---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,disclaimer ,the articles published in the ,annual ,reports of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are not to be construed as an endorsement by the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 its board of directors1 or its members4 ,no endorsement is intended for products mentioned1 nor is criticism meant for products not mentioned4 ,the laws and recommendations for pesticide application may have changed since the articles were written4 ,it is always the pesticide applicator's responsibility1 by law1 to read and follow all current label directions for the specific pesticide being used4 ,the discussion of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ddth ,annual ,report ,,of ,,the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association ,incorporated ,,affiliated ,,with ,,the ,,american ,,horticultural ,,society 99 99 99 99 99 ,annual ,meeting at ,,rochester1 ,,new ,,york ,august #ca--,september #a1 #aiec ,illustration3 ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,assoc4 ,,rochester ,n4,y4-#aiec ,table of ,contents ,officers and ,committees #aiec-ed #d ,state and ,foreign ,vice-,presidents #f ,constitution and ,by-laws #h ,call to ,order1 #ddth ,annual ,meeting #aa ,address of ,welcome--,wilbur ,wright #ab ,business ,session--,secretary's ,report--,treasurer's ,report #ac1 #ad1 #ae ,blossoming ,habits of the ,persian ,walnut--,h4 ,f4 ,stoke #ah ,president's ,address--,richard ,b4 ,best #bb ,about ,nuts--,ira ,m4 ,kyhl #bh ,natural ,variation ,observed in ,shagbark ,hickory1 ,carya ovata 7,mill47 ,k4 ,koch4 in ,central ,new ,york--,david ,h4 ,caldwell #bi ,the ,control of the ,hickory ,weevil 7,curculio caryae7 #ci ,round ,table ,discussion--,what's ,your ,problem #dc ,the ,international ,chestnut ,commission and the ,chestnut ,blight ,problem in ,europe1 #aiec--;,g4 ,flippo ,gravatt #eb ,rooting ,chestnuts from ,softwood ,cuttings--,roger ,w4 ,pease #ef ,evaluating ,chestnuts ,grown under ,forest ,conditions--,jesse ,d4 ,diller #ei ,panel ,discussion--,chestnuts #fb ,development of the ,nut ,industry in the ,middle ,west--,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson #gj ,some ,aspects of the ,problem of ,producing ,curly-,grained ,walnuts--,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels #gb ,late ,rev4 ,paul ,c4 ,crath--,l4 ,k4 ,devitt #hj ,the ,eastern ,black ,walnut as a ,farm ,timber ,tree--,john ,davidson #hd ,the ,mc,kinster ,persian ,walnut--,p4 ,e4 ,machovina #hi ,carpathian ,walnuts in the ,colombia ,river ,basin--,lynn ,tuttle #id ,walnuts and ,filberts in ,southern ,wisconsin--,c4 ,f4 ,ladwig #ie ,biology1 ,distribution and ,control of the ,walnut ,husk ,maggot--,f4 ,l4 ,gambrell #ih ,panel ,discussion3 ,the ,persian ,walnut ,situation #ajd ,banquet ,session--,resolutions ,committee ,report #aji ,walnuts in ,lubec1 ,maine--,radcliffe ,b4 ,pike #aae ,my ,thirty ,years ,experience with ,nut ,trees--,carl ,weschcke #aaf ,growing ,american ,chestnuts and ,their ,hybrids ,under ,blight ,conditions--,alfred ,szego #aai ,experiences and ,observations on ,nut ,growing in ,central ,texas--,kaufman ,florida #aba ,propagation of the ,hickories--,f4 ,l4 ,o',rourke #abb ,a ,root ,disease of the ,persian ,walnut--,g4 ,flippo ,gravatt #abg ,factors ,that ,influence ,nut ,production--,w4 ,b4 ,ward #abi ,pictorial ,record of ,grafting at ,climax ,michigan--,w4 ,m4 ,beckert #acd ,rock ,phosphate for ,nut ,trees--,harry ,b4 ,burgart #ace ,a ,report from ,southern ,minnesota--,r4 ,e4 ,hodgson #acf ,chestnut ,breeding--,report for #aiec--;,arthur ,harmount ,graves and ,hans ,nienstaedt #acf ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming--,john ,davidson #add ,the ,nomenclature of ,nut ,varieties--,george ,h4 ,m4 ,lawrence #ade ,the ,new ,code for the ,naming of ,cultivated ,plants--,j4 ,s4 ,l4 ,gilman #adi ,exhibit at the ,harvest ,show of the ,massachusetts ,horticultural ,society #aeh ,attendance ,register1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 #aiec #aei ,membership ,list #afj ,officers for #aiec-ed ,president ,richard ,b4 ,best1 ,eldred1 ,illinois ,vice-,president ,gilbert ,becker1 ,climax1 ,michigan ,secretary ,spencer ,b4 ,chase1 ,knoxville1 ,tennessee ,treasurer ,william ,s4 ,clarke1 ,jr41 ,state ,college1 ,pennsylvania ,directors ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,ithaca1 ,new ,york ,dr4 ,william ,rohrbacher1 ,iowa ,city1 ,iowa ,dean of the ,association ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,litchfield1 ,connecticut ,,executive ,,appointments #aiec-ed ,program ,committee3 ,dr4 ,lloyd ,l4 ,dowell1 ,royal ,oakes1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay1 ,roy ,d4 ,anthony1 ,j4 ,g4 ,mc,daniel1 ,lewis ,e4 ,theiss1 ,w4 ,b4 ,ward4 ,local ,arrangements3 ,mrs4 ,herbert ,krone1 ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,john ,rick1 ,elwood ,b4 ,miller1 ,victor ,brook4 ,place of ,meeting ,committee3 ,to explore meeting places for three years1 ,michigan and ,connecticut as possible places for the #aiee and #aief annual conventions4 ,w4 ,m4 ,beckert1 ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,carl ,prell1 ,lloyd ,l4 ,dowell4 ,publication ,committee3 ,professor ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels4 ,varieties and ,contests ,committee3 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,sylvester ,m4 ,shessler1 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,royal ,oakes4 ,standards and ,judging ,committee3 7,section of ,varieties ,committee7 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,louis ,gerardi1 ,spencer ,b4 ,chase1 ,professor ,paul ,e4 ,machovina4 ,survey and ,research ,committee3 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke 7,with all state and foreign vice-presidents74 ,exhibits ,committee3 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,fayette ,etter1 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,royal ,oakes1 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 ,g4 ,j4 ,korn4 ,understock ,committee3 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,albert ,b4 ,ferguson1 ,dr4 ,aubrey ,richards1 ,louis ,gerardi1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,max ,hardy1 ,gilbert ,l4 ,smith4 ,auditing ,committee3 ,raymond ,e4 ,silvis1 ,sterling ,a4 ,smith1 ,edward ,w4 ,pape4 ,legal ,advisor3 ,sargent ,h4 ,wellman1 ,esq4 ,finance ,committee3 ,carl ,f4 ,prell1 ,ford ,wallick1 ,sterling ,a4 ,smith4 ,necrology ,committee3 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,mrs4 ,wm4 ,j4 ,wilson4 ,nominating ,committee3 7,elected at ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y47 ,paul ,e4 ,machovina1 ,raymond ,silvis1 ,george ,salzer1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,ira ,m4 ,kyhl4 ,membership ,committee3 ,gilbert ,becker1 ,raymond ,e4 ,silvis1 ,edward ,w4 ,pape1 ,gordon ,pulliam1 ,hon4 ,paul ,c4 ,daniels1 ,max ,b4 ,hardy4 ,publicity ,committee3 ,paul ,e4 ,machovina1 ,wm4 ,j4 ,wilson1 ,carl ,f4 ,prell1 ,frank ,m4 ,kintzel4 ,change of ,name ,committee3 ,elwood ,b4 ,miller1 ,john ,davidson1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane4 ,state and ,foreign ,vice-,presidents ,alabama ,edward ,l4 ,hiles1 ,loxley ,alberta ,a4 ,l4 ,young1 ,brooks ,arkansas ,w4 ,d4 ,wylie1 ,univ4 of ,ark41 ,fayetteville ,belgium ,r4 ,vanderwaeren1 ,bierbeekstraat1 #caj1 ,korbeek-,lo ,british ,columbia1 ,canada ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 ,box #ai1 ,westbank ,california ,thos4 ,r4 ,haig1 ,m4,d41 #cjba ,highland ,ave41 ,carlesbad ,colorado ,j4 ,e4 ,forbes1 ,julesburg ,connecticut ,a4 ,m4 ,huntington1 ,stanerigg ,farms1 ,bethel ,delaware ,lewis ,wilkins1 ,route #a1 ,newark ,denmark ,count ,f4 ,m4 ,knuth1 ,knuthenborg1 ,bandholm ,district of ,columbia ,ed4 ,l4 ,ford1 #cfcd ,austin ,st41 ,s4,e4 ,washington #bj ,florida ,c4 ,a4 ,avant1 #ifj ,n4 ,w4 #ajth ,ave41 ,miami ,georgia ,william ,j4 ,wilson1 ,north ,anderson ,ave41 ,fort ,valley ,hawaii ,john ,f4 ,cross1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #agbj1 ,hilo ,hong ,kong ,p4 ,w4 ,wang1 #f ,des ,voeux ,rd41 ,central ,idaho ,lynn ,dryden1 ,peck ,illinois ,royal ,oakes1 ,bluffs 7,scott ,county7 ,indiana ,edw4 ,w4 ,pape1 ,rt4 #b1 ,marion ,iowa ,ira ,m4 ,kyhl1 ,box #bcf1 ,sabula ,kansas ,dr4 ,clyde ,gray1 #ajde ,central ,ave41 ,horton ,kentucky ,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,moss1 ,williamsburg ,louisiana ,dr4 ,harald ,e4 ,hammar1 #fjh ,court ,house1 ,shreveport ,maryland ,blaine ,mc,collum1 ,white ,hall ,massachusetts ,s4 ,lothrop ,davenport1 #bd ,creeper ,hill ,rd41 ,north ,grafton ,michigan ,gilbert ,becker1 ,climax ,minnesota ,r4 ,e4 ,hodgson1 ,southeastern ,exp4 ,station1 ,waseca ,mississippi ,james ,r4 ,meyer1 ,delta ,branch ,exp4 ,station1 ,stoneville ,missouri ,ralph ,richterkessing1 ,route #a1 ,saint ,charles ,montana ,russel ,h4 ,ford1 ,dixon ,nebraska ,harvey ,w4 ,hess1 ,box #bji1 ,hebron ,new ,hampshire ,matthew ,lahti1 ,locust ,lane ,farm1 ,wolfeboro ,new ,jersey ,mrs4 ,alan ,r4 ,buckwalter1 ,route #a1 ,flemington ,new ,mexico ,rev4 ,titus ,gehring1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #agg1 ,lumberton ,new ,york ,stephen ,bernath1 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,poughkeepsie ,north ,carolina ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,dunstan1 ,greensboro ,college1 ,greensboro ,north ,dakota ,homer ,l4 ,bradley1 ,long ,lake ,refuge1 ,moffit ,ohio ,christ ,pataky ,jr41 #eib ,hickory ,lane1 ,route #d1 ,mansfield ,oklahoma ,a4 ,g4 ,hirschi1 #dad ,north ,robinson1 ,oklahoma ,city ,ontario1 ,canada ,elton ,e4 ,papple1 ,cainsville ,oregon ,harry ,l4 ,pearcy1 ,route #b1 ,box #aij1 ,salem ,pennsylvania ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,route #hf1 ,harrisburg ,prince ,edward ,is4 ,canada ,robert ,snazelle1 ,forest ,nursery1 ,route #e1 ,charlottetown ,rhode ,island ,philip ,allen1 #agh ,dorance ,st41 ,providence ,south ,carolina ,john ,t4 ,bregger1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ajah1 ,clemson ,south ,dakota ,herman ,richter1 ,madison ,tennessee ,w4 ,jobe ,robinson1 ,route #g1 ,jackson ,texas ,kaufman ,florida1 ,box #aed1 ,rotan ,utah ,harlan ,d4 ,petterson1 #bjgf ,jefferson ,ave41 ,ogden ,vermont ,a4 ,w4 ,aldrich1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #b1 ,box #bff1 ,springfield ,virginia ,h4 ,r4 ,gibbs1 ,linden ,washington ,h4 ,lynn ,tuttle1 ,clarkston ,west ,virginia ,wilbert ,m4 ,frye1 ,pleasant ,dale ,wisconsin ,c4 ,f4 ,ladwig1 #bbba ,st4 ,lawrence1 ,beloit ,,constitution of the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association1 ,,incorporated 7,as adopted ,september #ac1 #aidh7 ,,name ,,article ,i4 ,this ,society shall be known as the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,incorporated4 ,it is strictly a non-profit organization4 ,,purposes ,,article ,,ii4 ,the purposes of this ,association shall be to promote interest in the nut bearing plants2 scientific research in their breeding and culture2 standardization of varietal names2 the dissemination of information concerning the above and such other purposes as may advance the culture of nut bearing plants1 particularly in the ,north ,temperate ,zone4 ,,members ,,article ,,iii4 ,membership in this ,association shall be open to all persons interested in supporting the purposes of the ,association4 ,classes of members are as follows3 ,annual members1 ,contributing members1 ,life members1 ,honorary members1 and ,perpetual members4 ,applications for membership in the ,association shall be presented to the secretary or the treasurer in writing1 accompanied by the required dues4 ,,officers ,,article ,,iv4 ,the elected officers of this ,association shall consist of a ,president1 a ,vice-president1 a ,secretary and a ,treasurer or a combined ,secretary-treasurer as the ,association may designate4 ,,board ,,of ,,directors ,article ,v4 ,the ,board of ,directors shall consist of six members of the ,association who shall be the officers of the ,association and the two preceding elected presidents4 ,if the offices of ,secretary and ,treasurer are combined1 the three past presidents shall serve on the ,board of ,directors4 ,there shall be a ,state ,vice-president for each state1 dependency1 or country represented in the membership of the ,association1 who shall be appointed by the ,president4 ,,amendments ,,to ,,the ,,constitution ,,article ,,vi4 ,this constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting1 notice of such amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting1 or copy of the proposed amendments having been mailed by the ,secretary1 or by any member to each member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting4 ,,by-,,laws 7,revised and adopted at ,norris1 ,tennessee1 ,september #ac1 #aidh7 ,,section ,i4--,,membership ,classes of membership are defined as follows3 ,,article ,i4 ,,annual ,,members4 ,persons who are interested in the purposes of the ,association who pay annual dues of ,three ,dollars 7#c4jj74 ,,article ,,ii4 ,contributing members4 ,persons who are interested in the purposes of the ,association who pay annual dues of ,ten ,dollars 7#aj4jj7 or more4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,,life ,,members4 ,persons who are interested in the purposes of the ,association who contribute ,seventy-,five ,dollars 7#ge4jj7 to its support and who shall1 after such contribution1 pay no annual dues4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,,honorary ,,members4 ,those whom the ,association has elected as honorary members in recognition of their achievements in the special fields of the ,association and who shall pay no dues4 ,,article ,v4 ,,perpetual ,,members4 ,perpetual membership is eligible to any one who leaves at least five hundred dollars to the ,association and such membership on payment of said sum to the ,association shall entitle the name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as ,perpetual with the words ,in ,memoriam added thereto4 ,funds received therefor shall be invested by the ,treasurer in interest bearing securities legal for trust funds in the ,district of ,columbia4 ,only the interest shall be expended by the ,association4 ,when such funds are in the treasury the ,treasurer shall be bonded4 ,provided3 that in the event the ,association becomes defunct or dissolves1 then1 in that event1 the ,treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose for such uses1 individuals or companies that the donor may designate at the time he makes the bequest of the donation4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,duties ,,of ,,officers ,,article ,i4 ,the ,president shall preside at all meetings of the ,association and ,board of ,directors1 and may call meetings of the ,board of ,directors when he believes it to be the best interests of the ,association4 ,he shall appoint the ,state ,vice-presidents2 the standing committees1 except1 the ,nominating ,committee1 and such special committees as the ,association may authorize4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,vice-president4 ,in the absence of the ,president1 the ,vice-president shall perform the duties of the ,president4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,secretary4 ,the ,secretary shall be the active executive officer of the ,association4 ,he shall conduct the correspondence relating to the ,association's interests1 assist in obtaining memberships and otherwise actively forward the interests of the ,association1 and report to the ,annual ,meeting and from time to time to meetings of the ,board of ,directors as they may request4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,treasurer4 ,the ,treasurer shall receive and record memberships1 receive and account for all moneys of the ,association and shall pay all bills approved by the ,president or the ,secretary4 ,he shall give such security as the ,board of ,directors may require or may legally be required1 shall invest life memberships or other funds as the ,board of ,directors may direct1 subject to legal restrictions and in accordance with the law1 and shall submit a verified account of receipts and disbursements to the ,annual meeting and such current accounts as the ,board of ,directors may from time to time require4 ,before the final business session of the ,annual ,meeting of the ,association1 the accounts of the ,treasurer shall be submitted for examination to the ,auditing ,committee appointed by the ,president at the opening session of the ,annual ,meeting4 ,,article ,v4 ,the ,board of ,directors shall manage the affairs of the association between meetings4 ,four members1 including at least two elected officers1 shall be considered a quorum4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,elections ,,article ,i4 ,the ,officers shall be elected at the ,annual ,meeting and hold office for one year beginning immediately following the close of the ,annual ,meeting4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,the ,nominating ,committee shall present a slate of officers on the first day of the ,annual ,meeting and the election shall take place at the closing session4 ,nominations for any office may be presented from the floor at the time the slate is presented or immediately preceding the election4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,for the purpose of nominating officers for the year #aidi and thereafter1 a committee of five members shall be elected annually at the preceding ,annual ,meeting4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,a quorum at a regularly called ,annual ,meeting shall be fifteen 7#ae7 members and must include at least two of the elected officers4 ,,article ,v4 ,all classes of members whose dues are paid shall be eligible to vote and hold office4 ,,section ,,iv4--,,financial ,,matters ,,article ,i4 ,the fiscal year of the ,association shall extend from ,october #ast through the following ,september #cjth4 ,all annual memberships shall begin ,october #ast4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,the names of all members whose dues have not been paid by ,january #ast shall be dropped from the rolls of the ,society4 ,notices of non-payment of dues shall be mailed to delinquent members on or about ,december #ast4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,the ,annual ,report shall be sent to only those members who have paid their dues for the current year4 ,members whose dues have not been paid by ,january #ast shall be considered delinquent4 ,they will not be entitled to receive the publication or other benefits of the ,association until dues are paid4 ,,section ,v4--,,meetings ,,article ,i4 ,the place and time of the ,annual ,meeting shall be selected by the membership in session or1 in the event of no selection being made at this time1 the ,board of ,directors shall choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention4 ,such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the ,president and ,board of ,directors4 ,,section ,,vi4--,,publications ,,article ,i4 ,the ,association shall publish a report each fiscal year and such other publications as may be authorized by the ,association4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,the publishing of the report shall be the responsibility of the ,committee on ,publications4 ,,section ,,vii4--,,awards ,,article ,i4 ,the ,association may provide suitable awards for outstanding contributions to the cultivation of nut bearing plants and suitable recognition for meritorious exhibits as may be appropriate4 ,,section ,,viii4--,,standing ,,committees ,as soon as practical after the ,annual ,meeting of the ,association1 the ,president shall appoint the following standing committees3 #a4 ,membership #b4 ,auditing #c4 ,publications #d4 ,survey #e4 ,program #f4 ,research #g4 ,exhibit #h4 ,varieties and ,contests ,,section ,,ix4--,,regional ,,groups ,,and ,,affiliated ,,societies ,,article ,i4 ,the ,association shall encourage the formation of regional groups of its members1 who may elect their own officers and organize their own local field days and other programs4 ,they may publish their proceedings and selected papers in the yearbooks of the parent society subject to review of the ,association's ,committee on ,publications4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,any independent regional association of nut growers may affiliate with the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association provided one-fourth of its members are also members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,such affiliated societies shall pay an annual affiliation fee of #c4jj to the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,papers presented at the meetings of the regional society may be published in the proceedings of the parent society subject to review of the ,association's ,committee on ,publications4 ,,section ,x4--,,amendments ,,to ,,by-,,laws ,,article ,i4 ,these by-laws may be amended at any ,annual ,meeting by a two-thirds vote of the members present provided such amendments shall have been submitted to the membership in writing at least thirty days prior to that meeting4 ,proceedings #ddth ,annual ,meeting ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association ,rochester1 ,new ,york ,august #ca--,september #a1 #aiec ,,monday ,,morning ,,session ,,president ,,best3 ,we are opening this #ddth ,annual ,meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association with this historic gavel which was made from wood grown in the ,thomas ,littlepage pecan grove near ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,opening each session with this gavel has been a custom of this organization for many1 many years4 ,we are very anxious to have you folks meet some of the men who have made our meeting possible here at ,rochester4 ,i would first like to introduce ,mr4 ,w4 ,stephen ,thomas1 ,director of the ,rochester ,museum of ,arts and ,sciences4 ,mr4 ,thomas4 ,,mr4 ,,thomas3 ,thank you1 ,mr4 ,best4 ,we are always glad to welcome groups such as yours4 ,you represent a unique organization to us with interests not in our field4 ,we are a public institution1 and are glad to have you here4 ,i feel there are many things of interest in this museum and in our program to interest you1 because you are horticulturists and people interested in the out-of-doors4 ,this museum is owned by the ,city of ,rochester4 ,by the way1 there are only about #ab museums throughout the country that are supported as we are4 ,we get #ih per cent of our funds from the ,city of ,rochester4 ,it is not endowed4 ,it is the people's museum4 ,in the exhibit upstairs are three dimensional models showing the evolution of the ,genesee ,valley in ,new ,york from early times to the present4 ,here you will see a beautiful panorama of what it looked like two hundred million years ago right where we are sitting and standing now when the seas overlay the area during the ,devonian and ,silurian times4 ,we have reconstructed the little sea creatures that lived in the rocks in their natural colors4 ,another exhibit is the ,indian story1 primitive man1 not just before the white man came1 but going back #aejj years4 ,on the top floor you may see how the pioneer man worked here as a woodcutter and running flour mills and how the city came about4 ,the whole story of our region is in the museum4 ,but more important than these exhibits is what we do through the educational system2 adult lectures1 and so forth4 ,that is just a little background of our work4 ,i know you have your important business at hand1 but ,i hope you will have a little time to view the exhibits4 ,we want to help you in any way we can4 ,if there is anything we can do1 don't fail to ask4 ,,president ,,best3 ,thank you1 ,mr4 ,thomas4 ,most of you met ,mr4 ,wilbur ,wright last night out at the park4 ,he is going to make an address of welcome from the ,city of ,rochester and from the parks4 ,mr4 ,wright4 ,,mr4 ,,wright3 ,ladies and gentlemen1 on behalf of the ,city of ,rochester and the ,park ,department1 we want to welcome you to ,the ,friendly ,city4 ,we want you to feel that ,rochester has its hand out for a wide open welcome for anything we can do to make you happy while you are here4 ,the parks are particularly interested in the fact that you have chosen ,rochester as your conference city for #aiec4 ,the parks1 as you know1 are a good deal like the museum4 ,they are botanical collections in the heart of the city1 the money coming from the city2 the taxpayers pay the bill4 ,we have a tremendous botanical collection here1 and are known the country over for our lilac and other collections4 ,we have1 in the past two years1 appointed ,bernard ,harkness to take charge of our plant collections1 with the title of taxonomist4 ,it took quite a bit of backing to get ,civil ,service to break down and make such a title4 ,there wasn't such a title in the ,state of ,new ,york1 and they couldn't understand why they should give it4 ,mr4 ,grant is another good ,cornellian coming along as ,assistant ,superintendent of ,parks1 and he is1 again1 looking after the maintenance and upkeep of the various plant materials that we have4 ,we have a very large organization here1 the ,parks ,division includes the cemeteries1 #ij1jjj street trees1 #ef playgrounds1 and about #b1jjj acres of parks4 ,our peak employment is #gef people4 ,all-in-all we have a tremendous amount of interest in our parks1 and they are increasing4 ,we are exchanging plants with about #be foreign countries right now1 and we expect to expand that now with the various facilities we are setting up at our new herbarium1 which you visited last night4 ,we are proud of ,rochester1 and the park system4 ,we are doing our best to continue the excellent work of ,dunbar1 ,laney1 and ,slavin who built up the park collections4 ,our aim is to increase the collections1 and make the park system better for the people to enjoy4 ,we hope you have a fine time while you are here4 ,thank you4 ,,president ,,best3 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels1 ex-president of our ,association will give our organization's response4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,chairman ,best1 ,director ,thomas and ,director ,wright1 ,i don't know whether ,i am particularly well qualified for this particular assignment1 but ,i am certainly very happy to express the thanks of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association for the excellent cooperation in arranging the facilities which we have found here in ,rochester4 ,few of us can recall any situation in which the ,association has been helped all along the way1 as they have been here1 and we feel most welcome in this truly friendly city4 ,before the meeting ,i thought ,i was going to be able to claim a sort of paternal interest in the training of ,director ,wright in that he studied just prior to the war in the ,department of ,floriculture and ,ornamental ,horticulture at ,cornell ,university where ,i am stationed4 ,although we saw a good deal of him after the war1 he came directly here1 so ,i can't say that ,i knew him way back when he was an undergraduate student4 ,still we do have a proprietary interest in all ,cornellians1 and we like to see the home team make good as has certainly been the case here4 ,fortunately1 ,ithaca is close enough to ,rochester1 so that our classes can come to the ,rochester parks on field trips where we have always received the most friendly cooperation and help just as the ,northern ,nut ,growers is receiving today4 ,i assure you that we are most grateful4 ,,president ,,best3 ,we will proceed with the business of the organization4 ,on the ,resolutions ,committee which will give us resolutions for adoption at our final night session1 ,i appoint ,mr4 ,davidson1 ,mr4 ,allaman1 ,mr4 ,oakes and ,mr4 ,snyder4 ,the next item of business is the election of a ,nominating ,committee4 ,this committee is to nominate the officers which will be elected at our next annual meeting4 ,nominations are now in order4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i nominate ,mr4 ,machovina4 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,mr4 ,silvis4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,i'd like to nominate ,mr4 ,salzer4 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,i think ,dr4 ,crane ought to be nominated4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,i nominate ,mr4 ,kyle from ,iowa4 ,,dr4 ,,dowell3 ,i move nominations be closed4 ,,president ,,best3 ,is there a second to ,dr4 ,dowell's motion that nominations be closed8 7,motion seconded and passed47 ,,president ,,best3 ,nominations are closed4 ,those in favor of this list1 ,mr4 ,kyle1 ,dr4 ,crane1 ,mr4 ,george ,salzer1 ,mr4 ,silvis1 ,mr4 ,machovina1 for ,nominating ,committee for next year make it known by saying ,aye4 7,chorus of ayes7 ,opposed8 7,none47 ,,president ,,best3 ,may we have the report of the ,program ,committee4 ,they have been at work1 we can see that4 ,the evidence is on every hand4 ,dr4 ,mc,kay8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,the program you have in your hands represents the work of the ,program ,committee4 ,the work of the ,program ,committee is done prior to the meeting and ,i want to say that this year ,i really did have fine cooperation from the members and from the members of the committee in responding to requests for numbers on the program4 ,that always makes the work of a committee easy4 ,because of this fine cooperation ,i can say truthfully that the effort on my part was relatively small4 ,as all of you know1 we now have a larger group of people to draw from for our programs than formerly4 ,we always go back1 of course1 to our tried and true members who1 year after year1 give us numbers for the program1 but we also like to give the new members a chance and recruit from new sources whenever possible4 ,i haven't analyzed the program enough to know exactly how many new members are listed on the program this year1 but ,i think you will find a few1 and as the organization continues to grow1 it will be desirable to use these new sources of information for items on the program as much as we can4 ,,president ,,best3 ,that's fine4 ,i don't think we can emphasize that too much1 this new-member proposition4 ,we are ready now for the report of the ,secretary1 ,mr4 ,chase4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,about the only report that ,i have to make is one that was prepared by ,mr4 ,carl ,prell1 and ,i don't see why in the world he didn't give it1 since it's such a fine job of getting together the information on membership4 ,i am going to try to sum this up for you1 in order that you will know the progress we made in the membership drive to which so many of you contributed4 ,on the books as of today we have #ajac paid up members4 7,applause47 ,in addition to that1 we have #ae more who will begin membership the beginning of our fiscal year1 and in addition to that1 there are ten more too new to be acknowledged yet4 ,so we are in pretty good shape on membership4 ,new members total is #dee1 which is1 ,i think1 just about double from last year1 if my memory serves me correctly4 ,leader in the members by state is our good1 old friend ,ohio with #abf4 ,they produced #db new members this year4 ,second on the list is ,illinois1 with #ajb1 and they came up with #ch new members4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,i think this is the first year we have had a hundred members from any state4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,pennsylvania has #hc1 with #bf new members4 ,new ,york #gh1 with #bg new members4 ,indiana #gj with #ca new members4 ,michigan #eh with #bh new members4 ,that covers the top six states4 ,during the year we lost #ga members4 ,that breaks down to five deceased1 #ab resigned and #ed that we haven't heard from4 ,out of the #ab that resigned1 seven were one-year old and only #e older members4 ,now1 of the #ed not heard from1 #dj were one-year members and #ad were older members4 ,total loss is #ga1 actually4 ,we had #ad reinstatements this year4 ,does anyone have a question on membership8 ,there are quite a few folks in the ,association who are really working hard to get new members1 and a great number have come up with at least one4 ,but1 actually1 ,i believe1 ,carl1 it's a very small percentage of the membership that's really working1 is that correct8 ,,mr4 ,,prell3 ,i am afraid so4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,and the #ga lost1 you considered about normal1 didn't you8 ,we have to figure on losing about #aj per cent4 ,well1 we can't afford to lose a hundred4 ,i don't have too much to report as ,secretary1 except we might briefly review this hectic year since the little sub-zero walnut story appeared in the ,farm ,journal4 ,in ,june a year ago ,i received a request for an article on the hardy ,english walnut4 ,i handled it as a routine request and sent it to the ,farm ,journal4 ,of course1 ,joe ,mc,daniel was secretary1 and ,i referred all the interested readers to him for further information4 ,the first batch of mail hit ,joe right after our meeting in ,rockport1 and he had #aejj inquiries within two weeks4 ,i forgot to warn him that this might be coming up1 and he went ahead and handled about #aejj of these inquiries1 and then ,i don't know what happened to him1 he started sending them down to me4 ,between myself1 my secretary1 my wife1 and my boy we handled the other #d1jjj1 and they are still1 as ,joe says1 actually coming in4 ,to handle that1 took some of our funds as you see under promotion business1 in the treasurer's report4 ,the mimeographing was gratis1 also the assembling and mailing1 but the postage we had to pay for4 ,so all we have to show for that is about how many members1 ,carl8 ,,mr4 ,,prell3 ,i will say #bjj4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,that's about right4 ,as these inquiries came in we compiled lists of names and sent them to ,mr4 ,best4 ,then ,mr4 ,best mimeographed a letter and some other material1 along with an application folder and followed up these inquiries except the last #ejj4 ,so we hit them once with a three-page information sheet from the ,secretary's office1 then ,mr4 ,best at least once again with a follow-up letter1 and out of almost #e1jjj we get about #bjj members1 which is pretty good4 ,and there are a lot of other folks ,i know would join if somebody would contact them4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,so ever since last ,october ,i don't know what side is up so far as ,n4,n4,g4,a4 is concerned4 ,i don't pretend it hasn't taken a good deal of effort and a lot of time from some things that ,i should have done1 but ,i enjoyed doing it for the ,association1 and ,i have no regrets4 ,the only thing ,i am sorry about is that we didn't get #ejj instead of just #bjj members4 ,,president ,,best3 ,thank you4 ,spencer4 7,applause47 ,that's a fine report4 ,may we hear from our ,auditing ,committee1 ,mr4 ,silvis4 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,the report of the ,treasurer1 which ,i have just had an opportunity of inspecting1 is the most professional document ,i have ever had the pleasure of examining as a member of this ,auditing ,committee on which ,i have been several times4 ,and ,i think a testimonial is due our ,treasurer1 ,mr4 ,carl ,prell1 who has combined the rare talents of bookkeeping and comparative reporting4 ,the ,auditing ,committee1 composed of ,sterling ,smith1 who was not able to be here1 ,mr4 ,pape of ,indiana1 and myself1 accept this report of ,carl ,prell on behalf of this ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,,president ,,best3 ,let's have the ,treasurer's report4 ,mr4 ,prell ,report of the ,treasurer ,,carl ,,prell1 ,south ,bend1 ,indiana ,at the beginning of this fiscal year it seemed likely to your ,board of ,directors that the ,association's investment in government bonds would have to be converted into cash to meet the year's expenses4 ,there was barely enough money in the treasury to pay for the #dbnd ,annual ,report1 which should have been billed the preceding year4 ,normally1 the treasurer collects only enough money to pay for one report1 plus the year's operating expenses4 ,the problem this year was to pay operating expenses and to discharge our obligation on two reports4 ,anticipating this problem1 and in an effort to correct recurring deficits1 your ,board made plans back in #aiea for a drive to increase membership4 ,some momentum was gained by the end of last year1 which carried into this year with increasing force4 ,the result was the substantial gain in membership reported upon by your ,secretary--with a substantial increase in revenue4 ,membership drives1 of course1 are a mixed blessing4 ,they may produce more dues2 but they certainly cost money4 ,our promotion expenditure jumped from practically nothing in #aiea to #aae in #aieb to #fbj in #aiec4 ,however1 our dues collection from new members thus gained1 were more than #abjj in #aiec alone--twice as much as was spent4 ,and it is important to note that an expenditure to gain a member is made only once1 whereas the member's dues continue year after year4 ,in any event1 increased membership was a factor in keeping us from cashing our reserves4 ,another important factor was the very generous response of the membership to a plea for ,sustaining and ,contributing dues4 ,thirty percent of our old members responded with #aj4jj payments for ,contributing ,memberships or #e4jj payments for ,sustaining ,memberships4 ,this help was needed4 ,it is deserving of special mention in this report4 ,one other factor contributed to successful operation this year1 as it has in other years4 ,this factor does not show up in figures in a financial statement for the simple reason that the figures are modestly withheld from the treasurer4 ,i refer to the out-of-pocket and unreported expenditures of officers and committeemen1 which expenditures sometimes are sizeable4 ,certainly they were this year4 ,the fact that such contributions were made should be noted4 ,the sum total of all this is a financial showing for the year that may be considered satisfactory4 ,our debts are all paid4 ,no bonds were cashed4 ,nothing was borrowed4 ,and we have money in the bank4 ,at this time last year we had a cash balance of #acac4gh4 ,today our balance is #cjc4gj4 ,we spent #a1jjj more than we took in4 ,but we paid for two ,annual ,reports4 ,the lesser report cost #abjj4 ,if this were subtracted from this year's business1 where it does not belong1 our cash balance would be #aejj4jj4 ,in short1 on this year's business--even with all its unusual expenses for promotion--our income was more than our disbursements--by #bjj4jj4 ,this reverses the deficit trend of recent years4 ,,receipts ,membership ,dues #c1fch4je ,sale of ,annual ,reports #cid4jj ,advertising in ,nutshell #aaj4jj ,contributions #ci4jj ,interest on ,government ,bonds #cg4ej ,,total #d1bah4ee ,,disbursements #dbnd ,annual ,report 7,urbana7 #a1bje4ec ,printing 7#ajjj copies7 #a1jej4jj ,reporting 7addi4 billing7 #ig4je ,postage ,addressing #eh4dh #dcrd ,annual ,report 7,rockport7 #a1gfj4gb ,printing 7#abjj copies7 #a1dgg4db ,envelopes1 #hjj #ai4fj ,reporting #ajj4jj ,postage ,addressing #afc4gj ,the ,nutshell ,printing1 #d issues #cec4aa ,american ,fruit ,grower #ci4jj #gc ,subscriptions at #ej;c #cf4ej #b ,subscriptions at #ge;c #a4ej #a ,subscription at #a4jj #a4jj ,association ,promotion #fbj4dg ,application folder1 printing #aa1bjj #afd4bh ,stationery for ,sub-,zero and ,v4 ,p4 campaigns #ccg4bd ,mimeo ,sub-,zero and follow-up1 #aejj #ei4jj ,postage1 ,things of ,science #ei4ie ,secretary's ,fee1 #ej;c per member #eag4ej #aieb-ec ,fee to date #ejf4ej ,balance of #aiea-eb #aa4jj ,stationery and ,supplies #bfh4bb ,secretary's ,expense #cae4hg ,treasurer's ,expense #adc4ba ,dues1 ,american ,horticultural ,society #e4jj ,,total #e1bbh4fc ,cash on deposit1 ,first ,bank1 ,south ,bend #cjc4gj ,disbursements #e1bbh4fc #e1ecb4cc ,on hand1 ,august #ah1 #aieb #a1cac4gh ,receipts #d1bah4ee #e1ecb4cc ,u4 ,s4 ,bonds in ,safety ,deposit ,box #c1jjj4jj ,,mr4 ,,prell3 ,i am going to close right now with this information which the ,association1 ,i think1 should have4 ,the membership promotion consisted of a campaign called the ,vice-president's ,campaign sparkplugged by ,mr4 ,best4 ,thousands of letters were sent out through the vice-president's and from the president's office to the membership4 ,you may have received some of them4 ,in addition to that1 thousands of other letters were sent out to people who had responded to a story that appeared in ,farm ,journal wanting to know about the ,association4 ,i can't calculate how many went out1 ,i have never been told1 but ,i would guess about #e1jjj of them4 ,and those all went out from ,mr4 ,best's office4 ,in addition1 our addressograph plate system was not in very good shape1 due to the fact the organization was too poor to keep it up4 ,mr4 ,best supplied addressograph plates for the whole list4 ,i wrote to ,mr4 ,best on ,april #bgth1 as ,i wanted all the bad news1 and ,i wrote to some other people4 ,i said1 ,you have not yet rendered a bill for postage on your mailing4 ,will you please make your request8 ,and he answered1 ,i was surprised you asked about the postage charge from here4 ,it has been my intent from the beginning of the campaign to carry the postage charge myself4 ,thank you very much4 ,,president ,,best3 ,carl1 ,i know you have done a lot of hard work1 and ,i'd like to say for the organization that we do appreciate what you have done for us4 ,i see ,mr4 ,slate has come in back here4 ,mr4 ,slate have you a word from the ,publications ,committee8 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,i have no formal report4 ,the part of the ,publications ,committee with which ,i am concerned is the proceedings4 ,the speed with which that job was done depends upon how fast the papers come in and the transcript of the proceedings finished4 ,the transcript is rather complicated and a lot of things are said that shouldn't go into the report4 ,it takes a lot of work with the blue pencil to boil the material down to something that's useful and worth paying a printing bill for4 ,one other thing that ,i should mention is the cost of mailing4 ,i don't know whether that has been mentioned previously or not4 ,we had a little difficulty with the ,post ,office ,department4 ,carl ,prell can tell you about that4 ,,president ,,best3 ,yes1 he did4 ,i have heard only good reports of your fine job4 ,i think we all agree that it was a scholarly production4 ,do we have anything from the ,survey ,committee8 ,blossoming ,habits of the ,persian ,walnut ,h4 ,f4 ,,stoke1 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,the ,survey ,committee1 as its project for the current year1 has undertaken a study of the blossoming habits of the ,persian walnut4 ,the prime object of this study is to solve the problem of pollination1 so that the planter may be reasonably sure of a satisfactory crop1 whether his planting be a single tree or an orchard4 ,while this study has dealt exclusively with the ,persian species1 ,juglans regia1 the habits and principles involved apply equally to all walnut species4 ,in most plants the reproductive function inheres in a single bisexual flower1 consisting of both male and female elements4 ,in walnuts1 as well as most other nuts1 the male and female functions are performed by unisexual flowers of very different type and appearance4 ,both the male or staminate flower and the female or pistillate flower spring from buds that are formed in the axils at the base of leaves of the previous season's growth4 ,in the ,persian walnut they may be detected as early as ,july4 ,the staminate bud that forms the pollen-producing catkin of the next season1 can be distinguished by its checkered appearance1 something like a tiny pine cone4 ,they occur in the axils of the lower leaves of the shoot of the current season4 ,the pistillate bud1 which produces the nut1 occurs at or near the tip of the growth of the current season4 ,it can usually be distinguished from leaf buds by its larger size and plumpness4 ,when these blossom buds develop the following season1 the male or staminate blossom assumes the form of a catkin1 which elongates rapidly a few days before maturity4 ,as the pollen is shed1 beginning at the stem end1 the pale yellow-green of the bursted pollen capsule turns dark or black1 proceeding to the tip of the catkin4 ,this change readily shows that pollen is shedding1 which may be confirmed by touching such a catkin with the tip of the finger1 and noting the yellow pollen that adheres1 or rises in a tiny cloud4 ,making note of the date when a given variety begins shedding pollen1 and the date when all catkins on the tree have opened1 gives the period during which that variety is effective as a pollinizer4 ,the female1 or pistillate flower1 does not1 like the catkin1 spring directly from the wood of last season's growth1 but occurs at the end of the new growth of the current year1 being preceded by a number of leaves which nourish the young nut to maturity4 ,the pistillate blossom assumes the form of one or more tiny nutlets with little sharp-pointed tips4 ,when the blossom has become receptive to pollen1 each tip has separated into two separate pistils which spread apart and present fresh1 slightly sticky surfaces1 which are known as stigmas4 ,this is the time that pollination can take place1 which period continues until the stigmas have lost their freshness and stickiness4 ,this period marks the time during which pollination can occur4 ,in many cases ,persian walnut trees remain barren when planted alone1 not because of incompatibility between the pollen and the pistillate flower1 but because pollen shedding and receptivity do not occur at the same time4 ,sometimes pollen shedding is over before pistils are receptive4 ,such blooming is termed protandrous by botanists4 ,in about an equal number of cases the pistils lose their receptivity before pollen is shed4 ,such blooming is termed protogynous4 ,there are quite a number of varieties1 however1 that mature both types of blossoms simultaneously1 in which the variety is self-fertile and will produce crops1 even if isolated from other trees of the species4 ,of these ,hanson and ,bedford are representative4 ,on some other trees there is some overlapping of the shedding and receptive periods1 enough to produce partial1 but not full crops4 ,warm weather hastens blooming2 cool cloudy weather retards it4 ,a warm spell may start blossoming early1 but if broken by a cool wave the period of bloom may be greatly extended4 ,a southern exposure with a light soil will cause a variety to blossom earlier by some days than in the same locality in heavy soil4 ,the blossoming period is generally shorter in the ,north than in the ,south4 ,climax1 ,michigan reports blooming beginning ,may #aj and ending ,may #ca1 a period of #ba days4 ,millerton1 ,n4 ,y41 and ,massillon1 ,ohio1 report the same4 ,urbana1 ,ill41 reports blooming beginning ,may #e and ending ,june #a1 a period of #bg days4 ,at ,roanoke1 ,va41 the period begins ,april #i and ends ,may #aj1 running #ca days4 ,at ,greensboro1 ,north ,carolina1 the season began ,april #b and ended ,may #e1 a total of #cc days4 ,the report of ,mr4 ,royal ,oakes of ,bluffs1 ,ill41 is unique in the shortness of the blossoming period1 both of individual varieties and as a whole4 ,blossoming began ,april #bi and ended 7estimated7 ,may #ac1 a period of only #ad days4 ,the reason may partly lie in the weather and partly because the planting is on high bluffs overlooking the broad ,illinois ,river valley1 affording excellent air drainage4 ,one major difficulty the ,committee encountered in tabulating the reports was the fact that so few of the same varieties were being grown by the various reporters1 making it difficult and sometimes impossible to synchronize the blossoming period of the various varieties from different places with sufficient accuracy4 ,because of this1 two tables have been prepared4 ,table ,number #a shows named varieties1 for the most part4 ,table ,number #b shows varieties that are being propagated asexually1 but have not yet been given variety names4 ,seedlings not propagated by budding or grafting1 if recognized have been omitted because of individual variability4 ,each table consists of five vertical columns1 earliest to the right1 successively later towards the left4 ,varieties above the dividing line are shedding pollen at the time varieties in the same column below the line are receptive4 ,a variety like ,hanson1 appearing in the same column both above and below the line1 is self-pollinizing4 ,varieties appearing in more than one column indicate a long blooming period4 ,,mr4 ,,becker3 ,the ,crath ,no4 #a ,i have been able to propagate is what ,mr4 ,neilson gave to me as ,crath ,no4 #a--;,i guess he called it ,crath4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,we may have to discard a number of other ,crath ,no4 #a's1 because the variation between them indicates a mixture of several clones with the same name4 ,,president ,,best3 ,the next thing to consider is this resolution which is given word for word on page #bf of our #aieb annual report4 ,,table #a4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,broadview ,bijur ,carpathian ,d ,beckman ,parnell ,lancaster ,cutleaf ,s ,bayer ,bedford ,watt ,mc,dermid ,fort ,custer ,beckman ,caesar symbol3 male ,hanson ,breslau ,etter ,hilltop ,caesar ,eureka ,ill4 ,no4 #bc ,eureka ,lake ,mundt ,grande ,s-#bd ,metcalfe ,james ,lancaster ,littlepage ,mc,kinster ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,caesar ,beckman ,bijur ,bayer ,burtner ,mc,kinster ,bijur ,cutleaf ,bedford ,dewey ,breslau ,colby ,broadview ,etter ,fort ,custer ,fickes ,no4 #bb ,etter ,eureka ,carpathian ,d ,hanson ,fort ,custer ,franquette ,colby ,hilltop ,grande ,mayette ,cutleaf ,s ,jacobs ,ill4 ,no4 #bc ,l-#b symbol3 female ,fickes ,no4 #bb ,james ,lake ,hansen ,lake ,lancaster ,jacobs ,lancaster ,mundt ,keener ,s-#bd ,s-#bd ,mc,dermid ,metcalfe ,metcalfe ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,table #b4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,early ,medium early ,midseason ,medium late ,late ,s-#f ,s-#f ,s-#ab ,s-#bb ,s-#ag symbol3 male ,s-#ab ,s-#ab ,s-#bb ,s-#bd ,s-#eg ,s-#cc ,s-#ff ,s-#bd ,s-#be ,littlepage ,s-,,xd ,s-#be ,s-#bi ,s-#bi ,s-#cb ,s-#cc ,s-#da ,s-#ce ,s-#de ,s-#ff ,s-#ff ,s-,,xd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,s-#e ,s-#e ,s-#f ,s-#f ,s-#g symbol3 female ,s-#be ,s-#ag ,s-#ag ,s-#ab ,s-#ab ,s-#bi ,s-#bb ,s-#bb ,s-#ag ,s-#cc ,s-#cb ,s-#bd ,s-#cb ,s-#ce ,s-#ce ,s-#be ,s-#ch ,s-#df ,s-#ff ,s-#bi ,s-#da ,s-#eg ,s-#ce ,s-#de ,littlepage ,s-#ch ,s-#df ,s-#da ,s-#dh ,s-#de ,s-,,xd ,s-#dh ,littlepage ,s-,,xd ,littlepage ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,it was made by ,mr4 ,dowell of the ,ohio group1 although it is of interest to every state that has an affiliated group or a chapter4 ,last year the matter was referred to the ,board for their consideration4 ,the ,board carefully considered the resolution of the ,ohio group1 and the spirit of the ,dowell resolution1 was approved4 ,the matter was finally left with a committee made up of ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,mr4 ,carl ,prell and ,mr4 ,machovina4 ,it is now in order to hear from these men the changes necessary in our by-laws to create the right atmosphere for the formation and operation of our state organizations1 because we do want to encourage them4 ,after hearing the proposals1 a motion will be in order that they be approved4 ,if approved1 a year from now we will vote on the amendments to the by-laws4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel will give the report of the committee4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,your committee agreed on the suggested revision of ,section ,,ix1 which covers chapters and affiliations4 ,if this meets with the approval of the members here1 final action must be deferred until the #deth annual meeting4 ,proposed amended ,section ,,ix of the by-laws reads as follows3 ,section ,,ix4--,chapters and ,affiliations4 ,article #a4 ,the ,association shall encourage the formation of regional groups of its members into chapters1 which may elect their own officers and organize local field days and other programs4 ,such chapters need not limit their membership to members of the parent organization4 ,they may publish their proceedings and selected papers in the proceedings of the parent society subject to review of the ,association's ,committee on ,publications4 ,article #b4 ,any independent association or society interested in nut tree culture may affiliate with the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association by payment of an annual affiliation fee of #e4jj4 ,selected papers presented at the meetings of such an affiliated society may be published in the proceedings of this society subject to review of the ,association's ,committee on ,publications4 ,it is the thought of this special committee that the new wording simplifies and clarifies these two articles in regard to organization of chapters or sections1 and second1 affiliation of independent organizations4 ,we thought we shouldn't limit it to affiliation of nut growers associations as such but to extend affiliation possibility to any society from garden club on up which is interested in nut growing4 ,and under ,article #a1 whether we call this state group a chapter or a section doesn't seem to matter materially4 ,i believe the ,michigan group prefers to be called a chapter4 ,the ,ohio group1 ,i think1 will take it either way4 ,at the present ,i think we have called that the ,ohio ,section of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,any discussion8 ,i submit this proposed amendment1 ,mr4 ,president1 to be printed in the #ddth annual report for action at next year's meeting1 the #deth annual meeting of this ,association4 ,,president ,,best3 ,do we have a motion to accept the report8 7,the motion to accept was made by ,dr4 ,crane1 seconded and passed without dissent47 ,,president ,,best3 ,i was in hopes that we wouldn't have time for the next feature1 but since some of the committees haven't reported yet1 ,i am afraid that we have4 ,that is the address by the president4 ,president's ,address ,,richard ,b4 ,,best1 ,eldred1 ,ill4 ,the task of setting down ideas for the reflection of the ,,nnga fills me with consternation4 ,my scanty rills of thinking are inadequate4 ,you remember the old ,arabian tale of the poor student who was shut up in an enchanted room in the bosom of the earth4 ,you remember how the earth opened only once each year4 ,the student was waited upon by demons and spirits who furnished deep and dark knowledge4 ,when the door opened1 the student emerged1 loaded with great lore and pertinent facts4 ,like this ,arabian student1 by delving into antiquity and our old annual reports of the ,,nnga1 ,i have put together some thoughts from men living and dead4 ,irving says3 this pilfering disposition which some of us have may be implanted in us for a good reason4 ,maybe through us pilferers or borrowers1 ,heaven takes care of the seeds of knowledge and wisdom from age to age4 ,the worthwhile thoughts which some of our early members gave us may be purloined by me and made to sparkle again in today's light1 even though the early members' general idea is obsolete4 ,so1 just as nature has provided for the distribution of her plant varieties through the maws of birds and animals1 so it may be that ,heaven has provided for the fine thoughts of our old members to be caught by us predatory individuals and made to bear fruit again in this new day4 ,really this is one way we exist and go forward in our organization4 ,a crop of tares which we read about in the scripture enriches the soil for the next crop4 ,as a forest dies1 a new crop of trees spring up4 ,even a dead tree gives rise to a whole creation of countless bacteria and fungi4 ,so on ad infinitum4 ,members who have talked and studied our problems in the past have made possible our work here today4 ,so1 likewise1 our words will sleep with the others from whom we have borrowed4 ,so1 to escape with a good conscience1 to avoid having fingers pointed at me1 of hearing cries of--you stole this from me1 ,i will try to give credit where credit is due4 ,otherwise1 ,i might be1 figuratively speaking1 stripped of my material here piece by piece1 and ,i would finally stand before you with hardly a loin cloth of an idea which ,i could call my own4 ,there is a popular appeal to the nut business which most of us are susceptible to1--like wanting to produce large nuts1--and of seeing the first nut1--and to again gather nuts like we did as children4 ,ask a man how large a nut he found and he will lie as he will about a fish he has just caught4 ,then1 there is the romantic visionary who would transform the whole universe into a sort of fairyland nut grove--where there are no insects1 diseases1 or squirrels1--and where the nuts fall polished into open bags4 ,then1 there are those of us--and ,i am one--who reasoning that the groves were ,god's first temples1 flee to a twilight hill top or to a forest shade1 and1 as ,mr4 ,stokes said1 ,sit humbly at the feet of the great mother of us all4 ,there is wisdom and healing in the shadow of her wings4 ,we need this philosophical attitude to generate encouragement and inspiration to withstand the hard knocks that we have had--and will have coming4 ,but1 the ,,nnga must be more realistic and really do some grappling4 ,read the experiences which all our reports are filled with4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,miller on page #ii of the #aidj report handles this matter of success and failure very well4 ,we live on our successes and not on our failures4 ,nut culture is pioneering1 and it is well to be fully aware of the possibility of failure so that we may be steeled for it when it comes4 ,failure makes our successes sweeter4 ,abraham ,lincoln's life was a series of failures4 ,thomas ,edison usually failed4 ,plant breeders at our stations nearly always fail4 ,but1 once in a while they succeed4 ,in the nut business1 if we succeed #a in #aj1jjj times1 success may be cheap at that4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels stated so many important aspects of the ,,nnga that ,i want to list his outline here and then simply hang some thoughts on the skeleton of his report4 ,for your own enjoyment and understanding1 please read again ,dr4 ,mac,daniels's address ,the ,forward ,look1 which is found on page #bg of our #aieb report4 ,i just mention his subjects and comment on them for emphasis4 #a4 ,variety ,evaluation ,the ,ohio ,nut ,growers did a fine job of getting this job of evaluation in the groove4 ,read about it on page #bi of the #aidf report4 ,how many of us here have wasted years on varieties that good evaluation might have discarded1 before we started to plant the nut4 #b4 ,judging ,standards ,which covers such things as-- 7a7 ,sealing of nuts 7b7 ,recovery of halves 7c7 ,size1 quality1 etc4 ,evaluation and judging include all those fine things we look for in a nut4 #c4 ,the ,naming of ,varieties ,many of us have the same tree growing but calling it a different name4 #d4 ,securing ,new ,varieties ,and getting them into as many channels4 ,mr4 ,wilkinson started several ,chief pecan trees last year and gave them all away4 ,chief is a fine new variety of pecan4 ,if we had a few more ,ford ,wilkinsons in this organization1 ,god bless him1 we wouldn't have so many problems4 #e4 ,the ,work of ,individuals ,there is always the possibility of finding the perfect nut1 so we need to continue our search through the earth for better varieties4 ,scientific techniques must be applied before we breed better nuts4 ,we simply cannot have nuts put in our coffins expecting to continue our work in the next world2 so we need to do the next best thing to this--that is of instructing our sons in the little we have found and where our different varieties are planted4 ,then1 some of our sons will start where we left off4 ,private research is playing a more important part in the world today4 ,private research1 using the large amount of basic research available1 could accomplish wonders in the nut world4 ,i am deeply grieved when ,i see vast estates which have had a fortune spent in plantings that had little practical value4 ,the men who spent this money would gladly have furnished the land1 labor1 capital and management for a nut breeding program had we been there to have sold them on nut trees4 ,as ,mr4 ,churchill said--,too little and too late4 ,but members of the ,,nnga forget what might have been4 ,new estates are developing and younger men are wondering how they can immortalize their lives and work4 ,men pass away2 their names perish from record and recollection2 their history is only a tale and their tombstone becomes a ruin1 but a good nut tree bearing a man's name1 gives that name immortality4 #f4 ,work of the ,experiment ,stations4 ,in the most practical vein1 our basic research and most of our actual breeding must still be done by our ,experiment ,stations4 ,any nut project is a long-time program and it lends itself best to an ,experiment ,station which is not set up on a three score and ten basis like we as individuals are4 ,stations also have trained workers and information at hand4 #g4 ,the ,real ,aim of the ,,nnga ,is better living on the farm and the improvement of the garden and farmstead4 ,almost every farm and home1 especially in the great corn belt1 needs shelter1 shade trees1 and the beautifying effect of trees4 ,psalm #ai3a-d says3 ,the heavens declare the glory of ,god2 and the firmament showeth his handiwork4 ,day unto day uttereth speech and night unto night showeth knowledge4 ,their voice goes out through all the earth1 and their words to the end of the world4 #h4 ,nut ,growing as a ,hobby4 ,for people who like to see things growing1 there are few projects that yield more genuine satisfaction than hardy-adapted varieties of nut trees4 ,few people know what a heart nut or chestnuts are1 and most have never cracked a butternut4 ,most of us have never tasted a good persimmon1 and the paw-paw is practically unknown4 ,we of the ,,nnga have something to offer our members4 #i4 ,keep our ,organization ,solvent and ,functioning4 ,all costs have increased4 ,our strength lies in our letters1 reports and information which we send to our membership4 ,to keep this information coming through letters and our annual report takes money4 #aj4 ,how to ,finance the ,,nnga4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels makes the following suggestions after stating that we have reached the point where increasing the dues will not give us more income1 because of loss of membership4 7a7 ,increase our number of members4 7b7 ,provide different types of membership to encourage contributions4 7c7 ,gifts4 7d7 ,special fund raising projects4 ,increasing the membership seems to have the most promise in the future4 ,we are now at the cross roads4 ,do we want a strong1 hard-hitting organization1 capable of doing these things which we know ,,nnga can do1 or do we want to ease down the other road to a whimpering senile existence1 in the plant society world8 ,we have increased our membership #dj the past year1 and after hurriedly congratulating ourselves1 let us hurry on to this problem of setting ourselves another goal for #aied4 ,what shall our new goal be8 #cj1 #ej1 #ajj--let us think high4 ,it is easier to come down than to go higher4 ,i'd like to have someone's idea in the audience here4 ,does anybody have some figure we should hit at8 #aj1 #bj1 #be8 ,,mr4 ,,kintzel3 ,i think since we have a thousand members1 for each of the thousand to bring in one more member and make it a hundred per cent4 ,,president ,,best3 ,now1 the high man is going to win here1 you know4 ,is there anyone that can raise this man1 that can say that we increase our membership more than a hundred per cent8 ,if not shall we take that as a goal8 ,we have now reached the point in this discussion of goals where we can make the following profound deduction--,nothing is worth two cents until it is sold4 ,our church bells ring to tell the world that something good is being offered and that the church has something to sell4 ,everything in this world must be sold4 ,the ,,nnga is competing not only with the resistance people offer it1 but also against every other human activity4 ,people buy what they think will give them the most satisfaction4 ,we are living in a cold-blooded society and people are not going to choke with emotion when we mention the old hollow tree where the possums hatched1 or the wide spreading chestnut4 ,people may not even want to join our ,,nnga4 ,this is a free country and people can just sit in the sun on the bare ground if they want to4 ,they may not want trees and can eat grape nuts if they want4 ,we know they need the hobby--the shade--the beauty--the protection or even nuts which nut trees will bring them4 ,because we know people need these fine things1 then we must ask them to join the ,,nnga4 ,if everybody knew what you know about the ,,nnga1 we would have a membership of #ajj1jjj members4 ,but they do not4 ,this is what we mean by selling our organization4 ,indirectly as we sell our memberships to help other people1 we help our organization4 ,finally1 let me suggest that we build up a backlog of ideas here at ,rochester to add to what we have on increasing our membership4 ,give your ideas to our ,vice ,president1 ,mr4 ,george ,salzer and his publicity committee and you will be helping to solve our ,,nnga problems4 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,it seems to me the most successful thing that was done during the past year1 as far as the raising of membership was concerned1 was done by ,mr4 ,chase1 when he wrote that article on ,persian walnuts that survived sub-zero temperatures4 ,that had a tremendous impact on the public imagination1 and it got a tremendous number of inquiries4 ,i think it had more effect than even the work of individual members1 so ,i would suggest that anybody who has an idea that can be sent to a magazine that would have a public appeal should do that thing4 ,,mr4 ,,machovina3 ,the thought strikes me that in addition to the goal for new members1 we should also work to keep these members we have picked up this year4 ,that means the older members should contact the newer members1 help them1 give them trees4 ,otherwise1 a lot can be lost quickly4 ,,president ,,best3 ,in this world no matter whether we are selling seed corn--if you will pardon that little plug--or you are running a restaurant or any form of human activity1 you can figure each year about a #aj per cent loss in your clientelle or your customers1 whatever you want to call them1 and we of ,n4,n4,g4,a4 are no exception to that rule4 ,we do have to keep working for that replacement2 otherwise1 in #aj or #ab years we are going to be out of business entirely4 ,,mr4 ,,kerr3 ,i am a ,spanish ,war veteran4 ,at the national convention in ,portland1 ,oregon1 in #aich1 one of my comrades showed me a walnut tree that he planted before he went to the ,philippines during that war4 ,it was on the banks of the ,willamette ,river where he had planted three nuts4 ,two were so near the river that a log boom had torn them out1 but one was left4 ,it was #hj feet high1 four feet in diameter1 and on one occasion had produced almost a ton of very good nuts4 ,i told that to the science editor of the ,associated ,press1 and he put a little article in the local paper1 but no picture4 ,if he had a picture with that article1 everybody would have read it4 ,i think we need more publicity on these old trees that are bearing nuts4 ,i live in ,plymouth1 ,mass41 where the ,pilgrims settled4 ,in their settlement papers they mentioned the groves of walnuts and other wild nuts in the territory4 ,we found a low-branched walnut #e feet in diameter and over #dej years old4 ,,mr4 ,,brook3 ,let me suggest ,mr4 ,kerr write such an article for such a magazine1 because he is just the person4 ,,mr4 ,,kerr3 ,i have already written a few articles for several men's clubs1 and ,i am writing another article4 ,,mr4 ,,brook3 ,when are you releasing it8 ,,mr4 ,,kerr3 ,pretty soon4 ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers will get a copy4 ,,president ,,best3 ,the report of the ,place of ,meeting ,committee1 ,mr4 ,allaman8 ,,mr4 ,,allaman3 ,a year ago this summer ,i went to ,lancaster to visit the ,franklin ,marshall ,college to see if we could hold our convention there next year4 ,they considered it quite an honor to have us there1 feeling that it is an educational feature4 ,they can furnish us a nice auditorium with a cafeteria nearby4 ,sleeping quarters would be scattered throughout the grounds4 ,they can furnish our meals and a banquet4 ,about ten days ago ,i checked to see if things were still all right1 and they said1 ,come ahead1 so ,i am suggesting that the ,association hold its next annual convention at ,lancaster1 ,pa4 at ,franklin ,marshall ,college4 ,our field trip at ,lancaster would be to ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,posey's orchard4 ,he has by far the biggest planting in the state with trees of various ages and many different varieties4 ,he entertained the ,pennsylvania group a year ago4 ,he has a nice pavilion up on the hill1 where we can have our lunch4 ,we had a most enjoyable time1 and he is delighted to have us4 ,mr4 ,posey is owner of the ,posey ,iron ,works in ,lancaster4 ,for #aiee we were thinking about ,michigan1 probably ,michigan ,state ,college4 ,for the following year we were wondering about ,connecticut4 ,just the place in ,connecticut has not been given any thought4 ,session adjourned4 ,,monday ,,afternoon ,,session ,,president ,,best3 ,in the morning session ,mr4 ,allaman proposed that we hold our next convention in ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,is there a motion to that effect8 ,,mr4 ,,rick3 ,i move that our next meeting1 #aied1 be held in ,lancaster ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,that is supposed to be one of the garden counties in the country4 ,it has stood first and second in production4 ,i don't know what it stands now1 but it wouldn't be far from the top4 ,it would be most interesting to all our members1 ,i am sure1 to pay ,lancaster ,county a visit4 ,motion seconded by ,mr4 ,ellis and passed4 ,,president ,,best3 ,according to the by-laws1 we get a report of the ,nominating ,committee at this time4 ,we have our election at the last business session4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,the ,nominating ,committee1 consisting of ,max ,hardy as chairman and some others1 including myself1 presents the following candidates3 ,for ,president1 ,r4 ,b4 ,best4 ,for vice-president1 ,gilbert ,becker2 for ,treasurer1 ,w4 ,s4 ,clark2 and for ,secretary ,spencer ,chase4 ,,president ,,best3 ,are there other nominations8 7,no response47 ,you will have a chance for further nominations at our last business session4 ,,president ,,best3 ,now1 then1 we have an opportunity to hear from a group of what we might call authorities in their various fields4 ,we have quite an assortment4 ,the only way ,i know of to express it is to say we have the wise men out of the east and the wild men out of the west4 ,i think we first might hear from ,mr4 ,kyhl of ,sabula1 ,iowa4 ,mr4 ,kyhl1 you come up and give us your version of the nut business4 ,about ,nuts ,,ira ,m4 ,,kyhl1 ,sabula1 ,iowa ,what we all have in mind at this time is nuts and more nuts4 ,one way to get them is to plant more nut trees4 ,why not start a campaign in this direction8 ,where ,i live in the midwest the black walnut is at home and likewise the hickory1 hazel1 etc4 ,farmers may be reluctant to set aside acreage for this purpose but they could be planted along fence rows around the entire farm and would produce shade for livestock1 an abundance of marketable nuts1 and later a fortune in saw logs4 ,the average size farm of #afj acres could support a great many black walnuts if planted along fence rows which ordinarily grow up to brush and weeds4 ,seedlings are cheap or one could buy #b or #c bushels of ,thomas nuts and raise their own4 ,one could also plant hickories1 heartnuts1 filberts and chestnuts if variety is desired along fence rows1 but the main thing is to get this work started4 ,we could no doubt get cooperation from ,county ,agents and ,conservation ,departments because of wind breaks and erosion control4 ,farmers who could be induced to do this work would no doubt become nut enthusiasts in due time4 ,i feel that at this time it may be in line to pay a slight tribute to our friend the squirrel4 ,i wonder how many of us gave a thought as to who was responsible for all of our wild trees1 such as black walnuts1 butternuts1 hickories1 hazels and so forth1 and how they came about4 ,the answer is simple1 the squirrels1 of course4 ,they have been planting nuts for centuries and without their good work in the past1 there would be very few wild nut trees4 ,the squirrel has been wrongfully condemned for his apparently good work and has even been cussed a little for living on the efforts of his own labor1 and due to my appreciation of his good work1 ,i have grafted or rather topworked some of the trees he planted to ,persian walnuts1 pecans1 etc41 so that he may have more of a variety of nuts4 ,someday ,i expect to have some of the largest and fattest squirrels in ,america4 ,i cover some of the choice varieties with stove pipe4 ,they seem to take the hint and don't bother the nuts4 ,one more thing1 there does not seem to be enough nuts to go around1 that is1 enough for both the squirrels and ourselves4 ,so let's plant more trees so that the squirrels can't possibly eat them all and when we have done that1 then let's plant a lot more4 ,we now have many species of nuts and many varieties of each species1 many of which have proven hardy in cold climates4 ,it is very encouraging to note the good work that is being done to produce better and more varieties4 ,one very fine nut that doesn't seem to have had much work done on it is the hard shell almond4 ,it does very well for me1 is self-pollinating1 bears very heavily1 and can be grafted on peach stocks with good results4 ,i have also had very good success with ,persian walnuts1 heartnuts1 filberts1 chestnuts1 hickories1 pecans1 hazels and black walnuts4 ,natural ,variation ,observed in ,shagbark ,hickory1 ,carya ovata 7,mill47 ,k4 ,koch4 in ,central ,new ,york ,,david ,h4 ,,caldwell1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,college of ,forestry1 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the shagbark hickory has been extremely important in the economy of the ,united ,states during its period of early development4 ,the handles of the axes which leveled extensive forested areas in ,colonial days were frequently made from sturdy hickory wood4 ,the nuts furnished food for man in the form of oil or nutmeats and often hogs were fattened on hickory nuts1 beechnuts and chestnuts4 ,as settlement progressed1 the demand on hickory as wood for wagon parts increased while the use of the thick-shelled nuts for food decreased except by the country boy or girl who wandered from tree to tree in the fall collecting nuts for cracking by the fireside in the wintertime4 ,the author remembers bounding out of bed as a child in the fall before dawn on the nights when there had been a frost or a heavy wind1 in an effort to beat the squirrels in the race to obtain the rich harvest of hickory nuts to be found lying beneath the fine old trees near ,herkimer1 ,n4 ,y4 ,by some coincidence1 both the boys and the squirrels knew of the same trees which were most sought after for their crops of nuts4 ,it was at this time that the variability of hickory nuts was first observed4 ,thus it was that the nuts of certain trees were never gathered1 while the grass beneath other favorite trees was gleaned carefully for all fallen nuts4 ,the present investigation of the shagbark began in the fall of #aidi and continued through the summer of #aiec4 ,it was initiated with the previous knowledge of the extreme variability to be observed between the nuts of individual shagbark hickory trees and was conducted for the purpose of determining whether or not that variability was also expressed through other features of the tree such as buds1 leaves1 bark or form4 ,consequently1 a systematic study was begun of individual trees totaling #aeh found mostly in ,onondaga ,county1 ,new ,york plus the edges of surrounding counties4 ,the trees were observed throughout the growing season so that the various tree parts could be observed for comparison4 ,it was a preconceived idea by the author that there might be several or more distinct subdivisions into which individuals of shagbark might be placed through the use of macroscopic characters4 ,observations were made over a period of three growing seasons on the following characters of each tree3 7#a7 bark 7#b7 buds and twigs 7#c7 leaves 7#d7 flowers 7#e7 fruit ,each character was observed more than once for each tree as a check on possible yearly variation for specific characteristics in the trees from which data was collected4 ,the generalized description for shagbark hickory is as follows3 ,,size--a tree ranging at maturity from #ej to #ajj feet in height1 generally #b to #c feet in diameter and very occasionally reaching #d feet in diameter4 ,,bark--usually under #c_/d of an inch in thickness1 occasionally up to #a inch thick with a characteristic light or smoky-gray color when dry and breaking up into long plates or strips loosely attached to the trunk near the middle of the plate4 ,,buds--terminal buds usually #c_/h to #c_/d of an inch long1 subglobose to narrowly ovate1 with #h-aj imbricate scales1 the outermost of which are a blackish brown with dark brown tomentum1 and a short mucronate or attenuate apex1 inner scales light brown with longer lanate pubescence and apex acute to obtuse2 lateral buds smaller1 about #a_/d of an inch with tightly appressed scales4 ,,twigs--angled or rounded1 reddish brown to yellowish brown1 or gray1 turning more or less gray with age2 pubescent the first year4 ,,leaves--compound--ranging from #c-g ovate to oblong lanceolate leaflets1 usually #e1 terminal leaflet as large or larger than the first two laterals1 usually #d-h long1 generally glabrous on both surfaces but with a finely serrate1 ciliate margin2 total leaf size ranging from #h-ae for mature leaves4 ,,flowers--7a7 female--occurring in #b to several flowered spikes1 with a one-celled ovary1 about #a_/d to #a_/c inch long covered with tomentum2 flowers rusty to yellowish green in color2 stigma with two stigmatic lobes2 bracts much longer than the lateral bractlets4 7b7 male--in three parted or branched aments1 each flower usually containing #d stamens with a #b or a #c lobed calyx2 aments #c-d long with glandular hairs4 ,,fruit--oval1 globose or pear shaped1 consisting of a woody husk #a_/d to #a_/b thick breaking usually along #d lines of suture exposing a flattened nut generally #d ridged1 smooth or slightly roughened2 usually white or cream in color1 seed sweet with #b cotyledons4 ,,results ,,of ,,field ,,observations ,,bark--,most of the shagbark hickory trees observed were found to have a smoke-gray1 shaggy bark from #bj years of age to maturity4 ,however1 among the #aeh individual hickory trees observed1 there were found #g trees which had a bark much more blackish than the normal shagbark type and with closely furrowed bark consisting of inter-lacing scaly ridges more similar in character to that of ,carya ovalis 7,wangenh47 ,sarg4 ,the trees found growing under timberland conditions rather than as open field or hedgerow trees did not have the characteristic shaggy bark except for the upper trunk which had been exposed to the weather conditions of the forest canopy4 ,where the trunks of the trees were somewhat protected from direct rays of the sun and force of the wind1 the bark was smooth1 gray and but slightly plated with none of the shagginess typical of open field grown shagbark4 ,,buds ,,and ,,twigs--,the buds of shagbark were observed to divide themselves into two general groups based upon terminal bud shapes and two more groups based upon the sizes of the attenuated apex of the outermost bud scales4 ,in all cases the bud scales were observed to be pubescent though the degree of pubescence varied considerably in the outer scales only4 ,the two general bud shapes were globose-ovate and narrowly elliptical4 ,the broadly oval 7,fig4 #a;a7 type of buds were smaller1 generally under #a_/b inch in length while the elliptical 7,fig4 #a;b7 type of buds were usually over #a_/b inch in length4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a;a ,fig4 #a;b ,shagbark ,hickory ,terminal ,buds 7#a-,x7 ,the long attenuated apex on the outer bud scales of the elliptical type of buds is evident in ,figs4 #a;b and #b;b4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b;a ,fig4 #b;b ,shagbark ,hickory ,terminal ,bud ,scales 7#a-,x7 ,the number of lateral buds at one position varied considerably with the usual number being one 7,fig4 #c;a7 bud located just above the lobed leaf scar4 ,on exceedingly vigorous sprout growth1 or on very vigorous terminal growth twigs1 it was found that #b1 #c1 #d and occasionally #e superposed buds might occur 7,fig4 #c;b74 ,twigs of shagbark varied considerably both in the rapidity of growth and in color4 ,frequently the color seemed to be associated with the incident rays of the sun and orientation of the twig on the branch seemed to largely control color4 ,twigs upon the same tree would vary from gray to reddish brown to yellowish brown or tan4 ,the majority of observed trees had a reddish brown as the predominant color4 ,terminal shoot growth of as much as #dj inches was observed and as little as #b-c inches in very slowly growing mature trees4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c;a ,fig4 #c;b ,shagbark ,hickory ,lateral ,buds 7#a-,x7 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d;a ,fig4 #d;b ,shagbark ,hickory ,leaves 7#a_/c,x7 ,the degree of pubescence on the surface of the twigs varied considerably and was found to frequently follow group location patterns4 ,thus nearly all of the individuals growing in one field might be found with dense pubescence on the twigs while a similar group several miles away might have1 for all practical purposes1 no pubescence on the twigs4 ,in general1 the most rapidly growing trees 7or twigs7 had the least amount of pubescence on the twigs4 ,,leaves--,there was extreme variability found with the leaves of the #aeh individual trees observed4 ,all trees were found to have compound leaves1 but the leaflet numbers varied greatly4 ,the typical number for shagbark is #e1 but #c to #g were found2 three leaflets were common1 #e were abundant and #g leaflets were rare4 ,six cases of leaves with #g leaflets were obtained from the vast number of leaves checked on the #aeh trees2 thus the frequency of occurrence is quite low for the group as a whole4 ,where #g leaflets were observed1 #e of the leaves were normal pinnately compound leaves 7,fig4 #d;a71 while one leaf consisted of five palmately arranged leaflets plus two normal pinnately compound leaflets 7,fig4 #d;b74 ,the leaflets on each tree were fairly uniform in shape but the shape of leaflets between trees varied considerably4 ,thus one tree might have #e leaflets quite broadly ovate to obovate in shape while another equally valid shagbark would be found with narrowly elliptical to lanceolate leaflets similar to those of red hickory 7oval pignut hickory71 ,carya ovalis 7,wangenh47 ,sarg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e;a ,fig4 #e;b ,fig4 #e;c ,shagbark ,hickory ,fruits 7#a_/b,x7 ,the margins of the leaflets were generally finely serrate and disposed to be ciliate--i4e4 with a fringe of hairs along the serrate margins4 ,the presence of cilia tend to differentiate shagbark hickory from red hickory in the field4 ,this feature is a consistently good one if a hand lens is available but the degree of ciliation varies considerably from tree to tree and during different parts of the growing season4 ,the presence of cilia on the margin of the leaflets should not be used as a means of differentiating shagbark from shellbark hickory1 ,carya lacinoisa 7,michx4 f47 ,loud41 since shellbark also has a ciliate margin on the leaflets4 ,,flowers--,the female flowers of shagbark are found on short #a to #e flowered spikes produced on the current season's growth4 ,most of the flowers are around #a_/c long1 sessile and covered with a tawny tomentum4 ,each flower tends to have two yellowish green stigmatic lobes but three-lobed stigmas may be found and one case of a #d-lobed stigma was observed4 ,various amounts of an amber1 or yellow scurfy1 substance was also observed on the new flowers4 ,the male flowers occur on #c parted1 slender1 glandular-hairy aments from the basal portion of the current season's growth4 ,the aments are usually #c-d inches long with individual flowers consisting of #d stamens with their surrounding bract and calyx lobes4 ,the anthers are yellowish or greenish yellow4 ,occasionally a two branched ament may be found but this seems to occur when one branch of the ament has failed to develop due to an injury of some sort4 ,one case of an unbranched ament was observed4 ,both female and male flowers are found to be mature after the leaves have grown to nearly their fully expanded mature size4 ,there are more male aments to be found on the lower branches than female spikes of flowers1 which would tend to aid in cross pollination of the flowers by wind action4 ,in general the stigmatic lobes are not quite mature at the time that the bulk of the pollen is being shed1 yet individual trees1 at a considerable distance from another pollen bearing shagbark tree1 will bear considerable quantities of nuts indicating self fertility4 ,,fruit--,the husk of the shagbark is extremely variable in size1 shape1 thickness and opening habits4 ,in general the husk consists of #d segments which split along #d sutures and fall apart at maturity dropping the nut to the ground4 ,in many cases the husk falls to the ground with the nut and does not break apart until it reaches the ground4 ,a few of the trees examined had husks which were not quite deciduous to the base and were retained on the tree until after the nut had been released4 ,one tree among the #aeh examined consistently had a #e parted husk4 ,the husks varied considerably in thickness1 the dried measurements ranging from #a_/h to #a_/b inch with the bulk of the measurements averaging around #a_/d thick4 ,two trees had husks so thin as to be more typical of red hickory while only #f trees had husks #a_/b inch thick or more4 ,the overall shape of the husk around the nut ranged from globose 7,fig4 #e;a7 to ovoid 7,fig4 #e;b7 to obovate 7,fig4 #e;c74 ,it would seem that the shape of the nut enclosed within the husk might be predetermined by examination of the husk itself4 ,the obovate husk shape could most frequently be depended on to produce either elliptical or obovate nuts but this was not an absolute certainty4 ,the thickness of the husk effectively concealed the true shape of the nut beneath2 the thinnest husks most nearly conforming to the true nut shape4 ,the size of the mature shagbark hickory nut and husk ranged from as small as one inch in a tree which had a seed barely #c_/h wide to as large as #b-a_/d inches4 ,the size of husk and nut is variable and adjacent trees which may have developed from the same parent seldom have similar nuts in the area examined4 ,the nut itself exhibited the greatest variability of all features examined on the test trees4 ,these trees exhibited striking dissimilarities in3 7#a7 nut size 7#b7 nut shape 7#c7 shell color 7#d7 thickness of shell 7#e7 sweetness or palatability of nutmeat4 ,one tree was discovered with a nut which might have caused a taxonomist to coin the name ,carya ovata var4 microcarpa due to the very small dimensions of about #c_/h x #c_/h x #c_/d inches in width1 thickness and depth4 ,even the squirrels of the area did not feel that this tree deserved their attention ,the largest nut obtained had overall dimensions of #a x #c_/d x #a inches in width1 thickness and depth4 ,the majority of average sized nuts were roughly #c_/d x #a_/b x #c_/d inches4 ,the nut shapes have fallen into a general pattern which include the following normal types3 ,type ,a--,the normal #d angled nut1 nearly rectangular in cross section 7,fig4 #f;a74 ,type ,b--,an elliptical form1 nearly oval in cross section 7,fig4 #f;b74 ,type ,c--,a smooth oval nut1 oval or elliptical in cross section 7,fig4 #f;c74 ,type ,d--,an obovate nut1 oval to angled in cross section 7,fig4 #f;d74 ,type ,e--,a fat globose nut1 broadly oval to orbicular in cross section 7,fig4 #f;e74 ,illustration3 ,type ,a ,type ,b ,type ,c ,type ,d ,type ,e ,fig4 #f;a ,fig4 #f;b ,fig4 #f;c ,fig4 #f;d ,fig4 #f;e ,normal ,fruit ,forms of ,shagbark ,hickory 7#a,x7 ,illustration3 ,type ,f ,type ,g ,type ,h ,fig4 #f;f ,fig4 #f;g ,fig4 #f;h ,abnormal ,fruit ,forms of ,shagbark ,hickory 7#a,x7 ,in addition to the afore mentioned #e normal types1 three abnormal types were encountered3 ,type ,f--,a smooth or angled nut1 triangular in cross section--found in the same trees as normal nut forms 7,fig4 #f;f74 ,type ,g--,a smooth or angled nut square in cross section--found on the same trees as normal nut forms 7,fig4 #f;g74 ,type ,h--,a ,siamese twin form occurring very rarely on the same trees as other normal forms 7,fig4 #f;h74 ,type ,a was the commonest form of nut found in the ,onondaga ,county area4 ,it roughly exceeded ,types ,b1 ,d and ,e by a #b3a ratio4 ,type ,c exceeded ,types ,b1 ,d and ,e with a ratio of about #g3e in frequency of occurrence4 ,types ,b and ,d were the two most easily cracked nut forms when using a hammer and anvil for a cracking device4 ,it should be noted at this time that all of the abnormal fruit types were found in conjunction with normal fruit types4 ,thus1 one individual tree used as a collection might produce both a normal nut type 7,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d or ,e7 and an abnormal nut type 7,f1 ,g or ,h74 ,occasionally a few nuts in a collection from one tree might be classed as a second normal type4 ,this was rare however 7#e cases7 and only occurred in borderline trees which were then classified and recorded as per the dominant nut type for the tree4 ,it should be noted here that the nut type did not vary from year to year for the trees examined4 ,also the frequency of nut crops varied considerably2 less than #a_/d of the sample trees produced nuts each year4 ,most of the trees produced crops in alternate years1 and a very few have not fruited in the third year following a heavy nut crop4 ,the #aeh trees examined provided the following distribution by fruit types3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,number of ,number of abnormal types found ,fruit ,type ,individual ,trees in conjunction with normal types ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,f ,g ,h ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,normal ,a #ed #e #b #a ,b #bc #b #a ,c #cf #a #b ,d #ba #g #a ,e #bd #d #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #aeh collections ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,abnormal ,f #ae #ae ,g #h #h ,h #d #d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #bg collections ,shell color of the nuts varied between a brownish white and a pinkish white color when fully dried4 ,from the trees used as a sample1 there were #ad which might be classed in the brownish white categories1 and the remainder 7#add7 as pinkish white or creamy white4 ,types ,b and ,c were the ones which most frequently were found with the brownish white nutshell color4 ,type ,a was typically pinkish or creamy white in color4 ,nutshell thickness varied somewhat4 ,in all but #b cases1 the nuts were too hard to crack with the teeth4 ,the thin-shelled ones are comparatively thin only1 being about like paper-shelled pecans with the shell thinnest on the sides of the nut4 ,it is not suggested that these two thin-shelled nuts be exploited as paper-shelled shagbarks since they are poorly formed nuts and of small size4 ,one of the two trees might be a hybrid since it does not have a ciliate leaflet margin although the buds1 bark and leaves are typical of shagbark hickory4 ,the minimum shell thickness observed for the side of the nut was #a_/b a millimeter 7#j4e mm47 and the thickest was #b4j millimeters4 ,as previously stated1 nut types ,b and ,d 7the elliptical and obovate nut forms7 were the easiest to crack4 ,nut type ,a was the most difficult and had generally the thickest shell4 ,the seed coat color range was from a light tan to a bronze color4 ,the seed itself was in all cases sweet although certain of the nuts had a more pleasing taste than others4 ,the nuts eventually became rancid though #c years of storage in a heated room did not cause the bulk of the test samples to change in flavor4 ,this is unlike the pecan which1 stored in the same room with the hickory nuts1 became rancid by the following year after collection4 ,summary of ,observations ,the following observations concerning shagbark hickory may be made from this study3 7#a7 ,the buds of shagbark fall into #b classes based on bud shape1 7#a7 globose-ovate and 7#b7 elliptical1 the latter being the largest bud as a rule4 7#b7 ,the buds of shagbark fall into #b classes based upon the length of the attenuated apex of the outer bud scales4 ,the elliptical form of bud consistently had the longest drawn out apex4 7#c7 ,normal buds of shagbark occur singly on the twigs above the lobed leaf scar2 however1 #b1 #c or #d superposed buds may occur on very fast grown sprouts or terminal shoots of vigorously growing trees4 7#d7 ,the twigs of shagbark are pubescent but range in degrees from almost none to densely pubescent4 ,the fastest grown twigs are apt to be the least pubescent4 7#e7 ,leaves are compound with #c-e leaflets commonly found and #g leaflets rarely found4 7#f7 ,leaflet shapes varied from tree to tree being ovate1 obovate or elliptical4 7#g7 ,leaflet margins with one exception were more or less ciliate4 7#h7 ,most female flowers of shagbark have #b stigmatic lobes1 however1 #c stigmatic lobes resulting in triangular nuts are not uncommon4 7#i7 ,the typical male ament is three branched but one and two branched aments have been observed4 7#aj7 ,the husk of shagbark varies in thickness from #a_/h inch to #a_/b inch in thickness when dry4 ,the usual husk is #d-parted but one tree bore #e-parted husks consistently4 ,the average husk thickness is around #a_/d inch4 7#ab7 ,there are three general fruit shapes1 7#a7 globose1 7#b7 ovoid and 7#c7 obovate4 7#ac7 ,there are at least #e general types of normal nut shapes for ,onondaga ,county1 ,n4 ,y4 as listed in the text of this paper4 7#ad7 ,three abnormal nut types were also encountered growing concurrently with the normal types4 7#ae7 ,nutshell color varied from brownish to creamy white4 ,the darker colors were generally associated with the elliptical1 oval or obovate nut forms4 7#af7 ,nutshell thickness varied between #a_/b and #b millimeters2 the more angled the nut1 the thicker the shell4 7#ag7 ,all of the hickory nuts tested had sweet1 edible seeds4 ,the seed coats varied from a light tan to a bronze in color4 ,conclusions ,within the single species of nut tree called shagbark hickory1 ,carya ovata 7,mill47 ,k4 ,koch41 in central ,new ,york1 there exists a great degree of diversity4 ,however1 in spite of these differences1 the examined sample trees may be placed without a question in their proper genus and species and the author would venture the opinion that the advisability of placing variety names on portions of the species is a doubtful and hazardous procedure until much more is known concerning the species than is known at present4 ,,mr4 ,,pape3 ,this paper is the result of the fact that some of us down in ,indiana are losing #ge to #ie per cent of our hickory crop each year by the curculio1 and what we are trying to do is work up a little interest with this paper1 so at the conclusion of this we can get a discussion started and learn the experiences of other people4 ,maybe you will be able to help us down in ,indiana4 ,the ,control of the ,hickory ,weevil 7,curculio caryae7 ,,edward ,w4 ,,pape1 ,marion1 ,indiana ,it is our thought that if some effort were made to bring to this assembly1 a digest of what has been done to control the ,hickory weevil1 we might arouse enough interest to carry on some experiments4 ,if1 at the conclusion of this paper1 we can get enough discussion1 we will be able to avail ourselves of the knowledge and experiences of others who have made attempts to control this pest1 it would be to our advantage4 ,the ,pecan weevil of the south and the ,hickory weevil are identical and we learn the following from the experiments carried out by ,g4 ,f4 ,moznette1 ,bureau of ,entomology1 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,pecan weevil damage is of two types--7#a7 that resulting from attack before the shell-hardening period in ,july and ,august and causing all affected nuts to drop1 and 7#b7 that resulting from attack after kernel formation and usually causing the shuck of infested nuts to stick tight to the shell instead of opening normally4 ,weevil-injured nuts of the second type contain grubs which destroy the kernels1 or they contain holes about one-eighth inch in diameter which mature grubs have bored and through which they escaped after destroying the kernels4 ,the first type of damage often passes unnoticed and is due to the feeding of early emerging weevils1 which puncture the immature nuts with their long lancelike beaks to feed on the juices within4 ,since all nuts punctured in this way before the shell-hardening period drop to the ground1 the entire crop may be lost if weevils are abundant and the crop is light4 ,such damage may be heavy even when a large crop is attacked4 ,the second type of damage is generally noticeable at harvest-time in ,october and ,november1 and in seasons when large numbers of weevils have been present practically the entire crop may be wormy at harvest4 ,since the weevils do not feed very much on the outer surface of developing pecan nuts1 stomach poisons applied to trees have been of little practical value in control4 ,in #aidd1 however1 laboratory tests showed that ,,ddt could kill the adults1 and that it was worthy of field trial4 ,field tests were made at ,fort ,valley1 ,georgia1 with ,,ddt and the conclusions drawn from these tests show that the effectiveness of two applications of ,,ddt at the rate of #f pounds of a #ej-percent wettable powder to #ajj gallons of water in reducing harvest infestations to #a percent gives rise to the hope that this treatment1 applied for several seasons1 will eliminate a pecan weevil infestation in an orchard1 or will reduce it to such an extent that spraying every year will not be necessary4 ,the time of the first application of ,,ddt cannot be based on the time of the first drop of nuts1 because other pecan insects also cause the nuts to drop during ,july and ,august4 ,however1 pecan growers who wish to make the effort can time the first application accurately by spreading a sheet on the ground beneath an infested tree and lightly jarring the branches to dislodge the weevils4 ,when the weevils are disturbed they fall and play possum and can be easily collected4 ,when a minimum of six weevils can be taken by jarring the branches on any one tree1 it is time to make the first application4 ,while the above will probably give an indication as to what can be done1 using ,,ddt to control the ,hickory weevil1 for those who have large plantings and can afford the expensive spraying equipment necessary1 it will be necessary to look farther for control methods for the small orchard1 where expensive equipment is not feasible4 ,the following is part of a letter from ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,compton1 ,entomologist for the ,julius ,hyman and ,company4 ,it is our thought that since ,,dieldrin is so highly toxic to ,curculionids it might be possible to take advantage of the habits of this insect and control it by spraying the soil surface4 ,the larval stage of this insect leaves the nuts and enters the soil sometime in the fall4 ,it is believed that the larvae penetrate the soil rather deeply1 to a depth of perhaps a foot or more and remain in the soil over winter4 ,in the spring or early summer the larvae transform to adults and emerge to lay their eggs4 ,in some regions at least the adults do not emerge until the second year after the larvae enter the ground4 ,it is our thought that if ,,dieldrin was applied to the surface of the soil that many of the larvae would be killed upon entering the soil or would be killed at some later time when the adults emerge4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,fluke at the ,university of ,wisconsin has been working for the past several years with ,,dieldrin applied as an orchard spray for the control of plum curculio4 ,in ,dr4 ,fluke's work he applied the ,,dieldrin to the orchard floor or cover4 ,he has had some very promising results4 ,dr4 ,fluke has used two application rates1 namely1 six pounds and three pounds of ,,dieldrin per acre4 ,since he obtained a high degree of control at the three pound level1 it would seem worthwhile to investigate the possibilities of applying even a lower rate1 say one and a half pounds per acre4 ,in ,dr4 ,fluke's work he applied the ,,dieldrin to the soil in the orchard using a ,,dieldrin emulsifiable concentrate containing one and a half pounds per gallon4 ,,dieldrin is now available impregnated on a #cj-fj mesh attapulgus clay4 ,such formulations are now available containing #e1 #aj1 and #ae ,,dieldrin4 ,the ,,dieldrin granules would appear to have certain advantages over liquid sprays where the grove has considerable ground cover4 ,a high percentage of the insecticide is retained by the cover and does not reach the soil4 ,the #cj-fj mesh granules have the advantage of penetrating even the densest cover and their application results in a maximum deposit of the insecticide on the soil surface4 ,groves or orchards under cultivation can be sprayed or treated with the granules4 ,in either case it is advisable to disc the insecticide into the soil following application4 ,the granules are free flowing and can be applied quite readily with any fertilizer or distributor4 ,without any field experience to go by it would seem that a #e #cj-fj mesh ,,dieldrin granule formulation would be most convenient to use4 ,by using a #e ,,dieldrin granule material you would obtain a dosage of #a-a_/b pound of actual ,,dieldrin per acre by applying #cj pounds of granules per acre4 ,likewise1 #fj pounds of the granules per acre would give a dosage of #c pound of ,,dieldrin4 ,on the basis of work done with ,,dieldrin for the control of the ,japanese beetle1 #c pounds of ,,dieldrin per acre will control this insect for more than #e years4 ,while it is not safe to assume that we could expect the same results in the case of the ,hickory weevil1 it does give us something to go by4 ,it seems likely that the foregoing will create some interest and that by the time of the next annual meeting we should have the results from the use of ,,dieldrin to control the ,hickory weevil4 ,,mr4 ,,pape3 ,it is my thought now if we could get a little discussion here concerning what some of you have been doing to control this pest1 we might get somewhere1 or at least get enough suggestions or get enough parties interested to carry on some experiments in different parts of the country4 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,what company makes ,dieldrin8 ,,mr4 ,,pape3 ,julius ,hyman ,company is the one that sent the most literature and ,shell ,corporation local agents handle it4 ,also in ,indiana the ,farm ,bureau ,cooperative store handles it4 ,the cost in small quantities is two pounds for #he cents4 ,,mr4 ,,kyhl3 ,is ,dieldrin poison8 ,,mr4 ,,pape3 ,it's poison like all of these modern sprays1 but it isn't as dangerous as ,parathion4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,in ,virginia ,i have had no experience with ,,ddt1 except with chestnut1 and it takes three sprays at two-week intervals to control the pest4 ,,dr4 ,,graves3 ,what time of the year8 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,apply the last spray about two weeks before the nuts ripen4 ,that means1 with us1 starting in late ,july4 ,you have to figure it for your own region4 ,,mr4 ,,gravatt3 ,there is literature available from the ,bureau of ,entomology in ,washington on spraying to control pecan and chestnut weevils4 ,they have done quite a bit of research on it4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,if this ground treatment is effective1 ,i'd like to try it4 ,it's a lot easier4 ,,mr4 ,,pape3 ,that would be very nice if you would repeat the work in ,virginia4 ,i know that the ,pecan ,growers will work on the problem in the ,south4 ,if we could get work done in the ,central ,states1 it would be an advantage for all of us4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,in my area the control of the pest is complicated by the presence of the chinquapin4 ,,president ,,best3 ,we have a surprise feature this afternoon4 ,dr4 ,graves of the ,connecticut ,experiment station1 who1 as you know1 is the father of a lot of this work on chestnuts1 has consented to discuss with us certain new procedures that he used in grafting chestnuts4 ,,dr4 ,,graves3 ,we have worked with this method of inarching blighted chestnuts so long and found it so successful that ,i felt it my duty to tell you people something about it4 ,it's really a method of cure for the blight on ,oriental chestnuts and their hybrids4 ,i have not found it to work well on the ,american chestnut4 ,now1 suppose we have our tree1 with a blighted area on the trunk4 ,i am assuming that the blight starts near the base of the tree as it usually does4 ,when you see it1 you cut it out with a sharp knife removing the bark to the wood4 ,blighted trees send up shoots from the base1 below the blighted bark4 ,so you take one of these shoots1 sharpen it at the top and insert this sharpened tip under the healthy bark at the top of the blighted area4 ,the shoot should be a little longer than the blighted area so that you can get a spring to the shoot as you push its tip in between the bark and the trunk4 ,even if it goes up above and breaks the bark a little bit1 it doesn't matter4 ,this inarched shoot renews the connection between the leaves and the roots across the blighted area4 ,you know the leaves make the food of the tree1 which goes down in the bark to the roots4 ,the reason blight kills these trees is that it begins to girdle and sometimes does girdle the tree and destroys the connection between the leaves and the roots1 so the roots eventually die4 ,but by this method of inarching you restore that connection between leaves and roots4 ,now1 you'd be surprised to see how well that's worked with us4 ,we tried it first in #aicg4 ,we have been doing it now for #af years4 ,every spring we take our trees that show the blight1 our hybrids and ,oriental chestnuts1 and inarch1 and the whole thing doesn't take more than a few minutes4 ,then after our shoot is inarched here1 we tie it with old-fashioned string4 ,the tips of the inarched grafts should be covered with grafting wax or paraffin4 ,the scion will probably send out shoots which should be removed4 ,and another thing1 cut the string when you know the graft has taken above4 ,if the blighted area is higher up in the tree1 you can use bridge graft4 ,this1 you can see1 is a kind of bridge grafting4 ,but in bridge grafting1 the scion must be anchored in the bark both above and below the lesion4 ,as ,i say1 we have cured our hybrids4 ,there doesn't need to be anybody losing a ,chinese chestnut tree ever1 using this method4 ,no sense in it4 ,you can usually do this grafting in the spring about ,april when the leaves and the buds are beginning to show their green4 ,any questions8 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,you say you paint the wood8 ,,dr4 ,,graves3 ,yes1 with any ordinary paint4 ,there is a tree wood paint1 ,i know1 that's better1 but we use ordinary paint4 ,meeting adjourned at #d3ej o'clock1 p4m4 ,,monday ,,evening ,,session ,what's ,your ,problem8--,round ,table ,discussion ,moderator3 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay ,panel3 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder1 ,jesse ,d4 ,diller1 ,stephen ,bernath ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,in these panel discussions the moderator usually lays a little background as an introduction to the subject of the evening4 ,this title came from a conversation with ,dr4 ,crane4 ,we were talking about people asking questions about their problems1 and decided to have a panel discussion4 ,right there we chose the title1 ,what's your problem8 ,all of us have problems to deal with in every walk of life4 ,we run up against difficulties1 and usually much of our time is taken up in solving or coping with them4 ,at ,beltsville we answer a great many letters1 and a great many people ask us about their problems4 ,in answering problems1 we push the industry forward1 because we remove something that is holding it back4 ,sometimes the answer to a problem is found by trying to analyze our successes4 ,in growing nut trees we may have an unusually good crop on a particular variety or tree4 ,the question is1 why does that tree bear well that particular year1 and very frequently it is difficult to understand why4 ,it is very difficult1 for example1 in the case of one success1 to repeat that success1 because the second time you try to do it1 something else comes in1 and you probably have a failure and1 well1 you don't know why4 ,it is frequently very difficult to analyze our successes4 ,another way of stating it is1 of course1 that our successes are often ,nature's gift1 and we do not know the factors and the forces that go into that gift4 ,i want to digress here just a little bit by quoting one thing that ,mr4 ,best said4 ,i wish1 by the way1 that we could incorporate some of his homey philosophy into some of our minutes so as to really benefit by some of his remarks4 ,i was impressed this morning by his statement in dealing with a fairyland of nuts1 you remember that language he used1 no diseases1 no insects1 no failures4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,no squirrels4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,wouldn't that be wonderful8 ,i was impressed with another thing he said2 ,i wrote it down here3 ,people are not going to break down with emotion when we talk about the old hollow tree down in the corner of the pasture where the 'possums were hatched4 ,language like that1 to me1 strikes a very harmonious note4 ,i want to continue this digression a little to consider the fact that all of us1 in a sense1 are hobbyists in nut growing4 ,hobbies in this day and age are coming to be more important all the time1 because of the fast pace at which we live4 ,we need to leave our regular duties once in a while and get out in the garden or the forest where we can observe nature and get away from some of the stresses and strains that modern living places upon us4 ,on this trip we were taking a hike along the north rim of ,grand ,canyon in an organized nature walk4 ,the trees1 bushes and flowers were all labelled right down the walk1 and we came to this little poem on a regulation label4 ,it goes like this3 ,if you keep your nose to the grindstone rough1 ,and you keep it there long enough1 ,you will cease to hear the birds that sing1 ,and the brooks that babble in early spring1 ,and finally all that your world will compose1 ,will be the grindstone and your poor1 old nose4 ,so that little poem strikes a real note about a person's hobby4 ,you keep your nose to the grindstone1 you will forget all these things4 ,you need to get away from the grindstone once in a while4 ,i don't mean to neglect your work1 but ,i do mean to at least take a little time to go out and look at your trees and forget your troubles and relax and get away from the stresses and strains that modern living places on us4 ,going back now to the subject2 we asked you1 through the ,nutshell and through members of the ,program ,committee1 to send in the biggest problem in connection with whatever nut species you grow4 ,the seventeen replies received included eight problems as follows3 7#a7 brooming disease of walnut2 7#b7 early vegetating particularly of ,carpathian walnut and frost damage resulting therefrom2 7#c7 delayed fruiting of chestnut seedlings2 7#d7 season too short for ripening of fruit2 7#e7 squirrels get the nuts2 7#f7 failure of hicans to set fruit2 7#g7 grafting problems under which are grouped all asexual propagation and cuttings2 and1 finally1 7#h7 getting hickory trees established4 ,this is a rather low number1 but ,i think out of those eight problems submitted you have a good representation of some of the things about which members of this ,association talk when they come to meetings4 ,i will first ask the audience if there is any one who would like to ask a particular question at this time4 ,,mr4 ,,becker3 ,at the ,weber planting at ,rockport1 ,indiana last year1 we saw no nuts on the trees4 ,i would like to know what is the cause for those trees not bearing4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,i would think that failure to bear was caused by a combination of things2 lack of soil fertility1 in the first place1 soil physical conditions1 probably insect damage and diseases like anthracnose keeping the trees from being vigorous1 overcrowding now1 with many of them1 and perhaps to some extent genetic1 some varieties that just naturally don't fruit very heavily4 ,,dr4 ,mc,k,a,y3 ,any others in the audience care to comment on that question8 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,weather conditions1 freezing may have caused it4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,my impression was that the trees were starving to death4 ,cutting down the competition with the weeds and feeding them nitrate would help4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i think most members felt there that the trees were probably crowding each other4 ,,mr4 ,,becker3 ,they had never borne1 had they8 ,,mr4 ,,wilkinson3 ,i don't like to comment on it4 ,my opinion is it's due to the undergrowth under the trees4 ,keeping the circulation of the air to the roots of the trees has an effect on its non-bearing4 ,up until they quit cultivating and pasturing the orchard1 it bore1 but after they quit1 production stopped4 ,there is a two- or three-year growth of grass and weeds1 a mat on the ground1 and ,i think it's a lack of air to the roots of the trees4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,mr4 ,wilkinson1 ,i heard the question raised as to whether the orchard had ever produced heavily or not4 ,can you answer that8 ,,mr4 ,,wilkinson3 ,yes1 it certainly did for several years4 ,as long as it was cared for1 it was a heavy producer4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,how long ago was that1 could you say8 ,,mr4 ,,wilkinson3 ,that's been eight years and farther back4 ,nothing has been done for it in the past eight years4 ,,mr4 ,,best3 ,may ,i make a comment8 ,last year in our part of the country1 which is a little bit west of the orchard we are talking about1 we had almost zero weather in ,november before the leaves were off of the trees1 and ,i felt that that took all the buds off our trees4 ,we didn't have any nuts even on varieties that would bear every year4 ,there are hardly any4 ,and ,i think that cold freeze in the fall before the buds really got ready for it did a lot of damage4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,i believe that was a factor in the light walnut crop in that area last year1 though some trees did bear4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,of course1 ,i think many of us fail to realize that a tree is a thing that's confined to one spot1 and when it fills the ground with feeding roots and mines the soil of all nutrients near it1 it's stymied1 so to speak1 until we give it some more food4 ,isn't that right1 ,dr4 ,crane4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,that's right4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,and trees1 when they reach out as far as they can and can't get any more food and no more leaves are allowed to fall on the ground1 nature doesn't add any nutrients anymore1 naturally1 those trees are in a bad way and will continue to be until fertilizer is applied in some way4 ,a ,,member3 ,i'd like to trim my ,persian walnuts so ,i can walk under the lowest limb4 ,does that have an adverse effect upon the bearing of the tree8 ,,mr4 ,,bernath3 ,i don't think that's good1 to trim them too high4 ,i think the lower the tree the better it handles all along4 ,take the fruit growers1 they aim to have the trees as low as possible to make picking and spraying easy4 ,if you prune a tree1 especially the ,persian walnut1 too much1 it will have a bad effect on the tree4 ,,dr4 ,mc,k,a,y3 ,what about the effect on bearing8 ,,mr4 ,,bernath3 ,you won't have fruit for several years until the tree recovers what it has lost in foliage4 ,,mr4 ,,kintzel3 ,i have followed the orchards in ,california1 and ,i have noticed they follow the practice of leaving the lower branches on the trees1 and ,i have noticed that the lower branches have a lot of nuts on them1 also4 ,the branches are hanging down on the ground4 ,,mr4 ,,kerr3 ,in ,france and ,germany1 they are crazy to get wood1 and so they cut off all the low limbs4 ,i have a ,persian walnut that is beside the walk1 and they cut off the low limbs because they hit the sidewalk4 ,this year ,i got a tremendous crop4 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,i think this man has a tree that he wants to walk under4 ,under these circumstances he can cut off the low limbs4 ,i agree with ,mr4 ,bernath1 however1 that it will reduce the crop for two or three years4 ,,mr4 ,,bernath3 ,yes1 but he should start pruning when the tree is young4 ,a tree is just like a child3 you have to start to train them while they are young4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,you must consider the tree at all ages4 ,in the young tree ,mr4 ,bernath is right1 it will produce sooner if you leave all the leaves on4 ,but we must consider the mature tree4 ,the branches that are low to the ground have to have the sunlight and if they do not get it they become practically barren during later years4 ,if the lower branches are cut back when they are young and the tree headed higher1 the ,persian walnut will have a trunk1 say1 #aj feet to #ad feet to the first limb1 but these will produce walnuts ultimately4 ,i think the gentleman is right in having the tree pruned high enough to walk under1 and he will get more nuts in the long run than if he lets the lower limbs develop and then eventually cut them down4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,we had an example of that with that huge black walnut tree with black walnuts starting out #cj feet in the air arching down and touching the ground4 ,but you wouldn't want to do that immediately with a young tree1 take all the branches up so high4 ,a ,,member3 ,do you have any control for the stink bug on filberts8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,we haven't worked with the control of stink bug1 because it is what might be classed as one of our minor problems4 ,the damage is not so great but what we can overlook it at the present time4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,in pecan and almond growing in ,california the effective control measure for stink bug is the elimination of the host plants on which the stink bug breeds4 ,peach growers have the same problem4 ,stink bug will1 if allowed to multiply in a peach orchard1 ruin the peaches1 making injuries very similar to that caused by the plum curculio4 ,the only satisfactory method of control of stink bug injury is to eliminate the host plants on which they live1 such as most legume plants1 blackberry briars and other brambles4 ,in an orchard1 in a grass sod1 stink bug is no problem1 but where we have soy beans or cow peas or something like that growing in the orchard1 or we have blackberry briars or wild raspberries nearby1 stink bug is a bad problem4 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,i have filbert trees1 and the stink bug gets practically all the nuts4 ,the entomologists looked into the situation1 and the condition that ,dr4 ,crane mentioned was borne out4 ,if there are blackberries around1 it will be quite a problem to control the stink bugs4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,now ,i am going to take up the problems that have been sent in by mail4 ,the one dealing with early vegetating and frost damage to ,persian walnuts was sent in by the most people4 ,mr4 ,snyder lives in a fairly cold country4 ,i am going to ask him to give us his ideas on this problem and what might be done with it4 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,i am not qualified to discuss that problem1 because we can't do anything much with ,carpathian walnuts4 ,we do have some grafted this year1 and we will have one1 in particular1 ,carpathian1 ,no4 #e--;,i don't know where it got that number--,crath ,no4 #e1 ,i believe it is1 on a young grafted black walnut tree which is ripening up almost ahead of the black walnut1 and both have made a remarkable growth4 ,but so far as the spring is concerned1 ,i don't know how they will come out4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,mr4 ,bernath1 what are your views8 ,you live in a fairly cold area4 ,you propagate ,persian walnuts4 ,what is your opinion of this problem8 ,,mr4 ,,bernath3 ,well1 there is a way to help that situation4 ,after the ground freezes1 keep that ground frozen4 ,that will delay the growth of that tree1 if you have the time and patience to keep the ground frozen4 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,i don't believe it4 ,,mr4 ,,bernath3 ,yes1 it will4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,it seems to me we have a difference of opinion here between ,mr4 ,snyder and ,mr4 ,bernath4 ,the question is this3 ,during a warm spell in the spring will a tree with frozen roots grow up here in the air4 ,that's the question4 7,there was a chorus of yeses from the audience74 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,i would say that one good solution is to select late vegetating varieties4 ,mr4 ,oakes in a report to me on the blooming habits of ,persian walnuts1 stated that the variety ,schaeffer did not start growth until the #bith of ,april4 ,that is almost four weeks later than most other varieties4 ,and ,i know from the tabulations that ,i have made that some varieties are weeks ahead of others4 ,so let's select the late varieties that are good and worthwhile and plant those4 ,in my section our latest spring frost averages the #bjth of ,april1 and yet ,i have several varieties that do not bloom until after the first of ,may4 ,that's the ideal condition4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,that's true1 ,mr4 ,stoke1 but here is another point to consider4 ,persian walnuts have a short cold requirement1 you know that4 ,hence1 in ,february or early ,march or any time1 even in ,january1 when we have a warm spell of a week or ten days or even shorter1 sap will rise in the trees1 and they will start to grow4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,not all4 ,in plants of some varieties new growth will hardly start4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,perhaps you may have varieties that will not start1 but the tendency is to start4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,if you have one with that early tendency1 cut it out4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i'd like to get back to this opinion here on the question of frozen ground1 dormant roots and the effect it has on the top of the tree4 ,now1 how about our academicians over here1 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels or ,dr4 ,crane4 ,let's hear from one of you4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,it is my opinion that with a walnut tree of good size the frozen ground would have little or no effect on the buds starting growth4 ,the twigs and the trunk would warm up to the temperature of the air1 and when that happens growth occurs4 ,water is available from that in the trunk and the deeper roots4 ,this would happen regardless of how the surface roots were treated4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,or whether the tree had any roots on at the time4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,the best solution to the frost damage problem is to find trees which vegetate late enough to avoid the spring frosts4 ,somewhere on this terrestrial globe there must be some1 because ,i remember years ago ,j4 ,f4 ,jones sent out some ,persian walnuts of ,chinese origin4 ,i planted three1 and they did not start any growth until about the first of ,july1 and they were still growing strong when frost hit them in the fall4 ,now1 somewhere in between these extremes1 somewhere in the climatic analogue of our region we will find ,persian walnuts which will have a delayed vegetating period1 and that will be the final answer4 ,at least1 ,i think so4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,i'd like to ask a question4 ,in ,f-#b hybrid walnuts do you find much segregation of those for later initiation of vegetation8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,yes1 we find in those seedlings in some cases the tendency to vegetate very early and others very late4 ,the most striking case that ,i know is an ,f-#a hybrid which is a very1 very late starter in the spring4 ,it is perfectly dormant when the other young walnuts are in practically full leaf4 ,we do not have any offspring from that particular one yet1 but it gives us some hope that from this hybrid we may get something later4 ,,mr4 ,,becker3 ,with us ,i don't think this early vegetation means anything4 ,we are in ,michigan4 ,dark1 cold weather continues until about the middle of ,may1 when frost ends1 and then all of a sudden spring breaks loose1 everything comes out1 and we don't have any setback1 as a rule1 from then on4 ,so early vegetation matters little1 means nothing1 the way ,i feel about it4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,mr4 ,moderator1 you ought to point out that most of the ,united ,states isn't ,michigan4 ,if we had climatic conditions that ,michigan has1 we wouldn't have that problem1 but this problem becomes much more acute1 for example1 as you go south4 ,the north knows nothing about cold injury1 absolutely nothing4 ,if you want to see cold injury1 you go south4 ,i told ,dr4 ,george ,potter that twelve years ago4 ,he was born and raised in ,wisconsin and spent #ag years in the mountains of ,new ,hampshire4 ,i told him he never saw any winter injury1 and he said1 ,why1 ,i never heard such a wild statement in my life4 ,well1 that was because of the fact he had never seen it4 ,he has been in the ,south now for #ab years1 and he says1 ,you made a very truthful statement4 ,he has seen the injury4 ,in ,oregon in #aiej or '#ea we had a fall freeze4 ,the temperature was measured by the ,experiment ,station in ,eastern ,oregon1 where they are trying to grow some fruit and nut trees so they will have something else to eat besides sage brush4 ,they had extensive plantings of walnuts1 ,mayette1 ,franquette and all of those hardy varieties1 and along with them they had some ,carpathians4 ,the temperature there in the fall dropped to #cf degrees below zero1 and all of their walnuts of these other strains were killed to the ground1 but the ,carpathian came through uninjured4 ,in the spring of the year however it warmed up1 the ,carpathians leafed out and were about ready to bloom when there was a sharp freeze1 and the ,carpathians sure got it in the neck4 ,so what difference does it make whether you lose the trees in the winter or you lose them in the spring8 ,you have lost them just the same4 ,i think we ought to hear ,spencer ,chase cite the history of their big collection of ,carpathians in ,tennessee ,valley ,authority4 ,i understand from him that they have never fruited any ,carpathians down there at all4 ,it's not winter hardiness1 it's this early foliation4 ,so we have got a lot of areas that are vastly different from that peninsula in ,michigan which the ,good ,lord designed to make a favored country in a lot of respects4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i recognize ,mr4 ,devitt1 who is here from ,canada and is well qualified to discuss ,reverend ,crath's work there4 ,,mr4 ,,devitt3 ,it is interesting to me to hear of this early budding and late fruiting4 ,along the north shore of ,lake ,ontario and down through the ,niagara ,peninsula our climate is quite consistent4 ,there was only one year when we had a late frost--it was on ,may #aith4 ,that was in the year #aicf4 ,every other year since they have bloomed every year4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,i'd like to speak of a tree ,mr4 ,crath sent me4 ,the tree was bearing in ,toronto #bj years ago4 ,with me it winter kills sometime in the winter each year1 ,i don't know when4 ,in some years it has been killed back to #e-year-old wood1 and this spring ,i found it was all dead4 ,this tree comes out of dormancy as soon as the sun gets warm4 ,it's hardy in ,toronto but not hardy in ,virginia4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i think you can all see why this problem is one of the most acute ones we have to deal with today4 ,this variation over the country in the behavior of this so-called hardy strain of walnut is of great interest now to people everywhere4 ,people are believing that it can be grown1 and there are still problems we have not solved4 ,i would like to have just a brief statement from ,spencer ,chase on the performance of ,carpathian varieties at ,norris1 ,tennessee4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,we reported this1 ,i think1 at our ,beltsville meeting several years ago4 ,trees we had at ,norris are ,carpathian types secured from the ,wisconsin ,horticultural ,society about #aidj4 ,after two years in the nursery they were planted1 and last year1 #aieb1 was the first year that they bore any nuts4 ,but that was simply because we did not have a late frost last year4 ,this year1 they were all frosted again4 ,so we have1 in the ,south1 from ,virginia and ,tennessee to a little farther southward1 a problem of early vegetation of ,english walnuts4 ,we should encourage everyone to watch for any late vegetating kinds for trial in the ,south4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,dr4 ,dunstan reported two walnut trees in ,north ,carolina1 where the season is about ten days earlier than at my place in ,virginia that blossomed after the first of ,may4 ,i am going to investigate these trees further4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,we have about five minutes that we might devote to some other problem4 ,nearly all of us do grafting work of one sort or another4 ,do ,i have a question from the floor on grafting8 ,,mr4 ,,machovina3 ,with cleft grafts or splice grafts held with grafting rubbers1 do you have to cut the rubbers8 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,if it's a chestnut and you have it waxed1 ,i think the answer is yes4 ,,mr4 ,,machovina3 ,the wax is a hot wax and the rubber does not disintegrate very quickly4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,probably you will have to cut it on species in which the growth bulges up between the turns of the rubber4 ,this is true of chestnuts in particular1 possibly persimmons1 walnuts probably not quite so much trouble4 ,let's hear from one of the nurserymen4 ,,mr4 ,,bernath3 ,i think the best way is after the union is firm enough1 to cut the rubber with a sharp knife4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,i'd make one qualification4 ,i said ,i didn't think you had to cut rubber4 ,i think that's true with grafting above ground4 ,underneath ground1 with moisture around it1 it should be cut4 ,,mr4 ,,bernath3 ,if you leave the rubber on and bury it1 that lasts for years4 ,even above ground you find it sometimes4 ,,mr4 ,,pataky3 ,if you get a fast-growing callus1 you have to cut the rubber band1 but if it is rather slow you don't4 ,i do a lot of budding with roses4 ,i don't cut the rubber bands off1 because they will eventually drop off4 ,if you graft a black walnut or ,persian1 you will have to cut it or it will girdle the graft4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,it doesn't do it for me4 ,a ,,member3 ,has anybody done work with polyethylene film in grafting8 ,,mr4 ,,becker3 ,i hesitate to tell you my experiment4 ,i don't think much of it4 ,i used polyethylene bags on chestnuts early in the season1 and practically every one grew1 but everything else that was out in the hot sun boiled4 ,in the hot weather of ,june the grafts actually cook in the bags4 ,,mr4 ,,machovina3 ,did you use a bag over the whole graft1 or just a tube around it8 ,,mr4 ,,becker3 ,a bag over the whole thing4 ,i have a few ,carpathian grafts that grew well4 ,i think ,i have better luck with hot wax than anything else4 ,,dr4 ,mc,k,a,y3 ,our time is up4 ,i want to thank the panel1 although we didn't work you too hard4 ,the panel is adjourned4 ,,president ,,best3 ,dr4 ,gravatt will show a film entitled3 ,it ,bringeth ,forth ,much ,fruit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,mr4 ,president1 ladies and gentlemen1 you all are familiar with the fact that the chestnut blight is loose in ,europe4 ,it was reported in ,italy in #aich1 and it spread rather rapidly in ,italy4 ,it had been there many years before they found it4 ,in spite of our numerous warnings to get them to watch for it1 they let it get away4 ,it has spread into ,switzerland1 caused a great deal of damage there with no hope of saving the larger chestnuts there or in ,italy4 ,it's spreading into ,yugoslavia4 ,they are making very energetic efforts to control the disease in ,yugoslavia1 trying to delay it as much as possible4 ,it happens the forest pathologist who handles this work is a young lady1 and she has got the forester and other people interested to try to hold it back as long as possible4 ,the threat of the chestnut blight to the entire chestnut growth in all of ,southern ,europe helped to bring about the organization of an ,international ,chestnut ,council and ,congress4 ,this is made-up of delegates from a number of the ,european countries1 ,spain1 ,portugal1 ,france1 ,switzerland1 ,yugoslavia1 ,greece1 ,turkey1 ,japan and the ,united ,states4 ,they have been meeting every other year1 first for two years in succession1 but the plan now is to meet every other year4 ,they had a meeting in ,spain and ,portugal this past ,june1 and the ,state ,department paid my expenses over1 and so forth1 to attend as a delegate from the ,united ,states at this international meeting4 ,the meeting was very enjoyable4 ,they have a very fine system there4 ,they hire big buses to take you around over the country4 ,your hotel is all arranged for in advance1 and you go sightseeing to the orchards and utilization plants4 ,we have meetings just here and there along the way where we stop a half day or a day4 ,the next meeting will probably be held in about two years4 ,they have decided now that the meetings will be more in the way of conferences1 because the last three meetings have been partly sightseeing to observe chestnut orchards and laboratories4 ,the possibility of holding the meeting in the ,united ,states has been discussed by the delegates there4 ,but it involves a lot of expense and the delegates were of the opinion that there would be a very small meeting in the ,united ,states1 because the countries over there simply couldn't afford the expense of sending them over here4 ,the problem in ,italy is very serious1 because they have something over a million acres of grafted chestnut orchards1 all of which they are probably going to lose1 and something like a million acres of coppice growth that is going to be damaged but not such a severe loss4 ,in connection with the work in ,italy ,i suggested the production of a movie film that could be shown to the ,italian people showing the chestnut industry and also the chestnut blight4 ,this was to be shown in different parts of ,italy to arouse more interest in watching out for the disease4 ,they have more opportunity there of slowing up the disease if they will work hard at it1 but they are not doing too much4 ,as some of you know when a lot of different people and agencies work on a movie film there must be all sorts of compromises4 ,this was done by a temperamental ,italian director1 and other people had parts in it1 so what you see is a compromise4 ,they made #cj copies in ,italian4 ,h has been shown in many moving picture houses1 and it is also on the loan basis to the ,united ,states4 ,there are extensive film loan libraries1 located in different parts of ,italy1 so any high school1 college forestry group can borrow films showing different operations1 many of them prepared in the ,united ,states and part of them in ,italy4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,what about this so-called ,korean chestnut8 ,is it actually a third species8 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,i don't think so1 ,we had quite a bit of argument on this question1 because in ,spain where ,i found chestnut blight on chestnuts brought from ,japan1 we found the name ,korean chestnut4 ,sometimes the ,korean chestnut looks more like a ,jap1 sometimes it looks more like a ,chinese1 and usually it's sort of a blend between the two4 ,we prefer to recognize these two species and call the ,korean a natural hybrid4 ,both species are grown in pure form in ,korea1 and they intercross readily1 and we do not regard it as a new species4 ,,mr4 ,,wilson3 ,are the ,italian enough aware of their problem so that they will have developed an ,asiatic chestnut in time to replace their present orchards1 so that there will not be an interim8 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,there will be a big interim4 ,that's an opportunity in this country to get the market before the ,italians ever come back1 ,i think4 7,the film1 ,it ,bringeth ,forth ,much ,fruit was shown47 ,the ,international ,chestnut ,commission and the ,chestnut ,blight ,problem in ,europe1 #aiec ,g4 ,,flippo ,,gravatt1 ,senior ,pathologist1 ,u4 ,s4 ,plant ,industry ,station1 ,beltsville1 ,maryland ,the ,international ,chestnut ,commission was organized under the auspices of the ,food and ,agriculture ,organization of the ,united ,nations4 ,the aim of the ,commission is to promote international cooperation in the study of all scientific1 technical1 and economic questions relating to chestnut growing4 ,the main problem facing all chestnut culture in ,europe is the rapid spread of the chestnut blight4 ,france1 ,italy1 ,japan1 ,portugal1 ,spain1 ,switzerland1 ,turkey1 ,united ,states and ,yugoslavia are members of the organization4 ,a representative from the ,f4,a4,o4 in ,rome serves as ,secretary of the ,commission4 ,an international conference on chestnut problems was held in ,france in #aiej1 the first meeting of the ,commission was held in ,italy and ,switzerland in #aiea and the second in ,spain and ,portugal1 ,june #ah-cj1 #aiec4 ,the average attendance at the meetings was #ej to #fj persons4 ,i have attended all three conferences as the representative from the ,u4,s4 ,departments of ,state and ,agriculture4 ,the ,international ,chestnut ,commission meetings differ from the meetings of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association in many ways4 ,our ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association meets annually for #b-a_/b days while the meetings of the ,international ,chestnut ,commission last from #aj to #ab days but not every year4 ,in ,europe the members travel mostly in a large tourist bus1 which carries the party for hundreds of miles1 visiting nurseries1 orchards1 chestnut utilization plants and not neglecting the scenic parts of the route4 ,all lodging and meals are carefully arranged for in advance4 ,the group in ,europe is made up quite largely of ,federal and ,state professional workers1 ,university professors1 and representatives from the chestnut utilization industries4 ,among the places which the delegates visited in ,spain in #aiec was the ,agricultural ,experiment ,station at ,la ,coruna1 where the ,phytophthora ink disease of the chestnut has been studied extensively4 ,they also visited the ,experiment ,station at ,pontevedra1 where new methods of propagating chestnuts are being studied4 ,at ,bilboa and at ,villa ,presente ,nursery1 ,santander1 we inspected plantings of ,asiatic chestnuts2 ,i found chestnut blight present on several trees at both locations and recommended immediate removal of the diseased trees4 ,fortunately1 the ,asiatic chestnuts are some distance from any native ,european chestnuts at each place and1 according to the local foresters1 the blight has not spread to the distant stands of native chestnut4 ,some years ago the ,spanish authorities imported seed from ,asia2 chestnut blight probably was brought in on these nuts4 ,all infected trees that are found are being destroyed1 but a thorough inspection and eradication program is needed to control the disease before it spreads into the native ,european chestnut stands1 from which the disease probably would spread into ,portugal and southwestern ,france4 ,in ,portugal we inspected many very fine chestnut orchards4 ,these orchards are composed of grafted varieties1 with only #c or #d varieties in each locality or region4 ,because of this there is a more standard nut product in most of ,portugal than in the other ,european countries where mixtures of local varieties are frequently grown4 ,a very large portion of the ,european chestnut orchards in ,portugal are made up of seedling trees1 topworked with local selections4 ,in ,portugal most of the orchards are located on the lower slopes and various crops are grown among the trees4 ,in most other ,european countries the orchards are on rougher mountain land which is grazed4 ,in ,portugal the ,state ,road ,department has established a number of roadside plantings of chestnut4 ,these plantings are very productive4 ,the ,state ,road ,department sells the nut crop to the highest bidder and uses the funds for additional roadside tree plantings4 ,in northern ,portugal authorities have conducted a large-scale program to control the ,phytophthora ink disease of chestnut by the following treatment3 ,the soil is removed from the base of the tree and larger roots4 ,the base and roots are sprayed with a sticker compound and then dusted with copper oxide and copper sulfate before the soil is replaced4 ,treatment is repeated every #e to #g years4 ,government officials secured the cooperation of owners of chestnut stands in treating practically all trees over large areas4 ,although this treatment for the ,phytophthora ink disease was originally worked out by the ,spanish pathologists at ,la ,coruna1 it has not been used extensively in ,spain4 ,the ,phytophthora root disease is damaging chestnut orchards throughout southern ,europe4 ,in #aiej ,i noted that this disease was causing severe damage even in ,asia ,minor4 ,in the southern part of the ,united ,states this same disease 7here called ,phytophthora root rot7 caused heavy losses at lower elevations4 ,the #aiec ,chestnut ,commission meeting terminated on ,june #cj at the famous ,palace ,hotel at ,bussaco1 ,portugal1 where the ,under ,secretary of ,agriculture gave the delegates an official farewell dinner4 ,no definite plans were made for the next meeting of the ,commission4 ,it was the general opinion that a meeting in the ,united ,states would be poorly attended because of the expense of sending the delegates from ,europe4 ,after the conclusion of the meeting1 the ,u4 ,s4 ,foreign ,agriculture ,services sponsored my trip to ,france1 ,italy1 ,switzerland1 and ,yugoslavia1 to consult with ,federal and local authorities on their chestnut blight problems4 ,this disease was found in ,genoa1 ,italy1 in #aich2 later it was determined that the disease was present at that time in other localities in ,italy4 ,the blight is spreading rapidly and is almost completely destroying the orchard and larger forest trees of ,european chestnut in ,italy in localities where the disease has been present for some time4 ,the blight occurs in many areas in northern ,italy and as far south as ,naples4 ,the young chestnut coppice is not so seriously affected1 but the losses caused by the blight will make growing coppice on a #aj- to #bj-year rotation basis less profitable than formerly4 ,the chestnut blight is abundantly present on the east slopes of the mountains along the ,french-,italian border2 although it has not yet been found in ,france1 its distribution in adjoining ,italy makes it highly probable that advance spot infections are already present in ,france4 ,the blight has spread into ,tessin ,province in southeastern ,switzerland where it is destroying many of the orchards and forest trees4 ,a large chestnut extract plant in this ,province uses wood in making tannin for leather manufacturers4 ,however1 this plant1 as well as some of the extract plants in northern ,italy1 is unable to utilize the chestnut wood as fast as the blight is killing chestnut trees4 ,in ,yugoslavia1 chestnut blight is spreading rapidly in the orchards and native growth along the ,italian border4 ,authorities are actively cutting out all advance spot infections1 to delay or possibly stop its spread across their country4 ,in ,yugoslavia1 chestnut stands frequently are widely separated1 a natural advantage in delaying the spread of the blight4 ,chestnut blight has been controlled in western ,north ,america1 where chestnut orchards and plantings are not numerous4 ,scattered infections have been found during the last #cj years in ,california1 ,oregon1 ,washington1 and ,british ,columbia2 infected trees have been removed4 ,strict ,state ,quarantine regulations have been enforced1 to prevent chestnut blight from spreading to the ,west ,coast4 ,the chestnut blight fungus is attacking three of the important oaks of ,europe4 ,the typical fanlike mycelial growth can be observed in the bark of infected oaks4 ,in #aiec in ,yugoslavia ,i observed vigorous young durmast oak 7,quercus petraea7 being killed by the blight4 ,in ,italy ,i found the disease killing pubescent oaks 7,q4 pubescens7 and causing minor injury to the holly oak 7,q4 ilex74 ,before we can estimate the probable damage to these ,european oaks1 we need more information on the effects of this disease on oaks of various ages and under various environmental conditions4 ,in the ,united ,states the post oak 7,quercus stellata7 is the only oak species that has been seriously damaged by the blight4 ,thus1 the blight is threatening not only the native chestnut forest growth and orchards of ,europe1 but also the oaks4 ,a steady extension of the blight throughout ,italy can be expected4 ,advance infections in ,yugoslavia are being cut out but how long the disease can be held back depends on future efforts along this line4 ,delay work in ,yugoslavia also delays the time of loss of the chestnut and damage to the oak growth of ,greece and ,turkey4 ,the inspection and eradication work being carried out in ,spain may result in the elimination of this threat to the chestnuts and oaks in ,spain1 ,portugal and southwest ,france4 ,however1 there is the possibility of the blight occurring anywhere in ,europe4 ,people working with chestnut should be on the alert to find and eradicate the first infections4 ,the film entitled ,it ,bringeth ,forth ,much ,fruit1 shown here today1 was prepared at my suggestion by the ,u4 ,s4 ,foreign ,agricultural ,services at ,rome4 ,it is being used to aid local authorities in ,italy in attempts to delay the spread of the chestnut blight4 ,the ,italian authorities1 with assistance from the ,united ,states ,foreign ,agricultural ,service1 have purchased blight-resistant chestnuts in this country for planting in ,italy4 ,these resistant chestnuts are doing very well in ,italy so far4 ,however1 the development of a new orchard industry with the ,chinese chestnut and its hybrids in ,italy will be a slow process4 ,it is expected that shipments of chestnuts from ,italy to this country1 which is now going on at a rate of #ae to #ah million pounds per year1 will gradually decrease4 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,i will talk on while they are fixing this next film4 ,much of the trouble in ,italy is that so many of the chestnut orchards are overgrazed1 sadly overgrazed1 and as these chestnut orchards are killed by the blight1 the land is going back into this overgrazed condition1 which leads to serious erosions4 ,italy needs all the water that can be saved4 ,the mountains are eroded down to the rock in many areas and when you get to the rock1 you can never bring the soil back4 ,it's a serious problem to meet because of the tremendous over-population4 ,every little twig of wood is used4 ,as these chestnut orchards are killed it's going to be a very difficult problem to plant them again because the land is overgrazed4 ,protecting the plantings against sheep and the goats is quite a problem4 7,the film1 ,the ,filbert ,valleys1 was shown47 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,i noticed them grafting chestnut trees several feet from the ground4 ,why are they doing that8 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,they are doing it in order to develop a quick supply of scion wood4 ,but the procedure is bad4 ,it is much better to graft close to the ground1 and mound it up with dirt4 ,the blight gets in below the graft if the graft is high on the trunk4 ,they have had success grafting below the ground level and find they may get a shoot six feet high the first year4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,how about the incompatibility in the graft8 ,does that show up much8 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,we don't know yet1 because they always get a certain number of failures4 ,i looked over quite a lot of grafting of ,chinese chestnuts on ,japanese-,european hybrids1 and they are thriving4 ,after four years they are already regular trees with big crops on them4 ,,tuesday ,,morning ,,session ,,president ,,best3 ,our first paper is ,rooting ,chestnuts from ,softwood ,cuttings by ,roger ,w4 ,pease4 ,rooting ,chestnuts from ,softwood ,cuttings ,,roger ,w4 ,,pease1 ,west ,virginia ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,morgantown1 ,w4 ,va4 ,some #ae or #bj years ago the ,west ,virginia ,agricultural ,experiment ,station undertook to develop1 if possible1 blight resistant chestnuts from ,american chestnut stock4 ,with the passage of time the approach to the problem has changed4 ,during the early days little thought was given to procedures for propagation1 but recently the emphasis has shifted toward methods for propagation when and if there are found hardy1 timber-type1 blight-immune chestnuts of any species4 ,the practicability of budding or grafting chestnuts is debatable4 ,we are leaving budding and grafting to experienced workers throughout the country and are endeavoring to develop a method for rooting chestnuts from softwood cuttings4 ,results so far are encouraging1 but the work is still in the experimental stage4 ,we do not advise anyone to start rooting chestnuts on a commercial basis1 but we hope that further experimental work will be done by interested agencies4 ,to give complete details of several years' work would take more time than is feasible here4 ,circular #hg1 ,growing ,american ,holly from ,cuttings--,cold ,frame ,method1 obtainable from the ,mailing ,room1 ,west ,virginia ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,morgantown1 ,west ,virginia1 gives construction details of a suitable bottom-heated cold frame4 ,however1 with chestnuts1 natural shade was not used and half of the sunlight was excluded4 ,an article in the ,october issue of ,the ,national ,horticultural ,magazine--,rooting ,chestnuts from ,cuttings--outlines procedure and results through #aieb4 ,in this paper ,i will present a resume of our experiences and observations4 ,our facilities were limited so that the number of cuttings set in each case was very small4 ,percentages of failure or success should be taken as indicative only4 ,in the propagation experiments1 preliminary observations were made by placing softwood cuttings in a bottom-heated cold frame at intervals during the growing season4 ,the soil medium was two thirds washed sand and one third peat moss4 ,daily watering was by a hand hose4 ,the root-inducing substance was indole-butyric acid crystals in a talc based mixture1 one to one hundred4 ,the results were completely negative4 ,the next season a small cold room was constructed in which conditions thought to be desirable could be maintained4 ,air temperature was kept at approximately #fe deg4 ,f41 fog nozzles were operated continuously except for an occasional airing of the cold room1 and about #bjj foot candles of white fluorescent light were delivered upon the rooting surface4 ,the rooting medium was white1 washed1 building sand placed over one half inch of sphagnum moss4 ,the moss1 in turn1 had been laid in a rooting bench with a hardware cloth bottom exposed to the air4 ,the interior air circulation was maintained by an electric fan operating day and night4 ,the soil temperature was held at #gj deg4 ,f4 ,cuttings were taken at intervals throughout the season and their basal sections soaked in a water-based solution of indole-butyric acid crystals at concentrations varying around #fj parts per million4 ,during a #gj-;day period roots were formed on cuttings taken in ,june1 ,july1 and ,august4 ,among the successful cases the poorest result was #ff-b_/c1 and the best was #ajj4 ,the young plants were fed nutrient solution and later transplanted to a light1 sandy soil within a bottom-heated cold frame4 ,some roots were dead at the time of transplanting1 burned1 perhaps1 by the nutrient solution4 ,the soil temperature within the cold frame was maintained at #gj deg4 ,f4 until late in the fall1 and then the plants were hardened by reducing the water content of the soil medium and lowering the temperature4 ,all of the plants were dead when they were inspected in ,march4 ,the next year a bottom-heated cold frame was equipped with fog nozzles4 ,the soil medium was white1 washed1 building sand4 ,softwood cuttings1 treated the same as the previous year1 were inserted on ,august #bj4 ,cuttings from juvenile ,american chestnut seedling trees1 juvenile ,chinese trees1 and mature ,chinese trees were used4 ,within a #gj day period heavy root systems were formed on #ed-f_/aa of the cuttings from the juvenile ,chinese trees1 #ej from mature ,chinese trees1 and #bj from juvenile ,american trees4 ,no nutrient solution was applied1 the young plants were transplanted to a sandy soil in another cold frame1 were hardened as during the previous year1 but the soil medium was not allowed to freeze during the winter4 ,in ,april the plants showed well-formed terminal buds starting to swell and turn green4 ,some were transplanted into pots and placed in the greenhouse2 others were transplanted into a light soil in a lath house4 ,all died subsequent to transplanting4 ,inspection of the roots showed severe breakage4 ,it was concluded that repeated transplanting had been fatal1 and that in the future cuttings would be rooted in plant bands or pots and transplanted only once4 ,it is too early in the current season for accurate results to be recorded4 ,however1 modifications have been tried and observations made4 ,these are presented here in outline4 ,type of cutting3 a4 ,cuttings with soft1 growing tips will apparently root more quickly than hardened shoots1 but the leaves tend to turn brown and the plant dies4 ,conversely1 cuttings from short1 lateral growth1 well-hardened1 will retain their leaves better and eventually show a higher percentage of success4 b4 ,cuttings made from the basal and intermediary sections of long shoots show a greater death incidence than do well-hardened1 terminal sections4 ,both types root satisfactorily4 c4 ,apparently sucker shoots and water sprouts are useless4 ,time of taking cuttings3 a4 ,cuttings taken in late ,may1 with soft growing tips1 rooted quickly--some within two weeks4 ,on the other hand1 their foliage darkened quickly1 and death followed4 ,short1 lateral shoots1 well-hardened1 were not available in ,may4 b4 ,as the season progressed1 the percentage of rooted cuttings with healthy foliage apparently rose1 at least through ,july1 but roots were formed more slowly by the late season cuttings4 ,condition of parent tree3 ,apparently tree vigor as indicated by healthy1 dark green foliage1 is more important than vigor as indicated by the length of current season's growth4 ,in ,morgantown this has been one of the driest seasons on record4 ,cuttings from trees with pale or brown foliage1 or with foliage tending to be brittle from lack of water soon lost their leaves4 ,whether this was caused by the condition of the parent tree or of the individual cutting is not apparent4 ,it is too early to determine whether or not the drought will cause a general lowering of rooting percentages this year4 ,root formation3 ,cuttings may or may not callus4 ,roots seldom if ever spring from the extreme base of a cutting4 ,well above the base the stem enlarges1 turns white1 cracks1 and sends out roots4 ,often the bottom inch of the cutting is black and dead1 with a healthy and vigorous root system above the blackened portion4 ,plant bands and pots3 ,plant bands are apparently preferable to small pots4 ,the slope of the pots tends to pack the soil medium and interfere with aeration4 ,bands or pots less than three inches in diameter tends to cramp the rapidly growing roots4 ,cold room vs4 cold frame3 ,last year higher percentages of success were obtained in the cold room than in the bottom-heated cold frame4 ,this year the cold frame was definitely superior4 ,because construction and operation of a suitable cold room is expensive1 we do not plan to continue its use in chestnut work4 ,fog nozzles3 ,in the cold frame1 fog nozzles operating during eight hours each day are apparently more effective than nozzles operating continuously4 ,auxin3 ,no success has been attained with indole-butyric acid crystals in a talc-based powder or with untreated cuttings4 ,formula for preparing auxin3 ,the auxin solution is prepared as recommended by ,g4 ,h4 ,poesch in the ,ohio ,agricultural ,experiment ,station ,bimonthly ,bulletin1 #aia1 ,april1 #aich4 ,one gram of indole-butyric acid crystals is dissolved in #abe cc4 of #ie alcohol4 ,then #abe cc4 of distilled water is added4 ,this makes a stock solution of four thousand parts to a million in strength4 ,the stock may be cut to the desired strength with distilled water4 ,for late ,august cuttings1 well-hardened1 #hj parts per million is not too strong4 ,for early ,june cuttings1 forty parts per million appears to be adequate4 ,the softer the cuttings1 the weaker should be the solution4 ,algae3 ,in both the cold frame and the cold room the growth of algae is a problem4 ,the sand medium becomes crusted1 with subsequent interference with aeration4 ,the algae sometimes creeps up the stems of cuttings1 coats the leaves1 and covers terminal buds4 ,starting each season with completely clean sand and equipment will not prevent the appearance of algae over a long season of continuous operation4 ,on ,august #bj of this year the interior of the cold frame1 including all of the plants1 was well dusted with tri-basic copper sulphate1 according to manufacturer's directions4 ,to date no effect is noticeable either on the algae or on the plants4 ,the various observations reported here should be verified by further tests4 ,they are offered merely as aids to anyone planning to experiment with rooting chestnuts4 ,when sufficient data and experience have been gained1 a complete ,station circular will be published4 ,,president ,,best3 ,if you have any questions1 please save them until later4 ,it's been suggested that we hear from ,dr4 ,jesse ,d4 ,diller next1 and that will give our good work horse1 ,dr4 ,crane1 a chance to build up again for us1 because we are going to work him mighty hard4 ,,dr4 ,,diller3 ,i'd like to have the title of my paper changed to1 ,evaluating ,chestnuts ,grown ,under ,forest ,conditions4 ,evaluating ,chestnuts ,grown under ,forest ,conditions ,,jesse ,d4 ,,diller1 ,pathologist1 ,division of ,forest ,pathology1 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,soils1 and ,agricultural ,engineering1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,beltsville1 ,maryland ,during the #di-year period since chestnut blight was first reported from ,new ,york ,city1 the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture has made more than #ejj importations of chestnut seeds and scions1 including nearly every species of chestnut in the world1 as well as some closely related chinkapins and ,castanopsis species4 ,as early as #aiji the ,department initiated chestnut breeding work4 ,it was known that few1 if any1 of the chestnut1 or related species1 possess the timber-type characteristics of our ,american chestnut4 ,it was also known that1 in general1 the ,asiatic species show great natural resistance to the blight4 ,but little1 or nothing1 was known about their site requirements4 ,in #aibg the ,u4 ,s4 ,division of ,forest ,pathology began breeding chestnuts to produce timber-type trees4 ,the chestnut breeding work was expanded and has been carried on actively to date4 ,from #aibg to #aicj1 the ,division conducted an extensive exploration in search of orchard and timber-type chestnut in ,china1 ,korea1 and ,japan1 and imported over #bej bushels of chestnut seed1 representing four species4 ,during the early #aicj's the ,division of ,forest ,pathology distributed thousands of chestnut seedlings1 grown from the imported chestnut seed4 ,the planting stock was made available to interested ,federal and ,state agencies1 as well as to owners of farm woodlands1 located in #cb ,eastern ,states4 ,the cooperators were asked to establish small experimental forest plantings with the trees furnished them4 ,it was believed that such wide distribution of the many kinds would readily demonstrate which ones possess the desired timber-tree form1 or possessed the ability to bear large crops of nuts suitable to wildlife2 and would furnish valuable information on their site requirements4 ,as we now know1 most of these early cooperative experimental forest plantings were doomed to failure because often the chestnut trees were planted on dry1 grassy areas having infertile1 shallow soil4 ,another serious contributing factor in poor establishment was the severe general droughts that occurred over most of the eastern half of the ,united ,states in the early thirties4 ,but despite these heavy losses1 a few plantations succeeded1 in part1 and from these limited areas1 and from a few earlier plantations that succeeded1 valuable information on their general site requirements was obtained2 however1 we still lacked information on specific differences in behavior between the progeny1 as fast-growing forest trees or nut producers in the forest4 ,from these early plantings we learned that 7#a7 ,asiatic chestnuts and hybrids are more likely to develop into forest trees when planted on cool1 moist1 fertile situations2 7#b7 in their silvicultural characteristics they are more nearly like our native yellow-poplar1 northern red oak1 and white ash1 than like our ,american chestnut and native chinkapins2 7#c7 with respect to tolerance of shade1 they are much like our northern red oak2 and 7#d7 neither the ,chinese nor the ,japanese chestnut has quite the same forest-type growth as that of our native ,american chestnut4 ,with this background of experience1 the ,u4 ,s4 ,division of ,forest ,pathology from #aicf to #aici established a series of #ba climatic test plots on above-average sites on ,federal- and ,state-owned forest land in eight ,eastern ,states4 ,fortunately1 we still had available suitable planting stock of the many kinds of chestnut1 chinkapins1 and hybrids for conducting such an extensive test4 ,at this point we should also mention that from #aidg to date1 the ,division of ,forest ,pathology1 in cooperation with the ,connecticut ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 also established #aa hybrid test plots in ,arkansas1 ,connecticut1 ,illinois1 ,michigan1 ,ohio1 ,pennsylvania1 ,south ,carolina1 ,tennessee1 and ,west ,virginia4 ,in #aicj the ,brooklyn ,botanic ,garden also began breeding blight-resistant chestnuts of timber type1 and in #aidg transferred this project to the ,connecticut ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,the #ba climatic test plots ranged from one to two acres each1 and were planted with more than #bj progenies represented1 as well as forest-tree chinkapin and some hybrids4 ,nearly all of the #ba climatic test plots were fenced against deer and domestic livestock4 ,the #aa hybrid test plots1 approximately #a_/d acre each1 were planted with #ajj hybrids 7#ej furnished by each of the two agencies71 and #ej ,chinese chestnuts--,p4,i4 #ehfjb1 the most outstanding ,chinese chestnut from the forestry standpoint1 thus far discovered4 ,the climatic test plots were established on freshly cleared forest sites1 with trees randomized1 and planted #h feet apart4 ,in the hybrid test plots1 the seedlings were planted under forest growth and the overstory trees were girdled2 the seedlings were randomized in these plots1 with spacing of #aj by #aj feet4 ,the #a- to #f-year period of testing for the hybrid chestnut1 and the #ad- to #ag-year period of testing of the chestnuts planted in the climatic test plots are too short for final judgment of performance2 however1 certain characteristics are appearing with reference to blight resistance1 winter hardiness1 timber-tree form1 early fruiting1 and rate of growth4 ,the present paper does not attempt to summarize all of the data obtained from all these climatic plots but rather to point out some striking results obtained from several widely separated climatic plots4 ,results from the hybrid test plots are not included in this discussion4 ,discussion ,a performance rating of #bh chestnuts1 chestnut hybrids1 and forest-tree chinkapins1 tested in forest plantings for #ab to #ac years in ,indiana1 ,iowa1 ,north ,carolina1 and ,pennsylvania showed that certain kinds always produce better trees than others4 ,p4,i4 #ehfjb is the best ,chinese chestnut tested thus far1 as determined by performance in the above-mentioned test plots and in several plantations established in #aibf4 ,in the ,middle ,western ,states1 all ,japanese chestnuts1 ,henry 7forest-tree7 chinkapins1 and the ever-blooming ,sequin chestnuts have shown poor growth or have died4 ,they do not appear to be winter hardy4 ,on the basis of these findings1 the ,division of ,forest ,pathology since #aidf1 has made available to ,federal and ,state agencies only one introduction of ,chinese chestnut--,p4,i4 #ehfjb--;for planting as forest trees4 ,they were distributed in lots of #ej trees1 and used to establish #a_/d-;acre demonstration forest plots4 ,all are located on public-owned land on favorable forest sites where ,asiatic chestnuts would be expected to do well4 ,the underplanting-and-girdling method was recommended in the establishment of all the plots4 ,chinese chestnut ,p4,i4 #ehfjb1 because of its superiority in performance as a forest tree1 is now also being used extensively at ,beltsville1 ,maryland1 in hybridizing work4 ,nearly all of the ,japanese chestnut1 ,henry chinkapin1 and ,sequin chestnuts1 as well as inferior hybrids in the climatic test plots during the past several years have died a natural death or have been destroyed4 ,they have been replaced with ,chinese chestnut 7,p4,i4 #ehfjb7 replants--thus gradually converting the climatic test plots into future ,chinese chestnut seed plots of the very best ,chinese chestnuts4 ,during the spring of #aiec several nurserymen members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association furnished the ,division of ,forest ,pathology a total of #b1fjj ,chinese chestnut seedlings for tests to determine their suitability for forest planting4 ,these and #fjj seedlings of ,chinese chestnut ,p4,i4 #ehfjb are now being tested for performance1 in randomized plots1 on favorable forest sites in ,north ,carolina1 ,ohio1 and ,illinois4 ,conclusions ,of #bh ,asiatic chestnuts1 forest-tree chinkapins1 and hybrids grown in #ba climatic test plots in the eastern ,united ,states under forest conditions1 only certain ,chinese and hybrid chestnuts show promise of becoming satisfactory timber-type trees4 ,the best ,chinese chestnut discovered thus far is ,p4,i4 #ehfjb--;a seed importation made by the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture in #aibd1 from ,nanking1 ,china4 ,foresters1 as well as farm woodland owners1 interested in growing ,asiatic chestnuts as timber trees1 should accept only planting stock that1 through performance under forest conditions1 is known to develop into straight1 single-stemmed trees4 ,,president ,,best3 ,i think that ,dr4 ,crane has his panel ready4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,mr4 ,president1 before ,i start1 ,i have a few slides here to illustrate a couple of points before we call the panel to the rostrum4 7,several slides were shown illustrating sunscald injury to the ,southwest side of high headed ,chinese chestnut tree trunks47 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,on this panel1 ,i want to get representatives from the various states4 ,mr4 ,wilson1 from ,georgia4 ,mr4 ,stoke from ,virginia4 ,mr4 ,silvis from ,ohio4 ,mr4 ,allaman from ,pennsylvania4 ,there is another good man down there who grows a lot of chestnuts1 by the name of ,gibbs4 ,now1 there seems to be a lot of disagreement in regard to the ,chinese chestnut in two or three respects4 ,one is the problem of named varieties versus seedlings4 ,another big problem is hardiness1 how hardy they are1 these ,chinese chestnuts4 ,where can we grow them and where are they going to fail8 ,a third question is the ability of the ,chinese chestnut to compete with other vegetation as ,dr4 ,diller has discussed4 ,i think we ought to settle some of these questions for once and maybe for all1 or at least for this meeting1 through a discussion4 ,nurserymen and others have emphasized that chestnuts1 to be successful in the ,united ,states and hardy1 should come from ,north ,china1 at the ,great ,wall or beyond4 ,others don't agree1 claiming that chestnuts in ,china are grown from the extreme south to the extreme north and that we ought to do the same in this country also4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,i haven't enough knowledge on it to express an opinion4 ,i planted a good many seeds ,i got from the ,yokahama ,nursery ,company1 and the nuts were rather inferior as to size4 ,they were healthy and hardy1 but ,i don't know where they came from4 ,i presume they came from ,korea1 but ,i am not sure4 ,the size and productivity wasn't too high of that seedling stock ,i secured there4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,what do you folks think8 ,anyone in the audience that has an idea8 ,,mr4 ,,pataky3 ,at our fall meeting in the ,ohio group we had two bushels of chestnuts from ,sterling ,smith4 ,as far as ,i know the seed is ,korean chestnut1 which is obviously a ,chinese variety4 ,he had three bushels last fall and they looked identically like the ,american chestnut4 ,mr4 ,stoke said the quality wasn't so good in what he had4 ,that might be true1 but ,i tested a lot of these chestnuts from ,sterling ,smith1 and compared them with ,american chestnuts4 ,they were just as good or better than the ,american4 ,,mr4 ,,caldwell3 ,i spent about a year in ,china travelling pretty well throughout the country4 ,i believe you will find the better seed sources in the southern part4 ,china is like ,southern ,florida or warmer for part of the year and yet in the other six months it would be colder than it is right here in ,rochester4 ,they have timber trees1 some as big as #ej or #fj feet high and two or three feet in diameter4 ,in the warmer area you find better seed by far4 ,what ,dr4 ,diller describes as ,no4 #ehfjb is not just one tree1 but a whole collection of trees from a certain area where the trees have proven their resistance not only to cold but to frost injury in the spring or in the fall1 which is even more important than the straight cold hardiness4 ,some people have mistaken ideas about the value of seed from trees in the northern part of ,china above the ,great ,wall4 ,this area may have intense cold in the wintertime1 but not in the spring or fall4 ,,dr4 ,,graves3 ,dr4 ,caldwell is right about ,no4 #ehfjb being a mixture4 ,dr4 ,gravatt could tell you about that4 ,it is a strain coming from several trees4 ,it's evidently a very fine type1 and ,i think we ought to know for the record just what #ehfjb is4 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,professor ,reisner's #ehfjb that ,dr4 ,diller has been testing so widely is made up from a collection of seed from a number of isolated valleys of the ,nanking area4 ,it is rather southern in its native home1 but ,dr4 ,diller's tests and other tests have shown that it's hardy up north and it's hardy down south4 ,as some of you have noticed1 the nuts are very variable1 with a number of different types mixed in together4 ,dr4 ,diller and ,i have been discussing the question of hybrid vigor4 ,it may be involved that each of these seedlings is a cross between different local strains4 ,we must remember that the foresters have gone into this question of hardiness in great detail4 ,you will find that you can't plant trees in ,germany in a certain area unless the parent trees grew in a certain area1 with comparable altitude and latitude4 ,minimum and maximum temperatures and other factors are also taken into consideration4 ,pennsylvania started a program along the same line4 ,they have divided their state into about five areas1 and in each of those areas they are locating sources of seed that are going to be suited to those areas4 ,they have evidence that many of these ,chinese introductions coming from way down south are going to be hardy way up north1 but in this matter of hardiness you sometimes have to wait for #ej or #ajj years before you are sure of your conclusions4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,that's right4 ,the next question ,i was going to ask these growers in the areas growing chestnuts is how much trouble they have had with hardiness or cold injury to chestnut trees that they have had4 ,has there been any8 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,i have had none4 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,we have had none in ,massillon4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,wilson1 how about ,georgia8 ,,mr4 ,,wilson3 ,none4 ,,mr4 ,,keplinger3 ,dr4 ,meader sent me some stock from seed that he brought from near ,seoul1 ,korea in #aidg4 ,they are very productive up there at ,durham1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,i have two trees from seed from these trees4 ,they have much more narrow leaves1 than any ,chinese chestnuts ,i have seen so far4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,are you sure they are pure ,chinese8 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,i am sure they are not4 ,i have seen pictures and had some correspondence with ,dr4 ,meader on them4 ,they seem to be the ,japanese species1 ,c4 crenata type1 or possibly hybrid1 not strictly ,japanese4 ,,mr4 ,,pease3 ,i want to throw in something a little bit aside4 ,i think we kid ourselves and the public in assuming1 tacitly1 that ,chinese chestnuts1 no matter how narrow the strain1 are going to breed true or anywhere near true4 ,any one lot of seedlings are likely to show great variation in hardiness1 disease resistance and other characters4 ,there is a great difference between resistance and immunity4 ,i speak this way because ,i have seen plenty of people selling ,chinese chestnuts who actually believe they are immune1 and ,i have seen customers mad enough to shoot them when they have seen half of them die of blight4 ,,mr4 ,,miller3 ,when considering hardiness1 climate is one thing and air drainage is another4 ,in any climatic zone the exact location or site1 particularly air drainage is important4 ,i have my orchard on a southwest slope with perfect air drainage4 ,i have #bej-some trees that are six or seven years old growing very nicely1 and ,i have not had any loss1 even with ,english walnut1 the ,carpathian or any of the other trees4 ,i think that many of us are overlooking the fact that air drainage and location of the orchard is one of the main things4 ,i don't think this has anything to do with the particular seed or the varieties1 but ,i think that is one thing that we must consider4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,no question about that4 ,chinese chestnuts are like peaches1 and they start pretty early in the spring4 ,,mr4 ,,gibbs3 ,chinese chestnuts are hardy from ,maine to ,florida4 ,i think they winter kill because of unhealthy condition of the tree4 ,the place that ,i did live1 at ,mc,lean1 ,virginia1 was low in a frosty place1 and the first spring they killed back three times before they took off4 ,where ,i live now in the ,blue ,ridge ,mountains1 which is orchard country1 the ,chinese chestnut killed back in the spring1 but there is nothing the matter with their winter hardiness4 ,they stand winter cold as good as a walnut tree4 ,,dr4 ,,graves3 ,i want to make the point that it is in part a question of age1 to my mind1 as to whether these trees get winter killed4 ,i know we had some trees from the ,department of ,agriculture1 ,division of ,forest ,pathology1 back in #aibe1 and in the very cold winter1 #aicc-cd1 they killed back almost to the ground4 ,again in the severe winter of #aidc ,chinese chestnuts were killed4 ,but ,i feel that when a tree is of good size with its roots down in the ground1 it's not so liable to winter kill as are the small seedlings4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,we have spent enough time on this matter4 ,the question of growing seedlings as compared to grafted trees is up for discussion4 ,mr4 ,wilson is a big operator growing chestnuts in ,georgia4 ,i would like to have him tell what he thinks of this matter of seedlings versus varieties for nut production4 ,,mr4 ,,wilson3 ,dr4 ,crane1 ,i am fully convinced if we ever make an industry out of this chestnut business it's going to have to be based on grafted trees of good varieties4 ,i have one block of approximately #bjj grafted trees of ,meiling and ,kuling4 ,those trees have a nice crop on this year4 ,they have different age tops1 but we have a nice crop of nuts on them4 ,i have another block of some #bfj seedlings that were planted in #aidh4 ,the crop on these trees1 with the same fertilization and cultivation ranges from no nuts to a heavy crop of nuts4 ,you can't have an industry on that kind of yield4 ,there are probably only #cj trees out of #bfj that have a paying crop of nuts4 ,that won't go as a paying proposition4 ,you have got to have nuts on all the trees1 and ,i am fully convinced if we ever make an industry out of it1 the grower has got to produce nuts4 ,trees are not enough1 he can't sell the tree2 he wants to keep his tree4 ,he wants nuts to sell1 and you can't get them on the seedling trees4 ,i am fully convinced you can't do it4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,have any of your grafts gone bad8 ,,mr4 ,,wilson3 ,i have had no incompatibility1 except on one tree4 ,my oldest grafts are four and five years old1 top grafted in place on two and three year old seedlings4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,mr4 ,stoke1 what is your experience8 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,i have two trees in my yard at home4 ,dr4 ,reed gave me credit for doing the first grafting of ,mollissima in this country4 ,i don't know whether it's true or not4 ,those were grafted in '#ca4 ,they made perfect union1 and they are perfect today1 and they will be perfect when ,i am dead and gone4 ,i find no incompatibility between ,mollissima and ,mollissima4 ,one acre of good1 select varieties1 grafted1 will produce as many nuts as three or four acres of seedlings4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,mr4 ,bernath1 how about the situation up in the ,hudson ,valley8 ,,mr4 ,,bernath3 ,my trees are of small size4 ,we have some in bearing1 but as far as having any difficulty with them or freezing back1 we have none4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,mr4 ,snyder1 how about the situation out in ,iowa8 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,i am not trying to grow ,chinese chestnuts anymore4 ,we have had two different lots from ,u4,s4,d4,a4 and both of them have gone out in the winters sooner or later4 ,we have had nice seedling rows1 and ,dr4 ,colby sent over a collection of scions1 enough to graft each one4 ,every one grew4 ,this winter they are all gone4 ,we can grow ,american chestnuts1 but we can't grow the ,chinese4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,joe1 you have had a lot of experience1 made a lot of observations of this matter of seedlings versus grafted varieties4 ,what do you think of the situation8 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,i will follow ,mr4 ,stokes' opinion on that4 ,i think grafted trees1 if you have a compatible graft1 are worth several times as much as average seedling trees4 ,at the ,university of ,illinois most of our trees are seedling trees4 ,we are just getting started with grafted ,chinese chestnuts4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,that's the way it is with us4 ,anybody in the audience that has an opinion that they think seedlings are better than grafted trees8 ,,mr4 ,,caldwell3 ,i was going to say seedlings are better1 but ,i think this is one thing everybody should realize3 ,the emphasis has been based on early production4 ,in many cases we have found in forest trees that early seed production doesn't necessarily mean heavy late seed production4 ,some of those that didn't produce early went ahead and #dj or #ej years later produced heavily4 ,so be a little bit careful when you start swinging too heavily on early production4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,yes1 but1 ,dr4 ,caldwell1 we in the ,united ,states haven't time to wait4 ,we haven't time to wait4 ,,mr4 ,,caldwell3 ,you are going to have to take it4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,it's just like ,mr4 ,wilson said4 ,he planted seedlings in #aidh1 and he is telling me that most of them haven't come into bearing1 so he is going to ply the axe or top work them4 ,he hasn't time to wait4 ,he's got to make his bread and butter out of that1 and when it comes to growing nuts1 we can't wait #dj or #ej years for a tree to come in4 ,that might be all right for posterity1 but we have got to be sure of it1 or our posterity is not going to be able to pay the national debt4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,according to the experience ,i have had1 the chestnut is only a little more hardy than the peach1 and behaves pretty much the same as regards wood injury4 ,at #cj deg4 below zero the trees have been killed outright or to the ground4 ,at about #be deg4 below they will black heart with killing of sapwood and serious injury to the bark4 ,at #bj they will survive4 ,this experience involves perhaps #abe seedling trees from various sources1 but mostly from the ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,it is quite likely that there may be more hardier strains that will withstand these low temperatures4 ,the other point is the matter of grafted trees4 ,it is my opinion that the failure of the graft is a form of cold injury related to delayed maturity of the tissues at the graft union4 ,certainly failure of grafts is much more persistent in the north than in the south4 ,my experience has been that ,i haven't been able to keep grafted trees4 ,they appear to thrive for three or four years and then die4 ,i have tried it over and over again4 ,it appears that the grafted tree in ,georgia and ,virginia is one thing4 ,in ,new ,york it's another4 ,,mr4 ,,wallick3 ,i have never bought a grafted chestnut tree that grew4 ,they all die4 ,and seedlings mostly do not have the kind of nuts you want4 ,also they may be susceptible to disease4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i want to make one observation about our experience at ,beltsville on the question of seedlings versus varieties as regards bearing4 ,we topworked scions of some of our good varieties1 like ,nanking and ,meiling1 onto large seedlings we have at ,beltsville that are poor bearers4 ,these grafted portions in the top of these trees under poor conditions--our soil is poor at ,beltsville--set tremendously heavy crops1 but the nuts are smaller in size than normal1 and therefore the crop is not as desirable as it would be if it were grown under good conditions4 ,the point is that those varieties bear even under poor conditions4 ,bearing is a variety characteristic1 and wherever it grows it will bear though it may not produce a good-sized nut4 ,,mr4 ,,pease3 ,i believe what's coming out in this discussion on bearing is also true in hardiness1 growth1 and any characteristic we want4 ,we may select seeds from trees at an elevation of #f1jjj feet1 and still have some which will be not hardy4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,that's right4 ,,mr4 ,,silvis3 ,i'd like to make a point4 ,if in your observation you find a tree seedling in your locality that is producing good crops plant that4 ,don't get one from ,georgia4 ,we can take a little bit of advice from the fruit grower1 and not plant too much from the south1 even though it came from ,china4 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,i'd like to ,comment about conditions in ,europe with reference to seedlings and varieties4 ,the general practice there is for each little farmer to graft from the best variety in his section1 especially in ,italy where you find hundreds of varieties4 ,in ,portugal we were all very much impressed with one area where the government has had an active program in persuading the chestnut owners to topwork all their trees to three varieties4 ,these varieties are very good ones1 and they are getting a very greatly increased price on account of the high quality and uniformity of the nuts they export4 ,it seems to me that in the discussion on the ,chinese chestnut in this country we have done a little bit of injustice to the seedlings1 so far as the discussion has gone4 ,i am in perfect agreement with what's been said about the low production the first few years1 but over on the ,eastern ,shore ,mr4 ,hemming's trees are producing just about as much in the way of a crop as the tree can bear1 and the grafted varieties there don't produce any more than his #ag or #ah seedlings4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,i believe ,hemming has some exceptional seedlings in that lot4 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,yes1 they are very valuable1 don't misunderstand me4 ,after the first ten years you may find a seedling orchard is going to produce a very good crop1 tree by tree4 ,we have had a lot of experience1 similar to that reported in ,new ,york1 with grafted trees dying4 ,we get seedling trees dying1 too1 but ,i agree that there is more damage from fall freezes1 spring freezes and perhaps from straight low temperature winter injury with the grafted trees than with the seedling trees4 ,furthermore1 ,i am very critical of the tactics of some of the nurseries4 ,they have grafted on seedlings of absolutely unknown origin or mixed origin4 ,they will take a ,south ,chinese variety and graft it on seedlings that for hundreds of years have been grown in ,north ,china4 ,that's just inviting trouble4 ,the nearer you can get to having seedling and scion from the same climatic origin1 the better off you are4 ,in fact1 we have advised growers to get seedlings of the ,nanking and graft ,nanking on them4 ,dr4 ,mc,kay is doing a lot of good1 basic research work on this problem1 and he will have more information for us in times to come4 ,i am firmly convinced that we are going to come some day to the grafted chestnuts1 especially in the ,south1 because a lot of the southern producers right now are giving a black eye to ,chinese chestnuts1 because they are shipping lots of mixed nuts1 and by the time they get to the consumer half of them are rotten4 ,this will ruin the market4 ,we have been buying some six or seven thousand pounds of nuts to ship to ,italy1 and we know something about the conditions of nuts when they reach us4 ,there is no quicker way of killing a market than to be shipping in a whole lot of nuts that are going to spoil or are in the process of spoiling when they reach the consumer4 ,grafted varieties are one way of getting away from this1 especially in the ,south4 ,,mr4 ,,wilson3 ,i am far enough south so that in peach production we often have winters so warm that the trees don't wake up4 ,this question of rest period is quite important with us4 ,we have a warm winter1 and the ,mayflower peach just keeps on sleeping4 ,eventually bloom will break1 and a little peach will sit up there waiting for the leaf to come out4 ,there is apparently a rest period with the ,chinese chestnut there also4 ,the time of breaking of the rest period in my seedling trees varies as much as three to four weeks1 and that would lead me to believe that1 in the long run1 we will have to plant locally adapted varieties4 ,,president ,,best3 ,i am sorry that we have to stop this very interesting discussion4 ,at this time is there any item of general interest to the group that anyone would like to bring up8 ,,mr4 ,,miller3 ,for sometime ,i have been considering the desirability of changing the name of the ,northern ,nut ,growers4 ,i am inclined to think that maybe some of our southern friends or from the ,far ,west or ,southwest would be a little dubious of joining the ,northern ,nut ,growers1 because they think we are perhaps exclusive for the north tier of states and we didn't want them4 ,i thought perhaps the ,international ,nut ,growers1 or the ,united ,states ,nut ,growers ,association were names worth considering4 ,i think that would have a desirable psychological effect on our membership4 ,we are a big organization1 and ,i think a lot of people would think it was a whole lot larger if the name would imply that4 ,i think the ,northern ,nut ,growers just looks like we are concerned with the northern tier of states1 and ,i think we would do a whole lot better by changing the name4 ,i would like to have some suggestions4 ,possibly1 it could be ,american ,nut ,growers4 ,,mr4 ,,kerr3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ,i am a charter member of the ,american ,farm ,bureau1 and that goes over big4 ,it's a real success as an organization1 and ,i think the ,american ,nut ,growers--take in ,south ,america and ,north ,america--would hit our proposition about right4 ,,president ,,best3 ,all right1 is there another suggestion8 ,we mustn't take so much time on this1 but it is mighty important4 ,,mr4 ,,becker3 ,my final opinion is that it's best to leave it as it was4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,it seems to me that this matter was well decided some time ago4 ,we have certain definite problems to work out4 ,i think we had better stay on those problems and work them out before we spread over the whole universe4 ,we will have too many other problems coming in our lap4 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,that matter was taken up some five or six years ago1 and for the reason that ,mr4 ,stoke mentioned1 the fact that we have special problems and the very difficult problems that don't concern southerners was the reason for voting that proposition down before4 ,i think it would be better1 at least1 for us to consider the matter rather thoroughly before we vote on it1 maybe postpone it until another year4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,it just occurs to me that the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association was formed to tackle problems that weren't being covered anywhere else4 ,there are other local organizations which are concerned with the ,persian walnut and the ,northwest ,filbert and the ,southern ,pecan4 ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association was organized to save ,america's nut heritage1 as somebody said1 in a rather restricted area4 ,possibly the time has come to get into a larger organization with a greater scope1 but ,i will say with ,mr4 ,davidson that we want to consider very carefully what the gain or loss might be for the change in emphasis4 ,,president ,,best3 ,would someone make the suggestion here that we keep this thing in mind for a year and maybe at our next meeting take a little time to discuss it thoroughly4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,i'd like to make a few remarks and offer a motion4 ,i believe ,i am correct as to the history of the organization when ,i state that the oldest nut growers' organization was the old ,national ,nut ,growers ,association1 and that covered the nut interests of the country of all kinds4 ,then out of that came the ,national ,pecan ,growers ,association1 and almost at the same time1 the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,the old ,national ,nut ,growers ,association folded up1 as did the ,national ,pecan ,growers ,association4 ,they were victims of the depression4 ,i think we could discuss this at great length and not get anywhere1 and therefore ,i make the motion that the president appoint a committee of three members to study the possibilities1 both advantages and disadvantages of a change in the name of the association and report back to the association their recommendations at the next meeting4 7,motion seconded47 ,,president ,,best3 ,the motion has been made and seconded that we appoint a committee to handle this thing and report back to us4 ,is there any discussion8 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,i'd like to point out that research work is being started in ,europe that is going to be very valuable to us4 ,they are now working on the ,chinese chestnuts on a very large scale1 starting in ,yugoslavia1 ,france1 ,switzerland1 and they are already doing quite a bit of breeding work in ,spain and ,portugal along these lines4 ,the things that they develop1 will be ,chinese chestnut hybrids so they are going to have the same problems in ,europe working with the chestnuts that we have here4 ,in the past they have been working entirely with the ,european chestnut4 ,i think we are now on a basis whereby the ,european growers can feel that they can profit by taking our publication1 and1 that both continents will benefit4 ,,dr4 ,,graves3 ,do you put that as an argument for changing our name to ,american ,nut ,growers8 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3 ,i don't think ,american would help at all4 ,and1 furthermore1 when you talk about ,american1 a lot of people think of ,south ,america4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,it's what the members get out of the proceedings and meetings that brings them in and keeps them1 it's not the name of the organization4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,mr4 ,president1 as former state vice-president in ,alabama1 ,florida and ,tennessee1 ,i don't believe the change of name would result in any great immediate increase in membership in the ,southeast4 ,,president ,,best3 ,now1 are you ready for the question8 7,the question was called for1 and carried unanimously47 ,development of the ,nut ,industry in the ,midwest ,j4 ,f4 ,,wilkinson1 ,rockport1 ,ind4 ,the development of the northern nut tree industry in the midwest really began about #aiaj4 ,prior to that time ,w4 ,c4 ,reed and son of ,vincennes1 ,indiana had done some experimental work with the ,indiana and ,busseron varieties of pecan1 as they had located these two parent trees4 ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl of ,godfrey1 ,illinois had been experimenting with the walnut and chestnut1 and it was at this time that ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 ,r4 ,l4 ,mc,coy and established our nurseries here in southern ,indiana4 ,we then began the search for the best parent trees for propagation in the midwest4 ,we located ,warrick1 ,hoosier1 ,major1 ,greenriver1 ,posey1 ,kentucky1 ,butterick and several other varieties most of which have since been discarded4 ,a number of varieties have since been introduced1 by ,messrs4 ,gerardi1 ,whitford1 ,snyder1 ,burkhart1 ,bolten1 and others who are either nurserymen or propagators1 of pecan1 walnut1 hickory and chestnut4 ,the ,littlepage and ,mc,coy nurseries were discontinued about thirty years ago though ,i have continued the search for new and better varieties1 and several years ago located1 named1 and introduced the ,giles pecan1 in southeast ,kansas which is proving very satisfactory4 ,i have recently located1 named1 and am now introducing a new variety1 ,,chief1 from ,illinois4 ,this is the largest northern pecan that ,i have ever seen and it promises to be an outstanding variety4 ,in the territory from southern ,indiana to eastern ,kansas are countless thousands of native pecan trees in the valleys of the ,ohio1 ,mississippi and ,missouri rivers and their tributaries4 ,on the uplands in this same territory1 the black walnut is found almost everywhere4 ,thousands of pecan and walnut are of suitable size for top-working and could be made valuable by being grafted over to these fine varieties4 ,these may be found in any quantity from a single tree to a native grove 7especially pecan7 of thousands of trees4 ,one of the largest pecan groves is in ,gallatin county1 ,illinois along the ,wabash river where it has been estimated there are as many as twenty thousand pecan trees of bearing size in one locality4 ,other sections where large native groves may be found are in ,henderson county1 ,kentucky near the mouth of ,green ,river1 along the ,mississippi river in western ,kentucky1 across the river in southern ,illinois1 along the ,illinois river in central ,illinois1 along the ,missouri river in central ,missouri1 in eastern ,kansas1 along the ,neosho and ,spring rivers1 and in ,bates county ,missouri along the ,osage river1 in southwestern ,missouri4 ,it has been my pleasure to visit one or more times each of the above places as well as every other section of note where the northern pecan grows naturally4 ,one of the most interesting places that ,i have seen is in ,bates county1 ,missouri4 ,i was there in ,may to top-work trees for ,mr4 ,wesley ,heuser1 where he has a tract of land along the ,osage river on which there is a large native pecan grove making it a profitable possession4 ,mr4 ,heuser is increasing its value by planting budded1 or grafted trees in the open land and top-working the small native seedlings4 ,adjoining this place is one owned by ,mr4 ,fred ,marquardt who recently bought it from the estate of the late ,j4 ,f4 ,tiedke who had spent years of work there cleaning up the native grove1 and top-working the small seedlings to the better varieties4 ,mr4 ,marquardt told me there was an estimated four thousand bearing size native trees1 and two thousand top-worked trees most of which are of bearing size and many of them top-worked as long as twenty years ago4 ,mr4 ,marquardt is taking splendid care of this place making it a profitable as well as a most beautiful nut orchard4 ,mr4 ,tiedke in topworking these small trees1 selected those as nearly as possible in rows giving it the appearance in places of a planted orchard4 ,along the ,illinois river in central ,illinois is a great pecan section4 ,it is there that ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,best is located1 and he probably has more grafted and top-worked trees than any other person in the midwest4 ,the late ,charles ,stephens of ,columbus1 ,kansas1 had topworked several hundred trees in southeastern ,kansas and ,stanley ,walberts planted a #ce acre pecan orchard there at ,columbus that at the last time ,i visited it was a beautiful and well kept orchard4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,thielenhaus of ,buffalo1 ,kansas is doing a lot of work there both in planting and top-working trees4 ,in western ,kentucky1 ,professors ,w4 ,w4 ,magill1 and ,w4 ,d4 ,armstrong of the ,university of ,kentucky with county agent ,john ,b4 ,watts of ,hickman1 ,kentucky cooperating1 interested ,mr4 ,roscoe ,stone1 who had a large acreage of land in developing the young seedling pecan trees by top-working them to better varieties4 ,mr4 ,sly and ,i went there the first time in the spring of #aidh and each spring since then we have worked trees on this land1 and for others around ,hickman to the number of possibly #ejj trees4 ,last year a number of the trees that were worked in the spring of #aidh produced quite a few nuts4 ,i was there in ,may at which time there was a splendid crop of nuts on these trees4 ,on ,august #c1 ,i had a letter from ,mr4 ,watts stating ,i feel that many of these trees will bear a good crop of nuts this year1 and although we are having a drought here1 the trees on the ,stone farm are not suffering much4 ,the largest planting of nut trees that ,i know in the midwest is that planted by the late ,harry ,r4 ,weber near ,rockport which consists of about #gj acres mostly walnuts1 with some pecans1 hybrids1 hickories1 and filberts4 ,many smaller plantings of nut trees have been made throughout the midwest and thousands of seedling trees having been top-worked4 ,most of the native walnut trees through this section have been cut for timber and the native chestnut has been killed by the blight1 making a shortage that should be replaced with the better varieties of walnut and the ,chinese chestnut4 ,the earlier plantings of the ,persian walnut from ,france and ,england were not hardy in the midwest but the ,carpathian walnut from ,poland seems to be doing well4 ,some parts of this territory are suitable for almost any kind of nut trees4 ,there is a vast field in the ,midwest awaiting development in nut culture4 ,some ,aspects of the ,problem of ,producing ,curly-,grained ,walnut ,l4 ,h4 ,,macdaniels1 ,cornell ,university1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,about #ae years ago a tree of the ,lamb ,curly ,walnut was planted at ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,after the tree had grown to a height of about #ab feet1 it was topworked about #h feet from the ground to scions of the ,cornell variety of ,black ,walnut with the idea that it would be possible to grow a trunk of curly walnut and a top of a named variety4 ,the tree grew rapidly and in the fall of #aieb had a trunk #aj inches in diameter at the base4 ,sometime in #aieb the tree became infected with bunchy-top disease and was cut in an attempt to eliminate this disease from the premises4 ,it was expected that the trunk would show figured curly grain and plans were made to have at least a part of the log cut into veneer4 ,on cutting the tree1 however1 and examining the wood1 there was no evidence of curly grain detectable either by casual personal observation or from samples sent to the ,forest ,products ,laboratory at ,madison1 ,wisconsin4 ,this1 of course1 was a disappointment because ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson had shown samples of walnut grown from scions of the ,lamb ,walnut obtained from the late ,w4 ,b4 ,bixby which showed evidence of curly grain4 ,a photograph of the wood secured from ,mr4 ,wilkinson is shown in figure #a4 ,wood samples from a tree growing at ,beltsville1 ,maryland1 which was also secured from ,mr4 ,bixby by ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 does not show evidence of curly grain4 ,the simplest explanation of the failure of the tree in ,ithaca to show curly grain would be that somehow the tree was not properly labelled or that scions were mixed in propagation and that the trunk was not derived from the original ,lamb ,curly ,walnut4 ,however1 the fact that only a few trees were concerned makes it improbable that trees were mislabelled in the ,ithaca planting and there is no good reason to believe that the tree planted at ,beltsville was not authentic4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,radial face of wood of grafted ,lamb black walnut grown by ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson4 ,wavy or curly grain is apparent on right side which is the outer part of the log 7about natural size74 ,another possibility is that the original ,lamb ,walnut was a chimera4 ,such a tree would have mixed tissues in its growing points1 some having the curly grain character and others not4 ,in such a tree some scions would produce curliness and others straight grain4 ,it may be that these were mixed in the original collection4 ,a third possibility is that curliness is produced by the interaction of several factors1 one a tendency to curliness inherent in the ,lamb tree and the others environmental such as growth rate1 nutrient supply1 the nature of the soil or other such conditions4 ,theoretically curly grain in walnut or any other tree is related to the nature of the growth of the cambium layer4 ,in normal growth the cells of this layer are much elongated as seen in tangential section and are relatively straight4 ,the nature of these cambium cells is shown in figure #b4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,the cambium of a straight-grained black walnut tree as seen in tangential section4 ,the nature and regularity of these cells determines the nature and regularity of the cells of adjacent wood and bark 7x #aej74 ,it is well known from studies of cambial growth that irregularities in the growth of the cambium are reflected in the irregularities in the shape and position of the wood fibers and vessels1 which it forms4 ,ordinarily1 if the cambium is wounded1 the first cells formed are irregular in shape and orientation but after a wound is healed over the cambium cells resume their normal position4 ,in parts of trees in which the grain is irregular or confused such as in the inner angle of crotches the shape of the cambium cells determines the nature of the grain beneath as shown in figure #c 7,ref4 #a74 ,this has been established also in the study of the nature of spiral-grained ,douglas ,fir and in various experimental work where it has been possible to change the direction or extent of the cambium cells through various experimental means4 7,ref4 #b7 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,section through cambium and underlying wood in a crotch of an apple tree where the grain of the wood is not straight4 ,the shape and direction of the wood fibers or grain of the wood1 and bark is determined by the shape and direction of the cambium cells that form them 7,x #ajj74 ,there seems to be no doubt1 therefore1 that curly grain in walnut is directly related to the curly condition to be found in the cambium1 which produces such curly grain4 ,the basic question to be resolved is what makes the cambium of a curly-grain tree assume the curly or wavy character4 ,as indicated above1 one hypothesis is that several factors may be operating4 ,for example1 a tree might have the inherent capacity to produce wavy grain but would only do so under special environmental conditions4 ,these environmental conditions might be related to rapidity of growth1 water and nutrient supply1 or various other habitat characteristics1 which affect the nature of growth4 ,the fact that the tree in question at ,ithaca was growing rapidly might have been responsible for the failure of the curly grain to develop4 ,there is evidence that trees with figured grain grow slowly4 7,ref4 #c1 #d7 ,on the other hand the specimens from the tree at ,beltsville1 ,maryland1 were from a slowly growing plant and did not show curly grain4 ,another hypothesis is that development of the curly grain is dependent upon the foliage of the tree4 ,this has been demonstrated to be true in instances where the foliage of fruit plants determines the characteristics of the growth of the trunk and roots and of the fruit itself4 7,ref4 #e1 #f7 ,it might be1 therefore1 that the failure of this particular trunk to show curly grain is related to the fact that the top of the tree at ,ithaca was of another variety than the original ,lamb4 ,possibly the foliage of the original variety producing the curly character is necessary to produce the curly grain4 ,an argument against this interpretation is that the tree at ,beltsville1 ,maryland1 is not topworked4 ,it would be valuable at the present time to survey all the trees of the ,lamb walnut1 which are growing in various parts of the country1 to see under what circumstances they may be showing the curly characteristic of the original tree4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,y4 ,pillow of the ,forest ,products ,laboratory at ,madison1 ,wisconsin1 in an unpublished report1 has pointed out that it is possible to determine the curly nature of the grain by shaving off the outer bark1 exposing the inner bark just outside of the cambium4 ,inasmuch as the same cambium cells form fiber cells both on the inside to make the wood and towards the outside to make the bark1 the direction and nature of the fibers in the bark are a direct indication of the direction of the fibers underneath the cambium in the wood4 ,the appearance of the normal straight grained wood and bark and wood and bark of a curly grained tree are shown in figures #d and #e4 ,shaving off the outer bark in this manner will not harm the trees1 if it is done carefully so it would be possible to make this survey without injury to the trees4 ,examining a number of trees of the ,lamb walnut in this way and finding that some were curly1 might give evidence as to the conditions under which the ,lamb walnut will produce curly grain4 ,dr4 ,pillow of the ,forest ,products ,laboratory1 kindly furnished me with his file on curly and birdseye grained wood4 ,in this file is a very interesting group of manuscripts and letters including a report from ,mr4 ,willard ,g4 ,bixby reporting a trip to ,new ,hampshire to study the occurrence of birdseye maple and also his early experiments with the ,lamb walnut4 ,the ,lamb walnut trees at that time were too young to give any indication of curly grain4 ,other letters of interest on the subject were from ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby and ,c4 ,a4 ,reed4 ,these letters mention the desirability of propagating figured walnut but aside from indicating that trees of the ,lamb had been propagated there was no indication that curliness had developed4 ,the first definite indication that curliness would develop in a grafted tree was reported by ,mr4 ,wilkinson 7,ref4 #g7 at the ,norris meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,at that time the wood photographed in figure #a was shown4 ,in the literature somewhat conflicting reports are found as to whether or not curliness will show up early in the growth of a tree or late4 ,apparently it was possible to trace curly grain into the twigs a few years old in the original ,lamb walnut 7unpublished letters74 ,various statements1 however1 indicate that curliness may not develop until the trees are #bj years old or more4 ,it would seem that with the propagation and introduction of the ,lamb walnut in #aibf-bg and distribution soon thereafter it ought to be possible to locate and examine these trees which are now more than #bj years old4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,slightly enlarged photograph of black walnut with straight grain in the wood 7light-colored area7 and also in the bark 7dark-colored area74 ,u4 ,s4 ,forest ,service ,forest ,products ,laboratory ,photo4 ,in the various literature and other material available on the subject of birdseye and curliness1 it appears that the birdseye grain is different in its origin from curliness although both may be related to the functioning of the cambium and definitely seem to be related to slow growth4 7,ref4 #h7 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,slightly enlarged photograph of black walnut with curly grain in the wood 7light-colored area1 upper left7 and also in the bark 7dark-colored area74 ,u4 ,s4 ,forest ,service ,forest ,products ,laboratory ,photo4 ,curliness is reported in other kinds of trees4 ,curly grained white poplar has been propagated from hybrid trees by growing cuttings of shoots from the roots of the curly trees 7,ref4 #i74 ,in ,sweden it has been possible to grow figured birch1 much of which has the curly type grain4 ,in birch1 seedling strains producing curly grain have been developed and are being grown4 ,it is of interest to note that with these birches1 the trees with curly grain grow only about half as fast as the normal trees and have to be staked during their early growth years in order to make straight trunks or to stand erect 7,ref4 #d74 ,the original ,lamb walnut tree was curly throughout4 ,other trees1 particularly maples and birches may be curly only in part of their trunks and sometimes only in restricted segments4 ,trees frequently have curly grain at the base where the trunk joins the roots but not elsewhere4 ,such curliness may be related to the shortening of the curve where the root joins the trunk1 thus causing distortion4 ,w4 ,g4 ,bixby states 7,ref4 #c7 that a birdseye maple tree #agj years old was only about a quarter as large in diameter as normal trees of the same age4 ,i know of no comparison of curly walnut with other types of walnut4 ,the original ,lamb walnut tree was apparently a very large one4 ,in conclusion1 it is obvious that our knowledge of the possibility of producing curly grained walnut logs by grafting is as yet incomplete4 ,much more information is needed and at the present time undoubtedly much can be gained by examining the ,lamb walnut trees1 which are growing in various parts of the country4 ,this can be done without seriously injuring the trees as described earlier in this paper4 ,those in the ,northern ,nut ,grower's ,association1 who have ,lamb trees are urged to examine them to find out if we can gain further useful information regarding this rather important subject4 ,obviously1 if it is possible to grow curly walnut through vegetative propagation1 we should know under what conditions a grower can expect to successfully produce a curly grained log4 ,references #a4 ,mac,daniels1 ,l4 ,h4 ,the apple tree crotch1 histological studies and practical considerations4 ,cornell ,univ4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #dai3 #a-bb4 #aibc4 #b4 ---- and ,otis ,f4 ,curtis4 ,the effect of spiral ringing on solute translocation on the structure of the regenerated tissue of the apple4 ,cornell ,univ4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,memoir #acc3a-cb4 #aicj4 #c4 ,bixby1 ,w4 ,g4 ,field work at ,warren1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,unpublished ,report4 #aicb4 7,on file with ,u4 ,s4 ,forest ,products ,laboratory1 ,madison1 ,wisconsin47 #d4 ,heinkinheimo1 ,o4 ,om odling ar masurbjork 7,the cultivation of figured birch74 ,skogen #bg3afe-afg4 #aidj4 7,translation in ,u4 ,s4 ,forest ,products ,laboratory47 #e4 ,heinicke1 ,a4 ,j4 ,influence of scion leaves on the quality of apples borne by the stock4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 ,proc4 #bd3adc-adf4 #aibg4 #f4 ,swarbrick1 ,thomas and ,r4 ,h4 ,roberts4 ,the relation of scion variety to character of root growth in apple trees4 ,wisconsin ,univ4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,res4 ,bul4 #gh3a-bd4 #aibg4 #g4 ,wilkinson1 ,j4 ,f4 ,the grafted curly walnut as a timber tree4 ,northern ,nut ,growers ,ass'n4 ,proc4 #ci3aci-adb4 #aidh4 #h4 ,pillow1 ,m4 ,y4 ,dormant buds are not the cause of bird's eyes in maple4 ,wood ,working ,industries #e3bf-bg4 ,sept4 #aibi4 #i4 ,grober1 ,samuel4 ,science shows the way4 ,chemurgic ,digest #e3aeb4 #aidf4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels1 the idea prevails on the part of some ,i know that this curliness would show up more at the base or crown of the tree than it would be likely to show on the trunk1 and at the base of large limbs we tend to have curliness4 ,of course1 the ,lamb walnut was supposed to be curly throughout1 but in the case of other trees ,i wonder if that's true4 ,you have emphasized the change in the direction of the grain at the crown between the root and trunk and in the crotches4 ,i wonder just where would be the best place to scrape this bark or pare it down in examination to determine whether it was curly or not4 ,would that be1 in your opinion1 more likely to show up on the trunk of the tree or base of some limb or near down to the crown8 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,i'd be inclined to take it where you can work at it most easily2 down towards the base4 ,if the grain is curly only in restricted areas the log is not very valuable4 ,a ,,member3 ,i have been told by a sawmill man that he could tell by the convolutions of the bark4 ,instead of being straight1 they would be fluted4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,that might be4 ,i was told during the ,first ,world ,war when they wanted straight-grained spruce for airplanes they found they could tell a straight-grained spruce from a spiral1 so they wouldn't waste their time getting logs with spiral grain4 ,,tuesday ,,afternoon ,,session ,,president ,,best3 ,the first item on the program is the life story of the ,late ,reverend ,crath and the ,crath ,carpathian walnut in ,ontario4 ,we are going to have ,mr4 ,l4 ,k4 ,devitt of ,toronto1 ,canada1 get into this subject for us4 ,mr4 ,devitt did know ,reverend ,crath since #aicd4 ,mr4 ,devitt supported his expedition to the ,ukraine in #aicd4 ,he has a few slides for us and then he is going to talk to us about a number of features4 ,mr4 ,devitt is in the school system in ,toronto1 and he is a graduate of the ,university of ,toronto1 and so without further introduction1 take over and give us your story4 ,,mr4 ,,devitt3 ,thank you4 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ladies and gentlemen1 when ,i wrote a letter to the secretary of the ,association about ,reverend ,crath1 ,i thought it was also fitting that at the next meeting ,i should come here and say a little more about the life and work of the ,reverend ,crath and the ,crath ,carpathian walnut in ,ontario and the progress for the last #bj years4 ,late ,rev4 ,paul ,c4 ,crath ,l4 ,k4 ,,devitt1 ,toronto1 ,ontario ,rev4 ,crath was born near ,kiev in ,greater ,ukraine1 ,poland1 in #ahhc4 ,he was the son of an ,agricultural ,college ,professor4 ,it is assumed that he enjoyed the life of the upper class1 being a graduate of two universities2 and speaking fluently at least six languages of ,central and ,western ,europe1 and having travelled almost everywhere in ,europe4 ,he possessed a wide knowledge of the peoples1 the history and the culture of all the ,central ,european ,countries4 ,he migrated to ,canada in #aijh and settled in ,western ,canada4 ,he was employed at various1 clerical occupations before entering the ,theological ,college of the ,university of ,manitoba from where he graduated as a ,presbyterian minister in #aibb4 ,he was the minister of a ,ukranian ,presbyterian ,church in ,toronto for two years4 ,from #aibd to #aicf he served as a ,presbyterian missionary in ,poland1 organizing some thirty missions in ,galicia and ,volynia4 ,for some years before the war1 he spent considerable time on a farm near ,welcome1 ,ontario1 building up a ,european ,nursery and in the winters he served with the ,home ,missions mostly in ,western ,canada4 ,during the last ten years of his life he had to curtail his activities more and more1 owing to poor health and a heart condition4 ,i met ,rev4 ,crath when he was on furlough in #aicd4 ,i went to the ,national ,exhibition and among the various exhibits ,i came across a rather unique exhibit of nuts1 grown by the late ,geo4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,echo ,valley1 ,islington4 ,in the course of our conversation along came the late ,prof4 ,jas4 ,neilson and we continued to talk about nut-growing4 ,prof4 ,neilson was interesting indeed4 ,i could see he was a sincere man and most enthusiastic about the subject4 ,he told me there was a ,presbyterian ,ukranian missionary in town who had brought out some hardy ,english walnuts from the ,carpathian ,mountains--a variety which he was sure would survive in ,ontario and the ,northern ,states and that it had great possibilities4 ,the missionary was returning to ,europe to bring out a shipment but needed1 backing for the expedition4 ,i met ,prof4 ,neilson the following day4 ,the sum required was #djj4jj and he agreed to guarantee the sale of #djj4jj worth in the ,u4,s4 at least4 ,the next day ,i met ,rev4 ,crath at the ,exhibition display4 ,we met off and on for two or three days4 ,i could see no flaw in the project1 so ,i raised the #djj4jj by a bank-note4 ,the banker thought ,i was crazy--and the missionary was on his way by the end of the week4 ,he arrived by mid-,september and having had so many charges in the ,ukraine1 he knew where to go and just when the crop was being harvested4 ,the walnuts were selected1 dried1 boxed and shipped by the middle of ,october4 ,the shipment arrived in ,toronto the first week of ,november--nearly two tons of them4 ,i received with them1 a bill of lading with port charges1 export duties and freight4 ,i was out another #ajj4jj4 ,in two weeks1 the ,winter ,fair opened and ,mr4 ,corsan was invited to put on his nut exhibit as an attraction4 ,in the meantime he was on the radio once a week to talk on health1 food and various subjects1 always getting around to nuts as a food--and this new discovery1 the ,carpathian walnut4 ,the radio broadcasts brought interested people right to his exhibit4 ,he gave an hourly talk on nuts and a pamphlet was given out4 ,the ,winter ,fair sales grossed #cjj4jj and there was another #ajj4jj on follow-up sales by ,christmas4 ,the situation was at least easier4 ,prof4 ,neilson before ,christmas had taken ill and passed away in ,february4 ,however into the picture came another man1 ,h4 ,j4 ,rahmlow1 secretary of the ,wisconsin ,horticultural ,association with about #fjj affiliated societies4 ,he wrote an article in the ,country ,gentleman and circularized the expedition of ,rev4 ,crath to the ,carpathian ,mountains4 ,we sent four shipments to ,mr4 ,rahmlow in #be and #ej lb4 lots4 ,sales came in from all over ,canada and the ,united ,states until spring4 ,by spring we had cleared all expenses and had about #bjj4jj on hand1 but the next problem was1 what to do with the rest of the walnut seeds8 ,on ,mr4 ,corsan's ,echo ,valley1 there were two fields1 one in the valley and one over the road4 ,we broke up out of sod an acre in each field and planted about #dj1jjj seeds4 ,rev4 ,crath took to a farm near ,welcome1 ,ont4 about another #bj1jjj4 ,our plantation required a good deal of attention1 work and expense during the growing season4 ,however #ij of the walnuts germinated and grew to trees about #f inches high4 ,over #cj1jjj trees survived the next cold winter4 ,the following year we could scuffle them between the rows4 ,our nursery required less care and expense4 ,during the summer they grew about a foot higher 7#ae in4 average7 but developed a very thick carrot-like tap root with numerous root hairs4 ,by autumn #aicf it was evident we had to transplant4 ,the seeds were planted originally #h inches apart4 ,so we divided up the lot by each taking one out of every three trees1 thus leaving the trees in ,echo ,valley now #b ft4 apart4 ,rev4 ,crath took his trees to the farm at ,welcome1 #hj miles east of ,toronto4 ,they were planted on a slope below a thick woods from where melting snow and spring rains kept the field cold and wet until mid-summer4 ,rev4 ,crath's trees were practically a failure2 in fact the area seemed to be unsuitable for walnut seedlings4 ,mr4 ,corsan's trees continued to grow1 but even here the soil did not seem to be the most suitable4 ,i took mine to a sandy garden soil that had been under sod for #bj years4 ,the sod was broken and thoroughly disced4 ,the spring was wet and very favourable for transplanting4 ,the trees on this soil grew very well without any fertilizer at all2 nor did they require any spraying4 ,the trees continued to grow deep and do better each succeeding year4 ,in the spring of #aici ,i started to sell trees wholesale to the ,dominion ,nursery1 ,georgetown1 ,ont4 ,mr4 ,bradley1 the president1 carried more novelty items in his catalogue than any other nurseryman in ,canada4 ,i continued to plant more seeds until #aici4--,the war stopped further importations1 and ,i sold out all the trees by the spring of #aidc4 ,so from my nursery probably went out some #aj1jjj trees2 the weaker seedling always perished during the winter4 ,from ,mr4 ,corsan's nursery1 another #aj1jjj trees--about half of these went to his son1 ,hebden ,corsan in ,michigan4 ,rev4 ,crath's nursery yielded not more than #ejjj4 ,he imported a number of cherries1 plums1 grapes and others fruits1 all of which did not do too well either4 ,during the period before the war1 orders came in from everywhere--from ,british ,columbia to ,nova ,scotia1 even ,newfoundland1 besides nurseries in the ,united ,states4 ,orders from the prairie provinces were dissuaded but some customers insisted on a trial basis4 ,walnut seed1 the first two years went mostly to ,western ,ontario1 ,british ,columbia and ,nova ,scotia4 ,by #aici the seedling nursery business that ,i had apparently fallen into1 looked good4 ,rev4 ,crath and ,i talked the situation over4 ,we decided to go to the country1 lease some land4 ,i would select the land and continue to grow seedlings and besides1 import selected grafts to develop in ,canada a hardy high quality grafted walnut tree4 ,in ,september we prepared to make another expedition4 ,my banker was most agreeable this time4 ,rev4 ,crath got as far as ,new ,york where1 awaiting the ,s4 ,s4 ,batory to sail1 the war broke out4 ,the ,s4 ,s4 ,pilsudski was sunk just out of ,gdynia the next day4 ,the ,s4 ,s4 ,batory never did sail back to ,poland4 ,when he arrived home we went to the bank on a ,saturday morning4 ,the travellers' cheques were cancelled4 ,rev4 ,crath in the #aicf expedition brought out a shipment of walnuts selected from the most northerly port of the ,ukraine for ,mr4 ,weschcke1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,i am not familiar with this part of his work4 ,rev4 ,crath was a cheerful soul1 an interesting and pleasant individual to talk to4 ,he loved people and1 especially1 meeting people4 ,he possessed a great love for humanity2 he bore malice toward no one and charity to all except the ,bolsheviks4 ,he was a restless man--always on the go4 ,one could see he preferred to be missionary rather than a resident minister4 ,although he was away a good part of the time he was dearly loved by his family4 ,shortly after his death1 as an appreciation of his services as a minister among ,ukranian families1 special memorial services were held in ,toronto1 ,oshawa and ,detroit4 ,i was invited to attend the ,toronto service4 ,on a visit one day last ,august1 #aieb1 to places where his ,carpathian walnut trees were coming into bearing1 he examined them and gazed at them with a look of joy and sadness4 ,on the way home he was somewhat upset1 he looked at me and said ,mr4 ,devitt1 my good friend1 at last our experiment is a success4 ,promise me two things2 continue our work and go to the convention and tell our ,american friends to continue the work4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this is the story of the introduction of hardy ,carpathian walnuts 7,juglans regia7 into ,canada and the ,united ,states by the late ,rev4 ,crath4 ,looking back on the whole adventure 7now twenty years ago7 it would be only fair that ,i mention the names of three other men for the work they did to make the expedition a success4 ,the late ,professor ,james ,neilson whose research in nut growing in ,ontario and the ,united ,states was already well known should be mentioned4 ,it was he who really sparked the expedition4 ,to the late ,george ,h4 ,corsan whose nut growing experiment at ,echo ,valley was something unique in ,ontario1 credit is due for his enthusiasm and support of the late ,reverend ,crath4 ,the ,american nut growers who were fortunate to obtain walnut seeds at the time through ,wisconsin ,horticultural ,society can thank ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,rhamlow1 then secretary4 ,he took over the task of distributing the walnut seeds through the affiliated societies4 ,he insisted that the seeds be tested for germination1 kept in proper storage1 and did everything possible to ensure success4 ,however none of these men as ,i knew them then1 and including myself1 would want any credit1 but we give full recognition to ,reverend ,crath for his work4 ,during the years spent in ,poland ,reverend ,crath must have given the idea of growing hardy walnuts in ,ontario and the ,northern ,states considerable thought4 ,he examined trees and nuts wherever he went2 and continued gathering information each year4 ,when ,i first met him ,i could see he had given walnut growing a great deal of study4 ,he had great faith in his idea1 and when leaving on his expedition #aicd he felt he was on a great mission4 ,it should be remembered he made this arduous trip without pay and that he made very little money from the sale of walnut seeds or trees4 ,no one did for that matter4 ,it is also significant that in bringing these ,carpathian walnuts out of ,poland at that time1 #aicd1 he did something that could never be done again4 ,the trees he saw then probably went into rifle butts for use in ,world ,war ,,ii4 ,the introduction of these walnuts into ,ontario1 met with varied success4 ,many bought them on a trial basis and were eventually rewarded2 some looked on with skepticism and ridicule and a few thought that the growing of walnuts in ,ontario was impossible4 ,the intervening years1 however1 have brought forth a different picture4 ,these seedling walnut trees are now bearing in ,ontario and as late ,reverend ,crath predicted more than half of them are producing fair to good quality nuts4 ,this is also true in the ,united ,states4 ,in ,ontario they grow well in the commercial apple districts and with variations mature nuts fully in #ij to #abj days 7between ,sept4 #ae to ,october #ae47 ,all of the best varieties should now be propagated by grafting to produce hundreds of hardy ,crath ,carpathian walnut trees4 ,this project should always be one of the foremost with the members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,twenty years from now and later1 the number of hardy walnut trees producing nuts 7,crath strain7 should make a living monument to this obscure missionary--,rev4 ,paul ,c4 ,crath4 ,,president ,,best3 ,thank you very much1 ,mr4 ,devitt1 for this very intriguing story4 ,truth is sometimes stranger than fiction4 ,and we want to keep in touch with you1 and we want to keep hearing from you1 because you have got a big job to do yet4 ,,mr4 ,,devitt3 ,there is only one thing1 ladies and gentlemen3 ,i don't want to run into #e1jjj letters to answer4 ,keep my name out of this4 ,that is my walking-out request now4 ,that's the story4 ,i am going to continue to keep collecting samples4 ,i hope some day to have a number myself of the best1 and ,i might come back again sometime4 ,i can't say every year2 circumstances may be that ,i can't come4 ,however1 it's been a great pleasure for me to be here4 ,i have wanted to come for #bj years1 and ,i thought this year that ,i should come1 because ,i am on this special mission of ,reverend ,crath's4 ,now you know what's going on in ,ontario4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ,i think the ,association will answer the #e1jjj letters1 if he will ask4 ,,mr4 ,,devitt3 ,i didn't ask4 ,are there any questions8 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,i'd like to ask a question4 ,was any scion wood ever brought over8 ,,mr4 ,,devitt3 ,there was some scion wood brought over by the ,reverend ,crath in the spring of #aice1 and it was brought over on the boat4 ,i remember in those years only one that grew on a tree belonging to ,mr4 ,corsan4 ,i don't think the other scion wood proved any good at all4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,i got a little of that scion wood1 and it had been waxed4 ,the bark was nice and green1 but the buds were dead4 ,,mr4 ,,caldwell3 ,do you have a plantation of young1 producing trees8 ,,mr4 ,,devitt3 ,no4 ,my place1 where ,i had those trees is now #c million worth of buildings on #ae acres4 ,you'd be looking down a street4 ,they moved in in #aidd1 and built up #ae acres where ,i had one acre in the #ae4 ,the ,eastern ,black ,walnut as a ,farm ,timber ,tree ,,john ,,davidson1 ,xenia1 ,ohio ,most people instinctively love trees4 ,perhaps this is an inherited result of arboreal ancestry4 ,even so1 very few of us realize what an astonishingly close tie exists between the survival of trees and the well-being of the human race4 ,probably even fewer realize the very great importance1 in the economy of animal life1 of trees which bear nuts4 ,not alone for the sake of their nuts are they important1 valuable as nuts are1 but also for the sake of the unmatched timber which some of them produce1 as well as for the sake of their service as soil conservers and builders1 as beautifiers1 and as silent1 persistent builders of capital values4 ,in view of these outstanding qualities1 it is strange that nut trees are today unfortunately and shamefully neglected in the north4 ,especially1 ,i claim1 is this true of the ,eastern ,black walnut4 ,here is a mystery4 ,why do not northern planters of trees plant more ,eastern ,black walnuts for their exceedingly valuable timber8 ,backward ,burma could give us lessons in intelligent forestry4 ,it is said that the ,burmese are permitted to clear their thickets and tropical woodlands for agricultural use only after they agree to plant a definite amount of that land in teak1 perhaps the most valuable of all woods4 ,it is said that1 due to the effectiveness of this system1 some #ce1jjj acres have now been stocked with this valuable timber4 ,there are two or three main reasons why the planting of ,eastern ,black walnut for timber is thus far not very common in ,america4 7#a74 ,the native and favorable area of this tree is limited to a comparatively small section4 7#b71 ,the tree grows well only in deep1 fertile soil where quick-money crops have had the first call4 ,strip-mine planting is better than none at all1 but such soil as is left after a strip-mine operation is hardly the best4 7#c7 ,we are in too great a hurry4 7#d7 ,most farmers must have annual incomes1 or they must quit farming4 ,what1 then1 are the offsetting reasons why this kind of planting should have an appeal to far-seeing people who are favorably located8 ,in the first place1 the ,eastern ,black walnut yields wood of unique quality4 ,pattern makers1 who must work within tolerances of thousandths of an inch1 prefer it4 ,walter ,page1 a well known sports writer has this to say3 ,few woods come as close as walnut to fulfilling all the demands of a good gunstock3 beauty of grain1 workableness with cutting tools1 resistance to warpage1 weight or density in proportion to strength4 ,another example of the many-sided versatility of this wood can be found in those timbered regions of ,america where termites are a problem for home owners4 ,termites seem to leave black walnut wood very much alone4 ,it probably has a taste which termites cannot stomach4 ,this is one reason why so many of the old rail fences of our ancestors in the walnut area were made of black walnut4 ,the ground-chunks1 in particular1 which were laid upon the ground under the corners of the worm-fences were often either of rock1 or of walnut4 ,just this year ,i watched the demolition of part of an old log cabin which was being riddled by termites4 ,many of the ordinary logs were in ruins but the walnut boards which had served as weather-boarding over the ends of some of the termite-infested logs were as sound and as beautifully preserved as they had been when they were placed there4 ,is it any wonder that so many of the pioneers who had lived long enough in the termite area to see what could happen to other lumber1 chose walnut1 whenever they could get it1 for structural work and for weatherboard protection8 ,safety of operation is still another matter for consideration4 ,if ,i wish to create an estate for my family or for my last years1 how can ,i go about it with the best chance for success8 ,shall ,i go prospecting for precious metals8 ,thousands have failed at that job where but few have succeeded4 ,shall it be manufacturing8 ,count up the failures4 ,for each success1 at least ten go broke4 ,wall ,street8 ,the ,wall ,street journals themselves give the statistics4 ,more than #ij percent of all persistent ,wall ,street gamblers lose money in the end4 ,farming8 ,much safer1 but most farmers who have made much money in the past have accomplished it by way of an increase in the value of their land rather than through their farming operations4 ,this is the result of fluctuating prices4 ,bad years often eat up the savings of good years4 ,then1 too1 the good farmer is a busy man4 ,the better the year the busier he is4 ,very little time remains for side issues1 such as the planting of trees4 ,as a matter of fact1 as erosion of the soil progresses1 as good1 productive land becomes more scarce1 and as farm labor becomes more and more difficult to employ1 the attention of informed farm owners and operators has been turning more and more to soil-building1 perennial1 permanent and labor-saving crops4 ,of these1 grass and tree crops are1 far and away1 the most promising today4 ,in view of what ,i have found out during the last #bj years1 ,i am quite sure that1 if ,i were starting now1 ,i should expect to make farming a major element in my estate building1 but it would be mostly tree and grass farming1 not grain farming4 ,i should need livestock1 of course1 to make use of the grass4 ,and ,i like livestock4 ,this is what ,i ask of life3 ,first of all1 ,i must enjoy my work4 ,i do not care to spend all my days in getting ready to live4 ,my job must lie along the road ,i like to travel4 ,i do not care to work at a task so burdensome1 so time-consuming that ,i have no heart for the enjoyment of living4 ,at the same time1 a big part of the plan must be to find a good1 safe way to build an estate4 ,it must be feasible1 practical1 enjoyable4 ,i believe1 in the light of my own recent experience1 that if one is properly situated1 there is much to be said for the idea of undertaking the practice of forestry upon a rather liberal scale using ,eastern ,black walnut trees as a foundation4 ,in the first place1 ,i ask1 what living thing upon one's farm will cause less labor than a forest tree8 ,i know of none4 ,this fulfills the first requirement4 ,a forest tree calls for a minimum of attention as compared with other crops4 ,this is especially true if one permits livestock to keep down weeds and brush4 ,and here ,i am likely to be called a heretic4 ,the authorities say1 ,no grazing in a forest4 ,however1 in this field of forestry there are some traditional maxims which1 to say the least1 are not capable of universal application4 ,the authorities1 too1 have been known to rely upon what other authorities tell them--without investigating the facts for themselves4 ,it is not well to rely too implicitly or trustfully upon the authorities1 either ecclesiastical or scientific4 ,no grazing is a valid enough rule to follow in the ordinary forest1 but ,i have found that after the trees are well grown we can graze the land under a deep-rooted walnut tree which is planted in deep1 rich soil as we would graze any meadow land--in reason and in moderation4 ,the practice is profitable for annual income and it keeps down the fire hazard4 ,one bad fire in an ungrazed or unmown piece of brush-covered undergrowth can destroy in an hour #ej years of timber growth4 ,if we plant deep-rooted nut trees in deep1 rich soil1 and if we fertilize that soil as any valuable permanent pasture land is fertilized1 we can graze that land without injury to the trees or the land4 ,one other reason which is given for the prohibition of grazing is the desire to save young tree growth4 ,this is justified in ordinary forestry practice by the need to get annual income through successive cuttings4 ,the young growth must be encouraged to come on4 ,even so1 it must be thinned as it comes4 ,however1 a forest of black walnut trees yields its annual income in another way--through its nuts and its livestock4 ,trees in such a forest should be planted close enough together to cause them to reach straight up as they grow4 ,they will not all reach straight up1 of course1 but enough will do so to produce as many saw-logs as will normally grow in a forest2 that is1 if they have been properly planted in the first place4 ,in my own modified forest-type planting1 the black walnut trees stand #h feet apart in rows #bj feet apart4 ,the #bj-;foot spacing between rows was planned to provide more sunlight for nut production during the early years4 ,no one ever planted a forest in that way1 so far as ,i know4 ,the trees are now #ag years old1 about #cbej of them in all4 ,in the best soil of this #bj acres ,i can count about #ajjj forest-type1 straight1 well-grown trees4 ,there are about #aejj lesser trees1 low-limbed trees which will eventually be used1 perhaps1 for posts or some such purpose4 ,there are1 ,i regret to say1 about #gej trees that will never be worth anything4 ,an eroded slope and a hidden clay bed explain these misbegotten dwarfs4 ,the variable growth of these trees proves that the first care in making a planting of walnut for timber should be to plant in good soil1 deep and well drained4 ,bottom land1 even some that is occasionally overflown with flood-water1 and therefore not the best wheat land1 should be excellent for ,eastern ,black walnuts if the drainage is good4 ,rule two3--,select your seed or seedlings from large1 straight-growing1 healthy parents4 ,this rule needs explanation4 ,in last ,october's ,,nutshell1 an organ of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association1 ,spencer ,chase1 its editor1 called attention to a showing of ,carpathian ,persian walnuts by ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke which illustrated what was called the variability of seedling trees4 ,the progenitor of these seedlings was a ,lancaster ,carpathian ,persian walnut tree4 ,differences in size1 appearance and quality of nuts from these seedlings were said to have been remarkable4 ,such differences1 we know1 are greater with some species than with others4 ,a variable ancestry often results in a variable progeny4 ,on the other hand1 ,i know that my ,eastern ,american black walnuts do tend to reproduce the characteristics of their parents4 ,i have long rows of seedling trees1 all from one parent tree1 standing alongside long rows of seedlings from another parent4 ,the similarity of the tree growth and nut production of the trees in their own rows1 and their contrast in growth of trees and nuts to those in adjoining rows is striking and to me conclusive4 ,a photograph taken by ,dr4 ,o4 ,d4 ,diller1 of ,ohio ,state ,university1 in #aidf1 shows trees in a right-hand row grown from seed of a tree on the ,kinsey farm1 while on the left are seedlings of a tree on the ,mc,coy farm4 ,the circumference of trunks of ,kinsey seedlings averages more than twice that of ,mc,coy trees4 ,same soil1 same age 7#aa years71 same treatment4 ,those same trees1 now #ag years old1 still show these striking characteristics4 ,it is true that each tree in a row of seedlings is an individual in its own right4 ,no others are exactly like it4 ,nevertheless1 the family resemblances in that row are very like those in human families4 ,they are especially noticeable in the nuts--with1 for example1 rough shells in one row and smooth shells in another2 mainly large nuts in one and mainly small nuts in an adjoining family4 ,also1 some rows have mostly straight-growing trees1 others are predominantly branchy1 like the ,thomas4 ,it should be said in this connection that practically all of the parent trees of these seedlings stood in isolated positions and little subject to pollination from other trees4 ,so much for the ,eastern ,black walnut's evidence of hereditary influence4 ,so1 let us take inventory4 ,today1 ,i figure that the thousand well-grown trees in this planting are each adding a dollar per year to the value of the #bj acres upon which they stand4 #ajjj per year in all4 ,this estimate1 which of course seems optimistic1 is based upon the statement of a walnut tree buyer--a sawmill man--who tells me that a well grown1 deep-soil1 #ej-year-old ,eastern ,black walnut tree should average about #ej in value4 ,thus far1 my #ag-year-old youngsters1 some of them nearly #c feet in girth 7#i-a_/b to #aa or more inches in diameter at breast height7 look promising4 ,in addition to the potential added value of #ajjj per year1 this #bj acres has produced about two tons of in-hull nuts from selected trees only1 in each of the past two years1 7with more than that in prospect this year71 while the land beneath the trees grows good pasture and helps to support a small herd of cattle and calves4 ,once the trees were thoroughly established1 the labor investment has been very small4 ,nature1 for the most part1 has done her own pruning1 and has done it better than ,i deserve4 ,since the first half-dozen years1 there has been no cultivation4 ,the trees have been practically trouble-free4 ,winds have damaged a few and one wet spot has killed three trees4 ,there are a few black locust trees among the walnuts4 ,i can see no evidence that the walnuts have made either better or poorer growth because of the proximity of these nitrogen storers4 ,perhaps the evidence will show up later4 ,we shall see4 ,the last item in this inventory1 added value to the estate1 is still potential1 but the potential is surprising4 ,if my walnut timber buyer's estimate is trustworthy1 in #ag years the best #ajjj trees have added #ag1jjj potential dollars to the value of that #bj acres4 ,and they have done it with safety1 with little labor on my part and1 lately1 with annual dividends of excellent nuts and good pasture4 ,no other kind of forestry that ,i know of can do that4 ,it would1 of course1 be foolish to claim that the kind of management here described would be wise or workable with other forest species4 ,wise forest management requires1 first of all1 that the choice of species shall be adapted to the soil and climate favored by that species4 ,it requires a proper density of stand4 ,finally1 good management demands that a choice be made of the most valuable type of timber that can be produced upon your land4 ,if you can grow walnut successfully1 it would be foolish to grow ,willow or ,box ,elder4 ,one necessary thing ,i must do1 a thing that ,i should advise others similarly situated to do1 namely1 place a tight legal fence around this twenty acres in order to assure the trees' survival until #ej years have proved or disproved my faith4 ,for1 after all1 these trees are guinea pigs--pioneering4 ,they break some traditional rules4 ,the land they stand on is grazed4 ,they are not set the traditional #hj feet apart4 ,their nut crops may dwindle away4 ,one never sees walnut trees growing in pure stands--always with other species which scatter their seeds and push in4 ,they are not monopolists--like the pines4 ,very well1 we shall see4 ,my own small experiment in unorthodox ways has the temerity to suggest a new treatment for a species of timber tree which ,i personally regard as ,america's very best gift of its kind to the world4 ,for #ag years my modified forest-type planting of black walnut trees has not disappointed me4 ,that is why ,i now believe that the farmer in the ,eastern black walnut's native habitat who fails to set out these nut trees wherever he can is losing a good opportunity4 ,the ,mc,kinster ,persian ,walnut ,p4 ,e4 ,,machovina1 ,columbus1 ,ohio ,the ,mc,kinster ,persian walnut first attracted public attention when it received first place in the preliminary ,persian walnut contest conducted by the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association in #aidi4 ,in the follow-up contest of #aiej1 the variety was granted third place4 ,the ,mc,kinster tree resulted from ,crath ,carpathian seed secured through the ,wisconsin ,horticultural ,society by ,mr4 ,ray ,mc,kinster of ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,the seed was obtained and planted in the spring of #aich1 hence the tree is now #ae years of age4 ,probably this seed was secured by ,rev4 ,crath during his last trip when1 presumably1 he made some of his most careful selections4 ,altogether1 ,mr4 ,mc,kinster planted eleven ,crath nuts in the back yard of his small city lot1 nine of which germinated4 ,all but two of the resulting seedlings were distributed to friends and relatives living in the countryside4 ,many of these trees have disappeared due to accidents and lack of care2 a few1 however1 have produced nuts which apparently are not exceptional4 ,one such nut examined was of medium size with a fairly thick shell2 the kernel was of good flavor but somewhat bitter4 ,of the two trees retained by ,mr4 ,mc,kinster1 both were permitted to grow where the seed was planted1 however one died of an unknown cause when five years of age4 ,nuts produced by this tree were inferior to those produced by the survivor which later became known as the ,mc,kinster variety4 ,illustration ,illustration ,the ,mc,kinster tree may be viewed in the accompanying illustrations which show it without foliage and with foliage4 ,the pictures were taken in ,march and ,august1 respectively1 #aiec4 ,since it is a very beautiful and relatively clean tree1 the ,mc,kinster would be desirable in any yard4 ,from the pictures1 it will be noted that the site is unfortunate being restricted by two garages1 an alley1 and with numerous overhead utility wires4 ,some effort was made two years ago to keep the tree out of the wires by cutting back top growth4 ,the trimming stimulated the usual vigorous1 annual growth to produce terminals as great as #aj feet in one year4 ,ordinarily1 annual growths of #f feet of husky wood are not unusual4 ,new wood and buds are hardy in appearance and assume a rich brown color upon maturing4 ,with such growth1 cutting #ajjj feet of scion wood annually would be no problem4 ,the tree is now about #ce feet in height with a like spread4 ,the bearing record of the ,mc,kinster ,persian has been excellent4 ,its first crop of five or six nuts was borne at five years of age and large crops have been consistently set each year since with but one exception4 ,crop records have been impossible to maintain since the tree is located in a section of the city where squirrels abound4 ,any nuts saved must be protected by screen-wire cages4 ,the hunger of the squirrels for the nuts is amazing4 ,for example1 in #aiea1 they descended upon the tree during the first week of ,july and destroyed all nuts of the large crop within two weeks4 ,these nuts could not possibly have been filled and1 consequently1 could have been of little nutrient value4 ,in their voracity1 the squirrels frequently work on the cages and sometimes manage to break through4 ,to facilitate this endeavor1 limbs up to one inch in diameter carrying cages are sometimes cut off so the squirrels can attack more conveniently from the ground4 ,illustration ,it could be that nuts saved by caging are sometimes inferior4 ,the cages used are made by folding window screen into a doubled1 #d to #f inch square1 producing an envelope with wire sewn edges4 ,crowding from one to three nuts into a cage may result in inhibited development1 especially since considerable leaf surface must be removed when installing a cage4 ,because ,mr4 ,mc,kinster has been ill for several years1 it has been difficult to accomplish the caging2 consequently1 but few nuts are saved4 ,for example1 in #aiej1 there were insufficient nuts to meet the #be nut sample required by the contest judges4 ,all available nuts1 some probably inferior1 were entered1 and it is a matter of conjecture whether the nuts might have been judged higher under different circumstances4 ,also conjectural are the questions of crop size and regularity of bearing in the event the tree was permitted to mature its nuts4 ,the ,mc,kinster nuts1 which were the principal consideration in the contests rather than the tree itself1 are excellent in nearly all aspects4 ,they are of medium size1 averaging around #ce to the pound1 with about #eb per cent kernel4 ,the shell is moderately thin1 light in color1 well sealed1 of a satisfactory shape 7see illustration71 and with excellent cracking qualities4 ,the kernel is light1 plump1 of excellent flavor1 and in the words of one authority1 probably rank with the best in freedom from bitterness4 ,the nuts are matured by the middle of ,september and1 later1 drop1 free of the husk4 ,blooming of the parent tree usually occurs during the first week of ,may4 ,in #aiea1 the staminate flowers were first observed ,april #bi and the pistillate flowers ,may #b4 ,the narrator visited the tree on ,may #d at which time some catkins had fallen2 it was estimated that one-half to two-thirds of the pollen had been shed4 ,the pistillate flowers appeared to be either receptive or slightly past at this stage4 ,mr4 ,mc,kinster commented that the blooming period of #aiea was from a few days to a week earlier than usual4 ,in #aieb1 the shedding of pollen started on ,april #bi4 ,from the foregoing1 it may be noted that the ,mc,kinster ,persian is entirely or largely self-pollinating4 ,no other ,persian walnut trees which might assist in pollination occur in the vicinity and all known seedlings raised from nuts of the parent ,mc,kinster tree have appeared to be pure ,persian4 ,leafing out starts about a week before the bloom appears4 ,in the fall1 leaves are colored a beautiful bronze and are brought down in a great shower by the first frost4 ,a sample of the soil in which the ,mc,kinster tree is growing1 taken at a depth of #f inches1 was tested in ,july #aiej4 ,the results specify that the soil is mostly silt with an average amount of organic matter and that evidence indicates it to contain ashes4 ,the acidity is specified as neutral1 potash high1 and phosphate low4 ,no mention is made of available nitrogen2 however1 the dark green color of the leaves and vigorousness of growth would indicate a satisfactory supply4 ,fertilizer in small amount was applied once or twice during the early life of the tree2 also1 during this period1 ,mr4 ,mc,kinster spaded in garbage1 etc41 to increase the humus content of the soil4 ,in #aiea1 the narrator checked the p,h of the soil near the surface and obtained a value of #f4e4 ,only one instance of damage due to climatic conditions and none whatsoever from insects and diseases has ever been observed with the parent ,mc,kinster tree4 ,undoubtedly1 the city location offers some protection from frost1 but may also be detrimental1 on occasion1 through heat reflected from the many surrounding white-painted buildings4 ,for example1 an unseasonable warm spell occurred in ,columbus during the latter part of the first week in ,april of the current year4 ,the heat1 lasting for several days1 reached a high of #hj4d degrees and1 as a result1 the ,mc,kinster tree started vegetating4 ,leaf growths of from one-half to one inch had been reached when normal conditions returned4 ,two weeks later1 a cold spell with snow and temperatures of #bb degrees killed the new growth but did not injure the wood4 ,following this1 leafing re-occurred1 but at a slower rate and somewhat later than normal4 ,the size ultimately attained by the leaves is about one-half their usual size1 and1 consequently1 the accompanying illustration1 taken this summer1 does not exhibit the usual luxuriant appearance of the tree4 ,a large part of the bloom was damaged by the cold1 hence the tree set a lighter crop of nuts than usual4 ,in connection with early vegetating1 it may be remarked that ,mr4 ,mc,kinster1 several years ago1 presented two small grafted trees of his variety to a relative living in eastern ,kentucky4 ,these trees were planted on low ground and were killed the first year by late spring frosts after leafing out twice4 ,thus it seems evident that the ,mc,kinster tree has the fault1 common in ,carpathians1 of leafing out too early and being injured by late spring frosts1 especially when planted too far south4 ,three other trees1 grafted by ,mr4 ,mc,kinster and now about four years from the graft1 are situated in the countryside several miles south of ,columbus1 ,ohio1 where they are doing excellently1 having never been damaged4 ,the writer has several three year old ,mc,kinster grafts at his property in southeastern ,ohio which were deliberately set on stocks located in a bad frost pocket4 ,the grafts1 which are adjacent to a woods1 have made fair growth each spring but are injured during the summer by an insect laying eggs in the succulent growth4 ,the portion of terminal above the point of sting invariably dies the following winter and has the appearance produced by winter killing4 ,this damage has not been unique with the ,mc,kinster1 having also occurred with the ,mc,dermid1 ,watt1 ,burtner1 and other ,persian varieties growing nearby2 some of the latter were killed outright the first winter after grafting4 ,a one-year ,mc,kinster grafted tree with three feet of growth above the graft was cut back and transplanted by the writer to the yard of his ,columbus1 ,ohio1 home during the winter of #aieb4 ,growth the following spring was about two feet and obtained in rather poor soil4 ,after a long absence during the summer which was attended by a prolonged drouth1 the tree was found in a dying condition1 having lost all its leaves4 ,hurried watering resulted in a complete new coat of leaves and a small amount of additional terminal growth4 ,the tree matured its growth and withstood the winter nicely1 but suffered1 similar to the parent1 from the ,april1 #aiec1 unseasonable weather4 ,growth this summer from adventitious buds has been poor4 ,unfortunately1 the ,mc,kinster variety saw but little testing in other parts of the country prior to its recognition in #aidi4 ,so that this report might be as complete as possible1 requests were sent to several dozen experimenters who are known to have grafted the ,mc,kinster1 asking for their experiences and opinions of the variety4 ,the requests went to people scattered generally throughout the northeastern portion of the country1 a very few of which had received scion wood in #aiej1 a larger portion in #aiea1 and the bulk in #aieb4 ,for the most part1 replies indicate satisfaction and even enthusiasm2 very few report failure4 ,definite conclusions cannot be drawn because of the short time of trial2 however1 a general description of experiences will provide indications4 ,few experimenters report failure in grafting1 most stating the variety to be easy to graft4 ,any who mention the characteristic1 state that grafts are vigorous1 or that it is a fairly rapid grower4 ,for the experimenters1 the ,mc,kinster seems to be about average in its time of leafing out4 ,many report a set of nuts the second year after grafting4 ,as to time of maturing new growth1 the reply of ,mr4 ,stephen ,bernath of ,new ,york1 ,new growth matures about the end of ,september1 is fairly typical1 as is the reply of ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,dunstan of ,north ,carolina1 ,it appears to harden wood well ahead of frost4 ,most reports indicate no winter injury but are tempered by cautious observations that temperatures had not been low4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke of ,virginia1 who grafted the ,mc,kinster in the spring of #aiej1 reports3 ,pistillate buds developed during the summer of #aiea were killed by a frost catching new growth in the spring of #aieb4 ,mr4 ,john ,howe of ,missouri was the sole reporter of catastrophe when he stated3 ,my ,mc,kinster graft was killed by the ,november1 #aiea1 cold while the ,lake and ,mc,dermid varieties close by were not hurt4 ,mr4 ,sylvester ,shessler of northern ,ohio reports3 ,the ,mc,kinster withstood1 without injury1 the #aiea winter which killed #d hybrids and a ,crath1 and injured several others4 ,mr4 ,harry ,p4 ,burgart of ,michigan reports the variety as doing extra well for him4 ,the only reply mentioning disease came from ,dr4 ,dunstan who says3 ,it has been fairly clean in foliage so far1 less susceptible to leaf spot than some4 ,mr4 ,john ,gerstenmaier of ,massillon1 ,ohio1 grafted the ,mc,kinster in #aiea and reports excellent growth with a diameter of #b inches at the graft after two years4 ,he reports temperatures of #af degrees very early in ,november which caused no harm1 and pistillate bloom from ,may #h to #af1 #aieb1 which materialized into a crop of two nuts2 pollen was supplied by adjacent ,carpathians4 ,leafing out ordinarily starts about a week prior to the bloom for ,mr4 ,gerstenmaier2 but1 in ,april1 #aiec1 the unseasonable weather conditions also occurring in his vicinity caused early vegetating and killing1 while at nearby ,orrville1 the variety was undamaged4 ,mr4 ,gilbert ,becker of ,michigan1 who is enthusiastic about the ,mc,kinster variety1 believes the qualities of the nut to be superb and the characteristics of the tree satisfactory4 ,he is of the opinion that the too-short dormancy of the variety is not a serious objection1 particularly with climatic conditions such as those experienced in ,michigan4 ,even in central ,ohio1 where peach and apple crops are frequently lost due to spring frosts1 the ,mc,kinster has not been injured when located in the countryside and injured but once during its #ae years1 with a resultant smaller than usual crop1 when located in the city4 ,in closing1 it might be well to comment on the fact that nuts of the ,mc,kinster1 ,hansen and ,jacobs varieties alone placed high in both the #aidi and #aiej ,n4,n4,g4,a4 contests and that different panels of judges served in the two events4 ,certainly the nuts of these varieties are of a superior quality1 and it would seem important to determine those parts of the country where these varieties are sufficiently hardy to be of commercial value4 ,certainly these varieties should be given every opportunity to prove themselves4 ,carpathian ,walnuts in the ,columbia ,river ,basin ,,lynn ,,tuttle1 ,clarkston1 ,wash4 ,mr4 ,chairman and friends of the nut culture1 ,i regret that ,i cannot meet with you at this time1 but fate seems to have decreed otherwise4 ,the pleasant memory of the meeting at ,guelph is still with me and ,i must admit a feeling of humility as ,i prepare this paper for a group of sincere and devoted people united in a common interest4 ,the ,pacific ,northwest extends from the ,rocky ,mountains to the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,this area is divided by the ,cascade ,mountains which run north and south4 ,between the ,cascades and the ,pacific we have a coastal area wherein winters are generally mild1 summers cool1 and rainfall abundant4 ,under these1 conditions many plants do not attain a high degree of dormancy4 ,zero weather in ,seattle will damage walnuts as much as will twenty-five degrees below zero in the more continental climate east of the ,cascades4 ,carpathian walnuts have proved their value under both coastal and interior conditions4 ,this hardiness is at least partially due to their tendency to mature their buds and harden their growth earlier in the fall than do other types of ,english walnuts4 ,between the ,cascades and the ,rockies is a vast area part plateau and part mountains4 ,it is scarred with deep canyons and crossed by swift streams fed from springs and mountain snows4 ,roughly the elevation of farm lands varies from five hundred to over forty-five hundred feet4 ,depending largely on slope and elevation1 rainfall varies from about eight to twenty-five inches4 ,in general1 summer days are bright1 dry1 and fairly hot4 ,nights are clear and cool4 ,winters are unpredictable but always vary much according to location and elevation4 ,infrequently temperatures may drop to more than twenty below zero at ,clarkston4 ,other areas of similar elevation may be five to ten degrees colder4 ,for the sake of clarity and to reduce the territory covered1 we will confine ourselves largely to that part of the ,columbia ,basin irrigated and to be irrigated in ,central ,washington4 ,the application is general1 however4 ,grand ,coulee ,dam has made feasible the irrigation of about #a-a_/d million acres of sage brush1 bunch grass1 and marginal wheat lands4 ,irrigation is already practised over other vast acreages4 ,this land is level to rolling1 and is of sandy loam nature4 ,it is deeply under-laid by layers of lava rock--in places thousands of feet thick4 ,as in most arid climates the soil is rich in minerals but low in nitrogen and organic matter4 ,under irrigation production is amazing4 ,the growing season is sufficiently long for ,carpathian walnuts anywhere in the irrigated area4 ,walnuts originally from ,southern ,europe have proved unsatisfactory because they killed at #bj to #be below zero4 ,it was discouraging to have a ten or fifteen year old tree killed outright by an unusual winter4 ,but it was just these conditions that led to the discovery of the ,schafer walnut4 ,this tree survived the winters of #aicf and #aicg in a part of the ,yakima valley where all other varieties similarly located were killed4 ,so far as ,i know1 none of these were ,carpathians4 ,many ,carpathians are now being planted1 mostly for yard trees1 but promise to eventually become one of the big commercial crops of the area4 ,however1 skepticism on the part of the public and scarcity of nursery stock has delayed commercial planting4 ,a fair portion of good growers are now convinced that commercial growing is profitable and stock1 our own and others1 is becoming more plentiful4 ,our experience has been confined largely to the ,schafer walnut and it is1 aside from some promising seedlings1 so far as we know1 the only proven ,carpathian in this area4 ,we do not wish to discredit possibilities of any other variety1 but must speak out of our own observations4 ,there are numerous small1 commercial plantings now producing1 the nuts being sold locally4 ,accurate production figures are not available and if available would vary greatly due to the care given the trees4 ,the ,schafer1 and this will undoubtedly hold true of some other ,carpathians1 bears more at five years than a ,franquette does at ten4 ,i have seen apple boxes 7about one bushel7 of nuts harvested from five and six years old trees4 ,production increases rapidly with age4 ,as with fruit trees good air drainage and good soil drainage are desirable for the walnut orchard4 ,the ,schafer starts fairly early in the spring and new leaves are easily nipped by late frosts4 ,a severe late freeze might also injure new growth although ,i do not recall a crop having been lost due to this cause4 ,although pollinizers have not been used1 we think that on young trees and in some years they might insure a better crop4 ,we are now propagating two pollinizing varieties the catkins of which come out later than the ,schafer4 ,trees planted sixty feet apart permit inter-planting to row and other crops for several years4 ,columbia ,basin lands under irrigation produce enormous crops of potatoes1 beans1 sugar beets1 rutabagas1 green peas1 clover or alfalfa seed1 peppermint oil1 and fruit4 ,average potato--#bj tons1 alfalfa hay--#g tons 7three cuttings71 alfalfa seed--#hjj pounds1 dry beans--#b1ejj pounds1 wheat--#gj to #ajj bushels4 ,in some areas peach or apricot trees make good fillers4 ,carpathians also fit into the picture as yard trees1 for border plantings1--either to utilize run-off water or to use water wasted along ditches and pipe lines and for wind breaks4 ,this open country is naturally windy and trees greatly reduce the ground velocity of wind4 ,nut production in this area appears to be much heavier than on the coast or in ,california with varieties now being grown there4 ,so far we are pest-free4 ,the potentials of good ,carpathian walnuts in this area are unlimited4 ,walnuts and ,filberts in ,southern ,wisconsin ,c4 ,f4 ,,ladwig1 ,beloit1 ,wisc4 ,my farm is located a few blocks north of the ,illinois-,wisconsin line on a rise overlooking the city of ,beloit1 whose western limits are almost adjacent to my land4 ,temperature in this section ranges from #ajj degrees above to #cj degrees below zero2 rarely reaching either extreme--with an average frost free period of #agc days4 ,rainfall averages approximately #ce inches4 ,walnut1 butternut1 bitternut1 hazel and hickory are native1 but just about non-existent in my vicinity except on my place in the young state4 ,the land on my place has been tobaccoed and corned out for over #ajj years and its once rich clay loam with sandy streaks was unable to grow ragweed over #b inches high when ,i bought it4 ,trying to grow nut trees in this soil presents problems as you well know4 ,my problem was not to get them to grow vigorously but to get them to grow at all4 ,however1 by using fertile spots1 formerly barnyard and around the house1 ,i got several walnuts and filberts started4 ,i have an eight year old ,crath #a1 two ,myers black walnuts1 about the same age1 ,cochrane and ,thomas1 #f years1 all obtained from ,mr4 ,berhow1 and a fine assortment of ,jones hybrid filberts from ,mrs4 ,langdoc1 a ,rush filbert from ,mr4 ,burgart1 two ,european filberts from the ,new ,york ,state ,fruit ,testing ,association1 some hybrid seedlings1 some native hazels from seed1 some bitternut seedlings from ,mr4 ,weschcke1 a few native hickory seedlings1 an ,american chestnut seedling from ,scarff1 #b butternut seedlings1 #b nice ,chinese tree hazels from ,mr4 ,shessler1 several ,jacobs walnut seedlings1 and regia hindsii hybrids from seed of ,mr4 ,pozzi1 some ,crath seedlings and a number of ,thomas black walnut seedlings--also native walnut seedlings4 ,mr4 ,shessler and ,prof4 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel have been a source of help1 advice1 and inspiration to me and ,i am deeply indebted to them1 as well as to many other members of the ,n4,n4,g4,a4 who have shared their experiences with me4 ,how have the trees done8 ,the ,crath #a is bearing a few nuts this year4 ,it had no catkins1 but the ,cochrane was loaded with staminate bloom at the right time4 ,i got busy with the ,cochrane pollen and a brush and went to work on the ,crath pistillate bloom4 ,very pleased with this cross ,i looked the ,crath over a few days later to check on progress4 ,i picked the little nutlets off the ground and inspected them carefully1 then threw them into the chickens to see if they would eat them4 ,back in my mind was the feeling that ,mother ,nature thought ,i was getting too big for my britches and decided to teach me a lesson4 ,however she generously allowed a few air pollinated nutlets to grow1 and so there will be a small crop of the round and plump smooth green balls4 ,the ,crath #a is not perfectly hardy as it freezes back an inch or two in the cold winters4 ,two years ago the warm wet fall left it unprepared for the sudden onslaught of winter and several whole branches died and the trunk split open1 the split sounding like a rifle shot one cold1 crisp evening4 ,i happened to be standing by it at the time4 ,the ,myers black walnuts are splendid trees and just about hardy4 ,they bore a few nuts and second and third year from planting1 which sapped their vitality4 ,they then bore nothing for about three years1 which happened to be unfavorable years for walnuts anyway1 and began to bear again this year with a moderate crop4 ,it looks like the plum curculio1 my arch insect enemy1 is trying the nuts for size4 ,i saved some ,cochrane pollen and went to work on the ,myers1 with you know what results4 ,however three of the nutlets stayed on the tree2 so that ,i may have effected a cross between ,myers and ,cochrane4 ,thomas has acted peculiarly for me4 ,it went thru the devastating winters of #aiej and #aiea in fine shape1 then froze back last winter when the temperatures never went below #e degrees below zero4 ,the very dry fall should have ripened all branches to perfection4 ,my mule1 ,zombie1 took a liking to the branches and leaves of this tree1 so it is now trimmed up like an umbrella4 ,the small nut crop must have also gone down ,zombie's gullet4 ,he is more destructive to walnut and plum than the curculio4 7,tie him up4 ,ed47 ,thomas does not seem to have a great future up here4 ,now ,cochrane is different4 ,if that little tree has as many nuts on it as it had catkins this year1 ,i'm going to have to move the corn out of the crib and put the walnuts in there4 ,it is not a fast growing tree1 but this may be the fault of the spot it is in1 judging by the color of the leaves4 ,i never got around to fertilizing it4 ,now that ,i told you about the ,cochrane1 ,i'll have to tell you about the ,wayne black walnut4 ,it is eight years old1 stands about eight feet high and is hardy4 ,my ,black ,walnut seedlings stand from six inches to six feet high4 ,they go back to six inches every other year when ,i cut them down to graft them4 ,nobody in the nut tree field can call me a grafter4 ,i'll make him prove it6 ,the hickory1 butternut1 bitternut1 and chestnut are step children and fend for themselves on less desirable soil4 ,all are small4 ,the regia-hindsii hybrids are small and young and are being given special care1 but may not be perfectly hardy4 ,they grow well4 ,the ,jones hybrid filberts stand from six to eight feet high1 except those planted recently4 ,this year they have a fair crop4 ,the catkins came thru the winter in good shape for the most part4 ,my two ,european filberts1 which have lost their identity1 but are either ,italian ,red1 ,cosford1 or ,medium ,long1 7one of the three perished7 usually suffer the loss of their catkins and occasionally lose a branch or two to winter's icy fingers4 ,to me1 the filberts are fascinating at all times of the year4 ,when the snow is deep and the cold bites deep1 their tight little catkins always hold forth the comfortable promise of spring4 ,when spring does come the thrill of the tiny red blossoms and lumbering catkins is as real and enduring as the promise of a crop of the shiny nuts is fickle4 ,then1 of course1 after the last tiny blossom has faded and the last catkin has withered1 the leaves push forth4 ,to me1 these tiny leaves are a sight comparable to the opening and unfurling of the various varieties of the grape4 ,then enters the element of suspense1 between the time of leafing out and the time when the little nut clusters appear4 ,my bushes are all growing together on a rise of ground near an old barn foundation4 ,the ground is rich and they love it4 ,each bush is individual and distinctive as are their nuts--some tucked far in the husk1 some bulging out in a precarious fashion1 some fat and round1 others long and narrow4 ,they're interesting4 ,i can let the butternuts1 bitternuts and hickories pass1 the heartnuts1 chestnuts1 and pecans can wait until ,i am sure they will bear here4 ,the walnut will grow up along with the other trees--blending into the landscape1 but the filberts1 like ,zombie1 call attention to themselves every day of the year4 ,somebody said recently that the emphasis in ,england is in being1 and in our country in becoming4 ,i imagine our land stopped being with the disappearance of the ,indian and the primeval forest and is now in the process of becoming something else4 ,what that something else is we don't know1 and each generation carries a new set of values1 but we all know that to become something better1 trees must and will figure in the plans of all generations--better and more useful and more disease resistant trees4 ,it is significant that nut trees lead in these requirements4 ,biology1 ,distribution and ,control of the ,walnut ,husk ,maggot ,,dr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,,gambrell1 ,new ,york ,state ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,geneva1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,dr4 ,,gambrell3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ladies and gentlemen1 some #bb years ago1 ,i believe it was1 ,i attended one of your meetings at the ,experiment ,station in ,geneva1 and at that time ,i gave a little talk on the walnut husk maggot4 ,perhaps some of you are old enough to have been there and remembered something about it1 or maybe you are old enough so that you have forgotten as much as ,i have1 so it would be worth talking over again4 ,at any rate1 when the chairman of your program committee wrote ,dr4 ,chapman1 asking him if he might talk1 he came to me and said1 ,would you be willing to do this8 ,i said ,i'd be willing but ,i didn't know whether ,i'd be able4 ,but finally1 the pressure was so great that ,i said yes1 and ,i am here4 ,after ,i accepted the invitation1 ,i made up my mind that ,i would like to bring myself up to date as much as possible on recent developments on walnuts1 so ,i took the liberty of writing to a lot of our entomological colleagues and talking to one of your members1 ,mr4 ,slate1 in the hope that ,i might get some more recent information on the maggots1 or1 particularly1 the control of this walnut husk maggot4 ,i wrote to some #aj or #ae entomologists in #ae states1 as well as the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture in ,washington and to our neighbors on the north in ,ottawa4 ,i must say that ,i have had a very fine response from everybody4 ,they were all very willing to help1 but practically all of them had the same answer3 while they knew there was such a bug1 they didn't know too much about it as an economic pest4 ,so that left us all right in the same boat1 with about two exceptions1 as when we began4 ,our friends to the north in ,canada sent some very nice information4 ,we also had some information from the ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,entomology and ,plant ,quarantine1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 together with some illustrated material4 ,also our good friend1 ,dr4 ,boyce1 at the ,citrus ,experiment ,station1 in ,riverside1 ,california1 with whom ,i have discussed the walnut husk maggot problem quite a few years ago1 had a very nice bit of information and illustrative material which he provided4 ,incidentally1 he is the man who has been mainly responsible for the development of the walnut husk fly control program for the nut industry in ,california4 ,i would certainly like to take this opportunity to acknowledge any contributions he or the other people have made towards this discussion4 ,in ,new ,york ,state we have in our official list of insects about #cj species of fruit flies that are catalogued1 but only about five of these can be classified as of economic importance4 ,two of these occur on the cherries1 both sweets and sours1 and are called the cherry maggots4 ,another one on apples1 known as apple maggot1 and a related form on blueberry4 ,and then1 of course1 the walnut husk maggot1 and one other which occasionally occurs on currants1 but this one1 of course1 is of less importance than the others4 ,the fruit industry1 of course1 in ,new ,york is quite large1 both apples and cherries1 so that there is a considerable problem there as far as control is concerned4 ,the growers spend thousands of dollars every year in combatting the various species of fruit flies4 ,the interesting thing in this connection is that throughout the last #be years with which ,i am familiar with the cherry fruit flies--in fact1 that was one of the first projects ,i worked on in cooperation with ,dr4 ,hugh ,glasgow when ,i came to the ,experiment ,station in #aibe--the control measures which we developed in #aibe to #aibg are essentially the ones which we are still using today2 that is1 for the most part4 ,there have been various attempts to change the control program through the introduction of these newer insecticides1 and some progress has been made1 but in every case they have been wrought with some difficulties4 ,at the present time the official state recommendations for the control of apple maggot and cherry maggot still include the use of arsenate of lead under some conditions4 ,i mention that at this point because it is of some significance in the overall control4 ,i am going to discuss that later on4 ,as far as the host plants and distribution of the walnut husk maggot is concerned1 according to the original description which was published almost a hundred years ago1 it was listed as occurring in and to the ,middle ,states4 ,that is a little bit indefinite1 but at least it occurs all over the ,eastern ,united ,states and as far west as ,kansas4 ,then the one which occurs in ,california1 which has since been called ,rhagoletis completus 787 looks very similar to the one that we have here1 but there are slight taxonomic differences1 so at least it is considered a different species4 ,at any rate1 it is very similar to the one we have here1 and this whole group of fruit flies that we have been talking about have a lot of similarity in their wing patterns and things of that sort4 ,and the fact that ,i mentioned the control as generally as ,i did is of significance in that all of these flies of the various species are apparently susceptible to the same type of control measure4 ,as far as the host plants are concerned1 ,i have personally observed injury on all of our common ,juglans species that ,i have run across in ,new ,york ,state and in some of the states to the south of us1 including butternut1 ,japanese walnut1 ,english walnut and black walnut4 ,i have seen reports of infestations which were recorded in hickory1 but ,i personally have not seen them4 ,i'd just like to have a show of hands4 ,how many in the audience here have had experience with the walnut husk maggot or had injury on the fruit8 7,showing of hands47 ,i see the majority of you certainly know what it is1 but just as a brief reminder1 the type of injury1 of course1 varies somewhat depending possibly on the variety and time of year at which the fruits first become infested4 ,we know1 of course1 that the flies do not begin to puncture the husk until they attain a certain degree of softness4 ,early in the season they are not able1 apparently1 to penetrate the husk with the ovipositor1 and that1 of course1 varies not only with hardness but with varieties4 ,the flies1 of course1 may be seen on the fruit even though they are not able to penetrate the husk and deposit their eggs4 ,these husks1 of course1 many of them1 become dry and hard after they have been tunnelled out1 and it is almost impossible to clean the shells4 ,occasionally you have nuts in which you have a separation of the suture1 and in those cases you very frequently get the exudate from the husk penetrating through the suture in the shell onto the kernels themselves1 and in those cases molds may grow on the kernels so that those fruits are no good4 ,in connection with this injury ,i am going to show you some slides in a few minutes1 but the preceding speaker made reference to a type of injury which occurred on the terminal growth of a walnut tree and that is one that we have had a lot of inquiries at the ,experiment ,station about1 injury to the new terminal growth fairly early in the season4 ,that probably1 in most cases1 is caused by the butternut or the walnut curculio4 ,early in the season these adults begin feeding on the new terminal growth1 and they even puncture the new growth and lay their eggs there before the nuts are large enough for them to attack and very often considerable killing back of the terminal growth occurs4 ,i have seen it on ,english walnut seedlings in nursery rows where there would be very large kill-back from the walnut curculio4 ,superficially the injury on the fruit is quite similar to that of the husk maggot4 7,first slide47 ,this first slide is just to give you some idea of the general areas of fruit growing and distribution in ,new ,york ,state4 ,the eastern section1 right-hand side1 ,champlain ,valley and ,hudson ,valley1 are primarily apple maggot regions4 ,some walnut husk fly probably occurs there1 but they are predominantly apple-growing areas4 ,in the central part of the state1 northern1 particularly1 we have fruit1 and as far as ,i know1 there are no plantings of walnuts there1 though you people may know of some4 ,in ,the ,ontario ,plains section south of ,lake ,ontario is one of our big fruit belts in the ,state4 ,some walnuts are also grown here4 ,consequently this area has in it apple1 walnut and cherry maggot flies1 and1 of course1 they will be lapping over in all those areas into surrounding territories4 ,but this gives you an idea1 in a general way1 of the distribution of the host plants and the flies about which ,i have been speaking4 7,next slide47 ,those flies get pretty big when you get them up there4 ,they are not that easy to see in the field4 ,the ones on the top are the species found on cherries4 ,the one on the lower left is the apple maggot1 the one on the lower right is walnut husk maggot4 ,the only difference you can see here is in the wing pattern but in nature they differ in color4 ,they all have a little different wing pattern4 ,also1 there is a little difference in size1 the walnut husk maggot being the biggest of the four species shown here4 7,next slide47 ,i have shown here the emergence date of the various species1 including the cherry fruit flies1 the apple maggot and the walnut husk fly4 ,and you notice that beginning over about the first week in ,june you have emergence of the cherry fruit flies1 and you have a continuance of emergence of some of these species up until at least the first or second week in ,august4 ,these points going up and down just show the number of flies that were taken on given dates1 and there is a very definite correlation between the proportion of flies that emerge on any given day with the temperature or moisture condition4 ,some years1 when you have very hot1 dry weather1 there is considerable mortality of these flies as they just do not seem to be able to emerge from the soil1 which is a good thing4 7,next slide47 ,this photograph is one that ,i wasn't sure ,i was going to get back in time for the meeting1 but it is a ,kodachrome of a pair of flies mating on an ,english walnut4 ,this happened to occur on some of our own trees at the station1 so that we are not immune from attack by this bug4 7,next slide47 ,that is a close-up of an egg puncture1 just a very tiny little hole in the husk1 and once in a while they lay an egg even on the surface4 ,those eggs are quite small1 about a millimeter in length and about two-tenths of a millimeter in width1 but the next slide will show you that what they normally do is to put them inside that puncture in groups4 ,they vary quite a bit1 but the average number of eggs is about #bj in each puncture4 ,but that doesn't mean you won't have maybe four or five different punctures on a given nut1 so you may end up with at least a hundred or more maggots in a shuck4 7,next slide47 ,and the next picture is a photograph of the same ,english walnut taken about six or seven days later1 showing the young maggots that have just hatched out4 ,what they will do1 they will begin boring in1 and they will just radiate out in all directions into the shuck4 ,when they have gotten that far along1 of course1 there is no hope for control4 7,next slide47 ,this slide is one taken when the maggots were almost mature1 showing the type of damage that you get4 7,next slide47 ,this is the resting stage1 or the pupa1 the one which spends the winter in the soil and from which the flies emerge in ,new ,york1 at least in our section1 beginning about ,july #aeth and going through up until ,august #aeth4 7,next slide47 ,the one at the top is normal fruit4 ,i mentioned a while ago that this butternut curculio causes quite a bit of concern and also spoke about its being in terminals4 ,if you look carefully you see a very definite hole here in the husk4 ,that is where the adult punctured the husk4 ,it may have been a feeding puncture first and later an egg was laid inside1 and then you get the maggot or the grub of the curculio developing in there1 so that superficially that discoloration looks very much like the walnut husk maggot4 ,but in this case you may not find over one or two maggots in a nut4 ,and the other difference is that these fruits which are attacked usually fall during ,july and ,august1 whereas the ones that have maggots in1 many of them stick right on the trees and don't come off at all4 7,next slide47 ,i have two or three slides just showing the variations in the degree of injury on ,english walnuts from the point where you'd have an egg puncture4 ,the puncture was made on the other side of the nut1 on top here1 and this is just the exudate running down around the nut which dries and becomes black4 ,but these walnuts up above show just a lot of dark spots where the maggots are beginning to find their way through the husk4 ,i have with me some injured nuts similar to those shown on the screen if you'd like to see them when ,i have finished my talk4 ,they will give you a little idea what maggot injury looks like4 7,next slide47 ,this is the same type of injury on butternut4 ,maybe you'd have one egg puncture and as many as a hundred or #abj maggots inside the shuck4 7,next slide47 ,this is a picture of maggot injury on black walnut4 ,they don't seem to like the black walnuts as well as they do the ,persian walnut and butternut4 7,next slide47 ,this is one of the hybrid ,english walnuts that is located on the grounds at the ,geneva ,experiment ,station4 ,it's quite a large tree4 ,i don't know the name of it4 ,maybe you do1 ,george4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,it has no name4 ,,dr4 ,,gambrell3 ,it's not very fruitful1 anyway1 is it8 ,but it is also susceptible to injury4 7,next slide47 ,this photograph was made quite a few years ago1 and that explains some of the lines around it1 but at any rate1 this pile of nuts shows the damaged ones that came from one tree1 and also the ones that were not infested4 ,in other words1 about two-thirds of the nuts on that particular tree had been infested with maggots4 7,next slide47 ,that's a close-up view and is the type of thing ,i was trying to describe to you earlier where the shucks dry up and stick to the nut so that you cannot remove them4 ,those on the left1 of course1 would be absolutely no good for commercial purposes4 7,next slide47 ,now1 ,i suppose you are all interested in this matter of control4 ,unfortunately1 ,i must admit that ,i have not worked on the walnut husk maggots very much in the last #ae or #bj years4 ,you may recall that we had a severe freeze back in #aicc or #aicd1 which took out quite a lot of our ,persian walnuts in ,western ,new ,york1 and only the hardier trees remained4 ,but prior to that time we had been getting numerous complaints1 from growers about injury from walnut husk maggots1 and we did some work at that time and also worked with the ,farm ,bureau people in the counties where walnuts were grown fairly commonly4 ,in many cases these ,persian walnuts were grown on fruit farms where they also have apples and other fruits4 ,so that in those cases it was not a difficult problem to obtain control4 ,we worked out a program whereby1 say1 beginning about ,july the #bjth to the #beth1 at which time quite a few of the flies would have emerged1 if the orchardist1 when he was going through with his regular spray operation on his fruit trees1 would give his walnuts at least two applications at about two weeks intervals1 he'd cease to have a maggot problem4 ,that pretty well solved it1 as far as they were concerned4 ,but there were also these other plantings where you'd have just a few trees1 or possibly one tree in a back yard1 something of that sort1 which is a little bit more difficult to control4 ,dr4 ,glasgow and ,i found that on cherry maggot in the city1 while a material like lead arsenate is very effective in a commercial orchard1 it's very ineffective for just one little tree in your own back yard1 providing your neighbors have some trees and they don't spray them4 ,the reason is very obvious3 the flies don't necessarily stay on the same tree4 ,they visit around from tree to tree1 they feed on the surface of the leaves or fruit4 ,therefore1 it's possible for them to be over on someone else's unsprayed tree and still come over and lay eggs in the nuts of a sprayed walnut tree before being killed4 ,so you can see that such activity may create somewhat of a problem4 ,at any rate1 the lead arsenate spray of three pounds to a hundred gallons1 with or without fungicides1 has given good control in the past4 ,that ,no4 #c combination of lime sulphur and lead arsenate was used west of ,rochester here around ,hilton where this grower had a commercial fruit planting1 but he also had a number of ,english walnuts4 ,the year prior to the time these trees were sprayed he had about #dj per cent of the nuts infested1 and the year these were sprayed the infestation dropped they came down to about one percent4 ,notice the comment at the foot of the table which states that the trees that were not treated the following year went back up to #bj per cent of the nuts infested4 ,there were about #bj per cent of the trees that had infestation4 ,of course1 the flies moved around enough that the trees became reinfested4 ,it simply brings out the point that unless you have a pretty good-sized planting1 you are going to have to spray pretty thoroughly in order to get control1 and also1 if you only have one or two trees and you have a lot of surrounding shrubbery and a lot of trees1 it would be very wise to also spray those1 unless they are plums or peaches1 which are quite susceptible to arsenical injury4 ,but most things would stand the arsenate of lead1 and it would be very desirable1 wherever you can1 to spray surrounding trees and shrubs close to the walnuts themselves1 and in so doing you would get pretty effective control4 ,it is quite possible to use this control method and obtain over #hj per cent reduction in infestation4 ,i am sorry to say ,i don't have any information on these newer materials1 like ,,ddt1 methoxychlor and parathion4 ,you have probably read about all of those in the magazines4 ,some of the men in our department have done quite a bit of work with these insecticides on the apple maggot in the ,hudson ,valley and in ,western ,new ,york and they find1 as ,i mentioned earlier1 while it's possible to obtain control of apple maggot1 say1 with ,,ddt1 it requires much more frequent application4 ,in that case1 if any of you are orchardists or follow the apple-growing insect problems at all1 the first application of the walnut maggot spray should go on at about the time the last cover spray for the coddling moth goes on for the first brood4 ,that sounds a little involved1 but from the calendar point of view it would be about ,july #beth in ,central or ,western ,new ,york4 ,normally1 with us here the cherries are being harvested by about ,july #aeth1 sometimes a little earlier1 but at any rate1 that's the time the flies usually begin to emerge4 ,we have what we call a pre-oviposition period of about two weeks1 during which time the flies are not laying any eggs in the shucks and are moving around feeding4 ,of course1 that is the time you have to get this spray material on1 before they have punctured the nuts and deposited eggs inside4 ,i think1 unless there are questions1 that's all ,i have to say4 ,a ,,member3 ,you recommend ,no4 #c to be used8 ,,dr4 ,,gambrell3 ,lead arsenate at #c lbs4_/#ajj gallons and #b gal4 of lime sulphur would be an effective insecticide-fungicide mixture4 ,i have used both the wettable sulphur and lime sulphur1 as shown here1 without any injury to foliage4 ,sometimes1 as you know1 if it's real hot1 like today1 sulphur could cause you a lot of foliage injury4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels will certainly bear me out on that4 ,,president ,,best3 ,now ,i think ,joe ,mc,daniel has a little idea here he wants to introduce at this time4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,i have been talking with ,mr4 ,devitt4 ,he is interested in following up these ,carpathian trees in ,ontario and is willing to act as our agent in securing seed nuts from some of the better selected trees4 ,as ,i understand it1 this ,association couldn't properly act as a sales agency for them1 but ,i believe there are some of the members who would like to get these superior seed nuts of ,ontario1 and ,i would be willing to take the names of persons who are interested in them1 either for their personal planting or for resale4 ,mr4 ,devitt thinks he can secure the nuts at about #fj cents a pound from the owners who have these good trees and deliver them to the ,united ,states at around a dollar a pound4 ,anyone who is interested in that1 see me or ,spencer ,chase during the remainder of the meeting4 ,panel ,discussion3 ,the ,persian ,walnut ,situation ,moderator3 ,s4 ,b4 ,,chase2 ,panel ,members3 ,h4 ,l4 ,,crane1 ,,gilbert ,,becker1 ,j4 ,c4 ,,mcdaniel1 ,h4 ,f4 ,,stoke4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,to introduce the subject1 ,lynn ,tuttle sent a paper1 and in addition he sent a few slides4 ,we won't give the paper1 but we are going to run through a few slides very hurriedly1 because he took the trouble to send them4 ,i am going to read the captions off very quickly4 7,a series of slides of ,persian ,walnut were shown74 ,the moderator isn't going to do anything other than ask for any questions that you folks have on ,carpathians at this time4 ,i am going to ask ,dr4 ,crane to comment on this question3 ,are we going overboard building up our varieties as we know them now8 ,in other words1 we have selected four or five varieties that won a contest and our judges selected them as best1 and these are the only ones we are hearing about4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,mr4 ,moderator1 ,i don't believe we are1 provided that we maintain high standards in the varieties distributed and tested4 ,i feel that when we select a variety we should select it because it is a good nut1 not that it's a world beater1 for big size and thick1 rough1 rugged shell that is not sealed1 and which is of no value for human use or consumption1 excepting for firewood or fuel4 ,those big nuts won't fill4 ,the best nuts are of reasonably large size1 well filled with a well sealed shell and with a kernel that is sweet4 ,don't figure on selling nuts that have bitter kernels to anybody else4 ,we have nut varieties of the ,carpathians that are not going to go over because of the faults that ,i have mentioned4 ,i should say1 too1 that we do not know how widely a variety is going to be adapted to different climates4 ,if we select rigidly for good1 outstanding varieties that bear good nuts and good1 vigorous trees1 we won't get too many4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,that was one point ,i wanted brought out1 that we are now just in the preliminary stage of this ,carpathian variety selection business4 ,of the selections made some have been made by default1 because there weren't enough of other samples to compete with4 ,on the other hand1 the several we have we all consider outstanding in some respect1 or other1 and are of value as a beginning provided we bear in mind that we haven't scratched the surface on ,carpathian walnuts yet4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,and let's not confine ourselves to ,carpathian walnuts1 because ,hanson is not ,carpathian walnut1 and that's an excellent nut4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,mr4 ,stoke1 what is going to be ,,nnga's policy in trying to give recommendations for the planting of ,carpathian or ,persian walnuts8 ,in other words1 does it make any real difference whether it's a ,carpathian or whether it is not1 as long as it has proved hardy and of good quality8 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,we are dealing with ,persian walnuts1 and ,carpathian happens to be one class of ,persian1 and ,broadview happens to be a ,persian that came from ,russia1 and ,lancaster is one that came from somewhere in ,europe and landed up in ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania4 ,i would emphasize the name ,persian as the over all name4 ,the ,carpathian is merely a ,persian walnut which has been brought from the ,carpathian mountains of ,poland4 ,,mr4 ,,becker3 ,last summer a group of nut growers went to ,lee ,sommers'1 which is in the central part of ,michigan4 ,in the invitation to our nut growers ,i said1 ,this is the only pure ,carpathian orchard we know in ,michigan4 ,that didn't set well with some of them and they took issue with me4 ,in answering this issue1 ,i said that ,mr4 ,sommers had planted ,carpathian ,persian walnut seed that came from ,poland direct4 ,many of us have a mixture4 ,even ,mr4 ,shessler has the ,hanson and ,jacobs and a number of others4 ,if he sells you seed1 you are going to get it mixed4 ,in a few years we will have a job keeping pure ,carpathian4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,isn't it a matter of straight terminology8 ,juglans ,regia is the ,persian walnut4 ,carpathians are a regional strain of ,juglans ,regia4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,i think we all understand that4 ,,mr4 ,,machovina3 ,can we speak of a ,carpathian strain4 ,crath himself said there were many4 ,he even found walnuts growing in clusters like grapes4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,it would be a regional group of clones with a certain origin not a strain in the genetic sense4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,they are just ,persian walnuts that happened to come from the ,carpathian region4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,there is a little difference4 ,i believe that in the northern countries we have had more or less inbreeding and we could consider them more nearly a line1 not a strain1 because of that4 ,when the original seed was introduced by ,reverend ,crath1 probably each one of those lots of nuts come from different trees1 as a line1 but1 now this second generation stuff that's coming along1 it's just ,juglans ,regia4 ,it's a hardy ,persian walnut4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,i think ,i can offer a word of explanation of those growing in clusters4 ,i have no doubt that when the barbarians swept over the wall centuries ago they brought ,asiatic walnuts with them from as far as ,manchuria4 ,they grew in clusters there like butternuts and heartnuts4 ,no doubt some of them reached ,europe1 and some of them may have hybridized with the ,persian1 and ,i think really that's the answer4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,the same situation existed with peaches #bj years ago4 ,we had five geographical races of peaches that were more or less distinct4 ,with the exception of one1 the ,peento1 they have all lost their identity now because there has been no attempt to keep them distinct4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,that's right4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,then we end up1 there is no such thing as a ,carpathian1 it's just a name for a hardy walnut that came from a certain region1 that distinguishes it from others4 ,,mr4 ,,keplinger3 ,in my parents' old home in ,eastern ,germany in the ,bohemian mountains there is an ,english walnut tree that's #cjj years old and bears a hundred bushels of walnuts a year4 ,they stand #dj below zero there1 too1 and the nut cracks and hulls well4 ,it has a record on standing the cold1 but there hasn't been any of them brought out here and planted in this country1 but they are there4 ,i know they are there1 because they are on our estate4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,mr4 ,moderator1 there is one remark that ,i want to make4 ,here we are1 the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 and yet we still use the term1 ,english walnut1 when we are talking about ,carpathian walnut and ,persian walnut4 ,this ,english walnut is the worst form of terminology that can be used4 ,england doesn't have any walnuts2 they have never grown any ,persian walnuts or ,english walnuts1 they haven't in the past and they aren't today4 ,they have a few trees but are in the same fix that we are in the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association2 they are trying to find a variety of ,persian walnut that they can grow in ,england1 and yet here we call them ,english walnuts4 ,they should be ,persian walnuts1 or ,chinese walnuts4 ,we don't know where they came from4 ,the best authorities seem to think that they originated in ,persia2 others think they originated in ,china1 but the abundance of evidence is on ,persia4 ,we want to get this thing kind of straight4 ,they are all the same thing1 ,juglans ,regia4 ,,mr4 ,,clarke3 ,i'd like to make a suggestion4 ,i don't know as you have any authority or power to change1 but the term ,juglans ,regia means royal walnut4 ,why not work for the adoption of a name like that1 and it will include all of them4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,that's what they call them in ,france4 ,this country has a little complication2 there is another ,royal walnut1 one of the hybrids between the ,california black and the ,eastern black4 ,,dr4 ,,gravatt3-,while we are talking about bringing ,english walnuts1 ,persian walnuts1 whatever you want to call them1 from ,europe1 ,i want to give a warning about a disease that is killing thousands of trees in ,southern ,france4 ,just recently ,i saw quite a few of them in ,france and the edge of ,italy4 ,i don't know whether it's virus or what it is1 but it is certainly killing out the ,english walnuts there at a very rapid rate1 and ,i advise very strongly against introducing walnut seed1 scions and such1 from those areas in ,france and ,switzerland or other areas in southern ,europe where this disease is prevalent4 ,we will know more later about it1 because quite a team of pathologists is working on it in ,europe4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,has anybody else got any comments about ,juglans ,regia8 ,i am afraid to say anything else4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,i will say that this ,carpathian strain1 of ,juglans ,regia is the first walnut of the ,persian type that we have had for ,illinois4 ,the ,pomeroy1 other ,eastern strains and ,california varieties have not survived very long in the climate of the state of ,illinois4 ,we do know now that some of the ,carpathian seedlings have been fruiting for #aj or #ab years and do show considerable promise there4 ,i don't know whether it will ever develop into a commercial industry but they are worth growing4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,thank you4 ,i'd like to ask ,george ,slate what he knows about the ,northern ,star ,persian walnut4 ,very hardy1 and so forth8 ,i think maybe the members might be interested in that4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,spencer asked me to find out about the ,north ,star ,juglans ,regia1 which was advertised in the ,flower ,grower4 ,i called up the local nursery that was selling them1 and they said they got their seeds from some ,pomeroy trees in the western part of the state4 ,i guess they are just ,juglans ,regia4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,down in ,virginia we have ,virginia ,thin ,shell purchased sometimes one place and sometimes another4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,the secretary's office had an inquiry from the executive secretary of the ,american ,nurserymen's ,association wanting to know if those claims could be substantiated4 ,i couldn't say on the basis of what information ,i had1 and ,i so told him4 ,apparently they1 through their organization1 have stopped further advertising of that strain under the claims that they made for it4 ,,mr4 ,,korn3 ,we find our public at large1 not only our members1 seem to be fascinated by the fact that the ,persian walnut can be grown in this latitude4 ,so in speaking to them about it1 when ,i am speaking to our members1 ,i try to say ,persian walnut1 but when speaking to the public at large1 they don't know what ,i am talking about so ,i come out flatly and say ,english walnut4 ,i tell them that we can't expect to grow the ,california type1 but we have a hardier type coming from the ,carpathian mountains or ,germany or ,russia or ,holland1 that can be grown successfully in this part of the country4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,i think that's the only approach you can use4 ,,mr4 ,,korn3 ,that's the one ,i use1 and ,i think it quickly helps people to understand what you are talking about1 and doesn't get them confused4 ,if you talked to them about ,persian walnuts1 they wouldn't know what you were talking about1 but if you say ,english walnuts1 immediately they understand1 or should1 at least4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,i believe ,dr4 ,crane meant that in our inner sanctum he would prefer ,juglans ,regia4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,i would like to ask if there are any growers here who have propagated the ,persian walnut on ,eastern black walnut1 that is1 experienced any trouble with graft union failure on them4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,i haven't4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,mr4 ,oakes8 ,,mr4 ,,oakes3 ,i haven't4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,no graft union failure on ,regia and ,nigra4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,and my experience is they come in much quicker than on their own roots as seedlings4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,how old are your oldest grafts8 ,,mr4 ,,oakes3 ,put on in #aich8 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,that's #ae years4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,i have them at least #bj years4 ,,mr4 ,,becker3 ,mine are twenty4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,mr4 ,moderator1 ,i have in my brief case a translation of the ,french book on walnut culture1 and there is a section on root stocks4 ,this was a publication issued about #aida1 and according to that book1 ,juglans ,nigra is the best stock they have for general use in ,france4 ,they have reported no difficulty on this4 ,a second one they were trying of the ,american walnuts1 with some promise1 was ,juglans major1 the ,arizona black walnut4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,the reason why ,i asked1 as ,i reported in previous meetings--they are having very serious difficulty in ,oregon and in parts of ,washington with graft union trouble which is known as black line4 ,all or practically all of the walnuts in both ,oregon and ,california and also what few are grown in ,washington have been propagated on the ,northern ,california black walnut1 ,juglans ,hindsii4 ,no graft union trouble evidence shows up before the tree has been grafted about #h years1 and then such cases are very rare4 ,but after the trees or the grafts attain an age of #ae years or more1 graft union failures are numerous4 ,for three years now we have been making surveys in the ,state of ,oregon1 and we have surveyed tree by tree1 year after year1 the same orchards1 the same trees1 and our observations now go into the thousands1 and we find that this black line is a terrifically serious thing4 ,in some orchards #bb per cent of the trees will develop black line in one year's time4 ,so1 you see1 at that rate it would only take you five or six years with a good bearing orchard until you wouldn't have any4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,is that always with the ,franquettes8 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,that is not only true with ,franquettes but also with other varieties in ,california1 even in ,contra ,costa ,county4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,where those trees are so grafted1 does it tend to overgrow1 or just the opposite8 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,no1 it appears much like our ,crenata-mollissima chestnut graft union failure4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,is there a tendency for the top to be more vigorous1 to have more growth1 or vice versa or is growth uniform8 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,it may be uniform4 ,depends somewhat on the varieties and the seedlings4 ,there may be some overgrowth or some outgrowth1 but there is only one test for it1 and that is at the graft union4 ,with an axe or knife and you cut out a strip of bark across the union4 ,it may look absolutely perfect1 but if there is a black line developed there that is just like a lead pencil line between the stock and the scion1 the tree is on the way out4 ,it's just a matter of time4 ,ultimately the bark between the stock and scion will split1 and you get infolding1 just like on the chestnut4 ,one of the reasons that they have propagated their trees on ,northern ,california black walnut was that they had the idea that the ,northern ,california produced a stronger1 more vigorous seedling and that they grew much faster than seedlings of the ,persian walnut4 ,and1 furthermore1 somebody at some time circulated the idea that ,northern ,california walnuts were immune to infection by the mushroom root rot fungus4 ,we have surveyed thousands of trees of ,persian on ,persian roots1 and we have never found a single case of black line developing or graft union failure as long as it's a ,persian on ,persian1 and we find the same percentage of infection from mushroom root rot fungus on ,persian as on ,northern ,california black4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,in other words1 we should watch our stocks and perhaps try out some ,regia on ,regia8 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,that's right4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,now1 folks1 we could talk for a long time1 but let me make one request before we close our panel3 ,i would be interested in receiving from any member pictures1 good1 glossy photographs of the newer ,carpathian varieties so that we can perhaps publish them in the newsletter and give some folks an opportunity to see what these nuts look like4 ,some of the folks who never come to a meeting never see a sample and just read about it4 ,it's much better if we can show them a picture now and then4 ,so if you have some good pictures1 or plan to take some good pictures1 remember1 ,i'd like to have a copy4 ,,tuesday ,,evening ,,banquet ,,session ,,president ,,best3 ,we will now hear from the ,resolutions ,committee1 ,mr4 ,davidson4 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,before reading any resolutions1 ,i have been asked to read a letter that came to ,mr4 ,chase dated ,august #afth of this year1 from ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming3 ,mr4 ,spencer ,b4 ,chase1 ,secretary1 ,,nnga4 ,my ,dear ,child and ,grandchildren3 ,what a beautiful greeting1 that4 ,this is to let you know that your father and grandfather still holds a house at this hospital and rejoices in your vitality and in your coming convention but especially in the energy and ability of your secretary who gets out those wonderful ,nutshell letters which are so stimulating to all nut growers4 ,more than #bj years ago ,i planted an ,italian chestnut tree on the grounds of this hospital4 ,the main trunk was killed by blight1 but many shoots have come and now it appears to be flourishing because there are no other chestnut trees near4 ,about that time ,i grafted nut trees commercially in ,westchester ,county1 ,new ,york at the ,westchester ,country ,club1 asking and getting #ej a day for my services and material and never a kick4 ,but ,i have forgotten the results and the name of the beneficiaries4 ,from my home in ,litchfield1 ,connecticut1 my sister1 aged #he1 saved for me--that is1 saved from the squirrels--a double handful of nice chestnuts--no other chestnut tree nearby--and three green walnuts1 ,carpathians4 ,both were from my grafts4 ,i shall never forget the ,,nnga and your splendid services4 ,ever faithfully devoted1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming4 ,a beautiful letter4 ,now1 then1 the ,resolutions ,committee recommends that we send this letter2 ,dear ,dr4 ,deming3 ,once more we are happy to greet you and to wish you well4 ,today the representatives of more than a thousand members of your thought child1 the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 are here gathered in ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 to carry on the work in which you had so large a part in starting4 ,it must be a source of great satisfaction to you to be able to see so important a project which you helped to start continuing and expanding fruitfully4 ,we envy you4 ,may your tribe increase4 ,affectionately1 the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,now1 shall ,i go on with the rest of the resolutions1 and perhaps you can act on them all at once4 ,be it ,resolved3 ,that we hereby acknowledge our longstanding indebtedness to the men of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture and of similar departments of the various states who have so faithfully and efficiently upheld the work of this ,association4 ,without their loyal help1 doubtless our efforts would languish or suffer severely4 ,it is such a spirit as theirs that continues to make ,america the great pioneer it has always been4 ,be it ,resolved3 ,that the members of this ,association acknowledge with deep appreciation the outstanding' hospitality of the ,city of ,rochester at the hands of its representative ,park ,commissioner ,wilbur ,wright1 ,dr4 ,roy ,b4 ,anthony1 ,mr4 ,harkness1 and their helpers who have done so much to make the visit of this organization not only welcome but extremely enjoyable and informative4 ,we shall always remember ,rochester's exceptional hospitality and its generously free provision of so beautiful a meeting place4 ,this is sincerely appreciated4 ,be it ,resolved3 ,that this ,association extends to ,mr4 ,george ,salzer1 ,mr4 ,victor ,brook its thanks for their work which has resulted in so pleasant and profitable a meeting here in ,rochester2 also to many others due our thanks1 to ,dr4 ,mc,kay for organizing a splendid program1 to ,mrs4 ,negus for organizing the registration1 to ,mrs4 ,gibbs and finally to our outstandingly efficient officers who have so skillfully organized our work and the ,association's expansion4 ,in order to correct a tendency toward increasing confusion arising from the too great multiplicity of names and nut varieties1 the ,resolutions ,committee offers the following motion3 ,we move that the ,president be authorized to appoint a self-perpetuating ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association ,committee on ,variety ,nomenclature1 and we recommend to our members that they refer to this committee for its official approval any new nut discoveries they may wish to name and to propagate4 ,that is in the form of a motion1 which1 ,i believe1 requires a second and some action4 ,,president ,,best3 ,i think we had better act first on this motion of ,mr4 ,davidson's about this committee for naming of nuts1 and then we can have another motion to accept the resolutions4 ,is there a second to that motion that we have a committee on nomenclature of nuts8 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i second that motion4 ,,president ,,best3 ,is there any discussion8 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,i wanted to suggest that the motion should provide that the committee use the rules of nomenclature approved by the ,american ,pomological ,society4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,i will accept that amendment1 ,mr4 ,president4 7,a vote was taken on the amendment1 and was passed47 ,,mr4 ,,machovina3 ,is that a proposal to amend the by-laws of this organization8 ,it would1 if it's a self-perpetuating committee4 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,may ,i suggest you withdraw the word self-perpetuating4 ,the idea1 ,mr4 ,best1 was to make this a permanent committee1 if possible4 ,that was the reason for putting that word in there1 but if it is an abridgment of the constitution1 we don't want to do it1 of course4 ,,mr4 ,,kintzel3 ,i'd like to know what the rules of nomenclature of the ,american ,pomological ,society are4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniel3 ,the rules cover about two pages4 ,i can give you the gist of it1 ,i think4 ,one provision is that the discoverer or introducer of a new variety has the privilege of selecting a name for it4 ,another rule is that it shall not duplicate a name given previously for a variety of the same class of fruit or nut4 ,the name should preferably be one word or1 at most1 two words1 without hyphens1 without possessives4 ,that a nut not be named for a person without his permission during his lifetime4 ,that covers the meat of it4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,such a committee would give official status and recognition to your discovery4 ,i believe it would prevent1 on a large scale1 such things as this ,morning ,star hardy ,english walnut4 ,in other words1 we'd have a committee to examine a nut sample from your tree1 anybody's tree1 pass on it and see that the name that you select meets the requirements of this ,american ,pomological ,society's rules of nomenclature1 which are quite reasonable4 ,i think it is an excellent step that we should take at this time4 ,,mr4 ,,caldwell3 ,mr4 ,president4 ,the variety we are using is not a variety1 it's a clone4 ,maybe we had better get together with taxonomists and botanists4 ,that's all they are1 selections1 they are not varieties1 in the botanical sense1 even though the term has been badly misused by the nut growers4 ,i don't see why we should continue with mis-application of a term just because somebody set up rules for application of names4 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i want to get this straight4 ,this ,association is talking about horticultural varieties1 not botanical varieties4 ,a correct term for a horticultural variety is a clone4 ,the ,american ,pomological ,society is over a hundred years old1 and they have followed all types of experiences and usages1 and they are up to date1 and we can't follow any better pattern than what the ,american ,pomological ,society has done all down through the years4 ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association would be the laughing stock of the world who are in the know if they don't adopt the rules of nomenclature as set forth by the ,american ,pomological ,society4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,mr4 ,president1 we already have a committee on ,varieties and ,standards4 ,i don't see why that committee can't be revived4 ,if we set up another committee by resolution1 we are duplicating the work of that committee1 or overlapping4 ,i'd like to see this matter referred to the ,committee on ,varieties or ,judging ,standards and possibly report another year4 ,i am not in favor of setting up this committee at the present time4 ,i would like to amend that motion to refer this matter to the present ,committee on ,varieties and ,judging ,standards4 ,,dr4 ,,mckay3 ,second that amendment4 ,,dr4 ,,macdaniels3 ,there is one other angle to this4 ,the ,international ,committee on ,nomenclature of ,cultivated ,plants1 has during the past year published a report4 ,i think it would be only wise for us to delay our action on this matter until our committee at least gets the opportunity to study the suitability of this international code for nomenclature of cultivated plants and see how it applies to our situation4 ,in other words1 ,i am complete in accord with ,mr4 ,slate's motion4 ,,mr4 ,,davidson3 ,i would suggest that we refer it to that committee and think about it for another year4 7,a vote was taken on the amendment1 and it was passed47 ,,president ,,best3 ,the motion of the ,resolutions ,committee is now referred to the ,committee on ,varieties and ,judging ,standards4 ,,mr4 ,,stoke3 ,i move we proceed with the adoption of the resolutions that were presented before the motion4 7,motion seconded and passed47 ,,president ,,best3 ,we'd like to hear from the ,nominating ,committee4 ,,mr4 ,,slate3 ,for president the ,nominating ,committee proposed ,r4 ,b4 ,best4 ,i think he is about one of the best presidents we have ever had4 ,for vice-president ,gilbert ,becker of ,michigan4 ,for treasurer ,w4 ,s4 ,clarke of ,pennsylvania1 and for secretary1 our very efficient and very effective ,spencer ,chase of ,tennessee4 ,,president ,,best3 ,are there further nominations8 ,a ,,member3 ,i move nominations be closed4 ,a ,,member3 ,second the motion4 7,motion passed47 ,,dr4 ,,crane3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i move that the ,secretary of the ,association be instructed to cast a unanimous ballot for the nominations made by the ,nominating ,committee4 ,seconded and passed4 ,,president ,,best3 ,is there any further business to come before the group8 ,spencer ,chase here has an item4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,now1 for the feature of the evening1 that honor which is bestowed upon the most deserving member of the organization1 ,i will call on ,mr4 ,wilkinson for the comments about the ,big ,nut4 ,mr4 ,wilkinson4 ,,mr4 ,,wilkinson3 ,four years ago at ,beltsville1 ,maryland1 ,dr4 ,crane made a suggestion that someone ought to be the ,king ,nut of the ,association4 ,if ,i remember1 ,mr4 ,stoke immediately took the floor and nominated ,dr4 ,crane1 and he was unanimously elected the ,big ,nut4 ,one year later he bestowed that honor on ,spencer ,b4 ,chase4 ,the next year ,mr4 ,chase passed it on to ,dr4 ,colby4 ,one year ago ,dr4 ,colby passed it on to me4 ,now it's my duty to pass this on to someone else tonight4 ,well1 ,i didn't know just exactly how to do it1 so ,i fell back on my friend1 ,mrs4 ,negus for her suggestion4 ,she suggested that the ,king ,nut should wear a crown1 so ,i said1 ,now1 that's your suggestion2 ,i will leave it up to you4 ,so here is the crown she made1 with an ornament from the ,chief pecan1 which in my opinion today is the king nut of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,i don't know whose head she measured to make the crown1 she didn't tell me1 but it looks to me like it would just about fit ,george ,salzer4 7,applause47 ,george1 it's a pleasure that ,i pass that on to you as ,i received it1 and ,i hope you will wear it for a year or longer 7putting crown on ,mr4 ,salzer's head74 ,,mr4 ,,salzer3 ,well1 they can't say ,i am big-headed4 ,why1 honestly1 folks1 my very good friends of the ,association1 honestly1 ,i don't know what to say4 ,this is the greatest honor that ,i ever thought would come to me4 ,i always refer to myself as one of the buck privates in the rear rank1 and here ,i am the ,king ,nut4 ,i will assure you1 every one of you that ,i really appreciate this1 ,i honestly do1 right from the bottom of my heart4 ,ever since ,i have been a member of this organization and attended the meetings1 ,i have had the finest times1 most pleasant associations and the closest friends ,i ever had in my entire life right here among you people4 ,thanks a million4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,now ,i think we are entitled to a few words from our new and best president1 ,mr4 ,best4 ,,president ,,best3 ,ladies and gentlemen1 it is quite a responsibility to take this job on again4 ,it's the first time that ,i have ever questioned your judgment about anything1 but ,i think there are other people here that could have done the job better than ,i could4 ,when ,i was asked if ,i would accept if ,i were elected1 ,i turned to my wife1 and ,i said1 ,are you willing to do the work again for another year8 and she said1 ,yes1 ,i suppose ,i'll have to4 ,and ,i said1 ,well1 then1 ,i will accept4 ,there is a lot more truth in that than there is poetry4 ,honestly1 we just don't give these officers that work for us enough recognition4 ,there is a whole page of them1 as you know1 about #aa committees1 and all those folks have all done a fine job1 at the expense of their work at home4 ,i am not talking about myself1 because ,i don't do any of it1 ,i have it done1 as ,i explained4 ,but ,carl ,prell made a great sacrifice when he handled the ,northern ,nut ,growers business in a very1 very fine1 thorough1 business-like way4 ,i ought to give you a good example of what salesmanship really means and how it operates4 ,this morning ,carl was going down to the museum in a taxi4 ,the taxi man professed an interest in nuts4 ,well1 what did ,carl do8 ,did he say1 ,well1 that's all right1 but ,i can't get into that8 ,no1 he said1 ,man1 you ought to belong to the ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,the fact that you don't know anything about it1 that's nothing4 ,come right into the museum here1 and ,i will show you the exhibits1 and he took the taxi man in1 and ,i don't know whether he sold him a membership1 but he passed him on to the next man4 ,he's got him going out to see ,irondequoit1 and we1 are going to get a sale there4 ,that's the spirit that it's going to take to get this job done4 ,i am reminded of a little story in ,kipling4 ,you know the story about the sergeant in ,india4 ,he was a sergeant in the cavalry4 ,they had been out in the hills1 and the weather was hot1 and they had an awful1 awful time4 ,well1 when the men came in and lined up1 this sergeant got off his horse and he said1 ,well1 boys1 ,i realize it's been hot1 ,i know you sweat4 ,but1 he said1 from here on in this campaign we are not going to sweat1 we are going to lather4 ,that's what it's going to take to get this #b1jjj members that we have set for our goal4 ,it's going to take a lot of hard work1 and our job is not to peer into the dim future1 but to attack those problems which are right with us every day and ask some of our friends to join the ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,we are all widely separated in different walks of life1 and each in his own world is just apt to see things a whole lot like the goldfish in a bowl4 ,that is1 he will see it twisted and distorted4 ,so when all is said and done1 it's up to us to support these committee heads and help get this job done4 ,a preacher had in his congregation an old lady who was ill4 ,on one of his visits to her she appeared to be growing weaker all the time1 and fearing the worst he said as he left her1 ,well1 sister1 ,i suppose that we will meet ,up ,there4 ,and she looked at him and she said1 ,well1 ,parson1 it's up to you4 ,so from here on out now it's up to you4 ,thank you4 7,applause47 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,now ,i think we ought to have just a brief word from ,gilbert ,becker1 our new vice-president4 ,mr4 ,becker4 ,,mr4 ,,becker3 ,this was really a great surprise to me4 ,it is humbly ,i tell you this1 because ,i was on the ,nominating ,committee myself1 and that is a very embarrassing position to be in1 to find that ,i1 as a member of ,nominating ,committee1 appear as an officer4 ,but it was a pleasant surprise1 and in doing vice-president work ,i shall try my best1 and ,i shall surely spend much time and much thought to it4 ,thank you4 7,applause47 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,now1 ,bill ,clark1 will you come up here for a few words8 ,bill will succeed ,carl ,prell as ,treasurer and handle your finances during the coming year4 ,,mr4 ,,clark3 ,friends1 ,i thank you for this honor and that you should have enough confidence in me to trust me with your funds for the coming year4 ,i will do the best ,i can1 and thank you very much4 ,,mr4 ,,chase3 ,there will be a joint meeting of the new officers and old officers immediately after we adjourn4 ,george ,salzer says the last time we met in ,rochester was #aibb1 and we figure the next time we will be here is #aihd4 7,whereupon1 the meeting was adjourned47 ,walnuts in ,lubec1 ,maine ,,radcliffe ,b4 ,,pike1 ,university of ,new ,hampshire1 ,durham1 ,n4 ,h4 ,in the #aicj's1 when the ,wisconsin ,horticultural ,society distributed seeds of the ,carpathian ,walnut from ,poland1 my brother secured some and we planted them4 ,from these nuts we now have four trees1 one of which has been bearing for the last four years4 ,lubec1 ,maine is located at the extreme eastern tip of the ,united ,states just a few miles south of the #deth parallel4 ,the site where the trees are planted is on a peninsula extending out into the ,bay of ,fundy which gives very low summer temperatures and moderate winter temperatures4 ,the night temperature in the summer is usually in the #ej deg4s ,f4 with day temperatures rarely reaching #hj deg4 ,f4 ,winter temperatures seldom go to -#aj deg4 ,f4 and only lower than this about once in ten years4 ,during the early summer1 fogs are usually heavy and continuous4 ,day length is1 of course1 longer in the summer than in most of the ,united ,states but it is similar to that of the ,northern tier of ,states from the ,great ,lakes ,west4 ,the trees have grown well being about #ah feet tall and even more in spread4 ,they are multiple trunked having never been pruned4 ,the foliage is remarkably clean and glossy and has not been bothered by insects or disease and it ripens and turns yellow in the late fall before killing frosts at the end of ,october4 ,excessive late terminal growth is usually winter-killed but this sort of growth has not been as great since bearing started4 ,the staminate flower buds are more likely to be winter killed than the pistillate but the whole of them have never been entirely killed4 ,the trees do not leaf out until mid-,june1 after the danger of killing frosts is over4 ,they have not been frost injured at any time in the spring4 ,the nuts ripen and are shed from the husks in late ,september and early ,october while the tree is in full foliage4 ,the nuts are shed perfectly clean with husk either falling separately or remaining on the tree4 ,the nuts will germinate and seedlings have been raised4 ,in #aiec1 one tree bore #cae nuts4 ,this number represents just a fraction of the pistillate bloom1 for while this tree is self fertile1 the catkins bloom for a much shorter period than the pistillate blossoms1 the latter extending over nearly a month4 ,in the same year that the above ,carpathian variety of ,juglans regia was planted1 my brother and ,i also planted some ,juglans mandshurica secured from ,f4 ,l4 ,skinner of ,dropmore1 ,manitoba which had originated in ,harbin1 ,manchuria4 ,the resulting trees agree well with many of the specimens in the ,herbarium of the ,arnold ,arboretum at ,boston labelled ,juglans mandshurica4 ,these trees have done remarkably well in ,lubec1 the trunks being #h-i inches in diameter1 while the height is #ae feet or more and the spread #bj feet4 ,they have borne annually since #aici4 ,they are planted less than #ajjj feet from the ocean exposed to the summer storms1 winter gales and salt spray4 ,these trees leaf-out a month earlier than the ,carpathians yet the foliage has only been partially frost injured once4 ,wind whipping sometimes injures the leaves in early summer while they are still tender but this sort of injury has never been serious4 ,the nuts are borne in clusters of up to six and the shells are hard and thick4 ,the flavor of the kernels is excellent having more character than the butternut yet not as strong as the black walnut4 ,cracking is easy with the ,hershey nut cracker4 ,the kernels resemble our ,american butternut in shape which may account for the fact that ,j4 mandshurica is sometimes called the ,oriental butternut4 ,the nuts germinate well and make trees quickly4 ,in one case1 ,i had mature nuts five years after planting the seed4 ,this particular tree was unusually vigorous having leaves #cf inches long and #bc inches wide4 ,in my experience1 ,j4 regia and ,j4 mandshurica do not hybridize easily if at all1 at least with the individuals and under the conditions with which ,i have been working4 ,after several attempts ,i now have two progenies of reciprocal crosses of which a few seedlings seem to show hybridity in the vegetative parts4 ,however1 there is such a range of characters in the herbarium specimens labelled ,j4 mandshurica that there will be a doubt in my mind until ,i see the mature trees1 or it may be possible that some of the herbarium specimens may have been collected from naturally occurring hybrids1 as the two species overlap in their distribution in ,manchuria4 ,if the best vegetative and fruiting characters from these two species can be combined the result should be good for our northern sections4 ,my ,thirty ,years ,experience ,with ,nut ,trees ,,carl ,,weschcke1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,from time to time ,i have submitted articles for our annual report1 as well as other publications1 which had to do more or less specifically with certain species of nut trees1 but since there are so many species1 and since most nut growers are interested in at least two or more1 it might be well to bring the story up to date of how a nut orchard might be viewed or evaluated after twenty years4 ,thirty years ago we did not have knowledge which has been gained by the experimenters in the nut growing industry in the interim4 ,therefore no one could foresee what the future would be4 ,we hopeful ones of that era planted trees and experimented with seeds from all over the world because we thought nut trees deserved a place not only in the orchard but in the dietary needs of the human being as well4 ,many of the wisest and most respected experimenters of this era have passed beyond this life2 however1 their lives were made much more interesting because of their horticultural activities4 ,here in the midwest in the #deth parallel we have established probably what would be considered the practical northern limits of nut tree cultivation4 ,when ,i purchased trees it was by the hundreds1 and sometimes thousands1 because ,i knew from reading ,luther ,burbank's works that this work had to be done on a rather large scale in order to make any kind of an adequate test4 ,let us start by taking the most obvious species1 the black walnut1 which1 because of its native hardiness1 and public popularity might have succeeded the best in a commercial way if everything had gone right4 ,i have planted at least five hundred black walnut trees altogether2 these included the ,thomas1 ,ohio1 ,ten ,eyck and ,stabler1 and later on the ,patterson1 ,rohwer1 ,pearl1 the ,throp1 ,adams and others were added4 ,the ,ohio probably produced the first nuts1 with the ,thomas a close second4 ,for a few years ,i was able to make good reports on the ,stabler and its behavior but since that1 our severe test winters of recent years have wiped them out and have substantially proved that the only one of the older varieties which can be trusted in this territory is the ,ohio1 and although derogatory things have been said of the ,ohio because of its hull1 ,i am inclined to put it high on the list because of its fine cracking quality and excellent flavor1 also it has been a prolific variety1 bearing good crops most of the years4 ,the ,thomas grew faster1 and the nuts were considered a better commercial product when hulled1 but1 alas1 it could not take our winters nearly so well1 and today the ,thomas has a poor physical appearance although it shows tremendous power of recovery and seldom a tree will die entirely4 ,the ,ten ,eyck was a negligible experiment1 and the ,stabler as mentioned before1 is much too tender for this climate4 ,the ,rohwer and the ,patterson from ,iowa did much better and even in an off year1 like this one1 some of these trees had fairly good crops4 ,i like the ,patterson the best of these--it is a roundish nut that cracks quite well and the kernels are on the sweet side4 ,the ,throp was a curiosity and we did not have any of our grafted ,throp trees bear4 ,pearl has borne several crops of good nuts2 they are large but are inclined not to ripen in time4 ,vandersloot was considered the largest nut of any variety at one time4 ,it has a very rough appearance but aside from its size it is of no particular interest as compared to others4 ,adams1 a long narrow type of nut similar to the ,ohio1 but still more elongated1 was one of the best crackers ,i have ever seen1 but did not seem to be prolific although it has lived and demonstrated its hardiness4 ,i am patenting a new walnut at this time which ,i consider the best for our locality4 ,some day it may produce well in orchard form if trees become available4 ,one thing is certain about it--it is very hardy and is reasonably easy to propagate4 ,and so we can conclude the walnut chapter by saying that at least we have some giants in the orchard to show for our trouble and expense1 which bear nice edible walnuts in favorable seasons4 ,when comparing this with the wild butternut crop from butternuts in the adjacent woods1 which has consistently failed each year for the last ten years1 it is quite encouraging4 ,it was my hard luck to have an uncongenial soil for my experiments in chestnuts1 and the knowledge of this came so late that ,i thought the chestnut was not meant to succeed in our territory4 ,so ,i put my efforts on hickory nuts and filberts4 ,both of these succeeded to a degree and with my present knowledge and experience on hickory nuts ,i would not be a bit afraid to start an orchard on good deep clay or other satisfactory soil which hickories like1 using grafted trees of ,bridgewater and ,weschcke4 ,a few ,kirtland and ,deveaux ,no4 #b would be planted for extra pollination and the extra variety in nuts4 ,there are of course many other varieties of hickories that have succeeded in this territory but those above mentioned1 have possibilities of commercial success in orchard formation4 ,the hickory is a difficult tree to transplant and ,i would advise that grafted trees be dug with a ball of dirt for shipping1 similar to an evergreen1 as ,i have found that1 with the greatest of care and experience1 the hickory is very slow to re-establish itself unless handled that way4 ,the hybrid hazels are perhaps the hardiest and certainly bear the earliest of any of the nut trees4 ,my own hybrids show great possibilities for commercial enterprise1 but as yet no nurserymen are carrying these varieties and ,i have not found help enough to promote them myself4 ,i am convinced that had ,i spent as much time with the chestnuts on favorable soil as ,i did with hickories that they would probably head the list of successful nut trees growing4 ,recently ,i have purchased an adjoining piece of property which has the necessary well-drained1 sandy or gravelly soil1 which chestnuts seem to like1 and ,i have started my chestnut orchard there along with a sprinkling of hickory and walnut trees1 merely as a matter of test4 ,this year the chestnuts are again putting on a fair crop for the number and the size of the trees involved4 ,as yet1 in order to get a reasonable number of nuts for planting1 ,i have to cross-pollinize them by hand1 and ,i was surprised and pleased this year to find one ,chinese chestnut tree with staminate bloom1 allowing me to make a cross pollinization with an ,american sweet chestnut and a ,chinquapin type chestnut1 which grows to be a tall tree4 ,these crosses ought to insure trees with a great degree of hardiness1 and should the blight ever strike this territory in the future they should be highly resistant as well4 ,a few of my chestnut trees produce nuts that may be the size of the best ,chinese chestnuts1 but ,i am just as fond of the smaller and sweeter chestnuts of the several ,chinquapin type trees which seem to be consistent bearers and certainly are prolific4 ,there are three trees in a close group which are strains of the ,european chestnut combined with ,american chestnut4 ,these bear rather large nuts and usually every year have a few and of high quality4 ,it is conceivable that by crossing this hybrid with ,chinese pollen that something unusual could be produced4 ,the pure ,chinese strain has not proved hardy in this territory and ,i have never matured a pure variety4 ,however1 there are dozens of seedlings that are not old enough to prove whether there might be a hardy specimen among them that may at some time in the future be relied upon for this species of chestnut4 ,one other species of nut requires a little space here since it has shown that it can bear crops and is hardy enough to be included among the hardy nuts4 ,it is the ,gellatly heartnut4 ,it is very subject to the butternut curculio1 but in spite of that it continues to grow quite well when grafted on black walnut1--a difficult piece of propagation1 however4 ,a tree in ,st4 ,paul1 on the boulevard1 thrives next to a large butternut1 and bears nuts practically every year which the squirrels delight in cutting down while still green4 ,this tree is not bothered by the curculio since the curculio does not infest the large butternut near it4 ,in summing up the whole situation1 ,i would say that my experiments over thirty years quite adequately prove that the walnuts1 hickories1 hybrid hazels and chestnuts can most certainly be set out in orchard form and in favorable locations4 ,however1 pecan1 hiccan1 ,english walnuts and almonds have not proved hardy enough to indicate that they can be relied upon for steady crops of nuts although in some instances varieties show a great hardiness such as the ,rockville hiccan4 ,of course the native butternut is perfectly hardy and prolific but until such time as the butternut curculio ceases to be a major pest we cannot expect to have good crops of them4 ,growing ,american ,chestnuts and ,their ,hybrids ,under ,blight ,conditions ,,alfred ,,szego1 ,jackson ,heights1 ,n4 ,y4 ,an interesting group of young ,american chestnut trees growing on my land near ,pine ,plains1 ,n4 ,y4 has been under observation since #aidf4 ,as they are growing closely together which suggests a common parental origin1 we have named this group the ,dutchess ,clone for reference purposes4 ,this name was chosen merely because ,pine ,plains is situated in ,dutchess ,county4 ,their reaction to the deadly chestnut blight was studied at great length and at different seasons4 ,sometimes branches were inoculated with the fungus to test resistance more precisely4 ,it was learned that blight resistance1 in this group of trees1 was at an apparently low ebb from ,march until ,may4 ,after this period the fungus seemed to make almost no progress at all4 ,this might suggest that the resistant substance was manufactured by the leaves4 ,of course1 such conclusions cannot be accepted in a scientific sense without an involved system of checks and measurements4 ,pollination problems are exactly the same as with our ,chinese ,chestnuts that we are more familiar with today4 ,unlike the latter1 in the ,american1 species the bloom is concentrated near the top of the tree4 ,the burs are so high up as to create difficulties if we intend to anticipate nature and harvest our crop prematurely4 ,the burs open during the month of ,october with or without frost4 ,high temperatures in #aiec did not interfere with the harvest4 ,the best method of harvesting is to use a long slender pole with a metal hook at the extreme end1 and by gently pulling and twisting1 remove the burs from the tree4 ,unless this is done promptly before the nuts fall1 the rodents will get almost every nut4 ,tree growth is about #b to #c feet per year in height4 ,at present some are nearly #dj feet tall4 ,bearing starts at about #ab years of age4 ,the nuts1 three in a bur are somewhat wedge shaped and average #e_/h of an inch in diameter4 ,one tree has nuts almost an inch in diameter4 ,this is definitely worth propagating and ,i will gladly furnish scions in the spring free to anyone who is interested4 ,these are probably incompatible with ,chinese understocks1 but may be grafted on ,european and some ,japanese seedlings4 ,as we are listed as cooperators with the ,u4,s4,d4,a41 ,division of ,forest ,pathology1 ,beltsville1 ,md41 we prepare semi-annual reports for ,dr4 ,frederick ,h4 ,berry and also send a portion of our ,american chestnut seed to him4 ,in this way we insure the continuation of the ,dutchess clone after our lifetimes4 ,the ,american chestnut is not as sweet as ,chinese chestnut but is much finer in texture and richer in subtle pleasing flavor4 ,we would say that the quality is higher4 ,castanea dentata has the most uniformly delicious nuts4 ,it is excelled1 however1 by many individuals of ,c4 pumila4 ,in our opinion these possess the highest quality nuts in the entire genus4 ,our ,american chestnuts hybrids1 especially those with ,c4 ,sequinii1 are very interesting4 ,the latter make a dwarf tree that bears incredible amounts of small chestnuts4 ,they have pollination problems to be solved and the nuts are seldom filled4 ,pollen sterility is a common feature with them4 ,they are also everbearing4 ,some ,northern strains of ,chinese chestnut seem barely hardy but promise to survive4 ,of the grafted varieties we have1 ,abundance is the most vigorous4 ,nanking has winter-killed here and it has been replanted this year4 ,these are very blight resistant1 and rarely lose a branch to this disease after winter injury4 ,the ,japanese behave in much the same way4 ,we have many obscure chestnut species and hybrids growing here4 ,they are grown for study1 hybridizing purposes1 and as a source of supply to interested members4 ,when mature1 we hope to obtain some cash crops from our ,chinese and ,japanese ,chestnut trees4 ,blight in ,europe will no doubt1 in about #e years more1 reduce imports of chestnuts thus creating higher prices and a more favorable market4 ,chinese chestnuts do not keep well when stored using standard commercial practices4 ,european chestnuts are shipped in barrels and kept in open fruit boxes for weeks at a time in front of fruit and vegetable stores in ,new ,york ,city4 ,storekeepers never moisten these believing that rot would result4 ,these are viable even in ,january and sometimes as late as ,march4 ,will our present ,chinese chestnuts keep as well under these conditions8 ,we think not4 ,american ,chestnuts can be kept in bulk only4 ,we are continually striving to obtain by selection and subsequent hybridization1 the best chestnuts that can be grown in our severe climate4 ,the ,chinese chestnut has performed miracles in the ,southeast1 but we regret that it is not the answer to our problems4 ,only a long period of seed selection will turn up better trees of this species4 ,prolonged heat and drought caused us much concern this year4 ,some one year old seedlings died outright but older trees only suffered varying degrees of defoliation4 ,in some areas1 the subsoil was reported powder dry to a depth of six feet4 ,even the native forest trees dropped much foliage and went into premature dormancy4 ,oddly enough1 the ,american and ,japanese chestnuts suffered much less defoliation than the common ,allegheny chinkapin1 ,c4 pumila4 ,c4 henryi1 a rare species1 a native of ,china1 and the several chinkapins native to the ,gulf ,coast seemed inherently adjusted to drought and heat1 and thrived without apparent damage4 ,the ,ozark tree chinkapins did well also4 ,hybrid hazels and choice native seedlings have been set out here in the last few years4 ,we are adding a few every year and planting them between chestnuts to prevent the latter from forming extensive root grafts4 ,this is done in anticipation of oak wilt1 which has not yet made its appearance here4 ,experiences and ,observations on ,nut ,growing in ,central ,texas ,,kaufman ,,florida1 ,rotan1 ,texas ,in view of my membership in the ,association for some twelve or fourteen years it would be quite reasonable to expect of me more observations in connection with nut growing in my area than ,i'm able to make4 ,though ,i've followed the proceedings of ,,nnga with great interest1 the difficulty of earning a living 7from farming7 and putting a little something aside has caused me to neglect and put off from year to year the planting of the kind of experimental orchard ,i've long hoped for4 ,i have lately acquired a reasonably well situated plot of land and1 barring a continuation of the drouth of the past two or three years1 plan to put out a few young trees next year4 ,my original interest in nut trees sprang from the hope that a tree combining beauty1 utility and long-life might be found to replace the ,chinese elm--a weed tree if there ever was one4 ,in spite of many shortcomings the ,chinese elm 7along with two or three other equally undesirable trees7 is to be found in most homestead plantings in my area4 ,here1 in my locality of north-west central ,texas1 the total rainfall ranges from a low of about twelve inches in some years to a high of about forty-two inches in others1 and the annual average is about twenty-one inches4 ,our principal limiting conditions in nut tree growing is want of sufficient rainfall1 though late spring frosts following a period of balmy weather would be a hazard in some instances4 ,it appears to me that if a nut tree planting in this part of the country is to live1 every drop of water that falls must be conserved2 if it is to thrive1 additional water falling on adjacent uplands and carried down in flash floods must be diverted to it4 ,terraces and retainer dams are usually essential4 ,cultivation and weed control are necessary4 ,the addition of a mulch helps4 ,i have tried the ,chinese chestnut here4 ,the plants arrived in good condition and had excellent care with what ,i believe was adequate water and fertile soil4 ,they put out in ,april and grew off most encouragingly until about ,july1 and then1 in an interval of about a week1 every tree withered and died as though from heat and drouth4 ,but until other evidence to the contrary comes in1 ,i shall strongly suspect that the real trouble was that the ,chinese chestnut demands an acid soil and is highly allergic to even a slight alkalinity4 ,my impression is that the soil here has a reading of about p,h #g-g-a_/b4 ,experience and observation here on the western fringe of the native pecan belt lead me to believe the pecan1 black and ,persian walnuts do well when they can be irrigated1 or when they are planted on a site where a first class water conservation system can be devised and properly constructed4 ,the black walnut has not been damaged by any insect1 disease or mineral deficiency of the soil that ,i know of4 ,a very limited and inconclusive experience with ,clark1 ,thomas1 ,myers1 ,mintle1 ,sifford1 ,snyder and ,sparrow varieties led to the suggestion that the ,thomas might be a slightly more thrifty tree4 ,the pecan 7both nut and tree7 seems more subject to insect damage than the walnut4 ,it is also sensitive to a zinc deficiency in some soils4 ,but a proper mineral and insecticide spray usually serves to control these problems when they occur4 ,i have observed only one named variety of ,persian walnut--a ,mayette4 ,the tree was a vigorous grower and precocious in putting on nutlets1 but to my knowledge never bore staminate blooms and over a period of several years matured only one nut4 ,no other ,persian walnuts grew in the locality and ,i assumed the matured nut must have been pollinized by a black walnut4 ,the tree never seemed damaged by late spring frosts or other cause4 ,a few members of ,,nnga have manifested an interest in the honey locust and the ,chinese jujube4 ,both of these trees grow well in this region with a minimum of care4 ,the ,oriental persimmon1 like the nut trees1 requires more than casual attention and ordinary growing conditions4 ,the ,chinese jujube1 a little known but hardy and attractive tree may deserve more attention in the southwest4 ,i have trees of the ,li and ,lang varieties which bear annually and have never been bothered by insects or disease4 ,i am not overly enthusiastic about the fruit but understand it compares favorably with the fig and date in food value4 ,dried jujubes carry more protein than dried figs or dates and more 7#ej7 sugar than figs4--,t4,a4,e4,s4 ,bulletin no4 #da4 ,but the jujube has the disagreeable habit of sending up root sprouts which are a nuisance to destroy and1 because the tree is grafted1 the sprouts are worthless seedlings4 ,it has occurred to me that this bad feature of the jujube might be partly offset if cuttings of the improved varieties could be made to grow by means of some of the root inducing chemicals4 ,propagation of the ,hickories#a ,f4 ,l4 ,o',,rourke1 ,department of ,horticulture1 ,michigan ,state ,college ,the genus ,carya comprises all the hickories and pecans found in the ,united ,states4 ,the eighth edition of ,gray's ,manual of ,botany lists the following species as being native to the ,united ,states3 #a ,the survey of literature pertaining to this review was completed in ,august1 #aieb4 ,carya aquatica--,water hickory1 ,bitter ,pecan ,carya cordiformis--,bitternut1 ,swamp ,hickory ,carya glabra--,pignut ,carya illinoensis--,pecan ,carya laciniosa--,shellbark1 ,kingnut ,carya ovalis--,sweet ,pignut1 ,false ,shagbark1 ,red ,hickory ,carya ovata--,shagbark ,carya pallida--,pale ,hickory ,carya texana--,black ,hickory ,carya tormentosa 7,c4 alba7--,mockernut ,nut growers are interested primarily in the pecan and the shagbark1 although a few selections have been made of the shellbark species4 ,the bitternut is quite often used for rootstocks for the shagbark and shagbark hybrids4 ,hickories1 like other nut and tree species1 do not come true from seed1 so superior selected clones are propagated by budding and grafting on other trees known as rootstocks4 ,these rootstocks are produced from seed4 ,seed ,propagation ,investigations by ,barton7#a7 showed that some seedlings were produced when the nuts were planted immediately in a warm greenhouse without pretreatment1 but that germination was markedly increased when the nuts were held in a cool moist environment from one to four months before bringing into the greenhouse4 ,she also found that fall planting of hickory nuts resulted in a good stand of seedlings the following spring if the soil was mulched1 but that the freezing and thawing of unprotected ground resulted in an exceedingly poor stand of seedlings4 ,burkett7#f7 advocated stratifying pecan seed over winter in moist sand and planting in moist soil in the very early spring4 ,he observed that thin-shelled nuts germinate more quickly than thick-shelled ones1 and warned against damping-off fungi which often killed young seedlings4 ,brison7#e7 stated that some nurserymen prefer seed of certain pecan varieties as ,riverside and ,burkett for rootstock purposes as these produce strong vigorous seedlings4 ,he reported that while the pecan seed does not have a rest period1 germination is increased by stratifying in moist sand for #b to #c weeks or soaking in water1 changed daily1 for #d to #e days previous to planting4 ,propagation by ,layering ,no records are available in regard to any hickory species or variety other than pecan having been propagated by any method of either soil or air layering4 ,the writer7#ad7 while experimenting with aerial layering in #aide found one instance of root production on a hickory where the branch was girdled at the base of the one-year wood4 ,this method offers possibilities1 especially now that polythene plastic is available for retaining moisture in the moss about the girdle or wound on the layered branch4 ,gossard7#i7 reported success in producing roots from the tops of small grafted and budded pecan trees by trench layering and from older trees by aerial layering with marcot boxes4 ,he indicated that a favorable combination of etiolation1 moisture1 rooting medium1 and a root-inducing chemical was desirable for successful rooting4 ,propagation by ,cuttings ,hardwood cuttings of pecan were rooted by ,stoutemyer and ,o',rourke7#bc7 in #aich by first callusing the bases of the cuttings in warm moist peat moss1 and then treating with an aqueous solution of indole butyric acid before planting4 ,both roots and shoots grew well for three to four weeks and then the shoots wilted and died4 ,it was observed that the roots were thickened and presented an abnormal appearance4 ,trials during succeeding years gave no better results and the experiments were discontinued4 ,cuttings taken from native hickories during these same years failed to produce roots4 ,romberg7#ag7 reported a small measure of success in rooting hardwood stem cuttings to which young seedlings had been grafted by the inarch method4 ,the influence of the seedling on the nourishment of the cutting was gradually diminished by girdling caused by a copper wire which was tied about the seedling stem4 ,apparently root cuttings of pecans and other hickories have never been tried4 ,in #ahif ,corsa7#g7 observed that when the lateral roots of the pecan are broken by the plow1 the ends of these roots frequently send up thrifty shoots4 ,such a response would indicate that adventitious shoots may arise from roots and that root cuttings may be successful4 ,propagation by ,grafting ,a search of the literature failed to reveal a discussion of any method of bench grafting with hickories1 although presumably it must have been tried4 ,propagators may have been discouraged in using bench graft methods by the sparse roots usually found on two-year seedlings4 ,it is suggested that undercutting and root pruning the seedlings several times while in the nursery row should produce a more adequate root system which would transplant well after grafting4 ,brison7#e7 remarked that bench grafting is not used in the propagation of pecans in ,texas on account of transplanting difficulties4 ,commercial nurserymen now prefer to bud hickories and pecans rather than to graft1 but formerly ,reed7#ae7 reported the whip-and-tongue method was used on thrifty one-year seedlings in the nursery row4 ,it is conceivable that the cleft graft could be used at this stage when the diameter of stock and scion are quite similar but no record of its use is available4 ,top-working or grafting in the branches is commonly practiced on seedling trees and sometimes used to change varieties in the orchard4 ,reed7#ae71 ,sitton7#ai71 ,rosborough et al7#ah71 ,mac,daniels7#aa71 and ,stoke7#bb7 have described various methods that have proven successful4 ,practically all agree that the bark graft or a modification thereof is best4 ,morris7#ab71 ,benton7#c71 ,mac,daniels7#aa71 ,wilkinson7#be71 and others have shown that a greater per cent of survival is secured when the stocks are cut #aj days to #b weeks before grafting4 ,during this time the stubs heal somewhat and excess bleeding is decreased4 ,it has been reported by ,becker7#b7 that the success of walnut grafting is greater when the grafts are set just after the leaves are full grown but no such data is available for hickories4 ,the use of paper bags or other shading device over the scion is advocated by ,morris7#ac71 ,mac,daniels7#aa71 ,shelton7#bj7 and others4 ,propagation by ,budding ,patch budding is now almost universally used by commercial nurserymen in the propagation of hickories and pecans4 ,patches are usually cut with a double-bladed knife although some use the rectangular ,jones patch-budding tool4 ,the plate or skin bud is also used to some extent4 ,the thick bark of hickories and pecans discourages the use of the shield or ,t bud4 ,budding is usually done in late summer with mature buds of the season growth which remain dormant until the following spring4 ,occasionally dormant budwood taken in winter is held in cold storage until the bark of the stock slips in the spring4 ,these spring-set buds are forced the same season by cutting the stocks back shortly after setting4 ,patch-budding is described by ,reed7#ae7 and by ,rosborough et al7#ah74 ,reed7#ae7 mentioned that it may be advisable to make the cuts in the stock from one to three weeks before the bark is removed so that the healing process may be under way at the time the bud patch is inserted4 ,storage and ,handling of ,scions and ,budwood4 ,shelton7#bj7 reported an easy and unique method of keeping scions moist by storing in a closed container with a small amount of sodium sulphate 7,glauber's salt74 ,slightly moist peat moss is an excellent packing material4 ,brison7#d7 reported that a temperature of #cb deg4 ,f to #ch deg4 ,f in storage is satisfactory for keeping the buds dormant1 and that a few days from #hj deg4 ,f to #he deg4 ,f will stimulate cambial activity so that the patches will slip easily when cut4 ,scionwood is sometimes dipped in wax1 paraffin1 or plastic resin before storing in order to prevent loss of moisture and guard against pathogenic organisms4 ,waxes and ,wound ,dressings ,sitton7#ai7 used a large number of variously formulated waxes on pecan and found that the most successful from the standpoint of graft survival was one composed of #aj parts rosin1 #b parts beeswax1 and #a part filler such as kieselguhr1 talc1 or aluminum powder4 ,under ,louisiana conditions a light-colored wax was preferable to dark colored one4 ,asphalt emulsions were not satisfactory4 ,rootstocks and ,interstocks for ,hickories ,reed7#af7 summarized the rootstock studies at ,beltsville1 ,maryland1 by stating that pecans were best on pecan seedlings and that shagbarks were successful on either shagbark or pecan rootstocks4 ,he reported a lack of congeniality between shagbark and bitternut hickory4 ,smith7#ba71 however1 found that pecan stocks were unsuccessful for shagbarks as few scions lived and growth of those which survived was poor4 ,he also reported that bitternut was practically as good as shagbark for shagbark varieties4 ,he stated that pignut was absolutely useless as a stock for shagbark4 ,weschcke7#bd7 reported that shagbark varieties grew well on bitternut but also indicated that a slow growing variety would be stimulated in growth by working on pecan stocks which are more vigorous in growth than the other hickories4 ,dunstan7#h7 reported that pecan provides a perfectly satisfactory rootstock for shagbark1 shagbark hybrid1 and hican varieties4 ,a number of varieties have been tested over a period of several years with favorable results as shown by lasting unions and better than average yields4 ,the ,fairbanks hybrid has often been used as an intermediate stock between bitternut and some shagbark varieties and ,last7#aj7 has stated that the variety ,rockville is useful for interstock purposes on account of its exceptional vigor4 ,nursery ,problems ,hickories and pecans have long tap-roots with few branches and hence do not transplant well4 ,some few have grown the seedlings for one year in beds underlain with wire screen netting or have undercut the seedlings to promote branching of the roots4 ,the stocks must grow two years from seed to attain a diameter permitting of patch budding and must remain one or two years more to allow the scion to form a tree4 ,the resulting plant is large in both root and stem and requires careful handling in digging1 shipping1 and planting in the permanent location4 ,the vicissitudes which befall the production of the northern hickories are often so great as to discourage nurserymen who otherwise would grow them4 ,this is an unfortunate fact but a real one1 as the would-be purchaser often learns when he attempts to buy named varieties of hickories4 ,the situation with the pecan is much better1 due perhaps to the greater demand for such trees but also to the greater ease of propagation in general nursery practice4 ,conclusions ,good varieties of hickories bear good nuts and more people should plant good trees which should be produced by nurseries with well-branched fibrous root systems so that they will transplant easily4 ,research is needed to determine practical methods of propagation which will permit of inexpensive quantity production of superior named varieties of shagbark and shagbark hybrid hickories4 ,literature ,cited #a4 ,barton1 ,lela ,v4 ,seedling production in ,carya ovata1 ,juglans cinerea1 and ,juglans nigra4 ,cont4 ,boyce ,thompson ,institute #h3a-e4 #aicf4 #b4 ,becker1 ,gilbert4 ,notes from ,southwestern ,michigan4 ,rpt4 ,north4 ,nut ,grow4 ,assoc4 #bh3ace-acf4 #aicg4 #c4 ,benton1 ,wm4 ,a4 ,report on propagation of nut trees4 ,rpt4 ,north4 ,nut ,grow4 ,assoc4 #bi3ij-ib4 #aich4 #d4 ,brison1 ,fred ,r4 ,the storage and seasoning of pecan budwood4 ,texas ,agric4 ,expt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #dgh4 #aicc4 #e4 ----4 ,personal correspondence4 #aieb4 #f4 ,burkett1 ,j4 ,h4 ,the pecan in ,texas4 ,texas ,dept4 of ,agric4 ,bul4 #aaa4 #aicb4 #g4 ,corsa1 ,w4 ,p4 ,nut culture in the ,united ,states4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agric4 ,div4 of ,pomology4 #ahif4 #h4 ,dunstan1 ,r4 ,t4 ,personal correspondence4 #aieb4 #i4 ,gossard1 ,a4 ,c4 ,rooting pecan stem tissue by layering4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 #ch3bac-bad4 #aida4 #aj4 ,last1 ,herman4 ,personal correspondence4 #aieb4 #aa4 ,mac,daniels1 ,l4 ,h4 ,some experiences in nut tree grafting at ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,rpt4 ,north4 ,nut ,grow4 ,assoc4 #bh3eb-ee4 #aicg4 #ab4 ,morris1 ,r4 ,t4 ,top working hickories4 ,rpt4 ,north4 ,nut ,grow4 ,assoc4 #aa3aje4 #aibj4 #ac4 ---- ,nut growing4 #aica4 ,macmillan1 ,new ,york4 #ad4 ,o',rourke1 ,f4 ,l4 ,unpublished data4 #aide4 #ae4 ,reed1 ,c4 ,a4 ,nut-tree propagation4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agric4 ,for4 ,bul4 #aeja4 #aibf4 #af4 ----4 ,hickory species and stock studies at the ,plant ,industry ,station1 ,beltsville1 ,md4 ,rpt4 ,north4 ,nut ,grow4 ,assoc4 #ce3hh-aba4 #aidd4 #ag4 ,romberg1 ,l4 ,d4 ,use of nurse seedlings in propagating the pecan from stem cuttings4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,sci4 #dj3bih-cjj4 #aidb4 #ah4 ,rosborough1 ,j4 ,f41 ,f4 ,r4 ,brison1 ,c4 ,l4 ,smith1 and ,l4 ,d4 ,romberg4 ,propagation of pecans by budding and grafting4 ,texas ,ext4 ,ser4 ,bul4 ,b-#aff4 #aidi4 #ai4 ,sitton1 ,b4 ,g4 ,pecan grafting methods and waxes4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agric4 ,circ4 #ede4 #aidj4 #bj4 ,shelton1 ,e4 ,m4 ,glauber's salt for humidity control in scion storage4 ,rpt4 ,north4 ,nut ,grow4 ,assoc4 #bh3gj4 #aicg4 #ba4 ,smith1 ,gilbert ,l4 ,our experience with root stocks4 ,rpt4 ,north4 ,nut ,grow4 ,assoc4 #dj3fb-fd4 #aidi4 #bb4 ,stoke1 ,h4 ,f4 ,grafting methods adapted to nut trees4 ,rpt4 ,north4 ,nut ,grow4 ,assoc4 #cg3ii-ajb4 #aidf4 #bc4 ,stoutemyer1 ,v4 ,t4 and ,f4 ,l4 ,o',rourke4 ,unpublished data4 #aich-aidj4 #bd4 ,weschcke1 ,carl4 ,the importance of stock and scion relationship in hickory and walnut4 ,rpt4 ,north4 ,nut ,grow4 ,assoc4 #ci3aij-aie4 #aidh4 #be4 ,wilkinson1 ,j4 ,ford4 ,preparation of stocks for propagation4 ,rpt4 ,north4 ,nut ,grow4 ,assoc4 #bh3fe-ff4 #aicg4 ,a ,root ,disease of ,persian ,walnut ,g4 ,,flippo ,,gravatt1 ,u4 ,s4 ,plant ,industry ,station1 ,beltsville1 ,md4 ,on three recent trips to southern ,europe ,i noted large numbers of dying ,persian 7,english7 walnuts1 ,juglans regia1 in ,france and ,switzerland and scattered trees in other countries4 ,dying of ,persian walnuts from a root disease of undetermined cause has been reported from various ,european countries for many years4 ,the extensive dying of mature ,persian walnut in a number of areas in southern ,france is very serious4 ,farmers and orchardists are discouraged from planting the ,persian walnut even though it is a very profitable tree when not attacked by the root disease4 ,in area after area ,i noted that the farmers had scattered their ,persian walnut trees1 separating them as much as possible or planting them along the boundary of fields instead of in orchard plantings4 ,they had found too frequently that solid plantings of walnut die from the root disease4 ,the total number of ,persian walnuts in southern ,france has decreased alarmingly in the last sixty years4 ,in ,tessin ,province in ,switzerland many unhealthy ,persian walnuts were noted this past summer showing the same symptoms as in southern ,france4 ,studies ,by ,french and ,italian pathologists have indicated that the fungus ,phytophthora cinnamomi is the most likely cause of this dying of walnuts4 ,i was informed that it is worse on soils inclined to be wet or poorly drained at certain times of the year1 conditions favorable for attack of many hosts of this ,phytophthora4 ,the work reported by ,b4 ,s4 ,crandall and me in ,phytopathology1 ,march #aide1 showed there was a rather direct relation between soil conditions and ,phytophthora cinnamomi damage to black and ,persian walnut seedlings4 ,long periods of heavy rainfall were very favorable for an epidemic outbreak of this fungus on walnut and other nursery stock4 ,another species of ,phytophthora1 ,p4 cactorum1 has also attacked black walnuts in nurseries in eastern ,united ,states2 this fungus has also been reported on ,persian walnuts4 ,we are interested in receiving reports of the dying of ,persian or black walnuts in orchards or rows of trees in the ,eastern half of the ,united ,states4 ,persian walnuts suffer from winter injury in many areas and sometimes this injury is confused with the root disease4 ,however1 where there are indications of continuing dying of walnuts year after year with a progression from one part to another of the planting1 we would like to receive a report4 ,some root diseases are difficult to diagnose1 especially when the small roots are the parts affected4 ,the symptoms of the root disease of the ,persian walnut in ,europe are in many ways very similar to those of the ,phytophthora root disease of chestnut and chinkapin in this country as described in the report by ,gravatt and ,crandall in the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association ,proceedings for #aidd4 ,in some cases ,persian walnuts die slowly and in others death is rapid1 with the entire tree browning in summer4 ,some trees will show less green color than normal during the summer and gradually die over a year or two4 ,trees in different stages of dying can be seen in the same planting4 ,persian walnuts in the ,western ,states in recent years have been dying from a disease of undetermined cause4 ,dr4 ,paul ,w4 ,miller and others have reported on the black line graft union failure1 ,armillaria mellea and dying of roots from undetermined causes4 ,as ,phytophthora cinnamomi1 an imported fungus1 is a comparative recent invader of many parts of the west1 ,dr4 ,miller is giving the fungus some attention as a possible parasite4 ,on some hosts1 this fungus attacks primarily the very smallest roots at certain favorable times of the year1 which makes determination of its role as a parasite rather difficult4 ,factors ,that ,influence ,nut ,production ,w4 ,b4 ,,ward1 ,extension ,horticulturist1 ,purdue ,university1 ,lafayette1 ,ind4 ,the profitable production of fruit on nut trees under cultivation has no doubt been influenced by several factors4 ,assuming that the present-day seedlings and propagated varieties are winter hardy and the tree of bearing age1 #aj to #ae years old1 one may expect a reasonable harvest4 ,it is somewhat disappointing to the owner of a single nut tree or for the grower on a semi or commercial basis to find that the tree or several trees have failed to set fruit4 ,the commercial fruit grower of apples learned1 many years ago1 that certain varieties when planted in solid blocks failed to set satisfactory crops4 ,rather than lose several years of growth and expense1 the better growers top-worked the trees with a good pollinizer4 ,the result was a profitable harvest of red and yellow apples1 or varieties of different maturity4 ,the peach grower liked the looks of a very fine peach and after a short trial found that the variety was not hardy enough to withstand the winter and early spring temperatures4 ,the experiences of the commercial fruit growers could be well used by the nut grower4 ,only trees adapted to local conditions should be planted regardless of the recommendations of the nurseryman4 ,hardiness of wood and bud1 ample production of pollen1 reasonable climate during the growing season1 and the control of insects or diseases determine1 for the most part1 the success of the harvest4 ,soils and ,fertility ,the nut trees require good drainage and a good supply of moisture4 ,a reasonably fertile soil should be selected for a planting site but through mulches1 manures1 and commercial mineral fertilizers any soil may be built up to a high state of fertility4 ,a weak tree has little chance and may come into bearing too late to be of value for the present owner4 ,the annual growth should be checked each year and1 unless #aj to #ab inches of growth has been made the previous year1 some means of stimulating more growth should be employed4 ,the hickory1 pecan and black walnut1 as a rule1 make little new annual growth while the ,persian or ,carpathian walnut1 heartnut and chestnut ordinarily produce good annual growth and an abundance of good foliage grown where it counts the most1 on the new wood4 ,those who have observed the growth habits of nut trees know that the catkins are found on last year's growth1 or two year old wood1 and the fruiting flowers at the end of the present season's growth4 ,there are times when the new growth developed in a matter of a few days to sometimes as long as two weeks4 ,during the period of prolongation of the new growth and the formation and receptiveness of the pistillate flower much can happen4 ,the catkins shed pollen when the temperature and atmospheric conditions are normal4 ,many times the pollen is dispersed before the pistillate flowers are formed4 ,cross vs ,self-,pollination ,there is no assurance that a nut tree which fruits on the average of eight out of ten years will continue to do so in the future4 ,occasionally trees take on an alternate year bearing habit that could be caused from injury1 insect or disease damage1 or the relocation of plant food4 ,the nut trees on their own roots should do better than when grafted or budded4 ,the compatability of stock and scion is yet to be worked out and any constriction at the union may alter the fruiting habits4 ,the possible sources of pollen for hickory and pecan are from self-fertile trees1 seedlings1 and various natural crosses that may or may not produce edible fruit4 ,the walnut family1 which includes the black and ,persian or ,carpathian walnut2 butternut and ,asiatic nut 7heartnut7 have been used as pollinizers on the ,persian walnut with some success4 ,the butternut is the first to shed pollen in ,indiana with the catkins dropping1 in some years1 by late ,april and the first week in ,may4 ,some years the black walnut has produced the peak pollen from ,may #eth to #abth but during the spring of #aiec the ,thomas1 ,stabler1 ,rowher1 ,ohio and ,stambaugh dropped the pollen from ,may #ahth to #bbnd4 ,the ,asiatic walnuts were in full bloom on ,may #adth and #aeth4 ,the above dates do not correspond to observations of other years1 except for the butternut4 ,the pistillate flowers on the ,persian walnuts were fully opened by ,may #afth4 ,the catkins of the ,persian trees had dried by ,may #abth4 ,catkins from the ,asiatic walnuts were kept fresh and distributed throughout two ,persian walnut trees and by mid-afternoon a heavy rain came4 ,on ,may #ahth a few catkins were again removed from the ,asiatic walnut and only enough for one ,persian walnut tree were found and hung in the tree4 ,the first tree has no fruit while the second tree has a fair crop in the making4 ,a letter from ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,chairman of the ,survey ,committee on the blossoming dates of the ,persian walnut said3 ,payne1 ,lancaster and ,broadview staminate flowers were out on ,april #i1 #aj and #aa4 ,the pistillate flowers of ,mc,kinster1 ,caesar and ,crath #a were receptive on ,april #aa1 #aj and #aj4 ,the above dates were over a month before spring came to ,indiana4 ,whether or not the ,stoke varieties in ,virginia would do the same in ,indiana or elsewhere is still the problem4 ,the black walnut varieties mentioned previously set very few fruits at ,lafayette this year while a promising new variety1 ,sol1 from ,ferd ,bolten1 ,linton1 ,indiana1 has a full crop1 and has been a consistent producer for the past several years4 ,how ,many ,pounds per ,tree ,throughout the ,middle ,west the elm1 native chestnut and some of the oaks are dying from disease troubles4 ,the homemaker wants to plant a tree that will provide shade1 fit well in the landscaping of the home1 be a clean tree and yet be fruitful and bear early4 ,the age of the tree and the growth has much to do with production4 ,some pecan varieties have produced several hundred pounds per tree and the same for black walnuts with hickory1 butternut and chestnut in smaller quantities4 ,there are four ,persian walnut trees growing in ,franklin1 ,indiana1 that are #bj years old and have fruited continuously for the past #aj years4 ,the trees were seedlings1 two of which are very promising for distribution4 ,tree #a produces an average of #aj pounds2 tree #b1 #ae pounds2 #c1 about #dj pounds and #d1 #ajj pounds4 ,good pollination under common growing conditions of the ,midwest and a good variety acclimated for general planting will no doubt make a host of good friends and a wonderful contribution from the members of the ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,rootstocks for the ,walnut in ,france#b ,j4 ,c4 ,,mcdaniel #b,this is a translation1 by ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,dunstan1 of the section on ,rootstocks in ,chapter ,,xi of ,les ,noyers1 by two ,doctors of ,pharmacy1 ,p4 ,peyre and ,e4 ,lancosme4 ,this #ddg page book with #adj figures was published in #aidb by ,jouve et ,cie1 #ae1 rue ,racine1 ,paris1 and is a very complete treatise on the subject of walnuts4 ,the ,french experience with the eastern black walnut and the related ,arizona walnut as rootstocks is interesting1 as is the discussion of one method of propagation1 where dormant whole-root grafts are started in pots under glass4 ,this differs somewhat from the indoor grafting procedures described in our recent ,reports by ,mr4 ,stephen ,bernath and ,dr4 ,philip ,brierley4 7,incidentally1 ,dr4 ,brierley tells me that he got uniformly good grafts--#if to #ajj growing--in his #aiec experiment4 ,the use of growth substance powder did not significantly increase the take4 ,the controlling factors seem to be the use of healthy scions and rootstocks1 followed by high enough temperature and humidity to promote rapid callusing of the grafts47 ,the old ,royal ,walnut of the ,french is1 of course1 what we call ,persian 7or ,english7 walnut1 and not ,luther ,burbank's ,royal ,hybrid1 the unfortunately named cross of two black walnuts1 ,j4 nigra x ,j4 hindsii4 ,j4 torreyi is a synonym for ,j4 major1 the ,arizona walnut4 ,rootstocks fulfilling two essential conditions should be chosen1 those capable of adapting themselves to soil and climate where they are to be planted and of resisting diseases that may attack them under unsanitary conditions or under too intense cultivation4 ,among the numerous varieties tested1 two deserve attention as choice rootstocks1 one native1 the other ,american ,j4 regia and ,j4 nigra4 ,j4 regia1 our old ,royal ,walnut1 so common in ,france1 is excellent when planted in new1 light and fertile soils1 preferably clay-lime or clay-silicon4 ,but as the roots are very spreading it is important to stir the soil well but slightly and avoid deep plowing1 for it is well known that through accidental injury to the roots the various armillaria enter the trees to develop the pourridie or pus disease1 or circle disease4 ,it is better1 then1 to use a rootstock immune to this malady so wide-spread among our native walnuts4 ,j4 nigra enjoys this happy advantage of offering no foothold to this parasite1 so harmful to its sister species4 ,it accommodates itself well in many soils in which ,j4 regia will grow1 even dry and gravelly1 but prefers soils which are fresh1 open1 rich1 and especially1 deep4 ,its roots are long and vertical and their development stops in contact with an impermeable layer of soil4 ,it produces specimens magnificent in height and rapidity of growth4 ,color of bark differs1 though diameter of tree is more or less the same4 ,this slight objection may be easily avoided by grafting regia on nigra at ground-level when wood is well matured and in mild weather4 ,proof that this species of walnut is resistant to pourridie was given in a report to members of the ,congress of ,grenoble in #aicf by ,mr4 ,bourne of ,saint ,marcelin4 ,at ,blache de ,vinay1 we are told1 some black walnuts1 planted more than thirty years ago in an infested field1 have shown full resistance4 ,one tree1 grafted at ground-level and planted too deep1 was infected many years ago by the pus above the graft on the ,j4 regia part4 ,the diseased part was treated as was the custom then1 with sulphuric acid1 etc4 ,the wound healed and the rootstock remained absolutely clean4 ,a photo by ,mr4 ,roy1 ,director of ,agricultural ,services at ,isere1 establishes this absolute proof4 ,other varieties of walnut have been tested as rootstocks--cinerea1 cordiformis1 and ,siebodiana1 but only the first seems to have given any satisfactory results4 ,reporter ,bourne concludes1 ,the primary purpose of our research on rootstocks will be to obtain a hybrid of regia x nigra that will combine the resistance of nigra to the pourridie and regia's habit of vegetating late in spring4 ,by virtue of the ability of the female element to transmit its rusticity and vegetative form it seems1 a priori1 that we shall get a good rootstock by crossing nigra as mother by ,franquette 7sic7 and then if need be1 by backcrossing to ,franquette in the second generation4 ,there exists a #dth type of walnut graft1 dating from #ahhj1 which if done intelligently1 permits the rapid multiplication of the walnut--the root graft4 ,in a short but very interesting report to the ,nut ,congress of ,grenoble in ,october1 #aicf by ,mr4 ,leon ,treyves1 and very kindly sent on to us1 the author says1 ,this procedure1 devised by my family around #ahhj1 consists of grafting on one year old roots1 branches from selected1 vigorous trees1 either by cleft or ,english grafts1 whichever gives best fit of scion 7which is generally smaller than root7 and stock4 ,graft is then tied with raffia and waxed to avoid all contact with air and placed in a moderately heated frame4 ,after a month of this treatment the graft has taken4 ,then it is gradually accustomed to open air and the frame is removed4 ,in the fall or the following spring the graft may be planted in its permanent location or in nursery row4 ,this system presents numerous advantages3 #a4 ,rapidity1 since the plants can be grafted after one year1 instead of three or four4 #b4 ,economy of time and expense1 since considerable numbers of grafts can be made rapidly and in limited space4 #c4 ,more rapid development of growth and fruiting4 ,saplings of #a to #b meters planted in winter of '#bh-'bi measured in ,october '#cf #be-bg cm4 in circumference at one meter from ground4 ,trees two and three years old1 still in nursery1 are bearing one to two normally developed fruits4 ,the author indicates that he uses nigra for stocks1 since that is the only one that has proved its adaptation to grafting and its resistance to the pus disease4 ,at the time he gave his paper in '#cf ,mr4 ,treyves announced that he was continuing his grafting experiments on ,j4 ,sieboldiana1 cordiformis and torreyi4 ,j4 torreyi ,j4 major--,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel4 ,mr4 ,treyves1 whom we cannot thank too much for his favor1 was kind enough to set forth the preliminary techniques of his method of root-grafting4 ,we give a resume of them here4 #a4 ,preparation4 ,plant nuts well-spaced in rows in good soil1 convenient to irrigation1 if needed4 ,clean nuts of good quality1 previously stratified1 should be planted in winter4 ,plants are lifted before the following spring and heeled in4 ,for scions wood of #g-h cm4 is cut from young1 healthy and vigorous trees and passed to the grafter at the same time as the roots1 which have been previously lifted1 washed and cut off at the crown or a little below4 ,scion1 bevelled1 is set either in ,english or cleft graft1 tied with raffia or with a numbered wool strip1 waxed and potted in rich but light soil1 moderately firmed around roots4 ,pots are then set in some homogeneous material 7waste tan-bark or sawdust7 and left in a moderately heated bed4 #b4 ,care4 ,watering4 ,temperature of beds should be kept constant around grafts and they should be watered every other day4 ,of course1 grass and mold should be prevented4 ,as soon as grafts begin to grow 7usually around #ae days7 the pots are gradually removed from sawdust1 and when plants have made #ae-bj cm4 of growth 7after #cj-dj days7 they are slowly hardened to air and sun1 replanted in well-shaded beds1 properly watered and cared for until they are set in nursery row4 #c4 ,planting in nursery4 ,the following spring they are set #fj cm4 apart in nursery rows #a m4 apart in well-manured and well-prepared plots4 ,usual care during growth4 ,with the #bnd year plants attain #a-a_/d-a-a_/b m4 and it is not uncommon to discover a nut4 ,the #crd year they make #b-a_/b m4 at least with #h-ab cm4 of girth and are ready for transplanting to permanent site4 #d4 ,soils and situations4 ,mr4 ,treyves tells us that the walnut plantings in lower ,gresivuaudan are on old alluvium of the ,isere ,valley and in limy marl soils of the upper slopes4 ,a little farther away in ,savoy1 the walnut is vigorous in ,jurassic or clay limestone soils4 ,the same is true in ,dordogne1 in ,correze1 and in the ,lot1 where soils are of similar origin4 ,walnuts are found at an average altitude of #fjj m4 but grow up to #abjj m4 in ,savoy1 and particularly in ,switzerland4 ,the best exposures are ,,sw1 ,w1 and ,,se1 sunny slopes1 well protected from the north wind and late frosts4 ,mr4 ,treyves has personally some plantings of walnut in ,sologne1 7where calcareous soils are lacking7 and in ,champagne1 where the soils lack lime4 ,he has noted that these trees grow and fruit normally4 ,cultivation4 ,it is important to keep soil around isolated trees well stirred and to increase the area of cultivation as the rootspread increases4 #e4 ,rootstocks4 ,for the present the plants chosen for stocks have come from nigra1 the only one that has proved itself in the matter of take4 ,it does well in moist soils4 ,mr4 ,treyves has personally tried to graft ,mayette and ,franquette on ,torreyi4 ,he has found the take and the union perfect4 ,but even though vegetation is promising we must wait #bb years for a full test4 ,he proposes to lest all the rootstocks placed at his disposal in order to acclimatize the good ,french varieties to all the soils which suit these stocks4 ,grafting on ,j4 ,torreyi will be useful to a sera utile a un stock that grows in dry soil1 like nigra4 ,but that is a matter we shall have to examine again in ten years1 first as regards vegetation and then in #bj years as concerns fruit production4 ,since these experiments date from '#cf at the time of the ,grenoble ,congress we have only #ac years to wait to learn what sort of fruit these trees will bear and only #e to see how they behave vegetatively4 ,it remains1 then1 only to wish good luck to our kind and devoted correspondent and to thank him for his valuable documentation4 ,pictorial ,record of ,grafting at ,climax1 ,michigan ,w4 ,m4 ,,beckert1 ,jackson1 ,mich4 ,top-working black walnuts to ,persian ,walnuts has long been practiced by various members of this organization4 ,it is hoped by this series of ,kodachrome slides that a record of such top-working by one of our members would be of interest and also show the details of just how the work is done under actual field conditions4 ,mr4 ,gilbert ,becker1 of ,climax1 ,michigan1 has been quite successful in top-working black walnuts4 ,needless to say1 these pictures were taken to show how an expert goes about grafting black walnuts4 ,mr4 ,becker was contacted as to when he would do his grafting and he mentioned that on ,may #hj1 #aiec1 he would be top-working his stock4 ,plans were made to be present on that date and we were fortunate in having bright weather for taking the pictures4 ,the first two slides show ,mr4 ,becker removing the scionwood from his storage pit1 selecting the scions and preparing to go out to do the grafting4 ,on the way to the trees that were to be grafted1 the pictures for the next two slides were taken to show the stage of leaf development and the length of the catkins of the ,thomas ,black ,walnut1 so members in other sections of the country can see how far out in leaf the ,thomas variety was when the grafting was done4 ,the following series of slides show how ,mr4 ,becker top-works the black walnuts4 ,first1 removing that portion of the stock1 note he used a pruning saw1 makes a cut at the point where he wants to graft4 ,he uses the bark slit method4 ,the scion is shaped by one stroke of the grafting knife2 a long slanting cut is made and the scion inserted in the stock4 ,just prior to placing the scion1 the bark of the stock is slit1 two cuts with the point of the knife1 approximate width of the scion and down along the bark to the length the scion is to be inserted1 then the scion is placed4 ,the next step is to cut off the little sliver of bark which is pushed out1 at the point where it does not contact the scion4 ,in this tree1 two scions were placed1 the scions being wrapped tightly with waxed muslin which was prepared beforehand1 using strips about one-half inch wide4 ,enough was used to firmly bind the scions to the stock4 ,please note that a small piece of wax muslin was placed on the inside of the scion to prevent the wax from going down between the scion and stock4 ,the final step is waxing the scion and brushing with hot wax1 in order to prevent the scion from drying out2 to provide shade1 ,mr4 ,becker1 in this case1 used grass and made a hood over the scion1 tying it with string4 ,the following slides show the same procedure of grafting other trees4 ,you will note in one case he has climbed up into the branches of the tree4 ,to shade the scions1 he used aluminum foil1 folded around the scion and tied with a rubber grafting strip4 ,in all these pictures the scions used were ,colby4 ,mr4 ,becker is very adept1 quick1 and does the grafting so that it actually seems effortless4 ,his technique is so fast1 there is very little chance of the scion drying out before it is placed4 ,on ,july #bfth1 ,i returned to ,climax and the grafts were successful1 as you can see by the following series4 ,the one failure was the first tree that was grafted1 and which had the grass for shading of the scion4 ,rock ,phosphate for ,nut ,trees ,,harry ,p4 ,,burgart1 ,union ,city1 ,mich4 ,my soil is of the sandy type and ,i have to watch the mineral content rather closely for nitrogen and phosphate deficiencies4 ,winter-killing of one year black walnut and pecan seedlings is serious during seasons when our winters are less severe than usual and during winters when we had had plenty of snow cover for protection4 ,this worried me a great deal and ,i decided there must be a deficiency4 ,soil tests repeatedly showed a lack of phosphate4 ,i applied ground rock phosphate to my larger bearing ,english walnut trees and there has not been the least sign of winter injury since4 ,many of my smaller nut trees have been bearing earlier for me since ,i have been using the phosphate4 ,customers who come here often remark at the way some of my little grafted trees are bearing crops and ,i tell them that ,i believe in keeping plenty of phosphate in the soil for root growth and nut production4 ,i am writing this brief article thinking that it might help solve the problems of other nut growers who have repeatedly been having trouble with winter-killing of their ,carpathian1 or ,english walnut trees4 ,phosphate seems to prevent a late sappy-condition from causing winter injury4 ,i prefer to apply the phosphate and nitrogen early in ,april or early ,may4 ,fall applications of any kind of fertilizer are apt to cause winter injury4 ,i usually scatter the rock phosphate around the trees using about four handfuls around a first year tree4 ,then ,i turn over the sod bottom with a shovel1 which puts the phosphate down where the roots can get it4 ,i use the phosphate around all the young trees we set out and seldom lose a tree as the phosphate encourages the starting of new feeder roots on the nut trees4 ,a ,report ,from ,southern ,minnesota ,r4 ,e4 ,,hodgson1 ,university of ,minnesota1 ,southern ,school and ,experiment ,station1 ,waseca1 ,minn4 ,we have #bj odd ,carpathian walnut trees growing from nuts planted about #aica4 ,so far1 ,i have never seen a flower on any of them4 ,they grow up #f or #h feet in a year and that seems to be their difficulty4 ,they do not stop growing in time to harden off before cold weather comes4 ,i think a lot of the winter killing is also due to sun scald which would indicate an inability to retain dormancy during a ,january thaw4 ,some of the trees have lived through two winters with only minor damage and then when the right conditions come along1 they are killed to the ground4 ,wrapping the trunks with aluminum foil has not solved the problem4 ,i have purchased one or two grafted trees which were recommended as more hardy but so far they have had the same experience as the one ,i grew from nuts4 ,black walnut and hickory do well here and ,i have a hiccan perhaps #bj feet tall but it has never borne any nuts4 ,chinese chestnuts are not entirely hardy and grow very slowly4 ,this year ,i set out about #bj ,american chestnuts from ,minnesota grown seed and ,i hope that we are far enough from other trees of this variety to escape the blight4 ,tree growing is just a hobby and lately there has been very little time for hobbies4 ,chestnut ,breeding ,report for #aiec ,,arthur ,,harmount ,,graves and ,,hans ,,nienstaedt1 ,the ,connecticut ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,new ,haven1 ,connecticut ,the chief aim of this breeding work1 which has been carried on now without interruption since #aicj1 is to develop a tall timber type of chestnut by breeding the ,american species with the blight resistant but comparatively low-growing ,japanese and ,chinese chestnuts1 ,castanea crenata and ,c4 mollissima1 respectively4 ,practically all trees of our valuable ,american chestnut of any appreciable size have now been killed to the ground by the blight fungus1 ,endothia parasitica4 ,shoots arising from the base of the old stumps often live long enough to bear pollen1 and this we have lately been forced to use in our breeding work with the disadvantage that we can not know definitely the nature of the genotype of the pollen parent4 ,american pollen from a good phenotype near ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 was kindly furnished us in the early #cj's by the then ,office of ,forest ,pathology of the ,u4,s4,d4,a41 and this stock is now incorporated with our older ,japanese-,american and ,chinese-,american hybrids4 ,as indicated in the following pages1 we are not neglecting the nut-bearing potentialities of the chestnut tree4 ,weather ,conditions in #aiec ,the disastrous ice storm of the #ith and #ajth of ,january caused slight damage to some of the ,chinese trees4 ,their numerous1 more or less horizontal branches and characteristically brittle wood make them prone to damage of this sort2 nevertheless1 only a few branches were lost4 ,after a comparatively warm ,february1 the warmest since #aibe1 ,march brought us more rain than for any ,march in the #ha years records have been kept#c--;a total of #aj4gh inches4 ,this was all to the good1 as later events proved4 ,because of the preceding warm ,february the ground was for the most part unfrozen1 so that1 instead of running off1 the water was largely absorbed in the soil1 and thus added to the water table4 ,the precipitation of ,april was again heavy--#e4f inches--the normal per month for this area being about #c-a_/b inches4 ,after an unusually good growing season in ,may1 ,june and ,july1 about the middle of ,august a long drought of nearly #aj weeks duration commenced4 ,the conditions were similar to those in #aieb1 except that in that year the drought began later1 in ,october4 ,however1 the large amount of water in the soil from the spring rains prevented serious consequences1 just as in #aieb the heavy rainfall in ,august and the normal one in ,september mitigated any serious results from the later drought of that year4 #c ,weather records are taken from the monthly reports of the municipal airport at ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 and are compared with the ,new ,york ,city records for the same period1 kept by the ,u4 ,s4 ,weather ,bureau at #ag ,battery ,place1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,hybrids of #aiec ,as in former years we continued the formation of hybrids of the combination ,cx,jx,a#d which has to date given the most resistant individuals and the best timber form4 #bgg hybrid nuts of this combination were obtained by crossing ,,ja with ,c1 and ,c with ,,ja4 ,j,ax,j crossed with ,c yielded #be nuts4 ,,cja crossed with pollen from the ,roxbury ,americans gave #bj nuts4 ,the ,chinese-,american hybrids are also promising both in form and in blight resistance4 ,by crossing these with ,american pollen from ,thomaston1 ,conn41 and from ,clinton ,corners1 ,n4 ,y41 we secured #dh nuts4 ,,ca crossed with a good native ,american in ,thomaston1 ,conn41 resulted in #cj nuts1 and the same combination using an ,american in ,newfoundland1 ,n4 ,j41 produced #i nuts4 ,the total number of nuts derived from all crosses was #ejd1 a much smaller figure than that for the two preceding years4 ,the reason for this is that considerable time was consumed in experiments designed to determine the length of the receptive period in the pistils4 #d ,c ,chinese1 ,j ,japanese1 ,a ,american chestnut4 ,the #aiec nut production 7,table ,i7 compared well with last year's4 ,the total yields were as good as1 or better than1 the #aieb crop and the average weight per nut was not significantly lower than in #aieb4 ,apparently the late summer and fall drought had no effect on nut yields and average weights4 ,obviously we have the warm winter and abundant early rains to thank for this situation4 ,table ,i4 ,natural ,yield of ,nuts 7open pollinations7 ,from ,sample ,trees4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,total yield ,av4 weight per ,approximate ,age in ,species ,location in lbs4 nut in grams no4 of nuts years #aieb #aiec #aieb #aiec per lb4,a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ #bc ,c4crenta #ac-b #bg4e #dc4c #ad4e #ad4j #cb #bg ,c4mollissima #a-c #bb4b #bj4h #aj4f #aj4e #dc #bg ,c4mollissima #a-i #bh4b #bf4b #i4i #i4g #df #bg ,c4mollissima #a-ae #f4h;,b #bj4f #ab4i #aa4g #ci ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,a4 based on the #aiec weights ,b4 a considerable part of crop lost before it was collected ,fig #a4 gives a fair idea of the extremes in size of the ,japanese chestnut4 ,since the smaller size is probably close to that of the wild chestnut in ,japan1 the figure illustrates what has been done by the centuries of selection and cultivation that the chestnut has undergone in ,japan4 ,illustration3 ,fig #a4 ,nuts of ,c4 crenata1 ,japanese chestnut1 showing approximately the limits of size in the species4 ,left3 from a tree on ,long ,island1 ,n4 ,y1 owned by ,mr4 ,john ,vertichio4 ,right3 from one of our forest type ,japanese trees given to us by the ,office of ,forest ,pathology in #aicj and now growing at the ,sleeping ,giant ,plantation1 ,hamden1 ,conn4 ,the tree is probably representative of the wild type of nuts in ,japan--a little larger than the native ,american chestnut4 ,however1 it is probable that smaller nuts of the ,japanese species exist4 ,about #a_/b natural size4 ,photo by ,b4 ,w4 ,mc,farland1 ,conn4 ,agric4 ,expt4 ,sta41 ,nov4 #bg1 #aiec4 ,anent the large nuts in the photograph1 which weigh about an ounce apiece or about #bh g4 7compare figures in table ,i71 ,mr4 ,ferguson1 ,instructor at the ,long ,island ,agricultural and ,technical ,institute1 through whom we received the nuts1 states that the nuts of the seedlings from the tree do not average better than half the size of those of the parent tree4 ,this illustrates the fact1 now well known1 that the chestnut tree is self sterile4 ,nuts are always 7with exceptions7 a result of fertilization of the flowers with the pollen from another tree4 ,we should like to reproduce this tree in our plantations1 but the only way it can be done is by grafting scions of it on to some other1 preferably ,japanese1 stock1 or by rooting cuttings from it--a method which we still have not been able to accomplish readily4 ,moll-,seg1 or ,chinese ,prolific ,in the report of the senior writer for #aicd 7,brooklyn ,botanic ,garden ,record #bd3fb7 it was stated3 ,in our form of the ,chinese chestnut only one1 if any1 bur appears at the base of the flowering branch4 ,the dwarf species1 ,c4 seguini1 from eastern and central ,china1 on the other hand1 is most prolific2 and in addition1 blooms from ,june to ,october4 ,it will be seen that crosses of these two species may produce valuable breeding stock4 ,as a result of this cross1 made in #aicd1 we obtained seven nuts1 and from these nuts we have today1 nineteen years later1 four trees1 three of which have shown marked blight resistance4 ,one of these three is much larger1 partaking more in its stature and form of the character of its ,chinese parent1 and in contrast to the latter1 bears burs and nuts in profusion1 usually clustered at the ends of the branches4 7,fig4 #b74 ,the nuts are small but of good flavor4 ,it is a good nut tree1 not suitable for timber4 ,however1 as we stated in our #aiea-b report1 it is subject to considerable twig blight1 caused by the attacks of the weak parasite1 ,cryptodiaporthe castanea 7,tul47 ,wehmeyer1 and this is due apparently to the influence of its tender parent1 the ,seguin chestnut1 which habitually dies back in the winter4 ,the parasite easily enters the dying ends of the twigs4 ,we should like to see this tree tried out in a warmer climate--,georgia1 ,florida1 ,alabama1 etc4 ,possibly it might prove adaptable to a southern ,european environment4#e #e ,systematic descriptions of this and other valuable chestnut hybrids are being prepared for publication4 ,pollen ,receptivity of ,female ,flowers ,chestnut is monecious4 ,the flowers are borne on the present year's growth in long catkins4 ,these are of two distinct types2 near the base of the flowering branch they consist of male flowers only4 ,the catkins near the apex1 on the other hand1 are bisexual2 pistillate flowers are found1 solitary or in clusters of two or three1 near the base of this type of catkin4 ,the remainder of the catkin bears male flowers similar to those on the all-male catkins4 ,the unisexual male catkins are the first to start flowering and not until two to three weeks later will the male flowers of the bisexual catkins be in full bloom4 ,normally1 the pistillate flowers will reach full development sometime between these two periods of pollen shedding4 ,the ,length of the ,receptivity ,period4--,during the summer of #aiec an experiment was conducted to determine more definitely when the pistils became receptive and how long they remain in this condition4 ,two ,chinese1 two ,japanese and two hybrid chestnuts of the combination 7,jap4 x ,c4 pumila7 x ,jap41 the so-called ,s#hx,j1 were used as the females in the study4 ,emasculation and bagging was done at the beginning of anthesis1 that is1 when the first unisexual male catkins began to shed pollen4 ,three different pollen sources were used on each female parent2 they were of the same species or hybrid combination as the female4 ,the following diagram shows the pollination schedule used4 ,pollen source ,time of pollination in days ,no4 after beginning of anthesis #e #i #ac #ag #bb ---------------------------------------- ------- #a ,x ,x ,x #b ,x ,x ,x #c ,x ,x ,x ,for example1 the ,chinese female trees were pollinated with pollen from three other ,chinese trees 7in the diagram ,pollen source ,no4 #a1 #b and #c71 which open their anthers on successively later dates4 ,this pollination schedule was used to avoid prolonged storing of the pollen4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,showing1 above1 ,c4 mollissima1 ,chinese chestnut1 left1 and ,c4 seguini1 seguin chestnut1 right1 parents of mollissima x seguini hybrid below4 ,note clustered burs in hybrid--more than twice the number appearing in the mollissima parent4 ,leaves and habit of tree resemble more the mollissima parent4 ,about #a_/f natural size4 ,photo by ,b4 ,w4 ,mc,farland1 ,conn4 ,agric4 ,expt4 ,sta41 ,sept4 #be1 #aiec4 ,to carry on pollination the bags are removed and the pollen-bearing catkins are brushed lightly over the stigmas several times1 one or more fresh catkins being used in each bag4 ,these catkins are left in the bag4 ,the bags are then replaced and permanently removed when danger of outcrossing is eliminated1 in this case #aj-ad days after the last pollination4 ,the number of nuts collected at the time of harvesting compared with the number of female flowers pollinated was taken as a measure of how successful the pollinations were4 ,the results showed that five days after the commencement of anthesis a high proportion of the female flowers is receptive4 ,the ,japanese and hybrid trees have a definite peak of the period of receptivity between #i and #ag days after anthesis begins2 thereafter1 receptivity drops off sharply4 ,the data from the ,chinese trees indicated that the period of maximum receptivity is longer than in the ,japanese and hybrid chestnuts tested4 ,they maintained full receptivity on the #bbnd day after the beginning of anthesis4 ,it is commonly believed that bagging as well as emasculation may seriously affect the yield from controlled pollination4 ,this is not always the case4 ,one of the ,japanese trees and one hybrid tree 7,s#h x ,j7 yielded fully as many nuts from controlled 7under best conditions7 as from open pollination4 ,on all other trees the effect of bagging was more or less adverse4 ,the ,effect of ,emasculation on ,nut ,yield ,emasculation involves the removal of the unisexual male catkins and the male part of the bisexual catkins4 ,in the course of the controlled pollination work it has often been found that the female flowers drop off in the bag before the burs start to develop4 ,this has especially been encountered in ,japanese x ,american hybrids and back-crosses4 ,it was thought that this perhaps was due to injuries resulting from emasculation4 ,the following small experiment was carried out in order to determine if this was actually true4 ,a ,japanese x ,american and a ,japanese x 7,japanese x ,american7 hybrid were used as the female parents4 ,on these trees some flowering branches were bagged which had been emasculated normally1 on other branches only the unisexual catkins were removed1 while the bisexual catkins were left intact4 ,some branches were bagged without any emasculation1 and some flowering branches were just tagged4 ,the number of female flowers was counted in all cases4 ,pollinations were performed #c times1 that is1 were repeated on the third and fifth day after the first pollination4 ,this is the procedure ordinarily used for our controlled pollinations4 ,chinese pollen was used on both trees4 ,nut set expressed as per cent of the number of pollinated flowers1 times three1 7because ordinarily there are #c nuts in every bur7 was taken as a measure of how successful the pollinations had been4 ,the results are shown in ,table #b4 ,table ,,ii4 ,the ,effect of ,emasculation on ,nut ,yield ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,type of ,treatment ,no4 of ,symbol3 female's at ,nut set as time of first expressed in pollination of ,symbol3 female's at time of #ast pollination x#c ,symbol3 female parent ,symbol3 female parent #d-d #g-d #d-d #g-d 7,jx,a7 7,jx,j,a7 7,jx,a7 7,jx,j,a7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,normal emasculation #ci #ag #bi4a #ac4g ,only unisexual catkins removed #bc #ai #ad4e #j4j ,not emasculated1 but pollinated #bh #ah #be4j #c4g ,not emasculated1 not pollinated ,control #bh #be #a4b #j4j ,not bagged1 branches tagged1 open pollinated #bf #bc #dd4i #ag4d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,bagging apparently was partly injurious on these two trees and caused some decrease in nut yield4 ,there is1 however1 no evidence that emasculation in itself causes a decreased nut yield1 rather it appears to be somewhat beneficial if we are to judge from the results of this experiment4 ,at least1 one would be justified in concluding that any harmful effect is negligible4 ,completely emasculated flowers yielded #bi4a and #ac4g per cent as compared to #ad4e and #j4j per cent where only unisexual male catkins were removed1 and #be4j and #c4g per cent where no emasculation was done4 ,the controls which were not emasculated and not hand pollinated1 show that the trees are practically completely self sterile2 only an occasional nut is set from self-fertilization4 ,vegetative ,propagation ,in vegetative propagation the tree breeder has a very important tool4 ,for instance1 if a number of desirable phenotypes have been selected in the forest1 they can be propagated vegetatively and planted under uniform conditions where it will be possible to estimate their genotype1 without the time-consuming progeny testing4 ,trees propagated vegetatively from old mature trees usually will start flowering very soon after they become established2 thus the necessity of doing pollination work in very large trees can be eliminated4 ,furthermore1 it enables the tree breeders to maintain trees of a desirable genotype unaltered for an indefinite length of time without first establishing pure lines through inbreeding4 ,finally1 it may be possible to make valuable individuals available to the forest owners for field planting if they can be propagated vegetatively in large enough numbers at low cost4 ,compared to propagation by grafting1 the rooting of cuttings is both simpler and cheaper1 if it can be done4 ,chestnut cuttings are1 unfortunately1 very difficult to root4 ,in the past six years numerous experiments have been conducted in order to find a way to root the various chestnut species4 ,we have tried to root dormant1 as well as greenwood1 cuttings1 the conventional twig cuttings as well as leaf-bud cuttings2 numerous hormone treatments using several different hormones in solution and as powders1 over a wide range of concentrations1 have been tried2 a special chamber in which an automatic atomizer nozzle sprays the cuttings intermittently has been used4 ,results have always been poor4 ,dormant cuttings have broken dormancy1 sent out new leaves1 formed an abundance of callus on the basal end1 but failed to develop any roots1 and finally after several months have died4 ,greenwood cuttings also have failed to develop roots in almost all cases4 ,the best results have been obtained with leaf-bud cuttings4 ,in some cases #aj to #bj per cent have rooted2 here1 however1 the difficulty has been the failure of the bud to break dormancy and start growth1 and all the rooted cuttings have eventually died4 ,the rooting by airlayering has been tried in a few cases4 ,airlayering is the rooting of twigs while they are still attached to the tree4 ,some distance from the terminal end of the twig an oblique cut is made1 or the bark is removed around the twig for about #c_/d4 ,the cut or ringed area is treated with a hormone powder1 wrapped in sphagnum moss and covered with a wrapping of polyethelene4 ,attempts to root twigs on older trees by this method have so far failed4 ,recently successful rooting of twigs on young seedlings by airlayering has been reported from ,spain1 and from ,france comes the report that stooling of young seedlings is highly successful4 ,in the stooling method the young plants are cut off a short distance above the ground level4 ,as new shoots grow out1 their basal ends are gradually covered with soil until a #e-f mound has been formed4 ,left in this manner they may develop their own root system and can eventually be detached from the mother root4 ,that the rooting of young seedling material should be possible1 while that from older trees will not root1 is not unusual4 ,it is generally accepted that the younger the tree from which the cuttings are taken1 the easier the cuttings are to root4 ,experiments along these lines are planned for #aied4 ,cooperative ,hybrid ,chestnut ,plantations ,in last year's report we described our hybrid test plots established in cooperation with the ,u4,s4,d4,a41 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,division of ,forest ,pathology4 ,on ,march #ah1 #aiec a new plantation was started at ,grafton1 ,west ,virginia4 ,as usual1 we furnished #ej plants for this test plot4 ,from the reports from ,dr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,diller1 of the then ,division of ,forest ,pathology1 our hybrids so far have shown a promising performance1 although their average growth rate so far is slightly slower than that of the ,u4,s4,d4,a4 hybrids and straight ,chinese chestnut4 ,from the standpoint of blight resistance and growth habit they are at least equal to the two other sources and may be slightly better2 however1 it is still too early to make any definite evaluation of the results4 ,insect ,injuries ,the most damaging insect pests in the ,sleeping ,giant ,plantation are the spring canker worms1 the mites 7,paratetranychus bicolor71 ,japanese beetles and the chestnut weevils4 ,a spraying schedule has now been worked out which keeps these pests under control3 #a4 ,dormant spray with ,scalecide in middle ,april against the canker worms and mites4 #b4 ,two applications of ,aramite 7#f-g lbs4 per acre7 in the middle and toward the end of ,june4 ,these sprayings have given good control against mites4 ,where the outbreak is very severe it may be necessary to spray with ,aramite also in ,july and again in ,august4 #c4 ,spraying with ,,ddt in middle ,august and the first week in ,september has controlled the weevils successfully4 ,in concluding this report we desire to express our thanks to the many interested persons who have contributed pollen1 nuts and_/or scions to further this project4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming ,on ,november #agth1 #aiaj1 twelve dreamers met in the ,botanical ,museum1 ,bronx ,park1 ,new ,york ,city1 to form an organization of nut growers in the north4 ,it was largely an organizational meeting4 ,no papers were read1 but some solid foundations were laid4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming served as temporary chairman of the meeting and1 fortunately for the cause1 was then elected as the new body's ,secretary-,treasurer1 an office which has always called for executive ability and untiring industry4 ,this election paid off4 ,at the second meeting1 held at the ,new ,york ,state ,college of ,agriculture1 in ,ithaca1 it appeared that the new ,secretary had communicated with a large number of leading nurserymen1 with national and ,state horticulturists and with others4 ,it was reported at this meeting that only two nurserymen had accepted the invitation to attend4 ,so1 reported ,secretary ,deming1 evidently the others do not think the northern nut grower is one whose acquaintance is worth cultivating4 ,we hope to convince them to the contrary4 ,this was done4 ,at the second meeting1 the ,association could count sixty members4 ,professor ,john ,craig1 of ,cornell1 in noting this growth1 said1 ,dr4 ,deming has not merely performed the routine duties of the secretary1 but he has studied the case and has presented a good many facts not apparent on the surface4 ,it seems to me that this augurs well4 ,the augury proved prophetic4 ,the ,association continued to grow4 ,but without this first intelligent1 persistent effort upon the part of4 ,dr4 ,deming1 it could hardly have survived4 ,this small bit of history is illustrative of the whole life of ,dr4 ,deming4 ,his deep interest in the purposes and hopes of our ,association has never ceased4 ,upon his own ground he planted1 and budded and grafted many nut trees1 and has given away the fruits of his labors with a prodigal good will4 ,deming's ,burnham pecan and the ,deming ,purple black walnut are the only introductions1 so far as this writer knows1 which bear his name4 ,again1 some thirty years after the first meeting mentioned above1 ,dr4 ,deming thought up and carried through another project which makes the ,association repeatedly his debtor1 an ,index of the first thirty volumes of the ,association's ,annual ,reports4 ,it is a work which saves the conscientious worker in northern nut culture hours and hours of labor4 ,and now our ,dean1 the last of the founding fathers1 has left us for the ,elysian ,fields4 ,his gentle1 kindly face will be sadly missed by those who knew him1 but he lives on in every tree whose planting his labors inspired and in every mind which has been1 even unconsciously1 his heir4 ,a letter from ,miss ,charlotte ,deming1 a sister1 assures us1 somewhat touchingly1 but happily1 of this fact3 ,my brother's heart was with and in the work of the ,association4 ,he was happy to know of its expansion into such a wide-spread organization1 and very proud of having been made its ,dean4 ,dr4 ,deming lived a full life4 ,he was a physician of distinction1 a graduate of ,columbia ,university's ,college of ,physicians and ,surgeons and was retired from the army after ,world ,war ,i with the rank of ,major4 ,after graduation from ,columbia1 he served his internship in a ,new ,york hospital1 then on the medical staff of the ,state ,immigrant ,hospital1 ,ward's ,island4 ,he began private practice in ,westchester ,county1 ,new ,york and1 later1 for many years1 served as examining physician with the ,veterans' ,administration in ,hartford1 ,connecticut4 ,it is interesting to know1 as told by his son1 ,hawthorne1 that ,mrs4 ,deming1 formerly ,imogene ,hawthorne1 was the youngest granddaughter of the immortal ,nathaniel4 ,it is evident that ,dr4 ,deming1 both in private life and in his public interests1 was a strong believer in the value of good blood-lines4 ,john ,davidson ,the ,nomenclature of ,nut ,varieties ,,george ,h4 ,m4 ,,lawrence1 ,bailey ,hortorium1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,this article is intended to introduce to you the ,international ,code of ,nomenclature for ,cultivated ,plants#f and to point out the ways in which that ,code serves the interests and needs of members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 #f ,the ,international ,code of ,nomenclature for ,cultivated ,plants1 formulated and adopted by the ,international ,botanical ,congress ,committee for the ,nomenclature of ,cultivated ,plants and the ,international ,committee on ,horticultural ,nomenclature and ,registration at the ,thirteenth ,international ,horticultural ,congress1 ,london1 ,september #aieb4 ,copies of the full text of the ,code are available from the ,secretary1 ,american ,horticultural ,council1 ,inc41 ,bailey ,hortorium1 ,cornell ,university1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 7#be;c postpaid74 ,the ,code as published by the ,royal ,horticultural ,society is a booklet of about #cj pages1 containing an excellent historical introduction by ,w4 ,t4 ,stearn1 a summary or abridged version of the ,code1 and the full text4 ,it is of necessity somewhat technical in its phraseology1 and in places its jargon is overwhelming4 ,recently1 ,dr4 ,john ,s4 ,l4 ,gilmour1 ,director of the ,cambridge ,botanic ,gardens1 and formerly ,director of the ,r4 ,h4 ,s4 ,trial ,gardens at ,wisley1 published a very lucid and down-to-earth interpretation of the principle provisions of the ,code4 ,it is reproduced with permission at the conclusion of this introduction4 ,the questions asked about the ,code include1 ,what's it got that earlier codes did not have8 ,what's new about it8 ,how does it affect me8 ,there are several answers to the first query1 but the most significant is that here for the first time we have a ,code that represents the thinking of horticulturists from all leading horticultural centers of the world4 ,i was a member of a committee of thirteen 7representing #f countries71 that met for nine days in ,stockholm in #aiej to prepare and edit the first international draft of this ,code4 ,those of each nationality had met in their country previously1 with their own leaders1 and had come to this round-table session with fixed ideas of what they wanted4 ,by mid-evening of the first session it became apparent that the ,swedes1 the ,dutch1 the ,british1 and the ,americans had sent some of their most persuasive1 vocative1 and determined countrymen to represent them4 ,the ,swiss representative restrained himself admirably until after the initial lines had been drawn4 ,it looked then as if there might be several codes1 but before recessing several hours later some concessions had been made1 and discussion on the more volatile points had been deferred4 ,the differences of opinion were well founded and held with good reason4 ,some reflected an unawareness of situations in an unrelated horticultural field1 e4g41 a nurseryman did not know the problems encountered by the ,danes in developing so-called varieties of vegetables1 or by the ,american in producing hybrid-corn--each calling for different provisions in the ,code1 nor could the rose specialist be expected to comprehend the genetic situations encountered in many types of hybridity4 ,one botanist in the group had no appreciation of the intricacies of problems and situations found when trying to name some complex groups of cultigens4 ,add to these reasons the fact that most of these men were representatives or spokesmen for larger groups or national organizations back home and were not authorized to act independently from earlier decisions by those groups1 and one can only marvel that at the end of the #i-;day period we came up with a detailed and workable draft accepted unanimously1 and which was modified in no major respect at the more recently ,international ,horticultural ,congress in ,london4 ,the period between the ,stockholm meeting and the ,london ,congress was utilized to distribute mimeographed copies of the ,stockholm draft to horticultural leaders in all countries1 to provide opportunity for suggesting changes and new provisions for the ,code1 and to hold one committee meeting of international level1 at ,london in ,november #aiea4 ,as a result1 the present ,code is the first truly international regulating guide that has been produced as an aid to persons concerned with the nomenclature of cultivated plants4 ,the individual who may object to some provision of the ,code must remember that its presence in the ,code has had the support of scores of specialists1 representing no less than #af nations and that there is no part of the ,code that was not acceptable to a majority of the delegates of each nation and to the groups representing them4 ,the significance of this international character of the ,code is not to be discounted4 ,it is only proper at this point to tell you how the ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 was represented at the ,international ,horticultural ,congress in ,london4 ,practically every country except the ,united ,states has a national horticultural organization1 comparable in some respects to the ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 with which you are surely familiar4 ,this country had none4 ,when the call went out for representatives and delegates to the ,international ,horticultural ,congress1 that for this country was delivered to the agricultural attache at our ,embassy in ,london4 ,it is reported that he referred it to his home office and attended some preliminary meetings in ,london4 ,the matter was referred to the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture in ,washington and there sat1 apparently1 for months4 ,in the interim1 private communications were flying across the ,atlantic in both directions between interested horticulturists and finally the matter was referred by the ,honorable ,secretary of the ,congress direct to ,american societies of horticulture to ensure that ,american views and interests would be adequately represented4 ,it boiled down to the ,united ,states being represented by those persons who were going to be at the ,congress anyway and by men who were not specialists in nomenclatural matters4 ,appraised of their lot1 these persons made every effort to be briefed and informed on as many aspects of the provisions of the proposed ,code as possible4 ,as stated later by ,dr4 ,s4 ,l4 ,emsweller 7a member of the committee1 representing ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 and the ,american ,society for ,horticultural ,science71 this situation brought into sharp focus the need in this country for a single horticultural organization of organizations that could serve as authorized in matters at the international level4 ,the ,american ,horticultural ,council1 to which the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association belongs may become that organization1 but only when authorized by its membership4 ,many readers may be familiar with earlier codes1 as that adopted by the ,american ,pomological ,society 7which dates from #ahdg71 that by the ,american ,society of ,agronomists 7formulated in #aiag-ah71 and with a third code adopted at the sessions of the ,botanical ,congress meeting in ,cambridge1 ,england1 in #aice4 ,knowing of the provisions of these codes1 you may ask1 ,what has the new one got that is different8 ,there are many new features of which the more significant are given below4 ,perhaps foremost is the recognition that1 for the most part1 the so-called varieties of garden plants are not uniform in their behavior4 ,some are nothing more than transplants of variations found in the wild1 such as the ,japanese ,juglans ,sieboldiana var4 cordiformis1 a population having its own geographic range and distinguished from the typical element of the species by several morphological characters4 ,it is a botanical variety that is cultivated4 ,it is not a product of domestication4 ,the code distinguishes from this botanical variety those so-called varieties that are the result of domestication1 variants that have been produced in cultivation but are not known to occur and perpetuate themselves in the wild1 such as ,schwedler's maple known as ,acer ,platanoides var4 ,schwedleri4 ,plants of this group1 that may be grown from seed and which do show a limited variability1 are distinguished from botanical varieties by placing them in a new category called cultivar 7a name coined long ago by ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey and meaning1 a variety from cultivation74 ,the abbreviation for the category is cv4 ,furthermore1 in an effort to differentiate cultivar names from botanical names1 it is provided that they be treated as are vernacular or fancy 7common7 names4 ,that is1 that the name be placed in single quotes and not italicized e4g41 ,acer ,platanoides cv4 ',schwedleri'4 ,a third category is that of clone4 ,a clone is an individual propagated not from seeds but by asexual means1 as by grafting1 budding1 cuttings1 etc4 ,most so-called varieties of nuts are clones4 ,a clone may be selected from a species population1 from a botanical variety1 from a cultivar1 or from anyone of several types of hybrid complexes4 ,it may appear as a mutant of another clone4 ,the name for it may1 where there is need for precision1 be attached to the name of the species 7or hybrid7 from which it was selected1 as ,corylus ,avellana cl4 ',du,chilly' or reduced to ,corylus cl4 ',du,chilly4' ,for the hybridizer naming and introducing new hybrids to cultivation1 the ,code is more helpful than any previous set of rules and the needs of hybridizers of various groups have been considered4 ,many examples illustrating application of each provision are given in the unabridged version4 ,the person naming plants will find much helpful guidance with regard to the selection of names which should be considered if international usage is to prevail4 ,the ,code is just that1 a set of dicta provided for guidance by horticulturists throughout the world that there may prevail a greater uniformity1 accuracy1 and fixity of names1 a lessening of procedures that would lead to confusion and error if adequately supported or widely adopted1 and a provision for change and revision4 ,one section of the code 7,c7 dealing with ,registration might well come within the framework of interest and activity of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,this section1 which suffers materially by condensation in the abbreviated text that follows1 occupies nearly a page in the unabridged edition4 ,it envisages the establishment of an international registering body1 with headquarters for different groups located in different countries1 e4g41 that for tulips in the ,netherlands1 for rhododendrons in ,britain1 for roses in the ,united ,states1 etc4 ,the task of compiling1 maintaining1 and publishing such a registrar 7and rejecting names not in conformance with the ,code7 will fall in many cases on the special plant societies concerned4 ,when societies for a given group of plants exist in #b or more countries1 they will be expected to collaborate4 ,insofar as ,i know the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association has not set up any mechanism for the registration of names given to cultivars1 hybrids1 and clones of nuts4 ,to do so would be to perform a very real service for your membership1 for the industry in this country1 and would place the ,association in a key spot when the proposal for an international registry is activated4 ,the agitation for this phase of international application of the ,code is considerable and is more evident in ,europe than here4 ,if the ,association takes an active stand in the matter and develops a center of registry of nut names for this continent1 it may very well display a quality of initiative and service that will make it pre-eminent on the international level and will cause others to look to it for guidance1 information1 and leadership4 ,a careful consideration of this ,code is commended to all and those interested in the topic are urged to procure a copy of the booklet giving the unabridged edition and ,stearn's excellent historical account of the subject4 ,the ,new ,code ,for the ,naming of ,cultivated ,plants#g #g ,reproduced with permission from ,journal of the ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 vol4 #fi1 pp4 #ab-ba1 #aied4 ,j4 ,s4 ,l4 ,,gilmour1 ,chairman of the ,international ,committee on ,horticultural ,nomenclature and ,registration ,anyone who deals in any way with cultivated plants uses plant names4 ,this glimpse of the obvious ought to mean that the appearance of a new ,code for the naming of cultivated plants should be a memorable event for all gardeners4 ,i say ought to mean advisedly1 because there is no doubt that1 in the past1 ,codes of ,nomenclature have made little appeal to gardeners1 the great majority of whom have been blissfully unaware of their existence4 ,as a consequence1 many horticulturists--on hearing of a new ,code--will1 no doubt1 raise a respectful 7or contemptuous7 eyebrow and get on with reading their latest catalogue4 ,the aim of this article is to persuade readers of the ,society's ,,journal1 not only that this attitude is against their own interests1 but that a good deal of quiet entertainment can be extracted from trying to use plant names correctly--if only the entertainment of putting their neighbour right6 ,it is true that1 hitherto1 there has been ample excuse for ignorance4 ,although ,codes for the naming of cultivated plants have existed1 in some shape or form1 for nearly #ajj years1 they have been printed in obscure publications1 quite inaccessible to ordinary mortals4 ,this excuse no longer holds4 ,the full text1 plus a summary1 of the new ,code can be purchased for one shilling and three pence 7post free7 from the ,society1 and1 in addition1 reference to it has been made in many horticultural and other periodicals4 ,what1 then1 is the new ,code about1 how does it affect gardeners1 and what should they do about it8 ,in the first place it is not about the ,latin names of wild species or varieties--names like ,rhododendron ponticum and ,aesculus octandra var4 vestita4 ,whether wild plants are grown in gardens or not1 their ,latin names are governed by quite a separate ,code1 devised by botanists for the purpose4 ,it is true1 of course1 that gardeners have to use ,latin names for many of the wild plants that they grow1 and equally true1 unfortunately1 that the frequent changes in these names are a source of annoyance to everyone2 but that is quite another story1 with which we are not concerned here4 ,at the last ,international ,horticultural ,congress steps were taken which we all hope will result1 with the cooperation of botanists1 in the stabilization of widely used ,latin names of cultivated plants4 ,no1 the new ,code deals1 not with wild species1 varieties and hybrids1 but with what are commonly called garden varieties--namely1 forms which have been brought into existence by selection1 hybridization1 or other similar processes devised by man1 and are maintained in cultivation as clones or pure lines by man's care and skill--such plants as ,rose ',peace1' ,apple ',beauty of ,bath1' and thousands of others4 ,the distinction between wild plants and garden varieties is not absolutely clear cut1 and in the ,code a closer definition is attempted--but for our present purpose the difference is obvious enough4 ,in the ,code1 it is recommended that garden varieties should technically be called cultivars4 ,this has been their official name for many years and it is clearly desirable1 if the two categories of wild and cultivated varieties are to be recognized1 to have a short and internationally current word for each of them4 ,variety and cultivar serve this purpose admirably1 but it is not to be expected that all gardeners will make the distinction and adopt the word cultivar in ordinary parlance1 at any rate immediately4 ,personally1 however1 ,i hope and believe that eventually cultivar will find favour4 ,it is a clear and easily understood word and will1 ,i think1 prove useful to those gardeners who care for accuracy and precision in their craft1 and especially to those who have dealings with fellow-gardeners in other countries4 ,the ,code1 then1 deals with the names of cultivars4 ,it may be helpful1 ,i think1 to consider its rules and regulations under three headings3 firstly1 those of interest to all gardeners who have occasion to write the names of cultivars2 secondly1 those which are concerned with the coining of new names2 and thirdly1 those more technical provisions which are of interest primarily to horticulturists studying a particular group and trying to establish what are the correct names for its cultivars4 #a4 ,the ,writing of ,cultivar-,names ,the most important point1 perhaps1 concerning the names of cultivars is that they should not be in ,latin1 but in any modern language using the so-called ,roman alphabet 7i4e4 the alphabet in which ,english1 ,french1 ,german1 etc41 are written74 ,the reason for this is1 of course1 to distinguish1 at a glance1 names of cultivars from names of wild varieties1 which are in ,latin4 ,in the future1 ,latin names for cultivars will definitely not be allowed by the ,code1 but we are faced with the fait accompli of hundreds of existing ,latin names which have been widely used for many years4 ,for example3 the dwarf conifers abound with cultivars called 'nana1' 'prostrata1' 'compacta' and the like1 and such names as 'albus1' 'variegatus1' and 'plenus' occur in almost every cultivated genus4 ,it would clearly be foolish to try to alter all these1 and the ,code accepts such legacies from the past as permanently with us4 7,as we shall see1 however1 a distinction is made between the writing of ,latin cultivar-names and ,latin varietal-names47 ,the vast majority1 then1 of cultivar-names are vernacular or fancy names like ',winston ,churchill4' ,how should the full name of a cultivar be written8 ,the complete and technically correct form1 including the ,latin name of the species from which the cultivar has been derived1 is illustrated in the following example3 ,sedum spectabile ,boreau1 cv4 ',brilliant1' but ,i hasten to add that this lengthy designation is for use only on full-dress occasions6 ,in the example1 ,sedum is the name of the genus1 spectabile the name of the species 7technically called the specific epithet71 ,boreau the name of the man who first described the species under that name 7technically called the authority for the name71 cv4 the abbreviation of cultivar1 and ',brilliant' the cultivar-name for the particular cultivar concerned4 ,it should be noted 7#a7 that the generic name and specific epithet are printed in italics1 7#b7 that the cultivar-name begins with a capital letter1 is printed in ordinary ,roman type1 and is enclosed in single quotation marks1 and 7#c7 that there is no authority after the cultivar-name4 ,these three points are important1 and apply to the writing of all names of cultivars4 ,if we wish to cut down this rather formidable string of words for every-day use1 the authority can be omitted in all except very technical writing4 ,secondly1 the abbreviation cv4 can normally be left out1 as the vernacular form1 single quotes1 and ,roman type of ',brilliant' indicate quite clearly that it is a cultivar-name1 and not the name of a wild variety4 ,in this shortened form1 therefore1 the name would read simply3 ,sedum spectabile ',brilliant' and this is the normal method of writing the names of cultivars4 ,there are1 however1 two additional refinements that should be mentioned--apart from the special case of cultivars derived from hybrids1 which ,i will deal with later4 ,the first concerns those ,latin cultivar-names which are left over from the past4 ,these should be printed in ,roman type and enclosed in single quotes to distinguish them from ,latin varietal names2 thus one would write ,thuja orientalis 'elegantissima1' where 'elegantissima' is a cultivar-name1 but ,aesculus octandra var4 vestita1 where vestita is the name of a wild variety4 ,the second point refers to the omission of any authority after a cultivar-name4 ,many cultivars are first described in reports of trials1 in catalogues1 and other anonymous publications2 this makes the quoting of an authority impractical1 but there is provision in the ,code for writing the raiser's or introducer's name in brackets after the cultivar-name if so desired1 thus3 ,weigela ',avalanche' 7,lemoine74 #b4 ,naming ,new ,cultivars ,general ,let us suppose that a nurseryman1 park superintendent1 or amateur gardener has just flowered a batch of seedlings of1 say1 ,helenium1 and that he spots one as being of a new type and worthy of propagation4 ,in due course he shows the plant at a fortnightly show1 under a number1 and an ,award of ,merit is given to it4 ,he must now find a cultivar-name for his new plant4 ,his first problem1 of course1 is to choose a name that has not been used before in the genus ,helenium4 ,if he picks on a very unusual personal name he can be fairly certain that he is the first to use it4 ,if1 however1 he prefers a more general name1 like ',innocence' or ',venus1' there is a danger that it has been used before4 ,if there existed a registration authority for ,helenium names1 as there does1 for example1 for names of ,daffodils1 he could1 of course1 consult this authority1 but in its absence he must do his best to comb the likely literature--for example the ,index to this ,,journal1 nurserymen's catalogues1 etc4--and to assure himself that his chosen name has not already been used4 ,his next step is to make certain that the name is in accordance with the best practice for coining such names4 ,here is where the ,code will help him4 ,in it he will find 7under ,section ,f7 a series of rules for his guidance1 based on the accumulated experience of horticulturists of many nations4 ,i will not repeat these rules here--they can be read in the ,code--but perhaps the most important1 apart from the rule already quoted that the name must not be in ,latin1 is that it should be short 7not more than two words71 should avoid forms of address liable to be confused 7e4g4 ,mr41 ,mrs4 and ,miss7 and1 as far as possible1 should be easily pronounceable by all nationalities4 ,as the ,code says1 ',centenaire de ,rozain-,bourcharlat1' ',diplomagartenbauinspektor1' and ',eldwyth ,cholmondeley' are not looked upon with favour as cultivar-names6 ,having chosen a name1 it is essential to ensure that it is published1 together with an adequate description1 since the ,code does not recognize names that are not published1 or are published with no description4 ,the ,code lays down what is meant by publication1 and by adequate description4 ,the names of plants which receive an ,award at ,vincent ,square are automatically published1 with a description1 in this ,,journal1 but for other methods of publication the ,code should be consulted4 ,hybrids ,the naming of cultivars derived from crosses between two or more different species1 belonging to the same or different genera1 involves rather special problems4 ,by derived from ,i mean not only the first generation from a species cross1 but all subsequent generations and back-crosses with the original parents or with members of the first or later generations4 ,any cultivar which is the progeny of a species cross1 however remote1 comes1 for the purpose of the ,code1 under the heading of a hybrid and its naming is subject to definite rules4 ,the full name of a hybrid cultivar must be regarded as consisting of three distinct parts3 7#a7 the name of the genus 7or hybrid genus if a hybrid between two or more genera is concerned72 7#b7 a collective name or phrase covering all the progeny resulting from the particular species-cross concerned2 and 7#c7 a cultivar-name for the particular form 7cultivar7 under consideration4 ,in the name ,viburnum x bodnantense ',dawn1' ,viburnum is the generic name1 x bodnantense is the collective name for all progeny of the cross ,v4 fragans x ,v4 grandiflorum1 and ',dawn' is the cultivar-name for a particular seedling of this parentage4 ,it is essential always to bear in mind these three distinct parts of the name of a garden hybrid1 even if1 as it often done1 one or other of the parts is omitted in actual usage2 the three parts broadly correspond1 of course1 to the generic name1 specific epithet1 and cultivar-name of a non-hybrid cultivar 7see above74 ,let us consider these three parts in turn and see what types of name can be used in each part in actual practice--and how this affects the naming of new hybrid cultivars4 ,the first part1 the generic name1 presents no difficulties1 except in the case of new hybrids between two or more genera4 ,names of such hybrid genera are usually manufactured from a combination of the names of the parent genera 7e4g4 x ,heucherella1 from ,heuchera and ,tiarella72 in the case of hybrids between more than two genera1 however1 where a combination name would be unwieldy1 it is permissible to make a new name by adding the termination ara to the name of a person connected with the plant concerned 7e4g4 x ,sanderara for a tri-generic orchid hybrid74 ,before making a new hybrid generic name1 a botanist should be consulted1 as a ,latin description in proper1 botanical form must be provided4 ,it will have been noticed that a multiplication sign is placed in front of the names of hybrid genera1 but after the generic name in the case of hybrids within a single genus2 further details on this point are given later4 ,the second part of the full name of a hybrid is a more tricky business4 ,it is1 as ,i have said1 a collective designation for all the progeny of the particular cross concerned1 and it may take one or all of three possible forms3-- 7#a7 ,if the parentage is known1 a bare formula consisting of the names of the parents1 in alphabetical order1 connected with a multiplication sign1 e4g4 ,lewisia cotyledon x rediviva4 7#b7 ,a name in ,latin form 7corresponding to a non-hybrid specific epithet71 preceded by a multiplication sign1 e4g4 ,viburnum x bodnantense4 7#c7 ,a vernacular phrase containing the word hybrid1 cross1 grex 7,latin for flock or group71 or other similar word1 making evident the collective nature of the phrase1 e4g4 ,lilium ',bellingham ,hybrids4' ,why do we have to have these three different forms for the second part of the full name1 and when1 to put it briefly1 should we use which8 ,i must admit that practice on this particular point is as yet by no means fixed1 and no doubt it will be modified considerably during the next few years1 as more horticulturists try to apply the ,code to the groups in which they are interested4 ,in order to understand the alternatives available1 it will be helpful1 ,i think1 to consider first the third part of the full name1 as the use of this1 and of the second part1 are very closely connected4 ,the third part1 as ,i have said1 is a cultivar-name of a particular form of the hybrid concerned1 and1 in the first place1 it is extremely important to realize that every cultivated hybrid that is considered worth naming at all should receive a cultivar-name from the outset of its career1 even if1 at the time1 only one form is known1 or is considered worth naming4 ,to take an actual example1 at the time when the new hybrid ,viburnum x bodnantense was described in the ,botanical ,magazine1 only one form1 or clone1 of it had been put into circulation1 and yet that single clone was given a cultivar-name1 ',dawn4' ,the object of doing this was to be able1 in the future1 to refer by name to this particular clone and so avoid confusion with any later1 and possibly inferior1 forms of the same cross that might be produced4 ,in the absence of the name ',dawn1' less desirable clones could legitimately be passed off under the collective name ,v4 x bodnantense without the acquirer realising that he was not getting the original and superior form4 ,bearing in mind1 then1 the principle that all cultivated hybrids should have a third part1 cultivar-name1 we can turn again to the use of the various possible designations for the second part listed above4 ,the choice of designations depends1 broadly speaking1 on convenience1 that is to say1 on what1 in practice1 will be found the most useful method of referring to the plants concerned4 ,in principle1 of course1 every hybrid whose parentage is known has an appropriate formula-designation1 and in certain cases such a formula would be sufficient as a second part designation without inventing either a ,latin name or a vernacular collective name4 ,for instance1 when there are only a very few forms of a particular cross1 it might not be considered necessary to be able to refer to the forms collectively1 and a second part name would not then be given4 ,for example1 ,rubus ',merton ,thornless1' when raised1 was the only form of the hybrid ,r4 rusticanus inermis x thyrsiger to be put into circulation1 and it was not given a second part designation other than the appropriate formula4 ,on the whole1 however1 it is usually desirable to have a second part1 collective designation1 rather than a formula only4 ,whether such designation should be a ,latin name or a vernacular phrase1 or both1 depends on a number of factors which1 as ,i have said1 are not yet fully worked out or appreciated4 ,broadly speaking1 if there are a large number of cultivars of a particular cross and these cultivars form a well-marked group1 distinct from other hybrid groups in the genus1 it is useful to have a vernacular designation for general use1 e4g4 ',bellingham ,hybrids' for all cultivars of the cross ,lilium ,humboldtii x pardalinum4 ,this purpose can1 however1 be equally well served by a ,latin name1 e4g4 ,camellia x ,williamsii for all cultivars of the cross ,c4 japonica x saluenensis4 ,whichever method is chosen1 two points are of great importance4 ,firstly1 if a ,latin name is given1 it must be accompanied by a ,latin description4 ,secondly a vernacular designation must contain some such word as ,hybrids1 ,crosses1 or the like1 to distinguish it from a cultivar-name4 ,the practice1 in some groups1 of giving straight cultivar-names as second part collective designations1 followed by var4 so-and-so1 is condemned by the ,code4 ,existing names of this kind1 however1 can easily be brought into line by adding a word such as ,hybrids or ,grex to the old1 second part1 cultivar-name1 and omitting the var4 thus1 ,cattleya ',fabia' var4 ',prince of ,wales1' would become ,c4 7',fabia ,grex'7 ',prince of ,wales' 7,grex can he abbreviated to ,g4 if desired74 ,this alteration may seem over-pedantic1 but if1 in the naming of cultivated hybrids1 a clear distinction is not kept between second and third part names1 confusion1 as ,i have pointed out1 is likely to result4 ,i will finish this section on the naming of hybrids with one or two additional points on the correct method of writing their names4 ,here are the full names of three cultivated hybrids3-- ,rubus 7rusticanus inermis ,x thyrsiger7 ',merton ,thornless4' ,camellia ,x ,williamsii ',donation4' ,rose 7,hybrid ,tea7 ',richmond4' ,the following points should be noted3-- 7a7 ,if a formula or a vernacular designation is used as a second part name1 it should be placed in brackets between the generic name and the cultivar-name4 7b7 ,if a ,latin name is used as a second part name1 and the hybrid is between plants belonging to the same genus1 a multiplication sign should be placed between it and the generic name4 7c7 ,the third part cultivar-name follows directly on the second part name and is placed in single quotes1 as for cultivar-names of non-hybrids4 ,in many contexts it would not be necessary to write the second part name at all1 but if it is omitted1 the cultivar-name1 strictly speaking1 should be preceded by a multiplication sign1 thus3 ,camellia ,x ',donation1' but it would be no great crime to omit it1 except perhaps in technical publications4 #c4 ,what ,is the ,correct ,name for a ,cultivar8 ,it is a painfully familiar fact that many cultivars are known by more than one name1 and that many cultivar-names have been applied to more than one cultivar--although the position is not so bad as it is in the case of botanical names6 ,this multiplication of names is the inevitable result of many people naming many plants over a period of many years4 ,it is a situation which we must accept and do our best to mitigate4 ,the ,code has a number of necessarily rather complicated provisions aiming at selecting the correct name for any cultivar4 ,these provisions are important mainly to the comparatively few horticulturists and botanists who take on the unenviable job of sorting out the nomenclature of cultivated plants1 though the results of their labours affect us all4 ,the rules are set out fully in the ,code1 and here ,i will attempt only to pick out one or two of the more important4 ,the ,code lays down two basic principles2 though1 as we shall see1 these may be modified if undesirable name-changing can be avoided thereby4 7a7 ,no name can be used if it does not conform to the various rules laid down in the ,code 7including proper publication of the name1 with a description74 7b7 ,if there are two or more names that conform with the ,code1 then the earliest name is the correct one2 this is known technically as the principle of priority4 ,now1 obviously1 as happens with botanical names1 the strict application of priority might mean that a universally used name--say1 ,plum ',victoria'--would have to be given up and replaced by a completely unknown one4 ,this is unthinkable1 and1 as in the ,botanical ,code1 there are clauses to prevent it happening4 ,with cultivar-names1 however1 there is a particular complication1 which does not apply to botanical names4 ,the latter are all in ,latin1 whereas cultivar-names may be in many languages4 ,this means that a cultivar1 raised in one country under a name acceptable in that country1 may be introduced into another country where the original name is quite unpronounceable or otherwise unsuitable4 ,a new name is1 of course1 immediately invented by the introducer1 and clearly1 in many cases1 it is useless to try to make the second country adopt the earlier1 strictly correct1 but unsuitable name4 ,the ,code1 therefore1 allows the retention of the second name as what it calls a commercial synonym4 ,thus1 ,rose ',permanent ,wave' is a commercial synonym in the ,united ,states for the ,rose raised in ,holland as ',mevrouw van ,straaten van ,nes4' ,in any formal list of ,roses1 both names should be given1 together with any other commercial synonyms that may exist4 ,the coining of commercial synonyms is not1 of course1 to be encouraged1 and should only be done if the original name is clearly unsuitable for the new country4 ,frequently names are translated or transliterated when a cultivar is introduced into another country1 and such a translation or transliteration is not regarded in the ,code as a new name1 but as the original name in another form2 no difficulty1 therefore1 arises as to priority in these particular cases4 ,perhaps the most important section of the whole ,code deals with the ,registration of cultivar-names4 ,in certain groups 7e4g4 ,daffodils7 international registration schemes already exist1 and it is urged that further schemes1 covering all important groups of cultivated plants1 should be established as soon as possible4 ,the function of such authorities would consist1 primarily1 of 7#a7 registering new names and ensuring that they are in accordance with the ,code1 and 7#b7 preparing1 and keeping up to date1 lists of cultivars in their groups4 ,in addition1 the authorities would choose a particular publication as the starting-point of the nomenclature in the group 7so as to avoid dipping too deeply into the past in search of ever earlier cultivar-names71 and would act as arbiters when a decision has to be made between two or more widely used names for the same cultivar4 ,there is no doubt in the minds of those responsible for the ,code that the existence of internationally trusted and respected registration authorities would do more than anything else to stabilize and simplify the naming of cultivated plants4 ,it will obviously take some time before authorities can be set up for all--or even the majority--of important groups1 but the ,international ,committee is doing its best to push ahead quickly with this very important side of their work4 ,at the end of the ,code there are sections dealing with certain special categories such as re-selected and improved cultivars1 con-varieties1 clones1 apomicts and line-hybrids1 which are of interest mainly to specialists in breeding and taxonomic work on cultivated plants4 ,i hope ,i have said enough1 in this short article1 to convince readers of the ,,journal that the ,code is of some interest to them if they want to use the names of plants so that other gardeners1 both here and abroad can understand what they mean4 ,the next step is to read the ,code itself--first the ,summary and then the full text that follows it4 ,no doubt many who do so will be put off at first by the somewhat legal language used4 ,one can only repeat the time-honoured defence by lawyers when similarly attacked--that to avoid ambiguity experience has shown that a certain amount of jargon is necessary6 ,we have tried hard1 in the ,code1 to keep it to a minimum4 ,the ,international ,committee is anxious to receive suggestions for improving the ,code1 so that they can be discussed at the next ,horticultural ,congress4 ,all such suggestions should be sent to the ,secretary of the ,committee 7,,dr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,,fletcher71 c_/o ,the ,royal ,horticultural ,society1 ,vincent ,square1 ,london1 ,s4,w4#a4 ,in the ,historical ,introduction to the ,code 7written by ,,mr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,stearn1 ,secretary of the ,international ,committee1 during the production of the ,code71 ,fellows of ,the ,royal ,horticultural ,society will note1 ,i trust with pride1 the important part played by their ,society1 in cooperation with many other bodies and individuals in many parts of the world1 in the preparation1 drafting and publication of the ,code4 ,i hope that they will feel it their not unpleasant duty to make themselves and others familiar with the provisions of the ,code1 to follow its rules and recommendations when they use the names of cultivated plants1 and to let the ,secretary of the ,committee know how they think it might be improved4 ,article ,i of the ,code states that its aim is to promote uniformity1 accuracy and fixity 444 with the minimum disturbance of existing nomenclature--an aim surely close to the heart of every ,fellow of ,the ,royal ,horticultural ,society4 ,i am grateful to ,,mr4 ,a4 ,,simmonds1 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,stearn ,,and ,,mr4 ,p4 ,m4 ,,synge for help in the preparation of this article4 ,illustration3 ,exhibit at the ,harvest ,show of the ,massachusetts ,horticultural ,society--,boston1 ,mass4 ,october1 #aiec4 ,attendance ,register1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y41 #aiec ,ontario1 ,canada ,l4 ,k4 ,devitt1 ,toronto ,connecticut ,paul ,c4 ,daniels1 ,lakeville ,arthur ,h4 ,graves1 ,wallingford ,district of ,columbia ,beth ,ford1 ,washington ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,l4 ,ford1 ,washington ,miss ,gretta ,wilson1 ,washington ,georgia ,lou ,kahn1 ,albany ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,wm4 ,j4 ,wilson1 ,fort ,valley ,illinois ,mr4 ,ms4 ,r4 ,b4 ,best1 ,eldred ,c4 ,r4 ,blyth1 ,urbana ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,urbana ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,royal ,oakes1 ,bluffs ,indiana ,john ,andrews1 ,marion ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,ralph ,andrews1 ,marion ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,k4 ,dooley1 ,marion ,ray ,kaufman1 ,peru ,e4 ,w4 ,pape1 ,marion ,carl ,prell1 ,south ,bend ,ford ,wallick1 ,peru ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 ,rockport ,iowa ,roy ,e4 ,ferguson1 ,center ,point ,e4 ,f4 ,huen1 ,eldora ,ira ,m4 ,kyhl1 ,sabula ,wm4 ,rohrbacher1 ,iowa ,city ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder1 ,center ,point ,maryland ,dr4 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,hyattsville ,c4 ,t4 ,david1 ,college ,park ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt1 ,beltsville ,dr4 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay family1 ,college ,park ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,herbert ,negus1 ,hyattsville ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,takoma ,park ,massachusetts ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,andrew ,kerr1 ,plymouth ,michigan ,mrs4 ,alpha ,allen1 ,jackson ,howard ,allen1 ,jackson ,gilbert ,becker1 ,climax ,w4 ,m4 ,beckert1 ,jackson ,r4 ,m4 ,burr1 ,ann ,arbor ,f4 ,j4 ,keplinger1 ,farwell ,g4 ,j4 ,korn1 ,kalamazoo ,new ,jersey ,p4 ,h4 ,cox1 ,bloomfield ,new ,york ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,victor ,brook1 ,rochester ,ernest ,brooks1 ,monroe ,wm4 ,g4 ,brooks1 ,monroe ,david ,caldwell1 ,syracuse ,mrs4 ,l4 ,m4 ,caldwell1 ,canastota ,mrs4 ,s4 ,h4 ,graham1 ,ithaca ,prof4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,ithaca ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,george ,salzer1 ,rochester ,rodman ,salzer1 ,rochester ,george ,slate1 ,geneva ,jay ,l4 ,smith1 ,chester ,dr4 ,mary ,b4 ,spahr1 ,ithaca ,north ,carolina ,w4 ,j4 ,ellis1 ,advance ,ohio ,george ,e4 ,craig1 ,dundas ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,john ,davidson1 ,xenia ,barbara and ,doris ,dowell1 ,massillon ,dr4 ,mrs4 ,l4 ,l4 ,dowell1 ,massillon ,john ,a4 ,gerstenmaier1 ,massillon ,dr4 ,mrs4 ,edward ,a4 ,grad1 ,cincinnati ,frank ,m4 ,kintzel1 ,cincinnati ,shumzo ,kodera1 ,columbus ,tokyo1 ,japan ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,p4 ,e4 ,machovina ,family1 ,columbus ,christ ,pataky1 ,mansfield ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,raymond ,silvis1 ,massillon ,wm1 ,c4 ,silvis1 ,massillon ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,w4 ,weaver1 ,toledo ,emmet ,yoder1 ,smithville ,pennsylvania ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,harrisburg ,wm4 ,s4 ,clarke1 ,jr41 ,state ,college ,mrs4 ,helen ,davis1 ,allentown ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,b4 ,miller1 ,hazelton ,john ,rick1 ,reading ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,wm4 ,s4 ,weaver1 ,macungie ,tennessee ,roy ,chase1 ,knoxville ,spencer ,b4 ,chase1 ,knoxville ,virginia ,jesse ,o4 ,diller1 ,arlington ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,r4 ,gibbs ,family1 ,linden ,mr4 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,roanoke ,west ,virginia ,r4 ,w4 ,pease1 ,morgantown ,wisconsin ,l4 ,w4 ,coulson1 ,slinger ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association ,membership ,list ,october #a1 #aieb1 to ,september #cj1 #aiec 99,life member 9999,honorary member ,sec4,contributing member ,sustaining member ,,alabama ,hiles1 ,edward ,l41 ,hiles ,repair ,shop1 ,loxley ,long1 ,pope ,m41 ,box #cc1 ,cordova ,,arkansas ,croley1 ,victor ,a41 ,route #d1 ,box #de1 ,green ,forest ,crozier1 ,o4 ,n41 ,route #b1 ,searcy ,schlan1 ,mrs4 ,agnes1 ,route #b1 ,mountainburg ,sibley1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,w41 ,sulphur ,springs ,vaile1 ,joseph ,e41 ,dept4 of ,horticulture1 ,university of ,arkansas1 ,fayetteville ,wade1 ,clifton1 ,forest ,ave41 ,fayetteville ,wylie1 ,w4 ,d41 ,dept4 of ,entomology1 ,university of ,arkansas1 ,fayetteville ,,belgium ,vanderwaeren1 ,r41 ,horticultural ,adviser1 ,bierbeekstraat #bag1 ,korbeek-,lo ,,california ,andrew1 ,col4 ,james ,w41 ,box #ab1 ,hamilton1 ,a4 ,f4 ,b4 ,bridges1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,g41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #d1 ,box #fj1 ,tulore ,buck1 ,e4 ,h41 #af ,n4 ,portola1 ,three ,arch ,bay1 ,south ,laguna ,darling1 ,mrs4 ,leah1 ,wilsona ,route1 ,box #cac1 ,lancaster ,fowler1 ,floyd ,l41 ,route #b1 ,box #efcf;,b1 ,redding ,fulcher1 ,e4 ,c41 #egjg ,fulcher ,ave41 ,north ,hollywood ,gililland1 ,guy ,s41 ,l4 ,v4 ,s4 ,r4 ,box #cdb1 ,lucerne ,valley ,haig1 ,dr4 ,thomas ,r41 #cjba ,highland ,drive1 ,route #b1 ,box #bceg1 ,carlsbad ,jeffers1 ,chaplain ,harold ,w41 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,a4 ,s41 ,los ,alamitos1 ,long ,beach ,kemple1 ,w4 ,h41 #baf ,w4 ,ralston ,st41 ,ontario ,pentler1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,f41 #acbb ,martin ,ave41 ,palo ,alto ,pozzi1 ,p4 ,h41 #bhge ,s4 ,dutton ,ave41 ,santa ,rosa ,serr1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,f41 ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,davis ,stewart1 ,douglas ,n41 #fcc ,f ,street1 ,davis ,welby1 ,harry ,s41 #ejj ,buchanan ,st41 ,taft ,,canada ,blyth1 ,donald1 ,blythwood ,farm1 ,guelph1 ,ontario ,clarkson1 ,a4 ,g41 ,r4 ,r4 #a1 ,islington1 ,ontario ,collens1 ,adam ,h41 #db ,seaton ,st41 ,toronto #b1 ,ontario ,devitt1 ,l4 ,k41 #dji ,armadale ,ave41 ,toronto1 ,ontario ,english1 ,h4 ,a41 ,box #aec1 ,duncan1 ,british ,columbia ,gellatly1 ,j4 ,u41 ,box #ai1 ,westbank1 ,british ,columbia ,harrhy1 ,ivor ,h41 ,route #g1 ,st4 ,thomas1 ,ontario ,henderson1 ,george1 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #g1 ,guelph1 ,ontario ,holmes1 ,b4 ,t41 #cbj ,deloraine ,ave41 ,toronto1 ,ontario ,housser1 ,levi1 ,route #a1 ,beamsville1 ,ontario ,kimmerly1 ,fred ,a41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #c1 ,cottam1 ,ontario ,kimmerly1 ,haven ,e41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,harrow1 ,ontario ,lefevre1 ,h4 ,e41 #ced ,st4 ,catharine ,st41 ,east2 ,montreal #ah1 ,quebec ,lossing1 ,elgin1 ,norwich1 ,ontario 99,neilson1 ,mrs4 ,ellen1 #e ,macdonald ,ave1 ,guelph1 ,ontario ,papple1 ,elton ,e41 ,route #a1 ,cainsville1 ,ontario ,porter1 ,gordon1 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,harrow1 ,ontario ,sheppard1 ,h4 ,h41 ,box #df1 ,queenston1 ,ontario ,smith1 ,edward ,a41 ,box #f1 ,sparta1 ,ontario ,snazelle1 ,robert1 ,forest ,nursery1 ,route #e1 ,charlottetown1 ,prince ,edward ,island ,trayling1 ,e4 ,j41 #eji ,richard ,st41 ,vancouver1 ,british ,columbia ,wagner1 ,a4 ,s41 ,delhi1 ,ontario ,walker1 ,j4 ,w41 ,mc,carthy ,mc,carthy1 #ccj ,university ,ave41 ,toronto #a1 ,ontario ,wharton1 ,h4 ,w41 ,route #b1 ,guelph1 ,ontario ,white1 ,peter1 #cj ,pear ,ave41 ,toronto #e1 ,ontario ,willis1 ,a4 ,r41 ,route #a1 ,royal ,oak1 ,vancouver ,island1 ,british ,columbia ,young1 ,a4 ,l41 ,brooks1 ,alberta ,,colorado ,boyd1 ,a41 #abcb ,clayton1 ,denver ,forbes1 ,j4 ,e41 ,julesburg ,lieb1 ,mrs4 ,henry ,h41 #caie ,gray ,st41 ,denver ,mc,kinstry1 ,blair ,g41 ,julesburg ,morrison1 ,mrs4 ,doris ,e41 ,carr ,stoll1 ,harland1 #cjgj ,pierce1 ,denver #ad ,,connecticut ,ayling1 ,mrs4 ,charles ,l41 ,foothills1 ,washington ,bennett1 ,george ,s41 ,southbury ,corcoran1 ,h4 ,f41 ,the ,international ,silver ,co41 #afi ,colony ,st41 ,meriden ,david1 ,alexander ,m41 #dhj ,s4 ,main ,st41 ,west ,hartford ,deming1 ,miss ,charlotte1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #djc1 ,litchfield ,deming1 ,hawthorne1 ,hamilton ,lane1 ,darien 9999,deming1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c1 ,litchfield ,frueh1 ,alfred ,j41 ,route #a1 ,sharon ,graves1 ,dr4 ,arthur ,h41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #abi1 ,wallingford ,grebosky1 ,joseph ,l4's ,nursery1 #ej ,taylor ,ave41 ,south ,norwalk #ag ,hapgood1 ,miss ,dorothy ,a41 #gde ,farmington ,ave41 ,west ,hartford ,henry1 ,david ,s41 ,blue ,hills ,farm1 ,route #b1 ,wallingford ,howe1 ,mrs4 ,paul1 ,umpawang ,hill1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a1 ,west ,redding 99,huntington1 ,a4 ,m41 ,stanerigg ,farms1 ,bethel ,king1 ,mrs4 ,una1 #eg ,meadowbrook ,road1 ,west ,hartford ,newcomer1 ,dr4 ,earl1 ,storrs 99,newmarker1 ,adolph1 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,rockville ,nienstaedt1 ,dr4 ,hans1 ,conn4 ,agr41 ,expt4 ,station1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #aajf1 ,new ,haven #d ,pratt1 ,george ,d41 ,jr41 ,bridgewater ,schukoske1 ,john ,a41 ,route #b1 ,box #beg1 ,saybrook ,road1 ,middletown ,white1 ,george ,e41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,andover ,,delaware ,brugmann1 ,elmer ,w41 #ajh;,c ,thomas ,drive1 ,monroe ,park1 ,wilmington ,keller1 ,walt ,c41 ,rice ,farms1 ,felton ,logue1 ,r4 ,f41 ,general ,manager1 ,andelot1 ,inc41 #bjih du ,pont ,building1 ,wilmington ,,denmark ,butzow1 ,o41 #di ,bredgade1 ,copenhagen ,grandjean1 ,julio1 ,hillerod ,knuth1 ,count ,f4 ,m41 ,knuthenborg1 ,bandholm ,reventlow1 ,johan ,otto1 ,damgaard1 ,fredericia ,sorenson1 ,director ,k4 ,kaae1 ,dyrehavevej #bb1 ,klampenborg ,,district ,,of ,,columbia ,american ,potash ,institute1 ,inc41 #aajb #afth ,st41 ,n4 ,w41 ,washington ,curtis1 ,miss ,diane1 #aijc ,kalorama ,road1 ,n4 ,w41 ,washington ,ford1 ,edwin ,l41 #cfcd ,austin ,st41 ,s4 ,e41 ,washington #bj ,hale1 ,a4 ,c41 ,,foa-,,stem to ,thailand1 c_/o ,dept4 of ,state ,mail ,room1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,reed1 ,mrs4 ,clarence ,a41 #gcji ,piney ,branch ,road1 ,washington #ab ,woycik1 ,dr4 ,peter ,w41 #ahce ,eye ,st41 ,n4 ,w41 ,washington ,,ecuador ,daniels1 ,the ,honorable ,paul ,c41 ,american ,ambassador1 ,quito ,o',rourke1 ,prof4 ,f4 ,l41 ,tropical ,agr4 ,expt4 ,station1 ,pichilinque1 c_/o ,u4 ,s4 ,consul1 ,guaycil ,,england ,wood1 ,j4 ,f41 ,moor ,orchard1 ,north ,honiton1 ,devon ,,florida ,avant1 ,c4 ,a41 #ifj ,n4 ,w4 ,tenth ,ave41 ,miami ,estill1 ,miss ,gertrude1 #aec ,navarre ,drive1 ,miami ,springs ,holmes1 ,harry ,a41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #cbc1 ,boca ,raton ,,georgia ,bixler1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,h41 #acd ,superior ,ave41 ,decatur ,cannon1 ,j4 ,w41 ,jr41 ,box #chh1 ,cordele ,r4 ,e4 ,funsten ,co41 ,arthur ,o4 ,sandison1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ajdf1 ,albany ,gibbs1 ,robert ,i41 #ajjg ,clifton ,road1 ,n4 ,e41 ,atlanta #f ,hardy1 ,max ,b41 ,leeland ,farms1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #abh1 ,leesburg ,hunter1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,reid1 #efa ,lakeshore ,drive ,n4 ,e41 ,atlanta ,kahn1 ,lou1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ajdf1 ,albany ,noland1 ,s4 ,c41 ,skyland ,farms1 ,box #agdg1 ,atlanta #a ,sasseville1 ,ezra1 ,m41 #fje ,rhodes ,building1 ,atlanta ,wallace1 ,clifford ,l41 ,route #a1 ,riverdale ,wilson1 ,william ,j41 ,north ,anderson ,ave41 ,fort ,valley ,,hawaii ,keaau ,orchard1 ,john ,f4 ,cross1 ,manager1 ,hilo ,,hong ,,kong ,wang1 ,p4 ,w41 ,china ,prod4 ,trading ,corp41 #f ,des ,voeux ,road ,,idaho ,bailey1 ,robert ,g41 #ccb ,main ,st41 ,lewiston ,clarkson1 ,ernest ,v41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #b1 ,jerome ,dryden1 ,lynn1 ,peck ,hazelbaker1 ,calvin1 ,rt4 #b1 ,box #chb1 ,lewiston ,horn1 ,anton ,s41 #ibj ,n4 #bjth ,st41 ,boise ,ingle1 ,jack1 ,mountain ,home ,kindall1 ,mrs4 ,leslie ,l41 ,route #c1 ,boise ,,illinois ,allbright1 ,r4 ,d41 ,allbright ,nurseries1 #dbhg ,western ,ave41 ,western ,springs ,allen1 ,theodore ,r41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,delevan ,anderson1 ,ralph ,w41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #c1 ,morris ,anthony1 ,a4 ,b41 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,sterling ,armel1 ,eli1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #c1 ,mount ,sterling ,baber1 ,adin1 ,kansas ,ballard1 ,thomas ,e41 ,rural ,route1 ,carrollton ,barrow1 ,j4 ,m41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #bji1 ,urbana ,sec4,best1 ,r4 ,b41 ,columbiana ,seed ,co41 ,eldred ,best1 ,mrs4 ,r4 ,b41 ,columbiana ,seed ,co41 ,eldred ,best1 ,richard ,c41 ,eldred ,best1 ,robert ,l41 ,eldred ,best1 ,virgil1 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #d1 ,mattoon ,blaine1 ,homer ,h41 #ija ,white ,oak ,road1 ,bloomington ,blyth1 ,colin ,r41 ,mathematics ,dept41 ,university of ,illinois1 ,urbana 99,boll1 ,herschel ,l41 #b ,horticultural ,field ,laboratory1 ,university of ,illinois1 ,urbana ,booth1 ,earl1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #b1 ,carrollton ,borchsenius1 ,wayne ,l41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #b1 ,sheridan ,brock1 ,arthur ,s41 #agcc ,n4 ,mc,vicker ,ave41 ,chicago #ci ,canterbury1 ,c4 ,e41 ,cantrall ,carlson1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,j41 #cbj ,sherman ,ave41 ,macomb ,carvel1 ,mayo1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a1 ,golconda ,chandler1 ,s4 ,c41 #fjg ,w4 ,college ,st41 ,carbondale ,churchill1 ,woodford ,m41 #dcbc ,oakenwald ,ave41 ,chicago #ae ,clark1 ,thomas ,f41 ,northern ,regional ,research ,laboratory1 ,peoria ,colby1 ,dr4 ,arthur ,s41 ,department of ,horticulture1 ,university of ,illinois1 ,urbana ,corzine1 ,troy ,f41 ,dongola ,crabb1 ,richard1 ,box #cjf1 ,wheaton ,dahlberg1 ,albert ,a41 ,d4 ,d4 ,s41 #egef ,harper ,aw41 ,chicago #cg4 ,daum1 ,philip ,a41 #bjc ,n4 ,sixth ,st41 ,carrollton ,deaner1 ,willard ,g41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 ,i1 ,mendota ,decker1 ,honas ,h41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d41 ,rutland ,diener1 ,menno ,a41 ,route #b1 ,lovington ,dietrich1 ,ernest1 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,dundas ,dintleman1 ,l4 ,f41 ,state ,street ,road1 ,belleville ,dopheide1 ,henry ,a41 #acca ,jackson ,st41 ,quincy ,eigsti1 ,dr4 ,o4 ,j41 ,funk ,brothers ,seed ,co41 ,bloomington ,floreth1 ,w4 ,h41 ,carrollton ,fordtran1 ,e4 ,h41 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,box #ib1 ,palatine ,frey1 ,frank ,h41 #bcae ,west #ajhth ,place1 ,chicago #dc ,frey1 ,mrs4 ,frank ,h41 #bcae ,west #ajhth ,place1 ,chicago #dc ,fuller1 ,owen ,h41 #ajje ,oneida ,st41 ,joliet ,gerardi1 ,louis1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,caseyville ,gettings1 ,william ,a41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,eldred ,glidden1 ,nansen1 ,west ,lincoln ,highway1 ,de ,kalb ,govaia1 ,r4 ,m41 ,o4 ,d4 ,room #ai1 ,greer ,block1 ,vandalia ,graham1 ,george ,w41 ,rural ,route1 ,carrollton ,grefe1 ,ben1 ,route ,no4 #d1 ,box #bb1 ,nashville ,griffith1 ,chris1 ,west ,filmore ,st41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d41 ,vandalia ,hall1 ,e4 ,l41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a1 ,drew ,ave41 ,hinsdale ,hall1 ,william ,a41 ,m4 ,d41 #bag ,pacific ,road1 ,forrestal ,village1 ,north ,chicago ,hazelwood1 ,everett1 ,hillview ,sec4,heberlein1 ,edwin ,w41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,box #gb;,a1 ,roscoe ,helmle1 ,mrs4 ,herman ,c41 #ebf ,s4 ,grand ,ave41 ,w41 ,springfield ,hockenyos1 ,g4 ,l41 #bac ,e4 ,jefferson ,st41 ,springfield ,howard1 ,frank ,s41 ,rollins ,road at ,melrose1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,round ,lake ,hoyle1 ,mrs4 ,b4 ,g41 ,mc,nabb ,illyes1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,o41 #acjb ,lexington ,ave41 ,lawrenceville ,junck1 ,adolph ,e41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,jerseyville ,kammarmeyer1 ,glenn1 #agaa ,e4 #fgth ,st41 ,chicago #di ,kreider1 ,ralph1 ,jr41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,hammond ,krug1 ,carl ,b41 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,el ,paso ,kruse1 ,william1 c_/o ,honey ,lee ,apiaries1 ,godfrey ,laatz1 ,mrs4 ,lenore1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #c1 ,morris ,langdoc1 ,mrs4 ,mildred ,jones1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #acf1 ,erie ,leighton1 ,l4 ,c41 ,arthur ,marsh1 ,victor ,w41 ,aledo ,marsh1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,v41 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,aledo ,massey1 ,paul ,e41 ,box #bjb1 ,caseyville ,mc,daniel1 ,j4 ,c41 #ajd ,horticultural ,field ,laboratory1 ,university of ,illinois1 ,urbana ,mc,daniel1 ,j4 ,c41 ,jr41 #abjc ,w4 ,california ,ave41 ,urbana ,mc,kee1 ,mrs4 ,myrtice1 ,mount ,morris ,mohr1 ,victor ,c41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,box #ba1 ,dallas ,city ,musgrave1 ,carl1 #ebjj ,s4 ,laflin ,st41 ,chicago #i ,newman1 ,roy1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ea1 ,martinsviile ,sec4,oakes1 ,royal1 ,bluffs ,opat1 ,joseph ,c41 ,opat ,chinchilla ,fur ,ranch1 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #c1 ,hinsdale ,peers1 ,frank ,b41 ,box #cba1 ,highland ,park ,pierson1 ,stuart ,e41 ,carrollton ,pond1 ,merton1 ,bluffs ,raab1 ,irvin ,m41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #d1 ,belleville ,reid1 ,robert ,j41 #aacg ,winona ,st41 ,chicago #dj ,reisch1 ,louis ,c41 ,route ,no4 #d1 ,carrollton ,richie1 ,robert ,e41 ,carrollton ,robbins1 ,w4 ,j41 #hhe ,n4 ,la,salle ,st41 ,chicago #aj ,schmisseur1 ,l4 ,r41 ,caseyville ,schubert1 ,kenneth1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,millstadt ,seng1 ,charles ,w4 ,son1 #ibj ,lafayette ,ave41 ,box #bdg1 ,mattoon ,sokolowski1 ,f4 ,w41 ,m4 ,d4 #bejc ,donald ,ave41 ,alton ,sonnemann1 ,w4 ,f41 ,experimental ,gardens1 ,vandalia ,sparks1 ,maurice ,e41 #aejh ,ash1 ,lawrenceville ,spencer1 ,h4 ,dwight1 #bge ,w4 ,decatur ,st41 ,decatur ,tucker1 ,lowell ,r41 #fjg ,w4 ,mill ,st41 ,carbondale ,twenhafel1 ,paul1 ,gorham ,ullrich1 ,w4 ,d41 #ajh ,w4 ,mc,clure1 ,peoria #e ,vogt1 ,william ,g41 ,greene ,county ,national ,bank ,bldg41 ,carrollton ,voiles1 ,william1 ,eldred ,vortman1 ,elmer1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,bluffs ,wahle1 ,fred1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,fieldon ,whitford1 ,a4 ,m41 ,farina ,wright1 ,william ,w41 #aja ,taylor ,st41 ,vandalia ,young1 ,mrs4 ,hugh ,e41 ,maple ,springs ,farm1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d41 ,ashton ,zethmayr1 ,gordon1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,box #acj1 ,west ,chicago ,,indiana ,andrew1 ,john1 ,matter ,park ,road1 ,marion ,andrew1 ,ralph1 ,matter ,park ,road1 ,marion ,aster ,nut ,products ,co41 ,inc41 ,george ,oberman1 ,manager1 #ajjd ,main ,st41 ,evansville #h ,babcock1 ,dan1 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #ad1 ,box #cdb1 ,indianapolis #dd ,barnhart1 ,m4 ,a41 ,delphi ,bauer1 ,paul ,j41 #abc ,s4 #bith ,st41 ,lafayette ,bird1 ,e4 ,c41 #afj ,federal ,building1 ,south ,bend ,boller1 ,g4 ,evert1 ,route ,no4 #f1 ,box #aja1 ,marion ,bolten1 ,fred1 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,linton ,boyer1 ,clyde ,c41 ,nabb ,buchner1 ,dr4 ,doster1 #ecc ,w4 ,washington ,boulevard1 ,fort ,wayne #b ,clark1 ,c4 ,m41 ,c4 ,m4 ,clark ,sons ,nurseries1 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,middletown ,cole1 ,charles ,w41 ,jr41 ,madison ,road1 ,route ,no4 #f1 ,box #aab;,a1 ,marion ,cunningham1 ,earl ,e41 #fab ,e4 #dth ,st41 ,anderson ,deeg1 ,e4 ,e41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #i1 ,koring ,road1 ,evansville ,doeden1 ,johan1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #d1 ,attica ,dooley1 ,kenneth ,a41 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,marion ,dougherty1 ,paul ,b41 #dcai ,s4 ,harmon ,st41 ,marion ,eagles1 ,a4 ,e41 ,the ,eagles ,orchards1 ,wolcottville ,fateley1 ,nolan ,w41 #bf ,central ,ave41 ,franklin ,glaser1 ,peter1 ,route ,no4 #i1 ,box #cbh1 ,koering ,road1 ,evansville ,grater1 ,a4 ,e41 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,shipshewana ,gross1 ,mrs4 ,margaret ,e41 #hjh ,fenton ,road1 ,marion ,harrell1 ,franklin ,m41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,griffith ,sec4,hirschman1 ,j4 ,clifton1 #dada ,e4 #fbnd ,st41 ,indianapolis #bj ,jasperson1 ,marion ,e41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #e1 ,box #ee1 ,indianapolis #c ,johnson1 ,raymond ,m41 #hfje ,manderiey ,drive1 ,indianapolis ,kaufman1 ,ray1 ,route ,no4 #d1 ,peru ,kem1 ,dr4 ,charles ,e41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #c1 ,box #eb1 ,richmond ,kenworthy1 ,owen1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #c1 ,crown ,point ,kestle1 ,margaret ,k41 ,john ,deere ,store1 ,winamac ,kyburz1 ,benjamin ,e41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,idaville ,la ,rue1 ,a4 ,r41 ,box #adg1 ,bloomington ,layman1 ,j4 ,c41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a1 ,peru ,lennon1 ,robert ,e41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,warren ,letsinger1 ,j4 ,e41 #abjb ,lower ,huntington ,road1 ,fort ,wayne #f ,lukemeyer1 ,edwin ,j41 #hbe ,line ,st41 ,evansville ,moldenhauer1 ,carl ,j41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #g1 ,huntington ,neimeyer1 ,harry ,d41 ,west ,lebanon ,newman1 ,jesse ,d41 ,jr41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,culver ,oare1 ,william ,t41 #fej ,associate ,building1 ,south ,bend #a4 ,palmer1 ,frank1 ,jr41 #ajaa ,donmoyer1 ,south ,bend ,pape1 ,edward ,w41 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,marion ,sec4,prell1 ,carl ,f41 #adad ,e4 ,colfax ,ave41 ,south ,bend #ag ,randolph1 ,frederick ,f41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,edinburg ,reed1 ,frank1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,box #bbg1 ,daleville ,rehm1 ,walter ,t41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #d1 ,logansport ,richards1 ,e4 ,e41 #biab ,york ,road1 ,south ,bend ,risko1 ,a41 ,tioga ,orchards1 ,monticello ,rodenbeck1 ,miss ,ruby1 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,losantville ,russell1 ,a4 ,m41 ,jr41 #bgba ,marine ,st41 ,south ,bend #ad ,schram1 ,emil1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,peru ,schreiber1 ,ralph1 #bde ,cherry ,st41 ,new ,albany ,shafer1 ,john1 ,jr41 #cjca ,n4 ,roselawn ,drive1 ,logansport ,shannon1 ,charles1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #b1 ,box #cbd1 ,greenwood ,skinner1 ,dr4 ,charles ,h41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,thorntown ,sly1 ,miss ,barbara1 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,rockport ,sly1 ,donald ,r41 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,rockport ,sly1 ,miss ,lucinda ,beth1 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,rockport ,summers1 ,floyd1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d41 ,no4 #b1 ,box #fh1 ,winchester ,talbott1 ,john ,e41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #c1 ,linton ,sec4,wallick1 ,ford1 ,route ,no4 #d1 ,peru ,ward1 ,w4 ,b41 ,horticulture ,building1 ,purdue ,university1 ,lafayette ,welton1 ,forrest ,o41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a1 ,burns ,city ,westerhouse1 ,george ,f41 ,east ,ohio ,st41 ,monticello ,wichman1 ,robert ,p41 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,washington ,wilkinson1 ,j4 ,f41 ,indiana ,nut ,nursery1 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,rockport ,wittick1 ,eugene ,c41 ,route ,no4 #d1 ,box #fh;,a1 ,valparaiso ,wood1 ,darl ,f41 #bja ,miami ,club ,drive1 ,mishawaka ,woodward1 ,howard1 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,syracuse ,,iowa ,berhow1 ,seward1 ,berhow ,nurseries1 ,huxley ,bird1 ,c4 ,a41 ,box #ff1 ,odebolt ,boice1 ,r4 ,h41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,nashua ,cole1 ,edward ,p41 #dai ,chestnut ,st41 ,atlantic ,eads1 ,carroll1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d41 ,miles ,eller1 ,w4 ,e41 ,eldora ,ferguson1 ,albert ,b41 ,center ,point ,ferris1 ,wayne1 ,hampton ,goettler1 ,fred1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a1 ,bellevue ,goodwin1 ,william ,t41 #aaba ,s4 ,riverside ,drive1 ,iowa ,city ,gray1 ,kenny1 ,sabula ,greig1 ,john ,e41 ,box #aeg1 ,estherville ,hoke1 ,russell ,o41 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,anamosa ,huen1 ,e4 ,f41 ,eldora ,inter-,state ,nurseries1 ,hamburg ,kaser1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,d41 ,winterset ,kern1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,r41 #gda ,rundell ,st41 ,iowa ,city ,kosek1 ,frank ,j41 #hg ,sixteenth ,ave41 ,s4 ,w41 ,cedar ,rapids ,kyhl1 ,ira ,m41 ,box #bcf1 ,sabula ,lysinger1 ,addison1 ,lamoni ,martzahn1 ,frank ,a41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,davenport ,mc,leran1 ,harold ,f41 ,mount ,pleasant ,meyer1 ,clemens1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,west ,union ,neprash1 ,bob1 ,nursery1 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,cedar ,rapids #e ,orr1 ,j4 ,allen1 #djjj ,west ,fourth ,st41 ,sioux ,city #c ,rohrbacher1 ,dr4 ,william1 #haa ,e4 ,college ,st41 ,iowa ,city ,schlagenbusch ,brothers1 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,fort ,madison ,snyder1 ,d4 ,c41 ,center ,point ,steffen1 ,r4 ,f41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #acjb1 ,sioux ,city #b ,wade1 ,miss ,ida ,may1 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,la ,porte ,city ,welch1 ,g4 ,l41 ,mount ,arbor ,nurseries1 ,shenandoah ,white1 ,herbert ,l41 ,box #bfd1 ,woodbine ,white1 ,rev4 ,l4 ,p41 ,greeley ,williams1 ,r4 ,alan1 #aiij ,eighth ,ave41 ,marion ,williams1 ,wendell ,v41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,dansville ,,japan ,deming1 ,olcott1 ,u4 ,s4 ,embassy1 ,tokyo ,yamato ,seed ,implement ,co41 ,tokyo ,yoshizaki1 ,chiaki1 #ag ,ichi ,bancho ,chiyodaku1 ,tokyo 7,international ,collaboration of ,farmers ,association7 ,,kansas ,baker1 ,fred ,c41 ,troy ,borst1 ,frank ,e41 #agjd ,shawnee ,st41 ,leavenworth ,sec4,breidenthal1 ,willard ,j41 ,riverview ,state ,bank1 ,box #bif2 #gth and ,central1 ,kansas ,city ,funk1 ,m4 ,d41 #fjj ,w4 ,paramore ,st41 ,topeka ,gray1 ,dr4 ,clyde1 #ajae ,central ,ave41 ,horton ,harris1 ,ernest1 ,box #bj1 ,wellsville ,jackson1 ,walter1 ,osage ,city ,leavenworth ,nurseries1 ,carl ,holman1 ,proprietor1 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,leavenworth ,mondero1 ,john1 ,lansing ,pittser1 ,l4 ,r41 ,oswego ,stanley1 ,g4 ,e41 #bce ,ward ,parkway1 ,kansas ,city ,starke1 ,m4 ,f41 ,hawthorne ,place1 ,hiawatha ,thielenhaus1 ,w4 ,f41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,buffalo ,underwood1 ,jay1 ,riverside ,nursery1 ,uniontown ,wales1 ,max1 #aecd ,macvicar ,st41 ,topeka ,,kentucky ,alves1 ,robert ,h41 #cjb ,clay ,st41 ,henderson ,armstrong1 ,w4 ,d41 ,western ,kentucky ,experiment ,station1 ,princeton ,collier1 ,leroy1 #aead ,smallhouse ,road1 ,bowling ,green ,r4 ,e4 ,funsten ,co41 ,robert ,walker1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #adb1 ,henderson ,hopson1 ,j4 ,r41 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,cadiz ,magill1 ,w4 ,w41 ,horticulture ,department1 ,university of ,kentucky1 ,lexington ,miller1 ,julien ,c41 #bbj ,sycamore ,drive1 ,paducah ,moss1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,a41 ,box #bcg1 ,williamsburg ,rouse1 ,sterling1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,box #gj1 ,florence ,siler1 ,robert ,w41 ,box #bda1 ,williamsburg ,stone1 ,dr4 ,thomas1 ,mayfield ,taliaferro1 ,philip1 ,box #he1 ,erlanger ,tatum1 ,w4 ,g41 ,route ,no4 #d1 ,lebanon ,usrey1 ,robert1 ,star ,route1 ,mayfield ,widmer1 ,dr4 ,nelson ,d41 ,lebanon ,yost1 ,john ,m41 ,pikeville ,,louisiana ,crow1 ,john1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d41 ,coushatta ,hammar1 ,dr4 ,harald ,e41 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,chemical ,laboratory1 #fjf ,court ,house1 ,shreveport #dg ,lowrey1 ,brunner ,e41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #afh1 ,mansfield ,perrault1 ,mrs4 ,henry ,d41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,box #ac1 ,natchitoches ,smith1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,l41 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pecan ,laboratory1 #fjg ,court ,house1 ,shreveport #dg ,,maine ,hamilton1 ,mrs4 ,benjamin ,p41 ,waterboro1 ,york ,county ,,maryland ,barrett1 ,harvey ,e41 ,p4 ,e4 #ag ,maple ,ave41 ,catonsville #bh ,berry1 ,frederick ,h41 ,div4 of ,forest ,pathology1 ,plant ,industry ,station1 ,beltsville ,crane1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,l41 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a41 ,plant ,industry ,station1 ,beltsville ,dengler1 ,harry ,william1 ,extension ,forester1 ,university of ,maryland1 ,college ,park ,diller1 ,dr4 ,jesse ,d41 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a41 ,plant ,industry ,station1 ,beltsville ,eastern ,shore ,nurseries1 ,inc41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #gdc1 ,easton ,sec4,gravatt1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,f41 ,div4 of ,forest ,pathology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a41 ,plant ,industry ,station1 ,beltsville ,hughes1 ,clinton ,k41 ,potomac ,ave41 ,braddock ,heights ,jones1 ,george ,r41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #b1 ,aberdeen ,kaan1 ,dr4 ,helen ,w41 #hcce ,grubb ,road1 ,silver ,spring ,kemp1 ,homer ,s41 ,bountiful ,ridge ,nurseries1 ,princess ,anne ,mc,kay1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w41 ,plant ,industry ,station1 ,beltsville ,negus1 ,mrs4 ,herbert1 #ejca #eeth ,ave41 ,roger ,heights ,porter1 ,john ,j41 #aaii ,the ,terrace1 ,hagerstown ,rayner ,brothers1 ,salisbury ,shamer1 ,dr4 ,maurice ,e41 #ccjj ,west ,north ,ave41 ,baltimore #af ,swipp1 ,stanley ,w41 #dbah #gast ,ave41 ,landover ,hills ,,massachusetts ,babbitt1 ,howard ,s4 #bba ,dawes ,ave41 ,pittsfield ,barthelmes1 ,george ,a41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,leicester ,bradbury1 ,rear ,admiral ,h4 ,g41 ,hospital ,point1 ,beverly ,brooks1 ,henry ,h41 ,boxboro ,brown1 ,daniel ,l41 ,esq41 #fj ,state ,street1 ,boston ,bump1 ,albert ,h41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #bge1 ,brewster ,davenport1 ,s4 ,lothrop1 #bd ,creeper ,hill ,road1 ,north ,grafton ,desfarges1 ,osias ,j41 ,granby ,faulkner1 ,luther ,w41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d41 ,westford ,fitts1 ,walter ,h41 #ci ,baker ,st41 ,foxboro ,ganz1 ,robert ,norton1 ,m4 ,d41 #bfb ,beacon ,st41 ,boston ,gardner1 ,e4 ,e41 ,box ,c1 ,station ,a1 ,boston #ah ,kendall1 ,henry ,p41 ,moose ,hill ,farm1 ,sharon ,kerr1 ,andrew1 ,lock ,box #bdb1 ,barnstable ,la ,beau1 ,henry ,a41 ,north ,hoosac ,road1 ,williamstown ,lincoln1 ,roger ,n41 #h ,stagecoach ,road1 ,ware ,rice1 ,horace ,j41 #eae ,main ,st41 ,wilbraham 99,russell1 ,mrs4 ,newton ,h41 #ab ,burnett ,ave41 ,south ,hadley ,stewart1 ,o4 ,w41 #ge ,milton4 ,ave41 ,hyde ,park #cf ,vance1 ,robert ,g41 ,m4 ,d41 #bfb ,beacon ,st41 ,boston #af ,viera1 ,manuel1 ,main ,street1 ,vineyard ,haven ,wellman1 ,sargent ,h41 ,esq41 ,windridge1 ,topfield ,wood1 ,miss ,louise ,b41 ,pocasset1 ,cape ,cod ,york1 ,stanley ,e41 #dhj ,branch ,st41 ,mansfield ,,michigan ,allen1 ,howard ,h41 #bibe ,francis ,street1 ,jackson ,andersen1 ,charles1 ,route #b1 ,box #bcf1 ,scottville ,armstrong1 ,robert ,j41 ,m4 ,d41 ,oak ,shadows ,farm1 ,route #h1 ,box #hc1 ,kalamazoo ,auringer1 ,mrs4 ,gjertine ,t41 #ddda ,steward ,road1 ,metamora ,barlow1 ,alfred ,l41 #acjgi ,flanders ,ave41 ,detroit #e ,becker1 ,gilbert1 ,climax ,becker1 ,john ,andrew1 ,climax ,beckert1 ,w4 ,m41 ,michigan ,dept4 of ,conservation1 #djh ,kalamazoo ,plaza1 ,lansing #cc4 ,biackwell1 ,norman ,a41 #ag ,oakdale ,boulevard1 ,pleasant ,ridge ,boylan1 ,p4 ,b41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,cloverdale ,breitmeyer1 ,howard ,t41 #abiee ,dale ,ave41 ,detroit #bc ,bruce1 ,stanford ,p41 #djaf ,kendall1 ,detroit #ch ,bumler1 ,malcolm1 #bejj ,dickerson1 ,detroit #ae ,burgart1 ,harry1 ,michigan ,nut ,nursery1 ,box #cc1 ,union ,city ,burgess1 ,e4 ,h41 ,burgess ,seed ,plant ,co41 #fg ,e4 ,battle ,creek ,st41 ,galesburg ,burr1 ,redmond ,m41 #cbj ,s4 ,fifth ,ave41 ,ann ,arbor ,chester1 ,dr4 ,william ,p41 #gdb ,maccabees ,building1 ,detroit #b ,corsan1 ,h4 ,h41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,hillsdale ,dennison1 ,clare1 #dbbd ,avery1 ,detroit #h ,desmet1 ,mrs4 ,agnes1 #addej ,houston ,ave41 ,detroit #e ,dillow1 ,harold ,r41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #dgi1 ,franklin ,driver1 ,louis1 #iaea ,silverside ,drive1 ,silver ,lake1 ,south ,lyon ,dronka1 ,joseph1 #aibef ,gable ,st41 ,detroit #cd ,emerson1 ,ralph ,w41 #afa ,cortland ,ave41 ,highland ,park #c ,goodfellow1 ,james1 ,secord ,lake ,road1 ,leonard ,grindstaff1 ,mary ,i4 ,haynes1 #acji ,jones ,drive1 ,ann ,arbor ,groos1 ,alfred ,p41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,gladstone ,hagelshaw1 ,w4 ,j41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,box #cid1 ,galesburg ,hay1 ,francis ,h41 ,ivanhoe ,place1 ,lawrence ,hubbard1 ,william ,g41 ,box #adf1 ,hudsonville ,johnson1 ,leonard ,a41 #fbj ,e4 ,buno ,road1 ,route #c1 ,milford ,keplinger1 ,frank ,j41 ,farwell ,klarr1 ,mrs4 ,b4 ,l41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,west ,nine ,mile ,road1 ,northville ,klever1 ,edward ,f41 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,grant ,korn1 ,g4 ,j41 ,r4 ,d4 ,no4 #b1 ,dorr ,krueger1 ,henry ,r41 ,south ,river ,road1 ,st4 ,clair ,law1 ,joseph ,w41 ,north ,branch ,lee1 ,michael1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #af1 ,milford ,lemke1 ,edwin ,w41 #fbbgg ,campground ,road1 ,washington ,long1 ,louis ,c41 #faag ,state ,road1 ,goodrich ,maycock1 ,harry ,j41 #ehj ,fairground ,st41 ,plymouth ,michigan ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,a4 ,j4 ,barlow1 ,secretary1 #acjgi ,flanders ,ave41 ,detroit #e ,miller1 ,louis1 #dag ,n4 ,broadway1 ,cassopolis ,nitschke1 ,robert ,a41 ,tilbury ,place1 ,birmingham ,prushek1 ,e41 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,niles ,ricky1 ,lowell ,l41 #ajji-;,a ,birch ,st41 ,east ,lansing ,riopel1 ,mrs4 ,irene ,m41 #hgjj ,second ,boulevard1 ,detroit #b ,robbins1 ,walton ,t41 #fdie ,waldon ,road1 ,clarkston ,simons1 ,rev4 ,r4 ,e41 ,flat ,rock ,somers1 ,lee1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,perrinton ,strong1 ,forrest ,c41 #abac ,n4 ,walnut ,st41 ,lansing #f4 ,sweet1 ,dale ,v41 #ecj ,s4 ,capitol1 ,lansing ,tate1 ,d4 ,l41 #iei ,westchester ,way1 ,birmingham ,tolles1 ,g4 ,s41 ,route ,no4 #e1 ,south ,haven ,ullrey1 ,l4 ,e41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,vicksburg ,wieber1 ,giles ,e41 ,fowler ,windon1 ,maurice1 ,route ,no4 #i1 ,kalamazoo ,wyman1 ,miles ,l41 #dj ,north ,st41 ,highland ,park #c ,,minnesota ,dubbels1 ,charley1 ,elgin ,frame1 ,william ,g41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #d1 ,northfield ,hodgson1 ,r4 ,e41 ,dept1 of ,agriculture1 ,s4 ,e4 ,experiment ,station1 ,waseca ,hormel1 ,jay ,c41 ,austin ,lamberson1 ,g4 ,e41 ,route ,no4 #d1 ,warren ,law1 ,ken1 ,jewell ,nurseries1 ,inc41 ,lake ,city ,luedtke1 ,h4 ,f41 ,box #bhg1 ,st4 ,cloud ,sanders1 ,parker ,d41 ,fifth ,jefferson ,sts41 ,redwood ,falls ,wedge1 ,don1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #b1 ,albert ,lea ,weir1 ,t4 ,h41 ,fruit ,breeding ,farm1 ,excelsior ,weschke1 ,carl1 #if ,s4 ,wabasha ,st41 ,st4 ,paul ,,mississippi ,golding1 ,w4 ,t41 ,stewart ,gossard1 ,atherton ,c41 ,u4 ,s4 ,horticultural ,field ,station1 ,route ,no4 #f1 ,meridian ,king1 ,mrs4 ,john ,andrew1 ,tolten ,road1 ,lodi ,meyer1 ,james ,r41 ,delta ,branch ,experiment ,station1 ,stoneville ,,missouri ,bauman1 ,ivan ,t41 ,bauman ,brokerage ,co41 #dcej ,tait ,ave41 ,st4 ,louis ,biggs1 ,dutton1 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,hickman ,mills ,block1 ,elmer ,l41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,sarcoxie ,buck1 ,charles ,l41 ,la ,crosse ,choisser1 ,elden1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ddb1 ,poplar ,bluff ,conaway1 ,claude ,n41 ,poyner ,davis1 ,ben1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #agf1 ,van ,buren ,degler1 ,roy ,h41 #acje ,moreland ,ave41 ,jefferson ,city ,ellston1 ,john1 ,box #gb1 ,exeter ,r4 ,e4 ,funsten ,co41 ,don ,mc,donald1 #aeae ,delmar ,boulevard1 ,st4 ,louis #c ,hay1 ,leander1 ,gilliam ,heuser1 ,wesley ,e41 ,rich ,hill ,howe1 ,john1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,box #d1 ,pacific ,huber1 ,frank ,j41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,weingarten ,james1 ,george1 ,james ,pecan ,farms1 ,brunswick ,john1 ,w4 ,h41 ,pacific ,jones1 ,vernon ,w41 #eaaa ,walrond1 ,kansas ,city #d ,lambert1 ,j4 ,o41 ,laclede ,logan1 ,george ,f41 ,oregon ,marquardt1 ,fred1 ,rich ,hill ,neosho ,nurseries ,co41 ,a4 ,e4 ,weston1 ,neosho ,sec4,nicholson1 ,john ,w41 ,ash ,grove ,ochs1 ,c4 ,thurston1 ,box #bia1 ,salem ,oliver1 ,l4 ,p41 #eaa ,monroe ,ave41 ,campbell ,owens1 ,le ,roy ,j41 ,willow ,springs ,pies1 ,edward ,g41 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,farmington ,ralston1 ,john ,h41 #bdj ,e4 ,whittier ,st41 ,kansas ,city #ag ,richterkessing1 ,ralph1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,st4 ,charles ,rose4 ,dr4 ,d4 ,k41 #bcj ,linden1 ,clayton #e ,salman1 ,kenneth ,a41 ,route #c1 ,box #agh;,a1 ,mountain ,grove ,shideler1 ,harry1 ,finance ,building1 ,kansas ,city ,sims ,fruit ,nursery ,farms1 ,hannibal ,stark ,brothers ,nursery ,orchards ,co41 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,guengerich1 ,louisiana ,tainter1 ,nat ,a41 #dbj ,jackson ,st41 ,st4 ,charles ,wuertz1 ,h4 ,j41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,pevely ,wylie1 ,wilber ,j41 #ijb ,grand ,ave41 ,doniphan ,,montana ,ford1 ,russell ,h41 ,dixon ,kirchner1 ,harold ,j41 ,rapelje ,,nebraska ,brand1 ,george1 ,route ,no4 #e1 ,lincoln ,brandenburgh1 ,a4 ,r41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #b1 ,bellwood #c ,caha1 ,william1 #cej ,w4 #abth ,st41 ,wahoo ,hess1 ,harvey ,w41 ,the ,arrowhead ,gardens1 ,box #bji1 ,hebron ,manning1 ,arch ,j41 #dbjb ,emmet ,st41 ,omaha #c ,schick1 ,robert ,a41 #bcc ,n4 ,fifth1 ,seward ,sherwood1 ,jack1 ,nebraska ,city ,tolstead1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,l41 ,dept1 of ,botany1 ,university of ,nebraska1 ,lincoln ,ziegenbein1 ,mrs4 ,helen ,m41 ,box #fga1 ,wasau ,,new ,,hampshire ,demarest1 ,charles ,s41 ,lyme ,center ,lahti1 ,matthew1 ,locust ,lane ,farm1 ,wolfeboro ,,new ,,jersey ,anderegg1 ,r4 ,d4 ,no4 #c1 ,sommerville ,audi1 ,eugene ,j41 ,m4 ,d41 #dff ,s4 ,maple ,ave41 ,glen ,rock ,bakst1 ,myron1 #ah ,n4 ,spring ,garden ,ave41 ,nutley ,bottoni1 ,robert ,j41 #da ,robertson ,road1 ,west ,orange ,buckwalter1 ,alan ,r41 ,jr41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,box #dg1 ,flemington ,buckwalter1 ,mrs4 ,alan ,r41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,box #de1 ,flemington ,cherry1 ,george ,d41 ,paulsdale1 ,hooten ,road1 ,moorestown ,cox1 ,philip ,h41 ,jr41 #cj ,hyde ,road1 ,bloomfield ,cumberland ,nurseries1 ,william ,wells1 ,prop41 ,route ,no #a1 ,millville ,donnelly1 ,john ,h41 ,mountain ,ice ,co41 #ea ,newark ,st41 ,hoboken ,dougherty1 ,william ,m41 ,broadacres-on-,bedens1 ,box #dbe1 ,princeton ,ellis1 ,mrs4 ,edward ,p41 ,strawberry ,hill1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,box #acg1 ,keyport ,grosshans1 ,george1 #acji ,summit ,terrace1 ,linden ,huslig1 ,frank ,e41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d41 ,stewartsville ,lamatonk ,nurseries1 ,a4 ,s4 ,yorks1 ,prop41 ,neshanic ,station ,lehman1 ,edwin ,l41 #haa ,north ,fourth ,st41 ,camden #b ,lippencott1 ,j4 ,c1 #ae ,mundy ,ave41 ,spotswood ,mc,carty ,gardens1 ,box #hi;,a1 ,english ,creek1 ,mays ,landing ,mc,dowell1 ,fred1 #ije ,ocean ,ave41 ,belmar ,rinker1 ,ralph ,s41 #egb ,bellevue ,ave41 ,trenton #h ,rocker1 ,louis ,p41 ,the ,rocker ,farm1 ,box #aif1 ,andover ,schroeder1 ,harold ,w41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #b1 ,boonton ,sheffield1 ,o4 ,a41 #bhc ,hamilton ,place1 ,hackensack ,siegel1 ,mrs4 ,ralph1 #aba ,market ,st41 ,perth ,amboy ,sorg1 ,henry1 ,chicago ,ave41 ,egg ,harbor ,city ,van ,doren4 ,durand ,h41 #caj ,redmond ,road1 ,south ,orange ,,new ,,mexico ,gehring1 ,rev4 ,titus1 ,box #aag1 ,lumberton ,,new ,,york ,barton1 ,irving ,titus1 ,box #ac1 ,montour ,falls ,bassett1 ,charles ,k41 #biag ,main ,st41 ,buffalo #ad ,beck1 ,paul ,e41 ,beck's ,guernsey ,dairy1 ,transit ,road1 ,east ,amherst ,benton1 ,william ,a41 ,wassaic ,bernath1 ,stephen1 ,bernath's ,nursery1 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,poughkeepsie ,bernath1 ,mrs4 ,stephen1 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,poughkeepsie ,brook1 ,victor1 #aga ,rockingham ,st41 ,rochester #g ,brooks1 ,william ,g41 ,brooks ,nut ,nurseries1 ,monroe ,caldwell1 ,david ,h41 ,new ,york ,state ,college of ,forestry1 ,syracuse ,caldwell1 ,mrs4 ,lynn ,m41 #bag ,w4 ,hickory ,st41 ,canastota ,cassina1 ,augustus1 ,valatie ,center1 ,bernard ,m41 #ea ,van ,buren ,st41 ,massapequa ,park ,connor1 ,mrs4 ,charles ,j41 #dfj ,flint ,st41 ,rochester #aa ,dunckel1 ,lewis ,a41 #bjbc ,s4 ,salina ,st41 ,syracuse #e ,feil1 ,harry1 #abgj ,hilton ,spencerport ,road1 ,hilton ,ferguson1 ,donald ,v41 ,long ,island ,agriculture and ,technical ,institute1 ,farmingdale ,flanigen1 ,charles ,f41 #af ,greenfield ,st41 ,buffalo #ad ,freer1 ,h4 ,j41 #bj ,midvale ,road1 ,fairport ,gibson1 ,stanford ,j41 #ef ,fair ,st41 ,norwich ,glazier1 ,henry ,s41 ,jr41 ,i4 ,s4 ,william ,st41 ,room #ajja1 ,new ,york #d ,goyne1 ,w4 ,e41 #gda ,sound ,view ,drive1 ,mamaroneck ,graham1 ,s4 ,h41 ,route ,no4 #e1 ,bostwick ,road1 ,ithaca ,hasbrouck1 ,walter1 #ai ,grove ,st41 ,new ,paltz ,hewitt1 ,prof4 ,oliver1 #ace ,hudson ,st41 ,ithaca ,hill1 ,francis ,i41 ,sterling ,hirshfeld1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w41 #aji ,w4 ,upland ,road1 ,ithaca ,ingalls1 ,chester ,w41 #hb ,chestnut ,st41 ,cooperstown ,irish1 ,g4 ,whitney1 ,fruitlands1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,valatie ,kettaneh1 ,f4 ,a41 #gde ,fifth ,ave41 ,new ,york #bb ,knipper1 ,george ,m41 #ccc ,chestnut ,ridge ,road1 ,churchville ,knorr1 ,mrs4 ,arthur1 #ae ,central ,park ,west1 ,new ,york #bc ,kortright1 ,w4 ,e41 ,r4 ,d4 ,no4 #a1 ,liberty ,sec4,kraai1 ,dr4 ,john1 #hd ,s4 ,main ,st41 ,fairport ,lambert1 ,raymond ,h41 #aii ,van ,rensselaer ,st41 ,buffalo #aj 99,lewis1 ,clarence1 #ajjj ,park ,ave41 ,new ,york ,lowerre1 ,james ,d41 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,middletown 99,mac,daniels1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h41 ,cornell ,university1 ,ithaca ,mac,lennan1 ,walter1 #ajia ,e4 #aith ,st41 ,brooklyn #cj ,metcalfe1 ,ward ,h41 #gaj ,five ,mile ,line ,road1 ,webster ,metcalfe1 ,mrs4 ,ward ,h41 #gaj ,five ,mile ,line ,road1 ,webster ,miller1 ,j4 ,e41 ,j4 ,e4 ,miller ,nurseries1 ,canandaigua ,mossman1 ,dr4 ,james ,k41 ,black ,oaks1 ,ramapo ,norman1 ,norinan ,b41 #fd ,rocklidge ,road1 ,hartsdale ,o',brien1 ,esmonde ,m41 #be ,south ,st41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #bafi1 ,new ,york #d ,owen1 ,charles ,h41 ,supt4 of ,schools1 ,sennett ,pickard1 ,mrs4 ,frederick1 ,freehold1 ,greene ,county ,pura1 ,john ,j41 ,route ,no4 #hb1 ,hopewell ,junction ,purdy1 ,lawson1 #gf ,murray ,ave41 ,port ,washington ,renshaw1 ,alfred1 ,fiddler's ,lane1 ,loudonville ,reynolds1 ,c4 ,l41 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,binghamton ,rickard1 ,william1 c_/o ,chief ,william ,rickard1 ,tuscarora ,indian ,reservation1 ,sanborn ,roat1 ,gordon ,j41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,canandaigua ,salzer1 ,george1 #afi ,garford ,rd41 ,rochester #i ,salzer1 ,rodman ,g41 #afi ,garford ,road1 ,rochester #i ,schlegel1 ,charles ,p41 #iij ,south ,ave41 ,rochester #g ,schlick1 ,frank1 ,munnsville ,schlick1 ,john1 ,mill ,road1 ,vernon ,center ,schmidt1 ,carl ,w41 #ahj ,linwood ,ave41 ,buffalo ,schwab1 ,fred ,l41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ca1 ,,kb ,station1 ,bronx #fc ,shannon1 ,j4 ,w41 ,box #ij1 ,ithaca ,sheffield1 ,lewis ,j41 #fa ,n4 ,magnolia ,st41 ,pearl ,river ,sec4,slate1 ,prof4 ,george ,l41 ,state ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,geneva ,smith1 ,gilbert ,l41 ,r4 ,d4 ,no4 #b1 ,millerton ,smith1 ,james ,b41 #cd ,cedar ,place1 ,yonkers #e ,smith1 ,jay ,l41 ,nut ,tree ,nursery1 ,chester ,spahr1 ,dr4 ,mary ,b41 #aaf ,n4 ,geneva ,st41 ,ithaca ,steiger1 ,harwood1 ,red ,hook ,swanson1 ,prof4 ,gustav1 ,r4 ,d4 ,no4 #d1 ,compton ,road1 ,ithaca ,szego1 ,alfred1 #ceej #ghth ,st41 ,jackson ,heights ,volcko1 ,andrew1 #fjg ,w4 ,colvin ,st41 ,syracuse #e ,wadsworth1 ,millard ,e41 ,route ,no4 #e1 ,oswego ,wheeler1 ,robert ,c41 #cf ,state ,st41 ,albany #g ,wilson1 ,frank ,c41 #bg ,liberty ,st41 ,arcade ,windisch1 ,richard ,p41 c_/o ,w4 ,e4 ,burnet ,co41 #aa ,wall ,st41 ,new ,york #e 99,wissman1 ,mrs4 ,f4 de ,r4 ,,north ,,carolina ,andrus1 ,e4 ,rex41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,franklin ,bass1 ,claude ,d41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,kenley ,brooks1 ,j4 ,r41 ,box #aaf1 ,euka ,dunstan1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,t41 ,greensboro ,college1 ,greensboro ,ellis1 ,w4 ,j41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #b1 ,advance ,finch1 ,jack ,r41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,bailey ,henry1 ,w4 ,v41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #b1 ,candler ,mc,cain1 ,h4 ,c41 ,box #gid1 ,tryon ,moorman1 ,l4 ,l41 #hja ,n4 ,washington ,st41 ,rutherfordton ,poe1 ,d4 ,w41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #hjg1 ,hickory ,stadler1 ,l4 ,e41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,reidsville ,,north ,,dakota ,bradley1 ,homer ,l41 ,long ,lake ,refuge1 ,moffit ,row1 ,w4 ,w41 ,cando ,seed ,company1 ,cando ,,ohio ,ackerman1 ,lester1 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,ada ,alden1 ,r4 ,w41 ,golf ,drive1 ,painesville ,antioch ,college1 ,glen ,helen ,dept41 ,yellow ,springs ,beede1 ,d4 ,v41 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,lisbon ,bitler1 ,w4 ,a41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a1 ,shawnee ,road1 ,lima ,borchers1 ,perry ,e41 #dab ,w4 ,hillcrest ,ave41 ,dayton #f ,boyce1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,l41 #bf ,wildfern ,drive1 ,youngstown ,brewster1 ,lewis1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,swanton ,bridgwater1 ,boyd ,e41 #fh ,cherry ,st41 ,akron #h ,bungart1 ,a4 ,a41 ,avon ,bussey1 ,roy ,k41 ,jr41 #ajef ,florida ,ave41 ,akron #ad ,button1 ,fred1 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,mc,arthur ,cinadr1 ,mrs4 ,katherine1 #acead ,coath ,ave41 ,cleveland #bj ,clark1 ,richard ,l41 #aeag ,westdale ,road1 ,south ,euclid #ba ,collins1 ,laurence ,e41 #acaf #ddth ,st41 ,n4 ,e41 ,canton #d ,cook1 ,h4 ,c41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,box #adi1 ,leetonia ,cornett1 ,charles ,l41 ,railroad ,perishable ,inspection1 #bg ,w4 ,front ,st41 ,cincinnati ,craig1 ,george ,e41 ,dundas ,cunningham1 ,harvey ,e41 #dbj ,front ,st41 ,marietta ,daley1 ,james ,r41 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,foster ,park ,road1 ,amherst ,davidson1 ,john1 #bcd ,e4 ,second ,st41 ,xenia ,davidson1 ,mrs4 ,john1 #bcd ,e4 ,second ,st41 ,xenia ,diller1 ,dr4 ,oliver ,d41 ,dept1 of ,forestry1 ,ohio ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,wooster ,donaldson1 ,robert ,g41 ,r4 ,d4 ,no4 #c1 ,wooster ,dowell1 ,glenn ,c41 ,jr41 ,m4 ,d41 #aaf #bfth ,st41 ,n4 ,e41 ,canton #d ,dowell1 ,dr4 ,lloyd ,l41 #ebi ,north ,ave41 ,n4 ,e41 ,massillon ,farr1 ,mrs4 ,walter1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,kingsville ,fickes1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,r41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,wooster ,garden ,center of ,greater ,cleveland1 ,east ,boulevard at ,euclid ,ave41 ,cleveland #f ,sec4,gerber1 ,e4 ,p41 ,kidron ,gerstenmaier1 ,john ,a41 #ac ,pond ,st41 ,s4 ,w41 ,massillon ,grad1 ,dr4 ,edward ,a41 #aejf ,chase ,st41 ,cincinnati #bc ,gwynn1 ,frank1 ,p4 ,h4 ,harriman1 ,west ,mansfield ,hake1 ,henry1 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,edon ,hammock1 ,edwin ,h41 #cde ,e4 ,state ,st41 ,columbus #ae ,hansley1 ,c4 ,f41 ,box #fad1 ,sugar ,grove ,harmon1 ,c4 ,j41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d41 ,graytown ,hayes1 ,okey1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,lockbourne ,heinzelman1 ,edward ,g41 #bfg ,southern ,ave41 ,chillicothe ,hill1 ,dr4 ,albert ,a41 #dahg ,pearl ,road1 ,cleveland #i ,hinde1 ,john ,g41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,sandusky ,hlywiak1 ,andy1 #bbad ,s4 ,tod ,ave41 ,warren ,hornyak1 ,louis1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,wakeman ,houlette1 ,william ,r41 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,columbiana ,howard1 ,james ,r41 #bijh ,fleming ,road1 ,middletown ,humphries1 ,dr4 ,john ,k41 #eaja ,hilliard ,cemetery ,road1 ,hilliard ,irish1 ,charles ,f41 #dah ,e4 #ajeth ,st41 ,cleveland ,jacobs1 ,homer ,l41 ,davey ,tree ,expert ,co41 ,kent ,jagodnik1 ,anthony1 #ecfj ,richmond ,road1 ,cleveland #bd ,jay1 ,don1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,box #bcj1 ,ludlow ,fall ,kappel1 ,owen1 ,bolivar ,kerr1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,e41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,north ,lawrence ,kintzel1 ,frank ,m41 #bejf ,briarcliffe ,ave41 ,cincinnati #ac ,kistner1 ,albert ,m41 #aebe ,herald ,ave41 ,cincinnati #g ,kodera1 ,shunzo1 #dg ,e41 ,twelfth ,ave41 ,columbus #a ,kovar1 ,emil1 #beje ,oakes ,road1 ,brecksville ,laditka1 ,nicholas ,g41 #ecbb ,stickney ,ave41 ,cleveland #i ,leaman1 ,paul ,v41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,creston ,lechleitner1 ,rev4 ,r4 ,d41 ,d4 ,d41 #bgj ,westview ,ave41 ,worthington ,lemmon1 ,r4 ,m41 #egg ,vinita ,ave41 ,akron #bj ,levandosky1 ,chester1 #bbii ,e4 ,sprague ,road1 ,seven ,hills ,village1 ,cleveland #i ,lippa1 ,julius1 #ddfd ,lee ,heights ,road1 ,warrensville ,heights ,lorenz1 ,r4 ,c41 #aba ,n4 ,arch ,st41 ,fremont ,lucas1 ,r4 ,j41 #ijg ,e4 ,main ,st41 ,newark ,lynn1 ,edith1 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,canfield ,sec4,machovina1 ,paul ,e41 #abbh ,northwest ,boulevard1 ,columbus #ab ,manbeck1 ,willard ,o41 #acei ,croyden ,road1 ,cleveland #bd ,mc,kinster1 ,ray1 #afcb ,s4 ,fourth ,st41 ,columbus #g ,mc,queen1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,f41 #afc ,church ,st41 ,amherst ,meier1 ,walter ,l41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #b1 ,port ,clinton ,meister1 ,richard ,t41 ,editor1 ,american ,fruit ,grower1 ,willoughby ,meister1 ,robert ,t41 ,,sre4 ,,def41 ,,apo4 #eh1 ,,pm41 ,new ,york 7,home address1 ,barnesville74 ,metzger1 ,a4 ,j41 #gbd ,euclid ,ave41 ,toledo #e ,miller1 ,clifford1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,elmore ,miller1 ,h4 ,j41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,elmore ,oches1 ,norman ,m41 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,brunswick ,page1 ,john ,h4 ,box #cd1 ,dundas ,pataky1 ,christ1 ,jr41 #eib ,hickory ,lane1 ,m4 ,r4 ,s41 ,mansfield ,pattison1 ,miss ,aletheia ,e41 #e ,dexter ,place1 ,e4 ,w4 ,h41 ,cincinnati #f ,pomerene1 ,walter ,h41 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,coshocton ,pomeroy1 ,howard ,a41 #dhjc ,rambo ,lane1 ,toledo #ac ,pribonic1 ,joseph ,c41 ,box #ajg1 ,warwick ,purdy1 ,clyde ,w41 #ai ,public ,square1 ,mt4 ,vernon ,ranke1 ,william1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,box #bdh1 ,amelia ,sec4,riegel1 ,joseph ,s41 ,box #ahd1 ,sylvania ,robb1 ,harry ,c41 #baf ,s4 ,lisbon ,st41 ,carrollton ,rogers1 ,t4 ,b41 ,box #bif1 ,lakemore ,rohrbaugh1 ,lynn1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a1 ,delaware ,rummel1 ,e4 ,t41 #affac ,laverne ,ave41 ,cleveland #aa ,sasak1 ,edward ,a41 #ijid ,columbia ,road1 ,olmstead ,falls ,w4 ,n4 ,scarff's ,sons4 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a1 ,new ,carlisle ,schmidt1 ,wilhelm ,g41 #cba ,west ,broadway1 ,maumee ,schoenberger1 ,l4 ,roy1 ,green ,pines ,farm1 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,nevada ,seas1 ,d4 ,edward1 #gba ,s4 ,main ,st41 ,orrville ,shelton1 ,dr4 ,elbert ,m41 #adfh ,w4 ,clifton ,boulevard1 ,lakewood #g ,sherman1 ,l4 ,walter1 #bbj ,fairview ,ave41 ,canfield ,shessler1 ,sylvester ,m41 ,genoa ,short1 ,robert ,m41 #abb ,e4 ,park ,st41 ,westerville ,silvis1 ,raymond ,e41 #agbe ,lindbergh ,ave41 ,n4 ,e41 ,massillon ,smith1 ,sterling ,a41 #fcj ,w4 ,south ,st41 ,vermillion ,sonnanstine1 ,earl ,c41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a1 ,tipp ,city ,spencer1 ,carl ,a41 ,sr41 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,salem ,springer1 ,lemar ,m41 #ceaj ,kathleen ,ave41 ,dayton ,spring ,hill ,nurseries ,co41 ,tipp ,city ,steinbeck1 ,a4 ,p41 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,ravenna ,stocker1 ,c4 ,p41 ,lorain ,products ,corp41 #aabb ,f ,st41 ,lorain ,swope1 ,wilmer ,d41 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,box #ahc1 ,leetonia ,thomas1 ,fred1 #ggc ,bedford ,road1 ,masury ,toberg1 ,john ,r41 #agjh ,leona ,drive1 ,cincinnati #chh ,toney1 ,hewitt ,s41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,cedarville ,toops1 ,herbert ,a41 #adcj ,cambridge ,boulevard1 ,columbus #ab ,tyirin1 ,william ,c41 #ejej ,burley ,hills ,drive1 ,cincinnati #bg ,underwood1 ,john1 ,route ,no4 #d1 ,urbana ,urban1 ,george1 #deah ,ardendale ,road1 ,south ,euclid #ba ,van ,voorhis1 ,j4 ,f41 #bae ,hudson ,ave41 ,apt4 ,b-#a1 ,newark ,von ,gundy1 ,clifford ,r41 #hea ,nordyke ,road1 ,cincinnati #h ,walker1 ,carl ,f41 #bhea ,overlook ,road1 ,cleveland #ah ,warren1 ,herbert ,l41 #eah ,w4 ,central ,ave41 ,delaware ,weaver1 ,arthur ,w41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d41 ,box #aif-;,b1 ,cass ,road1 ,maumee ,willett1 ,dr4 ,gaillard ,p41 ,elmore ,williams1 ,harry ,m41 #bba ,grandon ,road1 ,dayton #i ,williams1 ,l4 ,f41 ,box #chf1 ,mt4 ,vernon ,yates1 ,edward ,w41 #cajh ,parkview ,ave41 ,cincinnati #ac ,yoder1 ,emmet1 ,smithville ,zimmerman1 ,erie ,c41 #eid ,fairwood ,road1 ,r4 ,d4 ,no4 #a1 ,clinton ,zuercher1 ,jacob1 ,r4 ,d4 ,no4 #b1 ,orrville ,,oklahoma ,back1 ,ernest ,o41 #acjj ,s4 ,keeler1 ,bartlesville ,butler1 ,roy ,j41 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,hydro ,cross1 ,prof4 ,frank ,r41 ,dept4 of ,horticulture1 ,oklahoma ,a4 ,m4 ,college1 ,stillwater ,dean1 ,marion1 ,jr41 ,tuxedo ,road1 ,bartlesville ,gray1 ,geoffrey ,a41 #afbh ,elm ,ave41 ,bartlesville ,hartman1 ,peter ,e41 ,hartsdale ,nursery ,co41 #cjjb ,s4 ,boston ,place1 ,tulsa #e ,hirschi's ,nursery1 #aabd ,n4 ,hudson1 ,oklahoma ,city ,hughes1 ,c4 ,v41 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,box #fad1 ,oklahoma ,city #g ,keathly1 ,jack1 ,marland ,meek1 ,e4 ,b41 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,box #af1 ,wynnewood ,price1 ,harold ,c41 ,star ,view ,farm1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #hja1 ,bartlesville ,pulliam1 ,gordon1 #ajje ,osage ,ave41 ,bartlesville ,riter1 ,john ,r41 #aae ,e4 ,first ,st41 ,bartlesville ,shroyer1 ,james ,r41 #aaab ,dakota ,ave41 ,chickasha ,straight1 ,h4 ,r41 #ice ,cherokee1 ,bartlesville ,warzel1 ,f4 ,morgan1 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,box #ahi-;,c1 ,bartlesville ,,oregon ,bebeau1 ,a4 ,v41 ,box #acf1 ,mc,nary ,countryman1 ,peter ,f41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,box #bge1 ,ontario ,graville1 ,ed1 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,box #cfc1 ,junction ,city ,miller1 ,john1 ,treasuredale1 #bbjj ,s4 ,w4 ,child's ,road1 ,oswego ,pearcy1 ,harry ,l41 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,box #aij1 ,salem ,smith1 ,earl ,g41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a1 ,newberg ,thomas1 ,miss ,ella ,s41 ,sixth ,stanley ,sts41 ,amity ,trunk1 ,john ,e41 ,northwest ,nut ,growers1 #afja ,n4 ,columbia ,boulevard1 ,portland #aa ,,pennsylvania ,allaman1 ,h4 ,c41 #ahab ,s4 ,pine ,st41 ,york ,allaman1 ,r4 ,p41 ,route ,no4 #hf1 ,harrisburg ,amsler1 ,e4 ,w41 #gjg ,main ,st41 ,clarion ,anthony1 ,roy ,d41 #abe ,hillcrest ,ave41 ,state ,college ,arensberg1 ,charles ,f4 ,c41 ,first ,national ,bank ,bldg41 ,pittsburgh #bb ,banks1 ,h4 ,c41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,hellertown ,beard1 ,h4 ,k41 ,route #a1 ,sheridan ,beck1 ,dr4 ,william ,m41 #bjj ,race ,st41 ,sunbury ,berst1 ,charles ,b41 #aa ,w4 ,eighth ,st41 ,erie ,bering1 ,joseph1 ,bering ,bowling ,center1 ,second ,ave4 and ,weidman ,st41 ,lebanon ,berlich1 ,mrs4 ,sylvester1 ,box #ha1 ,broughton ,blittle1 ,george1 #ajg ,lincoln ,highway1 ,penndel1 ,bucks ,county ,bowen1 ,john ,c41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,macungie ,brewer1 ,j4 ,l41 ,yellow ,house ,bricker1 ,calvin ,e41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,mercersburg ,brown1 ,morrison1 ,ickesburg ,burket1 ,j4 ,emory1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a1 ,claysburg ,sec4,clarke1 ,william ,s41 ,jr41 ,box #afg1 ,state ,college ,clewell1 ,gen4 ,edgar ,l41 ,dimde ,farms1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #b1 ,harrisburg ,comp1 ,alton1 #e ,n4 ,second ,st41 ,newport ,damask1 ,henry1 #afcb ,doyle ,st41 ,wilkinsburg #ba ,deagon1 ,arthur1 #fa ,e4 ,main ,st41 ,mechanicsburg ,ebling1 ,aaron ,l41 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,reading ,eshenbaugh1 ,e4 ,w41 #aibj ,elm1 ,new ,cumberland ,etter1 ,fayette1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #eg1 ,lemasters ,fry1 ,mrs4 ,reba ,f41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a1 ,new ,galilee ,gardner1 ,ralph ,d41 #ddbh ,plymouth ,st41 ,colonial ,park1 ,harrisburg ,glasgow1 ,joseph ,m41 #djf ,s4 ,second ,st41 ,bellwood ,good1 ,orrin ,s41 #caf ,n4 ,fairview ,st41 ,lock ,haven ,gorton1 ,f4 ,b41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,east ,lake ,road1 ,harborcreek ,hales1 ,alfred ,r41 ,jr41 #aija ,second ,ave41 ,altoona ,halsey1 ,a4 ,louise1 #fc ,walnut ,st41 ,forty ,fort ,hamlin1 ,dallas ,w41 #ajab ,elizabeth ,st41 ,williamsport ,hartman1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,w41 ,keystone ,hospital1 ,third and ,briggs ,sts41 ,harrisburg ,heyn1 ,w4 ,c41 ,hunsecker ,mill ,butter ,road1 ,route ,no4 #e1 ,box #hb1 ,lancaster ,hostetter1 ,l4 ,k41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,bird in ,hand4 ,hughes1 ,douglas1 #abcj ,e4 #bast ,st41 ,erie ,johnson1 ,robert ,f41 #afcj ,greentree ,road1 ,pittsburgh #bj ,jones1 ,curwin ,f41 ,r4 ,d4 ,no4 #c1 ,harrisburg ,kaufman1 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,m41 ,box #fi1 ,clarion ,knouse1 ,charles ,w41 ,colonial ,park1 ,harrisburg ,krone1 ,herbert ,b41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,box #ccj1 ,lancaster ,krone1 ,mrs4 ,herbert ,b41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,box #ccj1 ,lancaster ,leach1 ,will1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,box #de1 ,scranton ,leja1 ,paul1 #ebfc ,keystone ,st41 ,pittsburgh #a4 ,mack1 ,c4 ,h41 ,m4 ,d41 ,main ,road1 ,lake ,ariel ,mattoon1 ,h4 ,gleason1 ,box #cjd1 ,narbeth ,mc,kenna1 ,philip ,m41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ahf1 ,latrobe ,mecartney1 ,j4 ,lupton1 #iah ,w4 ,beaver ,ave41 ,state ,college ,miller1 ,elwood ,b41 ,mill ,chapel ,sts41 ,hazelton ,miller1 ,henry ,n41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,mt4 ,joy ,miller1 ,robert ,o41 ,third ,ridge ,sts41 ,emmaus ,moyer4 ,philip ,s41 #hjhb ,u4 ,s4 ,f4 ,g4 ,building1 ,harrisburg ,murray1 ,james ,h41 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,cambridge ,springs ,niederriter1 ,leonard1 #agbf ,state ,st41 ,erie ,nonnemacher1 ,h4 ,m41 #abh ,front ,st41 ,alburtis ,oesterling1 ,h4 ,m41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,marysville ,reidler1 ,paul ,g41 ,front ,chestnut ,sts41 ,ashland ,reighard1 ,e4 ,don1 ,r4 ,d4 ,no4 #b1 ,box #bdg1 ,halifax ,rhoades1 ,frank ,s41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,sigel 99,rick1 ,john1 #dch ,pennsylvania ,square1 ,reading ,ruhman1 ,frank ,a41 #abbe ,clymer ,road1 ,hatfield ,sandt1 ,floyd ,h41 ,m4 ,r4 #ce1 ,easton ,schaible1 ,percy1 ,box #fh1 ,upper ,black ,eddy ,schieferstein1 ,william ,b41 ,box #deg1 ,temple ,schrader1 ,fred ,l41 #gcb ,e4 ,fifth ,st41 ,berwick ,shank1 ,paul ,e41 ,box #de1 ,marion ,sims1 ,prof4 ,hugh4 ,d41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #caj1 ,lewisburg ,smith1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell1 #eej ,elm ,ave41 ,swarthmore ,smyth1 ,c4 ,wayne1 #a ,prospect ,st41 ,troy ,springer1 ,herbert ,w41 #bah ,penrose ,st41 ,quakertown ,stewart1 ,e4 ,l41 ,pine ,hill ,farms ,nursery1 ,route ,no4 #b4 ,homer ,city ,stroh1 ,major ,oscar ,h41 ,r4 ,d4 ,no4 #a1 ,linglestown ,theiss1 ,dr4 ,lewis ,e41 #aaj ,university ,ave41 ,lewisburg ,sec4,thompson1 ,howard ,a41 #caa ,w4 ,swissvale ,ave41 ,pittsburgh #ah ,tomm1 ,joseph ,g41 ,r4 ,d4 ,no4 #b1 ,mc,donald ,sec4,twist1 ,frank ,s41 ,box #abg1 ,northumberland ,washick1 ,dr4 ,frank ,a41 ,s4 ,w4 ,cornet ,welsh ,veree ,roads1 ,philadelphia #aa ,weaver1 ,william ,s41 ,weaver ,orchards1 ,macungie ,weber1 ,george ,g41 #gdh ,s4 ,queen ,st41 ,york ,weinrich1 ,whitney1 ,engle ,road1 ,route #bj1 ,media ,welliver1 ,mrs4 ,eugene ,c41 #cfg ,light ,street ,road1 ,bloomsburg ,wilcox1 ,george ,s41 ,montrose 99,wister1 ,john ,c41 ,scott ,foundation1 ,swarthmore ,college1 ,swarthmore ,wright1 ,ross ,pier1 #bce ,w4 ,sixth ,st41 ,erie ,yohe1 ,russell1 ,east ,texas ,zimmerman1 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,a41 ,r4 ,d41 ,linglestown ,,rhode ,,island 99,allen1 ,philip1 #agh ,dorance ,st41 ,providence ,loomis1 ,charles ,b41 #fa ,elisha ,st41 ,east ,greenwich ,,south ,,carolina ,bregger1 ,john ,t41 ,clemson ,gordon1 ,g4 ,henry1 ,union ,dry ,cleaning ,co41 #ac-a_/b ,main ,st41 ,union ,,south ,,dakota ,krueger1 ,george1 ,madison ,restore ,america ,association3 ,ivan ,drift1 ,sponsor1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ch1 ,hot ,springs ,richter1 ,herman1 ,madison ,,tennessee ,alpine ,forest ,reserve1 c_/o ,j4 ,edwin ,carothers1 ,alpine ,byrd1 ,benjamin ,f41 ,jr41 ,m4 ,d41 ,granny ,white ,pike1 ,nashville ,caldwell1 ,sam1 ,route ,no4 #d1 ,holt ,road1 ,nashville #aa ,carter1 ,oscar ,w41 ,m4 ,d41 #bfaj ,woodlawn ,drive1 ,nashville ,chase1 ,spencer ,b41 #bcch ,parkview ,ave41 ,knoxville ,collier1 ,robert ,h41 ,lutie ,road1 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,knoxville ,cox1 ,dr4 ,t4 ,s41 #ajc ,hotel ,ave41 ,fountain ,city ,dulin1 ,charles ,r41 ,brownsville ,garrett1 ,dr4 ,sam ,young1 #aijb ,hayes ,st41 ,nashville ,hardy1 ,j4 ,h41 #acae ,minnekahda ,place1 ,chattanooga #e ,holdeman1 ,j4 ,e41 #hee ,n4 ,mc,neil ,st41 ,memphis #g ,hoyt1 ,prof4 ,garner ,e41 ,bryan ,university1 ,dayton ,jones1 ,d4 ,t41 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,midway ,mattern1 ,don ,h41 #eac ,union ,building1 ,t4 ,v4 ,a41 ,knoxville ,mc,swain1 ,barton1 ,m4 ,d41 #cead ,hampton ,road1 ,nashville ,meeks1 ,hamp1 c_/o ,jackson ,elec4 ,dept41 ,jackson ,murphy1 ,h4 ,o41 #ab ,sweetbriar ,ave41 ,chattanooga ,neas1 ,ogle1 ,greenville ,olson1 ,earl ,f41 ,norris ,patterson1 ,r4 ,l41 ,m4 ,d41 ,suite #bjg1 ,interstate ,building1 ,chattanooga ,puryear1 ,dr4 ,t4 ,r41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #cci1 ,lebanon ,richards1 ,dr4 ,aubrey1 ,whiteville ,roark1 ,w4 ,f41 ,malesus ,robinson1 ,w4 ,jobe1 ,route ,no4 #g1 ,jackson ,roettger1 ,everett1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a1 ,lancing ,saville1 ,chris1 #aah ,church ,st41 ,greenville ,sells1 ,paul ,s41 #gjj ,boylston ,st41 ,chattanooga ,shadow1 ,arthur ,j41 ,shadow ,nursery ,co41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #eba1 ,winchester ,shipley1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,d41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #ag1 ,knoxville ,southern ,nursery ,landscape ,co41 ,winchester ,zarger1 ,thomas ,g41 ,t4 ,v4 ,a41 ,norris ,,texas ,allen1 ,h4 ,h41 ,plant ,research ,station1 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,paris ,arford1 ,charles ,a41 ,box #abcj1 ,dalhart ,florida1 ,kaufman1 ,box #aed1 ,rotan ,hamilton1 ,j4 ,tom1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #dhh1 ,matador ,hander1 ,nelson ,h41 ,star ,route1 ,belton ,kelly1 ,paul1 ,box #dbh1 ,seymour ,kidd1 ,clark1 ,arp ,nursery ,co41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #hfg1 ,tyler ,mason1 ,g4 ,l41 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,hico ,praytor1 ,t4 ,j41 ,box #ffg1 ,seymour ,rubrecht1 ,j4 ,f41 ,plant ,research ,station1 ,route #b1 ,paris ,shelton1 ,david1 ,box #cfi1 ,gonzales ,springer1 ,herbert ,w41 #eij ,reagan ,st41 ,san ,benito ,thomas1 ,joe ,w41 ,overton ,winkler1 ,andrew1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,moody ,winkler1 ,charlie1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,moody ,,utah ,braegger1 ,henry ,w41 ,providence ,burton1 ,j4 ,o41 ,meadow ,dabb1 ,clifford ,h41 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,box #ddh1 ,ogden ,ericksen1 ,keith1 #hhc ,n4 ,state ,st41 ,orem ,kimberlin1 ,r4 ,e41 #bjbj ,arbor ,lane1 ,salt ,lake ,city #g ,nyland1 ,j4 ,s41 #bcj #agth ,st41 ,ogden ,petterson1 ,harlan ,d41 #ciaj ,raymond ,ave41 ,south ,ogden ,price1 ,harold ,g41 ,sr41 #abgj ,e4 ,crystal ,ave41 ,salt ,lake ,city #f ,shurtleff1 ,william ,h41 ,d4 ,d4 ,s41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #c1 ,box #chd1 ,ogden ,,vermont ,aldrich1 ,a4 ,w41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #b1 ,box #bff1 ,springfield ,ellis1 ,zenas ,h41 ,perpetual member ,in ,memoriam ,hill1 ,lewis1 ,hillcrest ,nurseries1 ,greensboro ,johnson1 ,john ,r41 ,deer ,valley ,farm1 ,townshend ,pennington1 ,rev4 ,leslie1 ,moretown ,reynolds1 ,t4 ,hedley1 #gi ,main ,st41 ,middlebury ,woodford1 ,mrs4 ,edna ,almeda1 ,brockway's ,mills1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d41 ,chester ,,virginia ,burton1 ,george ,l41 #gbb ,college ,st41 ,bedford ,curthoys1 ,george ,a41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #cd1 ,bristol ,davies1 ,a4 ,b41 ,jr41 #gda ,clifton ,st41 ,clifton ,forge ,dickerson1 ,t4 ,c41 ,jr41 #caf #efth ,st41 ,newport ,news ,filman1 ,o41 ,box #ceea1 ,virginia ,tech ,station1 ,blacksburg ,gibbs1 ,h4 ,r41 ,linden ,jaycox4 ,warren ,c41 #bhfi ,s4 ,buchanon ,st41 ,fairlington ,lee1 ,dr4 ,henry1 #hjf ,medical ,arts ,building1 ,roanoke #aa ,miller1 ,t4 ,r41 ,swords ,creek ,moore1 ,r4 ,c41 ,virginia ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,blacksburg #ac ,marten1 ,perry ,f41 #faaj ,n4 ,washington ,boulevard1 ,arlington #e ,pinner1 ,henry1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #aee1 ,suffolk ,poole1 ,a4 ,v41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #d1 ,box #aac1 ,roanoke #ae ,showalter1 ,rev4 ,lewis ,p41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #b1 ,box #ef1 ,broadway ,stoke1 ,h4 ,f41 #adcf ,watts ,ave41 ,n4 ,w41 ,roanoke ,stoke1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,f41 #adcf ,watts ,ave41 ,n4 ,w41 ,roanoke ,stoke1 ,dr4 ,john ,h41 #ba ,highland ,ave41 ,s4 ,e41 ,roanoke #ac ,taylor1 ,merritt ,i41 ,honey ,meadows1 ,atlee ,thompson1 ,b4 ,h41 ,route ,no4 #d1 ,box #bab1 ,harrisonburg ,trader1 ,george ,t41 ,parksley ,trump1 ,v4 ,a41 ,crewe ,welchlin1 ,arthur ,c41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,box #cab1 ,farmville ,,washington ,bechtol1 ,o4 ,w41 ,coulee ,city ,denman1 ,george ,l41 ,e4 #acai ,nina ,ave41 ,spokane #aj ,eliot1 ,craig ,p41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #aeh1 ,shelton ,erkman1 ,john ,o41 #baac ,symons1 ,richland ,fulmer1 ,w4 ,l41 #eje ,boylston ,ave41 ,seattle #b ,ingram1 ,bud1 ,box #bac1 ,clarkston ,jacky1 ,mrs4 ,jacob ,p41 ,route ,no4 #c1 ,walla ,walla ,kane1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,e41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a1 ,wenatchee ,latterell1 ,miss ,ethel1 #djh ,n4 ,flora ,road1 ,greenacres ,linkletter1 ,frank ,d41 #bbji ,ninth ,ave41 ,seattle #a ,naderman1 ,g4 ,w41 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,box #cec1 ,olympia ,parker1 ,robert ,e41 #dab ,maple ,court1 ,toppenish ,ross1 ,verel ,c41 #djbe ,rucker ,ave41 ,everett ,shane ,brothers ,nut ,growers1 ,vashon ,taylor1 ,harry ,i41 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,cheney ,sec4,tuttle1 ,h4 ,lynn1 ,lynn ,tuttle ,nursery1 ,box #ahf1 ,clarkston ,,west ,,virginia ,bailey1 ,gilbert ,e41 #caf ,mercer ,st41 ,princeton ,bartholomew1 ,miss ,elizabeth ,ann1 ,west ,virginia ,university1 ,morgantown ,cook1 ,dr4 ,ernest ,a41 #ajf ,first ,st41 ,oak ,hill ,dolin1 ,clarence ,s41 ,box #h1 ,foster ,eckerd1 ,john ,k41 #cje ,william ,st41 ,martinsburg ,engle1 ,blaine ,w41 ,mutual ,fire ,insurance ,co4 of ,west ,virginia1 ,goff ,building1 ,clarksburg 99,frye1 ,wilbert ,m41 ,pleasant ,dale ,gardner1 ,sigel ,o41 #gji ,louise ,ave41 ,morgantown ,the ,gold ,chestnut ,nursery1 ,arthur ,a4 ,gold1 ,cowen ,haines1 ,earl ,c41 ,shanks ,haislip1 ,fred1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #afbj1 ,logan ,sec4,hale1 ,daniel4 ,m4 ,d41 ,princeton ,hartzell1 ,benjamin1 ,shepherdstown ,howard4 ,mrs4 ,carl ,e41 ,the ,charleston ,gazette1 ,charleston ,long1 ,j4 ,c41 ,box #dia1 ,princeton ,looney1 ,rev4 ,carl1 ,matewah ,mc,clung1 ,h4 ,e41 #bajj ,midland ,trail1 ,milton ,mc,donald1 ,dr4 ,walter1 ,augusta ,mc,graw1 ,s4 ,l41 ,athens ,miller1 ,edward1 ,romney ,mish1 ,arnold ,f41 ,inwood ,newlon1 ,emmett1 ,rupert ,pease1 ,roger ,w41 ,department of ,horticulture1 ,university of ,west ,virginia1 ,morgantown ,reed1 ,arthur ,m41 ,glenmont ,nurseries1 ,moundsville ,williams1 ,mrs4 ,dan1 ,romney ,,wisconsin ,conway1 ,w4 ,m41 #baje ,jefferson ,st41 ,madison ,coulson1 ,l4 ,w41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,slinger ,dennis1 ,w4 ,j41 #fja ,n4 #igth ,st41 ,milwaukee #ac ,dohlin1 ,edward1 #bjh ,hollister ,ave41 ,tomah ,eiler1 ,william1 ,benton ,jach1 ,peter1 #hfac ,n4 #fjth ,st41 ,milwaukee #af ,kral1 ,ray1 #aaba ,langlade ,st41 ,antigo ,ladwig1 ,c4 ,f41 ,route ,no4 #b1 ,beloit ,martinson1 ,john ,l41 #djh ,n4 ,lake1 ,madison ,mortensen1 ,m4 ,c41 #aaai ,emmertson ,road1 ,racine ,pederson1 ,harry ,a41 #cej ,jewett1 ,plattville ,raether1 ,robert1 ,route ,no4 #a1 ,augusta ,running1 ,m4 ,h41 #ebbj ,north #bith ,st41 ,milwaukee #i ,snowden1 ,dr4 ,p4 ,w41 ,the ,monroe ,clinic1 ,monroe ,traurig1 ,arthur ,f41 #accae ,w4 ,forest ,drive1 ,milwaukee #ad ,,wyoming ,muecke1 ,karl1 ,powell ,w4 ,f4 ,,humphrey ,,press ,,inc4 ,,geneva1 ,n4 ,y4