it is not wise to alternate neglect with feverish attention when blights or other pests become epidemic or threatening4 ,they may be of a nutritional1 preventable rather than curable nature4 ,pathology and tree nutrition may as well become a constant part of your activities4 ,references to the ,literature #a4 ,,beeson1 ,k4 ,c4 ,the ,mineral ,composition of ,crops ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,bulletin ,no4 #cfi4 ,march1 #aida #b4 ,,fearon1 ,w4 ,r4 ,a ,classification of the ,biological ,elements ,sci4 ,proc4 ,royal ,dublin ,soc4 ,vol4 #bj ,no4 #ce4 ,february1 #aicc #c4 ,,wischhusen1 ,j4 ,f4 ,minerals in ,agricultural and in ,animal ,husbandry ,manganese ,research ,development ,foundation ,cleveland #aj1 ,ohio #d4 ,,rodale1 ,j4 ,i4 ,the ,organic ,forest--,editorial ,organic ,gardening1 ,emmaus1 ,pa4 ,april1 #aide1 pp4 #d-i #e4 ,,scarseth1 ,,george ,d4 ,growing ,bananas on ,acid ,soils,agriculture in the ,americas1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,october1 #aidd1 ,no4 #aj #f4 ,,rayner1 ,m4 ,c4 and ,,neilson-,,jones1 ,w4 ,problems of ,tree ,nutrition ,faber and ,faber1 ,lt4 ,london #g4 ,,roach1 ,w4 ,a4 ,soil ,fertility and ,trace ,elements ,soil ,conservation1 ,washington4 ,october1 #aide ,condensed in ,farmer's ,digest1 ,ambler1 ,pa4 ,january1 #aidf #h4 ,,camp1 ,a4 ,f4 ,the ,minor ,elements in ,citrus ,fertilization ,commercial ,fertilizer1 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,january1 #aide #i4 ,,chapman1 ,h4 ,d42 ,,brown1 ,s4 ,m42 and ,,rayner1 ,d4 ,s4 ,nutrient ,deficiencies in ,citrus ,california ,citrograph1 ,may1 #aide #aj4 ,mc,l,e,a,n1 ,f4 ,t4 ,feeding ,plants ,manganese through the ,stomata ,science #ff 7#aibg74 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,rec ,no4 #eh #aa4 ,,spray ,,and ,,dust ,,schedules1 ,published ,annually ,florida ,citrus ,commission1 ,lakeland1 ,fla4 #ab4 ,,braucher1 ,o4 ,l4 and ,,southwick1 ,b4 ,w4 ,correction of ,manganese ,deficiency ,symptoms of ,walnut ,trees ,proc4 ,horticultural ,science #ci4 #acc--f4 #aida #ac4 ,mc,c,o,l,l,u,m1 ,e4 ,v4 ,,orent-,,keiles ,the ,newer ,knowledge of ,nutrition4 ,fifth ,edition ,the ,mac,millan ,company1 pp4 #ffa-b #ad4 ,,hoagland1 ,d4 ,r4 ,inorganic ,nutrition of ,plants ,chronic ,botanica1 #aidd1 pp4 #cb-c #ae4 ,,hunger ,,signs ,,of ,,crops--,a ,symposium ,national ,fertilizer ,assn4 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #aida ,judd ,detwiler1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 #af4 ,,blackmon1 ,g4 ,h4 ,variety and ,stock ,tests of ,pecan and ,walnut ,trees ,florida ,agr4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,annual ,report #aicf1 #ge 7#aicg7 #ag4 ,,blackmon1 ,g4 ,h4 ,pecan ,variety ,response to ,different ,soil ,types1 ,localities3 ,zinc ,treatments ,florida ,agr4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,ann4 ,rep4 #aice1 #gd-e1 7#aicf7 #ah4 ,,ark1 ,p4 ,a4 ,little ,leaf or ,rosette of ,fruit ,trees ,,vii4 ,soil ,microflora and ,little ,leaf or ,rosette ,disease ,proc4 ,amer4 ,soc4 of ,horticultural ,sci4 #cd1 #bah-ba4 #aicg #ai4 ,,rohrbaugh1 ,p4 ,w4 ,mineral ,nutrient ,deficiencies in ,california ,citrus ,trees and their ,causes ,california ,citrograph1 ,april-,may1 #aidf #bj4 ,,white1 ,,clarence ,decorative ,rock ,mulches ,organic ,gardening1 ,november1 #aide--;,emmaus1 ,pa4 #ba4 ,,riou1 ,,paul and ,,delorme1 ,,joachim ,manganese in ,maple and ,cane ,sugars ,comptes ,rendues #bjj #aacb-c 7#aice7 ,c4,a4 #bidfag #bb4 ,,delorme1 ,,joachim ,manganese in ,maple and ,cane ,sugars ,contrib4 ,lab4 del',ecole ,hautes ,etudes ,comm4 ,montreal ,no4 #g1 page #cb #aicg #bc4 ,,baudisch1 ,,oskar ,biological ,functions of ,minor ,elements ,soil ,sci4 ,vol4 #fj ,no4 #b ,august1 #aide #bd4 ,,ellis1 ,,carleton2 ,,swaney1 ,,miller4 ,w4 ,soilless ,growth of ,plants ,reinhold ,publishing ,co4 #aich #bd4 ,,willis1 ,l4 ,g4 and ,,piland1 ,j4 ,r4 ,minor ,elements and ,major ,soil ,problems ,jour4 ,amer4 ,soc4 ,agronomy4 #cj--che--hgd 7#aich7 #bf4 ,,haas1 ,a4 ,r4 ,c4 ,walnut ,yellow in ,relation to ,ash ,composition1 ,manganese1 ,iron and ,ash ,constituents ,bot4 ,gazette #id 7#aicc7 ,e4,s4,r4 #fi1 #eaa #bg4 ,,wischhusen1 ,j4 ,f4 ,recommendations for ,feeding ,manganese ,manganese ,research ,development ,foundation1 ,cleveland #aj1 ,ohio ,nut ,tree ,propagation ,as a ,hobby for a ,chemist ,by ,dr4 ,e4 ,m4 ,shelton1 ,cleveland1 ,ohio ,not so long ago we saw a movie by the title of ,cluny ,brown4 ,the heroine was possessed with a passion for repairing plumbing1 but was continually inhibited by well-meaning relatives who told her that she didn't know her place4 ,a scene early in the story shows ,cluny on the floor under a stopped-up kitchen sink explaining her problem to a sympathetic professor who states a philosophy something like this4 ,to be happy1 one should not have to be bound by what is appropriate4 ,if it is customary to throw nuts to the squirrels and you prefer to throw squirrels to the nuts1 it should be all right to throw squirrels to the nuts4 ,it is obviously not always advisable to be so unconventional1 but it seems to me that in matters pertaining to one's hobby it should be permissable to throw squirrels to the nuts4 ,a hobby1 like a shadow1 is necessarily a very personal thing4 ,without the person with which it is associated it could not exist4 ,therefore1 ,i feel that it is appropriate to present throughout this paper a liberal use of the pronoun in the first person4 ,years ago1 as a boy on an ,ohio farm1 ,i tried repeatedly1 without success1 to graft on small hickory trees along the river bank scions from one especially good tree that stood out in a cultivated field4 ,time that followed was too crowded for further attempts at nut tree propagation until about fifteen years ago1 when1 living in ,connecticut1 ,i bought a grafted walnut1 a ,thomas1 and set out to produce more like it4 ,before we left ,connecticut1 ,i had been able to present grafted walnut trees to many of my neighbors who had persisted1 hitherto1 in calling hickory-nuts walnuts4 ,they would listen with some show of interest while ,i expounded on my enthusiasm for black walnuts1 but sooner or later would inevitably ask1 ,do you mean the shagbark kind8 ,last summer we drove back to ,connecticut for a brief visit1 and1 on calling at the home of one of these friends1 we found that the first nut borne on their ,thomas tree had been carefully saved4 ,forthwith there was a solemn nut-cracking ceremony1 and all present tasted the meat and pronounced it good4 ,we hope that that tree and many others will thrive for years to come to add to the bonds of friendship with these neighbors we have known4 ,lately ,i have arranged my work so that we may once again live in ,ohio not too far from my boyhood home4 ,last year ,i tried once again to graft along the hillside scions from that prized hickory1 and this time six out of seven grafts have grown4 ,my field of work has been that of a chemist1 engaged in industrial problems related to animal and plant products4 ,hence1 my hobby and my day's work are productive of mutually helpful ideas4 ,the literature which ,i review frequently contains suggestions applicable to the various phases of tree propagation4 ,though a few references are quoted in the bibliography at the end of this paper1 these are for illustration only and comprise a very small number of those which have appeared4 ,my experiments in nut tree propagation have been reported from time to time in the yearbooks of the ,n4,n4,g4,a4 and ,i intend in the remainder of this paper only to outline problems under a number of general headings in which ,i am particularly interested1 and give some indication of procedures which seem worth while investigating4 ,an important phase of nut growing to which ,i have given little attention is the search for new varieties4 ,i find my interest in this aspect growing as ,i associate with the group of nut growers in ,ohio1 who through prize contests and active personal work are trying to discover superior nut trees in nature1 yet ,i do not find in this the opportunity ,i seek for experimentation unless it may be in the matter of hybridization4 ,rootstock ,propagation ,rootstocks for walnuts and hickories are very easily grown from seed4 ,chestnuts are grown with variable success1 and it would seem that particular care in drainage of the seed bed1 and possibly the use of one of the seed fungicides1 should improve chestnut germination4 ,the present trend in the propagation of fruit trees is toward selection of particularly suitable rootstocks4 ,do some nut tree seedlings accept grafts more readily than others8 ,we do not know4 ,numerous writers have discussed the idea of varying degrees of compatibility of rootstocks with scions and ,jones#a has brought together considerable evidence to relate incompatibility among plants with something parallel to allergy in animals4 ,initial growth of the scion leads to a flow of foreign bodies into the stock4 ,the theory is advanced that the stock develops antitoxins to these foreign bodies which succeed in killing the scion a few weeks later4 ,if a particular strain of nut tree stock is some day found to be of particular value for grafting1 or for propagation of a disease resistant type1 as in the chestnut1 the propagation of such stock vegetatively would be essential4 ,a present illustration is the series of ,malling apple rootstocks which are grown from cuttings4 ,i have tried many times to grow chestnuts from cuttings with no success4 ,a few experiments now in progress are limited to ,malling ,,ix apple stocks which ,i assume are not especially difficult to root4 ,i am trying several modifications of a principle of making the cuttings at some time after girdling the stem4 ,the hope is that in this way there will be accumulated at the base of the cutting more than the usual reserve of nutritive elements together with whatever plant wound hormones and plant growth substances the twig is capable of synthesizing4 ,scion ,storage ,in earlier papers ,i described the use of sodium sulfate crystals 7,glauber's salt7 for controlling the humidity in scion storage4 ,this season ,i have adapted the practice to the shipping of fresh walnut bud sticks4 ,a sack of ,glauber's salt in the bottom of the mailing tube keeps the cuttings moist1 and if1 in addition1 the container is kept in a refrigerator when not actually in transit1 the buds have been kept in condition for use up to twenty-five days4 ,a low temperature is essential in storage of any scions4 ,variations in this factor may have been the cause of some of the objections which have been raised to the practice of coating scions with wax when they go into storage4 ,if wax is to be applied over a scion1 it can be done more uniformly and in a thinner coating by immersion of the scion in melted wax4 ,the scion so coated seems to be in better condition than an uncoated scion when it comes out of storage provided the storage temperature has been low4 ,however1 if the wood has not been kept dormant by low temperature1 gases are evolved which form blisters under the wax and injure the scion4 ,it is quite probable that a wax coating then aggravates this damage4 ,grafting and ,budding ,until this year ,i had not tried budding1 and have gotten into it first of all to learn whether an ordinary laboratory cork borer is not a usable substitute for a patch bud cutter4 ,it seems to do very well4 ,the patches are small1 but as an aid in tieing them in ,i prepared short strips of painter's masking tape with a thin coat of a plastic grafting wax on one side4 ,in the center of each piece of tape is a hole just large enough for the bud to show through4 ,the tape is pressed on over the bud patch1 after which the usual binding with rubber strips is applied4 ,the whole technic of budding is fascinating and ,i plan to experiment as extensively next season as time and stock permit4 ,wax and ,tape ,in #aicg1 ,shear#b published a report on a number of wound dressings for trees in which he observed that lanolin exerts a marked action in stimulating cambial growth4 ,this led me to try various wax combinations in which lanolin was incorporated1 and a mixture of equal parts of lanolin and beeswax has become the base for most of my experimental grafting wax mixtures4 ,i have commented already on the importance of incorporating an opaque ingredient to exclude light4 ,experiments in progress this season have had to do with introduction of green vs4 red dye and with the incorporation of a wax soluble pyrridyl mercuric stearate#c as a fungicide4 ,i have recommended painter's masking tape for tying in scions in all cases in which moderate tension is sufficient4 ,a winding of such a tape of course excludes the grafting wax from contact with the line of cambial contact1 so any favorable action which any ingredient in the wax might have must be largely interfered with4 ,if a tape is prepared with a thin coating of plastic grafting wax on one side to serve as the adhesive1 it should be possible to bring the wax into contact with the cut cambial surface without1 however1 introducing such a mass of wax as would make its way between stock and scion and interfere with contact4 ,nutrition ,my own field of work has recently changed to nutrition1 infant feeding1 and ,i shall undoubtedly come to have more of an understanding of plant nutrition as well as of babies as ,i study longer on this subject4 ,our recollections of the good old days are often mistaken1 but ,i think there is no doubt that the nut trees bore more and better nuts when ,i was a boy than we can find now4 ,can it be a matter of nutritional failure8 ,the first consideration in plant nutrition seems to be the water supply1 and perhaps in many localities the water table has fallen sufficiently to threaten our trees with malnutrition4 ,the supply of the common mineral elements may or may not be adequate4 ,these elements should not be difficult to supply4 ,the matter of the trace elements and their significance catches our fancy at present and many of us will undoubtedly begin to explore the effect of this or that panacea for restoring a favorite old tree to a second youth4 ,medication ,it is only a step from the consideration of nutrition of a plant or animal to that of medication4 ,remedial agents are readily introduced into plants1 either through the roots1 or by spray on the foliage1 or by direct injection into the trees4 ,going a little further1 such methods become means of killing trees4 ,a few years ago1 ,i became interested in killing trees in a way which would prevent sprouting and also protect the wood to some extent from insect attack and decay organisms4 ,more recently my interest has turned toward the use of hygroscopic chemicals injected in the living tree for the purpose1 not only of killing the tree1 but of preventing the wood from cracking radially or drying4 ,a number of government publications#d-aj have contributed information along this line4 ,to inject enough chemical to accomplish this purpose it seems necessary to introduce the chemical solution through a cut the depth of the sap wood and extending entirely around the tree4 ,a collar of water-proof paper cemented to the tree provides a means of supplying the chemical solution to the cut4 ,all this is described in the literature cited4 ,the only contribution ,i have made is the use of urea in the solutions4 ,many salts are more soluble in a water solution of urea than in water alone1 and many such mixtures are very hygroscopic4 ,moreover1 it seems that in the presence of urea higher concentrations of salt may be introduced into the sap stream of trees1 though ,i do not as yet have experimental data to confirm this statement quantitatively4 ,an example of a solution injected into a small ash tree is as follows3 #ij grams urea #abj grams copper sulfate crystals #cjj cubic centimeters water ,i hope in another year to cure a number of varieties of woods on the stump and later to compare their qualities in the shop with lumber cured in the usual way4 ,by-,products ,any object as juicy and colorful as a black walnut hull may well become a subject for search in recovery of by-products4 ,the thermally active carbon made from the shells has actuated laboratory thermostats for me for several years4 ,but more real and immediate by-products have been the personal associations which have arisen from this hobby4 ,physicians1 engineers1 teachers1 farmers1 persons from every calling are among those whom ,i have met through a common interest in nut tree propagation4 ,i can recommend this hobby to anyone mature enough to take an interest in the future1 and to chemists in particular4 ,bibliography #a4 ,w4 ,,neilson ,,jones ,plant ,chimaeras and ,graft ,hybrids ,methuen and ,company1 ,london #b4 ,,shear-,,lanolin ,as a ,wound ,dressing for ,trees ,proc4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 #cd1 #bhf-h 7#aicg7 #c4 ,,horner1 ,,koppa and ,,herbst--,mercurial ,fungicide ,wax ,problems ,ind4 ,eng4 ,chem1 #cg #ajfi-gc 7#aide7 #d4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,bureau ,,of ,,entomology ,,and ,,plant ,,quarantine--,e-#dji--;,june #aicg4 ,a method for preventing insect injury to material used for posts1 poles1 and rustic construction4 #e4 ,e-#dcd--,may #aich1 ,an efficient method for introducing liquid chemicals into living trees4 #f4 ,e-#dfg--;,february #aici1 ,chemicals and methods used in treatments of trees by injections1 with annotated bibliography4 #g4 ,conn4 ,agr4 ,expt4 ,sta4--,cir4 ,no4 #abc--;,july1 #aich ,the use of water soluble preservatives in preventing decay in fence posts and similar materials4 #h4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4--,cir4 ,no4 #fje--;,june1 #aida ,the internal application of chemicals to kill elm trees and prevent bark-beetle attack4 #i4 ,,forest ,,products ,,laboratory--,november1 #aich ,a primer on the chemical seasoning of ,douglas fir4 #aj4 ,,reprint ,,from ,,journal ,,of ,,forestry--,vol4 #ce--,march1 #aicg 7,procured from ,forest ,products ,laboratory7 ,seasoning transverse tree sections without checking4 ,notes on ,propagation and ,transplanting in ,western ,tennessee ,by ,joseph ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,state ,horticulturist ,tennessee ,department of ,agriculture ,nashville #c1 ,tennessee ,these observations are presented as a preliminary report of the results obtained by three enterprising amateurs of nut growing in the western counties of ,tennessee1 whose work points the way toward overcoming some of the weaknesses previously encountered in nut culture in the northern part of the cotton belt states4 ,these growers are the three ,r's of our ,association in west ,tennessee3 ,dr4 ,aubrey ,richards of ,whiteville1 ,mr4 ,george ,rhodes of ,covington1 and ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,roark of ,malesus4 ,i am giving this brief account of some of their experiences1 with the hope that it will stimulate others to try their methods under various conditions1 and to report their results at later ,n4,n4,g4,a4 meetings4 ,we do not expect these methods to work equally well in all parts of the ,united ,states and ,canada represented here today1 but they are giving promising results in the mid-,south territory1 and perhaps will have value in a wider area4 ,as ,mr4 ,davidson has so ably done at this meeting in the case of his ,ohio plantings1 we expect to give you a follow-up report on this work in west ,tennessee at the ,toronto meeting or later4 ,twin-,t ,budding in ,chestnut ,propagation ,of the nut trees grown in this area1 the chestnut has been the most difficult to propagate by budding4 ,nurseries in the upper ,south have propagated their pecan and walnut trees mostly by patch-budding or the similar ring-budding method1 with very good success4 ,when applied to chestnuts1 patch-buds have seldom grown4 ,the common ,t-bud1 likewise1 has been a general failure on chestnuts in ,america1 though reported successful in ,japan4 ,chip-buds have not been much-better4 ,several years ago1 ,dr4 ,max ,b4 ,hardy told me that the inlay bark-graft had been used successfully with ,chinese chestnuts at the ,u4,s4,d4,a1 laboratory in ,albany1 ,ga41 following ,dr4 ,b4 ,g4 ,sitton's use of this method with pecans in ,louisiana4 7,it is described in a bulletin from ,michigan ,state ,college1 ,east ,lansing1 ,mich47 ,i tried it in a small way1 and had some success using it on chestnuts in ,july and ,august4 ,this spring ,i suggested it to ,mr4 ,roark and ,dr4 ,richards1 both of whom tried it out1 using ,castanea mollissima stocks and various scion varieties4 ,mr4 ,roark used the inlay bark-graft in the spring1 topworking a ,c4 mollissima seedling with scions of the ,colossal1 a hybrid variety from ,california4 ,about #ej per cent of these have grown this year4 ,dr4 ,richards tried it during ,july1 on ,c4 mollissima seedlings from a different source4 ,none of the ,colossal would grow on his trees1 but he was partially successful with scions of the ,c4 mollissima varieties1 ,hobson1 ,carr and ,zimmerman4 ,he then devised a variation in the method which was highly successful with ,c4 mollissima varieties4 ,this ,i shall call the ,richards ,twin-,t bud4 ,in ,twin-,t budding1 a vertical slit is made in the bark of the stock4 ,then horizontal cuts are made through the bark at both top and bottom of the vertical cut4 ,the bud piece is cut from the well matured part of a current season's twig1 leaving a rather thick slice of wood beneath the bud4 7,it may be as thick as half the diameter of the twig47 ,the bud is inserted in the stock as in ordinary ,t-budding1 then wrapped with a large sized rubber budding strip4 7,westinghouse electrician's tape and ,curity adhesive tape have also been used4 ,some other brands poisoned the buds47 ,the take of ,chinese chestnut buds by this method has run from #fj to #ij per cent on ,dr4 ,richards' trees of various sizes this year4 ,in a short nursery row1 buds were placed under first or second year bark1 while larger trees were topworked by placing the buds mostly under the bark of second year limbs4 ,the ,colossal failed again on ,dr4 ,richards' trees when budded by the ,twin-,t method1 but ,carr and other ,chinese varieties were budded successfully4 ,the graft-compatibility problem in chestnuts is one of considerable complexity4 ,thus ,carr1 which has presented incompatibility with certain stocks of ,c4 mollissima at other places1 grew on these trees1 and ,colossal1 compatible on another ,c4 mollissima tree1 failed on trees which are apparently compatible with ,carr4 ,the ,chinese chestnut species varies in its graft-compatibilities possibly as much as in other characteristics 7growth1 productivity1 size and quality of nuts1 etc47 so that nut nurserymen should begin to select their seed for chestnut understocks with a view toward getting strains with a greater degree of compatibility to the leading scion varieties4 ,mr4 ,roark has been able to propagate the ,colossal upon its own roots by layering a small tree in his orchard4 ,two limbs pegged into the ground in the spring of #aide had produced roots a year later1 and were then detached from the parent tree4 ,this is a slow but sure method of propagating nut tree varieties that are not congenial with the stocks available for grafting or budding4 ,he has also layered sweet cherries and prune trees by this method which is described in ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,farmers ,bulletin #aeja with reference to filberts4 ,a ,heartnut ,variety ,compatible with ,black ,walnut ,stocks ,seedling black walnuts are common on farms of west ,tennessee4 ,dr4 ,richards and ,mr4 ,rhodes have been most active in showing that these can be topworked readily to improved black walnut varieties under the conditions prevailing there4 ,mr4 ,rhodes has also fruited such older ,persian walnut varieties as ,lancaster1 ,mayette1 and ,franquette on black walnut stocks1 but finds them generally unproductive in his climate4 ,newer varieties1 including some selections of the ,carpathian strains are now being tried and should be of fruiting age soon4 ,mr4 ,rhodes has also found1 at ,covington1 a heartnut that is vigorous and productive under west ,tennessee conditions4 ,he finds that it buds readily on the native black walnut4 ,some budded trees of it are over a dozen years old4 ,they have medium sized nuts1 smooth shelled 7with fairly thick shells for a heartnut7 and kernels of good flavor1 coming out whole when the nuts are cracked carefully4 ,i am giving this variety the name ,rhodes1 and suggesting it for use in west ,tennessee because of its adaptability and the fact that it can be budded upon black walnut4 ,others have reported ,japanese walnut 7including heartnut7 varieties incompatible with black walnut at other locations4 ,dr4 ,richards has propagated some other heartnut varieties on black walnut1 but finds them more variable than the ,rhodes1 in obtaining a good union4 ,paper ,wrap ,gives ,summer-,long ,protection to ,transplanted ,trees ,too commonly1 transplanted nut trees suffer from sunscald injury on their southwest sides during the first summer in the orchard4 ,this injury is particularly common on pecans1 which suffer a severe shock from transplanting and are slow in re-establishing vigorous growth4 ,in west ,tennessee1 as one grower puts it1 ,a pecan is doing well if it holds one green leaf its first year4 ,pecans have been known to remain dormant in their tops until the second spring after planting1 and then start growth4 ,during this initial period of establishment in the orchard1 it is beneficial to give some kind of shade to the tree trunk1 to keep the bark from cooking and dying on part of the most exposed side4 ,waxing of the trunks before planting helps reduce drying out of the tops before the roots are partially regenerated and top growth begins1 but waxing alone1 under our conditions1 is not sufficient to prevent the frequent occurrence of a dead area starting on the southwest side of the trunk during the summer following tree setting4 ,dr4 ,richards has found that a heavy wallpaper of a cheap grade1 cut in strips and wrapped spirally to cover the tree trunk from the ground up1 lasts through the season and eliminates nearly all of the sunscald injury on pecans which he has moved from his farm nursery row to the orchard4 ,with trees that are shipped long distances1 and allowed to dry out too much before resetting1 the results are not so uniform4 ,we are still in favor of the use of wax coatings on trees that must be shipped1 but would recommend that they be given additional protection by some means1 to shade the trunks throughout the first growing season4 ,this paper wrap of ,dr4 ,richards seems as efficient as any method1 and is the most economical ,i have observed4 ,it should be beneficial on most species of nut trees under summer conditions in the mid-south region4 ,propagating ,nut ,trees ,under ,glass ,by ,stephen ,bernath1 ,poughkeepsie1 ,new ,york ,about ten years ago ,i decided to try a few nut grafts in my small propagating house4 ,the results were so satisfactory that since that time ,i have grafted from a few hundred to several thousand each year4 ,i found by experiment that ,i could not graft nut trees exactly as ,i did ornamental trees and shrubs1 due to their extra sap content4 ,nut trees bleed excessively and ,i had to overcome this or my losses were heavy4 ,i use no wax on grafts4 ,my method is as follows3 ,i take a strong light string and wax it with beeswax and parafin mixed fifty-fifty4 ,i use a modified side graft1 tying with this waxed string4 ,late in ,december or early in ,january1 ,i pot the understock1 using black walnut seedlings for four varieties 7,persian walnut1 butternut1 black walnut and heartnut74 ,i make sure the understock has had its rest period by not digging and storing them until they have been really hit by frost and left for a period1 to be sure the wood has matured for the season4 ,the mature understock is then stored in moist sand in a cool cellar4 ,in late-,december1 as ,i have stated1 ,i place the understock in benches using #c-a_/b to #d inch pots1 wetting them thoroughly after imbedding them in peat moss4 ,keep the moss damp and at a temperature of #ee degrees at night4 ,after two or three weeks examine the roots by knocking several loose from the pots4 ,if root action has started1 the roots will show white thread-like fibers and are ready for grafting4 ,this is important1 because if grafting is done too soon the loss is heavy4 ,if delayed too long the top starts growing4 ,so ,i caution1 do grafting when the understock is ready4 ,place newly made grafts on their side1 imbedded in moss1 and refrain from watering until the union has formed4 ,open grafting case after third day and daily thereafter1 until union is complete4 ,each day wipe glass off with cloth to prevent moisture from dripping on grafts4 ,increase bottom heat after grafts are laid in benches from #fh to #ge degrees4 ,in about three to four weeks1 if union has formed1 place grafts in up right position1 then watering is resumed and heat is reduced to around #fj degrees at night4 ,when graft shows two inches or more growth1 cut understock off close above the union1 and then give house plenty of ventilation to avoid soft growth4 ,i find nut trees very tender subjects and delay planting these under-glass grown grafts out in nursery rows until every vestige of frost has passed4 ,also be sure to sever the waxed string as this is tougher than the green graft4 ,if this method sounds like a great deal of work and trouble generally1 remember the reward will be heavy rooted1 easy to transplant1 healthy1 named varieties of nut trees4 ,who can say that1 at the present1 there is an abundance of such trees in this country4 ,the ,economic1 ,ecological and ,horticultural ,aspects of ,intercropping ,nut ,plantings ,by ,f4 ,l4 ,o',rourke ,michigan ,state ,college1 ,east ,lansing1 ,michigan ,mature nut trees are usually large trees1 and large trees demand space4 ,young nut trees1 therefore1 must be planted relatively far apart from each other and for the first few years1 at least1 there is an abundance of unused land between the trees1 which may be used for intercropping4 ,the choice of just what crop or plants to use is often perplexing and should be considered for several aspects4 ,the economic factors are of prime importance4 ,the cost of growing the crop1 the specialized farm machinery and equipment needed1 the availability of labor1 the distribution of the seasonal labor demand1 the time of the critical cultural practices or of harvesting1 the potential market1 and the expected price of the saleable product must all be considered4 ,the staple farm crops of the region are often preferable to specialty crops1 particularly from the labor standpoint4 ,corn1 wheat1 oats1 potatoes1 and legumes can all be grown with a minimum of labor and the use of power machinery4 ,there is less risk involved with farm crops than with specialities1 both in securing an adequate crop and in the price received for the product4 ,fruit1 vegetables and ornamentals often have very critical requirements4 ,they must be sprayed1 harvested1 and shipped at exactly the right time or all the proceeds will be lost4 ,staple crops are not so demanding in either culture or harvesting4 ,the labor distribution throughout the season or even throughout the year must be considered and well planned in advance4 ,no two crops should require exact and demanding attention at the same time4 ,they should be chosen and planted so that a regular1 even distribution of labor can be maintained with as little of a rush period as possible and yet with a minimum of idle time4 ,the general agricultural pattern of the region must be considered4 ,in a sparsely settled grain and livestock region it would be quite inadvisable to grow strawberries or other crops which require a maximum of hand labor during a very brief period4 ,berries1 however1 may be perfectly well suited to sections where either transient workers or city children can be secured with little effort4 ,the crop should suit from the ecological viewpoint4 ,it must not compete with the young1 growing trees for mineral food and water1 particularly during spring and early summer when the trees make most of their annual growth4 ,on the other hand1 if planted too close to the trees1 some intercrops may be shaded too severely to produce a normal yield4 ,success in intercropping is usually found between plants which are quite dissimilar in form and habit4 ,black walnuts and pasture grasses furnish a typical example4 ,the long taproots of the walnuts penetrate deeply into the soil1 while the grass roots are shallow and fibrous and feed in the soil surface layer4 ,the aerial portions of these plants are likewise quite different1 the walnuts tower high in the air1 while the grasses form their crowns on the very surface of the ground4 ,the light shade cast by the walnuts does not interfere with the photosynthetic activity of the grasses1 but it is sufficient to discourage growth of broad-leaved weeds which have a higher light requirement than that of grass4 ,this light shade also tends to provide a greater supply of available moisture for the grass1 in that it reduces temperature and1 consequently1 water loss from the grass and soil by keeping down both transpiration and evaporation4 ,experiments in both ,tennessee and ,ohio have shown that the quantity of grass produced from beneath walnut trees is greater than on equal areas in the open and that the quality1 as represented by a larger protein content1 is also higher4 ,for this reason1 one may well consider livestock as the income-producing portion of a walnut-pasture planting4 ,over one fourth of the agricultural land of the ,united ,states is devoted to pasture and much of the land is suitable for interplanting to walnuts1 butternuts1 and other pasture trees1 as honey locusts and black locusts1 all of which are known to improve the pasture grasses to some extent4 ,the potential income which may be derived from such plantings over this vast acreage is enormous and is the more striking in that these pasture trees occupy a plane that is now idle and unproductive1 that is1 the area lying above the grass tops4 ,the nuts produced on this upper story will represent almost all clear profit in that very little care need be given these walnut trees after they have been properly planted4 ,livestock guards will need to be placed about the trees at planting time and kept there until the trees have grown to the point where they may no longer be harmed by straddling and browsing4 ,pastures are excellent sites from another angle4 ,the closely grazed sod furnishes an ideal place to rake the nuts together at harvest time4 ,anyone who has hunted for nuts in a dense ground cover will appreciate this factor4 ,while the walnut responds best to the deep1 fertile soil of the river bottoms and flood plains1 it will grow well on the lower portions of slopes if water is available and the site is not too exposed to the force of drying winds4 ,contour strips should be prepared by plowing several furrows downhill1 each a little less in depth than the preceding1 and the walnuts planted thereon4 ,the walnut is a spreading tree and plenty of space should be allowed4 ,perhaps it may be wise to plant the walnuts at extended intervals and fill up the contour row with black locusts1 for post wood1 and honey locusts to produce succulent pods for cattle feed4 ,in any event1 it is better to allow too much1 rather than too little space1 as walnuts are long-lived trees and will thrive best where there is least competition4 ,in ,iowa1 black walnuts are responding well to basin culture in sites which were prepared by scalping the sod from the upper portion of a slope and depositing it on a lower portion in order to catch and retain more water4 ,nut trees are like all other trees in that they react favorably to good horticultural practice4 ,fertilizer1 particularly nitrogen1 is usually always helpful4 ,the addition of lime when the soil is acid and of organic matter when humus becomes depleted will aid in better soil aeration and an increased moisture supply4 ,this1 in turn1 will be reflected in more vigorous tree growth and greater nut production4 ,occasional spraying may be necessary to control the ,datana caterpillar in the summer4 ,chinese chestnuts seem to be admirably adapted for interplanting with mulberries1 cherries1 pears1 and the like in poultry runs and hog lots where the pigs and chickens will control the weevils by gleaning the prematurely dropped and overlooked chestnuts which contain the grubs of the weevil4 ,the fruit portion of the integrated planting will maintain a high carbohydrate ration during the season for the use of the livestock4 ,here1 again1 plenty of space should be allowed between trees to allow each its full measure of water1 food1 air and sunlight4 ,careful and thorough research is needed to determine the full requirements of nut trees and to work out the interplanting relationships4 ,in view of the vast potentialities for their use1 investigational programs may soon be under way and much more definite information be made available to the farmer and landowner4 ,references ,,aikman1 ,j4 ,m4--,a ,basin ,method of ,nut ,tree ,culture4 ,proc4 ,iowa4 ,acad4 ,sci4 #ej3bda-bdf4 #aidc ,,neel1 ,l4 ,r4--,the ,effect of ,shade on ,pasture4 ,tenn4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,cir4 #fe1 #aici ,,smith1 ,r4 ,m4--,some ,effects of ,black ,locusts and ,black ,walnuts on ,southeastern ,ohio ,pastures ,soil ,sci4 #ec3che-cih1 #aidb ,nut ,work ,at the ,mahoning ,county ,experiment ,farm1 ,canfield1 ,ohio ,by ,l4 ,walter ,sherman1 ,superintendent ,my interest in nuts dates back to the turn of the century when1 as a boy in high school1 ,i delighted in gathering wild nuts for my own use4 ,i knew of several black walnut trees bearing very fine nuts and also one excellent hickory4 ,these were near my home in northern ,ohio4 ,after my school days were over1 ,i married and went to ,oklahoma1 where ,i found the most miserable wild nuts imaginable4 ,however1 ,i stayed but a short time and returned to my native state where the wild nuts were reasonably good4 ,in #aice1 ,i made a trip to ,california and visited the ,persian walnut orchards at harvest time4 ,as if that were not enough to convince me that it would be worth my while to do what ,i could in behalf of the nut industry1 the ,agricultural press of the time published several intriguing accounts of ,persian walnuts growing in and near ,toronto1 ,ontario which had been brought there by ,rev4 ,paul ,c4 ,crath from the ,carpathian ,mountains of ,poland4 ,my constant talk about hardy strains of ,persian walnut prompted friends to tell me of several plantings already growing in northern ,ohio with more or less success4 ,i promptly obtained scions and undertook to graft a number of these1 but ,i had the usual ill-success of a beginner4 ,i failed in attempts to top work trees and had no better results with bench grafting although ,i began early in the season and continued my efforts till the time arrived for planting the trees4 ,i stored the grafted material in a cool apple storage house from the time they were grafted until they were planted4 ,then somehow ,i learned that walnut wounds would not callous over except at relatively high temperatures4 ,accordingly1 ,i placed my next bench-grafted trees in a warm greenhouse1 where growth started at once4 ,this marked my first successful grafting of black walnut4 ,later1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,fickes of ,wooster1 explained to me his technique of boxing off or bleeding4 ,by following his instructions1 ,i was able successfully to top work some of the seedlings ,i had grown for the purpose4 ,my next steps were to procure some of the nuts from ,rev4 ,crath which he had brought from ,poland and to make a personal importation of seed from an experiment station in ,russia4 ,with these two lots ,i started out to raise ,persian walnut seedlings4 ,the first grafted trees set out at the ,farm were obtained from ,homer ,c4 ,jacobs of ,kent1 ,ohio1 in #aicg4 ,that year we began planting a three-acre tract4 ,the trees were grown with scions cut from prize winning seedlings brought out as a result of the ,ohio nut contest held in #aicd4 ,the trees were set #be feet each way in order to conserve room4 ,this distance allowed for but #fi trees to the acre and available space was quickly occupied4 ,by #aidd1 it became necessary to add two more acres4 ,the new land was from an abandoned berry ground4 ,it was plowed1 limed heavily and fertilized4 ,the alternate rows were used for peach trees as fillers4 ,the main rows were mostly filled with new varieties of ,persian walnut from northern ,ohio which had been grafted on black walnut stocks4 ,some of the room was used for growing black walnut seedlings for use in grafting with scions of prize winners in the next ,ohio contest1 plans for which were already under way4 ,in #aidd1 four plantings of ,persian walnut trees located some distance from each other in northern ,ohio1 all had good crops and all produced superior nuts4 ,a half bushel of the nuts were planted at the ,farm during the following spring4 ,all lots grew remarkably well4 ,the resulting seedlings1 together with grafted trees1 which by then were growing in the ,farm nursery1 made it necessary to further add to the orchard room4 ,the increase this time was eight acres1 of which five were planted to trees during the spring of #aidf4 ,in all plantings1 the distance between trees has remained the same as at first1 not that #be feet is enough for bearing trees but because it is expected to do a large amount of thinning out as bearing begins and many trees prove their inferiority4 ,the problem of propagating desirable varieties has been our greatest difficulty4 ,the kinds we wanted were not to be had from nursery sources as they were entirely new4 ,commercial nurserymen would not even undertake the task of grafting4 ,we were forced to rely upon our own ingenuity4 ,not only did we have to master the art of grafting but we had to drive hundreds of miles in order to obtain scions of the various kinds4 ,we still know too little about grafting4 ,we often raise the question as to how it happens that surgeons can do almost anything they wish in the way of cutting and splicing parts of the human body1 yet with nut trees1 #ge per cent of success is rarely attained4 ,last spring ,i began a rather elaborate comparison of paraffin with beeswax--lanolin for use in grafting4 ,dr4 ,shelton had demonstrated that the latter was a good dressing for wounds and ,i assumed that in grafting1 it would promote callousing4 ,my experiment was partially frustrated by the loss of my melting pot which burned at about the time the work was half done4 ,the grafting had to be finished without wax of any kind4 ,out of #fj grafts so set1 only five grew4 ,the five survivors had been merely boxed off or bled1 none grew which had been treated with hot wax of any kind4 ,research with nuts has but barely begun at the ,farm4 ,we feel1 however1 much encouraged and that the worst is over4 ,we have a total of #gbe trees in the planting1 many of which have already borne a few nuts4 ,production should increase rapidly and we will soon have considerable quantities of nuts and other material with which to work4 ,we have the following genera1 species1 varieties1 and hybrid forms3 ,butternut--,craxezy and ,vincamp2 ,chestnut--,carr1 ,hobson1 ,yankee 7,syn41 ,connecticut ,yankee71 and ,zimmerman2 ,hickory1 including hybrids--,bixby1 ,bogne1 ,boor ,nos4 #a and #b1 ,bowen1 ,cranz ,nos4 #a and #b1 ,fairbanks1 ,frank1 ,haskell1 ,leach1 ,lozsdon1 ,mc,conkey1 ,nething1 ,reynolds1 ,ridiker1 ,russell1 ,stratford1 ,weschcke1 and ,wright2 ,pecan--,busseron1 ,greenriver1 and ,posey2 ,black ,walnut--,barnhart1 ,brown1 ,cowle1 ,fulton 7,syn4 ,miller of ,ohio71 ,hare1 ,havice1 ,horton1 ,jansen1 ,krause1 ,lisbon1 ,mintle1 ,mohican1 ,murphey1 ,ohio1 ,rohwer1 ,snyder1 ,sparrow1 ,stabler1 ,stambaugh1 ,thomas1 ,tritten1 ,twin ,lakes1 and ,wanda2 ,persian ,walnut--,alliance1 ,baxter1 ,blosser1 ,broadview1 ,diller1 ,elmore1 ,gligor ,nos4 #a and #b1 ,graber1 ,hall1 ,lieber1 ,lopeman1 ,oehn1 and ,schafer2 ,heartnut--,bellevue1 ,canoka1 ,fish1 and ,keck4 ,in addition there are #ee black walnut seedlings of ,brown and ,lisbon varieties2 #fe seedling black walnuts of unknown parentage2 #bhj ,persian walnut seedlings of known percentage2 #cg heartnut seedlings2 #cj ,chinese chestnut seedlings2 and #bb seedling filberts4 ,the ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,contest of #aidf ,the contest was sponsored by the ,ohio chapter of the ,n4,n4,g4,a41 ,inc41 and was publicised through the cooperation of the ,ohio ,forestry ,association and the ,ohio ,farmer magazine4 ,there were #fib separate black walnut entries1 showing the great interest aroused4 ,the nuts that won first place were grown by ,mr4 ,duke ,hughes1 of ,coal ,run1 ,noble ,county1 ,o4 ,he states the tree is about #ej years old and stands in well-limed permanent pasture near the crest of a ridge1 in ,muskingum silt loam4 ,the system of judging was that set up by the ,,tva at ,norris1 ,tenn4 ,the judges were ,oliver ,d4 ,diller1 ,secretary of the ,ohio ,forestry ,association2 ,l4 ,walter ,sherman1 ,superintendent of the ,mahoning ,county ,experiment ,farm2 and ,c4 ,w4 ,ellenwood1 ,associate ,horticulturist at the ,wooster ,experiment ,station4 ,they were assisted by ,william ,h4 ,cummings1 ,spencer ,b4 ,chase and ,thomas ,g4 ,zarger1 all of ,t4,v4,a41 and several members of the ,ohio chapter of ,,nnga4 ,the prize winners are listed in order of awards4 ,illustration3 ,mr4 ,duke ,hughes1 ,coal ,run1 ,washington ,county1 ,ohio1 and the tree producing the first prize--,duke black walnut4 ,name ,weight1 ,first ,final ,percent ,applied ,grams ,pick1 ,pick1 of ,grams ,grams ,kernel #a4 ,duke ,hughes1 ,coal ,run1 ,duke #bg4b #f4h #f4i #be4c ,washington ,county1 ,ohio #b4 ,j4 ,c4 ,burson1 ,rt4 #e1 ,athens1 ,burson #ba4e #d4i #f4b #bh4h ,athens ,county1 ,ohio #c4 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,e4 ,campbell1 ,lowellsville1 ,kuhn #ai4j #e4e #e4h #cj4e ,mahoning ,county ,ohio #d4 ,ed4 ,smith1 ,rt4 #c1 ,athens1 ,athens #bc4e #d4i #f4e #bg4f ,athens ,county1 ,ohio #e4 ,mrs4 ,o4 ,shaffer1 ,lucasville1 ,oliver #bb4f #e4c #e4h #be4e ,scioto ,county1 ,ohio #f4 ,wm4 ,j4 ,davidson1 ,xenia1 ,davidson #ac4e #d4f #d4h #ce4e ,green ,county1 ,ohio #g4 ,a4 ,c4 ,orth1 ,rt4 #e1 ,dayton1 ,orth ,montgomery ,county1 ,ohio #h4 ,h4 ,c4 ,williamson1 ,southside1 ,williamson ,mason ,county1 ,west ,virginia #i4 ,herbert ,penn1 ,otway1 ,penn ,scioto ,county1 ,ohio #aj4 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,l4 ,jackson1 ,little ,jackson ,hocking1 ,washington ,county1 ,ohio ,illustration3 ,the ,judges ,at ,work #aidf ,iowa ,black ,walnut ,contest ,by ,c4 ,c4 ,lounsberry1 ,secretary ,i4,n4,g4,a4 ,the #aidf black walnut contest sponsored by the ,iowa ,nut ,growers' ,association was held at the ,hoyt ,sherman ,place1 ,des ,moines1 ,iowa1 on ,november #ad and #ae1 #aidf4 ,the judges were ,prof4 ,h4 ,e4 ,nichols1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,plagge1 and ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,aikman4 ,following the policy set in the #aidb contest1 the ,iowa ,state ,horticultural ,society put up cash and ribbons with special reference to standard and previously shown varieties1 while the ,iowa ,nut ,growers' ,association was interested in new varieties4 ,the following are the premiums awarded3 ,standard ,varieties3 ,prize ,name ,variety #a ,schlagenbusch ,bros41 ,ft4 ,madison ,thomas #b ,russell ,krouse1 ,toddville ,krouse #c ,schlagenbusch ,bros41 ,ft4 ,madison ,stambaugh #d ,e4 ,f4 ,huen1 ,eldora ,thomas #e ,seward ,berhow1 ,huxley ,ohio #f ,seward ,berhow1 ,huxley ,myers #g ,r4 ,s4 ,herrick1 ,prole ,thomas #h ,schlagenbusch ,bros41 ,ft4 ,madison ,hepler #i ,e4 ,f4 ,huen1 ,eldora ,ohio #aj ,e4 ,f4 ,huen1 ,eldora ,rohwer ,new ,varieties3 ,prize ,name ,variety #a ,schlagenbusch ,bros41 ,ft4 ,madison ,schlagenbusch #b ,f4 ,j4 ,wagner1 ,danville ,wagner #c ,tom ,bandfield1 ,shell ,rock ,shepard #d ,roy ,a4 ,wood1 ,castana ,wood #e ,mrs4 ,minnie ,waldo1 ,grand ,junction ,waldo #f ,e4 ,f4 ,huen1 ,eldora ,huen #g ,ira ,m4 ,kyhl1 ,sabula ,tinker #h ,schlagenbusch ,bros41 ,ft4 ,madison ,kramer #i ,sam ,moncrief1 ,center ,junction ,acme #aj ,c4 ,e4 ,brockway1 ,grundy ,center ,birchwood ,there were only #bb entries in standard varieties and #bb entries in new varieties so we did not make much of a showing as compared with the #aidf ,ohio contest4 ,however1 very good walnuts came in4 ,they were all sampled with a mechanical cracker4 ,an interesting development to me was the fact that machine cracking left the center of several of the best varieties of walnuts looking much like the core of an apple1 instead of being broken in two as in hand cracking4 ,grafting ,methods ,adapted to ,nut ,trees ,by ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,virginia 7,the notes ,i contributed to the #aide ,report under the title ,experiences ,with ,nut ,grafting were so fragmentary as to be of little value4 ,in an effort to correct the error ,i am offering the following supplementary notes in the hope that amateurs like myself may find them of some practical use47 ,my best success with the propagation of nut trees has been with the following methods4 ,for budding1 ,i use the plate bud exclusively4 ,for grafting on stocks up to one inch ,i use either the splice graft or the modified cleft graft4 ,for larger stocks ,i use either the simple bark graft or the slot bark graft4 ,each will be discussed in order4 ,in making the plate bud1 it is cut from the scion or bud stick the same as for the familiar ,t bud4 ,usually a bit of wood is cut away with the bud1 which should not be removed4 ,a bud1 or a bit of bark1 should similarly be cut from the stock at the desired point1 and discarded4 ,the area of exposed cambium on the stock should correspond as closely as possible with the cambium area exposed on the bud4 ,the bud is then laid on the exposed cambium of the stock1 and bound in place1 preferably with rubber budding strips4 ,the point of the bud should be left exposed4 ,illustration3 ,,simple ,,bark ,,graft ,useful with thin-barked species4 ,choice of time when conditions are right is quite as necessary for success as the proper procedure4 ,there are two separate periods when the plate bud may be used on walnut with the greatest success4 ,the first period1 in ,virginia1 is the latter half of ,may1 when the black walnut stock is in almost full leaf4 ,if done earlier the bud is likely to be drowned by the excessive bleeding of this species4 ,dormant buds cut the previous winter are used4 ,the follow-up care is vitally important4 ,the stock should be cut off above the bud within five to seven days after budding4 ,if successful1 the bud will start into growth within another week or ten days1 and may be a foot long within #cj days4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,slot bark graft2 useful in top-working4 #b4 ,splice graft2 unexcelled when scion and stock are of equal diameter4 #c4 ,modified cleft graft2 for all general purposes4 #d4 ,plate bud2 for small and medium stocks4 ,the tying material should be cut and removed within a few days after the bud starts1 to prevent strangulation of the tender shoot4 ,be sure to keep native growth of the stock trimmed off until midsummer to force growth of the bud4 ,the second period for successful plate budding of the walnut centers around ,august first1 varying somewhat with the weather conditions4 ,buds of the current season's growth are used4 ,the time must be late enough for these buds to be well matured1 and early enough so that the stock is still growing and the bark slipping4 ,if the buds are immature1 or the bark tight1 the operation will be a failure4 ,the buds remain dormant during the following winter1 and are forced into growth by cutting off the stock above the bud early in the spring4 ,the tying material1 if durable1 should be removed about #cj days after budding4 ,if conditions are right and the work is properly done1 a high percentage of takes may be expected4 ,in summer ,i preferably place the bud on the shady side of the stock1 or shade it with a little skirt of white paper tied just above the bud4 ,chestnuts can be budded by the same method1 but the spring budding should be done earlier1 while the stocks are in bud1 and the summer budding should be done two or three weeks later than with the walnut4 ,i have not tried the plate bud on hickory or pecan1 but it is the only budding method ,i use on walnut and chestnut1 and ,i have tried them all4 ,when it comes to grafting1 the simple splice graft1 as illustrated1 is very successful1 but it should only be used when scion and stock are of the same size4 ,it works splendidly on chestnut1 filbert and hickory1 and can also be used on walnut2 however1 ,i prefer the modified cleft graft for the latter1 because of the bleeding problem4 ,in making the splice graft1 the diagonal cut should be about four times as long as the diameter of the scion1 to prevent slippage in tying4 ,for the modified cleft graft ,i cut the stock off at the selected point at an angle of from #de to #fj degrees4 ,this greatly facilitates the healing of the entire wound4 ,the cleft is made not by splitting1 but by making a cut with a sharp knife1 beginning at the apex of the stock and cutting diagonally downward and inward toward the center of the stock4 ,before making the cut1 the scion should be selected1 and the wedge cut1 with one face slightly longer than the other4 ,this enables one to properly judge the depth and angle of the cleft1 thus securing a fit on all four cambial lines4 ,the longer face goes toward the main body of the stock1 and is left slightly above the top of the stock4 ,the apex of the stock is squared off slightly before the cleft is cut1 and the knife is set very slightly on the wood at the starting point1 rather than between the bark and the wood4 ,care at this point guarantees very rapid healing1 with no dead tissues or heel on the stock1 sometimes called dieback4 ,remember to watch all ties in grafting to prevent strangulation of the tender new growth4 ,this1 with removal of sprouts or suckers from the stock below the graft are two very important features of after-care1 and neglect can nullify the most expert work in the grafting operation4 ,in grafting the black walnut ,i prefer to use the side graft because of the bleeding problem4 ,this is precisely the same as the modified cleft graft except that the cleft is made about three-fourths of an inch below the apex of the stock4 ,by making the graft a little below the top of the stock one can tie and wax it1 without waxing the top of the stock1 which is permitted to bleed at will4 ,this freedom to bleed relieves the pressure of the sap at the graft1 where healing takes place without flooding4 ,for stocks under an inch in diameter1 ,i use the splice and modified cleft grafts exclusively4 ,for larger stocks1 such as are encountered in top working1 other methods are preferred4 ,one can cut the main stock off just above a small limb1 and graft one or more of the limbs4 ,again1 one may cut the large stock off a year in advance1 and bud or graft one or more of the suckers that are thrown out4 ,if neither of the above methods are applicable1 one can use either the simple bark graft1 or the slot bark graft4 ,in making the simple bark graft1 ,i cut the stock off at a #de degree angle as for the modified cleft graft4 ,the scion is prepared by making one long wedge face1 and on the other side make two short faces so that the point is triangular4 ,to insert the scion make a cut through the bark downward from the apex of the stock4 ,insert the scion between the bark and the stock1 with the long face next to the wood1 and force gently down until just a little of the face of the wedge shows above the top of the scion4 ,it is well1 in case the stock is large1 to place three or four scions around the stock1 removing all but the strongest after a year of two4 ,this graft is satisfactory for thin-barked species1 but for the hickory1 the slot bark graft is preferable4 ,for this graft1 the scion should be trimmed as a wedge1 with one face about twice as long as the other4 ,two parallel cuts are made through the bark at the top of the stock a distance apart equal to the width of the scion wedge4 ,this strip of bark1 or tongue is loosened at the top1 and the wedge is forced between it and the wood1 with the long face next to the stock1 as in the simple bark graft4 ,secure tying and waxing should be practiced in all grafting4 ,small nails or tacks driven into the top of the stock will help in anchoring the tying material to the sloping surface4 ,inexperienced propagators should get it clearly in mind that union takes place only in the new growth4 ,this new growth builds up from the cambium layer1 which is the outside layer of wood cells that lies just beneath and in contact with the bark4 ,this is why it is so vitally necessary that the lines between the bark and cambium be placed in parallel contact as closely as possible1 in the splice and cleft grafts4 ,never mind if the outside of the bark of scion and do not match perfectly1 due to differences in the thickness of the bark4 ,it is the inside line of the bark that must match4 ,actual union takes place along this cambial line4 ,the old wood of the wedge and cleft cannot1 and never does1 unite4 ,a word about scions4 ,i seldom use a scion with more than two buds4 ,the best scion wood is of the previous season's growth1 if it is of good diameter and well ripened4 ,thin1 slender twigs give poor results4 ,on old1 slow-growing1 bearing trees it is sometimes not possible to get good scion wood one year old4 ,in this case it is best to take some of the older wood in cutting the scion4 ,when used1 the wedge should be cut from the two-year wood1 just below the one-year wood1 with the top of the scion carrying two or three buds on the new wood4 ,the tip of the scion should be waxed1 if cut4 ,scions should be cut when perfectly dormant and kept in cold storage until used4 ,if kept too warm and wet the buds may swell1 making the scions worthless4 ,it is quite possible to cut the scions about three weeks before the buds begin to swell and get good results by grafting immediately4 ,the chief danger from this practice is that late frosts may nip the buds after starting1 which is fatal to the new scion4 ,waxing all cut surfaces1 including the tip of the scion1 should be practiced except as explained when the side graft is used for walnuts4 ,some advocate waxing the entire scion1 also4 ,if this is done ,i think it better to leave the buds unwaxed4 ,have your knife very sharp4 ,a broad blade is desirable in a grafting knife1 as it helps in making smooth1 flat surfaces in wedges and clefts4 ,for budding1 use a knife with a narrow blade1 but also very sharp4 ,develop skill in making the scion wedge1 and in cutting the cleft just the right depth and width for the scion selected4 ,experiment on worthless material until you get the knack4 ,if you are a good1 natural-born whittler you will find it a greater asset than a college degree4 ,beginnings in ,walnut ,grafting ,by ,c4 ,c4 ,lounsberry1 ,iowa ,anyone who has studied propagation manuals from ancient to modern times cannot help but see how methods are carried down from older books to modern ones4 ,however1 in walnut grafting one suspects there were trade secrets not permitted publication4 ,how different this was from friendly and helpful cultural and propagation directions given by ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris1 and others of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association4 ,beginning with ,ancient ,times ,greeks3 ,theophrastus mentions hazel nuts but nothing about walnuts4 ,romans3 ,pliny1 ,cato1 etc4 have little to say about walnuts4 ,pliny refers to planting seeds of walnuts but no other method of propagation4 ,however1 he states oaks and walnuts are poisonous to soil1 and walnuts are only used in a few cases for human remedies4 ,english3 ,loudon1 ,evelyn1 ,knight1 etc4 ,loudon sticks to propagation of walnuts by seed4 ,knight#h followed the ,french practice of grafting walnuts by approach up to the time of his discoveries in #ahcb1 which were similar to ,dr4 ,morris's immediate grafting4 ,french3 ,the ,french used grafting by approach 7inarching7 early in the #aith century4 ,mortillet#aa1 #ahfc1 states only one-third to one-half of walnut grafts are successful4 ,these were probably ,persian walnuts4 ,we are not sure what other methods the ,french used4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,parsons of the ,felix ,gillet ,co4 in #aidj1 sent us a picture showing ,felix ,gillet in his greenhouse at ,barren ,hill ,nursery1 ,nevada ,city1 ,california4 ,this picture he states was taken in #aijj-aijb4 ,it shows one year grafted walnut trees1 and bench grafted walnut trees covered by tumblers six inches high1 grafted by the ,treyve process4 ,beginnings in the ,united ,states ,the first grafting of black walnuts thus comes down to the beginning of the #bjth century4 ,william ,p4 ,corsa#c with the ,,usda gave much information from replies to a questionnaire sent out in #ahij1 on nut culture and grafting1 including bench grafting1 in #ahif4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,oliver#ac in #aija1 describes a method followed by ,corsa in bench grafting walnuts and hickories4 ,he used an incubator4 ,mr4 ,jackson ,dawson#ae previously1 working with hickories1 had success in the greenhouse4 ,andrew ,s4 ,fuller#d in his ,nut ,culturist1 published in #ahif1 advises that the ,south had not yet perfected pecan grafting4 ,this seems to have been a challenge to ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones#a #g1 for we find he moved from ,missouri to ,monticello1 ,fla41 about #ahii1 and specialized in pecan grafting4 ,he developed the slanting cut he later advocated in walnut grafting4 ,however1 again showing there is nothing new under the sun the author's uncle1 ,owen ,albright1 is credited by ,corsa#c with suggesting it in #ahid1 and it is also suggested by ,mortillet#aa in #ahfc4 ,grafting ,wax ,the necessity to protect graft unions by excluding air and moisture from cut plant tissue led to the use of balls of mud in ancient times4 ,later1 various kinds of waxes were used4 ,in #ahgi1 ,prof4 ,j4 ,l4 ,budd#b1 head of the ,horticultural ,department at ,iowa ,state ,college1 using resin and linseed oil1 side grafted #aej varieties of ,russian apples received from the interior of ,russia in the winter of #ahgh4 ,a boy swabbed hot wax on the grafts1 using a lantern heater not too different from those used nowadays4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,o4 ,harrington and ,mr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder1 ,iowa nurserymen were teaching grafting to members of the ,iowa ,horticultural ,society in #aijj1 #aija and #aijb1 at their annual meetings4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,mc,laughlin#i1 ,college ,springs1 ,iowa1 speaks of successfully grafting walnuts in #aijj in a discussion of the horticultural society led by ,van ,houton1 ,edwards1 etc4 ,in #aiji1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl#ad gave a talk before the ,iowa ,state ,horticultural ,society in which he advocated covering the whole walnut scion1 buds and all1 with liquid wax4 ,his first ,thomas grafted tree is in a ravine back at his barn at ,godfrey1 ,illinois4 ,it was planted about #aijbab4 ,in #aiaj1 the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association was organized by ,prof4 ,john ,craig of ,cornell ,university1 ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage and others4 ,craig had previously been at ,iowa ,state ,college where he and ,budd had shown much interest in nut trees4 ,in #aiab1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones #ag1 came up from the ,south where he had been successful in pecan grafting and started a black walnut nursery at ,lancaster1 ,penna4 ,he had been in ,florida up to #aijg4 ,while in ,florida he became acquainted with ,mr4 ,john ,g4 ,rush1 of ,willow ,run1 ,penna41 and did some walnut grafting for him4 ,it was ,mr4 ,rush who advised him to go to ,lancaster and start a nursery for northern black walnuts4 ,jones patented his patch budder in #aiab1 and using the hot wax method developed by ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl was very successful in walnut grafting4 ,in #aiad1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming and ,president ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage of the ,n4,n4,g4,a4 and ,messrs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed and ,c4 ,p4 ,close of the ,,usda had a conference in ,washington which resulted in the publication of the ,american ,nut ,journal4 ,paraffin ,in ,grafting ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris#aj1 writing in the ,american ,nut ,journal in #aibi1 advocates the use of paraffin to cover walnut grafts instead of wax4 ,both he and ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith#ae credit ,mr4 ,j4 ,ford ,wilkinson with first using paraffin instead of wax on walnut grafts4 ,mr4 ,wilkinson wrote that he got the idea from seeing a careless workman splash paraffin on the buds as well as on the union in fruit tree grafting at the ,mc,coy ,nursery about #aiad4 ,the author bought apple and plum grafts about #aibb from the ,gurney ,nursery which were all covered with paraffin4 ,it was at conventions of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association that new methods like this were passed along to members4 ,bench ,grafting ,in #aicb1 on account of the difficulties in outdoor grafting of the walnut1 the author became interested in bench grafting of walnuts in the greenhouse as a means of supplementing outdoor grafting4 ,however1 like many other so-called new methods1 it was discovered when we looked up the literature in #aicg that ,william ,p4 ,corsa#c had used methods that were similar about #ahif4 ,he cut off the seedling above the crown instead of below the crown as we did4 ,the completed graft was packed in layers of sphagnum and placed in an incubator instead of using a greenhouse4 ,notwithstanding all that has been done in black walnut grafting1 the straight grained and brittle wood1 the heavy sap flow1 the almost instant oxidation of cut tissues1 the liability to frost injury in the ,north in short seasons lowering vitality of scions1 all combine to make walnut grafting with best methods available1 a seasonal gamble4 ,literature ,cited #a4 ,,american ,,nut ,,journal ,life of ,j4 ,f4 ,jones4 ,am4 ,nut ,jour4 #bh3ce1 #aibh #b4 ,,budd1 ,j4 ,l4 ,hot ,waxing of ,apple ,grafts4 ,trans4 ,iowa ,hort4 ,soc4 #ad3dba4 #ahgi #c4 ,,corsa1 ,,william ,p4 ,,usda1 ,div4 of ,pom41 ,nut ,culture of the ,united ,states4 pp4 #ac-af1 #eh4 #ahif #d4 ,,fuller1 ,,andrew ,s4 ,nut ,culturist4 #ahif #e4 ,,hershey1 ,,john ,w4 ,life of ,j4 ,f4 ,jones4 ,the ,nut ,grower4 #d3bb1 #aibh #f4 ,,institut ,,fur ,,obstbau1 ,,berlin ,die ,walnusz verediung4 7,vegetative ,propagation of ,walnuts47 ,merkbl4 ,inst4 ,obstb4 ,berlin #e1 pp4 #ae1 #aicf #g4 ,,jones1 ,j4 ,f4 ,propagation of ,nut ,trees4 ,about #aibg #h4 ,,knight1 ,,thomas ,,andrew ,new methods of ,grafting ,walnuts4 ,trans4 ,hort4 ,soc4 of ,london4 #bnd series4 ,vol4 ,i1 #ahca-ahce4 pp #bad-baf #i4 ,mc,l,a,u,g,h,l,i,n1 ,j4 ,b4 ,grafting ,black ,walnuts4 ,trans4 ,iowa ,hort4 ,soc4 #ce3ecd1 #aijj #aj4 ,,morris1 ,,dr4 ,,robert ,t4 ,paraffin ,coating ,solves ,difficult ,grafting4 ,am4 ,nut ,jour4 #cj3gj1he4 #aibi #aa4 ,,mortillet1 ,,paul ,d4 ,le ,noyer sa ,culture ses ,varieties4 7,propagation of the ,walnut47 ,rev4 ,hort4 #acf3dii4 #ahfc #ab4 ,,nnga ,,convention1 ,st4 ,louis ,trip to ,riehl ,nut ,orchard4 ,am4 ,nut ,journ4 #bc3ei1 #aibe #ac4 ,,oliver1 ,g4 ,w4 ,grafting ,walnuts and ,hickories4 ,amer4 ,gard4 #bb3cjg-cjh4 #aija #ad4 ,,riehl1 ,e4 ,a4 ,nut ,growing for ,pleasure and ,profit4 ,trans4 ,iowa ,state ,hort4 ,soc4 #dd3hd1 #aiji #ae4 ,,smith1 ,j4 ,,russell ,tree ,crops4 #aibi #af4 ,,standard ,,cyc4 ,,of ,,hort4 ,hickory ,propagation1 p4 #adhi1 #aibe #ag4 ,,witt1 ,a4 ,w4 and ,,howard ,,spence ,vegetative ,propagation of ,walnuts4 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,east ,malling ,res4 ,sta4 #aibf-g1 ,supl4 ,a #aj1 #aibh1 pp4 #fj-fd ,forest ,background ,by ,john ,davidson1 ,xenia1 ,ohio 7,read at the ,ohio ,nut ,growers ,annual ,meeting1 ,ohio ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,august #af1 #aidf47 ,where did the ,persian1 or so-called ,english walnut come from8 ,why is it a good commercial nut8 ,the ,pecan8 ,how far can it be carried north beyond its natural1 or original1 environment8 ,the ,pawpaw8 ,why is it not a good commercial fruit8 ,why don't most people like it8 ,what is the matter with the mulberry in ,america8 ,in ,china and ,japan it has a score of uses and great popularity4 ,these questions need an answer1 and the answer almost invariably is that the poorer varieties and species have had but little attention and development by human beings while the better ones1 ,persian walnuts1 grapes1 melons1 apples1 dates1 figs--all have had much attention and painstaking selection--in some cases for centuries4 ,upon the other hand1 to cite a contrasting case the black walnut has no such history4 ,it is the baby among nuts--a pure ,american baby--waiting for some nursemaid--for many nursemaids--to tend and develop it as a prince among trees should be developed4 ,let us look back into the story behind a few--a very few--of our better known fruits and nuts and see1 if we can1 how they happened4 ,in ,america once lived a man nicknamed ,johnny ,appleseed4 ,his neighbors called him a crackpate4 ,he had a mania for planting tree seeds wherever he went4 ,as a rule they were haphazardly selected seeds1 but usually appleseeds4 ,what started him upon this crazy journey through the wilderness8 ,whatever it was1 it would be worth while to isolate the germ and with it inoculate our present-day soil wasters4 ,but he was not the first one of his kind4 ,hundreds of pre-historic planters had gone before him4 ,for years1 now1 explorers have been searching out and sending back to ,america certain valuable discoveries4 ,tremendously interesting1 all of them4 ,as one reads1 it becomes increasingly evident that a considerable amount of scientific plant and animal breeding1 selection1 perhaps even grafting and artificial cross fertilization1 budding and slip propagating may have been practiced by pre-historic1 intelligent1 forgotten men long before our modern times4 ,we usually find1 today1 that the best plants and animals have had their start in some center of old civilization4 ,china1 ,manchuria1 ,japan1 ,indo-,china1 ,india1 ,persia1 ,asia ,minor1 ,central ,america1 ,oceania--these places1 the nurseries of all existing races of men are today the bonanza spots for these explorers4 ,such a coincidence could hardly have been due to chance4 ,it must surely occur to the mind of anyone who cares to put two and two together that1 in each of these centers1 other ancient gatherers and planters had been busy in their day1 just as our own explorers and experiment station scientists are carrying on today--our modern1 scientific ,johnny ,appleseeds4 ,it is hardly possible1 here1 to follow to the ends of the earth all of the trails of the tribe of ,johnny ,appleseed4 ,one little section will do well enough for purposes of illustration4 ,let us consider ,iran1 or1 as our fathers knew it1 ,persia4 ,here is a field that1 possibly because of previous plunderings1 is not now the most fruitful of our sources of plant and animal discovery1 yet it is an eye-opener1 and will do very well as a type of similar test-plots throughout the world4 ,here is a short list of only a few of the plants which have been developed for centuries1 and were reported in the last century as growing in ,persia--many1 no doubt1 descended from stocks which once grew in the famous hanging gardens of ,babylon3 apples1 pears1 filberts muskmelons1 watermelons1 grapes1 peaches1 plums1 nectarines4 ,and of flowers1 these3 marigold1 chrysanthemum1 hollyhock1 narcissus1 tulip1 tuberose1 aster1 wallflower1 dalia1 white lily1 hyacinth1 violet1 larkspur1 pink and finally1 the famous rose of ,persia1 from whence comes the attar of roses for which ,persia is still famous4 ,it would seem that someone must have possessed a knowledge of plant propagation in ,persia centuries ago4 ,several of these products have had their influence upon the history and poetry of the world4 ,it will be remembered by most high school students that when the ,caesars and big shots of ,rome and ,greece wished to create a big splash in the social ponds of their day1 they sent1 at enormous expense1 for melons and dates from ,persia4 ,melons1 in particular1 seemed to be the high spot in those ,lucullan feasts1 and1 in this connection it is well to remember that ,lucullus1 himself1 as commanding general of a ,roman legion1 had long lived in ,persia and had1 no doubt1 acquired a taste for ,persian delicacies4 ,his princely estates near ,rome1 no doubt1 grew rare plants from ,asia ,minor and were very likely tended by the skilled ,aryan1 early ,accadian or ,semitic gardeners of ,persia4 ,these slaves were probably descended from and were heir to the trade secrets of some of the very builders of that seventh wonder of the world1 the hanging gardens of ,babylon4 ,except for those forgotten workers from ,persia1 one may well wonder whether1 today1 our ,rocky ,ford1 ,ohio ,sugar1 or ,hearts-of-,gold muskmelon delicacies would exist at all4 ,an interesting side-light may be found in the history of the peach4 ,originally this fruit was in all probability a poisonous variety of almond4 ,what wizard1 or succession of wizards1 was it who created a peach from a pest--an asset from a liability8 ,persian1 probably4 ,whoever did it1 it constitutes one of the outstanding miracles of plant breeding1 whether natural or artificial4 ,the poison was sealed within the seed 7where it remains to this day7 and the nectar of the gods was bred into the pulp around it4 ,consider also the ,persian walnut1 now1 for some strange reason1 popularly called ,english walnut4 ,this delicacy1 too1 was unlikely to have happened merely by chance4 ,it was1 no doubt1 bred by a race of men trained in observation and experiment such as the ,persians preeminently were4 ,having first been nomads1 domesticators and breeders of animals2 they eventually became husbandmen1 breeders of trees and plants1 and they undoubtedly found that the principles which were so usefully employed in producing animal variations could also be used in producing and fixing plant varieties4 ,the pollen or germ of an outstanding good male individual1 when brought into contact with the pistil or ovum of an outstanding female individual of the same species will produce a scion that is more likely than any other to have good qualities4 ,here was the secret of most of the progress which has been made in both animal and plant breeding1 a secret of immense value--so valuable1 in fact1 that it was guarded for generation after generation by a close-mouthed priesthood4 ,just as1 in the middle ages1 the monasteries of ,europe and ,asia kept alive the tiny flame of ,greek and ,roman culture throughout the foggy ignorance of the ,dark ,ages1 so did the priests of ,baal1 of ,ashtoreth1 of ,marduk and of ,ormuzd pass on the torch of their day to their successors who were ,greeks and ,romans4 ,the ,eleusinian mysteries1 which at a later time were associated with a considerable amount of sensual1 closely guarded ritual1 were1 in the ,greek period1 celebrated in the temple of ,ceres in ,eleusis4 ,the origin of these sacred mysteries is lost in the shadow of profound antiquity4 ,we know1 only1 that they were in the safekeeping of many generations of priests who jealously guarded them from thieving and ignorant conquerors4 ,these mysteries were probably1 at bottom1 a body of scientific truths4 ,they undoubtedly had to do with a store of information1 painfully gleaned for generations1 about those facts of reproduction1 selection and beneficient fertility which are so close to the ,holy of ,holies of creation itself4 ,probably these precious mysteries could be simmered down to a few fundamentals and such as are now generally practiced by all plant and animal breeders4 ,and they are not fully understood today1 any more than they were fully understood three thousand years ago4 ,by the practice of these simple arts1 hedged in with taboos and religious inhibitions1 ,persia1 ,assyria1 and all ,mesopotamia became the garden spot of the world where things seemed to grow as they grew no place else4 ,here1 in fact1 was said to have been located the only genuine and original ,garden of ,eden1 pointed out to this day by the faithful as the veritable spot where the father and mother of the race lived in a laborless1 exhaustless ,paradise4 ,mention has been made of the probability that the ,persians1 who originally were nomadic and therefore were chiefly interested in the domestication of animals--which means1 really1 selective breeding--used this knowledge in plant breeding when they finally settled down4 ,the big leap from nomadic to settled life must have caused the old timers of that day plenty of headaches4 ,it was a new deal to top all ,new ,deals4 ,was it1 perhaps1 some ,johnny ,appleseed who engineered the ,new ,deal of that day8 ,let us guess at the method he used4 ,as the nomad tribe passed from place to place with its goats1 its sheep1 its camels1 ,johnny with his sons and grandsons would take to prettying up the camp sites a bit4 ,he particularly like the dates from one palm that grew upon an oasis far down the desert4 ,he carried the seeds from this tree and planted them at various stopping places4 ,he did the same thing with some especially sweet nuts from a walnut tree which he had found1 let us say1 in the ,caucasus ,mountains4 ,he set out many bright-blossomed desert weeds in order to attract the wild honey bees4 ,bees6 ,wherever there were bees1 he had found flowers that reproduced themselves1 trees that bore fruit4 ,some of these bees he found to be good workers and others he found lazy1 quarrelsome and inefficient4 ,he killed out the quarrelsome colonies and built hiding places for the better ones4 ,in short1 he did so much to make the camping places cozy1 comfortable and in every way desirable that finally it became more and more difficult for the tribe to tear itself away on moving day4 ,by reason of the small irrigation arrangements which ,johnny had found desirable for his plantings and his bees1 grass became more abundant and the flocks did not need to be moved so often4 ,in time1 the whole tribe wakened to the fact that a revolution had taken place4 ,they did not need to move at all1 ever6 ,there was plenty of grumbling from the die-hards1 but here the tribe stuck4 ,it refused to budge4 ,in time1 a certain phrase1 current throughout that part of the world1 was used to describe this pleasant country3 ,a land flowing with milk and honey6 ,unfortunately1 it was a land1 also1 which could not fail1 in the flower of its wealth and luxury1 to attract the attention of those savage northerners who lived beyond this favored land4 ,they came1 they saw1 and eventually they conquered4 ,when ,rome had definitely destroyed the flower of ,asia ,minor's civilization1 the ,roman proconsuls and merchants rescued and carried back to ,italy many of the rarest of ,mesopotamia's possessions4 ,among these1 perhaps1 were those indispensable wonder-workers among the flowers1 the better bees of ,persia4 ,and this may be the reason why1 these many centuries later1 our bee experts still recommend that1 if we wish to increase the strength and productivity of a backward hive of bees1 we buy and introduce into the hive an ,italian queen4 ,her ancient and still prepotent virility can almost invariable be relied upon to transfuse the colony with new and fruitful vigor4 ,an ,italian queen1 is it8 ,we wonder1 as we think of that venerable land of ,eden which once flowed with milk and honey1 whether this so-called ,italian queen might not more correctly be named ,persian4 ,you see1 in this story we are traveling backwards into history like ,ally ,oop in his time machine4 ,but beyond ,persia one can go only in imagination4 ,for the ,persians1 too1 were a conquering nation and1 no doubt1 gathered their booty of gold and sheep and camels1 of flowers and bees1 from all the then known world which was subject to them4 ,so perhaps ,persia1 too1 has no more right to label her treasures ,persian than has ,italy with her presumably mislabeled ,italian bees1 nor ,england with her undoubtedly mislabeled ,english walnuts4 ,however1 the work of ,johnny ,appleseed has always belonged1 not to his tribe nor to his locality1 but to the world4 ,these same ,persian walnuts take rank among the better clues by which migrations of the ,aryans may be traced over the face of the earth4 ,for instance1 not only do they take root easily in the mild1 friendly climate of ,california1 but much hardier strains are found to have climbed the ,carpathians and the steppes of ,russia almost to the very doors of ,moscow4 ,scions of these hardier strains have very recently been made to grow and yield their nuts in ,america as far north as ,toronto and are being set out in numbers in the northern part of the ,united ,states4 ,how well they will prosper in this new1 more variable and chilly climate remains to be seen1 but the start is made4 ,no doubt it will be by ,johnny's old method of patient and repeated selection1 first for hardiness then for quality1 that the planned result will be accomplished4 ,the contributions of ,persia and the plantings of its forgotten scientists have here merely been touched on4 ,nothing1 for instance1 has been said about her great groves of mulberry trees1 which led to silk-worms1 which led to silk1 which led to the production of jewel-bright vegetable dyes1 which led to the development of a decorative art in fabrics that is rivaled by ,china1 alone1 in all the world4 ,and of course1 ,aryan ,persia is only one of the many treasure centers of ancient civilization4 ,in scores of racial settlements elsewhere our lives today are being changed and enriched in innumerable ways by the hands of those old miracle-workers whose names were writ in water and whose works are immortal4 ,the accomplishments of ,china are of such magnitude that even now we are only beginning to discover our debt to her4 ,india1 ,indo-,china1 ,mongolia1 ,manchuria1 ,japan--all have similar backgrounds4 ,even in the ,united ,states1 young as it is1 the migrations of pre-historic races have left their trails in the gardens and forests around us4 ,pecans from the ,south1 for example1 have been carried ,north and are gradually developing hardy strains that survived in ,indiana and ,illinois groves4 ,enough has been said to blaze the way to the end at which ,i have been driving4 ,it may begin to look as though modern plant explorers have now followed the plant-spoor of human migrations to their final limits4 ,it may look1 too1 as though the ends of these converging trails will find civilization at last firmly established4 ,or will they8 ,the future race1 let us admit1 may eventually be able1 by means of an almost unthinkable development of food1 clothing1 building and medical supplies of a synthetic or semi-synthetic nature1 to dispense with some of the agriculture we know4 ,this is the prediction of some scientists4 ,let it stand4 ,what then is to be done with the land upon which our food crops had formerly been raised8 ,manifestly1 it must again be covered with hurricane-control1 flood-control1 and erosion-control vegetation1 chiefly trees1 perhaps4 ,trees for safety's sake1 trees for beauty's sake1 for recreation's sake1 trees for food's--yes1 food's sake1 for flavor and health1 trees and vegetation as sources for the very synthetic that are supposed to supplant them2 and last but not least1 trees and vegetation for the protection and perpetuation of animal life1 of bird life1 and insect life4 ,all these are inseparably bound up with human life4 ,come what may at the hands of a short-sighted human race1 no matter what surface changes may come about in human eating habits1 housing styles1 farming or factory practice1 still the winds will sweep the earth in hurricanes where there is nothing to impede them2 the waters and ice of the heavens will still tear apart and level the hills1 will gash the valleys and will carry off the earth and dump it into the sea4 ,following this1 the sun will burn the unprotected earth into a cinder4 ,nothing can change these facts4 ,from the beginning of life upon the earth1 trees and vegetation have been the chief means by which a balance has been maintained between the antagonistically destructive and creative natures of the elements4 ,do we realize fully1 ,i wonder1 how important is the work of this group and the parent ,,nnga8 ,the interest of its members is chiefly in wild trees that produce food crops--mainly1 but not exclusively1 nut crops4 ,and they are interested not merely in planting and testing names and known varieties1 but in finding and testing the best individuals among the wild trees1 planting selected seed1 enjoying the exciting gamble which is always sealed up in the magic1 unknown potentialities of a hybrid4 ,as1 centuries ago1 the ,persian walnut was rescued from the forest and developed into the splendid nut we know today1 so the ,american black walnut can be rescued2 its nut can be improved and developed by selection and cross-breeding4 ,it is a grand mahogany-like timber tree which is becoming far too scarce4 ,each war takes its toll for gun stocks4 ,its nuts are the only nuts within my knowledge1 not even excepting our lost ,american chestnuts1 that retain their full distinctive flavor through cooking4 ,nothing can replace its flavor in candy or cake making4 ,the tree is indigenous to ,america and1 in contrast to the ,persian1 has only decades1 rather than centuries of selective breeding behind it4 ,no one can tell what even one short century of intelligent selection may make of this great tree4 ,we ,americans1 in fact1 have barely started on the ,appleseed trail1 a trail which tends toward the development of a permanent perennial1 rather than annual1 type of agriculture1 with trees1 shrubs1 vines and perennial grasses its chief interest4 ,for1 no matter what chemistry has in store for us in the way of plastics for construction and of synthetics for foods and drugs1 the good earth is still our sole source of supply4 ,the chestnut1 the mulberry1 persimmon1 pawpaw1 pecan1 hickory1 wild cherry1 the grape1 the elderberry in fact the whole tribe of fruits and nuts with flavors found nowhere else on earth--all are growing along this ancient trail4 ,they offer an infinite variety of opportunity for exploration and discovery4 ,to work with them gives one a sense of sharing in the work of creation4 ,graft the ,persian ,walnut ,high in ,michigan ,by ,gilbert ,becker1 ,climax1 ,michigan ,the rule to plant the ,persian walnut where peaches and sweet cherries do well is a good one2 but not infallible and certainly can't be too closely relied upon here in southwestern ,michigan4 ,since #aicc1 ,i have placed several hundred grafts of the ,persian walnut upon black stocks4 ,many of these are top worked trees1 but there were #fh grafted seedlings in nursery rows1 grafted in #aicf4 ,these were planted out two years later4 ,some are now about ten feet tall with a well branched head4 ,of this lot ,i have only harvested one ripe nut and that was four years ago4 ,two of these same trees were planted near some buildings and shrubbery at a neighbor's home1 and they are now bearing well4 ,before going further ,i must say that ,persian walnut trees and peach trees are quite different4 ,first1 the ,persian walnut cannot stand having its female flowers frosted when they are out or nearly so4 ,second1 the peach can stand frost at1 or shortly after1 full bloom1 and they will set a bumper crop of peaches4 ,we have had two years of late spring frosts at the time nut trees were in bloom1 and we have had bumper crops of peaches each year4 ,apples were badly hit1 so many have failed to bear4 ,lilac blossoms failed to come out and be showy because of these severe frosts4 ,however1 ,i know of a peach tree heavily loaded right now growing between two ,persian walnuts that haven't had a single nut either year1 though they have borne nuts previously4 ,thus1 peaches will bear in frosty springs when ,persian walnuts are damaged4 ,further1 good-air drainage1 such as a high hill1 with a deep valley below will save the ,persian nut crop in a frosty spring4 ,i have a small ,persian walnut grafted in such a location1 and it is the heaviest loaded nut tree ,i have4 ,it has so many large nuts on its limbs that its lower limbs are actually resting upon the ground4 ,this was grafted upon an established black seedling four years ago4 ,what ,i have so far told would lead one to think that there is no nut crop on my ,persian grafts this year4 ,this is not so1 for ,i have one of the largest crops in the #ac years ,i have had grafted ,persian walnuts4 ,these are on top-worked trees high above the ground6 ,most of the top-worked trees are over #ab feet at the graft1 or higher1 and it is best to have them this high1 because almost all lower limbs are simply minus nuts1 due to our unfavorable spring4 ,as for proof1 ,i noticed that the lower limbs had blackened leaves1 while the entire tops were undamaged a few days after the frosty weather4 ,the lower branches leaved out the second time in late ,may4 ,it seems as if the ,persian walnut produces two nuts to every one that a grafted black walnut will on a top of equal size4 ,we are troubled with walnut curculio as well as considerably by squirrels1 and by a leaf disorder that often blackens the leaves and causes them to fall in early ,september1 followed by premature dropping of the nuts4 ,even then1 there should be a good crop this year4 ,now1 comes the question1 should we graft the ,persian walnut high1 here in ,michigan8 ,it certainly saves time1 because a middle-aged walnut tree produces1 in terms of pecks and bushels1 in eight to #ae years4 ,being well established it saves patience and disappointment4 ,and ,i know it is far more profitable4 ,this writing of my experience is not intended to hurt the established nut tree nurseryman in any way4 ,any of you who may live in ,michigan are certainly devoted to your hobby and have doubtless learned the skills and pleasures of top-working a good sized seedling black walnut4 ,you will surely find it profitable4 ,first1 purchase the grafted ,persian tree from your nurseryman1 and later1 from this1 work your established seedling blacks at your convenience4 ,graft them at least #ab feet up and see if what ,i say isn't quite true4 ,pecan ,growing in ,western ,illinois ,by ,r4 ,b4 ,best1 ,eldred1 ,illinois ,we need a consistent philosophy in this troubled world of ours4 ,working with nature and especially with nut trees helps us to develop this philosophy and to realize that there are no panaceas for our present day problems except as we work them out ourselves4 ,after all our wishful thinking with panaceas and doctrines1 we come back to the same conclusion4 ,those people with the best foundations built on reason and truth are those who are nearest the soil and growing things4 ,those who work with trees and other living things in nature possess the philosophy which acts as a breastwork against the forces which would destroy our society4 ,we started our propagation of nut trees in #aicj under the guiding hand of ,mr4 ,wilkinson1 ,mr4 ,sawyer and ,professor ,ray ,marsh of the ,university of ,illinois1 and later have had help from ,dr4 ,colby of the ,university4 ,we have at present about #bejj grafted pecan trees1 a few varieties of hickories1 black walnuts1 chestnuts1 filberts1 persimmons1 butternuts1 heartnuts1 pawpaws1 etc4 ,when people ask me what we expect from our trees1 ,i tell them that the trees have already paid me in satisfaction if not in filling my purse4 ,i do expect our nut tree project to give us a good financial return4 ,the pecan is our leader in ,western ,illinois as a popular nut4 ,much of our ,illinois river bottom land1 if deserted by man1 would immediately pass back to nature and exist as pecan groves4 ,i have been working with pecan trees since #aicj and today find myself with more questions than answers4 ,we are growing at present about #cg varieties of pecans4 ,we are reaching certain notions which we hope are right4 ,the hybrids are fine and make wonderful trees but ,i doubt if they are the answer to our problem4 ,with these remarks ,i dispose of further discussion of the ,burlington1 ,rockville1 ,mc,callister and ,gerardi varieties4 ,the ,major and ,greenriver are excellent performers but are a little late maturing for us4 ,the ,posey nut is slightly earlier and makes an excellent quality but is not to be compared with ,major and ,greenriver for bearing4 ,our ,butterick trees are excellent growers but bear few nuts4 ,this variety is the poorest bearer that we have4 ,our earliest pecans of the better known varieties are ,indiana and ,busseron1 of the newer varieties1 ,stephens and ,gildig ,no4 #b4 ,the ,giles pecan which ,mr4 ,wilkinson discovered in ,kansas is our outstanding nut for yield1 size and early bearing but it should also be earlier maturing4 ,although the ,giles has been late when grafted on some of our native trees1 it has been early on others4 ,in #aide1 which will always be known by the ,illinois weather man as the year without a summer1 we found a great difference in our ,major1 ,greenriver1 and ,giles nuts from tree to tree as to size and maturity4 ,this question of compatibility between stock and scion is of the utmost importance and it impedes investigational work1 complicating comparisons we are trying to make4 ,some of our new varieties which we are trying out might be checked immediately if we knew the effect of the under stocks of our trees4 ,our farms are about #ej miles north of ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,our first problem with pecans is maturity4 ,the old named varieties are a little late for us4 ,i personally feel that we should get grafts from no farther north than ,new ,haven1 ,ill41 or ,rockport1 ,ind4 ,i am interested in ,mr4 ,gerardi's varieties at ,o',fallon1 ,ill41 because they should be early4 ,dr4 ,colby has brought to light three new ones from ,cass ,county1 ,ill4 which should make excellent maturity in central ,illinois4 ,we are blessed in our community with large numbers of native pecan seedlings4 ,the behavior of different nuts on different stocks is not the same4 ,before any nut should be condemned we feel it should have an opportunity to perform on different stocks over a period of years4 ,for this reason we always try to graft a number of trees to each variety4 ,most things taken from nature are subject to improvement and can be better adapted to the use of man4 ,i would like to see some new varieties of pecans developed for our northern zone4 ,i would like to see large plantings of nuts from all our leading varieties of pecans4 ,from these seedling studies1 great good would come and possibly a good variety4 ,i would like to see ,major1 ,greenriver1 ,giles1 ,posey1 ,busseron1 ,indiana1 the ,gildigs crossed with some early prolific nuts4 ,i would like to see every nut that had any good quality crossed with every other good nut in a mass planting so that genetics could operate and have these trees planted where they might be permitted to reach maturity and the get of each union studied4 ,we might get an early heavy bearer which would revolutionize the pecan industry4 ,i would like to see some of our good ,southern varieties like ,stuart crossed with early northern varieties4 ,this search for new nuts should be accelerated4 ,let us rededicate ourselves to the problem of getting the super-nut4 ,let us explore these new fields of nut germ plasm which lie all about us1 pull these old nuts apart genetically and recombine their good with the good of other nuts into new varieties4 ,if we should fail #aj1jjj times and succeed once1 success would be cheap4 ,random ,notes from ,eastern ,new ,york ,by ,gilbert ,l4 ,smith1 ,wassaic1 ,new ,york ,during the past few years ,i have found it increasingly difficult to keep up my nut tree work4 ,however1 three years hence1 ,i expect to retire from my job as ,farm ,manager at ,wassaic ,state ,school and then to devote much of my time to nut work4 ,mr4 ,benton now has even less time than ,i do for the nut work4 ,our work of previous years is now beginning to show results1 especially our variety tests which should become more significant each year as more varieties come into bearing and repeat crops bear out or disprove our earlier opinions4 ,following are some of our findings on such varieties as have borne enough for us to form an opinion4 ,black ,walnuts ,,thomas1 no doubt1 is still entitled to first place4 ,we made a poor start with ,thomas as our first graft was placed on a stock growing at the edge of low swampy ground and the nuts of this graft have never matured properly1 while those from two younger grafts1 on higher ground1 have matured their nuts well4 ,this shows that black walnuts should not be planted in low wet ground1 that is1 land that is actually swampy2 low ground which is well-drained is all right4 ,we have found ,thomas to be a fast growing and very good type tree4 ,the nut is large1 thin-shelled and cracks excellently1 giving light-colored fine appearing kernels1 largely in whole quarters4 ,we do not consider the flavor of ,thomas to be one of the best4 ,i have tested this many times by cracking nuts of ,benton1 ,snyder1 ,sparrow and ,thomas1 and then1 without revealing which is which1 have had various people try them and pick out the ones they like best2 ,benton and ,sparrow in all cases were liked best1 ,snyder second and ,thomas always least in favor4 ,thomas is a consistent bearer here4 ,,sparrow is a little known variety which has a good many good points in its favor4 ,in my opinion1 it surpasses ,thomas in everything except size of nut and cracking quality4 ,in cracking quality ,i consider them to be about equal4 ,sparrow originated near ,lomax1 ,ill4 ,wood of it was sent to us by ,c4 ,a4 ,reed in the ,spring of #aich4 ,it has never been entered in any contest so is little known4 ,the tree may not be quite as fast growing as ,thomas1 but it retains its foliage in the fall until cut by hard frost1 long after its nuts have ripened1 while ,thomas will be nearly bare of leaves for some time before frost or its nuts are ripe4 ,sparrow ripens its nuts a full two weeks ahead of ,thomas4 ,the nuts of ,sparrow are medium in size1 being about #bg to the pound while ,thomas will run about #ai or #bj to the pound4 ,the nuts of ,sparrow look small while on the tree because it has a thin husk4 ,yet it husks easily1 coming out of the husk cleaner than any other black walnut ,i know of4 ,also ,i have never seen a husk maggot in this variety while some varieties with thick husks were badly infested4 ,as the nut ripens1 the husk turns yellow4 ,the nut yields practically #cj kernel 7#bi4id7 with #if unbroken quarters4 ,color of kernel is bright and the flavor is excellent4 ,sparrow has borne consistently4 ,,snyder is a fairly well-known variety1 having won first prize in the ,new ,york and ,new ,england contest of #aicd4 ,the tree is a little slower in growing than most varieties1 yet it bears young and consistently ,like ,sparrow1 it retains its foliage well until cut by frost4 ,the nut is large1 being about #ba per pound1 with a very thick husk1 on which account it should be husked as soon as gathered1 as the husk will turn dark and stain the kernel4 ,it ripens at the same time as ,sparrow1 last of ,september here4 ,the nut cracks well1 yielding about #be kernel of good quality1 about #ie in unbroken quarters4 ,the color of the kernel tends to be a little dark4 ,certainly ,snyder should prove to be a valuable variety for short season locations and possibly as a pollinizer for ,sparrow4 ,also the retention of foliage in fall1 until cut by frost1 make this and ,sparrow of considerable ornamental value4 ,early dropping of the foliage in the fall is a serious fault of some varieties as an ornamental4 ,,benton originated with us1 the original tree growing in ,mr4 ,benton's dooryard4 ,it won second prize in the ,new ,york and ,new ,england contest of #aicd4 ,the nut is rather small1 running about #cd to the pound4 ,however1 it yields about #bi kernel of excellent quality1 light in color and about #hf quarters4 ,it ripens about a week later than ,snyder and ,sparrow4 ,it is a consistent bearer1 a fairly fast growing tree1 but only fair as to retention of foliage in the fall4 ,,stambaugh is a well known variety1 but we are a little too far north for it1 #da deg4#de' ,n4 ,lat4 ,it matures well here only in our most favorable seasons4 ,it appears to be an excellent nut1 large1 good cracking quality and good flavor4 ,it appears to be a little capricious as to bearing1 two years ago our one graft was heavily loaded1 but there was no crop last year and a light one only this year4 ,in spite of the lateness in maturing the nut1 the tree sheds its foliage early4 ,hickories ,,wilcox is the outstanding variety of hickory of those which have borne in our test orchard1 so far4 ,this originated near ,geneva1 ,ohio4 ,it4 won second prize in the ,ohio contest of #aicd4 ,it appears to be a consistent1 alternate bearer4 ,the nut is only medium in size for a shagbark1 about #ij to the pound4 ,it cracks almost perfectly1 yielding about #ch kernel1 mostly in whole halves4 ,color of kernel bright and of very good flavor4 ,,minnie has also appeared very good4 ,it is a trifle larger than ,wilcox1 being #he to the pound4 ,it cracks excellently and is of good quality4 ,but so far it has not yielded as well as has ,wilcox4 ,,davis has shown up quite well4 ,our oldest graft is on a bitternut stock2 it has borne well but the nuts have not cracked as well as those from the original tree or the ones grown at ,cornell4 ,in size the nut is between ,minnie and ,wilcox1 kernel bright1 plump and of good quality4 ,,fox has been rather disappointing as produced on grafts so far4 ,not that it is a poor nut1 in fact it is a good nut1 but because it has fallen so far short of what was expected of it4 ,fox is the mystery variety of the hickories4 ,how it could unanimously win first prize in the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association contest of #aicd1 with a sample of nuts so excellent in every way and then for the grafts to bear only fair nuts1 is a mystery4 ,some have advanced the idea of bud variation in the parent tree4 ,to prove or disprove this1 ,i made a trip to the original tree in the spring of #aidc and gathered grafting wood from various parts of the tree4 ,this wood was grafted on various stocks in our test orchard1 so that we now have living grafts from #ac different parts of the original tree4 ,if there is a bud variation1 we should certainly have some of the good ones and are anxiously waiting the time when these grafts begin to bear4 ,to lend a little credence to the bud variation theory1 ,i found that at some time in the past the ,fox tree had been broken off in a storm and had since formed a new top1 largely from a single leader4 ,mr4 ,fox stated that he had naturally taken wood from the lower portions of the tree as it was much easier to do so4 7,the late ,dr4 ,zimmerman made a similar study of this tree and its nuts from different branches4 ,he was firmly convinced that there were differences4--,ed47 ,heartnuts ,we have really tested only two varieties so far1 these are the ,fodermaier and ,wright4 ,both are very good1 but we now consider ,wright to be by far the better of the two4 ,it is somewhat hardier than ,fodermaier1 nuts ripen earlier1 and bears better with us4 ,fodermaier is also more severely affected by the butternut curculio than is the ,wright1 some years nearly all of the ,fodermaier nuts have been destroyed by the curculio4 ,,gellatly has borne only one year with us1 so we cannot form much of an opinion on it4 ,it appears to be a very good nut4 ,crath ,carpathian ,persian ,walnuts ,several of our seedling ,crath trees have nuts this year4 ,in all cases1 there are only a few nuts on each as our trees are still quite small4 ,i had to hand-pollinate the blossoms this spring2 this resulted in a rather small percentage of sets2 then the curculio took a rather severe toll1 so we will have only a few of each variety4 ,in #aidd one of our seedlings bore #ab nuts4 ,these were so good that we have named the variety ,littlepage in honor of the late ,thomas ,littlepage1 and are having it patented4 ,we have published a little booklet on this variety1 and upon request1 we will be glad to mail a copy to anyone interested4 ,this is about all we have to offer at this time in regard to our variety tests4 ,we have a problem which ,i wish to bring before the members of the ,association4 ,it is that of controlling the butternut curculio4 ,this insect is very bad on butternut1 heartnut and ,persian walnuts1 with us it does not attack black walnuts or hickories4 ,i fear that it is going to prove hard to control1 as the larva is of the boring type1 being found inside the green nuts1 inside the new growth of the terminals and in the fleshy part of the leaf stems4 ,in these places it cannot be reached by poisons4 ,it appears that we will have to work entirely on the adult beetles4 ,these eat very little and seem to make puncture-like holes1 eating little outside tissue but mostly deeper tissues1 thus poison will probably have to be applied heavily in order for it to get enough to kill it4 ,d4,d4,t4 is not effective against the apple and plum curculio so probably will not be so against the butternut curculio4 ,it might be effective to apply a heavy coating of ,d4,d4,t4 bearing dust under the trees so that as the larva drop to the ground to pupate1 they will be killed while the adult beetle may be immune to ,d4,d4,t41 it is not likely that the pupa could survive in heavily impregnated soil4 ,the adult beetles are present from the time the first leaves appear until late summer4 ,a spray of #d to #e pounds of arsenate of lead and #ab to #ae pounds of hydrated lime to #ajj gallons of water1 applied once a week throughout the early part of the season might prove effective but it will certainly prove expensive4 ,planting of the affected varieties at some distance from woodlands and wild butternut trees is helpful in avoiding this insect1 but as the trees grow older the pests may build up a population of their own4 ,some sections of the county may not be affected2 ,i hope so4 ,maybe we can get some of our entomologists to work on this insect4 ,let's put a little pressure on our ,state ,experiment ,stations and the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 ,maybe ,mr4 ,reed can help us4 ,another subject ,i wish to mention is that of hardiness in nut trees4 ,in reading the ,,nnga reports and in some of the letters ,i have received1 ,i have found that many people confuse killing of the young leaves in the spring by late frosts1 with winter hardiness4 ,in my opinion there is no connection at all4 ,i have seen many trees that were not hurt at all by -#cd deg4,f4 in mid-winter yet had all of their leaves killed by a late frost in the spring4 ,in fact all species and varieties of hickory and walnut will have their leaves killed by a hard frost if the leaves have opened out of the buds2 this includes our native wild trees as well as the grafted varieties4 ,the only hardiness against late spring frosts is the characteristic of leafing out late1 thus escaping most of such frosts4 ,of the different species1 the black walnuts seem to be best protected in this way1 with the hickories next and the heartnuts and ,persian walnuts least protected4 ,of course there is a considerable varietal variation within each species4 ,then the protection we can provide1 is to plant nut trees on side hills or other high ground where there is good air drainage1 thus avoiding the frost pockets4 ,of course many want to plant nut trees and have no place except in low frosty sites4 ,to these ,i say that they can expect to lose an occasional nut crop by these late spring frosts1 but that only in exceptional cases will the trees suffer permanent injury4 ,in years when the crops are lost the trees will still be good ornamentals and shade trees4 ,my door yard is quite a frost pocket1 yet ,i have lost only one crop of heartnuts out of four or five crops1 no permanent injury to the tree4 ,yield and ,nut ,quality of the ,common ,black ,walnut ,in the ,tennessee ,valley#ab ,by ,thomas ,g4 ,zarger1 ,tennessee ,valley ,authority ,black walnut occurs on open1 non-crop land in the ,tennessee ,valley region4 ,trees grow around the farmstead1 along fence rows1 and in pastures on most farms4 ,in recent years harvesting of walnuts for market from these trees has increased significantly4 ,looking forward to a fuller utilization of the wild black walnut crop1 knowledge on the bearing habits of these open-grown black walnut trees was required4 ,to supply this information a study of tree growth1 nut yield1 and nut quality was undertaken in #aidj4 ,results on nut yield available from this study after six years are summarized in this report4 ,footnote #ab3 ,contribution from ,,tva ,forestry ,relations ,department1 ,forestry ,investigations ,division on a project conducted in the ,forest ,products ,section4 ,this study was initiated with the selection of representative open-grown walnut trees throughout the ,tennessee ,valley4 ,in #aidj1 #if sample trees were selected and #cf trees were added to the study in #aidb4 ,these #acb trees are located in #db counties and afford a good representation of age1 size1 and growth quality of open-grown black walnut4 ,each sample tree has been visited annually4 ,entire crops were collected1 carefully weighed and sampled3 tree diameters and other measurements were taken for the tree growth phase of the study4 ,when convenient1 nuts were hulled in the field with a corn sheller1 but more often they were brought to ,norris and run through a hulling machine4 ,after hulling1 the nuts were dried until cured1 then a sample for each tree was tested for percentage of filled nuts1 nut weight1 and cracking quality4 ,yield ,results on nut yield and nut quality for the #acb sample trees have been condensed to the presentation in ,table #a4 ,for the six-year period the average tree in this study had a diameter of #ac4c inches and yielded #cc pounds of hulled1 dry nuts a year4 ,the yield of common black walnut trees in the ,tennessee ,valley is characterized by extreme variation4 ,tree size1 of course1 influences nut yield4 ,one-half of the yields from a #f-;inch diameter tree ranged from no crop to #d pounds of hulled1 dry nuts2 whereas half the yields from a #bb-;inch tree ranged from #dj to #ajj pounds4 ,a yield of less than one-half pound of hulled1 dry walnuts was considered no crop4 ,some individual trees had unusually high or low yields4 ,the outstanding bearer was tree #aag4 ,it had the highest average yield for the six-year period1 and the heaviest crop of hulled1 dry nuts for any single year4 ,during the six years this tree yielded #iec pounds of dry1 hulled nuts and #aid pounds of kernels--truly outstanding production for a common black walnut tree4 ,another notable bearer1 tree #ajj1 yielded #iaf pounds of nuts and #ahi pounds of kernels4 ,however1 this tree was almost #aa inches larger in diameter than tree #aag4 ,the exceptional bearers in each diameter class also had the highest single nut crops4 ,the other extreme is characterized by low yields4 ,crops were lacking or insignificant for trees #fj1 #fc1 #baa1 and #bba4 ,tree #cg1 with a #ai4g-;inch diameter1 bore only one crop of #ca pounds during the entire six-year period4 ,this tree has no value for nut production but would yield a good sawlog4 ,variation of yield by seasons and locality was examined by grouping the #acb sample trees into six localities of #bb trees each4 ,greater variation in averages by crop years existed than averages by tree location groups4 ,however1 some variation was found between the eastern and western portions of the ,tennessee ,valley4 ,indications on bearing habits were obtained for a six-year period on #if trees1 ,nos4 #a through #adj 7,table #a74 ,crop records for each of these trees were examined for relatively high and low yield by seasons4 ,convincing evidence on the alternation of bearing has accumulated during this six-year period with #df percent of the trees having lighter crops every other year4 ,of these1 #bh trees bore lighter crops in the odd years and #af trees bore lighter crops in the even years4 ,tree #aag1 previously mentioned as outstanding in regard to yield1 produced lighter crops in #aidj1 #aidb1 and #aidd4 ,this tree is located in west ,tennessee4 ,walnut trees bearing lighter crops in #aida1 #aidc1 and #aide are more abundant in the eastern than in the western portion of the ,tennessee ,valley4 ,this occurrence undoubtedly accounts for much of the variation found between the eastern and western portions4 ,four other yield patterns were recognized in #cj per cent of the trees4 ,these indicate the existence of uniform annual crops and three-year cyclic bearing of black walnut4 ,the bearing habits of the remaining #bd per cent of the trees is considered merely irregular1 since definite patterns cannot be recognized until bearing records cover a longer period of years4 ,nut ,quality ,the cracking quality of the nuts from the trees in this study was tested on a random sample of nuts from each crop that was collected and brought back to ,norris4 ,the nuts of each sample were weighed and the average nut weight computed4 ,the nuts were then cracked in a hand-cracking machine1 and kernels that could be extracted with the fingers were removed and weighed4#ac ,from this weight was computed the first-crack marketable kernel percentage4 ,the nuts that still contained kernels were recracked and the remaining kernel removed4 ,all kernels1 including crumbs1 were then weighed in order to compute the total kernel weight and kernel percentage4 ,finally1 all of the quarters extracted were counted1 and the average number of quarters was computed4 ,kernels recovered at first crack and the average number of quarters extracted indicate the relative ease of extraction of kernels4 ,cracking quality of walnuts for individual sample trees averaged by crop years are presented in ,table #a4 ,nuts of all crops collected from four trees1 #eg1 #eh1 #fj1 and #aci1 were shriveled or abnormal1 and afforded no test of nut quality during the six-year period4 ,thus1 nut quality data1 based on #ddj nut crop samples1 are complete for #abh of the #acb sample trees4 ,from this study1 the average common black walnut in the ,tennessee ,valley has a nut weight of #ag grams1 a kernel weight of #c4c grams1 a total kernel content of #bj per cent1 a marketable kernel recovery at first crack of #ag per cent1 and a quarter recovery of unbroken quarters averaging #a4h4 ,footnote #ac3 ,the kernels were extracted over a #f-mesh wire screen4 ,in commercial cracking1 kernel pieces passing through this type of screen are not marketable as kernels4 ,table ,i--,yield of ,nuts and ,kernels1 and ,cracking ,quality of ,nuts from #acb ,sample ,trees of ,common ,black ,walnut in the ,tennessee ,valley ,tree ,diameter at #d-a_/b ,sample ft4 number av4 yr4 #aidj #aida #aidb #aidc #aidd #aide ,av4 yr4 inches pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds #a #bj4d #bg #af #b #ie #e #c #be #b #ad4i #dc #dc #bf #de #db #bc #ch #c #i4c #bb #ab #h #bb #f #bi #ag #e #aa4b #ed #j #fa #j #cc #g #bf #f #ac4f #bh #a #gb #j #af #a #bj #h #ac4b #ej #bh #bc #da #gf #de #dd #i #ac4b #cf #ej #dj #bh #cc #g #cb #aj #bb4i #bi #be #j #j #f #ae #ab #aa #f4a #b #d #ab #b #d #a #d #ab #ag4d #aaj #ah #abh #dj #ajj #di #gd #ac #ad4e #ih #e #hc #ej #df #abh #fh #ad #ab4b #a #j #ab #c #b #ih #ai #ae #aa4f #ch #df #dd #ajf #j #fc #ej #af #ae4g #acj #j #ajf #be #ace #cc #gb #ag #ab4j #a #ff #d #ajj #b #fa #ci #ah #g4h #bj #j #dj #ba #cc #d #bj #be #h4f #ac #j #hb #j #j #j #af #bf #bj4g #j #cf #df #ij #j #fg #df #bg #h4d #j #a #bf #b #j #bb #h #bh #h4j #j #aa #a #ai #j #ab #g #bi #i4b #j #ag #bb #ba #b #ai #ad #cj #ae4b #aej #be #bjj #j #ajb #ae #hb #ca #ah4j #cc #aid #ad #bei #j #ace #ajf #cd #af4d #j #ajh #j #be #j #abi #dd #cg #ai4g #j #j #ca #j #j #j #e #ch #i4a #b #j #ad #j #dg #j #aj #ci #ag4g #aea #j #hj #j #ef #j #dh #dj #af4e #hh #j #ej #e #cg #f #ca #da #i4e #fj #j #gd #j #fg #j #cd #db #ad4e #abc #j #agj #j #aai #j #fi ,av4 ,filled nuts ,complete crack ,kernel yield ,first- bearing ,in terms crack ,crops yrs4 of total ,average marketable ,kernel tested number only weight weight kernel weight ,kernel ,quarters basis pounds percent grams percent grams percent number number #a #b4b #f #ag #ba #c4g #bb #b4i #b #b #d4i #ej #ad #ag #b4f #ai #a4c #e #c #b4b #fc #af #ah #c4c #ba #b4j #g #e #g4i #fg #af #bc #d4e #bg #a4a #c #f #d4i #ib #ad #bb #c4b #bc #b4h #d #h #e4f #ei #bd #ag #e4j #ba #c4j #g #i #f4a #ef #af #bj #c4f #bc #a4c #e #aj #a4f #cf #ac #ae #b4f #ai #j4f #b #aa #j4h #ii #ad #af #b4g #ai #a4d #g #ab #af4c #ie #ah #ag #d4b #bc #a4e #g #ac #ag4i #ib #ai #be #e4b #bh #b4i #g #ad #d4i #ia #ai #ah #d4c #bb #b4d #c #ae #aa4h #if #ag #ai #c4d #bj #b4a #f #af #bj4j #id #bd #ai #f4j #be #b4c #f #ag #h4d #ig #ac #ag #b4g #bj #b4e #g #ah #e4c #he #ae #bd #d4j #bf #b4e #d #be #i4f #ic #ah #af #c4h #ba #b4e #d #bf #e4e #db #af #ad #c4a #ah #j4f #d #bg #b4g #ie #ag #ai #c4g #ba #a4b #c #bh #a4g #ii #i #ad #a4f #ah #a4f #d #bi #c4d #ajj #aa #ae #b4b #ba #a4b #d #cj #ai4i #gg #ai #ag #d4c #bc #b4c #c #ca #be4a #ij #bj #ae #d4e #bc #a4c #d #cd #af4h #gc #bj #ag #d4j #bj #b4e #b #cg #f4b #ajj #af #af #b4h #ah #c4d #b #ch #d4e #fc #ah #ad #b4h #ae #b4c #b #ci #ae4j #hg #ai #ad #c4e #ah #b4b #c #dj #d4i #hb #bj #ac #c4a #ae #b4c #c #da #i4a #gc #af #ag #c4j #ai #b4e #c #db #bh4d #hf #ai #ba #d4e #bd #c4c #c #df #ac4h #ad #ah #ae #cf #ab #ab #ah #dg #i4h #ae #j #ci #j #bj #b #ac #dh #ac4f #be #cd #ej #eb #ag #if #df #di #f4f #ad #i #af #d #ai #j #aj #ej #i4e #bi #j #ac #be #j #eg #bj #ea #aa4b #aa #ac #aa #j #bd #j #aj #eb #ac4c #be #h #j #hd #j #ad #bb #ef #ac4d #ae #h #j #ab #d #f #h #eg #af4g #afb #e #ajc #ag #gd #d #ei #eh #ab4j #db #b #cj #f #bj #b #ag #ei #i4d #b #h #d #h #b #h #e #fj #i4f #a #a #c #j #b #j #a #fa #aj4f #b #b #bj #a #aj #j #f #fb #ab4d #bg #f #bc #g #ac #j #ac #fc #ab4a #b #j #j #j #j #j #j #fd #aa4h #ah #b #cg #j #ba #j #ac #fe #ag4h #acj #ec #aja #i #ajg #j #fg #ff #i4f #ca #j #be #a #ac #e #ab #fg #i4d #hi #j #g #g #aj #aa #ba #fi #ac4g #gj #b #ajd #d #cj #b #ce #gj #af4a #gb #b #aa #ie #j #fh #da #ga #ae4b #g #a #dc #a #j #a #i #gf #h4a #g #j #f #j #i #j #d #gg #aa4b #dj #j #ba #f #d #bc #af #gh #aa4d #cd #j #dj #j #ca #b #ah #gi #af4d #bh #j #bd #j #aa #bb #ad #hj #aa4d #acb #dd #aaj #h #ahi #db #hh #hf #bd4i #aia #j #bhb #j #fd #aaj #ajh #hg #ad4j #de #j #ajg #j #ca #i #cb #hi #h4d #a #h #b #ci #j #dd #af #ij #ac4b #aa #f #gb #h #ac #g #bj #ia #ab4d #fh #e #bjj #c #ed #bb #ei #ib #ag4f #ah #gd #ach #gf #b #abf #gb #ic #aj4i #cj #j #dh #c #bf #j #ah #id #g4b #j #cf #j #ba #j #ec #ah #df #a4g #ea #ag #af #b4h #ag #b4h #d #dg #c4h #ig #aa #ag #b4b #bj #a4j #c #dh #h4b #hc #ac #af #b4f #bj #a4c #d #di #b4j #hj #ah #af #c4g #bj #b4j #c #ej #c4g #gb #ag #ai #c4f #ba #c4d #c #ea #a4i #di #ah #ai #d4b #bc #a4f #c #eb #f4j #hj #ah #af #c4b #ah #a4c #b #ef #j4f #ac #bb #bj #d4h #bb #c4j #a #eg #d #j #eh #i #j #ei #j4d #bj #bg #ai #e4f #ba #c4j #b #fj #j4j #j #bb #ae #c4d #ae #c4i #a #fa #j4b #dh #ad #i #b4j #ad #a4e #b #fb #j4d #ae #be #ai #d4f #ai #c4h #b #fc #j4e #id #ac #ba #c4b #bd #c4a #b #fd #c4a #gj #ba #bj #e4a #bd #c4b #c #fe #g4i #eh #bc #ae #c4g #af #c4d #c #ff #a4f #cd #bd #ah #d4f #ai #c4g #c #fg #b4b #ca #bj #ah #c4g #ah #c4f #c #fi #h4f #ib #ba #ba #e4d #be #a4i #c #gj #i4b #hg #ah #af #c4d #bj #a4e #c #ga #b4j #hh #ad #af #b4f #ai #a4i #c #gf #a4d #id #ac #af #b4f #bj #b4b #d #gg #b4f #hi #ba #af #c4e #ag #c4f #c #gh #d4b #hj #bj #ad #c4f #ah #c4j #c #gi #e4j #ig #ba #bj #e4j #bd #b4h #c #hj #ai4c #id #ah #bb #d4c #bc #c4b #c #hf #cb4j #if #ac #ai #b4h #bj #a4h #d #hg #aa4c #ajj #aa #ai #b4g #bb #j4e #c #hi #c4b #ia #ac #ah #b4f #ba #a4a #f #ij #c4d #hg #ah #ai #c4e #bj #b4f #c #ia #ac4d #if #af #bb #c4h #bc #b4d #g #ib #ae4e #ic #af #bj #c4d #ba #b4b #g #ic #e4a #ig #ab #ad #b4d #ah #a4g #c #id #c4f #eb #ai #bd #d4g #bd #b4a #c ,table ,i----,yield of ,nuts and ,kernels1 and ,cracking ,quality of ,nuts from #acb ,sample ,trees of ,common ,black ,walnut in the ,tennessee ,valley 7continued7 ,tree ,diameter at #d-a_/b ,sample ft4 number av4 yr4 #aidj #aida #aidb #aidc #aidd #aide ,av4 yr4 inches pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds #if #af4e #bc #ca #ic #ea #bi #ajc #ee #ig #i4h #b #h #i #g #d #f #f #ih #ba4c #dd #bj #ff #ce #bf #d #cb #ajj #bg4h #aei #bgb #fe #ccd #f #hj #aec #aja #ba4b #j #bid #abj #bjf #cj #bci #adh #ajb #ac4a #ch #b #dd #d #ab #c #ag #ajc #g4e #bj #ae #be #cj #i #aai #cf #ajd #ab4c #dj #ag #eb #ag #af #j #bd #ajf #aa4d #ej #af #ff #bi #df #ff #df #ajg #ac4b #bi #j #e #h #j #a #g #ajh #i4j #cd #aa #ab #be #ab #g #ag #aji #ab4f #aa #ab #cj #fi #j #ad #bc #aaj #ad4i #fe #ajd #bi #fa #ed #cb #eh #aaa #aa4c #h #ee #e #fe #j #ed #ca #aaf #aa4h #j #af #f #g #d #i #g #aag #ag4j #aj #bhe #ac #adb #aaf #chg #aei #aah #ac4c #c #gh #f #agj #d #bfc #hg #aai #ad4f #j #cd #adh #j #dj #ade #fa #aba #ag4f #fg #i #da #ae #j #fd #cc #abi #ac4c #ac #gj #h #aeg #j #adi #ff #acj #ae4c #dg #a #ej #aj #j #bd #bb #aca #af4b #gh #a #cc #hi #j #fi #de #acb #ad4b #f #h #bb #aj #j #ag #aj #acd #ac4c #i #bj #aa #ag #bd #c #ad #ace #ad4a #ab #ee #j #ae #j #id #bi #acf #ae4a #g #a #ah #ad #j #b #g #acg #i4d #bg #j #ch #ac #e #bh #ah #ach #ad4e #cf #ah #bh #ce #fi #h #cb #aci #aj4b #ad #i #ai #fd #ea #j #bf #adj #aa4a #j #ah #fb #ec #bh #cd #cb ,av4 ,filled nuts ,complete crack ,kernel yield ,first- bearing ,in terms crack ,crops yrs4 of total ,average marketable ,kernel tested number only weight weight kernel weight ,kernel ,quarters basis pounds percent grams percent grams percent number number #if #i4f #ajj #ab #ae #b4a #ag #j4g #c #ig #j4f #ea #aa #ac #a4g #ae #b4j #c #ih #b4g #dd #ah #aj #b4d #ac #j4d #g #ajj #ca4d #ig #bb #ag #d4f #ba #b4h #g #aja #ca4g #id #be #ae #d4h #ai #a4e #c #ajb #c4d #di #ah #ai #c4f #bj #b4e #c #ajc #e4i #id #ai #af #c4g #bj #j4i #c #ajd #d4d #hd #ae #ae #b4e #ag #j4h #c #ajf #f4b #ha #ah #ae #c4a #ag #a4d #c #ajg #b4a #gh #ac #ad #b4a #af #j4g #d #ajh #c4d #ii #af #ag #c4d #ae #j4i #c #aji #e4j #ih #ad #ad #b4f #ah #j4f #c #aaj #i4a #gg #bc #ad #d4h #bj #a4a #c #aaa #g4g #ajj #ae #ag #c4j #ba #j4f #c #aaf #a4d #ajj #ae #af #b4g #ah #j4g #c #aag #cb4b #hf #bi #ae #e4g #bj #a4e #g #aah #ae4b #if #ai #ab #c4c #ah #j4b #c #aai #ab4b #gb #bj #ah #d4j #bj #a4f #c #aba #g4a #ib #af #ag #c4j #ai #j4g #c #abi #ad4b #ih #af #ae #c4j #ah #j4h #c #acj #d4d #ig #ac #ad #b4b #af #a4c #d #aca #aj4b #ie #ai #ag #c4h #bj #a4g #c #acb #b4g #ih #ag #af #c4e #ba #a4j #c #acd #a4g #ge #af #ad #b4f #af #j4g #c #ace #c4d #eh #bj #ae #c4c #af #a4e #c #acf #a4h #da #aj #ac #a4g #ag #j4a #c #acg #b4g #ff #ae #ag #c4j #bj #j4g #c #ach #b4g #di #af #ae #b4f #ai #j4f #d #aci #h #adj #g4f #ib #ac #ai #b4i #bb #j4h #c #aii #ac4c #ae #d #b #b #f #bjj #aj4d #ah #ag #a #a #i #bja #ac4a #cj #bh #bc #aag #ej #bjb #ae4a #b #d #ad #j #e #bjc #ac4g #ac #cj #h #ba #ah #bje #bb4f #ef #cd #cc #gg #ej #bjf #i4c #df #bf #ci #d #bi #bjg #e4h #a #j #i #a #c #bjh #aj4d #b #h #d #ai #h #baj #f4f #ce #j #ae #j #ab #baa #ab4f #b #d #c #a #b #bad #ac4a #cb #aa #ai #bd #bb #bae #f4i #c #e #f #j #d #baf #aj4h #j #f #b #e #c #bag #ai4a #aaa #ab #fb #be #dh #bah #g4a #ah #j #a #j #e #bai #ab4j #e #ac #bf #ad #ad #bbj #aj4g #ac #j #h #f #g #bba #f4d #j #j #j #c #a #bbb #ae4c #bi #f #f #g #ab #bbc #ai4b #bb #c #f #j #h #bbd #ac4i #ec #aa #af #bi #bg #bbe #af4h #af #eg #bg #dh #cg #bbf #ae4f #aai #bf #aja #ac #fe #bbg #f4f #i #ab #j #cc #ad #bbh #g4c #d #i #j #b #d #bca #ah4d #gd #da #j #ahd #ge #bcb #ba4a #dg #j #j #ahj #eg #bcf #bb4c #h #bjd #j #abj #hc #bcg #bj4c #aba #bi #hf #ie #hc #bdj #f4f #e #g #c #ac #g #bda #ac4j #ej #bd #dd #b #cj #bdb #f4d #aa #h #aj #a #h #bdc #bb4j #hb #j #ac #aa #bf #bdf #ba4a #ic #bbj #eb #baf #ade #bdg #ai4a #b #eg #ag #a #ba #aii #a4h #di #ai #bb #d4h #be #c4j #d #bjj #a4g #bd #ag #af #c4c #ai #b4j #c #bja #aj4i #ajj #ag #ai #c4h #bb #b4b #c #bjb #j4d #df #ba #ad #d4a #bj #a4j #c #bjc #d4c #ig #ah #bc #d4d #be #c4a #c #bje #f4d #ai #aa #bb #b4f #bc #d4j #a #bjf #d4b #ih #ai #ab #b4g #ae #b4b #c #bjg #j4g #ba #ag #ae #b4h #af #b4j #b #bjh #a4a #ff #af #bb #c4h #bd #b4d #c #baj #d4h #ih #ag #ad #c4b #ai #j4g #c #baa #j4c #hc #aa #aa #a4f #ae #j4b #c #bad #c4j #hg #ah #af #c4a #ag #b4g #c #bae #j4i #ajj #ac #ah #b4g #bj #j4g #c #baf #j4g #ig #aa #ac #a4g #af #j4f #d #bag #ab4a #ic #ah #ba #d4d #be #j4h #c #bah #a4g #ajj #ah #ag #c4j #ag #b4f #b #bai #b4e #id #aa #ag #b4j #ah #j4h #c #bbj #j4h #fa #bj #ac #c4b #af #a4i #c #bba #j4d #ec #af #bj #c4d #ba #c4b #b #bbb #a4c #gb #af #af #c4j #ah #a4i #c #bbc #j4h #ee #ab #ai #b4f #bj #j4e #c #bbd #d4i #ic #ag #af #c4e #bj #a4a #c #bbe #g4h #id #ae #ah #c4d #bb #a4j #c #bbf #i4h #if #ab #ab #a4i #af #j4b #c #bbg #d4b #ii #af #ai #c4f #bc #j4g #c #bbh #a4a #ii #ae #ba #c4c #bb #b4c #c #bca #g4c #eb #aj #ag #b4c #ai #a4a #c #bcb #bf4f #ih #ai #ag #d4e #bd #b4j #c #bcf #aj4e #bf #ae #ag #c4j #ai #j4e #b #bcg #af4a #ajj #ah #ad #c4e #ai #a4e #c #bdj #a4b #ajj #ad #ae #b4e #ag #j4i #c #bda #d4f #if #ad #ae #b4c #af #a4b #c #bdb #a4d #ih #ac #ag #b4e #bj #j4g #c #bdc #d4i #ih #ad #ab #b4j #ad #a4c #c #bdf #bi4f #ih #ad #af #b4i #ba #j4g #c #bdg #a4b #bc #ae #ab #a4g #ae #j4b #c ,results of cracking tests show that1 in general1 cracking quality of nut samples from the trees in this study is poor4 ,when cracked1 the kernels crumble badly1 making extraction difficult and quarter recovery low4 ,variation in cracking quality can be seen by studying the values in ,table #a4 ,nuts from trees #bh and #acf were extremely small1 averaging #i and #aj grams1 respectively4 ,nuts from trees #fa and #ih had generally poor characteristics4 ,trees bearing walnuts of better-than-average quality are trees #e and #ah with high total kernel per cent1 and trees #h1 #af1 and #ei with high nut weight and an unusually high kernel weight4 ,other trees1 of interest as exceptional bearers1 include tree #aja with large nut weight1 and tree #aag with both exceptional nut and kernel weight4 ,the outstanding tree in the study from the standpoint of cracking quality of the nuts is tree #ac1 which has exhibited those characteristics of thinness of shell and high kernel content sought for in improved varieties4 ,this black walnut selection is being propagated at the ,norris ,nursery under the appropriate name of ,norris4#ad ,footnote #ad3 ,kline1 ,l4 ,v4 ,a method of evaluating the nuts of black walnut varieties4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 #da3acf-add4 #aidb4 ,results from this study on the common black walnut have application in the evaluation of the relative yield and nut quality of improved selections suitable for use in the ,tennessee ,valley4 ,this summary should also prove of value to other workers dealing with black walnut in other regions4 ,it provides a basis for comparison1 brings out the possibilities for making selections1 and emphasizes the importance of nut production from improved varieties4 ,the #aidf ,field ,tour ,by ,c4 ,a4 ,reed ,attending the indoor sessions of the meeting for two days in ,wooster1 visiting the ,station orchards and plantings near town and contacting personally some of the big men of the ,staff together with the wives of some1 called for intensive attention on the part of everybody4 ,it was time exceedingly well spent and created a feeling in everybody that they would like soon to return for another convention of the same kind4 ,but the good things that had been planned were not over when the delegates left on the morning of the third day in the general direction of their homes4 ,no matter in what direction they went1 hardly a route could be found which did not lead near or through the home town of some nut man4 ,a few took opportunity to visit the planting near ,wooster of the late ,w4 ,r4 ,fickes4 ,a letter is before my eyes as these lines are being written which was directed to ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming by ,mr4 ,fickes on ,january #i1 #aibd1 in which he asked for information regarding certain kinds of nut trees which he did not have4 ,he mentioned having ,beaver1 ,fairbanks1 and ,siers hickory hybrids and asked about ,weiker4 ,he wanted to know about ,barcelona and ,white ,aveline filberts4 ,he said he had procured seven varieties of filbert of ,european origin which were then being featured by ,conrad ,vollertsen of ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,he was concerned over the chestnut weevil as he had about #abe trees of the ,reihl varieties from ,illinois and already weevils were troublesome4 ,those who had the privilege of keeping in touch with ,mr4 ,fickes during his later years know that he assembled together a good many varieties of other kinds of nuts4 ,his was an excellent collection of black walnut varieties4 ,persons who knew him well still mourn his passing4 ,he was the type of man who made others feel better to be in his presence4 ,it was #bd years ago last ,february that the ,american ,nut ,journal1 then edited and published by ,r4 ,t4 ,olcott of ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y41 told of x x the #eg-;acre farm of ,o4 ,f4 ,witte near ,amherst 7in northern ,ohio71 on which ,mr4 ,witte1 who was then #gb years old1 had been growing nuts for #eb years4 ,the dispatch went on to say that the x x farm was devoted exclusively to nut trees4 ,what a pity such men can't live on indefinitely6 ,however1 the spirits of ,fickes and ,witte live on4 ,no one need go far in ,ohio to see the evidence4 ,going east from ,wooster on the morning of the third day1 a group of #ej or more persons stopped first at ,kidron where they were shown the nut plantings of ,mr4 ,e4 ,p4 ,gerber and his family of that small hamlet4 ,a half mile north of town1 ,mr4 ,gerber led the party through his largest planting of nut trees mostly of bearing age4 ,of black walnuts he showed such varieties as ,deming 7purple foliage1 especially in early spring71 ,lamb 7the original tree had a figured grain71 ,ohio1 ,stabler1 ,ten ,eyck1 and ,thomas4 ,of pecan1 there were five varieties1 ,busseron1 ,butterick1 ,greenriver1 ,indiana and ,posey4 ,in the group of heartnuts1 there were two named varieties1 ,bates and ,faust1 and one of which ,mr4 ,gerber appeared not to have the name4 ,he simply called it a sport4 ,there were filberts of various kinds1 ,barcelona1 ,du,chilly and ,jones ,hybrids1 being the ones bearing variety designations4 ,also there were ,persian 7,english7 walnut trees1 principally ,broadview and ,crath4 ,mr4 ,gerber had more ,chinese chestnut seedlings than trees of any other one kind4 ,there was but one butternut and that appeared to have been unnamed4 ,altogether #dj black walnut trees1 #bj pecan1 #cj filbert1 #bj ,persian walnut1 one butternut1 and #adj ,chinese chestnut trees were seen4 ,upon finishing with the first block of trees1 the party was taken into town where a large business house of ,gerber and ,sons was passed and a short visit paid to a second planting in the rear of various ,gerber buildings1 including the residence of ,mr4 ,gerber4 ,here were some two or three dozen fine appearing trees of various species and hybrid forms4 ,lastly at ,kidron1 the party1 was piloted a half mile west to a small park which ,mr4 ,gerber had developed as a public picnic ground and a source of water for the village4 ,it was well planted with nut trees and it was here that the ,gerber family had provided tables and various food delicacies1 including fresh milk1 peaches and ice cream for everybody4 ,a great part of the work of preparation had been taken care of by ,mrs4 ,gerber and her two youngest children4 ,the next stop on the tour was at the ,mahoning ,county ,experiment ,farm1 a half-mile south of ,canfield1 some #gj odd miles east and north of ,wooster4 ,here transportation was provided and the entire group was taken in charge by ,l4 ,walter ,sherman1 ,superintendent4 ,the first impression one gained here was that of good buildings1 excellent land1 able management1 and a lot of things under way4 ,all is comparatively new4 ,from a mimeographed list of species1 varieties1 hybrids1 and strains which was prepared in ,june for another occasion1 one gathered that there were perhaps more seedling nut trees here than grafted kinds4 ,mr4 ,sherman has reported fully elsewhere in these ,proceedings regarding the nut work that is under way at this ,station4 ,report of the ,resolutions ,committee ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association in its annual meeting assembled at ,wooster1 ,ohio1 ,september #crd to #eth1 #aidf1 adopted the following resolutions3 ,that our sincere thanks be extended to ,dr4 ,edmund ,secrest1 ,director of the ,ohio ,agricultural ,experiment ,station and other members of his staff for the courtesies extended1 and for the facilities provided in the use of the auditorium and exhibit room of the ,station4 ,that we extend thanks to the speakers who unitedly made a successful meeting4 ,that we appreciate the fine work of our ,secretary1 ,miss ,mildred ,m4 ,jones1 in formulating the program and that we are mindful of the valuable assistance rendered by ,dr4 ,oliver ,diller1 ,mr4 ,clarence ,a4 ,reed1 and ,mr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,bungart4 ,that we acknowledge appreciation to the estate of the late ,zenas ,h4 ,ellis for providing in his will a gift of one thousand dollars to a special fund of the ,association and that we thank ,mr4 ,sargent ,h4 ,wellman for his legal efforts therewith4 ,that the members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association fully appreciate and extend sincere thanks to our officers for their hard work and enthusiastic efforts in maintaining the ,association during the past five years when war conditions precluded annual meetings4 ,,resolutions ,,committee ,c4 ,f4 ,walker1 ,chairman ,j4 ,l4 ,smith ,albert ,b4 ,ferguson ,obituaries ,,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,gourley ,members of this ,association who attended the ,wooster meeting in #aidf will not soon forget the cheery1 witty and resourceful toastmaster who presided at their annual banquet1 ,dr4 ,joseph ,gourley4 ,soon after this meeting1 on ,october #aith1 to be exact1 ,dr4 ,gourley was stricken with coronary thrombosis1 and the field of horticulture lost a nationally known leader4 ,dr4 ,gourley's passing came at a time of high tide in his work4 ,less than an hour before he was stricken1 said an associate1 he was engaged in planning a project that he knew would continue long after his active career must end4 ,this is the spirit of the true research man4 ,he was a graduate of ,ohio ,state ,university1 had served as head of the ,department of ,horticulture in the ,university of ,new ,hampshire and later in a like position with the ,university of ,west ,virginia4 ,in #aiba1 he was appointed chief of the ,department of ,horticulture at the ,ohio ,experiment ,station and1 from #aibi1 he concurrently held the position of ,chairman of the ,department of ,horticulture at ,ohio ,state ,university4 ,he served both of these offices until the day of his death4 ,he was the author of many bulletins and technical articles as well as of some better known text books which have had wide use in ,american ,universities4 ,he had acted as president of ,the ,american ,society for ,horticultural ,science1 ,president of ,the ,american ,promological ,society1 and as president and member of numerous similar organizations to which he gave continued and enthusiastic service4 ,it is as a good teacher1 companion and warm friend1 however1 that ,dr4 ,gourley will best be remembered by those who knew him well4 ,his life and fire have sparked many another teacher1 research worker and common man to greater effort and better achievement4 ,a close associate closed a press notice of ,dr4 ,gourley's passing with these words3 ,his consideration for his associates1 both those equal and below in rank1 marked his every contact through his long years of service4 ,he was indeed1 a truly great ,chief4 ,his family and close associates in the two departments he headed for so many years will miss him most of all1 but life for them and for countless others who called him friend has been made richer1 fuller and deeper because he passed this way4 ,teacher1 scientist1 ,christian gentleman1 friend and chief1 we salute you4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mrs4 ,i4 ,e4 ,,bixby ,mrs4 ,ida ,elise ,bixby1 wife of the late ,willard ,g4 ,bixby1 died at her home at ,baldwin1 ,new ,york1 ,april #bi1 #aide4 ,mrs4 ,bixby was a life member of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 of which her late husband was a past president4 ,following ,mr4 ,bixby's death in ,august1 #aicc1 ,mrs4 ,bixby interested the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture in taking over much of their large experimental planting of nut trees4 ,many specimens were moved to experiment stations under ,government control1 while other institutions as well as individuals benefitted by their collection4 ,mrs4 ,bixby is survived by three children3 ,willard ,f41 of ,cleveland1 ,ohio2 and ,katherine ,elise and ,ida ,tielke1 of ,baldwin4 ,letters to the ,secretary2 ,notes2 ,extracts ,,excerpt ,,from ,,letter ,,to ,,secretary ,,from ,g4 ,s4 ,,jones ,july #d1 #aidf4 ,from ,g4 ,s4 ,jones1 ,r #a1 ,box #adj1 ,phenix ,city1 ,lee ,county1 ,alabama4 ,my trees 7,chinese chestnuts7 appear to be healthy and grow vigorously4 7,they were given me by the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry in #aicd47 ,they began bearing in #e or #f years and have now been bearing quite large crops for #c or #d years4 ,there are #bb trees in the orchard1 and the approximate yields have been3 #aidc--eej pounds2 #aidd--dej pounds1 and #aide--iej pounds4 ,the enormous increase in #aide was due partly1 ,i am quite sure1 to mineralized fertilizer 7,es ,min4 ,el47 which ,i began using in #aidd4 ,as my trees are seedlings they vary considerably in productivity and in size of nuts4 ,most of the nuts are of good size and quality when first gathered4 ,this is where the trouble begins4 ,the keeping quality is very poor1 sometimes half of them spoil during the first month after being harvested4 ,since this is the case1 you can see that germination may be very poor1 unless they are handled in a special way4 ,refrigeration helps for a short while only4 ,during the last two years1 ,i have had good results in germination by stratifying the nuts under the trees1 just as soon as they fall4 ,in this way1 the nuts are not allowed to become too dry as they are not exposed to the hot sun but are kept in the shade4 ,our falls are usually dry and our soil is sandy so there is little danger of the nuts becoming too wet during the winter4 ,the danger of spoilage does not seem to be so great by the time winter rains set in4 ,by this plan1 ,i have had from #fj to #ij per cent germination during the last two years4 ,i dig the nuts just as soon as they begin to sprout in late winter and line them out in nursery rows where they are to grow during the first year4 ,sometimes the sprouts become from #d to #f inches in length before ,i get to do the moving1 but they transplant easily4 ,i believe the micorrhiza from the soil of the old trees helps the young ones to grow better4 ,december #aa1 #aidf--,my chestnut trees this fall produced slightly over #a1gbb pounds4 ,the nuts seemed to keep better than usual which ,i attribute to the cool rainy weather which we had during the ripening period4 ,hot1 dry weather causes the nuts to begin spoiling quickly4 ,my records show ,august #gth as the beginning of the ripening period and ,october #crd as the ending4 ,so one can see that this is often a hot and dry period in our section4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,excerpt ,,from ,,letter ,,to ,,secretary ,,from ,,mrs4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,pounden ,dairy ,department--,ohio ,agric4 ,expt4 ,sta4 ,wooster1 ,ohio ,october #ad1 #aidf ,i am glad to give you the method ,i used in canning pecan kernels4 ,spread the shelled pecans in a shallow pan and place in a warm oven just long enough to heat the kernels through4 ,have clean jars--preferably pints so that the heat will penetrate more easily in processing--which have been warmed in the oven to be sure they are thoroughly dry inside before adding the pecans4 ,fill the jars with the pecans 7do not add any liquid71 place the lid on the jar 7,i prefer the ,kerr self-sealing type71 and process the nut-filled jars in a #bej deg4 oven for #cj minutes4 ,i have kept pecan meats for over a year using this method and they are as crisp and good as when they came out of the shell4 ,,hybrids ,at an informal meeting at ,dr4 ,diller's cabin the evening before the ,convention1 ,mr4 ,slate was asked to say something about hybrids4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,l4 ,slate3 ,hybrids between black and ,persian walnuts were made at ,geneva about #aiaf by ,professor ,w4 ,h4 ,alderman1 now of the ,minnesota ,experiment ,station4 ,after these trees had fruited all but five were removed to permit the remaining trees to attain full size4 ,the trees have produced very few nuts and have been absolutely no good4 ,various persons have attempted to raise second-generation seedlings from these trees1 but from my observation no one has succeeded4 ,from what ,i know of these hybrids and what ,reed has published about those with which he is familiar ,i am convinced it a waste of time and effort to attempt to produce hybrids between black and ,persian walnuts with the hope of getting desirable nuts4 ,the trees themselves are very rapid growing1 handsome and well worth while as shade trees4 ,but the walnut breeder will have more to show for his efforts if he confines his labor for the time being to improving the black and ,persian walnuts by crossing among themselves the many clones within each species4 ,however1 the unsatisfactory hybrids between black and ,persian walnuts1 of between butternuts and ,persian walnuts should not blind us to the fact that there are many species-hybrids of great pomological value4 ,the hybrids between the ,rush variety of ,corylus americana and various varieties of ,c4 avellana produced by the late ,j4 ,f4 ,jones are very much worth while4 ,some of our finest red raspberry varieties are hybrids of the ,european and ,american species4 ,the purple raspberry resulted from crossing the red and black raspberries4 ,all our cultivated strawberries are descended from crosses between the native ,virginia strawberry and the ,chilean strawberry4 ,the valuable new plums from the ,minnesota ,experiment ,station resulted from crossing the native ,american plum1 ,prunus americana with the ,japanese plum1 ,p4 salicina4 ,many of our best grapes1 the ,boysenberry1 the ,kieffer pear1 and various citrus varieties are species hybrids4 ,we must not generalize too much as to the merit or lack of merit of species-hybrids4 ,some are very good and of great economic importance4 ,many others of which we never hear are without merit1 often being discarded1 leaving only a few lines in a notebook to record their characteristics4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,would you consider chestnut hybrids worth while8 ,mr4 ,slate3 ,if you can get everything you need from the ,chinese chestnut ,i see no reason for hybrids with any other4 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,dr4 ,arthur ,s4 ,colby has made a number of hybrids between ,fuller and ,chinese4 ,i consider his hybrid ,no4 #b as promising2 the nut is large1 beautiful and of good quality4 ,so far ,i have found no weevils in this hybrid4 ,the bur is very thick and fleshy1 with close-set spines4 ,possibly the curculio is not able to penetrate the thick husk in laying its eggs4 ,colby ,no4 #b is the most rapid grower of all my chestnuts4 ,,pecans ,,with ,,companion ,,evergreens#ae ,twenty years of experimenting with pecan trees at the ,iowa ,park station have revealed that pecans in the ,wichita irrigated valley of ,texas do very poorly in buffalo grass or ,bermuda sod1 much better when given clean cultivation1 but best of all when planted with or near evergreens1 particularly conifers4 ,footnote #ae3 ,forty-,eighth ,annual ,report1 ,texas ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,p4 #db4 #aide4 ,in #aibf some pecan trees were set along the west line of the farmstead4 ,most of these died soon after setting and the few that survived did not grow satisfactorily4 ,later1 a general farmstead improvement program called for ,arizona cypress along this line4 ,in #aicc1 when these pecan trees were seven years old1 they had made little growth and were in such poor condition that it was decided to ignore them and set the cypress on equal spacings4 ,some of the cypress trees were placed very near pecan trees while others were farther away4 ,none of the pecans were removed1 however4 ,as the cypress trees grew1 the pecan trees near them began to take on new life1 while the isolated pecan trees continued in their unthrifty state4 ,as the years passed the pecans with companion cypress trees continued to increase in health and vigor until there was no doubt about the favorable influence of this companionship4 ,at the time the cypress trees were set close to the older pecans1 other pecan trees were being set in various locations on the farmstead2 some in open sod and others with or near evergreens of various types4 ,the behavior of these trees also confirms the value of companion evergreens for pecans in the ,wichita irrigated valley4 ,at the age of seven years the pecan trees were about the same size and in equally poor condition4 ,the treatment as far as cultivation and irrigation is concerned has been the same4 ,hence1 the great contrast in size of the pecan trees is attributed to the favorable influence of the companion conifers4 ,,note ,,by ,,editor--,heavy shade can reduce soil temperature1 on summer afternoons1 more than #bj deg4,f six inches underground4 ,this may largely explain the benefits of companion trees4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sawdust ,,makes ,,good ,,fruit ,,tree ,,mulch ,many kinds of material ranging from paper to glass wool have been used as mulches for fruit trees1 discloses ,j4 ,h4 ,gourley1 of the ,department of ,horticulture at ,the ,ohio ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,straw1 hay1 and orchard mowings have been most commonly used4 ,in some areas1 sawdust and shavings are available in quantity and have been used to some extent for mulches which raises the questions of whether they make the soil acid4 ,the ,experiment ,station has used both hardwood and pine sawdust and also shavings for a number of years in contrast with wheat straw1 alfalfa1 timothy1 and others4 ,no difference in appearance or behavior of the trees can be noted4 ,sawdust packs and gives poorer aeration than straw and it requires a large amount to mulch a tree4 ,this mass also absorbs a large amount of rainfall before passing through to the soil but no injurious effects have been noted4 ,the chief question has been about soil acidity and it may be stated that after #ab years of treatment the soil is little or no more acid than it is under bluegrass sod4 ,the soil under the latter has a p,h of #e4bb1 the hardwood sawdust #e4jg1 the softwood sawdust #e4jg1 hardwood shavings #e4bj1 and wheat straw #e4ce4 ,contrary to the common conception1 no objection to sawdust from the standpoint of soil acidity is justified from ,station experience4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,two ,,famous ,,trees 7,taken from ,bruce ,every ,month1 ,december1 #aich1 page #ag4 ,published by ,e4 ,l4 ,bruce ,company1 ,memphis1 ,tennessee47 ,living monuments to a great governor of ,texas are two nut bearing trees1 a pecan and an old fashioned walnut4 ,the last wish of ,governor ,james ,s4 ,hogg was that no monument of stone or marble be placed at his grave1 but instead there should be planted--at my head a pecan tree and at my feet an old fashioned walnut2 and when these trees shall bear1 let the pecans and walnuts be given out among the plains people of ,texas so that they may plant them and make ,texas a land of trees4 ,his wish has been fulfilled in its entirety1 many trees from these two parent ones adorning the lawns of schools and court houses throughout the ,state of ,texas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ohio ,,trees ,,series ,no4 #a4--;,black walnut 7,juglans nigra73--,black walnut is one of the most valuable of the forest trees native to the ,united ,states4 ,it is regarded as the country's premier tree for high grade cabinet wood2 it produces valuable nut crops2 and under certain conditions is highly effective as an ornamental shade and pasture tree4 ,lumber--,as lumber1 black walnut is used principally for furniture1 radio cabinets1 caskets1 interior finish1 sewing machines1 and gun stocks4 ,it is used either in the form of solid wood cut from lumber or in the form of plywood made by gluing sheets of plain or figured veneer to both sides of a core4 ,black walnut veneer is made by the slicing method and to a limited extent by the rotary-cut method4 ,nuts--,in recent years the black walnut has gained an important position in the kernel industry4 ,there has never been a market surplus of black walnut kernels4 ,the demand1 mostly from confectioners and ice cream manufacturers1 has steadily increased while the supply has been limited largely by the labor of cracking and extracting the kernels4 ,the process of cracking the nuts and separating the kernels from the shells has been mechanized by a farmer in ,adams ,county1 ,ohio1 to the extent that he uses over #d1jjj bushels of walnuts per year4 ,he sends the kernels to markets in ,new ,york1 ,baltimore1 ,pittsburgh1 ,columbus1 and ,chicago4 ,the facts all emphasize the economic importance of the black walnut in a market that is still far from saturated4 ,ornamental ,value--,there are few trees whose utility is as great as the black walnut1 that can rival it in beauty as a lawn tree4 ,its long graceful leaves provide a light dappled shade and grass will grow luxuriantly up to the very base of the tree4 ,in its pleasing form and majestic size the black walnut can be a great addition to any landscape4 ,any tree yielding such fine timber and nuts1 yet possessing beauty and utility for yard and pasture1 can be nothing but a sound investment4 ,soil ,requirements--,black walnut grows best in valleys and bottom lands where there is a rich1 moist soil but well drained4 ,it does not generally grow on the higher elevations nor on wet bottom lands4 ,it usually occurs as a scattered tree in hardwood stands and along roadsides1 fence rows1 and fence corners4 ,distribution and ,growth--,the botanical range of this tree covers most of the eastern half of the ,united ,states4 ,it is among the more rapid growing hardwoods4 ,on good sites trees #aj years old will be about #bj feet high and in #dj years will reach #fj feet in height and #ab inches in diameter at breast height4 ,according to ,forest ,survey figures1 the estimated merchantable stand of walnut in ,ohio in #aida was #aab1bge1jjj board feet while the cut during the same year was slightly over #c million board feet4 ,pests--,the most serious pest is the walnut datana whose larvae eat the leaves4 ,other leaf-eating insects include the fall web worm and the hickory-horned devil4 ,several leaf spot diseases have attacked the leaves1 also causing early defoliation4 ,leaf eating insects and leaf spot disease can be controlled by the application of one spray in ,june4 ,this is composed of three pounds of arsenate of lead1 ten pounds of powered ,bordeaux mixture1 and a good sticker in one hundred gallons of water4 ,selected ,varieties--,walnut trees vary greatly in the type of nut they produce4 ,the most popular strains have been selected for propagation4 ,the varieties which have been propagated by nurserymen are the ,thomas1 ,ohio1 ,stabler1 ,ten ,eyck1 and ,elmer ,myers4 ,since the cost of grafted nut trees is rather high1 many people are interested in planting the nuts of the better varieties for large scale planting4 ,seedling trees may be raised easily by anyone1 whereas much skill and practice are required to produce grafted and budded trees4 ,the degree to which the desirable characteristics of selected varieties are transmitted through seed is now being studied by the ,ohio ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,a list of commercial nut nurseries may be obtained by writing to ,miss ,mildred ,jones1 ,secretary1 ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania4 ,references--,a few of the most outstanding publications on black walnut are listed below4 #a4 ,black walnut for timber and nuts4 ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #acib1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #b4 ,nut ,growing in ,new ,york4 ,bulletin #egc1 ,college of ,agriculture1 ,ithaca1 ,new ,york4 #c4 ,top-working and ,bench ,grafting of ,walnut ,trees4 ,special ,circular #fi1 ,ohio ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,wooster1 ,ohio4 #d4 ,growing walnut for profit4 ,the ,american ,walnut ,manufacturers ,association1 #faf ,south ,michigan ,avenue1 ,chicago #e1 ,illinois4 ,exhibits ,gilbert ,becker1 ,climax1 ,michigan4 ,crath strains of ,j4 regia1 hickory1 black walnut kernels4 ,hebden ,h4 ,corsan1 ,hillsdale1 ,michigan4 ,cases of nuts1 folders on nut planting for success4 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,roanoke1 ,virginia4 ,chinese chestnuts1 hybrid chestnuts1 tree hazel hybrid1 ,jones hybrid filberts1 hazelberts1 black walnuts1 ,e4 ,golden persimmons1 ,j4 regia1 hickories1 nut ornaments4 ,edwin ,w4 ,lemke1 ,washington1 ,michigan4 ,heartnuts1 black walnuts1 filberts1 tree hazels1 black walnut wood1 a vacuum nut cracker4 ,jay ,l4 ,smith1 ,chester1 ,new ,york4 ,books1 black walnuts1 hickories1 chestnuts1 hacksaws1 grafts4 ,e4 ,j4 ,korn1 ,kalamazoo1 ,michigan4 ,j4 nigra1 hickories1 filberts4 ,s4 ,h4 ,burton1 ,indiana4 ,petrified nuts1 wild hazels4 ,harry ,r4 ,weber1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,breslau ,persian walnuts1 filberts4 ,e4 ,p4 ,gerber1 ,kidron1 ,ohio4 ,photos1 hickories1 chestnuts1 hicans1 black walnuts4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a41 ,beltsville1 ,maryland4 ,green hickory nuts of several varieties4 ,a4 ,g4 ,hirschi1 ,oklahoma ,city1 ,oklahoma4 ,heartnuts1 ,j4 regia1 persimmons1 chestnuts4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a41 ,beltsville1 ,maryland4 #ce large pictures of famous nut and other trees fully described2 many other smaller photos of famous trees remarkable for clearness4 ,john ,davidson1 ,xenia1 ,ohio4 ,cross-sections of seedling black walnut4 ,a very remarkable exhibit of thin-shelled black walnuts4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,university of ,illinois1 ,urbana1 ,illinois4 ,a very desirable ,crath 7seedling ,i believe7 ,persian walnut4 ,fayette ,etter1 ,lemasters1 ,pennsylvania4 ,large number of filbert varieties4 ,attendance ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,truman ,a4 ,jones1 ,farkesburg1 ,penna4 ,geoffrey ,a4 ,gray1 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,john ,w4 ,hershey1 ,downingtown1 ,penna4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed and ,miss ,betty ,reed1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimmerman1 ,linglestown1 ,r4 ,i1 ,penna4 ,s4 ,b4 ,chase1 ,norris1 ,tenn4 ,thomas ,g4 ,zarger1 ,norris1 ,tenn4 ,w4 ,a4 ,cummings1 ,norris1 ,tenn4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,john ,davidson1 ,xenia1 ,o4 ,h4 ,c4 ,cook1 ,leetonia1 ,o4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,raymond ,e4 ,silvis1 ,massillon1 ,o4 ,victor ,brook1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,d4 ,ed4 ,seas1 ,orrville1 ,o4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,f4 ,walker1 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,j4 ,f4 ,wischhusen1 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,s4 ,h4 ,graham1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,waite1 ,perrysburg1 ,n4 ,y4 ,kenneth ,w4 ,hunt1 ,yellow ,springs1 ,o4 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 ,rockport1 ,ind4 ,william ,s4 ,clarke1 ,jr41 ,state ,college1 ,penna4 ,ira ,m4 ,kyhl1 ,sabula1 ,io4 ,edwin ,w4 ,lemke1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,william ,c4 ,hodgson1 ,white ,hall1 ,md4 ,j4 ,h4 ,gourley1 ,wooster1 ,o4 ,h4 ,r4 ,gibbs1 ,mc,lean1 ,va4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,s4 ,bernath1 ,poughkeepsie1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,carl ,weschcke1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,joseph ,m4 ,masters1 ,wooster1 ,o4 ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,geneva1 ,n4 ,y4 ,george ,h4 ,corsan1 ,toronto1 ,ont4 ,mrs4 ,katherine ,cinadr1 #acead ,coath ,ave41 ,cleveland #bj1 ,o4 ,o4 ,d4 ,diller1 ,wooster1 ,o4 ,emmet ,yoder1 ,smithville1 ,o4 ,f4 ,l4 ,o',rourke1 ,e4 ,lansing1 ,mich4 ,r4 ,e4 ,mc,alpin1 ,e4 ,lansing1 ,mich4 ,g4 ,j4 ,korn1 ,kalamazoo1 ,mich4 ,l4 ,w4 ,sherman1 ,canfield1 ,o4 ,h4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,hillsdale1 ,mich4 ,j4 ,l4 ,smith1 and daughter1 ,chester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,a4 ,j4 ,metzger1 ,toledo1 ,o4 ,a4 ,w4 ,weaver1 ,toledo1 ,o4 ,s4 ,shessler1 ,genoa1 ,o4 ,a4 ,a4 ,bungart1 ,avon1 ,o4 ,sterling ,a4 ,smith1 ,vermilion1 ,o4 ,c4 ,p4 ,stocker1 ,lorain1 ,o4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,john ,e4 ,cannaday1 ,charleston1 ,w4 ,va4 ,andres ,cross ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,r4 ,b4 ,best1 ,eldred1 ,ill4 ,g4 ,m4 ,brand1 ,lincoln1 ,nebr4 ,wm4 ,m4 ,rohrbacher1 ,iowa ,city1 ,io4 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder1 ,center ,point1 ,io4 ,wm4 ,n4 ,neff1 ,martel1 ,o4 ,e4 ,p4 ,gerber1 ,kidron1 ,o4 ,geo4 ,kratzer1 ,dalton1 ,o4 ,a4 ,g4 ,hirschi1 ,oklahoma ,city1 ,okla4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,harry ,r4 ,weber1 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,mr4 ,ford ,wallick1 ,peru1 ,ind4 ,carl ,prell1 ,s4 ,bend1 ,ind4 ,albert ,b4 ,ferguson1 ,center ,point1 ,io4 ,e4 ,f4 ,huen1 ,eldora1 ,io4 ,john ,b4 ,longnecker1 ,orrville1 ,o4 ,percy ,schaible1 ,upper ,black ,eddy1 ,penna4 ,ruth ,schaible1 ,upper ,black ,eddy1 ,penna4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,blaine ,mc,collum1 ,white ,hall1 ,md4 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,negus1 ,mt4 ,ranier1 ,md4 ,dr4 ,elbert ,m4 ,shelton1 ,lakewood1 ,o4 ,h4 ,m4 ,oesterling1 ,harrisburg1 ,penna4 ,frank ,m4 ,kintzel1 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay1 ,plant ,industry ,station1 ,beltsville1 ,md4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,university of ,illinois1 ,urbana1 ,ill4 ,e4 ,c4 ,soliday1 ,lancaster1 ,o4 ,l4 ,e4 ,gauly1 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,mrs4 ,reuben ,bixler1 ,apple ,creek1 ,o4