---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,disclaim] ,! articles publi%$ 9 ! ,annual ,reports ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association are ! f9d+s & ?\ghts solely ( ! au?ors & are n to be con/ru$ z an endorsem5t by ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 its bo>d ( directors1 or its memb]s4 ,no endorsem5t is int5d$ = products m5tion$1 nor is criticism meant = products n m5tion$4 ,! laws & recomm5dations = pe/icide application may h *ang$ s9ce ! articles 7 writt54 ,x is always ! pe/icide applicator's responsibility1 by law1 to read & foll[ all curr5t label directions = ! specific pe/icide be+ us$4 ,! discussion ( specific nut tree cultiv>s & ( specific te*niques to gr[ nut trees t might h be5 successful 9 "o area & at a p>ticul> "t is n a gu>antee t simil> results w occur else:]e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dd? ,annual ,report ,,( ,,! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ,incorporat$ ,,affiliat$ ,,) ,,! ,,am]ican ,,horticultural ,,society 99 99 99 99 99 ,annual ,meet+ at ,,ro*e/]1 ,,new ,,york ,augu/ #ca--,septemb] #a1 #aiec ,illu/ration3 ,,nor!rn ,,nut ,,gr[]s ,,assoc4 ,,ro*e/] ,n4,y4-#aiec ,table ( ,cont5ts ,(fic]s & ,committees #aiec-ed #d ,/ate & ,=eign ,vice-,presid5ts #f ,con/itution & ,by-laws #h ,call to ,ord]1 #dd? ,annual ,meet+ #aa ,address ( ,welcome--,wilbur ,wright #ab ,bus9ess ,session--,secret>y's ,report--,treasur]'s ,report #ac1 #ad1 #ae ,blossom+ ,habits ( ! ,p]sian ,walnut--,h4 ,f4 ,/oke #ah ,presid5t's ,address--,ri*>d ,b4 ,be/ #bb ,ab\t ,nuts--,ira ,m4 ,kyhl #bh ,natural ,v>iation ,obs]v$ 9 ,%agb>k ,hickory1 ,c>ya ovata 7,mill47 ,k4 ,ko*4 9 ,c5tral ,new ,york--,david ,h4 ,caldwell #bi ,! ,control ( ! ,hickory ,weevil 7,curculio c>yae7 #ci ,r\nd ,table ,discussion--,:at's ,y\r ,problem #dc ,! ,int]national ,*e/nut ,commission & ! ,*e/nut ,blight ,problem 9 ,europe1 #aiec--;,g4 ,flippo ,gravatt #eb ,root+ ,*e/nuts f ,s(twood ,cutt+s--,rog] ,w4 ,pease #ef ,evaluat+ ,*e/nuts ,gr[n "u ,=e/ ,conditions--,jesse ,d4 ,dill] #ei ,panel ,discussion--,*e/nuts #fb ,developm5t ( ! ,nut ,indu/ry 9 ! ,middle ,we/--,j4 ,f4 ,wilk9son #gj ,"s ,aspects ( ! ,problem ( ,produc+ ,curly-,gra9$ ,walnuts--,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels #gb ,late ,rev4 ,paul ,c4 ,cra?--,l4 ,k4 ,devitt #hj ,! ,ea/]n ,black ,walnut z a ,f>m ,timb] ,tree--,john ,davidson #hd ,! ,mc,kinster ,p]sian ,walnut--,p4 ,e4 ,ma*ov9a #hi ,c>pa?ian ,walnuts 9 ! ,colombia ,riv] ,bas9--,lynn ,tuttle #id ,walnuts & ,filb]ts 9 ,s\!rn ,wiscons9--,c4 ,f4 ,ladwig #ie ,biology1 ,di/ribution & ,control ( ! ,walnut ,husk ,maggot--,f4 ,l4 ,gambrell #ih ,panel ,discussion3 ,! ,p]sian ,walnut ,situation #ajd ,banquet ,session--,resolutions ,committee ,report #aji ,walnuts 9 ,lubec1 ,ma9e--,radcliffe ,b4 ,pike #aae ,my ,?irty ,ye>s ,exp]i5ce ) ,nut ,trees--,c>l ,wes*cke #aaf ,gr[+ ,am]ican ,*e/nuts & ,_! ,hybrids ,"u ,blight ,conditions--,alfr$ ,szego #aai ,exp]i5ces & ,obs]vations on ,nut ,gr[+ 9 ,c5tral ,texas--,kaufman ,florida #aba ,propagation ( ! ,hickories--,f4 ,l4 ,o',r\rke #abb ,a ,root ,disease ( ! ,p]sian ,walnut--,g4 ,flippo ,gravatt #abg ,factors ,t ,influ5ce ,nut ,production--,w4 ,b4 ,w>d #abi ,pictorial ,record ( ,graft+ at ,climax ,mi*igan--,w4 ,m4 ,beck]t #acd ,rock ,phosphate = ,nut ,trees--,h>ry ,b4 ,burg>t #ace ,a ,report f ,s\!rn ,m9nesota--,r4 ,e4 ,hodgson #acf ,*e/nut ,bre$+--,report = #aiec--;,ar?ur ,h>m\nt ,graves & ,hans ,ni5/a$t #acf ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+--,john ,davidson #add ,! ,nom5clature ( ,nut ,v>ieties--,george ,h4 ,m4 ,lawr5ce #ade ,! ,new ,code = ! ,nam+ ( ,cultivat$ ,plants--,j4 ,s4 ,l4 ,gilman #adi ,exhibit at ! ,h>ve/ ,%[ ( ! ,massa*usetts ,horticultural ,society #aeh ,att5dance ,regi/]1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 #aiec #aei ,memb]%ip ,li/ #afj ,(fic]s = #aiec-ed ,presid5t ,ri*>d ,b4 ,be/1 ,eldr$1 ,ill9ois ,vice-,presid5t ,gilb]t ,beck]1 ,climax1 ,mi*igan ,secret>y ,sp5c] ,b4 ,*ase1 ,knoxville1 ,t5nessee ,treasur] ,william ,s4 ,cl>ke1 ,jr41 ,/ate ,college1 ,p5nsylvania ,directors ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,i?aca1 ,new ,york ,dr4 ,william ,rohrba*]1 ,i[a ,city1 ,i[a ,dean ( ! ,association ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+1 ,lit*field1 ,connecticut ,,executive ,,appo9tm5ts #aiec-ed ,program ,committee3 ,dr4 ,lloyd ,l4 ,d[ell1 ,royal ,oakes1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay1 ,roy ,d4 ,an?ony1 ,j4 ,g4 ,mc,daniel1 ,lewis ,e4 ,!iss1 ,w4 ,b4 ,w>d4 ,local ,arrangem5ts3 ,mrs4 ,h]b]t ,krone1 ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,john ,rick1 ,elwood ,b4 ,mill]1 ,victor ,brook4 ,place ( ,meet+ ,committee3 ,to explore meet+ places = ?ree ye>s1 ,mi*igan & ,connecticut z possible places = ! #aiee & #aief annual conv5tions4 ,w4 ,m4 ,beck]t1 ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,c>l ,prell1 ,lloyd ,l4 ,d[ell4 ,publication ,committee3 ,pr(essor ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels4 ,v>ieties & ,conte/s ,committee3 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,sylve/] ,m4 ,%essl]1 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 ,royal ,oakes4 ,/&>ds & ,judg+ ,committee3 7,section ( ,v>ieties ,committee7 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,l\is ,g]>di1 ,sp5c] ,b4 ,*ase1 ,pr(essor ,paul ,e4 ,ma*ov9a4 ,survey & ,rese>* ,committee3 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke 7,) all /ate & =eign vice-presid5ts74 ,exhibits ,committee3 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,fayette ,ett]1 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 ,royal ,oakes1 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilk9son1 ,g4 ,j4 ,korn4 ,und]/ock ,committee3 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,alb]t ,b4 ,f]guson1 ,dr4 ,aubrey ,ri*>ds1 ,l\is ,g]>di1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,max ,h>dy1 ,gilb]t ,l4 ,smi?4 ,audit+ ,committee3 ,raymond ,e4 ,silvis1 ,/]l+ ,a4 ,smi?1 ,edw>d ,w4 ,pape4 ,legal ,advisor3 ,s>g5t ,h4 ,wellman1 ,esq4 ,f9ance ,committee3 ,c>l ,f4 ,prell1 ,=d ,wallick1 ,/]l+ ,a4 ,smi?4 ,necrology ,committee3 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$1 ,mrs4 ,wm4 ,j4 ,wilson4 ,nom9at+ ,committee3 7,elect$ at ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y47 ,paul ,e4 ,ma*ov9a1 ,raymond ,silvis1 ,george ,salz]1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,ira ,m4 ,kyhl4 ,memb]%ip ,committee3 ,gilb]t ,beck]1 ,raymond ,e4 ,silvis1 ,edw>d ,w4 ,pape1 ,gordon ,pulliam1 ,hon4 ,paul ,c4 ,daniels1 ,max ,b4 ,h>dy4 ,publicity ,committee3 ,paul ,e4 ,ma*ov9a1 ,wm4 ,j4 ,wilson1 ,c>l ,f4 ,prell1 ,frank ,m4 ,k9tzel4 ,*ange ( ,"n ,committee3 ,elwood ,b4 ,mill]1 ,john ,davidson1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane4 ,/ate & ,=eign ,vice-,presid5ts ,alabama ,edw>d ,l4 ,hiles1 ,loxley ,alb]ta ,a4 ,l4 ,"y1 ,brooks ,arkansas ,w4 ,d4 ,wylie1 ,univ4 ( ,ark41 ,fayetteville ,belgium ,r4 ,v&]wa]51 ,bi]beek/raat1 #caj1 ,korbeek-,lo ,briti% ,columbia1 ,canada ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 ,box #ai1 ,we/bank ,cali=nia ,?os4 ,r4 ,haig1 ,m4,d41 #cjba ,highl& ,ave41 ,c>lesbad ,colorado ,j4 ,e4 ,=bes1 ,julesburg ,connecticut ,a4 ,m4 ,hunt+ton1 ,/an]igg ,f>ms1 ,be!l ,delaw>e ,lewis ,wilk9s1 ,r\te #a1 ,new>k ,d5m>k ,c\nt ,f4 ,m4 ,knu?1 ,knu!nborg1 ,b&holm ,di/rict ( ,columbia ,ed4 ,l4 ,=d1 #cfcd ,au/9 ,/41 ,s4,e4 ,wa%+ton #bj ,florida ,c4 ,a4 ,avant1 #ifj ,n4 ,w4 #aj? ,ave41 ,miami ,georgia ,william ,j4 ,wilson1 ,nor? ,&]son ,ave41 ,=t ,valley ,hawaii ,john ,f4 ,cross1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #agbj1 ,hilo ,hong ,kong ,p4 ,w4 ,wang1 #f ,des ,voeux ,rd41 ,c5tral ,idaho ,lynn ,dryd51 ,peck ,ill9ois ,royal ,oakes1 ,bluffs 7,scott ,c\nty7 ,indiana ,edw4 ,w4 ,pape1 ,rt4 #b1 ,m>ion ,i[a ,ira ,m4 ,kyhl1 ,box #bcf1 ,sabula ,kansas ,dr4 ,clyde ,gray1 #ajde ,c5tral ,ave41 ,horton ,k5tucky ,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,moss1 ,williamsburg ,l\isiana ,dr4 ,h>ald ,e4 ,hamm>1 #fjh ,c\rt ,h\se1 ,%reveport ,m>yl& ,bla9e ,mc,collum1 ,:ite ,hall ,massa*usetts ,s4 ,lo?rop ,dav5port1 #bd ,creep] ,hill ,rd41 ,nor? ,grafton ,mi*igan ,gilb]t ,beck]1 ,climax ,m9nesota ,r4 ,e4 ,hodgson1 ,s\!a/]n ,exp4 ,/ation1 ,waseca ,mississippi ,james ,r4 ,mey]1 ,delta ,bran* ,exp4 ,/ation1 ,/oneville ,miss\ri ,ralph ,ri*t]kess+1 ,r\te #a1 ,sa9t ,*>les ,montana ,russel ,h4 ,=d1 ,dixon ,nebraska ,h>vey ,w4 ,hess1 ,box #bji1 ,hebron ,new ,hamp%ire ,mat!w ,lahti1 ,locu/ ,lane ,f>m1 ,wolfeboro ,new ,j]sey ,mrs4 ,alan ,r4 ,buckwalt]1 ,r\te #a1 ,flem+ton ,new ,mexico ,rev4 ,titus ,gehr+1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #agg1 ,lumb]ton ,new ,york ,/eph5 ,b]na?1 ,r\te ,no4 #c1 ,p\ghkeepsie ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,dun/an1 ,gre5sboro ,college1 ,gre5sboro ,nor? ,dakota ,hom] ,l4 ,bradley1 ,long ,lake ,refuge1 ,m(fit ,ohio ,*ri/ ,pataky ,jr41 #eib ,hickory ,lane1 ,r\te #d1 ,mansfield ,oklahoma ,a4 ,g4 ,hirs*i1 #dad ,nor? ,rob9son1 ,oklahoma ,city ,ont>io1 ,canada ,elton ,e4 ,papple1 ,ca9sville ,oregon ,h>ry ,l4 ,pe>cy1 ,r\te #b1 ,box #aij1 ,salem ,p5nsylvania ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,r\te #hf1 ,h>risburg ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,is4 ,canada ,rob]t ,snazelle1 ,=e/ ,nurs]y1 ,r\te #e1 ,*>lottet[n ,rhode ,isl& ,philip ,all51 #agh ,dorance ,/41 ,provid5ce ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,john ,t4 ,bregg]1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ajah1 ,clemson ,s\? ,dakota ,h]man ,ri*t]1 ,madison ,t5nessee ,w4 ,jobe ,rob9son1 ,r\te #g1 ,jackson ,texas ,kaufman ,florida1 ,box #aed1 ,rotan ,utah ,h>lan ,d4 ,pett]son1 #bjgf ,jeff]son ,ave41 ,ogd5 ,v]mont ,a4 ,w4 ,aldri*1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #b1 ,box #bff1 ,spr+field ,virg9ia ,h4 ,r4 ,gibbs1 ,l9d5 ,wa%+ton ,h4 ,lynn ,tuttle1 ,cl>k/on ,we/ ,virg9ia ,wilb]t ,m4 ,frye1 ,pleasant ,dale ,wiscons9 ,c4 ,f4 ,ladwig1 #bbba ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,beloit ,,con/itution ( ! ,,nor!rn ,,nut ,,gr[]s ,,association1 ,,incorporat$ 7,z adopt$ ,septemb] #ac1 #aidh7 ,,"n ,,article ,i4 ,?is ,society %all be kn[n z ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,incorporat$4 ,x is /rictly a non-pr(it organization4 ,,purposes ,,article ,,ii4 ,! purposes ( ?is ,association %all be to promote int]e/ 9 ! nut be>+ plants2 sci5tific rese>* 9 _! bre$+ & culture2 /&>dization ( v>ietal names2 ! dissem9ation ( in=mation conc]n+ ! above & su* o!r purposes z may advance ! culture ( nut be>+ plants1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,nor? ,temp]ate ,zone4 ,,memb]s ,,article ,,iii4 ,memb]%ip 9 ?is ,association %all be op5 to all p]sons int]e/$ 9 support+ ! purposes ( ! ,association4 ,classes ( memb]s are z foll[s3 ,annual memb]s1 ,contribut+ memb]s1 ,life memb]s1 ,honor>y memb]s1 & ,p]petual memb]s4 ,applications = memb]%ip 9 ! ,association %all be pres5t$ to ! secret>y or ! treasur] 9 writ+1 accompani$ by ! requir$ dues4 ,,(fic]s ,,article ,,iv4 ,! elect$ (fic]s ( ?is ,association %all consi/ ( a ,presid5t1 a ,vice-presid5t1 a ,secret>y & a ,treasur] or a comb9$ ,secret>y-treasur] z ! ,association may designate4 ,,bo>d ,,( ,,directors ,article ,v4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,directors %all consi/ ( six memb]s ( ! ,association :o %all be ! (fic]s ( ! ,association & ! two prec$+ elect$ presid5ts4 ,if ! (fices ( ,secret>y & ,treasur] are comb9$1 ! ?ree pa/ presid5ts %all s]ve on ! ,bo>d ( ,directors4 ,!re %all be a ,/ate ,vice-presid5t = ea* /ate1 dep5d5cy1 or c\ntry repres5t$ 9 ! memb]%ip ( ! ,association1 :o %all be appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t4 ,,am5dm5ts ,,to ,,! ,,con/itution ,,article ,,vi4 ,?is con/itution may be am5d$ by a two-?irds vote ( ! memb]s pres5t at any annual meet+1 notice ( su* am5dm5t hav+ be5 read at ! previ\s annual meet+1 or copy ( ! propos$ am5dm5ts hav+ be5 mail$ by ! ,secret>y1 or by any memb] to ea* memb] ?irty days be=e ! date ( ! annual meet+4 ,,by-,,laws 7,revis$ & adopt$ at ,norris1 ,t5nessee1 ,septemb] #ac1 #aidh7 ,,section ,i4--,,memb]%ip ,classes ( memb]%ip are def9$ z foll[s3 ,,article ,i4 ,,annual ,,memb]s4 ,p]sons :o are int]e/$ 9 ! purposes ( ! ,association :o pay annual dues ( ,?ree ,doll>s 7#c4jj74 ,,article ,,ii4 ,contribut+ memb]s4 ,p]sons :o are int]e/$ 9 ! purposes ( ! ,association :o pay annual dues ( ,t5 ,doll>s 7#aj4jj7 or m4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,,life ,,memb]s4 ,p]sons :o are int]e/$ 9 ! purposes ( ! ,association :o contribute ,sev5ty-,five ,doll>s 7#ge4jj7 to its support & :o %all1 aft] su* contribution1 pay no annual dues4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,,honor>y ,,memb]s4 ,^? :om ! ,association has elect$ z honor>y memb]s 9 recognition ( _! a*ievem5ts 9 ! special fields ( ! ,association & :o %all pay no dues4 ,,article ,v4 ,,p]petual ,,memb]s4 ,p]petual memb]%ip is eligible to any "o :o leaves at lea/ five hundr$ doll>s to ! ,association & su* memb]%ip on paym5t ( said sum to ! ,association %all entitle ! "n ( ! deceas$ to be =ev] enroll$ 9 ! li/ ( memb]s z ,p]petual ) ! words ,9 ,memoriam add$ !reto4 ,funds receiv$ !re= %all be inve/$ by ! ,treasur] 9 int]e/ be>+ securities legal = tru/ funds 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,only ! int]e/ %all be exp5d$ by ! ,association4 ,:5 su* funds are 9 ! treasury ! ,treasur] %all be bond$4 ,provid$3 t 9 ! ev5t ! ,association becomes defunct or dissolves1 !n1 9 t ev5t1 ! ,treasur] %all turn ov] any funds held 9 8 h&s = ?is purpose = su* uses1 individuals or companies t ! donor may designate at ! "t he makes ! beque/ ( ! donation4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,duties ,,( ,,(fic]s ,,article ,i4 ,! ,presid5t %all preside at all meet+s ( ! ,association & ,bo>d ( ,directors1 & may call meet+s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,directors :5 he believes x to be ! be/ int]e/s ( ! ,association4 ,he %all appo9t ! ,/ate ,vice-presid5ts2 ! /&+ committees1 except1 ! ,nom9at+ ,committee1 & su* special committees z ! ,association may au?orize4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,vice-presid5t4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,presid5t1 ! ,vice-presid5t %all p]=m ! duties ( ! ,presid5t4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,secret>y4 ,! ,secret>y %all be ! active executive (fic] ( ! ,association4 ,he %all conduct ! correspond5ce relat+ to ! ,association's int]e/s1 assi/ 9 obta9+ memb]%ips & o!rwise actively =w>d ! int]e/s ( ! ,association1 & report to ! ,annual ,meet+ & f "t to "t to meet+s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,directors z !y may reque/4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,treasur]4 ,! ,treasur] %all receive & record memb]%ips1 receive & acc\nt = all moneys ( ! ,association & %all pay all bills approv$ by ! ,presid5t or ! ,secret>y4 ,he %all give su* security z ! ,bo>d ( ,directors may require or may legally be requir$1 %all inve/ life memb]%ips or o!r funds z ! ,bo>d ( ,directors may direct1 subject to legal re/rictions & 9 accordance ) ! law1 & %all submit a v]ifi$ acc\nt ( receipts & disbursem5ts to ! ,annual meet+ & su* curr5t acc\nts z ! ,bo>d ( ,directors may f "t to "t require4 ,be=e ! f9al bus9ess session ( ! ,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,association1 ! acc\nts ( ! ,treasur] %all be submitt$ = exam9ation to ! ,audit+ ,committee appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t at ! op5+ session ( ! ,annual ,meet+4 ,,article ,v4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,directors %all manage ! affairs ( ! association betwe5 meet+s4 ,f\r memb]s1 includ+ at lea/ two elect$ (fic]s1 %all be consid]$ a quorum4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,elections ,,article ,i4 ,! ,(fic]s %all be elect$ at ! ,annual ,meet+ & hold (fice = "o ye> beg9n+ imm$iately foll[+ ! close ( ! ,annual ,meet+4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,! ,nom9at+ ,committee %all pres5t a slate ( (fic]s on ! fir/ day ( ! ,annual ,meet+ & ! election %all take place at ! clos+ session4 ,nom9ations = any (fice may be pres5t$ f ! floor at ! "t ! slate is pres5t$ or imm$iately prec$+ ! election4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,= ! purpose ( nom9at+ (fic]s = ! ye> #aidi & !reaft]1 a committee ( five memb]s %all be elect$ annually at ! prec$+ ,annual ,meet+4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,a quorum at a regul>ly call$ ,annual ,meet+ %all be fifte5 7#ae7 memb]s & mu/ include at lea/ two ( ! elect$ (fic]s4 ,,article ,v4 ,all classes ( memb]s ^: dues are paid %all be eligible to vote & hold (fice4 ,,section ,,iv4--,,f9ancial ,,matt]s ,,article ,i4 ,! fiscal ye> ( ! ,association %all ext5d f ,octob] #a/ ?r\gh ! foll[+ ,septemb] #cj?4 ,all annual memb]%ips %all beg9 ,octob] #a/4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,! names ( all memb]s ^: dues h n be5 paid by ,janu>y #a/ %all be dropp$ f ! rolls ( ! ,society4 ,notices ( non-paym5t ( dues %all be mail$ to del9qu5t memb]s on or ab\t ,decemb] #a/4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,! ,annual ,report %all be s5t to only ^? memb]s :o h paid _! dues = ! curr5t ye>4 ,memb]s ^: dues h n be5 paid by ,janu>y #a/ %all be consid]$ del9qu5t4 ,!y w n be entitl$ to receive ! publication or o!r b5efits ( ! ,association until dues are paid4 ,,section ,v4--,,meet+s ,,article ,i4 ,! place & "t ( ! ,annual ,meet+ %all be select$ by ! memb]%ip 9 session or1 9 ! ev5t ( no selection be+ made at ?is "t1 ! ,bo>d ( ,directors %all *oose ! place & "t = ! hold+ ( ! annual conv5tion4 ,su* o!r meet+s z may seem desirable may be call$ by ! ,presid5t & ,bo>d ( ,directors4 ,,section ,,vi4--,,publications ,,article ,i4 ,! ,association %all publi% a report ea* fiscal ye> & su* o!r publications z may be au?oriz$ by ! ,association4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,! publi%+ ( ! report %all be ! responsibility ( ! ,committee on ,publications4 ,,section ,,vii4--,,aw>ds ,,article ,i4 ,! ,association may provide suitable aw>ds = out/&+ contributions to ! cultivation ( nut be>+ plants & suitable recognition = m]itori\s exhibits z may be appropriate4 ,,section ,,viii4--,,/&+ ,,committees ,z soon z practical aft] ! ,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,association1 ! ,presid5t %all appo9t ! foll[+ /&+ committees3 #a4 ,memb]%ip #b4 ,audit+ #c4 ,publications #d4 ,survey #e4 ,program #f4 ,rese>* #g4 ,exhibit #h4 ,v>ieties & ,conte/s ,,section ,,ix4--,,regional ,,gr\ps ,,& ,,affiliat$ ,,societies ,,article ,i4 ,! ,association %all enc\rage ! =mation ( regional gr\ps ( its memb]s1 :o may elect _! own (fic]s & organize _! own local field days & o!r programs4 ,!y may publi% _! proce$+s & select$ pap]s 9 ! ye>books ( ! p>5t society subject to review ( ! ,association's ,committee on ,publications4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,any indep5d5t regional association ( nut gr[]s may affiliate ) ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association provid$ "o-f\r? ( its memb]s are also memb]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,su* affiliat$ societies %all pay an annual affiliation fee ( #c4jj to ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,pap]s pres5t$ at ! meet+s ( ! regional society may be publi%$ 9 ! proce$+s ( ! p>5t society subject to review ( ! ,association's ,committee on ,publications4 ,,section ,x4--,,am5dm5ts ,,to ,,by-,,laws ,,article ,i4 ,^! by-laws may be am5d$ at any ,annual ,meet+ by a two-?irds vote ( ! memb]s pres5t provid$ su* am5dm5ts %all h be5 submitt$ to ! memb]%ip 9 writ+ at lea/ ?irty days prior to t meet+4 ,proce$+s #dd? ,annual ,meet+ ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york ,augu/ #ca--,septemb] #a1 #aiec ,,monday ,,morn+ ,,session ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,we are op5+ ?is #dd? ,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ) ?is hi/oric gavel :i* 0 made f wood gr[n 9 ! ,?omas ,littlepage pecan grove ne> ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,op5+ ea* session ) ?is gavel has be5 a cu/om ( ?is organization = _m1 _m ye>s4 ,we are v anxi\s to h y folks meet "s ( ! m5 :o h made our meet+ possible "h at ,ro*e/]4 ,i w\ld fir/ l to introduce ,mr4 ,w4 ,/eph5 ,?omas1 ,director ( ! ,ro*e/] ,museum ( ,arts & ,sci5ces4 ,mr4 ,?omas4 ,,mr4 ,,?omas3 ,?ank y1 ,mr4 ,be/4 ,we are always glad to welcome gr\ps su* z y\rs4 ,y repres5t a unique organization to u ) int]e/s n 9 our field4 ,we are a public in/itution1 & are glad to h y "h4 ,i feel !re are _m ?+s ( int]e/ 9 ?is museum & 9 our program to int]e/ y1 because y are horticulturi/s & p int]e/$ 9 ! out-(-doors4 ,?is museum is own$ by ! ,city ( ,ro*e/]4 ,by ! way1 !re are only ab\t #ab museums ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry t are support$ z we are4 ,we get #ih p] c5t ( our funds f ! ,city ( ,ro*e/]4 ,x is n end[$4 ,x is ! p's museum4 ,9 ! exhibit up/airs are ?ree dim5sional models %[+ ! evolution ( ! ,g5esee ,valley 9 ,new ,york f e>ly times to ! pres5t4 ,"h y w see a beautiful panorama ( :at x look$ l two hundr$ million ye>s ago "r :]e we are sitt+ & /&+ n[ :5 ! seas ov]lay ! area dur+ ! ,devonian & ,silurian times4 ,we h recon/ruct$ ! little sea creatures t liv$ 9 ! rocks 9 _! natural colors4 ,ano!r exhibit is ! ,indian /ory1 primitive man1 n j be=e ! :ite man came1 b go+ back #aejj ye>s4 ,on ! top floor y may see h[ ! pione] man work$ "h z a woodcutt] & runn+ fl\r mills & h[ ! city came ab\t4 ,! :ole /ory ( our region is 9 ! museum4 ,b m important ?an ^! exhibits is :at we d ?r\gh ! educational sy/em2 adult lectures1 & s =?4 ,t is j a little backgr\nd ( our "w4 ,i "k y h y\r important bus9ess at h&1 b ,i hope y w h a little "t to view ! exhibits4 ,we want to help y 9 any way we c4 ,if !re is any?+ we c d1 don't fail to ask4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,?ank y1 ,mr4 ,?omas4 ,mo/ ( y met ,mr4 ,wilbur ,wright la/ night out at ! p>k4 ,he is go+ to make an address ( welcome f ! ,city ( ,ro*e/] & f ! p>ks4 ,mr4 ,wright4 ,,mr4 ,,wright3 ,ladies & g5tlem51 on behalf ( ! ,city ( ,ro*e/] & ! ,p>k ,dep>tm5t1 we want to welcome y to ,! ,fri5dly ,city4 ,we want y to feel t ,ro*e/] has its h& out = a wide op5 welcome = any?+ we c d to make y happy :ile y are "h4 ,! p>ks are p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 ! fact t y h *os5 ,ro*e/] z y\r conf]5ce city = #aiec4 ,! p>ks1 z y "k1 are a good deal l ! museum4 ,!y are botanical collections 9 ! he>t ( ! city1 ! money com+ f ! city2 ! taxpay]s pay ! bill4 ,we h a trem5d\s botanical collection "h1 & are kn[n ! c\ntry ov] = our lilac & o!r collections4 ,we h1 9 ! pa/ two ye>s1 appo9t$ ,b]n>d ,h>kness to take *>ge ( our plant collections1 ) ! title ( taxonomi/4 ,x took q a bit ( back+ to get ,civil ,s]vice to break d[n & make su* a title4 ,!re wasn't su* a title 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 & !y c\ldn't und]/& :y !y %\ld give x4 ,mr4 ,grant is ano!r good ,cornellian com+ along z ,assi/ant ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,p>ks1 & he is1 aga91 look+ aft] ! ma9t5ance & upkeep ( ! v>i\s plant mat]ials t we h4 ,we h a v l>ge organization "h1 ! ,p>ks ,division includes ! cemet]ies1 #ij1jjj /reet trees1 #ef playgr\nds1 & ab\t #b1jjj acres ( p>ks4 ,our peak employm5t is #gef p4 ,all-9-all we h a trem5d\s am\nt ( int]e/ 9 our p>ks1 & !y are increas+4 ,we are ex*ang+ plants ) ab\t #be =eign c\ntries "r n[1 & we expect to exp& t n[ ) ! v>i\s facilities we are sett+ up at our new h]b>ium1 :i* y visit$ la/ night4 ,we are pr\d ( ,ro*e/]1 & ! p>k sy/em4 ,we are do+ our be/ to cont9ue ! excell5t "w ( ,dunb>1 ,laney1 & ,slav9 :o built up ! p>k collections4 ,our aim is to increase ! collections1 & make ! p>k sy/em bett] = ! p to enjoy4 ,we hope y h a f9e "t :ile y are "h4 ,?ank y4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels1 ex-presid5t ( our ,association w give our organization's response4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,*airman ,be/1 ,director ,?omas & ,director ,wright1 ,i don't "k :e!r ,i am p>ticul>ly well qualifi$ = ?is p>ticul> assignm5t1 b ,i am c]ta9ly v happy to express ! ?anks ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association = ! excell5t coop]ation 9 arrang+ ! facilities :i* we h f\nd "h 9 ,ro*e/]4 ,few ( u c recall any situation 9 :i* ! ,association has be5 help$ all along ! way1 z !y h be5 "h1 & we feel mo/ welcome 9 ?is truly fri5dly city4 ,be=e ! meet+ ,i ?\ght ,i 0 go+ to be able to claim a sort ( pat]nal int]e/ 9 ! tra9+ ( ,director ,wright 9 t he /udi$ j prior to ! w> 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,floriculture & ,ornam5tal ,horticulture at ,cornell ,univ]sity :]e ,i am /ation$4 ,al?\gh we saw a good deal ( him aft] ! w>1 he came directly "h1 s ,i c't say t ,i knew him way back :5 he 0 an und]graduate /ud5t4 ,/ill we d h a propriet>y int]e/ 9 all ,cornellians1 & we l to see ! home team make good z has c]ta9ly be5 ! case "h4 ,=tunately1 ,i?aca is close en\gh to ,ro*e/]1 s t our classes c come to ! ,ro*e/] p>ks on field trips :]e we h always receiv$ ! mo/ fri5dly coop]ation & help j z ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s is receiv+ today4 ,i assure y t we are mo/ grateful4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,we w proce$ ) ! bus9ess ( ! organization4 ,on ! ,resolutions ,committee :i* w give u resolutions = adoption at our f9al night session1 ,i appo9t ,mr4 ,davidson1 ,mr4 ,allaman1 ,mr4 ,oakes & ,mr4 ,snyd]4 ,! next item ( bus9ess is ! election ( a ,nom9at+ ,committee4 ,?is committee is to nom9ate ! (fic]s :i* w be elect$ at our next annual meet+4 ,nom9ations are n[ 9 ord]4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i nom9ate ,mr4 ,ma*ov9a4 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,mr4 ,silvis4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,i'd l to nom9ate ,mr4 ,salz]4 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,i ?9k ,dr4 ,crane ought to be nom9at$4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,i nom9ate ,mr4 ,kyle f ,i[a4 ,,dr4 ,,d[ell3 ,i move nom9ations be clos$4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,is !re a second to ,dr4 ,d[ell's motion t nom9ations be clos$8 7,motion second$ & pass$47 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,nom9ations are clos$4 ,^? 9 favor ( ?is li/1 ,mr4 ,kyle1 ,dr4 ,crane1 ,mr4 ,george ,salz]1 ,mr4 ,silvis1 ,mr4 ,ma*ov9a1 = ,nom9at+ ,committee = next ye> make x kn[n by say+ ,aye4 7,*orus ( ayes7 ,oppos$8 7,none47 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,may we h ! report ( ! ,program ,committee4 ,!y h be5 at "w1 we c see t4 ,! evid5ce is on e h&4 ,dr4 ,mc,kay8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,! program y h 9 y\r h&s repres5ts ! "w ( ! ,program ,committee4 ,! "w ( ! ,program ,committee is done prior to ! meet+ & ,i want to say t ?is ye> ,i really did h f9e coop]ation f ! memb]s & f ! memb]s ( ! committee 9 respond+ to reque/s = numb]s on ! program4 ,t always makes ! "w ( a committee easy4 ,because ( ?is f9e coop]ation ,i c say tru?fully t ! ef=t on my "p 0 relatively small4 ,z all ( y "k1 we n[ h a l>g] gr\p ( p to draw f = our programs ?an =m]ly4 ,we always g back1 ( c\rse1 to our tri$ & true memb]s :o1 ye> aft] ye>1 give u numb]s = ! program1 b we also l to give ! new memb]s a *ance & recruit f new s\rces :5ev] possible4 ,i hav5't analyz$ ! program en\gh to "k exactly h[ _m new memb]s are li/$ on ! program ?is ye>1 b ,i ?9k y w f9d a few1 & z ! organization cont9ues to gr[1 x w be desirable to use ^! new s\rces ( in=mation = items on ! program z mu* z we c4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,t's f9e4 ,i don't ?9k we c emphasize t too mu*1 ?is new-memb] proposition4 ,we are ready n[ = ! report ( ! ,secret>y1 ,mr4 ,*ase4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,ab\t ! only report t ,i h to make is "o t 0 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,c>l ,prell1 & ,i don't see :y 9 ! _w he didn't give x1 s9ce x's su* a f9e job ( gett+ toge!r ! in=mation on memb]%ip4 ,i am go+ to try to sum ?is up = y1 9 ord] t y w "k ! progress we made 9 ! memb]%ip drive to :i* s _m ( y contribut$4 ,on ! books z ( today we h #ajac paid up memb]s4 7,applause47 ,9 addition to t1 we h #ae m :o w beg9 memb]%ip ! beg9n+ ( our fiscal ye>1 & 9 addition to t1 !re are t5 m too new to be ackn[l$g$ yet4 ,s we are 9 pretty good %ape on memb]%ip4 ,new memb]s total is #dee1 :i* is1 ,i ?9k1 j ab\t d\ble f la/ ye>1 if my memory s]ves me correctly4 ,lead] 9 ! memb]s by /ate is our good1 old fri5d ,ohio ) #abf4 ,!y produc$ #db new memb]s ?is ye>4 ,second on ! li/ is ,ill9ois1 ) #ajb1 & !y came up ) #ch new memb]s4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,i ?9k ?is is ! fir/ ye> we h _h a hundr$ memb]s f any /ate4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,p5nsylvania has #hc1 ) #bf new memb]s4 ,new ,york #gh1 ) #bg new memb]s4 ,indiana #gj ) #ca new memb]s4 ,mi*igan #eh ) #bh new memb]s4 ,t cov]s ! top six /ates4 ,dur+ ! ye> we lo/ #ga memb]s4 ,t breaks d[n to five deceas$1 #ab resign$ & #ed t we hav5't he>d f4 ,out ( ! #ab t resign$1 sev5 7 "o-ye> old & only #e old] memb]s4 ,n[1 ( ! #ed n he>d f1 #dj 7 "o-ye> memb]s & #ad 7 old] memb]s4 ,total loss is #ga1 actually4 ,we _h #ad re9/atem5ts ?is ye>4 ,does anyone h a "q on memb]%ip8 ,!re are q a few folks 9 ! ,association :o are really work+ h>d to get new memb]s1 & a great numb] h come up ) at lea/ "o4 ,b1 actually1 ,i believe1 ,c>l1 x's a v small p]c5tage ( ! memb]%ip t's really work+1 is t correct8 ,,mr4 ,,prell3 ,i am afraid s4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,& ! #ga lo/1 y consid]$ ab\t normal1 didn't y8 ,we h to figure on los+ ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ,well1 we c't af=d to lose a hundr$4 ,i don't h too mu* to report z ,secret>y1 except we might briefly review ?is hectic ye> s9ce ! little sub-z]o walnut /ory appe>$ 9 ! ,f>m ,j\rnal4 ,9 ,june a ye> ago ,i receiv$ a reque/ = an article on ! h>dy ,engli% walnut4 ,i h&l$ x z a r\t9e reque/ & s5t x to ! ,f>m ,j\rnal4 ,( c\rse1 ,joe ,mc,daniel 0 secret>y1 & ,i ref]r$ all ! int]e/$ read]s to him = fur!r in=mation4 ,! fir/ bat* ( mail hit ,joe "r aft] our meet+ 9 ,rockport1 & he _h #aejj inquiries )9 two weeks4 ,i =got to w>n him t ?is might be com+ up1 & he w5t ahead & h&l$ ab\t #aejj ( ^! inquiries1 & !n ,i don't "k :at happ5$ to him1 he />t$ s5d+ !m d[n to me4 ,betwe5 myself1 my secret>y1 my wife1 & my boy we h&l$ ! o!r #d1jjj1 & !y are /ill1 z ,joe says1 actually com+ 94 ,to h&le t1 took "s ( our funds z y see "u promotion bus9ess1 9 ! treasur]'s report4 ,! mimeograph+ 0 gratis1 also ! assembl+ & mail+1 b ! po/age we _h to pay =4 ,s all we h to %[ = t is ab\t h[ _m memb]s1 ,c>l8 ,,mr4 ,,prell3 ,i w say #bjj4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,t's ab\t "r4 ,z ^! inquiries came 9 we compil$ li/s ( names & s5t !m to ,mr4 ,be/4 ,!n ,mr4 ,be/ mimeograph$ a lett] & "s o!r mat]ial1 along ) an application fold] & foll[$ up ^! inquiries except ! la/ #ejj4 ,s we hit !m once ) a ?ree-page in=mation %eet f ! ,secret>y's (fice1 !n ,mr4 ,be/ at lea/ once aga9 ) a foll[-up lett]1 & out ( almo/ #e1jjj we get ab\t #bjj memb]s1 :i* is pretty good4 ,& !re are a lot ( o!r folks ,i "k w\ld jo9 if somebody w\ld contact !m4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,s ev] s9ce la/ ,octob] ,i don't "k :at side is up s f> z ,n4,n4,g4,a4 is conc]n$4 ,i don't pret5d x hasn't tak5 a good deal ( ef=t & a lot ( "t f "s ?+s t ,i %\ld h done1 b ,i enjoy$ do+ x = ! ,association1 & ,i h no regrets4 ,! only ?+ ,i am sorry ab\t is t we didn't get #ejj in/ead ( j #bjj memb]s4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,?ank y4 ,sp5c]4 7,applause47 ,t's a f9e report4 ,may we he> f our ,audit+ ,committee1 ,mr4 ,silvis4 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,! report ( ! ,treasur]1 :i* ,i h j _h an opportunity ( inspect+1 is ! mo/ pr(essional docum5t ,i h ev] _h ! pleasure ( exam9+ z a memb] ( ?is ,audit+ ,committee on :i* ,i h be5 sev]al times4 ,& ,i ?9k a te/imonial is due our ,treasur]1 ,mr4 ,c>l ,prell1 :o has comb9$ ! r>e tal5ts ( bookkeep+ & comp>ative report+4 ,! ,audit+ ,committee1 compos$ ( ,/]l+ ,smi?1 :o 0 n able to be "h1 ,mr4 ,pape ( ,indiana1 & myself1 accept ?is report ( ,c>l ,prell on behalf ( ?is ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,let's h ! ,treasur]'s report4 ,mr4 ,prell ,report ( ! ,treasur] ,,c>l ,,prell1 ,s\? ,b5d1 ,indiana ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is fiscal ye> x seem$ likely to y\r ,bo>d ( ,directors t ! ,association's inve/m5t 9 gov]nm5t bonds w\ld h to be conv]t$ into ca% to meet ! ye>'s exp5ses4 ,!re 0 b>ely en\gh money 9 ! treasury to pay = ! #dbnd ,annual ,report1 :i* %\ld h be5 bill$ ! prec$+ ye>4 ,normally1 ! treasur] collects only en\gh money to pay = "o report1 plus ! ye>'s op]at+ exp5ses4 ,! problem ?is ye> 0 to pay op]at+ exp5ses & to dis*>ge our obligation on two reports4 ,anticipat+ ?is problem1 & 9 an ef=t to correct recurr+ deficits1 y\r ,bo>d made plans back 9 #aiea = a drive to increase memb]%ip4 ,"s mom5tum 0 ga9$ by ! end ( la/ ye>1 :i* c>ri$ into ?is ye> ) increas+ =ce4 ,! result 0 ! sub/antial ga9 9 memb]%ip report$ ^u by y\r ,secret>y--) a sub/antial increase 9 rev5ue4 ,memb]%ip drives1 ( c\rse1 are a mix$ bless+4 ,!y may produce m dues2 b !y c]ta9ly co/ money4 ,our promotion exp5diture jump$ f practically no?+ 9 #aiea to #aae 9 #aieb to #fbj 9 #aiec4 ,h[ev]1 our dues collection f new memb]s ?us ga9$1 7 m ?an #abjj 9 #aiec alone--twice z mu* z 0 sp5t4 ,& x is important to note t an exp5diture to ga9 a memb] is made only once1 :]eas ! memb]'s dues cont9ue ye> aft] ye>4 ,9 any ev5t1 increas$ memb]%ip 0 a factor 9 keep+ u f ca%+ our res]ves4 ,ano!r important factor 0 ! v g5]\s response ( ! memb]%ip to a plea = ,su/a9+ & ,contribut+ dues4 ,?irty p]c5t ( our old memb]s respond$ ) #aj4jj paym5ts = ,contribut+ ,memb]%ips or #e4jj paym5ts = ,su/a9+ ,memb]%ips4 ,?is help 0 ne$$4 ,x is des]v+ ( special m5tion 9 ?is report4 ,"o o!r factor contribut$ to successful op]ation ?is ye>1 z x has 9 o!r ye>s4 ,?is factor does n %[ up 9 figures 9 a f9ancial /atem5t = ! simple reason t ! figures are mode/ly )held f ! treasur]4 ,i ref] to ! out-(-pocket & unreport$ exp5ditures ( (fic]s & committeem51 :i* exp5ditures sometimes are sizeable4 ,c]ta9ly !y 7 ?is ye>4 ,! fact t su* contributions 7 made %\ld be not$4 ,! sum total ( all ?is is a f9ancial %[+ = ! ye> t may be consid]$ satisfactory4 ,our debts are all paid4 ,no bonds 7 ca%$4 ,no?+ 0 borr[$4 ,& we h money 9 ! bank4 ,at ?is "t la/ ye> we _h a ca% balance ( #acac4gh4 ,today our balance is #cjc4gj4 ,we sp5t #a1jjj m ?an we took 94 ,b we paid = two ,annual ,reports4 ,! less] report co/ #abjj4 ,if ?is 7 subtract$ f ?is ye>'s bus9ess1 :]e x does n belong1 our ca% balance w\ld be #aejj4jj4 ,9 %ort1 on ?is ye>'s bus9ess--ev5 ) all its unusual exp5ses = promotion--our income 0 m ?an our disbursem5ts--by #bjj4jj4 ,?is rev]ses ! deficit tr5d ( rec5t ye>s4 ,,receipts ,memb]%ip ,dues #c1fch4je ,sale ( ,annual ,reports #cid4jj ,adv]tis+ 9 ,nut%ell #aaj4jj ,contributions #ci4jj ,int]e/ on ,gov]nm5t ,bonds #cg4ej ,,total #d1bah4ee ,,disbursem5ts #dbnd ,annual ,report 7,urbana7 #a1bje4ec ,pr9t+ 7#ajjj copies7 #a1jej4jj ,report+ 7addi4 bill+7 #ig4je ,po/age ,address+ #eh4dh #dcrd ,annual ,report 7,rockport7 #a1gfj4gb ,pr9t+ 7#abjj copies7 #a1dgg4db ,envelopes1 #hjj #ai4fj ,report+ #ajj4jj ,po/age ,address+ #afc4gj ,! ,nut%ell ,pr9t+1 #d issues #cec4aa ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[] #ci4jj #gc ,subscriptions at #ej;c #cf4ej #b ,subscriptions at #ge;c #a4ej #a ,subscription at #a4jj #a4jj ,association ,promotion #fbj4dg ,application fold]1 pr9t+ #aa1bjj #afd4bh ,/ation]y = ,sub-,z]o & ,v4 ,p4 campaigns #ccg4bd ,mimeo ,sub-,z]o & foll[-up1 #aejj #ei4jj ,po/age1 ,?+s ( ,sci5ce #ei4ie ,secret>y's ,fee1 #ej;c p] memb] #eag4ej #aieb-ec ,fee to date #ejf4ej ,balance ( #aiea-eb #aa4jj ,/ation]y & ,supplies #bfh4bb ,secret>y's ,exp5se #cae4hg ,treasur]'s ,exp5se #adc4ba ,dues1 ,am]ican ,horticultural ,society #e4jj ,,total #e1bbh4fc ,ca% on deposit1 ,fir/ ,bank1 ,s\? ,b5d #cjc4gj ,disbursem5ts #e1bbh4fc #e1ecb4cc ,on h&1 ,augu/ #ah1 #aieb #a1cac4gh ,receipts #d1bah4ee #e1ecb4cc ,u4 ,s4 ,bonds 9 ,safety ,deposit ,box #c1jjj4jj ,,mr4 ,,prell3 ,i am go+ to close "r n[ ) ?is in=mation :i* ! ,association1 ,i ?9k1 %\ld h4 ,! memb]%ip promotion consi/$ ( a campaign call$ ! ,vice-presid5t's ,campaign sp>kplugg$ by ,mr4 ,be/4 ,?\s&s ( lett]s 7 s5t out ?r\gh ! vice-presid5t's & f ! presid5t's (fice to ! memb]%ip4 ,y may h receiv$ "s ( !m4 ,9 addition to t1 ?\s&s ( o!r lett]s 7 s5t out to p :o _h respond$ to a /ory t appe>$ 9 ,f>m ,j\rnal want+ to "k ab\t ! ,association4 ,i c't calculate h[ _m w5t out1 ,i h nev] be5 told1 b ,i w\ld guess ab\t #e1jjj ( !m4 ,& ^? all w5t out f ,mr4 ,be/'s (fice4 ,9 addition1 our addressograph plate sy/em 0 n 9 v good %ape1 due to ! fact ! organization 0 too poor to keep x up4 ,mr4 ,be/ suppli$ addressograph plates = ! :ole li/4 ,i wrote to ,mr4 ,be/ on ,april #bg?1 z ,i want$ all ! bad news1 & ,i wrote to "s o!r p4 ,i said1 ,y h n yet r5d]$ a bill = po/age on y\r mail+4 ,w y please make y\r reque/8 ,& he answ]$1 ,i 0 surpris$ y ask$ ab\t ! po/age *>ge f "h4 ,x has be5 my int5t f ! beg9n+ ( ! campaign to c>ry ! po/age *>ge myself4 ,?ank y v mu*4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,c>l1 ,i "k y h done a lot ( h>d "w1 & ,i'd l to say = ! organization t we d appreciate :at y h done = u4 ,i see ,mr4 ,slate has come 9 back "h4 ,mr4 ,slate h y a ^w f ! ,publications ,committee8 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,i h no =mal report4 ,! "p ( ! ,publications ,committee ) :i* ,i am conc]n$ is ! proce$+s4 ,! spe$ ) :i* t job 0 done dep5ds ^u h[ fa/ ! pap]s come 9 & ! transcript ( ! proce$+s f9i%$4 ,! transcript is r complicat$ & a lot ( ?+s are said t %\ldn't g into ! report4 ,x takes a lot ( "w ) ! blue p5cil to boil ! mat]ial d[n to some?+ t's useful & wor? pay+ a pr9t+ bill =4 ,"o o!r ?+ t ,i %\ld m5tion is ! co/ ( mail+4 ,i don't "k :e!r t has be5 m5tion$ previ\sly or n4 ,we _h a little difficulty ) ! ,po/ ,(fice ,dep>tm5t4 ,c>l ,prell c tell y ab\t t4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,yes1 he did4 ,i h he>d only good reports ( y\r f9e job4 ,i ?9k we all agree t x 0 a s*ol>ly production4 ,d we h any?+ f ! ,survey ,committee8 ,blossom+ ,habits ( ! ,p]sian ,walnut ,h4 ,f4 ,,/oke1 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,! ,survey ,committee1 z its project = ! curr5t ye>1 has und]tak5 a /udy ( ! blossom+ habits ( ! ,p]sian walnut4 ,! prime object ( ?is /udy is to solve ! problem ( poll9ation1 s t ! plant] may be reasonably sure ( a satisfactory crop1 :e!r 8 plant+ be a s+le tree or an or*>d4 ,:ile ?is /udy has dealt exclusively ) ! ,p]sian species1 ,juglans regia1 ! habits & pr9ciples involv$ apply equally to all walnut species4 ,9 mo/ plants ! reproductive function inh]es 9 a s+le bisexual fl[]1 consi/+ ( bo? male & female elem5ts4 ,9 walnuts1 z well z mo/ o!r nuts1 ! male & female functions are p]=m$ by unisexual fl[]s ( v diff]5t type & appe>ance4 ,bo? ! male or /am9ate fl[] & ! female or pi/illate fl[] spr+ f buds t are =m$ 9 ! axils at ! base ( leaves ( ! previ\s season's gr[?4 ,9 ! ,p]sian walnut !y may be detect$ z e>ly z ,july4 ,! /am9ate bud t =ms ! poll5-produc+ catk9 ( ! next season1 c be di/+ui%$ by its *eck]$ appe>ance1 some?+ l a t9y p9e cone4 ,!y occur 9 ! axils ( ! l[] leaves ( ! %oot ( ! curr5t season4 ,! pi/illate bud1 :i* produces ! nut1 occurs at or ne> ! tip ( ! gr[? ( ! curr5t season4 ,x c usually be di/+ui%$ f leaf buds by its l>g] size & plumpness4 ,:5 ^! blossom buds develop ! foll[+ season1 ! male or /am9ate blossom assumes ! =m ( a catk91 :i* elongates rapidly a few days be=e maturity4 ,z ! poll5 is %$1 beg9n+ at ! /em end1 ! pale yell[-gre5 ( ! bur/$ poll5 capsule turns d>k or black1 proce$+ to ! tip ( ! catk94 ,?is *ange readily %[s t poll5 is %$d+1 :i* may be confirm$ by t\*+ su* a catk9 ) ! tip ( ! f+]1 & not+ ! yell[ poll5 t adh]es1 or rises 9 a t9y cl\d4 ,mak+ note ( ! date :5 a giv5 v>iety beg9s %$d+ poll51 & ! date :5 all catk9s on ! tree h op5$1 gives ! p]iod dur+ :i* t v>iety is effective z a poll9iz]4 ,! female1 or pi/illate fl[]1 does n1 l ! catk91 spr+ directly f ! wood ( la/ season's gr[?1 b occurs at ! end ( ! new gr[? ( ! curr5t ye>1 be+ prec$$ by a numb] ( leaves :i* n\ri% ! "y nut to maturity4 ,! pi/illate blossom assumes ! =m ( "o or m t9y nutlets ) little %>p-po9t$ tips4 ,:5 ! blossom has become receptive to poll51 ea* tip has sep>at$ into two sep>ate pi/ils :i* spread ap>t & pres5t fre%1 slightly /icky surfaces1 :i* are kn[n z /igmas4 ,?is is ! "t t poll9ation c take place1 :i* p]iod cont9ues until ! /igmas h lo/ _! fre%ness & /ick9ess4 ,?is p]iod m>ks ! "t dur+ :i* poll9ation c occur4 ,9 _m cases ,p]sian walnut trees rema9 b>r5 :5 plant$ alone1 n because ( incompatibility betwe5 ! poll5 & ! pi/illate fl[]1 b because poll5 %$d+ & receptivity d n occur at ! same "t4 ,sometimes poll5 %$d+ is ov] be=e pi/ils are receptive4 ,su* bloom+ is t]m$ prot&r\s by botani/s4 ,9 ab\t an equal numb] ( cases ! pi/ils lose _! receptivity be=e poll5 is %$4 ,su* bloom+ is t]m$ protogyn\s4 ,!re are q a numb] ( v>ieties1 h[ev]1 t mature bo? types ( blossoms simultane\sly1 9 :i* ! v>iety is self-f]tile & w produce crops1 ev5 if isolat$ f o!r trees ( ! species4 ,( ^! ,hanson & ,b$=d are repres5tative4 ,on "s o!r trees !re is "s ov]lapp+ ( ! %$d+ & receptive p]iods1 en\gh to produce p>tial1 b n full crops4 ,w>m wea!r ha/5s bloom+2 cool cl\dy wea!r ret>ds x4 ,a w>m spell may />t blossom+ e>ly1 b if brok5 by a cool wave ! p]iod ( bloom may be greatly ext5d$4 ,a s\!rn exposure ) a light soil w cause a v>iety to blossom e>li] by "s days ?an 9 ! same locality 9 heavy soil4 ,! blossom+ p]iod is g5]ally %ort] 9 ! ,nor? ?an 9 ! ,s\?4 ,climax1 ,mi*igan reports bloom+ beg9n+ ,may #aj & end+ ,may #ca1 a p]iod ( #ba days4 ,mill]ton1 ,n4 ,y41 & ,massillon1 ,ohio1 report ! same4 ,urbana1 ,ill41 reports bloom+ beg9n+ ,may #e & end+ ,june #a1 a p]iod ( #bg days4 ,at ,roanoke1 ,va41 ! p]iod beg9s ,april #i & ends ,may #aj1 runn+ #ca days4 ,at ,gre5sboro1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ! season began ,april #b & end$ ,may #e1 a total ( #cc days4 ,! report ( ,mr4 ,royal ,oakes ( ,bluffs1 ,ill41 is unique 9 ! %ortness ( ! blossom+ p]iod1 bo? ( individual v>ieties & z a :ole4 ,blossom+ began ,april #bi & end$ 7e/imat$7 ,may #ac1 a p]iod ( only #ad days4 ,! reason may p>tly lie 9 ! wea!r & p>tly because ! plant+ is on high bluffs ov]look+ ! broad ,ill9ois ,riv] valley1 af=d+ excell5t air dra9age4 ,"o major difficulty ! ,committee enc\nt]$ 9 tabulat+ ! reports 0 ! fact t s few ( ! same v>ieties 7 be+ gr[n by ! v>i\s report]s1 mak+ x difficult & sometimes impossible to syn*ronize ! blossom+ p]iod ( ! v>i\s v>ieties f diff]5t places ) suffici5t accuracy4 ,because ( ?is1 two tables h be5 prep>$4 ,table ,numb] #a %[s nam$ v>ieties1 = ! mo/ "p4 ,table ,numb] #b %[s v>ieties t are be+ propagat$ asexually1 b h n yet be5 giv5 v>iety names4 ,se$l+s n propagat$ by budd+ or graft+1 if recogniz$ h be5 omitt$ because ( individual v>iability4 ,ea* table consi/s ( five v]tical columns1 e>lie/ to ! "r1 successively lat] t[>ds ! left4 ,v>ieties above ! divid+ l9e are %$d+ poll5 at ! "t v>ieties 9 ! same column bel[ ! l9e are receptive4 ,a v>iety l ,hanson1 appe>+ 9 ! same column bo? above & bel[ ! l9e1 is self-poll9iz+4 ,v>ieties appe>+ 9 m ?an "o column indicate a long bloom+ p]iod4 ,,mr4 ,,beck]3 ,! ,cra? ,no4 #a ,i h be5 able to propagate is :at ,mr4 ,neilson gave to me z ,cra? ,no4 #a--;,i guess he call$ x ,cra?4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,we may h to disc>d a numb] ( o!r ,cra? ,no4 #a's1 because ! v>iation betwe5 !m indicates a mixture ( sev]al clones ) ! same "n4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,! next ?+ to consid] is ?is resolution :i* is giv5 ^w = ^w on page #bf ( our #aieb annual report4 ,,table #a4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,broadview ,bijur ,c>pa?ian ,d ,beckman ,p>nell ,lanca/] ,cutleaf ,s ,bay] ,b$=d ,watt ,mc,dermid ,=t ,cu/] ,beckman ,caes> symbol3 male ,hanson ,breslau ,ett] ,hilltop ,caes> ,eureka ,ill4 ,no4 #bc ,eureka ,lake ,mundt ,gr&e ,s-#bd ,metcalfe ,james ,lanca/] ,littlepage ,mc,kinster ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,caes> ,beckman ,bijur ,bay] ,burtn] ,mc,kinster ,bijur ,cutleaf ,b$=d ,dewey ,breslau ,colby ,broadview ,ett] ,=t ,cu/] ,fickes ,no4 #bb ,ett] ,eureka ,c>pa?ian ,d ,hanson ,=t ,cu/] ,franquette ,colby ,hilltop ,gr&e ,mayette ,cutleaf ,s ,jacobs ,ill4 ,no4 #bc ,l-#b symbol3 female ,fickes ,no4 #bb ,james ,lake ,hans5 ,lake ,lanca/] ,jacobs ,lanca/] ,mundt ,ke5] ,s-#bd ,s-#bd ,mc,dermid ,metcalfe ,metcalfe ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,table #b4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,e>ly ,m$ium e>ly ,midseason ,m$ium late ,late ,s-#f ,s-#f ,s-#ab ,s-#bb ,s-#ag symbol3 male ,s-#ab ,s-#ab ,s-#bb ,s-#bd ,s-#eg ,s-#cc ,s-#ff ,s-#bd ,s-#be ,littlepage ,s-,,xd ,s-#be ,s-#bi ,s-#bi ,s-#cb ,s-#cc ,s-#da ,s-#ce ,s-#de ,s-#ff ,s-#ff ,s-,,xd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,s-#e ,s-#e ,s-#f ,s-#f ,s-#g symbol3 female ,s-#be ,s-#ag ,s-#ag ,s-#ab ,s-#ab ,s-#bi ,s-#bb ,s-#bb ,s-#ag ,s-#cc ,s-#cb ,s-#bd ,s-#cb ,s-#ce ,s-#ce ,s-#be ,s-#ch ,s-#df ,s-#ff ,s-#bi ,s-#da ,s-#eg ,s-#ce ,s-#de ,littlepage ,s-#ch ,s-#df ,s-#da ,s-#dh ,s-#de ,s-,,xd ,s-#dh ,littlepage ,s-,,xd ,littlepage ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,x 0 made by ,mr4 ,d[ell ( ! ,ohio gr\p1 al?\gh x is ( int]e/ to e /ate t has an affiliat$ gr\p or a *apt]4 ,la/ ye> ! matt] 0 ref]r$ to ! ,bo>d = _! consid]ation4 ,! ,bo>d c>efully consid]$ ! resolution ( ! ,ohio gr\p1 & ! _s ( ! ,d[ell resolution1 0 approv$4 ,! matt] 0 f9ally left ) a committee made up ( ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,mr4 ,c>l ,prell & ,mr4 ,ma*ov9a4 ,x is n[ 9 ord] to he> f ^! m5 ! *anges necess>y 9 our by-laws to create ! "r atmosph]e = ! =mation & op]ation ( our /ate organizations1 because we d want to enc\rage !m4 ,aft] he>+ ! proposals1 a motion w be 9 ord] t !y be approv$4 ,if approv$1 a ye> f n[ we w vote on ! am5dm5ts to ! by-laws4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel w give ! report ( ! committee4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,y\r committee agre$ on ! sugge/$ revision ( ,section ,,ix1 :i* cov]s *apt]s & affiliations4 ,if ?is meets ) ! approval ( ! memb]s "h1 f9al action mu/ be def]r$ until ! #de? annual meet+4 ,propos$ am5d$ ,section ,,ix ( ! by-laws reads z foll[s3 ,section ,,ix4--,*apt]s & ,affiliations4 ,article #a4 ,! ,association %all enc\rage ! =mation ( regional gr\ps ( its memb]s into *apt]s1 :i* may elect _! own (fic]s & organize local field days & o!r programs4 ,su* *apt]s ne$ n limit _! memb]%ip to memb]s ( ! p>5t organization4 ,!y may publi% _! proce$+s & select$ pap]s 9 ! proce$+s ( ! p>5t society subject to review ( ! ,association's ,committee on ,publications4 ,article #b4 ,any indep5d5t association or society int]e/$ 9 nut tree culture may affiliate ) ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association by paym5t ( an annual affiliation fee ( #e4jj4 ,select$ pap]s pres5t$ at ! meet+s ( su* an affiliat$ society may be publi%$ 9 ! proce$+s ( ?is society subject to review ( ! ,association's ,committee on ,publications4 ,x is ! ?\ght ( ?is special committee t ! new word+ simplifies & cl>ifies ^! two articles 9 reg>d to organization ( *apt]s or sections1 & second1 affiliation ( indep5d5t organizations4 ,we ?\ght we %\ldn't limit x to affiliation ( nut gr[]s associations z su* b to ext5d affiliation possibility to any society f g>d5 club on up :i* is int]e/$ 9 nut gr[+4 ,& "u ,article #a1 :e!r we call ?is /ate gr\p a *apt] or a section doesn't seem to matt] mat]ially4 ,i believe ! ,mi*igan gr\p pref]s to be call$ a *apt]4 ,! ,ohio gr\p1 ,i ?9k1 w take x ei!r way4 ,at ! pres5t ,i ?9k we h call$ t ! ,ohio ,section ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,any discussion8 ,i submit ?is propos$ am5dm5t1 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 to be pr9t$ 9 ! #dd? annual report = action at next ye>'s meet+1 ! #de? annual meet+ ( ?is ,association4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,d we h a motion to accept ! report8 7,! motion to accept 0 made by ,dr4 ,crane1 second$ & pass$ )\t diss5t47 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,i 0 9 hopes t we w\ldn't h "t = ! next feature1 b s9ce "s ( ! committees hav5't report$ yet1 ,i am afraid t we h4 ,t is ! address by ! presid5t4 ,presid5t's ,address ,,ri*>d ,b4 ,,be/1 ,eldr$1 ,ill4 ,! task ( sett+ d[n ideas = ! reflection ( ! ,,nnga fills me ) con/]nation4 ,my scanty rills ( ?9k+ are inadequate4 ,y rememb] ! old ,arabian tale ( ! poor /ud5t :o 0 %ut up 9 an en*ant$ room 9 ! bosom ( ! e>?4 ,y rememb] h[ ! e>? op5$ only once ea* ye>4 ,! /ud5t 0 wait$ ^u by demons & spirits :o furni%$ deep & d>k k4 ,:5 ! door op5$1 ! /ud5t em]g$1 load$ ) great lore & p]t95t facts4 ,l ?is ,arabian /ud5t1 by delv+ into antiquity & our old annual reports ( ! ,,nnga1 ,i h put toge!r "s ?\ghts f m5 liv+ & dead4 ,irv+ says3 ?is pilf]+ disposition :i* "s ( u h may be implant$ 9 u = a good reason4 ,maybe ?r\gh u pilf]]s or borr[]s1 ,heav5 takes c>e ( ! se$s ( k & wisdom f age to age4 ,! wor?:ile ?\ghts :i* "s ( our e>ly memb]s gave u may be purlo9$ by me & made to sp>kle aga9 9 today's light1 ev5 ?\gh ! e>ly memb]s' g5]al idea is obsolete4 ,s1 j z nature has provid$ = ! di/ribution ( h] plant v>ieties ?r\gh ! maws ( birds & animals1 s x may be t ,heav5 has provid$ = ! f9e ?\ghts ( our old memb]s to be caught by u pr$atory individuals & made to be> fruit aga9 9 ?is new day4 ,really ?is is "o way we exi/ & g =w>d 9 our organization4 ,a crop ( t>es :i* we read ab\t 9 ! scripture enri*es ! soil = ! next crop4 ,z a =e/ dies1 a new crop ( trees spr+ up4 ,ev5 a dead tree gives rise to a :ole creation ( c\ntless bact]ia & fungi4 ,s on ad inf9itum4 ,memb]s :o h talk$ & /udi$ our problems 9 ! pa/ h made possible our "w "h today4 ,s1 likewise1 our words w sleep ) ! o!rs f :om we h borr[$4 ,s1 to escape ) a good consci5ce1 to avoid hav+ f+]s po9t$ at me1 ( he>+ cries (--y /ole ?is f me1 ,i w try to give cr$it :]e cr$it is due4 ,o!rwise1 ,i might be1 figuratively speak+1 /ripp$ ( my mat]ial "h piece by piece1 & ,i w\ld f9ally /& be=e y ) h>dly a lo9 clo? ( an idea :i* ,i c\ld call my own4 ,!re is a popul> appeal to ! nut bus9ess :i* mo/ ( u are susceptible to1--l want+ to produce l>ge nuts1--& ( see+ ! fir/ nut1--& to aga9 ga!r nuts l we did z *ildr54 ,ask a man h[ l>ge a nut he f\nd & he w lie z he w ab\t a fi% he has j caught4 ,!n1 !re is ! romantic vision>y :o w\ld trans=m ! :ole univ]se into a sort ( fairyl& nut grove--:]e !re are no insects1 diseases1 or squirrels1--& :]e ! nuts fall poli%$ into op5 bags4 ,!n1 !re are ^? ( u--& ,i am "o--:o reason+ t ! groves 7 ,god's fir/ temples1 flee to a twilight hill top or to a =e/ %ade1 &1 z ,mr4 ,/okes said1 ,sit humbly at ! feet ( ! great "m ( u all4 ,!re is wisdom & heal+ 9 ! %ad[ ( h] w+s4 ,we ne$ ?is philosophical attitude to g5]ate enc\ragem5t & inspiration to )/& ! h>d knocks t we h _h--& w h com+4 ,b1 ! ,,nnga mu/ be m reali/ic & really d "s grappl+4 ,read ! exp]i5ces :i* all our reports are fill$ )4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,mill] on page #ii ( ! #aidj report h&les ?is matt] ( success & failure v well4 ,we live on our successes & n on our failures4 ,nut culture is pione]+1 & x is well to be fully aw>e ( ! possibility ( failure s t we may be /eel$ = x :5 x comes4 ,failure makes our successes sweet]4 ,abraham ,l9coln's life 0 a s]ies ( failures4 ,?omas ,edison usually fail$4 ,plant bre$]s at our /ations ne>ly always fail4 ,b1 once 9 a :ile !y succe$4 ,9 ! nut bus9ess1 if we succe$ #a 9 #aj1jjj times1 success may be *eap at t4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels /at$ s _m important aspects ( ! ,,nnga t ,i want to li/ 8 outl9e "h & !n simply hang "s ?\ghts on ! skeleton ( 8 report4 ,= y\r own enjoym5t & und]/&+1 please read aga9 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels's address ,! ,=w>d ,look1 :i* is f\nd on page #bg ( our #aieb report4 ,i j m5tion 8 subjects & comm5t on !m = emphasis4 #a4 ,v>iety ,evaluation ,! ,ohio ,nut ,gr[]s did a f9e job ( gett+ ?is job ( evaluation 9 ! groove4 ,read ab\t x on page #bi ( ! #aidf report4 ,h[ _m ( u "h h wa/$ ye>s on v>ieties t good evaluation might h disc>d$1 be=e we />t$ to plant ! nut4 #b4 ,judg+ ,/&>ds ,:i* cov]s su* ?+s z-- 7a7 ,seal+ ( nuts 7b7 ,recov]y ( halves 7c7 ,size1 quality1 etc4 ,evaluation & judg+ include all ^? f9e ?+s we look = 9 a nut4 #c4 ,! ,nam+ ( ,v>ieties ,_m ( u h ! same tree gr[+ b call+ x a diff]5t "n4 #d4 ,secur+ ,new ,v>ieties ,& gett+ !m into z _m *annels4 ,mr4 ,wilk9son />t$ sev]al ,*ief pecan trees la/ ye> & gave !m all away4 ,*ief is a f9e new v>iety ( pecan4 ,if we _h a few m ,=d ,wilk9sons 9 ?is organization1 ,god bless him1 we w\ldn't h s _m problems4 #e4 ,! ,"w ( ,individuals ,!re is always ! possibility ( f9d+ ! p]fect nut1 s we ne$ to cont9ue our se>* ?r\gh ! e>? = bett] v>ieties4 ,sci5tific te*niques mu/ be appli$ be=e we bre$ bett] nuts4 ,we simply _c h nuts put 9 our c(f9s expect+ to cont9ue our "w 9 ! next _w2 s we ne$ to d ! next be/ ?+ to ?is--t is ( in/ruct+ our sons 9 ! little we h f\nd & :]e our diff]5t v>ieties are plant$4 ,!n1 "s ( our sons w />t :]e we left (f4 ,private rese>* is play+ a m important "p 9 ! _w today4 ,private rese>*1 us+ ! l>ge am\nt ( basic rese>* available1 c\ld accompli% wond]s 9 ! nut _w4 ,i am deeply griev$ :5 ,i see va/ e/ates :i* h _h a =tune sp5t 9 plant+s t _h little practical value4 ,! m5 :o sp5t ?is money w\ld gladly h furni%$ ! l&1 labor1 capital & managem5t = a nut bre$+ program _h we be5 !re to h sold !m on nut trees4 ,z ,mr4 ,*ur*ill said--,too little & too late4 ,b memb]s ( ! ,,nnga =get :at might h be54 ,new e/ates are develop+ & y\ng] m5 are wond]+ h[ !y c immortalize _! lives & "w4 ,m5 pass away2 _! names p]i% f record & recollection2 _! hi/ory is only a tale & _! tomb/one becomes a ru91 b a good nut tree be>+ a man's "n1 gives t "n immortality4 #f4 ,"w ( ! ,exp]im5t ,/ations4 ,9 ! mo/ practical ve91 our basic rese>* & mo/ ( our actual bre$+ mu/ /ill be done by our ,exp]im5t ,/ations4 ,any nut project is a long-"t program & x l5ds itself be/ to an ,exp]im5t ,/ation :i* is n set up on a ?ree score & t5 basis l we z individuals are4 ,/ations also h tra9$ work]s & in=mation at h&4 #g4 ,! ,real ,aim ( ! ,,nnga ,is bett] liv+ on ! f>m & ! improvem5t ( ! g>d5 & f>m/ead4 ,almo/ e f>m & home1 especially 9 ! great corn belt1 ne$s %elt]1 %ade trees1 & ! beautify+ effect ( trees4 ,psalm #ai3a-d says3 ,! heav5s decl>e ! glory ( ,god2 & ! firmam5t %[e? 8 h&iwork4 ,day unto day utt]e? spee* & night unto night %[e? k4 ,_! voice goes out ?r\gh all ! e>?1 & _! words to ! end ( ! _w4 #h4 ,nut ,gr[+ z a ,hobby4 ,= p :o l to see ?+s gr[+1 !re are few projects t yield m g5u9e satisfaction ?an h>dy-adapt$ v>ieties ( nut trees4 ,few p "k :at a he>t nut or *e/nuts are1 & mo/ h nev] crack$ a butt]nut4 ,mo/ ( u h nev] ta/$ a good p]simmon1 & ! paw-paw is practically unkn[n4 ,we ( ! ,,nnga h some?+ to (f] our memb]s4 #i4 ,keep our ,organization ,solv5t & ,function+4 ,all co/s h increas$4 ,our /r5g? lies 9 our lett]s1 reports & in=mation :i* we s5d to our memb]%ip4 ,to keep ?is in=mation com+ ?r\gh lett]s & our annual report takes money4 #aj4 ,h[ to ,f9ance ! ,,nnga4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels makes ! foll[+ sugge/ions aft] /at+ t we h rea*$ ! po9t :]e increas+ ! dues w n give u m income1 because ( loss ( memb]%ip4 7a7 ,increase our numb] ( memb]s4 7b7 ,provide diff]5t types ( memb]%ip to enc\rage contributions4 7c7 ,gifts4 7d7 ,special fund rais+ projects4 ,increas+ ! memb]%ip seems to h ! mo/ promise 9 ! future4 ,we are n[ at ! cross roads4 ,d we want a /rong1 h>d-hitt+ organization1 capable ( do+ ^! ?+s :i* we "k ,,nnga c d1 or d we want to ease d[n ! o!r road to a :imp]+ s5ile exi/5ce1 9 ! plant society _w8 ,we h increas$ our memb]%ip #dj ! pa/ ye>1 & aft] hurri$ly congratulat+ ourselves1 let u hurry on to ?is problem ( sett+ ourselves ano!r goal = #aied4 ,:at %all our new goal be8 #cj1 #ej1 #ajj--let u ?9k high4 ,x is easi] to come d[n ?an to g high]4 ,i'd l to h someone's idea 9 ! audi5ce "h4 ,does anybody h "s figure we %\ld hit at8 #aj1 #bj1 #be8 ,,mr4 ,,k9tzel3 ,i ?9k s9ce we h a ?\s& memb]s1 = ea* ( ! ?\s& to br+ 9 "o m memb] & make x a hundr$ p] c5t4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,n[1 ! high man is go+ to w9 "h1 y "k4 ,is !re anyone t c raise ?is man1 t c say t we increase our memb]%ip m ?an a hundr$ p] c5t8 ,if n %all we take t z a goal8 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! po9t 9 ?is discussion ( goals :]e we c make ! foll[+ pr(\nd d$uction--,no?+ is wor? two c5ts until x is sold4 ,our *ur* bells r+ to tell ! _w t some?+ good is be+ (f]$ & t ! *ur* has some?+ to sell4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ?is _w mu/ be sold4 ,! ,,nnga is compet+ n only ) ! resi/ance p (f] x1 b also aga9/ e o!r human activity4 ,p buy :at !y ?9k w give !m ! mo/ satisfaction4 ,we are liv+ 9 a cold-blood$ society & p are n go+ to *oke ) emotion :5 we m5tion ! old holl[ tree :]e ! possums hat*$1 or ! wide spread+ *e/nut4 ,p may n ev5 want to jo9 our ,,nnga4 ,?is is a free c\ntry & p c j sit 9 ! sun on ! b>e gr\nd if !y want to4 ,!y may n want trees & c eat grape nuts if !y want4 ,we "k !y ne$ ! hobby--! %ade--! beauty--! protection or ev5 nuts :i* nut trees w br+ !m4 ,because we "k p ne$ ^! f9e ?+s1 !n we mu/ ask !m to jo9 ! ,,nnga4 ,if ev]ybody knew :at y "k ab\t ! ,,nnga1 we w\ld h a memb]%ip ( #ajj1jjj memb]s4 ,b !y d n4 ,?is is :at we mean by sell+ our organization4 ,indirectly z we sell our memb]%ips to help o!r p1 we help our organization4 ,f9ally1 let me sugge/ t we build up a backlog ( ideas "h at ,ro*e/] to add to :at we h on increas+ our memb]%ip4 ,give y\r ideas to our ,vice ,presid5t1 ,mr4 ,george ,salz] & 8 publicity committee & y w be help+ to solve our ,,nnga problems4 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,x seems to me ! mo/ successful ?+ t 0 done dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 z f> z ! rais+ ( memb]%ip 0 conc]n$1 0 done by ,mr4 ,*ase1 :5 he wrote t article on ,p]sian walnuts t surviv$ sub-z]o temp]atures4 ,t _h a trem5d\s impact on ! public imag9ation1 & x got a trem5d\s numb] ( inquiries4 ,i ?9k x _h m effect ?an ev5 ! "w ( individual memb]s1 s ,i w\ld sugge/ t anybody :o has an idea t c be s5t to a magaz9e t w\ld h a public appeal %\ld d t ?+4 ,,mr4 ,,ma*ov9a3 ,! ?\ght /rikes me t 9 addition to ! goal = new memb]s1 we %\ld also "w to keep ^! memb]s we h pick$ up ?is ye>4 ,t means ! old] memb]s %\ld contact ! new] memb]s1 help !m1 give !m trees4 ,o!rwise1 a lot c be lo/ quickly4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,9 ?is _w no matt] :e!r we are sell+ se$ corn--if y w p>don t little plug--or y are runn+ a re/aurant or any =m ( human activity1 y c figure ea* ye> ab\t a #aj p] c5t loss 9 y\r cli5telle or y\r cu/om]s1 :atev] y want to call !m1 & we ( ,n4,n4,g4,a4 are no exception to t rule4 ,we d h to keep work+ = t replacem5t2 o!rwise1 9 #aj or #ab ye>s we are go+ to be out ( bus9ess entirely4 ,,mr4 ,,k]r3 ,i am a ,spani% ,w> vet]an4 ,at ! national conv5tion 9 ,portl&1 ,oregon1 9 #aich1 "o ( my comrades %[$ me a walnut tree t he plant$ be=e he w5t to ! ,philipp9es dur+ t w>4 ,x 0 on ! banks ( ! ,willamette ,riv] :]e he _h plant$ ?ree nuts4 ,two 7 s ne> ! riv] t a log boom _h torn !m out1 b "o 0 left4 ,x 0 #hj feet high1 f\r feet 9 diamet]1 & on "o occasion _h produc$ almo/ a ton ( v good nuts4 ,i told t to ! sci5ce editor ( ! ,associat$ ,press1 & he put a little article 9 ! local pap]1 b no picture4 ,if he _h a picture ) t article1 ev]ybody w\ld h read x4 ,i ?9k we ne$ m publicity on ^! old trees t are be>+ nuts4 ,i live 9 ,plym\?1 ,mass41 :]e ! ,pilgrims settl$4 ,9 _! settlem5t pap]s !y m5tion$ ! groves ( walnuts & o!r wild nuts 9 ! t]ritory4 ,we f\nd a l[-bran*$ walnut #e feet 9 diamet] & ov] #dej ye>s old4 ,,mr4 ,,brook3 ,let me sugge/ ,mr4 ,k]r write su* an article = su* a magaz9e1 because he is j ! p]son4 ,,mr4 ,,k]r3 ,i h already writt5 a few articles = sev]al m5's clubs1 & ,i am writ+ ano!r article4 ,,mr4 ,,brook3 ,:5 are y releas+ x8 ,,mr4 ,,k]r3 ,pretty soon4 ,! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s w get a copy4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,! report ( ! ,place ( ,meet+ ,committee1 ,mr4 ,allaman8 ,,mr4 ,,allaman3 ,a ye> ago ?is summ] ,i w5t to ,lanca/] to visit ! ,frankl9 ,m>%all ,college to see if we c\ld hold our conv5tion !re next ye>4 ,!y consid]$ x q an honor to h u !re1 feel+ t x is an educational feature4 ,!y c furni% u a nice auditorium ) a cafet]ia ne>by4 ,sleep+ qu>t]s w\ld be scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! gr\nds4 ,!y c furni% our meals & a banquet4 ,ab\t t5 days ago ,i *eck$ to see if ?+s 7 /ill all "r1 & !y said1 ,come ahead1 s ,i am sugge/+ t ! ,association hold its next annual conv5tion at ,lanca/]1 ,pa4 at ,frankl9 ,m>%all ,college4 ,our field trip at ,lanca/] w\ld be to ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,posey's or*>d4 ,he has by f> ! bigge/ plant+ 9 ! /ate ) trees ( v>i\s ages & _m diff]5t v>ieties4 ,he ent]ta9$ ! ,p5nsylvania gr\p a ye> ago4 ,he has a nice pavilion up on ! hill1 :]e we c h our lun*4 ,we _h a mo/ enjoyable "t1 & he is delight$ to h u4 ,mr4 ,posey is own] ( ! ,posey ,iron ,works 9 ,lanca/]4 ,= #aiee we 7 ?9k+ ab\t ,mi*igan1 probably ,mi*igan ,/ate ,college4 ,= ! foll[+ ye> we 7 wond]+ ab\t ,connecticut4 ,j ! place 9 ,connecticut has n be5 giv5 any ?\ght4 ,session adj\rn$4 ,,monday ,,aft]noon ,,session ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,9 ! morn+ session ,mr4 ,allaman propos$ t we hold our next conv5tion 9 ,lanca/]1 ,pa4 ,is !re a motion to t effect8 ,,mr4 ,,rick3 ,i move t our next meet+1 #aied1 be held 9 ,lanca/] ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,t is suppos$ to be "o ( ! g>d5 c\nties 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x has /ood fir/ & second 9 production4 ,i don't "k :at x /&s n[1 b x w\ldn't be f> f ! top4 ,x w\ld be mo/ int]e/+ to all our memb]s1 ,i am sure1 to pay ,lanca/] ,c\nty a visit4 ,motion second$ by ,mr4 ,ellis & pass$4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,accord+ to ! by-laws1 we get a report ( ! ,nom9at+ ,committee at ?is "t4 ,we h our election at ! la/ bus9ess session4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,! ,nom9at+ ,committee1 consi/+ ( ,max ,h>dy z *airman & "s o!rs1 includ+ myself1 pres5ts ! foll[+ c&idates3 ,= ,presid5t1 ,r4 ,b4 ,be/4 ,= vice-presid5t1 ,gilb]t ,beck]2 = ,treasur]1 ,w4 ,s4 ,cl>k2 & = ,secret>y ,sp5c] ,*ase4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,are !re o!r nom9ations8 7,no response47 ,y w h a *ance = fur!r nom9ations at our la/ bus9ess session4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,n[1 !n1 we h an opportunity to he> f a gr\p ( :at we might call au?orities 9 _! v>i\s fields4 ,we h q an assortm5t4 ,! only way ,i "k ( to express x is to say we h ! wise m5 out ( ! ea/ & ! wild m5 out ( ! we/4 ,i ?9k we fir/ might he> f ,mr4 ,kyhl ( ,sabula1 ,i[a4 ,mr4 ,kyhl1 y come up & give u y\r v]sion ( ! nut bus9ess4 ,ab\t ,nuts ,,ira ,m4 ,,kyhl1 ,sabula1 ,i[a ,:at we all h 9 m9d at ?is "t is nuts & m nuts4 ,"o way to get !m is to plant m nut trees4 ,:y n />t a campaign 9 ?is direction8 ,:]e ,i live 9 ! midwe/ ! black walnut is at home & likewise ! hickory1 hazel1 etc4 ,f>m]s may be reluctant to set aside acreage = ?is purpose b !y c\ld be plant$ along f5ce r[s ar\nd ! entire f>m & w\ld produce %ade = live/ock1 an abundance ( m>ketable nuts1 & lat] a =tune 9 saw logs4 ,! av]age size f>m ( #afj acres c\ld support a great _m black walnuts if plant$ along f5ce r[s :i* ord9>ily gr[ up to bru% & we$s4 ,se$l+s are *eap or "o c\ld buy #b or #c bu%els ( ,?omas nuts & raise _! own4 ,"o c\ld also plant hickories1 he>tnuts1 filb]ts & *e/nuts if v>iety is desir$ along f5ce r[s1 b ! ma9 ?+ is to get ?is "w />t$4 ,we c\ld no d\bt get coop]ation f ,c\nty ,ag5ts & ,cons]vation ,dep>tm5ts because ( w9d breaks & erosion control4 ,f>m]s :o c\ld be induc$ to d ?is "w w\ld no d\bt become nut en?usia/s 9 due "t4 ,i feel t at ?is "t x may be 9 l9e to pay a slight tribute to our fri5d ! squirrel4 ,i wond] h[ _m ( u gave a ?\ght z to :o 0 responsible = all ( our wild trees1 su* z black walnuts1 butt]nuts1 hickories1 hazels & s =?1 & h[ !y came ab\t4 ,! answ] is simple1 ! squirrels1 ( c\rse4 ,!y h be5 plant+ nuts = c5turies & )\t _! good "w 9 ! pa/1 !re w\ld be v few wild nut trees4 ,! squirrel has be5 wrongfully condemn$ = 8 app>5tly good "w & has ev5 be5 cuss$ a little = liv+ on ! ef=ts ( 8 own labor1 & due to my appreciation ( 8 good "w1 ,i h graft$ or r topwork$ "s ( ! trees he plant$ to ,p]sian walnuts1 pecans1 etc41 s t he may h m ( a v>iety ( nuts4 ,som$ay ,i expect to h "s ( ! l>ge/ & fatte/ squirrels 9 ,am]ica4 ,i cov] "s ( ! *oice v>ieties ) /ove pipe4 ,!y seem to take ! h9t & don't bo!r ! nuts4 ,"o m ?+1 !re does n seem to be en\gh nuts to g ar\nd1 t is1 en\gh = bo? ! squirrels & ourselves4 ,s let's plant m trees s t ! squirrels c't possibly eat !m all & :5 we h done t1 !n let's plant a lot m4 ,we n[ h _m species ( nuts & _m v>ieties ( ea* species1 _m ( :i* h prov5 h>dy 9 cold climates4 ,x is v enc\rag+ to note ! good "w t is be+ done to produce bett] & m v>ieties4 ,"o v f9e nut t doesn't seem to h _h mu* "w done on x is ! h>d %ell almond4 ,x does v well = me1 is self-poll9at+1 be>s v heavily1 & c be graft$ on pea* /ocks ) good results4 ,i h also _h v good success ) ,p]sian walnuts1 he>tnuts1 filb]ts1 *e/nuts1 hickories1 pecans1 hazels & black walnuts4 ,natural ,v>iation ,obs]v$ 9 ,%agb>k ,hickory1 ,c>ya ovata 7,mill47 ,k4 ,ko*4 9 ,c5tral ,new ,york ,,david ,h4 ,,caldwell1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,college ( ,=e/ry1 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! %agb>k hickory has be5 extremely important 9 ! economy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ its p]iod ( e>ly developm5t4 ,! h&les ( ! axes :i* level$ ext5sive =e/$ areas 9 ,colonial days 7 frequ5tly made f /urdy hickory wood4 ,! nuts furni%$ food = man 9 ! =m ( oil or nutmeats & (t5 hogs 7 fatt5$ on hickory nuts1 bee*nuts & *e/nuts4 ,z settlem5t progress$1 ! dem& on hickory z wood = wagon p>ts increas$ :ile ! use ( ! ?ick-%ell$ nuts = food decreas$ except by ! c\ntry boy or girl :o w&]$ f tree to tree 9 ! fall collect+ nuts = crack+ by ! fireside 9 ! w9t]time4 ,! au?or rememb]s b\nd+ out ( b$ z a *ild 9 ! fall be=e dawn on ! nights :5 !re _h be5 a fro/ or a heavy w9d1 9 an ef=t to beat ! squirrels 9 ! race to obta9 ! ri* h>ve/ ( hickory nuts to be f\nd ly+ b5ea? ! f9e old trees ne> ,h]kim]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,by "s co9cid5ce1 bo? ! boys & ! squirrels knew ( ! same trees :i* 7 mo/ s\ght aft] = _! crops ( nuts4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ! v>iability ( hickory nuts 0 fir/ obs]v$4 ,?us x 0 t ! nuts ( c]ta9 trees 7 nev] ga!r$1 :ile ! grass b5ea? o!r favorite trees 0 glean$ c>efully = all fall5 nuts4 ,! pres5t inve/igation ( ! %agb>k began 9 ! fall ( #aidi & cont9u$ ?r\gh ! summ] ( #aiec4 ,x 0 initiat$ ) ! previ\s k ( ! extreme v>iability to be obs]v$ betwe5 ! nuts ( individual %agb>k hickory trees & 0 conduct$ = ! purpose ( det]m9+ :e!r or n t v>iability 0 also express$ ?r\gh o!r features ( ! tree su* z buds1 leaves1 b>k or =m4 ,consequ5tly1 a sy/ematic /udy 0 begun ( individual trees total+ #aeh f\nd mo/ly 9 ,onondaga ,c\nty1 ,new ,york plus ! edges ( surr\nd+ c\nties4 ,! trees 7 obs]v$ ?r\gh\t ! gr[+ season s t ! v>i\s tree p>ts c\ld be obs]v$ = comp>ison4 ,x 0 a preconceiv$ idea by ! au?or t !re might be sev]al or m di/9ct subdivisions into :i* individuals ( %agb>k might be plac$ ?r\gh ! use ( macroscopic *>act]s4 ,obs]vations 7 made ov] a p]iod ( ?ree gr[+ seasons on ! foll[+ *>act]s ( ea* tree3 7#a7 b>k 7#b7 buds & twigs 7#c7 leaves 7#d7 fl[]s 7#e7 fruit ,ea* "* 0 obs]v$ m ?an once = ea* tree z a *eck on possible ye>ly v>iation = specific *>act]i/ics 9 ! trees f :i* data 0 collect$4 ,! g5]aliz$ description = %agb>k hickory is z foll[s3 ,,size--a tree rang+ at maturity f #ej to #ajj feet 9 height1 g5]ally #b to #c feet 9 diamet] & v occasionally rea*+ #d feet 9 diamet]4 ,,b>k--usually "u #c_/d ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 occasionally up to #a in* ?ick ) a *>act]i/ic light or smoky-gray color :5 dry & break+ up into long plates or /rips loosely atta*$ to ! trunk ne> ! middle ( ! plate4 ,,buds--t]m9al buds usually #c_/h to #c_/d ( an in* long1 subglobose to n>r[ly ovate1 ) #h-aj imbricate scales1 ! out]mo/ ( :i* are a blacki% br[n ) d>k br[n tom5tum1 & a %ort mucronate or att5uate apex1 inn] scales light br[n ) long] lanate pubesc5ce & apex acute to obtuse2 lat]al buds small]1 ab\t #a_/d ( an in* ) tightly appress$ scales4 ,,twigs--angl$ or r\nd$1 r$di% br[n to yell[i% br[n1 or gray1 turn+ m or less gray ) age2 pubesc5t ! fir/ ye>4 ,,leaves--comp\nd--rang+ f #c-g ovate to oblong lanceolate leaflets1 usually #e1 t]m9al leaflet z l>ge or l>g] ?an ! fir/ two lat]als1 usually #d-h long1 g5]ally glabr\s on bo? surfaces b ) a f9ely s]rate1 ciliate m>g92 total leaf size rang+ f #h-ae = mature leaves4 ,,fl[]s--7a7 female--occurr+ 9 #b to sev]al fl[]$ spikes1 ) a "o-cell$ ov>y1 ab\t #a_/d to #a_/c in* long cov]$ ) tom5tum2 fl[]s ru/y to yell[i% gre5 9 color2 /igma ) two /igmatic lobes2 bracts mu* long] ?an ! lat]al bractlets4 7b7 male--9 ?ree p>t$ or bran*$ am5ts1 ea* fl[] usually conta9+ #d /am5s ) a #b or a #c lob$ calyx2 am5ts #c-d long ) gl&ul> hairs4 ,,fruit--oval1 globose or pe> %ap$1 consi/+ ( a woody husk #a_/d to #a_/b ?ick break+ usually along #d l9es ( suture expos+ a flatt5$ nut g5]ally #d ridg$1 smoo? or slightly r\gh5$2 usually :ite or cream 9 color1 se$ sweet ) #b cotyl$ons4 ,,results ,,( ,,field ,,obs]vations ,,b>k--,mo/ ( ! %agb>k hickory trees obs]v$ 7 f\nd to h a smoke-gray1 %aggy b>k f #bj ye>s ( age to maturity4 ,h[ev]1 among ! #aeh individual hickory trees obs]v$1 !re 7 f\nd #g trees :i* _h a b>k mu* m blacki% ?an ! normal %agb>k type & ) closely furr[$ b>k consi/+ ( int]-lac+ scaly ridges m simil> 9 "* to t ( ,c>ya ovalis 7,wang5h47 ,s>g4 ,! trees f\nd gr[+ "u timb]l& conditions r ?an z op5 field or h$g][ trees did n h ! *>act]i/ic %aggy b>k except = ! upp] trunk :i* _h be5 expos$ to ! wea!r conditions ( ! =e/ canopy4 ,:]e ! trunks ( ! trees 7 some:at protect$ f direct rays ( ! sun & =ce ( ! w9d1 ! b>k 0 smoo?1 gray & b slightly plat$ ) none ( ! %agg9ess typical ( op5 field gr[n %agb>k4 ,,buds ,,& ,,twigs--,! buds ( %agb>k 7 obs]v$ to divide !mselves into two g5]al gr\ps bas$ ^u t]m9al bud %apes & two m gr\ps bas$ ^u ! sizes ( ! att5uat$ apex ( ! out]mo/ bud scales4 ,9 all cases ! bud scales 7 obs]v$ to be pubesc5t ?\gh ! degree ( pubesc5ce v>i$ consid]ably 9 ! out] scales only4 ,! two g5]al bud %apes 7 globose-ovate & n>r[ly elliptical4 ,! broadly oval 7,fig4 #a;a7 type ( buds 7 small]1 g5]ally "u #a_/b in* 9 l5g? :ile ! elliptical 7,fig4 #a;b7 type ( buds 7 usually ov] #a_/b in* 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a;a ,fig4 #a;b ,%agb>k ,hickory ,t]m9al ,buds 7#a-,x7 ,! long att5uat$ apex on ! out] bud scales ( ! elliptical type ( buds is evid5t 9 ,figs4 #a;b & #b;b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b;a ,fig4 #b;b ,%agb>k ,hickory ,t]m9al ,bud ,scales 7#a-,x7 ,! numb] ( lat]al buds at "o position v>i$ consid]ably ) ! usual numb] be+ "o 7,fig4 #c;a7 bud locat$ j above ! lob$ leaf sc>4 ,on exce$+ly vigor\s spr\t gr[?1 or on v vigor\s t]m9al gr[? twigs1 x 0 f\nd t #b1 #c1 #d & occasionally #e sup]pos$ buds might occur 7,fig4 #c;b74 ,twigs ( %agb>k v>i$ consid]ably bo? 9 ! rapidity ( gr[? & 9 color4 ,frequ5tly ! color seem$ to be associat$ ) ! incid5t rays ( ! sun & ori5tation ( ! twig on ! bran* seem$ to l>gely control color4 ,twigs ^u ! same tree w\ld v>y f gray to r$di% br[n to yell[i% br[n or tan4 ,! majority ( obs]v$ trees _h a r$di% br[n z ! pr$om9ant color4 ,t]m9al %oot gr[? ( z mu* z #dj in*es 0 obs]v$ & z little z #b-c in*es 9 v sl[ly gr[+ mature trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c;a ,fig4 #c;b ,%agb>k ,hickory ,lat]al ,buds 7#a-,x7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d;a ,fig4 #d;b ,%agb>k ,hickory ,leaves 7#a_/c,x7 ,! degree ( pubesc5ce on ! surface ( ! twigs v>i$ consid]ably & 0 f\nd to frequ5tly foll[ gr\p location patt]ns4 ,?us ne>ly all ( ! individuals gr[+ 9 "o field might be f\nd ) d5se pubesc5ce on ! twigs :ile a simil> gr\p sev]al miles away might h1 = all practical purposes1 no pubesc5ce on ! twigs4 ,9 g5]al1 ! mo/ rapidly gr[+ trees 7or twigs7 _h ! lea/ am\nt ( pubesc5ce on ! twigs4 ,,leaves--,!re 0 extreme v>iability f\nd ) ! leaves ( ! #aeh individual trees obs]v$4 ,all trees 7 f\nd to h comp\nd leaves1 b ! leaflet numb]s v>i$ greatly4 ,! typical numb] = %agb>k is #e1 b #c to #g 7 f\nd2 ?ree leaflets 7 common1 #e 7 abundant & #g leaflets 7 r>e4 ,six cases ( leaves ) #g leaflets 7 obta9$ f ! va/ numb] ( leaves *eck$ on ! #aeh trees2 ?us ! frequ5cy ( occurr5ce is q l[ = ! gr\p z a :ole4 ,:]e #g leaflets 7 obs]v$1 #e ( ! leaves 7 normal p9nately comp\nd leaves 7,fig4 #d;a71 :ile "o leaf consi/$ ( five palmately arrang$ leaflets plus two normal p9nately comp\nd leaflets 7,fig4 #d;b74 ,! leaflets on ea* tree 7 fairly uni=m 9 %ape b ! %ape ( leaflets betwe5 trees v>i$ consid]ably4 ,?us "o tree might h #e leaflets q broadly ovate to obovate 9 %ape :ile ano!r equally valid %agb>k w\ld be f\nd ) n>r[ly elliptical to lanceolate leaflets simil> to ^? ( r$ hickory 7oval pignut hickory71 ,c>ya ovalis 7,wang5h47 ,s>g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e;a ,fig4 #e;b ,fig4 #e;c ,%agb>k ,hickory ,fruits 7#a_/b,x7 ,! m>g9s ( ! leaflets 7 g5]ally f9ely s]rate & dispos$ to be ciliate--i4e4 ) a fr+e ( hairs along ! s]rate m>g9s4 ,! pres5ce ( cilia t5d to diff]5tiate %agb>k hickory f r$ hickory 9 ! field4 ,?is feature is a consi/5tly good "o if a h& l5s is available b ! degree ( ciliation v>ies consid]ably f tree to tree & dur+ diff]5t p>ts ( ! gr[+ season4 ,! pres5ce ( cilia on ! m>g9 ( ! leaflets %\ld n be us$ z a means ( diff]5tiat+ %agb>k f %ellb>k hickory1 ,c>ya lac9oisa 7,mi*x4 f47 ,l\d41 s9ce %ellb>k also has a ciliate m>g9 on ! leaflets4 ,,fl[]s--,! female fl[]s ( %agb>k are f\nd on %ort #a to #e fl[]$ spikes produc$ on ! curr5t season's gr[?4 ,mo/ ( ! fl[]s are ar\nd #a_/c long1 sessile & cov]$ ) a tawny tom5tum4 ,ea* fl[] t5ds to h two yell[i% gre5 /igmatic lobes b ?ree-lob$ /igmas may be f\nd & "o case ( a #d-lob$ /igma 0 obs]v$4 ,v>i\s am\nts ( an amb]1 or yell[ scurfy1 sub/ance 0 also obs]v$ on ! new fl[]s4 ,! male fl[]s occur on #c p>t$1 sl5d]1 gl&ul>-hairy am5ts f ! basal portion ( ! curr5t season's gr[?4 ,! am5ts are usually #c-d in*es long ) individual fl[]s consi/+ ( #d /am5s ) _! surr\nd+ bract & calyx lobes4 ,! an!rs are yell[i% or gre5i% yell[4 ,occasionally a two bran*$ am5t may be f\nd b ?is seems to occur :5 "o bran* ( ! am5t has fail$ to develop due to an injury ( "s sort4 ,"o case ( an unbran*$ am5t 0 obs]v$4 ,bo? female & male fl[]s are f\nd to be mature aft] ! leaves h gr[n to ne>ly _! fully exp&$ mature size4 ,!re are m male am5ts to be f\nd on ! l[] bran*es ?an female spikes ( fl[]s1 :i* w\ld t5d to aid 9 cross poll9ation ( ! fl[]s by w9d action4 ,9 g5]al ! /igmatic lobes are n q mature at ! "t t ! bulk ( ! poll5 is be+ %$1 yet individual trees1 at a consid]able di/ance f ano!r poll5 be>+ %agb>k tree1 w be> consid]able quantities ( nuts indicat+ self f]tility4 ,,fruit--,! husk ( ! %agb>k is extremely v>iable 9 size1 %ape1 ?ickness & op5+ habits4 ,9 g5]al ! husk consi/s ( #d segm5ts :i* split along #d sutures & fall ap>t at maturity dropp+ ! nut to ! gr\nd4 ,9 _m cases ! husk falls to ! gr\nd ) ! nut & does n break ap>t until x rea*es ! gr\nd4 ,a few ( ! trees exam9$ _h husks :i* 7 n q decidu\s to ! base & 7 reta9$ on ! tree until aft] ! nut _h be5 releas$4 ,"o tree among ! #aeh exam9$ consi/5tly _h a #e p>t$ husk4 ,! husks v>i$ consid]ably 9 ?ickness1 ! dri$ measurem5ts rang+ f #a_/h to #a_/b in* ) ! bulk ( ! measurem5ts av]ag+ ar\nd #a_/d ?ick4 ,two trees _h husks s ?9 z to be m typical ( r$ hickory :ile only #f trees _h husks #a_/b in* ?ick or m4 ,! ov]all %ape ( ! husk ar\nd ! nut rang$ f globose 7,fig4 #e;a7 to ovoid 7,fig4 #e;b7 to obovate 7,fig4 #e;c74 ,x w\ld seem t ! %ape ( ! nut enclos$ )9 ! husk might be pr$et]m9$ by exam9ation ( ! husk itself4 ,! obovate husk %ape c\ld mo/ frequ5tly be dep5d$ on to produce ei!r elliptical or obovate nuts b ?is 0 n an absolute c]ta9ty4 ,! ?ickness ( ! husk effectively conceal$ ! true %ape ( ! nut b5ea?2 ! ?9ne/ husks mo/ ne>ly con=m+ to ! true nut %ape4 ,! size ( ! mature %agb>k hickory nut & husk rang$ f z small z "o in* 9 a tree :i* _h a se$ b>ely #c_/h wide to z l>ge z #b-a_/d in*es4 ,! size ( husk & nut is v>iable & adjac5t trees :i* may h develop$ f ! same p>5t seldom h simil> nuts 9 ! area exam9$4 ,! nut itself exhibit$ ! greate/ v>iability ( all features exam9$ on ! te/ trees4 ,^! trees exhibit$ /rik+ dissimil>ities 93 7#a7 nut size 7#b7 nut %ape 7#c7 %ell color 7#d7 ?ickness ( %ell 7#e7 sweetness or palatability ( nutmeat4 ,"o tree 0 discov]$ ) a nut :i* might h caus$ a taxonomi/ to co9 ! "n ,c>ya ovata v>4 microc>pa due to ! v small dim5sions ( ab\t #c_/h x #c_/h x #c_/d in*es 9 wid?1 ?ickness & dep?4 ,ev5 ! squirrels ( ! area did n feel t ?is tree des]v$ _! att5tion ,! l>ge/ nut obta9$ _h ov]all dim5sions ( #a x #c_/d x #a in*es 9 wid?1 ?ickness & dep?4 ,! majority ( av]age siz$ nuts 7 r\ghly #c_/d x #a_/b x #c_/d in*es4 ,! nut %apes h fall5 into a g5]al patt]n :i* include ! foll[+ normal types3 ,type ,a--,! normal #d angl$ nut1 ne>ly rectangul> 9 cross section 7,fig4 #f;a74 ,type ,b--,an elliptical =m1 ne>ly oval 9 cross section 7,fig4 #f;b74 ,type ,c--,a smoo? oval nut1 oval or elliptical 9 cross section 7,fig4 #f;c74 ,type ,d--,an obovate nut1 oval to angl$ 9 cross section 7,fig4 #f;d74 ,type ,e--,a fat globose nut1 broadly oval to orbicul> 9 cross section 7,fig4 #f;e74 ,illu/ration3 ,type ,a ,type ,b ,type ,c ,type ,d ,type ,e ,fig4 #f;a ,fig4 #f;b ,fig4 #f;c ,fig4 #f;d ,fig4 #f;e ,normal ,fruit ,=ms ( ,%agb>k ,hickory 7#a,x7 ,illu/ration3 ,type ,f ,type ,g ,type ,h ,fig4 #f;f ,fig4 #f;g ,fig4 #f;h ,abnormal ,fruit ,=ms ( ,%agb>k ,hickory 7#a,x7 ,9 addition to ! a=e m5tion$ #e normal types1 ?ree abnormal types 7 enc\nt]$3 ,type ,f--,a smoo? or angl$ nut1 triangul> 9 cross section--f\nd 9 ! same trees z normal nut =ms 7,fig4 #f;f74 ,type ,g--,a smoo? or angl$ nut squ>e 9 cross section--f\nd on ! same trees z normal nut =ms 7,fig4 #f;g74 ,type ,h--,a ,siamese tw9 =m occurr+ v r>ely on ! same trees z o!r normal =ms 7,fig4 #f;h74 ,type ,a 0 ! commone/ =m ( nut f\nd 9 ! ,onondaga ,c\nty area4 ,x r\ghly exce$$ ,types ,b1 ,d & ,e by a #b3a ratio4 ,type ,c exce$$ ,types ,b1 ,d & ,e ) a ratio ( ab\t #g3e 9 frequ5cy ( occurr5ce4 ,types ,b & ,d 7 ! two mo/ easily crack$ nut =ms :5 us+ a hamm] & anvil = a crack+ device4 ,x %\ld be not$ at ?is "t t all ( ! abnormal fruit types 7 f\nd 9 conjunction ) normal fruit types4 ,?us1 "o individual tree us$ z a collection might produce bo? a normal nut type 7,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d or ,e7 & an abnormal nut type 7,f1 ,g or ,h74 ,occasionally a few nuts 9 a collection f "o tree might be class$ z a second normal type4 ,?is 0 r>e h[ev] 7#e cases7 & only occurr$ 9 bord]l9e trees :i* 7 !n classifi$ & record$ z p] ! dom9ant nut type = ! tree4 ,x %\ld be not$ "h t ! nut type did n v>y f ye> to ye> = ! trees exam9$4 ,also ! frequ5cy ( nut crops v>i$ consid]ably2 less ?an #a_/d ( ! sample trees produc$ nuts ea* ye>4 ,mo/ ( ! trees produc$ crops 9 alt]nate ye>s1 & a v few h n fruit$ 9 ! ?ird ye> foll[+ a heavy nut crop4 ,! #aeh trees exam9$ provid$ ! foll[+ di/ribution by fruit types3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,numb] ( ,numb] ( abnormal types f\nd ,fruit ,type ,individual ,trees 9 conjunction ) normal types ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,f ,g ,h ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,normal ,a #ed #e #b #a ,b #bc #b #a ,c #cf #a #b ,d #ba #g #a ,e #bd #d #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #aeh collections ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,abnormal ,f #ae #ae ,g #h #h ,h #d #d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #bg collections ,%ell color ( ! nuts v>i$ betwe5 a br[ni% :ite & a p9ki% :ite color :5 fully dri$4 ,f ! trees us$ z a sample1 !re 7 #ad :i* might be class$ 9 ! br[ni% :ite categories1 & ! rema9d] 7#add7 z p9ki% :ite or creamy :ite4 ,types ,b & ,c 7 ! ones :i* mo/ frequ5tly 7 f\nd ) ! br[ni% :ite nut%ell color4 ,type ,a 0 typically p9ki% or creamy :ite 9 color4 ,nut%ell ?ickness v>i$ some:at4 ,9 all b #b cases1 ! nuts 7 too h>d to crack ) ! tee?4 ,! ?9-%ell$ ones are comp>atively ?9 only1 be+ ab\t l pap]-%ell$ pecans ) ! %ell ?9ne/ on ! sides ( ! nut4 ,x is n sugge/$ t ^! two ?9-%ell$ nuts be exploit$ z pap]-%ell$ %agb>ks s9ce !y are poorly =m$ nuts & ( small size4 ,"o ( ! two trees might be a hybrid s9ce x does n h a ciliate leaflet m>g9 al?\gh ! buds1 b>k & leaves are typical ( %agb>k hickory4 ,! m9imum %ell ?ickness obs]v$ = ! side ( ! nut 0 #a_/b a millimet] 7#j4e mm47 & ! ?icke/ 0 #b4j millimet]s4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 nut types ,b & ,d 7! elliptical & obovate nut =ms7 7 ! easie/ to crack4 ,nut type ,a 0 ! mo/ difficult & _h g5]ally ! ?icke/ %ell4 ,! se$ coat color range 0 f a light tan to a bronze color4 ,! se$ itself 0 9 all cases sweet al?\gh c]ta9 ( ! nuts _h a m pleas+ ta/e ?an o!rs4 ,! nuts ev5tually became rancid ?\gh #c ye>s ( /orage 9 a heat$ room did n cause ! bulk ( ! te/ samples to *ange 9 flavor4 ,?is is unlike ! pecan :i*1 /or$ 9 ! same room ) ! hickory nuts1 became rancid by ! foll[+ ye> aft] collection4 ,summ>y ( ,obs]vations ,! foll[+ obs]vations conc]n+ %agb>k hickory may be made f ?is /udy3 7#a7 ,! buds ( %agb>k fall into #b classes bas$ on bud %ape1 7#a7 globose-ovate & 7#b7 elliptical1 ! latt] be+ ! l>ge/ bud z a rule4 7#b7 ,! buds ( %agb>k fall into #b classes bas$ ^u ! l5g? ( ! att5uat$ apex ( ! out] bud scales4 ,! elliptical =m ( bud consi/5tly _h ! longe/ drawn out apex4 7#c7 ,normal buds ( %agb>k occur s+ly on ! twigs above ! lob$ leaf sc>2 h[ev]1 #b1 #c or #d sup]pos$ buds may occur on v fa/ gr[n spr\ts or t]m9al %oots ( vigor\sly gr[+ trees4 7#d7 ,! twigs ( %agb>k are pubesc5t b range 9 degrees f almo/ none to d5sely pubesc5t4 ,! fa/e/ gr[n twigs are apt to be ! lea/ pubesc5t4 7#e7 ,leaves are comp\nd ) #c-e leaflets commonly f\nd & #g leaflets r>ely f\nd4 7#f7 ,leaflet %apes v>i$ f tree to tree be+ ovate1 obovate or elliptical4 7#g7 ,leaflet m>g9s ) "o exception 7 m or less ciliate4 7#h7 ,mo/ female fl[]s ( %agb>k h #b /igmatic lobes1 h[ev]1 #c /igmatic lobes result+ 9 triangul> nuts are n uncommon4 7#i7 ,! typical male am5t is ?ree bran*$ b "o & two bran*$ am5ts h be5 obs]v$4 7#aj7 ,! husk ( %agb>k v>ies 9 ?ickness f #a_/h in* to #a_/b in* 9 ?ickness :5 dry4 ,! usual husk is #d-p>t$ b "o tree bore #e-p>t$ husks consi/5tly4 ,! av]age husk ?ickness is ar\nd #a_/d in*4 7#ab7 ,!re are ?ree g5]al fruit %apes1 7#a7 globose1 7#b7 ovoid & 7#c7 obovate4 7#ac7 ,!re are at lea/ #e g5]al types ( normal nut %apes = ,onondaga ,c\nty1 ,n4 ,y4 z li/$ 9 ! text ( ?is pap]4 7#ad7 ,?ree abnormal nut types 7 also enc\nt]$ gr[+ concurr5tly ) ! normal types4 7#ae7 ,nut%ell color v>i$ f br[ni% to creamy :ite4 ,! d>k] colors 7 g5]ally associat$ ) ! elliptical1 oval or obovate nut =ms4 7#af7 ,nut%ell ?ickness v>i$ betwe5 #a_/b & #b millimet]s2 ! m angl$ ! nut1 ! ?ick] ! %ell4 7#ag7 ,all ( ! hickory nuts te/$ _h sweet1 edible se$s4 ,! se$ coats v>i$ f a light tan to a bronze 9 color4 ,conclusions ,)9 ! s+le species ( nut tree call$ %agb>k hickory1 ,c>ya ovata 7,mill47 ,k4 ,ko*41 9 c5tral ,new ,york1 !re exi/s a great degree ( div]sity4 ,h[ev]1 9 spite ( ^! diff]5ces1 ! exam9$ sample trees may be plac$ )\t a "q 9 _! prop] g5us & species & ! au?or w\ld v5ture ! op9ion t ! advisability ( plac+ v>iety names on portions ( ! species is a d\btful & haz>d\s proc$ure until mu* m is kn[n conc]n+ ! species ?an is kn[n at pres5t4 ,,mr4 ,,pape3 ,?is pap] is ! result ( ! fact t "s ( u d[n 9 ,indiana are los+ #ge to #ie p] c5t ( our hickory crop ea* ye> by ! curculio1 & :at we are try+ to d is "w up a little int]e/ ) ?is pap]1 s at ! conclusion ( ?is we c get a discussion />t$ & le>n ! exp]i5ces ( o!r p4 ,maybe y w be able to help u d[n 9 ,indiana4 ,! ,control ( ! ,hickory ,weevil 7,curculio c>yae7 ,,edw>d ,w4 ,,pape1 ,m>ion1 ,indiana ,x is our ?\ght t if "s ef=t 7 made to br+ to ?is assembly1 a dige/ ( :at has be5 done to control ! ,hickory weevil1 we might ar\se en\gh int]e/ to c>ry on "s exp]im5ts4 ,if1 at ! conclusion ( ?is pap]1 we c get en\gh discussion1 we w be able to avail ourselves ( ! k & exp]i5ces ( o!rs :o h made attempts to control ?is pe/1 x w\ld be to our advantage4 ,! ,pecan weevil ( ! s\? & ! ,hickory weevil are id5tical & we le>n ! foll[+ f ! exp]im5ts c>ri$ out by ,g4 ,f4 ,moznette1 ,bureau ( ,entomology1 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,pecan weevil damage is ( two types--7#a7 t result+ f attack be=e ! %ell-h>d5+ p]iod 9 ,july & ,augu/ & caus+ all affect$ nuts to drop1 & 7#b7 t result+ f attack aft] k]nel =mation & usually caus+ ! %uck ( infe/$ nuts to /ick tight to ! %ell in/ead ( op5+ normally4 ,weevil-injur$ nuts ( ! second type conta9 grubs :i* de/roy ! k]nels1 or !y conta9 holes ab\t "o-eigh? in* 9 diamet] :i* mature grubs h bor$ & ?r\gh :i* !y escap$ aft] de/roy+ ! k]nels4 ,! fir/ type ( damage (t5 passes unnotic$ & is due to ! fe$+ ( e>ly em]g+ weevils1 :i* puncture ! immature nuts ) _! long lancelike beaks to fe$ on ! juices )94 ,s9ce all nuts punctur$ 9 ?is way be=e ! %ell-h>d5+ p]iod drop to ! gr\nd1 ! entire crop may be lo/ if weevils are abundant & ! crop is light4 ,su* damage may be heavy ev5 :5 a l>ge crop is attack$4 ,! second type ( damage is g5]ally noticeable at h>ve/-"t 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 & 9 seasons :5 l>ge numb]s ( weevils h be5 pres5t practically ! entire crop may be wormy at h>ve/4 ,s9ce ! weevils d n fe$ v mu* on ! out] surface ( develop+ pecan nuts1 /oma* poisons appli$ to trees h be5 ( little practical value 9 control4 ,9 #aidd1 h[ev]1 laboratory te/s %[$ t ,,ddt c\ld kill ! adults1 & t x 0 wor?y ( field trial4 ,field te/s 7 made at ,=t ,valley1 ,georgia1 ) ,,ddt & ! conclusions drawn f ^! te/s %[ t ! effectiv5ess ( two applications ( ,,ddt at ! rate ( #f p\nds ( a #ej-p]c5t wettable p[d] to #ajj gallons ( wat] 9 r$uc+ h>ve/ infe/ations to #a p]c5t gives rise to ! hope t ?is treatm5t1 appli$ = sev]al seasons1 w elim9ate a pecan weevil infe/ation 9 an or*>d1 or w r$uce x to su* an ext5t t spray+ e ye> w n be necess>y4 ,! "t ( ! fir/ application ( ,,ddt _c be bas$ on ! "t ( ! fir/ drop ( nuts1 because o!r pecan insects also cause ! nuts to drop dur+ ,july & ,augu/4 ,h[ev]1 pecan gr[]s :o wi% to make ! ef=t c "t ! fir/ application accurately by spread+ a %eet on ! gr\nd b5ea? an infe/$ tree & lightly j>r+ ! bran*es to dislodge ! weevils4 ,:5 ! weevils are di/urb$ !y fall & play possum & c be easily collect$4 ,:5 a m9imum ( six weevils c be tak5 by j>r+ ! bran*es on any "o tree1 x is "t to make ! fir/ application4 ,:ile ! above w probably give an indication z to :at c be done1 us+ ,,ddt to control ! ,hickory weevil1 = ^? :o h l>ge plant+s & c af=d ! exp5sive spray+ equipm5t necess>y1 x w be necess>y to look f>!r = control me?ods = ! small or*>d1 :]e exp5sive equipm5t is n feasible4 ,! foll[+ is "p ( a lett] f ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,compton1 ,entomologi/ = ! ,julius ,hyman & ,company4 ,x is our ?\ght t s9ce ,,dieldr9 is s highly toxic to ,curculionids x might be possible to take advantage ( ! habits ( ?is insect & control x by spray+ ! soil surface4 ,! l>val /age ( ?is insect leaves ! nuts & ent]s ! soil sometime 9 ! fall4 ,x is believ$ t ! l>vae p5etrate ! soil r deeply1 to a dep? ( p]haps a foot or m & rema9 9 ! soil ov] w9t]4 ,9 ! spr+ or e>ly summ] ! l>vae trans=m to adults & em]ge to lay _! eggs4 ,9 "s regions at lea/ ! adults d n em]ge until ! second ye> aft] ! l>vae ent] ! gr\nd4 ,x is our ?\ght t if ,,dieldr9 0 appli$ to ! surface ( ! soil t _m ( ! l>vae w\ld be kill$ ^u ent]+ ! soil or w\ld be kill$ at "s lat] "t :5 ! adults em]ge4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,fluke at ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons9 has be5 work+ = ! pa/ sev]al ye>s ) ,,dieldr9 appli$ z an or*>d spray = ! control ( plum curculio4 ,9 ,dr4 ,fluke's "w he appli$ ! ,,dieldr9 to ! or*>d floor or cov]4 ,he has _h "s v promis+ results4 ,dr4 ,fluke has us$ two application rates1 namely1 six p\nds & ?ree p\nds ( ,,dieldr9 p] acre4 ,s9ce he obta9$ a high degree ( control at ! ?ree p\nd level1 x w\ld seem wor?:ile to inve/igate ! possibilities ( apply+ ev5 a l[] rate1 say "o & a half p\nds p] acre4 ,9 ,dr4 ,fluke's "w he appli$ ! ,,dieldr9 to ! soil 9 ! or*>d us+ a ,,dieldr9 emulsifiable conc5trate conta9+ "o & a half p\nds p] gallon4 ,,dieldr9 is n[ available impregnat$ on a #cj-fj me% attapulgus clay4 ,su* =mulations are n[ available conta9+ #e1 #aj1 & #ae ,,dieldr94 ,! ,,dieldr9 granules w\ld appe> to h c]ta9 advantages ov] liquid sprays :]e ! grove has consid]able gr\nd cov]4 ,a high p]c5tage ( ! insecticide is reta9$ by ! cov] & does n rea* ! soil4 ,! #cj-fj me% granules h ! advantage ( p5etrat+ ev5 ! d5se/ cov] & _! application results 9 a maximum deposit ( ! insecticide on ! soil surface4 ,groves or or*>ds "u cultivation c be spray$ or treat$ ) ! granules4 ,9 ei!r case x is advisable to disc ! insecticide into ! soil foll[+ application4 ,! granules are free fl[+ & c be appli$ q readily ) any f]tiliz] or di/ributor4 ,)\t any field exp]i5ce to g by x w\ld seem t a #e #cj-fj me% ,,dieldr9 granule =mulation w\ld be mo/ conv5i5t to use4 ,by us+ a #e ,,dieldr9 granule mat]ial y w\ld obta9 a dosage ( #a-a_/b p\nd ( actual ,,dieldr9 p] acre by apply+ #cj p\nds ( granules p] acre4 ,likewise1 #fj p\nds ( ! granules p] acre w\ld give a dosage ( #c p\nd ( ,,dieldr94 ,on ! basis ( "w done ) ,,dieldr9 = ! control ( ! ,japanese beetle1 #c p\nds ( ,,dieldr9 p] acre w control ?is insect = m ?an #e ye>s4 ,:ile x is n safe to assume t we c\ld expect ! same results 9 ! case ( ! ,hickory weevil1 x does give u some?+ to g by4 ,x seems likely t ! =ego+ w create "s int]e/ & t by ! "t ( ! next annual meet+ we %\ld h ! results f ! use ( ,,dieldr9 to control ! ,hickory weevil4 ,,mr4 ,,pape3 ,x is my ?\ght n[ if we c\ld get a little discussion "h conc]n+ :at "s ( y h be5 do+ to control ?is pe/1 we might get some:]e1 or at lea/ get en\gh sugge/ions or get en\gh p>ties int]e/$ to c>ry on "s exp]im5ts 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,:at company makes ,dieldr98 ,,mr4 ,,pape3 ,julius ,hyman ,company is ! "o t s5t ! mo/ lit]ature & ,%ell ,corporation local ag5ts h&le x4 ,also 9 ,indiana ! ,f>m ,bureau ,coop]ative /ore h&les x4 ,! co/ 9 small quantities is two p\nds = #he c5ts4 ,,mr4 ,,kyhl3 ,is ,dieldr9 poison8 ,,mr4 ,,pape3 ,x's poison l all ( ^! mod]n sprays1 b x isn't z dang]\s z ,p>a?ion4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,9 ,virg9ia ,i h _h no exp]i5ce ) ,,ddt1 except ) *e/nut1 & x takes ?ree sprays at two-week int]vals to control ! pe/4 ,,dr4 ,,graves3 ,:at "t ( ! ye>8 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,apply ! la/ spray ab\t two weeks be=e ! nuts rip54 ,t means1 ) u1 />t+ 9 late ,july4 ,y h to figure x = y\r own region4 ,,mr4 ,,gravatt3 ,!re is lit]ature available f ! ,bureau ( ,entomology 9 ,wa%+ton on spray+ to control pecan & *e/nut weevils4 ,!y h done q a bit ( rese>* on x4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,if ?is gr\nd treatm5t is effective1 ,i'd l to try x4 ,x's a lot easi]4 ,,mr4 ,,pape3 ,t w\ld be v nice if y w\ld repeat ! "w 9 ,virg9ia4 ,i "k t ! ,pecan ,gr[]s w "w on ! problem 9 ! ,s\?4 ,if we c\ld get "w done 9 ! ,c5tral ,/ates1 x w\ld be an advantage = all ( u4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,9 my area ! control ( ! pe/ is complicat$ by ! pres5ce ( ! *9quap94 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,we h a surprise feature ?is aft]noon4 ,dr4 ,graves ( ! ,connecticut ,exp]im5t /ation1 :o1 z y "k1 is ! fa!r ( a lot ( ?is "w on *e/nuts1 has cons5t$ to discuss ) u c]ta9 new proc$ures t he us$ 9 graft+ *e/nuts4 ,,dr4 ,,graves3 ,we h work$ ) ?is me?od ( in>*+ blight$ *e/nuts s long & f\nd x s successful t ,i felt x my duty to tell y p some?+ ab\t x4 ,x's really a me?od ( cure = ! blight on ,ori5tal *e/nuts & _! hybrids4 ,i h n f\nd x to "w well on ! ,am]ican *e/nut4 ,n[1 suppose we h our tree1 ) a blight$ area on ! trunk4 ,i am assum+ t ! blight />ts ne> ! base ( ! tree z x usually does4 ,:5 y see x1 y cut x out ) a %>p knife remov+ ! b>k to ! wood4 ,blight$ trees s5d up %oots f ! base1 bel[ ! blight$ b>k4 ,s y take "o ( ^! %oots1 %>p5 x at ! top & ins]t ?is %>p5$ tip "u ! heal?y b>k at ! top ( ! blight$ area4 ,! %oot %\ld be a little long] ?an ! blight$ area s t y c get a spr+ to ! %oot z y pu% its tip 9 betwe5 ! b>k & ! trunk4 ,ev5 if x goes up above & breaks ! b>k a little bit1 x doesn't matt]4 ,?is in>*$ %oot r5ews ! connection betwe5 ! leaves & ! roots across ! blight$ area4 ,y "k ! leaves make ! food ( ! tree1 :i* goes d[n 9 ! b>k to ! roots4 ,! reason blight kills ^! trees is t x beg9s to girdle & sometimes does girdle ! tree & de/roys ! connection betwe5 ! leaves & ! roots1 s ! roots ev5tually die4 ,b by ?is me?od ( in>*+ y re/ore t connection betwe5 leaves & roots4 ,n[1 y'd be surpris$ to see h[ well t's work$ ) u4 ,we tri$ x fir/ 9 #aicg4 ,we h be5 do+ x n[ = #af ye>s4 ,e spr+ we take our trees t %[ ! blight1 our hybrids & ,ori5tal *e/nuts1 & in>*1 & ! :ole ?+ doesn't take m ?an a few m9utes4 ,!n aft] our %oot is in>*$ "h1 we tie x ) old-fa%ion$ /r+4 ,! tips ( ! in>*$ grafts %\ld be cov]$ ) graft+ wax or p>aff94 ,! scion w probably s5d out %oots :i* %\ld be remov$4 ,& ano!r ?+1 cut ! /r+ :5 y "k ! graft has tak5 above4 ,if ! blight$ area is high] up 9 ! tree1 y c use bridge graft4 ,?is1 y c see1 is a k9d ( bridge graft+4 ,b 9 bridge graft+1 ! scion mu/ be an*or$ 9 ! b>k bo? above & bel[ ! lesion4 ,z ,i say1 we h cur$ our hybrids4 ,!re doesn't ne$ to be anybody los+ a ,*9ese *e/nut tree ev]1 us+ ?is me?od4 ,no s5se 9 x4 ,y c usually d ?is graft+ 9 ! spr+ ab\t ,april :5 ! leaves & ! buds are beg9n+ to %[ _! gre54 ,any que/ions8 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,y say y pa9t ! wood8 ,,dr4 ,,graves3 ,yes1 ) any ord9>y pa9t4 ,!re is a tree wood pa9t1 ,i "k1 t's bett]1 b we use ord9>y pa9t4 ,meet+ adj\rn$ at #d3ej o'clock1 p4m4 ,,monday ,,ev5+ ,,session ,:at's ,y\r ,problem8--,r\nd ,table ,discussion ,mod]ator3 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay ,panel3 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyd]1 ,jesse ,d4 ,dill]1 ,/eph5 ,b]na? ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,9 ^! panel discussions ! mod]ator usually lays a little backgr\nd z an introduction to ! subject ( ! ev5+4 ,?is title came f a conv]sation ) ,dr4 ,crane4 ,we 7 talk+ ab\t p ask+ que/ions ab\t _! problems1 & decid$ to h a panel discussion4 ,"r !re we *ose ! title1 ,:at's y\r problem8 ,all ( u h problems to deal ) 9 e walk ( life4 ,we run up aga9/ difficulties1 & usually mu* ( our "t is tak5 up 9 solv+ or cop+ ) !m4 ,at ,beltsville we answ] a great _m lett]s1 & a great _m p ask u ab\t _! problems4 ,9 answ]+ problems1 we pu% ! indu/ry =w>d1 because we remove some?+ t is hold+ x back4 ,sometimes ! answ] to a problem is f\nd by try+ to analyze our successes4 ,9 gr[+ nut trees we may h an unusually good crop on a p>ticul> v>iety or tree4 ,! "q is1 :y does t tree be> well t p>ticul> ye>1 & v frequ5tly x is difficult to und]/& :y4 ,x is v difficult1 = example1 9 ! case ( "o success1 to repeat t success1 because ! second "t y try to d x1 some?+ else comes 91 & y probably h a failure &1 well1 y don't "k :y4 ,x is frequ5tly v difficult to analyze our successes4 ,ano!r way ( /at+ x is1 ( c\rse1 t our successes are (t5 ,nature's gift1 & we d n "k ! factors & ! =ces t g into t gift4 ,i want to digress "h j a little bit by quot+ "o ?+ t ,mr4 ,be/ said4 ,i wi%1 by ! way1 t we c\ld incorporate "s ( 8 homey philosophy into "s ( our m9utes s z to really b5efit by "s ( 8 rem>ks4 ,i 0 impress$ ?is morn+ by 8 /atem5t 9 deal+ ) a fairyl& ( nuts1 y rememb] t language he us$1 no diseases1 no insects1 no failures4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,no squirrels4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,w\ldn't t be wond]ful8 ,i 0 impress$ ) ano!r ?+ he said2 ,i wrote x d[n "h3 ,p are n go+ to break d[n ) emotion :5 we talk ab\t ! old holl[ tree d[n 9 ! corn] ( ! pa/ure :]e ! 'possums 7 hat*$4 ,language l t1 to me1 /rikes a v h>moni\s note4 ,i want to cont9ue ?is digression a little to consid] ! fact t all ( u1 9 a s5se1 are hobbyi/s 9 nut gr[+4 ,hobbies 9 ?is day & age are com+ to be m important all ! "t1 because ( ! fa/ pace at :i* we live4 ,we ne$ to leave our regul> duties once 9 a :ile & get out 9 ! g>d5 or ! =e/ :]e we c obs]ve nature & get away f "s ( ! /resses & /ra9s t mod]n liv+ places ^u u4 ,on ?is trip we 7 tak+ a hike along ! nor? rim ( ,gr& ,canyon 9 an organiz$ nature walk4 ,! trees1 bu%es & fl[]s 7 all labell$ "r d[n ! walk1 & we came to ?is little poem on a regulation label4 ,x goes l ?is3 ,if y keep y\r nose to ! gr9d/one r\gh1 ,& y keep x !re long en\gh1 ,y w cease to he> ! birds t s+1 ,& ! brooks t babble 9 e>ly spr+1 ,& f9ally all t y\r _w w compose1 ,w be ! gr9d/one & y\r poor1 old nose4 ,s t little poem /rikes a real note ab\t a p]son's hobby4 ,y keep y\r nose to ! gr9d/one1 y w =get all ^! ?+s4 ,y ne$ to get away f ! gr9d/one once 9 a :ile4 ,i don't mean to neglect y\r "w1 b ,i d mean to at lea/ take a little "t to g out & look at y\r trees & =get y\r tr\bles & relax & get away f ! /resses & /ra9s t mod]n liv+ places on u4 ,go+ back n[ to ! subject2 we ask$ y1 ?r\gh ! ,nut%ell & ?r\gh memb]s ( ! ,program ,committee1 to s5d 9 ! bigge/ problem 9 connection ) :atev] nut species y gr[4 ,! sev5te5 replies receiv$ includ$ eight problems z foll[s3 7#a7 broom+ disease ( walnut2 7#b7 e>ly vegetat+ p>ticul>ly ( ,c>pa?ian walnut & fro/ damage result+ !refrom2 7#c7 delay$ fruit+ ( *e/nut se$l+s2 7#d7 season too %ort = rip5+ ( fruit2 7#e7 squirrels get ! nuts2 7#f7 failure ( hicans to set fruit2 7#g7 graft+ problems "u :i* are gr\p$ all asexual propagation & cutt+s2 &1 f9ally1 7#h7 gett+ hickory trees e/abli%$4 ,?is is a r l[ numb]1 b ,i ?9k out ( ^? eight problems submitt$ y h a good repres5tation ( "s ( ! ?+s ab\t :i* memb]s ( ?is ,association talk :5 !y come to meet+s4 ,i w fir/ ask ! audi5ce if !re is any "o :o w\ld l to ask a p>ticul> "q at ?is "t4 ,,mr4 ,,beck]3 ,at ! ,web] plant+ at ,rockport1 ,indiana la/ ye>1 we saw no nuts on ! trees4 ,i w\ld l to "k :at is ! cause = ^? trees n be>+4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,i w\ld ?9k t failure to be> 0 caus$ by a comb9ation ( ?+s2 lack ( soil f]tility1 9 ! fir/ place1 soil physical conditions1 probably insect damage & diseases l an?racnose keep+ ! trees f be+ vigor\s1 ov]cr[d+ n[1 ) _m ( !m1 & p]haps to "s ext5t g5etic1 "s v>ieties t j naturally don't fruit v heavily4 ,,dr4 ,mc,k,a,y3 ,any o!rs 9 ! audi5ce c>e to comm5t on t "q8 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,wea!r conditions1 freez+ may h caus$ x4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,my impression 0 t ! trees 7 />v+ to dea?4 ,cutt+ d[n ! competition ) ! we$s & fe$+ !m nitrate w\ld help4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i ?9k mo/ memb]s felt !re t ! trees 7 probably cr[d+ ea* o!r4 ,,mr4 ,,beck]3 ,!y _h nev] borne1 _h !y8 ,,mr4 ,,wilk9son3 ,i don't l to comm5t on x4 ,my op9ion is x's due to ! und]gr[? "u ! trees4 ,keep+ ! circulation ( ! air to ! roots ( ! trees has an effect on its non-be>+4 ,up until !y quit cultivat+ & pa/ur+ ! or*>d1 x bore1 b aft] !y quit1 production /opp$4 ,!re is a two- or ?ree-ye> gr[? ( grass & we$s1 a mat on ! gr\nd1 & ,i ?9k x's a lack ( air to ! roots ( ! trees4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,mr4 ,wilk9son1 ,i he>d ! "q rais$ z to :e!r ! or*>d _h ev] produc$ heavily or n4 ,c y answ] t8 ,,mr4 ,,wilk9son3 ,yes1 x c]ta9ly did = sev]al ye>s4 ,z long z x 0 c>$ =1 x 0 a heavy produc]4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,h[ long ago 0 t1 c\ld y say8 ,,mr4 ,,wilk9son3 ,t's be5 eight ye>s & f>!r back4 ,no?+ has be5 done = x 9 ! pa/ eight ye>s4 ,,mr4 ,,be/3 ,may ,i make a comm5t8 ,la/ ye> 9 our "p ( ! c\ntry1 :i* is a little bit we/ ( ! or*>d we are talk+ ab\t1 we _h almo/ z]o wea!r 9 ,novemb] be=e ! leaves 7 (f ( ! trees1 & ,i felt t t took all ! buds (f our trees4 ,we didn't h any nuts ev5 on v>ieties t w\ld be> e ye>4 ,!re are h>dly any4 ,& ,i ?9k t cold freeze 9 ! fall be=e ! buds really got ready = x did a lot ( damage4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,i believe t 0 a factor 9 ! light walnut crop 9 t area la/ ye>1 ?\gh "s trees did be>4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,( c\rse1 ,i ?9k _m ( u fail to realize t a tree is a ?+ t's conf9$ to "o spot1 & :5 x fills ! gr\nd ) fe$+ roots & m9es ! soil ( all nutri5ts ne> x1 x's /ymi$1 s to speak1 until we give x "s m food4 ,isn't t "r1 ,dr4 ,crane4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,t's "r4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,& trees1 :5 !y rea* out z f> z !y c & c't get any m food & no m leaves are all[$ to fall on ! gr\nd1 nature doesn't add any nutri5ts anymore1 naturally1 ^? trees are 9 a bad way & w cont9ue to be until f]tiliz] is appli$ 9 "s way4 ,a ,,memb]3 ,i'd l to trim my ,p]sian walnuts s ,i c walk "u ! l[e/ limb4 ,does t h an adv]se effect ^u ! be>+ ( ! tree8 ,,mr4 ,,b]na?3 ,i don't ?9k t's good1 to trim !m too high4 ,i ?9k ! l[] ! tree ! bett] x h&les all along4 ,take ! fruit gr[]s1 !y aim to h ! trees z l[ z possible to make pick+ & spray+ easy4 ,if y prune a tree1 especially ! ,p]sian walnut1 too mu*1 x w h a bad effect on ! tree4 ,,dr4 ,mc,k,a,y3 ,:at ab\t ! effect on be>+8 ,,mr4 ,,b]na?3 ,y won't h fruit = sev]al ye>s until ! tree recov]s :at x has lo/ 9 foliage4 ,,mr4 ,,k9tzel3 ,i h foll[$ ! or*>ds 9 ,cali=nia1 & ,i h notic$ !y foll[ ! practice ( leav+ ! l[] bran*es on ! trees1 & ,i h notic$ t ! l[] bran*es h a lot ( nuts on !m1 also4 ,! bran*es are hang+ d[n on ! gr\nd4 ,,mr4 ,,k]r3 ,9 ,france & ,g]many1 !y are crazy to get wood1 & s !y cut (f all ! l[ limbs4 ,i h a ,p]sian walnut t is beside ! walk1 & !y cut (f ! l[ limbs because !y hit ! sidewalk4 ,?is ye> ,i got a trem5d\s crop4 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,i ?9k ?is man has a tree t he wants to walk "u4 ,"u ^! circum/ances he c cut (f ! l[ limbs4 ,i agree ) ,mr4 ,b]na?1 h[ev]1 t x w r$uce ! crop = two or ?ree ye>s4 ,,mr4 ,,b]na?3 ,yes1 b he %\ld />t prun+ :5 ! tree is "y4 ,a tree is j l a *ild3 y h to />t to tra9 !m :ile !y are "y4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,y mu/ consid] ! tree at all ages4 ,9 ! "y tree ,mr4 ,b]na? is "r1 x w produce soon] if y leave all ! leaves on4 ,b we mu/ consid] ! mature tree4 ,! bran*es t are l[ to ! gr\nd h to h ! sunlight & if !y d n get x !y become practically b>r5 dur+ lat] ye>s4 ,if ! l[] bran*es are cut back :5 !y are "y & ! tree head$ high]1 ! ,p]sian walnut w h a trunk1 say1 #aj feet to #ad feet to ! fir/ limb1 b ^! w produce walnuts ultimately4 ,i ?9k ! g5tleman is "r 9 hav+ ! tree prun$ high en\gh to walk "u1 & he w get m nuts 9 ! long run ?an if he lets ! l[] limbs develop & !n ev5tually cut !m d[n4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,we _h an example ( t ) t huge black walnut tree ) black walnuts />t+ out #cj feet 9 ! air ar*+ d[n & t\*+ ! gr\nd4 ,b y w\ldn't want to d t imm$iately ) a "y tree1 take all ! bran*es up s high4 ,a ,,memb]3 ,d y h any control = ! /9k bug on filb]ts8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,we hav5't work$ ) ! control ( /9k bug1 because x is :at might be class$ z "o ( our m9or problems4 ,! damage is n s great b :at we c ov]look x at ! pres5t "t4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,9 pecan & almond gr[+ 9 ,cali=nia ! effective control measure = /9k bug is ! elim9ation ( ! ho/ plants on :i* ! /9k bug bre$s4 ,pea* gr[]s h ! same problem4 ,/9k bug w1 if all[$ to multiply 9 a pea* or*>d1 ru9 ! pea*es1 mak+ injuries v simil> to t caus$ by ! plum curculio4 ,! only satisfactory me?od ( control ( /9k bug injury is to elim9ate ! ho/ plants on :i* !y live1 su* z mo/ legume plants1 blackb]ry bri>s & o!r brambles4 ,9 an or*>d1 9 a grass sod1 /9k bug is no problem1 b :]e we h soy beans or c[ peas or some?+ l t gr[+ 9 ! or*>d1 or we h blackb]ry bri>s or wild raspb]ries ne>by1 /9k bug is a bad problem4 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,i h filb]t trees1 & ! /9k bug gets practically all ! nuts4 ,! entomologi/s look$ into ! situation1 & ! condition t ,dr4 ,crane m5tion$ 0 borne out4 ,if !re are blackb]ries ar\nd1 x w be q a problem to control ! /9k bugs4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,n[ ,i am go+ to take up ! problems t h be5 s5t 9 by mail4 ,! "o deal+ ) e>ly vegetat+ & fro/ damage to ,p]sian walnuts 0 s5t 9 by ! mo/ p4 ,mr4 ,snyd] lives 9 a fairly cold c\ntry4 ,i am go+ to ask him to give u 8 ideas on ?is problem & :at might be done ) x4 ,,mr4 ,,snyd]3 ,i am n qualifi$ to discuss t problem1 because we c't d any?+ mu* ) ,c>pa?ian walnuts4 ,we d h "s graft$ ?is ye>1 & we w h "o1 9 p>ticul>1 ,c>pa?ian1 ,no4 #e--;,i don't "k :]e x got t numb]--,cra? ,no4 #e1 ,i believe x is1 on a "y graft$ black walnut tree :i* is rip5+ up almo/ ahead ( ! black walnut1 & bo? h made a rem>kable gr[?4 ,b s f> z ! spr+ is conc]n$1 ,i don't "k h[ !y w come out4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,mr4 ,b]na?1 :at are y\r views8 ,y live 9 a fairly cold area4 ,y propagate ,p]sian walnuts4 ,:at is y\r op9ion ( ?is problem8 ,,mr4 ,,b]na?3 ,well1 !re is a way to help t situation4 ,aft] ! gr\nd freezes1 keep t gr\nd froz54 ,t w delay ! gr[? ( t tree1 if y h ! "t & pati5ce to keep ! gr\nd froz54 ,,mr4 ,,snyd]3 ,i don't believe x4 ,,mr4 ,,b]na?3 ,yes1 x w4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,x seems to me we h a diff]5ce ( op9ion "h betwe5 ,mr4 ,snyd] & ,mr4 ,b]na?4 ,! "q is ?is3 ,dur+ a w>m spell 9 ! spr+ w a tree ) froz5 roots gr[ up "h 9 ! air4 ,t's ! "q4 7,!re 0 a *orus ( yeses f ! audi5ce74 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,i w\ld say t "o good solution is to select late vegetat+ v>ieties4 ,mr4 ,oakes 9 a report to me on ! bloom+ habits ( ,p]sian walnuts1 /at$ t ! v>iety ,s*aeff] did n />t gr[? until ! #bi? ( ,april4 ,t is almo/ f\r weeks lat] ?an mo/ o!r v>ieties4 ,& ,i "k f ! tabulations t ,i h made t "s v>ieties are weeks ahead ( o!rs4 ,s let's select ! late v>ieties t are good & wor?:ile & plant ^?4 ,9 my section our late/ spr+ fro/ av]ages ! #bj? ( ,april1 & yet ,i h sev]al v>ieties t d n bloom until aft] ! fir/ ( ,may4 ,t's ! ideal condition4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,t's true1 ,mr4 ,/oke1 b "h is ano!r po9t to consid]4 ,p]sian walnuts h a %ort cold requirem5t1 y "k t4 ,h5ce1 9 ,febru>y or e>ly ,m>* or any "t1 ev5 9 ,janu>y1 :5 we h a w>m spell ( a week or t5 days or ev5 %ort]1 sap w rise 9 ! trees1 & !y w />t to gr[4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,n all4 ,9 plants ( "s v>ieties new gr[? w h>dly />t4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,p]haps y may h v>ieties t w n />t1 b ! t5d5cy is to />t4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,if y h "o ) t e>ly t5d5cy1 cut x out4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i'd l to get back to ?is op9ion "h on ! "q ( froz5 gr\nd1 dormant roots & ! effect x has on ! top ( ! tree4 ,n[1 h[ ab\t our academicians ov] "h1 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels or ,dr4 ,crane4 ,let's he> f "o ( y4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,x is my op9ion t ) a walnut tree ( good size ! froz5 gr\nd w\ld h little or no effect on ! buds />t+ gr[?4 ,! twigs & ! trunk w\ld w>m up to ! temp]ature ( ! air1 & :5 t happ5s gr[? occurs4 ,wat] is available f t 9 ! trunk & ! deep] roots4 ,?is w\ld happ5 reg>dless ( h[ ! surface roots 7 treat$4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,or :e!r ! tree _h any roots on at ! "t4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,! be/ solution to ! fro/ damage problem is to f9d trees :i* vegetate late en\gh to avoid ! spr+ fro/s4 ,some:]e on ?is t]re/rial globe !re mu/ be "s1 because ,i rememb] ye>s ago ,j4 ,f4 ,jones s5t out "s ,p]sian walnuts ( ,*9ese orig94 ,i plant$ ?ree1 & !y did n />t any gr[? until ab\t ! fir/ ( ,july1 & !y 7 /ill gr[+ /rong :5 fro/ hit !m 9 ! fall4 ,n[1 some:]e 9 betwe5 ^! extremes1 some:]e 9 ! climatic analogue ( our region we w f9d ,p]sian walnuts :i* w h a delay$ vegetat+ p]iod1 & t w be ! f9al answ]4 ,at lea/1 ,i ?9k s4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,i'd l to ask a "q4 ,9 ,f-#b hybrid walnuts d y f9d mu* segregation ( ^? = lat] initiation ( vegetation8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,yes1 we f9d 9 ^? se$l+s 9 "s cases ! t5d5cy to vegetate v e>ly & o!rs v late4 ,! mo/ /rik+ case t ,i "k is an ,f-#a hybrid :i* is a v1 v late />t] 9 ! spr+4 ,x is p]fectly dormant :5 ! o!r "y walnuts are 9 practically full leaf4 ,we d n h any (fspr+ f t p>ticul> "o yet1 b x gives u "s hope t f ?is hybrid we may get some?+ lat]4 ,,mr4 ,,beck]3 ,) u ,i don't ?9k ?is e>ly vegetation means any?+4 ,we are 9 ,mi*igan4 ,d>k1 cold wea!r cont9ues until ab\t ! middle ( ,may1 :5 fro/ ends1 & !n all ( a sudd5 spr+ breaks loose1 ev]y?+ comes out1 & we don't h any setback1 z a rule1 f !n on4 ,s e>ly vegetation matt]s little1 means no?+1 ! way ,i feel ab\t x4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,mr4 ,mod]ator1 y ought to po9t out t mo/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates isn't ,mi*igan4 ,if we _h climatic conditions t ,mi*igan has1 we w\ldn't h t problem1 b ?is problem becomes mu* m acute1 = example1 z y g s\?4 ,! nor? kn[s no?+ ab\t cold injury1 absolutely no?+4 ,if y want to see cold injury1 y g s\?4 ,i told ,dr4 ,george ,pott] t twelve ye>s ago4 ,he 0 born & rais$ 9 ,wiscons9 & sp5t #ag ye>s 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,i told him he nev] saw any w9t] injury1 & he said1 ,:y1 ,i nev] he>d su* a wild /atem5t 9 my life4 ,well1 t 0 because ( ! fact he _h nev] se5 x4 ,he has be5 9 ! ,s\? n[ = #ab ye>s1 & he says1 ,y made a v tru?ful /atem5t4 ,he has se5 ! injury4 ,9 ,oregon 9 #aiej or '#ea we _h a fall freeze4 ,! temp]ature 0 measur$ by ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation 9 ,ea/]n ,oregon1 :]e !y are try+ to gr[ "s fruit & nut trees s !y w h some?+ else to eat besides sage bru%4 ,!y _h ext5sive plant+s ( walnuts1 ,mayette1 ,franquette & all ( ^? h>dy v>ieties1 & along ) !m !y _h "s ,c>pa?ians4 ,! temp]ature !re 9 ! fall dropp$ to #cf degrees bel[ z]o1 & all ( _! walnuts ( ^! o!r /ra9s 7 kill$ to ! gr\nd1 b ! ,c>pa?ian came ?r\gh un9jur$4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> h[ev] x w>m$ up1 ! ,c>pa?ians leaf$ out & 7 ab\t ready to bloom :5 !re 0 a %>p freeze1 & ! ,c>pa?ians sure got x 9 ! neck4 ,s :at diff]5ce does x make :e!r y lose ! trees 9 ! w9t] or y lose !m 9 ! spr+8 ,y h lo/ !m j ! same4 ,i ?9k we ought to he> ,sp5c] ,*ase cite ! hi/ory ( _! big collection ( ,c>pa?ians 9 ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority4 ,i und]/& f him t !y h nev] fruit$ any ,c>pa?ians d[n !re at all4 ,x's n w9t] h>d9ess1 x's ?is e>ly foliation4 ,s we h got a lot ( areas t are va/ly diff]5t f t p59sula 9 ,mi*igan :i* ! ,good ,"l design$ to make a favor$ c\ntry 9 a lot ( respects4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i recognize ,mr4 ,devitt1 :o is "h f ,canada & is well qualifi$ to discuss ,rev]5d ,cra?'s "w !re4 ,,mr4 ,,devitt3 ,x is int]e/+ to me to he> ( ?is e>ly budd+ & late fruit+4 ,along ! nor? %ore ( ,lake ,ont>io & d[n ?r\gh ! ,niag>a ,p59sula our climate is q consi/5t4 ,!re 0 only "o ye> :5 we _h a late fro/--x 0 on ,may #ai?4 ,t 0 9 ! ye> #aicf4 ,e o!r ye> s9ce !y h bloom$ e ye>4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,i'd l to speak ( a tree ,mr4 ,cra? s5t me4 ,! tree 0 be>+ 9 ,toronto #bj ye>s ago4 ,) me x w9t] kills sometime 9 ! w9t] ea* ye>1 ,i don't "k :54 ,9 "s ye>s x has be5 kill$ back to #e-ye>-old wood1 & ?is spr+ ,i f\nd x 0 all dead4 ,?is tree comes out ( dormancy z soon z ! sun gets w>m4 ,x's h>dy 9 ,toronto b n h>dy 9 ,virg9ia4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i ?9k y c all see :y ?is problem is "o ( ! mo/ acute ones we h to deal ) today4 ,?is v>iation ov] ! c\ntry 9 ! behavior ( ?is s-call$ h>dy /ra9 ( walnut is ( great int]e/ n[ to p ev]y:]e4 ,p are believ+ t x c be gr[n1 & !re are /ill problems we h n solv$4 ,i w\ld l to h j a brief /atem5t f ,sp5c] ,*ase on ! p]=mance ( ,c>pa?ian v>ieties at ,norris1 ,t5nessee4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,we report$ ?is1 ,i ?9k1 at our ,beltsville meet+ sev]al ye>s ago4 ,trees we _h at ,norris are ,c>pa?ian types secur$ f ! ,wiscons9 ,horticultural ,society ab\t #aidj4 ,aft] two ye>s 9 ! nurs]y !y 7 plant$1 & la/ ye>1 #aieb1 0 ! fir/ ye> t !y bore any nuts4 ,b t 0 simply because we did n h a late fro/ la/ ye>4 ,?is ye>1 !y 7 all fro/$ aga94 ,s we h1 9 ! ,s\?1 f ,virg9ia & ,t5nessee to a little f>!r s\?w>d1 a problem ( e>ly vegetation ( ,engli% walnuts4 ,we %\ld enc\rage ev]yone to wat* = any late vegetat+ k9ds = trial 9 ! ,s\?4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,dr4 ,dun/an report$ two walnut trees 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 :]e ! season is ab\t t5 days e>li] ?an at my place 9 ,virg9ia t blossom$ aft] ! fir/ ( ,may4 ,i am go+ to inve/igate ^! trees fur!r4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,we h ab\t five m9utes t we might devote to "s o!r problem4 ,ne>ly all ( u d graft+ "w ( "o sort or ano!r4 ,d ,i h a "q f ! floor on graft+8 ,,mr4 ,,ma*ov9a3 ,) cleft grafts or splice grafts held ) graft+ rubb]s1 d y h to cut ! rubb]s8 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,if x's a *e/nut & y h x wax$1 ,i ?9k ! answ] is yes4 ,,mr4 ,,ma*ov9a3 ,! wax is a hot wax & ! rubb] does n dis9tegrate v quickly4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,probably y w h to cut x on species 9 :i* ! gr[? bulges up betwe5 ! turns ( ! rubb]4 ,?is is true ( *e/nuts 9 p>ticul>1 possibly p]simmons1 walnuts probably n q s mu* tr\ble4 ,let's he> f "o ( ! nurs]ym54 ,,mr4 ,,b]na?3 ,i ?9k ! be/ way is aft] ! union is firm en\gh1 to cut ! rubb] ) a %>p knife4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,i'd make "o qualification4 ,i said ,i didn't ?9k y _h to cut rubb]4 ,i ?9k t's true ) graft+ above gr\nd4 ,und]nea? gr\nd1 ) moi/ure ar\nd x1 x %\ld be cut4 ,,mr4 ,,b]na?3 ,if y leave ! rubb] on & bury x1 t la/s = ye>s4 ,ev5 above gr\nd y f9d x sometimes4 ,,mr4 ,,pataky3 ,if y get a fa/-gr[+ callus1 y h to cut ! rubb] b&1 b if x is r sl[ y don't4 ,i d a lot ( budd+ ) roses4 ,i don't cut ! rubb] b&s (f1 because !y w ev5tually drop (f4 ,if y graft a black walnut or ,p]sian1 y w h to cut x or x w girdle ! graft4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,x doesn't d x = me4 ,a ,,memb]3 ,has anybody done "w ) polye?yl5e film 9 graft+8 ,,mr4 ,,beck]3 ,i hesitate to tell y my exp]im5t4 ,i don't ?9k mu* ( x4 ,i us$ polye?yl5e bags on *e/nuts e>ly 9 ! season1 & practically e "o grew1 b ev]y?+ else t 0 out 9 ! hot sun boil$4 ,9 ! hot wea!r ( ,june ! grafts actually cook 9 ! bags4 ,,mr4 ,,ma*ov9a3 ,did y use a bag ov] ! :ole graft1 or j a tube ar\nd x8 ,,mr4 ,,beck]3 ,a bag ov] ! :ole ?+4 ,i h a few ,c>pa?ian grafts t grew well4 ,i ?9k ,i h bett] luck ) hot wax ?an any?+ else4 ,,dr4 ,mc,k,a,y3 ,our "t is up4 ,i want to ?ank ! panel1 al?\gh we didn't "w y too h>d4 ,! panel is adj\rn$4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,dr4 ,gravatt w %[ a film entitl$3 ,x ,br+e? ,=? ,mu* ,fruit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 ladies & g5tlem51 y all are famili> ) ! fact t ! *e/nut blight is loose 9 ,europe4 ,x 0 report$ 9 ,italy 9 #aich1 & x spread r rapidly 9 ,italy4 ,x _h be5 !re _m ye>s be=e !y f\nd x4 ,9 spite ( our num]\s w>n+s to get !m to wat* = x1 !y let x get away4 ,x has spread into ,switz]l&1 caus$ a great deal ( damage !re ) no hope ( sav+ ! l>g] *e/nuts !re or 9 ,italy4 ,x's spread+ into ,yugoslavia4 ,!y are mak+ v en]getic ef=ts to control ! disease 9 ,yugoslavia1 try+ to delay x z mu* z possible4 ,x happ5s ! =e/ pa?ologi/ :o h&les ?is "w is a "y lady1 & %e has got ! =e/] & o!r p int]e/$ to try to hold x back z long z possible4 ,! ?reat ( ! *e/nut blight to ! entire *e/nut gr[? 9 all ( ,s\!rn ,europe help$ to br+ ab\t ! organization ( an ,int]national ,*e/nut ,c\ncil & ,congress4 ,?is is made-up ( delegates f a numb] ( ! ,european c\ntries1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,france1 ,switz]l&1 ,yugoslavia1 ,greece1 ,turkey1 ,japan & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y h be5 meet+ e o!r ye>1 fir/ = two ye>s 9 succession1 b ! plan n[ is to meet e o!r ye>4 ,!y _h a meet+ 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal ?is pa/ ,june1 & ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t paid my exp5ses ov]1 & s =?1 to att5d z a delegate f ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ?is int]national meet+4 ,! meet+ 0 v enjoyable4 ,!y h a v f9e sy/em !re4 ,!y hire big buses to take y ar\nd ov] ! c\ntry4 ,y\r hotel is all arrang$ = 9 advance1 & y g sightsee+ to ! or*>ds & utilization plants4 ,we h meet+s j "h & !re along ! way :]e we /op a half day or a day4 ,! next meet+ w probably be held 9 ab\t two ye>s4 ,!y h decid$ n[ t ! meet+s w be m 9 ! way ( conf]5ces1 because ! la/ ?ree meet+s h be5 p>tly sightsee+ to obs]ve *e/nut or*>ds & laboratories4 ,! possibility ( hold+ ! meet+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 discuss$ by ! delegates !re4 ,b x involves a lot ( exp5se & ! delegates 7 ( ! op9ion t !re w\ld be a v small meet+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 because ! c\ntries ov] !re simply c\ldn't af=d ! exp5se ( s5d+ !m ov] "h4 ,! problem 9 ,italy is v s]i\s1 because !y h some?+ ov] a million acres ( graft$ *e/nut or*>ds1 all ( :i* !y are probably go+ to lose1 & some?+ l a million acres ( coppice gr[? t is go+ to be damag$ b n su* a sev]e loss4 ,9 connection ) ! "w 9 ,italy ,i sugge/$ ! production ( a movie film t c\ld be %[n to ! ,italian p %[+ ! *e/nut indu/ry & also ! *e/nut blight4 ,?is 0 to be %[n 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,italy to ar\se m int]e/ 9 wat*+ out = ! disease4 ,!y h m opportunity !re ( sl[+ up ! disease if !y w "w h>d at x1 b !y are n do+ too mu*4 ,z "s ( y "k :5 a lot ( diff]5t p & ag5cies "w on a movie film !re mu/ be all sorts ( compromises4 ,?is 0 done by a temp]am5tal ,italian director1 & o!r p _h p>ts 9 x1 s :at y see is a compromise4 ,!y made #cj copies 9 ,italian4 ,h has be5 %[n 9 _m mov+ picture h\ses1 & x is also on ! loan basis to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re are ext5sive film loan libr>ies1 locat$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,italy1 s any high s*ool1 college =e/ry gr\p c borr[ films %[+ diff]5t op]ations1 _m ( !m prep>$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & "p ( !m 9 ,italy4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,:at ab\t ?is s-call$ ,korean *e/nut8 ,is x actually a ?ird species8 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,i don't ?9k s1 ,we _h q a bit ( argum5t on ?is "q1 because 9 ,spa9 :]e ,i f\nd *e/nut blight on *e/nuts br\ght f ,japan1 we f\nd ! "n ,korean *e/nut4 ,sometimes ! ,korean *e/nut looks m l a ,jap1 sometimes x looks m l a ,*9ese1 & usually x's sort ( a bl5d betwe5 ! two4 ,we pref] to recognize ^! two species & call ! ,korean a natural hybrid4 ,bo? species are gr[n 9 pure =m 9 ,korea1 & !y int]cross readily1 & we d n reg>d x z a new species4 ,,mr4 ,,wilson3 ,are ! ,italian en\gh aw>e ( _! problem s t !y w h develop$ an ,asiatic *e/nut 9 "t to replace _! pres5t or*>ds1 s t !re w n be an int]im8 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,!re w be a big int]im4 ,t's an opportunity 9 ?is c\ntry to get ! m>ket be=e ! ,italians ev] come back1 ,i ?9k4 7,! film1 ,x ,br+e? ,=? ,mu* ,fruit 0 %[n47 ,! ,int]national ,*e/nut ,commission & ! ,*e/nut ,blight ,problem 9 ,europe1 #aiec ,g4 ,,flippo ,,gravatt1 ,s5ior ,pa?ologi/1 ,u4 ,s4 ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation1 ,beltsville1 ,m>yl& ,! ,int]national ,*e/nut ,commission 0 organiz$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,food & ,agriculture ,organization ( ! ,unit$ ,nations4 ,! aim ( ! ,commission is to promote int]national coop]ation 9 ! /udy ( all sci5tific1 te*nical1 & economic que/ions relat+ to *e/nut gr[+4 ,! ma9 problem fac+ all *e/nut culture 9 ,europe is ! rapid spread ( ! *e/nut blight4 ,france1 ,italy1 ,japan1 ,portugal1 ,spa91 ,switz]l&1 ,turkey1 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,yugoslavia are memb]s ( ! organization4 ,a repres5tative f ! ,f4,a4,o4 9 ,rome s]ves z ,secret>y ( ! ,commission4 ,an int]national conf]5ce on *e/nut problems 0 held 9 ,france 9 #aiej1 ! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,commission 0 held 9 ,italy & ,switz]l& 9 #aiea & ! second 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 ,june #ah-cj1 #aiec4 ,! av]age att5dance at ! meet+s 0 #ej to #fj p]sons4 ,i h att5d$ all ?ree conf]5ces z ! repres5tative f ! ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5ts ( ,/ate & ,agriculture4 ,! ,int]national ,*e/nut ,commission meet+s diff] f ! meet+s ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association 9 _m ways4 ,our ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association meets annually = #b-a_/b days :ile ! meet+s ( ! ,int]national ,*e/nut ,commission la/ f #aj to #ab days b n e ye>4 ,9 ,europe ! memb]s travel mo/ly 9 a l>ge t\ri/ bus1 :i* c>ries ! p>ty = hundr$s ( miles1 visit+ nurs]ies1 or*>ds1 *e/nut utilization plants & n neglect+ ! sc5ic p>ts ( ! r\te4 ,all lodg+ & meals are c>efully arrang$ = 9 advance4 ,! gr\p 9 ,europe is made up q l>gely ( ,f$]al & ,/ate pr(essional work]s1 ,univ]sity pr(essors1 & repres5tatives f ! *e/nut utilization indu/ries4 ,among ! places :i* ! delegates visit$ 9 ,spa9 9 #aiec 0 ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,la ,coruna1 :]e ! ,phytoph?ora ink disease ( ! *e/nut has be5 /udi$ ext5sively4 ,!y also visit$ ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,pontev$ra1 :]e new me?ods ( propagat+ *e/nuts are be+ /udi$4 ,at ,bilboa & at ,villa ,pres5te ,nurs]y1 ,sant&]1 we inspect$ plant+s ( ,asiatic *e/nuts2 ,i f\nd *e/nut blight pres5t on sev]al trees at bo? locations & recomm5d$ imm$iate removal ( ! diseas$ trees4 ,=tunately1 ! ,asiatic *e/nuts are "s di/ance f any native ,european *e/nuts at ea* place &1 accord+ to ! local =e/]s1 ! blight has n spread to ! di/ant /&s ( native *e/nut4 ,"s ye>s ago ! ,spani% au?orities import$ se$ f ,asia2 *e/nut blight probably 0 br\ght 9 on ^! nuts4 ,all infect$ trees t are f\nd are be+ de/roy$1 b a ?or\gh inspection & eradication program is ne$$ to control ! disease be=e x spreads into ! native ,european *e/nut /&s1 f :i* ! disease probably w\ld spread into ,portugal & s\?we/]n ,france4 ,9 ,portugal we inspect$ _m v f9e *e/nut or*>ds4 ,^! or*>ds are compos$ ( graft$ v>ieties1 ) only #c or #d v>ieties 9 ea* locality or region4 ,because ( ?is !re is a m /&>d nut product 9 mo/ ( ,portugal ?an 9 ! o!r ,european c\ntries :]e mixtures ( local v>ieties are frequ5tly gr[n4 ,a v l>ge portion ( ! ,european *e/nut or*>ds 9 ,portugal are made up ( se$l+ trees1 topwork$ ) local selections4 ,9 ,portugal mo/ ( ! or*>ds are locat$ on ! l[] slopes & v>i\s crops are gr[n among ! trees4 ,9 mo/ o!r ,european c\ntries ! or*>ds are on r\gh] m\nta9 l& :i* is graz$4 ,9 ,portugal ! ,/ate ,road ,dep>tm5t has e/abli%$ a numb] ( roadside plant+s ( *e/nut4 ,^! plant+s are v productive4 ,! ,/ate ,road ,dep>tm5t sells ! nut crop to ! highe/ bidd] & uses ! funds = additional roadside tree plant+s4 ,9 nor!rn ,portugal au?orities h conduct$ a l>ge-scale program to control ! ,phytoph?ora ink disease ( *e/nut by ! foll[+ treatm5t3 ,! soil is remov$ f ! base ( ! tree & l>g] roots4 ,! base & roots are spray$ ) a /ick] comp\nd & !n du/$ ) copp] oxide & copp] sulfate be=e ! soil is replac$4 ,treatm5t is repeat$ e #e to #g ye>s4 ,gov]nm5t (ficials secur$ ! coop]ation ( own]s ( *e/nut /&s 9 treat+ practically all trees ov] l>ge areas4 ,al?\gh ?is treatm5t = ! ,phytoph?ora ink disease 0 orig9ally work$ out by ! ,spani% pa?ologi/s at ,la ,coruna1 x has n be5 us$ ext5sively 9 ,spa94 ,! ,phytoph?ora root disease is damag+ *e/nut or*>ds ?r\gh\t s\!rn ,europe4 ,9 #aiej ,i not$ t ?is disease 0 caus+ sev]e damage ev5 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?is same disease 7"h call$ ,phytoph?ora root rot7 caus$ heavy losses at l[] elevations4 ,! #aiec ,*e/nut ,commission meet+ t]m9at$ on ,june #cj at ! fam\s ,palace ,hotel at ,bussaco1 ,portugal1 :]e ! ,"u ,secret>y ( ,agriculture gave ! delegates an (ficial f>ewell d9n]4 ,no def9ite plans 7 made = ! next meet+ ( ! ,commission4 ,x 0 ! g5]al op9ion t a meet+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld be poorly att5d$ because ( ! exp5se ( s5d+ ! delegates f ,europe4 ,aft] ! conclusion ( ! meet+1 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,=eign ,agriculture ,s]vices sponsor$ my trip to ,france1 ,italy1 ,switz]l&1 & ,yugoslavia1 to consult ) ,f$]al & local au?orities on _! *e/nut blight problems4 ,?is disease 0 f\nd 9 ,g5oa1 ,italy1 9 #aich2 lat] x 0 det]m9$ t ! disease 0 pres5t at t "t 9 o!r localities 9 ,italy4 ,! blight is spread+ rapidly & is almo/ completely de/roy+ ! or*>d & l>g] =e/ trees ( ,european *e/nut 9 ,italy 9 localities :]e ! disease has be5 pres5t = "s "t4 ,! blight occurs 9 _m areas 9 nor!rn ,italy & z f> s\? z ,naples4 ,! "y *e/nut coppice is n s s]i\sly affect$1 b ! losses caus$ by ! blight w make gr[+ coppice on a #aj- to #bj-ye> rotation basis less pr(itable ?an =m]ly4 ,! *e/nut blight is abundantly pres5t on ! ea/ slopes ( ! m\nta9s along ! ,fr5*-,italian bord]2 al?\gh x has n yet be5 f\nd 9 ,france1 its di/ribution 9 adjo9+ ,italy makes x highly probable t advance spot infections are already pres5t 9 ,france4 ,! blight has spread into ,tess9 ,prov9ce 9 s\!a/]n ,switz]l& :]e x is de/roy+ _m ( ! or*>ds & =e/ trees4 ,a l>ge *e/nut extract plant 9 ?is ,prov9ce uses wood 9 mak+ tann9 = lea!r manufactur]s4 ,h[ev]1 ?is plant1 z well z "s ( ! extract plants 9 nor!rn ,italy1 is unable to utilize ! *e/nut wood z fa/ z ! blight is kill+ *e/nut trees4 ,9 ,yugoslavia1 *e/nut blight is spread+ rapidly 9 ! or*>ds & native gr[? along ! ,italian bord]4 ,au?orities are actively cutt+ out all advance spot infections1 to delay or possibly /op its spread across _! c\ntry4 ,9 ,yugoslavia1 *e/nut /&s frequ5tly are widely sep>at$1 a natural advantage 9 delay+ ! spread ( ! blight4 ,*e/nut blight has be5 controll$ 9 we/]n ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e *e/nut or*>ds & plant+s are n num]\s4 ,scatt]$ infections h be5 f\nd dur+ ! la/ #cj ye>s 9 ,cali=nia1 ,oregon1 ,wa%+ton1 & ,briti% ,columbia2 infect$ trees h be5 remov$4 ,/rict ,/ate ,qu>ant9e regulations h be5 en=c$1 to prev5t *e/nut blight f spread+ to ! ,we/ ,coa/4 ,! *e/nut blight fungus is attack+ ?ree ( ! important oaks ( ,europe4 ,! typical fanlike mycelial gr[? c be obs]v$ 9 ! b>k ( infect$ oaks4 ,9 #aiec 9 ,yugoslavia ,i obs]v$ vigor\s "y durma/ oak 7,qu]cus petraea7 be+ kill$ by ! blight4 ,9 ,italy ,i f\nd ! disease kill+ pubesc5t oaks 7,q4 pubesc5s7 & caus+ m9or injury to ! holly oak 7,q4 ilex74 ,be=e we c e/imate ! probable damage to ^! ,european oaks1 we ne$ m in=mation on ! effects ( ?is disease on oaks ( v>i\s ages & "u v>i\s environm5tal conditions4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! po/ oak 7,qu]cus /ellata7 is ! only oak species t has be5 s]i\sly damag$ by ! blight4 ,?us1 ! blight is ?reat5+ n only ! native *e/nut =e/ gr[? & or*>ds ( ,europe1 b also ! oaks4 ,a /eady ext5sion ( ! blight ?r\gh\t ,italy c be expect$4 ,advance infections 9 ,yugoslavia are be+ cut out b h[ long ! disease c be held back dep5ds on future ef=ts along ?is l9e4 ,delay "w 9 ,yugoslavia also delays ! "t ( loss ( ! *e/nut & damage to ! oak gr[? ( ,greece & ,turkey4 ,! inspection & eradication "w be+ c>ri$ out 9 ,spa9 may result 9 ! elim9ation ( ?is ?reat to ! *e/nuts & oaks 9 ,spa91 ,portugal & s\?we/ ,france4 ,h[ev]1 !re is ! possibility ( ! blight occurr+ any:]e 9 ,europe4 ,p work+ ) *e/nut %\ld be on ! al]t to f9d & eradicate ! fir/ infections4 ,! film entitl$ ,x ,br+e? ,=? ,mu* ,fruit1 %[n "h today1 0 prep>$ at my sugge/ion by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,=eign ,agricultural ,s]vices at ,rome4 ,x is be+ us$ to aid local au?orities 9 ,italy 9 attempts to delay ! spread ( ! *e/nut blight4 ,! ,italian au?orities1 ) assi/ance f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,=eign ,agricultural ,s]vice1 h pur*as$ blight-resi/ant *e/nuts 9 ?is c\ntry = plant+ 9 ,italy4 ,^! resi/ant *e/nuts are do+ v well 9 ,italy s f>4 ,h[ev]1 ! developm5t ( a new or*>d indu/ry ) ! ,*9ese *e/nut & its hybrids 9 ,italy w be a sl[ process4 ,x is expect$ t %ipm5ts ( *e/nuts f ,italy to ?is c\ntry1 :i* is n[ go+ on at a rate ( #ae to #ah million p\nds p] ye>1 w gradually decrease4 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,i w talk on :ile !y are fix+ ?is next film4 ,mu* ( ! tr\ble 9 ,italy is t s _m ( ! *e/nut or*>ds are ov]graz$1 sadly ov]graz$1 & z ^! *e/nut or*>ds are kill$ by ! blight1 ! l& is go+ back into ?is ov]graz$ condition1 :i* leads to s]i\s erosions4 ,italy ne$s all ! wat] t c be sav$4 ,! m\nta9s are erod$ d[n to ! rock 9 _m areas & :5 y get to ! rock1 y c nev] br+ ! soil back4 ,x's a s]i\s problem to meet because ( ! trem5d\s ov]-population4 ,e little twig ( wood is us$4 ,z ^! *e/nut or*>ds are kill$ x's go+ to be a v difficult problem to plant !m aga9 because ! l& is ov]graz$4 ,protect+ ! plant+s aga9/ %eep & ! goats is q a problem4 7,! film1 ,! ,filb]t ,valleys1 0 %[n47 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,i notic$ !m graft+ *e/nut trees sev]al feet f ! gr\nd4 ,:y are !y do+ t8 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,!y are do+ x 9 ord] to develop a quick supply ( scion wood4 ,b ! proc$ure is bad4 ,x is mu* bett] to graft close to ! gr\nd1 & m\nd x up ) dirt4 ,! blight gets 9 bel[ ! graft if ! graft is high on ! trunk4 ,!y h _h success graft+ bel[ ! gr\nd level & f9d !y may get a %oot six feet high ! fir/ ye>4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,h[ ab\t ! incompatibility 9 ! graft8 ,does t %[ up mu*8 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,we don't "k yet1 because !y always get a c]ta9 numb] ( failures4 ,i look$ ov] q a lot ( graft+ ( ,*9ese *e/nuts on ,japanese-,european hybrids1 & !y are ?riv+4 ,aft] f\r ye>s !y are already regul> trees ) big crops on !m4 ,,tuesday ,,morn+ ,,session ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,our fir/ pap] is ,root+ ,*e/nuts f ,s(twood ,cutt+s by ,rog] ,w4 ,pease4 ,root+ ,*e/nuts f ,s(twood ,cutt+s ,,rog] ,w4 ,,pease1 ,we/ ,virg9ia ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,morgant[n1 ,w4 ,va4 ,"s #ae or #bj ye>s ago ! ,we/ ,virg9ia ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation und]took to develop1 if possible1 blight resi/ant *e/nuts f ,am]ican *e/nut /ock4 ,) ! passage ( "t ! approa* to ! problem has *ang$4 ,dur+ ! e>ly days little ?\ght 0 giv5 to proc$ures = propagation1 b rec5tly ! emphasis has %ift$ t[>d me?ods = propagation :5 & if !re are f\nd h>dy1 timb]-type1 blight-immune *e/nuts ( any species4 ,! practicability ( budd+ or graft+ *e/nuts is debatable4 ,we are leav+ budd+ & graft+ to exp]i5c$ work]s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry & are endeavor+ to develop a me?od = root+ *e/nuts f s(twood cutt+s4 ,results s f> are enc\rag+1 b ! "w is /ill 9 ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,we d n advise anyone to />t root+ *e/nuts on a comm]cial basis1 b we hope t fur!r exp]im5tal "w w be done by int]e/$ ag5cies4 ,to give complete details ( sev]al ye>s' "w w\ld take m "t ?an is feasible "h4 ,circul> #hg1 ,gr[+ ,am]ican ,holly f ,cutt+s--,cold ,frame ,me?od1 obta9able f ! ,mail+ ,room1 ,we/ ,virg9ia ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,morgant[n1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 gives con/ruction details ( a suitable bottom-heat$ cold frame4 ,h[ev]1 ) *e/nuts1 natural %ade 0 n us$ & half ( ! sunlight 0 exclud$4 ,an article 9 ! ,octob] issue ( ,! ,national ,horticultural ,magaz9e--,root+ ,*e/nuts f ,cutt+s--outl9es proc$ure & results ?r\gh #aieb4 ,9 ?is pap] ,i w pres5t a resume ( our exp]i5ces & obs]vations4 ,our facilities 7 limit$ s t ! numb] ( cutt+s set 9 ea* case 0 v small4 ,p]c5tages ( failure or success %\ld be tak5 z indicative only4 ,9 ! propagation exp]im5ts1 prelim9>y obs]vations 7 made by plac+ s(twood cutt+s 9 a bottom-heat$ cold frame at int]vals dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,! soil m$ium 0 two ?irds wa%$ s& & "o ?ird peat moss4 ,daily wat]+ 0 by a h& hose4 ,! root-induc+ sub/ance 0 indole-butyric acid cry/als 9 a talc bas$ mixture1 "o to "o hundr$4 ,! results 7 completely negative4 ,! next season a small cold room 0 con/ruct$ 9 :i* conditions ?\ght to be desirable c\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,air temp]ature 0 kept at approximately #fe deg4 ,f41 fog nozzles 7 op]at$ cont9u\sly except = an occasional air+ ( ! cold room1 & ab\t #bjj foot c&les ( :ite fluoresc5t light 7 deliv]$ ^u ! root+ surface4 ,! root+ m$ium 0 :ite1 wa%$1 build+ s& plac$ ov] "o half in* ( sphagnum moss4 ,! moss1 9 turn1 _h be5 laid 9 a root+ b5* ) a h>dw>e clo? bottom expos$ to ! air4 ,! int]ior air circulation 0 ma9ta9$ by an electric fan op]at+ day & night4 ,! soil temp]ature 0 held at #gj deg4 ,f4 ,cutt+s 7 tak5 at int]vals ?r\gh\t ! season & _! basal sections soak$ 9 a wat]-bas$ solution ( indole-butyric acid cry/als at conc5trations v>y+ ar\nd #fj p>ts p] million4 ,dur+ a #gj-;day p]iod roots 7 =m$ on cutt+s tak5 9 ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/4 ,among ! successful cases ! poore/ result 0 #ff-b_/c1 & ! be/ 0 #ajj4 ,! "y plants 7 f$ nutri5t solution & lat] transplant$ to a light1 s&y soil )9 a bottom-heat$ cold frame4 ,"s roots 7 dead at ! "t ( transplant+1 burn$1 p]haps1 by ! nutri5t solution4 ,! soil temp]ature )9 ! cold frame 0 ma9ta9$ at #gj deg4 ,f4 until late 9 ! fall1 & !n ! plants 7 h>d5$ by r$uc+ ! wat] cont5t ( ! soil m$ium & l[]+ ! temp]ature4 ,all ( ! plants 7 dead :5 !y 7 inspect$ 9 ,m>*4 ,! next ye> a bottom-heat$ cold frame 0 equipp$ ) fog nozzles4 ,! soil m$ium 0 :ite1 wa%$1 build+ s&4 ,s(twood cutt+s1 treat$ ! same z ! previ\s ye>1 7 ins]t$ on ,augu/ #bj4 ,cutt+s f juv5ile ,am]ican *e/nut se$l+ trees1 juv5ile ,*9ese trees1 & mature ,*9ese trees 7 us$4 ,)9 a #gj day p]iod heavy root sy/ems 7 =m$ on #ed-f_/aa ( ! cutt+s f ! juv5ile ,*9ese trees1 #ej f mature ,*9ese trees1 & #bj f juv5ile ,am]ican trees4 ,no nutri5t solution 0 appli$1 ! "y plants 7 transplant$ to a s&y soil 9 ano!r cold frame1 7 h>d5$ z dur+ ! previ\s ye>1 b ! soil m$ium 0 n all[$ to freeze dur+ ! w9t]4 ,9 ,april ! plants %[$ well-=m$ t]m9al buds />t+ to swell & turn gre54 ,"s 7 transplant$ into pots & plac$ 9 ! gre5h\se2 o!rs 7 transplant$ into a light soil 9 a la? h\se4 ,all di$ subsequ5t to transplant+4 ,inspection ( ! roots %[$ sev]e breakage4 ,x 0 conclud$ t repeat$ transplant+ _h be5 fatal1 & t 9 ! future cutt+s w\ld be root$ 9 plant b&s or pots & transplant$ only once4 ,x is too e>ly 9 ! curr5t season = accurate results to be record$4 ,h[ev]1 modifications h be5 tri$ & obs]vations made4 ,^! are pres5t$ "h 9 outl9e4 ,type ( cutt+3 a4 ,cutt+s ) s(t1 gr[+ tips w app>5tly root m quickly ?an h>d5$ %oots1 b ! leaves t5d to turn br[n & ! plant dies4 ,conv]sely1 cutt+s f %ort1 lat]al gr[?1 well-h>d5$1 w reta9 _! leaves bett] & ev5tually %[ a high] p]c5tage ( success4 b4 ,cutt+s made f ! basal & int]m$i>y sections ( long %oots %[ a great] dea? incid5ce ?an d well-h>d5$1 t]m9al sections4 ,bo? types root satisfactorily4 c4 ,app>5tly suck] %oots & wat] spr\ts are useless4 ,"t ( tak+ cutt+s3 a4 ,cutt+s tak5 9 late ,may1 ) s(t gr[+ tips1 root$ quickly--"s )9 two weeks4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _! foliage d>k5$ quickly1 & dea? foll[$4 ,%ort1 lat]al %oots1 well-h>d5$1 7 n available 9 ,may4 b4 ,z ! season progress$1 ! p]c5tage ( root$ cutt+s ) heal?y foliage app>5tly rose1 at lea/ ?r\gh ,july1 b roots 7 =m$ m sl[ly by ! late season cutt+s4 ,condition ( p>5t tree3 ,app>5tly tree vigor z indicat$ by heal?y1 d>k gre5 foliage1 is m important ?an vigor z indicat$ by ! l5g? ( curr5t season's gr[?4 ,9 ,morgant[n ?is has be5 "o ( ! drie/ seasons on record4 ,cutt+s f trees ) pale or br[n foliage1 or ) foliage t5d+ to be brittle f lack ( wat] soon lo/ _! leaves4 ,:e!r ?is 0 caus$ by ! condition ( ! p>5t tree or ( ! individual cutt+ is n app>5t4 ,x is too e>ly to det]m9e :e!r or n ! dr\ght w cause a g5]al l[]+ ( root+ p]c5tages ?is ye>4 ,root =mation3 ,cutt+s may or may n callus4 ,roots seldom if ev] spr+ f ! extreme base ( a cutt+4 ,well above ! base ! /em enl>ges1 turns :ite1 cracks1 & s5ds out roots4 ,(t5 ! bottom in* ( ! cutt+ is black & dead1 ) a heal?y & vigor\s root sy/em above ! black5$ portion4 ,plant b&s & pots3 ,plant b&s are app>5tly pref]able to small pots4 ,! slope ( ! pots t5ds to pack ! soil m$ium & int]f]e ) a]ation4 ,b&s or pots less ?an ?ree in*es 9 diamet] t5ds to cramp ! rapidly gr[+ roots4 ,cold room vs4 cold frame3 ,la/ ye> high] p]c5tages ( success 7 obta9$ 9 ! cold room ?an 9 ! bottom-heat$ cold frame4 ,?is ye> ! cold frame 0 def9itely sup]ior4 ,because con/ruction & op]ation ( a suitable cold room is exp5sive1 we d n plan to cont9ue its use 9 *e/nut "w4 ,fog nozzles3 ,9 ! cold frame1 fog nozzles op]at+ dur+ eight h\rs ea* day are app>5tly m effective ?an nozzles op]at+ cont9u\sly4 ,aux93 ,no success has be5 atta9$ ) indole-butyric acid cry/als 9 a talc-bas$ p[d] or ) untreat$ cutt+s4 ,=mula = prep>+ aux93 ,! aux9 solution is prep>$ z recomm5d$ by ,g4 ,h4 ,poes* 9 ! ,ohio ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,bimon?ly ,bullet91 #aia1 ,april1 #aich4 ,"o gram ( indole-butyric acid cry/als is dissolv$ 9 #abe cc4 ( #ie alcohol4 ,!n #abe cc4 ( di/ill$ wat] is add$4 ,?is makes a /ock solution ( f\r ?\s& p>ts to a million 9 /r5g?4 ,! /ock may be cut to ! desir$ /r5g? ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,= late ,augu/ cutt+s1 well-h>d5$1 #hj p>ts p] million is n too /rong4 ,= e>ly ,june cutt+s1 =ty p>ts p] million appe>s to be adequate4 ,! s(t] ! cutt+s1 ! weak] %\ld be ! solution4 ,algae3 ,9 bo? ! cold frame & ! cold room ! gr[? ( algae is a problem4 ,! s& m$ium becomes cru/$1 ) subsequ5t int]f]5ce ) a]ation4 ,! algae sometimes creeps up ! /ems ( cutt+s1 coats ! leaves1 & cov]s t]m9al buds4 ,/>t+ ea* season ) completely clean s& & equipm5t w n prev5t ! appe>ance ( algae ov] a long season ( cont9u\s op]ation4 ,on ,augu/ #bj ( ?is ye> ! int]ior ( ! cold frame1 includ+ all ( ! plants1 0 well du/$ ) tri-basic copp] sulphate1 accord+ to manufactur]'s directions4 ,to date no effect is noticeable ei!r on ! algae or on ! plants4 ,! v>i\s obs]vations report$ "h %\ld be v]ifi$ by fur!r te/s4 ,!y are (f]$ m]ely z aids to anyone plann+ to exp]im5t ) root+ *e/nuts4 ,:5 suffici5t data & exp]i5ce h be5 ga9$1 a complete ,/ation circul> w be publi%$4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,if y h any que/ions1 please save !m until lat]4 ,x's be5 sugge/$ t we he> f ,dr4 ,jesse ,d4 ,dill] next1 & t w give our good "w horse1 ,dr4 ,crane1 a *ance to build up aga9 = u1 because we are go+ to "w him mighty h>d4 ,,dr4 ,,dill]3 ,i'd l to h ! title ( my pap] *ang$ to1 ,evaluat+ ,*e/nuts ,gr[n ,"u ,=e/ ,conditions4 ,evaluat+ ,*e/nuts ,gr[n "u ,=e/ ,conditions ,,jesse ,d4 ,,dill]1 ,pa?ologi/1 ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology1 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,soils1 & ,agricultural ,eng9e]+1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,beltsville1 ,m>yl& ,dur+ ! #di-ye> p]iod s9ce *e/nut blight 0 fir/ report$ f ,new ,york ,city1 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has made m ?an #ejj importations ( *e/nut se$s & scions1 includ+ ne>ly e species ( *e/nut 9 ! _w1 z well z "s closely relat$ *9kap9s & ,ca/anopsis species4 ,z e>ly z #aiji ! ,dep>tm5t initiat$ *e/nut bre$+ "w4 ,x 0 kn[n t few1 if any1 ( ! *e/nut1 or relat$ species1 possess ! timb]-type *>act]i/ics ( our ,am]ican *e/nut4 ,x 0 also kn[n t1 9 g5]al1 ! ,asiatic species %[ great natural resi/ance to ! blight4 ,b little1 or no?+1 0 kn[n ab\t _! site requirem5ts4 ,9 #aibg ! ,u4 ,s4 ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology began bre$+ *e/nuts to produce timb]-type trees4 ,! *e/nut bre$+ "w 0 exp&$ & has be5 c>ri$ on actively to date4 ,f #aibg to #aicj1 ! ,division conduct$ an ext5sive exploration 9 se>* ( or*>d & timb]-type *e/nut 9 ,*9a1 ,korea1 & ,japan1 & import$ ov] #bej bu%els ( *e/nut se$1 repres5t+ f\r species4 ,dur+ ! e>ly #aicj's ! ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology di/ribut$ ?\s&s ( *e/nut se$l+s1 gr[n f ! import$ *e/nut se$4 ,! plant+ /ock 0 made available to int]e/$ ,f$]al & ,/ate ag5cies1 z well z to own]s ( f>m woodl&s1 locat$ 9 #cb ,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,! coop]ators 7 ask$ to e/abli% small exp]im5tal =e/ plant+s ) ! trees furni%$ !m4 ,x 0 believ$ t su* wide di/ribution ( ! _m k9ds w\ld readily demon/rate :i* ones possess ! desir$ timb]-tree =m1 or possess$ ! ability to be> l>ge crops ( nuts suitable to wildlife2 & w\ld furni% valuable in=mation on _! site requirem5ts4 ,z we n[ "k1 mo/ ( ^! e>ly coop]ative exp]im5tal =e/ plant+s 7 doom$ to failure because (t5 ! *e/nut trees 7 plant$ on dry1 grassy areas hav+ inf]tile1 %all[ soil4 ,ano!r s]i\s contribut+ factor 9 poor e/abli%m5t 0 ! sev]e g5]al dr\ghts t occurr$ ov] mo/ ( ! ea/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! e>ly ?irties4 ,b despite ^! heavy losses1 a few plantations succe$$1 9 "p1 & f ^! limit$ areas1 & f a few e>li] plantations t succe$$1 valuable in=mation on _! g5]al site requirem5ts 0 obta9$2 h[ev]1 we /ill lack$ in=mation on specific diff]5ces 9 behavior betwe5 ! prog5y1 z fa/-gr[+ =e/ trees or nut produc]s 9 ! =e/4 ,f ^! e>ly plant+s we le>n$ t 7#a7 ,asiatic *e/nuts & hybrids are m likely to develop into =e/ trees :5 plant$ on cool1 moi/1 f]tile situations2 7#b7 9 _! silvicultural *>act]i/ics !y are m ne>ly l our native yell[-popl>1 nor!rn r$ oak1 & :ite a%1 ?an l our ,am]ican *e/nut & native *9kap9s2 7#c7 ) respect to tol]ance ( %ade1 !y are mu* l our nor!rn r$ oak2 & 7#d7 nei!r ! ,*9ese nor ! ,japanese *e/nut has q ! same =e/-type gr[? z t ( our native ,am]ican *e/nut4 ,) ?is backgr\nd ( exp]i5ce1 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology f #aicf to #aici e/abli%$ a s]ies ( #ba climatic te/ plots on above-av]age sites on ,f$]al- & ,/ate-own$ =e/ l& 9 eight ,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,=tunately1 we /ill _h available suitable plant+ /ock ( ! _m k9ds ( *e/nut1 *9kap9s1 & hybrids = conduct+ su* an ext5sive te/4 ,at ?is po9t we %\ld also m5tion t f #aidg to date1 ! ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology1 9 coop]ation ) ! ,connecticut ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 also e/abli%$ #aa hybrid te/ plots 9 ,arkansas1 ,connecticut1 ,ill9ois1 ,mi*igan1 ,ohio1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,t5nessee1 & ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,9 #aicj ! ,brooklyn ,botanic ,g>d5 also began bre$+ blight-resi/ant *e/nuts ( timb] type1 & 9 #aidg transf]r$ ?is project to ! ,connecticut ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,! #ba climatic te/ plots rang$ f "o to two acres ea*1 & 7 plant$ ) m ?an #bj prog5ies repres5t$1 z well z =e/-tree *9kap9 & "s hybrids4 ,ne>ly all ( ! #ba climatic te/ plots 7 f5c$ aga9/ de] & dome/ic live/ock4 ,! #aa hybrid te/ plots1 approximately #a_/d acre ea*1 7 plant$ ) #ajj hybrids 7#ej furni%$ by ea* ( ! two ag5cies71 & #ej ,*9ese *e/nuts--,p4,i4 #ehfjb1 ! mo/ out/&+ ,*9ese *e/nut f ! =e/ry /&po9t1 ?us f> discov]$4 ,! climatic te/ plots 7 e/abli%$ on fre%ly cle>$ =e/ sites1 ) trees r&omiz$1 & plant$ #h feet ap>t4 ,9 ! hybrid te/ plots1 ! se$l+s 7 plant$ "u =e/ gr[? & ! ov]/ory trees 7 girdl$2 ! se$l+s 7 r&omiz$ 9 ^! plots1 ) spac+ ( #aj by #aj feet4 ,! #a- to #f-ye> p]iod ( te/+ = ! hybrid *e/nut1 & ! #ad- to #ag-ye> p]iod ( te/+ ( ! *e/nuts plant$ 9 ! climatic te/ plots are too %ort = f9al judgm5t ( p]=mance2 h[ev]1 c]ta9 *>act]i/ics are appe>+ ) ref]5ce to blight resi/ance1 w9t] h>d9ess1 timb]-tree =m1 e>ly fruit+1 & rate ( gr[?4 ,! pres5t pap] does n attempt to summ>ize all ( ! data obta9$ f all ^! climatic plots b r to po9t out "s /rik+ results obta9$ f sev]al widely sep>at$ climatic plots4 ,results f ! hybrid te/ plots are n includ$ 9 ?is discussion4 ,discussion ,a p]=mance rat+ ( #bh *e/nuts1 *e/nut hybrids1 & =e/-tree *9kap9s1 te/$ 9 =e/ plant+s = #ab to #ac ye>s 9 ,indiana1 ,i[a1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ,p5nsylvania %[$ t c]ta9 k9ds always produce bett] trees ?an o!rs4 ,p4,i4 #ehfjb is ! be/ ,*9ese *e/nut te/$ ?us f>1 z det]m9$ by p]=mance 9 ! above-m5tion$ te/ plots & 9 sev]al plantations e/abli%$ 9 #aibf4 ,9 ! ,middle ,we/]n ,/ates1 all ,japanese *e/nuts1 ,h5ry 7=e/-tree7 *9kap9s1 & ! ev]-bloom+ ,sequ9 *e/nuts h %[n poor gr[? or h di$4 ,!y d n appe> to be w9t] h>dy4 ,on ! basis ( ^! f9d+s1 ! ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology s9ce #aidf1 has made available to ,f$]al & ,/ate ag5cies only "o introduction ( ,*9ese *e/nut--,p4,i4 #ehfjb--;= plant+ z =e/ trees4 ,!y 7 di/ribut$ 9 lots ( #ej trees1 & us$ to e/abli% #a_/d-;acre demon/ration =e/ plots4 ,all are locat$ on public-own$ l& on favorable =e/ sites :]e ,asiatic *e/nuts w\ld be expect$ to d well4 ,! und]plant+-&-girdl+ me?od 0 recomm5d$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( all ! plots4 ,*9ese *e/nut ,p4,i4 #ehfjb1 because ( its sup]iority 9 p]=mance z a =e/ tree1 is n[ also be+ us$ ext5sively at ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&1 9 hybridiz+ "w4 ,ne>ly all ( ! ,japanese *e/nut1 ,h5ry *9kap91 & ,sequ9 *e/nuts1 z well z inf]ior hybrids 9 ! climatic te/ plots dur+ ! pa/ sev]al ye>s h di$ a natural dea? or h be5 de/roy$4 ,!y h be5 replac$ ) ,*9ese *e/nut 7,p4,i4 #ehfjb7 replants--?us gradually conv]t+ ! climatic te/ plots into future ,*9ese *e/nut se$ plots ( ! v be/ ,*9ese *e/nuts4 ,dur+ ! spr+ ( #aiec sev]al nurs]ym5 memb]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association furni%$ ! ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology a total ( #b1fjj ,*9ese *e/nut se$l+s = te/s to det]m9e _! suitability = =e/ plant+4 ,^! & #fjj se$l+s ( ,*9ese *e/nut ,p4,i4 #ehfjb are n[ be+ te/$ = p]=mance1 9 r&omiz$ plots1 on favorable =e/ sites 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,ohio1 & ,ill9ois4 ,conclusions ,( #bh ,asiatic *e/nuts1 =e/-tree *9kap9s1 & hybrids gr[n 9 #ba climatic te/ plots 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates "u =e/ conditions1 only c]ta9 ,*9ese & hybrid *e/nuts %[ promise ( becom+ satisfactory timb]-type trees4 ,! be/ ,*9ese *e/nut discov]$ ?us f> is ,p4,i4 #ehfjb--;a se$ importation made by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 #aibd1 f ,nank+1 ,*9a4 ,=e/]s1 z well z f>m woodl& own]s1 int]e/$ 9 gr[+ ,asiatic *e/nuts z timb] trees1 %\ld accept only plant+ /ock t1 ?r\gh p]=mance "u =e/ conditions1 is kn[n to develop into /raight1 s+le-/emm$ trees4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,i ?9k t ,dr4 ,crane has 8 panel ready4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 be=e ,i />t1 ,i h a few slides "h to illu/rate a c\ple ( po9ts be=e we call ! panel to ! ro/rum4 7,sev]al slides 7 %[n illu/rat+ sunscald injury to ! ,s\?we/ side ( high head$ ,*9ese *e/nut tree trunks47 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,on ?is panel1 ,i want to get repres5tatives f ! v>i\s /ates4 ,mr4 ,wilson1 f ,georgia4 ,mr4 ,/oke f ,virg9ia4 ,mr4 ,silvis f ,ohio4 ,mr4 ,allaman f ,p5nsylvania4 ,!re is ano!r good man d[n !re :o gr[s a lot ( *e/nuts1 by ! "n ( ,gibbs4 ,n[1 !re seems to be a lot ( disagreem5t 9 reg>d to ! ,*9ese *e/nut 9 two or ?ree respects4 ,"o is ! problem ( nam$ v>ieties v]sus se$l+s4 ,ano!r big problem is h>d9ess1 h[ h>dy !y are1 ^! ,*9ese *e/nuts4 ,:]e c we gr[ !m & :]e are !y go+ to fail8 ,a ?ird "q is ! ability ( ! ,*9ese *e/nut to compete ) o!r vegetation z ,dr4 ,dill] has discuss$4 ,i ?9k we ought to settle "s ( ^! que/ions = once & maybe = all1 or at lea/ = ?is meet+1 ?r\gh a discussion4 ,nurs]ym5 & o!rs h emphasiz$ t *e/nuts1 to be successful 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & h>dy1 %\ld come f ,nor? ,*9a1 at ! ,great ,wall or beyond4 ,o!rs don't agree1 claim+ t *e/nuts 9 ,*9a are gr[n f ! extreme s\? to ! extreme nor? & t we ought to d ! same 9 ?is c\ntry also4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,i hav5't en\gh k on x to express an op9ion4 ,i plant$ a good _m se$s ,i got f ! ,yokahama ,nurs]y ,company1 & ! nuts 7 r inf]ior z to size4 ,!y 7 heal?y & h>dy1 b ,i don't "k :]e !y came f4 ,i presume !y came f ,korea1 b ,i am n sure4 ,! size & productivity wasn't too high ( t se$l+ /ock ,i secur$ !re4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,:at d y folks ?9k8 ,anyone 9 ! audi5ce t has an idea8 ,,mr4 ,,pataky3 ,at our fall meet+ 9 ! ,ohio gr\p we _h two bu%els ( *e/nuts f ,/]l+ ,smi?4 ,z f> z ,i "k ! se$ is ,korean *e/nut1 :i* is obvi\sly a ,*9ese v>iety4 ,he _h ?ree bu%els la/ fall & !y look$ id5tically l ! ,am]ican *e/nut4 ,mr4 ,/oke said ! quality wasn't s good 9 :at he _h4 ,t might be true1 b ,i te/$ a lot ( ^! *e/nuts f ,/]l+ ,smi?1 & comp>$ !m ) ,am]ican *e/nuts4 ,!y 7 j z good or bett] ?an ! ,am]ican4 ,,mr4 ,,caldwell3 ,i sp5t ab\t a ye> 9 ,*9a travell+ pretty well ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,i believe y w f9d ! bett] se$ s\rces 9 ! s\!rn "p4 ,*9a is l ,s\!rn ,florida or w>m] = "p ( ! ye> & yet 9 ! o!r six mon?s x w\ld be cold] ?an x is "r "h 9 ,ro*e/]4 ,!y h timb] trees1 "s z big z #ej or #fj feet high & two or ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! w>m] area y f9d bett] se$ by f>4 ,:at ,dr4 ,dill] describes z ,no4 #ehfjb is n j "o tree1 b a :ole collection ( trees f a c]ta9 area :]e ! trees h prov5 _! resi/ance n only to cold b to fro/ injury 9 ! spr+ or 9 ! fall1 :i* is ev5 m important ?an ! /raight cold h>d9ess4 ,"s p h mi/ak5 ideas ab\t ! value ( se$ f trees 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,*9a above ! ,great ,wall4 ,?is area may h int5se cold 9 ! w9t]time1 b n 9 ! spr+ or fall4 ,,dr4 ,,graves3 ,dr4 ,caldwell is "r ab\t ,no4 #ehfjb be+ a mixture4 ,dr4 ,gravatt c\ld tell y ab\t t4 ,x is a /ra9 com+ f sev]al trees4 ,x's evid5tly a v f9e type1 & ,i ?9k we ought to "k = ! record j :at #ehfjb is4 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,pr(essor ,reisn]'s #ehfjb t ,dr4 ,dill] has be5 te/+ s widely is made up f a collection ( se$ f a numb] ( isolat$ valleys ( ! ,nank+ area4 ,x is r s\!rn 9 its native home1 b ,dr4 ,dill]'s te/s & o!r te/s h %[n t x's h>dy up nor? & x's h>dy d[n s\?4 ,z "s ( y h notic$1 ! nuts are v v>iable1 ) a numb] ( diff]5t types mix$ 9 toge!r4 ,dr4 ,dill] & ,i h be5 discuss+ ! "q ( hybrid vigor4 ,x may be involv$ t ea* ( ^! se$l+s is a cross betwe5 diff]5t local /ra9s4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! =e/]s h gone into ?is "q ( h>d9ess 9 great detail4 ,y w f9d t y c't plant trees 9 ,g]many 9 a c]ta9 area unless ! p>5t trees grew 9 a c]ta9 area1 ) comp>able altitude & latitude4 ,m9imum & maximum temp]atures & o!r factors are also tak5 into consid]ation4 ,p5nsylvania />t$ a program along ! same l9e4 ,!y h divid$ _! /ate into ab\t five areas1 & 9 ea* ( ^? areas !y are locat+ s\rces ( se$ t are go+ to be suit$ to ^? areas4 ,!y h evid5ce t _m ( ^! ,*9ese introductions com+ f way d[n s\? are go+ to be h>dy way up nor?1 b 9 ?is matt] ( h>d9ess y sometimes h to wait = #ej or #ajj ye>s be=e y are sure ( y\r conclusions4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,t's "r4 ,! next "q ,i 0 go+ to ask ^! gr[]s 9 ! areas gr[+ *e/nuts is h[ mu* tr\ble !y h _h ) h>d9ess or cold injury to *e/nut trees t !y h _h4 ,has !re be5 any8 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,i h _h none4 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,we h _h none 9 ,massillon4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,wilson1 h[ ab\t ,georgia8 ,,mr4 ,,wilson3 ,none4 ,,mr4 ,,kepl+]3 ,dr4 ,mead] s5t me "s /ock f se$ t he br\ght f ne> ,se\l1 ,korea 9 #aidg4 ,!y are v productive up !re at ,durham1 ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,i h two trees f se$ f ^! trees4 ,!y h mu* m n>r[ leaves1 ?an any ,*9ese *e/nuts ,i h se5 s f>4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,are y sure !y are pure ,*9ese8 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,i am sure !y are n4 ,i h se5 pictures & _h "s correspond5ce ) ,dr4 ,mead] on !m4 ,!y seem to be ! ,japanese species1 ,c4 cr5ata type1 or possibly hybrid1 n /rictly ,japanese4 ,,mr4 ,,pease3 ,i want to ?r[ 9 some?+ a little bit aside4 ,i ?9k we kid ourselves & ! public 9 assum+1 tacitly1 t ,*9ese *e/nuts1 no matt] h[ n>r[ ! /ra91 are go+ to bre$ true or any:]e ne> true4 ,any "o lot ( se$l+s are likely to %[ great v>iation 9 h>d9ess1 disease resi/ance & o!r *>act]s4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 resi/ance & immunity4 ,i speak ?is way because ,i h se5 pl5ty ( p sell+ ,*9ese *e/nuts :o actually believe !y are immune1 & ,i h se5 cu/om]s mad en\gh to %oot !m :5 !y h se5 half ( !m die ( blight4 ,,mr4 ,,mill]3 ,:5 consid]+ h>d9ess1 climate is "o ?+ & air dra9age is ano!r4 ,9 any climatic zone ! exact location or site1 p>ticul>ly air dra9age is important4 ,i h my or*>d on a s\?we/ slope ) p]fect air dra9age4 ,i h #bej-"s trees t are six or sev5 ye>s old gr[+ v nicely1 & ,i h n _h any loss1 ev5 ) ,engli% walnut1 ! ,c>pa?ian or any ( ! o!r trees4 ,i ?9k t _m ( u are ov]look+ ! fact t air dra9age & location ( ! or*>d is "o ( ! ma9 ?+s4 ,i don't ?9k ?is has any?+ to d ) ! p>ticul> se$ or ! v>ieties1 b ,i ?9k t is "o ?+ t we mu/ consid]4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,no "q ab\t t4 ,*9ese *e/nuts are l pea*es1 & !y />t pretty e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,,mr4 ,,gibbs3 ,*9ese *e/nuts are h>dy f ,ma9e to ,florida4 ,i ?9k !y w9t] kill because ( unheal?y condition ( ! tree4 ,! place t ,i did live1 at ,mc,lean1 ,virg9ia1 0 l[ 9 a fro/y place1 & ! fir/ spr+ !y kill$ back ?ree times be=e !y took (f4 ,:]e ,i live n[ 9 ! ,blue ,ridge ,m\nta9s1 :i* is or*>d c\ntry1 ! ,*9ese *e/nut kill$ back 9 ! spr+1 b !re is no?+ ! matt] ) _! w9t] h>d9ess4 ,!y /& w9t] cold z good z a walnut tree4 ,,dr4 ,,graves3 ,i want to make ! po9t t x is 9 "p a "q ( age1 to my m9d1 z to :e!r ^! trees get w9t] kill$4 ,i "k we _h "s trees f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology1 back 9 #aibe1 & 9 ! v cold w9t]1 #aicc-cd1 !y kill$ back almo/ to ! gr\nd4 ,aga9 9 ! sev]e w9t] ( #aidc ,*9ese *e/nuts 7 kill$4 ,b ,i feel t :5 a tree is ( good size ) its roots d[n 9 ! gr\nd1 x's n s liable to w9t] kill z are ! small se$l+s4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,we h sp5t en\gh "t on ?is matt]4 ,! "q ( gr[+ se$l+s z comp>$ to graft$ trees is up = discussion4 ,mr4 ,wilson is a big op]ator gr[+ *e/nuts 9 ,georgia4 ,i w\ld l to h him tell :at he ?9ks ( ?is matt] ( se$l+s v]sus v>ieties = nut production4 ,,mr4 ,,wilson3 ,dr4 ,crane1 ,i am fully conv9c$ if we ev] make an indu/ry out ( ?is *e/nut bus9ess x's go+ to h to be bas$ on graft$ trees ( good v>ieties4 ,i h "o block ( approximately #bjj graft$ trees ( ,meil+ & ,kul+4 ,^? trees h a nice crop on ?is ye>4 ,!y h diff]5t age tops1 b we h a nice crop ( nuts on !m4 ,i h ano!r block ( "s #bfj se$l+s t 7 plant$ 9 #aidh4 ,! crop on ^! trees1 ) ! same f]tilization & cultivation ranges f no nuts to a heavy crop ( nuts4 ,y c't h an indu/ry on t k9d ( yield4 ,!re are probably only #cj trees out ( #bfj t h a pay+ crop ( nuts4 ,t won't g z a pay+ proposition4 ,y h got to h nuts on all ! trees1 & ,i am fully conv9c$ if we ev] make an indu/ry out ( x1 ! gr[] has got to produce nuts4 ,trees are n en\gh1 he c't sell ! tree2 he wants to keep 8 tree4 ,he wants nuts to sell1 & y c't get !m on ! se$l+ trees4 ,i am fully conv9c$ y c't d x4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,h any ( y\r grafts gone bad8 ,,mr4 ,,wilson3 ,i h _h no incompatibility1 except on "o tree4 ,my olde/ grafts are f\r & five ye>s old1 top graft$ 9 place on two & ?ree ye> old se$l+s4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,mr4 ,/oke1 :at is y\r exp]i5ce8 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,i h two trees 9 my y>d at home4 ,dr4 ,re$ gave me cr$it = do+ ! fir/ graft+ ( ,mollissima 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,i don't "k :e!r x's true or n4 ,^? 7 graft$ 9 '#ca4 ,!y made p]fect union1 & !y are p]fect today1 & !y w be p]fect :5 ,i am dead & gone4 ,i f9d no incompatibility betwe5 ,mollissima & ,mollissima4 ,"o acre ( good1 select v>ieties1 graft$1 w produce z _m nuts z ?ree or f\r acres ( se$l+s4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,mr4 ,b]na?1 h[ ab\t ! situation up 9 ! ,hudson ,valley8 ,,mr4 ,,b]na?3 ,my trees are ( small size4 ,we h "s 9 be>+1 b z f> z hav+ any difficulty ) !m or freez+ back1 we h none4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,mr4 ,snyd]1 h[ ab\t ! situation out 9 ,i[a8 ,,mr4 ,,snyd]3 ,i am n try+ to gr[ ,*9ese *e/nuts anymore4 ,we h _h two diff]5t lots f ,u4,s4,d4,a4 & bo? ( !m h gone out 9 ! w9t]s soon] or lat]4 ,we h _h nice se$l+ r[s1 & ,dr4 ,colby s5t ov] a collection ( scions1 en\gh to graft ea* "o4 ,e "o grew4 ,?is w9t] !y are all gone4 ,we c gr[ ,am]ican *e/nuts1 b we c't gr[ ! ,*9ese4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,joe1 y h _h a lot ( exp]i5ce1 made a lot ( obs]vations ( ?is matt] ( se$l+s v]sus graft$ v>ieties4 ,:at d y ?9k ( ! situation8 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,i w foll[ ,mr4 ,/okes' op9ion on t4 ,i ?9k graft$ trees1 if y h a compatible graft1 are wor? sev]al times z mu* z av]age se$l+ trees4 ,at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois mo/ ( our trees are se$l+ trees4 ,we are j gett+ />t$ ) graft$ ,*9ese *e/nuts4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,t's ! way x is ) u4 ,anybody 9 ! audi5ce t has an op9ion t !y ?9k se$l+s are bett] ?an graft$ trees8 ,,mr4 ,,caldwell3 ,i 0 go+ to say se$l+s are bett]1 b ,i ?9k ?is is "o ?+ ev]ybody %\ld realize3 ,! emphasis has be5 bas$ on e>ly production4 ,9 _m cases we h f\nd 9 =e/ trees t e>ly se$ production doesn't necess>ily mean heavy late se$ production4 ,"s ( ^? t didn't produce e>ly w5t ahead & #dj or #ej ye>s lat] produc$ heavily4 ,s be a little bit c>eful :5 y />t sw++ too heavily on e>ly production4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,yes1 b1 ,dr4 ,caldwell1 we 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates hav5't "t to wait4 ,we hav5't "t to wait4 ,,mr4 ,,caldwell3 ,y are go+ to h to take x4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,x's j l ,mr4 ,wilson said4 ,he plant$ se$l+s 9 #aidh1 & he is tell+ me t mo/ ( !m hav5't come into be>+1 s he is go+ to ply ! axe or top "w !m4 ,he hasn't "t to wait4 ,he's got to make 8 bread & butt] out ( t1 & :5 x comes to gr[+ nuts1 we c't wait #dj or #ej ye>s = a tree to come 94 ,t might be all "r = po/]ity1 b we h got to be sure ( x1 or our po/]ity is n go+ to be able to pay ! national debt4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,accord+ to ! exp]i5ce ,i h _h1 ! *e/nut is only a little m h>dy ?an ! pea*1 & behaves pretty mu* ! same z reg>ds wood injury4 ,at #cj deg4 bel[ z]o ! trees h be5 kill$ outright or to ! gr\nd4 ,at ab\t #be deg4 bel[ !y w black he>t ) kill+ ( sapwood & s]i\s injury to ! b>k4 ,at #bj !y w survive4 ,?is exp]i5ce involves p]haps #abe se$l+ trees f v>i\s s\rces1 b mo/ly f ! ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,x is q likely t !re may be m h>di] /ra9s t w )/& ^! l[ temp]atures4 ,! o!r po9t is ! matt] ( graft$ trees4 ,x is my op9ion t ! failure ( ! graft is a =m ( cold injury relat$ to delay$ maturity ( ! tissues at ! graft union4 ,c]ta9ly failure ( grafts is mu* m p]si/5t 9 ! nor? ?an 9 ! s\?4 ,my exp]i5ce has be5 t ,i hav5't be5 able to keep graft$ trees4 ,!y appe> to ?rive = ?ree or f\r ye>s & !n die4 ,i h tri$ x ov] & ov] aga94 ,x appe>s t ! graft$ tree 9 ,georgia & ,virg9ia is "o ?+4 ,9 ,new ,york x's ano!r4 ,,mr4 ,,wallick3 ,i h nev] b\ght a graft$ *e/nut tree t grew4 ,!y all die4 ,& se$l+s mo/ly d n h ! k9d ( nuts y want4 ,also !y may be susceptible to disease4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i want to make "o obs]vation ab\t our exp]i5ce at ,beltsville on ! "q ( se$l+s v]sus v>ieties z reg>ds be>+4 ,we topwork$ scions ( "s ( our good v>ieties1 l ,nank+ & ,meil+1 onto l>ge se$l+s we h at ,beltsville t are poor be>]s4 ,^! graft$ portions 9 ! top ( ^! trees "u poor conditions--our soil is poor at ,beltsville--set trem5d\sly heavy crops1 b ! nuts are small] 9 size ?an normal1 & !re=e ! crop is n z desirable z x w\ld be if x 7 gr[n "u good conditions4 ,! po9t is t ^? v>ieties be> ev5 "u poor conditions4 ,be>+ is a v>iety *>act]i/ic1 & :]ev] x gr[s x w be> ?\gh x may n produce a good-siz$ nut4 ,,mr4 ,,pease3 ,i believe :at's com+ out 9 ?is discussion on be>+ is also true 9 h>d9ess1 gr[?1 & any *>act]i/ic we want4 ,we may select se$s f trees at an elevation ( #f1jjj feet1 & /ill h "s :i* w be n h>dy4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,t's "r4 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,i'd l to make a po9t4 ,if 9 y\r obs]vation y f9d a tree se$l+ 9 y\r locality t is produc+ good crops plant t4 ,don't get "o f ,georgia4 ,we c take a little bit ( advice f ! fruit gr[]1 & n plant too mu* f ! s\?1 ev5 ?\gh x came f ,*9a4 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,i'd l to ,comm5t ab\t conditions 9 ,europe ) ref]5ce to se$l+s & v>ieties4 ,! g5]al practice !re is = ea* little f>m] to graft f ! be/ v>iety 9 8 section1 especially 9 ,italy :]e y f9d hundr$s ( v>ieties4 ,9 ,portugal we 7 all v mu* impress$ ) "o area :]e ! gov]nm5t has _h an active program 9 p]suad+ ! *e/nut own]s to topwork all _! trees to ?ree v>ieties4 ,^! v>ieties are v good ones1 & !y are gett+ a v greatly increas$ price on acc\nt ( ! high quality & uni=mity ( ! nuts !y export4 ,x seems to me t 9 ! discussion on ! ,*9ese *e/nut 9 ?is c\ntry we h done a little bit ( inju/ice to ! se$l+s1 s f> z ! discussion has gone4 ,i am 9 p]fect agreem5t ) :at's be5 said ab\t ! l[ production ! fir/ few ye>s1 b ov] on ! ,ea/]n ,%ore ,mr4 ,hemm+'s trees are produc+ j ab\t z mu* 9 ! way ( a crop z ! tree c be>1 & ! graft$ v>ieties !re don't produce any m ?an 8 #ag or #ah se$l+s4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,i believe ,hemm+ has "s exceptional se$l+s 9 t lot4 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,yes1 !y are v valuable1 don't misund]/& me4 ,aft] ! fir/ t5 ye>s y may f9d a se$l+ or*>d is go+ to produce a v good crop1 tree by tree4 ,we h _h a lot ( exp]i5ce1 simil> to t report$ 9 ,new ,york1 ) graft$ trees dy+4 ,we get se$l+ trees dy+1 too1 b ,i agree t !re is m damage f fall freezes1 spr+ freezes & p]haps f /raight l[ temp]ature w9t] injury ) ! graft$ trees ?an ) ! se$l+ trees4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i am v critical ( ! tactics ( "s ( ! nurs]ies4 ,!y h graft$ on se$l+s ( absolutely unkn[n orig9 or mix$ orig94 ,!y w take a ,s\? ,*9ese v>iety & graft x on se$l+s t = hundr$s ( ye>s h be5 gr[n 9 ,nor? ,*9a4 ,t's j invit+ tr\ble4 ,! ne>] y c get to hav+ se$l+ & scion f ! same climatic orig91 ! bett] (f y are4 ,9 fact1 we h advis$ gr[]s to get se$l+s ( ! ,nank+ & graft ,nank+ on !m4 ,dr4 ,mc,kay is do+ a lot ( good1 basic rese>* "w on ?is problem1 & he w h m in=mation = u 9 times to come4 ,i am firmly conv9c$ t we are go+ to come "s day to ! graft$ *e/nuts1 especially 9 ! ,s\?1 because a lot ( ! s\!rn produc]s "r n[ are giv+ a black eye to ,*9ese *e/nuts1 because !y are %ipp+ lots ( mix$ nuts1 & by ! "t !y get to ! consum] half ( !m are rott54 ,?is w ru9 ! m>ket4 ,we h be5 buy+ "s six or sev5 ?\s& p\nds ( nuts to %ip to ,italy1 & we "k some?+ ab\t ! conditions ( nuts :5 !y rea* u4 ,!re is no quick] way ( kill+ a m>ket ?an to be %ipp+ 9 a :ole lot ( nuts t are go+ to spoil or are 9 ! process ( spoil+ :5 !y rea* ! consum]4 ,graft$ v>ieties are "o way ( gett+ away f ?is1 especially 9 ! ,s\?4 ,,mr4 ,,wilson3 ,i am f> en\gh s\? s t 9 pea* production we (t5 h w9t]s s w>m t ! trees don't wake up4 ,?is "q ( re/ p]iod is q important ) u4 ,we h a w>m w9t]1 & ! ,mayfl[] pea* j keeps on sleep+4 ,ev5tually bloom w break1 & a little pea* w sit up !re wait+ = ! leaf to come out4 ,!re is app>5tly a re/ p]iod ) ! ,*9ese *e/nut !re also4 ,! "t ( break+ ( ! re/ p]iod 9 my se$l+ trees v>ies z mu* z ?ree to f\r weeks1 & t w\ld lead me to believe t1 9 ! long run1 we w h to plant locally adapt$ v>ieties4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,i am sorry t we h to /op ?is v int]e/+ discussion4 ,at ?is "t is !re any item ( g5]al int]e/ to ! gr\p t anyone w\ld l to br+ up8 ,,mr4 ,,mill]3 ,= sometime ,i h be5 consid]+ ! desirability ( *ang+ ! "n ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t maybe "s ( our s\!rn fri5ds or f ! ,f> ,we/ or ,s\?we/ w\ld be a little dubi\s ( jo9+ ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s1 because !y ?9k we are p]haps exclusive = ! nor? ti] ( /ates & we didn't want !m4 ,i ?\ght p]haps ! ,int]national ,nut ,gr[]s1 or ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,nut ,gr[]s ,association 7 names wor? consid]+4 ,i ?9k t w\ld h a desirable psy*ological effect on our memb]%ip4 ,we are a big organization1 & ,i ?9k a lot ( p w\ld ?9k x 0 a :ole lot l>g] if ! "n w\ld imply t4 ,i ?9k ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s j looks l we are conc]n$ ) ! nor!rn ti] ( /ates1 & ,i ?9k we w\ld d a :ole lot bett] by *ang+ ! "n4 ,i w\ld l to h "s sugge/ions4 ,possibly1 x c\ld be ,am]ican ,nut ,gr[]s4 ,,mr4 ,,k]r3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 ,i am a *>t] memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,f>m ,bureau1 & t goes ov] big4 ,x's a real success z an organization1 & ,i ?9k ! ,am]ican ,nut ,gr[]s--take 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ,nor? ,am]ica--w\ld hit our proposition ab\t "r4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,all "r1 is !re ano!r sugge/ion8 ,we mu/n't take s mu* "t on ?is1 b x is mighty important4 ,,mr4 ,,beck]3 ,my f9al op9ion is t x's be/ to leave x z x 04 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,x seems to me t ?is matt] 0 well decid$ "s "t ago4 ,we h c]ta9 def9ite problems to "w out4 ,i ?9k we _h bett] /ay on ^? problems & "w !m out be=e we spread ov] ! :ole univ]se4 ,we w h too _m o!r problems com+ 9 our lap4 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,t matt] 0 tak5 up "s five or six ye>s ago1 & = ! reason t ,mr4 ,/oke m5tion$1 ! fact t we h special problems & ! v difficult problems t don't conc]n s\!rn]s 0 ! reason = vot+ t proposition d[n be=e4 ,i ?9k x w\ld be bett]1 at lea/1 = u to consid] ! matt] r ?or\ghly be=e we vote on x1 maybe po/pone x until ano!r ye>4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,x j occurs to me t ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association 0 =m$ to tackle problems t w]5't be+ cov]$ any:]e else4 ,!re are o!r local organizations :i* are conc]n$ ) ! ,p]sian walnut & ! ,nor?we/ ,filb]t & ! ,s\!rn ,pecan4 ,! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association 0 organiz$ to save ,am]ica's nut h]itage1 z somebody said1 9 a r re/rict$ area4 ,possibly ! "t has come to get into a l>g] organization ) a great] scope1 b ,i w say ) ,mr4 ,davidson t we want to consid] v c>efully :at ! ga9 or loss might be = ! *ange 9 emphasis4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,w\ld someone make ! sugge/ion "h t we keep ?is ?+ 9 m9d = a ye> & maybe at our next meet+ take a little "t to discuss x ?or\ghly4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,i'd l to make a few rem>ks & (f] a motion4 ,i believe ,i am correct z to ! hi/ory ( ! organization :5 ,i /ate t ! olde/ nut gr[]s' organization 0 ! old ,national ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 & t cov]$ ! nut int]e/s ( ! c\ntry ( all k9ds4 ,!n out ( t came ! ,national ,pecan ,gr[]s ,association1 & almo/ at ! same "t1 ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,! old ,national ,nut ,gr[]s ,association fold$ up1 z did ! ,national ,pecan ,gr[]s ,association4 ,!y 7 victims ( ! depression4 ,i ?9k we c\ld discuss ?is at great l5g? & n get any:]e1 & !re=e ,i make ! motion t ! presid5t appo9t a committee ( ?ree memb]s to /udy ! possibilities1 bo? advantages & disadvantages ( a *ange 9 ! "n ( ! association & report back to ! association _! recomm5dations at ! next meet+4 7,motion second$47 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,! motion has be5 made & second$ t we appo9t a committee to h&le ?is ?+ & report back to u4 ,is !re any discussion8 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,i'd l to po9t out t rese>* "w is be+ />t$ 9 ,europe t is go+ to be v valuable to u4 ,!y are n[ work+ on ! ,*9ese *e/nuts on a v l>ge scale1 />t+ 9 ,yugoslavia1 ,france1 ,switz]l&1 & !y are already do+ q a bit ( bre$+ "w 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal along ^! l9es4 ,! ?+s t !y develop1 w be ,*9ese *e/nut hybrids s !y are go+ to h ! same problems 9 ,europe work+ ) ! *e/nuts t we h "h4 ,9 ! pa/ !y h be5 work+ entirely ) ! ,european *e/nut4 ,i ?9k we are n[ on a basis :]eby ! ,european gr[]s c feel t !y c pr(it by tak+ our publication1 &1 t bo? cont95ts w b5efit4 ,,dr4 ,,graves3 ,d y put t z an argum5t = *ang+ our "n to ,am]ican ,nut ,gr[]s8 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,i don't ?9k ,am]ican w\ld help at all4 ,&1 fur!rmore1 :5 y talk ab\t ,am]ican1 a lot ( p ?9k ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,x's :at ! memb]s get out ( ! proce$+s & meet+s t br+s !m 9 & keeps !m1 x's n ! "n ( ! organization4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 z =m] /ate vice-presid5t 9 ,alabama1 ,florida & ,t5nessee1 ,i don't believe ! *ange ( "n w\ld result 9 any great imm$iate increase 9 memb]%ip 9 ! ,s\!a/4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,n[1 are y ready = ! "q8 7,! "q 0 call$ =1 & c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,developm5t ( ! ,nut ,indu/ry 9 ! ,midwe/ ,j4 ,f4 ,,wilk9son1 ,rockport1 ,ind4 ,! developm5t ( ! nor!rn nut tree indu/ry 9 ! midwe/ really began ab\t #aiaj4 ,prior to t "t ,w4 ,c4 ,re$ & son ( ,v9c5nes1 ,indiana _h done "s exp]im5tal "w ) ! ,indiana & ,buss]on v>ieties ( pecan1 z !y _h locat$ ^! two p>5t trees4 ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl ( ,godfrey1 ,ill9ois _h be5 exp]im5t+ ) ! walnut & *e/nut1 & x 0 at ?is "t t ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 ,r4 ,l4 ,mc,coy & e/abli%$ our nurs]ies "h 9 s\!rn ,indiana4 ,we !n began ! se>* = ! be/ p>5t trees = propagation 9 ! midwe/4 ,we locat$ ,w>rick1 ,hoosi]1 ,major1 ,gre5riv]1 ,posey1 ,k5tucky1 ,butt]ick & sev]al o!r v>ieties mo/ ( :i* h s9ce be5 disc>d$4 ,a numb] ( v>ieties h s9ce be5 introduc$1 by ,messrs4 ,g]>di1 ,:it=d1 ,snyd]1 ,burkh>t1 ,bolt51 & o!rs :o are ei!r nurs]ym5 or propagators1 ( pecan1 walnut1 hickory & *e/nut4 ,! ,littlepage & ,mc,coy nurs]ies 7 discont9u$ ab\t ?irty ye>s ago ?\gh ,i h cont9u$ ! se>* = new & bett] v>ieties1 & sev]al ye>s ago locat$1 nam$1 & introduc$ ! ,giles pecan1 9 s\!a/ ,kansas :i* is prov+ v satisfactory4 ,i h rec5tly locat$1 nam$1 & am n[ introduc+ a new v>iety1 ,,*ief1 f ,ill9ois4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ nor!rn pecan t ,i h ev] se5 & x promises to be an out/&+ v>iety4 ,9 ! t]ritory f s\!rn ,indiana to ea/]n ,kansas are c\ntless ?\s&s ( native pecan trees 9 ! valleys ( ! ,ohio1 ,mississippi & ,miss\ri riv]s & _! tribut>ies4 ,on ! upl&s 9 ?is same t]ritory1 ! black walnut is f\nd almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,?\s&s ( pecan & walnut are ( suitable size = top-work+ & c\ld be made valuable by be+ graft$ ov] to ^! f9e v>ieties4 ,^! may be f\nd 9 any quantity f a s+le tree to a native grove 7especially pecan7 ( ?\s&s ( trees4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ pecan groves is 9 ,gallat9 c\nty1 ,ill9ois along ! ,waba% riv] :]e x has be5 e/imat$ !re are z _m z tw5ty ?\s& pecan trees ( be>+ size 9 "o locality4 ,o!r sections :]e l>ge native groves may be f\nd are 9 ,h5d]son c\nty1 ,k5tucky ne> ! m\? ( ,gre5 ,riv]1 along ! ,mississippi riv] 9 we/]n ,k5tucky1 across ! riv] 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois1 along ! ,ill9ois riv] 9 c5tral ,ill9ois1 along ! ,miss\ri riv] 9 c5tral ,miss\ri1 9 ea/]n ,kansas1 along ! ,neo%o & ,spr+ riv]s1 & 9 ,bates c\nty ,miss\ri along ! ,osage riv]1 9 s\?we/]n ,miss\ri4 ,x has be5 my pleasure to visit "o or m times ea* ( ! above places z well z e o!r section ( note :]e ! nor!rn pecan gr[s naturally4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ places t ,i h se5 is 9 ,bates c\nty1 ,miss\ri4 ,i 0 !re 9 ,may to top-"w trees = ,mr4 ,wesley ,heus]1 :]e he has a tract ( l& along ! ,osage riv] on :i* !re is a l>ge native pecan grove mak+ x a pr(itable possession4 ,mr4 ,heus] is increas+ its value by plant+ budd$1 or graft$ trees 9 ! op5 l& & top-work+ ! small native se$l+s4 ,adjo9+ ?is place is "o own$ by ,mr4 ,fr$ ,m>qu>dt :o rec5tly b\ght x f ! e/ate ( ! late ,j4 ,f4 ,ti$ke :o _h sp5t ye>s ( "w !re clean+ up ! native grove1 & top-work+ ! small se$l+s to ! bett] v>ieties4 ,mr4 ,m>qu>dt told me !re 0 an e/imat$ f\r ?\s& be>+ size native trees1 & two ?\s& top-work$ trees mo/ ( :i* are ( be>+ size & _m ( !m top-work$ z long z tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,mr4 ,m>qu>dt is tak+ spl5did c>e ( ?is place mak+ x a pr(itable z well z a mo/ beautiful nut or*>d4 ,mr4 ,ti$ke 9 topwork+ ^! small trees1 select$ ^? z ne>ly z possible 9 r[s giv+ x ! appe>ance 9 places ( a plant$ or*>d4 ,along ! ,ill9ois riv] 9 c5tral ,ill9ois is a great pecan section4 ,x is !re t ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,be/ is locat$1 & he probably has m graft$ & top-work$ trees ?an any o!r p]son 9 ! midwe/4 ,! late ,*>les ,/eph5s ( ,columbus1 ,kansas1 _h topwork$ sev]al hundr$ trees 9 s\!a/]n ,kansas & ,/anley ,walb]ts plant$ a #ce acre pecan or*>d !re at ,columbus t at ! la/ "t ,i visit$ x 0 a beautiful & well kept or*>d4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,?iel5haus ( ,buffalo1 ,kansas is do+ a lot ( "w !re bo? 9 plant+ & top-work+ trees4 ,9 we/]n ,k5tucky1 ,pr(essors ,w4 ,w4 ,magill1 & ,w4 ,d4 ,arm/rong ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,k5tucky ) c\nty ag5t ,john ,b4 ,watts ( ,hickman1 ,k5tucky coop]at+1 int]e/$ ,mr4 ,roscoe ,/one1 :o _h a l>ge acreage ( l& 9 develop+ ! "y se$l+ pecan trees by top-work+ !m to bett] v>ieties4 ,mr4 ,sly & ,i w5t !re ! fir/ "t 9 ! spr+ ( #aidh & ea* spr+ s9ce !n we h work$ trees on ?is l&1 & = o!rs ar\nd ,hickman to ! numb] ( possibly #ejj trees4 ,la/ ye> a numb] ( ! trees t 7 work$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aidh produc$ q a few nuts4 ,i 0 !re 9 ,may at :i* "t !re 0 a spl5did crop ( nuts on ^! trees4 ,on ,augu/ #c1 ,i _h a lett] f ,mr4 ,watts /at+ ,i feel t _m ( ^! trees w be> a good crop ( nuts ?is ye>1 & al?\gh we are hav+ a dr\ght "h1 ! trees on ! ,/one f>m are n suff]+ mu*4 ,! l>ge/ plant+ ( nut trees t ,i "k 9 ! midwe/ is t plant$ by ! late ,h>ry ,r4 ,web] ne> ,rockport :i* consi/s ( ab\t #gj acres mo/ly walnuts1 ) "s pecans1 hybrids1 hickories1 & filb]ts4 ,_m small] plant+s ( nut trees h be5 made ?r\gh\t ! midwe/ & ?\s&s ( se$l+ trees hav+ be5 top-work$4 ,mo/ ( ! native walnut trees ?r\gh ?is section h be5 cut = timb] & ! native *e/nut has be5 kill$ by ! blight1 mak+ a %ortage t %\ld be replac$ ) ! bett] v>ieties ( walnut & ! ,*9ese *e/nut4 ,! e>li] plant+s ( ! ,p]sian walnut f ,france & ,engl& 7 n h>dy 9 ! midwe/ b ! ,c>pa?ian walnut f ,pol& seems to be do+ well4 ,"s p>ts ( ?is t]ritory are suitable = almo/ any k9d ( nut trees4 ,!re is a va/ field 9 ! ,midwe/ await+ developm5t 9 nut culture4 ,"s ,aspects ( ! ,problem ( ,produc+ ,curly-,gra9$ ,walnut ,l4 ,h4 ,,macdaniels1 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,ab\t #ae ye>s ago a tree ( ! ,lamb ,curly ,walnut 0 plant$ at ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,aft] ! tree _h gr[n to a height ( ab\t #ab feet1 x 0 topwork$ ab\t #h feet f ! gr\nd to scions ( ! ,cornell v>iety ( ,black ,walnut ) ! idea t x w\ld be possible to gr[ a trunk ( curly walnut & a top ( a nam$ v>iety4 ,! tree grew rapidly & 9 ! fall ( #aieb _h a trunk #aj in*es 9 diamet] at ! base4 ,sometime 9 #aieb ! tree became infect$ ) bun*y-top disease & 0 cut 9 an attempt to elim9ate ?is disease f ! premises4 ,x 0 expect$ t ! trunk w\ld %[ figur$ curly gra9 & plans 7 made to h at lea/ a "p ( ! log cut into v5e]4 ,on cutt+ ! tree1 h[ev]1 & exam9+ ! wood1 !re 0 no evid5ce ( curly gra9 detectable ei!r by casual p]sonal obs]vation or f samples s5t to ! ,=e/ ,products ,laboratory at ,madison1 ,wiscons94 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 0 a disappo9tm5t because ,j4 ,f4 ,wilk9son _h %[n samples ( walnut gr[n f scions ( ! ,lamb ,walnut obta9$ f ! late ,w4 ,b4 ,bixby :i* %[$ evid5ce ( curly gra94 ,a photograph ( ! wood secur$ f ,mr4 ,wilk9son is %[n 9 figure #a4 ,wood samples f a tree gr[+ at ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&1 :i* 0 also secur$ f ,mr4 ,bixby by ,c4 ,a4 ,re$1 does n %[ evid5ce ( curly gra94 ,! simple/ explanation ( ! failure ( ! tree 9 ,i?aca to %[ curly gra9 w\ld be t someh[ ! tree 0 n prop]ly labell$ or t scions 7 mix$ 9 propagation & t ! trunk 0 n d]iv$ f ! orig9al ,lamb ,curly ,walnut4 ,h[ev]1 ! fact t only a few trees 7 conc]n$ makes x improbable t trees 7 mislabell$ 9 ! ,i?aca plant+ & !re is no good reason to believe t ! tree plant$ at ,beltsville 0 n au!ntic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,radial face ( wood ( graft$ ,lamb black walnut gr[n by ,j4 ,f4 ,wilk9son4 ,wavy or curly gra9 is app>5t on "r side :i* is ! out] "p ( ! log 7ab\t natural size74 ,ano!r possibility is t ! orig9al ,lamb ,walnut 0 a *im]a4 ,su* a tree w\ld h mix$ tissues 9 its gr[+ po9ts1 "s hav+ ! curly gra9 "* & o!rs n4 ,9 su* a tree "s scions w\ld produce curl9ess & o!rs /raight gra94 ,x may be t ^! 7 mix$ 9 ! orig9al collection4 ,a ?ird possibility is t curl9ess is produc$ by ! int]action ( sev]al factors1 "o a t5d5cy to curl9ess inh]5t 9 ! ,lamb tree & ! o!rs environm5tal su* z gr[? rate1 nutri5t supply1 ! nature ( ! soil or o!r su* conditions4 ,!oretically curly gra9 9 walnut or any o!r tree is relat$ to ! nature ( ! gr[? ( ! cambium lay]4 ,9 normal gr[? ! cells ( ?is lay] are mu* elongat$ z se5 9 tang5tial section & are relatively /raight4 ,! nature ( ^! cambium cells is %[n 9 figure #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,! cambium ( a /raight-gra9$ black walnut tree z se5 9 tang5tial section4 ,! nature & regul>ity ( ^! cells det]m9es ! nature & regul>ity ( ! cells ( adjac5t wood & b>k 7x #aej74 ,x is well kn[n f /udies ( cambial gr[? t irregul>ities 9 ! gr[? ( ! cambium are reflect$ 9 ! irregul>ities 9 ! %ape & position ( ! wood fib]s & vessels1 :i* x =ms4 ,ord9>ily1 if ! cambium is w\nd$1 ! fir/ cells =m$ are irregul> 9 %ape & ori5tation b aft] a w\nd is heal$ ov] ! cambium cells resume _! normal position4 ,9 p>ts ( trees 9 :i* ! gra9 is irregul> or confus$ su* z 9 ! inn] angle ( crot*es ! %ape ( ! cambium cells det]m9es ! nature ( ! gra9 b5ea? z %[n 9 figure #c 7,ref4 #a74 ,?is has be5 e/abli%$ also 9 ! /udy ( ! nature ( spiral-gra9$ ,d\glas ,fir & 9 v>i\s exp]im5tal "w :]e x has be5 possible to *ange ! direction or ext5t ( ! cambium cells ?r\gh v>i\s exp]im5tal means4 7,ref4 #b7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,section ?r\gh cambium & und]ly+ wood 9 a crot* ( an apple tree :]e ! gra9 ( ! wood is n /raight4 ,! %ape & direction ( ! wood fib]s or gra9 ( ! wood1 & b>k is det]m9$ by ! %ape & direction ( ! cambium cells t =m !m 7,x #ajj74 ,!re seems to be no d\bt1 !re=e1 t curly gra9 9 walnut is directly relat$ to ! curly condition to be f\nd 9 ! cambium1 :i* produces su* curly gra94 ,! basic "q to be resolv$ is :at makes ! cambium ( a curly-gra9 tree assume ! curly or wavy "*4 ,z indicat$ above1 "o hypo!sis is t sev]al factors may be op]at+4 ,= example1 a tree might h ! inh]5t capacity to produce wavy gra9 b w\ld only d s "u special environm5tal conditions4 ,^! environm5tal conditions might be relat$ to rapidity ( gr[?1 wat] & nutri5t supply1 or v>i\s o!r habitat *>act]i/ics1 :i* affect ! nature ( gr[?4 ,! fact t ! tree 9 "q at ,i?aca 0 gr[+ rapidly might h be5 responsible = ! failure ( ! curly gra9 to develop4 ,!re is evid5ce t trees ) figur$ gra9 gr[ sl[ly4 7,ref4 #c1 #d7 ,on ! o!r h& ! specim5s f ! tree at ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&1 7 f a sl[ly gr[+ plant & did n %[ curly gra94 ,ano!r hypo!sis is t developm5t ( ! curly gra9 is dep5d5t ^u ! foliage ( ! tree4 ,?is has be5 demon/rat$ to be true 9 in/ances :]e ! foliage ( fruit plants det]m9es ! *>act]i/ics ( ! gr[? ( ! trunk & roots & ( ! fruit itself4 7,ref4 #e1 #f7 ,x might be1 !re=e1 t ! failure ( ?is p>ticul> trunk to %[ curly gra9 is relat$ to ! fact t ! top ( ! tree at ,i?aca 0 ( ano!r v>iety ?an ! orig9al ,lamb4 ,possibly ! foliage ( ! orig9al v>iety produc+ ! curly "* is necess>y to produce ! curly gra94 ,an argum5t aga9/ ?is int]pretation is t ! tree at ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&1 is n topwork$4 ,x w\ld be valuable at ! pres5t "t to survey all ! trees ( ! ,lamb walnut1 :i* are gr[+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 to see "u :at circum/ances !y may be %[+ ! curly *>act]i/ic ( ! orig9al tree4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,y4 ,pill[ ( ! ,=e/ ,products ,laboratory at ,madison1 ,wiscons91 9 an unpubli%$ report1 has po9t$ out t x is possible to det]m9e ! curly nature ( ! gra9 by %av+ (f ! out] b>k1 expos+ ! inn] b>k j outside ( ! cambium4 ,inasmu* z ! same cambium cells =m fib] cells bo? on ! inside to make ! wood & t[>ds ! outside to make ! b>k1 ! direction & nature ( ! fib]s 9 ! b>k are a direct indication ( ! direction ( ! fib]s und]nea? ! cambium 9 ! wood4 ,! appe>ance ( ! normal /raight gra9$ wood & b>k & wood & b>k ( a curly gra9$ tree are %[n 9 figures #d & #e4 ,%av+ (f ! out] b>k 9 ?is mann] w n h>m ! trees1 if x is done c>efully s x w\ld be possible to make ?is survey )\t injury to ! trees4 ,exam9+ a numb] ( trees ( ! ,lamb walnut 9 ?is way & f9d+ t "s 7 curly1 might give evid5ce z to ! conditions "u :i* ! ,lamb walnut w produce curly gra94 ,dr4 ,pill[ ( ! ,=e/ ,products ,laboratory1 k9dly furni%$ me ) 8 file on curly & birdseye gra9$ wood4 ,9 ?is file is a v int]e/+ gr\p ( manuscripts & lett]s includ+ a report f ,mr4 ,will>d ,g4 ,bixby report+ a trip to ,new ,hamp%ire to /udy ! occurr5ce ( birdseye maple & also 8 e>ly exp]im5ts ) ! ,lamb walnut4 ,! ,lamb walnut trees at t "t 7 too "y to give any indication ( curly gra94 ,o!r lett]s ( int]e/ on ! subject 7 f ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilk9son1 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby & ,c4 ,a4 ,re$4 ,^! lett]s m5tion ! desirability ( propagat+ figur$ walnut b aside f indicat+ t trees ( ! ,lamb _h be5 propagat$ !re 0 no indication t curl9ess _h develop$4 ,! fir/ def9ite indication t curl9ess w\ld develop 9 a graft$ tree 0 report$ by ,mr4 ,wilk9son 7,ref4 #g7 at ! ,norris meet+ ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,at t "t ! wood photograph$ 9 figure #a 0 %[n4 ,9 ! lit]ature some:at conflict+ reports are f\nd z to :e!r or n curl9ess w %[ up e>ly 9 ! gr[? ( a tree or late4 ,app>5tly x 0 possible to trace curly gra9 into ! twigs a few ye>s old 9 ! orig9al ,lamb walnut 7unpubli%$ lett]s74 ,v>i\s /atem5ts1 h[ev]1 indicate t curl9ess may n develop until ! trees are #bj ye>s old or m4 ,x w\ld seem t ) ! propagation & introduction ( ! ,lamb walnut 9 #aibf-bg & di/ribution soon !reaft] x ought to be possible to locate & exam9e ^! trees :i* are n[ m ?an #bj ye>s old4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,slightly enl>g$ photograph ( black walnut ) /raight gra9 9 ! wood 7light-color$ area7 & also 9 ! b>k 7d>k-color$ area74 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,=e/ ,products ,laboratory ,photo4 ,9 ! v>i\s lit]ature & o!r mat]ial available on ! subject ( birdseye & curl9ess1 x appe>s t ! birdseye gra9 is diff]5t 9 its orig9 f curl9ess al?\gh bo? may be relat$ to ! function+ ( ! cambium & def9itely seem to be relat$ to sl[ gr[?4 7,ref4 #h7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,slightly enl>g$ photograph ( black walnut ) curly gra9 9 ! wood 7light-color$ area1 upp] left7 & also 9 ! b>k 7d>k-color$ area74 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,=e/ ,products ,laboratory ,photo4 ,curl9ess is report$ 9 o!r k9ds ( trees4 ,curly gra9$ :ite popl> has be5 propagat$ f hybrid trees by gr[+ cutt+s ( %oots f ! roots ( ! curly trees 7,ref4 #i74 ,9 ,sw$5 x has be5 possible to gr[ figur$ bir*1 mu* ( :i* has ! curly type gra94 ,9 bir*1 se$l+ /ra9s produc+ curly gra9 h be5 develop$ & are be+ gr[n4 ,x is ( int]e/ to note t ) ^! bir*es1 ! trees ) curly gra9 gr[ only ab\t half z fa/ z ! normal trees & h to be /ak$ dur+ _! e>ly gr[? ye>s 9 ord] to make /raight trunks or to /& erect 7,ref4 #d74 ,! orig9al ,lamb walnut tree 0 curly ?r\gh\t4 ,o!r trees1 p>ticul>ly maples & bir*es may be curly only 9 "p ( _! trunks & sometimes only 9 re/rict$ segm5ts4 ,trees frequ5tly h curly gra9 at ! base :]e ! trunk jo9s ! roots b n else:]e4 ,su* curl9ess may be relat$ to ! %ort5+ ( ! curve :]e ! root jo9s ! trunk1 ?us caus+ di/ortion4 ,w4 ,g4 ,bixby /ates 7,ref4 #c7 t a birdseye maple tree #agj ye>s old 0 only ab\t a qu>t] z l>ge 9 diamet] z normal trees ( ! same age4 ,i "k ( no comp>ison ( curly walnut ) o!r types ( walnut4 ,! orig9al ,lamb walnut tree 0 app>5tly a v l>ge "o4 ,9 conclusion1 x is obvi\s t our k ( ! possibility ( produc+ curly gra9$ walnut logs by graft+ is z yet incomplete4 ,mu* m in=mation is ne$$ & at ! pres5t "t und\bt$ly mu* c be ga9$ by exam9+ ! ,lamb walnut trees1 :i* are gr[+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is c be done )\t s]i\sly injur+ ! trees z describ$ e>li] 9 ?is pap]4 ,^? 9 ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]'s ,association1 :o h ,lamb trees are urg$ to exam9e !m to f9d out if we c ga9 fur!r useful in=mation reg>d+ ?is r important subject4 ,obvi\sly1 if x is possible to gr[ curly walnut ?r\gh vegetative propagation1 we %\ld "k "u :at conditions a gr[] c expect to successfully produce a curly gra9$ log4 ,ref]5ces #a4 ,mac,daniels1 ,l4 ,h4 ,! apple tree crot*1 hi/ological /udies & practical consid]ations4 ,cornell ,univ4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,bul4 #dai3 #a-bb4 #aibc4 #b4 ---- & ,otis ,f4 ,curtis4 ,! effect ( spiral r++ on solute translocation on ! /ructure ( ! reg5]at$ tissue ( ! apple4 ,cornell ,univ4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,memoir #acc3a-cb4 #aicj4 #c4 ,bixby1 ,w4 ,g4 ,field "w at ,w>r51 ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,unpubli%$ ,report4 #aicb4 7,on file ) ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ ,products ,laboratory1 ,madison1 ,wiscons947 #d4 ,he9k9heimo1 ,o4 ,om odl+ ar masurbjork 7,! cultivation ( figur$ bir*74 ,skog5 #bg3afe-afg4 #aidj4 7,translation 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ ,products ,laboratory47 #e4 ,he9icke1 ,a4 ,j4 ,influ5ce ( scion leaves on ! quality ( apples borne by ! /ock4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 ,proc4 #bd3adc-adf4 #aibg4 #f4 ,sw>brick1 ,?omas & ,r4 ,h4 ,rob]ts4 ,! relation ( scion v>iety to "* ( root gr[? 9 apple trees4 ,wiscons9 ,univ4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,res4 ,bul4 #gh3a-bd4 #aibg4 #g4 ,wilk9son1 ,j4 ,f4 ,! graft$ curly walnut z a timb] tree4 ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,ass'n4 ,proc4 #ci3aci-adb4 #aidh4 #h4 ,pill[1 ,m4 ,y4 ,dormant buds are n ! cause ( bird's eyes 9 maple4 ,wood ,work+ ,indu/ries #e3bf-bg4 ,sept4 #aibi4 #i4 ,grob]1 ,samuel4 ,sci5ce %[s ! way4 ,*emurgic ,dige/ #e3aeb4 #aidf4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels1 ! idea prevails on ! "p ( "s ,i "k t ?is curl9ess w\ld %[ up m at ! base or cr[n ( ! tree ?an x w\ld be likely to %[ on ! trunk1 & at ! base ( l>ge limbs we t5d to h curl9ess4 ,( c\rse1 ! ,lamb walnut 0 suppos$ to be curly ?r\gh\t1 b 9 ! case ( o!r trees ,i wond] if t's true4 ,y h emphasiz$ ! *ange 9 ! direction ( ! gra9 at ! cr[n betwe5 ! root & trunk & 9 ! crot*es4 ,i wond] j :]e w\ld be ! be/ place to scrape ?is b>k or p>e x d[n 9 exam9ation to det]m9e :e!r x 0 curly or n4 ,w\ld t be1 9 y\r op9ion1 m likely to %[ up on ! trunk ( ! tree or base ( "s limb or ne> d[n to ! cr[n8 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,i'd be incl9$ to take x :]e y c "w at x mo/ easily2 d[n t[>ds ! base4 ,if ! gra9 is curly only 9 re/rict$ areas ! log is n v valuable4 ,a ,,memb]3 ,i h be5 told by a sawmill man t he c\ld tell by ! convolutions ( ! b>k4 ,in/ead ( be+ /raight1 !y w\ld be flut$4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,t might be4 ,i 0 told dur+ ! ,fir/ ,_w ,w> :5 !y want$ /raight-gra9$ spruce = airplanes !y f\nd !y c\ld tell a /raight-gra9$ spruce f a spiral1 s !y w\ldn't wa/e _! "t gett+ logs ) spiral gra94 ,,tuesday ,,aft]noon ,,session ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,! fir/ item on ! program is ! life /ory ( ! ,late ,rev]5d ,cra? & ! ,cra? ,c>pa?ian walnut 9 ,ont>io4 ,we are go+ to h ,mr4 ,l4 ,k4 ,devitt ( ,toronto1 ,canada1 get into ?is subject = u4 ,mr4 ,devitt did "k ,rev]5d ,cra? s9ce #aicd4 ,mr4 ,devitt support$ 8 exp$ition to ! ,ukra9e 9 #aicd4 ,he has a few slides = u & !n he is go+ to talk to u ab\t a numb] ( features4 ,mr4 ,devitt is 9 ! s*ool sy/em 9 ,toronto1 & he is a graduate ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,toronto1 & s )\t fur!r introduction1 take ov] & give u y\r /ory4 ,,mr4 ,,devitt3 ,?ank y4 ,mr4 ,*airman1 ladies & g5tlem51 :5 ,i wrote a lett] to ! secret>y ( ! ,association ab\t ,rev]5d ,cra?1 ,i ?\ght x 0 also fitt+ t at ! next meet+ ,i %\ld come "h & say a little m ab\t ! life & "w ( ! ,rev]5d ,cra? & ! ,cra? ,c>pa?ian walnut 9 ,ont>io & ! progress = ! la/ #bj ye>s4 ,late ,rev4 ,paul ,c4 ,cra? ,l4 ,k4 ,,devitt1 ,toronto1 ,ont>io ,rev4 ,cra? 0 born ne> ,kiev 9 ,great] ,ukra9e1 ,pol&1 9 #ahhc4 ,he 0 ! son ( an ,agricultural ,college ,pr(essor4 ,x is assum$ t he enjoy$ ! life ( ! upp] class1 be+ a graduate ( two univ]sities2 & speak+ flu5tly at lea/ six languages ( ,c5tral & ,we/]n ,europe1 & hav+ travell$ almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ,europe4 ,he possess$ a wide k ( ! peoples1 ! hi/ory & ! culture ( all ! ,c5tral ,european ,c\ntries4 ,he migrat$ to ,canada 9 #aijh & settl$ 9 ,we/]n ,canada4 ,he 0 employ$ at v>i\s1 cl]ical occupations be=e ent]+ ! ,!ological ,college ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,manitoba f :]e he graduat$ z a ,presbyt]ian m9i/] 9 #aibb4 ,he 0 ! m9i/] ( a ,ukranian ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* 9 ,toronto = two ye>s4 ,f #aibd to #aicf he s]v$ z a ,presbyt]ian mission>y 9 ,pol&1 organiz+ "s ?irty missions 9 ,galicia & ,volynia4 ,= "s ye>s be=e ! w>1 he sp5t consid]able "t on a f>m ne> ,welcome1 ,ont>io1 build+ up a ,european ,nurs]y & 9 ! w9t]s he s]v$ ) ! ,home ,missions mo/ly 9 ,we/]n ,canada4 ,dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s ( 8 life he _h to curtail 8 activities m & m1 ow+ to poor heal? & a he>t condition4 ,i met ,rev4 ,cra? :5 he 0 on furl\gh 9 #aicd4 ,i w5t to ! ,national ,exhibition & among ! v>i\s exhibits ,i came across a r unique exhibit ( nuts1 gr[n by ! late ,geo4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,e*o ,valley1 ,isl+ton4 ,9 ! c\rse ( our conv]sation along came ! late ,pr(4 ,jas4 ,neilson & we cont9u$ to talk ab\t nut-gr[+4 ,pr(4 ,neilson 0 int]e/+ inde$4 ,i c\ld see he 0 a s9c]e man & mo/ en?usia/ic ab\t ! subject4 ,he told me !re 0 a ,presbyt]ian ,ukranian mission>y 9 t[n :o _h br\ght out "s h>dy ,engli% walnuts f ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s--a v>iety :i* he 0 sure w\ld survive 9 ,ont>io & ! ,nor!rn ,/ates & t x _h great possibilities4 ,! mission>y 0 return+ to ,europe to br+ out a %ipm5t b ne$$1 back+ = ! exp$ition4 ,i met ,pr(4 ,neilson ! foll[+ day4 ,! sum requir$ 0 #djj4jj & he agre$ to gu>antee ! sale ( #djj4jj wor? 9 ! ,u4,s4 at lea/4 ,! next day ,i met ,rev4 ,cra? at ! ,exhibition display4 ,we met (f & on = two or ?ree days4 ,i c\ld see no flaw 9 ! project1 s ,i rais$ ! #djj4jj by a bank-note4 ,! bank] ?\ght ,i 0 crazy--& ! mission>y 0 on 8 way by ! end ( ! week4 ,he arriv$ by mid-,septemb] & hav+ _h s _m *>ges 9 ! ,ukra9e1 he knew :]e to g & j :5 ! crop 0 be+ h>ve/$4 ,! walnuts 7 select$1 dri$1 box$ & %ipp$ by ! middle ( ,octob]4 ,! %ipm5t arriv$ 9 ,toronto ! fir/ week ( ,novemb]--ne>ly two tons ( !m4 ,i receiv$ ) !m1 a bill ( lad+ ) port *>ges1 export duties & freight4 ,i 0 out ano!r #ajj4jj4 ,9 two weeks1 ! ,w9t] ,fair op5$ & ,mr4 ,corsan 0 invit$ to put on 8 nut exhibit z an attraction4 ,9 ! meantime he 0 on ! radio once a week to talk on heal?1 food & v>i\s subjects1 always gett+ ar\nd to nuts z a food--& ?is new discov]y1 ! ,c>pa?ian walnut4 ,! radio broadca/s br\ght int]e/$ p "r to 8 exhibit4 ,he gave an h\rly talk on nuts & a pamphlet 0 giv5 out4 ,! ,w9t] ,fair sales gross$ #cjj4jj & !re 0 ano!r #ajj4jj on foll[-up sales by ,*ri/mas4 ,! situation 0 at lea/ easi]4 ,pr(4 ,neilson be=e ,*ri/mas _h tak5 ill & pass$ away 9 ,febru>y4 ,h[ev] into ! picture came ano!r man1 ,h4 ,j4 ,rahml[1 secret>y ( ! ,wiscons9 ,horticultural ,association ) ab\t #fjj affiliat$ societies4 ,he wrote an article 9 ! ,c\ntry ,g5tleman & circul>iz$ ! exp$ition ( ,rev4 ,cra? to ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s4 ,we s5t f\r %ipm5ts to ,mr4 ,rahml[ 9 #be & #ej lb4 lots4 ,sales came 9 f all ov] ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates until spr+4 ,by spr+ we _h cle>$ all exp5ses & _h ab\t #bjj4jj on h&1 b ! next problem 01 :at to d ) ! re/ ( ! walnut se$s8 ,on ,mr4 ,corsan's ,e*o ,valley1 !re 7 two fields1 "o 9 ! valley & "o ov] ! road4 ,we broke up out ( sod an acre 9 ea* field & plant$ ab\t #dj1jjj se$s4 ,rev4 ,cra? took to a f>m ne> ,welcome1 ,ont4 ab\t ano!r #bj1jjj4 ,our plantation requir$ a good deal ( att5tion1 "w & exp5se dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,h[ev] #ij ( ! walnuts g]m9at$ & grew to trees ab\t #f in*es high4 ,ov] #cj1jjj trees surviv$ ! next cold w9t]4 ,! foll[+ ye> we c\ld scuffle !m betwe5 ! r[s4 ,our nurs]y requir$ less c>e & exp5se4 ,dur+ ! summ] !y grew ab\t a foot high] 7#ae 94 av]age7 b develop$ a v ?ick c>rot-l tap root ) num]\s root hairs4 ,by autumn #aicf x 0 evid5t we _h to transplant4 ,! se$s 7 plant$ orig9ally #h in*es ap>t4 ,s we divid$ up ! lot by ea* tak+ "o out ( e ?ree trees1 ?us leav+ ! trees 9 ,e*o ,valley n[ #b ft4 ap>t4 ,rev4 ,cra? took 8 trees to ! f>m at ,welcome1 #hj miles ea/ ( ,toronto4 ,!y 7 plant$ on a slope bel[ a ?ick woods f :]e melt+ sn[ & spr+ ra9s kept ! field cold & wet until mid-summ]4 ,rev4 ,cra?'s trees 7 practically a failure2 9 fact ! area seem$ to be unsuitable = walnut se$l+s4 ,mr4 ,corsan's trees cont9u$ to gr[1 b ev5 "h ! soil did n seem to be ! mo/ suitable4 ,i took m9e to a s&y g>d5 soil t _h be5 "u sod = #bj ye>s4 ,! sod 0 brok5 & ?or\ghly disc$4 ,! spr+ 0 wet & v fav\rable = transplant+4 ,! trees on ?is soil grew v well )\t any f]tiliz] at all2 nor did !y require any spray+4 ,! trees cont9u$ to gr[ deep & d bett] ea* succe$+ ye>4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aici ,i />t$ to sell trees :olesale to ! ,dom9ion ,nurs]y1 ,georget[n1 ,ont4 ,mr4 ,bradley1 ! presid5t1 c>ri$ m novelty items 9 8 catalogue ?an any o!r nurs]yman 9 ,canada4 ,i cont9u$ to plant m se$s until #aici4--,! w> /opp$ fur!r importations1 & ,i sold out all ! trees by ! spr+ ( #aidc4 ,s f my nurs]y probably w5t out "s #aj1jjj trees2 ! weak] se$l+ always p]i%$ dur+ ! w9t]4 ,f ,mr4 ,corsan's nurs]y1 ano!r #aj1jjj trees--ab\t half ( ^! w5t to 8 son1 ,hebd5 ,corsan 9 ,mi*igan4 ,rev4 ,cra?'s nurs]y yield$ n m ?an #ejjj4 ,he import$ a numb] ( *]ries1 plums1 grapes & o!rs fruits1 all ( :i* did n d too well ei!r4 ,dur+ ! p]iod be=e ! w>1 ord]s came 9 f ev]y:]e--f ,briti% ,columbia to ,nova ,scotia1 ev5 ,newf\ndl&1 besides nurs]ies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ord]s f ! prairie prov9ces 7 dissuad$ b "s cu/om]s insi/$ on a trial basis4 ,walnut se$1 ! fir/ two ye>s w5t mo/ly to ,we/]n ,ont>io1 ,briti% ,columbia & ,nova ,scotia4 ,by #aici ! se$l+ nurs]y bus9ess t ,i _h app>5tly fall5 into1 look$ good4 ,rev4 ,cra? & ,i talk$ ! situation ov]4 ,we decid$ to g to ! c\ntry1 lease "s l&4 ,i w\ld select ! l& & cont9ue to gr[ se$l+s & besides1 import select$ grafts to develop 9 ,canada a h>dy high quality graft$ walnut tree4 ,9 ,septemb] we prep>$ to make ano!r exp$ition4 ,my bank] 0 mo/ agreeable ?is "t4 ,rev4 ,cra? got z f> z ,new ,york :]e1 await+ ! ,s4 ,s4 ,batory to sail1 ! w> broke out4 ,! ,s4 ,s4 ,pilsudski 0 sunk j out ( ,gdynia ! next day4 ,! ,s4 ,s4 ,batory nev] did sail back to ,pol&4 ,:5 he arriv$ home we w5t to ! bank on a ,saturday morn+4 ,! travell]s' *eques 7 cancell$4 ,rev4 ,cra? 9 ! #aicf exp$ition br\ght out a %ipm5t ( walnuts select$ f ! mo/ nor!rly port ( ! ,ukra9e = ,mr4 ,wes*cke1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n4 ,i am n famili> ) ?is "p ( 8 "w4 ,rev4 ,cra? 0 a *e]ful s\l1 an int]e/+ & pleasant individual to talk to4 ,he lov$ p &1 especially1 meet+ p4 ,he possess$ a great love = humanity2 he bore malice t[>d no "o & *>ity to all except ! ,bol%eviks4 ,he 0 a re/less man--always on ! g4 ,"o c\ld see he pref]r$ to be mission>y r ?an a resid5t m9i/]4 ,al?\gh he 0 away a good "p ( ! "t he 0 de>ly lov$ by 8 family4 ,%ortly aft] 8 dea?1 z an appreciation ( 8 s]vices z a m9i/] among ,ukranian families1 special memorial s]vices 7 held 9 ,toronto1 ,o%awa & ,detroit4 ,i 0 invit$ to att5d ! ,toronto s]vice4 ,on a visit "o day la/ ,augu/1 #aieb1 to places :]e 8 ,c>pa?ian walnut trees 7 com+ into be>+1 he exam9$ !m & gaz$ at !m ) a look ( joy & sadness4 ,on ! way home he 0 some:at upset1 he look$ at me & said ,mr4 ,devitt1 my good fri5d1 at la/ our exp]im5t is a success4 ,promise me two ?+s2 cont9ue our "w & g to ! conv5tion & tell our ,am]ican fri5ds to cont9ue ! "w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is is ! /ory ( ! introduction ( h>dy ,c>pa?ian walnuts 7,juglans regia7 into ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! late ,rev4 ,cra?4 ,look+ back on ! :ole adv5ture 7n[ tw5ty ye>s ago7 x w\ld be only fair t ,i m5tion ! names ( ?ree o!r m5 = ! "w !y did to make ! exp$ition a success4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,james ,neilson ^: rese>* 9 nut gr[+ 9 ,ont>io & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 already well kn[n %\ld be m5tion$4 ,x 0 he :o really sp>k$ ! exp$ition4 ,to ! late ,george ,h4 ,corsan ^: nut gr[+ exp]im5t at ,e*o ,valley 0 some?+ unique 9 ,ont>io1 cr$it is due = 8 en?usiasm & support ( ! late ,rev]5d ,cra?4 ,! ,am]ican nut gr[]s :o 7 =tunate to obta9 walnut se$s at ! "t ?r\gh ,wiscons9 ,horticultural ,society c ?ank ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,rhaml[1 !n secret>y4 ,he took ov] ! task ( di/ribut+ ! walnut se$s ?r\gh ! affiliat$ societies4 ,he insi/$ t ! se$s be te/$ = g]m9ation1 kept 9 prop] /orage1 & did ev]y?+ possible to ensure success4 ,h[ev] none ( ^! m5 z ,i knew !m !n1 & includ+ myself1 w\ld want any cr$it1 b we give full recognition to ,rev]5d ,cra? = 8 "w4 ,dur+ ! ye>s sp5t 9 ,pol& ,rev]5d ,cra? mu/ h giv5 ! idea ( gr[+ h>dy walnuts 9 ,ont>io & ! ,nor!rn ,/ates consid]able ?\ght4 ,he exam9$ trees & nuts :]ev] he w5t2 & cont9u$ ga!r+ in=mation ea* ye>4 ,:5 ,i fir/ met him ,i c\ld see he _h giv5 walnut gr[+ a great deal ( /udy4 ,he _h great fai? 9 8 idea1 & :5 leav+ on 8 exp$ition #aicd he felt he 0 on a great mission4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ he made ?is ardu\s trip )\t pay & t he made v little money f ! sale ( walnut se$s or trees4 ,no "o did = t matt]4 ,x is also significant t 9 br++ ^! ,c>pa?ian walnuts out ( ,pol& at t "t1 #aicd1 he did some?+ t c\ld nev] be done aga94 ,! trees he saw !n probably w5t into rifle butts = use 9 ,_w ,w> ,,ii4 ,! introduction ( ^! walnuts into ,ont>io1 met ) v>i$ success4 ,_m b\ght !m on a trial basis & 7 ev5tually rew>d$2 "s look$ on ) skepticism & ridicule & a few ?\ght t ! gr[+ ( walnuts 9 ,ont>io 0 impossible4 ,! int]v5+ ye>s1 h[ev]1 h br\ght =? a diff]5t picture4 ,^! se$l+ walnut trees are n[ be>+ 9 ,ont>io & z late ,rev]5d ,cra? pr$ict$ m ?an half ( !m are produc+ fair to good quality nuts4 ,?is is also true 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,ont>io !y gr[ well 9 ! comm]cial apple di/ricts & ) v>iations mature nuts fully 9 #ij to #abj days 7betwe5 ,sept4 #ae to ,octob] #ae47 ,all ( ! be/ v>ieties %\ld n[ be propagat$ by graft+ to produce hundr$s ( h>dy ,cra? ,c>pa?ian walnut trees4 ,?is project %\ld always be "o ( ! =emo/ ) ! memb]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,tw5ty ye>s f n[ & lat]1 ! numb] ( h>dy walnut trees produc+ nuts 7,cra? /ra97 %\ld make a liv+ monum5t to ?is obscure mission>y--,rev4 ,paul ,c4 ,cra?4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,?ank y v mu*1 ,mr4 ,devitt1 = ?is v intrigu+ /ory4 ,tru? is sometimes /rang] ?an fiction4 ,& we want to keep 9 t\* ) y1 & we want to keep he>+ f y1 because y h got a big job to d yet4 ,,mr4 ,,devitt3 ,!re is only "o ?+1 ladies & g5tlem53 ,i don't want to run into #e1jjj lett]s to answ]4 ,keep my "n out ( ?is4 ,t is my walk+-out reque/ n[4 ,t's ! /ory4 ,i am go+ to cont9ue to keep collect+ samples4 ,i hope "s day to h a numb] myself ( ! be/1 & ,i might come back aga9 sometime4 ,i c't say e ye>2 circum/ances may be t ,i c't come4 ,h[ev]1 x's be5 a great pleasure = me to be "h4 ,i h want$ to come = #bj ye>s1 & ,i ?\ght ?is ye> t ,i %\ld come1 because ,i am on ?is special mission ( ,rev]5d ,cra?'s4 ,n[ y "k :at's go+ on 9 ,ont>io4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 ,i ?9k ! ,association w answ] ! #e1jjj lett]s1 if he w ask4 ,,mr4 ,,devitt3 ,i didn't ask4 ,are !re any que/ions8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i'd l to ask a "q4 ,0 any scion wood ev] br\ght ov]8 ,,mr4 ,,devitt3 ,!re 0 "s scion wood br\ght ov] by ! ,rev]5d ,cra? 9 ! spr+ ( #aice1 & x 0 br\ght ov] on ! boat4 ,i rememb] 9 ^? ye>s only "o t grew on a tree belong+ to ,mr4 ,corsan4 ,i don't ?9k ! o!r scion wood prov$ any good at all4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,i got a little ( t scion wood1 & x _h be5 wax$4 ,! b>k 0 nice & gre51 b ! buds 7 dead4 ,,mr4 ,,caldwell3 ,d y h a plantation ( "y1 produc+ trees8 ,,mr4 ,,devitt3 ,no4 ,my place1 :]e ,i _h ^? trees is n[ #c million wor? ( build+s on #ae acres4 ,y'd be look+ d[n a /reet4 ,!y mov$ 9 9 #aidd1 & built up #ae acres :]e ,i _h "o acre 9 ! #ae4 ,! ,ea/]n ,black ,walnut z a ,f>m ,timb] ,tree ,,john ,,davidson1 ,x5ia1 ,ohio ,mo/ p in/9ctively love trees4 ,p]haps ?is is an inh]it$ result ( arboreal ance/ry4 ,ev5 s1 v few ( u realize :at an a/oni%+ly close tie exi/s betwe5 ! survival ( trees & ! well-be+ ( ! human race4 ,probably ev5 few] realize ! v great importance1 9 ! economy ( animal life1 ( trees :i* be> nuts4 ,n alone = ! sake ( _! nuts are !y important1 valuable z nuts are1 b also = ! sake ( ! unmat*$ timb] :i* "s ( !m produce1 z well z = ! sake ( _! s]vice z soil cons]v]s & build]s1 z beautifi]s1 & z sil5t1 p]si/5t build]s ( capital values4 ,9 view ( ^! out/&+ qualities1 x is /range t nut trees are today un=tunately & %amefully neglect$ 9 ! nor?4 ,especially1 ,i claim1 is ?is true ( ! ,ea/]n ,black walnut4 ,"h is a my/]y4 ,:y d n nor!rn plant]s ( trees plant m ,ea/]n ,black walnuts = _! exce$+ly valuable timb]8 ,backw>d ,burma c\ld give u lessons 9 intellig5t =e/ry4 ,x is said t ! ,burmese are p]mitt$ to cle> _! ?ickets & tropical woodl&s = agricultural use only aft] !y agree to plant a def9ite am\nt ( t l& 9 teak1 p]haps ! mo/ valuable ( all woods4 ,x is said t1 due to ! effectiv5ess ( ?is sy/em1 "s #ce1jjj acres h n[ be5 /ock$ ) ?is valuable timb]4 ,!re are two or ?ree ma9 reasons :y ! plant+ ( ,ea/]n ,black walnut = timb] is ?us f> n v common 9 ,am]ica4 7#a74 ,! native & favorable area ( ?is tree is limit$ to a comp>atively small section4 7#b71 ,! tree gr[s well only 9 deep1 f]tile soil :]e quick-money crops h _h ! fir/ call4 ,/rip-m9e plant+ is bett] ?an none at all1 b su* soil z is left aft] a /rip-m9e op]ation is h>dly ! be/4 7#c7 ,we are 9 too great a hurry4 7#d7 ,mo/ f>m]s mu/ h annual incomes1 or !y mu/ quit f>m+4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! (fsett+ reasons :y ?is k9d ( plant+ %\ld h an appeal to f>-see+ p :o are favorably locat$8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,ea/]n ,black walnut yields wood ( unique quality4 ,patt]n mak]s1 :o mu/ "w )9 tol]ances ( ?\s&?s ( an in*1 pref] x4 ,walt] ,page1 a well kn[n sports writ] has ?is to say3 ,few woods come z close z walnut to fulfill+ all ! dem&s ( a good gun/ock3 beauty ( gra91 workabl5ess ) cutt+ tools1 resi/ance to w>page1 weight or d5sity 9 proportion to /r5g?4 ,ano!r example ( ! _m-sid$ v]satility ( ?is wood c be f\nd 9 ^? timb]$ regions ( ,am]ica :]e t]mites are a problem = home own]s4 ,t]mites seem to leave black walnut wood v mu* alone4 ,x probably has a ta/e :i* t]mites _c /oma*4 ,?is is "o reason :y s _m ( ! old rail f5ces ( our ance/ors 9 ! walnut area 7 made ( black walnut4 ,! gr\nd-*unks1 9 p>ticul>1 :i* 7 laid ^u ! gr\nd "u ! corn]s ( ! worm-f5ces 7 (t5 ei!r ( rock1 or ( walnut4 ,j ?is ye> ,i wat*$ ! demolition ( "p ( an old log cab9 :i* 0 be+ riddl$ by t]mites4 ,_m ( ! ord9>y logs 7 9 ru9s b ! walnut bo>ds :i* _h s]v$ z wea!r-bo>d+ ov] ! ends ( "s ( ! t]mite-infe/$ logs 7 z s\nd & z beautifully pres]v$ z !y _h be5 :5 !y 7 plac$ !re4 ,is x any wond] t s _m ( ! pione]s :o _h liv$ long en\gh 9 ! t]mite area to see :at c\ld happ5 to o!r lumb]1 *ose walnut1 :5ev] !y c\ld get x1 = /ructural "w & = wea!rbo>d protection8 ,safety ( op]ation is /ill ano!r matt] = consid]ation4 ,if ,i wi% to create an e/ate = my family or = my la/ ye>s1 h[ c ,i g ab\t x ) ! be/ *ance = success8 ,%all ,i g prospect+ = preci\s metals8 ,?\s&s h fail$ at t job :]e b few h succe$$4 ,%all x be manufactur+8 ,c\nt up ! failures4 ,= ea* success1 at lea/ t5 g broke4 ,wall ,/reet8 ,! ,wall ,/reet j\rnals !mselves give ! /ati/ics4 ,m ?an #ij p]c5t ( all p]si/5t ,wall ,/reet gambl]s lose money 9 ! end4 ,f>m+8 ,mu* saf]1 b mo/ f>m]s :o h made mu* money 9 ! pa/ h accompli%$ x by way ( an increase 9 ! value ( _! l& r ?an ?r\gh _! f>m+ op]ations4 ,?is is ! result ( fluctuat+ prices4 ,bad ye>s (t5 eat up ! sav+s ( good ye>s4 ,!n1 too1 ! good f>m] is a busy man4 ,! bett] ! ye> ! busi] he is4 ,v little "t rema9s = side issues1 su* z ! plant+ ( trees4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 z erosion ( ! soil progresses1 z good1 productive l& becomes m sc>ce1 & z f>m labor becomes m & m difficult to employ1 ! att5tion ( in=m$ f>m own]s & op]ators has be5 turn+ m & m to soil-build+1 p]5nial1 p]man5t & labor-sav+ crops4 ,( ^!1 grass & tree crops are1 f> & away1 ! mo/ promis+ today4 ,9 view ( :at ,i h f\nd out dur+ ! la/ #bj ye>s1 ,i am q sure t1 if ,i 7 />t+ n[1 ,i %\ld expect to make f>m+ a major elem5t 9 my e/ate build+1 b x w\ld be mo/ly tree & grass f>m+1 n gra9 f>m+4 ,i %\ld ne$ live/ock1 ( c\rse1 to make use ( ! grass4 ,& ,i l live/ock4 ,?is is :at ,i ask ( life3 ,fir/ ( all1 ,i mu/ enjoy my "w4 ,i d n c>e to sp5d all my days 9 gett+ ready to live4 ,my job mu/ lie along ! road ,i l to travel4 ,i d n c>e to "w at a task s burd5some1 s "t-consum+ t ,i h no he>t = ! enjoym5t ( liv+4 ,at ! same "t1 a big "p ( ! plan mu/ be to f9d a good1 safe way to build an e/ate4 ,x mu/ be feasible1 practical1 enjoyable4 ,i believe1 9 ! light ( my own rec5t exp]i5ce1 t if "o is prop]ly situat$1 !re is mu* to be said = ! idea ( und]tak+ ! practice ( =e/ry ^u a r lib]al scale us+ ,ea/]n ,black walnut trees z a f\ndation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i ask1 :at liv+ ?+ ^u "o's f>m w cause less labor ?an a =e/ tree8 ,i "k ( none4 ,?is fulfills ! fir/ requirem5t4 ,a =e/ tree calls = a m9imum ( att5tion z comp>$ ) o!r crops4 ,?is is especially true if "o p]mits live/ock to keep d[n we$s & bru%4 ,& "h ,i am likely to be call$ a h]etic4 ,! au?orities say1 ,no graz+ 9 a =e/4 ,h[ev]1 9 ?is field ( =e/ry !re are "s traditional maxims :i*1 to say ! lea/1 are n capable ( univ]sal application4 ,! au?orities1 too1 h be5 kn[n to rely ^u :at o!r au?orities tell !m--)\t inve/igat+ ! facts = !mselves4 ,x is n well to rely too implicitly or tru/fully ^u ! au?orities1 ei!r ecclesia/ical or sci5tific4 ,no graz+ is a valid en\gh rule to foll[ 9 ! ord9>y =e/1 b ,i h f\nd t aft] ! trees are well gr[n we c graze ! l& "u a deep-root$ walnut tree :i* is plant$ 9 deep1 ri* soil z we w\ld graze any mead[ l&--9 reason & 9 mod]ation4 ,! practice is pr(itable = annual income & x keeps d[n ! fire haz>d4 ,"o bad fire 9 an ungraz$ or unm[n piece ( bru%-cov]$ und]gr[? c de/roy 9 an h\r #ej ye>s ( timb] gr[?4 ,if we plant deep-root$ nut trees 9 deep1 ri* soil1 & if we f]tilize t soil z any valuable p]man5t pa/ure l& is f]tiliz$1 we c graze t l& )\t injury to ! trees or ! l&4 ,"o o!r reason :i* is giv5 = ! prohibition ( graz+ is ! desire to save "y tree gr[?4 ,?is is ju/ifi$ 9 ord9>y =e/ry practice by ! ne$ to get annual income ?r\gh successive cutt+s4 ,! "y gr[? mu/ be enc\rag$ to come on4 ,ev5 s1 x mu/ be ?9n$ z x comes4 ,h[ev]1 a =e/ ( black walnut trees yields its annual income 9 ano!r way--?r\gh its nuts & its live/ock4 ,trees 9 su* a =e/ %\ld be plant$ close en\gh toge!r to cause !m to rea* /raight up z !y gr[4 ,!y w n all rea* /raight up1 ( c\rse1 b en\gh w d s to produce z _m saw-logs z w normally gr[ 9 a =e/2 t is1 if !y h be5 prop]ly plant$ 9 ! fir/ place4 ,9 my own modifi$ =e/-type plant+1 ! black walnut trees /& #h feet ap>t 9 r[s #bj feet ap>t4 ,! #bj-;foot spac+ betwe5 r[s 0 plann$ to provide m sunlight = nut production dur+ ! e>ly ye>s4 ,no "o ev] plant$ a =e/ 9 t way1 s f> z ,i "k4 ,! trees are n[ #ag ye>s old1 ab\t #cbej ( !m 9 all4 ,9 ! be/ soil ( ?is #bj acres ,i c c\nt ab\t #ajjj =e/-type1 /raight1 well-gr[n trees4 ,!re are ab\t #aejj less] trees1 l[-limb$ trees :i* w ev5tually be us$1 p]haps1 = po/s or "s su* purpose4 ,!re are1 ,i regret to say1 ab\t #gej trees t w nev] be wor? any?+4 ,an erod$ slope & a hidd5 clay b$ expla9 ^! misbegott5 dw>fs4 ,! v>iable gr[? ( ^! trees proves t ! fir/ c>e 9 mak+ a plant+ ( walnut = timb] %\ld be to plant 9 good soil1 deep & well dra9$4 ,bottom l&1 ev5 "s t is occasionally ov]fl[n ) flood-wat]1 & !re=e n ! be/ :eat l&1 %\ld be excell5t = ,ea/]n ,black walnuts if ! dra9age is good4 ,rule two3--,select y\r se$ or se$l+s f l>ge1 /raight-gr[+1 heal?y p>5ts4 ,?is rule ne$s explanation4 ,9 la/ ,octob]'s ,,nut%ell1 an organ ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association1 ,sp5c] ,*ase1 its editor1 call$ att5tion to a %[+ ( ,c>pa?ian ,p]sian walnuts by ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke :i* illu/rat$ :at 0 call$ ! v>iability ( se$l+ trees4 ,! prog5itor ( ^! se$l+s 0 a ,lanca/] ,c>pa?ian ,p]sian walnut tree4 ,diff]5ces 9 size1 appe>ance & quality ( nuts f ^! se$l+s 7 said to h be5 rem>kable4 ,su* diff]5ces1 we "k1 are great] ) "s species ?an ) o!rs4 ,a v>iable ance/ry (t5 results 9 a v>iable prog5y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i "k t my ,ea/]n ,am]ican black walnuts d t5d to reproduce ! *>act]i/ics ( _! p>5ts4 ,i h long r[s ( se$l+ trees1 all f "o p>5t tree1 /&+ alongside long r[s ( se$l+s f ano!r p>5t4 ,! simil>ity ( ! tree gr[? & nut production ( ! trees 9 _! own r[s1 & _! contra/ 9 gr[? ( trees & nuts to ^? 9 adjo9+ r[s is /rik+ & to me conclusive4 ,a photograph tak5 by ,dr4 ,o4 ,d4 ,dill]1 ( ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 9 #aidf1 %[s trees 9 a "r-h& r[ gr[n f se$ ( a tree on ! ,k9sey f>m1 :ile on ! left are se$l+s ( a tree on ! ,mc,coy f>m4 ,! circumf]5ce ( trunks ( ,k9sey se$l+s av]ages m ?an twice t ( ,mc,coy trees4 ,same soil1 same age 7#aa ye>s71 same treatm5t4 ,^? same trees1 n[ #ag ye>s old1 /ill %[ ^! /rik+ *>act]i/ics4 ,x is true t ea* tree 9 a r[ ( se$l+s is an individual 9 its own "r4 ,no o!rs are exactly l x4 ,nev]!less1 ! family resemblances 9 t r[ are v l ^? 9 human families4 ,!y are especially noticeable 9 ! nuts--)1 = example1 r\gh %ells 9 "o r[ & smoo? %ells 9 ano!r2 ma9ly l>ge nuts 9 "o & ma9ly small nuts 9 an adjo9+ family4 ,also1 "s r[s h mo/ly /raight-gr[+ trees1 o!rs are pr$om9antly bran*y1 l ! ,?omas4 ,x %\ld be said 9 ?is connection t practically all ( ! p>5t trees ( ^! se$l+s /ood 9 isolat$ positions & little subject to poll9ation f o!r trees4 ,s mu* = ! ,ea/]n ,black walnut's evid5ce ( h]$it>y influ5ce4 ,s1 let u take inv5tory4 ,today1 ,i figure t ! ?\s& well-gr[n trees 9 ?is plant+ are ea* add+ a doll> p] ye> to ! value ( ! #bj acres ^u :i* !y /&4 #ajjj p] ye> 9 all4 ,?is e/imate1 :i* ( c\rse seems optimi/ic1 is bas$ ^u ! /atem5t ( a walnut tree buy]--a sawmill man--:o tells me t a well gr[n1 deep-soil1 #ej-ye>-old ,ea/]n ,black walnut tree %\ld av]age ab\t #ej 9 value4 ,?us f>1 my #ag-ye>-old y\ng/]s1 "s ( !m ne>ly #c feet 9 gir? 7#i-a_/b to #aa or m in*es 9 diamet] at brea/ height7 look promis+4 ,9 addition to ! pot5tial add$ value ( #ajjj p] ye>1 ?is #bj acres has produc$ ab\t two tons ( 9-hull nuts f select$ trees only1 9 ea* ( ! pa/ two ye>s1 7) m ?an t 9 prospect ?is ye>71 :ile ! l& b5ea? ! trees gr[s good pa/ure & helps to support a small h]d ( cattle & calves4 ,once ! trees 7 ?or\ghly e/abli%$1 ! labor inve/m5t has be5 v small4 ,nature1 = ! mo/ "p1 has done h] own prun+1 & has done x bett] ?an ,i des]ve4 ,s9ce ! fir/ half-doz5 ye>s1 !re has be5 no cultivation4 ,! trees h be5 practically tr\ble-free4 ,w9ds h damag$ a few & "o wet spot has kill$ ?ree trees4 ,!re are a few black locu/ trees among ! walnuts4 ,i c see no evid5ce t ! walnuts h made ei!r bett] or poor] gr[? because ( ! proximity ( ^! nitrog5 /or]s4 ,p]haps ! evid5ce w %[ up lat]4 ,we %all see4 ,! la/ item 9 ?is inv5tory1 add$ value to ! e/ate1 is /ill pot5tial1 b ! pot5tial is surpris+4 ,if my walnut timb] buy]'s e/imate is tru/wor?y1 9 #ag ye>s ! be/ #ajjj trees h add$ #ag1jjj pot5tial doll>s to ! value ( t #bj acres4 ,& !y h done x ) safety1 ) little labor on my "p &1 lately1 ) annual divid5ds ( excell5t nuts & good pa/ure4 ,no o!r k9d ( =e/ry t ,i "k ( c d t4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be fooli% to claim t ! k9d ( managem5t "h describ$ w\ld be wise or workable ) o!r =e/ species4 ,wise =e/ managem5t requires1 fir/ ( all1 t ! *oice ( species %all be adapt$ to ! soil & climate favor$ by t species4 ,x requires a prop] d5sity ( /&4 ,f9ally1 good managem5t dem&s t a *oice be made ( ! mo/ valuable type ( timb] t c be produc$ ^u y\r l&4 ,if y c gr[ walnut successfully1 x w\ld be fooli% to gr[ ,will[ or ,box ,eld]4 ,"o necess>y ?+ ,i mu/ d1 a ?+ t ,i %\ld advise o!rs simil>ly situat$ to d1 namely1 place a tight legal f5ce ar\nd ?is tw5ty acres 9 ord] to assure ! trees' survival until #ej ye>s h prov$ or disprov$ my fai?4 ,=1 aft] all1 ^! trees are gu9ea pigs--pione]+4 ,!y break "s traditional rules4 ,! l& !y /& on is graz$4 ,!y are n set ! traditional #hj feet ap>t4 ,_! nut crops may dw9dle away4 ,"o nev] sees walnut trees gr[+ 9 pure /&s--always ) o!r species :i* scatt] _! se$s & pu% 94 ,!y are n monopoli/s--l ! p9es4 ,v well1 we %all see4 ,my own small exp]im5t 9 unor?odox ways has ! tem]ity to sugge/ a new treatm5t = a species ( timb] tree :i* ,i p]sonally reg>d z ,am]ica's v be/ gift ( its k9d to ! _w4 ,= #ag ye>s my modifi$ =e/-type plant+ ( black walnut trees has n disappo9t$ me4 ,t is :y ,i n[ believe t ! f>m] 9 ! ,ea/]n black walnut's native habitat :o fails to set out ^! nut trees :]ev] he c is los+ a good opportunity4 ,! ,mc,kinster ,p]sian ,walnut ,p4 ,e4 ,,ma*ov9a1 ,columbus1 ,ohio ,! ,mc,kinster ,p]sian walnut fir/ attract$ public att5tion :5 x receiv$ fir/ place 9 ! prelim9>y ,p]sian walnut conte/ conduct$ by ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association 9 #aidi4 ,9 ! foll[-up conte/ ( #aiej1 ! v>iety 0 grant$ ?ird place4 ,! ,mc,kinster tree result$ f ,cra? ,c>pa?ian se$ secur$ ?r\gh ! ,wiscons9 ,horticultural ,society by ,mr4 ,ray ,mc,kinster ( ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,! se$ 0 obta9$ & plant$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aich1 h5ce ! tree is n[ #ae ye>s ( age4 ,probably ?is se$ 0 secur$ by ,rev4 ,cra? dur+ 8 la/ trip :51 presumably1 he made "s ( 8 mo/ c>eful selections4 ,altoge!r1 ,mr4 ,mc,kinster plant$ elev5 ,cra? nuts 9 ! back y>d ( 8 small city lot1 n9e ( :i* g]m9at$4 ,all b two ( ! result+ se$l+s 7 di/ribut$ to fri5ds & relatives liv+ 9 ! c\ntryside4 ,_m ( ^! trees h disappe>$ due to accid5ts & lack ( c>e2 a few1 h[ev]1 h produc$ nuts :i* app>5tly are n exceptional4 ,"o su* nut exam9$ 0 ( m$ium size ) a fairly ?ick %ell2 ! k]nel 0 ( good flavor b some:at bitt]4 ,( ! two trees reta9$ by ,mr4 ,mc,kinster1 bo? 7 p]mitt$ to gr[ :]e ! se$ 0 plant$1 h[ev] "o di$ ( an unkn[n cause :5 five ye>s ( age4 ,nuts produc$ by ?is tree 7 inf]ior to ^? produc$ by ! survivor :i* lat] became kn[n z ! ,mc,kinster v>iety4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! ,mc,kinster tree may be view$ 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations :i* %[ x )\t foliage & ) foliage4 ,! pictures 7 tak5 9 ,m>* & ,augu/1 respectively1 #aiec4 ,s9ce x is a v beautiful & relatively clean tree1 ! ,mc,kinster w\ld be desirable 9 any y>d4 ,f ! pictures1 x w be not$ t ! site is un=tunate be+ re/rict$ by two g>ages1 an alley1 & ) num]\s ov]head utility wires4 ,"s ef=t 0 made two ye>s ago to keep ! tree out ( ! wires by cutt+ back top gr[?4 ,! trimm+ /imulat$ ! usual vigor\s1 annual gr[? to produce t]m9als z great z #aj feet 9 "o ye>4 ,ord9>ily1 annual gr[?s ( #f feet ( husky wood are n unusual4 ,new wood & buds are h>dy 9 appe>ance & assume a ri* br[n color ^u matur+4 ,) su* gr[?1 cutt+ #ajjj feet ( scion wood annually w\ld be no problem4 ,! tree is n[ ab\t #ce feet 9 height ) a l spread4 ,! be>+ record ( ! ,mc,kinster ,p]sian has be5 excell5t4 ,its fir/ crop ( five or six nuts 0 borne at five ye>s ( age & l>ge crops h be5 consi/5tly set ea* ye> s9ce ) b "o exception4 ,crop records h be5 impossible to ma9ta9 s9ce ! tree is locat$ 9 a section ( ! city :]e squirrels ab\nd4 ,any nuts sav$ mu/ be protect$ by scre5-wire cages4 ,! hung] ( ! squirrels = ! nuts is amaz+4 ,= example1 9 #aiea1 !y desc5d$ ^u ! tree dur+ ! fir/ week ( ,july & de/roy$ all nuts ( ! l>ge crop )9 two weeks4 ,^! nuts c\ld n possibly h be5 fill$ &1 consequ5tly1 c\ld h be5 ( little nutri5t value4 ,9 _! voracity1 ! squirrels frequ5tly "w on ! cages & sometimes manage to break ?r\gh4 ,to facilitate ?is endeavor1 limbs up to "o in* 9 diamet] c>ry+ cages are sometimes cut (f s ! squirrels c attack m conv5i5tly f ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration ,x c\ld be t nuts sav$ by cag+ are sometimes inf]ior4 ,! cages us$ are made by fold+ w9d[ scre5 into a d\bl$1 #d to #f in* squ>e1 produc+ an envelope ) wire sewn edges4 ,cr[d+ f "o to ?ree nuts into a cage may result 9 inhibit$ developm5t1 especially s9ce consid]able leaf surface mu/ be remov$ :5 in/all+ a cage4 ,because ,mr4 ,mc,kinster has be5 ill = sev]al ye>s1 x has be5 difficult to accompli% ! cag+2 consequ5tly1 b few nuts are sav$4 ,= example1 9 #aiej1 !re 7 insuffici5t nuts to meet ! #be nut sample requir$ by ! conte/ judges4 ,all available nuts1 "s probably inf]ior1 7 ent]$1 & x is a matt] ( conjecture :e!r ! nuts might h be5 judg$ high] "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,also conjectural are ! que/ions ( crop size & regul>ity ( be>+ 9 ! ev5t ! tree 0 p]mitt$ to mature its nuts4 ,! ,mc,kinster nuts1 :i* 7 ! pr9cipal consid]ation 9 ! conte/s r ?an ! tree itself1 are excell5t 9 ne>ly all aspects4 ,!y are ( m$ium size1 av]ag+ ar\nd #ce to ! p\nd1 ) ab\t #eb p] c5t k]nel4 ,! %ell is mod]ately ?91 light 9 color1 well seal$1 ( a satisfactory %ape 7see illu/ration71 & ) excell5t crack+ qualities4 ,! k]nel is light1 plump1 ( excell5t flavor1 & 9 ! words ( "o au?ority1 probably rank ) ! be/ 9 fre$om f bitt]ness4 ,! nuts are matur$ by ! middle ( ,septemb] &1 lat]1 drop1 free ( ! husk4 ,bloom+ ( ! p>5t tree usually occurs dur+ ! fir/ week ( ,may4 ,9 #aiea1 ! /am9ate fl[]s 7 fir/ obs]v$ ,april #bi & ! pi/illate fl[]s ,may #b4 ,! n>rator visit$ ! tree on ,may #d at :i* "t "s catk9s _h fall52 x 0 e/imat$ t "o-half to two-?irds ( ! poll5 _h be5 %$4 ,! pi/illate fl[]s appe>$ to be ei!r receptive or slightly pa/ at ?is /age4 ,mr4 ,mc,kinster comm5t$ t ! bloom+ p]iod ( #aiea 0 f a few days to a week e>li] ?an usual4 ,9 #aieb1 ! %$d+ ( poll5 />t$ on ,april #bi4 ,f ! =ego+1 x may be not$ t ! ,mc,kinster ,p]sian is entirely or l>gely self-poll9at+4 ,no o!r ,p]sian walnut trees :i* might assi/ 9 poll9ation occur 9 ! vic9ity & all kn[n se$l+s rais$ f nuts ( ! p>5t ,mc,kinster tree h appe>$ to be pure ,p]sian4 ,leaf+ out />ts ab\t a week be=e ! bloom appe>s4 ,9 ! fall1 leaves are color$ a beautiful bronze & are br\ght d[n 9 a great %[] by ! fir/ fro/4 ,a sample ( ! soil 9 :i* ! ,mc,kinster tree is gr[+1 tak5 at a dep? ( #f in*es1 0 te/$ 9 ,july #aiej4 ,! results specify t ! soil is mo/ly silt ) an av]age am\nt ( organic matt] & t evid5ce indicates x to conta9 a%es4 ,! acidity is specifi$ z neutral1 pota% high1 & phosphate l[4 ,no m5tion is made ( available nitrog52 h[ev]1 ! d>k gre5 color ( ! leaves & vigor\sness ( gr[? w\ld indicate a satisfactory supply4 ,f]tiliz] 9 small am\nt 0 appli$ once or twice dur+ ! e>ly life ( ! tree2 also1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 ,mr4 ,mc,kinster spad$ 9 g>bage1 etc41 to increase ! humus cont5t ( ! soil4 ,9 #aiea1 ! n>rator *eck$ ! p,h ( ! soil ne> ! surface & obta9$ a value ( #f4e4 ,only "o in/ance ( damage due to climatic conditions & none :atsoev] f insects & diseases has ev] be5 obs]v$ ) ! p>5t ,mc,kinster tree4 ,und\bt$ly1 ! city location (f]s "s protection f fro/1 b may also be detrim5tal1 on occasion1 ?r\gh heat reflect$ f ! _m surr\nd+ :ite-pa9t$ build+s4 ,= example1 an unseasonable w>m spell occurr$ 9 ,columbus dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! fir/ week 9 ,april ( ! curr5t ye>4 ,! heat1 la/+ = sev]al days1 rea*$ a high ( #hj4d degrees &1 z a result1 ! ,mc,kinster tree />t$ vegetat+4 ,leaf gr[?s ( f "o-half to "o in* _h be5 rea*$ :5 normal conditions return$4 ,two weeks lat]1 a cold spell ) sn[ & temp]atures ( #bb degrees kill$ ! new gr[? b did n injure ! wood4 ,foll[+ ?is1 leaf+ re-occurr$1 b at a sl[] rate & some:at lat] ?an normal4 ,! size ultimately atta9$ by ! leaves is ab\t "o-half _! usual size1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 tak5 ?is summ]1 does n exhibit ! usual luxuriant appe>ance ( ! tree4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! bloom 0 damag$ by ! cold1 h5ce ! tree set a light] crop ( nuts ?an usual4 ,9 connection ) e>ly vegetat+1 x may be rem>k$ t ,mr4 ,mc,kinster1 sev]al ye>s ago1 pres5t$ two small graft$ trees ( 8 v>iety to a relative liv+ 9 ea/]n ,k5tucky4 ,^! trees 7 plant$ on l[ gr\nd & 7 kill$ ! fir/ ye> by late spr+ fro/s aft] leaf+ out twice4 ,?us x seems evid5t t ! ,mc,kinster tree has ! fault1 common 9 ,c>pa?ians1 ( leaf+ out too e>ly & be+ injur$ by late spr+ fro/s1 especially :5 plant$ too f> s\?4 ,?ree o!r trees1 graft$ by ,mr4 ,mc,kinster & n[ ab\t f\r ye>s f ! graft1 are situat$ 9 ! c\ntryside sev]al miles s\? ( ,columbus1 ,ohio1 :]e !y are do+ excell5tly1 hav+ nev] be5 damag$4 ,! writ] has sev]al ?ree ye> old ,mc,kinster grafts at 8 prop]ty 9 s\!a/]n ,ohio :i* 7 delib]ately set on /ocks locat$ 9 a bad fro/ pocket4 ,! grafts1 :i* are adjac5t to a woods1 h made fair gr[? ea* spr+ b are injur$ dur+ ! summ] by an insect lay+ eggs 9 ! succul5t gr[?4 ,! portion ( t]m9al above ! po9t ( /+ inv>iably dies ! foll[+ w9t] & has ! appe>ance produc$ by w9t] kill+4 ,?is damage has n be5 unique ) ! ,mc,kinster1 hav+ also occurr$ ) ! ,mc,dermid1 ,watt1 ,burtn]1 & o!r ,p]sian v>ieties gr[+ ne>by2 "s ( ! latt] 7 kill$ outright ! fir/ w9t] aft] graft+4 ,a "o-ye> ,mc,kinster graft$ tree ) ?ree feet ( gr[? above ! graft 0 cut back & transplant$ by ! writ] to ! y>d ( 8 ,columbus1 ,ohio1 home dur+ ! w9t] ( #aieb4 ,gr[? ! foll[+ spr+ 0 ab\t two feet & obta9$ 9 r poor soil4 ,aft] a long abs5ce dur+ ! summ] :i* 0 att5d$ by a prolong$ dr\?1 ! tree 0 f\nd 9 a dy+ condition1 hav+ lo/ all its leaves4 ,hurri$ wat]+ result$ 9 a complete new coat ( leaves & a small am\nt ( additional t]m9al gr[?4 ,! tree matur$ its gr[? & )/ood ! w9t] nicely1 b suff]$1 simil> to ! p>5t1 f ! ,april1 #aiec1 unseasonable wea!r4 ,gr[? ?is summ] f adv5titi\s buds has be5 poor4 ,un=tunately1 ! ,mc,kinster v>iety saw b little te/+ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry prior to its recognition 9 #aidi4 ,s t ?is report might be z complete z possible1 reque/s 7 s5t to sev]al doz5 exp]im5t]s :o are kn[n to h graft$ ! ,mc,kinster1 ask+ = _! exp]i5ces & op9ions ( ! v>iety4 ,! reque/s w5t to p scatt]$ g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! nor!a/]n portion ( ! c\ntry1 a v few ( :i* _h receiv$ scion wood 9 #aiej1 a l>g] portion 9 #aiea1 & ! bulk 9 #aieb4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 replies indicate satisfaction & ev5 en?usiasm2 v few report failure4 ,def9ite conclusions _c be drawn because ( ! %ort "t ( trial2 h[ev]1 a g5]al description ( exp]i5ces w provide indications4 ,few exp]im5t]s report failure 9 graft+1 mo/ /at+ ! v>iety to be easy to graft4 ,any :o m5tion ! *>act]i/ic1 /ate t grafts are vigor\s1 or t x is a fairly rapid gr[]4 ,= ! exp]im5t]s1 ! ,mc,kinster seems to be ab\t av]age 9 its "t ( leaf+ out4 ,_m report a set ( nuts ! second ye> aft] graft+4 ,z to "t ( matur+ new gr[?1 ! reply ( ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,b]na? ( ,new ,york1 ,new gr[? matures ab\t ! end ( ,septemb]1 is fairly typical1 z is ! reply ( ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,dun/an ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,x appe>s to h>d5 wood well ahead ( fro/4 ,mo/ reports indicate no w9t] injury b are temp]$ by cauti\s obs]vations t temp]atures _h n be5 l[4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke ( ,virg9ia1 :o graft$ ! ,mc,kinster 9 ! spr+ ( #aiej1 reports3 ,pi/illate buds develop$ dur+ ! summ] ( #aiea 7 kill$ by a fro/ cat*+ new gr[? 9 ! spr+ ( #aieb4 ,mr4 ,john ,h[e ( ,miss\ri 0 ! sole report] ( cata/rophe :5 he /at$3 ,my ,mc,kinster graft 0 kill$ by ! ,novemb]1 #aiea1 cold :ile ! ,lake & ,mc,dermid v>ieties close by 7 n hurt4 ,mr4 ,sylve/] ,%essl] ( nor!rn ,ohio reports3 ,! ,mc,kinster )/ood1 )\t injury1 ! #aiea w9t] :i* kill$ #d hybrids & a ,cra?1 & injur$ sev]al o!rs4 ,mr4 ,h>ry ,p4 ,burg>t ( ,mi*igan reports ! v>iety z do+ extra well = him4 ,! only reply m5tion+ disease came f ,dr4 ,dun/an :o says3 ,x has be5 fairly clean 9 foliage s f>1 less susceptible to leaf spot ?an "s4 ,mr4 ,john ,g]/5mai] ( ,massillon1 ,ohio1 graft$ ! ,mc,kinster 9 #aiea & reports excell5t gr[? ) a diamet] ( #b in*es at ! graft aft] two ye>s4 ,he reports temp]atures ( #af degrees v e>ly 9 ,novemb] :i* caus$ no h>m1 & pi/illate bloom f ,may #h to #af1 #aieb1 :i* mat]ializ$ into a crop ( two nuts2 poll5 0 suppli$ by adjac5t ,c>pa?ians4 ,leaf+ out ord9>ily />ts ab\t a week prior to ! bloom = ,mr4 ,g]/5mai]2 b1 9 ,april1 #aiec1 ! unseasonable wea!r conditions also occurr+ 9 8 vic9ity caus$ e>ly vegetat+ & kill+1 :ile at ne>by ,orrville1 ! v>iety 0 undamag$4 ,mr4 ,gilb]t ,beck] ( ,mi*igan1 :o is en?usia/ic ab\t ! ,mc,kinster v>iety1 believes ! qualities ( ! nut to be sup]b & ! *>act]i/ics ( ! tree satisfactory4 ,he is ( ! op9ion t ! too-%ort dormancy ( ! v>iety is n a s]i\s objection1 p>ticul>ly ) climatic conditions su* z ^? exp]i5c$ 9 ,mi*igan4 ,ev5 9 c5tral ,ohio1 :]e pea* & apple crops are frequ5tly lo/ due to spr+ fro/s1 ! ,mc,kinster has n be5 injur$ :5 locat$ 9 ! c\ntryside & injur$ b once dur+ its #ae ye>s1 ) a resultant small] ?an usual crop1 :5 locat$ 9 ! city4 ,9 clos+1 x might be well to comm5t on ! fact t nuts ( ! ,mc,kinster1 ,hans5 & ,jacobs v>ieties alone plac$ high 9 bo? ! #aidi & #aiej ,n4,n4,g4,a4 conte/s & t diff]5t panels ( judges s]v$ 9 ! two ev5ts4 ,c]ta9ly ! nuts ( ^! v>ieties are ( a sup]ior quality1 & x w\ld seem important to det]m9e ^? p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e ^! v>ieties are suffici5tly h>dy to be ( comm]cial value4 ,c]ta9ly ^! v>ieties %\ld be giv5 e opportunity to prove !mselves4 ,c>pa?ian ,walnuts 9 ! ,columbia ,riv] ,bas9 ,,lynn ,,tuttle1 ,cl>k/on1 ,wa%4 ,mr4 ,*airman & fri5ds ( ! nut culture1 ,i regret t ,i _c meet ) y at ?is "t1 b fate seems to h decre$ o!rwise4 ,! pleasant memory ( ! meet+ at ,guelph is /ill ) me & ,i mu/ admit a feel+ ( humility z ,i prep>e ?is pap] = a gr\p ( s9c]e & devot$ p unit$ 9 a common int]e/4 ,! ,pacific ,nor?we/ ext5ds f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,?is area is divid$ by ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s :i* run nor? & s\?4 ,betwe5 ! ,cascades & ! ,pacific we h a coa/al area :]e9 w9t]s are g5]ally mild1 summ]s cool1 & ra9fall abundant4 ,"u ^!1 conditions _m plants d n atta9 a high degree ( dormancy4 ,z]o wea!r 9 ,seattle w damage walnuts z mu* z w tw5ty-five degrees bel[ z]o 9 ! m cont95tal climate ea/ ( ! ,cascades4 ,c>pa?ian walnuts h prov$ _! value "u bo? coa/al & int]ior conditions4 ,?is h>d9ess is at lea/ p>tially due to _! t5d5cy to mature _! buds & h>d5 _! gr[? e>li] 9 ! fall ?an d o!r types ( ,engli% walnuts4 ,betwe5 ! ,cascades & ! ,rockies is a va/ area "p plateau & "p m\nta9s4 ,x is sc>r$ ) deep canyons & cross$ by swift /reams f$ f spr+s & m\nta9 sn[s4 ,r\ghly ! elevation ( f>m l&s v>ies f five hundr$ to ov] =ty-five hundr$ feet4 ,dep5d+ l>gely on slope & elevation1 ra9fall v>ies f ab\t eight to tw5ty-five in*es4 ,9 g5]al1 summ] days are bright1 dry1 & fairly hot4 ,nights are cle> & cool4 ,w9t]s are unpr$ictable b always v>y mu* accord+ to location & elevation4 ,infrequ5tly temp]atures may drop to m ?an tw5ty bel[ z]o at ,cl>k/on4 ,o!r areas ( simil> elevation may be five to t5 degrees cold]4 ,= ! sake ( cl>ity & to r$uce ! t]ritory cov]$1 we w conf9e ourselves l>gely to t "p ( ! ,columbia ,bas9 irrigat$ & to be irrigat$ 9 ,c5tral ,wa%+ton4 ,! application is g5]al1 h[ev]4 ,gr& ,c\lee ,dam has made feasible ! irrigation ( ab\t #a-a_/d million acres ( sage bru%1 bun* grass1 & m>g9al :eat l&s4 ,irrigation is already practis$ ov] o!r va/ acreages4 ,?is l& is level to roll+1 & is ( s&y loam nature4 ,x is deeply "u-laid by lay]s ( lava rock--9 places ?\s&s ( feet ?ick4 ,z 9 mo/ arid climates ! soil is ri* 9 m9]als b l[ 9 nitrog5 & organic matt]4 ,"u irrigation production is amaz+4 ,! gr[+ season is suffici5tly long = ,c>pa?ian walnuts any:]e 9 ! irrigat$ area4 ,walnuts orig9ally f ,s\!rn ,europe h prov$ unsatisfactory because !y kill$ at #bj to #be bel[ z]o4 ,x 0 disc\rag+ to h a t5 or fifte5 ye> old tree kill$ outright by an unusual w9t]4 ,b x 0 j ^! conditions t l$ to ! discov]y ( ! ,s*af] walnut4 ,?is tree surviv$ ! w9t]s ( #aicf & #aicg 9 a "p ( ! ,yakima valley :]e all o!r v>ieties simil>ly locat$ 7 kill$4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 none ( ^! 7 ,c>pa?ians4 ,_m ,c>pa?ians are n[ be+ plant$1 mo/ly = y>d trees1 b promise to ev5tually become "o ( ! big comm]cial crops ( ! area4 ,h[ev]1 skepticism on ! "p ( ! public & sc>city ( nurs]y /ock has delay$ comm]cial plant+4 ,a fair portion ( good gr[]s are n[ conv9c$ t comm]cial gr[+ is pr(itable & /ock1 our own & o!rs1 is becom+ m pl5tiful4 ,our exp]i5ce has be5 conf9$ l>gely to ! ,s*af] walnut & x is1 aside f "s promis+ se$l+s1 s f> z we "k1 ! only prov5 ,c>pa?ian 9 ?is area4 ,we d n wi% to discr$it possibilities ( any o!r v>iety1 b mu/ speak out ( our own obs]vations4 ,!re are num]\s small1 comm]cial plant+s n[ produc+1 ! nuts be+ sold locally4 ,accurate production figures are n available & if available w\ld v>y greatly due to ! c>e giv5 ! trees4 ,! ,s*af]1 & ?is w und\bt$ly hold true ( "s o!r ,c>pa?ians1 be>s m at five ye>s ?an a ,franquette does at t54 ,i h se5 apple boxes 7ab\t "o bu%el7 ( nuts h>ve/$ f five & six ye>s old trees4 ,production increases rapidly ) age4 ,z ) fruit trees good air dra9age & good soil dra9age are desirable = ! walnut or*>d4 ,! ,s*af] />ts fairly e>ly 9 ! spr+ & new leaves are easily nipp$ by late fro/s4 ,a sev]e late freeze might also injure new gr[? al?\gh ,i d n recall a crop hav+ be5 lo/ due to ?is cause4 ,al?\gh poll9iz]s h n be5 us$1 we ?9k t on "y trees & 9 "s ye>s !y might insure a bett] crop4 ,we are n[ propagat+ two poll9iz+ v>ieties ! catk9s ( :i* come out lat] ?an ! ,s*af]4 ,trees plant$ sixty feet ap>t p]mit int]-plant+ to r[ & o!r crops = sev]al ye>s4 ,columbia ,bas9 l&s "u irrigation produce enorm\s crops ( potatoes1 beans1 sug> beets1 rutabagas1 gre5 peas1 clov] or alfalfa se$1 pepp]m9t oil1 & fruit4 ,av]age potato--#bj tons1 alfalfa hay--#g tons 7?ree cutt+s71 alfalfa se$--#hjj p\nds1 dry beans--#b1ejj p\nds1 :eat--#gj to #ajj bu%els4 ,9 "s areas pea* or apricot trees make good fill]s4 ,c>pa?ians also fit into ! picture z y>d trees1 = bord] plant+s1--ei!r to utilize run-(f wat] or to use wat] wa/$ along dit*es & pipe l9es & = w9d breaks4 ,?is op5 c\ntry is naturally w9dy & trees greatly r$uce ! gr\nd velocity ( w9d4 ,nut production 9 ?is area appe>s to be mu* heavi] ?an on ! coa/ or 9 ,cali=nia ) v>ieties n[ be+ gr[n !re4 ,s f> we are pe/-free4 ,! pot5tials ( good ,c>pa?ian walnuts 9 ?is area are unlimit$4 ,walnuts & ,filb]ts 9 ,s\!rn ,wiscons9 ,c4 ,f4 ,,ladwig1 ,beloit1 ,wisc4 ,my f>m is locat$ a few blocks nor? ( ! ,ill9ois-,wiscons9 l9e on a rise ov]look+ ! city ( ,beloit1 ^: we/]n limits are almo/ adjac5t to my l&4 ,temp]ature 9 ?is section ranges f #ajj degrees above to #cj degrees bel[ z]o2 r>ely rea*+ ei!r extreme--) an av]age fro/ free p]iod ( #agc days4 ,ra9fall av]ages approximately #ce in*es4 ,walnut1 butt]nut1 bitt]nut1 hazel & hickory are native1 b j ab\t non-exi/5t 9 my vic9ity except on my place 9 ! "y /ate4 ,! l& on my place has be5 tobacco$ & corn$ out = ov] #ajj ye>s & its once ri* clay loam ) s&y /reaks 0 unable to gr[ ragwe$ ov] #b in*es high :5 ,i b\ght x4 ,try+ to gr[ nut trees 9 ?is soil pres5ts problems z y well "k4 ,my problem 0 n to get !m to gr[ vigor\sly b to get !m to gr[ at all4 ,h[ev]1 by us+ f]tile spots1 =m]ly b>ny>d & ar\nd ! h\se1 ,i got sev]al walnuts & filb]ts />t$4 ,i h an eight ye> old ,cra? #a1 two ,my]s black walnuts1 ab\t ! same age1 ,co*rane & ,?omas1 #f ye>s1 all obta9$ f ,mr4 ,b]h[1 & a f9e assortm5t ( ,jones hybrid filb]ts f ,mrs4 ,langdoc1 a ,ru% filb]t f ,mr4 ,burg>t1 two ,european filb]ts f ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,fruit ,te/+ ,association1 "s hybrid se$l+s1 "s native hazels f se$1 "s bitt]nut se$l+s f ,mr4 ,wes*cke1 a few native hickory se$l+s1 an ,am]ican *e/nut se$l+ f ,sc>ff1 #b butt]nut se$l+s1 #b nice ,*9ese tree hazels f ,mr4 ,%essl]1 sev]al ,jacobs walnut se$l+s1 & regia h9dsii hybrids f se$ ( ,mr4 ,pozzi1 "s ,cra? se$l+s & a numb] ( ,?omas black walnut se$l+s--also native walnut se$l+s4 ,mr4 ,%essl] & ,pr(4 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel h be5 a s\rce ( help1 advice1 & inspiration to me & ,i am deeply indebt$ to !m1 z well z to _m o!r memb]s ( ! ,n4,n4,g4,a4 :o h %>$ _! exp]i5ces ) me4 ,h[ h ! trees done8 ,! ,cra? #a is be>+ a few nuts ?is ye>4 ,x _h no catk9s1 b ! ,co*rane 0 load$ ) /am9ate bloom at ! "r "t4 ,i got busy ) ! ,co*rane poll5 & a bru% & w5t to "w on ! ,cra? pi/illate bloom4 ,v pleas$ ) ?is cross ,i look$ ! ,cra? ov] a few days lat] to *eck on progress4 ,i pick$ ! little nutlets (f ! gr\nd & inspect$ !m c>efully1 !n ?rew !m into ! *ick5s to see if !y w\ld eat !m4 ,back 9 my m9d 0 ! feel+ t ,"m ,nature ?\ght ,i 0 gett+ too big = my brit*es & decid$ to tea* me a lesson4 ,h[ev] %e g5]\sly all[$ a few air poll9at$ nutlets to gr[1 & s !re w be a small crop ( ! r\nd & plump smoo? gre5 balls4 ,! ,cra? #a is n p]fectly h>dy z x freezes back an in* or two 9 ! cold w9t]s4 ,two ye>s ago ! w>m wet fall left x unprep>$ = ! sudd5 onslaught ( w9t] & sev]al :ole bran*es di$ & ! trunk split op51 ! split s\nd+ l a rifle %ot "o cold1 crisp ev5+4 ,i happ5$ to be /&+ by x at ! "t4 ,! ,my]s black walnuts are spl5did trees & j ab\t h>dy4 ,!y bore a few nuts & second & ?ird ye> f plant+1 :i* sapp$ _! vitality4 ,!y !n bore no?+ = ab\t ?ree ye>s1 :i* happ5$ to be unfavorable ye>s = walnuts anyway1 & began to be> aga9 ?is ye> ) a mod]ate crop4 ,x looks l ! plum curculio1 my ar* insect enemy1 is try+ ! nuts = size4 ,i sav$ "s ,co*rane poll5 & w5t to "w on ! ,my]s1 ) y "k :at results4 ,h[ev] ?ree ( ! nutlets /ay$ on ! tree2 s t ,i may h effect$ a cross betwe5 ,my]s & ,co*rane4 ,?omas has act$ peculi>ly = me4 ,x w5t ?ru ! deva/at+ w9t]s ( #aiej & #aiea 9 f9e %ape1 !n froze back la/ w9t] :5 ! temp]atures nev] w5t bel[ #e degrees bel[ z]o4 ,! v dry fall %\ld h rip5$ all bran*es to p]fection4 ,my mule1 ,zombie1 took a lik+ to ! bran*es & leaves ( ?is tree1 s x is n[ trimm$ up l an umbrella4 ,! small nut crop mu/ h also gone d[n ,zombie's gullet4 ,he is m de/ructive to walnut & plum ?an ! curculio4 7,tie him up4 ,ed47 ,?omas does n seem to h a great future up "h4 ,n[ ,co*rane is diff]5t4 ,if t little tree has z _m nuts on x z x _h catk9s ?is ye>1 ,i'm go+ to h to move ! corn out ( ! crib & put ! walnuts 9 !re4 ,x is n a fa/ gr[+ tree1 b ?is may be ! fault ( ! spot x is 91 judg+ by ! color ( ! leaves4 ,i nev] got ar\nd to f]tiliz+ x4 ,n[ t ,i told y ab\t ! ,co*rane1 ,i'll h to tell y ab\t ! ,wayne black walnut4 ,x is eight ye>s old1 /&s ab\t eight feet high & is h>dy4 ,my ,black ,walnut se$l+s /& f six in*es to six feet high4 ,!y g back to six in*es e o!r ye> :5 ,i cut !m d[n to graft !m4 ,nobody 9 ! nut tree field c call me a graft]4 ,i'll make him prove x6 ,! hickory1 butt]nut1 bitt]nut1 & *e/nut are /ep *ildr5 & f5d = !mselves on less desirable soil4 ,all are small4 ,! regia-h9dsii hybrids are small & "y & are be+ giv5 special c>e1 b may n be p]fectly h>dy4 ,!y gr[ well4 ,! ,jones hybrid filb]ts /& f six to eight feet high1 except ^? plant$ rec5tly4 ,?is ye> !y h a fair crop4 ,! catk9s came ?ru ! w9t] 9 good %ape = ! mo/ "p4 ,my two ,european filb]ts1 :i* h lo/ _! id5tity1 b are ei!r ,italian ,r$1 ,cos=d1 or ,m$ium ,long1 7"o ( ! ?ree p]i%$7 usually suff] ! loss ( _! catk9s & occasionally lose a bran* or two to w9t]'s icy f+]s4 ,to me1 ! filb]ts are fasc9at+ at all times ( ! ye>4 ,:5 ! sn[ is deep & ! cold bites deep1 _! tight little catk9s always hold =? ! com=table promise ( spr+4 ,:5 spr+ does come ! ?rill ( ! t9y r$ blossoms & lumb]+ catk9s is z real & endur+ z ! promise ( a crop ( ! %9y nuts is fickle4 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 aft] ! la/ t9y blossom has fad$ & ! la/ catk9 has )]$1 ! leaves pu% =?4 ,to me1 ^! t9y leaves are a sight comp>able to ! op5+ & unfurl+ ( ! v>i\s v>ieties ( ! grape4 ,!n ent]s ! elem5t ( susp5se1 betwe5 ! "t ( leaf+ out & ! "t :5 ! little nut clu/]s appe>4 ,my bu%es are all gr[+ toge!r on a rise ( gr\nd ne> an old b>n f\ndation4 ,! gr\nd is ri* & !y love x4 ,ea* bu% is individual & di/9ctive z are _! nuts--"s tuck$ f> 9 ! husk1 "s bulg+ out 9 a prec>i\s fa%ion1 "s fat & r\nd1 o!rs long & n>r[4 ,!y're int]e/+4 ,i c let ! butt]nuts1 bitt]nuts & hickories pass1 ! he>tnuts1 *e/nuts1 & pecans c wait until ,i am sure !y w be> "h4 ,! walnut w gr[ up along ) ! o!r trees--bl5d+ into ! l&scape1 b ! filb]ts1 l ,zombie1 call att5tion to !mselves e day ( ! ye>4 ,somebody said rec5tly t ! emphasis 9 ,engl& is 9 be+1 & 9 our c\ntry 9 becom+4 ,i imag9e our l& /opp$ be+ ) ! disappe>ance ( ! ,indian & ! primeval =e/ & is n[ 9 ! process ( becom+ some?+ else4 ,:at t some?+ else is we don't "k1 & ea* g5]ation c>ries a new set ( values1 b we all "k t to become some?+ bett]1 trees mu/ & w figure 9 ! plans ( all g5]ations--bett] & m useful & m disease resi/ant trees4 ,x is significant t nut trees lead 9 ^! requirem5ts4 ,biology1 ,di/ribution & ,control ( ! ,walnut ,husk ,maggot ,,dr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,,gambrell1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,g5eva1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,dr4 ,,gambrell3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 ladies & g5tlem51 "s #bb ye>s ago1 ,i believe x 01 ,i att5d$ "o ( y\r meet+s at ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation 9 ,g5eva1 & at t "t ,i gave a little talk on ! walnut husk maggot4 ,p]haps "s ( y are old en\gh to h be5 !re & rememb]$ some?+ ab\t x1 or maybe y are old en\gh s t y h =gott5 z mu* z ,i h1 s x w\ld be wor? talk+ ov] aga94 ,at any rate1 :5 ! *airman ( y\r program committee wrote ,dr4 ,*apman1 ask+ him if he might talk1 he came to me & said1 ,w\ld y be will+ to d ?is8 ,i said ,i'd be will+ b ,i didn't "k :e!r ,i'd be able4 ,b f9ally1 ! pressure 0 s great t ,i said yes1 & ,i am "h4 ,aft] ,i accept$ ! invitation1 ,i made up my m9d t ,i w\ld l to br+ myself up to date z mu* z possible on rec5t developm5ts on walnuts1 s ,i took ! lib]ty ( writ+ to a lot ( our entomological colleagues & talk+ to "o ( y\r memb]s1 ,mr4 ,slate1 9 ! hope t ,i might get "s m rec5t in=mation on ! maggots1 or1 p>ticul>ly1 ! control ( ?is walnut husk maggot4 ,i wrote to "s #aj or #ae entomologi/s 9 #ae /ates1 z well z ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 ,wa%+ton & to our neighbors on ! nor? 9 ,ottawa4 ,i mu/ say t ,i h _h a v f9e response f ev]ybody4 ,!y 7 all v will+ to help1 b practically all ( !m _h ! same answ]3 :ile !y knew !re 0 su* a bug1 !y didn't "k too mu* ab\t x z an economic pe/4 ,s t left u all "r 9 ! same boat1 ) ab\t two exceptions1 z :5 we began4 ,our fri5ds to ! nor? 9 ,canada s5t "s v nice in=mation4 ,we also _h "s in=mation f ! ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,entomology & ,plant ,qu>ant9e1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 toge!r ) "s illu/rat$ mat]ial4 ,also our good fri5d1 ,dr4 ,boyce1 at ! ,citrus ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 9 ,riv]side1 ,cali=nia1 ) :om ,i h discuss$ ! walnut husk maggot problem q a few ye>s ago1 _h a v nice bit ( in=mation & illu/rative mat]ial :i* he provid$4 ,incid5tally1 he is ! man :o has be5 ma9ly responsible = ! developm5t ( ! walnut husk fly control program = ! nut indu/ry 9 ,cali=nia4 ,i w\ld c]ta9ly l to take ?is opportunity to ackn[l$ge any contributions he or ! o!r p h made t[>ds ?is discussion4 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate we h 9 our (ficial li/ ( insects ab\t #cj species ( fruit flies t are catalogu$1 b only ab\t five ( ^! c be classifi$ z ( economic importance4 ,two ( ^! occur on ! *]ries1 bo? sweets & s\rs1 & are call$ ! *]ry maggots4 ,ano!r "o on apples1 kn[n z apple maggot1 & a relat$ =m on blueb]ry4 ,& !n1 ( c\rse1 ! walnut husk maggot1 & "o o!r :i* occasionally occurs on currants1 b ?is "o1 ( c\rse1 is ( less importance ?an ! o!rs4 ,! fruit indu/ry1 ( c\rse1 9 ,new ,york is q l>ge1 bo? apples & *]ries1 s t !re is a consid]able problem !re z f> z control is conc]n$4 ,! gr[]s sp5d ?\s&s ( doll>s e ye> 9 combatt+ ! v>i\s species ( fruit flies4 ,! int]e/+ ?+ 9 ?is connection is t ?r\gh\t ! la/ #be ye>s ) :i* ,i am famili> ) ! *]ry fruit flies--9 fact1 t 0 "o ( ! fir/ projects ,i work$ on 9 coop]ation ) ,dr4 ,hugh ,glasg[ :5 ,i came to ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation 9 #aibe--! control measures :i* we develop$ 9 #aibe to #aibg are ess5tially ! ones :i* we are /ill us+ today2 t is1 = ! mo/ "p4 ,!re h be5 v>i\s attempts to *ange ! control program ?r\gh ! introduction ( ^! new] insecticides1 & "s progress has be5 made1 b 9 e case !y h be5 wr\ght ) "s difficulties4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! (ficial /ate recomm5dations = ! control ( apple maggot & *]ry maggot /ill include ! use ( ars5ate ( lead "u "s conditions4 ,i m5tion t at ?is po9t because x is ( "s significance 9 ! ov]all control4 ,i am go+ to discuss t lat] on4 ,z f> z ! ho/ plants & di/ribution ( ! walnut husk maggot is conc]n$1 accord+ to ! orig9al description :i* 0 publi%$ almo/ a hundr$ ye>s ago1 x 0 li/$ z occurr+ 9 & to ! ,middle ,/ates4 ,t is a little bit indef9ite1 b at lea/ x occurs all ov] ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates & z f> we/ z ,kansas4 ,!n ! "o :i* occurs 9 ,cali=nia1 :i* has s9ce be5 call$ ,rhagoletis completus 787 looks v simil> to ! "o t we h "h1 b !re are slight taxonomic diff]5ces1 s at lea/ x is consid]$ a diff]5t species4 ,at any rate1 x is v simil> to ! "o we h "h1 & ?is :ole gr\p ( fruit flies t we h be5 talk+ ab\t h a lot ( simil>ity 9 _! w+ patt]ns & ?+s ( t sort4 ,& ! fact t ,i m5tion$ ! control z g5]ally z ,i did is ( significance 9 t all ( ^! flies ( ! v>i\s species are app>5tly susceptible to ! same type ( control measure4 ,z f> z ! ho/ plants are conc]n$1 ,i h p]sonally obs]v$ injury on all ( our common ,juglans species t ,i h run across 9 ,new ,york ,/ate & 9 "s ( ! /ates to ! s\? ( u1 includ+ butt]nut1 ,japanese walnut1 ,engli% walnut & black walnut4 ,i h se5 reports ( infe/ations :i* 7 record$ 9 hickory1 b ,i p]sonally h n se5 !m4 ,i'd j l to h a %[ ( h&s4 ,h[ _m 9 ! audi5ce "h h _h exp]i5ce ) ! walnut husk maggot or _h injury on ! fruit8 7,%[+ ( h&s47 ,i see ! majority ( y c]ta9ly "k :at x is1 b j z a brief rem9d]1 ! type ( injury1 ( c\rse1 v>ies some:at dep5d+ possibly on ! v>iety & "t ( ye> at :i* ! fruits fir/ become infe/$4 ,we "k1 ( c\rse1 t ! flies d n beg9 to puncture ! husk until !y atta9 a c]ta9 degree ( s(tness4 ,e>ly 9 ! season !y are n able1 app>5tly1 to p5etrate ! husk ) ! ovipositor1 & t1 ( c\rse1 v>ies n only ) h>dness b ) v>ieties4 ,! flies1 ( c\rse1 may be se5 on ! fruit ev5 ?\gh !y are n able to p5etrate ! husk & deposit _! eggs4 ,^! husks1 ( c\rse1 _m ( !m1 become dry & h>d aft] !y h be5 tunnell$ out1 & x is almo/ impossible to clean ! %ells4 ,occasionally y h nuts 9 :i* y h a sep>ation ( ! suture1 & 9 ^? cases y v frequ5tly get ! exudate f ! husk p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! suture 9 ! %ell onto ! k]nels !mselves1 & 9 ^? cases molds may gr[ on ! k]nels s t ^? fruits are no good4 ,9 connection ) ?is injury ,i am go+ to %[ y "s slides 9 a few m9utes1 b ! prec$+ speak] made ref]5ce to a type ( injury :i* occurr$ on ! t]m9al gr[? ( a walnut tree & t is "o t we h _h a lot ( inquiries at ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation ab\t1 injury to ! new t]m9al gr[? fairly e>ly 9 ! season4 ,t probably1 9 mo/ cases1 is caus$ by ! butt]nut or ! walnut curculio4 ,e>ly 9 ! season ^! adults beg9 fe$+ on ! new t]m9al gr[?1 & !y ev5 puncture ! new gr[? & lay _! eggs !re be=e ! nuts are l>ge en\gh = !m to attack & v (t5 consid]able kill+ back ( ! t]m9al gr[? occurs4 ,i h se5 x on ,engli% walnut se$l+s 9 nurs]y r[s :]e !re w\ld be v l>ge kill-back f ! walnut curculio4 ,sup]ficially ! injury on ! fruit is q simil> to t ( ! husk maggot4 7,fir/ slide47 ,?is fir/ slide is j to give y "s idea ( ! g5]al areas ( fruit gr[+ & di/ribution 9 ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,! ea/]n section1 "r-h& side1 ,*ampla9 ,valley & ,hudson ,valley1 are prim>ily apple maggot regions4 ,"s walnut husk fly probably occurs !re1 b !y are pr$om9antly apple-gr[+ areas4 ,9 ! c5tral "p ( ! /ate1 nor!rn1 p>ticul>ly1 we h fruit1 & z f> z ,i "k1 !re are no plant+s ( walnuts !re1 ?\gh y p may "k ( "s4 ,9 ,! ,ont>io ,pla9s section s\? ( ,lake ,ont>io is "o ( our big fruit belts 9 ! ,/ate4 ,"s walnuts are also gr[n "h4 ,consequ5tly ?is area has 9 x apple1 walnut & *]ry maggot flies1 &1 ( c\rse1 !y w be lapp+ ov] 9 all ^? areas into surr\nd+ t]ritories4 ,b ?is gives y an idea1 9 a g5]al way1 ( ! di/ribution ( ! ho/ plants & ! flies ab\t :i* ,i h be5 speak+4 7,next slide47 ,^? flies get pretty big :5 y get !m up !re4 ,!y are n t easy to see 9 ! field4 ,! ones on ! top are ! species f\nd on *]ries4 ,! "o on ! l[] left is ! apple maggot1 ! "o on ! l[] "r is walnut husk maggot4 ,! only diff]5ce y c see "h is 9 ! w+ patt]n b 9 nature !y diff] 9 color4 ,!y all h a little diff]5t w+ patt]n4 ,also1 !re is a little diff]5ce 9 size1 ! walnut husk maggot be+ ! bigge/ ( ! f\r species %[n "h4 7,next slide47 ,i h %[n "h ! em]g5ce date ( ! v>i\s species1 includ+ ! *]ry fruit flies1 ! apple maggot & ! walnut husk fly4 ,& y notice t beg9n+ ov] ab\t ! fir/ week 9 ,june y h em]g5ce ( ! *]ry fruit flies1 & y h a cont9uance ( em]g5ce ( "s ( ^! species up until at lea/ ! fir/ or second week 9 ,augu/4 ,^! po9ts go+ up & d[n j %[ ! numb] ( flies t 7 tak5 on giv5 dates1 & !re is a v def9ite correlation betwe5 ! proportion ( flies t em]ge on any giv5 day ) ! temp]ature or moi/ure condition4 ,"s ye>s1 :5 y h v hot1 dry wea!r1 !re is consid]able mortality ( ^! flies z !y j d n seem to be able to em]ge f ! soil1 :i* is a good ?+4 7,next slide47 ,?is photograph is "o t ,i wasn't sure ,i 0 go+ to get back 9 "t = ! meet+1 b x is a ,koda*rome ( a pair ( flies mat+ on an ,engli% walnut4 ,?is happ5$ to occur on "s ( our own trees at ! /ation1 s t we are n immune f attack by ?is bug4 7,next slide47 ,t is a close-up ( an egg puncture1 j a v t9y little hole 9 ! husk1 & once 9 a :ile !y lay an egg ev5 on ! surface4 ,^? eggs are q small1 ab\t a millimet] 9 l5g? & ab\t two-t5?s ( a millimet] 9 wid?1 b ! next slide w %[ y t :at !y normally d is to put !m inside t puncture 9 gr\ps4 ,!y v>y q a bit1 b ! av]age numb] ( eggs is ab\t #bj 9 ea* puncture4 ,b t doesn't mean y won't h maybe f\r or five diff]5t punctures on a giv5 nut1 s y may end up ) at lea/ a hundr$ or m maggots 9 a %uck4 7,next slide47 ,& ! next picture is a photograph ( ! same ,engli% walnut tak5 ab\t six or sev5 days lat]1 %[+ ! "y maggots t h j hat*$ out4 ,:at !y w d1 !y w beg9 bor+ 91 & !y w j radiate out 9 all directions into ! %uck4 ,:5 !y h gott5 t f> along1 ( c\rse1 !re is no hope = control4 7,next slide47 ,?is slide is "o tak5 :5 ! maggots 7 almo/ mature1 %[+ ! type ( damage t y get4 7,next slide47 ,?is is ! re/+ /age1 or ! pupa1 ! "o :i* sp5ds ! w9t] 9 ! soil & f :i* ! flies em]ge 9 ,new ,york1 at lea/ 9 our section1 beg9n+ ab\t ,july #ae? & go+ ?r\gh up until ,augu/ #ae?4 7,next slide47 ,! "o at ! top is normal fruit4 ,i m5tion$ a :ile ago t ?is butt]nut curculio causes q a bit ( conc]n & also spoke ab\t its be+ 9 t]m9als4 ,if y look c>efully y see a v def9ite hole "h 9 ! husk4 ,t is :]e ! adult punctur$ ! husk4 ,x may h be5 a fe$+ puncture fir/ & lat] an egg 0 laid inside1 & !n y get ! maggot or ! grub ( ! curculio develop+ 9 !re1 s t sup]ficially t discoloration looks v mu* l ! walnut husk maggot4 ,b 9 ?is case y may n f9d ov] "o or two maggots 9 a nut4 ,& ! o!r diff]5ce is t ^! fruits :i* are attack$ usually fall dur+ ,july & ,augu/1 :]eas ! ones t h maggots 91 _m ( !m /ick "r on ! trees & don't come (f at all4 7,next slide47 ,i h two or ?ree slides j %[+ ! v>iations 9 ! degree ( injury on ,engli% walnuts f ! po9t :]e y'd h an egg puncture4 ,! puncture 0 made on ! o!r side ( ! nut1 on top "h1 & ?is is j ! exudate runn+ d[n ar\nd ! nut :i* dries & becomes black4 ,b ^! walnuts up above %[ j a lot ( d>k spots :]e ! maggots are beg9n+ to f9d _! way ?r\gh ! husk4 ,i h ) me "s injur$ nuts simil> to ^? %[n on ! scre5 if y'd l to see !m :5 ,i h f9i%$ my talk4 ,!y w give y a little idea :at maggot injury looks l4 7,next slide47 ,?is is ! same type ( injury on butt]nut4 ,maybe y'd h "o egg puncture & z _m z a hundr$ or #abj maggots inside ! %uck4 7,next slide47 ,?is is a picture ( maggot injury on black walnut4 ,!y don't seem to l ! black walnuts z well z !y d ! ,p]sian walnut & butt]nut4 7,next slide47 ,?is is "o ( ! hybrid ,engli% walnuts t is locat$ on ! gr\nds at ! ,g5eva ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,x's q a l>ge tree4 ,i don't "k ! "n ( x4 ,maybe y d1 ,george4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,x has no "n4 ,,dr4 ,,gambrell3 ,x's n v fruitful1 anyway1 is x8 ,b x is also susceptible to injury4 7,next slide47 ,?is photograph 0 made q a few ye>s ago1 & t expla9s "s ( ! l9es ar\nd x1 b at any rate1 ?is pile ( nuts %[s ! damag$ ones t came f "o tree1 & also ! ones t 7 n infe/$4 ,9 o!r words1 ab\t two-?irds ( ! nuts on t p>ticul> tree _h be5 infe/$ ) maggots4 7,next slide47 ,t's a close-up view & is ! type ( ?+ ,i 0 try+ to describe to y e>li] :]e ! %ucks dry up & /ick to ! nut s t y _c remove !m4 ,^? on ! left1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be absolutely no good = comm]cial purposes4 7,next slide47 ,n[1 ,i suppose y are all int]e/$ 9 ?is matt] ( control4 ,un=tunately1 ,i mu/ admit t ,i h n work$ on ! walnut husk maggots v mu* 9 ! la/ #ae or #bj ye>s4 ,y may recall t we _h a sev]e freeze back 9 #aicc or #aicd1 :i* took out q a lot ( our ,p]sian walnuts 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york1 & only ! h>di] trees rema9$4 ,b prior to t "t we _h be5 gett+ num]\s compla9ts1 f gr[]s ab\t injury f walnut husk maggots1 & we did "s "w at t "t & also work$ ) ! ,f>m ,bureau p 9 ! c\nties :]e walnuts 7 gr[n fairly commonly4 ,9 _m cases ^! ,p]sian walnuts 7 gr[n on fruit f>ms :]e !y also h apples & o!r fruits4 ,s t 9 ^? cases x 0 n a difficult problem to obta9 control4 ,we work$ out a program :]eby1 say1 beg9n+ ab\t ,july ! #bj? to ! #be?1 at :i* "t q a few ( ! flies w\ld h em]g$1 if ! or*>di/1 :5 he 0 go+ ?r\gh ) 8 regul> spray op]ation on 8 fruit trees1 w\ld give 8 walnuts at lea/ two applications at ab\t two weeks int]vals1 he'd cease to h a maggot problem4 ,t pretty well solv$ x1 z f> z !y 7 conc]n$4 ,b !re 7 also ^! o!r plant+s :]e y'd h j a few trees1 or possibly "o tree 9 a back y>d1 some?+ ( t sort1 :i* is a little bit m difficult to control4 ,dr4 ,glasg[ & ,i f\nd t on *]ry maggot 9 ! city1 :ile a mat]ial l lead ars5ate is v effective 9 a comm]cial or*>d1 x's v ineffective = j "o little tree 9 y\r own back y>d1 provid+ y\r neighbors h "s trees & !y don't spray !m4 ,! reason is v obvi\s3 ! flies don't necess>ily /ay on ! same tree4 ,!y visit ar\nd f tree to tree1 !y fe$ on ! surface ( ! leaves or fruit4 ,!re=e1 x's possible = !m to be ov] on someone else's unspray$ tree & /ill come ov] & lay eggs 9 ! nuts ( a spray$ walnut tree be=e be+ kill$4 ,s y c see t su* activity may create some:at ( a problem4 ,at any rate1 ! lead ars5ate spray ( ?ree p\nds to a hundr$ gallons1 ) or )\t fungicides1 has giv5 good control 9 ! pa/4 ,t ,no4 #c comb9ation ( lime sulphur & lead ars5ate 0 us$ we/ ( ,ro*e/] "h ar\nd ,hilton :]e ?is gr[] _h a comm]cial fruit plant+1 b he also _h a numb] ( ,engli% walnuts4 ,! ye> prior to ! "t ^! trees 7 spray$ he _h ab\t #dj p] c5t ( ! nuts infe/$1 & ! ye> ^! 7 spray$ ! infe/ation dropp$ !y came d[n to ab\t "o p]c5t4 ,notice ! comm5t at ! foot ( ! table :i* /ates t ! trees t 7 n treat$ ! foll[+ ye> w5t back up to #bj p] c5t ( ! nuts infe/$4 ,!re 7 ab\t #bj p] c5t ( ! trees t _h infe/ation4 ,( c\rse1 ! flies mov$ ar\nd en\gh t ! trees became re9fe/$4 ,x simply br+s out ! po9t t unless y h a pretty good-siz$ plant+1 y are go+ to h to spray pretty ?or\ghly 9 ord] to get control1 & also1 if y only h "o or two trees & y h a lot ( surr\nd+ %rubb]y & a lot ( trees1 x w\ld be v wise to also spray ^?1 unless !y are plums or pea*es1 :i* are q susceptible to ars5ical injury4 ,b mo/ ?+s w\ld /& ! ars5ate ( lead1 & x w\ld be v desirable1 :]ev] y c1 to spray surr\nd+ trees & %rubs close to ! walnuts !mselves1 & 9 s do+ y w\ld get pretty effective control4 ,x is q possible to use ?is control me?od & obta9 ov] #hj p] c5t r$uction 9 infe/ation4 ,i am sorry to say ,i don't h any in=mation on ^! new] mat]ials1 l ,,ddt1 me?oxy*lor & p>a?ion4 ,y h probably read ab\t all ( ^? 9 ! magaz9es4 ,"s ( ! m5 9 our dep>tm5t h done q a bit ( "w ) ^! insecticides on ! apple maggot 9 ! ,hudson ,valley & 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york & !y f9d1 z ,i m5tion$ e>li]1 :ile x's possible to obta9 control ( apple maggot1 say1 ) ,,ddt1 x requires mu* m frequ5t application4 ,9 t case1 if any ( y are or*>di/s or foll[ ! apple-gr[+ insect problems at all1 ! fir/ application ( ! walnut maggot spray %\ld g on at ab\t ! "t ! la/ cov] spray = ! coddl+ mo? goes on = ! fir/ brood4 ,t s\nds a little involv$1 b f ! cal5d> po9t ( view x w\ld be ab\t ,july #be? 9 ,c5tral or ,we/]n ,new ,york4 ,normally1 ) u "h ! *]ries are be+ h>ve/$ by ab\t ,july #ae?1 sometimes a little e>li]1 b at any rate1 t's ! "t ! flies usually beg9 to em]ge4 ,we h :at we call a pre-oviposition p]iod ( ab\t two weeks1 dur+ :i* "t ! flies are n lay+ any eggs 9 ! %ucks & are mov+ ar\nd fe$+4 ,( c\rse1 t is ! "t y h to get ?is spray mat]ial on1 be=e !y h punctur$ ! nuts & deposit$ eggs inside4 ,i ?9k1 unless !re are que/ions1 t's all ,i h to say4 ,a ,,memb]3 ,y recomm5d ,no4 #c to be us$8 ,,dr4 ,,gambrell3 ,lead ars5ate at #c lbs4_/#ajj gallons & #b gal4 ( lime sulphur w\ld be an effective insecticide-fungicide mixture4 ,i h us$ bo? ! wettable sulphur & lime sulphur1 z %[n "h1 )\t any injury to foliage4 ,sometimes1 z y "k1 if x's real hot1 l today1 sulphur c\ld cause y a lot ( foliage injury4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels w c]ta9ly be> me out on t4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,n[ ,i ?9k ,joe ,mc,daniel has a little idea "h he wants to introduce at ?is "t4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,i h be5 talk+ ) ,mr4 ,devitt4 ,he is int]e/$ 9 foll[+ up ^! ,c>pa?ian trees 9 ,ont>io & is will+ to act z our ag5t 9 secur+ se$ nuts f "s ( ! bett] select$ trees4 ,z ,i und]/& x1 ?is ,association c\ldn't prop]ly act z a sales ag5cy = !m1 b ,i believe !re are "s ( ! memb]s :o w\ld l to get ^! sup]ior se$ nuts ( ,ont>io1 & ,i w\ld be will+ to take ! names ( p]sons :o are int]e/$ 9 !m1 ei!r = _! p]sonal plant+ or = resale4 ,mr4 ,devitt ?9ks he c secure ! nuts at ab\t #fj c5ts a p\nd f ! own]s :o h ^! good trees & deliv] !m to ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ar\nd a doll> a p\nd4 ,anyone :o is int]e/$ 9 t1 see me or ,sp5c] ,*ase dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! meet+4 ,panel ,discussion3 ,! ,p]sian ,walnut ,situation ,mod]ator3 ,s4 ,b4 ,,*ase2 ,panel ,memb]s3 ,h4 ,l4 ,,crane1 ,,gilb]t ,,beck]1 ,j4 ,c4 ,,mcdaniel1 ,h4 ,f4 ,,/oke4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,to introduce ! subject1 ,lynn ,tuttle s5t a pap]1 & 9 addition he s5t a few slides4 ,we won't give ! pap]1 b we are go+ to run ?r\gh a few slides v hurri$ly1 because he took ! tr\ble to s5d !m4 ,i am go+ to read ! captions (f v quickly4 7,a s]ies ( slides ( ,p]sian ,walnut 7 %[n74 ,! mod]ator isn't go+ to d any?+ o!r ?an ask = any que/ions t y folks h on ,c>pa?ians at ?is "t4 ,i am go+ to ask ,dr4 ,crane to comm5t on ?is "q3 ,are we go+ ov]bo>d build+ up our v>ieties z we "k !m n[8 ,9 o!r words1 we h select$ f\r or five v>ieties t won a conte/ & our judges select$ !m z be/1 & ^! are ! only ones we are he>+ ab\t4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,mr4 ,mod]ator1 ,i don't believe we are1 provid$ t we ma9ta9 high /&>ds 9 ! v>ieties di/ribut$ & te/$4 ,i feel t :5 we select a v>iety we %\ld select x because x is a good nut1 n t x's a _w beat]1 = big size & ?ick1 r\gh1 rugg$ %ell t is n seal$1 & :i* is ( no value = human use or consumption1 except+ = firewood or fuel4 ,^? big nuts won't fill4 ,! be/ nuts are ( reasonably l>ge size1 well fill$ ) a well seal$ %ell & ) a k]nel t is sweet4 ,don't figure on sell+ nuts t h bitt] k]nels to anybody else4 ,we h nut v>ieties ( ! ,c>pa?ians t are n go+ to g ov] because ( ! faults t ,i h m5tion$4 ,i %\ld say1 too1 t we d n "k h[ widely a v>iety is go+ to be adapt$ to diff]5t climates4 ,if we select rigidly = good1 out/&+ v>ieties t be> good nuts & good1 vigor\s trees1 we won't get too _m4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,t 0 "o po9t ,i want$ br\ght out1 t we are n[ j 9 ! prelim9>y /age ( ?is ,c>pa?ian v>iety selection bus9ess4 ,( ! selections made "s h be5 made by default1 because !re w]5't en\gh ( o!r samples to compete )4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sev]al we h we all consid] out/&+ 9 "s respect1 or o!r1 & are ( value z a beg9n+ provid$ we be> 9 m9d t we hav5't scrat*$ ! surface on ,c>pa?ian walnuts yet4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,& let's n conf9e ourselves to ,c>pa?ian walnuts1 because ,hanson is n ,c>pa?ian walnut1 & t's an excell5t nut4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,mr4 ,/oke1 :at is go+ to be ,,nnga's policy 9 try+ to give recomm5dations = ! plant+ ( ,c>pa?ian or ,p]sian walnuts8 ,9 o!r words1 does x make any real diff]5ce :e!r x's a ,c>pa?ian or :e!r x is n1 z long z x has prov$ h>dy & ( good quality8 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,we are deal+ ) ,p]sian walnuts1 & ,c>pa?ian happ5s to be "o class ( ,p]sian1 & ,broadview happ5s to be a ,p]sian t came f ,russia1 & ,lanca/] is "o t came f some:]e 9 ,europe & l&$ up 9 ,lanca/]1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,i w\ld emphasize ! "n ,p]sian z ! ov] all "n4 ,! ,c>pa?ian is m]ely a ,p]sian walnut :i* has be5 br\ght f ! ,c>pa?ian m\nta9s ( ,pol&4 ,,mr4 ,,beck]3 ,la/ summ] a gr\p ( nut gr[]s w5t to ,lee ,somm]s'1 :i* is 9 ! c5tral "p ( ,mi*igan4 ,9 ! invitation to our nut gr[]s ,i said1 ,?is is ! only pure ,c>pa?ian or*>d we "k 9 ,mi*igan4 ,t didn't set well ) "s ( !m & !y took issue ) me4 ,9 answ]+ ?is issue1 ,i said t ,mr4 ,somm]s _h plant$ ,c>pa?ian ,p]sian walnut se$ t came f ,pol& direct4 ,_m ( u h a mixture4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,%essl] has ! ,hanson & ,jacobs & a numb] ( o!rs4 ,if he sells y se$1 y are go+ to get x mix$4 ,9 a few ye>s we w h a job keep+ pure ,c>pa?ian4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,isn't x a matt] ( /raight t]m9ology8 ,juglans ,regia is ! ,p]sian walnut4 ,c>pa?ians are a regional /ra9 ( ,juglans ,regia4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,i ?9k we all und]/& t4 ,,mr4 ,,ma*ov9a3 ,c we speak ( a ,c>pa?ian /ra94 ,cra? himself said !re 7 _m4 ,he ev5 f\nd walnuts gr[+ 9 clu/]s l grapes4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,x w\ld be a regional gr\p ( clones ) a c]ta9 orig9 n a /ra9 9 ! g5etic s5se4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,!y are j ,p]sian walnuts t happ5$ to come f ! ,c>pa?ian region4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,!re is a little diff]5ce4 ,i believe t 9 ! nor!rn c\ntries we h _h m or less inbre$+ & we c\ld consid] !m m ne>ly a l9e1 n a /ra91 because ( t4 ,:5 ! orig9al se$ 0 introduc$ by ,rev]5d ,cra?1 probably ea* "o ( ^? lots ( nuts come f diff]5t trees1 z a l9e1 b1 n[ ?is second g5]ation /uff t's com+ along1 x's j ,juglans ,regia4 ,x's a h>dy ,p]sian walnut4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,i ?9k ,i c (f] a ^w ( explanation ( ^? gr[+ 9 clu/]s4 ,i h no d\bt t :5 ! b>b>ians swept ov] ! wall c5turies ago !y br\ght ,asiatic walnuts ) !m f z f> z ,man*uria4 ,!y grew 9 clu/]s !re l butt]nuts & he>tnuts4 ,no d\bt "s ( !m rea*$ ,europe1 & "s ( !m may h hybridiz$ ) ! ,p]sian1 & ,i ?9k really t's ! answ]4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,! same situation exi/$ ) pea*es #bj ye>s ago4 ,we _h five geographical races ( pea*es t 7 m or less di/9ct4 ,) ! exception ( "o1 ! ,pe5to1 !y h all lo/ _! id5tity n[ because !re has be5 no attempt to keep !m di/9ct4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,t's "r4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,!n we end up1 !re is no su* ?+ z a ,c>pa?ian1 x's j a "n = a h>dy walnut t came f a c]ta9 region1 t di/+ui%es x f o!rs4 ,,mr4 ,,kepl+]3 ,9 my p>5ts' old home 9 ,ea/]n ,g]many 9 ! ,bohemian m\nta9s !re is an ,engli% walnut tree t's #cjj ye>s old & be>s a hundr$ bu%els ( walnuts a ye>4 ,!y /& #dj bel[ z]o !re1 too1 & ! nut cracks & hulls well4 ,x has a record on /&+ ! cold1 b !re hasn't be5 any ( !m br\ght out "h & plant$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 b !y are !re4 ,i "k !y are !re1 because !y are on our e/ate4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,mr4 ,mod]ator1 !re is "o rem>k t ,i want to make4 ,"h we are1 ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 & yet we /ill use ! t]m1 ,engli% walnut1 :5 we are talk+ ab\t ,c>pa?ian walnut & ,p]sian walnut4 ,?is ,engli% walnut is ! wor/ =m ( t]m9ology t c be us$4 ,engl& doesn't h any walnuts2 !y h nev] gr[n any ,p]sian walnuts or ,engli% walnuts1 !y hav5't 9 ! pa/ & !y ar5't today4 ,!y h a few trees b are 9 ! same fix t we are 9 ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association2 !y are try+ to f9d a v>iety ( ,p]sian walnut t !y c gr[ 9 ,engl&1 & yet "h we call !m ,engli% walnuts4 ,!y %\ld be ,p]sian walnuts1 or ,*9ese walnuts4 ,we don't "k :]e !y came f4 ,! be/ au?orities seem to ?9k t !y orig9at$ 9 ,p]sia2 o!rs ?9k !y orig9at$ 9 ,*9a1 b ! abundance ( evid5ce is on ,p]sia4 ,we want to get ?is ?+ k9d ( /raight4 ,!y are all ! same ?+1 ,juglans ,regia4 ,,mr4 ,,cl>ke3 ,i'd l to make a sugge/ion4 ,i don't "k z y h any au?ority or p[] to *ange1 b ! t]m ,juglans ,regia means royal walnut4 ,:y n "w = ! adoption ( a "n l t1 & x w include all ( !m4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,t's :at !y call !m 9 ,france4 ,?is c\ntry has a little complication2 !re is ano!r ,royal walnut1 "o ( ! hybrids betwe5 ! ,cali=nia black & ! ,ea/]n black4 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3-,:ile we are talk+ ab\t br++ ,engli% walnuts1 ,p]sian walnuts1 :atev] y want to call !m1 f ,europe1 ,i want to give a w>n+ ab\t a disease t is kill+ ?\s&s ( trees 9 ,s\!rn ,france4 ,j rec5tly ,i saw q a few ( !m 9 ,france & ! edge ( ,italy4 ,i don't "k :e!r x's virus or :at x is1 b x is c]ta9ly kill+ out ! ,engli% walnuts !re at a v rapid rate1 & ,i advise v /rongly aga9/ introduc+ walnut se$1 scions & su*1 f ^? areas 9 ,france & ,switz]l& or o!r areas 9 s\!rn ,europe :]e ?is disease is preval5t4 ,we w "k m lat] ab\t x1 because q a team ( pa?ologi/s is work+ on x 9 ,europe4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,has anybody else got any comm5ts ab\t ,juglans ,regia8 ,i am afraid to say any?+ else4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,i w say t ?is ,c>pa?ian /ra91 ( ,juglans ,regia is ! fir/ walnut ( ! ,p]sian type t we h _h = ,ill9ois4 ,! ,pom]oy1 o!r ,ea/]n /ra9s & ,cali=nia v>ieties h n surviv$ v long 9 ! climate ( ! /ate ( ,ill9ois4 ,we d "k n[ t "s ( ! ,c>pa?ian se$l+s h be5 fruit+ = #aj or #ab ye>s & d %[ consid]able promise !re4 ,i don't "k :e!r x w ev] develop into a comm]cial indu/ry b !y are wor? gr[+4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,?ank y4 ,i'd l to ask ,george ,slate :at he kn[s ab\t ! ,nor!rn ,/> ,p]sian walnut4 ,v h>dy1 & s =?8 ,i ?9k maybe ! memb]s might be int]e/$ 9 t4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,sp5c] ask$ me to f9d out ab\t ! ,nor? ,/> ,juglans ,regia1 :i* 0 adv]tis$ 9 ! ,fl[] ,gr[]4 ,i call$ up ! local nurs]y t 0 sell+ !m1 & !y said !y got _! se$s f "s ,pom]oy trees 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! /ate4 ,i guess !y are j ,juglans ,regia4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,d[n 9 ,virg9ia we h ,virg9ia ,?9 ,%ell pur*as$ sometimes "o place & sometimes ano!r4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,! secret>y's (fice _h an inquiry f ! executive secret>y ( ! ,am]ican ,nurs]ym5's ,association want+ to "k if ^? claims c\ld be sub/antiat$4 ,i c\ldn't say on ! basis ( :at in=mation ,i _h1 & ,i s told him4 ,app>5tly !y1 ?r\gh _! organization1 h /opp$ fur!r adv]tis+ ( t /ra9 "u ! claims t !y made = x4 ,,mr4 ,,korn3 ,we f9d our public at l>ge1 n only our memb]s1 seem to be fasc9at$ by ! fact t ! ,p]sian walnut c be gr[n 9 ?is latitude4 ,s 9 speak+ to !m ab\t x1 :5 ,i am speak+ to our memb]s1 ,i try to say ,p]sian walnut1 b :5 speak+ to ! public at l>ge1 !y don't "k :at ,i am talk+ ab\t s ,i come out flatly & say ,engli% walnut4 ,i tell !m t we c't expect to gr[ ! ,cali=nia type1 b we h a h>di] type com+ f ! ,c>pa?ian m\nta9s or ,g]many or ,russia or ,holl&1 t c be gr[n successfully 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,i ?9k t's ! only approa* y c use4 ,,mr4 ,,korn3 ,t's ! "o ,i use1 & ,i ?9k x quickly helps p to und]/& :at y are talk+ ab\t1 & doesn't get !m confus$4 ,if y talk$ to !m ab\t ,p]sian walnuts1 !y w\ldn't "k :at y 7 talk+ ab\t1 b if y say ,engli% walnuts1 imm$iately !y und]/&1 or %\ld1 at lea/4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,i believe ,dr4 ,crane meant t 9 our inn] sanctum he w\ld pref] ,juglans ,regia4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,i w\ld l to ask if !re are any gr[]s "h :o h propagat$ ! ,p]sian walnut on ,ea/]n black walnut1 t is1 exp]i5c$ any tr\ble ) graft union failure on !m4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,i hav5't4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,mr4 ,oakes8 ,,mr4 ,,oakes3 ,i hav5't4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,no graft union failure on ,regia & ,nigra4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,& my exp]i5ce is !y come 9 mu* quick] ?an on _! own roots z se$l+s4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,h[ old are y\r olde/ grafts8 ,,mr4 ,,oakes3 ,put on 9 #aich8 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,t's #ae ye>s4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,i h !m at lea/ #bj ye>s4 ,,mr4 ,,beck]3 ,m9e are tw5ty4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,mr4 ,mod]ator1 ,i h 9 my brief case a translation ( ! ,fr5* book on walnut culture1 & !re is a section on root /ocks4 ,?is 0 a publication issu$ ab\t #aida1 & accord+ to t book1 ,juglans ,nigra is ! be/ /ock !y h = g5]al use 9 ,france4 ,!y h report$ no difficulty on ?is4 ,a second "o !y 7 try+ ( ! ,am]ican walnuts1 ) "s promise1 0 ,juglans major1 ! ,arizona black walnut4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,! reason :y ,i ask$1 z ,i report$ 9 previ\s meet+s--!y are hav+ v s]i\s difficulty 9 ,oregon & 9 p>ts ( ,wa%+ton ) graft union tr\ble :i* is kn[n z black l9e4 ,all or practically all ( ! walnuts 9 bo? ,oregon & ,cali=nia & also :at few are gr[n 9 ,wa%+ton h be5 propagat$ on ! ,nor!rn ,cali=nia black walnut1 ,juglans ,h9dsii4 ,no graft union tr\ble evid5ce %[s up be=e ! tree has be5 graft$ ab\t #h ye>s1 & !n su* cases are v r>e4 ,b aft] ! trees or ! grafts atta9 an age ( #ae ye>s or m1 graft union failures are num]\s4 ,= ?ree ye>s n[ we h be5 mak+ surveys 9 ! ,/ate ( ,oregon1 & we h survey$ tree by tree1 ye> aft] ye>1 ! same or*>ds1 ! same trees1 & our obs]vations n[ g into ! ?\s&s1 & we f9d t ?is black l9e is a t]rifically s]i\s ?+4 ,9 "s or*>ds #bb p] c5t ( ! trees w develop black l9e 9 "o ye>'s "t4 ,s1 y see1 at t rate x w\ld only take y five or six ye>s ) a good be>+ or*>d until y w\ldn't h any4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,is t always ) ! ,franquettes8 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,t is n only true ) ,franquettes b also ) o!r v>ieties 9 ,cali=nia1 ev5 9 ,contra ,co/a ,c\nty4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,:]e ^? trees are s graft$1 does x t5d to ov]gr[1 or j ! opposite8 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,no1 x appe>s mu* l our ,cr5ata-mollissima *e/nut graft union failure4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,is !re a t5d5cy = ! top to be m vigor\s1 to h m gr[?1 or vice v]sa or is gr[? uni=m8 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,x may be uni=m4 ,dep5ds some:at on ! v>ieties & ! se$l+s4 ,!re may be "s ov]gr[? or "s outgr[?1 b !re is only "o te/ = x1 & t is at ! graft union4 ,) an axe or knife & y cut out a /rip ( b>k across ! union4 ,x may look absolutely p]fect1 b if !re is a black l9e develop$ !re t is j l a lead p5cil l9e betwe5 ! /ock & ! scion1 ! tree is on ! way out4 ,x's j a matt] ( "t4 ,ultimately ! b>k betwe5 ! /ock & scion w split1 & y get infold+1 j l on ! *e/nut4 ,"o ( ! reasons t !y h propagat$ _! trees on ,nor!rn ,cali=nia black walnut 0 t !y _h ! idea t ! ,nor!rn ,cali=nia produc$ a /rong]1 m vigor\s se$l+ & t !y grew mu* fa/] ?an se$l+s ( ! ,p]sian walnut4 ,&1 fur!rmore1 somebody at "s "t circulat$ ! idea t ,nor!rn ,cali=nia walnuts 7 immune to infection by ! mu%room root rot fungus4 ,we h survey$ ?\s&s ( trees ( ,p]sian on ,p]sian roots1 & we h nev] f\nd a s+le case ( black l9e develop+ or graft union failure z long z x's a ,p]sian on ,p]sian1 & we f9d ! same p]c5tage ( infection f mu%room root rot fungus on ,p]sian z on ,nor!rn ,cali=nia black4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,9 o!r words1 we %\ld wat* our /ocks & p]haps try out "s ,regia on ,regia8 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,t's "r4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,n[1 folks1 we c\ld talk = a long "t1 b let me make "o reque/ be=e we close our panel3 ,i w\ld be int]e/$ 9 receiv+ f any memb] pictures1 good1 glossy photographs ( ! new] ,c>pa?ian v>ieties s t we c p]haps publi% !m 9 ! newslett] & give "s folks an opportunity to see :at ^! nuts look l4 ,"s ( ! folks :o nev] come to a meet+ nev] see a sample & j read ab\t x4 ,x's mu* bett] if we c %[ !m a picture n[ & !n4 ,s if y h "s good pictures1 or plan to take "s good pictures1 rememb]1 ,i'd l to h a copy4 ,,tuesday ,,ev5+ ,,banquet ,,session ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,we w n[ he> f ! ,resolutions ,committee1 ,mr4 ,davidson4 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,be=e read+ any resolutions1 ,i h be5 ask$ to read a lett] t came to ,mr4 ,*ase dat$ ,augu/ #af? ( ?is ye>1 f ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+3 ,mr4 ,sp5c] ,b4 ,*ase1 ,secret>y1 ,,nnga4 ,my ,de> ,*ild & ,gr&*ildr53 ,:at a beautiful greet+1 t4 ,?is is to let y "k t y\r fa!r & gr&fa!r /ill holds a h\se at ?is hospital & rejoices 9 y\r vitality & 9 y\r com+ conv5tion b especially 9 ! en]gy & ability ( y\r secret>y :o gets out ^? wond]ful ,nut%ell lett]s :i* are s /imulat+ to all nut gr[]s4 ,m ?an #bj ye>s ago ,i plant$ an ,italian *e/nut tree on ! gr\nds ( ?is hospital4 ,! ma9 trunk 0 kill$ by blight1 b _m %oots h come & n[ x appe>s to be fl\ri%+ because !re are no o!r *e/nut trees ne>4 ,ab\t t "t ,i graft$ nut trees comm]cially 9 ,we/*e/] ,c\nty1 ,new ,york at ! ,we/*e/] ,c\ntry ,club1 ask+ & gett+ #ej a day = my s]vices & mat]ial & nev] a kick4 ,b ,i h =gott5 ! results & ! "n ( ! b5efici>ies4 ,f my home 9 ,lit*field1 ,connecticut1 my si/]1 ag$ #he1 sav$ = me--t is1 sav$ f ! squirrels--a d\ble h&ful ( nice *e/nuts--no o!r *e/nut tree ne>by--& ?ree gre5 walnuts1 ,c>pa?ians4 ,bo? 7 f my grafts4 ,i %all nev] =get ! ,,nnga & y\r spl5did s]vices4 ,ev] fai?fully devot$1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+4 ,a beautiful lett]4 ,n[1 !n1 ! ,resolutions ,committee recomm5ds t we s5d ?is lett]2 ,de> ,dr4 ,dem+3 ,once m we are happy to greet y & to wi% y well4 ,today ! repres5tatives ( m ?an a ?\s& memb]s ( y\r ?\ght *ild1 ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 are "h ga!r$ 9 ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york1 to c>ry on ! "w 9 :i* y _h s l>ge a "p 9 />t+4 ,x mu/ be a s\rce ( great satisfaction to y to be able to see s important a project :i* y help$ to />t cont9u+ & exp&+ fruitfully4 ,we envy y4 ,may y\r tribe increase4 ,affectionately1 ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,n[1 %all ,i g on ) ! re/ ( ! resolutions1 & p]haps y c act on !m all at once4 ,be x ,resolv$3 ,t we h]eby ackn[l$ge our long/&+ indebt$ness to ! m5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ( simil> dep>tm5ts ( ! v>i\s /ates :o h s fai?fully & effici5tly upheld ! "w ( ?is ,association4 ,)\t _! loyal help1 d\btless our ef=ts w\ld langui% or suff] sev]ely4 ,x is su* a _s z !irs t cont9ues to make ,am]ica ! great pione] x has always be54 ,be x ,resolv$3 ,t ! memb]s ( ?is ,association ackn[l$ge ) deep appreciation ! out/&+' hospitality ( ! ,city ( ,ro*e/] at ! h&s ( its repres5tative ,p>k ,commission] ,wilbur ,wright1 ,dr4 ,roy ,b4 ,an?ony1 ,mr4 ,h>kness1 & _! help]s :o h done s mu* to make ! visit ( ?is organization n only welcome b extremely enjoyable & in=mative4 ,we %all always rememb] ,ro*e/]'s exceptional hospitality & its g5]\sly free provision ( s beautiful a meet+ place4 ,?is is s9c]ely appreciat$4 ,be x ,resolv$3 ,t ?is ,association ext5ds to ,mr4 ,george ,salz]1 ,mr4 ,victor ,brook its ?anks = _! "w :i* has result$ 9 s pleasant & pr(itable a meet+ "h 9 ,ro*e/]2 also to _m o!rs due our ?anks1 to ,dr4 ,mc,kay = organiz+ a spl5did program1 to ,mrs4 ,negus = organiz+ ! regi/ration1 to ,mrs4 ,gibbs & f9ally to our out/&+ly effici5t (fic]s :o h s skillfully organiz$ our "w & ! ,association's expansion4 ,9 ord] to correct a t5d5cy t[>d increas+ confusion aris+ f ! too great multiplicity ( names & nut v>ieties1 ! ,resolutions ,committee (f]s ! foll[+ motion3 ,we move t ! ,presid5t be au?oriz$ to appo9t a self-p]petuat+ ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ,committee on ,v>iety ,nom5clature1 & we recomm5d to our memb]s t !y ref] to ?is committee = its (ficial approval any new nut discov]ies !y may wi% to "n & to propagate4 ,t is 9 ! =m ( a motion1 :i*1 ,i believe1 requires a second & "s action4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,i ?9k we _h bett] act fir/ on ?is motion ( ,mr4 ,davidson's ab\t ?is committee = nam+ ( nuts1 & !n we c h ano!r motion to accept ! resolutions4 ,is !re a second to t motion t we h a committee on nom5clature ( nuts8 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 ,i second t motion4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,is !re any discussion8 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,i want$ to sugge/ t ! motion %\ld provide t ! committee use ! rules ( nom5clature approv$ by ! ,am]ican ,pomological ,society4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,i w accept t am5dm5t1 ,mr4 ,presid5t4 7,a vote 0 tak5 on ! am5dm5t1 & 0 pass$47 ,,mr4 ,,ma*ov9a3 ,is t a proposal to am5d ! by-laws ( ?is organization8 ,x w\ld1 if x's a self-p]petuat+ committee4 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,may ,i sugge/ y )draw ! ^w self-p]petuat+4 ,! idea1 ,mr4 ,be/1 0 to make ?is a p]man5t committee1 if possible4 ,t 0 ! reason = putt+ t ^w 9 !re1 b if x is an abridgm5t ( ! con/itution1 we don't want to d x1 ( c\rse4 ,,mr4 ,,k9tzel3 ,i'd l to "k :at ! rules ( nom5clature ( ! ,am]ican ,pomological ,society are4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,! rules cov] ab\t two pages4 ,i c give y ! gi/ ( x1 ,i ?9k4 ,"o provision is t ! discov]] or introduc] ( a new v>iety has ! privilege ( select+ a "n = x4 ,ano!r rule is t x %all n duplicate a "n giv5 previ\sly = a v>iety ( ! same class ( fruit or nut4 ,! "n %\ld pref]ably be "o ^w or1 at mo/1 two words1 )\t hyph5s1 )\t possessives4 ,t a nut n be nam$ = a p]son )\t 8 p]mission dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,t cov]s ! meat ( x4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,su* a committee w\ld give (ficial /atus & recognition to y\r discov]y4 ,i believe x w\ld prev5t1 on a l>ge scale1 su* ?+s z ?is ,morn+ ,/> h>dy ,engli% walnut4 ,9 o!r words1 we'd h a committee to exam9e a nut sample f y\r tree1 anybody's tree1 pass on x & see t ! "n t y select meets ! requirem5ts ( ?is ,am]ican ,pomological ,society's rules ( nom5clature1 :i* are q reasonable4 ,i ?9k x is an excell5t /ep t we %\ld take at ?is "t4 ,,mr4 ,,caldwell3 ,mr4 ,presid5t4 ,! v>iety we are us+ is n a v>iety1 x's a clone4 ,maybe we _h bett] get toge!r ) taxonomi/s & botani/s4 ,t's all !y are1 selections1 !y are n v>ieties1 9 ! botanical s5se1 ev5 ?\gh ! t]m has be5 badly misus$ by ! nut gr[]s4 ,i don't see :y we %\ld cont9ue ) mis-application ( a t]m j because somebody set up rules = application ( names4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 ,i want to get ?is /raight4 ,?is ,association is talk+ ab\t horticultural v>ieties1 n botanical v>ieties4 ,a correct t]m = a horticultural v>iety is a clone4 ,! ,am]ican ,pomological ,society is ov] a hundr$ ye>s old1 & !y h foll[$ all types ( exp]i5ces & usages1 & !y are up to date1 & we c't foll[ any bett] patt]n ?an :at ! ,am]ican ,pomological ,society has done all d[n ?r\gh ! ye>s4 ,! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association w\ld be ! laugh+ /ock ( ! _w :o are 9 ! "k if !y don't adopt ! rules ( nom5clature z set =? by ! ,am]ican ,pomological ,society4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 we already h a committee on ,v>ieties & ,/&>ds4 ,i don't see :y t committee c't be reviv$4 ,if we set up ano!r committee by resolution1 we are duplicat+ ! "w ( t committee1 or ov]lapp+4 ,i'd l to see ?is matt] ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ,v>ieties or ,judg+ ,/&>ds & possibly report ano!r ye>4 ,i am n 9 favor ( sett+ up ?is committee at ! pres5t "t4 ,i w\ld l to am5d t motion to ref] ?is matt] to ! pres5t ,committee on ,v>ieties & ,judg+ ,/&>ds4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,second t am5dm5t4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,!re is "o o!r angle to ?is4 ,! ,int]national ,committee on ,nom5clature ( ,cultivat$ ,plants1 has dur+ ! pa/ ye> publi%$ a report4 ,i ?9k x w\ld be only wise = u to delay our action on ?is matt] until our committee at lea/ gets ! opportunity to /udy ! suitability ( ?is int]national code = nom5clature ( cultivat$ plants & see h[ x applies to our situation4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i am complete 9 accord ) ,mr4 ,slate's motion4 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,i w\ld sugge/ t we ref] x to t committee & ?9k ab\t x = ano!r ye>4 7,a vote 0 tak5 on ! am5dm5t1 & x 0 pass$47 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,! motion ( ! ,resolutions ,committee is n[ ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ,v>ieties & ,judg+ ,/&>ds4 ,,mr4 ,,/oke3 ,i move we proce$ ) ! adoption ( ! resolutions t 7 pres5t$ be=e ! motion4 7,motion second$ & pass$47 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,we'd l to he> f ! ,nom9at+ ,committee4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,= presid5t ! ,nom9at+ ,committee propos$ ,r4 ,b4 ,be/4 ,i ?9k he is ab\t "o ( ! be/ presid5ts we h ev] _h4 ,= vice-presid5t ,gilb]t ,beck] ( ,mi*igan4 ,= treasur] ,w4 ,s4 ,cl>ke ( ,p5nsylvania1 & = secret>y1 our v effici5t & v effective ,sp5c] ,*ase ( ,t5nessee4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,are !re fur!r nom9ations8 ,a ,,memb]3 ,i move nom9ations be clos$4 ,a ,,memb]3 ,second ! motion4 7,motion pass$47 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 ,i move t ! ,secret>y ( ! ,association be in/ruct$ to ca/ a unanim\s ballot = ! nom9ations made by ! ,nom9at+ ,committee4 ,second$ & pass$4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,is !re any fur!r bus9ess to come be=e ! gr\p8 ,sp5c] ,*ase "h has an item4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,n[1 = ! feature ( ! ev5+1 t honor :i* is be/[$ ^u ! mo/ des]v+ memb] ( ! organization1 ,i w call on ,mr4 ,wilk9son = ! comm5ts ab\t ! ,big ,nut4 ,mr4 ,wilk9son4 ,,mr4 ,,wilk9son3 ,f\r ye>s ago at ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&1 ,dr4 ,crane made a sugge/ion t someone ought to be ! ,k+ ,nut ( ! ,association4 ,if ,i rememb]1 ,mr4 ,/oke imm$iately took ! floor & nom9at$ ,dr4 ,crane1 & he 0 unanim\sly elect$ ! ,big ,nut4 ,"o ye> lat] he be/[$ t honor on ,sp5c] ,b4 ,*ase4 ,! next ye> ,mr4 ,*ase pass$ x on to ,dr4 ,colby4 ,"o ye> ago ,dr4 ,colby pass$ x on to me4 ,n[ x's my duty to pass ?is on to someone else tonight4 ,well1 ,i didn't "k j exactly h[ to d x1 s ,i fell back on my fri5d1 ,mrs4 ,negus = h] sugge/ion4 ,%e sugge/$ t ! ,k+ ,nut %\ld we> a cr[n1 s ,i said1 ,n[1 t's y\r sugge/ion2 ,i w leave x up to y4 ,s "h is ! cr[n %e made1 ) an ornam5t f ! ,*ief pecan1 :i* 9 my op9ion today is ! k+ nut ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,i don't "k ^: head %e measur$ to make ! cr[n1 %e didn't tell me1 b x looks to me l x w\ld j ab\t fit ,george ,salz]4 7,applause47 ,george1 x's a pleasure t ,i pass t on to y z ,i receiv$ x1 & ,i hope y w we> x = a ye> or long] 7putt+ cr[n on ,mr4 ,salz]'s head74 ,,mr4 ,,salz]3 ,well1 !y c't say ,i am big-head$4 ,:y1 hone/ly1 folks1 my v good fri5ds ( ! ,association1 hone/ly1 ,i don't "k :at to say4 ,?is is ! greate/ honor t ,i ev] ?\ght w\ld come to me4 ,i always ref] to myself z "o ( ! buck privates 9 ! re> rank1 & "h ,i am ! ,k+ ,nut4 ,i w assure y1 e "o ( y t ,i really appreciate ?is1 ,i hone/ly d1 "r f ! bottom ( my he>t4 ,ev] s9ce ,i h be5 a memb] ( ?is organization & att5d$ ! meet+s1 ,i h _h ! f9e/ times1 mo/ pleasant associations & ! close/ fri5ds ,i ev] _h 9 my entire life "r "h among y p4 ,?anks a million4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,n[ ,i ?9k we are entitl$ to a few words f our new & be/ presid5t1 ,mr4 ,be/4 ,,presid5t ,,be/3 ,ladies & g5tlem51 x is q a responsibility to take ?is job on aga94 ,x's ! fir/ "t t ,i h ev] que/ion$ y\r judgm5t ab\t any?+1 b ,i ?9k !re are o!r p "h t c\ld h done ! job bett] ?an ,i c\ld4 ,:5 ,i 0 ask$ if ,i w\ld accept if ,i 7 elect$1 ,i turn$ to my wife1 & ,i said1 ,are y will+ to d ! "w aga9 = ano!r ye>8 & %e said1 ,yes1 ,i suppose ,i'll h to4 ,& ,i said1 ,well1 !n1 ,i w accept4 ,!re is a lot m tru? 9 t ?an !re is poetry4 ,hone/ly1 we j don't give ^! (fic]s t "w = u en\gh recognition4 ,!re is a :ole page ( !m1 z y "k1 ab\t #aa committees1 & all ^? folks h all done a f9e job1 at ! exp5se ( _! "w at home4 ,i am n talk+ ab\t myself1 because ,i don't d any ( x1 ,i h x done1 z ,i expla9$4 ,b ,c>l ,prell made a great sacrifice :5 he h&l$ ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s bus9ess 9 a v1 v f9e1 ?or\gh1 bus9ess-l way4 ,i ought to give y a good example ( :at salesman%ip really means & h[ x op]ates4 ,?is morn+ ,c>l 0 go+ d[n to ! museum 9 a taxi4 ,! taxi man pr(ess$ an int]e/ 9 nuts4 ,well1 :at did ,c>l d8 ,did he say1 ,well1 t's all "r1 b ,i c't get into t8 ,no1 he said1 ,man1 y ought to belong to ! ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,! fact t y don't "k any?+ ab\t x1 t's no?+4 ,come "r into ! museum "h1 & ,i w %[ y ! exhibits1 & he took ! taxi man 91 & ,i don't "k :e!r he sold him a memb]%ip1 b he pass$ him on to ! next man4 ,he's got him go+ out to see ,irondequoit1 & we1 are go+ to get a sale !re4 ,t's ! _s t x's go+ to take to get ?is job done4 ,i am rem9d$ ( a little /ory 9 ,kipl+4 ,y "k ! /ory ab\t ! s]geant 9 ,india4 ,he 0 a s]geant 9 ! cavalry4 ,!y _h be5 out 9 ! hills1 & ! wea!r 0 hot1 & !y _h an awful1 awful "t4 ,well1 :5 ! m5 came 9 & l9$ up1 ?is s]geant got (f 8 horse & he said1 ,well1 boys1 ,i realize x's be5 hot1 ,i "k y sweat4 ,b1 he said1 f "h on 9 ?is campaign we are n go+ to sweat1 we are go+ to la!r4 ,t's :at x's go+ to take to get ?is #b1jjj memb]s t we h set = our goal4 ,x's go+ to take a lot ( h>d "w1 & our job is n to pe] into ! dim future1 b to attack ^? problems :i* are "r ) u e day & ask "s ( our fri5ds to jo9 ! ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,we are all widely sep>at$ 9 diff]5t walks ( life1 & ea* 9 8 own _w is j apt to see ?+s a :ole lot l ! goldfi% 9 a b[l4 ,t is1 he w see x twi/$ & di/ort$4 ,s :5 all is said & done1 x's up to u to support ^! committee heads & help get ?is job done4 ,a prea*] _h 9 8 congregation an old lady :o 0 ill4 ,on "o ( 8 visits to h] %e appe>$ to be gr[+ weak] all ! "t1 & fe>+ ! wor/ he said z he left h]1 ,well1 si/]1 ,i suppose t we w meet ,up ,!re4 ,& %e look$ at him & %e said1 ,well1 ,p>son1 x's up to y4 ,s f "h on out n[ x's up to y4 ,?ank y4 7,applause47 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,n[ ,i ?9k we ought to h j a brief ^w f ,gilb]t ,beck]1 our new vice-presid5t4 ,mr4 ,beck]4 ,,mr4 ,,beck]3 ,?is 0 really a great surprise to me4 ,x is humbly ,i tell y ?is1 because ,i 0 on ! ,nom9at+ ,committee myself1 & t is a v emb>rass+ position to be 91 to f9d t ,i1 z a memb] ( ,nom9at+ ,committee1 appe> z an (fic]4 ,b x 0 a pleasant surprise1 & 9 do+ vice-presid5t "w ,i %all try my be/1 & ,i %all surely sp5d mu* "t & mu* ?\ght to x4 ,?ank y4 7,applause47 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,n[1 ,bill ,cl>k1 w y come up "h = a few words8 ,bill w succe$ ,c>l ,prell z ,treasur] & h&le y\r f9ances dur+ ! com+ ye>4 ,,mr4 ,,cl>k3 ,fri5ds1 ,i ?ank y = ?is honor & t y %\ld h en\gh confid5ce 9 me to tru/ me ) y\r funds = ! com+ ye>4 ,i w d ! be/ ,i c1 & ?ank y v mu*4 ,,mr4 ,,*ase3 ,!re w be a jo9t meet+ ( ! new (fic]s & old (fic]s imm$iately aft] we adj\rn4 ,george ,salz] says ! la/ "t we met 9 ,ro*e/] 0 #aibb1 & we figure ! next "t we w be "h is #aihd4 7,:]eupon1 ! meet+ 0 adj\rn$47 ,walnuts 9 ,lubec1 ,ma9e ,,radcliffe ,b4 ,,pike1 ,univ]sity ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,durham1 ,n4 ,h4 ,9 ! #aicj's1 :5 ! ,wiscons9 ,horticultural ,society di/ribut$ se$s ( ! ,c>pa?ian ,walnut f ,pol&1 my bro!r secur$ "s & we plant$ !m4 ,f ^! nuts we n[ h f\r trees1 "o ( :i* has be5 be>+ = ! la/ f\r ye>s4 ,lubec1 ,ma9e is locat$ at ! extreme ea/]n tip ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates j a few miles s\? ( ! #de? p>allel4 ,! site :]e ! trees are plant$ is on a p59sula ext5d+ out into ! ,bay ( ,fundy :i* gives v l[ summ] temp]atures & mod]ate w9t] temp]atures4 ,! night temp]ature 9 ! summ] is usually 9 ! #ej deg4s ,f4 ) day temp]atures r>ely rea*+ #hj deg4 ,f4 ,w9t] temp]atures seldom g to -#aj deg4 ,f4 & only l[] ?an ?is ab\t once 9 t5 ye>s4 ,dur+ ! e>ly summ]1 fogs are usually heavy & cont9u\s4 ,day l5g? is1 ( c\rse1 long] 9 ! summ] ?an 9 mo/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates b x is simil> to t ( ! ,nor!rn ti] ( ,/ates f ! ,great ,lakes ,we/4 ,! trees h gr[n well be+ ab\t #ah feet tall & ev5 m 9 spread4 ,!y are multiple trunk$ hav+ nev] be5 prun$4 ,! foliage is rem>kably clean & glossy & has n be5 bo!r$ by insects or disease & x rip5s & turns yell[ 9 ! late fall be=e kill+ fro/s at ! end ( ,octob]4 ,excessive late t]m9al gr[? is usually w9t]-kill$ b ?is sort ( gr[? has n be5 z great s9ce be>+ />t$4 ,! /am9ate fl[] buds are m likely to be w9t] kill$ ?an ! pi/illate b ! :ole ( !m h nev] be5 entirely kill$4 ,! trees d n leaf out until mid-,june1 aft] ! dang] ( kill+ fro/s is ov]4 ,!y h n be5 fro/ injur$ at any "t 9 ! spr+4 ,! nuts rip5 & are %$ f ! husks 9 late ,septemb] & e>ly ,octob] :ile ! tree is 9 full foliage4 ,! nuts are %$ p]fectly clean ) husk ei!r fall+ sep>ately or rema9+ on ! tree4 ,! nuts w g]m9ate & se$l+s h be5 rais$4 ,9 #aiec1 "o tree bore #cae nuts4 ,?is numb] repres5ts j a fraction ( ! pi/illate bloom1 = :ile ?is tree is self f]tile1 ! catk9s bloom = a mu* %ort] p]iod ?an ! pi/illate blossoms1 ! latt] ext5d+ ov] ne>ly a mon?4 ,9 ! same ye> t ! above ,c>pa?ian v>iety ( ,juglans regia 0 plant$1 my bro!r & ,i also plant$ "s ,juglans m&%urica secur$ f ,f4 ,l4 ,sk9n] ( ,dropmore1 ,manitoba :i* _h orig9at$ 9 ,h>b91 ,man*uria4 ,! result+ trees agree well ) _m ( ! specim5s 9 ! ,h]b>ium ( ! ,arnold ,arboretum at ,bo/on labell$ ,juglans m&%urica4 ,^! trees h done rem>kably well 9 ,lubec1 ! trunks be+ #h-i in*es 9 diamet]1 :ile ! height is #ae feet or m & ! spread #bj feet4 ,!y h borne annually s9ce #aici4 ,!y are plant$ less ?an #ajjj feet f ! ocean expos$ to ! summ] /orms1 w9t] gales & salt spray4 ,^! trees leaf-out a mon? e>li] ?an ! ,c>pa?ians yet ! foliage has only be5 p>tially fro/ injur$ once4 ,w9d :ipp+ sometimes injures ! leaves 9 e>ly summ] :ile !y are /ill t5d] b ?is sort ( injury has nev] be5 s]i\s4 ,! nuts are borne 9 clu/]s ( up to six & ! %ells are h>d & ?ick4 ,! flavor ( ! k]nels is excell5t hav+ m "* ?an ! butt]nut yet n z /rong z ! black walnut4 ,crack+ is easy ) ! ,h]%ey nut crack]4 ,! k]nels resemble our ,am]ican butt]nut 9 %ape :i* may acc\nt = ! fact t ,j4 m&%urica is sometimes call$ ! ,ori5tal butt]nut4 ,! nuts g]m9ate well & make trees quickly4 ,9 "o case1 ,i _h mature nuts five ye>s aft] plant+ ! se$4 ,?is p>ticul> tree 0 unusually vigor\s hav+ leaves #cf in*es long & #bc in*es wide4 ,9 my exp]i5ce1 ,j4 regia & ,j4 m&%urica d n hybridize easily if at all1 at lea/ ) ! individuals & "u ! conditions ) :i* ,i h be5 work+4 ,aft] sev]al attempts ,i n[ h two prog5ies ( reciprocal crosses ( :i* a few se$l+s seem to %[ hybridity 9 ! vegetative p>ts4 ,h[ev]1 !re is su* a range ( *>act]s 9 ! h]b>ium specim5s labell$ ,j4 m&%urica t !re w be a d\bt 9 my m9d until ,i see ! mature trees1 or x may be possible t "s ( ! h]b>ium specim5s may h be5 collect$ f naturally occurr+ hybrids1 z ! two species ov]lap 9 _! di/ribution 9 ,man*uria4 ,if ! be/ vegetative & fruit+ *>act]s f ^! two species c be comb9$ ! result %\ld be good = our nor!rn sections4 ,my ,?irty ,ye>s ,exp]i5ce ,) ,nut ,trees ,,c>l ,,wes*cke1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n4 ,f "t to "t ,i h submitt$ articles = our annual report1 z well z o!r publications1 :i* _h to d m or less specifically ) c]ta9 species ( nut trees1 b s9ce !re are s _m species1 & s9ce mo/ nut gr[]s are int]e/$ 9 at lea/ two or m1 x might be well to br+ ! /ory up to date ( h[ a nut or*>d might be view$ or evaluat$ aft] tw5ty ye>s4 ,?irty ye>s ago we did n h k :i* has be5 ga9$ by ! exp]im5t]s 9 ! nut gr[+ indu/ry 9 ! int]im4 ,!re=e no "o c\ld =esee :at ! future w\ld be4 ,we hopeful ones ( t era plant$ trees & exp]im5t$ ) se$s f all ov] ! _w because we ?\ght nut trees des]v$ a place n only 9 ! or*>d b 9 ! diet>y ne$s ( ! human be+ z well4 ,_m ( ! wise/ & mo/ respect$ exp]im5t]s ( ?is era h pass$ beyond ?is life2 h[ev]1 _! lives 7 made mu* m int]e/+ because ( _! horticultural activities4 ,"h 9 ! midwe/ 9 ! #de? p>allel we h e/abli%$ probably :at w\ld be consid]$ ! practical nor!rn limits ( nut tree cultivation4 ,:5 ,i pur*as$ trees x 0 by ! hundr$s1 & sometimes ?\s&s1 because ,i knew f read+ ,lu!r ,burbank's works t ?is "w _h to be done on a r l>ge scale 9 ord] to make any k9d ( an adequate te/4 ,let u />t by tak+ ! mo/ obvi\s species1 ! black walnut1 :i*1 because ( its native h>d9ess1 & public popul>ity might h succe$$ ! be/ 9 a comm]cial way if ev]y?+ _h gone "r4 ,i h plant$ at lea/ five hundr$ black walnut trees altoge!r2 ^! includ$ ! ,?omas1 ,ohio1 ,t5 ,eyck & ,/abl]1 & lat] on ! ,patt]son1 ,rohw]1 ,pe>l1 ! ,?rop1 ,adams & o!rs 7 add$4 ,! ,ohio probably produc$ ! fir/ nuts1 ) ! ,?omas a close second4 ,= a few ye>s ,i 0 able to make good reports on ! ,/abl] & its behavior b s9ce t1 our sev]e te/ w9t]s ( rec5t ye>s h wip$ !m out & h sub/antially prov$ t ! only "o ( ! old] v>ieties :i* c be tru/$ 9 ?is t]ritory is ! ,ohio1 & al?\gh d]ogatory ?+s h be5 said ( ! ,ohio because ( its hull1 ,i am incl9$ to put x high on ! li/ because ( its f9e crack+ quality & excell5t flavor1 also x has be5 a prolific v>iety1 be>+ good crops mo/ ( ! ye>s4 ,! ,?omas grew fa/]1 & ! nuts 7 consid]$ a bett] comm]cial product :5 hull$1 b1 alas1 x c\ld n take our w9t]s ne>ly s well1 & today ! ,?omas has a poor physical appe>ance al?\gh x %[s trem5d\s p[] ( recov]y & seldom a tree w die entirely4 ,! ,t5 ,eyck 0 a negligible exp]im5t1 & ! ,/abl] z m5tion$ be=e1 is mu* too t5d] = ?is climate4 ,! ,rohw] & ! ,patt]son f ,i[a did mu* bett] & ev5 9 an (f ye>1 l ?is "o1 "s ( ^! trees _h fairly good crops4 ,i l ! ,patt]son ! be/ ( ^!--x is a r\ndi% nut t cracks q well & ! k]nels are on ! sweet side4 ,! ,?rop 0 a curiosity & we did n h any ( our graft$ ,?rop trees be>4 ,pe>l has borne sev]al crops ( good nuts2 !y are l>ge b are incl9$ n to rip5 9 "t4 ,v&]sloot 0 consid]$ ! l>ge/ nut ( any v>iety at "o "t4 ,x has a v r\gh appe>ance b aside f its size x is ( no p>ticul> int]e/ z comp>$ to o!rs4 ,adams1 a long n>r[ type ( nut simil> to ! ,ohio1 b /ill m elongat$1 0 "o ( ! be/ crack]s ,i h ev] se51 b did n seem to be prolific al?\gh x has liv$ & demon/rat$ its h>d9ess4 ,i am pat5t+ a new walnut at ?is "t :i* ,i consid] ! be/ = our locality4 ,"s day x may produce well 9 or*>d =m if trees become available4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta9 ab\t x--x is v h>dy & is reasonably easy to propagate4 ,& s we c conclude ! walnut *apt] by say+ t at lea/ we h "s giants 9 ! or*>d to %[ = our tr\ble & exp5se1 :i* be> nice edible walnuts 9 favorable seasons4 ,:5 comp>+ ?is ) ! wild butt]nut crop f butt]nuts 9 ! adjac5t woods1 :i* has consi/5tly fail$ ea* ye> = ! la/ t5 ye>s1 x is q enc\rag+4 ,x 0 my h>d luck to h an uncong5ial soil = my exp]im5ts 9 *e/nuts1 & ! k ( ?is came s late t ,i ?\ght ! *e/nut 0 n meant to succe$ 9 our t]ritory4 ,s ,i put my ef=ts on hickory nuts & filb]ts4 ,bo? ( ^! succe$$ to a degree & ) my pres5t k & exp]i5ce on hickory nuts ,i w\ld n be a bit afraid to />t an or*>d on good deep clay or o!r satisfactory soil :i* hickories l1 us+ graft$ trees ( ,bridgewat] & ,wes*cke4 ,a few ,kirtl& & ,deveaux ,no4 #b w\ld be plant$ = extra poll9ation & ! extra v>iety 9 nuts4 ,!re are ( c\rse _m o!r v>ieties ( hickories t h succe$$ 9 ?is t]ritory b ^? above m5tion$1 h possibilities ( comm]cial success 9 or*>d =mation4 ,! hickory is a difficult tree to transplant & ,i w\ld advise t graft$ trees be dug ) a ball ( dirt = %ipp+1 simil> to an ev]gre51 z ,i h f\nd t1 ) ! greate/ ( c>e & exp]i5ce1 ! hickory is v sl[ to re-e/abli% itself unless h&l$ t way4 ,! hybrid hazels are p]haps ! h>die/ & c]ta9ly be> ! e>lie/ ( any ( ! nut trees4 ,my own hybrids %[ great possibilities = comm]cial ent]prise1 b z yet no nurs]ym5 are c>ry+ ^! v>ieties & ,i h n f\nd help en\gh to promote !m myself4 ,i am conv9c$ t _h ,i sp5t z mu* "t ) ! *e/nuts on favorable soil z ,i did ) hickories t !y w\ld probably head ! li/ ( successful nut trees gr[+4 ,rec5tly ,i h pur*as$ an adjo9+ piece ( prop]ty :i* has ! necess>y well-dra9$1 s&y or gravelly soil1 :i* *e/nuts seem to l1 & ,i h />t$ my *e/nut or*>d !re along ) a spr9kl+ ( hickory & walnut trees1 m]ely z a matt] ( te/4 ,?is ye> ! *e/nuts are aga9 putt+ on a fair crop = ! numb] & ! size ( ! trees involv$4 ,z yet1 9 ord] to get a reasonable numb] ( nuts = plant+1 ,i h to cross-poll9ize !m by h&1 & ,i 0 surpris$ & pleas$ ?is ye> to f9d "o ,*9ese *e/nut tree ) /am9ate bloom1 all[+ me to make a cross poll9ization ) an ,am]ican sweet *e/nut & a ,*9quap9 type *e/nut1 :i* gr[s to be a tall tree4 ,^! crosses ought to insure trees ) a great degree ( h>d9ess1 & %\ld ! blight ev] /rike ?is t]ritory 9 ! future !y %\ld be highly resi/ant z well4 ,a few ( my *e/nut trees produce nuts t may be ! size ( ! be/ ,*9ese *e/nuts1 b ,i am j z fond ( ! small] & sweet] *e/nuts ( ! sev]al ,*9quap9 type trees :i* seem to be consi/5t be>]s & c]ta9ly are prolific4 ,!re are ?ree trees 9 a close gr\p :i* are /ra9s ( ! ,european *e/nut comb9$ ) ,am]ican *e/nut4 ,^! be> r l>ge nuts & usually e ye> h a few & ( high quality4 ,x is conceivable t by cross+ ?is hybrid ) ,*9ese poll5 t some?+ unusual c\ld be produc$4 ,! pure ,*9ese /ra9 has n prov$ h>dy 9 ?is t]ritory & ,i h nev] matur$ a pure v>iety4 ,h[ev]1 !re are doz5s ( se$l+s t are n old en\gh to prove :e!r !re might be a h>dy specim5 among !m t may at "s "t 9 ! future be reli$ ^u = ?is species ( *e/nut4 ,"o o!r species ( nut requires a little space "h s9ce x has %[n t x c be> crops & is h>dy en\gh to be includ$ among ! h>dy nuts4 ,x is ! ,gellatly he>tnut4 ,x is v subject to ! butt]nut curculio1 b 9 spite ( t x cont9ues to gr[ q well :5 graft$ on black walnut1--a difficult piece ( propagation1 h[ev]4 ,a tree 9 ,/4 ,paul1 on ! b\lev>d1 ?rives next to a l>ge butt]nut1 & be>s nuts practically e ye> :i* ! squirrels delight 9 cutt+ d[n :ile /ill gre54 ,?is tree is n bo!r$ by ! curculio s9ce ! curculio does n infe/ ! l>ge butt]nut ne> x4 ,9 summ+ up ! :ole situation1 ,i w\ld say t my exp]im5ts ov] ?irty ye>s q adequately prove t ! walnuts1 hickories1 hybrid hazels & *e/nuts c mo/ c]ta9ly be set out 9 or*>d =m & 9 favorable locations4 ,h[ev]1 pecan1 hiccan1 ,engli% walnuts & almonds h n prov$ h>dy en\gh to indicate t !y c be reli$ ^u = /eady crops ( nuts al?\gh 9 "s in/ances v>ieties %[ a great h>d9ess su* z ! ,rockville hiccan4 ,( c\rse ! native butt]nut is p]fectly h>dy & prolific b until su* "t z ! butt]nut curculio ceases to be a major pe/ we _c expect to h good crops ( !m4 ,gr[+ ,am]ican ,*e/nuts & ,_! ,hybrids ,"u ,blight ,conditions ,,alfr$ ,,szego1 ,jackson ,heights1 ,n4 ,y4 ,an int]e/+ gr\p ( "y ,am]ican *e/nut trees gr[+ on my l& ne> ,p9e ,pla9s1 ,n4 ,y4 has be5 "u obs]vation s9ce #aidf4 ,z !y are gr[+ closely toge!r :i* sugge/s a common p>5tal orig91 we h nam$ ?is gr\p ! ,dut*ess ,clone = ref]5ce purposes4 ,?is "n 0 *os5 m]ely because ,p9e ,pla9s is situat$ 9 ,dut*ess ,c\nty4 ,_! reaction to ! deadly *e/nut blight 0 /udi$ at great l5g? & at diff]5t seasons4 ,sometimes bran*es 7 inoculat$ ) ! fungus to te/ resi/ance m precisely4 ,x 0 le>n$ t blight resi/ance1 9 ?is gr\p ( trees1 0 at an app>5tly l[ ebb f ,m>* until ,may4 ,aft] ?is p]iod ! fungus seem$ to make almo/ no progress at all4 ,?is might sugge/ t ! resi/ant sub/ance 0 manufactur$ by ! leaves4 ,( c\rse1 su* conclusions _c be accept$ 9 a sci5tific s5se )\t an involv$ sy/em ( *ecks & measurem5ts4 ,poll9ation problems are exactly ! same z ) our ,*9ese ,*e/nuts t we are m famili> ) today4 ,unlike ! latt]1 9 ! ,am]ican1 species ! bloom is conc5trat$ ne> ! top ( ! tree4 ,! burs are s high up z to create difficulties if we int5d to anticipate nature & h>ve/ our crop prematurely4 ,! burs op5 dur+ ! mon? ( ,octob] ) or )\t fro/4 ,high temp]atures 9 #aiec did n int]f]e ) ! h>ve/4 ,! be/ me?od ( h>ve/+ is to use a long sl5d] pole ) a metal hook at ! extreme end1 & by g5tly pull+ & twi/+1 remove ! burs f ! tree4 ,unless ?is is done promptly be=e ! nuts fall1 ! rod5ts w get almo/ e nut4 ,tree gr[? is ab\t #b to #c feet p] ye> 9 height4 ,at pres5t "s are ne>ly #dj feet tall4 ,be>+ />ts at ab\t #ab ye>s ( age4 ,! nuts1 ?ree 9 a bur are some:at w$ge %ap$ & av]age #e_/h ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,"o tree has nuts almo/ an in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is is def9itely wor? propagat+ & ,i w gladly furni% scions 9 ! spr+ free to anyone :o is int]e/$4 ,^! are probably incompatible ) ,*9ese und]/ocks1 b may be graft$ on ,european & "s ,japanese se$l+s4 ,z we are li/$ z coop]ators ) ! ,u4,s4,d4,a41 ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology1 ,beltsville1 ,md41 we prep>e semi-annual reports = ,dr4 ,fr$]ick ,h4 ,b]ry & also s5d a portion ( our ,am]ican *e/nut se$ to him4 ,9 ?is way we insure ! cont9uation ( ! ,dut*ess clone aft] our lifetimes4 ,! ,am]ican *e/nut is n z sweet z ,*9ese *e/nut b is mu* f9] 9 texture & ri*] 9 subtle pleas+ flavor4 ,we w\ld say t ! quality is high]4 ,ca/anea d5tata has ! mo/ uni=mly delici\s nuts4 ,x is excell$1 h[ev]1 by _m individuals ( ,c4 pumila4 ,9 our op9ion ^! possess ! highe/ quality nuts 9 ! entire g5us4 ,our ,am]ican *e/nuts hybrids1 especially ^? ) ,c4 ,sequ9ii1 are v int]e/+4 ,! latt] make a dw>f tree t be>s incr$ible am\nts ( small *e/nuts4 ,!y h poll9ation problems to be solv$ & ! nuts are seldom fill$4 ,poll5 /]ility is a common feature ) !m4 ,!y are also ev]be>+4 ,"s ,nor!rn /ra9s ( ,*9ese *e/nut seem b>ely h>dy b promise to survive4 ,( ! graft$ v>ieties we h1 ,abundance is ! mo/ vigor\s4 ,nank+ has w9t]-kill$ "h & x has be5 replant$ ?is ye>4 ,^! are v blight resi/ant1 & r>ely lose a bran* to ?is disease aft] w9t] injury4 ,! ,japanese behave 9 mu* ! same way4 ,we h _m obscure *e/nut species & hybrids gr[+ "h4 ,!y are gr[n = /udy1 hybridiz+ purposes1 & z a s\rce ( supply to int]e/$ memb]s4 ,:5 mature1 we hope to obta9 "s ca% crops f our ,*9ese & ,japanese ,*e/nut trees4 ,blight 9 ,europe w no d\bt1 9 ab\t #e ye>s m1 r$uce imports ( *e/nuts ?us creat+ high] prices & a m favorable m>ket4 ,*9ese *e/nuts d n keep well :5 /or$ us+ /&>d comm]cial practices4 ,european *e/nuts are %ipp$ 9 b>rels & kept 9 op5 fruit boxes = weeks at a "t 9 front ( fruit & vegetable /ores 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,/orekeep]s nev] moi/5 ^! believ+ t rot w\ld result4 ,^! are viable ev5 9 ,janu>y & sometimes z late z ,m>*4 ,w our pres5t ,*9ese *e/nuts keep z well "u ^! conditions8 ,we ?9k n4 ,am]ican ,*e/nuts c be kept 9 bulk only4 ,we are cont9ually /riv+ to obta9 by selection & subsequ5t hybridization1 ! be/ *e/nuts t c be gr[n 9 our sev]e climate4 ,! ,*9ese *e/nut has p]=m$ miracles 9 ! ,s\!a/1 b we regret t x is n ! answ] to our problems4 ,only a long p]iod ( se$ selection w turn up bett] trees ( ?is species4 ,prolong$ heat & dr\ght caus$ u mu* conc]n ?is ye>4 ,"s "o ye> old se$l+s di$ outright b old] trees only suff]$ v>y+ degrees ( defoliation4 ,9 "s areas1 ! subsoil 0 report$ p[d] dry to a dep? ( six feet4 ,ev5 ! native =e/ trees dropp$ mu* foliage & w5t into premature dormancy4 ,oddly en\gh1 ! ,am]ican & ,japanese *e/nuts suff]$ mu* less defoliation ?an ! common ,allegh5y *9kap91 ,c4 pumila4 ,c4 h5ryi1 a r>e species1 a native ( ,*9a1 & ! sev]al *9kap9s native to ! ,gulf ,coa/ seem$ inh]5tly adju/$ to dr\ght & heat1 & ?riv$ )\t app>5t damage4 ,! ,oz>k tree *9kap9s did well also4 ,hybrid hazels & *oice native se$l+s h be5 set out "h 9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,we are add+ a few e ye> & plant+ !m betwe5 *e/nuts to prev5t ! latt] f =m+ ext5sive root grafts4 ,?is is done 9 anticipation ( oak wilt1 :i* has n yet made its appe>ance "h4 ,exp]i5ces & ,obs]vations on ,nut ,gr[+ 9 ,c5tral ,texas ,,kaufman ,,florida1 ,rotan1 ,texas ,9 view ( my memb]%ip 9 ! ,association = "s twelve or f\rte5 ye>s x w\ld be q reasonable to expect ( me m obs]vations 9 connection ) nut gr[+ 9 my area ?an ,i'm able to make4 ,?\gh ,i've foll[$ ! proce$+s ( ,,nnga ) great int]e/1 ! difficulty ( e>n+ a liv+ 7f f>m+7 & putt+ a little some?+ aside has caus$ me to neglect & put (f f ye> to ye> ! plant+ ( ! k9d ( exp]im5tal or*>d ,i've long hop$ =4 ,i h lately acquir$ a reasonably well situat$ plot ( l& &1 b>r+ a cont9uation ( ! dr\? ( ! pa/ two or ?ree ye>s1 plan to put out a few "y trees next ye>4 ,my orig9al int]e/ 9 nut trees sprang f ! hope t a tree comb9+ beauty1 utility & long-life might be f\nd to replace ! ,*9ese elm--a we$ tree if !re ev] 0 "o4 ,9 spite ( _m %ortcom+s ! ,*9ese elm 7along ) two or ?ree o!r equally undesirable trees7 is to be f\nd 9 mo/ home/ead plant+s 9 my area4 ,"h1 9 my locality ( nor?-we/ c5tral ,texas1 ! total ra9fall ranges f a l[ ( ab\t twelve in*es 9 "s ye>s to a high ( ab\t =ty-two in*es 9 o!rs1 & ! annual av]age is ab\t tw5ty-"o in*es4 ,our pr9cipal limit+ conditions 9 nut tree gr[+ is want ( suffici5t ra9fall1 ?\gh late spr+ fro/s foll[+ a p]iod ( balmy wea!r w\ld be a haz>d 9 "s in/ances4 ,x appe>s to me t if a nut tree plant+ 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry is to live1 e drop ( wat] t falls mu/ be cons]v$2 if x is to ?rive1 additional wat] fall+ on adjac5t upl&s & c>ri$ d[n 9 fla% floods mu/ be div]t$ to x4 ,t]races & reta9] dams are usually ess5tial4 ,cultivation & we$ control are necess>y4 ,! addition ( a mul* helps4 ,i h tri$ ! ,*9ese *e/nut "h4 ,! plants arriv$ 9 good condition & _h excell5t c>e ) :at ,i believe 0 adequate wat] & f]tile soil4 ,!y put out 9 ,april & grew (f mo/ enc\rag+ly until ab\t ,july1 & !n1 9 an int]val ( ab\t a week1 e tree )]$ & di$ z ?\gh f heat & dr\?4 ,b until o!r evid5ce to ! contr>y comes 91 ,i %all /rongly suspect t ! real tr\ble 0 t ! ,*9ese *e/nut dem&s an acid soil & is highly all]gic to ev5 a slight alkal9ity4 ,my impression is t ! soil "h has a read+ ( ab\t p,h #g-g-a_/b4 ,exp]i5ce & obs]vation "h on ! we/]n fr+e ( ! native pecan belt lead me to believe ! pecan1 black & ,p]sian walnuts d well :5 !y c be irrigat$1 or :5 !y are plant$ on a site :]e a fir/ class wat] cons]vation sy/em c be devis$ & prop]ly con/ruct$4 ,! black walnut has n be5 damag$ by any insect1 disease or m9]al defici5cy ( ! soil t ,i "k (4 ,a v limit$ & inconclusive exp]i5ce ) ,cl>k1 ,?omas1 ,my]s1 ,m9tle1 ,sif=d1 ,snyd] & ,sp>r[ v>ieties l$ to ! sugge/ion t ! ,?omas might be a slightly m ?rifty tree4 ,! pecan 7bo? nut & tree7 seems m subject to insect damage ?an ! walnut4 ,x is also s5sitive to a z9c defici5cy 9 "s soils4 ,b a prop] m9]al & insecticide spray usually s]ves to control ^! problems :5 !y occur4 ,i h obs]v$ only "o nam$ v>iety ( ,p]sian walnut--a ,mayette4 ,! tree 0 a vigor\s gr[] & precoci\s 9 putt+ on nutlets1 b to my k nev] bore /am9ate blooms & ov] a p]iod ( sev]al ye>s matur$ only "o nut4 ,no o!r ,p]sian walnuts grew 9 ! locality & ,i assum$ ! matur$ nut mu/ h be5 poll9iz$ by a black walnut4 ,! tree nev] seem$ damag$ by late spr+ fro/s or o!r cause4 ,a few memb]s ( ,,nnga h manife/$ an int]e/ 9 ! honey locu/ & ! ,*9ese jujube4 ,bo? ( ^! trees gr[ well 9 ?is region ) a m9imum ( c>e4 ,! ,ori5tal p]simmon1 l ! nut trees1 requires m ?an casual att5tion & ord9>y gr[+ conditions4 ,! ,*9ese jujube1 a little kn[n b h>dy & attractive tree may des]ve m att5tion 9 ! s\?we/4 ,i h trees ( ! ,li & ,lang v>ieties :i* be> annually & h nev] be5 bo!r$ by insects or disease4 ,i am n ov]ly en?usia/ic ab\t ! fruit b und]/& x comp>es favorably ) ! fig & date 9 food value4 ,dri$ jujubes c>ry m prote9 ?an dri$ figs or dates & m 7#ej7 sug> ?an figs4--,t4,a4,e4,s4 ,bullet9 no4 #da4 ,b ! jujube has ! disagreeable habit ( s5d+ up root spr\ts :i* are a nuisance to de/roy &1 because ! tree is graft$1 ! spr\ts are wor?less se$l+s4 ,x has occurr$ to me t ?is bad feature ( ! jujube might be p>tly (fset if cutt+s ( ! improv$ v>ieties c\ld be made to gr[ by means ( "s ( ! root induc+ *emicals4 ,propagation ( ! ,hickories#a ,f4 ,l4 ,o',,r\rke1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture1 ,mi*igan ,/ate ,college ,! g5us ,c>ya comprises all ! hickories & pecans f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! eigh? edition ( ,gray's ,manual ( ,botany li/s ! foll[+ species z be+ native to ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 #a ,! survey ( lit]ature p]ta9+ to ?is review 0 complet$ 9 ,augu/1 #aieb4 ,c>ya aquatica--,wat] hickory1 ,bitt] ,pecan ,c>ya cordi=mis--,bitt]nut1 ,swamp ,hickory ,c>ya glabra--,pignut ,c>ya ill9o5sis--,pecan ,c>ya lac9iosa--,%ellb>k1 ,k+nut ,c>ya ovalis--,sweet ,pignut1 ,false ,%agb>k1 ,r$ ,hickory ,c>ya ovata--,%agb>k ,c>ya pallida--,pale ,hickory ,c>ya texana--,black ,hickory ,c>ya torm5tosa 7,c4 alba7--,mock]nut ,nut gr[]s are int]e/$ prim>ily 9 ! pecan & ! %agb>k1 al?\gh a few selections h be5 made ( ! %ellb>k species4 ,! bitt]nut is q (t5 us$ = root/ocks = ! %agb>k & %agb>k hybrids4 ,hickories1 l o!r nut & tree species1 d n come true f se$1 s sup]ior select$ clones are propagat$ by budd+ & graft+ on o!r trees kn[n z root/ocks4 ,^! root/ocks are produc$ f se$4 ,se$ ,propagation ,inve/igations by ,b>ton7#a7 %[$ t "s se$l+s 7 produc$ :5 ! nuts 7 plant$ imm$iately 9 a w>m gre5h\se )\t pretreatm5t1 b t g]m9ation 0 m>k$ly increas$ :5 ! nuts 7 held 9 a cool moi/ environm5t f "o to f\r mon?s be=e br++ into ! gre5h\se4 ,%e also f\nd t fall plant+ ( hickory nuts result$ 9 a good /& ( se$l+s ! foll[+ spr+ if ! soil 0 mul*$1 b t ! freez+ & ?aw+ ( unprotect$ gr\nd result$ 9 an exce$+ly poor /& ( se$l+s4 ,burkett7#f7 advocat$ /ratify+ pecan se$ ov] w9t] 9 moi/ s& & plant+ 9 moi/ soil 9 ! v e>ly spr+4 ,he obs]v$ t ?9-%ell$ nuts g]m9ate m quickly ?an ?ick-%ell$ ones1 & w>n$ aga9/ damp+-(f fungi :i* (t5 kill$ "y se$l+s4 ,brison7#e7 /at$ t "s nurs]ym5 pref] se$ ( c]ta9 pecan v>ieties z ,riv]side & ,burkett = root/ock purposes z ^! produce /rong vigor\s se$l+s4 ,he report$ t :ile ! pecan se$ does n h a re/ p]iod1 g]m9ation is increas$ by /ratify+ 9 moi/ s& = #b to #c weeks or soak+ 9 wat]1 *ang$ daily1 = #d to #e days previ\s to plant+4 ,propagation by ,lay]+ ,no records are available 9 reg>d to any hickory species or v>iety o!r ?an pecan hav+ be5 propagat$ by any me?od ( ei!r soil or air lay]+4 ,! writ]7#ad7 :ile exp]im5t+ ) a]ial lay]+ 9 #aide f\nd "o in/ance ( root production on a hickory :]e ! bran* 0 girdl$ at ! base ( ! "o-ye> wood4 ,?is me?od (f]s possibilities1 especially n[ t poly!ne pla/ic is available = reta9+ moi/ure 9 ! moss ab\t ! girdle or w\nd on ! lay]$ bran*4 ,goss>d7#i7 report$ success 9 produc+ roots f ! tops ( small graft$ & budd$ pecan trees by tr5* lay]+ & f old] trees by a]ial lay]+ ) m>cot boxes4 ,he indicat$ t a favorable comb9ation ( etiolation1 moi/ure1 root+ m$ium1 & a root-induc+ *emical 0 desirable = successful root+4 ,propagation by ,cutt+s ,h>dwood cutt+s ( pecan 7 root$ by ,/\temy] & ,o',r\rke7#bc7 9 #aich by fir/ callus+ ! bases ( ! cutt+s 9 w>m moi/ peat moss1 & !n treat+ ) an aque\s solution ( indole butyric acid be=e plant+4 ,bo? roots & %oots grew well = ?ree to f\r weeks & !n ! %oots wilt$ & di$4 ,x 0 obs]v$ t ! roots 7 ?ick5$ & pres5t$ an abnormal appe>ance4 ,trials dur+ succe$+ ye>s gave no bett] results & ! exp]im5ts 7 discont9u$4 ,cutt+s tak5 f native hickories dur+ ^! same ye>s fail$ to produce roots4 ,romb]g7#ag7 report$ a small measure ( success 9 root+ h>dwood /em cutt+s to :i* "y se$l+s _h be5 graft$ by ! in>* me?od4 ,! influ5ce ( ! se$l+ on ! n\ri%m5t ( ! cutt+ 0 gradually dim9i%$ by girdl+ caus$ by a copp] wire :i* 0 ti$ ab\t ! se$l+ /em4 ,app>5tly root cutt+s ( pecans & o!r hickories h nev] be5 tri$4 ,9 #ahif ,corsa7#g7 obs]v$ t :5 ! lat]al roots ( ! pecan are brok5 by ! pl[1 ! ends ( ^! roots frequ5tly s5d up ?rifty %oots4 ,su* a response w\ld indicate t adv5titi\s %oots may arise f roots & t root cutt+s may be successful4 ,propagation by ,graft+ ,a se>* ( ! lit]ature fail$ to reveal a discussion ( any me?od ( b5* graft+ ) hickories1 al?\gh presumably x mu/ h be5 tri$4 ,propagators may h be5 disc\rag$ 9 us+ b5* graft me?ods by ! sp>se roots usually f\nd on two-ye> se$l+s4 ,x is sugge/$ t und]cutt+ & root prun+ ! se$l+s sev]al times :ile 9 ! nurs]y r[ %\ld produce a m adequate root sy/em :i* w\ld transplant well aft] graft+4 ,brison7#e7 rem>k$ t b5* graft+ is n us$ 9 ! propagation ( pecans 9 ,texas on acc\nt ( transplant+ difficulties4 ,comm]cial nurs]ym5 n[ pref] to bud hickories & pecans r ?an to graft1 b =m]ly ,re$7#ae7 report$ ! :ip-&-tongue me?od 0 us$ on ?rifty "o-ye> se$l+s 9 ! nurs]y r[4 ,x is conceivable t ! cleft graft c\ld be us$ at ?is /age :5 ! diamet] ( /ock & scion are q simil> b no record ( its use is available4 ,top-work+ or graft+ 9 ! bran*es is commonly practic$ on se$l+ trees & sometimes us$ to *ange v>ieties 9 ! or*>d4 ,re$7#ae71 ,sitton7#ai71 ,rosbor\gh et al7#ah71 ,mac,daniels7#aa71 & ,/oke7#bb7 h describ$ v>i\s me?ods t h prov5 successful4 ,practically all agree t ! b>k graft or a modification !re( is be/4 ,morris7#ab71 ,b5ton7#c71 ,mac,daniels7#aa71 ,wilk9son7#be71 & o!rs h %[n t a great] p] c5t ( survival is secur$ :5 ! /ocks are cut #aj days to #b weeks be=e graft+4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! /ubs heal some:at & excess ble$+ is decreas$4 ,x has be5 report$ by ,beck]7#b7 t ! success ( walnut graft+ is great] :5 ! grafts are set j aft] ! leaves are full gr[n b no su* data is available = hickories4 ,! use ( pap] bags or o!r %ad+ device ov] ! scion is advocat$ by ,morris7#ac71 ,mac,daniels7#aa71 ,%elton7#bj7 & o!rs4 ,propagation by ,budd+ ,pat* budd+ is n[ almo/ univ]sally us$ by comm]cial nurs]ym5 9 ! propagation ( hickories & pecans4 ,pat*es are usually cut ) a d\ble-blad$ knife al?\gh "s use ! rectangul> ,jones pat*-budd+ tool4 ,! plate or sk9 bud is also us$ to "s ext5t4 ,! ?ick b>k ( hickories & pecans disc\rages ! use ( ! %ield or ,t bud4 ,budd+ is usually done 9 late summ] ) mature buds ( ! season gr[? :i* rema9 dormant until ! foll[+ spr+4 ,occasionally dormant budwood tak5 9 w9t] is held 9 cold /orage until ! b>k ( ! /ock slips 9 ! spr+4 ,^! spr+-set buds are =c$ ! same season by cutt+ ! /ocks back %ortly aft] sett+4 ,pat*-budd+ is describ$ by ,re$7#ae7 & by ,rosbor\gh et al7#ah74 ,re$7#ae7 m5tion$ t x may be advisable to make ! cuts 9 ! /ock f "o to ?ree weeks be=e ! b>k is remov$ s t ! heal+ process may be "u way at ! "t ! bud pat* is ins]t$4 ,/orage & ,h&l+ ( ,scions & ,budwood4 ,%elton7#bj7 report$ an easy & unique me?od ( keep+ scions moi/ by /or+ 9 a clos$ conta9] ) a small am\nt ( sodium sulphate 7,glaub]'s salt74 ,slightly moi/ peat moss is an excell5t pack+ mat]ial4 ,brison7#d7 report$ t a temp]ature ( #cb deg4 ,f to #ch deg4 ,f 9 /orage is satisfactory = keep+ ! buds dormant1 & t a few days f #hj deg4 ,f to #he deg4 ,f w /imulate cambial activity s t ! pat*es w slip easily :5 cut4 ,scionwood is sometimes dipp$ 9 wax1 p>aff91 or pla/ic res9 be=e /or+ 9 ord] to prev5t loss ( moi/ure & gu>d aga9/ pa?og5ic organisms4 ,waxes & ,w\nd ,dress+s ,sitton7#ai7 us$ a l>ge numb] ( v>i\sly =mulat$ waxes on pecan & f\nd t ! mo/ successful f ! /&po9t ( graft survival 0 "o compos$ ( #aj p>ts ros91 #b p>ts beeswax1 & #a "p fill] su* z kieselguhr1 talc1 or alum9um p[d]4 ,"u ,l\isiana conditions a light-color$ wax 0 pref]able to d>k color$ "o4 ,asphalt emulsions 7 n satisfactory4 ,root/ocks & ,int]/ocks = ,hickories ,re$7#af7 summ>iz$ ! root/ock /udies at ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&1 by /at+ t pecans 7 be/ on pecan se$l+s & t %agb>ks 7 successful on ei!r %agb>k or pecan root/ocks4 ,he report$ a lack ( cong5iality betwe5 %agb>k & bitt]nut hickory4 ,smi?7#ba71 h[ev]1 f\nd t pecan /ocks 7 unsuccessful = %agb>ks z few scions liv$ & gr[? ( ^? :i* surviv$ 0 poor4 ,he also report$ t bitt]nut 0 practically z good z %agb>k = %agb>k v>ieties4 ,he /at$ t pignut 0 absolutely useless z a /ock = %agb>k4 ,wes*cke7#bd7 report$ t %agb>k v>ieties grew well on bitt]nut b also indicat$ t a sl[ gr[+ v>iety w\ld be /imulat$ 9 gr[? by work+ on pecan /ocks :i* are m vigor\s 9 gr[? ?an ! o!r hickories4 ,dun/an7#h7 report$ t pecan provides a p]fectly satisfactory root/ock = %agb>k1 %agb>k hybrid1 & hican v>ieties4 ,a numb] ( v>ieties h be5 te/$ ov] a p]iod ( sev]al ye>s ) favorable results z %[n by la/+ unions & bett] ?an av]age yields4 ,! ,fairbanks hybrid has (t5 be5 us$ z an int]m$iate /ock betwe5 bitt]nut & "s %agb>k v>ieties & ,la/7#aj7 has /at$ t ! v>iety ,rockville is useful = int]/ock purposes on acc\nt ( its exceptional vigor4 ,nurs]y ,problems ,hickories & pecans h long tap-roots ) few bran*es & h5ce d n transplant well4 ,"s few h gr[n ! se$l+s = "o ye> 9 b$s und]la9 ) wire scre5 nett+ or h und]cut ! se$l+s to promote bran*+ ( ! roots4 ,! /ocks mu/ gr[ two ye>s f se$ to atta9 a diamet] p]mitt+ ( pat* budd+ & mu/ rema9 "o or two ye>s m to all[ ! scion to =m a tree4 ,! result+ plant is l>ge 9 bo? root & /em & requires c>eful h&l+ 9 digg+1 %ipp+1 & plant+ 9 ! p]man5t location4 ,! vicissitudes :i* befall ! production ( ! nor!rn hickories are (t5 s great z to disc\rage nurs]ym5 :o o!rwise w\ld gr[ !m4 ,?is is an un=tunate fact b a real "o1 z ! w\ld-be pur*as] (t5 le>ns :5 he attempts to buy nam$ v>ieties ( hickories4 ,! situation ) ! pecan is mu* bett]1 due p]haps to ! great] dem& = su* trees b also to ! great] ease ( propagation 9 g5]al nurs]y practice4 ,conclusions ,good v>ieties ( hickories be> good nuts & m p %\ld plant good trees :i* %\ld be produc$ by nurs]ies ) well-bran*$ fibr\s root sy/ems s t !y w transplant easily4 ,rese>* is ne$$ to det]m9e practical me?ods ( propagation :i* w p]mit ( inexp5sive quantity production ( sup]ior nam$ v>ieties ( %agb>k & %agb>k hybrid hickories4 ,lit]ature ,cit$ #a4 ,b>ton1 ,lela ,v4 ,se$l+ production 9 ,c>ya ovata1 ,juglans c9]ea1 & ,juglans nigra4 ,cont4 ,boyce ,?ompson ,in/itute #h3a-e4 #aicf4 #b4 ,beck]1 ,gilb]t4 ,notes f ,s\?we/]n ,mi*igan4 ,rpt4 ,nor?4 ,nut ,gr[4 ,assoc4 #bh3ace-acf4 #aicg4 #c4 ,b5ton1 ,wm4 ,a4 ,report on propagation ( nut trees4 ,rpt4 ,nor?4 ,nut ,gr[4 ,assoc4 #bi3ij-ib4 #aich4 #d4 ,brison1 ,fr$ ,r4 ,! /orage & season+ ( pecan budwood4 ,texas ,agric4 ,expt4 ,/a4 ,bul4 #dgh4 #aicc4 #e4 ----4 ,p]sonal correspond5ce4 #aieb4 #f4 ,burkett1 ,j4 ,h4 ,! pecan 9 ,texas4 ,texas ,dept4 ( ,agric4 ,bul4 #aaa4 #aicb4 #g4 ,corsa1 ,w4 ,p4 ,nut culture 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agric4 ,div4 ( ,pomology4 #ahif4 #h4 ,dun/an1 ,r4 ,t4 ,p]sonal correspond5ce4 #aieb4 #i4 ,goss>d1 ,a4 ,c4 ,root+ pecan /em tissue by lay]+4 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 #ch3bac-bad4 #aida4 #aj4 ,la/1 ,h]man4 ,p]sonal correspond5ce4 #aieb4 #aa4 ,mac,daniels1 ,l4 ,h4 ,"s exp]i5ces 9 nut tree graft+ at ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,rpt4 ,nor?4 ,nut ,gr[4 ,assoc4 #bh3eb-ee4 #aicg4 #ab4 ,morris1 ,r4 ,t4 ,top work+ hickories4 ,rpt4 ,nor?4 ,nut ,gr[4 ,assoc4 #aa3aje4 #aibj4 #ac4 ---- ,nut gr[+4 #aica4 ,macmillan1 ,new ,york4 #ad4 ,o',r\rke1 ,f4 ,l4 ,unpubli%$ data4 #aide4 #ae4 ,re$1 ,c4 ,a4 ,nut-tree propagation4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agric4 ,=4 ,bul4 #aeja4 #aibf4 #af4 ----4 ,hickory species & /ock /udies at ! ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation1 ,beltsville1 ,md4 ,rpt4 ,nor?4 ,nut ,gr[4 ,assoc4 #ce3hh-aba4 #aidd4 #ag4 ,romb]g1 ,l4 ,d4 ,use ( nurse se$l+s 9 propagat+ ! pecan f /em cutt+s4 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 #dj3bih-cjj4 #aidb4 #ah4 ,rosbor\gh1 ,j4 ,f41 ,f4 ,r4 ,brison1 ,c4 ,l4 ,smi?1 & ,l4 ,d4 ,romb]g4 ,propagation ( pecans by budd+ & graft+4 ,texas ,ext4 ,s]4 ,bul4 ,b-#aff4 #aidi4 #ai4 ,sitton1 ,b4 ,g4 ,pecan graft+ me?ods & waxes4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agric4 ,circ4 #ede4 #aidj4 #bj4 ,%elton1 ,e4 ,m4 ,glaub]'s salt = humidity control 9 scion /orage4 ,rpt4 ,nor?4 ,nut ,gr[4 ,assoc4 #bh3gj4 #aicg4 #ba4 ,smi?1 ,gilb]t ,l4 ,our exp]i5ce ) root /ocks4 ,rpt4 ,nor?4 ,nut ,gr[4 ,assoc4 #dj3fb-fd4 #aidi4 #bb4 ,/oke1 ,h4 ,f4 ,graft+ me?ods adapt$ to nut trees4 ,rpt4 ,nor?4 ,nut ,gr[4 ,assoc4 #cg3ii-ajb4 #aidf4 #bc4 ,/\temy]1 ,v4 ,t4 & ,f4 ,l4 ,o',r\rke4 ,unpubli%$ data4 #aich-aidj4 #bd4 ,wes*cke1 ,c>l4 ,! importance ( /ock & scion relation%ip 9 hickory & walnut4 ,rpt4 ,nor?4 ,nut ,gr[4 ,assoc4 #ci3aij-aie4 #aidh4 #be4 ,wilk9son1 ,j4 ,=d4 ,prep>ation ( /ocks = propagation4 ,rpt4 ,nor?4 ,nut ,gr[4 ,assoc4 #bh3fe-ff4 #aicg4 ,a ,root ,disease ( ,p]sian ,walnut ,g4 ,,flippo ,,gravatt1 ,u4 ,s4 ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation1 ,beltsville1 ,md4 ,on ?ree rec5t trips to s\!rn ,europe ,i not$ l>ge numb]s ( dy+ ,p]sian 7,engli%7 walnuts1 ,juglans regia1 9 ,france & ,switz]l& & scatt]$ trees 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,dy+ ( ,p]sian walnuts f a root disease ( undet]m9$ cause has be5 report$ f v>i\s ,european c\ntries = _m ye>s4 ,! ext5sive dy+ ( mature ,p]sian walnut 9 a numb] ( areas 9 s\!rn ,france is v s]i\s4 ,f>m]s & or*>di/s are disc\rag$ f plant+ ! ,p]sian walnut ev5 ?\gh x is a v pr(itable tree :5 n attack$ by ! root disease4 ,9 area aft] area ,i not$ t ! f>m]s _h scatt]$ _! ,p]sian walnut trees1 sep>at+ !m z mu* z possible or plant+ !m along ! b\nd>y ( fields in/ead ( 9 or*>d plant+s4 ,!y _h f\nd too frequ5tly t solid plant+s ( walnut die f ! root disease4 ,! total numb] ( ,p]sian walnuts 9 s\!rn ,france has decreas$ al>m+ly 9 ! la/ sixty ye>s4 ,9 ,tess9 ,prov9ce 9 ,switz]l& _m unheal?y ,p]sian walnuts 7 not$ ?is pa/ summ] %[+ ! same symptoms z 9 s\!rn ,france4 ,/udies ,by ,fr5* & ,italian pa?ologi/s h indicat$ t ! fungus ,phytoph?ora c9namomi is ! mo/ likely cause ( ?is dy+ ( walnuts4 ,i 0 in=m$ t x is worse on soils incl9$ to be wet or poorly dra9$ at c]ta9 times ( ! ye>1 conditions favorable = attack ( _m ho/s ( ?is ,phytoph?ora4 ,! "w report$ by ,b4 ,s4 ,cr&all & me 9 ,phytopa?ology1 ,m>* #aide1 %[$ !re 0 a r direct relation betwe5 soil conditions & ,phytoph?ora c9namomi damage to black & ,p]sian walnut se$l+s4 ,long p]iods ( heavy ra9fall 7 v favorable = an epidemic outbreak ( ?is fungus on walnut & o!r nurs]y /ock4 ,ano!r species ( ,phytoph?ora1 ,p4 cactorum1 has also attack$ black walnuts 9 nurs]ies 9 ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates2 ?is fungus has also be5 report$ on ,p]sian walnuts4 ,we are int]e/$ 9 receiv+ reports ( ! dy+ ( ,p]sian or black walnuts 9 or*>ds or r[s ( trees 9 ! ,ea/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,p]sian walnuts suff] f w9t] injury 9 _m areas & sometimes ?is injury is confus$ ) ! root disease4 ,h[ev]1 :]e !re are indications ( cont9u+ dy+ ( walnuts ye> aft] ye> ) a progression f "o "p to ano!r ( ! plant+1 we w\ld l to receive a report4 ,"s root diseases are difficult to diagnose1 especially :5 ! small roots are ! p>ts affect$4 ,! symptoms ( ! root disease ( ! ,p]sian walnut 9 ,europe are 9 _m ways v simil> to ^? ( ! ,phytoph?ora root disease ( *e/nut & *9kap9 9 ?is c\ntry z describ$ 9 ! report by ,gravatt & ,cr&all 9 ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ,proce$+s = #aidd4 ,9 "s cases ,p]sian walnuts die sl[ly & 9 o!rs dea? is rapid1 ) ! entire tree br[n+ 9 summ]4 ,"s trees w %[ less gre5 color ?an normal dur+ ! summ] & gradually die ov] a ye> or two4 ,trees 9 diff]5t /ages ( dy+ c be se5 9 ! same plant+4 ,p]sian walnuts 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates 9 rec5t ye>s h be5 dy+ f a disease ( undet]m9$ cause4 ,dr4 ,paul ,w4 ,mill] & o!rs h report$ on ! black l9e graft union failure1 ,armill>ia mellea & dy+ ( roots f undet]m9$ causes4 ,z ,phytoph?ora c9namomi1 an import$ fungus1 is a comp>ative rec5t invad] ( _m p>ts ( ! we/1 ,dr4 ,mill] is giv+ ! fungus "s att5tion z a possible p>asite4 ,on "s ho/s1 ?is fungus attacks prim>ily ! v smalle/ roots at c]ta9 favorable times ( ! ye>1 :i* makes det]m9ation ( its role z a p>asite r difficult4 ,factors ,t ,influ5ce ,nut ,production ,w4 ,b4 ,,w>d1 ,ext5sion ,horticulturi/1 ,purdue ,univ]sity1 ,lafayette1 ,ind4 ,! pr(itable production ( fruit on nut trees "u cultivation has no d\bt be5 influ5c$ by sev]al factors4 ,assum+ t ! pres5t-day se$l+s & propagat$ v>ieties are w9t] h>dy & ! tree ( be>+ age1 #aj to #ae ye>s old1 "o may expect a reasonable h>ve/4 ,x is some:at disappo9t+ to ! own] ( a s+le nut tree or = ! gr[] on a semi or comm]cial basis to f9d t ! tree or sev]al trees h fail$ to set fruit4 ,! comm]cial fruit gr[] ( apples le>n$1 _m ye>s ago1 t c]ta9 v>ieties :5 plant$ 9 solid blocks fail$ to set satisfactory crops4 ,r ?an lose sev]al ye>s ( gr[? & exp5se1 ! bett] gr[]s top-work$ ! trees ) a good poll9iz]4 ,! result 0 a pr(itable h>ve/ ( r$ & yell[ apples1 or v>ieties ( diff]5t maturity4 ,! pea* gr[] lik$ ! looks ( a v f9e pea* & aft] a %ort trial f\nd t ! v>iety 0 n h>dy en\gh to )/& ! w9t] & e>ly spr+ temp]atures4 ,! exp]i5ces ( ! comm]cial fruit gr[]s c\ld be well us$ by ! nut gr[]4 ,only trees adapt$ to local conditions %\ld be plant$ reg>dless ( ! recomm5dations ( ! nurs]yman4 ,h>d9ess ( wood & bud1 ample production ( poll51 reasonable climate dur+ ! gr[+ season1 & ! control ( insects or diseases det]m9e1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! success ( ! h>ve/4 ,soils & ,f]tility ,! nut trees require good dra9age & a good supply ( moi/ure4 ,a reasonably f]tile soil %\ld be select$ = a plant+ site b ?r\gh mul*es1 manures1 & comm]cial m9]al f]tiliz]s any soil may be built up to a high /ate ( f]tility4 ,a weak tree has little *ance & may come into be>+ too late to be ( value = ! pres5t own]4 ,! annual gr[? %\ld be *eck$ ea* ye> &1 unless #aj to #ab in*es ( gr[? has be5 made ! previ\s ye>1 "s means ( /imulat+ m gr[? %\ld be employ$4 ,! hickory1 pecan & black walnut1 z a rule1 make little new annual gr[? :ile ! ,p]sian or ,c>pa?ian walnut1 he>tnut & *e/nut ord9>ily produce good annual gr[? & an abundance ( good foliage gr[n :]e x c\nts ! mo/1 on ! new wood4 ,^? :o h obs]v$ ! gr[? habits ( nut trees "k t ! catk9s are f\nd on la/ ye>'s gr[?1 or two ye> old wood1 & ! fruit+ fl[]s at ! end ( ! pres5t season's gr[?4 ,!re are times :5 ! new gr[? develop$ 9 a matt] ( a few days to sometimes z long z two weeks4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( prolongation ( ! new gr[? & ! =mation & receptiv5ess ( ! pi/illate fl[] mu* c happ54 ,! catk9s %$ poll5 :5 ! temp]ature & atmosph]ic conditions are normal4 ,_m times ! poll5 is disp]s$ be=e ! pi/illate fl[]s are =m$4 ,cross vs ,self-,poll9ation ,!re is no assurance t a nut tree :i* fruits on ! av]age ( eight out ( t5 ye>s w cont9ue to d s 9 ! future4 ,occasionally trees take on an alt]nate ye> be>+ habit t c\ld be caus$ f injury1 insect or disease damage1 or ! relocation ( plant food4 ,! nut trees on _! own roots %\ld d bett] ?an :5 graft$ or budd$4 ,! compatability ( /ock & scion is yet to be work$ out & any con/riction at ! union may alt] ! fruit+ habits4 ,! possible s\rces ( poll5 = hickory & pecan are f self-f]tile trees1 se$l+s1 & v>i\s natural crosses t may or may n produce edible fruit4 ,! walnut family1 :i* includes ! black & ,p]sian or ,c>pa?ian walnut2 butt]nut & ,asiatic nut 7he>tnut7 h be5 us$ z poll9iz]s on ! ,p]sian walnut ) "s success4 ,! butt]nut is ! fir/ to %$ poll5 9 ,indiana ) ! catk9s dropp+1 9 "s ye>s1 by late ,april & ! fir/ week 9 ,may4 ,"s ye>s ! black walnut has produc$ ! peak poll5 f ,may #e? to #ab? b dur+ ! spr+ ( #aiec ! ,?omas1 ,/abl]1 ,r[h]1 ,ohio & ,/ambaugh dropp$ ! poll5 f ,may #ah? to #bbnd4 ,! ,asiatic walnuts 7 9 full bloom on ,may #ad? & #ae?4 ,! above dates d n correspond to obs]vations ( o!r ye>s1 except = ! butt]nut4 ,! pi/illate fl[]s on ! ,p]sian walnuts 7 fully op5$ by ,may #af?4 ,! catk9s ( ! ,p]sian trees _h dri$ by ,may #ab?4 ,catk9s f ! ,asiatic walnuts 7 kept fre% & di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t two ,p]sian walnut trees & by mid-aft]noon a heavy ra9 came4 ,on ,may #ah? a few catk9s 7 aga9 remov$ f ! ,asiatic walnut & only en\gh = "o ,p]sian walnut tree 7 f\nd & hung 9 ! tree4 ,! fir/ tree has no fruit :ile ! second tree has a fair crop 9 ! mak+4 ,a lett] f ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 ,*airman ( ! ,survey ,committee on ! blossom+ dates ( ! ,p]sian walnut said3 ,payne1 ,lanca/] & ,broadview /am9ate fl[]s 7 out on ,april #i1 #aj & #aa4 ,! pi/illate fl[]s ( ,mc,kinster1 ,caes> & ,cra? #a 7 receptive on ,april #aa1 #aj & #aj4 ,! above dates 7 ov] a mon? be=e spr+ came to ,indiana4 ,:e!r or n ! ,/oke v>ieties 9 ,virg9ia w\ld d ! same 9 ,indiana or else:]e is /ill ! problem4 ,! black walnut v>ieties m5tion$ previ\sly set v few fruits at ,lafayette ?is ye> :ile a promis+ new v>iety1 ,sol1 f ,f]d ,bolt51 ,l9ton1 ,indiana1 has a full crop1 & has be5 a consi/5t produc] = ! pa/ sev]al ye>s4 ,h[ ,_m ,p\nds p] ,tree ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,we/ ! elm1 native *e/nut & "s ( ! oaks are dy+ f disease tr\bles4 ,! homemak] wants to plant a tree t w provide %ade1 fit well 9 ! l&scap+ ( ! home1 be a clean tree & yet be fruitful & be> e>ly4 ,! age ( ! tree & ! gr[? has mu* to d ) production4 ,"s pecan v>ieties h produc$ sev]al hundr$ p\nds p] tree & ! same = black walnuts ) hickory1 butt]nut & *e/nut 9 small] quantities4 ,!re are f\r ,p]sian walnut trees gr[+ 9 ,frankl91 ,indiana1 t are #bj ye>s old & h fruit$ cont9u\sly = ! pa/ #aj ye>s4 ,! trees 7 se$l+s1 two ( :i* are v promis+ = di/ribution4 ,tree #a produces an av]age ( #aj p\nds2 tree #b1 #ae p\nds2 #c1 ab\t #dj p\nds & #d1 #ajj p\nds4 ,good poll9ation "u common gr[+ conditions ( ! ,midwe/ & a good v>iety acclimat$ = g5]al plant+ w no d\bt make a ho/ ( good fri5ds & a wond]ful contribution f ! memb]s ( ! ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,root/ocks = ! ,walnut 9 ,france#b ,j4 ,c4 ,,mcdaniel #b,?is is a translation1 by ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,dun/an1 ( ! section on ,root/ocks 9 ,*apt] ,,xi ( ,les ,noy]s1 by two ,doctors ( ,ph>macy1 ,p4 ,peyre & ,e4 ,lancosme4 ,?is #ddg page book ) #adj figures 0 publi%$ 9 #aidb by ,j\ve et ,cie1 #ae1 rue ,rac9e1 ,p>is1 & is a v complete treatise on ! subject ( walnuts4 ,! ,fr5* exp]i5ce ) ! ea/]n black walnut & ! relat$ ,arizona walnut z root/ocks is int]e/+1 z is ! discussion ( "o me?od ( propagation1 :]e dormant :ole-root grafts are />t$ 9 pots "u glass4 ,?is diff]s some:at f ! indoor graft+ proc$ures describ$ 9 our rec5t ,reports by ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,b]na? & ,dr4 ,philip ,bri]ley4 7,incid5tally1 ,dr4 ,bri]ley tells me t he got uni=mly good grafts--#if to #ajj gr[+--9 8 #aiec exp]im5t4 ,! use ( gr[? sub/ance p[d] did n significantly increase ! take4 ,! controll+ factors seem to be ! use ( heal?y scions & root/ocks1 foll[$ by high en\gh temp]ature & humidity to promote rapid callus+ ( ! grafts47 ,! old ,royal ,walnut ( ! ,fr5* is1 ( c\rse1 :at we call ,p]sian 7or ,engli%7 walnut1 & n ,lu!r ,burbank's ,royal ,hybrid1 ! un=tunately nam$ cross ( two black walnuts1 ,j4 nigra x ,j4 h9dsii4 ,j4 torreyi is a synonym = ,j4 major1 ! ,arizona walnut4 ,root/ocks fulfill+ two ess5tial conditions %\ld be *os51 ^? capable ( adapt+ !mselves to soil & climate :]e !y are to be plant$ & ( resi/+ diseases t may attack !m "u unsanit>y conditions or "u too int5se cultivation4 ,among ! num]\s v>ieties te/$1 two des]ve att5tion z *oice root/ocks1 "o native1 ! o!r ,am]ican ,j4 regia & ,j4 nigra4 ,j4 regia1 our old ,royal ,walnut1 s common 9 ,france1 is excell5t :5 plant$ 9 new1 light & f]tile soils1 pref]ably clay-lime or clay-silicon4 ,b z ! roots are v spread+ x is important to /ir ! soil well b slightly & avoid deep pl[+1 = x is well kn[n t ?r\gh accid5tal injury to ! roots ! v>i\s armill>ia ent] ! trees to develop ! p\rridie or pus disease1 or circle disease4 ,x is bett]1 !n1 to use a root/ock immune to ?is malady s wide-spread among our native walnuts4 ,j4 nigra enjoys ?is happy advantage ( (f]+ no foo?old to ?is p>asite1 s h>mful to its si/] species4 ,x accommodates itself well 9 _m soils 9 :i* ,j4 regia w gr[1 ev5 dry & gravelly1 b pref]s soils :i* are fre%1 op51 ri*1 & especially1 deep4 ,its roots are long & v]tical & _! developm5t /ops 9 contact ) an imp]meable lay] ( soil4 ,x produces specim5s magnific5t 9 height & rapidity ( gr[?4 ,color ( b>k diff]s1 ?\gh diamet] ( tree is m or less ! same4 ,?is slight objection may be easily avoid$ by graft+ regia on nigra at gr\nd-level :5 wood is well matur$ & 9 mild wea!r4 ,pro( t ?is species ( walnut is resi/ant to p\rridie 0 giv5 9 a report to memb]s ( ! ,congress ( ,gr5oble 9 #aicf by ,mr4 ,b\rne ( ,sa9t ,m>cel94 ,at ,bla*e de ,v9ay1 we are told1 "s black walnuts1 plant$ m ?an ?irty ye>s ago 9 an infe/$ field1 h %[n full resi/ance4 ,"o tree1 graft$ at gr\nd-level & plant$ too deep1 0 infect$ _m ye>s ago by ! pus above ! graft on ! ,j4 regia "p4 ,! diseas$ "p 0 treat$ z 0 ! cu/om !n1 ) sulphuric acid1 etc4 ,! w\nd heal$ & ! root/ock rema9$ absolutely clean4 ,a photo by ,mr4 ,roy1 ,director ( ,agricultural ,s]vices at ,is]e1 e/abli%es ?is absolute pro(4 ,o!r v>ieties ( walnut h be5 te/$ z root/ocks--c9]ea1 cordi=mis1 & ,siebodiana1 b only ! fir/ seems to h giv5 any satisfactory results4 ,report] ,b\rne concludes1 ,! prim>y purpose ( our rese>* on root/ocks w be to obta9 a hybrid ( regia x nigra t w comb9e ! resi/ance ( nigra to ! p\rridie & regia's habit ( vegetat+ late 9 spr+4 ,by virtue ( ! ability ( ! female elem5t to transmit its ru/icity & vegetative =m x seems1 a priori1 t we %all get a good root/ock by cross+ nigra z "m by ,franquette 7sic7 & !n if ne$ be1 by backcross+ to ,franquette 9 ! second g5]ation4 ,!re exi/s a #d? type ( walnut graft1 dat+ f #ahhj1 :i* if done intellig5tly1 p]mits ! rapid multiplication ( ! walnut--! root graft4 ,9 a %ort b v int]e/+ report to ! ,nut ,congress ( ,gr5oble 9 ,octob]1 #aicf by ,mr4 ,leon ,treyves1 & v k9dly s5t on to u1 ! au?or says1 ,?is proc$ure1 devis$ by my family ar\nd #ahhj1 consi/s ( graft+ on "o ye> old roots1 bran*es f select$1 vigor\s trees1 ei!r by cleft or ,engli% grafts1 :i*ev] gives be/ fit ( scion 7:i* is g5]ally small] ?an root7 & /ock4 ,graft is !n ti$ ) raffia & wax$ to avoid all contact ) air & plac$ 9 a mod]ately heat$ frame4 ,aft] a mon? ( ?is treatm5t ! graft has tak54 ,!n x is gradually accu/om$ to op5 air & ! frame is remov$4 ,9 ! fall or ! foll[+ spr+ ! graft may be plant$ 9 its p]man5t location or 9 nurs]y r[4 ,?is sy/em pres5ts num]\s advantages3 #a4 ,rapidity1 s9ce ! plants c be graft$ aft] "o ye>1 in/ead ( ?ree or f\r4 #b4 ,economy ( "t & exp5se1 s9ce consid]able numb]s ( grafts c be made rapidly & 9 limit$ space4 #c4 ,m rapid developm5t ( gr[? & fruit+4 ,sapl+s ( #a to #b met]s plant$ 9 w9t] ( '#bh-'bi measur$ 9 ,octob] '#cf #be-bg cm4 9 circumf]5ce at "o met] f gr\nd4 ,trees two & ?ree ye>s old1 /ill 9 nurs]y1 are be>+ "o to two normally develop$ fruits4 ,! au?or indicates t he uses nigra = /ocks1 s9ce t is ! only "o t has prov$ its adaptation to graft+ & its resi/ance to ! pus disease4 ,at ! "t he gave 8 pap] 9 '#cf ,mr4 ,treyves ann\nc$ t he 0 cont9u+ 8 graft+ exp]im5ts on ,j4 ,sieboldiana1 cordi=mis & torreyi4 ,j4 torreyi ,j4 major--,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel4 ,mr4 ,treyves1 :om we _c ?ank too mu* = 8 favor1 0 k9d en\gh to set =? ! prelim9>y te*niques ( 8 me?od ( root-graft+4 ,we give a resume ( !m "h4 #a4 ,prep>ation4 ,plant nuts well-spac$ 9 r[s 9 good soil1 conv5i5t to irrigation1 if ne$$4 ,clean nuts ( good quality1 previ\sly /ratifi$1 %\ld be plant$ 9 w9t]4 ,plants are lift$ be=e ! foll[+ spr+ & heel$ 94 ,= scions wood ( #g-h cm4 is cut f "y1 heal?y & vigor\s trees & pass$ to ! graft] at ! same "t z ! roots1 :i* h be5 previ\sly lift$1 wa%$ & cut (f at ! cr[n or a little bel[4 ,scion1 bevell$1 is set ei!r 9 ,engli% or cleft graft1 ti$ ) raffia or ) a numb]$ wool /rip1 wax$ & pott$ 9 ri* b light soil1 mod]ately firm$ ar\nd roots4 ,pots are !n set 9 "s homog5e\s mat]ial 7wa/e tan-b>k or sawdu/7 & left 9 a mod]ately heat$ b$4 #b4 ,c>e4 ,wat]+4 ,temp]ature ( b$s %\ld be kept con/ant ar\nd grafts & !y %\ld be wat]$ e o!r day4 ,( c\rse1 grass & mold %\ld be prev5t$4 ,z soon z grafts beg9 to gr[ 7usually ar\nd #ae days7 ! pots are gradually remov$ f sawdu/1 & :5 plants h made #ae-bj cm4 ( gr[? 7aft] #cj-dj days7 !y are sl[ly h>d5$ to air & sun1 replant$ 9 well-%ad$ b$s1 prop]ly wat]$ & c>$ = until !y are set 9 nurs]y r[4 #c4 ,plant+ 9 nurs]y4 ,! foll[+ spr+ !y are set #fj cm4 ap>t 9 nurs]y r[s #a m4 ap>t 9 well-manur$ & well-prep>$ plots4 ,usual c>e dur+ gr[?4 ,) ! #bnd ye> plants atta9 #a-a_/d-a-a_/b m4 & x is n uncommon to discov] a nut4 ,! #crd ye> !y make #b-a_/b m4 at lea/ ) #h-ab cm4 ( gir? & are ready = transplant+ to p]man5t site4 #d4 ,soils & situations4 ,mr4 ,treyves tells u t ! walnut plant+s 9 l[] ,gresivuaudan are on old alluvium ( ! ,is]e ,valley & 9 limy m>l soils ( ! upp] slopes4 ,a little f>!r away 9 ,savoy1 ! walnut is vigor\s 9 ,jurassic or clay lime/one soils4 ,! same is true 9 ,dordogne1 9 ,correze1 & 9 ! ,lot1 :]e soils are ( simil> orig94 ,walnuts are f\nd at an av]age altitude ( #fjj m4 b gr[ up to #abjj m4 9 ,savoy1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,switz]l&4 ,! be/ exposures are ,,sw1 ,w1 & ,,se1 sunny slopes1 well protect$ f ! nor? w9d & late fro/s4 ,mr4 ,treyves has p]sonally "s plant+s ( walnut 9 ,sologne1 7:]e calc>e\s soils are lack+7 & 9 ,*ampagne1 :]e ! soils lack lime4 ,he has not$ t ^! trees gr[ & fruit normally4 ,cultivation4 ,x is important to keep soil ar\nd isolat$ trees well /irr$ & to increase ! area ( cultivation z ! rootspread increases4 #e4 ,root/ocks4 ,= ! pres5t ! plants *os5 = /ocks h come f nigra1 ! only "o t has prov$ itself 9 ! matt] ( take4 ,x does well 9 moi/ soils4 ,mr4 ,treyves has p]sonally tri$ to graft ,mayette & ,franquette on ,torreyi4 ,he has f\nd ! take & ! union p]fect4 ,b ev5 ?\gh vegetation is promis+ we mu/ wait #bb ye>s = a full te/4 ,he proposes to le/ all ! root/ocks plac$ at 8 disposal 9 ord] to acclimatize ! good ,fr5* v>ieties to all ! soils :i* suit ^! /ocks4 ,graft+ on ,j4 ,torreyi w be useful to a s]a utile a un /ock t gr[s 9 dry soil1 l nigra4 ,b t is a matt] we %all h to exam9e aga9 9 t5 ye>s1 fir/ z reg>ds vegetation & !n 9 #bj ye>s z conc]ns fruit production4 ,s9ce ^! exp]im5ts date f '#cf at ! "t ( ! ,gr5oble ,congress we h only #ac ye>s to wait to le>n :at sort ( fruit ^! trees w be> & only #e to see h[ !y behave vegetatively4 ,x rema9s1 !n1 only to wi% good luck to our k9d & devot$ correspond5t & to ?ank him = 8 valuable docum5tation4 ,pictorial ,record ( ,graft+ at ,climax1 ,mi*igan ,w4 ,m4 ,,beck]t1 ,jackson1 ,mi*4 ,top-work+ black walnuts to ,p]sian ,walnuts has long be5 practic$ by v>i\s memb]s ( ?is organization4 ,x is hop$ by ?is s]ies ( ,koda*rome slides t a record ( su* top-work+ by "o ( our memb]s w\ld be ( int]e/ & also %[ ! details ( j h[ ! "w is done "u actual field conditions4 ,mr4 ,gilb]t ,beck]1 ( ,climax1 ,mi*igan1 has be5 q successful 9 top-work+ black walnuts4 ,ne$less to say1 ^! pictures 7 tak5 to %[ h[ an exp]t goes ab\t graft+ black walnuts4 ,mr4 ,beck] 0 contact$ z to :5 he w\ld d 8 graft+ & he m5tion$ t on ,may #hj1 #aiec1 he w\ld be top-work+ 8 /ock4 ,plans 7 made to be pres5t on t date & we 7 =tunate 9 hav+ bright wea!r = tak+ ! pictures4 ,! fir/ two slides %[ ,mr4 ,beck] remov+ ! scionwood f 8 /orage pit1 select+ ! scions & prep>+ to g out to d ! graft+4 ,on ! way to ! trees t 7 to be graft$1 ! pictures = ! next two slides 7 tak5 to %[ ! /age ( leaf developm5t & ! l5g? ( ! catk9s ( ! ,?omas ,black ,walnut1 s memb]s 9 o!r sections ( ! c\ntry c see h[ f> out 9 leaf ! ,?omas v>iety 0 :5 ! graft+ 0 done4 ,! foll[+ s]ies ( slides %[ h[ ,mr4 ,beck] top-works ! black walnuts4 ,fir/1 remov+ t portion ( ! /ock1 note he us$ a prun+ saw1 makes a cut at ! po9t :]e he wants to graft4 ,he uses ! b>k slit me?od4 ,! scion is %ap$ by "o /roke ( ! graft+ knife2 a long slant+ cut is made & ! scion ins]t$ 9 ! /ock4 ,j prior to plac+ ! scion1 ! b>k ( ! /ock is slit1 two cuts ) ! po9t ( ! knife1 approximate wid? ( ! scion & d[n along ! b>k to ! l5g? ! scion is to be ins]t$1 !n ! scion is plac$4 ,! next /ep is to cut (f ! little sliv] ( b>k :i* is pu%$ out1 at ! po9t :]e x does n contact ! scion4 ,9 ?is tree1 two scions 7 plac$1 ! scions be+ wrapp$ tightly ) wax$ musl9 :i* 0 prep>$ be=eh&1 us+ /rips ab\t "o-half in* wide4 ,en\gh 0 us$ to firmly b9d ! scions to ! /ock4 ,please note t a small piece ( wax musl9 0 plac$ on ! inside ( ! scion to prev5t ! wax f go+ d[n betwe5 ! scion & /ock4 ,! f9al /ep is wax+ ! scion & bru%+ ) hot wax1 9 ord] to prev5t ! scion f dry+ out2 to provide %ade1 ,mr4 ,beck]1 9 ?is case1 us$ grass & made a hood ov] ! scion1 ty+ x ) /r+4 ,! foll[+ slides %[ ! same proc$ure ( graft+ o!r trees4 ,y w note 9 "o case he has climb$ up into ! bran*es ( ! tree4 ,to %ade ! scions1 he us$ alum9um foil1 fold$ ar\nd ! scion & ti$ ) a rubb] graft+ /rip4 ,9 all ^! pictures ! scions us$ 7 ,colby4 ,mr4 ,beck] is v adept1 quick1 & does ! graft+ s t x actually seems ef=tless4 ,8 te*nique is s fa/1 !re is v little *ance ( ! scion dry+ out be=e x is plac$4 ,on ,july #bf?1 ,i return$ to ,climax & ! grafts 7 successful1 z y c see by ! foll[+ s]ies4 ,! "o failure 0 ! fir/ tree t 0 graft$1 & :i* _h ! grass = %ad+ ( ! scion4 ,rock ,phosphate = ,nut ,trees ,,h>ry ,p4 ,,burg>t1 ,union ,city1 ,mi*4 ,my soil is ( ! s&y type & ,i h to wat* ! m9]al cont5t r closely = nitrog5 & phosphate defici5cies4 ,w9t]-kill+ ( "o ye> black walnut & pecan se$l+s is s]i\s dur+ seasons :5 our w9t]s are less sev]e ?an usual & dur+ w9t]s :5 we _h _h pl5ty ( sn[ cov] = protection4 ,?is worri$ me a great deal & ,i decid$ !re mu/ be a defici5cy4 ,soil te/s repeat$ly %[$ a lack ( phosphate4 ,i appli$ gr\nd rock phosphate to my l>g] be>+ ,engli% walnut trees & !re has n be5 ! lea/ sign ( w9t] injury s9ce4 ,_m ( my small] nut trees h be5 be>+ e>li] = me s9ce ,i h be5 us+ ! phosphate4 ,cu/om]s :o come "h (t5 rem>k at ! way "s ( my little graft$ trees are be>+ crops & ,i tell !m t ,i believe 9 keep+ pl5ty ( phosphate 9 ! soil = root gr[? & nut production4 ,i am writ+ ?is brief article ?9k+ t x might help solve ! problems ( o!r nut gr[]s :o h repeat$ly be5 hav+ tr\ble ) w9t]-kill+ ( _! ,c>pa?ian1 or ,engli% walnut trees4 ,phosphate seems to prev5t a late sappy-condition f caus+ w9t] injury4 ,i pref] to apply ! phosphate & nitrog5 e>ly 9 ,april or e>ly ,may4 ,fall applications ( any k9d ( f]tiliz] are apt to cause w9t] injury4 ,i usually scatt] ! rock phosphate ar\nd ! trees us+ ab\t f\r h&fuls ar\nd a fir/ ye> tree4 ,!n ,i turn ov] ! sod bottom ) a %ovel1 :i* puts ! phosphate d[n :]e ! roots c get x4 ,i use ! phosphate ar\nd all ! "y trees we set out & seldom lose a tree z ! phosphate enc\rages ! />t+ ( new fe$] roots on ! nut trees4 ,a ,report ,f ,s\!rn ,m9nesota ,r4 ,e4 ,,hodgson1 ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota1 ,s\!rn ,s*ool & ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,waseca1 ,m9n4 ,we h #bj odd ,c>pa?ian walnut trees gr[+ f nuts plant$ ab\t #aica4 ,s f>1 ,i h nev] se5 a fl[] on any ( !m4 ,!y gr[ up #f or #h feet 9 a ye> & t seems to be _! difficulty4 ,!y d n /op gr[+ 9 "t to h>d5 (f be=e cold wea!r comes4 ,i ?9k a lot ( ! w9t] kill+ is also due to sun scald :i* w\ld indicate an inability to reta9 dormancy dur+ a ,janu>y ?aw4 ,"s ( ! trees h liv$ ?r\gh two w9t]s ) only m9or damage & !n :5 ! "r conditions come along1 !y are kill$ to ! gr\nd4 ,wrapp+ ! trunks ) alum9um foil has n solv$ ! problem4 ,i h pur*as$ "o or two graft$ trees :i* 7 recomm5d$ z m h>dy b s f> !y h _h ! same exp]i5ce z ! "o ,i grew f nuts4 ,black walnut & hickory d well "h & ,i h a hiccan p]haps #bj feet tall b x has nev] borne any nuts4 ,*9ese *e/nuts are n entirely h>dy & gr[ v sl[ly4 ,?is ye> ,i set out ab\t #bj ,am]ican *e/nuts f ,m9nesota gr[n se$ & ,i hope t we are f> en\gh f o!r trees ( ?is v>iety to escape ! blight4 ,tree gr[+ is j a hobby & lately !re has be5 v little "t = hobbies4 ,*e/nut ,bre$+ ,report = #aiec ,,ar?ur ,,h>m\nt ,,graves & ,,hans ,,ni5/a$t1 ,! ,connecticut ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,new ,hav51 ,connecticut ,! *ief aim ( ?is bre$+ "w1 :i* has be5 c>ri$ on n[ )\t int]ruption s9ce #aicj1 is to develop a tall timb] type ( *e/nut by bre$+ ! ,am]ican species ) ! blight resi/ant b comp>atively l[-gr[+ ,japanese & ,*9ese *e/nuts1 ,ca/anea cr5ata & ,c4 mollissima1 respectively4 ,practically all trees ( our valuable ,am]ican *e/nut ( any appreciable size h n[ be5 kill$ to ! gr\nd by ! blight fungus1 ,endo?ia p>asitica4 ,%oots aris+ f ! base ( ! old /umps (t5 live long en\gh to be> poll51 & ?is we h lately be5 =c$ to use 9 our bre$+ "w ) ! disadvantage t we c n "k def9itely ! nature ( ! g5otype ( ! poll5 p>5t4 ,am]ican poll5 f a good ph5otype ne> ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 0 k9dly furni%$ u 9 ! e>ly #cj's by ! !n ,(fice ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology ( ! ,u4,s4,d4,a41 & ?is /ock is n[ incorporat$ ) our old] ,japanese-,am]ican & ,*9ese-,am]ican hybrids4 ,z indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ pages1 we are n neglect+ ! nut-be>+ pot5tialities ( ! *e/nut tree4 ,wea!r ,conditions 9 #aiec ,! disa/r\s ice /orm ( ! #i? & #aj? ( ,janu>y caus$ slight damage to "s ( ! ,*9ese trees4 ,_! num]\s1 m or less horizontal bran*es & *>act]i/ically brittle wood make !m prone to damage ( ?is sort2 nev]!less1 only a few bran*es 7 lo/4 ,aft] a comp>atively w>m ,febru>y1 ! w>me/ s9ce #aibe1 ,m>* br\ght u m ra9 ?an = any ,m>* 9 ! #ha ye>s records h be5 kept#c--;a total ( #aj4gh in*es4 ,?is 0 all to ! good1 z lat] ev5ts prov$4 ,because ( ! prec$+ w>m ,febru>y ! gr\nd 0 = ! mo/ "p unfroz51 s t1 in/ead ( runn+ (f1 ! wat] 0 l>gely absorb$ 9 ! soil1 & ?us add$ to ! wat] table4 ,! precipitation ( ,april 0 aga9 heavy--#e4f in*es--! normal p] mon? = ?is area be+ ab\t #c-a_/b in*es4 ,aft] an unusually good gr[+ season 9 ,may1 ,june & ,july1 ab\t ! middle ( ,augu/ a long dr\ght ( ne>ly #aj weeks duration comm5c$4 ,! conditions 7 simil> to ^? 9 #aieb1 except t 9 t ye> ! dr\ght began lat]1 9 ,octob]4 ,h[ev]1 ! l>ge am\nt ( wat] 9 ! soil f ! spr+ ra9s prev5t$ s]i\s consequ5ces1 j z 9 #aieb ! heavy ra9fall 9 ,augu/ & ! normal "o 9 ,septemb] mitigat$ any s]i\s results f ! lat] dr\ght ( t ye>4 #c ,wea!r records are tak5 f ! mon?ly reports ( ! municipal airport at ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 & are comp>$ ) ! ,new ,york ,city records = ! same p]iod1 kept by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau at #ag ,batt]y ,place1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,hybrids ( #aiec ,z 9 =m] ye>s we cont9u$ ! =mation ( hybrids ( ! comb9ation ,cx,jx,a#d :i* has to date giv5 ! mo/ resi/ant individuals & ! be/ timb] =m4 #bgg hybrid nuts ( ?is comb9ation 7 obta9$ by cross+ ,,ja ) ,c1 & ,c ) ,,ja4 ,j,ax,j cross$ ) ,c yield$ #be nuts4 ,,cja cross$ ) poll5 f ! ,roxbury ,am]icans gave #bj nuts4 ,! ,*9ese-,am]ican hybrids are also promis+ bo? 9 =m & 9 blight resi/ance4 ,by cross+ ^! ) ,am]ican poll5 f ,?oma/on1 ,conn41 & f ,cl9ton ,corn]s1 ,n4 ,y41 we secur$ #dh nuts4 ,,ca cross$ ) a good native ,am]ican 9 ,?oma/on1 ,conn41 result$ 9 #cj nuts1 & ! same comb9ation us+ an ,am]ican 9 ,newf\ndl&1 ,n4 ,j41 produc$ #i nuts4 ,! total numb] ( nuts d]iv$ f all crosses 0 #ejd1 a mu* small] figure ?an t = ! two prec$+ ye>s4 ,! reason = ?is is t consid]able "t 0 consum$ 9 exp]im5ts design$ to det]m9e ! l5g? ( ! receptive p]iod 9 ! pi/ils4 #d ,c ,*9ese1 ,j ,japanese1 ,a ,am]ican *e/nut4 ,! #aiec nut production 7,table ,i7 comp>$ well ) la/ ye>'s4 ,! total yields 7 z good z1 or bett] ?an1 ! #aieb crop & ! av]age weight p] nut 0 n significantly l[] ?an 9 #aieb4 ,app>5tly ! late summ] & fall dr\ght _h no effect on nut yields & av]age weights4 ,obvi\sly we h ! w>m w9t] & abundant e>ly ra9s to ?ank = ?is situation4 ,table ,i4 ,natural ,yield ( ,nuts 7op5 poll9ations7 ,f ,sample ,trees4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,total yield ,av4 weight p] ,approximate ,age 9 ,species ,location 9 lbs4 nut 9 grams no4 ( nuts ye>s #aieb #aiec #aieb #aiec p] lb4,a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ #bc ,c4cr5ta #ac-b #bg4e #dc4c #ad4e #ad4j #cb #bg ,c4mollissima #a-c #bb4b #bj4h #aj4f #aj4e #dc #bg ,c4mollissima #a-i #bh4b #bf4b #i4i #i4g #df #bg ,c4mollissima #a-ae #f4h;,b #bj4f #ab4i #aa4g #ci ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,a4 bas$ on ! #aiec weights ,b4 a consid]able "p ( crop lo/ be=e x 0 collect$ ,fig #a4 gives a fair idea ( ! extremes 9 size ( ! ,japanese *e/nut4 ,s9ce ! small] size is probably close to t ( ! wild *e/nut 9 ,japan1 ! figure illu/rates :at has be5 done by ! c5turies ( selection & cultivation t ! *e/nut has und]gone 9 ,japan4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #a4 ,nuts ( ,c4 cr5ata1 ,japanese *e/nut1 %[+ approximately ! limits ( size 9 ! species4 ,left3 f a tree on ,long ,isl&1 ,n4 ,y1 own$ by ,mr4 ,john ,v]ti*io4 ,"r3 f "o ( our =e/ type ,japanese trees giv5 to u by ! ,(fice ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology 9 #aicj & n[ gr[+ at ! ,sleep+ ,giant ,plantation1 ,hamd51 ,conn4 ,! tree is probably repres5tative ( ! wild type ( nuts 9 ,japan--a little l>g] ?an ! native ,am]ican *e/nut4 ,h[ev]1 x is probable t small] nuts ( ! ,japanese species exi/4 ,ab\t #a_/b natural size4 ,photo by ,b4 ,w4 ,mc,farland1 ,conn4 ,agric4 ,expt4 ,/a41 ,nov4 #bg1 #aiec4 ,an5t ! l>ge nuts 9 ! photograph1 :i* weigh ab\t an ounce apiece or ab\t #bh g4 7comp>e figures 9 table ,i71 ,mr4 ,f]guson1 ,in/ructor at ! ,long ,isl& ,agricultural & ,te*nical ,in/itute1 ?r\gh :om we receiv$ ! nuts1 /ates t ! nuts ( ! se$l+s f ! tree d n av]age bett] ?an half ! size ( ^? ( ! p>5t tree4 ,?is illu/rates ! fact1 n[ well kn[n1 t ! *e/nut tree is self /]ile4 ,nuts are always 7) exceptions7 a result ( f]tilization ( ! fl[]s ) ! poll5 f ano!r tree4 ,we %\ld l to reproduce ?is tree 9 our plantations1 b ! only way x c be done is by graft+ scions ( x on to "s o!r1 pref]ably ,japanese1 /ock1 or by root+ cutt+s f x--a me?od :i* we /ill h n be5 able to accompli% readily4 ,moll-,seg1 or ,*9ese ,prolific ,9 ! report ( ! s5ior writ] = #aicd 7,brooklyn ,botanic ,g>d5 ,record #bd3fb7 x 0 /at$3 ,9 our =m ( ! ,*9ese *e/nut only "o1 if any1 bur appe>s at ! base ( ! fl[]+ bran*4 ,! dw>f species1 ,c4 segu9i1 f ea/]n & c5tral ,*9a1 on ! o!r h&1 is mo/ prolific2 & 9 addition1 blooms f ,june to ,octob]4 ,x w be se5 t crosses ( ^! two species may produce valuable bre$+ /ock4 ,z a result ( ?is cross1 made 9 #aicd1 we obta9$ sev5 nuts1 & f ^! nuts we h today1 n9ete5 ye>s lat]1 f\r trees1 ?ree ( :i* h %[n m>k$ blight resi/ance4 ,"o ( ^! ?ree is mu* l>g]1 p>tak+ m 9 its /ature & =m ( ! "* ( its ,*9ese p>5t1 & 9 contra/ to ! latt]1 be>s burs & nuts 9 pr(usion1 usually clu/]$ at ! ends ( ! bran*es4 7,fig4 #b74 ,! nuts are small b ( good flavor4 ,x is a good nut tree1 n suitable = timb]4 ,h[ev]1 z we /at$ 9 our #aiea-b report1 x is subject to consid]able twig blight1 caus$ by ! attacks ( ! weak p>asite1 ,cryptodiapor! ca/anea 7,tul47 ,wehmey]1 & ?is is due app>5tly to ! influ5ce ( its t5d] p>5t1 ! ,segu9 *e/nut1 :i* habitually dies back 9 ! w9t]4 ,! p>asite easily ent]s ! dy+ ends ( ! twigs4 ,we %\ld l to see ?is tree tri$ out 9 a w>m] climate--,georgia1 ,florida1 ,alabama1 etc4 ,possibly x might prove adaptable to a s\!rn ,european environm5t4#e #e ,sy/ematic descriptions ( ?is & o!r valuable *e/nut hybrids are be+ prep>$ = publication4 ,poll5 ,receptivity ( ,female ,fl[]s ,*e/nut is moneci\s4 ,! fl[]s are borne on ! pres5t ye>'s gr[? 9 long catk9s4 ,^! are ( two di/9ct types2 ne> ! base ( ! fl[]+ bran* !y consi/ ( male fl[]s only4 ,! catk9s ne> ! apex1 on ! o!r h&1 are bisexual2 pi/illate fl[]s are f\nd1 solit>y or 9 clu/]s ( two or ?ree1 ne> ! base ( ?is type ( catk94 ,! rema9d] ( ! catk9 be>s male fl[]s simil> to ^? on ! all-male catk9s4 ,! unisexual male catk9s are ! fir/ to />t fl[]+ & n until two to ?ree weeks lat] w ! male fl[]s ( ! bisexual catk9s be 9 full bloom4 ,normally1 ! pi/illate fl[]s w rea* full developm5t sometime betwe5 ^! two p]iods ( poll5 %$d+4 ,! ,l5g? ( ! ,receptivity ,p]iod4--,dur+ ! summ] ( #aiec an exp]im5t 0 conduct$ to det]m9e m def9itely :5 ! pi/ils became receptive & h[ long !y rema9 9 ?is condition4 ,two ,*9ese1 two ,japanese & two hybrid *e/nuts ( ! comb9ation 7,jap4 x ,c4 pumila7 x ,jap41 ! s-call$ ,s#hx,j1 7 us$ z ! females 9 ! /udy4 ,emasculation & bagg+ 0 done at ! beg9n+ ( an!sis1 t is1 :5 ! fir/ unisexual male catk9s began to %$ poll54 ,?ree diff]5t poll5 s\rces 7 us$ on ea* female p>5t2 !y 7 ( ! same species or hybrid comb9ation z ! female4 ,! foll[+ diagram %[s ! poll9ation s*$ule us$4 ,poll5 s\rce ,"t ( poll9ation 9 days ,no4 aft] beg9n+ ( an!sis #e #i #ac #ag #bb ---------------------------------------- ------- #a ,x ,x ,x #b ,x ,x ,x #c ,x ,x ,x ,= example1 ! ,*9ese female trees 7 poll9at$ ) poll5 f ?ree o!r ,*9ese trees 79 ! diagram ,poll5 s\rce ,no4 #a1 #b & #c71 :i* op5 _! an!rs on successively lat] dates4 ,?is poll9ation s*$ule 0 us$ to avoid prolong$ /or+ ( ! poll54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,%[+1 above1 ,c4 mollissima1 ,*9ese *e/nut1 left1 & ,c4 segu9i1 segu9 *e/nut1 "r1 p>5ts ( mollissima x segu9i hybrid bel[4 ,note clu/]$ burs 9 hybrid--m ?an twice ! numb] appe>+ 9 ! mollissima p>5t4 ,leaves & habit ( tree resemble m ! mollissima p>5t4 ,ab\t #a_/f natural size4 ,photo by ,b4 ,w4 ,mc,farland1 ,conn4 ,agric4 ,expt4 ,/a41 ,sept4 #be1 #aiec4 ,to c>ry on poll9ation ! bags are remov$ & ! poll5-be>+ catk9s are bru%$ lightly ov] ! /igmas sev]al times1 "o or m fre% catk9s be+ us$ 9 ea* bag4 ,^! catk9s are left 9 ! bag4 ,! bags are !n replac$ & p]man5tly remov$ :5 dang] ( outcross+ is elim9at$1 9 ?is case #aj-ad days aft] ! la/ poll9ation4 ,! numb] ( nuts collect$ at ! "t ( h>ve/+ comp>$ ) ! numb] ( female fl[]s poll9at$ 0 tak5 z a measure ( h[ successful ! poll9ations 74 ,! results %[$ t five days aft] ! comm5cem5t ( an!sis a high proportion ( ! female fl[]s is receptive4 ,! ,japanese & hybrid trees h a def9ite peak ( ! p]iod ( receptivity betwe5 #i & #ag days aft] an!sis beg9s2 !reaft]1 receptivity drops (f %>ply4 ,! data f ! ,*9ese trees indicat$ t ! p]iod ( maximum receptivity is long] ?an 9 ! ,japanese & hybrid *e/nuts te/$4 ,!y ma9ta9$ full receptivity on ! #bbnd day aft] ! beg9n+ ( an!sis4 ,x is commonly believ$ t bagg+ z well z emasculation may s]i\sly affect ! yield f controll$ poll9ation4 ,?is is n always ! case4 ,"o ( ! ,japanese trees & "o hybrid tree 7,s#h x ,j7 yield$ fully z _m nuts f controll$ 7"u be/ conditions7 z f op5 poll9ation4 ,on all o!r trees ! effect ( bagg+ 0 m or less adv]se4 ,! ,effect ( ,emasculation on ,nut ,yield ,emasculation involves ! removal ( ! unisexual male catk9s & ! male "p ( ! bisexual catk9s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! controll$ poll9ation "w x has (t5 be5 f\nd t ! female fl[]s drop (f 9 ! bag be=e ! burs />t to develop4 ,?is has especially be5 enc\nt]$ 9 ,japanese x ,am]ican hybrids & back-crosses4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ?is p]haps 0 due to injuries result+ f emasculation4 ,! foll[+ small exp]im5t 0 c>ri$ out 9 ord] to det]m9e if ?is 0 actually true4 ,a ,japanese x ,am]ican & a ,japanese x 7,japanese x ,am]ican7 hybrid 7 us$ z ! female p>5ts4 ,on ^! trees "s fl[]+ bran*es 7 bagg$ :i* _h be5 emasculat$ normally1 on o!r bran*es only ! unisexual catk9s 7 remov$1 :ile ! bisexual catk9s 7 left intact4 ,"s bran*es 7 bagg$ )\t any emasculation1 & "s fl[]+ bran*es 7 j tagg$4 ,! numb] ( female fl[]s 0 c\nt$ 9 all cases4 ,poll9ations 7 p]=m$ #c times1 t is1 7 repeat$ on ! ?ird & fif? day aft] ! fir/ poll9ation4 ,?is is ! proc$ure ord9>ily us$ = our controll$ poll9ations4 ,*9ese poll5 0 us$ on bo? trees4 ,nut set express$ z p] c5t ( ! numb] ( poll9at$ fl[]s1 times ?ree1 7because ord9>ily !re are #c nuts 9 e bur7 0 tak5 z a measure ( h[ successful ! poll9ations _h be54 ,! results are %[n 9 ,table #b4 ,table ,,ii4 ,! ,effect ( ,emasculation on ,nut ,yield ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,type ( ,treatm5t ,no4 ( ,symbol3 female's at ,nut set z "t ( fir/ express$ 9 poll9ation ( ,symbol3 female's at "t ( #a/ poll9ation x#c ,symbol3 female p>5t ,symbol3 female p>5t #d-d #g-d #d-d #g-d 7,jx,a7 7,jx,j,a7 7,jx,a7 7,jx,j,a7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,normal emasculation #ci #ag #bi4a #ac4g ,only unisexual catk9s remov$ #bc #ai #ad4e #j4j ,n emasculat$1 b poll9at$ #bh #ah #be4j #c4g ,n emasculat$1 n poll9at$ ,control #bh #be #a4b #j4j ,n bagg$1 bran*es tagg$1 op5 poll9at$ #bf #bc #dd4i #ag4d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,bagg+ app>5tly 0 p>tly injuri\s on ^! two trees & caus$ "s decrease 9 nut yield4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no evid5ce t emasculation 9 itself causes a decreas$ nut yield1 r x appe>s to be some:at b5eficial if we are to judge f ! results ( ?is exp]im5t4 ,at lea/1 "o w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t any h>mful effect is negligible4 ,completely emasculat$ fl[]s yield$ #bi4a & #ac4g p] c5t z comp>$ to #ad4e & #j4j p] c5t :]e only unisexual male catk9s 7 remov$1 & #be4j & #c4g p] c5t :]e no emasculation 0 done4 ,! controls :i* 7 n emasculat$ & n h& poll9at$1 %[ t ! trees are practically completely self /]ile2 only an occasional nut is set f self-f]tilization4 ,vegetative ,propagation ,9 vegetative propagation ! tree bre$] has a v important tool4 ,= in/ance1 if a numb] ( desirable ph5otypes h be5 select$ 9 ! =e/1 !y c be propagat$ vegetatively & plant$ "u uni=m conditions :]e x w be possible to e/imate _! g5otype1 )\t ! "t-consum+ prog5y te/+4 ,trees propagat$ vegetatively f old mature trees usually w />t fl[]+ v soon aft] !y become e/abli%$2 ?us ! necessity ( do+ poll9ation "w 9 v l>ge trees c be elim9at$4 ,fur!rmore1 x enables ! tree bre$]s to ma9ta9 trees ( a desirable g5otype unalt]$ = an indef9ite l5g? ( "t )\t fir/ e/abli%+ pure l9es ?r\gh inbre$+4 ,f9ally1 x may be possible to make valuable individuals available to ! =e/ own]s = field plant+ if !y c be propagat$ vegetatively 9 l>ge en\gh numb]s at l[ co/4 ,comp>$ to propagation by graft+1 ! root+ ( cutt+s is bo? simpl] & *eap]1 if x c be done4 ,*e/nut cutt+s are1 un=tunately1 v difficult to root4 ,9 ! pa/ six ye>s num]\s exp]im5ts h be5 conduct$ 9 ord] to f9d a way to root ! v>i\s *e/nut species4 ,we h tri$ to root dormant1 z well z gre5wood1 cutt+s1 ! conv5tional twig cutt+s z well z leaf-bud cutt+s2 num]\s hormone treatm5ts us+ sev]al diff]5t hormones 9 solution & z p[d]s1 ov] a wide range ( conc5trations1 h be5 tri$2 a special *amb] 9 :i* an automatic atomiz] nozzle sprays ! cutt+s int]mitt5tly has be5 us$4 ,results h always be5 poor4 ,dormant cutt+s h brok5 dormancy1 s5t out new leaves1 =m$ an abundance ( callus on ! basal end1 b fail$ to develop any roots1 & f9ally aft] sev]al mon?s h di$4 ,gre5wood cutt+s also h fail$ to develop roots 9 almo/ all cases4 ,! be/ results h be5 obta9$ ) leaf-bud cutt+s4 ,9 "s cases #aj to #bj p] c5t h root$2 "h1 h[ev]1 ! difficulty has be5 ! failure ( ! bud to break dormancy & />t gr[?1 & all ! root$ cutt+s h ev5tually di$4 ,! root+ by airlay]+ has be5 tri$ 9 a few cases4 ,airlay]+ is ! root+ ( twigs :ile !y are /ill atta*$ to ! tree4 ,"s di/ance f ! t]m9al end ( ! twig an oblique cut is made1 or ! b>k is remov$ ar\nd ! twig = ab\t #c_/d4 ,! cut or r+$ area is treat$ ) a hormone p[d]1 wrapp$ 9 sphagnum moss & cov]$ ) a wrapp+ ( polye!l5e4 ,attempts to root twigs on old] trees by ?is me?od h s f> fail$4 ,rec5tly successful root+ ( twigs on "y se$l+s by airlay]+ has be5 report$ f ,spa91 & f ,france comes ! report t /ool+ ( "y se$l+s is highly successful4 ,9 ! /ool+ me?od ! "y plants are cut (f a %ort di/ance above ! gr\nd level4 ,z new %oots gr[ out1 _! basal ends are gradually cov]$ ) soil until a #e-f m\nd has be5 =m$4 ,left 9 ?is mann] !y may develop _! own root sy/em & c ev5tually be deta*$ f ! "m root4 ,t ! root+ ( "y se$l+ mat]ial %\ld be possible1 :ile t f old] trees w n root1 is n unusual4 ,x is g5]ally accept$ t ! y\ng] ! tree f :i* ! cutt+s are tak51 ! easi] ! cutt+s are to root4 ,exp]im5ts along ^! l9es are plann$ = #aied4 ,coop]ative ,hybrid ,*e/nut ,plantations ,9 la/ ye>'s report we describ$ our hybrid te/ plots e/abli%$ 9 coop]ation ) ! ,u4,s4,d4,a41 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology4 ,on ,m>* #ah1 #aiec a new plantation 0 />t$ at ,grafton1 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,z usual1 we furni%$ #ej plants = ?is te/ plot4 ,f ! reports f ,dr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,dill]1 ( ! !n ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology1 our hybrids s f> h %[n a promis+ p]=mance1 al?\gh _! av]age gr[? rate s f> is slightly sl[] ?an t ( ! ,u4,s4,d4,a4 hybrids & /raight ,*9ese *e/nut4 ,f ! /&po9t ( blight resi/ance & gr[? habit !y are at lea/ equal to ! two o!r s\rces & may be slightly bett]2 h[ev]1 x is /ill too e>ly to make any def9ite evaluation ( ! results4 ,insect ,injuries ,! mo/ damag+ insect pe/s 9 ! ,sleep+ ,giant ,plantation are ! spr+ cank] worms1 ! mites 7,p>atetrany*us bicolor71 ,japanese beetles & ! *e/nut weevils4 ,a spray+ s*$ule has n[ be5 work$ out :i* keeps ^! pe/s "u control3 #a4 ,dormant spray ) ,scalecide 9 middle ,april aga9/ ! cank] worms & mites4 #b4 ,two applications ( ,aramite 7#f-g lbs4 p] acre7 9 ! middle & t[>d ! end ( ,june4 ,^! spray+s h giv5 good control aga9/ mites4 ,:]e ! outbreak is v sev]e x may be necess>y to spray ) ,aramite also 9 ,july & aga9 9 ,augu/4 #c4 ,spray+ ) ,,ddt 9 middle ,augu/ & ! fir/ week 9 ,septemb] has controll$ ! weevils successfully4 ,9 conclud+ ?is report we desire to express our ?anks to ! _m int]e/$ p]sons :o h contribut$ poll51 nuts &_/or scions to fur!r ?is project4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+ ,on ,novemb] #ag?1 #aiaj1 twelve dream]s met 9 ! ,botanical ,museum1 ,bronx ,p>k1 ,new ,york ,city1 to =m an organization ( nut gr[]s 9 ! nor?4 ,x 0 l>gely an organizational meet+4 ,no pap]s 7 read1 b "s solid f\ndations 7 laid4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+ s]v$ z tempor>y *airman ( ! meet+ &1 =tunately = ! cause1 0 !n elect$ z ! new body's ,secret>y-,treasur]1 an (fice :i* has always call$ = executive ability & untir+ indu/ry4 ,?is election paid (f4 ,at ! second meet+1 held at ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture1 9 ,i?aca1 x appe>$ t ! new ,secret>y _h communicat$ ) a l>ge numb] ( lead+ nurs]ym51 ) national & ,/ate horticulturi/s & ) o!rs4 ,x 0 report$ at ?is meet+ t only two nurs]ym5 _h accept$ ! invitation to att5d4 ,s1 report$ ,secret>y ,dem+1 evid5tly ! o!rs d n ?9k ! nor!rn nut gr[] is "o ^: acqua9tance is wor? cultivat+4 ,we hope to conv9ce !m to ! contr>y4 ,?is 0 done4 ,at ! second meet+1 ! ,association c\ld c\nt sixty memb]s4 ,pr(essor ,john ,craig1 ( ,cornell1 9 not+ ?is gr[?1 said1 ,dr4 ,dem+ has n m]ely p]=m$ ! r\t9e duties ( ! secret>y1 b he has /udi$ ! case & has pres5t$ a good _m facts n app>5t on ! surface4 ,x seems to me t ?is augurs well4 ,! augury prov$ prophetic4 ,! ,association cont9u$ to gr[4 ,b )\t ?is fir/ intellig5t1 p]si/5t ef=t ^u ! "p (4 ,dr4 ,dem+1 x c\ld h>dly h surviv$4 ,?is small bit ( hi/ory is illu/rative ( ! :ole life ( ,dr4 ,dem+4 ,8 deep int]e/ 9 ! purposes & hopes ( our ,association has nev] ceas$4 ,^u 8 own gr\nd he plant$1 & budd$ & graft$ _m nut trees1 & has giv5 away ! fruits ( 8 labors ) a prodigal good w4 ,dem+'s ,burnham pecan & ! ,dem+ ,purple black walnut are ! only introductions1 s f> z ?is writ] kn[s1 :i* be> 8 "n4 ,aga91 "s ?irty ye>s aft] ! fir/ meet+ m5tion$ above1 ,dr4 ,dem+ ?\ght up & c>ri$ ?r\gh ano!r project :i* makes ! ,association repeat$ly 8 debtor1 an ,index ( ! fir/ ?irty volumes ( ! ,association's ,annual ,reports4 ,x is a "w :i* saves ! consci5ti\s work] 9 nor!rn nut culture h\rs & h\rs ( labor4 ,& n[ our ,dean1 ! la/ ( ! f\nd+ fa!rs1 has left u = ! ,elysian ,fields4 ,8 g5tle1 k9dly face w be sadly miss$ by ^? :o knew him1 b he lives on 9 e tree ^: plant+ 8 labors inspir$ & 9 e m9d :i* has be51 ev5 unconsci\sly1 8 heir4 ,a lett] f ,miss ,*>lotte ,dem+1 a si/]1 assures u1 some:at t\*+ly1 b happily1 ( ?is fact3 ,my bro!r's he>t 0 ) & 9 ! "w ( ! ,association4 ,he 0 happy to "k ( its expansion into su* a wide-spread organization1 & v pr\d ( hav+ be5 made its ,dean4 ,dr4 ,dem+ liv$ a full life4 ,he 0 a physician ( di/9ction1 a graduate ( ,columbia ,univ]sity's ,college ( ,physicians & ,surgeons & 0 retir$ f ! army aft] ,_w ,w> ,i ) ! rank ( ,major4 ,aft] graduation f ,columbia1 he s]v$ 8 int]n%ip 9 a ,new ,york hospital1 !n on ! m$ical /aff ( ! ,/ate ,immigrant ,hospital1 ,w>d's ,isl&4 ,he began private practice 9 ,we/*e/] ,c\nty1 ,new ,york &1 lat]1 = _m ye>s1 s]v$ z exam9+ physician ) ! ,vet]ans' ,adm9i/ration 9 ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut4 ,x is int]e/+ to "k1 z told by 8 son1 ,haw?orne1 t ,mrs4 ,dem+1 =m]ly ,imog5e ,haw?orne1 0 ! y\nge/ gr&daught] ( ! immortal ,na?aniel4 ,x is evid5t t ,dr4 ,dem+1 bo? 9 private life & 9 8 public int]e/s1 0 a /rong believ] 9 ! value ( good blood-l9es4 ,john ,davidson ,! ,nom5clature ( ,nut ,v>ieties ,,george ,h4 ,m4 ,,lawr5ce1 ,bailey ,hortorium1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,?is article is int5d$ to introduce to y ! ,int]national ,code ( ,nom5clature = ,cultivat$ ,plants#f & to po9t out ! ways 9 :i* t ,code s]ves ! int]e/s & ne$s ( memb]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 #f ,! ,int]national ,code ( ,nom5clature = ,cultivat$ ,plants1 =mulat$ & adopt$ by ! ,int]national ,botanical ,congress ,committee = ! ,nom5clature ( ,cultivat$ ,plants & ! ,int]national ,committee on ,horticultural ,nom5clature & ,regi/ration at ! ,?irte5? ,int]national ,horticultural ,congress1 ,london1 ,septemb] #aieb4 ,copies ( ! full text ( ! ,code are available f ! ,secret>y1 ,am]ican ,horticultural ,c\ncil1 ,inc41 ,bailey ,hortorium1 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 7#be;c po/paid74 ,! ,code z publi%$ by ! ,royal ,horticultural ,society is a booklet ( ab\t #cj pages1 conta9+ an excell5t hi/orical introduction by ,w4 ,t4 ,/e>n1 a summ>y or abridg$ v]sion ( ! ,code1 & ! full text4 ,x is ( necessity some:at te*nical 9 its phraseology1 & 9 places its j>gon is ov]:elm+4 ,rec5tly1 ,dr4 ,john ,s4 ,l4 ,gilm\r1 ,director ( ! ,cambridge ,botanic ,g>d5s1 & =m]ly ,director ( ! ,r4 ,h4 ,s4 ,trial ,g>d5s at ,wisley1 publi%$ a v lucid & d[n-to-e>? int]pretation ( ! pr9ciple provisions ( ! ,code4 ,x is reproduc$ ) p]mission at ! conclusion ( ?is introduction4 ,! que/ions ask$ ab\t ! ,code include1 ,:at's x got t e>li] codes did n h8 ,:at's new ab\t x8 ,h[ does x affect me8 ,!re are sev]al answ]s to ! fir/ qu]y1 b ! mo/ significant is t "h = ! fir/ "t we h a ,code t repres5ts ! ?9k+ ( horticulturi/s f all lead+ horticultural c5t]s ( ! _w4 ,i 0 a memb] ( a committee ( ?irte5 7repres5t+ #f c\ntries71 t met = n9e days 9 ,/ockholm 9 #aiej to prep>e & edit ! fir/ int]national draft ( ?is ,code4 ,^? ( ea* nationality _h met 9 _! c\ntry previ\sly1 ) _! own lead]s1 & _h come to ?is r\nd-table session ) fix$ ideas ( :at !y want$4 ,by mid-ev5+ ( ! fir/ session x became app>5t t ! ,sw$es1 ! ,dut*1 ! ,briti%1 & ! ,am]icans _h s5t "s ( _! mo/ p]suasive1 vocative1 & det]m9$ c\ntrym5 to repres5t !m4 ,! ,swiss repres5tative re/ra9$ himself admirably until aft] ! initial l9es _h be5 drawn4 ,x look$ !n z if !re might be sev]al codes1 b be=e recess+ sev]al h\rs lat] "s concessions _h be5 made1 & discussion on ! m volatile po9ts _h be5 def]r$4 ,! diff]5ces ( op9ion 7 well f\nd$ & held ) good reason4 ,"s reflect$ an unaw>5ess ( situations 9 an unrelat$ horticultural field1 e4g41 a nurs]yman did n "k ! problems enc\nt]$ by ! ,danes 9 develop+ s-call$ v>ieties ( vegetables1 or by ! ,am]ican 9 produc+ hybrid-corn--ea* call+ = diff]5t provisions 9 ! ,code1 nor c\ld ! rose speciali/ be expect$ to compreh5d ! g5etic situations enc\nt]$ 9 _m types ( hybridity4 ,"o botani/ 9 ! gr\p _h no appreciation ( ! intricacies ( problems & situations f\nd :5 try+ to "n "s complex gr\ps ( cultig5s4 ,add to ^! reasons ! fact t mo/ ( ^! m5 7 repres5tatives or spokesm5 = l>g] gr\ps or national organizations back home & 7 n au?oriz$ to act indep5d5tly f e>li] decisions by ^? gr\ps1 & "o c only m>vel t at ! end ( ! #i-;day p]iod we came up ) a detail$ & workable draft accept$ unanim\sly1 & :i* 0 modifi$ 9 no major respect at ! m rec5tly ,int]national ,horticultural ,congress 9 ,london4 ,! p]iod betwe5 ! ,/ockholm meet+ & ! ,london ,congress 0 utiliz$ to di/ribute mimeograph$ copies ( ! ,/ockholm draft to horticultural lead]s 9 all c\ntries1 to provide opportunity = sugge/+ *anges & new provisions = ! ,code1 & to hold "o committee meet+ ( int]national level1 at ,london 9 ,novemb] #aiea4 ,z a result1 ! pres5t ,code is ! fir/ truly int]national regulat+ guide t has be5 produc$ z an aid to p]sons conc]n$ ) ! nom5clature ( cultivat$ plants4 ,! individual :o may object to "s provision ( ! ,code mu/ rememb] t its pres5ce 9 ! ,code has _h ! support ( scores ( speciali/s1 repres5t+ no less ?an #af nations & t !re is no "p ( ! ,code t 0 n acceptable to a majority ( ! delegates ( ea* nation & to ! gr\ps repres5t+ !m4 ,! significance ( ?is int]national "* ( ! ,code is n to be disc\nt$4 ,x is only prop] at ?is po9t to tell y h[ ! ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 0 repres5t$ at ! ,int]national ,horticultural ,congress 9 ,london4 ,practically e c\ntry except ! ,unit$ ,/ates has a national horticultural organization1 comp>able 9 "s respects to ! ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 ) :i* y are surely famili>4 ,?is c\ntry _h none4 ,:5 ! call w5t out = repres5tatives & delegates to ! ,int]national ,horticultural ,congress1 t = ?is c\ntry 0 deliv]$ to ! agricultural atta*e at our ,embassy 9 ,london4 ,x is report$ t he ref]r$ x to 8 home (fice & att5d$ "s prelim9>y meet+s 9 ,london4 ,! matt] 0 ref]r$ to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 ,wa%+ton & !re sat1 app>5tly1 = mon?s4 ,9 ! int]im1 private communications 7 fly+ across ! ,atlantic 9 bo? directions betwe5 int]e/$ horticulturi/s & f9ally ! matt] 0 ref]r$ by ! ,honorable ,secret>y ( ! ,congress direct to ,am]ican societies ( horticulture to ensure t ,am]ican views & int]e/s w\ld be adequately repres5t$4 ,x boil$ d[n to ! ,unit$ ,/ates be+ repres5t$ by ^? p]sons :o 7 go+ to be at ! ,congress anyway & by m5 :o 7 n speciali/s 9 nom5clatural matt]s4 ,apprais$ ( _! lot1 ^! p]sons made e ef=t to be brief$ & in=m$ on z _m aspects ( ! provisions ( ! propos$ ,code z possible4 ,z /at$ lat] by ,dr4 ,s4 ,l4 ,emswell] 7a memb] ( ! committee1 repres5t+ ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 & ! ,am]ican ,society = ,horticultural ,sci5ce71 ?is situation br\ght into %>p focus ! ne$ 9 ?is c\ntry = a s+le horticultural organization ( organizations t c\ld s]ve z au?oriz$ 9 matt]s at ! int]national level4 ,! ,am]ican ,horticultural ,c\ncil1 to :i* ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association belongs may become t organization1 b only :5 au?oriz$ by its memb]%ip4 ,_m read]s may be famili> ) e>li] codes1 z t adopt$ by ! ,am]ican ,pomological ,society 7:i* dates f #ahdg71 t by ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,agronomi/s 7=mulat$ 9 #aiag-ah71 & ) a ?ird code adopt$ at ! sessions ( ! ,botanical ,congress meet+ 9 ,cambridge1 ,engl&1 9 #aice4 ,kn[+ ( ! provisions ( ^! codes1 y may ask1 ,:at has ! new "o got t is diff]5t8 ,!re are _m new features ( :i* ! m significant are giv5 bel[4 ,p]haps =emo/ is ! recognition t1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! s-call$ v>ieties ( g>d5 plants are n uni=m 9 _! behavior4 ,"s are no?+ m ?an transplants ( v>iations f\nd 9 ! wild1 su* z ! ,japanese ,juglans ,sieboldiana v>4 cordi=mis1 a population hav+ its own geographic range & di/+ui%$ f ! typical elem5t ( ! species by sev]al morphological *>act]s4 ,x is a botanical v>iety t is cultivat$4 ,x is n a product ( dome/ication4 ,! code di/+ui%es f ?is botanical v>iety ^? s-call$ v>ieties t are ! result ( dome/ication1 v>iants t h be5 produc$ 9 cultivation b are n kn[n to occur & p]petuate !mselves 9 ! wild1 su* z ,s*w$l]'s maple kn[n z ,ac] ,platanoides v>4 ,s*w$l]i4 ,plants ( ?is gr\p1 t may be gr[n f se$ & :i* d %[ a limit$ v>iability1 are di/+ui%$ f botanical v>ieties by plac+ !m 9 a new category call$ cultiv> 7a "n co9$ long ago by ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey & mean+1 a v>iety f cultivation74 ,! abbreviation = ! category is cv4 ,fur!rmore1 9 an ef=t to diff]5tiate cultiv> names f botanical names1 x is provid$ t !y be treat$ z are v]nacul> or fancy 7common7 names4 ,t is1 t ! "n be plac$ 9 s+le quotes & n italiciz$ e4g41 ,ac] ,platanoides cv4 ',s*w$l]i'4 ,a ?ird category is t ( clone4 ,a clone is an individual propagat$ n f se$s b by asexual means1 z by graft+1 budd+1 cutt+s1 etc4 ,mo/ s-call$ v>ieties ( nuts are clones4 ,a clone may be select$ f a species population1 f a botanical v>iety1 f a cultiv>1 or f anyone ( sev]al types ( hybrid complexes4 ,x may appe> z a mutant ( ano!r clone4 ,! "n = x may1 :]e !re is ne$ = precision1 be atta*$ to ! "n ( ! species 7or hybrid7 f :i* x 0 select$1 z ,corylus ,avellana cl4 ',du,chilly' or r$uc$ to ,corylus cl4 ',du,chilly4' ,= ! hybridiz] nam+ & introduc+ new hybrids to cultivation1 ! ,code is m helpful ?an any previ\s set ( rules & ! ne$s ( hybridiz]s ( v>i\s gr\ps h be5 consid]$4 ,_m examples illu/rat+ application ( ea* provision are giv5 9 ! unabridg$ v]sion4 ,! p]son nam+ plants w f9d mu* helpful guidance ) reg>d to ! selection ( names :i* %\ld be consid]$ if int]national usage is to prevail4 ,! ,code is j t1 a set ( dicta provid$ = guidance by horticulturi/s ?r\gh\t ! _w t !re may prevail a great] uni=mity1 accuracy1 & fixity ( names1 a less5+ ( proc$ures t w\ld lead to confusion & error if adequately support$ or widely adopt$1 & a provision = *ange & revision4 ,"o section ( ! code 7,c7 deal+ ) ,regi/ration might well come )9 ! framework ( int]e/ & activity ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,?is section1 :i* suff]s mat]ially by cond5sation 9 ! abbreviat$ text t foll[s1 occupies ne>ly a page 9 ! unabridg$ edition4 ,x envisages ! e/abli%m5t ( an int]national regi/]+ body1 ) headqu>t]s = diff]5t gr\ps locat$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 e4g41 t = tulips 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 = rhodod5drons 9 ,brita91 = roses 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 etc4 ,! task ( compil+1 ma9ta9+1 & publi%+ su* a regi/r> 7& reject+ names n 9 con=mance ) ! ,code7 w fall 9 _m cases on ! special plant societies conc]n$4 ,:5 societies = a giv5 gr\p ( plants exi/ 9 #b or m c\ntries1 !y w be expect$ to collaborate4 ,ins(> z ,i "k ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association has n set up any me*anism = ! regi/ration ( names giv5 to cultiv>s1 hybrids1 & clones ( nuts4 ,to d s w\ld be to p]=m a v real s]vice = y\r memb]%ip1 = ! indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry1 & w\ld place ! ,association 9 a key spot :5 ! proposal = an int]national regi/ry is activat$4 ,! agitation = ?is phase ( int]national application ( ! ,code is consid]able & is m evid5t 9 ,europe ?an "h4 ,if ! ,association takes an active /& 9 ! matt] & develops a c5t] ( regi/ry ( nut names = ?is cont95t1 x may v well display a quality ( initiative & s]vice t w make x pre-em95t on ! int]national level & w cause o!rs to look to x = guidance1 in=mation1 & lead]%ip4 ,a c>eful consid]ation ( ?is ,code is comm5d$ to all & ^? int]e/$ 9 ! topic are urg$ to procure a copy ( ! booklet giv+ ! unabridg$ edition & ,/e>n's excell5t hi/orical acc\nt ( ! subject4 ,! ,new ,code ,= ! ,nam+ ( ,cultivat$ ,plants#g #g ,reproduc$ ) p]mission f ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 vol4 #fi1 pp4 #ab-ba1 #aied4 ,j4 ,s4 ,l4 ,,gilm\r1 ,*airman ( ! ,int]national ,committee on ,horticultural ,nom5clature & ,regi/ration ,anyone :o deals 9 any way ) cultivat$ plants uses plant names4 ,?is glimpse ( ! obvi\s ought to mean t ! appe>ance ( a new ,code = ! nam+ ( cultivat$ plants %\ld be a memorable ev5t = all g>d5]s4 ,i say ought to mean advis$ly1 because !re is no d\bt t1 9 ! pa/1 ,codes ( ,nom5clature h made little appeal to g>d5]s1 ! great majority ( :om h be5 blissfully unaw>e ( _! exi/5ce4 ,z a consequ5ce1 _m horticulturi/s--on he>+ ( a new ,code--w1 no d\bt1 raise a respectful 7or contemptu\s7 eyebr[ & get on ) read+ _! late/ catalogue4 ,! aim ( ?is article is to p]suade read]s ( ! ,society's ,,j\rnal1 n only t ?is attitude is aga9/ _! own int]e/s1 b t a good deal ( quiet ent]ta9m5t c be extract$ f try+ to use plant names correctly--if only ! ent]ta9m5t ( putt+ _! neighb\r "r6 ,x is true t1 hi!rto1 !re has be5 ample excuse = ignorance4 ,al?\gh ,codes = ! nam+ ( cultivat$ plants h exi/$1 9 "s %ape or =m1 = ne>ly #ajj ye>s1 !y h be5 pr9t$ 9 obscure publications1 q inaccessible to ord9>y mortals4 ,?is excuse no long] holds4 ,! full text1 plus a summ>y1 ( ! new ,code c be pur*as$ = "o %ill+ & ?ree p5ce 7po/ free7 f ! ,society1 &1 9 addition1 ref]5ce to x has be5 made 9 _m horticultural & o!r p]iodicals4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! new ,code ab\t1 h[ does x affect g>d5]s1 & :at %\ld !y d ab\t x8 ,9 ! fir/ place x is n ab\t ! ,lat9 names ( wild species or v>ieties--names l ,rhodod5dron ponticum & ,aesculus oct&ra v>4 ve/ita4 ,:e!r wild plants are gr[n 9 g>d5s or n1 _! ,lat9 names are gov]n$ by q a sep>ate ,code1 devis$ by botani/s = ! purpose4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t g>d5]s h to use ,lat9 names = _m ( ! wild plants t !y gr[1 & equally true1 un=tunately1 t ! frequ5t *anges 9 ^! names are a s\rce ( annoyance to ev]yone2 b t is q ano!r /ory1 ) :i* we are n conc]n$ "h4 ,at ! la/ ,int]national ,horticultural ,congress /eps 7 tak5 :i* we all hope w result1 ) ! coop]ation ( botani/s1 9 ! /abilization ( widely us$ ,lat9 names ( cultivat$ plants4 ,no1 ! new ,code deals1 n ) wild species1 v>ieties & hybrids1 b ) :at are commonly call$ g>d5 v>ieties--namely1 =ms :i* h be5 br\ght into exi/5ce by selection1 hybridization1 or o!r simil> processes devis$ by man1 & are ma9ta9$ 9 cultivation z clones or pure l9es by man's c>e & skill--su* plants z ,rose ',peace1' ,apple ',beauty ( ,ba?1' & ?\s&s ( o!rs4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 wild plants & g>d5 v>ieties is n absolutely cle> cut1 & 9 ! ,code a clos] def9ition is attempt$--b = our pres5t purpose ! diff]5ce is obvi\s en\gh4 ,9 ! ,code1 x is recomm5d$ t g>d5 v>ieties %\ld te*nically be call$ cultiv>s4 ,?is has be5 _! (ficial "n = _m ye>s & x is cle>ly desirable1 if ! two categories ( wild & cultivat$ v>ieties are to be recogniz$1 to h a %ort & int]nationally curr5t ^w = ea* ( !m4 ,v>iety & cultiv> s]ve ?is purpose admirably1 b x is n to be expect$ t all g>d5]s w make ! di/9ction & adopt ! ^w cultiv> 9 ord9>y p>lance1 at any rate imm$iately4 ,p]sonally1 h[ev]1 ,i hope & believe t ev5tually cultiv> w f9d fav\r4 ,x is a cle> & easily und]/ood ^w & w1 ,i ?9k1 prove useful to ^? g>d5]s :o c>e = accuracy & precision 9 _! craft1 & especially to ^? :o h deal+s ) fell[-g>d5]s 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! ,code1 !n1 deals ) ! names ( cultiv>s4 ,x may be helpful1 ,i ?9k1 to consid] its rules & regulations "u ?ree head+s3 fir/ly1 ^? ( int]e/ to all g>d5]s :o h occasion to write ! names ( cultiv>s2 secondly1 ^? :i* are conc]n$ ) ! co9+ ( new names2 & ?irdly1 ^? m te*nical provisions :i* are ( int]e/ prim>ily to horticulturi/s /udy+ a p>ticul> gr\p & try+ to e/abli% :at are ! correct names = its cultiv>s4 #a4 ,! ,writ+ ( ,cultiv>-,names ,! mo/ important po9t1 p]haps1 conc]n+ ! names ( cultiv>s is t !y %\ld n be 9 ,lat91 b 9 any mod]n language us+ ! s-call$ ,roman alphabet 7i4e4 ! alphabet 9 :i* ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 etc41 are writt574 ,! reason = ?is is1 ( c\rse1 to di/+ui%1 at a glance1 names ( cultiv>s f names ( wild v>ieties1 :i* are 9 ,lat94 ,9 ! future1 ,lat9 names = cultiv>s w def9itely n be all[$ by ! ,code1 b we are fac$ ) ! fait accompli ( hundr$s ( exi/+ ,lat9 names :i* h be5 widely us$ = _m ye>s4 ,= example3 ! dw>f conif]s ab\nd ) cultiv>s call$ 'nana1' 'pro/rata1' 'compacta' & ! l1 & su* names z 'albus1' 'v>iegatus1' & 'pl5us' occur 9 almo/ e cultivat$ g5us4 ,x w\ld cle>ly be fooli% to try to alt] all ^!1 & ! ,code accepts su* legacies f ! pa/ z p]man5tly ) u4 7,z we %all see1 h[ev]1 a di/9ction is made betwe5 ! writ+ ( ,lat9 cultiv>-names & ,lat9 v>ietal-names47 ,! va/ majority1 !n1 ( cultiv>-names are v]nacul> or fancy names l ',w9/on ,*ur*ill4' ,h[ %\ld ! full "n ( a cultiv> be writt58 ,! complete & te*nically correct =m1 includ+ ! ,lat9 "n ( ! species f :i* ! cultiv> has be5 d]iv$1 is illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ example3 ,s$um spectabile ,boreau1 cv4 ',brilliant1' b ,i ha/5 to add t ?is l5g?y designation is = use only on full-dress occasions6 ,9 ! example1 ,s$um is ! "n ( ! g5us1 spectabile ! "n ( ! species 7te*nically call$ ! specific epi!t71 ,boreau ! "n ( ! man :o fir/ describ$ ! species "u t "n 7te*nically call$ ! au?ority = ! "n71 cv4 ! abbreviation ( cultiv>1 & ',brilliant' ! cultiv>-"n = ! p>ticul> cultiv> conc]n$4 ,x %\ld be not$ 7#a7 t ! g5]ic "n & specific epi!t are pr9t$ 9 italics1 7#b7 t ! cultiv>-"n beg9s ) a capital lett]1 is pr9t$ 9 ord9>y ,roman type1 & is enclos$ 9 s+le quotation m>ks1 & 7#c7 t !re is no au?ority aft] ! cultiv>-"n4 ,^! ?ree po9ts are important1 & apply to ! writ+ ( all names ( cultiv>s4 ,if we wi% to cut d[n ?is r =midable /r+ ( words = e-day use1 ! au?ority c be omitt$ 9 all except v te*nical writ+4 ,secondly1 ! abbreviation cv4 c normally be left out1 z ! v]nacul> =m1 s+le quotes1 & ,roman type ( ',brilliant' indicate q cle>ly t x is a cultiv>-"n1 & n ! "n ( a wild v>iety4 ,9 ?is %ort5$ =m1 !re=e1 ! "n w\ld read simply3 ,s$um spectabile ',brilliant' & ?is is ! normal me?od ( writ+ ! names ( cultiv>s4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two additional ref9em5ts t %\ld be m5tion$--ap>t f ! special case ( cultiv>s d]iv$ f hybrids1 :i* ,i w deal ) lat]4 ,! fir/ conc]ns ^? ,lat9 cultiv>-names :i* are left ov] f ! pa/4 ,^! %\ld be pr9t$ 9 ,roman type & enclos$ 9 s+le quotes to di/+ui% !m f ,lat9 v>ietal names2 ?us "o w\ld write ,?uja ori5talis 'elegantissima1' :]e 'elegantissima' is a cultiv>-"n1 b ,aesculus oct&ra v>4 ve/ita1 :]e ve/ita is ! "n ( a wild v>iety4 ,! second po9t ref]s to ! omission ( any au?ority aft] a cultiv>-"n4 ,_m cultiv>s are fir/ describ$ 9 reports ( trials1 9 catalogues1 & o!r anonym\s publications2 ?is makes ! quot+ ( an au?ority impractical1 b !re is provision 9 ! ,code = writ+ ! rais]'s or introduc]'s "n 9 brackets aft] ! cultiv>-"n if s desir$1 ?us3 ,weigela ',avalan*e' 7,lemo9e74 #b4 ,nam+ ,new ,cultiv>s ,g5]al ,let u suppose t a nurs]yman1 p>k sup]9t5d5t1 or amateur g>d5] has j fl[]$ a bat* ( se$l+s (1 say1 ,hel5ium1 & t he spots "o z be+ ( a new type & wor?y ( propagation4 ,9 due c\rse he %[s ! plant at a =tnightly %[1 "u a numb]1 & an ,aw>d ( ,m]it is giv5 to x4 ,he mu/ n[ f9d a cultiv>-"n = 8 new plant4 ,8 fir/ problem1 ( c\rse1 is to *oose a "n t has n be5 us$ be=e 9 ! g5us ,hel5ium4 ,if he picks on a v unusual p]sonal "n he c be fairly c]ta9 t he is ! fir/ to use x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he pref]s a m g5]al "n1 l ',innoc5ce' or ',v5us1' !re is a dang] t x has be5 us$ be=e4 ,if !re exi/$ a regi/ration au?ority = ,hel5ium names1 z !re does1 = example1 = names ( ,daffodils1 he c\ld1 ( c\rse1 consult ?is au?ority1 b 9 its abs5ce he mu/ d 8 be/ to comb ! likely lit]ature--= example ! ,index to ?is ,,j\rnal1 nurs]ym5's catalogues1 etc4--& to assure himself t 8 *os5 "n has n already be5 us$4 ,8 next /ep is to make c]ta9 t ! "n is 9 accordance ) ! be/ practice = co9+ su* names4 ,"h is :]e ! ,code w help him4 ,9 x he w f9d 7"u ,section ,f7 a s]ies ( rules = 8 guidance1 bas$ on ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( horticulturi/s ( _m nations4 ,i w n repeat ^! rules "h--!y c be read 9 ! ,code--b p]haps ! mo/ important1 ap>t f ! rule already quot$ t ! "n mu/ n be 9 ,lat91 is t x %\ld be %ort 7n m ?an two words71 %\ld avoid =ms ( address liable to be confus$ 7e4g4 ,mr41 ,mrs4 & ,miss7 &1 z f> z possible1 %\ld be easily pron\nceable by all nationalities4 ,z ! ,code says1 ',c5t5aire de ,roza9-,b\r*>lat1' ',diplomag>t5bau9spektor1' & ',eldwy? ,*olmondeley' are n look$ ^u ) fav\r z cultiv>-names6 ,hav+ *os5 a "n1 x is ess5tial to ensure t x is publi%$1 toge!r ) an adequate description1 s9ce ! ,code does n recognize names t are n publi%$1 or are publi%$ ) no description4 ,! ,code lays d[n :at is meant by publication1 & by adequate description4 ,! names ( plants :i* receive an ,aw>d at ,v9c5t ,squ>e are automatically publi%$1 ) a description1 9 ?is ,,j\rnal1 b = o!r me?ods ( publication ! ,code %\ld be consult$4 ,hybrids ,! nam+ ( cultiv>s d]iv$ f crosses betwe5 two or m diff]5t species1 belong+ to ! same or diff]5t g5]a1 involves r special problems4 ,by d]iv$ f ,i mean n only ! fir/ g5]ation f a species cross1 b all subsequ5t g5]ations & back-crosses ) ! orig9al p>5ts or ) memb]s ( ! fir/ or lat] g5]ations4 ,any cultiv> :i* is ! prog5y ( a species cross1 h[ev] remote1 comes1 = ! purpose ( ! ,code1 "u ! head+ ( a hybrid & its nam+ is subject to def9ite rules4 ,! full "n ( a hybrid cultiv> mu/ be reg>d$ z consi/+ ( ?ree di/9ct p>ts3 7#a7 ! "n ( ! g5us 7or hybrid g5us if a hybrid betwe5 two or m g5]a is conc]n$72 7#b7 a collective "n or phrase cov]+ all ! prog5y result+ f ! p>ticul> species-cross conc]n$2 & 7#c7 a cultiv>-"n = ! p>ticul> =m 7cultiv>7 "u consid]ation4 ,9 ! "n ,viburnum x bodnant5se ',dawn1' ,viburnum is ! g5]ic "n1 x bodnant5se is ! collective "n = all prog5y ( ! cross ,v4 fragans x ,v4 gr&iflorum1 & ',dawn' is ! cultiv>-"n = a p>ticul> se$l+ ( ?is p>5tage4 ,x is ess5tial always to be> 9 m9d ^! ?ree di/9ct p>ts ( ! "n ( a g>d5 hybrid1 ev5 if1 z x (t5 done1 "o or o!r ( ! p>ts is omitt$ 9 actual usage2 ! ?ree p>ts broadly correspond1 ( c\rse1 to ! g5]ic "n1 specific epi!t1 & cultiv>-"n ( a non-hybrid cultiv> 7see above74 ,let u consid] ^! ?ree p>ts 9 turn & see :at types ( "n c be us$ 9 ea* "p 9 actual practice--& h[ ?is affects ! nam+ ( new hybrid cultiv>s4 ,! fir/ "p1 ! g5]ic "n1 pres5ts no difficulties1 except 9 ! case ( new hybrids betwe5 two or m g5]a4 ,names ( su* hybrid g5]a are usually manufactur$ f a comb9ation ( ! names ( ! p>5t g5]a 7e4g4 x ,heu*]ella1 f ,heu*]a & ,ti>ella72 9 ! case ( hybrids betwe5 m ?an two g5]a1 h[ev]1 :]e a comb9ation "n w\ld be unwieldy1 x is p]missible to make a new "n by add+ ! t]m9ation ara to ! "n ( a p]son connect$ ) ! plant conc]n$ 7e4g4 x ,s&]>a = a tri-g5]ic or*id hybrid74 ,be=e mak+ a new hybrid g5]ic "n1 a botani/ %\ld be consult$1 z a ,lat9 description 9 prop]1 botanical =m mu/ be provid$4 ,x w h be5 notic$ t a multiplication sign is plac$ 9 front ( ! names ( hybrid g5]a1 b aft] ! g5]ic "n 9 ! case ( hybrids )9 a s+le g5us2 fur!r details on ?is po9t are giv5 lat]4 ,! second "p ( ! full "n ( a hybrid is a m tricky bus9ess4 ,x is1 z ,i h said1 a collective designation = all ! prog5y ( ! p>ticul> cross conc]n$1 & x may take "o or all ( ?ree possible =ms3-- 7#a7 ,if ! p>5tage is kn[n1 a b>e =mula consi/+ ( ! names ( ! p>5ts1 9 alphabetical ord]1 connect$ ) a multiplication sign1 e4g4 ,lewisia cotyl$on x r$iviva4 7#b7 ,a "n 9 ,lat9 =m 7correspond+ to a non-hybrid specific epi!t71 prec$$ by a multiplication sign1 e4g4 ,viburnum x bodnant5se4 7#c7 ,a v]nacul> phrase conta9+ ! ^w hybrid1 cross1 grex 7,lat9 = flock or gr\p71 or o!r simil> ^w1 mak+ evid5t ! collective nature ( ! phrase1 e4g4 ,lilium ',bell+ham ,hybrids4' ,:y d we h to h ^! ?ree diff]5t =ms = ! second "p ( ! full "n1 & :51 to put x briefly1 %\ld we use :i*8 ,i mu/ admit t practice on ?is p>ticul> po9t is z yet by no means fix$1 & no d\bt x w be modifi$ consid]ably dur+ ! next few ye>s1 z m horticulturi/s try to apply ! ,code to ! gr\ps 9 :i* !y are int]e/$4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! alt]natives available1 x w be helpful1 ,i ?9k1 to consid] fir/ ! ?ird "p ( ! full "n1 z ! use ( ?is1 & ( ! second "p1 are v closely connect$4 ,! ?ird "p1 z ,i h said1 is a cultiv>-"n ( a p>ticul> =m ( ! hybrid conc]n$1 &1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is extremely important to realize t e cultivat$ hybrid t is consid]$ wor? nam+ at all %\ld receive a cultiv>-"n f ! outset ( its c>e]1 ev5 if1 at ! "t1 only "o =m is kn[n1 or is consid]$ wor? nam+4 ,to take an actual example1 at ! "t :5 ! new hybrid ,viburnum x bodnant5se 0 describ$ 9 ! ,botanical ,magaz9e1 only "o =m1 or clone1 ( x _h be5 put into circulation1 & yet t s+le clone 0 giv5 a cultiv>-"n1 ',dawn4' ,! object ( do+ ?is 0 to be able1 9 ! future1 to ref] by "n to ?is p>ticul> clone & s avoid confusion ) any lat]1 & possibly inf]ior1 =ms ( ! same cross t might be produc$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! "n ',dawn1' less desirable clones c\ld legitimately be pass$ (f "u ! collective "n ,v4 x bodnant5se )\t ! acquir] realis+ t he 0 n gett+ ! orig9al & sup]ior =m4 ,be>+ 9 m9d1 !n1 ! pr9ciple t all cultivat$ hybrids %\ld h a ?ird "p1 cultiv>-"n1 we c turn aga9 to ! use ( ! v>i\s possible designations = ! second "p li/$ above4 ,! *oice ( designations dep5ds1 broadly speak+1 on conv5i5ce1 t is to say1 on :at1 9 practice1 w be f\nd ! mo/ useful me?od ( ref]r+ to ! plants conc]n$4 ,9 pr9ciple1 ( c\rse1 e hybrid ^: p>5tage is kn[n has an appropriate =mula-designation1 & 9 c]ta9 cases su* a =mula w\ld be suffici5t z a second "p designation )\t inv5t+ ei!r a ,lat9 "n or a v]nacul> collective "n4 ,= in/ance1 :5 !re are only a v few =ms ( a p>ticul> cross1 x might n be consid]$ necess>y to be able to ref] to ! =ms collectively1 & a second "p "n w\ld n !n be giv54 ,= example1 ,rubus ',m]ton ,?ornless1' :5 rais$1 0 ! only =m ( ! hybrid ,r4 ru/icanus in]mis x ?yrsig] to be put into circulation1 & x 0 n giv5 a second "p designation o!r ?an ! appropriate =mula4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 x is usually desirable to h a second "p1 collective designation1 r ?an a =mula only4 ,:e!r su* designation %\ld be a ,lat9 "n or a v]nacul> phrase1 or bo?1 dep5ds on a numb] ( factors :i*1 z ,i h said1 are n yet fully work$ out or appreciat$4 ,broadly speak+1 if !re are a l>ge numb] ( cultiv>s ( a p>ticul> cross & ^! cultiv>s =m a well-m>k$ gr\p1 di/9ct f o!r hybrid gr\ps 9 ! g5us1 x is useful to h a v]nacul> designation = g5]al use1 e4g4 ',bell+ham ,hybrids' = all cultiv>s ( ! cross ,lilium ,humboldtii x p>dal9um4 ,?is purpose c1 h[ev]1 be equally well s]v$ by a ,lat9 "n1 e4g4 ,camellia x ,williamsii = all cultiv>s ( ! cross ,c4 japonica x salu55sis4 ,:i*ev] me?od is *os51 two po9ts are ( great importance4 ,fir/ly1 if a ,lat9 "n is giv51 x mu/ be accompani$ by a ,lat9 description4 ,secondly a v]nacul> designation mu/ conta9 "s su* ^w z ,hybrids1 ,crosses1 or ! l1 to di/+ui% x f a cultiv>-"n4 ,! practice1 9 "s gr\ps1 ( giv+ /raight cultiv>-names z second "p collective designations1 foll[$ by v>4 s-&-s1 is condemn$ by ! ,code4 ,exi/+ names ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 c easily be br\ght into l9e by add+ a ^w su* z ,hybrids or ,grex to ! old1 second "p1 cultiv>-"n1 & omitt+ ! v>4 ?us1 ,cattleya ',fabia' v>4 ',pr9ce ( ,wales1' w\ld become ,c4 7',fabia ,grex'7 ',pr9ce ( ,wales' 7,grex c he abbreviat$ to ,g4 if desir$74 ,?is alt]ation may seem ov]-p$antic1 b if1 9 ! nam+ ( cultivat$ hybrids1 a cle> di/9ction is n kept betwe5 second & ?ird "p names1 confusion1 z ,i h po9t$ out1 is likely to result4 ,i w f9i% ?is section on ! nam+ ( hybrids ) "o or two additional po9ts on ! correct me?od ( writ+ _! names4 ,"h are ! full names ( ?ree cultivat$ hybrids3-- ,rubus 7ru/icanus in]mis ,x ?yrsig]7 ',m]ton ,?ornless4' ,camellia ,x ,williamsii ',donation4' ,rose 7,hybrid ,tea7 ',ri*mond4' ,! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be not$3-- 7a7 ,if a =mula or a v]nacul> designation is us$ z a second "p "n1 x %\ld be plac$ 9 brackets betwe5 ! g5]ic "n & ! cultiv>-"n4 7b7 ,if a ,lat9 "n is us$ z a second "p "n1 & ! hybrid is betwe5 plants belong+ to ! same g5us1 a multiplication sign %\ld be plac$ betwe5 x & ! g5]ic "n4 7c7 ,! ?ird "p cultiv>-"n foll[s directly on ! second "p "n & is plac$ 9 s+le quotes1 z = cultiv>-names ( non-hybrids4 ,9 _m contexts x w\ld n be necess>y to write ! second "p "n at all1 b if x is omitt$1 ! cultiv>-"n1 /rictly speak+1 %\ld be prec$$ by a multiplication sign1 ?us3 ,camellia ,x ',donation1' b x w\ld be no great crime to omit x1 except p]haps 9 te*nical publications4 #c4 ,:at ,is ! ,correct ,"n = a ,cultiv>8 ,x is a pa9fully famili> fact t _m cultiv>s are kn[n by m ?an "o "n1 & t _m cultiv>-names h be5 appli$ to m ?an "o cultiv>--al?\gh ! position is n s bad z x is 9 ! case ( botanical names6 ,?is multiplication ( names is ! inevitable result ( _m p nam+ _m plants ov] a p]iod ( _m ye>s4 ,x is a situation :i* we mu/ accept & d our be/ to mitigate4 ,! ,code has a numb] ( necess>ily r complicat$ provisions aim+ at select+ ! correct "n = any cultiv>4 ,^! provisions are important ma9ly to ! comp>atively few horticulturi/s & botani/s :o take on ! un5viable job ( sort+ out ! nom5clature ( cultivat$ plants1 ?\gh ! results ( _! lab\rs affect u all4 ,! rules are set out fully 9 ! ,code1 & "h ,i w attempt only to pick out "o or two ( ! m important4 ,! ,code lays d[n two basic pr9ciples2 ?\gh1 z we %all see1 ^! may be modifi$ if undesirable "n-*ang+ c be avoid$ !reby4 7a7 ,no "n c be us$ if x does n con=m to ! v>i\s rules laid d[n 9 ! ,code 7includ+ prop] publication ( ! "n1 ) a description74 7b7 ,if !re are two or m names t con=m ) ! ,code1 !n ! e>lie/ "n is ! correct "o2 ?is is kn[n te*nically z ! pr9ciple ( priority4 ,n[1 obvi\sly1 z happ5s ) botanical names1 ! /rict application ( priority might mean t a univ]sally us$ "n--say1 ,plum ',victoria'--w\ld h to be giv5 up & replac$ by a completely unkn[n "o4 ,?is is un?9kable1 &1 z 9 ! ,botanical ,code1 !re are clauses to prev5t x happ5+4 ,) cultiv>-names1 h[ev]1 !re is a p>ticul> complication1 :i* does n apply to botanical names4 ,! latt] are all 9 ,lat91 :]eas cultiv>-names may be 9 _m languages4 ,?is means t a cultiv>1 rais$ 9 "o c\ntry "u a "n acceptable 9 t c\ntry1 may be introduc$ into ano!r c\ntry :]e ! orig9al "n is q unpron\nceable or o!rwise unsuitable4 ,a new "n is1 ( c\rse1 imm$iately inv5t$ by ! introduc]1 & cle>ly1 9 _m cases1 x is useless to try to make ! second c\ntry adopt ! e>li]1 /rictly correct1 b unsuitable "n4 ,! ,code1 !re=e1 all[s ! ret5tion ( ! second "n z :at x calls a comm]cial synonym4 ,?us1 ,rose ',p]man5t ,wave' is a comm]cial synonym 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ,rose rais$ 9 ,holl& z ',mevr\w van ,/raat5 van ,nes4' ,9 any =mal li/ ( ,roses1 bo? names %\ld be giv51 toge!r ) any o!r comm]cial synonyms t may exi/4 ,! co9+ ( comm]cial synonyms is n1 ( c\rse1 to be enc\rag$1 & %\ld only be done if ! orig9al "n is cle>ly unsuitable = ! new c\ntry4 ,frequ5tly names are translat$ or translit]at$ :5 a cultiv> is introduc$ into ano!r c\ntry1 & su* a translation or translit]ation is n reg>d$ 9 ! ,code z a new "n1 b z ! orig9al "n 9 ano!r =m2 no difficulty1 !re=e1 arises z to priority 9 ^! p>ticul> cases4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important section ( ! :ole ,code deals ) ! ,regi/ration ( cultiv>-names4 ,9 c]ta9 gr\ps 7e4g4 ,daffodils7 int]national regi/ration s*emes already exi/1 & x is urg$ t fur!r s*emes1 cov]+ all important gr\ps ( cultivat$ plants1 %\ld be e/abli%$ z soon z possible4 ,! function ( su* au?orities w\ld consi/1 prim>ily1 ( 7#a7 regi/]+ new names & ensur+ t !y are 9 accordance ) ! ,code1 & 7#b7 prep>+1 & keep+ up to date1 li/s ( cultiv>s 9 _! gr\ps4 ,9 addition1 ! au?orities w\ld *oose a p>ticul> publication z ! />t+-po9t ( ! nom5clature 9 ! gr\p 7s z to avoid dipp+ too deeply into ! pa/ 9 se>* ( ev] e>li] cultiv>-names71 & w\ld act z arbit]s :5 a decision has to be made betwe5 two or m widely us$ names = ! same cultiv>4 ,!re is no d\bt 9 ! m9ds ( ^? responsible = ! ,code t ! exi/5ce ( int]nationally tru/$ & respect$ regi/ration au?orities w\ld d m ?an any?+ else to /abilize & simplify ! nam+ ( cultivat$ plants4 ,x w obvi\sly take "s "t be=e au?orities c be set up = all--or ev5 ! majority--( important gr\ps1 b ! ,int]national ,committee is do+ its be/ to pu% ahead quickly ) ?is v important side ( _! "w4 ,at ! end ( ! ,code !re are sections deal+ ) c]ta9 special categories su* z re-select$ & improv$ cultiv>s1 con-v>ieties1 clones1 apomicts & l9e-hybrids1 :i* are ( int]e/ ma9ly to speciali/s 9 bre$+ & taxonomic "w on cultivat$ plants4 ,i hope ,i h said en\gh1 9 ?is %ort article1 to conv9ce read]s ( ! ,,j\rnal t ! ,code is ( "s int]e/ to !m if !y want to use ! names ( plants s t o!r g>d5]s1 bo? "h & abroad c und]/& :at !y mean4 ,! next /ep is to read ! ,code itself--fir/ ! ,summ>y & !n ! full text t foll[s x4 ,no d\bt _m :o d s w be put (f at fir/ by ! some:at legal language us$4 ,"o c only repeat ! "t-hon\r$ def5ce by lawy]s :5 simil>ly attack$--t to avoid ambiguity exp]i5ce has %[n t a c]ta9 am\nt ( j>gon is necess>y6 ,we h tri$ h>d1 9 ! ,code1 to keep x to a m9imum4 ,! ,int]national ,committee is anxi\s to receive sugge/ions = improv+ ! ,code1 s t !y c be discuss$ at ! next ,horticultural ,congress4 ,all su* sugge/ions %\ld be s5t to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,committee 7,,dr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,,flet*]71 c_/o ,! ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 ,v9c5t ,squ>e1 ,london1 ,s4,w4#a4 ,9 ! ,hi/orical ,introduction to ! ,code 7writt5 by ,,mr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,/e>n1 ,secret>y ( ! ,int]national ,committee1 dur+ ! production ( ! ,code71 ,fell[s ( ,! ,royal ,horticultural ,society w note1 ,i tru/ ) pride1 ! important "p play$ by _! ,society1 9 coop]ation ) _m o!r bodies & individuals 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 9 ! prep>ation1 draft+ & publication ( ! ,code4 ,i hope t !y w feel x _! n unpleasant duty to make !mselves & o!rs famili> ) ! provisions ( ! ,code1 to foll[ its rules & recomm5dations :5 !y use ! names ( cultivat$ plants1 & to let ! ,secret>y ( ! ,committee "k h[ !y ?9k x might be improv$4 ,article ,i ( ! ,code /ates t its aim is to promote uni=mity1 accuracy & fixity 444 ) ! m9imum di/urbance ( exi/+ nom5clature--an aim surely close to ! he>t ( e ,fell[ ( ,! ,royal ,horticultural ,society4 ,i am grateful to ,,mr4 ,a4 ,,simmonds1 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,/e>n ,,& ,,mr4 ,p4 ,m4 ,,synge = help 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is article4 ,illu/ration3 ,exhibit at ! ,h>ve/ ,%[ ( ! ,massa*usetts ,horticultural ,society--,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,octob]1 #aiec4 ,att5dance ,regi/]1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 #aiec ,ont>io1 ,canada ,l4 ,k4 ,devitt1 ,toronto ,connecticut ,paul ,c4 ,daniels1 ,lakeville ,ar?ur ,h4 ,graves1 ,wall+=d ,di/rict ( ,columbia ,be? 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,c>ol9a ,w4 ,j4 ,ellis1 ,advance ,ohio ,george ,e4 ,craig1 ,dundas ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,john ,davidson1 ,x5ia ,b>b>a & ,doris ,d[ell1 ,massillon ,dr4 ,mrs4 ,l4 ,l4 ,d[ell1 ,massillon ,john ,a4 ,g]/5mai]1 ,massillon ,dr4 ,mrs4 ,edw>d ,a4 ,grad1 ,c9c9nati ,frank ,m4 ,k9tzel1 ,c9c9nati ,%umzo ,kod]a1 ,columbus ,tokyo1 ,japan ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,p4 ,e4 ,ma*ov9a ,family1 ,columbus ,*ri/ ,pataky1 ,mansfield ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,raymond ,silvis1 ,massillon ,wm1 ,c4 ,silvis1 ,massillon ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,w4 ,weav]1 ,tol$o ,emmet ,yod]1 ,smi?ville ,p5nsylvania ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,h>risburg ,wm4 ,s4 ,cl>ke1 ,jr41 ,/ate ,college ,mrs4 ,hel5 ,davis1 ,all5t[n ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,b4 ,mill]1 ,hazelton ,john ,rick1 ,read+ ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,wm4 ,s4 ,weav]1 ,macungie ,t5nessee ,roy ,*ase1 ,knoxville ,sp5c] ,b4 ,*ase1 ,knoxville ,virg9ia ,jesse ,o4 ,dill]1 ,arl+ton ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,r4 ,gibbs ,family1 ,l9d5 ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 ,roanoke ,we/ ,virg9ia ,r4 ,w4 ,pease1 ,morgant[n ,wiscons9 ,l4 ,w4 ,c\lson1 ,sl+] ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ,memb]%ip ,li/ ,octob] #a1 #aieb1 to ,septemb] #cj1 #aiec 99,life memb] 9999,honor>y memb] ,sec4,contribut+ memb] ,su/a9+ memb] ,,alabama ,hiles1 ,edw>d ,l41 ,hiles ,repair ,%op1 ,loxley ,long1 ,pope ,m41 ,box #cc1 ,cordova ,,arkansas ,croley1 ,victor ,a41 ,r\te #d1 ,box #de1 ,gre5 ,=e/ ,crozi]1 ,o4 ,n41 ,r\te #b1 ,se>cy ,s*lan1 ,mrs4 ,agnes1 ,r\te #b1 ,m\nta9burg ,sibley1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,w41 ,sulphur ,spr+s ,vaile1 ,joseph ,e41 ,dept4 ( ,horticulture1 ,univ]sity ( ,arkansas1 ,fayetteville ,wade1 ,clifton1 ,=e/ ,ave41 ,fayetteville ,wylie1 ,w4 ,d41 ,dept4 ( ,entomology1 ,univ]sity ( ,arkansas1 ,fayetteville ,,belgium ,v&]wa]51 ,r41 ,horticultural ,advis]1 ,bi]beek/raat #bag1 ,korbeek-,lo ,,cali=nia ,&rew1 ,col4 ,james ,w41 ,box #ab1 ,hamilton1 ,a4 ,f4 ,b4 ,bridges1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,g41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #d1 ,box #fj1 ,tulore ,buck1 ,e4 ,h41 #af ,n4 ,portola1 ,?ree ,ar* ,bay1 ,s\? 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