,illustration3 ,instruction4 ,a ,,week ,,of ,,instruction ,,and ,,amusement2 ,,or1 ,,mrs4 ,,harley',s ,,birthday ,,present ,,to ,,her ,,daughter4 ,,interspersed ,,with ,,short ,,stories --,,outlines ,,of ,,sacred ,,and ,,prophane ,,history-- ,,geography1 c4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,for ,j4 ,,harris1 ,,corner ,,of ,,st4 ,,paul',s ,,church-,,yard4 #ahab4 ,h4 ,bryer1 ,printer1 ,bridge-,street1 ,blackfriars1 ,london4 ,,advertisement4 ,the following pages were written with the design of communicating1 in a manner agreeable to children1 some knowledge of those subjects which they so often find tedious and uninteresting4--,should the stories related inspire a love of virtue1 and the lessons awaken a desire for the further acquisition of useful knowledge1 the attempt1 notwithstanding its defect1 cannot1 it is hoped1 be deemed wholly useless4 ,a ,,week ,,of ,,instruction1 c4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,thursday4 ,at a pleasant village a few miles from ,london1 resided a widow-lady of the name of ,harley2 she had but one child1 and to forming her manners and instructing her mind she devoted her whole time4 ,anne 7for so was this little girl named7 was an amiable child2 she rewarded her mother's care and affection1 by paying great attention to her instructions2 like all other children1 she was fond of play1 but seldom murmured when called to attend the hours set apart for working1 reading1 or learning her lessons3 all these she performed extremely well for her age1 and had already gone through many of the first books that are put into the hands of children4 ,as a reward for her application1 her mamma had promised to write a few stories on purpose for her1 and one ,thursday in the month of ,august1 the day on which little ,anne completed her eighth year1 ,mrs4 ,harley presented her the book which contained them1 saying1 ,i shall only permit you to read in this book1 my dear ,anne1 when ,i have reason to be satisfied with your conduct1 for as it is now given to a good little girl1 ,i would never upon any account1 allow a naughty one to make use of it4 ,we will begin our mornings with reading one of these stories1 and afterwards ,i will give you a lesson upon different subjects1 many of which you are now quite unacquainted with4 ,by pursuing this method you will be daily adding to your stock of knowledge1 and will ,i hope in time become a good and sensible girl3 this1 my dear1 is the first wish of my heart1 and you must do every thing in your power to promote it4 ,be industrious and docile1 and you may be sure of succeeding in all ,i require you to undertake4 ,but come1 the morning is so fine that we will go into the garden1 where upon yonder seat you shall begin your new study4 ,little ,anne after thanking her mamma for her kind present1 followed her to the bench1 when they were seated1 she opened the book1 and the first story that presented itself was ,the pleasure of giving1 much greater than that of receiving4 ,edward and ,james were the sons of a respectable farmer1 who spared no pains in giving them an education suited to their situation in life4 ,having been pleased with their good conduct in some circumstances that had lately occurred1 he promised them a holiday the first time the weather should be fine enough for them to visit their aunt1 who lived a few miles distant from the village where they resided4 ,the wished for morning at length arrived1 the farmer gave each of his sons a shilling1 and a basket filled with provisions4 ,thus equipped1 they began their journey1 and amused themselves on the road1 by talking of the pleasure they should have in seeing their good aunt4 ,the best way of spending their shillings was a subject of great importance1 ,i will have a handsome kite1 said ,edward1 and the string shall be long enough to allow it to fly as high as the clouds4 ,yes1 answered ,james1 but however long your string may be1 ,i believe it must depend upon the wind for flying4 ,now1 ,i will have a bag of marbles1 with these ,i can always play on the stones in the church-yard after school4 ,excepting when it rains brother ,james2 however1 as the money is our own1 we have each you know a right to please ourselves4 ,just as ,edward finished speaking1 a poor little ragged boy came up to the brothers1 and asked for a halfpenny to buy a bit of bread1 saying he was so very hungry he knew not what to do4 ,what1 have you had no breakfast6 my little man8 asked ,james4 ,no1 sir1 nor supper last night1 do pray give me a halfpenny1 ,i am so very faint for want of food4 ,edward immediately took a piece of cake from his basket and gave it to the boy1 enquiring at the same time1 where his father and mother was4 ,alas1 my good young gentleman1 they are both dead4 ,i lost father about a month ago1 and ,i fear ,i shall soon follow him1 for indeed ,i am very ill1 and not able to work1 therefore ,i must be starved4 ,o no1 said ,james1 not if ,i can prevent it1 you do indeed look very ill1 but take courage1 ,i hope you will soon recover1 and surely the parish must provide for you--where do you live8 ,since father died ,i have had no regular home1 and this is not my parish4 ,sometimes ,i sleep in a barn4 ,i do what ,i can to assist an old man1 who was my mother's uncle1 but he is ill now1 and not able to keep me1 so ,i shall be quite deserted4--,well1 said ,edward1 ,i will provide you with a dinner to day1 and give you money to procure a lodging at night2 here is a shilling1 my father gave it me to buy toys with1 but ,i can do better without them1 than you can without food4 ,the little boy took the shilling1 and with tears in his eyes thanked his kind friend4 ,james would not suffer him to depart without accepting his shilling also1 and desiring him to call the next morning at their father's1 where they would try to be of further use to him1 they bade him adieu1 and pursued their journey4 ,i am sure1 said ,edward1 ,i feel more pleasure in making that child happy1 than in flying the finest kite in the world4 ,and ,i1 added ,james1 was a hundred times happier in giving him a shilling1 than ,i was when ,i received it this morning4 ,only think how rejoiced the poor boy must be1 to have so much money2 ,i dare say he never before1 possessed so large a sum1 but ,edward1 we shall have no new kite nor marbles now6--,never mind1 brother1 we have done a good action1 and that1 you know1 our father says is the surest way to secure happiness-- ,thus conversing1 these good lads arrived at their aunt's1 where they spent a very pleasant day1 and in the evening returned home1 to delight their father's heart1 with an account of their morning's adventure4--,the poor boy came the next morning to the farmer's1 who having made the necessary enquiries into his former conduct1 took him into his service4 ,the brothers had soon the satisfaction of seeing him restored to health1 and in time he became a useful1 faithful1 and grateful servant to his benevolent master4 99 99 99 99 99 ,well1 my dear ,anne1 said ,mrs4 ,harley1 how do you like my first story8 ,anne4 ,o very much mamma1 what good children ,edward and ,james were1 to give their money to a poor little hungry boy2 indeed1 if ever ,i should meet one ,i will do the same4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,then you will do well1 and ,i shall love you dearly4 ,remember1 that the use of reading examples of virtue is to inspire you with the desire to imitate them4 ,but do you1 my dear1 know of what the story you have just read is composed8 ,anne4 ,o yes1 mamma1 of words1 is it not8 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,you are right3 letters make syllables1 one or more syllables make a word1 words form a sentence1 and a number of sentences compose not only the little story of ,edward and ,james1 but all the great books in the library4 ,now can you tell me how letters are divided8 ,anne4 ,not properly mamma1 pray explain it to me4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,i will my dear1 and so we begin our ,,first ,,lesson4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,letters of which there are twenty six in our language1 are divided into vowels and consonants4 ,there are five proper vowels1 a1 e1 i1 o1 and u4 ,y is generally a consonant at the beginning of words1 and a vowel at the end of them4 ,repeat the vowels4 ,anne4 a1 e1 i1 o1 u4 ,y1 is sometimes a vowel1 and sometimes a consonant4 ,the other letters are all consonants1 they are1 b1 c1 d1 f1 g1 h1 j1 k1 l1 m1 n1 p1 q1 r1 s1 t1 v1 w1 x1 y1 z4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,very well1 now you understand the letters1 ,i will explain the other little marks you see in this book4 ,they are called stops3 there are six different ones1 the comma1 which is the shortest2 the semicolon2--the colon3--the period4--the note of admiration6--which denotes wonder or surprise--and the note of interrogation8 which shews that a question is asked4 ,repeat them to me4 ,anne4 1 2 3 4 6 8 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,quite right1 you may now put away your book1 and go to play4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,friday4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,here is another story for you ,anne4 ,anne4 ,thank you1 dear mamma1 let me begin it directly4 ,the ,naughty ,girl ,reformed4 ,there was once a little girl who had been so much indulged in her infancy1 that by the time she arrived at her sixth year1 every one disliked her4 ,she was proud and ill-tempered1 she wanted whatever she saw1 and when any thing was refused her1 she immediately began crying and teazing her mamma for it1 who being at last quite tired of her importunity1 generally gave up the point1 and ,fanny obtained what she wished for4 ,now1 though the mamma certainly intended to be very kind to her child1 yet ,i think she did wrong in this respect1 because children should never have what they cry for4 ,fanny's ill-temper increased with her years1 she quarrelled with all the children who used to play with her1 till at length she was quite shunned1 and none of her little friends took any notice of her4 ,a lady had given her sister ,julia a pretty wax-doll1 and she had taken great pleasure in dressing it3 almost all her leisure was occupied in making its cloaths1 and when they were completed she was quite delighted4 ,it so happened that ,fanny was from home when her sister received this present1 but no sooner was she returned1 and the doll produced1 than she began1 as usual1 to cry for it1 and so loud1 too1 that she disturbed the whole house4 ,for this time1 however1 her tears were in vain1 ,julia would not give up her favourite1 though she endeavoured to sooth her sister1 by promising to lend it her as soon as she should be a little more careful4 ,fanny was at length pacified1 but she watched the first opportunity to get possession of the doll4 ,she soon succeeded1 and for some time played with it very carefully1 but having acquired a negligent habit of using her toys1 she soon forgot its brittle texture1 and when tired of nursing it1 threw it down on the ground4 ,the face was immediately broken to pieces1 and while she was picking up the scattered remains of the once beautiful features1 ,julia entered the room4 ,on seeing her favourite thus destroyed1 she could not help shedding tears1 and she reproached ,fanny for having taken the doll without permission1 especially as she had been so repeatedly desired never to touch it4 ,fanny felt quite ashamed for her fault1 and was really sorry for the mischief she had occasioned3 she begged her sister's pardon and promised never again to be so naughty4 ,the good tempered ,julia readily forgave her1 and for a few days after this misfortune ,fanny behaved much better than usual4 ,however1 as ill habits are very difficult to be overcome1 she soon relapsed into her former fretful and passionate ways2 indeed1 she made the family so uncomfortable that her mother determined to send her from home1 and for that purpose wrote to a relation1 entreating her to take the care of ,fanny for some time1 and try if a different mode of treatment might have some good effect in correcting her faults4 ,mrs4 ,benson was eminently distinguished for good sense and pleasing manners4 ,she had frequently regretted the improper indulgences that were granted to this little girl1 and accepted with alacrity the charge consigned to her care4 ,she made but a short visit to her sister1 and when she returned to her own residence1 took back her little niece4 ,it had been a very difficult task to persuade ,fanny to accompany ,mrs4 ,benson1 but at length the engaging manners of this lady quite overcame her reluctance1 and after parting very affectionately with her mother and sister1 she got into the carriage that was to convey her above a hundred miles from the place where she had hitherto resided4 ,it was night when ,mrs4 ,benson with her young charge arrived at the end of her journey4 ,the motion of the carriage had lulled ,fanny to sleep1 and she was undressed and put to bed without being conscious of what was passing around her4 ,the next morning on opening her eyes1 she was quite surprised to find herself in an apartment with which she was wholly unacquainted1 but the sight of her aunt soon brought to her recollection the change that had taken place4 ,mrs4 ,benson desired her to rise1 but when told to put on her stockings she began to cry1 and said that her maid always did it at home4 ,but here1 my dear1 replied ,mrs4 ,benson1 you must do it yourself1 for ,i make it an invariable rule never to assist a little girl in any thing she can so easily accomplish by herself4 ,and ,i must now tell you ,fanny1 that you never can have what you cry for in my house1 so be a good girl and do as you are desired4 ,fanny then continued to cry very violently1 and would not obey2 her naughty behaviour had no effect upon her aunt1 who continued dressing herself1 and when she had finished1 went out of the room without noticing it4 ,fanny being left alone1 and finding that no one attended to her tears1 at length began to dress1 and after she had remained quiet for some time1 a servant was sent up to assist her4 ,she then went down stairs1 and when she entered the parlour1 her aunt said to her1 ,i am sorry you have been so long dressing1 because ,i have breakfasted2 the things are removed1 and ,i cannot suffer them to be brought up again this morning4 ,i am going out1 and if you like to accompany me1 ,i will shew you the village1 and we will visit some of the cottagers who are employed in making lace1 their work1 ,i assure you1 is very beautiful4 ,fanny was greatly disappointed at being deprived of her breakfast1 but she fetched her bonnet and followed her aunt4 ,she was quite delighted with her walk1 and on her return to the house was very glad to see a plate of bread and fruit on the table4 ,after she had eaten as much as she chose1 ,mrs4 ,benson shewed her some pictures1 and she remained a tolerably good girl during the rest of the day4 ,the following morning1 when ,mrs4 ,benson desired ,fanny to read1 she was very naughty1 and would not say a letter4 ,well1 said her aunt1 if you will not read you shall neither play nor walk1 so when ,i go out ,i shall leave you at home4 ,fanny persisted in her ill-humour1 and was therefore obliged to spend the morning alone1 instead of enjoying a pleasant ramble in the fields4 ,when ,mrs4 ,benson returned1 she asked her niece if she would then try to read1 because1 added she till you have done so1 you may be assured ,i will grant you no amusement4 ,fanny perceiving that her aunt was quite determined to keep her word1 at length took up the book and read as well as she could4 ,mrs4 ,benson1 pleased with her compliance1 made no allusion to her former obstinacy1 but gave her a pretty sattin pincushion1 telling her that if she would try to be a good child she should love her dearly4 ,from this time ,fanny began to amend2 at first she found it very difficult to restrain her temper1 but the more she tried1 the easier she found the task3 and though during the first few months of her residence at ,mrs4 ,benson's she frequently forgot the good resolutions she had formed1 yet she was always sincerely sorry for her faults1 and endeavoured to make amends by doing whatever she thought would restore her to her aunt's favour4 ,thus ,mrs4 ,benson had the satisfaction of seeing a child whom she had formerly known so undutiful and ill-tempered1 become by degrees quite amiable and obliging3 the alteration in her was so great1 that when at the end of a year ,mrs4 ,benson carried her to pay a visit to her family1 they could hardly trace any resemblance between ,fanny such as she now was1 and the naughty little girl who had given them so much trouble4 ,she staid in ,london three weeks1 during which time the cloud of ill-humour scarcely once ruffled her brow4 ,at the end of that time ,mrs4 ,benson wished to return home1 and ,fanny begged to accompany her1 fearing that if deprived of her aunt's counsel before her good habits were entirely fixed1 she might relapse into her former errors4 ,several years are now past since these events happened4 ,fanny has been constantly improving1 she is now the delight of her family1 and the favourite of all who know her4 ,let the history of ,fanny teach all little girls that to be good is to be happy6 99 99 99 99 99 ,what an interesting story1 said ,anne1 as she shut the book3 now ,i find what a silly thing it is to be naughty1 ,i will always try to be good4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,do my dear child1 and you will be sure of success4 ,it gives me pleasure to see you so attentive to the instructions contained in the stories you read4 ,,second ,,lesson4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,we talked about letters yesterday3 to-day ,i will explain figures or numbers to you1 the following is a list of them3 those letters which stand for numbers are called numeral letters4 #a ,i ,one #b ,,ii ,two #c ,,iii ,three #d ,,iv ,four #e ,v ,five #f ,,vi ,six #g ,,vii ,seven #h ,,viii ,eight #i ,,ix ,nine #aj ,x ,ten #aa ,,xi ,eleven #ab ,,xii ,twelve #ac ,,xiii ,thirteen #ad ,,xiv ,fourteen #ae ,,xv ,fifteen #af ,,xvi ,sixteen #ag ,,xvii ,seventeen #ah ,,xviii ,eighteen #ai ,,xix ,nineteen #bj ,,xx ,twenty #ba ,,xxi ,twenty-one #bb ,,xxii ,twenty-two #bc ,,xxiii ,twenty-three #bd ,,xxiv ,twenty-four #be ,,xxv ,twenty-five #cj ,,xxx ,thirty #cf ,,xxxvi ,thirty-six #dj ,,xl ,forty #dg ,,xlvii ,forty-seven #ej ,l ,fifty #fj ,,lx ,sixty #gj ,,lxx ,seventy #hj ,,lxxx ,eighty #ij ,,xc ,ninety #ajj ,c ,one hundred #bjj ,,cc ,two hundred #cjj ,,ccc ,three hundred #djj ,,cccc ,four hundred #ejj ,d ,five hundred #fjj ,,dc ,six hundred #gjj ,,dcc ,seven hundred #hjj ,,dccc ,eight hundred #ijj ,,dcd ,nine hundred #ajjj ,m ,one thousand #aajj ,,mc ,one thousand one hundred #aejj ,,md ,one thousand five hundred #ahab ,,mdcccxii ,one thousand eight hundred and twelve ,in the above list you perceive the numeral letters are ,i1 ,v1 ,x1 ,l1 ,c1 ,d1 and ,m2 the letter that stands for a smaller sum put before one that denotes a greater takes so many from it1 and that after it adds so many to it4 ,the numbers you learned long ago2 but ,i don't think you know the numeration table1 it will teach you to read any number of figures not exceeding nine3 the last figure on the right hand denotes units1 or single figures1 the one before that tens1 then hundreds1 thousands1 tens of thousands1 hundreds of thousands1 tens of hundreds of thousands1 millions1 tens of millions1 hundreds of millions1 now my dear read the following number1 #abc1def1ghi4 ,anne4 ,one hundred and twenty three millions1 four hundred and fifty six thousand1 seven hundred and eighty nine4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,right2 it is absolutely necessary to be able to read figures perfectly1 before you can learn arithmetic4 ,anne4 ,what is arithmetic1 mamma8 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,the act of numbering1 or computing by numbers1 my dear4 ,the four principal rules of arithmetic are addition1 subtraction1 multiplication1 and division4 ,anne4 ,i wish you would explain them to me4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,addition teaches to collect several numbers together in order to know their total value4 ,the answer to a question in addition is therefore called the sum1 total1 or amount2 subtraction teaches to take a less number from a greater1 in order to know the remainder4 ,the answer in subtraction is called the remainder1 or difference4 ,multiplication teaches to find the amount of any given number repeated a certain number of times4 ,the answer in multiplication is called the product4 ,the three terms made use of in multiplication are1 the multiplicand1 or number to be multiplied2 the multiplier1 or number that multiplies2 and the product or answer1 which is the amount of the multiplicand and multiplier4 ,division teaches to find how often one number is contained in another4 ,the answer in division is called the quotient4 ,the four terms made use of in division are1 the dividend or number to be divided1 the divisor1 or number that divides1 the quotient or answer which is the number of times one number is contained in another1 and the remainder or what is left after dividing4 ,this explanation of arithmetic must serve you for the present1 you shall learn the multiplication table1 and do some sums every day1 and when you are thoroughly acquainted with these rules1 we will proceed to the others4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,saturday4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,come hither my dear ,anne4 ,your smiling countenance tells me ,i may give you a story1 so take the book and let us hear the ,history of an ,orphan4 ,one fine autumnal morning in the year #aghi1 ,john and ,cicely ,wortham1 with their little son ,robert1 began a long journey into the ,north of ,england4 ,they had hitherto resided at a small village near ,abergavenny in ,south ,wales1 and there they would most probably have ended their days1 had not ,john been informed of the death of a distant relation at ,durham1 to whose property he knew himself to be the rightful heir1 though to secure it1 he found it necessary to repair thither4 ,having1 therefore1 disposed of his ,welsh hut1 and converted all his furniture into money1 he removed to ,london1 and after spending a few days there1 secured places on the outside of a stage-coach1 which was to convey him with his family about half way on their journey4 ,their conversation chiefly turned on the friends they had left1 and the hopes of finding as kind ones in the country whither they were going4 ,robert was too young to be interested in either the hopes or fears of his parents2 at the age of six months he slept as comfortably on his mother's red cloak as if he had been placed on a bed of down4 ,towards the close of their second day's journey the sky began to darken1 and a violent storm of hail and rain completely penetrated the cloaths of our poor travellers4 ,however1 as they had been always accustomed to the inclemency of the weather they did not much mind it1 and ,cicely1 who was an excellent mother1 took care to prevent her boy from feeling any inconvenience4 ,in this manner they proceeded for several miles1 till at length a large stone in the winding of the road overturned the carriage and dashed all the outside passengers with violence to the ground4 ,poor ,cicely was killed on the spot2 ,john had his leg and three of his ribs broken1 but little ,robert escaped unhurt4 ,this unfortunate family were carried to a neighbouring farm-house1 a surgeon was sent for who set ,john's leg1 but all attempts to recover ,cicely were fruitless1 a stronger and more powerful hand than that of the surgeon had for ever closed her eyes6 ,the melancholy intelligence was for some hours concealed from her husband1 but at length he enquired for his wife1 and soon discovered in the mournful countenances of those around him that she was no more4 ,this fatal news1 together with the pain of his leg and side1 so agitated his mind1 that his fever increased to a very alarming degree2 and the third day from that on which the accident happened1 poor ,john ,wortham lay a lifeless corpse by the side of his beloved ,cicely4 ,the humane farmer into whose house they had been carried when the coach overset1 ordered them to be decently buried4 ,little ,robert attended at their funeral1 but was quite unconscious of his loss1 though he sadly cried for that nourishment he would never more receive from the breast of a mother4 ,when the undertaker's bill and other expences were paid1 farmer ,hodson found that no more than six guineas remained for the young orphan4 ,the trunks and pockets of his parents were carefully searched1 but no paper appeared that gave the least information either of the name or residence of the unfortunate pair4 ,hodson made every enquiry that seemed most likely to lead to a discovery of little ,robert's remaining relations3 he advertised the circumstance in several papers1 but in vain1 and he at length gave up the fruitless search4 ,though by no means in flourishing circumstances himself1 yet he had not the heart to send the poor orphan to the parish1 and as he had no children of his own1 it was agreed1 with his wife's consent1 to bring him up as their adopted son4 ,dame ,hodson took the greatest care of her little nursling1 and she had the satisfaction of seeing his daily improvement in health and good humour4 ,as ,robert grew in years1 he discovered to his kind friends a heart framed for the reception of every noble and virtuous sentiment3 by the time he attained his twelfth year he was their chief delight1 and the affectionate supporter of their declining years4 ,time passed on1 ,hodson could not labour as he had done1 and two bad years1 joined to his infirmities1 reduced the family to much distress4 ,now was the time for the farmer to reap the reward of his generous compassion to a forlorn infant4 ,robert1 ever industrious1 earned enough with his own hands to maintain his benefactors4 ,were they sick1 ,robert was their nurse--were they sad1 ,robert was their comforter--he read to them1 cheered their drooping spirits1 and smoothed the pillow of declining years4 ,it happened about this time1 that a gentleman of the name of ,goldworthy1 bought a large estate in the county where farmer ,hodson resided2 he heard the story of young ,robert1 and felt greatly interested for the whole family4 ,he visited them1 and found the accounts that had been given him were strictly true1 and from that time he resolved to be their friend4 ,mr4 ,goldworthy1 though master of a large fortune1 and consequently placed above the reach of many misfortunes to which the more indigent are exposed1 yet possessed a heart always alive to the distresses of others4--,he determined with ,hodson's consent1 to take charge of young ,robert1 and fit him for some respectable employment1 where he might have a larger scope for the exercise of his virtues and more abundant means for gratifying his generous disposition4 ,hodson with gratitude accepted ,mr4 ,goldworthy's proposal2 but no temptation1 however alluring to his youthful mind1 could induce our hero to quit his old and earliest friends1 till ,mr4 ,goldworthy promised to remove them to a cottage adjoining his own house1 where they should be furnished with every thing necessary to their support4 ,here they spent many happy years1 and had the heartfelt satisfaction of seeing their beloved boy grow up a respectable and worthy member of society1 a useful assistant to his benefactor1 and a friend to the poor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dear mamma1 said ,anne1 ,i am quite delighted with farmer ,hodson and his wife3 they deserved ,mr4 ,goldworthy's kindness to them1 and what a sweet little boy ,robert must have been6 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,yes1 my dear1 he was an excellent youth1 and his good conduct met its reward in the affection of his friends4 ,i wish you1 my dear child1 to be convinced1 from this story1 that there is no situation in life1 however humble1 which does not afford opportunities for exercising those duties recommended to us by our ,saviour4--,to feed the hungry1 to clothe the naked1 and to comfort the afflicted1 is1 to a certain degree1 in the power of us all4 ,you may be in a situation that will enable you to dispense comfort to many2 but in relieving strangers1 never forget the duties you owe to your own family2 be mild and submissive when they correct you1 obedient to their wishes1 attentive to their instructions1 and endeavour by the affectionate gratitude of your conduct1 to repay the many hours of anxious solicitude they must spend on your account4 ,lift up your heart with gratitude to the great ,god who made you1 and1 when you reflect on the many blessings you enjoy1 never1 if you do meet with little disappointments1 give way to discontent and murmurings4 ,remember1 it is easy to be good humoured when every thing happens agreeably to our wishes3 it is only by cheerfully submitting to the opposition of them that a really good temper is proved4 ,we must now hasten to our other business1 or we shall not have time to finish it before dinner4 ,anne4 ,i am quite ready to attend to you1 dear mamma2 ,grammar1 ,i think1 is to be the subject of our lesson4 ,what is the meaning of the word ,grammar8 ,,third ,,lesson4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,the shortest definition ,i can give you of ,grammar1 is ,i believe1 my dear1 by saying1 that it is the art of speaking and writing a language correctly4 ,by parts of speech are meant the different kinds of words of which a language is composed3 ours is the ,english language1 and it contains nine parts of speech1 which are1 ,the ,article1 ,the ,noun or ,substantive1 ,the ,pronoun1 ,the ,adjective1 ,the ,verb1 ,the ,adverb1 ,the ,preposition1 ,the ,conjunction1 ,the ,interjection4 ,do you think you can remember their names1 ,anne4 ,anne4 ,i will try do so1 mamma4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,i will now give you a short explanation of them4 ,an article is placed before a substantive to limit or determine its meaning2 the articles are a1 an1 and the2 a or an is called the indefinite article1 because it does not point out any particular object3 the is called the definite article because it determines what particular object is meant4 ,do you understand this explanation1 my dear8 ,anne4 ,perfectly mamma2 a man1 an orange1 mean any man1 or any orange2 but the man1 the orange1 refer to some particular man or orange4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,quite right1 a you perceive is used before a consonant and an before a vowel4 ,a noun is the name of a person1 place1 or thing4 ,nouns are divided into proper and common2 proper nouns are the names of particular persons1 places1 or things1 common nouns are the names that belong to all persons1 places or things of the same kind4 ,give me some examples4 ,anne4 ,anne1 ,clapham1 ,limetree1 are proper nouns2 girl1 village1 tree1 are common nouns4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,gender is the distinction of sex2 there are three genders1 the masculine which denotes the male kind as1 a man3 the feminine which denotes the female kind as1 a woman3 and the neuter which denotes things without animated life as1 a cabbage4 ,number is the distinction of one from many3 there are two numbers1 the singular which speaks of one2 and the plural which speaks of more than one4 ,tell me some nouns with their genders and numbers4 ,anne4 ,i know that mamma is a noun of the feminine gender and singular number2 men is a noun masculine and plural2 table is neuter and singular4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,very well4 ,a ,pronoun is used to avoid repeating the noun as1 ,frederic was good1 and he went out4 ,there are four kinds of pronouns4 ,personal pronouns1 as1 ,i1 me2 thou1 thee2 he1 him2 she1 her2 it3 we1 us2 you2 they1 them4 ,possessive pronouns which denote property1 as1 my1 mine2 thy1 thine2 his2 her1 hers2 its3 our1 ours2 your1 yours2 their1 theirs2 whose1 ones1 and anothers4 ,relative pronouns which refer to a noun going before or coming after them2 they are1 who1 whom1 which1 what1 and whether4 ,demonstrative pronouns point out some particular object2 they are1 this1 these2 that1 and those4 ,anne4 ,i don't think ,i can remember all these words without reading them over a great many times1 but ,i quite understand the use of the pronoun1 for it would be very awkward to say1 ,mary played1 ,mary laughed1 and ,mary danced2 ,i ought to say1 ,mary played1 she laughed1 and she danced4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,i am pleased with your attention4 ,the adjective explains the quality1 colour1 form1 size1 or any other property of the noun1 as1 good1 blue1 square1 large4 ,the signification of adjectives may be increased or diminished1 and this is called comparison2 there are two degrees of comparison1 the comparative1 which increases or diminishes the quality1 is formed by adding er to the adjective in its positive state2 the superlative increases or diminishes the comparative to its last degree1 and is formed by adding est to the adjective in its positive or original state1 as long1 longer1 longest2 short1 shorter1 shortest4 ,when the adjective consists of more than two syllables1 the comparative and superlative are formed by prefixing the words more and most to the adjective2 as1 beautiful1 more beautiful1 most beautiful4 ,some adjectives differ entirely from these rules in forming their comparison1 as1 good1 better1 best2 bad1 worse1 worst4 ,now1 some examples4 ,anne4 ,fine is an adjective because it is a quality1 black because it is a colour1 coarse is an adjective in its positive state1 brighter is the comparative degree1 and youngest is the superlative4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,a verb is a word which signifies to be1 to do1 or to suffer4 ,verbs are divided into neuter1 active1 and passive4 ,neuter verbs merely signify being1 or that kind of action which has no effect upon any thing beyond the performer1 as1 ,i am1 ,i sit1 ,i walk4 7,you may distinguish those neuter verbs that seem to imply action from active verbs by their making a complete sense by themselves1 whereas active verbs always require a noun or pronoun after them to finish the sense47 ,active verbs1 denote action as1 ,i eat1 ,i love1 ,i work4 ,passive verbs1 denote suffering1 they are only the participle passive of an active verb with a tense of the neuter verb to be before it2 as1 ,i am loved1 you are dressed4 ,any word is a verb before which you can place a noun1 a pronoun1 or the word to1 as ,mary talks1 he works1 to be4 ,the different times when actions are performed are called tenses1 there are properly only three1 the present1 as ,i am1 the past as ,i was1 and the future as ,i shall be2 but these are subdivided into others2 and there are a great many other things relating to verbs1 which you shall learn when you are a little older4 ,anne4 ,thank you1 mamma1 ,i believe ,i understand all that you have told me about verbs1 except the meaning of participle passive4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,a participle passive1 my dear1 is that part of a verb which follows a tense of either of the verbs to have1 or to be4 ,some people consider it a distinct part of speech4 ,adverbs denote time1 place1 manner1 and quantity2 therefore you may always know them by recollecting their meaning3 to-day1 there1 prettily1 much1 are adverbs4 ,prepositions serve to connect words with one another and to shew the relation between them4 ,they require some word after them to complete the sense2 as1 come to me1 up1 down1 to1 from1 for1 are prepositions4 ,conjunctions join words and sentences together1 as you and ,i are going1 but she stays at home4 ,interjections express some emotion of the mind as1 ,alas6 ,oh6 ,ah6 ,i am afraid1 my dear1 you are quite tired of this long lesson1 but ,i don't expect you to remember all ,i have told you2 we will talk over a very small portion of it every day1 and then in time you will be able to tell me what part of speech any word is that ,i may ask you4--,i will give you a little example to shew you what ,i mean and then you shall run away4 ,the rose in your nosegay was very beautiful a little while ago2 but alas6 it is now quite dead6 ,the1 an article definite--rose1 a substantive1 neuter gender1 singular number--in1 a preposition--your1 a possessive pronoun--nosegay1 a substantive--was1 a verb neuter past tense--very1 an adverb--beautiful1 an adjective--a1 an article indefinite--little1 an adjective--while1 a substantive--ago1 an adverb--but1 a conjunction--alas61 an interjection--it1 a personal pronoun neuter gender--is1 a verb--now1 an adverb--quite1 an adverb1--dead1 a verb1 participle passive4 99 99 99 99 99 ,children might soon understand that a case in grammar signifies the different terminations of nouns and pronouns4 ,a noun has two cases1 the nominative which simply names the object3 it generally precedes the verb1 and answers to the questions who8 which8 what8 ,the genitive denotes possession and is formed by adding an apostrophe1 and the letter s to the nominative2 it answers to the question whose8 ,when the plural nominative ends in s the apostrophe only is added3 ex4 ,anne plays4 ,who8 ,anne4--,mary's gown4 ,whose8 ,mary's4--,birds' feathers4 ,whose8 ,birds'4 ,a personal pronoun has two cases the nominative and the objective4 ,the nominative precedes the verb1 and requires it to be of the same person and number as itself2 it answers to the questions1 who8 which8 what8 ,the objective follows the verb1 and answers to the question whom8 ex4 ,i dance1 who8 ,i4--,we love her1 whom8 her4 ,,singular4 ,,plural4 ,nom4 ,objec4 ,nom4 ,objec4 ,i ,me ,we ,us ,thou ,thee ,you ,you ,he ,him ,they ,them ,she ,her ,it ,it ,the accusative case of the relative pronoun who is whom4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,sunday4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,come hither1 my love3 you know that to-day is called ,sunday1 and is set apart for the observance of religious duties4 ,you have read in the ,bible that ,god created the heavens1 the earth1 the sea1 and all that therein is1 in the space of six days1 that he rested on the seventh1 and called that day holy1 ordering his people so to observe it1 and to abstain from every kind of labour throughout its duration4 ,therefore1 the ,jews1 to whom this commandment was originally given1 keep their sabbath on ,saturday1 the last day in the week2 but ,christians1 who have been taught the blessed religion of ,jesus1 begin the week with praising ,god4 ,no command for changing the day of worship seems ever to have been given1 either by our ,saviour or the apostles2 but we know that it was the custom of the earliest ,christians1 even during our ,lord's time1 to meet together on the first day of the week for the purpose of holding religious assemblies2 and all nations which have embraced the religion of the ,new ,testament have adhered to this practice4 ,anne4 ,thank you1 mamma4 ,will you now perform your promise of giving me a new morning and evening prayer8 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,in the evening ,i will1 my dear2 but at present1 ,i wish to give you a short account of the contents of the books contained in the sacred volumes4 ,as yet you have only read detached parts of them1 and before you proceed to a more general perusal1 it may be useful to have some distinct idea of the whole4 ,the account ,i shall give you ,i have chiefly extracted from ,dr4 ,prettyman's ,elements of ,christian ,theology4 ,all the books of the ,bible were originally written in ,hebrew1 excepting a few passages towards the conclusion of the volume1 which appear in the ,chaldee tongue4 ,the ,english translation used in all our churches was begun and completed in the reign of ,james the first4 ,the five first books of the ,bible are1 ,genesis1 which begins with an account of the creation of the world1 and ends with the death of ,joseph4 ,exodus1 which relates the departure of the ,israelites out of ,egypt2 their bondage in that country1 deliverance by ,moses1 and the promulgation of the law4 ,leviticus1 which describes the offices and duties of the ,levites and priests4 ,numbers1 which contains an account of the numbering of the people in the wilderness when a very miraculous increase was found to have taken place since the arrival of ,jacob and his family in ,egypt4 ,deuteronomy1 which contains a repetition of the civil and moral law1 and ends with the death of ,moses4 ,these five books are called the ,pentateuch1 and were written by ,moses4 ,they contain the history of #beeb years and a half4 ,joshua1 contains an account of the conquest and division of ,canaan among the twelve tribes1 and ends with the death of ,joshua4 ,this book is supposed to have been written by himself1 excepting the last few verses1 which were added by one of his successors4 ,judges gives an account of the ,jewish history from the death of ,moses to that of ,sampson4 ,it was most probably written by ,samuel4 ,ruth contains the history of the person of that name1 a native of ,moab3 she married ,boaz an ,israelite1 and was the great grandmother of ,david4 ,this book is generally ascribed to ,samuel4 ,the first book of ,samuel completes the government of the ,judges1 and relates the appointment of ,saul to be king of ,israel1 the rejection of his family1 and the anointing of ,david4 ,the second book of ,samuel continues the history of ,david after the death of ,saul4 ,most probably1 ,samuel wrote the first #bd chapters of the first book1 and the prophets ,gad and ,nathan the remainder of it1 and all the second4 ,the first book of ,kings commences with an account of the death of ,david1 and continues to that of ,jehosaphat4 ,the second book of ,kings continues the history of the kings of ,judah and ,israel to the destruction of the city and temple of ,jerusalem by ,nebuchadnezzar4 ,these books were probably compiled by ,ezra1 from the records which were kept both at ,jerusalem and ,samaria of all public transactions4 ,the two books of ,chronicles contain a great many genealogical tables1 and various circumstances omitted in the other historical books of ,scripture4 ,ezra1 continues the ,jewish history from the edict of ,cyrus 7which permitted the ,jews to return to their own land1 and rebuild their temple17 to the reform effected among them1 by ,ezra and ,nehemiah4 ,ezra wrote part of this book in ,chaldee4 ,nehemiah gives an account of his own appointment to the government of ,judea1 and his administration to the year of the world #ceie1 at which period the scripture history closes4 ,esther1 contains the history of a ,jewish captive of that name1 who by her good qualities gained the affections of ,ahasuerus1 and was by him raised to the throne of ,persia4 ,it is supposed that by ,ahasuerus is meant ,artaxerxes ,longimanus4 ,there is great diversity of opinion concerning the author of this book2 it has been ascribed to ,ezra1 to ,mordecai1 and to the joint labours of the great synagogue4 ,job1 contains the history of a man remarkable for his piety and patience1 under severe afflictions4 ,the author of this book is very uncertain4 ,some ascribe it to ,moses1 others to ,job himself4 ,the ,psalms1 are a collection of hymns in praise of ,god1 written by different persons1 but as the greater part of them was composed by ,david1 they are generally called the ,psalms of ,david4 ,the ,proverbs1 are a collection of short sentences1 written by ,solomon1 in which much excellent advice is contained4 ,ecclesiastes1 is supposed to have been written by ,solomon1 after he repented of the idolatry and sin into which he fell1 towards the close of his life1 and with the design to point out the vanity of worldly pursuits1 in order to induce men to prepare for that state1 where there will be no vanity nor vexation of spirit4 ,the ,song of ,solomon1 is a pastoral dialogue1 supposed to have been written by him1 upon his marriage with the daughter of ,pharoah4 ,it is universally allowed that the #af ,prophetical ,books1 and the ,lamentations of ,jeremiah1 which describe the desolation of ,judah1 during the ,babylonian captivity1 and prophecy the still greater misfortunes to be suffered at a future time1 were written by the persons whose names they bear4 ,the four great prophets were1 ,isaiah1 ,jeremiah1 ,ezekiel1 and ,daniel4--,the twelve minor prophets were1 ,hosea1 ,joel1 ,amos1 ,obadiah1 ,jonah1 ,micah1 ,nahum1 ,habbakuk1 ,zephaniah1 ,haggai1 ,zechariah1 and ,malachi4 ,the books of the ,new ,testament were all originally written in ,greek2 except ,st4 ,matthew's ,gospel1 and ,st4 ,paul's ,epistle to the ,hebrews1 which many commentators suppose to have been originally composed in ,hebrew1 and then immediately translated into ,greek2 but opinions in this respect are much divided4 ,the ,four ,gospels1 written by ,matthew1 ,mark1 ,luke1 and ,john1 give an account of the life1 ministry1 death1 and resurrection of our ,saviour4 ,the ,acts of the ,apostles written by ,luke1 gives an historical account of the progress of ,christianity after our ,saviour's ascension4 ,the latter part of the book is confined to the history of ,saint ,paul1 of whom ,st4 ,luke was the constant companion for many years4 ,of the fourteen ,epistles ascribed to ,st4 ,paul1 viz4 ,romans1 #a and #b to the ,corinthians1 ,galatians1 ,ephesians1 ,philippians1 ,colossians1 #a and #b to the ,thessalonians1 #a and #b to ,timothy1 ,titus1 ,philemon1 and ,hebrews1 the first thirteen have1 in all ages of the ,church1 been universally acknowledged to be written by him4 ,many doubts have been entertained concerning the author of the ,epistle to the ,hebrews4 ,st4 ,paul was born at ,tarsus the principal city of ,cilicia in ,asia ,minor1 and was by birth both a ,jew and a citizen of ,rome4 ,st4 ,paul is not mentioned in the ,gospels1 nor is it known whether he ever heard our ,saviour preach4 ,his name is first noticed in the account of ,st4 ,stephen's ,martyrdom1 which was followed by a severe persecution of the ,church at ,jerusalem1 in which ,st4 ,paul1 7who was then called ,saul7 distinguished himself among its enemies1 by his activity and violence4 ,he was going to ,damascus1 to bring back bound any ,christians whom he might find there1 when his miraculous conversion took place3 after which1 he became one of the most zealous preachers of the ,gospel2 and as he devoted much of his time to the instruction of the ,gentiles1 he is called the ,apostle of the ,gentiles4 ,gentiles1 was the appellation by which all nations were distinguished1 that were not ,jews1 and consequently the ,gentiles were ,pagans4 ,st4 ,paul performed many voyages and journies in the service of the ,christian religion1 and the ,new ,testament history closes ,a4 ,d4 #fc1 with his release from a two years imprisonment at ,rome2 no ancient author has left any particulars of the remaining part of this ,apostle's life4 ,the ,epistle of ,st4 ,james was written by that ,apostle1 who is called ,james the ,less1 the son of ,alphus or ,cleophat1 which are supposed to be the same name1 differently written4 ,it contains much excellent instruction4 ,the two ,epistles of ,st4 ,peter1 were written by that ,apostle1 who enjoyed the favour of his divine master1 in a peculiar degree4 ,st4 ,peter seems to have been almost the constant companion of our ,lord1 and was extremely zealous in propagating his religion1 though he was occasionally led into great errors1 particularly the denial of his master1 but his bitter remorse and repentance1 prove that his sorrow for this crime was sincere4 ,he admitted ,cornelius1 the first ,gentile convert1 into the ,christian faith1 but as the chief of his instructions were confined to the ,jews1 he is called the apostle of the ,jews4 ,the three ,epistles of ,st4 ,john1 were written by the apostle who was favoured with the greatest share of our ,saviour's affection4 ,he leaned on his bosom at the last supper1 and was one of the first who were made acquainted with his resurrection4 ,the ,epistle of ,st4 ,jude was written by the apostle1 who was also called ,lebbus and ,thaddus1 he was the brother of ,james the ,less1 and excepting in the catalogue of the apostles1 is only once mentioned in the ,gospels4 7,john chap4 #ad1 verse #bb74 ,the ,revelation of ,john the divine1 was written by the same ,evangelist and ,apostle who wrote the ,gospels and ,epistles bearing that name4 ,the ,revelation is a prophetical book1 and was written by ,st4 ,john1 during his banishment to the isle of ,patmos1 in the time of ,domitian4 ,st4 ,john is supposed to have been the youngest of the ,apostles1 and to have survived all the rest4 ,he died at ,ephesus in ,asia ,minor1 in the third year of the emperor ,trajan's reign1 ,a4 ,d4 #ajj4--,the ,apostles were twelve good men1 whom ,jesus chose to be the ministers of his gospel4 ,they were entrusted with the power of working miracles3 and their names were1 ,simon ,peter1 ,james the son of ,zebedee1 and ,john his brother1 ,andrew1 ,philip1 ,bartholomew1 ,matthew1 ,thomas1 ,james the son of ,alphus 7called also ,james the ,less17 ,thaddeus whose sirname was ,jude1 ,simon the ,canaanite1 and ,judas ,iscariot4--,after the death of ,judas ,iscariot who betrayed our ,saviour1 ,matthias was chosen in his stead4 ,the ,disciples of ,christ1 were those who learned of him as their master4 ,thus1 my dear1 ,i have given you a short account of all the books contained in the sacred volumes4 ,i will now mention to you1 a few of the principal ,jewish sects1 and then proceed to some description of the history of that people4 ,there does not appear to have been any difference of religious opinions among the ,jews1 till after the cessation of prophecy3 most of them sprang up1 subsequent to the return from the ,babylonian captivity4 ,the ,scribes are not usually considered as a religious sect3 they were writers of the law1 and often perverted the meaning of the text1 instead of explaining it4 ,scribes1 doctors of the law1 and lawyers1 were only different names for the same class of men4 ,the ,pharisees believed in the immortality of the soul1 the resurrection of the dead1 and in a future state of rewards and punishments4 ,trusting in themselves that they were righteous1 they despised the rest of mankind1 were entirely destitute of humility towards ,god1 and paid more attention to outward ceremonies than to the duties of moral virtue4 ,the ,sadducees denied the resurrection of the dead1 and the immortality of the soul2 therefore1 confining all their hopes to this present world1 they devoted themselves to its pleasures1 and only punished the crimes which disturbed the public tranquillity4 ,the ,nazarites1 of whom we read in the ,old and ,new ,testament1 were persons either devoted to ,god by their parents1 or who devoted themselves for life1 or for a limited time4 ,the only three instances of ,nazarites devoted to ,god by their parents before their birth1 are ,sampson1 ,samuel1 and ,john the ,baptist4 ,the ,herodians were partizans of ,herod the ,great4 ,the ,galileans1 so called from their leader ,judas of ,galilee1 were a very turbulent and seditious sect1 and by degrees united to themselves almost all the other sects4 ,the ,publicans were not of any sect1 civil or religious1 but merely tax-gatherers1 and collectors of customs due to the ,romans4 ,the ,publicans were generally ,jews1 and by their employment were rendered odious to their brethren4 ,proselytes were those persons1 who being ,gentiles by birth1 came over to the ,jewish religion1 but retained that name1 till they were admitted into the congregation of the ,lord1 as adopted children4 ,the land of ,canaan1 so named from ,canaan the son of ,ham1 whose posterity possessed this land1 as well as ,egypt or ,mizraim1 lies in the western part of ,asia4 ,its boundaries were to the north1 ,coelo ,syria2 to the west1 the ,mediterranean ,sea2 to the east1 ,arabia ,deserta2 and to the south and south west1 ,arabia ,petrea and ,egypt4 ,its extent was about #bjj miles from north to south1 and its breadth #ajj4--;,it was divided into two parts1 by the river ,jordan2 the capital was ,jerusalem1 7supposed to have been the ,salem of ,melchisedek47 ,the whole country was also called ,palestine from the ,philistines1 who inhabiting the western coast1 were first known to the ,romans1 and being by them corruptly called ,palestines1 gave that name to the country2 but it was more commonly called ,judea1 as the land of the ,jews4 ,since our ,saviour's advent it has been called the ,holy land1 but in modern writers1 all distinction is frequently lost in the name of ,syria1 which is given to the whole country east of the ,mediterranean1 between the sea and the desert4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the government of the ,jews partook of the patriarchal form1 as much as was consistent with the condition and circumstances of a nation4 ,the leaders or princes of the #ab tribes1 possessed a peculiar and supreme authority over each tribe1 as their chief magistrate and leader in time of war4 ,the elders or rulers of cities1 only exercised authority in their own respective cities1 and as well as the princes were subject to the great council4 ,the ,sanhedrim or great national council of the ,jews was established by ,moses3 it consisted of #gj persons1 besides the president1 who after the time of ,moses was usually the ,high ,priest4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,septuagint is a ,greek translation of the ,bible1 made at ,alexandria1 when ,ptolemy ,philadelphus was king of ,egypt4 ,it is often signified in books by the ,,lxx4 ,the ,vulgate was a very ancient version of the ,bible in ,latin4 ,the ,bible commences with an account of the creation of the world1 #djjd ,b4 ,c41 the history of our first parents1 their deviation from virtue1 and the evil consequences that ensued4 ,to ,adam and ,eve were born sons and daughters4 ,the only three mentioned by name1 are ,cain1 ,abel and ,seth1 and the sacred historian has chiefly confined himself to the posterity of ,seth1 from whom ,noah descended3 in his time mankind became very wicked1 and to punish them1 ,god sent a violent rain upon the earth which caused a general deluge1 and all the inhabitants of the world were drowned1 except ,noah1 his wife1 their three sons1 ,shem1 ,ham1 and ,japhet1 and their wives1 and a few animals of every kind4 ,the descendants of ,noah and his sons multiplied greatly1 and they were all of one language1 after a time the whole race of men moved from their original habitations in ,armenia1 and settled in the plains of ,shinar near the ,euphrates4 ,here they determined to establish themselves1 and build a tower whose top might reach the heavens4 ,god was displeased with this work1 which seems to have been undertaken in defiance of his power1 and he confounded the language of those who were engaged in it4 ,this obliged them to discontinue their labour2 they soon after dispersed1 and the different parts of the world became inhabited4 ,terah the father of ,abraham was a descendant of ,shem2 he settled with his family in ,haran in ,mesopotamia1 where he died3 ,god soon after commanded ,abraham to remove with his wife ,sarah into the land of ,canaan1 and here when they were far advanced in age1 their son ,isaac was born4 ,god made many remarkable promises to ,abraham1 and one of them was1 that in him all the families of the earth should be blessed4 ,this was a declaration that the ,messiah should be a descendant of ,abraham4 ,to make trial of his obedience1 ,god ordered him to offer up ,isaac1 as a burnt offering on ,mount ,moriah1 but just as he was going to slay him1 an angel of the ,lord appeared1 and told him not to touch the lad1 but to take a ram and offer it up in his stead4 ,it was upon this mountain that ,solomon's temple was afterwards built and here our ,saviour was crucified1 the mountain being then called ,calvary4 ,isaac married ,rebekah1 and had two sons1 ,esau and ,jacob4 ,jacob though the younger obtained the rights of primogeniture2 he also procured his father's blessing by very unjustifiable means2 and then repaired to ,padan-aram to take a wife out of his own family4 ,he married ,leah and ,rachel1 and had twelve sons1 who were called the twelve ,patriarchs or fathers of the #ab tribes of ,israel1 their names were1 ,reuben1 ,simeon1 ,levi1 ,judah1 ,dan1 ,naphthali1 ,gad1 ,asher1 ,issachar1 ,zabulon1 ,joseph and ,benjamin4 ,they were all born in ,padan-aram2 but ,jacob returned to ,canaan before his father's death4 ,joseph was the favourite son of ,jacob2 on which account his brethren hated him1 and at length sold him to some ,ishmaelites1 who were merchants1 and the descendants of ,ishmael a son of ,abraham2 these ,ishmaelites carried ,joseph into ,egypt1 where he became a slave to ,potiphar1 the chief officer under the king4 ,his good conduct soon gained the esteem and confidence of his master1 but the wickedness of ,potiphar's wife caused him to be thrown into prison4 ,he was released from this confinement1 in order to interpret two dreams of ,pharoah's4 ,god enabled him to discover that they predicted seven years of plenty which would be followed by seven years of famine2 and the wise advice ,joseph gave the king on this subject1 induced the monarch to raise him to a very high office in his kingdom1 and entrust to him the whole care of collecting and managing the corn4 ,this famine was severely felt in ,canaan1 and ,jacob sent his sons into ,egypt to purchase corn4 ,joseph recognised his brethren1 and after putting them to several trials1 for the purpose of making them properly sensible of their former cruel conduct1 he discovered himself to them in a very affectionate manner2 he enquired concerning his father1 and when he found the old man was still alive1 he desired his brothers to fetch him1 and their families out of ,canaan4 ,jacob who had bitterly wept the loss of his favourite son1 whom he believed from the accounts of his other children to have been devoured by a wild beast1 rejoiced when he heard of his safety1 and desired to go to ,egypt to see him before he died4 ,pharoah gave ,joseph's family the land of ,goshen for their residence2 and during his reign1 the ,hebrews were held in great estimation4 ,the descendants of ,jacob multiplied to so great a degree1 that about sixty years after the death of ,joseph1 the king who then reigned over ,egypt became jealous of their numbers1 and endeavoured to check their increase by slaying the infants1 and reducing the parents to a state of slavery4 ,they suffered many hardships during several years1 but at length ,god was pleased to deliver them in a miraculous manner by the hand of ,moses1 who would soon have conducted them into the promised land1 had not their disobedience and perverseness brought upon them the punishment of a forty years' wandering in the wilderness4 ,during this time1 ,god commanded ,moses to deliver his laws to the people of ,israel4 ,aaron the brother of ,moses was made ,high ,priest1 and to him was committed the superintendance of religious ceremonies4 ,neither ,moses nor ,aaron were permitted to enter the promised land on account of their disobedience to a command of ,god2 and they both died in the wilderness during the last year of their wandering4 ,joshua was appointed to succeed ,moses in the important office of leader of the people1 ,god promised him his support1 and when all things were prepared1 he led the ,israelites to the banks of the river ,jordan3 as soon as their feet touched the water1 the current was stopped1 the river became dry ground1 and the people entered the country opposite to the city of ,jericho1 which was taken in a miraculous manner4 ,some time after ,joshua's death1 ,judges were appointed to govern ,israel3 they were #ab in number and their government lasted rather more than #cjj years4 ,othniel was the first of the ,judges1 and ,samuel the last4 ,in his time the people desired to have a king like other nations1 and ,god commanded him to anoint ,saul of the tribe of ,benjamin #ajie years ,b4 ,c41 to be the first king of ,israel4 ,johim succeeded ,david of the tribe of ,judah1 and at his death the throne devolved to his son ,solomon1 who built a temple to the name of the ,lord his ,god2 in it were deposited the ark--the holy ,scriptures1 and other sacred things4--,solomon was succeeded by his son ,rehoboam1 the folly and wickedness of whose conduct induced ten of the tribes to revolt1 and they chose ,jeroboam one of his officers for their king4 ,the two tribes that remained faithful to ,rehoboam were ,judah and ,benjamin4 ,rehoboam's kingdom was called ,judah1 and the capital of it was ,jerusalem4 ,jeroboam's kingdom was named ,israel and its chief city was ,samaria4 ,jeroboam was succeeded by his son ,nadab2 and after he had reigned two years1 he was killed by ,baasha1 who usurped the crown and destroyed the whole race of ,jeroboam1 a man remarkable for his impiety4--,all the succeeding kings of ,judah were descendants of ,rehoboam1 which fulfilled the promise made by ,god to ,david1 that he would establish his house and the throne of his kingdom for ever3 this was a declaration that the ,messiah was to be a descendant of ,david4 ,there were frequent wars between the kings of ,judah and ,israel1 and between them and the neighbouring kings1--the kings and people both of ,judah and ,israel1 soon fell into the greatest depravity2 and at length ,god suffered ,shalmaneser king of ,assyria1 by the capture of ,samaria in the reign of ,hoshea1 to put an end to the kingdom of ,israel #gba years ,b4 ,c4 and about #bej years after its first establishment into a separate kingdom4 ,and #fjf years ,b4 ,c4 and about #aae years after the destruction of the kingdom of ,israel1 ,god permitted ,nebuchadnezzar1 king of ,babylon1 to invade ,judea in the reign of ,jehoiakim1 and to besiege and take ,jerusalem4 ,jehoiakim was carried prisoner to ,babylon1 though afterwards restored to his kingdom1 and succeeded by two other kings1 yet1 from this period may be dated the commencement of the ,babylonian captivity1 which according to the prediction of ,jeremiah was to last #gj years4 ,when this time was completed1 ,cyrus1 under whom were united the kingdoms of ,persia1 ,media1 and ,babylon1 permitted the ,jews to return to their own land1 and rebuild their temple at ,jerusalem4 ,they were conducted by ,zerubbabel the grandson of ,jeconias1 and ,joshua the son of ,josedec the high priest4 ,the second temple was finished in the reign of king ,darius of ,persia4 ,the settlement of the people after their old estate1 together with the arrangement of all civil and ecclesiastical matters1 were completed by ,ezra and ,nehemiah4 ,at the period1 about #dcj years ,b4 ,c4 the ,scripture history closes1 and for the remaining particulars of the ,jewish history recourse must be had to uninspired writers1 particularly to the books of the ,maccabees and to ,josephus4 ,judea continued subject to ,persia until ,alexander conquered that country2 it then fell under his dominion and he treated the ,jews with great lenity4 ,after the conqueror's death1 ,judea became subject to his successors1 till ,mattathias1 a priest eminent for his piety and resolution1 encouraged the people to shake off the ,syrian yoke4 ,mattathias died before this was effected1 but his son ,judas ,maccabeus completed the deliverance of his country1 and the government of ,judea remained in his family till the time of ,herod the great1 who put an end to the administration of the ,maccabees or ,armenians1 and prevailed upon the ,roman senate to appoint him king of ,judea4 ,it was in the thirty sixth year of the reign of ,herod1 and while ,augustus was ,emperor of ,rome that our ,saviour ,jesus ,christ was born1 four years before the common ra4 ,herod was a cruel tyrant to his people1 and even to his own children3 but to keep the ,jews in subjection1 and to erect a lasting monument to his own name1 he repaired the temple at ,jerusalem1 and considerably enlarged the kingdom of ,judea4 ,at his death1 the countries over which he had reigned were divided among his three sons1 but they were not allowed to take the title of kings2 they were called ethnarchs or tetrarchs4 ,archelaus one of ,herod's sons1 acting with great cruelty and injustice1 was1 by order of ,augustus1 banished to ,vienne in ,gaul1 where he died4 ,his dominions were then reduced to a ,roman province1 and from this time the ,jews possessed but little civil authority4 ,justice was administered in the name and by the laws of ,rome1 and taxes were paid immediately to the emperor4 ,several of the ,roman governors severely oppressed and persecuted the ,jews1 and at length1 in the reign of ,nero they openly revolted from the ,romans4 ,then began the ,jewish war1 which was terminated after an obstinate defence and unparalleled suffering1 on the part of the ,jews1 by the total destruction of the city and temple of ,jerusalem1 by ,titus son of ,vespasian the ,roman emperor4 ,since that time the ,jews have no where subsisted as a nation4 ,though ,i have endeavoured1 my dear1 to give you as brief an account as possible of the ,jewish history1 yet the subject is so interesting1 that ,i perceive it has already occupied a much longer time than ,i at first intended4 ,the history of our ,saviour's ministry and the ,acts of the ,apostles we must therefore defer to a future opportunity3 though ,i hardly know if these subjects require any elucidation2 the facts in the ,new ,testament being recorded in so clear a manner by the ,evangelists themselves1 that ,i think they must be intelligible even to your apprehension4 ,i hope you will perceive that ,i have mentioned but very slightly some of the most interesting and important events1 purposely to induce you to seek a more detailed account of them in the sacred volume itself4 ,this inestimable treasure will ,i am sure furnish the most agreeable topic of many of our future conversations4 ,you1 my dear1 have never been taught to consider religion as a dry and difficult study1 but rather as a means of adding to the cheerful enjoyment of the many blessings bestowed upon you by the almighty giver of all good1 and ,i trust the gratitude and piety of your future life will prove you worthy of being called a disciple of the benevolent ,jesus4 ,anne4 ,indeed1 mamma1 ,i feel the truth of what you say1 and ,i will endeavour to act as you wish me4--,i am sure ,i shall have much more pleasure in reading those parts of the ,bible you think proper for me1 now ,i have some connected idea of the whole4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,i believe you will4 ,but good bye1 my love1 for the present3 when you go to bed you will find the prayers you asked for on my table2 there are besides two hymns which ,i have selected from an admirable collection4 ,anne4 ,thank you1 mamma1 ,i will learn to repeat them4 ,a ,morning ,prayer for a ,child4 ,o ,almighty ,god1 the ,father and ,preserver of all mankind6 ,i desire to offer thee my sincerest thanks that ,i am arisen this morning in health and safety4 ,may ,i spend the day on which ,i am now entered in endeavouring to do thy will3 let me carefully avoid all that ,i know to be displeasing in thy sight1 and diligently apply myself to perform all the good in my power4 ,may ,i keep a strict watch over my lips and temper1 and try to live in peace with those around me4 ,grant thy protection and blessing to my relations and friends2 if it should please thee to preserve us through this day1 may the close of it find us more worthy of again addressing thee through ,jesus ,christ1 ,our ,father1 c4 ,an ,evening ,prayer4 ,almighty and ,merciful ,god6 at the close of another day which thou hast graciously permitted me to spend in the enjoyment of many blessings1 ,i would return thee humble thanksgivings from a grateful heart4 ,conscious of the many errors ,i am continually committing1 ,i would earnestly implore thy pardon for whatsoever has been amiss in my conduct this day4 ,forgive me1 ,o ,lord1 every foolish and angry word ,i have spoken1 every perverse thought ,i have indulged1 all ,i have done that ,i ought not to have done1 and all ,i have left undone that ,i ought to have done4 ,o may ,i truly repent of these my past faults1 and strive to amend my future life4 ,bless my relations and friends2 pardon all their past transgressions1 and if it please thee to preserve us through the night1 may we arise in the morning to do thy will4 ,above all the other blessings thou hast granted me1 ,i would value that of having become early acquainted with the religion of ,jesus4 ,may his example be my guide1 and1 with a thankful remembrance of all he did and suffered for our sakes1 ,i sum up my petitions for the whole human race in the prayer himself taught us1 saying1 ,our ,father1 c4 ,a ,,morning ,,hymn4 ,lord of my life6 ,o may thy praise ,employ my noblest powers4 ,whose goodness lengthens out my days1 ,and fills the circling hours6 ,preserved by thine almighty arm1 ,i pass the shades of night1 ,serene1 and safe from every harm1 ,and see returning light4 ,while many spent the night in sighs1 ,and restless pains and woes2 ,in gentle sleep ,i clos'd my eyes1 ,and undisturb'd repose4 ,when sleep1 death's semblance o'er me spread1 ,and ,i unconscious lay1 ,thy watchful care was round my bed1 ,to guard my feeble clay4 ,o let the same almighty care ,my waking hours attend2 ,from every danger1 every snare1 ,my heedless steps defend4 ,smile on my minutes as they roll1 ,and guide my future days2 ,and let thy goodness fill my soul ,with gratitude and praise4 ,,an ,,evening ,,hymn4 ,great ,god6 to thee my ev'ning song1 ,with humble gratitude1 ,i raise2 ,o let thy mercy tune my tongue1 ,and fill my heart with lively praise8 ,my days unclouded1 as they pass1 ,and ev'ry gently rolling hour1 ,are monuments of wond'rous grace1 ,and witness to thy love and power4 ,thy love and power1 celestial guard1 ,preserve me from surrounding harms3 ,can danger reach me1 while the ,lord ,extends his kind protecting arms8 ,let cheering hope my eyelids close1 ,with sleep refresh my feeble frame1 ,safe in thy care may ,i repose1 ,and wake with praises to thy name4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,monday4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,the story you are to read this morning1 my dear1 is founded upon facts which come within my own observation4 ,i dare say you have frequently heard the ,french ,revolution spoken of3 it was this event which gave rise to the incidents contained in ,the ,history of the ,melcour ,family4 ,mr4 de ,melcour was the son of a younger branch of a good family2 his father died when he was quite a child1 and left him but a small patrimony4 ,he early entered the army1 where for many years he served his country with honour and fidelity3 he was present in several engagements1 and by his bravery and exemplary conduct1 acquired the esteem of all his fellow officers4 ,during the peace which followed the ,american war he married an amiable lady1 whose fortune united to his own1 enabled him to quit the noisy scenes of a military life1 and settle on a beautiful little estate he purchased in the province of ,gascony4 ,here he enjoyed all the happiness which a good conscience1 a good temper1 and a feeling heart can bestow1 joined to the blessings of domestic peace4 ,madame de ,melcour spent her time in the bosom of her family2 she had little taste for the dissipation of the capital1 and possessing only a limited income1 had she indulged herself in expensive pleasures1 she must have foregone the higher satisfaction of contributing to the comfort of those in less fortunate circumstances4 ,she had profited by the excellent education her parents had been careful to give her1 and this enabled her to bring up her own children with little assistance from others4 ,frederic and ,elizabeth were the happiest little boy and girl in the neighbourhood3 they tenderly loved their parents1 and feeling the necessity of doing their duty1 it became quite habitual to them4 ,the little faults natural to childhood they were conscious would not be punished with severity1 and their good actions they knew would never pass unrewarded4 ,frederic employed much of his time in working in a little garden that his father had given him3 ,elizabeth assisted in the management of the flowers1 and their highest ambition was to present their mamma with a nosegay of roses1 before any were blown in the great garden4 ,thus happily passed many years at ,melcour2 when the troubles attendant on the revolution came to disturb the tranquillity of their domestic enjoyment4 ,m4 de ,melcour was called upon to resume a military command2 and though he disapproved of many of the measures that had been pursued by the government1 yet1 when he saw his sovereign in distress1 he would not withhold his aid4 ,he was particularly active in endeavouring to put a stop to the devastation caused by a misguided populace2 and in a fray between some peasants and soldiers1 he fell a victim to his benevolent exertions in the cause of humanity4 ,the sad news was brought to ,madame de ,melcour just as she was recovering from the bed of sickness2 her constitution already much weakened1 was unable to support the fatal shock1 and she soon after closed her eyes for ever in the arms of her beloved children4 ,at this period1 ,frederic was just fifteen1 his sister two years younger2 they were left without any protector but an aged grandmother1 who had constantly resided with her daughter since the marriage of the latter with ,m4 de ,melcour4 ,already suffering from the infirmities of age1 ,madame de ,joinville felt herself unable to resist the persecutions of ill-disposed persons1 and in the course of a few months found it necessary to leave the chateau4 ,it was her intention to retire with her grandchildren into ,england1 the country where she had spent much of the early part of her life1 and where she still hoped to discover some of her former friends4 ,accordingly1 having settled her affairs as well as the distracted state of the nation would permit1 and1 accompanied by ,frederic and ,elizabeth1 she proceeded to the nearest seaport4 ,they encountered many difficulties on the road1 but at length1 through ,frederic's activity1 succeeded in securing their passage in a vessel that was on the point of sailing for ,england4 ,madame de ,joinville suffered extremely from the fatigues and anxieties she had lately undergone1 and on their arrival at ---- it was found necessary to remain there a few days in order to recruit her exhausted strength4 ,as soon as ,madame de ,joinville was sufficiently recovered1 they hastened to ,london1 where1 by the assistance of some friends1 a small house was hired for their reception4 ,the expences of a long journey had much diminished the sum ,madame de ,joinville had collected before her departure from ,france1 and the most rigid economy was necessary to prevent them from becoming burthensome to others4 ,in these circumstances1 ,frederic could not bear the idea of leading an idle life2 he greatly wished to follow the profession of his father1 but the anxious fears of his grandmother and sister long opposed his inclinations3 however1 he at length prevailed1 and entered a regiment that was ordered on foreign service4 ,the parting between ,elizabeth and ,frederic was a melancholy scene3 she was long inconsolable for his loss1 but religion1 which she had always been taught to consider as the best comforter of the afflicted1 came to her aid1 and feeling the necessity of submission1 she determined by active exertions to divert her mind from past calamities4 ,it was now that ,elizabeth felt the inestimable advantages of a good education2 she perfectly understood the ,english language2 her industry and punctuality procured her many friends1 who1 young as she was1 entrusted her with the translation of papers of consequence1 and the reward she received for her labour1 greatly contributed to the support of the family4 ,every instant she could spare from her employment and the care of their domestic affairs1 was devoted to her grandmother4 ,she nursed her when sick1 read aloud for her amusement1 and by every kind attention endeavoured to lessen her regret for the blessings she had lost4 ,madame de ,joinville has often been heard to declare1 that without the filial affection of her granddaughter she could hardly have supported her afflictions4 ,the infirmities of age must sometimes render those advanced in years petulant and capricious3 ,elizabeth never murmured when her endeavours to please failed of success2 much less did she irritate her grandmother by contradiction2 she patiently submitted to these trials of her temper1 and when evening came1 and ,madame de ,joinville retired to rest1 ,elizabeth thought herself amply repaid for any little disappointments she had encountered during the day1 by receiving her blessing and the assurance of her tenderest love4 ,frederic remained two years abroad2 whatever he could spare from his own actual wants he constantly remitted to his sister2 but without her industry they would often have been greatly distressed4 ,at length ,elizabeth's noble and pious conduct was made known to a lady who had formerly been an intimate acquaintance of ,madame de ,joinville's family4 ,her visits to the old lady gave her constant opportunities of witnessing the amiable disposition of her granddaughter2 and anxious to reward her virtues1 she interested herself so warmly in their concerns1 that at length1 through the intercession of some powerful friends1 a restitution of part of ,m4 de ,melcour's property was procured for his children4 ,elizabeth when in happier circumstances preserved the same humility of mind1 and her never failing attention to her grandmother was rewarded by the pleasure of seeing the comforts of her last days make amends for the sorrows that had embittered so many of her former ones4 ,frederic arrived in ,england soon after this happy change in their circumstances2 he would have wished his sister to return to their native country1 but the inconvenience of removing her grandmother1 and the still unquiet state of the continent1 induced her to prefer a residence in that land where she was secured from the horrors she had once witnessed4 ,frederic yielded to her reasons2 and when their affairs obliged him to leave her1 a constant correspondence maintained the affection that had always subsisted from their earliest years4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dear mamma1 said ,anne1 ,i think ,i like ,elizabeth better than any of the young people ,i have yet read about1 but do you really believe there ever was so good a character8 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,certainly1 my dear2 and ,i have no doubt but many such are to be found4 ,they must be depraved indeed1 who can be wanting in affection to their parents4 ,but ,i fear we must not comment a great deal on this story at present1 or there will not be time to give you some account of ,geography1 which ,i intend for your study this morning4 ,anne4 ,i will then1 mamma1 after dinner1 ask you to explain to me a few of the words ,i did not quite understand4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,do1 my dear1 ,i shall be happy to give you all the information you desire4 ,,fourth ,,lesson4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,you know1 my dear1 what is meant by ,geography8 ,anne4 ,o yes1 mamma1 ,geography is a description of the earth we inhabit4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,and the earth 7which the globe before us represents17 is divided into four parts1 viz4 ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 and ,america4 ,the three first are contained in the eastern hemisphere1 and are called the old world4 ,america is situated in the western hemisphere1 and is called the new world1 because discovered in modern times4 ,anne4 ,pray1 mamma1 is not a continent one of the divisions of the land8 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,yes1 my dear2 for after we have divided the whole globe into land and water1 we again subdivide the land into ,continents1 ,islands1 ,peninsulas1 ,isthmusses1 and ,promontories1--the water into ,oceans1 ,seas1 ,straits1 ,gulfs1 ,bays1 ,lakes1 ,rivers1 and ,creeks4 ,a ,continent is a large tract of land containing several countries which are not separated by seas2 as ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 and ,america4 ,an ,island1 is a tract of land entirely surrounded by water1 as ,britain1 ,ireland1 ,sicily1 c4 ,a ,peninsula1 is a tract of land almost surrounded by water1 and is joined to the main land by an isthmus1 as the ,morea4 ,an ,isthmus1 is a narrow neck of land that joins a peninsula to the continent1 as the ,isthmus of ,corinth4 ,a ,cape or ,promontory1 is that high part of land which shoots into the sea1 and appears to terminate in a point1 as the ,cape of ,good ,hope in ,africa1 ,cape ,finistere in ,spain1 c4 ,a ,shore or ,coast1 is that land which borders upon the sea4 ,the ,ocean1 is that general collection of water which surrounds the whole earth4 ,it is distinguished by the names of the four cardinal points of the world2 viz4 the northern or icy ocean1 which environs the north pole2 the western or ,atlantic ,ocean1 which lies between ,europe and ,america1 extending to the ,equator2 the southern or ,ethiopic ,ocean1 which extends from the ,equator between ,africa and ,america2 and the ,eastern or ,indian ,ocean1 which washes the eastern coast of ,africa1 and the southern coast of ,asia4 ,to these have been added by later discoveries the ,pacific ,ocean1 commonly called the ,great ,south ,sea1 between ,america and ,asia2 and the ,antarctic ,icy ,ocean which surrounds the ,south ,pole4 ,a ,sea1 is a part of the ,ocean1 into which we must enter by some strait1 and it is almost surrounded by land1 as the ,mediterranean and ,baltic ,seas4 ,a ,strait1 is a narrow passage opening a way into some sea1 as the ,straits of ,gibraltar1 the ,hellespont4 ,a ,gulf is a part of an ocean or sea1 which runs up considerably into the land1 as the ,gulf of ,venice1 the ,gulf of ,mexico1 c4 ,a ,bay is a smaller kind of gulf1 7and is frequently much smaller at the entrance than in the middle7 as the ,bay of ,naples4 ,a ,lake is a collection of water entirely surrounded by land1 as the ,lake of ,geneva1 and the ,lake of ,constance3 when no stream flows in or out of it1 it is called a pool4 ,a ,river is a current or stream1 which rises in some elevated land1 and flows into the sea1 another river1 or lake1 as the ,river ,thames1 the ,medway1 and the ,river ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,a ,creek1 is a small part of the sea or of a river which runs but a little way into the land4 ,that part of the sea which flows between the shores of an ,island and a ,continent1 is called a ,channel1 as the ,english ,channel4 ,this description of the divisions of land and water1 ,i wish you to commit to memory2 and ,i will shew you all the names ,i have mentioned on the globe1 which will give you a more perfect idea of them1 than you can acquire by reading only4 ,anne4 ,thank you1 mamma2 but ,i hope you will tell me a little more of the earth4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,willingly1 my dear4 ,you have read that after the flood1 the world was peopled by ,noah's children3 ,shem and his descendants spread over ,asia1 ,ham over ,africa1 and ,japhet over ,europe4 ,it is uncertain who were the original inhabitants of ,america4 ,europe1 though the smallest of the four parts of the world1 is much the most populous2 and here the arts and sciences are brought to the greatest perfection3 it is divided into different countries1 of which the following are the principal1 though many of them1 have undergone great changes during the last few years4 ,,on ,,the ,,north4 ,countries4 ,capitals4 #a ,norway ,bergen #b ,sweden ,stockholm #c ,denmark ,copenhagen #d ,russia ,st4 ,petersburgh ,,in ,,the ,,middle4 ,british ,england ,london ,dominions #a ,scotland ,edinburgh ,ireland ,dublin #b ,france ,paris #c ,swisserland ,bern #d ,netherlands ,brussels #e ,united ,provinces ,amsterdam #f ,germany ,vienna #g ,bohemia ,prague #h ,hungary ,presburgh #i ,poland ,cracow #aj ,prussia ,koningsburgh ,note4 ,berlin1 in ,germany1 was the capital of the king of ,prussia's ,dominions4 ,,in ,,the ,,south4 #a ,spain ,madrid #b ,portugal ,lisbon #c ,italy ,rome #d ,turkey ,constantinople ,the most considerable ,islands of ,europe are ,great ,britain and ,ireland in the ,atlantic ,ocean1 ,iceland in the ,northern ,ocean1 ,sicily1 ,sardinia1 ,corsica1 ,majorca1 ,minorca1 ,candia1 all in the ,mediterranean sea1 and the ,islands in the ,archipelago4 ,it is now so late my dear1 that ,i must finish my account of ,europe to-morrow2 good bye1 and try to remember what ,i have already told you4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,tuesday4 ,anne4 ,you see me earlier than usual this morning1 dear mamma2 but as ,i know all the geography you desired me to learn quite perfectly1 ,i hope you will give me leave to read another story4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,certainly1 my dear3 but remember to read very distinctly2 make proper pauses2 fall your voice at a period1 and begin the next sentence in rather a higher tone2 aspirate the ,h1 excepting in such words as hour1 honour1 heiress1 and a few others where it is silent3 and above all1 avoid a monotonous manner of reading1 for nothing can be more unpleasant to those who are listening to you1 than to hear a tale1 however interesting in itself1 read on in one continued tone3 instead of affording any amusement1 it only induces the persons you are reading to1 to wish for a cessation of the unpleasant murmuring noise which offends their ears4 ,anne4 ,i will attend to what you say1 mamma1 while ,i am reading the following story1 which is called ,the ,advantages of ,truth4 ,george ,elliot the son of a respectable gentleman1 had been paying a visit to his uncle1 and on his return home1 was accompanied by one of his cousins1 who was to spend a few months with him at ,hartley1 ,mr4 ,elliot's country residence4 ,george was a boy of a frank and generous disposition1 and good abilities2 these being cultivated by a careful education1 made him at the age of eleven years1 a well-informed and agreeable boy4 ,charles ,morden his cousin1 was much his inferior in every respect4 ,accustomed to excessive indulgence1 he became fretful and idle1 and often entered into mischief1 for the sake of having something to do2 his parents so plentifully supplied him with play-things1 that he was consequently tired of every thing he possessed1 and only desirous of what was in expectation2 nay1 worse1 for to obtain any particular gratification1 he would not scruple making use of falshood4 ,such was the boy1 now unfortunately the constant companion of ,george ,elliot4 ,mr4 ,elliot indulged his son in every innocent amusement proper for his age1 but loved him too well to suffer his faults to pass unnoticed4 ,george had been long anxious for a poney1 and as soon as a proper one could be purchased1 his father presented it to him1 and often allowed him to ride out1 either accompanied by himself or a servant1 but particularly forbade him from ever mounting any other horse in the stables1 telling him at the same time1 the many fatal accidents that had occurred1 owing to boys attempting to ride horses they were unable to manage4 ,george promised obedience1 and had strictly adhered to his word4 ,it was settled that ,charles was to share the studies1 as well as the amusements of his cousin1 and the gentleman to whose care ,george's education was confided1 paid equal attention to both1 though he soon perceived that ,charles had little delight in useful occupations3 and he was always glad of some excuse that might save him the trouble of attending ,mr4 ,darford1 and laughed at ,george for being always fagging as he called it4 ,about two months after his son's return1 ,mr4 ,elliot was obliged by some business of importance1 to take a journey that he thought might detain him about a fortnight from home4 ,he embraced the children at parting1 desired them to behave well1 and at his return they should be rewarded4 ,for the first week after ,mr4 ,elliot's departure1 the boys were so good1 and their tutor so well pleased with their conduct1 that one fine day he gave them a holiday1 telling them1 that provided they avoided all mischievous amusements they were at liberty to spend the day in any manner most agreeable to themselves4--,during several hours1 they were employed in catching their balls1 flying their kites1 working in the garden1 c4 ,at length1 ,charles seeing a little boy going by on horseback1 said he should like nothing so well as a nice ride before dinner4 ,nor ,i neither1 answered ,george1 but you know it is impossible1 my father having expressly forbidden us to ride out alone during his absence4 ,mr4 ,darford is not at home1 and ,i know that all the men are busy4 ,what does that signify8 returned ,charles1 we are surely old enough to take care of ourselves1 and as to my uncle1 he will never know any thing of the matter4 ,george was at first quite shocked at the idea of disobeying his father1 but he at last suffered himself to be persuaded by the artful entreaties of his cousin1 to do what he knew to be wrong4 ,they went to the stables1 where ,george took out his own little poney1 and ,charles one of his uncle's large horses1 assuring his cousin that he could manage it very well4 ,at their first setting out1 they agreed not to go far from home1 only just to ride round the paddock2 the pleasantness of the weather1 however1 soon tempted them to alter their resolution1 and they ventured into the high road4 ,they went on very well for some time1 and were just thinking of returning1 when ,charles's horse took fright at some object on the side of the road1 and by a sudden start threw his rider2 he was not much hurt by the fall1 but the horse galloped away1 and they soon lost all trace of the way he took3 after wasting some time in fruitless endeavours to follow him1 they were obliged to return home4 ,george was very uneasy1 and bitterly repented the fault he had committed4 ,o ,charles1 cried he1 why did you ask me to disobey my father6 ,alas6 ,i fear he will never forgive me4 ,don't cry so1 pray1 answered his cousin1 come1 follow my advice1 and this affair will never be discovered4--,how can that be8 you surely forget the horse is lost1 and besides1 ,i would not upon any account tell an untruth4 ,you are very foolish then1 let me tell you2 for as nobody saw us go out1 if we deny knowing any thing about the horse1 we shall never be suspected4 ,no1 ,charles1 that ,i will never do2 ,i had rather suffer the severest punishment that could be inflicted upon me1 than tell a lie4 ,nothing shall induce me to add to the fault ,i have already committed4 ,when my father comes home1 ,i will confess what ,i have done1 and rely upon his indulgence for pardoning a disobedience ,i so sincerely repent4 ,well then1 said ,charles1 if you will not follow my advice1 at least you have no occasion to say it was ,i who persuaded you to take out the horses4--,i shall not even mention your name3 but come1 let us waste no more time1 in regretting an action that cannot be recalled1 we had better try by our future conduct1 to make some reparation for the past4--,so saying1 he took his cousin by the arm1 and they were together leaving the room1 when ,mr4 ,elliot entered4 ,the young lads drew back in dismay2 ,mr4 ,elliot ran to embrace his son4 ,you see me here1 my dear boy1 sooner than you expected2 but fortunately the business that called me hence1 was concluded much earlier than ,i could have imagined4 ,some few minutes had elapsed1 before ,george could gain courage to answer his father1 at length he said1 you are convinced1 my dear sir1 that your company has always given me pleasure1 but to day it causes me pain1 for ,i have just been guilty of a fault that will ,i fear deprive me of your confidence4 ,george here related to his father1 all that had passed1 except carefully concealing the part his cousin had acted2 when he had finished1 ,mr4 ,elliot thus addressed him1 ,i am charmed with your noble conduct1 my dear boy1 and most willingly forgive the error you have committed1 because ,i believe your repentance to be sincere1 and am convinced you have told me the exact truth4 ,listen1 now1 to the consequences that would have ensued1 had you concealed it3 ,i was in the adjoining apartment1 and heard the whole conversation that passed between yourself and ,charles2 so1 had you1 as he wickedly advised1 had recourse to a falsehood1 it would not have deceived me1 but only have proved that you were unworthy my care and affection3 whereas1 ,i now rejoice in the virtuous resolution of a son thus rendered dearer to me than ever4 ,always speak the truth1 and be assured it is the easiest and surest way of extricating yourself from every difficulty4--,as for you1 ,sir1 continued ,mr4 ,elliot turning to ,charles1 ,i shall not take the trouble of punishing the meanness and depravity of your conduct1 because ,i fear that any punishment ,i could inflict1 would have little effect on a liar3 ,i shall immediately send you back to your parents1 with an account of this day's transactions1 at the same time advising them to find some place far distant from all who belong to you1 and where1 under a severe discipline1 you may be made to repent of your wickedness1 and ,i hope in time recalled to that virtuous conduct from which you have now so miserably erred4 ,mr4 ,elliot then taking his son by the hand led him out of the parlour1 and left ,charles at leisure to reflect on the sad consequences of a habit of lying4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this story being finished1 ,mrs4 ,harley said1 it is not necessary my dear ,anne1 that ,i should comment on the subject of which you have been reading2 the advantages arising from a strict adherence to truth are too obvious not to be immediately perceived1 and ,i trust1 from the principles ,i have always endeavoured to instil into your young mind1 that you will ever prefer the fair and open path she points out1 to the intricate labyrinths of despicable falshood4 ,anne4 ,indeed1 mamma1 if ever ,i should be tempted to tell an untruth1 ,i will think of this story1 and then1 ,i am sure ,i shall reject it1 even though ,i were certain it would remain undiscovered4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,do not imagine that would ever be the case1 as it is impossible for children1 however artful1 long to dissemble their actions or even thoughts from persons interested about them4 ,i will now conclude my account of ,europe4 ,,fifth ,,lesson4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,i ended yesterday1 ,i think1 with the ,european islands4--,i will now tell you the principal seas which surround ,europe--the sea of ,asoph1 the ,euxine or ,black ,sea1 the ,archipelago or ,grecian ,sea1 are between ,europe and ,asia--the ,mediterranean between ,europe and ,africa--the ,atlantic ,ocean between ,europe and ,america--the ,german ,ocean or ,north ,sea between ,britain and ,germany--the ,icy ,ocean on the ,north1 and the ,white ,sea in ,russia4 ,the principal straits are1 the ,straits of ,caffa between the ,sea of ,asoph and the ,black ,sea--the ,bosphorus1 or ,straits of ,constantinople between the ,black ,sea and the ,sea of ,marmora--the ,hellespont between the ,sea of ,marmora and the ,archipelago--the ,faro of ,messina between ,italy and ,sicily--the ,straits of ,bonifacio between ,corsica and ,sardinia--the ,straits of ,gibraltar between ,barbary and ,spain--the ,straits of ,dover between ,england and ,france--the ,sound in the ,baltic between ,denmark and ,sweden4 ,the principal gulfs and bays are1 the ,gulf of ,bothnia in ,sweden--the ,gulf of ,finland between ,sweden and ,russia--the ,bay of ,biscay between ,france and ,spain--the ,gulf of ,venice between ,italy and ,turkey4 ,the principal rivers are1 the ,wolga--the ,don or ,tanais--and the ,boristhenes or ,dnieper in ,russia--the ,thames and the ,severn in ,england--the ,danube1 the ,rhine1 and the ,elbe in ,germany--the ,vistula or ,wesil in ,poland--the ,loire1 the ,seine1 the ,rhine1 and the ,garonne in ,france--the ,ebro1 the ,tagus1 and the ,douro in ,spain--the ,po in ,italy4 ,the chief lakes are ,ladoga and ,onega in ,russia--,windermere in ,england1 ,lough ,neagh in ,ireland1 and ,loch ,lomond in ,scotland--,lake of ,geneva between ,swisserland and ,italy--,lake of ,constance between ,swisserland and ,germany--,lakes of ,como and ,maggiore in ,italy4 ,the chief mountains are1 the ,dofre-field between ,norway and ,sweden--the ,cheviot ,hills in ,scotland--,plinlimmon in ,wales--the ,peak in ,derbyshire in ,england--the ,carpathian mountains between ,poland and ,hungary--the ,pyrenean mountains between ,france and ,spain--the ,alps which divide ,france and ,germany from ,italy--the ,apennines which run through ,italy from ,north to ,south4 ,besides these1 there are several volcanos in ,europe1 ,vesuvius in ,naples--,stromboli one of the ,lipari isles--,etna in ,sicily1 and ,hecla in ,iceland4 ,anne4 ,thank you1 mamma1 ,i will look for all of them in the map2 but pray before you leave ,europe tell me something more of our own country4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,england1 my dear1 is bounded on the north by ,scotland1 on the east by the ,german ,ocean1 on the south by the ,british ,channel1 and on the west by the ,irish sea1 and ,st4 ,george's ,channel4 ,it is divided into #eb counties1 #dj in ,england and #ab in ,wales4 ,the #dj ,english counties are #f ,,in ,,the ,,north4 ,counties4 ,chief ,towns4 ,northumberland ,newcastle4 ,cumberland ,carlisle ,durham ,durham ,westmoreland ,kendal ,yorkshire ,york ,lancashire ,lancaster4 #f ,,in ,,the ,,east4 ,norfolk ,norwich ,suffolk ,ipswich ,essex ,chelmsford ,middlesex ,london ,hertfordshire ,hertford ,cambridgeshire ,cambridge4 #f ,,in ,,the ,,south4 ,kent ,canterbury ,sussex ,chichester ,surry ,guildford ,hampshire ,winchester ,berkshire ,reading ,wiltshire ,salisbury4 #d ,,in ,,the ,,west4 ,dorsetshire ,dorchester ,somersetshire ,bristol ,devonshire ,exeter ,cornwall ,launceston4 #ah ,,in ,,the ,,middle4 ,gloucestershire ,gloucester ,monmouthshire ,monmouth ,herefordshire ,hereford ,shropshire ,shrewsbury ,cheshire ,chester ,derbyshire ,derby ,nottinghamshire ,nottingham ,lincolnshire ,lincoln ,huntingdonshire ,huntingdon ,bedfordshire ,bedford ,buckinghamshire ,buckingham ,oxfordshire ,oxford ,worcestershire ,worcester ,staffordshire ,stafford ,leicestershire ,leicester ,rutlandshire ,oakham ,northamptonshire ,northampton ,warwickshire ,warwick4 ,the #ab ,welsh counties are1 #f ,,in ,,north ,,wales4 ,counties4 ,chief ,towns4 ,anglesea ,beaumaris ,caernarvonshire ,caernarvon ,denbighshire ,denbigh ,flintshire ,st4 ,asaph ,merionethshire ,harlech ,montgomeryshire ,montgomery #f ,,in ,,south ,,wales4 ,cardiganshire ,cardigan ,radnorshire ,radnor ,pembrokeshire ,pembroke ,caermarthenshire ,caermarthen ,brecknockshire ,brecknock ,glamorganshire ,cardiff4 ,you will learn these counties1 my dear1 and trace them on the map at your first leisure opportunity4 ,we have been so long in ,europe1 that ,i fear ,i must give you a very short description of the other parts of the world4 ,asia is rendered famous on account of its having been the residence of our first parents1 and the scene of almost every transaction mentioned in the scriptures3 here our ,saviour was born1 lived and died2 and from hence the gospel was first promulgated to mankind4 ,its inhabitants1 though formerly celebrated for their refinement1 are now1 in general1 a lazy1 ignorant people4 ,china is celebrated for its productions of silk and tea1 which is a plant almost peculiar to this country1 and the beautiful manufacture of porcelain called ,china4 ,in the southern part of ,asia the ,east ,indies are situated1 and in the ,west ,arabia4 ,the chief rivers are the ,euphrates1 ,tigris1 ,indus and ,ganges4 ,the principal mountains are1 ,azarat1 ,horeb1 ,sinai and ,lebanon4 ,the most remarkable ,islands are1 the ,japan isles1 the ,maiana or ,ladrone ,islands1 ,formoso1 ,philippines1 ,moluccas1 ,banda islands1 ,celebes or ,macassar1 the ,sunda islands1 ,ceylon1 ,maldives and ,jesso isles4 ,anne4 ,thank you1 mamma1 now for ,africa4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,africa1 my dear1 though once so highly renowned for the learning and politeness of its natives is now nearly barbarous4 ,in ,africa1 near the northern coast1 was situated the once famous city of ,carthage1 founded by ,queen ,dido1 and the native country of a famous general named ,hannibal1 whose history you will hereafter read4 ,egypt so famous for the ,nile 7an immense river7 lies in this part of the world1 and here the arts and sciences were formerly highly cultivated4 ,the chief rivers are1 the ,nile1 ,niger1 ,gambia1 and ,senegal4 ,the mountains are1 ,mount ,atlas in the north1 and the ,peak of ,teneriffe one of the ,canary isles4 ,the principal ,african ,islands are1 the ,azores1 the ,madeiras1 ,canaries1 ,cape ,verde isles1 and ,st4 ,helena in the ,atlantic ,ocean2 ,madagascar1 ,mauritius1 ,bourbon1 ,comora isles1 and ,socotora in the ,indian ,ocean4 ,america1 the largest division of the globe1 was discovered in the year #adib by ,christopher ,columbus1 a native of ,genoa in ,italy2 though it derives its name 7not quite justly ,i think7 from ,americus ,vesputius1 who extended the discoveries of ,columbus4 ,america is divided into north and south1 and these two peninsulas are joined by the ,isthmus of ,darien4 ,the mountains here are much higher and the rivers much larger than those in the other parts of the world4 ,the ,andes1 a ridge of mountains in ,south ,america1 are considered the highest in the world2 their tops are covered with perpetual snow1 notwithstanding the excessive heat of the climate in which they are situated4 ,in ,north ,america are the ,appalachian or ,allegany mountains4 ,the principal rivers are1 in the southern peninsula1 the river ,amazon1 the ,oronoko1 the ,rio de la ,plata1 and the river ,janeiro3 in the north1 ,st4 ,lawrence1 ,delaware1 and ,susquehana4 ,great part of ,north ,america formerly belonged to ,great ,britain1 but some disputes arising between the mother country 7,england7 and the colonies1 a war ensued1 which was1 at length1 terminated in favour of the ,americans1 and in #aghc they were declared a free1 sovereign1 and independent nation4 ,this part of ,america is now distinguished by the appellation of the ,united ,states4 ,general ,washington1 of whom you have frequently heard me speak1 was an ,american4 ,i must now finish my lecture on geography1 which1 though very imperfect1 has yet exceeded the usual limits of our lessons2 many interesting circumstances relating to the various countries ,i have mentioned1 have been entirely omitted1 as ,i was fearful that by telling you too much on the subject ,i should prevent you from remembering any of the particulars so necessary for you to retain4 ,anne4 ,oh1 dear mamma6 how much ,i thank you for what you have told me about geography1 ,i think it very entertaining1 and ,i like looking over maps2 but now ,i should very much like to know the history of all these countries4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,to-morrow1 my dear1 ,i will give you some account of them1 but to know all the particulars of each nation would require you to read more volumes than as yet you have patience for4 ,farewell4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,wednesday4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,we will this morning1 my dear1 contrary to the usual custom1 begin our instructions with the ,lesson instead of the ,story2 and as the two last days have given you some idea of geography1 ,i think ,i cannot better employ the present than by devoting it to ,history4 ,anne4 ,you know1 mamma1 ,i am always happy to learn what you are so good as to teach me4 ,pray1 if ,i was to ask you the meaning of the word ,history1 how would you answer me8 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,i should say1 my dear1 that ,history is a relation of the past actions of men and women4 ,it is divided into sacred and profane4 ,by sacred history is meant all the relations that are contained in the ,old and ,new ,testaments4 ,anne4 ,and of which you have already given me some account1 mamma4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,from your earliest childhood1 my dear1 it has been my constant endeavour to store your mind with as much knowledge of sacred subjects as ,i thought it capable of receiving4 ,by profane history is meant the account of all transactions not included in the sacred volumes4 ,ancient history relates the events that happened from the creation of the world to the birth of ,jesus ,christ3 ,modern history1 those from the birth of ,jesus ,christ to the present time4 ,ancient history is divided into the four periods or ras of the four successive monarchies called universal4 ,anne4 ,why were they called universal monarchies1 mamma8 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,because they extended over the greatest part of the then known world4 ,the first was the ,assyrian monarchy1 founded by ,nimrod1 the grandson of ,ham1 who1 you know1 was the son of ,noah4 ,nimrod was a very courageous man1 and a famous hunter of wild beasts1 which impressed his friends with so high an idea of his abilities1 that they agreed to elect him their king2 he taught his subjects the arts of hunting and building cities1 besides several other useful things3 he founded the ,assyrian monarchy about #ahjj years after the creation4 ,nimrod was succeeded by his son ,ninus1 and at his death the crown devolved to his ,queen ,semiramis1 remarkable for her extraordinary valour2 she was slain in battle by the ,indians1 who1 in those days1 made use of elephants in their armies4 ,this monarchy ended under ,sardanapalus1 who was a very weak prince4 ,the capitals of the ,assyrian empire were ,babylon upon the river ,euphrates1 and ,nineveh on the ,tigris4 ,it was divided1 after the death of ,sardanapalus1 into three kingdoms1 called1 the ,median1 ,babylonian1 and the second ,assyrian4 ,belshazzar1 the last king of ,babylon1 was a very wicked man1 and treated the ,jews 7who had been brought captive to ,babylon by ,nebuchadnezzar1 a former king7 with great cruelty4 ,at a splendid entertainment which he one night gave to the lords of his court1 he ordered the vessels that had been taken from ,solomon's temple to be brought to him1 and1 with his guests1 insulted the ,jewish religion by drinking out of them2 his impiety was1 however1 speedily punished1 for that very night ,cyrus entered ,babylon with a powerful army1 made himself master of the kingdom1 and ,belshazzar was slain4 ,cyrus becoming1 soon after this event1 by the death of his father and uncle1 king of ,persia1 ,media1 and ,babylon1 established the second universal monarchy called the ,persian4 ,he was a very good prince1 and permitted the ,jews to return to their own land and rebuild their city4 ,anne4 ,which was called ,jerusalem1 was it not1 mamma8 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,yes1 my dear1 ,i am glad to find you recollect what you read4 ,cyrus lived to be very old1 and was succeeded by his son ,cambyses1 who1 far from following the virtuous example of his father1 committed numberless crimes1 among which was the murder of his own brother4 ,after him reigned ,smerdis the impostor1 who pretended to be the true ,smerdis that had been killed by ,cambyses3 next to him ,darius1 who was chosen because his horse neighed before any of those belonging to the other competitors for the crown3 then ,xerxes1 a very vain-glorious prince1 who attempted to conquer ,greece1 but was himself beaten1 and obliged to make his escape from thence in a little fishing boat3 he was succeeded by his son ,artaxerxes1 and at length1 after several other kings1 ,darius ascended the throne1 who1 had he not been proud of his riches1 might have been a wise and good sovereign4 ,during his reign1 the ,greeks 7who inhabited that country which is now the southern part of ,turkey in ,europe7 determined1 under the command of the famous ,alexander1 to make the ,persians submit to their power3 accordingly1 an immense army invaded the ,persian dominions1 and after several battles1 they were completely conquered1 and ,darius was killed by one of his own nobles4 ,thus ,alexander putting an end to the ,persian monarchy1 established the third ,universal ,empire about #ccj years before ,christ4 ,the capital of ,persia was ,susa4 ,anne4 ,i suppose then1 that ,alexander was a native of ,greece1 pray tell me a little about that country8 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,long before the time of ,alexander1 ,greece had been highly celebrated4 ,it was divided into several small states1 the principal of which were1 ,sparta and ,athens4 ,sparta was governed by kings2 ,lycurgus was their famous legislator2 he framed many wise laws1 which greatly added to the prosperity of the kingdom4 ,athens was a commonwealth1 and even more renowned for wisdom than ,sparta4 ,solon was their lawgiver1 and his laws tended much more to the refinement of the people1 than those of ,lycurgus1 some of which were very cruel4 ,macedon was a state of little consequence till the time of ,philip1 who greatly increased its importance3 he procured himself to be appointed commander-in-chief of all the armies destined for the invasion of ,persia1 but he was killed before he set out on this expedition4 ,he was succeeded by his son ,alexander1 both as king of ,macedon and generalissimo of ,greece1 who1 after settling the affairs of his native country1 marched into ,persia2 not contented with conquering this vast country1 he turned his arms against the ,indian princes1 many of whom were obliged to submit to his authority2 one of them was named ,porus1 a man of extraordinary stature1 who afterwards became the sincere friend of the conqueror4 ,thus ,alexander having subdued so many nations1 was at last obliged to yield to the instances of his soldiers1 and to think of returning back to ,macedon4 ,he entered ,babylon in triumph1 and spent much of his time1 while there1 in feasting and drinking4 ,the excesses he committed1 at times deranged his mind1 and in one fit of intoxication he killed a faithful old friend named ,clitus3 many more of his actions were totally unworthy of a prince who assumed the name of ,great1 this appellation was certainly bestowed upon him rather for his extensive conquests1 than for any benefits his subjects derived from his reign1 nor could ,good with any propriety have been added to the title of ,great4 ,he at length1 fell a victim to his intemperance in the thirty-third year of his age1 about #cbc years before ,christ4 ,leaving no proper person to succeed him2 four of his generals1 after many disputes and battles divided his extensive dominions among themselves4 ,to relate the particular histories of these kingdoms would engross too much of our time2 ,i shall therefore proceed to the ,roman ,empire which was the fourth universal monarchy2 and was founded by ,romulus about #geb years before ,christ4 ,perhaps a short account of its origin will be entertaining to you4 ,romulus and ,remus were the twin sons of a lady named ,rhea ,sylvia4 ,as soon as they were born they were condemned by their cruel uncle ,amulius king of ,alba 7in ,italy7 to be thrown into the ,tiber1 this was executed1 but they were found and preserved by a herdsman named ,faustulus1 who brought them up as his own sons till they arrived at years of discretion2 when becoming acquainted with the history of their birth1 they determined to dethrone their wicked uncle ,amulius1 and restore their grandfather ,numitor to the crown his brother had unjustly deprived him of4 ,they succeeded1 and then formed a plan for building themselves a city1 among those hills on which they had spent their earliest years4 ,they could not1 however1 agree concerning the best situation for it1 but the opinion of ,romulus at length prevailing1 ,remus1 to vex his brother1 leaped contemptuously over the city wall3 this so irritated ,romulus that a violent quarrel ensued1 they fought1 and either by accident or design ,romulus killed his brother1 and then the whole government of the new state devolved upon himself3 it was called ,rome after its founder4 ,inhabitants flocked from every part of the surrounding country into the new city1 and it soon became a very considerable kingdom4 ,after the death of ,romulus six other kings succeeded to the throne all of whom1 excepting the last1 were great and good men1 their names were1 ,romulus the ,founder1 ,numa ,pompilius1 ,tullus ,hostilius1 ,ancus ,martius1 ,tarquinius ,priscus1 ,servius ,tullius1 and ,tarquinius ,superbus4 ,under whom ended the regal state4 ,a ,commonwealth ensued4 ,many great men flourished during this period3 but at length the government changed once more1 and ,rome became an empire4 ,the first twelve emperors were distinguished by the appellation of the twelve ,csars1 their names were ,julius ,csar1 the first ,roman emperor4 ,augustus1 in whose reign our ,saviour ,jesus ,christ came into the world4 ,tiberius1 ,caligula1 ,claudius1 ,nero1 ,sergius ,galba1 ,otho1 ,vitellius1 ,vespasian1 ,titus1 and ,domitian4 ,many emperors succeeded these1 until ,constantine the ,great1 the #dast emperor1 removed the seat of empire from ,rome to ,constantinople1 which1 before his time1 was called ,byzantium4 ,constantine was a very good man1 and was the first ,roman emperor who embraced the ,christian religion1 but he pursued a system of politics that hastened the destruction of the empire4 ,after his death the sovereignty was divided between his sons1 and soon after ,rome1 which had once given laws to the world1 became a prey to merciless barbarians1 and sunk into comparative insignificance4 ,anne4 ,o6 thank you1 mamma1 for this entertaining account of ,rome1 ,i shall be very glad when ,i am old enough to read the ,roman ,history4 ,mrs4 ,harley4 ,age1 my dear1 is not the only thing necessary for the accomplishment of your wish4 ,let me see you attentive to your present employments1 and ,i shall have much pleasure in reading with you a history that ,i am sure will engage your attention4 ,i will now tell you a very little about our own country4 ,britain was little known to the rest of the world1 till about #eb years before the common ra2 when ,julius ,csar invaded the country with a powerful army3 the natives1 assisted by their ,druids or priests1 opposed his landing1 but they were unable long to resist so warlike a people as the ,romans1 who soon after making themselves masters of the island1 maintained possession of the most fertile parts of it near #ejj years4 ,their own affairs then requiring their attention at home1 they abandoned it1 and the ,saxons made their appearance4 ,these people came from a province in ,germany1 and when they had subdued ,britain1 they divided it into seven kingdoms called the ,saxon ,heptarchy4 ,kent1 which included the isles of ,thanet and ,sheppey4 ,northumberland1 contained ,northumberland1 ,durham1 ,lancashire1 and ,yorkshire4 ,east ,anglia1 contained ,cambridgeshire1 ,suffolk1 and ,norfolk4 ,mercia1 contained all the middle countries from the ,severn between ,east ,anglia and ,wessex4 ,essex1 or ,east ,saxony1 contained ,essex1 ,middlesex1 and part of ,hertfordshire4 ,sussex1 or ,south ,saxony1 contained ,surry1 ,sussex1 and the ,new ,forest4 ,wessex1 or ,west ,saxony1 included ,hampshire1 ,dorsetshire1 ,wiltshire1 ,berkshire1 and the ,isle of ,wight4 ,egbert1 king of ,wessex1 at length subduing the other princes of the ,heptarchy1 united the whole country under one monarchy1 and became himself the first king of ,england1 in the year #hbg after ,christ4 ,i will give you a chronological list of the kings of ,england1 not that ,i wish you to learn it at present1 but because it will be useful to refer to when you are reading the history4 ,some knowledge of dates is desirable1 as it enables you to ascertain the periods when any particular events occurred1 and under whose reign4 ,the ,danes made frequent incursions into ,england during the time of the ,saxons1 and caused great devastation in the country4 ,alfred1 the most excellent prince mentioned in history1 was obliged1 owing to these barbarians1 to abandon his throne and retire to an obscure cottage1 where1 however1 he occupied his time in forming the best plans for his own re-establishment1 and the restoration of tranquility to his distracted country3 his wise measures were successful and for some time the ,danes were entirely quelled1 but they soon renewed their usual predatory warfare1 and ,canute became king of ,england4 ,,saxon ,,kings ,,of ,,england4 #hjj ,egbert #hch ,ethelwolf #heg ,ethelbald #hfj ,ethelbert #hff ,ethelred #hga ,alfred the ,great #ija ,edward the ,elder #ibe ,athelston #ida ,edmund #idf ,edred #iee ,edwy #iei ,edgar #ige ,edward the ,martyr #igh ,ethelred ,,ii #ajaf ,edmund ,,ii1 or ,ironside4 ,,danish ,,kings4 #ajag ,canute #ajce ,harold #ajci ,hardicanute #ajda ,edward the ,confessor #ajfe ,harold ,,ii4 ,william the first 7commonly called the ,conqueror17 ,duke of ,normandy1 invaded ,england with a powerful army1 and slew ,harold at the battle of ,hastings4 ,this victory is called the ,conquest2 it was gained on the #adth of ,october1 #ajff4 ,,norman ,,line4 ,kings names4 ,began to reign4 ,reigned years4 ,william ,i #ajff #bj ,duke of ,normandy ,william ,,ii #ajhg #ab ,son to the ,conqueror ,henry ,i #aajj #ce ,brother to ,william ,,ii ,stephen #aace #ah ,grandson to the ,conqueror by his daughter ,adela1 who married the ,earl of ,blois4 ,,line ,,of ,,plantagenet4 ,henry ,,ii #aaed #cd ,grandson to ,henry ,i by his daughter ,matilda1 who married the ,earl of ,anjou ,richard ,i #aahi #i ,son to ,henry ,i ,john #aaii #ag ,brother to ,richard ,i ,henry ,,iii #abaf #ef ,son to ,john ,edward ,i #abgb #cd ,son to ,henry ,,iii ,edward ,,ii #acjg #ai ,son to ,edward ,i ,edward ,,iii #acbg #ej ,son to ,edward ,,ii4 ,richard ,,ii #acgg #bb ,grandson to ,edward ,,iii by his eldest son1 the ,black ,prince4 ,,line ,,of ,,lancaster4 ,henry ,,iv #acii #ac ,son to ,john of ,gaunt1 ,duke of ,lancaster1 fourth son of ,edward ,,iii ,henry ,v #adac #i ,son to ,henry ,,iv ,henry ,,vi #adbb #ch ,son to ,henry ,v4 ,,line ,,of ,,york4 ,edward ,,iv #adfa #bb ,son to ,richard ,duke of ,york1 a descendant by the mother's side from ,lionel1 the third son of ,edward ,,iii ,edward ,v #adhc #bms4 ,son of ,edward ,,iv ,richard ,,iii #adhc #b ,uncle to ,edward ,v4 ,,line ,,of ,,tudor1 ,in which were united the ,houses of ,york and ,lancaster1 by the marriage of ,henry ,,vii1 son of the ,countess of ,richmond1 of the ,house of ,lancaster1 to ,elizabeth daughter of ,edward ,,iv4 ,henry ,,vii #adhe #bc ,earl of ,richmond ,henry ,,viii #aeji #cg ,son to ,henry ,,vii ,edward ,,vi #aedg #f ,son to ,henry ,,viii ,mary #aeec #e ,sister to ,edward ,,vi ,elizabeth #aeeh #dd ,sister to ,mary4 ,,line ,,of ,,stuart4 ,james ,i #afjc #bb ,son to ,mary queen of ,scots1 who was descended from ,henry ,,vii ,charles ,i #afbe #bc ,son to ,james ,i4 7,charles was beheaded in #afdi47 ,,common-,,wealth ,,and ,,protectorate ,,of ,,cromwell4 ,charles ,,ii #affj #bd ,son to ,charles ,i ,james ,,ii #afhe #d ,brother to ,charles ,,ii4 7,james ,,ii abdicated the throne in #afhi47 ,,line ,,of ,,orange4 ,william ,,iii #afhi #ac ,nephew and ,son-in-law to ,james ,,ii ,mary ,,ii ,stuart ,daughter to ,james ,,ii ,anne #agjb #ab ,daughter to ,james ,,ii4 ,,line ,,of ,,brunswick4 ,george ,i #agad #ab ,son to the ,princess ,sophia1 ,electress of ,hanover1 and grandaughter of ,james ,i ,george ,,ii #agbh #cc ,son to ,george ,i ,george ,,iii #agfj ,grandson to ,george ,,ii4 ,i will not1 my dear1 enter into the history of any of these sovereigns1 as there are many ,english histories extant1 which will give you better information upon this subject1 than you could receive from any description of mine3 indeed1 the little ,i have now been telling you of history in general1 is only intended to awaken in your mind a desire for the attainment of this useful knowledge4 ,modern ,history we shall defer for several years1 but ,i will to-morrow give you ,rollin's ,ancient ,history1 a work1 ,i think1 particularly well calculated for young people2 when you have read this1 you shall proceed to the ,roman ,history1 after which you may be able to enter into the accounts of more modern times4 ,in the mean while1 let me beg you to continue attentive to the instructions you receive1 and new lessons and more stories shall then be prepared for your next ,,birth-,,day ,,present4 ,,the ,,end4 ,h4 ,bryer1 ,printer1 ,bridge-,street1 ,blackfriars1 ,london4