,,! ,,s*ool ,,& ,,! ,,_w by ,,victor ,,gollancz & ,,david ,,som]vell ,au?ors ( ,political ,education 9 a ,public ,s*ool ,london ,*apman ,hall1 ,ltd4 #aiai ,,to ,,! ,,s*ool ,,:i* ,,bo? ,,we ,,& ,,^? ,,:o ,,diff]$ ,,f ,,u ,,s\ght ,,to ,,s]ve ,,preface ,9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 ! pres5t writ]s wrote a little book entitl$ ,political ,education 9 a ,public ,s*ool1 9 :i* !y put =w>d _! views z to :at ! aims & me?ods ( a mod]n lib]al education %\ld be4 ,!y also describ$ c]ta9 exp]im5ts :i* !y _h be5 p]mitt$ to make 9 "o ( our old ,engli% ,public ,s*ools1 exp]im5ts :i* bo? illu/rat$ ! au?ors' pr9ciples & te/$ _! value4 ,9 ,july1 #aiah1 t book 0 publi%$4 ,b 9 ! int]v5+ sev5 mon?s sev]al ?+s _h happ5$4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,political ,education _h produc$ fur!r /rik+ evid5ce ( its p[] ov] boys' intellects & *>act]s1 evid5ce altoge!r m /rik+ ?an any?+ t _h occurr$ up to ! "t ( writ+ ! book4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! movem5t 9 ! full tide ( its success ran ^u rocks & has be51 = ! "t be+ at any rate1 utt]ly & completely de/roy$4 ,! au?ors h left ! s*ool 9 :i* _! exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,:5 ! book 0 publi%$1 its review]s 9 ! press rais$ "o by "o a s]ies ( problems :i* we _h already enc\nt]$ 9 a practical %ape 9 ! c\rse ( our "w1 problems h>dly t\*$ on1 h[ev]1 9 our book1 :i* 0 devot$ to exposition r ?an argum5t4 ,su* problems 73 ,h[ f> is political propag&a insep>able f political education1 & 9 :at respects is su* propag&a desirable or undesirable8 ,h[ c political diff]5ces among ! ma/]s !mselves be made to play a helpful r ?an an injuri\s "p8 ,does ! introduction ( politics into ! curriculum op5 a way1 z ! v able review] 9 ,! ,we/m9/] ,gazette sugge/$1 = ,prussianism 9 its mo/ insidi\s =m1 ! conscription ( educat$ op9ion8 ,are ! old ,public ,s*ools ! be/ m$ium = political education1 or %\ld ! new w9e be p\r$ into new bottles8 & la/ly--= educational subjects are or %\ld be b aspects ( a s+le :ole--:at ( political education 9 relation to morality1 & to religion8 ,! pres5t volume1 !re=e1 essays a tw(old task4 ,! fir/ two *apt]s briefly recapitulate & cont9ue ! hi/ory ( our "w d[n to its abrupt end4 ,! latt] *apt]s deal ) su* que/ions z ^? m5tion$ above4 ,"o feature ( ! e>li] volume survives 9 its successor4 ,! ,app5dix to t volume conta9$ a selection ( articles writt5 by boys = our political pap]1 ,! ,s*ool ,obs]v]4 ,z an ,app5dix to ?is volume we pr9t a few m articles by boys ^: "w did n !n appe>4 ,we are "u no delusions z to !re be+ any?+ v extraord9>y ab\t ^! articles & ^? pr9t$ 9 ! previ\s volume4 ,abl] "w has be5 done by abl] boys 9 v>i\s s*ools at v>i\s times4 ,!y are int]e/+ z ! comb9$ ef=t ( a gr\p r ?an z ! "w ( individuals4 ,we reproduce !m z ! only concrete evid5ce available ( ! "* ( "o aspect ( our exp]im5t4 ,9 ! =m] volume we suppress$ ! "n ( ! s*ool out ( def]5ce to ! wi%es ( ! ,head ,ma/]1 & ?\gh our own judgm5t 0 aga9/ ! concealm5t z a :olly sup]flu\s piece ( my/ification1 we cont9ue to respect 8 wi%es4 ,"o ^w ( apology is ne$$ = ! use to :i* we h put ! utt]ances ( our review]s4 ,! reviews reveal$ ! int]e/+ & important fact t ?\ghtful p really felt /rongly1 "o way or ! o!r1 on ! subject ( political education4 ,!y con/itute a symposium ( conflict+ judgm5ts ^u an educational problem ( :i* !y "o & all recognize ! importance1 & z su* _! ma9 features are wor? pres]v+4 ,hav+ said ?is mu* ab\t ! reviews x is necess>y to add a ^w m4 ,! quotations we h *os5 are1 q naturally1 v l>gely critical1 & z su* give no idea ( ! v w>m welcome ! g5]al policy ( ! book receiv$4 ,n "o 9 five among ! review]s 0 ho/ile4 ,"o ( !m1 h[ev]1 ! ,*ur* ,times review]1 0 virul5tly ho/ile1 & appe>$ to u n m]ely to dislike our educational policy1 :i* he _h e "r to d1 b to blaspheme aga9/ ! v idea ( a lib]al education4 ,z we h quot$ f no o!r ,*ur* pap]1 we %\ld l to rem>k "h t a numb] ( o!r su* pap]s1 repres5t+ v>i\s s*ools ( religi\s ?\ght1 gave ! book a g5]\s welcome4 ,our exp]im5ts p]i%$ 9 ! d>k days ( la/ spr+4 ,)9 only a mon? or two came ! turn ( ! tide4 ,x is bitt] to reflect t1 c\ld !y b h surviv$ until victory & peace br\ght a return ( political sanity1 !y might h wea!r$ ! /orm & conciliat$ "s ( _! bitt]e/ enemies1 & rea*$ safety4 ,possibly1 ?\gh gone1 !y h left _! m>k4 ,mean:ile pneumonia has c>ri$ (f1 9 ! prime ( e>ly manhood1 _! /aun*e/ fri5d among our colleagues4 ,he 0 n "o :o took any b a v small "p 9 ! actual conduct ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,he once lectur$ to ,! ,politics ,class on ,lib]alism4 ,b he _h a g5ius = sympa?y1 & always1 :5 difficulties arose1 x 0 to him t we turn$1 because he _h ! gift ( mak+ u feel t x 0 /ill wor? :ile to p]sev]e4 ,_h we be5 wis]1 he c\ld p]haps h s]v$ u /ill fur!r by br++ u into t\* ) "s ( ^? :o diff]$ f u1 & help+ to a mutual und]/&+4 ,= ev]yone 0 8 fri5d4 ,! d$ication ( ?is book _h already be5 *os5 be=e he di$1 & we are unwill+ to alt] x1 b p]haps we may also v5ture to (f] x z an unwor?y tribute to ! memory ( ,alan ,gorr+e4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,preface ,i4 ,,! ,,rise ,,ii4 ,,! ,,collapse ,,iii4 ,,propag&a ,,iv4 ,,controv]sy ,v4 ,,capture ,,by ,,! ,,/ate ,,vi4 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,politicians ,,vii4 ,,public ,,s*ools ,,& ,,freak ,,s*ools ,,viii4 ,,morality ,,ix4 ,,religion ,x4 ,,curriculum ,,xi4 ,,! ,,"y ,,g5]ation ,,& ,,! ,,old ,,app5dix ,t su* an exp]im5t %\ld h be5 p]mitt$ 9 "o ( ! great public 7,engli%7 s*ools is a sign ( ! greate/ promise = ! future4--,ab]de5 ,free ,press4 ,( all ! objectionable & inept proposals = re=m+ ! education ( our public s*ools we mu/ aw>d ! palm to ! s*eme ( tea*+ boys politics4--,saturday ,review4 ,we d n believe ! au?ors h deliv]$ all _! message4--,scotti% ,educational ,j\rnal4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,& ,,! ,,_w ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,rise ,! s*ool 9 :i* political education 0 tri$ = a space ( some?+ "u two ye>s is 9 no way a v rem>kable s*ool4 ,x has its sixte5?-c5tury f\nd]1 ( pi\s memory1 & its second f\nd]1 ( memory almo/ m pi\s1 9 e>ly ,victorian days4 ,t second f\nd] made ! s*ool fam\s z a c5tre ( /alw>t evangelicalism4 ,m rec5tly its fame has be5 won *iefly 9 ! production ( fir/-class cricket]s4 ,until ! e>ly ye>s ( ! pres5t c5tury ! s*ool _h also1 we are told1 a k9d ( inv]t$ fame z "o ( ! /upide/ ( ! public s*ools1 z a dump+ gr\nd = "y hopefuls :o c\ld n pass entrance exam9ations else:]e4 ,f t reputation1 h[ev]1 x _h /ruggl$ fairly successfully to free itself4 ,! pres5t writ]s />t$ ) ! common assumption t ! ,classical s*eme ( a lib]al education _h long brok5 d[n 9 practice1 & surviv$ only z feudalism surviv$ 9 eighte5?-c5tury ,france1 because suffici5t en]gy _h n yet g5]at$ to create a new s*eme to replace x4 ,9 "p x _h already disappe>$ & giv5 place to ! pat*work innovations ( ! e>ne/ b pa9fully cauti\s & cons]vative re=m]s :o h rul$ ! s*ools s9ce ! days ( ,dr4 ,arnold4#a ,! classical sy/em _h become ! classical compromise1 a clipp$ & truncat$ classics1 fight+ a los+ battle = air space amid/ a cr[d ( inadequately provid$ new subjects--hi/ory1 lit]ature1 sci5ce1 mod]n languages4 ,9 "s ways ! la/ /ate 0 worse ?an ! fir/4 ,= ! fir/ /ate _h at lea/ be5 bas$ ^u a great tradition & an ord]$ philosophy ( life1 b 9 ! la/ /ate !re 0 no tradition1 no ord]$ philosophy2 only a jumble & a scramble1 & a pass+ ( exam9ations4 ,su* a sy/em or lack ( sy/em mu/ fall a prey soon] or lat] to "s educational movem5t bas$ on a coh]5t & def5sible doctr9e4 ,n[1 z x *ances1 su* a movem5t is already 9 ! field2 we may call x ! ,cult ( ,effici5cy4 ,x proclaims a great _m tru?s ab\t ! necessity ( increas+ productivity1 ab\t ! connection betwe5 education & ! _w ( bus9ess1 & g5]ally speak+ po9ts to ! a*ievem5ts ( ,g]many = our envi\s imitation2 x proclaims ! comm]cial utility ( ,spani% & ,russian1 & ranges 9 its advocacy f advanc$ *emi/ry to %or?& & book-keep+4 ,mu* t writ]s on ^! l9es h to urge aga9/ ! pres5t sy/em is p]fectly s\nd & reasonable4 ,_m ( _! claims w h to be recognis$ 9 ! educational sy/em ( ! future4 ,b ! admission ( _! claim z a :ole1 ( ! claim ( effici5cy to be ! true & rightful heir ( ! old classical education1 w\ld be1 to speak )\t exagg]ation1 ! greate/ disa/] t c\ld possibly befall ?is c\ntry4 ,:at 0 want$ !n 0 a conception ( education at once lib]al & mod]n1 & su* ! writ]s f\nd 9 politics1 us+ t ^w 9 its wide/ ,platonic s5se4 ,! classical education set out to /udy ! anci5t _w1 & 9 ! case ( mo/ ( its pupils a*iev$ little m ?an ! dry elem5ts ( two dead languages4 ,! /udy ( ! mod]n _w has s f> usually meant no m ?an ! /udy ( h[ to make a little money out ( x2 ! trail ( comm]cialism has be5 drawn ov] our ,mod]n ,sides4 ,:y %\ld n ! mod]n _w be /udi$ 9 ! same noble & dis9t]e/$ _s z t 9 :i* ! be/ ( ! old tea*]s /udi$ ! _w ( ,greece & ,rome8 ,x is surely wor?y ( su* /udy4 ,only p]haps by su* /udy 9 our s*ools c its w\nds be heal$4 ,! c5tral subject ( a lib]al education %\ld be ,to-day1 ! great difficulties among/ :i* we are all grop+1 ! great problems await+ solution1 ! great movem5ts1 capitalism & socialism1 imp]ialism & int]nationalism1 fre$om & au?ority1 t are battl+ = ma/]y or negotiat+ = a workable compromise4 ,! value ( ! classics lies :olly 9 ! contribution t classical art1 philosophy1 & hi/ory c make to ! enri*m5t ( our m9ds = ! /udy ( our own problems4 ,! value ( mod]n hi/ory lies 9 ! inspiration ( its great m51 & ! w>n+ ( its tragic exp]i5ces4 ,! value ( ,div9ity is only f\nd :5 we face ! fundam5tal "q1 ,are we to apply ,*ri/ianity 9 our political & economic relations to-day1 or are we n8 ,b ov] & above ?is reori5tation ( subjects already s*$ul$ 9 ! or?odox "t-table1 !re is ! new subject )9 :i* all ^! 7except ,div9ity1 :i* is fundam5tal7 mu/ be reg>d$ z m]ely contributory1 & t subject is politics1 ! treatm5t1 elem5t>y yet ?or\gh1 vigor\s yet _m sid$1 ( ! great que/ions ( ! day1 ) all ! div]se l9es ( ?\ght along :i* ea* c be approa*$4 ,"h ! fundam5tal text-book is ! newspap]4 ,gr[+ up 9 su* a _w z ?is ( #aiah1 h[ c x be any?+ b %e] mona/icism to div]t ! ma9 "p ( a boy's intellectual en]gies away f ?is subject to any?+ else8 ,our educational ,am]ica is "h or n[h]e4 ,) ?is pr9ciple 9 view1 & aft] v>i\s t5tative exp]im5ts1 we obta9$ p]mission to f\nd ! ,politics ,class describ$ 9 our previ\s book4 ,suffice x to say "h t ! class 0 a volunt>y body ( "s ?irty or =ty s5ior boys1 t met once a week on a half-holiday ev5+ to he> in=mal lectures f "o or o!r ( u1 & occasionally f "o or o!r ( our colleagues1 on que/ions ( ! day4 ,sometimes ! topic 0 purely g5]al--,competition & ,co-op]ation1 ,! ,_s ( ! ,re=m]1 or ! l4 ,sometimes a hi/orical topic 0 trac$ rapidly f its beg9n+s d[n to a crisis ( la/ week's newspap]1 ! disc\rse end+ on ! br9k ( ! future ) a note ( int]rogation2 su* 7 brief c\rses ( lectures on ,! ,iri% ,"q1 & ,! ,russian ,revolution4 ,a ?ird type 7 ^? t conf9$ !mselves to an analysis ( a /rictly contempor>y situation1 su* z ! lectures on ! v>i\s peace t]ms spee*es t l$ up to ! ,v]sailles decl>ation ( ,febru>y1 #aiah4 ,no attempt 0 made to create any artificial popul>ity = ! class4 ,! sc5e 0 ! ord9>y bleak class-room ) all its sad sugge/iv5ess4 ,ord9>y notes 7 tak5 9 ord9>y note-books4 ,no "o1 9 fact1 c h come f any motive b a g5u9e desire to "k :at 0 deem$ wor? kn[+4 ,p>allel ) ! f\ndation ( ! ,politics ,class _h come a remodell+ ( ! six? =m "t-table4 ,inde$1 n mod]n politics b ,greek philosophy _h be5 ! fir/ subject to /ir t almo/ religi\s passion = a real und]/&+ ( ?+s1 )\t :i* k is 9 ! old man m]e p$antry & 9 ! "y man m]e gri/ = ! exam9ation mill4 ,9 ! pres5t educational *aos1 s*ool six? =ms are q bewild]+ly fissip>\s4 ,e "o is a speciali/ ( "s sort or o!r2 specialism means private "w1 & if private "w enables ! gift$ few to escape into self-education f ! hamp]+ att5tions ( ! =m ma/]1 x gives ! re/ a t]rible tra9+ 9 ! habits ( "t-wa/+ & evasion4 ,yet s long z six? =m or?odoxy is classical s*ol>%ip "w1 ! majority w rightly be f\nd among ! h]etics1 & t is ! speciali/s4 ,! remodell$ six? =m "t-table made at lea/ a move t[>ds ! recognition ( ! pr9ciple t1 ov] & above specialisms1 !re 7 c]ta9 subjects t 7 ! common conc]n ( all educat$ m54 ,a het]og5e\s body drawn f all corn]s ( ! s*ool "t-table met toge!r = ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 = ,outl9es ( ,_w ,hi/ory1 & = ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce1 & 7) "s regrettable ab/5tions7 = ,political ,sci5ce & ,economics4 ,"s day x w appe> ridicul\s t ^! la/ subjects %\ld n h be5 deem$ a necessity = all ! speciali/s alike4 ,! real te/ ( an educational sy/em is n :at ! ma/]s d = ! boys1 b :at ! boys d = !mselves1 & 9 ?is matt] only "o l>ge und]tak+ fell )9 ! scope ( our previ\s book1 namely ! pap]1 ,! ,s*ool ,obs]v]1 !re9 describ$ & l>gely quot$4 ,! idea ( ?is pap]1 a political j\rnal on ! l9es ( a high-class weekly1 publi%$ twice a t]m1 ) ,notes on ,curr5t ,ev5ts1 political lead]s1 lit]>y & philosophic middles1 a poem or s1 & correspond5ce all complete--?is laughably magnificant idea came entirely f a little gr\p ( boys1 & "o at any rate ( ! pres5t writ]s 0 at fir/ frankly sceptical4 ,well1--en?usiasm has a way ( beat+ scepticism1 at any rate :5 y\? is ?r[n into ! scale4 ,we 7 quickly h>ness$ to our task z memb]s ( ! editorial committee4 ,our lit]>y contributions 7 conf9$ to a "p ( ! ,notes on ,curr5t ,ev5ts1 ! portion ( ! pap] t naturally attract$ lea/ outside notice1 & 0 r>ely s+l$ out = praise4 ,x is true t a disc]n+ s*oolma/] f ano!r s*ool rem>k$ t ^! notes display$ re/ra9$ /r5g? ev5 m rem>kable 9 boys ?an ! qualities ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! pap]4 ,i am a%am$ to say we smil$ & held our peace4 ,five ( ! six issues ( ! pap] appe>$1 & we _h already contract$ ) our adv]tis]s = a second volume :5 ! cra% came4 ,9 g5]al1 ( c\rse1 ! pap] 0 mu* less important ?an ! ,politics ,class4 ,! class 0 a necessity to political education2 ! pap] 0 a luxury4 ,b x is a man's luxuries t give ! clue to 8 "*1 & x 0 ! v fact t ! pap] 0 always ( ! nature ( a jeu d'esprit1 a glori\s game1 a k9d ( ,fleet ,/reet doll's-h\se affair1 t gave a s5se ( gay adv5ture to ! pursuit ( politics4 ,:5 ! pap] _h be5 suppress$1 a boy :o _h nev] contribut$ to x said to me1 ,:at a %ame6 & he add$ v p5sively1 ,x 0 all s extraord9>ily romantic6 ,b s f> ! movem5t _h only t\*$ ! six? =m1 & 9 a m9or degree su* l[] =ms z ! writ]s happ5$ to meet 9 ! c\rse ( _! pr(essional duties4 ,t 0 pla9ly n en\gh4 ,if boys are le>n+ f _! ma/]s some?+ t !y really value1 _! natures are s ess5tially communicative & sociable t !y w be eag] to pass x on to _! fri5ds4 ,?is may seem a p>adox1 b x is true en\gh4 ,if ( two boys 9 con/ant contact1 ,a is le>n+ algebra & ,b is n1 & if ,a refra9s f talk+ algebra to ,b1 "o ( two causes mu/ be ! explanation ( ,a's retic5ce4 ,ei!r he does n c>e ab\t ,b or else he does n c>e ab\t algebra1 & s9ce by hypo!sis he c>es ab\t ,b1 we c only assume t he does n c>e ab\t algebra4 ,a simple exp]im5t w v]ify our conclusion4 ,drop an indiscretion ab\t a colleague dur+ ! algebra lesson1 & ,b1 ,c1 ,d & all ! re/ ( !m to a long way beyond ,z w "k all ab\t x be=e sunset4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & ,d are int]e/$ 9 ma/]s' op9ions ( ea* o!r4 ,n[ we w\ld n claim = a mom5t t all educational subjects %\ld be requir$ to pass ?is te/ ( int]e/1 & reject$ if !y d n4#b ,t w\ld be grotesque4 ,b x seems to u t ! c5tral subject ( a lib]al education1 t subject to :i* all o!rs coh]e & 9 relation to :i* all o!rs are ju/ifi$1 ought to make "s su* appeal to en?usiasm4 ,unless education produces en?usiasm = some?+1 !re is no education1 & t is :y x has s (t5 be5 ma9ta9$ t ! real education ( ,public ,s*ools is 9 ! play+ fields1 because !re alone1 = mo/ boys1 en?usiasm is g5]at$1 if x is g5]at$ at all4 7,= mo/1 "o may rem>k 9 pass+1 x is n g5]at$ ev5 !re4 ,! notion t ! av]age boy is an en?usia/ = cricket is z wide ( ! m>k z w\ld be ! idea t he 0 an en?usia/ = ,greek1 ,natural ,sci5ce1 or ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&47 ,judg$ by ?is te/ ( infecti\s en?usiasm1 political education 0 to produce 9 ! e>ly mon?s ( #aiah1 evid5ce ( its educational wor? su* z we nev] dreamt (1 & "h aga9 ! pione] 0 n ourselves b a boy1 & t boy n "o ( ! gr\p t _h />t$ ! pap]4 ,?is boy1 :o _h rec5tly become head ( 8 ,h\se1 conceiv$ ! idea t politics c\ld become ! m$ium ( ! same _s ( joy\s & un=c$ co-op]ation z is traditionally 7& sometimes actually7 associat$ ) a?letics4 ,8 idea ( a s*ool h\se 0 ( a vigor\s & jolly community1 liv+ toge!r on t]ms ( fri5dly equality su* z r$uc$ fagg+ & ! olig>*ial prefect sy/em to a m9imum1 & unit+ 9 a real ef=t to keep abrea/ ) ! great _w outside by means ( a co-op]ative /udy ( politics & ! ,press4 ,! idea w seem m]e fooli%ness & an impossibility to _m ( ^? :o did n see x actually at "w4 ,at ! be/ x w seem ! k9d ( ?+ we may h read ( 9 books ab\t freak s*ools1 :]e s mu* loss has obvi\sly to be set aga9/ :atev] is ga9$4 ,9 ?is case1 n only ! idea1 b all ! practical details came f ! boy himself & ! little b& ( en?usia/s t ga!r$ r\nd him4 ,inde$1 "o feels a s5se ( impropriety 9 describ+ :at 0 ess5tially n our "w1 b 84 ,h[ev]1 x 0 ! f9e fl[] ( political education1 & z su* may fitly close ?is *apt]4 ,h\ses1 aft] all1 & n =ms1 are ! natural social units t compose a public s*ool1 & a s*eme ( education t becomes 9 ! be/ s5se popul> may1 inde$ mu/1 take its rise 9 ! classroom1 b w f9d its free/ developm5t 9 ! life ( h\se read+-room & h\se /udy4 ,! *ief among _m /unts1 z !y 7 call$1 0 a political society4 ,! tw5ty-five memb]s ( ?is society1 r ov] half ! h\se1 und]took to read betwe5 !m ne>ly all ! m important newspap]s1 includ+ "o or two ,fr5* pap]s4 ,on ,sunday ! society sat 9 conclave1 ! ?ree or f\r lead+ ev5ts ( ! week 7 tak5 ea* 9 turn1 & ! individual or gr\p responsible = ea* newspap] put =w>d ! view ( ! ev5t 9 "q tak5 by 8 own p>ticul> organ4 ,^! views 7 comp>$ & debat$1 & ultimately a brief synopsis 0 drawn up1 consi/+ ( ! ev5t itself1 ) ! *ief typical utt]ances ( ! press on ! subject set out und]nea?1 = purposes ( comp>ison & contra/4 ,^! 7 typ$ & po/$ on a bo>d z news ( ! week4 ,nei!r ( u ev] att5d$ a meet+ ( ?is society1 & x is obvi\s1 f ! fact t m ?an half ! h\se jo9$ 91 t we are n conc]n$ "h ) ! activities ( a little set ( intellectuali/s4 ,9 ! fulle/ s5se 9 :i* ! ^w is applicable 9 a public s*ool1 ^! political activities 7 democratic1 & ! effect on ! ,engli% "w ( "s ( ! boys 9 middle =ms 0 mo/ rem>kable4 ,! pres5t writ] recalls1 = in/ance1 a ,middle ,fif? essay ( "s ?ree ?\s& words on ! complex1 & 9 "s ways repell5t1 subject ( ,national ,guilds4 ,on h[ _m successive nights ! rule aga9/ sitt+ up 0 brok5 ov] ! composition ( ?is "w ! recipi5t ( ! essay =ebore to inquire4 ,f ?is beg9n+ o!r developm5ts rapidly op5$4 ,a mode/ b useful idea 0 a "q pap]1 on :i* any "o :o lik$ c\ld set d[n que/ions t occurr$ to him 9 ! c\rse ( 8 read+4 ,! ,h\se ,libr>y naturally felt ! impact ( ! movem5t1 & a political section 0 />t$ 9 :i* books ab\t ! ,greeks & ,mill's ,lib]ty /ood side by side ) ! late/ essay on ,recon/ruction4 ,b x w\ld be giv+ an altoge!r unwor?y notion ( ! movem5t if x 7 sugge/$ t politics alone1 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 m>k$ ! limit ( ^! activities4 ,! be/ mod]n plays & poetry began to appe> on %elves :5ce rubbi%y novels ( a pa/ g5]ation 7 remov$ to make room = !m4 ,nor 7 old] books neglect$4 ,! g5]al drift ( int]e/ 0 inevitably t[>ds ! mod]ns2 b ! great poets ( ! pa/ 7 also f9d+ _! way 9 be=e ! end came4 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 !re 0 a gramophone1 ) its popul> & classical rep]toires2 & be=e ! end came1 ! classical _h s f> surpass$ ! popul> 9 popul>ity t ,h\se piano recitals _h begun z well4 ,ano!r developm5t 0 on l9es t w\ld h gladd5$ ! he>t ( ,rusk9 & ,morris1 ?\gh ,i d n "k t ei!r ( ^! 0 consci\sly recognis$ z an influ5ce4 ,a movem5t arose = beautify+ ! /udies1 :i* began ) pseudo-,japanese lamp-%ades1 & mov$ upw>d ?r\gh pretty curta9s & tableclo?s to fram$ ,m$ici pictures4 ,be=e ! end !re 0 h>dly a /udy t _h n its big fram$ ,m$ici1 & (t5 a selection ( ,m$ici po/c>ds z well4 ,all ^! ?+s involv$1 ( c\rse1 "s consid]able exp5diture2 b ! co/ 0 met ) an eag]ness a/oni%+ to ! boys !mselves :5 !y reflect$ t1 a few mon?s be=e1 ,s-&-s _h nev] c>$ ab\t any?+ b ! tuck %op4 ,o!r h\ses began to cat* ! _s ( ! ?+--a trifle reluctantly & t5tatively1 x mu/ be admitt$1 = !re is a good deal ( improp] pride ab\t a s*ool h\se1 & imitations h n q ! glam\r ( orig9als4 ,also ! :ole movem5t 0 by ?is "t fall+ "u a cl\d1 & x is n[ "t to give "s acc\nt ( ! collapse4 #a ,a brilliant depreciation ( ,arnold & 8 s*ool has rec5tly appe>$ 9 ,mr4 ,lytton ,/ra*ey's ,em95t ,victorians4 #b ,some?+ m is said on ?is subject 9 ,*apt] ,x4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,collapse ,tea*]s ?\gh !y are1 ,mr4 ,gollancz & ,mr4 ,som]vell d n seem q to realise 444 :at ob/acles h to be ov]come be=e ! advice giv5 9 _! little book is g5]ally tak54--,! ,we/m9/] ,gazette4 ,our acc\nt ( ! collapse ( our exp]im5t has to be writt51 z ! read] w easily und]/&1 ) a good deal ( res]ve4 ,! rise 0 ! "w ( ourselves & our pupils4 ,! collapse 0 ! "w ( o!rs4 ,x is n a "q ( ,dora2 x is n a "q ( ! common law ( libel2 !re are c]ta9 old] laws ( c\rtesy & =be>ance :i* we w\ld fa9 obs]ve1 = he :o has n le>nt to obs]ve ^! has h>dly made a beg9n+ ) political education4 ,s let x be said to beg9 ) t no "o 0 to blame4 ,?+s foll[$ _! pr$e/9$ c\rse1 & e actor 9 ! drama play$ ! "p t 0 natural & prop] to him4 ,x 0 natural t ! movem5t %\ld be de/roy$ by ma/]s z t its success %\ld be made by boys4 ,if any "o is to blame x is ourselves4 ,x 0 we :o *ose to p\r new w9e into old bottles--! pref]5ce = old bottles is expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4--& :5 ! cu/odians ( ! bottles awoke to ! fact & ha/ily p\r$ ! w9e out aga91 fe>+ disa/]1 !y c]ta9ly ?\ght !y 7 act+ = ! be/4 ,ne$less to say1 we h (t5 discuss$ ! "q :e!r1 _h ! movem5t run on o!r l9es1 _h we be5 cont5t ) r less to beg9 )1 _h we consid]$ pr9ciple r less & prud5ce r m1 _h we add$ ! rle ( diplomati/ to ! rle ( mission>y1 _h we h>d5$ our he>ts aga9/ "s ( ! be/ boys 9 ord] to s(t5 ! he>ts ( "s ( ! m tractable ma/]s--_h we done all ^! ?+s1 c\ld we h po/pon$ or ev5 p]man5tly escap$ ! collapse8 ,on ! :ole1 we come to ! conclusion t1 mu* z we regret _m pla9 mi/akes ( detail1 9 ! ma9 x is be/ t ! bold c\rse 0 tak51 ,we rode boldly1 &1 9 ! la/ mon?s1 we _h to ride = a fall4 ,an exp]im5t has be5 made by frontal attack1 & ) ! sl5d]e/ ( res\rces4 ,n[ t all t is ov]1 ! "t has come to beg9 ! sl[ & circuit\s approa* t[>d political education z a normal in/itution4 ,! mat]ial ( our exp]im5t 0 boys & boys alone4 ,n[1 at fir/ sight1 a s*ool might seem to consi/ ( boys1 b 9 po9t ( fact boys are only "o elem5t 9 a complex organisation embrac+ boys1 ma/]s1 head ma/]1 burs>1 gov]nors1 & p>5ts4 ,! boys are only !re to be educat$1 & education is a matt] ab\t :i* v few p h any /rongly *]i%$ ideas4 ,= v _m1 public s*ool education is a species ( do+ "t1 :]eby a *ild ( f\rte5 is tak5 & simply kept out ( mis*ief 7or1 at any rate1 kept away f home1 :]e he w\ld be a nuisance71 until at eighte5 he is become a man4 ,b ! o!r con/itu5t p>ts ( ! s*ool h s]i\s comm]cial int]e/s at /ake4 ,= ! ma/]s ! s*ool is ! means ( livelihood1 & ! livelihood af=d$ !m is 9 _m cases s nigg>dly t !y v rightly consid] t ! smalle/ f9ancial mi%ap to ! s*ool might plunge !m bel[ ! l9e ( b>e subsi/5ce4 ,f a slightly diff]5t angle1 ! eyes ( ! high] (ficials & ! gov]nors are fix$ ^u ! same po9t4 ,a head ma/] once rem>k$ to me ( "o ( 8 gov]nors1 ,old ,x4's only idea is t ! s*ool %\ld pay five p] c5t4 ,& ! p>5ts4 ,x is an article ( fai? ) ! pres5t writ]s t p>5ts are wis]1 m tol]ant & m op5 to ideas on educational matt]s1 ?an s*oolma/]s g5]ally suppose4 ,b p>5ts live at a di/ance1 & only make !mselves felt at mom5ts ( crisis1 & !n ! crisis is "o :i* !y probably only v imp]fectly und]/&4 ,t is all ! fault ( ! s*ools1 = ! s*ools h nev] made a s]i\s attempt to take ! p>5ts into p>tn]%ip 9 ! matt] ( _! sons' education4 ,& "h we are back aga9/ ! root ( all evil1 = ! reason :y ?is has n be5 done is t ! s*ools h n yet s]i\sly fac$ ! fact t a lib]al education = ! av]age boy is an unsolv$ problem1 = ! solution ( :i* !y ne$ all ! help !y c possibly get4 ,( c\rse ?is tak+ ( ! p>5t into p>tn]%ip w\ld be no easy matt]4 ,read]s ( t wise & humor\s tale1 ,! ,lan*e/] ,tradition1 w rememb] ! comical failure ( ! head ma/]'s attempt at a ,p>5ts' ,committee4 ,/ill1 all ?is be+ s1 ! fact em]ges t ! important factor 9 ! problem ( ! mom5t is n ! real p>5t b ! traditional p>5t1 & ! false image ( ! traditional p>5t has be5 creat$ 9 ! s*oolma/]'s m9d by t fussy & ill-in=m$ individual :o is always writ+ to compla94 ,n[1 he :o pays ! pip] does n necess>ily call ! tune4 ,t w\ld be too absurd4 ,b he has a veto on any tune he too positively dislikes1 & x is well kn[n t ! unmusical g5]ally dislike a new tune4 ,! opposition to political education develop$ along two l9es4 ,"o ( !m makes ?is /ory a microcosm ( ! _w hi/ory ( ! ye>s #aiag-aiah4 ,! o!r is some?+ peculi> to ! ,engli% public s*ools1 & might h befall5 at any p]iod s9ce ,dr4 ,arnold inaugurat$ _! mod]n hi/ory4 ,:5 we began our exp]im5ts ! p>ty truce1 9 ! moral z di/9ct f ! =mal s5se1 /ill held good4 ,outside ! circles ( /rict pacifism--& ) pacifism 9 any b a m]ely abusive s5se we nev] _h any conc]n--,engli% p 7 agre$ ^u ! great que/ions ( ! w>4 ,su* diff]5ces ( op9ion z !re 7 conc]n$ only que/ions ( me?od & exp$i5cy1 n que/ions ( pr9ciple4 ,! gospel ( ,augu/1 #aiad1 _h n yet become a battle-gr\nd disput$ by fi]cely e>ne/ rival sects4 ,we 7 ,lib]als 9 a g5]al s5se1 b we diff]$ on a great _m topics1 & we 7 g5u9ely anxi\s1 9 ! words ( "o ( our pupils 9 ! s*ool magaz9e1 n s mu* to advocate any "o p>ticul> rem$y ( any giv5 problem z to lay be=e ! class ! problems !mselves & ! pr9cipal re=ms :i* h be5 or are be+ sugge/$1 s t ?\ght & criticism may h full scope = ex]cise4 ,x w\ld be unfair to ourselves to admit t we ab&on$ t ideal1 b ! ev5ts ( #aiag br\ght a new _s into ! _w4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! e>ly days ( ! ,russian ,revolution & ! dem& = a peace )\t annexations or indemnities1 c\pl$ ) ! entry ( ,am]ica & ! w> spee*es ( ,presid5t ,wilson1 seem$ to revive ! flagg+ idealism ( ! ,allies & lift x to a m univ]sal & exalt$ level ?an ev] be=e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! publication ( ! ,secret ,treaties & ! _m incomplete revelations t foll[$ !reon1 laid b>e ! fact t q ano!r act ( motives 7 also at "w among our lead]s2 t t]ritorial gre$ & diplomatic hypocrisy 7 enemies to be f\ght 9 our own mid/ z well z on ! battlefield4 ,! issues ( ! w> assum$ a gr&] & a m t]rible aspect4 ,m ?an ev] be=e p]haps 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w--& we d n ov]look ! p]iod ( ! s-call$ religi\s w>s--religion & politics fus$4 ,to u1 at any rate1 ! calm alo(ness sugge/$ by ! quotation above became impossible4 ,a cry seem$ to h gone =?1 ,:o is on ! ,"l's side8 ,:o8 ,a great gulf op5$ up betwe5 ^? :o only a ye> be=e _h believ$ !mselves to be = ! "t at any rate 9 "o political camp4 ,on "o side ( t gulf we f\nd ourselves1 & on ! o!r mo/ ( our colleagues4 ,x 0 n t we diff]$ f !m z to ! necessity ( w9n+ ! w>1 & ( putt+ =w>d e possible milit>y ef=t = t end4 ,b ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! uses to :i* ! victory is put1 & ! _s 9 :i* x is approa*$1 & !re ! diff]5ces 7 pr(\nd4 ,& ?us ! ,politics ,class became a s*ool ( lib]alism4#a ,x 0 no intol]ant lib]alism1 = intol]ant lib]alism is n lib]alism at all4 ,f fir/ to la/ we /ood = ! exam9ation ( all po9ts ( view4 ,we 7 = read+ ! views ( ^? we disagre$ )1 n = abus+ !m unhe>d or burn+ _! books unread4 ,9 s f> z "s ( our pupils c>ri$ lib]alism to ! po9t ( intol]ance1 !y lo/ ! _s ( ! movem5t !y pr(ess$ to support4 ,!re 7 n _m aga9/ :om ?is *>ge c\ld be br\ght4 ,"o ( our mo/ ard5t democrats1 ,i rememb]1 s5t me dur+ ! "t ( 8 milit>y tra9+ a c>eful & pa9/ak+ exam9ation ( ,mr4 ,mallock's late/ big book4 ,! excuse ( ^? t fell into intol]ance mu/ be1 ,i suppose1 t !y 7 "y1 & t !y f\nd !mselves confront$ by an a/oni%+ spectacle ( intol]ance 9 "s ( _! cons]vative ma/]s4 ,:5 ?is *ange 0 tak+ place1 we s\ght to r$ress ! balance by tak+ into p>tn]%ip 9 ! runn+ ( ! ,politics ,class a /rongly ,cons]vative ma/]4 ,su* an arrangem5t w\ld h be5 admirable _h ! g5u9e educational _s be5 !re4 ,x 0 n4 ,! ov]ture 0 a failure & only add$ to our difficulties4 ,to "s m5 x seem$ bett] to root out ! ,lib]al ma/]s z traitors ?an to co-op]ate ) !m z tea*]s4 ,on ! eve ( ! f9al collapse1 a simil> exp]im5t 0 tri$ ) ,! ,s*ool ,obs]v]4 ,! la/ numb] be>s ! names ( two editors1 & conta9s bo? a ,lib]al & a ,cons]vative lead] writt5 on ! same topic4 ,! innovation 0 made at ! la/ m9ute1 & ! ,cons]vative lead] is n a g5u9e s*oolboy production1 b ! model may be a useful "o = future "w on ! same l9es4 ,b !re 0 ano!r influ5ce mak+ = ! collapse4 ,we quot$ 9 our previ\s book a head ma/] :o rem>k$ at a s*ool prize-giv+ t ! only que/ions wor? ask+ are ^? t _c get a def9ite answ]4 ,political education consi/s almo/ entirely ( su* que/ions4 ,its %eet an*or is fre$om ( ?\ght2 its me?od is controv]sy2 its end is n 9 complete ma/]y ( a box ( intellectual tricks su* z w w9 full m>ks 9 an exam9ation1 b 9 ! mode/y ( realis$ ignorance & ! en?usia/ic se>* = fre% lights 9 ! d>kness4 ,socrates 0 put to dea? by ! ,a!nians because he w\ld n desi/ f ask+ !m que/ions1 & x is to be fe>$ t "s ( our pupils w\ld h incurr$ ! same fate _h ! cu/oms ( ! "t p]mitt$ x4 ,! ta/e = controv]sy on ! fundam5tal subjects w grip a y\? l ! ta/e = dr9k1 z _m :o h pass$ ?r\gh und]graduate days at ,ox=d or ,cambridge c rememb]4 ,suppose a boy ent]s into political controv]sy ) 8 =m ma/]1 ov] ! giv+ back ( an essay1 or ) 8 h\se ma/] at ! lun*eon table4444 ,n[1 !re is a ,div9ity t do? h$ge a s*oolma/]1 & ! h$ge mu/ be kept 9 some:at c>eful repair4 ,s long z we are conc]n$ ) subjects l elem5t>y ,lat9 & ,greek or ,ma!matics1 we are deal+ ) a body ( k 9 :i*1 to take ! exam9ations /&>d1 all ! ma/]s get full m>ks4 ,all k is conta9$ 9 a set ( small s*ool books :i* ! ma/]s1 = _! s9s1 "k m or less by he>t backw>ds4 ,ev5 hi/ory1 if x is suffici5tly badly taught1 may be gr\p$ among su* subjects1 =1 /range z x may seem1 x is q possible to tea* x 9 su* a way t no boy feels impell$ to ask que/ions ei!r insoluble 9 !mselves or beyond ! scope ( ! ma/]'s imm$iate memory4 ,!re are s*oolma/]s :o def9itely disc\rage or ev5 =bid ! ask+ ( que/ions by ! class4 ,little boys %\ld be se5 & n he>d--t wor/ ( all educational maxims--makes a l>g] contribution to ! buttress+ up ( ! pres5t sy/em ?an is usually suppos$4 ,a l[]+ diet ( irregul> v]bs keeps ! boy m9d docile1 to use a ^w ( ironically p]v]t$ mean+1 & prev5ts x f imp++ emb>rass+ly ^u ! lightly gu>d$ regions ( ! ma/]'s intellectual entr5*m5ts4 ,9 fact1 political education set up a new intellectual /&>d4 ,x 0 a subject 9 :i* no "o1 boy or ma/]1 got full m>ks1--sc>cely ev5 ,presid5t ,wilson1 p]haps1 if y took 8 "w z a :ole6 ,all 7 le>n]s1 all 7 fell[ work]s toge!r1 & be=e ! va/ scope ( ! task1 diff]5ces ( pr(ici5cy betwe5 ! v>i\s work]s seem$ h>dly to matt]4 ,"h1 !n1 rises a difficult "q4 ,ought ! s*oolma/] to possess1 or appe> to possess1 complete k ( ! subject he tea*es8 ,! pres5t writ] has taught a good v>iety ( subjects dur+ n9e ye>s1 & on ! :ole he has f\nd 8 ignorance1 n only ( politics1 b ( f> m f9ite matt]s1 a v helpful educational in/rum5t4 ,z an em]g5cy tea*] ( ,lat9 on ! mod]n side1 = in/ance1 he f\nd x a positive advantage t he _h =gott5 m ( ! language ?an 8 pupils _h ev] le>nt4 ,8 occasional qua9t errors did n always pass undetect$1 & _! detection _h probably an educational /imulus = ! =m :i* outweigh$ ! loss incurr$ :5 8 mi/akes pass$ )\t notice4 ,nor did he feel greatly ! loss ( intellectual /ature4 ,x 0 p>tly made good by ! +5uity ) :i* he expla9$ h[ he _h come to make ! mi/ake4 ,& if !re 0 loss 9 intellectual pre/ige1 !re 0 an increas$ s5se ( intellectual comrade%ip4 ,b ?is is a trifl+ & n :olly s]i\s digression4 ,"s ma/]s /& = intellectual infallibility4 ,^! political discussions di/urb$ !m4 ,!y felt t _! cr$5tials z s*oolma/]s 7 be+ exam9$ & f\nd want+4 ,!y accus$ ! boys ( prigg]y4 ,x 0 a mo/ false *>ge1 = ! boys 7 en?usia/s1 & en?usiasm is a =m ( self-=getfulness z prigg]y is a =m ( self-consci\sness4 ,/ill prigg]y 0 ! ^w4 ,! *>ge ( prigg]y 0 add$ to ! *>ge ( pacifism4 ,on ^! two l9es ! opposition develop$ & ultimately triumph$4 ,x 0 sugge/$ t ! s*ool w\ld be empty 9 a c\ple ( ye>s1 if political education cont9u$4 ,"h1 x w\ld seem1 our critics 7 trad+ on _! false idea ( ! p>5t1 & believ+ :at !y wi%$ to believe4 ,take ! /ati/ics ( entries1 :i* is ! only tangible evid5ce on ! subject1 & ! only conclusion y c draw is t political education ei!r _h no effect at all1 or t x slightly increas$ ! comm]cial well-be+ ( ! s*ool4 ,x 0 n on su* gr\nd z ?is t political education 0 doom$4 ,z we said at ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt]1 ! mat]ial ( our exp]im5ts 0 ! boys & !m alone4 ,we _h made a %ort cut4 ,we _h made no ef=t to conv]t our colleague4 ,we tru/$ to results = _! conv]sion4 ,b1 z ! prec$+ n>rative w h %[n1 ! great] our success1 ! great] became _! irritation1 :5 success 0 labell$ pacifism & prigg]y4 ,)\t int5d+ x1 we _h play$ ,pi$ ,pip] ^u "s ( ! be/ ( ! h\se ma/]s' fo/] *ildr54 ,we _h envisag$ a s*ool z a s+le corporate society1 boys & ma/]s work+ toge!r ) ! maximum ( frankness & equality = ! common end1 education4 ,we _h n all[$ = ! fact t a s*ool _c become su* a corporate society1 unless ! /aff has become su* at ! same "t4 ,l ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! re=m]s ( hi/ory1 we _h1 9 our own despite1 become rebels4 ,& s all 0 ov]4 ,!re is n[ no ,politics ,class1 no ,s*ool ,obs]v] 9 ! s*ool ( _! f\ndation1 ?\gh two o!r s*ools ( fame h />t$ pap]s on simil> l9es1 ) h&some ackn[l$gm5ts to our example4 ,!re are no political societies 9 ! ,h\ses4 ,two or ?ree ( our pupils h left be=e _! "t1 & we1 ! au?ors1 are no long] s*oolma/]s1 only educationi/s1--x is a *ange = ! worse4 #a ,g5]ally speak+1 ! lib]alism ( ,! ,man*e/] ,gu>dian or ( ,presid5t ,wilson's spee*es4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,propag&a ,a po9t h>dly t\*$ on 9 ! book is ! difficulty ( tea*+ politics )\t ! disadvantages ( p>tisan%ip4 ,x is wor? discussion4--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ,if 'politics'--ev5 politics z an art cull$ f ! classics1 f pro-,g]man#a economi/s & hi/orians1 f poets su* z ,%elley1 & f ,g]man#a high] critics ( ! ,bible--7 taught to fif? =m boys ) crude impressionable m9ds1 ! result w\ld be ,bol%evism4 ,we agree t "u c>eful guidance mu* ( ultimate political value c be taught f hi/ory & lit]ature4 ,b x mu/ be done ) inf9ite c>e1 & op9ions mu/ be exclud$ f ! tea*+4 ,t is ! difficulty4--,contempor>y ,review4 ,clev] boys w le>n _! politics = !mselves4--,saturday ,review4 ,! public s*ools h = ye>s pa/ cov]$ _! quiet infiltration ( ,cons]vative pr9ciples ) a cam\flage ( /rict neutrality4 ,tea*]s ?\gh !y are1 ! au?ors d n seem q to realise :at a =midable protective device ?is bann+ ( ! mod]n hi/ory :i* we call politics has be51 & :at ob/acles h to be ov]come be=e ! advice giv5 9 _! little book is g5]ally tak54--,we/m9/] ,gazette4 ,two great objections h to be met if ,politics is to become ! c5tral subject 9 our public s*ool education4 ,! desirability ( su* a *ange may be urg$ f _m po9ts ( view2 & ! practical results obta9$ dur+ ! c\rse ( our rec5t exp]im5t seem$ to u ev5 m valuable ?an prelim9>y !oris+ _h l$ u to expect4 ,once make a boy ?9k ab\t ! life ( 8 own "t & ! great pr9ciples ^: fight = ma/]y he is witness+2 once make him wond] ab\t ! actual ma*9]y by :i* 8 _w is mov$2 once set him speculat+ ab\t ! mean+ ( ! univ]se & ( 8 own exi/5ce2 & y h creat$ su* a _s ( eag] en?usiasm & inquiry1 t at la/ t developm5t ( ! individual p]sonality is a*iev$ :i*1 z e great educationi/ s9ce ,plato has told u1 mu/ be ! aim ( all :o desire to be m ?an m]e tea*]s4 ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 ,politics1 ,sociology1 ,economics1 ,e?ics1 ev5 ,metaphysics--we may class all ^! "u ! broad head+ ( ,politics1 = "o & all !y deal ) ! life & de/9y ( ! individual z a memb] ( human society & a "p ( ! ,univ]se4 ,!re is no human be+ :o1 at lea/ :ile he is "y1 does n feel a ke5 int]e/ 9 su* ?+s2 ! deepe/ wat]s are /irr$ & ! classroom becomes ! meet+-place ( m9ds engag$ 9 an excit+ adv5ture in/ead ( be+1 z is s (t5 n[ ! case1 a prison cell 9 :i* all a boy's spontaneity & joy ( life are cru%$ out beyond recall4 ,yet ! two objections rema91 & to "o ( !m we address ourselves 9 ?is *apt]4#b ,:5 ! possibility ( political tea*+ is consid]$1 ! fir/ ?\ght t leaps to ! m9d is3 ,c ! subject be taught )\t ! introduction ( propag&a8 & is n ,politics j ! "o subject 9 :i* propag&a is above ev]y?+ undesirable8 ,n[ x may be po9t$ out t ! pres5t sy/em ( public s*ool education is itself a =m ( political propag&a none ! less effective = be+ conceal$4 ,a boy is s5t to a public s*ool ) a set ( political notions imbib$ f 8 p>5ts & ! circle 9 :i* he moves1 & dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( 8 boyhood1 no g5u9e ef=t is made to develop 8 p[]s ( indep5d5t ?\ght & s to enable him to revise 8 inh]it$ op9ions4 ,a c]ta9 /imulus no d\bt is giv5 to 8 m5tal activity by sett+ him ma!matical problems to solve & passages 9 ! classical au?ors to con/rue2 b 8 ?\ght on political & social que/ions rema9s a ?+ ap>t1 un/irr$1 atrophi$4 ,:at else is ?is b political propag&a8 ,& :5 x is re9=c$ by a ?\s& subtle h9ts 9 & out ( ! classroom1 h9ts sugge/+ t1 ( c\rse1 !re c be no two op9ions ab\t s-&-s & 8 support]s1 x becomes "o ( ! mo/ pot5t in/rum5ts ( m5tal d>kness t has ev] be5 all[$ to function 9 a rational community4 ,b ! objection to propag&a is n to be met by a ,tu quoque4 ,x is "o :i* raises ! mo/ fundam5tal issues ( educational !ory4 ,to develop1 we are told1 & n to m\ld1 is ! aim ( education2 & e g5u9e educationi/ w eag]ly agree4 ,yet y _c develop 9 a vacuum4 ,y mu/ imp>t "s backgr\nd = ! "y m9d1 give x "s mat]ial on :i* to "w4 ,h[1 !n1 c ! compromise be effect$8 ,h[ c we inculcate & yet at ! same "t aim above e ?+ at ! developm5t ( an individuality1 :i* may & inde$ mu/1 be s v diff]5t f our own8 ,! answ] is n really h>d to f9d4 ,:at we inculcate1 ! backgr\nd we give1 mu/ be consid]$ by u z m]ely a /op-gap1 a poor tempor>y support :i* ! *ild may fl+ away :5 he c support himself4 ,& ev5 :ile we are giv+ ! support1 we mu/ at e mom5t be develop+ ! p[] :i* w z soon z possible disp5se ) x4 ,if ?is caveat is borne 9 m9d & hone/ly obs]v$1 propag&a1 :e!r 9 political1 philosophical1 or religi\s tea*+1 becomes n only def5sible b actually desirable4 ,no?+ c be m fatal ?an to give ! impression t x does n v mu* matt] :i* ( sev]al conflict+ pr9ciples or policies a boy adopts2 t !re are aft] all equally /rong argum5ts on bo? sides1 & t ! adhesion ( ! _w to "o philosophy ( life & code ( conduct r ?an ano!r w make no v vital diff]5ce to anybody4 ,yet if ! tea*] pres5ts 8 subject 9 a p]fectly balanc$ & passionless mann] su* a result w inevitably foll[4 ,! boy w notice 8 ma/]'s lack ( en?usiasm1 & consequ5tly rema9 un5?usia/ic himself2 & n only w t intellectual eag]ness rema9 undevelop$1 :i* is z a sp>k to set 8 :ole nature ablaze1 b also he w feel none ( t moral passion = pr9ciples :i* is ! cry+ ne$ ( ! _w to-day4 ,a ma/] 9 ano!r s*ool1 :i* _h adopt$ ! idea ( a ,politics ,class1 he>d ( ! excitem5t & controv]sy :i* ours 0 occasion+1 & rem>k$ adv]sely on our me?ods4 ,we tea* ,politics too1 he said1 b we are c>eful t ! boys %\ld nev] be able to discov] on :i* side our own sympa?ies lie4 ,consequ5tly !re is no excitem5t & no controv]sy4 ,politics are ?\ght ( 9 j ! same way z any o!r s*ool subject4 ,we c well believe x4 ,our :ole idea1 ( c\rse1 is t !y %\ld n be s ?\ght (2 t !y %\ld be reg>d$ r z a matt] ( mo/ vital int]e/ & importance bo? = ! boy himself & = ! _w z a :ole4 ,we w\ld h a boy feel an atta*m5t to pr9ciples z romantic & absorb+ z 8 affections = 8 de>e/ fri5d1 n coldly cancel "o pr9ciple aga9/ ! o!r z if he 7 do+ a sum 9 ma!matics4 ,b x is "t t we expla9$ exactly :at we mean :5 we say t a ma/] %\ld n %r9k f propag&a 9 political tea*+4 ,we d n by any means int5d t he %\ld /ate only 8 own po9t ( view1 & pass ov] ! argum5ts t may be urg$ aga9/ x4 ,t w\ld be ! m]e/ p>ody ( education4 ,r d we mean t he %\ld adopt a ?reefold me?od4 ,he %\ld put =w>d 8 own view ) all ! en?usiasm t he feels = x 7we h be5 call$ mission>ies by way ( abuse1 b f9d no?+ b hon\r 9 ! ^w72 simultane\sly1 he %\ld impress on 8 pupils ! fact t x aft] all is only 8 view1 & urge !m n m]ely to accept b to exam9e & criticise2 & f9ally1 he %\ld expla9 ) complete hone/y e po9t t has be51 or possibly c\ld be1 rais$ aga9/ x4 ,we call ?is me?od propag&a1 because a fire is imp>t$ to ! /atem5t ( "o side :i* _c1 f ! nature ( ! case1 be imp>t$ to t ( ! o!r2 b x is propag&a 9 :i* !re is no t\* ( di%one/y or obscurantism4 ,we h said t1 :ile he is pres5t+ 8 case1 ! ma/] %\ld be urg+ 8 pupils to exam9e & criticise x4 ,b he %\ld d m ?an ?is2 if he is a ,lib]al1 he %\ld sp5d mu* ( 8 "t 9 a direct propag&a ( ! great ,lib]al pr9ciples--fre$om ( ?\ght & discussion2 ! sanctity ( ! individual consci5ce2 ! p>am\nt importance ( moral & intellectual indep5d5ce4 ,9 ?is way he w be creat+ a habit ( m9d :i* w naturally criticise2 & s by 8 propag&a ( g5]al lib]alism he w annihilate ! vantage-po9t he w\ld o!rwise occupy 9 8 propag&a ( p>ticul> pr9ciples & policies4 ,we speak ( lib]al education1 & surely ! epi!t is mean+less unless x be tak5 to imply t conv]sion to ^? g5]al pr9ciples is ! v b$-rock ( education4 ,b o!rs ?9k o!rwise1 & s we w\ld po9t out ! broad di/9ction :i* mu/ be drawn betwe5 propag&a ( ! simple lib]al & propag&a ( ! simple reaction>y pr9ciple--on ! "o h& fre$om ( ?\ght1 on ! o!r acceptance ( ideas n "o's own4 ,our lib]al propag&a c>ries ) x ! in/rum5t ( its own ov]?r[4 ,if y c inspire a boy ) a desire to put all ?+s to ! te/ ( 8 own free consci5ce1 y are emp[]+ him to criticise ev]y?+ y tea*--ev5 t v lib]ty ( op9ion1 a belief 9 :i* y h be5 s anxi\s to create4 ,b ) reaction>y propag&a x is q o!rwise4 ,by x a /atic habit ( m9d is produc$--a habit ( m9d :i*1 except by way ( a m]cifully n uncommon revolt1 is a pawn 9 ! h&s ( its pres5t tea*]1 & t public op9ion :i* 9 "t to come w take its tea*]'s place4 ,a ^w may be add$ on ! means be/ calculat$ to produce ! free m9d at :i* we are aim+4 ,use1 ( c\rse1 c & %\ld be always made ( ! fundam5tal argum5ts 7all to be f\nd 9 ,mill7 9 fav\r ( lib]ty ( op9ion4 ,b !re is "o case 9 :i* ! employm5t ( a subsidi>y me?od may give ev5 m valuable results4 ,:]e a boy holds t5aci\sly to an op9ion :i* y ?9k to be evil1 argue aga9/ x unceas+ly2 %[ him ! errors ( x2 po9t out passionately ! beauty ( its alt]native4 ,! /rong] 8 conviction1 ! bett]2 inde$1 delib]ately *oose 8 deepe/-seat$ prejudice--attack him 9 ! v he>t ( :at y reg>d z 8 error4 ,!n1 :5 at la/ he sees t ! op9ion :i* he _h ?\ght ( z ! only possible "o is 9 reality wrong1 & t ano!r :i* he _h loa!d is 9 reality "r1 a trem5d\s intellectual conv]sion w h tak5 place2 8 own case w con/antly act z a w>n+ to him :5ev] he is aga9 tempt$ to prejudice or n>r[ness ( outlook4 #a ,! italics are ours4 ,:y 7 ^! two words ins]t$1 we wond]4 #b ,! o!r is dealt ) 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,controv]sy ,:ile a =midable /rife betwe5 ma/]s ( diff]5t cre$s might be eng5d]$1 x is arguable t ! f9e/ political _s might be fo/]$ by approa*+ ! problems "u ! conditions ( fairness & c\rtesy on :i* ! public s*ools pride !mselves4#a--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ,tol]ance1 to be m ?an a pale & negative virtue1 ne$s to be bas$ on an und]/&+ ( ^! diff]5t po9ts ( view1 :i* means1 aga91 br++ an educat$ m9d to be> on !m4--,we/m9/] ,gazette4 ,boys always w be boys !y say1 & ! say+ c be int]pret$ 9 _m ways4 ,ma/]s always w be ma/]s is a m sob]+ reflection4 ,! reputation ( s*oolma/]s = sweet reasonabl5ess has nev] /ood1 p]haps1 p>ticul>ly high4 ,ev5 suppos+ t1 ) a /aff ( angels1 su* a s*eme ( tea*+ z t sket*$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] 7 desirable1 w n ! actual result be some?+ v diff]5t8 ,w n a =midable /rife betwe5 ma/]s ( diff]5t cre$s be eng5d]$1 & w n ! spectacle ( t /rife1 & a possible p>ticipation 9 x1 be ! v wor/ possible tra9+ = ! new g5]ation8 ,! difficulty is "o t has got to be fac$1 & ! pres5t writ]s1 at any rate1 are n at all likely to ov]look x4 ,z 0 %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,ii41 our exp]im5ts collaps$ n because our colleagues diff]$ f u 9 political op9ion1 b because1 diff]+ f u 9 political op9ion1 !y also diff]$ f u 9 educational !ory4 ,_h ! exp]im5t collaps$ simply because !y diff]$ f u 9 political op9ion1 x w\ld be no use pursu+ ! subject ( political education fur!r2 = a /aff 9 :i* all ! ma/]s held ! same political views w\ld be unlikely to exi/1 & 9 any case altoge!r undesirable4 ,we may take x = grant$ t ! /aff w consi/ ( m5 ( div]se political op9ions4 ,inde$ we may g fur!r & take x = grant$ t 9 a s*ool 9 :i* political education fl\ri%es1 ^? div]sities1 ?\gh c]ta9ly less bitt]1 w be m cle>ly m>k$ ?an at pres5t4 ,9 su* a s*ool ! ma/]s1 = ! mo/ "p1 w be ke5ly int]e/$ 9 politics1 = ! s*ool mu/ be a s+le society ( m5 & boys 9 real intellectual co-op]ation4 ,:at is good = ! boys w be good = ! ma/]s4 ,p]v]se metaphors comp>+ ma/]s & boys to h\nds & h>es w be se5 z ! symptom ( a radically false educational philosophy4 ,if political education becomes n m]ely an exp]im5t b an integral "p ( ! timetable1 ! /aff z a :ole1 n necess>ily all ! ma/]s1 b all ^? conc]n$ ) :at are at pres5t ironically call$ ! humanities1 w be tak+ a "p 9 x4 ,b h[ c ?is be work$8 ,we are "h fac$ ) a problem su* z none ( ! ord9>y s*ool subjects has ev] rais$1 at any rate 9 ?is acute =m4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! educational philosophy ( ! /aff4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! ext5t ( _! belief 9 fre$om ( op9ion4 ,! case = fre$om ( op9ion1 l ! case = self-gov]nm5t1 has suff]$ f ! fact t we take ! !ory s completely = grant$ t we d n notice h[ f> we are remov$ f ! practice ( x4 ,fre$om is suppos$ to be an ,engli%man's speciality4 ,britons nev] %all be slaves1 we say1 & suppose t settles ! matt]4 ,v likely ,?omson1 :5 he wrote 8 feeble v]ses 7!y h be5 r$eem$ by an excell5t tune71 nev] paus$ to reflect t ! sailors he 0 glorify+ 7 mo/ly victims ( ! press-gang4 ,x is b a /ep f a press-gang to a ,press ,bureau4 ,mo/ ,engli%m5 are n v anxi\s to tol]ate any op9ions b _! own1 if ! subject be "o t !y deem ( vital importance4 ,v few h ! fai? ( ! great apo/les ( fre$om1 ! conviction t "r op9ion c only triumph ?r\gh fair & op5 conflict ) ! wrong4 ,! cause ( fre$om1 !n1 f>es badly en\gh 9 ! _w outside1 :5 we are only conc]n$ ) its application to ^? :o h rea*$ ye>s ( discretion4 ,inside ! s*ool ! difficulties are admitt$ly great]1 & fre$om has hi!rto _h a poor *ance4 ,yet )\t fre$om1 ?\gh !re may be in/ruction1 !re c h>dly be education4 ,9 s f> !n z ! /aff fall %ort 9 ?is vital matt] ( tol]ation1 !y mu/ !mselves g to s*ool & le>n2 & he is probably a poor tea*] :o is n himself ev] le>n+ some?+ m4 ,"h p]haps ! head ma/] might f9d "o ( 8 f9e/ opportunities4 ,! consci5ti\s mod]n head ma/] (t5 f9ds x h>d to rise above ! mass ( adm9i/rative "w atta*$ to 8 (fice4 ,he resembles ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa91 ( :om x 0 said t he 0 always try+ to be 8 own private secret>y4 ,mean:ile 8 assi/ants g _! own ways1 ea* n>r[+ into 8 own little intellectual groove4 ,! result1 at any rate 9 ! m remote & less di/+ui%$ s*ools--t is to say1 ! va/ majority--is a society f> f idyllic4 ,ev5 if politics 7 to eng5d] a =midable /rife1 ! discords w\ld n be break+ 9 ^u any v beautiful h>monies4 ,two novels h rec5tly be5 writt5 by s*oolma/]s ab\t _! pr(ession1 & ev5 if ,mr4 ,p]r9 & ,mr4 ,traill may be disc\nt$ z ! ill-natur$ rev5ge ( a clev] man :o _h mi/ak5 8 pr(ession1 ,! ,lan*e/] ,tradition has1 we believe1 be5 g5]ally hail$ z a tru?ful record4 ,ma/]s at _m s*ools h exclaim$1 ,h[ on e>? does ?is ,rugby man come to "k all ab\t u8 ,tea*+ is spiritual "w or x is no?+1 & ! head ma/] ought to be1 z ! greate/ head ma/]s h be51 a true lead] ( 8 /aff 9 spiritual ?+s4 ,our pr(ession is ! mo/ insanely individuali/ic 9 ! _w4 ,probably ! tea*+ ( e subject w\ld be improv$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( a really organis$ co-op]ation betwe5 ! v>i\s ma/]s tea*+ x1 & politics1 ) its /rong human appeal w\ld1 ) a lead] wor?y ( 8 position1 be ! be/ place to beg94 ,ma/]s w\ld meet = a g5u9e educational purpose--& ! la/ ?+ ev] discuss$ at ! ma/]s' meet+s we h att5d$ has be5 educational pr9ciples--!y w\ld le>n to see into ea* o!rs' m9ds & me?ods1 enl>ge _! intellectual sympa?ies & und]/& _! diff]5ces4 ,?us a real corporate intellectual life ( ! /aff might beg94 ,(t5 at pres5t ?is does n exi/1 & its abs5ce is fatal to ! s*ool z a s]i\sly intellectual in/itution4 ,& surely ! ne$ = ! tol]ant /aff c h>dly be exagg]at$4 ,& "h we are ?9k+ n s mu* ( ! w> & its controv]sies z ( ! days t w foll[4 ,aft] ! w> a bas] motive ?an ev5 ! crude/ j+o patriotism w claim a monopoly ov] ! political ?\ght ( public s*oolboys = ! def5ce n ( c\ntry1 b ( prop]ty4 ,! unor?odox w be d5\nc$ n z pacifi/s1 b z sociali/s1 & ! enemy w be n ! ,kais]1 b p]haps ! ,prime ,m9i/] ( a ,lab\r ,gov]nm5t4 ,b j z ! only hope = ! _w aft] ! w> seems to lie 9 a ,league ( ,nations1 s ! only hope = ,engl& lies 9 ! co-op]ation ( all classes 9 a common se>* = indu/rial ju/ice4 ,! public s*ools are class pres]ves ( ! ri*1 & _! opportunity = good1 z = h>m1 w be almo/ b\ndless4 ,to turn out ! "y ( ! capitali/ class ) all _! capitali/ prejudices intact w be %e] d]eliction ( duty on ! "p ( public s*oolma/]s4 ,s wrote a great tea*] ( ! old] g5]ation4 ,! obvi\s way ( de/roy+ ^? prejudices z prejudices is by an en?usia/ic & capable exposition ( v>i\s =ms ( socialism4 ,?is c be/ be done by sociali/ ma/]s4 ,b1 suppos+ ! sociali/ tea*+ is false1 :y %\ld ^? :o are n ,sociali/s fe> = ! result8 ,x is a necess>y "p ( ! s*eme t !y on _! side %\ld make a reason$ def5ce ( a re=m$ capitalism4 ,if ?is is done ! "y ( ! capitali/ class may be turn$ out ,sociali/s or anti-,sociali/s1 b at lea/ !y w g out into ! _w m5 ( "s economic und]/&+1 ) views bas$ on reason+1 & by fur!r reason+ or exp]i5ce liable to be *ang$1 n m5 ) inh]it$ prejudice intact4 ,if we assume 9 our /aff a g5]al incl9ation t[>ds fre$om ( op9ion1 ev]y?+ becomes possible4 ,a hundr$ que/ions ( organisation arise1 ess5tially practical que/ions1 & m easily solv$ by concrete exp]im5t ?an by lit]>y me?ods4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be wor?y :ile to glance at a few ( ^!4 ,ma/]s w always be human2 & political education mu/ be s organis$ z to sugge/ 9 e way t ! ma/]s ( div]g5t views are co-op]at+ 9 a g5]al s*eme ( political education su* z no "o ( !m alone c\ld imp>t1 n compet+ = ! political allegiance ( ! boys4 ,a s*ool is n a bye-election 9 p]man5t session4 ,?us1 ?\gh a controv]sial elem5t is b\nd to come into political education1 we w\ld mitigate ?is elem5t by n all[+ any "o =m to g to m ?an "o ma/] = political "w4 ,! boy w pass f =m to =m1 & ?us ! cons]vatism ( a summ] t]m w be temp]$ by ! radicalism ( ! foll[+ w9t]4 ,b ^! political comp>tm5ts w n be p>ticul>ly air-tight 9 any case4 ,! h\se ma/] w be a p]man5t influ5ce1 & :5 a ke5-witt$ boy has j got out ( ! =m ( a sympa!tic ma/]1 x is unlikely t !y w altoge!r lose t\* ) "o ano!r4 ,at ! top ( ! s*ool1 h[ev]1 ! controv]sial elem5t %\ld be m frankly accept$4 ,we believe 9 ! p]man5t in/itution ( a volunt>y ,politics ,class 9 :i* ! be/ boys w he> aga9 ! be/ ( ! ma/]s :o h taught !m on _! way up ! s*ool4 ,betwe5 su* a ,politics ,class & a really effici5t s*ool ,debat+ ,society x might be h>d to draw a precise l9e4 ,"o w\ld play into ! h&s ( ! o!r4 ,! judicial tea*]1 ! man :o f an ,olympian elevation surveys ! political /riv+s ( pa/ & pres5t alike1 & analyses1 catalogues1 & def9es1 creat+ all ! :ile an impression ( lum9\s imp>tiality1 may1 ( c\rse1 d mu* good "w4 ,! pres5t writ] w\ld be ! la/ man to d5y x :5 he rememb]s 8 own debt to a tea*] ( t k9d4 ,none ! less1 we believe t x is ! o!r k9d ( tea*+ t is really ne$$ 9 ! s*ools ( ! well-to-d to-day4#b ,! political problems ( our "t are ( int5se & t]rible importance3 on _! solution ?is way or t dep5ds ! happ9ess or ! mis]y ( unc\nt$ millions2 & x is s l>gely on ! way t ! "y ( ! privileg$ classes le>n to look at !m t _! solution dep5ds4 ,judicial tea*+ creates ! impression t s long z y "k ! case = or aga9/ a policy1 x does n matt] :e!r y believe x1 & z = act+ ^u x1 or mak+ sacrifices = x1 !re is no "q ( do+ any?+ s extreme4 ,education mu/ create en?usiasm4 ,x mu/ also make = _m-sid$ness1 & s we arrive at ! function ( ! /aff1 ! _m-sid$ /aff ( en?usia/s4 ,let ea* "o believe himself1 if he is "y en\gh to d s1 ! monopoli/ ( political tru?4 ,let ea* "o diff] f all 8 colleagues on e subject "u ! sun1 except two1 ! inf9ite possibilities ( ! boys he tea*es1 & ! inf9ite importance ( fre$om ( op9ion4 #a ,is !re a little irony "h8 #b ,:e!r any p>ticul> s+le s*ool c af=d to exp]im5t 9 su* tea*+ is1 ( c\rse1 ano!r matt] altoge!r4 ,gallio is a less tr\blesome colleague ?an ,paul1 & ,paul w wa/e 8 brea? if he compla9s ( ! obvi\s fact t su* ?+s are s4 ,b he has a bett] gr\nd ( compla9t :5 he sees himself sil5c$1 :ile ,so/h5es is all[$ to c>ry on z vigor\sly z he pleases4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,capture ,,by ,,! ,,/ate ,x is a great & p]il\s discov]y t ! ,/ate c z 9 ,g]many impress ! m9ds ( masses ( m5 by a c>efully organis$ sy/em ( political education1 & we hope ! au?ors w be> x 9 m9d4--,we/m9/] ,gazette4 ,g]many has %[n ! _w to :at evil ends ! di%one/ use ( s*ools & s*oolma/]s mu/ lead4--,contempor>y ,review4 ,we h discuss$ ! pros & cons ( propag&a--! propag&a1 t is to say1 by ea* ma/] ( 8 p>ticul> po9t ( view--& h conclud$ t1 if c]ta9 safegu>ds are adopt$ & hone/ly adh]$ to1 su* propag&a is desirable4 ,b !re is "o p>ticul> =m ( propag&a :i* no "o1 if he has any rev]5ce at all = ! individuality ( 8 pupils & ! fre$om ( ! _w1 c reg>d z any?+ b an abom9ation4 ,& "h we meet ) ! mo/ s]i\s criticism :i* c be1 & has be51 levell$ aga9/ ! project ( political education4 ,suppose1 x has be5 urg$1 t y\r s*eme is adopt$ by a numb] ( ! public s*ools2 suppose t by a /eady process ( attack1 ?is new & v p[]ful piece ( ma*9]y is captur$ by ! ,/ate1 z a means ( impos+ or?odoxy on ! nation & nipp+ 9 ! bud a great "p ( our pot5tial vig\r & indep5d5ce2 h y n !n defeat$ mo/ disa/r\sly y\r own object1 & desir+ above ev]y?+ m lib]ty 9 ?\ght & m self-reliance 9 action1 m]ely succe$$ 9 sett+ up a sy/em simil> to t :i* creat$ ! national "* ( mod]n ,g]many8 ,x is at fir/ sight a mo/ damag+ criticism2 & a criticism :i* seems to ga!r weight z we look ab\t u & obs]ve ! t]rible results :i* h occurr$ :5 ! ,/ate has be5 all[$ to manipulate op9ion = its own ends4 ,no ,engli%man w ne$ to h ! lesson ( ,g]many br\ght home to him2 he kn[s too well h[ inculcation ?r\gh ! s*ools ( ! wor/ type ( n>r[ patriotism1 r5d]$ seem+ly noble by a delib]ate falsification ( hi/ory1 has w>p$ ! g5]osity :i* all *ildr51 ,g]man or o!r1 possess1 into a pitiful acquiesc5ce 9 e =m ( intellectual & moral vil5ess4 ,b 9 ,engl&1 too1 ! dang] signals are n want+4 ,we h obs]v$ ! p fall+ m & m "u ! sway ( "o man's ideas1 c>ri$ by 8 ,press into e t[n & village ( ! c\ntryside3 we h notic$ t complete indep5d5ce does n appe> always to exi/ z betwe5 ! ,press & ! m5 :o are responsible = ! grave/ acts ( public policy2 & "s ( u d n mu* l :at we h se54 ,are we !n to help =w>d ! =ces mak+ = our own ,prussianisation8 ,we desire to see ,politics taught by ma/]s ( e %ade ( political op9ion1 s t ! boys may h all ! mat]ials f :i* to =m an indep5d5t judgm5t2 b w n ! ,/ate see to x1 z x gr[s m & m p[]ful1 t only ^? m5 are all[$ to become1 or to rema91 s*oolma/]s1 :o w tea* a doctr9e n abhorr5t to ! p[]s t be8 ,^? :o "k ! public s*ools w n be at a loss to und]/& h[ su* a consummation c\ld be a*iev$4 ,ev5 n[ !re is ! pressure ( p>5ts1 memb]s ( ! f9ancial or political w+ ( ! rul+ class--a pressure few head ma/]s are big en\gh to resi/4 ,& 9 ! future--to take only "o in/ance--may n ,conscription rema91 & ! ,gov]nm5t ex]cise a direct control ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,o4,t4,c48 ,& z "o writes ^! words2 z "o sees ! gha/ly prospect ( m & m ,/ate control1 m & m au?orit>ianism & docility1 less & less ( ! free co-op]ation :i* is ! v life-blood ( society1 "o sees also t ! only way 9 :i* we c prev5t ! rem$y we h propos$ f becom+ ano!r in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( our enemies1 is simply by adopt+ t rem$y itself4 ,we mu/ break 9 on ! vici\s circle :ile & h[ we c4 ,= :y is !re a dang] ( our in/rum5t ( education be+ turn$ into an in/rum5t ( obscurantism8 ,only because !re is a dang] ( our :ole society becom+ rott5 to ! core2 only because !re is a dang] ( ! pres5t cleavage betwe5 ! two ,engli% nations becom+ wid] & wid]1 until we h1 on ! "o h&1 a class rul+ 9 ! int]e/s ( money & privilege1 &1 on ! o!r1 a slav+ & possibly pamp]$ prolet>iate4 ,& unless a />t is made "h & n[ ) ! political education ( ,europe--unless boys & girls are made to ?9k politically :ile _! g5]osity & idealism is /ill unta9t$ by motives ( p]sonal pr(it1 & _! p[]s ( vital ?\ght n yet decay$ by disuse--^! & worse ?+s w happ52 love1 tol]ance1 & ! indep5d5ce :i* is ! bir?right ( m51 w all be engulf$ 9 a mad welt] ( p]sonal1 class1 & national selfi%ness4 ,9 su* a society x really w\ld n matt] v mu* if political education 7 captur$ by ! ,/ate2 & ! only way1 z x seems to u1 ( prev5t+ its adv5t is by gett+ up a sy/em ( political education4 ,= by political education we are creat+ ! only possible safegu>d aga9/ a misuse ( x--we are creat+ a society :i* w n desire to misuse x4 ,& s we w\ld make1 if we may1 an appeal to all :o are consid]+ :at _! future "w %all be1 & to ^? also :o may be f9d+ _! pres5t "w unpr(itable--we w\ld urge !m to become s*oolma/]s4 ,we l sometimes to ?9k ( a little ,greek army ( devot$ w>riors--a b& ( five hundr$ "y m51 :o w g into ! public s*ools & !re gradually help to set up a sy/em ( political education4 ,! ^w ,greek is n out ( place4 ,= !re is some?+ ab\t ! sunlit fre%ness ( a cricket field--some?+ too1 ab\t ! boys1 belong+ = ! mo/ "p to a class :i*1 ) all its faults1 has a great tradition ( public s]vice beh9d x--t br+s be=e ! m9d a ga!r+ ( ,greek humanity 9 ! smil+ peace ( a ,greek c\ntry place4 ,x is idle to pret5d t a man ( ability :o goes into ! s*oolma/]+ pr(ession does n h to make _m sacrifices4 ,8 sal>y is usually mis]able2 8 *ances ( a head ma/]%ip mu/ be at pres5t 9 inv]se ratio to ! vig\r ) :i* he acts on ! pr9ciples he believes 91 = ^! po/s are mo/ly res]v$ = ! safe1 z ! debates ( ! ,head ,ma/]s' ,conf]5ce us$ to %[1 until1 a few ye>s ago1 t body v wisely decid$ to exclude report]s4 ,b ! comp5sations are enorm\s4 ,he w live all 8 life close to boys :om1 :5 he once gets to "k !m1 he w f9d to h a fre%ness & high-he>t$ness :i* w be a con/ant s\rce ( hope & inspiration2 he w h ! joy ( wat*+ _! m9ds develop1 & ( feel+ t x is due 9 "s measure to him t !y are gr[+ into mak]s ( happ9ess = !mselves & ! _w4 ,& :5 9 8 "w he is met by ! opposition ( ^? :o mis9t]pret or misund]/&1 he w h an almo/ fi]ce satisfaction 9 ! fai? t ! future may be all on 8 side1 & t _m ye>s h5ce a little ( him w live 9 m5 :o h realis$ n 81 b _!1 individuality1 & t pot5tiality = goodness :i*1 z well z he 0 able1 he fo/]$ & br\ght to ! light4 ,we h bo? be5 s*oolma/]s2 at ! mom5t we are nei!r ( u any?+ s useful2 & we feel t we c say q dogmatically t !re is no happ9ess equal to t ( ! pr(ession t 0 ours4 ,& bo? ( u fell into x accid5tly1 z s _m o!rs h done4 ,yet ! appeal = s*oolma/]s %\ld surely n be bas$ entirely or ev5 ma9ly on ! idyllic picture ( ! happy s*oolma/]4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill r$uc$ h$onism to its fundam5tal p>adox :5 he decl>$ t ! way to f9d happ9ess 0 to turn y\r back on x4 ,if !re is "o lesson :i* political education rightly conduct$ _c fail to impress ^u its be/ boys1 x is ! cry+ ne$ ( ! s*ools = _! s]vices4 ,f ,plato & ,ari/otle d[n to ! late/ treatises on ,recon/ruction1 be x ! ,pr9ciples ( ,recon/ruction1 z laid d[n by ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell1 or ! ,elem5ts ( ,recon/ruction1 z repr9t$ f ,! ,times ) an introduction by ,"l ,miln]1 all alike come r\nd to education z ! key/one ( ! ar* ( politics4 ,! f9al appeal is always to ! s*oolma/]1 & x is p]haps less hopeful to appeal to ! actual s*oolma/] ( to-day ?an to ! possible s*oolma/] ( to-morr[4 ,z are our s*ools1 s w be our ,p>liam5ts & our ,civil ,s]vice1 & "s at any rate :o h mapp$ out = !mselves a c>e] ( political usefulness & hon\r 9 ,we/m9/]1 ,:itehall1 or abroad1 might be?9k !mselves fir/ ( ,banquo4 ,less] ?an ,macbe? & great]3 ,n s happy yet mu* happi]2 ,?\ %alt get k+s ?\gh ?\ be none4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,politicians ,! way ! au?ors wi% to realise _! ideal w\ld1 ,i fe>1 m]ely increase ! output ( politicians & political j\rnali/s1 ( :om an adequate supply already exi/s4--,mr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,osborn1 9 ,! ,morn+ ,po/4 ,%>p-witt$ness play+ on ignorance to ! end ( p]sonal advancem5t--s dom9ant a feature has ?is become ( our political life1 t any prote/ aga9/ ! misuse ( a noble ^w1 :5 m5 speak contemptu\sly ( politics1 is no d\bt q untimely4 ,untimely1 because x is too e>ly1 n because x is too late4 ,we reta9 ! ^w ourselves1 & call ! k9d ( education we advocate political education2 appropriately x seems to u1 = we believe t its wide adoption w\ld remove ! root cause :i* has made su* a /igma possible1 & free ! v "n ( politics f ! indignities x n[ ju/ly suff]s4 ,no?+1 inde$1 c\ld be wid] ( ! m>k ?an ! notion t a sy/em ( political education w\ld increase ! numb] ( self-seek+1 p[]-hunt+ politicians4 ,su* m5 are ! product1 n ( political education1 b ( ! lack ( x4 ,:at is ! pres5t situation8 ,to ! ord9>y boy1 politics1 :5 x fir/ obtrudes itself on 8 att5tion1 appe>s "u "o or o!r ( two aspects4 ,if he is clev]1 or is imag9$ to be s by ambiti\s p>5ts1 or aga91 if1 ?\gh /upid1 he happ5s to belong to a political family1 ! air beg9s to be ?ick ) talk ( 8 go+ into politics4 ,he is to g into politics 9 ! same way z m5 g into ! ,/ock ,ex*ange or ! law2 by virtue ei!r ( bir? or bra9s he is to ent] "o ( ^? little /rongholds ( 8 class1 & e>n 8 liv+ !re by play+ ! appropriate game4 ,?is is ! guise "u :i* politics appe>s to "o type ( boy4 ,! o!r type1 he>s 9 "s qu>t] or o!r a babble ab\t income-tax & little navies & big loans2 & ei!r dismisses ! :ole ?+ z absolute rot1 :i* c h no possible mean+ = him1 or imbibes ! ideas & prejudices ( ! p ^: talk he is li/5+ to1 )\t 9 ! lea/ und]/&+ _! implications4 ,f ^! two types is develop$ ! great bulk ( ! population1 consid]$ "u its political aspect4 ,on ! "o side1 politicians1 :e!r clev] or /upid2 on ! o!r1 ! electorate1 ignorant & apa!tic1 or prejudic$ & inflammable1 z ! case may be4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 o!r classes too4 ,!re is ! man :o has made money 9 bus9ess1 & late 9 ! day conceives ! idea ( ent]+ ,p>liam5t--:i* he sometimes succe$s 9 do+ ev5 :5 he has be5 unable to avoid mak+ an election spee* or two4 ,!re is ! ideali/ :o takes up political "w ) ! sole object ( do+ useful s]vice4 ,!re is ! well-in=m$ & op5-m9d$ /ud5t ( public affairs4 ,!re is ! intellectuali/4 ,b ! great majority are z we h describ$ !m4 ,! introduction ( a f>-rea*+ sy/em ( political education w\ld h ?ree results1 ea* ( :i* w\ld re9=ce ! o!rs 9 putt+ an end to ! pres5t /ate ( affairs4 ,make e "o a politician1 & politicians w become r>e4 ,politics w cease to be an ess5tially specialis$ pr(ession2 m5 w no long] g into x z into a ?+ ap>t4 ,"s w adm9i/]1 guide1 & direct2 o!rs w "k & criticise4 ,b e "o w be politically active2 & in/ead ( ! /ronghold ( politics 9 a des]t ( ignorance1 !re w be t int]play ( political functions1 di/ribut$ among ! :ole body ( ! p1 :i* is ! real mean+ ( democracy4 ,& n only w politics cease to be a pres]ve1 kept ready = spoliation by ! clev]1 ! pu%+1 ! ri*1 & ! well-born1 b also ! v desire 9 ^! m5 s to misuse _! citiz5%ip w cease altoge!r to come to bir?4 ,= political education1 prop]ly s call$1 awak5s political idealism2 x tea*es pr9ciples1 ar\ses aspirations aft] public s]vice4 ,! politician is a man :o f9ds 9 political intrigue ! fruitful s\rce ( 8 own advancem5t2 "o :o cat*es at e breeze to fur!r 8 p]sonal ends4 ,b if politics _h =m$ ! basis ( 8 education2 if1 :ile 8 idealism 0 /ill unta9t$1 he _h be5 l$ to consid] fundam5tal pr9ciples1 & to exam9e public affairs 9 ! light ( !m3 !n ! pot5tial goodness ( 8 political nature w\ld h be5 s fully realis$1 t no va9 or mean ?+ w\ld disfigure 8 maturity4 ,ah1 b 'pot5tial goodness' & ':ile 8 idealism 0 /ill unta9t$'2 !re's ! rub1 we he> ! cynic say+4 ,su* criticism moves u n at all4 ,we _h to d dur+ ! c\rse ( our exp]im5t ) a great numb] ( boys ( _m diff]5t types2 "o c recall h>dly a case 9 :i*1 :5 vital ?\ght _h really be5 awak5$1 (t5 aft] mu* sweat & agony1 virtue 0 n f\nd to be ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( ! boy's intellectual nature4 ,b ! tea*] mu/ n1 ( c\rse1 re/ satisfi$ until he is c]ta9 t ! goal 9 v tru? has be5 rea*$2 until he is sure t 8 pupil has ?r[n (f ! weight ( c>elessness1 ?\ghtlessness1 & prejudice1 & t 8 m9d is really awake & is 9 actual contact ) ideas4 ,f9ally1 j z ! lead] & adm9i/rator w n desire to misuse 8 p[]s1 s ! education ( ! re/ ( ! nation w deprive him ( 8 opportunity4 ,= x is only among a p politically un$ucat$ t corruption & intrigue on a gr& scale c exi/4 ,! unscrupul\s creation & manipulation ( public op9ion2 ! concealm5t ( l[ & mean designs "u an appe>ance ( nobility & dis9t]e/$ness2 ! putt+ =w>d ( "o argum5t 9 support ( a policy1 :ile a ?\s& are kept back :i* weak5 or invalidate x2 ! appeal to prejudice & bl9d passion2 ! cunn+ use ( sugge/ion2 wor/ ( all t pitiable game :i* consi/s ( turn+ ! p's noble/ in/9cts--in/9cts ( fell[%ip1 solid>ity1 romance--to ! base/ ends2 m>ks ( degradation su* z ^! w\ld vani% gradually b surely z k & p[] ( criticism spread to e section ( ! community4 ,su* evil motives z /ill exi/$ w\ld be se5 ?r\gh & expos$2 ev5ts w\ld be reg>d$1 n z isolat$ occurr5ces1 b z a "p ( hi/ory1 to be view$ 9 _! relation to ! :ole & to be judg$ 9 accordance ) a def9ite philosophy ( life4 ,s t if1 "h & !re1 a politician surviv$ or made 8 reappe>ance 9 ! cle>] atmosph]e1 he w\ld f9d 8 play?+s gone2 wait+ in/ead = him w\ld be m51 citiz5s1 politicians--ready to sweep him aside & gaily *oose a bett] man4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,public ,,s*ools ,,& ,,freak ,,s*ools ,! ,radical--& by ! ,radical we mean any "o :o sees t life = ! majority at ! pres5t "t is n z f9e & happy z x %\ld be1 & :o is det]m9$ to leave no /one unturn$ to make x s--commonly looks askance at ! public s*ools4 ,he ?9ks ( !m1 rightly1 z ! /ronghold ( ^? 9 possession1 ! class :i*1 z a :ole1 n only opposes su* fundam5tal re=ms z w\ld result 9 a fair] di/ribution ( weal?1 b also itself has fail$ to d :at might conceivably ju/ify its fav\r$ position1 to keep alive1 by virtue ( special opportunities su* z w\ld disappe> 9 a society bas$ on equality1 ! f9e/ ideas ( :i* ! race is capable4 ,individual & national p[]1 privilege1 comm]cialism--x is on ^! ?+s t x has set its eyes 9 its lead]%ip ( ! nation4 ,& s our fell[-radicals h m ?an once said to u1 ,if y are really ke5 on education1 :y don't y />t a s*ool ( y\r own8 ,n[ x is1 no d\bt1 difficult = any "o :o has fall5 "u ! sway ( a public s*ool1 & :o has be5 s caught up by its fasc9ation z to feel = x a love m compell+ ?an any?+ 9 8 life1 to be c]ta9 t p]sonal pr$ilections d n dictate a reply unju/ifi$ by intellectual consid]ations4 ,yet = all t we give our answ] )\t hesitation4 ,= ! multiplication ( :at may be conv5i5tly1 if some:at unk9dly1 class$ toge!r z freak s*ools1 breaks no fre% gr\nd at all4 ,boys :o h be5 br\ght up 9 an intellectuali/ atmosph]e1 & ^? alone1 are s5t !re2 & ev5 if !re 7 no s*ools to :i* !y c\ld be s5t1 home influ5ce w\ld turn !m out intellectuali/s /ill4 ,! ranks ( ! intellectuali/s1 9 fact1 are recruit$ f ?ree ma9 s\rces4 ,fir/1 !re are ! sons ( intellectuali/s1 s5t ei!r to a freak s*ool or to no s*ool at all2 secondly1 sons ( intellectuali/s ( a slightly diff]5t type1 s5t to a public s*ool yet nev]!less reta9+ 9 ! new environm5t _! own peculi> /amp2 &1 ?irdly1 ! clev] sons ( ord9>y p>5ts1 s5t to a public s*ool & becom+ intellectuali/s by revolt aga9/ ! phili/9ism ( x & ( _! homes4 ,! community ?us compos$ leads a life z di/9ct & sep>ate f t ( ! re/ ( ! nation z 0 ev] liv$ by ! ,intellig5tzia 9 ,russia's d>ke/ h\r4 ,x has h>dly a po9t ( contact ) ! av]age ,engli%man2 x does n und]/& 8 revues & musical com$ies1 8 novels & c9emas1 8 hunt+ & race meet+s2 x speaks a diff]5t language1 ?9ks altoge!r diff]5t ?\ghts4 ,& be+ itself n 9 ! lea/ und]/ood1 x has acquir$ a c]ta9 h>dness ( m9d1 a c]ta9 contempt = ord9>y p & ord9>y ?+s1 :i* has wid5$ ! gulf1 & l$ to mutual suspicion & sometimes ev5 hatr$4 ,inevitably its m5tal heal? has be5 affect$ by su* a situation4 ,feel+ itself diff]5t1 x has consci\sly made itself z diff]5t z possible2 intellectual extravagances indulg$ 9 f m]e bravado1 ^! & simil> /igmata ( balance lo/ & sanity impair$ h made _! appe>ance 9 v>y+ degrees at "o "t or ano!r4 ,"u a diff]5t set ( circum/ances--^? ( ! w>1 = in/ance1 s f> z conc]ns a section ( ! gr\p ( :i* we are speak+--!re has be5 a pitiful relapse into m]e bor$om1 cynicism1 & inactivity2 remote f ! passions ( ! cr[d1 & unable to give s]vice to a cause 9 :i* !y disbelieve1 "s ( our clev]e/ m5 h provid$ an ,engli% p>allel ) ! vodka-dr9k+1 bridge-play+1 & unutt]ably tir$ community ( highly-develop$ intellects :i* ,t*ek(f describes s brilliantly4 ,n[1 9 say+ all ?is we w\ld n h x ?\ght t we are br++ a sweep+ accusation aga9/ "o section ( ! nation4 ,= ! fault lies1 n ma9ly ) !m1 b ) ! lack ( culture1 idealism1 & g5u9e education :i* *>act]ises ,engl& 7& mo/ o!r c\ntries7 to-day4 ,9 a c\ntry 9 :i* reg>d = ?+s ( ! m9d & _s 0 ! rule & n ! exception1 ^! m5 w\ld =m ! backbone ( ! nation2 !y w\ld develop along heal?y l9es1 be m>k$ by love & sympa?y in/ead ( contempt1 use _! great p[]s to ! full 9 ! public s]vice4 ,:at !y are to be blam$ = is _! failure to see _! real duty2 _! failure to und]/& t x is among ! phili/9es1 & n 9 _! own exclusive set1 t _! mo/ important "w lies4 ,"s ( !m1 ( c\rse1 d und]/& ?is1 & sp5d _! lives 9 an unselfi% attempt to spread light 9 ! d>kness4 ,b ev5 s !y commonly speak a language :i* is n und]/ood2 & inevitably !y fail to a*ieve any widespread result4 ,x is n1 !n1 9 ! multiplication ( s*ools design$ to cat] = intellectuali/s t we see ! be/ hope = ! progress ( ! nation4 ,we see x r 9 ! creation ( an army ( mission>ies f among ! ord9>y m5 !mselves2 mission>ies ( ?\ght ab\t ! great problems ( life & society1 fa%ion$ out ( ^? :o are ( ! p & und]/& & sympa?ise ) _! emotions4 ,:5 once ! av]age1 revue-lov+1 ?\ghtless1 sport+ public s*ool boy has be5 taught to ?9k vigor\sly ab\t politics & sociology2 :5 once he has be5 s fir$ ) en?usiasm = ^! ?+s t he w tea* & talk to o!rs ( 8 k9d3 !n1 at la/1 sl[ly & pa9fully no d\bt1 b none ! less inevitably1 w w>1 pov]ty1 & mat]ialism vani% altoge!r f a _w n meant = !m4 ,t is :y we h v5tur$ to urge all ^? :o bo? are ideali/s & love ! public s*ools--b ^? alone--to break 9 on !m & help to awak5 ! great sleep+ in/rum5t ( salvation4 ,& !y w f9d good mat]ial await+ !m4 ,! ,engli% public s*ool boy %>es ) all ! y\? ( all ! nations an imm5se /ore ( lat5t idealism1 :i* c be br\ght to a spl5did fruition if atrophy & decay are n all[$ to ov]take x4 ,b he possesses o!r ?+s also1 ov] & above ?is common h]itage4 ,! intellectuali/ has (t5 got beyond ! big ideas1 if su* a p>adox may be all[$2 !y h be5 = s long ! platitudes ( 8 ca/e1 & he has gr[n s hopeless ( _! g5]al acceptance1 t he has turn$ to a se>* aft] subtle ref9em5ts & intellectual novelties1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* mu* g5]\s bread? ( vision has be5 lo/4 ,aga91 _m work+-class re=m]s--c x be wond]$8--n only br+ to _! task a bitt]ness aga9/ ! _w :i* has s misus$ !m & _! fell[s1 b also h inevitably be5 cut (f f ^? g5tle mann]s ( life :i* h be5 gradually evolv$ by ! m =tunate to express1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 ! feel+ = grace & beauty :i* x %\ld be our aim1 n to cru%1 b to ext5d to all4 ,b ) ! public s*ool boy all is diff]5t4 ,once he has begun to ?9k 9 any real s5se ( ! ^w1 8 intellectual life develops z joyfully & naturally z does ! physical life ( ! bea/s ( ! field4 ,fre%ly & spontane\sly1 & ) no trace ( self-consci\sness or affectation1 he leaps to greet ideas & pr9ciples1 betwe5 :i* & 8 own true nature !re is a glori\s bond ( k9%ip4 ,we h se5 boy aft] boy1 z he realises1 = in/ance1 ! mean+ ( ,lib]ty1 & gets 8 fir/ glimpse ( ! wide c\ntry :i* su* a realisation op5s up1 exp]i5c+ an emotion ( happ9ess :i* we c only comp>e to ! cat* ( brea? ) :i* m5 see great sc5es ( beauty1 or he> ( lovely de$s ( g5]osity & h]oism4 ,giv5 _! *ance1 public s*ool boys 7n "o or two1 b great masses ( av]age humanity7 w r$iscov] = !mselves ! simple ?+s :i* ,*ri/ & ,plato taught2 & once t is a*iev$ a g5]al advance all along ! l9e t[>d ! goal ( a wor?y human society may beg94 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,morality ,g5]ally speak+1 ! intellectuali/ phase ( a boy's c>e] is rem>kably brief4 ,j occasionally its morals are su* z to cause ! swift expulsion ( its lead]s4 ,m (t5 !y leave 9 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 or gr[ we>y ( _! pose--:i* has1 inde$1 n made !m popul>--& return aft] ! holidays frankly & unaffect$ly ,phili/9e4 ,?is transi5t fa%ion is n new4 ,:at is new is ! delib]ate enc\ragem5t giv5 to x by a c]ta9 type ( assi/ant ma/]4 ,we d n imply t ! wise ma/] w suppress444 ,t k9d ( intellectual measles w "w itself out444 ,b to leave ! phase alone is "o ?+2 delib]ately to fo/] & give x (ficial back+ is q ano!r4--,! ,*ur* ,times4 ,:5 ! morality ( ! public s*ools is be+ discuss$1 att5tion is usually conc5trat$ almo/ exclusively on t p>ticul> bran* ( morality :i* is conc]n$ ) sex4 ,nor is ?is unnatural2 = sex plays s important a "p 9 ! life ( a gr[+ boy1 & ! developm5t ( 8 "* is s closely b\nd up ) ! developm5t ( 8 physical nature1 t ! det]m9+ "p may be v easily confus$ ) ! :ole4 ,yet !re are _m boys :o are sexually virtu\s1 b fill$ ) ! wor/ type ( h>dness & intol]ance2 _m1 too1 :o are sexually vici\s1 yet full ( love & sympa?y4 ,to imag9e t ! problem ( public s*ool morality is solv$ z soon z we h discov]$ ! be/ me?od ( mak+ public s*ool boys cont95t1 is to look at ! matt] f an altoge!r too n>r[ angle2 = ! s9s ( ! _s1 we h be5 told1 are m unp>donable ?an ! s9s ( ! fle%4 ,nev]!less1 :5 we h said ?is1 z say x we mu/1 ! fact rema9s t ! sex "q is "o ( ov]:elm+ importance4 ,= if once self-indulg5ce is all[$ to become firmly root$ 9 a boy's "*1 9 ! majority ( cases x w be in]adicable2 & he w ei!r be ! victim ?r\gh\t a great "p ( 8 life ( temptations :i* he loa!s1 & :i* w be a con/ant s\rce ( unhapp9ess to him1 or he w end by acquiesc+ 9 a mann] ( life :i* is degrad+1 x may be to himself alone1 x may be bo? to himself & o!rs4 ,x w be urg$1 ( c\rse1 z x has be5 urg$ aga9/ e s*ool novel :i* has attempt$ to give a true picture ( ! mann]s ( a s*ool h\se1 t we are grotesquely exagg]at+ ! :ole bus9ess2 t !re may be a problem 9 ! case ( ?is boy or t1 b t 9 g5]al !re is no problem at all4 ,?is simply w n d4 ,!re is a problem1 & a v grave "o2 & we _h bett] anticipate ! possibility ( be+ misund]/ood by /at+ v directly :at x is4 ,we believe t ! numb] ( cases 9 :i* boys h undesirable relation%ips ) "o ano!r is n v l>ge1 b we believe also t !re is a v great deal ( t purely p]sonal self-indulg5ce1 t purely self-reg>d+ lic5ti\sness1 :i* is ! cause ( s mu* unhapp9ess 9 boyhood4 ,b ! read] w already be ask+1 ,:at is all ?is to d ) political education8 ,! connection is a close "o4 ,= ! preval5ce ( ?is p>ticul> =m ( immorality may be ascrib$ to two ma9 causes4 ,at "s "t dur+ e>ly adolesc5ce ! majority ( boys automatically become acqua9t$ ) ! s5sation ( sex1 &1 z "p ( a natural process1 try to reproduce ! pleasurable exp]i5ce4 ,b :y d s _m ( ^! repeat & repeat ! process1 until ! ?+ becomes a habit = :i* !y c f9d no escape8 ,p>tly because ! v]bal w>n+ :i* is giv5 to !m by p>5ts & ma/]s is made 9 a wrong =m1 & p>tly because !re is n t con/ant joy & romance 9 _! daily lives 9 comp>ison ) :i* temptation1 :5 x comes1 w appe> sordid & unwor?y4 ,9 ! second place1 !re is an atmosph]e 9 ! h\ses ( tol]ance t[>ds ^! practices1 accompani$ by con/ant discussion1 sometimes op51 sometimes secret1 :i* enc\rages & n r>ely actually sugge/s !m4 ,?is is c]ta9ly true ( _m h\ses 9 _m s*ools4 ,! h\se prefects1 x is true1 usually try to suppress z mu* ( ! unheal?9ess z !y c2 b s9ce1 on ! "o h&1 !y are (t5 kn[n to h be5 z bad z any "o 9 _! day1 & on ! o!r !y use ! me?od ( pret5d+ t ^! are ?+s :i* no dec5t boy c\ld possibly be guilty (1 !y meet at be/ ) a v p>tial success1 d]iv$ only f ! fe> :i* !y inspire4 ,! common me?od ( deal+ ) ! evil is a sy/em ( talks by ma/]s & heads ( h\ses4 ,! talks foll[ a fairly /]eotyp$ plan2 !y are ei!r religi\s 9 nature1 & conta9 ref]5ces to ! temple ( ! body1 or m$ical1 & convey w>n+s ( ! physical consequ5ces :i* w foll[ if excess is p]si/$ 94 ,sometimes ! two types ( address are dovetail$ into a s+le :ole4 ,nei!r are :olly satisfactory4 ,! m$ical v>iety sometimes t]rifies a s5sitive boy1 :o w imag9e t 8 :ole life is ru9$ & all 8 *ance ( future happ9ess wreck$4 ,he w become some:at morose1 & n unfrequ5tly w f9ally turn1 9 8 despair1 to ! v ?+ aga9/ :i* he has be5 w>n$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 & ) ano!r type ( boy1 x (t5 fails equally disa/r\sly1 because1 judg$ by ! m$ical /&>ds to :i* x appeals1 x is prov$ by exp]i5ce to be uns\nd4 ,9 8 anxiety to create a /rong impression ! s*oolma/] w sometimes make /atem5ts t are simply untrue4 ,he w tell ! boy t ^! practices w ru9 8 cricket or 8 football4 ,no d\bt x sometimes w2 b x is m ?an likely t ! boy kn[s sev]al highly successful a?letes :o are1 z ! boy kn[s1 ?\gh ! ma/] may n1 complete adepts 9 s*oolboy vice4 ,!n !re is ! old ?reat1 possibly obsolete to-day1 ?\gh "o hesitates to say t any?+ is obsolete 9 ! cons]vative _w ) :i* we deal--! old ?reat t half ! inmates ( ! asylums ( ,engl& h be5 br\ght !re by ?is practice4 ,t1 aga91 is simply untrue1 & if ! boy happ5s to "k x1 ! effect ( su* an untru? ^u him may be v bad4 ,equally unsuccessful1 9 ! majority ( cases1 is ! religi\s talk4 ,! unspeculative1 dogmatic type ( s*ool religion does n make an appeal to ! ord9>y boy suffici5tly /rong to ov]ride :at he has f\nd to be ! mo/ fasc9at+ ?+ 9 8 exp]i5ce4 ,x is too mu* a conv5tional dec5cy impos$ ^u him f )\t1 too little a =ce )9 him :i* he has be5 help$ to develop1 su* z is alone p[]ful en\gh to cont5d ) a desire itself aris+ spontane\sly f )94 ,& :5 ! s]mon is accompani$ by exhortations to pray aga9/ temptation1 x is sometimes n only useless1 b 7aga9 9 ! case ( ! ord9>y boy7 positively h>mful4 ,= to get into ! habit ( pray+ aga9/ temptation means to get into ! habit ( ?9k+ ab\t x1 to become self-consci\s1 & to succumb4 ,n b t !re are "s q "y boys :o feel ,*ri/'s ne>ness to !m z ,fri5d & ,help] s vividly t !y c ga9 real /r5g? f pray+ to ,him4 ,b we are talk+ ( ! av]age boy2 & ! av]age boy is n ( ?is type4 ,conv]sations betwe5 ma/] & boy on ! subject are1 ( c\rse1 q necess>y & (t5 v helpful4 ,v (t5 a boy is my/ifi$1 or x may be t]rifi$1 by :at seems to him "s peculi>ity 9 8 nature1 & x may d him all ! good 9 ! _w to unburd5 8 s\l to "s "o old] & m exp]i5c$ ?an himself4 ,x is be/1 too1 t ! ,h\se ma/] %\ld be ! man to :om su* a boy naturally turns2 ?\gh if ! boy %\ld pref] to turn else:]e1 ! fact %\ld be to ! ,h\se ma/] food = ?\ght r ?an = ang]4 ,inde$1 :ile 9 "o way !re is f> too mu* talk on ?is subject1 9 ano!r !re is f> too little4 ,too mu* may easily be made ( conv5tional talks on conv5tional occasions4 ,:at is r want$ is a relation%ip betwe5 boy & ma/]1 creat$ by frank int]c\rse on o!r topics1 su* z w naturally br+ ! boy to ! ma/] = help 9 ^! difficulties1 ) ! sure k t ! latt] w n lecture him1 b w speak z "o :o has be5 ?r\gh simil> difficulties 9 8 own boyhood1 & is anxi\s only to help & to expla94 ,"u ! pres5t sy/em1 :5 ! v]bal appeal fails1 rec\rse is (t5 _h to corporal puni%m5t4 ,we h no room "h = a discussion ( ! e?ics ( puni%m5t2 b a me?od m fooli% c\ld sc>cely be devis$1 if ! aim is to enable ! boy to ov]come temptation4 ,& ( all =ms ( puni%m5t1 corporal puni%m5t is ! wor/4 ,! physical side ( ! boy's nature is ass]t+ itself 9 all its /r5g?2 & y attempt to combat x by mak+ a physical appeal :i* mu/ f ! nature ( ! case be f> less p[]ful & compell+4 ,moreov]1 any "o ) ev5 a slight k ( sexual psy*ology 7& x is curi\s h[ few s*oolma/]s take ! tr\ble to acquire su* k7 is aw>e t giv5 a c]ta9 temp]am5t on ! "p :e!r ( ! giv] or ! receiv]1 p]ils lurk 9 ?is =m ( puni%m5t ( ! v type :i* x is design$ to meet4 ,b ! only s\nd way ( combat+ ! ov]-developm5t ( "o side ( a boy's nature is to develop ! o!r4 ,make a boy's :ole life "o ( joy & int]e/2 let him live ) a con/ant s5se ( ! beauty ( grass & sky1 ( ! exultation ( vital "w1 ( ! happ9ess ( love & fri5d%ip4 ,z ! days g by1 let him feel 8 lat5t p[]s develop+1 & glory 9 ! ?\ght t !y h be5 giv5 him = 8 own joy & t ( humanity4 ,!n :5 temptation comes to him1 & he rememb]s h[ its indulg5ce has left him slack & bor$1 x w seem to him l a c&le-flame 9 ! sun ( 8 happ9ess1 a wret*$ little mean & unwor?y ?+ break+ 9 on & ?reat5+ to ru9 ! peace & h>mony ( 8 life4 ,& s he w n give x a second ?\ght1 & soon all dang] w be ov]4 ,?is may seem prepo/]\sly difficult4 ,x is3 b x is also ! only way4 ,! ma/] _c d x = ! boy1 b he c p]haps give ! boys "s help t[>ds do+ x = !mselves4 ,:at we want is t e h\se %\ld become a small community ( boys c>ry+ on toge!r absorb+ly int]e/+ & romantic activities--a k9d ( club 9 :i* !y may =ga!r & und]take 9 common ! intellectual & spiritual adv5ture :i* ?us become a "p ( _! individual daily lives4 ,9 ?is way !re w be none ( t bor$om1 t feel+ ( hav+ no?+ on e>? to d or ?9k ab\t1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is ! *ief cause impell+ a boy to turn to ! "o ?+ :i* at lea/ c provide him at any mom5t ) a tempor>y excitem5t4 ,r w 8 :ole nature develop h>moni\sly1 & sex1 ab\t :i* we h become too self-consci\s1 take its prop] place z ! 7normally7 unconsci\s inspir] ( _m ( our mo/ vital activities & happie/ emotions4 ,& once morbidity has be5 put away1 & ) x ! con/ant preoccupation ( boys & ma/]s ) ?is "o topic1 & all t suspicion & sugge/iv5ess :i* we "k s well1 !n ! grav] problem :i* has to d ) ! relation%ip ( boy to boy w be f\nd to h be5 solv$ at ! same "t4 ,no "o :o kn[s a public s*ool is likely to d5y t sexual emotion is ne>ly always an elem5t 9 ! int5se/ s*oolboy fri5d%ips2 b t makes !m nei!r ! less lovely nor ! less desirable4 ,inde$1 ! value ( su* fri5d%ips at _! f9e/ _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,= :5 a boy falls 9 love1 he le>ns = ! fir/ "t some?+ ( ! real spl5d\r ( liv+3 he comes into 8 bir?right ( beauty & ec/acy1 & und]/&s h[ ! greate/ happ9ess is to be f\nd 9 do+ ev]y?+ = ! s]vice ( ano!r4 ,!re is some?+ v loa?some ab\t ! spy+1 & secretiv5ess1 ! jokes & unclean h9t+s :i*1 9 ! majority ( s*ools1 make su* a fri5d%ip appe> a ?+ to be a%am$ r ?an pr\d (1 & (t5 9 ! end actually r5d] x %ameful4 ,giv5 a clean atmosph]e1 an abs5ce ( suspicion on ! "p ( ma/]s & ( morbidity on t ( boys1 & we believe t v r>ely w\ld physical acts result f s*oolboy love4 ,b ! read] w be ask+1 = ! second "t1 ,:at is all ?is to d ) political education8 ,& aga9 we answ]--ev]y?+4 ,= we believe t ! joy 9 life1 & ! intellectual int]e/ ( :i* we h spok5 c be awak5$ f :]e !y lie dormant 9 a boy's nature by political education4 ,! subject is ! boy's own de/9y z a memb] ( human society & a "p ( ! univ]se 7= x w be rememb]$ t we include e?ics & philosophy ) hi/ory & politics "u ! "o broad head+72 & !re is h>dly a boy :o does n f9d1 at be/ 9 all ^! subjects1 at wor/ 9 "o ( !m1 ! inspiration to vital "w & ! s5se ( liv+ well1 :i* goes ) x4 ,! boys />t read+1 widely2 a ?\s& topics occupy _! att5tion2 poetry1 plays1 novels--all ^! are rea*$ f ! "o />t+ po9t4 ,!n clubs & gr\ps ( v>i\s k9ds are />t$ 9 _! h\ses2 & ! sex problem has become z mu* z x ev] c become1 a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,nor1 we may add1 are we m]ely !oris+1 & talk+ ( hypo!tical goods :i* might conceivably foll[ f ! adoption ( our plan4 ,all t we h writt5 ( is )9 our own exp]i5ce4 ,"t aft] "t :ile we 7 mak+ our exp]im5ts did we come across cases ( boys ^: moral heal? _h be5 sav$ by _! new-f\nd int]e/4 ,"o _h turn$ to physical excitem5t z ! only possible relief f ! t$ium ( ,lat9 gramm>2 aft] a ye> "u ! alt]$ circum/ances he turn$ to x no long]4 ,! p>5ts ( ano!r 7a boy ( ab\t sixte57 _h attempt$ to base 8 morality solely on ,*ri/ian dogma1 :i* meant no?+ to him2 & ! result 0 disa/r\s4 ,b a c\rse ( lectures on ,plato's philosophy gave him :at religion _h previ\sly fail$ to give him--a belief 9 an ideal & ! di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong1 & a det]m9ation to d always :at seem$ to him ! absolute be/4#a ,b by f> ! mo/ rem>kable results 7 a*iev$ 9 ! h\se ( :i* we h already spok5 9 ,*apt] ,i4 ,dur+ 8 fir/ =tnight ( (fice1 ! new head boy foll[$ ! old me?od2 he exam9$ all suspici\s cases1 discov]$ "s t he _h n suspect$1 & dealt out ! traditional treatm5t4 ,!n he foll[$ ! old me?od no long]2 nor did he ev] return to x f t day till ! day :5 he f9ally left ! s*ool be=e 8 "t4 ,in/ead1 he set ab\t int]e/+ ! boys 9 politics4 ,we h already describ$ ! c\rse ( 8 exp]im5ts2 h[ en?usiasm1 k9dl$ ov] newspap]s1 spread to plays1 to poetry1 to pictures1 & to music4 ,& ! result8 ,! h\se 0 trans=m$3 x became su* a place z e "m hopes ! h\se :]e h] own son is may be4 ,& yet dur+ ! :ole "t ( :i* we are speak+ only "o boy 0 beat51 & he = an act q unrelat$ to ! sev5? or inde$ to any o!r ( ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts4 ,,note4--,a =tnight aft] ! writ+ ( ! pres5t book 0 project$1 "o ( ! writ]s 0 dispat*$ on milit>y duty to ,india1 & ! above *apt] 0 s5t home f ,some:]e 9 ,some:]e--,i believe ,t>anto4 ,close co-op]ation 9 au?or%ip became impossible1 & ^u 8 collaborator 9 ,engl& devolv$ ! responsibility ( sole editor%ip4 ,i leave ! above *apt] almo/ z x 0 writt51 = !re is ab\t x1 z x seems to me1 an indomitable optimism :i* 0 a *>act]i/ic ( ! writ]'s "w & a cause ( its success4 ,/ill1 9 s f> z x sugge/s t a complete solution has be5 f\nd = a problem ,i believe to be insoluble1 ,i mu/ 9 hone/y add a few words on my own acc\nt4 ,our direct exp]i5ce1 or ! m rem>kable "p ( x1 am\nts to ?is3 t a c]ta9 head ( a h\se a*iev$ dur+ ! c\rse ( a ye>1 us+ ! me?ods describ$1 an uplift+ ( ! :ole tone ( 8 h\se t c only be describ$ z m>vell\s4 ,o!r heads else:]e h no d\bt a*iev$ simil> results by o!r means1 ?\gh we h nev] come across an example equally rem>kable4 ,! goal c be rea*$1 presumably1 by ! road ( sa9tl9ess4 ,x might be rea*$1 ?\gh x is d\btful1 by ! road ( ,puritanism & effici5cy1 ! appeal to ab/95ce & liv+ h>d4 ,x _c be rea*$1 t is c]ta91 by m]ely discipl9>y me?ods & ! appeal to fe>1 = ! commone/ =m ( s*oolboy vice is su* t1 ev5 all[+ = ! casualness ( boys1 x w n be detect$ once 9 a hundr$ cases4 ,some?+1 h[ev]1 mu/ be disc\nt$ f ?is result1 by reason ( ! fact t ! exp]im5ts 7 new4 ,^! boys _h an en?usiasm br$ ( ! fact t !y rightly felt !mselves to be pione]s4 ,!y felt !mselves to be mak+ hi/ory1 c]ta9ly = ! fir/1 possibly = ! la/1 "t 9 _! lives1 & :e!r y admire !m or :e!r y laugh at !m1 mak+ hi/ory !y 71 s f> z _! own _w 0 conc]n$4 ,x seems d\btful :e!r ! spiritual =ce eng5d]$ w\ld h la/$ at full /r5g? :5 ! ?+ _h become normal1 & x 0 no long] possible to />t ! h>e ( "s new /unt 7z !y call$ x1 ,i am sorry to say7 once e two or ?ree weeks4 ,! exp]im5t 0 cut %ort 9 its prime1 & h[ x w\ld h develop$ :5 ! fir/ g5]ation ( en?usia/s _h pass$ away1 "o _c say4 ,z = ! o!r h\ses1 some?+ _h be5 begun 9 two or ?ree1 b no?+ ( mu* value _h be5 a*iev$4 ,! m9orities hesitat$ betwe5 a desire to imitate & a desire to be q orig9al1 & ! majorities look$ a trifle askance ^u ! :ole affair4 ,& ! ma/]s came 9 "h & put e sort ( difficulty 9 ! way1 = by ?is "t ! collapse 0 visibly approa*+4 ,none ! less1 ! l9es on :i* ?is /range & tempor>y a*ievem5t 0 bas$ are ! only l9es along :i* ! moral problem c be grappl$ )4 ,a p]fectly pure public s*ool is z impossible z a p]fectly satisfactory ,m>riage ,law4 ,a few incorrigibly bad boys !re w always be--incorrigible1 t is1 :5 !y h rea*$ public s*ool age4 ,hopelessly inanimate & feeble boys !re w be also1 doom$ to become ! victims ( ! bad4 ,b ! pres5t moral av]age might be imm5sely rais$1 & ! pla9 way to raise x is to provide o!r adv5tures = ! s\l4 ,a boy once said to me1 speak+ ( ! matt] 9 h&1 ,y see1 x's ! only ?+ ,i've ev] f\nd to d "h really 'on my own4' ,x 01 9 fact1 8 "o adv5ture4 ,no am\nt ( class-room tasks1 h[ev] well devis$1 no am\nt ( organis$ games1 h[ev] heal?y1 no am\nt ( s*ool religion1 h[ev] s9c]e1 c\ld fill t gap4 ,we mu/ put ! boys on ! l9es to organise _! own adv5tures1 & ! only adv5tures t c compete ) ?is absorb+ adv5ture ( misappli$ sexuality1 mu/ be adv5tures t really lead up to ! highe/ & be/ ?+s ( life4 ,x 0 only :5 he f\nd an empire to save t ,clive ceas$ to be a "y ruffian4 ,no?+ l[] ?an politics w suffice4 #a ,n t we believe t ,plato is a great] tea*] ?an ,*ri/4 ,our op9ion is ! opposite2 b we are also ( ,%elley's op9ion :5 he said1 ,i w\ld r g to hell ) ,plato ?an to heav5 ) ,paley4 ,mu* t is call$ ,*ri/ian is n ( ,*ri/4 ,also !re are no d\bt m9ds s con/itut$ t !y w get m good 9 c]ta9 circum/ances f ! less] tea*]4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,religion ,x may be a slight %ock to "s p to he> t ',div9ity' %\ld grapple ) ,capitalism & ,imp]ialism4--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ,politics1 9 ! l>ge s5se1 is "o ( ! ma9 gateways to ! und]/&+ ( fell[%ip1 & ( t :i* lies beyond fell[%ip1 & leads boys to express some?+ fur!r-rea*+ ?an ! ?\ght ( ! de> city ( ,cecrops4--,mr4 ,k5ne? ,ri*mond 9 ,! ,new ,age4 ,?is *apt] w be z %ort z its subject-matt] is important4 ,inde$1 ! problem ( religion z x pres5ts itself 9 a public s*ool is s int]e/+ & s difficult t "o might well apologise = relegat+ x to a late *apt] 9 a brief book ^u an app>5tly q ali5 subject4 ,b we h set out to rec\nt our exp]i5ce ( political education2 & 9 our exp]i5ce we f\nd t politics & religion lay n s v f> ap>t4 ,)\t any v direct sugge/ion f u1 sev]al ( our pupils to :om ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 _h be5 hi!rto a some:at un9t]e/+ ab/raction f\nd t !y c\ld n ?9k out to _! satisfaction ! problems ( ! city ( ,cecrops until !y _h =mulat$ _! ideas ^u ! city ( ,god4 ,! hi/ory ( ,! ,s*ool ,obs]v] illu/rates ?is well en\gh4 ,t j\rnal %[$ a di/9ct t5d5cy to become a religi\s organ4 ,at ! "t ( its suppression ! emb>rass$ editor 0 confront$ ) ?ree long articles--! longe/1 x mu/ be confess$1 8 own--all ( !m be>+ ^u ! nature ( ! ,deity1 &1 le/ we %\ld be misund]/ood1 all ( !m broadly ,*ri/ian 9 "*4 ,n[1 a c]ta9 type ( cl]ical head ma/] has (t5 tri$ to impress ^u 8 boys--he w\ld try x on 8 /aff also did he n "k t x w\ld be wa/e ( "t & en]gy--t ! two h\rs devot$ to div9ity are ! two mo/ important s*ool h\rs ( ! week4 ,& he is q "r3 !y are ! mo/ important1 or1 r1 b = opportunities miss$1 !y w\ld be4 ,= a lib]al education )\t a f\ndation 9 religion is n m]ely defective1 x is impossible4 ,if ! religi\s f\ndation (f]$ by ! tea*] proves no f\ndation1 proves a m]e mean+less excresc5ce ^u ! "t-table1 !n a religion w be s\ght & f\nd else:]e1 ev5 ?\gh x be1 z is mo/ likely1 a religion su* z is g5]ally class$ z no-religion1 m]e wor%ip1 z ,rusk9 call$ x1 ( ,britannia ,agoraia1 ,britannia ( ! ,m>ket ,place1 ! ,goddess ( ,gett+-on4 ,t1 x is to be fe>$1 is v mu* :at we h at pres5t1 = ! religion ( ! div9ity lesson is usually no?+ at all1 & ! religion ( ! s*ool *apel has h>dly got beyond ! tribal /age1 & does n suffice = ! mod]n man 9 8 maturity1 nor = mo/ types ( ?\ghtful s*oolboy4 ,!re are "s old boys1 p]haps _m1 :o h a /rong s5tim5tal reg>d = ! old *apel2 b x is z a v5]able symbol ( ! corporate life ( _! boyhood t !y reg>d x1 n z a place ( div9e wor%ip4 ,! religion !y c>ry away f ! s*ool *apel has v little connection ) ! message ( ! gospel !y he>d !re3 x is a religion n ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 b ( ,alma ,mat]4 ,_! attitude to x is n /rictly religi\s at all1 b romantic4 ,x is easy to write ) a c]ta9 irony on ?is subject1 b t is ! la/ ?+ we want to d1 = ! problem ( ! public s*ools is "h1 z else:]e1 a pr(\ndly difficult "o1 & _m good m5 h devot$ ! be/ ( _! life's en]gies to x1 & h a*iev$ "h & !re a f9e measure ( success4 ,b _! success has be5 p]sonal & exceptional4 ,! rule is :at we h j describ$4 ,inde$1 ! problem ( ! s*ools is b a s+le aspect ( ! problem ( ! ,*ur* & ! _w at l>ge4 ,two ye>s ago ! ,national ,mission came1 proclaim+ t ! ,*ur* _h be5 a failure1 & s mu* has rec5tly be5 writt5 on ^! l9es by ! lead]s ( ! ,*ur*es !mselves t x is unnecess>y = u to enl>ge ^u ! well-worn !me4 ,nom9ally ! s*ools are ,*ur* s*ools4 ,*apels are z compulsory z football1 & all boys1 ) a v few m>k$ & consci\s exceptions1 are confirm$ & expect$ to become communicants4 ,b 9 actual fact1 _m ( !m come f homes :]e connection ) ! ,*ur* is purely nom9al1 ev5 if x exi/s at all4 ,?us a dang]\s elem5t ( =malism & make-believe is introduc$ f ! />t4 ,! ma/]s aga92--fifty ye>s ago !y 7 p>sons almo/ )\t exception--/]n1 godly1 :isk]$ individuals--s+ul>ly unlike1 z x w\ld seem1 to our colleagues or ourselves4 ,! ma/]s ( to-day are ne>ly all laym51 & laym5 ) z wide a v>iety ( religi\s op9ions z ! memb]s ( ! ,/ock ,ex*ange2 b--& ?is is :]e !y diff] f ! memb]s ( ! ,/ock ,ex*ange--!y w all be1 dur+ t]m "t1 =mal memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,once aga91 =malism & make-believe4 ,yet :at w\ld y h8 ,! s*ools are ! s*ools ( ! nation1 n ( a sect2 & to-day ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& is1 )9 ! nation1 b a sect4 ,& ev5 suppos+ ! s*ools 71 or c\ld be1 g5u9ely ,*ur* ( ,engl& s*ools1 ano!r problem w\ld rema91 = )9 ! ,*ur* itself !re is a wide v>iety ( op9ions1 & beliefs )\t :i* ,*ri/ianity is impossible to "o w be m]e blasphemy to ano!r4 ,x has be5 said ) "s tru? t our religi\s ideas h und]gone z great a revolution 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s z our k ( ma*9]y1 & t ! s]mons ( #ahbj are z obsolete z its /age coa*es4 ,= ! au?or ( ?is notion--& he is a cl]gyman--?is may be true2 b :]eas none ( 8 congregation travel 9 /age coa*es1 x is v likely t ! !ology ( "s ( !m is ne>] to t ( ! s]mons ( #ahbj ?an to 8 own4 ,n[1 x is obvi\s t our exp]i5ce ( political education does n provide a way out ( all ^! difficulties2 b x seems to u to ?r[ a c]ta9 glimm]+ ( light ^u !m4 ,sev]al ( our boys :o1 9 spite ( s*oolroom div9ity & ! s*ool *apel1 _h m or less outgr[n ! religi\s fai? ( _! *ildhood1 & f\nd no?+ satisfactory to take its place1 7 l$ back t[>ds religion by _! int]e/ 9 politics4 ,9 f9e1 !y _h discov]$ ! intellectual ne$ = a religion1 & lib]alism po9t$ ! way to ,*ri/ianity4 ,z 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 philosophy _h be5 ! ancilla ,fidei4 ,! sugge/ion is t ! fault ( our religi\s tea*+ 9 s*ool & *apel has be5 t x is n suffici5tly philosophical4 ,by a philosophical religion x ne$ h>dly be said t we d n mean ! obtrusion ( a remote & cont5ti\s !ology1 b a religion bas$ ^u a real und]/&+ ( political pr9ciples & cry+ social ne$s4 ,x may be a slight %ock to "s p to he> t 'div9ity' %\ld grapple ) capitalism & imp]ialism1 says ! ,man*e/] ,gu>dian review]4 ,x may3 none ! less we believe t x is ) su* problems t ,*ri/ianity has to grapple if !re is ev] to be a ,*ri/ian society ^u e>?4 ,! la/ ?+ we wi% to sugge/ is ! (f-h& conclusion t capitalism & imp]ialism are 9 all _! manife/ations anti-,*ri/ian4 ,! _w is n s simple a place4 ,b we _c g on apply+ "o set ( pr9ciples to our private lives & ano!r set ( pr9ciples to our politics & indu/ry4 ,man is n s illogical a creature z t4 ,!re is b\nd to be1 f9ally1 ei!r a levell+ up or a levell+ d[n t[>ds a s+le uni=m /&>d4 ,no prov]b is m dang]\s ?an ,*>ity beg9s at home4 ,:5 x beg9s 9 ! place mo/ cong5ial to its ex]cise1 x is apt to end !re4 ,"l ,melb\rne is said to h compla9$1 aft] he>+ a s]mon1 ,?+s are com+ to a pretty pass1 :5 religion claims to int]f]e ) a man's private life4 ,we smile at ,"l ,melb\rne's hone/ indignation4 ,our turn come to be indignant :5 ! s]mon applies ! ,*ri/ian p>adoxes to indu/ry1 comm]ce1 & int]national relations4 ,& x is along ^! l9es t religi\s tea*+ c be made absorb+ly int]e/+4 ,x all comes r\nd to ! old "q1 ,are we go+ to apply ,*ri/ianity to ! problems ( mod]n society or are we n8 ,! case aga9/ do+ s c be f\nd e day 9 ! press1 s "h1 at any rate1 is an issue wor? fac+1 ) a presumably infallible au?ority to support ea* side4 ,! direction ( mo/ religi\s tea*+ hi!rto has be5 too purely p]sonal2 ! exhortation is too obvi\s & ! appeal falls flat4 ,politics )\t religion lacks f\ndation2 b religion )\t politics lacks q half its cont5t4 ,*ri/ianity is ! leav51 b s also is politics ! lump4 ,along ^! l9es1 we believe1 "o might get 9 ! middle & l[] p>ts ( ! s*ool results analog\s to ^? we h describ$ 9 ! cases ( "s six? =m boys4 ,! pres5t writ] us$ to tea* ,div9ity to a middle =m on ! ,mod]n ,side1 & :5ev] a ,gospel happ5$ to be s*$ul$1 he f\nd ample mat]ial to 8 h&4 ,x is surpris+ h[ little1 = all ! s]mons !y h he>d1 mo/ boys ( sixte5 h fac$ ! ideas express$ 9 ! mo/ hackney$ texts4 ,x is easi] = a camel to g ?r\gh ! eye ( a ne$le4444 ,love y\r enemies4 ,take no ?\ght = ! morr[4 ,a mo/ mis*iev\s half-tru? has got ab\t t ^! say+s are n to be tak5 lit]ally4 ,boys h told me t a ri* man means "o :o has gr[n ri* by robb]y4 ,well1 :at is robb]y8 ,la proprit1 c'e/ le vol8 ,love y\r enemies means1 ,i h be5 told1 ,h no enemies3 lead a peaceable life2 b if444 ,!re 0 a case app>5tly n provid$ =4 ,take no ?\ght = ! morr[4 ,on ?is ,i once got ! delightfully hone/ comm5t1 ,*ri/ mu/ h said ?is to *e] ! disciples :5 !y 7 depress$4 ,tak5 lit]ally x w\ld be absurd4 ,) su* c&\r on ! pupils' side1 surely ! tea*]'s task is n hopeless4 ,"h at la/ we h ! atmosph]e ( hone/ controv]sy1 & )\t controv]sy !re is no fre$om ( ?\ght2 )\t fre$om ( ?\ght no conviction2 )\t conviction1 no education & no religion4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,curriculum ,x is always difficult to def9e ! limits ( a topic4 ,?is book is conc]n$ ) "o educational subject alone1 politics 9 ! v broad s5se we "h atta* to ! t]m4 ,our cont5tion is t t subject is ( p>am\nt importance1 & t x %\ld provide ! basis & f\ndation ( lib]al education4 ,) t idea 9 view1 we h giv5 "s acc\nt ( our own exp]i5ce2 we h also consid]$ :at seem$ ! mo/ reasonable & weighty objections2 we h also %[n h[ politics react$1 9 our exp]i5ce1 ^u morality & religion4 ,& !n x might seem well to make an end4 ,b an education is1 or %\ld be1 a s+le :ole1 & ! entire omission ( c]ta9 aspects l5ds itself to misund]/&+4 ,our previ\s book sugge/$ to "o read]1 at lea/1 t we reg>d$ subjects o!r ?an ^? we treat$ (1 z possess+ no educational value o!r ?an a purely utilit>ian "o4 ,t 0 n at all ! impression we wi%$ to create1 & x is ) a view to correct+ x t we attempt a brief g5]al survey ( ! non-political subjects & _! place 9 a curriculum :i* took politics z its c5tre4 ,b we (f] ^! rem>ks ) mu* diffid5ce4 ,if ?is book & its pr$ecessor h any value1 x is due to ! fact t !y are bas$ on direct & vivid tea*+ exp]i5ce2 & "h = ! mo/ "p ! guidance ( exp]i5ce des]ts u4 ,"o v natural criticism ( our !sis is t politics1 ?\gh x may /imulate int]e/1 _c provide intellectual discipl9e4 ,! criticism is natural because1 s long z ! ,engli% subjects are reg>d$ z a subsidi>y matt]1 !y are & w be treat$ by ma/]s & boys 9 an easy go+ mann]4 ,o!r & /]n] subjects are reckon$ on to supply ! discipl9>y factor :i* ! ,engli% subjects lack4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 a v preval5t idea t int]e/ & discipl9e v>y inv]sely to "o ano!r2 t discipl9e is to be f\nd 9 do+ :at is un9t]e/+2 & t int]e/ is to be f\nd 9 do+ :at is slack4 ,?is is v bad psy*ology4 ,= we aim at tra9+ will+ s]vants1 fit to become ma/]s1 n slaves fit = no?+ b slav]y4 ,! only valuable discipl9e is self-discipl9e1 & self-discipl9e w only be rea*$ :5 ! boy has realis$ = himself t ! "w is intr9sically wor? do+1 & :5 he has realis$ t he w h become int]e/$4 ,aga91 :at is int]e/+ mu/ be absorb+1 & su* "w c nev] be slack4 ,! mi/ake seems to arise f a confusion ( ideas 9 connection ) ! ^w easy4 ,x is no m easy to write an adequate essay on ! subject ( ,national ,guilds ?an x is to le>n ! pr9cipal p>ts ( a l>ge numb] ( irregul> v]bs3 possibly x is mu* m difficult4 ,b "u c]ta9 conditions :i* we h se5 produc$1 a boy w f9d x easy to gird himself up to ! =m] task2 inde$1 he w get s absorb$ t he w f9d x difficult to leave (f4 ,few que/ions are less easy ?an ^? connect$ ) a pap]-money curr5cy1 b "o half-holiday aft]noon we f\nd a vigor\s discussion on ?is subject 9 progress betwe5 a gr\p ( cricket]s :om ra9 _h driv5 to ! pavilion4 ,ord9>y hi/ory tea*+1 if only "t is all[$ & c]tificate exam9ations d hot ?reat51 af=ds scope = a great v>iety ( ex]cises dem&+ c>eful ?\ght & accurate k4 ,s mu* 9 answ] to ! sugge/ion t only ?r\gh ! non-political subjects c real h>d "w be secur$4 ,! non-political subjects fall into ?ree gr\ps--languages1 ma!matics1 & ! natural sci5ces4 ,probably no "o reg>ds ! tea*+ ( =eign languages 9 ! public s*ools z at all satisfactory at pres5t1 & ! *ief reason is t f> too mu* is attempt$1 ) f> too little consid]ation ( :at w be a*iev$4 ,mo/ boys are ei!r simultane\sly le>n+1 or h at "o "t simultane\sly tri$ to le>n1 ?ree =eign languages1 ,lat91 ,greek1 & ,fr5*1 or ,lat91 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man4 ,! burd5 is too heavy = !m to be>4 ,only ! m9ority h any real gift = =eign languages1 & = ! re/ ! aim %\ld be "o =eign language only4 ,little w be accompli%$ 9 any subject unless !re is a real ambition to le>n1 & !re c be no su* ambition unless a def9ite goal is 9 sight4 ,! goal "h is real k 9 a =eign language1 = half or qu>t]-k ( a =eign language is a mo/ unsatisfy+ accompli%m5t4 ,! obvi\s language is ,fr5*4 ,ev5 s1 _m w n le>n to write x correctly1 & z = speak+ x1 t is an accompli%m5t s mu* m conv5i5tly acquir$ else:]e t we (f] no op9ion z to h[ f> x is wor? attempt+ at s*ool4#a ,b flu5t read+ ( ,fr5* is a ?+ )9 ! rea* ( practically any boy1 & ev5 ! /upid boy1 if he conc5trates ^u ?is1 to ! exclusion ( o!r & m difficult l+ui/ic tasks1 w make su* unmi/akable progress t 8 ambitions may well be r\s$4 ,& ! accompli%m5t is "o t c quickly be made useful4 ,= in/ance1 probably ! be/ g5]al hi/ory ( ,europe is /ill ,guizot's book1 & its ,fr5* is ab\t ! easie/ ev] writt54 ,b we w\ld g fur!r4 ,we rememb] once a boy be+ bir*$ = circulat+ a copy ( ,la ,vie ,p>isi5ne4 ,does n ?is sugge/ t e h\se %\ld take a ,fr5* daily newspap]1 & also an illu/rat$ weekly1 o!r ?an t above m5tion$8 ,b :ile advocat+ ! s+le language = ! ord9>y boy1 we are pull$ up %ort by ! claims ( ,lat92 & "h we feel a difficulty4 ,a good deal ( :at is said 9 fav\r ( ,lat9 we reg>d z pure sup]/ition4 ,x is n true t boys c only le>n to write _! own language correctly by means ( ,lat9 prose4 ,nor is x true t ,lat9 prose supplies ! ideal m5tal discipl9e4 ,t is only true = ! m9ority ( boys :o rea* ! /age at :i* real ,lat9 prose is writt54 ,mo/ fl\nd] ab\t all _! "t 9 ! /age ( artificial ,lat9 prose1 :]e9 is no?+ m ?an ! meticul\s application ( a set ( labori\sly acquir$ grammatical rules--a tol]able tra9+ 9 consci5ti\s application1 su* z any subject c supply1 b no?+ m4 ,yet x may well be true--on ?is po9t we feel unc]ta9--t an elem5t>y k ( ,lat9 supplies su* a f\ndation = ! und]/&+ bo? ( ,engli% & ,fr5*1 t x is wor? mak+ "s sacrifices to reta9 x4 ,if t be s1 we w\ld />t e boy on ,lat9 z 8 fir/ =eign language4 ,^? :o %[$ little ability w\ld ab&on x at ab\t ! "t !y began ,fr5*4 ,9 ! case ( boys ) "s real l+ui/ic ability1 we are happy to f9d ourselves ?or\ghly cons]vative4 ,we believe firmly 9 ! gr& old =tify+ classical curriculum1 provid$ x is und]/ood t ! languages !mselves are b means to an end1 to ! und]/&+ ( ! classical civilisation4 ,9 f9e1 ! goal ( classics %\ld be to-day1 z x 0 = ! ,r5aissance s*ol>s1 ultimately political4 ,! classical /ud5t :o1 at ! "t :5 8 s*ool+ ends1 is /ill do+ no m ?an settl+ ,hoti's bus9ess & prop]ly bas+ ,oun1 is 9 ! position ( ,br[n+'s ,gramm>ian1 ) ?is vital diff]5ce t he probably does n int5d to employ 8 future life 9 build+ any sup]/ructure ^u ! f\ndations ?us labori\sly laid4 ,9 ma!matics !re is probably a deep] cleavage ?an 9 any o!r subject betwe5 ! real ?+1 z ma!maticians und]/& x1 & ! elem5t>y k )9 ! rea* ( all4 ,! real ?+ is p]haps ! mo/ remote & specialis$ ( all bran*es ( le>n+4 ,= a few x is ! be/1 inde$1 ! only natural1 l9e ( developm5t2 b ^! are few & easily recognis$1 & ev5 !y %\ld n be all[$ to specialise too n>r[ly--t is a po9t :i* no "o :o is n a ma!matician w dispute4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! scale comes ! ?ird ( ! ?ree ,r's2 & ab\t t aga9 !re is no controv]sy1 except z to ! be/ me?ods ( tea*+ x4#b ,yet ! s*ools d n recognise suffici5tly cle>ly ?is l9e ( cleavage1 & _m boys :o are presum$ to h rea*$ ! end ( ! elem5t>y /age rema9 = "s "t batt]+ 9 va9 at ! doors ( ! inn] temple4 ,^! %\ld g back once ov] ! elem5ts aga9 to see if !y "k !m1 & !n give x up = good4 ,?is w mean a *e]ful exodus f ! upp]-middle ma!matical divisions4 ,we confess to sympa?y ) ! cons]vative-radical head ma/] :o said1 ,i %all n advocate ! abolition ( compulsory ,greek 9 ,univ]sity exam9ations until ,i c get p to agree to ! abolition ( compulsory ,algebra4 ,!re is p]haps a middle t]m betwe5 elem5t>y & real ma!matics2 t is ! ma!matics t is ! h&maid ( physics1 & leads u on to ! natural sci5ces4 ,to-day ! claims ( natural sci5ce are v insi/5t1 & !y come f m ?an "o qu>t]4 ,f "o qu>t] comes ! claim t sci5ce alone ( ! subjects 9 ! "t-table means bus9ess1 & makes money1 & t 9 ^! /r5u\s times o!r subjects t lead to m]e elegant accompli%m5ts mu/ cr[d into a n>r[ space to make room = ! "o subject t makes = %e] effici5cy4 ,! po9t is (t5 put ) a c]ta9 crudity2 b we may z well ignore t1 & recognise t ! j claims ( comm]cial tra9+ w h to be met by ! s*ools m fully ?an h]et(ore4 ,only let u recognise comm]cial tra9+ = :at x is1 & n pret5d t x c ev] (f] a sub/itute = ! lib]al education :i* mu/ cont9ue alongside ( x4 ,b ! tea*] ( sci5ce w m (t5 take q o!r gr\nd1 & w claim t 8 subject1 ov] & above its comm]cial usefulness1 provides mo/ ( ! +r$i5ts ( a ,lib]al education 9 itself4 ,he w po9t to ! tra9+ x (f]s 9 habits ( consci5ti\s accuracy1 its exemplification ( ! laws ( cause & effect1 its undeviat+ respect = tru?1 & ! inspiration ( its endless progress1 built up on ! h]oic rese>*es ( ! great pione]s4 ,?is claim dem&s c>eful & sympa!tic scrut9y4 ,to beg9 ) criticism1 we are q unconv9c$ t sci5ce alone c tra9 ! m9d to logical me?ods1 or imbue x ) a respect = tru? 9 matt]s outside ! sci5tific sph]e4 ,sci5ce1 z ! t]m is commonly und]/ood1 deals ) mat]ial ?+s1 &1 z su*1 x gives b little support to ! m9d :5 confront$ ) ! problems ( humanity1 :e!r p]sonal or political4 ,x is only too common = ! sci5ce speciali/ to respect cause & effect 9 a te/-tube & despise x 9 a newspap]4 ,9 sci5ce no passions are evok$ 9 fav\r ( "o solution or ano!r4 ,! se>* = tru? may well be dis9t]e/$1 s9ce x is1 humanly speak+1 un9t]e/$4 ,a lib]al education mu/ tra9 ! m9d to ma/] prejudice & self-int]e/1 & ?is tra9+ _c be giv5 9 a mat]ial :]e prejudice & self-int]e/ w n come into play4 ,z reg>ds ord9>y laboratory "w1 & lectures on laboratory detail1 ( :i* sci5ce tea*+ at pres5t1 z _m sci5ce ma/]s agree1 f> too exclusively consi/s1 our view is simil> to our view on ma!matics4 ,x is (t5 in/ructive1 bo? = boy & ma/]1 to get ! boys to draw up an ideal "t-table4 ,! results1 z a rule1 are disappo9t+ly conv5tional1 x is true4 ,few boys h ev] criticis$ _! education1 except 9 a purely de/ructive & cynical _s1 & :5 confront$ ) ! con/ructive task1 produce some?+ n v f> remov$ f ! "t-table !y foll[ out e week4 ,b z reg>ds sci5ce1 x w (t5 be f\nd t ! =m falls into two cle>ly m>k$ divisions4 ,"o "p cut x d[n to a m9imum1 & w\ld1 if !y _h ! c\rage ( _! convictions1 cut x out altoge!r2 ! o!r "p give x half1 or m ?an half1 ! "t-table4 ,?is probably m>ks ! fact t = _m boys a v small am\nt ( laboratory exp]i5ce1 j en\gh to give !m a notion ( me?od1 is all t !y w b5efit by4 ,= ! re/ ! tra9+ has real value & int]e/2 b ^! are a m9ority4 ,b !re is ano!r aspect ( sci5ce1 receiv+ z yet f> too little att5tion at s*ool1 :i* seems to u an ess5tial "p ( a lib]al education4 ,inde$1 :5 our own six? =m "t-table 0 remodell$1 we put 9 a claim = a weekly lecture on ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce1 alongside ) mod]n hi/ory & political sci5ce & economics4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( natural law1 evolution & h]$ity1 ! nature & cure ( disease1 ! atomic !ory ( matt]1 g5]al pr9ciples ( a/ronomy--^! ?+s seem to u second only 9 importance to ! great pr9ciples ( politics !mselves4 ,"h is an extraord9>y record ( pati5t a*ievem5t1 "s contact ) :i* is 9 itself an inspiration n m]ely intellectual1 b moral4 ,= x seems to u h>dly fanciful to sugge/ t su* k %\ld react--s subtle are ! reactions ( ! boy-m9d1 z we h already tri$ to %[--mo/ fav\rably on ! political _s4 ,dr4 ,gregory1 9 8 en?usia/ic "w 9 praise ( 8 subject1 ,discov]y3 or ! ,_s & ,s]vice ( ,sci5ce1 writes3 ,9 ! discussion ( political que/ions1 prejudice & p>ty det]m9e ! view tak51 & facts are select$ & exploit$ n s mu* ) ! object ( arriv+ at ! tru? z to conf\nd ! o!r side4444 ,a politician may place p>ty above tru?1 & a diplomati/ w conceal x on behalf ( 8 c\ntry1 b x is ! duty ( ! man ( sci5ce to atta9 tru? at all co/s4 ,9 direct opposition to ! n>r[ness ( ?\ght :i* views all subjects ?r\gh ! di/ort+ mirage ( p>ty prejudice1 /&s ! absolute fre$om ( m9d ( ! man ( sci5ce :o /&s ) op5 arms to welcome tru?4444 ,& ,dr4 ,gregory's moral w\ld seem to be3 ,es*ew politics & devote y\rself to sci5ce4 ,z if ! _w c\ld exi/ )\t politics6 ,z if ! happy alt]native to bad politicians 7 no politicians6 ,! "r moral surely is t :i* we h be5 draw+1 ) possibly we>isome repetition1 ?r\gh\t ?is book2 t all t is be/ 9 ! sci5tific m9d1 all t is be/ 9 ! lit]>y & arti/ic m9d1 all t is be/ 9 ! religi\s m9d1 mu/ be br\ght to be> ^u ! problems ( our corporate life4 #a ,we (f] no op9ion1 also1 on ! oral me?od ( tea*+ bo? mod]n & classical tongues1 z we h no exp]i5ce at all to guide u4 #b ,surely1 too1 ! ?ird ( ! ?ree ,r's %\ld include a k ( book-keep+1 balance %eets1 etc4 ,"h we jo9 h&s he>tily ) ! utilit>ian s*ool ( educational re=m]s4 ,we also wi% t e "o le>nt %or?& almo/ z soon z he _h le>nt longh&4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,"y ,,g5]ation ,,& ,,! ,,old ,!re1 x is to be fe>$1 !y w f9d ! p>5ts mo/ 9 _! way4 ,! normal fa!r may endure 8 son be+ taught poetry1 b he w object to ! in/ill+ ( op9ion o!r ?an 8 own4--,outlook4 ,fancy "s imp ( fifte5 or sixte5 assail+ ! au?or ( 8 be+1 a c\rt-worn b>ri/] or 'rattl$' /ockbrok]1 at 8 ev5+ meal3 ',fa!r1 ,i ?9k ,"l ,bryce's bill = ! re=m ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords radically uns\nd1' or sudd5ly ask+ 8 "m1 :o1 good1 easy woman1 is revolv+ 9 h] m9d ! m]its ( a coat & skirt %e has se5 t aft]noon at ,deb5ham's3 ',"m1 :at is y\r op9ion ( ! ,trad+ ) ! ,enemy ,bill8'--,saturday ,review4 ,y\? is ask+ que/ions z nev] be=e--ask+ awkw>d1 burn+ que/ions1 :i* put its s5iors 9 a flutt]4 ,! s5iors1 "u "q1 discov] t !y h no body ( doctr9e1 & h nev] till n[ dreamt ( ! ne$ ( any4 ,if !y are wise1 !y w put away ! taboo on politics & sit d[n ) _! juniors to hamm] ^! ?+s out1 & p]*ance cle> _! own m9ds 9 ! process4--,we/m9/] ,gazette4 ,by way ( epilogue--an appeal to ! p>5ts4 ,:at is x t ! p>5ts want f ! s*ools8 ,! "q is all-important2 = by ! spiritual law ( dem& & supply1 :at !y want !y w get4 ,x has be5 said t e nation has ! gov]nm5t x des]ves4 ,s x is ) ! press1 & s x is ) ! s*ools3 we get :at we want1 & :at we want is :at we des]ve4 ,:at d we want8 ,!re are "s p>5ts :o take ! public s*ools q s]i\sly z places ( pr(essional tra9+1 places :]e _! sons w be taught to e>n _! liv+s1 & !y are enc\rag$ 9 ?is notion by ! fact t sev]al pr(essional bodies insi/ on successful c&idature 9 "s pass exam9ation 9 s*ool subjects z a fir/ /ep t[>ds entrance into ! pr(ession1 & !reby rivet ^! exam9ations ^u ! s*ools4 ,! result is n altoge!r bad4 ,! exam9ations make = a deplorable ossification ( ! curriculum2 b !y also set a c]ta9 l[ /&>d1 & drive a c]ta9 type ( boy & ma/] to "w1 &1 ?\gh ! type ( "w is n v exalt$1 x is bett] ?an no?+ at all4 ,on ! individual boy ! effect w be v>i\s4 ,look "h1 says ! h\se ma/]1 !re's ,london ,matric4 at ! end ( next t]m4 ,hadn't y bett] give up all ?is fool]y ) politics & d a little real "w8 ,! advice 0 tak51 & p]haps we are n suffici5tly imp>tial to (f] a valuable op9ion on ! result4 ,h[ev]1 ! boy 0 no fool1 & ! fir/ "p ( ! advice ne$ nev] h be5 giv54 ,except 9 ! case ( boys1 f> too num]\s1 :o are tak+ exam9ations t ought nev] to h be5 impos$ on !m1 mod]n aid]s & ! l :o are mugg+ up prep>$ books ( ,virgil & ,euripides1 "w = a pass exam9ation ought n to mean ! cessation ( all o!r intellectual activity4 ,!re is ano!r mu* m old-fa%ion$ type ( p>5t :o /&s = ev]y?+ t is traditional1 :o is s]i\sly di/urb$ if 8 boy w&]s f> afield f ! old classical curriculum1 :o reg>ds all new subjects z fooli% fads4 ,x is ?is p>5t1 help$ by an old-fa%ion$ type ( h\se ma/]1 :o reta9s 9 a mild torture ( bor$om ! boys :o l+] wa/+ _! "t 9 ! l[] rea*es ( ! classical side4 ,b any?+ is bett] ?an no?+1 & ! attitude ( _m m p>5ts is purely cynical4 ,!y j leave x to ! s*oolma/]4 ,cynical might seem a h>d ^w ) :i* to repay ?is complim5t ( tru/2 b x is n1 = !re is really no complim5t & no tru/4 ,! p>5t does n really believe 9 ! s*ool-ma/]'s judgm5t4 ,he believes 9 him s little t he ?9ks x simply does n matt] :at happ5s 9 ! class-room1 provid$ ! boy seems to enjoy himself--h[ _m p>5ts really "k :e!r _! boys d enjoy !mselves at s*ool8--& provid$ ! h\se ma/] is n actively compla9+4 ,n[1 !re is only "o hope1 & t is t ! p>5ts %\ld come to look at ?is matt] ( _! son's education politically4 ,s*ool-"t is a tra9+1 & we are all famili> en\gh ) ! idea ( tra9+ n[4 ,be=e ! w>1 z s9ce1 s*ools _h _! ,o4,t4,c4's4 ,b ^! ,o4,t4,c4's 7 wret*$ p]functory affairs1 bor+ ev]ybody1 because we h>dly any ( u s]i\sly envisag$ !m z a tra9+1 only z an incubus4 ,n[1 we all see !m z tra9+ = a "p t has got to be play$1 & ! :ole _s is diff]5t4 ,b ! c\ntry w soon be call+ ^u our public s*ool boys to play ano!r & p]haps ev5 m difficult "p1 & :]e is ! tra9+ = t8 ,:5 ! w> is won we %all plunge into ano!r mael/rom2 & x w all be politics1 politics1 politics4 ,! lead]s ( lab\r h r\ghly *>t$ _! c\rse2 !y mean to make a new _w = ! masses :e!r we l x or n1 & !y mean 9 ! ma9 "r4 ,b :at "p are ! public s*ool m5 go+ to play8 ,x is an extremely difficult position1 & ! difficulties crop up n only 9 ! details1 ( :i* only mature exp]i5ce c give a k1 b 9 ! elem5t>y pr9ciples regulat+ our outlook1 our attitude4 ,& t is :]e ! public s*ools c\ld come 9 ) irresi/ible effect if only !y w\ld brace !mselves to ! task4 ,y\r k+ & c\ntry ne$ y1 said ! old recruit+ po/] ( #aiad4 ,good ,god6 h !y nev] want$ me till n[8 0 ! natural rejo9d]4 ,9 any case !y w n cease to want ! public s*ool boy :5 ! w> is ov]4 ,9 ?is task ! p>5ts mu/ co-op]ate4 ,! normal fa!r1 we are told1 w object if 8 son br+s home op9ions o!r ?an 8 own4 ,b1 9 sob] tru?1 if ! son br+s home ! same op9ions z ! fa!rs h always held1 we are 9 a poor way4 ,x 0 ! fa!rs & ! gr&fa!rs :o br\ght ! _w to its pres5t pass4 ,x is ! sons :o1 />t+ ) new pr9ciples f new beg9n+s1 h got to set x on a bett] road4 ,! ,saturday ,review & ,! ,we/m9/] ,gazette (f] u1 9 ! quotations at ! head ( ?is *apt] two little vignettes ( p>5tage4 ,:i* w\ld y h8 ,! holidays occupy r m ?an a qu>t]1 & r less ?an a ?ird ( ! ye>4 ,if y ask$ :at ! boys d 9 ! holidays1 y w\ld ask a "q t puzzles _m boys !mselves to answ]4 ,! wa/e ( s*ool holidays is ev5 m /rik+ ?an ! wa/e ( s*ool t]ms4 ,= education %\ld n be1 inde$1 _c be1 limit$ to t]m "t4 ,! proportion ( boys :o require re/ 9 ! holidays1 ev5 = ! fir/ week or two1 is small4 ,a slack "t1 prolong$ beyond a week or s1 bores mo/ boys consum$ly & ought to bore !m all4 ,we are n ?9k+ "h ( ! fav\r$ few :o get _! fill ( fi%+ & field sports4 ,su* ?+s h _! limitations1 p]haps1 b !y (f] at lea/ a "t ( activity1 res\rcefulness1 & ke5 enjoym5t4 ,mo/ boys1 h[ev]1 live 9 quiet homes 9 t[ns1 f> f ! opportunity = su* ?+s1 & h[ ^! pass ! "t is a my/]y ev5 to !mselves1 z _m h confess$ to u4 ,9 pla9 words1 !y kill ! "t1 & !reby acquire a mo/ dang]\s accompli%m5t4 ,"s few1 x is true1 make !mselves endlessly useful to _! p>5ts1 & no?+ c\ld be bett]4 ,b only a few homes provide scope = an odd-jobs man ( ?is type4 ,= ! bulk1 holidays are simply times ( unemploym5t4 ,n[1 :5 a s*oolma/] v5tures to (f] advice ab\t ! holidays1 he might seem to be /epp+ presumptu\sly outside 8 own prov9ce2 b t plea = retic5ce is "o we _c admit4 ,t]m & holidays alike are an education1 & !y int]act ^u "o ano!r s closely t ! s*oolma/] n only may1 b mu/1 =m 8 judgm5t ^u bo?4 ,x is n = u to compile a detail$ ,p>5t's ,assi/ant4 ,heav5 =bid6 ,e home has its own problems & its own opportunities1 b surely !re is no home 9 :i* ! p>5ts h n a range ( activities1 pr(essional1 comm]cial1 political1 or lit]>y4 ,s (t51 z x seems1 f v>i\s motives1 good & bad1 ! boy rema9s m or less exclud$ f ^! long aft] he has become capable ( a c]ta9 p>tn]%ip 9 8 p>5ts' int]e/s4 ,! drawback ( life at a public s*ool is t x is highly artificial4 ,call x z y please a b>rack or a mona/]y1 a bo>d+-s*ool is some?+ cut (f f ! ma9 /reams ( ord9>y life4 ,9 ! holidays ! boy r5ews contact ) ord9>y life1 & t p]iodic r5ewal is an ess5tial "p ( 8 education4 ,b surely 8 holidays %\ld br+ him into contact ) "s m ( life ?an its sup]ficial frivolities4 ,! k9d ( holidays we h 9 m9d w\ld make "s call on ! "t & en]gy ( ! p>5ts2 & p]haps x w be said t ! "t & en]gy simply _c be sp>$4 ,well1 !re 0 a "t1 fifte5 ye>s or s be=e1 :5 ^! same p>5ts gave ungrudg+ly any am\nt ( "t & en]gy to ! task ( wat*+ ov] ! developm5t ( ! little *ild n[ rapidly approa*+ manhood4 ,b ! boy ( sev5te51 ?\gh mu* m difficult to und]/&1 is e bit z fasc9at+ z ! *ild ( two1 & ! p>5ts' "t & en]gy devot$ to ! boy w be z c]ta9ly well sp5t4 ,& x w1 we believe1 br+ a new happ9ess to _m p>5ts !mselves4 ,z s*ool-ma/]s1 our wide/ exp]i5ce ( p>5ts--n t we pret5d x is v wide--is our exp]i5ce ( boys' talk ab\t _! homes4 ,boys speak ( _! p>5ts ) deep affection & respect1 z a rule2 b s v (t5 !y leave an impression t !y d n really "k !m4 ,x is ! commone/ ?+ 9 ! _w = fa!rs & sons1 )\t any positive e/rangem5t1 to get entirely out ( t\* ) "o ano!r dur+ ! latt] "p ( a boy's s*ool-"t4 ,! boy develops rapidly1 & ! great] "p ( 8 developm5t is q conceal$ f ! fa!r4 ,he returns home to f9d 8 fa!r j ! same1 & app>5tly q unable to div9e ! new developm5ts :i* ! son is too pr\d to reveal un9vit$4 ,or maybe he does attempt to reveal !m1 &1 bungl+ 8 task1 f9ds himself misund]/ood1 & lays ! blame on ! fa!r4 ,s (t51 z x seems1 ! fa!r might h help$ matt]s by play+ a r m active "p1 & go+ half1 or ev5 ?ree-qu>t]s1 ( ! way to meet 8 son's confid5ces4 ,b !re is a natural %yness ( fa!rs t[>ds _! sons at ?is /age1 & %yness on "o side begets %yness & misund]/&+ on ! o!r4 ,m ?an once a boy has said to "o ( u1 ,:at am ,i to d to get into t\* ) my fa!r8 ,la/ holidays we f\nd we'd no?+ s5sible to talk to ea* o!r ab\t at all4 ,x is difficult to advise1 b ! mo/ obvi\s ?+ to say is1 presumably1 to rem9d ! boy t 8 fa!r is b a human be+ l himself2 t possibly ! boy is himself r unnecess>ily enigmatic1 & t in/ead ( expect+ ! fa!r to make all ! moves1 ! son might himself hold out a h& & help ! fa!r to und]/& ! *anges t _h tak5 place )9 him4 ,t is h[ ! matt] /&s on ! boy's side1 & x may help "s fa!rs to "k x4 ,"o ( our boys1 we rememb]1 want$ to discov] some?+ at fir/ h& ( ! real int]e/s ( employees 9 8 fa!r's firm4 ,:atev] he discov]$1 x made an excell5t holiday int]e/ = him4 ,among o!r ?+s1 he att5d$ "s ,w4,e4,a4 lectures1 because he f\nd t ! m intellig5t m5 7 int]e/$ by !m4 ,?is 0 a boy ( r unusual initiative2 b we believe !re are _m boys :o w\ld f9d a g5u9e int]e/ 9 su* matt]s1 if ! fa!rs gave !m ! lead4 ,?us ! wret*$ tradition t ! holidays are = unemploym5t w\ld be gradually brok5 d[n1 & games w\ld take _! prop] place--9 holidays & t]m alike4 ,p]haps1 too1 ! fa!r on look+ back might f9d t !re _h be5 "s education 9 x = himself also4 ,! pr9ciple f :i* we />t$ 0 t ! public s*ools 7 full ( glori\s possibilities1 to-day l>gely unrealis$4 ,is n ! same true ( _m homes8 ,,app5dix ,x is q evid5t t ! boys h be5 enc\rag$ to read p]iodicals su* z ,! ,nation & ,! ,engli% ,review1 & _! articles read l elaborate p>odies4 ,!re is no p>ticul> h>m 9 all[+ a clev] boy to d monkey tricks ( ?is type1 b !re is a good deal ( h>m 9 pr9t+ x in/ead ( g5tly d]id+ ! self-suffici5cy ( ^! y\?ful oracles4--,*ur* ,times4 ,! mo/ obvi\s fact ab\t ^! articles is t ! boys are writ+ :at !y mean1 & :at !y want to say1 & t !y are able to d s because !y feel sure ( ! community t =ms _! audi5ce4--,mr4 ,k5ne? ,ri*mond 9 ,! ,new ,age4 ,( ! ?ree articles t foll[1 ! fir/ 0 pr9t$ 9 ! fir/ issue ( ,! ,s*ool ,obs]v]2 ! second 0 writt5 = ! suppress$ six? issue2 ! la/ 0 writt5 on ! day aft] ! f9al collapse ( ! :ole exp]im5t1 & 01 ( c\rse1 nev] int5d$ = ! pap] at all4 ,i ,,education ,,& ,,! ,,future ,if workm5 /rike1 if employ]s oppress1 if pro/itution fl\ri%es1 if pap] demagogues are all[$ to rule1 if pov]ty exi/s1 if m5 fight1 :atev] evil x is1 ! rem$y lies at ! root--education4 ,all re=ms are m]e palliatives until ! fundam5tal re=m ( education is p]fect$4 ,!re are no connect+ l9ks ( argum5t4 ,x is a natural coroll>y1 ju/ifi$ by any p>ticul> example t may be trac$4 ,x is ano!r "q :e!r education or lack ( x is m calculat$ to ha/5 ! ultimate ideal ( well-ord]$ an>*y1 :i*1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 we all ent]ta92 b = ! mean:ile ! affirmative assumption mu/ be adopt$4 ,! sole rema9+ "q1 !n1 is1 ,by :at means is education to rectify ! imm$iate evils8 ,:ile x is fairly g5]ally e/abli%$ t ! purpose ( education is effici5t citiz5%ip1 x is cle> t1 ow+ to ! dim9i%$ proportion ( ! individual to ! community1 ! purpose is be+ gradually lo/ sight (4 ,to borr[ f sci5tific phraseology1 ! t5d5cy ( ! unit to rema9+ an idiot 79 ! ,greek s5se ( ! ^w67 v>ies directly z ! magnitude ( ! mass4 ,& ?is is a truism t public s*ools d n help to aboli%4 ,al?\gh s*ool patriotism is inv>iably quot$ z a d5ial ( ?is1 !re prevails 9 mod]n s*ools a def9ite incl9ation t[>ds uns5tim5tal cynicism 9 ! matt]4 ,?is does n necess>ily d5ote an unheal?y _s1 b an increase ( intellect t1 :e!r ) ju/ification or n1 vaguely asks = some?+ wid] or m sub/antial4 ,p]haps our gr&fa!rs are "r :5 !y tell u t ! mod]n y\? becomes a man soon] ?an 8 pr$ecessors4 ,p]haps our gr&fa!rs are "r :5 !y tell u x is a pity4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! two facts rema91 t !re is a r b5ight$ t5d5cy 9 ! direction ( intellectual activity1 :i* ! public s*ool _s makes no ef=t to assi/1 & t ! public s*ools are incl9$ to produce g5tlem5 r ?an citiz5s4 ,( c\rse ! =m] make bett] adv]tisem5ts4 ,yet !y ought n to4 ,!y w\ld n 9 ,g]many4 ,"o day !y w n "h4 ,! in/ance %[s t ! ,*e/]tonian ,engl& ( ,romance is really ! "o t exi/s4 ,! ^w g5tleman is purely a romantic "o1 & a g5tleman a purely romantic ?\gh enviable figure4 ,a /ate 9 ! future w n be able to ?rive on g5tlem53 x w ne$ citiz5s4 ,x has co/ me de> to write d[n ?is1 = 9 my illogical m9d 7& no "o1 by ! way1 save a politician1 c\ld h a logical "o67 ,i w\ld *oose )\t hesitation ! g5tleman4 ,b t is probably because1 if ,i c\ld1 ,i w\ld sell my quills = bru%es4 ,! conclusion f all ?is1 !n1 is t ,i 0 n hold+ ,g]many up z a p>agon j n[1 b lead+ up to an obvi\s improvem5t--a g5tleman-citiz54 ,:oev] ?9ks he fulfils ! conditions implicat$ 9 ! rle may "k t n only is he an uncommon & a great man1 b also ! embodim5t ( a high1 practicable ideal2 9 ! atta9m5t ( :i* lies ! solution ( ! :ole educational "q--h[1 ( ! two compon5t p>ts1 to ma9ta9 ! moral position ( ! fir/ & create "o = ! second4 ,except = ! few1 fav\r$ ) a productive imag9ation1 ! public s*ool c z yet d no?+ 9 ?is direction4 ,x w\ld be useless1 = in/ance1 to cr[d a dull1 te*nical sci5ce ( politics on an already ov]-am5d$ curriculum4 ,"o day x may n be useless4 ,b until a new species ( gov]ness c be br$1 x is4 ,( ! species 9 "q1 ,i "k ( "o example4 ,!re may be m1 b n _m1 ?\gh ( c\rse !y are1 ,i am aw>e1 rapidly multiply+4 ,! only possible *ildr5's gov]ness is ! gov]ness :o attempts to tea* no?+ except h[ to le>n4 ,! ideal education is und\bt$ly an la c>te "o1 b z ?is is impossible bo? physically & because a public s*ool ma/] has n ! "t to f9d out h[ to tea* any p>ticul> boy1 ! difficulty is solv$ if ! boy has f\nd out h[ to le>n f any p>ticul> ma/]4 ,a man's life dep5ds altoge!r on ! fir/ morsel ( education he receives1 s t a gov]ness's responsibility is colossal4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 a compet5t gov]ness is a f> holi] ?+ ?an any p>son's wife4 ,n only mu/ %e tea* n s mu* :at he w h to le>n 7:i* w\ld sc>cely enc\rage him 9 view ( its magnitude7 z h[ he w h to le>n 7:i* c\ld only make him eag] to put ! !ory to ! te/ ( practice--all ! m s :5 he f9ds x succe$s71 b also %e mu/ attempt to discov] & develop1 ev5 at ?is v e>ly /age1 ! se$s ( m5tal indep5d5ce & orig9ality1 :i* alone c make him a compet5t citiz54 ,?9k h[ mu* easi] legislation w\ld be 9 a /ate compos$ ( su* z ^!6 ,x is ! only condition t really ju/ifies democracy4 ,!re c\ld be no "q ( d5y+ a p ( ?is quality a voice 9 _! own gov]nm5t4 ,repres5tation c\ld no long] be a game = gambl]s & contortioni/s4 ,z ?+s are1 h[ev]1 ! progress ( ! public s*ools 7& ,i h be5 deal+ exclusively ) public-s*ool classes7 _c make mu* headway until !y h clay to m\ld in/ead ( granite to *isel4 ,x is n _! fault if !re is no way to tea* ! majority1 & if ! few are ?r[n back on _! own inadequate res\rces4 ,! rem$y lies 9 "s measure to ensure ! "r prim>y education4 ,sev5ty-five p] c5t4 ( ! public s*ool boys h n _h brilliant1 disc]n+ gov]nesses--or ev5 mo!rs4 ,!re are n en\gh ( ei!r to g r\nd4 ,s t ! sev5ty-five p] c5t41 possibly m1 don't "k h[ to le>n1 & ! m]e tw5ty-five p] c5t4 d4 ,x is h>d to tackle effectively s intangible a problem z ! correct prim>y me?od ( tea*+1 & ! /atesman1 ?r\gh ^: in/rum5tality ?is p]c5tage is rev]s$1 may give up politics = gold n _h brilliant1 disc]n+ gov]nesses ) a cle> consci5ce4 ,! fir/ /ep1 !re=e1 is to re=m ! education ( wom54 ,take c>e ( ! wom51 ! m5 w take c>e ( !mselves4 ,nev]!less1 be ! solution :at x may1 ! importance ( ! subject _c be ov]-e/imat$4 ,"o m illu/ration4 ,! bett] educat$ a man is1 ! m capable he is ( so>+ above ! _s ( national citiz5%ip4444 ,& ! next /age is ! _s ( _w citiz5%ip 444 :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( _m1 _m ye>s1 toge!r1 possibly1 ) ! developm5t ( ,esp]anto1 means ! bro!rhood ( m54444 ,!n p]petual peace4444 ,!n advancem5t to a primitive condition4444 ,!n ! mu*-dream$-( well-ord]$ an>*y4444 ,to cont9ue till a second ,milton is call$ ^u to write z mi/y hi/ory a second ,p>adise ,lo/4 444 ,b4,w4,l4 ,,ii ,& ,he saw t x 0 good4444 ,?r\gh\t ! ,univ]se :i* ,he _h creat$ ,he set a ,great ,road1 & on x 0 ,man1 at fir/ invisible1 b soon an inf9ite multitude4 ,& !n unto ,man1 z to no?+ else 9 ,8 ,univ]se1 ,he gave ! p[] to move1 & to walk on ! ,road1 :i* ,he made to pass ?r\gh all ! ,great & ,beautiful ,worlds1 com+ at la/ to :]e ,he is1 :]e all is happy because all is good1 & :]e no?+ ends because !re is ! ,end4 ,& z ,he look$ & beheld ,man scatt]$ out ^u ! great ,road z x w\nd ab\t ?r\gh ! ,univ]se1 ,he ?\ght to try ,8 p1 & %[ by a c]ta9 pro( :e!r !y 7 possess$ ( ! goodness ?r\gh :i* alone !y c\ld compreh5d all ?+s1 & become able to ent] ! realm ( p]fect goodness4 ,& s ,he s5t ! semblance ( a great ,fire into ! ,univ]se1 :i* %\ld seem utt]ly to de/roy all ?+s :i* ,he _h made1 & to cut (f ! hope & possibility ( a future p]ception & life et]nal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z ! fire rolls on1 dev\r+ all t x meets1 humanity on ! ,road sees its advance1 & realises t 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs ! ,univ]se w be r$uc$ to a sm\ld]+ c9d]1 t its hopes = a future life1 :]e ! ,road ends1 is cut %ort & nev] to be realis$1 & t app>5tly its =m] belief1 albeit a vague & ill-def9$ "o1 9 a ,god :o is all-m]ciful & k9d1 0 altoge!r an illusion1 & m]ely a cause = false confid5ce & self-righte\sness4 ,& h[ w x /& ! te/8 ,w\ld ! good or ! bad elem5t 9 human nature ass]t itself 9 ! face ( absolute annihilation8 ,x is obvi\s t ) su* a position sev]al ( ! possible & no d\bt ord9>y motives = goodness1 su* z ! idea ( do+ good 9 ord] to reap b5efits or escape puni%m5t 9 a future exi/5ce1 & ( do+ good = ! sake ( hav+ x recognis$ among o!rs1 are exclud$ f ! proposition4 ,ev5 ! idea ( do+ good because x is 9 accordance ) a w ( ,god is exclud$1 s9ce ! idea ( de/ruction com+ f ! direction ( ! ,end is unhe>d ( to man1 & is 9 direct contradiction to 8 ideas ( ,god4 ,we are br\ght1 !re=e1 d[n to ! v f\ndation2 & ! "q we h to answ] becomes--,is "o ( ! elem5ts ( human nature a feel+ ( necessity to pursue goodness = its own sake1 q ap>t f any motives8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :5 a supreme dang] su* z t already describ$ is rapidly approa*+ humanity1 if su* a ?+ c\ld be1 :at w\ld be ! imm$iate result8 ,we "k t ) ! ord9>y dang]s1 su* z %ipwreck & air-raid1 ! t5d5cy among p ga!r$ toge!r 9 l>ge numb]s is to panic1 to h]d toge!r & become tempor>ily depriv$ ( normal reason+ p[]s4 ,w\ld ?is be ! result ( ! sight ( approa*+ univ]sal de/ruction8 ,surely n4 ,panic is ! result1 ,i believe1 n ( approa*+ dang] simply1 b necess>ily ( a dang] :i* ?reat5s to affect "s ( a numb] ( p m ?an o!rs1 & :i* !re is a possibility ( avoid+4 ,x is entirely ! elem5t ( unc]ta9ty or susp5se :i* causes panic among numb]s ( p4 ,n[ ?is is an important po9t 9 ! argum5t4 ,x seems v easy to defeat x on ! gr\nds t animals almo/ inv>iably h]d toge!r & panic 9 ! face ( dang]1 & t su* action _c be due to ! elem5t ( unc]ta9ty & susp5se1 s9ce ?is necessitates ! employm5t ( calculative & reason+ faculties :i* animals presumably d n possess4 ,! ju/ification is to be f\nd 9 a clos] exam9ation ( ! "p play$ by ! unc]ta9ty 9 produc+ ! panic :i* is common to m5 & animals4 ,9 ! face ( dang]1 z 9 ev]y?+ else1 man's fir/ in/9ct is to reason & calculate1 & 8 calculation results 9 f9d+ ! dang] ei!r avoidable & unc]ta91 :i* is almo/ always ! case1 or unavoidable & inevitable4 ,if ! dang] is f\nd avoidable1 fe> is ! imm$iate result4 ,fe> z we "k x has come into be+ ) reason1 b at ! same "t1 z w be se5 lat]1 x is only reason :i* c triumph ov] & de/roy fe>4 ,?is fe> !n br+s ab\t ! de/ruction ( reason1 & ! animal /&>d is rea*$1 f :i* "t ! man behaves 9 ! same way z ! animals1 to :om ! dang] is m]ely some?+ out ( ! ord9>y4 ,he !n comes "u ! dom9ation ( ! in/9ct to panic4 ,x w ?us be se5 t all ! m5tal processes :i* came be=e ! rev]sion to ! animal /&>d 9 m51 are unkn[n to animals1 & are ! outcome ( ! purely human faculty ( reason4 ,h[ev]1 if reason c by any means reta9 its foo?old & its entirety1 !re w nei!r be fe> nor ! consequ5t breakd[n ( reason & ! dom9ation ( panic4 ,n[ ?is is ! position 9 ! o!r case1 ! case 9 :i* reason f9ds ! dang] unavoidable4 ,9 ! case ( a dang] :i* is unavoidable !re w be no panic4 ,x is ?is fact :i* acc\nts = ! brav]y ( numb]s ( p go+ to _! dea? on bo>d a s9k+ %ip2 b su* a position has nev]--or v seldom1 inde$--avoid$ a relapse1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 to panic1 inasmu* z !re is a possibility ( avoid+ ! dang]1 & a possibility t "s may survive1 :ile o!rs are doom$ to p]i%4 ,9 ! face ( univ]sal de/ruction1 !re=e1 !re w be no fe> & no panic4 ,! fact t he is fac+ annihilation toge!r ) ! re/ ( humanity w\ld h an extraord9>y influ5ce on ea* individual1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be j ! same if he alone 0 aw>e ( ! dang]4 ,i rememb] v well an ev5+ at s*ool :5 ,i 0 told & conv9c$ by sev]al boys old] ?an myself t 7,i ev5 rememb] ! date7 on ,june #ah? ! e>? 0 go+ to be de/roy$4 ,x _h be5 prov$1 ,i 0 told1 beyond ! %ad[ ( a d\bt t on t p>ticul> date "s natural ph5om5on w\ld take place :i* w\ld inevitably entail ! de/ruction ( ev]y?+ liv+ on ! e>?4 ,?is =ms an int]e/+ p>allel to ! pres5t case2 = at ! "t ,i 0 only ab\t eight ye>s old1 & ,i _h v scanty ideas ab\t ,god & future life4 ,to me ! e>? 0 ! ,univ]se4 ,&1 fur!rmore1 = ab\t an h\r mo/ ( u ?or\ghly believ$ t ! de/ruction ( ! e>?1 or ! ,end ( ! ,_w z we call$ x1 0 at h&4 ,( c\rse1 x might be said t !re is no real p>allel1 s9ce we 7 only *ildr52 b ,i believe t argum5t to be absolutely fallaci\s4 ,9 ! matt] ( fundam5tal t5d5cies & *>act]i/ics ( human nature "o _c assume su* divisions4 ,s9ce ! pres5t /ate ( good & evil 9 human nature has tak5 ?\s&s ( ye>s to become evolv$1 x seems unlikely t !re c be caus$ 9 ! individual at pres5t any fundam5tal *ange4 ,i !re=e cont5d t z soon z p]sonality & indep5d5ce ( "* becomes evid5t 9 ! individual1 bo? ! good & ! evil 9 8 nature w be pres5t 9 ! same way & 9 ! same relation1 al?\gh n necess>ily 9 ! same proportions or degrees1 z !y w be ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( 8 life4 ,?is p]sonality becomes evid5t )\t any d\bt at a v e>ly age1 c]ta9ly by ! age ( eight2 & 9 s f> z ! developm5t ( good & evil is dep5d5t ^u ! developm5t ( "*1 x seems likely t ^! elem5ts w be m cle>ly m>k$ 9 ! *ild ( eight ?an 9 ! second infancy ( ! man ( eighty4 ,to return to ! p]sonal incid5t4 ,i recall v vividly n[ ! half-h\r :i* foll[$ my conviction ( ,univ]sal de/ruction1 &1 ( c\rse1 ,i realise my actual feel+s & _! probable causes m cle>ly n[ ?an ,i did at ! "t4 ,! real =ce ( my conviction only la/$ = ab\t an h\r1 b 9 t "t1 & aid$ no d\bt by a r /ra9$ imag9ation1 ,i 01 ,i feel conv9c$1 9 ! same position z any "o ( ! individuals on t great ,road z !y see ! ,fire approa*+ & dev\r+ ! entire ,univ]se4 ,z ! affair 0 be+ expla9$ to me ,i rememb] ,i 0 t]rifi$1 b v soon1 & z soon z ,i realis$ ! situation1 :i* x mu/ be rememb]$ ! p on ! ,road w\ld d almo/ in/antane\sly1 ?is feel+ entirely left me4 ,& ! next feel+1 a v =cible "o1 0 r extraord9>y1 be+ z x 0 an ov]p[]+ feel+ ( solitude4 ,x 0 ev5+1 & tw5ty or ?irty ( u 7 all 9 a l>ge classroom toge!r1 & = _m m9utes ,i felt m lonely ?an ,i ev] _h be=e2 ,i felt cut (f f all ^? ar\nd me1 & ,i see t1 z ,pe] ,gynt w\ld h said1 ,i _h become myself4 ,z has already be5 said1 ,i 0 n fright5$1 & :at ,i did 9 ^? m9utes 0 to "w4 ,x 0 prep-"t1 & x is an int]e/+ fact1 z be>+ out :at has already be5 said bo? ab\t ! e/abli%m5t ( individuality ) consequ5t opportunities ( conc5tration1 & also ab\t ! ma9t5ance ( reason1 t ,i 0 able to d 9 ^? m9utes1 & d bett] ?an usual1 ! "w t g5]ally dem&$ m ?an ! allott$ h\r4 ,v soon1 h[ev]1 ! feel+ ( solitude pass$ away & its place 0 tak5 by a feel+ ( exactly ! opposite nature1 a feel+ ( ,unity1 ( extraord9>y fell[%ip1 foll[$ by a wond]ful s5sation ( happ9ess4 ,all ?is s\nds r grotesque1 & ! cont9u$ use ( ^! r mean+less epi!ts is v ineffectual 9 express+ :at !y are meant to convey4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! position is altoge!r an extraord9>y "o2 & ! feel+s & s5sations result+ f su* a position 7 extraord9>y at ! "t & /ill are extraord9>y4 ,! position seems q unique2 x is difficult to imag9e :]e & h[ else t same m5tal condition c\ld be produc$3 old] p w\ld n h cr$it$ ! /ory ev5 = ! %ort "t t we did1 & y\ng] *ildr5 w\ld n h _h ! indep5d5ce ( ?\ght & imag9ation to picture & contemplate ! situation4 ,at ! "t x 0 my good =tune to exp]i5ce ?+s :i* ,i h nev] exp]i5c$ be=e or s9ce1 & :i* ,i believe few ev] h exp]i5c$4 ,h[ev]1 y ask = a return to ! "q ( :e!r goodness is an imman5t reality 9 human nature2 y ask p]haps1 9 view ( ! incid5t describ$1 ,if x _h be5 9 y\r p[] to d some?+ at t "t :i* 0 supremely pleasurable b at ! same "t contr>y to y\r moral ideas1 w\ld y h done x8 ,! answ]1 :i* is ma9ly conta9$ 9 or drawn f :at has gone be=e is--,no2 & ! direct reason is1 because1 9 ! conditions produc$ by ! position describ$1 no?+ b :at is good rema9s 9 ! human nature4 ,! b$-rock has be5 rea*$1 & x is good2 ! causes ( evil & ( its cont9uance are remov$4 ,ev] s9ce man has l$ a corporate life x seems probable t "o out/&+ evil has prevail$1 9 great] or less degrees accord+ to ! rate & am\nt ( progress made by any community4 ,& ?is evil is ! lack & suppression ( individuality4 ,x seems impossible to acc\nt = x1 except by simply say+ t x is1 & has always be5 a *>act]i/ic t5d5cy ( human nature2 h[ev]1 ?is is ! mo/ enc\rag+ answ] possible1 because x assumes t ?is evil c ev5tually be eradicat$4 ,no "o c surely d5y t !re is a lack ( individuality at pres5t2 its *ief manife/ations1 ( c\rse1 are to be f\nd 9 hatr$1 & 9 ! _s ( competition & rivalry2 x produces a cla% betwe5 individual op9ions & actions :i* is s app>5t t x _c be d5i$1 & ne$ n be enl>g$ ^u4 ,b1 ap>t f ^! m obvi\s manife/ations1 ?is fail+ has be5 responsible = ! production & cont9uance ( all t is evil 9 man4 ,human nature is ! f\ndation ( our life1 ( t f\ndation e individual is entitl$ to p>take2 &1 fur!rmore1 t f\ndation is good4 ,e individual possesses a portion ( ?is f\ndation z 8 "r2 & :at is ! result1 "u ^! circum/ances1 ( lack ( individuality8 ,surely ! result is t "s p>ts ( ^? individual sections1 p>ts :i* are 9 "s cases simil> to & 9 o!r cases diff]5t f p>ts ( o!r individual sections1 are us$ z ! f\ndation1 :ile ! rema9d] is left unus$4 ,=1 = ! mo/ "p1 m5 ei!r employ ^? p>ts ( _! portion ( ! f\ndation ( goodness :i* are common to z _m o!r individual sections z possible1 or1 l ,alce/e1 ! p>ts :i* are def9itely oppos$ to mo/ o!rs4 ,9 any case :]e ! f\ndation is undevelop$ & unus$ !re gr[s1 l a poison\s gr[?1 s91 :i* is made ( & fe$s ^u ! mat]ial ( ! good f\ndation1 :i* has be5 put to ! wrong use4 ,s9 & evil are n sep>ate1 9 ! /rict s5se1 f good4 ,x seems inconceivable t good & evil %\ld h _h diff]5t orig9s1 & %\ld h exi/$ z rival elem5ts 9 human nature )\t ! "o hav+ by ?is "t triumph$ ov] ! o!r4 ,9 matt]s :i* affect e memb] ( a body simil>ly1 ! comb9$ influ5ce ( all ^? memb]s %\ld be br\ght to be>2 b :]e e individual c be himself & int]pret & use 8 portion ( ! f\ndation ( goodness 9 ! complete way = :i* he 0 made & int5d$1 )\t affect+ o!rs1 he %\ld be all[$ to influ5ce !m or be influ5c$ by !m1 )\t int]f]5ce on ! "p ( any o!r individual4 ,s9ce ?is has n be5 ! case1 we h _h ! cont9uance ( s91 & until x is ! case1 !re always w be s94 ,n[1 9 ! position describ$1 complete individuality is e/abli%$ & evil ceases to exi/ & becomes a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,) ! ne> prospect ( univ]sal de/ruction1 !re is imm$iately a cessation ( progress2 & !n1 z 9 ! incid5t describ$1 !re comes complete individuality--e individual becomes himself4 ,) a common de/ruction inevitable & ) ! e/abli%m5t ( individuality1 co-op]ation 9 its true s5se prevails1 & ) x ! surpass+ & disappe>ance ( evil2 & !n t wond]ful happ9ess 444 ( all ?is ,i am conv9c$4 ,i rememb] well ! effect = an h\r or s among a few ( u t ev5+4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! atmosph]e 9 ! little room 9 :i* ! mo/ impress$ ( u ga!r$ dur+ t "t1 :i* 0 free1 ,i "k1 f ev]y?+ b good1 & t ( a day or two lat] :5 we made fun ( ! :ole affair1 is s m>k$ t my op9ion on ! matt] is v def9ite4 ,goodness alone !re 0 at ! beg9n+1 & goodness alone !re w be at ! end4 ,no man is ! cause ( 8 own d[nfall1 b he alone z an individual c be ! ma9ta9] ( 8 foo?old4 ,individuality 9 all t conc]ns ! individual1 alone c make & keep life clean & sweet4 ,if ?is individuality c\ld1 by su* means z education1 be e/abli%$1 !re w\ld be con/itut$ a unit+ =ce ?r\gh humanity :i* c\ld lead x1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 9 ! way x %\ld g4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& z ,he rais$ ! semblance ( ! ,fire f ! ,univ]se1 ,he look$ ^u ,man & saw t he 0 good4 ,j4 ,a4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,iii ,,! ,,dream ,h[ mu* ( our life seems & is a dream6 ,h[ (t5 we feel ourselves c>ri$ (f our feet & borne along on a tide ( circum/ances1 toss$ backw>ds & =w>ds on a sea ( conflict+ ev5ts1 n[ hurri$ along by a curr5t ( op9ion1 n[ bl9d$ ) ! spray ( false accusation1 !n motionless = a mom5t1 try+ to collect our %att]$ ?\ghts be=e ! next onslaught3 b all ! "t out ( t\*1 consci\sly1 ) :at is go+ on1 utt]ly p[]less1 try+ to ga!r up ! ?reads & recov] consci\sness4 ,any action t we take1 any ^w t we utt]1 is done )\t ?\ght1 )\t k1 & )\t any result4 ,& yet nei!r ! cause nor ! effect are1 /rictly speak+1 physical4 ,! position is a m5tal attitude1 9 ?is case m5tal helplessness1 & ?is is dep5d5t solely ^u ! relation ( ! m9d to ext]ior circum/ances4 ,:5 we are fully consci\s1 we are ourselves ea* ! c5tre ( a little _w1 :i* includes all t conc]ns u1 & ! appe>ance ( ?is dep5ds entirely ^u its p>ticul> mean+ = u4 ,we d n1 _c1 "u ^! circum/ances1 see any?+ exactly z x is3 its appe>ance is influ5c$ by its importance = u or by ! degree ( approval1 or disapproval :i* we ourselves atta* to x4 ,:5 our life becomes a dream1 our sph]e is brok5 into & usurp$ by ! *ang+ ( values1 %apes1 & appe>ance ( ?+s )9 x4 ,! old famili> =ms are transfigur$ & tamp]$ )1 our mi/ak5 or incomplete idea ( p]sons is reveal$1 & a ho/ ( new & inexplicable =ms appe>2 ) ! result t we are lit]ally bewild]$1 & in/ead ( reg>d+ ?+s ) ref]5ce to _! influ5ce ^u u1 we see ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves--:5 we c see at all--& feel :at !y actually d to u4 ,!re c be no "o :o is n aw>e ( ?is exp]i5ce1 9 a great] or a less degree4 ,i speak ( x z dream+ because t is ! analogy :i* be/ repres5ts ! circum/ances1 all ( :i* h be5 expla9$ except "o4 ,9 ! same way z we are n consci\s t :at we h be5 dream+ is a dream until we awake1 s 9 ^! p]iods ( our actual life 9 :i* we are depriv$ ( w & are borne along by ext]ior circum/ances & =ces1 we are n aw>e ( our helplessness1 ( our utt] weakness1 ( ! significance ( :at we h se5 & he>d1 until we h rega9$ consci\sness & wok5 aga9 to our fre$om4 ,9 ?is s5se ,i h rec5tly _h a dream1 & only s9ce h ,i realis$ t :at ,i dreamt 0 fact2 & !n ,i 0 able to place x all )9 my sph]e--its ideas1 its causes1 & its effects h become or are becom+ ! famili> =ms & %apes1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ,i am1 l a spid] at ! c5tre ( its web1 plac$ ) my h&s on e ?read4 ,& ?is is t dream4 ,full ( life & happ9ess ,i set out ) ano!r1 "o :o 0 a fri5d & _h liv$ ) me = a "t1 %>+ ! same hopes1 me?ods1 & ideals4 ,laugh+ z we w5t1 ) ! smil+ _w ar\nd u & ! glad faces ( ^? we knew1 we made our way to ! h\se ( "o :o1 old] ?an ourselves1 _h inspir$ & befri5d$ 9 u ^? hopes & ideals4 ,& !re we le>nt f him t ! au?orities ( ! community1 ! in/itution to :i* we belong$1 _h tak5 (f5ce at our me?ods & by suppress+ !m _h de/roy$ our aims & all t 0 mo/ de> to u4 ,z we sat !re 9 sil5ce1 my m9d ca/ back ov] ! "t--x 0 little m ?an a ye>--s9ce our outlook _h be5 entirely *ang$4 ,i saw ! s*ool a ?robb+ piece ( me*anism ) its bells1 its clocks1 & its gov]nors1 set d[n 9 a place ( great beauty4 ,bl9d to any?+ ( beauty1 x work$ ) a rhy?m & a precision :i* became a tw5tie?-c5tury developm5t 7al?\gh x _h be5 set up 9 #aeeg1 & 0 /ill runn+ on v ne>ly its orig9al l9es--:i* 0 ! reason1 s !y say1 ( :y x work$ s well74 ,i saw x at "w & 0 myself made "p ( its raw mat]ial4 ,into its hungry m\? !re w5t *ildhood at its be/1 full ( en]gy1 ) e k9d ( ability1 tal5t & promise1 ent]prise & ambition2 ?r\gh its tee?1 its m\lds1 & its classrooms !y pass$1 until !y issu$ f ! end a s+le & s+ul> type ( humanity1 m\ld$1 /amp$1 docket$ & numb]$--to take _! place1 or r1 & ?is is ! sadde/ note ( all1 _! v num]\s & diff]5t places 9 ! _w4 ,:ile ?is 0 pass+ ?r\gh my m9d we got up & w5t out = a walk4 ,& !n !re came ! ,w>1 & ! m5 & in/itutions ( ,europe 7 put to a supreme te/4 ,& ! imm$iate result 0 t m5 began to ?9k1 began to look ab\t !m1 & realis+ ! palpable evil ( w>1 began to wond] :e!r !y _h n be5 mi/ak5 9 _! values & sy/ems4 ,m5 soon came to realise t !y did n fulfil _! entire duty if !y foll[$ z ne>ly z possible 9 ! foot/eps ( _! great-gr&fa!rs1 b t z ! _w mov$ x behov$ !m to move2 t ea* man is made ) ! possibility ( e attitude & a*ievem5t z se$s )9 him2 t circum/ances alone _h caus$ him to live on "s ( ^! & n on o!rs2 t intol]ance 0 !re=e a crime ( ! mo/ unp>donable "*2 t x 0 wrong & unpr(itable to let "o's self be borne along on ! surface ( ! _w's tide--& t x 0 e man's duty to use ! _w z he f9ds x = ! developm5t & fulfilm5t ( all t is be/ )9 him1 & n to dep5d ^u "o ?+ & reject ano!r1 fav\r "o op9ion1 & oppose or ev5 disreg>d ano!r4 ,& ^? 9 ! s*ool :o fir/ realis$ ?is1 det]m9$ n to submit to ! guid+ & m\ld+ ( ?is me*anical in/itution1 b to look at ! _w ar\nd & outside !m--its beauty1 its me?ods1 its effects1 its possibility1 its wond] & its joy1 & to develop = !mselves1 "u ! guidance & sugge/ion ( ^? :om !y tru/$1 _! own p[]s1 ) _! own pr9ciples to guide !m & _! own aims to rea*4 ,& 9 ! c>ry+ out ( ?is plan & 9 ! sugge/+ ( x to o!rs & 9 witness+ ! results 9 o!rs & 9 ! in/itution to :i* !y belong$1 !y1 & lat] ,i & all ^? :o foll[$ !m1 f\nd great happ9ess--a happ9ess :i* ,i felt c\ld come f n[h]e else1 & c]ta9ly a happ9ess su* z ,i _h nev] be=e exp]i5c$4 ,a great] facility 9 all intellectual activity1 & 9 avoid+ & fight+ ev]y?+ :i* "o felt to be wrong1 a great] confid5ce1 & det]m9ation ?r\gh self-dep5d5ce 9 all ?+s1 are "s ( ! natural imm$iate fruits ( a self-conceiv$ basis ( ?\ght & action :i* refus$ to accept bl9dly ev]y?+ t 0 h&$ d[n or dealt out4 ,! p]man5t results 9 ! %ape ( /ati/ics & concrete evid5ce are pro( & witness to ! rightness ( ! und]tak+4 ,b n[ x is all ( ! pa/--! reasons are irrelevant2 suffice x t !y are iniquit\s1 & m ?an iniquit\s1 s9ce !y h murd]$ :at is "r4 ,& n[ we _h come1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh a great field ( gre5 corn ru/l+ 9 ! light w9d1 to a f5ce1 on :i* we sat4 ,my retrospective ?\ghts _h n[ caught up to ! pres5t--b ,i 0 /ill dream+4 ,all t ,i ?\ght 0 unconsci\s1 out ( my control & wond]ful4 ,our attempt _h be5 v beautiful1 _h be5 a "w ( art1 & 9 _m ways _h come to a beautiful & arti/ic end4 ,l a great & wond]ful bubble1 wr\ght 9 _m & en*ant+ col\rs1 x rose up complete at t mom5t f its bir?place & dea?b$--& ,i 0 happy aga94 ,!n f ! place d[n bel[ u--t place 9 :i* we _h /riv5 & app>5tly fail$--,i seem$ to he> ! voice ( ^? :o oppos$ & hat$ u 9 our ways--^? :o 7 mak+ ! s*ool into a ma*9e aga9--& 7 rejoic+ 9 x1 z !y pump$ 9 ! oil3 ,! ,g]mans are v]rm9--x is y\r "w 9 life to krruss* !m6 ,& at t v mom5t !re came by ?ree ,g]man prison]s--pass$ u1 jump$ ov] ! f5ce & 7 gone2 b ! lik5ess6 x 0 m ?an /rik+2 nev]1 nev] %all ,i =get x--& ,i 0 conv9c$4 ,! s*ool1 its v self1 its s\l1 _h /ruggl$ to its feet1 & z a little *ild 0 tak+ its fir/ consci\s /eps--! mo/ beautiful1 p]haps1 t x 0 ev] de/9$ to take--:5 !y1 ^? me*anicians1 ) _! mail$ fi/s smote x 9 ! face1 cru%$ x he>tlessly to ! gr\nd1 ) ,l\va9 & ,belgium n only be=e _! eyes b on _! v lips4 ,oh1 ?is _w is a rott5 place1 he said1 at my side4 ,i wond]1 ,i murmur$ 9 reply1 & ,i /ill d4444 ,j4 ,a4 ,a4 ,j4