,,child',s ,,health ,,primer4 ,illustration3 ,,wasting ,,money4 7,see p4 #abc47 ,,pathfinder ,,physiology ,no4 #a ,,child',s ,,health ,,primer ,,for ,,primary ,,classes ,,with ,,special ,,reference ,,to ,,the ,,effects ,,of ,,alcoholic ,,drinks1 ,,stimulants1 ,,and ,,narcotics ,,upon ,,the ,,human ,,system ,,indorsed ,,by ,,the ,,scientific ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,women',s ,,christian ,,temperance ,,union ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,copyright1 #ahhe ,a4 ,s4 ,,barnes ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,and ,,chicago ,,pathfinder ,,series ,,of ,,text ,,books ,,on ,,anatomy1 ,,physiology1 ,,and ,,hygiene4 ,with ,special ,reference to the ,influence of ,alcoholic ,drinks and ,narcotics on the ,human ,system4 ,,indorsed ,,by ,,the ,,scientific ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,women',s ,,christian ,,temperance ,,union ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,i4 ,,for ,,primary ,,grades4 ,,the ,,child',s ,,health ,,primer4 #abmo4 ,cloth4 ,an introduction to the study of the science1 suited to pupils of the ordinary third reader grade4 ,full of lively description and embellished by many apt illustrations4 ,,ii4 ,,for ,,intermediate ,,classes4 ,,hygiene ,,for ,,young ,,people4 #abmo4 ,cloth4 ,beautifully illustrated4 ,suited to pupils able to read any fourth reader4 ,an admirable elementary treatise upon the subject4 ,the principles of the science more fully announced and illustrated4 ,,iii4 ,,for ,,high ,,schools ,,and ,,academies4 ,,hygienic ,,physiology4 #abmo4 ,beautifully illustrated4 ,a ,,more ,,elaborate ,,treatise4 ,prepared for the instruction of youth in the principles which underlie the preservation of health and the formation of correct physical habits4 ,,preface ,as this little book goes to press1 ,massachusetts1 by an act of its legislature1 is made the fourteenth state in this country that requires the pupils in the primary1 as well as in the higher grades of public schools1 to be taught the effects of alcoholics and other narcotics upon the human system1 in connection with other facts of physiology and hygiene4 ,the object of all this legislation is1 not that the future citizen may know the technical names of bones1 nerves1 and muscles1 but that he may have a timely and forewarning knowledge of the effects of alcohol and other popular poisons upon the human body1 and therefore upon life and character4 ,with every reason in favor of such education1 and the law requiring it1 its practical tests in the school-room will result in failure1 unless there shall be ready for teacher and scholar1 a well-arranged1 simple1 and practical book1 bringing these truths down to the capacity of the child4 ,a few years hence1 when the results of this study in our ,normal ,schools shall be realized in the preparation of the teacher1 we can depend upon her adapting oral lessons from advanced works on this theme1 but now1 the average primary teacher brings to this study no experience1 and limited previous study4 ,to meet this need1 this work has been prepared4 ,technical terms have been avoided1 and only such facts of physiology developed as are necessary to the treatment of the effects of alcohol1 tobacco1 opium1 and other truths of hygiene4 ,to the children in the ,primary ,schools of this country1 for whom it was prepared1 this work is dedicated4 ,illustration ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,,frontispiece #b ,,title-,,page #c ,,preface #e ,,contents #g ,i4--,,joints ,,and ,,bones #i ,,ii4--,,muscles #ai ,,iii4--,,nerves #be ,,iv4--,,what ,,is ,,alcohol8 #cg ,v4--,,beer #dc ,,vi4--,,distilling #dg ,,vii4--,,alcohol #ej ,,viii4--,,tobacco #ec ,,ix4--,,opium #ei ,x4--,,what ,,are ,,organs8 #fa ,,xi4--,,what ,,does ,,the ,,body ,,need ,,for ,,food8 #ga ,,xii4--,,how ,,food ,,becomes ,,part ,,of ,,the ,,body #gi ,,xiii4--,,strength #he ,,xiv4--,,the ,,heart #ic ,,xv4--,,the ,,lungs #ig ,,xvi4--,,the ,,skin #ajc ,,xvii4--,,the ,,senses #aji ,,xviii4--,,heat ,,and ,,cold #aae ,,xix4--,,wasted ,,money #abb ,,chapter ,i4 ,,joints ,,and ,,bones4 ,illustration3 ,l,,ittle girls like a jointed doll to play with1 because they can bend such a doll in eight or ten places1 make it stand or sit1 or can even play that it is walking4 ,illustration3 ,jointed dolls4 ,as you study your own bodies to-day1 you will find that you each have better joints than any dolls that can be bought at a toy shop4 ,,hinge-,,joints4 ,some of your joints work like the hinges of a door1 and these are called hinge-joints4 ,you can find them in your elbows1 knees1 fingers1 and toes4 ,how many hinge-joints can you find8 ,think how many hinges must be used by the boy who takes off his hat and makes a polite bow to his teacher1 when she meets him on the street4 ,how many hinges do you use in running up-stairs1 opening the door1 buttoning your coat or your boots1 playing ball or digging in your garden8 ,you see that we use these hinges nearly all the time4 ,we could not do without them4 ,,ball ,,and ,,socket ,,joints4 ,all our joints are not hinge-joints4 ,your shoulder has a joint that lets your arm swing round and round1 as well as move up and down4 ,your hip has another that lets your leg move in much the same way4 ,illustration3 ,the hip-joint4 ,this kind of joint is the round end or ball of a long bone1 which moves in a hole1 called a socket4 ,your joints do not creak or get out of order1 as those of doors and gates sometimes do4 ,a soft1 smooth fluid1 much like the white of an egg1 keeps them moist and makes them work easily4 ,,bones4 ,what parts of our bodies are jointed together so nicely8 ,our bones4 ,how many bones have we8 ,if you should count all your bones1 you would find that each of you has about two hundred4 ,some are large2 and some1 very small4 ,there are long-hones in your legs and arms1 and many short ones in your fingers and toes4 ,the backbone is called the spine4 ,illustration3 ,backbone of a fish4 ,if you look at the backbone of a fish1 you can see that it is made up-of many little bones4 ,your own spine is formed in much the same way1 of twenty-four small bones4 ,an elastic cushion of gristle 7gr7is'l7 fits nicely in between each little bone and the next4 ,when you bend1 these cushions are pressed together on one side and stretched on the other4 ,they settle back into their first shape1 as soon as you stand straight again4 ,if you ever rode in a wheelbarrow1 or a cart without springs1 you know what a jolting it gave you4 ,these little spring cushions keep you from being shaken even more severely every time you move4 ,twenty-four ribs1 twelve on each side1 curve around from the spine to the front1 or breast1 bone4 7,see page #ch47 ,they are so covered with flesh that perhaps you can not feel and count them2 but they are there4 ,then you have two flat shoulder-blades1 and two collar-bones that almost meet in front1 just where your collar fastens4 ,of what are the bones made8 ,take two little bones1 such as those from the legs or wings of a chicken1 put one of them into the fire1 when it is not very hot1 and leave it there two or three hours4 ,soak the other bone in some weak muriatic 7mu r7i 7at'7ik7 acid4 ,this acid can be bought of any druggist4 ,you will have to be careful in taking the bone out of the fire1 for it is all ready to break4 ,if you strike it a quick blow1 it will crumble to dust4 ,this dust we call lime1 and it is very much like the lime from which the mason makes mortar4 ,illustration3 ,bone tied to a knot4 ,the acid has taken the lime from the other bone1 so only the part which is not lime is left4 ,you will be surprised to see how easily it will bend4 ,you can twist it and tie it into a knot2 but it will not easily break4 ,you have seen gristle in meat4 ,this soft part of the bone is gristle4 ,children's bones have more gristle than those of older people2 so children's bones bend easily4 ,i know a lady who has one leg shorter than the other4 ,this makes her lame1 and she has to wear a boot with iron supports three or four inches high1 in order to walk at all4 ,one day she told me how she became lame4 ,i remember1 she said1 when ,i was between three and four years old1 sitting one day in my high chair at the table1 and twisting one foot under the little step of the chair4 ,the next morning ,i felt lame2 but nobody could tell what was the matter4 ,at last1 the doctors found out that the trouble all came from that twist4 ,it had gone too far to be cured4 ,before ,i had this boot1 ,i could only walk with a crutch4 ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,spine4 ,because the spine is made of little bones with cushions between them1 it bends easily1 and children sometimes bend it more than they ought4 ,if you lean over your book or your writing or any other work1 the elastic cushions may get so pressed on the inner edge that they do not easily spring back into shape4 ,in this way1 you may grow round-shouldered or hump-backed4 ,this bending over1 also cramps the lungs1 so that they do not have all the room they need for breathing4 ,while you are young1 your bones are easily bent4 ,one shoulder or one hip gets higher than the other1 if you stand unevenly4 ,this is more serious1 because you are growing1 and you may grow crooked before you know it4 ,now that you know how soft your bones are1 and how easily they bend1 you will surely be careful to sit and stand erect4 ,do not twist your legs1 or arms1 or shoulders2 for you want to grow into straight and graceful men and women1 instead of being round-shouldered1 or hump-backed1 or lame1 all your lives4 ,when people are old1 their bones contain more lime1 and1 therefore1 break more easily4 ,you should be kindly helpful to old people1 so that they may not fall1 and possibly break their bones4 ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,feet4 ,healthy children are always out-growing their shoes1 and sometimes faster than they wear them out4 ,tight shoes cause corns and in-growing nails and other sore places on the feet4 ,all of these are very hard to get rid of4 ,no one should wear a shoe that pinches or hurts the foot4 ,,ought ,a ,,boy ,,to ,,use ,,tobacco8 ,perhaps some boy will say3 ,grown people are always telling us1 'this will do for men1 but it is not good for boys4' ,tobacco is not good for men2 but there is a very good reason why it is worse for boys4 ,if you were going to build a house1 would it be wise for you to put into the stone-work of the cellar something that would make it less strong8 ,something into the brick-work or the mortar1 the wood-work or the nails1 the walls or the chimneys1 that would make them weak and tottering1 instead of strong and steady8 ,it would he had enough if you should repair your house with poor materials2 but surely it must be built in the first place with the best you can get4 ,you will soon learn that boys and girls are building their bodies1 day after day1 until at last they reach full size4 ,afterward1 they must be repaired as fast as they wear out4 ,it would be foolish to build any part in a way to make it weaker than need be4 ,wise doctors have said that the boy who uses tobacco while he is growing1 makes every part of his body less strong than it otherwise would be4 ,even his bones will not grow so well4 ,boys who smoke can not become such large1 fine-looking men as they would if they did not smoke4 ,cigarettes are small1 but they are very poisonous4 ,chewing tobacco is a worse and more filthy habit even than smoking4 ,the frequent spitting it causes is disgusting to others and hurts the health of the chewer4 ,tobacco in any form is a great enemy to youth4 ,it stunts the growth1 hurts the mind1 and cripples in every way the boy or girl who uses it4 ,not that it does all this to every youth who smokes1 but it is always true that no boy of seven to fourteen can begin to smoke or chew and have so fine a body and mind when he is twenty-one years old as he would have had if he had never used tobacco4 ,if you want to be strong and well men and women1 do not use tobacco in any form4 ,,review ,,questions4 #a4 ,what two kinds of joints have you8 #b4 ,describe each kind4 #c4 ,find as many of each kind as you can4 #d4 ,how are the joints kept moist8 #e4 ,how many bones are there in your whole body8 #f4 ,count the bones in your hand4 #g4 ,of how many bones is your spine made8 #h4 ,why could you not use it so well if it were all in one piece8 #i4 ,what is the use of the little cushions between the bones of the spine8 #aj4 ,how many ribs have you8 #aa4 ,where are they8 #ab4 ,where are the shoulder-blades8 #ac4 ,where are the collar-bones8 #ad4 ,what are bones made of8 #ae4 ,how can we show this8 #af4 ,what is the difference between the bones of children and the bones of old people8 #ag4 ,why do children's bones bend easily8 #ah4 ,tell the story of the lame lady4 #ai4 ,what does this story teach you8 #bj4 ,what happens if you lean over your desk or work8 #ba4 ,how will this position injure your lungs8 #bb4 ,what other bones may be injured by wrong positions8 #bc4 ,why do old people's bones break easily8 #bd4 ,how should the feet be cared for8 #be4 ,how does tobacco affect the bones8 #bf4 ,what do doctors say of its use8 #bg4 ,what is said about cigarettes8 #bh4 ,what about chewing tobacco8 #bi4 ,to whom is tobacco a great enemy8 ,why8 #cj4 ,what is always true of its use by youth8 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,muscles4 ,illustration3 ,w,,hat makes the limbs move8 ,you have to take hold of the door to move it back and forth2 but you need not take hold of your arm to move that4 ,what makes it move8 ,sometimes a door or gate is made to shut itself1 if you leave it open4 ,this can be done by means of a wide rubber strap1 one end of which is fastened to the frame of the door near the hinge1 and the other end to the door1 out near its edge4 ,when we push open the door1 the rubber strap is stretched2 but as soon as we have passed through1 the strap tightens1 draws the door back1 and shuts it4 ,if you stretch out your right arm1 and clasp the upper part tightly with your left hand1 then work the elbow joint strongly back and forth1 you can feel something under your hand draw up1 and then lengthen out again1 each time you bend the joint4 ,what you feel1 is a muscle 7m7us'sl71 and it works your joints very much as the rubber strap works the hinge of the door4 ,one end of the muscle is fastened to the bone just below the elbow joint2 and the other end1 higher up above the joint4 ,when it tightens1 or contracts1 as we say1 it bends the joint4 ,when the arm is straightened1 the muscle returns to its first shape4 ,there is another muscle on the outside of the arm which stretches when this one shortens1 and so helps the working of the joint4 ,every joint has two or more muscles of its own to work it4 ,think how many there must be in our fingers6 ,if we should undertake to count all the muscles that move our whole bodies1 it would need more counting than some of you could do4 ,,tendons4 ,you can see muscles on the dinner table2 for they are only lean meat4 ,illustration3 ,tendons of the hand4 ,they are fastened to the bones by strong cords1 called tendons 7t7en'd7onz74 ,these tendons can be seen in the leg of a chicken or turkey4 ,they sometimes hold the meat so firmly that it is hard for you to get it off4 ,when you next try to pick a drum-stick1 remember that you are eating the strong muscles by which the chicken or turkey moved his legs as he walked about the yard4 ,the parts that have the most work to do1 need the strongest muscles4 ,did you ever see the swallows flying about the eaves of a barn8 ,do they have very stout legs8 ,no6 ,they have very small legs and feet1 because they do not need to walk4 ,they need to fly4 ,the muscles that move the wings are fastened to the breast4 ,these breast muscles of the swallow must be large and strong4 ,,exercise ,,of ,,the ,,muscles4 ,people who work hard with any part of the body make the muscles of that part very strong4 ,the blacksmith has big1 strong muscles in his arms because he uses them so much4 ,you are using your muscles every day1 and this helps them to grow4 ,once ,i saw a little girl who had been very sick4 ,she had to lie in bed for many weeks4 ,before her sickness she had plenty of stout muscles in her arms and legs and was running about the house from morning till night1 carrying her big doll in her arms4 ,after her sickness1 she could hardly walk ten steps1 and would rather sit and look at her playthings than try to lift them4 ,she had to make new muscles as fast as possible4 ,running1 coasting1 games of ball1 and all brisk play and work1 help to make strong muscles4 ,idle habits make weak muscles4 ,so idleness is an enemy to the muscles4 ,there is another enemy to the muscles about which ,i must tell you4 ,,what ,,alcohol ,,will ,,do ,,to ,,the ,,muscles4 ,muscles are lean meat4 ,fat meat could not work your joints for you as the muscles do4 ,alcohol often changes a part of the muscles to fat1 and so takes away a part of their strength4 ,in this way1 people often grow very fleshy from drinking beer1 because it contains alcohol1 as you will soon learn4 ,but they can not work any better on account of having this fat4 ,they are not really any stronger for it4 ,,review ,,questions4 #a4 ,how are the joints moved8 #b4 ,where are the muscles in your arms1 which help you to move your elbows8 #c4 ,show why joints must have muscles4 #d4 ,what do we call the muscles of the lower animals8 #e4 ,what fasten the muscles to the bones8 #f4 ,why do chickens and turkeys need strong muscles in their legs8 #g4 ,why do swallows need strong breast muscles8 #h4 ,what makes the muscles of the blacksmith's arm so strong8 #i4 ,what will make your muscles strong8 #aj4 ,what will make them weak8 #aa4 ,what does alcohol often do to the muscles8 #ab4 ,can fatty muscles work well8 #ac4 ,why does not drinking beer make one stronger8 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,nerves4 ,illustration3 ,h,,ow do the muscles know when to move8 ,you have all seen the telegraph wires1 by which messages are sent from one town to another1 all over the country4 ,you are too young to understand how this is done1 but you each have something inside of you1 by which you are sending messages almost every minute while you are awake4 ,we will try to learn a little about its wonderful way of working4 ,in your head is your brain4 ,it is the part of you which thinks4 ,as you would be very badly off if you could not think1 the brain is your most precious part1 and you have a strong box made of bone to keep it in4 ,illustration3 ,diagram of the nervous system4 ,we will call the brain the central telegraph office4 ,little white cords1 called nerves1 connect the brain with the rest of the body4 ,a large cord called the spinal cord1 lies safely in a bony case made by the spine1 and many nerves branch off from this4 ,if you put your finger on a hot stove1 in an instant a message goes on the nerve telegraph to the brain4 ,it tells that wise thinking part that your finger will burn1 if it stays on the stove4 ,in another instant1 the brain sends back a message to the muscles that move that finger1 saying3 ,contract quickly1 bend the joint1 and take that poor finger away so that it will not be burned4 ,you can hardly believe that there was time for all this sending of messages2 for as soon as you felt the hot stove1 you pulled your finger away4 ,but you really could not have pulled it away1 unless the brain had sent word to the muscles to do it4 ,now1 you know what we mean when we say1 ,as quick as thought4 ,surely nothing could be quicker4 ,you see that the brain has a great deal of work to do1 for it has to send so many orders4 ,there are some muscles which are moving quietly and steadily all the time1 though we take no notice of the motion4 ,you do not have to think about breathing1 and yet the muscles work all the time1 moving your chest4 ,if we had to think about it every time we breathed1 we should have no time to think of any thing else4 ,there is one part of the brain that takes care of such work for us4 ,it sends the messages about breathing1 and keeps the breathing muscles and many other muscles faithfully at work4 ,it does all this without our needing to know or think about it at all4 ,do you begin to see that your body is a busy work-shop1 where many kinds of work are being done all day and all night8 ,although we lie still and sleep in the night1 the breathing must go on1 and so must the work of those other organs that never stop until we die4 ,,other ,,work ,,of ,,the ,,nerves4 ,the little white nerve-threads lie smoothly side by side1 making small white cords4 ,each kind of message goes on its own thread1 so that the messages need never get mixed or confused4 ,these nerves are very delicate little messengers4 ,they do all the feeling for the whole body1 and by means of them we have many pains and many pleasures4 ,if there was no nerve in your tooth it could not ache4 ,but if there were no nerves in your mouth and tongue1 you could not taste your food4 ,if there were no nerves in your hands1 you might cut them and feel no pain4 ,but you could not feel your mother's soft1 warm hand1 as she laid it on yours4 ,one of your first duties is the care of yourselves4 ,children may say3 ,my father and mother take care of me4 ,but even while you are young1 there are some ways in which no one can take care of you but yourselves4 ,the older you grow1 the more this care will belong to you1 and to no one else4 ,think of the work all the parts of the body do for us1 and how they help us to be well and happy4 ,certainly the least we can do is to take care of them and keep them in good order4 ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,brain ,,and ,,nerves4 ,as one part of the brain has to take care of all the rest of the body1 and keep every organ at work1 of course it can never go to sleep itself4 ,if it did1 the heart would stop pumping1 the lungs would leave off breathing1 all other work would stop1 and the body would be dead4 ,but there is another part of the brain which does the thinking1 and this part needs rest4 ,when you are asleep1 you are not thinking1 but you are breathing and other work of the body is going on4 ,if the thinking part of the brain does not have good quiet sleep1 it will soon wear out4 ,a worn-out brain is not easy to repair4 ,if well cared for1 your brain will do the best of work for you for seventy or eighty years without complaining4 ,the nerves are easily tired out1 and they need much rest4 ,they get tired if we do one thing too long at a time2 they are rested by a change of work4 ,,is ,,alcohol ,,good ,,for ,,the ,,nerves ,,and ,,the ,,brain8 ,think of the wonderful work the brain is all the time doing for you6 ,you ought to give it the best of food to keep it in good working order4 ,any drink that contains alcohol is not a food to make one strong2 but is a poison to hurt1 and at last to kill4 ,it injures the brain and nerves so that they can not work well1 and send their messages properly4 ,that is why the drunkard does not know what he is about4 ,newspapers often tell us about people setting houses on fire2 about men who forgot to turn the switch1 and so wrecked a railroad train2 about men who lay down on the railroad track and were run over by the cars4 ,often these stories end with3 ,the person had been drinking4 ,when the nerves are put to sleep by alcohol1 people become careless and do not do their work faithfully2 sometimes1 they can not even tell the difference between a railroad track and a place of safety4 ,the brain receives no message1 or the wrong one1 and the person does not know what he is doing4 ,you may say that all men who drink liquor do not do such terrible things4 ,that is true4 ,a little alcohol is not so bad as a great deal4 ,but even a little makes the head ache1 and hurts the brain and nerves4 ,a body kept pure and strong is of great service to its owner4 ,there are people who are not drunkards1 but who often drink a little liquor4 ,by this means1 they slowly poison their bodies4 ,when sickness comes upon them1 they are less able to bear it1 and less likely to get well again1 than those who have never injured their bodies with alcohol4 ,when a sick or wounded man is brought into the hospital1 one of the first questions asked him by the doctor is3 ,do you drink8 ,if he answers ,yes6 the next questions are1 ,what do you drink8 and ,how much8 ,the answers he gives to these questions1 show the doctor what chance the man has of getting well4 ,a man who never drinks liquor will get well1 where a drinking man would surely die4 ,,tobacco ,,and ,,the ,,nerves4 ,why does any one wish to use tobacco8 ,because many men say that it helps them1 and makes them feel better4 ,shall ,i tell you how it makes them feel better8 ,if a man is cold1 the tobacco deadens his nerves so that he does not feel the cold and does not take pains to make himself warmer4 ,if a man is tired1 or in trouble1 tobacco will not really rest him or help him out of his trouble4 ,it only puts his nerves to sleep and helps him think that he is not tired1 and that he does not need to overcome his troubles4 ,it puts his nerves to sleep very much as alcohol does1 and helps him to be contented with what ought not to content him4 ,a boy who smokes or chews tobacco1 is not so good a scholar as if he did not use the poison4 ,he can not remember his lessons so well4 ,usually1 too1 he is not so polite1 nor so good a boy as he otherwise would be4 ,,review ,,questions4 #a4 ,how do the muscles know when to move8 #b4 ,what part of you is it that thinks8 #c4 ,what are the nerves8 #d4 ,where is the spinal cord8 #e4 ,what message goes to the brain when you put your finger on a hot stove8 #f4 ,what message comes back from the brain to the finger8 #g4 ,what is meant by ,as quick as thought8 #h4 ,name some of the muscles which work without needing our thought4 #i4 ,what keeps them at work8 #aj4 ,why do not the nerve messages get mixed and confused8 #aa4 ,why could you not feel1 if you had no nerves8 #ab4 ,state some ways in which the nerves give us pain4 #ac4 ,state some ways in which they give us pleasure4 #ad4 ,what part of us has the most work to do8 #ae4 ,how must we keep the brain strong and well8 #af4 ,what does alcohol do to the nerves and brain8 #ag4 ,why does not a drunken man know what he is about8 #ah4 ,what causes most of the accidents we read of8 #ai4 ,why could not the man who had been drinking tell the difference between a railroad track and a place of safety8 #bj4 ,how does the frequent drinking of a little liquor affect the body8 #ba4 ,how does sickness affect people who often drink these liquors8 #bb4 ,when a man is taken to the hospital1 what questions does the doctor ask8 #bc4 ,what depends upon his answers8 #bd4 ,why do many men use tobacco8 #be4 ,how does it make them feel better8 #bf4 ,does it really help a person who uses it8 #bg4 ,does tobacco help a boy to be a good scholar8 #bh4 ,how does it affect his manners8 ,illustration3 ,bones of the human body4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,what ,,is ,,alcohol8 ,illustration3 ,r,,ipe grapes are full of juice4 ,this juice is mostly water1 sweetened with a sugar of its own4 ,it is flavored with something which makes us know1 the moment we taste it1 that it is grape-juice1 and not cherry-juice or plum-juice4 ,apples also contain water1 sugar1 and apple flavor2 and cherries contain water1 sugar1 and cherry flavor4 ,the same is true of other fruits4 ,they all1 when ripe1 have the water and the sugar2 and each has a flavor of its own4 ,ripe grapes are sometimes gathered and put into great tubs called vats4 ,in these the juice is squeezed out4 ,in some countries1 this squeezing is done by bare-footed men who jump into the vats and press the grapes with their feet4 ,the grape-juice is then drawn off from the skins and seeds and left standing in a warm place4 ,bubbles soon begin to rise and cover the top of it with froth4 ,the juice is all in motion4 ,illustration3 ,picking grapes and making wine4 ,if the cook had wished to use this grape-juice to make jelly1 she would say3 ,now1 ,i can not make my grape-jelly1 for the grape-juice is spoiled4 ,,what ,,is ,,this ,,change ,,in ,,the ,,grape-,,juice8 ,the sugar in the grape-juice is changing into something else4 ,it is turning into alcohol and a gas,a that moves about in little bubbles in the liquid1 and rising to the top1 goes off into the air4 ,the alcohol is a thin liquid which1 mixed with the water1 remains in the grape-juice4 ,the sugar is gone2 alcohol and the bubbles of gas are left in its place4 ,this alcohol is a liquid poison4 ,a little of it will harm any one who drinks it2 much of it would kill the drinker4 ,ripe grapes are good food2 but grape-juice1 when its sugar has turned to alcohol1 is not a safe drink for any one4 ,it is poisoned by the alcohol4 ,,wine4 ,this changed grape-juice is called wine4 ,it is partly water1 partly alcohol1 and it still has the grape flavor in it4 ,wine is also made from currants1 elderberries1 and other fruits1 in very much the same way as from grapes4 ,people sometimes make it at home from the fruits that grow in their own gardens1 and think there is no alcohol in it1 because they do not put any in4 ,but you know that the alcohol is made in the fruit-juice itself by the change of the sugar into alcohol and the gas4 ,illustration ,it is the nature of alcohol to make the person who takes a little of it1 in wine1 or any other drink1 want more and more alcohol4 ,when one goes on1 thus taking more and more of the drinks that contain alcohol1 he is called a drunkard4 ,in this way wine has made many drunkards4 ,alcohol hurts both the body and mind4 ,it changes the person who drinks it4 ,it will make a good and kind person cruel and bad2 and will make a bad person worse4 ,every one who takes wine does not become a drunkard1 but you are not sure that you will not1 if you drink it4 ,you should not drink wine1 because there is alcohol in it4 ,,cider4 ,cider is made from apples4 ,in a few hours after the juice is pressed out of the apples1 if it is left open to the air the sugar begins to change4 ,like the sugar in the grape1 it changes into alcohol and bubbles of gas4 ,at first1 there is but little alcohol in cider1 but a little of this poison is dangerous4 ,more alcohol is all the time forming until in ten cups of cider there may be one cup of alcohol4 ,cider often makes its drinkers ill-tempered and cross4 ,cider and wine will turn into vinegar if left in a warm place long enough4 ,,review ,,questions4 #a4 ,what two things are in all fruit-juices8 #b4 ,how can we tell the juice of grapes from that of plums8 #c4 ,how can we tell the juice of apples from that of cherries8 #d4 ,what is often done with ripe grapes8 #e4 ,what happens after the grape-juice has stood a short time8 #f4 ,why would the changed grape-juice not be good to use in making jelly8 #g4 ,into what is the sugar in the juice changed8 #h4 ,what becomes of the gas8 #i4 ,what becomes of the alcohol8 #aj4 ,what is gone and what left8 #aa4 ,what is alcohol8 #ab4 ,what does alcohol do to those who drink it8 #ac4 ,when are grapes good food8 #ad4 ,when is grape-juice not a safe drink8 #ae4 ,why8 #af4 ,what is this changed grape-juice called8 #ag4 ,what is wine8 #ah4 ,from what is wine made8 #ai4 ,what do people sometimes think of home-made wines8 #bj4 ,how can alcohol be there when none has been put into it8 #ba4 ,what does alcohol make the person who takes it want8 #bb4 ,what is such a one called8 #bc4 ,what has wine done to many persons8 #bd4 ,what does alcohol hurt8 #be4 ,how does it change a person8 #bf4 ,are you sure you will not become a drunkard if you drink wine8 #bg4 ,why should you not drink it8 #bh4 ,what is cider made from8 #bi4 ,what soon happens to apple-juice8 #cj4 ,how may vinegar be made8 ,,footnote3 ,footnote ,a3 ,this gas is called car bon'ic acid gas4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,beer4 ,illustration3 ,a,,lcohol is often made from grains as well as from fruit4 ,the grain has starch instead of sugar4 ,if the starch in your mother's starch-box at home should be changed into sugar1 you would think it a very strange thing4 ,every year1 in the spring-time1 many thousand pounds of starch are changed into sugar in a hidden1 quiet way1 so that most of us think nothing about it4 ,,starch ,,and ,,sugar4 ,all kinds of grain are full of starch4 ,if you plant them in the ground1 where they are kept moist and warm1 they begin to sprout and grow1 to send little roots down into the earth1 and little stems up into the sunshine4 ,these little roots and stems must be fed with sugar2 thus1 in a wise way1 which is too wonderful for you to understand1 as soon as the seed begins to sprout1 its starch begins to turn into sugar4 ,illustration ,if you should chew two grains of wheat1 one before sprouting and one after1 you could tell by the taste that this is true4 ,barley is a kind of grain from which the brewer makes beer4 ,he must first turn its starch into sugar1 so he begins by sprouting his grain4 ,of course he does not plant it in the ground1 because it would need to be quickly dug up again4 ,he keeps it warm and moist in a place where he can watch it1 and stop the sprouting just in time to save the sugar1 before it is used to feed the root and stem4 ,this sprouted grain is called malt4 ,the brewer soaks it in plenty of water1 because the grain has not water in itself1 as the grape has4 ,he puts in some yeast to help start the work of changing the sugar into gas,b and alcohol4 ,sometimes hops are also put in1 to give it a bitter taste4 ,the brewer watches to see the bubbles of gas that tell1 as plainly as words could1 that sugar is going and alcohol is coming4 ,when the work is finished1 the barley has been made into beer4 ,it might have been ground and made into barley-cakes1 or into pearl barley to thicken our soups1 and then it would have been good food4 ,now1 it is a drink containing alcohol1 and alcohol is a poison4 ,you should not drink beer1 because there is alcohol in it4 ,two boys of the same age begin school together4 ,one of them drinks wine1 cider1 and beer4 ,the other never allows these drinks to pass his lips4 ,these boys soon become very different from each other1 because one is poisoning his body and mind with alcohol1 and the other is not4 ,a man wants a good1 steady boy to work for him4 ,which of these two do you think he will select8 ,a few years later1 a young man is wanted who can be trusted with the care of an engine or a bank4 ,it is a good chance4 ,which of these young men will be more likely to get it8 ,,review ,,questions4 #a4 ,is there sugar in grain8 #b4 ,what is in the grain that can be turned into sugar8 #c4 ,what can you do to a seed that will make its starch turn into sugar8 #d4 ,what does the brewer do to the barley to make its starch turn into sugar8 #e4 ,what is malt8 #f4 ,what does the brewer put into the malt to start the working8 #g4 ,what gives the bitter taste to beer8 #h4 ,how does the brewer know when sugar begins to go and alcohol to come8 #i4 ,why does he want the starch turned to sugar8 #aj4 ,is barley good for food8 #aa4 ,why is beer not good for food8 #ab4 ,why should you not drink it8 #ac4 ,why did the two boys of the same age1 at the same school1 become so unlike8 #ad4 ,which will have the best chance in life8 ,,footnote3 ,footnote ,b3 ,car bon'ic acid gas4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,distilling4 ,illustration3 ,d,,istilling 7d7is t7ill'ing7 may be a new word to you1 but you can easily learn its meaning4 ,you have all seen distilling going on in the kitchen at home1 many a time4 ,when the water in the tea-kettle is boiling1 what comes out at the nose8 ,steam4 ,what is steam8 ,you can find out what it is by catching some of it on a cold plate1 or tin cover4 ,as soon as it touches any thing cold1 it turns into drops of water4 ,when we boil water and turn it into steam1 and then turn the steam back into water1 we have distilled the water4 ,we say vapor instead of steam1 when we talk about the boiling of alcohol4 ,it takes less heat to turn alcohol to vapor than to turn water to steam2 so1 if we put over the fire some liquid that contains alcohol1 and begin to collect the vapor as it rises1 we shall get alcohol first1 and then water4 ,but the alcohol will not be pure alcohol2 it will be part water1 because it is so ready to mix with water that it has to be distilled many times to be pure4 ,but each time it is distilled1 it will become stronger1 because there is a little more alcohol and a little less water4 ,in this way1 brandy1 rum1 whiskey1 and gin are distilled1 from wine1 cider1 and the liquors which have been made from corn1 rye1 or barley4 ,the cider1 wine1 and beer had but little alcohol in them4 ,the brandy1 rum1 whiskey1 and gin are nearly one-half alcohol4 ,a glass of strong liquor which has been made by distilling1 will injure any one more1 and quicker1 than a glass of cider1 rum1 or beer4 ,but a cider1 wine1 or beer-drinker often drinks so much more of the weaker liquor1 that he gets a great deal of alcohol4 ,people are often made drunkards by drinking cider or beer4 ,the more poison1 the more danger4 ,,review ,,questions4 #a4 ,where have you ever seen distilling going on8 #b4 ,how can you distill water8 #c4 ,how can men separate alcohol from wine or from any other liquor that contains it8 #d4 ,why will not this be pure alcohol8 #e4 ,how is a liquor made stronger8 #f4 ,name some of the distilled liquors4 #g4 ,how are they made8 #h4 ,how much of them is alcohol8 #i4 ,which is the most harmful--the distilled liquor1 or beer1 wine1 or cider8 #aj4 ,why does the wine1 cider1 or beer-drinker often get as much alcohol8 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,alcohol4 ,illustration3 ,a,,lcohol looks like water1 but it is not at all like water4 ,alcohol will take fire1 and burn if a lighted match is held near it2 but you know that water will not burn4 ,when alcohol burns1 the color of the flame is blue4 ,it does not give much light3 it makes no smoke or soot2 but it does give a great deal of heat4 ,a little dead tree-toad was once put into a bottle of alcohol4 ,it was years ago1 but the tree-toad is there still1 looking just as it did the first day it was put in4 ,what has kept it so8 ,it is the alcohol4 ,the tree-toad would have soon decayed if it had been put into water4 ,so you see that alcohol keeps dead bodies from decaying4 ,pure alcohol is not often used as a drink4 ,people who take beer1 wine1 and cider get a little alcohol with each drink4 ,those who drink brandy1 rum1 whiskey1 or gin1 get more alcohol1 because those liquors are nearly one half alcohol4 ,you may wonder that people wish to use such poisonous drinks at all4 ,but alcohol is a deceiver4 ,it often cheats the man who takes a little1 into thinking it will be good for him to take more4 ,sometimes the appetite which begs so hard for the poison1 is formed in childhood4 ,if you eat wine-jelly1 or wine-sauce1 you may learn to like the taste of alcohol and thus easily begin to drink some weak liquor4 ,the more the drinker takes1 the more he often wants1 and thus he goes on from drinking cider1 wine1 or beer1 to drinking whiskey1 brandy1 or rum4 ,thus drunkards are made4 ,people who are in the habit of taking drinks which contain alcohol1 often care more for them than for any thing else1 even when they know they are being ruined by them4 ,,review ,,questions4 #a4 ,how does alcohol look8 #b4 ,how does alcohol burn8 #c4 ,what will alcohol do to a dead body8 #d4 ,what drinks contain a little alcohol8 #e4 ,what drinks are about one half alcohol8 #f4 ,how does alcohol cheat people8 #g4 ,when is the appetite sometimes formed8 #h4 ,why should you not eat wine-sauce or wine-jelly8 #i4 ,how are drunkards made8 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,tobacco4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,farmer who had been in the habit of planting his fields with corn1 wheat1 and potatoes1 once made up his mind to plant tobacco instead4 ,let us see whether he did any good to the world by the change4 ,the tobacco plants grew up as tall as a little boy or girl1 and spread out broad1 green leaves4 ,by and by he pulled the stalks1 and dried the leaves4 ,some of them he pressed into cakes of tobacco2 some he rolled into cigars2 and some he ground into snuff4 ,if you ask what tobacco is good for1 the best answer will be1 to tell you what it will do to a man or boy who uses it1 and then let you answer the question for yourselves4 ,tobacco contains something called nicotine 7n7ik'o t7in74 ,this is a strong poison4 ,one drop of it is enough to kill a dog4 ,in one cigar there is enough1 if taken pure1 to kill two men4 ,illustration ,even to work upon tobacco1 makes people pale and sickly4 ,once ,i went into a snuff mill1 and the man who had the care of it showed me how the work was done4 ,the mill stood in a pretty place1 beside a little stream which turned the mill-wheel4 ,tall trees bent over it1 and a fresh breeze was blowing through the open windows4 ,yet the smell of the tobacco was so strong that ,i had to go to the door many times1 for a breath of pure air4 ,i asked the man if it did not make him sick to work there4 ,he said3 ,it made me very sick for the first few weeks4 ,then ,i began to get used to it1 and now ,i don't mind it4 ,he was like the boys who try to learn to smoke4 ,it almost always makes them sick at first2 but they think it will be manly to keep on4 ,at last1 they get used to it4 ,the sickness is really the way in which the boy's body is trying to say to him3 ,there is danger here2 you are playing with poison4 ,let me stop you before great harm is done4 ,perhaps you will say3 ,i have seen men smoke cigars1 even four or five in a day1 and it didn't kill them4 ,it did not kill them1 because they did not swallow the nicotine4 ,they only drew in a little with the breath4 ,but taking a little poison in this way1 day after day1 can not be safe1 or really helpful to any one4 ,,review ,,questions4 #a4 ,what did the farmer plant instead of corn1 wheat1 and potatoes8 #b4 ,what was done with the tobacco leaves8 #c4 ,what is the name of the poison which is in tobacco8 #d4 ,how much of it is needed to kill a dog8 #e4 ,what harm can the nicotine in one cigar do1 if taken pure8 #f4 ,tell the story of the visit to the snuff mill4 #g4 ,why are boys made sick by their first use of tobacco8 #h4 ,why does not smoking a cigar kill a man8 #i4 ,what is said about a little poison8 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,opium4 ,illustration3 ,a,,lcohol and tobacco are called narcotics 7nar k7ot'iks74 ,this means that they have the power of putting the nerves to sleep4 ,opium 7o'p7i 7um7 is another narcotic4 ,it is a poison made from the juice of poppies1 and is used in medicines4 ,opium is put into soothing-syrups 7s7ir'7ups71 and these are sometimes given to babies to keep them from crying4 ,they do this by injuring the tender nerves and poisoning the little body4 ,how can any one give a baby opium to save taking patient care of it8 ,surely the mothers would not do it1 if they knew that this soothing-syrup that appears like a friend1 coming to quiet and comfort the baby1 is really an enemy4 ,illustration3 ,don't give soothing-syrup to children4 ,sometimes1 a child no older than some of you are1 is left at home with the care of a baby brother or sister2 so it is best that you should know about this dangerous enemy1 and never be tempted to quiet the baby by giving him a poison1 instead of taking your best and kindest care of him4 ,,review ,,questions4 #a4 ,what is a narcotic8 #b4 ,name three narcotics8 #c4 ,from what is opium made8 #d4 ,for what is it used8 #e4 ,why is soothing-syrup dangerous8 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,what ,,are ,,organs8 ,illustration3 ,a,n organ is a part of the body which has some special work to do4 ,the eye is the organ of sight4 ,the stomach 7st7um'7ak7 is an organ which takes care of the food we eat4 ,,the ,,teeth4 ,illustration3 ,different kinds of teeth4 ,your teeth do not look alike1 since they must do different kinds of work4 ,the front ones cut1 the back ones grind4 ,they are made of a kind of bone covered with a hard smooth enamel 77en 7am'el74 ,if the enamel is broken1 the teeth soon decay and ache1 for each tooth is furnished with a nerve that very quickly feels pain4 ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,teeth4 ,cracking nuts with the teeth1 or even biting thread1 is apt to break the enamel2 and when once broken1 you will wish in vain to have it mended4 ,the dentist can fill a hole in the tooth2 but he can not cover the tooth with new enamel4 ,bits of food should be carefully picked from between the teeth with a tooth-pick of quill or wood1 never with a pin or other hard and sharp thing which might break the enamel4 ,the teeth must also be well brushed4 ,nothing but perfect cleanliness will keep them in good order4 ,always brush them before breakfast4 ,your breakfast will taste all the better for it4 ,brush them at night before you go to bed1 lest some food should be decaying in your mouth during the night4 ,take care of these cutters and grinders1 that they may not decay1 and so be unable to do their work well4 ,,the ,,chest ,,and ,,abdomen4 ,you have learned about the twenty-four little bones in the spine1 and the ribs that curve around from the spine to the front1 or breast-bone4 ,these bones1 with the shoulder-blades and the collar-bones1 form a bony case or box4 ,in it are some of the most useful organs of the body4 ,this box is divided across the middle by a strong muscle1 so that we may say it is two stories high4 ,the upper room is called the chest2 the lower one1 the abdomen 77ab do'm7en74 ,in the chest1 are the heart and the lungs4 ,in the abdomen1 are the stomach1 the liver1 and some other organs4 ,,the ,,stomach4 ,the stomach is a strong bag1 as wonderful a bag as could be made1 you will say1 when ,i tell you what it can do4 ,the outside is made of muscles2 the lining prepares a juice called gastric 7g7as'tr7ik7 juice1 and keeps it always ready for use4 ,now1 what would you think if a man could put into a bag1 beef1 and apples1 and potatoes1 and bread and milk1 and sugar1 and salt1 tie up the bag and lay it away on a shelf for a few hours1 and then show you that the beef had disappeared1 so had the apples1 so had the potatoes1 the bread and milk1 sugar1 and salt1 and the bag was filled only with a thin1 grayish fluid8 ,would you not call it a magical bag8 ,now1 your stomach and mine are just such magical bags4 ,we put in our breakfasts1 dinners1 and suppers2 and1 after a few hours1 they are changed4 ,the gastric juice has been mixed with them4 ,the strong muscles that form the outside of the stomach have been squeezing the food1 rolling it about1 and mixing it together1 until it has all been changed to a thin1 grayish fluid4 ,,how ,,does ,,anybody ,,know ,,this8 ,a soldier was once shot in the side in such a way that when the wound healed1 it left an opening with a piece of loose skin over it1 like a little door leading into his stomach4 ,a doctor who wished to learn about the stomach1 hired him for a servant and used to study him every day4 ,he would push aside the little flap of skin and put into the stomach any kind of food that he pleased1 and then watch to see what happened to it4 ,in this way1 he learned a great deal and wrote it down1 so that other people might know1 too4 ,in other ways1 also1 which it would take too long to tell you here1 doctors have learned how these magical food-bags take care of our food4 ,,why ,,does ,,the ,,food ,,need ,,to ,,be ,,changed8 ,your mamma tells you sometimes at breakfast that you must eat oat-meal and milk to make you grow into a big man or woman4 ,did you ever wonder what part of you is made of oat-meal1 or what part of milk8 ,that stout little arm does not look like oat-meal2 those rosy cheeks do not look like milk4 ,if our food is to make stout arms and rosy cheeks1 strong bodies and busy brains1 it must first be changed into a form in which it can get to each part and feed it4 ,when the food in the stomach is mixed and prepared1 it is ready to be sent through the body2 some is carried to the bones1 some to the muscles1 some to the nerves and brain1 some to the skin1 and some even to the finger nails1 the hair1 and the eyes4 ,each part needs to be fed in order to grow4 ,,why ,,do ,,people ,,who ,,are ,,not ,,growing ,,need ,,food8 ,children need each day to make larger and larger bones1 larger muscles1 and a larger skin to cover the larger body4 ,every day1 each part is also wearing out a little1 and needing to be mended by some new food4 ,people who have grown up1 need their food for this work of mending4 ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,stomach4 ,one way to take care of the stomach is to give it only its own work to do4 ,the teeth must first do their work faithfully4 ,the stomach must have rest1 too4 ,i have seen some children who want to make their poor stomachs work all the time4 ,they are always eating apples1 or candy1 or something1 so that their stomachs have no chance to rest4 ,if the stomach does not rest1 it will wear out the same as a machine would4 ,the stomach can not work well1 unless it is quite warm4 ,if a person pours ice-water into his stomach as he eats1 just as the food is beginning to change into the gray fluid of which you have learned1 the work stops until the stomach gets warm again4 ,,alcohol ,,and ,,the ,,stomach4 ,you remember about the man who had the little door to his stomach4 ,sometimes1 the doctor put in wine1 cider1 brandy1 or some drink that contained alcohol1 to see what it would do4 ,it was carried away very quickly2 but during the little time it stayed1 it did nothing but harm4 ,it injured the gastric juice1 so that it could not mix with the food4 ,if the doctor had put in more alcohol1 day after day1 as one does who drinks liquor1 sores would perhaps have come on the delicate lining of the stomach4 ,sometimes the stomach is so hurt by alcohol1 that the drinker dies4 ,if the stomach can not do its work well1 the whole body must suffer from want of the good food it needs4,c ,,tobacco ,,and ,,the ,,mouth4 ,the saliva in the mouth helps to prepare the food1 before it goes into the stomach4 ,tobacco makes the mouth very dry1 and more saliva has to flow out to moisten it4 ,but tobacco juice is mixed with the saliva1 and that must not be swallowed4 ,it must be spit out1 and with it is sent the saliva that was needed to help prepare the food4 ,tobacco discolors the teeth1 makes bad sores in the mouth1 and often causes a disease of the throat4 ,you can tell where some people have been1 by the neatness and comfort they leave after them4 ,you can tell where the tobacco-user has been1 by the dirty floor1 and street1 and the air made unfit to breathe1 because of the smoke and strong1 bad smell of old tobacco from his pipe and cigar and from his breath and clothes4 ,,review ,,questions4 #a4 ,what are organs8 #b4 ,what work do the front teeth do8 the back teeth8 #c4 ,what are the teeth made of8 #d4 ,what causes the toothache8 #e4 ,how is the enamel often broken8 #f4 ,why should a tooth-pick be used8 #g4 ,why should the teeth be well brushed8 #h4 ,when should they be brushed8 #i4 ,what bones form a case or box8 #aj4 ,what is the upper room of this box called8 the lower room8 #aa4 ,what organs are in the chest8 the abdomen8 #ab4 ,what is the stomach8 #ac4 ,what does its lining do8 #ad4 ,what do the stomach and the gastric juice do to the food we have eaten8 #ae4 ,how did anybody find out what the stomach could do8 #af4 ,why must all the food we eat be changed8 #ag4 ,why do you need food8 #ah4 ,why do people who are not growing need food8 #ai4 ,what does alcohol do to the gastric juice8 to the stomach8 #bj4 ,what is the use of the saliva8 #ba4 ,how does the habit of spitting injure a person8 #bb4 ,how does tobacco affect the teeth8 the mouth8 #bc4 ,how does the tobacco-user annoy other people8 ,,footnote3 ,footnote ,c3 ,the food is partly prepared by the liver and some other organs4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,what ,,does ,,the ,,body ,,need ,,for ,,food8 ,illustration3 ,n,,ow that you know how the body is fed1 you must next learn what to feed it with2 and what each part needs to make it grow and to keep it strong and well4 ,,water4 ,a large part of your body is made of water4 ,so you need1 of course1 to drink water1 and to have it used in preparing your food4 ,water comes from the clouds1 and is stored up in cisterns or in springs in the ground4 ,from these pipes are laid to lead the water to our houses4 ,sometimes1 men dig down until they reach a spring1 and so make a well from which they can pump the water1 or dip it out with a bucket4 ,water that has been standing in lead pipes1 may have some of the lead mixed with it4 ,such water would be very likely to poison you1 if you drank it4 ,impurities are almost sure to soak into a well if it is near a drain or a stable4 ,if you drink the water from such a well1 you may be made very sick by it4 ,it is better to go thirsty1 until you can get good water4 ,a sufficient quantity of pure water to drink is just as important for us1 as good food to eat4 ,we could not drink all the water that our bodies need4 ,we take a large part of it in our food1 in fruits and vegetables1 and even in beefsteak and bread4 ,,lime4 ,bones need lime4 ,you remember the bone that was nothing but crumbling lime after it had been in the fire4 ,where shall we get lime for our bones8 ,we can not eat lime2 but the grass and the grains take it out of the earth4 ,then the cows eat the grass and turn it into milk1 and in the milk we drink1 we get some of the lime to feed our bones4 ,illustration3 ,lime being prepared for our use4 ,in the same way1 the grain growing in the field takes up lime and other things that we need1 but could not eat for ourselves4 ,the lime that thus becomes a part of the grain1 we get in our bread1 oat-meal porridge1 and other foods4 ,,salt4 ,animals need salt1 as children who live in the country know very well4 ,they have seen how eagerly the cows and the sheep lick up the salt that the farmer gives them4 ,even wild cattle and buffaloes seek out places where there are salt springs1 and go in great herds to get the salt4 ,we1 too1 need some salt mixed with our food4 ,if we did not put it in1 either when cooking1 or afterward1 we should still get a little in the food itself4 ,,flesh-,,making ,,foods4 ,muscles are lean meat1 that is flesh2 so muscles need flesh-making foods4 ,these are milk1 and grains like wheat1 corn and oats2 also1 meat and eggs4 ,most of these foods really come to us out of the ground4 ,meat and eggs are made from the grain1 grass1 and other vegetables that the cattle and hens eat4 ,,fat-,,making ,,foods4 ,we need cushions and wrappings of fat1 here and there in our bodies1 to keep us warm and make us comfortable4 ,so we must have certain kinds of food that will make fat4 ,illustration3 ,esquimaux catching walrus4 ,there are right places and wrong places for fat1 as well as for other things in this world4 ,when alcohol puts fat into the muscles1 that is fat badly made1 and in the wrong place4 ,the good fat made for the parts of the body which need it1 comes from fat-making foods4 ,in cold weather1 we need more fatty food than we do in summer1 just as in cold countries people need such food all the time4 ,the ,esquimaux1 who live in the lands of snow and ice1 catch a great many walrus and seal1 and eat a great deal of fat meat4 ,you would not be well unless you ate some fat or butter or oil4 ,,what ,,will ,,make ,,fat8 ,sugar will make fat1 and so will starch1 cream1 rice1 butter1 and fat meat4 ,as milk will make muscle and fat and bones1 it is the best kind of food4 ,here1 again1 it is the earth that sends us our food4 ,fat meat comes from animals well fed on grain and grass2 sugar1 from sugar-cane1 maple-trees1 or beets2 oil1 from olive-trees2 butter1 from cream2 and starch1 from potatoes1 and from corn1 rice1 and other grains4 ,green apples and other unripe fruits are not yet ready to be eaten4 ,the starch which we take for food has to be changed into sugar1 before it can mix with the blood and help feed the body4 ,as the sun ripens fruit1 it changes its starch to sugar4 ,you can tell this by the difference in the taste of ripe and unripe apples4 ,,candy4 ,most children like candy so well1 that they are in danger of eating more sugar than is good for them4 ,you would starve if fed only on sugar4 ,we would not need to be quite so much afraid of a little candy if it were not for the poison with which it is often colored4 ,even what is called pure1 white candy is sometimes not really such4 ,there is a simple way by which you can find this out for yourselves4 ,if you put a spoonful of sugar into a tumbler of water1 it will all dissolve and disappear4 ,put a piece of white candy into a tumbler of water2 and1 if it is made of pure sugar only1 it will dissolve and disappear4 ,if it is not1 you will find at the bottom of the tumbler some white earth4 ,this is not good food for anybody4 ,candy-makers often put it into candy in place of sugar1 because it is cheaper than sugar4 ,,review ,,questions4 #a4 ,why do we need food8 #b4 ,how do people get water to drink8 #c4 ,why is it not safe to drink water that has been standing in lead pipes8 #d4 ,why is the water of a well that is near a drain or a stable1 not fit to drink8 #e4 ,what food do the bones need8 #f4 ,how do we get lime for our bones8 #g4 ,what is said about salt8 #h4 ,what food do the muscles need8 #i4 ,name some flesh-making foods4 #aj4 ,why do we need fat in our bodies8 #aa4 ,what is said of the fat made by alcohol8 #ab4 ,what kinds of food will make good fat8 #ac4 ,what do the ,esquimaux eat8 #ad4 ,how does the sun change unripe fruits8 #ae4 ,why is colored candy often poisonous8 #af4 ,what is sometimes put into white candy8 ,why8 #ag4 ,how could you show this8 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,how ,,food ,,becomes ,,part ,,of ,,the ,,body4 ,illustration3 ,h,,ere1 at last1 is the bill of fare for our dinner3 ,roast beef1 ,potatoes1 ,tomatoes1 ,squash1 ,bread1 ,butter1 ,salt1 ,water1 ,peaches1 ,bananas1 ,oranges1 ,grapes4 ,what must be done first1 with the different kinds of food that are to make up this dinner8 ,the meat1 vegetables1 and bread must be cooked4 ,cooking prepares them to be easily worked upon by the mouth and stomach4 ,if they were not cooked1 this work would be very hard4 ,instead of going on quietly and without letting us know any thing about it1 there would be pains and aches in the overworked stomach4 ,the fruit is not cooked by a fire2 but we might almost say the sun had cooked it1 for the sun has ripened and sweetened it4 ,when you are older1 some of you may have charge of the cooking in your homes4 ,you must then remember that food well cooked is worth twice as much as food poorly cooked4 ,a good cook has more to do with the health of the family1 than a good doctor4 ,,the ,,saliva4 ,next to the cooking comes the eating4 ,as soon as we begin to chew our food1 a juice in the mouth1 called saliva 7sa li'va71 moistens and mixes with it4 ,saliva has the wonderful power of turning starch into sugar2 and the starch in our food needs to be turned into sugar1 before it can be taken into the blood4 ,you can prove for yourselves that saliva can turn starch into sugar4 ,chew slowly a piece of dry cracker4 ,the cracker is made mostly of starch1 because wheat is full of starch4 ,at first1 the cracker is dry and tasteless4 ,soon1 however1 you find it tastes sweet2 the saliva is changing the starch into sugar4 ,all your food should be eaten slowly and chewed well1 so that the saliva may be able to mix with it4 ,otherwise1 the starch may not be changed2 and if one part of your body neglects its work1 another part will have more than its share to do4 ,that is hardly fair4 ,if you swallow your food in a hurry and do not let the saliva do its work1 the stomach will have extra work4 ,but it will find it hard to do more than its own part1 and1 perhaps1 will complain4 ,it can not speak in words2 but will by aching1 and that is almost as plain as words4 ,,swallowing4 ,next to the chewing1 comes the swallowing4 ,is there any thing wonderful about that8 ,we have two passages leading down our throats4 ,one is to the lungs1 for breathing2 the other1 to the stomach1 for swallowing4 ,do you wonder why the food does not sometimes go down the wrong way8 ,the windpipe leading to the lungs is in front of the other tube4 ,it has at its top a little trap-door4 ,this opens when we breathe and shuts when we swallow1 so that the food slips over it safely into the passage behind1 which leads to the stomach4 ,if you try to speak while you have food in your mouth1 this little door has to open1 and some bit of food may slip in4 ,the windpipe will not pass it to the lungs1 but tries to force it back4 ,then we say the food chokes us4 ,if the windpipe can not succeed in forcing back the food1 the person will die4 ,,how ,,the ,,food ,,is ,,carried ,,through ,,the ,,body4 ,but we will suppose that the food of our dinner has gone safely down into the stomach4 ,there the stomach works it over1 and mixes in gastric juice1 until it is all a gray fluid4 ,now it is ready to go into the intestines1--a long1 coiled tube which leads out of the stomach1--from which the prepared food is taken into the blood4 ,the blood carries it to the heart4 ,the heart pumps it out with the blood into the lungs1 and then all through the body1 to make bone1 and muscle1 and skin1 and hair1 and eyes1 and brain4 ,besides feeding all these parts1 this dinner can help to mend any parts that may be broken4 ,suppose a boy should break one of the bones of his arm1 how could it be mended8 ,if you should bind together the two parts of a broken stick and leave them a while1 do you think they would grow together8 ,no1 indeed6 ,but the doctor could carefully bind together the ends of the broken bone in the boy's arm and leave it for awhile1 and the blood would bring it bone food every day1 until it had grown together again4 ,so a dinner can both make and mend the different parts of the body4 ,,review ,,questions4 #a4 ,what shall we have for dinner8 #b4 ,what is the first thing to do to our food8 #c4 ,why do we cook meat and vegetables8 #d4 ,why do not ripe fruits need cooking8 #e4 ,what is said about a good cook8 #f4 ,what is the first thing to do after taking the food into your mouth8 #g4 ,why must you chew it8 #h4 ,what does the saliva do to the food8 #i4 ,how can you prove that saliva turns starch into sugar8 #aj4 ,what happens if the food is not chewed and mixed with the saliva8 #aa4 ,what comes next to the chewing8 #ab4 ,what is there wonderful about swallowing8 #ac4 ,what must you be careful about1 when you are swallowing8 #ad4 ,what happens to the food after it is swallowed8 #ae4 ,how is it changed in the stomach8 #af4 ,what carries the food to every part of the body8 #ag4 ,how can food mend a bone8 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,strength4 ,illustration3 ,h,,ere are the names of some of the different kinds of food4 ,if you write them on the blackboard or on your slates1 it will help you to remember them4 ,water4 ,salt4 ,lime4 ,meat1 ,sugar1 ,milk1 ,starch1 ,eggs1 ,fat1 for fat and heat4 ,wheat1 for muscles4 ,cream1 ,corn1 ,oil1 ,oats1 ,perhaps some of you noticed that we had no wine1 beer1 nor any drink that had alcohol in it1 on our bill of fare for dinner4 ,we had no cigars1 either1 to be smoked after dinner4 ,if these are good things1 we ought to have had them4 ,why did we leave them out8 ,we should eat in order to grow strong and keep strong4 ,,strength ,,of ,,body4 ,if you wanted to measure your strength1 one way of doing so would be to fasten a heavy weight to one end of a rope and pass the rope over a pulley4 ,then you might take hold at the other end of the rope and pull as hard and steadily as you could1 marking the place to which you raised the weight4 ,by trying this once a week1 or once a month1 you could tell by the marks1 whether you were gaining strength4 ,but how can we gain strength8 ,we must exercise in the open air1 and take pure air into our lungs to help purify our blood1 and plenty of exercise to make our muscles grow4 ,we must eat good and simple food1 that the blood may have supplies to take to every part of the body4 ,,alcohol ,,and ,,strength4 ,people used to think that alcohol made them strong4 ,can alcohol make good muscles1 or bone1 or nerve1 or brain8 ,you have already answered ,no6 to each of these questions4 ,if it can not make muscles1 nor bone nor nerve1 nor brain1 it can not give you any strength4 ,,beer4 ,some people may tell you that drinking beer will make you strong4 ,the grain from which the beer is made1 would have given you strength4 ,if you should measure your strength before and after drinking beer1 you would find that you had not gained any4 ,most of the food part of the grain has been turned into alcohol4 ,,cider4 ,the juice of crushed apples1 you know1 is called cider4 ,as soon as the cider begins to turn sour1 or hard1 as people say1 alcohol begins to form in it4 ,pure water is good1 and apples are good4 ,but the apple-juice begins to be a poison as soon as there is the least drop of alcohol in it4 ,in cider-making1 the alcohol forms in the juice1 you know1 in a few hours after it is pressed out of the apples4 ,none of the drinks in which there is alcohol1 can give you real strength4 ,then why do people think they can8 ,because alcohol puts the nerves to sleep1 they can not1 truly1 tell the brain how hard the work is1 or how heavy the weight to be lifted4 ,the alcohol has in this way cheated men into thinking they can do more than they really can4 ,this false feeling of strength lasts only a little while4 ,when it has passed1 men feel weaker than before4 ,a story which shows that alcohol does not give strength1 was told me by the captain of a ship1 who sailed to ,china and other distant places4 ,many years ago1 when people thought a little alcohol was good1 it was the custom to carry in every ship1 a great deal of rum4 ,this liquor is distilled from molasses and contains about one half alcohol4 ,this rum was given to the sailors every day to drink2 and1 if there was a great storm1 and they had very hard work to do1 it was the custom to give them twice as much rum as usual4 ,illustration ,the captain watched his men and saw that they were really made no stronger by drinking the rum2 but that1 after a little while1 they felt weaker4 ,so he determined to go to sea with no rum in his ship4 ,once out on the ocean1 of course the men could not get any4 ,at first1 they did not like it2 but the captain was very careful to have their food good and plentiful2 and1 when a storm came1 and they were wet and cold and tired1 he gave them hot coffee to drink4 ,by the time they had crossed the ocean1 the men said3 ,the captain is right4 ,we have worked better1 and we feel stronger1 for going without the rum4 ,,strength ,,of ,,mind4 ,we have been talking about the strength of muscles2 but the very best kind of strength we have is brain strength1 or strength of mind4 ,alcohol makes the head ache and deadens the nerves1 so that they can not carry their messages correctly4 ,then the brain can not think well4 ,alcohol does not strengthen the mind4 ,some people have little or no money1 and no houses or lands2 but every person ought to own a body and a mind that can work for him1 and make him useful and happy4 ,suppose you have a strong1 healthy body1 hands that are well-trained to work1 and a clear1 thinking brain to be master of the whole4 ,would you be willing to change places with a man whose body and mind had been poisoned by alcohol1 tobacco1 and opium1 even though he lived in a palace1 and had a million of dollars8 ,if you want a mind that can study1 understand1 and think well1 do not let alcohol and tobacco have a chance to reach it4 ,,review ,,questions4 #a4 ,what things were left out of our bill of fare8 #b4 ,how could you measure your strength8 #c4 ,how can you gain strength8 #d4 ,why does drinking beer not make you strong8 #e4 ,show why drinking wine or any other alcoholic drink will not make you strong4 #f4 ,why do people imagine that they feel strong after taking these drinks8 #g4 ,tell the story which shows that alcohol does not help sailors do their work4 #h4 ,what is the best kind of strength to have8 #i4 ,how does alcohol affect the strength of the mind8 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,heart4 ,illustration3 ,t,,he heart is in the chest1 the upper part of the strong box which the ribs1 spine1 shoulder-blades1 and collar-bones make for each of us4 ,it is made of very thick1 strong muscles1 as you can see by looking at a beef's heart1 which is much like a man's1 but larger4 ,,how ,,the ,,heart ,,works4 ,probably some of you have seen a fire-engine throwing a stream of water through a hose upon a burning building4 ,as the engine forces the water through the hose1 so the heart1 by the working of its strong muscles1 pumps the blood through tubes1 shaped like hose1 which lead by thousands of little branches all through the body4 ,these tubes are called arteries 7aer't7er iz74 ,those tubes which bring the blood back again to the heart1 are called veins 7vanz74 ,you can see some of the smaller veins in your wrist4 ,if you press your finger upon an artery in your wrist1 you can feel the steady beating of the pulse4 ,this tells just how fast the heart is pumping and the blood flowing4 ,the doctor feels your pulse when you are sick1 to find out whether the heart is working too fast1 or too slowly1 or just right4 ,some way is needed to send the gray fluid that is made from the food we eat and drink1 to every part of the body4 ,to send the food with the blood is a sure way of making it reach every part4 ,so1 when the stomach has prepared the food1 the blood takes it up and carries it to every part of the body4 ,it then leaves with each part1 just what it needs4 ,,the ,,blood ,,and ,,the ,,brain4 ,as the brain has so much work to attend to1 it must have very pure1 good blood sent to it1 to keep it strong4 ,good blood is made from good food4 ,it can not be good if it has been poisoned with alcohol or tobacco4 ,we must also remember that the brain needs a great deal of blood4 ,if we take alcohol into our blood1 much of it goes to the brain4 ,there it affects the nerves1 and makes a man lose control over his actions4 ,,exercise4 ,when you run1 you can feel your heart beating4 ,it gets an instant of rest between the beats4 ,good exercise in the fresh air makes the heart work well and warms the body better than a fire could do4 ,,does ,,alcohol ,,do ,,any ,,harm ,,to ,,the ,,heart8 ,your heart is made of muscle4 ,you know what harm alcohol does to the muscles4 ,could a fatty heart work as well as a muscular heart8 ,no more than a fatty arm could do the work of a muscular arm4 ,besides1 alcohol makes the heart beat too fast1 and so it gets too tired4 ,,review ,,questions4 #a4 ,where is the heart placed8 #b4 ,of what is it made8 #c4 ,what work does it do8 #d4 ,what are arteries and veins8 #e4 ,what does the pulse tell us8 #f4 ,how does the food we eat reach all parts of the body8 #g4 ,how does alcohol in the blood affect the brain8 #h4 ,when does the heart rest8 #i4 ,how does exercise in the fresh air help the heart8 #aj4 ,what harm does alcohol do to the heart8 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,the ,,lungs4 ,illustration3 ,t,,he blood flows all through the body1 carrying good food to every part4 ,it also gathers up from every part the worn-out matter that can no longer be used4 ,by the time it is ready to be sent back by the veins1 the blood is no longer pure and red4 ,it is dull and bluish in color1 because it is full of impurities4 ,if you look at the veins in your wrist1 you will see that they look blue4 ,if all this bad blood goes back to the heart1 will the heart have to pump out bad blood next time8 ,no1 for the heart has neighbors very near at hand1 ready to change the bad blood to pure1 red blood again4 ,,the ,,lungs4 ,these neighbors are the lungs4 ,they are in the chest on each side of the heart4 ,when you breathe1 their little air-cells swell out1 or expand1 to take in the air4 ,then they contract again1 and the air passes out through your mouth or nose4 ,the lungs must have plenty of fresh air1 and plenty of room to work in4 ,illustration3 ,the lungs1 heart1 and air-passages4 ,if your clothes are too tight and the lungs do not have room to expand1 they can not take in so much air as they should4 ,then the blood can not be made pure1 and the whole body will suffer4 ,for every good breath of fresh air1 the lungs take in1 they send out one of impure air4 ,in this way1 by taking out what is bad1 they prepare the blood to go back to the heart pure and red1 and to be pumped out through the body again4 ,how the lungs can use the fresh air for doing this good work1 you can not yet understand4 ,by and by1 when you are older1 you will learn more about it4 ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,lungs4 ,do the lungs ever rest8 ,you never stop breathing1 not even in the night4 ,but if you watch your own breathing you will notice a little pause between the breaths4 ,each pause is a rest4 ,but the lungs are very steady workers1 both by night and by day4 ,the least we can do for them1 is to give them fresh air and plenty of room to work in4 ,you may say3 ,we can't give them more room than they have4 ,they are shut up in our chests4 ,i have seen people who wore such tight clothes that their lungs did not have room to take a full breath4 ,if any part of the lungs can not expand1 it will become useless4 ,if your lungs can not take in air enough to purify the blood1 you can not be so well and strong as ,god intended1 and your life will be shortened4 ,if some one was sewing for you1 you would not think of shutting her up in a little place where she could not move her hands freely4 ,the lungs are breathing for you1 and need room enough to do their work4 ,,the ,,air4 ,the lungs breathe out the waste matter that they have taken from the blood4 ,this waste matter poisons the air4 ,if we should close all the doors and windows1 and the fireplace or opening into the chimney1 and leave not even a crack by which the fresh air could come in1 we would die simply from staying in such a room4 ,the lungs could not do their work for the blood1 and the blood could not do its work for the body4 ,impure air-will poison you4 ,you should not breathe it4 ,if your head aches1 and you feel dull and sleepy from being in a close room1 a run in the fresh air will make you feel better4 ,the good1 pure air makes your blood pure2 and the blood then flows quickly through your whole body and refreshes every part4 ,we must be careful not to stay in close rooms in the day-time1 nor sleep in close rooms at night4 ,we must not keep out the fresh air that our bodies so much need4 ,it is better to breathe through the nose than through the mouth4 ,you can soon learn to do so1 if you try to keep your mouth shut when walking or running4 ,if you keep the mouth shut and breathe through the nose1 the little hairs on the inside of the nose will catch the dust or other impurities that are floating in the air1 and so save their going to the lungs4 ,you will get out of breath less quickly when running if you keep your mouth shut4 ,,does ,,alcohol ,,do ,,any ,,harm ,,to ,,the ,,lungs8 ,the little air-cells of the lungs have very delicate muscular 7m7us'ku lar7 walls4 ,every time we breathe1 these walls have to move4 ,the muscles of the chest must also move1 as you can all notice in yourselves1 as you breathe4 ,all this muscular work1 as well as that of the stomach and heart1 is directed by the nerves4 ,you have learned already what alcohol will do to muscles and nerves1 so you are ready to answer for stomach1 for heart1 and for lungs4 ,is alcohol a help to them8 ,,review ,,questions4 #a4 ,besides carrying food all over the body1 what other work does the blood do8 #b4 ,why does the blood in the veins look blue8 #c4 ,where is the blood made pure and red again8 #d4 ,where is it sent1 from the lungs8 #e4 ,what must the lungs have in order to do this work8 #f4 ,when do the lungs rest8 #g4 ,why should we not wear tight clothes8 #h4 ,how does the air in a room become spoiled8 #i4 ,how can we keep it fresh and pure8 #aj4 ,how should we breathe8 #aa4 ,why is it better to breathe through the nose than through the mouth8 #ab4 ,why is alcohol not good for the lungs8 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,skin4 ,illustration3 ,t,,here is another part of your body carrying away waste matter all the time--it is the skin4 ,the body is covered with skin4 ,it is also lined with a more delicate kind of skin4 ,you can see where the outside skin and the lining skin meet at your lips4 ,there is a thin outside layer of skin which we can pull off without hurting ourselves2 but ,i advise you not to do so4 ,because under the outside skin is the true skin1 which is so full of little nerves that it will feel the least touch as pain4 ,when the outer skin1 which protects it1 is torn away1 we must cover the true skin to keep it from harm4 ,in hot weather1 or when any one has been working or playing hard1 the face1 and sometimes the whole body1 is covered with little drops of water4 ,we call these drops perspiration 7per sp7i ra'sh7un74 ,illustration3 ,perspiratory tube4 ,where does it come from8 ,it comes through many tiny holes in the skin1 called pores 7porz74 ,every pore is the mouth of a tiny tube which is carrying off waste matter and water from your body4 ,if you could piece together all these little perspiration tubes that are in the skin of one person1 they would make a line more than three miles long4 ,sometimes1 you can not see the perspiration1 because there is not enough of it to form drops4 ,but it is always coming out through your skin1 both in winter and summer4 ,your body is kept healthy by having its worn-out matter carried off in this way1 as well as in other ways4 ,,the ,,nails4 ,the nails grow from the skin4 ,the finger nails are little shields to protect the ends of your fingers from getting hurt4 ,these finger ends are full of tiny nerves1 and would be badly off without such shields4 ,no one likes to see nails that have been bitten4 ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,skin4 ,waste matter is all the time passing out through the perspiration tubes in the skin4 ,this waste matter must not be left to clog up the little openings of the tubes4 ,it should be washed off with soap and water4 ,when children have been playing out-of-doors1 they often have very dirty hands and faces4 ,any one can see1 then1 that they need to be washed4 ,but even if they had been in the cleanest place all day and had not touched any thing dirty1 they would still need the washing2 for the waste matter that comes from the inside of the body is just as hurtful as the mud or dust of the street4 ,you do not see it so plainly1 because it comes out very little at a time4 ,wash it off well1 and your skin will be fresh and healthy1 and able to do its work4 ,if the skin could not do its work1 you would die4 ,do not keep on your rubber boots or shoes all through school-time4 ,rubber will not let the perspiration pass off1 so the little pores get clogged and your feet begin to feel uncomfortable1 or your head may ache4 ,no part can fail to do its work without causing trouble to the rest of the body4 ,but you should always wear rubbers out-of-doors when the ground is wet4 ,certainly1 they are very useful then4 ,when you are out in the fresh air1 you are giving the other parts of your body such a good chance to perspire1 that your feet can bear a little shutting up4 ,but as soon as you come into the house1 take the rubbers off4 ,now that you know what the skin is doing all the time1 you will understand that the clothes worn next to your skin are full of little worn-out particles1 brought out by the perspiration4 ,when these clothes are taken off at night1 they should be so spread out1 that they will air well before morning4 ,never wear any of the clothes through the night1 that you have worn during the day4 ,do not roll up your night-dress in the morning and put it under your pillow4 ,give it first a good airing at the window and then hang it where the air can reach it all day4 ,by so doing1 you will have sweeter sleep at night4 ,you are old enough to throw the bed-clothes off from the bed1 before leaving your rooms in the morning4 ,in this way1 the bed and bed-clothes may have a good airing4 ,be sure to give them time enough for this4 ,,work ,,of ,,the ,,body4 ,you have now learned about four important kinds of work3-- #ast4 ,the stomach prepares the food for the blood to take4 #b;d4 ,the blood is pumped out of the heart to carry food to every part of the body1 and to take away worn-out matter4 #c;d4 ,the lungs use fresh air in making the dark1 impure blood1 bright and pure again4 #dth4 ,the skin carries away waste matter through the little perspiration tubes4 ,all this work goes on1 day and night1 without our needing to think about it at all2 for messages are sent to the muscles by the nerves which keep them faithfully at work1 whether we know it or not4 ,,review ,,questions4 #a4 ,what covers the body8 #b4 ,what lines the body8 #c4 ,where are the nerves of the skin8 #d4 ,what is perspiration8 ,what is the common name for it8 #e4 ,what are the pores of the skin8 #f4 ,how does the perspiration help to keep you well8 #g4 ,of what use are the nails8 #h4 ,how should they be kept8 #i4 ,what care should be taken of the skin8 #aj4 ,why should you not wear rubber boots or overshoes in the house8 #aa4 ,why should you change under-clothing night and morning8 #ab4 ,where should the night-dress be placed in the morning8 #ac4 ,what should be done with the bed-clothes8 ,why8 #ad4 ,name the four kinds of work about which you have learned4 #ae4 ,how are the organs of the body kept at work8 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,senses4 ,illustration3 ,w,e have five ways of learning about all things around us4 ,we can see them1 touch them1 taste them1 smell them1 or hear them4 ,sight1 touch1 taste1 smell1 and hearing1 are called the five senses4 ,you already know something about them1 for you are using them all the time4 ,in this lesson1 you will learn a little more about seeing and hearing4 ,,the ,,eyes4 ,in the middle of your eye is a round1 black spot1 called the pupil4 ,this pupil is only a hole with a muscle around it4 ,when you are in the light1 the muscle draws up1 and makes the pupil small1 because you can get all the light you need through a small opening4 ,when you are in the dark1 the muscle stretches1 and opens the pupil wide to let in more light4 ,the pupils of the cat's eyes are very large in the dark4 ,they want all the light they can get1 to see if there are any mice about4 ,illustration3 ,the eyelashes and the tear-glands4 ,the pupil of the eye opens into a little1 round room where the nerve of sight is4 ,this is a safe place for this delicate nerve1 which can not bear too much light4 ,it carries to the brain an account of every thing we see4 ,we might say the eye is taking pictures for us all day long1 and that the nerve of sight is describing these pictures to the brain4 ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,eyes4 ,the nerves of sight need great care1 for they are very delicate4 ,do not face a bright light when you are reading or studying4 ,while writing1 you should sit so that the light will come from the left side2 then the shadow of your hand will not fall upon your work4 ,one or two true stories may help you to remember that you must take good care of your eyes4 ,the nerve of sight can not bear too bright a light4 ,it asks to have the pupil made small1 and even the eyelid curtains put down1 when the light is too strong4 ,once1 there was a boy who said boastfully to his playmates3 ,let us see which of us can look straight at the sun for the longest time4 ,then they foolishly began to look at the sun4 ,the delicate nerves of sight felt a sharp pain1 and begged to have the pupils made as small as possible and the eyelid curtains put down4 ,but the foolish boys said ,no4 ,they were trying to see which would bear it the longest4 ,great harm was done to the brains as well as eyes of both these boys4 ,the one who looked longest at the sun died in consequence of his foolish act4 ,the second story is about a little boy who tried to turn his eyes to imitate a schoolmate who was cross-eyed4 ,he turned them2 but he could not turn them back again4 ,although he is now a gentleman more than fifty years old and has had much painful work done upon his eyes1 the doctors have never been able to set them quite right4 ,you see from the first story1 that you must be careful not to give your eyes too much light4 ,but you must also be sure to give them light enough4 ,when one tries to read in the twilight1 the little nerve of sight says3 ,give me more light2 ,i am hurt1 by trying to see in the dark4 ,if you should kill these delicate nerves1 no others would ever grow in place of them1 and you would never be able to see again4 ,,the ,,ears4 ,what you call your ears are only pieces of gristle1 so curved as to catch the sounds and pass them along to the true ears4 ,these are deeper in the head1 where the nerve of hearing is waiting to send an account of each sound to the brain4 ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,ears4 ,the ear nerve is in less danger than that of the eye4 ,careless children sometimes put pins into their ears and so break the drum4 ,that is a very bad thing to do4 ,use only a soft towel in washing your ears4 ,you should never put any thing hard or sharp into them4 ,i must tell you a short ear story1 about my father1 when he was a small boy4 ,one day1 when playing on the floor1 he laid his ear to the crack of the door1 to feel the wind blow into it4 ,he was so young that he did not know it was wrong2 but the next day he had the earache severely4 ,although he lived to be an old man1 he often had the earache4 ,he thought it began from the time when the wind blew into his ear from under that door4 ,,alcohol ,,and ,,the ,,senses4 ,all this fine work of touching1 tasting1 seeing1 smelling1 and hearing1 is nerve work4 ,the man who is in the habit of using alcoholic drinks can not touch1 taste1 see1 smell1 or hear so well as he ought4 ,his hands tremble1 his speech is sometimes thick1 and often he can not walk straight4 ,sometimes1 he thinks he sees things when he does not1 because his poor nerves are so confused by alcohol that they can not do their work4 ,answer now for your taste1 smell1 and touch1 and also for your sight and hearing2 should their beautiful work be spoiled by alcohol8 ,,review ,,questions4 #a4 ,name the five senses4 #b4 ,what is the pupil of the eye8 #c4 ,how is it made larger or smaller8 #d4 ,why does it change in size8 #e4 ,what can a cat's eyes do8 #f4 ,where is the nerve of the eye8 #g4 ,what work does it do8 #h4 ,why must one be careful of his eyes8 #i4 ,where should the light be for reading or studying8 #aj4 ,tell the story of the boys who looked at the sun4 #aa4 ,tell the story of the boy who made himself cross-eyed4 #ab4 ,why should you not read in the twilight8 #ac4 ,what would be the result1 if you should kill the nerves of sight8 #ad4 ,where are the true ears8 #ae4 ,how may the nerves of hearing be injured8 #af4 ,tell the story of the boy who injured his ear4 #ag4 ,how is the work of the senses affected by drinking liquor8 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,heat ,,and ,,cold4 ,,what ,,makes ,,us ,,warm8 ,illustration3 ,m,y thick1 warm clothes make me warm1 says some child4 ,no6 ,your thick1 warm clothes keep you warm4 ,they do not make you warm4 ,take a brisk run1 and your blood will flow faster and you will be warm very quickly4 ,on a cold day1 the teamster claps his hands and swings his arms to make his blood flow quickly and warm him4 ,every child knows that he is warm inside2 for if his fingers are cold1 he puts them into his mouth to warm them4 ,if you should put a little thermometer into your mouth1 or under your tongue1 the mercury 7mer'ku r7y7 would rise as high as it does out of doors on a hot1 summer day4 ,this would be the same in summer or winter1 in a warm country or a cold one1 if you were well and the work of your body was going on steadily4 ,,where ,,does ,,this ,,heat ,,come ,,from8 ,some of the work which is all the time going on inside your body1 makes this heat4 ,the blood is thus warmed1 and then it carries the heat to every part of the body4 ,the faster the blood flows1 the more heat it brings1 and the warmer we feel4 ,in children1 the heart pumps from eighty to ninety times a minute4 ,this is faster than it works in old people1 and this is one reason why children are generally much warmer than old people4 ,but we are losing heat all the time4 ,you may breathe in cold air2 but that which you breathe out is warm4 ,a great deal of heat from your warm body is all the time passing off through your skin1 into the cooler air about you4 ,for this reason1 a room full of people is much warmer than the same room when empty4 ,,clothing4 ,we put on clothes to keep in the heat which we already have1 and to prevent the cold air from reaching our skins and carrying off too much heat in that way4 ,most of you children are too young to choose what clothes you will wear4 ,others decide for you4 ,you know1 however1 that woolen under-garments keep you warm in winter1 and that thick boots and stockings should be worn in cold weather4 ,thin dresses or boots may look pretty2 but they are not safe for winter wear1 even at a party4 ,a healthy1 happy child1 dressed in clothes which are suitable for the season1 is pleasanter to look at than one whose dress1 though rich and handsome1 is not warm enough for health or comfort4 ,when you feel cold1 take exercise1 if possible4 ,this will make the hot blood flow all through your body and warm it4 ,if you can not1 you should put on more clothes1 go to a warm room1 in some way get warm and keep warm1 or the cold will make you sick4 ,,taking ,,cold4 ,if your skin is chilled1 the tiny mouths of the perspiration tubes are sometimes closed and can not throw out the waste matter4 ,then1 if one part fails to do its work1 other parts must suffer4 ,perhaps the inside skin becomes inflamed1 or the throat and lungs1 and you have a cold1 or a cough4 ,,alcohol ,,and ,,cold4 ,people used to think that nothing would warm one so well on a cold day1 as a glass of whiskey1 or other alcoholic drink4 ,it is true that1 if a person drinks a little alcohol1 he will feel a burning in the throat1 and presently a glowing heat on the skin4 ,the alcohol has made the hot blood rush into the tiny tubes near the skin1 and he thinks it has warmed him4 ,but if all this heat comes to the skin1 the cold air has a chance to carry away more than usual4 ,in a very little time1 the drinker will be colder than before4 ,perhaps he will not know it2 for the cheating alcohol will have deadened his nerves so that they send no message to the brain4 ,then he may not have sense enough to put on more clothing and may freeze4 ,he may even1 if it is very cold1 freeze to death4 ,people1 who have not been drinking alcohol are sometimes frozen2 but they would have frozen much quicker if they had drunk it4 ,horse-car drivers and omnibus drivers have a hard time on a cold winter day4 ,they are often cheated into thinking that alcohol will keep them warm2 but doctors have learned that it is the water-drinkers who hold out best against the cold4 ,alcohol can not really keep a person warm4 ,all children are interested in stories about ,arctic explorers1 whose ships get frozen into great ice-fields1 who travel on sledges drawn by dogs1 and sometimes live in ,esquimau huts1 and drink oil1 and eat walrus meat4 ,these men tell us that alcohol will not keep them warm1 and you know why4 ,the hunters and trappers in the snowy regions of the ,rocky ,mountains say the same thing4 ,alcohol not only can not keep them warm2 but it lessens their power to resist cold4 ,illustration3 ,scene in the ,arctic regions4 ,many of you have heard about the ,greely party who were brought home from the ,arctic seas1 after they had been starving and freezing for many months4 ,there were twenty-six men in all4 ,of these1 nineteen died4 ,seven were found alive by their rescuers2 one of these died soon afterward4 ,the first man who died1 was the only one of the party who had ever been a drunkard4 ,of the nineteen who died1 all but one used tobacco4 ,of the six now living1--four never used tobacco at all2 and the other two1 very seldom4 ,the tobacco was no real help to them in time of trouble4 ,it had probably weakened their stomachs1 so that they could not make the best use of such poor food as they had4 ,,review ,,questions4 #a4 ,why do you wear thick clothes in cold weather8 #b4 ,how can you prove that you are warm inside8 #c4 ,what makes this heat8 #d4 ,what carries this heat through your body8 #e4 ,how rapidly does your heart beat8 #f4 ,how are you losing heat all the time8 #g4 ,how can you warm yourself without going to the fire8 #h4 ,will alcohol make you warmer1 or colder8 #i4 ,how does it cheat you into thinking that you will be warmer for drinking it8 #aj4 ,what do the people who travel in very cold countries1 tell us about the use of alcohol8 #aa4 ,how did tobacco affect the men who went to the ,arctic seas with ,lieutenant ,greely8 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,wasted ,,money4 ,,cost ,,of ,,alcohol4 ,illustration3 ,n,,ow that you have learned about your bodies1 and what alcohol will do to them1 you ought also to know that alcohol costs a great deal of money4 ,money spent for that which will do no good1 but only harm1 is certainly wasted1 and worse than wasted4 ,if a boy or a girl save ten cents a week1 it will take ten weeks to save a dollar4 ,you can all think of many good and pleasant ways to spend a dollar4 ,what would the beer-drinker do with it8 ,if he takes two mugs of beer a day1 the dollar will be used up in ten days4 ,but we ought not to say used1 because that word will make us think it was spent usefully4 ,we will say1 instead1 the dollar will be wasted1 in ten days4 ,if he spends it for wine or whiskey1 it will go sooner1 as these cost more4 ,if no money was spent for liquor in this country1 people would not so often be sick1 or poor1 or bad1 or wretched4 ,we should not need so many policemen1 and jails1 and prisons1 as we have now4 ,if no liquor was drunk1 men1 women1 and children would be better and happier4 ,,cost ,,of ,,tobacco4 ,most of you have a little money of your own4 ,perhaps you earned a part1 or the whole of it1 yourselves4 ,you are planning what to do with it1 and that is a very pleasant kind of planning4 ,do you think it would be wise to make a dollar bill into a tight little roll1 light one end of it with a match1 and then let it slowly burn up8 ,that would be wasting it1 you say6 7,see ,frontispiece47 ,yes6 it would be wasted1 if thus burned4 ,it would be worse than wasted1 if1 while burning1 it should also hurt the person who held it4 ,if you should buy cigars or tobacco with your dollar1 and smoke them1 you could soon burn up the dollar and hurt yourselves besides4 ,can you count a million8 ,can you count a hundred millions8 ,try some day to do this counting4 ,then1 when you begin to have some idea how much six hundred millions is1 remember that six hundred million dollars are spent in this country every year for tobacco--burned up--wasted--worse than wasted4 ,do you think the farmer who planted tobacco instead of corn1 did any good to the world by the change8 ,,review ,,questions4 #a4 ,how may one waste money8 #b4 ,name some good ways for spending money4 #c4 ,how does the liquor-drinker spend his money8 #d4 ,what could we do1 if no money was spent for liquor8 #e4 ,tell two ways in which you could burn up a dollar bill4 #f4 ,which would be the safer way8 #g4 ,how much money is spent for tobacco1 yearly1 in this country8 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,this book contains pronunciation codes4 ,these are indicated in the text by the following breve3 7i macron3 i tilde3 i slash through the letter3 l ,obvious punctuation errors repaired4