---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,disclaimer ,the articles published in the ,annual ,reports of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are not to be construed as an endorsement by the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 its board of directors1 or its members4 ,no endorsement is intended for products mentioned1 nor is criticism meant for products not mentioned4 ,the laws and recommendations for pesticide application may have changed since the articles were written4 ,it is always the pesticide applicator's responsibility1 by law1 to read and follow all current label directions for the specific pesticide being used4 ,the discussion of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association 7,,incorporated7 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,proceedings ,,at ,,the ,,fourteenth ,,annual ,,meeting ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,september #bf1 #bg and #bh1 #aibc ,,contents ,officers and ,committees of the ,association #c ,state ,vice-,presidents #d ,members of the ,association #e ,constitution and ,by-,laws #aa ,proceedings of the ,fourteenth ,annual ,convention #ae ,report of the ,secretary #ai ,some ,further ,notes on ,nut ,culture in ,canada1 ,jas4 ,a4 ,neilson #bd ,address by ,dr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,corbett #bh ,address by ,c4 ,a4 ,reed #cc ,commercial ,nut ,culture1 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage #cf ,notes by ,mr4 ,bixby #ci ,address1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt #da ,report of ,chairman of the ,committee on ,incorporation #dg ,minutes of ,first ,meeting of ,directors #ej ,report of the ,finance ,committee #ea ,address by ,dr4 ,oswald ,schreiner #ea ,address by ,dr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,safford #ed ,extension ,work in ,nut ,growing1 ,professor ,c4 ,p4 ,close #fj ,roadside ,planting vs4 ,reforestation1 ,hon4 ,w4 ,s4 ,linton #fa ,encouragement from ,failures in ,grafting1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimmerman #fd ,letter from ,f4 ,h4 ,wielandy #gf ,the ,chestnut1 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed #gg ,report of the ,committee on ,nomenclature #ha ,notes from an ,experimental ,nut ,orchard #ha ,appendix #hh ,,officers ,,of ,,the ,,association ,president ,,harry ,r4 ,,weber1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio ,vice-,president ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones4 ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania ,secretary ,,william ,c4 ,,deming1 #ihc ,main ,st41 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,treasurer ,h4 ,j4 ,,hilliard1 ,sound ,view1 ,connecticut ,,directors ,,james ,s4 ,,mcglennon1 ,,dr4 ,,robert ,t4 ,,morris1 ,,willard ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,,harry ,r4 ,,weber1 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming4 ,,committees ,auditing--,c4 ,p4 ,,close1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed4 ,executive--,,harry ,r4 ,,weber1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,h4 ,j4 ,,hilliard1 ,w4 ,s4 ,,linton1 ,j4 ,s4 ,,mcglennon4 ,finance--,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming4 ,hybrids--,r4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,c4 ,p4 ,,close1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,,howard ,,spence4 ,membership--,h4 ,r4 ,,weber1 ,h4 ,d4 ,,spencer1 ,j4 ,a4 ,,smith1 ,j4 ,s4 ,,mcglennon1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,olcott1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,j4 ,a4 ,,neilson1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming4 ,nomenclature--,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones4 ,press and ,publication--,r4 ,t4 ,,olcott1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming4 ,programme--,h4 ,r4 ,,weber1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,olcott1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby4 ,promising ,seedlings--,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,j4 ,a4 ,,neilson4 ,,state ,,vice-,,presidents ,arkansas ,prof4 ,n4 ,f4 ,drake ,university of ,arkansas1 ,fayetteville ,california ,will ,j4 ,thorpe #aede ,divisadero ,st41 ,san ,francisco ,canada ,james ,a4 ,neilson ,hort4 ,exp4 ,sta41 ,vineland1 ,ontario ,china ,p4 ,w4 ,wang ,sec'y ,kinsan ,arboretum1 #adg ,n4 ,sechuan ,road1 ,shanghai ,connecticut ,ernest ,m4 ,ives ,sterling ,orchards1 ,meriden ,dist4 of ,columbia ,prof4 ,c4 ,p4 ,close ,pomologist1 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,england ,howard ,spence ,the ,red ,house1 ,ainsdale1 ,southport ,georgia ,j4 ,m4 ,patterson ,putney ,illinois ,henry ,d4 ,spencer ,decatur ,indiana ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson ,rockport ,iowa ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder ,center ,point ,kansas ,james ,sharp ,council ,grove ,maryland ,p4 ,j4 ,o',connor ,bowie ,massachusetts ,c4 ,leroy ,cleaver #dif ,commonwealth ,ave41 ,boston ,michigan ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg ,battle ,creek ,missouri ,p4 ,c4 ,stark ,louisiana ,nebraska ,william ,caha ,wahoo ,new ,jersey ,c4 ,s4 ,ridgway ,lumberton ,new ,york ,mrs4 ,w4 ,d4 ,ellwanger #eaj ,east ,ave41 ,rochester ,north ,carolina ,c4 ,w4 ,matthews ,n4 ,c4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,raleigh ,ohio ,w4 ,r4 ,fickes ,wooster1 ,r4 ,no4 #f ,oregon ,earl ,c4 ,frost ,gates ,road1 ,portland1 ,route #a1 ,box #eae ,pennsylvania ,john ,rick #dch ,penn ,square1 ,reading ,south ,carolina ,thomas ,taylor #aaab ,bull ,st41 ,columbia ,tennessee ,j4 ,w4 ,waite ,normandy ,utah ,joseph ,a4 ,smith ,edgewood ,hall1 ,providence ,vermont ,f4 ,c4 ,holbrook ,brattleboro ,virginia ,d4 ,s4 ,harris ,roselawn1 ,capital ,landing ,road1 ,williamsburg1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #c ,washington ,richard ,h4 ,turk ,washougal ,west ,virginia ,fred ,e4 ,brooks ,french ,creek ,,members ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,arkansas 99,drake1 ,prof4 ,n4 ,f41 ,univ4 of ,arkansas1 ,fayetteville4 ,dunn1 ,d4 ,k41 ,wynne ,,california ,thorpe1 ,will ,j41 #aede ,divisadero ,street1 ,san ,francisco ,,canada ,mc,ritchie1 ,prof4 ,a4 ,r41 ,arthur1 ,ontario4 ,neilson1 ,jas4 ,a41 ,ontario ,hort4 ,exp4 ,sta41 ,vineland4 ,,china 99,p4 ,w4 ,wang1 ,sec'y1 ,kinsan ,arboretum1 #adg ,no4 ,szechuan ,road1 ,shanghai4 ,,connecticut ,barrows1 ,paul ,m41 ,stamford1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #cj ,bartlett1 ,francis ,a41 ,stamford ,bielefield1 ,f4 ,j41 ,south ,farms1 ,middletown ,deming1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c1 #ihc ,main ,st41 ,hartford ,gotthold1 ,mrs4 ,frederick1 ,wilton ,hardon1 ,mrs4 ,henry1 ,wilton ,hilliard1 ,h4 ,j41 ,south ,view ,hungerford1 ,newman1 ,torrington1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #b1 ,box #ajj ,ives1 ,e4 ,m41 ,sterling ,orchards1 ,meriden 99,morris ,dr4 ,r4 ,t41 ,cos ,cob1 ,route #bh1 ,box #ie ,pomeroy1 ,eleazer1 #abj ,bloomfield ,ave41 ,windsor ,sessions1 ,albert ,l41 #be ,bellevue ,ave41 ,bristol ,,district ,,of ,,columbia ,agriculture1 ,library of ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,close1 ,prof4 ,c4 ,p41 ,pomologist1 ,dept4 of ,agriculture ,greene1 ,karl ,w41 ,ridge ,road1 ,n4 ,w4 ,gravatt1 ,g4 ,f41 ,forest ,pathology1 ,b4 ,p4 ,i4 ,agriculture 99,littlepage1 ,t4 ,p41 ,union ,trust ,building ,reed1 ,c4 ,a41 ,dept4 of ,agriculture ,williams1 ,a4 ,ray1 ,union ,trust ,bldg4 ,von ,ammon1 ,s41 ,bureau of ,standards ,,england ,spence1 ,howard1 ,the ,red ,house1 ,ainsdale1 ,southport ,,georgia ,killian1 ,c4 ,m41 ,valdosta ,parrish1 ,john ,s41 ,cornelia1 ,box #eg ,patterson1 ,j4 ,m41 ,putney ,steele1 ,r4 ,c41 ,lakemont1 ,rabun ,co4 ,wight1 ,j4 ,b41 ,cairo ,,illinois ,brown1 ,roy ,w41 #bbj ,e4 ,cleveland ,st41 ,spring ,valley ,buckman1 ,benj41 ,farmingdale ,buxton1 ,t4 ,c41 ,stine ,bldg41 ,decatur ,casper1 ,o4 ,h41 ,anna ,clough1 ,w4 ,a41 #ibi ,monadnoch ,bldg41 ,chicago ,falrath1 ,david1 #bei ,n4 ,college ,st41 ,decatur ,flexer1 ,walter ,g41 #baj ,campbell ,st41 ,joliet ,foote1 ,lorezo ,s41 ,anna ,holden1 ,dr4 ,louis ,edward1 ,decatur ,illinois1 ,university of1 ,urbana 7,librarian7 ,marsh1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,v41 ,aledo ,mosnat1 ,h4 ,r41 #ajiaj ,prospect ,ave41 ,morgan ,park1 ,chicago ,mueller1 ,robert1 ,decatur ,nash1 ,c4 ,j41 #acjb ,e4 #ecrd ,st41 ,chicago ,potter1 ,hon4 ,w4 ,o41 ,marion ,powers1 ,frank ,s41 #eie ,powers ,lane1 ,decatur ,reihl1 ,e4 ,a41 ,godfrey1 ,route #b ,rodhouse1 ,t4 ,w41 ,jr41 ,pleasant ,hill1 ,r4 ,r4 #b ,shaw1 ,james ,b41 ,champaign1 ,box #fdd ,spencer1 ,henry ,d41 #bge ,w4 ,decatur ,st41 ,decatur ,swisher1 ,s4 ,l41 ,mulkeytown ,vulgamott1 ,chas4 ,e41 ,cerro ,gordo ,white1 ,w4 ,elmer1 #age ,park ,place1 ,decatur ,,indiana ,clayton1 ,c4 ,l41 ,owensville ,copp1 ,lloyd1 #hai ,w4 ,foster ,st41 ,kokomo ,gilmer1 ,frank1 #ajab ,riverside ,drive1 ,south ,bend ,reed1 ,w4 ,c1 ,vincennes ,staderman1 ,a4 ,l41 #abj ,south #gth ,st41 ,terre ,haute ,wilkinson1 ,j4 ,f41 ,rockport ,,iowa ,adams1 ,gerald ,w41 ,moorhead ,bricker1 ,c4 ,w41 ,ladora ,pfeiffer1 ,w4 ,f41 ,fayette ,snyder1 ,d4 ,c41 ,center ,point ,snyder1 ,s4 ,w41 ,center ,point4 ,,kansas ,bishop1 ,s4 ,l41 ,conway ,springs ,fossenden1 ,c4 ,d41 ,cherokee ,hardin1 ,martin1 ,horton ,hitchcock1 ,chas4 ,w41 ,belle ,plaine ,gray1 ,dr4 ,clyde1 ,horton ,sharpe1 ,james1 ,council ,grove ,,maryland ,jordan1 ,dr4 ,llewellyn1 #ajj ,baltimore ,ave41 ,takoma ,park ,keenan1 ,dr4 ,john ,f4 ,brentwood ,o',connor1 ,p4 ,j41 ,bowie ,perkins1 ,h41 #dja ,nat4 ,marine ,bank ,bldg41 ,baltimore ,wall1 ,a4 ,v41 ,baltimore ,,massachusetts 99,bowditch1 ,james ,h41 #ijc ,tremont ,bldg41 ,boston ,bowles1 ,francis ,t41 ,barnstable ,cleaver1 ,c4 ,leroy1 ,hingham ,center ,collins1 ,geo4 ,d41 #chh ,union ,st41 ,springfield ,johnstone1 ,edward ,o41 ,north ,carver ,sawyer1 ,james ,c41 ,andover ,wright1 ,g4 ,f41 ,chelmsford ,,michigan ,banine1 ,chester ,h41 ,vandalia ,charles1 ,dr4 ,elmer1 ,pontiac ,copland1 ,a4 ,w41 #fgj ,e4 ,woodbridge ,st41 ,detroit ,graves1 ,henry ,b41 #bacd ,dime ,bank ,bldg41 ,detroit ,kellogg1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h41 #bjb ,manchester ,st41 ,battle ,creek 99,linton1 ,w4 ,s41 ,saginaw ,penney1 ,senator ,harvey ,a41 #dbe ,so4 ,jefferson ,ave41 ,saginaw ,wallace1 ,henry1 ,detroit ,,missouri ,crosby1 ,miss ,jessie ,m41 #dbda ,harrison ,st41 ,kansas ,city ,stark1 ,p4 ,c41 ,louisiana ,youkey1 ,j4 ,m41 #beai ,monroe ,ave41 ,kansas ,city ,,nebraska ,caha1 ,william1 ,wahoo ,thomas1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,a41 ,lincoln ,,new ,,jersey ,brown1 ,jacob ,s41 ,elmer1 ,salem ,co4 ,clarke1 ,miss ,e4 ,a41 ,w4 ,point ,pleasant1 ,box #eg ,franck1 ,m41 ,box #hi1 ,franklin ,gaty1 ,theo4 ,e41 #ej ,morris ,ave41 ,morristown 99,jaques1 ,lee ,w41 #gd ,waverly ,st41 ,jersey ,city ,landmann1 ,miss ,m4 ,v4 ,cranbury1 ,r4 ,d4 ,no4 #b ,marston1 ,edwin ,s41 ,florham ,park1 ,box #gb ,parry1 ,t4 ,morrel1 ,riverton ,ridgeway1 ,c4 ,s41 ,lumberton ,,new ,,york ,abbott1 ,frederick ,b41 #abaa ,tabor ,court1 ,brooklyn ,ashworth1 ,fred ,l41 ,heuvelton ,bennett1 ,howard ,s41 #hea ,joseph ,ave41 ,rochester ,bethea1 ,j4 ,g41 #bdc ,rutgers ,st41 ,rochester ,bixby1 ,willard ,g41 #cb ,grand ,ave41 ,baldwin1 ,l4 ,i4 ,bixby1 ,mrs4 ,willard ,g1 #cb ,grand ,ave41 ,baldwin ,brinton1 ,mrs4 ,willard ,cope1 #cf ,so4 ,central ,pk41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city ,buist1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,l41 #c ,hancock ,st41 ,brooklyn ,clark1 ,george ,h41 #aca ,state ,st41 ,rochester ,cothran1 ,john ,c41 #ajd ,high ,st41 ,lockport ,corsan1 ,g4 ,h41 #ee ,hanson ,place1 ,brooklyn ,culver1 ,m4 ,l41 #bch ,milburn ,st41 ,rochester ,diprose1 ,alfred ,h41 #dfh ,clinton ,ave41 ,south1 ,rochester ,dunbar1 ,john1 ,dep't4 of ,parks1 ,rochester ,ellwanger1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,d41 #eaj ,east ,ave41 ,rochester ,gager1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,stewart1 ,brooklyn ,botanic ,garden1 ,brooklyn ,gaty1 ,theo4 ,e4 ,jr41 ,clermont ,gillett1 ,dr4 ,henry ,w41 #adj ,w4 #egth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,graham1 ,s4 ,h41 ,r4 ,d4 #e1 ,ithaca ,hart1 ,frank ,e41 ,landing ,road1 ,brighton ,haws1 ,elwood ,d41 ,public ,market1 ,rochester ,henshall1 ,h41 #e ,w4 #abeth ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,hoag1 ,henry ,s41 ,delhi ,hodgson1 ,casper ,w41 ,yonkers1 7,world ,book ,co47 99,huntington1 ,a4 ,m41 #ae ,w4 #hast ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,jewett1 ,edmund ,g41 #af ,s4 ,elliott ,place1 ,brooklyn ,johnson1 ,harriet1 ,m4 ,b41 #aeth ,st4 #dth ,ave41 ,new ,york ,city ,krieg1 ,fred ,j41 #aa ,gladys ,st41 ,rochester ,lattin1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,w41 ,albion ,lauth1 ,john ,c41 #fg ,tyler ,st41 ,rochester ,liveright1 ,frank ,i41 #abj ,w4 #gjth ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,mac,daniel1 ,s4 ,h41 ,dept4 of ,pomology1 ,new ,york ,state ,college of ,agriculture1 ,ithaca ,mc,glennon1 ,j4 ,s41 #bh ,cutler ,building1 ,rochester ,motondo1 ,grant ,f41 #aih ,monroe ,ave41 ,rochester ,nolan1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,r41 #dg ,dickinson ,st41 ,rochester ,nolan1 ,m4 ,j41 #dg ,dickinson ,st41 ,rochester ,olcott1 ,ralph ,t4 7,editor ,american ,nut ,journal71 ,ellwanger and ,barry ,building1 ,rochester ,paterno1 ,dr4 ,chas4 ,v41 #aag ,w4 #edth ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city ,pierce1 ,h4 ,gordon1 #ajc ,park ,ave41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city ,pirrung1 ,miss ,l4 ,m41 #ggi ,east ,ave41 ,rochester ,pomeroy1 ,a4 ,c41 ,lockport ,rawnsley1 ,mrs4 ,annie1 #bdb ,linden ,st41 ,rochester ,rawnsley1 ,james ,b41 #bdb ,linden ,st41 ,rochester ,schroeder1 ,e4 ,a41 #bbc ,east ,ave41 ,rochester ,shutt1 ,erwin ,e41 #eji ,plymouth ,ave41 ,rochester ,snyder1 ,leroy ,e41 #bda ,barrington ,st41 ,rochester ,solley1 ,dr4 ,john ,b41 #ifh ,lexington ,ave41 ,new ,york ,city ,teele1 ,arthur ,w41 #abj ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,tucker1 ,arthur ,r41 ,chamber of ,commerce1 ,rochester ,tucker1 ,geo4 ,b41 #aaj ,harvard ,st41 ,rochester ,vick1 ,c4 ,a41 #adb ,harvard ,st41 ,rochester ,vollertsen1 ,conrad1 #cge ,gregory ,st41 ,rochester ,waller1 ,percy1 #bhd ,court ,st41 ,rochester ,wile1 ,m4 ,e41 #iee ,harvard ,st41 ,rochester ,williams1 ,dr4 ,chas4 ,mallory1 #d ,w4 #ejth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city 99,wisman1 ,mrs4 ,f4 de ,r4 ,westchester1 ,new ,york ,city ,wyckoff1 ,e4 ,l41 ,aurora ,,north ,,carolina ,hutchings1 ,miss ,l4 ,g41 ,pine ,bluff ,matthews1 ,c4 ,d41 ,north ,carolina ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,raleigh ,van ,lindley1 ,j41 7,j4 ,van ,lindley ,nursery ,co471 ,pomona ,,ohio ,beatty1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,l41 ,route #c1 ,croton ,road1 ,centerburg ,coon1 ,charles1 ,groveport ,dayton1 ,j4 ,h41 7,storrs ,harrison71 ,painesville ,fickes1 ,w4 ,r41 ,wooster1 ,r4 ,no4 #f ,hinnen1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,a41 #acdc ,delta ,ave41 ,cincinnati ,neff1 ,wm4 ,n41 ,martel 99,weber1 ,harry ,r41 #abc ,east #fth ,st41 ,cincinnati ,,oregon ,frost1 ,earl ,c41 ,route #a1 ,box #eae1 ,gates ,rd41 ,portland ,,pennsylvania ,althouse1 ,c4 ,scott1 #edj ,pear ,st41 ,reading ,anders1 ,stanley ,s41 ,norristown ,baum1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,l41 ,boyertown ,bohn1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,w41 #cd ,no4 #ith ,st41 ,reading ,bolton1 ,charles ,g41 ,zieglerville ,boy ,scouts of ,america1 ,reading ,druckemiller1 ,w4 ,h41 #ca ,n4 #dth ,st41 ,sunbury ,fritz1 ,ammon ,p41 #ce ,e4 ,franklin ,st41 ,ephrata ,gribbel1 ,mrs4 ,john1 ,wyncote ,hershey1 ,john ,w41 ,ronks ,hess1 ,elam ,g41 ,manheim ,hile1 ,anthony1 ,curwensville ,horst1 ,john ,d41 ,reading ,jenkins1 ,charles ,francis1 ,farm ,journal1 ,philadelphia ,jockers1 ,fred'k ,j41 #d ,e4 ,township ,line1 ,jenkintown 99,jones1 ,j4 ,f41 ,lancaster1 ,box #ebg ,kaufman1 ,m4 ,m41 ,clarion ,leach1 ,will1 ,cornell ,building1 ,scranton ,mellor1 ,alfred1 #aeb ,w4 ,walnut ,lane1 ,germantown1 ,philadelphia ,minick1 ,c4 ,g41 ,ridgway ,paden1 ,riley ,w41 ,enon ,valley ,patterson1 ,j4 ,e41 #gg ,north ,franklin ,st41 ,wilkes ,barre ,pratt1 ,arthur ,h41 ,kennett ,square 99,rick1 ,john1 #dch ,penn ,square1 ,reading ,rittenhouse1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,s41 ,lorane ,rose1 ,william ,j41 #dac ,market ,st41 ,harrisburg1 ,personal ,rosenberry1 ,w4 ,h41 ,box #aad1 ,lansdale ,rush1 ,j4 ,g41 ,west ,willow ,smedley1 ,samuel ,l41 ,newton ,square1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a ,smedley1 ,mrs4 ,samuel ,l41 ,newtown ,sq41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a ,smith1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell1 ,swarthmore ,taylor1 ,lowndes1 ,west ,chester1 ,box #c1 ,route #a ,weaver1 ,william ,s41 ,mc,cungie ,whitner1 ,harry ,d41 ,reading ,wilhelm1 ,dr4 ,edward ,a41 ,clarion 99,wister1 ,john ,c41 ,clarkson and ,wister ,sts41 ,germantown ,wolf1 ,d4 ,d41 #ebg ,vine ,st41 ,philadelphia ,zimmerman1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,a41 ,piketown ,,rhode ,,island ,allen1 ,philip1 ,providence ,,south ,,carolina ,taylor1 ,thos41 #aaab ,bull ,st41 ,columbia ,,tennessee ,waite1 ,j4 ,w41 ,normandy ,,utah ,smith1 ,joseph ,a41 ,edgewood ,hall1 ,providence ,,vermont ,aldrich1 ,a4 ,w41 ,springfield1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #c ,ellis1 ,zenas ,h41 ,fair ,haven ,holbrook1 ,f4 ,c41 ,battleboro ,,virginia ,dodge1 ,harrison ,h41 ,mount ,vernon ,gould1 ,katherine ,clemons1 ,boonsboro1 ,care of ,c4 ,m4 ,daniels1 via ,lynchburg1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #d ,harris1 ,d4 ,s41 ,roselawn1 ,capital ,landing ,road1 ,williamsburg1 ,r4 #c ,hopkins1 ,n4 ,s41 ,dixondale ,jordan1 ,j4 ,h41 ,bohannon ,moock1 ,harry ,c1 ,roanoke1 ,route #e ,,washington ,berg1 ,d4 ,h41 ,nooksack ,turk1 ,richard ,h41 ,washougal ,,west ,,virginia ,brooks1 ,fred ,e41 ,french ,creek ,cannaday1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,e41 ,charleston1 ,box #fic ,hartzel1 ,b4 ,f41 ,shepherdstown ,mish1 ,a4 ,f41 ,inwood 99 ,life ,member ,honorary ,member ,,constitution ,,article ,i ,name4 ,this society shall be known as the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association4 ,,article ,,ii ,object4 ,its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants1 their products and their culture4 ,,article ,,iii ,membership4 ,membership in the society shall be open to all persons who desire to further nut culture1 without reference to place of residence or nationality1 subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on membership4 ,,article ,,iv ,officers4 ,there shall be a president1 a vice-president1 a secretary and a treasurer1 who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting2 and an executive committee of six persons1 of which the president1 the two last retiring presidents1 the vice-president1 the secretary and the treasurer shall be members4 ,there shall be a state vice-president from each state1 dependency1 or country represented in the membership of the association1 who shall be appointed by the president4 ,,article ,v ,election of ,officers4 ,a committee of five members shall be elected at the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the following year4 ,,article ,,vi ,meetings4 ,the place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected by the membership in session or1 in the event of no selection being made at this time1 the executive committee shall choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention4 ,such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee4 ,,article ,,vii ,quorum4 ,ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum1 but must include two of the four elected officers4 ,,article ,,viii ,amendments4 ,this constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting1 notice of such amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting1 or a copy of the proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting4 ,,by-,,laws ,,article ,i ,committees4 ,the association shall appoint standing committees as follows3 ,on membership1 on finance1 on programme1 on press and publication1 on nomenclature1 on promising seedlings1 on hybrids1 and an auditing committee4 ,the committee on membership may make recommendations to the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member4 ,,article ,,ii ,fees4 ,annual members shall pay three dollars annually1 or five dollars1 including a year's subscription to the ,american ,nut ,journal4 ,contributing members shall pay ten dollars annually1 this membership including a year's subscription to the ,american ,nut ,journal4 ,life members shall make one payment of fifty dollars1 and shall be exempt from further dues4 ,honorary members shall be exempt from dues4 ,,article ,,iii ,membership4 ,all annual memberships shall begin either with the first day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the ,association1 or with the first day of the calendar quarter preceding that date as may be arranged between the new member and the ,treasurer4 ,,article ,,iv ,amendments4 ,by-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members present at any annual meeting4 ,,proceedings ,,at ,,the ,,fourteenth ,,annual ,,convention ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,new ,national ,museum1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,september #bf-bg-bh1 #aibc4 7,in making up this report the transcript of the stenographer's full report has been unsparingly cut1 in accordance with the vote of the convention4 ,copies of the full report are in the possession of the secretary47 ,the ,convention was called to order at #b p4 m41 ,sept4 #bf1 #aibc1 in the ,new ,national ,museum4 ,in his opening address the president spoke of the need for increased membership and improved financial condition4 ,he also recommended a return to the old method of combining the secretary and treasurer in one office and that the secretary-treasurer should have a fair salary1 suitable quarters1 and adequate help4 ,he spoke of his own efforts to increase the usefulness of the association and expressed his fears that they had amounted to very little4 ,he quoted the statement of the editor of the ,american ,nut ,journal that what people want to know is whether they can make any money by the cultivation of nut trees4 ,that statement led to a campaign to try to locate in the territory of the association groups of nut trees in profitable bearing4 ,he felt satisfied that there are numerous paying nut orchards1 and he recommended a continuance of the campaign for locating such orchards4 ,the president then went on to instance the experience of ,mr4 ,frederick ,g4 ,brown of ,salisbury1 ,mass41 at whose place1 about two miles from the ocean1 there are two ,persian walnut trees1 #ab to #ae years old1 one of them about a foot in diameter and twenty feet high1 that have borne for two years4 ,peach trees will not live at this place4 ,two miles away at ,newburyport is a tree a year or two younger that bore a half peck of nuts last year1 and another tree #ce years old in bearing for #ae or #bj years4 ,the nuts were spoken of as of high quality4 ,he referred to ,edward ,selkirk of ,north ,east1 ,pa41 who has a grove of #bej trees about #bb years old of the ,pomeroy variety4 ,last year the crop was one ton and brought in a little over #ejj4jj4 ,this year the crop is much larger4 ,for best development of the trees the land should be given over entirely to their culture4 ,the president quoted a letter from ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl of ,godfrey1 ,illinois as follows3 ,my nut plantings are mostly young1 many just coming into bearing1 while many others have been top-worked to better varieties1 so that money returns are not what they would be had ,i started out planting improved varieties4 ,part of my aim was to originate better varieties than we had when ,i began4 ,in this1 ,i think1 ,i have been fairly successful4 ,my plantings consist mostly of chestnuts4 ,these have sold readily at #ce to #dj cents per pound wholesale4 ,it is rather a hard matter to give any idea as to profit1 except that we gathered #bc pounds from one tree five years after topworking on a tree then about three inches in diameter4 ,in #aibj1 the net return was #a1agb4ed1 in #aiba1 #a1jai4dd1 in #aibb1 which was about a half crop1 #a1aif4ha4 ,all this on land so rough no crop could be grown on it but pasture4 ,this year's crop promises to be a full one4 ,as to walnuts1 we have made no record of single trees4 ,the ,thomas1 by actual test1 gives ten pounds of meat to the bushel1 which we sold to dealers last season at #a4jj per pound1 and could not nearly supply the demand4 ,walnut crop here a failure this season4 ,only a few ,thomas trees have a crop4 ,if the meeting was after nut harvest1 ,i would send the best chestnut exhibit that has ever been shown at any meeting4 ,h4 ,c4 ,fletcher of ,clarkson1 ,n4 ,y41 was quoted as estimating the nuts produced from two trees each year from #aiaa to #aiae as #be worth4 7,presumably these were ,persian walnuts1 but this was not stated47 ,in #aiaf and #aiag there were about six bushels of nuts1 probably #ge worth4 ,in #aiah a market basket full4 ,in #aiai and #aibj about #dj worth1 including some trees sold4 ,in #aiba about #ej worth were produced and in #aibb #fj worth of nuts and #cj worth of trees4 ,in the president's own filbert nursery at ,rochester over #cjj pounds of fine nuts were produced for which #cj cents a pound were offered by grocerymen4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,mattoon of the ,forest ,service of the ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture spoke as follows3 ,two years ago1 when the ,forest ,service was planning to get up a bulletin on growing walnut trees for timber1 we found the need to include information on the nuts also4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed and ,i together prepared a manuscript on growing the walnut tree both for timber and for nuts4 ,it pays to grow walnuts in small groups and singly1 rather than in large blocks1 for while they have not proven altogether failures when planted in large quantities they have been disappointing4 ,many of the trees which we planted as close as #f x #h feet several years ago1 have not given very satisfactory results because they have not had enough light and air4 ,the black walnut grows singly in the forest1 although there may be full stands of other trees around it4 ,our idea is to recommend planting the black walnut in spots around on the farm1 in little inaccessible places and on the hillsides1 where the soil is good2 for the black walnut requires good soil1 and we cannot find that quality in large patches1 nor is it usual on slopes of ground4 ,so we must put it here and there on the farm1 along the fence rows and in various places1 but not in groups4 ,the farmer planting in this way becomes its wood which is used in the most expensive furniture4 ,i believe that mahogany is the only other wood so valuable4 ,on the other side of the world they have the mahogany tree for cabinet use1 and here in ,america we have the black walnut1 a cabinet wood that is not surpassed4 ,the present available publications on this subject are limited but we are referring people who inquire about it to ,department of ,agriculture ,bulletin ,no4 #icc1 ,the ,black ,walnut1 ,its ,growth and ,management4 ,that is midway between a technical and a popular bulletin1 and it comprises about the only available publication that we have at the present time on the subject of growing the tree4 ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #aabc1 ,growing and ,planting ,hardwood ,seedlings on the ,farm1 deals with the black walnut along with other trees4 ,another publication is ,department of ,agriculture ,bulletin ,no4 #aec1 ,forest ,planting in the ,eastern ,united ,states1 which considers the black walnut along with the other available trees for planting4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,for a small orchard would it be proper to plant #afj to #ahj feet apart8 ,,mr4 ,,mattoon3 ,when planted in that way you would get nut production and at the same time1 a timber growth4 ,if pruned you get a good log at the base4 ,the small1 ten-foot logs from these trees pay as much as you would get for an #ah foot log of a taller tree4 ,for forestry purposes1 pruning is a desirable practice4 ,,the ,,president3 ,but for nut-bearing1 what is your opinion8 ,,mr4 ,,mattoon3 ,i should suppose that you would want your orchard trees to be as low-branched as possible1 and with as full foliage as possible4 ,mr4 ,bixby 7acting as secretary7 then read a paper by ,h4 ,r4 ,mosnat of ,morgan ,park1 ,illinois in which he spoke of the number of doctors interested in nut growing and the need of all men of that character having a hobby of that kind4 ,he thought that the taxes on many farms might be paid out of the profits of nut trees planted on the farms and along the highways4 ,but these nut trees should not be seedling trees4 ,the apple and the black walnut are said to be the only trees that grow in every state of the ,union4 ,nuts were one of the staple foods of our ancestors4 ,we should not be discouraged if we have not yet found the right nut for the ,east and the ,middle ,west4 ,we should seek them promptly because of the rate at which nut trees are being converted into logs4 ,by next year1 he said1 he expected to have #be varieties of black walnuts in his collection including some hybrids4 ,machines for cracking black walnuts by power are now practically perfect and one firm in that business has cracked about a million pounds in the last few years and expects to treble or quadruple its business this season if supplies can be secured4 ,the trouble with most walnut cracking machines is that they crush instead of crack and small bits of shell are apt to stick to the meats4 ,but there is machinery now to remove these bits of shell4 ,there are wild black walnuts that run #af to #ah per cent kernels1 though the average is only #ab-a_/b4 ,it is not always the largest nuts that produce the greatest proportionate weight of kernels4 ,the picking and cracking expense with black walnuts is very little greater than with pecans1 but the final cleaning to render the meat absolutely free of shells has been very expensive4 ,cultivated black walnuts will of course give better results1 because they have been selected for easy cracking1 have kernels that separate readily from the shell1 the product is uniform1 and the nuts require much less grading before cracking than the wild black walnuts1 where every tree bears nuts differing in size1 as in almost every other quality4 ,figuring #ej1jjj pounds to the carload it will take about eight carloads of wild black walnuts to make one carload of kernels of the same weight4 ,more and more ,english walnuts and pecans are being sold in the form of kernels1 and black walnuts also will best be sold in kernels4 ,these can be canned in vacuum glass or metal cans1 and the housewife will use more nuts when she can get the shell-free meats with her favorite cooking utensil1 the can-opener4 ,confectioners and bakers will take black walnut meats by the carload in preference to other nut meats because they have more flavor1 and so go further4 ,the growing of black walnuts in a commercial way will require education1 but already there is a growing interest4 ,several of the large weekly publications have1 within the last couple of months1 carried full page1 illustrated articles on black walnuts4 ,one of these1 in a magazine of general circulation which is over half a million1 within a month resulted in almost one hundred letters asking for additional information1 which shows that a great many people want to know more about the possibilities of black walnuts4 ,this interest will certainly increase when profitable black walnut orchards are actually growing and paying good profits4 ,already men are putting in black walnut orchards or groves of several hundred acres1 and one such planting of #a1fjj acres is proposed1 but it will be partly hardy pecans4 ,this shows rapid development into a real industry of magnitude4 ,report of the ,secretary4 ,on ,march #a1 #aibc1 the treasurer1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,bixby1 handed over to the secretary the funds and books of the association1 saying that his time had become so much taken up that he was able to give too little of it to the duties of his office4 ,thus it became necessary for the secretary to assume the functions of the treasurer as well4 ,these functions were1 in the first place1 the payment of the obligations of the association from the funds available4 ,the funds available for current expenses were not sufficient for the payment of these obligations4 ,the secretary therefore took it upon himself to pay these obligations with funds of the association put aside for other purposes4 ,these funds were money received from life membership payments that had been deposited in the ,litchfield ,savings ,society1 as a sort of contingent fund1 and other funds from the same source held by the treasurer and handed over by him to the secretary4 ,these two funds were completely used up in the payment of current expenses1 as will appear in the detailed statement of the secretary4 ,these funds1 however1 were still insufficient to pay the current expenses1 which were1 chiefly1 the expenses of the stenographer's report and transcripts of the thirteenth annual convention1 at ,rochester1 and the cost of printing the annual report4 ,the cost of printing the report was paid out of the available funds4 ,the stenographer's bill1 amounting to #afi4jj originally1 but reduced to #ace4jj by the stenographer on representation by the officers of the association that the amount was excessive1 was paid by ,mr4 ,bixby personally1 and the association is indebted to ,mr4 ,bixby in that amount at this moment4 ,the second function that developed upon the secretary was the management of the membership lists and matters relating thereto1 which1 though perhaps essentially a duty of the secretary of an association such as this1 had been managed by the treasurer since the time when he took over the duties of the secretary in #aiah4 ,this had involved quite an expenditure for clerical work4 ,this clerical work would still be an expense to the association1 had not one of our members1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,hilliard1 of ,sound ,view1 ,connecticut1 volunteered to do it4 ,mr4 ,hilliard was formerly connected with a bank1 is entirely familiar with the keeping of accounts1 is a man of means and leisure1 and ,i shall take pleasure in offering his name to fill the vacant treasurership4 ,heretofore1 this association has had to pay little or nothing for clerical work which has been done either by the secretary1 or by the treasurer and his personal clerical force4 ,in accordance with the vote of the ,rochester convention the secretary drafted two letters1 one entitled1 ,to the ,state ,vice-,presidents of the ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 and ,all ,members of the ,association2 the other1 ,to ,all ,women ,members of the ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 and to ,all ,women ,interested1 or ,interestable1 in ,nut ,culture4 ,both of these letters were sent to all members of the association1 and the letter to women was sent also to a considerable list of women not members4 ,the results of these letters were1 so far as the secretary has means of knowing1 not over a half dozen letters of appreciation from members1 one new woman member1 and a letter of appreciation from another woman4 ,the secretary has reason to believe1 however1 that the letters were the means of stimulating several of the state vice-presidents to activity in the matter of getting new members1 in writing articles for the press and in giving illustrated talks on nut growing4 ,among those who are known to have given such talks or articles1 are ,dr4 ,morris1 ,mr4 ,weber1 ,mr4 ,spencer1 ,mr4 ,smith1 ,mr4 ,turk1 ,mr4 ,o',connor1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,corsan1 ,mr4 ,reed1 ,mr4 ,neilson1 ,wilkinson1 ,snyder1 ,matthews1 ,kains1 ,mac,daniels1 ,fagan1 ,kaufman1 ,rick1 ,bixby1 the secretary1 and1 doubtless1 a number of others4 ,the secretary has a collection of slides on nut growing which he has lent two or three times to members for illustrating their lectures4 ,it was necessary to provide a box for the safe transportation of these slides which the secretary purchased1 at a cost to the association of #h4he4 ,the secretary also furnished a typed1 running commentary for these slides and1 in one or two instances1 has furnished negatives and photographs for making slides and illustrations4 ,the secretary also offers to furnish outlines for lectures or articles1 and has a small collection of nuts which is available for lectures4 ,if the funds were available1 it would be possible to enlarge the collections of slides1 illustrations and nuts for the use of members who wished to give talks or write articles4 ,possibly the suggestion of the secretary was responsible for the formation of a subsidiary association in ,rochester4 ,on this a report is desirable from ,president ,mc,glennon or ,mr4 ,olcott4 ,one or two other members have written of their intention to form subsidiary associations4 ,a leaflet was also issued by the secretary announcing ,mr4 ,jones' offer to give seedling nut trees as a premium to new members4 ,the demand for these trees not being up to expectation1 ,mr4 ,jones very generously sent out five such trees in place of the original offer of one or two4 ,i hope that ,mr4 ,jones will make a report of the number of trees thus distributed4 ,although the circular distinctly stated that these trees were premiums for new members1 many members understood it as an offer for renewal of membership as well1 and ,i think that in every such instance1 ,mr4 ,jones himself forgot and sent the trees4 ,a few members1 whose names came in too late1 were disappointed in not getting trees4 ,mr4 ,jones has intimated that it may be possible to correct these omissions this fall4 ,i hope that ,mr4 ,jones will make a statement about this1 and ,i hope also1 that the association will not overlook ,mr4 ,jones' liberality in distributing these trees entirely at his own expense4 ,there have been expressions of regret1 and ,i am sure that many more have felt it1 that it has not been possible to go on with the nut contests and the giving of prizes for new and valuable nuts4 ,as there is not likely to be any one else willing to assume the really immense labor involved in the nut contests1 conducted as ,mr4 ,bixby has conducted them1 ,i suppose that all we can do is to hope that circumstances will sometime again make it possible for ,mr4 ,bixby to resume these very valuable services for the development of nut culture in the ,united ,states4 ,i say intentionally the ,united ,states1 because ,i believe that these services have benefitted the whole country4 ,this fact makes me the bolder in uttering the daring suggestion that perhaps1 now that ,mr4 ,bixby has shown the way1 and developed exact methods that may be safely followed1 which1 if ,i do not misapprehend1 is what it states that it desires before presuming to take up any new line of work1 the ,department of ,agriculture itself might consider it a matter worthy of its attention4 ,professor ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson1 of the less cautious ,canadian ,department of ,agriculture1 is rendering very valuable services of this kind for the ,dominion of ,canada4 ,there is evidence that several more state agricultural institutions are giving attention to nut growing4 7,mac,daniels1 at ,ithaca2 ,j4 ,c4 ,christensen1 ,university of ,michigan74 ,there is no need of taking your time now to recapitulate the many things that ought to be done to promote the planting of nut trees and the scientific investigation of nut growing4 ,dean ,watt's address1 published in the #abth annual report1 and the letter of the secretary to state vice-presidents1 contain outlines for these things4 ,the attention of the present convention is more particularly to be given to advocating nut tree planting on a production basis4 ,regarding the campaign for new members1 perhaps the chairman of the committee on membership will make some remarks4 ,the present membership of the association is #ccg1 if we drop no names this year for non-payment of dues4 ,of course1 those who do not pay their dues should be dropped4 ,but the association has never made any ruling as to how long names should be carried on the rolls4 ,the secretary has been easy in sending copies of the annual reports to members in arrears1 hoping that the conscience-stricken recipients would hasten to pay up4 ,but there is no proof that such has been the case1 and the secretary would recommend making a rule as to when a member is no longer in good standing1 when he should be dropped from the rolls1 and what members are entitled to copies of the annual report4 ,the secretary would make the suggestion that there be an amendment to the by-laws to the effect that members who have not paid their dues within three months from the time of their first notification1 be sent a second notification to the effect that they are not in good standing on account of non-payment of dues and are not entitled to receive a copy of the annual report2 but that all privileges may be restored on payment of dues4 ,at the end of three months from the sending of the second notice1 the names of members not in good standing should be dropped4 ,the annual report should be sent only to members in good standing4 ,mr4 ,hilliard asked me what our fiscal year was4 ,i answered that ,i did not think we had any4 ,it would undoubtedly be a convenience if we are to have a bank man for a treasurer1 and a ruling by the association would be in place4 ,our accredited list of nut nurserymen is out of date and a new list should be issued4 ,recommendations as to changes in or additions to that list1 should be considered by the members4 ,it is desirable that the annual reports of the association should be indexed and bound1 but no hand has yet been found to do it4 ,our ambitions have so far outstripped our sources of revenue that we have come to look on an annual deficit as a normal and defensible thing4 ,i think it is indefensible4 ,i think it is going to have a bad effect on our attendance and our morals if the members have to look forward to what amounts to a good big assessment at every convention4 ,a deficit is not inevitable4 ,the secretary-treasurer was able to report a surplus at the first1 fourth1 fifth1 sixth and seventh meetings4 ,the income from membership dues should be enough to enable the printing of the annual report4 ,but if not ,i should be in favor of not printing the report until funds were on hand to pay for it4 ,in rendering an account of the funds of the association ,i will first state that there is on hand1 cash in bank1 #hd4hi4 ,this amount must be charged with the ,bowditch hickory prize fund1 #be1 which leaves #ei4hi1 cash on hand4 ,we owe ,mr4 ,bixby for paying the stenographer's bill1 #ace4jj1 and ,mr4 ,olcott for printing1 #bd4eh1 a total of #aei4eh4 ,this makes our deficit #ii4fi1 practically just one hundred dollars4 ,it should be recalled that in arriving at this result it was necessary to use up our reserve fund from life memberships1 amounting to #bbe4jj4 ,if we count that in with the deficit1 it amounts to #cbe4jj4 ,a detailed account of receipts and expenditures is herewith submitted4 ,at the present moment1 on account of a rush of other work1 on account of difficulties of other kinds1 and because of a division of the work between ,mr4 ,hilliard and myself1 ,i am unable to give the exact amount received from memberships and sale of reports and bulletins4 ,this ,i hope to correct before the annual report goes to press4 ,,receipts ,turned over by the ,treasurer1 ,mar4 #a1 #aibc3 ,money for current expenses #hi4ff ,from life memberships #ie4jj ,bowditch hickory prize #be4jj ,from ,litchfield ,savings ,society #acj4jj ,membership dues ,sale of reports and bulletins ,,expenditures ,printing report #cgh4jj ,misc4 printing and postals #g4ej ,clerical hire and postage #dg4fe ,postage1 telegrams1 carriage #ch4ji ,box for lantern slides #h4he ------- #dhj4ji ,due ,mr4 ,bixby1 stenographer's bill #ace4jj ,due ,mr4 ,olcott1 printing #bd4jj ------- #aei4eh ,the report of the secretary was adopted4 ,the following paper was read by the acting secretary as ,mr4 ,neilson was unable to be present3 ,,some ,,further ,,notes ,,on ,,nut ,,culture ,,in ,,canada4 ,,jas4 ,a4 ,,neilson1 ,b4 ,s4 ,a41 ,m4 ,s41 ,extension ,horticulturist1 ,hort4 ,expt4 ,station1 ,vineland ,sta41 ,ont4 ,the nut culture activities outlined in the paper presented by the writer at the convention in ,rochester were carried on as much as time and means would permit during the past year4 ,the search for nut trees has been continued and has yielded some interesting results4 ,several valuable trees of kinds already noted have been located and additional species discovered4 ,among these were five pecan trees which have been growing on the farm of ,c4 ,r4 ,james at ,richmond ,hill1 a small town fifteen miles north of ,toronto4 ,these trees were about fifty years old and appeared to be perfectly hardy1 as far as growth was concerned1 but owing to the northern location 7#dc4de7 seldom produced ripened nuts4 ,the season of #aiai1 however1 was longer and somewhat warmer than most seasons1 and a fully ripened crop of nuts was gathered4 ,the nuts are small with a thin shell and a fine sweet kernel4 ,the largest tree in the lot is about #ce feet tall with a trunk diameter of #af and a spread of branches equal to its height4 ,another small plantation of pecans was found at ,niagara-on-the-,lake on the fruit farm of ,john ,morgan4 ,some of these trees were of grafted sorts and others were seedlings4 ,both grafted and seedling trees were making a good growth and appeared to be perfectly healthy4 ,in as much as the pecan is native to a country having a longer growing season and higher average summer temperatures than southern ,ontario1 it is quite encouraging to find that these trees will even grow here1 to say nothing of bearing nuts4 ,this would seem to indicate that there are possibilities for some of the pecan-bitternut and pecan-shagbark hybrids in southern ,ontario where the shagbark and the bitternut grow quite freely4 ,i also located two excellent shagbark hickories which have fair-sized nuts with thin shell and fine kernels4 ,one of these trees grows about twelve miles west of ,simcoe1 ,ontario1 and produces quite a large nut with a shell so thin that it can be easily cracked with the teeth4 ,this particular tree is about seventy feet tall and bore ten bushels of nuts in one season4 ,i have records of several other good hickories and plan to inspect these at the earliest opportunity4 ,several more good ,english walnuts have been located and examined4 ,among these there is one tree over seventy-five years old which at one time bore thirty bushels of ripe nuts4 ,a few good heartnut trees have been located at various points4 ,one of these trees is about thirty-five feet tall1 with a spread of nearly sixty feet from tip to tip of branches4 ,the present owner harvested several bushels of good nuts in one season from this tree4 ,i bought with my own funds a bushel of nuts from this tree and sent them in lots ranging from six to thirty to interested parties in various parts of ,ontario4 ,of course ,i know that this is not in accordance with the best nut cultural principals1 but ,i thought it was one way of getting nut trees started4 ,if these nuts do not reproduce true to type1 they will serve as a good stock for budding or grafting with the best introduced heartnuts later on4 ,another good heartnut was located almost on the outskirts of ,toronto4 ,at five years from planting this tree bore one-half bushel of fine1 thin-shelled nuts4 ,in my last paper ,i stated that filberts had not done well in ,ontario4 ,i am glad to state that ,i will now have to retract that statement and inform you that good filbert trees have been found near ,ancaster1 which is close to ,hamilton4 ,these trees were about fifty years old1 the largest specimen being nearly a foot in diameter at the base and about #be feet tall4 ,the trees bore well1 but on account of the hordes of black and grey squirrels very few nuts were harvested4 ,a fine lot of filberts was also found at ,tyroconnell1 a small hamlet on the north shore of ,lake ,erie1 in ,elgin ,county4 ,these trees are nearly fifty years old and bear excellent nuts4 ,much to my surprise ,i found a fine clump of filberts growing quite near the campus of the ,o4 ,a4 ,c4 at ,guelph4 ,these trees were introduced from ,england about sixteen years ago and at first they did not appear to be hardy1 but eventually they established themselves and are now doing well in growth and fruitfulness4 ,i was somewhat amused to think that ,i was searching so diligently for valuable nut trees all over the ,province and did not even know of the existence of these trees1 until a year and a half after ,i made my initial attempt to discover valuable nut trees4 ,i will have to correct another statement made at the last meeting1 to the effect that almonds do not grow well in ,canada except on ,vancouver ,island4 ,since then ,i have found a few1 good1 hard-shelled almond trees growing and yielding well in the ,lake ,erie country4 ,this leads me to believe that almonds can be grown1 with reasonable success1 anywhere in the peach belt1 particularly in the lake district4 ,in addition to my efforts to locate good trees ,i persuaded the authorities at the ,o4 ,a4 ,c4 to establish small plantings of some of the best black walnuts1 hickories1 ,japanese walnuts1 and ,chinese chestnuts4 ,i also obtained about five bushels of ,chinese walnuts and one bushel of ,chinese chestnuts from northwest ,china for testing at the experiment stations1 and by other interested individuals4 ,owing to the length of time the nuts were in transit the majority of them were unfit for germination4 ,a few have grown1 however1 and we hope to get good results from these4 ,a collection of nuts containing #fj plates and #ba different species was prepared and exhibited at the ,royal ,winter ,fair at ,toronto and also at the ,livestock ,show at ,guelph4 ,i was in attendance almost constantly at ,toronto1 and endeavored to give all the information possible on nut culture4 ,both exhibits attracted a great deal of attention and called forth favorable comments from visitors and the press4 ,experimental plantings of ,english1 ,japanese1 ,chinese1 and ,american walnuts1 filberts and hickories1 have been established at the ,horticultural ,experiment ,station4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,strong pollenated about #bjj black walnut blossoms with pollen of the ,english walnut4 ,apparently a good number 7approximately #ge7 have set fruit4 ,a graduate of the ,ontario ,agricultural ,college1 who has become interested in nut culture1 procured #b1jjj black walnut seedlings from the ,forestry ,station at ,st4 ,williams4 ,these trees were budded1 in ,august last1 with local grown ,english walnuts1 but unfortunately only a few buds took4 ,an attempt will be made next spring to whip graft the trees that did not set buds this summer4 ,there is a marked increase in the interest in nut culture shown by the public during the past year4 ,this is shown by numerous requests for information and addresses on nut growing and by the public endorsement of nut culture by three important horticultural organizations4 ,the ,ontario ,horticultural ,council1 the ,federal ,horticultural ,council and the ,ontario ,horticultural ,societies ,convention each passed a resolution asking the ,dominion ,department of ,agriculture to appoint a man to investigate the possibilities of nut culture in ,canada4 ,no definite action has been taken as yet1 but it is expected that an appointment will be made in the near future4 ,we are giving the boys and girls of ,ontario an opportunity to assist us in our work by hunting for good nut trees1 and as an incentive we have offered prizes of #e4jj each for the best specimens of our various native and introduced nut trees4 ,this should bring results1 because if there is anyone in this wide world who knows where good nuts are1 it is the small boy4 ,the work during the past year has generally been encouraging1 but like every other line of human endeavor there have been disappointments4 ,for example1 one bushel of ,chinese walnuts was stolen1 and a number of good specimens of other kinds mysteriously disappeared from my exhibition collection4 ,another disappointing feature has been the apathy1 and even hostility1 shown by some officials4 ,i do not intend1 however1 to let these difficulties discourage me in the least1 but plan to carry on and preach the gospel of beauty and utility as exemplified in our best nut trees4 ,,address ,,by ,,dr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,,corbett ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture ,the work in nut culture by the ,department of ,agriculture antedates the present ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 and to confine the history of the work to the present ,bureau of ,plant ,industry would not quite do the subject justice4 ,from the time of the beginning of fruit work in the ,department of ,agriculture1 in #ahhe1 nuts have received more or less attention4 ,after the formation of the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 in #aija1 special appropriations were received from ,congress for the support of nut investigations1 and individuals were appointed to that service in the department4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 whom you all know very well1 was the first appointee of this service1 devoting his whole time and attention to the work4 ,he has been with the department for several years1 and has given his time exclusively to the nut problems of the country4 ,naturally1 the nut problems are not confined to any geographic area1 but are nation-wide2 but certain of the plants which have entered into the problems of nut culture have demanded more attention than others1 for reasons that are the same as in fruit culture4 ,the older fruits1 those better known and longer in cultivation1 whose problems are better understood1 require less attention from the grower and from the experimenter than do the newer ones in the field4 ,nut culture in ,america1 as ,i understand it1 not being a nut culturist myself1 consists of two types of projects4 ,we have one type that has long been practiced by man1 that we imported from ,european countries and established on this continent4 ,people have cultivated these nuts more or less intensively for generations1 and many of the problems have been worked out1 so far as ,europe is concerned4 ,of course1 when introduced in ,america1 new problems confronted the growers here4 ,the other type of nut industry is based upon indigenous nuts of which we know little1 either from the orchard standpoint or as to the varieties concerned4 ,our native nuts1 particularly the pecan1 have forced themselves upon the attention of investigators of the department to much greater extent1 perhaps1 than any other nut with which we have to deal4 ,being a native1 indigenous plant1 not yet under cultivation1 there is immediately presented the problem of the choice of varieties1 adaption to changed conditions1 and all of the problems arising in connection with a rapidly developing commercial industry2 certain enthusiasts soon become enamored with the possibilities in the southern parts of the ,united ,states for pecan culture1 and they immediately transplant it into new and untried regions1 and as a result their problems have become legion4 ,the work of the ,department of ,agriculture in nut culture has developed really around the growing industries of the country2 primarily1 around the pecan1 and secondly1 around the almond and the walnut1 for these are the more important1 commercially4 ,naturally1 the most pressing problems arise in connection with growing industries2 they have growing pains which have to be eased the same as with small boys4 ,the ,department of ,agriculture has therefore found itself in the position of seeking answers to numerous questions which have been made in connection with these developing industries4 ,i believe that we have contributed very materially to the knowledge of varieties1 particularly as regards their adaptation to different geographic locations4 ,we have also assisted the industries to solve some of their problems of cultivation1 particularly of propagation1 and also the problems growing out of the maintenance of soil fertility4 ,with a new crop1 in a new environment1 it is always a problem to know how to manage the soil1 and this is one of the leading lines of activity in the field1 at the present time4 ,in the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 two offices1 that of ,horticulture and ,pomology and that of ,soil ,fertility1 are co-operating in the solution of the soil fertility problems in the pecan regions4 ,of course1 as the industry developed and became established1 the natural enemies of the pecan and of the other nut trees asserted themselves1 as a result of which there have been set up investigations in the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry to study the life histories of the various fungi that attack pecans2 and outside of the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 the ,bureau of ,entomology has been devoting time to the study of the control of insect enemies4 ,so that1 at the present1 the department is so organized that three or four important lines of attack are being made upon problems of these industries4 ,thus1 while at the beginning of the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 in #aija1 there was no single1 individual person devoting his time and attention to the problems of nut culture1 at present there are quite a group of individuals giving their whole time4 ,i feel we are making progress in the work1 and while we may be lagging very much behind what we should like to do1 we are assisting as best we can1 and are at least keeping in sight of the industry1 as it goes forward4 ,i will not try to go into details about the work we are carrying on1 because it is better to tell of what we have accomplished than to tell what we hope to do4 ,we have a man on the ,pacific ,coast giving his whole time and attention to the study of breeding and of the cultural problems of almonds4 ,besides this1 we have two men giving all of their time to pecans2 and during the last year1 there has been established near ,albany1 ,georgia1 a station devoted to the cultural problems of pecans4 ,one gentleman is continuously on the ground with the work1 and two others devote more or less of their time to it4 ,now1 while these problems connected with the industries are the ones occupying most attention1 the workers in the ,department of ,agriculture have not been unmindful of other native nut-bearing plants1 such as the native black walnuts1 the hickories and the chestnut up to the time of the very destructive attack of blight4 ,the chestnut1 however1 has not passed out of our sphere of activity1 because at the present time1 7and ,i think you will see tomorrow at the ,bell ,station1 some interesting possibilities in the future of chestnut culture in this country71 the ,chinese forms1 which are much more resistant to blight1 bid fair to give us a progeny to make it possible for us also to have a chestnut industry from the horticultural standpoint4 ,probably the day of timber supply from our native chestnut is at an end4 ,we hope not1 but it looks that way at the present time4 ,the possibilities of growing trees from ,china1 the mollissima1 or hybrids of them1 bids fair to place the chestnut industry so that we can contend with the blight4 ,we probably will not have immune varieties1 but those which are able to live with the blight4 ,that1 it seems to me1 is a very important consideration1 because chestnuts have always been an important nut in our eastern markets1 and are important in the ,european markets as well4 ,while the larger forms of southern ,europe will probably not be of value to us here1 if we can establish a nut industry with nuts of fair quality1 as large as our native sweet chestnuts1 based on the ,chinese species1 the mollissima1 then we will be making progress4 ,you may see some of these trees at ,bell ,station which are eight or ten years old2 they are bearing quite abundantly1 and some of the chestnuts are really very palatable and of satisfactory size4 ,in addition to this breeding work with chestnuts1 there is under way intensive breeding work with almonds which has for its object the development of those more hardy than those now in cultivation in ,california4 ,this almond industry1 though large1 is handicapped because of the late frost injury1 and it is desirable to get those which will bloom later and withstand lower temperatures4 ,the varietal problem with pecans will be ever with us1 as long as varieties are found in the wilds and as long as people continue to plant seedlings in different localities4 ,that is one of the subjects that is being given considerable attention4 ,in addition1 the relative productivity of the plants to use as mother plants is an important one4 ,in the work of the ,department of ,agriculture in connection with citrus fruits1 it has been found that the individual bud carries over into its progeny the ability to produce fruit not only of a given type1 but also the productivity of the parent to the progeny4 ,a long series of records of the behavior of individual trees have been secured2 we are building up a mass of information on which to base selections for better parent trees than any available at the present time4 ,if the pecan behaves like the citrus fruits of ,california1 we will be able in the future to have strains and varieties which will be very much less variable than those at the present time4 ,the propagation1 selection1 disease and cultural work covers the field that is handled by the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry4 ,we always like to dream of the future1 and we are pleased to have the dreams come true4 ,we must have in mind the possibility of better black walnuts than we have at present2 and after the great inroad into the industry made at the time of the ,war1 when the trees were used for timber purposes1 there should be a greater effort on the part of the people in the northern districts to propagate black walnuts1 not only for nuts but also for timber4 ,the black walnut is a very great asset not only for timber and for ammunition purposes1 but for food as well4 ,the hickory tree is in the same class as the black walnut--it is a valuable timber tree as well as nut tree4 ,no other timber is as valuable for the construction of wheels as hickory1 and while the disc wheel has served a useful purpose in railroad car construction1 it is not likely that it will replace hickory altogether in the construction of wheels of motor vehicles4 ,we are veritably a nation on wheels and we will always be looking for material with which to carry us through the country4 ,as ,i have said1 we are a nation of people on wheels1 and if your propaganda did nothing more than to stimulate an increased interest in the production of hickory for timber purposes1 it would be accomplishing a great result4 ,but ,i believe that there are varieties among the hickories which should be to the ,north what the pecan is to the ,south4 ,there are those which are very large and those which are thin-shelled1 and those of fine flavor2 as a food product ,i think the shellbark is second only to the pecan4 ,and ,i should hail the day with great interest when there are good1 recognized varieties of hickories corresponding with the best varieties of pecans4 ,i believe they will be found and developed4 ,i have told you something of what we are doing and of what we hope may result4 ,i hope that you will all visit the offices of the ,department carrying on this work1 and that you will get acquainted with the men handling the various projects1 and tell them what your troubles are1 that they may know how to proceed1 and that they may discuss with you the best ways of attacking and handling the problems with which you are confronted4 ,prof4 ,lumsden of the ,federal ,horticultural ,board spoke of the chestnut bark disease and the fact that our experts advise us that within the period of twenty-five years the destruction of the native ,american chestnut will have been accomplished4 ,the tanners and related interests of the country are now scouting around to find some species of tree to use as a substitute for tanning operations4 ,castanea mollissima is capable of developing into a good sized tree4 ,from an economic standpoint the texture of its lumber is good1 while the quality of its fruit is fair1 and as an ornamental tree it has a future4 ,it has resistance to the chestnut bark disease4 ,it may become a substitute for ,c4 dentata4 ,several crosses have been made between ,c4 dentata and ,c4 mollissima and some of them show considerable merit4 ,selection of these hybrids will have to be made for two purposes1 namely wood production and fruit production4 ,corylus colurna1 the ,constantinople filbert1 is destined to become popular as an ornamental4 ,on the ,pacific ,coast a bacterial blight occurs in some sections on corylus4 ,a great work can be done in this country by the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association by publishing bulletins advocating plantings of nut bearing trees for a three-fold purpose1 timber1 food1 and beauty4 ,communications were read from ,miss ,frances ,l4 ,stearns1 ,instructor in ,botany of the ,grand ,rapids 7,mich47 ,junior ,colony1 asking information about planting nut trees1 and from ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,young1 ,secretary of the ,tree ,lovers ,association of ,america1 asking the association to adopt their slogan and to co-operate with it in urging the more intelligent planting of trees1 shrubs and flowers4 ,the evening session on ,sept4 #bfth was called to order at #h3aj and a moving picture reel1 ,the ,almond ,industry in ,california1 loaned by the ,dept4 of the ,interior1 was shown4 ,following that an address with lantern slides was given by ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed of the ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 on his recent trip to ,china4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,in #aiaj certain ,americans in ,china conceived the idea of exporting the walnuts produced in that country to ,america4 ,the experiment proved so successful that they continued to do so1 and shipped their walnuts to this country year after year4 ,the business built up very rapidly1 until the war broke out when1 for the time being1 the industry was forced to a standstill4 ,but as soon as the war was over the business picked up again1 and had assumed such proportions1 about two years ago1 that ,american growers wanted to know how much longer the ,chinese would be able to send walnuts over here4 ,most of the nuts from ,china were of inferior quality to those produced in this country4 ,records of the exports showed that there had been an increase from ,china each year2 but as to the methods used1 the extent of orcharding1 or the growth in planting1 etc41 the matter had not been written up1 and the consuls had not the remotest idea4 ,it was finally decided by ,congress1 therefore1 that a special appropriation for an investigation should be made4 ,so a special trip was made to ,china to ascertain1 first of all1 the probable trade from there for the next ten or twenty years4 ,our people felt that more walnuts would be coming here1 and they wanted to know about this before they planted any more here4 ,it fell to my lot to make the trip1 a year ago this summer4 ,we went first to ,honolulu2 then to ,manila and ,japan1 and finally to ,china4 ,we went into the section just to the right of ,tientsin4 ,by superimposing a map of ,china over that of the ,united ,states you may see that ,china more than covers this country2 ,china is considerably larger than the ,united ,states4 ,our basic point was ,peking1 which is in about the same latitude as ,philadelphia4 ,we found that walnuts were grown all through this section of ,china1 not very much farther north than ,peking1 but not much farther south than ,shanghai4 ,there are walnuts cultivated here1 in the ,chinese way1 over a great area2 but we were convinced that the exportation of walnuts to this country was not likely to increase1 for the business has apparently reached its height4 ,american trade takes the best nuts2 the second best go to ,canada1 the third to ,europe and the fourth and fifth to ,australia4 ,our first expedition into the country was almost directly north of ,peking4 ,we went down the railroad about #ae miles1 to ,shaho1 where we employed donkeys and a ricksha1 and rode across country some #ab or #ae miles4 ,here we found a very excellent ,chinese hotel1 and surrounding orchards of perhaps #cjj trees4 ,some of the consular reports in ,china stated that this place was one of the three sections in which the finest shipments of nuts were produced4 ,we next went to the east of ,tientsin where we found quite a number of orchards and trees claimed to be from #aej to #bjj years of age1 although we found1 after travelling a short time and inquiring from the ,chinese farmers1 that the figures they gave to us were probably inaccurate4 ,we finally ceased to ask the ,chinese farmers for figures of that sort4 ,it was very interesting to note the difference in ,chinese and ,american methods4 ,for instance1 in ,china1 the land may be owned by one or by several people1 who will lease the land or the trees1 or perhaps even an individual tree1 for a period of years4 ,white marks placed on the trees indicate their ownership4 ,young walnut trees were very scarce4 ,we were told in one province that ,chinese merchants1 who had been forced out of ,russia because of economic conditions there1 and had lost everything1 had come home and were seeking something with which to make money4 ,they were already planting a considerable number of walnut trees1 and were growing crops under the trees1 planting crops of millet first1 and then of soy beans later in the season4 ,another crop they use is called kaolin 7pronounced gollin in this country74 ,very few of the trees are ever pruned systematically1 or taken care of2 the ,chinese seem to have no idea of this4 ,of course1 the rainfall there is at a different time of the year than ours4 ,fall1 winter and spring1 in ,north ,china1 are practically without rain4 ,consequently1 the atmosphere is very dry4 ,here and there we found trees that struck us so favorably that we made notes with the intention of going back to the trees to get scions for propagating purposes for this country4 ,we were told that one of these trees had borne #hjj pounds of nuts4 ,i suppose1 however1 if that was so1 it was green weight1 and included the hulls4 ,this tree was on the grounds of the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 about #hj miles below ,shanghai1 the farthest south we went4 ,the tree had been planted by missionaries1 and had made splendid growth4 ,there were not many walnuts south of that point1 however4 ,in the province of ,shanshi the soil is of a washed nature1 subjected to rains1 and we found there huge gorges that had evidently been forming for centuries4 ,all of the soil there1 that is not too uneven to be cultivated1 is terraced2 and along the sides of the terraces walnut trees are planted4 ,we usually found tunnels along the sides of the terraces4 ,these were dug around the bank so that the water would run through the tunnels instead of over the terrace4 ,we saw no indications of blight4 ,we thought we saw it in one case1 but when we examined the nuts1 it proved to be nothing but insects working on the hulls4 ,wherever we went1 we were told by the ,chinese that they harvest their walnuts at about the time of the year which in ,america would be about the first week in ,september4 ,we found1 however1 that the nuts were off of the trees and assembled on the ground for sorting and drying1 long before that4 ,they were put in windrows covered with millet straw and left for ten days1 after which time the hulls were chipped off with knives and the nuts immediately washed and put on the market4 ,i was particularly struck with the mechanical motion with which the ,chinese men worked2 it was just as regular as a machine4 ,this was the first time that characteristic came to my attention1 and afterwards ,i was struck with the same thing everywhere4 ,each farmer takes his products1 whatever they may be1 to a common town called market town1 and there they are bought by the local merchants1 or the compradors4 ,the exporters are missionaries and foreigners who make no effort to buy from the farmers1 for the tradesman1 or comprador1 can get the nuts at a better figure than can the foreigners4 ,the tradesman gets his commission in addition4 ,the baskets of nuts are carried on poles placed over the shoulders of the ,chinese4 ,one of the principal walnut centers of ,chantung ,province is #be miles from the railroad1 and we made quite an effort to reach it4 ,an agricultural missionary1 a ,mr4 ,gordan1 made the trip there with me1 and we found it a badly infested section4 ,we arrived about three o'clock in the afternoon and took about one hour going around to see the nuts4 ,there were places within the wall where nuts had been assembled1 and we made estimates as to the number of pounds4 ,i think there were from #ajj to #aej sacks of nuts in a pile4 ,many of the women and children grow walnuts and these crops are inspected and sorted before being shipped to ,peking4 ,in the early summer1 we saw quantities of apricot kernels being transported to the market and sold as almonds4 ,we had understood that ,china was quite an important almond-producing country1 but ,i doubt if there are any almonds in ,china4 ,i did not see a tree1 nor did ,i get an indication that there were any there4 ,one of the largest chestnut trees that ,i saw measured eight feet and would have been valuable for timber purposes4 ,it was in one of the very attractive little orchards of chestnut trees in the north of ,shansi and northeast of ,tientsin4 ,we understood that there were very large orchards to the north1 but you might say that there is no such thing as a large orchard in ,china4 ,we counted about #ajj trees in such orchards1 and we made notes as to their bearing habits4 ,we found the chestnuts of pleasing quality1 of a fair size1 and not quite as large as ,european nuts but larger than the ,american4 ,we did not see many of the trees which had been allowed to develop normally4 ,they are not of special value in ,china1 and consequently1 the branches are removed as high as possible1 and often the tops are cut out4 ,the ,chinese have a species of native peanut which is very shrivelled and hard2 but missionaries from this country have introduced there the ,american peanut1 which is now grown so extensively that ,chinese exports have disturbed our market conditions considerably4 ,the ,chinese allow nothing to go to waste4 ,when the peanuts are removed from the ground and cared for1 the soil is sifted so that no peanuts will be lost4 ,the ,american peanut grown there is served in little butterdishes on the hotel tables1 as a delicacy4 ,,thursday ,,morning ,,session1 ,,september #bg ,meeting called to order by ,president ,mc,glennon1 #aj3ae a4 m4 ,the president appointed as ,nominating ,committee to nominate officers for the ensuing year1 ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris1 ,prof4 ,c4 ,p4 ,close1 ,j4 ,s4 ,mc,glennon4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 then spoke on the subject of ,commercial ,nut ,culture4 ,this is a very difficult subject to discuss1 for the reason that1 as yet1 there are very few facts upon which to base any conclusions about commercial nut culture in the ,north4 ,first1 let me say that the principal point upon which we base our opinion that nut culture in the ,north has commercial possibilities1 is the fact that growing throughout many sections of the ,north are thousands of nut trees1 pecans1 walnuts1 hickories and butternuts1 many of which grow very fine nuts4 ,it would be a repudiation of all known laws of natural science to conclude that trees budded and grafted from these desirable parents would not grow and bear the same as they do4 ,therefore1 we are perfectly safe in concluding that if there are successful nut trees growing1 others also will grow4 ,let us proceed to consider some of the requirements4 ,first1 there is the soil requirement4 ,but before considering the soil requirement1 ,i might add that we must keep within reasonable latitude of the homes of the native trees4 ,this subject has been fully covered in previous reports of our association1 and ,i do not care to go into a detailed discussion of it1 except to say that prospective planters of commercial orchards should read the previous reports of the association on this subject1 and keep in mind that somewhere north of the home of the parent trees1 is a line north of which these trees will not bear4 ,this line is dependent upon several things1 altitude1 topography and other elements4 ,as an example1 ,i merely mention that orange orchards flourish in ,california at the ,philadelphia latitude4 ,going on with the question of soil1 upon this subject alone might be written a whole volume4 ,but a few points are essential4 ,most nut trees require a deep1 well-drained soil that is not swampy or seepy1 and over which there are no overflows during the summer season4 ,pecans grow along the river bottoms where there are heavy overflows in the winter1 but such an overflow in the summer would probably kill the trees4 ,nut trees seem to flourish well on land that is underlaid with clay as a subsoil4 ,in fact1 almost any kind of good farm land is suitable for some of the different kinds of nut trees1 provided it does not come within the restrictions above mentioned4 ,the better the land1 however1 the more successful will be the growth of the trees1 and ,i very much doubt whether it pays to put any kind of desirable tree on undesirable land4 ,i have heard it said of pedigreed stock that about ninety percent of the pedigree is in the corn crib1 five percent in the man that does the feeding1 and five percent in the blood4 ,perhaps these percentages might be subject to some variations4 ,i shouldn't reduce the corn crib requirement1 and ,i think about ninety percent of the success of our nut trees will depend upon the land4 ,the next point to be considered is the question of varieties and1 in this connection1 it is essential to remember that nuts are produced to be sold and eaten2 therefore1 it is important to keep in mind the requirements of the consuming public4 ,upon this question also have been written many thousands of pages which1 when all summed up1 simply amounts to this3 get the best varieties that will bear in your particular locality4 ,this can be determined to some extent by what native trees are growing in your particular locality1 although not entirely so4 ,in many sections of the country1 there are no native pecan trees1 and yet these trees flourish very successfully when brought from some other section4 ,on this point the prospective planter of commercial orchards should seek the best advice obtainable4 ,the third requirement for a commercial nut orchard is cultivation and attention4 ,many of the nut trees will grow and bear without any attention whatsoever1 but they will take your time for it4 ,i have seen wild pecan trees that were not over twelve or fifteen feet high at twenty-five years of age4 ,i have seen cultivated trees larger than that at eight years of age4 ,a tree responds to care and cultivation the same as corn or potatoes or any other of the cultivated crops4 ,the lack of cultivation is just as detrimental to them as to these crops4 ,young pecan trees should be hoed five or six times each summer1 and when they get to be four to seven years of age1 there ought to be a constant1 clean cultivation1 from early spring until late in the summer1 followed by a good cover crop to be turned under the following spring at the beginning of the cultivating period4 ,they should also be given plenty of good1 commercial fertilizer4 ,if the prospective planter of commercial nut orchard has enough faith and hope and follows the suggestions given above1 he will not be dependent upon charity in his old age4 ,,dr4 ,,jordan3 ,i am interested as an amateur pecan grower1 and ,i would like to ask what varieties will be of most profit1 commercially1 that can be grown with a reasonable hope of success in the northern latitude4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,the question is a very difficult one to answer1 but the important thing is to stick to the kind that grows the best in your locality4 ,the ,posey is grown in ,lancaster ,county1 ,pa4 ,the parent ,posey tree grows in ,indiana1 and ,i had the pleasure of naming it4 ,that tree is a good bearer1 and it is the thinnest-shelled northern-grown pecan with which ,i am familiar4 ,it is a very beautiful nut1 with the exception that frequently one side of the kernel will not fill out as it does on the other sides4 ,it is not defective1 but simply deficient4 ,it will have one full sized kernel but it is not perfect in shape4 ,i myself do not think this a very serious objection4 ,the ,major is a fine bearing pecan1 but the question is whether it is large enough to be good commercially4 ,the ,niblack is the highest flavored pecan4 ,the following letter from ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 vice-president of the association1 was then read3 ,i am very sorry not to be able to attend the meeting this year4 ,my son1 who has the overseeing of the outside work and1 in my absence1 the general work1 is incapacitated1 due to an operation for appendicitis last week and1 with a number of men at work on particular jobs1 ,i cannot get away4 ,i am sending a few nuts which may be of interest to visitors4 ,about half of my young pecan trees are bearing this year and a few trees are quite full4 ,so far1 ,busseron shows up the best in bearing1 with ,posey second1 and ,niblack third4 ,the ,english walnuts are a good crop4 ,mr4 ,bush has a big crop of these1 and older trees in general have a good crop4 ,the ,rush hazel is bearing a big crop as usual4 ,so far this is the only variety in any species to bear heavy annual crops here4 ,the weather1 seemingly1 has no effect on the setting of the nuts4 ,last spring we had it down to #aj above zero when this was in bloom1 but it set a full crop from both hand and natural pollenization4 ,hybrids of this and the best large fruited ,europeans which have come into bearing are very promising1 but it is too early to judge as to their bearing4 ,put me down for new memberships or cash as last year1 or for my part in any arrangement that may be decided upon to take care of the indebtedness of the association1 or to advance its usefulness4 ,i shall also be glad to extend the offer of two nut trees as last year1 to new members1 if it is thought this will help in securing the new members4 ,offerings this year would be ,stabler black walnut seedlings1 ,chinese1 ,mayette1 ,franquette1 ,eureka1 etc41 in the ,english or ,persians4 ,also seedlings of the ,rush hazel1 if wanted4 ,having been nominated vice-president of the association two years ago1 it may be understood that ,i am in line for the presidency this year upon the retirement of our honorable president ,mr4 ,mc,glennon4 ,if so1 ,i wish to ask the nominating committee not to consider my name as ,i cannot accept this responsibility4 ,with the vast amount of correspondence incidental to supplying information to those wanting to engage in the growing of nuts or nut trees1 and growing and selling nut trees1 experimental work and breeding new types and varieties1 ,i have my hands full and could not do this position justice4 ,we also have members in the association better fitted for this position who can give it better thought and attention1 and who can advance the association and the interests of nut growers more than ,i can1 while ,i can be of more benefit to the association and the nut industry in general without taking on the duties imposed by any official position4 ,,notes ,,by ,,mr4 ,,bixby ,thursday1 ,sept4 #bg ,trip by automobiles to ,mr4 ,littlepage's farm at ,bowie1 ,md41 and to the ,u4 ,s4 ,experiment ,station at ,bell4 ,mr4 ,littlepage has an orchard of #bge trees covering thirty acres of pecans and ,stabler black walnuts1 the first pecan trees being set in #aiad1 and the ,stabler black walnuts some three years later4 ,now both are starting to bear1 a few nuts having appeared last year1 and a very few nuts the year before4 ,the trees are growing finely1 the leaves have a fine dark green color1 and nuts were noticed in clusters1 the pecans being in clusters of #b1 #c1 #d and #e2 and the black walnuts in ones and twos4 ,that the orchard has been given good care is evident4 ,commercial fertilizers and green manures have been used4 ,a winter cover crop of rye was grown last fall and plowed under this spring1 and a summer cover crop of soy beans was grown this summer and will be plowed under this fall4 ,the varieties noticed in bearing were the ,major1 the ,greenriver1 ,stuart1 ,busseron and the ,indiana4 ,of the above1 all are northern varieties1 excepting the ,stuart1 which is a southern variety which has given evidence elsewhere of being able to grow and to bear further north than almost any other southern variety4 ,the pecans are set in blocks1 the earlier ones being set #fj' x #fj'4 ,mr4 ,littlepage became convinced after his first plantings that this was too close1 and the last planting of pecans was #ajj' x #abj'4 ,the black walnuts are planted along two fence rows1 the trees being fifty feet apart1 the total length of the rows being about three-quarters of a mile4 ,the peculiarity of the ,stabler black walnut of bearing some nuts where the kernel is in one piece1 that is where one lobe of the kernel has not developed1 was noticed in some of ,mr4 ,littlepage's trees4 ,there is going to be1 in future years at ,mr4 ,littlepage's place1 an opportunity to study this peculiar behavior of the ,stabler black walnut1 that could be carried on at the parent tree only with great difficulty1 because of the inaccessibility of the tree1 in the first place1 and the inaccessibility of the flowers1 owing to their great height above the ground1 in the second4 ,at ,bell ,station was seen ,dr4 ,van ,fleet's work on chestnuts4 ,some ten years ago ,dr4 ,van ,fleet began this work for the purpose of getting something that should be blight proof1 or at least strongly blight resisting and that would furnish the nuts which the chestnut blight is rapidly making impossible of production4 ,with this end in view1 some ten years ago ,dr4 ,van ,fleet planted nuts of the ,chinese chestnut1 ,castanea mollissima1 and planted out the seedlings4 ,he also procured from the place of ,j4 ,w4 ,killen1 at ,fenton1 ,md41 nuts of ,japan chestnuts that had withstood the blight up to the time the nuts were planted4 ,the first thing to be found out was how well these would resist the blight4 ,none were found to be immune1 although the trees are still alive after ten years exposure4 ,dr4 ,van ,fleet's ambition was to get a blight-resistant chestnut the size of the ,japan chestnut with the delicious flavor of the chinkapin4 ,this1 as yet1 has not been accomplished1 although some very good nuts much larger than chinkapins were seen4 ,one interesting fact noted as to resistance was that the ,japan chestnut1 which is not generally supposed to be as resistant as the ,chinese chestnut1 was at ,bell ,station apparently standing up just as well4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at the evening session1 ,thursday1 ,sept4 #bg1 a rising vote of thanks was given to ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,littlepage for their hospitality of the afternoon4 ,the president then introduced ,mrs4 ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt1 editor of the ,progressive ,farm ,woman1 of ,north ,carolina4 ,mrs4 ,hutt quoted ,h4 ,g4 ,wells as saying1 ,the primeval savage was both herbivorous and carnivorous4 ,he had for food hazel nuts1 beech nuts1 sweet chestnuts1 earth nuts and acorns4 ,she went on to say3 ,in ,spain and ,southern ,france1 the chestnut is now used much more than in the past4 ,you should know in what appetizing forms they are cooked4 ,it is a question how you should cook the chestnut if you do not want to spoil its flavor4 ,should you steam it1 boil it1 or what8 ,when you want it in bread1 or when you use the tasteless forms1 it is first steamed or boiled1 and later is mashed up and made into bread1 or mixed with cheese or tomatoes4 ,but if you want to develop the flavor1 then roast it1 pick it out from the shell and crush it1 using almost no other flavor with it4 ,have you ever realized how much we depend on the walnut in cooking8 ,take the pecan1 or perhaps almost all of the nuts2 the flavor is diminished by cooking4 ,but the walnut is the one nut that gains in flavor by being cooked4 ,this means a great deal for the popularity of the walnut4 ,a friend of mine was captured by the ,germans1 and was sent out each day into the forests to gather acorns to be used in the prisoners' food4 ,the friend said that many a time he thought he would rather die than to have to eat or gather any more acorns4 ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #gab1 ,the ,school ,lunch1 by ,caroline ,hunt1 has been especially valuable in the preparation of the school lunch with nuts4 ,there is a man who comes to ,north ,carolina every winter1 who will tell you that he lives on ten types of nut oils and nut butter4 ,the great mass of people out through the country are not yet ready to comprehend this2 but once they are educated to the value of nuts1 the demand for them will be unlimited4 ,as to the question of economy1 the prices should not go up any farther2 they will not be used enough until they become cheaper4 ,with many boys and girls in a family1 a dollar's worth of nuts1 at #a a pound1 will not go far4 ,if we could get nuts at more reasonable prices it seems to me that women would consider them more than they do for food4 ,they want them not only for their parties1 but in everyday life4 ,we should popularize nuts through newspapers4 ,it pays to advertise1 and little notices in the paper are much more far-reaching than any other way of telling the story of the nourishment to be found in nuts4 ,as to the value of nut trees in landscape work1 a real estate man told me that when he wanted a good price for a house he planted fruit trees at the back of the house1 and nut trees on the sides4 ,he would talk about those trees to the people who came to buy1 and has sold many houses in this way4 ,then take ,arbor ,day1 and we have one in nearly every state in the ,union4 ,if we could get the papers and the forest magazines to talk about ,arbor ,day1 and urge everybody to plant something1 and particularly to plant a nut tree1 it would not be long before we got results4 ,i could not think of anything much more patriotic than planting avenues of memorial nut trees4 ,nut trees are better to look at than are many of the monuments erected1 and the patriotic societies do not realize the truth in this4 ,there is a case where with a stroke of the pen1 the nut trees could be increased all over the country4 ,then consider the home demonstration agents in the country4 ,they have the women organized and are in touch with the men of progressive thought and feeling everywhere2 and it seems to me that we could make more use of them4 ,it would seem that if this organization could in some way raise the money to have someone talk at these demonstration meetings1 it would not be long before the value and the beauty of nut trees would show the use of doing this splendid work4 ,what more effective methods could there be than to go to the state meetings held by home demonstration agents twice a year1 and talk nuts to those people8 ,they go home and talk these same things to all of the women in their little organizations and communities4 ,there is no rapid transit method more effective than that4 ,then1 when the women are taking up a subject like that1 men are apt to read it also4 ,another form of advertising that is equally important is in men's organizations4 ,a number of years ago ,mr4 ,hutt went down through the eastern part of the state on the old farmers' institute work4 ,he took with him a case fixed up to display nuts4 ,he talked about them1 and especially about pecans4 ,the people had never seen anything but the little1 old1 wild pecan1 and they became enthusiastic4 ,when you get a farmer enthusiastic you are doing something4 ,the people became quite enthusiastic and planted quite a number of orchards4 ,mr4 ,hutt left the department and the new man who came in was not particularly enthusiastic about nuts4 ,then ,mr4 ,curran came into the work and decided there was nothing he could do better than to urge them to plant nut trees4 ,he is trying to get an unlimited quantity of pecans and walnut trees planted and he hopes to have a large number of trees put in within a few years4 ,to paraphrase what ,mr4 ,littlepage said this morning1 in connection with the raising of hogs1 in getting the world to plant more trees1 to use more nuts and to appreciate the value of nut trees for both beauty and use1 you need #ij percent of advertising2 and let the #h percent be the man and #b percent be the nut4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,last year1 when my experiments with the use of paraffin grafting had apparently been completed1 ,i included what ,i knew of this subject in a little book1 and this brought out letters from all parts of the country1 in fact from all parts of the world1 reminding me that ,i had not completed the subject of the use of paraffin in grafting4 ,from tropical countries men complained that my suggestions about the use of one particular kind of paraffin1 ,parowax1 were not applicable to their part of the country where the paraffin would melt in the summer sun4 ,then1 from some of the regions where the nights were cold1 they said the paraffin would crack and leave the stocks bare1 owing to the change of temperature4 ,we are consequently faced with a necessity for extending our information on this subject4 ,my reason for presenting it1 before ,i have completed investigations1 is to get suggestions from members of the audience here1 and from practical nurserymen4 ,i have written a number of books on various topics1 and have never sent one out without feeling sorry that it was not time for the next edition4 ,the theory is that if we cover a graft completely with melted paraffin1 including the entire scion1 buds and all1 we have accomplished several things4 ,in the first place1 the paraffin prevents the graft from drying out before new cells can make union with cells of the scion4 ,in the second place it fills all interstices where sap would collect4 ,in the third place it provides an airtight covering so that the free sap pressures1 negative and positive1 under different temperatures1 will be analogous in stock and scion4 ,when there is low sap pressure we assume that some of the sap may be drawn out of the scion4 ,this airtight covering prevents that4 ,in the fourth place it provides a translucent covering1 which allows action by the actinic rays of light1 which brings the chlorophyll into activity4 ,all plant growth is conducted under the influence of chlorophyll1 and the actinic rays of light activate this4 ,consequently1 ,i seemed to have a perfect grafting material in this ,parowax1 which we may find in any grocery store4 ,in my locality this wax worked perfectly and1 theoretically1 nothing more was to be desired4 ,it melts at #abe degrees farenheit4 ,i have brought with me a specimen of a pear tree that ,i grafted in this way in ,july of this year4 ,you will see that the ,parowax covering is still complete4 ,the new shoots have grown about eight inches since ,july #a1 and ,i do not see how you could imagine anything more perfect than this specimen1 from which ,i wrote my description in the book4 ,as a matter of fact it is by the use of the paraffin method that ,i seemed to have solved the very great problem of making it possible for anybody to graft anything1 and at any time of the year4 ,the most difficult thing to graft is the shagbark hickory1 and we have even done that every month of the year1 except ,december and ,january4 ,this year we are going to try those months1 for ,i believe that the hickory tree may be grafted any month of the year4 ,now the point of my remarks will relate to different kinds of paraffin4 ,this ,parowax1 which melts at #abe degrees farenheit1 will be satisfactory in the north temperate regions4 ,we may raise the melting point ten degrees1 if we like1 by the addition of the carnauba wax1 which1 however1 is highly crystalline4 ,a crystalline wax is not desirable because it cracks and permits the air to enter and we have a desiccation of the scion4 ,the ,standard ,oil people will furnish paraffin with a melting point of #ach degrees1 and that will cover all of our needs for hot countries4 ,but in getting paraffins that melt at #acf1 #acg or #ach degrees we have a rather definite crystalline element4 ,mr4 ,bixby has suggested the use of the earth wax which is mined in ,australia4 ,it is really a fossil paraffin and is not so granular4 ,i found that it is not to be had in this country at the present time1 however1 although various dealers told me that they had it1 and ,i obtained from a firm in ,new ,york ,city a misbranded specimen called ,ozokerite1 which they said is a technical term for this particular fossil paraffin4 ,but it was nothing of the sort2 it was something they had made up for themselves4 ,mr4 ,bixby kindly gave me a pound or so of the real ,ozokerite1 so ,i had the genuine thing to experiment with4 ,we may then settle the question of obtaining paraffines which have a high melting point1 by knowing that they may be obtained from any of the ,standard ,oil people4 ,knowing that we must have1 in addition1 the elastic feature1 ,i found one man who had succeeded by adding something to a high melting-point paraffin4 ,he said that it was a secret1 but ,i soon found that it would be no secret to a bee4 ,it would seem1 then1 that this quality in beeswax would be valuable1 since the secret formula from this same dealer has little more than beeswax in it4 ,beeswax is a different kind of organic product from paraffin and ,i would not expect them to mingle naturally when in melted solution1 but apparently they do4 ,you will find that the specimens which contain this wax are very smooth to the touch1 and apparently are more homogeneous than paraffin4 ,the subject for experiment then1 for members of this audience1 is that of finding some substance that may be added to give elasticity1 but which will not change the melting point4 ,in the ,south we may require in addition something to whiten our paraffin4 ,some men in ,southern ,california wrote me that they had fastened white paper about each graft and put a rubber band over it4 ,i suggested this plan to one or two men in ,australia and in ,ceylon1 who had complained about the melting of the ,parowax1 and ,i have not yet received their replies4 ,i have been trying1 however1 to simplify things in the way of grafting4 ,in addition to the elasticity that we need1 we must have whitening1 and for this purpose we must add something that will not be poisonous to the tree but will mix with the paraffin readily and give a white paraffin1 which will interfere somewhat with the actinic light4 ,i have found that carbonate of lead will mix well with paraffin4 ,carbonate of zinc will also mix well4 ,they are both heavy1 so heavy that they need a certain amount of stirring4 ,a lighter substance is citrate of zinc1 which will give elasticity1 and which will probably also give a white effect4 ,it melts with the paraffin and1 being neutral1 it will do no harm to the tree4 ,i have given you an outline on which ,i wish discussion1 for ,i hope to get from this audience the information and suggestions that will enable me to make my experiments in the right way so that by next spring we may have no further need for discussing the question as to the correct paraffin method in grafting4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,there is another wax that is not so crystalline as the ,parowax1 and that is ,candelilla1 which is produced in ,texas and ,new ,mexico4 ,it may be obtained from the wax importers in ,new ,york ,city1 not from the ,standard ,oil ,co41 but the importers4 ,i will find out just where it is from4 ,i can easily get samples4 ,its melting point is not so high as ,parowax1 but it is much higher than any of the other waxes4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,then by mixing it with the high-melting point waxes1 those of about #ach degrees1 we might get good results4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i think so1 and without introducing the crystalline element4 ,prof4 ,h4 ,h4 ,hume of ,glen ,st4 ,mary1 ,florida was then asked to speak4 ,he said that he uses fresh pine gum from the turpentine cups to make grafting wax stick4 ,this will mix with beeswax and give the elasticity needed for winter work 7in the ,south74 ,also it is unaffected by a temperature as high as #abj degrees4 ,he uses a mixture of high grade rosin1 beeswax and pine gum with which pieces of cloth are saturated4 ,gum should be obtained in the spring when it is purest4 ,it is thin enough to pour out4 ,dr4 ,zimmerman said that he had tried pine gum with paraffine and it would not mix4 ,prof4 ,hume said that beeswax can be had in various shades up to pure white4 ,dr4 ,morris said that black grafting wax attracts heat and excludes actinic rays4 ,he prefers a translucent wax4 ,prof4 ,hume stated that in the country where ,jacksonville1 ,florida1 is there are #ajj miles of roadway under construction which will be planted with nut trees where possible4 ,he added that once when he was ill for a long time the doctor finally ordered a glassful of milk and a handful of pecan kernels for his diet4 ,he tried it and it worked4 ,dr4 ,zimmerman said that for grafting wax he had used equal parts of paraffin1 stearic acid and beeswax with good results4 ,dr4 ,morris stated his belief that the simple splice graft is the strongest kind4 ,,friday ,,morning ,,session ,sept4 #bhth4 ,the chairman of the ,committee on ,incorporation was called upon for a report and spoke as follows3 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,under the ,code of the ,district of ,columbia there is a provision of law whereby any educational1 scientific or charitable association can be incorporated and become a body corporate with all of the rights of any other corporation1 so far as the corporate entity and liability is concerned4 ,the provision of the ,district ,code is a very liberal one and drafted to encourage such societies as this4 ,the committee therefore thought it better to incorporate under this provision of the law than under that of some other state4 ,the advantages of incorporating a society of this kind are several4 ,it makes the action of the organization that of a legalized corporation and takes away liability of individual members4 ,if anyone should desire to donate money to the organization1 we would have a corporate entity that would be responsible under the law for the safe handling of such funds4 ,under the law we can hold such funds up to the point where the income is not more than #be1jjj a year4 ,in the ,district of ,columbia a corporation can take title to real estate1 transfer property and do all necessary things in accordance with its by-laws4 ,we therefore concluded that there could be no objection to incorporating under such laws4 ,so with the consent of the other members of the committee1 ,i prepared in my office the proper certificate of incorporation which1 under the requirements of the ,code of the ,district1 are as follows3 ,,know ,,all ,,men ,,by ,,these ,,presents1 ,that we1 the undersigned1 all of whom are citizens of the ,united ,states and a majority of whom are residents of the ,district of ,columbia1 desiring to associate ourselves for scientific and educational purposes and for mutual improvement2 and to organize a corporation under sub-chapter three 7#c7 of the ,incorporation ,laws of the ,district of ,columbia1 as provided in the ,code of ,law of the ,district of ,columbia1 enacted by ,congress and approved by the ,president of the ,united ,states1 do hereby certify3 ,,first3 ,that the corporate name of this company shall be ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,incorporated4 ,,second3 ,the term for which is it organized is perpetual4 ,,third3 ,the particular business and objects of the society are the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants1 their products and their culture1 and1 in general1 to do and to perform every lawful act and thing necessary or expedient to be done or performed for the efficient conduct of said business as authorized by the laws of ,congress1 and to have and to exercise all the powers conferred by the laws of the ,district of ,columbia upon corporations under said sub-chapter three 7#c7 of the ,incorporation ,laws of the ,district of ,columbia4 ,,fourth3 ,the number of directors of the said corporation for the first year of its existence shall be five4 ,,in ,,witness ,,whereof we have hereunto affixed our hands and seals this #bgth day of ,september ,a4 ,d4 #aibc4 ,karl ,w4 ,greene 7,seal7 ,albert ,r4 ,williams 7,seal74 ,thomas ,p4 ,littlepage 7,seal74 ,,district ,,of ,,columbia1 ,,to ,,wit3 ,i1 ,alice ,b4 ,watt1 a ,notary ,public in and for the ,district aforesaid1 do hereby certify that ,karl ,w4 ,greene 7of the ,district of ,columbia71 ,albert ,r4 ,williams 7of the ,district of ,columbia7 and ,thomas ,p4 ,littlepage 7of the ,state of ,maryland71 parties to the foregoing and annexed certificate of ,incorporation of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association1 ,,incorporated1 bearing date on the #bgth day of ,september1 #aibc1 personally appeared before me in the ,district aforesaid the said ,karl ,w4 ,greene1 ,albert ,r4 ,williams and ,thomas ,p4 ,littlepage1 being personally known to me to be the persons who made and signed the said certificate and severally acknowledged the same to be their act and deed for the purposes therein set forth4 ,,witness my hand and seal this #bgth day of ,september1 #aibc4 ,,alice ,r4 ,,watt1 ,notary ,public4 ,my commission expires ,december #ag1 #aibc4 ,the smallest number of members with which corporation is possible1 is three2 so ,i secured two members1 ,mr4 ,greene and ,mr4 ,williams1 who1 together with myself1 prepared this1 and put it in proper form4 ,we then filed it with the ,recorder of ,deeds1 keeping a copy for the files of the incorporation4 ,the ,recorder received it1 and the fact that he received it was proof that it was satisfactory4 ,we are now1 therefore1 a corporation4 ,of course1 we want to put that machinery into action1 but in order to do so a board of directors has to be selected4 ,then will follow the election of officers of the ,association4 ,therefore1 ,i have prepared a report of the meeting of the incorporators1 which ,i will read4 ,as ,i said1 however1 we did this to get the machinery into operation4 ,next year the directors will be elected by the members4 ,,meeting ,,of ,,the ,,incorporators ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association1 ,,incorporated4 ,the organization meeting of the ,incorporators of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,incorporated1 was held at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,september #bhth1 #aibc1 at #aj3jj o'clock a4 m4 ,present3 ,karl ,w4 ,greene1 ,albert ,r4 ,williams1 and ,thomas ,p4 ,littlepage4 ,upon motion1 ,thomas ,p4 ,littlepage became ,chairman of the meeting4 ,upon motion of ,mr4 ,greene1 seconded by ,mr4 ,williams and unanimously passed1 the following were elected ,directors of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,incorporated1 for the first year of its existence or thereafter until the annual meeting of the company in #aibd4 ,james ,s4 ,mc,glennon1 of ,rochester1 ,new ,york4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 of ,hartford1 ,connecticut4 ,willard ,g4 ,bixby1 of ,baldwin1 ,nassau ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,harry ,r4 ,weber1 of ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris1 of ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,upon motion of ,mr4 ,greene seconded by ,mr4 ,williams and unanimously passed1 by-laws of the corporation were adopted4 ,there being no further business1 the meeting of the ,incorporators adjourned4 ,,karl ,w4 ,,greene1 ,,albert ,r4 ,,williams1 ,,thomas ,p4 ,,littlepage1 ,incorporators4 ,,the ,,president3 ,the next action1 then1 ,mr4 ,littlepage1 would be to get the report of the nominating committee4 ,i call for that now4 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 7,reads as follows73 ,,minutes ,,of ,,first ,,meeting ,,of ,,directors ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association1 ,,inc4 ,the first meeting of the ,directors of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,incorporated1 was held at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,september #bhth1 #aibc4 ,present3 ,james ,s4 ,mc,glennon1 ,willard ,g4 ,bixby1 ,robert ,t4 ,morris4 ,upon motion of ,mr4 ,bixby seconded and unanimously passed1 the following officers were elected for the ensuing year1 or thereafter until the annual meeting of the ,incorporation to be held in #aibd3 ,president1 ,harry ,r4 ,weber2 ,vice-,president1 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones2 ,treasurer1 ,h4 ,j4 ,hilliard2 ,secretary1 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming4 ,there being no further business1 the meeting adjourned4 ,,willard ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,secretary of ,directors' ,meeting4 7,the report was adopted by the convention74 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,finance ,,committee ,by ,willard ,g4 ,bixby ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,the finance committee asks the association to instruct the secretary in the printing of the next report to endeavor to reduce the size to one-half of the present report4 7,adopted by the convention74 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i move as an amendment to ,article ,two of the ,by-,laws1 that annual membership be #c1 or #e including a year's subscription to the ,journal4 ,contributing members to pay #aj1 this including a year's subscription to the ,journal4 7,motion seconded and adopted by the convention1 and the committee on ,incorporation discharged with the thanks of the association74 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i have nearly overlooked the fact that the organization must now have a corporate seal1 with an appropriate inscription4 ,an appropriate inscription would be ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association1 ,incorporated4 ,all such seals generally carry some appropriate design1 and there are various ones to be had4 ,i move that a committee of three be appointed to determine upon the design of this seal1 and then later1 if the chairman of the committee will send the design to me1 ,i will have the seal made and send it to the association4 7,motion seconded and adopted1 and ,dr4 ,deming1 ,mr4 ,bixby1 and ,dr4 ,morris appointed as committee by the president74 ,after considerable discussion ,new ,york ,city was selected as the place for the next convention and the dates ,wednesday1 ,thursday and ,friday1 ,september #crd1 #dth and #eth1 #aibd4 ,a vote of thanks to the president1 ,mr4 ,james ,s4 ,mc,glennon1 was adopted4 ,the secretary was also instructed to write to ,mrs4 ,hutt expressing the thanks of the convention for her address4 ,dr4 ,oswald ,schreiner of the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture was then introduced and spoke as follows3 ,in the successful growing of pecan trees1 the proper care of the orchard is of enormous importance4 7,to illustrate this point1 slides were shown of a good orchard and a poor orchard on a rather thin soil in the ,coastal ,plain ,region4 ,in the good orchard1 the trees had been well cared for1 the soil fertilized by the growing of legumes and cover crops plowed under2 in the poor orchard1 the trees had been neglected and the soil impoverished by the continuous growing of cultivated crops1 such as cotton and corn4 ,the two views very clearly showed which orchard was on a paying basis and likely to prove a profitable investment74 ,it is needless to say that the crop from such a poor1 intercropped orchard would be meagre and unprofitable until the methods were changed4 ,the growing of legumes to furnish humus1 and even the growing of winter cover crops1 such as rye1 to be plowed under in the spring1 cannot be too strongly recommended as soil improvers4 ,when nut trees are grown in orchards1 they can no longer be considered as forest trees to be left to take care of themselves until a rich harvest of nuts is produced1 but must be cared for just as much as any other fruit tree or cultivated crop or the harvest of nuts will never be forthcoming4 ,the fertilizing of nut trees1 however1 offers more difficulties than do the annual crops4 ,experiments on this subject have been few and the information obtainable is rather meagre4 ,consequently1 a few years ago1 the ,office of ,soil ,fertility ,investigation1 which is conducting fertilizer investigations on a large number of the annual crops grown on the prominent soil types or soil regions of the ,united ,states1 started1 in co-operation with the ,office of ,horticultural ,investigations of the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 a number of fertilizer experiments on pecan orchards1 involving a study of several soil types suitable for nut production and attempting to ascertain the proper fertilizer requirements for the pecan on these soils4 ,while these experiments have been running only five years1 which in point of time is very small in the life of a pecan tree1 yet the different fertilizers employed already show some highly interesting results1 sufficient to indicate that certain fertilizer applications undoubtedly influence the growth of the tree1 its productiveness1 and quality of the nut produced4 ,the experimental fertilizer mixtures are all prepared here in ,washington in a fertilizer-mixing plant on the department's ,arlington ,farm1 on the ,virginia side of the river4 ,the fertilizer house is well stocked with all of the various fertilizer substances used in agriculture1 ready for mixing2 nitrate of soda from ,chili1 potash from ,france and ,germany1 and our own far western states2 cottonseed meal from the ,south1 tankage and dried blood from the slaughter houses of ,chicago and ,omaha1 ,tennessee or ,florida phosphates1 and acid phosphate1 ammonium sulfate from the coke ovens of ,pennsylvania1 ,thomas slag from ,england1 in short1 all sorts of commercial materials from near and remote sources1 for study and use in fertilizers4 7,slides were then shown of the exterior and interior of the plant where literally thousands of experimental fertilizer mixtures are prepared to study the requirements of the various soils and crops1 and are then shipped in freight cars to the various experiment places4 ,two slides showing the application of fertilizer in a large orchard where tractors are employed in carrying on the various cultural operations and also in a small orchard where hand labor is employed1 were also shown74 ,the scheme of fertilizer experimentation adopted in this work is rather complete and so planned as to include fertilizers carrying the principal fertilizer constituents1 phosphate1 ammonia and potash1 singly1 in combinations of two elements1 and in combinations of three elements1 in various proportions in a regularly graded manner4 ,the following scheme illustrates these mixtures of different analyses1 the first figure denoting the percentage of phosphate1 the second the percentage of ammonia1 and the third the percentage of potash in the fertilizer4 ,the various mixtures are numbered consecutively4 #a --- #bj-j-j #b #c --- --- #af-j-d #af-d-j #d #e #f --- --- --- #ab-j-h #ab-d-d #ab-h-j #g #h #i #aj --- --- --- --- #h-j-ab #h-d-h #h-h-d #h-ab-j #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae --- --- --- --- --- #d-j-af #d-d-ab #d-h-h #d-ab-d #d-af-j #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba --- --- --- --- --- --- #j-j-bj #j-d-af #j-h-ab #j-ab-h #j-af-d #j-bj-j ,it is quite apparent that in this scheme the entire field of fertilizer formulas is covered in a regular way4 ,in addition to this formula plan other experiments are also under way to determine the influence of the different fertilizing materials1 carrying the phosphate1 ammonia and potash1 and the influence of lime1 rock phosphate1 various green manuring crops1 etc4 ,the experiments are carried out in commercial orchards on several soil types and in several localities4 ,while the years the experiments have been running are yet too few for any final conclusions1 and the details too numerous to present in a brief sketch here1 there have nevertheless been some very interesting results from the use of fertilizers which is readily shown by a few lantern slides4 ,here is1 for instance1 a view of a fertilized and an unfertilized section of one of our experiments in ,georgia4 ,the views were obtained in the fall1 and one could tell at a glance1 not only that the unfertilized trees were not as large1 but also quite strikingly that they had nearly lost all of their foliage1 whereas the trees on the fertilized section were still in full foliage1 thus presenting a very strong contrast4 ,the effect of fertilizers on the foliage is shown also in a series of slides of representative trees1 from one of our experiments in ,louisiana1 likewise taken in the fall4 ,the first tree had not been fertilized1 the second had been fertilized with phosphate and the third with potash4 ,the one fertilized with phosphate appeared slightly larger1 but it can again be observed that all three trees were1 at the time the picture was taken1 nearly three-fourths defoliated4 ,the next two trees from the same experiment1 fertilized respectively with a nitrogenous fertilizer and with a complete fertilizer1 and photographed at the same time1 show the influence of these fertilizers strikingly in that they are still in complete foliage1 as well as showing a more vigorous growth4 ,three slides of fertilized and unfertilized trees from still different experiments all show the fuller foliage and better branching of the fertilized trees1 especially those fertilized with the nitrogenous fertilizers or the complete fertilizers4 ,the yields of these trees cannot here be taken up but1 in general1 these fertilized trees came into bearing earlier and have yielded double and treble the number of nuts produced by the unfertilized trees4 7,in conclusion1 there was shown a slide of the yield of nuts from an experimental tract of a commercial orchard of about #bj acres1 in which the yield from a fertilized acre was compared with the yield from an unfertilized acre4 ,it was noted that the unfertilized acre gave a yield of approximately two barrels1 whereas the fertilized acre gave an increase of two bushel baskets more than the unfertilized47 ,dr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,safford1 ,botanist1 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 then spoke on the ,use of ,nuts by the ,aboriginal ,americans4 ,,dr4 ,,safford3 ,my interest in nuts has been confined almost entirely to those of ,american origin4 ,for a good many years1 ,i have been studying the plants1 and plant products1 utilized for food1 and for other purposes1 by the aboriginal ,americans1 before the arrival in this hemisphere of ,columbus and his companions4 ,in this connection1 there is a striking contrast between the ,american ,indians and the primitive ,polynesians4 ,the chief economic plants encountered by early explorers on the islands of the ,pacific ,ocean were identical with well known ,asiatic species4 ,coconuts1 breadfruit1 taro1 sugar cane1 yams and bananas1 the most important food staples of the ,polynesians1 had been known to the ,old ,world for centuries before the ,pacific ,islands were visited by ,europeans2 the shrub1 from the bark of which the ,polynesians made their tapa cloth1 was identical with the paper mulberry of ,china and ,japan2 and the principal screwpine1 or ,pandanus1 from which the ,polynesians made their mats1 was a well-known species of southern ,asia4 ,a number of these plants had even carried their ,asiatic names with them to ,polynesia4 ,the ,polynesian language itself1 with its varied dialects1 spoken in ,hawaii1 ,samoa1 ,new ,zealand1 ,easter ,island and on other island groups1 can be traced without difficulty to the ,malay ,archipelago1 the cradle of the ,polynesian race4 ,in ,america1 on the other hand1 every cultivated plant encountered by ,columbus and his companions was new4 ,not a single ,old ,world food crop had found its way to our hemisphere before the ,discovery2 not a grain of wheat1 rye1 oats1 or barley2 no peas1 cabbage1 beets1 turnips1 watermelon1 musk-melon1 egg-plant1 or other ,old ,world vegetable2 no apple1 quince1 pear1 peach1 plum1 orange1 lemon1 mango1 or other ,old ,world fruit1 had reached ,america4 ,even the cotton which was encountered in the ,west ,indies by ,columbus the very morning after the ,discovery1 proved to be a distinct species and could not be made to hybridize with ,old ,world cottons4 ,conversely1 no ,american cultivated plants2 no maize1 no beans1 tomatoes1 potatoes1 sweet potatoes2 no cacao 7from which chocolate is made72 no pine-apples1 avocadoes1 custard apples nor guavas2 no ,brazil nuts1 pecans1 or hickory nuts2 nor any other ,american food staple had found their way to the ,old ,world2 even the beeches1 chestnuts1 oaks1 and maples were distinct2 and the same is true of the ,new ,world ground nuts and the grapes1 which were the parent species of our delicious ,american varieties4 ,quite unlike anything in the ,old ,world were such cultivated plants as the ,cactaceae1 the capsicum peppers1 and the manioc from which cassava is made4 ,in ,polynesia the evidence thus offered by cultivated plants points to the spread of ,asiatic culture eastward across the ,pacific1 while the peculiarities of the cultivated plants of ,america point to its isolation from all the rest of the world2 an isolation which is further established by a radical dissimilarity of all ,american languages from ,old ,world linguistic stocks4 ,in no language of the ,new ,world1 for example1 is there a vestige of ,hebrew1 which would support the cherished theory of the migration to this continent of the lost tribes of ,israel2 nor is there a suggestion of any linguistic element to indicate connection with the ,chinese1 nor any relationship between the builders of the ,american pyramids and those of ,egypt4 ,there are many distinct groups of ,american languages4 ,very often the language of a tribe is quite unlike that of its nearest neighbors2 while at the same time it may resemble the languages of tribes quite remote4 ,this fact indicates former segregation of the various groups speaking the unlike languages and a common ancestry or close association of the tribes speaking the allied dialects4 ,as examples1 ,i might mention the ,quichua ,indians of ,peru1 whose language is very unlike the languages spoken by the ,arawak and ,carib ,indians to their northward and1 at the same time1 quite distinct from the languages of their ,brazilian neighbors to the eastward4 ,the ,aztecs of ,mexico spoke a language differing radically in structure as well as in vocabulary from the ,maya language of their ,yucatan neighbors2 yet there is unquestionably a relationship between the ,aztecs and a number of very distant tribes1 shown by resemblances of their languages1 as in the case of the ,shoshone ,indians of the northern ,united ,states and the ,nuhuatl tribes of ,salvador and ,costa ,rica4 ,in the same way1 the ,algonquian dialects1 which differ greatly from those of the ,iroquoian1 show a close relationship between very widely scattered tribes in ,north ,america1 from ,north ,carolina to ,quebec4 ,such resemblances and radical differences point to a very remote and long-continued segregation which permitted the independent formation of distinct linguistic stocks2 while the antiquity of man in ,america1 both north and south of the equator1 is further attested by the development of such a cultivated and highly specialized food staple as maize1 whose ancestral prototype we have sought in vain4 ,its endless varieties1 fitted for widely diverse conditions of soil and climate1 also point to a long period of cultivation in dissimilar culture-areas1 which enabled them to adapt themselves to conditions very different from those of the original stock from which they sprang4 ,all this evidence points to the peopling of this continent at a very remote time1 perhaps as far back as the close of the ,glacial ,epoch2 and it also indicates that the early progenitors of our ,indian tribes had left their original homes in the ,old ,world before any of the linguistic ,old-,world stocks had taken shape2 before ,sanscrit was ,sanscrit2 before the languages of ,china or any other ,asiatic people had become established2 and just as in this hemisphere the natives developed their own languages from the most primitive elements of speech1 so most certainly did they develop their agriculture from the wild plants of the fields1 the swamps1 the hillsides1 and the forests4 ,in both respects1 as ,i have already pointed out1 they differed from the ,polynesians who brought with them to their island homes not only their language but their agriculture1 from the cradle of their race in the ,malay ,archipelago2 cuttings of seedless breadfruit and of sugarcane1 fleshy roots of taro and yams2 even trees1 like the ,indian almond and the candlenut4 ,here ,i would like to point out to the members of the ,nut ,growers' ,association the chief difference between nuts and other food staples4 ,nearly all of our cultivated vegetables1 including maize1 beans1 potatoes1 sweet potatoes1 squashes and pumpkins1 are annuals1 sensitive to frost1 which must be raised from seed each year1 and which differ so greatly from the primitive plants from which they came that their ancestral forms cannot be definitely determined4 ,most of these vegetables are in all probability of hybrid origin1 the result of cross pollination and selection4 ,in the case of our native nuts the conditions are quite different4 ,we know the original ancestor of the pecan1 our hickories and our walnuts4 ,the fine varieties now cultivated are not hybrids but have been selected from wild trees4 ,in connection with nuts ,i would also point out that in all probability they were the most important food-staple of primitive man1 as well as of his simian ancestors4 ,it required no great intelligence to gather them or to store them after the fashion followed by squirrels4 ,intelligence1 however1 is required to plant nuts and to transplant nut trees4 ,still greater intelligence is involved in the process of preparing certain nuts for food4 ,a delicious creamy emulsion1 for instance1 was prepared by the ,virginian ,indians from hickory nuts4 ,cracking them and removing the kernels was too long and tedious an operation2 so they developed a method of gathering them in quantities and crushing them in a hollowed log1 together with water1 pounding them to a paste and then straining out the fragments of shells through a basket sieve4 ,the milky fluid which was thus formed was allowed to stand until the thick creamy substance separated from the water4 ,the water was then poured off1 and the delicious cream which remained was used as a component of various dishes4 ,this substance was called by the ,virginian ,algonkian ,indians ,pawcohiccora1 a word which has been abbreviated and modified to ,hickory1 the name by which we now designate not only the nuts1 but the tree and its wood4 ,it is interesting to note that a similar creamy or butter-like substance was derived by a similar process from various palm nuts in ,central and ,south ,america4 ,cieza de ,leon describes such a process in his ,chronicle of ,peru1 in connection with a nut which was described as ,cocos butyrace1 but which was not a true ,cocos1 or coconut4 ,long before the discovery of ,america1 a somewhat similar process was used in the ,nicobar ,islands for extracting a creamy substance from the grated kernel of the true coconut1 ,cocos nucifera1 which in early times was called ,nux indica4 ,this process is still followed throughout ,polynesia4 ,some of the most savory dishes of the ,samoans and the natives of ,guam are enriched and flavored with this coconut cream1 which is a substance quite distinct from the water1 or so-called milk1 contained in the hollow kernel of the nut1 which is so commonly used for drinking4 ,coming back to ,america1 ,i would call attention to the value of some of our native pine nuts and acorns as food staples4 ,certain ,indian tribes of the ,southwest live upon pine nuts at certain seasons when they are ripe4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,hart ,merriam has told of the utilization of acorns by various tribes of ,indians in a beautifully illustrated article published in the ,national ,geographic ,magazine1 #aiah1 entitled ,the ,acorn1 a ,possibly ,neglected ,source of ,food4 ,to the native ,indians of ,california1 he says1 the acorn is1 and always has been1 the staff of life1 furnishing the material for their daily mush and bread4 ,he describes the process of gathering and storing them1 shelling1 drying1 grinding the kernels1 leaching out the bitter tannic acid1 and preparing the acorn meal in various ways for food4 ,in eastern ,north ,america1 several species of acorns were somewhat similarly used1 including those of the live oaks of our southern states4 ,the ,spaniards of ,florida sometimes toasted them and used them as a substitute for chocolate or coffee4 ,chinkapins were used for food by the earliest ,english colonists4 ,they are mentioned by ,herriot1 the historian of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh's colony at ,roanoke4 ,in addition to these1 the early colonists learned to eat the so-called water-chinkapins1 which are fruits of the beautiful golden-flowered ,american lotus1 ,nelumbo lutea1 a plant closely allied to the sacred lotus of ,india1 ,china and ,japan1 whose nuts are even now used as a food staple4 ,the split kernels of the latter may be bought in the ,chinese shops on ,pennsylvania ,avenue in this city4 ,the rootstocks of both the ,american and the ,oriental lotus are also used for food4 ,they resemble bananas joined together end to end1 with several hollow longitudinal tubes running through them4 ,before ,i close1 ,i should like to call attention to a plant1 endemic in eastern ,north ,america1 whose tubers were called ground-nuts1 or ,indian potatoes by the early colonists4 ,the latter name caused the plant to be mistaken by certain early writers for the white potato1 which was unknown in ,north ,america in early colonial days1 but which was confused with the ground nut on account of the resemblance of the descriptions of the two plants4 ,the white potato1 ,solanum tuberosum1 was discovered in the ,andes of ,south ,america by ,cieza de ,leon2 it was quite unknown in ,north ,america or in the ,west ,indies in the days of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh and ,sir ,francis ,drake1 both of whom have erroneously been given the credit of introducing the potato into ,england4 ,the potato which they observed in the ,west ,indies was not ,solanum tuberosum1 which we now call the white potato or ,irish potato1 but a very distinct plant1 ,ipomoea batatas1 which we now call the sweet potato1 but which in early days was known as the batata or potato4 ,the error which has become widely spread1 can be traced to ,john ,gerarde1 the first author to publish an illustration of ,solanum tuberosum4 ,in his celebrated ,herball he declares that the potatoes figured by him were grown in his garden from tubers which came from ,virginia1 or ,norembega4 ,it is quite certain that this statement was untrue1 and that1 as certain ,english writers have already suggested1 ,gerard wished to mystify his readers4 ,whatever may have been his motive1 the error became widely spread4 ,even ,thomas ,jefferson was led to believe that ,solanum tuberosum was encountered in ,virginia by the early colonists1 and ,schoolcraft declared that its tubers were gathered wild in the woods like other wild roots4 ,the ,indian potato of the early colonists is still abundant in moist and marish grounds1 as described by ,herriot4 ,it is a tuber-bearing plant of the bean family1 and is known botanically as ,glycine apios4 ,but ,i fear my talk has become too discursive1 in turning from nuts to ground nuts1 and from ground nuts to potatoes2 but the subject1 bearing as it does on the origin and history of cultivated plants1 is one which has great attraction for me1 and ,i hope it may have been of interest to the members of this association4 ,professor ,c4 ,p4 ,close1 ,pomologist1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 spoke as follows3 ,,mr4 ,,close3 ,the subject ,i had intended to speak on was ,extension ,work in ,nut ,growing4 ,many of you know that ,i am putting in most of my time on the fruit end of extension work1 but ,i am also doing some extension nut work4 ,i was hoping that there would be representatives from many of the states here1 because ,i wanted to encourage them to get in touch with the state extension men1 to work up interest in nut culture4 ,my talk will be very brief1 but ,i would like to mention that very few of the states as yet are doing extension work with nuts1 especially in the ,north4 ,some work is being done with pecans in the ,south4 ,i have been astounded in talking with the landscape men in the ,north to find that they have not considered nut trees as ornamental trees4 ,but after ,i mentioned that a walnut or a hickory or a pecan tree is an ornamental tree1 and just as much so as the elm1 the oak1 or the maple1 they thought it would be a good idea to use them and agreed to recommend the use of nut trees as shade1 lawn and roadside trees4 ,then ,i suggested the filbert for clump planting as an ornamental4 ,i hope in the future that nut trees and filberts will be used more extensively by the landscape extension men in their work throughout the country4 ,in most of the states there are fruit extension specialists but only an occasional landscape extension specialist2 so ,i try to interest the fruit men in the planting of nut trees1 and a few of them are doing this1 particularly in ,indiana1 where the fruit extension specialist has been interested in having pecan and ,english walnut trees planted in school yards4 ,it seems difficult to get people to comprehend and practice nut tree growing and to understand the various uses of nut trees4 ,we can judge from the small audience at this meeting that there are not enough people interested in nut growing4 ,in my journey throughout the country ,i occasionally run across men interested in growing a few nut trees1 and ,i try to induce them to become members of this association2 but it seems to be a hard thing to do4 ,a few days ago ,i called on a man in ,new ,jersey who said he would have twenty bushels of hickory nuts and two or three bushels of ,english walnuts if the squirrels did not take them4 ,he is up against a state law which protects the squirrels but does not protect him4 ,i wish we could send out word with you to the states to get at least a few people interested in nut culture1 and have them write to the agricultural colleges and the experiment stations and arouse some interest along this line at those institutions1 not only among the fruit extension men and the teachers1 but also among the landscape men as well4 ,there ought to be more interest taken in this work at our colleges and universities1 and nut culture courses ought to be organized4 ,the foresters ought to be induced to use nut trees wherever possible4 ,that is all of the time ,i care to take at present1 ,mr4 ,president1 but ,i wish to say that if there is any way of arousing interest in the states1 ,i would be glad to carry the word from ,washington and to push it just as hard as possible4 ,hon4 ,w4 ,s4 ,linton1 ,saginaw1 ,michigan1 spoke on ,roadside ,planting vs4 ,reforestation1 as follows3 ,as a delegate to the ,national ,tax ,association convention at ,white ,sulphur ,springs1 it has been my lot to have been named on both federal and state committees1 with the idea of exempting from taxation those who would produce trees for the future4 ,my experience has been that exemption from taxation for the purpose of producing our future forests is a wrong one4 ,the sentiment of the people is against exemption from taxation1 and ,i do not know how it may be practically applied to the growing of the forests that our country must have in the future4 ,but the individual will not carry out the work1 and the corporations will not undertake it1 so it devolves upon the government of the state to reproduce those forests4 ,the government lives for a long period in between many life-times1 and ours should live as long as the earth4 ,it is therefore up to us to reproduce those forests which we once had and1 as all things come back to the state1 then the state should reforest4 ,next the roadways are to be considered4 ,roadways will grow a better class of timber and trees2 they are rich in soil1 generally1 because they pass through the most fertile regions of the country and1 up to this time1 they have been waste land4 ,i believe that the farmer is right in his wish that trees which shut in the roadsides should be cut away1 that the sunlight should be let in and the roads hard-surfaced4 ,we saw in our trip that where the trees shaded the roads they were almost impassable at times1 while in the open places1 they were fine4 ,in ,michigan we took up the question of roadside planting1 and ,senator ,penny fathered the bill1 the pioneer measure1 that caused our state to plant roadways4 ,we have a very competent landscape engineer in charge of one of the departments1 and he is planning to grow roadside trees1 using nut-bearing trees1 so that the next generation will profit largely by the work of today4 ,and this is just because of this association4 ,when ,i was honored with your presidency1 one of the features of the work we carried on was in getting nut trees from historic places1 especially from ,mt4 ,vernon4 ,the ,superintendent of ,mt4 ,vernon very kindly told us that we could have the walnut crop from trees that were started there during ,washington's time1 and the only stipulation was that we should not commercialize the idea2 that those nuts were priceless1 and that we should not receive any money for them1 but should distribute them in the schools and in a public way cause interest in the planting of nut trees4 ,that very movement brought about wonderful results1 and today there are from five to ten thousand walnut trees growing in our state1 about the height of a man1 all of them having come from ,mt4 ,vernon4 ,on our way through from ,white ,sulphur ,springs1 we passed through the home of ,thomas ,jefferson1 ,monticello1 and we found some magnificent nut trees planted by ,jefferson4 ,some of our best trees today are from those given to ,washington by ,thomas ,jefferson2 and ,i arranged at ,mt4 ,vernon to secure some of the nuts from the trees ,jefferson planted there4 ,just yesterday ,mr4 ,dodge1 the superintendent at ,mt4 ,vernon1 again said that we could have the crop for this year4 ,we will have a number of bushels from there1 although the trees have not been as fruitful this year as usual1 and ,i leave it to you to judge as to what we should do with those nuts this year4 ,some of you have ideas about this1 and ,i would be glad to adopt them4 ,but when the fact is known that the walnuts can be secured in that way the entire country will want them4 ,at present ,i have letters from ,texas and other places asking for some of ,mt4 ,vernon's nuts4 ,it is a movement that will cause more people1 in my opinion1 to have nut trees than any other1 and we should push it to the limit4 ,i had a letter from ,henry ,ford's secretary1 asking for a dozen trees which might be planted at ,mr4 ,ford's place in ,michigan4 ,mr4 ,ford is doing great good1 so far as the saving of the forests is concerned4 ,he has immense tracts of land where he is caring for every root and branch4 ,letter from ,c4 ,f4 ,bobler1 ,landscape ,engineer in ,michigan3 ,the laws of ,michigan1 as you are well aware1 encourage the planting of trees and shrubs by the highway authorities1 and protect existing roadside trees from injury or destruction4 ,under those laws considerable planting has already been done1 and in such planting a liberal use has been made of the nut-bearing varieties of trees1 especially the black walnut1 which is indigenous to much of ,michigan4 ,besides the economic value of nut trees1 on account of their food products while growing and their timber products when mature1 they are generally very attractive in appearance1 and1 therefore1 very well adapted to roadside planting4 ,roadside development presents a field for considerable study to produce plantings which afford a variety of effects in trees and shrubs1 by using varieties best adapted to the soil and climatic conditions1 which best harmonize with the local topography and which to a considerable extent have an economic value in addition to their ornamental value4 ,nut trees admirably fulfill these requirements for roadside planting and while ,i believe that such other desirable varieties of trees as the ,american elm1 the sugar maple1 and others1 should be used in proper proportions1 ,i am fully convinced that the varieties of nut trees adapted to our soil and climate should be used liberally in the planting of the roadsides of ,michigan4 ,the plans for the future development of the state trunk line highways in this state1 contemplate the planting of the black walnut1 butternut1 sweet chestnut1 hickory1 beech1 and other varieties of nut bearing trees in considerable quantities1 and ,i am confident that their use will add to man's enjoyment of the highways and that these trees will become an economic asset to the regions where they are planted4 ,,the ,,president3 ,there is one thing ,mr4 ,linton mentioned that ,i wish to put special emphasis upon2 the distribution of trees grown from ,washington's home4 ,last year ,mr4 ,jones sent out a lot of seedling walnuts and there are quite a few in ,rochester4 ,it was delightful to see the interest manifested by the people receiving those seedlings and to hear how the people were succeeding4 ,some of them have written me4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,possibly it would help if1 when any of us here present should chance to visit historic spots1 we would get nuts from such places and send them to ,mr4 ,linton2 from ,gettysburg or any of those places4 ,we should each consider ourselves committees of one to get those nuts and to deliver them to ,mr4 ,linton4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i will see what ,i can do about it1 and will get some of the nuts today4 ,,mr4 ,o',,connor3 ,i do not know how ,mr4 ,linton would feel about sending to different schools some of the nuts that were given him by the superintendent at ,monticello1 and in letting the children have a little nursery1 and the means to beautify their home towns1 but ,i will say that if you get the children started in a thing like this1 you will have the parents following up4 ,,mr4 ,,linton3 ,there is another point ,i wish to mention4 ,mr4 ,dodge sent one bushel of the walnuts which he said were taken from a particular tree that he admired4 ,he thought it was the best variety of all of them4 ,that tree1 a year ago1 was struck by lightning2 so he requests that some of the trees produced from the nuts of that particular tree1 be sent back to ,mt4 ,vernon1 in order that he may have some seedlings from the original tree4 ,it is a fact that those nuts produced the best yields of any that we planted in ,michigan1 showing that the seeds from the best tree will bring the best results4 ,,encouragement ,,from ,,failures ,,in ,,grafting ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimmerman1 ,piketown1 ,pa4 ,after improving from an illness of several years1 and feeling tired1 impatient and at times discouraged with progress in my physical condition1 last spring ,i secured a few bunches of scion wood and turned to my old boyhood hobby for diversion2 this time1 however1 by working on nut trees instead of fruit4 ,in presenting the following at the request of others1 ,i do not claim any originality1 but simply draw the attention of interested parties to some possibilities and probabilities4 ,my results have been very variable and many of them show as successful a failure as any one could possibly obtain4 ,the scions referred to in the following tabulated record were put in from ,may #bjth to ,july #bjth and were well mixed together in the hope of giving better opportunity for cross pollenization1 a few of every variety except the ,hales being put in every day4 ,the ,hales were all put in late in ,july4 ,i have grafted many other varieties of fruits and nuts but a record of the hickory only is shown below3 ,no4 ,growing ,died ,growing ,died ,weiker #df #j #df #j #ajj ,one graft to tree #e #c #b #fj #dj ,t4,w4,t #a-a_/d diameter #e #a #d #bj #hj ,u4,w4,t4 #bc #a #bb #d4b #ie4h ,u4,w4,t4 ,taylor #e #b #c #dj #fj ,u4,w4,t4 #aj diameter #bg #g #bj #be4i #gd4a ,fairbanks #ae #aa #d #gc4c #bf4g ,vest #bg #a #bf #c4g #if4c ,manahan #bb #g #ae #ca4h #fh4b #g #j #g #j #ajj ,u4,w4,t4 #c diameter ,laney #ac #f #g #df4a #ec4i #ae #a #ad #f4f #ic4d ,u4,w4,t4 #f diameter ,beaver #e #b #c #dj #fj ,scions poor4 ,but one grew #g ft4 #d in4 ,kentucky #ai #g #ab #cf4h #fg4b #aj #a #i #aj #ij ,u4,w4,t4 #e diameter ,kirtland #ab #e #g #da4f #eh4d #af #e #aa #ca4c #fh4g ,u4,w4,t4 #e diameter #g #a #f #ad4b #he4h ,u4,w4,t4 ,put on late as also the ,hales ,hales a #f #a #e #af4f #hc4d ,u4,w4,t4 #c diameter b #ce #j #ce #j #ajj ,u4,w4,t4 #aj diameter c #b #b #j #ajj #j ,t4,w4,t4 #a-a_/b diameter d #d #d #j #ajj #j ,t4,w4,t4 #b diameter e #c #c #j #ajj #j ,t4,w4,t4 f #c #b #a #ff4f #cc4c ,t4,w4,t4 g #f #d #b #ff4f #cc4c ,t4,w4,t4 ---- -- --- ----- ----- ,total #cch #ge #bfc #bb4b #gg4h ,the last two series of the ,hales made #ajj start also but bugs killed three grafts4 ,u4 ,w4 ,t4 means a tree from which all the lower limbs were cut back to about a foot or eighteen inches and grafted1 a few top limbs having been left intact4 ,t4 ,w4 ,t4 means a tree from which the top had been cut1 the lower limbs and stub having been grafted1 although a few of the lower limbs were not sawed off4 ,a study of the above record is interesting4 ,all of my stocks are of the mockernut type1 varying from three-fourths to two inches in diameter1 except a few trees to which ,i refer specially as ,t4,w4,t4 and ,u4,w4,t4 ,it will be noted that the ,weiker and the ,vest made the poorest catches4 ,it could not have been due entirely to weather conditions or the condition of the scions1 for the scions of these two varieties were equal to anything ,i had4 ,in view of the fact that they are both very desirable nuts1 ,i always carried a few scions and kept placing them frequently as ,i placed other varieties4 ,many ,vests were placed at the same time as the ,fairbanks1 which shows #gc4c catches4 ,the one ,vest that did catch1 however1 made a very thrifty growth1 showing that it is possible apparently to do well on the mockernut4 ,with the ,weiker1 about the #aeth of ,july1 ,i put five scions on the limbs and trunk of a tree about #a-a_/d inches in diameter1 the top having been cut out1 with three catches1 #fj1 against another lot of #df with #ajj failure and #bc more with #d4b success4 ,such antics are difficult to understand4 ,many of the scions were put in the trunks of the trees2 others were put on the small branches with the splice graft4 ,the scions placed on the trunks1 or the larger limbs near the trunk1 apparently did somewhat better than the splice grafts further out on the limbs4 ,in the walnut and other sappy trees1 however1 the splice graft out on the small limbs did better4 ,it is of peculiar interest that all of the large trees from which the lower limbs were sawed and the stubs grafted1 the topmost limbs having been left1 designated as ,u4,w4,t41 did badly4 ,while in the case of the five ,hales1 three had #ajj and two had #ff4f catches4 ,these two also had #ajj catches but bugs ate the tender shoots and killed three of them4 ,these trees had the tops cut off last fall leaving only a few lower limbs4 ,they were put in on ,july #bjth after the sprouts had well started on the trees4 ,the sprouts were not taken off but their tops were pinched out4 ,these grafts made a growth of from one to two feet or more4 ,at the same time a tree was trimmed 7,hales b in the record7 and all the lower limbs grafted with ,hales1 leaving a few top branches only4 ,thirty-five were set and not a single one grew4 ,the location of this tree was better than any of the five above referred to1 because a couple of those trees were standing on the top of a rock where one would wonder how they could exist1 and it was so hot when ,i placed the grafts that ,i had to quit and get out of the sun4 ,in spite of that #ajj grew4 ,a study of the above record leads to the conclusion that there is very little difference in plant and animal cells and it seems clear that certain old1 underlying principles must be dealt with4 ,i need not refer to heredity because1 while it is undoubtedly quite possible1 perhaps1 to influence heredity tendencies so as to get stocks to accept scions more readily1 it is not the major issue for most of us just now4 ,next spring we will take what heredity has given us and be satisfied4 ,however1 it appears certain that our results in grafting the various stocks we now have will depend largely on our ability to3 #a4 ,regulate plant circulation4 #b4 ,stimulate cellular activity to a point compatible with wound repair1 defensive and growing processes4 #c4 ,control plant cell nutrition4 ,one of the very first things we physicians do upon seeing a patient is to investigate his circulation4 ,if the pressure is too low or too high1 for any reason1 we immediately take measures to correct it1 because we know that disastrous results will quickly follow if that is not looked after4 ,plant circulation1 or sap flow1 is no less important4 ,mr4 ,riehl1 ,mr4 ,jones and ,dr4 ,morris made great strides when they advanced the ideas of covering the wound and the scion completely to prevent evaporation1 thereby also controlling the sap pressure4 ,with the exception of shading1 pruning and defoliating1 this is about the only method we have of preventing evaporation4 ,defoliation1 of course1 interferes with the tree's power of growth4 ,controlling the humidity is probably not practical on a large scale4 ,a proper and careful cutting of the tree beforehand is important4 ,it appears that to cut the top completely out while the tree is dormant1 so disrupts the routine circulation that the few lower branches which are left intact1 are well taken care of and1 it seems to me1 that this1 together with the stimulation of ,,wound ,,repair by cutting and allowing time enough for the cells to get into action1 was the prime reason for the #ajj success in the three ,hales and the cause of the #ajj failure in the other ,hales tree4 ,other methods of controlling the circulation are of course drainage1 irrigation1 mulching1 location of the orchard1 placing of condensers of moisture1 such as stones and other hard substances beneath the trees1 and many other contrivances which are in use1 and which ,i shall not discuss4 ,with reference to stimulation of cellular activity we are considerably concerned4 ,in medicine ,i have found the subject of wound repair and immunity most interesting1 the two subjects seeming to be more or less related4 ,some animals will repair wounds and immunize readily1 while others will not4 ,in a general way young healthy animals and human beings immunize most readily1 while older ones frequently fail almost entirely4 ,interestingly enough plants seem to be strangely similar in this respect1 and the thing that stimulates cellular activity for defensive purposes 7immunity7 apparently stimulates growth and wound repair4 ,the thing that stimulates most actively for a special purpose is the thing itself1 the best stimulant for wound repair being the simple injury4 ,to illustrate briefly3 ,in my work last summer ,i came in contact with two enemies1 yellow jackets and copperheads4 ,the copperhead stimulated me to carry a club in defense1 while for the yellow jacket the club was of little value and ,i rather preferred carbon bisulphide4 ,had ,i ignored my senses and allowed nature full sway1 as a tree does1 the snake would have injected his venom and the yellow jacket his toxin1 and my cells would have accepted their only alternative and proceeded at once to build up a specific defense1 after which they would have been in better shape for development1 providing the poison would not have been so great as to prove fatal4 ,injury to a tree certainly does stimulate wound repair1 defense and growth4 ,it is well known that trees with many transplantings1 root injuries1 transplant much more readily1 and the nurserymen use this method of stimulation as a routine procedure4 ,i learn in ,florida that in order to transplant a good size palmetto1 they are in the habit of digging down on one side and cutting the roots the year before removal4 ,it will then transplant more readily4 ,pruning has the same cell stimulating effect if done at a time that will retain the stored nutrition4 ,an attack of disease just as surely stimulates cellular activity and growth but it is too frequently followed by disaster4 ,we have all heard of driving rusty nails into trees 7thinking the iron produced the beneficial results71 cutting a slit in the bark of the limbs and trunk for bark bound so called1 etc41 all of which have stimulating effects with more or less permanent injury to the tree4 ,who knows but what the sap sucker1 with his ability to dig into the bark and extract a piece of cambium1 was not sent to us to aid in preserving our trees by stimulating new growth8 ,in my work last summer trees that were subjected to slight injury before hand apparently accepted a larger proportion of grafts4 ,i will briefly cite two specific illustrations4 ,a little butternut tree located near the house was the object of my efforts for over two years4 ,during my illness ,i frequently went out and pruned a few branches or put on a few buds4 ,something would happen to me and possibly ,i would not see it again for months1 and in the meantime the buds would be strangled or knocked off4 ,another little hickory tree stood in the roadway4 ,harrows1 plows1 wagons and even logs were dragged over it4 ,grafts on both these trees caught rather readily last spring4 ,in fact two black walnut grafts on this little butternut were two of the very few that ,i got to grow at all last year4 ,my walnut grafting was almost a total failure4 ,i have this to say1 however1 that ,i had no dormant walnut scions1 my scions all being cut in ,may or ,june4 ,mr4 ,jones1 by marking the site of his patch bud several days in advance1 admirably carries out this idea by locally stimulating the cambium cells4 ,dr4 ,morris's scheme of using white wax1 besides regulating sap pressure1 allows the actinic rays of the sun to stimulate cellular activity4 ,cutting the top out of the tree1 which disrupts the normal circulation and throws it into the few lower limbs1 besides stimulating the cells into activity1 has apparently in a large measure accounted for the slight success that ,i have had4 ,other methods such as injecting some substance under the bark1 applying antiseptics1 or some stimulating chemical in a similar way1 as ,scarlet ,red is used in skin grafting to increase epithelial growth1 may aid materially4 ,certain chemicals applied to the tree and leaves1 as used in sprays1 seems sometimes to stimulate growth in a way that can hardly always be accounted for by the checking of the disease for which it was placed4 ,much more could be written on cellular stimulation but enough has been said to encourage others to make observation in this connection1 for it is highly probable that the lack of proper stimulation of the cambium accounts for more failures in top working trees than we are aware of4 #c,,rd ,,control ,,of ,,plant ,,cell ,,nutrition ,with this topic we are probably less concerned in its relation to grafting than when the growing and bearing stages come4 ,however1 certain nutritional disturbances appear early and the more vigorously the stock is growing beforehand the better progress1 of course1 the grafts will make when they are started4 ,whether or not they will start more readily have ,i been unable to ascertain1 but ,i have a bunch of little fellows with a growth of only an inch or so1 and so puny that ,i cannot account for it in any other way than a lack of proper nutrition4 ,many of these little trees1 used as stock1 are very old in comparison with their size and they will probably be dwarfs all their lives4 ,it is a question whether many such trees should be grafted at all4 ,further observations will have to be made to decide that point4 ,perhaps proper preparation for a year or two would be beneficial4 ,this topic will largely be left for future discussion under another subject1 but it occurs to me that much might be accomplished by proper attention to nutrition1 especially when setting out trees for grafting1 selection of proper site1 fertility of soil1 cultivation to aid absorption1 etc4 ,i have observed limbs of animals much smaller than normal due to prohibited movements or lack of proper circulation1 one side of a tree developed out of proportion1 eggs without hard shell due to lack of calcium in the hen's diet1 and ,i know of an old ,english walnut tree that bears nuts with shells so thin as to be almost negligible4 ,i am told that at one time this tree bore a nut with a much thicker shell4 ,it has never had any attention and it is quite probable that the lack of proper shell building elements causes the trouble4 ,i have grafted a few of these and ,i want to see what happens by furnishing better nutrition4 ,concerning scion wood1 ,i have ringed some limbs1 similar to the method used sometimes in producing extra large fruit1 in an effort to have the scion store up a large amount of nutrition4 ,this experiment ,i shall continue in the spring4 ,this article is based entirely on my own ideas1 observations and conclusions in connection with old standing principles4 ,as previously stated1 ,i claim nothing new and my only desire is to stimulate others to make like observations4 ,carrying out my conclusions in my work next spring ,i propose to cut the tops out of all my trees1 leaving a few lower limbs instead of the top ones1 allow them to start growth a little before grafting1 pinch the tip from that growth1 and1 in addition to covering with paraffin or some combination of it1 shade the scions on the south-west side1 either by tipping branches over them or some other way4 ,paper bags seem to absorb the paraffin4 ,double grafting in the case of the ,vest and the ,weiker will be tried4 ,whitewashing the stock to prevent sun burn will be used where necessary4 ,several other experiments based on the idea of cellular stimulation before the scions are placed in position will be tried4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,b4 ,waite1 of the ,federal ,insecticide and ,fungicide ,board1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 spoke as follows3 ,,dr4 ,,waite3 ,some of you may recall that several years ago1 when you were meeting here in this hall1 ,i gave you a paper on the nut diseases of the northeastern part of the ,united ,states1 and it would not be desirable to go over that same ground again4 ,at that time1 we took up the bacteriosis of the ,persian ,walnut1 and filbert blight1 and ,i outlined a program of proposed treatment for the filbert blight4 ,it might be interesting to note here that ,dr4 ,morris1 and ,i believe also ,mr4 ,bean1 put that treatment into practice with success4 ,the situation still remains1 however1 that we do not know of diseased plantings of any size4 ,if we find a real plantation of filberts we will be glad to attempt control measures ourselves4 ,i have planted about two dozen filberts and they still remain free from the disease4 ,there are very few local hazel nuts1 wild or cultivated1 around ,washington2 but we understand that the few hazel nuts are free from this disease4 ,there are two or three things ,i wish to mention4 ,one is the repeated inquiries reaching my office with regard to the non-filling of nuts1 mostly the cultivated nuts1 sometimes the pecan1 sometimes the black walnut1 and frequently the ,english walnut4 ,the subject is a complicated one and the disease is not one that we can put under the microscope and diagnose at once4 ,the trouble is due to a complex of varietal and environmental conditions1 the effect of the conditions of growth1 of soil fertility1 temperature1 soil1 water and humidity1 sunshine1 etc41 on that plant4 ,very often it is because people get the wrong variety and do not know what they have4 ,they may have an unproductive seedling4 ,on the other hand a good variety may fail to bear in a locality where it is not suited4 ,very frequently the real lack is in soil fertility4 ,of course the success of the pecan trees down ,south around pig pens is an old joke to you gentlemen1 but there is truth in that4 ,for good nuts there is often need for a little extra manure or fertilizer1 or perhaps both4 ,sometimes there are rich pockets in the earth where those trees would like to grow1 or rich bottom lands which will produce without manure4 ,i think one of the best ways is to fertilize with manure1 if possible4 ,pollination troubles in connection with the non-filling and dropping of the nuts should be thought of4 ,then there is another angle to be considered1 and perhaps ,i can express it most definitely to you by citing the example of the ,june drop of peaches4 ,whenever a tree1 like the peach tree or the pecan or the black walnut1 sets its fruit in the spring1 you will find that there are cross-pollinated and self-pollinated fruits4 ,these will begin to drop their nuts or their fruit at definite stages4 ,furthermore we will find the abortive seeds are not one size4 ,this means that there were definite stages of the pollination and of the fertilization4 ,i should like to work that up and find what the stages are4 ,the last big step in the dropping of the peach tree is the shedding of the fruit just as the pits are hardening4 ,when they are hard the fruit does not fall4 ,so this ,june-drop question ties in with the complications of pollination and nutrition4 ,we know from experiments on the sterility of the pear tree1 if highly fed and cultivated1 such as those ,i worked on in the city of ,rochester1 that those highly fed trees will have some self-fertilized pears4 ,in all of the pears we got no pears resulted when pollinized with the pollen of the same variety1 except on those well fed trees4 ,we learned this in the ,east1 and have since found the same type of self-fertilized pear occurring naturally in ,california and other places in the ,west4 ,in nut production that whole question of setting and filling is tied up in a complicated way with pollination and nutrition4 ,aside from nutrition the other thing to be considered is that of disease4 ,the common black walnut around ,washington is generally poor from fungus leaf diseases4 ,those of us familiar with it around here know that they do not fruit well4 ,this is not a good place for the common black walnut4 ,the wild ones are nearly all poor4 ,i was raised in the ,mississippi ,valley1 where there were large nuts and fine ones1 and we gathered those which fell from the specially good trees4 ,they do not grow so well here1 except the ,stabler and a few others4 ,leaving that subject1 there is another ,i wish to take up4 ,that is1 the great number of complaints about winter-killing of the ,english walnut4 ,wherever we have been able to trace that down1 as we frequently have1 we find that the ,english walnut suffers more from winter-killing right around ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 and in ,pennsylvania1 than up in ,rochester2 and we also have complaints of winter-killing as far south as ,georgia4 ,a common cause is the variation of moisture4 ,after a dry spring and early summer soaking rains come in ,august and ,september1 and the trees1 brought suddenly into growth at the close of the season1 when they should be drying out1 the walnut tree in particular1 show winter-killing4 ,so ,i think one of the main troubles with the ,english walnut in the ,eastern ,united ,states is the winter-killing4 ,even in ,georgia we may have this trouble with the pecan1 young trees two and three years old1 and ,i have photographed them4 ,as to false stimulation1 in the woods1 where these trees grow native and under the conditions to which they are necessarily adapted1 they are mulched and crowded when young by their competitors4 ,in cultivation we do not get the crowding and the mulching that makes steady growth and proper ripening4 ,so you should1 by some process1 growing corn1 cover crops1 or other trees1 keep your delicate nut trees a little crowded and1 if possible1 mulched while young2 and then later1 cut out the undesirable things and let the trees have room4 ,i am not fully prepared to speak about the nut work of the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 because that should be handled by the chief of the bureau4 ,i have charge only of the diseases of fruits and nuts4 ,we have had #h1bjj allotted to the project and will have #b1jjj more this year1 making #aj1bjj4 ,originally that was #c1jjj for nut diseases all over the ,united ,states4 ,we started to work mainly on the southern pecan diseases1 and partly on the bacteriosis of the walnuts of the ,united ,states4 ,but the ,southern ,pecan ,growers' ,association got some additional money for the bureau1 #e1jjj of which was given to the fruit disease investigations1 and was tied up with the other #c1jjj4 ,but the wording of the bill said1 ,all for pecan diseases4 ,so we transferred more to the project and made it #h1bjj for the nut diseases4 ,that means we have done very little work for the nut diseases except on ,southern pecans1 and ,i have been warned that one must not stress southern pecans with the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association4 ,we have had1 however1 one man1 and will have two men1 on the southern pecan diseases in ,georgia1 on pecan scab and pecan leaf diseases1 who are winning out beautifully1 and have nearly solved many of the problems1 including the pecan scab4 ,one of the difficulties is the occasional late summer rainy spell1 bringing diseases and bad conditions4 ,but in general we have solved the problem pretty well4 ,then we have the more permanently dangerous disease1 pecan rosette1 which has taken about half of the pecans in some sections of the ,south1 especially in south ,georgia and in ,florida4 ,that disease is being experimented upon in the most extensive way of any of our projects4 ,there is only one word to say about pecan rosette1 and that is--humus--the disease is cured by the application of humus4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,how far north is the walnut rosette disease8 ,,dr4 ,,waite3 ,as far as ,falls ,church1 ,va41 but not much in the ,north4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,the question was asked yesterday as to whether it could not be overcome in this latitude4 ,,dr4 ,,waite3 ,that nobody knows4 ,the soils east and south of ,washington are all acid1 and the conditions are wrong for rosette4 ,the soils have no tendency to chlorosis4 ,they are1 in fact1 antichlorotic4 ,theoretically you could get the rosette conditions in the ,piedmont region1 but you are almost certain not to find them over this way4 ,now in the organization of the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry there are at least two main offices where nut problems would be studied2 in the ,division of ,horticultural and ,pomological ,investigations and in my office1 where the diseases are studied4 ,remember1 also1 that the insect pests are studied in the ,bureau of ,entomology2 they have experimented quite extensively with pecan insect pests1 and have the organization to handle such pests4 ,of course there is a ,bureau of ,markets and the ,office of ,soil ,fertility in the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 which handle the pecan1 incidental to the other studies4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i would like to ask ,dr4 ,waite a question4 ,the association has spent a good deal of time in developing exact methods of measuring quantitatively the various characteristics of nuts which are considered valuable1 and that study has given us methods of comparing notes from year to year1 comparing the same nut1 and ,i have noticed that it is quite frequent that the kind of nut that is good one year1 will not be so good the next year4 ,to take an example1 the ,clark hickory1 which took the prize one year1 the next year fell so far down that it would not take any prize4 ,but after a good deal of trouble ,i found that by careful examination ,i could pick out from the nuts a few which tested up as they did before4 ,it occurred to me that a condition of that kind would be more likely to be due to difference in the soil than in the fertility of the pollen4 ,dr4 ,waite has had more or less experience in noting the effect of the pollen1 and ,i would like to ask if he thought this the cause of the difference in the nuts4 ,,dr4 ,,waite3 ,i think it might be the cause for a little difference1 but we could account for the difference by entirely different things4 ,by environment and other conditions4 ,take the apples grown in this vicinity2 ,i have observed that certain seasons fit certain varieties4 ,this year it was favorable for ,ben ,davis1 and yet we have had a poor crop of most varieties2 the conditions were bad for the ,winesap to set1 but yet the fruit is good4 ,every year and every day is different2 and plants are subjected to these complications1 and the yield1 or the result in fruit1 is a response to environment4 ,they are so very susceptible to these things4 ,i came here this morning after picking some cross pollenated pears on the ,arlington ,farm4 ,we have a lot of crosses there where we study the hybrid seedlings4 ,some will be almost too poor1 in certain years1 to deserve further attention1 and good another season4 ,in other words1 these nuts probably do not vary any more from year to year than many of our fruits and vegetables do1 and the main factor is probably response to environment1 namely1 temperature1 air humidity1 soil moisture and sunshine4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i might mention that we have had a filbert orchard at ,rochester for eleven years1 and there has not been the slightest indication of blight there yet4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,i would like to ask ,senator ,penny how the ,roadside ,bill is taken in ,michigan4 ,,senator ,,penny3 ,according to the ,michigan law1 the people along the roadside consider that their property is subject to the right of transportation on the highway2 just as a stream is owned by individuals in ,michigan1 subject to the right of individuals to use it4 ,this bill says1 ,give the right to plant trees on the highway1 and ,i think the planting is done with the consent of the owner4 ,the agricultural college has a landscape gardener connected with the landscape department2 he will have charge of planting along the roadside1 and ,i think it will be done in a scientific manner2 but ,i believe it is necessary to get the consent of the owners first4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,last evening ,mr4 ,franklin ,weims1 of ,washington1 was with me on the state highway of ,maryland1 coming south from ,baltimore4 ,the highway is being constructed at the rate of about eight miles a year1 and funds have been provided4 ,mr4 ,weims feels that something should be done to see that the new highway is properly planted with trees1 preferably nut-bearing trees4 ,i was thinking that the association might1 by some resolution1 bring that matter to the attention of proper authorities4 ,i would like suggestions4 ,,mr4 ,,close3 ,it might not be out of order to adopt a resolution and address it to the ,governor of the state1 ,governor ,richie2 and also to the ,state ,forester1 ,dr4 ,besly1 suggesting that perhaps some of the trees and seedlings might be presented to the state1 some of the trees that ,professor ,linton spoke of this morning4 ,trees of that sort might carry some weight4 ,,the ,,president3 ,suppose we adopt a resolution and name ,professor ,close to take up this matter with the proper state authorities1 speaking particularly of our ability to furnish seedlings from the ,mt4 ,vernon trees4 ,,mr4 ,,close3 ,if it is the wish of the association1 ,i would be glad to do that4 7,motion made1 seconded and adopted74 ,,letter ,,from ,f4 ,h4 ,,wielandy1 ,,st4 ,,louis ,gentlemen3 ,first of all ,i congratulate you most heartily on being members of an organization which means so much to the public1 as consumption of nuts is largely increasing and ,i much fear that the present day production is not in line with the demand4 ,although only a nut culturist by proxy ,i have manifested a deep interest in this for many years1 which is exemplified by the fact that on my different hunting trips1 in which ,i have indulged for over thirty-five years1 in the past twenty-five years ,i have also made it a point in the fall of the year1 to have with me a large pocket full of such nuts as ,i thought would more easily come up and benefit some one in the future4 ,i usually carried with me black walnuts1 hickory nuts1 pecans and acorns1 and in my rambles through the woods and along the highways1 ,i would plant these where ,i thought there would be less chance of their being molested if they developed4 ,in going over the same ground quail shooting1 last fall1 ground that ,i had covered more or less for a good many years1 ,i began to see the fruit of my efforts1 and felt repaid many fold for what ,i had accomplished4 ,unfortunately we are a nation of destruction1 rather than of construction1 so far as our timber is concerned1 and this is more noticeable in fruit and nut trees than in other varieties2 although1 being interested chiefly in these ,i possibly am biased4 ,when we stop to consider that a country such as ,norway began to replant and reclaim their forests before ,columbus discovered ,america1 it strikes me that it should be a lesson for everyone in this country4 ,consider too1 if you please1 that before the war ,germany paid her entire road taxes from nothing but the production of nut trees along the public roads4 ,we also know1 although a very small country in area1 that it produced enough timber each year to satisfy the need for building and commercial purposes in the form of packing cases1 casks1 etc4 ,and here we are1 a country forty times larger than ,germany1 and forced to depend on countries such as ,canada and ,norway for wood pulp out of which we manufacture a great many grades of paper4 ,some twenty years ago ,i had a political friend introduce a bill during a meeting of the state legislature1 which made it mandatory for the road overseer to plant nut trees along the right of way all over the state2 but like many meritorious bills1 it was pigeon-holed until the next meeting of the legislature4 ,it seemed an impossibility to resurrect this and an exceptionally fine forestry bill4 ,unfortunately ,i promised to preside at a meeting of conservationists and it is for that reason that ,i am unable to meet and be with your honorable body1 for ,i would like so much to be permitted in a humble capacity to assist in carrying on the work which you gentlemen are doing1 as it is going to mean so much to future generations4 ,i am sure that each of you feels as ,i do in this matter and that is that ,he who serves others1 best serves himself4 ,when the matter comes up for consideration ,i would like very much to have your next convention here in the ,middle ,west1 either in ,st4 ,louis or ,alton1 ,ill41 which is only a few miles north of ,st4 ,louis and in the vicinity of a splendid nut-producing section1 particularly the pecan4 ,,the ,,chestnut ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture ,no discussion of the nut industry in the ,north at this time would be complete without a brief review of the chestnut situation4 ,the destruction wrought by blight in wiping out practically all of the native chestnut trees within its path1 with almost equally fatal results to the ,european species has for the time being all but eliminated the chestnut from the consideration of planters in the eastern part of the country4 ,the chestnut bark disease has cost the country untold millions of dollars1 and no wonder the public pauses for a second thought before investing in eastern-grown chestnut trees4 ,nevertheless1 it is not to be supposed that chestnut growing has disappeared from this country for all time4 ,no plague has ever been known to wipe a race completely out of existence1 and it is unthinkable that the blight will do so with the genus ,castanea4 ,the native range of the ,american sweet chestnut centers largely in the ,appalachian region from ,portland1 ,maine1 south to ,atlanta1 ,georgia4 ,the species becomes more sparsely represented as the distance increases in any direction from this central area1 practically disappearing on the west2 in the region of the ,mississippi above ,memphis4 ,its northern boundary might roughly be described as extending from lower ,illinois through northern ,indiana1 southwestern ,michigan1 southern ,ontario1 central ,new ,york and middle ,new ,england4 ,as was to have been expected1 the blight has wrought its greatest destruction in places of densest representation of the chestnut species4 ,it is in the outlying districts of scant frequency that the danger of infection from chestnut trees from the forest is least to planted trees1 and likewise1 there it is that combative measures should be most successful4 ,obviously1 the farther from the center of the native range trees can be planted1 the less is the likelihood of infection4 ,well outside the native range of the chestnut species1 there are a number of districts in the ,united ,states within which it should be possible to build up a new chestnut-orchard industry4 ,in proof of this1 there are many profitable trees and small orchards in the mid-west and on the ,pacific ,coast1 particularly in western ,michigan1 northern ,indiana1 southwestern ,illinois1 in the eastern foot-hill region of northern ,california and in the ,willamette ,valley of ,oregon4 ,probably the most outstanding instance of successful chestnut orcharding now existing in the entire country is a planting of ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl1 of ,godfrey1 ,illinois1 situated on the bluff of the ,mississippi ,river eight miles west of ,alton4 ,here ,mr4 ,riehl has produced half a dozen or more hybrid varieties which are paying very satisfactory dividends on fertile hillside land which is mainly too steep for cultivation4 ,a number of these varieties have been taken to northern ,california where they are proving highly successful4 ,in the ,willamette ,valley of ,oregon1 two species are represented with about equal frequency4 ,these are the native chestnut from the eastern states and that from ,japan4 ,neither has performed in such a way as to be particularly encouraging4 ,the former has not been productive and the latter has produced nuts of quality so inferior as to prejudice the planters against the entire genus4 ,it is a difficult matter1 therefore1 to induce prospective planters in that section to consider any species of chestnut4 ,in the ,east1 it is well known that the native species does not come into bearing until #ab or #ae years of age at best1 and that to induce pollination and a set of nuts1 it is necessary to inter-plant a number of varieties together4 ,had groups of varieties of ,american or ,european origin been planted on the ,coast1 instead of single trees of the former or varieties from ,asia1 it is not improbable that the present attitude toward the chestnut in the ,pacific ,northwest would have been quite different4 ,the work of the late ,dr4 ,van ,fleet1 in hybridizing various chestnut species and in testing out ,chinese and ,japanese species with a view to determining their value as nut producers and their resistance to the bark disease1 is familiar to most members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association4 ,since the death of ,dr4 ,van ,fleet1 the work has been taken over by other hands in the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry2 but apparently1 all of the hybrids now growing in the vicinity of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 are destined to succumb to blight4 ,at present1 practically every tree of the ,chinese chestnut ,castanea molissima1 planted by ,dr4 ,van ,fleet at ,bell ,station1 ,maryland1 where his work was mainly centered1 likewise shows large blight cankers4 ,but despite the gravity of the infections1 it does not appear wholly improbable that many of these trees can be preserved4 ,however1 the wisdom of continuing propagation of the ,japanese species is very doubtful1 as the quality of nuts is usually of low order4 ,chestnut trees from ,china are generally light producers2 but out of the total of several hundred at ,bell1 several this year have borne good crops4 ,the flavor of the nuts is sometimes sweet1 but oftener1 otherwise2 yet the average is superior to that of the ,japanese chestnuts produced in the same orchard4 ,fortunately1 it happens that the nuts from some of the trees of ,chinese species which have been most prolific during the past season1 have proved to be of high quality1 comparing favorably in this respect with the native sweet chestnut4 ,in size1 the ,chinese chestnuts average much above those of the ,american species1 and while perhaps a shade smaller than those from ,europe1 they are of a size and quality which should readily appeal to market demands4 ,an early planting of ,chinese chestnut trees at ,lancaster1 ,pa41 put out by ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,vice-,president of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association1 proved so susceptible to blight that all were subsequently destroyed4 ,on the other hand1 not infrequent reports are reaching the ,federal ,department of ,agriculture of instances in which the species is shown to be highly resistant1 even when grown within blight-affected districts4 ,secretary ,deming is one of those from whom reports of this kind have been received4 ,his planting1 consisting of #ab trees put out in #aiae near ,georgetown1 ,conn41 has recently borne some nuts4 ,other cases1 some reporting one way and others the other1 might be cited2 but let it suffice to say that the chestnut industry1 although temporarily set back seriously1 is not necessarily doomed4 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,committee ,,on ,,nomenclature ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,chairman ,while no new names of varieties appear to need consideration at this time1 it may be well for the ,association to refresh its memory regarding a few of the outstanding rules of the standard code of nomenclature by which the ,society is guided in the recognition of names4 ,in common with practically all other leading horticultural organizations of the country1 including the ,national ,pecan ,growers' ,association of the ,south1 the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association follows the code of nomenclature of the ,american ,pomological ,society4 ,some of the provisions of this code are substantially as follows3 #a4 ,a name shall consist1 preferably1 of but one word1 although under specified circumstances1 two words may be permitted4 #b4 ,in selecting a name1 ,the paramount right of the originator1 discoverer or introducer of a new variety within the limitations of this code1 is recognized and established4 #c4 ,a name shall be recognized as fixed and shall have the right of priority over any others subsequently applied1 after having appeared in print in such a way as to be definitely tied to a variety1 or established4 ,these references call attention to the fact that the code does not define the meaning of the term variety1 and as it does not appear that a clear cut definition has appeared elsewhere in recent literature1 in modern application1 it may be well to state how it is being interpreted by this committee4 ,in horticultural practice a plant is not regarded as acquiring varietal status until it becomes distinctive among seedlings1 because of superiority of product1 unusual history1 or other similar reason4 ,few tree varieties are recognized as such until after having been propagated by at least one asexual method1 such as budding1 grafting1 layering or dividing4 ,the ,committee calls special attention to a recent report on nomenclature1 appearing in a bound volume of #edf pages1 under the title ,standardized ,plant ,names4 ,this report was prepared and published by the ,american ,joint ,committee on ,nomenclature1 which was duly appointed by the leading horticultural societies of the country4 ,it represents the latest authority on matters of horticultural nomenclature1 and is indorsed by the leading horticultural authorities of the present time4 ,of immediate interest to this ,association is the fact that ,hicoria replaces ,carya as being the proper generic name of the hickory group4 ,,notes ,,from ,,an ,,experimental ,,nut ,,orchard ,willard ,g4 ,bixby1 ,baldwin1 ,n4 ,y4 ,for several years the association has been advocating the planting of experimental nut orchards1 and ever since ,i heard of this suggestion ,i have been desirous of having one and being able to contribute information to our knowledge of nut growing4 ,therefore since #aiag ,i have been assembling at ,baldwin material which ,i hoped would aid in this4 ,at the ,rochester meeting some of the results were noted1 and this year1 ,i trust1 something presented will prove of interest4 ,,chestnuts--,last year ,i expressed the belief that by carefully watching chestnut trees and cutting out the blight as soon as it appeared it should be possible to grow and fruit almost any variety in the blight area4 ,this ,i have done with every variety that ,i have1 but that is about all1 apparently1 that it is possible to do1 for nearly all of my trees have been badly attacked by the blight at the crown2 that is at the junction of the root and trunk1 and to cut out the blight means to cut down the tree4 ,the most resistant variety noticed so far is the ,boone1 which has some ,japanese chestnut parentage1 but probably the ,boone trees will not last over a year longer4 ,apparently it is going to be necessary to get some resistant stock and do the grafting high enough to prevent fatal attack of the blight at the crown4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,w4 ,wang sent some ,chinese chestnuts in the fall of #aiba1 and ,i have now several hundred seedlings of what ,i suppose are ,castanea mollissima1 of which ,i plan to grow a number to rather large size1 set them out where the next planting of chestnut trees is to stand1 and graft the branches to fine varieties4 ,it will take at least two or three years1 however1 before this can be done4 ,,hazels--,for some four years ,i have been assembling1 for hybridizing purposes1 selected ,american hazels from various sections of the ,united ,states as well as the various ,european cultivated varieties that gave promise of being hardy4 ,this year both blossomed rather freely1 but the only variety of which ,i had enough pollen to work with was the ,italian ,red4 ,the staminate flowers were picked from some six or eight ,american hazels which were blooming well and the pistillate flowers were pollinated with ,italian ,red pollen1 in the hope that some hybrid nuts would result4 ,although the pollination was repeated twice ,i was much disappointed to find only an occasional nut as a result4 ,it is to be said in this connection1 however1 that there were practically no nuts on these ,american hazels which had not been pollinated with strange pollen2 so the lack of nuts could not be laid to the artificial treatment given the flowers of those plants where it had been planned to make hybrids4 ,apparently it was due to climatic conditions that nuts were almost lacking on all hazels here this year2 but ,i do not recall any severe cold spells when the hazels were in flower4 ,still1 on one or two branches which ,i had tagged1 as being particularly full of pistillate flowers1 there were noticed an almost equal number of dead pistillate flowers a little later4 ,it is seemingly going to be well to carefully study the development of the hazel flowers into nuts4 ,they grow differently from the walnuts and the hickories4 ,the hazel flowers apparently1 after being fertilized1 develop into stems on which the existence of nuts escapes the attention1 at least of the casual observer1 until about ,august1 while the nuts on the walnuts and the hickories even though small at first1 are plainly visible from the time they are formed by fertilized flowers until they are matured4 ,,hickories--,the bearing age of the transplanted hickory so far has been almost an unknown quantity1 and what we did know has been such that the association has hesitated to say much about planting hickories1 its recommendations on the hickory being confined to that of topworking existing hickories4 ,these are known to begin bearing soon after topworking1 records of bearing in two or three years not being unusual4 ,on transplanted hickories1 however1 about all the information of which ,i know is as follows3 ,the late ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,kerr1 of ,denton1 ,md41 many years ago bought a number of shagbark hickories from a nursery1 set them out and noted that the time that elapsed before they bore was about #be years4 ,mr4 ,rush's ,weiker tree1 which bore in #aa years after being set out1 cut down this time materially4 ,a ,kentucky hickory on my place set out in the fall of #aiag1 flowered this year1 but ,i had no pollen with which to fertilize the blossoms1 and the nutlets dropped off4 ,a young shagbark seedling set in its present location in the fall of #aiai and grafted to ,barnes this spring1 also set a nut1 but this dropped off like those on the ,kentucky and apparently for the same reason4 ,it would certainly seem as if under favorable conditions1 the transplanted hickory is not going to be anywhere near as slow as feared in coming into bearing4 ,,walnuts--,a ,royal and a ,paradox walnut each supposed to be grafted trees with scions from ,burbank's original trees1 bloomed this year1 and the ,royal has a number of nuts on it4 ,the ,paradox has been here a very much shorter time1 not over two or three years2 so perhaps it is too soon to be expecting nuts4 ,the ,paradox is said to be a very shy bearer1 setting nuts only occasionally1 and then but few2 still1 one of my ,paradox trees which is not over three feet high1 blossomed full4 ,it would seem as if it might pay to study this tree and see if the sterility or fancied sterility of this tree could not be overcome by seeing that proper pollen is at hand at the right time4 ,a ,cording walnut1 a hybrid between the ,english walnut and the ,japan walnut not quite #c feet high1 is bearing a nut this year4 ,grafting--,perhaps the most interesting thing to be related is the result of attempts to determine the species of hickories best suited as stock for the fine varieties of hickories that we have4 ,in preparation for this and through the kindness of ,mr4 ,henry ,hicks of ,westbury1 ,l4 ,i41 over #ajj each of hickory trees of several species were obtained and set out in the fall of #aiai4 ,they were in fine condition for grafting this spring4 ,there are some fifteen species of hickories native in the ,united ,states4 ,the fine varieties of hickories that we have which are generally supposed to be largely shagbarks may prove to be much better adapted for grafting on some stocks than on others4 ,a knowledge of this will prove to be of great value in top working4 ,the grafting was done by ,dr4 ,deming1 on ,may #bi1 #cj1ca and ,june #a of this year1 #ca grafts being set on shagbark stock1 #eb on mockernut1 #ec on pignut1 #dg on pecan and #ia on bitternut1 a total of #bgd4 ,there were also #cdc walnut grafts set on walnuts of four species4 ,the results of this work are summarized in the tables following3 ,,hickories1 ,,scions ,,from ,,young ,,trees ,stocks1 ,number of ,grafts and ,per ,cent of ,catches ,bitternut ,mockernut#a ,pecan ,pignut ,shagbark ,total ,variety ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,barnes1 scions ,dr4 ,deming's trees #c #ajj4j #c #ajj4j #c #ajj4j #c #ajj4j #f #ajj4j #ah #ajj4j ,gobble1 scions ,dr4 ,deming's trees #a #ajj4j #a #ajj4j #a #ajj4j #a #ajj4j #a #j4j #e #hj4j ,griffin1 scions ,dr4 ,deming's trees #a #ajj4j #a #j4j #a #j4j #a #ajj4j #a #ajj4j #e #fj4j ,hales1 scions ,w4 ,g4 ,bixby's trees #e #ajj4j #e #fj4j #e #hj4j #d #be4j #ai #fh4d ,kirtland1 scions ,dr4 ,deming's trees #c #ff4g #c #cc4c #c #ff4g #c #ff4g #ab #eh4c ,laney1 scions ,dr4 ,deming's trees #f #ff4g #f #ff4g ,long ,beach1 scions ,parent ,tree #c #cc4c #c #ff4g #d #ej4j #d #be4j #c #ajj4j #ag #ec4j ,siers1 scions ,dr4 ,deming's trees #e #ajj4j #e #ajj4j ,stanley1 scions ,dr4 ,deming's trees #c #ff4g #c #ff4g #c #ff4g #i #ff4g ,taylor1 scions ,dr4 ,deming's trees #d #ge4j #e #fj4j #e #hj4j #c #ajj4j #ag #hf4e ,total #cd #hj4h #bd #fj4h #bb #fh4a #bb #gb4i #aa #ge4j #aac #gd4j ,footnote #a3 ,the mockernuts were larger than any other hickories grafted excepting some bitternuts referred to in the next footnote4 ,they were grafted mostly on branches4 ,,hickories1 ,,scions ,,from ,,old ,,trees ,stocks1 ,number of ,grafts and ,per ,cent of ,catches ,bitternut ,mockernut#b ,pecan ,pignut ,shagbark ,total ,variety ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,brooks1 scions from parent tree1 poor condition #e #dj4j #e #j4j #e #bj4j #e #dj4j #bj #bj4j ,clark1 scions from parent tree1 poor condition #e #dj4j #e #j4j #e #bj4j #e #dj4j #e #bj4j #be #bj4j #c;,fairbanks1 scions from parent tree 7871 dry but otherwise good #bg #eg4h #bg #eg4h ,kentucky1 from parent tree1 poor condition #e #bj4j #c #cc4c #e #hj4j #e #hj4j #e #hj4j #bc #fj4h ,manahan1 scions from parent tree1 poor condition #e #bj4j #e #j4j #e #bj4j #f #cc4c #e #bj4j #bf #bd4f ,vest1 scions from parent tree1 poor condition #e #bj4j #e #j4j #e #dj4j #e #fj4j #e #bj4j #be #bj4h ,weiker1 scions from parent tree #e #bj4j #e #j4j #e #fj4j #ae #bf4h -- ---- -- --- -- ---- -- ---- -- ---- --- ---- ,total #eg #de4j #bh #e4e #be #cf4j #ca #de4f #bj #ce4j #afa #cb4i ,footnote #b3 ,the mockernuts were larger than any other hickories grafted excepting some bitternuts referred to in the next footnote4 ,they were grafted mostly on branches4 ,footnote #c3 ,of these scions #e were set in branches on two trees #a-a_/d or so in diameter and showed #ajj catches2 balance were set in the top on small trees #a_/b diameter or less1 and showed #ed4e catches4 ,,black ,,walnuts1 ,,japan ,,walnuts1 ,,persian ,,walnuts ,,butternuts ,stocks1 ,number of ,grafts and ,per ,cent of ,catches ,black ,walnut ,butternut ,japan ,walnut ,persian ,walnut ,variety ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,adams ,black ,walnut1 scions parent tree #ac #ae4d ,alley ,black ,walnut1 scions parent tree #i #j4j ,o',connor ,hybrid ,walnut1 ,persian ,walnut and ,black ,walnut 787 scions parent tree #i #bb4b --- ---- #ca #ab4i ,ohio ,black ,walnut1 scions ,w4 ,g4 ,bixby's trees #ag #fd4g ,mc,coy ,black ,walnut1 scions ,w4 ,g4 ,bixby's trees #i #gg4j ,stabler ,black ,walnut1 scions some ,w4 ,g4 ,bixby's trees1 and some ,dr4 ,deming's trees #he #ea4b #d,ten ,eyck ,black ,walnut1 scions ,w4 ,g4 ,bixby's trees #cb #ig4j ,thomas ,black ,walnut1 scions ,w4 ,g4 ,bixby's trees #bc #ajj4j ,wasson ,black ,walnut1 scions ,w4 ,g4 ,bixby's trees #h #ge4j --- ---- #agd #fi4e ,persian ,walnuts #d varieties1 scions about #b-c from parent trees1 all of which were quite vigorous growers #df #j4j ,aiken ,butternut1 scions ,w4 ,g4 ,bixby's trees #ci #ch4e ,lancaster ,heartnut1 scions ,w4 ,g4 ,bixby's trees #ec #c4h ,footnote #d3 ,one scion was overlooked in tying and waxing1 otherwise apparently we would have had #ajj catches4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the above two groups of hickories the one where scions were cut from young1 rapidly growing trees1 contrasts unmistakably with those where scions were cut from old bearing trees4 ,the same is shown in the table of black walnut grafts1 where the ,alley1 ,adams1 and ,o',connor scions were cut from old bearing trees1 and the others from young1 rapidly growing trees4 ,the poor success with the heartnuts is quite in line with previous attempts at propagating this species by grafting4 ,results shown here with the butternut are deemed reasonably satisfactory1 in view of the well known difficulty of grafting this species4 ,it should be noted here that1 in the case of every graft that took and grew1 it was the small buds that were successful1 not the large ones4 ,the total lack of success with the ,persian walnut is inexplicable to the writer1 but he knows of no previous attempts to graft ,persian walnut on ,persian walnut root4 ,black walnuts show a very high percentage of catches1 in the case of the ,thomas and ,ten ,eyck varieties #ajj1 but in the case of the ,stabler this is reduced to #ea4b4 ,i would say in this connection that neither of my two ,stabler trees are vigorous growers1 and so the trees grafted with scions from these are really cases where we have not been using scions from vigorous growing trees1 and we know that this does not give a high percentage of catches4 ,the proper species to be used as a stock for the various varieties of hickories has not been shown conclusively for the number of grafts of each kind set was too few to be conclusive1 and these experiments should be repeated4 ,in the case of most of these varieties where results are poor1 it was particularly noted when the grafts were set that the scions were in poor condition1 a number of scions being thrown away because the cambium layer was dead4 ,it is to be hoped that a species will be found to which will be well adapted the ,vest hickory1 which the writer regards1 everything considered1 as the best hickory that we have4 ,seemingly the pecan is the stock that gets the greatest number of catches2 but the difficulty the writer has had in making ,vest hickories on pecan root live1 leads him to question as to whether another stock might not prove better4 ,another thing disappointing so far is in the seeming poorness of the mockernut as a stock4 ,over quite a large section of the ,united ,states the mockernut is the prevailing hickory1 and in that section the mockernut will be most generally available for top working2 moreover it will grow well in sandy soils where the shagbark is not found4 ,in ,petersburg1 ,va41 the writer has seen it seemingly outgrow the black walnut4 ,the adaptability of the ,barnes hickory on all stocks is notable1 for it is the only one of the #aj fine hickories tested in the #aiai contest1 of which this is true4 ,if these grafts continue to flourish1 and especially if future experiments check the results this year1 the ,barnes will have a peculiar value for top working4 ,it is one of our best hickories1 and1 apparently is our surest variety for top working4 ,,mr4 ,,close3 ,i would suggest that we extend our thanks to the ,smithsonian ,institute for the use of this room for the meeting4 ,,the ,,president3 ,will you vote for that8 7,motion voted upon favorably74 ,i believe then1 that brings to a close the ,fourteenth ,annual ,convention1 to meet in ,new ,york for the ,fifteenth ,convention in #aibd1 on ,september #c1d and #e4 ,this meeting is now adjourned4 ,time--#b3cj p4 m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,notes of this convention by ,mrs4 ,b4 ,w4 ,gahn1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,appendix ,among those present were the following3 ,senator ,penney--,saginaw1 ,michigan4 ,b4 ,k4 ,ogden--#ccjf #aith ,st41 ,n4 ,w41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,w4 ,g4 ,slappey--#ab ,boyd ,avenue1 ,takoma ,park1 ,d4 ,c4 ,s4 von ,ammon--,bureau of ,standards1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,a4 ,m4 ,greene--,ridge ,road1 ,n4 ,w41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,alfred ,heine--,bowie1 ,md4 ,h4 ,harold ,hume--,glen ,st4 ,mary1 ,fla4 ,r4 ,h4 ,hartshorn1--,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,wm4 ,s4 ,linton--,saginaw1 ,mich4 ,w4 ,e4 ,safford--,botanist1 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,b4 ,waite--,federal ,insecticide and ,fungicide ,board1 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,dr4 ,oswald ,schreiner--,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,karl ,wallace ,greene--,washington1 ,d4 ,c ,c4 ,a4 ,reed--,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed--,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,c4 ,p4 ,close--,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,p4 ,close--,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,w4 ,r4 ,mattoon--,forest ,service1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,thomas ,p4 ,littlepage--,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,john ,m4 ,littlepage--,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,eunice ,m4 ,obenschain--,hotel ,monmouth1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,j4 ,m4 ,richardson--,stormville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris--#aad ,e4 #edth ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,dr4 ,llewellyn ,jordan--#ajj ,baltimore ,ave41 ,takoma ,park1 ,md4 ,alfred ,v4 ,wall--#bcje ,w4 ,lanvale ,st41 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,jacob ,e4 ,brown---,elmer1 ,n4 ,j4 ,albert ,r4 ,williams--,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,mrs4 ,b4 ,w4 ,gahn--,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,james ,s4 ,mc,glennon--,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,ralph ,t4 ,olcott--,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,zenas ,h4 ,ellis--,fair ,haven1 ,vt4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimmerman1 ,m4 ,d4--,piketown1 ,pa4 ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt--,forest ,pathology1 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,willard ,b4 ,bixby--,baldwin1 ,n4 ,y4 ,john ,w4 ,hershey--,banks1 ,pa4 ,p4 ,h4 ,o',connor--,bowie1 ,md4 ,john ,e4 ,carmoday--,charlottesville1 ,va4 ,mrs4 ,john ,carmoday--,charlottesville1 ,va4 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt--,the ,progressive ,farmer1 ,southern ,pines1 ,n4 ,c4 ,ammon ,p4 ,fritz--#ee ,e4 ,franklin ,st41 ,ephrata1 ,pa4 ,w4 ,a4 ,orton--,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,j4 ,c4 ,corbett--,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,w4 ,g4 ,pollaret--,the ,star1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,prof4 ,lumsden--,federal ,horticultural ,board1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,exhibits ,,listed ,crops of #aibc ,exhibit of ,robt4 ,t4 ,morris #a4 ,hybrid chinkapin 7burrs and nuts74 #b4 ,graft of pear tree 7paraffin method74 ,exhibit of ,c4 ,a4 ,reed ,rush ,american ,hazel4 ,exhibit of ,c4 ,p4 ,close #a4 ,seedling filbert4 #b4 ,van 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