from the ,university of ,michigan ,digital ,libraries47 ,transcriber's ,note ,greek has been transliterated in this version of the e-text1 and is surrounded by symbols1 like this4 ,,the ,,sympathy ,,of ,,religions4 ,,an ,,address1 ,,delivered ,,at ,,horticultural ,,hall1 ,,boston1 ,february #f1 #ahgj4 ,,by ,,thomas ,,wentworth ,,higginson4 ,,boston3 ,,reprinted ,,from ,,the ,,radical4 ,,office1 #be ,,bromfield ,,street4 #ahga4 ,,the ,,sympathy ,,of ,,religions4 ,,by ,,thomas ,,wentworth ,,higginson4 ,our true religious life begins when we discover that there is an ,inner ,light1 not infallible but invaluable1 which lighteth every man that cometh into the world4 ,then we have something to steer by2 and it is chiefly this1 and not an anchor1 that we need4 ,the human soul1 like any other noble vessel1 was not built to be anchored1 but to sail4 ,an anchorage may1 indeed1 be at times a temporary need1 in order to make some special repairs1 or to take fresh cargo in2 yet the natural destiny of both ship and soul is not the harbor1 but the ocean2 to cut with even keel the vast and beautiful expanse2 to pass from island on to island of more than ,indian balm1 or to continents fairer than ,columbus won2 or1 best of all1 steering close to the wind1 to extract motive power from the greatest obstacles4 ,men must forget the eternity through which they have yet to sail1 when they talk of anchoring here upon this bank and shoal of time4 ,it would be a tragedy to see the shipping of the world whitening the seas no more1 and idly riding at anchor in ,atlantic ports2 but it would be more tragic to see a world of souls fascinated into a fatal repose and renouncing their destiny of motion4 ,and as with individuals1 so with communities4 ,the great historic religions of the world are not so many stranded hulks left to perish4 ,the best of them are all in motion4 ,all over the world the divine influence moves men4 ,there is a sympathy in religions1 and this sympathy is shown alike in their origin1 their records1 and their progress4 ,men are ceasing to disbelieve1 and learning to believe more4 ,i have worshiped in an ,evangelical church when thousands rose to their feet at the motion of one hand4 ,i have worshiped in a ,roman ,catholic church when the lifting of one finger broke the motionless multitude into twinkling motion1 till the magic sign was made1 and all was still once more4 ,but ,i never for an instant have supposed that this concentrated moment of devotion was more holy or more beautiful than when one cry from a minaret hushes a ,mohammedan city to prayer1 or when1 at sunset1 the low invocation1 ,oh6 the gem in the lotus--oh6 the gem in the lotus1 goes murmuring1 like the cooing of many doves1 across the vast surface of ,thibet4 ,true1 the gem in the lotus means nothing to us1 but it means as much to the angels as the ,lamb of ,god1 for it is a symbol of aspiration4 ,every year brings new knowledge of the religions of the world1 and every step in knowledge brings out the sympathy between them4 ,they all show the same aim1 the same symbols1 the same forms1 the same weaknesses1 the same aspirations4 ,looking at these points of unity1 we might say there is but one religion under many forms1 whose essential creed is the ,fatherhood of ,god1 and the ,brotherhood of ,man1--disguised by corruptions1 symbolized by mythologies1 ennobled by virtues1 degraded by vices1 but still the same4 ,or if1 passing to a closer analysis1 we observe the shades of difference1 we shall find in these varying faiths the several instruments which perform what ,cudworth calls the ,symphony of ,religions4 ,and though some may stir like drums1 and others soothe like flutes1 and others like violins command the whole range of softness and of strength1 yet they are all alike instruments1 and nothing in any one of them is so wondrous as the great laws of sound which equally control them all4 ,amid so much war and contest and variety of opinion1 said ,maximus ,tyrius1 you will find one consenting conviction in every land1 that there is one ,god1 the ,king and ,father of all4 ,god being one1 said ,aristotle1 only receives various names from the various manifestations we perceive4 ,sovereign ,god1 said ,cleanthes1 in that sublime prayer which ,paul quoted1 whom men invoke under many names1 and who rulest alone1 444 it is to thee that all nations should address themselves1 for we all are thy children4 ,so ,origen1 the ,christian ,father1 frankly says that no man can be blamed for calling ,god's name in ,egyptian1 nor in ,scythian1 nor in such other language as he best knows4,a ,to say that different races worship different ,gods1 is like saying that they are warmed by different suns4 ,the names differ1 but the sun is the same1 and so is ,god4 ,as there is but one source of light and warmth1 so there is but one source of religion4 ,to this all nations testify alike4 ,we have yet but a part of our ,holy ,bible4 ,the time will come when1 as in the middle ages1 all pious books will be called sacred scriptures1 ,scripturae ,sacrae4 ,from the most remote portions of the earth1 from the ,vedas and the ,sagas1 from ,plato and ,zoroaster1 ,confucius and ,mohammed1 from the ,emperor ,marcus ,antoninus and the slave ,epictetus1 from the learned ,alexandrians and the ignorant ,galla negroes1 there will be gathered hymns and prayers and maxims in which every religious soul may unite1--the magnificent liturgy of the human race4 ,the greatest of modern scholars1 ,von ,humboldt1 asserted in middle life and repeated the assertion in old age1 that all positive religions contain three distinct parts4 ,first1 a code of morals1 very fine1 and nearly the same in all4 ,second1 a geological dream1 and1 third1 a myth or historical novelette1 which last becomes the most important of all4 ,and though this observation may be somewhat roughly stated1 its essential truth is seen when we compare the different religions of the world side by side4 ,with such startling points of similarity1 where is the difference8 ,the main difference lies here1 that each fills some blank space in its creed with the name of a different teacher4 ,for instance1 the ,oriental ,parsee wears a fine white garment1 bound around him with a certain knot2 and whenever this knot is undone1 at morning or night1 he repeats the four main points of his creed1 which are as follows3-- ,to believe in one ,god1 and hope for mercy from him only4 ,to believe in a future state of existence4 ,to do as you would be done by4 ,thus far the ,parsee keeps on the universal ground of religion4 ,then he drops into the language of his sect and adds1-- ,to believe in ,zoroaster as lawgiver1 and to hold his writings sacred4 ,the creed thus furnishes a formula for all religions4 ,it might be printed in blank like a circular1 leaving only the closing name to be filled in4,b ,for ,zoroaster read ,christ1 and you have ,christianity2 read ,buddha1 and you have ,buddhism2 read ,mohammed1 and you have ,mohammedanism4 ,each of these1 in short1 is ,natural ,religion plus an individual name4 ,it is by insisting on that plus that each religion stops short of being universal4 ,in this religion of the human race1 thus variously disguised1 we find everywhere the same leading features4 ,the same great doctrines1 good or bad1--regeneration1 predestination1 atonement1 the future life1 the final judgment1 the ,divine ,reason or ,logos1 and the ,trinity4 ,the same religious institutions1--monks1 missionaries1 priests1 and pilgrims4 ,the same ritual1--prayers1 liturgies1 sacrifices1 sermons1 hymns4 ,the same implements1--frankincense1 candles1 holy water1 relics1 amulets1 votive offerings4 ,the same symbols1--the cross1 the ball1 the triangle1 the serpent1 the all-seeing eye1 the halo of rays1 the tree of life4 ,the same saints1 angels1 and martyrs4 ,the same holiness attached to particular cities1 rivers1 and mountains4 ,the same prophecies and miracles1--the dead restored and evil spirits cast out4 ,the self-same holy days2 for ,easter and ,christmas were kept as spring and autumn festivals1 centuries before our era1 by ,egyptians1 ,persians1 ,saxons1 ,romans4 ,the same artistic designs1 since the mother and child stand depicted1 not only in the temples of ,europe1 but in those of ,etruria and ,arabia1 ,egypt and ,thibet4 ,in ancient ,christian art1 the evangelists were represented with the same heads of eagles1 oxen1 and lions1 upon which we gaze with amazement in ,egyptian tombs4 ,nay1 the very sects and subdivisions of all historic religions have been the same1 and each supplies us with mystic and rationalist1 formalist and philanthropist1 ascetic and epicurean4 ,the simple fact is1 that all these things are as indigenous as grass and mosses2 they spring up in every soil1 and only the microscope can tell them apart4 ,and1 as all these inevitably recur1 so comes back again and again the idea of incarnation1--the ,divine ,man4 ,here1 too1 all religions sympathize1 and1 with slight modifications1 each is the copy of the other4 ,as in the dim robing-rooms of foreign churches are kept rich stores of sacred vestments1 ready to be thrown over every successive generation of priests1 so the world has kept in memory the same stately traditions to decorate each new ,messiah4 ,he is predicted by prophecy1 hailed by sages1 born of a virgin1 attended by miracle1 borne to heaven without tasting death1 and with promise of return4 ,zoroaster and ,confucius have no human father4 ,osiris is the ,son of ,god1 he is called the ,revealer of ,life and ,light2 he first teaches one chosen race2 he then goes with his apostles to teach the ,gentiles1 conquering the world by peace2 he is slain by evil powers2 after death he descends into hell1 then rises again1 and presides at the last judgment of all mankind3 those who call upon his name shall be saved4 ,buddha is born of a virgin2 his name means the ,word1 the ,logos1 but he is known more tenderly as the ,saviour of ,man2 he embarrasses his teachers1 when a child1 by his understanding and his answers2 he is tempted in the wilderness1 when older2 he goes with his apostles to redeem the world2 he abolishes caste and cruelty1 and teaches forgiveness2 he receives among his followers outcasts whom ,pharisaic pride despises1 and he only says1 ,my law is a law of mercy to all4 ,slain by enemies1 he descends into hell1 rising without tasting death1 and still lives to make intercession for man4 ,these are the recognized properties of religious tradition2 the beautiful garments belong not to the individual1 but the race4 ,it is the drawback on all human greatness that it makes itself deified4 ,even of ,jesus it was said sincerely by the ,platonic philosopher ,porphyry1 ,that noble soul1 who has ascended into heaven1 has by a certain fatality become an occasion of error4 ,the inequality of gifts is a problem not yet solved1 and there is always a craving for some miracle to explain it4 ,men set up their sublime representatives as so many spiritual athletes1 and measure them4 ,see1 this one is six inches taller2 those six inches prove him divine4 ,but because men surpass us1 or surpass everybody1 shall we hold them separate from the race8 ,construct the race as you will1 somebody must stand at the head1 in virtue as in intellect4 ,shall we deify ,shakespeare8 ,because we may begin upon his treasury of wisdom almost before we enjoy any other book1 and can hold to it longer1 and read it all our lives1 from those earnest moments when we demand the very core of thought1 down to moments of sickness and sadness when nothing else captivates2 because we may go the rounds of all literature1 and grow surfeited with every other great author1 and learn a dozen languages and a score of philosophical systems1 and travel the wide world over1 and come back to ,shakespeare at length1 fresh as ever1 and begin at the beginning of his infinite meanings once more1--are we therefore to consider him as separated from mortality8 ,are we to raise him to the heavens1 as in the magnificent eulogium of ,keats1 who heads creation with things real1 as sun1 stars1 and passages of ,shakespeare8 ,or are we to erect into a creed the bold words ,i once heard an enthusiast soberly say1 that it is impossible to think of ,shakespeare as a man8 ,or shall we reverently own1 that1 as man's humility first bids him separate himself from these his great superiors1 so his faith and hope bring him back to them and renew the tie4 ,it paralyzes my intellect if ,i doubt whether ,shakespeare was a man2 it paralyzes my whole spiritual nature if ,i doubt whether ,jesus was4 ,therefore ,i believe that all religion is natural1 all revealed4 ,what faith in humanity springs up1 what trust in ,god1 when one recognizes the sympathy of religions6 ,every race believes in a ,creator and ,governor of the world1 in whom devout souls recognize a ,father also4 ,every race believes in immortality4 ,every race recognizes in its religious precepts the brotherhood of man4 ,the whole gigantic system of caste in ,hindostan has grown up in defiance of the ,vedas1 which are now being invoked to abolish them4 ,the ,heetopades of ,vishnu ,sarman forbid caste4 ,is this one of our tribe or a stranger8 is the calculation of the narrow-minded2 but1 to those of a noble disposition1 the earth itself is but one family4 ,what is religion8 says elsewhere the same book1 and answers1 ,tenderness toward all creatures4 ,he is my beloved of whom mankind are not afraid and who of mankind is not afraid1 says the ,bhagvat ,geeta4 ,kesava is pleased with him who does good to others1 444 who is always desirous of the welfare of all creatures1 says the ,vishnu ,purana4 ,in ,confucius it is written1 ,my doctrine is simple and easy to understand2 and his chief disciple adds1 ,it consists only in having the heart right and in loving one's neighbor as one's self4 ,when he was asked1 ,is there one word which may serve as a rule of practice for all one's life8 he answered1 ,is not ',reciprocity' such a word8 ,what you wish done to yourself1 do to others4 ,by some translators the rule is given in a negative form1 in which it is also found in the ,jewish ,talmud 7,rabbi ,hillel71 ,do not to another what thou wouldst not he should do to thee2 this is the sum of the law4 ,so ,thales1 when asked for a rule of life1 taught1 ,that which thou blamest in another1 do not thyself4 ,thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself1 said the ,hebrew book of ,leviticus4 ,iamblichus tells us that ,pythagoras taught the love of all to all4 ,to live is not to live for one's self alone1 let us help one another1 said the ,greek dramatist ,menander2 and the ,roman dramatist ,terence1 following him1 brought down the applause of the whole theatre by the saying1 ,i am a man2 ,i count nothing human foreign to me4 ,give bread to a stranger1 said ,quintilian1 in the name of the universal brotherhood which binds together all men under the common father of nature4 ,what good man will look on any suffering as foreign to himself8 said the ,latin satirist ,juvenal4 ,this sympathy is what distinguishes us from brutes1 he adds4 ,the poet ,lucan predicted a time when warlike weapons should be laid aside1 and all men love one another4 ,nature has inclined us to love men1 said ,cicero1 and this is the foundation of the law4 ,he also described his favorite virtue of justice as devoting itself wholly to the good of others4 ,seneca said1 ,we are members of one great body1 ,nature planted in us a mutual love1 and fitted us for a social life4 ,we must consider that we were born for the good of the whole4 ,love mankind1 wrote ,marcus ,antoninus1 summing it all up in two words2 while the loving soul of ,epictetus extended the sphere of mutual affection beyond this earth1 holding that the universe is but one great city1 full of beloved ones1 divine and human1 by nature endeared to each other4,c ,this sympathy of religions extends even to the loftiest virtues1--the forgiveness of injuries1 the love of enemies and the overcoming of evil with good4 ,the wise man1 said the ,chinese ,lao-tse1 avenges his injuries with benefits4 ,hatred1 says a ,buddhist sacred book1 the ,dhammapada1 does not cease by hatred at any time2 hatred ceases by love2 this is the eternal rule4 ,to overcome evil with good is good1 and to resist evil by evil is evil1 says a ,mohammedan manual of ethics4 ,turn not away from a sinner1 but look on him with compassion1 says ,saadi's ,gulistan4 ,if thine enemy hunger1 give him bread to eat2 if he thirst1 give him water to drink1 said the ,hebrew proverb4 ,he who commits injustice is ever made more wretched than he who suffers it1 said ,plato1 and adds1 ,it is never right to return an injury4 ,no one will dare maintain1 said ,aristotle1 that it is better to do injustice than to bear it4 ,we should do good to our enemy1 said ,cleobulus1 and make him our friend4 ,speak not evil to a friend1 nor even to an enemy1 said ,pittacus1 one of the ,seven ,wise ,men4 ,it is more beautiful1 said ,valerius ,maximus1 to overcome injury by the power of kindness than to oppose to it the obstinacy of hatred4 ,maximus ,tyrius has a special chapter on the treatment of injuries1 and concludes3 ,if he who injures does wrong1 he who returns the injury does equally wrong4 ,plutarch1 in his essay1 ,how to profit by our enemies1 bids us sympathize with them in affliction and aid their needs4 ,a philosopher1 when smitten1 must love those who smite him1 as if he were the father1 the brother1 of all men1 said ,epictetus4 ,it is peculiar to man1 said ,marcus ,antoninus1 to love even those who do wrong4444 ,ask thyself daily to how many ill-minded persons thou hast shown a kind disposition4 ,he compares the wise and humane soul to a spring of pure water which blesses even him who curses it2 and the ,oriental story likens such a soul to the sandal-wood tree1 which imparts its fragrance even to the axe that cuts it down4,d ,how it cheers and enlarges us to hear of these great thoughts and know that the ,divine has never been without a witness on earth6 ,how it must sadden the soul to disbelieve them4 ,worse yet to be in a position where one has to hope that they may not be correctly reported1--that one by one they may be explained away4 ,a prosecuting attorney once told me that the most painful part of his position was that he had to hope that every man he prosecuted would be proved a villain4 ,what is the painful circumstance in ,mrs4 ,stowe's ,byron controversy8 ,that she is obliged to hope that the character of a sister woman1 hitherto stainless1 may be hopelessly blackened4 ,but what is this to their position who are bound to hope that the character of humanity will be blackened by wholesale1 who are compelled to resist every atom of light that history reveals4 ,for instance1 as the great character of ,buddha has come out from the darkness1 within fifty years1 how these reluctant people have struggled against it1 still desiring to escape4 ,save us1 ,o ,god6 they have seemed to say1 from the distress of believing that so many years ago there was a sublime human life4 ,show such persons that the great religious ideas and maxims are as old as literature2 and how they resist the knowledge6 ,surely it is not so bad as that1 they say4 ,is there not a possibility of a mistranslation8 ,let us see the text1 explore the lexicon2 is there no labor1 no toil1 by which we can convince ourselves that there is a mistake8 ,anything rather than believe that there is a light which lighteth every man that cometh into the world4 ,for this purpose the very facts of history must be suppressed or explained away4 ,sir ,george ,mackenzie1 in his ,travels in ,iceland1 says that the clergy prevented till #afcj1 with mistaken zeal1 the publication of the ,scandinavian ,eddas4 ,huc1 the ,roman ,catholic ,missionary1 described in such truthful colors the religious influence of ,buddhism in ,thibet that his book was put in the index expurgatorius at ,rome4 ,balmes1 a learned ,roman ,catholic writer1 declares that ,christianity is stripped of a portion of its honors if we trace back any high standard of female purity to the ancient ,germans2 and so he coolly sets aside as poetical the plain statements of the accurate ,tacitus4 ,if we are to believe the accounts given of the ,jewish ,essenes by ,josephus1 ,de ,quincey thinks1 the claims made by ,christianity are annihilated4 ,if ,essenism could make good its pretensions1 there1 at one blow1 would be an end of ,christianity1 which1 in that case1 is not only superseded as an idle repetition of a religious system already published1 but as a criminal plagiarism4 ,nor can the wit of man evade the conclusion4 ,he accordingly attempts to explain away the testimony of ,josephus4,e ,and what makes this exclusiveness the more repulsive is its modernness4 ,paul himself quoted from the sublime hymn of ,cleanthes to prove to the ,greeks that they too recognized the ,fatherhood of ,god4 ,the early ,christian apologists1 living face to face with the elder religions1 made no exclusive claims4 ,tertullian declared the soul to be an older authority than prophecy1 and its voice the gift of ,god from the beginning4 ,justin ,martyr said1 ,those who live according to ,reason are ,christians1 though you may call them atheists4444 ,such among the ,greeks were ,socrates and ,heraclitus and the rest4 ,they who have made or do make ,reason 7,logos7 their rule of life are ,christians and men without fear and trembling4 ,the same ,god1 said ,clement1 to whom we owe the ,old and ,new ,testaments gave also to the ,greeks their ,greek philosophy by which the ,almighty is glorified among the ,greeks4 ,lactantius declared that the ancient philosophers attained the full truth and the whole mystery of religion4 ,one would suppose1 said ,minucius ,felix1 either that the ,christians were philosophers1 or the philosophers ,christians4 ,what is now called the ,christian religion1 said ,augustine1 has existed among the ancients1 and was not absent from the beginning of the human race1 until ,christ came in the flesh2 from which time the true religion1 which existed already1 began to be called ,christian4 ,jerome said that the knowledge of ,god was present by nature in all1 nor was there any one born without ,god1 or who had not in himself the seeds of all virtues4,f ,how few modern sects reach even this point of impartiality6 ,the usual course of theologians is to deny1 and to deny with fury1 that any such sympathy of religions exists4 ,there never was a time1 says a distinguished ,european preacher1 when there did not exist an infinite gulf between the ideas of the ancients and the ideas of ,christianity4 ,there is an end of ,christianity if men agree in thinking the contrary4 ,and an eminent ,unitarian preacher in ,america1 ,rev4 ,a4 ,p4 ,peabody1 says1 ,if the truths of ,christianity are intuitive and self-evident1 how is it that they formed no part of any man's consciousness till the advent of ,christ8 ,how can any one look history in the face1 how can any man open even the dictionary of any ancient language1 and yet say this8 ,what word sums up the highest ,christian virtue if not philanthropy8 ,and yet the word is a ,greek word1 and was used in the same sense before ,christendom existed4,g ,fortunately there have always been men whose larger minds could adapt themselves to the truth instead of narrowing the truth to them4 ,in ,william ,penn's ,no ,cross ,no ,crown1 one-half the pages are devoted to the religious testimony of ,christians1 and one-half to that of the non-,christian world4 ,the writings of the most learned of ,english ,catholics1 ,digby1 are a treasure-house of ancient religion1 and the conflict between the bigot and the scholar makes him deliciously inconsistent4 ,he states a doctrine1 illustrates it from the schoolmen or the fathers1 proudly claims it as being monopolized by the ,christian church1 and ends by citing a parallel passage from ,plato or ,a,eschylus6 ,the ancient poets1 he declares1 seem never to have conceived the idea of a spirit of resignation which would sanctify calamity2 and accordingly he quotes ,aristotle's assertion1 that suffering becomes beautiful when any one bears great calamities with cheerfulness1 not through insensibility1 but through greatness of mind4 ,there is not a passage in the classics1 he declares1 which recognizes the beauty of holiness and ,christian mildness2 and in the next breath he remarks1 that ,homer's description of ,patroclus furnishes language which might convey an idea of that mildness of manner which belonged to men in ,christian ages4 ,and he closes his eloquent picture of the faith of the middle ages in immortality by attributing to the monks and friars the dying language of ,socrates1 that a man who has spent his life in the study of philosophy ought to take courage in his death1 and to be full of hope that he is about to possess the greatest good that can be obtained1 which will be in his possession as soon as he dies2 and much more of that serene and sublime wisdom4 ,yet all this is done in a manner so absolutely free from sophistry1 the conflict between the scholar and the churchman is so innocent and transparent1 that one forgives it in ,digby4 ,in most writers on these subjects there is greater bigotry1 without the learning which in his case makes it endurable1 because it supplies the means for its own correction4,h ,and1 if it is thus hard to do historical justice1 it is far harder to look with candor upon contemporary religions4 ,thus the ,jesuit ,father ,ripa thought that ,satan had created the ,buddhist religion on purpose to bewilder the ,christian church4 ,there we see a creed possessing more votaries than any in the world1 numbering nearly one-third of the human race4 ,its traditions go back to a founder whose record is stainless and sublime4 ,it has the doctrine of the ,real ,presence1 the ,madonna and ,child1 the invocation of the dead1 monasteries and pilgrimages1 celibacy and tonsure1 relics1 rosaries1 and holy water4 ,wherever it has spread1 it has broken down the barrier of caste4 ,it teaches that all men are brethren1 and makes them prove it by their acts2 it diffuses gentleness and self-sacrificing benevolence4 ,it has become1 as ,neander admits1 to many tribes of people a means of transition from the wildest barbarism to semi-civilization4 ,tennent1 living amid the lowest form of it in ,ceylon1 says that its code of morals is second only to that of ,christianity itself1 and enjoins every conceivable virtue and excellence4 ,it is coming among us1 represented by many of the ,chinese1 and a ,san-,francisco merchant1 a ,christian of the ,episcopal ,church1 told me that1 on conversing with their educated men1 he found in them a religious faith quite as enlightened as his own4 ,shall we not rejoice in this consoling discovery8 ,yes1 said the simple-hearted ,abbe ,huc3 so he published his account of ,buddhism1 and saw it excommunicated4 ,no6 said ,father ,ripa1 it is the invention of the devil6,i ,with a steady wave of progress ,mohammedanism is sweeping through ,africa1 where ,christianity scarcely advances a step4 ,wherever ,mohammedanism reaches1 schools and libraries are established1 gambling and drunkenness cease1 theft and falsehood diminish1 polygamy is limited1 woman begins to be elevated and has property rights guaranteed2 and1 instead of witnessing human sacrifices1 you see the cottager reading the ,koran at her door1 like the ,christian cottager in ,cowper's description4 ,its gradual extension1 says an eye-witness1 is gradually but surely modifying the negro4444 ,within the last half century the humanizing influence of the ,koran is acknowledged by all who are acquainted with the interior tribes4,j ,so in ,india1 ,mohammedanism makes converts by thousands 7according to ,col4 ,sleeman1 than whom there can be no more intelligent authority7 where ,christianity makes but a handful2 and this1 he testifies1 because in ,mohammedanism there is no spirit of caste1 while ,christians have a caste of their own1 and will not put converts on an equality4 ,do we rejoice in this great work of progress8 ,no6 one would think we were still in the time of the crusades by the way we ignore the providential value of ,mohammedanism4 ,the one unpardonable sin is exclusiveness4 ,any form of religion is endangered when we bring it to the test of facts2 for none on earth can bear that test4 ,there never existed a person1 nor a book1 nor an institution1 which did not share the merits and the drawbacks of its rivals4 ,granting all that can be established as to the debt of the world to the very best dispensation1 the fact still remains1 that there is not a single maxim1 nor idea1 nor application1 nor triumph1 that any single religion can claim as exclusively its own4 ,neither faith1 nor love1 nor truth1 nor disinterestedness1 nor forgiveness1 nor patience1 nor peace1 nor equality1 nor education1 nor missionary effort1 nor prayer1 nor honesty1 nor the sentiment of brotherhood1 nor reverence for woman1 nor the spirit of humility1 nor the fact of martyrdom1 nor any other good thing1 is monopolized by any one or any half dozen forms of faith4 ,all religions recognize1 more or less distinctly1 these principles2 all do something to exemplify1 something to dishonor them4 ,travelers find virtue in a seeming minority in all other countries1 and forget that they have left it in a minority at home4 ,a ,hindoo girl1 astonished at the humanity of a ,british officer toward her father1 declared her surprise that any one could display so much kindness who did not believe in the god ,vishnu4 ,gladwin1 in his ,persian ,classics1 narrates a scene which occurred in his presence between a ,jew and a ,mohammedan4 ,the ,mohammedan said in wrath1 ,if this deed of conveyance is not authentic1 may ,god cause me to die a ,jew4 ,the ,jew said1 ,i make my oath on the ,pentateuch1 and if ,i swear falsely ,i am a ,mohammedan like you4 ,what religion stands highest in moral results if not ,christianity8 ,yet the slave-trader belongs to ,christendom as well as the saint4 ,if we say that ,christendom was not truly represented by the slaves in the hold of ,john ,newton's slave-ship1 but only by the prayers which he read every day1 as he narrates1 in the cabin1--then we must admit that ,buddhism is not to be judged merely by the prostrations before ,fo1 but by the learning of its lamaseries and the beneficence of its people4 ,the reformed ,brahmoes of ,india complain that ,christian nations force alcoholic drinks on their nation1 despite their efforts2 and the greater humanity of ,hindoos towards animals has been1 according to ,dr4 ,hedge1 a serious embarrassment to our missionaries4 ,so men interrupt the missionaries in ,china1 according to ,coffin's late book1 by asking them why1 if their doctrines be true1 ,christian nations forced opium on an unwilling emperor1 who refused to the last to receive money from the traffic8 ,what a history has been our treatment of the ,american ,indians8 ,instead of virtues1 said ,cadwallader ,colden1 writing as early as #agbg1 we have taught them vices that they were entirely free from before that time4 ,the delegation from the ,society of ,friends reported last year that an ,indian chief brought a young ,indian before a white commissioner to give evidence1 and the commissioner hesitated a little in receiving a part of the testimony1 when the chief said with great emphasis1 ,oh6 you may believe what he says3 he tells the truth3 he has never seen a white man before6 ,in ,southey's ,wesley there is an account of an ,indian whom ,wesley met in ,georgia1 and who thus summed up his objections to ,christianity3 ,christian much drunk6 ,christian beat man6 ,christian tell lies6 ,devil ,christian6 ,me no ,christian6,k ,what then8 ,all other religions show the same disparity between belief and practice1 and each is safe till it tries to exclude the rest4 ,test each sect by its best or its worst as you will1 by its high-water mark of virtue or its low-water mark of vice4 ,but falsehood begins when you measure the ebb of any other religion against the flood-tide of your own4 ,there is a noble and a base side to every history4 ,the same religion varies in different soils4 ,christianity is not the same in ,england and in ,italy2 in ,armenia and in ,ethiopia2 in the ,protestant and ,catholic cantons of ,switzerland2 in ,massachusetts1 in ,georgia1 and in ,utah4 ,neither is ,buddhism the same in ,china1 in ,thibet and in ,ceylon2 nor ,mohammedanism in ,turkey and in ,persia4 ,we have no right to pluck the best fruit from one tree1 the worst from another1 and then say that the tree is known by its fruits4 ,i say again1 ,christianity has1 on the whole1 produced the highest results of all1 in manners1 in arts1 in energy4 ,yet when ,christianity had been five centuries in the world1 the world's only hope seemed to be in the superior strength and purity of pagan races4 ,can we wonder1 wrote ,salvian 7,a4,d4 #djj71 if our lands have been given over to the barbarians by ,god8 since that which we have polluted by our profligacy the barbarians have cleansed by their chastity4,l ,at the end of its first thousand years1 ,christianity could only show ,europe at its lowest ebb of civilization1 in a state which ,guizot calls death by the extinction of every faculty4 ,the barbarians had only deteriorated since their conversion2 the great empires were falling to pieces2 and the only bright spot in ,europe was ,mohammedan ,spain1 whose universities taught all ,christendom science1 as its knights taught chivalry4 ,even at the end of fifteen hundred years1 the ,turks1 having conquered successively ,jerusalem and ,constantinople1 seemed altogether the most powerful nation of the world2 their empire was compared to the ,roman empire2 they were gaining all the time4 ,you will find everywhere1 in ,luther's ,table-talk for instance1 how weak ,christendom seemed against them in the middle of the sixteenth century2 and ,lord ,bacon1 yet later1 describes them in his ,essays as the only warlike nation in ,europe1 except the ,spaniards4 ,but the art of printing had been discovered1 and that other new world1 ,america2 the study of ,greek literature was reviving the intellect of ,europe1 and the tide had begun to turn4 ,for four hundred years it has been safe for ,christendom to be boastful1 but1 if at any time during the fifteen hundred years previous the comparison had been made1 the boasting would have been the other way4 ,it is unsafe to claim a monopoly of merit on the basis of facts that cover four centuries out of nineteen4 ,let us not be misled by a hasty vanity1 lest some new incursion of barbarians teach us1 as it taught the early ,christians1 to be humble4 ,we see what ,christianity has done for ,europe2 but we do not remember how much ,europe has done for ,christianity4 ,take away the influence of race and climate2 take away ,greek literature and ,mohammedan chivalry and the art of printing2 set the decline of ,christianity in ,asia and ,africa against its gain in ,europe and ,america1--and whatever superiority may be left is not enough on which to base exclusive claims4,m ,the recent scientific advances of the age are a brilliant theme for the rhetorician2 but those who make these advances are the last men to ascribe them to the influence of any exclusive religion4 ,indeed it is only very lately that the claim of superiority in civilization and the arts of life has been made in behalf of ,christianity4 ,down to the time of the ,reformation it was usual to contrast the intellectual and practical superiority of the heathen with the purely spiritual claims of the church4 ,the church has always been accustomed1 says the ,roman ,catholic ,digby1 to see genius and learning in the ranks opposed to her4 ,from the beginning of the world1 said ,luther1 there have always been among the heathens higher and rarer people1 of greater and more exalted understanding1 more excellent diligence and skill in all arts1 than among ,christians1 or the people of ,god4 ,do we excel in intellect1 in learning1 in decency of morals8 said ,melancthon4 ,by no means4 ,but we excel in the true knowledge and worship and adoration of ,god4,n ,historically1 of course1 we are ,christians1 and can enjoy the advantage which that better training has given1 just as the favored son of a king may enjoy his special advantages and yet admit that the less favored are equally sons4 ,the name of ,christianity only ceases to excite respect when it is used to represent any false or exclusive claims1 or when it takes the place of the older and grander words1 ,religion and ,virtue4 ,when we fully comprehend the sympathy of religions we shall deal with other faiths on equal terms4 ,we shall cease trying to free men from one superstition by inviting them into another4 ,the true missionaries are the men inside each religion who have outgrown its limitations4 ,but no ,christian missionary has ever yet consented to meet the men of other religions upon the common ground of ,theism4 ,in ,bishop ,heber's time1 the ,hindoo reformer ,swaamee ,narain was teaching purity and peace1 the unity of ,god1 and the abolition of castes4 ,many thousands of men followed his teachings1 and whole villages and districts were raised from the worst immorality by his labors1 as the ,bishop himself bears witness4 ,but the good ,bishop seems to have despaired of him as soon as ,swaamee ,narain refused conversion to ,christianity1 making the objection that ,god was not incarnated in one man1 but in many4 ,then came ,ram ,mohun ,roy1 forty years ago1 and argued from the ,vedas against idolatry1 caste1 and the burning of widows4 ,he also refused to be called a ,christian1 and the missionaries denounced him4 ,now comes ,keshub ,chunder ,sen1 with his generous utterances3 ,we profess the universal and absolute religion1 whose cardinal doctrines are the ,fatherhood of ,god and the ,brotherhood of ,man1 and which accepts the truths of all scriptures1 and honors the prophets of all nations4 ,the movement reaches thousands whom no foreign influence could touch2 yet the ,methodist missionaries denounce it in the name of ,christ1 and even the little ,unitarian mission opens against it a battery of a single gun4 ,it is the same with our treatment of the ,jews4 ,according to ,bayard ,taylor1 ,christendom converts annually three or four ,jews in ,jerusalem1 at a cost of #bj1jjj each4 ,nothing has been more criticised in the course of the ,free ,religious ,association than its admission of ,jews as equals on its platform2 and yet the reformed ,jews in ,america have already gone in advance of the most liberal ,christian sects in their width of religious sympathy4 ,the happiness of man1 says ,rabbi ,wise1 in speaking for them1 depends on no creed and no book2 it depends on the dominion of truth1 which is the ,redeemer and ,savior1 the ,messiah and the ,king of ,glory4,o ,it is our happiness to live in a time when all religions are at last outgrowing their mythologies1 and emancipated men are stretching out their hands to share together the luxury of a religion that does not degrade4 ,the progressive ,brahmoes of ,india1 the ,jewish leaders in ,america1 the ,free ,religious ,association among ourselves1 are teaching essentially the same principles1 seeking the same ends4 ,the ,jewish congregations in ,baltimore were the first to contribute for the education of the freedmen2 the ,buddhist ,temple1 in ,san ,francisco1 was the first edifice of that city draped in mourning after the murder of ,president ,lincoln2 the ,parsees of the ,east sent contributions to the ,sanitary ,commission4 ,the great religions of the world are but larger sects2 they come together1 like the lesser sects1 for works of benevolence2 they share the same aspirations1 and every step in the progress of each brings it nearer to all the rest4 ,for us1 the door out of superstition and sin may be called ,christianity2 that is an historical name only1 the accident of a birthplace4 ,but other nations find other outlets2 they must pass through their own doors1 not through ours2 and all will come at last upon the broad ground of ,god's providing1 which bears no man's name4 ,the reign of heaven on earth will not be called the ,kingdom of ,christ nor of ,buddha1--it will be called the ,church of ,god1 or the ,commonwealth of ,man4 ,i do not wish to belong to a religion only1 but to the religion2 it must not include less than the piety of the world4 ,if one insists on being exclusive1 where shall he find a home8 ,what hold has any ,protestant sect among us on a thoughtful mind8 ,they are too little1 too new1 too inconsistent1 too feeble4 ,what are these children of a day compared with that magnificent ,church of ,rome1 which counts its years by centuries1 and its votaries by millions1 and its martyrs by myriads2 with kings for confessors and nations for converts2 carrying to all the earth one ,lord1 one faith1 one baptism1 and claiming for itself no less title than the ,catholic1 the ,universal8 ,yet in conversing with ,catholics one is again repelled by the extreme juvenility1 and modernness1 and scanty numbers of their church4 ,it is the superb elder brother of our little sects1 doubtless1 and seems to have most of the family fortune4 ,but the whole fortune is so small6 and even the elder brother is so young6 ,even the ,romanist ignores traditions more vast1 antiquity more remote1 a literature of piety more grand4 ,his temple suffocates3 give us a shrine still vaster2 something than this ,catholicism more catholic2 not the ,church of ,rome1 but of ,god and ,man2 a ,pantheon1 not a ,parthenon2 the true semper1 ubique1 et ab omnibus1 the ,religion of the ,ages1 ,natural ,religion4 ,i was once in a foreign cathedral when1 after the three days of mourning1 in ,holy ,week1 came the final day of ,hallelujah4 ,the great church had looked dim and sad1 with the innumerable windows closely curtained1 since the moment when the symbolical bier of ,jesus was borne to its symbolical tomb beneath the ,high ,altar1 while the three mystic candles blazed above it4 ,there had been agony and beating of cheeks in the darkness1 while ghostly processions moved through the aisles1 and fearful transparencies were unrolled from the pulpit4 ,the priests kneeled in gorgeous robes1 chanting1 with their heads resting on the altar steps2 the multitude hung expectant on their words4 ,suddenly burst forth a new chant1 ,gloria in ,excelsis6 ,in that instant every curtain was rolled aside1 the cathedral was bathed in glory1 the organs clashed1 the bells chimed1 flowers were thrown from the galleries1 little birds were let loose1 friends embraced and greeted one another1 and we looked down upon a tumultuous sea of faces1 all floating in a sunlit haze4 ,and yet1 ,i thought1 the whole of this sublime transformation consisted in letting in the light of day6 ,these priests and attendants1 each stationed at his post1 had only removed the darkness they themselves had made4 ,unveil these darkened windows1 but remove also these darkening walls2 the temple itself is but a lingering shadow of that gloom4 ,instead of its coarse and stifling incense1 give us ,god's pure air1 and teach us that the broadest religion is the best4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,this is ,cudworth's interpretation1 but he has rather strained the passage1 which must be that beginning1 ,ouden oun oimai diapherein 7,adv4 ,celsum1 v474 ,the passages from ,aristotle and ,cleanthes are in ,stobaeus4 ,compare ,maximus ,tyrius1 ,diss4 ,i43 ,theos heis panton basileus kai pater4 ,b ,compare ,augustine1 ,de ,vera ,relig41 c4 iv43 ,paucis mutatis verbis atque sententiis ,christiani fierent4 ,the ,parsee creed is given as above in a valuable article in ,martin's ,colonial ,magazine1 ,no4 #ah4 ,c ,see ,vishnu ,sarman 7tr4 by ,johnson71 pp4 #af1 #bh4 ,bhagvat ,geeta 7tr4 by ,wilkins71 ch4 #ab4 ,vishnu ,purana 7tr4 by ,wilson71 p4 #bia4 ,confucius1 ,lun-yu 7tr4 by ,pauthier71 ch4 iv4 ,sec4 #af4 ,also ,davis' ,chinese1 ii4 #ej4 ,legge's ,confucian ,analects1 xv4 #bc1 gives the negative form4 ,thales1 in ,diogenes ,laertius1 ,b4 ,i41 ,sec4 #cf3 ,pos an arista kai dikaiotata biosaimen8 ean ha tois allois epitimomen1 hautoi me dromen4 ,stobaeus reads instead 7c4 #dc71 hosa nemeseis ton plesion1 hautos me poiei4 ,leviticus xix4 #ah4 ,iamblichus de ,pythag4 vita1 c4 #af and #cc3 ,philian de diaphanestata panton pros hapantas ,pythagoras paredoke4 ,terence1 ,heaut4 ,i41 #a1 #be3 ,homo sum1 humani nihil a me alienum puto4 ,quintilian1 ,declamations1 quoted by ,denis4 ,juvenal1 ,sat4 xv4 #adj-adb3-- ,quis enim bonus 444 ,ulla aliena sibi credat mala8 ,lucan1 ,pharsalia1 ,i4 #fj1 #fa3-- ,tunc genus humanum positis sibi consulat armis ,inque vicem gens omnis amet4 ,cicero1 de ,legibus i4 #ae3 ,nam haec nascuntur ex eo1 quia natura propensi sumus ad diligendos homines1 quod fundamentum juris est4 ,also de ,republica1 iii4 #g1 #g 7fragment73 ,quae virtus1 praeter ceteras1 tota se ad alienas porrigit utilitates et explicat4 ,marcus ,antoninus1 vii1 #ca3 ,phileson ton anthropinon genos4 ,epictetus1 ,b4 ,,iii41 c4 xxiv43 ,hoti ho kosmos houtos mia polis esti 444 panta de philon mesta1 proton men ,theon1 eita kai anthropon1 physei pros allelois okeiomenon4 ,d ,dhammapada 7tr4 by ,max ,mueller71 in ,rogers' ,buddhagosha's ,parables4 ,akhlak-i-,jalaly 7tr4 by ,thompson71 p4 #dda4 ,saadi's ,gulistan 7tr4 by ,ross71 p4 #bdj2 7tr4 by ,gladwin1 ,am4 ed471 p4 #bji4 ,proverbs xxv4 #ba4 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 ,sec4 #gh3 ,aei ton adikounta tou adikoumenou athlioteron einai4 ,crito1 ,sec4 #aj3 ,hos oudepote orthos echontos oute tou adikein oute tou antadikein4 ,cleobulus in ,diog4 ,laertius1 ,b4 ,i41 ,sec4 #ia3 ,elege te ton philon dein euergetein1 hopos e mallon philos4 ton de echthron1 philon poiein4 ,pittacus in ,diog4 ,laertius1 ,b4 ,i41 ,sec4 #gh3 ,philon me legein kakos1 alla mede echthron4 ,val4 ,maximus1 iv4 #b1 #d3 ,quia speciosius aliquanto injuriae beneficiis vincuntur quam mutui odii pertinacia pensantur4 ,max4 ,tyrius1 ,diss4 ,,ii43 ,kai men ei ho adikon kakos poiei1 ho antipoion kakos ouden etton poiei kakos1 kan amynetai4 ,plutarch's ,morals 7tr4 by ,goodwin1 ,i41 #bic74 ,epictetus1 ,b4 ,,iv41 c4 #bc3 ,dairesthai dei auton1 hos onon1 kai dairomenon philein autous tous dairontas1 hos patera panton1 hos adelphon4 ,marcus ,antoninus1 ,medit4 v4 #ca4 vii4 #bb3 ,idion anthropon philon kai tous ptaiontas4444 ,eis hosous de agnomonas eugnomon egenes4 ,e ,balmes1 ,protestantism and ,catholicity1 c4 xxvii4 and note4 ,mackenzie's ,iceland1 p4 #bf4 ,de ,quincey1 ,autobiographical ,sketches1 p4 #ag1 and ,essay on the ,essenes4 ,the condemnation of ,huc's book is mentioned by ,max ,mueller1 ,chips1 c41 ,i41 #ahg4 ,f ,nec hoc ullis ,mosis libris debent4 ,ante anima quam prophetia4 ,animae enim a primordio conscientia ,dei dos est4--,tertullian1 adv4 ,marcion1 #a1 #aj4 ,hoi meta ,logou biosantes christianoi eisi1 kan atheoi enomisthesan1 hoion en ,hellesi men ,sokrates kai ,herakleitos kai hoi homoioi autois1 k4 t4 l4--,justin ,martyr1 ,apol4 i4 #df4 ,pros de kai hoti ho autos theos amphoin tain diathekain choregos1 ho kai tes ,hellenikes philosophias doter tois ,hellesin1 di' hes ho pantokrator par' ,hellesi doxazetai1 parestesen1 delon de kanthende4--,clem4 ,alex4 ,strom41 ,,vi4 v4 #db4 ,totam igitur veritatem et omne divinae religionis arcanum philosophi attigerunt4--,lactantius1 ,inst4 viii4 #g4 ,ut quivis arbitretur1 aut nunc ,christianos philosophos esse1 aut philosophos fuisse jam tunc ,christianos4--,minucius ,felix1 ,octavius1 c4 xx4 ,res ipsa1 quae nunc religio ,christiana nuncupatur1 erat apud antiquos1 nec defuit ab initio generis humani1 quousque ,christus veniret in carnem1 unde vera religio1 quae jam erat1 coepit appellari ,christiana4--,augustine1 ,retr41 i4 #ac4 ,natura omnibus ,dei inesse notitiam1 nec quemquam sine ,deo nasci1 et non habere in se semina sapientiae et justitiae reliquarumque virtutum4--,hieron41 ,comm4 in ,gal41 ,i41 #a1 #ae4 ,g ,ego de phoboumai me hypo philanthropias doko autois ho ti per echo ekkechymenos panti andri legein4--,plato1 ,euthyphron1 ,sec4 #c4 ,quodque a ,graecis philanthropia dicitur1 et significat dexteritatem quandam benevolentiamque erga omnes homines promiscuam4--,aulus ,gellius1 ,b4 ,,xiii41 c4 xvi4 #a4 ,how much more frank and scholarlike are the admissions of ,dean ,milman3 ,if we were to glean from the later ,jewish writings1 from the beautiful aphorisms of other ,oriental nations1 which we cannot fairly trace to ,christian sources1 and from the ,platonic and ,stoic philosophy their more striking precepts1 we might find1 perhaps1 a counterpart to almost all the moral sayings of ,jesus4--,hist4 ,christianity1 ,b4 ,i41 c4 iv41 ,sec4 #c4 ,h ,digby's ,ages of ,faith1 ,,ii41 #agd1 #agh1 #bhg-bhi1 c4 ,digby's inconsistent method has ample precedent in the early ,christian apologists4 ,tertullian1 for instance1 glorifies the ,christian martyrs1 and then1 to show that they are not foolish or desperate men1 cites the precedents of ,regulus1 ,zeno1 ,mutius ,scaevola1 and many others 7,apol4 c4 #ej76 ,i ,compare ,neander 7,am4 tr471 ,i41 #dej4 ,huc's ,thibet1 ,,ii41 #ej4 ,tennent's ,christianity in ,ceylon1 pp4 #bai1 #bbj4 ,j ,capt4 ,canot1 pp4 #aec1 #ahj1 #aha4 ,wilson's ,western ,africa1 #ge1 #gi1 #ib4 ,richardson's ,great ,desert1 ,,ii41 #fc1 #abi4 ,johnstone's ,abyssinia1 ,i41 #bfg2 ,allen's ,niger ,expedition1 ,i41 #chc4 ,du ,chaillu1 ,ashango ,land1 xiii41 #abi4 ,barth1 passim1 especially 7,i41 #caj73 ,that continual struggle1 which always continuing further and further1 seems destined to overpower the nations at the very equator1 if ,christianity does not presently step in to dispute the ground with it4 ,he says that a great part of the ,berbers of the desert were once ,christians1 and that they afterwards changed their religion and adopted ,islam 7,i41 #aig1 #aih74 ,he represents the slave merchants of the interior as complaining that the ,mohammedans of ,tunis have abolished slavery1 but that ,christians still continue it 7,i41 #dfe74 ,it is difficult to decide how a ,christian government is to deal with these countries1 where none but ,mohammedans maintain any sort of government 7,,ii41 #aif74 ,there is a vital principle in ,islam1 which has only to be brought out by a reformer to accomplish great things 7,i41 #afd74 ,reade1 in his ,savage ,africa1 discusses the subject fully in a closing chapter1 and concludes thus3 ,mohammed1 a servant of ,god1 redeemed the eastern world4 ,his followers are now redeeming ,africa4444 ,let us aid the ,mohammedans in their great work1 the redemption of ,africa4444 ,in every ,mohammedan town there is a public school and a public library4 ,he complains that ,christianity utterly fails to check theft1 but ,mohammedanism stops it entirely 7pp4 #ace1 #egi1 ,english ed474 ,for ,asiatic ,mohammedanism see ,sleeman's ,recollections1 ,,ii41 #afd1 and compare ,tennent's ,christianity in ,ceylon1 p4 #ccj1 and ,max ,mueller's ,chips from a ,german ,workshop1 ,,ii41 #cea4 ,the ,london ,spectator1 in ,april1 #ahfi1 stated that ,mohammedanism gains thousands of converts every year1 and thus described the activity of its organization1 the statement being condensed in the ,boston ,journal3 ,of all these societies1 the largest1 the most powerful1 the most widely diffused1 is the ,mohammedan population4 ,everywhere it has towns1 villages1 temples1 places within which no infidel foot ever is or can be set4 ,its missionaries wander everywhere1 keeping up the flame of ,islam1--the hope that the day is coming1 is at hand1 when the white curs shall pass away1 and the splendid throne which ,timour won for the faithful shall again be theirs4 ,they have their own papers1 their own messengers1 their own mail carriers1 and they trust no other4 ,repeatedly1 before the telegraph was established1 their agents outstripped the fastest couriers the government could employ4 ,the government express was carried by ,mussulmans1 who allowed the private messengers to get on a few hours ahead4 ,every dervish1 moollah1 or missionary1 is a secret agent4 ,this organization1 which has always existed1 has of late been drawn closer1 partly as the result of their great mutiny1 which taught the priests their hold over the soldiery1 partly by the expiration of the 'century of expiation1' and partly by the marvelous revival of the ,puritan element in ,mohammedanism itself4 ,k ,see ,southey's ,wesley1 chap4 ,,iii4 ,report of ,joint ,delegation of the ,society of ,friends1 #ahfi4 ,hedge's ,primeval ,world of ,hebrew ,tradition1 p4 #hc4 ,coffin's ,new ,way ,round the ,world1 pp4 #bgj1 #cjh1 #cfa4 ,colden's ,history of the ,five ,indian ,nations 7dedication74 ,he says also1 ,we have reason to be ashamed that those infidels1 by our conversation and neighborhood1 are become worse than they were before they knew us4 ,it appears from this book 7as from other witnesses71 that one of the worst crimes now practiced by the ,indians has sprung up since that day1 being apparently stimulated by the brutalities practiced by whites towards ,indian women4 ,colden says1 ,i have been assured that there is not an instance of their offering the least violence to the chastity of any woman that was their captive 7,vol4 ,i41 p4 #i1 #c;d ed474 ,compare ,parkman's ,pontiac1 ,,ii41 #bcf4 ,l ,cum ea quae ,romani polluerant fornicatione1 nunc mundent barbari castitate4--,salvian de ,gubern4 ,dei4 ed4 #afbc1 p4 #bed1 quoted in ,gilly's ,vigilantius1 p4 #cfj4 ,m ,neither history nor more recent experience can furnish any example of the long retention of pure ,christianity by a people themselves rude and unenlightened4 ,in all the nations of ,europe1 embracing every period since the second century1 ,christianity must be regarded as having taken the hue and complexion of the social state with which it was incorporated1 presenting itself unsullied1 contaminated1 or corrupted1 in sympathy with the enlightenment or ignorance or debasement of those by whom it had been originally embraced4 ,the rapid and universal degeneracy of the early ,asiatic churches is associated with the decline of education and the intellectual decay of the communities among whom they were established4--,tennent's ,christianity in ,ceylon1 p4 #bgc4 ,for the influence of ,mohammedanism on the revival of letters in ,europe1 see ,andres1 ,origine di ogni litteratura4 ,jourdain1 ,recherches critiques sur les traductions latines d',aristote4 ,schmoelders1 ,ecoles philosophiques entre les ,arabes4 ,forster1 ,mohammedanism ,unveiled4 ,urquhart1 ,pillars of ,hercules4 ,lecky's ,rationalism1 ,,ii41 #bhd4 ,n ,quid igitur nos antecellimus8 ,num ingenio1 doctrina1 morum moderatione illos superamus8 ,nequaquam4 ,sed vera ,dei agnitione1 invocatione et celebratione praestamus4--,melancthon1 quoted by ,feuerbach1 ,essence of ,christianity 7,eng4 tr47 p4 #bhd4 ,he also cites the passage from ,luther4 ,o ,rabbi ,wise's remarks may be found in the ,report of the ,free ,religious ,association for #ahfi1 p4 #aah4 ,for ,swaamee ,narain1 see ,heber's ,journal1 ,,ii41 #aji-aba 7,am4 ed474 ,for ,ram ,mohun ,roy1 see his translation of the ,sama ,veda 7,calcutta1 #ahaf71 his two tracts on the burning of widows 7,calcutta1 #ahah1 #ahbj71 and other pamphlets4 ,victor ,jacquemont wrote of him from ,calcutta in #ahcj1 ,il n'est pas ,chretien1 quoi qu'on en dise4444 ,les honnetes ,anglais l'execrent parce que1 disent-ils1 c'est un affreux deiste4--,letters1 ,i41 #bhh4 ,transcriber's ,note ,the following amendments have been made3 ,page #d--;,budhhism amended to ,buddhism--444 read ,buddha1 and you have ,buddhism2 444 ,page #d1 footnote ,b--valuble amended to valuable--,the ,parsee creed is given as above in a valuable article 444 ,page #i1 footnote ,d--omitted closing bracket added--444 7tr4 by ,goodwin1 ,i41 #bic74 ,page #ac--omitted opening quote added 7cross-checked against a different edition7--444 description of ,patroclus furnishes language which might convey 444 ,page #ae1 footnote ,j--,mohamedanism amended to ,mohammedanism--444 fails to check theft1 but ,mohammedanism stops it entirely 444 ,page #ae1 footnote ,j--s amended to is--444 is at hand1 when the white curs shall pass away1 444 ,page #bj--omitted closing quote added 7cross-checked against a different edition7--444 has always been accustomed1 says the ,roman ,catholic ,digby1 444 ,page #bc--;gorgeeous amended to gorgeous--,the priests kneeled in gorgeous robes1 444 ,accent errors in the ,greek text have been repaired without note4 ,the following amendments have also been made3 ,page #i1 footnote ,d--ton amended to tou--,aei ton adikounta tou adikoumenou athlioteron 444 ,page #i1 footnote ,d--antadykein amended to antadikein--444 tou adikein oute tou antadikein ,page #i1 footnote ,d--,slege amended to ,elege--,elege te ton philon dein euergetein1 444 ,page #ab1 footnote ,g--to amended to ti--444 philanthropias doko autois ho ti per echo 444