,,fre$om   ,,9   ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,tea*+4  
,,f ,,! ,,g]man ,,(   ,,ern/ ,,haeckel4 
,,) ,a ,,prefatory ,,note   ,by ,t4 ,h4 
,,huxley1 ,f4,r4,s4    ,,d] ,,teleolog  
,wel*e ,v]ehrung v]di5t d] ,welt5s*oepf]
 d] gna$ig4   ,als er d5 ,korkbaum s*uf1
 glei* au* die ,/oepfel erf&4           
,,x5i54    ,,new ,,york3   ,d4          
,,appleton ,,& ,,company1   #edi ,,&    
#eea ,,broadway4   #ahgi4               
,,prefatory ,,note4   ,9 comply+ ) ! wi%
 ( ! publi%]s ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel's    
reply to ,pr(essor ,vir*[1 t ,i %\ld    
furni% a prefatory note express+ my own 
op9ion 9 respect ( ! subject-matt] ( !  
controv]sy1 ,gay's homely l9es1         
prophetic ( ! fate ( ^? :o 9 qu>rels    
int]pose1 em]ge f "s bra9-cupbo>d 9 :i* 
!y h be5 hidd5 s9ce my *ildi% days4 ,9  
fact1 ! h>d-hitt+ ) :i* bo? ! attack & !
 def5ce ab\nd1 makes me ?9k ) a %udd] ^u
 ! probable suff]+s ( ! unhappy man ^:  
int]v5tion %\ld lead two su* gladiators 
to turn _! weapons f "o ano!r ^u him4 ,9
 my y\?1 ,i once attempt$ to /op a /reet

 fight1 & ,i h nev] =gott5 ! brief b    
impressive lesson on ! value ( ! policy 
( non-int]v5tion :i* ,i !n receiv$4  ,b 
!re is1 happily1 no ne$ = me to place   
myself 9 a position :i*1 besides be+    
fraught ) dang]1 w\ld sav\r (           
presumption3 ,c>eful /udy ( bo? ! attack
 & ! reply leaves me )\t ! incl9ation to
 become ei!r a p>tisan or a peacemak]3 n
 a p>tisan1 = !re is a great deal ) :i* 
,i fully agree said on bo? sides2 n a   
peacemak]1 because ,i ?9k x is highly   
desirable t ! important que/ions :i*    
und]lie ! discussion1 ap>t f ! m p]sonal
 phases ( ! dispute1 %\ld be ?or\ghly   
discuss$4 ,& if x 7 possible to h       
controv]sy )\t bitt]ness 9 human        
affairs1 ,i %\ld be dispos$1 = ! g5]al  
good1 to use to bo? ( ! em95t antagoni/s
 ! fam\s phrase ( a late ,presid5t ( !  
,fr5* ,*amb]--,tape dessus4  ,no pr(\nd 
acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory ( sci5ce is ne$$ 
to produce ! conviction1 t ! advancem5t 
( natural k has be5 effect$ by !        
successive or concurr5t ef=ts ( m51 ^:  

m9ds are *>act]is$ by t5d5cies s        
opposite t !y are =c$ into conflict ) "o
 ano!r4 ,! "o intellect is imag9ative & 
syn!tic2 its *ief aim is to arrive at a 
broad & coh]5t conception ( ! relations 
( ph5om5a2 ! o!r is positive1 critical1 
analytic1 & sets ! highe/ value ^u !    
exact det]m9ation & /atem5t ( ! ph5om5a 
!mselves4  ,if ! man ( ! critical s*ool 
takes ! pi?y aphorism ,melius autem e/  
naturam sec>e quam ab/rah]e#a = 8 motto1
 ! *ampion ( free speculation may retort
 ) ano!r f ! same h&1 ,citius enim      
em]git v]itas e falsitate quam e        
confusione2#b & ea* may adduce abundant 
hi/orical pro( t 8 me?od has contribut$ 
z mu* to ! progress ( k z t ( 8 rival4  
,e sci5ce has be5 l>gely indebt$ to     
bold1 nay1 ev5 to wild hypo!ses1 = ! p[]
 ( ord]+ & grasp+ ! endless details (   
natural fact :i* !y conf]2 = ! moral    
/imulus :i* arises out ( ! desire to    
confirm or to confute !m2 & la/1 b n    
lea/1 = ! sugge/ion ( pa?s ( fruitful   
inquiry1 :i*1 )\t !m1 w\ld nev] h be5   

foll[$4 ,f ! days ( ,columbus & ,kepl]  
to ^? ( ,ok51 ,lam>ck1 & ,b\*] de ,p]!s1
 ,saul1 :o1 seek+ 8 fa!r's asses1 f\nd a
 k+dom1 is ! prototype ( _m a r5[n$     
discov]] :o has light$ ^u v]ities :ile  
foll[+ illusions1 :i*1 _h !y delud$     
less] m51 might possibly h be5 consid]$ 
m or less as99e4  ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is  
no bran* ( sci5ce :i* does n owe at lea/
 an equal obligation to ^? cool heads1  
:i* are n to be s$uc$ into ! acceptance 
( symmetrical =mulae & bold             
g5]alisations = solid tru?s because ( _!
 brilliancy & gr&eur2 to ! m5 :o _c     
ov]look ^? small exceptions &           
insignificant residual ph5om5a :i*1 :5  
track$ to _! causes1 are s (t5 ! dea? ( 
brilliant hypo!ses2 to ! m51 f9ally1 :o1
 by demon/rat+ ! limits to human k :i*  
are set by ! v conditions ( ?\ght1 h    
w>n$ mank9d aga9/ fruitless ef=ts to    
ov]/ep ^? limits4  ,nei!r ( ! em95t m5 (
 sci5ce1 ^: op9ions are at pres5t "u    
consid]ation1 c be said to be a "o-sid$ 
repres5tative ei!r ( ! syn!tic or ( !   

analytic s*ool4 ,haeckel1 no less ?an   
,vir*[1 is di/+ui%$ by ! numb]1 v>iety1 
& labori\s accuracy ( 8 contributions to
 positive k2 :ile ,vir*[1 no less ?an   
,haeckel1 has dealt 9 wide              
g5]alisations1 &1 until ! obscuranti/s  
?\ght !y c\ld turn 8 rec5t utt]ances to 
acc\nt1 no "o 0 bett] abus$ by !m z a   
typical free-?9k] & mat]iali/4 ,b1 z    
happ5$ to ! two wom5 gr9d+ at ! same    
mill1 "o has be5 tak5 & ! o!r left4     
,s9ce ! publication ( 8 fam\s oration1  
,vir*[ has be5 receiv$ into ! bosom (   
or?odoxy & respectability1 :ile ,haeckel
 rema9s an outca/6  ,to ^? :o pay       
att5tion to ! actual facts ( ! case1 ?is
 is a v surpris+ ev5t2 & ,i confess t   
no?+ has ev] p]plex$ me m ?an !         
reception :i* ,pr(essor ,vir*['s oration
 has met )1 9 8 own & 9 ?is c\ntry2 = x 
owes t reception1 n to ! und\bt$ lit]>y 
& sci5tific m]its :i* x possesses1 b to 
an imput$ righte\sness = :i*1 s f> z ,i 
c disc]n1 x (f]s no f\ndation4 ,x is    
suppos$ to be a recantation2 ,i c f9d no

 ^w 9 x :i*1 if /rictly con/ru$1 is     
inconsi/5t ) ! mo/ extreme ( ^? op9ions 
:i* are commonly attribut$ to its au?or4
 ,x is suppos$ to be a deadly bl[ to !  
doctr9e ( evolution2 b1 ?\gh ,i c]ta9ly 
hold by t doctr9e ) "s t5acity1 ,i am   
able1 ex animo1 to subscribe to e       
important g5]al proposition :i* its     
au?or lays d[n4  ,9 comm5c+ 8 address1  
,vir*[ adv]ts to ! complete fre$om (    
inve/igation & publication 9 reg>d to   
sci5tific que/ions :i* obta9s 9 ,g]many2
 he po9ts out ! obligation :i* lies ^u  
m5 ( sci5ce1 ev5 if = no bett] reason   
?an ! ma9t5ance ( ?is /ate ( ?+s1 to    
exhibit a due s5se ( ! responsibility   
:i* atta*es to _! speak+ & writ+1 & he  
dwells on ! necessity ( draw+ a cle> l9e
 ( dem>cation betwe5 ^? propositions :i*
 !y h a fair "r to reg>d z e/abli%$     
tru?s1 & ^? :i* !y "k to be only m or   
less well-f\nd$ speculations4 ,is any "o
 prep>$ to d5y t ?is is ! fir/ great    
comm&m5t ( ! e?ics ( tea*+8 ,w\ld any   
responsible sci5tific tea*] l to admit t

 he _h n done 8 be/ to sep>ate facts f  
hypo!ses 9 ! m9ds ( 8 he>]s2 & t he _h n
 made x 8 *ief bus9ess to enable ^? :om 
he in/ructs to judge ! latt] by _! k ( !
 =m]8  ,m p>ticul>ly does ?is obligation
 weigh ^u ^? :o address ! g5]al public4 
,x is indubitable1 z ,pr(essor ,vir*[   
obs]ves1 t he :o speaks to1 or writes =1
 ! public is d\bly b\nd to te/ !        
objective tru? ( t :i* he says4 ,!re is 
a sect ( sci5tific ph>isees :o ?ank ,god
 t !y are n z ^? publicans :o address ! 
public4 ,if ?is sect includes anybody :o
 has attempt$ ! bus9ess )\t fail+ 9 x1  
,i suspect t he mu/ h giv5 up keep+ a   
consci5ce4 ,= assur$ly if a man (       
sci5ce1 address+ ! public1 be?9ks him1 z
 he ought to d1 t ! obligation to be    
accurate--to say no m ?an he has w>ranty
 =1 )\t cle>ly m>k+ (f s mu* z is       
hypo!tical--is f> heavi] ?an if he 7    
deal+ ) exp]ts1 he w f9d 8 task a v     
admirable m5tal ex]cise4 ,= my own "p1  
,i am incl9$ to d\bt :e!r !re is any    
me?od ( self-discipl9e bett] calculat$  

to cle> up "o's own ideas ab\t a        
difficult subject1 ?an t :i* arises out 
( ! ef=t to put !m =?1 ) fulness &      
precision1 9 language :i* all ! _w c    
und]/&4 ,%]idan is said to h repli$ to  
"s "o :o rem>k$ on ! easy fl[ ( 8 /yle1 
,easy read+1 sir1 is--h>d writ+2 & any  
"o :o is above ! level ( a sci5tific    
*>latan w "k t easy speak+ is ----h>d   
?9k+4  ,aga91 :5 ,pr(essor ,vir*[       
enl>ges on ! extreme incomplet5ess ( e  
man's k beyond ^? prov9ces :i* he has   
made 8 own 7& he might well h add$ )9 ^!
 also71 & :5 he dilates on ! inexp$i5cy1
 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce1 ( putt+ =? z     
asc]ta9$ tru?s propositions :i* !       
progress ( k soon upsets--:o w be       
dispos$ to ga9say him8 ,nor h ,i1 = "o1 
any?+ b cordial ass5t to give to 8      
decl>ation1 t ! mod]n developm5t (      
sci5ce is ess5tially due to ! con/ant   
encroa*m5t ( exp]im5t & obs]vation on ! 
doma9 ( hypo!tical dogma2 & t ! mo/     
difficult1 z well z ! mo/ important1    
object ( e hone/ work] is si*           

ent-subjectivir5--to get rid ( 8        
preconceiv$ notions1 & to keep 8        
hypo!ses well 9 h&1 z ! good s]vants &  
bad ma/]s t !y are4  ,i d n ?9k ,i h    
omitt$ any "o ( ,pr(essor ,vir*['s ma9  
!ses 9 ?is brief enum]ation4 ,i d n f9d 
t !y are disput$ by ,haeckel1 & ,i %\ld 
be pr(\ndly a/oni%$ if !y 74 ,:at1 !n1  
is all ! coil ab\t1 if we leave aside   
v>i\s irritat+ s>casms1 :i* ne$ n conc]n
 peaceable ,engli%m58 ,c]ta9ly ab\t no?+
 t t\*es ! pres5t ma9 issues ( sci5tific
 ?\ght4 ,! pla/idule-s\l & !            
pot5tialities ( c>bon may be s\nd       
sci5tific conceptions1 or !y may be !   
rev]se1 b !y are no necess>y "p ( !     
doctr9e ( evolution1 & ,i leave _!      
def5ce to ,pr(essor ,haeckel4  ,on ! "q 
( equivocal g5]ation1 ,i h be5 compell$1
 m conspicu\sly & frequ5tly ?an ,i c\ld 
wi%1 dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1 to enunciate   
exactly ! same views z ^? put =w>d by   
,pr(essor ,vir*[2 s t1 to my m9d1 at any
 rate1 ! d5ial t any su* process has z  
yet be5 prov$ to take place 9 ! exi/+   

/ate ( nature1 z little affects ! g5]al 
doctr9e4#c  ,) respect to ano!r side    
issue1 rais$ by ,pr(essor ,vir*[1 he    
appe>s to me to be entirely 9 ! wrong4  
,he is c>eful to say t he has no        
unwill+ness to accept ! desc5t ( man f  
"s l[] =m ( v]tebrate life2 b1 rem9d+ u 
( ! special att5tion :i*1 ( late ye>s1  
he has giv5 to an?ropology1 he affirms t
 su* evid5ce z exi/s is n only          
insuffici5t to support t hypo!sis1 b is 
contr>y to x4 ,e positive progress :i*  
we h made 9 ! region ( prehi/oric       
an?ropology has remov$ u fur!r f !      
demon/ration ( ?is relation4  ,well1 ,i 
also h /udi$ an?ropological que/ions 9  
my "t2 & ,i feel b\nd to rem>k1 t ?is   
ass]tion ( ,pr(essor ,vir*['s appe>s to 
me to be a typical example ( ! k9d (    
incauti\s ov]-/atem5t :i* he s ju/ly    
repreh5ds4  ,=1 unless ,i greatly err1  
all ! real k :i* we possess ( ! fossil  
rema9s ( man goes no f>!r back ?an !    
,quat]n>y epo*2 & ! mo/ t c be ass]t$ on
 ,pr(essor ,vir*['s side respect+ ^!    

rema9s is1 t none ( !m pres5t u ) m m>k$
 pi!coid *>act]s ?an su* z are to be    
f\nd among ! exi/+ races ( mank9d4#d ,b1
 if ?is be s1 !n ! only j conclusion to 
be drawn f ! evid5ce z x /&s is1 t ! m5 
( ! ,quat]n>y epo* may h proce$$ f a l[]
 type ( humanity1 ?\gh _! rema9s hi!rto 
discov]$ %[ no def9ite approa* t[>ds t  
type4 ,! evid5ce is n inconsi/5t ) !    
doctr9e ( evolution1 ?\gh x does n help 
x4 ,if ,pr(essor ,vir*[ _h paid z mu*   
att5tion to comp>ative anatomy &        
palaeontology z he has to an?ropology1  
he w\ld1 ,i d\bt n1 be aw>e t ! equ9e   
quadrup$s ( ! ,quat]n>y p]iod d n diff] 
f exi/+ ,equidae 9 any m important      
respect ?an ^! la/ diff] f "o ano!r2 &  
he w\ld "k t x is1 nev]!less1 a         
well-e/abli%$ fact t1 9 ! c\rse ( !     
,t]ti>y p]iod1 ! equ9e quadrup$s h      
und]gone a s]ies ( *anges exactly su* z 
! doctr9e ( evolution requires4 ,h5ce   
s\nd analogical reason+ ju/ifies !      
expectation t1 :5 we obta9 ! rema9s (   
,plioc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,eoc5e ,an?ropidae1

 !y w pres5t u ) ! l s]ies ( gradations1
 not)/&+ ! fact1 if x be a fact1 t !    
,quat]n>y m51 l ! ,quat]n>y horses1     
diff] 9 no ess5tial respect f ^? :i* n[ 
live4  ,i believe t ! /ate ( our k on   
?is "q is /ill ju/ly summ$ up 9 words   
writt5 "s sev5te5 ye>s ago3--  ,9       
conclusion1 ,i may say1 t ! fossil      
rema9s ( man hi!rto discov]$ d n seem to
 me to take u appreciably ne>] to t l[] 
pi!coid =m by ! modification ( :i* he   
has probably become :at he is4 ,&       
consid]+ :at is n[ kn[n ( ! mo/ anci5t  
races ( m52 see+ t !y fa%ion$ fl9t axes1
 & fl9t knives1 & bone skew]s ( mu* !   
same patt]n z ^? fabricat$ by ! l[e/    
savages at ! pres5t day1 & t we h e     
reason to believe ! habits & modes (    
liv+ ( su* p to h rema9$ ! same f ! "t (
 ! mammo? & ! ti*orh9e rh9oc]os till n[1
 ,i d n "k t ! result is o!r ?an might  
be expect$4#e  ,i h se5 no reason to    
*ange ! op9ion "h express$1 & s f> f !  
fact be+ 9 ! slighte/ degree oppos$ to a
 belief 9 ! evolution ( man1 all t has  

be5 le>n$ ( late ye>s respect+ !        
relation ( ! ,rec5t & ,quat]n>y to !    
,t]ti>y mammalia appe>s to me to be 9   
/rik+ h>mony ) :at we "k respect+       
,quat]n>y man1 suppos+ man to h foll[$ !
 g5]al law ( evolution4  ,! only o!r    
collat]al "q ( importance rais$ by      
,pr(essor ,vir*[ is1 :e!r ! doctr9e (   
evolution %\ld be g5]ally taught 9      
s*ools or n4 ,n[ ,i _c f9d t ,pr(essor  
,vir*[ any:]e di/9ctly repudiates !     
doctr9e2 all t he di/9ctly says is t x  
is n prov51 & t ?+s :i* are n prov5 %\ld
 n be au?oritatively in/ill$ into ! m9ds
 ( "y p4  ,if ,pr(essor ,vir*[ w agree  
to make ?is excell5t rule absolute1 &   
applicable to all subjects t are taught 
9 s*ools1 ,i %\ld be dispos$ he>tily to 
concur ) him4  ,b :at w 8 or?odox allies
 say to ?is8 ,if n prov5ness is         
susceptible ( ! comp>ative degree1 by   
:at factor mu/ we multiply ! imp]fection
 ( ! evid5ce = evolution 9 ord] to      
express t ( ! evid5ce = special         
creation2 or to :at fraction mu/ ! value

 ( ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! un9t]rupt$     
succession ( life be r$uc$ 9 ord] to    
express t 9 support ( ! deluge8 ,nay1   
surely ev5 ,pr(essor ,vir*['s de>e/     
foes1 ! pla/idule s\l & ,c>bon  ,co41 h 
m to say = !mselves1 ?an ! l+ui/ic      
accompli%m5ts ( ,balaam's ass & !       
ob$i5ce ( ! sun & moon to ! comm&] ( a  
horde ( blood?ir/y ,hebrews6 ,b ! high  
pr9ciples ( :i* ,pr(essor ,vir*[ is s   
admirable an expon5t d n admit ( !      
application ( two weights & two measures
 9 education2 & x is surely to be       
regrett$ t a man ( sci5ce ( great em95ce
 %\ld advocate ! /]n bridl+ ( t tea*+   
:i*1 at any rate1 nev] outrages common  
s5se1 nor refuses to submit to          
criticism1 :ile he has no :isp] (       
remon/rance to (f] to ! au?oritative    
propagation ( ! prepo/]\s fables by :i* 
! m9ds ( *ildr5 are daz$ & _! s5se (    
tru? & falsehood p]v]t$4 ,pr(essor      
,vir*[ solemnly w>ns u aga9/ ! dang] (  
attempt+ to displace ! ,*ur* by !       
religion ( evolution4 ,:at ?is la/      

confession ( fai? may be ,i d n "k1 b x 
mu/ be bad inde$ if x inculcates m      
falsities ?an are at pres5t foi/$ ^u !  
"y 9 ! "n ( ! ,*ur*4  ,i make ^! rem>ks 
simply 9 ! int]e/s ( fair play4 ,f> be x
 f me to sugge/ t x is desirable t !    
inculcation ( ! doctr9e ( evolution %\ld
 be made a prom95t feature ( g5]al      
education4 ,i agree ) ,pr(essor ,vir*[ s
 f>1 b = v diff]5t reasons4 ,x is n t ,i
 ?9k ! evid5ce ( t doctr9e insuffici5t1 
b t ,i d\bt :e!r x is ! bus9ess ( a     
tea*] to plunge ! "y m9d into difficult 
problems conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! exi/+      
condition ( ?+s4 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t 
! brief p]iod ( s*ool-life w\ld be bett]
 sp5t 9 obta9+ an acqua9tance ) nature1 
z x is2 9 fact1 9 lay+ a firm f\ndation 
= ! fur!r k ,:i* is ne$$ = ! critical   
exam9ation ( ! dogmas1 :e!r sci5tific or
 anti-sci5tific1 :i* are pres5t$ to !   
adult m9d4 ,at pres5t1 education proce$s
 9 ! rev]se way2 ! tea*] makes ! mo/    
confid5t ass]tions on precisely ^?      
subjects ( :i* he kn[s lea/2 :ile !     

habit ( weigh+ evid5ce is disc\rag$1 & !
 means ( =m+ a s\nd judgm5t are c>efully
 )held f ! pupil4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,pr(essor ,vir*[  
is kn[n to me only z he is kn[n to ! _w 
9 g5]al--by 8 high & well-e>n$ sci5tific
 reputation4 ,) ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 on !
 o!r h&1 ,i h ! good =tune to be on t]ms
 ( p]sonal fri5d%ip4 ,b 9 mak+ ! prec$+ 
obs]vations1 ,i %\ld be sorry to h x    
suppos$ t ,i am hold+ a brief = my      
fri5d1 or t ,i am dispos$ to adopt all !
 op9ions :i* he has express$ 9 8 reply4 
,nev]!less1 ,i d desire to express my   
he>ty sympa?y ) 8 vigor\s def5ce ( !    
fre$om ( le>n+ & tea*+2 & ,i ?9k ,i %all
 h all fair-m9d$ m5 ) me :5 ,i also give
 v5t to my reprobation ( ! introduction 
( ! s9i/] arts ( unscrupul\s political  
w>f>e into sci5tific controv]sy1        
manife/$ 9 ! attempt to connect !       
doctr9es he advocates ) ^? ( a political
 p>ty :i* is1 at pres5t1 ! object (     
hatr$ & p]secution 9 8 native l&4 ,! "o 
blot1 s f> z ,i "k1 on ! fair fame (    

,edmund ,burke is 8 attempt to involve  
,price & ,prie/ley 9 ! furi\s hatr$ ( ! 
,engli% masses aga9/ ! au?ors & fav\r]s 
( ! revolution ( #aghi4 ,burke1 h[ev]1 0
 too great a man to be absurd1 ev5 9 8  
errors2 & x is n ^u record t he ask$    
un9=m$ p]sons to consid] :at might be ! 
effect ( su* an innovation z ! discov]y 
( oxyg5 on ! m9ds ( memb]s ( ! ,jacob9  
,club4  ,pr(essor ,vir*[ is a           
politician--maybe a ,g]man ,burke1 =    
any?+ t ,i "k to ! contr>y2 at any rate1
 he kn[s ! political value ( words2 &1 z
 a man ( sci5ce1 he is devoid ( !       
excuses t might be made = ,burke4       
,nev]!less1 he gravely *>ges 8 he>]s to 
imag9e :at %ape ! !ory ( desc5t takes 9 
! head ( a ,sociali/4  ,i h tri$ to     
comply ) ?is reque/1 b ,i h utt]ly fail$
 to call up ! dread image2 ,i suppose   
because ,i d n suffici5tly sympa?ise )  
,sociali/s4 ,all ! great] is my regret t
 ,pr(essor ,vir*[ did n himself unfold !
 l9ks ( ! hidd5 bonds :i* unite         
evolution ) revolution1 & b9d toge!r !  

community ( desc5t ) ! community (      
goods4  ,pr(essor ,vir*[ is1 ,i d\bt n1 
an accompli%$ ,engli% s*ol>4 ,let me    
comm5d ! ,reject$ ,addresses to 8       
att5tion4 ,= s9ce ! bro!rs ,smi? sang-- 
,:o makes ! qu>t]n loaf & ,luddites     
rise1--   ,:o fills ! but*]s' %ops )    
l>ge blue flies1  !re has be5 no?+ 9    
lit]ature at all comp>able to ! attempt 
to fright5 sob] p by ! sugge/ion t      
evolution>y speculations g5]ate         
revolution>y s*emes 9 ,sociali/ bra9s4  
,b !n ! au?ors ( ! ,reject$ ,addresses 7
 jok+1 :ile ,pr(essor ,vir*[ is 9 grim  
e>ne/2 & t makes a great diff]5ce 9 !   
moral aspect ( ! two a*ievem5ts4        
,,footnotes3  #a ,novum ,organon1 li4   
#b ,p>tis in/aurationis secundae        
del9eatio4  #c ,i may rem>k p>5!tically 
t ,pr(essor ,vir*['s /atem5t ( !        
attitude ( ,h>vey t[>ds equivocal       
g5]ation is /rangely mislead+4 ,=       
,h>vey1 z e /ud5t ( 8 works kn[s1       
believ$ 9 equivocal g5]ation2 &1 9 !    
s5se 9 :i* he uses ! ^w ovum1 nempe     

sub/antiam qu&am corpoream vitam hab5tem
 pot5tia1 ! tru? ( ! axiom omne vivum ex
 ovo1 popul>ly ascrib$ to him1 has 9 no 
wise be5 affect$ by ! discov]ies ( lat] 
days 9 ! mann] ass]t$ by ,pr(essor      
,vir*[4  #d ,i d n admit t s mu* c be   
said2 = ! l ( ! ,ne&]?al skull has yet  
to be produc$ f among ! crania ( exi/+  
m54  #e ,man's ,place 9 ,nature1 p4     
#aei4     ,,preface4   ,:5 ! address    
deliv]$ by ,rudolph ,vir*[ on ! #bb;d ( 
,septemb] la/ ye>1 at ! fiftie? meet+ ( 
,g]man ,naturali/s & ,physicians at     
,muni*1 on ,fre$om ( ,sci5ce 9 ! ,mod]n 
,/ate1 appe>$ 9 pr9t 9 ! foll[+ ,octob]1
 ,i 0 call$ ^u1 on _m sides1 to prep>e a
 reply4 ,& su* a reply on my "p seem$1 9
 fact1 ju/ifi$ by ! sev]e /rictures :i* 
,vir*[ 9 8 disc\rse _h direct$ aga9/ "o 
deliv]$ by me only f\r days previ\sly1  
be=e ! same meet+1 on ,! ,mod]n ,doctr9e
 ( ,evolution 9 its ,relation to ,g5]al 
,sci5ce4 ,! g5]al views :i* ,vir*[ !n   
unfold$ prov$ su* a fundam5tal          
opposition 9 our pr9ciples1 & t\*$ our  

de>e/ moral convictions s ne>ly1 t any  
reconciliation ( su* antagoni/ic views 0
 no long] to be ?\ght (4 ,nev]!less ,i  
=bore publi%+ ! ready reply = two       
reasons3 "o relat+ to ! matt] itself1 ! 
o!r a p]sonal "o4  ,) reg>d to ! matt]  
itself1 ,i believ$ ,i might confid5tly  
leave x to futurity to decide 9 !       
cont5tion t has decl>$ itself betwe5 u4 
,= on "o h& ! doctr9e ( evolution :i*   
,vir*[ attacks has already s f> become a
 sure basis ( biological sci5ce & "p ( !
 mo/ preci\s m5tal-/ock ( cultivat$     
humanity1 t nei!r ! ana!mas ( ! ,*ur*   
nor ! contradiction ( ! greate/         
sci5tific au?ority--& su* an "o is      
,vir*[--c prevail aga9/ x2 & on ! o!r h&
 mo/ ( ! argum5ts :i* he specially      
adduces aga9/ ! !ory ( desc5t h be5 s   
(t5 discuss$ & s ?or\ghly refut$ t any  
r5ew$ discussion seems 9 fact sup]flu\s4
  ,p]sonally1 x 0 9 ! highe/ degree     
repugnant to me to come =w>d z ! oppon5t
 ( a man :om ,i le>n$1 a qu>t] ( a      
c5tury ago1 to ackn[l$ge & to hon\r z ! 

re=m] ( m$ical sci5ce2 a man ^: mo/     
ard5t disciple & mo/ en?usia/ic foll[]  
,i at t "t 01 ) :om ,i subsequ5tly /ood 
9 ! close/ relation z 8 assi/ant1 & )   
:om ,i long aft] cont9u$ 9 ! mo/ fri5dly
 int]c\rse4 ,! m ke5ly ,i lam5t$        
,vir*['s position1 = "s ye>s pa/1 z !   
antagoni/ ( our mod]n doctr9e (         
evolution1 & ! m ,i felt myself *all5g$ 
to a reply by 8 repeat$ attacks ^u x1 ! 
less incl9ation ,i felt1 nev]!less1 to  
come =w>d publicly z ! oppon5t ( ?is    
di/+ui%$ & highly-hon\r$ man4  ,& if ,i 
f9d myself1 aft] all1 =c$ to reply1 x is
 9 ! p]suasion t a long] sil5ce w add to
 ! errone\s conclusions :i* my hi!rto   
resign$ attitude has already giv5 rise  
to2 at ! same "t ,i believe t1 precisely
 by reason ( ! peculi> int]e/ ) :i* ,i h
 ?r\gh\t foll[$ ,vir*['s sci5tific      
a*ievem5ts1 ,i am specially qualifi$ to 
answ] ! "q1 a hundr$ times repeat$ by   
lett] or by ^w ( m\?--,h[ is x possible 
t a man :o s long /ood at ! head ( a    
p>ty ( progress 9 sci5ce z 9 politics1  

:o 9 political life inde$1 has outw>dly 
ma9ta9$ ?is position1 has 9 sci5ce      
become an in/rum5t ( ! mo/ p]il\s       
reaction8  ,a v]bal answ]1 :i* ,i       
incid5tally gave 9 ,m>* ( la/ ye> at !  
,concordia ,banquet at ,vi5na1 0 report$
 9 ! daily pap]s 9 su* a diff]5t s5se1 &
 0 9 "p s misund]/ood or s int5tionally 
misrepres5t$1 t ,i am =c$ at la/1 on t  
acc\nt1 to publi% a cle> & unambigu\s   
reply4 ,! ,augsburg] ,allgeme9e         
,zeitung1 :i* eag]ly seizes e           
opportunity ( express+ its unconqu]able 
av]sion to ! evolution !ory1 accus$ me1 
9 "o ( its ho/ile articles1 ( a virul5t 
& undignifi$ attack on ,vir*[4 ,9       
contradiction ( ?is misrepres5tation 9 !
 ,augsburg pap]--:i* 0 copi$ by o!r     
j\rnals--,i mu/ expressly ass]t t n     
,vir*[ b ,i myself am ! p]son attack$1 &
 t1 !re=e1 ! matt] 9 "q is n an         
unju/ifiable attack by me on a =m]ly    
rev]$ fri5d1 b a def5ce to :i* ,i am    
compell$ by repeat$ & %>p attacks on 8  
"p4  ,ano!r reason :i* urges me at la/  

to break sil5ce consi/s 9 ! cont9ual &  
ample advantage t all ! cl]ical &       
reaction>y organs h be5 tak+ ( ,vir*['s 
address1 dur+ ! la/ ?ree-qu>t]s ( a ye>1
 9 fav\r ( m5tal retrogression4 ,! %\ts 
( triumph ) :i* !y at once hail$        
,vir*['s gr& moral action1 t is to say1 
8 p]v]sion f a ,free-?9k] to ! side (   
m5tal d>kness1 0 ! fir/ signal = t      
p]si/5t utilisation ( 8 au?ority ( :i* !
 p]nici\s consequ5ces c by no means be  
escap$4 ,fri$ri* von ,hellwald1 9 8     
discussion on ! spee*es made at ,muni*1 
has already /rik+ly po9t$ out#f ! grave 
dang] t exi/s :5 j su* an "o z ,vir*[1  
/&+ "u ! bann] ( political lib]alism &  
wrapp$ 9 ! mantle ( sev]e sci5ce1       
decisively combats aga9/ ! fre$om (     
sci5ce & ( its doctr9es4 ,?is s]i\s     
dang] has nev] %[n s ?reat5+ an aspect z
 at ! pres5t mom5t1 :5 our political &  
religi\s life appe>s to be enc\nt]+ su* 
a reaction z has n occurr$ = a long "t4 
,! two insane attempts :i*1 )9 a few    
weeks1 h be5 made by ,social-democracy  

aga9/ ! rev]$ & rev]5d p]son ( ! ,g]man 
,emp]or h rais$ a /orm ( righte\s       
indignation ( su* viol5ce t calm judgm5t
 is entirely ov]?r[n1 & t _m ev5 ( ! mo/
 lib]al ( lib]al politicians n only     
impetu\sly urge u to ! sev]e/ measures  
aga9/ ! ,utopian doctr9es ( social      
democracy b1 f> ov]-%oot+ ! m>k1 dem& t 
free-doctr9e & free-?\ght1 t fre$om ( ! 
press & ev5 fre$om ( consci5ce %all be  
?r[n into ! n>r[e/ fett]s4 ,c ?is       
reaction1 lurk+ 9 ! backgr\nd1 f9d any m
 welcome support ?an is af=d$ by ! m]e  
dem& ( su* a man z ,vir*[ = re/riction (
 lib]ty 9 tea*+8 ,& if he makes our     
pres5t doctr9es ( evolution 9 g5]al & ! 
!ory ( desc5t 9 p>ticul> responsible = !
 mad doctr9es ( social-democracy1 x is b
 a natural & j consequ5ce :5 ! fam\s    
,new-,prussian ,kreuz-,zeitung ?r[s all 
! blame ( ^! treasonable attempts ( !   
democrats ,ho$el & ,nobil+--z 9 fact x q
 lately did--directly on ! !ory (       
desc5t1 & especially on ! hat$ doctr9e (
 ! desc5t ( man f apes4 ,& ! dang] :i*  

?reat5s u %[s a /ill grav] aspect :5 we 
consid] h[ great an influ5ce ,vir*[ has 
at ! pres5t day z an advanc$ lib]al1 &  
h[ he is reg>d$ 9 ! ,prussian diet z !  
highe/ practical au?ority1 & at ! same  
"t z ! mo/ lib]al critic :5 educational 
que/ions are "u consid]ation4 ,n[ x is  
well kn[n t "o ( ! mo/ important        
problems ly+ be=e ! ,prussian p>liam5t  
is ! consid]ation ( a new education-law1
 :i* w probably ex]cise its re/rict+    
influ5ce = a long "t to come1 n 9       
,prussia only1 b ?r\gh\t ,g]many2 :at c 
we expect ( su* an education-law if 9 ! 
c\rse ( ! delib]ations1 among ! small   
numb] ( ^? speciali/s :o are g5]ally    
li/5$ to1 ,vir*[ raises 8 voice z a     
lead+ au?ority1 & br+s =w>d ! pr9ciples 
t he proclaim$ 9 8 spee* at ,muni* z !  
sure/ gu>antees = ! fre$om ( sci5ce 9 ! 
mod]n polity8 ,article ,,xx4 ( !        
,prussian ,*>t]1 & ,sec4 #aeb ( ! ,code 
( ! ,g]man ,empire1 say1 ,sci5ce & its  
doctr9es are free4 ,& ,vir*['s fir/ /ep1
 accord+ to ! pr9ciples he n[ decl>es1  

mu/ be a motion to abrogate ?is         
p>agraph4  ,9 ! face ( ?is imm95t dang]1
 ,i d>e no long] hesitate ab\t my answ]4
 ,amicus ,socrates1 amicus ,plato1 magis
 amica ,v]itas4 ,an unres]v$ & public   
opposition c be no long] po/pon$4 ,z a  
matt] ( fact1 at ! ,muni* meet+1 nei!r  
did ,vir*[ he> my spee* nor ,i 84 ,i    
read my pap]1 z x is pr9t$1 on ! #ah?   
,septemb] #ahgg1 & left on ! #ai?4      
,vir*[ came to ,muni* only on ! #bj?1 & 
deliv]$ 8 spee* on ! #bb;d4  ,be>+ 9 m9d
 ! gratitude :i* ,i owe to ,vir*[ z my  
=m] ma/] & fri5d at ,wu]zburg--a        
gratitude :i* ,i h at all times /riv5 to
 prove by ! fur!r developm5t ( 8        
me*anical !ory--,i %all conf9e myself1 z
 f> z possible1 to an objective &       
special confutation ( 8 ass]tions4      
,c]ta9ly ! temptation on ?is occasion 0 
a /rong "o to pay ! debt 9 l k9d4 ,9 my 
,muni* lecture1 among ! few names to :i*
 ,i allud$1 ,i p>ticul>ly m5tion$ t (   
,vir*[ z ! di/+ui%$ f\nd] (             
cellul>-pa?ology 7p4 #ab74g ,vir*['s    

return = ?is 0 to heap scorn & ridicule 
on ! doctr9e ( evolution 9 8 usual      
mann]4 ,! critic 9 ! ,national-,zeitung1
 ,h]r ,isidor ,ka/an1 says ( ?is )      
p>ticul> satisfaction1 ,! ridicule ) :i*
 ,h]r ,vir*[ treat$ ?is side (          
,haeckel's visions 0 inde$ cau/ic en\gh1
 b ?is is ev] ,vir*['s way2 only 9 ?is  
case1 if 9 any1 he 0 fully ju/ifi$4  ,i 
c\ld less easily ignore ,vir*['s        
d5unciation ( me ?an 8 satire--a        
d5unciation :i* gibbet$ me z a conf$]ate
 9 ! social-democratic cause1 & :i* made
 ! !ory ( desc5t answ]able = ! horrors (
 ! ,p>is ,commune4 ,! op9ion is n[      
widely spread t by ?is int5tional       
connection ( ! !ory ( desc5t ) ,social  
,democracy he has hit ! h>de/ bl[ at t  
!ory1 & t he aim$ at no?+ less ?an !    
removal ( all ,d>w9i/s f _! academic    
*airs & pr(essor%ips4 ,?is is !         
inevitable consequ5ce ( 8 dem&s2 = if   
,vir*[ insi/s ) ! utmo/ det]m9ation t ! 
!ory ( desc5t mu/ n be taught 7because  
he does n reg>d x z true71 :at is to    

become ( ! support]s ( t !ory :o1 l     
myself1 reg>d x z incontrov]tibly true1 
& tea* x z a p]fectly s\nd !ory8 ,& at  
lea/ n9e-t5?s ( all ! tea*]s ( zoology &
 botany 9 ,europe are among its         
support]s f immutable conviction ( its  
tru?1 z well z all morphologi/s )\t     
exception4 ,vir*[ _c expect t ^! tea*]s 
%\ld collectively r5\nce t :i* !y       
believe to be immutable tru?1 & 9 its   
place set up ! dogma ( ! ,*ur* z ! basis
 ( _! tea*+1 9 accordance ) 8 wi%6 ,no?+
 rema9s = !m b to vacate _! pr(essors'  
*airs1 &--accord+ to ,vir*[ & !         
,g]mania--! ,mod]n ,polity w\ld be 9    
duty b\nd to deprive !m ( _! lib]ty (   
tea*+ if !y did n volunt>ily r5\nce x4  
,if ?is be inde$ ,vir*['s purpose1 z x  
is g5]ally suppos$ to be1 ) reg>d to me1
 at lea/1 he may sp>e himself ! tr\ble4 
,among/ u 9 ,j5a q o!r ideas prevail z  
to ! ,fre$om ( sci5ce 9 ! mod]n ,polity 
?an ^? :i* obta9 9 ! capital1 ,b]l94 ,& 
among u ! ,b]l9 /ud5ts' rhyme has no    
mean+1    ,:o kn[s ! tru? & freely      

speaks1   ,on him ! law its v5geance    
wreaks4#h  ,! ,j5a /ud5ts1 on ! contr>y1
 s+ ! rhyme 9 its orig9al =m--    ,:o   
kn[s ! tru? & speaks x n1   ,a feeble   
wret* is he1 ,god wot4#i  ,! ,rector    
,magnific5tissimus ( ! ,univ]sity (     
,j5a1 ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,saxony1 :o has    
prov$ himself ! protector ( ! arts &    
sci5ces1 has besides f> m lib]al views z
 to ! lib]ty ( sci5tific inve/igation & 
tea*+ ?an ! illu/ri\s head ( ! p>ty (   
progress at ,b]l94 ,! enlight5$ & lib]al
 ,pr9ce at ,weim>1 "u ^: p>ticul>       
protection we 9 ,j5a f9d ourselves1 has 
nev] conceiv$ x necess>y to limit 9 any 
way ! unb\nd$ fre$om ( my tea*+ & my    
writ+2 n ev5 :5 9 #ahff my ,g5]al       
,morphology1 & #ahfh my ,hi/ory (       
,creation fir/ appe>$1 & :5 _m p        
attempt$ to make ! y\?ful extravagances 
:i* 7 to be f\nd 9 ^? works ! gr\nd ( a 
s]i\s accusation4 ,& :at f>!r mis*ief h 
^! extravagances done1 ?\gh ,i n[       
s9c]ely lam5t !m8  ,fai?ful to ! glori\s
 traditions ( a pa/ ext5d+ ov] ?ree     

c5turies1 ! little ,?ur+ian univ]sity ( 
,j5a w f9d a way to pres]ve h] p]fect & 
unlimit$ fre$om4 ,%e w ev] be> 9 m9d t  
%e is ! fir/ ,prote/ant univ]sity (     
,g]many1 prote/+ aga9/ e /rait-wai/coat 
:i* hi]>*ical ob/9acy w\ld =ce ^u human 
reason1 aga9/ e dogma by :i* ! arrogance
 ( ! le>n$ may try to suppress all      
fre$om ( tea*+4 ,%e w freely seek &     
freely tea* 9 accordance ) h] highe/    
convictions1 untr\bl$ by ! fact t 9 !   
great univ]sity ( ,b]l9 no?+ may be     
taught1 z ,vir*[ insi/s1 b :at is       
objectively asc]ta9$1 absolutely sure2 t
 is to say1 no?+ t rises above          
individual1 indubitable1 & intelligible 
facts2 n an idea1 n a conception1 n a   
!ory1 9 fact n any real sci5ce2         
ma!matics1 at mo/1 except$4 ,x is our   
conviction t ,j5a w cont9ue to be an    
indep5d5t city ( refuge = free sci5ce & 
free tea*+ z long z x rema9s "u !       
fai?ful nurture & lib]al protection ( ! 
pr9cely h\se ( ,sax ,weim>1 t enlight5$ 
race :i* is l9k$ ) ! hi/ory ( ,g]man    

intellect ?r\gh ! mat*less traditions ( 
its glori\s pa/4 ,:at ! ,w>tburg 0 to   
,m>t9 ,lu!r1 :at ,weim> has be5 to !    
=emo/ h]oes ( ,g]man lit]ature1 :at ,j5a
 h]self has be5 dur+ ?ree hundr$ ye>s to
 a va/ numb] ( illu/ri\s inve/igators1 t
 w ! tri$ & te/$ ,j5a ( to-day und\bt$ly
 cont9ue to be to ! mod]n doctr9e (     
evolution1 z to e o!r doctr9e :i* asks  
free developm5t2 a /rong-hold ( free    
?\ght1 free inve/igation1 & free        
doctr9e4      ,,ern/ ,,haeckel4  ,,j5a1 
,june #bd?1 #ahgh4   ,,footnotes3  #f   
,kosmos1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #agb4  #g ,( !  
,g]man4  #h    ,w] die ,wahrheit k5net  
und saget sie frei1    ,d] kommt 9 ,b]l9
 auf die ,/adt-,vogtei4  #i    ,w] die  
,wahrheit k5net und saget sie ni*t   ,d]
 i/ fu] wahr e9 erba]mli*] ,wi*t4       
,,cont5ts4                              
,,page         ,,prefatory ,,note       
v         ,,preface                     
xxi    ,,*ap4      ,i4 ,,developm5t ,,& 
,,creation                              
#a     ,,ii4 ,,c]ta9 ,,pro(s ,,( ,,!    

,,doctr9e ,,( ,,desc5t           #aj    
,,iii4 ,,! ,,skull ,,!ory ,,& ,,! ,,ape 
,,!ory                 #bi     ,,iv4 ,,!
 ,,cell-,,s\l ,,& ,,cellul> ,,psy*ology 
#df      ,v4 ,,! ,,g5etic ,,& ,,dogmatic
 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,tea*+        #fa        
,,vi4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,desc5t ,,&    
,,social ,,democracy        #hh         
,,vii4 ,,ignorabimus ,,et ,,re/r+amur   
#ii     ,,fre$om ,,9 ,,sci5ce ,,&       
,,tea*+4  ,,*apt] ,i4  ,,developm5t ,,& 
,,creation4   ,no?+ is m helpful = !    
und]/&+ ( sci5tific controv]sies1 or = !
 cle>+ ( confus$ conceptions1 ?an a     
contra/$ /atem5t1 z def9$ & cle> z      
possible1 ( ! simple/ lead+ propositions
 ( ! cont5d+ doctr9es4 ,h5ce x is highly
 fav\rable to ! victory ( our mod]n     
doctr9e ( evolution t its *ief problem1 
! "q z to ! orig9 ( species1 is be+ m & 
m press$ by ^! opposite alt]natives3    
,ei!r all organisms are naturally       
evolv$1 & mu/ 9 t case be all desc5d$ f 
! simple/ common p>5t-=ms--or3 ,t is n !
 case1 & ! di/9ct species ( organisms h 

orig9at$ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 & 9 t   
case c only h be5 creat$ 9 a sup]natural
 way1 by a miracle4 ,natural evolution1 
or sup]natural creation ( species--we   
mu/ *oose "o ( ^! two possibilities1 = a
 ?ird !re is n4  ,b z ,vir*[1 l _m o!r  
oppon5ts ( ! doctr9e ( evolution1       
con/antly conf\nds ?is latt] proposition
 ) ! doctr9e ( desc5t1 & t aga9 )       
,d>w9ism1 x w n be sup]flu\s to indicate
 "h1 9 a few words1 ! limitation &      
subord9ation ( ^! ?ree great !ories4    
,i4 ,! g5]al doctr9e ( developm5t1 !    
prog5esis-!ory or evolution-hypo!sis 79 
! wide/ s5se71 z a compreh5sive         
philosophical view ( ! univ]se1 assumes 
t a va/1 uni=m1 un9t]rupt$ & et]nal     
process ( developm5t obta9s ?r\gh\t all 
nature2 & t all natural ph5om5a )\t     
exception1 f ! motions ( ! heav5ly      
bodies & ! fall ( a roll+ /one to ! gr[?
 ( plants & ! consci\sness ( m51 obey "o
 & ! same great law ( causation2 t all  
may be ultimately ref]r$ to ! me*anics (
 atoms--! me*anical or me*ani/ic1       

homog5e\s or moni/ic view ( ! univ]se2 9
 "o ^w1 ,monism4  ,,ii4 ,! doctr9e (    
d]ivation1 or !ory ( desc5t1 z a        
compreh5sive !ory ( ! natural orig9 (   
all organisms1 assumes t all comp\nd    
organisms are d]iv$ f simple ones1 all  
_m-cell$ animals & plants f s+le-cell$  
ones1 & ^! la/ f q simple prim>y        
organisms--f monads4 ,z we see ! organic
 species1 ! multi=m v>ieties ( animals &
 plants1 v>y "u our eyes ?r\gh          
adaptation1 :ile ! simil>ity ( _!       
int]nal /ructure is reasonably          
explicable only by inh]itance f common  
p>5t-=ms1 we are =c$ to assume common   
p>5t-=ms = at lea/ ! great ma9 divisions
 ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 & = !   
classes1 ord]s1 & s =?4 ,?us ! numb] (  
^! w be v limit$1 & ! primitive         
ar*igonian p>5t-=ms c be no?+ else ?an  
monads4 ,:e!r we f9ally assume a s+le   
common p>5t-=m 7! monophyletic          
hypo!sis71 or sev]al 7! polyphyletic    
hypo!sis71 is :olly immat]ial to !      
ess5ce ( ! !ory ( desc5t2 & x is equally

 immat]ial to its fundam5tal idea :at   
me*anical causes are assum$ = !         
trans=mation ( ! v>ieties4 ,?is         
assumption ( a trans=mation or          
metamorphosis ( species is1 h[ev]1      
indisp5sable1 & ! !ory ( desc5t is v    
prop]ly call$ also ! metamorphosis      
hypo!sis1 or doctr9e ( transmutation2 z 
well z ,lam>ckism1 aft] ,jean ,lam>ck1  
:o fir/ f\nd$ x 9 #ahji4  ,,iii4 ,!     
doctr9e ( elim9ation1 or ! selection    
!ory1 z ! doctr9e especially ( *oice (  
bre$ or selection1 assumes t almo/ all1 
or at any rate mo/1 organic species h   
orig9at$ by a process ( selection2 !    
artificial v>ieties "u conditions (     
dome/ication--z ! races ( dome/ic       
animals & cultivat$ plants--?r\gh       
artificial *oice ( bre$s2 & ! natural   
v>ieties ( animals & plants 9 _! wild   
/ate by natural *oice ( bre$s3 9 ! fir/ 
case1 ! w ( man effects ! selection to  
suit a purpose2 9 ! second1 x is effect$
 9 a purposeless way by ! /ruggle =     
exi/5ce4 ,9 bo? cases ! trans=mation ( !

 organic =ms takes place ?r\gh !        
reciprocal action ( ! laws ( inh]itance 
& ( adaptation2 9 bo? cases x dep5ds on 
! survival or selection ( !             
bett]-qualifi$ m9ority4 ,?is !ory (     
elim9ation 0 fir/ cle>ly recognis$ &    
appreciat$ 9 its full significance by   
,*>les ,d>w9 9 #ahei1 & !               
selection-hypo!sis :i* he f\nd$ on x is 
,d>w9ism prop]ly s call$4  ,! relation t
 ^! ?ree great !ories1 :i* are frequ5tly
 conf\nd$1 be> to "o ano!r may1 accord+ 
to ! pres5t position ( sci5ce1 be simply
 def9$ z foll[s3--,i4 ,monism1 !        
univ]sal !ory ( developm5t1 or ! moni/ic
 prog5esis-hypo!sis1 is ! "o only       
sci5tific !ory :i* af=ds a rational     
int]pretation ( ! :ole univ]se &        
satisfies ! crav+ ( our human reason =  
causality1 by br++ all natural ph5om5a  
into a me*anical causal-connection z    
p>ts ( a great uni=m process (          
evolution4 ,,ii4 ,! !ory (              
transmutation1 or desc5t1 is an ess5tial
 & indisp5sable elem5t 9 ! moni/ic      

developm5t hypo!sis1 because x is ! "o  
only sci5tific !ory :i* rationally      
expla9s ! orig9 ( organic species--t is 
to say1 by trans=mation--& r$uces x to  
me*anical pr9ciples4 ,,iii4 ,! !ory (   
,selection or ,d>w9ism is1 up to !      
pres5t "t1 ! mo/ important ( ! v>i\s    
!ories :i* seek to expla9 ! trans=mation
 ( species by me*anical pr9ciples1 b x  
is by no means ! only "o4 ,if we assume 
t mo/ species h orig9at$ ?r\gh natural  
elim9ation1 we also n[ "k1 on ! o!r h&1 
t _m =ms di/+ui%$ z v>ieties are hybrids
 betwe5 two diff]5t v>ieties1 & c be    
propagat$ z su*2 & x is equally well    
wor?y ( consid]ation t o!r causes are 9 
activity 9 ! =mation ( species ( :i*1 up
 to ! pres5t "t1 we h no conception4    
,?us x is left to ! judgm5t ( individual
 naturali/s to decide :at %>e is to be  
attribut$ to natural selection 9 ! orig9
 ( species1 & ev5 at ! pres5t day       
au?orities diff] widely on ! subject4   
,"s give x a l>ge %>e1 & "s a v small "o
 9 ! result4 ,moritz ,wagn]1 = in/ance1 

w\ld sub/itute 8 own migration-hypo!sis 
= ,d>w9's !ory ( selection2 :ile ,i     
reg>d ! action ( migration1 :i* acts z  
isolation or sep>ation1 z m]ely a       
special mode ( selection4 ,b ^! diff]+  
e/imates ( ,d>w9ism are q indep5d5t ( ! 
absolute import ( ! doctr9e ( desc5t or 
( trans=mation1 = ! latt] is z yet !    
only !ory :i* rationally expla9s ! orig9
 ( species4 ,if we disc>d x1 no?+ rema9s
 b ! irrational assumption ( a miracle1 
a sup]natural creation4  ,9 ?is crucial 
& unavoidable dilemma1 ,vir*[ has decl>$
 himself publicly 9 fav\r ( ! latt]1 &  
aga9/ ! =m] hypo!sis4 ,e "o :o has      
att5tively foll[$ 8 occasional utt]ances
 on ! !ory ( desc5t dur+ ! la/ decade ) 
an unprejudic$ eye & an unbiass$        
judgm5t1 mu/ be conv9c$ t he            
fundam5tally rejects x4 ,/ill1 8 diss5t 
has always be5 s obscur$1 & 8 judgm5t on
 ,d>w9ism 9 p>ticul> s wrapp$ 9         
ambiguities1 t an opportune conv]sion to
 ! opposite side seem$ n impossible2 &  
_m1 ev5 among ^? :o /ood ne> to         

,vir*[--8 fri5ds & disciples--did n "k  
to :at po9t he 0 9 fact an oppon5t ( !  
evolution hypo!sis 9 g5]al4 ,vir*[ took 
! la/ /ep t[>ds cle>+ up ?is matt] at   
,muni*2 = aft] 8 ,muni* address !re c be
 no f>!r d\bt t he belongs to ! mo/     
decid$ oppon5ts ( ! :ole !ory (         
evolution1 includ+ ^? ( inh]itance &    
selection4  ,if any "o /ill has d\bts on
 ! matt]1 let him read ! jubilant hymns 
( triumph ) :i* ,vir*['s fri5d &        
collaborator1 ,adolf ,ba/ian1 greet$ 8  
,muni* disc\rse4 ,?is enfant t]rible ( !
 s*ool--?is well-nicknam$ ,act+ privy   
c\nsellor ( ! bo>d ( confusion#aj--^:   
m]its 9 involunt>ily advanc+ ! cause (  
metamorphism ,i h already done ju/ice to
 9 ! preface to ! ?ird edition ( my     
,natural ,hi/ory (                      
,creation#aa--;expresses himself 9 !    
,zeits*rift fu] ,e?nologie1 :i* is edit$
 by him & ,vir*[ 7t5? ye>ly "p1 ,x4     
#ahgh1 p4 #ff7 z foll[s3--,at ! ,muni*  
meet+ ( naturali/s1 ,vir*[ by a few     
weighty words cle>$ ! atmosph]e1 :i* 0  

heavy & /ifl+ "u ! pressure ( ! incubus 
call$ ,desc5t1 & once m fre$ sci5ce f t 
nightm>e :i* x has s long--9 _m op9ions 
s mu* too long--all[$ to weigh ^u x2    
fre$ x1 let u hope1 once & = ev]4 ,!    
=eca/s ( ?is /orm 7 disc]nible _m ye>s  
s9ce1 & its :ole c\rse has be5 a /rictly
 normal "o4 ,:5 ! g]ms plant$ by ,d>w91 
& t promis$ s mu*1 7 =c$ into gr[? by a 
fev]i%1 hot-h\se heat1 & began to spr\t 
into /]ile we$s1 _! small vitality 0    
pla9 to our eyes4 ,s long z ! waves run 
too high "u ! pressure ( a psy*ical     
/orm1 x is almo/ useless to prote/ aga9/
 x1 = e e> is too mu* deaf5$ by ! noise 
all r\nd to he> ! voice ( individuals4  
,x is be/ to leave ?+s to g _! own way1 
deep] & deep] into ! mire1 till !y come 
to a /&-/ill !re ( _! own accord2 =     
',quos deus vult p]d]e prius dem5tat4'  
,?us x is 9 ?is case4 ,:5 !             
extravagances ( ! desc5t hypo!sis1      
enc\rag$ z !y 7 by mutual incitem5t1 _h 
rea*$ _! highe/ pit* 9 ! rav+s t 7 utt]$
 at ,muni*1 ! too po9t$ po9t broke 9 ?is

 sup]abundance ( absurdity almo/ by its 
own po9t$ness1 & s we 7 quit ( x ) "o   
bl[4 ,n[1 happily1 all is ov] ) ! !ory (
 desc5t1 or asc5t1 b natural sci5ce w n 
on t acc\nt f>e any ! worse1 = _m ( its 
adh]5ts belong to h] able/ y\?1 & z !y  
n[ ne$ no long] wa/e _! be/ "t on       
romantic s*emes1 !y w h x to use at !   
ord]s & = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 s z to 
enri* h] ?r\gh real & solid             
contributions4  ,fur!rmore1 ,ba/ian     
quotes ,vir*['s maxim3--,! plan (       
organisation is immutable )9 ! limits ( 
! species2 species is n produc$ f       
species4 ,! fundam5tal teleological idea
 ( t s*ool1 t ea* species has its       
con/ant & specific plan ( /ructure1     
c]ta9ly _c be m emphatically express$4  
,?us x is und\bt$ly c]ta9 t ,vir*[ has  
become a ,duali/1 & is z ?or\ghly       
p5etrat$ by ! tru? ( 8 pr9ciples z ,i1 z
 a ,moni/1 am ( m9e4 ,?is is und\bt$ly !
 up%ot ( 8 ,muni* address1 ?\gh he is   
?r\gh\t c>eful to avoid ackn[l$g+ 8 *ief
 /&po9t 9 all its nak$ness4 ,on !       

contr>y1 ev5 n[ he /ill veils 8         
antagonism "u ! phrase1 :i* is also a   
fav\rite ) ! cl]ical pap]s1 t ! !ory (  
desc5t is an unprov$ hypo!sis4 ,n[ x is 
cle> t ?is !ory nev] w be prov$ if !    
pro(s t already lie be=e u are n        
suffici5t4 ,h[ (t5 has x be5 repeat$ t !
 sci5tific c]ta9ty ( ! hypo!sis ( desc5t
 is n gr\nd$ 9 ?is or t isolat$         
exp]im5t1 b 9 ! collective sum (        
biological ph5om5a2 9 ! causal nexus (  
evolution4 ,!n :at are ! new pro(s ( !  
!ory ( desc5t :i* ,vir*[ dem&s ( u8     
,,footnotes3  #aj ,wirkli*e ,geheime    
,ob]-,confusionsra?4  #aa ,translat$ "u 
! sup]vision ( ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/]4       
,london3 ,c4 ,kegan ,paul  ,co4         
,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,c]ta9 ,,pro(s ,,( ,,!  
,,doctr9e ,,( ,,desc5t4   ,all ! common 
ph5om5a ( ,morphology & ,physiology1 (  
,*orology & ,oekology1 ( ,ontology &    
,paleontology1 c be expla9$ by ! !ory ( 
desc5t1 & ref]r$ to simple me*anical    
causes4 ,x is precisely 9 ?is1 viz41 t !
 prim>y simple causes ( all ^! complex  

aggregates ( ph5om5a are common to !m   
all1 & t o!r me*anical causes = !m are  
un?9kable--x is 9 ?is t1 to u1 !        
gu>antee ( _! c]ta9ty consi/s4 ,= ?is   
reason all ^! va/ & manifold aggregates 
( facts are s _m evid5ces ( ! doctr9e ( 
desc5t4 ,?is fundam5tal relation ( facts
 has be5 s (t5 exp\nd$ t ,i ne$ dwell no
 f>!r on x 9 ?is place2 ^? :o wi% = any 
clos] discussion ( x are ref]r$ to my   
,g5]al ,morphology 7vol4 ii4 *ap4 xix471
 or ,! ,hi/ory ( ,creation1#ab or ,!    
,evolution ( ,man 7vol4 i4 p4 #ic74ac   
,& :]e is yet f>!r pro( ( ! tru? ( !    
!ory ( desc5t to be f\nd8 ,nei!r ,vir*[1
 nor any "o ( ! cl]ical oppon5ts & !    
duali/ic philosoph]s :o are p]petually  
reit]at+ ?is cry = m c]ta9 evid5ce1     
any:]e indicate :]e possibly su* evid5ce
 is to be s\ght4 ,:]e 9 all ! _w c we   
discov] facts :i* w speak m pla9ly or   
significantly = ! tru? ( transmutation  
?an ! facts ( comp>ative morphology &   
physiology2 ?an ! facts ( ! rudim5t>y   
organs & ( embryonic developm5t2 ?an !  

facts reveal$ by fossils & !            
geographical di/ribution ( organisms--9 
%ort1 ?an ! collective recognis$ facts (
 ! mo/ div]se prov9ces ( biological     
sci5ce8  ,b ,i am 9 error--! c]ta9 pro( 
t ,vir*[ dem&s 9 ord] to be p]fectly    
satisfi$ ) ! evid5ce1 is to be suppli$  
by exp]im5t1 ! te/ z well z ! highe/    
means ( evid5ce4 ,?is dem&1 t ! doctr9e 
( desc5t %\ld be gr\nd$ on exp]im5t1 is 
s p]v]se & %[s su* ignorance ( ! v      
ess5ce ( our !ory1 t ?\gh we h nev] be5 
surpris$ at he>+ x cont9ually repeat$ by
 ignorant laym51 f ! lips ( a ,vir*[ x  
has positively a/\nd$ u4 ,:at c 9 ?is   
case be prov$ by exp]im5t1 & :at c      
exp]im5t prove8  ,! v>iability (        
species1 ! trans=mation ( species1 !    
transition ( a species into "o or m new 
v>ieties1 is ! answ]4 ,n[1 s f> z ^!    
facts c be prov$ by exp]im5t1 !y        
actually h long s9ce be5 exp]im5tally   
prov$ 9 ! complete/ mann]4 ,= :at are ! 
numb]less trials ( artificial selection 
= bre$+ purposes :i* m5 h practis$ =    

?\s& ( ye>s 9 bre$+ dome/ic animals &   
cultivat$ plants1 b physiological       
exp]im5ts :i* prove ! trans=mation (    
species8 ,z an example we may ref] to ! 
diff]5t races ( horses & pigeons4 ,!    
swift race-horse & ! heavy pack-horse1 !
 graceful c>riage-horse & ! /urdy       
c>t-horse1 ! huge dray-horse & ! dw>f$  
pony--^! & _m o!r races are s diff]5t f 
ea* o!r1 t if we _h f\nd !m wild we %\ld
 c]ta9ly h describ$ !m z q diff]5t      
v>ieties ( "o species1 or ev5           
repres5tatives ( diff]5t species4       
,und\bt$ly1 ^! s-call$ races & sports ( 
! horse tribe diff] f ea* o!r 9 a mu*   
great] degree ?an d ! zebra1 ! quagga1 !
 m\nta9 horse1 & ! o!r wild v>ieties ( !
 horse1 :i* e zoologi/ di/+ui%es z bonae
 species4 ,& yet all ^! artificial      
v>ieties1 :i* man has design$ly produc$ 
by selection1 are desc5d$ f a s+le      
common p>5t-=m1 f "o wild true v>iety4  
,! same is ! case ) ! num]\s & highly   
diff]+ v>ieties ( pigeons4 ,dome/ic     
pigeons & c>ri]-pigeons1 turbits &      

cropp]-pigeons1 fantail pigeons & owls1 
tumbl]s & p\t]s1 trumpet]s & laugh+     
pigeons 7or ,indian doves71 & ! re/1 are
 all1 z ,d>w9 has conv9c+ly prov$1      
desc5dants ( a s+le wild v>iety1 !      
rock-pigeon 7,columba livia74 ,& h[     
wond]fully v>i\s !y are1 n only 9 g5]al 
=m1 size1 & col\r+1 b 9 ! p>ticul> =m ( 
! skull1 ! beak1 ! feet1 & s =?6 ,!y    
diff] mu* m 9 e respect ea* f ! o!rs ?an
 ! num]\s wild v>ieties :i*1 9 sy/ems ( 
orni?ology1 are recognis$ z true        
v>ieties1 & ev5 z true species4 ,x is ! 
same ) ! diff]5t artificial v>ieties (  
apples1 pe>s1 pansies1 dahlias1 & s on2 
9 %ort1 ( almo/ all ! dome/ic v>ieties (
 animals & plants4 ,we w\ld lay p>ticul>
 /ress on ! fact t ^! artificial species
 :i* man has produc$ or creat$ by       
artificial bre$+ & ?r\gh exp]im5tal     
trans=mation out ( "o orig9al species1  
diff] f> m "o f ano!r 9 physiological z 
well z 9 morphological conditions ?an ! 
natural species 9 a wild /ate4 ,) ^! x  
is self-evid5t t any pro( by exp]im5t ( 

a common orig9 is :olly impossible4 ,=1 
s soon z we subject any wild v>iety (   
animal or plant to su* an exp]im5t1 we  
br+ x "u ! conditions ( artificial      
bre$+4  ,t ! morphological conception ( 
a ,species is n a positive b only a     
relative conception1 & t x has no o!r   
absolute or positive value ?an ^? o!r   
simil> sy/em-categories--sports1        
v>ieties1 races1 tribes1 families1      
classes--is n[ ackn[l$g$ by e sy/ematis]
 :o =ms an hone/ & unprejudic$ judgm5t (
 ! practical sy/ematic di/9ction (      
species4 ,f ! v nature ( ! case !re are 
no limits to arbitr>y discretion 9 ?is  
dep>tm5t1 & !re are no two sy/emati/s :o
 are at "o 9 e in/ance2 ?is "o sep>at+  
=ms z true v>ieties :i* t "o does n4    
7,comp>e on ?is po9t ,hi/ory (          
,creation1 vol4 i41 p4 #bgc47 ,!        
conception ( v>iety or species has a    
diff]5t value 9 e small or l>ge dep>tm5t
 ( sy/ematic ,zoology & ,botany4  ,b !  
conception ( species has j z little any 
fix$ physiological value4 ,9 respect to 

?is we mu/ especially insi/ t ! "q (    
hybrid (fspr+1 ! la/ corn] ( refuge (   
all ! def5d]s ( ! con/ancy ( species1   
has at pres5t lo/ all significance z    
be>+ on ! conception ( species4 ,= we "k
 n[1 ?r\gh num]\s & reliable exp]i5ces &
 exp]im5ts1 t two diff]5t true v>ieties 
c frequ5tly unite & produce f]tile      
hybrids 7z ! h>e & rabbit1 lion & tig]1 
_m diff]5t k9ds ( ! c>p & tr\t tribes1 (
 will[s1 brambles1 & o!rs72 & 9 ! second
 place1 ! fact is equally c]ta9 t       
desc5dants ( "o & ! same species :i*1   
accord+ to ! dogma ( ! old s*ools1 c\ld 
always effect a f]tile union "u c]ta9   
circum/ances1 ei!r _c effect su* a union
 or produce only b>r5 hybrids 7!        
,porto-,santo rabbit1 ! diff]5t races ( 
horses1 dogs1 roses1 hyac9?s1 c42 see   
,hi/ory ( ,creation1 vol4 i41 p4 #adf74 
,= a c]ta9 pro( t ! conception ( species
 re/s on a subjective ab/raction & has a
 m]ely relative value--l ! conception ( 
g5us1 family1 ord]1 class1 c4--no class 
( animals is ( s mu* importance z t ( ! 

,sponges4 ,9 x ! fluctuat+ =ms v>y ) su*
 unexampl$ indef9it5ess & v>iability z  
to make all di/9ction ( species q       
illusory4 ,osc> ,s*midt has already     
po9t$ ?is out 9 ! silice\s sponges &    
k]atose sponges2 & ,i1 9 my monograph1 9
 ?ree volumes1 on ! ,calc>e\s ,sponges  
7! result ( five ye>s ( mo/ accurate    
inve/igations ( ?is small animal gr\p71 
h po9t$ out t we may at pleasure di/+ui%
 #c1 or #ba1 or #aaa1 or #bhi1 or #eia  
diff]5t species4 ,i also believe t ,i h 
?us conv9c+ly demon/rat$ h[ all ^!      
diff]5t =ms ( ! calc>e\s sponges may q  
naturally1 & )\t any =c+1 be trac$ to a 
s+le common p>5t-=m1 ! simple--& n      
hypo!tical1 b exi/+ at ?is pres5t day--!
 simple ,olyn?us4 ,h5ce ,i ?9k ,i h "h  
produc$ ! mo/ positive analytical       
evid5ce ( ! trans=mation ( species1 & ( 
! unity ( ! d]ivation ( all ! species ( 
a giv5 gr\p ( animals1 t is g5]ally     
possible4  ,prop]ly1 ,i might sp>e      
myself ^! disquisitions on ! "q (       
species1 = ,vir*[ does n g into ?is ma9 

"q ( ! !ory ( desc5t--b ?is is v        
*>act]i/ic ( 8 attitude4 ,& j z he n[h]e
 ?or\ghly discusses ! doctr9e (         
trans=mation1 nei!r does he ent] g5]ally
 on ! refutation ( any ( ! o!r c]ta9    
pro(s ( ! doctr9e ( desc5t :i* we 9 fact
 possess at ! pres5t day4 ,nei!r !      
morphological nor ! physiological       
argum5ts = ! !ory ( desc5t1 nei!r !     
rudim5t>y organs nor ! embryonic =ms1   
nei!r ! paleontological nor !           
*ronological argum5t are any:]e closely 
exam9$ & te/$ z to _! wor? or _!        
wor?lessness z c]ta9 pro(s4 ,on !       
contr>y1 ,vir*[ takes !m q easily1 sets 
!m aside1 & decl>es t c]ta9 pro(s ( !   
doctr9e ( desc5t d n exi/1 b rema9 to be
 discov]$4 ,to be sure1 he does n       
indicate :]e !y are to be s\ght1 nor c  
he indicate x4 ,h[ is ?is /range conduct
 to be expla9$8 ,h[ is x possible t a   
di/+ui%$ naturali/ %\ld resi/ ! mo/     
important /ep =w>d ( mod]n natural      
sci5ce )\t 9 any way specially          
inve/igat+ x1 )\t ev5 practically te/+ &

 refut+ ! mo/ weighty argum5ts 9 its    
fav\r8 ,to ?is "q !re is b "o answ]4    
,vir*[ is n g5]ally intimate ) ! mod]n  
doctr9e ( evolution1 & does n possess t 
k ( natural sci5ce :i* is indisp5sable =
 any well-gr\nd$ judgm5t on x4  ,aft]   
collect+ & c>efully read+ all t ,vir*[1 
dur+ _m ye>s1 _h writt5 aga9/ evolution1
 ,i arriv$ at ! conviction t he _h n    
?or\ghly read ei!r ,d>w9's great "w on !
 ,orig9 ( ,species1 nor any o!r "w on ! 
!ory ( desc5t1 nor _h he ?\ght ! matt]  
out ) su* att5tion z s s]i\s & intricate
 a subject absolutely dem&s4 ,vir*[ did 
) ^! works z x has be5 8 well-kn[n cu/om
 to d ) _m o!rs--he ha/ily turn$ ov] !  
pages1 caught at a few lead+ words1 &   
)\t any f>!r tr\ble he has disc\rs$ ^u  
!m1 &1 :i* is wor/ ( all1 has p]petuat$ 
^! disc\rses ?r\gh ! press4  ,to excuse 
?is conduct1 & to acc\nt = ,vir*['s     
enigmatical position 9 ! battle (       
evolution1 we mu/ consid] :at *anges ?is
 highly-gift$ & m]itori\s man has gone  
?r\gh 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ ?irty ye>s4 ,!  

mo/ important & fruitful "p ( 8 life &  
lab\rs 0 indisputably dur+ ! eight ye>s 
:5 he resid$ 9 ,wu]zburg1 f #ahdh to    
#ahef4 ,!re ,vir*[1 ) all ! ke5ness ( 8 
y\?ful intellect1 ) a sacr$ en?usiasm = 
sci5tific tru?1 ) indefatigable p[]s (  
"w & ! r>e/ insight1 work$ out t glori\s
 re=m ( sci5tific m$ic9e :i* w %9e ?r\gh
 all "t z a /> ( ! fir/ magnitude 9 !   
hi/ory ( m$ical sci5ce4 ,9 ,wu]zburg1   
,vir*[ elaborat$ t compreh5sive         
application ( ! cellul> !ory to pa?ology
 :i* culm9ates 9 ! conception t ! cell  
is an indep5d5t liv+ elem5t>y organism1 
& t our human organism1 l t ( all !     
high] animals1 is m]ely a cong]ies (    
cells--a highly f]tile conception1 :i*  
,vir*[ n[ d5ies z resolutely z he !n    
support$ x4 ,9 ,wu]zburg1 tw5ty-five    
ye>s s9ce1 ,i sat dev\tly at 8 feet1 &  
receiv$ f him ) en?usiasm t cle> &      
simple doctr9e ( ! me*anics ( all vital 
activity--a truly moni/ic doctr9e1 :i*  
,vir*[ n[ und\bt$ly opposes :]e =m]ly he
 def5d$ x4 ,9 ,wu]zburg1 f9ally1 he     

wrote ^? incomp>able critical &         
hi/orical lead+ articles :i* are !      
ornam5t ( ! fir/ t5 ye>ly s]ies ( 8     
,ar*ives ( pa?ological anatomy4 ,all t  
,vir*[ effect$ z ! great pione] ( re=m 9
 m$ic9e1 & by :i* he won imp]i%able     
hon\r 9 ! sci5tific treatm5t (          
disease1--all ?is 0 ei!r c>ri$ out or   
preconceiv$ 9 ,wu]zburg2 & ev5 !        
celebrat$ ,cellul> ,pa?ology1 a c\rse ( 
lectures :i* he deliv]$ dur+ ! fir/ ye> 
& a half aft] quitt+ ,wu]zburg = ,b]l91 
consi/s only ( ! collect$ & matur$      
fruits ( :i* ! blossoms are due to      
,wu]zburg4  ,9 ! autumn ( #ahef ,vir*[  
left ,wu]zburg to settle 9 ,b]l94 ,!    
ex*ange ( a n>r[ sph]e ( lab\rs = a wid]
 "o1 ( small means & appliances = great]
 ones1 prov$ unfav\rable 9 ?is case1 z 9
 _m simil> cases4 ,s9ce he has be5 9    
,b]l91 9 a great ,in/itution1 & )       
luxuri\s appliances1 all ! sci5tific    
results :i* ,vir*[ has z yet br\ght to  
light are n to be comp>$1 ei!r z to     
quality or quantity1 to ! gr& & immortal

 a*ievem5ts :i* he himself effect$ 9 !  
little in/itute ( ,wu]zburg ) ! scantie/
 means--a new pro( ( ! maxim enunciat$  
by me1 & hi!rto nev] confut$1 t !       
sci5tific results ( an in/itute are 9   
inv]se proportion to its size4 7,see ,! 
,aim & ,me?ods ( ,mod]n ,evolution4#ad7 
,/ill m grave is ! circum/ance t1 s9ce  
settl+ 9 ,b]l91 ,vir*[ has m & m ex*ang$
 8 !oretical sci5tific activity =       
practical political life4 ,x is well    
kn[n h[ prom95t a "p he plays !re 9 !   
,prussian ,*amb] ( ,repres5tatives1 h[  
he rais$ himself to be ! lead] ( ! p>ty 
( progress1 &1 to give ?is political    
position a broad] basis1 took "p 9 !    
repres5tation ( ! citiz5s ( ! capital2  
h[ he has tak5 a mo/ active int]e/1 z   
city commission]1 9 all ! petty         
anxieties & conc]ns :i* ! *>ge ( su* a  
city z ,b]l9 entails4 ,i am f> f blam+1 
z _m h blam$1 ! political & civic       
activity to :i* ,vir*[ has indefatigably
 devot$ 8 be/ p[]s4 ,if a man feels 9   
himself ! incl9ation & vocation ) /r5g? 

& tal5t en\gh1 to play a conspicu\s     
political "p1 by all means let him d s2 
b v]ily ,i d n envy him2 = !            
satisfaction :i* is d]iv$ f ! mo/       
successful & fruitful political activity
 is n1 to my ta/e1 to be comp>$ ) t pure
 & dis9t]e/$ satisfaction ( ! m9d :i*   
results f absorption 9 s]i\s & difficult
 sci5tific lab\rs4 ,9 ! turmoil ( !     
political & social /ruggle1 ev5 ! mo/   
spl5did civic cr[n w be dull$ by ! /ifl+
 du/ ( practical life1 :i* nev] rea*es !
 e!real heights ( pure sci5ce & nev]    
re/s on ! laurels ( ! ?\ghtful          
inve/igator4 ,h[ev]1 z ,i h said1 t is a
 matt] ( ta/e4 ,if ,vir*[ really        
believes t he is do+ a great] s]vice to 
humanity by 8 practical political life 9
 ,b]l9 ?an he =m]ly did by 8 !oretical  
sci5tific "w 9 ,wu]zburg1 t is 8 affair2
 b = all t1 9 8 =m] sph]e he 0          
incomp>able1 & _c be replac$2 9 ! latt] 
?is is n ! case4  ,if a di/+ui%$ man1 be
 he nev] s rem>kable = uncommon p[] ( "w
 & univ]sal gifts1 passes ! :ole day 9 !

 friction ( political p>ty-/ruggles1 &  
?r[s himself z well into all ! petty &  
we>isome details ( daily civic life1 x  
is impossible = him to ma9ta9 !         
requisite feel+ = ! progress (          
sci5ce--p>ticul>ly :5 x advances s      
rapidly & incessantly z is ! case 9 our 
day4 ,x is !re=e q intelligible t ,vir*[
 %\ld soon h lo/ ?is feel+1 & 9 ! c\rse 
( ! la/ two decades h become m & m      
e/rang$ f sci5ce4 ,& ?is e/rangem5t has 
at la/ l$ to s complete a *ange 9 8     
fundam5tal views1 to su* a metapsy*osis1
 t ! pres5t ,vir*[ ( #ahgh is h>dly 9 a 
position to und]/& ! y\?ful ,vir*[ (    
#ahdh4  ,we h se5 a simil> m5tal *ange  
occur contemporane\sly 9 our greate/    
naturali/1 ,c>l ,ern/ von ,ba]4 ,?is    
gift$ & pr(\nd ?9k] & biologi/1 ^: "n   
m>ks a new epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( evolution1 
_h 9 8 lat] ye>s become :olly incompet5t
 ev5 to und]/& ^? mo/ important problems
 ( 8 y\?ful lab\rs :i* op5$ up new pa?s 
( inquiry4 ,:ile 9 8 e>ly ye>s he laid  
d[n pr9ciples ( ! greate/ value to our  

mod]n doctr9e ( evolution1 & ev5 w5t v  
ne> to adopt+ ?is hypo!sis into 8 sy/em1
 at a lat] p]iod he utt]ly d5i$ x1 & by 
8 writ+s on ,d>w9ism prov$ t he 0 no    
long] g5]ally capable ( ma/]+ ?is       
difficult problem4 ,z ,i am "o ( ,von   
,ba]'s w>me/ admir]s1 & 9 my ,evolution 
( ,man1 z well z 9 ! ,hi/ory (          
,creation1 & 9 o!r places1 h mo/        
emphatically express$ t s9c]e e/eem1 ,i 
?\ght ,i might v5ture to =be> f call+   
att5tion to ! discrepancy betwe5 !      
lucid1 moni/ic pr9ciples ( ,von ,ba] 9 8
 y\?1 & ! confus$ duali/ic views ( 8 old
 age4 ,b z _m oppon5ts ( ,d>w9ism--&    
among !m p>ticul>ly ! ,old ,ca?olic     
philosoph] ( ,muni*1 ,hub]1 :o has      
writt5 a s]ies ( articles 9 ! ,augsburg]
 ,zeitung--h made con/ant capital out ( 
! h>mless talk ( ! feeble old ,von ,ba]1
 ,i mu/ 9 ?is place explicitly decl>e t 
?is duali/ic prat+ ( ! old man is q     
incapable ( %ak+ ! moni/ic pr9ciples ( !
 "y & ent]pris+ pione]s ( sci5ce1 or (  
giv+ !m ! lie4  ,9 8 autobiography ,von 

,ba] gives u ! explanation ( ?is /rik+  
contradiction4 ,9 #ahcd he entirely & = 
ev] ab&on$ ! prov9ce ( ! hi/ory (       
developm5t1 at :i* = tw5ty ye>s he _h   
lab\r$ incessantly1 & :]e he _h e>n$    
spl5did laurels4 ,to escape f ! haunt+ &
 importunate ideas ( ! sci5ce :i* _h s  
:olly absorb$ him1 he fl$ f ,ko5igsb]g  
to ,pet]sburg1 & subsequ5tly busi$      
himself 9 sci5tific inquiries ( a q     
diff]5t "*4 ,tw5ty-five long ye>s pass$ 
by1 & :5 ,d>w9's "w appe>$ 9 #ahei1 ,von
 ,ba] _h too long und]gone a            
metapsy*osis to be able to und]/& x4 ,9 
,von ,ba]1 z 9 ,vir*[1 ! c\rse ( ?is    
rem>kable metapsy*osis is highly        
in/ructive1 & w itself af=d to !        
?\ghtful psy*ologi/ an int]e/+ evid5ce (
 ! doctr9e ( evolution4  ,h[ev]1 ! lack 
( compreh5sion ( our mod]n              
evolution-hypo!sis is easi] to expla9 9 
,vir*['s case ?an 9 ,von ,ba]'s1 = ?is  
reason3 morphological k 0 greatly lack+ 
to ,vir*[1 :ile ,von ,ba] possess$ x 9 !
 highe/ degree4 ,n[ morphology is       

precisely t v dep>tm5t ( inquiry 9 :i*  
our !ory ( desc5t has its deepe/ &      
/ronge/ roots1 & has matur$ ! mo/       
glori\s fruits ( k4 ,! /udy ( organic   
=ms1 or morphology1 is ?us1 m ?an any   
o!r sci5ce1 int]e/$ 9 ! doctr9e (       
desc5t1 because ?r\gh ?is doctr9e x fir/
 obta9$ a practical k ( effective       
causes1 & 0 able to raise itself f !    
humble rank ( a descriptive /udy ( =ms  
to ! high position ( an analytical      
sci5ce ( =m4 ,x is true t by ! beg9n+ ( 
?is c5tury ! mo/ compreh5sive bran* (   
morphology--i4e41 comp>ative            
anatomy--:i* 0 f\nd$ by ,cuvi] &        
spl5didly develop$ by ,johannes ,muell]1
 _h laid ! f\ndations on :i* to build a 
truly philosophical sci5ce ( =m4 ,!     
enorm\s mass ( v>i\s empirical mat]ial1 
:i* _h be5 accumulat$ by descriptive    
sy/emati/s & by ! dissections (         
zootomi/s s9ce ! "t ( ,l9naeus &        
,pallas1 _h already be5 abundantly      
matur$ & utilis$ 9 _m ways = philosophic
 purposes by ! syn!tic pr9ciples (      

comp>ative anatomy4 ,b ev5 ! mo/        
important univ]sal laws (               
organisation--( :i* ! old sy/em (       
comp>ative anatomy 0 "o--_h to take     
refuge 9 my/ical ideas ( a plan (       
/ructure & ( creative f9al causes       
7causae f9ales72 !y 7 incapable ( arriv+
 at a true & cle> p]ception ( effective 
me*anical causes 7causae effici5tes74   
,?is la/1 mo/ difficult1 & gr&e/        
problem1 ,*>les ,d>w9 0 ! fir/ to solve 
9 #ahei1 by sett+ ,lam>ck's !ory (      
desc5t1 :i* 0 already fifty ye>s old1 on
 a firm foot+ by 8 own !ory ( selection4
 ,by ?is hypo!sis x 0 fir/ made possible
 to fit toge!r ! ri* mat]ials :i* _h be5
 previ\sly amass$1 into ! spl5did       
edifice ( ! me*anical sci5ce ( =m4 7,see
 my ,g5]al ,morphology1 vol4 i4 *ap4    
iv47  ,! immeasurable /ep :i* ,d>w9 ?us 
made 9 organic morphology c be          
adequately appreciat$ only by ^? :o1 l  
myself1 7 br\ght up 9 ! s*ool ( ! old   
teleological morphology1 & ^: eyes 7    
sudd5ly op5$ by ! !ory ( selection to a 

compreh5sion ( t greate/ ( all          
biological riddles1 ! creation (        
specific =ms4 ,! dogma ( creation1 !    
my/ic & duali/ic doctr9e ( ! isolat$    
creation ( ea* sep>ate v>iety1 0        
annihilat$ at "o bl[2 ! belief 9        
transmutation has n[ = ev] tak5 its     
place--! me*ani/ic & moni/ic doctr9e ( !
 metamorphosis ( organic =ms1 ( ! desc5t
 ( all ! species ( "o natural class f a 
common p>5t-=m4 ,h[ complete a *ange !  
sci5ce ( me*anical morphology has by ?is
 means be5 compell$ to und]go1 ,i h     
endeav\r$ to po9t out 9 my ,g5]al       
,morphology2 & any "o :o wi%es to       
conv9ce himself cle>ly ( :at an enorm\s 
revolution has be5 br\ght ab\t1         
p>ticul>ly 9 comp>ative anatomy1 may    
comp>e ! ,outl9es ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy
 7,grundzuege d] v]glei*5d5 ,anatomie71 
by ,c>l ,geg5baur1 #ahgj1 & ! late/     
edition ( 8 ,elem5ts 7,grundrisses71 ) !
 old text-books ( t sci5ce4  ,vir*[ has 
no suspicion ev5 ( all ^! immeasurable  
/rides 9 morphology1 = ?is dep>tm5t     

always lay out ( 8 k54 ,8 great re=ms 9 
pa?ology 7 f\nd$ 9 ! prov9ce (          
physiology1 & m especially 9 cellul>    
physiology4 ,b )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ^!   
two ma9 bran*es ( biological inquiry h  
gr[n m & m ap>t4 ,! great ,johannes     
,muell] 0 ! la/ biologi/ :o 0 able to   
keep ^! dep>tm5ts ( organic inquiry     
toge!r1 & :o won equally immortal hon\rs
 9 bo? divisions ( ! subject4 ,aft]     
,muell]'s dea? 9 #aheh !y fell asund]4  
,physiology1 z ! sci5ce especially ( !  
functions or liv+ activity ( ! organism1
 address$ itself m & m to exact &       
exp]im5tal me?ods3 morphology1 on !     
contr>y1 z ! sci5ce ( ! =ms & /ructure (
 animals & plants1 c\ld naturally make b
 v small use ( ?is me?od2 x mu/ take    
refuge m & m 9 ! hi/ory ( evolution1 & s
 con/itute an hi/orical natural sci5ce4 
,x 0 on ?is v hi/orical & g5etic me?od (
 morphology1 9 contradi/9ction to !     
exact & exp]im5tal me?od ( physiology1 t
 ,i bas$ my ,muni* address2 & if ,vir*[ 
9 8 answ] _h really & ?or\ghly refut$   

?is position1 in/ead ( fight+ ) m]e     
phrases & d5unciations1 ?is radical     
opposition w\ld h be5 well wor?y ( !    
fulle/ discussion4 ,at ! same "t ,i h no
 wi% to reproa* ,vir*[ = be+ :olly      
fett]$ by ! "o-sid$ views ( ! mod]n     
s*ool-physiology1 nor because morphology
 lies s f> out ( 8 k5 t he has n be5    
able to =m an indep5d5t judgm5t ( its   
aims & me?ods2 b :51 9 spite ( all ?is1 
he on e occasion lets fall a disp>ag+   
judgm5t ( x1 we mu/ dispute 8 compet5ce4
 ,x is true t 9 8 ,muni* address he     
emphasises ! /atem5t1 ,t :i* graces me  
be/ is t ,i "k my ignorance1 by pr9t+ x 
9 italics4 ,i only regret t ,i am =c$ to
 d5y 8 possession ( ?is v grace4 ,vir*[ 
does n "k h[ ignorant he is (           
morphology1 else he w\ld nev] h utt]$ 8 
annihilat+ v]dict on x1 else he w\ld n  
cont9ually designate ! /udy ( ! !ory (  
desc5t z dilettanteism & va9 dream+1 z a
 fanciful private speculation :i* is n[ 
mak+ its way 9 sev]al dep>tm5ts (       
natural sci5ce4 ,9 tru?1 ,vir*[ does me 

greatly too mu* hon\r :5 he designates z
 my p]sonal crot*et an idea :i* = ! la/ 
t5 ye>s has be5 ! mo/ preci\s common    
possession ( all morphological sci5ce4  
,if ,vir*[ 7 n s unfamili> ) ! lit]ature
 ( morphology1 he mu/ h kn[n t x is     
p5etrat$ ?r\gh\t by ?is pr9ciple (      
desc5t1 t e morphological inquiry :i*   
consci5ti\sly pursues a well-consid]$   
problem n[ assumes ! doctr9e ( desc5t z 
grant$ & indisputable4 ,( all ?is he is 
ignorant1 & s x is intelligible t he    
%\ld cont9ue to dem& c]ta9 pro(s ( ?is  
hypo!sis1 al?\gh ^? pro(s h long s9ce   
be5 produc$4   ,,footnotes3  #ab ,vol4  
ii41 p4 #ccd ( translation4  #ac        
,london3 ,c4 ,kegan ,paul  ,co4 #ahgi4  
#ad ,j5a1 ,zeits*rift5 fu]              
,naturwiss5s*aft1 #ahge4 ,vol4 x4       
,supplem5t4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,!     
,,skull ,,!ory ,,& ,,! ,,ape ,,!ory4    
,inasmu* z ,vir*[ p]si/s 9 treat+ ! !ory
 ( desc5t z an unprov$ hypo!sis1 inasmu*
 z he ignores all ! =cible evid5ces ( t 
hypo!sis1 he deprives himself ( ! "r (  

speak+ a decisive ^w 9 ?is1 ! mo/       
important sci5tific dispute ( ! pres5t  
day4 ,vir*[ is1 9 fact1 simply          
incompet5t 9 ! great "q ( evolution1 z  
he is defici5t 9 ! great] "p ( t k--m   
especially morphological k--:i* is      
indisp5sable to =m+ a judgm5t ^u x4     
,h5ce on ! turn+-po9t ( ! :ole          
matt]--viz41 ! problem z to ! orig9 (   
species--he c h no op9ion1 z he has nev]
 turn$ 8 att5tion to ! sy/ematic        
treatm5t ( species3 ^? transitions ( "o 
species into ano!r1 :i* he asks to see1 
ab\nd on all sides1 z is well kn[n to e 
sy/ematic naturali/4 ,only consid]1 =   
example1 ! g5]a ( ,rubus & ,salix among 
! liv+ plants ( ! pres5t p]iod1 & !     
,ammonites & ,bra*iopoda among ext9ct   
animals4 ,h5ce1 too1 ,vir*[ c h no      
indep5d5t views z to ! hi/orical        
developm5t ( ! high] f ! l[] animals1   
because ! abundant liv+ =ms ( ! l[]     
animals are almo/ unkn[n to him1 &      
because he has h>dly any conception ( ! 
m>vell\s /rides :i* hundr$s ( indu/ri\s 

work]s h made 9 ?is v dep>tm5t )9 ! la/ 
tw5ty ye>s4 ,b !re c be no d\bt1 inde$ x
 is already univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 t x is
 precisely ! comp>ative anatomy ( !     
l[]--nay1 ( ! v l[e/ animals--t has     
solv$ ! greate/ riddles ( life1 & remov$
 ! greate/ ob/acles f ! pa? ( ! doctr9e 
( desc5t4 ,he simply ignores ! fact t   
true ,monads actually exi/1 & h be5     
positively id5tifi$ by _m diff]5t       
obs]v]s z /ructureless organisms )\t    
organs1 & he turns out ! poor ,ba?ybius 
) a kick4 ,& yet ,i believe t 9         
,kosmos#ae ,i h conclusively prov$ t    
,monads mu/ reta9 _! va/ elem5t>y       
importance :e!r ! ,ba?ybius actually    
exi/s or n4  ,b ev5 z reg>ds ! high]    
animals--nay1 ev5 z to ! comp>ative     
anatomy ( ! highe/ next to man1 !       
apes--,vir*[ /&s ap>t1 n und]/&+ ! views
 ( mod]n morphology4  ,we mu/ "h exam9e 
m closely into ?is1 because x is        
precisely 9 ?is dep>tm5t t ,vir*['s only
 morphological exp]im5ts h be5 made2    
viz41 8 inve/igations z to ! skulls (   

apes & ( m54 ,?is is precisely ! "o only
 po9t on :i* he has s\ght a clos]       
acqua9tance ) morphology1 & precisely "h
 x is mo/ cle>ly to be se5 h[ little he 
is acqua9t$ ) ! rec5t advances our      
sci5ce has made1 & t he has h>dly any   
conception ( ! extraord9>y importance to
 t sci5ce ( ! !ory ( desc5t4  ,! skull  
!ory1 z is well kn[n1 has = a long "t   
be5 a v fav\rite !me1 n only ) prom95t  
naturali/s1 b also ) tal5t$ amateurs4   
,und\bt$ly ! skull1 view$ z ! bony      
capsule :i* encloses our mo/ important  
organ ( s5se1 our bra91 has a special   
claim to morphological importance2 = !  
g5]al con=mation ( ! skull corresponds  
on ! :ole to ! developm5t ( ! bra91 &   
its inn] surface gives an approximate   
idea ( ! out] surface ( ! bra94 ,9 ?is  
correspond5ce lies ! only s\nd k]nel ( !
 sickly1 ov]gr[n fancies ( phr5ology4 ,!
 v>i\s developm5t ( ! skull all[s ( an  
approximate inf]5ce z to ! v>i\s degrees
 ( developm5t ( ! bra9 & ( ! m5tal      
faculties4 ,! comp>ative /udy ( ! skulls

 ( ! v]tebrate animals _h excit$ !      
lively int]e/ ( morphologi/s by ! end ( 
! la/ c5tury1 :5 comp>ative anatomy 0   
beg9n+ to con/itute a special sci5ce2 & 
! g5etic inquiry z to ! morphological   
significance & developm5t ( ! skull soon
 grew out ( x4 ,x 0 no less a man ?an   
our greate/ ,g]man poet :o fir/ answ]$  
?is "q1 & prop\nd$ ! !ory t ! skull 0   
nei!r m nor less ?an ! modifi$ =emo/ end
 ( ! v]tebral column1 & t ! sep>ate     
gr\ps ( bones :i* lie beh9d "o ano!r 9 !
 human skull1 z 9 t ( all ! high]       
v]tebrata1 answ] to ! sep>ate modifi$   
v]tebrae4 ,?is v]tebral !ory ( ! skull1 
:i* ,von ,goe! & ,ok5 simultane\sly &   
indep5d5tly attempt$ to prove1 ar\s$    
univ]sal int]e/ & ma9ta9$ its gr\nd =   
sev5ty ye>s1 :ile _m attempts 7 made to 
improve & enl>ge ^u x 9 detail4  ,a q   
new light 0 ?r[n on ?is1 z on e o!r     
morphological "q1 z soon z ,d>w9 9 #ahei
 _h once m put into our h&s ! tor* ( !  
doctr9e ( desc5t4 ,! inquiry z to !     
orig9 ( ! skull n[ assum$ a real &      

tangible =m4 ,s9ce all v]tebrate        
animals1 f fi%es up to man1 agree s     
completely z to _! ess5tial int]nal     
/ructure t !y c be rationally conceiv$ (
 no o!rwise ?an z bran*es ( "o /ock & z 
desc5dants ( "o p>5t-=m1 ! di/9ctly     
=mulat$ "q z to ! skull !ory :i* n[ />t$
 into prom95ce 0 ?is3 ,h[1 hi/orically1 
has ! skull ( man & ( ! high] animals   
orig9at$ f t ( ! l[] animals8 ,h[ is !  
developm5t ( ! bones ( ! skull f !      
v]tebrae to be prov$8 ,! answ] to ^!    
difficult que/ions 0 suppli$ by ! fir/  
comp>ative anatomi/ ( ! pres5t day1 by  
,c>l ,geg5baur4 ,aft] ,huxley _h po9t$  
out t ! ontog5esis or individual        
developm5t ( ! skull by no means fav\r$ 
! old] hypo!sis ( ,goe! & ,ok51         
,geg5baur br\ght =w>d evid5ce t !       
fundam5tal idea ( t !ory 0 correct2 t ! 
skull does 9 fact correspond to a s]ies 
( coalesc5t v]tebrae1 b t ! sep>ate     
bones ( ! skull are n to be reg>d$ z    
repres5t+ p>ts ( su* modifi$ v]tebrae4  
,! skull-bones ( all rec5t v]tebrate    

animals are r1 = ! mo/ "p1 d]mal bones1 
:i* h come into clos] connection z      
supplem5t>y to ! c>tilag9\s primitive   
skull4 ,we c ev5 n[ trace ! numb] &     
position ( ! orig9al v]tebrae1 f :i* ?is
 primitive skull orig9at$1 by ! numb] ( 
! v]tebral ar*es 7gill-ar*es7 :i* are   
atta*$ to x1 z well z by ! numb] &      
position ( ^? v]tebrae1 f n9e to t54 ,( 
all ! rec5t v]tebrata1 ! c>tilag9\s     
fi%es1 or ,sela*ians1 h mo/ ne>ly       
pres]v$ ! =m & /ructure ( ?is primordial
 skull4 ,^! ,sela*ians1 ! ,rays & ,%>ks1
 are on ! :ole ! creatures :i* ?r[ !    
cle>e/ light on ! hi/ory ( ! l9eage ( ! 
v]tebrata & on ! organisation ( our     
primeval fi%-natur$ ance/ors4 ,x is "o (
 ! p>ticul> m]its ( ,geg5baur t he      
cle>ly & firmly e/abli%$ ! place 9      
nature ( ! ,sela*ians z ! common        
ance/ors ( all v]tebrate animals f fi%  
up to man4  ,none b ^? :o h ?or\ghly    
/udi$ ! comp>ative morphology ( !       
v]tebrata1 :o h s\ght ! g5etic issue f t
 labyr9? ( intricate morphological      

problems at ! h&s ( ! !ory ( desc5t1 c  
duly value ! immeasurable s]vice :i*    
,geg5baur has done by ?is & o!r         
,inve/igations into ! ,comp>ative       
,anatomy ( ! ,v]tebrata4 ,^!            
inve/igations are z mu* di/+ui%$ by a   
pr(\nd k & c>eful work+ out ( !         
wond]fully-ext5sive empirical mat]ials =
 ! subject1 z by _! critical acum5 &    
philosophic grasp4 ,at ! same "t !y set 
9 ! cle>e/ light ! immeasurable value ( 
! !ory ( desc5t 9 ! causal explanation (
 ! mo/ difficult morphological problems4
 ,geg5baur might1 !re=e1 ) p]fect "r1   
enunciate ?is axiom 9 ! ,introduction to
 8 ,comp>ative ,anatomy4 ,! !ory (      
desc5t w at once f9d a t\*/one ( pro( 9 
comp>ative anatomy4 ,up to ?is "t no    
exp]i5ce 9 comp>ative anatomy has       
transpir$ :i* contradicts t !ory2 on !  
contr>y1 !y all lead up to x4 ,?us x w  
receive back f sci5ce t :i* x has giv5  
to sci5tific me?od3 cle>ness & c]ta9ty4 
,9 po9t ( fact we c adduce no           
morphological inve/igations :i* bett]   

support ?is decl>ation ?an ^? v         
phylog5etic rese>*es z to ! cranium ( ! 
,sela*ians1 z a basis = ! critical      
exam9ation ( ! g5esis ( ! cranium ( !   
v]tebrata1 #ahgb4 ,z ,vir*[ _h =m]ly    
?or\ghly /udi$ ! old skull-hypo!sis1 & 9
 8 admirable disc\rse on ,goe! z a      
,naturali/1 #ahfa1 _h giv5 an excell5t  
exposition ( x2 z moreov] he _h produc$ 
mo/ valuable contributions to ! normal &
 pa?ological anatomy ( ! human skull1 we
 might h expect$ t he w\ld h receiv$    
,geg5baur's gr& re=m ( ! !ory ( ! skull1
 & hi/orical solution ( ! skull-problem1
 ) ! greate/ int]e/1 & h made x ! clue  
to 8 own fur!r rese>*es4 ,b we seek 9   
va9 ?r\gh ,vir*['s late/ contributions  
to ! /udy ( ! human skull1 = any        
indication ( 8 kn[+ or appreciat+       
,geg5baur's inve/igations4 ,on !        
contr>y1 we see him p]si/5tly mov+1 )\t 
any cle> goal 9 view1 on t trodd5 &     
devi\s pa? ( inve/igation :i* f9ds !    
highe/ aim ( craniological sci5ce 9 !   
measur+ ( skulls1 or craniometry4  ,we  

are f> f und]valu+ ! full significance (
 ! results ( exact & c>eful descriptions
 & measurem5ts ( v>i\s con=mations ( !  
skull z an empirical basis = a true &   
sci5tific /udy ( ! skull--i4e41 =       
comp>ative & g5etic craniology4 ,b /ill 
we mu/ say t ! way & me?od by :i* ?is   
skull measurem5t has1 = t5 ye>s n[1 be5 
pursu$ by num]\s craniologi/s c nev]    
yield correspond+ sci5tific results2 on 
! contr>y1 ?\gh x is cri$ up z ! exact  
morphology ( ! skull1 x simply loses    
itself 9 ! doma9s ( h>mless trifl+4 ,a  
l>ge am\nt ( "t has 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s be5 
squ&]$ 9 disputes z to ! be/ me?od (    
measur+ skulls1 :ile ! craniologi/s     
conc]n$ h n1 9 ! fir/ place1 answ]$ !   
obvi\sly mo/ important "q3 ,:at end !y  
propose to ga9 by ?is speciali/ measur+1
 :at proposition !y mean to prove by x8 
,mo/ ( ^? num]\s skull measur]s "k no?+ 
beyond ! p]fect human skull1 or at mo/ !
 skulls ( a few o!r mammalia1 :ile !    
comp>ative morphology & hi/orical       
developm5t ( ! crania ( ! l[] v]tebrata 

are :olly unkn[n to !m2 & yet ^! la/    
conta9 ! true key to ! compreh5sion ( ! 
o!rs4 ,"o s+le mon? devot$ by ^! exact  
skull measur]s to ! /udy ( ,geg5baur's  
!ory ( ! skull1 & to te/+ ! hypo!sis by 
! skulls ( ,sela*ians1 w\ld h yield$ !m 
m fruit & h giv5 !m m light ?an long    
ye>s ( describ+ & measur+ human skulls1 
h[ev] v>i\s4  ,vir*[ himself af=ds ! mo/
 /rik+ example ( ! usual results ( ?is  
s-call$ exact me?od ( /udy+ skulls4 ,9 8
 popul> essay on ,! ,skulls ( ,m5 &     
,apes1 #ahgj1 he concludes ) ?is notable
 proposition3--,x is !re=e self-evid5t t
 ,man c nev] by any progressive         
developm5t h orig9at$ f ! ,apes4 ,e     
evolutioni/ :o is famili> ) ! surpris+  
facts ( comp>ative morphology w draw f  
!m ! opposite conclusion3 ,x is         
self-evid5t t ,man c\ld only h orig9at$ 
f ! progressive developm5t ( ! ,ape     
7organism74  ,?is br+s u to t "q :i*1 9 
! popul> treatm5t ( ! !ory ( desc5t1 is 
ju/ly consid]$ z its mo/ important      
outcome & z ! key/one ( ! evolutioni/   

edifice--to ! well-kn[n proposition1    
,man is desc5d$ f ! ,ape4 ,:ile we      
simply ignore all ! misrepres5tation1   
di/ortion1 & mis9t]pretation :i* ?is    
ape1 or pi!coid hypo!sis1 has met ) on  
all sides1 we w only rem>k t ?is        
fundam5tal proposition1 9 ! s5se ( our  
mod]n doctr9e ( evolution1 c rationally 
h only ?is pla9 mean+3 t ! human species
 z a :ole 0 long s9ce develop$ f ! ord] 
( apes1 inde$ actually f "o 7or p]haps  
m7 long s9ce ext9ct =m ( ape2 ! imm$iate
 prog5itors ( man 9 ! long s]ies ( 8    
v]tebrate ance/ry 7 apes or ape-l       
animals4 ,( c\rse none ( ! n[ surviv+   
species ( apes is to be reg>d$ z !      
unalt]$ po/]ity ( t primeval p>5t-=m4   
,vir*[1 h[ev]1 und]/&+ ! ape "q 9 ?is   
s5se1 answ]s x1 z ,ba/ian also does1 ) !
 mo/ positive contradiction4 ,we _c tea*
 ! doctr9e t man is desc5d$ f apes or f 
any o!r animal1 = we _c reg>d x z a real
 acquisition ( sci5ce 7p4 #ca74 ,al?\gh 
,i myself1 9 direct opposition to ?is   
view1 & 9 agreem5t ) almo/ all my       

pr(essional colleagues1 look ^u ! desc5t
 ( man f apes z "o ( ! sure/ (          
phylog5etic hypo!ses1 ,i w "h expressly 
admit t ! relative c]ta9ty ( ?is1 z (   
all o!r hi/orical hypo!ses ( desc5t1 is 
n comp>able ) ! absolute c]ta9ty ( !    
g5]al !ory ( desc5t4 ,x is n[ t5 ye>s   
s9ce ,i fir/ explicitly /at$ 79 my      
,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 vol4 ii4  
p4 #ceh73 ,! p$igree ( ! human race1 l t
 ( e animal or plant1 rema9s 9 detail a 
m or less approximate g5]al hypo!sis4   
,?is1 h[ev]1 9 no way affects !         
application ( ! !ory ( desc5t to man4 ,9
 ?is1 z 9 all rese>*es into ! d]ivation 
( our organism1 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! 
g5]al !ory ( desc5t & ! specific        
hypo!sis ( desc5t4 ,! g5]al !ory (      
desc5t claims full & p]man5t value1     
because x is inductively bas$ on ! :ole 
range ( common biological ph5om5a & on  
_! int]nal causal connection4 ,ea*      
special hypo!sis ( desc5t1 on ! o!r h&1 
is conditional z to its specific value  
on ! exi/+ /ate ( our biological        

in=mation1 & on ! ext5t ( ^? objective  
empirical gr\nds on :i* we d$uctively   
f\nd ! hypo!sis1 by our subjective      
inf]5ces4 ,& ,i mu/ "h emphatically add 
t ,i h on e opportunity repeat$ t       
res]vation1 & h always insi/$ on !      
diff]5ce :i* exi/s betwe5 ! absolute    
c]ta9ty ( transmutation 9 g5]al & !     
relative c]ta9ty ( ea* individual       
specific p$igree4 ,s t :5 ,semp] & o!rs 
( my oppon5ts ass]t t ,i tea* my        
specific g5ealogies z infallible dogmas1
 x is simply false4 ,i h1 on ! contr>y1 
po9t$ out on all occasions t ,i reg>d !m
 only z heuri/ic or provisional         
hypo!ses1 & z a means ( inve/igat+ !    
actual relations ( cognate races (      
organic =ms m & m approximately4  ,s9ce 
! conception ( ! natural animal sy/em z 
a hypo!tical g5ealogical tree1 & !      
phylog5etic int]pretation (             
morphological aff9ity :i* t conception  
involves1 af=d 9 fact ! only rational   
int]pretation ( t aff9ity 9 g5]al1 my   
fir/ g5ealogical attempts soon f\nd _m  

imitators1 & at ! pres5t "t num]\s      
indu/ri\s lab\r]s 9 ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts 
( sy/ematic zoology are endeav\r+ to f9d
 9 ! con/ruction ( su* hypo!tical       
g5ealogies ! %orte/ & complete/         
expression ( ! mod]n conception (       
/ructural aff9ity4 ,if ,vir*[ _h n be5 z
 ignorant ( ! true significance & me?od 
( sy/ematic morphology z he is ( its    
progress & sci5tific cont5ts1 he mu/    
c]ta9ly h kn[n ?is1 & !n he w\ld surely 
h )held 8 mock]y ( all ^! grave         
phylog5etic /udies z p]sonal crot*ets & 
wor?less dreams4  ,:at mighty /rides    
t[>ds a me*anical morphology we h made  
by ?is phylog5etic work+ out ( ! sy/em1 
& h[ mu* light & life x has at once ?r[n
 into ! sy/em t be=e 0 dead & cold1 c   
only be kn[n to ^? :o h long & deeply   
/udi$ specific sy/ematisation & ! gr\p+ 
( species2 ,vir*[ has n ! remote/       
suspicion ( x4 ,moreov]1 ^! attempts h  
n[ proce$$ s f>1 t a l>ge proportion ( !
 phylog5etic hypo!ses are reg>d$ z v    
ne>ly c]ta91 & c h>dly und]go any fur!r 

ess5tial modifications2 :ile ! great]   
numb] ( !m are /ill 9 an unfix$ /ate1 & 
"o sy/emati/ tries to improve !m 9 ?is  
direction1 & ano!r 9 t4  ,! foll[+      
phylog5etic hypo!ses are held to be     
almo/ c]ta93----,! desc5t ( _m-cell$    
animals f s+le-cell$1 ( ! ,m$usae f !   
hydroid ,polyps1 ( ! jo9t$ f ! unjo9t$  
worms1 ( ! suck+ f ! gnaw+ insects1 (   
amphibi\s animals f fi%es1 ( birds f    
reptiles1 ( ! plac5tal mammalia f !     
m>supials1 & s =?4 ,i p]sonally consid] 
! desc5t ( man f ! apes z equally c]ta92
 nay1 ,i reg>d ?is mo/ important &      
pregnant g5ealogical hypo!sis z "o ( ^? 
:i*1 up to ! pres5t "t1 re/ on ! be/    
empirical basis4  ,huxley1 9 p>ticul>1  
fifte5 ye>s ago1 9 8 celebrat$ ,man's   
,place 9 ,nature1 #ahfc1 s admirably    
prov$ ! und\bt$ desc5t ( man f apes1 & s
 cle>ly discuss$ all ! relations t _h to
 be tak5 into consid]ation1 t v little 0
 left to o!rs to d4 ,! result ( 8       
comp>ative morphological inve/igations  
is conta9$ 9 ?is proposition---- ,if we 

take up a sy/em ( organs1 be x :i* we w1
 ! comp>ison ( its modifications ?r\gh\t
 ! s]ies ( apes leads u to ! same       
conclusion3 t 9 e s+le visible "* man   
diff]s less f ! high] apes ?an ^! d f ! 
l[] memb]s ( ! same ord]4 ,x is !re=e   
impossible = any objective zoologi/1    
accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( comp>ative     
sy/ematisation1 to ascribe to man any   
o!r place 9 ! animal _w ?an 9 ! ord] (  
apes2 & x is q immat]ial :e!r we        
designate ?is individual gr\p z ! ,ord] 
( ,apes1 or1 ) ,l9naeus1 z ! ,primates4 
,= ! phylog5etic con/ruction ( ! sy/em1 
! common desc5t ( man & ( apes f "o     
common p>5t-=m1 necess>ily foll[s f ?is 
inevitable gr\p+1 & on ?is proposition  
only all ! g5]al inf]5ces ( !           
ape-hypo!sis dep5d4 ,z to :at t common  
p>5t-=m ( m5 & apes may h be51 v diff]5t
 views might probably be br\ght on      
opposite sides2 b any "o :o kn[s !      
collect$ facts t be> ^u ! matt]1 &      
e/imates !m imp>tially1 mu/1 9          
conclusion1 arrive at ! c]ta9 conviction

 t t hypo!tical & long-s9ce ext9ct      
p>5t-=m c only h be5 g5u9e apes2 t is to
 say1 ( ! plac5tal mammalian type1 su* z
 :5 we see !m n[ liv+ be=e our eyes we  
unhesitat+ly class1 on ! gr\nd ( _!     
zoological *>act]s1 z true apes1 9 !    
ord] ( ,apes or ,primates4  ,9 ?is1 &   
all o!r s\nd phylog5etic hypo!ses1 we   
may mo/ easily atta9 to a conviction (  
_! tru? by tak+ into consid]ation &     
comp>ison ! o!r possible hypo!ses4 ,b 9 
fact no s+le oppon5t ( ! ape-hypo!sis   
has be5 able to combat x ) any o!r      
phylog5etic hypo!sis t has ! fa9te/     
glimm] ( probability4 ,n "o oppon5t has 
sugge/$1 or c sugge/1 any o!r animal =m 
t c s]ve z our ne>e/ ance/or ?an ! ape4 
,no "o has ev] reproa*$ me by say+ t ,"m
 ,nature has end[$ me ) too little      
imag9ation2 on ! contr>y1 ,i am (t5     
accus$ ( hav+ a sup]fluity ( t gift ( ! 
gods2 b ,i h (t5 & repeat$ly ex]t$ my   
imag9ation to picture to myself any kn[n
 or unkn[n animal-=m z ! ne>e/ p>5t-=m  
to man 9 ! place ( ! apes1 & h always   

f\nd myself "u ! necessity ( fall+ back 
^u ! /ock ( apes4 ,let me conceive ( !  
outw>d con=mation & ! int]nal /ructure (
 ! ne>e/ mammalian ance/ors ( m5 z ,i w1
 ,i am always =c$ to ackn[l$ge t ?is    
hypo!tical p>5t-=m ranges "u !          
zoologically-conceiv$ ord] ( apes1 & _c 
possibly be sep>at$ f ! ,simiadoe or    
,primates4 ,if1 9 spite ( ?is1 any "o   
*ooses1 out ( a p]sonal crot*et1 to     
accept "s o!r s]ies ( unkn[n animal     
ance/ors ( man t h no?+ to d ) apes1 t  
is b a m]e empty hypo!sis float+ 9 !    
air4 ,our ape-hypo!sis1 on ! o!r h&1 is 
objectively & ?or\ghly prov$ by !       
ess5tial agreem5t ( ! int]nal bodily    
/ructure ( man & ( apes1 & by ! id5tity 
( _! embryonic developm5t1 z ,i h fully 
%[n 9 my ,evolution ( ,man 7*aps4 xix4 &
 xxvi47 ,! mode & mann] 9 :i* he "h puts
 palaeontology 9 ! =egr\nd1 & ?r[s on ! 
!ory ( desc5t ! task ( produc+ an       
unbrok5 gradation ( fossil transitional 
=ms betwe5 ! apes & man1 is v indicative
 ( ,vir*['s ignorance ( ?is zoological  

"q--9 :i* ,i1 z a pr(essional zoologi/1 
mu/ decisively decl>e 8 incompet5ce4 ,! 
reasons :y su* a solution ( ! problem is
 n to be expect$1 ! extraord9>y         
imp]fection ( ! palaeontological record1
 ! natural imp$im5ts to !               
palaeontological evid5ce ( ! g5ealogical
 table1 h be5 s lucidly unfold$ by ,d>w9
 himself 7*aps4 ix4 & x4 ( ! ,orig9 (   
,species7 t ,i am oblig$ once m to come 
to ! conclusion t ,vir*[ has nev] read x
 ) any att5tion4  ,besides1 long be=e   
,d>w91 ! gift$ ,lyell1 ! great orig9ator
 ( mod]n geology1 %[$ cle>ly & conv9c+ly
 h[1 = _m reasons1 ! great] "p ( !      
fossil s]ies mu/ rema9 mo/ imp]fect1 &  
^! reasons 7 at a lat] p]iod s (t5 & s  
fully discuss$ 7by myself among o!rs1 9 
*ap4 xv4 ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 vol4  
ii4 pp4 #bd-cb7 t x is :olly sup]flu\s  
once m & 9 ?is place to /ate ^!         
well-kn[n & "t-worn que/ions4 ,x only   
%[s h[ little ,vir*[ 0 acqua9t$ )       
geology & palaeontology1 & :at a limit$ 
judgm5t he c =m ( ^! hi/orical causal   

relations4   ,,footnotes3  #ae ,vol4 i4 
p4 #bic4     ,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,,!         
,,cell-,,s\l ,,& ,,cellul> ,,psy*ology4 
,no attack 9 ,vir*['s ,muni* address    
surpris$ me s mu*1 & none s pla9ly      
betray$ ! subv]sion ( 8 mo/ important   
sci5tific views1 z t :i* he direct$     
aga9/ my obs]vations on psy*ology &     
cellul> physiology4 ,a my/ic dualism 9 8
 fundam5tal views is "h reveal$1 :i* /&s
 9 ! %>pe/ contra/ to ! me*anical monism
 =m]ly upheld by ! fam\s pa?ologi/ (    
,wu]zburg4  ,9 my ,muni* disc\rse 7p4   
#ab71 ,i _h allud$ to ! gr& & fruitful  
application :i* ,vir*[ _h made1 9 8     
sy/em ( cellul> pa?ology1 ( ! cell-!ory 
to ! g5]al prov9ce ( !oretic m$ic9e2 & z
 a logical amplification ( t idea1 ,i   
ass]t$ emphatically t we mu/ ascribe an 
indep5d5t s\l-life to e individual      
organic cell4 ,?is conception is validly
 prov$ by ! /udy ( infusoria1 amoebae1 &
 o!r "o-cell$ organisms2 =1 9 ^!        
individual1 isolat$1 liv+ cells we f9d !
 same manife/ations ( s\l-life--feel+s1 

& ideas 7m5tal images71 w & motion1 z is
 9 ! high] animals comp\nd$ ( _m cells  
7p4 #ac74 ,vir*[ n[ rises up 9 ! /ronge/
 prote/ aga9/ ?is !ory ( a cellul>      
s5sibility1 :i* ,i reg>d z ! inevitable 
consequ5ce ( 8 e>ly views ( cellul>     
physiology2 x is to him m]e trifl+ )    
words4 ,he combats ) equal decisiv5ess !
 sci5tific necessity ( ext5d+ ! prov9ce 
( psy*ical processes beyond ! circle (  
^? bodies 9 & by :i* we actually see !m 
exhibit$4 ,he fur!r says1 ,if ,i expla9 
attraction & repulsion z psy*ical       
ph5om5a1 ,i simply ?r[ ! psy*e out ( !  
w9d[2 ! psy*e ceases to be a psy*e4     
,f9ally he says1 ,i ass]t )\t any       
hesitation t = u ! sum total ( psy*ical 
ph5om5a is connect$ ) c]ta9 animals     
only1 & n ) ! collective mass ( all     
organic be+s2 nay1 n ev5 ) all animals 9
 g5]al4 ,we h no gr\nd z yet = speak+ ( 
! l[e/ animals z possess+ psy*ical      
prop]ties2 we f9d su* prop]ties only 9 !
 high] grades1 & ) p]fect c]ta9ty only 9
 ! v highe/4  ,:5 ,i fir/ read ?is & o!r

 a/\nd+ /atem5ts 9 ,vir*['s pap]1 ,i    
involunt>ily ask$ myself1 ,c ?is be !   
same ,vir*[ f :om1 tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 
,i le>nt 9 ,wu]zburg t ! s\l-functions (
 man & animals dep5d on me*anical       
processes 9 ! s\l-organs2 t ^! organs   
are1 l all o!r organs1 compos$ ( cells1 
& t ! functional activity ( an organ is 
no?+ m ?an ! sum ( ! activity ( all !   
cells :i* compose x8 ,is ?is ! same     
,vir*[ ^: mo/ vital doctr9e x 0 t all ! 
physical & psy*ical processes ( ! human 
organism 7 to be ref]r$ to ! me*anics ( 
cell life2 :o support$ ! view ( ! unity 
( all ! ph5om5a ( life ) ! same emphasis
 ) :i* we are n[ oblig$ to def5d x aga9/
 8 attacks8  ,9 fact1 & beyond a d\bt1  
we h "h a new pro( ( ,vir*['s complete  
*ange 9 all fundam5tal sci5tific        
pr9ciples4 ,= ! cellul> psy*ology :i* ,i
 advance is only a necess>y consequ5ce (
 ! cellul> physiology promulgat$ by     
,vir*[4 ,8 pres5t opposition to ! =m] is
 ei!r a r5unciation ( ! latt] or an     
unt5able & inconsequ5t position4 ,to    

expla9 ?is a/oni%+ metapsy*osis1 we %all
 d well fir/ to glance at ! s\l 9 g5]al1
 & !n give p>ticul> consid]ation to !   
cell-s\l4  ,:at is ! ,s\l or ,psy*e8 ,! 
innum]able diff]5t answ]s :i* h be5 giv5
 to ?is cr[n+ "q ( psy*ology1 may       
collectively1 :5 fre$ f all extrane\s   
matt]1 be br\ght "u two gr\ps :i* we may
 %ortly designate z ! duali/ic & !      
moni/ic s\l-hypo!sis4 ,accord+ to !     
moni/ic 7or reali/ic7 s\l-hypo!sis1 !   
s\l is no?+ m ?an ! sum or aggregate ( a
 multitude ( special cell-activities1   
among :i* s5sation & volition--s5sual   
p]ception & volunt>y movem5t--are ! mo/ 
important1 ! mo/ common1 & ! mo/ widely 
diffus$2 associat$ ) ^! 9 ! high]       
animals & 9 man1 we f9d ! m develop$    
activities ( ! ganglionic cells :i* are 
includ$ "u ! conceptions ( ,?\ght1      
,consci\sness1 ,intellect1 & ,reason4 ,l
 all ! o!r functional-activities ( !    
organic cells1 ^! s\l-functions dep5d   
ultimately on mat]ial ph5om5a ( motion1 
& m p>ticul>ly on ! motions ( !         

plasson-molecules or pla/idules1 !      
ultimate atoms ( ! protoplasma1 & p]haps
 ( ! nucleus also2 !re=e we %\ld be able
 actually to grasp & expla9 !m1 z well z
 e o!r cognisable natural process1 if we
 7 9 a position to ref] !m to ! me*anics
 ( atoms4 ,?is moni/ic s\l-hypo!sis1 !n1
 is at bottom me*ani/ic4 ,if psy*ical   
me*anics--psy*ophysics--7 n s inf9itely 
complex & involv$1 if we 7 9 a position 
to take a complete view ( ! hi/orical   
evolution ( ! psy*ic functions1 we c\ld 
r$uce ! :ole ( !m 7includ+ consci\sness7
 to a ma!matical s\l-=mula4  ,accord+ to
 ! opposite1 or duali/ic 7or            
spirituali/ic7 s\l-hypo!sis1 ! s\l is1  
on ! contr>y1 a peculi> sub/ance1 :i*   
mo/ p some:at grossly conceive ( z a    
gase\s body1 :ile o!rs picture x ) m    
subtlety1 z an immat]ial ess5ce4 ,?is   
s\l-sub/ance subsi/s indep5d5tly ( !    
animal-body1 & /&s 9 only a tempor>y    
connection ) c]ta9 organs ( t body--!   
s\l-1 or m5tal-organs4 ,x has be5 imag9$
 t ?is s\l-matt]1 :i* resembles t       

impond]able e!r :i* is ! m$ium ( light1 
is diffus$ betwe5 ! pond]able molecules 
( ! s\l-organs & especially ( !         
n]ve-cells1 & t ?is connection ( !      
impond]able s\l ) ! pond]able body      
subsi/s only s long z ! individual life 
la/s4 ,at ! in/ant ( ! fir/ beg9n+ ( !  
individual organism1 at ! mom5t (       
g5]ation1 ?is impond]able s\l passes    
into ! body1 & at ! in/ant ( dea?1 at ! 
annihilation ( ! liv+ individual1 x aga9
 quits ! body4 ,?is my/ical or duali/ic 
s\l-hypo!sis1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 is to
 ?is day univ]sally accept$1 is         
fundam5tally vitali/ic1 inasmu* z x     
reg>ds ! =ce :i* is b\nd up ) !         
s\l-sub/ance1 l ! vital =ce ( a pa/ "t1 
z a peculi> =ce q indep5d5t ( me*anical 
=ces4 ,?is =ce does n dep5d on ! mat]ial
 ph5om5a ( motion1 & is q indep5d5t ( ! 
me*anics ( atoms4 ,! highe/ law ( mod]n 
natural sci5ce1 ! law ( ! cons]vation ( 
=ce1 has1 !re=e1 no application 9 !     
region ( s\l-life1 & t me*anical        
causality :i* prevails ?r\gh\t all !    

processes ( nature does n exi/ = ! s\l4 
,! ,psy*e1 9 a ^w1 is a sup]natural     
ph5om5on1 & ! sup]natural dep>tm5t ( !  
spiritual _w /&s free & indep5d5t ( !   
natural dep>tm5t ( ! mat]ial _w4  ,if we
 n[ comp>e ! psy*ological views ( !     
y\?ful & unprejudic$ ,vir*[ ( ,wu]zburg 
) ^? ( ! old] & my/ical ,vir*[ ( ,b]l91 
!re c be no d\bt 9 ! m9ds ( ! imp>tial t
 ! =m]1 a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 0 z     
decid$ & logical a moni/ z ! latt] is at
 pres5t a confess$ & convict$ duali/4 ,!
 di/+ui%$ position :i* ,vir*[1          
tw5ty-five ye>s s9ce1 won by 8 natural  
conception ( ! nature ( man1 & ! great  
fame :i* he !n e>n$ 9 ! fight = ! tru?1 
re/ precisely on ?is1 t on e occasion he
 ma9ta9$ ) 8 utmo/ vig\r ! unity ( all  
vital ph5om5a1 & ass]t$ _! me*anical "*4
 ,all organic life1 ev5 ! s\l-life1 re/s
 on me*anical pr9ciples1 on t causal    
me*anism ( :i* ,kant said t x alone     
conta9$ a practical int]pretation (     
nature1 & t )\t x no natural sci5ce c   
exi/4 ,on ?is po9t ,vir*[ says well 9 8 

disc\rse on ,ef=ts at ,unity 9          
,sci5tific ,m$ic9e1 #ahdi3--,life is    
only a peculi> sort ( me*anics1 ?\gh x  
is inde$ ! mo/ complex =m ( me*anics2 t 
9 :i* ! usual me*anical laws fall "u !  
mo/ unusual & manifold conditions4 ,?us 
life1 comp>$ ) ! univ]sal processes (   
motion 9 nature1 is a ?+ peculi> 9      
itself2 b x does n con/itute a          
diametrical1 duali/ic opposition to ^?  
laws2 x is only a peculi> species (     
motion4 ,! motion itself is a me*anical 
"o1 = h[ %\ld we become cognisant ( x if
 x 7 n bas$ on ! s5sible prop]ties (    
bodies8 ,! m$ia ( ! motion are c]ta9    
*emical matt]s1 = we recognise none b   
*emical matt] 9 bodies4 ,! individual   
acts ( motion r$uce !mselves to         
me*anical1 or physico-*emical1          
modifications ( ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! 
organic unities1 ! cells & _!           
equival5ts4 ,^! & _m simil> utt]ances 9 
,vir*['s e>li] writ+s1 & especially 9 ! 
essay ,i h m5tion$1 ,on ! ,me*anical    
,conception ( ,life1 leave no d\bt t he 

=m]ly support$1 ) a cle> consci5ce & 8  
utmo/ en]gy1 9 psy*ology z 9 ! o!r      
collect$ dep>tm5ts ( physiology1 t v    
me*anical /&po9t :i* we to-day accept z 
! ess5tial basis ( our monism1 & :i* /&s
 9 irreconcilable antagonism to !       
dualism ( ! vitali/ic doctr9e4 ,to none 
( my tea*]s am ,i s deeply indebt$ = my 
emancipation f all ! prejudices ( !     
duali/ic doctr9e1 & = my conv]sion to ! 
moni/ic1 z to ,rudolf ,vir*[2 = x 0 8   
sup]ior guidance :i* mo/ firmly conv9c$ 
me1 & _m o!rs1 ( ! exclusive importance 
( ! me*anical view ( nature4 ,he l$ me  
to a cle> recognition ( ! fact t !      
nature ( man1 l e o!r organism1 c only  
be rightly und]/ood z a unit$ :ole1 t   
?is spiritual & corporeal be+ are       
insep>able1 & t ! ph5om5a ( ! s\l-life  
dep5d1 l all o!r vital ph5om5a1 on      
mat]ial motion only--on me*anical 7or   
physico-*emical7 modifications ( cells4 
,& x 0 9 p]fect agreem5t ) my mo/ hon\r$
 ma/] t ,i subscrib$ !n1 & at ?is day   
/ill subscribe1 to ! proposition ) :i*  

he1 9 ,septemb] #ahdi1 clos$ ! preface  
to ! above-m5tion$ ,ef=ts at ,unity4 ,x 
is possible t ,i may h err$ 9 details2 9
 ! future ,i %all be ready & will+ to   
ackn[l$ge my mi/akes & to rectify !m1 b 
,i enjoy ?is conviction1 t ,i %all nev] 
f9d myself 9 ! position ( d5y+ !        
pr9ciple ( ! unity ( ! human nature )   
all its consequ5ces6  ,to err is human6 
,:o c say to :at diametrical            
contradiction to 8 firme/ convictions   
man may n 9 ! future be driv5 by 8      
adaptation to new relations 9 life8 ,if 
we comp>e ^! /\t moni/ic decl>ations (  
#ahdi & #aheh ) ! equally decid$        
duali/ic utt]ances 9 ,vir*['s ,muni*    
address ( #ahgg1 we p]ceive t he c\ld n 
give ! lie m fi]cely to 8 =m] fundam5tal
 op9ions ?an he has !re done4 ,n q tw5ty
 ye>s h pass$ by1 & yet1 9 ! c\rse ( t  
"t1 9 ,vir*['s views ( ! univ]se1 9 8   
conception ( human nature1 & ( !        
s\l-life1 a *ange has be5 effect$ ?an   
:i* we c conceive ( no great]4 ,we le>n 
to our surprise t psy*ical & corporeal  

processes are :olly diff]5t ph5om5a2 t  
no sci5tific necessity :atev] exi/s =   
ext5d+ ! prov9ce ( psy*ical processes   
beyond ! circle ( ^? bodies 9 :i*1 & by 
:i*1 we see !m actually exhibit$4 ,we   
may ultimately expla9 ! processes ( !   
human m9d z *emical1 b at any rate1 x is
 n yet our bus9ess to amalgamate ^! two 
subjects6  ,f ! :ole psy*ological       
discussion :i* is involv$ 9 ,vir*['s    
,muni* address1 x is made cle> t at !   
pres5t "t he reg>ds ! s\l 9 a purely    
duali/ic s5se z a sub/ance1 an immat]ial
 ess5ce :i* only tempor>ily takes up its
 abode 9 ! body4 ,highly *>act]i/ic (   
?is is ! rem>kable s5t5ce1 ,if ,i expla9
 attraction & repulsion z psy*ical      
ph5om5a1 ,i simply ?r[ ! psy*e out ( !  
w9d[2 ! psy*e ceases to be a psy*e4 ,if 
we sub/itute = ! ^w psy*e ! ^w :i*      
corresponds to ,vir*['s e>li] me*ani/ic 
view--! ^w motion 7or peculi> mode (    
motion7--! s5t5ce runs ?us3 ,if ,i      
expla9 attraction & repulsion z ph5om5a 
( motion1 ,i simply ?r[ motion out ( !  

w9d[4  ,almo/ m rem>kable is ,vir*['s   
ass]tion t ! l[e/ animals h no psy*ic   
prop]ties2 t1 on ! contr>y1 ^! are only 
to be f\nd 9 ! high]1 &1 ) p]fect       
c]ta9ty1 only 9 ! highe/ animals4 ,x is 
only to be regrett$ t ,vir*[ has n "h   
/at$ :at he und]/&s by ! high] & !      
highe/ animals2 :]e t rem>kable divid+  
l9e is1 beyond :i* ! s\l sudd5ly appe>s 
9 ! hi!rto s\lless body4 ,e zoologi/ :o 
is 9 "s degree famili> ) ! results (    
comp>ative morphology & physiology w "h 
clasp 8 h&s 9 a/oni%m5t1 = by ?is       
proposition ,vir*[ seems to mean t we   
mu/ ascribe a s\l-life only to ^?       
animals 9 :i* special s\l-organs1 9 ! =m
 ( a c5tral & p]iph]al n]ve-sy/em1 are  
develop$ f s5se-organs & muscles4 ,b x  
is admitt$ t all ^! diff]5t s\l-organs )
 _! *>act]i/ic prop]ties h orig9at$ f   
s+le cells ?r\gh ! division ( lab\r     
7diff]5tiation72 & ! n]ves & muscles    
especially h be5 develop$ by            
diff]5tiation f ! neuro-muscul> cells4  
,! cells f :i* all ^! diff]5t           

n]ve-cells1 muscle-cells1 m9d-cells1 & s
 =?1 are d]iv$1 are orig9ally ! simple  
neutral cells ( ! epi!lium ( ! ectod]m  
or ext]ior g]m-lay]1 & ^! cells1 aga91 l
 all ! cells ( _m-cell$ animal bodies1  
orig9at$ 9 ! repeat$ division ( "o s+le 
orig9al cell1 ! ovum-cell4  ,!          
individual developm5t or ontog5esis (   
ea* ( ^! _m-cell$ animal-=ms1 br+s ?is  
hi/ological process ( developm5t s      
cle>ly & evid5tly be=e our eyes t we c b
 directly inf] f x ! tru? ( !           
phylog5esis1 or gradual hi/orical       
evolution ( ! s\l-organs4 ,! association
 ( cells & ! division ( lab\r among !m  
are ! modes by :i*1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! 
comp\nd _m-cell$ organism has orig9at$1 
hi/orically1 f ! simple "o-cell$        
organism4 ,& an imp>tial comp>ative     
consid]ation tea*es u 9 ! cle>e/ way t a
 functional-activity ( ! s\l-cells exi/s
 9 ! l[e/ "o-cell$ animals z well z 9 ! 
highe/ & _m-cell$2 9 ! infusoria z well 
z 9 man4 ,volition & s5sation1 !        
univ]sal & unmi/akable signs ( s\l-life1

 may be obs]v$ among ! =m] z well z 9 ! 
latt]4 ,volunt>y motion & consci\s      
s5sation 7( pressure1 light1 w>m?1 c47  
come "u our obs]vation s und\bt$ly 9 !  
commone/ =ms ( infusorial animals--=    
in/ance ! ,ciliata1 t "o ( _! mo/       
p]sev]+ obs]v]s1 ,ehr5b]g1 ass]t$       
undeviat+ly to ! day ( 8 dea? t all     
,infusoria mu/ possess n]ves & muscles1 
organs ( s5se & ( s\l1 z well z ! high] 
animals4  ,x is well kn[n t ! enorm\s   
advance :i* our sci5ce has lately made 9
 ! natural hi/ory ( ^! l[e/ organisms   
culm9ates 9 ! /atem5t--cle>ly made by   
,siebold ?irty ye>s s9ce1 b only rec5tly
 asc]ta9$ z prov$--t ^! m9ute creatures 
are "o-cell$1 & t 9 ! case ( ^!         
infusoria "o s+le cell is capable ( all 
! v>i\s vital functions--includ+        
s\l-functions--:i* 9 ! zoophytes        
7plant-animals71 z ! hydra & ! sponges1 
are di/ribut$ among ! cells ( ! two     
g]m-lay]s1 & 9 all ! high] animals among
 ! diff]5t tissues1 organs1 & app>atus (
 a highly develop$ & con/ruct$ organism4

 ,! psy*ic functions ( s5sation &       
volunt>y motion1 :i* are "h di/ribut$ to
 su* v v>i\s organs & tissues1 are 9 !  
infusoria fulfill$ by ! neutral plasson 
mat]ial ( ! cell1 by ! protoplasma1 &   
possibly also by ! nucleus 7comp>e my   
treatise ,! ,morphology ( ! ,infusoria4 
,j5a1 ,zeits*rift51 #ahgc1 vol4 vii4 p4 
#eaf74 ,& j z we mu/ attribute to ^!    
prim>y animal =ms an indep5d5t s\l1 j z 
we mu/ pla9ly be conv9c$ t ! s+le       
indep5d5t cell has a psy*e1 we mu/ z    
decid$ly attribute a s\l to e o!r cell2 
= ! mo/ important active con/itu5t ( !  
cell1 ! protoplasm1 ev]y:]e exhibits !  
same psy*ic prop]ties ( s5sibility or   
irritability1 & motive p[] or w4 ,! only
 diff]5ce is ?is1 t 9 ! organism ( !    
high] animals & plants ! num]\s collect$
 cells1 to a great ext5t1 give up _!    
individual indep5d5ce1 & are subject1 l 
good citiz5s1 to ! s\l-polity :i*       
repres5ts ! unity ( ! w & s5sations 9 ! 
cell community4 ,we "h also mu/ di/+ui% 
cle>ly betwe5 ! c5tral s\l ( ! :ole     

_m-cell$ organism or ! p]sonal psy*e 7! 
p]son-s\l71 & ! p>ticul> individual s\l 
or elem5t>y s\l ( ! individual cells    
con/itut+ t organism 7! cell-s\l74 ,_!  
relations are /rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 !     
in/ructive gr\p ( ,siphonophora1 z ,i h 
briefly %[n 9 my article on ,! ,cell-s\l
 & ,s\l-cells 7,deuts*e ,runds*au1 ,july
 #ahgh74 ,beyond a d\bt ! :ole /ock or  
polity ( ,siphonophora has a v def9ite  
unit$ w & a unit$ s5sibility1 & yet ea* 
( ! individual p]sons ( :i* ?is /ock 7or
 ,cormus7 is compos$ has its own p]sonal
 w & its own p>ticul> s5sations4 ,ea* ( 
^! p]sons inde$ 0 orig9ally a sep>ate   
,m$usa1 & ! individual ,siphonophora    
/ock orig9at$1 by association & division
 ( lab\r1 out ( ^! unit$ ,m$usa         
communities4  ,:5 ,i develop$ ?is !ory (
 ! cell-s\l & designat$ x 9 my ,muni*   
address z ! sure/ f\ndation ( empirical 
psy*ology1 ,i believ$ ,i 0 draw+ an     
inf]5ce q to ,vir*['s m9d1 f 8 own views
 ( me*anical & cellul>-physiology2 & = t
 reason ,i took ! same occasion         

specially to celebrate 8 v great s]vices
 to ! cell !ory4 ,h[ a/oni%$ !n 0 ,i :5 
9 8 reply ?is v !ory 0 viol5tly attack$ 
& satiris$ z m]e trifl+ ) words4 ,x nev]
 c\ld h occurr$ to me t ,vir*[ _h long  
s9ce become unfai?ful to 8 mo/ important
 biological pr9ciples1 & _h des]t$ 8 own
 me*anical !ory ( cells2 x nev] _h      
occurr$ to me t ,vir*[ c\ld be 9 great  
measure want+ 9 t zoological k :i* is   
requisite = a practical compreh5sion ( !
 cell-s\l !ory4 ,he has nev] ?or\ghly   
/udi$ ei!r ! "o-cell$ ,protozoa1 !      
,infusoria & ,lobosa1 nor ! ,coel5t]ata1
 ! highly in/ructive ,sponges1          
,hydroids1 ,m$usae1 or ,siphonophora2 & 
?us he is want+ 9 ^? g5etic pr9ciples ( 
comp>ative zoology on :i* our !ory re/s4
 ,x is 9 no o!r way conceivable t ,vir*[
 %\ld contemn ! mo/ important           
consequ5ces ( ! cell !ory z m]e trifl+ )
 words4  ,next to ! "o-cell$ infusoria  
no ph5om5on ?r[s su* direct light on our
 cellul> psy*ology z ! fact t ! human   
ovum1 l ! ova ( all o!r animals1 is a   

s+le1 simple cell4 ,9 accordance ) our  
moni/ic conception ( ! cell-s\l1 we mu/ 
conclude t ! f]tilis$ ovum-cell already 
virtually possesses ^? psy*ical         
prop]ties :i*1 by ! special comb9ation (
 ! peculi>ities inh]it$ f bo? p>5ts1    
*>act]ise ! individual s\l ( ! new      
p]son2 9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( ! g]m1
 ! cell-s\l ( ! f]tilis$ ovum naturally 
is develop$ simultane\sly ) its mat]ial 
sub/ratum1 & subsequ5tly1 aft] bir?1 x  
appe>s 9 full activity4  ,accord+ to    
,vir*['s duali/ic conception ( ! psy*e1 
we mu/1 on ! contr>y1 assume t ?is      
immat]ial ess5ce at "s p]iod ( its      
embryonic developm5t 7app>5tly :5 ! sp9e
 sep>ates itself f ! ext]nal g]m-lay]7  
in=ms ! s\lless g]m4 ,( c\rse1 ! b>e    
miracle is ?us complete1 & ! natural &  
unbrok5 cont9uity ( developm5t is       
sup]flu\s4     ,,*apt] ,v4  ,,! ,,g5etic
 ,,& ,,dogmatic ,,me?ods ,,( ,,tea*+4   
,! v ju/ifiable surprise :i* ,vir*['s   
,muni* address has excit$ 9 _m circles  
is due only 9 "p to 8 opposition to !   

!ory ( desc5t2 = ! re/1 & 9 mu* great]  
"p1 x is due to ! a/\nd+ argum5ts :i* he
 has connect$ ) x1 p>ticul>ly z to      
fre$om = in/ruction4 ,^! argum5ts s     
closely resemble ^? ( ! ,jesuits t !y   
might h be5 inspir$ direct f ! ,vatican1
 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 ! notori\s       
c\rt-*apla9 p>ty 9 ,b]l94 ,no wond]1 !n1
 t ^! propositions1 :i* w\ld und]m9e !  
:ole lib]ty ( sci5ce1 h met ) ! l\de/   
approbation f ! ,g]mania1 ! ,new        
,evangelical ,*ur* ,times 7,neue        
,evangelis*5 ,kir*5zeitung71 & o!r      
lead+1 equivocat+ organs ( ! ,*ur*      
militant4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! odi\s        
pr9ciples are already s ext5sively      
discuss$1 & h be5 s cle>ly laid d[n 9   
all _! indef5sibility1 t ,i may "h deal 
) !m briefly4  ,vir*['s politics z a    
p$agogue rea* _! highe/ pit* 9 ?is dem&3
 t 9 all s*ools1 f ! poor s*ools to !   
univ]sities1 no?+ %all be taught t is n 
absolutely c]ta94 ,none b objective &   
absolutely asc]ta9$ k is to be imp>t$ by
 ! tea*] to ! le>n]2 no?+ subjective1 no

 k t is op5 to correction1 only facts1  
no hypo!ses4 ,! inve/igation ( su*      
problems z ! :ole nation may be int]e/$ 
9 mu/ n be re/rict$2 t is lib]ty (      
inquiry2 b ! problem ought n1 )\t any?+ 
f>!r1 to be ! subject ( tea*+4 ,:5 we   
tea* we mu/ re/rict ourselves to !      
small]1 & yet h[ great1 dep>tm5ts :i* we
 are actually ma/]s (4  ,r>ely inde$ has
 su* a treasonable attempt on lib]ty (  
doctr9e be5 made by a prom95t           
repres5tative ( sci5ce1 & a lead] ( !   
intellectual movem5t too1 z ?is by      
,vir*[4 ,only inquiry is to be free & n 
tea*+6 ,& :]e 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( sci5ce  
is !re "o s+le sci5tific inquir] to be  
f\nd :o w\ld n h felt himself q ju/ifi$ 
9 tea*+ 8 own subjective convictions ) z
 mu* "r z he _h to con/ruct !m f inquiry
 into objective facts4 ,& :]e1 g5]ally  
speak+1 is ! limit to be f\nd betwe5    
objective & subjective k8 ,is !re1 9    
fact1 any objective sci5ce8  ,?is "q    
,vir*[ answ]s 9 ! affirmative1 = he goes
 on to say3 ,we mu/ n =get t !re is a   

b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! speculative         
dep>tm5ts ( natural sci5ce & ^? t are   
actually conqu]$ & firmly e/abli%$ 7p4  
#h74 ,9 my op9ion1 !re is no su* b\nd>y 
l9e2 on ! contr>y1 all human k z su* is 
subjective4 ,an objective sci5ce :i*    
consi/s m]ely ( facts )\t any subjective
 !ories is inconceivable4 ,= evid5ce 9  
fav\r ( ?is view we mu/ take a rapid    
survey ( ! :ole doma9 ( human sci5ce1 & 
te/ ! *ief dep>tm5ts ( x to see h[ f> !y
 conta91 on ! "o h&1 objective k &      
facts1 & on ! o!r1 subjective k &       
hypo!ses4 ,we may beg9 directly )       
,kant's ass]tion t 9 e sci5ce only s mu*
 true--t is objective--k is to be f\nd z
 x conta9s ( ma!matics4 ,unque/ionably  
ma!matics /& at ! head ( all ! sci5ces z
 reg>ds ! c]ta9ty ( its tea*+4 ,b h[ z  
to ^? deepe/ & simple/ fundam5tal axioms
 :i* con/itute ! firm basis on :i* !    
pr\d edifice ( ma!matical tea*+ re/s8   
,are ^! c]ta9 & prov$8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,!   
bases ( its tea*+ are simply axioms :i* 
are incapable ( pro(4 ,to give only "o  

example ( h[ ! v fir/ pr9ciples (       
ma!matics might be attack$ by scepticism
 & %ak5 by philosophical speculation1 we
 may rememb] ! rec5t discussions z to ! 
?ree dim5sions ( space & ! possibility (
 a f\r? dim5sion2 disputes :i* are c>ri$
 on ev5 at ! pres5t day by ! mo/ em95t  
ma!maticians1 physici/s1 & philosoph]s4 
,s mu* z ?is is c]ta91 t ma!matics z    
little con/itute an absolutely objective
 sci5ce z any o!r1 b by ! v nature ( man
 are subjectively condition$4 ,a man's  
subjective p[] ( kn[+ c only disc]n !   
objective facts ( ! out] _w 9 g5]al s f>
 z 8 organs ( s5se & 8 bra9 admit 9 8   
own individual degree ( cultivation4    
,h[ev]1 grant+ t ma!matics practically  
con/itute an absolutely c]ta9 &         
objective sci5ce1 h[ is x ) ! re/ ( !   
sci5ces8 ,und\bt$ly ! mo/ c]ta9 among !m
 are ^? exact sci5ces ^: pr9ciples are  
to be directly prov$ by ma!matics2 ?us1 
9 ! fir/ place1 a great "p ( physics4   
,we say1 a great "p1 = ano!r l>ge "p--to
 speak accurately1 by f> ! greate/--is  

incapable ( any exact ma!matical pro(4  
,= :at d we "k = c]ta9 ( ! ess5tial     
nature ( matt]1 or ! ess5tial nature (  
=ce8 ,:at d we "k = c]ta9 ( gravitation1
 ( ! attraction ( mass1 ( its effects at
 great di/ances1 & s on8 ,newton's !ory 
( gravitation is reg>d$ z ! mo/         
important & c]ta9 !ory ( physics1 & yet 
gravitation itself is a hypo!sis4 ,!n1 z
 to ! o!r bran*es ( physics--electricity
 & magnetism4 ,! :ole s*eme ( ^!        
important sci5ces re/s on ! hypo!sis (  
electric fluidity1 or ( impond]able     
matt] ( :i* ! exi/5ce is no?+ less ?an  
prov$4 ,or optics8 ,optics c]ta9ly      
app]ta9 to ! mo/ important & complete/  
bran* ( physics1 & yet ! undulatory !ory
 ( light1 :i* we accept n[ z !          
indisp5sable basis ( optics1 re/s on an 
unprov$ hypo!sis1 on ! subjective       
assumption ( an e!real m$ium1 ^: exi/5ce
 no "o is 9 a position to prove         
objectively 9 any way4 ,nay1 fur!r1 be=e
 ,"y set up ! undulatory !ory ( light1 =
 a hundr$ ye>s ! emanation !ory z taught

 by ,newton obta9$ exclusively 9        
physics2 a !ory :i* at ! pres5t day is  
univ]sally reg>d$ z unt5able4 ,9 our    
op9ion ! mighty ,newton won ! greate/   
hon\rs 9 ! developm5t ( ! sci5ce (      
optics1 inasmu* z he 0 ! fir/ to connect
 & expla9 ! va/ mass ( objective optical
 facts by a subjective & pregnant       
hypo!sis4 ,b1 accord+ to ,vir*['s view1 
,newton on ! contr>y transgress$ greatly
 by tea*+ ?is errone\s hypo!sis2 = ev5 9
 exact physics none b indep5d5t & c]ta9 
facts are to be taught & e/abli%$ by    
exp]im5t z ! highe/ means ( pro(4       
,physics z a :ole1 z re/+ on m]e unprov$
 hypo!ses1 may be inde$ an object (     
inquiry b n ( tea*+4  ,( c\rse ! same is
 true ( *emi/ry2 nay1 ?is /&s on mu*    
weak] feet1 & is ev5 less prov$ ?an     
physics4 ,! :ole !oretical side (       
*emi/ry is an airy /ructure ( hypo!ses  
su* z does n exi/ 9 any o!r sci5ce4 ,9 !
 la/ ?ree decades we h se5 a :ole s]ies 
( ! mo/ diff]5t !ories rapidly succe$   
ea* o!r1 none ( :i* c be positively     

prov$1 ?\gh at lea/ "o ( !m is taught by
 e pr(essor ( *emi/ry4 ,b :at is wor/ ( 
all1 ! common basis ( all ! mo/         
dissimil> *emical !ories1 viz41 ! atomic
 !ory1 is z unprov$ & unprovable z any  
hypo!sis c be4 ,no *emi/ has ev] se5 an 
atom1 b he nev]!less consid]s ! me*anism
 ( atoms z ! highe/ t]m ( 8 sci5ce1 he  
nev]!less describes & con/ructs !       
connection ( atoms 9 _! v>i\s           
comb9ations z ?\gh he _h !m be=e him on 
! dissect+-table6 ,all ! conceptions :i*
 we possess z to *emical /ructure & !   
aff9ities ( matt]1 are subjective       
hypo!ses1 m]e conceptions z to !        
position & *anges ( position ( ! v>i\s  
atoms1 ^: v exi/5ce is incapable ( pro(4
 ,away1 !n1 ) *emi/ry f our s*ools6 ,!  
*emi/ mu/ only describe ! prop]ties ( ! 
diff]5t elem5ts & ^? comb9ations :i* c  
be put be=e ! pupil z asc]ta9$ facts    
f\nd$ 9 exp]im5t1 ! highe/ means ( pro(4
 ,ev]y?+ t goes beyond ?is is mis*iev\s1
 p>ticul>ly e sugge/ion z to ! ess5ce & 
*emical con/itu5ts ( bodies2 matt]s z to

 :i*1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 we c only =m    
unc]ta9 hypo!ses4 ,= z all *emi/ry1     
view$ z a sy/em ( doctr9e1 re/s solely  
on su* hypo!ses1 x may be inde$ a       
subject ( inve/igation b n ( tea*+4     
,hav+ ?us conv9c$ ourselves t *emi/ry z 
well z physics1 ^? exact sci5ces1 ^?    
me*anical bases ( all o!r sci5ces1 re/  
on m]e unprov$ hypo!ses1 & s mu/ n be   
taught1 we may make %ort "w ( ! o!r     
faculties4 ,= !y collectively are m or  
less hi/orical sci5ces & disp5se :olly  
or 9 "p ) ev5 ^? half-exact1 fundam5tal 
pr9ciples on :i* physics & *emi/ry are  
bas$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is t gr&1    
hi/orical1 natural sci5ce1 geology2 !   
great doctr9e ( ! /ructure &            
composition1 ! orig9 & developm5t ( our 
globe4 ,accord+ to ,vir*[ ?is too mu/ be
 limit$ to ! description ( asc]ta9$     
facts1 su* z ! /ructure ( m\nta9 masses1
 ! "* ( ! fossils !y conta91 ! =mation (
 cry/als1 & s =?4 ,b n = ! _w mu/ any?+ 
be taught z to ! evolution ( ?is globe2 
= ?is re/s f beg9n+ to end on unprov$   

hypo!ses4 ,= ev5 to ! pres5t day !      
,plutonic & ,neptunic !ories are disput+
 ! field1 & to ?is day we "k n z to _m (
 ! mo/ important rocks1 :e!r !y orig9at$
 by ! ag5cy ( fire or ( wat]4 ,! new &  
rem>kable discov]ies ( ! great          
,*all5g]-exp$ition ?reat5 to subv]t a   
great _m geological notions :i* _h long 
be5 reg>d$ z c]ta94 ,!n aga91 z to      
fossils4 ,:o c prove ) any c]ta9ty t ^! 
petrifactions are 9 tru? ! fossilis$    
rema9s ( ext9ct organisms8 ,!y may be--z
 _m di/+ui%$ naturali/s ( ev5 ! la/     
c5tury ma9ta9$--m>vell\s sports (       
nature1 my/]i\s ,lusus naturae1 or m]e  
r\gh1 inorganic models ( ! lab\r+       
,creator into :i* ,he subsequ5tly brea!d
 ! brea? ( life2 or p]haps /one-fle%    
7c>o fossilis7 br\ght into exi/5ce1 on !
 dead rocks by ! f]tilis+ air 7aura     
sem9alis71 & s =?4  ,b ,i am wrong6 = ) 
reg>d to petrifactions1 ,vir*[ is 9 !   
highe/ degree speculative1 & accepts )\t
 any hesitation ! ra% hypo!sis t fossils
 are actually ! rema9s ( ext9ct         

organisms1 al?\gh no c]ta9 pro( :atev] c
 be (f]$ 9 its fav\r1 & al?\gh exp]im5t1
 ! highe/ means ( pro(1 has nev] yet    
produc$ a s+le fossil4 ,accord+ to him  
^! are actual objective1 mat]ial        
evid5ces1 only "h we mu/ g no fur!r ?an 
c]ta9 exp]i5ce tea*es u1 & base no      
subjective conclusions on ^! objective  
facts4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 9 ! long s]ies (
 ! mesozoic =mations1 9 ! diff]5t /rata 
( ! ,trias1 ,jurassic1 & ,*alk =mations1
 = ! deposition ( :i* a lapse ( _m      
millions ( ye>s has be5 requir$1 we f9d 
absolutely no rema9s ( fossil mammalia  
beyond l[] jaws2 seek :]e we w1 no?+ is 
any:]e to be f\nd b l[] jaws1 & no o!r  
bones :atev]4 ,! simple reasons ( ?is   
/rik+ imp]fection ( ! palaeontological  
record h be5 cle>ly exp\nd$ by ,lyell1  
,huxley1 & o!rs4 7,comp4 my ,hi/ory (   
,creation1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cb47 ,^! great  
inve/igators1 9 accordance ) all o!r    
palaeontologi/s1 h demon/rat$ t ^!      
jaw-bones ( ! mesozoic p]iod are !      
rema9s ( mammalia1 accurately speak+ (  

m>supials1 on ! simple gr\nd t ! ne!r   
jaws ( ! extant rec5t m>supials %[ a    
simil> *>act]i/ic =m ) ! fossil ones4   
,!y !re=e unhesitat+ly assume t ! re/ ( 
! bones 9 ! bodies ( ^! ext9ct animals  
correspond$ to ^? ( liv+ mammals4 ,b ?is
 is a q inadmissible hypo!sis devoid (  
any c]ta9 pro(6 ,:]e1 !n1 are ! o!r     
bones8 ,let u see !m6 till !n we decl9e 
to believe 9 !m4 ,accord+ to ,vir*[1 we 
ought r to assume t ! l[] jaw 0 ! only  
bone 9 ! body ( ^! extraord9>y bea/s4   
,are !re n1 9 fact1 snails1 9 :i* an    
upp] jaw is ! only repres5tation ( a    
skeleton4  ,we _c omit tak+ ?is         
opportunity ( ca/+ a side glance at ! v 
haz>d\s position :i* ,vir*[1 9 total    
opposition to 8 boa/$ cool scepticism1  
has tak5 up 9 an?ropology z x is call$1 
n[ 8 fav\rite bran* ( sci5ce4 ,9 8      
,muni* address he tells u t he is pursu+
 ! /udy ( an?ropology ) delight1 & !n   
ass]ts t ! qu>t]n>y man is an           
univ]sally-accept$ fact4 ,q ap>t f ?is  
/atem5t1 we h se5 t ,vir*[ c nev] atta9 

to a pr(\nd & really sci5tific /udy (   
an?ropology simply = ?is reason1 t he is
 lack+ 9 t compreh5sive k ( comp>ative  
morphology :i* is indisp5sable to x2    
nay1 comp>ative anatomy & ontog5esis mu/
 be1 accord+ to him1 unp]mitt$          
speculations & ! phylog5esis ( man1 !   
key to all ! mo/ important que/ions (   
an?ropology1 be+ bas$ ^u ^!1 is devoid (
 all c]ta9 pro(4 ,all ! m mu/ we wond]  
at ! speculative levity ) :i* ev5 !     
sceptic ,vir*[ 9 ! ,primeval ,hi/ory (  
,man & ,fossil ,an?ropology1 emb>ks 9 ! 
mo/ haz>d\s conjectures1 & gives out    
unc]ta91 subjective hypo!ses z c]ta91   
objective facts4  ,!re is1 9 fact1 at ! 
pres5t day no dep>tm5t ( sci5ce 9 :i* ! 
wilde/ & mo/ unt5able hypo!ses h        
blossom$ out s freely z 9 an?ropology & 
e?nology1 s-call$4 ,all ! phylog5etic   
hypo!ses :i* ,i myself h put =w>d 9 my  
,evolution ( ,man z to ! animal ance/ry 
( man1 or 9 my ,natural ,hi/ory (       
,creation z to ! aff9ities ( animal     
races--all ! o!r g5ealogical hypo!ses   

:i* are n[ advanc$ by num]\s zoologi/s &
 botani/s z to ! phylog5etic evolution (
 ! animal & plant worlds--all ^!        
hypo!ses toge!r1 :i* ,vir*[ rejects 9 a 
lump1 are1 critically consid]$ z        
hypo!ses1 f> bett] gr\nd$ 9 facts1 f>   
bett] support$ by facts1 ?an ! majority 
( ^? innum]able airy & fanciful hypo!ses
 ) :i*1 = ! la/ twelve ye>s1 ! ,ar*iv   
fu] ,an?ropologie & ,zeits*rift fu]     
,e?nologie1 edit$ by ,vir*[ & ,ba/ian1 h
 fill$ _! columns4 ,?is la/ p]iodical   
has at lea/ ! m]it ( be+ a tol]ably     
consi/5t oppon5t ( ! doctr9e (          
evolution1 :ile 9 ! =m]1 dur+ twelve    
ye>s1 essays on bo? sides h be5 mix$ up 
9 *e]ful confusion4 ,& h[ fanciful are !
 %ort-sight$ hypo!ses :i* !re blossom =?
 f ! mix$ mass ( facts1 *aotically flung
 toge!r4 ,only ?9k ( ! disputes ov] !   
/one age1 bronze age1 & iron age2 ?9k ( 
! motley discussions z to ! v>ieties (  
skull-con=mation & _! significance2 on !
 races ( man1 ! migrations ( peoples & !
 l4 ,mo/ ( ^! v intricate hi/orical     

problems are f> m buri$ 9 obscurity1 & !
 hypo!ses to expla9 !m disp5se f> m     
l>gely ) any basis ( facts1 ?an is !    
case ) our phylog5etic hypo!ses2 = ^!   
are m or less objectively bas$ on !     
facts ( comp>ative anatomy & ontog5esis4
  ,b no "o ( ^! hi/orical hypo!ses is s 
d>+1 s little c]ta9ly prov$1 z ! gr\p ( 
v v>i\s & contradictory hypo!ses :i* h  
be5 put =w>d z to ! antiquity & fir/    
appe>ance ( ! human species2 & ,vir*[   
ass]ts positively ,! plei/oc5e man is an
 univ]sally accept$ fact4 ,! t]ti>y man 
is1 on ! o!r h&1 a problem1 ?\gh inde$ a
 problem :i* is already "u sub/antial   
discussion6 ,z if ! di/9ction betwe5 !  
t]ti>y & qu>t]n>y p]iods 7 n itself a   
geological hypo!sis1 & z if !           
significance ( ! fossil animal-rema9s1  
:i* play ! l>ge/ "p 9 x1 did n also re/ 
on m]e hypo!ses :i* escape all c]ta9    
pro(6 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! actual exp]im5t z !
 highe/ means ( pro(1 :i* gives evid5ce 
= ^! c]ta9 facts8 ,! :ole discussion 9  
g5]al ab\t prehi/oric man1 :i* ,vir*[   

has mix$ up ) 8 ,muni* address 7pp4 #cj1
 #ca71 is ! cle>e/ evid5ce ( !          
uncritical _s 9 :i* he deals ) ^!       
hi/orical problems z exact natural      
sci5ces4 ,he assures u t n "o s+le ape's
 skull1 nor skull ( an an?ropoid ape1   
has ev] be5 f\nd :i* c\ld actually h    
belong$ to a human own]6 & he adds ?is  
s5t5ce1 9 italics1 ,we _c tea*1 = we _c 
reg>d x z a real acquisition ( sci5ce1 t
 man is desc5d$ f ! ape or f any o!r    
animal6 ,!n evid5tly no alt]native      
rema9s b t he is desc5d$ f a god1 or f a
 clod6  ,b let u g ov] ! re/ ( ! sci5ces
 to see :at1 accord+ to ,vir*[1 may be  
taught 9 ea* )\t endang]+ ! safety (    
sci5ce4 ,9 ! :ole dep>tm5t ( biology1 z 
well z 9 zoology--includ+ an?ropology--&
 9 botany1 in/ruction mu/ be limit$ to  
imp>t+ ^? trifl+ fragm5ts ( k :i* ei!r  
consi/ ( m]e descriptions ( dry facts1  
or :i* supply an explanation ( !m by    
ma!matical =mulas4 ,morphology mu/ be   
taught z m]e descriptive anatomy &      
sy/ematis+1 ! hi/ory ( developm5t z m]e 

descriptive ontog5esis4 ,comp>ative     
anatomy & phylog5esis1 :i* by _!        
explanatory hypo!ses raise ^? dead      
masses ( facts to ! place ( true & liv+ 
sci5ces--^! mu/ n be taught at all4 ,&  
h[ !n d matt]s /& ) reg>d to !          
cell-!ory1 t fundam5tal !ory on :i* e   
elem5t ( our morphology & physiology    
dep5ds1 & by apply+ :i* ,vir*[ himself  
rea*$ 8 gr&e/ results8  ,s9ce ,s*leid5 9
 ,j5a1 =ty ye>s ago1 fir/ put =w>d !    
cell-!ory1 & ,s*wann imm$iately aft]    
appli$ x to ! animal k+dom & s to ! :ole
 organic _w1 ?is fundam5tal doctr9e has 
und]gone v important modifications1 = x 
is inde$ a biological !ory1 b n a fact4 
,we may recollect "u :at diff]5t aspects
 its ma9 pr9ciples h appe>$ 9 ! c\rse ( 
^! f\r decades3 :at *anges h tak5 place 
9 ! conception ( ! cell itself4 ,aft] ! 
organic cell _h orig9ally be5 conceiv$ (
 z a vesicle1 consi/+ ( a firm capsule &
 a fluid cont5t1 we subsequ5tly disc]n$ 
x to be compos$ ( a glut9\s semi-fluid  
cell-sub/ance1 ! protoplasm1 & conv9c$  

ourselves t ?is protoplasm & ! cell-core
 or nucleus enclos$ 9 x are ! mo/       
important & indisp5sable con/itu5t p>ts 
( ! cell1 :ile ! ext]nal firm capsule1 !
 cell-membrane1 is n ess5tial & v       
frequ5tly want+4 ,b ev5 n[ op9ions      
widely diff] z to h[ ! conception ( a   
cell %\ld be precisely def9$1 & :at     
consequ5ces mu/ be inf]r$ f ! cell-!ory1
 & attempts h n be5 want+ to upset x    
altoge!r & to treat x z wor?less4 ,!    
anatomi/ ,h5le1 ( ,goett+51 9 p>ticul>1 
has repeat$ly made su* an attempt1 t    
gift$ anatomi/ :o1 9 ! preface to 8     
bulky text-book ( human anatomy1 decl>$ 
t sci5tific ideas are m]e wor?less pap] 
money1 & t ! noble metal ( facts1 on !  
contr>y1 is ! only g5u9e article4 ,n    
long s9ce a bulky volume 9 qu>to appe>$1
 by "o ,h]r ,na?usius-,ko5igsborn1 9 :i*
 ! cell is expla9$ to be a subord9ate   
pla/ic elem5t1 & ! cell-!ory is elim9at$
 z sup]flu\s2 & ?is mon/r\s volume1 full
 ( ! mo/ amus+ nons5se1 is d$icat$ to   
,h]r ,h5le4 ,vir*[ =m]ly 0 "o ( !       

victori\s oppon5ts ( ! ,goett+5         
physician1 & wrote brilliant articles   
aga9/ ! rational pa?ology ( irrational  
,h]r ,h5le2 n[ app>5tly he agrees ) him 
t ! pap] money ( ideas is wor?less z    
comp>$ ) ! noble metal ( facts4 ,( c\rse
 ! cell-!ory !n loses all its value1 &  
_c be a subject ( in/ruction2 = ! cell  
itself is n a c]ta9 & und\bt$ fact1 b   
only an ab/raction1 a philosophical     
idea4  ,no?+ m cle>ly %[s :at a complete
 *ange ,vir*[ has und]gone 9 8 mo/      
important pr9ciples1 & :at an utt]      
metapsy*osis 9 ?is special prov9ce1 ?an 
8 fam\s axiom1 utt]$ 9 #ahee--,omnis    
cellula e cellula4 ,t is unque/ionably !
 bolde/ g5]alisation to :i* ! y\?ful1   
indep5d5t ,vir*[ ev] atta9$1 & "o on :i*
 he ju/ly prid$ himself n a little4 ,he 
himself repeat$ly comp>$ x ) ,h>vey's   
say+1 :i* m>k$ an epo*--,omne vivum ex  
ovo4 ,b nei!r ( ^! axioms is univ]sally 
correct4 ,on ! contr>y1 we n[ "k t e    
cell does n necess>ily orig9ate f a     
cell1 any m ?an t e organic individual  

orig9ates f an ovum4 ,9 _m cases true   
nucleat$ cells proce$ f un-nucleat$     
cytods1 z 9 ! ,greg>9ae1 ,myxomycetae & 
o!rs4 ,nay m1 ! primordial organic cells
 c\ld only h orig9at$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f
 non-cellul> pla/ides or monads by _!   
homog5e\s plasson resolv+ itself into an
 int]nal nucleus & an ext]nal           
protoplasm4 ,?us1 z we subsequ5tly le>nt
 to "k mo/ ( ! exceptions to ?is        
g5]alisation ( ,vir*[1 x appe>$ all !   
bold]2 ! m s z we 7 at t "t f> f be+    
able to ref] all ! diff]5t tissues ( !  
high] animals ) any c]ta9ty to cells1 & 
z n a few exp]im5ts seem$ to po9t to !  
hypo!sis ( free cell-=mation4 ,t guid+  
axiom1 :i* s p[]fully fur!r$ !          
cell-!ory1 ,vir*[1 f 8 pres5t /&po9t1   
mu/ :olly condemn z a crime aga9/ exact 
sci5ce1 & he surely c nev] =give himself
 = hav+ prop\nd$ ?is hypo!sis--:i* 0    
aft]w>ds f\nd to be n univ]sally true--z
 an important doctr9al axiom4  ,we %all 
inde$ f9d mu* worse s9s aga9/ 8 own     
pr9ciples ( to-day if we turn to        

,vir*['s own special dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 
namely1 pa?ological anatomy &           
physiology1 ! mo/ important division (  
!oretic m$ic9e4 ,! great & incomp>able  
s]vices :i* ,vir*[ "h effect$ d n dep5d 
on ! num]\s indep5d5t new facts :i* he  
discov]$1 b on ! !ories & hypo!ses by   
:i*1 l an inspir$ pione]1 he s\ght to   
op5 a way ?r\gh ! dead wa/e (           
pa?ological k & to =m x into a liv+     
sci5ce4 ,^! new !ories & ! hypo!ses on  
:i* !y 7 f\nd$1 ,vir*[ !n prop\nd$ to u1
 8 disciples1 ) su* incisive assurance t
 e "o ( u 0 conv9c$ ( _! tru?2 & yet    
lat] exp]i5ce has %[n t !y 7 9 "p       
insuffici5tly prov$ & 9 "p :olly false4 
,= example1 ,i w only "h recall 8 fam\s 
!ory ( ! connective-tissue1 = :i* ,i    
myself 9 sev]al ( my e>ly works 7#ahef  
to #aheh7 broke a lance4 ,8 !ory seem$  
to expla9 a ho/ ( ! mo/ important       
physiological & pa?ological ph5om5a 9 ! 
simple/ mann]1 & yet x 0 aft]w>ds prov$ 
to be false4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 ,i decl>e  
to ?is day t x 0 ( ! greate/ s]vice = ! 

developm5t ( our acqua9tance ) ! =mation
 ( ! connective-tissue2 z a guid+       
hypo!sis & z a provisional clue to our  
inve/igations4 ,vir*[1 on ! contr>y1 if 
he imp>tially reflects on ! "p he took 9
 ! diffusion ( ?is mislead+ doctr9e1 mu/
 reproa* himself sev]ely = x4 ,= we mu/ 
draw a h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 :at we are  
to tea* & :at we are to inve/igate4 ,:at
 we inve/igate are problems1 b ! problem
 ought n to be ! subject ( tea*+4 ,t    
,vir*[1 9 8 c\rse ( in/ruction1 e day   
beli$ ?is1 8 pres5t view ( tea*+1 t he e
 h\r taught 8 disciples "s unprov$ !ory 
& problematical hypo!sis1 e "o kn[s :o1 
l myself1 = ye>s & ) ! deepe/ int]e/1   
enjoy$ 8 di/+ui%$ in/ruction4 ,/ill !   
captivat+ *>m ( ?is in/ruction--9 spite 
( ! defective me?od ( unprep>$          
lectures--lay precisely 9 ?is1 t ,vir*[ 
z a tea*] con/antly let u1 8 pupils1    
ent] into ^? problems ) :i* he himself  
at ! mom5t 0 occupi$2 t he prop\nd$ to u
 8 p]sonal hypo!sis = ! elucidation ( ! 
giv5 facts4 ,& :at really gift$ tea*] :o

 lives 9 8 sci5ce w\ld n d ! same8 ,:]e 
is !re1 or :]e has !re ev] be51 a great 
ma/] :o 9 8 tea*+ has conf9$ himself to 
only imp>t+ c]ta9 & und\bt$ly asc]ta9$  
facts8 ,:o has n1 on ! contr>y1 f\nd t !
 *>m & value ( 8 in/ruction lay         
precisely 9 prop\nd+ ! problems :i* l9k 
!mselves ) ^? facts1 & 9 tea*+ ! unc]ta9
 !ories & fluctuat+ hypo!ses :i* may    
s]ve to solve ^! problems8 ,or is !re = 
! "y & /ruggl+ m9d any?+ bett]1 or m    
conducive to culture1 ?an to ex]cise !  
intellig5ce 9 problems ( inve/igation8  
,h[ unpractical & h[ absurd is ,vir*['s 
dem&--t only asc]ta9$ facts & no        
problematic !ories %all be admitt$ 9    
tea*+--w be /ill m /rik+ly %[n by a     
glance ov] ! rema9+ prov9ces ( human k4 
,:at1 inde$1 w be left ( hi/ory1 (      
philology1 ( political sci5ce1 (        
jurisprud5ce1 if we re/rict ! tea*+ ( !m
 to absolutely-asc]ta9$ & e/abli%$      
facts4 ,:at ( sci5ce w rema9 to !m if ! 
idea :i* endeav\rs to disc]n ! causes ( 
! facts is bani%$8 if ! problems1 !     

!ories1 ! hypo!ses1 :i* seek ^! causes  
may n be g5]ally taught8 ,& t           
philosophy--! sci5ce ( kn[+--by :i* all 
! common results ( human k are to be    
b\nd up into "o gr& & h>moni\s :ole--t  
philosophy1 ,i say1 mu/ n be g5]ally    
taught1 is1 accord+ to ,vir*[1 q        
self-evid5t4  ,f9ally1 !re rema9s no?+ b
 !ology4 ,!ology alone is ! "o true     
sci5ce1 & its dogmas alone may be taught
 z c]ta94 ,( c\rse6 = x proce$s directly
 f revelation1 & only div9e revelation c
 be q c]ta92 x alone c nev] err4 ,yes1  
incr$ible z x s\nds1 ,vir*[1 ! sceptical
 oppon5t ( dogma1 ! lead] ( ! fight =   
lib]ty ( sci5ce1 ,vir*[ n[ f9ds ! only  
sure basis = in/ruction 9 ! dogmas ( !  
,*ur*4 ,aft] all t has gone be=e1 !     
foll[+ memorable s5t5ce leaves no d\bt  
on ?is score3--,e attempt to trans=m our
 problems into dogmas1 to introduce our 
conjectures z a basis ( in/ruction1     
p>ticul>ly any attempt simply to        
dispossess ! ,*ur* & to supplant h]     
dogma by a cre$ ( desc5t--ay1           

g5tlem5--?is attempt mu/ fail1 & 9 its  
ru9 w entail ! greate/ p]il on !        
position ( sci5ce 9 g5]al4  ,! %\ts (   
triumph ( ! :ole cl]ical press ov]      
,vir*['s ,muni* address is ?us r5d]$    
p]fectly intelligible1 = x is well kn[n 
t !re is m joy 9 heav5 ov] "o s9n] t    
rep5te? ?an ov] t5 j m54 ,:5 ,rudolf    
,vir*[1 ! notori\s mat]iali/1 ! advanc$ 
radical1 ! great support] ( ! a!ism (   
sci5ce1 is s sudd5ly conv]t$1 :5 he     
proclaims l\dly & publicly t ! dogmas ( 
! ,*ur* are ! only sure basis (         
in/ruction1 !n ! ,*ur* militant may well
 s+ ,hosanna 9 ! highe/6 ,only "o ?+ is 
to be regrett$1 t ,vir*[ has n m cle>ly 
def9$ :i* ( ! _m diff]5t *ur*-religions 
is ! only true "o1 & :i* ( ! innum]able 
& contradictory dogmas are to =m ! sure 
basis ( in/ruction4 ,we all "k t ea*    
,*ur* reg>ds itself z ! only truly sav+ 
"o1 & h] own dogma z ! only true "o4 ,b 
z to :e!r x is to be ,prote/antism or   
,ca?olicism1 ! ,re=m$ or ! ,lu!ran      
confession1 :e!r ! ,anglican or !       

,presbyt]ian dogma1 :e!r ! ,roman or !  
,greek ,*ur*1 ! ,mosaic or ! ,mohamm$an 
disp5sation1 :e!r ,buddhism or          
,brahmanism1 :e!r1 f9ally1 x is to be "o
 ( ! _m feti%-religions ( ! ,indians &  
,negroes t is to =m ! p]man5t & sure    
basis ( in/ruction1 let u hope t ,vir*[ 
w at ! next meet+ ( ,g]man naturali/s & 
physicians divulge 8 op9ion4  ,at any   
rate1 ! in/ruction ( ! future1 accord+  
to ,vir*[1 w be greatly simplifi$ if he 
w d ?is4 ,= ! dogma ( ! ,tr9ity 9 ,unity
 z a basis ( ma!matics1 ! dogma ( !     
resurrection ( ! body z a basis (       
m$ic9e1 ! dogma ( infallibility z a     
basis ( psy*ology1 ! dogma ( !          
immaculate conception z a basis ( g5etic
 sci5ce1 ! dogma ( ! /ay+ ( ! sun z a   
basis ( a/ronomy1 ! dogma ( ! creation (
 ! e>?1 animals1 & plants z a basis (   
geology & phylog5esis--^! or any o!r    
dogma1 at pleasure1 f any o!r *ur* w    
make all o!r doctr9e q sup]flu\s4       
,vir*[1 t critical _s1 kn[s z well z ,i1
 & z e o!r naturali/1 t ^! dogmas are n 

true1 & nev]!less1 9 8 op9ion1 !y are n 
to be supplant$ z ! basis ( in/ruction  
by ^? !ories & hypo!ses ( mod]n natural 
sci5ce ( :i* ,vir*[ himself says t !y   
may be true1 t 9 a great measure !y     
probably are true1 b are n yet q c]ta9ly
 prov$4  ,at pages #ae1 #bd1 #bf1 #bh1 &
 else:]e 9 8 ,muni* address1 ,vir*[     
/rongly insi/s t only t objective k may 
be taught :i* we possess z absolutely   
c]ta9 fact6 & !n at page #bi he requires
 u to conclude t ! basis ( in/ruction   
%all cont9ue to be ! purely subjective  
dogmas ( ! ,*ur*2 revelations & dogmas  
:i* n only are n prov$ by any facts     
:atev]1 b on ! contr>y1 /& 9 ! mo/      
tr5*ant contradiction to ! mo/ obvi\s   
facts ( natural exp]i5ce & fly 9 ! face 
( all human reason4 ,^! contradictions1 
to be sure1 are no great] ?an "s o!rs   
:i* /& out conspicu\s & incompreh5sible 
9 ,vir*['s disc\rse4 ,?us at ! beg9n+ ( 
8 address he glorifies ,lor5z ,ok5 &    
deeply lam5ts t he1 t highly-valu$ &    
hon\r$ ma/]1 t ornam5t ( ! high s*ool ( 

,muni*1 _h be5 =c$ to die 9 exile6 ,t   
cruel exile :i* oppress$ ,ok5's latt]   
ye>s1 :i* left him to p]i% f> f ^?      
cities to :i* he _h sacrific$ ! be/ p[]s
 ( 8 life1 t exile w be rememb]$ z !    
note ( ! "t :i* we h pass$ ?r\gh4 ,& s  
long z !re cont9ue to be meet+s ( ,g]man
 naturali/s1 s long may we gratefully   
rememb] t ?is man to 8 dea? bore ^u him 
all ! signs ( a m>tyr1 s long %all we   
po9t to him z "o ( ! witnesses :o h     
f\ght = u & = ! lib]ty ( sci5ce4 ,v]ily 
^! words f ,vir*['s lips s\nd l !       
bitt]e/ irony2 = 0 n ,lor5z ,ok5 "o ( ! 
=emo/ & mo/ zeal\s *ampions ( t moni/ic 
doctr9e ( developm5t aga9/ :i* ,rudolf  
,vir*[ at ?is day is mo/ viol5tly /riv+8
 ,did n ,ok5 himself proce$ f>!r 9 !    
con/ruction ( bold hypo!ses &           
compreh5sive !ories ?an any support] ( !
 doctr9e ( evolution at ! pres5t "t8 ,is
 n ,ok5 ju/ly consid]$ z ! "o typical   
repres5tative ( t old] p]iod ( natural  
philosophy :o rose to mu* high] & bold] 
flights ( fancy1 & left ! solid gr\nd ( 

facts mu* f>!r beh9d him ?an any tyro ( 
! new philosophy8 ,& ?is makes ! irony  
seem all ! great] ) :i* ,vir*[ at !     
beg9n+ ( 8 address glorifies ,ok5 ! free
 tea*]1 z a m>tyr to ! fre$om ( sci5ce1 
& at ! end ( x insi/s t ?is fre$om      
applies only to inquiry & n to tea*+1 & 
t ! ma/] mu/ tea* no problem1 no !ory1  
no hypo!sis4  ,:ile ?is unhe>d-( dem&   
sets ,vir*['s views ( tea*+ 9 ! mo/     
extraord9>y light1 & :ile e unprejudic$ 
& exp]i5c$ tea*] mu/ mo/ emphatically   
prote/ aga9/ ?is /rait-wai/coat =       
in/ruction1 he w feel no less b\nd to   
resi/ ,vir*['s o!r /range dem&1 t e     
asc]ta9$ tru? %all =?) be taught 9 all  
s*ools1 d[n to ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,i    
myself1 9 my ,muni* address1 s\ght !    
in/ructional value ( our moni/ic        
evolution !ory above all 9 ! g5etic     
me?od1 9 ! inquiry1 t is to say1 = !    
effective causes ( ! facts taught2 & ,i 
add$ ^! words--,h[ f> ! pr9ciples ( !   
doctr9e ( univ]sal evolution ought to be
 at once introduc$ into our s*ools1 & 9 

:at succession its mo/ important bran*es
 ought to be taught 9 ! diff]5t         
classes--cosmogony1 geology1 !          
phylog5esis ( animals & plants1 &       
an?ropology--?is we mu/ leave to        
practical tea*]s to settle4 ,b we       
believe t an ext5sive re=m ( in/ruction 
9 ?is direction is inevitable1 & w be   
cr[n$ by ! faire/ results4 ,i purposely 
avoid$ any clos] discussion ( ?is       
speciali/ "q1 z ,i felt n ev5           
approximately capable ( solv+ x1 & ,i   
believe1 9 fact1 t none b skill$ &      
exp]i5c$ practical tea*]s c und]take !  
solution ( x ) any success4  ,= ,vir*[  
^! speciali/ difficulties seem n to     
exi/2 he reg>ds my retic5ce z a m]e     
po/ponem5t ( ! task1 & he answ]s 9 !    
foll[+ a/oni%+ s5t5ces3--,if ! !ory (   
desc5t is z c]ta9 z ,h]r ,haeckel       
assumes1 !n we mu/ dem&--= x is a       
necess>y consequ5ce--t x %all be taught 
9 s*ools4 ,h[ is x conceivable t a      
doctr9e ( su* importance1 :i* mu/ effect
 su* a total revolution 9 all our m5tal 

consci\sness1 :i* directly t5ds to      
create a new k9d ( religion1 %\ld n be  
includ$ 9 ! s*ool s*eme ( in/ruction8   
,h[ is x possible t su* a--revelation1  
%all ,i say--%\ld be 9 any measure      
suppress$1 or t ! promulgation ( !      
greate/ & mo/ important advance :i* has 
be5 made 9 our views dur+ ! pres5t      
c5tury %\ld be left to ! discretion (   
s*oolma/]s8 ,ay1 g5tlem51 t w\ld inde$  
be a r5unciation ( ! h>de/ k9d1 &       
practically x c\ld nev] be c>ri$ out6 ,e
 s*oolma/] :o assumes ?is doctr9e =     
himself w involunt>ily tea* x1 h[ c x be
 o!rwise8  ,i mu/ "h be p]mitt$ to take 
,vir*[ exactly at 8 ^w4 ,i endorse almo/
 all t he has said 9 ^! & ! foll[+      
s5t5ces4 ,! only diff]5ce 9 our views is
 ?is1 t ,vir*[ reg>ds ! !ory ( desc5t z 
an unprov$ & unproveable hypo!sis2 ,i1  
on ! contr>y1 z a fully e/abli%$ &      
indisp5sable !ory4 ,h[ !n w x be if !   
tea*]s ( :om ,vir*[ speaks agree ) my   
views1 if--ap>t1 ( c\rse1 f all special 
!ories ( desc5t--!y1 l me1 consid] !    

g5]al !ory ( desc5t z ! indisp5sable    
basis ( all biological tea*+8 ,& t t is 
actually ! case ,vir*[ may easily       
conv9ce himself if he looks ov] ! rec5t 
lit]ature ( zoology & botany6 ,our :ole 
morphological lit]ature 9 p>ticul> is   
already s deeply & completely p5etrat$  
by ! doctr9e ( desc5t1 phylog5etic      
pr9ciples already prevail s univ]sally z
 a c]ta9 & indisp5sable in/rum5t (      
inquiry1 t no man = ! future w\ld       
deprive himself ( _! help4 ,z ,osc>     
,s*midt ju/ly obs]ves--,p]haps n9ety-n9e
 p] c5t4 ( all liv+1 or r ( all work+   
zoologi/s1 are conv9c$ by inductive     
me?ods ( ! tru? ( ! doctr9e ( desc5t4 ,&
 ,vir*[ ) 8 magi/]ial requirem5ts w     
atta9 only ! v rev]se ( :at he aims at4 
,h[ (t5 has x n be5 said already t      
sci5ce mu/ ei!r h p]fect fre$om or else 
none at all8 ,?is is z true ( tea*+ z x 
is ( inquiry1 = ! two are intr9sically &
 insep>ably connect$4 ,& s x is n 9 va9 
t x is writt5 9 section #aeb ( ! ,g]man 
,code1 & 9 section #bj ( ! ,prussian    

,*>t]1 ,sci5ce & h] tea*+ %all be free6 
,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,(        
,,desc5t ,,& ,,social ,,democracy4   ,e 
great & compreh5sive !ory :i* affects ! 
f\ndations ( human sci5ce1 & :i*1       
consequ5tly1 influ5ces ! sy/ems (       
philosophy1 w1 9 ! fir/ place1 n only   
fur!r our !oretical views ( ! univ]se1 b
 w also react on practical philosophy1  
e?ics1 & ! correlat$ prov9ces ( religion
 & politics4 ,9 my pap] read at ,muni*  
,i only briefly po9t$ out ! happy       
results :i*1 9 my op9ion1 ! mod]n       
doctr9e ( evolution w entail :5 ! true1 
natural religion1 f\nd$ on reason1 takes
 ! place ( ! dogmatic religion ( !      
,*ur*1 & its lead+ pr9ciple d]ives !    
human s5se ( duty f ! social in/9cts (  
animals4  ,! ref]5ces to ! social       
in/9cts :i* ,i1 9 common ) ,d>w9 & _m   
o!rs1 reg>d z ! prop] s\rce & orig9 (   
all moral developm5t1 appe> to h af=d$  
,vir*[ an opportunity 9 8 reply =       
designat+ ! doctr9e ( inh]itance z a    
sociali/ !ory1 & = attribut+ to x ! mo/ 

dang]\s & objectionable "* :i*1 at !    
pres5t "t1 any political !ory c h2 & ^! 
/>tl+ d5unciations s soon z !y 7 kn[n   
call$ =? su* j indignation & su*        
compreh5sive refutation t ,i might v    
prop]ly pass !m ov] "h4 ,/ill we mu/ at 
lea/ %ortly exam9e !m1 9 s f> z !y      
supply a fur!r pro( t ,vir*[ is         
unacqua9t$ ) ! mo/ important pr9ciples (
 ! developm5t-!ory ( ! day1 & !re=e is  
incompet5t to judge x4 ,moreov]1 ,vir*[1
 z a politician1 manife/ly attribut$    
special importance to ?is political     
application ( 8 pap]1 = he gave x !     
title1 :i* o!rwise w\ld h be5 h>dly     
suitable1 ( ,! ,fre$om ( ,sci5ce 9 !    
,mod]n ,polity4 ,un=tunately he =got to 
add to ?is title ! two words 9 :i* !    
special t5d5cy ( 8 disc\rse culm9ates2 !
 two pregnant words1 mu/ cease6  ,!     
surpris+ disclosures 9 :i* ,vir*[       
d5\nces ! doctr9e ( evolution1 &        
p>ticul>ly ! doctr9e ( desc5t1 z        
sociali/ !ories & dang]\s to !          
community1 run z foll[s3--,n[1 picture  

to y\rself ! !ory ( desc5t z x already  
exi/s 9 ! bra9 ( a sociali/4 ,ay1       
g5tlem51 x may seem laughable to _m1 b x
 is 9 tru? v s]i\s1 & ,i only hope t !  
!ory ( desc5t may n entail on u all !   
horrors :i* simil> !ories h actually    
br\ght ^u neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,at all   
times ?is !ory1 if x is logically c>ri$ 
out to ! end1 has an uncommonly         
suspici\s aspect1 & ! fact t x has ga9$ 
! sympa?y ( socialism has n1 x is to be 
hop$1 escap$ y\r notice4 ,we mu/ make t 
q cle> to ourselves4  ,on read+ ?is     
/atem5t1 :i* seems extract$ f ! ,b]l9   
,kreuz-,zeitung1 or ! ,vi5na ,vat]l&1 ,i
 ask myself 9 surprise1 ,:at 9 ! _w has 
! doctr9e ( desc5t to d ) socialism8 ,x 
has already be5 abundantly prov$ on _m  
sides1 & long s9ce1 t ^! two !ories are 
ab\t z compatible z fire & wat]4 ,osc>  
,s*midt might ) ju/ice retort1 ,if !    
sociali/s w\ld ?9k cle>ly !y w\ld feel t
 !y mu/ d all !y c to *oke ! doctr9e (  
desc5t1 = x decl>es ) express di/9ctness
 t sociali/ ideas are impracticable4 ,& 

he proce$s to add1 ,& :y has n ,vir*[   
made ! g5tle doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity     
responsible = ! excesses ( socialism8 ,t
 w\ld h _h "s s5se4 ,8 d5unciation flung
 s my/]i\sly & s confid5tly be=e ! great
 public1 z ?\gh x conc]n$ 'a sure &     
atte/$ sci5tific tru?1' is1 at ! same   
"t1 s holl[ t x _c be br\ght into h>mony
 ) ! dignity ( sci5ce4  ,) all ^! empty 
accusations1 z ) all ! empty reproa*es &
 gr\ndless objections :i* ,vir*[ br+s   
aga9/ ! doctr9e ( evolution1 he takes   
good c>e 9 no way to t\* ! k]nel ( !    
matt]4 ,h[1 inde$1 w\ld x h be5 possible
 )\t arriv+ at conclusions :olly oppos$ 
to ^? :i* he has decl>$8 ,= ! !ory (    
desc5t proclaims m cle>ly ?an any o!r   
sci5tific !ory1 t t equality (          
individuals :i* socialism /rives aft] is
 an impossibility1 t x /&s1 9 fact1 9   
irreconcilable contradiction to !       
inevitable inequality ( individuals :i* 
actually & ev]y:]e subsi/s4 ,socialism  
dem&s equal rights1 equal duties1 equal 
possessions1 equal enjoym5ts = e citiz5 

alike2 ! !ory ( desc5t proves1 9 exact  
opposition to ?is1 t ! realisation ( ?is
 dem& is a pure impossibility1 & t 9 !  
con/itutionally organis$ communities (  
m51 z ( ! l[] animals1 nei!r rights nor 
duties1 nei!r possessions nor enjoym5ts 
h ev] be5 equal = all ! memb]s alike nor
 ev] c be4 ,?r\gh\t ! evolutioni/ !ory1 
z 9 its biological bran*1 ! !ory (      
desc5t--! great law ( specialisation or 
diff]5tiation--tea*es u t a multiplicity
 ( ph5om5a is develop$ f orig9al unity1 
het]og5eity f orig9al simil>ity1 & !    
composite organism f orig9al simplicity4
 ,! conditions ( exi/5ce are dissimil> =
 ea* individual f ! beg9n+ ( its        
exi/5ce2 ev5 ! inh]it$ qualities1 !     
natural disposition1 are m or less      
unlike2 h[1 !n1 c ! problems ( life & _!
 solution be alike = all8 ,! m highly   
political life is organis$1 ! m prom95t 
is ! great pr9ciple ( ! division (      
lab\r1 & ! m requisite x becomes = !    
la/+ security ( ! :ole /ate t its memb]s
 %\ld be v>i\sly di/ribut$ 9 ! manifold 

tasks ( life2 & z ! "w to be p]=m$ by   
diff]5t individuals is ( ! mo/ v>i\s    
k9d1 z well z ! correspond+ outlay (    
/r5g?1 skill1 prop]ty1 c41 ! rew>d ( !  
"w mu/ naturally be also extremely      
v>i\s4 ,^! are su* simple & tangible    
facts t "o w\ld suppose t e reasonable &
 unprejudic$ politician w\ld recomm5d ! 
!ory ( desc5t1 & ! evolution hypo!sis 9 
g5]al1 z ! be/ antidote to ! fa?omless  
absurdity ( extravagant sociali/        
levell+4  ,besides1 ,d>w9ism1 ! !ory (  
natural selection--:i* ,vir*[ aim$ at 9 
8 d5unciation1 mu* m especially ?an at  
trans=mation1 ! !ory ( desc5t--:i* is   
(t5 conf\nd$ ) x--,d>w9ism1 ,i say1 is  
any?+ r ?an sociali/6 ,if ?is ,engli%   
hypo!sis is to be comp>$ to any def9ite 
political t5d5cy--z is1 no d\bt1        
possible--t t5d5cy c only be            
ari/ocratic1 c]ta9ly n democratic1 &    
lea/ ( all sociali/4 ,! !ory ( selection
 tea*es t 9 human life1 z 9 animal &    
plant life ev]y:]e1 & at all times1 only
 a small & *os5 m9ority c exi/ & fl\ri%1

 :ile ! enorm\s majority />ve & p]i%    
mis]ably & m or less prematurely4 ,!    
g]ms ( e species ( animal & plant & ! "y
 individuals :i* spr+ f !m are          
innum]able1 :ile ! numb] ( ^? =tunate   
individuals :i* develop to maturity &   
actually rea* _! h>dly-won life's goal  
is out ( all proportion trifl+4 ,! cruel
 & m]ciless /ruggle = exi/5ce :i* rages 
?r\gh\t all liv+ nature1 & 9 ! c\rse (  
nature mu/ rage1 ?is unceas+ &          
inexorable competition ( all liv+       
creatures1 is an inconte/able fact2 only
 ! pick$ m9ority ( ! qualifi$ fitte/ is 
9 a position to resi/ x successfully1   
:ile ! great majority ( ! competitors   
mu/ necess>ily p]i% mis]ably4 ,we may   
pr(\ndly lam5t ?is tragical /ate ( ?+s1 
b we c nei!r controv]t x nor alt] x4 ,_m
 are call$ b few are *os54 ,! selection1
 ! pick+ out ( ^! *os5 ones1 is         
inevitably connect$ ) ! arre/ &         
de/ruction ( ! rema9+ majority4 ,ano!r  
,engli% naturali/1 !re=e1 designates !  
k]nel ( ,d>w9ism v frankly z ! survival 

( ! fitte/1 z ! victory ( ! be/4 ,at any
 rate1 ?is pr9ciple ( selection is no?+ 
less ?an democratic1 on ! contr>y1 x is 
ari/ocratic 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w4    
,if1 !re=e1 ,d>w9ism1 logically c>ri$   
out1 has1 accord+ to ,vir*[1 an         
uncommonly suspici\s aspect1 ?is c only 
be f\nd 9 ! idea t x (f]s a help+ h& to 
! ef=ts ( ! ari/ocrats4 ,b h[ !         
socialism ( ! day c f9d any enc\ragem5t 
9 ^! ef=ts1 & h[ ! horrors ( ! ,p>is    
,commune c be trac$ to !m1 is to me1 ,i 
mu/ frankly confess1 absolutely         
incompreh5sible4  ,moreov]1 we mu/ n    
omit ?is opportunity ( po9t+ out h[     
dang]\s su* a direct & unqualifi$       
transf] ( ! !ories ( natural sci5ce to !
 doma9 ( practical politics mu/ be4 ,!  
highly elaborate conditions ( our mod]n 
civilis$ life require f ! practical     
politician su* circumspect & imp>tial   
consid]ation1 su* ?or\gh hi/orical tra9+
 & p[]s ( critical comp>ison1 t he w n  
v5ture to make su* an application ( a   
natural law to ! practice ( civilis$    

life1 b ) ! greate/ caution & res]ve4   
,h[1 !n1 is x possible t ,vir*[1 !      
exp]i5c$ & skill$ politician1 :o1 above 
all ?+s1 prea*es caution & res]ve 9     
!ory1 sudd5ly makes j su* an application
 ( trans=mation & ,d>w9ism--an          
application s radically p]v]se t x      
actually flies 9 ! face ( ! fundam5tal  
ideas ( ^! doctr9es8 ,i myself am no?+  
less ?an a politician4 ,9 direct contra/
 ) ,vir*[1 ,i lack alike ! gift & !     
tra9+ = x1 z well z ta/e & vocation4    
,h5ce ,i nei!r %all play any political  
"p 9 ! future1 nor h ,i hi!rto made any 
attempt ( ! k9d4 ,?\gh "h & !re ,i h    
occasionally utt]$ a political op9ion1  
or h made a political application ( "s  
!ory ( natural sci5ce1 ^! subjective    
op9ions h no objective value4 ,9 po9t ( 
fact ,i h by s do+ ov]/epp$ ! limits (  
my compet5ce1 j z ,vir*[ has by go+ into
 que/ions ( zoology & p>ticul>ly t ( !  
trans=mation ( apes3 ,i am a layman 9   
political practice1 z ,vir*[ is 9 !     
prov9ce ( zoological hypo!sis4 ,moreov]1

 su* success z ,vir*[ has atta9$ dur+ ! 
tw5ty ye>s ( 8 pa9ful1 we>isome1 &      
exhau/+ activity z a politician does n1 
9 tru?1 make me p9e = su* laurels4  ,b  
?is at lea/ ,i1 z a !oretical naturali/1
 may dem& ( practical politicians1 t 9  
utilis+ our !ories = political ends !y  
%\ld fir/ make !mselves exactly acqua9t$
 ) !m2 !y !n1 = ! future1 w\ld =be>     
draw+ conclusions f !m1 ! v opposite to 
^? :i* ought reasonably to be inf]r$4   
,misund]/&+s w\ld nev] ?us be :olly     
avoid$1 x is true1 b :at doctr9e is     
univ]sally secure aga9/ misund]/&+8 ,& f
 :at !ory1 h[ev] s\nd & true1 may n !   
mo/ uns\nd & frantic inf]5ces be drawn8 
,no?+1 p]haps1 %[s s pla9ly z ! hi/ory (
 ,*ri/ianity h[ little !ory & practice  
h>monise 9 human life2 h[ little pa9s   
are tak51 ev5 by ^? ^: call+ x is to    
uphold e/abli%$ doctr9es1 to apply _!   
natural consequ5ces to practical life4  
,! ,*ri/ian religion1 no d\bt1 z well z 
! ,buddhi/1 :5 /ripp$ ( all dogmatic &  
fabul\s nons5se1 conta9s an admirable   

human k]nel1 & precisely t human portion
 ( ,*ri/ian tea*+--9 ! be/ s5se         
social-democratic--:i* prea*es !        
equality ( all m5 be=e ,god1 ! lov+ (   
y\r neighb\r z y\rself1 love 9 g5]al 9 !
 noble/ s5se1 a fell[-feel+ ) ! poor &  
wret*$1 & s =?--precisely1 ^? truly     
human sides ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e are s  
natural1 s noble1 s pure1 t we          
unhesitat+ly adopt !m into ! moral      
doctr9e ( our moni/ic natural religion4 
,nay1 ! social in/9cts ( ! high] animals
 on :i* we f\nd ?is religion 7= in/ance 
! m>vell\s s5se ( duty ( ants1 c47 are 9
 ?is be/ s5se /rictly ,*ri/ian4  ,&     
:at--we may ask--:at h ! pr(ess$        
support]s1 ! le>n$ div9es ( ?is religion
 ( love done8 ,_! de$s are writt5 9     
lett]s ( blood 9 ! hi/ory ( !           
civilisation ( mank9d dur+ ! la/ #ahjj  
ye>s4 ,all else t diff]+ *ur*-religions 
h accompli%$ = ! =cible ext5sion ( _!   
doctr9es & = ! extirpation ( h]etics (  
o!r cre$s1 all t ! ,jews h be5 guilty ( 
t[>ds ! hea!n1 ! ,roman emp]ors t[>ds ! 

,*ri/ians1 ! ,mohamm$ans t[>ds ,*ri/ians
 & ,jews alike--all ?is is outdone by ! 
hecatombs ( human victims :i*           
,*ri/ianity has dem&$ = ! spread ( h]   
doctr9es4 ,& ^! 7 ,*ri/ians aga9/       
,*ri/ians--or?odox ,*ri/ians aga9/      
het]odox ,*ri/ians6 ?9k only ( !        
,inquisition 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ( !     
inconceivable & inhuman b>b>ities       
committ$ by ! mo/ ,*ri/ian k+s ( ,spa91 
by _! wor?y colleagues 9 ,frank=t1 9    
,italy1 & else:]e4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s !n  
di$ t mo/ horrible dea? by fire1 simply 
because !y w\ld n b5d _! reason to pass 
"u ! yoke ( ! grosse/ sup]/ition1 &     
because _! loyalty to _! convictions    
=bade !m to d5y ! natural tru? t !y     
cle>ly disc]n$4 ,!re are no de$s m      
hide\s1 base1 & inhuman ?an ^? t at t "t
 7 committ$--nay1 are /ill committ$--9 !
 "n & on acc\nt ( true ,*ri/ianity4  ,& 
f9ally1 h[ d matt]s /& ) reg>d to !     
morality ( ! prie/s :o ann\nce !mselves 
z ! m9i/]s ( ,god's ,^w1 & ^: duty is   
!re=e above all o!rs to c>ry out ! sav+ 

doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity 9 _! own lives8  
,! long1 unbrok51 & horrible s]ies (    
crimes ( e k9d :i* is (f]$ by ! hi/ory (
 ! ,roman ,popes is ! be/ answ] to ?is  
"q4 ,& j z ^! ,vic>s ( ,god on e>? did1 
s did _! subord9ates & accomplices1 s1  
too1 h ! or?odox prie/s ( o!r sects     
done2 nev] fail+ to set ! practice ( _! 
own c\rse ( life 9 ! /ronge/ possible   
contra/ to ^? noble doctr9es ( ,*ri/ian 
love :i* 7 con/antly on _! lips4  ,& z )
 ,*ri/ianity s x is ) e o!r religi\s &  
moral doctr9e :i* ought to h prov$ its  
p[] 9 ! wide doma9 ( practical          
philosophy1 9 ! education ( y\?1 9 !    
civilisation ( nations4 ,! !oretic k]nel
 ( ?is doctr9e may always & ev]y:]e /& 9
 ! mo/ gl>+ contradiction to its        
practical work+-out1 te/ify+ to !       
endless inconsi/5cy ( human nature3 b   
:at c all ?is matt] to ! sci5tific      
inquir]8 ,8 sole & only task is to seek 
= tru? & to tea* :at he has disc]n$ to  
be ! tru?1 indiff]5t z to :at           
consequ5ces ! v>i\s p>ties ( /ate or    

*ur* may happ5 to draw f x4     ,,*apt] 
,,vii4  ,,ignorabimus ,,et ,,re/r+amur4 
,! dang]\s attempt :i* ,vir*[ made 9    
,muni* aga9/ ! fre$om ( sci5ce is n !   
fir/ ( its k9d4 ,on ! contr>y1 five ye>s
 be=e1 x exp]i5c$ a simil> attack :i* is
 mo/ intimately connect$ ) ?is lat] "o1 
s t1 9 conclusion1 we mu/ "h add a few  
words on ! subject4 ,und\bt$ly ! fam\s  
,ignorabimus-spee* ( ,du ,bois-,reymond1
 :i* he deliv]$ 9 #ahgb at ! =ty-fif?   
meet+ ( ,g]man naturali/s & physicians 9
 ,leipzig1 =ms only ! fir/ portion ( t  
same crusade aga9/ ! fre$om ( sci5ce (  
:i* ,vir*['s ,re/r+amur spee* ( #ahgg1  
at ! fiftie? meet+ ( ! same society1 =ms
 ! second "p4  ,t brilliant & p[]ful    
essay by ,du ,bois-,reymond on !        
,limitation ( ,natural ,k has already   
be5 discuss$ s (t51 & f su* diff]5t     
sides1 t x might seem sup]flu\s to say  
ano!r ^w ab\t x4 ,x seems to me1        
nev]!less1 t by mo/ p ! c5tre-(-gravity 
( its cont5ts 0 ov]look$ 9 admiration ( 
! brilliant accessories ( ! essay4      

,inde$ ?is frequ5tly happ5s ) ,du       
,bois-,reymond's articles1 = he kn[s too
 well h[ to conceal ! weakness ( 8      
argum5t & evid5ce1 & ! %all[ness ( 8    
?\ght1 by /rik+ images & fl[]y          
metaphors1 & by all ! phraseology (     
rhetoric 9 :i* ! v]satile ,fr5* nature  
is s sup]ior to our sob] ,g]man "o4 ,x  
is all ! m important t we %\ld n let    
ourselves be dazzl$ by ^! s$uctive      
tricks1 & p>ticul>ly by adduc$ facts :i*
 be> ^u ! mo/ important & fundam5tal    
que/ions ( human sci5ce1 b t we %\ld    
extract ! h>d k]nel f ! sav\ry &        
fragrant fruit4 ,9 ! preface to my      
,evolution ( ,man1 & 9 ! notes #bb & #bc
 ( my ,muni* address1 ,i h already      
incid5tally allud$ to ! *ief weaknesses 
( ! ,ignorabimus-spee*2 b ,i mu/ "h     
return some:at m fully to ! subject4    
,!re are1 z is well kn[n1 two problems  
:i* ,du ,bois-,reymond prop\nds z !     
impassable b\nd>y ( human k ( nature2   
limits :i* inde$ ! human m9d is n only  
incapable ( pass+ at ! pres5t /age ( its

 developm5t1 b :i* x nev] c be capable (
 pass+ 9 any m advanc$ /age4 ,! fir/    
problem is ! nature & connection ( matt]
 & =ce2 ! second is human consci\sness4 
,n[1 fir/ ( all1 z has already be5 said 
9 ! preface to ! ,evolution ( ,man1 we  
mu/ raise a decid$ prote/ aga9/ ! air ( 
infallibility ) :i* ,du ,bois-,reymond  
pron\nces t ^! two problems are         
insoluble1 n only at ! pres5t "t b to   
all futurity4 ,! p[] ( developm5t inh]5t
 9 sci5ce & k is h]eby simply swept away
 ) a ^w4 ,almo/ e great & difficult     
problem ( k seems to mo/ or all         
contempor>y ?9k]s insoluble1 & e pa? to 
! solution ( x seems clos$1 till at la/ 
! bold g5ius appe>s ^: cle> sight       
detects ! "r pa? :i* till !n 0 hidd51 & 
:i* leads to ! requir$ k4 ,we ne$ only  
call to m9d our pres5t doctr9e (        
evolution4 ,! problem ( creation--! "q z
 to ! orig9 ( animal & vegetable        
species--0 univ]sally look$ ^u z        
transc5d5tal & p]fectly insoluble1 till 
! g5ius ( ,lam>ck e/abli%$ ! pr9ciples (

 ! !ory ( desc5t 9 8 admirable          
,philosophie ,zoologique 9 #ahji4 ,nay1 
ev5 !n mo/--& among !m ! mo/            
di/+ui%$--biologi/s ?\ght ! problem (   
creation a q insoluble my/]y1 & ,d>w9 0 
! fir/ to solve x1 fifty ye>s lat]1 by 8
 !ory ( selection 9 #ahei4 ,h5ce we     
v5ture to ass]t t !re is no sci5tific   
problem ( :i* we may d>e to say t ! m9d 
( man w nev] solve x ev5 9 ! remote/    
future4 ,well does ,d>w9 say1 9 !       
introduction to 8 ,desc5t ( ,man1       
,ignorance m frequ5tly begets confid5ce 
?an does k3 x is ^? :o "k little & n ^? 
:o "k mu* :o s positively ass]t t ?is or
 t problem w nev] be solv$ by sci5ce4 ,z
 f> z conc]ns ! two sep>ate limits :i*  
,du ,bois-,reymond fixes = human k1 9 my
 op9ion !y are und\bt$ly id5tical4 ,!   
problem ( ! orig9 & nature (            
consci\sness is only a special case ( ! 
g5]al problem ( ! connection ( matt] &  
=ce4 ,du ,bois-,reymond himself         
indicates t ?is is possible at ! close (
 8 pap]2 = he says1 ,f9ally1 ! "q arises

 :e!r ! two limitations to our natural k
 may n p]haps be id5tical2 t is to say1 
:e!r if we c\ld conceive ( ! true ess5ce
 ( matt] & =ce1 we %\ld n also und]/& h[
 ! sub/ance :i* lies at _! root c1 "u   
c]ta9 giv5 conditions1 feel1 desire1 &  
?9k4 ,?is conception is1 no d\bt1 !     
simple/1 & accord+ to admitt$ pr9ciples 
( inquiry x is to be pref]r$ to t o!r   
:i* x confutes1 & accord+ to :i*1 z has 
be5 said1 ! _w appe>s d\bly             
incompreh5sible4 ,b x is 9 ! v nature ( 
?+s t we _c on ?is po9t come to any cle>
 conclusion1 & all fur!r words on !     
subject are idle--& s1 ',ignorabimus4'  
,! light way 9 :i* ,du ,bois-,reymond "h
 passes ov] ! mo/ important "p ( 8      
subject is truly surpris+2 z if x 7     
ultimately indiff]5t :e!r we h be=e u "o
 s+le insoluble fundam5tal problem or   
two q diff]5t ones2 & z if mature       
reflection did n lead to ! conviction t1
 9 fact1 ! second problem is only a     
special case ( ! fir/ g5]al problem4 ,i1
 = my "p1 _c conceive ( !m 9 any o!r    

relation2 ,i ?9k1 too1 t all fur!r words
 are by no means sup]flu\s1 b on !      
contr>y conduce to a v /rong conviction 
( ! unity ( ! problem4 ,t ,du           
,bois-,reymond also has n come to any   
cle> conclusion on ?is po9t lies1 n     
alone 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 b1 z 9 ,vir*['s 
case1 9 ! nature ( ! inve/igator        
himself2 9 8 lack ( k ( ! hi/ory (      
evolution1 & 9 8 neglect ( ^? comp>ative
 & g5etic me?ods ( /udy1 )\t :i*1 9 my  
op9ion1 n ev5 an approximate solution ( 
?is highe/ & mo/ difficult "q is to be  
look$ =4  ,no?+ appe>s to me to be ( m  
importance = ! me*anical explanation (  
consci\sness ?an ! comp>ative           
consid]ation ( its developm5t4 ,we "k t 
a new-born *ild has no consci\sness1 b t
 x is sl[ly & gradually acquir$ &       
develop$4 ,we p]ceive = ourselves h[    
unconsci\s actions become consci\s1 &   
vice v]sa4 ,innum]able actions :i* at   
fir/ are tr\blesome & h to be le>nt )   
consci\sness & reflection--z = in/ance  
walk+1 swimm+1 s++1 & s =?--become      

unconsci\s only by repetition1 practice1
 & ! habit ( us+ ! organs4 ,on !        
contr>y1 unconsci\s actions become      
consci\s z soon z we direct our att5tion
 to !m or our self-obs]vation is        
attract$ to !m2 z = in/ance :5 we miss a
 /ep 9 go+ up /airs or t\* a wrong note 
on ! piano2 & beyond a d\bt1 consci\s & 
unconsci\s actions pass into ea* o!r )\t
 any di/9ct l9e ( dem>cation4 ,f9ally1  
we see no less pla9ly by a comp>ative   
consid]ation ( ! s\l-life ( animals1 t  
_! consci\sness is sl[ly1 gradually1 &  
s]ially develop$1 & t a long unbrok5    
s]ies ( /eps leads f unconsci\s to      
consci\s exi/5ce4 ,f ^! comp>ative &    
g5etic exp]i5ces we may draw !          
conclusion t consci\sness1 l s5sation & 
volition1 l all ! o!r s\l-activities1 is
 a function ( ! organism1 a me*anical   
activity ( ! cells2 &1 z su*1 is        
ref]able to *emical & physical          
processes4 ,h5ce1 if we 7 9 a position  
to und]/& =ce z a necess>y function (   
matt]1 we c\ld expla9 consci\sness1 z   

well z ! s\l 9 g5]al1 z a necess>y      
function ( c]ta9 cells4  ,h[ little ,du 
,bois-,reymond is acqua9t$ ) ! facts (  
comp>ative & g5etic psy*ology1 no?+ %[s 
m /rik+ly ?an ! foll[+ a/\nd+           
proposition 9 !                         
,ignorabimus-spee*3--,:]e ! mat]ial     
conditions = psy*ical activity1 9 ! =m (
 a n]v\s sy/em1 are want+1 z 9 plants1 !
 naturali/ _c recognise a s\l-life1 &1  
on ?is po9t1 he b seldom meets )        
contradiction4 ,begg+ y\r p>don6 ,e     
naturali/ :o is famili> ) ! comp>ative  
morphology & physiology ( ! l[] animals 
w "h put 9 a decid$ contradiction1 = he 
c no m refuse to admit ! und\bt$        
s5sation & volunt>y motion ( ! "o-cell$ 
,infusoria ?an ( ! _m-cell$ hydroid     
polyps4 ,! body ( ! true ,infusoria     
7,ciliata1 ,ac9eta1 c471 & _m o!r       
,proti/a1 rema9 ?r\gh\t life "o s+le    
cell1 &1 nev]!less1 ?is cell is z fully 
furni%$ ) all ! mo/ important attributes
 ( ! s\l1 ) s5sation & volition1 z any  
"o ( ! high] animals ) a n]v\s sy/em4 ,!

 same obta9s ( ! ,hydra & ! relat$      
hydroid polyps1 9 :i* ! neuro-muscul>   
cells1 or o!r di/ribut$ cells ( ! out]  
g]m-lay]1 fulfil ! s\l-functions4 ,b z  
^! cells1 besides ?is1 ex]cise motor &  
o!r functions z well1 we _c z yet       
designate !m z n]ve-cells1 at any rate  
!re c be no idea ( a special            
n]v\s-sy/em4 ,! *>act]i/ic s\l-organs ( 
! high] animals1 :i* we include "u !    
conception ( a n]v\s-sy/em1 9 fact      
orig9at$ by ! division ( lab\r ( ! cells
 out ( ^? neutral cell-gr\ps 9 _!       
l[]-typ$ ance/ors4  ,9 ! great ,s\l-"q  
,du ,bois-,reymond1 l ,vir*[1 /ill keeps
 8 position on ! /&po9t (               
neural-psy*ology1 accord+ to :i* no     
p]sonal s\l-life is conceivable )\t a   
n]v\s sy/em4 ,we look ^u ?is /&po9t z   
left f> beh9d1 & set up 9 opposition to 
x ,cellul>-psy*ology1 ! doctr9e t e     
animal cell has a s\l2 t is to say1 t   
its protoplasm is end[$ ) s5sation &    
motion4 ,9 ! "o-cell$ ,infusoria1 :i*   
are s highly s5sitive & h su* an        

en]getic w1 ?is conception w be cle> )\t
 any f>!r explanation4 ,b we _c refuse  
to all[ t plant-cells z well z          
animal-cells h psy*ic functions1 s9ce we
 "k t ! ph5om5a ( irritability1 & (     
automatic motion1 are ! univ]sal        
attributes ( all protoplasm4 ,no d\bt ! 
specific me*anism1 ! cause ( motion1 9 !
 irritable ,mimosa & o!r s5sitive       
plants1 is q diff]5t f ! muscul> motions
 ( animals2 b ^!1 l ^?1 are only        
specifically diff]5t =ms ( developm5t ( 
! cell-s\l1 & bo? proce$ f ! me*anical  
en]gy ( ! protoplasm4 ,! s5sibility ( ! 
irritable protoplasm is ! same 9 !      
vegetable-cell ( ! ,mimosa z 9 !        
animal-cell ( ! ,hydra4 ,h[ f> ,du      
,bois-,reymond is f disc]n+ ?is1 & h[   
deeply he is /ill entangl$ 9            
neuro-psy*ological views is %[n mo/     
cle>ly 9 ! a/oni%+ s5t5ce :i* he has    
?\ght good to app5d to 8 above-quot$1   
errone\s ass]tion4 ,& :at c\ld we reply 
to ! naturali/ if1 be=e he c\ld agree to
 ! assumption ( a ,_w-s\l he requir$ t  

we %\ld %[ him--b$d$ 9 neuroglia &      
n\ri%$ by w>m art]ial blood--any:]e 9 ! 
_w a convolution ( ganglionic c5tres    
co-ext5sive ) ! psy*ic capacity ( su* a 
,s\l 767  ,9 o!r respects we w n d5y t  
,du ,bois-,reymond /&s f> ne>] to our   
rec5t evolution-!ory ?an ,vir*[2 nay1 t 
f ye> to ye> he has always pron\nc$ m & 
m emphatically 9 fav\r ( ! !ory ( desc5t
 z ! "o possible explanation (          
morphological ph5om5a2 inde$1 ,du       
,bois-,reymond has lately c\nt$ himself 
z "o ( ^? naturali/s :o 7 conv9c$ ( !   
tru? ( evolution ev5 be=e ,d>w96 ,!n x  
is only to be wond]$ :y s acute & gift$ 
an inquir]1 :o is c]ta9ly n lack+ 9     
sci5tific ambition1 left x to ,*>les    
,d>w9 to place ! egg ( ,columbus on ! r+
 & to po9t out to biological sci5ce a   
new me?od ( unlimit$ capacity by giv+ ! 
!ory ( desc5t a def9ite & reliable      
basis6  ,x is cle> f "s rem>ks 9 8      
disc\rse be>+ ! title ,d>w9 v]sus       
,galiani 7#ahgf71 t ,du ,bois-,reymond  
is /ill f> f und]/&+ ! full significance

 ( transmutation z af=d+ a me*anical    
explanation ( morphological problems4 ,9
 ?is pap] ! ,hi/ory ( ,creation is      
treat$ simply z a romance1 & !          
g5ealogies ( phylog5esis are 9 8 eyes ( 
ab\t z mu* value z ! p$igrees ( !       
,hom]ic h]oes are 9 ! eyes ( hi/orical  
critics4 ,geologi/s may be extremely    
grateful = ?is e/imate ( _! sci5ce1 =   
und\bt$ly geology1 z a /ructure (       
hypo!ses1 is nei!r m nor less ju/ifiable
 ?an phylog5esis1 z ,i h already po9t$  
out 9 my ,muni* address3 ,our           
phylog5etic hypo!ses may claim to h     
equal value ) ! univ]sally-admitt$      
hypo!ses ( geology2 ! only diff]5ce is  
?is1 t ! mighty /ructure ( hypo!ses     
call$ geology is incomp>ably m complete1
 simpl]1 & easi] to grasp ?an t m y\?ful
 "o call$ phylog5esis4 ,b z to !        
mu*-talk$-( g5ealogies1 ?\gh !y are no?+
 m ?an ! simple/1 b>e/1 & mo/ sup]ficial
 expression ( ! hypo!ses ( phylog5esis1 
z provisional hypo!ses !y are j z       
indisp5sable to specific phylog5esis z !

 !oretical section-tables ( ! /rata ( ! 
e>?'s cru/ are to geology4  ,if ,du     
,bois-,reymond is s conv9c$ ( ! tru? (  
transmutation z he has lately giv5      
himself out to be1 :y does n he make at 
lea/ "o e>ne/ attempt to te/ ! int]pret+
 p[] ( ! !ory ( desc5t 9 physiology--8  
own mo/ special prov9ce ( inquiry8 ,:y  
does he n lab\r at t hi!rto q           
unwork$-out bran*1 physiog5esis1 at !   
hi/ory ( ! evolution ( functions1 at !  
ontog5esis & phylog5esis ( vital        
processes8 ,! "o idea :i* has lately be5
 (t5 spok5 ( z an important discov]y (  
,du ,bois-,reymond's--! idea :i* _h     
already be5 anticipat$ by ,leibnitz1 t !
 innate ideas1--intuitions a priori--h  
orig9at$ by transmission f primordial   
exp]i5ce1 i4e41 empirical1 a po/]iori   
convictions1 0 di/9ctly enunciat$ by me 
long be=e ,du ,bois-,reymond 7z he omits
 to m5tion71 9 #ahff1 9 my ,g5]al       
,morphology 7vol4 ii4 p4 #ddf71 & 9     
#ahfh 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,creation 7vol4 i4  
p4 #ca1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cdd74 ,if ,du      

,bois-,reymond _h practically busi$     
himself ) ^! problems he w\ld c]ta9ly h 
?\ght a little ab\t ! developm5t (      
consci\sness1 & n h set d[n z an        
et]nally insoluble problem1 ,h[ is x    
possible t matt] c ?9k8--a =m ( words1  
be x obs]v$1 :i* has ab\t z mu* s5se z  
h[ matt] runs1 or h[ matt] /rikes !     
h\rs4 ,surely he w\ld h gu>d$ himself 9 
t case f utt]+ ! pond]\s ,ignorabimus4  
,! "q has be5 repeat$ly ask$ :y two su* 
prom95t ,b]l9 biologi/s z ,vir*[ & ,du  
,bois-,reymond avail$ !mselves ( !      
p>ticul>ly solemn occasions ( ! fiftie? 
anniv]s>y & ( ! fiftie? meet+ ( ! ,g]man
 naturali/s & physicians to lay lance 9 
re/ aga9/ ! progress & fre$om ( sci5ce4 
,! eag] approbation :i* !y bo? promptly 
met ) f ! p>ty ( ! cl]gy & ( all o!r    
enemies ( free ?\ght--,vir*[1 inde$1 9  
mu* great] measure ?an ,du              
,bois-,reymond--appe>s to ju/ify ?is    
inquiry4 ,i believe ,i c contribute     
some?+ t[>ds answ]+ x1 & z ,i am n      
fett]$ by any rev]5ce = ! ,b]l9 tribunal

 ( sci5ce or by any anxiety z to vex+   
influ5tial ,b]l9 connections1 z mo/ ( my
 colleagues are :o ?9k z ,i d1 ,i d n   
hesitate1 "h z else:]e1 to express my   
hone/ conviction 9 ! free/ & franke/    
mann]1 n tr\bl+ myself ab\t ! wra? :i*  
may be r\s$ 9 _m actual--& n            
actual--(ficials 9 ,b]l9 at ?is         
exposition ( ! unv>ni%$ tru?4  ,! prim>y
 cause ( _! misund]/&+1 & ! be/ excuse t
 c be (f]$ = x1 9 ,vir*[ & ,du          
,bois-,reymond alike1 lies 9 _!         
unacqua9tance ) ! advance ( mod]n       
morphology4 ,z has be5 repeat$ly /at$1  
no natural sci5ce is s directly to be   
ref]r$ to ! doctr9e ( evolution--& m    
p>ticul>ly to ! !ory ( desc5t--z        
morphology4 ,x is because we            
morphologi/s c nei!r expla9 nor         
compreh5d all ! manifold & inf9itely    
complex =m-ph5om5a ( ! animal & plant   
worlds )\t ?is !ory1 because to u       
transmutation conta9s ! only possible1  
rational explanation ( organic types1 t 
we all reg>d x z ! indisp5sable basis ( 

! sci5tific doctr9e ( =m1 & z dem&+ no  
fur!r pro(s ( its c]ta9ty ?an ^? :i* n[ 
lie 9 abundance be=e u4  ,du            
,bois-,reymond1 & /ill m ,vir*[1 ignore 
^! pro(s1 because !y are to a great     
ext5t ignorant alike ( ! inquiries &    
results1 ( ! me?ods & ! aims ( our mod]n
 morphology1 & ?is ignorance may be     
acc\nt$ = p>tly by ! "o-sid$ direction  
:i* _! biological /udies h tak51 p>tly  
by ! fact t !re are few univ]sities :]e 
! /udy ( morphology is s beh9dh& z at ! 
,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,fully tw5ty ye>s h 
n[ elaps$ s9ce ! great ,johannes ,muell]
 di$1 ! la/ naturali/ :o c\ld comm& all 
! dep>tm5ts ( biology4 ,! ?ree great    
prov9ces ( sci5ce :i* _h be5 reunit$    
into a triune k+dom "u 8 p[]ful sceptre1
 7 !n divid$ among ?ree pr(essors'      
*airs3 ,du ,bois-,reymond took t (      
physiology1 ,vir*[1 !oretical pa?ology  
7pa?ological anatomy & physiology71 & ! 
?ird1 & mo/ important *air1 t (         
morphology 7human & comp>ative anatomy1 
includ+ ! hi/ory ( evolution7 fell to   

,boguslaus ,rei*]t4 ,?is *oice 01 z is  
n[ univ]sally admitt$1 an               
incompreh5sible mi/ake4 ,in/ead ( call+ 
,c>l ,geg5baur1 or ,max ,s*ultze1 or "s 
"o else ( y\?ful capacity & vig\r to !  
*air ( morphology--a sci5ce :i* is !    
fir/ f\ndation ( zoology z well z (     
m$ic9e--9 ,rei*]t !y select$ an eld]ly  
s*ool anatomi/ cramp$ by /rong          
old-fa%ion$ notions1 :o _h done "s good 
& useful speciali/ "w1 b ^: g5]al views 
_h develop$ all awry1 & :o = ! unexampl$
 obscurity ( 8 conceptions & ! confusion
 ( 8 ideas1 0 outdone by none save only 
,adolf ,ba/ian4 ,= tw5ty ye>s ?is man   
has repres5t$ animal morphology 9 !     
second univ]sity ( ,g]many1 & 9 ^! tw5ty
 ye>s h>dly any "w wor? m5tion+ has be5 
done !re 9 ! :ole ( ?is va/             
dep>tm5t--nei!r by ! ma/] nor by 8      
pupils4 ,we h only to comp>e ! _m       
wor?less anatomical productions ( ,b]l9 
dur+ ^! two decades 7= in/ance1 ! rec5t 
confus$ "w by ,frits* on ! bra9 ( fi%es7
 ) ! ri* m9e ( invaluable "w produc$    

dur+ ! prec$+ tw5ty ye>s by ,johannes   
,muell] & 8 cr[d ( disciples4  ,b1 z if 
?is 7 n en\gh1 ,rei*]t took advantage ( 
8 influ5tial position to h9d] z f> z    
possible all sci5tific /udy (           
morphology4 ,= example1 he1 ) !         
co-op]ation ( 8 colleagues1 c>ri$ ?r\gh 
t pret5d$ re=m ( m$ical exam9ation :i*  
puts ! s-call$ ,t5tam5 physicum 9 !     
place ( ! philosophicum2 philosophy 0   
entirely elim9at$4 ,zoology & botany1   
:i* = c5turies h be5 v ju/ly reg>d$ z ! 
indisp5sable f\ndation ( all in/ruction 
9 natural sci5ce = ! "y m$ical /ud5t1   
disappe>$ f ! curriculum4 ,only1 z if 9 
scorn ( ^! sci5ces1 9 ea* exam9ation a  
small place 0 res]v$ = comp>ative       
anatomy--= t mo/ difficult &            
philosophical "p ( animal morphology :i*
 _c be at all und]/ood )\t "s previ\s k 
( ! o!r bran*es ( zoology4 ,& yet       
comp>ative anatomy & ! hi/ory (         
developm5t are ! indisp5sable prelim9>y 
/eps to a true sci5tific compreh5sion ( 
human anatomy1 t mo/ ess5tial f\ndation 

( all m$ical k4 ,)\t ! vivify+ idea (   
developm5t1 m]e anatomical k is an empty
 & lifeless cramm+ ( ! memory4  ,9 !    
place ( morphology1 ?us degrad$ f its   
(fice1 a detail$ /udy ( physiology 0    
introduc$1 b always 9 a "o-sid$         
direction4 ,n[ ^! two great bran*es (   
biology1 :i* are equally important & h  
an equal claim on our att5tion1 are s   
dep5d5t ! "o on ! o!r1 t a real         
sci5tific und]/&+ ( organic life c nev] 
be obta9$ )\t due relative /udy ( bo?4  
,! ma/]ly & incomp>able tea*+ (         
,johannes ,muell] ow$ a great "p ( its  
captivat+ *>m to 8 equitable reg>d =    
morphology & physiology1 z well z to 8  
compreh5sive treatm5t1 f ! broade/ po9t 
( view1 ( ! enorm\s mass ( details to be
 dealt )4 ,i !re=e h n ! smalle/ d\bt t 
! morphological tra9+ ( m$ical /ud5ts1 z
 at pres5t conduct$ at ,b]l9 "u !       
influ5ce ( ,rei*]t & 8 colleagues1 is z 
f> beh9d t ( ,muell]'s day1 tw5ty or    
?irty ye>s ago1 9 all g5]al compreh5sion
 ( ! typical organism1 z x is 9 advance 

( x 9 speciali/ acquirem5ts4  ,9 m$ical1
 z 9 all o!r sci5tific le>n+1 ! highe/  
aim does n consi/ 9 seek+ to accumulate 
a va/ *aotic mass ( isolat$ items ( k1 b
 9 a g5]al compreh5sion ( ! sci5ce1 its 
aims & problems4 ,! tea*] %\ld1 above   
ev]y?+1 guide ! pupil to ?is g5]al k1 & 
!n x w be easy to him1 by ! aid ( prop] 
me?ods1 to acquire ma/]y 9 ea*          
individual & special bran*4 ,?us 9      
m$ic9e1 z 9 e o!r sci5ce1 he is n ! be/ 
qualifi$ :o1 on ,ba/ian's me?od1 has    
load$ 8 memory ) a confus$ mass (       
undige/$ facts1 & has flung !m all      
toge!r into 8 bra9 )\t any ord]2 b1 on !
 contr>y1 he :o has practically dige/$ a
 consid]able numb] ( ! mo/ important    
facts1 & has critically co-ord9at$ !m to
 a h>moni\s :ole4 ,x is precisely "u ?is
 aspect t transmutation is ( su*        
ine/imable value to morphology2 x       
enables u to rise f ! b>e empirical k ( 
numb]less isolat$ facts to a            
philosophical conception ( _! effici5t  
causes4  ,! av]sion & contempt :i* !    

!ories ( desc5t & selection h met ) at  
,b]l91 m ?an 9 any o!r place1 is 9 great
 measure to be expla9$ by ! circum/ance 
t1 dur+ ! la/ two decades1 morphological
 /udies h be5 m neglect$ 9 t univ]sity  
?an any o!rs4 ,9 no o!r city ( ,g]many  
has evolution 9 g5]al1 z well z ,d>w9ism
 9 p>ticul>1 be5 s little valu$1 s      
utt]ly misund]/ood1 & treat$ ) su*      
sov]eign disda9 z 9 ,b]l94 ,nay1 ,adolf 
,ba/ian1 ! mo/ zeal\s ( all ! ,b]l9     
oppon5ts ( our doctr9es1 has insi/$ on  
^! facts ) peculi> satisfaction4 ,( all 
! conspicu\s naturali/s ( ,b]l9 only "o 
accept$ ! doctr9e ( transmutation f !   
beg9n+ ) s9c]e w>m? & full conviction1  
be+1 inde$1 p]suad$ ( its tru? ev5 be=e 
,d>w9 himself4 ,?is 0 ! gift$ botani/   
,alex&] ,braun1 :o is lately dead--a    
morphologi/ :o 0 equally di/+ui%$ by !  
ext5t ( 8 compreh5sive k ( details1 z by
 8 philosophical ma/]y ov] !m4 ,8 firm  
conviction ( ! tru? ( ! !ory ( desc5t is
 all ! m rem>kable because he 0 at !    
same "t a spotless "*1 a pi\s ,*ri/ian 9

 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w1 & an extremely      
cons]vative politician2 a /rik+ example 
t ^! convictions c dwell side by side ) 
! pr9ciples ( ! rec5t doctr9es (        
evolution 9 "o & ! same p]son4 ,b 9     
comp>ison ) ! p[]ful influ5ce ( ! re/ ( 
! ,b]l9 naturali/s :o1 = ! mo/ "p1 are  
decid$ oppon5ts ( transmutation1 & :o h 
only lately--a few ( !m1 to foll[ !     
fa%ion--become conv]ts to x1 a man l    
,alex&] ,braun c\ld h no effect 9       
procur+ t x %\ld be taught4  ,h[ev]1 ?is
 is n ! fir/ "t t ?is v ,b]l9 society ( 
le>n$ m5 has set itself ) rem>kable     
firmness aga9/ ! mo/ important advances 
( sci5ce4 ,vir*['s =m] colleague1 !     
deceas$ ,/ahl1 ) a simil> purpose & )   
great success1 prea*$ ?is pr9ciple3     
,sci5ce mu/ turn back aga94 ,j z at !   
pres5t day ! ,b]l9 biologi/s h oppos$ ! 
mo/ ob/9ate & p]t9aci\s resi/ance to !  
greate/ sci5tific /ride ( ?is c5tury1 s 
did x happ5 9 =m] times ) reg>d to o!r  
doctr9es ( progress4 ,we h only to      
recall ,casp> ,fri$ri* ,wolff1 ! great  

inquir]1 :o 9 #agei fir/ detect$ !      
nature ( ! individual processes (       
developm5t 9 ! animal ovum1 & f\nd$ on x
 8 obs]vations 9 8 ,!oria ,g5]ationes1  
:i* m>k$ an epo* 9 biological sci5ce4 ,!
 ,b]l9 savants1 full ( ! prevail+       
prejudices1 s contriv$ at t "t t ,wolff 
nev] once c\ld obta9 ! p]mission :i* he 
crav$1 to lecture publicly1 & 9         
consequ5ce f\nd himself compell$ to     
retire to ,/4 ,pet]sburg = ! sake (     
peace4 ,& yet 9 t in/ance !re 0 no "q ( 
a !ory prop]ly s-call$4 ,= ! fundam5tal 
!ory ( g5]ation--! !ory ( epig5esis--z  
prop\nd$ by ,wolff 0 no?+ m ?an a       
simple1 g5]al exposition ( embryological
 facts :i* he _h be5 ! fir/ to          
recognise1 & ( ^: tru? e "o might       
conv9ce himself by direct obs]vation4 ,9
 spite ( ?is1 = ano!r half c5tury1 !    
pr$om9ant error ( ! ,pre=mation-!ory    
cont9u$ to be univ]sally accept$--!     
ludicr\s & nons5sical doctr9e1 support$ 
by ! au?ority ( ,hall]1 t all !         
successive g5]ations ( animals exi/     

preconceiv$ & enclos$ "o )9 ! o!r1 & t  
no individual developm5t ev] takes      
place6 ,nulla e/ epig5esis6 7,comp>e my 
,evolution ( ,man1 vol4 i4 p4 #ca47  ,b 
x w\ld appe> t x is ! fate ( t mo/      
int]e/+ ( all sci5ces1 ! hi/ory (       
evolution1 to f9d its mo/ important /eps
 & its greate/ discov]ies met by !      
firme/ & mo/ p]si/5t opposition4 ,= :ile
 ,wolff's fundam5tal !ory ( epig5esis1  
:i* 0 promulgat$ 9 #agei1 0 n recognis$ 
until #ahab1 ,lam>ck's !ory ( desc5t1   
f\nd$ 9 #ahji1 _h to wait fully fifty   
ye>s be=e ,d>w91 9 #ahei1 %[$ x to be ! 
greate/ acquisition ( mod]n sci5ce2 &   
dur+ t p]iod1 9 spite ( all ! progress  
made 9 empirical sci5ce1 h[ p]si/5tly   
?is mo/ compreh5sive ( all biological   
!ories 0 combat$4 ,we ne$ only recollect
 h[1 9 #ahcj1 ! celebrat$ ,george ,cuvi]
 sil5c$ its mo/ eloqu5t support]1       
,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 9 ! mid/ ( !     
,p>is ,academy1 & h[ almo/ at ! same "t 
its f\nd]1 ! great ,lam>ck1 end$ 8 life 
9 bl9dness1 mis]y & want1 :ile 8 oppon5t

 ,cuvi] 0 enjoy+ ! highe/ hon\rs & !    
greate/ spl5d\r4 ,& yet we "k n[ t !    
despis$ & contemn$ ,lam>ck & ,ge(froy _h
 already grasp$ tru?s ( ! highe/        
significance1 :ile ,cuvi]'s mu*-admir$ &
 univ]sally-accept$ !ory ( creation is  
n[ on all h&s neglect$ z an absurd &    
unt5able delusion4 ,b z nei!r ,hall] z  
aga9/ ,wolff1 nor ,cuvi] z aga9/        
,lam>ck1 c\ld p]man5tly h9d] ! progress 
( free inquiry1 nei!r w ,vir*[ succe$ 9 
turn+ back ! c\rse ( ,d>w9's admirable  
a*ievem5t2 no1 n ev5 :5 he is support$  
by ! disc\rses ( 8 fri5d ,ba/ian4  ,:ile
 we _c b e>ne/ly lam5t ,vir*['s inimical
 attitude 9 ?is great /ruggle = tru?1 we
 mu/ n ov]look ! effects ( 8 well-f\nd$ 
au?ority 9 a yet wid] sph]e4 ,= in/ance1
 ! ho/ile attitude :i* ! great] "p ( !  
,b]l9 press p]si/5tly ma9ta9s t[>ds !   
doctr9e ( developm5t 7p>ticul>ly !      
,lib]al ,national-,zeitung7 is to be    
ref]r$ to ! influ5ce ( 8 au?ority4 ,b   
mu* z ?is reaction>y ve91 9 ?is & 9 o!r 
intellig5t circles at ,b]l91 mu/ be     

regrett$ on ! "o h&1 on ! o!r we mu/    
obs]ve t by ?is evil we h be5 pres]v$ f 
a f> great] "o4 ,?is great] evil--!     
greate/1 9 fact1 :i* ,g]man sci5ce c\ld 
h to enc\nt]--w\ld be ! monopoly ( k at 
,b]l92 a ,c5tralisation ( ,sci5ce4 ,!   
injuri\s fruits ( ?is sy/em (           
c5tralisation 9 ,france1 = in/ance1 !   
cont9ual det]ioration ( ,fr5* sci5ce    
?r\gh ! ,p>isian ,monopoly ( ,k1 & its  
/eady decl9e dur+ half a c5tury f !     
sublime/ heights--^! are all well kn[n4 
,f su* a c5tralisation ( ,g]man         
sci5ce--:i* w\ld be especially dang]\s  
if x occurr$ 9 ! capital1 ,b]l9--we may 
hope to be pres]v$2 9 ! fir/ place by ! 
manifold diff]5ces & ! _m-sid$          
individuality ( ! ,g]man national _s1 ! 
mu*-abus$ ,g]man prov9cialism           
7,p>ticul>ismus74 ,:ile ^! prov9cial    
modes ( ?\ght c nev] h any p]man5t      
political value1 nor be productive ( a  
desirable =m ( gov]nm5t1 x is beyond a  
d\bt t _! outcome has be5 fruitful &    
happy = ,g]man sci5ce4 ,= x owes its    

spl5did pre-em95ce ov] t ( o!r c\ntries 
precisely to ! _m c5tres ( culture :i* 7
 (f]$ by ^? num]\s petty capitals ( !   
m9or ,g]man ,/ates :i* /rove to outdo   
ea* o!r 9 eag] emulation4 ,x is to be   
hop$ t ?is happy dec5tralisation (      
sci5ce 9 our politically unit$ fa!rl&   
may cont9ue to subsi/6  ,& next to ?is  
c5trifugal t5d5cy ( our ,g]man national 
m9d no?+ w s greatly contribute to x z a
 vigor\s opposition to ! free advance ( 
sci5ce1 su* z is j n[ decl>+ itself 9 ! 
metropolis4 ,= by j s mu* z ,b]l9 is    
dragg$ back by x 9 ! mighty onw>d /ream 
( free intellectual movem5t1 by s mu* w 
x see itself out/ripp$ by ! o!r seats ( 
culture 9 ,g]many1 :i* foll[ ! /ream )  
en?usiasm1 or at lea/ )\t resi/ance4 ,if
 ,emil du ,bois-,reymond raises ! cry ( 
,ignorabimus1 & ,rudolf ,vir*[ 8 /ill m 
audaci\s "o ( ,re/r+amur1 z ! wat*words 
( sci5ce1 !n1 f ,j5a1 let ! %\t be rais$
 & e*o$ f a hundr$ o!r                  
univ]sities--,impavidi progr$iamur6     
,,! ,,end4          99       99       99

       99       99   ,,works ,,(        
,,pr(essor ,,ern/ ,,haeckel4  ,,fre$om  
,,9 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,tea*+4 ,f ! ,g]man ( 
,,ern/ ,,haeckel4 ,) a ,prefatory ,note 
by ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley1 ,f4,r4,s4 #a vol41  
#abmo4  ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,man4 ,a   
,popul> ,exposition ( ! ,pr9cipal ,po9ts
 ( ,human ,ontog5y & ,phylog5y4 ,f !    
,g]man ( ,,ern/ ,,haeckel1 ,pr(essor 9 !
 ,univ]sity ( ,j5a1 au?or ( ,! ,hi/ory (
 ,creation1 etc4 ,) num]\s              
,illu/rations4 ,9 two vols41 #abmo4     
,clo?4 ,price1 #e4jj4  ,f ! ,london     
,saturday ,review4    ,9 ?is excell5t   
translation ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel's   "w1
 ! ,engli% read] has access to ! late/  
doctr9es ( ! ,cont95tal s*ool (         
evolution1 9 its   application to !     
hi/ory ( man4 ,x is 9 ,g]many1   beyond 
any o!r ,european c\ntry1 t ! impulse   
giv5   by ,d>w9 tw5ty ye>s ago to ! !ory
 ( evolution has   influ5c$ ! :ole t5or 
( philosophical op9ion4 ,!re   may be1 &
 are1 diff]5ces 9 ! degree to :i* !     
doctr9e may be held capable ( ext5sion  

into ! doma9   ( m9d & morals2 b !re is 
no d5y+1 9 sci5tific   circles at lea/1 
t z reg>ds ! physical hi/ory (   organic
 nature mu* has be5 done t[>d mak+ good 
a   cont9u\s s*eme ( be+4   ,,! ,,hi/ory
 ,,( ,,creation2 or1 ! ,developm5t ( !  
,e>? & its ,inhabitants by ! ,action (  
,natural ,causes4 ,a ,popul> ,exposition
 ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,evolution 9 g5]al1 & ( 
t ( ,d>w91 ,goe!1 & ,lam>ck 9 p>ticul>4 
,f ! ,g]man ( ,,ern/ ,,haeckel1         
,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a4 ,!     
translation revis$ by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,ray
 ,lanke/]1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,fell[ (  
,exet] ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,illu/rat$ )    
,li?ographic ,plates4 ,9 #b vols41      
#abmo4 ,clo?1 #e4jj4          99        
99       99       99       99   ,,works 
,,( ,,?omas ,h4 ,,huxley1 ,,ll4 ,d41    
,f4,r4,s4   ,,man',s ,,place ,,9        
,,nature4 #a vol41 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4be4 
,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species4 #a vol41
 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4jj4  ,,m ,,criticisms 
,,on ,,d>w91 ,,& ,,adm9i/rative         
,,nihilism4 #a vol41 #abmo4 ,limp clo?1 

#ej c5ts4  ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,anatomy
 ,,( ,,v]tebrat$ ,,animals4 ,illu/rat$4 
#a vol41 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4  ,a       
,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,anatomy ,,(          
,,inv]tebrat$ ,,animals4 #b4ej4  ,,lay  
,,s]mons1 ,,addresses1 ,,& ,,reviews4 #a
 vol41 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4  ,,critiques
 ,,& ,,addresses4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4  
,,am]ican ,,addresses2 ) a ,lecture on !
 ,/udy ( ,biology4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4be4 
,,physiography3 an ,introduction to !   
,/udy ( ,nature4 ,) ,illu/rations &     
,color$ ,plates4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4   
,,elem5ts ,,( ,,physiology ,,& ,,hygi5e4
 ,by ,t4 ,h4 ,,huxley & ,w4 ,j4         
,,y\mans4 #a vol41 #abmo4 #a4ej4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,,rec5t ,,educational ,,works4          
,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,tea*+4  ,by   
,,james ,,johonnot4  #a volume1 #abmo4  
,clo?4 #cif pages4 ,price1 #a4ej4       
,,cont5ts4       ,i4 ,,:at ,,is         
,,education8      ,,ii4 ,,! ,,m5tal     
,,p[]s3 _! ,ord] ( ,developm5t1 & !     
,me?ods mo/ conducive to ,normal ,gr[?4 

,,iii4 ,,objective ,,tea*+3 its ,me?ods1
 ,aims1 & ,pr9ciples4      ,,iv4        
,,subjective ,,tea*+3 its ,aims & ,place
 9 ! ,c\rse (         ,in/ruction4      
,v4 ,,object-,,lessons3 _! ,value &     
,limitations4      ,,vi4 ,,relative     
,,value ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,/udies 9 a  
,c\rse (         ,in/ruction4     ,,vii4
 ,,pe/alozzi1 & 8 ,contributions to     
,educational ,sci5ce4    ,,viii4        
,,froebel ,,& ,,! ,,k9d]g>t54      ,,ix4
 ,,agassiz2 & ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,its        
,,relation ,,to ,,tea*+4       ,x4      
,,contra/$ ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,education4    
,,xi4 ,,physical ,,culture4     ,,xii4  
,,ae/hetic ,,culture4    ,,xiii4 ,,moral
 ,,culture4     ,,xiv4 ,a ,,c\rse ,,(   
,,/udy4      ,,xv4 ,,c\ntry ,,s*ools4   
,extract f ,preface4    ,exp]i5ce is    
beg9n+ to %[ t tea*+1 l e   o!r dep>tm5t
 ( human ?\ght & activity1 mu/   *ange )
 ! *ang+ conditions ( society1 or x w   
fall 9 ! re> ( civilization1 & become an
 ob/acle   to improvem5t4444 ,9 ?is     
volume an endeavor has be5   made to    

exam9e education f ! /&po9t ( mod]n     
?\ght1 & to contribute some?+ to !      
solution (   ! problems t are =c+       
!mselves ^u !   att5tion ( educators4   
,to ^! ends1 a concise /atem5t   ( !    
well-settl$ pr9ciples ( psy*ology has   
be5   made1 & a connect$ view ( !       
int]dep5d5ce ( !   sci5ces giv51 to s]ve
 z a guide to me?ods (   in/ruction1 &  
to det]m9e ! subject-matt] be/   adapt$ 
to ea* /age ( developm5t4 ,! sy/ems (   
sev]al ( ! great educational re=m]s h   
be5   analyz$1 ) a view to asc]ta9      
precisely :at ea* has   contribut$ to ! 
sci5ce ( tea*+1 & h[ f> _!   ideas con=m
 to psy*ological laws2 & an endeavor has
   be5 made to comb9e ! pr9ciples d]iv$ 
f bo?   exp]i5ce & philosophy into "o   
coh]5t sy/em4   ,,elem5t>y ,,lessons ,,9
 ,,hi/orical ,,engli% ,,gramm>1 conta9+ 
,accid5ce & ,^w-,=mation4 ,by ! ,rev4   
,,ri*>d ,,morris1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,presid5t (
 ! ,philological ,society1 ,london4     
#ahmo4 ,clo?1 #bed pages4 ,price1 #a4jj4
  ,,words1 & h[ to put !m toge!r4 ,by   

,,h>lan ,h4 ,,ball>d1 ,pr9cipal ( ,l5ox 
,high-,s*ool1 ,l5ox1 ,mass4 #ahmo4      
,clo?4 ,price1 #dj c5ts4  ,,g5]al       
,,hi/ory1 f ,b4 ,c4 #hjj to ,a4 ,d4     
#ahgf4 ,outl9$ 9 ,diagrams & ,tables2 ) 
,index & ,g5ealogies4 ,= ,g5]al         
,ref]5ce1 & = ,s*ools & ,colleges4 ,by  
,,samuel ,,will>d1 ,a4 ,m41 ,m4 ,d41    
,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory 9 ,*icago           
,high-,s*ool4 #hvo4 ,clo?4 ,price1      
#b4jj4  ,,h>kness',s ,,prep>atory       
,,c\rse ,,9 ,,lat9 ,,prose ,,au?ors1    
compris+ f\r books ( ,caes>'s ,gallic   
,w>1 ,sallu/'s ,catil9e1 & eight        
,orations ( ,cic]o4 ,) ,notes1          
,illu/rations1 a ,map ( ,gaul1 & a      
,special ,diction>y4 #abmo4 ,clo?4      
,price1 #a4ge4  ,,h>kness',s ,,sallu/',s
 ,,catil9e1 ) ,notes & a ,special       
,vocabul>y4 #abmo4 ,clo?4 ,price1 #a4ae4
  ,,! ,,lat9 ,,speak]4 ,easy ,dialogues1
 & o!r ,selections = ,memoriz+ &        
,declaim+ 9 ! ,lat9 ,language4 ,by      
,,frank ,,sewall1 ,a4 ,m4 #abmo4 ,clo?4 
,price1 #a4jj4          99       99     

99       99       99   ,new ,volume ( ,!
 ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies4       
,,education ,,z ,a ,,sci5ce4  ,,by      
,,alex&] ,,ba91 ,,ll4 ,d41  ,,pr(essor  
,,( ,,logic ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,(     
,,ab]de54  #a vol41 #abmo4 ,clo?1 price1
 #a4ge4  ,9 ! pres5t "w ,i h survey$ !  
,tea*+ ,art1 z f> z possible1 f a       
sci5tific po9t ( view2 :i* means1 among 
o!r ?+s1 t ! maxims ( ord9>y exp]i5ce   
are te/$ & am5d$ by br++ !m "u ! be/    
asc]ta9$ laws ( ! m9d4--,f ,preface4    
,dr4 ,ba9's r5ovat$ curriculum is       
c]ta9ly ext5sive en\gh1 ev5 if x omits  
,greek & ,lat94 ,accord+ to ?is1 high]  
education %\ld embrace--fir/1 sci5ce2   
second1 ! humanities1 includ+ hi/ory & !
 social sci5ce1 & "s portions ( !       
univ]sal lit]ature2 &1 ?ird1 ,engli%    
composition & lit]ature4--,new ,york    
,ev5+ ,express4  ,! "w %\ld become a    
text-book = tea*]s1 n to be foll[$      
s]vilely or ?\ghtlessly1 b us$ = its    
sugge/iv5ess4--,bo/on ,gazette4         
,pr(essor ,ba9 is n a novice 9 ?is      

field4 ,8 "w is admirable 9 _m respects 
= tea*]1 p>5t1 & pupil4--,philadelphia  
,nor? ,am]ican4  ,a "w ( great value to 
all tea*]s :o /udy x                    
intellig5tly4--,bo/on ,adv]tis]4  ,at   
once speculative & practical1 ent]+     
l>gely into ! philosophy ( tea*+1 &     
manfully h&l+ facts4--,philadelphia     
,press4          99       99       99   
99       99   ,,prim]s  ,,9 ,,sci5ce1   
,,hi/ory & ,,lit]ature4  #ahmo4         
,flexible clo?1 #de c5ts ea*4           
,i4--,edit$ by ,pr(essors ,,huxley1     
,,roscoe1 & ,,balf\r ,,/ew>t4  ,,sci5ce 
,,prim]s4    ,*emi/ry                   
,h4 ,e4 ,,roscoe4   ,physics            
,,balf\r ,,/ew>t4   ,physical ,geography
           ,a4 ,,geikie4   ,geology     
,a4 ,,geikie4   ,physiology             
,m4 ,,fo/]4   ,a/ronomy                 
,j4 ,n4 ,,locky]4   ,botany             
,j4 ,d4 ,,hook]4   ,logic               
,w4 ,s4 ,,jevons4   ,inv5tional         
,geometry         ,w4 ,g4 ,,sp5c]4      
,pian(orte                   ,,frankl9  

,,taylor4   ,political ,economy         
,w4 ,s4 ,,jevons4   ,,ii4--,edit$ by ,j4
 ,r4 ,,gre51 ,m4,a41 ,exam9] 9 ! ,s*ool 
( ,mod]n ,hi/ory at ,ox=d4  ,,hi/ory    
,,prim]s4    ,greece                    
,c4 ,a4 ,,fyffe4   ,rome                
,m4 ,,creighton4   ,europe              
,e4 ,a4 ,,freeman4   ,old ,greek ,life  
,j4 ,p4 ,,mahaffy4   ,roman ,antiquities
            ,a4 ,s4 ,,wilk9s4           
,geography                    ,,george  
,,grove4   ,,iii4--,edit$ by ,j4 ,r4    
,,gre51 ,m4,a4  ,,lit]ature ,,prim]s4   
,engli% ,gramm>              ,r4        
,,morris4   ,engli% ,lit]ature          
,,/op=d ,,brooke4   ,philology          
,j4 ,,peile4   ,classical ,geography    
,m4 ,f4 ,,toz]   ,%akespe>e             
,e4 ,,d[d54   ,/udies 9 ,bryant         
,j4 ,,ald54   ,greek ,lit]ature         
,r4 ,c4 ,,jebb4   ,engli% ,gramm>       
,ex]cises    ,r4 ,,morris4   ,hom]      
,w4 ,e4 ,,glad/one4   7,o!rs 9          
prep>ation47  ,! object ( ^! prim]s is  
to convey in=mation 9 su* a mann] z to  

make x bo? intelligible & int]e/+ to v  
"y pupils1 & s to discipl9e _! m9ds z to
 incl9e !m to m sy/ematic aft]-/udies4  
,!y are n only an aid to ! pupil1 b to !
 tea*]1 light5+ ! task ( ea* by an      
agreeable1 easy1 & natural me?od (      
in/ruction4 ,9 ! ,sci5ce ,s]ies "s      
simple exp]im5ts h be5 devis$1 lead+ up 
to ! *ief tru?s ( ea* sci5ce4 ,by ?is   
means ! pupil's int]e/ is excit$1 & !   
memory is impress$ s z to reta9 )\t     
difficulty ! facts br\ght "u obs]vation4
 ,! woodcuts :i* illu/rate ^! prim]s    
s]ve ! same purpose1 embelli%+ & expla9+
 ! text at ! same "t4          99       
99       99       99       99           
,,appletons' ,,s*ool ,,read]s1          
,,consi/+ ,,( ,,five ,,books4  ,,by     
,w4 ,t4 ,,h>ris1 ,,ll4 ,d41             
,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1     ,/4 ,l\is1   
,mo4      ,a4 ,j4 ,,rick(f1 ,a4 ,m41    
,sup]9t5d5t ( ,in/ruction1     ,clevel&1
 ,o4      ,,m>k ,,bailey1 ,a4 ,m41      
,in/ructor 9 ,elocution1     ,yale      
,college4                               

,,retail ,,prices4      ,,appletons'    
,,fir/ ,,read]        #j4be             
,,appletons' ,,second ,,read]           
4#dj     ,,appletons' ,,?ird ,,read]    
4#eb     ,,appletons' ,,f\r? ,,read]    
4#gj     ,,appletons' ,,fif? ,,read]    
#a4be   ,,*ief ,,m]its4  ,^! ,read]s1   
:ile avoid+ extremes & "o-sid$ t5d5cies1
 comb9e into "o h>moni\s :ole ! sev]al  
results desirable to be atta9$ 9 a s]ies
 ( s*ool read+-books4 ,^! include good  
pictorial illu/rations1 a comb9ation ( !
 ^w & phonic me?ods1 c>eful grad+1 drill
 on ! peculi> comb9ations ( lett]s t    
repres5t v[el-s\nds1 correct spell+1    
ex]cises well arrang$ = ! pupil's       
prep>ation by himself 7s t he %all le>n 
! great lessons ( self-help1            
self-dep5d5ce1 ! habit ( application71  
ex]cises t develop a practical comm& (  
correct =ms ( expression1 good lit]>y   
ta/e1 close critical p[] ( ?\ght1 &     
ability to int]pret ! entire mean+ ( !  
language ( o!rs4   ,,! ,,au?ors4  ,!    
high rank :i* ! au?ors h atta9$ 9 !     

educational field & _! long & successful
 exp]i5ce 9 practical s*ool-"w          
especially fit !m = ! prep>ation (      
text-books t w embody all ! be/ elem5ts 
( mod]n educative ideas4 ,9 ! s*ools (  
,/4 ,l\is & ,clevel&1 ov] :i* two ( !m h
 long presid$1 ! subject ( read+ has    
receiv$ m ?an usual att5tion1 & )       
results t h e/abli%$ = !m a wide        
reputation = sup]ior elocution>y        
discipl9e & accompli%m5ts4 ,feel+ ! ne$ 
( a s]ies ( read+-books h>moniz+ 9 all  
respects ) ! modes ( in/ruction gr[+ out
 ( _! long t5tative "w1 !y h c>efully   
prep>$ ^! volumes 9 ! belief t ! special
 features enum]at$ w comm5d !m to       
practical tea*]s ev]y:]e4  ,( ,pr(essor 
,bailey1 ,in/ructor ( ,elocution 9 ,yale
 ,college1 x is ne$less to speak1 = he  
is kn[n ?r\gh\t ! ,union z be+ )\t a pe]
 9 8 pr(ession4 ,8 me?ods make natural1 
n me*anical read]s4          99       99
       99       99       99   ,a ,,%ort 
,,hi/ory  ,,(  ,natural ,sci5ce & !     
,progress ( ,discov]y1  ,,f ,,! ,,"t ,,(

 ,,! ,,greeks ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,day4  
,,= ,,s*ools ,,& ,,"y ,,p]sons4  ,by    
,,arabella ,b4 ,,buckley4  ,)           
,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4     
,dur+ _m ye>s ! au?or act$ z secret>y to
 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 & 0 br\ght 9       
contact ) _m ( ! lead+ sci5tific m5 ( ! 
day1 & felt v =cibly h[ _m important    
facts & g5]alizations ( sci5ce1 :i* are 
( great value bo? 9 ! =mation ( "* & 9  
giv+ a true e/imate ( life & its        
conditions1 are totally unkn[n to !     
majority ( o!rwise well-educat$ p]sons4 
,?is "w has be5 writt5 = ?is purpose1 & 
x is n too mu* to say t x w effect its  
purpose4--,european ,mail4  ,! volume is
 attractive z a book ( anecdotes ( m5 ( 
sci5ce & _! discov]ies4 ,its rem>kable  
features are ! s\nd judgm5t ) :i* ! true
 l&m>ks ( sci5tific hi/ory are select$1 
! concis5ess ( ! in=mation convey$1 & ! 
int]e/ ) :i* ! :ole subject is nev]!less
 inve/$4 ,its /yle is /rictly adapt$ to 
its av[$ purpose ( furni%+ a text-book =
 ! use ( s*ools & "y p]sons4--,london   

,daily ,news4  ,be=e we _h read         
half-a-doz5 pages ( ?is book we laid x  
d[n ) an expression ( admiration ( !    
wond]ful p[]s ( ! writ]4 ,& our op9ion  
has increas$ 9 int5sity z we h gone on1 
till we h come to ! conclusion t x is a 
book wor?y ( be+ rank$ ) ,:ewell's      
',hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces'2 x is 
"o :i* %\ld be fir/ plac$ 9 ! h&s ( e "o
 :o proposes to become a /ud5t ( natural
 sci5ce1 & x w\ld be well if x 7 adopt$ 
z a /&>d volume 9 all our               
s*ools4--,popul> ,sci5ce ,review4  ,a   
mo/ admirable little volume4 ,x is a    
classifi$ resume ( ! *ief discov]ies 9  
physical sci5ce4 ,to ! "y /ud5t x is a  
book to op5 up new worlds ) e           
*apt]4--,graphic4  ,we h no?+ b praise =
 ?is int]e/+ book4 ,miss ,buckley has ! 
r>e faculty ( be+ able to write = "y    
p4--,london ,spectator4  ,! book w be a 
valuable aid 9 ! /udy ( ! elem5ts (     
natural sci5ce4--,j\rnal ( ,education4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,fairy-,,l& ,,( ,,sci5ce4  ,,by        

,,arabella ,b4 ,,buckley1  ,au?or ( ,a  
,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,natural ,sci5ce1 etc4  
,,) ,,num]\s ,,illu/rations4  #abmo     
,clo?1 price1 #a4ej4   ,a *ild's        
read+-book admirably adapt$ to ! purpose
 int5d$4 ,! "y read] is ref]r$ to nature
 itself r ?an to books1 & is taught to  
obs]ve & inve/igate1 & n to re/ satisfi$
 ) a collection ( dull def9itions le>n$ 
by rote & wor?less to ! possessor4 ,!   
pres5t "w w be f\nd a valuable & int]e/+
 addition to ! some:at ov]cr[d$ *ild's  
libr>y4--,bo/on ,gazette4  ,writt5 9 a  
/yle s simple & lucid z to be )9 !      
compreh5sion ( an intellig5t *ild1 & yet
 x w be f\nd ent]ta9+ to matur]         
m9ds4--,baltimore ,gazette4  ,x des]ves 
to take a p]man5t place 9 ! lit]ature ( 
y\?4--,london ,times4  ,! ease ( h]     
/yle1 ! *>m ( h] illu/rations1 & !      
cle>ness ) :i* %e expla9s :at is        
ab/ruse1 are no d\bt ! result ( mu*     
labor2 b !re is no?+ labor$ 9 h] pages1 
& ! read] mu/ be dull inde$ :o takes up 
?is volume )\t f9d+ mu* to attract      

att5tion & to /imulate inquiry4--,pall  
,mall ,gazette4  ,s int]e/+ t hav+ once 
op5$ x we d n "k h[ to leave (f         
read+4--,saturday ,review4  ,we are     
compell$ to admit t !re is inde$ a      
fairy-l& ( sci5ce4 ,?is is ! fairy-l& ^u
 :i* ,miss ,arabella ,buckley lectur$   
la/ ye>1 & ^u :i* %e has n[ produc$ a   
*ild's read+-book1 :i* is mo/ *>m+ly    
illu/rat$1 & :i* is 9 e way r5d]$       
especially int]e/+ to ! juv5ile         
read]4--,london ,a!naeum4          99   
99       99       99       99   ,,!     
,,exp]im5tal ,,sci5ce ,,s]ies4  ,9 neat 
#abmo volumes1 b\nd 9 clo?1 fully       
illu/rat$4 ,price p] volume1 #a4jj4     
,?is s]ies ( sci5tific books = boys1    
girls1 & /ud5ts ( e age1 0 design$ by   
,pr(4 ,alfr$ ,m4 ,may]1 ,ph4 ,d41 at !  
,/ev5s ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 ,hobok51 
,new ,j]sey4 ,e book is address$        
directly to ! "y /ud5t1 & he is taught  
to con/ruct 8 own app>atus out ( !      
*eape/ & mo/ common mat]ials to be f\nd4
 ,%\ld ! read] make all ! app>atus      

describ$ 9 ! fir/ book ( ?is s]ies1 he w
 sp5d only #ab4dj4   ,,n[ ,,ready3      
,i4--,,light4  ,a ,s]ies ( ,simple1     
,ent]ta9+1 & ,inexp5sive ,exp]im5ts 9 ! 
,ph5om5a ( ,light1 = ,/ud5ts ( e ,age4  
,by ,,alfr$ ,m4 ,,may] & ,,*>les        
,,b>n>d4   ,,ii4--,,s\nd3  ,a ,s]ies (  
,simple1 ,ent]ta9+1 & ,inexp5sive       
,exp]im5ts 9 ! ,ph5om5a ( ,s\nd1 = !    
,use ( ,/ud5ts ( e ,age4  ,by ,,alfr$   
,,m>%all ,,may]1  ,pr(essor ( ,physics 9
 ! ,/ev5s ,in/itute ( ,te*nology2 ,memb]
 ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces2 ( ! 
,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1       
,philadelphia2 ( ! ,am]ican ,academy (  
,arts & ,sci5ces1 ,bo/on2 ( ! ,new ,york
 ,academy ( ,sci5ces2 ( ! ,g]man        
,a/ronomical ,society2 ( ! ,am]ican     
,otological ,society2 & ,honor>y ,memb] 
( ! ,new ,york ,oph?almological         
,society4   ,,9 ,,active ,,prep>ation3  
,,iii4 ,vision & ! ,nature ( ,light4    
,,iv4 ,electricity & ,magnetism4  ,v4   
,heat4  ,,vi4 ,me*anics4  ,,vii4        
,*emi/ry4  ,,viii4 ,! ,art ( exp]im5t+ )

 ,*eap & ,simple ,in/rum5ts4          99
       99       99       99       99    
,,light3  ,a ,s]ies ( ,simple1          
,ent]ta9+1 & ,inexp5sive ,exp]im5ts 9 ! 
,ph5om5a ( ,light1 = ! ,use ( ,/ud5ts ( 
,e ,age4  ,,by ,,alfr$ ,m4 ,,may] &     
,,*>les ,,b>n>d4  ,,neat #ab,,mo        
,,volume1 ,,fully ,,illu/rat$4 ,,clo?1  
,,price1 #a4jj4  ,pr(essor ,may] has    
inv5t$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 ,light :i* 
are describ$ by ,mr4 ,b>n>d4 ,no?+ is m 
necess>y = s\nd-tea*+ ?an exp]im5ts made
 by ! pupil1 & ?is book1 by consid]+ !  
difficulty ( co/ly app>atus1 has r5d]$  
an important s]vice to tea*] & /ud5t    
alike4 ,x deals ) ! s\rces ( light1     
reflection1 refraction1 & decomposition 
( light4 ,! exp]im5ts are extremely     
simple & well suit$ to "y p4--,we/m9/]  
,review4  ,?is "w describes1 9 simple   
language1 a numb] ( exp]im5ts illu/rat+ 
! pr9cipal prop]ties ( light1 by means (
 a beam ( sunlight admitt$ into a d>k   
room1 & v>i\s contrivances4 ,! exp]im5ts
 are highly +5i\s1 & ! "y /ud5t c n fail

 to le>n a great deal f ! book4 ,z an   
example ( ! effective exp]im5tal me?od  
employ$1 we may specially m5tion !      
device = illu/rat+ ! refraction ( light4
 ,?is book is specially design$ 'to give
 to e tea*] & s*ol> ! k ( ! art (       
exp]im5t+4'--,! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal (      
,sci5ce 7,london74  ,a s+ul>ly excell5t 
little h&-book = ! use ( tea*]s1 p>5ts1 
& *ildr54 ,! book is admirable bo? 9    
design & execution4 ,! exp]im5ts = :i* x
 provides are s simple t an intellig5t  
boy or girl c easily make !m1 & s       
beautiful & int]e/+ t ev5 ! y\nge/      
*ildr5 mu/ enjoy ! exhibition4 ,!       
exp]im5ts "h describ$ are abundantly    
wor? all t !y co/ 9 money & "t 9 any    
family :]e !re are boys & girls to be   
ent]ta9$4--,new ,york ,ev5+ ,po/4  ,!   
exp]im5ts are capitally select$1 &      
equally z well describ$4 ,! book is     
conspicu\sly free f ! multiplicity (    
confus+ directions ) :i* works ( ! k9d  
too (t5 ab\nd4 ,!re is an abundance (   
excell5t illu/rations4--,new ,york      

,sci5tific ,am]ican4  ,! exp]im5ts are =
 ! mo/ "p new1 & h ! m]it ( comb9+      
precision 9 ! me?ods ) extreme          
simplicity & elegance ( design4 ,! value
 ( ! book is fur!r enhanc$ by ! num]\s  
c>efully-drawn cuts1 :i* add greatly to 
its beauty4--,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce 
& ,arts4          99       99       99  
99       99   ,,s\nd3  ,a ,s]ies (      
,simple1 ,ent]ta9+1 & ,inexp5sive       
,exp]im5ts 9 ! ,ph5om5a ( ,s\nd1 = !    
,use ( ,/ud5ts ( ,e ,age4  ,by ,,alfr$  
,,m>%all ,,may]1  ,pr(essor ( ,physics 9
 ! ,/ev5s ,in/itute ( ,te*nology2 ,memb]
 ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 etc4
  ,uni=m ) ,,light1 fir/ volume ( !     
,s]ies4  ,neat #abmo volume1 fully      
illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 price1 #a4jj4  ,x w\ld
 be difficult to f9d a bett] example ( a
 s]ies :i* is excell5t ?r\gh\t4 ,?is    
little "w is accurate 9 detail1 popul> 9
 /yle1 & lucid 9 arrangem5t4 ,e /atem5t 
is accompani$ ) ample illu/rations4 ,we 
c he>tily recomm5d x1 ei!r z an         
introduction to ! subject or z a        

satisfactory manual = ^? :o h no "t =   
p]us+ a l>g] "w4 ,x conta9s an excell5t 
description1 ) diagrams1 ( ,fab]'s      
,talk+ ,ma*9e & ( ,edison's ,talk+      
,phonograph1 :i* c n fail to be int]e/+ 
to any read] :o takes an int]e/ 9 !     
m>vel\s progress ( natural              
sci5ce4--,briti% ,qu>t]ly4  ,! /yle ( ! 
book is v cle>1 & ! exp]im5ts int]e/+4  
,x c n fail to h an important           
educational influ5ce4--,we/m9/] ,review4
  ,x w\ld really be difficult to        
exagg]ate ! m]it1 9 ! s5se ( consummate 
adaptation to its mode/ end1 ( ?is      
little treatise on ',s\nd4' ,x tea*es ! 
y\?ful /ud5t h[ to make exp]im5ts =     
himself1 )\t ! help ( a tra9$ op]ator1 &
 at v little exp5se4 ,^! h&-books (     
,pr(essor ,may] %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e     
tea*] ( ! "y4--,new ,york ,sun4  ,an    
admirably cle> & int]e/+ collection (   
exp]im5ts1 describ$ ) j ! "r am\nt (    
ab/ract in=mation & no m1 & plac$ 9     
progressive ord]4 ,! rec5t inv5tions ( !
 phonograph & microphone l5d an         

extraord9>y int]e/ to ?is :ole field (  
exp]im5t1 :i* makes ,pr(essor ,may]'s   
manual especially opportune4--,bo/on    
,c\ri]4          99       99       99   
99       99   ,! ,works ( ,pr(essor ,e4 
,l4 ,,y\mans1 ,m4 ,d4  ,class-book (    
,*emi/ry4  ,new edition4 #abmo4 ,clo?1  
#a4ej4   ,! ,h&-book ( ,h\sehold        
,sci5ce4  ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ,heat1   
,light1 ,air1 ,alim5t1 & ,cleans+1 9 _! 
,sci5tific ,pr9ciples & ,dome/ic        
,applications4 #abmo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?1
 #a4ge4   ,! ,culture dem&$ by ,mod]n   
,life4  ,a ,s]ies ( ,addresses &        
,argum5ts on ! ,claims ( ,sci5tific     
,education4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction  
on ,m5tal ,discipl9e 9 ,education4 #a   
vol41 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4              
,correlation & ,cons]vation ( ,=ces4  ,a
 ,s]ies ( ,expositions by ,pr(essor     
,grove1 ,pr(essor ,helmholtz1 ,dr4      
,may]1 ,dr4 ,f>aday1 ,pr(essor ,liebig1 
& ,dr4 ,c>p5t]4 ,edit$1 ) an            
,introduction & ,brief ,biographical    
,notices ( ! ,*ief ,promot]s ( ! ,new   

,views1 by ,,edw>d ,l4 ,,y\mans1 ,m4 ,d4
 #a vol41 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly4  ,conduct$  
by ,e4 ,l4 & ,w4 ,j4 ,,y\mans4  ,conta9+
 in/ructive & int]e/+ articles &        
ab/racts ( articles1 orig9al1 select$1 &
 illu/rat$1 f ! p5s ( ! lead+ sci5tific 
m5 ( diff]5t c\ntries2  ,acc\nts (      
important sci5tific discov]ies2  ,!     
application ( sci5ce to ! practical     
arts2  ,! late/ views put =? conc]n+    
natural ph5om5a1 by savants ( ! highe/  
au?ority4  ,,t]ms3 ,five doll>s p]      
annum2 or fifty c5ts p] numb]4 ,a ,club 
( five w be s5t to any address = #bj4jj 
p] annum4  ,! volumes beg9 ,may &       
,novemb] ( ea* ye>4 ,subscriptions may  
beg9 at any "t4  ,,! ,,popul> ,,sci5ce  
,,mon?ly & ,,appletons' ,,j\rnal1       
toge!r1 = #g4jj p] annum1 po/age        
prepaid4          99       99       99  
99       99   ,a ,new & ,valuable ,"w = 
! ,practical ,me*anic & ,eng9e]4        
,,appletons' ,,cyclopa$ia ,,( ,,appli$  

,,me*anics4  ,a ,,diction>y ,,(         
,,me*anical ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,!           
,,me*anical ,,arts4  ,,illu/rat$ ,,by   
#e1jjj ,,engrav+s4  ,edit$ by ,,p>k     
,,b5jam91 ,ph4 ,d4   ,,contributors4    
,t4 ,a4 ,,edison1 ,,ph4 ,d4   ,,ri*>d   
,h4 ,,bull1 ,c4 ,e4   ,,samuel ,,webb]1 
,c4 ,e4   ,,pr(4 ,,de ,,volson ,,wood4  
,,*>les ,e4 ,,em]y1 ,c4 ,e4   ,,jo%ua   
,,rose1 ,m4 ,e4   ,,pi]re ,,de ,p4      
,,ricketts1 ,,ph4 ,d4   ,,hon4 ,,ore/es 
,,clevel&4   ,w4 ,t4 ,j4 ,,krajewski1   
,c4 ,e4   ,s4 ,w4 ,,gre51 ,,esq4        
,,john ,,birk9b9e1 ,c4 ,e4   ,,h5ry ,l4 
,,brevoort1 ,c4 ,e4   ,,lieut4 ,a4 ,a4  
,,boyd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4   ,,abram ,l4       
,,holley1 ,c4 ,e4   ,,coleman ,,sell]s1 
,m4 ,e4   ,,pr(4 ,c4 ,w4 ,mc,c,o,r,d4   
,,irv+ ,m4 ,,scott1 ,,esq4   ,f4 ,a4    
,,mcd[ell1 ,c4 ,e4   ,h4 ,a4 ,,mott1    
,,jr41 ,,ph4 ,d4   ,w4 ,h4 ,,payne1 ,c4 
,e4   ,,george ,h4 ,,b5jam91 ,m4 ,d4    
,,!ron ,,skell1 ,c4 ,e4   ,,william     
,,k5t1 ,c4 ,e4   ,w4 ,e4 ,,kelly1 ,,esq4
   ,f4 ,t4 ,,?ur/on1 ,c4 ,e4   ,,john   

,,holl+swor?1 ,,esq4   ,,appletons'     
,,cyclopa$ia ,,( ,,appli$ ,,me*anics (  
#ahgi is a new "w1 & n a revision ( !   
=m] ,diction>y ( ,me*anics ( #ahej4 ,x  
aims to pres5t ! be/ & late/ ,am]ican   
practice 9 ! me*anical arts1 & to comp>e
 ! same ) t ( o!r nations4 ,x also      
exhibits ! ext5t to :i* ,am]ican        
inv5tion & discov]y h contribut$ to !   
_w's progress dur+ ! la/ qu>t] c5tury4  
,its production is deem$ timely 9 view (
 ! exi/+ popul> int]e/ 9 ! labors ( !   
me*anic & inv5tor :i* has be5 awak5$ by 
! great ,int]national ,expositions ( !  
la/ decade1 & by ! wond]ful discov]ies  
made by ,am]ican inv5tors dur+ ! pa/    
?ree ye>s4  ,! ,,contributors ^: names  
are giv5 above numb] _m ( ! mo/ em95t   
,am]ican me*anical exp]ts & eng9e]s4    
,sev]al ( _! contributions conta9 !     
results ( orig9al rese>* & ?\ght1 nev]  
be=e publi%$4 ,_! ef=ts h 9 all cases   
t5d$ to simplify ! subjects treat$1 to  
avoid te*nicalities1 & s to r5d] all t  
is pres5t$ easily und]/ood by ! g5]al   

read] z well z by ! me*anical /ud5t4    
,examples are app5d$ to all rules1      
explanations to all tables1 & 9 su*     
matt]s z ! uses ( tools & managem5t (   
ma*9es ! in/ructions are unusually m9ute
 & accurate4  ,9 semi-mon?ly ,p>ts1 #ej 
c5ts ea*4  ,subscriptions receiv$ only =
 ! entire "w ( ,tw5ty-f\r ,p>ts4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,d4 ,,appleton  ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #edi 
#eea ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4