,transcrib]'s ,note ,!re is a small am\nt ( ,greek 9 ?is book1 :i* has be5 translit]at$1 & is surr\nd$ by signs1 l ?is4 ,anci5t ,egyptian & ,greek ,looms ,,by ,h4 ,,l+ ,,ro? 7,keep]74 ,,) #ch ,,l9e ,,block ,,& ,,"o ,,collotype ,,illu/rations4 ,,bankfield ,,museum1 ,,halifax ,,april #aiac ,,preface4 ,halifax1 :i* is situat$ 9 ! he>t ( ! great textile trade ( ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire1 has be5 a home ( ! wooll5 manufacture s9ce ! e>lie/ "t1 & x is only meet1 !re=e1 t its museum %\ld possess specim5s ( ! tools us$ 9 ! e>ly days ( sp9n+1 weav+1 & clo? mak+ g5]ally4 ,9 spite ( ! consid]able progress made t[>ds t end1 _m typical specim5s are /ill want+1 &1 :ile we h pl5ty ( mat]ial = ! /udy ( weav+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 we are lack+ 9 ev]y?+ relat+ to ! indu/ry 9 ,anci5t ,egypt & ,greece4 ,fail+ specim5s ,i h _h rec\rse to illu/rations1 b ! ,egyptian ones publi%$ by ,cailliaud1 ,rosell9i1 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,wilk9son & ,lepsius1 contradict ea* o!r 9 _m important po9ts1 s t ^? :o /udy !m f9d !m practically useless = an und]/&+ ( ! art z c>ri$ on 9 ! ,nile l&s4 ,=tunately1 la/ ye>1 ,mr4 ,n4 de ,g4 ,davies1 ! well-kn[n ,egyptologi/1 he>+ ( my difficulty1 v g5]\sly plac$ "s ( 8 copies ( tomb draw+s at my disposal1 & ) ?is invaluable help ,i h be5 enabl$ to complete ! pres5t pap]1 & to lay be=e ,halifax /ud5ts "s new details ( manufacture be>+ ^u _! /aple indu/ry4 ,h4 ,l+ ,ro?4 ,bankfield ,museum1 ,halifax4 ,april #aiac4 ,i4 ,,egyptian ,,looms4 ,,horizontal ,,looms4,a ,9 ! tomb ( ,*nem-hotep1 at ,b5i ,hasan1 !re is a wall pa9t+ ( a horizontal loom ) two weav]s1 wom51 squatt+ on ei!r side1 & at ! "r 9 ! backgr\nd is drawn ! figure ( ! taskma/]4 ,!re are also figures repres5t$ 9 ! act ( sp9n+1 etc4 ,= ! pres5t we are conc]n$ ) ! weav+ only4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,horizontal ,loom1 ,tomb ( ,*nem-hotep1 f ! illu/ration 9 ,cailliaud's ,re*]*es1 etc4 ,same size z publi%$4 ,( ?is illu/ration1 !re appe> to be six reproductions4 ,we h fir/ ( all1 ,fig4 #a1 t ( ,fr$4 ,cailliaud 7,re*]*es sur les ,arts et ,meti]s1 etc41 ,p>is1 #ahca7 ) illu/rations ( draw+s made by himself 9 ! ye>s #ahai to #ahbb4 ,8 publication 0 foll[$ by ,fig4 #b1 t ( ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,wilk9son 7,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 etc41 ,london1 #ahcg74 ,mr4 ,john ,murray1 ^: h\se has publi%$ ,wilk9son's "w f ! fir/ edition to ! la/1 in=ms me t a few ( ! draw+s 7 made by ,george ,s*>f1 aft]w>ds ,sir ,george ,s*>f1 ,keep] ( ! ,national ,portrait ,gall]y1 b t mo/ ( !m seem to h be5 made by ,joseph ,bonomi1 ! well kn[n ,egyptologi/4 ,wilk9son's woodcut1 al?\gh cle>ly & neatly done1 is on a v small scale2 nev]!less x admits ( a fair comp>ison ) ^? reproduc$ on a l>g] scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #a #c4 ,weav+4 ,fig4 #b4 ,loom4 #c4 ,putt+ 9 ! wo(1 b n by a %uttle ?r[n ) ! h&4 #d4 ,male ,ov]se]4 #e4 ,hackl+4 #f4 ,twi/+ ! d\ble ?reads = ! w>p4 a ,weav+4 b ,*ief ( ,loom4 c ,fac+4 d ,pull+ out4 ,fig4 #b4--;,horizontal ,loom1 ,tomb ( ,*nem-hotep1 f ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,wilk9son's ,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 ,london1 ,john ,murray1 #ahgh1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #cag4 ,same size z publi%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,horizontal ,loom1 ,tomb ( ,*nem-hotep1 f ! illu/ration 9 ,rosell9i's ,monum5ti 7,monum5ti ,civili71 ,plate ,,xli4 ,r$uc$ "o-fif? l9eal ( size publi%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,horizontal ,loom1 ,tomb ( ,*nem-hotep1 f ,lepsius' ,d5kmael]4 ,same size z publi%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,horizontal ,loom1 ,tomb ( ,*nem-hotep1 f ,pr(4 ,p]cy ,newb]ry's ,b5i ,hasan1 ,i4 ,plate #bi4 ,same size z publi%$4 ,aft] him1 ,fig4 #c1 ,n4 ,f4 ,j4 ,b4 ,rosell9i began ! publication ( 8 great "w 7,i ,monum5ti dell' ,egitto1 ,pisa1 #ahcb-ahdd74 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ! comp>atively few draw+s publi%$ by ,cailliaud & ! v l>ge numb] publi%$ by ,rosell9i is v great4 ,x is ( c\rse q possible ,rosell9i may h made use ( "s ( ,cailliaud's draw+s4 ,five ye>s aft] ,rosell9i's publication came t ( ,c4 ,r4 ,lepsius 7,d5kmael]1 ,leipzig1 #ahdi71 ,fig4 #d1 8 draw+s hav+ be5 made 9 ! ye>s #ahdb to #ahde4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,lepsius until q rec5t ye>s ,i c trace no fur!r copy+ until we get ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #e1 9 ,pr(4 ,p]cy ,newb]ry's ,b5i ,hasan1 ,london1 #aiaj4 ,9 ?is "w ! reproduction is ab\t "o tw5tie? ( ! orig9al1 or ab\t ?ree fif?s ( ! size ( t ( ,wilk9son1 & un=tunately s crude z n to be available = our pres5t purpose4,b ,la/ly we h ! reproduction1 ,fig4 #f1 f ,mr4 ,n4 de ,g>is ,davies' draw+ made 9 #aijc1 & n[ fir/ publi%$ by k9d p]mission ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,ll4 ,griffi?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,horizontal ,loom1 ,tomb ( ,*nem-hotep4 ,size ( orig9al3 ,height ( ! figures #i-a_/d #bd4d cm4 ,drawn by ,mr4 ,n4 de ,g4 ,davies1 & n[ publi%$ = ! fir/ "t by p]mission ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,ll4 ,griffi?4 ,9 ! v>i\s reproductions by ! above explor]s1 ! only ?ree :i* agree v closely are ^? ( ,cailliaud1 ,rosell9i & ,davies4 ,! o!rs v>y consid]ably & 9 ess5tials d n agree ) ! above nor ) "o ano!r4 ,! diff]5ces may 9 ! fir/ in/ance be due to difficulties 9 copy+ ! orig9al 9 ! tomb4 ,o!rs may be due to ignorance ( detail on ! "p ( ! second>y copyi/--! man :o prep>$ !m = publication--s t he 0 unable to foll[ up ! clues on ! draw+s laid be=e him4 ,! diff]5ces may also be due to c>eless copy+ & to t\*+ up ( ! copies :5 made2 !y may be slightly due to det]ioration & oblit]ation ( ! orig9al 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,! ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica gives a v>iant f all six illu/rations1 b approa*+ ne>e/ to t ( ,cailliaud1 ,rosell9i & ,davies4 ,x is mislead+ 9 s f> t ! draw+ has be5 made to suit ,pr(essor ,k5n$y's idea z to :at x %\ld be4 ,"s ( ! diff]5ces are ( m9or importance1 b a comp>ison w help mat]ially to our und]/&+ ( ! me?od ( weav+ adopt$ by ! ,egyptians f ! ,x,i,ith to ! ,x,i,xth ,dyna/ies1 or ab\t ,b4,c4 #bjjj to #abjj4 ,to g into details1 & tak+ ,mr4 ,n4 de ,g4 ,davies' illu/ration z our basis1 we f9d slight diff]5ces 9 ! %ape ( ! pegs ,b1 ,b#a1 :i* are immat]ial4 ,a m pron\nc$ diff]5ce is se5 9 ! way 9 :i* ! ?reads are atta*$ to ! w>p beam ,a4 ,nei!r ,wilk9son nor ,lepsius c>ry ^! ?reads ov] ! beam1 ! =m] c>ry+ !m only z f> z ! laze ?reads ,c1 :ile ! latt] c>ries !m up to a l9e drawn p>allel to & bel[ ! beam2 ,cailliaud & ,rosell9i c>ry !m ov] ! beam :ile ,mr4 ,davies c>ries !m half way only4 ,! object ( ?is half c>ry+ ov] is n cle>4 ,! ?reads 9 *a9-=m at ,c are probably laze ?reads1 app>5tly plac$ !re s t 9 case ( any dis>rangem5t ( ! w>p ?reads ! weav] c f t po9t run h] f+]s along !m & get !m dis5tangl$4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ to me t ?is *a9-=m might be a t5sion *a9 = tak+ up slack w>p1 b ! =m] explanation seems ! m likely4 ,all ! draw+s b ,wilk9son's %[ ! w>p ?reads conv]g+ t[>ds ! brea/ beam2 ,wilk9son %[s !m p>allel & 9 ,lepsius _! conv]g5ce is excessive4 ,!re %\ld be a slight conv]g5ce %[n1 z 9 ! c\rse ( weav+ ! ?reads get drawn 91 & 9 lat] =ms ( looms 9 semi-civilis$ c\ntries we f9d an endeav\r to c\nt]act ?is t5d5cy by ! use ( a tool kn[n z a temple4 ,! cross /icks ,d#a1 ,d#b1 look l laze rods4 ,x may n be out ( place "h to po9t out t 9 primitive weav+ laze rods s]ve two purposes1 or "o m ?an 9 ! lat] some:at m advanc$ looms4 ,!y s]ve ?r\gh\t to keep ! w>p ?reads 9 place1 & !y s]ve to sep>ate ! odd ?reads f ! ev5 7#a1 #c1 #e1 #g f #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 c471 & 9 s do+ take ! place ( ! f+]s 9 mak+ ! %$1 i4e41 ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! weft 7or wo(7 is pass$1 a function :i* 9 turn is usurp$ by ! heald 7or h$dle74 ,! h$dle !re=e becomes a v important factor1 & ,dr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,h>rison by no means ov]/ates ! case :5 he says t ! developm5t ( ! h$dle is ! mo/ important /ep 9 ! evolution ( ! loom 7,horniman ,museum ,h&books1 ,no4 #aj1 pp4 #dg-di74 ,we may n[ return to ! draw+4 ,wilk9son %[s ! rod ,d#a indi/9ctly & ! left h& end only ( ,d#b4 ,lepsius' arti/ seems to h tak5 a lib]ty ) ,d#a b 9 ! "r direction1 by mak+ x m def9itely into an e>ly =m ( h$dle--! loop & rod--b he %[s ,d#b ! same z ,cailliaud & ,rosell9i4 ,pr(4 ,k5n$y argues t ^! rods are 9 ! wrong position & t ,d#a :i* is a h$dle %\ld be 9 ! place ( ,d#b4 ,mr4 ,davies' draw+ z well z ^? ( ,cailliaud & ,rosell9i %[ t ,d#a is a h$dle :ile ,d#b is %[n to be a laze rod4 ,asiatic primitive looms1 l ^? f ,borneo & ,bhutan1 h two laze rods b no h$dle2 on ! o!r h& _m primitive ,african looms h "o laze rod & "o h$dle z is ! case ) ?is ,egyptian loom4 ,m ?reads are %[n on ! left h& end ( ,d#b ?an on ! "r h& end4 ,mr4 ,davies in=ms me t ! same quantity %\ld be %[n f end to end across ! w>p1 b on ! "r h& side !y are s indi/9ct t he 0 j able to detect b n to trace !m & s he omitt$ !m4 ,we n[ come to ! rod ,e4 ,cailliaud & ,rosell9i %[ an undulation at ! "o end a1 b d n make ! o!r end cle>4 ,wilk9son %[s a small hook at ! end a1 :i* appe>s to me to be a transcrib]'s developm5t ( ! curv$ end ( 8 two pr$ecessors2 9 ! text ,wilk9son says !re is a hook at ea* end ( ?is /ick1 b he does n %[ any at ! end opposite to a2 he ref]s to ^! hooks m ?an once 7#a/ ed41 ,,iii41 p4 #abf footnote74 ,lepsius has alt]$ ! %ape ( ! curve & transf]r$ x f ! end a to ! opposite end4 ,9 ,mr4 de ,g4 ,davies' draw+1 x has be5 ins]t$ 9 dott$ l9es1 z ! orig9al is 9 su* a /ate t trac+ is almo/ impossible4 ,wilk9son1 ,erman1 v4 ,cohaus5 7,das ,sp9n5 u4 ,web5 bei d5 ,alt51 9 ,ann4 ,v]4 ,nassau4 ,al!r?umsk41 ,wiesbad51 #ahgi1 p4 #bi71 & o!rs call x a %uttle1 b ,i am m incl9$ to consid] x a sla%+ /ick 7sword or beat]-97 = pu%+ ! weft into position4 ,a tool :i* appe>s to be a beat]-9 & ( simil> end %ape is se5 held 9 ! h& ( a woman on a wall pa9t+ at ,el ,b]%eh--see ,fig4 #aa1 top "r-h& corn]4 ,we h 9 ano!r illu/ration1 ,fig4 #g1 an article :i* appe>s to be a spool1 :i* ,i ?9k confirms ! view t ,e is n ! %uttle b ! beat]-94 ,9 all ! illu/rations1 too1 ! pose ( ! h&s ( ! wom5 be>+ on ?is /ick is indicative ( a d[nw>d pressure & n ( a grasp4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,tomb ( ! ,vizi] ,daga4 ,date ab\t end ,,xi4 ,dyna/y1 ,b4,c4 #bjjj4 ,mr4 ,n4 de ,g4 ,davies' ,five ,!ban ,tombs1 ,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,! upp] illu/ration indicates a woman w>p+ or beam+1 probably w>p+4 ,9 ! l[] illu/ration note ! left h& figure hold+ ! spool 9 h] h&4 ,at fir/ sight ?is small black l9e looks l a cont9uation ( ! beat]-9 9 ! h&s ( ! o!r weav]1 b ,mr4 ,davies in=ms me t x is q a di/9ct article1 & t !re c be no d\bt ab\t x4 ,j above ! brea/ beam !re are #h or #i ?reads ( weft b !y are too fa9t to be includ$4 ,! selv$ge ,f on ! "o side ( ! clo? & n on bo? sides is also int]e/+ f ! fact t selv$ges d n appe> on ! ,egyptian clo?s until ! ,,xviii4 ,dyna/y circa ,b4,c4 #afjj4 ,! brea/ beam3--,x appe>s to me t ! ?ree portions m>k$ ,g#a1 ,g#b & ,g#c jo9$ up are int5d$ to repres5t ! brea/ beam & its hold+ pegs1 simil> to ! w>p beam ,a & its pegs ,b#a1 ,b#b1 b ! portion ,k is n cle>ly drawn 9 any ( ! reproductions4 ,wilk9son omits ?is altoge!r1 b 9 its place has two black pieces :i* also are /ill less cle>4 ,lepsius has omitt$ ,g#b altoge!r & appe>s to h made ,g#a & ,k & ,g#c into treadles1 by rais+ ,g#a above ! level ( ,g#c1 & to support ! view t ^! are treadles1 he makes use ( ! ov]se]'s foot by plac+ x on ! suppos$ treadle1 & ! casual obs]v] ?9ks x is ! foot ( ! woman weav]4 ,h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,davies' copy seems to (f] a solution4 ,he agrees ) ,cailliaud & ,rosell9i 9 s f> z ,g#a1 ,g#b & ,g#c are conc]n$4 ,) him ,k takes q a diff]5t =m1 9 fact x looks v simil> to an article :i* an att5dant woman 9 ano!r panel has close by h]1 see ,fig4 #h4 ,x might p]haps be a re/ to prev5t ! beat]-9 be+ driv5 home too =cibly--?is1 h[ev]1 is /ill only a surmise--z ! l5g? ( ! beat]-9 makes x heavy at ! f> end4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,weav] ) ! support ,k1 ,fig4 #f2 ! woman appe>s to hold a beat]-9 9 ! "r h& & a ball ( ?read 9 ! left h&4 ,rosell9i4 ,9 ,cailliaud ! w>p ?reads are col\r$ 9 pale blue & r$ on top ( ! black l9es ( ! draw+2 he has pa9t$ ! selv$ge & f9i%$ clo? a pale blue1 z well z t portion ( ,g#b :i* is cov]$ by ! clo? indicat+ t ?is is ! brea/ beam1 ,g#c & ,g#a are pa9t$ a d>k r$4 ,rosell9i col\rs ,a1 ,b#a1 ,b#b1 ,d#a1 ,d#b1 ,g#c orange2 ,g#a & ,k d>k r$1 b ,e f end to end light o*re4 ,?is %[s t ,k is di/9ct f ,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,upright or ,v]tical ,looms f ! ,tomb ( ,?ot-nef] at ,!bes1 ,,xviii ,dyna/y1 circa ,b4,c4 #adbe4 ,f a draw+ by ,mr4 ,n4 de ,g4 ,davies4 ,size ( orig9al3 ,height f ,base ,l9e to top ( frame at ,a1 #aa-a_/b #bi cm4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is loom be+ repres5t$ z upright x is (t5 spok5 ( z an upright or v]tical loom4 ,b x is drawn upright because ! ,egyptian arti/ did n und]/& p]spective1 & x 0 only by mak+ ! loom upright t he 0 enabl$ to %[ ! details we h j be5 exam9+4 ,= ! same reason mat mak+ is illu/rat$ edgeways4 ,if ! loom 7 an upright "o ! two wom5 weav]s w\ld h _h _! backs turn$ t[>ds ! onlook] z c be se5 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,any d\bt on ! matt] has h[ev] be5 set aside by ,pr(4 ,john ,g>/ang's extremely int]e/+ discov]y ( a wood5 model depict+ a gr\p ( wom5 sp9n+ & weav+ :i* he illu/rates 9 8 "w1 ,! ,burial ,cu/oms ( ,anci5t ,egypt1 ,london1 #aijg4 ,aft] ref]r+ to ! woman sp9n+1 he cont9ues3 ,! o!r seat$ figures app>5tly repres5t wom5 at "w ^u a horizontal loom2 ! frame & ! wo( sic1 %\ld be w>p ?reads are fa9tly repres5t$ ^u ! bo>d4 ,x is possible t !y are mak+ mats or1 p]haps1 weav+ 7p4 #acb74 ,he gives an illu/ration ( ! gr\p tak5 f a photograph1 b z x does n %[ ! l9es :i* indicate ! loom ly+ horizontally on ! gr\nd nor ! w>p ?reads1 ,i h ask$ him to let me h a draw+ made ( x &1 ) 8 k9d p]mission1 x is n[ reproduc$ "h1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! ?reads ( ! w>p & ! f9i%$ piece ( clo? at ! brea/ beam end are cle>ly indicat$4 ,! :ole model supports conclusively ! well f\nd$ supposition t ! loom we h be5 consid]+ is a horizontal "o4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ,pr(4 ,g>/ang does n appe> to appreciate ! important be>+ ( 8 discov]y1 = on a lat] page 7p4 #acd7 9 speak+ ( ,lepsius' illu/ration1 discuss$ above1 he says3 ! weav]s are se5 at "w at an upright loom4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,horizontal ,loom4 ,outl9e sket* by ,miss ,davey ( ! orig9al model ( a gr\p ( "o woman sp9n+ & two wom5 weav+1 f\nd by ,dr4 ,john ,g>/ang at ,b5i ,hasan4 ,! model is 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,liv]pool ,in/itute ( ,ar*aeology4 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght t ! ,b5i ,hasan repres5tation is ! only "o :i* illu/rates a horizontal loom4 ,a second "o is reproduc$ by ,pr(4 ,p]cy ,newb]ry f ! tomb ( ,tehuti-hetep circa #aich-ahdi ,b4,c41 see ,fig4 #aa4 ,9 ! upp] portion ! wom5 are se5 sp9n+ & prep>+ ! ?read g5]ally1 :ile 9 ! l[] portion two wom5 on ! left are w>p+1 & 9 ! c5tre ?ree app>5tly are beam+1 i4e4 putt+ ! w>p on to ! beams prep>atory to comm5c+ to weave1 ! w>p ?reads be+ app>5tly drawn ov] pegs to ensure ! prop] t5sion4 ,?is illu/ration %[s ! w>p flat aga9/ ! wall l ! mat mak+ %[n at ,b5i ,hasan4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,tomb ( ,tehuti-hetep4 ,date ab\t #aici-ahdi ,b4,c4 ,f ,pr(essor ,p]cy ,newb]ry's ,el ,b]%eh ,i4 ,pl4 #bf4 ,note ! woman on ! top "r h& corn] hold+ a beat]-94 ,a ?ird repres5tation ( a horizontal loom is reproduc$ f ! =?com+ volume ( ! ,egypt ,exploration ,fund by k9d p]mission ( ,mr4 ,n4 de ,g4 ,davies1 :o made ! copy4 ,9 ?is1 ,fig4 #g1 already ref]r$ to1 ! l[] portion is all t has come d[n to u4 ,! clo? is n %[n contract$ z 9 ! ,b5i ,hasan repres5tation1 ! two laze rods are drawn close to ea* o!r & "h also an attempt appe>s to h be5 made to %[ ! ov] & "u lapp+ w>p ?reads2 ! laze rods appe> ea* ) a hook1 ! hook on ! upp] rod turn$ upw>ds & ! hook 7if x be "o7 on ! l[] rod turn$ d[nw>ds4 ,x is possible ^! hooks may be pegs to prev5t ! %ift+ ( ! laze rods4 ,x may be t "o ( ! two rods is a h$dle rod ! indication be+ ! f9e d\ble l9es1 b ?is may n be compatible ) ! hook at ! end ( ! rod4 ,! weav] on ! left holds a spool 9 h] h&1 evid5tly a piece ( /ick ) ! weft ?read w\nd r\nd x1 :i* %e is pu%+ ?r\gh ) h] f+]s4 ,! weav] on ! "r holds a beat]-9 z %[n 9 ! ,b5i ,hasan draw+4 ,! brea/ beam is held 9 position by two pegs ne> ! "r "o ( :i* !re is a curv$ article ( indet]m9ate use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,/udy ( a ,b$aw9 ,arab weav+1 f a sket* tak5 9 ! ,=ties ( la/ ,c5tury1 by ,frank ,goodall1 ,r4,a4 ,! orig9al sket* is 9 ,bankfield ,museum4 ,! weav] appe>s to be provid$ ) "o h$dle & a beat]-94 ,!re is no v cle> evid5ce z to h[ ! f9i%$ clo? 0 tak5 up unless we accept x t ! bulg+ out ( ! "p ,g#b means t x 0 w\nd r\nd ! brea/ beam z is done on h& & p[] looms ( ! pres5t day4 ,"s v long pieces ( clo? h come d[n to u & unless !y 7 tak5 up 9 ?is way a long /ret* ( gr\nd w\ld h be5 necess>y4 ,a modifi$ =m ( ?is horizontal loom has be5 met ) 9 rec5t ye>s among ! ,b$aw9 ,arabs1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration ( a /udy sket*1 ,fig4 #ab1 made by ,frank ,goodall1 ,r4,a41 9 ! =ties ( la/ c5tury4 ,! loom 0 provid$ ) pegs l ! old ,egyptian loom b x 0 suppli$ ) a primitive h$dle re/+ on a /one at ea* side ( ! w>p & x w\ld appe> t ! weav]1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 did n take up ! wov5 clo? by w9d+ x r\nd ! brea/ beam & by t means reta9+ 8 position1 b1 z ! weav+ progress$ & ! l9e ( f9i%$ clo? got beyond 8 rea*1 he crept up to x & s got f>!r & f>!r away f ! brea/ beam until 9 ! end he arriv$ at ! w>p beam4 ,simil> looms are /ill us$ = mat mak+ by ! ,egyptian fellah4 ,,v]tical ,,looms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,upright or v]tical loom4 ,wilk9son's ,anci5t ,egyptians1 ,london1 ,john ,murray4 #a/ ed41 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #ace4 ,ap>t f ! horizontal loom ,wilk9son & ,rob]t ,hay,c also record$ ! exi/5ce ( an illu/ration ( an upright loom1 said 9 error to be at ,eilei?yias 7,el ,kab74 ,wilk9son's copy1 ,fig4 #ac1 is m elaborate ?an t ( ,hay4 ,mr4 ,davies in=ms me t ! orig9al is n at ,eilei?yias1 b 9 ! tomb ( ,nef]-hotep at ,!bes4 ,wilk9son 9 reg>d to ?is illu/ration quotes ! (t-repeat$ /atem5t ( ,h]odotus 7circa #dfj-dee ,b4,c47 9 ref]5ce to looms 9 g5]al3--,o!r nations make clo? by pu%+ ! wo( upw>ds1 ! ,egyptians on ! contr>y1 press x d[n4 ,on ?is /atem5t ,wilk9son rem>ks3 ,?is is confirm$ by ! pa9t+s :i* repres5t ! process ( mak+ clo?2 b at ,!bes1 a man :o is engag$ 9 mak+ a piece ( clo? ) a col\r$ bord] or selv$ge1 appe>s to pu% ! wo( upw>ds1 ! clo? be+ fix$ above him1 to ! upp] "p ( ! frame ,fig4 #ac4 ,b ,i am unable to foll[ ,wilk9son 9 ?is1 = ,i c f9d no indication 9 8 illu/ration :i* %[s h[ ! beat+-9 ( ! weft is accompli%$4 ,f ! illu/ration all "o c say is t x might h be5 done ei!r way4 ,wilk9son's illu/ration is lett]$ f a to p b ?is lett]+ is n expla9$ by him at all1 except+ 9 ! case ( ! lett] k1 ( :i* he says3 k is a %uttle1 n ?r[n1 b put 9 ) ! h&4 ,x _h a hook at ! end 444 & he proce$s to ref] to ! draw+ else:]e ( ! horizontal loom4 ,he does n %[ ! hooks 9 8 illu/ration4 ,9 ,fig4 #ad1 ,i give ! sket* made by ,mr4 ,n4 de ,g4 ,davies ( ! rema9s ( ! orig9al f :i* ,wilk9son made 8 illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,draw+ by ,mr4 ,n4 de ,g4 ,davies1 ,jan4 #aiac1 ( an ,upright ,loom 9 ,tomb #di at ,!bes1 belong+ to ,nef]-hotep1 at end ( ,,xviii4 ,dyna/y1 ,b4,c4 #accj4 ,drawn :5 9 a bett] /ate by ,wilk9son1 ,fig4 #ac1 & ,hay4 ,a m satisfactory draw+ ( upright looms is t :i* ,mr4 ,n4 de ,g4 ,davies has plac$ at my disposal = reproduction "h4 ,i app5d 8 description1 ,fig4 #i4 ,! picture ( m5 work+ at two looms is tak5 f ! tomb ( ,?ot-nef] at ,!bes1 :o 0 a royal scribe 9 ! middle ( ! #ah? ,dyna/y1 circa #adbe ,b4,c4 ,9 8 tomb 8 h\se is %[n4 ,he himself sits 9 ! hall1 :ile inside "s s]vants sp9 & weave1 make bread1 /ore ! gra91 etc4 ,! ro( ( ! *amb]s is support$ on pill>s1 & betwe5 two ( ^! ! looms are set up :i* are "h depict$4 ,!y are n atta*$ h[ev]1 ei!r to ! ro( or ! pill>s4 ,fa9t sket*+ l9es are mix$ up ) ! d>k] r$s 9 :i* ! picture 0 re-drawn1 & ! :ole v simply & c>elessly execut$4 ,i h f\nd x difficult to make x cle>4 ,9 my sket* ! fir/ fa9t sket*+ outl9es appe> z l9es4 ,! m solid r$ l9es :i* replac$ ^! ,i h 'hat*$1' & c]ta9 portions includ+ ! m5's fle% col\r1 ! /ools1 ! discs ,i h put 9 solid black1 p>tly because !y are = ! mo/ "p m solid & d>k r$ 9 ! orig9al1 & p>tly to di/+ui% ! portions m cle>ly f "o ano!r4 ,! horizontal l9es :i* cross ! web are v fa9tly drawn & almo/ z good z oblit]at$ by ! :ite pa9t :i* _h be5 put on ! web4 ,i h put !m 9 j to %[ t ! b>s 7 conceiv$ ( z pass+ beh9d or "u ! web & conceal$ by x4 ,! l>g] loom is work$ by two m51 ! small] by "o man only4 ,! looms consi/ ( an oblong frame ,a set up on two /ones ,b4 ,! w>p is atta*$ to ! w>p beam ,c on top & ! brea/ beam ,d at ! bottom4 ,! ?reads ( ! w>p are n %[n1 no diff]5ce be+ made betwe5 any wov5 "p & ! w>p ?reads2 to all is giv5 "o sme> ( :ite pa9t4 ,two discs ,e are se5 hang+ aga9/ ! frame po/s1 "o on ea* side1 ! e>li] sket* %[+ a l>g] disc ?an ! f9al draw+ 9 d>k r$4 ,two sl5d] laze rods ,f are %[n on ! l>ge loom & heavy b>s ,g1 ,h1 l[] d[n2 a some:at simil> laze rod & beams are also %[n on ! small] loom4 ,! weav]s sit on b5*es ) _! backs to ! spectator4 ,! arti/ has n d>$ to draw a back view ( _! heads1 b has turn$ ea* man's head to ! "r to %[ a pr(ile4 ,!y are hold+ a heavy look+ rod :i* looks l a 'beat]-94' ,"o w\ld expect to see a %uttle b p]haps ?is 0 too small an object = s r\gh a picture--p]haps ! man at ! small] loom holds an exagg]at$ %uttle ,l 9 8 "r h&4 ,! l9es ,m se5 alongside ! framework are ! fa9t r$ sket* l9es n cords4 ,! diagonal l9e ,n on ! left ,i d n und]/&1 x does n seem an accid5tal "o4 ,on ! left h& ( ! two looms ! orig9al %[s a man sp9n+ co>se ?read into f9]787 us+ two sp9dles at once2 ! ?reads pass ?r\gh r+s fix$ 9 ! ceil+ z 9 a picture at ,b5i ,hasan4 ,beh9d him two girls are break+ up ! flax & two o!rs are mak+ co>se ?reads ( ! fibres1 almo/ exactly l ^? 9 ! tomb ( ,daga 7,no4 #ajc7 a c\ple ( hundr$ y>ds away4 ,to ?is description ( ,mr4 ,davies ,i w\ld l to add a ^w ab\t ! discs ,e4 ,wilk9son indicates ^! z r+s app>5tly jo9+ ! horizontal beam to ! po/ ( ! frame1 ! =m ( ! r+ be+ arriv$ at z expla9$ by ,mr4 ,davies by ! orig9al outl9e ( ! sket* hav+ be5 made l>g] ?an ! f9al draw+ ( ! circle1 or disc1 & n oblit]at$4 ,9 ,mr4 ,davies' draw+ ^! discs hang on or are fix$ on to ! uprights only1 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k !y repres5t balls ( weft ?read hang+ up 9 ! same way z we see :ole r[s ( col\r$ balls hang+ on ! looms ( ,p]sian rugmak]s1 & z c be se5 on an ,indian rug loom 9 ,bankfield ,museum4 ,x is also v cle> t ^! ,egyptian v]tical looms are v diff]5t f ! ,greek looms 9 s f> z we "k any?+ ab\t !m4 ,! ,greek looms _h an upp] beam only & ! w>p ?reads 7 bun*$ at ! l[] end & weight$ ) metal or clay balls to keep !m taut1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! individual w>p ?reads 7 n weight$2 !y 7 bun*$ & !n weight$4 ,! pyramidal %ap$ clay w>p weights f\nd 9 ,egypt are ,i und]/& consid]$ by ,egyptologi/s to belong to ! ,roman p]iod1 b 9 ! ,man*e/] ,univ]sity ,museum !re is a mud article :i* ,miss ,m4 ,a4 ,murray describes z a w>p weight1 ,fig4 #ag1 s t x is possible v]tical looms ) w>p weights may yet be =?com+ z an ,egyptian & n a =eign indu/rial tool4 ,b ,dr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,hall in=ms me ?is weight 0 probably f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( h\ses :]e ,a,egean pott]y 0 f\nd & h5ce x is probably a tempor>y w>p weight ( ^? p & n an ,egyptian article4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,greek loom ) spool & w>p weights4 ,illu/ration on a skyphos 7van ,branteghem vase 9 ! ,a%molean ,museum1 ,ox=d74 ,f ,h4 ,b4 ,walt]s' pap] on ,odysseus ,kirke on a ,boeotian vase1 ,j\r4 ,hell5ic ,/udies1 #ahib-c ,,xiii4 p4 #ha4 ,s9ce writ+ ! above ,mr4 ,n4 de ,g4 ,davies has v k9dly s5t me on a new set ( illu/rations1 ,fig4 #af1 ( :i* he says2 ,my att5tion 0 call$ to ! sc5e by ,dr4 ,alan ,g>d9]4 ,! sc5es :i* repres5t ! prep>ation ( ! flax & ! /ret*+ ( ! w>p are almo/ replicas ( ^? 9 ! tomb ( ,daga ( ! ,middle ,k+dom1 s f> z we c judge1 :ile ! pictures ( ! looms resemble closely ^? 9 ! tombs ( ,?ot-nef] & ,nef]-hotep4 ,! "w is done by bo? m5 & wom54 ,m5 prep>e ! flax :ile wom5 /ret* ! w>p4 ,m5 mo/ly "w ! loom1 ei!r s+ly or ) a companion4 ,b 9 "o case a woman is se5 at "w at "o ( ! upright looms4 ,%e is %ewn sitt+ sideways on ! l[ b5* & is n pictur$ 9 a back view ) widely spread legs l ! m54 ,un=tunately ! "w is s slov5ly & s mu* injur$ t few exact outl9es c be secur$1 & h5ce all detail is insecure4 ,!re are also sup]flu\s l9es 9 r$ col\r :i* confuse ! picture4 ,! tomb is ,ramesside 9 date 7circa #abjj ,b4,c47 ,! inscription ov] ! seat$ man is too brok5 to be read4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af;a4--,weav]s at "w z repres5t$ 9 ! ,tomb ( ,nef]-ronpet1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,weav]s at ,!bes4 ,date ab\t #abjj ,b4,c4 ,f a draw+ by ,mr4 ,n4 de ,g4 ,davies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af;b4--,weav]s at "w z repres5t$ 9 ! ,tomb ( ,nef]-ronpet1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,weav]s at ,!bes4 ,date ab\t #abjj ,b4,c4 ,f a draw+ by ,mr4 ,n4 de ,g4 ,davies4 ,! draw+s appe> to confirm g5]ally :at we h ga!r$ f ,mr4 ,davies' previ\s illu/ration1 ,fig4 #i4 ,,portions ,,( ,,looms ,,:i* ,,h ,,come ,,d[n ,,to ,,u4 ,9 s f> z ,i "k1 n _m loom p>ts h yet be5 discov]$1 & ^? :i* ,i h _h an opportunity ( /udy+ d n assi/ u to mu* k beyond t :i* we h ga9$ by a /udy ( ! wall pa9t+s4 ,we h ! article f ,kahun already m5tion$1 :i* may possibly be a w>p weight1 z x some:at resembles ! lat] w>p weights f\nd else:]e4 ,x is ( h>d5$ mud ) a p]=ation at ! ?9 end ?r\gh :i* a piece ( /r+ has be5 pass$ & knott$ 7,fig4 #ag71 b s f> no illu/ration ( a loom ) weights has be5 f\nd1 ei!r = ! p]iod to :i* ?is article belongs or to any o!r p]iod4 ,on ! o!r h& ! mat]ial is n suitable = a net-s9k]1 nor is x int5d$ to be made to /& up4 ,z m5tion$ above x is probably ,a,egean4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,piece ( p]=at$ h>d5$ mud4 ,possibly a w>p weight1 #aj cm4 x #h4g x #d4b 7#c-ae_/af 94 x #b-g_/af 94 x #a-e_/h 947 ,weight #dgj gramms 7#a lb4 #a_/b oz47 ,probably ( ,a,egean orig94 ,kahun4 ,man*e/] ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,burnt-clay w>p weight4 ,height #aa4d cm4 7#d-a_/d 947 ,weight #bfj gramms 7#i-a_/d oz47 ,probably ,roman4 ,bankfield ,museum4 7,receiv$ f ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie74 ,ano!r =m ( w>p weight1 ( burnt clay1 is some:at frequ5tly met )1 ,fig4 #ah1 b x is describ$ z app]ta9+ to ,roman times1 & may !re=e be ei!r a ,greek or ,roman article4 ,simil> weights f ,cyprus & ,nor? ,africa1 c41 c be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,wood5 pegs h be5 f\nd at ,gurob1 :i* may possibly h be5 us$ = hold+ ! w>p & brea/ beams 9 position1 ,fig4 #ai4 ,^! pegs may appe> to be r %ort = ! purpose1 b 9 v primitive looms ! w>p is n kept s taut z might & %\ld be1 & h5ce !re is n ! same heavy /ra9 on ! pegs z we %\ld deem necess>y4 ,! way to settle _! use w\ld be to fix !m 9 solid gr\nd & te/ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,wood5 ,peg1 possibly us$ = hold+ ! w>p & brea/ beams4 ,l5g? #ac4e to #aj4b cm4 7#e-ac_/af 94 to #d 947 ,gurob ,,xviii4-,,xix4 ,dyn4 7ab\t #aehj-abje ,b4,c47 ,man*e/] ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,long /raight la? ) not*es at ea* end1 probably a laze rod4 ,l5g? #a m4 #bd 7#d ft4 #ac_/af 947 ,bread? #e4b cm4 7#b 947 ,?ickness #b4b cm4 7#g_/h 947 ,kahun4 ,man*e/] ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 #a_/b size section ( ,fig4 #bj4 ,illu/ration3 #a_/b size section ( ,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,long curv$ la?4 ,probably a beat]-94 ,l5g? #a m4 #bj 7#c ft4 #aa-a_/d 947 ,bread? #f4e cm4 7#a-aa_/cb 9474 ,?ickness #a cm4 7#c_/h 947 ,kahun4 ,,xii4 ,dyna/y ab\t #bjjj-aghh ,b4,c4 ,man*e/] ,museum4 ,at ,kahun a long /raight la?1 ,fig4 #bj1 0 f\nd :i* is probably a laze rod1 ! not*es be+ app>5tly = a nooze to slip into & s prev5t ! rod work+ t[>ds ! weav] :i* x has a t5d5cy to d4 ,ano!r long b curv$ la?1 ,fig4 #ba1 also f\nd at ,kahun is probably a beat]-94 ,mo/ l>ge ,egyptian collections conta9 "o or m specim5s ( wood5 combs1 :i* are g5]ally call$ weav]s combs1 & ascrib$ to ,roman times4 ,b "o at lea/1 ,fig4 #bb1 has be5 f\nd ) ,x,v,i,i,ith to ,x,i,xth ,dyna/y articles at ,gurob1 t is belong+ to ! p]iod #aehj-aaej ,b4,c41 :i* is long be=e ,rome exi/$4 ,none ( ^! s-call$ combs1 = !y are really embryo re$s1 are %[n on ! wall illu/rations s t !y no d\bt belong to a lat] date ?an t ( ! ,x,i,ith ,dyna/y4 ,if1 z ,i take x1 ^! combs are ! =]unn]s ( ! re$ & 7 us$ to drive ! weft ?reads home1 & if also ! ,romans _h upright looms provid$ ) w>p weights in/ead ( ! brea/ beam1 !n ,i ?9k ! comb may n be ,roman b may be a late ,egyptian inv5tion4 ,=1 on try+ to use su* a comb on a replica ( a ,sc&9avian upright loom provid$ ) w>p weights 7in/ead ( ) ! brea/ beam7 ,i c get no good result1 9 fact r ! opposite1 b tri$ on a primitive horizontal loom provid$ ) a brea/ beam ! comb is f\nd to be ( "s assi/ance1 especially if ! w>p is n v taut z is g5]ally ! case ) primitive looms4 ,at ,bankfield we h an ,indian rug loom1 already ref]r$ to1 ) w>p & brea/ beam on :i* a some:at simil> in/rum5t1 b ( iron1 0 us$4,d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,weav]'s ,comb--a ,beat]-94 #ai4e cm4 x #i4h x #d4b 7#g-c_/d 94 x #c-g_/h 94 x #a-e_/h 947 ,gurob4 ,man*e/] ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,possibly a w>p spac]1 some:at simil> 9 object to ! raddle ( mod]n h& loom weav+4 ,height #b4h cm4 ,wid? #b4e cm4 7#a-a_/h 94 x #a 947 ,! slots are #f mm4 7#a_/d 947 ap>t1 #c mm4 7#a_/af 947 wide1 & ab\t #aj mm4 7#c_/h 947 deep4 ,f ,gurob b probably ,roman4 ,bankfield ,museum4 7,receiv$ f ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie74 ,an article :i* ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie describes z a w>p spac] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,f fragm5ts 9 ! ,egyptian ,collection1 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 x w\ld appe> to h be5 orig9ally m ?an a met] 7?ree feet7 long4 ,x may h be5 us$ z a sort ( a raddle1 a tool us$ = assi/+ to keep ! w>p ?reads 9 position :5 be+ beam$1 i4e4 put on to ! loom4 ,at ,bankfield we h an old local h& loom ! w>p beam ( :i* is provid$ ) a s]ies ( holes 9 :i* pegs 7 once ins]t$ to keep ! col\r$ w>p ?reads 9 position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 #a_/b size ( end ( ,fig4 #bd4 #a_/b size section ( ,fig4 #bd4 ,a long piece ( p]=at$ wood describ$ by ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,kahun1 p4 #bi1 z a ,weav]'s ,beam = mak+ ru% mats4 ,l5g? #if4h cm4 x #h4j x #c4j 7#c ft4 #a-a_/d 94 x #c-a_/d 94 x #a-c_/af 947 ,f ,man*e/] ,museum4 ,a piece ( frame1 ,fig4 #bd1 has be5 describ$ z a weav]'s beam = mak+ ru% mats l ! mod]n hasira4 ,x is provid$ ) #bh holes :i* are arrang$ ab\t #bg to #dj mm4 ap>t4 ,! holes may h be5 m or less circul> orig9ally1 & worn into pres5t %ape by ?reads1 etc41 & look m irregul> inside ?an !y really are1 z ! inside surface ( ! holes is fairly smoo?2 ! holes are slightly l>g]1 on an av]age ab\t #d mm41 on ! face %[n ?an on ! o!r face4 ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie seems to ?9k x resembles ! frame on :i* ! mod]n ,egyptian mat is made4 ,we n[ come to ! two re$s 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,liv]pool ,in/itute ( ,ar*aeology1 :i* ,dr4 ,john ,g>/ang discov]$ ne> ,abu ,kirkas1 tomb ,no4 #fic1 ( :i* he tells u3 ,!y are #bg & #bi in*es 7#fh4f & #gc4g cm47 9 l5g? respectively1 & are precisely simil> 9 g5]al =m4 ,!y are con/ruct$ on a sy/em ( n9ete5 or tw5ty re$s to ! in*1 & !y may be se5 to be exactly simil> to ! mod]n re$ tak5 f a loom 9 ! village ( ,abu ,kirkas4 ,x is n possible1 un=tunately1 to assign a precise date to ^! objects4 ,!y 7 f\nd 9 a tomb :i* conta9$ no o!r rema9s2 ?is tomb 0 surr\nd$ by o!rs1 all ( !m likewise v mu* di/urb$1 b equally *>act]i/ic ( ! g5]al nature ( ! ,middle ,empire tombs1 & conta9+ no?+ b ,middle ,empire objects4 ,s9ce1 9 g5]al1 few tombs ( ?is site %[ signs ( intrusive burial ( a lat] age1 !re is no reason to suppose t ^! objects are ( any date lat] ?an ! ,,xii4 ,dyna/y 7,! ,burial ,cu/oms ( ,anci5t ,egypt1 ,london1 #aijg1 pp4 #acd-acf74 ,! horizontal looms we h be5 describ+ belong to ?is p]iod1 & ! arti/s h n %[n any re$s ) !m4 ,my /udies ( primitive looms lead me to ?9k t ^! ,egyptian looms are ( a date f> ant]ior to ! inv5tion or ! application ( a re$4 ,x has also1 ,i believe1 be5 rem>k$ by ^? :o h exam9$ clo?s ( ?is date1 t ! irregul> array ( ! w>p ?reads is good pro( t re$s c\ld n h be5 9 use4 ,i h already po9t$ out t 9 ! evolution ( ! loom ! re$ puts 9 a late appe>ance1 b ap>t f ?is fact1 ,i d n ?9k ! arti/ w\ld h omitt$ su* an important tool _h x be5 9 use 9 8 "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--,re$ 9 ,cairo ,museum4 ,l5g? #ff cm4 7#bf 947 ,x consi/s ( two wood5 frames fitt$ ) flat iron wires4 ,/r+ is w\nd r\nd ! frames b9d+ !m toge!r4 ,!n a k9d ( canvas787 cov] 9 plac$ ov] ! frames to cov] up ! project+ ends ( ! wires1 b ?is has disappe>$ 9 places4 ,dr4 ,g>/ang po9ts out t al?\gh ! surr\nd+ tombs conta9$ ,middle ,empire objects1 ! re$s 7 f\nd 9 a tomb )\t any o!r rema9s4 ,?is c h>dly be consid]$ evid5ce t5d+ to prove t !y belong$ to ! p]iod nam$1 & x is c]ta9ly weak5$ by ! accompany+ /atem5t t ! re$s are exactly simil> to ! mod]n re$1 = t is almo/ suffici5t to prove t !y are n #cijj-cgjj ye>s old4 ,to me !y seem comp>atively mod]n & v simil> to "o 9 ! ,cairo ,museum :i* ,,mm4 ,brugs* & ,quibell are incl9$ to ?9k is ,coptic ) ?is diff]5ce1 t 9 ,dr4 ,g>/ang's re$s ! divisions appe> to be ( cane or wood1 :ile 9 ! ,cairo re$ !y are ( iron 78/eel74 ,! sket* ( ?is ,coptic re$1 ,fig4 #be1 has be5 drawn specially = me1 & ,miss ,w4 ,m4 ,crompton1 ,assi/ant ,keep] 9 ,egyptology 9 ! ,man*e/] ,univ]sity ,museum1 has k9dly exam9$ ! sket* ) ! article & pron\nc$ x correct4 ,we may1 ,i ?9k1 safely conclude t ! re$ f\nd by ,dr4 ,g>/ang is ,coptic & n ,anci5t ,egyptian4 ,z reg>ds ! actual "w ( weav+1 balls ( ?read h be5 f\nd & s h v flat bobb9s & pieces ( /ick ) ?read w\nd r\nd :i* may h be5 spools z indicat$ 9 ! draw+1 ,fig4 #g4 ,!re is no reason :y balls ( ?read %\ld n h be5 us$ z !y are 9 uncivilis$ c\ntries at ! pres5t day1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,tibet1 z report$ by ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill 9 ,di>y ( a ,j\rney ?r\gh ,mongolia & ,?ibet1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahid1 p4 #da4 ,,diagonal ,,weav+4 ,i am unable to agree ) a rec5tly made /atem5t publi%$ 9 ,! ,labyr9?1 ,g]zeh & ,m>ghuneh1 by ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,e4 ,a4 ,wa9wright & ,e4 ,mackey1 p4 #f1 :i* runs3 ,! fact ( ! weft n be+ at "r angles to ! w>p1 if "o may conclude by ! fabrics1 does n1 ,i ?9k1 imply t su* weav+ is ( inf]ior quality4 ,:5 ,i notic$ ! peculi>ity fir/1 ,i ?\ght x might h aris5 ?r\gh di/ortion by /ret*+ ov] ! body1 b repeat$ examples ( ! same fact h l$ me to consid] o!r causes4 ,we "k h[ closely analog\s to 'd>n+' 0 ! e>ly weav+2 & 9 our days x is n unusual to f9d /ock+s n d>n$ at "r angles1 & x may be ! wom5 weav]s ( old sometimes put 9 ! weft m or less out ( true "r angle4 ,9 ! *ildhood ( weav+ we %\ld expect diff]5t me?ods1 & x may be1 see+ t we h no selv$g$ clo? until v long aft] ?is "t1 t !y exp]im5t$ ) a diagonal weft to see if x w\ld n r$uce ! t5d5cy to fray out at ! sides4 ,! am\nt ! w>p & weft are out ( ! "r angle is /at$ to be ab\t #bj deg4 ,! specim5 %[n me "u ! microscope indicat$ cle>ly t ! w>p & weft 7 n at "r angles & t ! int]/ices 7 n squ>e b diamond %ap$4 ,x is possible to arrange ! w>p ?reads diagonally f beam to beam1 b ) cont9u\s weft 7t is 9 weav+ s z to get selv$ges7 ! weft has ! t5d5cy to slip up on "o side & d[n on ! o!r1 h5ce ! weav+ is made labori\s4 ,) a sep>ate weft = ea* pick1 i4e41 = e once ! %$ is op5$1 !re is naturally n ?is t5d5cy1 b ?is alleg$ diagonally wov5 clo? frays j z easily z any o!r piece ( clo? )\t selv$ge1 s 9 ei!r case !re is n only no advantage b di/9ct disadvantage tak+ ! diagonal beam+ into consid]ation4 ,we mu/ give ! ,egyptians cr$it = us+ ! lea/ labori\s ( two me?ods1 t is if ! second "o 7 kn[n to !m4 ,app>5t diagonal weav+ c be produc$ by anyone tak+ an ord9>y piece ( l95 or cotton clo?1 cutt+ (f ! selv$ge & /ret*+ ! clo? 9 a direction diagonally to ! direction ( ! w>p & weft1 & a piece ( diagonally wov5 clo? is ! result6 ,! probability is t ! specim5 ( clo?1 )\t a selv$ge1 hav+ be5 /ret*$ ov] ! body = a long p]iod ( "t1 has1 9 ! c\rse ( t "t lo/ its nature & :5 remov$ x has reta9$ its alt]$ =m & gives u ! impression ( hav+ be5 wov5 diagonally4 ,,! ,,l95 ,,girdle ,,( ,,rameses ,,iii4 ,9 ! =ego+ ,i h %[n h[ extremely simple 0 ! :ole app>atus = weav+ 9 use by ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 & "o is r surpris$ to be told t ab\t ,b4,c4 #abjj1 9 ! "t ( ,rameses ,,iii41 ! ,egyptians built & us$ looms v mu* m complicat$ ?an has hi!rto be5 believ$ to be ! case1 or to be ref]r$ to ! really complicat$ =m ( loom us$4 ,yet ?is is :at ,mr4 ,?orold ,d4 ,lee tells u 7pp4 #hd & #hf7 9 8 pap] on ,! ,l95 ,girdle ( ,rameses ,,iii4 7,ann4 ( ,ar*aeology & ,an?ropology ( ! ,liv]pool ,in/itute ( ,ar*aeology1 ,july1 #aiab1 ,v47 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ?is girdle are its great l5g?1 #ag feet 7#e m4 #b71 its ev5 tap] dim9i%+ f #e 94 7#ab4g cm47 9 wid? to #a-g_/h 94 7#d4h cm47 9 wid?1 its elaborate design & excell5t workman%ip4 ,p]haps ! *ief ( ^! *>act]i/ics is ! tap]4 ,x is mo/ probable1 z ,mr4 ,lee po9ts out1 t 9 ! weav+ ! w>p ?reads h be5 gradually dropp$ out to make ! tap]1 r ?an t additional w>p ?reads h be5 add$4 ,z x is easy to drop a w>p ?read1 & almo/ impossible to add "o :ile weav+ is 9 progress1 ,mr4 ,lee's view is confirm$ by ?is4 ,x w\ld also be almo/ impossible to keep ! w>p taut if ! numb] ( w>p ?reads 7 increas$ z ! "w w5t on4 ,?is means t ! girdle 0 comm5c$ at ! wide end & f9i%$ at ! n>r[ end4 ,x is common k t :5 a w>p ?read drops out1 its place is indicat$ by a ?9ness or f9e op5+ = ! :ole l5g? ( ! miss+ w>p1 & ?is is s because ! re$1 besides pu%+ ! weft into position1 also acts z a w>p spac]1 t is to say x keeps ! w>p ?reads prop]ly ap>t1 e "o be+ prop]ly align$4 ,:5 no re$ is us$ ! w>p ?reads are n s ev5ly plac$--!y are n s p>allel to "o ano!r = !re is no?+ b _! tautness to keep !m 9 position4 ,h5ce !re is e reason to conclude t :51 on a loom provid$ ) a re$1 w>p ?reads h be5 remov$ _! position mu/ be indicat$1 & vice v]sa if no re$ has be5 us$ ! position ( ! remov$ ?reads w n be s cle>ly indicat$1 b !re w be a m m>k$ %r9kage 9 ! wid? ( ! clo? z well z 9 ! patt]n1 & ?is is :at has tak5 place 9 ! girdle giv+ u ! dim9i%+ tap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,l95 ,,girdle ,,( ,,rameses ,,iii4 ,reproduc$ by k9d p]mission ( ,dr4 ,clubb1 ,director1 ,! ,museums1 ,liv]pool4 ,if ?is dim9i%+ tap] 7 indicat$ by a decrease 9 ! wid? ( ! patt]n comm5c+ at ! selv$ges1 !n x might be presum$ t a re$ _h be5 us$ = ! c5tral portion only--a v clumsy ev5 if feasible arrangem5t1 b ! patt]n beg9s to decrease along ! middle & h5ce no re$ c\ld h be5 us$4 ,x does n foll[ t because a loom 0 n provid$ ) a re$ x 0 )\t h$dles4 ,anyone :o w exam9e ! l>ge s]ies ( primitive looms at ,bankfield ,museum1 w obs]ve t h$dles prec$$ re$s2 ?is mu/ necess>ily be s z ! mak+ ( ! %$ is ! fir/ /ep 9 weav+1 :ile ! re$'s "w is m t ( a f9i%]4 ,b ! h$dles are all extremely primitive1 & 9 my exp]i5ce d n exce$ f\r 9 numb] :]e !re is no re$4 ,su* a quantity ( h$dles ) its complicat$ h>ness z ,mr4 ,lee consid]s necess>y is q out ( ! "q ) a loom s undevelop$ z n to be provid$ ) a re$4 ,h5ce ! indication is t ! girdle 0 wov5 on a loom ( a primitive "*4 ,9 c>ry+ out ! "w ! weav] has made _m mi/akes4 ,on ! left h& side ( ! "r h& r[ ( r$ crosses 7!y come out black 9 ! photograph7 !re is an end d[n = a consid]able di/ance--t is a ?read has be5 miss$4 ,on ! same r[ ( crosses ?ree :ite ?reads %[ above & bel[1 :ile on ! left h& r[ ( crosses !re are five :ite ?reads above & bel[4 ,! crosses are nei!r ! same size nor %ape 9 ! two columns & curi\sly _! :ite hafts 9 bo? columns po9t to ! left in/ead ( "o r[ po9t+ to ! left & ! o!r to ! "r4 ,!n aga9 ! :ite po9t at ! "r apex ( ! zigzag on ! left corresponds to a r$ po9t at ! left apex ( ! "r h& zigzag1 b if ! girdle _h be5 wov5 on an advanc$ loom ) dobby & h>ness ^! po9ts w\ld h be5 r$ 9 bo? places4 ,z reg>ds ! l>ge numb] ( w>p ?reads to ! in* :i* ,mr4 ,lee puts d[n z #bgb-cdj 7#ajg-acd p] cm471 ?is does n by any means indicate a complicat$ piece ( ma*9]y = ! weav+ ( ?is belt or any o!r fabric4 ,! great] ! numb] ( ?reads to ! in* ! f9] mu/ ! ?reads be 9 ord] to get !m into ! allott$ space1 & 9 ! weav+ !re w be s _m m ?reads to raise & l[] 9 ord] to make ! %$ op5+4 ,x means multiply+ ! "w b does n necess>ily mean t a m complicat$ loom mu/ be us$ 9 ! weav+4 ,x is n possible )\t op5+ ! fabric to be q positive on ! _m po9ts :i* are rais$1 b !re seems no?+ ab\t x :i* %\ld prev5t its hav+ be5 made on a simple loom4 ,al?\gh sup]ior to mo/1 b n all1 ( ! well kn[n ,coptic clo?s 9 ,bankfield & 9 _m o!r museums1 x v closely resembles "s ( !m 9 _m respects except+ 9 ! tap]4 ,i %\ld add t 9 mak+ my exam9ation ( ?is girdle ,i 0 k9dly assi/$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,trigg1 a well kn[n ,halifax mill manag] & design]4 ,we made ! exam9ation indep5d5tly & on comp>+ notes aft]w>ds f\nd t we agre$ 9 all ess5tial po9ts4 ,,an ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,fifte5 ,,specim5s ,,( ,,mummy ,,wrapp+s4 ,by ,w4 ,w4 ,,midgley1 ,curator1 retir$1 ,! ,museums1 ,bolton4 ,s f> back z #ahcd1 ,mummy clo?s occupi$ ! att5tion ( ,james ,?ompson1 ,f4,r4,s41 :o1 aft] rese>*es into _! *>act]i/ics & /ructure wrote a pap] on ! subject1 :i* appe>s 9 ! ,london & ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,v41 page #cee4 ,f t "t until q rec5tly1 little additional k on ! subject has appe>$4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( #aiaj1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,f4,r4,s41 express$ a desire t ! writ] %\ld und]take microscopic inve/igation ( ! body-wrapp+s ( clo?s ( ! ,,iii4 & e>ly ,,iv4 ,dyna/ies 7circa #bihj-bgej ,b4,c47 :i* he _h br\ght home f excavations made at a cemet]y ne> ,meydum1 ,upp] ,egypt4 ,! report ^u !m =ms "p ( ! ,hi/orical ,/udies1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool ( ,ar*aeology 9 ,egypt4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,l+ ,ro? sugge/$ t "s ( ! examples ( ,egyptian ,mummy clo?s 9 ,bankfield ,museum %\ld be exam9$ on simil> l9es1 describ+ ! con/ruction ( ! fabrics & y>ns1 toge!r ) ! *>act]i/ics ( ! fibres us$1 ,i und]took to c>ry out ! "w & =w>d to him ! results = p]man5t ref]5ce4 ,ea* ( ! fifte5 clo?s submitt$ 0 fir/ exam9$ by m\nt+ ab\t #c_/d x #e_/h 7#bj mm4 x #af mm47 ( ! clo? on #c x #a 7#gf mm4 x #be mm47 glass slips1 & cov]+ ) ?9 glass1 s z to f9d out its plan ( composition & ! numb] ( w>p & weft ?reads p] l9e> in*4 ,aft]w>ds1 a little ( ! w>p ?reads z well z ( ! weft1 0 untwi/$ & ! fibres sep>at$1 & ^! m\nt$ ap>t on ano!r #c x #a slip 7#gf x #be mm471 s t ! k9d ( textile fibre us$ & ! diamet] ( ! fibres c\ld be measur$4 ,^! microscopical prep>ations w be kept 9 ,bankfield ,museum1 z !y may be ( int]e/ to microscopi/s 9 ! locality4 ,! clo?s are f ?ree s\rces3--,nos4 #a & #b be+ f ! private collection ( ,dr4 ,wallis-,budge1 :o has giv5 ! specim5s to ,bankfield ,museum2 ,nos4 #c to #h are f ! old ,mey] collection 9 ! ,liv]pool ,museum 7un=tunately ! orig9 ( !m is unkn[n72 & ^? m>k$ #i to #ae 7 tak5 f a mummy ( ! ,,xxvi4 ,dyna/y1 br\ght to ?is c\ntry by ,"l ,d5bigh1 & n[ also 9 ! ,liv]pool ,museum4 ,a4--,specim5s ( ,mummy clo?s f ,!ban ,tombs date ab\t ,b4,c4 #adjj1 pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,wallis-,budge4 #a4 ,a pla9 "o-up-&-"o-d[n l95 clo?4 ,! y>ns 9 ?is example are m irregul> 9 diamet] ?an usual--! w>p /r&s v>y+ f #a_/be? to #a_/ga/ 7#a mm4 to 4#b_/h mm47 ,! w>p has ab\t half its /r&s d\bl$ 7t is tw9$ toge!r71 :]eas ! weft has only ab\t "o 9 tw5ty d\bl$4 ,see ,fig4 #bf4 #b4 ,?is is a co>s] fabric1 has be5 dy$ ) saffron1 & is some:at brittle to tease out ! fibres4 ,bo? ^! clo?s _h evid5tly absorb$ "s ( ! gums or balsams us$ 9 ! process ( embalm+1 & h5ce ! difficulty ( sep>at+ ! fibres = id5tification is increas$4 ,! /ructure ( ! fabric is peculi>1 &1 inde$1 ! only in/ance ,i h se5 9 ,egyptian clo?s4 ,a portion1 ne> ! middle ( ! piece s5t1 has ! w>p /r&s 9 pairs p>allel to ea* o!r1 a few ( !m be+ d\ble y>ns1 :ile all ! rema9d] are d\bl$4 ,( ! weft1 ne>ly half are d\ble y>ns4 ,see ,fig4 #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,magnifi$ #aj diamet]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,magnifi$ #aj diamet]s1 %[+ ! w>p y>n 9 pairs4 ,b4--,specim5s f ! ,mey] ,collection1 m>k$ ,no4 #aajhh4 7,date ( acquisition ab\t #ahef2 date & place ( orig9 unkn[n74 #c4 ,?is is a beautifully s(t1 f9e ,wool fabric1 conta9+ no size or balsam4 ,f ! f95ess ( ! y>n & ( ! individual fibres ,i h no d\bt t ! wool has be5 import$ f ,india1 or1 m likely1 t ! clo? 0 made 9 ,ca%m]e4 ,! texture is a pla9 weave1 has a selv$ge edge1 ! w>p y>ns are d\bl$1 :ile ! weft is s+le y>n4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t ! p>ticul>s ( locality1 ( burial1 & ! p]iod ( "t to :i* ?is int]e/+ fabric belongs has be5 lo/4 ,i assume f ! g5]al *>act]i/ics t x is ( a late p]iod--probably n e>li] ?an ! ,ptolemaic4 #d4 ,?is l95 clo? has a pla9 selv$ge1 regul> weave1 & conta9s no size4 ,ab\t #be ( bo? w>p & weft y>ns are d\bl$1 & all are v ev5 9 diamet]4 #e4 ,a co>se l95 clo? ) pla9 selv$ge4 ,all ! y>ns are s+le & ev5 9 diamet]4 #f4 ,?is is a co>se1 highly-siz$ l95 clo?4 ,! y>ns are agglut9at$1 are brittle1 & x is difficult to sep>ate ! fibres4 ,! sample submitt$ has be5 cut f ! end ( ! piece & %[s ! w>p ends4 #g4 ,a co>se l95 clo?1 siz$ & brittle4 ,no selv$ge on ! piece s5t4 ,bo? w>p & weft y>ns are s+le1 & ev5 9 diamet]4 #h4 ,?is is a v co>se l95 fabric heavily siz$ & brittle4 ,bo? w>p & weft y>ns are s+le & v irregul> 9 diamet]4 ,c4--,"l ,d5bigh's3 ,,xxvi4 ,dyna/y4 #i4 ,a s(t-spun l95 clo? conta9+ no size4 ,specim5 has be5 cut f ! body ( ! fabric1 %[+ no selv$ge4 ,ab\t half ( ! w>p is compos$ ( d\bl$ y>ns ( irregul> diamet]2 ! weft is ( d\bl$ y>ns & m regul> 9 diamet]4 #aj4 ,! selv$ge ( ?is l95 fabric is peculi> & some:at elaborate4 ,! out] m>g9 is compos$ ( f\r sets ( t5 y>ns p>allel to ea* o!r1 =m+ "o /r& ( w>p2 !n comes a space ( #a-i_/aj 7#dh mm47 :]e ! w>p y>ns are dy$ r$2 !n occurs ?ree m sets ( t5 p>allel y>ns 7! object be+ to /r5g!n ! selv$ge71 foll[$ by ! g5]al body ( ! fabric4 ,! entire selv$ge is #b-a_/d 7#eg mm47 wide4 ,ab\t half ! w>p y>ns are d\bl$1 :ile all ! weft are compos$ ( d\bl$ y>ns1 bo? be+ fairly ev5 9 diamet]1 & n siz$4 #aa4 ,a f9e1 s(t1 l95 clo?1 ) selv$ge #a-a_/h 7#bi mm47 wide2 ! ?ree out] & ! two inn] /r&s ( ! w>p are made up ( _m p>allel y>ns1 z 9 ,no4 #aj1 ) an int]space ( #c_/h 7#aj mm47 ,all ! w>p y>ns are dy$ r$1 ab\t #be ( !m be+ d\bl$2 ! weft is peculi> 9 hav+ five or six /r&s ( s+le y>ns alt]nat+ ) six or sev5 d\ble y>ns1 giv+ a fa9t /ripe 9 ! fabric4 #ab4 ,a l95 clo?1 ) no selv$ge edge4 ,x has be5 dy$ r$1 probably f]um1 a dye :i* ,i f9d uni=mly associat$ ) friable or decompos+ fibres4 #ac4 ,a peculi>ly col\r$ f9e l95 clo?2 ! patt]n is caus$ by "s ( ! w>p y>ns be+ dy$1 & occurr+ sometimes ( f\r1 two1 or "o r$ /r&s1 ) grey ones int]mix$4 ,a few ( ! w>p y>ns are d\bl$4 ,! weft is compos$ ( s+le y>ns & are all 9 ! grey4 #ad4 ,a co>se s(t-wov5 l95 fabric1 conta9+ no size4 ,l9es are indicat$ at irregul> di/ances along ! clo?1 v>y+ f #e_/af to #i_/af 7#h to #ad mm472 ^! are caus$ by ! introduction ( ?ree /r&s ( d\bl$ y>n 9 ! w>p :ile ! rema9d] are s+le y>ns4 ,! weft is all ( d\bl$ y>ns2 bo? w>p & weft are v regul> 9 diamet]4 #ae4 ,?is is a v>iegat$ l95 fabric ) w>ps col\r$ some?+ l ,no4 #ac1 b ! r$ /r&s ( w>p are m irregul> 9 di/ribution4 ,l x1 a few ( ! w>p y>ns are d\bl$1 bo? ! r$ & ! grey2 :ile ! weft is all ( s+le y>ns & 9 ! grey4 ,a consid]able quantity ( specim5s ( ! clo?s :i* 7 wov5 by ! ,anci5t ,egyptians has be5 exam9$ bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 call special att5tion to ! results ( exam9ation publi%$ 9 ,miss ,m4 ,a4 ,murray's excell5t little "w ,! ,tomb ( ,two ,bro!rs1 ,man*e/] ,museum ,publications1 ,no4 #fh1 #aiaj4--;,h4,l4,r4 ,,details ,,( ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,body ,,wrapp+s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,specim5,nature ,w>p ,weft ,micro ,measurem5ts ( ,t5 ,fibres4 ,no4 ( ,ends ,picks---------------------------------- ----- ,textilep] p] ,weft4 ,w>p4 ,mean (4 ,fibre4in*4in*4 ,max4 ,m94 ,max4 ,m94 ,weft4 ,w>p4 94 94 94 94 94 94 ,a4 #a ,l95 #dd #cb #a_/adjja_/cccca_/adbda_/cccja_/agfha_/a ghf #b #aj #ag #a_/aghfa_/cccja_/aghja_/bhfja_/bjbja_/a ije #c ,wool #bbd #dj #a_/hcc #a_/bejja_/hcc #a_/bjjja_/aceaa_/adbi #d ,l95 #fd #cb #a_/adbia_/bejja_/abeja_/ejjja_/ahaha_/a ged #e #ef #bj #a_/abeja_/cccca_/abeja_/bejja_/ageda_/a gbd ,b4 #f #dh #bd #a_/abeja_/bejja_/ajjja_/bejja_/afdja_/a eid #g #dh #bj #a_/aaaaa_/bejja_/ajjja_/bejja_/adjha_/a dbh #h #cf #af #a_/hcc #a_/cccca_/aaaaa_/bejja_/adefa_/afac #i #dh #bd #a_/afffa_/cccca_/afffa_/cccca_/bbbba_/a hfj #aj #cb #fj #a_/hcc #a_/cccca_/ijh #a_/cccca_/agbda_/afac #aa #hj #cf #a_/adbia_/cccca_/ajjja_/cccca_/ahhga_/a ghd ,c4 #ab #if #dj #a_/aaaaa_/bejja_/abeja_/bejja_/agbda_/a fie #ac #hj #cf #a_/aaaaa_/bejja_/adbia_/bejja_/afdja_/b jdj #ad #ef #bd #a_/iji #a_/cccca_/abeja_/bejja_/aeida_/afie #ae #fd #cf #a_/abeja_/bjjja_/adbia_/bejja_/agbda_/a hah ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,! ,,above ,,conv]t$ ,,into ,,metrical ,,measurem5ts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,micro ,measurem5ts ( ,t5 ,fibres ,specim5,nature ,w>p ,weft 9 ,millimetres4 ,no4 ( ,ends ,picks --------------------------------- ,textile p] p] ,weft4 ,w>p4 ,mean ( ,fibre4 ,c5tim4 ,c5tim4 ,max4 ,m94 ,max4 ,m94 ,weft4,w>p4 #a ,l95 #ag #ab4f 4#jaha4jjgf4jagh4jjgf4jadd4jadb #b #d #f4g 4#jadb4jjgf4jadc4jjhi4jabf4jacc #c ,wool #hh #ae4f 4#jcje4jaja4jcje4jabg4jahh4jagh #d ,l95 #be #ab4f 4#jagh4jaja4jbjc4jjej4jadj4jade #e #bb #g4h 4#jbjc4jjgf4jbjc4jaja4jade4jadg #f #ai #i4e 4#jbjc4jaja4jbed4jaja4jaee4jaei #g #ai #g4h 4#jbbi4jaja4jbed4jaja4jahj4jagh #h #ad4a #f4c 4#jcje4jjgf4jbbi4jaja4jagd4jaeg #i #ai #i4e 4#jaeb4jjgf4jaeb4jjgf4jbjh4jacj #aj #ab4f #bc4f 4#jcje4jjgf4jbgh4jjgf4jadg4jaeg #aa #ca4e #ad4a 4#jagh4jjgf4jbed4jjgf4jace4jadb #ab #cg4d #ae4f 4#jbbi4jaja4jbjc4jaja4jadg4jadi #ac #ai #ad4a 4#jbbi4jaja4jagh4jaja4jaee4jabd #ad #bb #i4e 4#jbgh4jjgf4jbjc4jaja4jaei4jadi #ae #be #ad4a 4#jbjc4jabg4jagh4jaja4jadg4jadj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,x is v obvi\s !y _h no scale to "w to4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,to ! un9itiat$ ,i may expla9 t 9 a horizontal loom ! plane ( ! w>p is m or less p>allel ) t ( ! floor1 :ile 9 an upright or v]tical loom ! plane ( ! w>p is at "r angles to t ( ! floor4 ,b ,to avoid indi/9ctness ?r\gh ov] r$uction1 ,i h endeav\r$ to keep all reproductions 9 ?is pap] z l>ge z possible1 & ?9k ,i h succe$$ 9 n los+ any detail 9 ! necess>y r$uction4 ,c ,hay's draw+s are n publi%$ b c be se5 9 ! ,brit4 ,mus41 ,add4 ,,mss4 ,no4 #bihbc1 ,fol4 #cb4 ,d ,olafsson1 to be ref]r$ to lat] on1 rem>ks t :ile 9 ,ovid's "t ! spa! 0 us$ = beat+-9 ! weft1 9 ,s5eca's "t ! weft 0 beat5 9 by a too!d in/rum5t4 ,9 o!r words a weav]'s comb--! embryo re$--_h be5 introduc$4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,greek ,,loom4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,a ,bu%ongo weav] at "w4 ,f ,torday & ,joyce1 ,notes ,e?nographiques1 ,ann4 du ,congo1 p4 #ahb4 ,we h n[ to say a few words ab\t an upright loom :i* diff]s v mat]ially f ! ,egyptian loom already describ$4 ,:e!r ! horizontal loom is a lat] product ?an ! v]tical loom1 or 0 evolv$ f x1 or :e!r bo? 7 indep5d5t inv5tions _c be discuss$ "h1 b ,i may po9t out t !re is an int]m$iate =m betwe5 ! two4 ,x is d\btful z to :e!r ?is is a transition =m4 ,x 0 fir/ br\ght to my notice by ,mr4 ,t4 ,a4 ,joyce1 z 9 use among/ "s negro peoples 9 ,c5tral ,africa possess+ an old1 high & possibly introduc$ civilisation1 & is figur$ 9 ,messrs4 ,torday & ,joyce's ,notes ,e?nographiques 444 ,bakuba 444 et ,bu%ongo 7,annales du ,congo7 pp4 #bd & #ahb4 ,9 ?is loom ! w>p is /ret*$ betwe5 an upp] beam & a l[] beam at an angle ( ab\t #ij degrees1 & ! weav] sits und]nea? at 8 "w1 ,fig4 #bh4 ,x is n at all uncommon to meet ) illu/rations %[+ ! w>p /ret*$ at an incl9e1 & ap>t f ! fact t 9 _m ! weav]s are pos+ = illu/ration1 & !re=e1 are mo/ probably n exactly 9 _! natural positions1 ! tilt$ arrangem5t has ?is advantage1 namely1 t ! "w ( beat+-9 is improv$ by ! fall giv5 to ! sword :i*1 ) less ex]tion by ! weav]1 drives ! weft home m effectively4 ,9 all ^! cases1 h[ev]1 ! weav] sits or /&s 9 front ( ! loom1 b 9 ! case ( ! ,bu%ongo ! loom is tilt$ to su* an ext5t t ! weav] f9ds x m conv5i5t to sit und]nea? ! w>p4 ,! discov]y by ,messrs4 ,alan ,g>d9] & ,n4 de ,g4 ,davies ( illu/rations ( ,egyptian upright looms1 confirms ,wilk9son 9 8 /atem5t & illu/ration t ! ,egyptians _h ?is class ( loom z well z ! horizontal "o4 ,! v]tical loom is f\nd 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa & ,am]ica1 & is1 probably1 e?nically z old if n old] ?an ! horizontal loom4,e ,b ?is ,egyptian upright loom diff]s f ano!r1 ! ,greek1 or ,c5tral ,european1 or ,sc&9avian =m ( ! upright loom1 9 hav+ an upp] & a l[] beam s t ! w>p is made taut betwe5 two beams1 :ile 9 ! ,greek loom !re is only "o beam4 ,! w>p hangs f ?is beam1 ! w>p ?reads be+ made taut by means ( weights atta*$ at ! l[] ends4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi;a4--,illu/ration on a small leky?os ( an ,a!nian girl at "w on a tape/ry loom1 toge!r ) a full size trac+ ( ! tape/ry loom4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,b4,c4 #ejj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi;b4--,illu/ration ( a ,greek woman ) a tape/ry loom4 ,f ,/ackelb]g's ,graeb] d] ,hell551 pl4 xxxiii4 ,! ,greeks 71 h[ev]1 acqua9t$ ) ! tape/ry loom1 = !re exi/s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum a small leky?os ) an illu/ration1 ,fig4 #bi;a1 ( su* an article re/+ on ! knees ( a lady weav]4,f ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,greek woman at "w on a loom4 ,f ,c4 ,rob]t ,eph ar* #ahib1 pl4 xiii41 p4 #bdg4 ,x is n possible to say f ?is illu/ration :e!r ?is is a w>p weight$ loom or n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--,p5elope at h] loom4 ,illu/ration on an ,a!nian skyphos f\nd 9 an ,etruscan tomb at ,*iusi1 & at pres5t 9 ! museum !re4 ,! illu/ration is tak5 f ,monum5ti d4 ,in/4 ,ar*eologico1 ,,ix41 pl4 xlii4 ,x has be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,walt]s 9 ,j\r4 ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ,,xxxi41 #aiaa1 p4 #ae1 :o says3 ,9 front ( h]1 ,fig4 #bi;a1 is a :ite wool basket 7,kala?os7 & on h] lap is a frame some:at 9 ! =m ( a lyre1 be+ =m$ by two upright pieces ) knobs at ! top1 div]g+ slightly t[>ds ! top1 across betwe5 :i* are /ret*$ two ?reads at ! top & two at ! bottom1 sev5 v]tical ?reads be+ also visible4 ,h] h&s are plac$ on ! ?reads1 :i* %e is engag$ 9 manipulat+4 ,?is object c only be int5d$ = a h& loom1 ?\gh !re is app>5tly no evid5ce = ! use ( su* objects 9 anci5t times or among ,ori5tal races ei!r 9 ! pa/ or ! pres5t day4 ,! only o!r p>allel to ! repres5tation on ?is vase is "o publi%$ by ,/ackelb]g1 ,fig4 #bi;b1 :]e a woman holds a simil> frame & is simil>ly occupi$ ) h] h&s4 ,! writ]s ( ! articles ,/ick5 9 ,baumei/] & ,phrygium ,opus 9 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 misl$ by ! lik5ess ( ! object to ! mod]n crewel-frame1 int]pret ! process z embroid]y4 ,b ?is k9d ( "w implies clo? or o!r textile sub/ance already wov51 on :i* patt]ns are work$ 91 :]eas 9 bo? vase pa9t+s ! textile is obvi\sly 9 c\rse ( con/ruction4 ,he is "r 9 s f> z he goes1 b bo? repres5tations are ^? ( tape/ry looms :i* fact is indicat$ by ! w>p ?reads 9 bo? cases1 & by ! design m>k$ on ! w>p ?reads ( ,fig4 #bi;b--a me?od ( prep>+ _! "w 9 use to ?is day by tape/ry weav]s4 ,"s au?orities consid] t tape/ry weav+ is m closely relat$ to mat mak+ ?an to true weav+4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i take x tape/ry is an e>ly /age 9 ! developm5t ( weav+4 ,f ?is we get "s idea z to h[ f> ! ,greeks _h progress$ 9 ! textile arts4 ,z po9t$ out by ,,mm4 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio1 ,dic4 des ,antiquites ,grecques et ,roma9es pt4 #df1 p4 #afd1 illu/rations ( ,greek or ,roman me?ods ( weav+ are v r>e1 !y are mu* r$uc$ & 9 s f> z ! art is conc]n$ purely diagrammatic4 ,on ! o!r h& if !re are num]\s ref]5ces 9 ! texts ( classic au?ors1 ^! ref]5ces seem r to obscure ?an elucidate ! me?od ( work+4 ,h[ev]1 !re are ?ree illu/rations--! ,p5elope loom1 ,fig4 #ca1 & two ,boeotian looms1 "o ( :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ae--q suffici5t to expla9 ! pr9ciple ( ! upright loom z us$ ) w>p weights by ! ,greeks1 & ! discov]y ( num]\s articles1 consid]$ to be ! w>p weights1 confirm ! illu/ration4 ,! pr9ciple is ! same ?r\gh\t1 viz43 ! looms are v]tical1 !re is a w>p beam on top1 !re are two cross rods "o ( :i* is a laze rod & possibly ! o!r is a h$dle2 & ! w>p ?reads are all kept taut by means ( atta*$ weights4 ,on "o ( ! ,boeotian looms a bobb9 or spool is %[n4 ,along ! top ( ,p5elope's loom !re are indications ( n9e pegs1 on six ( :i* balls ( col\r$ ?read h be5 plac$1 evid5tly = work+ out ! designs1 v mu* ! same z %[n on ! rug loom 9 ,bankfield ,museum already ref]r$ to4 ,! w>p weights on ?is ,a!nian illu/ration are triangul> 9 %ape1 & p]haps resemble ! pyramidic weights f\nd 9 ,egypt & attribut$ to ,roman times4 ,assum+ ^! pyramids are ,roman w>p weights x w\ld appe> t bo? ,greeks & ,romans _h v]tical looms on :i* ! w>p ?reads 7 kept taut by means ( weights4 ,9 "o ( ! few cle>ly express$ te*nical classical ref]5ces1 ,s5eca speaks ( ! w>p ?reads /ret*$ by hang+ weights4 ,9 ! above classical illu/rations :i* are aft] all only r\gh diagrams1 ! w>p weights appe> to hang f a s+le ?read only1 b ?is c n h be5 correct4 ,! w>p ?reads mu/ h be5 bun*$1 because a s+le susp5d$ ?read ) a t5sion weight imm$iately beg9s to unravel1 & s loses ! advantage ( its hav+ be5 spun1 z any "o c asc]ta9 = oneself4 ,z reg>ds ! same po9t on ! ,lake ,dwell]s looms1 ,cohaus5 0 ! fir/ to surmise t ! w>p ?reads 7 bun*$ to receive ! weight1 & ,messikomm] prov$ x by practical exp]im5t4,g ,z c be surmis$ ) ?is class ( loom ! weav+ beg9s at ! top1 work+ d[nw>ds1 & ! beat+-9 ( ! weft is upw>ds--! exact opposite to ! me?od adopt$ ) o!r looms--= ! p5dant w>p ends1 al?\gh weight$ to keep !m taut1 d n appe> to h be5 fur!r fix$ 9 position1 s t to comm5ce weav+ at ! l[] end made ! op]ation s extremely difficult z to be almo/ impossible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--;,illu/ration ( a ,sc&9avian w>p weight$ loom 9 ! ,cop5hag5 ,museum4 ,! illu/ration is tak5 f ,montelius' ,civilisation ( ,sw$5 9 ,hea!n ,times1 translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,h4 ,woods1 ,london1 ,macmillan ,co41 #ahhh1 p4 #afj4 ,9 ! illu/ration ( ?is loom publi%$ by ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 _! ,guide to ! ,antiquities ( ! ,e>ly ,iron ,age1 ,london1 #aije1 p4 #aci1 ! %ape ( ! w>p weights has be5 alt]$ to suit ! %ape ( su* weights 9 ! ,briti% ,museum collections4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--;,icel&ic ,loom aft] ,olafsson4 a a ,beam on :i* ! w>p is fix$4 b b ,weights to make ! w>p taut4 c c ,brackets :i* support ! beam & on :i* x c be revolv$ by means ( ! spoke e :5 ! w>p has to be l5g!n$1 on acc\nt ( ! weft f work+ d[nw>ds & s %ort5+ ! f9i%$ portion ( ! wov5 clo?4 g ,a %>p bone or t\gh piece ( wood to beat ! weft into prop] position4 h ,! w\nd up weft :i* is pu%$ ?r\gh ! w>p ) ! f+]s4 i i ,! unbeam$ w>p4 k k ,! h$dles or %$ op5]s4 l l ,! supports on :i* ! h$dles re/ :5 ! pick is made i4e41 ! pu%+ ! weft ?r\gh4 m ,! beat]-94 n & o ,laze rods4 q ,! template = regulat+ ! wid? ( ! clo?4 r r & s s ,beam on to :i* ! loom is fix$4 ,"s ( ! descriptions are n z cle> z c\ld be wi%$4 ,x is probable t g is a prelim9>y to m4 ,n4 ,ann&ale m5tions t he obta9$ 9 ! ,f>oes a beat]-9 made ( a :ale's jaw or rib2 :ile 9 ,icel& he saw "s ( ! p]=at$ /ones to :i* ! w>p ?reads 7 atta*$ 7,! ,f>oes & ,icel&1 ,ox=d1 #aije1 pp4 #aie-f74 ,! ,sc&9avian =m ( ! ,greek loom f ! ,f>oes ,fig4 #cb1 is made kn[n to u ?r\gh ! article itself 9 ! ,cop5hag5 ,museum1 illu/rat$ by ,montelius1 ,civilisation ( ,sw$5 9 ,hea!n ,times1 ,lond4 #ahhh1 p4 #afj1 & ?r\gh ! v cle> illu/ration & description giv5 u by ,olafsson 9 8 ,oeconomis*e ,reise dur* ,isl&1 #aghg1 translat$ f ! ,dani% edition ( #aghj4 ,! loom figur$ by ,olafsson1 ,fig4 #cc1 %[s an advance on t ( ,montelius1 9 be+ provid$ ) h$dles4,h ,upright looms ) a l[] beam in/ead ( ) w>p weights & furni%$ ) h$dles1 are n uncommon4 ,!re are ! well kn[n ,indian & ,p]sian rug looms1 & ,du ,*aillu figures "o 9 8 ,j\rney to ,a%ango ,l&1 ,london1 #ahfg1 plate fac+ p4 #bia4 ,r&all-,maciv] & ,wilk9 illu/rate a v]tical loom 9 use among ! ,kabyles1 ,libyan ,notes1 ,london1 #aija1 ,pl4 ,,ix41 & al?\gh ! details ( ! illu/ration are n cle> ! text indicates ! exi/5ce ( "o h$dle3 ,! w>p is decussat$ by means ( a horizontal rod & lea%es4 ,dr4 ,wa%+ton ,ma!ws figures sev]al ,navajo looms ) h$dles1 ,?ird ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 p4 #bia2 ,anci5t ,p]uvians also us$ !m1 z %[n by ,dr4 ,max ,s*midt1 ,baessl] ,ar*iv1 ,i4 pt4 #a1 & s on practically ad4 lib4 ,b to "w an upright w>p-weight$ loom ) h$dles is att5d$ ) great practical inconv5i5ce1 & ?is difficulty has1 no d\bt1 be5 "o ( ! *ief causes ( ! complete disc>dance ( ?is class ( loom4 ,9 spite ( ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! exi/5ce ( w>p weight$ looms1 ! ,director ( ! ,h]mann/adt ,museum1 ,dr4 v4 ,kimakovicz-,w9nicki1 sees fit to d5y _! exi/5ce4 ,he f\nd t 9 "s p>ts ( ,transylvania ! peasants use wood5 pyramids 7see ,fig4 #ah7 simil> to ! ,roman w>p weights = w9d+ ! ?read f ! sp9dle on to ! %uttle4 ,= ?is purpose sockets are bor$ into ! ?9 or top end ( two pyramids1 :i* are plac$ j s f> ap>t t a sp9dle c re/ horizontally ) "o end 9 ! socket ( "o pyramid1 & ! o!r end ( ! sp9dle 9 ! socket ( ! o!r pyramid1 & ! ?read 9 be+ w\nd (f on to ! %uttle causes ! sp9dle to revolve 9 ! sockets4 ,f ?is he argues t :at we h hi!rto tak5 to be w>p weights are n w>p weights at all 7,sp9n-u4 ,webew]kzeuge1 ,wu]zburg1 #aiaa71 & hav+ d5i$ ^! articles to be w>p weights he gets ov] ! difficulty pres5t$ by ! illu/ration ( ,p5elope at h] loom1 by attempt+ to prove t :at we take to be a loom is no loom at all b a fle*trahm1 i4e4 plait+ frame6 ,he !n attempts to pull to pieces ! idea t ! ,sc&9avian loom 9 ! ,cop5hag5 ,museum is a loom & condemns x z unworkable4 ,!re c be no d\bt ab\t 8 mean+ z he def9es 8 t]ms4 ,! pr9ciple ( weav+ 7,web57 he describes z ! absorption ( two gr\ps ( p>allel mat]ial elem5ts 7w>p & weft7 at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & ! pr9ciple ( plait+ 7,fle*t57 z ! absorption by itself 9 "o plane ( "o gr\p only ( mat]ial elem5t1 7w>p7 & he gives diagrammatic illu/rations %[+ cle>ly :at he means 7op4 cit4 p4 #ca74;,i ,judg+ f 8 rem>ks "o mu/ conclude he has n se5 a primitive loom ( any sort1 & 7 x n = ! (ficial position he holds1 8 rem>ks w\ld n ne$ answ]+4 ,x has1 ,i believe1 be5 sugge/$ m ?an once t "s ( ! p]=at$ /ones1 pieces ( burnt clay1 pieces ( *alk & l objects may be & are net-s9k]s1 & !re is "s ju/ification = ,dr4 ,kimakovicz-,w9nicki's /atem5t t ! pyramidic =ms are n w>p weights2 b x does n foll[ t all ! p]=at$ articles are ei!r sp9dle-hold]s or net-s9k]s1 yet t is :at 8 subsequ5t /atem5ts lead "o to inf]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 difficult to prove t ^! p]=at$ articles are w>p weights4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,side view & section ( *alk w>p weight f\nd at ,great ,driffield4 ,( ?ree ( ! weights ! foll[+ dim5sions 7 tak53 #g-c_/d 7#ai4g cm47 long1 #b lbs4 #c oz4 7#a4j k7 #f 7#ae4b 7 #a lb4 #h oz4 7#j4g k7 #f-c_/h 7#af4b 7 #a lb4 #c oz4 7#j4f k7 ,hull ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--;,*alk weight1 #f x #d x #b 7#ae4b cm4 x #aj4b x #e4a71 simil> to ^? f\nd 9 pits1 at ,m\nt ,caburn & ,cissbury ne> ,wor?+1 ,sussex4 ,f\nd ) eighte5 m 9 ! fill+ ( pit #g1 ,w9kelbury ,hill4 ,excavations 9 ,w9kelbury ,camp1 by ,lieut4-,g54 ,pitt-,riv]s 7,excavations 9 ,cranb\rne ,*ase1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #ahhh74 ,z ,pitt-,riv]s also f\nd at ,w9kelbury ! fragm5t ( a comb & a *alk sp9dle :orl1 :i* are textile tools1 we may safely presume ^! fa%ion$ pieces ( *alk are w>p weights4 ,9 #ahge sev]al flat irregul> oblong p]=at$ pieces ( s(t *alk 7 f\nd 9 enl>g+ ! cattle m>ket 9 ,great ,driffield1 ,york%ire2 !y 7 f\nd 9 a hole ab\t ?ree feet deep ) ,anglo-,saxon pot%]ds1 animal rema9s1 & bits ( iron4 ,!y c n[ be se5 9 ! ,mortim] ,collection 9 ! ,hull ,museum4 ,!y consi/ ( pieces ( *alk1 simil> to ^? :i* drop annually 9 ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s d[n ! cliffs f ! b\ld] clay betwe5 ,bridl+ton & ,flambor\gh4 ,on "s a %\ld] has be5 cut1 ,fig4 #cd1 mo/ h "o p]=ation1 b 9 a few specim5s1 :]e ! ?9 portion above ! hole has be5 brok5 (f1 a second hole has be5 made4 ,none ( !m c /& unsupport$4 ,ow+ to ! soluble nature ( ! *alk !y c\ld n h be5 us$ z net-s9k]s 9 ! sea 7ab\t n9e miles (f7 = !y w\ld quickly dissolve 9 salt wat]1 & ! same holds good 9 reg>d to fre% wat]1 al?\gh 9 a less] degree4 ,b ,i d n ?9k !y 7 us$ ev5 9 fre% wat] z net-s9k]s1 = x 0 a *>act]i/ic ( primitive peoples1 ) :om "t 0 ( no acc\nt1 to d _! "w ?or\ghly--:at !y made 0 int5d$ to la/1 & *alk net-s9k]s w\ld n h la/$4 ,t ^! 7 f\nd 9 a limit$ quantity1 ,i believe ab\t sev5te5 9 numb]1 t5ds to %[ t !y are w>p weights1 = only a few are requir$ = e loom1 9 spite ( ! consid]able numb] %[n 9 ! non-te*nical illu/ration ( ,p5elope's loom4 ,n be+ able to f9d any o!r use = ^! pieces ( *alk1 & judg+ t !y are suitable = ! purpose1 ,i %\ld say !y are w>p weights4 ,9 ?is case ! weav] has made ! mo/ ( :at nature has giv5 him2 9 o!r p>ts ( ,engl& he has _h to fa%ion ! weight out ( ! r\gh *alk1 ,fig4 #ce4 ,9 ! ,museum at ,devizes !re are sev]al h>d pieces ( p]=at$ & fa%ion$ *alk :i* (f] m conclusive evid5ce4 ,( ^! ,mrs4 ,m4 ,e4 ,cunn+ton1 ! ,curator1 writes me3 ,all ! weights "h h holes bor$ "r ?r\gh4 ,two l>ge ones /& easily on ! floor4 ,o!rs are m irregul> 9 =m & w n /& upright4 ,?is latt] type is1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 ! m usual 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y are commonly cut out ( ! h>d *alk1 & weigh ab\t #c or #d lbs4 7#a4e-b ,kilos74 ,we ?9k ^! weights are loom weights because we f9d !m ) ,romano-,briti% rema9s1 z at ,we/bury1 & late ,celtic rema9s on our *alk upl&s1 f> f wat] :]e fi%+ c\ld h be5 c>ri$ on4 ,) ! same rema9s we f9d weav+ combs1 num]\s sp9dle :orls & o!r tools ( bone t 7 also probably us$ 9 weav+ op]ations4 ,! ,we/bury1 9 ,wilt%ire1 ref]r$ to1 is "s ?irty miles 9 a /raight l9e f ! m\? ( ! ,sev]n1 & ab\t =ty miles f ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,^! pieces ( *alk _c !re=e h be5 us$ z net-s9k]s1 leav+ out ( consid]ation _! composition2 !y 7 f\nd ) weav+ tools & !y fit ! position4 ,s f> ! +5uity ( our able/ ar*aeologi/s at home & abroad has n succe$$ 9 ascrib+ ! use ( ^! objects to any?+ else ?an net-s9k+ or w>p t5sion4 ,! adaptability ( ! articles = use z w>p weights1 ! small gr\ps 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 ! discov]y ( weav+ implem5ts 9 ! close/ proximity1 our k ( ! ,greek repres5tations ( w>p-weight$ looms1 ! ,olafsson illu/ration1 & ! loom 9 ! ,cop5hag5 ,museum all t5d to prove t ^! articles are really w>p weights4 ,z reg>ds ! practical possibility or impossibility ( work+ a ,greek loom1 ,i _h a simple frame made 9 ! ,museum & %[$ ,mr4 ,j4 ,smi?1 a mill ,ov]look] at ,messrs4 ,wayman & ,sons1 ,ld41 ,halifax1 ! illu/ration 9 ,montelius' book already ref]r$ to1 & ask$ him to weave me a small piece ( clo? on x4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs he did ! w>p+1 beam+ & weav+1 mak+ ! pick ) 8 f+]s & us+ a ball ( weft ?read in/ead ( a spool or %uttle4 ,! result is %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 ,fig4 #cf1 conclusively prov+ t weav+ on su* a frame is q feasible1 & practically prov+ t ,olafsson's & ! ,cop5hag5 w>p weight$ looms are prop]ly con/ruct$ workable looms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--;,a w>p weight$ loom made at ,bankfield ,museum1 to %[ ! possibility ( weav+ by ?is me?od4 ,!re is no h$dle nor %uttle us$4 ,! weav] made ! %$ & pu%$ ! weft ?r\gh ) 8 f+]s4 ,he naturally work$ d[nw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--;,diagram to %[ h[ ! w>p is kept taut on a ,syrian loom4 ,f9ally1 x may n be out ( place "h to po9t out t !re are o!r looms1 besides ! ,greek & ,sc&9avian1 on :i* ! w>p is made taut by means ( w>p weights4 ,! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,h>vey ,port]1 ( ! ,am]ican ,college1 ,beyr\t1 ,syria1 writ+ ab\t ! ye> #aija1 ?us describes ! common loom ( ! c\ntry4 ,he says3 ,two upright po/s are fix$ 9 ! gr\nd1 :i* hold ! roll] to :i* ! ?reads ( ! w>p are fa/5$1 & ^u :i* ! clo? is w\nd z x is wov54 ,! ?reads ( ! w>p are c>ri$ upw>d t[>ds ! ceil+ at ! o!r end ( ! room1 & pass ov] roll]s1 & are ga!r$ 9 hanks & weight$ to keep !m taut 7,dic4 ( ! ,bible1 ,ed9burgh1 #aijb1 ,,iv41 p4 #ija74 ,he has k9dly s5t me an illu/ration ( ?is loom1 b un=tunately ! weights are n cle>ly %[n1 & ! same is ! case ) an illu/ration ( a loom f ,cyprus4,j ,! diagram1 ,fig4 #cg1 %[s ! pr9ciple4 ,9 a ,%an loom illu/rat$ by ,mrs4 ,leslie ,milne1 9 ,! ,%ans at ,home1 ,london1 #aiaj1 p4 #abj1 ! w>p makes a some:at simil> det\r ov] ! head ( ! weav]1 x is1 h[ev]1 n weight$ b ti$ to a beam4 ,! po9t to be obs]v$ is t ^! w>p-weight$ looms are horizontal & n p]p5dicul>1 & also t ! weav+ is ! rev]se ( t on ! ,greek loom b simil> to t on our horizontal looms1 s t ! pres5t ,syrian & ,cyprian looms h no?+ 9 common ) ! old ,greek loom4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--;,h& ( ,p5elope clut*+ h] %uttle4 ,f a corn] ( a piece ( sculpture discov]$ by ,o4 ,k]n & describ$ by ,c4 ,rob]t1 7,! ,feet ,wa%+ ( ,odysseus1 fif? ,c5tury ,b4,c41 ,mitt4 ,kais4 ,deuts*4 ,ar*4 ,in/41 ,a!ns1 ,,xxv41 #aijj1 pp4 #ccb-c74 ,! au?or consid]s ,p5elope to be 9 ! act ( unravell+ :at %e has wov53 ,we see h] hold+ ! spool ) h] "r h&1 :ile ! left h&1 half clos$1 is rais$ to ab\t %\ld] high1 & ! f+]s1 if ,i read ! traces correctly1 are pos$ z ?\gh %e held a ?read4 ,! ,greeks evid5tly us$ a spool 9 weav+1 t is a piece ( /ick r\nd :i* 0 w\nd ! ?read t became ! weft1 z is %[n 9 ! h& ( ,p5elope1 ,fig4 #ch1 & 9 ,kirke's loom1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,,footnotes3 ,e ,i f9d frequ5t ref]5ces1 by v>i\s writ]s1 to an upright loom m5tion$ by ,e4 ,h4 ,palm] z us$ by a ,b$aw9 woman ne> ,jebel ,musa1 b on look+ up 8 description 7,! ,des]t ( ! ,exodus1 ,i4 p4 #abe71 ,i f9d x to be s indiff]5t z to be q useless = purposes ( comp>ison4 ,f ,my att5tion to ?is 0 k9dly drawn by ,mr4 ,f4 ,n4 ,pryce1 ,assi/ant 9 ! ,dept4 ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities4 ,g ,! exi/5ce ( w>p weight$ looms among/ ! prehi/oric ,lake ,dwell]s ( ,switz]l& 0 fir/ surmis$ by ,pau] 7,kell]'s ,lake ,dwell+s7 f ! discov]y ( ! weights1 & 0 made practically c]ta9 by ,messikomm] & ,j5ts*4 ,h ,comp>+ ! loom ,olafsson saw ) ! description 9 ! ,nial ,saga1 he concludes ?is sort ( loom 0 9 use ,a4,d4 #ajad1 9 ! ,nor? ( ,scotl&4 ,i ,he criticises ! detail ( ! illu/ration ( ,p5elope's loom4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ ?is illu/ration is n a te*nical draw+1 b an arti/'s repres5tation :]e correctness ( detail _c be expect$4 ,9 8 own draw+ ( ! ,egyptian horizontal loom _m ( ! w>p ?reads are %[n ov] in/ead ( "u ! laze rods1 & yet ?is is suppos$ to be a correct te*nical draw+6 ,j ,s9ce writ+ ,dr4 ,port] has s5t me photograph ( ano!r sort ( loom 9 :i* weights are us$ z c\nt] balances to keep ! h$dles rais$4 ,! subject requires fur!r elucidation4 ,,iii4 ,,conclusion4 ,f ! =ego+ we ga!r t ! ,anci5t ,egyptians _h two =ms ( looms4 ,! e>li] or horizontal =m1 date ab\t ,b4,c4 #bjjj1 has 9 a modifi$ way surviv$ to ! pres5t day 9 des]t ,egypt & is also f\nd 9 ,sei/an4 ,x requir$ a l>ge area ( gr\nd = work+ & probably 9 e>li] times :5 !re 0 pl5ty ( space ?is did n mu* matt]4 ,b z ! population 9 ! t[ns increas$ & ) ! increase ( civilisation & its concomitant increas$ dem& = clo?1 probably out ( proportion to ! increase ( population1 space w\ld be begrudg$ & ?is may h caus$ ! inv5tion or ! introduction ( ! v]tical =m ( loom :i* we f9d 9 use "s #ejj ye>s lat]4 ,9 ,egypt !re=e ! horizontal loom prec$$ ! v]tical loom b x does n necess>ily foll[ t su* 0 ! case else:]e4 ,9 s f> z we c ga!r f ! small am\nt ( in=mation at our disposal1 9 ! e>li] days ! wom5 7 ! weav]s1 & lat] on ) ! introduction ( ! upright loom ! m5 7 ! weav]s ) an occasional female weav]4 ,9 ! ,egyptian ,des]t & 9 ,sei/an 9 ! pres5t day ) horizontal looms ! weav]s appe> to be males1 b among ! nomads ( ,p]sia :o likewise use horizontal looms ! weav]s are females4 ,9 ! use ( ei!r =m ( loom ! ,egyptian weav]s beat ! weft d[nw>ds or t[>ds !mselves & n upw>ds or away f !mselves4 ,!y _h ! h$dle 9 "o ( its e>lie/ =ms & _h consequ5tly made ! fir/ great /ep 9 ! evolution ( ! loom z we n[ "k x4 ,9 ! beg9n+ !y made no selv$ges s t = e pick a sep>ate l5g? ( weft ?read 0 us$4 ,! adoption ( ! selv$ge 0 ano!r improvem5t & until x 0 introduc$ ! weft w\ld no d\bt h be5 put ?r\gh ) ! f+]s1 lat] on a spool be+ us$4 ,x is possible also t 9 v late times ! weav]s' comb 0 introduc$4 ,x is safe to say t ! ,egyptians _h no k ( ! re$4 ,bo? =ms ( looms 7 simple1 )\t h>ness or o!r complicat$ pieces ( me*anism4 ,! ,egyptians accompli%$ fairly good "w & judg+ ^! p f _! looms alone we mu/ conclude !y 7 a progressive race4 ,! ,greek =m ( loom 0 an upright "o on :i* ! w>p ?reads 7 kept taut by means ( weights & simil> to ! =m :i* exi/$ 9 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe 79 ! latt] until rec5t times7 b ( :i* s f> !re is no trace to ! ea/1 or s\?1 or we/4 ,! ,greek loom may h be5 furni%$ ) a h$dle b ! draw+s are n cle> on ?is po9t4 ,a spool 0 us$4 ,! weav]s 7 wom5 & ! weft 0 beat5 upw>ds or away f ! weav]4 ,x 0 n a =m ( loom s capable ( improvem5t z ! ,egyptian =ms & !re appe>s to be no connection betwe5 ! =ms us$ on ei!r side ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! ,greek tape/ry loom c\ld h>dly h be5 m primitive4 ,9 respect to ! =ms ( looms us$ by ! two peoples ! ,egyptians 7 consid]ably 9 advance ( ! ,greeks4 ,,f9is4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,punctuation errors h be5 repair$4 ,! au?or uses "s ar*aic & alt]native spell+1 = example1 nooze = noose1 gramms = grammes4 ,^! h be5 reta9$ z pr9t$4 ,! orig9al text conta9$ an erratum1 z foll[s3 ,erratum3--,page #ci1 ,l9e #e1 = ,dr4 ,h5ry ,port]1 read ,dr4 ,h>vey ,port]4 ,! error has be5 fix$ 9 ?is e-text4 ,! foll[+ am5dm5ts h be5 made3 ,page #h--;,calliaud am5d$ to ,cailliaud--444 z well z ^? ( ,cailliaud & ,rosell9i %[ t 444 ,page #aa--,tehuti-hotep am5d$ to ,tehuti-hetep--444 f ! tomb ( ,tehuti-hetep circa #aich-ahdi ,b4,c41 444 ,page #ah--nets9k] am5d$ to net-s9k]--444 ! mat]ial is n suitable = a net-s9k]1 444 ,page #ai1 ,fig4 #ba caption--cm4 am5d$ to 94--444 ,bread? #f4e cm4 7#a-aa_/cb 9474 ,page #bc--pecul>ity am5d$ to peculi>ity--,:5 ,i notic$ ! peculi>ity fir/1 444 ,page #bc--;analag\s am5d$ to analog\s--,we "k h[ closely analog\s to 'd>n+' 0 444 ,page #bg--safron am5d$ to saffron--#b4 ,?is is a co>s] fabric1 has be5 dy$ ) saffron1 444 ,page #bi--,millemetres am5d$ to ,millimetres--,micro ,measurem5ts ( ,t5 ,fibres 9 ,millimetres4 ,page #cb1 ,fig4 #ca caption--,etrusian am5d$ to ,etruscan--444 an ,a!nian skyphos f\nd 9 an ,etruscan tomb 444 ,page #cb--repeat$ in/ance ( use delet$--444 !re is app>5tly no evid5ce = ! use ( su* objects 444 ,page #ce1 ,fig4 #cc caption--templete am5d$ to template--,! template = regulat+ ! wid? 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