99       99       99       99       99  
----------------------------------------
-------------------      ,transcrib]'s  
,note3                                  
,! au?or ( ?is ebook makes unusual use (
 commas &        a/]isks4               
,! "* a ) a /raight l9e 7macron7 above  
is          repres5t$ z a4              
,greek has be5 translit]at$ & m>k$ )    
m>ks4                                   
----------------------------------------
-------------------         99       99 
99       99       99     ,,sc>abs4  ,,! 
,,hi/ory1 ,,manufacture ,,& ,,religi\s  
,,symbolism  ,,( ,,!  ,,sc>ab,,u1  ,,9  
,,anci5t ,,egypt1 ,,pho5icia1 ,,s>d9ia1 
,,etruria1 ,,etc4  ,,also  ,,rem>ks ,,on
 ,,! ,,le>n+1 ,,philosophy1 ,,arts1     
,,e?ics1 ,,psy*ology1 ,,ideas ,,z ,,to  
,,! ,,immortality ,,( ,,! ,,s\l1 ,,etc41
 ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,egyptians1          
,,pho5icians1 ,,etc4  ,,by  ,,isaac     
,,my]1 ,,ll4,b4  ,memb] ( ! ,am]ican    
,ori5tal ,society4 ,! ,am]ican          
,numismatic & ,ar*ological ,society4 ,! 

,numismatic & ,antiqu>ian ,society (    
,philadelphia4 ,la ,socit ,royale de    
,numismatique de ,belgique4 ,! ,ori5tal 
,club ( ,philadelphia4 ,! ,new ,york    
,hi/orical ,society ,hi/orical ,society 
( ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania1 etc4  ,,au?or 
,,( ,,! ,,qabbalah4 ,,! ,,philosophical 
,,writ+s ,,( ,,solomon ,b4 ,,yehudah    
,,ibn4 ,,gebirol1 ,,or ,,avicebron2 ,,! 
,,wat]loo ,,m$al1 ,,etc4  ,,= ,,sale    
,,by  ,,edw9 ,w4 ,,dayton1 ,,no4 #fda   
,,madison ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york4  ,,otto
 ,,h>rass[itz1 ,qu]/rasse ,no4 #ad1     
,,leipzig4  ,,mile ,,b\illon1 ,no4 #fg1 
,rue de ,ri*elieu1 ,,p>is4  #ahid4      
,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! 
ye> #ahid1 by ,,isaac ,,my]1 9 ! ,(fice 
( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 at ,wa%+ton4 
,,all ,,rights ,,( ,,translation        
,,res]v$4     ,,introduction4   ,!      
foll[+ "w is tak5 9 "p1 f an address    
deliv]$ by me be=e1 ,! ,am]ican         
,numismatic & ,ar*ological ,society1 at 
its ,hall 9 ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 on    
,m>* #cj?1 #ahic4 ,s9ce t "t ,i h be5 l$

 into a tra9 ( ?\ght1 hav+ z its basis a
 m philosophical treatm5t ( ! mean+ ( ! 
sc>abu z a symbol1 9 ! religi\s         
metaphysic conception ( x by ! ,anci5t  
,egyptians1 & h add$ mu* new matt]4 ,i  
am conv9c$ t at ! p]iod :5 we fir/ meet 
) ! symbol ( ! sc>abu 9 ,egypt1 x 0     
already ! symbol & tangible expression (
 an elevat$ religi\s idea1 embrac+ t ( a
 future life ( ! human s\l1 a           
resurrection ( x f ! dead1 & mo/ likely1
 ( a rew>d or puni%m5t to x 9 ! future  
life1 bas$ on its conduct :5 9 !        
t]re/rial life4  ,we "k f ! inscription 
on ! lid ( ! c(f9 ( ,m5-kau-,ra1 k+ ( ! 
,i,vth1 ! ,memphite ,dyna/y1 7circa     
#cfcc-cfjj ,b4,c417 & build] ( ! ,?ird  
,pyramid at ,gizeh2 t "s ( ! mo/ elevat$
 conceptions ( ! ,p]-em-hru1 i4e41 !    
s-call$1 ,book ( ! ,dead1 7 at t "t 9   
exi/5ce z accept$ facts4 ,! dead "o at  
?is e>ly p]iod became an ,osiris1 liv+  
et]nally4 ,we h e reason to ?9k1 t ! use
 ( ! models ( ! sc>abu z ! symbol ( !   
resurrection or new-bir?1 & ! future    

et]nal life ( ! triumphant or ju/ifi$   
dead1 exi/$ z an accept$ dogma1 be=e !  
e>lie/ hi/orical k we h ?us f> be5 able 
to acquire ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians4  ,x  
mo/ probably ante-dat$ ! epo* ( ,m5a1 ! 
fir/ hi/orical ,egyptian k+4 ,h[ long   
be=e 8 p]iod x exi/$1 9 ! pres5t        
condition ( our k ( ! anci5t hi/ory &   
?\ght ( ,egypt1 x is impossible to      
surmise4 ,( ! aborig9es ( ! l& ( ,egypt 
we d n "k nor are we v likely to "k1    
any?+4 ,( ! race kn[n to u z ! ,egyptian
 we c n[ ass]t ) mu* c]ta9ty1 t x 0 a   
,caucasian p1 & likely came f an orig9al
 home 9 ,asia4 ,:5 ! invad] arriv$ 9 !  
valley ( ! ,nile1 he appe>s to h be5    
highly civiliz$ & to h _h an elevat$ =m 
( religi\s belief4  ,! olde/ /el kn[n1  
"o ( :i* is n[ 9 ! ,a%molean ,museum at 
,ox=d1 ,engl&1 & ! o!r 9 ! ,museum at   
,gizeh1 ,egypt2 7 made = ! tomb ( ,%]a1 
:o is call$ on !m1 a prophet & a royal  
relative4 ,he 0 a prie/ ( ! p]iod (     
,s5t1 ! fif? k+ ( ! ,i,ind ,dyna/y1 :o 0
 liv+ ab\t #djjj ,b4,c4 ,! /ele is %[n  

by ,lepsius 9 8 ,auswahl1 ,plate #i1 &  
is ! e>lie/ example ( a hi]oglyphic     
inscription kn[n4 ,^! /el are 9 ! =m ( a
 false door4  ,^u ^! /el ( ,%]a1 is     
inscrib$ ! ,egyptian pray] = ! s\l ( !  
dead call$1 ! ,sut5-hotep-ta1 f its fir/
 words4 ,! ,sut5-hotep-ta 0 suppos$ to h
 be5 deliv]$ by div9e revelation4 ,an   
old text speaks (1 a ,sut5-hotep-ta     
exactly correspond+ to ! texts (        
sacrificial (f]+s1 h&$ d[n by ! anci5ts 
z proce$+ f ! m\? ( ,god4#a ,?is pray]  
inscrib$ on ! /eles m5tion$1 asks t !re 
may be grant$ ! deceas$ 9 ! o!r _w1     
fun]al oblations1 ?\s&s ( ox51 l95      
b&ages1 cakes1 vessels ( w9e1 inc5se1   
etc4 ,?is %[s t at ?is v e>ly p]iod !re 
0 a belief 9 ,egypt ( ! future life ( ! 
,ba1 ! responsible s\l1 & ( ! ,ka1 !    
vital s\l1 ( ! deceas$4 ,! ^w ,ka ent]s 
into ! names ( k+s ,ka-kau1             
,nef]-ka-,ra1 & ,nef]-ka-sek] ( ! ,i,ind
 ,dyna/y 7#dacc-ciff ,b4,c47 ,9 ! same  
,dyna/y ! ^w ,ba1 ! "n ( ! responsible  
s\l1 & ,baiu its plural1 ent] into !    

names ,net]-,baiu & ,ba-en-net]4 ,ab1   
i4e41 ! he>t1 also ent]s into ! "n (    
,p]-ab-s5 ( ?is ,dyna/y4 ,we also h ,ba 
9 ! "n ( ,m]-ba-p51 six? k+ ( ! ,i/     
,dyna/y4  ,x 0 dur+ ! reign ( k+ ,s5t1 t
 a m$ical papyrus 0 edit$ :i* %[s x 0 ! 
result ( ye>s ( exp]i5ce4 ,f :at we h j 
said x is extremely likely1 t ! body 0  
mummifi$ 9 ,egypt f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( :i*
 we h k4  ,mane?o says t ,teta1 ! second
 k+ ( ! #a/ ,dyna/y1 circa #dcff ,b4,c41
 wrote a book on anatomy1 & exp]im5t$ ) 
drugs or *emicals4 ,%e%1 ! "m ( ?is k+1 
inv5t$ a hair wa%4#b  ,we c f ! =ego+   
assume ) "s c]ta9ty1 t be=e ! hi/orical 
p]iod 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 a religi\s      
belief exi/$1 fun]al c]emonies1 & an    
expectation ( an et]nal life ( ! s\l    
aft] ! dea? ( ! body ( man on ?is e>?2  
:e!r a belief 9 rew>ds or puni%m5ts to  
be suff]$ or enjoy$ by ! s\l aft] su*   
dea?1 = actions done by man 9 ?is e>?ly 
life1 exi/$ at t "t1 we _c z yet1 )     
c]ta9ty1 affirm2 b x is q likely x did4 
,9 ?is connection a /udy ( ! ,pyramid   

,texts publi%$ by ,masp]o 9 8 ,recueil  
de ,travaux1 is ( great value to !      
/ud5t4  ,an elem5t ( great value to !   
/ud5t ( religions is1 t ! sc>abu symbol1
 is ! e>lie/ expression ( ! mo/ anci5t  
idea ( ! immortality ( ! s\l aft] dea? t
 has rea*$ our day1 tak+ u back h[ev] to
 a p]iod :i* may be consid]$ z civiliz$ 
& enlight5$ & yet1 s encompass$ ) ! mi/s
 ( ! pa/1 t ! m5tal eye ( to-day _c     
grasp t pa/ ) mu* tangibility1 & giv+ u 
almo/ cause to ?9k1 t ! doctr9e ( !     
immortality ( ! human s\l 0 a remnant ( 
an e>ly div9e revelation1 or at lea/1 an
 advanc$ in/9ct ( e>ly humanity2 = x is 
a curi\s phase ( ar*aic ,egyptian ?\ght1
 t ! fur!r we g back 9 our inve/igations
 ( ! orig9s ( its religi\s ideas1 ! m   
ideal & elevat$ !y appe> z to !         
spiritual p[]s & ! unse5 _w4 ,idolatry  
made its greate/ advance subsequ5t to ! 
epo* ( ! ,anci5t ,empire1 & progress$   
until x f9ally m]g$ itself into !       
animalism ( ! ,new ,empire & ! gross    
paganism ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4  ,we h n

 yet _m religi\s texts ( ! ,anci5t      
,empire t h be5 fully /udi$ & made kn[n1
 b ^? t h be51 exhibit an idealism z to 
! ,supreme ,deity & a belief 9 !        
immortality ( ! s\l1 bas$ on ! pi\s1    
e?ical & *>itable conduct ( man1 :i*    
speak highly = an e>ly v elevat$ ?\ght 9
 religi\s ideas4  ,!re is h[ev] "o ?\ght
 :i* mu/ /rike ! /ud5t ( religions      
=cibly1 t is ! fact1 t ! idea ( !       
re-bir? & future et]nal life ( ! pi\s & 
moral dead1 exi/$ among ! ,anci5t       
,egyptians z an accept$ dogma1 long be=e
 ! p]iod 9 :i* ,moses is said to h liv$4
 ,moses has be5 ass]t$ bo? 9 ! ,new     
,te/am5t 7,acts ,,vii41 #bb71 & by !    
s-call$ pr(ane writ]s ,philo &          
,josephus1 to h be5 le>n$ 9 all ! wisdom
 & k ( ! ,egyptians ( 8 "t1 yet we h n 9
 ! pages ( ! ,p5tateu*1 :i* is usually  
by ! !ologians ascrib$ to him1 any      
direct ass]tion ( ! doctr9e ( a future  
life or ( an immortality ( ! human s\l1 
or ( a future rew>d or puni%m5t 9 a     
future /ate ( ! s\l4 ,ideas are !re9 set

 =? h[ev]1 ( a sep>ation ( ! spiritual  
"p ( man into diff]5t divisions4  ,x may
 be1 t ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l
 0 n accept$ z a religi\s dogma1 by !   
,hyksos or ,%eph]d ,k+s1 an app>5tly    
,asiatic race1 probably ,semitic1 ( :i* 
we h n z yet v mu* k4 ,x is likely t x 0
 "u ! ,hyksos t ! ,hebrew1 ,joseph1 0   
advanc$ to high honors 9 ,egypt1 & "u _!
 k+s1 t ! influx & increase ( ! ,hebrew 
population 9 ,egypt began & prosp]$4  ,x
 may be advanc$ ) mu* c]ta9ty1 t !      
,hebrew p resid+ 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 mu/ h
 be5 acqua9t$ ) _m ( ! ,egyptian ideas  
on ! subject ( ! et]nal future life ( ! 
s\l ( ! dead1 & ! rew>d or puni%m5t ( x 
9 t future life1 = ^! ideas 7 und\bt$ly 
widely & g5]ally kn[n by ! ,egyptian p1 
& 7 too ?or\ghly =mulat$ 9 ! active &   
daily life ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptian        
population1 n to h be5 kn[n by !        
,hebrews liv+ 9 daily contact ) !m1 b ! 
,hebrews may n h accept$ !m z a v]ity4  
,x may h be51 t z ! idea ( ! future     
exi/5ce ( ! s\l 9 its p]fection1 0 bas$ 

^u ! mummification & pres]vation ( !    
body ( ! dead1 s t ! ,ka might rema9 )  
x1 & g out & revisit x 9 ! tomb2 & also1
 on inscriptions ei!r on ! walls ( !    
tomb or ! papyri deposit$ ) ! body2 t   
,moses1 kn[+ t 9 8 w&]+s & j\rney+s1 x  
w\ld be impossible to h p]=m$ ^?        
c]emonies & prelim9>ies necess>y "u !   
,egyptian sy/em1 = ! prop] burial ( !   
corpse2 its mummification & ! prep>ation
 ( ! fun]al inscriptions or papyri1     
consid]$ z necess>y to be inscrib$ on ! 
walls ( ! tomb1 or on ! papyri1 to be   
buri$ ) ! corpse1 s z to assi/ ! s\l    
aga9/ ! p]ils x 0 suppos$ x w\ld enc\nt]
 9 its j\rney ?r\gh ! ,und]world2#c 0   
!re=e compell$ to ab&on a dogma bas$ on 
prelim9>ies & prep>ations he c\ld n1    
dur+ su* w&]+s1 h p]=m$4 ,?is w\ld be   
p>tly an explanation ( a subject :i* has
 = _m ye>s caus$ mu* dispute among v    
erudite !ologians4  ,9 ord] to get "s k 
( ! religi\s philosophical ideas ( !    
,anci5t ,egyptians1 a ?or\gh /udy ( !   
collection ( papyri call$1 ! ,p]-em-hru 

or ,book ( ! ,dead1 is absolutely       
necess>y1 also ! texts on ! walls ( !   
tombs ( ! ,anci5t ,empire especially ^? 
f\nd at ,saqq>ah4 ,! "w ( ,m4 ,ed\>d    
,naville on ! ,p]-em-hru lately publi%$1
 al?\gh x ref]s m especially to ! ,!ban 
p]iod1 is ( great value 9 ?is           
inve/igation1 & :5 x has be5 translat$  
into a mod]n language by a ?or\ghly     
compet5t s*ol>1 w be a key to op5 _m ( !
 n[ hidd5 b elevat$ ideas 9 ! religi\s  
philosophy ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians4  ,!  
edition ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead :i* ,i h    
quot$ f is t ( ,m4 ,paul ,pi]ret1       
cons]vateur ( ! ,egyptian ,museum ( !   
,l\vre1 ,p>is1 ,france4#d ,?is is f\nd$ 
on ! ,papyrus ( ,tur91 :i* is ( ab\t !  
,x,x,v,ith ,dyna/y1 ! ,satic p]iod2 !   
translator has also us$ 9 8 "w1 !       
,egyptian manuscripts ( ! ,l\vre to     
assi/ 9 ! elucidation ( 8 read+s ( !    
,papyrus ( ,tur94 ,8 "w is an advance on
 t ( ,dr4 ,samuel ,bir*1 giv5 9 #ahfg1 9
 ! ,v? volume ( ,b>on von ,buns5's "w on
 ,egypt's ,place 9 ,univ]sal ,hi/ory4 ,a

 new translation ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead is 
n[ pass+ ?r\gh ! ,engli% press1 by ,p4  
,le ,page ,r5\f1 ,esq41 b only a few    
*apt]s ?us f> h be5 pr9t$4 ,mr4 ,r5\f's 
"w z an ,egyptologi/1 des]ves mu* m     
att5tion & cr$it f ! le>n$ ( bo? 8 own &
 o!r c\ntries1 ?an x has s f> receiv$4  
,! foll[+ among ,greek & o!r anci5t     
writ]s h m5tion$ ! sc>abu1 mo/ly 9      
connection ) ,egypt4 ,orpheus1          
,!ophra/us1 ,ari/ophanes1 ,pl9y1        
,plut>*1 lian1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1     
,porphyry1 ,horapollon1 ,diog5es        
,la]tius1 :o cites z works 9 :i* x 0    
m5tion$1 ! ,natural ,philosophy by      
,mane?o 7circa #bhf-bdg ,b4,c417 !      
,hi/ory ( ! ,philosophy ( ! ,egyptians1 
by ,hecatu 7( ,abd]a8 circa #cca        
,b4,c417 & ! writ+s ( ,ari/agoras 7circa
 #cbe-cjj ,b4,c417 ,eusebius1 ,arnobius1
 ,epiphanius & ,ausonius4  ,! subject   
has be5 some:at neglect$ 9 mod]n times4 
,two small bro*ures on ! subject 7      
publi%$ by ,johann ,joa*im ,bell]mann1  
"u ! title (2 ,ueb] die ,sc>aben-,gemm51

 neb/ ,v]su*5 die d>auf bef9dli*5       
,hi]oglyph5 zu erklr51 "o 9 #ahbj1 ! o!r
 #ahba4 ,ano!r v small catalogue        
entitl$2 ,sc>abes gypti5s1 figurs du    
,muse des ,antiquea de sa maje/         
l',emp]eur1 ,vi5ne1 de l',imprim]ie     
d',anto9e ,/rauss1 #ahbd1 0 publi%$ 9 t 
ye> 9 ,vi5na4 ,none ( ! above conta9    
in=mation ( importance on ! subject4    
,dr4 ,samuel ,bir* publi%$ ! fir/       
classifi$ collection 9 82 ,catalogue ( !
 collection ( ,egyptian ,antiquities at 
,alnwick ,ca/le1#e 9 :i* he describes   
#efe sc>abs1 signets1 etc4 ,9 #ahhd !   
,rev4 ,w4,j4 ,l(tie publi%$ 82 ,an      
,essay ( ,sc>abs1 ,london1 small #dto1  
no date1 #abe numb]$ copies pr9t$4 ,x   
conta9$ a brief essay1 pp4 ,v-,,xxxii41 
on sc>abs1 & a %ort description ( #aib4 
,8 collection 0 pur*as$ 9 #ahij by !    
,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 ! summ]
 ( #ahgf1 ,i publi%$ 91 ,! ,ev5+        
,telegraph1 ( ,philadelphia1            
,p5nsylvania1 dur+ ! ,c5t5nial          
,exhibition2 two ,essays on ,sc>abi &   

,cicad1 & on ^? exhibit$1 especially ^? 
9 ! ,egyptian ,section & ^? 9 !         
,ca/ellani ,collection4 ,9 #ahhg1 ,dr4  
,e4,a4 ,wallis ,budge1 ,f4,s4,a41 gave a
 description ( #aej sc>abs 9 81         
,catalogue ( ! ,egyptian ,collection ( !
 ,h>r[ ,s*ool ,museum1 ) translations ( 
mo/ ( ! inscriptions ^u !m4 ,9 #ahhh1   
,dr4 ,a4,s4 ,murray & ,mr4 ,hamilton    
,smi? 9 _!1 ,catalogue ( ,gems1 gave a  
li/ ( sc>abs & sc>aboids4 ,9 #ahhi ,mr4 
,fl9d]s ,petrie publi%$1 ,hi/orical     
,sc>abs3 ,a s]ies ( ,draw+s f !         
,pr9cipal ,collections1 ,arrang$        
,*ronologically4 ,?is book has only n9e 
small pages ( description b !y are      
valuable4 ,9 81 ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 ,pr(4 
,wi$emann has catalogu$ a great _m      
sc>abs4 ,i h n se5 any ( ! above works  
except t by ,bell]mann1 t publi%$ 9     
,vi5na1 & ^? by ,l(tie & ,petrie1 all ( 
:i* ,i h 9 my ,libr>y4 ,s9ce my book 0  
pr9t$1 ,i h _h my att5tion call$ to1 ,! 
,mummy1 ,*apt]s on ,egyptian ,fun]al    
,ar*ology1 by ,e4,a4 ,wallis ,budge1    

,litt4 ,d41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,cambridge4 ,at !
 ,univ]sity ,press1 #ahic4 ,9 ?is p4    
#bca et seq41 ! le>n$ au?or has a v     
int]e/+ *apt] on ,sc>abs4  ,,footnotes3 
#a ,lepsius1 ,d5kmal ,,iii41 pl4 #ac4   
#b ,papyrus ,eb]s1 ,bd4 ,,ii41          
,gloss>ium ,hi]oglyphicum1 by ,/]n1 p4  
#dg4 ,! ,mummy1 etc41 by ,e4,a4 ,wallis 
,budge1 ,litt4 ,d41 ,f4,s4,a41 etc4     
,cambridge1 #ahic1 pp4 #agf1 #bai1 #cec4
 ,egypt ,"u ! ,ph>aohs4 ,london1 #ahia1 
pp4 #bg1 #bh4 ,an int]e/+ b cond5s$     
acc\nt ( ,anci5t ,egyptian m$ical k1 )  
ref]5ces to ! papyri1 is giv5 by ,m4    
,masp]o 9 81 ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des      
,peuples de l',ori5t1 ,p>is1 #ahhf1 pp4 
#gc-gg4  #c ,we use ! ^w ,und]world     
advis$ly1 x may be t ! mean+ ( ! ^w s   
translat$1 is t ( a high] or opposite _w
 to our t]re/rial _w4  #d ,le ,livre des
 ,morts1 des ,anci5s gypti5s1 traduction
 complte d'aprs le ,papyrus de ,tur9 et 
les manuscrits du ,l\vre1 accompagne de 
,notes et suivie d'un ,index analytique4
 ,p>is1 ,erne/ ,l]\x1 #ahhb4  #e        

,privately pr9t$ by ! ,duke (           
,nor?umb]l&4 ,london1 #ahhj4     ,,table
 ,,( ,,cont5ts  ,,introduction          
v-xxii  ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts           
xxiii-xxvii  ,i4  ,=ms ( ! ,^w ,sc>abu4 
,v5]ation ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians = !    
sc>abu4 ,entomology ( ! insect4         
,symbolism ( accord+ to ,plut>*1 ,pl9y &
 ,horapollo4 ,its a/ronomical value4    
,wor%ip ( insects by o!r peoples4       
,symbolism1 ) ! ,egyptians1 ( ! sc>abu4 
,uses ( x ) !m                          
#a-ag  ,,ii4  ,manufacture ( ! ,sc>abi4 
,mat]ials4 ,inscriptions on4 ,diff]5t   
p]iods ( manufacture & ! peculi>ities (4
 ,h[ to judge ( ! epo*4                 
#ah-bi  ,,iii4  ,me?od1 p]iod &         
antiquity1 ( engrav+ ! sc>ab & o!r =ms4 
,use ( r+s4 ,m5tion (1 & ( engrav+ &    
seal+1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,use ( cyl9d] 
signets by ! ,egyptians4 ,relations )   
,mesopotamia4 ,c>v+ ( diorite & o!r h>d 
/one4 ,! ,egyptians did n borr[ _!      
engrav+ & ! sc>ab1 f ,mesopotamia4      
,disuse ( sc>abs                 #cj-de 

,,iv4  ,! olde/ sc>abs4 ,classification 
& value ( ! sc>ab to ! s*ol> ( to-day4  
,l>ge inscrib$ hi/orical sc>abs         
#df-ef  ,v4  ,:]e usually f\nd & ! mode 
( we>+ sc>abs by ! ,egyptians1 ,book ( !
 ,dead4 ,egyptian sc>abs f\nd 9         
,mesopotamia4 ,! sc>ab 9 ,*ri/ianity    
#eg-fd  ,,vi4  ,! position ( ! sc>ab 9  
,anci5t ,egyptian religion & ! ,book ( !
 ,dead4 ,egyptian philosophy4 ,advanc$  
intellectuality ( ,egypt six ?\s& ye>s  
ago4 ,deities ( libr>ies & le>n+4       
,anci5t libr>ians & books4 ,! division (
 le>n$ m5 into diff]5t bran*es ( /udy4  
,! /atem5ts ( ,greek writ]s on ,egyptian
 ?\ght n to be dep5d$ ^u4 ,quotations f 
! ,book ( ! ,dead on ! symbolism ( !    
sc>abu deity4 ,! symbolism ( ! ,great   
,sph9x4 ,fur!r quotations f ! ,book ( ! 
,dead1 on ! symbolism ( ! sc>ab deity   
#fe-ij  ,,vii4  ,importance ( ! he>t 9 !
 ,anci5t ,egyptian religion4            
,immortality ( ! s\l accord+ to t       
religion4 ,symbolism ( ! sc>ab 9 _!     
doctr9e ( su* immortality4 ,no ?+ 9 ?is 

univ]se absolutely de/roy$1 only *ang$4 
,! idea ( metempsy*osis 9 ,anci5t       
,egypt4 ,elevat$ ideas z to ! deity4    
,hymn to ,ammon-,ra cit$4 ,quotations z 
to ,egyptian philosophy1 evolution ( !  
univ]se & kosmogony4 ,( ,khepra & ( ,tum
 or ,atmu4 ,egyptian psy*ology & its    
divisions      #ia-abb  ,,viii4  ,=g]y (
 sc>abs 9 mod]n times4 ,difficulty (    
detect+ su*4 ,o!r ,egyptian antiquities 
also c\nt]feit$ by ! pres5t inhabitants 
( ,egypt         #abc-abg  ,,ix4        
,pho5ician sc>abs4 ,manufactur$ mo/ly z 
article ( trade4 ,us$ inscrib$ sc>abs z 
seals 9 comm]cial & o!r transactions4   
,_m sc>abs f\nd 9 ,s>d9ia    #abh-acc   
,x4  ,etruscan sc>abs4 ,orig9 ( & :]e   
f\nd4 ,copi$ f ,egyptian b ) *anges 9   
subjects1 size & ornam5tation4 ,!       
engrav+ (4 ,:]e usually f\nd4 ,uses by !
 ,etruscans4 ,greek & ,roman sc>abs4    
,gno/ic1 ( ! ,basilidians               
#acd-adc   ,,app5dix ,a                 
#ade-aed  ,,index                       
#aee-agg     ,,on ,,sc>abs4      ,,=ms  

,,( ,,! ,,^w ,,sc>ab,,u4 ,,v5]ation ,,( 
,,! ,,anci5t ,,egyptians     ,,= ,,!    
,,sc>ab,,u4 ,,entomology ,,( ,,!        
,,insect4 ,,symbolism ,,(     ,,accord+ 
,,to ,,plut>*1 ,,pl9y ,,& ,,horapollo4  
,,its ,,a/ronomical     ,,value4        
,,wor%ip ,,( ,,insects ,,by ,,o!r       
,,peoples4 ,,symbolism1 ,,) ,,!         
,,egyptians1 ,,( ,,! ,,sc>ab,,u4 ,,uses 
,,( ,,x ,,) ,,!m4   ,among ! _m animals1
 insects & creatures1 held 9 v5]ation z 
symbols by ! ,anci5t ,egyptians2 ! "o   
univ]sally 9 use z a symbol f a mo/     
remote p]iod1 7 insects ( ! family ( !  
sc>abid4  ,! ,greek "n ( ! models ( ^! 0
 ,sk>abaios1 ,sk>abos1 ,k>abos1 ,k>abis2
 ! ,sanskrit1 ,c>abha1 :i* l ! ,lat9    
,locu/a1 designat$ bo? ! lob/] & !      
gras%opp]4 ,! ,lat9 "n d]iv$ f ! ,greek1
 01 ,sc>abu1 ! ,fr5*1 ,sc>abe4 ,to ! p (
 our day1 ! high position enjoy$ 9 !    
religion ( ,anci5t ,egypt by ?is insect1
 appe>s v /range1 = to u1 !re is no?+   
attractive ab\t x4 ,) t p h[ev] x held1 
= "s fifty c5turies2 ! position 9 _!    

religion :i* ! ,lat9 cross n[ holds ) u 
z ,*ri/ians1 & if we consid] = an       
in/ant1 our own v5]ation = ! latt]2 x   
w\ld d\btless h be5 consid]$1 by ^?     
unfamili> ) our religion1 z also bas$ on
 a v5]ation = a v /range emblem2 = !    
cross 0 ! in/rum5t us$ by ! ,romans =   
puni%+ ) dea?1 murd]]s & crim9als ( !   
l[e/ type2 & :at w\ld be ?\ght to-day1 (
 a man wor%ipp+ ! gall[s or ! guillot9e1
 or c>ry+ copies model$ f ! same1       
susp5d$ f 8 neck4 ,h[ev] we ( to-day all
 und]/& ! emblem ( ! cross1 & ! ,anci5t 
,egyptians 9 _! "t1 all und]/ood !      
emblem ( ! sc>ab4  ,m5 are r>ely        
consci\s ( ! prejudices1 :i* really     
incapacitate !m1 f =m+ imp>tial & true  
judgm5ts on sy/ems ali5 to _! own habits
 ( ?\ght4 ,& philosoph]s :o may pride   
!mselves on _! fre$om f prejudice1 may  
yet fail to und]/&2 :ole classes (      
psy*ological ph5om5a :i* are ! result ( 
religi\s practice1 & are famili> to ^?  
alone to :om su* practice is habitual4#f
 ,said ,!spesion to ,apollonius ,tyanu1 

accord+ to ! biography ( ! latt]1 by    
,philo/ratus2 ,! ,egyptians d n v5ture  
to give =m to _! deities1 !y only give  
!m 9 symbols :i* h an occult mean+4  ,! 
family ( ! ,sc>abid or ,coprophagi is q 
l>ge1 ! type ( ! family is ! g5us       
,ateu*us1 ! memb]s ( ?is g5us are m     
frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! old _w ?an ! new1 & (
 its =ty species1 ?irty belong to       
,africa4  ,! sacr$ sc>ab ( ! ,egyptians 
0 t]m$ by ,l9nu1 ! ,sc>abu sac]1 b lat] 
writ]s h nam$ x1 ,ateu*us sac]4 ,?is    
insect is f\nd ?r\gh\t ,egypt1 ! s\!rn  
"p ( ,europe1 9 ,*9a1 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 9 
,b>b>y & at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1      
,we/]n ,asia & ,nor!rn ,africa4 ,x is   
black & ab\t "o in* 9 l5g?4  ,!re 0 also
 ano!r species ( ! sc>abu valu$ by !    
,anci5t ,egyptians1 t t]m$ by ,cuvi]1 ! 
,ateu*us sac] gyptiorum1 :i* is l>g] &  
wid] ?an ! o!rs ( its family2 x is (    
gre5 gold5 t9ts1 & is n[ f\nd pr9cipally
 9 ,egypt & ,nubia4 ,pl9y1 9 8 ,natural 
,hi/ory says3 ,! gre5 sc>abu has !      
prop]ty ( r5d]+ ! sight m pi]c+1 7i4e41 

cur+ fatigue ( ! eye f its gre5 color17 
( ^? :o gaze ^u x2 h5ce x is1 t !       
engrav]s ( preci\s /ones use ^! insects 
to /eady _! sight4#g ,m4 ,latreille     
?9ks2 ! species he nam$ ,ateu*us        
gyptiorum1 or hliokan?>os1 & :i* is ( a 
gre5 color1 0 t :i* especially engag$ ! 
att5tion ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians4  ,!    
,egyptian also held 9 e/imation1 !      
species ,bupre/is & ! ,can?>is &        
,copris1 & us$ !m z he did ! memb]s ( ! 
true family ( ! sc>abid1 & ,s4          
,passalacqua f\nd a species ( ,bupre/is1
 embalm$ 9 a tomb at ,!bes4  ,at lea/   
f\r species ( beetles appe> to h be5    
held 9 v5]ation & 7 di/+ui%$1 by !      
abs5ce or pres5ce1 ( /riat$ elytra4 ,!  
,ateu*us sac] is ! "o commonly repres5t$
 on ! monum5ts4 ,! numb] ( ! toes1      
?irty1 symboliz$ ! days ( ! mon?1 & !   
movem5t ( ! ball1 :i* x manufactur$ & 9 
:i* 0 deposit$ its egg1 symboliz$ among 
o!r ?+s1 ! action ( ,ra1 ! ,egyptian    
sun-deity1 at midday4  ,! ,egyptian     
soldi] wore ! sc>ab z a *>m or amulet1  

to increase brav]y2#h ! wom51 to        
increase f]tility4 ,! ,greeks call$ x1  
,helio-can?>us1 &1 n und]/&+ its        
significance1 7 dispos$ to ridicule x1 z
 is app>5t f ! trave/y ^u x by          
,ari/ophanes 9 8 com$y ( ,peace4 ,pl9y  
also aga9 speaks ( x 9 8 ,natural       
,hi/ory1 say+3  ,! sc>abu also1 t =ms   
pellets & rolls !m along4 ,x is on      
acc\nt ( ?is k9d ( sc>abu t ! p ( a     
great "p ( ,egypt wor%ip ^? insects z   
div9ities1 an usage = :i* ,apion gives a
 curi\s reason1 ass]t+1 z he does1 by   
way ( ju/ify+ ! rites ( 8 nation1 t !   
insect 9 its op]ations portrays !       
revolution ( ! sun4 ,!re is also ano!r  
k9d ( sc>abu1 :i* ! magicians recomm5d  
to be worn z an amulet--! "o t has small
 horns#i ?r[n backw>ds--x mu/ be tak5   
up1 :5 us$ = ?is purpose1 ) ! left h&4  
,a ?ird k9d also1 kn[n by ! "n ( 'fullo'
 & cov]$ ) :ite spots1 !y recomm5d to be
 cut asund] & atta*$ to ei!r arm1 ! o!r 
k9ds be+ worn ^u ! left arm4#aj  ,9 ! "w
 on ,egyptian hi]oglyphics attribut$ to 

a writ] call$ ,horapollo1 sometimes     
incorrectly call$1 ,horus ,apollo1 !    
fir/ "p ( :i* %[s1 t x 0 writt5 by a    
p]son :o 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! ,egyptian  
monum5ts & _h /udi$ !m c>efully1 we f9d3
 ,to d5ote an only begott51 or1         
g5]ation1 or1 a fa!r1 or1 ! _w1 or1 a   
man1 !y del9eate a sc>abu4 ,& !y        
symbolize by ?is1 an only begott52      
because ! sc>abu is a creature          
self-produc$1 be+ unconceiv$ by a       
female2 = ! propagation ( x is unique & 
aft] ?is mann]3--:5 ! male is desir\s ( 
procreat+1 he takes ! dung ( an ox1 &   
%apes x into a sph]ical =m l ! _w2 he !n
 rolls x f him by ! h9d] p>ts f ,ea/ to 
,we/1 look+ himself t[>ds ! ,ea/1 t he  
may imp>t to x ! figure ( ! _w 7= t is  
borne f ,ea/ to ,we/1 :ile ! c\rse ( !  
/>s is f ,we/ to ,ea/27 !n hav+ dug a   
hole1 ! sc>abu deposits ?is ball 9 ! e>?
 = ! space ( tw5ty-eight days1 7= 9 s _m
 days ! moon passes ?r\gh ! twelve signs
 ( ! zodiac47 ,by ?us rema9+ "u ! moon1 
! race ( sc>abi is endu$ ) life2 & ^u ! 

n9e & tw5tie? day aft]1 hav+ op5$ !     
ball1 x ca/s x into ! wat]1 = x is aw>e1
 t ^u t day ! conjunction ( ! moon & sun
 takes place1 z well z ! g5]ation ( !   
_w4 ,f ! ball ?us op5$ 9 ! wat]1 !      
animals1 t is ! sc>abi1 issue =?4 ,!    
sc>abu also symbolizes g5]ation1 = !    
reason be=e m5tion$2--& a fa!r1 because 
! sc>abu is eng5d]$ by a fa!r only2--& !
 _w because 9 its g5]ation x is fa%ion$ 
9 ! =m ( ! _w2--& a man1 because !re is 
n any female race among !m4 ,moreov] !re
 are ?ree species ( sc>abi1 ! fir/ l a  
cat1#aa & irradiat$1 :i* species !y h   
consecrat$ to ! sun f ?is simil>ity2 =  
!y say t ! male cat *anges ! %ape ( !   
pupils ( 8 eyes accord+ to ! c\rse ( !  
sun2 = 9 ! morn+ at ! ris+ ( ! god1 !y  
are dilat$1 & 9 ! middle ( ! day become 
r\nd1 & ab\t sunset1 appe> less         
brilliant2 :5ce also1 ! /atue ( ! god 9 
! city ( ! sun#ab is ( ! =m ( a cat4 ,e 
sc>abu also has ?irty toes1 correspond+ 
to ! ?irty days duration ( ! mon?1 dur+ 
:i* ! ris+ sun p]=ms 8 c\rse4 ,! second 

species is ! two-horn$ & bull-=m$2 :i*  
are consecrat$ to ! moon2 :5ce ! *ildr5 
( ! ,egyptians say1 t ! bull 9 ! heav5s 
is ! exaltation ( ?is goddess4 ,! ?ird  
species is1 ! "o-horn$ & ,ibis-=m$1 :i* 
!y reg>d z sacr$ to ,h]mes 7i4e41 ,?o?47
 9 l mann] z ! bird4#acad  ,horapollo   
also says3 ,to d5ote ,heph/os 7,ptah17  
!y del9eate a sc>abu & a vulture1 & to  
d5ote ,a!na 7,nei?17 a vulture & a      
sc>abu4#ae  ,! sc>abu also _h an        
a/ronomical value & is plac$ on "s      
zodiacs 9 place ( ! crab4 ,x may be f\nd
 on ! outside1 or squ>e planisph]e1 ( ! 
zodiac ( ! ,temple ( ,d5d]ah4 ,"s       
ar*ologi/s ?9k x prec$$ ! crab1 z !     
emblem ( ! division ( ! zodiac call$ by 
u1 ,canc]4 ,its emblem1 z %[n on ! ,h9du
 zodiac1 looks m l a beetle or o!r      
insect ?an x does l a crab4#af  ,!      
religi\s feel+ = x1 mo/ probably exi/$  
among ! e>ly ,e?iopians1 be=e !         
migration ( ! anci5t race :o 7 !        
orig9ators ( ! ,egyptians1 into ! l& on 
! banks ( ! ,nile4 ,! cult is %[n 9 m   

mod]n times by ! v5]ation ( ! ,hott5tot 
= ! same insect1 & f ! wor%ip ( ! ,holy 
,cricket by ! natives ( ,madagasc>4 ,!  
,egyptians held ! sc>abu especially     
sacr$ to ,am5-,ra1 i4e41 ! my/]y ( !    
sun-god4 ,x 0 _! symbol ( ! creative &  
f]tiliz+ p[]1 ( ! re-bir?1 resurrection 
& immortality ( ! s\l1 & 01 ?r\gh ?is1  
connect$ ) _! a/ronomical & fun]al rites
 & k4 ,x 01 z ! liv+ insect1 ! fir/ liv+
 creature se5 com+ to life f ! f]tiliz+ 
mud ( ! ,nile1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! hot    
rays ( ! sun1 aft] ! subsid5ce ( !      
inundat+ wat]s ( t riv]4 ,! royal       
c>t\*es ( _! k+s is 9 an oval tak5 f !  
=m ( its "u side4 ,& ?is oval =m has    
exi/$ f ! mo/ remote times t we h any k 
( ! c>t\*4  ,x is (t5 f\nd portray$1 z  
if a pass5g] 9 a boat1 ) ext5d$ w+s2    
hold+ 9 its claws ! globe ( ! sun1 or   
elevat$ 9 ! firmam5t1 z ! type ( !      
creat+ p[] ( ! sun-god ,ra1 9 ! m]idian4
 ,o!r deities are sometimes %[n pray+ to
 x4#ag  ,ptah ! ,creative ,p[]1 & also  
,khep]a1 a kosmogonic deity ( ! highe/  

type1 _h ! sc>ab assign$ to !m z an     
emblem4 ,x 0 "o ( ! =ms symbolic ( !    
,demiurge or ,mak] ( our univ]se4 ,x 0  
also ! emblem ( ,ptah ,tore1 ( ,memphis1
 ano!r symbolic =m ( ! creative p[]4 ,x 
0 assign$ z an emblem (                 
,ptah-,sok>i-,osiris1 ! pigmy deity (   
,memphis1 be+ plac$ on 8 head1 & ?is    
deity 0 sometimes repres5t$ "u ! =m ( a 
sc>ab4 ,x 0 also an emblem ( ,ra1 ! sun 
deity2 also1 an emblem ( ! _w or        
univ]se2 & 01 z ,i h said1 connect$ )   
a/ronomy & ) fun]al rites1 & ! second   
bir? or re-bir?1 ( ! s\l4  ,ano!r use ( 
! sc>abu by ! ,egyptians 0 z an amulet &
 talisman1 bo? = ! liv+ & ! dead2 & = t 
reason1 images1 symbols or words2       
suppos$ to be agreeable to ! deity1 or  
to ! evil _s s\ght to be conciliat$2 7  
incis$1 or engrav$ 9 intaglio1 ^u ! "u  
side4 ,x 0 also us$ z a signet to       
impress on wax1 clay or o!r mat]ial1 s z
 to fa/5 up doors1 boxes1 etc41 conta9+ 
valuable ?+s1 s !y c\ld n be op5$ )\t   
break+ ! impression4 ,! engrav+ on ! "u 

surface ( ! sc>ab 0 also impress$ on    
wax1 etc41 to v]ify ! execution (1 or to
 keep secret1 writt5 docum5ts2 & 9 "s   
in/ances1 ! papyrus or l951 0 writt5 ^u1
 !n roll$ up1 & a /r+ us$ to fa/5 x2 an 
impression ( ! signet1 made on wax or   
o!r mat]ial1 0 !n plac$ on x & ! /r+1 s 
t x c\ld n be op5$ )\t break+ !         
impression4  ,9 v anci5t pa9t+s         
especially ^? 9 ! tombs ( ! k+s ( ,!bes1
 ! sc>abu plays a mo/ rem>kable "p1 z an
 emblem ( ! creat+ fir/ s\rce ( life1   
:i* passes f x to ! embryo1 ?r\gh !     
int]m$i>y ( a cele/ial g5]ator1 :o is   
int5d$ to repres5t ! ,makrokosm or great
 ,ideal ,man1 z ! demiurgos4 ,we f9d !  
idea ( ! ,makrokosm or great ,ideal     
,man1 p]meat+ ^? writ+s t]m$1 ! ,books (
 ,h]mes ,trismegi/os1 :i* h rea*$ our   
day1 & :i*1 ) "s m rec5t matt]1 conta9  
mu* v old1 ,egyptian philosophy4#ah     
,/atem5ts z to ! ,ideal ,prototype & !  
,primordial ,man1 are app>5tly1 set =? 9
 _m ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptian writ+s4       
,,footnotes3  #f ,p4 ,le ,page ,r5\f 93 

,! ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion1 z        
illu/rat$ by ! ,religion ( ,anci5t      
,egypt4 ,new ,york1 ,*>les ,scribn]'s   
,sons1 p4 #f4  #g ,pl9y's ,natural      
,hi/ory4 ,bk4 ,,xxix41 *4 #ch end4 ,bohn
 ed4 by ,john ,bo/ock & ,h4,t4 ,riley4  
,london1 #ahef1 ,vol4 ,v41 p4 #daf4  #h 
,plut>* says3 ,! ,egyptian w>riors _h a 
beetle c>v$ ^u _! signets1 because !re  
is no su* ?+ z a female beetle2 = !y are
 all males1 etc4--,( ,isis & ,osiris    
#aj1 #gd1 9 ,plut>*'s ,morals4 ,wm4 ,w4 
,goodw9's ,engli% edition4 ,bo/on1      
#ahgh1 ,vol4 ,,iv41 pp4 #gc1 #acb4      
,comp4 lian ,x41 #ae4  #i ,probably !   
lucanus m5tion$ 9 ,bk4 ,,xi41 *4 #cd1   
suppos$ to be ! same z1 ! /ag beetle4   
#aj ,bk4 ,,xxx41 *4 #cj4 ,bohn ed41     
,vol4 ,v41 p4 #ded4 ,see also ,vol4     
,,iii41 p4 #cd2 ,bk4 ,,xi1 *4 #cd4  #aa 
,!re is likely ! ^w eye omitt$ "h1 x %9+
 l a cat's eye4 ,my]4  #ab ,heliopolis4 
,my]4  #ac ,! ,ibis :i* 0 sacr$ to ,?o?4
 ,my]4  #ad ,! ,hi]oglyphics (          
,horapollo ,nil\s1 by ,alex&] ,turn]    

,cory4 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,see also1       
,horapoll9is ,niloi ,hi]oglyphica       
edidit1 etc41 ,conradus ,leemans1       
,am/elodami1 #ahce4  #ae ,ptah ,tore1 ! 
de=m$ pigmy god ( ,memphis1 has a sc>abu
 on 8 head1 & sometimes1 /&s on ! figure
 ( a crocodile4 ,ibid41 ,cory's ed41 p4 
#bi4  #af ,religions de l',antiquit1    
etc41 du ,dr4 ,frd4 ,creuz]1 edition (  
,j4,d4 ,guigniaut4 ,p>is1 #ahbe1 ,vol4  
,i41 "p #b1 ,h9du plates ,,xvii41       
,egyptian plates ,,xlix4  #ag ,= su*    
pictures see1 ,?omas ,j4 ,pettigrew's   
,hi/4 ( ,egyptian ,mummies4 ,london1    
#ahcd1 ,plate #h1 ,nos1 #a1 #b & #c4    
,wilk9son's ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( !       
,anci5t ,egyptians1 #bnd ,s]ies4        
,london1 #ahda1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bef4   
,sc>abes gypti5s1 figurs du ,muse des   
,antiquea de sa maje/ l'emp]eur1 ,vi5ne1
 #ahbd4  #ah ,religions de l',antiquit1 
etc41 du ,dr4 ,frd4 ,creuz]1 refondu1   
etc41 p> ,j4,d4 ,guigniaut1 ,vol4 ,i41  
"p #b1 ,note #f1 p4 #hba et seq41 p4    
#idh et seq41 ,nos4 #ahg & #ahg;a (     

,plate ,,xlviii4 & pp4 #hj1 #hb4 ,z to !
 ,makrokosm see1 ,! ,qabbalah1 etc41 by 
,isaac ,my]4 ,philadelphia1 #ahhh4      
,also2 ,le ,papyrus de ,neb-,q$4        
7,exemplaire hiroglyphique du livre des 
morts7 etc41 by ,?odule ,devria1        
translation by ,paul ,pi]ret4 ,p>is1    
#ahgb1 p4 #i4     ,,ii4                 
,,manufacture ,,( ,,! ,,sc>ab,i4        
,,mat]ials4 ,,inscriptions ,,on4        
,,diff]5t ,,p]iods ,,( ,,manufacture ,,&
 ,,! ,,peculi>ities ,,(4 ,,h[     ,,to  
,,judge ,,( ,,! ,,epo*4   ,!            
repres5tations ( ! insect are among !   
e>lie/ sculpture ( /ones kn[n1 & 7 cut 9
 v>i\s mat]ials1 /eatite a species (    
soap/one be+ "o ( ! e>lie/ us$4 ,"s 7   
p]haps fir/ m\ld$ 9 clay1 dri$1 & !n cut
 into %ape4  ,_m ( ^? 9 use 9 ,egypt 7  
c>v$ out ( opaque or semi-transp>5t     
/ones1 & ^? cut 9 h>d /one 7 usually    
made ( "s "o ( ! foll[+ v>ieties3 gre5  
basalt1 diorite1 granite1 hmatite1 lapis
 lazuli1 jasp]1 s]p5t9e1 v]de antique1  
smalt1 root ( em]ald1 :i* is ! same z   

plasma or prase#ai cornelian1 ame?y/1   
s>donyx1 agate & onyx4 ,^? ( s(t mat]ial
 7 cut out ( /eatite1 a s(t lime/one    
simil> to *alk1 b usually !y 7 ( a :ite 
or grayi% slaty /one easily cut & :i*   
/ood fire4 ,aft] hav+ be5 cut into !    
correct %ape1 ^! 7 glaz$ 9 ! fire1 )    
enamels ( diff]5t colors1 usually ( a   
light blui% gre54 ,^? f\nd n[ ( a br[ni%
 or dirty :ite color1 h lo/ ! orig9al   
color ( ! glaze f ! ravages ( "t4 ,"s 7 
( clay only sun-dri$1 o!rs ( clay burn$ 
into pott]y4 ,!y 7 also made ( porcela91
 & also1 b r>ely1 ( color$ glass4 ,!y h 
also be5 f\nd made ( gold1 ivory & ev5 (
 wood4 ,*ampollion ?9ks1 t c]ta9 signets
 f\nd made ( wood or pott]y be>+ !      
figure ( ! sc>abu 9 intaglio1 7 us$ to  
m>k ! victims :i* _h be5 exam9$ & pass$ 
z prop] = ! sacrifice4 ,! sc>abs1 z we h
 rem>k$1 7 usually engrav$ ) incis$     
hi]oglyphic symbols on ! "u side1       
frequ5tly ) ^? us$ on "o ( 8 c>t\*es by 
! reign+ ph>aoh1 & 7 !n worn by _! own]s
 to %[ v5]ation = him1 z ! repres5tative

 ( ! deity ^u e>?1 or f national pride4 
,! names ( deities1 (ficials1 private   
p]sons1 & ev5 only monograms or devices1
 at lat] p]iods1 7 engrav$ on ! bases4  
,! be/ class 7 usually made ( a f9e1    
h>d1 gre5 basalt2 sometimes !y 7 jo9$ to
 ! repres5tation ( ! human he>t on :i* 0
 inscrib$ ,life1 ,/ability &            
,protection4 ,?is 0 evid5tly talismanic4
  ,! pr9cipal p]iod ( _! manufacture 9  
l>ge quantities1 0 9 ! reign (          
,tehuti-mes1 or ,?otmes ,i,i,ird1 ( !   
,x,v,i,i,ith ,dyna/y 7circa #afjj-aeff  
,b4,c47 ,o!r times 7 ! ,x,i,xth & ,x,xth
 ,dyna/ies4  ,! l>ge & small sc>abs =m  
two classes4 ,^? two to ?ree in*es 9    
l5g? belong to ! l>g]1 & 7 usually = use
 inside ( ! mummies 9 place ( ! he>t4   
,!re are also "s ( v l>ge size2 "o made 
( basalt n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 is five
 feet high4  ,! mak+ ( ! %ape ( ! sc>ab 
9 cameo1 9 s(t mat]ial 0 easily done1 & 
! incis+ ( its flat "u surface ) !      
hi]oglyphics n difficult2 ! arti/ mo/   
likely us$1 "o or m in/rum5ts ( diff]5t 

sizes1 =m$ at ! end l a v small *isel or
 bradawl1 & g\g$ or pun*$ out ! figures 
& inscriptions desir$1 be=e ! glaz+ or  
enamel+ 0 put on1 ?is gave a flat       
appe>ance at ! dep? or bottom ( ! incis$
 "w4 ,on ^? ( h>d /one !y us$ h&-drills 
or ! la!4  ,i cond5se ! foll[+ rem>ks1  
add+ h[ev] "s ( my own1 f a v valuable  
little book rec5tly publi%$ by ! le>n$  
egyptologi/ ,mr4 ,w4,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1
 entitl$3 ,hi/orical ,sc>abs4#bj  ,i    
regret ,mr4 ,petrie's li?ographic draw+s
 are s blurr$ t !y are difficult to     
read1 & hope t he w1 9 ! ne> future1 get
 out a m arti/ic & complete book on ?is 
important subject4#ba  ,he %[s #b1bbj   
examples ( incis$ hi/orical sc>abs4 ,!  
fir/ g5u9e hi/orical sc>abs he gives    
copies (1 are ^? ( ,neb-ka ( ! ,i,i,ird 
,dyna/y2 7circa #cicc-cijj ,b4,c47 ,he  
also %[s "s ( ! p]iod ( ,nef]-ka-,ra or 
,huni1 m5tion$ 9 ,brugs*'s ,hi/ory ( !  
,ph>aohs1 pages #bg & #cb2 :o liv$ #chjj
 ,b4,c4 ,! "n ,ra1 =m+ "p ( ! k+'s "n at
 ?is p]iod1 is v unusual4 ,x 0 n us$1 z 

a portion ( 8 "n1 by any o!r ,egyptian  
k+ f ! ,i/ ,dyna/y to ! second k+ ( !   
,i,vth or ,great ,pyramid ,dyna/y1 nam$ 
,tatf-,ra4 ,! next k+ to him 0          
,khaf-,ra4 ,! reign ( ,tatf-,ra 0 prec$$
 by t ( ,khufu1 ! ,kheops ( ! ,greek    
writ]s1 build] ( ! ,great ,pyramid2     
7circa #cgcc-cgjj ,b4,c47  ,! sc>abs ( !
 "t ( ,khufu are all small & ( f9e "w b 
)\t elaboration1 & ! colors are         
delicate1 beautiful & p]man5t4 ,"u      
,khaf-,ra or ,khefr51 !re 0 a           
det]ioration2 ! "w is inf]ior & ! glaz+ 
has (t5 p]i%$1 inde$ good glazes are r>e
 aft] ?is p]iod until ! ,x,ith ,dyna/y2 
7circa #bejj ,b4,c47 ,! glazes ( ?is    
latt] p]iod are h>d1 unalt]able & ( f9e 
colors1 "s "u ! ,x,i,ith are f9e b (t5  
!y are decompos$4 ,blue is a special    
color ( ?is "t & x is also us$ 9 !      
sculpture4 ,"u ,pepi1 ,i,vth ,dyna/y1   
7circa #cbcc ,b4,c417 ! scroll patt]n   
fir/ arises z a sy/em1 b is n f\nd      
cont9u\sly 9 ! sc>abs ( 8 p]iod4 ,9 !   
,x,i,ith ,dyna/y1 7#bdff-bbff ,b4,c417 !

 cont9u\s scroll patt]n 0 develop$1 x   
became g5]al 9 ! ,x,i,i,ith1 7circa     
#bbcc ,b4,c417& ,x,i,vth ,dyna/ies1 &   
l+]$ z f> z ! ,x,i,xth 7#adjj ,b4,c47   
,br[n sc>abs 7 orig9ally gre5 glaz$ b h 
fad$1 :ite 7 orig9ally blue1 except+    
possibly "s ( ,am5-hotep ,i,i,ird4 ,!re 
are also :ite & gray1 )\t any glaze     
rema9+1 :i* 7 orig9ally blue or gre54   
,! c[roids1 ) a rope bord] on ! back1   
are ( ! ,hyksos p]iod4  ,! ,x,v,i,i,ith 
,dyna/y 7#agjj-adjj ,b4,c417 beg9s ) "s 
( a poor /yle b x soon disappe>$4 ,!    
peculi>ity ( ! fir/ "p ( ?is ,dyna/y is 
! d>k gre5 glaze--r greyi%--?is 0 foll[$
 by ^? ( brilliant t9ts 9 ! "t (        
,am5-hotep ,i,i,ird1 7#aejj-adcc        
,b4,c417 ^? ( r$1 yell[1 violet1        
*ocolate & o!r colors4 ,!y are nev] met 
) lat]4  ,at ! end ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith     
,dyna/y1 pott]y r+s came into g5]al use 
& are m frequ5tly met ) ?an sc>abs4 ,_! 
range is f ,am5-hotep ,i,i,ird to       
,rameses ,i,ind4  ,9 ! ,x,v,i,i,ith     
,dyna/y ! art ( glaz+ det]iorat$1 & mo/ 

( ! sc>abs ( ?is p]iod h n[ lo/ _!      
orig9al colors1 & are at pres5t only    
br[ns & greys4  ,"u ,rameses ,i,ind & 8 
successors ! "w is poorly done4  ,9 !   
,x,x,i,vth 7! ,satic ,p]iod1 circa #gcc 
,b4,c417 & 9 ! ,x,x,vth ,dyna/ies1 !re 0
 a revival & bett] "w & glaze & !re     
rema9 ( ?is "t "s f9e examples4  ,!     
,x,x,v,ith 7#fff-ebh ,b4,c4 ,satic17 0  
poor 9 results b ! "w neat4 ,! sc>ab =m 
_h ne>ly run its c\rse & cont9u$1 9 a   
debas$ /yle1 until ! close ( ! native   
mon>*y ) ! ,x,x,xth ,dyna/y 7circa #cgh 
,b4,c47  ,place _h mu* to d ) ! diff]5ce
 betwe5 sc>abs1 local /yles (           
manufacture made m diff]5ces ?an v>i\s  
,dyna/ies4 ,?is is a subject v difficult
 to inve/igate2 we h b few s\rces (     
in=mation on ?is subject4 ,at anci5t    
,tanis 7n[ call$ by ! ,arabs1 ,san17 !y 
are all ( s*i/1 r\gh & small1 ! glaze   
ne>ly always gone2 )9 a %ort di/ance f  
!re1 at ,nebe%eh1 !y are usually (      
pott]y ) bright apple-gre5 glazes2 at   
,naukratis1 ! ,anci5t ,egyptian "n ( :i*

 0 ,am & :i* 0 a city 9 ! "t ( !        
,x,i,ith ,dyna/y1 !y are mo/ly ( s(t    
glaz$ pott]y1 or1 ( a blue pa/e1 & ne>ly
 all are small2 9 ! ru9s ( ?is city 0   
f\nd a factory = mak+ ,greek sc>abs 9   
imitation ( ! ,egyptian /yle4#bb ,x is  
said1 t ^? ) scroll bord]1 are f !      
anci5t city ( ,abydos4  ,a curi\s ?+ is1
 ! re-issue ( ^? ( an e>li] k+ by a lat]
 mon>*1 examples ( ^! are1 re-issues "u 
que5 ,hat%epsu 7circa #afjj ,b4,c417 &  
,tehuti-mes ,i,i,ird 7circa #afjj-aeff  
,b4,c417 ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith ,dyna/y4 ,!   
e>li] & lat] names are (t5 on "o sc>ab4 
,we _c !re=e be sure ( ! age ( a sc>ab1 
ev5 f ! inscription1 z x may be ( a     
p]iod subsequ5t to ! k+ nam$ on x4      
,h[ev] ^! re-issues 7 only 9 a few      
special p]iods4 ,"o po9t to be not$ is1 
we f9d simil> "w & color 9 ! majority ( 
^? made "u ea* ph>aoh1 & su* /yle is    
diff]5t f t ( any e>li] or lat] age2    
?r\gh ?is we h a guide z to ! orig9al   
dat+ ( mo/ sc>abs f ! ,i,vth ,dyna/y to 
! end4 ,no subsequ5t p]iod %[s u        

simil>ities to ! majority ( ! sc>abs (  
any "o k+4  ,to ! unle>n$ probably all  
sc>abs look alike1 b to an eye educat$  
on ! subject1 ! peculi>ities ( ea*      
,dyna/y1 & ev5 ( sep>ate reigns1 become 
evid5t4 ,! value ( sc>abs to ! hi/orian 
is !re=e great1 z ! /udy ( sc>abs w     
reveal1 ! names ( k+s unkn[n h]et(ore f 
any ( ! o!r monum5ts s f> discov]$4     
,,footnotes3  #ai ,?is is *alc$ony      
p5etrat$ by m9ute gre5 fibres (         
hornbl5de4 ,x is n[ f\nd pr9cipally 9   
,india & ,*9a4 ,! color is frequ5tly    
equal to t ( ! f9e/ em]ald1 b ! yell[   
pat*es or black spots runn+ ?r\gh x1    
di/+ui% its species4 ,anci5t specim5s h 
be5 f\nd free ( ^! m>ks & v transp>5t4  
,!y may h _h a me?od 9 anci5t times (   
free+ ! /one f ^! spots4  #bj ,hi/orical
 ,sc>abs4 ,a s]ies ( ,draw+s f !        
,pr9cipal ,collections4 ,arrang$        
*ronologically1 by ,w4,m4 ,fl9d]s       
,petrie1 au?or (1 ,pyramids & ,temples (
 ,gizeh1 etc4 ,london1 ,d4 ,nutt1 #ahhi4
  #ba ,i h g5]ally us$ 9 ?is "w ! ord9>y

 well kn[n =ms ( ! ,egyptian prop]      
names1 su* z ,rameses1 ,?otmes1         
,am5-hotep1 etc41 in/ead ( ! m unusual1 
b m correct & le>n$1 names3 ,ra-messu1  
,tehuti-mes1 ,am5-hetep1 etc4 ,! dates  
are bas$ on ^? ( ,dr4 ,he9ri*           
,brugs*-,bey4  #bb ,t5 ,ye>s ,digg+ 9   
,egypt1 etc41 by ,w4,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie4
 ,london1 #ahib1 p4 #de4     ,,iii4     
,,me?od1 ,,p]iod ,,& ,,antiquity1 ,,(   
,,engrav+ ,,! ,,sc>ab ,,& ,,o!r         
,,=ms4 ,,use ,,( ,,r+s4 ,,m5tion ,,(1   
,,& ,,( ,,engrav+ ,,& ,,seal+1     ,,9  
,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t4 ,,use ,,( ,,cyl9d] 
,,signets ,,by ,,! ,,egyptians4         
,,relations ,,) ,,mesopotamia4 ,,c>v+   
,,( ,,diorite ,,& ,,o!r ,,h>d           
,,/one4 ,,! ,,egyptians ,,did ,,n       
,,borr[ ,,_! ,,engrav+ ,,& ,,!          
,,sc>ab1 ,,f ,,mesopotamia4 ,,disuse ,,(
 ,,sc>abs4   ,! art ( ! lapid>y is      
ass]t$ 9 ! ,book ( ,eno*1 to h be5      
taught to mank9d by ! angel ,azazel1#bc 
*ief ( ! angels :o took to !mselves     
wives f among ! daught]s ( m54 ,! mo/   

anci5t me?od consi/$1 9 obta9+ a flat   
surface by rubb+ or scrap+1 ) corundum  
or o!r h>d & we>+ /one1 ! /one to be    
engrav$4 ,if a v h>d /one1 ! incis+ or  
cutt+ 0 done by drill+1 we>+ & poli%+1  
?r\gh attrition1 by means ( a wood5 or  
metal po9t1 kept 9 connection ) a       
silici\s s& or corundum1 by ! m$ium (   
oil or wat]2 & also1 by ! use ( ! pun* &
 ( ! :eel4 ,! ,greek arti/s likely us$  
p[d]$ em]y & copp] drills4 ,bronze &    
iron drills1 & ^? ( o!r metals may h be5
 us$ at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,pl9y says1     
corundum 0 us$ 9 ! =m ( a spl9t] fix$ 9 
an iron /yle4 ,! anci5ts also appe> at a
 v e>ly p]iod1 to h us$ diamond du/ &   
oil1 & diamond spl9t]s1 fram$ 9 iron4   
,x has be5 %[n by rec5t inve/igations1 t
 ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 be=e ! build+ ( !
 ,great ,pyramid2 cut diorite1 sy5ite & 
o!r v h>d /one1 by means ( saws1 "s ( !m
 n9e feet long1 hav+ jewel$ tee? ins]t$2
 & t !y excavat$ ! c5tre ( l>ge blocks (
 h>d /ones = use z s>cophagi1 etc41 by  
means ( tubul> or circul> holl[ drills1 

! cutt+ surface ( :i* 0 arm$ ) jewels4  
,!y !n took out ! core & broke d[n !    
p>titions betwe5 ! drill$ holes1 ) !    
*isel & hamm]1 & ?us made l>ge          
excavations 9 ! block ( h>d /one4 ,!y   
also us$ la!s at a mo/ ar*aic p]iod 9   
cutt+ diorite & o!r h>d /ones4#bd ,!y   
also us$ ! b[-drill1#be ,!y also may h  
kn[n & us$ boort4  ,z e>ly z ! fir/     
,!ban ,dyna/y1 ! ,x,i,ith ,egyptian     
7#bdff-bbff ,b4,c417 ! ,dyna/y 9 :i*    
liv$ ! ,am5-em-hats & ! ,us]ts5s1 !     
great e>ly art p]iod ( ! ,egyptian      
empire1#bf ! ,egyptians engrav$ on      
ame?y/1 jasp] & rock cry/al1 & at t e>ly
 p]iod did "s ( ! mo/ beautiful "w      
rema9+ to u ( _! glyptography4 ,!       
signets h[ev] 7 n always 9 sc>ab =m1 !y 
7 sometimes squ>es or p>allelograms4#bg 
,!re is n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,l\vre 9     
,p>is1 ,france1 ! f9e/ old cameo 9 ! _w4
 ,x is ( ! reign ( ,am5-em-hat ,i,i,ird 
( ! ,x,i,ith ,dyna/y1 7#bcjj ,b4,c47    
,?is 0 ! fir/ ,!ban ,dyna/y & is a v r>e
 p]iod = ,egyptian cameo "w1 z !y !n    

usually incis$ _! engrav+ on preci\s    
/ones & did n engrave !m 9 relief4#bh ,!
 /one is a squ>e s>donyx & is engrav$ 9 
relief1 ) great f95ess on "o side1 ) a  
figure ! "n ( :i* c be read ,ha-ro-bes1 
! o!r side is incis$ & has ! figure ( a 
ph>aoh kill+ a prison]1 :om he holds by 
! be>d1 ) a mace2 ! c>t\* reads1        
,ra-en-ma1 i4e41 ,am5-em-hat ,i,i,ird4  
,! intaglio "w on ?is side is n equal to
 t 9 cameo1 on ! o!r4  ,!re is yet 9    
exi/5ce ! signet r+ ( ! celebrat$ ,que5 
,hat%epsu 7circa #afjj-aeff ,b4,c47 ,x  
is made ( f9e turquoise1 cut 9 ! =m ( a 
sc>ab1 p]=at$ longitud9ally & hung on a 
swivel4 ,on ! "u side is engrav$ !      
family "n ( ! ,que54#bi ,!re also exi/s 
! signet r+ ( ,am5-hotep ,i,ind1        
7#aeff-aecc ,b4,c417 hav+ ins]t$ 9 x a  
f9e gre5 glaz$ sc>ab4#cj  ,! description
 ( ! work+ & engrav+ ( preci\s /ones 9 !
 ,v,i,ith c5tury be=e our era1 is giv5 9
 ,ezekiel#ca :]e address+ ! k+ ( ,tyre1 
he says3 ,?\ art cov]$ ) preci\s /ones (
 all k9ds1 ) ! ruby1 em]ald1 diamond1   

hyac9?1 onyx1 jasp]1 sapphire1 c>buncle1
 s>donyx & gold4 ,! :eels & drills ( !  
lapid>ies1 7 prep>$ 9 ?y s]vice = ! day 
9 :i* ?\ w]t creat$4  ,! use ( ! signet 
r+ is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,old        
,te/am5t4#cb ,!re1 are also ! phrases1  
,seal$ up 9 a bag2#cc ,a book t is      
seal$2#cd ,writt5 evid5ce seal$2#ce     
,seal$ ) clay2#cf ,seal+ ) ! signet ( ! 
k+4#cg ,!re are also _m places ref]r+ to
 ! use ( seals 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4  ,9   
,g5esis1 we f9d ,?am> ask+ f ,judah1 8  
seal1 seal /r+ & /aff2 9 pl$ge4#ch ,9 ! 
same book1 b ref]r+ to a mu* lat]       
p]iod1#ci ,ph>aoh takes 8 signet r+1 9  
:i* 0 likely set a sc>ab1 f 8 h& & puts 
x on ! h& ( ,joseph1 s z to conf]       
sov]eign au?ority ^u him4#dj  ,9        
,exodus1#da m5tion is made ( ! engrav+ (
 ,%oham /ones z a signet1 i4e41 9       
intaglio1 z done by ,betzaleel = ! ephod
 ( ! ,high ,prie/1 & = 8 brea/plate1    
engrav$ 9 ! same way2 ^! 7 h>d preci\s  
/ones4 ,we d n "k ) c]ta9ty ! names ( ^!
 /ones 9 ,engli%4 ,! ,hebrew names ( ^? 

on ! fir/ r[ ( ! ephod1 are2 odem1      
pit$a1 b>eke?2 second r[1 nophe%1       
saphir1 yahlome2 ?ird r[1 le%me1 %evo1  
a'halama2 f\r? & la/ r[1 t>%i%1 %okam1  
yo%ph4  ,"s ar*ologi/s argue1 t !       
orig9al =m ( ! ,egyptian seal 0 t ( a   
cyl9d]1 & f !nce w\ld d$uce1 t !        
,egyptians1 or at ! lea/ ,egyptian art1 
came f ,mesopotamia4 ,i w\ld n[ say1 t  
,i d n believe t fact c be correctly    
d$uc$1 f ! cyl9drical =m sometimes us$ 9
 ,egypt4 ,! cyl9d] p]=at$ is only a =m (
 ! bead1 & beads 7 "o ( ! e>lie/ =ms (  
decoration & ornam5t1 us$ by primitive  
man4 ,! e>lie/ %ape ( g5u9e seals kn[n &
 us$ 9 ,egypt1 is t 9 ! sc>ab =m & t =m 
is peculi>ly ,egyptian2 cyl9d]s h[ev] 7 
sometimes us$ by t p 9 e>ly times4 ,!   
,egyptians at a "t1 to u beyond all     
positive hi/ory1 took advantage ( & us$ 
! intaglio seal1 s z to secure1 by its  
impression1 ! au!nticity ( p]sonal acts 
:e!r done by ! sov]eign1 8 *ancellor1 or
 8 treasur]1 or by private individuals2 
& !y sometimes made use ( signets ( a   

cyl9drical =m1 :i* !y appli$ ^u clay or 
wax1 b su* 7 n frequ5tly us$ 9 ,egypt4  
,! c>t\* ( ! e>lie/ kn[n k+1 ,m5a1      
7#ddjj ,b4,c417 is 9 ! =m ( ! outl9e ( !
 "u side ( ! sc>ab4  ,x 0 because ( its 
%ape1 ! oval1 ellipse1 or r+ =m ( ! l9e 
ar\nd ! c>t\*1 x n hav+ an end2 t !     
ph>aohs1 always hav+ 9 m9d immortality1 
h plac$ _! names )9 t =m4 ,! incis$ oval
 capable ( produc+ millions (           
impressions1 w\ld also be ?\ght ( z an  
emblem ( reproduction1 r5ewm5t &        
et]nity4  ,inde$ 9 all ! diff]5t epo*s (
 its greatness1 we w f9d us$ 9 ,egypt1 a
 few cyl9d]s ( h>d /one ^u :i* are well 
engrav$ c>t\*es4 ,!re is "o 9 s]p5t9e 9 
! ,national ,libr>y ( ,p>is be>+ ! "n ( 
,khufu or ,kheops1 ( ! ,i,vth ,dyna/y1  
7#cgcc ,b4,c417 build] ( ! ,great       
,pyramid at ,gizeh4 ,!y h be5 f\nd (    
soap/one made 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,i,vth      
,dyna/y1 & ( s*i/ enamel$ gre51 ( !     
p]iods ( ,am5-em-hat ,i/1 ,am5-em-hat   
,i,ind & ( ,sovkhotpu ,i,i,ird1 ph>aohs 
( ! ,x,i,ith & ,x,i,i,ith ,dyna/ies4 ,^!

 7 royal cyl9d]s4 ,aft] ! ,x,v,i,i,ith  
,dyna/y su* are v r>e 9 t =m4  ,!       
cyl9d]s1 says a v le>n$ writ] ^u        
,ori5tal ,glyptic ,art2 :atev] may be _!
 mat]ial1 h nev] %[n ! m>k ( a =eign    
influ5ce ^u ! soil ( ,egypt4 ,nev]!less 
! relations ( ,egypt & ,*aldea date f ! 
v highe/ antiquity4#db ,sc>abs became   
unfa%ionable 9 ,egypt 9 ! ,x,i,ith      
,dyna/y & cyl9d]s 7 l>gely us$4 ,!y 7   
us$ by ! ,us]ts5s & ! ,am5-em-has1 b    
aft] ! ,x,i,ith ,dyna/y cyl9d]s are r>e 
9 ,egypt4 ,! %ape ( ! c>t\* does n appe>
 to h be5 *ang$4  ,r+s came into fa%ion 
) ,am5-hotep ,i,i,ird & di$ out "u      
,rameses ,i,ind1 ! la/ k+ ^: "n we f9d  
on a bezel4 ,i d n d5y t relations exi/$
 f ! mo/ ar*aic p]iods betwe5 ! p (     
,mesopotamia & ^? ( ,egypt1 ! discov]ies
 ( ! magnific5t sculpture 9 &           
beautifully incis$ writ+ on1 gre5       
diorite2 "o ( ! h>de/1 t\ghe/1 &        
heavie/1 /ones kn[n2 f\nd at ,telloh by 
,m4 de ,s>zec1 :i* _h to be br\ght 9    
l>ge blocks f ! qu>ries ( ,s9ai2 take u 

back to ! mo/ remote p]iod1 9 :i* we h  
any k ( ! inhabitants ( ,l[]            
,mesopotamia4 ,"o ( ! mo/ wond]ful      
anci5t /atues 9 exi/5ce is t ( k+       
,khaf-,ra ( ! ,i,vth ,dyna/y1 ! ,khephr5
 ( ! ,greek writ]s1 build] ( ! second   
,great ,pyramid ( ,gizeh1 7circa #cfff  
,b4,c417 n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,gizeh1       
,egypt4 ,?is /atue1 a full siz$         
portrait-/atue1 is made ( gre5 diorite  
highly poli%$ & is a magnific5t "w (    
,egyptian art4 ,its base is inscrib$3   
,image ( ! ,gold5 ,horus1 ,khephr51     
beautiful god1 "l ( diadems4#dc ,?is    
%[s1 t ! ,egyptians work$ ! qu>ries (   
diorite at ,s9ai & sculptur$ 9 x1 ab\t  
#djjj ,b4,c4#dd ,! figures f\nd at      
,telloh are 9 a seat$ position1 are     
sculptur$ 9 ar*aic ,egyptian /yle1 & are
 cov]$ ) beautifully incis$ writ+4#de   
,i also "k f ! cunei=m inscriptions1 t  
relations exi/$ betwe5 ! ,fir/ ,empire (
 ,*aldea & ! ph>aohs ( ! ,great         
,pyramids ( ,gizeh1 z e>ly z ! reign ( !
 ,*aldean k+ ,n>am-,s92 7circa #cgee    

,b4,c47 ,subsequ5t to ! p]iods cit$1 !re
 exi/ a numb] ( hi/orical facts %[+ ! k 
( ea* o!r1 possess$ by ! inhabitants ( !
 valley ( ! ,nile & ! p (               
,mesopotamia4#df  ,! same speciali/ 9   
,ori5tal glyptics1 says3 ,! ef=ts ( "s  
le>n$ m5 to discov] traces ( a          
reciprocal influ5ce h be5 fruitless4 ,! 
pyramids ( ,egypt h no aff9ity ) ^? (   
,*aldea1 ! sculpture ( ,egypt does n    
resemble 9 any?+ t ( ,n9eveh or ,caleh2 
w\ld ! glyptic art h escap$ t individual
 developm5t :i* *>act]izes ! two        
peoples8 ,i ?9k n2 at lea/ we h no pro( 
( x4#dg  ,& a v erudite ar*ologi/ ( our 
day1 ,hodd] ,m4 ,we/ropp1 holds2 t !    
,assyrian cyl9d]s came into t c\ntry f  
,egypt & did n come f ,assyria into     
,egypt4#dh  ,sc>abs w5t out ( use "u !  
s-call$ ,h]etic k+s ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith    
,dyna/y4 ,"s f9e enamel "w on o!r       
subjects 0 made 9 ?is p]iod1 %[+ t art  
_h n deg5]at$1 inde$ ! discov]ies made 9
 ! ru9s ( ,khuat51 ! pres5t t[n call$   
,tell-el-,am>na1 %[ rema9s ( magnific5t 

monum5ts sculptur$ 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,h]etic
 k+s ( ,egypt1 7circa #adff-adjj ,b4,c47
  ,! sc>ab became aga9 9 use 9 ! "t (   
,hor-em-heb & ,se?i ,i41 & r+s aga9     
became fa%ionable 9 ,egypt4  ,aft] !    
fall ( ! ,ramessidian k+s1 ! prie/ly    
,dyna/y ( ,h]-hor does n appe> to h made
 use ( !m v l>gely4 ,9 ! rec5t great    
discov]y at ,dayr-el-,bah>ee v few 7    
f\nd1 & none be>+ ! "n ( ,h]-hor or 8   
imm$iate family4  ,,footnotes3  #bc ,!  
,book ( ,eno*1 etc41 by ,rev4 ,george   
,h4 ,s*odde1 ,ph4,d4 ,&ov]1 #ahhb1 pp4  
#fg1 #fh4  #bd ,t5 ,ye>s ,digg+ 9       
,egypt1 #ahha-ahia1 by ,w4,m4 ,fl9d]s   
,petrie1 etc4 ,! ,religi\s ,tract ,soc4 
,london1 #ahib1 pp4 #ai1 #bj1 #bf et    
seq41 #aai4  #be ,ibid41 p4 #aai4  #bf  
,egypt ,"u ! ,ph>aohs1 etc41 by ,he9ri* 
,brags*-,bey4 ,london1 #ahia1 p4 #hj et 
seq4  #bg ,m4 ,m5ant 91 ,les ,pi]res    
,graves de la ,haute-,asie4 ,p>is1      
#ahhf1 ,"p ,,ii41 p4 #aic et seq4  #bh  
,ibid41 p4 #aid4  #bi ,recueil de       
,travaux ,relatifs  la ,philol4 et      

l',ar*ol4 gypt1 etc41 publi s\s la      
direction de ,g4 ,masp]o4 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 
,vol4 ,x41 p4 #abf4  #cj ,ibid4  #ca    
,,xxviii41 #ac4 ,comp4 ,de ,luynes1     
,numismatique des ,satrapies1 p4 #ga4   
,g4 ,p]rot & ,c4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de   
l',art ,phnicie1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #fcb4 
#cb ,i ,k+s1 ,,xxi41 #h2 ,deut4         
,,xxxii41 #cd2 ,neh4 ,,ix41 #ch1 ,,xi41 
#a2 ,e/h4 ,,viii41 #h1 #aj4  #cc ,job   
,,xiv41 #ag4  #cd ,isa4 ,,xxix41 #aa2   
,dan4 ,,ix41 #bd1 ,,xii41 #di4  #ce ,j]4
 ,,xii41 #aj1 ,,xxxii41 #aa1 #ad1 #dd4  
#cf ,job ,,xxxviii41 #ad2 ,isa4 ,,viii41
 #af4  #cg ,dan4 ,,vi41 #ag2 ,e/h4      
,,iii41 #ab1 ,,viii41 #h1 #aj2 ,i ,k+s1 
,,xxi41 #h4  #ch ,g54 ,,xxxviii41 #ah1  
#be1 #bf4  #ci ,ibid4 ,,xll1 #db4  #dj  
,brugs*-,bey says3 ,! immigration (     
,joseph into ,egypt 0 ab\t #agcj ,b4,c41
 ne> ! "t ( ! reign ( ! ,hyksos ,k+1    
,nub4 ,egypt ,"u ! ,ph>aohs4 ,london1   
#ahia1 p4 #abj et seq4  #da ,,xxxix41   
#f1 #g1 #aj1 #ad4  #db ,m4 ,joa*im      
,m5ant1 ,les ,pi]res ,graves de la      

,haute-,asie4 ,re*]*es sur la ,glyptique
 ,ori5tale4 ,p>is1 #ahhf1 ,"p ,,ii41 p4 
#aig4  #dc ,brags*-,bey 9 81 ,egypt ,"u 
! ,ph>aohs4 ,london1 #ahia1 p4 #cf et   
seq4  #dd ,m4 ,augu/e ,m>iette1 ,outl9es
 ( ,anci5t ,egyptian ,hi/ory1 makes !   
,i,vth ,dyna/y beg9 at #dbce ,b4,c4  #de
 ,dc\v]tes en ,*alde p> ,m4 ,erne/ de   
,s>zec1 etc4 ,ouvrage accompagn de      
plan*es1 etc4 ,p>is1 #ahhd1 et seq4 ,see
 also1 ,article 9 ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e1     
,janu>y1 #ahid1 & ,qabbalah1 etc41 by   
,isaac ,my]4 ,philadelphia1 #ahhh1 p4   
#bcg et seq4  #df ,see ! in/ances giv5  
by ,m4 ,m5ant 9 8 ,les ,pi]res ,graves  
de la ,haute-,asie4 ,re*]*es sur la     
,glyptique ,ori5tale1 etc4 ,p>is1 #ahhf1
 p4 #aig et seq4  #dg ,ibid41 p4 #bjj4  
#dh ,h&-book ( ,ar*ology4 ,london1      
#ahfg1 pp4 #bec1 #bhi4 ,rec5tly ,dr4    
,fritz ,hommel1 9 81 ,d] babylonis*e    
,ursprung d] gyptis*5 ,kultur1 ,mn*51   
#ahib1 has endeavor$ to prove ! contr>y4
     ,,iv4      ,,! ,,olde/ ,,sc>abs4   
,,classification ,,& ,,value ,,( ,,!    

,,sc>ab ,,to     ,,! ,,s*ol> ,,(        
,,to-,,day4 ,,l>ge ,,inscrib$           
,,hi/orical ,,sc>abs4   ,! olde/ sc>abs1
 z to :i* "o c feel any c]ta9ty ( _! be+
 g5u9e1 are ^? ,i h m5tion$ be>+ ! "n ( 
,neb-,ka incis$ on ! "u surface4 ,?is   
ph>aoh 0 ( ! ,i,i,ird ,dyna/y & 0 liv+  
accord+ to ,brugs*-,bey1 7#cicc-cijj    
,b4,c47#di ,t w\ld make #e1hbf ye>s pa/ 
accord+ to ,brugs*4 ,augu/e ,m>iette    
w\ld make x mu* m anci5t4  ,^! sc>abs 7 
made ( pott]y & glaz$ a pale gre54 ,x   
has be5 /at$ by "s ar*ologi/s t ! olde/ 
sc>abs 7 n engrav$1 ! "u "p be+ made to 
repres5t ! legs ( ! beetle fold$ "u its 
body1 b ?is is only a supposition1 z !  
age c only be det]m9$ ) any c]ta9ty1 by 
! inscriptions incis$ on ! "u "p & ^? n 
s inscrib$1 may be ( diff]5t p]iods1 "s 
( v late times4  ,! =ms usually met ) 9 
! tombs are1 fir/2 ^? ) ! l[] "p z a    
flat level surface = ! purpose ( hav+ an
 inscription incis$ ^u x2 ^? hav+ !     
engrav+ incis$ ^u su* a surface2 & ^? ) 
! legs ins]t$ "u !m 9 imitation (       

nature4 ,sometimes ! head & ?orax are   
replac$ by a human face1 & occasionally 
! body or ! elytra h ! =m ( ! ,egyptian 
royal cap4  ,!y (t5 hold betwe5 !       
=e-legs repres5tations ( ! sun4  ,!     
small] sc>abs h z subjects engrav$ ^u   
!m1 repres5tations ( ! ,egyptian        
deities1 ! names ( ! reign+ ph>aohs1 (  
que5s1 animals1 religi\s symbols1 sacr$1
 civil & fun]al emblems1 names ( prie/s1
 nobles1 (fic]s ( /ate & private        
individuals1 ornam5ts1 plants1 &        
sometimes dates & numb]s writt5 9       
ciph]s4 ,"s h ^u !m mottoes1 su* z3     
,good ,luck1 ,a ,happy ,life1 etc41 be+ 
us$ = seal+ lett]s1 etc41 & z pres5ts4  
,! l>g] siz$ h frequ5tly texts & p>ts ( 
*apt]s f ! ,book ( ! ,dead4  ,we c !re=e
 make a g5]al classification ( sc>abs   
into3  ,i4 ,my?ological or ,religi\s1   
conta9+ subjects1 figures or            
inscriptions1 connect$ ) kosmogony1     
kosmology1 or1 religion4  ,,ii4         
,hi/orical1 conta9+ royal c>t\*es &     
names ( m51 & figures relat+ to civil   

cu/oms4  ,,iii4 ,physiographical1       
conta9+ animals or plants connect$ )    
consecrat$ symbols4  ,,iv4 ,fun]eal1    
connect$ ) ! ,ka or life ( ! mummy 9 ?is
 _w1 & ) ! j\rney ( 8 ,ba or responsible
 s\l1 ?r\gh ! "u-_w4  ,v4 ,talisman or  
,amulets1 to pres]ve ! we>] f injury 9  
?is _w1 by m5 or by evil spirits4  ,,vi4
 ,signets or ,seals = (ficial use1 to   
v]ify docum5ts or evid5ce1 protect      
prop]ty & correspond5ce1 etc4  ,,vii4 ,&
 o!rs1 :i* h ^u !m only ornam5tal       
designs1 z to :i* we _c1 up to ?is "t1  
asc]ta9 ! mean+4  ,! ,hi/orical sc>abs  
are ( great value 9 asc]ta9+ or         
display+1 9 *ronological s]ies1 !       
c>t\*es or %ield names1 if ,i may be    
p]mitt$ ?us to t]m !m1 ( ! mon>*s (     
,egypt2 go+ f ! mo/ remote antiquity ( !
 ,egyptian k+dom1 to ,a4,d4 #bjj4  ,!   
,anci5t ,egyptians1 rem>ks ! ,rev4 ,mr4 
,l(tie1 9 8 admirable little book2 ,(   
,sc>abs1 p4 #cj et seq41 happy p1 _h no 
money on :i* to /amp ! image &          
sup]scription ( _! ,ph>aohs4 ,a         

collection ( sc>abs1 inscrib$ ) ! names 
( k+s1 /&s !re=e to ,egyptian hi/ory z a
 collection ( co9s /&s to ! hi/ory ( !  
y\ng] nations ( ! e>?4 ,! day mu/ come  
:5 our ,univ]sities & o!r bodies ( le>n$
 folk1 w /udy ! beg9n+s ( ?+s z !y are  
pres5t$ 9 ,egyptian hi/ory1 & "s k ( ^! 
curi\s little objects w become          
indisp5sable to an educat$ man 99 99 99 
99 ,! collection n[ arrang$ 9 ! ,briti% 
,museum is second to none4  ,i w\ld also
 say1 ^? 9 ! ,l\vre at ,p>is1 are n[    
arrang$ *ronologically4 ,a good         
collection is also 9 ! ,egyptian ,museum
 at ,gizeh1 collect$ by ,m4 ,m>iette2   
=m]ly x 0 v f9e4 ,mr4 ,w4,m4 ,fl9d]s    
,petrie ass]ts#ej t mo/ h be5 /ol51 &   
fur!r says3 ,i he> t !y 7 ma9ly sold to 
,g5]al ,cesnola = ,new ,york4 ,if ^! are
 9 ! possession ( ! ,metropolitan       
,museum ( ,new ,york ,city1 x possesses 
a g5u9e & r>e collection ( sc>abs4  ,a  
l>ge numb] ( sc>abs be> ! names ( !     
ph>aonic k+s2 ?is is n /range :5 we     
rememb] t ! ph>aoh 0 ,horus1 ,khep]a1 & 

also a son ( ,ra & ( ,osiris4 ,^!       
c>t\*es are ^? ( k+s ( or?odox ,egyptian
 desc5t1 we d n f9d ! names ( ! ,greek  
,ptolemies ^u !m1 ! ,roman ,emp]ors1 z  
conqu]ors1 sometimes us$ !m b t does n  
prove _! ab/ract "r to d s4  ,! late/1 9
 ! collection belong+ to ,france1 is (  
,nectanebo ! la/ native ph>aoh1 7circa  
#cjj ,b4,c47  ,"s ( !m1 z did ^? (      
,?otmes ,i,i,ird1 be> ! inscription1    
,ra-m5-khep]1 i4e41 ,ra1 ! sun-god      
e/abli%es ! future resurrection4 ,?is is
 f\nd on fully "o-half ( ! specim5s f ! 
,x,v,i,i,ith ,dyna/y d[n4  ,! art ( mak+
 ! sc>abs z ,i h said be=e1 v>ies ) !   
epo*s4 ,! mo/ elegantly f9i%$ are ^? ( !
 "t ( ! ,i,vth ,dyna/y 7#cgcc-cfjj      
,b4,c417 t ( ! ,great ,pyramids2 9 !    
,x,i,ith ,dyna/y 7#bdff-bbff ,b4,c417   
f9e "w aga9 appe>s1 !n comes in>ti/ic   
"w4 ,aga9 ) ! ,x,v,i,i,ith ,dyna/y      
7#agjj-adcc ,b4,c417 arises ano!r p]iod 
( spl5dor1 & ! art aft] aga9 det]iorat+ 
reviv$ "u ! ,x,x,v,ith1 ! ,satic        
,dyna/y1 7#fff-ebh ,b4,c47  ,am5ophis   

7or ,am5-hotep7 ,i,i,ird ( !            
,x,v,i,i,ith ,dyna/y1 ! ,memnon ( !     
,greeks1#ea 7circa #aejj-adff ,b4,c417  
_h a numb] ( l>ge sc>abs made1 _! object
 0 n sepul*ral nor 7 !y to be us$ z     
talisman1 b !y app>5tly 7 made = !      
incis+ ^u !m1 ( purely hi/orical        
inscriptions2 su* monum5ts are exce$+ly 
r>e & are almo/ limit$ to ! "t ( ?is    
,ph>aoh4 ,9 ! great build+ erect$ by    
him1 n[ kn[n z ! ,temple ( ,luxor1 7    
f\nd f\r ( ^! great inscrib$ sc>abs4    
,rosell9i has giv5 copies & explanations
 ( two ( !m4 ,dr4 ,samuel ,bir* has giv5
 a translation ( !m1 :i* ,i ?9k is      
subject to revision4#eb ,"o relates to !
 m>riage ( ,am5-hotep ,i,i,ird 9 ! t5?  
ye> ( 8 reign1 ) 8 que5 ,?ya1 7,taia1 or
 ,?ai27 a second relates to ! same      
subject & to ! arrival ( ,?ya &         
,gilukipa 9 ,egypt1 ) #cag wom52 a ?ird1
 n[ 9 ! ,vatican1 m5tions a tank or     
sacr$ lake1 made = ! que5 ,?ya1 9 !     
elev5? ye> & ?ird mon? ( 8 reign1 to    
celebrate ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,wat]s1 on :i* 

occasion he ent]$ x1 9 a boat ( ! mo/   
graci\s ,disk ( ,ra1 i4e41 ! sun-god4   
,?is sub/itution ( ! boat ( ! ,disk (   
,ra = ! usual boat ( ,am5-,ra1 is ! fir/
 indication ( a new1 or h]etical1 sun   
wor%ip4#ec  ,"o 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,l\vre  
7,no4 #ehj-gdg1 ,vitr9e ,n47 reads3 ,!  
liv+ ,horus1 ! bull /rong ?r\gh ! ,ma1 !
 sov]eign ( ! two regions1 support] ( ! 
laws & pres]v] ( ! l& 7c\ntry17 ! ,horus
 triumphant & great by 8 valor1 vanqui%]
 ( ! ,asiatics1 k+ ( ,upp] & ,l[]       
,egypt1 ,ra-ma-neb 7! pr5om5 ( ! k+17   
son ( ! sun1 ,am5ophis ,,iii41 giv+     
life4 ,! que5 ,taia liv+4  ,acc\nt ( !  
lions br\ght f ,asia by 8 ,maje/y1      
namely3 f ! fir/ ye> to ! t5?1 savage   
lions #ajb4  ,ano!r 9 ! same ,museum    
7#ehb-ghg1 ,vitr9e ,n47 ,?is beg9s1 z ! 
prec$+1 ) an eulogy ( ,am5ophis ,,iii4 &
 foll[s )3 ,! pr9cipal consort ,taia1   
liv+1 ! "n ( h] fa!r 7is7 ,auaa4 ,! "n (
 h] "m 7is7 ,tuaa1 ,%e is ! consort ( ! 
victori\s k+ ^: fronti]s 7ext5d7 to !   
s\? z f> z ,ka ro 7or1 ,k>ai1 p]haps    

,s\dan17 to ! nor? z f> z ,nah>9a1 i4e41
 ,mesopotamia4 ,!re are _m o!r hi/orical
 sc>abs 9 ?is ,museum b ^! h ! longe/ & 
mo/ important inscriptions4  ,ano!r     
sc>ab ( ?is ,ph>aoh is 9 ! collection ( 
! ,rev4 ,w4,j4 ,l(tie1 ( ,london1       
,engl&4 ,x is l>ge1 #c- in*es long by   
#b- in*es wide1 x is made ( /eatite &   
glaz$2 x tells3 ,! numb] ( fi]ce lions  
br\ght 9 by 8 maje/y1 & kill$ by him1 f 
! beg9n+ ( 8 fir/ 7ye>7 to ! t5? ye> ( 8
 reign1 7 #ajb4ed  ,,footnotes3  #di    
,egypt ,"u ! ,ph>aohs1 etc4 ,london1    
#ahia1 p4 #bj4  #ej ,hi/orical ,sc>abs1 
etc41 by ,w4,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie4        
,london1 #ahhi1 p4 #ad4  #ea ,egypt ,"u 
! ,ph>aohs1 by ,brugs*-,bey4 ,london1   
#ahia1 pp4 #bje1 #bjf1 #bjh4  #eb       
,records ( ! ,pa/1 ,vol4 ,,xii41 p4 #cg 
et seq4  #ec ,buns54 ,egypt's ,place 9  
,hi/41 etc41 ,,iii41 p4 #adb1 etc42 also
 ,records ( ,pa/1 above cit$4  #ed ,an  
,essay ( ,sc>abs1 by ,w4,j4 ,l(tie1     
,b4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,london1 7#abe copies 
pr9t$17 pp4 #cg1 #ch4     ,v4      ,,:]e

 ,,usually ,,f\nd ,,& ,,! ,,mode ,,(    
,,we>+ ,,sc>abs ,,by ,,!                
,,egyptians4 ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,dead4     
,,egyptian ,,sc>abs ,,f\nd ,,9          
,,mesopotamia4 ,,! ,,sc>ab ,,9          
,,*ri/ianity4   ,! small siz$ sc>abs 7  
usually incis$ ) hi]oglyphics & p]=at$  
longitud9ally2 !y are g5]ally f\nd on ! 
brea/s ( mummies next ! sk9 or susp5d$ f
 ! neck1 by a wire ( gold or o!r metal1 
or a /r+ go+ ?r\gh !m1 or worn l a r+   
/one on ! =ef+] ( ! left h&2 &          
sometimes1 grasp$ inside ( ! clos$ left 
h&4 ,! inscriptions on !m usually run f 
"r to left4 ,"o me?od ( we>+ !m by !    
liv+1 a v anci5t "o1 0 by /r++ !m on a  
cord or a wire1 s t !y c\ld be worn z a 
bracelet on ! wri/1 a necklace ar\nd !  
?roat1 or z a p5dant to a necklace4 ,!  
engrav$ base s]v+ n only z an amulet b  
also z ! private signet ( ! own]4       
,soldi]s wore !m susp5d$ ar\nd ! neck1 z
 a talisman :5 go+ into battle & also to
 in/il c\rage 9 !m dur+ ! fray4 ,b ! mo/
 usual mode ( m\nt+ !m by ! liv+1 0 z a 

/one = a f+] r+ on a swivel1 or a wire1 
pass+ ?r\gh ! longitud9al p]=ation & !n 
curv$ into a r+ %ape2 ?is 0 usually worn
 on ! =ef+] ( ! left h&1 z t f+] 0 ?\ght
 by ! ,egyptians1 to conta9 a n]ve lead+
 directly to ! he>t2 ! engrav$ "p 0     
turn$ next to ! fle%4 ,m4 ,m>iette says1
 t ! mummies ( ! ,x,ith ,dyna/y ne>ly   
always h a sc>ab on ! little f+] ( !    
left h&4#ee  ,sometimes !y 7 made ( bak$
 clay or cut 9 /eatite1 ) ! head ( a    
hawk1 c[1 ram1 dog1 cat1 lion1 or ev5 ( 
a man1 & su* h be5 f\nd buri$ ) !       
mummies4 ,^? f\nd on ! brea/s ( mummies 
embalm$ mo/ c>efully & exp5sively1 & 9  
imm$iate contact ) ! fle%1 h sometimes  
bodies ( /one ) ext5d$ w+s1 z if fly+2  
^! w+s sometimes hav+ be5 made ( metal1 
frequ5tly ( gold1 & at o!r times ( cut  
/one4#ef ,^? f\nd made ( /one ) ext5d$  
w+s1 also _h ! latt] (t5 made ( lead or 
silv]2 :5 ( blue pott]y1 ! w+s 7 g5]ally
 made ( ! same mat]ial4  ,on ! lids ( ! 
out] cases ( _m c(f9s1 especially ( !   
f9e/2 ! position ov] ! brea/ ( ! mummy 0

 occupi$ by a l>ge w+$ sc>abu1 m\ld$    
app>5tly1 ( pa/ebo>d or ( successive    
lay]s ( gumm$ l951 & !n beautifully     
pa9t$ 9 colors4 ,?is 0 to act z !       
protector ,khepra1 ( ! ka or immat]ial  
vitality ( ! sahu or mummy4 ,!          
,egyptians _h a complicat$ psy*ology :i*
 we w ref] to m fully h]eaft]4  ,^? )9 !
 cov]+s 7 mo/ probably put inside ( !   
mummy wrapp+s to act z talisman1 l !    
writ+ ^u ! l95 wrapp+s1 & ! b&elettes   
inscrib$ ) texts f ! ,book ( ! ,dead1   
or1 ! ,%ait an ,s5s51 i4e41 ,book ( !   
,brea?+s ( ,life1 & z also 7 enclos$1   
copies ( entire *apt]s & p>ts1 ( ! ,book
 ( ! ,dead1 writt5 ^u papyrus or l952 or
 inscrib$ on ! l>ge /one sc>abs1 :i* 7  
put 9 ! body ( ! corpse1 to take ! place
 ( ! he>t1 ! la/ hav+ be5 deposit$ ) !  
lungs1 9 ! j> ( ,tuamautef1 "o ( ! f\r  
,canopic j>s4 ,! idea be+ to drive away 
evil spirits1 suppos$ to be injuri\s to 
! passage ( ! s\l ( ! dead1 ^u its      
j\rney ?r\gh ! "u-_w to ! new bir? & p[]
 ( trans=mation1 9 ! et]nal heav5 ( !   

,egyptians4  ,!re appe>s to h be5 two   
divisions ( t et]nal heav51 "o call$ ,a>
 & ,aanru1 ! place 9 :i* agricultural   
labors 7 p]=m$1 & ! o!r ,hotep1 ! place 
( repose4 ,bo? are m5tion$ 9 ! ,book ( !
 ,dead4  ,inde$ "s *apt]s ( ! ,book ( ! 
,dead 7 only inscrib$ on ! l95 w9d+ %eet
 ( ! mummy1 & ! texts ( ! ,c,l,i,vth    
*apt] 7 only recov]$ rec5tly1 ^u !      
unroll+ ( ! mummy ( ,tehuti-mes1 or     
,?otmes1 ,i,i,ird 7#afjj ,b4,c417 ( !   
,x,v,i,i,ith ,dyna/y1 ! great w>rior k+ 
( ,egypt1 f\nd a few ye>s pa/ at        
,dayr-el-,bah>ee2 inscrib$ ^u 8 l95 w9d+
 %eet4 ,z ! w9d+ %eet 0 ! only prop]    
place = ?is text1 & z x is unique1 x    
likely w\ld n ev] h be5 kn[n1 if ?is    
,ph>aoh's mummy _h n be5 discov]$       
unmutilat$4  ,! small sc>abs 7 usually  
plac$ ^u ! eyes or ! brea/1 sometimes   
ov] ! /oma*4 ,!y 7 /rung into a net to  
cov] ! corpse & 7 sew$ on ! wrapp+s4 ,z 
_m z ?ree ?\s& h be5 f\nd 9 "o tomb4    
,egyptian sc>abs 7 f\nd by ,mr4 ,lay>d1 
9 8 explorations on ! banks ( ! ,khab\r 

9 ,mesopotamia1 at ,arban2 & he gives   
plates ( ! same4#eg ,?ree are ( ! reigns
 ( ! ,egyptian k+s ,?otmes ,i,i,ird1 &  
"o ( ,am5ophis ,i,i,ird4 ,!y are mo/ly (
 /ea*i/1 & ( ! ,x,v,i,i,ith ,dyna/y4 ,he
 f\nd "o ( h>d /one1 an agate1 engrav$ )
 an ,assyrian emblem4#eh ,he also f\nd  
at ,nimrd2 cubes ( bronze ^u :i* 7      
sc>abs ) out/ret*$ w+s1 inlaid 9        
gold1#ei & bronze b[ls ) conv5tional =ms
 ( ! sc>ab1 r ,pho5ician ?an ,egyptian1 
9 ! c5tre ( ! inside4#fj  ,aft] !       
,*ri/ian era ! influ5ce ( cult ( ! sc>ab
 0 /ill felt4 ,/4 ,ambrose1 ,ar*bi%op ( 
,milan1 calls ,jesus3 ,! good ,sc>abu1  
:o roll$ up be=e him ! hi!rto un%ap5 mud
 ( our bodies4#fa ,/4 ,epiphanius has   
be5 quot$ z say+ ( ,*ri/3 ,he is !      
sc>abu ( ,god1 & inde$ x appe>s likely t
 :at may be call$1 ,*ri/ian =ms ( !     
sc>ab1 yet exi/4 ,"o has be5 describ$ z 
repres5t+ ! crucifixion ( ,jesus2 x is  
:ite & ! engrav+ is 9 gre51 on ! back   
are two palm bran*es2 _m o!rs h be5 f\nd
 app>5tly engrav$ ) ! ,lat9 cross4#fb   

,,footnotes3  #ee ,cat4 ( ! ,museum (   
,b\lak1 p4 #cd4  #ef ,pettigrew1 ,hi/4 (
 ,mummies1 p4 #bbj4  #eg ,discov]ies 9 !
 ,ru9s ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 etc41 by   
,au/5 ,h4 ,lay>d1 ,m4,p4 ,new ,york1    
#ahec1 p4 #bhj et seq4  #eh ,ibid41 p4  
#eie4  #ei ,ibid41 p4 #aif4  #fj ,ibid41
 p4 #ahf4  #fa ,works1 ,p>is1 #afhf1    
,vol4 ,i41 col4 #aebh1 ,no4 #aac4       
,egyptian ,my?ology & ,egyptian         
,*ri/ianity1 etc41 by ,samuel ,%>pe4    
,london1 #ahfc1 p4 #c4  #fb ,an ,essay (
 ,sc>abs1 by ,w4,j4 ,l(tie1 ,b4,a41     
,f4,s4,a41 pp4 #eh1 #ei4     ,,vi4      
,,! ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,sc>ab ,,9      
,,anci5t ,,egyptian ,,religion ,,& ,,!  
,,book ,,( ,,! ,,dead4 ,,egyptian       
,,philosophy4 ,,advanc$                 
,,intellectuality     ,,( ,,egypt ,,six 
,,?\s& ,,ye>s ,,ago4 ,,deities ,,(      
,,libr>ies ,,&     ,,le>n+4 ,,anci5t    
,,libr>ians ,,& ,,books4 ,,! ,,division 
,,( ,,le>n$     ,,m5 ,,into ,,diff]5t   
,,bran*es ,,( ,,/udy4 ,,! ,,/atem5ts ,,(
 ,,greek     ,,writ]s ,,on ,,egyptian   

,,?\ght ,,n ,,to ,,be ,,dep5d$ ,,^u4    
,,quotations     ,,f ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! 
,,dead ,,on ,,! ,,symbolism ,,( ,,!     
,,sc>ab,,u     ,,deity4 ,,! ,,symbolism 
,,( ,,! ,,great ,,sph9x4 ,,fur!r        
,,quotations     ,,f ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! 
,,dead1 ,,on ,,! ,,symbolism ,,( ,,!    
,,sc>ab ,,deity4   ,z ,i h already said3
 ! l>g] sc>abs are usually f\nd 9 ! body
 ( ! mummy 9 place ( ! he>t1 :i* 0      
always tak5 out ( ! corpse & plac$ 9 "o 
( ! visc]al vases1 t ( ,tuamautef4 ,!   
sc>ab 0 a symbol ( ! re-bir?1           
resurrection & ! et]nal life ( ! s\l1   
pron\nc$ pure at ! psy*o/asia2 & we "k f
 ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 t at ! mom5t (      
resurrection1 9 analogy to ! beg9n+ (   
t]re/rial life1 x 0 ! he>t t 0 ass]t$ to
 be giv5 to ! dead s z to receive ! fir/
 vitality ( ! second bir?1 x 0 ?r\gh !  
he>t t ! mummy w\ld revive1 !nce !      
inscrib$ sc>ab 0 plac$ 9 ! mummy 9 !    
place =m]ly occupi$ by its he>t :5 9    
t]re/rial life4 ,sometimes !            
repres5tation ( a human he>t 0 engrav$  

on ! sc>abu4 ,! small sc>abs are n (t5  
f\nd inside ( ! mummy4 ,b frequ5tly l>ge
 /one sc>abs h be5 f\nd 9 x 9 ! place ( 
! he>t1 on :i*1 incis$ 9 v small        
*>act]s1 are portions ( ! ,book ( !     
,dead4 ,^? usually inscrib$ are1 !      
,x,x,xth *apt] or ^? p>ts ( !           
,l,x,i,vth1 l9e #cd1 or ( ! ,x,x,v,i,ith
 *apt]s1 :i* relate to ! he>t ( a man4  
,!y beg9 usually ) ! =mula3 ,my he>t :i*
 comes f my "m1 my he>t :i* is necess>y 
= my trans=mations1 etc4 ,!y are1 foll[+
 ! comm&s 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 frequ5tly
 set 9 gold1 sometimes 9 bronze1 &      
sometimes are incis$ ) ! %ape ( !       
hi]oglyph = ! he>t4  ,at "s v remote    
p]iod1 s remote t we _c ev5 surmise its 
date1 ! sc>abu symbol 0 consid]$ z      
embody+ n only ! idea ( ! creator b     
also1 ! idea ( ! life beyond ! grave 9  
et]nal futurity4 ,"s s*ol>s ass]t t !   
,egyptians reject$ e ab/raction & did n 
h any philosophy4 ,?is ,i d n & _c      
believe f my inve/igations ( _! le>n+1 b
 ,i d ?9k1 t we h n yet grasp$ nor      

und]/ood t philosophy 9 its fullness1 f 
! few remnants ( x :i* h rea*$ our day4 
,! olde/ texts & monum5ts %[1 a high    
condition ( culture & ?\ght z well z    
arti/ic feel+2 ! unkn[n deity 0 idealiz$
 & nev] repres5t$ to ! eye on ! monum5ts
 ( e>ly times2 ! ,great ,sph9x1 itself a
 philosophical ab/raction1 0 made long  
be=e ! hi/orical p]iod2 & ! ,book ( !   
,dead1 %[s b5ea? its pages1 a hidd5     
religi\s metaphysical philosophy n yet  
unravel$4 ,?is 01 likely1 secretly      
taught by ^w ( m\? z ,qabbalah or ,oral 
,tradition to ! initiates1 & 0 nev] put 
into writ+4 ,"s ( ^! ideas we h j       
grasp$1 = in/ance1 we n[ h "s k ( !     
,egyptian divisions ( ! spiritual or    
immat]ial "p ( man1 ( 8 psy*ology1 & ^u 
/udy+ ^! divisions "o c readily imag9e1 
a secret religi\s philosophy accompany+ 
^? sep>ations ( ! spiritual 9 man4 ,we  
are also obta9+ "s k1 ( _! idea ( ,god &
 ( _! kosmology & kosmogony4  ,six ?\s& 
ye>s ago ,egypt _h atta9$ great         
advancem5t4 ,its religion 0 e/abli%$4 ,x

 possess$ a language & writ+4 ,art "u ! 
,i,vth & ,v? ,dyna/ies _h rea*$ a height
 :i* ! foll[+ ,dyna/ies#fc nev]         
surpass$4 ,x _h an especially complicat$
 adm9i/ration1 ! result ( _m ye>s4 ,!   
,egyptians _h civil grades & religi\s   
grades1 bi%ops z well z prefects4       
,regi/ration ( l& surveys exi/$4 ,!     
ph>aoh _h 8 organiz$ c\rt1 & a l>ge     
numb] ( function>ies1 p[]fully & wisely 
arrang$1 gravitat$ ar\nd him4 ,lit]ature
 0 honor$ & books 7 compos$ on morals1  
"s ( :i* h rea*$ our day4 ,?is 0 "u !   
,anci5t ,empire dur+ :i* exi/$ ! build]s
 ( ! ,pyramids4#fd ,! deities (         
lit]ature & ( libr>ies already exi/$1 !y
 7 ,?o?1 ! ,greek ,h]mes2 ,atmu1 (      
,!bes2 ,ma or ,maat1 goddess ( ! h>mony 
( ! entire univ]se1 or its law (        
exi/5ce1 & ( righte\sness2 ,pa*t1 !     
mi/ress ( ?\ghts2 ,safekh1 goddess (    
books1 :o presid$ ov] ! f\ndations (    
monum5ts & :o 0 v5]at$ at ,memphis z    
e>ly z ! ,i,vth ,dyna/y2 ,selk1 :o 0    
also ! goddess ( libr>ies4  ,9 "o ( !   

tombs at ,gizeh1 a great function>y ( ! 
fir/ p]iod ( ! ,v,ith ,dyna/y 7circa    
#ccjj ,b4,c417 takes ! title (3         
',gov]nor ( ! ,h\se ( ,books4' ,?is     
simple m5tion incid5tally occurr+ betwe5
 two titles1 m exalt$1 w\ld suffice1 9 !
 abs5ce ( o!rs1 to %[ u ! extraord9>y   
developm5t :i* _h be5 rea*$ 9 !         
civilization ( ,egypt at t "t4 ,n only  
_h t p a lit]ature1 b t lit]ature 0     
suffici5tly l>ge to fill libr>ies2 & its
 importance 0 s great1 t "o ( !         
function>ies ( ! c\rt 0 especially      
atta*$ to ! c>e & pres]vation ( ! royal 
libr>y4 ,he _h1 )\t d\bt1 9 8 keep+ ) ! 
contemporane\s works1 ! books writt5 "u 
! fir/ ,dyna/ies1 books ( ! "t ( ,m5a & 
p]haps ( k+s ant]ior to ,m5a4 ,! works 9
 ! libr>y w\ld be compos$ ( religi\s    
works2 *apt]s ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 copi$
 aft] au!ntic texts pres]v$ 9 !         
,temples2 sci5tific treatises on        
geometry1 m$ic9e & a/ronomy2 hi/oric    
books 9 :i* 7 pres]v$ ! say+s & do+s ( !
 anci5t k+s1 toge!r ) ! numb] ( ! ye>s (

 _! lives & ! exact duration ( _!       
reigns2 manuals ( philosophy & practical
 morals & p]haps "s romances1 etc4#fe   
,! le>n$ ( t anci5t p foll[$ special    
l9es ( /udy & ?\ght4 ,!re 0 a division (
 !m kn[n z ! ,h]se%ta1 or ,tea*]s (     
,my/]ies4 ,^! 7 subdivid$1 among o!r    
divisions into3 ,! ,my/]y ,tea*]s (     
,heav51 or1 ! a/ronom]s & a/rolog]s2 ,! 
,my/]y ,tea*]s ( ,all ,l&s1 or1 !       
geograph]s & ^? :o /udi$ o!r peoples &  
c\ntries2 ,! ,my/]y ,tea*]s ( ! ,dep?1  
likely1 ! possessors ( a k ( m9]als1    
m9+1 v>ieties ( rocks1 etc42 ,my/]y     
,tea*]s ( ! ,secret ,^w1 d\btless ^?    
int]e/$ 9 ab/ract ?\ght1 religi\s       
metaphysics & philosophy2 ,my/]y ,tea*]s
 ( ! ,sacr$ ,language1 m5 :o devot$     
!mselves to gramm> & ! =m ( writ+2      
,my/]y ,tea*]s ( ,ph>aoh1 or1 '( all !  
comm&s ( ,ph>aoh1' wise m51 likely      
private scribes & secret>ies ( ! k+2    
,my/]y ,tea*]s :o exam9e ,words1 likely 
le>n$ m5 :o sat z judges to he>         
compla9ts1 & sift ! oppos+ /atem5ts (   

litigants & witnesses4 ,! le>n$ writ]s  
kn[n z scribes 7 also divid$ into _m    
bran*es4#ff  ,we _c accept ! /atem5ts ( 
mo/ ( ! ,greek au?ors ^u ?is subject1 = 
! /udy ( ! la/ few ye>s ( ! ,anci5t     
,egyptian papyri & o!r rema9s1 %[s t !y 
ei!r did n "k or !y willfully           
misrepres5t$1 ,egyptian ab/ract ?\ght2  
ab\t ! only works1 outside ( ! papyri & 
! monum5ts1 f :i* we c ga!r z to x ) any
 sur5ess1 meagre details2 are ! writ+s  
attribut$ to ,h]mes ,trismegi/os2 !     
,osiris & ,isis1 ( ,plut>*2 ! "w ascrib$
 to ,horapollon1 & ! book ( ,iambli*us1 
entitl$3 ,a ,treatise on ! ,my/]ies4 ,! 
,greek writ]s ^u ,anci5t ,egypt1        
,h]odotus1 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,/rabo1  
,?ales1 ,plato1 ,py?agoras1 ,solon1 &   
o!rs1 ( less note2 give b little        
assi/ance1 inde$ 9 _m cases _! /atem5ts 
are mislead+4 ,x is a "q yet to be      
solv$1 z to h[ mu* ( ! f\ndations ( !   
philosophy ( ,py?agoras1 ,plato1 ,solon 
& o!r ,greek writ]s1 7 obta9$ f ! le>n$ 
m5 ( ,egypt or _! writ+s4#fg  ,*apt]    

,,xxx4 ( ! ,p]-em-hru1 or1 ,book ( !    
,dead1 has frequ5tly 9 ! papyrus copies1
 a picture ( ! s\l ( ! dead 9 adoration 
be=e a sc>abu set upright ^u a support4 
,?is *apt] is entitl$3 ,*apt] ( n all[+ 
! he>t ( a man to h opposition made to x
 9 ! div9e inf]ior region4 ,x says t[>ds
 ! end3 ,?is *apt] is to be said ov] a  
sc>abu ( h>d /one1 =m$ & set 9 gold1 :i*
 %\ld be plac$ 9 ! brea/ ( ! man1 aft] !
 op5+ ( ! m\? has be5 made & ! head     
ano9t$ ) oil2 !n ! foll[+ words %all be 
said ov] him 9 "r ( a magical *>m3 ',my 
he>t :i* comes to me f my "m1 my he>t   
:i* is necess>y to me = my              
trans=mations4' ,see1 ,app5dix ,a4  ,!  
:ole ( ?is *apt] 0 frequ5tly engrav$ ^u 
! l>ge sc>abs1 :i* 7 plac$ 9 ! brea/s ( 
! mummies 9 place ( ! he>t4  ,!         
,l,x,i,vth *apt] ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 is
 "o ( ! olde/ ( ! entire collection &   
l9e #cd et seq41 uses ! same language z 
to ! he>t1 & says3 ,put x on a sc>abu ( 
h>d /one set 9 gold1 9 ! brea/ ( !      
mummy1 hav+ engrav$ on x3 ',my he>t is  

my "m1' etc4 ,?is *apt] is full] ?an !  
o!r j cit$4  ,! ,c,l,x,i,i,ird *apt]1   
l9es #i1 #aj1 says3 ,o ,am5 bull-sc>abu1
 ma/] ( ! eyes3 ',t]rible ) ! pupil ( ! 
eye' is ?y "n4 ,! ,osiris 99 99 99 7"h !
 "n ( ! deceas$ 0 ins]t$17 is !         
emanation ( ?y two eyes4 ,t is1 ,am5 is 
"h invok$ z ! bull-symbol ( g5]ation &  
also z ! sc>abu1 t is1 z ! creator :o   
has eng5d]$ himself4  ,*apt] ,,clxv4 ( !
 same book1 has z a vignette or picture3
 ,! god ,khem1 i?yphallic1 ) ! body ( a 
sc>ab1 etc41 l9e #aa reads3 ,i d all ?y 
words4 ,say+ 7!m7 ov] ! image ( ! god   
rais+ ! arm1 hav+ ! d\ble plume ^u 8    
head1 ! legs sep>at$ & ! body ( !       
sc>abu4  ,! ris+ sun or ,horus1 9 ^:    
arms x 0 ass]t$1 ! dead arose into !    
upp] life1 0 repres5t$ by ! sc>abu "u ! 
"n ( ,khepra1 ,khep]a1 or ,khepri1 ?is  
"n among its o!r mean+s signify+3 ,!    
itself trans=m+1 & ?is is               
hi]oglyphically writt5 by ! use ( !     
sc>abu4 ,! body ( ,khep]a z a deity is  
surm\nt$ 9 "s ( ! repres5tations1 by a  

sc>ab 9 place ( a human head4  ,9 *apt] 
,,xxiv4 ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 we read3   
,khepra trans=ms itself1 7or1 gives     
itself a =m to itself17 on high1 f !    
?igh ( its "m4 ,?is is m fully develop$ 
9 a papyrus 9 ! ,l\vre :i* reads3 ,!    
maje/y ( ?is great god atta9s t reign 7!
 twelf? division ( ! subt]ranean _w1    
respond+ to ! twelf? h\r ( ! night17 :i*
 is ! end ( absolute d>kness4 ,! bir? ( 
?is great god1 :5 x became ,khepra1 took
 place 9 t region 99 99 99 ,x w5t out f 
! inf]ior region4 ,x jo9$ ! boat mad4 ,x
 rais$ itself above ! ?ighs ( ,nut4  ,o 
,khepra :o creat$ itself on high1 f !   
?igh ( its "m1 i4e41 ,nu1 or ,nut4#fh   
,nut 0 ! goddess p]sonify+ ! vault (    
heav51 ! sky1 & ! space1 9 :i* ! sun 0  
suppos$ to h be5 born4 ,! sc>ab x mu/ be
 rememb]$ 0 9 ! ,egyptian ?\ght1 an     
&rogyne4  ,9 a papyrus n[ 9 ,tur91      
,italy1 we may read3 ,i am ,khep]a1 !   
morn+2 ,ra1 ! midday2 ,tum1 ! ev5+4 ,x  
is said ( ,khepra z ( ,horus1 t x       
produc$ ! ,ma1 i4e41 ! law or h>mony :i*

 uphold ! univ]se1 & x is m]g$ ) a =m ( 
,horus1 "u ! "n (3 ,h>makhis-,khepra :o 
gives itself its =m4 ,"o ( ! p>ts play$ 
by ,khepra 9 ,anci5t ,egyptian ?\ght1 is
 cond5s$ 9 t figure :i* we f9d on ! top 
( "s ( ! ,osirian naos's or arks1 !     
sc>ab 9 ! middle ( ! disk em]g+ f !     
horizon4  ,! p]petuity ( ! trans=mations
 or ! p[] to become1 :5ev] x pleas$1 !  
=m x desir$2 0 ev]y:]e recall$ to ! m9d 
( ! p ( ,anci5t ,egypt1 by ! symbolic   
figure ( ! sc>ab1 ! hi]oglyph ( ! words3
 ,to become1 to be1 to be exi/+1 z also 
creator1 an amulet ( p[] above all o!rs4
 ,khepra 9 its b>k is ,h>-em-,khu 7or1  
,h>makhis7 himself1 7*apt] ,,xvii4 ,book
 ( ! ,dead1 l9e #gi47 ,! latt] is ! sun 
re-born e day at sunrise 9 ! ,ea/ "u !  
"n ( ,horus1 x is3 ,horus 9 ! horizon1 !
 conqu]or ( d>kness4 ,! sc>ab z         
,tum-,ra-,khepra is !1 illum9ator ( !   
d\ble e>? at its go+ out ( ! "u-_w1     
great god1 & ma/] ( ! ,ma3 t is1 ( !    
,h>mony & ,law1 :]eby ! univ]se came    
into be+ & exi/s4  ,! simil>ity atta*$  

to ! idea 9 ! symbolism ( ! sph9x1      
causes ! close /ud5t ( ,egyptology to   
see1 t ! sc>ab & ! sph9x repres5t simil>
 ideas4 ,! ,great ,sph9x ( ,gizeh ne> ! 
,great ,pyramids1 is an image (         
,ra-,h>makhis or1 ,horus 9 ! two        
horizons1 7! ris+ & ! sett+ sun27 "o ( !
 names ( ! sph9x is se%ep 7i4e41 to make
 ! light47 ,! sph9x is said to be1 an   
emblem ( en]gy & =ce unit$ to intellect1
 x is "o ( ! v e>lie/ ( ! ,anci5t       
,egyptian emblems1 t ( ,gizeh 0 old &   
ne$+ repairs :5 ! ,pyramids 7 be+ built2
 7circa #cgcc ,b4,c47 ,t ab/raction does
 n appe> to me1 to be beyond !          
philosophy ( ! ar*aic ,egyptians4 ,!    
head ( ! ,great ,sph9x signifi$ ! ,khu1 
or intellectual "p ( ! s\l1 9 _!        
psy*ology2 & ! lion-%ap$ body1 signifi$ 
=ce1 vitality or en]gy1 ! life pr9ciple 
or ,ka4#fi  ,! promise ( ! resurrection 
( ! s\l 0 symboliz$1 by ! ,great ,sph9x 
( ,gizeh1 old at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,anci5t   
,empire2 by ! ,pho5ix1 & by ! ,sc>ab1 ! 
antiquity ( ! symbolism ( :i* no        

,egyptologi/ has yet fa?om$4 ,we h x set
 =? 9 writ+ on ! inscriptions ( ! e>lie/
 ,dyna/ies4#gj  ,on a /ele f\nd betwe5 !
 paws ( ! ,great ,sph9x ( ,gizeh is3 ,! 
maje/y ( ?is beautiful god speaks by its
 own m\?1 z a fa!r speaks to 8 *ild1    
say+3 ,look to me1 let ?9e eye re/ on   
me1 my son ,?utmes6 ,i1 ?y fa!r1        
,h>makhu-,khepra-,ra-,tum1 ,i give !e ! 
k+dom4 ,?is mon>* 0 ,?utmes ,i,vth      
7#aecc ,b4,c47#ga  ,9 ! int]ior ( !     
pyramid ( ,m]-en-,ra 7or ,mir9ri ,i/17  
#cbjj ,b4,c41 0 inscrib$ on ! walls3 ,& 
!y in/all+ ?is ,mihtimsa\f ,mir9i ^u _! 
?rones at ! head ( ! div9e ,n9e1 mi/ress
 ( ,ra1 x :o has its dwell+ fix$1       
because !y cause t ,mihtimsa\f ,mir9i   
may be z ,ra1 9 its "n ( ! ,sc>abu1 & ?\
 ha/ ent]$ z to ?yself z ,ra1 etc4#gb   
,salutation to !e ,tumu1#gc salutation  
to !e1 ,sc>abu-god1 :o art ?yself2 ?\ :o
 lifte/ up1 9 t hold+ ?y "n ( lift] up  
7'f ! e>?1' '! /airway1' or '/airs1'7 & 
:o art 7,khopiru7 9 ?is1 hold+ ! "n ( ! 
,sc>abu-god 7,khopiru76 ,salutation to  

!e ,eye ( ,horus1 :om x has furni%$ )   
its two creat+ h&s 7,tumu17 etc4#gd     
,*apt] ,,xvii41 l9e #ge1 ( ! ,book ( !  
,dead1 reads3 ,o ,khepra 9 its boat6 !  
society ( ! gods is its body1 9 o!r     
words1 x is ,et]nity4  ,*apt] ,,xxiv41  
l9es #a1 #b1 say3 ,i am ,khepra :o gives
 to itself a =m on high1 f ! ?igh ( its 
"m1 mak+ a wolf-dog1 = ^? :o are 9 !    
cele/ial abyss1 & ! pho5ix1 = ^? :o are 
among ! div9e *iefs4 ,t is1 z ,h>makhis4
  ,*apt] ,,xv41 l9es #c1 #d1 read3      
,salutation to !e1 ,h>makhis-,khepra :o 
to itself gives a =m to itself6 ,spl5did
 is ?y ris+ 9 ! horizon1 illum9at+ !    
d\ble e>? ) ?y rays4 ,! same *apt]1 l9e 
#dg1 reads3 ,khepra1 fa!r ( ! gods6 ,he 
7! defunct7 has nev] any m injury to    
fe>1 ?anks to t deliv]ance4  ,*apt]     
,,cxxxiv41 l9e #b1 says3 ,homage to     
,khepra 9 its boat :o e day ov]?r[s     
,apap4 ,comp41 *apt] ,,cxxx41 l9e #ba1  
,,xli41 l9e #b4 ,apap 0 ! evil s]p5t1 ! 
execution] ( ! gods1 t is1 ! pr9cipal   
evil "o2 & ,khepra1 ! sc>abu deity1     

ov]?r[s ! pr9cipal evil "o1 e day1      
accord+ to ?is text4  ,! ,osiris 99 99  
99 7"n ( ! defunct 0 ins]t$ 9 ?is       
blank17 is consid]$ z a "l ( et]nity1 he
 is consid]$ z ,khepra1 he is "l ( !    
diadem1 he is 9 ! eye ( ! sun1 etc41    
says *apt] ,,xlii41 l9es #ab1 #ac et    
seq4  ,& 9 *apt] ,,xvii41 :i* is "o ( ! 
olde/ *apt]s ( ! ,p]-em-hru1 l9es #gf1  
#gg1 #gh1 is2 ,o ,khepra 9 ?y boat6     
7i4e41 z ,h>makhis7 ! body ( ! gods is  
ev5 ?y body1 or s to say1 x is ,et]nity4
 ,save ,osiris 99 99 99 f ^? wat*+      
judges 7i4e41 ,isis & ,neph?ys17 to :om 
! ma/] ( spells has entru/$1 at 8       
pleasure1 ! wat*+ ( 8 enemies--:om !    
execution] w /rike--& f ^: obs]vation   
none escape4 ,let me n fall "u _! sword2
 let me n g into _! place ( torture2 let
 me n rema9 supplicat+ 9 _! abodes2 let 
me n come into _! place = execution2 let
 me n sit d[n 9 _! boil]s2 let me n d ^?
 ?+s :i* are done by ^? :om ! gods      
dete/1 etc4  ,fur!r accord+ to ! ,book (
 ! ,dead1 ! s\l ( ! dead man1 says3 ,i  

fly among ^? ( ! div9e ess5ce1 ,i become
 9 x1 ,khepra 444 ,i am t1 :i* is 9 !   
bosom ( ! gods4 7,*apt] ,,lxxxiii41 l9es
 #a1 #b47  ,ano!r text reads3 ,o x :o   
e/abli%es ! my/]ies :i* are 9 me1       
produce ! trans=mations z ,khepra1 go+  
out ( ! condition ( ! disk s z to give  
light 7or1 to enlight547 ,*apt] ,,lxiv41
 l9e #af4 7,comp4 also *apt] ,,xciii47  
,ano!r text says3 ,i give vigor to !    
murd]+ sword :i* is 9 ! h& ( ,khepra    
aga9/ ! rebels4 7,*apt] ,,xcv41 l9e #c47
  ,khepra is also call$1 ,tum-,khepra4  
7,*apt] ,,cxli41 l9e #f47  ,rea*+ !     
et]nal abode1 ! s\l1 says3 ,i am intact1
 intact z my fa!r ,osiris-,khepra1 ( :om
 ! image is1 ! man ^: body is n         
decompos$4 7,*apt] ,,cliv41 l9es #a1    
#b47  ,on articles ( furniture1 on toys1
 on ! c(f9s ( mummies1 on papyri & l95 &
 o!r monum5ts1 ! sc>abu appe>s & sets (f
 9 a /rong light1 ! ,egyptian belief 9 !
 resurrection & re-bir? ( ! pi\s dead4  
,! v idea ( ! trans=mation is %[n1 by ! 
hi]oglyph ( ! sc>ab = ! ^w ,khep]1 i4e41

 to be1 to become1 to raise up4 ,"o ( ! 
mo/ urg5t pray]s to be f\nd 9 _m places1
 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead z made by !        
deceas$1 is1 t he may g out ( ! "u-_w to
 ! high] regions ( light1 & h p[] to g  
=? z a liv+ s\l1 to take all ! =ms :i*  
may please him4 ,*abas says z to ?is3   
,we "k t su* 0 ! pr9cipal beatitude ( ! 
elect 9 ! ,egyptian heav52 x all[$ !    
faculty ( trans=mation into all !       
univ]se "u ! =m wi%$ =4 ,! god ,khepra )
 fold+ w+s symboliz$ ^! metamorphoses4  
,x figures cont9ually 9 ! sepul*ral     
pa9t+s on ! walls ( ! hypogea ( ,!bes1 &
 x ann\nces ! second bir? ( ! s\l to !  
future et]nal life4 ,"s figures h !     
sc>ab ov] ! head1 sometimes 9 place ( ! 
head4 ,9 ! ,great ,temple at ,edfu a    
sc>ab has be5 f\nd portray$ ) two heads1
 "o ( a ram1 ! symbol ( ,am51 or ,ammon2
 ! hidd5 or my/]i\s highe/ deity ( !    
prie/hood especially ( ,!bes2 ! o!r ( a 
hawk1 ! symbol ( ,horus1 hold+ 9 its    
claws a symbol ( ! univ]se4#ge ,x may   
symbolize by ?is =m1 ! ris+ sun & ! com+

 ( ! ,spr+ sun ( ! v]nal equ9ox 9 !     
zodiacal sign ( ! ram1 b m likely has a 
mu* deep] religi\s mean+4#gf ,repres5t$ 
) ! head & legs ( a man ! sc>ab 0 an    
emblem ( ,ptah4  ,,footnotes3  #fc      
,unless x be ! ,x,i,ith4 ,my]4  #fd ,la 
,gal]ie de l'gypte ,anci5ne1 etc41 by   
,aug4 ,ed4 ,m>iette-,bey4 ,p>is1 #ahgh1 
pp4 #df1 #dg4  #fe ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des
 ,peuples de l',ori5t1 by ,g4 ,masp]o4  
,p>is1 #ahhf1 p4 #fh et seq4  #ff       
,brugs*-,bey 91 ,egypt ,"u ! ,ph>aohs4  
,london1 #ahia1 pp4 #be1 #bf4 ,z to ! k 
( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians2 ,comp4 ,egyptian
 ,sci5ce f ! ,monum5ts & ,anci5t ,books1
 treat$ z a g5]al introduction to !     
,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce1 by ,n4,e4 ,johnson1  
,b4,a41 etc4 ,london1 7#ahia87 ,t5 ,ye>s
 ,digg+ 9 ,egypt1 #ahha-ahia1 by ,w4,m4 
,fl9d]s ,petrie1 etc4 ,london1 #ahib1   
pub4 by ,! ,religi\s ,tract ,society4   
#fg ,comp4 ,la ,morale gypti5ne1 etc41  
by ,e4 ,amel9eau4 ,p>is1 #ahib4 ,introd4
 pp4 ,,lxxxii4 et seq41 ,,xx4 et seq4   
,ritual ,funraire de ,pamon?1 by ,m4    

,eugne ,revill\t4 ,p>is1 #ahhi4  #fh ,le
 ,papyrus de ,neb-,q$ 7exemplaire       
hiroglyphique du ,livre des ,morts17    
reproduit1 etc41 p> ,?odule ,devria avec
 la traduction du texte p> ,paul ,pi]ret
 cons]vateur-adjo9t du ,muse gypti5 du  
,l\vre4 ,p>is1 #ahgb1 pl4 ,,iii41 col4  
#ac1 #ad1 p4 #c4  #fi ,comp4 z to !     
,sph9x1 ,egypt ,"u ! ,ph>aohs1 by       
,he9ri* ,brugs*-,bey4 ,london1 #ahia1   
pp4 #cg1 #ch1 & especially p4 #aii et   
seq4 ,also ,g4 ,masp]o 9 81 ,hi/oire    
,anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t4      
,p>is1 #ahhf1 pp4 #bh1 #ej1 #fd1 #bji4  
#gj ,comp4 ,re*]*es sur les monum4 qu'on
 peut attribu] aux six premires         
,dyna/ies de ,mane?on1 etc41 by ,m4 ,le 
vicomte ,emmanuel de ,r\g4 ,p>is1 ,imp4 
,imp]41 #ahff4 ,recueil de ,travaux     
,relatifs  la ,philol4 et  l',ar*4 gypt4
 et ,assyri1 edit$ by ,masp]o1 ,vol4    
,,iii4 & ,,iv41 #ahhb et seq4  #ga      
,comp4 ,egypt ,"u ! ,ph>aohs1 etc41 by  
,he9ri* ,brugs*-,bey4 ,london1 #ahia1 p4
 #aii et seq4 ,! ,nile4 ,notes =        

,travell]s 9 ,egypt by ,e4,a4 ,wallis   
,budge4 ,litt4 ,d41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,london1  
#ahib1 pp4 #aid-e4 ,hi/4 ( ! ,egyptian  
,relig41 by ,dr4 ,c4,p4 ,tiele1 trans4  
by ,james ,ball+al4 ,bo/on1 #ahhb1 p4   
#ha et seq4  #gb ,recueil de ,travaux   
,relatifs  la ,philol4 et  l',ar*4      
gypt41 etc41 publi de s\s la direction  
de ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,vol4 ,,xi41 fas4 ,i1   
pp4 #b1 #c4 ,see also z to m5tion (     
,tumu1 ! ,sc>abu1 9 ! pyramid ( ,pepi   
,,ii4 7,nef]-ka-,ra7 #caff ,b4,c4       
,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,xii41 pp4 #add1 #aec4   
#gc ,tumu or ,tmu 0 also call$          
,hor-em-khu1 i4e41 ,horus on ! horizon1 
or1 ! ris+ sun1 he 0 ! deity ,h>makhis (
 ! ,greeks2 8 symbol1 z be=e m5tion$1 0 
! ,great ,sph9x4 ,egypt ,"u ! ,ph>aohs1 
by ,brugs*-,bey4 ,london1 #ahia1 pp4    
#aii1 #bja4 ,z to ,tum1 see ,supra4  #gd
 ,recueil1 etc41 be=e cit$1 ,vol4       
,,xii41 p4 #afj et seq41 #ahi1 #aij4    
,pyramid ( ,pepi ,,ii4 ,see also ! ,book
 ( ! ,dead1 ,tur9 ,mss4 *4 ,,cxli41 ,a4 
#f2 ,ibid41 *4 ,,xvii4 beg9n+2 ,ibid41  

*4 ,,lxxix41 l4 #a2 ,ibid41 *4          
,,lxxviii41 l4 #ab4  #ge ,religions de  
l',antiquit1 etc41 by ,j4,d4 ,guigniaut1
 f\nd$ on ! ,g]man "w ( ,dr4 ,frd4      
,creuz]4 ,p>is1 #ahbe1 ,vol4 ,i41 "p #b1
 pl4 ,,xlviii41 #ahg;b4 ,comp>e ! o!r   
curi\s figures ( ! sc>abu 9 ?is volume1 
also p4 #idh et seq4  #gf ,comp4        
,wilk9son1 ,mann]s1 etc41 ( ! ,anci5t   
,egyptians1 #bnd s]ies1 ,london1 #ahda1 
,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bfj1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4    
#bej1 #bef4     ,,vii4      ,,importance
 ,,( ,,! ,,he>t ,,9 ,,! ,,anci5t        
,,egyptian ,,religion4     ,,immortality
 ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,,accord+ ,,to ,,t       
,,religion4 ,,symbolism ,,(     ,,!     
,,sc>ab ,,9 ,,_! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,su*    
,,immortality4 ,,no ,,?+ ,,9     ,,?is  
,,univ]se ,,absolutely ,,de/roy$1 ,,only
 ,,*ang$4 ,,! ,,idea ,,(                
,,metempsy*osis ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,egypt4   
,,elevat$ ,,ideas ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,deity4 
,,hymn ,,to ,,ammon-,,ra ,,cit$4        
,,quotations ,,z ,,to ,,egyptian        
,,philosophy1     ,,evolution ,,( ,,!   

,,univ]se ,,& ,,kosmogony4 ,,( ,,khepra 
,,& ,,( ,,tum ,,or     ,,atmu4          
,,egyptian ,,psy*ology ,,& ,,its        
,,divisions4   ,! human he>t1 ! fir/    
life pr9ciple ( human exi/5ce &         
reg5]ation1 ! fir/ app>5t individuality 
( embryonic human life2 0 symboliz$1 9 !
 ,p]-em-,hru1 i4e41 ! ,book ( ! ,dead1  
by ,khepra1 ! sc>abu deity2 ?is is "o   
reason :y ! texts 7*apt]s ,,xxx4 &      
,,xxvii41 see also ,,lxiv417 :i* relat$ 
to ! he>t1 7 ^? usually inscrib$ on !   
fun]al sc>abi1 & consecrat$ to !        
pres]vation ( ! he>t ( ! dead4 ,!       
condition ( dea? 0 describ$ by !        
,egyptian expression3 ,! "o ^: he>t does
 n beat4 ,! resurrection or re-bir? f ! 
dead only began1 accord+ to ! ,egyptian 
idea1 :5 ?is organ1 s ess5tial &        
necess>y to all animal life1 0 return$  
to ! deceas$ ,ba1 i4e41 responsible s\l1
 by ! decree ( ,osiris & ! judges ( !   
dead1 :i* ,?o? regi/]s3 ,to him is      
accord$ t 8 he>t may be 9 its place4    
,inde$ mo/ ( ! texts ( ! ,p]-em-,hru1 z 

we h se51 are d$icat$ to ! pres]vation (
 ! he>t ( ! dead "o4 ,! philosophic     
/ud5t c !re=e f ?is1 at once see1 !     
great value ( ! sc>abu symbol to ! :ole 
religi\s ?\ght-_w ( ,anci5t ,egypt4 ,x 0
 ! symbol1 :5 return$ to ! dead1 ( !    
reg5]at$ & resurrect$ life ( ! dead "o  
to ! heav5ly regions ( ! bless$ = all   
et]nity1 to ! second bir? 9 ! regions ( 
et]nal re/ & happ9ess4  ,tak+ z a model 
! daily c\rse ( ! sun1 :i* ris+ 9 !     
morn+ z ,horus2 rea*+ ! z5i? at noon z  
,ra2 sett+ 9 ! ev5+1 9 ! regions (      
d>kness z ,tum2 & abs5t dur+ ! night &  
until ! morr[ z ,osiris2 ^u :i*1        
victori\s ov] ! *aotic d>kness1 x arose 
9 triumph aga9 z ,horus2 ! bir? & j\rney
 ( man on e>?1 0 consid]$ by ! ,anci5t  
,egyptians z simil> to ! sol> j\rney2 & 
dea?1 ! end ( t j\rney1 0 assimilat$ to 
! c\rse ( ! sun :5 at night x 01 accord+
 to _! a/ronomical k1 suppos$ to be 9 ! 
,l[] ,regions or ,und]world1 ! abode (  
,osiris4 ,:5 he di$1 ! ,egyptian became 
z ,osiris1 ! nocturnal sun2 resurrect$1 

he became ,horus1 ! new-born & ris+ sun2
 9 midday1 he 0 ,ra4 ,horus 03 ,! ,old  
,"o :o rejuv5at$ himself4 ,su* a re-bir?
 ( ! dead to immortality1 0 ! recomp5se 
promis$ by ! ,egyptian religion1 to !   
s\l ( ! man pi\s & good dur+ ?is life1 b
 ! wick$ 7 to be tortur$1 trans=m$ into 
l[] =ms1 or annihilat$4#gg ,matt]1      
accord+ to x1 does n p]i% b only *anges 
& ! e>? itself1 0 deifi$ z ,seb1 ,isis1 
,ta-n51 & ,ptah-,tatun54  ,:at !n did   
matt] become1 x 0 trans=m$1 ! deities 7 
trans=m$4 ,matt] 0 trans=m$1--?is is    
expla9$ to u ?r\gh ! symbolism ( !      
sc>ab1 ! hi]oglyph ( ! ^w ,khep]1 i4e41 
to be1 to exi/1 to become1 to create1 to
 emanate2 ( :i*1 z ,i h said1 ! ,great  
,sph9x is ! symbol1 & has !re=e !       
philosophical value ( creator &         
creat$4#gh ,god & ,8 univ]se1 exi/5ce & 
*ange or trans=mation1 dea? &           
dissolution1 all :i* 7 only consid]$ z  
reg5]ation & re-bir? 9 ano!r =m4 ,!nce  
becomes app>5t to u1 ! great value &    
importance to ! ,egyptian p ( !         

symbolism ( ! sc>ab1 x 01 to !m1 !      
emblematic syn!sis ( _! religion z      
to-day to ,*ri/ians1 ! ,lat9 or ! ,greek
 cross1 is ! emblematic syn!sis ( ,lat9 
or ,greek ,*ri/ianity4 ,! philosophic   
,egyptian1 ?\ght1 ! atoms & molecules ( 
all bodies & ( all matt]1 7 nev] de/roy$
 or lo/1 !y 7 always 9 motion b 7 only  
trans=m$ & *ang$1 by dea? or !          
dissolution ( =ms4 ,dea? on ?is e>? did 
n de/roy ! p]sonality ( ! human be+1 t  
cont9u$ beyond dea? on our e>?1 & z to  
^? :o _h be5 good & pi\s dur+ _! life   
"h1 _! p]sonality cont9u$ et]nally2 b ! 
puni%m5t ( ! wick$ 01 ! annihilation ( t
 p]sonality or an immobility :i* 0 almo/
 ! same4 ,! "w entitl$1 ,h]mes          
,trismegi/os1 conta9s a resum ( t idea1 
say+1 among o!r ?+s3 ,:at 0 compos$ is  
divid$4 ,t division is n ,dea?1 x is !  
analysis ( a comb9ation2 b ! aim ( t    
analysis is n de/ruction1 x is !        
r5ewm5t4 ,:at is 9 effect ! en]gy (     
life8 ,is x n movem5t8 ,:at !n is !re 9 
?is _w1 immovable8#gi  ,! ev]la/+       

int]*ange ( life & dea?1 fl[s ?r\gh\t   
all ! religi\s philosophy ( ! ,anci5t   
,egyptians2 bas+ itself on ! cont9ual   
return ( day f night & ( day to night1 &
 ^u ! app>5t c\rse ( ! sun1 !y seem to h
 =mulat$ ! idea ( ! immortality ( ! s\l 
( man aft] dea?4  ,h]odotus tells u1#hj 
t ! ,egyptians believ$1 t ! s\l ( !     
dep>t$ pass$ into an animal1 & aft] hav+
 gone ?r\gh all ! ranks ( ! animal _w1 0
 at ! end ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s reunit$ to ! 
human body2 b f ! rema9s ( ! ,egyptian  
religion we h to-day1 next to no?+ has  
be5 f\nd t w confirm ?is /atem5t1 b mu* 
t %[s ! ,greek au?ors 7 frequ5tly 9     
error4 ,9 ! realm ( ! dead1 accord+ to !
 texts ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 7*apt]      
,,lxxxix4 & o!r places17 ! responsible  
s\l or ,ba ( ! deceas$1 may become a    
sp>r[-hawk1 an add]1 a crocodile-head$  
be+1 etc41 b only to deceive its demon  
enemies2#ha n until aft] ?is1 is ! ,khu1
 ! intellectual s\l1 :i* accompanies !  
,ba1 :i* is repres5t$ "u ! symboliz$ =m 
( a sp>r[-hawk ) a human head1 reunit$  

to ! ,ba4 ,?is h[ev] all occurs1 n on   
e>?1 b 9 ! realms ( ! dead4 ,! ,anci5t  
,egyptian believ$1 t z ! sett+ ( ! sun 0
 an actual sep>ation ( ! body & s\l ( ! 
sun-god2 & its ris+1 a reunion ( ! two2 
s x happ5$ to ! future ( ! spiritual (  
man1 & t aft] man's dea? on ?is e>?1 8  
_s1 z did t ( ! sun-god2 w\ld arise aga9
 to life1 b x w\ld be to a life (       
immortality 9 a high] sph]e4 ,i am      
incl9$ also to ?9k1 t !y believ$ !      
spiritual body ( ! new-born *ild came   
d[n f ! sun-disk or f "s v exalt$       
sph]e4#hb  ,! foll[+ quotations f ,eugne
 ,grbaut's translation 9 ,fr5*1 ( !     
,hymn to ,ammon-,ra1 are important = an 
und]/&+ ( ! positions ( ,khepra & (     
,turn dur+ ! ,!ban ,dyna/ies4  ,hail to 
!e ,ra1 "l ( ! maat1 7!7 my/]i\s 9 8    
%r9e4 ,ma/] 7i4e41 fa!r7 ( ! gods1      
,khepra 9 its boat1 7x7 s5d+ =? ! ^w    
7i4e41 ! creative ^w17 ! gods came into 
exi/5ce4 ,hail god ,tum1 mak] (         
intellig5t be+s1 :o det]m9es _! mann] ( 
exi/5ce1 artisan ( _! exi/5ces2 7& :o7  

di/+ui%es 7_!7 colors1 "o f ! o!r4#hc   
,au?or ( humanity1 mak+ ! =m ( all ?+s  
to become 7or1 =m] :o produc$ e ?+27 x  
is 9 ?y "n ( ,tum-,khepra4#hd ,khepra is
 fa!r ( ! gods & ! produc] ( ! maat4#he 
,! deities g out ( ! m\? ( _! fa!r      
,khepra1 & are n\ri%$ by ! maat1 i4e41 !
 ,h>mony or ,law ( ! univ]se2#hf m5 g   
out ( its eyes1 t is f ! light ( !      
deity1 & x is ?is light :i* vivifies !  
entire univ]se4 ,! ,hymn says3 ,o ,=m1  
,,"o1 produc+ all ?+s1 ! ,,"o1 :o art   
,alone2 produc+ exi/5ces6 ,m5 come =? f 
,its two eyes1 ! gods come into exi/5ce 
f ,its ,^w4 ,au?or ( ! gre5 pa/ures1 :i*
 n\ri% ! cattle1 & ( ! nutriti\s plants 
= ! use ( mank9d4 ,x :o make? t fi%es   
live 9 ! riv]s & ! w+$ f[l 9 ! air2 :o  
give? ! brea? ( life to 7! g]m7 9 ! egg4
 ,x make? to live birds ( all species1 &
 likewise ! insects :i* creep & also ^? 
:i* fly4 ,x make? provision = ! rats 9  
_! holes1 & n\ri%e? ! birds t are on !  
trees4 ,hail to ,!e1 ,o ,au?or ( !      
totality ( all =ms4 ,! ,,"o :o art      

alone1 yet numb]less ?r\gh ,?y ext5d$   
arms3 wat*+ ov] all humanity :5 x       
sleeps1 seek+ ! good ( ,its             
creatures4#hg ,i h us$ ! neut] ,x & n   
,he1 ! ,egyptian idea ( ! highe/ deity  
01 t x 0 &rog5ic n mascul9e4 ,al?\gh x  
w\ld seem t ?is ,hymn1 ( :i* ,i h cit$ b
 a small portion1 appli$ to ,ammon-,ra1 
yet x expressly says1 t3 ,its "n is also
 ,tum 7or1 ,atmu17--,khepra4#hh  ,ano!r 
text reads3 ,o ,bull ( ! we/]n region#hi
 conceal$ 9 ! conceal$ region 7i4e41    
,am5ti or ! ,und]world7 f :om emanates  
all ! gods 7& all7 ! goddesses :o are ) 
him6 ,! ,osiris1 ! ,ha?or 99 99 99 7! "n
 ( ! dead 0 ins]t$ "h7 ! ju/ifi$ 7or1   
triumphant17 comes t[>ds !e2 ! becom+   
:i* is 9 ! becom+ ( all ?+s :5 !y       
become4#ij ,p[]ful lords1 b5efic5t1     
div9e1 judg+ ! spee* 7words7 ( !        
inhabitants ( ! c\ntries2 lords (       
,tru?6#ia ,hail to !e6 gods1 ess5ce ( ! 
ess5ces )\t _! bodies1 rul+ ! g5]ations 
( ,ta-n5 7i4e41 ( ?is e>?7 & ! bir?s    
7begett+s7 9 ! temple ( ,mesx5#ib 7!y   

raise ! g5]ations87 f ! fir/ ess5ce ( ! 
div9e ess5ces1 ?ird greatness above !   
fa!r ( _! fa!rs2 invok+ ! s\l f its     
,almight9ess :5 are produc$ its ,desires
 7,w27 ador+ _! ,fa!r 9 8               
glorifications2 div9e ,prototypes ( !   
,types ( all t exi/s1 ,fa!rs & ,mo!rs ( 
! sol> disk1 ,=ms1 ,great ,anci5ts1     
,div9e ,ess5ces1 fir/ f ,atum 7i4e41    
*aos17 emanat+ humanity2 caus+ to em]ge 
! =ms ( all =ms2 lords ( ! div9e        
su/5ance2 homage to !e6 ,lords f        
ev]la/+1 possess+ et]nity1 etc4#ic ,all 
t is done & said ^u e>? has its s\rce 9 
! heights1 f :5ce ! ess5ces are disp5s$ 
to u ) measure & equilibrium2 & !re is n
 any?+1 :i* does n emanate f on high &  
:i* does n return !reto4#id  ,! v]b     
,khep] usually translat$ to be1 to exi/1
 to become1 also has ! mean+ ( to roll  
or revolve4 ,! sun app>5tly roll$ or    
revolv$ ar\nd ! e>?4 ,9 ! ,briti%       
,museum1 9 a hi]atic papyrus 7,no4      
#aj1ahh17 ,khep]a is id5tifi$ ) ! deity 
,neb-er'-t]1 & ! latt] says1 9 x3--,i am

 ,he 7,x87 :o evolv$ ,himself 7,itself87
 "u ! =m ( ! god ,khep]a4 ,i1 ! evolv] (
 evolutions1 evolv$ ,myself1 ! evolv] ( 
all evolutions1 aft] a multitude (      
evolutions & developm5ts :i* came =? f  
,my m\?4#ie ,!re 0 n any heav51 e>? 0 n1
 animals :i* move ^u ! e>? & reptiles   
exi/$ n 9 t place4 ,i con/ruct$ _! =ms  
out ( ! in]t mass ( wat]y matt]4 ,i did 
n f9d any place ^u :i* ,i c\ld /&4 ,by !
 p[] :i* 0 9 ,my ,w ,i laid ! f\ndation 
7( ?+s7 9 ! =m ( ! god ,%u#if & ,i      
creat$ 7emanat$87 = !m e attribute :i*  
!y h4 ,i alone exi/$1 = ,i _h n1 z yet1 
made ,%u emanate f ,me1 & ,i _h n eject$
 ! spittle :i* became ,tefnut 7i4e41 !  
deity or p]sonification (1 moi/ure47    
,!re did n exi/ any o!r to "w ) ,me4 ,by
 ,my own ,w ,i laid ! f\ndation ( all   
?+s1 & ! evolutions ( ?+s1 & !          
evolutions :i* took place f ! evolutions
 ( _! bir?s1 :i* took place ?r\gh !     
evolutions ( _! (fspr+1 became          
multipli$4 ,my %ad[#ig 0 unit$ ) ,me1 & 
produc$ ,%u & ,tefnut f ! emanation (   

,myself1 99 99 99 ?us f "o deity ,i     
became ?ree deities 99 99 99 ,i ga!r$   
toge!r ,my memb]s & wept ov] !m1 & f !  
te>s :i* fell f ,my eye1 m5 & wom5      
sprung into exi/5ce4  ,! duplicate copy 
( ?is *apt] reads3 ,i develop$ ,myself f
 ! primeval matt] :i* ,i made4 ,my "n is
 ,osiris1 ! g]m ( primeval matt]4 ,i h  
work$ ,my ,w to its full ext5t 9 ?is    
e>?1 ,i h spread abroad 7or1 exp&$      
,myself17 & fitt$ x 99 99 99 ,i utt]$   
,my ,"n z a ,^w ( ,p[]1 f ,my own m\?1 &
 ,i /raightway develop$ ,myself by      
evolution4 ,i evolv$ ,myself "u ! =m ( !
 evolutions ( ! god ,khep]a1 & ,i       
develop$ ,myself out ( ! primeval matt] 
:i* has evolv$ multitudes ( evolutions f
 ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,no-?+ exi/$ on ?is e>? 
7be=e ,me17 ,i made all ?+s4 ,!re 0 none
 o!r :o work$ ) ,me at t "t4 ,i made all
 evolutions by means ( t s\l1 :i* ,i    
rais$ up !re f in]tness out ( ! wat]y   
matt]4#ih ,?is is a mo/ important       
papyrus = a k ( ,anci5t ,egyptian       
philosophy4  ',9 ! beg9n+3 ,:5 !re 0 n  

yet heav51 :5 !re 0 n yet e>?1 :5 !re 7 
n yet m51 :5 ! gods 7 n yet born1 :5 !re
 0 n yet dea?4'#ii ,nu alone 0 exi/+1 ! 
wat] 7or humid7 pr9ciple ( all ?+s1 & 9 
t primordial wat]1 ,tumu1 ! fa!r ( !    
gods4#ajj ,! day ( creation came1 ,%u   
rais$ ! wat]s ^u ! /aircase :i* is 9    
,khmunu4#aja ,! e>? 0 made ev5 "u 8     
feet1 z a long unit$ table2 heav5 appe>$
 above 8 head z a ceil+ ( iron 7or /eel7
 ^u :i* roll$ ! div9e ,ocean4 ,hor      
7,horus7 & 8 sons ,hapi1 ,amsit 7or     
,me/ha17 ,tuamautef & ,qebhs5nuf1 ! gods
 ( ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 w5t out at once &
 po/$ !mselves at ! f\r corn]s ( !      
inf]ior table1 & receiv$ ! f\r angles ( 
! firmam5t ^u ! po9t ( _! sceptres2 !   
sun appe>$ & ! voice ( ! god1 ! fir/ day
 is aris5 & ! _w 0 !reaft] con/itut$1   
su* z x ought to ev] rema96#ajb  ,glory 
( all ?+s1 ,god1 ! div9e & ! div9e      
nature4 ,pr9ciples ( ! be+s2 ,god1 !    
,intellig5ce1 nature & matt]4 ,wisdom   
manife/s ! univ]se1 ( :i* ! div9e is !  
pr9ciple1 ! nature1 en]gy1 necessity1 ! 

end & ! r5ew+4  ,!re 0 d>kness )\t limit
 ov] ! abyss & ! wat]1 & a subtle &     
intellig5t _s1 conta9$ 9 *aos by ! div9e
 p[]4 ,!n gu%$ =? ! holy light1 & "u !  
s& 7i4e41 ! atomic dryness7 ! elem5ts   
w5t =? f ! humid ess5ce1 & all ! gods   
di/ribut$ ! fecundity ( nature4 ,!      
univ]se be+ 9 confusion & disord]1 !    
buoyant elem5ts asc5d$1 & ! heavi] 7    
e/abli%$ z a f\ndation "u ! damp s&1 7&7
 ev]y?+ became sep>at$ by fire &        
susp5d$1 s z to be rais$ by ! _s4#ajc   
,! ,anci5t ,egyptians made _m m /atem5ts
 :i* und\bt$ly ref]r$ to an unkn[n1     
all-p[]ful1 ideal deity ( ! highe/ ord]1
 ,i h a great numb] ( su*1 b w n br+ !m 
=w>d 9 ?is writ+2 ,i ref] ! read] = "s  
quotations on ?is subject1 to ! valuable
 writ+s ( ,mr4 ,p4 ,le ,page ,r5\f1     
especially to 82 ,religion ( ,anci5t    
,egypt 7,hibb]t ,lectures = #ahgi71 :i* 
,i h already cit$ 9 sev]al places4  ,x w
 be se5 f ^! quotations1 t ,khepra1 !   
sc>abu deity1 especially z ,tum-,khepra2
 occupi$ a mo/ elevat$ position1 ,i     

might say ! mo/ elevat$1 ( all !        
religi\s conceptions ( ! ,anci5t        
,egyptians1 = beyond x1 0 ! unkn[n ideal
 deity :om none c\ld =m a conception (4 
,khepra 0 ass]t$ to h g5]at$ & caus$ to 
come into exi/5ce1 itself ?r\gh itself1 
x unit$ 9 itself1 ! male & female       
pr9ciples ( life4 ,x 0 &rog5ic4 ,!      
sc>abu 0 ! hi]oglyph ( ! creator1 ! to  
be1 to become1 to exi/1 ! et]nal1 ! com+
 into be+ f *aotic non-be+1 also !      
itself trans=m+ or becom+1 ! emanat+ or 
creat+ p[]1 also1 ! univ]se4 ,khepra 0  
,fa!r ( ! gods1 connect$ ) ! idea ( !   
ris+ ( ! sun f ! d>kness ( night1       
,khepra 0 us$ to typify ! resurrection f
 ! dead ( ! spirits ( m54 ,x repres5t$ !
 active & positive 9 anti!sis to ,atmu1 
or ,tum4 ,) ,atmu z ,atmu 7or1          
,tum7-,khepra1 x repres5t$ ! positive & 
negative unit$1 _s & matt]4  ,atmu1 ,tum
 or ,tmu1 0 ! symbol ( ! et]nal night or
 d>kness ( ,*aos1 :i* prec$$ ! emanation
 ( light1 x 0 ! type ( s5ility &        
absolute dea?1 ! negative & end4 ,x 0 ! 

nocturnal or hidd5 sun1 z ,horus 0 !    
ris+ sun1 & ,ra ! ris5 sun1 proce$+ 9   
its c\rse ea* day ?r\gh ! firmam5t4 ,tum
 0 n h[ev] consid]$ z absolutely in]t1 x
 0 ! precursor ( ! ris+ sun1 & ! po9t ( 
dep>ture ( ! sett+ sun1 & 0 ! nocturnal 
sun1 & 0 also a po9t ( dep>ture into    
exi/5ce1 ( all ! creat$ & emanat$ 9 !   
univ]se4 ,x1 z well z ,khepra1 9 "s ( ! 
texts is call$ ,fa!r ( ! gods4#ajd  ,?is
 deity 0 ! unkn[n & inaccessible1       
primordial deity ( *aos1 exi/+ alone 9 !
 abyss1 be=e ! appe>ance ( ,light4 ,"o (
 ! texts reads3  ,homage to !e1 sun at  
its sett+1 ,tum-,h>makhis1 god r5ew+ &  
=m+ itself 9 itself1 d\ble ess5ce4 99 99
 ,hail to !e au?or ( ! gods1 :o ha/     
susp5d$ heav5 = ! circulation ( ?y two  
eyes1 au?or ( ! e>? 9 its ext5t1 & f :om
 ! light is1 s z to give to all m5 !    
s5sation ( ! sight ( 8 fell[            
creature4#aje  ,x is ( ! greate/        
importance to an und]/&+ ( ! ,egyptian  
religion & philosophy1 & especially ( ! 
,p]-em-hru1 ! s-call$1 ,book ( ! ,dead2 

t ! ,egyptian psy*ology be compreh5d$2 9
 ord] to enable ! read] to d ?is1 ,i h  
prep>$ ! foll[+ cond5s$ /atem5t ( !     
same4      ,i4 ,! ,body 0 call$ ,khat4  
,?is 0 embalm$ & !n plac$     9 ! tomb4 
,,ii4 ,! ,s\l 0 call$1 ,ba or ,bai1     
plur4 ,baiu4 ,?is 0     ! "p ( !        
spiritual :i* 0 ?\ght to conta9 !       
elem5ts necess>y = ! _w-life ( a man1   
su* z     judgm5t1 consci5ce1 etc4 ,x   
seems to be ! same t]m$     psuke or    
psy*e by ! ,greeks4 ,?is ,ba p]=m$ !    
pilgrimage 9 ! und]world1 & 0 judg$ = ! 
conduct (     ! man x inhabit$ 9 ?is _w1
 by ,osiris & ! ,=ty-two     judges4 ,x 
0 usually repres5t$ z a bird1 especially
 z a     human-head$ sp>r[-hawk4 ,x     
flutt]$ to & fro betwe5 ?is     _w & !  
next1 sometimes visit+ ! mummy 9 its    
tomb4 ,x     0 sometimes repres5t$ z a  
crane1 at o!rs z a lapw+4 ,x     is     
p>allel$ by ! ,rua'h ( ! ,hebrew        
,qabbalah4      ,,iii4 ,! ,intellectual 
"p ( man's _s 0 call$1 ,xu or     ,khu4 
,x 0 consid]$ z "p ( ! flame deta*$ f ! 

upp] div9e fire4 ,fre$ f mortality x    
w&]$ ?r\gh     space & _h ! p[] ( keep+ 
company ) or haunt+     humanity1 & ev5 
( ent]+ into & tak+ possession ( !      
body ( a liv+ man4 ,! ,egyptians spoke (
 be+ possess$     ) a khu z we w\ld say 
( a be+ possess$ by a     _s4#ajf ,x 0  
consid]$ z a lum9\s _s4 ,x 0 !          
,intellig5ce & answ]s to ! ,n\s ( !     
,greeks & !     ,ne%amah ( ! ,hebrew    
,qabbalah4      ,,iv4 ,! ,%ad[ or ,%ade 
0 call$1 ,khaibit4 ,?is creat$ !        
,individuality1 & 0 an important "p ( ! 
p]sonality4     ,!re 0 a valley 9 :i* ! 
,%ades 71 9 ! ,und]world4     ,x 0      
re/or$ to ! s\l 9 ! second life4 ,!y are
     frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,p]-em-hru4  
,8 %ad[1 w\ld     e>ly attract !        
att5tion ( ! primitive man4      ,v4 ,! 
,"n 0 call$1 ,r54 ,?is 0 ! ,p]sonality1 
t     some?+1 :i* cont9u$ to "k itself z
 a di/9ct     individual1 ?r\gh e *ange 
( ! atoms & appe>ances (     ! body4 ,9 
! ,p]-em-hru 0 writt53 ,! ,osiris 7!n ! 
"n ( ! dead 0 ins]t$47 ,x 0 re/or$      

et]nally to     ! s\l 9 ! second life4  
,! ,ba reta9$ ! ,r5 9 its     j\rney    
?r\gh ! ,und]world4      ,,vi4 ,! life  
or ,d\ble 0 call$1 ,ka1 plur4 ,kau4 ,?is
 0     ! vital pr9ciple1 necess>y to !  
exi/5ce ( man z an     animal be+ on ?is
 e>?4 ,x 0 a spiritual d\ble1 a second  
p]fect exempl> or copy1 ( 8 fle%1 blood1
 etc41 body2 b     ( a matt] less d5se  
?an corporeal matt]1 b hav+ all its     
%ape & features1 be+ *ild1 man1 or      
woman1 z ! liv+     _h be54 ,x dwelt ) !
 mummy 9 ! tomb & _h a     semi-mat]ial 
=m & sub/ance1 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1   
f ! texts1 x _h p[] to leave ! tomb :5 x
 pleas$     b always return$4 ,its      
emblem 0 ! ankh or crux ansata4     ,x 0
 some?+ l ! high] ,nephe% ( ! ,hebrew   
,qabbalah4 ,! sacrificial food left 9 ! 
tombs & !     pictures on _! walls 7 = !
 b5efit ( ! ,ka4 ,!     ,ka correspond$ 
to ! ,lat91 g5ius4 ,its orig9al mean+   
may h be5 image2#ajg x 0 l ! ,greek     
eidolon1     i4e41 gho/4 ,! fun]al      
oblations 7 made to ! image or     ,ka4 

,! ,ka 0 a spiritual d\ble ( ! man1 a   
k9d (     prototype 9 ! ,upp] ,_w1 ( !  
man 9 ! ,l[] ,_w1 our     e>?4#ajh      
,,vii4 ,! ,mummy or ! ,husk 0 call$1    
,sahu4 ,x 0 ! body     aft] embalmm5t4  
,8 body is 9 ! condition ( be+ true2    
x w n p]i%4#aji ,! ,sahu 0 consid]$ a   
true be+     z x 0 assum$ t x w\ld      
always rema9 ! same4 ,x 0     l ! l[] =m
 ( ! ,nephe% ( ! ,hebrew ,qabbalah4 ,!  
atoms ( ! mummy-body 7 /ill intact held 
toge!r by !     cohesion ( ! p>ticles4  
,?is cohesion 0 look$ ^u z a            
spiritual en]gy keep+ ! p>ticles toge!r1
 9 ! =m (     ! mummy4 ,! ^w ,sahu may  
sometimes ref] to ?is liv+              
p]sonality4      ,,viii4 ,! ,he>t 0     
call$ ,ab4 ,?is 0 ?\ght to be ! seat    
( life1 ! life be+ 9 ! blood1 & !       
embryonic life     />t+ ) ! pulsations (
 ! he>t4 ,see1 ,app5dix ,a4  ,! ,ba1    
p]=m$ ! j\rney ?r\gh ! ,und]world       
accompani$ by ! ,"n & ,%ad[1 until x    
rea*$ ! ,hall ( ,judgm5t2 if pron\nc$   
pure1 ! ,he>t 0 !n giv5 x4 ,! ,"n1 ,%ad[

 & ,he>t1 !n await$ reunion ) ! ,khu &  
,ka = ! condition ( f9al immortality & !
 p[] to make ! trans=mations4 ,! body 0 
embalm$ & ! ,ka dwelt 9 ! sepul*re ) x1 
b w5t 9 & out ( ! tomb4 ,! ,khu also    
accompani$ ! ,ba 9 its j\rney ?r\gh !   
,und]world & assi/$ x1 b 9 case ( an    
adv]se judgm5t 9 ! ,hall ( ,osiris & !  
decree ( annihilation2 ! ,khu fl$ back  
to its immortal s\rce ( life & light4   
,n any ( ^!1 by its own nature1 c\ld    
exi/ = any l5g? ( "t entirely sep>at$ f 
! o!rs2 if left to itself1 t s sep>at$1 
w\ld 9 "t dissolve into new elem5ts & if
 x 7 ! s\l1 x w\ld die a second "t1 !   
p]sonality & individuality w\ld !n p]i% 
& become annihilat$2 ?is 0 ! mu* fe>$1  
second dea?4 ,?is h[ev] might be prev5t$
 by ! piety ( ! survivors1 9 repeat+ !  
pray]s & litanies & p]=m+ ! lu/rations &
 sacrifices1 = ! dead4 ,! lot to d ?is  
usually fell to ! elde/ son & 9 default 
( sons1 to ! daught]s1 etc41 no         
relations exi/+1 ! dead p]sons' slaves  
c\ld p]=m x4 ,! prie/s 7 also left      

annuities to p]=m p]petually1 ! sacr$   
duties to ! dead4 ,embalmm5t prev5t+ =  
c5turies1 decomposition2 cont9u$ pray]s1
 devotions & (f]+s w\ld save1 x 0       
believ$1 ! ,ka1 ! ,ba1 & ! ,khu1 f !    
second dea?1 & procure = !m :at 0       
necess>y to prolong _! exi/5ce4 ,! ,ka1 
!y ?\ght1 nev] quitt$ ! place :]e !     
mummy 0 except at "s "t to return4 ,!   
,ba1 & ! ,khu w5t away f x to foll[ !   
gods1 b !y cont9ually return$ z w\ld a  
travel] :o re-ent]$ 8 h\se aft] an      
abs5ce4 ,! tomb 0 ! defunct's et]nal    
dwell+ h\se on e>?1 ! h\ses ( ! liv+ 7  
only z inns or /opp+ places4 ,9 case ( a
 judgm5t 9 favor ( ! ,ba 9 ! ,hall (    
,osiris1 ! ,khu unit$ to ! ,ba1         
,khaibet1 ,ab1 ,ka1 etc41 rose up to !  
,egyptian heav51 & ! :ole unit$ 0 able  
to make :atev] trans=mations pleas$ x4  
,,footnotes3  #gg ,comp4 ,hi/4 ( !      
,egypt4 ,relig41 by ,dr4 ,c4,p4 ,tiele4 
,london1 #ahib1 pp4 #hi1 #abg1 #aci4    
#gh ,mo/ likely ! ,egyptian idea 0 to   
emanate m ?an to create4  #gi ,l\is     

,mn>d's edition4 ,p>is1 #ahfg1 p4 #hi4  
#hj ,book ,,ii41 *4 #abc4  #ha ,hi/4 ( !
 ,egypt4 ,relig41 by ,c4,p4 ,tiele1 pp4 
#dg1 #ga4  #hb ,comp4 ,hi/1 ( ! ,egypt4 
,relig41 by ,c4,p4 ,tiele4 ,london1     
#ahij1 p4 #abg4 ,! ,book ( ! ,dead4     
,fac-simile ( ! ,papyrus ( ,ani1 etc41  
notes by ,p4 ,le ,page ,r5\f4 ,london1  
#ahij1 p4 #af1 note4 ,see also supra    
ref]5ce to ! ,mesx54 ,a simil> idea is 9
 ! ,zoh>1 comp>e ,qabbalah1 etc41 by    
,isaac ,my]4 ,philadelphia1 #ahhh1 pp4  
#cig1 #chh1 #chi1 #ajh et seq41 #aij1   
#aif1 #dah1 & _m o!r places4  #hc ,hymne
  ,ammon-,ra des papyrus gypti5s du     
,muse de ,b\laq1 traduit et comm5t1 by  
,eugne ,grbaut1 etc4 ,p>is1 #ahgd1 p4   
#aa4  #hd ,ibid41 p4 #bh4 ,see also1 pp4
 #aae1 #abj-abb1 #bie4  #he ,ibid41 pp4 
#aab1 #aae4  #hf ,z to ! mean+ ( !      
important ^w maat1 see1 ,religion (     
,anci5t ,egypt1 by ,p4 ,le ,page        
,r5\f--,hibb]t ,lectures = #ahgi4 ,new  
,york1 pp4 #gc et seq42 #abc et seq4    
,hymne  ,ammon-,ra1 la/ be=e cit$1 notes

 p4 #aaj et seq4  #hg ,hymne            
,ammon-,ra1 p4 #af et seq4  #hh ,ibid41 
pp4 #bg1 #bh4  #hi ,comp4 ,hymne        
,ammon-,ra1 by ,e4 ,grbaut1 pp4 #c1 #d1 
& notes to same1 p4 #ci et seq4  #ij    
,or1 ! *ang+ :i* is 9 ! *ang+ ( all ?+s 
:5 !y *ange4  #ia ,t is3 ,lords ( maat1 
i4e41 ( ! h>mony ( ! univ]se4  #ib      
,place ( ! s\l's bir?4 ,?is ref]s to !  
upp] prototypic _w4 ,! same idea is 9 ! 
,zoh>4  #ic ,catalogue des ,manuscrits  
gypti5s1 etc41 au ,muse gypt4 du ,l\vre1
 p> ,feu ,?odule ,devria4 ,p>is1 #ahha1 
,no4 #cbhc2 pp4 #adc1 #add4 ,comp4 ,h]ms
 ,trismgi/e1 p> ,l\is ,mn>d1 second ed4 
,p>is1 #ahfg1 pp4 #ahh1 #aij1 #aag et   
seq42 #adg4  #id ,h]ms ,trismgi/e1      
edition la/ cit$1 p4 #bah4  #ie ,by !   
,^w or ,logos4 ,! ,logos occupi$ an     
important position 9 ! ,anci5t ,egyptian
 religion4 ,see my ,article on ! subject
 91 ,! ,ori5tal ,review1                
,janu>y-,febru>y1 #ahic1 p4 #bj et seq4 
#if ,%u corresponds to ! ,makrokosm1 !  
primordial ,adam or &rog5ic ,adam       

,qadmon1 ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,hebrew     
,book ( ,g5esis4 ,z to ,%u1 see3 ,hi/ory
 ( ! ,egypt4 ,relig41 by ,dr4 ,c4,p4    
,tiele4 ,bo/on1 #ahhb1 pp4 #hd1 #he1    
#aee1 #aef4  #ig ,! ,hebrew ,%e-khe5-ah1
 or ,glory8  #ih ,! ,nile4 ,notes =     
,travell]s 9 ,egypt1 by ,e4,a4 ,wallis  
,budge1 ,litt4 ,d41 ,f4,s4,a41 etc41    
second ed4 ,london1 #ahib1 p4 #afe et   
seq4  #ii ,inscriptions 9 ! pyramid (   
,pepi ,i41 l4 #ffd 7circa #cbcc-cbjj    
,b4,c417 9 ! ,recueil de ,travaux       
,relatifs  la ,philol41 et  l',ar*4     
gypt41 etc41 ,vol4 ,,viii41 p4 #ajd4    
#ajj ,comp4 ,! ,p]-em-hru or1 ,book ( ! 
,dead1 edition ( ,ed4 ,naville1 *4      
,,xvii41 l4 #c1 #d4 ,9 ! passage cit$ f 
,pepi1 ,i4 #ffd et seq41 ,tumu is also a
 primordial deity & its female sakti or 
pr9ciple1 is ,nu or ,nut1 ! sky4  #aja  
,x is f ?is action t ! deity 0 nam$ ,%u 
f ! root1 ,%u to lift up1 to raise4     
,lat]1 ?r\gh a pun1 he obta9$ ! mean+ ( 
,lum9\s4 ,comp4 also ,naville's ed4 ( ! 
,p]-em-hru la/ cit$1 l4 #d et seq4  #ajb

 ,g4 ,masp]o 9 ! ,revue de l',hi/4 des  
,religions4 ,le ,livre des ,morts1 ,vol4
 ,,xv41 pp4 #bfi1 #bgj4  #ajc ,h]ms     
,trismgi/os1 second ed41 by ,l\is ,mn>d4
 ,p>is1 #ahfg4 pp4 #bg1 #bh4 ,h]metis   
,trismegi/i ,poem&]2 ad fidem codicum   
manu scriptorum recognovit1 by ,gu/avus 
,p>!y4 ,b]ol9i1 #ahed1 p4 #ca4 ,! ^w s& 
is us$ to symbolize ! positive or atomic
 dryness1 & damp s&1 ! atomic humidity1 
or ! negative4  #ajd ,book ( ! ,dead1 *4
 ,,xvii41 l4 #a-d2 ,,xv41 l4 #bh1 #bi1  
#dc1 #dg2 ,,lxxix41 l4 #a1 #b2          
,,lxxviii41 l4 #ab4 ,hymne  ,ammon-,ra1 
by ,eugne ,grbaut4 ,p>is1 #ahgd1 pp4    
#aa1 #bh1 #aab1 #aae1 #abj-abb1 #bie4   
#aje ,paul ,pi]ret1 tudes gyptol41 ,i41 
#ha4  #ajf ,f4 ,*abas1 l'gyptologie4    
,p>is1 #ahgh1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #ajc4     
#ajg ,comp4 ,trans4 ,soc4 ,biblical     
,lit]ature1 ,vol4 ,,vi41 pp4 #did-ejh4  
#ajh ,comp4 ,religion ( ,anci5t ,egypt  
by ,p4 ,le ,page ,r5\f1 p4 #aec et seq4 
#aji ,my! d' ,horus1 by ,e4 ,naville4   
,,viii4      ,,=g]y ,,( ,,sc>abs ,,9    

,,mod]n ,,times4 ,,difficulty ,,(       
,,detect+     ,,su*4 ,,o!r ,,egyptian   
,,antiquities ,,also ,,c\nt]feit$ ,,by  
,,!     ,,pres5t ,,inhabitants ,,(      
,,egypt4   ,m4 ,prisse says3#aaj ,mo/ ( 
! fellahs :o inhabit ! l&1 =m]ly        
,memphis & ,!bes1 live only f ! products
 ( _! f9ds4 ,con/ra9$ to cease f _!     
lucrative rese>*es1 !y are r$uc$ to !   
c\nt]feit+ ( figur9es1 amulets & ! o!r  
objects ( art :i* !y =m]ly f\nd 9 ! e>?4
 ,necessity ! "m ( indu/ry has caus$ !m 
9 a %ort "t to make wond]ful progress4  
,)\t any practice 9 ! arts1 & ) ! rude/ 
tools1 "s ( ! peasants h c>v$ sc>abs &  
beautiful /atuettes & ornam5t$ !m )     
hi]oglyphic leg5ds4 ,!y v well "k t     
c>t\*es add mu* value to ! antiquities1 
& !y are nev] 9 want ( copies ( !m ei!r 
f ! great monum5ts or ! orig9al sc>abs4 
,!y use 9 mak+ ! copies a lime/one ( f9e
 & compact gra91 soap/one1 s]p5t9e &    
alaba/]4 ,! objects made ( lime/one are 
daub$ ) bitum5 tak5 f ! mummies1 or f ! 
colors tak5 away f ! pa9t+s 9 ! hypogea1

 f9ally "s are cov]$ uni=mly ) a        
brilliant pott]y glaze :i* r5d]s1 x is  
true1 ! =ms r blurr$ & n easy to see1 b 
:i* resembles 9 a surpris+ mann]1       
antiquities :i* ! action ( fire or (    
e>?1 impregnat$ ) saltpetre1 h slightly 
damag$4 ,! feign$ hi]oglyphs !re9 are   
mi/ak5 = ^? z to :i* ! "w has be5       
neglect$4 ,_! /atuettes recall !        
figur9es ( poor w>e1 :i* ! ,anci5t      
,egyptians plac$ 9 s great a numb] 9 _! 
tombs4 ,9 spite ( _! imp]fections1 !    
fellahs h be5 p]fectly successful 9     
deceiv+ mo/ ( ! travel]s1 g5]ally       
grossly ignorant ( antiquities4 ,h>d    
/ones1 su* z basalt1 gre5 jasp]1 burnt  
s]p5t9e1 gre5 feldsp>1 *alc$ony1        
cornelian1 etc41 ^u :i* ! rude tools ( !
 fellahs w\ld n h work$1 w\ld h become1 
= ! amateurs 9 antiquities1 ! only      
pieces ( au!ntic orig92 b ! ,jews (     
,cairo1 also z rapaci\s & m able ?an !  
,arabs1 h engrav$ ) ! :eel1 sc>abs &    
amulets d5ud$ ( leg5ds2 & f9ally h      
entirely c\nt]feit$ !m1 s t all ^!      

little objects are n[ v mu* suspect$1 & 
_! appreciation to-day1 dem&s und]/&+ ( 
! text mu* m ?an k ( ,egyptian art4  ,n 
only ! t\ri/s1 ! p ( leisure f ,europe1 
:o br+ back f all ! classic l&s "s      
antiquities1 9 place ( obs]vation &     
/udy1 :i* are n sold2 pur*ase ^!        
falsifi$ antiquities1 b also p :o pride 
!mselves ^u hav+ a k ( ar*ology1 (t5 buy
 !m4 ,mo/ ( ! collections ( ! ,museums (
 ,europe conta91 m or less1 objects     
fabricat$ 9 our day 9 ,egypt4 ',luxor'  
says ,m4 ,m>iette1 'is a c5tre =        
fabrications 9 :i* sc>abs1 /atuettes &  
ev5 /eles1 are imitat$ ) an address :i* 
(t5 leads a/ray ! mo/ in/ruct$          
antiqu>y4'  ,mr4 ,h5ry ,a4 ,rh9d#aaa    
writ+ 9 #ahfb says3 ,!re is n[ at ,!bes 
an ar*-=g] ( sc>abi--a c]ta9 ,ali       
,gamooni1 ^: endeavors1 9 ! manufacture 
( ^! mu* s\ght aft] relics1 h be5 cr[n$ 
) ! greate/ success4 99 99 ,sc>abi (    
elegant & well f9i%$ descriptions1 are n
 beyond ! range ( ?is curi\s c\nt]feit]4
 ,^! he makes ( ! same mat]ial z !      

anci5ts us$--a close-gra9$1 easily cut  
lime/one--:i*1 aft] x is cut into %ape &
 lett]$1 receives a gre5i% glaze by be+ 
bak$ on a %ovel ) brass fil+s4 ,ali n   
cont5t ) closely imitat+1 has ev5 aspir$
 to ! creative2 s antiqu>ians mu/ be on 
_! gu>d le/ !y wa/e _! "t & le>n+1 on   
antiquities ( a v mod]n date4#aab       
,,footnotes3  #aaj ,collections         
d',antiquits gypt4 au ,caire1 p4 #a et  
seq4  #aaa ,!bes2 its ,tombs & _!       
,t5ants1 anci5t & mod]n4 ,london1 #ahfb4
  #aab ,ibid41 pp4 #bec-bee4 ,comp4     
,gliddon1 ,indig5\s ,races1 p4 #aib     
note4     ,,ix4      ,,pho5ician        
,,sc>abs4 ,,manufactur$ ,,mo/ly ,,z     
,,article ,,( ,,trade4     ,,us$        
,,inscrib$ ,,sc>abs ,,z ,,seals ,,9     
,,comm]cial ,,& ,,o!r                   
,,transactions4 ,,_m ,,sc>abs ,,f\nd ,,9
 ,,s>d9ia4   ,ar*ologi/s frequ5tly f9d 9
 l&s bord]+ on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean 
sea1 sc>abs & sc>abeoids1 on :i* are    
engrav$ subjects :i* are ,egyptian1     
,*aldean1 ,assyrian1 ,hittite or        

,p]sian2 !y 7 int5d$ app>5tly to be us$ 
z signets1 & 7 incis$ ) %ort            
inscriptions 9 ,pho5ician1 & sometimes1 
9 ,aramaic or 9 ,hebrew1 giv+ ! "n ( !  
own] ( ! signet4  ,^! _h be5 mo/ly      
manufactur$ 9 _! entirety1 z articles ( 
trade1 = sale by ! anci5t m]*ants (     
,tyre & ,sidon1 or !y 7 ,egyptian1      
,assyrian or o!r orig9als ^u :i*1       
,pho5ician lapid>ies _h engrav$ ! "n ( !
 lat] ,pho5ician own]4 ,9 spite ( n be+ 
an arti/ic p produc+ works ( orig9ality1
 ?is p1 ! great m>9]s & m]*ants (       
antiquity1 _h 9 an em95t degree ! g5ius 
( assimilation or adaptation1 &         
manufactur$ cyl9d]s1 cones1 sph]oids1   
sc>abs & signets ( all k9ds1 at fir/ =  
!mselves1 & aft]w>ds z an article ( sale
 to ! p ) :om !y trad$4  ,!y also us$   
seals 9 _! comm]cial & m>itime          
transactions1 :i* !y surr\nd$ ) ! same  
=malities :i* we f9d 9 ,assyria1        
,babylonia & ,*aldea4 ,:5 !y dealt ) ^! 
la/ m5tion$ peoples1 ! ,pho5icians came 
into contact ) nations1 ^: mo/          

unimportant transactions 7 put into     
writ+ by a scribe1 & seal$ 9 ! pres5ce (
 witnesses1 ) ! seal ( ! contract+      
p>ties4 ,!y !re=e 9 deal+ ) ^! p 7      
oblig$ to h & use signets4#aacaad ,su*  
contracts h be5 f\nd dat+ betwe5        
#gde-gbi ,b4,c4  ,9 ! isl& ( ,s>d9ia h  
be5 f\nd num]\s intaglios "u ! =m (     
sc>abs1 !y 7 app>5tly us$ z signets4 ,! 
"u p>ts are incis$ ) ,egyptian1         
,assyro-,*aldean or ,p]sian subjects4 ,9
 ! necropolis ( ,?>ros1 an e>ly         
,pho5ician colony situat$ ne> ! pres5t  
,torre di ,san ,giovanni di ,s9is1 h be5
 f\nd m ?an #fjj sc>abs ornam5t$ )      
,egyptian1 ,assyrian & ,p]sian          
subjects2#aae & "o might believe a      
colony :i* came f ,egypt or ,assyria    
settl$ !re4 ,^! sc>abs are usually cut 9
 d>k gre5 jasp]1 "s are made (          
cornelian1 o!rs ( a glass-pa/e1 r>ely 9 
ame?y/ or s>donyx4 ,! "w is v>iable     
sometimes c>efully done1 b none ( !     
sc>abs h ! cle>ness ( ^? f\nd 9 ,egypt1 
nor ( ! ,assyro-,*aldean ( ,asia4 ,mo/ (

 ^! sc>abs1 :i* are always made 9 ne>ly 
! same =m1 7 m\nt$1 "s 9 gold & o!rs 9  
silv]2 also sometimes 9 o!r metals :i* !
 corrosions f age _h already caus$ to   
disappe> :5 !y 7 f\nd4  ,^! intaglios c 
be divid$ f ! nature ( ! subjects into  
?ree v>ieties4 ,! fir/ ^? imitat+ !     
,egyptian2 ! second1 ! ,assyro-,*aldean2
 & ! ?ird1 ! ,p]sian4 ,all ^! sc>abs are
 ( ,pho5ician manufacture1 b !y 7       
probably made 9 ,s>d9ia1 z ! rema9s ( ! 
work%ops & mat]ials us$ 9 mak+ !m1 h be5
 f\nd !re4 ,!y d n g back ( #ejj ,b4,c4 
,! ,pho5icians 9 _! colonies1 %[$ no m  
orig9ality 9 _! "w ?an !y did 9 ! "m    
c\ntry1 & h be5 only ! int]m$i>y ag5ts  
betwe5 ! civilization ( ! ,ori5t & t ( !
 ,occid5t4 ,?is p ev5 c\nt]feit$        
,egyptian manufactures & antiquities 9  
ord] to sell !m1 & ! borr[+s 9 _! own   
religion %[1 !y 7 gov]n$ m by ! ga9s (  
trade ?an ! desires or dep?s ( piety4   
,!re are a numb] 9 ! ,cesnola collection
 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art 9 ,new
 ,york ,city4  ,!re is a magnific5t     

sc>ab 9 gre5 jasp] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 
b :]e x 0 produc$ is n kn[n4 ,x appe>s  
to be f ! *isel ( an ,egyptian arti/4 ,!
 base h[ev] has be5 engrav$ by ano!r2   
its subject is cle>ly ,assyrian1 9 !    
/yle ( "w done ) ! drill1 by ! arti/s ( 
,calah4 ,9 ! field ( ! signet is a      
symbol unkn[n to ,assyria or ,egypt1    
bel[ ?is is evid5tly ! ,egyptian ankh or
 crux ansata & bel[ ?is is !            
inscription3 7,signet7 ( ,hodo1 !       
,scribe4 ,?is a beautiful specim5 ( !   
intellig5t "w ( ! ,pho5icians4          
,,footnotes3  #aac ,su* contracts writt5
 on t]ra cotta1 h be5 f\nd seal$ )      
impressions ( ! f+] nails on ! m>g9 ( ! 
t]ra cotta be=e x 0 bak$2 o!rs h _h     
some?+ z to ! act done1 ref]r$ to on !  
m>g9s1 writt5 9 ,pho5ician lett]s4 ,!re 
has be5 f\nd an example ( ?is z e>ly z  
#ghc ,b4,c4  #aad ,m5ant4 ,les ,pi]res  
,graves de la ,haute-,asie1 p4 #baa et  
seq4  #aae ,crespi1 ,catalogo1 p4 #ach1 
,no4 #a4     ,x4      ,,etruscan        
,,sc>abs4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,& ,,:]e ,,f\nd4 

,,copi$ ,,f     ,,egyptian ,,b ,,)      
,,*anges ,,9 ,,subjects1 ,,size ,,&     
,,ornam5tation4     ,,! ,,engrav+ ,,(4  
,,:]e ,,usually ,,f\nd4 ,,uses ,,by ,,! 
,,etruscans4     ,,greek ,,& ,,roman    
,,sc>abs4 ,,gno/ic1 ,,( ,,!             
,,basilidians4   ,! ar*aic p ( anci5t   
,etruria did n make cameos1 _! gems 7   
intaglios & 7 incis$ on ! "u side1 on   
=ms %ap$ 9 ! model ( ! sc>abu or beetle4
 ,! use ( ! =m !re=e 0 mo/ likely d]iv$ 
f ^? us$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,!       
,etruscan sc>abs 7 h[ev] n correct      
repres5tations2 !y 7 conv5tional &      
exagg]at$ resemblances ( ! insect4  ,!  
,etruscan sc>abu is f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts 
( ,italy1 q frequ5tly at ,*iusi1 9      
,tuscany1 :i* 0 =m]ly anci5t ,etruria2 f
 :5ce1 ! "n ,etruscan = ^? f\nd 9 ?is "p
 ( ,italy1 has be5 d]iv$4  ,!y 7 usually
 manufactur$ ( common r$ s>d1 su* z is  
n[ (t5 met ) 9 ! b$s ( ,italian torr5ts1
 b ,etruscan sc>abs h also be5 f\nd made
 ( s>donyx1 cornelian1 onyx & agate1    
also1 b r>ely1 ( *alc$ony4  ,! anci5t   

inhabitants ( ,italy foll[$ ! ,egyptian 
=m 9 mak+ ! repres5tation except1 t !   
back & ! w+ cases ( ! sc>ab are set mu* 
high] ?an ! ,egyptian1 & !re is usually 
a rais$ ridge runn+ along ! junction1   
also ! legs are cut out on ! side1 & a  
slight diff]5ce exi/s 9 ! ornam5tation &
 engrav+ ( ! w+ cases4 ,! /ones h be5   
rubb$ into %ape app>5tly by corundum4   
,few exce$ an in*1 & mo/ are n ov] half 
an in* 9 l5g?1 :]eas ! ,egyptian 7 f !  
size ( our ord9>y h\se fly to ^? a numb]
 ( feet across4 ,! mat]ial ( ! ,etruscan
 is also always semi-transp>5t1 except  
^? burn$ :i* has made ! s>d opaque4 ,!  
flat side or base 0 engrav$ ) intaglio4 
,?is engrav+ ?\gh 9 e>ly examples rude &
 done ) ! drill1 0 9 lat] times1 improv$
 by ! use ( ! :eel1 diamond du/ & !     
diamond po9t1 & by ! poli%+ ( bo? !     
surface & ! incis$ p>ts1 & also1 by !   
addition1 bo? at ! sides & ar\nd !      
engrav$ base1 ( an ornam5tal bord] (    
small /rokes foll[+ ea* o!r closely1    
resembl+ 9 "s specim5s1 ! mill+ ( a co92

 9 o!rs1 x is l a widely l9k$ *a9 or /r+
 ( beads1 or a loosely twi/$ cable1 & 9 
o!rs l ! ornam5tation kn[n z egg m\ld+4 
,9 ,egyptian sc>abs ! flat or "u "p ( ! 
/one1 :i* is ! side engrav$ 9 intaglio1 
has repres5tations ( deities or         
hi]oglyphs2 9 ! ,etruscan1 ! subjects   
engrav$ 9 intaglio on ! base1 are       
repres5tations ( animals1 wild or       
dome/ic1 or are ^? d]iv$ f ,egyptian1   
,assyrian or ,babylonian s\rces1 & aft] 
acqua9tance ) ! ,greeks1 subjects d]iv$ 
f e>ly ,greek my?s1 especially ! de$s ( 
,h]akles & ( ! h]oes ( ! ,trojan ,w>1 ( 
^? ( ,!bes & ! sports ( ! ,pal/ra4      
,sometimes ! "n ( ! subject 0 engrav$ on
 "o side ( x1 & occasionally ! we>]'s "n
 or a ^w ( my/ic mean+1 r>ely symbols or
 figures ( ! ,etruscan gods or *imras4  
,! engrav+ is ( great s]vice to !       
hi/orian & /ud5t ( ! glyptic art1 z !   
subjects %[ ! transition f ,assyrian1   
,egyptian1 & ,p]sian =ms & figures1 to !
 ar*aic ,greek & ! be/ p]iod ( /one     
engrav+4  ,_m ( ! ,etruscan examples h  

be5 f\nd at ,prne/e1 ! mod]n ,pale/r9a1 
& 9 ! necropolis ( ,clusium2 "s ( ^?    
f\nd !re1 h engrav$ on ! base ! lotus   
fl[] ) f\r-w+$ figures ( ar*aic         
,etruscan =m1 ! kynokephallos ape1 !    
sacr$ asp or uru ( ,egypt1 ! w+$ sun (  
,!bes & ! bull ,apis2 on o!rs are       
figures copi$ f ,assyrian orig9als2 on  
o!rs are ,h]akles fight+ ! lion1        
,h]akles /eal+ ! tripod ( ,apollo &     
discov]$ by ! latt]2 ,ajax & ,cass&ra1 a
 ,h>py1 etc4 ,"s ( ^! h be5 f\nd 9 tombs
 & o!r places ) ! color *ang$ to an     
opaque :ite by ! action ( fire4 ,^! h   
be5 burn$ ) ! body ( _! own] :5 he 0    
cremat$4  ,! ,etruscans h evid5tly      
borr[$ ! =m )\t c>+ = ! cult2 !re does n
 appe> ) !m any my/]i\s1 religi\s or    
a/ronomical mean+1 nor ! v5]ation = x1  
:i* exi/$ among ! old ,egyptians2 b no  
d\bt1 ! repres5tation 0 consid]$ z a    
talisman or pres]vative amulet & 0 worn 
z su*1 b 9 _m in/ances likely1 only z a 
matt] ( ornam5t 9 dress4  ,!y 7 pi]c$ l 
^? ( ,egypt longitud9ally1 & "o me?od ( 

we>+ !m1 01 by /r++ !m1 int]m+l$ )      
beads1 z a necklace1 b !y 7 also worn z 
a signet /one 9 a r+ ) a swivel1 s !y   
c\ld be turn$ & ! incis$ "p us$ z a seal
 by ! own]4  ,i ?9k x likely t !        
,etruscans at fir/1 pur*as$ ! sc>abs f !
 ,pho5ician trad]s ^: m]*ant %ips1 z ,i 
h said 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 traffick$ 9    
ornam5ts & jewelry at an e>ly p]iod1 &  
:o likely1 at fir/1 may h br\ght "s f   
,egypt & aft]w>ds manufactur$ sc>abs z  
an article ( b>t]4  ,!re is "o          
peculi>ity to be not$ 9 ! glyptography (
 ! ,etruscans1 ! abs5ce ( a transitional
 p]iod betwe5 ! extremely rude designs (
 ! e>ly /yle1 made almo/ entirely by !  
use ( ! drill1 & ! intaglios ( ! mo/    
beautiful f9i% 9 l[ relief4 ,mr4 ,k+1 9 
8 "w on ,antique ,gems1 says3 ,:ile !   
fir/ class (f]s c>icatures ( m5 &       
animals1 ! favorite subjects be+ figures
 ?r[+ ! discus1 fawns ) amphora1 c[s )  
suck+ calves1 or ! latt] alone1 ! second
 gives u subjects f ! ,greek my?ology1  
especially sc5es f ,hom] & ! trag$ians1 

among :i*1 ! /ories ( ,philoctetes &    
,bell]ophon occur ) rem>kable frequ5cy4 
,i ?9k ! rudely made are likely (       
,etruscan or ,pho5ician manufacture1 !  
f9ely execut$ ( ,greek4  ,! inscriptions
 on ,etruscan /ones are ne>ly always !  
names ( ! p]sons repres5t$ on !m4 ,!re  
are b few exceptions to ?is4 ,we may    
!re=e divide ,etruscan glyptography     
into3  ,i4 ,etruscan sc>abs1 ) ,etruscan
 or ,assyrian subjects4  ,,ii4 ,etruscan
 sc>abs1 ) ar*aic ,greek subjects4  ,!re
 are _m m ( ! latt] ?an ! =m]4 ,! ,greek
 subjects mo/ frequ5tly met )1 ref] to  
actions by ,h]akles1 ,p]seus1 ,tydeus1  
,!seus1 ,peleus1 ,ulysses1 ,a*illes &   
,ajax4  ,! "t ( manufacture & use by !  
,etruscans 0 mo/ probably be=e !        
,i,i,ird c5tury ,b4,c41 at :i* "t1      
,etruria 0 conqu]$ by ! ,romans1 its    
manufactures de/roy$ & its arti/s tak5  
to ,rome4  ,! ,greeks borr[$ ! =m f !   
,egyptians1 b improv$ on ! engrav+1 :i* 
!y made m natural & arti/ic2 f9ally !y  
suppress$ ! insect b pres]v$ ! oval =m (

 ! base4 ,! ,romans also adopt$1 x may  
be surmis$ f ! ,etruscans1 ! sc>ab      
signet & reta9$ its =m until ! lat] days
 ( ! ,republic4 ,w9ckelmann1 says3 ,^? )
 ! figures or heads ( ,s]apis or ,anubis
 incis$ ^u !m are ( ?is p]iod4#aaf ,i   
?9k x likely1 t ^? ) ?is deity ^u !m may
 g back to ! p]iod ( ! ,ptolemys4  ,at !
 end ( ! ,i/ or beg9n+ ( ! ,i,ind c5tury
 ,a4,d41 arose ! gno/ic ,egyptian sect  
call$ ! ,basilidians4 ,!y introduc$ an  
amulet or talisman4 ,x 0 made oval 9 !  
=m ( ! base ( ! ,egyptian sc>ab4 ,su*   
talisman 7 usually made ( black         
,egyptian basalt1 sometimes ( s>d or o!r
 h>d /ones4 ,^u !m 7 engrav$ my/]i\s    
hi]oglyphs & figures1 call$ ,abraxas1 & 
!y are kn[n z ,abraxoides4 ,among !     
figures engrav$ 0 frequ5tly t ( !       
sc>abu4 ,montfaucon has giv5 a numb] (  
!m 9 8 ,antiquities4#aag ,*ifflet has   
also giv5 sev]al4#aah  ,,footnotes3     
#aaf ,w9ckelmann1 ,art4 #b1 c4 #a4  #aag
 ,vol4 ,,ii41 "p #b1 p4 #cci4 ,ed4 (    
,p>is4  #aah ,comp4 ,fosbrooke ,encyc4 (

 ,antiq4 ,london1 #ahbe1 "p ,i41 p4     
#bjh4     ,,app5dix ,a4   ,! he>t ( man 
0 consid]$ to be ! s\rce f :5ce proce$$1
 n only ! beg9n+s ( life b also !       
beg9n+s ( ?\ght4 ,x 0 symboliz$ by !    
sc>ab4 ,examples ( ! he>t h be5 f\nd1 "s
 ) a repres5tation ( ! human head at !  
top ( !m1 & ( human h&s cross$ ov] !m2 &
 o!rs1 hav+ a figure ( ! s\l 9 ! %ape ( 
a hawk ) out/ret*$ w+s1 incis$ on "o    
side ( ! model4  ,s9ce ! =ego+ *apt]s 7 
put 9 type1 :i* 7 bas$ on ! ,book ( !   
,dead z publi%$ by ,m4 ,paul ,pi]ret 9 a
 ,fr5* translation1 f ! ,tur9 papyrus & 
! papyri 9 ! ,l\vre1 z m5tion$ 9 my     
,introduction2 ! ,translation &         
,comm5t>y ( ,! ,egyptian ,book ( ! ,dead
 by ,p4 ,le ,page ,r5\f1 ,esq41,a ,p>ts 
,i4 & ,,ii41 h appe>$4  ,mr4 ,r5\f's    
translation is bas$ on ,das gyptis*e    
,todt5bu* d] ,,xviii4 bis ,,xx4 ,dyna/ie
 by ,m4 ,ed\>d ,naville1,b & is f papyri
 ( ! ,!ban ,dyna/ies & f a v mu* old]   
p]iod ?an t ( ! ,tur9 papyrus4  ,!      
*apt]s s f> giv5 9 ,mr4 ,r5\f's         

translation :i* relate to ! he>t1 are ! 
#bf?1 #bg?1 #bh?1 #bi;,a1 #bi;,b1       
#cj;,a1 & #cj;,b4 ,!y are z foll[s3     
,,*apt] ,,xxvi4      ,*apt] :]eby !     
,he>t is giv5 to a p]son 9 !            
,ne!rworld4       ,he sai?3 ,he>t1,c m9e
 to me1 9 ! place ( ,he>ts6 ,:ole       
,he>t6 m9e to me 9 ! place ( ,:ole      
,he>ts6      ,let me h my ,he>t t x may 
re/ )9 me2 b ,i %all     fe$ ^u ! food (
 ,osiris1 on ! ea/]n side ( ! mead (    
am>an?9e fl[]s4      ,be m9e a b>k1 =   
desc5d+ ! /ream & ano!r1 =     asc5d+4  
,i g d[n into ! b>k :]e9 ?\ art4        
,be !re giv5 to me my m\? :]e) to speak1
 & my feet     = walk+2 & let me h my   
arms :]e) to ov]?r[ my     adv]s>ies4   
,let two h&s f ! ,e>? op5 my m\?3 ,let  
,seb1 !     ,erpa,d ( ! gods1 "p my two 
jaws2 let him op5 my two     eyes :i*   
are clos$1 & give motion to my two h&s  
:i* are     p[]less3 & let ,anubis give 
vig\r to my legs1 t ,i may     raise    
myself up ^u !m4      ,& may ,se*it1 !  
div9e "o1 lift me up2 s t ,i may arise  

9 ,heav5 & issue my behe/ 9 ,memphis4   
,i am 9 possession ( my ,he>t1 ,i am 9  
possession ( my ,:ole     ,he>t1 ,i am 9
 possession ( my arms & ,i h possession 
( my     legs4      ,i d :atsoev] my    
,g5ius 7,ka87 wille?1 & my ,s\l 7,ba87  
is n b\nd to my ,body 7,khat87 at !     
gates ( ,am5ta4         ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4
      ,*apt] :]eby ! ,he>t ( a p]son is 
n tak5 f him 9     ! ,ne!rworld4        
,o ye gods :o seize ^u ,he>ts & :o pluck
 out ! ,:ole     ,he>t2 & ^: h&s fa%ion 
anew ! ,he>t ( a p]son     accord+ to   
:at he ha? done2 lo n[1 let t be =giv5  
to     him by y4      ,hail to y1 ,o ye 
,lords ( ,ev]la/+ ,"t & ,et]nity6       
,let n my ,he>t be torn f me by y\r     
f+]s4      ,let n my ,he>t be fa%ion$   
anew accord+ to all ! evil     ?+s said 
aga9/ me4      ,= ?is ,he>t ( m9e is !  
,he>t ( ! god ( mighty names     7i4e41 
,?o?17 ( ! great god ^: words are 9 8   
memb]s1     & :o give? free c\rse to 8  
,he>t :i* is )9 him4      ,& mo/ ke5 (  
insight is 8 ,he>t among ! gods4 ,ho to 

me6     ,he>t ( m9e2 ,i am 9 possession 
( !e1 ,i am ?y ma/]1 &     ?\ art by me2
 fall n away f me2 ,i am ! dictator :om 
?\ %alt obey 9 ! ,ne!rworld4            
,,*apt] ,,xxviii4      ,*apt] :]eby !   
,he>t ( a p]son is n tak5 f him 9     ! 
,ne!rworld4       ,o ,lion-,god6      ,i
 am ,unbu,e & :at ,i abom9ate is ! block
 ( execution4      ,let n ?is ,:ole     
,he>t ( m9e be torn f me by ! ,div9e    
,*ampions,f 9 ,heliopolis4      ,o ?\ :o
 clo!/ ,osiris & ha/ se5 ,sutu4      ,o 
?\ :o turne/ back aft] hav+ smitt5 him1 
& ha/     accompli%$ ! ov]?r[4      ,?is
 ,:ole ,he>t ( m9e rema9e? weep+ ov]    
itself 9 7!7     pres5ce ( ,osiris4     
,its /r5g? proce$e? f him1 x ha? obta9$ 
x by pray]     f him4      ,i h _h      
grant$ to x & aw>d$ to x1 ! gl[ ( he>t  
at     ! h\r ( ! god ( ! ,broad ,face1 &
 h (f]$ !     sacrificial cakes 9       
,h]mopolis4      ,let n ?is ,:ole ,he>t 
( m9e be torn f me4,g ,x is ,i :o       
entru/ to y its place1 & vehem5tly /ir  
y\r ,:ole ,he>t     t[>ds x 9           

,se*it-hotepit & ! ye>s ( triumph ov]   
all     t x abhors1 & tak+ all          
provisions at ?9e appo9t$     "t f ?9e  
h& aft] !e4      ,& ?is ,:ole ,he>t (   
m9e is laid ^u ! tablets ( ,tmu1     :o 
guide? me to ! cav]ns ( ,sutu & :o give?
 me back my     ,:ole ,he>t :i* ha?     
accompli%$ its desire 9 7!7 pres5ce     
( ! ,div9e ,circle :i* is 9 !           
,ne!rworld4      ,! sacrificial jo9t & !
 fun]eal raim5t1 let ^? :o     f9d !m   
bury !m4         ,,*apt] ,,xxixa4       
,*apt] :]eby ! ,he>t ( a p]son may n be 
tak5 f him     9 ! ,ne!rworld4          
,back ?\ ,mess5g],h ( ?y god6 ,art ?\   
come to c>ry (f by     viol5ce ?is ,:ole
 ,he>t ( m9e1 ( ! ,liv+4,i ,! gods     h
 reg>d to my (f]+s & fall ^u _! faces1  
all     toge!r1 ^u _! own e>?4,j        
,c]ta9 *apt]s ref]r+ to ! ,he>t 7 incis$
 ^u h>d     preci\s /ones1,k & us$ z    
amulets & talisman4 ,! ,x,x,v,ith     ^u
 ,lapis-lazuli1 ! ,x,x,v,i,ith on gre5  
,felsp>1 ! ,x,x,xth on     ,s]p5t9e4 ,! 
foll[+ 0 usually incis$ on ,c>nelian4   

,,*apt] ,,xxixb4      ,*apt] ( ! ,he>t2 
^u ,c>nelian4       ,i am ! ,h]on1 !    
,s\l ( ,ra1 :o conducts ! ,glori\s ones 
to ! ,tuat4      ,x is grant$ to _!     
,s\ls 7,baiu87 to come =? ^u !     ,e>?1
 to d :atsoev] _! ,g5ius 7,ka87 wille?4 
,x is grant$ to ! ,s\l 7,ba87 ( !       
,osiris 7! "n ( !     deceas$ 0 ins]t$  
"h7 to come =? ^u ! ,e>? to d           
:atsoev] 8 ,g5ius 7,ka87 wille?4        
,,*apt] ,,xxxa4      ,*apt] :]eby !     
,he>t ( a p]son is n kept back f him    
9 ! ,ne!rworld4       ,he>t m9e :i* is t
 ( my ,"m1 ,:ole ,he>t m9e :i*     0 t (
 my com+ ^u ,e>?1      ,let !re be no   
e/oppel aga9/ me ?r\gh evid5ce2 let n   
h9drance be made to me by ! ,div9e      
,circle2 let !re n be a     fall ( !    
,scale,l aga9/ me 9 7!7 pres5ce ( !     
great     god1 ,"l ( ,am5ta4      ,hail1
 to !e1 ,he>t m9e2 ,hail to !e1 ,:ole   
,he>t m9e1 ,hail     to !e1 ,liv] m9e6  
,hail to y1 ye gods :o are on ! side    
lock1 conspicu\s by     y\r sceptres1   
ann\nce my glory to ,ra & convey x to   

,nehabkau4      ,& lo1 ?\gh he be buri$ 
9 ! deep deep ,grave1 & b[$     d[n to !
 region ( annihilation1 he is glorifi$  
!re4         ,,*apt] ,,xxxb4       ,he>t
 m9e :i* is t ( my ,"m1 ,:ole ,he>t m9e 
:i* is     t ( my bir?1      ,let !re be
 no e/oppel aga9/ me ?r\gh evid5ce1 let 
no     h9drance be made to me by !      
,div9e ,circle2 fall ?\ n     aga9/ me 9
 7!7 pres5ce ( him :o is at ! ,balance4 
,?\ art my ,g5ius 7,ka87 :o art by me1 !
 ,arti/ :o give/     s\ndness to my     
limbs4      ,come =? to ! bliss t[>ds   
:i* we are b\nd2      ,let n ^?         
,m9i/rants,m :o deal ) a man accord+ to 
! c\rse ( 8 life give a bad od\r to my  
,"n4      ,pleasant = u1 pleasant = !   
li/5]1 is ! joy ( !     ,weigh+ ( !     
,words4      ,let n lies be utt]$ 9 !   
pres5ce ( ! great god     7,osiris87 ,"l
 ( ,am5ta4      ,lo6 h[ great art ?\ z !
 ,triumphant "o4  ,?is *apt] is f\nd ^u 
num]\s papyri & sc>abs4 ,! diff]5ces 9 !
 texts are _m1 ! pr9cipal may be        
consid]$ z 9 ! #cj;,a & #cj;,b1 (       

,naville's ,text4  ,! olde/ copy we h on
 a sc>ab1 is on t ( k+ ,sebak-em-saf ( !
 ,x,i,i,ith ,dyna/y4 ,9 ! ,briti%       
,museum1 ,no4 #ghgf4 ,dr4 ,samuel ,bir* 
has describ$ x,n 9 8 /udy on ! ,=mulas  
relat+ to ! ,he>t4 ,he says3 ,?is amulet
 is ( unusual %ape2 ! body ( ! insect is
 made ( a rem>kably f9e gre5 jasp] c>v$ 
into ! %ape ( ! body & head ( ! insect4 
,?is is ins]t$ into a base ( gold 9 !   
%ape ( a tablet4 99 99 99 ,! legs ( !   
insect are 99 99 99 ( gold & c>v$ 9     
relief 99 99 99 ,! hi]oglyphs are incis$
 9 outl9e1 are co>se1 & n v legible4,o  
,,footnotes3  ,a ,privately pr9t$ =1 ,! 
,society ( ,biblical ,ar*ology4 ,london1
 #ahic4  ,b ,b]l91 ,a%] und ,co41 #ahhf4
 ,e9leitung1 9 #dto1 v42 #bjd p42 #a;er 
,b&1 ,text und ,vignett51 9 folio1      
,,ccxii4 pl41 #b;e ,b&1 ,v>iant51 #ddg  
p4  ,c ,! ,egyptian texts h two names = 
! ,he>t4 ,"o ab1 ! o!r1 hatu4 ,ab us$ z 
connect$ ) lively motion4 ,! ^w hatu    
seems to include n only ! he>t prop]ly  
to say1 b also ! lungs1 & by x ! he>t 0 

likely consid]$ also 9 connection ) !   
l>ynx & ! respiratory organs ( man4 ,mr4
 ,r5\f uses 9 8 translation1 = ! latt]1 
! expression2 ,:ole ,he>t4  ,d ,see1    
,trans4 ,soc4 ,bibl4 ,ar*41 ,,xii41 p4  
#cei4  ,e ,"o ( ! names ( ! sol> god4   
,f ,likely ! ,=ty-two ,judges ( !       
,psy*o/asia4 ,my]4  ,g ,m4 ,pi]ret /ops 
8 translation ( ?is *apt] "h1 say+3 ,!  
end ( ?is *apt] is absolutely           
un9telligible2 ! v>iants ( ! hi]atic    
manuscripts d n make x cle>4  ,h ,! same
 z1 angel1 or "o s5t4  ,i ,t is1 ( !    
sav$1 ( ^? decl>$ re-born1 9 opposition 
to ! he>t ( ! wick$1 ^? adjudg$ to be   
annihilat$ or suff] ! second dea?4  ,j  
,! mo/ anci5t copies ( ?is *apt] are    
f\nd1 "o on ! c(f9 ( ,amamu1 ! o!r on t 
( ,horhotep4 ,mission4 ,ar*4 ,fran4 au  
,caire1 ,tom4 ,i41 p4 #aeg1 l4 #cce-ccg4
 ,!y are n p]fect4 ,! papyrus ( ,ani    
conta9s an imp]fect copy ( ! *apt]4  ,k 
,see1 ,zeits1 #ahhj1 ,e9ige in$ita by   
,pr(4 ,eb]s4  ,l ,t is at ! ,psy*o/asia 
or weigh+ ( ! ,ba1 or responsible s\l1 (

 ! defunct4 ,my]4  ,m ,?is ref]s likely 
to ! ,=ty-two ,judges 9 ! ,psy*o/asia4  
,my]4  ,n ,zeits*r1 #ahgj1 p4 #cb4  ,o  
,see fur!r on ! subject ( ! ,he>t1      
,zeits*r1 #ahff1 #fi et seq41 #ahfg1 pp4
 #af1 #ed1 & ,dr4 ,samuel ,bir* 91      
,catalogue ( ,egyptian ,antiquities 9   
,alnwick ,ca/le1 p4 #bbd4     ,,index4  
,aanru1 ! ,egyptian heav51 #fa4 ,see1   
,hotep4  ,a>1 ,see1 ,aanru1 #fa4  ,ab4  
,! ,he>t1 ,introd4 ix41 #aai1 #ade et   
seq4 ,see1 ,he>t4  ,abraxas gems1 #adc4 
,abydos4 ,sc>abs (1 #bg1 #bh4  ,am51    
#gg4 ,see1 ,ammon4  ,am5-em-hat ,,iii4  
,f9e cameo (1 #cc1 #cd4  ,am5-hotep     
,,ii4 ,signet r+ (1 #ce4  ,am5-hotep1 or
 ,am5ophis ,,iii1 ,sc>abs (1 #be1 #ec1  
#ed1 #ee1 #ef4  ,am5ophis ,,iii4 ,sc>abs
 (1 f\nd 9 ,mesopotamia1 #fb1 #fc4      
,am5-,ra4 ,! sc>abu sacr$ to1 #ac4      
,am5ta1 #adh1 #aeb1 #aed4 ,see1 ,am5ti4 
,am5ti1 #ajb4 ,see1 ,am5ta4  ,ammon or  
,am51 #hi1 #ij4  ,ammon-,ra4 ,hymn to1  
#ii et seq4  ,amsit1 #ajh4  ,&rog5e4 ,! 
sc>abu an1 #gi4  ,&rog5ic idea z to !   

sc>abu1 #g1 note4  ,ankh1 #aah4 ,see1   
,crux ansata4  ,annihilat$4 ,! wick$1 at
 ! psy*o/asia1 adjudg$ to be1 #id1 #if4 
,annihilation4 ,! region (1             
glorification ev5 91 #aec4  ,annuities  
p]petual1 left ! prie/s to p]=m ! sacr$ 
duties to   ! dead1 #aba4  ,anubis1     
#adg4  ,apap1 ! ,evil ,"o1 #hf4         
,ari/ophanes ridicules ! use ( ! sc>abu1
 #g  ,assyrian contracts seal$1 #abi1   
#acj & note4  ,a/rolog]s1 #gc4          
,a/ronom]s1 #gc4  ,a/ronomy4 ,! sc>abu  
91 #ab1 #ac4  ,ateu*us4 ,! ,g5us1 #d1   
#e1 #f4  ,ateu*us sac] gyptiorum1 #e1   
#f4  ,ateu*us sac]4 ,symbolism ( !1 #f4 
,a!na 7,nei?7 symboliz$ by a vulture &  
sc>abu1 #ab4  ,atmu or ,tum1 #gj1 #ajb1 
#aab4 ,see1 ,tum & ,tmu4  ,atmu-,khep]a1
 #aab4  ,atoms & molecules accord+ to ! 
,anci5t ,egyptians1 are n   de/roy$1    
#ie1 #if4  ,atum1 #ajc4  ,azazel4 ,!    
,angel1 taught ! art ( ! lapid>y to     
mank9d1 #cj4   ,ba or ,bai1 plur4 ,baiu1
 ! responsible s\l1 ,introd4 ix41 #ib1  
#ih1   #aad1 #aae1 #adh1 #aeb4   0 judg$

 9 ! ,hall ( ,osiris1 #aai1 #abj4       
usually repres5t$ z a human head$       
sp>r[-hawk1 b sometimes z   a crane & at
 o!rs1 z a lapw+1 #aae4  ,balance4 ,!1  
#aeb1 #aec4  ,basilidian amulets1 #adc4 
,bibliography ( ! sc>abu1 ,introd4 xix4 
et seq4  ,bir*1 ,dr4 ,samuel1 on a sc>ab
 ( ,sebak-em-saf1 #aed4   ,8 edition ( !
 ,book ( ! ,dead1 ,introd4 xviii4   8   
writ+s z to ! sc>abu1 ,introd4 xx4   8  
,=mulas relat+ to ! ,he>t1 #aed4  ,bir?4
 ,! second1 & resurrection f ! dead1    
#hi1 ,introd4 vi4   et seq4  ,body4 ,!1 
call$ ,khat1 #aad4  ,book ( ! ,dead1    
,introd4 xvi4 et seq41 #fj1 #ff1 #ge1   
#gf1 #hf1 #ib4   ,see1 ,dr4 ,samuel     
,bir*1 ,m4 ,paul ,pi]ret1 ,p4 ,le ,r5\f1
 ,m4 ,ed\>d   ,naville4   %[s a hidd5   
religi\s metaphysic1 #fh4   "s *apt]s   
only inscrib$ on ! w9d+-%eet ( ! mummy1 
#fa4   ,*apt]s relat+ to ! ,he>t1 #fg & 
,app5dix ,a4   z to ,khepra 9 x1 #he4   
,see1 ,khepra4   ,ed\>d ,naville's      
translation (1 #adf1 ,introd4 xvii4     
,p4 ,le ,page ,r5\f's translation (1    

#ade et seq41 ,introd4 xviii4  ,books4  
,anci5t1 #gb4  ,boort4 ,use (1 & diamond
 du/1 #ca1 #cb4  ,bupre/is4 ,!1 held 9  
e/imation1 #f4   ,cakes4 ,! sacrificial1
 ,introd4 ix41 #aeb4  ,cameo4 ,f9e/1 9 !
 _w1 #cc1 #cd4  ,canc]4 ,sc>abu anci5tly
 us$ 9 ,egypt1 to repres5t ! zodiacal   
sign n[ call$1 #ab4  ,c>nelian4 ,!      
,,xxixb4 *apt] ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1     
usually incis$   on1 #aea4  ,c>t\*4     
,reason ( ! %ape ( ! oval l9e ar\nd !1  
#ad1 #ch1 #ci4  ,c>t\*es4 ,royal1 oval  
=m ( !1 tak5 f ! %ape ( !   und]side ( !
 sc>abu1 #ad1 #ch1 #ci4  ,*ampions4 ,!  
,div9e1 #adi4  ,*aos1 #ajc1 #ajg1 #ajh1 
#aab1 #aac4  ,*ri/ call$ ! sc>abu (     
,god1 #fc4  ,*ri/ian sc>abs1 #fc1 #fd4  
,circle4 ,! ,div9e1 #aej1 #aeb1 #aec4   
,coprophagi4 ,family ( !1 #d4           
,corundum4 ,use (1 9 engrav+ h>d /ones1 
#ca4  ,c[roids are ( ! ,hyksos p]iod1   
#be4  ,crab4 ,zodiacal sign ( !1 #ab4   
,creation1 #ii et seq4  ,creator &      
creat$1 #ie1 #ii et seq4  ,cricket4 ,!  
,holy1 ,v5]ation ( ! natives (          

,madagasc> =1 #ac4  ,cross4 ,position   
held by ( ! ,lat91 z a symbol1 #c1 #ie4 
,lat9 & ,greek1 #ie4  ,crux ansata1 an  
emblem ( ! ,ka or vitality1 #aah4       
,cyl9d]s4 ,engrav$1 us$ 9 ,egypt1 #ci1  
#dj4   n an evid5ce f _! use 9 ,egypt t 
!y came f ,mesopotamia4   ,dead4 ,book (
 !1 ,see1 ,book ( ! ,dead4  ,dea? did n 
accord+ to ! ,anci5t ,egyptian1 de/roy !
   p]sonality ( man1 #if4   ,! ,second1 
#id1 #if1 #abj1 #aba1 #aec4  ,deities ( 
,lit]ature & ,libr>ies1 #gj4  ,deities4 
,!1 trans=m$1 #id4  ,deity4 ,! ,supreme1
 ,ideas z to1 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 ,introd4
 xii41 xiii4   ,! ,highe/1 an &rog5e1   
#aja1 #ajb4  ,diodorus ,siculus1 #ge4   
8 writ+s _c always be dep5d$ ^u4 ,ibid4 
,division ( ! spiritual 9 man1 #aad et  
seq4  ,d\ble4 ,! spiritual1 call$ ! ,ka1
 #aag4 ,see1 ,ka4  ,drills4 ,use (1 9   
anci5t times1 9 cutt+ h>d preci\s & o!r 
/ones1 #ca4   ,e>ly ,assyrian seal$     
contracts1 #acj & note4  ,eidolon1 #aah4
 ,see1 ,ka4  ,egypt4 ,aborig9es ( ! l&  
(1 ,our k ( !1 ,introd4 vii4   art 91   

six ?\s& ye>s ago1 #fi4   its           
civilization six ?\s& ye>s ago1 #gj4    
,hebrews 91 ,introd4 xiv4   ideas z to !
 ,supreme ,deity 9 ,anci5t1 ,introd4    
xii4   idolatry 91 ,introd4 xii4   six  
?\s& ye>s ago1 _h a language1 religion &
 writ+1 #fi4   ,see1 ,introd4           
,egyptians4 ,! ,anci5t1 highly civiliz$1
 #fi et seq41 ,introd4 vii4   race ( !  
,anci5t1 0 ,caucasian1 ,introd4 vii4    
,anci5t1 ?\ght z to ! spiritual-_w & its
 inhabitants1   elevat$1 ,introd4 xii4  
signets1 #ae1 #af1 #ch et seq4   us$    
symbols1 hav+ an occult mean+1 to       
designate _! deities1 #d4  ,emanation or
 ,creation ( all ?+s1 #ajj et seq4      
,em]y4 ,use (1 #ca4  ,engrav+ ( preci\s 
/ones4 ,antiquity ( ! art (1 #cj et     
seq41 #cc4  ,engrav+4 ,me?od ( engrav+ 9
 anci5t times1 #ca4   on sc>abs1 #bj1   
#ba1 #bb1 #dh1 #ea1 #eb4  ,enamels on   
sc>abs1 #ai4  ,eno*4 ,book (1 cit$1 #cj4
  ,entomology ( ! sc>abid1 #d et seq4   
,ephod4 ,engrav$ /ones 9 ! ,hebrew ,high
 ,prie/'s1 #cg4  ,erpa4 ,!1 ( ! gods1   

#adg4  ,etruscan glyptography has n a   
transitional p]iod1 #adj4  ,etruscan    
sc>abs1 #acd et seq4   divisions (1     
accord+ to subjects engrav$ !reon1 #ada4
   =m (1 #ace1 #acf4   usually ( a      
conv5tional =m1 #acd1 #ace1 #acf4       
manufacture (1 #acf1 #acg4   mat]ial (1 
#ace4   "t ( manufacture & use (1 #adb4 
:]e f\nd1 #acd et seq41 #ach4   me?od ( 
we>+1 #aci4   worn z amulets & =        
ornam5t1 #aci4   ^? hav+ a :ite         
opaqu5ess h be5 burn$1 #aci4   subjects 
engrav$ on1 #acg1 #ach1 #adj1 #ada4     
,etruscans at fir/ pur*as$ ! sc>abs f   
,pho5icians1 #adj4   borr[$ ! =m ( !    
sc>ab b did n c>e = ! cult1 #aci4       
,et]nal life ( ! s\l ( man1 ,introd4    
vi41 vii41 ix41 x41 xi41   xii41 xiii4  
,see1 ! ,second ,dea?4  ,et]nity4 ,lords
 (1 #adh4  ,et]nity ( ! s\l ( ! good1   
#if4 ,see1 ,introduction4  ,e?iopians4  
,religi\s feel+ = ! sc>abu among !1 #ab1
 #ac4  ,evil ,"o1 is ,apap1 #hf4        
,evolution 9 ! ,egyptian philosophy1 #ii
 et seq41 #ajd et seq4  ,ezekiel's4 ,!  

prophet1 description ( ! work+ & engrav+
 (1   preci\s /ones1 #ce4   ,face4      
,broad1 ,! god ( !1 #aej4  ,felsp>4 ,!  
,x,x,v,i,ith *apt] ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 
incis$ on   gre51 #aea4  ,=g]y ( sc>abs1
 #abc et seq4  ,future rew>ds or        
puni%m5ts to ! s\l1 ,introd4 vi41 vii41 
x41 xi4   ,see1 ,annihilation1 ,wick$1  
,heav51 ,psy*o/asia1 ,second ,dea?4     
,g5ius4 ,!1 ! ,ka1 #aah1 #adh1 #aeb1    
#aec4 ,see1 ,ka4  ,geograph]s1 #gc4     
,gho/4 ,see1 ,ka1 ,khu1 ,eidolon4       
,gno/ic amulets ) ! sc>abu portray$ on  
!m1 #adc4  ,god1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaj1      
,introd4 xii4 et seq4  ,god & ,8        
univ]se1 #ie et seq4  ,gno/ic amulets1  
#adc4  ,good4 ,! s\l ( !1 is et]nal1    
#if4  ,gramm>ians1 #gc4  ,grave4        
,glorification 9 ! deep1 #aec4  ,great  
,sph9x4 ,!1 a philosophical ab/raction1 
#fh4 ,see1 ,sph9x4  ,greek au?ors1      
/atem5ts ( z to ,anci5t ,egyptian       
ab/ract ?\ght1 #gd4  ,greek au?ors1 _c  
be dep5d$ ^u4 ,ibid4  ,greek & o!r      
writ]s1 :o m5tion ! sc>abu1 ,introd4    

xviii41 xix4  ,greek sc>abs1 #adb4      
made 9 ! ,egyptian /yle1 a manufactory =
 su* 0 at ,naukratis1 #bg4  ,greeks     
call$ ! sc>abu ! ,helio-can?>us1 #g4    
,h>d /ones4 ,egyptian me?od ( cutt+1    
#cb4 ,see1 ,engrav+1 also ,sc>abs4      
,hapi1 #ajh4  ,h>makhis-,khepra1 #hj1   
#he4 ,see1 ,khepra4                     
,h>makhu-,khepra-,ra-,tum1 #hc4  ,h>mony
 & law ( ! univ]se1 #gi1 #ii1 #ajj4     
?is 0 call$ ! ,ma1 #ha4 ,see1 ,ma4      
,ha?or1 #ajb4  ,hat%epsu4 ,sc>abs (     
,que51 #bh4   ,signet (1 #cd4  ,he>t4   
,!1 0 call$ ,ab1 #aai4 ,see1 ,ab1 also  
,app5dix ,a4   !1 #ff1 #ib4 ,see1       
,app5dix ,a4   consid]$ z ! s\rce ( life
 & also ! place ( ! ?\ghts1 #ade4       
curi\s repres5tations 9 connection ) !1 
#ade4   0 symboliz$ by ! sc>ab1 #adf4   
0 symboliz$ by ,khepra1 ! sc>abu deity1 
#ib4 ,see1 ,khepra4   sc>abs to take !  
place ( !1 #fj1 #fa1 #ff4   :ole1 mean+ 
( ?is expression1 #adf4   !1 9 ! ,book (
 ! ,dead1 #ge1 #gf1 & ,app5dix ,a4      
,heav54 ,! ,egyptian et]nal heav51 #fa4 

,see1 ,aanru & ,hotep4  ,hebrew ,high   
,prie/1 names ( preci\s /ones 9 8       
,ephod1 #cg4  ,hebrews 9 ,egypt mu/ h _h
 k (1 ! ,egyptian belief 9   !          
immortality ( ! s\l & its future rew>d  
or puni%m5t1   ,introd4 xiv4 et seq4    
,hebrew ,qabbalah4 ,see1 ,qabbalah4     
,helio-can?>us4 ,greek "n = ! sc>abu1   
#g4  ,heph/os 7,ptah7 symboliz$ by a    
sc>abu & vulture1 #ab4  ,h]etic k+s4    
,sc>abs n 9 use by !1 #dd4  ,h]mes      
,trismegi/os cit$ or quot$1 #gd1 #if1   
#aji1 #aaj4  ,h]mopolis1 #aej4          
,h]odotus1 #ge4   quot$1 #ig4  ,h]on4   
,!1 #aea4  ,h]se%ta4 ,see1 ,tea*]s (    
,my/]ies4  ,hi/orical sc>abs1 #di et    
seq4   value (1 to ! hi/orian1 #ej4     
,horapollo quot$ z to ! sc>abu1 #h1 #i1 
#aj1 #aa1 #ab4  ,horapollon1 #gd4 ,see1 
,horapollo4  ,hor-em-khu1 #hd1 note4    
,horus1 #gg1 #ic1 #id1 #ajh1 #aab4   !  
eye (1 #hd4  ,horus1 ,hor-em-,khu &     
,khepra1 #hj1 #ha4  ,hotep4 ,a division 
( ! ,egyptian et]nal heav51 #fa4        
,hott5tot4 ,v5]ation = ! sc>abu by !1   

#ac4  ,hyksos4 ,!1 ,introd4 xiv4        
,hyksos p]iod4 ,sc>abs ( !1 #be4        
,iambli*us1 #gd4  ,ideal ,prototype1    
#af1 #ag4 ,see1 ,prototypes4  ,idolatry 
9 ,egypt1 ,introd4 xii4  ,individuality4
 ,!1 #aaf4  ,immortality ( ! s\l1 #ih4  
,see ! ,introduction4   ! sc>abu !      
symbol ( !1 #ac4 ,see also1 ,sc>abs1    
,sc>abu4   ,s\l1 & ! ,introduction1 also
 ,app5dix ,a4  ,incis+ ( sc>abs1 #bb4   
,intellectual "p ( man's _s1 #aae1 #aaf4
 ,see1 ,khu4  ,isis1 #hf1 #id4   ,jesus 
call$1 ! good ,sc>abu1 #fc4             
crucifixion ( portray$ on a sc>ab1 #fd4 
,jewel$ drills & saws4 ,use (1 #ca1 #cb4
  ,joseph "u ! ,hyksos1 ,introd4 xiv4   
,joseph4 ,! signet r+ giv5 by ,ph>aoh   
to1 #cf & note4  ,josephus1 ,introd4    
xiii4  ,judges1 #gc4  ,judgm5t ( ! s\l1 
9 ! ,hall ( ,osiris1 effect (1 #abj1    
#aba4   ,see1 ,psy*o/asia4   ,ka4 ,!1   
,introd4 ix41 xv41 #fj1 #hb1 #adh1 #aeb1
 #aec4 ,see1 ,app5dix ,a1   also !      
,d\ble1 & ,division ( ! ,spiritual4     
dwelt ) mummy1 _h a semi-mat]ial =m &   

sub/ance 9 !   %ape ( ! dead "o1 & _h   
p[] to g & return :5 x   pleas$1 #aag1  
#aah4  ,ka4 ,x 0 ! ,vitality or ,d\ble4 
,plural1 ,kau1 #aag et seq4  ,ka & ,khu4
 ,union ( !1 #abj1 #aba4 ,see1 ,khu4    
,khaf-,ra1 ,khephr5 or ,khefr54 ,sc>abs 
( ! p]iod (1 #bd4  ,khaf-,ra4 ,see1     
,khephr54  ,khaibit4 ,!1 0 ! ,%ade or   
,%ad[ ( ! dead1 #aaf4 ,p>allels !       
,tzelem ( ! ,hebrew ,qabbalah4  ,khat1 0
 ! ,body1 #aad1 #adh4  ,khem1 #gg4      
,khep] means1 to become1 to raise up1   
#hh1 #hi1 #ie1 #ajd1 #aaa1 #aab4  ,khep]
 z ! emanator or creator1 #aja et seq41 
#ajg et seq4  ,khep]a 7,khepra74 #ajd et
 seq4 ,see1 ,khepra4  ,khephr54 ,/atue  
(1 9 diorite1 #da1 #db4 ,see1 ,khaf-,ra4
  ,khepra1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aaa1 #aab4       
,khepra4 ,! ,sc>abu deity1 #hf4         
,khepra1 also call$ ,khep]a1 a =m ( !   
mak] ( ! ,univ]se :i*   _h ! sc>ab z an 
emblem1 #ad1 #ii et seq4   0 also call$1
 ,tum-,khepra also ,osiris-,khepra1 #hh4
   0 ! symbol ( ! ,he>t1 #ib1 #ic4   0 !
 trans=m]1 #gh4   9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead1  

#gh et seq41 #he4   z ,h>makhis1 #he1   
#hf4   9 ! bosom ( ! gods1 #hg4   aga9/ 
! rebels1 #hh4   z ! ,enlight5]1 #gh1   
#gi4   is ,et]nity1 #hf4   is ! produc] 
( ! trans=mations1 #hg1 #hh1 #hi4       
,khepra ov]?r[s ,apap1 ! evil-s]p5t1    
#he1 #hf4  ,khepri4 ,see1 ,khepra4      
,khmunu1 #ajh4  ,khopiru1 #hd4  ,khu4   
,!1 #hb1 #ih4   ! ,intellectual "p (    
man's _s1 #aae1 #aaf4   9 case ( adv]se 
judgm5t on ! ,ba1 ! ,khu fl$ back to its
   immortal s\rce1 #abj4  ,khu & ,ka4   
,union ( !1 #abj1 #aba4  ,khufu4 ,sc>abs
 ( ! p]iod (1 #bd4   ,lapid>y1          
,antiquity ( ! art ( !1 #cj4            
,lapis-lazuli4 ,! ,x,x,v,ith ,*apt] ( ! 
,book ( ! ,dead1 incis$ on1 #aea4       
,la!s4 ,use (1 #bb1 #cb4  ,libr>ians4   
,anci5t1 #ga4  ,libr>ies4 ,anci5t1 #ga1 
#gb4  ,life & dea?4 ,! int]*ange (1 #ig4
  ,liv+4 ,!1 ! sav$ or re-born1 #aea &  
note4  ,logos4 ,!1 #aje & note1 #ajg4   
,see1 ,^w4   ,ma1 #ha1 #gi4 ,see1 ,maat4
  ,maat4 ,! ,law or ,h>mony ( all       
creat$1 #gj1 #ii1 #ajj & note4          

,makrokosm4 ,!1 #af1 #ag & note4        
,manufacture ( sc>abi1 #ah et seq41 #bg4
  ,manufacture4 ,p]iods (1 #ba et seq4  
,mat]ials us$ 9 manufacture1 #ah1 #ai1  
#bj4  ,matt] is only trans=m$1 #id4     
,mead ( am>an?9e fl[]s1 #adg4  ,m$ical  
papyrus1 ,introd4 ix41 x4  ,m5 gov]n$ by
 _! prejudices1 #c4  ,m5a1 ,introd4     
vii41 #gb4   8 c>t\*e inside ( ! oval =m
 tak5 f ! und]side (   ! sc>ab1 #ch4    
,m5-kau-,ra4 ,inscription on ! c(f9 (1  
,introd4 vi4  ,m]-en-ra1 #hc4           
,mesopotamia & its relations ) ,egypt1  
#da1 #db1 #dc1 #dd4  ,mesopotamia4      
,egyptian sc>abs f\nd 91 #fb1 #fc4      
,mess5g]4 ,!1 ( ?y god1 #aea4  ,mess5g]1
 ! same z angel1 #aea note4  ,me/ha1    
#aji4  ,mesx54 ,! res]voir f :i* came ! 
new s\ls1 #ii note1 #ajc1   #ajd4 ,see1 
,s\ls4  ,metaphysicians4 ,religi\s1 #gc4
  ,metempsy*osis4 ,mi/ak5 ideas z to    
,egyptian1 #ig et seq4  ,m9]alogi/s1    
#gc4  ,mir9i ,i41 #hc1 #hd4  ,motion 9  
all ?+s1 #if1 #ig4  ,moses4 ,reason :y  
he may h omitt$ putt+ ! doctr9e ( !     

future life ( ! s\l 9 ! ,p5tateu*1      
,introd4 xv4 et seq4  ,moses & belief 9 
! immortality ( ! s\l1 ,introd4 xiii41  
et seq4  ,my/]ies4 ,! ,tea*]s (1 #gb4   
,mummy call$ !1 ,husk1 also ! ,sahu1    
#aah1 #aai4   ,names ( preci\s /ones 9 !
 ,ephod ( ! ,hebrew ,high ,prie/1 #cg4  
,naukratis4 ,sc>abs (1 #bg4  ,naville4  
,m4 ,ed\>d1 edition ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1
 ,introd4 xvii41 #adf4  ,nebe%eh4       
,sc>abs (1 #bg4  ,neb-ka4 ,sc>abs (1    
#bc1 #df4  ,nehabkau1 #aec4  ,nephe% ( !
 ,hebrew ,qabbalah1 & ! l[] vitality ( !
 ,mummy or   ,sahu1 #aah1 #aai4         
,neph?ys1 #hf4  ,ne%amah4 ,!1 ( !       
,hebrew ,qabbalah1 #aaf4  ,n9e4 ,!      
div9e1 #hc4  ,no?+ de/roy$1 only        
trans=m$1 #ie1 #if4  ,n\s4 ,!1 ( !      
,greeks1 #aaf4  ,nu or1 ! ,sky1 #ajh4   
,see1 ,nut4  ,nut1 #gi4   ,olde/ sc>abs1
 #df4  ,osiris1 #ic1 #id1 #ajf1 #adg1   
#adi4   ! dead "o became an ,osiris1    
,introd4 vi4   ,pa*t 0 ! ,mi/ress (     
?\ghts1 #gj4  ,papyrus ,eb]s4 ,introd4  
x41 note4  ,papyrus4 ,m$ical1 ,introd4  

x4  ,p5tateu*4 ,hebrew1 no idea 9 x1 ( !
 immortality ( ! s\l &   its future     
rew>d or puni%m5t1 ,introd4 xiii4 et    
seq4  ,p]-em-hru4 ,see1 ,book ( ! ,dead4
  ,pepi ,i4 ,sc>abs ( ! p]iod (1 #bd4   
,p]sonality4 ,!1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aai1 #abj4
  ,philo4 ,introd4 xiii4  ,philosoph]s1 
#gc4   failure (1 to und]/& psy*ological
 ph5om5a1 #c4  ,philosophy4 ,anci5t     
,egyptian1 #fh4   ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians
 n yet und]/ood1 #fh4  ,philo/ratus     
quot$1 #d4  ,pho5ician sc>abs1 #abh et  
seq4  ,pho5icians4 ,!1 7 copyi/s1 #acb4 
,pho5ician manufactures ( cyl9d]s1      
signets1 etc41 #abi et seq4  ,pi]ret4   
,m4 ,paul1 8 edition ( ! ,book ( !      
,dead1 ,introd4 xvii41   xviii41 #ade4  
,plato1 #ge4  ,pl9y quot$ z to ! sc>abu1
 #g et seq4  ,plut>*1 #gd4   quot$1 #g1 
note4  ,pray]s & litanies = ! dead1     
#aba4  ,preci\s /ones4 ,h>d1 ,*apt]s ( !
 ,book ( ! ,dead incis$ on1 #aea4   h>d1
 us$ 9 mak+ sc>abs1 #ah1 #ai1 #cc1 #aea4
   9 ! ,ephod ( ! ,hebrew ,high ,prie/1 
#cg4  ,primordial ,man4 ,!1 #af1 #ag &  

note4  ,prototypes4 ,!1 #ajc1 #ajd4     
,see1 ,mesx51 also ,s\ls4  ,psy*e1 #aad1
 #aae4 ,see also1 ,s\l4  ,psy*ology4    
,anci5t ,egyptian1 #aad et seq4   & !   
,hebrew ,qabbalah4 ,ibid4  ,psy*ology4  
,anci5t ,egyptian1 z yet only p>tly     
und]/ood1 #fi4  ,psy*o/asia4 ,!1 or     
weigh+ ( ! s\l ( ! dead1 #adi1 #aeb1    
#aec4   ,see1 ,future rew>ds & puni%m5ts
 ( ! s\l4  ,ptah1 #ij4   ! sc>ab an     
emblem (1 he 0 "o ( ! =ms ( ! creative  
p[]1 #ab1 #ad4  ,ptah-,sok>i-,osiris1 0 
sometimes repres5t$ "u ! =m ( a   sc>ab1
 #ae4  ,ptah-,tatun51 #id4  ,ptah-,tore1
 #ab note4  ,puni%m5t 9 ! ,und]world1   
#hg4 ,see1 ,annihilation1 also1         
,psy*o/asia4  ,py?agoras1 #ge4          
,qabbalah4 ,! ,oral ,tradition or1 #fi4 
( ! ,hebrews & ! psy*ology ( ! ,anci5t  
,egyptians1 #aae et seq4   ! ,rua'h ( ! 
,hebrew ,qabbalah1 #aae4   ! ,nephe% ( !
 ,hebrew ,qabbalah1 #aah1 #aai4   !     
,ne%amah ( ! ,hebrew ,qabbalah1 #aaf4   
,qebhs5nuf1 #aji4   ,ra1 #gi1 #hc1 #ic1 
#id1 #aab1 #aea1 #aec4   ! sc>abu z !   

symbol ( ! creat+ p[] ( ,ra1 #ad1 #ae1  
#hd4   :5 us$ z "p ( ! k+'s "n1 #bc4    
,ra-,h>makhis1 #ha4  ,rameses ,,ii4     
,sc>abs ( ! p]iod (1 #bf4  ,r51 ! ,"n or
 ,p]sonality1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aai1 #abj4   
,r5\f4 ,p4 ,le ,page1 8 edition ( !     
,book ( ! ,dead1 ,introd4   xviii41     
,app5dix ,a4  ,resurrection f ! dead1   
#ib1 #ic1 #abb4   0 symboliz$ by !      
sc>ab1 ,introd4 v41 vi41 vii4 ,see1     
,immortality   ( ! s\l1 also1 ,s\l4     
,resurrection ( ! s\l1 symboliz$ by !   
,great ,sph9x1 #hb4 ,see1               
,introduction1 also1 ,sph9x4            
,reg5]ation & re-bir?1 #ie4 ,see1       
,introduction4 ,see1 ,s\l4  ,r+s4 ,use  
(1 #dj1 #da4  ,roman sc>abs1 #adb4      
,rua'h4 ,!1 ( ! ,hebrew ,qabbalah1 #aae4
   ,sacrificial victims4 ,^? exam9$ &   
pass$ z "r1 m>k$ )   signets hav+ on !m 
! figure ( ! sc>abu1 #bj4  ,safekh1     
goddess ( books1 #gj1 #ga4  ,satic      
p]iod4 ,sc>abs ( !1 #bf4  ,sahu4 ,!1 or 
,mummy1 #fj1 #aah1 #aai4   may ref]     
sometimes to ! liv+ p]sonality ( !      

mummy1 #aai4  ,s>d9ia4 ,sc>abs f\nd 91  
#acj1 #aca4  ,s>d9ian sc>abs4 ,division 
accord+ to ! subjects1 #aca1 #acb4   age
 (1 #acb4  ,sc>ab z a signet1 #g4   z an
 amulet1 #g4   ! symbol ( ! ,he>t1 #ff1 
#fg1 #ade4 ,see1 ,he>t4   ,*apt] ,,xxxb4
 ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead on a1 #aed4   a    
beautiful ,assyrian 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1
 #acc   ! syn!sis ( ! ,egyptian         
religion1 #ie4   a symbol ( ! re-bir?1  
resurrection & et]nal life1 ( ! s\l     
pron\nc$ pure1 #ff4   ! hi]oglyph (1 ,to
 become1 etc41 also1 creator1 #hj4 ,see1
 ,horapollo4  ,sc>ab4 ,a repres5tation (
 ) two heads1 "o ( a ram1 ! o!r (   a   
hawk1 #hi1 #ij4   ! olde/ kn[n1 t (     
,neb-ka1 #bc1 #df4   an emblem ( ,ptah1 
#ac1 #ad4  ,sc>abu4 ,"n ( 9 diff]5t     
languages1 #b4   entomology (1 #d1 #e1  
#f4   :]e f\nd1 #d4   ! hi]oglyph ( to  
be1 ! emanat+ or creat+1 etc41 91 #aab4 
,see1 ,khep]4   ! fir/ liv+ creature se5
 com+ to life1 f ! mud ( !   ,nile1 #ac4
   symbolism ( !1 #f4   ! symbol (1     
creative & f]tiliz+ p[]1 #g1 #h1 #ac4   

! symbol ( re-bir?1 resurrection &      
immortality ( ! s\l1 #ac4   ,see1       
,introduction4   an e>ly symbol ( ! idea
 ( a future life ( ! s\l1 & its         
resurrection1 & likely ( its future     
rew>d or puni%m5t1   ,introd4 vi41 vii41
 xi4   emblem ( ! re-bir? & resurrection
 ( ! dead1 #hh4   a symbol ( !          
resurrection 9 ! heav5ly regions1 #ib1  
#ic4   held ! position among ! ,anci5t  
,egyptians :i* ! ,lat9 cross   holds )  
u1 #b4   z an emblem ( ! creat+ s\rce ( 
life1 portray$ on ! tombs   ( ! anci5t  
,!ban k+s1 #af4   an amulet or talisman1
 #ae4   a/ronomical value ( !1 #ab4   an
 e>ly symbol ( ! zodiacal sign n[ call$ 
,canc]1 #ab4  ,sc>abu & ! ,he>t 9 !     
,book ( ! ,dead1 #ge et seq4   ,see1    
,app5dix ,a4   v>ieties ( !1 accord+ to 
,pl9y1 #g1 #h4   mean+ ( accord+ to     
,horapollo1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4      
v5]ation ( ! ,hott5tot =1 #ac4   sacr$  
to ,am5-,ra1 #ac4   w+$1 #ei1 #fj4      
,bibliography z to !1 ,introd4 xix4 et  
seq4  ,sc>abi4 ,manufacture (1 #ah et   

seq4  ,sc>abid4 ,! family (1 #d4        
,sc>abs4 ,art 9 mak+1 #eb1 #ec4   =ms ( 
usually met )1 #dg1 #dh4   diff]5ce z to
 l>ge & small1 #ba4   divisions (1 #dh1 
#di4   :]e & h[ worn by ! liv+1 #eh4    
put 9 place ( ! ,he>t inscrib$ ) *apt]s 
f ! ,book (   ! ,dead1 #fg4 ,see1       
,app5dix ,a1 also ,he>t4   :]e f\nd on  
mummies1 #eg1 #eh1 #ei1 #fj1 #fb4       
repres5tations (1 ) ! head ( a c[1 ram  
et seq41 #ei4   set 9 gold1 #ei4        
engrav+ on1 #dh4   symbols engrav$ on1  
#bj1 #ba4   age ( ^? n engrav$ on ! "u  
or flat "p1 #df1 #dg4   unfa%ionable 9 !
 ,x,i,ith ,dyna/y1 #dj4   ! olde/ ?us f>
 kn[n1 #df4 ,see1 ,neb-ka4   difficult  
to judge ( ! age (1 #bh4 ,see1 ,=g]y4   
hi/orical1 #bc et seq41 #di et seq4     
great value ( a k (1 to ! hi/orian1 #bi4
  ,sc>abs4 ,k ( ! age (1 #bi4   re-issue
 (1 by a lat] mon>*1 #bh4   ,etruscan1  
#acd et seq4 ,see1 ,etruscan4   !       
mat]ial 9 :i* ,etruscan1 7 made1 #ace1  
#acf4   ,pho5ician1 #abh et seq4        
,s>d9ian1 #acj1 #aca4   =g]y (1 #abc et 

seq4  ,seals4 ,egyptian1 "s ar*ologi/s  
incorrectly claim1 t !y came   f        
,mesopotamia1 #cg1 #ch et seq4  ,seal+  
m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #ce1 #cf4    
,pho5ician1 #abi et seq4  ,seb1 #id1    
#adg4  ,sebak-em-saf4 ,k+1 copy ( ,*apt]
 ,,xxxb ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead on a   sc>ab
 (1 #aed4  ,se*it1 #adg4                
,se*it-hotepit1 #aej4  ,selk goddess (  
libr>ies1 #ga4  ,s5t4 ,k+1 ,introd4     
viii41 ix41 x4  ,s]p5t9e4 ,! ,x,x,xth   
,*apt] ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 incis$ on1  
#aea4  ,%ade4 ,!1 ( ! dead1 #aaf4  ,%ait
 an ,s5s54 ,!1 #fj4  ,%eph]d ,k+s4 ,see1
 ,hyksos4  ,%]a4 ,/eles f ! tomb (1     
,introd4 viii4  ,%e%4 ,v anci5t recipe (
 ! que5 ,%e% = wa%+ ! hair1   ,introd4  
x4  ,%u1 #ajf1 #ajh4  ,signet4 ,! sc>ab 
z a1 #g1 #ae1 #af4  ,signet r+4 ,m5tion 
( !1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #ce1 #cf4       
,signets ,egyptian1 sometimes squ>es or 
p>allelograms1 #cc4  ,soldi]s wore !    
sc>ab to increase brav]y1 #g1 & note4   
,solon1 #ge4  ,s\l4 ,! responsible1     
call$ ! ,ba4 ,see1 ,ba4  ,s\l4          

,immortality ( !1 #ih4 ,see1            
,introduction4  ,s\l4 ,immortality ( !1 
& ! writ+s attribut$ to ,moses1         
,introd4 xiii4 et seq4  ,s\l ( ! good 0 
et]nal1 #if4  ,s\l ( ! wick$ 0 de/roy$1 
#if4  ,s\ls4 ,! res]voir (1 #ii & note4 
,note4 ,comp4 ,h]mes ,trismegi/os4      
,book4 ,! ,virg9 ( ! ,_w1 & ,book4 ,!   
,initiations or ,asclepios4  ,sph9x4 ,! 
,great1 an ab/raction1 #ha4   0 an image
 ( ,ra-,h>makhis1 #ha4   0              
,h>makhu-,khepra-,ra-,tum1 #hc4   !     
philosophical value ( ! ,great1 #ie4   !
 ,great1 mean+ (1 #hb1 #hc4  ,/atues (  
diorite1 #da1 #db4  ,/ele ( ! ,great    
,sph9x1 #hc4  ,/el4 ,olde/ kn[n1        
,introd4 vii41 viii4  ,/rabo1 #ge4      
,sutu4 ,! cav]ns (1 #aej4               
,sut5-hotep-ta4 ,!1 ,introd1 viii41 ix4 
,symbolism ( ! sc>abu1 accord+ to ,pl9y1
 #g4 ,see1 ,sc>abu   & ,sc>abs4   ,tam>4
 ,see1 ,?am>4  ,ta-n51 #id1 #ajc4       
,tanis4 ,sc>abs (1 #bg4  ,tefnut1 #ajf4 
,teta4 ,k+1 ,introd4 x4  ,?ales1 #ge4   
,?am> or ,tam>1 #cf4  ,!spesion quot$1  

#d4  ,?o?1 #gj1 #gd1 #adh4 ,see1 ,h]mes 
,trismegi/os4  ,?otmes ,,iii41 #ba1 #bh4
   sc>abs (1 f\nd 9 ,mesopotamia1 #fb4  
,*apt] ,,cliv4 ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 on 8
 w9d+-%eet1 #fa1 #fb4  ,?otmes ,,iv41   
#hc4  ,tmu1 #aej4  ,tuamautef1 #aji4    
cont5t ( ! vase (1 #fa1 #ff4  ,tuat4 ,!1
 #aea4  ,tum or ,atmu1 #gi1 #ic1 #ii1   
#ajb4 ,see1 ,atmu4  ,tum n in]t1 #aab1  
#aac4  ,tum-,h>makhis1 #aac4            
,tum-,khepra1 #ajj1 #aaa4  ,tumu1 #hd & 
note1 #ajh4  ,telloh4 ,/atues f\nd at1  
#da1 #db4  ,trans=mations4 ,p[] ( ! dead
 to make1 #hg1 #hh1 #hi4   ,und]world4  
,!1 call$ ,am5ti & ,am5ta1 #ajb1 #adh1  
#aeb1 #aed1 ,introd4 xvi4   ! ,egyptian 
^w s translat$1 may apply to a high] or 
opposite   _w to ours1 ,introd4 xvi41   
note4  ,univ]se4 ,evolution ( !1 #ii et 
seq41 #ajd et seq41 #ajf et seq4        
emanation ( !1 accord+ to ,h]mes        
,trismegi/os1 #aji1 #aaj4   production (
 !1 #ajj1 #aja4   ,vital pr9ciple ( !   
human be+ aft] dea?1 ! ,ka1 #aag4 ,see1 
,ka4   ,wick$ puni%$1 #id4 ,see ,s\l1   

also1 ,future rew>d1 etc4  ,wick$4 ,!   
s\l ( !1 annihilat$ & de/roy$1 #if4     
,wom5 wore ! sc>ab1 #g4  ,^w4 ,!1 #aje &
 note1 #ajg4 ,see1 ,logos4   production 
or creation1 by !1 #aja et seq4         
,zodiac4 ,emblem on ! ,h9du1 resembles m
 a beetle ?an a crab1 #ab4   ( ,d5d]ah4 
,sc>abu on !1 #ab4  ,zodiacs4 ,! sc>abu 
9 "s zodiacs 9 place ( ! crab1 #ab4     
99       99       99       99       99