,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,,! ,,v5us ,,( ,,milo4 7,see page #hg47 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,art ,,= ,,beg9n]s ,,& ,,/ud5ts ,,pa9t+--,,sculpture--,,ar*itecture ,,) ,,complete ,,indexes ,,& ,,num]\s ,,illu/rations ,,by ,,cl>a ,,ersk9e ,,clem5t ,,au?or ,,( ,,h&book ,,( ,,leg5d>y ,,& ,,my?ological ,,art1 ,,pa9t]s1 ,,sculptors1 ,,engrav]s1 ,,ar*itects ,,& ,,_! ,,works1 ,,arti/s ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury1 ,,etc4 ,,new ,,york ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,/okes ,,company ,,mdcccxci ,,copyright1 #ahhg1 ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,/okes1 ,,successor ,,to ,,:ite1 ,,/okes1 ,,all54 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,,anci5t ,,sculpture3 ,,egypt1 #a ,,assyria1 #aj ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,greek ,,sculpture1 #ah ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,anci5t ,,italian ,,sculpture1 #hb ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,m$iaeval ,,sculpture1 ,,f ,,! ,,fif? ,,to ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury1 #aje ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,italian ,,sculpture ,,9 ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury1 #acf ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,sculpture ,,9 ,,g]many1 ,,france1 ,,engl&1 ,,& ,,spa91 ,,f #adej ,,to #aeej1 #afj ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,italian ,,sculpture ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury--,,cell9i1 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo1 ,,& ,,o!rs1 #aha ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,european ,,sculpture ,,f ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,to ,,canova1 #bac ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,canova1 ,,?orwalds51 ,,& ,,o!r ,,rec5t ,,sculptors1 #bce ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,v5us ( ,milo1 ,frontispiece ,/atue ( ,cephr5 9 ! ,museum at ,cairo1 #c ,v>i\s ,k9ds ( ,dogs1 #e ,&rosph9x1 #f ,kriosph9x1 #f ,! ,great ,sph9x1 #g ,hi]acosph9x1 #h ,! ,colossi at ,!bes1 #i ,poli%+ a ,colossal ,/atue1 #aj ,mode ( ,transport+ a ,colossus f ! ,qu>ries 7f a li?ographic ,draw+71 #aa ,/atue ( ,s>danapalus ,i4 7f ,nimrud71 #ab ,lion-,hunt 7f ,nimrud71 #ac ,w\nd$ ,lion ,bit+ a ,*>iot-:eel1 #ae ,arm-*air or ,?rone 7,khorsabad71 #af ,mode ( ,draw+ ! ,b[ 7,koyunjik71 #ag ,lion ,dev\r+ ,de]1 #bb ,h]acles1 ,triton1 & ,n]eids1 #bc ,h]acles & ! ,cecrops1 #bc ,actaeon & 8 ,dogs1 #bd ,f ! ,h>py ,monum5t1 ,london1 #be ,figures f ! ,p$im5t ( ! ,temple ( ,m9]va1 at ,a,egina1 #bg ,ar*ai/ic ,artemis at ,naples1 #bh ,! ,discobolus 7,myron71 #cj ,a!nian ,co9s ) ! ,m9]va ,proma*os1 #cd ,co9 ( ,elis ) ! ,olympian ,zeus1 #cf ,bu/ ( ,jupit] f\nd at ,otricoli1 #cg ,torso ( a ,/atue ( ,!seus 7871 #ch ,f ! ,frieze ( ! ,p>!non1 #dc ,! ,five ,c5tral ,figures1 #dd ,y\?s ,prep>+ to jo9 ! ,cavalcade1 #de ,horsem5 ,/>t+1 #df ,procession ( ,cavalry1 #df ,procession ( ,*>iots1 #dg ,tra9 ( ,musicians & ,y\?s1 #dg ,c[s = ,sacrifice1 #dh ,tra9 ( ,noble ,maid5s1 #dh ,head ( ,asclepius 79 ! ,briti% ,museum71 #ej ,a ,w\nd$ ,amazon 7,cresilas71 #eb ,/atue ( ,p]icles 7,cresilas71 #eb ,eir5e & ! ,"y ,plutus 7,cephisodotus71 #ef ,portrait ( ,mausolus1 #eg ,f ! ,frieze ( ! ,mausoleum1 #eh ,! ,eros ( ,c5tocelle1 #fj ,niobe & h] ,y\nge/ ,daught]1 #fb ,bro!r & ,si/]1 #fc ,! ,elde/ ,daught]1 #fd ,a ,niobid1 #fe ,ganym$e 7aft] ,leo*>es71 #ff ,monum5t ( ,lysicrates 7,a!ns71 #fg ,bac*us & ,lion 7f ! ,lysicrates ,monum5t71 #fh ,! ,apoxyom5os ( ,lysippus1 #fi ,! ,laocoon ,gr\p1 #ge ,! ,f>nese ,bull1 #gg ,gallic ,w>rior 7,v5ice71 #gh ,! ,dy+ ,gaul1 #gi ,boy & ,goose1 #hj ,sp9>io1 #ha ,v5us de' ,m$ici1 #hf ,! ,f>nesian ,h]cules1 #hi ,! ,apollo ,belv$]e1 #ij ,head ( ,apollo ,belv$]e1 #ia ,! ,/e9haeus] ,head1 #ia ,! ,/rogan(f ,apollo1 #ib ,diane a la ,bi*e1 #ie ,a!na ( ! ,capitol1 #if ,triumphal ,procession f ,ar* ( ,titus1 #ig ,f ! ,reliefs ( ,trajan's ,column1 #ii ,portrait ( ,sophocles1 #aja ,/atue ( ,augu/us1 #ajb ,agripp9a ! ,eld]1 #ajc ,/atue ( ,/4 ,pet]1 #ajf ,f ! ,ca!dra ( ,maximianus1 #aji ,dipty* 7,zuri*71 #aaj ,f ! ,facade ( ,*>tres ,ca!dral1 #aac ,f ! ,nor? ,transept ( ,rheims ,ca!dral1 #aah ,f ! ,we/ ,facade ( ,/rasburg ,ca!dral1 #abj ,duke ,rob]t ( ,norm&y1 #aba ,ivory ,relief 7,hunt+ ,sc5e71 #abd ,relief by ,nicola ,pisano 7,lucca71 #abh ,relief f ! ,pulpit at ,pisa 7,nicola ,pisano71 #abi ,campo ,santo ( ,pisa 7,giovanni ,pisano71 #acb ,relief by ,jacopo della ,qu]cia 7,bologna71 #ach ,f ! ,ea/]n ,gates 7%[+ comp>tm5ts #f1 #h1 & #aj71 #ada ,! ,annunciation 7,donatello71 #adc ,/atue ( ,/4 ,george 7,donatello71 #add ,danc+ ,boys 7,luca della ,robbia71 #adg ,boy ) ,dolph9 7,v]oc*io71 #adi ,/atue ( ,colleoni 7,v]oc*io71 #aej ,t]ra-cottas f ! ,osp$ale ,gr&e 7,milan71 #aef ,c\nt ,eb]h>d von ,grumba* 7,rimp>71 #afi ,ju/ice1 #agj ,! ,?ree ,wise ,virg9s1 #agj ,tomb ( ,/4 ,sebald 7,nuremb]g71 #agb ,pet] ,vis*]'s ,/atue1 #agc ,/4 ,sebald & ! ,burn+ ,icicles 7,vis*]71 #agd ,pet] 7,vis*]71 #age ,john 7,vis*]71 #age ,man & ,geese 7,lab5wolf71 #agf ,ph>isee1 ,levite 7,ru/ici71 #ahc ,bac*us 7,jacopo ,sansov9o71 #ahe ,p]seus 7,b5v5uto ,cell9i71 #aia ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,angel 7,bologna71 #aig ,pieta 7,mi*ael ,angelo71 #aii ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,david1 #bja ,giuliano de' ,m$ici 7,mi*ael ,angelo71 #bje ,/atue ( ,moses 7,mi*ael ,angelo71 #bjg ,m]cury 7,giovanni da ,bologna71 #bae ,relief by ,b]ruguete 7,valladolid71 #bag ,rape ( ,pros]p9e 7,b]n9i71 #bbe ,c>yatide 7,quell9us71 #bca ,heads ( ,dy+ ,w>riors 7,s*luet]71 #bcb ,! ,great ,elector 7,s*luet]71 #bcc ,! ,?ree ,graces 7,canova71 #bda ,hebe 7,canova71 #bdf ,ariadne & ! ,pan!r 7,danneck]71 #bdi ,jason 7,?orwalds571 #bef ,ganym$e & ! ,eagle 7,?orwalds571 #bfj ,! ,?ree ,graces 7,?orwalds571 #bfa ,/atue ( ,que5 ,l\ise 7,rau*71 #bgj ,nymph 7by ,bosio71 #bgc ,,sculpture4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,anci5t ,,sculpture4 ,,egypt4 ,no "o c speak ) exactness z to ! "t :5 sculpture 0 fir/ practis$ by ! ,egyptians2 we only "k t x 0 a v long "t ago4 ,b we d "k t 9 ! "t ( ! twelf? dyna/y1 :i* dates f #bdff ,b4,c41 sculpture _h rea*$ a /age ( excell5ce su* z c\ld only h result$ f ! exp]i5ce ( _m ye>s ( tra9+ & practice 9 ?is art4 ,9 ! ,egyptian collection ( ! ,l\vre1 at ,p>is1 !re is ! memorial /one ( an old ,egyptian sculptor :i* has an inscription t reads z if he _h writt5 x himself2 ?is 0 ! way by :i* ,egyptians made ^! inscriptions s\nd z if ! dead !mselves spoke to ^? :o 7 /ill alive4 ,?is sculptor's "n 0 ,m>tis51 & he liv$ ab\t =ty-f\r c5turies ago4 ,brugs*-,bey1 a v le>n$ writ] on ,egypt1 says3 ,he calls himself 'a ma/] among ^? :o und]/& art1 & a pla/ic arti/1' :o '0 a wise arti/ 9 8 art4' ,he relates 9 succession 8 k 9 ! mak+ ( /atues1 9 e position1 accord+ to prescrib$ use & measure2 & br+s =w>d1 z 8 p>ticul> inv5tion1 an et*+ ) colors1 if ,i h rightly und]/ood ! expression1 ':i* c nei!r be injur$ by fire nor wa%$ (f by wat]2 '&1 z a fur!r explanation ( ?is1 /ates t 'no man has aris5 :o has be5 able to d ?is except himself alone & ! elde/ son ( 8 race1 :om ,god's w has creat$4 ,he has aris5 able to d ?is1 & ! ex]cise ( 8 h& has be5 admir$ 9 ma/]ly works 9 all sorts ( preci\s /ones1 f gold & silv] to ivory & ebony4' ,!re is no d\bt b t ,m>tis5 & 8 son1 :o 0 nam$ ,usurtas51 7 sculptors at ! "t :5 ,egyptian art rea*$ its highe/ po9t4 ,! e>lie/ works ( ,egyptian sculpture are ! bas-reliefs f\nd 9 ! *amb]s ( ! tombs2 ! walls are almo/ cov]$ ) !m1 & !y are pa9t$ ) colors :i* are /ill bright & fre%1 ?\gh m ?an f\r ?\s& ye>s h pass$ s9ce !y 7 put on4 ,! subjects ( ^! reliefs are tak5 f ! life ( ! p]sons buri$ 9 ! tombs1 & ev5 _! possessions & occupations are ?us repres5t$4 ,^! sculptures 7 made by trac+ ! designs on ! /one & !n cutt+ x away betwe5 ! figures4 ,! mode ( arrangem5t 9 ^! reliefs does n satisfy our ideas ( :at x %\ld be4 ,x seems z if ! arti/s _h no plan ( _! "w 9 _! m9ds--no aim z to :at ! effect %\ld be :5 f9i%$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! reliefs impress u z if ! sculptors made "o figure1 & !n add$ ano!r & ano!r 9 su* a way z to repres5t ! fact !y wi%$ to tell )\t any att5tion to ! beauty ( ! :ole2 & s x does n seem z if !re 0 any unity 9 !m1 b z if ! l>ge bas-reliefs 7 made up ( disjo9t$ p>ts :i* 9 "o s5se really h no relation to ea* o!r4 ,! same is true ( ! ,egyptian /atues4 ,x appe>s z if ! diff]5t p>ts might h be5 made sep>ately or ev5 by diff]5t sculptors1 & !n jo9$ toge!r4 ,all ?is is because ! ,egyptians seem$ to ?9k ( an object 9 p>ts & n z a :ole4 ,!n1 too1 ! position ( ! e>ly /atues 0 s unnatural & awkw>d4 ,! arms 7 plac$ close to ! sides ( ! body1 & !re 0 no sep>ation betwe5 ! legs2 & ?\gh 9 "s ( _! articles ( furniture1 _! pott]y1 & 9 ! details ( _! ar*itecture1 ! ,egyptians made a great advance1 !y did n equally improve 9 _! sculpture4 ,"o great h9drance to ! progress ( ,egyptian sculpture 0 ! fact t figures 7 nev] repres5t$ 9 action4 ,!y 7 n figures mov+ & liv+ 9 /one2 !y 7 l figures petrifi$ & fix$3 !y 7 /atues1 & no "o c =get ?is = a mom5t :ile look+ at !m4 ,i c le>n ( b "o ,egyptian figure sculptur$ z if 9 action2 ?is is a quoit-?r[] 9 ! ,tombs ( ! ,k+s4 ,a sitt+ /atue1 :e!r ( a man or a woman1 _h ! h&s re/$ on ! knees or held across ! brea/ 7,fig4 #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,/atue ,,( ,,cephr5 ,,9 ,,! ,,museum ,,at ,,cairo4 ,!re 7 v few gr\ps 9 ,egyptian sculpture1 & ^! seldom _h m ?an two figures4 ,x 0 cu/om>y to repres5t a husb& & wife sitt+ on ! same *air hold+ ea* o!r's h&s1 or hav+ _! arms ar\nd "o ano!r's wai/s or %\ld]s4 ,sometimes ! pr9cipal figure is ( l>ge size1 & ! inf]ior p]sons are made mu* small] & plac$ at ! sides ( ! l>g] figure4 ,9 %ort1 v few attitudes are repres5t$ 9 ,egyptian sculpture1 & x almo/ seems z if !re mu/ h be5 fix$ rules = a c]ta9 limit$ numb] ( positions aft] :i* all sculptur$ figures 7 made4 ,9 spite ( ?is sam5ess & /iffness1 ,egyptian sculpture is rem>kable1 & x is probable t if !y _h n be5 fett]$ by prejudices & rules ! ,egyptians w\ld h excell$ bo? 9 sculpture & pa9t+4 ,! sides ( obelisks &1 m especially1 ! walls ( temples 7 cov]$ ) sculptures :i* gave ! hi/ory ( k+s--( _! w>s & conque/s1 & ( _! great works 9 _! k+doms4 ,! sculptures ^u ! temple walls c\ld be e/imat$ by squ>e rods1 or ev5 acres1 bett] ?an by less] measures4 ,_! am\nt & ! labor x requir$ to make !m are simply m>vell\s4 ,i w describe ! subjects depict$ ^u "o inn] wall 9 ! palace-temple ( ,m$emet ,haboo1 & w quote f ,wilk9son's ,egypt & ,!bes4 ,on ! we/ wall ! ,egyptian pr9ces & g5]als conduct ! 'captive *iefs' into ! pres5ce ( ! k+4 ,he is seat$ at ! back ( 8 c>1 & ! spirit$ horses are held by 8 att5dants on foot4 ,l>ge heaps ( h&s are plac$ be=e him1 :i* an (fic] c\nts1 "o by "o1 z ! o!r notes d[n _! numb] on a scroll2 ea* heap conta9+ ?ree ?\s&1 & ! total indicat+ ! returns ( ! enemy's sla94 ,! numb] ( captives1 reckon$ "o ?\s& 9 ea* l9e1 is also m5tion$ 9 ! hi]oglyphics above1 :]e ! "n ( ! ,rebo po9ts out ! nation aga9/ :om ?is w> 0 c>ri$ on4 ,_! fl[+ dresses1 /rip$ horizontally ) blue or gre5 b&s on a :ite gr\nd1 & _! long hair & aquil9e noses give !m ! "* ( an ,ea/]n nation 9 ! vic9ity ( ,assyria & ,p]sia1 z _! "n rem9ds u ( ! ,rhibii ( ,ptolemy1 :om he places ne> ! ,caspian4 444 ,! suite ( ?is hi/orical subject cont9ues on ! s\? wall4 ,! k+1 return+ victori\s to ,egypt1 proce$s sl[ly 9 8 c>1 conduct+ 9 triumph ! prison]s he has made1 :o walk beside & be=e x1 ?ree o!rs be+ b\nd to ! axle4 ,two ( 8 sons att5d z fan-be>]s1 & ! sev]al regim5ts ( ,egyptian infantry1 ) a corps ( _! allies1 "u ! comm& ( ^! pr9ces1 m>*+ 9 regul> /ep & 9 ! close array ( discipl9$ troops1 accompany _! k+4 ,he arrives at ,!bes1 & pres5ts 8 captives to ,am5-,ra & ,mut1 ! deities ( ! city1 :o complim5t him1 z usual1 on ! victory he has ga9$1 & ! ov]?r[ ( ! enemy he has trampl$ b5ea? 8 feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b--,,v>i\s ,,k9ds ,,( ,,dogs4 ,?is description ( ^! bas-reliefs1 :i* are usually pa9t$1 w give an idea ( ! great works ( ,egyptian sculptors4 ,! repres5tation ( ! animals 9 ^! sculptures is z successful z any "p ( !m4 ,!re be+ no intellectual expression requir$1 !y are m pleas+ ?an ! human be+s1 ) _! set1 un*ang+ features & expression4 ,! ,egyptians _h sev]al bre$s ( dogs1 & ! picture "h 7,fig4 #b7 is made up f ! dogs f\nd 9 ! sculptures--,no4 #a1 h\nd2 #b1 ma/iff2 #c1 turnspit2 #d1 #e1 fox-dogs2 #f1 #g1 greyh\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,&rosph9x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,kriosph9x4 ,"o ( ! figures (t5 repeat$ by ! sculptors ( ,egypt 0 ! ,sph9x4 ,! colossal & mo/ fam\s "o 7,fig4 #e7 is n f> f ! great pyramid1 & has ! =m ( a recumb5t lion ) a human head4 ,x is "o hundr$ & sev5ty-two feet long1 & is ! ,sph9x ( ! _w2 b !re 7 great numb]s ( ^! /range figures 9 ,egypt--9 "s cases !re 7 av5ues lead+ to ! temples bord]$ by !m on ea* side4 ,! =m ( ! ,sph9x 0 int5d$ to express "s spiritual ?\ght to ! ,egyptians1 & ! /ories ab\t x are v int]e/+4 ,its =m c]ta9ly d5otes ! union ( physical & m5tal p[]4 ,! =m ( :i* we h spok5 z be+ t ( ! great ,sph9x is call$ ! &rosph9x 7,fig4 #c74 ,ano!r has ! body ( ! lion ) ! head ( ! ram1 & is call$ ! kriosph9x 7,fig4 #d72 /ill ano!r has ! same body & ! head ( a hawk2 ?is is call$ ! hi]acosph9x 7,fig4 #f74 ,!y all typifi$ ! k+1 )\t d\bt1 & x is probable t ! v>i\s heads 7 s giv5 to %[ respect = ! diff]5t gods :o 7 repres5t$ ) ! heads ( ^! creatures4 ,sometimes ! &rosph9x has human h&s 9 place ( ! lion's paws4 ,! w+$ ,sph9x has be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt1 b x is r>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,! ,,great ,,sph9x4 ,! colossal /atues ( ,egypt are v wond]ful on acc\nt ( _! va/ weight & size4 ,! mo/ fam\s are two :i* /& on ! we/ bank ( ! ,nile at ,!bes 7,fig4 #g74 ,ea* ( ^! colossi is made f a s+le block ( /one su* z is n f\nd )9 sev]al days' j\rney ( ! place :]e !y /&4 ,!y are =ty-sev5 feet high1 & conta9 elev5 ?\s& five hundr$ cubic feet ea*4 ,b a ?ird is /ill l>g]2 x repres5ts ! ,k+ ,rameses ,,ii41 &1 :5 :ole1 0 ( a s+le /one1 & weigh$ eight hundr$ & eighty-sev5 tons4 ,x 0 br\ght f ,ass\an to ,!bes1 a di/ance ( "o hundr$ & ?irty-eight miles4 ,x is wond]ful to ?9k ( mov+ su* a va/ weight ov] su* a di/ance1 & "o w\ld naturally wi% to "k also h[ ! sculptors c\ld "w on su* a /atue4 ,! plate "h giv5 7,fig4 #h7 %[s ! process ( poli%+ a /atue1 & ! foll[+ "o 7,fig4 #i7 illu/rates ! mode ( mov+ "o :5 f9i%$4 ,^! repres5tations are f\nd 9 tombs & grottoes1 & tell u pla9ly j :at we wi% to "k ab\t ^! ?+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,hi]acosph9x4 ,i h n[ po9t$ out ! m>k$ peculi>ities ( ,egyptian sculpture1 & be=e leav+ ! subject w call y\r att5tion to ! fact t 9 mo/ cases x 0 us$ 9 connection ) & almo/ z a "p ( ,egyptian ar*itecture4 ,9 ! tombs ! bas-reliefs are = ! decoration ( ! walls & to f9i% ! "w ( ! ar*itect1 :ile at ! same "t !y are an int]e/+ feature ( ! art ( ! nation & p]iod4 ,9 ! temple palaces ?is is also true--?\gh ! reliefs s]ve ! purpose ( tell+ ! hi/ory ( ! k+s2 !y are1 z x 71 fram$ into & make a "p ( ! ar*itectural effect4 ,! obelisks1 colossal figures & ,sph9xes 7 plac$ be=e ! gr& build+s1 & made a "p ( !m ar*itecturally4 ,9 g5]al t]ms we may say t sculpture nev] became an indep5d5t art 9 ,egypt1 b 0 ess5tially w$d$ to ar*itecture2 & ?is fact l>gely acc\nts = t o!r tru? t sculpture nev] rea*$ ! p]fection 9 ,egypt t x promis$1 or ! excell5ce t w\ld h seem$ to be ! natural result ( its e>lie/ atta9m5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,! ,,colossi ,,at ,,!bes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h--,,poli%+ ,a ,,colossal ,,/atue4 ,,assyria4 ,! works ( sculpture 9 ,assyria consi/$ ( /atues1 bas-reliefs1 /atuettes 9 clay1 c>v+s 9 ivory1 metal ca/+s1 & "s small] works1 su* z articles = jewelry1 made 9 m9ute imitation ( l>g] works 9 sculpture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,mode ,,( ,,transport+ ,a ,,colossus ,,f ,,! ,,qu>ries4 ,f a ,li?ographic ,draw+4 ,9 a ,grotto at ,dayr ,e',%ake1 ne> ,el ,b]%eh4 #a4 ,! /atue b\nd ^u a sl$ge ) ropes4 ,x is ( a private individual1 n ( a k+1 or a deity4 #b4 ,man probably beat+ "t ) 8 h&s1 & giv+ out ! v]se ( a song1 to :i* ! m5 respond$2 ?\gh #c appe>s z if ab\t to ?r[ some?+ :i* #b is prep>+ to cat*1 or /rik+ crotala4 #d4 ,p\r+ a liquid1 p]haps grease1 f a vase4 #e4 ,egyptian soldi]s1 c>ry+ b\ghs4 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i4 ,m51 probably captives & convicts1 dragg+ ! /atue4 #aj4 ,m5 c>ry+ wat]1 or grease4 #aa4 ,"s implem5ts4 #ab4 ,taskma/]s4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af4 ,reliefs ( m54 ,! /atues f\nd 9 ,assyria are by no means beautiful1 accord+ to our idea ( beauty4 ,!y are z set & /iff 9 design z ! ,egyptian works ( ?is sort1 & !y h suff]$ s mu* injury f ! wea!r & f viol5ce t we _c judge ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 orig9ally f9i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,/atue ,,( ,,s>danapalus ,i4 ,f ,nimrud4 ,! numb] ( ,assyrian /atues t h be5 f\nd is small2 ?is "o giv5 "h 7,fig4 #aj71 ( ,s>danapalus ,i41 is 9 ! be/ /ate ( pres]vation ( any ( !m4 ,x is small] ?an life size1 be+ ab\t =ty-two in*es high4 ,! /atuettes ( ! ,assyrians are less arti/ic ?an ! /atues4 ,!y are made f a clay :i* turn$ r$ 9 bak+1 & are color$ s z to resemble ,greek pott]y4 ,!y are almo/ always ( a grotesque appe>ance1 & usually repres5t gods or g5ii4 ,!y also comb9e human & animal =ms 9 a less noble & arti/ic way ?an is done 9 ! ,egyptian repres5tation ( ! ,sph9x4 ,!re are also small figures ( animals 9 t]ra-cotta1 pr9cipally dogs & ducks4 ,b ! l>ge & small /atues ( ! ,assyrians are _! mo/ unimportant works 9 sculpture4 ,x is 9 _! bas-reliefs t _! greate/ excell5ce is se51 & 9 !m alone _! progress 9 art c be trac$4 ,?is sort ( sculpture seems to h be5 us$ by ! ,assyrians j z pa9t+ 0 us$ 9 ,italy aft] ! ,r5aissance4 ,x 0 _! mode ( express+ ev]y?+4 ,?r\gh x !y gave expression to _! religi\s feel+2 !y told ! hi/ory ( _! nation1 & glorifi$ _! k+s2 !y repres5t$ ! dome/ic sc5es :i* n[ make ! subjects ( g5re pictures2 & ev5 imitat$ vegetables & fruits1 z well z to reproduce l&scapes & ar*itecture 9 ^! pictures cut f /one4 ,9 tru?1 x is *iefly f ! bas-reliefs t we le>n ! hi/ory ( ,assyria1 & 9 ?is view _! sculptures are ev5 m important ?an :5 !y are consid]$ m]ely f an arti/ic view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,lion-,,hunt4 ,f ,nimrud4 ,! mo/ anci5t palaces at ,nimrud furni% ! e>lie/ examples ( bas-relief4 ,^! date at ab\t ! end ( ! t5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,"o /rik+ peculi>ity 9 ! design is t all ! figures1 bo? m5 & animals1 are giv5 9 exact pr(ile4 ,9 spite ( ?is sam5ess ( position !y h mu* _s & action4 ,! picture ( a lion-hunt giv5 "h 7,fig4 #aa7 is "o ( ! v be/ ( ^! reliefs1 & y w notice t ! animal =ms are mu* sup]ior to ^? ( ! human be+s4 ,?is is true ( all ,assyrian art 9 all its /ages4 ,9 ^! olde/ bas-reliefs !re are no backgr\nds2 b lat] on ^! are add$1 & m\nta9s1 hills1 /reams1 trees1 & wild animals are all introduc$ z details ( ! g5]al design4 ,! highe/ /ate ( ?is art 0 rea*$ ab\t #fej ,b4,c4 ,at ?is p]iod ! v>i\s =ms seem to be m v>i$ & less arrang$ accord+ to "s rule4 ,! human faces & figures are m delicately f9i%$1 & !re is an air ( fre$om & a _s 9 ! h&l+ ( ! subjects t is f> bett] ?an t ( any o!r "t4 ,! plants & trees are f> m beautiful ?an be=e4 ,! figures ( animals1 too1 are full ( life & action 9 ?is p]iod4 ,i %all only give "o illu/ration1 & %all *oose ! head ( a lion1 probably ! be/ specim5 ( animal draw+ :i* is yet kn[n 9 ,assyrian art4 ,x repres5ts ! head ( a w\nd$ lion1 :o1 9 8 agony1 ru%es ^u a *>iot & seizes ! :eel ) 8 tee?4 ,! draw+ ( ?is head1 z a portrayal ( agony & fi]c5ess1 comp>es favorably ) any?+ ( ! same k9d belong+ to any age ( art1 ei!r classic or mod]n 7,fig4 #ab74 ,!re is a "q :i* has n yet be5 decid$ z to ! am\nt ( color us$ on ! ,assyrian bas-reliefs4 ,f ! traces ( color rema9+ on ^? t are f\nd 9 ! excavations1 & f :at we "k ( ! use ( colors on ! build+s to :i* ! bas-reliefs belong$1 we may be sure t colors 7 us$ on !m2 b to :at ext5t _c be told4 ,x may h be5 appli$ ) ! fre$om ( ! ,egyptians1 or x may h be5 sp>+ly us$1 z 0 ! mann] ( ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,! colors t h be5 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,assyria are :ite1 black1 r$ & blue4 ,next to ! sculpture1 ! metal "w ( ! ,assyrians 0 ! mo/ important ( _! arts4 ,?is "w 0 done 9 ?ree ways3 ,i4 ,:ole figures or p>ts ( figures ca/ 9 a solid %ape4 ,,ii4 ,ca/+s ( l[ bas-reliefs4 ,,iii4 ,emboss$ designs made *iefly ) ! hamm]1 b f9i%$ ) ! grav]4 ,9 ! solid ca/+s !re are only animal =ms1 & lions are f> m num]\s ?an any o!r creature4 ,_m ( !m h a r+ fa/5$ to ! back1 :i* indicates t !y 7 us$ = weights4 ,^! ca/+s are all small & _! =m good2 b we h no reason to ?9k t ! ,assyrians c\ld make l>ge metal ca/+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,w\nd$ ,,lion ,,bit+ ,a ,,*>iot-,,:eel4 ,f ! ,nor? ,palace1 ,koyunjik4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,,arm-,,*air ,,or ,,?rone4 ,khorsabad4 ,! ca/+s 9 relief 7 us$ to ornam5t ?rones1 furniture1 & p]haps *>iots4 ,!y 7 fa/5$ 9 _! places by means ( small nails4 ,!y _h no great m]it4 ,! emboss$ or hamm]$ "w1 on ! contr>y1 is arti/ic & v curi\s4 ,l>ge numb]s ( emboss$ b[ls & di%es h be5 f\nd1 & ?is "w 0 us$ = ! end ( sword-%ea?s1 ! sides ( *airs & /ools1 & v>i\s o!r ornam5tal purposes4 ,x is probable t ! ma9 "p ( ! tables1 *airs1 & s on 7 ( wood1 ) ! ornam5ts 9 emboss$ metals4 ,all ?is %[s ! ,assyrians to h be5 an arti/ic p1 & to h rea*$ an int]e/+ /age 9 _! arts1 ?\gh _! works are co>se & imp]fect :5 judg$ by ,greek /&>ds or by our own idea ( :at is beautiful4 ,if we _h ! space to consid] all ! v>i\s designs ( ! bas-reliefs 9 detail1 y w\ld le>n f !m a great _m int]e/+ facts conc]n+ ! dome/ic life ( ?is anci5t & int]e/+ p4 ,f !m we c le>n all ab\t ! co/umes worn by ! k+ & ^? ( less] rank2 c see h[ _! w>s 7 c>ri$ on1 & :at _! *>iots1 weapons1 & equipm5ts 74 ,_! games1 amusem5ts1 musical in/rum5ts1 agricultural pursuits1 food1 &1 9 %ort1 ev]y?+ connect$ ) _! daily life is pla9ly %[n 9 ^! sculptures1 &1 z ,i h said be=e1 ! :ole hi/ory ( ,assyria is bett] /udi$ f !m ?an f any o!r "o s\rce4 ,= ?is reason _! great value _c be ov]-e/imat$ 7,fig4 #ac74 ,o!r v anci5t nations _h sculptors1 & a few rema9s ( _! arts /ill exi/4 ,?is is true ( ! ,m$es1 ,babylonians1 & ,p]sians2 b ! g5]al features ( _! arts resembl$ ^? ( ! ,assyrians1 ?\gh !y 7 less advanc$ ?an t nation1 & h left no?+ z int]e/+ z ! ,egyptian & ,assyrian rema9s :i* we h consid]$4 ,i %all !re=e leave !m & pass to ! sculpture ( ,greece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,mode ,,( ,,draw+ ,,! ,,b[4 ,koyunjik4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,greek ,,sculpture4 ,we h se5 t ! ,egyptians & ,assyrians 7 skilful 9 sculpture1 b at ! same "t _! works h n mov$ u z we wi% to be mov$ by art2 !re is always some?+ beyond !m to be desir$1 & x rema9$ = ! ,greeks to atta9 to t p]fection 9 sculpture :i* satisfies all our nature & fills our highe/ conceptions ( beauty & grace4 ,9 tru?1 9 ,greece alone has ?is p]fection 9 pla/ic art exi/$1 & s9ce ! "t ( its highe/ excell5ce !re no o!r nation has equall$ ! examples ( ,greek sculpture :i* /ill exi/1 ?\gh we h reason to believe t its f9e/ works h p]i%$1 & t ^? rema9+ are ( ! second grade4 ,!re are _m reasons = ! high arti/ic atta9m5ts ( ! ,greeks1 & a discussion or ev5 a simple /atem5t ( !m w\ld require an essay f> too le>n$ & l5g?y = ! scope ( ?is book2 b ,i w speak ( "o tru? t _h great influ5ce & w5t f> to p]fect ,greek art--t is1 ! unb\nd$ love ( beauty1 :i* 0 an ess5tial "p ( ! ,greek nature4 ,to ! ,greek1 9 fact1 beauty & good _h ! same mean+--beauty 0 good1 & ! good mu/ be beautiful4 ,sculpture deals almo/ exclusively ) ! =m ( man1 & ! o!r features 9 x h "s relation to ! human elem5t ( ! design2 & x w\ld h be5 impossible = a true ,greek to repres5t ! human =m o!rwise ?an beautiful4 ,a writ] on ?is po9t says3 ,! *ief aim ( ! enlight5$ ,greek1 8 highe/ ambition & 8 greate/ joy1 0 to be a man 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! ^w--man 9 ! mo/ complete developm5t ( 8 bodily /r5g? & beauty1 9 ! active ex]cise ( ! ke5e/ s5ses1 9 ! greate/ because temp]$ enjoym5t ( s5sual pleasure1 9 ! free & joy\s play ( an intellect /rong by nature1 grac$ & guid$ by ! mo/ exquisite ta/e1 & enlight5$ by ! sublime/ philosophy4 ,?us1 beauty 0 s important to ! ,greek t e p>5t pray$ t 8 *ildr5 might h ?is gift1 & ! names ( beautiful p]sons 7 engrav$ ^u pill>s set :]e all c\ld read !m2 & at times !re 7 competitions = ! prize ( beauty4 ,! religion ( ! ,greek1 too1 taught t ! body 0 ! beautiful & godlike temple ( 8 s\l2 & ! tru? t human be+s h some?+ 9 common ) a high] p[] ?an _! own gave him a great respect = humanity1 &1 9 tru?1 he felt t if he c\ld escape dea? he %\ld be cont5t & almo/1 if n q1 a god4 ,= we mu/ rememb] t ! gods ( ! ,greek 7 n all-wise1 all-p[]ful1 & all-good1 z we believe our ,god to be4 ,if y read _! my?ology y w f9d t ) ! p[] ( ! god mu* imp]fection & weakness 7 m+l$4 ,!y did n believe t ,zeus _h be5 ! greate/ god f ! beg9n+1 b t !re 0 a "t :5 he _h no p[]4 ,he 0 n omnisci5t nor omnipres5t1 & 0 himself subject to ! decrees ( ,fate1 z :5 he c\ld n save 8 lov$ ,s>p$on f dea?4 ,n kn[+ all ?+s1 ev5 ! gods are sometimes repres5t$ z dep5d+ ^u mortals = in=mation1 & all ^! religi\s views t5d$ to make ! human =m f> m noble to ! ,greek ?an x c be to ! ,*ri/ian1 ) 8 diff]5t views ( ! relations ( ,god & man4 ,greek sculpture exi/$ 9 v e>ly days1 & we h vague acc\nts ( a p]son call$ ,,da$alus1 :o seems to h be5 a wood-c>v]4 ,_m cities claim$ to h be5 8 bir?place1 & no "o c give any cle> acc\nt ( ?is anci5t arti/4 ,he is call$ ! inv5tor ( ! axe1 saw1 gimlet1 plummet-l9e1 & a k9d ( fi%-glue or is+lass4 ,he is also said to h be5 ! fir/ sculptor :o sep>at$ ! arms f ! bodies ( 8 /atues1 or made ! feet to /ep out2 he also op5$ _! eyes1 & !re is a leg5d t ! /atues ( ,da$alus 7 s full ( life t !y 7 *a9$ le/ !y %\ld run away4 ,we call ! "t to :i* ,da$alus belong$ ! prehi/oric p]iod1 & 8 works & ^? ( o!r arti/s ( 8 day h all p]i%$4 ,two v anci5t specim5s ( sculpture rema9--! ,lion ,gate ( ,myc5ae & ! ,niobe ( ,m\nt ,sipylus2 b z _! orig9 is n kn[n1 & !y may n be ! "w ( ,greek arti/s1 x is be/ = u to pass on to ab\t #gjj ,b4,c41 :5 ! records ( individual arti/s beg94 ,among ! e>lie/ ( ^! 0 ,,dibutades1 ( :om ,pl9y said t he 0 ! fir/ :o made lik5esses 9 clay4 ,?is au?or also adds t ,dibutades fir/ mix$ r$ e>? ) clay1 & made ! masks :i* 7 fa/5$ to ! end ( ! l[e/ holl[ tiles on ! ro(s ( temples4 ,pl9y relates ! foll[+ /ory ( ! mak+ ( ! fir/ portrait 9 bas-relief4 ,dibutades liv$ 9 ,sicyon1 & _h a daught] call$ sometimes ,kora1 & aga9 ,callirhoe4 ,%e c\ld n aid h] fa!r v mu* 9 8 "w z a sculptor1 b %e w5t ea* day to ! fl[]-m>ket & br\ght home fl[]s1 :i* gave a v gay & *e]ful air to h] fa!r's little %op4 ,kora 0 v beautiful1 & _m "y ,greeks visit$ h] fa!r = ! sake ( see+ ! daught]4 ,at l5g? "o ( ^! y\?s ask$ ,dibutades to take him z an appr5tice2 & :5 ?is reque/ 0 grant$ ! "y man made "o ( ! family ( ! sculptor4 ,_! life 0 "o ( simple cont5t4 ,! "y man c\ld play ^u ! re$1 & 8 education fitt$ him to be ! in/ructor ( ,kora4 ,aft] a "t1 = "s reason t ,pl9y does n m5tion1 x 0 be/ = ! y\? to g away f ! arti/'s home1 & he !n ask$ ,kora if %e w\ld be 8 wife4 ,%e cons5t$1 & v[s ( betro?al 7 ex*ang$1 :ile !y 7 sad at ! ?\ght ( p>t+4 ,! la/ ev5+ ( 8 /ay1 z !y sat toge!r1 ,kora seiz$ a coal f ! brazi]1 & trac$ ^u ! wall ! outl9e ( ! face t 0 s de> to h]2 & %e did ?is s correctly t :5 h] fa!r saw x he knew in/antly f :at face x _h be5 drawn4 ,!n he wi%$ to d 8 "p1 = he also lov$ ! "y man4 ,s he br\ght 8 clay & fill$ 9 ! outl9e :i* ,kora _h drawn1 & s w5t on to model ! fir/ portrait 9 bas-relief t 0 ev] made4 ,?us did ?is great art gr[ out ( ! love ( ?is beautiful maid5 ( ,sicyon1 ab\t tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,aft] ?is beg9n+ ,dibutades w5t on to p]fect 8 art4 ,he made m$allions & bu/s1 & decorat$ ! beautiful ,grecian /ructures ) 8 "w1 & "w 9 bas-relief became ! mo/ beautiful ornam5tation ( ! spl5did temples & !atres ( ,greece4 ,he also f\nd$ a s*ool = modell+ at ,sicyon1 & became s fam\s an arti/ t sev]al ,greek cities claim ! honor ( hav+ be5 8 bir?place4 ,! bas-relief made f ,kora's outl9e 0 pres]v$ 9 ! ,nymphaeum at ,cor9? = almo/ two hundr$ ye>s1 b 0 !n de/roy$ by fire4 ,%e m>ri$ h] lov]1 & he became a fam\s arti/ at ,cor9?4 ,we h said t acc\nts ( individual arti/s exi/ f ab\t #gjj ,b4,c42 b ^! acc\nts are ( s g5]al a "* & s want+ 9 detail t ,i %all pass on ab\t two hundr$ ye>s1 aft] say+ a few words ( ! advance made 9 ! arts ( sculpture1 & m5tion+ a few ( ! examples :i* rema9 f t e>ly "t1 :i* is call$ ! ,ar*aic p]iod4 ,?is expression n only means an anci5t p]iod ( art1 b c>ries also ! idea ( an obsolete art--( some?+ t is n only anci5t1 b some?+ t is no long] practis$ 9 ! same mann] or by ! same p z exi/$ 9 ?is anci5t or ar*aic "t4 ,dur+ ?is ar*aic p]iod a beg9n+ 0 made 9 _m bran*es ( pla/ic art4 ,!re 7 /atues 9 metal & m>ble1 bas-reliefs 9 v>i\s k9ds ( /one & m>ble1 z well z "s *ryselephant9e /atues4 ,?is k9d ( "w is (t5 said to h be5 inv5t$ by ,phidias1 b ! tru? seems to be t he 0 n its inv5tor1 b c>ri$ x to great p]fection4 ,^! *ryselephant9e /atues 7 made ( wood & !n cov]$ ) ivory & gold2 ! ivory 0 us$ = ! fle% p>ts ( ! /atue1 & gold = ! drap]y & ornam5ts ( ! figure1 & ! f9i%$ "w 0 v brilliant 9 its effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,lion ,,dev\r+ ,,de]4 ,! pr9cipal subjects repres5t$ 9 ! sculpture ( ! ar*aic p]iod 7 connect$ ) ! religion ( ! ,greeks1 :i* is kn[n to u z my?ology4 ,mo/ /atues 7 ( ! gods1 b portrait /atues 7 n unkn[n1 & ! cu/om ( sett+ up /atues ( ! victors 9 ! ,greek games dates back to ?is v e>ly "t4 ,?is 0 a cu/om :i* af=d$ a l>ge field = sculptors to "w 91 & mu/ h _h a great influ5ce to give life & progress to _! art4 ,( ! rema9s ( ?is art v int]e/+ ?+s h be5 writt51 b ,i %all speak only ( a few su* objects ( :i* pictures c be giv5 to aid y 9 und]/&+ ab\t !m4 ,among ! e>lie/ reliefs t h be5 pres]v$ are ^? n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,l\vre1 at ,p>is1 :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( a ,doric temple at ,assos 7,fig4 #ae74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,,h]acles1 ,,triton1 ,,& ,,n]eids4 ,! v>i\s designs ^u ^! m>bles seem to h no connection ) ea* o!r1 & are execut$ 9 a rude mann]4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ "o repres5ts ,h]acles1 or ,h]cules1 /ruggl+ ) a ,triton 7,fig4 #af74 ,! female figures repres5t ,n]eids1 :o are t]rifi$ by see+ ,h]acles 9 conte/ ) ! sea-mon/]4 ,!re are _m pro(s t ^! reliefs belong to a v anci5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,,h]acles ,,& ,,! ,,cecrops4 ,an int]e/+ relief f ! temple ( ,sel9us repres5ts ,h]acles /rid+ (f ) a pole across 8 %\ld]s1 to :i* are hung two ,cecrops :o _h robb$ & torm5t$ him 7,fig4 #ag74 ,a v f9e "w is also f ,sel9us1 & repres5ts ,actaeon torn by 8 dogs4 ,! my?ological /ory 0 t ,zeus1 or ,jupit]1 0 angry ) ,actaeon because he wi%$ to m>ry ,semele1 & ! great god comm&$ ,artemis1 or ,diana1 to ?r[ a /ag's sk9 ov] ,actaeon1 s t 8 own dogs w\ld te> him4 ,9 ! relief ,artemis /&s at ! left 7,fig4 #ah74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,,actaeon ,,& ,,8 ,,dogs4 ,!re is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum a monum5t :i* 0 discov]$ at ,xan?os 9 #ahch4 ,x is ?\ght to h be5 made ab\t #ejj ,b4,c41 & is call$ ,! ,h>py ,monum5t1 ,x is a t[]1 r\nd ! f\r sides ( :i* runs a frieze at a height ( ab\t tw5ty-"o feet f ! gr\nd4 ,! frieze is ( :ite m>ble1 & is let into ! frieze :i* is ( s&/one4 ,! ,lycians1 9 ^: c\ntry x 0 f\nd1 7 accu/om$ to bury _! dead at ! top ( su* t[]s4 ,!re is v great diff]5ce ( op9ion among s*ol>s & critics conc]n+ ! mean+ ( ! v>i\s sc5es 9 ^! sculptures2 & z all _! writ+ is speculation1 & no "o kn[s ! tru? ab\t x1 ,i %all only say t x is a v int]e/+ object 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 & %all speak ( ! f\r corn] figures on ! %orte/ p>ts ( ! frieze1 f :i* ! :ole "w takes its "n4 ,! ,h>pies are v curi\s2 !y _h w+s1 & arms l human arms1 ) claws = h&s1 & fea!r$ tails4 ,_! bodies are egg-%ap$1 :i* is a v /range feature 9 _! =mation4 ,we _c expla9 all ^! diff]5t ?+s1 b !re is little d\bt t1 ) ! little =ms :i* !y h 9 _! arms1 !y repres5t ! mess5g]s ( dea? be>+ away ! s\ls ( ! deceas$4 ,9 ! ,odyssey1 ,hom] repres5ts ! ,h>pies z c>ry+ (f ! daught]s ( ,k+ ,p&>eus & giv+ !m to ! cruel ,er9nyes = s]vants4 ,= ?is reason ! ,h>pies 7 consid]$ z robb]s1 & :5ev] a p]son sudd5ly disappe>$ x 0 said t !y _h be5 c>ri$ (f by ,h>pies 7,fig4 #ai74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,f ! ,h>py ,monum5t1 ,london4 ,be=e leav+ ?is subject ( exi/+ sculptures f ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 ,i w speak ( ! two gr\ps :i* belong$ to ! temple ( ,m9]va 9 ,a,egina1 & are n[ 9 ! ,glypto!k at ,muni*4 ,! city ( ,a,egina 0 ! pr9cipal city ( ! isl& ( ,a,egina1 :i* 0 9 ! gulf ( ! same "n1 ne> ! s\?-we/ coa/ ( ,greece4 ,?is city 0 at ! height ( its prosp]ity ab\t #dge ,b4,c41 at :i* "t a beautiful temple 0 built1 ( :i* _m columns are /ill /&+1 ?\gh mu* ( x has fall5 d[n4 ,9 #ahaa "s ,engli% & ,g]man ar*itects visit$ ?is place1 & ! m>bles !y obta9$ are ! mo/ rem>kable works :i* /ill exi/ f s e>ly a p]iod4 ,?orwalds51 ! ,dani% sculptor1 re/or$ ^! reliefs1 & ! ,k+ ( ,bav>ia b\ght !m4 ,^u ! we/]n p$im5t !re 7 elev5 figures :i* repres5t$ an episode 9 ! ,trojan w>2 x 0 ! /ruggle ( ,ajax1 ,ulysses1 & o!r ,greek w>riors to obta9 ! dead body ( ,a*illes1 :i* 0 held by ! ,trojans4 ,! /ory is t ! goddess ,!tis _h dipp$ h] son ,a*illes 9 ! riv] ,/yx = ! purpose ( mak+ him invuln]able1 or safe f w\nds by weapons4 ,b z %e held him by ! ankles !y 7 n wett$1 & s he c\ld be w\nd$ 9 !m4 ,dur+ ! siege ( ,troy ,apollo guid$ ! arr[ ( ,p>is to ?is spot1 & ! great lead] ( ! ,greeks 0 kill$4 ,x is believ$ t ! w>rior 9 ?is picture :o is ab\t to s5d 8 arr[ is ,p>is4 ,9 ! c5tral or highe/ "p ( ! p$im5t ! goddess ,m9]va /&s & tries to cov] ! fall5 body ( ,a*illes ) h] %ield4 ,^! figures are on ! side :]e ! space gr[s n>r[]4 ,y c judge ( :at ! action & _s ( ! :ole mu/ be :5 ^! small] figures h s mu*4 ,we are sure t ! arr[ w %oot out ) su* =ce z mu/ c>ry dea? to its victim1 & ! second w>rior1 :o braces himself on 8 feet & knee1 w ?ru/ 8 lance ) equal p[] 7,fig4 #bj74 ,!re are traces ( color & ( metal ornam5ts ^u ^! ,a,eginetan /atues2 ! weapons1 helmets1 %ields1 & quiv]s 7 r$ or blue2 ! eyes1 hair1 & lips 7 pa9t$1 & !re are m>ks ^u ! g>m5ts ( ! goddess t %[ t %e mu/ h _h bronze ornam5ts4 ,!re 0 a fam\s sculptor ( ,a,egina nam$ ,callon1 :o liv$ ab\t ! "t t ?is temple 0 built2 & ?\gh x is n kn[n to be s1 yet _m critics & s*ol>s believe t he may h be5 ! sculptor ( ^! works1 because !y resemble ! writt5 descriptions ( 8 /atues & reliefs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,figures f ! ,p$im5t ( ! ,temple ( ,m9]va1 at ,a,egina4 ,!re 0 a p]iod :i* we call ar*ai/ic1 & by ?is we indicate a "t :5 x 0 ! fa%ion = ! sculptors to imitate z ne>ly z possible ! works ( ! true ar*aic p]iod4 ,x has con/antly happ5$ 9 ! hi/ory ( society t fa%ion has orda9$ ?is same ?+1 ?\gh ! objects ( imitation h v>i$ ) ! diff]5t ages & nations4 ,?is ar*ai/ic craze to imitate old sculptures 0 at its height 9 ! times ( ! ,roman emp]ors ,augu/us & ,hadrian2 b "h 9 ,am]ica we h se5 ! same passion manife/$ 9 ! desire to h su* furniture z ,que5 ,anne & h] p admir$1 or su* z came ov] 9 ! ,mayfl[]2 & :5 ! true orig9al articles 7 no long] to be f\nd 9 g>rets & out-(-!-way places1 !n manufactur]s began to imitate ! old 9 ! new1 & "o c n[ buy all sorts ( anci5t-look+ furniture t is only j f ! workm5's h&s4 ,b among ! ,greeks !re 0 a second motive = reproduc+ ! works ( ! e>li] arti/s1 :i* 0 ! fact t ! images ( ! gods & su* articles z belong$ to religi\s s]vices 7 sacr$ 9 _! e>lie/ =ms1 & 7 v5]at$ by ! p4 ,?us x foll[$ t ! advance & *ange 9 ! ta/e ( ! p & ! skill ( ! arti/s 0 m suit$ to o!r subjects1 :ile ! religi\s images 7 made z ne>ly z possible l ! old] ones4 ,if x happ5$ t a rude anci5t image ( a god 0 plac$ side by side ) a mod]n & m beautiful /atue ( ! same deity1 ! pi\s ,greek w\ld pref] ! ugly "o1 :ile he c\ld well admire ! mo/ lovely4 ,y %\ld rememb] t ^! temple images 7 really objects ( actual wor%ip4 ,_m ( ^! ar*ai/ic works are 9 v>i\s museums ( art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,,ar*ai/ic ,,artemis ,,at ,,naples4 ,?is is a v beautiful temple image1 & 0 discov]$ at ,pompeii 9 #agfj4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 a small temple or *apel1 ( :i* x mu/ h be5 ! pr9cipal deity4 ,x is 9 excell5t pres]vation2 ! only p>ts :i* are want+ are ! f+]s ( ! "r h& & ! object :i* x held4 ,l _m ( ^! /atues1 x is less ?an life-size--f\r feet & two in*es 9 height4 ,:5 x 0 fir/ discov]$ !re 7 _m traces ( color ab\t x4 ,! hair 0 gild$ to repres5t ! blonde hair :i* ! poets ascrib$ to ,artemis 7,diana74 ,!re 0 consid]able r$ ab\t ! g>m5ts1 & "s fl[]s 7 ^u ! bord] ( ! drap]y4 ,!re is an ar*aic /iffness ab\t ?is /atue1 b ! fl[+ hair1 ! =m ( ! eyes1 & ! free /yle ( ! nude p>ts all %[ t x belongs to ! ar*ai/ic p]iod 7,fig4 #ba74 ,x w\ld be pleasant & satisfy+ if we c\ld trace /ep by /ep ! progress ( ,greek sculpture f ! rude ar*aic mann] to t ( ! ,p]iclean age1 or f su* art z is se5 9 ! sculpture ( ,a,egina to ! p]fections ( ! reliefs ( ! ,p>!non4 ,?is we _c d2 b we "k "s ( ! causes t l$ to ?is progress1 & c give acc\nts ( a few sculptors :o1 :ile !y did n equal ! great ,phidias1 7 at lea/ ! =]unn]s ( su* a type ( art z 84 ,! *ief cause ( ! progress ( art 0 ! great] fre$om ( ! arti/ 9 ! *oice & treatm5t ( 8 subjects4 ,s long z ! subjects 7 almo/ entirely religi\s !re c\ld be little v>iety 9 ! mann] ( treat+ !m4 ,ea* god or goddess _h its own attributes1 :i* mu/ be r5d]$ ) exact c>e2 & any new mode ( portray+ !m 0 almo/ a sacrilege4 ,b z "t pass$ on & ! ,panhell5ic games & ! national ,pan!on at ,olympia grew into _! great importance1 new subjects 7 furni%$ = ! arti/s1 :i* all[$ !m to %[ _! orig9ality & to indulge _! arti/ic imag9ations to _! fulle/ ext5t4 ,! victors 9 ! games 7 h]oes1 & reg>d$ ev5 z demi-gods1 & /atues 7 all[$ to be erect$ to !m1 al?\gh ?is _h hi!rto be5 consid]$ a div9e honor & 0 accord$ to ! gods alone4 ,:5 ^! h]oes 7 repres5t$1 ! arti/s1 n be+ b\nd by any laws1 c\ld /udy _! subjects & repres5t !m to ! life z ne>ly z !y 7 able to d4 ,?is exaltation ( ! ,olympian victors gave an opportunity = ! developm5t ( sculpture su* z _c be ov]-e/imat$ 9 its influ5ce & results4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ! art ( ! "t we are n[ consid]+ 0 ! almo/ univ]sal use ( bronze4 ,?is metal is excell5t = display+ ! m9ute features ( ! nude p>ts ( /atues1 b x is n equal to m>ble 9 ! repres5tation ( drap]ies or = giv+ expression to ! face4 ,,py?agoras ,,( ,,rhegium 0 a fam\s arti/ :o work$ entirely 9 bronze4 ,! only copies f 8 works ( :i* we "k are on two gems1 "o ( :i* is 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,he made exact /udies ( ! body 9 action1 & gave new importance to ! reproduction ( ! ve9s & muscles4 ,x is also claim$ t ,py?agoras 0 ! fir/ to lay d[n cle>ly ! laws ( symmetry or proportion :i* is gov]n$ by /rict ma!matical rules4 ,,myron ,,( ,,eleu!rae fl\ri%$ ab\t #ejj to #ddj ,b4,c41 & 0 reckon$ among ,a!nian arti/s because1 ?\gh n born at ,a!ns1 he did mo/ ( 8 works !re1 & 8 mo/ fam\s "w1 ! /atue ( a c[1 /ood on ! ,acropolis ( t city4 ,?is c[ 0 repres5t$ z 9 ! act ( l[+1 & 0 elevat$ ^u a m>ble base4 ,x 0 c>ri$ f ,a!ns to ,rome1 :]e x /ood 9 ! ,=um ( ,peace4 ,_m writ]s m5tion$ ?is "w ( ,myron's1 & ?irty-sev5 epigrams 7 writt5 conc]n+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,,! ,,discobolus4 ,?\gh ! c[ 0 s mu* talk$ (1 ! arti/ic fame ( ,myron re/s m ^u ! ,discobolus1 or quoit-?r[]4 ,! orig9al /atue does n exi/1 b !re are sev]al copies ( x4 ,t 9 ! ,massimi ,villa is a v accurate "o1 & 0 f\nd on ! ,esquil9e ,hill at ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #aghb2 our illu/ration is made f ?is /atue4 ,myron's great skill 9 repres5t+ ! human figure 9 excit$ action is well %[n 9 ! quoit-?r[]4 ,to make su* a figure z ?is requires great p[] 9 a sculptor4 ,no model c\ld con/antly repeat ?is action1 & if he c\ld !re is b a fla% ( "t 9 :i* ! arti/ sees j ! position he reproduces4 ,?is figure1 h[ev]1 is s true to life t "o feels l keep+ out ( ! range ( ! quoit :5 x flies 7,fig4 #bb74 ,!re are sev]al o!r exi/+ works attribut$ to ,myron3 !y are a m>ble copy ( 8 /atue ( ,m>syas1 9 ! ,lat]an at ,rome2 two torsi 9 ! gall]y at ,flor5ce2 a figure call$ ,diom$1 & a bronze 9 ! gall]y at ,muni*4 ,myron made /atues ( gods & h]oes1 b he excell$ 9 repres5t+ a?letes4 ,8 works 7 v num]\s1 & a li/ ( ^? :i* are only kn[n ?r\gh ! m5tion ( !m by v>i\s writ]s w\ld be ( little value "h4 ,:ile ,myron reproduc$ ! =m & action ( ! body ) m>vell\s effect1 he made no advance 9 repres5t+ ! expression ( ! face1 nor 9 ! treatm5t ( ! hair4 ,he 0 d>+ 9 8 art1 = he n only imitat$ :at he saw 9 life1 b he also repres5t$ grotesque imag9>y creatures1 & 9 _m ways prov$ t he _h a ri* creative fancy4 ,a ?ird sculptor ( ?is "t 0 ,,calamis1 :o 0 9 8 prime ab\t ,b4,c4 #dej4 ,he 0 n born 9 ,a!ns1 b he work$ !re4 ,calamis add$ to ! exact repres5tations ( ,py?agoras & ,myron ! elem5t ( grace beyond _! p[]s 9 t direction4 ,he made a great] v>iety ( figures ?an !y1 = to gods & h]oes he add$ h]o9es1 boys & horses4 ,8 works 7 9 bronze1 gold & ivory1 z well z m>ble4 ,b :at we "k ( ,calamis is ga!r$ f ! writ+s ( ,greek au?ors r ?an f works1 or copies ( works1 by him /ill exi/+2 inde$1 no /atue rema9s kn[n to be 8 own1 ?\gh !re are "s :i* critics fancy may be s4 ,b we may be c]ta9 ( 8 great excell5ce f ! _m praises sung & said ( him1 & ,lucian1 :o knew all ! be/ works ( all ! greate/ ma/]s ( ,greece1 puts ,calamis be=e !m all = elegance & grace1 & = ! f9] expression ( faces2 :5 imag9+ a beautiful /atue ( a "y girl he decl>es t he w\ld g to ,calamis to imp>t to x a *a/e mode/y & give x a sweet & unaffect$ smile4 ,,phidias is ! mo/ fam\s ( all ,greek sculptors1 & z ,greek sculpture is ! f9e/ sculpture ( :i* we h any k1 x foll[s t ,phidias 0 ! fir/ sculptor ( ! _w4 ,& yet1 9 spite ( 8 fame1 we d n "k ! "t ( 8 bir?4 ,we "k t he 0 ! son ( ,*>midas1 b we "k no?+ ( ! fa!r except t he _h a bro!r :o 0 a pa9t]1 & ?is makes x probable t ! family ( ,phidias 7 arti/s4 ,z ne>ly z c be told1 ,phidias 0 born ab\t ,b4,c4 #ejj4 ,?is w\ld h made him t5 ye>s old at ! "t ( ! battle ( ,m>a?on & tw5ty ye>s old :5 ,salamis 0 f\ght1 :ile he came ( age at ! "t ( ,plataea4 ,he seems to h begun 8 arti/ic life z a pa9t]1 & we "k no?+ ( him z an indep5d5t sculptor until ! adm9i/ration ( ,cimon1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #dga4 ,b 8 f9e/ works belong to ! "t ( ,p]icles1 :o 0 8 fri5d z well z patron1 & made him ! ma/] ov] all ! great public works at ,a!ns dur+ :at we speak ( z ! ,p]iclean age4 ,x seems t ! favor ( ,p]icles 0 a de> privilege to ,phidias1 = x expos$ him to bitt] envy & hatr$2 & ^? :o fe>$ to attack ,p]icles himself av5g$ !mselves ^u ,phidias1 & accus$ him ( di%one/y 9 obta9+ ! gold = ! robe ( ! /atue ( ,m9]va :i* he made = ! ,p>!non4 ,he prov$ himself innoc5t ( ?is1 b he 0 accus$ ( o!r crimes1 & "o acc\nt says t he 0 ?r[n into prison & di$ !re ( disease or poison4 ,ano!r acc\nt relates t ! great sculptor w5t into exile at ,elis1 :]e he made 8 mo/ fam\s /atue1 ! ,olympian ,zeus1 & t he 0 !re convict$ ( !ft & put to dea?4 ,) su* contradictory /ories we _c "k ! exact tru?2 b we d "k t he w5t to ,elis accompani$ by di/+ui%$ arti/s4 ,he 0 receiv$ ) honor1 & = a long "t ! /udio t he occupi$ !re 0 %[n to /rang]s4 ,! ,olympians also all[$ him an honor :i* ! ,a!nians nev] ext5d$ to him--t is1 to inscribe 8 "n ^u ! base ( ! /atue ( ,zeus1 :i* he 0 n p]mitt$ to d 9 ! case ( ! ,m9]va 7or ,a!na7 ( ! ,p>!non4 ,x (t5 happ5s 9 ! case ( a v great man t ! ev5ts :i* h prec$$ 8 manhood h prep>$ ! way = him & 8 "w 9 s /rik+ a mann] t x seems z if he c\ld n h be5 great at any o!r "t1 & t he c\ld n avoid be+ s1 :5 ev]y?+ _h be5 %ap$ to 8 advantage4 ,?is 0 true ( ,phidias4 ,:5 he came to be a man ! dreadful w>s :i* _h ravag$ ,greece 7 ov]1 & ! de/ruction ( ! old] /ructures prep>$ ! way = ! rebuild+ ( ,a!ns4 ,l>ge quantities ( m>ble1 bronze1 ivory1 gold1 ebony & cypress wood 7 !re1 & a great numb] ( skilful workm5 7 at h& to "w "u 8 comm&4 ,! ,a!nians 7 ablaze ) zeal to rebuild ! temples & %r9es ( _! gods1 :o1 z !y believ$1 _h l$ !m to _! victories1 & n only ! public1 b ! private means 7 us$ to make ,a!ns ! gr&e/ & mo/ beautiful city ( ! _w4 ,! fir/ great "w ) :i* ! "n ( ,phidias 0 connect$ 0 ! build+ ( ! temple ( ,!seus1 call$ also ! ,!seion4 ,?is 0 a v important temple1 & 0 con/ruct$ 9 ob$i5ce to ! comm& ( an oracle 9 ?is wise3 ,9 ,b4,c4 #dgj ! isl& ( ,scyros _h be5 tak5 by ! ,a!nians1 & ^u ?is isl& ,!seus _h be5 buri$4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,m>a?on1 9 :i* he _h aid$ ! ,a!nians1 ,!seus 0 mu* reg>d$ by !m1 & 9 ,b4,c4 #dgf !y 7 direct$ to remove 8 bones to ,a!ns & build ov] !m a %r9e wor?y ( s great a *ampion4 ,j !n a gigantic skeleton 0 discov]$ at ,scyros by ,cimon1 & 0 br\ght to ,a!ns ) great c]emony1 & laid to re/ ) pomp\s respect1 & ! spl5did temple d$icat$ to ,!seus 0 begun1 & ,phidias 0 commission$ to make its pla/ic ornam5ts4 ,! prec9cts ( ?is temple lat] became a sanctu>y :]e ! poor man & ! slave c\ld be safe f ! oppressor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,,a!nian ,,co9s ,,) ,,! ,,m9]va ,,proma*os4 ,phidias execut$ _m works "u ! patronage ( ,cimon1 ! greate/ ( :i* 0 ! colossal /atue ( ,m9]va1 :i* /ood on ! ,acropolis4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,m9]va ,proma*os1 & 0 s gigantic t ! cre/ ( h] helmet & ! po9t ( h] spe> c\ld be se5 by ! m>9] (f ! promontory ( ,sunium glitt]+ 9 ! sunlight z a welcome to h] own *os5 p1 & an awful w>n+ to h] foes4 ,! mean+ ( ,proma*os may be giv5 z *ampion or gu>dian1 & we "k f exi/+ descriptions t1 ) its p$e/al1 x mu/ h be5 at lea/ sev5ty feet 9 height4 ,x 0 made f ! spoils tak5 at ,m>a?on2 its p$e/al 0 f\nd1 9 #ahdj1 /&+ betwe5 ! ,p>!non & ! ,ere*!ium4 ,x has be5 call$ ! ,pallas ) ! gold5 spe>1 = ?is goddess 0 kn[n z ,a!na1 ,m9]va1 & ,pallas1 & x is said t ,al>ic 0 s impress$ by its awful aspect t he %rank f x 9 horror4 ,! only repres5tations ( ?is /atue n[ 9 exi/5ce are ^u ,a!nian co9s1 & ! position ( ! goddess diff]s 9 ^!1 z y w see by ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #bc72 !re are reasons = believ+ t ! "o 9 :i* ! %ield re/s ^u ! gr\nd is correct1 "o ( :i* is t "s ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,phidias ! inside ( ! %ield 0 ornam5t$ by a relief ( ! battle ( ! ,c5taurs4 ,?\gh ,phidias prov$ himself to be a great arti/ dur+ ! reign ( ,cimon1 x 0 n until ! "t ( ,p]icles t he rea*$ ! glori\s height ( 8 g5ius4 ,p]icles & ,phidias seem to h be5 two gr& =ces work+ 9 h>mony = ! political & arti/ic gr&eur ( ,a!ns1 &1 inde$1 ( all ,attica1 = )9 a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s ne>ly all ! great works ( t c\ntry 7 begun & complet$4 ,plut>* writes ( ^! wond]s 9 ^! words3 ,h5ce we h ! m reason to wond] t ! /ructures rais$ by ,p]icles %\ld be built 9 s %ort a "t1 & yet built = ages4 ,= z ea* ( !m1 z soon z x 0 f9i%$1 _h ! v5]able air ( antiquity1 s n[ t !y are old !y h ! fre%ness ( a mod]n build+4 ,a bloom is diffus$ ov] !m :i* pres]ves _! aspect unt>ni%$ by "t1 z if !y 7 animat$ ) a _s ( p]petual y\? & unfad+ elegance4 ,x is q impossible t ,i %\ld speak "h ( ! works ( ,phidias 9 detail1 & ,i h decid$ to speak only ( ! frieze ( ! ,p>!non1 because ! ,elg9 m>bles enable u to give illu/rations f x & to "k m ab\t ?is ?an ( ! o!r works ( ! great ma/]s ab\t :om :ole volumes might be writt5 ) ju/ice4 ,b1 fir/1 ,i w give a picture ( a co9 :i* %[s ! great ,olympian ,zeus1 or ,jupit]1 :i* ,phidias made at ,elis1 aft] he 0 an exile f ,a!ns 7,fig4 #bd74 ,:5 ,phidias 0 ask$ h[ he _h f\nd a model = ?is ,jupit]1 he quot$ ! l9es f ,hom]3 ,he said1 & nodd$ ) 8 %ad[y br[s1 ,wav$ on ! immortal head ! ambrosial locks1 ,& all ,olympus trembl$ at ! nod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,,co9 ,,( ,,elis ,,) ,,! ,,olympian ,,zeus4 ,! writ+s ( ! anci5ts h almo/ numb]less ref]5ces to ?is /atue1 & its praise is un5d+4 ,x 0 colossal 9 size & made ( ivory & gold1 & "o hi/orian says t ?\gh ! temple _h great height1 yet ! ,jupit] 0 s l>ge t if he _h ris5 f 8 ?rone he mu/ h c>ri$ ! ro( away4 ,x is relat$ t :5 ! "w 0 complet$ ,phidias pray$ to ,jupit] to give him a sign f heav5 t he might "k :e!r 8 "w 0 pleas+ to ! great god or n4 ,?is pray] 0 answ]$1 & a fla% ( lightn+ came :i* /ruck ! pavem5t 9 front ( ! /atue4 ,?is /atue 0 reckon$ among ! sev5 wond]s ( ! _w1 & x is believ$ t ! magnific5t bu/ call$ ! ,jupit] ,otricoli is a copy f ! ,olympian /atue 7,fig4 #be74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,,bu/ ,,( ,,jupit] ,,f\nd ,,at ,,otricoli4 ,i %all speak 9 ano!r volume 7^u ,ar*itecture7 ( ! =m] glory & ! pres5t ru9 ( ! ,p>!non at ,a!ns1 & tell h[ ^u its decoration ,phidias lavi%$ 8 ?\ght & c>e until x surpass$ 9 beauty any o!r /ructure ( :i* we h k4 ,e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury ,"l ,elg91 ! ,engli% ,ambassador to ! ,porte1 int]e/$ himself 9 hav+ ! sculptures f\nd 9 ! ru9s tak5 to ,engl&4 ,9 #ahab eighty *e/s conta9+ ^! priceless works ( ! greate/ sculptor :o ev] liv$ 7 plac$ 9 ,burl+ton ,h\se1 & a few ye>s lat] ,p>liam5t pur*as$ !m = ,l#ce1jjj1 & !y 7 plac$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :]e !y n[ are4 ,!re is a great numb] ( !m1 & all are ( great int]e/2 b ,i %all pass ov] ! metopes & ! p$im5ts1 & %all pass to ! frieze aft] speak+ ( ?is "o figure ( ,!seus1 :i* is f ! sculptures ( ! ea/]n p$im5t4 ,! sculptures ^u ?is p$im5t repres5t$ ! /ory ( ! bir? ( ,a!na1 & x 0 prop] t ,!seus %\ld be pres5t1 z he 0 k+ ov] ,a!ns1 ( :i* city ,a!na1 or ,m9]va1 0 ! protect+ goddess4 ,torso is a t]m us$ 9 sculpture to d5ote a mutilat$ figure1 & _m su* rema9s ( anci5t sculpture exi/ :i* are s beautiful1 ev5 9 _! ru91 t !y are ! pride ( ! museums :]e !y are1 & s]ve z /udies = ! arti/s ( all "t4 ,?is figure ( ,!seus is wond]ful = ! maje/y & grace ( its attitude1 = p]fection ( its anatomical accuracy1 & = ! appe>ance ( ela/icity ( muscle ) :i* x impresses "o1 ev5 ?\gh made ( m>ble4 ,x really seems z if ! sk9 c\ld be mov$ ^u x1 s s(t does its surface look to be4 ,x is rank$ z ! greate/ miracle ( sculpture4 ,?\gh x is call$ a ,!seus1 ,i ought to /ate t "s critics take exceptions to ?is "n1 & believe x to be ,h]cules or ,bac*us2 b by almo/ g5]al cons5t x is call$ a ,!seus 7,fig4 #bf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,,torso ,,( ,a ,,/atue ,,( ,,!seus 7874 ,we may imag9e t ! repres5tation ^u ?is ea/]n p$im5t mu/ h be5 magnific5t4 ,( c\rse ! *os5 goddess ( ,a!ns w\ld be made to appe> ) great glory4 ,! my? relates t ,a!na 0 born 9 an in/ant1 by spr++ =? f ! head ( ,zeus1 or ,jupit]1 fully arm$4 ,x is believ$ t 9 ?is sculpture %e 0 repres5t$ a mom5t aft] bir? :5 %e appe>$ 9 full1 colossal maje/y1 %\t+ h] w>-cry & wav+ h] lance--some?+ z ^! l9es repres5t ! sc5e3 ,wond] /range possess$ ,! ev]la/+ gods1 t %ape to see ,%ak+ a javel9 ke51 impetu\sly ,ru% f ! cre/ ( aegis-be>+ ,jove4 ,fe>fully ,heav5 0 %ak51 & did move ,b5ea? ! might ( ! ,ca]ulean-ey$ ,e>? dreadfully surr\nd$ f> & wide1 ,& lift$ f its dep?s2 ! sea swell$ high ,9 purple bill[s4 ,x is v important1 :5 consid]+ ! sculpture at ,a!ns1 to "k some?+ ab\t ! "* ( ?is goddess ^: p[] & influ5ce 0 s great !re4 ,i %all give an extract f an ,engli% writ] on ,greek sculpture1 ,mr4 ,walt] ,copel& ,p]ry3 ,x is a v rem>kable fact1 & "o :i* gives u a deep insight into ! "* ( ! ,a!nians1 t ! c5tral figure 9 _! religion1 ! mo/ p]fect repres5tative ( _! feel+s1 ?\ghts1 & aspirations1 0 n ,zeus or ,h]a 7,juno71 nor ! mo/ popul> gods ( all times & nations1 ,ares 7,m>s7 & ,aphrodite 7,v5us71 b ,a!na1 ! virg91 ! goddess ( wise c\nsel & brave de$6 ,%e 0 en?ron$ 9 ! v he>t ( _! citadel2 & %e /ood 9 colossal gr&eur on ! battlem5ts to t]rify _! foes1 & to give ! fir/ welcome to ! m>9] or ! exile :5 he approa*$ 8 div9e & beautiful home1 :i* repos$ 9 safety "u ! protection ( h] lance & %ield4 ,! attributes ( ?is goddess1 z giv5 9 ,greek lit]ature & %[n =? 9 ,greek art1 are v v>i$ & h>d to be und]/ood z belong+ to "o p]son4 ,%e is ! patroness ( w>1 & 9 ,hom]'s ,iliad %e is repres5t$ z ru%+ into battle 9 ?is wise3 ,! cuirass donn'd ( cl\d-compell+ =ce ,& /ood acc\tr$ = ! bloody fray4 ,h] tassell$ aegis r\nd h] %\ld]s next ,%e ?rew1 ) t]ror circl$ all ar\nd1 ,& on its face 7 figur$ de$s ( arms ,& ,/rife & ,c\rage high1 & panic ,r\t4 ,!re too a ,gorgon's head ( mon/r\s size ,fr[n'd t]rible1 port5t ( angry ,jove4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,9 h] h& ,a spe> %e bore1 long1 weighty1 t\gh1 :]e) ,! mighty daught] ( a mighty sire ,sweeps d[n ! ranks ( ^? h] hate pursues4 ,b ?is w>like goddess is also repres5t$ z ! wise c\nsellor :o re/ra9s ,a*illes f ra% action2 & ?\gh %e does n %r9k f w> & dang]1 yet ! mo/ preci\s gift to h] p 0 n ! w>-horse1 b ! olive1 ! emblem ( peace1 & to h] honor 0 ?is sacr$ tree plant$4 ,%e /&s 9 full armor1 ) br&i%$ lance1 on ! highe/ po9t ( ! ,acropolis1 & yet %e is ! patroness ( all h\sehold & female "w1 9 :i* %e h]self excels4 ,x is v int]e/+ to notice t 9 ! e>ly repres5tations ( ,a!na1 :ile %e is v w>like 9 h] be>+ & raises h] lance 9 h] "r h&1 %e also c>ries 9 h] left ! di/aff & ! sp9dle & ! lamp ( k4 ,9 ! lat] art ( ,phidias %e is /ill /]n & sev]e1 b h] face also expresses dignity & gr&eur ( ?\ght & "*4 ,lat] /ill1 h] w>like attributes are made less prom95t3 ! %ield re/s on ! gr\nd1 & ! lance is m l a sceptre1 until1 9 ! decl9e ( art1 %e is repres5t$ z lovely & g5tle1 & all h] gr& p[] is lo/1 & %e is n above a great numb] ( o!r goddesses :o are attractive = _! s(t1 lovely grace1 b h no selfhood1 no individuality to comm& our admiration or respect4 ,we come n[ to speak ( ! ,elg9 m>bles f ! frieze ( ! ,p>!non4 ,x 0 ab\t ?irty-five feet above ! floor1 ?ree feet ?ree in*es broad1 & ab\t five hundr$ & tw5ty-two feet long4 ,x repres5t$ a cont9u\s procession1 & ! subject is call$ ! great ,pana!naic ,procession4 ,ab\t f\r hundr$ feet ( ?is frieze rema9s1 s t a good judgm5t c be =m$ ( x4 ,fir/ ,i mu/ tell y :at ?is procession means4 ,! fe/ival ( ! ,pana!naea 0 ! mo/ important ( all ! spl5did pomps :i* 7 celebrat$ at ,a!ns4 ,x is probable t ?is fe/ival 0 held e ye> ab\t ! middle ( ,augu/1 b ! great ,pana!naic occurr$ only 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ea* olympiad2 an olympiad 0 a p]iod ( f\r ye>s1 ext5d+ f "o celebration ( ! ,olympic games to ano!r1 :i* 0 an ev5t ( great importance 9 reckon+ "t ) ! ,greeks2 ?us we see t ! great procession repres5t$ on ! frieze occurr$ once 9 e f\r ye>s4 ,?is fe/ival cont9u$ sev]al days1 & all 7 fill$ ) horse-rac+1 cock-fight+1 gymna/ic & musical conte/s1 & a great v>iety ( games2 poets also recit$ _! v]ses1 & philosoph]s held argum5ts 9 public places4,a ,b ! mo/ important day 0 t on :i* a procession w5t up to ! ,p>!non & c>ri$ ! peplos1 or g>m5t = ! great goddess1 :i* _h be5 wov5 by ! maid5s ( ,a!ns4 ,?is peplos 0 made ( crocus-color$ /uff1 on :i* ! figures ( ! gods engag$ 9 _! conte/s ) ! giants appe>$ 9 beautiful1 ri* embroid]y4 ,9 lat] ye>s1 aft] ! ,a!nians _h fall5 f _! fir/ high-m9d$ simplicity1 !y sometimes embroid]$ on ! peplos ! lik5ess ( a man :om !y wi%$ to flatt]1 z ?us plac+ him 9 ! company ( ! gods 0 a v great complim5t4 ,footnote ,a3 ,9 ! ,p]sian invasion ( ,greece by ,x]xes1 ,b4,c4 #dhj1 t mon>* 0 surpris$ to le>n t ! ,olympic games 7 n susp5d$ at ! approa* ( 8 army4 ,! procession ( ! peplos 0 =m$ at daybreak 9 ! ,pott]s' ,qu>t] ( ! city1 & pass$ to ! ,dromos1 !n to ! m>ket-place1 onw>d to ! temple ( ,demet]1 r\nd ! ,acropolis along ! ,pelasgic wall1 ?r\gh ! ,propylaea to ! temple ( ,a!na ,polias4 ,! procession 0 z spl5did z all ! weal?1 nobility1 y\? & beauty ( ,a!ns c\ld make x4 ,( ! va/ multitude :i* jo9$ x "s 7 9 *>iots1 o!rs on horses & almo/ c\ntless numb]s on foot4 ,aft] ! mo/ important (fic]s ( ! gov]nm5t come ! envoys ( ! ,attic colonies ) ! noble ,a!nian maid5s1 ! basket-be>]s1 ! ali5s :o resid$ 9 ,a!ns dress$ 9 r$ in/ead ( :ite1 & a *os5 company ( ag$ m5 be>+ bran*es ( ! sacr$ olive4 ,! peplos 0 n borne by h&s1 b 0 susp5d$ f ! ma/ ( a %ip1 ^u :eels1 :i* "s writ]s say 0 mov$ by ma*9]y plac$ und]gr\nd4 ,:5 ! temple 0 rea*$ ! spl5did g>m5t 0 plac$ ^u ! sacr$ /atue1 :i* 0 believ$ to h fall5 f heav54 ,dur+ ! fe/ival ( ! ,pana!naea prison]s 7 p]mitt$ to enjoy _! fre$om1 m5 ^: s]vices to ! public m]it$ recognition receiv$ gifts ( gold cr[ns1 & _! names 7 ann\nc$ by h]alds 9 public places1 & _m int]e/+ c]emonies fill$ up ! "t4 ,we d n "k ! exact ord] 9 :i* all ^! ?+s happ5$2 b x is believ$ t ! procession ( ! peplos 0 ! cr[n+ glory ( x all1 & 0 celebrat$ on ! f9al day4 ,! plan ( ! ,p>!non frieze :i* repres5t$ ?is great procession 0 z foll[s3 ,on ! ea/]n side above ! ma9 entrance to ! temple !re 7 two gr\ps ( ! mo/ important & p[]ful ( ! _m gods ( ! ,greek religion4 ,ea* ( ^! gr\ps _h six gods & an att5dant1 s t !re 7 sev5 figures 9 ea* ( ^! gr\ps1 z y w see by ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #bg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,!re has be5 mu* /udy ( ^! sculptures1 & _m s*ol>s h writt5 ab\t !m4 ,!re is /ill a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :i* gods are "h repres5t$1 b ,i %all give y ! mo/ g5]ally accept$ op9ion1 :i* calls a1 ,h]mes1 or ,m]cury1 ! mess5g] ( ! gods2 b1 ,apollo2 c1 ,artemis1 or ,diana2 d1 ,ares1 or ,m>s2 e1 ,iris1 :o is att5d+ ^u f1 ,h]a1 or ,juno2 g1 ,zeus1 or ,jupit]2 h1 ,a!na1 ,m9]va1 or ,pallas2 i1 ,hephae/us1 or ,vulcan2 j1 ,poseidon1 or ,neptune2 k1 ,dionysus1 or ,bac*us2 l1 m1 n are m d\btful1 b are probably ,aphrodite1 or ,v5us1 ,demet]1 or ,c]es1 & ,triptolemus1 ! boy :o 0 a favorite ) ,c]es1 :o inv5t$ ! pl\gh & fir/ s[$ corn4 ,n[1 ^! two gr\ps ( div9ities 7 divid$ by a v s+ul> gr\p conta9+ five figures 7,fig4 #bh74 ,!re has be5 mu* controv]sy z to ^! figures & :at !y are do+4 ,!y seem to be unconsci\s ( ! great gods :o are ne> to !m on ei!r side4 ,! great] numb] ( critics consid] t ! two maid5s1 e & d1 are ( ! numb] :o h embroid]$ ! peplos2 ! c5tral figure1 c1 a prie/ess ( ,a!na2 a1 ! ,ar*on ,basileus2 & b1 a consecrat$ s]vant-boy1 :o is deliv]+ up ! peplos4 ,o!r critics believe1 h[ev]1 t ^! figures are all prep>+ = ! sacr$ c]emonies ab\t to beg91 & t ! prie/ is giv+ ! boy-s]vant a g>m5t :i* he has tak5 (f4 ,o!r !ories may arise1 & we c only li/5 to !m all1 & yet n "k ! tru?2 b ! m we /udy ! m we %all admire ^! exquisite figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,,! ,,five ,,c5tral ,,figures4 ,j "h ,i w call y\r att5tion to "o feature ( ^! antique bas-reliefs :i* is call$ ,isocephalism1 & means t all ! heads are at an equal height4 ,y w see t all figures1 :e!r /&+ or sitt+1 walk+1 9 *>iots1 or on horseback1 h ! heads on ! same level4 ,^! ?ree gr\ps1 ! five c5tral figures & ! two gr\ps ( gods1 are approa*$ on ea* side by long1 cont9u\s processions1 & ^! processions ea* />t out f ! s\?-we/ corn] ( ! ,p>!non1 s t "o bran* goes along ! s\? & a "p ( ! ea/ side1 & ! o!r & long] division m>*es on ! :ole ( ! we/ & nor?1 & a portion ( ! ea/ side4 ,i %all give "h a s]ies ( pictures :i* are all expla9$ by _! titles1 & w give y an excell5t idea ( ?is magnific5t frieze1 & d\btless _m ( my read]s h /udi$ or w /udy & admire x 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,figs4 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi--,,y\?s ,,prep>+ ,,to ,,jo9 ,,! ,,cavalcade4 ,?\gh all ?is frieze 0 ! conception ( ! great ,phidias1 x mu/ h be5 ! "w ( _m h&s1 & close exam9ation %[s t "s portions ( x are done mu* bett] ?an o!rs4 ,^! sculptures h a d\ble value2 = :ile !y are s priceless z treasures ( art1 !y tell u mu* ( t prosp]\s1 glori\s ,a!ns ( :i* we love to read & he> /ories4 ,^! figures %[ u h[ ! p dress$ & mov$1 & we see 9 !m ! /ately magi/rates & v5]able se]s ( ,a!ns1 ! sacr$ envoys ( dep5d5t /ates1 ! victors 9 _! *>iots drawn by ! /e$s :i* _h won = !m ! *eap b priceless g>l&1 ! full-arm$ w>riors1 ! spl5did cavalry1 & ! noble y\?s ( 'horse-lov+' ,a!ns on _! favorite /e$s1 9 ! flu% & pride ( _! "y life2 & la/1 n lea/1 ! tra9 ( high-born ,a!nian maid5s1 m>*+ ) b[$ heads & quiet gait1 = !y are engag$ 9 holy "w1 ) mode/ mi51 & g5tle dignity & grace4 ,all t 0 sacr$1 p[]ful1 & gr&--all t 0 beautiful1 graceful1 & joy\s 9 ,a!nian life1 is repres5t$ !re1 9 ideal =m1 ( c\rse1 b 9 /rict con=mity ) ! realities ( life4444 ,x is by ! /udy ( su* works z ^! t we get ! cle>e/ insight into ! ess5ce & _s ( classical antiquity2 & !y help u bett] to und]/& all t we may read 9 hi/ory or poetry conc]n+ ! anci5t1 classic ,greeks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,,horsem5 ,,/>t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,,procession ,,( ,,cavalry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,,procession ,,( ,,*>iots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,,tra9 ,,( ,,musicians ,,& ,,y\?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,,c[s ,,= ,,sacrifice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,,tra9 ,,( ,,noble ,,maid5s4 ,we mu/ n[ leave ,phidias & speak ( o!r sculptors :o 7 8 contempor>ies & pupils4 ,among ! la/ ,,alcam5es 0 ! mo/ celebrat$4 ,he 0 born 9 ,lemnos1 b 0 a citiz5 ( ,a!ns2 s he is sometimes call$ an ,a!nian1 & aga9 a ,lemnian4 ,8 /atues 7 num]\s1 & mo/ ( !m repres5t$ ! gods4 ,"o ( ,hephae/us1 or ,vulcan1 0 rem>kable = ! way 9 :i* 8 lam5ess 0 conceal$ s skilfully t no de=mity appe>$4 ,8 mo/ fam\s /atue 0 a ,v5us1 or ,aphrodite1 conc]n+ :i* x is relat$ t ,agoracritus1 ano!r celebrat$ pupil ( ,phidias1 cont5d$ ) ,alcam5es 9 mak+ a /atue ( t goddess4 ,! pref]5ce 0 giv5 to ,alcam5es1 & ,agoracritus believ$ ?is to h be5 done on acc\nt ( 8 be+ an ,a!nian citiz51 & n solely = ! m]it ( ! /atue4 ,! ,v5us ( ,alcam5es /ood 9 a temple ( t goddess 9 a g>d5 beyond ! ea/]n wall ( ,a!ns4 ,?is /atue 0 v mu* prais$ = its beauty by anci5t writ]s1 :o all m5tion ) especial pride ! eury?my ( ! action ( ! wri/4 ,?is is a t]m frequ5tly us$ 9 reg>d to sculpture1 & is some:at difficult to expla94 ,x means a h>mony & proportion ( action :i* corresponds to rhy?m 9 music4 ,:5 a /atue has ! effect x %\ld h x appe>s z if ! motion ( ! figure 0 arre/$ = a mom5t1 & w\ld be resum$ imm$iately4 ,t is :at we mean :5 we say a /atue has life2 &1 z 9 life1 ! motion ( a /atue may be awkw>d or x may be graceful2 x may be h>moni\s to ! eye1 j z music is h>moni\s to ! e>1 or x may seem out ( tune & "t1 j z inh>moni\s s\nds are to a correct e> = ! rhy?m ( s\nd2 s :5 we speak ( ! eury?my ( sculpture we mean t its app>5t motion is 9 accord ) ! laws ( proportion1 & is h>moni\s & graceful to ! eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,,head ,,( ,,asclepius4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,:ile ,alcam5es _h ?is p[] ( imp>t+ grace to 8 /atues1 he also approa*$ ,phidias 9 maje/y & a div9e sweetness1 :i* 0 ! sweetness ( great /r5g?4 ,9 tru?1 he is recogniz$ z ! sculptor :o mo/ ne>ly approa*$ ! great ,phidias4 ,he repres5t$ also = ! fir/ "t ! god ,asclepius1 or ,a,esculapius1 :o 0 v important to ! ,greeks1 :o plac$ great value ^u physical heal?4 ,alcam5es repres5t$ him z a sort ( humaniz$ ,zeus or ,jupit]4 ,( ! ,asclepius heads f\nd at ,melos we may reg>d ?is "o giv5 "h z a free copy ( ! type ( god :i* ?is great sculptor repres5t$ ! god ( m$ic9e & heal? to be 7,fig4 #cf74 ,alcam5es 0 also ! pr9cipal assi/ant ( ,phidias 9 8 decoration ( ! temple ( ,jupit] at ,olympia1 & is said to h himself execut$ ! relief ^u ! we/]n p$im5t1 9 :i* ! battle ( ! ,c5taurs & ,lapi?ae 0 repres5t$ ) great _s4 ,,agoracritus ( ,p>os1 :o has be5 m5tion$ z ! rival ( ,alcam5es1 is call$ ! favorite pupil ( ,phidias1 & x is said t ! ma/] ev5 gave ,agoracritus "s ( 8 works1 & all[$ ! pupil to inscribe 8 "n ^u !m4 ,= ?is reason ! anci5t writ]s 7 (t5 9 d\bt z to ! au?or%ip ( ! /atues call$ by ! names ( ^! sculptors4 ,x is said t :5 ! ,v5us ( ,alcam5es 0 pref]r$ be=e t ( ,agoracritus ! latt] *ang$ 8 m>k1 & made x to repres5t a ,nemesis1 or ! goddess :o s5t suff]+ to ^? :o 7 bless$ ) too _m gifts4 ,x is said t ?is /atue 0 cut f a block ( m>ble :i* ! ,p]sians br\ght ) !m to ,m>a?on = ! purpose ( mak+ a trophy ( x :i* !y c\ld set up to commemorate ! victory !y felt s sure ( ga9+2 9 _! flight & adv]sity x 0 left1 & at la/ s]v$ a ,greek sculptor 9 mak+ a /atue ( an av5g+ goddess4 ,?is seems to be a /rik+ illu/ration ( poetic ju/ice4 ,agoracritus sold ! ,nemesis to ! p ( ,rhamnus1 :o _h a temple d$icat$ to t goddess1 & made a condition t x %\ld nev] be set up 9 ,a!ns4 ,9 ! museum ( ! ,lat]an at ,rome !re is a small b v beautiful antique /atue ( ,nemesis1 :i* is ?\ght to be a copy ( ?is fam\s "w4 ,z ,nemesis 0 ! goddess :o met$ out =tune accord+ to h] idea ( "r1 a measure 0 h] symbol1 & ! ,greek measure ( a cubit 0 g5]ally plac$ 9 h] h&4 ,! ^w cubit means ! l5g? ( ! =e>m f ! elb[ to ! wri/1 & 9 ?is /atue ( :i* we speak ?is "p ( ! arm is made v prom95t1 & ! measure itself is omitt$4 ,! sculptor ,myron also _h pupils & foll[]s :o execut$ _m works1 & ( ?is s*ool 0 ,,cresilas ( ,cydonia1 9 ,crete4 ,we are int]e/$ 9 him because two copies f 8 works exi/1 ( :i* ,i give pictures "h4 ,pl9y1 9 speak+ ( ! portrait /atue ( ,p]icles1 said x 0 a m>vel ( ! art :i* makes illu/ri\s m5 /ill m illu/ri\s4 ,! cut giv5 "h is f a bu/ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,!re is reason to believe t ,cresilas excell$ ,myron 9 ! expression ( 8 faces 7,figs4 #cg1 #ch74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,a ,,w\nd$ ,,amazon4 ,cresilas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,,/atue ,,( ,,p]icles4 ,cresilas4 ,,callima*us is an arti/ ( :om we "k little1 b t little is int]e/+4 ,we d n "k :]e he 0 born1 b z he 0 employ$ to make a c&elabra = ! et]nal lamp :i* burn$ be=e ! sacr$ /atue ( ,a!na ,polias1 we may suppose t he 0 an ,a!nian4 ,"s writ]s say t he inv5t$ a lamp :i* w\ld burn a ye> )\t go+ out1 & t su* an "o made ( gold 0 ! "w he did = ! temple ( ,m9]va4 ,callima*us liv$ betwe5 ,b4,c4 #eej & #cif1 & is cr$it$ ) hav+ inv5t$ ! ,cor9?ian capital 9 ?is wise3 ,a "y girl ( ,cor9? di$1 & h] nurse1 accord+ to cu/om1 plac$ a basket ^u h] grave conta9+ ! food %e _h lov$ be/ 9 life4 ,x *anc$ t ! basket 0 put d[n ^u a "y acan?us plant1 & ! leaves grew up ab\t ! basket 9 su* a way t :5 ,callima*us saw x ! design = ! capital :i* we "k z ,cor9?ian 0 sugge/$ to him1 & 0 ?us nam$ f ! city 9 :i* all ?is _h occurr$4 ,:ile ! pla/ic art ( ,a!ns1 or ! ,attic s*ool ( sculpture1 rea*$ its greate/ excell5ce 9 ,phidias1 !re 0 9 ! ,peloponnesus ano!r s*ool ( mu* importance4 ,argos 0 ! *ief city ( ?is s*ool1 & its be/ ma/] 0 ,,polycleitus ( ,sicyon1 :o 0 born ab\t ,b4,c4 #dhb4 ,he 0 ?us ab\t twelve ye>s y\ng] ?an ,phidias4 ,polycleitus 0 held 9 su* e/eem t _m ( ! anci5t writ]s c\ple 8 "n ) t ( ,phidias4 ,he 0 employ$ 9 ! decoration ( ! ,h]aion1 or temple ( ,h]a1 at ,argos4 ,b 8 greate/ "w 0 a /atue ( ,h]a1 or ,juno1 = a temple on ,m\nt ,euboea1 betwe5 ,argos & ,myc5ae4 ,?is /atue 0 *ryselephant9e1 & z ,juno 0 ! maje/ic1 :ite-arm$1 ox-ey$ goddess consort ( ,jupit]1 x is a /rik+ co9cid5ce t ,phidias at ,olympia & ,polycleitus on ,m\nt ,euboea %\ld h made f ivory & gold two fam\s /atues ( ?is r5[n$ pair1 :o reign$ ov] ! my?ical _w ( ! ,greek religion4 ,!re are sev]al copies ( heads ( ,juno 9 v>i\s museums1 & "s ( !m h be5 ascrib$ to ,polycleitus2 b ! pro( ( ! tru? ( ?is is f> f be+ satisfactory4 ,?is ma/] made o!r /atues ( div9ities1 b he excell$ 9 repres5t+ a?letes2 & h[ev] f9e 8 o!r works may h be51 x 0 9 ! reproduction ( /rong1 y\?ful1 manly beauty t he surpass$ o!r sculptors4 ,"s ( 8 /atues ( ?is sort1 especially a ,doryphorus1 or spe>-be>]1 7 consid]$ z models f :i* all o!r arti/s c\ld "w4 ,polycleitus is said to h writt5 a treatise 9 :i* he gave exact rules = ! proportions ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,?is 0 call$ ! canon ( ,polycleitus1 & !re is good reason to believe t ! ,doryphorus 0 call$ by ! same "n1 ! canon1 because x 0 fa%ion$ accord+ to ! rules laid d[n by ,polycleitus 9 8 treatise4 ,8 pupils & foll[]s are m5tion$ ) honor by ! ,greek au?ors ( 8 "t1 b ,i ne$ n m5tion !m "h4 ,! art ( ,phidias & ,polycleitus 0 ! art ( ,greece at its be/ p]iod4 ,aft] ! close ( ! ,p]sian w>s ! p ( ,greece 7 a religi\s & patriotic p4 ,! ,p]sian w>s develop$ ! be/ quality ( "*1 = ^! w>s 7 wag$ aga9/ a =eign foe1 & ! ,greeks 7 def5d+ _! fre$om & _! civilization1 & at ! end ( ! /ruggle ,p]icles1 :o guid$ !m to _! greate/ prosp]ity1 0 a /atesman & a man ( high aims2 he 0 a g5tleman z well z a /rong rul]4 ,! ,peloponnesian w>1 on ! contr>y1 0 a civil w>1 & x divid$ ! ,greeks among !mselves & r\s$ ! evil passions ( fri5d aga9/ fri5d all ov] _! c\ntry4 ,x 0 ! cause ( selfi%ness1 trea*]y1 & immorality1 & "o ( its wor/ effects 0 se5 9 ! loss ( religi\s tone among ! p3 _! old cont5t$ simplicity ( life & ?\ght 0 gone2 e man ?\ght only ( himself1 & ! nation began to s9k into ! condition :i* at la/ made x an easy prey to ! ,mac$onians4 ,we h /udi$ all ^! w>s 9 our hi/ories1 b p]haps we h n ?\ght h[ mu* !y affect$ sculpture & ! o!r arts1 & br\ght !m d[n f ! l(ty heights ( ! ,p]iclean age4 ,b !re 7 /ill m5 :o /rove to be great & gr& 9 morals & 9 intellect1 & p]haps /rove all ! m e>ne/ly = ?is on acc\nt ( ! decl9e !y saw ab\t !m4 ,few c\ntries 9 any age h _h m spl5did m5 ?an ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,euripides1 ,ari/ophanes1 ,pelopidas1 ,epam9ondas1 ,demo/h5es1 ,dion1 & ,timoleon1 & ^! all liv$ betwe5 ! ,peloponnesian & ! ,mac$onian w>s4 ,& :ile ! arts 7 less gr& ?an be=e1 !y did n fall into decl9e = "s ye>s1 ?\gh !y took on new features4 ,! gods :o _h be5 mo/ly repres5t$ 7 less (t5 ! subjects ( ! sculptor1 & :5 !y 7 s !y 7 s(t5$ & made less awful 9 _! effect4 ,o!r gods 7 m freely tak5 = models1 su* z came ne>] to human life & ?\ght1 because less sublime 9 _! attributes & *>act]s4 ,among ^! 7 ,v5us z a lovely woman r ?an z ! great "m ( all liv+ creatures1 & ,eros1 or ,love2 :ile ,plutus1 or ,weal?1 & satyrs1 nymphs1 & tritons 7 multipli$ 9 great numb]s4 ,:5 ! gods :o 7 repres5t$ 7 m l human be+s 9 _! "*1 x foll[$ t ! /atues ( !m m ne>ly resembl$ m5 & wom51 & gradually ! old gr&eur & sublimity 7 *ang$ to grace1 beauty1 & mir?4 ,_m p w\ld pref] ^! works because !y come ne>] to ! e-day life ( ! _w2 b e>ne/1 ?\ghtful m9ds look = some?+ m noble 9 art--some?+ t w n come d[n to u z we are1 b w help u to rise above ourselves & to /rive aft] bett] ?+s4 ,,cephisodotus 0 a sculptor :o liv$ until ab\t ,b4,c4 #che1 or a little lat]1 & /ood betwe5 ! old & ! new s*ools ( ,greek art4 ,! cut giv5 "h is f a gr\p at ,muni*1 :i* is believ$ to be a copy ( a "w by him1 & x is a comb9ation ( ! simple dignity ( ! art ( ,phidias 7:i* is se5 9 ! fl[+ drap]y & ! wavy edge ( its folds7 & ! lat] ,attic /yle 7:i* is se5 9 ! dreamy1 g5tle air ( ! face ( ! nurse ( ! little god74 7,fig4 #ci47 ,we "k v little ( ! life ( ,cephisodotus1 & z little is said ( 8 works by anci5t writ]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,,eir5e ,,& ,,! ,,"y ,,plutus4 ,cephisodotus4 ,,scopas ( ,p>os 0 "o ( ! greate/ sculptors ( ! lat] ,attic s*ool4 ,! isl& ( ,p>os1 :]e he 0 born1 0 ! place :]e ! f9e/ ,greek m>ble 0 f\nd2 b he work$ s mu* at ,a!ns t he is spok5 ( z an ,a!nian4 ,he 0 an ar*itect z well z a sculptor1 & he sup]9t5d$ ! erection ( "s spl5did /ructures1 :i* he also ornam5t$ ) 8 sculptures4 ,i %all speak especially ( ! tomb ( ,mausolus1 ! ,k+ ( ,c>ia4 ,scopas execut$ ! sculptures ( ! ea/ side1 & z he 0 ! be/ arti/ ( ! sculptors employ$ !re1 x is probable t he _h mu* to d ) ! design = all ! "w4 ,?is mausoleum 0 reckon$ z "o ( ! sev5 wond]s ( ! _w1 & has giv5 a "n to f9e tombs ! _w ov]4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! sculptures f ?is tomb :i* are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum seems to me to be ! /atue ( ,mausolus himself4 ,x is pla9ly int5d$ to be an exact portrait ( ! k+1 & x is s design$ & execut$ t we feel sure x mu/ %[ him to u j z he 0 :5 alive1 m ?an tw5ty-two hundr$ ye>s ago 7,fig4 #dj74 ,a "p ( ! frieze ^u ! mausoleum %[$ ! battle ( ! ,greeks & ! ,amazons1 & ?is illu/ration f x gives an idea ( ! boldness ( action & ! correctness ( ! design 7,fig4 #da74 ,?is picture is f a slab 9 ! possession ( ! ,s]ra family 9 ,g5oa4 ,on ! "r a w>rior holds d[n an ,amazon :om he has =c$ to h] knees & is ab\t to kill1 :ile %e /ret*es out h] "r h& 9 supplication4 ,! figures to ! left are full ( _s1 & absolutely seem to be 9 motion4 ,we d n "k t any ( ^! figures 7 execut$ by ! h& ( ,scopas1 b x is probable t !y 71 & !y give u an idea ( ! art ( 8 "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,,portrait ,,( ,,mausolus4 ,scopas also c>v$ "o ( ! spl5did pill>s ( ! temple ( ,diana at ,ephesus1 & did mu* ar*itectural decoration1 z well z to execute _m /atues & gr\ps ( figures4 ,! anci5t writ]s say v little ( ! art ( ,scopas1 b :5 all t we c le>n is br\ght toge!r1 x %[s t he _h great f]tility 9 express+ 8 own ideas1 t 8 g5ius 0 creative & 8 works orig9al4 ,he repres5t$ ! gods :i* ! e>li] sculptors _h %[n 9 _! works 9 q a new mann]1 & he 0 ! fir/ to %[ ! goddess ,v5us 9 all ! beauty :i* imag9ation c\ld attribute to h]4 ,8 repres5tations ( nymphs ( wood & sea1 ( mon/]s1 & all sorts ( /range1 imag9>y be+s 7 numb]less1 & he made 8 sculptur$ figures to express e emotion t c be fanci$ or felt1 f ! t5d]e/ & sweete/ affection to ! wilde/ passions ( ! s\l4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da--;,,f ,,! ,,frieze ,,( ,,! ,,mausoleum4 ,8 works 7 always repres5tations ( gods or ( s5tim5ts z %[n by "s sup]human be+s2 he nev] portray$ a h]o1 ) ! exception ( ,h]cules1 & 0 ev] busy ) ! ideal r ?an ) realities ab\t him4 ,he work$ 9 m>ble only1 :i* is f> m suit$ to ! elegant beauty ( 8 /yle ?an are bronze & gold or ivory4 ,we are accu/om$ to call ,,praxiteles ! greate/ sculptor ( ! second s*ool ( ,greek art1 j z we give t place to ,phidias 9 ! fir/4 ,we h no fix$ dates conc]n+ ,praxiteles4 ,we "k t he 0 ! son ( a ,cephisodotus1 :o 0 a bronze work]1 & 0 ?\ght to be a son ( ,alcam5es1 ?us mak+ ,praxiteles a gr&son ( ! latt]4 ,praxiteles 0 fir/ in/ruct$ by 8 fa!r4 ,lat] he came "u ! influ5ce ( ,scopas1 :o 0 mu* old] ?an he2 & by ,scopas he 0 p]suad$ to give up work+ 9 bronze & conf9e himself to m>ble4 ,p]haps ! mo/ au!ntic date we h conc]n+ him is t giv5 by ,pl9y1 :o says t he 0 9 8 prime f ,b4,c4 #cfd-cfj4 ,x is impossible to praise a sculptor m ?an ,praxiteles 0 prais$ by ! ,greek au?ors2 &1 al?\gh ,a!ns 0 ! place :]e he liv$ & labor$ mo/1 yet he 0 kn[n to all ,greece1 & ev5 to o!r c\ntries1 & ! numb] ( 8 works 0 m>vell\s4 ,!re are tru/wor?y acc\nts ( =ty-sev5 gr\ps1 reliefs1 & /atues by 8 h&1 & x is n probable t ^! are all t he execut$4 ,praxiteles repres5t$ y\? & beauty & su* subjects z are mo/ pleas+ to popul> ta/e4 ,?us x happ5$ t 8 male figures 7 ! "y ,apollo1 ,eros1 & y\?ful satyrs1 :ile a l>ge proportion ( 8 /atues repres5t$ lovely wom54 ,v5us 0 frequ5tly repeat$ by him1 & !re is a /ory t he made two /atues ( h]1 "o be+ drap$ & ! o!r nude4 ,! p ( ,cos b\ght ! fir/1 & ! la/ 0 pur*as$ by ! ,cnidians1 :o plac$ x 9 ! mid/ ( an op5 temple1 :]e x c\ld be se5 f all sides4 ,x became s fam\s t _m p w5t to ,cnidos solely = ! purpose ( see+ x1 & ! ,cnidian ,v5us acquir$ a reputation :]ev] art 0 kn[n4 ,:5 ! oppressor ( ! ,cnidians1 ,k+ ,nicodemus ( ,bi?ynia1 (f]$ to release !m f a debt ( "o hundr$ tal5ts 7ab\t #ajj1jjj7 if !y w\ld give him ! ,v5us1 !y refus$1 & decl>$ t x 0 ! *ief glory ( _! ,/ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,,! ,,eros ,,( ,,c5tocelle4 ,ano!r /ory relates t ,phryne1 a fri5d ( ,praxiteles1 _h be5 told by him t %e c\ld h any "w :i* %e might *oose f 8 work%op4 ,%e wi%$ to h ! "o :i* ! arti/ himself consid]$ ! be/4 ,9 ord] to f9d out :i* he s e/eem$ %e s5t a s]vant to tell him t 8 work%op 0 on fire4 ,he exclaim$1 ,all is lo/ if my ,satyr & ,cupid are n sav$6 ,!n ,phryne told him ( h] trick1 & *ose ! ,cupid1 or ,eros1 = h] gift4 ,phryne !n (f]$ ! /atue to ! temple ( ,!spiae1 9 ,boeotia1 :]e x 0 plac$ betwe5 a /atue ( ,v5us & "o ( ,phryne h]self4 ,?is ,cupid 0 almo/ z celebrat$ z ! ,cnidian ,v5us1 & 0 visit$ by _m p4 ,! head giv5 "h 7,fig4 #db71 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ,c5tocelle by ,gav9 ,hamilton1 & is n[ 9 ! ,vatican1 is ?\ght by _m to be a copy ( a ,cupid by ,praxiteles1 & ev5 ( ! ,!spian /atue2 b we h no pro( ( ?is4 ,! ,cupid1 or ,eros1 ( ! art ( ,scopas & ,praxiteles is n ! m]ry little creature :o be>s t "n 9 lat] art2 he is a y\? j com+ into manhood1 ) a dreamy1 melan*oly face1 ! t5d] beauty ( :i* makes him "o ( ! mo/ attractive subjects 9 sculpture4 ,caligula c>ri$ ! ,!spian ,cupid to ,rome2 ,claudius re/or$ x to its orig9al place1 b ,n]o aga9 bore x to ,rome1 :]e x 0 burn$ 9 a conflagration 9 ! "t ( ,titus4 ,i %all say no m ( ,praxiteles p]sonally1 because ,i wi% to describe to y ! l>ge/ & gr&e/ gr\p ( ,greek /atues :i* exi/s1 or1 z ,i %\ld say1 ( :i* we h any copies4 ,we d n "k :e!r ,scopas or ,praxiteles made ^! fam\s figures1 s9ce !y are attribut$ to bo? ^! sculptors2 p]haps we c nev] positively "k to :om to ascribe ! fame ( ?is m>vell\s "w4 ,! hi/orian ,pl9y tells u t !y /ood 9 ! temple ( ,apollo ,sosianus at ,rome4 ,sosius 0 ! legate ( ,antony 9 ,syria & ,cilicia2 he erect$ ?is temple 9 8 own honor1 & br\ght _m beautiful works f ! ,ea/ = its decoration4 ,x is believ$ t he br\ght ! ,niobe gr\p f ,cilicia1 & display$ x :5 celebrat+ 8 victory ov] ,judea1 ,b4,c4 #ce4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #aehc a l>ge numb] ( /atues repres5t+ ?is subject 7 f\nd 9 ,rome1 & 7 pur*as$ by ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 :o plac$ !m 9 ! ,villa ,m$ici4 ,9 #agge !y 7 remov$ to ! ,palace ( ! ,uffizi1 9 ,flor5ce1 :]e an ap>tm5t 0 assign$ to !m4 ,! figures 7 re/or$1 & ea* "o plac$ on its own p$e/al1 :i* "w 0 n complet$ until #agid4 ,! gr\p mu/ h _h orig9ally sev5te5 figures--,niobe & f\rte5 *ildr51 a p$agogue & a female nurse4 ,n[ !re are b twelve--,niobe1 six sons1 f\r daught]s1 & ! p$agogue4 ,at fir/ x 0 suppos$ t ^! figures ornam5t$ ! temple p$im5t1 b x is n[ ?\ght t !y /ood on an undulat+ rocky base1 ) a backgr\nd at a little di/ance4 ,niobe is ! c5tral figure1 9 any case1 & ! *ildr5 7 flee+ t[>d h] f ei!r side2 %e is ! only "o repres5t$ 9 su* a way z to pres5t ! full face to ! behold] 7,fig4 #dc74 ,b we %all bett] und]/& our subject if ,i rec\nt z concisely z possible ! /ory ( ,niobe1 :i*1 z y "k1 is a ,grecian my?4 ,niobe 0 ! daught] ( ,tantalus1 & 0 born on ,m\nt ,sipylus4 ,:5 a *ild ,niobe play$ ) ,lato1 or ,latona1 :o aft]w>d m>ri$ ! great god ,jupit]1 or ,zeus4 ,niobe became ! wife ( ,amphion1 & _h a v happy life2 %e 0 ! "m ( sev5 sons & sev5 daught]s1 & all ?is prosp]ity made h] =get t %e 0 mortal1 & %e d>$ to be insol5t ev5 to ! gods !mselves4 ,lato _h b two *ildr51 ! beautiful ,apollo & ! ar*]-que5 ( heav51 call$ ,diana1 or ,artemis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,,niobe ,,& ,,h] ,,y\nge/ ,,daught]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--;,,bro!r ,,& ,,si/]4 ,amphion & ,niobe 7 ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,!bes1 & :5 ! wor%ip ( ,lato 0 e/abli%$ 9 t city ,niobe 0 v angry4 ,%e ?\ght ( ,lato z h] playmate & n a goddess1 & 0 s imprud5t z to drive 9 h] *>iot to ! temple & comm& ! ,!ban wom5 n to jo9 9 ?is wor%ip4 ,niobe also ass]t$ t %e 0 sup]ior to ?is ,lato1 :o _h b two *ildr51 :ile %e _h f\rte5 lovely sons & daught]s1 any "o ( :i* 0 wor?y ( honor4 ,all ?is s enrag$ ,lato t %e begg$ ,apollo1 :o 0 ! god ( ! silv] b[1 & ,diana1 h] huntress daught]1 to take rev5ge on ,niobe4 ,ob$i5t to h] comm&s1 ,apollo & ,artemis desc5d$ to e>?1 & 9 "o day slew all ! *ildr5 ( ,niobe4 ,!n ?is pr\d "m1 left alone1 c\ld d no?+ b weep1 & ?is %e did cont9ually until ,jupit] took pity on h] & turn$ h] into /one1 & :irl$ h] away f ,!bes to ,m\nt ,sipylus1 ! sc5e ( h] happy *ildhood4 ,9 ?is picture ( ,niobe %e clasps h] y\nge/ *ild1 :o has fl$ to h] = protection4 ,i _c give pictures ( all ! figures1 b "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ is ?is bro!r & si/]4 ,%e is w\nd$1 & he endeavors to raise 8 g>m5t s z to %ield h] & himself f ! deadly arr[s :i* pursue !m 7,fig4 #dd74 ,?is figure ( ! elde/ daught] is v beautiful4 ,an arr[ has pi]c$ h] neck1 & ! "r h& is b5t back to ! w\nd4 ,! face is noble & simple1 & has be5 a favorite model to ,guido ,r5i & o!r ,italian ma/]s 7,fig4 #de74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,,! ,,elde/ ,,daught]4 ,fig4 #df %[s "o ( ! old] sons1 :o1 ?\gh w\nd$ & fall5 on "o knee1 /ill looks t[>d 8 slay] ) an air ( defiance4 ,!re is a _w ( int]e/ connect$ ) ^! /atues1 & !y move u ) a v>iety ( emotions4 ,! poor "m1 s prosp]\s a mom5t be=e1 & n[ see+ h] *ildr5 dy+ ar\nd h]1 sla9 by ! sure arr[s ( ! unse5 gods--h[ c we pity h] en\gh6 & !n ! brave son :o tries to %ield 8 si/] :ile he is daz$ by ! sudd5ness ( ! mis=tunes :i* he _c acc\nt =2 ! old p$agogue1 to :om ! y\nge/ boy has run = protection--&1 inde$1 all dem& our sympa?y = _! grief & our admiration = _! beauty1 :i* is /ill !irs 9 spite ( _! woe4 ,"o ( ! "y sculptors :o 0 employ$ ) ,scopas 9 ! "w on ! mausoleum 0 ,,leo*>es4 ,we read ( sev]al /atues ( ,zeus & ,apollo by ?is ma/]1 b 8 mo/ celebrat$ "w 0 ! gr\p ( ,ganym$e borne upw>d by ! eagle ( ,zeus4 ,!re are sev]al copies ( ?is sculpture1 b t giv5 "h1 f ! ,vatican figure1 is ! be/ ( all1 & is v beautiful4 ,we "k v few facts conc]n+ ,leo*>es1 & _c ev5 say :e!r he 0 an ,a!nian or n 7,fig4 #dg74 ,!re is /ill /&+ at ,a!ns1 9 its orig9al place1 ! ,*oragic monum5t ( ,lysicrates2 & ?\gh we d n "k ! names ( ! ar*itects & sculptors :o made x1 !re are traces ^u x :i* indicate t x belong$ to ! s*ool ( ,scopas 7,fig4 #dh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--;,a ,,niobid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--;,,ganym$e4 ,aft] ,leo*>es4 ,?is monum5t 0 erect$ ,b4,c4 #ccd1 :5 ,lysicrates 0 *oragus--t is1 :5 x 0 8 (fice to provide ! *orus = ! plays repres5t$ at ,a!ns4 ,?is 0 an exp5sive (fice1 & "o t dem&$ mu* labor & c>e4 ,he _h fir/ to f9d ! *ori/]s1 & !n br+ !m toge!r to be in/ruct$1 & provide !m ) prop] food :ile !y /udi$4 ,! *oragus :o gave ! be/ musical ent]ta9m5t receiv$ a tripod z 8 rew>d1 & x 0 ! cu/om to build a monum5t ^u :i* to place ! tripod1 s t x %\ld be a la/+ honor to ! *oragus & 8 family4 ,! /reet 9 :i* ^! monum5ts 7 erect$ 0 call$ ! /reet ( ! ,tripods4 ,x 0 also ! cu/om to d$icate ea* tripod to "s special div9ity1 & ?is ( ,lysicrates 0 d$icat$ to ,bac*us1 & _h a frieze ) sculptures tell+ ! /ory ( t god & ! ,tyrrh5ian robb]s :o bore him (f to _! %ip4 ,9 ord] to rev5ge himself he *ang$ ! o>s & ma/s into s]p5ts & himself into a lion2 music 0 he>d1 & ivy grew all ov] ! vessel2 ! robb]s w5t mad & leap$ into ! sea1 & *ang$ into dolph9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,,monum5t ,,( ,,lysicrates4 ,a!ns4 ,9 ! frieze1 h[ev]1 x is repres5t$ t ! god is on %ore quietly amus+ himself ) ! lion 7,fig4 #di71 :ile satyrs & sil5i puni% ! robb]s by beat+ !m ) /icks & *as+ !m ) fury1 :ile !y are turn+ gradually into dolph9s & ru%+ into ! sea4 ,! design is s f9e t x might easily be attribut$ to "o ( ! be/ sculptors2 b ! execution is c>eless1 & ?is is n /range :5 we rememb] t x 0 all done at ! exp5se ( "o man1 & he a private citiz54 ,we w return n[ to ! ,peloponnesian s*ool1 ( :i* ,polycleitus 0 ! head 9 its e>lie/ p]iod4 ,aft] 8 "t ! sculptors ( 8 s*ool cont9u$ to pref] ! subjects 9 :i* he excell$1 & repres5t$ y\?ful h]oes & victors ) z mu* indu/ry z ! arti/s ( ,a!ns be/[$ ^u _! /atues ( womanly grace & beauty4 ,! subjects ( ! ,peloponnesian s*ool 7 especially suit$ to ! use ( bronze1 & ! *ief sculptor ( 8 "t1 ,,lysippus1 ^: works are said to h numb]$ fifte5 hundr$1 work$ entirely 9 bronze4 ,9 ord] to keep a record ( ! numb] ( 8 works1 he adopt$ ! plan ( putt+ aside "o gold co9 f ! price ( e /atue1 & at 8 dea? 8 heirs are said to h f\nd ! above numb] ( ^! co9s ?us laid away4 ,8 home 0 at ,sicyon1 & 8 "t ( "w is giv5 z ,b4,c4 #cgb-caf4 ,?is seems a long p]iod = active employm5t z a sculptor2 b ! numb] ( 8 works accords well ) ?is e/imate ( 8 work+ ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,,bac*us ,,& ,,lion4 ,f ! ,lysicrates ,monum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,,! ,,apoxyom5os ,,( ,,lysippus4 ,lysippus _c be said to h foll[$ any s*ool2 he 0 orig9al1 & ?is trait made him prom95t1 = he 0 n b\nd by old cu/oms1 b 0 able to adapt himself to ! new _s ( ! age1 :i* came to ,greece ) ! reign ( ,alex&]4 ,?is sculptor made a great numb] ( /atues ( ,h]cules2 & z ,alex&] lov$ to reg>d himself z a mod]n ,h]cules1 ,lysippus also repres5t$ ! mon>* 9 _m diff]5t ways1 & ) mu* ! same _s z t he put into ! /atues ( ! h]o-god4 ,= example1 he made a /atue ( ,alex&] ) 8 ,spe>1 ,alex&] at a ,lion ,hunt1 ,alex&] z ! ,sun-,god1 & s on ?r\gh _m *anges ( expression & attributes1 b all be+ lik5esses ( ! great k+4 ,!re is 9 ! ,capitol at ,rome a head ( ,alex&] call$ ,helios1 :i* is ?\ght by _m critics to be ! be/ bu/ ( him 9 exi/5ce4 ,!re are metal rays fa/5$ to ! head2 x has a wild1 ,bac*us-l air1 & ! hair is ?r[n back1 z if he _h %ak5 8 head furi\sly2 & ! defect ( a wry neck1 :i* ! mon>* _h1 is clev]ly conceal$ by ?is motion4 ,alex&] 0 a v h&some man1 8 faults be+ ?is twi/ 9 8 neck & a peculi> %ape ( ! eye4 ,we _c "h give ! long li/ ( works by ,lysippus1 b w speak ( t :i* int]e/s u mo/1 because we h a beautiful copy ( x4 ,i mean ! ,apoxyom5os1 :i* is 9 ! ,vatican4 ,x repres5ts a y\? scrap+ himself 7z ! "n d5otes7 ) ! /rigil aft] a conte/ 9 ! ar5a 7,fig4 #ej74 ,! ,vatican copy 0 f\nd 9 ! ,tra/ev]e at ,rome 9 #ahdi1 & is well pres]v$4 ,)\t d\bt x is a fai?ful reproduction ( ! orig9al1 :i* 0 probably br\ght f ,greece to ,rome by ,agrippa1 :o set x up 9 front ( 8 public ba?s4 ,"h x became su* a favorite ) ! p t :5 ,tib]ius remov$ x to 8 own h\se !re 0 a demon/ration 9 ! !atre1 & s viol5t a dem& 0 made = its re/oration t ! cunn+ emp]or d>$ n refuse4 ,?is /atue may be call$ an example ( a gr& g5re /yle4 ,x repres5ts a sc5e f common life 9 ,greece1 b x is s simply natural1 s graceful & free f re/ra9t1 t "o c\ld n we>y ( x4 ,! expression ( ! face is t ( quiet cont5t--8 task has be5 fai?fully done1 & ! remembrance ( x is pleasant4 ,! hair is f9ely execut$2 ?is 0 a po9t 9 :i* ,lysippus excell$2 b ! great *>m ( ! :ole is 9 ! pose ( ! figure4 ,9 8 occupation ( scrap+ "o portion ( ! body aft] ano!r he mu/ con/antly *ange 8 position1 & ?is "o1 9 :i* he c re/ b a mom5t1 seems to h ! motion 9 x :i* he mu/ almo/ in/antly make1 :ile x is full ( easy grace 9 itself4 ,! art ( ,lysippus 0 n z elevat$ z t ( ,phidias1 :o tri$ to repres5t ! highe/ ideal :i* a mortal may =m ( a god2 b !re 0 no?+ mean or vulg> 9 ! works ( ! =m]2 on ! contr>y1 x 0 ) a pure & noble _s t he endeavor$ to repres5t ! p]fections ( y\?ful1 manly beauty1 & 8 naturalism 0 ( a heal?y & dignifi$ sort4 ,! mo/ important pupil ( ,lysippus 0 ,,*>es ,,( ,,l9dos1 :o 0 prom95t n only on acc\nt ( 8 own works1 b also because he introduc$ ! art ( ,sicyon into 8 native isl& ( ,rhodes4 ,?is isl& is b =ty-five miles long & tw5ty miles wide at its broade/ "p1 & yet its art became second only to t ( ,a!ns4 ,at ! city ( ,rhodes alone !re 7 ?ree ?\s& /atues1 besides _m pa9t+s & o!r r>e & beautiful objects4 ,*>es is be/ kn[n = ! sun-god :i* he erect$ "h2 x 0 call$ ! ,colossus ( ,rhodes1 & 0 reckon$ z "o ( ! sev5 wond]s ( ! _w4 ,"o hundr$ /atues ( ! sun 7 erect$ at ,rhodes1 & ,pl9y says t any "o ( !m 0 beautiful en\gh to h be5 fam\s2 b t ( ,*>es 0 s rem>kable t x ov]%ad[$ all ! re/4 ,x /ood q ne> ! entrance to ! h>bor ( ,rhodes1 b we h no reason to believe t its legs spann$ ! m\? ( ! port s t %ips sail$ betwe5 !m1 z has (t5 be5 said1 al?\gh its size 0 almo/ beyond our imag9ation4 ,! /atue 0 "o hundr$ & five feet high1 & few m5 c\ld rea* ar\nd "o ( its ?umbs ) _! arms1 :ile ea* f+] 0 z l>ge z mo/ /atues4 ,twelve ye>s 7 occupi$ 9 its erection1 f ,b4,c4 #bib to #bhj1 & x co/ ?ree hundr$ tal5ts1 or ab\t #cjj1jjj ( our money1 accord+ to its usual e/imate1 ?\gh !re are ^? :o "n its co/ z m ?an f\r times t am\nt4 ,! m5 ( ,rhodes obta9$ ?is great sum by sell+ ! eng9es ( w> :i* ,demetrius ,poliorcetes left beh9d him :5 he ab&on$ ! siege ( ,rhodes 9 ,b4,c4 #cjc4 ,we h no copy ( ?is /atue1 b !re are co9s ( ,rhodes :i* be> a face t is believ$ ) good reason to be t ( ! ,colossus4 ,fifty-six ye>s aft] its completion1 9 ,b4,c4 #bbd1 ! ,colossus 0 ov]?r[n by an e>?quake1 & an oracle =bade ! re/oration ( x by ! ,rhodians4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #fgb1 ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s aft] its fall1 its fragm5ts 7 sold to a ,jew ( ,emesa by ! comm& ( ! ,caliph ,o?man ,,iv4 ,x is said t !y weigh$ sev5 hundr$ ?\s& p\nds1 & n9e hundr$ camels 7 requir$ to be> !m away4 ,:5 we consid] :at c>e mu/ h be5 ne$ful to ca/ ?is huge figure 9 bronze1 & s adju/ ! sep>ate p>ts t ! :ole w\ld satisfy ! /&>d ( art at ,rhodes1 we are n surpris$ t x %\ld h be5 reckon$ among ! sev5 wond]s1 & t ,*>es %\ld h become a fam\s ma/]4 ,*>es also f\nd$ a s*ool ( art :i* became v important1 &1 inde$1 x seems to h be5 ! cont9uance ( ! s*ool ( ! ,peloponnesus2 = aft] ! "t ( ,lysippus ! sculpture ( ,argos & ,sicyon came to an end1 & we may add t ) ,lysippus & 8 s*ool ! gr[? ( art 9 ,greece ceas$2 x _h rea*$ ! highe/ po9t to :i* x ev] atta9$1 & all its lat] works 7 ( its decl9e1 & =e%ad[$ its dea?4 ,! reign ( ,alex&] ! ,great 0 s brilliant t x is difficult to realize t x 0 a "t ( decl9e to ! ,greeks2 & dur+ ! life ( ,alex&] p]haps ?is does n appe> ) cle>ness2 b at ! close ( 8 reign !re arose su* cont5tions & tr\bles among 8 g5]als t ev]y?+ 9 ,greece suff]$1 & ) ! re/ ,greek art 0 degrad$4 ,9 ! "t ( ,p]icles x 0 ?\ght to be a crime 9 him t he p]mitt$ 8 portrait to be put ^u ! %ield ( ! ,p>!non1 & he 0 prosecut$ = ?us exalt+ himself to a privilege :i* belong$ to ! gods alone4 ,alex&]1 on ! contr>y1 claim$ to be a god1 & 0 repres5t$ by pa9t]s & sculptors until 8 portraits & /atues 7 almo/ numb]less4 ,soon aft] ! dea? ( ,alex&] ! humiliation ( ,a!ns & its old ,p]iclean _s 0 complete4 ,if y read ! hi/ory ( ,demetrius ,poliorcetes1 :o 0 ev5 all[$ to hold 8 revels 9 ! mo/ sacr$ "p ( ! ,p>!non--! temple ( ,m9]va--y w see t ,a!ns 0 enslav$ & h] p no long] wor?y to lead ! _w 9 ! arts ( peace1 z !y 7 no long] ! brave m5 :o c\ld /& fir/ 9 w>4 ,9 _! degrad$ /ate ! ,a!nians suff]$ ?ree hundr$ & sixty /atues to be erect$ to ,demetrius ,phal]eus1 & ^! 7 de/roy$ to make way = ! gold5 images ( ! conqu]+ freeboot] ,poliorcetes4 ,?is la/ 0 hail$ by ! debas$ p z a god & a savi\r4 ,8 "n & t ( 8 fa!r1 ,antigonus1 7 wov5 into ! sacr$ peplos4 ,at l5g?1 "u ! ,diado*i1 or successors ( ,alex&]1 ord] 0 re/or$1 & ,antigonus1 ,ptolemy1 ,seleucus1 & ,lysima*us divid$ ! k+dom ( ,alex&] into f\r ,graeco-,ori5tal mon>*ies4 ,! dyna/y ( ! ,ptolemies 9 ,egypt 0 ! mo/ reputable ( ^!1 & gave mu* enc\ragem5t to art & lett]s4 ,b ! sacr$ fire seems to h di$ out1 or did n burn cle>ly :5 transplant$ f ,a!ns to ,alex&ria4 ,! ,alex&r9es seem to h be5 m]e imitators ( :at _h gone be=e1 & !re is no?+ to be said ( !m t is ( importance en\gh = u to l+] ov] x4 ,v few works rema9 f ?is ,diado*ean p]iod4 ,! ,metope ( ,ilium1 :i* ,dr4 ,s*liemann has 9 8 g>d5 9 ,a!ns1 ! ,b>b]9i ,faun1 9 ! ,glypto!k at ,muni*1 & ! ,nile ( ! ,vatican are ! mo/ important remnants ( ,alex&r9e sculpture4 ,amid all ! confusion & /rife :i* foll[$ ! dea? ( ,alex&] ! isl& ( ,rhodes rema9$ undi/urb$1 & :5 ! division ( ! mon>*ies 0 made ! ,rhodians /ill reta9$ _! indep5d5ce4 ,!y 7 neutral1 & s _h a comm]ce ) all ! mon>*ies1 & ?us ga9$ great weal?2 & !irs 0 ! only indep5d5t ,/ate ( ! old ,hell5ic _w :i* 0 able to f\nd & ma9ta9 a s*ool ( art4 ,among ! great works ( ! ,rhodian arti/s none is m famili> to u ?an ! gr\p ( ! ,laocoon4 ,9 ! "t ( ,pl9y ?is "w /ood 9 ! palace ( ,titus1 & ! hi/orian call$ x pref]able to all o!r works ( pictorial or pla/ic art4 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! p]iod :5 x 0 made1 & _m date x 9 ! "t ( ,titus1 :o liv$ ,a4,d4 #dj to #ha4 ,b ! weight ( argum5t seems to me to re/ ) ^? :o believe t x 0 made at ,rhodes 9 ! "t ( ! ,diado*i4 ,! gr\p 9 ! ,vatican is probably a copy1 because ,pl9y says t ! orig9al 0 made ( "o block1 & t ( ! ,vatican is compos$ ( six pieces4 ,pl9y also tells u t ! ,laocoon 0 ! "w ( ?ree sculptors1 ,,ages&]1 ,,polydorus1 & ,,a!nodorus4 ,! ,vatican gr\p 0 f\nd 9 #aejf 9 ! excavation ( ! ,ba?s ( ,titus1 9 ,rome1 & 0 plac$ 9 its pres5t position by ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 7,fig4 #ea74 ,! "r arm ( ,laocoon 0 miss+1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo attempt$ to re/ore x1 b left x incomplete2 ,montorsoli made an unsatisfactory attempt = its re/oration1 & ! arm z x n[ is 0 made by ,cornac9i1 & m /raight ?an x %\ld be4 ,! /ory :i* ^! /atues illu/rate is told 9 ! second book ( ! ,a,eneid1 & says t ,laocoon 0 a prie/ ( ,apollo at ,troy1 :o1 :5 ! ,greeks left ! wood5 horse outside ! city & pret5d$ to sail away1 w>n$ ! ,trojans aga9/ tak+ ! horse inside ! walls2 he also /ruck 8 spe> into ! side ( ! mon/]4 ,b ,s9on1 :o _h be5 left beh9d by ! ,greeks1 p]suad$ ! ,trojans t ! horse w\ld prove a bless+ to !m1 & !y drew x into ! city1 & ord]$ fea/s & sacrifices to be celebrat$ to d honor to ! occasion4 ,laocoon _h mu* (f5d$ ,pallas ,a!ne by 8 words & acts1 & :5 he w5t to prep>e a sacrifice to ,neptune t goddess s5t two huge s]p5ts up out ( ! sea to de/roy him & 8 two sons1 :o 7 ) him by ! alt>4 ,:5 ! ?ree victims 7 dead ! fe>ful creatures w5t to ! ,acropolis & disappe>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,,! ,,laocoon ,,gr\p4 ,9 ! ,laocoon gr\p x appe>s t ! elde/ son w save himself1 & 9 c]ta9 m9or po9ts ! sculptors seem n to h foll[$ ! acc\nt ( ,virgil2 b we see t x mu/ be ! same /ory t is illu/rat$1 & we "k t x 0 told ) "s v>iation by o!r poets4 ,?is gr\p is a wond]ful piece ( sculpture1 b x is n ( ! highe/ art1 & x is f> f pleasant to look at4 ,! same is true ( ano!r fam\s gr\p :i* is 9 ,naples1 & :i* is also f ! ,rhodian s*ool4 ,i mean ! ,f>nesian ,bull1 or ! ,toro ,f>nese4 ,?is gr\p 0 made by ,,apollonius & ,,tauriscus1 :o are believ$ to h be5 bro!rs4 ,x 0 probably made at ,tralles1 9 ,c>ia1 :i* 0 _! native place1 & s5t by !m to ,rhodes1 ! great art-c5tre2 f ,rhodes x 0 s5t to ,rome1 :]e x 0 9 ! possession ( ,as9ius ,pollio4 ,?is spl5did gr\p1 :i* is probably ! orig9al "w1 0 f\nd 9 ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla1 9 #aedf1 & 0 fir/ plac$ 9 ! ,f>nese ,palace1 f :i* x 0 remov$ to ! ,national ,museum 9 ,naples1 9 #aghf 7,fig4 #eb74 ,?is gr\p tells a "p ( ! /ory ( ,dirce1 :o _h incurr$ ! hatr$ & displeasure ( ,antiope1 ! "m ( ,amphion1 :o 0 ,k+ ( ,!bes & ! husb& ( ,niobe4 ,9 ord] to appease ! wra? ( 8 "m1 ,amphion1 ) ! aid ( 8 tw9-bro!r ,ze?us1 b\nd ,dirce to ! horns ( a wild bull to be da%$ to pieces4 ,all ?is takes place on ,m\nt ,ci?a]on1 & x is said t aft] ,dirce _h suff]$ horrible agonies ! god ,dionysus *ang$ h] into a f\nta91 :i* always rema9s ^u ?is m\nta94 ,9 ?is piece ( sculpture1 dreadful z ! idea is1 !re is less ( horror ?an 9 ! ,laocoon1 = ! reason t ! mom5t *os5 is t j be=e ! climax ( ! cata/rophe1 :ile 9 ! ,laocoon x is 9 its mid/4 ,! latt] gr\p is made to be se5 f b "o side1 & 0 probably int5d$ = a ni*e2 b ! ,f>nese ,bull is p]fect1 & pres5ts a f9i%$ aspect on all sides & f e po9t ( view4 ,!re are num]\s accessories & mu* att5tion to detail1 :ile ! rocky base repres5ts ,m\nt ,ci?a]on & ! wildness ( ! sc5e 9 a mann] n be=e kn[n 9 sculpture4 ,! gr\p has be5 mu* re/or$1 b its excell5ces support ! !ory ( its be+ ! orig9al "w ( ! ,greek arti/s1 & ! skill ) :i* ! v>i\s figures are br\ght into "o /up5d\s mom5t is su* z comm&s great praise & admiration2 x is d\btful if any o!r "w ( sculpture tells its /ory ) p[] equal to t ( ?is celebrat$ gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--,,! ,,f>nese ,,bull4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--;,,gallic ,,w>rior4 ,v5ice4 ,aft] ! art ( ,rhodes t ( ,p]gamon 0 important4 ,:5 ,attalus ,i41 ,k+ ( ,p]gamon1 ga9$ 8 victory ov] ! ,gauls1 9 ,b4,c4 #bbi1 ! ,greek arti/s 7 ar\s$ to new ef=ts to record 9 sculpture ! great de$s ( ,attalus & to place him on a level ) ! glori\s h]oes ( _! nation :o _h prec$$ him4 ,x is record$ t ! conqu]or himself (f]$ f\r gr\ps ( /atues at ,a!ns1 & t !y /ood on ! s\!rn wall ( ! ,acropolis4 ,! subjects 73 ,! ,battle ( ! ,gods & ,giants1 ,! ,battle ( ,a!nians & ,amazons1 ,! ,battle ( ,m>a?on1 & ,! ,de/ruction ( ! ,gauls 9 ,mysia by ,attalus4 ,?us ! diff]5t epo*s ( ,greek hi/ory 7 repres5t$1 & ,attalus plac$ himself ne> ! o!r great w>riors :o _h pres]v$ ! honor & fre$om ( _! nation4 ,^! gr\ps consi/$ ( _m figures1 & are e/imat$ to h be5 f sixty to eighty 9 numb]4 ,x is believ$ t at lea/ t5 ( !m are n[ 9 ,european collections--t is1 ?ree 9 ,v5ice1 f\r 9 ,naples1 "o 9 ,p>is1 "o 9 ! ,vatican1 & ! la/ 9 ! ,ca/ellani collection 9 ,rome4 ,?is picture ( "o ( ^? 9 ,v5ice seems to repres5t a w>rior :o has be5 sudd5ly ?r[n d[n2 8 weapons & %ield--:i* la/ 0 probably held 9 ! left h&--h be5 dropp$ 9 ! viol5ce ( ! %ock :i* has pro/rat$ him 7,fig4 #ec74 ,8 face & hair are ( ! b>b>ian type1 & ! p[] & ela/icity ( 8 p[]ful frame are manife/ ev5 9 ?is mom5t ( 8 defeat4 ,he is yet unw\nd$1 b ! weapon ( 8 adv]s>y may be be=e 8 eyes1 & 9 ano!r mom5t he may s9k back 9 ! agony ( dea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,,! ,,dy+ ,,gaul4 ,x is n[ believ$ t ! /atue ( ! ,dy+ ,gaul1 (t5 call$ ! ,dy+ ,gladiator1 0 ! "w ( a sculptor ( ,p]gamon1 & repres5ts a ,gaul :o has kill$ himself r ?an submit z a slave to 8 conqu]ors4 ,! mom5t _h come :5 he c\ld n escape1 & he *ose dea? r ?an humiliation4 ,we le>n f hi/ory t :5 ^! b>b>ians saw t all 0 lo/ !y frequ5tly slew _! wives & *ildr5 & !n !mselves1 to avoid be+ tak5 z prison]s1 :i* really meant be+ made slaves4 ,?is w>rior has ?r[n himself ^u 8 %ield2 8 battle-horn is brok51 & ! sword :i* has giv5 him ! fre$om ( dea? has fall5 f 8 h&4 ,8 eye is already dim1 8 "r arm c sc>ce su/a9 him1 8 br[ is contract$ ) pa91 & x seems z if a sigh escap$ 8 lips4 ,he has n ! noble =m ( ! ,greeks2 we d n feel ! exalt$ _s :i* is %[n 9 ! dea? sc5es ( "s ( ! ,p]iclean /atue h]oes2 "h x is only a rude1 b>b>\s ,gaul1 suff]+ dea? z a brute might2 x is v reali/ic1 & :5 we are ne> ! m>ble itself we see ! co>s5ess ( ! sk91 ! h>d5$ soles ( ! feet1 ! co>se h&1 & we are sure ! arti/ mu/ h made a true repres5tation ( ?is wild1 savage man1 :o yet _h ! nobility ( nature :i* w\ld n live to be enslav$ 7,fig4 #ed74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--;,,boy ,,& ,,goose4 ,^! illu/rations & rem>ks w give y "s idea ( ! art ( ,p]gamon1 & ,i %all n[ leave ! subject ( ,greek sculpture aft] "s acc\nt ( ,,boe?us ,,( ,,*alc$on4 ,8 date is v unc]ta91 ?\gh we h acc\nts ( 8 works by anci5t writ]s4 ,"s s*ol>s believe t he liv$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #bge4 ,_m works 9 *as$ silv] made by ,boe?us 7 9 ! temple ( ,a!na 9 ,l9dus 9 ! "t ( ! hi/orian ,pl9y2 !re are acc\nts ( a figure ( a boy made 9 gold & "o ( ! y\?ful ,asclepius2 b ! ,boy ,/rangl+ a ,goose1 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,l\vre1 is 8 mo/ int]e/+ "w = u 7,fig4 #ee74 ,y w rememb] t ev5 ! anci5t ,egyptians made c>icatures & playful1 mock+ pictures n unlike "s ( our own day4 ,?is boy & goose are ( ! same _s1 & is int5d$ z a p>ody on ! repres5tations ( ,h]cules /ruggl+ ) ! ,nemean lion1 :i* _h be5 repres5t$ _m times by ,greek arti/s4 ,! boy seems to be work+ z h>d z any giant c\ld d4 ,! execution ( ?is "w is f9e4 ,x 0 probably made = a f\nta91 ! wat] com+ ?r\gh ! beak ( ! goose4 ,!re are sev]al works ( anci5t sculpture :i* are ( ! same _s1 & = ?is reason are attribut$ to ,boe?us4 ,! ,sp9>io1 or ,?orn-extractor1 9 ! museum ( ! ,capitol1 at ,rome1 is "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ pieces ( g5re /atu>y 9 exi/5ce 7,fig4 #ef74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--,,sp9>io4 ,x repres5ts a boy tak+ a ?orn f 8 foot4 ,8 attitude is natural & graceful1 & ! purity & simplicity ( its /yle places x on an equality ) works ( ! be/ p]iod ( sculpture4 ,! expression ( ! face is t ( p]fect absorption 9 :at he is do+1 & is giv5 ) great skill & tru?fulness4 ,! treatm5t ( ! hair is l t ( ! ar*aic p]iod1 & !re w always be "s critics :o _c ?9k t su* p]fection c\ld exi/ 9 ! sculpture ( :at we call ! ,alex&rian age4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,anci5t ,,italian ,,sculpture4 ,anci5t ,italian sculpture 0 ess5tially ,greek 9 its _s1 & orig9at$ ) ! ,etruscans1 a v anci5t p 9 ,italy4 ,!re are traces ( an ,ori5tal influ5ce 9 ! art ( ,etruria--a sugge/ion ( ! sculpture ( ,egypt & ,assyria1 j z !re is 9 ,greek ar*aic art2 b ! real feel+ & _s ( x is ,greek1 & mu/ h be5 borr[$ f ,greece 9 "s way4 ,! diff]5t !ories & op9ions ab\t ! ,etruscans & _! orig9 d n conc]n u "h2 we h to d only ) _! sculpture z x is se5 9 ! remnants ( x n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! ,etruscans made _! /atues ( clay2 m>ble 0 v r>ely us$4 ,lat] on !y le>n$ ! art ( work+ 9 bronze1 & c>ri$ x to great p]fection4 ,_! bronze works 7 s num]\s t 9 ,b4,c4 #bie ,fulvius ,flaccus is said to h c>ri$ away two ?\s& /atues f ,vols9ii alone4 ,"s ( _! figures 7 colossal1 b ! great] numb] 7 /atuettes4 ,!re are "s ,etruscan bronzes rema9+ 9 ! museums ( ,europe4 ,! ,etruscans always 7 copyi/s r ?an orig9al arti/s2 b !y copi$ su* excell5t ?+s1 & did x s well1 t _! productions are by no means to be despis$1 & ! skill :i* !y acquir$ caus$ _! bronze & metal "w to be highly valu$1 ev5 9 ,a!ns itself4 ,! ,etruscans 7 physically a m luxuri\s p ?an ! ,greeks1 z may be se5 9 ! pictures ( !m :i* /ill rema9 9 ! tombs ( ,corneto & o!r places4 ,!y gave mu* att5tion to luxury ( liv+1 & ! ri*ly decorat$ goblets & o!r articles ( table furniture :i* !y made may be se5 9 ! ,vatican & ,briti% ,museum1 :ile ! delicate & arti/ic gold "w ( _! p]sonal ornam5ts is /ill mu* admir$ & copi$ dilig5tly4 ,! ,romans z a p 7 patrons ( art r ?an arti/s4 ,!y seem f v e>ly days to h admir$ ! pla/ic art ( o!r nations2 b ( ,romans !mselves !re 7 v few sculptors2 _! arti/s 7 ar*itects ( gr& /ructures r ?an work]s 9 ! less] monum5ts ( arti/ic skill & g5ius4 ,at fir/1 z we h said1 !y reli$ ^u ! ,etruscans1 :o built _! e>lie/ temples & adorn$ !m ) sculptures1 & ! fir/ record :i* we h ( ,greek arti/s work+ 9 ,rome gives u ! names ( ,damophilus & ,gorgasus1 :o decorat$ ! temple ( ,c]es ) pa9t+s & sculptures4 ,?is temple 0 consecrat$ 9 ,b4,c4 #dic2 if its adornm5t 0 ( ! same date1 ! k ( ,greek art 0 br\ght to ,rome at a v e>ly p]iod--at lea/ fifty-six ye>s be=e ! completion ( ! ,p>!non4 ,b ! means by :i* ! :ole ,roman p 7 made famili> ) ! beauties ( ,greek art are to be f\nd 9 ano!r direction4 ,x 0 n ! build+ ( _! own temples1 or any "w done by ,greek arti/s 9 ,rome1 t gave ! ,romans _! love & appreciation = art2 x 0 r ! art spoils seiz$ by _! victori\s lead]s & br\ght home to adorn & beautify e portion ( ! ,et]nal ,city4 ,9 ,b4,c4 #bab ,m>cellus c>ri$ to ,rome ! spoils he _h tak5 at ,syracuse2 he exhibit$ !m 9 8 triumphal procession1 & aft]w>d consecrat$ !m 9 ! temple ( ,honor & ,valor :i* he built4 ,f ?is "t x 0 ! fa%ion to br+ home all ! *oice ?+s t ,roman conqu]ors c\ld seize1 & ! numb] ( beautiful objects ?us ga9$ = ,rome 0 m>vell\s4 ,:5 ,flam9ius defeat$ ,philip ( ,mac$on x requir$ two days to ga!r up ! spoils4 ,aft] ,fulvius ,nobilior conqu]$ ! ,a,etolians he br\ght ,greek arti/s to ,rome to arrange 8 fe/ivities1 & he exhibit$ five hundr$ & fifte5 bronze & m>ble /atues :i* he _h tak5 f ! defeat$ p4 ,:5 ,p]seus ( ,mac$on 0 ov]come by ,a,emilius ,paulus x requir$ two hundr$ & fifty wagons to remove ! pictures & /atues alone :i* he display$ 9 8 triumphal procession2 among ^! treasures !re 0 a /atue ( ,a!na by ,phidias himself4 ,?is "w ( spoil+ ! ,grecian cities :i* came into _! p[] 0 dilig5tly c>ri$ on by ,mummius1 ,sulla1 & o!rs1 until at l5g? ! ,emp]or ,augu/us remov$ _m ( ! ar*aic sculptures to ,rome4 ,b ! works :i* be/ pleas$ ! ,romans 7 ^? ( ! lat] s*ool ( ,a!ns4 ,! rul+ gods at ,rome 7 ,m>s1 ,bac*us1 & ,v5us1 & ! /atues ( ^! deities 7 mu* valu$4 ,s f>1 to ! "t ( ,augu/us1 ! /atues & o!r objects remov$ _h be5 ! spoils ( w>2 b ,caligula & ,n]o did n hesitate to g 9 times ( peace & act ! "p ( robb]s4 ,! fir/ s5t a consul 9 ,a4,d4 #ca ) ord]s to br+ ! be/ works ( art f ,greece to ,rome to adorn 8 villas2 ,n]o w5t s f> z to s5d 8 ag5ts to br+ ev5 ! images ( ! deities f ! mo/ sacr$ temples1 toge!r ) ! (f]+s made to !m1 = ! decoration ( 8 ,gold5 ,h\se2 x is said t f ,delphi alone he receiv$ five hundr$ /atues ( bronze4 ,at fir/ ! l>g] numb] ( ^! art spoils 7 s plac$ z to be con/antly se5 by ! :ole ,roman p1 & !re is no d\bt t _! influ5ce 0 v great & w5t f> to ref9e _! ideas & to prep>e ! way = ! poli% & grace ( ! ,augu/an age4 ,v soon ! individual desire = works ( art 0 felt1 & weal?y m5 began to decorate _! homes ) pictures & /atues2 & at la/ ^! ?+s 7 ?\ght to be necess>y to ! prop] enjoym5t ( life4 ,f all ^! causes !re came ab\t a revival ( ,greek art "u ! ,romans1 & 9 x _m beautiful works 7 produc$4 ,inde$1 ! great] portion ( ! sculptures :i* are n[ ! pride ( ! collections all ov] ,europe belong to ?is p]iod4 ,x _c be said t ! arti/s ( ?is date orig9at$ mu*1 b !y foll[$ ! greate/ ma/]s t ev] liv$2 & if !y repeat$ _! subjects !y s *ang$ !m to suit ! _s ( _! "t t !y gave _! works a c]ta9 effect ( be+ some?+ new1 & ?rew _! own individuality ab\t !m4 ,! li/ ( names :i* c be giv5 z belong+ to ,greek sculptors :o work$ at ,rome is long1 & w\ld h little int]e/ "h4 ,in/ead ( speak+ ( ! arti/s ,i %all speak ( ! mo/ fam\s works ( ! "t :i* rema92 mo/ ( ^! are s plac$ t !y are se5 by travell]s1 & h become famili> to all ! _w4 ,! beautiful /atue :i* is kn[n z ! ,v5us de' ,m$ici is s call$ because aft] its discov]y x re/$ = a "t 9 ! ,m$ici ,palace 9 ,rome4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 9 ! ,portico ( ,octavia at ,rome1 & 0 brok5 into elev5 fragm5ts4 ,! arms f ! elb[s d[n are re/or$2 :5 x 0 f\nd x _h traces ( gild+ on ! hair2 ! e>s are pi]c$1 z if gold r+s _h sometimes be5 plac$ 9 !m4 ,9 #afhj ,duke ,cosmo ,,iii4 remov$ x to ,flor5ce1 :]e x is ! *ief glory ( ! fam\s ,tribune ( ! ,uffizi ,gall]y4 ,_m p]sons believe ?is to h be5 a copy ( ! r5[n$ ,cnidian ,v5us by ,praxiteles1 ( :i* ,i h told y4 ,?is ,v5us de' ,m$ici 0 ! "w ( an ,a!nian arti/ nam$ ,cleom5es4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,apollodorus1 a sculptor :o liv$ 9 ,rome 9 ! fir/ or second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 7,fig4 #eg47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,,v5us ,,de' ,,m$ici4 ,! aim ( ! sculptor 0 n to make a goddess1 & 8 "w lacks ! dignity :i* 0 ?r[n ar\nd ! m anci5t /atues ( ,v5us4 ,cleom5es endeavor$ to produce a lovely woman 9 ! y\? ( h] beauty4 ,"s critics believe t ?is ,v5us is int5d$ to repres5t ! mom5t :5 t goddess /ood be=e ,p>is = judgm5t4 ,if ?is /ory is n well kn[n ,i w tell h[ :5 ,peleus & ,!tis 7 m>ri$ !y invit$ all ! gods to _! w$d+ save ! goddess ,discordia1 & %e 0 s (f5d$ by ?is slight t %e ?rew into ! mid/ ( ! assembly a gold5 apple on :i* 7 ! words1 ,to ! faire/4 ,juno1 ,m9]va1 & ,v5us all claim$ x1 & ,jupit] s5t ,m]cury to conduct ^! ?ree beautiful goddesses to ,p>is1 t he might decide to :i* x belong$4 ,8 decision gave ! apple to ,v5us2 & ?is s excit$ ! jeal\sy & hatr$ ( ! o!rs t a long li/ ( s]i\s tr\bles arose until ,p>is 0 driv5 out ( ,greece1 &1 go+ to ! h\se ( ,m5elaus1 he saw & lov$ ,hel51 c>ri$ h] (f to ,troy1 & ?us br\ght on ! ,trojan w> ( :i* ! _w has he>d s mu* ev] s9ce4 ,if ,i 7 writ+ a ,sunday-s*ool book ,i c\ld draw _m lessons f ?is /ory2 b z ,i am only writ+ ab\t art1 ,i w g back & rem9d y t _m p]sons try to /udy ^! old /atues & to f9d out exactly :at !y mean2 "s su* /ud5ts say t ! mom5t :5 ,p>is pron\nc$ ,v5us to be ! mo/ lovely ( ! goddesses is ! "t repres5t$ by ! sculptor ( ! ,v5us de' ,m$ici4 ,z ,v5us 0 ! goddess ( ,love & ,beauty1 x 0 natural t /atues ( h] %\ld be multipli$4 ,! ,*igi ,v5us 9 ! ,vatican has mu* ! same pose z ! ,v5us de' ,m$ici1 b %e holds ! end ( a fr+$ g>m5t 9 h] h&4 ,! ,v5us ( ! ,capitol1 9 ,rome1 is l>g] ?an ^!2 ! ,v5us ,callipiga1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! ,gold5 ,h\se ( ,n]o1 & is n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,naples1 is also wor?y ( be+ m5tion$ 9 company ) ^! o!r exquisite sculptures4 ,h[ev]1 !re is yet ano!r ,v5us m admirable & m prais$ ?an ^!4 ,%e is call$ ! ,v5us ( ,milo1 or ,melos1 & is 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,l\vre1 at ,p>is4 ,?is /atue is probably ( a lat] date ?an ^? ( :i* we h spok51 & is ?\ght to be ! "w ( ,alex&ros1 ! son ( ,m5ides ( ,antio*eia1 or "o ( ^? sculptors :o are call$ ,asiatic ,greeks4 ,x is said t ! base ( ?is /atue ) ! "n ( ! arti/ ^u x 0 de/roy$1 = ! purpose ( lead+ ! ,k+ ( ,france to believe x to be m anci5t ?an x really is 7,fig4 #eh1 frontispiece74 ,?is magnific5t /atue 0 discov]$ 9 #ahbj by a peasant ( ! t[n ( ,melos1 or ,milo1 on ! isl& ( ! same "n4 ,x 0 9 a ni*e ( a wall :i* _h long be5 buri$4 ,! ,m>quis ( ,rivi]e1 :o 0 ! ,fr5* ,ambassador at ,con/ant9ople1 pur*as$ x & pres5t$ x to ,k+ ,l\is ,,xviii41 :o plac$ x 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,x is made f two blocks ( m>ble jo9$ above ! drap]y :i* envelops ! legs4 ,z ! /atue n[ /&s x has ! tip ( ! nose & ! foot :i* projects beyond ! drap]y z !y h be5 re/or$ by mod]n arti/s4 ,?is is ! only ,v5us :i* has come d[n to u f ! pa/ :i* repres5ts a goddess r ?an a beautiful woman4 ,! =m has beauty ( ! highe/ type1 b x has a gr&eur :i* exalts x f> above m]e beauty4 ,! pure1 maje/ic expression ( ! head & face speak ! calm dignity ( a sup]ior be+4 ,i %all quote f ,p]ry1 :o says3 ,! ,v5us de ,milo is ju/ly admir$1 n only = ! gr&eur ( its design1 ! p]fection ( its proportion1 & ! exquisite m\ld+ ( ! sup]b & luxuriant =m1 b = ! vivid fre%ness ( ! fle% & ! velvet s(tness ( ! sk91 9 :i* x /&s unrivall$ 9 anci5t & mod]n art4 ,! extraord9>y skill ) :i* m9ute details1 su* z ! folds ( ! sk9 9 ! neck1 are h>moniz$ ) ! ideal beauty ( ! :ole is beyond all imitation & all praise4 ,! life-l effect ( ?is wond]ful ma/]piece is greatly enhanc$ by ! r>e & p]fect pres]vation ( ! epid]mis & by ! beautiful w>m1 yell[i% t+e :i* ! lapse ( c5turies has giv5 to ! m>ble4 ,9 ! ,museum at ,naples is ! ,f>nesian ,h]cules1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla1 9 ,rome1 9 #aedj4 ,x 0 fir/ plac$ 9 ! ,f>nese ,palace1 & f t circum/ance receiv$ ! "n by :i* x is kn[n4 ,x is ! "w ( ,glycon1 an ,a!nian1 & 8 "n is inscrib$ ^u x4 ,!re is little d\bt t ?is is a copy ( a m anci5t /atue by ! great ,lysippus2 t ma/] creat$ repres5tations ( ,h]cules 9 all ages & =ms4 ,glycon probably work$ 9 ! "t ( ,hadrian2 & ?\gh he copi$ ! design & =m ( ,lysippus1 he exagg]at$ "s po9ts s z to injure ! effect ( ! :ole4 ,= example1 ! head is small 9 proportion to ! bread? ( ! brea/ & %\ld]s2 & because ,h]cules 0 a swift runn] ! sculptor has made ! legs too long to be natural4 ,x is 9 su* p>ticul>s z ^! t ! decl9e ( art may be trac$1 ev5 9 works t comm& admiration 7,fig4 #ei74 ,! mom5t 9 :i* ! god is repres5t$ is t :i* imm$iately foll[$ 8 secur+ ! apples ( ! ,hesp]ides1 ! w$d+ pres5t ( ,ge to ,juno4 ,( all ! labors ( ,h]cules1 p]haps ?is 0 ! mo/ ardu\s4 ,juno _h left ^! apples ) ! ,hesp]ides = safekeep+4 ,^! goddesses liv$ on ,m\nt ,atlas1 & ! s]p5t ,ladon help$ !m to gu>d _! preci\s tru/4 ,h]cules did n "k j :]e ! apples 7 kept1 & ?is made 8 task all ! m difficult4 ,:51 !re=e1 he arriv$ at ,m\nt ,atlas he (f]$ to hold up ! _w = ,atlas if he w\ld g & fet* ! apples4 ,?is ,atlas did1 b refus$ to take ! weight f ,h]cules aga94 ,h[ev]1 ,h]cules took ! apples & ha/5$ to 8 ma/]1 ,eury/heus1 ) !m4 ,:ile p]=m+ ?is labor he _h a t]rible /ruggle ) ,ladon1 & "s acc\nts say t he kill$ ! mon/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--,,! ,,f>nesian ,,h]cules4 ,n[1 ! /atue repres5ts ! god ) ! apples 9 8 "r h&1 ! _w held on 8 back1 :ile he leans heavily on 8 club cov]$ ) a lion's sk94 ,all ! muscles ( 8 body are swoll5 f 8 /ruggle2 8 head droops1 8 :ole expression ( face & =m is t ( sadness & we>9ess4 ,! y\?fulness & /r5g? ) :i* ! old] sculptors inve/$ him is n "h4 ,x is a spl5did "w1 b x is n ( ! be/2 x belongs to an age :5 !re 0 too mu* /ra9+ aft] effect1 :5 ! mod]ation ( ! be/ ,greek ma/]s did n satisfy ! _s ( ! "t2 & no sculptor liv$ ^: p[] equall$ t ( ,phidias or ,lysippus4 ,!re are "s reliefs & vases ( ?is ,roman p]iod t are v int]e/+4 ,i %all speak ( b "o relief--! ,sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia1 :i* is 9 ,flor5ce4 ,x is call$ ! "w ( ,cleom5es1 & 8 "n is inscrib$ ^u x2 b !re is "s d\bt z to ! g5u95ess ( ! inscription4 ,?is relief is v beautiful4 ,x repres5ts a prie/ cutt+ (f ! hair ( ! lovely maid5 z a prep>ation = h] sacrifice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--,,! ,,apollo ,,belv$]e4 ,! /ory runs t ,iphig5ia 0 ! daught] ( ,agamemnon1 :o kill$ a h>t sacr$ to ,diana4 ,to rev5ge ?is act ! goddess becalm$ ! ,greek fleet on its way to ,aulis4 ,! se] ,cal*as advis$ ,agamemnon to sacrifice 8 daught] to appease ,diana2 ?is he cons5t$ to d1 b ,diana put a h>t 9 ! place ( ! maid51 :om %e bore to ,tauris & made a prie/ess4 ,9 ?is relief ! maid5 has an air ( resign$ grief2 h] fa!r /&s by himself ) 8 head cov]$4 ,! sculptor ( ?is relief 0 n ! fir/ :o _h repres5t$ ,agamemnon ?us1 = a pa9t]1 ,timan!s1 _h made a picture ( ?is subject ab\t ,b4,c4 #djj1 & 9 describ+ x ,qu9tilian said t :5 he _h pa9t$ ,cal*as sad1 ,ulysses sadd]1 & _h repres5t$ 9 ! face ( ,m5elaus ! mo/ poignant grief t art c express1 hav+ exhau/$ ! deepe/ feel+s & f9d+ no means ( wor?ily portray+ ! c\nt5ance ( ! fa!r1 he cov]$ 8 head & left x to e man's own he>t to e/imate 8 suff]+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,,v5us ,,de' ,,m$ici4 ,i come n[ to ! ,apollo ,belv$]e1 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( all ! /atues 9 ! ,vatican1 & ! be/ kn[n & mo/ univ]sally admir$ ( all ! anci5t /atues :i* rema9 to u4 ,x 0 f\nd at ab\t ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury at ! anci5t city ( ,antium1 :]e x probably made "o ( ! ornam5ts ( ! ,imp]ial ,palace4 ,! au?orities ^u su* subjects h nev] yet agre$ z to :e!r ! m>ble f :i* x is cut is a m>ble ( ,greece or ( ,italy 7,fig4 #fj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--,,! ,s,t,e,i,n,h,ae,u,s,e,r ,,head4 ,?is /atue has be5 laud$ 9 all tongues ( ! civiliz$ _w1 & no?+ c\ld be add$ to :at has be5 said 9 its praise2 & yet all :o see x wi% to exalt x /ill high] if possible4 ,a few ye>s ago ano!r head ( ,apollo1 ( ,greek m>ble1 0 f\nd 9 a magaz9e 9 ,rome1 by ,h]r ,/e9haeus]1 by ^: "n x is kn[n2 x is n[ 9 ! museum at ,basle 7,figs4 #fa1 #fb74 ,?\gh ?is /atue has be5 s mu* /udi$ & admir$ x has nev] yet be5 satisfactorily expla9$1 & !re are sev]al important que/ions ab\t x :i* _c be answ]$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( its age or ( ! "n ( its sculptor4 ,x is n describ$ by any anci5t writ]1 nei!r c any "o say :e!r x is an orig9al or a copy2 & above all 9 importance is ! "q ( :at ?is beautiful "y god is do+--:at is ! mean+ ( x8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,,! ,,/rogan(f ,,apollo4 ,! answ]s ( ! au?orities to ^! qu]ies v>y s mu* t "h ,i %all only m5tion ! !ory :i* ,i love1 & :i* is accept$ by _m4 ,:5 ! /atue 0 f\nd ! left h& 0 miss+1 & a b[ 0 believ$ to h be5 ! article :i* x held2 & x 0 said t ,apollo _h j %ot an arr[ on "s dreadful flight1 & 0 wat*+ = its effect4 ,?is !ory 0 ! pr9cipal "o until #ahfj1 :5 a s*ol>1 ,/ephani1 call$ att5tion to ! fact t 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg !re is a bronze /atuette1 less ?an two feet high1 :i* is almo/ exactly ! same z ! ,apollo ,belv$]e--too ne>ly ! same to be an accid5tal lik5ess4 ,n[1 z ?is is an antique bronze1 x seems to prove t bo? x & ! m>ble ( ! ,vatican are copies ( an anci5t "w4 ,! /atuette is call$ ! ,/rogan(f ,apollo1 because x belongs to ! collection ( a nobleman ( t "n4 ,x is believ$ to be "o ( a numb] ( bronzes :i* 7 f\nd ne> ,jan9a 9 #agib1 & giv5 by ! son ( ,ali ,pa%a to 8 physician1 ,dr4 ,frank 7,fig4 #fc74 ,! *ief importance ( ?is discov]y 0 ! fact t ! left h& 0 p]fect1 & did n hold a b[1 b "s s(t1 ela/ic sub/ance :i* ,/ephani believes to be ! aegis1 or %ield1 ( ,jupit]1 on :i* 0 ! head ( ,m$usa4 ,! sight ( ?is %ield p>alyz$ ^? :o saw x2 & ?\gh x belong$ to ,jupit] & ,m9]va1 ,jupit] sometimes l5t x to 8 son ,apollo to aid him 9 8 w>f>e2 su* in/ances are record$ by ,hom]4 ,aft] ,/ephani _h told 8 idea ( x1 ! ,g]man s*ol> ,ludwig ,prell] po9t$ out :at seems to be ! true mean+ ( x by sugge/+ t ,apollo 0 ext5d+ ?is dreadful aegis be=e ! sight ( ! ,gauls at ,delphi1 9 ,b4,c4 #bgi4 ,hi/ory relates t :5 ! ,gauls approa*$ ,delphi ! p ask$ ! oracle if !y %\ld c>ry away & conceal ! treasures ( ! temple4 ,! oracle repli$1 ,i myself & ! ,:ite ,maid5s 7mean+ ,a!na & ,artemis7 w take c>e ( t4 ,!n f\r ?\s& ,greeks /ood by ready to def5d ! sacr$ place2 b 9 ! mid/ ( ! battle ! y\?ful god came d[n ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! temple1 & ! ,:ite ,maid5s left _! own alt>s to aid him 9 driv+ back ! b>b>\s foe4 ,a great tempe/ arose1 & rocks fell f ,p>nassus on ! heads ( ! ,gauls1 & x seem$ z if all ! p[]s ( heav5 & e>? _h unit$ to su/a9 ! ,greeks aga9/ _! enemies4 ,x is also writt5 t ! spectres ( ,greek h]oes :o _h long be5 dead 7 se5 9 ! mid/ ( ! battle deal+ dea? ^u ! ,gauls4 ,b above all ! fury ( ! tempe/ & ! noise ( w> ! cla%+ ( ! %ield & spe> ( ,a!na & ! twang+ s\nd ( ! (t-dis*>g$ b[ ( ,artemis 7 he>d1 :ile ! fla% ( ! awful %ield ( ,apollo 0 se5 to be ev5 m vivid & t]rific ?an ! =k$ lightn+s !mselves4 ,x is record$ t aft] ?is victory two /atues ( ,apollo & "o ea* ( ,a!na & ,artemis 7 (f]$ 9 ! temple ( ,apollo z ?ank-(f]+s = its pres]vation & ! victory ov] ! ,gauls4 ,x is delightful to reg>d ! ,apollo ,belv$]e z a copy ( "o ( ^!1 & ?is view ( x is mo/ satisfy+4 ,luebke1 9 speak+ ( ?is !ory1 says3 ,n till n[ h we und]/ood ! ,apollo ,belv$]e4 ,9 unveil$ beauty we see ! elegant =m ( ! sl5d] figure1 ! left %\ld] only be+ cov]$ by ! *lamys1 :i* falls d[n ov] ! arm1 :i*1 f> out/ret*$1 holds ! aegis ) its ,m$usa head4 ,! "r arm is slightly turn$ aside1 b bo? h&s h be5 unskilfully re/or$4 ,! attitude ( ! god is full ( pa?os1 & is conceiv$ at a dramatic mom5t4 ,ard5tly excit$ & fill$ ) div9e ang]1 ) :i* is m+l$ a t\* ( triumphant scorn1 ! intellectual head is turn$ sidew>d1 :ile ! figure1 ) ela/ic /ep1 is ha/5+ =w>d4 ,! eye seems to %oot =? lightn+2 !re is an expression ( contempt 9 ! corn]s ( ! m\?1 & ! di/5d$ no/rils seem to brea! =? div9e ang]4 ,x is a bold attitude ?us transfix$ 9 m>ble1 full ( life-l & excit$ action4 ,9 ! ,iliad ,hom] describes ! sc5e :5 ,jupit] gave ! aegis to ,apollo1 t he might put ! ,a*aeans to flight ) x4 ,9 connection ) ! ,apollo ,belv$]e x is well to recall t description :i* is ?us translat$ by ,"l ,d]by ,:ile ,phoebus motionless 8 aegis held1 ,?ick flew ! %afts1 & fa/ ! p fell ,on ei!r side2 b :5 he turn$ its fla% ,full 9 ! faces ( ! a/oni%$ ,greeks1 ,& %\t$ l\d1 _! spirits )9 !m quail$1 ,_! fi]y c\rage borne 9 m9d no m4 ,x is v int]e/+ to "k t _m :o believe t ! ,apollo ,belv$]e repres5ts t god :5 t]rify+ ! ,gauls1 believe also t ! /atues ( ! ,:ite ,maid5s ru%+ =? f _! temples to aid him are 9 exi/5ce1 ! ,artemis be+ ! /atue at ! ,l\vre kn[n z ,diane a la ,bi*e & ! ,m9]va be+ ! ,a!na ) spe> & %ield 9 ! museum ( ! ,capitol at ,rome4 ,?is /atue ( ,artemis1 or ,diana1 has be5 9 ,france s9ce ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,=m]ly x 0 at ,v]sailles1 b is n[ "o ( ! treasures ( ! ,l\vre4 ,! left h& ) ! b[ is re/or$4 ,! effect ( ! figure is t ( lightness comb9$ ) /r5g?4 ,%e is go+ =w>d rapidly1 ) h] eyes fix$ on "s di/ant object1 & draws an arr[ f h] quiv] ev5 z %e flies4 ,?is figure corresponds to ! ,apollo ,belv$]e 9 its _s & app>5t e>ne/ness ( purpose2 x is ( ! same proportions1 & 9 su* details ( treatm5t z ! ri* s&als x pla9ly belongs to ! "t & ! s*ool ( ! ,apollo--inde$1 !re is no reason :y x might n h =m$ a "p ( a gr\p 9 :i* ! ,apollo /ood4 7,fig4 #fd47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--;,,diane ,a ,,la ,,bi*e4 ,if we ?9k ( ?is ,diana simply z an ideal huntress ha/5+ to ! *ase ! /atue is v beautiful1 & a rem>kable example ( su* a subject2 b :5 %e is reg>d$ z "o ( ! ,:ite ,maid5s ru%+ =? to aid h] bro!r 9 def5d+ 8 temple aga9/ a b>b>\s enemy %e is inve/$ ) a deep] int]e/2 %e becomes an important actor 9 a t]rible drama1 & ^? ( u :o c\ld h no sympa?y ) h] love = hunt+ are r\s$ to an en?usia/ic hope t %e w succe$ 9 do+ h] "p to turn ! savage foe away f ! sacr$ hill ( ,py?o1 & ?us pres]ve its temple & its treasures4 ,! /atue ( ,a!na1 advanc+ ) spe> & %ield1 is suppos$ to be a ?ird memb] ( ! gr\p :i* commemorat$ ! victory ov] ! ,gauls4 ,! position ( ! two goddesses w\ld indicate t !y 7 repres5t$ z ha/5+ f opposite directions t[>d ! ,apollo ,belv$]e1 ! c5tral figure ( ! :ole4 ,! :ole be>+ ( ?is /atue c>ries out ! impression :i* ,hom] gives ( ! delight ) :i* ,a!na l$ ! ,greeks to battle2 %e is full ( eag]ness1 & ru%es =w>d ) ! undaunt$ vigor ( ! confid5ce & c\rage ( "o :o goes to fight = a j & holy cause 7,fig4 #fe74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--;,,a!na ,,( ,,! ,,capitol4 ,:e!r ?is ,gallic !ory1 z x is call$1 conc]n+ ! ,apollo1 ,diana1 & ,a!na be correct or no1 x is ! mo/ satisfactory 9 s5tim5t ( any t has be5 advanc$1 & c]ta9ly1 :5 we consid] ! ?ree /atues 9 ?is connection1 !re is no?+ inh>moni\s 9 ! supposition t !y made ! important p>ts ( a :ole :i* may h _h _m o!r figures ( less] importance 9 x4 ,!re are _m o!r /atues ( ! ,roman p]iod 9 v>i\s museums1 b ,i %all leave ?is "p ( our subject "h1 & speak briefly ( ! hi/orical sculpture 9 ! reliefs ^u ! triumphal ar*es ( ! ,et]nal ,city4 ,9 an age :5 m>tial glory 0 ! *ief desire ( man1 & among a p :o accord$ to successful g5]als ! highe/ honors1 x 0 mo/ natural t ! conqu]ors %\ld desire to place "s monum5t ( _! exploits :]e x w\ld be con/antly be=e ! eyes ( ! p1 & ?us keep 9 p]petual remembrance _! valiant de$s & _! great successes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,,triumphal ,,procession ,,f ,,ar* ,,( ,,titus4 ,we read t pictures ( ! =eign sc5es ( sieges & battles 7 display$ 9 public places 9 ,rome at a v e>ly date4 ,we _c f9d records ( pla/ic works ( ?is sort be=e ! "t ( ! emp]ors1 b aft] su* sculptures came into favor !y 7 multipli$ rapidly4 ,! pr9cipal hi/orical reliefs 9 ,rome 7 ^u ! ar*es ( ,claudius1 ,titus1 ,trajan1 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 & ,septimius ,sev]us1 & on ! ar*itrave ( ! temple ( ,m9]va 9 ! ,=um4 ,( ! ar* ( ,claudius !re are "s rema9+ fragm5ts ( sculpture1 n[ 9 ! ,villa ,borghese4 ,! ar* ( ,titus 0 erect$ to celebrate ! tak+ ( ,j]usalem 9 ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,x 0 re/or$ 9 #ahbb4 ,! frieze repres5ts bo? a triumphal procession & "o ( sacrifice4 ,! picture we give "h %[s a company ( w>riors 9 ! dress ( peace1 :o be> articles ( booty tak5 f ! conqu]$ city4 ,!y h ! c&elabra ) sev5 bran*es1 ! table ( ! %ew-bread1 ! silv] trumpets1 etc4 ,?is w give y a good idea ( ^! reliefs4 7,fig4 #ff47 ,! ar* ( ,trajan no long] /&s1 & its reliefs are n[ on ! ar* ( ,con/ant9e2 b ,trajan's ,pill> is "o ( ! be/ pres]v$ ( all ! antique monum5ts ( ,rome1 & ) "s acc\nt ( ?is column & a picture f x we w leave ! hi/orical sculptures ( ,rome4 ,! ,s5ate & p ( ,rome decre$ t ?is column %\ld be erect$ to ! memory ( ,trajan1 & x 0 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,=um :i* bore ! same "n--! ,=um ,trajani4 ,! column is ab\t "o hundr$ & six feet high1 & orig9ally 0 surm\nt$ by a bronze /atue ( ,trajan1 :i* 0 replac$ by "o ( ,/4 ,pet] by ,pope ,sixtus ,v4 ,a b& ( reliefs runs ar\nd ?is pill> 9 a spiral =m2 ?is b& is six hundr$ feet long1 & ! sculptures repres5t ,trajan's campaign aga9/ ! ,dacians4 ,_m ( ! figures lose _! effect on acc\nt ( ! height at :i* !y are plac$4 ,!re are m ?an a hundr$ sc5es ^u x1 9 :i* are ab\t tw5ty-five hundr$ human figures1 besides _m horses & o!r objects4 ,! :ole is execut$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,! real object ( ! :ole "w 0 to glorify ! ,emp]or ,trajan1 & he is repres5t$ 9 _m ( ! sc5es2 sometimes he is conduct+ engagem5ts1 /orm+ a =t1 or enc\rag+ 8 troops2 aga9 he is hold+ an audi5ce1 protect+ ! wom5 ( a conqu]$ city1 or sitt+ 9 judgm5t on captives4 ,fig4 #fg repres5ts ! ,dacians assault+ a ,roman =t4 ,x is w9t]1 & :ile "s h cross$ ! ice 9 safety1 o!rs h brok5 ?r\gh4 ,ev]y?+ ab\t x is repres5t$ 9 ! mo/ life-l & matt]-(-fact mann]1 & ?is %[s di/9ctly ! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,greek & ! ,roman art :5 ! latt] 0 n influ5c$ by ! =m]4 ,x is pure1 reali/ic1 hi/orical sculpture1 & ?is pill> %[s ?is at its v be/ e/ate2 x is a spl5did specim5 ( ?is k9d ( art4 ,9 all ^! _m sc5es !re are b two my?ological figures3 "o is ,sel5e1 us$ to repres5t ,night1 & ! o!r is ,jupit] tonans1 :o indicates ,/orm4 ,b ! correctness & elegance ( ! sculptures %[ :at ! ,greek tea*+ did = ! ,romans2 = x 0 to ! ,greeks t ! latt] ow$ _! k ( ! human =m & _! p[] to r5d] x prop]ly 9 sculpture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--;,,f ,,! ,,reliefs ,,( ,,trajan',s ,,column4 ,! la/ sort ( anci5t sculpture ( :i* ,i %all speak is portrait sculpture1 & p]haps ?is belongs also to hi/orical sculpture1 = x is by means ( /atues & bu/s t we "k ! faces & =ms ( _m ( ! great m5 & wom5 :o hold _! places 9 ! reg>d ( ! _w ?r\gh all ! c5turies1 because !y 7 conc]n$ 9 ! ev5ts :i* make up :at we call ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,we h said t 9 ,greece 9 v e>ly times !re 7 no portrait sculptures2 gradually !y 7 introduc$ until1 9 ! "t ( ,alex&]1 portrait /atues 7 almo/ numb]less1 & ^! & bu/s 7 us$ = ! decoration ( libr>ies & public build+s1 z well z = ! adornm5t ( squ>es & places ( resort 9 ! op5 air4 ,! f9e/ life-size /atue :i* rema9s f ! ,greeks is t ( ,sophocles1 ( :i* we give a picture 7,fig4 #fh74 ,x 0 n f\nd until ab\t #ahci1 & 0 pres5t$ to ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi4 by ,c>d9al ,antonelli2 x is 9 ! museum ( ! ,lat]an4 ,?is engrav+ f x %[s its beauties s well t x is sc>cely ne$ful to speak ( x 9 detail4 ,?is /atue is valuable n only z a portrait ( ,sophocles1 b z a repres5tation ( a true product ( ! highe/ & be/ ( ,a!nian civilization & culture2 ( an elegant1 ari/ocratic man :o 0 tra9$ 9 gymna/ic & w>like ex]cises :i* develop$ 8 physical p>ts1 z well z 9 sci5ce1 philosophy1 & music--9 v>i\s deep /udies & light] accompli%m5ts :i* r5d]$ him pr(\nd & s*ol>ly1 & at ! same "t elegant & graceful4 ,! attitude1 ?\gh simple1 is well *os5 to %[ ! mo/ graceful l9es ( ! figure2 & ! position ( ! arms--! "o gracefully envelop$ 9 ! himation1 & ! o!r firmly plant$ on ! hip--gives to ! :ole =m an air ( m+l$ ease & dignity4 ,! face is h&some & full ( w9n+ grace1 & be>s ! /amp n only ( ! creative g5ius ( ! poet1 b ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! active citiz52 ( "o :o has felt bo? ! joys & ! suff]+s ( human lot1 & pres]v$ amid !m ! con/itutional calmness1 ! g5tle b5evol5ce1 ! tranquil1 m$itative piety = :i* he 0 r5[n$ & lov$ by ! p among :om he liv$ & sang4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,,portrait ,,/atue ,,( ,,sophocles4 ,among ! ,romans portrait sculpture held a position ( importance4 ,?is p _h always plac$ great value ^u ! lik5esses ( ! dead1 & f ! e>lie/ times _h us$ diff]5t means ( mak+ !m4 ,9 ! v e>ly days ( ! nation ! cu/om prevail$ ( mak+ masks ( ! faces ( ! dead 9 wax1 & ^! masks 7 worn 9 ! fun]al procession by "o ( ! m\rn]s1 :o also wore ! dress & insignia ( ! dep>t$4 ,! fir/ aim 9 ^! masks 0 to h an exact resemblance to ! dead2 & ?is idea 0 c>ri$ on ?r\gh all ! eras ( ,roman art1 & is a /rong di/+ui%+ feature betwe5 ,greek & ,roman sculpture2 = :ile ! ,greeks wi%$ to reproduce ! face ( "o ( :om !y made a bu/ or /atue1 !y did n hesitate to idealize t face2 b ! ,romans labor$ to make an exact lik5ess ( ! man1 leav+ him 9 8 /atue z no?+ m ?an he look$ to be4 ,?is mann] ( portraiture (t5 does great inju/ice to its model1 = ! *ang+ expressions :i* come ) emotions & ) conv]sation (t5 illum9ate ! pla9e/ faces ) a r>e beauty2 !re=e ! aim ( portraiture %\ld be to give ! v mo/ & be/ t c be imag9$ z com+ to ! face :i* is reproduc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--,,/atue ,,( ,,augu/us4 ,i c speak ( b a few ( ! almo/ numb]less ,roman portrait sculptures4 ,?is /atue ( ,augu/us 0 f\nd 9 #ahfc 9 a villa built by 8 wife1 ,livia1 ab\t n9e miles f ,rome1 at ,porta ,prima4 ,x is a noble "w1 & e m9ute detail ( ! ornam5tation has a =ce & mean+ t c be expla9$4 ,at ! same "t ! :ole "w is full ( /r5g? & dignity1 :i* comes f ! "* ( ! man himself1 & is 9 no s5se dep5d5t on all ! emblems ( 8 rank & p[]1 ) :i* ! dress is load$ 7,fig4 #fi74 ,?is /atue is 9 ! ,vatican1 & !re "o c comp>e x ) ! exquisite bu/ kn[n z ! ,"y ,augu/us & ) ! /atue ( ! emp]or :5 ag$1 9 :i* he is veil$ z a prie/4 ,! /udy ( ^! ?ree sculptures1 ?us =tunately ne> ea* o!r1 is mo/ int]e/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--;,,agripp9a ,,! ,,eld]4 ,! ,roman wom5 :o held important positions 7 frequ5tly honor$ ) /atues4 ,among ^? t rema9 none is m int]e/+ ?an ?is ( ! eld] ,agripp9a4 ,%e 0 a woman ( great /r5g? & equally great purity ( "*1 & z we /udy ?is /atue we c easily und]/& t %e c\ld p]=m ! duties ( a g5]al :5 occasion dem&$ ?is s]vice1 & :5 t necessity 0 pa/ c\ld nurse ! sick & w\nd$ ) all ! t5d]ness ( a true womanly nature4 ,x is 9 e way a noble "w ( art1 comb9+ grace1 dignity1 & ! ari/ocratic ref9em5t ( a high-born lady4 ,! drap]y ( ?is & o!r simil> /atues is v beautiful1 & fully satisfies all arti/ic dem&s4 ,we h full pro( t su* g>m5ts 7 9 actual use by ! wom5 ( ,greece & ,rome 7,fig4 #gj74 ,x 0 n unusual = ! great m5 & wom5 ( ,rome to be repres5t$ 9 portrait /atues ) ! attributes ( gods & goddesses4 ,livia appe>s z ,c]es1 ,julia z ,flora1 & s on2 & dur+ ! be/ days ( ,roman art ^! /atues 7 v beautiful4 ,b at la/ !y1 l all o!r sculptures1 grew less & less wor?y1 until !y became positively absurd1 & lack$ any p[] to comm& our admiration4 ,:at is ?us true ( portrait sculpture is true ( all ,roman art4 ,its decl9e kept /ep ) ! decl9e ( ! nation1 & bo? fell at l5g? into a pitiable /ate ( feebl5ess & corruption4 ,f ?is we are glad to turn to ! /udy ( ,*ri/ian art1 :i*1 ev5 9 its prim>y /ruggles1 :5 grop+ its way ?r\gh ignorance & helplessness1 0 /ill a liv+ ?+1 & held ! promise ( a new life--a r5aissance ( t :i* _h gradually di$ 9 ,greece & ,rome4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,m$iaeval ,,sculpture1 ,,f ,,! ,,fif? ,,to ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury4 ,! anci5t or classic ,italian sculpture ( :i* we h spok5 may be said to h ext5d$ to ab\t ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! ar* ( ,con/ant9e 0 "o ( its late/ works1 & is int]e/+ z an example ( ! decl9e ( art4 ,! sculptures ^u x1 :i* 7 tak5 f ! ar* ( ,trajan1 execut$ two c5turies e>li]1 are s sup]ior to ^? t 7 add$ 9 ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 t no?+ c\ld give "o a cle>] idea ( ! decad5ce ( sculpture ?an see+ ! works ( two p]iods ?us plac$ side by side4 ,aft] ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 :5 ! ,*ri/ians 7 no long] =c$ to hide _! art 9 ! catacombs1 !y began to h a sculpture ( _! own4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ians 9 ,rome 7 br\ght into contact ) ! wor%ip ( ,isis & ,pan1 ,v5us & ,apollo1 & 7 fill$ ) horror at ! sight ( ! /atues ( ^! div9ities4 ,!y believ$ t any repres5tation ( ! human =m 0 =bidd5 by ! comm&m5t :i* says1 ,?\ %alt n make to ?yself any grav5 image1 nor ! lik5ess ( any?+ t is 9 ! heav5 above1 or 9 ! e>? b5ea?1 or 9 ! wat] "u ! e>?4 ,?us x happ5$ t :5 ! e>ly ,*ri/ians desir$ to repres5t ! ,savi\r !y employ$ pa9t+1 su* z is f\nd 9 ! catacombs1 r ?an sculpture1 & sep>ate /atues are ! r>e/ rema9s ( e>ly ,*ri/ian art4 ,! olde/ ,*ri/ian /atue :i* is kn[n 9 m>ble is t ( ,/4 ,hippolytus1 :i* is 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,lat]an ,palace1 :]e !re are also two small /atues ( ,*ri/ z ! ,good ,%eph]d1 :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! catacombs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--,,/atue ,,( ,,/4 ,,pet]4 ,! mo/ important /atue ( ?is p]iod is t ( ,/4 ,pet]1 :i* is held 9 great rev]5ce by ,roman ,ca?olics1 :o kiss its toe z !y ent] ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 & press _! =eheads aga9/ ! ext5d$ foot4 ,! /atue is ( bronze1 & "s antiqu>ians believe t x is ! ,jupit] ( ! ,capitol *ang$ s z to answ] = a /atue ( ,/4 ,pet]2 o!rs say t x 0 ca/ f ! metal ( ! /atue ( ,jupit]2 & ! usual belief is t x 0 made by ! ord] ( ,pope ,leo ,i4 ab\t ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury z a ?ank-(f]+ = ! deliv]ance ( ,rome f ! b>b>ian ,attila by ! miracul\s protection ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul4 ,?is /atue is too rude to belong to classic art1 ?\gh x is ( rem>kable excell5ce = a "w ( ! fif? c5tury 7,fig4 #ga74 ,! pr9cipal use ( sculpture by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 0 = ! decoration ( ! s>cophagi1 or burial-cases4 ,^! 7 cut 9 bas-reliefs aft] ! mann] ( ! anci5ts1 ! subjects be+ tak5 f ! life ( ,*ri/2 ! ornam5ts 7 ! ,*ri/ian emblems1 su* z ! lamb1 cross1 v9e1 palm1 dove1 & ! monogram ( ,*ri/4 ,z "t pass$ ! designs 7 m & m elaborate2 /ories f ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 frequ5tly illu/rat$1 & num]\s figures 7 cr[d$ toge!r1 ) _m symbols +5i\sly ins]t$ to make ! mean+ ( ! :ole m cle>4 ,! l>ge/ numb] & ! be/ ( ^! s>cophagi are n[ 9 ! museums ( ! ,lat]an & ! ,vatican4 ,9 ! c5tre ( "o ( ! f9e/ ( ^! is a %ell1 9 :i* are ! half figures ( ! two :o 7 buri$ 9 ?is s>cophagus4 ,at ! upp] left h& is ! ,savi\r be=e ! tomb ( ,laz>us2 "o ( ! si/]s ( ! dead man kisses ! h& ( ,jesus2 next to ?is is ! ,d5ial ( ,pet]2 ne>e/ ! %ell ,moses rea*es up to receive ! ,table ( ! ,law4 ,on ! "r ( ! %ell1 9 ! upp] r[1 is ! ,sacrifice ( ,isaac & ! ,wa%+ ( ,pilate's ,h&s4 ,on ! l[] r[1 beg9n+ at ! left1 is ,moses caus+ ! ,wat] to fl[ f ! ,rock2 next is ! ,appreh5sion ( ,pet]1 & next1 ,daniel 9 ! ,lions' ,d54 ,besides ^! !re are ! ,heal+ ( ! ,bl9d & ! ,miracle ( ! ,loaves & ,fi%es4 ,?is w %[ h[ elaborate ! c>v+ is on ^! burial-cases1 & h[ ! subjects f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts are m+l$ )\t ord] or app>5t reason4 ,^! s>cophagi h be5 f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,italy & 9 ,france1 & are se5 9 _m museums4 ,9 no "p ( ! ,roman ,empire 0 sculpture z favorably reg>d$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians z at ,byzantium4 ,sev]al attempts to adorn ! city ) /atues & o!r works ( art 7 made !re1 & _m ( ! ,greek sculptures :i* _h be5 c>ri$ to ,rome 7 aga9 borne (f to decorate ?is new ,capitol4 ,! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e !re erect$ a column a hundr$ feet high1 & plac$ 8 /atue on x2 ,!odosius also erect$ a column & an obelisk2 b ,ju/9ian excell$ all ^!1 & ab\t #edc ,a4,d4 set up a monum5t ) a colossal eque/rian /atue ( himself 9 bronze ^u x4 ,! column :i* support$ ?is /atue 0 ( brick masonry cov]$ ) plates ( bronze4 ,f ! acc\nts we h ( x we conclude t ?is 0 a f9e "w = its "t2 x 0 call$ ! ,augu/io1 & 0 plac$ on ! ,augu/eum ne> ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,sophia2 9 ! sixte5? c5tury x _h be5 ov]?r[n & brok5 9 pieces1 & ! metal 0 !n melt$ d[n4 ,! arti/ :o execut$ ! ,augu/io 0 ,eu/a?ius ( ,rome1 :o 0 s5t to ,byzantium = ?is purpose4 ,b ! ,byzant9e ,*ri/ians soon grew into a fix$ disapproval ( /atues1 & favor$ only ! less] works ( art4 ,ivory-c>v+1 :i* long be=e _h be5 br\ght f ! ,ea/ by ! ,greeks1 n[ came into special favor1 & ! ,byzant9e arti/s devot$ all _! tal5t to mak+ beautiful works ( ?is sort4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! c>v+s :i* rema9s is 9 ! ca!dral ( ,rav5na4 ,x is ! episcopal *air or ca!dra ( ,maximianus1 & 0 made betwe5 #edf & #eeb 7,fig4 #gb74 ,?is *air is compos$ entirely ( c>v$ plates ( ivory2 sc5es f ! life ( ,joseph & o!r simil> designs are repres5t$1 & ^! are surr\nd$ by a great v>iety ( small figures1 :i* =m a sort ( framework ar\nd ! pr9cipal p>ts2 = example1 animals & birds among v9e-bran*es1 & all arrang$ 9 a life-l & arti/ic mann]4 ,s l>ge a "w z ?is *air 9 ivory is unusual4 ,! great] numb] ( ivory c>v+s are ^u small objects1 su* z dr9k+-cups & o!r vessels1 book-cov]s & dipty*s1 or tablets = writ+1 ( :i* f9e specim5s rema9 & are se5 9 art collections4 ,dipty*s 7 c>v$ ivory tablets1 ) ! inn] surface wax$ = writ+1 & 7 us$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 z !y _h be5 by ! anci5ts4 ,! illu/ration giv5 "h is f ! dipty* ( ! ,consul ,areobrudus1 & belongs to ! ye> #ejf 7,fig4 #gc74 ,! :ole design ^u x repres5ts a conte/ ) lions & be>s2 ! sc5e is :]e--! circus gates be+ ?r[n op5--! animals ru% into ! ar5a to be sla9 by ! gladiators4 ,"s dipty*s are ornam5t$ ) subjects f ! life ( ,*ri/ & o!r religi\s !mes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--;,,f ,,! ,,ca!dra ,,( ,,maximianus4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? c5tury ivory-c>v+ 0 mu* us$ = *ur* purposes4 ,! small] alt>s 7 cov]$ ) x1 ! vessels us$ = ! ,holy ,sacram5t 7 made ( x1 magnific5t cov]s = *ur* books1 7 c>v$1 & z mu* ?\ght seems to h be5 giv5 to ! designs ^u ^! small objects z _h =m]ly be5 devot$ to ! spl5did temples ( ! anci5ts4 ,ivory-c>v+ ext5d$ f ,byzantium into ,g]many & o!r ,we/]n c\ntries1 & along ) x w5t ! work+ 9 ri* & preci\s metals1 :i* _h also be5 practis$ some:at by ! e>li] ,*ri/ians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--;,,dipty*4 ,zuri*4 ,dur+ ! t5? c5tury ! metal works 7 v co/ly1 & ! diff]5t ca!drals & *ur*es rivall$ ea* o!r 9 possessions ( ?is sort4 ,alt> tables 7 cov]$ ) emboss$ metal plates1 :i* 7 ext5d$ d[n f ! top ( ! table to ! floor1 =m+ antep5diums1 z !y are call$1 9 ! same way t ^? ( clo? are n[ us$4 ,^! plates ( metal 7 work$ into designs 9 relief1 ornam5t$ ) delicate filigree "w1 ) pa9t+s 9 enamel1 & ev5 ) r>e antique cameos & exquisite gems4 ,crucifixes 7 also made ( metals & ri*ly adorn$1 z well z all ! vessels & small] articles us$ 9 ! s]vice & c]emonials ( ! *ur*--inc5se-burn]s1 c&le/icks1 tab]nacles & reliqu>ies1 or caskets = pres]v+ relics4 ,9 ! sacri/ies ( _m old *ur*es & 9 art collections ^! r>e1 co/ly articles are /ill pres]v$1 & are ( great int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( art4 ,_m ( ! designs us$ on ^! objects 7 qua9t & ev5 grotesque1 :ile ! draw+ ( ! figures & ! arrangem5t ( ! subjects is (t5 done 9 ! crude/ & mo/ in>ti/ic mann]4 ,vessels = *ur* use 7 made 9 ! %apes ( griff9s1 dragons1 cranes1 lions1 & o!r curi\s birds & bea/s1 :ile ! human faces repres5t$ sometimes _h enamell$ or jewell$ eye balls4 ,9 "o case ! eyes ( ! ,savi\r 7 made ( l>ge c>buncles2 y c und]/& t ?is w\ld give an expression q ! opposite ( t g5tl5ess & peace :i* we look = 9 ! face ( ! ,r$eem]4 ,9 tru?1 !re is s mu* ( ! grotesque & ev5 b>b>\s elem5t 9 _m ( ^! works1 t we c b ridicule :ile we recognize ! indu/ry & c>e :i* 0 exp5d$ ^u !m4 ,x is also difficult to und]/& h[ ! feel+ = art & ! practice ( x :i* _h atta9$ to su* p]fection among ! anci5ts c\ld h di$ out ( ! _w s completely1 = 9 ^! m$iaeval days x exi/$ n[h]e on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury bronze ca/+ came to hold an important place 9 ! art ( ,g]many1 & z ar*itecture n[ receiv$ m att5tion1 & bronze gates1 & occasionally bronze figures ( bi%ops & o!r *ur* dignit>ies1 7 us$ = ! decoration ( *ur* build+s1 we may say t bronze works made ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* sculpture 9 connection ) ar*itecture 0 aga9 br\ght into use4 ,at ,hilde%eim !re is /ill a bronze gate at ! pr9cipal entrance to ! ca!dral1 :i* 0 ca/ 9 #ajae1 & 9 v>i\s places 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,nor!rn ,italy works ( ?is k9d are se5 :i* belong to ! elev5? c5tury1 :ile a bit ( /one or wood sculpture ( ?is p]iod is v r>ely met4 ,! twelf? c5tury br\ght ab\t a great *ange 9 sculpture & its uses4 ,?is c5tury 0 a p]iod ( rem>kable activity 9 e dep>tm5t ( human life4 ,! ,crusades 7 !n prea*$1 & armies ( zeal\s ,*ri/ians w5t =? to r$eem ,j]usalem f ! p[] ( ! ,pagans2 9 ?is c5tury all ! in/itutions ( *ivalry fl\ri%$2 ! nations ( ! _w _h m int]c\rse ) ea* o!r ?an _h be=e exi/$2 comm]ce 0 ext5d$ into new *annels2 m5 7 m individual & ?\ght m indep5d5tly = !mselves ?an !y _h done hi!rto2 &1 9 %ort1 human intellect all ov] ! ,we/]n _w seem$ to be awak5+ f a long1 deep sleep1 & to be inspir$ ) /r5g? & activity4 ,) all ! o!r *anges !re came revivals ( ar*itecture & sculpture1 :i* w5t h& 9 h&1 & 9 ! beg9n+ c sc>cely be sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians _h be5 cont5t ) ! decoration ( int]iors2 n[ ! ext]iors receiv$ mu* att5tion1 & ! portals or entrances to ! *ur*es 7 ri*ly decorat$ ) /atues & o!r sculptur$ ornam5ts1 & ! ext]ior decoration soon ext5d$ to _m portions ( ! edifices4 ,9 ! int]iors1 too1 ! alt>s1 fonts1 *oir-scre5s1 & o!r objects 7 made ( c>v$ /one or ( /ucco1 :i* h>d5$ l /one1 & 7 all ri*ly ornam5t$ ) sculpture4 ,a completely new _s seem$ to possess ! arti/s1 :o ?us f\nd a satisfactory field = _! labors1 & ! p]iod kn[n z ! ,romanesque 0 ?us u%]$ 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--;,,f ,,! ,,facade ,,( ,,*>tres ,,ca!dral4 ,we _c claim t ! works ( ! twelf? c5tury 7 free f ! faults ( ! prec$+ eras1 or 7 satisfactory to our arti/ic s5se2 b we may say t !y %[ ! effect ( ! new life :i* _h come into ! _w1 & give un]r+ promise ( ! progress :i* foll[$4 ,! same improvem5t is se5 9 bronze-ca/+ z 9 sculpture2 & ?\gh to our eyes x /ill rema9s crude & ungraceful1 yet by comp>+ x ) ! "w ( ! previ\s c5tury we m>k a hopeful & important *ange4 ,g]many1 9 its diff]5t prov9ces1 took ! lead 9 ?is arti/ic progress2 b ,france 0 n f> beh9d2 &1 inde$1 9 ! ca!dral ( ,*>tres ! fir/ promise 0 giv5 ( ! spl5did *ur* portals ( ! e>ly ,go?ic /yle ( ar*itecture :i* foll[$ ! ,romanesque4 ,9 ?is ca!dral1 too1 we see = ! fir/ "t an attempt to make ! head & face a reproduction ( nature r ?an a repetition ( ! classic head1 :i* _h come to be s imp]fectly copi$ t x _h deg5]at$ into a c>icature4 7,fig4 #gd47 ,o!r ca!drals at ,/4 ,d5is1 ,le ,mans1 ,b\rges1 & ,p>is are spl5did examples ( ! art ( ?is "t2 & :5 we rememb] h[ ,italy took ! lead ( ^! nor!rn c\ntries 9 lat] days1 x seems /range t at ?is era %e 0 f> beh9d !m4 ,x is ev5 true t ! fir/ works 9 ,nor!rn ,italy :i* indicat$ t ! awak5+ :i* _h come nor? ( ! ,alps _h rea*$ t c\ntry 7 execut$ :olly or 9 "p by ,g]man arti/s2 b by ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury bo? ! sculpture & bronze-ca/+ ( ,italy gave promise ( ! great revival ( true art :i* 0 to come 9 t home ( ! arts4 ,h[ev]1 x is n possible to connect ! art ( ,italy ) t ( any o!r c\ntry 9 any compreh5sive s5se4 ,italian art may be said to h di$ out m completely 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! middle ages ?an did ! art ( nor!rn nations2 its p]iod ( decl9e1 too1 0 long]2 b :5 its awak5+ came x ar\s$ itself & took on new /r5g? by a me?od ( its own1 & may be said to h be5 di/9ct f nor!rn art 9 e respect1 & divid$ f x by its diff]5t _s z cle>ly z ,italy 0 divid$ f o!r l&s by ! t[]+ summits ( ! ,alps4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury !re dawn$ ^u ! nor!rn nations a new era 9 lit]ature4 ,hi!rto ! writt5 language _h be5 ! monki% ,lat92 n[ ! poets began to use _! own tongues4 ,?is new writ+ may be said to h comm5c$ ) ! ,prov5cal poets1 :o 7 foll[$ by ^? ( ,nor!rn ,france2 b x 0 9 ,g]many t su* song broke =? z %[$ h[ ! national feel+ _h be5 repress$1 & h[1 n[ t x _h bur/ its bonds1 x resembl$ ! fre%ets ( spr+ :5 !y escape f ! icy h& ( ,w9t] & ru% f "o po9t to ano!r1 bru%+ aside e ob/acle :i* lies 9 _! way4 ,i _c "h speak 9 detail ( ^! poets & _! works1 b ,h>tmann ( ,aue1 ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweid1 ,wolfram & ,gottfri$ ( ,/rasburg are names :i* gr[ bright] ) pass+ c5turies4 ,at ! same "t ) ?is advance 9 lett]s !re came1 9 ,nor?-ea/]n ,france1 ! new ,go?ic /yle ( ar*itecture1 :i* _h ! effect to revive sculpture & 9 a degree re/ore to x ! importance x _h 9 classic days4 ,n[1 ! same arti/ 0 bo? ar*itect & sculptor1 & ! result 0 t ar*itecture 0 s arrang$ z to af=d an honorable place to sculpture1 :i*1 9 its turn1 add$ mu* to ! gr& & full effect ( ar*itecture4 ,arti/s n[ began to /udy nature & ! life ab\t !m 9 pref]5ce to ! antique1 & ! sculptors ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 7 =tunate 9 liv+ 9 a "t :5 co/umes 7 picturesque & suit$ to arti/ic repres5tations4 ,! dress ( a knight 0 z graceful z "o c\ld wi%1 ) its fl[+ l9es & ! mantle clasp$ at "o side ( ! neck1 or ?r[n loosely ov] ! arm & %\ld]2 & ! co/ume ( ! o!r sex1 ) ! full folds ( ! l[] g>m5t fa/5$ by ! girdle1 & veil+ )\t hid+ ! movem5t ( ! figure1 0 sc>cely less fitt+ = ! arti/s use ?an 7 ! classic robes ( ! ,greeks4 ,! effect ( ! sculpture ( ?is p]iod 0 frequ5tly height5$ by ! use ( color4 ,! drap]ies 7 enri*$ by gold ornam5ts1 & pa9t$ 9 ri* blue & r$1 :ile ! fle% p>ts 7 delicately t9t$4 ,colors 7 us$ ) c>e1 & (t5 s]v$ to conceal ! defects 9 ! sculpture itself1 & 7 ?us ( great advantage4 ,color 0 mo/ frequ5tly us$ 9 int]ior decoration1 b x 0 n unkn[n ^u ext]ior portals1 & por*es 7 introduc$ to protect ?is poly*romy1 z ! pa9t+ ( sculpture 0 call$4 ,! subjects n[ repres5t$ 9 sculpture 7 f> m num]\s ?an =m]ly4 ,:ile ! life ( ,*ri/ & ! ,virg9 /ill made ! c5tral & mo/ important topic1 !re 7 add$ sc5es f ! lives ( ! sa9ts1 ^? :o 7 reg>d$ z ! patrons ( ! city or ^? to :om ! edifice 0 d$icat$ be+ mo/ frequ5tly *os54 ,new symbolic designs 7 made %[+ ! flight ( "t by seasons & mon?s2 o!rs repres5t$ ! virtues1 & ev5 ! cu/oms & habits ( ! p 7 sometimes introduc$4 ,!re 7 also humor\s repres5tations1 ev5 on sacr$ edifices4 ,wat]-pipes & gutt]-sp\ts 7 end$ ) ! heads ( mon/]s & curi\s animals1 & ev5 ) grotesque faces2 9 %ort1 ! small] details ( ! ar*itecture ( ?is p]iod %[ ! vividness ( ! imag9ation ( ! "t4 ,= example1 ! leaf-"w :i* 0 us$ 9 ! ornam5tal portions ( sculpture _h hi!rto copi$ ! antique acan?us leaf2 n[ ! fl[]s & leaves native to ,france 7 ! models ( ! sculptors1 & a *>m+ v>iety ( life-l ornam5t 0 ! result4 ,! *ur* ( ,/e4 ,*apelle1 at ,p>is1 complet$ ab\t #abdh1 0 ! fir/ edifice 9 :i* ?is /yle 0 se5 9 its full developm5t4 ,"h1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! /atues 7 n plac$ 9 ! /iff1 p]p5dicul> po/ure1 b1 by be+ incl9$ to diff]5t positions1 _h a light appe>ance & an air ( movem5t1 :i* 0 a great relief f ! rigidity :i* _h rul$ up to ?is "t4 ,! ca!dral at ,rheims1 h[ev]1 %[s ! p]fection ( ?irte5?-c5tury art4 ,x is conc$$ to be ! be/ example ( *ur* build+ ( its "t1 & its facade ! mo/ beautiful /ructure ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,its weal? ( sculpture is wond]ful2 its ?ree great portals1 ! buttresses1 ! space above ! great w9d[ & v>i\s o!r portions are s mu* ornam5t$ t ! :ole effect is t ( a =e/ ( sculpture1 & x is difficult to turn f x to consid] ! ar*itecture ( ! edifice4 ,x naturally foll[s t 9 ?is va/ am\nt ( arti/ic "w !re is no equality ( excell5ce2 "s ( ! /atues are l ^? ( an e>li] date3 "s are too tall & awkw>d2 o!rs too %ort & rotund2 b !re are _m elegant figures1 full ( grace & dignity1 ) ! drap]y fall+ 9 natural folds1 & an air ( life & fre$om ( movem5t ab\t ! heads q unkn[n be=e ?is "t4 ,9 "o ( ! side portals ( ?is ca!dral !re is a figure ( ,*ri/ :i* 0 n surpass$ by any "w ( ?is p]iod4 ,! /udy ( e portion ( ! figure is s p]fect z to surprise u :5 we rememb] t anatomy 0 n !n /udi$ by arti/s z x _h be5 9 classic times or z x has be5 9 m rec5t days4 ,?is /atue holds an orb 9 ! left h&1 & ! "r h& is uplift$2 n only ! nails ( ! f+]s1 b ! /ructure ( all ! jo9ts is skilfully indicat$4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ! reliefs are f> m excell5t ?an ! /atues ( m$iaeval date4 ,?is is s noticeable t x w\ld seem z if ! be/ sculptors pref]r$ to make ! reliefs1 & t ! figures 7 left to ^? ( less tal5t4 ,on ! p$im5t at ,rheims ! ,la/ ,judgm5t is repres5t$ 9 five divisions1 & ^! reliefs are among ! mo/ beautiful sculptures ( ?is c5tury4 ,! sc5e ( ! ,resurrection ( ! ,dead is arrang$ 9 two r[s ( figures2 a section ( x is "h giv5 7,fig4 #ge74 ,!re are tw5ty-n9e ( ^! little figures 9 ! :ole subject1 & ! v>iety ( positions & ! naturalness ( ! v>i\s expressions are all t c\ld be desir$ 9 any age ( art4 ,! =ms are 9 good proportions1 & ! faces are fill$ ) fe>1 surprise1 hope1 & supplication4 ,a volume might be writt5 ^u ! sculptures ( ! ,rheims ,ca!dral :i* w\ld be full ( int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( m$iaeval art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--;,,f ,,! ,,nor? ,,transept ,,( ,,rheims ,,ca!dral4 ,critics h comp>$ ! progress & life :i* p]vad$ ! art ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ) ! _s ( ! age ( ,phidias4 ,! two p]iods are alike 9 ! fact t ! arti/s ( ea* broke away f ! traditions ( ^? :o _h prec$$ !m1 & took up _! "w ) a desire to come ne>] to nature4 ,!y 7 alike1 too1 9 ! union ( ar*itecture & sculpture1 & 9 ! fact t all k9ds ( sculpture 7 requir$ = ! adornm5t ( a s+le /ructure4 ,colossal & full-siz$ /atues1 /atuettes1 reliefs1 & a great v>iety ( simply ornam5tal designs 7 lavi%$ ^u ! ,*ri/ian ca!dral1 z !y _h be5 ^u ! ,greek temple2 & 9 "o case z 9 ! o!r ! v>i\s gr\ps & sc5es repres5t$ 7 int5d$ to %[ =? religi\s my/]ies1 & to illu/rate ! work+ ( ! supreme p[] :i* controls ! _w 9 relation to human be+s4 ,b ,i mu/ leave ?is "p ( our subject & speak ( ! monum5tal sculpture ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,:ile _m ( ! tomb /atues /ill reta9$ a g5]al resemblance to ^? ( ! pa/1 !re 7 _m examples ( new /r5g? & progress4 ,9 a *ur* ne> ,le ,mans ! /atue ( ,b]5g>ia1 ! wife ( ,ri*>d ,coeur de ,lion1 :o di$ 9 #abai1 0 made ) op5 eyes2 ?is gives a v life-l appe>ance to ! face1 & ! :ole head is z noble z t ( an antique /atue2 ! drap]y is full & free2 ! feet re/ ^u a dog1 :i* is ! emblem ( fidelity1 & 9 ! h&s is a casket4 ,!re is some?+ ab\t ?is /atue :i* appeals to u--a human elem5t :i* _h be5 sadly want+ 9 ! monum5tal /atues ( ! prec$+ c5turies4 ,b ! s]ies ( reliefs :i* 7 made = ! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,d5is 7 ! mo/ important tomb sculptures ( ?is p]iod4 ,!y 7 sixte5 9 numb]1 & repres5t$ pr9ces ( ! e>ly l9es ( ,fr5* sov]eigns d[n to ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,( c\rse ^? ( ! ,m]ov+ians & ,c>lov+ians c\ld n be portrait /atues1 & ! heads ( bo? k+s & que5s are all ( ! same type until ^? ( ,philip ! ,bold1 :o di$ 9 #abhe1 & 8 wife1 ,isabella ( ,aragon1 :o di$ 9 #abga1 are rea*$4 ,^! two are int5d$ to be portraits1 & !y %[ ! individual *>act]s ( ^! royal p]sonages4 ,9 all ,france !re is no m int]e/+ succession ( monum5ts ?an ^!4 ,9 ,g]many ! ,romanesque /yle ( ar*itecture & ! sculpture :i* w5t ) x held _! sway mu* long] ?an 9 ,france1 & ! new ,go?ic /yle made its way v sl[ly 9 ! c\ntries nor? ( ,france4 ,slight traces ( its influ5ce 9 "o way & ano!r may be f\nd ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2 b x 0 n until ! v end ( ?is p]iod t ! ,go?ic /yle _h affect$ ,g]man art1 except 9 ! s\?-we/]n portions ( ! c\ntry4 ,^! prov9ces bord]$ ^u ,france1 & =m$ a sort ( middle gr\nd betwe5 ! two nations4 ,9 ,/rasburg1 at ! end ( ! c5tury1 a ca!dral 0 built :i* 0 "o ( ! mo/ spl5did examples ( a union ( ! two /yles t c\ld be produc$4 ,! sculptures %[ ! effect ( ! new ,fr5* mann] 9 _! life & ease ( gr\p+ & attitude1 :ile !y are /ill cr[d$ & ov]-decorat$1 z 9 ! e>li] days1 & ! fix$ ar*itectural frame ( ! ,g]man /yle is pres]v$ ?r\gh\t4 7,fig4 #gf47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--;,,f ,,! ,,we/ ,,facade1 ,,/rasburg ,,ca!dral4 ,!re is reason to believe t ! relief ( ! ,dea? ( ! ,virg91 at ,/rasburg1 0 ! "w ( ,sab9a von ,/e9ba*1 a daught] ( ! ar*itect ( ! we/ facade ( ! ca!dral4 ,! gr\p+ is f9e1 & ! transp>5t drap]y1 :i* rem9ds u ( ! same effects 9 antique sculpture1 is beautifully execut$4 ,9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,freiburg1 ! nave ( :i* 0 complet$ 9 #abgj1 !re are "s v f9e sculptures1 :i* are l ! ,rheims works 9 _s & execution2 a figure ( ! ,madonna is "o ( ! be/ /atues ( ! "t 9 any c\ntry4 ,!re is mu* to admire 9 ! :ole ( ?is ca!dral4 ,"h & !re 9 ,g]many !re are "s tomb-sculptures ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :i* are simple1 noble1 & individual2 b ! progress ( art "h 0 mu* less rapid ?an 9 ,france4 ,ano!r m>k$ ev5t 9 ! art hi/ory ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 ! introduction ( sculpture into ,engl&4 ,! few pieces ( pla/ic art :i* exi/$ 9 t c\ntry be=e ?is date 7 n suffici5t 9 numb] or excell5ce to m]it ! "n ( ,engli% sculpture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--;,,duke ,,rob]t ,,( ,,norm&y4 ,! fir/ important /ep 0 made ab\t ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 :5 ,guillaume de ,s5s1 a ,fr5* ar*itect1 0 employ$ to build a new *oir to ,cant]bury ,ca!dral4 ,n long aft] ?is ! ,temple ,*ur* 0 erect$2 !n ,we/m9/] ,abbey foll[$1 & at l5g?1 "u ,h5ry ,,iii41 all ! arts 7 rapidly advanc$ 9 8 k+dom4 ,?is k+ summon$ arti/s & skill$ workm5 f diff]5t c\ntries1 & portrait-sculpture receiv$ especial att5tion 9 ! ,engl& ( t day4 ,by comp>+ ,engli% tomb-sculpture ) t ( o!r c\ntries1 x is se5 t ! aim ( ! arti/s 0 to make ! /atues resemble ^? ^: memories !y honor$1 f> m ?an o!r nations _h done4 ,! illu/ration giv5 "h1 ) its air ( life--almo/ ( motion--is a good example ( :at ,i mean 7,fig4 #gg74 ,! sculptures ^u ! ,engli% ext]iors1 &1 inde$1 ^u ! int]iors ( edifices1 7 f> less lavi% ?an on ! ,cont95t2 b 9 ,wells ,ca!dral1 complet$ be=e #abej1 !re is a weal? ( sculpture = an ,engli% *ur* ( ?is date1 & f ?is "t =w>d ! pla/ic arts 7 ( great importance 9 ,great ,brita94 ,) ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury !re 7 great *anges 9 ! religi\s & political affairs ( all ,europe4 ,! ,pope no long] held ! supreme au?ority t _h belong$ to 8 (fice1 & ! imp]ial p[] 0 also mu* %ak54 ,we _c speak ( ^! subjects 9 detail "h1 b ! result to art ( ^! *anges 0 se5 9 a developm5t ( individualism1 & ! effects ( x did n %[ an improvem5t :5 consid]$ z a :ole1 ?\gh x has "s new features :i* 7 attractive4 ,9 ^! days ( :i* we n[ speak ! ^w citiz5 _h a f> deep] mean+ ?an ev] be=e1 & ! gr[? ( weal? & prosp]ity 9 ! citiz5 classes gave a new impulse to all ! activities ( life1 & to art along ) o!rs4 ,?is new life & _s gave m fre$om to arti/s1 & !y attempt$ new effects1 s t a f> great] v>iety 0 made 9 _! works4 ,! /atue ( ! ,madonna1 = example1 0 s (t5 repeat$ t x af=d$ an opportunity = all sorts ( exp]im5ts1 by :i* ! sculptors tri$ to add to ! deep feel+ & ! devotion t _h already be5 express$ 9 ! repres5tations ( ! sweet ,"m ( ,*ri/4 ,b j "h !y fail$2 ! new era br\ght m realism1 m lik5ess to nature1 m fre$om to ! arti/ to put some?+ ( himself into 8 "w2 b mu* ( ! deep ?\ght & ! dev\t feel+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 lo/1 & x _c be said t art 0 elevat$ 9 its tone4 ,!re 7 influ5ces1 too1 9 ! new /ate ( society :i* p]mitt$ details to be introduc$ into religi\s subjects :i* 7 f> f suitable or devotional2 sometimes !y 7 ev5 comic 9 _! effects4 ,= example1 su* sc5es z all[$ ! repres5tation ( evil spirits or devils 7 made to s]ve = all sorts ( co>se1 grotesque1 & burlesque side-play1 & ! little figures :i* repres5t$ ^! p[]s 7 made to d all k9ds ( ridicul\s cap]s side by side ) su* s]i\s subjects z ! ,la/ ,judgm5t or ! dea? sc5es ( em95t m54 ,?is makes u feel1 :5 we /udy ! f\rte5? c5tury1 t ! sculpture ( ! ,middle ,ages rea*$ its highe/ po9t 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & soon aft] began to decl9e4 ,9 ,g]many ! mo/ important sculptures ( ?is p]iod 7 execut$ at ,nuremb]g4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,laur5ce1 t ( ,/4 ,sebald1 ! ,frau5kir*e1 or ! ,*ur* ( ,our ,lady1 are all great monum5ts to ! art ( ?is city & ! calm dignity & grace :i* m>k$ ! works ( ! ,nuremb]g sculptors4 ,at ! close ( ! c5tury1 betwe5 #ache & #acif1 ,ma/] ,he9ri* d5 ,bali] erect$ ! ,beautiful ,f\nta91 :i* is /ill ! pride ( ! city & a spl5did monum5t ( ! "t4 ,9 ,nuremb]g _m ( ! dwell+-h\ses 7 decorat$ ) sculptures1 & x is n[ "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ places 9 all ,g]many to ! /ud5t ( anci5t art4 ,we h n ! space to speak 9 detail ( ! sculpture ( ! "t2 ,augsburg1 ,prague1 ,/uttg>t1 ,bamb]g1 ,wu]zburg1 ,cologne1 & _m o!r ,g]man t[ns & cities h ri* treasures ( its "w1 b its "* is ev]y:]e mu* ! same1 & great activity1 ) a t5d5cy t[>d decl9e1 are its prom95t features4 ,9 ,g]many 9 ?is c5tury ivory-c>v+ 0 mu* practis$ & us$ = a great v>iety ( purposes4 ,9 ^! small] works ! life & fre%ness1 ! grace & _s ( ! mann] ( ! "t 7 v attractive 7,fig4 #gh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--;,,ivory ,,relief4 ,,hunt+ ,,sc5e4 ,9 ,france ! f\rte5? c5tury 0 mu* less productive ( works ( art ?an ! prec$+ "o _h be54 ,! fact t s mu* _h be5 done 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury--s _m new *ur*es built & s _m old] ones remodell$--is "o reason = ?is *ange4 ,9 ?is direction !re 0 v little left to be done4 ,!n1 too1 ! c\ntry 0 s di/urb$ by w>s ) ,engl& t ! arts ( peace suff]$ neglect4 ,h[ev]1 !re 0 /ill mu* to be done to complete ! gr& works already begun1 & dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury a great deal 0 accompli%$ by way ( int]ior decoration 9 edifices n yet complet$1 & 9 ! mak+ ( monum5ts 9 memory ( p]sons ( rank & importance4 ,^? 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,d5is 7 mu* increas$ 9 numb]1 & 9 all p>ts ( ,france ^! works 7 multipli$4 ,dur+ ?is c5tury _m arti/s f ! ,ne!rl&s 7 employ$ 9 ,france2 & 9 ! city ( ,dijon1 :i* 0 ! resid5ce ( ! dukes ( ,burgundy1 ! works ( ,flemi% arti/s 7 v num]\s4 ,p]haps ! mo/ skilful ( ^! ma/]s 0 ,,claux ,,slut]1 :o 0 ! favorite ( ,philip ! ,bold1 & execut$ ! spl5did monum5t to t duke :i* is n[ 9 ! ,museum at ,dijon4 ,he 0 also ! sculptor ( ! ,moses ,f\nta91 ! decorations ( ! ,c>?usian *apel1 & o!r works :i* /ill rema9 to %[ h[ f9e a sculptor he 04 ,slut] _h a great influ5ce ^u art1 &1 9 fact1 may be said to h e/abli%$ a s*ool ! effects ( :i* endur$ long aft] 8 "t4 ,9 ,engl& sculpture made no progress dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,l>ge ar*itectural sculptures 7 nei!r num]\s nor f9e4 ,tomb-sculptures & monum5ts ) portrait reliefs & /atues 7 ! pr9cipal pla/ic works ( ! "t4 ,! habit ( erect+ monum5ts to ! dead n[ ext5d$ to all classes1 :]eas x _h =m]ly be5 conf9$ to noble & di/+ui%$ p4 ,! result 0 t ! monum5ts ( ! high] classes 7 m & m spl5did 9 ord] to m>k ! diff]5ces ( rank1 & mu* gr& effect 0 ?us produc$2 b ! m]its ( ! sculpture 0 less ?an =m]ly1 & ! monum5ts ( ?is age are want+ 9 _s1 /iff & unattractive4 ,! co/ume ( ! "t1 too1 0 s ugly t x s]v$ to give a grotesque air to _m figures1 & ?us add$ to ! g5]al appe>ance ( decl9e :i* m>k$ ! ,engli% tomb-sculpture ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,x comp>es unfavorably ) ! ,g]man monum5ts ( ! same p]iod1 & ! reali/ic portrait elem5t :i* rul$ x makes x seem l a monoton\s & feeble sy/em ( me*anics r ?an a /yle ( art4 ,z we h said1 ! sculpture ( ,italy 0 q diff]5t f t ( ! m nor!rn c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,"o great reason = ?is 0 t individualism 9 art 0 a /rong p[] 9 ,italy mu* e>li] ?an 9 m nor!rn c\ntries4 ,9 ,g]many ! e>ly sculptors ( ! ,middle ,ages did n put _! names ^u _! works2 !y practis$ _! art z a religi\s s]vice1 & _! pi\s devotion made !m =get !mselves4 ,n s 9 ,italy3 !re ea* arti/ wi%$ to be kn[n 9 8 works1 & reg>d$ !m z works ( art1 done = ! sake ( art1 & n z acts ( piety4 ,"o result ( ?is diff]5ce 0 t ! nor!rn sculptures _h m ( deep feel+ & pr(\nd ?\ght 9 !m1 :ile ! ,italian works _h m p]fection ( =m4 ,9 ,italy sculpture held ! second place 9 ! decoration ( *ur*es4 ,pa9t+ 0 pref]r$ be=e x1 & 9 spite ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,go?ic /yle1 :i* ext5d$ s\? ( ! ,alps1 ! ,italians w\ld n give up _! l>ge wall-spaces & ! spl5did ,*ri/ian pa9t+s :i* 7 _! glory4 ,!y built _! edifices ) ?is end 9 view1 & z ! same p]son 0 frequ5tly an ar*itect1 pa9t] & sculptor1 he knew h[ to arrange 8 plans s z to suit 8 ideas ( ! m]its ( ea* art4 ,s x happ5$ t ! pr9cipal works :i* ! sculptors did = ! *ur* 7 sep>ate objects1 su* z alt>-pieces1 fonts1 pulpits1 & tombs4 ,x r>ely occurr$ t :ole fronts ( *ur*es 7 cov]$ ) sculptures1 z 9 ,g]many or ,france1 & !re 7 few ri*ly sculptur$ portals ( *ur*es 9 ,italy4 ,! mat]ial mo/ly us$ = ,italian sculpture 0 f9e :ite m>ble1 :i* 0 v r>ely color$2 sometimes a little gild+ 0 us$2 b z a rule pa9t+ & sculpture 7 n unit$1 z !y _h be5 nor? ( ! ,alps4 ,h[ev]1 ! sculptors ( ,italy _h a wid] range 9 art ?an 9 o!r l&s2 = be+ less devot$ to ! s]vice ( ! *ur*1 !y 7 employ$ = m secul> works4 ,x is true t ! sep>ate /atues ( ! ,madonna 7 v num]\s1 & t tomb-sculpture 0 important2 b add$ to ^! !re 7 civil monum5ts to %[ =? ! glory ( ! cities & _! great m51 & !re 7 public f\nta9s & o!r sculptures :i* told ( ! spl5dor & fame ( ea* "o ( ! _m petty p[]s into :i* ! :ole c\ntry 0 divid$4 ,! c\ncil-halls ( ! free cities 7 v f9e1 & gave great opportunity to ,italian arti/s to give v>iety to _! works1 & ! sculptors v e>ly excell$ 9 reliefs1 :i* told hi/orical /ones ) great cle>ness4 ,z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury we c trace ! progress ( ,italian sculpture by tell+ ! /ory ( ! lives ( sep>ate arti/s4 ,! fir/ man ( importance :o ?us claims our att5tion is ,,nicola ,,pisano1 :o 0 born at ,pisa betwe5 #abje & #abjg1 & :o1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( 8 "t1 0 bo? ar*itect & sculptor4 ,:5 he 0 b fifte5 ye>s old he receiv$ an appo9tm5t z ar*itect to ,fr$]ic ,,ii41 ) :om he w5t to ,naples2 he s]v$ ?is sov]eign t5 ye>s1 & !n w5t to ,padua1 :]e he 0 employ$ z ! ar*itect ( ! ,basilica ( ,/4 ,an?ony4 ,9 #abcg ,nicola made 8 fir/ essay 9 sculpture1 & execut$ a relief repres5t+ ! ,deposition f ! ,cross1 :i* /ill rema9s 9 its place ov] "o ( ! side doors ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,san ,m>t9o at ,lucca4 ,?is "w 0 mo/ excell5t z ! attempt ( a "y arti/1 & x 0 also excell5t :5 comp>$ ) ! "w ( o!r ,italian sculptors :o _h prec$$ him4 7,fig4 #gi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--,,relief ,,by ,,nicola ,,pisano4 ,lucca4 ,dur+ ! twelve ye>s foll[+ ?is "t ,nicola ,pisano 0 *iefly employ$ z an ar*itect1 & x 0 n until #abfj t he e/abli%$ 8 fame z a sculptor2 b :5 we consid] ! pulpit = ! ,bapti/]y ( ,pisa1 :i* he n[ did1 x is pla9 t he mu/ h giv5 mu* ?\ght & /udy to sculpture s9ce 8 fir/ "w at ,lucca2 & ?is la/ "w has su* qualities z indicate t he _h /udi$ ! sculpture ( classic days4 ,! "w ^u ?is pulpit is a wond]ful advance ^u ! sculpture ( ! p]iod2 & ?\gh !re are m>ks ( 8 inexp]i5ce 9 its arrangem5t1 z a :ole x is above criticism :5 ! "t to :i* x belong$ & ! circum/ances ( its sculpture are tak5 into acc\nt4 7,fig4 #hj47 ,nicola w5t next to ,bologna to make a s>cophagus to conta9 ! rema9s ( ,/4 ,dom9ick1 :o _h di$ !re 9 #abba4 ,?is burial-case 0 complet$ 9 #abfg1 & is v int]e/+ z an illu/ration ( ! art ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! next "w ( ?is sculptor 0 a pulpit = ! ,ca!dral ( ,si5a4 ,:5 he und]took ?is "w he agre$ to live at ,si5a until x 0 complet$1 ) ! exception ( %ort visits to ,pisa--f\r 9 ea* ye>4 ,he _h assi/ants 9 ?is "w1 & x 0 complet$ 9 ab\t a ye> & a half4 ,meantime he ex]t$ a great influ5ce ^u ! sculpture ( ,si5a1 :i* up to ?is "t _h am\nt$ to little m ?an good /one-cutt+4 ,inde$1 ,nicola ,pisano _h an effect ^u ! art ( all ,italy3 9 ! nor? at ,padua1 9 ! s\? at ,naples1 & 9 ,c5tral ,italy at ,pisa1 ,lucca1 & ,si5a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--,,relief ,,f ,,! ,,pulpit ,,at ,,pisa4 ,nicola ,pisano4 ,9 #abfi he 0 commission$ to build a conv5t & an abbey at ,la ,scorgola1 :i* are n[ 9 ru9s4 ,9 #abgd ,nicola comm5c$ 8 la/ "w1 ! ,f\nta9 ( ,p]ugia4 ,he did n rema9 con/antly 9 t city1 b aft] mak+ ! plans he left 8 son ,giovanni 9 *>ge ( ! "w1 :ile he return$ to ,pisa & occupi$ himself ) mak+ ! figures = its decoration4 ,?is f\nta9 0 held 9 su* e/eem t laws 7 enact$ = its pres]vation1 & x 0 call$ ! mo/ valuable possession ( ! city1 :ile "s w5t s f> z to say t x c\ld n be surpass$ 9 ! _w4 ,ev5 n[1 aft] all x has suff]$ f "t & wea!r1 x comm&s our admiration4 ,9 #abgh ,nicola di$1 aft] a life ( great a*ievem5ts4 ,he left an unt>ni%$ "n1 too1 = he _h be5 lov$ & respect$ by all 8 associates1 & z patron1 fri5d1 & s]vant _h done all 8 duty4 ,mr4 ,p]k9s1 9 8 ,tuscan ,sculptors1 says ( him3 ,ine/imable 7 ! s]vices r5d]$ to art by ?is great man4 ,he gave ! dea?-bl[ to ,byzant9ism & b>b>ism2 e/abli%$ new ar*itectural pr9ciples2 f\nd$ a new s*ool ( sculpture 9 ,italy1 & op5$ m5's eyes to ! degrad$ /ate ( art by %[+ !m :]e to /udy & h[ to /udy2 s t ,cimabue1 ,guido da ,si5a1 ! ,masuccios & ! ,cosmati all pr(it$ by 8 p]vad+ & endur+ influ5ce4 ,nev] hurri$ by an ill-regulat$ imag9ation into extravagances1 he 0 c>eful 9 select+ 8 objects ( /udy & 8 me?ods ( self-cultivation2 an indefatigable work]1 :o sp>$ nei!r "t nor /r5g? 9 ob$i5ce to ! num]\s calls made ^u him f all p>ts ( ! p59sula2 n[ 9 ,pisa1 !n 9 ,naples1 ,padua1 ,si5a1 ,lucca1 or ,flor5ce2 "h to design a *ur*1 !re to model a bas-relief1 erect a pulpit1 a palace or a t[]2 by turns ar*itect & sculptor1 great 9 bo?1 orig9al 9 bo?1 a reviv] 9 bo?1 lay+ deep & well ! f\ndations ( 8 edifices by hi!rto unpractis$ me?ods1 & sculptur+ 8 bas-reliefs ^u pr9ciples evolv$ f ! /udy ( antique models long unhe$$4 ,ev] respect$ & e/eem$ by ! _m p]sons ( all classes ) :om he came 9 contact1 he 0 truly a great man--"o to :om ! _w owes an et]nal debt ( gratitude1 & :o looms up 9 gigantic proportions ?r\gh ! mi/ ( five c5turies1 hold+ ! same relation to ,italian art :i* ,dante holds to ,italian lit]ature4 ,,fra ,,guglielmo ,d',,agnello 7#abch-acad871 also a ,pisan1 0 a pupil ( ,nicola ,pisano1 & work$ ) him at ,bologna4 ,!re is little to be said ( 8 works aft] 8 ma/]'s dea?4 ,,giovanni ,,pisano 7ab\t #abdj-acbj7 0 born at ,pisa1 & ?\gh a pupil ( 8 fa!r & a co-work] ) him1 he seems to h fall5 "u "s o!r & a v diff]5t influ5ce4 ,9 ar*itecture he pref]r$ ! ,go?ic /yle1 & 9 sculpture he 0 fond ( all sorts ( fanta/ic action & expression2 8 works 7 full ( exagg]ation4 ,he 0 an ar*itect z well z sculptor1 & 0 a ma/] 9 8 own "r :5 tw5ty ye>s old1 & 9 #abfh he w5t to ,naples to design a *ur* = ! ,franciscans2 he 0 also ! ar*itect ( ! episcopal palace !re4 ,aft] ! dea? ( 8 fa!r ! ,pisans 7 anxi\s to reta9 ,giovanni 9 _! s]vice2 he fir/ trans=m$ an old *ur* into a new "o 9 ! po9t$ /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,x 0 nam$ ,santa ,m>ia della ,sp9a1 because a ri* m]*ant _h pres5t$ "o ( ! ?orns f ! cr[n ( ,*ri/ to x4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ build+ 9 ,italy ( ?is /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,giovanni next built ! ,campo ,santo ( ,pisa4 ,_m %iploads ( e>? _h be5 br\ght f ,pale/9e to ,pisa 9 ord] to make a burial-place 9 :i* ,*ri/ians c\ld be laid 9 ! sacr$ e>?4 ,giovanni ,pisano inclos$ ! spot :]e ?is e>? 0 laid ) walls & arrang$ ! int]ior ( ! inclosure 9 su* a way t x c\ld be ext5sively decorat$ ) works ( art4 ,he made x ! mo/ beautiful ,campo ,santo 9 ,italy4 ,_m ( ! sculptures are by 8 own h&4 7,fig4 #ha47 ,?is allegorical repres5tation ( ,pisa 0 ! fir/ attempt at mak+ l>ge /atues 9 ,italy s9ce ! days ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e4 ,! city /&s alone1 & is a pr\d pr9cess ) a diadem1 hold+ 9 h] arms two infants to indicate h] fruitfulness4 ,bel[ h] are f\r /atues ( ! c>d9al virtues1 ,temp]ance be+ a nude figure4 ,x is a v /range "w1 & 9 "s respects n attractive1 b x %[s ! orig9ality ( ! sculptor2 ! pr9cipal figure has mu* int5sity ( expression4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--;,,campo ,,santo ,,( ,,pisa4 ,giovanni ,pisano4 ,f ?is monum5t & 8 o!r works 9 ,pisa1 ,giovanni became fam\s1 & 0 call$ to ,si5a to build ! front ( ! ca!dral4 ,! p ( ,si5a held out e inducem5t to him to make 8 home !re1 by free+ him f taxes = life2 b aft] ?ree ye>s he w5t to ,p]ugia1 :]e he erect$ a monum5t :i* has be5 de/roy$4 ,aft] ?is "t he devot$ himself entirely to sculpture1 & execut$ a v>iety ( works at ,arezzo1 ,pi/oja1 ,flor5ce1 ,p]ugia1 & ,cortona4 ,9 #acab he comm5c$ ! rebuild+ ( ! ca!dral at ,prato4 ,we h n ! space to speak ( 8 works 9 detail4 ,! ,campo ,santo has m ( int]e/ ?an ! o!rs1 & is ,romanesque 9 its "*2 & yet x is true t he employ$ ,go?ic =ms f> m ?an any o!r4 ,"s au?ors cr$it ,giovanni ) hav+ introduc$ an indep5d5t art into ,italy2 b let t be z x may1 he _h n ! feel+ = beauty1 nei!r _h he ! repose :i* 0 su* a *>m 9 ! works ( 8 fa!r4 ,at ! same "t 8 works are full ( life & dramatic action1 & c\ld nev] h be5 design$ or execut$ by any man :o _h n an uncommon g5ius4 ,,arnolfo ,,di ,,cambio 7#abcb-acaj7 0 also a pupil ( ,nicola ,pisano1 & ?\gh eight ye>s old] ?an ,giovanni ,pisano he did n become an indep5d5t ma/] until aft] ,giovanni _h won mu* fame4 ,!re are "s works 9 ,rome :i* are attribut$ to ,arnolfo1 b z !re are unc]ta9ties ab\t 8 be+ _! au?or1 x is n be/ = u to discuss !m "h4 ,he erect$ at ,orvieto1 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,dom5ico1 a monum5t to ! ,c>d9al de ,braye4 ,x 0 a v elaborate "w1 & ! /atue ( ! ,madonna1 :i* is plac$ above t ( ! c>d9al1 is full ( maje/ic _s & dignifi$ repose4 ,?is is ! only well-au!nticat$ sculptural "w by ,arnolfo1 b ?is is "o ( ! mo/ f9i%$ monum5ts ( ! art ( ! ,pisan s*ool1 & is q suffici5t to br+ 8 "n ?r\gh ! c5turies ) honor4 ,,&rea ,,pisano 7#abgj-acde7 is pr9cipally fam\s z a bronze-ca/]1 & 8 *ief "w 0 ! mak+ ( ! gates to ! ,bapti/]y ( ,flor5ce1 :i* h s9ce be5 replac$ by ^? ( ,ghib]ti4 ,:5 ^! gates 7 f9i%$1 9 #acci1 ! ,signory w5t 9 procession to view !m2 ?is proves 9 :at e/eem !y mu/ h be5 held1 = ! ,signory nev] left ! ,palazzo ,vec*io 9 a body except on ! mo/ important occasions4 ,aft] exam9+ ! gates !y conf]r$ ! honor ( citiz5%ip ^u ! sculptor4 ,^! gates told ! /ory ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 & ! "w is full ( s5tim5t1 beauty1 & simplicity1 :ile ! design is pure1 ! drap]ies full ( elegant grace1 & ! execution ( ! :ole almo/ p]fect4 ,,n9o ,,pisano 0 ! son ( ! latt]4 ,! "t ( 8 bir? is n kn[n2 he di$ be=e #acfa4 ,8 works are pleas+1 & he especially excell$ 9 drap]y4 ,!y are n num]\s1 & are se5 9 ! *ur*es ( ,pisa4 ,b by f> ! mo/ important pupil ( ,&rea ,pisano1 &1 inde$1 ! mo/ important ,tuscan ma/] ( ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 0 ,,&rea ,,arcagnuolo ,,di ,,cione1 commonly call$ ,,&rea ,,orcagna 7#acbi-acgf874 ,?is arti/ 0 ! son ( ,mae/ro ,cione1 a goldsmi? ( ,flor5ce4 ,orcagna 0 an ar*itect1 goldsmi?1 sculptor1 pa9t]1 mosai/1 & poet4 ,pa9t+ is ! art by :i* he is be/ kn[n & ( :i* he execut$ ! greate/ numb] ( int]e/+ works4 ,9 ?is place we %all speak ( 8 mo/ important "w z a sculptor1 :i* 0 ! tab]nacle 9 ! *ur* ( ,or ,san ,mi*ele1 9 ,flor5ce1 made to hold ! picture ( ! ,madonna pa9t$ by ,ugol9o da ,si5a4 ,?is tab]nacle is ( :ite m>ble 9 ! ,go?ic /yle4 ,x rises f ! c5tre high up t[>d ! ro( ( ! *ur*1 & has sculptures 9 bas-relief1 /atuettes & bu/s1 all illu/rat+ ! life ( ! ,virg9 f h] bir? to h] dea?4 ,x is also enri*$ ) mosaics1 intaglios1 enamels1 gild$ glass1 pietra dura1 & all ( ^! arrang$ 9 a :ole :i* is q unique 9 art4 ,x may be reg>d$ z a piece ( ar*itecture or z a sculptural "w1 & x is full ( symbolism2 & :atev] view is tak5 ( x1 x comm&s admiration = ! arti/ :o conceiv$ & execut$ s difficult a task4 ,dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury !re 7 _m sculptors 9 ,italy ( :om we "k v little m ?an _! names4 ,!y did a va/ am\nt ( "w 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 mu* ( :i* is /ill to be se54 ,"o ( ^!1 ( :om few p]sonal facts are kn[n1 ex]t$ a l>ge influ5ce 9 ,flor5ce1 :]e ! fruits ( 8 indu/ry 7 almo/ m>vell\s4 ,he 0 call$ ,,pietro ,,di ,,giovanni & ,,pietro ,,t$esco1 or ! ,g]man4 ,! "t & place ( 8 bir? are n kn[n1 b ! records %[ t he work$ on ! ,ca!dral ( ,flor5ce f #achf to #acii4 ,he work$ 9 true ,g]man /yle2 :]ev] scroll-"w & simple ornam5tal designs 7 requir$ he m+l$ a v>iety ( leaves & fl[]s :]e ! acan?us alone _h be=e be5 us$4 ,he also made fanta/ic little human be+s1 dw>fs & grotesque be+s ( diff]5t sorts1 & exhau/$ ! animal _w 9 8 designs4 ,lions1 be>s1 apes1 dogs1 liz>ds1 crabs1 birds & fi%1 bees1 butt]flies1 & all mann] ( insects may be se5 ne/l+ among v9es & bran*es1 :ile angels play on pipes & violas4 ,! :ole effect ( ^! works is *e]ful & natural1 & w\ld be z suitable to decorate a music hall or a !atre z !y are = a *ur*4 ,! works ( ?is ma/] are too extreme 9 ! reali/ic elem5t to be tak5 z a fair example ( ! ,italian sculpture ( ?is "t1 b ,,niccolo ,,( ,,arrezzo1 ! ,,massegne1 & ! ,,bon or ,,buoni family1 & _m o!rs 9 diff]5t portions ( ! c\ntry contribut$ to put aside ! /iff1 =mal mann] ( ! pa/1 & to br+ 9 ! m sympa!tic & natural "o ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 tru?1 ! la/ decades ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 7 a transition p]iod1 :5 art 0 bur/+ its bonds1 & 0 prep>+ = ! glori\s works ( ! gold5 days ( sculpture 9 ,italy4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,italian ,,sculpture ,,9 ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury4 ,!re 0 no "o great influ5ce or circum/ance :i* l$ up to ! revival ( art & lett]s :i* took place 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & :i* is kn[n "u ! g5]al "n ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,its causes 7 _m1 & may be trac$ 9 e dep>tm5t ( ! life ( ! ,middle ,ages--9 religion1 politics1 le>n+1 & ! habits ( ! p4 ,?is is f> too great a topic = u to ent] on "h1 & we mu/ keep to ! "o matt] :i* we h 9 h&4 ,9 ,italy1 h]et(ore1 z we h %[n1 sculpture _h be5 almo/ entirely sep>at$ f o!r arts1 & /ood by itself4 ,its works _h be5 ! small] objects ( :i* we h spok52 & ?\gh ^! 7 (t5times spl5did 9 _! design & execution1 !y did n af=d ! sculptor ! same broad field = 8 "w z he has :5 8 productions are comb9$ ) ar*itecture4 ,n[ all ?is 0 *ang$4 ,! ,fr5* & ,g]man arti/s _h br\ght out a /yle ( ar*itecture ( _! own1 ! ,italians pursu$ ano!r c\rse1 & w5t back to classic art = _! tea*+1 & n[ e opportunity 0 giv5 = sculpture to assume its utmo/ importance2 & ! art ( anci5t ,greece 0 /udi$ ) all ! en?usiasm ( ! ,italian nature4 ,! ma/]s ( ,flor5ce1 or1 r1 ( ,tuscany1 7 ( great importance 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! new movem5t1 & ,i %all speak fir/ ( !m4 ,,francesco ,,squ>cione1 :o liv$ f #acif to #adgd1 0 a pa9t]1 & travell$ into ,greece to collect antique objects1 & made _m draw+s f ! monum5ts :i* he saw4 ,he e/abli%$ a s*ool 9 ,padua1 & 8 museum 0 ( advantage to sculptors z well z to pa9t]s4 ,o!r ,tuscan arti/s :o 7 9 love ) classic art w&]$ among its rema9s 9 ,rome & o!r p>ts ( ,italy1 & br\ght back to _! homes a great] k ( sculpture1 z well z ! draw+s :i* !y _h made2 & 9 ?is "p ( ,italy ! ,r5aissance e>ly made itself a liv+1 active p[]4 ,among ! v fir/ ( ^! sculptors 0 ,,jacopo ,,della ,,qu]cia 7#acgd-adch71 :o 0 s call$ f ! little m>ket t[n ( ,qu]cia1 ne> ,si5a1 9 :i* he 0 born4 ,8 fa!r 0 a goldsmi?1 & in/ruct$ 8 son 9 8 art2 b ! boy lov$ sculpture1 & /udi$ x "u "o ,luca di ,giovanni4 ,:5 b n9ete5 ye>s old he made an eque/rian /atue ( wood1 & cov]$ x ) clo?1 & pa9t$ x to repres5t m>ble 9 a mann] :i* prov$ him to be an arti/4 ,ab\t ?is "t he left 8 home1 & ! next t we "k ( him 0 ab\t t5 ye>s lat]1 :5 8 design = ! gates ( ! ,bapti/]y ( ,flor5ce 0 pron\nc$ to be next 9 m]it to ^? ( ,ghib]ti & ,brunelles*i4 ,9 #adjh ,qu]cia w5t to ,f]r>a1 :]e he did sev]al works4 ,:ile !re he 0 call$ by ! ,signory ( ,si5a to make a new f\nta9 9 ! ,piazza del ,campo4 ,?is 0 a beautiful "w1 & ev5 9 ?is c5tury1 ?\gh mu* injur$1 its rema9+ sculptures prove t x mu/ h be5 a wond] 9 its day4 ,x has be5 re/or$ aft] ! orig9al model by ,qu]cia1 :o 0 (t5 call$ ,jacopo della ,fonte on acc\nt ( ?is "w4 ,he execut$ "s sculptures 9 ,lucca1 b 8 ma/]piece 0 ! decoration ( ! great portal ( ! ,basilica ( ,san ,petronio1 at ,bologna4 7,fig4 #hb47 ,! fifte5 reliefs "h repres5t ! hi/ory ( ,adam & ,eve1 & o!r /ories f ! creation to ! deluge4 ,!y %[ ! full fre$om & p[] ( ,qu]cia's /yle1 & are among ! mo/ attractive ( all ! ,tuscan sculptures ( ?is p]iod4 ,dur+d ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life ?is arti/ 0 employ$ z sup]9t5d5t ( ! works ^u ! ,ca!dral ( ,si5a1 9 :i* city he di$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--,,relief ,,by ,,jacopo ,,della ,,qu]cia4 ,bologna4 ,we come n[ to speak ( ! fam\s ,,lor5zo ,,ghib]ti 7#acgh-adee71 :o 0 born 9 ,flor5ce1 & 0 bo? a goldsmi? & sculptor2 & ?\gh 8 fame re/s ^u 8 bas-reliefs1 yet ! exquisite detail & c>eful f9i% 9 !m came f 8 practice ( ! goldsmi?'s art4 ,9 #acih a plague broke out 9 ,flor5ce1 & ,ghib]ti fl$ to ,rim9i = safety4 ,:ile !re he pa9t$ a few pictures2 b 8 "n is s l9k$ ) ! spl5did gates :i* he made = ! ,bapti/]y ( ,flor5ce t x is ( ^? t "o naturally ?9ks :5 8 "n is he>d4 ,we h spok5 ( ! gates :i* ,&rea ,pisano _h made to ?is ,bapti/]y long be=e2 ^! 7 = ! s\? side2 & :51 9 #adjj1 ! plague aga9 visit$ ,flor5ce ! p believ$ t ! wra? ( ,heav5 %\ld be appeas$ by a ?ank-(f]+4 ,accord+ly ! ,guild ( ,wool-m]*ants promis$ to add gates on ! nor? & ea/ ( ! ,bapti/]y ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,a "t 0 appo9t$ = ! exam9ation ( designs1 & _m arti/s ent]$ into ! competition1 & s5t 9 _! draw+s & models4 ,a great numb] ( ^! repres5t$ ! ,sacrifice ( ,isaac4 ,at l5g? all ! models 7 set aside b two1 & ^! 7 made by ,brunelles*i & ,ghib]ti2 !n ! =m] decl>$ t he ?\ght 8 rival's design ! be/1 ?us %[+ a nobility ( "* :i* _c be too mu* prais$4 ,! commission 0 ?us giv5 to ,ghib]ti1 :o fir/ execut$ ! nor!rn gates4 ,he began !m 9 #adjc1 & f9i%$ !m tw5ty-"o ye>s lat]4 ,!y illu/rate ! life ( ,*ri/ 9 tw5ty sc5es2 !y h also ! figures ( ! evangeli/s & ! f\r ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* 9 a beautiful framework ( foliage1 animals1 & o!r ornam5tal figures1 :i* divides & incloses ! l>g] compositions4 ,^! gates are done 9 a mann] mu* 9 advance ( t ( ,pisano1 & yet !y reta9 "s features ( an e>li] /yle :i* are n f\nd 9 ,ghib]ti's lat] works4 ,b f ! fir/ he %[$ orig9al tal5t1 z "o may see by 8 model ( ! ,sacrifice ( ,isaac1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,b>gello1 beside t ( ,brunelles*i4 ,^! nor!rn gates are v beautiful1 b ^? on ! ea/ are f> m s2 x is ( ^! la/ t ,mi*ael ,angelo decl>$1 ,!y are wor?y to be ! gates ( ,p>adise6 ,^! are divid$ into t5 comp>tm5ts1 repres5t+3 #a1 ,creation ( ,adam & ,eve2 #b1 ,hi/ory ( ,ca9 & ,abel2 #c1 ,noah2 #d1 ,abraham & ,isaac2 #e1 ,jacob & ,esau2 #f1 ,hi/ory ( ,joseph2 #g1 ,moses on ,m\nt ,s9ai2 #h1 ,jo%ua be=e ,j]i*o2 #i1 ,david & ,golia?2 #aj1 ,solomon & ! ,que5 ( ,%eba 7,fig4 #hc74 ,?is sculptor %[$ great skill = "o 9 8 age1 b to u !re is "s disappo9tm5t 9 !m on acc\nt ( ! cr[d$ appe>ance ( ! figures4 ,famili>ity ) !m1 h[ev]1 reveals _! beauty1 & we f9d t1 9 tru?1 ! /ories ,ghib]ti wi%$ to tell are br\ght out ) mu* di/9ctness4 ,!y w ev] rema9 "o ( ! great monum5ts ( ! sculpture ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,ghib]ti endeavor$ to introduce f9e backgr\nds to 8 reliefs1 :i* gave him an opportunity to add figures illu/rat+ o!r incid5ts ?an ! pr9cipal "o ( ! "w4 ,8 sculptures %[ ! influ5ce ( ! ,go?ic /yle1 ! /udy ( nature & t ( ! antique all comb9$2 ) ^! are unit$ 8 own p[] ( conception1 8 ability 9 design1 & 8 wond]ful delicacy ( execution4 ,^! gates h be5 cont9ually /udi$ by ! arti/s ( 8 own & succe$+ g5]ations4 ,! next "w ( importance by ,ghib]ti is ! s>cophagus ( ,/4 ,z5obius 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,flor5ce4 ,o!r less] sculptures are 9 o!r *ur*es 9 ,flor5ce & 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,si5a4 ,we come n[ to "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ sculptors ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,,donatello he 0 call$1 b 8 real "n 0 ,,donato ,,di ,,betto ,,b>di 7#achf-adfh74 ,he 0 born 9 ,flor5ce1 & f 8 boyhood 0 a memb] ( ! family ( ! ri* bank] ,rub]to ,m>telli1 :o 0 ! firm fri5d ( ! sculptor = life1 & :5 he di$ he provid$ 9 8 w t ! works by ,donatello :i* he bequea!d to 8 family %\ld nev] be pl$g$1 sold1 or giv5 away1 b kept z a p]petual inh]itance = 8 heirs4 ,donatello 0 a reali/1 & foll[$ nature ) great exactness4 ,?is 0 n always productive ( beauty 9 8 works2 inde$1 "s ( !m are v ugly1 & a /ory :i* illu/rates ?is is told ( himself & ,brunelles*i4 ,donatello _h made a crucifix1 c>v$ f wood1 = ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,croce1 & :5 x 0 f9i%$ he ask$ ,brunelles*i's op9ion ( x4 ,?is latt] arti/ 0 pr9cipally an ar*itect2 b z he _h le>n$ ! goldsmi?'s trade1 he execut$ "s sculptures1 & a close fri5d%ip exi/$ betwe5 himself & ,donatello4 ,rely+ on _! love = ea* o!r1 ,brunelles*i frankly told ,donatello t 8 crucifix 0 v ugly1 & 8 figure ( ,*ri/ l t ( a day-labor]1 :]eas x %\ld repres5t a p]son ( ! greate/ possible beauty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--;,,f ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,gates4 ,%[+ comp>tm5ts #f1 #h1 & #aj4 ,donatello 0 v angry at ?is1 & exclaim$1 ,x is easi] to criticise ?an to execute2 d y take a piece ( wood & make a bett] crucifix6 ,brunelles*i det]m9$ to d ?is1 & :5 8 "w 0 f9i%$ he invit$ ,donatello to sup ) him4 ,he plac$ ! crucifix 9 a conspicu\s place 9 8 h\se1 & !n took ,donatello ) him to ! m>ket to buy _! food4 ,he gave ! p>cels to ,donatello1 & ask$ him to g be=e to ! h\se1 say+ t he w\ld soon foll[4 ,:5 ,donatello ent]$ & saw ! crucifix he 0 s delight$ at ! sight t he =got ev]y?+ else1 & dropp$ ! eggs1 *eese1 & all on ! floor1 & /ood gaz+ at ! c>v+ z motionless z if he 7 a /atue himself4 ,:5 ,brunelles*i came he said1 ,:at are we to d n[8 ,y h spoil$ all ! d9n]6 ,i h _h d9n] en\gh = to-day1 repli$ ,donatello4 ,y may h a bett] appetite4 ,to y1 ,i confess1 belongs ! p[] ( c>v+ ! figure ( ,*ri/2 to me t ( repres5t+ day-labor]s4 ,?is fam\s crucifix by ,brunelles*i is n[ 9 ! ,gondi ,*apel ( ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella2 t by ,donatello is 9 ! *apel ( ,sa9ts ,ludovico & ,b>tolommeo 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,croce4 ,! ,annunciation cut f s&/one1 :i* is 9 ,santa ,croce1 is "o ( 8 e>lie/ works1 & is full ( grace & nobl5ess 7,fig4 #hd74 ,he made "s beautiful gr\ps ( danc+ *ildr51 :i* are n[ 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y2 b he consid]$ 8 ,david1 :i* is 9 ! same gall]y1 z 8 ma/]piece4 ,he 0 s pr\d ( x t he swore by x1 say+1 ,by ! fai? ,i h 9 my ,zuccone6 ,?is ^w means bald-head1 & _h come to be us$ z ! usual "n = ! ,david4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--,,! ,,annunciation4 ,by ,donatello4 ,b 9 spite ( 8 lik+ = ! ,david1 x is g5]ally ?\ght t 8 ,/4 ,george1 on ! ext]ior ( ! ,*ur* ( ,or ,san ,mi*ele1 is f> bett]4 ,! ,g]man art-writ] ,grimm ?us speaks ( ?is "w3 ,:at a man is ! ,/4 ,george 9 ! ni*e ( ! ,*ur* ( ,or ,san ,mi*ele6 ,he /&s !re 9 complete armor1 /urdily1 ) 8 legs some:at /rid+ ap>t1 re/+ on bo? ) equal weight1 z if he meant to /& s t no p[] c\ld move him f 8 po/4 ,/raight be=e him he holds up 8 high %ield2 bo? h&s t\* its edge1 p>tly = ! sake ( hold+ x1 p>tly 9 ord] to re/ on x2 ! eyes & br[s are full ( expectant boldness4444 ,we approa* ?is ,/4 ,george1 & ! m]e arti/ic int]e/ is trans=m$ sudd5ly into a m lively sympa?y ) ! p]son ( ! ma/]4444 ,:o is x1 we ask1 :o has plac$ su* a man !re1 s ready = battle8 7,fig4 #he47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--,,/atue ,,( ,,/4 ,,george4 ,by ,donatello4 ,donatello's impetuosity l$ him into _m ra% acts4 ,among o!r in/ances ( ?is x is relat$ t a ri* ,g5oese m]*ant gave an ord] = a portrait bu/ ( himself 9 bronze2 :5 x 0 f9i%$ ! great ,duke ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 :o 0 a fri5d ( ,donatello1 admir$ ! "w s mu* t he plac$ x on 8 balcony1 s t all ,flor5t9es :o pass$ by c\ld see x4 ,:5 ! m]*ant 0 giv5 ! price ( ! bu/ he object$ to x1 & x 0 ref]r$ to ,duke ,cosimo = settlem5t4 ,9 ! conv]sation ! ,g5oese said t ! bu/ c\ld be made 9 a mon?1 & t he 0 will+ to pay ! arti/ a doll> a day = 8 "t & labor4 ,:5 ,donatello he>d ?is he exclaim$1 ,i "k h[ to de/roy ! result ( ! /udy ( ye>s 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye6 & he ?rew ! bu/ into ! /reet bel[1 :]e x 0 brok5 into fragm5ts4 ,!n ! m]*ant 0 deeply mortifi$1 & (f]$ ! sculptor d\ble ! price he _h ask$ if he w\ld repeat ! "w2 b ?\gh ,donatello sadly ne$$ ! money he w\ld n d ?is1 & p]si/$ 9 8 refusal1 ev5 :5 ,cosimo de' ,m$ici tri$ to p]suade him to cons5t4 ,:5 ,donatello 0 old ,duke ,cosimo gave him an all[ance :i* w\ld support himself & f\r workm52 b 9 spite ( ?is ,donatello wore su* %abby clo!s t ,cosimo s5t him a r$ surcoat1 a mantle & hood4 ,^! ,donatello return$1 say+ !y 7 f> too f9e = him4 ,:5 ! sculptor at l5g? became feeble & b$ridd5 8 b5efactor _h di$1 b ,pi]o de' ,m$ici1 ! son ( ,cosimo1 0 c>eful to keep him 9 com=t2 & :5 he di$ 8 fun]al 0 att5d$ ) mu* c]emony4 ,he 0 buri$ ne> ,duke ,cosimo1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,lor5zo4 ,sev]al ( ,donatello's works are 9 ?is *ur*1 & are a m suitable monum5t to 8 memory ?an any t c\ld be made by o!r h&s4 ,! works ( ,donatello are num]\s1 bo? 9 m>ble & bronze1 & 9 bo? ^! sub/ances he made /atues & reliefs4 ,we _c speak 9 detail ( all t he accompli%$2 b z he liv$ 9 an age :5 e advance 9 art 0 an ev5t 9 hi/ory1 we mu/ n =get to say t he made ! fir/ eque/rian /atue :i* _h be5 produc$ s9ce ! "t ( ! ,romans4 ,?is /atue is 9 ,padua1 9 front ( ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,antonio2 x is ( colossal size1 & repres5ts ! ,v5etian ,g5]al ,gattamelata2 & ?\gh x does n satisfy our conception z an eque/rian /atue1 x is wor?y ( "s praise :5 we rememb] all ! circum/ances ( its orig94 ,x is n probable t ,donatello _h ev] se5 an antique eque/rian /atue1 unless x might h be5 t ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! ,=um 9 #aahg2 no mod]n /atues exi/$ z examples = him2 he 0 n famili> ) ! modell+ ( horses1 & = e reason x 0 a bold ?+ = him to und]take su* a "w4 ,donatello _h m influ5ce ^u ! art ( 8 "t ?an any o!r ,tuscan sculptor1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,z a man he 0 hone/1 simple1 & upright 9 all 8 deal+s2 z a fri5d he 0 loyal & fai?ful2 z a ,*ri/ian he 0 humble & *>itable1 & left beh9d him a "n :i* has be5 h&$ d[n ?r\gh m ?an f\r c5turies ) respect & honor4 ,,luca ,,della ,,robbia 7#adjj-adha7 is ano!r native ( ,flor5ce1 ^: "n is widely kn[n4 ,l _m o!rs1 he began life z a goldsmi?1 & 9 ?is way ga9$ a ma/]y ov] detail & a f9i% ( /yle t are rem>kable 9 all 8 works4 ,he turn$ 8 att5tion to sculpture e>ly 9 life1 & 0 s en?usia/ic 9 8 pursuit ( ?is art t he work$ night & day1 m9d+ nei!r cold nor hung] & fatigue2 9 ! beg9n+ he made num]\s wax models1 :i* h p]i%$1 & ) all 8 indu/ry we h no "w ( 8 be=e he 0 =ty-five ye>s old1 except ! reliefs ( ,music1 ,philosophy1 ,geometry1 ,gramm> & ,a/ronomy1 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ,ptolemy & ,euclid1 & a man play+ a lute1 :i* are set into ! side ( ! ,campanile at ,flor5ce1 & two sc5es f ! life ( ,/4 ,pet]1 :i* are 9 ! ,uffizi4 ,9 ! same gall]y are also ! s]ies ( reliefs :i* ,luca began :5 =ty-five ye>s old = ! balu/rade ( an organ 9 ! ca!dral4 ,^! reliefs repres5t boys s++1 danc+1 & play+ on musical in/rum5ts 7,fig4 #hf74 ,! attitudes are s graceful & s v>i$1 & ! expressions on ! faces are s _m1 t !re is mu* to admire 9 a subject :i* 9 unskilful h&s w\ld be v monoton\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--;,,danc+ ,,boys4 ,by ,luca della ,robbia4 ,no sculptures s9ce ! classic days repres5t *ild-life ) su* fre%ness & *>m+ qualities1 & ^! alone w\ld h rais$ ,luca to a high rank z a sculptor4 ,9 ! ,uffizi "o is able to exam9e ^! works closely1 & !y ga9 by ?is ne>ness to ! eye1 :i* enables "o to see ! m9ut5ess ( 8 f9i%4 ,!re are v>i\s works ( 8 9 bronze & m>ble /ill to be se5 9 ! *ur*es ( ,flor5ce1 b ! special art to :i* he gave 8 att5tion 0 to ! p]fect+ ( enamel ^u t]ra-cotta--on ! mak+ ( :at is kn[n z ! ,robbia w>e4 ,9 ?is he a*iev$ a great success1 & 8 bas-reliefs are v beautiful4 ,at fir/ he us$ b few colors1 b lat] he increas$ _! numb]1 & 0 able to produce a comb9$ effect ( pa9t+ & relief t is v pleas+4 ,^! works 7 us$ = alt>-pieces1 m$allions on ext]iors1 f\nta9s1 wall decoration1 & a great v>iety ( purposes4 ,twelve m$allions repres5t+ ! mon?s1 :i* are 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 are said to h be5 made by ,luca to decorate a writ+ cab9et = "o ( ! ,m$ici4 ,luca work$ ) 8 nephew1 ,&rea1 :o _h f\r sons2 & :5 ,luca di$ 8 secrets belong$ to !m1 & made _! =tunes4 ,!y 7 occupi$ elev5 ye>s 9 mak+ a frieze to a hospital 9 ,pi/oja2 x repres5t$ ! ,sev5 ,acts ( ,m]cy4 ,"o ( !m w5t to ,france & decorat$ ! ,*ateau ( ,madrid = ,francis ,i4 ,pope ,leo ,x4 employ$ ano!r to pave ! ,loggie ( ! ,vatican ) ,robbia tiles1 & ^! w>es1 9 "o =m & ano!r1 7 us$ 9 numb]less ways1 bo? useful & decorative4 ,! ,robbia family 0 foll[$ by o!r work]s 9 glaz$ w>e1 & dur+ ab\t a c5tury x 0 a prom95t feature 9 art1 & !n 0 gradually giv5 up4 ,! mo/ not$ pupil ( ,donatello 0 ,,&rea ,,del ,,v]oc*io 7#adcb-adhh74 ,he 0 born at ,flor5ce1 & 0 e>ly appr5tic$ to a goldsmi? call$ ,v]oc*io1 f :om ! sculptor took 8 surname4 ,x is said t ?is "n came f ! fact t ! eld] ,v]oc*io _h rem>kable exactness ( sight4 ,nei!r ! metal works nor ! pa9t+s :i* ,v]oc*io did rema91 & aft] ab\t #adff he devot$ himself entirely to sculpture4 ,x is difficult to associate him ) ,donatello2 8 execution is f9i%$ l mo/ sculptors :o 7 also metal-work]s2 8 nude p>ts are true to nature1 b n graceful or attractive1 & 8 drap]ies are 9 small folds1 :i* give a tumbl$1 crumpl$ effect r ?an t ( ! easy1 graceful fall+ ( s(t mat]ial4 ,8 be/ works are a ,david 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,b>gello1 ,flor5ce2 a bronze ,g5ius press+ a ,dolph9 to itself on a f\nta9 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,palazzo ,vec*io 7,fig4 #hg72 an eque/rian /atue ( ,colleoni be=e ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,giovanni e ,paolo1 ,v5ice 7,fig4 #hh72 & a gr\p ( ,/4 ,?omas exam9+ ! ,w\nds ( ,*ri/ at ! ,*ur* ( ,or ,san ,mi*ele1 ,flor5ce4 ,?is la/ "w is 9 8 be/ & late/ mann]2 ! expression is p[]ful1 b ! drap]y is /ill v faulty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--;,,boy ,,) ,,dolph94 ,by ,v]oc*io4 ,al?\gh ?is eque/rian /atue is call$ by ,v]oc*io's "n1 he did n live to see x complet$2 & ?\gh x 0 )\t d\bt made f 8 design1 /ill "s cr$it = its execution is due to ,aless&ro ,leop>do1 :o f9i%$ x4 ,:5 ,colleoni di$ he left all 8 l>ge =tune to ! ,republic ( ,v5ice on condition t !y %\ld erect an eque/rian monum5t to him 9 ! squ>e ( ,/4 ,m>k4 ,z x 0 =bidd5 by ! laws ( ,v5ice to place su* ?+s 9 ! ,piazza ( ,/4 ,m>k1 x 0 plac$ 9 its pres5t position1 be=e ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,giovanni e ,paolo1 on ! squ>e ( ! ,s*ool ( ,/4 ,m>k1 & x 0 ?\ght t ?is answ]$ ! requirem5ts ( ! w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--,,/atue ,,( ,,colleoni4 ,by ,v]oc*io4 ,:5 ,v]oc*io _h gone to ,v5ice & _h modell$ ! horse1 he 0 told t ! ,signory int5d$ to h ! rid] made by ano!r sculptor4 ,he felt ?is to be an insult1 & broke (f ! head & legs ( ! horse1 & left ,v5ice = ,flor5ce4 ,! ,signory issu$ a decree =bidd+ him to set foot aga9 on ,v5etian soil "u pa9 ( dea?4 ,! sculptor repli$ t he %\ld n take ! risk1 z he well knew t ! ,signory c\ld take (f 8 head1 & he c\ld n put x on1 :ile he c\ld replace 8 horse's head ) a bett] "o4 ,! ,v5etians knew t ?is 0 true1 & repeal$ _! decree1 & d\bl+ 8 pay1 ask$ him to come to complete 8 "w4 ,v]oc*io cons5t$ to d s1 b _h n be5 long 9 ,v5ice :5 he di$4 ,v]oc*io is said to h sp5t mu* "t 9 draw+ f ! antique1 & 8 works prove him to h be5 dilig5t & pa9/ak+2 ^! qualities made him ! sculptor t he 02 b we see no traces 9 8 "w ( ! heav5-born g5ius :i* makes ! arti/ great1 & s inspires himself t 8 works fill all behold]s ) an en?usiasm 9 a degree ak9 to 8 own2 ! works ( su* arti/s z ,v]oc*io1 :o h only ! excell5cies :i* come f pati5t indu/ry1 int]e/ u1 b !y _c move our he>ts4 ,x (t5 happ5$ 9 ,italy t a numb] ( arti/s belong$ to ! same family1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,robbias4 ,"o su* family _h ! "n ( ,,gamb>elli1 b 7 kn[n 9 art z ! ,,rossell9i4 ,!re 7 five sculptors ( ?is "n1 all bro!rs4 ,two ( !m _h great ability1 ,b]n>do & ,antonio4 ,b]n>do 0 mo/ di/+ui%$ z an ar*itect1 & "s v celebrat$ edifices 7 built f 8 designs2 he also execut$ "s excell5t sculptures1 among :i* are ! f9e monum5t ( ,lion>do ,bruni 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,croce1 & t ( ! ,beata ,villana 9 ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 ,flor5ce4 ,! fir/ is "o ( ! be/ monum5ts 9 ,tuscany4 ,9 ! ,uffizi are a bu/ ( ,/4 ,john1 a *>m+ "w1 & a portrait bu/ ( ,batti/a ,s=za4 ,,antonio ,,rossell9o 7#adbg-adij71 call$ ,,proconsolo1 f ! qu>t] ( ,flor5ce 9 :i* he 0 born1 0 by f> ! be/ sculptor ( ! family4 ,he is call$ a pupil ( ,donatello1 b 8 "w v closely resembles t ( ,ghib]ti4 ,among 8 be/ works are ! monum5t to ,c>d9al ,portogallo1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,m9iato1 ne> ,flor5ce2 t ( ,m>y ( ,aragon 9 ,monte ,oliveto at ,naples2 a relief ( ! ,nativity 9 ! same *ur*1 & a relief ( ! ,ador+ ,madonna 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y4 ,8 *>act]i/ics 7 grace1 delicacy ( treatm5t1 sweetness ( expression1 & all ^! comb9$ ) a noble dignity4 ,o!r ,tuscan sculptors ( ?is p]iod 7 ,,desid]io ,,da ,,settignano1 ,,m9o ,,da ,,fiesole 7#adjj-adhf71 ,,&rea ,,f]rucci 7#adfe-aebf71 & ,,b5$etto ,,da ,,majano 7#addb-adih71 :o 0 em95t z an ar*itect z well z = 8 sculpture4 ,8 fa!r 0 a /one-cutt]1 & two o!r sons 9 ! family 7 arti/s4 ,b5$etto began life z a work] 9 wood5 mosaics1 or int>siatore1 z x is call$4 ,he made two beautiful inlaid *e/s1 & c>ri$ !m to ,hung>y z a gift to ,k+ ,mat?ias ,corv9us1 ^: fame z a patron ( art _h rea*$ 8 e>s4 ,b ! "y arti/ 0 doom$ to a dreadful disappo9tm5t1 = :5 he unpack$ 8 *e/s 9 ! pres5ce ( ! k+ x 0 f\nd t ! sea-damp _h spoil$ !m1 & ! mosaics _h fall5 ap>t4 ,b5$etto !n det]m9$ to "w 9 m durable mat]ials1 & execut$ "s sculptures 9 m>ble & t]ra-cotta :ile he rema9$ 9 ,hung>y4 ,aft] 8 return to ,flor5ce1 ,b5$etto work$ z an ar*itect1 & ! ,/rozzi ,palace 0 built aft] 8 design4 ,8 ma/]piece 9 sculpture 0 ! monum5t to ,filippo ,/rozzi1 9 ! ,/rozzi ,*apel 9 ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 & x also m]its m5tion among ! be/ works ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,a pulpit 9 ,santa ,croce1 by ,b5$etto1 is also v f9e1 & 8 skill 0 %[n "h 9 8 support+ ! pulpit aga9/ a column & putt+ ! /aircase by :i* ! pulpit is ent]$ inside ! column2 ?us x 0 conceal$1 & ! build+ 9 no wise weak5$1 :ile ! pulpit is f> m beautiful ?an x w\ld be 7 ! /aircase 9 sight4 ,b5$etto 0 summon$ to ,naples by ! ,duke ( ,calabria1 :o gave him commissions :i* occupi$ him = two ye>s4 ,few ,tuscan sculptors h produc$ m pleas+ works ?an ,b5$etto's2 ?\gh n pr(\nd !y are pleas+ & unaffect$1 & 9 :atev] frame ( m9d "o may be1 !y d n di/urb1 b r soo! & *>m1 z !y c\ld n d if !y 7 false 9 s5tim5t or execut$ 9 an affect$ mann]4 ,,matteo ,,civitali ,,di ,,giovanni 7#adce-aeja7 0 born 9 ,lucca1 b /udi$ art 9 ,flor5ce4 ,8 /atue ( ,/4 ,seba/ian 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,lucca 0 s mu* admir$ by ! pa9t] ,p]ug9o t he copi$ x 9 8 picture ( ! ,entombm5t4 ,civitali's *ief "w 9 sculpture 0 ! tomb ( ,pietro da ,noceto 9 ! same ca!dral4 ,9 ,g5oa1 9 ! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 he execut$ six /atues & five bas-reliefs4 ,a bas-relief ( ,fai? by ,civitali 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y is a f9e "w1 full ( e>ne/ness & deep religi\s feel+4 ,civitali 0 also an accompli%$ ar*itect1 & did mu* to improve ! /yle ( build+ 9 ,lucca4 ,! beautiful temple ( ! ,volto ,santo 9 ! ca!dral 0 design$ by him4 ,?is sculptor may be said to h _h f\r diff]5t /yles ( "w4 ,! ,/4 ,seba/ian 0 9 8 e>lie/ mann]1 & is simply reali/ic2 8 second mann] 0 ! be/2 x is pure & dignifi$ 9 conception1 :ile deep feel+ p]vades all2 ! tomb ( ,noceto 0 9 ?is second /yle2 8 ?ird mann] 0 m free & less pure1 :ile ! f\r?1 z se5 9 8 "w at ,g5oa1 is full ( extravagant exagg]ation4 ,next to ! sculptors ( ! ,tuscan or ,flor5t9e s*ool ( ?is p]iod 7 ^? ( ,v5ice 9 importance & indep5d5ce ( mann]4 ,?is s*ool 0 mu* influ5c$ by t ( ,tuscany because ( ! ne>ness ( ! two cities & ! con/ant communication betwe5 !m1 z well z by ! fact t ,tuscan sculptors 7 m or less employ$ 9 ,v5ice4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ,v5etian sculptors 0 ,,antonio ,,giovanni ,,bregno1 call$ ,,antonio ,,rizzo or ,,riccio 7ab\t #adcj-adih874 ,al?\gh he 0 born 9 ,v]ona1 & !re _h ! opportunity to /udy ! ,roman ru9s :i* are ! pride ( ! city1 he is yet ess5tially an arti/ ( ,v5ice1 s9ce he sp5t mo/ ( 8 life !re1 & 0 ev5 at ! head ( ! work%op = ! sculptors :o work$ ^u ! palace4 ,"o little episode 9 ! life ( ?is arti/ 0 an exp$ition to ,scut>i ) ! ,v5etian soldi]s1 :o w5t to its def5ce aga9/ ! ,turks4 ,rizzo %[$ himself s brave 9 action1 & 0 s sev]ely w\nd$1 t aft] 8 return to ,v5ice ! ,s5ate gave him a p5sion :i* la/$ ?r\gh tw5ty ye>s4 ,rizzo s won ! confid5ce ( ! ,v5etians t he 0 appo9t$ to important (fices ) l>ge sal>ies1 & x is sad to be =c$ to add t he prov$ to be a di%one/ man1 & :5 8 acc\nts 7 exam9$ he fl$ to ,foligno1 :]e he soon di$4 ,we w n speak ( him z an ar*itect2 z a sculptor he is kn[n by /atues ( ,adam & ,eve 9 ni*es opposite ! ,giant's ,/aircase 9 ! ,ducal ,palace1 & by sepul*ral monum5ts 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,fr>i4 ,:ile 8 works _c be highly prais$ = beauty1 !y d %[ ! /yle ( ! ,r5aissance di/9ctly4 ,,lomb>do is ! family "n ( ?ree sculptors ( ?is p]iod 9 ,v5ice4 ,!y 7 ,,pietro & 8 two sons1 ,,tullio & ,,antonio1 & ! ?ree toge!r are spok5 ( z ! ,lomb>di4 ,pietro1 ! fa!r1 0 z mu* an ar*itect z a sculptor1 & ! works ( ! fa!r & son are s associat$ t x is difficult to speak ( !m sep>ately4 ,we "k t ,tullio 0 ! sup]ior arti/ ( ! ?ree1 b !re are no works ( !irs t comm& a detail$ description "h4 ,! monum5t to ! ,doge ,pietro ,moc5igo1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,,ss4 ,giovanni e ,paolo1 ! angels ( ! font 9 ,san ,m>t9o1 an alt>-relief 9 ! alt> ( ,san ,giovanni ,criso/omo1 reliefs on ! front ( ! ,scuola di ,san ,m>co1 & two reliefs 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,antonio at ,padua1 are ! pr9cipal sculptures ( ! ,lomb>di4 ,,aless&ro ,,leop>do1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #adij1 0 ! mo/ em95t bronze-ca/] ( 8 "t1 & 0 di/+ui%$ = ! happy mann] 9 :i* he adapt$ classic ideas to 8 ne$s 9 8 works4 ,v little is kn[n ( ! life ( ?is sculptor1 & t little is n to 8 cr$it4 ,he liv$ 9 ,v5ice1 & _h a /udio 9 ! ,piazza del ,cavallo1 & 9 #adhg committ$ a =g]y1 = :i* he 0 bani%$ f ! city4 ,b :5 ,v]oc*io di$1 leav+ ! ,colleoni /atue unf9i%$1 ! ,s5ate desir$ to h x complet$ by ,leop>do1 s !y s5t him a safe-conduct = six mon?s1 & he return$ to ,v5ice4 ,z !re is no acc\nt ( 8 aga9 leav+ ! city1 x is suppos$ t he 0 all[$ to rema9 z long z he *ose4 ,!re has be5 mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :i* arti/--,v]oc*io or ,leop>do--%\ld be cr$it$ ) ! excell5ce ( ! ,colleoni /atue4 ,! tru?1 z ne> z x c be told1 seems to be t ,v]oc*io design$ & modell$ x1 t ,leop>do complet$ & ca/ x1 & made ! l(ty p$e/al ^u :i* x /&s1 & :i*1 tak5 by itself1 is a spl5did "w4 ,x is ( f9e proportions1 & has six ,cor9?ian columns1 9 ! capitals ( :i* !re are dolph9s1 :ile ! frieze is compos$ ( trophies & m>9e animals1 all ( :i* are symbols ( ! ,city on ! ,sea :i* erect$ ! monum5t4 ,aft] ! ,colleoni /atue 0 unveil$ ! ,s5ate gave ,leop>do an ord] = ?ree /&>d bases ( bronze to be plac$ 9 ! ,piazza ( ,/4 ,m>k's4 ,he also made ?ree spl5did c&elabra = ! ,v5etian ,academy4 ,leop>do 0 also an ar*itect4 ,! "t ( 8 dea? is v unc]ta91 b a writ] speaks ( him 9 #aeda z ! new glory ( our age1 :o %9es l a /> 9 ! ,v5etian wat]s4 ,al?\gh an imm5se am\nt ( sculpture ( ?is p]iod rema9s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,italy1 x is v difficult to trace ! /ory ( sep>ate arti/s & to give a satisfactory acc\nt ( ^? ^: works are wor?y ( high praise4 ,!re is sc>cely an ,italian city ( any size :i* has n "s spl5did rema9s ( ?is morn+ ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,9 ,ancona !re are ! portal ( ,san ,francesco & ! front ( ,m]canzia1 ) :i* ! "n ( ,giorgio da ,seb5ico is associat$4 ,at ,rim9i ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,francesco1 ) its weal? ( pla/ic ornam5t1 _c be ascrib$ to any "o arti/ or to any numb] ) surety2 x is 9 ! /yle ( ,luca della ,robbia & ,donatello1 b 9 ! execution does n rea* _! /&>d4 ,9 ,ces5a1 ,padua1 & ,v]ona !re are fifte5?-c5tury sculptures1 & 9 ! ,milanese t]ritory ! pla/ic art ( ?is p]iod is v int]e/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #hi1 #ij4--,,t]ra-,,cottas ,,f ,,! ,,osp$ale ,,gr&e4 ,milan4 ,9 ,milan1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia delle ,grazie1 9 ! ,osp$ale ,gr&e1 & 9 ! ca!dral !re is a weal? ( sculpture to rew>d ! /ud5t ( ?is art :o visits !m2 & 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,br$a !re are _m int]e/+ works4 ,! t]ra-cotta decoration ( ! ,osp$ale excels all o!r works ( ?is sort 9 upp] ,italy1 & ! imm5se facade ( ?is edifice is a m>vel 9 its way 7,figs4 #hi1 #ij74 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ?is hospital & ! wond]ful ,milan ,ca!dral af=d a rem>kable contra/ 9 works ( ! same p]iod4 ,,giovanni ,,antonio ,,amadeo1 or ,,omodeo 7#addg-aebj71 0 born on a f>m ne> ! ,c]tosa ( ,pavia4 ,:5 b n9ete5 ye>s old 8 "n appe>s z "o ( ^? :o 7 employ$ ^u ?is spl5did edifice1 & ! records ( 8 paym5ts %[ t 8 "w 0 well consid]$1 ev5 !n4 ,omodeo 0 und\bt$ly ! be/ sculptor ( 8 "t 9 all ,lomb>dy1 & 8 sculptures 9 ! ,colleoni ,*apel at ,b]gamo w\ld be suffici5t to make any arti/ fam\s4 ,! :ole "w may be call$ 81 = he design$ ! build+ & ! sculptures ( ! facade1 :i* are 9 ! ri*e/ /yle ( ! ,r5aissance2 !re are /atuettes1 colonettes1 bu/s1 m$allions1 & bas-reliefs1 & :]ev] a flat surface exi/s x is divid$ into diamond-%ap$ slabs ( color$ m>bles4 ,! portal is v mu* ornam5t$3 on ea* side ( ! rose w9d[ above ?is entrance !re are bu/s ( ,caes> & ,augu/us 9 contra/ ) numb]s ( angels' heads n f> away4 ,!re are bas-reliefs repres5t+ *ildr5 play+ ^u musical in/rum5ts1 & ! :ole front ( ! *apel1 ) its num]\s pila/]s & colonettes1 has be5 comp>$ to a gigantic organ1 by ,mr4 ,p]k9s1 9 8 ,italian ,sculptors4 ,( ! int]ior decoration we c only say t x is mu* 9 ,omodeo's /yle1 ?\gh ! monum5t to ,colleoni1 ! f\nd] ( ! *apel1 is said to be ! "w ( ,g]man sculptors1 & to h be5 done aft] ,omodeo left ,b]gamo4 ,at ,pavia1 ,omodeo succe$$ ,gu9i=te z *ief ar*itect ( ! ,c]tosa1 & design$ ! facade1 :i* 0 made by him & 8 successors4 ,! bas-relief ( ! ,deposition f ! ,cross1 :i* is on ! front ( ! high-alt> "h1 is ! "w ( ,omodeo4 ,at ,cremona & at ,isola ,bella he execut$ "s monum5ts1 b at l5g?1 9 #adij1 he began 8 "w on ! ,ca!dral ( ,milan4 ,"h a cupola 0 comm5c$ aft] 8 model & "u 8 direction2 b :5 x 0 p>tly done d\bts ( its solidity 7 express$1 & ,omodeo 0 comm&$ to leave x & design ! nor? door to ! ca!dral4 ,he also con/ruct$ ! spiral /aircase lead+ to ! ro( ?r\gh an elegant ,go?ic turret1 :]e ! m$allion portrait ( ,omodeo may be se54 ,x has s9ce be5 prov$ t ! cupola ( ,omodeo 0 solid en\gh1 = x has su/a9$ ! spire :i* 0 put ^u x 9 #aggb2 b he 0 torm5t$ conc]n+ x 9 _m ways1 & di$ )\t ju/ification4 ,omodeo /&s at ! head ( nor!rn ,italian sculptors 9 8 dext]\s use ( 8 *isel2 8 ease 9 composition & 8 skill 9 ! managem5t ( drap]y w\ld h made him em95t2 b ! effect ( all ^! good qualities 0 injur$ by 8 mann]ism1 & ! fact t 8 /&>d ( beauty 0 n a high "o4 ,?is may be p>tly acc\nt$ = by ! fact t 9 ,lomb>dy an arti/ _h no opportunity to /udy ! rema9s ( classic art1 & ?is "o circum/ance v l>gely excuses ! inf]iority ( ! nor!rn sculptors to ^? ( ,tuscany1 ^: ta/e _h be5 mu* improv$ by close /udy ( anci5t pla/ic art4 ,!re are _m sculptors m5tion$ z hav+ done "s "p ( ! "w ^u ! ,milan ,ca!dral1 b v few are kn[n1 except by casual rem>k4 ,,cri/(oro ,,sol>i1 call$ ,,il ,,gobbo1 or ,,del ,,gobbo1 0 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t1 & yet we "k almo/ no?+ ( 8 hi/ory until1 9 #adij1 he 0 s disappo9t$ :5 ,omodeo 0 made ar*itect ( ! ca!dral in/ead ( himself t he w5t to ,v5ice1 & rema9$ !re dur+ sev]al ye>s4 ,aft] a "t ,sol>i 0 appo9t$ ducal sculptor to ,ludovico ,moro1 & ! monum5t :i* he erect$ to ,beatrice d',e/e 0 "o ( 8 pr9cipal works4 ,:5 ,ludovico lo/ 8 p[] ,sol>i w5t to ,rome1 & rema9$ until he 0 recall$ to ,milan to execute sculptures = ! ca!dral4 ,he 0 v indep5d5t 9 8 reply1 & refus$ to g unless 8 conditions 7 compli$ )2 "o ( ^! conditions 0 t he %\ld n be "u ! direction ( any "o1 b %\ld select 8 m>bles & 8 subjects to please himself4 ,! /atues he made are n z f9e z we might expect !m to be aft] ?is beg9n+2 h[ev]1 he 0 at l5g? appo9t$ head ar*itect4 ,soon aft] ?is he 0 engag$ 9 mak+ a new model = a cupola1 & !n sudd5ly 8 "n ceases to appe> ^u ! regi/]s4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,como is ano!r ( ^? va/ edifices :i* af=d$ opportunities = arti/s to make !mselves fam\s4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! facade to ?is ca!dral 0 ornam5t$ by ,,tommaso & ,,jacopo ,,rod>i4 ,! fir/ 0 at "o "t ar*itect ( ! ca!dral1 & toge!r !y execut$ a l>ge portion ( ! sculptures4 ,_! be/ "w 0 9 ! ornam5tal p>ts4 ,9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,italy1 bo? 9 ! /ates ( ! ,*ur* & 9 ,naples1 !re are _m works ( ! fifte5? c5tury :i* 7 execut$ by arti/s f ,flor5ce & o!r p>ts ( ,italy4 ,?us !re is no?+ new to be said conc]n+ sculpture 9 ,s\!rn ,italy dur+ ?is p]iod1 s9ce ! works :i* are n by =eign arti/s are 9 ! same /yle z !irs2 = ! native sculptors copi$ ^? f ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,italy1 & no great progress or orig9al mann] c be f\nd 9 ^! s\!rn di/ricts4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,sculpture ,,9 ,,g]many1 ,,france1 ,,engl&1 ,,& ,,spa91 ,,f #adej ,,to #aeej4 ,9 ,italy1 z we h se51 ! sculpture ( ! ,r5aissance 0 mu* advanc$ by ! fact t 9 ! beg9n+ ( its gr[? ! ar*itecture ( ! c\ntry 0 l>gely an imitation ( ,greek ar*itecture2 & z ! same arti/ 0 frequ5tly an ar*itect1 sculptor1 & pa9t]1 edifices 7 design$ ) ! purpose ( plac+ ! works ( ! sculptor 9 ! mo/ favorable positions4 ,9 ! c\ntries nor? ( ,italy sculpture _h no su* aid or advantages4 ,! ,go?ic /yle ( ar*itecture 0 a h9drance to ! sculptor1 ^: works 7 comb9$ ) x4 ,! ,go?ic con/ruction af=d$ no broad1 g5]\s spaces = sculpture2 all pla/ic "w mu/ be conf9$ 9 limit$ spaces betwe5 columns & balda*9s1 or 9 ar*$ ni*es1 or betwe5 n>r[ flut+s2 & ?\gh some?+ _h be5 done to v>y ! upright /iffness ( ! /atues ( its e>lie/ days1 !re 0 no fre$om = ! reali/ic & natural t5d5cies ( ! ,r5aissance art to develop 94 ,ano!r advantage on ! side ( ,italian art 0 ! fact t ,italy 0 a l& ( grace & beauty2 its p 7 m ref9$ 9 mann]1 m elegant & picturesque 9 _! co/umes ?an 7 ^? ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 & all ! influ5ces surr\nd+ ! ,italian arti/ 7 f> m favorable to a developm5t ( 8 arti/ic nature ?an 7 ^? ( ,france or ,g]many4 ,!n1 too1 ! rema9s ( antique art :i* 7 )9 rea* ( ! ,italian sculptor 7 q %ut (f f o!rs4 ,= all ^! & o!r reasons ! sculpture ( ! nor? 0 m t>dy 9 tak+ on ! bett] _s & =m ( ! ,r5aissance1 & z a :ole x nev] became z pleas+ to mo/ p z 0 ! sculpture ( ,italy4 ,9 a =m] *apt] we h spok5 ( ! sculptor ,claux ,slut] & 8 "w at ,dijon 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury2 ! desire :i* he %[$ to make 8 figures l ! m5 !y repres5t$1 & a g5]al /udy ( nature r ?an ( old] works ( sculpture1 _h mu* effect ^u ! sculpture ( 8 "t1 & gradually became mu* exagg]at$4 ,g]man sculptors tri$ n only to make exact portraits ( ! faces & heads ( _! figures1 b !y gave ! same att5tion to imitat+ e detail ( co/ume & e p]sonal peculi>ity ( ! model f :i* !y work$4 ,?is t5d$ to weak5 & n>r[ _! own designs1 & ! :ole effect ( _! "w is fanta/ic & exagg]at$--an effect q oppos$ to ! noble & h>moni\s treatm5t ( ! :ole :i* ! be/ ,italian ma/]s /rove to atta94 ,! attempt to produce />tl+ effects 9 ,g]man art made su* subjects z ! ,passion ( ,*ri/1 ! ,temptation ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 & ! ,m>tyrdoms ( ! ,sa9ts to be con/antly repeat$1 & _m reliefs are ov]load$ ) su* details z may v prop]ly be us$ 9 pa9t+1 & :i* belong to picturesque art1 b :i* take away ! dignity & calm gr&eur :i* %\ld make ! _s ( sculpture4 ,b !re is "o feature ( ,g]man sculpture at ?is "t :i* appeals to our sympa?y--t is1 ! deep1 e>ne/ feel+ :i* p]vades x1 & :i* con/antly tri$ new me?ods ( expression4 ,9 ,g]many !re 7 guilds or trade-associations1 & ! memb]s ( ^! guilds 7 all[$ to "w 9 ! special bran* only ( sculpture :i* belong$ to _! company1 s t ?is art 0 divid$ by m fix$ l9es ?an 9 ,italy1 :]e1 9 tru?1 at ! p]iod ( :i* we speak1 ! ,flor5t9e s*ool 0 a supreme p[]1 & its sculptors1 z we h se51 work$ 9 z _m sorts ( sculpture z pleas$ !m4 ,! s*ools ( ,g]many 7 f> m indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & ! entire organization ( art 9 ,g]many 0 v diff]5t f t ( ,italy4 ,"o ( ! mo/ prom95t effects ( ! ar*itecture ( ,g]many 0 to drive ! sculptors to seek = su* "w z _h no relation to ar*itecture1 & an important result f ?is 0 ! great att5tion :i* !y paid to wood-c>v+2 inde$1 ?is 0 ! favorite pursuit ( ! ,g]man sculptors = _m ye>s4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! importance ( ?is art 9 ,g]many 0 f> great] ?an ^? ( bronze-ca/+ or /one sculpture4 ,! pr9cipal works 9 wood-c>v+ 7 ! alt>s1 :i* f9ally came to be colossal 9 size1 & ) _! multitude ( reliefs1 /atuettes1 & ornam5ts 7 m>vell\s monum5ts to ! indu/ry & skill ( ! wood-c>v]s4 ,! reliefs 9 ^! works are usually arrang$ on l&scape backgr\nds1 & s mu* resemble pictures 9 _m ways t ! colors & gild+ :i* 7 freely us$ on !m d n seem out ( place1 & x appe>s to be q natural t wood-c>v]s %\ld (t5 h be5 pa9t]s also4 ,! ,swabian s*ool1 ! pr9cipal seat ( :i* 0 ,ulm1 0 ! e>lie/ to adopt ! new1 reali/ic /yle4 ,!re are works by ,swabian arti/s :i* %[ ?is t5d5cy z e>ly z #adca4 ,j,oe,r,g ,,syrl91 :o fl\ri%$ dur+ ! la/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 0 an em95t wood-c>v]1 & z he did n color 8 works he c be bett] judg$ z a sculptor ?an he c\ld be if ! effect ( ! :ole dep5d$ p>tly ^u pa9t+4 ,! *oir-/alls 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,ulm & ! f\nta9 9 ! m>ket-place1 call$ ,fis*ka/51 are 8 mo/ important works2 b a s++-desk1 n[ 9 ! museum1 & o!r less] pieces are also excell5t examples ( 8 /yle4 ,! *oir-/alls h an imm5se numb] ( figures & a mass ( ornam5t1 :i* made !m f> ri*] ?an any su* "w ( an e>li] date1 & none t h s9ce be5 made h equall$ !m4 ,x is almo/ incr$ible t !y 7 complet$ 9 f\r ye>s1 & yet !re are no m>ks ( ha/e ^u ! "w4 ,! figures are dignifi$ & graceful1 ! faces delicate & expressive1 ! h&s well =m$1 & a beauty ( design & execution m>ks ! :ole4 ,! l[] figures1 :i* come ne>e/ ! eye1 are f9] ?an ^? :i* are high] up1 s t a unity ( effect is pres]v$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole4 ,he sometimes took occasion to give t\*es ( humor 9 8 works1 & 9 ^! /alls he introduc$ 8 own portrait & t ( 8 wife4 ,! ,fis*ka/5 is sculptur$ 9 /one1 & has ?ree knights ^u x :i* appe> to be boldly advanc+1 z if ab\t to /ep (f & walk away4 ,o!r works by ?is ma/] are less important1 & x is d\btful if all t are call$ by 8 "n are really 8 own4 ,jo]g ,syrl91 ! y\ng]1 tra9$ by 8 fa!r1 adopt$ 8 /yle1 & became an excell5t arti/4 ,we h n space to speak ( ! ,swabian sculptures 9 detail4 ,f9e works exi/ 9 ,tief5bronn1 ,ro!nburg1 ,blaubeur51 ,h]r5b]g1 ,gmu5d1 ,rav5sburg1 & _m o!r places4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,swabian s*ool 0 v wide2 x c be trac$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,g]many1 9 ,hung>y & ,transylvania1 & ev5 9 ,switz]l&1 ,au/ria1 & ,bav>ia4 ,swabian arti/s 7 (t5 summon$ to adjac5t prov9ces1 & ?us did mu* "w away f _! homes4 ,! reliefs ^u ! door ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,con/ance 7 execut$ by ,simon ,hayd]1 a ,swabian1 9 #adgj4 ,! alt> ( ! ca!dral at ,*ur 0 ! "w ( ,jacob ,roes*1 ano!r ,swabian ma/]1 :o ?us labor$ on ! v b\nd>y ( ,italy4 ,! s*ool at ,augsburg 0 ! second ,swabian s*ool 9 importance1 & mu* influ5ce w5t out f t c5tre1 ?\gh its sculptures 7 n z f9e z ^? ( ,ulm4 ,9 "s cases f9e old sculptures /ill exi/ 9 ! *ur*es & o!r places = :i* !y 7 int5d$4 ,aga9 we f9d !m ei!r :ole1 or 9 p>ts1 9 museums to :i* !y h be5 remov$ :5 !y 7 no long] requir$ = ! uses = :i* !y 7 made1 or :5 !y 7 replac$ by m mod]n works4 ,s few facts are kn[n conc]n+ !m t x is almo/ impossible to d m ?an repeat descriptions ( ! subjects !y repres5t2 & ?is is nei!r pr(itable nor ent]ta9+ 9 a book ( ?is k9d2 !re=e ,i %all n[ speak only ( su* arti/s z h left "s record beh9d !m1 & ( works ^: au?or%ip c be giv54 ,,veit ,,/oss1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 0 an em95t wood-c>v]4 ,v little is kn[n ab\t him4 ,8 "n is sometimes said to be ,wit ,/wosz1 & ,crac[ & ,nuremb]g bo? claim to h be5 8 bir?place4 ,b x is n[ believ$ t he 0 born 9 ,nuremb]g1 z x is kn[n t 9 #adgg he gave up 8 citiz5%ip !re & w5t to ,crac[1 & 9 #adif he paid a small sum to be aga9 made a citiz5 ( ,nuremb]g4 ,we also "k t 8 reputation z a man 0 n good4 ,9 a ,nuremb]g decree he is call$ a reckless & graceless citiz51 :o has caus$ mu* uneas9ess to ! honorable c\ncil & ! :ole t[n4 ,he 0 convict$ ( crimes = :i* he %\ld h suff]$ dea?1 b ! s5t5ce 0 *ang$1 & he 0 br&$3 bo? *eeks 7 pi]c$ ) a hot iron4 ,aft] ?is he broke ! oa? he _h tak5 to ! city1 & jo9$ h] enemies 9 plott+ aga9/ h]2 he 0 subsequ5tly imprison$1 & at 8 dea?1 9 #aecc1 he 0 v old & p]fectly bl9d4 ,x seems almo/ l a contradiction to say t ?is ma/] 0 "o ( ! mo/ t5d] 9 feel+ ( all ! wood-c>v]s ( 8 "t4 ,he 0 especially successful 9 repres5t+ ! purity ( ! ,madonna & ( y\?ful sa9ts4 ,8 pr9cipal works are 9 ! *ur*es ( ,crac[ & ,nuremb]g4 ,9 ! ,frau5kir*e at ,crac[ ! high-alt>1 a "p ( ! /alls 9 ! *oir1 & "s o!r sculptures are 84 ,9 ,nuremb]g 8 be/ works are a bas-relief ( ! ,cr[n+ ( ! ,virg91 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,burgkapelle2 ! great ,madonna /atue1 :i* 0 plac$ 9 ! ,frau5kir*e 9 #aejd2 & ! colossal ,angel's ,salutation1 :i* is susp5d$ 9 ! *oir ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,laur5ce4 ,?is la/ is an unusual & important "w4 ,! angel appe>s z if fly+1 & ! drap]y is mu* inflat$2 ! ,virg9 is que5ly & maje/ic1 yet graceful2 all ar\nd are m$allions 9 :i* are repres5t$ ! ,sev5 ,sorr[s ( ! ,virg94 ,! /yle ( ^! reliefs is *>m+ if we except ! drap]y2 t has ! faults ( ! "t1 & is bad 9 /yle2 b ! female heads are all t we c\ld ask2 ! :ole design is di/9ct1 & few reliefs c\ld surpass ^! 9 simple beauty & g5u9e arti/ic feel+4 ,ano!r rem>kable "w ( 8 is a panel ( roses1 n[ 9 ! ,burgkapelle4 ,! panel is sev5 feet high by five wide2 m ?an half ( ?is is cov]$ by a wrea? ( roses2 !re are besides f\r r[s ( small half-l5g? figures arrang$ r\nd a cross ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 a repres5tation ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 sc5es 9 ! hi/ory ( man f ! creation to ! dea? ( ! ,virg91 & _m o!r sa9ts & l subjects 9 bits ( reliefs1 :i* fill up all sp>e spaces4 ,! /yle is v di/9ct1 & ! drap]ies bett] 9 ?is "w ?an 9 o!rs f 8 h&4 ,!re are o!r works 9 ,nuremb]g & else:]e :i* are attribut$ to ,veit ,/oss1 b ^! t are kn[n to be 8 are q en\gh to e/abli% 8 fame z a gift$ arti/ & a rem>kable sculptor = 8 "t4 ,?\gh ,/oss is among ! e>ly ma/]s ( ,nuremb]g1 x is yet true t o!rs _h be5 at "w :ile he 0 9 ,crac[1 & ! way _h be5 prep>$ = him & 8 "w :5 he return$ to 8 native city 9 #adif4 ,among ! mo/ active arti/s 9 ,nuremb]g 0 ,,mi*ael ,,wohlgemu? 7#adcd-aeai71 :o is g5]ally consid]$ z a pa9t] only2 b we "k t he made contracts = entire works 9 :i* sculpture & pa9t+ are comb9$1 & mu/ h _h ! ov]sight ( ! :ole2 & 9 ?is view x is prop] to m5tion ?is ma/]'s "n4 ,! alt>s at ,hall] ,cross ,*apel1 ,nuremb]g1 "o at ,zwickau1 ano!r at ,s*waba*1 & t ( ! ,heilsbronn ,mona/]y1 ne> ,nuremb]g1 are all ascrib$ to ,wohlgemu?4 ,,albre*t ,d,ue,r,e,r 7#adga-aebh71 :o 0 "o ( ! great ma/]s ( ! _w1 0 an ar*itect1 pa9t]1 & sculptor4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,mi*ael ,wohlgemu?1 & sculpture 0 less practis$ by him ?an o!r arts2 yet ! few works ( 8 :i* rema9 are mu* valu$4 ,du]] probably execut$ 8 c>v+s ab\t #aeaj-aebj4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is a relief ( ! ,bir? ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 :i* 0 pur*as$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s m ?an eighty ye>s s9ce = #bejj4 ,x is cut 9 a block ( cream-color$ /one1 sev5 & "o half by five & "o half in*es 9 size1 & is a wond]ful "w4 ,! companion piece1 :i* repres5ts ! same sa9t ,prea*+ 9 ! ,wild]ness1 is 9 ! ,brunswick ,museum1 :]e !re is also an ,ecce ,homo c>v$ 9 wood4 ,du]] execut$ _m little c>v+s 9 /one1 ivory1 & boxwood1 & ! exi/+ ones are se5 9 v>i\s collections 9 ,g]many4 ,x is q probable t o!rs are 9 private h&s4 ,!re are 9 ,nuremb]g _m mo/ excell5t wood-c>v+s by unkn[n ma/]s2 "o :o c>es = ?is art is well repaid = a visit to ?is old city1 &1 inde$1 ?is is true ( o!r old ,g]man t[ns4 ,bamb]g1 ,m>burg1 ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 ,dortmund1 ,halle1 & _m o!r t[ns h ri*es 9 ?is k9d ( art4 ,! /one sculpture ( ,g]many 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 0 ( less importance ?an ! wood-c>v+ until t[>d ! close ( ! p]iod4 ,! ext]iors ( ! *ur*es & o!r edifices erect$ at ?is "t _h b little sculptural ornam5t1 & t consi/$ pr9cipally ( trac]ies & figures 9 geometric designs4 ,"s small deta*$ works1 su* z fonts1 pulpits1 or f\nta9s1 7 made 9 /one1 b ! *ief use ( /one sculpture 0 = monum5ts to ! dead4 ,,adam ,,krafft 7ab\t #adcj-aejg71 ( ^: e>ly hi/ory almo/ no?+ is kn[n1 is a v important ma/] ( ?is "t1 & 8 pr9cipal works add ano!r *>m to ! city ( ,nuremb]g4 ,a rem>kable s]ies ( works by ,krafft are ! ,sev5 ,/ages1 or sev5 bas-reliefs plac$ on ! way to ! ,johannis ,cemet]y1 ! designs repres5t+ ! sev5 falls ( ,*ri/ on 8 way to ,golgo?a4 ,^! reliefs are mu* cr[d$1 & ! only "p t is at all idealiz$ is ! figure ( ,*ri/2 t is noble & calm 9 effect1 & ! drap]y is simple & dignifi$4 ,! o!r figures are co>se & dress$ l ! ,nuremb]g]s ( ! "t 9 :i* ,krafft liv$4 ,9 ! *ur*es ( ,/4 ,sebald & ,/4 ,laur5ce & 9 ! ,frau5kir*e !re are o!r spl5did works ( ,krafft1 & 9 "s dwell+-h\ses ( ,nuremb]g !re are sculptures ( 84 ,a ,madonna on ! h\ses1 #acjf1 9 ! ,hirs*elgasse1 is "o ( ! f9e/1 p]haps ! v be/ 9 all ,g]many4 ,we d n "k :e!r ?is 0 by ,krafft or n1 b x has a purity & nobl5ess t sc>cely any o!r ,g]man sculptor atta9$4 ,t ,krafft _h a s5se ( humor is %[n by a bas-relief above ! entrance to ! ,public ,scales4 ,! weigh] /&s obs]v+ ! beam1 & b5ea? x is writt51 ,to ?yself z to o!rs4 ,ano!r man adds a weight to "o scale1 & ! man :o is to be tax$ puts 8 h& into 8 money-bag v reluctantly4 ,p]haps 8 mo/ arti/ic "w 0 ! tab]nacle 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,laur5ce4 ,x is sixty-f\r feet high2 ! l[] "p is support$ by ! kneel+ figures ( ,krafft & two ( 8 associates4 ,above ?is rises a sl5d] ,go?ic pyramid ornam5t$ ) bas-reliefs & /atuettes4 ,he 0 employ$ ^u ?is tab]nacle f #adif to #aejj4 ,x is believ$ t a ,burial ( ,*ri/1 9 ! *apel ( ! ,johannis ,cemet]y1 0 8 late/ "w1 & execut$ 9 #aejg1 ! ye> 9 :i* he di$1 9 ! hospital ( ,s*waba*4 ,krafft l$ a mo/ indu/ri\s life1 & 0 s skilful a workman t he c\ld "w ) 8 left h& z readily z ) 8 "r4 ,,tilman ,,riem5s*neid] 0 an important sculptor1 born at ,o/]ode1 9 ! ,h>tz ,m\nta9s1 probably ab\t #adfj4 ,9 #adhc he w5t to ,wu]zburg1 & 0 elect$ to "o honorable (fice aft] ano!r1 until1 9 #aebj1 he 0 head burgoma/]4 ,aft] ! ,peasants' ,w>1 9 #aebe1 he 0 depriv$ ( 8 (fice2 he liv$ b six ye>s aft] ?is1 & kept himself 9 close retirem5t1 n ev5 practis+ 8 art4 ,8 sculptures are mo/ly 9 /one1 & are q num]\s 9 ,wu]zburg & its vic9ity4 ,8 monum5t to ! ,knight ,eb]h>d von ,grumba*1 9 ! *ur* at ,rimp>1 0 probably 8 e>lie/ important "w4 ,9 x he has contriv$ to express /r5g? & brav]y ( "* 9 spite ( ! /iff co/ume1 e detail ( :i* is work$ out 7,fig4 #ia74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--;,,c\nt ,,eb]h>d ,,von ,,grumba*4 ,rimp>4 ,9 #adie ,riem5s*neid] receiv$ ! important commission to erect 9 ,bamb]g ,ca!dral a spl5did monum5t to ! ,emp]or ,he9ri* ,,ii4 & 8 wife ,kunigunde4 ,?is occupi$ him until #aeac1 & is a spl5did example ( 8 skill4 ,! figures ( ! two royal p]sonages lie ^u a l>ge s>cophagus2 ! /atues are m ?an life-size1 & are dress$ 9 ! fanta/ic co/ume ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,^u ! sides ( ! s>cophagus are five reliefs1 repres5t+ z _m sc5es f ! lives ( ! emp]or & empress4 ,! monum5ts & religi\s subjects execut$ by ?is sculptor are v num]\s4 ,9 ! *ur* at ,maidbrunn !re is a relief repres5t+ ! ,lam5tation ov] ! ,dead ,body ( ,*ri/1 :i* is probably 8 late/ "w4 ,x is cut f s&/one1 & ! figure ( ,nicodemus is believ$ to be ! sculptor's own portrait4 ,we give "h f\r figures f ! portal ( ! ca!dral at ,b]ne1 9 ,switz]l&4 ,! really spl5did sculptures 7 ! "w ( ,nicolaus ,ku5z1 & f _! /yle seem to belong to ab\t #aebj4 ,!y %[ ! influ5ce ( su* arti/s z ! pa9t]s ,nicolaus ,manuel 7#adhd-aeca7 & ,hans ,holbe9 7ab\t #adei-aebd74 ,! /atues ( ! ,wise & ,fooli% ,virg9s are f9e1 & t ( ,ju/ice1 ^: pose is full ( grace1 & ^: almo/ transp>5t g>m5t is an exquisite "w1 af=ds an excell5t illu/ration ( ! mo/ pleas+ sculpture ( ?is p]iod 7,figs4 #ib1 #ic74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--;,,ju/ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--,,! ,,?ree ,,wise ,,virg9s4 ,ano!r art1 :i* _h its headqu>t]s at ,nuremb]g 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 is bronze-ca/+1 & its *ief ma/] 0 ! fam\s ,,pet] ,,vis*]1 :o 0 ! son ( ano!r brasi]1 ,,h]mann ,,vis*]4 ,! date ( ,pet] ,vis*]'s bir? is giv5 z #adfj1 & he 0 admitt$ to be a ma/] 9 8 art 9 #adhi4 ,five ye>s lat] ?an ?is he 0 summon$ to ,heidelb]g toge!r ) a sculptor1 ,simon ,lamb]g]1 to aid ! ,elector ,philip ) advice & skill4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( any "w :i* ,vis*] did !re4 ,vis*]'s f\ndry at ,nuremb]g enjoy$ a great fame1 & ord]s 7 s5t to x f f> & ne>4 ,no d\bt a great _m monum5ts 7 ca/ "h :i* 7 n design$ by ,vis*] at all4 ,8 works 7 num]\s1 b ,i %all only describe 8 ma/]piece1 :i* 0 ! %r9e or tomb ( ,/4 ,sebald1 & occupi$ ,pet] ,vis*] f #aejh to #aeai1 he be+ assi/$ by 8 five sons4 ,! son ,pet] 0 admitt$ z a ma/] 9 ! ?imble trade 9 #aebg4 ,hans 0 call$ ! ca/]1 & seems to h sup]9t5d$ ! c>v+ ( models2 ,h]mann w5t to ,italy & br\ght home designs & models2 & ,jacob & ,paul seem to h _h no special dep>tm5ts4 ,betwe5 #adie & #aejh s little 0 record$ ( ,pet] ,vis*] t x leads to ! belief t ^! ye>s mu/ h be5 giv5 to /udy & to ! improvem5t :i* ! tomb ( ,/4 ,sebald %[s ov] ! "w ( ! monum5t to ,ar*bi%op ,ern/1 9 ! ,magdeburg ,ca!dral1 :i* 0 done 9 #adie4 ,! bones ( ,/4 ,sebald _h be5 inclos$ 9 a s>cophagus ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! "w requir$ ( ,vis*] 0 a fitt+ tomb = su* preci\s & honor$ relics1 = ,/4 ,sebald is ! special patron sa9t ( ,nuremb]g1 & dwelt 9 a cell ne> t city4 ,8 leg5d relates t he 0 ! son ( a ,dani% k+1 :o came to ,g]many z a mission>y & settl$ at ,nuremb]g1 :]e he did _m miracul\s works ( *>ity4 ,on "o occasion1 dur+ v cold wea!r1 he is said to h f\nd a family ne>ly froz5 & )\t fuel2 he comm&$ !m to br+ ! icicles hang+ f ! ro( & make a fire ( !m4 ,!y obey$1 & 7 ?us w>m$4 ,_m su* wond]s are told ( him1 & ,vis*] 9 8 /atue makes him to appe> z a pilgrim1 ) %ell 9 hat1 /aff1 ros>y & wallet1 :ile 9 8 h& he holds a model ( a *ur* int5d$ to repres5t t 9 :i* ! tomb is erect$4 ,?is ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,sebald is n[ us$ = ! ,lu!ran s]vice1 & ! %r9e /ill /&s 9 ! c5tre ( ! *oir4 7,fig4 #id47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--,,tomb ,,( ,,/4 ,,sebald4 ,by ,pet] ,vis*]4 ,nuremb]g4 ,! ar*itecture ( ?is rem>kable "w is ( ! ri*e/ /yle ( ,go?ic1 & ! :ole ( x is 9 bronze1 except t ! oak5 s>cophagus is encas$ 9 silv] plates4 ,?is re/s b5ea? a fret-"w canopy support$ on sl5d] pill>s4 ,!re is an abundance ( ornam5t ev]y:]e1 b ! close exam9ation ( its detail %[s beauty & fitness 9 e "p4 ,= example1 if we comp>e ! /atue ( ! sa9t1 ( :i* we h spok51 :i* /&s at ! end ( ! %r9e mo/ expos$1 ) ! /atue ( ,vis*] himself1 :i* is at ! opposite end1 we %all see h[ ! sa9t1 ) 8 symbols & 8 fl[+ drap]y1 is an ideal "w1 & seems to be advanc+ ) au?ority & ! air :i* befits ! son ( a k+1 :ile ,vis*]1 ) 8 r\nd cap1 lea!r apron1 & ,g]man face1 is simply ! repres5tation ( a work] b5t ^u do+ 8 be/ 7,fig4 #ie74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--,,pet] ,,vis*]',s ,,/atue4 ,! s>cophagus re/s ^u a base on :i* are f\r reliefs ( sc5es f ! life ( ! sa9t1 all 9 ! pure/ mann] ( ! "t4 ,"o ( ^! repres5ts ! burn+ ( ! icicles rec\nt$ above 7,fig4 #if74 ,?is base & s>cophagus & ! fret-"w above x =m ! c5tre ( ! tomb4 ,!n outside ( ?is are eight pill>s support+ a balda*91 or canopy1 9 ! ri*ly ornam5t$ ,romanesque /yle1 & ! comb9ations ( ! ,go?ic & ! decorative ar*itecture are s skilfully made z n to (f5d our ta/e4 ,b x is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t ! *ief beauty ( ?is "w is ! s]ies ( ! figures ( ! apo/les1 :i* are ^u ! pill>s4 ,!y are sl5d] 9 proportion1 gracefully drap$1 & be> _! di/9ctive symbols4 ,!y are p]fectly free f ! realism ( ! e>li] works ( ,vis*]1 & h m ( ! purity & nobl5ess ( ! works ( ,ghib]ti ?an are se5 9 ! /atues ( any o!r ,g]man arti/ ( ?is age 7,figs4 #ig1 #ih74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4--,,/4 ,,sebald ,,& ,,! ,,burn+ ,,icicles4 ,vis*]4 ,above ! apo/les are figures ( prophets & o!r ,biblical p]sonages2 ,p]seus & ,h]cules are also repres5t$1 & o!r /atues typify ,/r5g?1 ,ju/ice1 ,prud5ce1 & ,mod]ation4 ,! figure ( ! ,infant ,*ri/ is ^u ! c5tre ( ! highe/1 or middle dome4 ,betwe5 ! pill>s at _! bases /& graceful c&elabra1 & ! base itself re/s ^u snails4 ,besides all ^! pr9cipal figures !re are almo/ numb]less o!rs & _m ornam5tal designs4 ,!re are h>pies1 sir5s1 satyrs1 fawns1 & all sorts ( fanta/ic creatures4 ,! :ole "w is full ( ! deep feel+ ( ! nor? & ! beauty & ri*ness ( ! s\?1 & is a mo/ rem>kable production4 ,we are told t ,vis*] 0 b poorly paid = ?is labor1 ) all its ?\ght & skill4 ,he inscrib$ ^u x ^! words3 444 ,he complet$ x = ! praise ( ,god ,almighty alone1 & = ! honor ( ,/4 ,sebald1 ,pr9ce ( ,heav51 by ! aid ( pi\s p]sons1 paid by _! volunt>y contributions4 ,!re is a satisfaction 9 rememb]+ t ,vis*] liv$ t5 ye>s aft] ?is tomb 0 complet$1 & mu/ h he>d _m praises ( 8 "w4 ,! lat] works ( ,vis*] 7 a few reliefs & two important monum5ts at ,as*aff5burg & ,witt5b]g4 ,8 sons ,hans & ,h]mann execut$ a few monum5ts1 :i* are done 9 ! mann] ( _! fa!r1 b d n equal him 9 design or f9i%4 ,!re are num]\s works :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z productions ( ,vis*]'s /udio & f\ndry ( :i* we _c give cle> acc\nts1 n kn[+ :e!r !y 7 ! e>li] works ( ! fa!r1 or 7 execut$ by ! sons or o!r pupils1 ( :i* he _h _m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4--,,pet]4 ,by ,pet] ,vis*]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--;,,john4 ,by ,pet] ,vis*]4 ,,pankraz ,,lab5wolf 0 "o ( ,vis*]'s pupils1 & complet$ ! spl5did lattice-"w ov] ! ,t[n-hall :i* ! ma/] left unf9i%$2 ,lab5wolf add$ "s ornam5ts & coats-(-arms to x4 ,9 #aeej he ca/ ! f\nta9 9 ! c\rt-y>d ( ! same build+1 :i* is a graceful & cr$itable "w2 b ano!r f\nta9 9 ! vegetable m>ket1 beh9d ! ,frau5kir*e1 is truly orig9al2 ! wat] fl[s f ! m\?s ( two geese held "u ! arms ( a peasant2 ! :ole effect is droll & unique 7,fig4 #ii74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--,,man ,,& ,,geese4 ,by ,lab5wolf4 ,y w rememb] h[1 ab\t #acij1 ,claux ,slut]1 by 8 works 9 ,dijon1 _h a great influ5ce ^u ,fr5* sculpture4 ,a c5tury & m lat] ?is art 9 ,france 0 l>gely "u ! influ5ce ( ,italian ma/]s1 :o _h be5 call$ into ,france by ,francis ,i4 & o!r patrons ( art4 ,spl5did works ( sculpture 7 also import$ f ,italy1 & ! effect ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 :i* 0 s pla9ly se5 ^u ! pa9t+ ( ,france1 0 also at "w ^u its sculpture4 ,:]e ! sculptures 7 a "p ( an ar*itectural decoration1 z 9 ! case ( ! *oir scre5 9 ! ca!dral at ,ami5s1 & o!r l works1 ! *ange 0 n z complete z 9 cases :]e ! "w 0 "o ( indep5d5t sculpture1 z 9 monum5ts & /atues to commemorate ! dead1 or 9 portrait sculpture4 ,! weal? & p[] ( ! nobility ( ,france at ?is p]iod enabl$ !m to gratify _! desire to leave f9e monum5ts ( !mselves1 9 ord] to keep _! names 9 memory 9 future c5turies4 ,9 ^! ! ,italian mann] 0 adopt$1 & ! works :5 complet$ 7 f> m spl5did & elegant ?an 7 ! correspond+ works 9 ,g]many4 ,b !y h a grave fault1 :i* makes !m mu* less int]e/+ ?an are ! ,g]man sculptures3 !y are m conv5tional1 less expressive1 & f> less arti/ic 9 _s4 ,!y impress "o z if ! s(t1 luxuri\s c\rt atmosph]e _h pass$ ov] !m1 & tak+ away _! /rong po9ts1 _h left !m only a g5]al air ( be+ well-br$ & well-kept p]sons1 ( little importance to ! real life ( ! _w4 ,9 ! ,l\vre1 9 ! ,museum ( ,mod]n ,sculpture1 all ?is *ange c be trac$1 & ! travell] 9 ,france may see su* monum5ts z we ref] to 9 all ! ca!drals & mo/ ( ! *ur*es all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,_m ( !m _c be trac$ to any "o ma/]4 ,a f9e specim5 is ! ,amboise ,monum5t 9 ,r\5 ,ca!dral1 :i* is said to h be5 ! "w ( "o ,r\ll& de ,r\x & 8 assi/ants4 ,,jean ,,ju/e ( ,t\rs 0 "o ( ! be/ ,fr5* arti/s ( 8 day4 ,9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,t\rs is a monum5t to two "y *ildr5 ( ,*>les ,,viii41 :i* proves him to h _h mu* delicacy & t5d]ness ( execution4 ,! s>cophagus is cov]$ ) graceful designs1 & on ! lid lie ! two babies1 = ! elde/ 0 b ?ree ye>s old4 ,! :ole "w is exquisite1 & gives "o a feel+ ( satisfaction4 ,ab\t #aecj ,ju/e erect$ ! spl5did monum5t to ,l\is ,,xii4 & ,anne ( ,brittany 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,d5is4 ,:ile ! g5]al =m ( ! monum5t is mu* l t ( ! ,visconti 9 ! ,c]tosa at ,pavia1 ! figures ( ! dead c\ple are q diff]5t f ! ,italian mann]4 ,bel[ on a bi] ! two nude bodies are /ret*$ 9 all ! realism possible1 & ! heads are noble & t\*+ 9 expression4 ,above1 on ! upp] "p ( ! monum5t1 :]e 9 ,italy ! patron sa9t or "s o!r figure usually is plac$1 ! k+ & que5 aga9 appe>2 !y are kneel+1 ) full drap]y ab\t !m1 :ile ! faces are *>act]i/ic & v expressive4 ,?is monum5t1 tak5 all 9 all1 is 9 ! p]fection ( ! ,fr5* art ( ! "t4 ,ano!r "w by ,ju/e n[ 9 ! ,l\vre is ! monum5t to ,l\is de ,pon*]1 "o ( ! m9i/]s ( ,francis ,i41 & 8 wife1 ,rob]ta4 ,^! /atues are 9 alaba/]1 & 7 =m]ly 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,g]ma9 l',aux]rois1 :i* 0 built by ,pon*]4 ,,pi]re ,,bontemps mu/ h be5 a fam\s sculptor1 z he 0 *os5 to erect ! monum5t to ,francis ,i41 8 wife ,claude & _! ?ree *ildr54 ,?is is also at ,/4 ,d5is1 & is ev5 m gr& ?an t to ,l\is ,,xii4 ,on ! upp] plat=m ! five figures are kneel+2 !y are noble & simple1 ) an air ( great repose4 ,^! examples s]ve to give an idea ( ! religi\s sculpture ( ! "t4 ,secul> subjects 7 unusual4 ,a h\se 9 ,b\rges is decorat$ ) ! figures ( ! ma/] & mi/ress above ! entrance1 z if !y w\ld speak a welcome1 :ile reliefs ( indu/rial sc5es1 su* z might be se5 outside & inside ( ! h\se1 are plac$ 9 v>i\s positions ov] ! build+ & 9 ! c\rt-y>d4 ,some?+ ( a l sort is ^u ! ,hotel ,b\rg!r\lde at ,r\51 :]e ! friezes %[ sc5es betwe5 ,francis ,i4 & ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,biblical sc5es are also di/ribut$ ov] ! build+4 ,bruges is almo/ ! only city ( ! ,ne!rl&s t has any sculptures ( ?is p]iod ( :i* "o w\ld speak4 ,j at ?is "t ! art ( t c\ntry 0 pa9t+ preem95tly1 & ! ,van ,eycks & _! foll[]s _h done su* ?+s z held ! att5tion ( all to ! neglect ( o!r arts4 ,at ,bruges 9 ! ca!dral1 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,jacques1 & ! ,liebfrau5kir*e !re are "s f9e monum5ts1 & ! ,palais de ,ju/ice has a c>v$ *imney-piece :i* is magnific5t1 & a "w ( ! highe/ rank4 ,9 ,engl& sculpture 0 ( less acc\nt ev5 ?an 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,"o circum/ance is wor?y ( notice4 ,pietro ,torrigiano1 aft] qu>rell+ ) ,mi*ael ,angelo & break+ 8 nose1 fl$ to ,engl&1 & 8 monum5t ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 & 8 que5 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 erect$ 9 #aeai1 m>ks ! introduction ( ! /yle ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance into ,engl&4 ,! /ructure is ( black m>ble2 ! /atues ( ! k+ & que5 are 9 gilt bronze1 & are gr&ly noble 9 design & f9i%$ 9 execution4 ,! small] figures & all ! details ( ! monum5t are f9e4 ,! ma/] receiv$ ,l#ajjj = ?is "w4 ,torrigiano execut$ o!r works1 & ent]$ into an agreem5t to make a monum5t to ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ,ca!r9e ( ,aragon1 b = "s reason he w5t to ,spa9 9 #aeai & nev] return$1 z he 0 de/roy$ by ! ,inquisition ?ree ye>s lat]4 ,x is probable t ,torrigiano may h be5 l$ to ,spa9 by he>+ ( ! revival ( art :i* 0 tak+ place !re4 ,flemi% & ,italian arti/s w5t !re1 & ! influ5ce ( _! /yles 0 felt by ! native ma/]s4 ,! result 0 t !y br\ght =? a mann] ( _! own1 comb9+ c]ta9 features ( nor!rn & ( s\!rn art1 & us$ to express ! ?\ghts ( ! ,spani>ds !mselves4 ,! c>v$ alt>s ( ,seville1 ,tol$o1 & ,burgos %[ h[ spl5did ?is art 02 & ?\gh we _c trace ! lives & works ( ,spani% sculptors z we %\ld l to d1 we c be sure t !re 7 m5 among !m equal to any dem& t c\ld be made ^u decorative sculptors4 ,?is is prov$ by ! portals & fronts ( ! *ur*es1 by ! highly ornam5t$ *apels1 ! wall ni*es & *oir scre5s ( ! int]iors1 :ile ! monum5ts are also equal to ^? ( o!r nations4 ,t ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,gu>dian ,angel1 at ,granada1 is noble & magnific5t4 ,x is believ$ to h be5 erect$ be=e ! dea? ( ,f]d9& 9 #aeaf1 & 0 probably ! "w ( an ,italian sculptor4 ,?is monum5t has a l>ge m>ble s>cophagus1 ) a /ructure above x 9 ! ,r5aissance /yle4 ,at ! corn]s ( ! s>cophagus !re are griff9s ( excell5t workman%ip1 & on ! sides reliefs & /atuettes ( ! ,f\r ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*2 on ! lid repose ! figures ( ! royal pair1 execut$ 9 a gr& & dignifi$ simplicity4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,italian ,,sculpture ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury--,,cell9i1 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo1 ,,& ,,o!rs4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury sculpture occupi$ a diff]5t place ) relation to ar*itecture f t :i* x _h held 9 ! previ\s c5turies :i* we h j consid]$4 ,! ar*itecture ( ,italy became mu* m pla91 & its union ) sculpture 9 any l>ge degree 0 r>e4 ,pa9t+1 too1 _h n[ an effect to less5 ! sph]e ( sculpture4 ,?is art 0 always pref]r$ by ! ,*ri/ians1 z has be5 %[n be=e1 & n[1 :5 x _h rea*$ mo/ satisfactory heights1 x 0 us$ 9 _m places :]e sculpture _h be=e be5 plac$4 ,"o important example ( ?is is se5 9 ! decoration ( alt>s2 :]e bas-reliefs _h be5 us$ pa9t+s 7 n[ pref]r$1 & ! end ( all 0 t sculpture 0 limit$ to monum5ts & to sep>ate pieces--reliefs or s+le /atues or gr\ps ( figures4 ,9 "s ways ?is sep>ation ( ! arts 0 a b5efit to all4 ,"u ! old rule sculptors _h (t5 be5 =c$ to sacrifice _! design to ! ne$s ( ! ar*itecture _! "w adorn$4 ,at o!r times !y 7 compell$ to put aside _! own feel+ & _! arti/ic ideas z to h[ a subject %\ld be treat$1 & suit !mselves to su* =ms z 7 approv$ by ! p>ticul> prie/ or bi%op ^: *ur* !y decorat$4 ,n[1 :5 left to itself1 sculpture became m individual 9 its expression1 & f> m free & int]e/+ 9 itself4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! works ( ,italian sculpture 7 spl5did 9 ! extreme4 ,x 0 delicate & beautiful2 ! drap]y 0 made to %[ ! figure & its natural motion1 :ile x add$ an exquisite grace to ! :ole2 _m works ( ?is p]iod 7 f9e 9 conception1 good 9 _! arrangem5t1 & execut$ 9 a noble1 spirit$ mann]4 ,"s critics believe t dur+ ! fir/ f\r decades ( ?is era ,italian sculpture equall$ ! antique art ( ! ,romans4 ,o!rs make #aebj1 or ! "t ( ,raphael1 ! limit to ! be/ epo* ( ?is art2 b x is sc>cely possible ?us to fix an exact b\nd2 ! important po9t is t ?is excell5ce 0 rea*$1 & ! regret foll[s t x c\ld n endure = a long] p]iod4 ,a f> great] v>iety ( subjects 0 repres5t$ 9 ?is age ( sculpture ?an be=e4 ,=m]ly ! rule 0 ! production ( religi\s effects4 ,sc5es f ! life ( ,*ri/ & 8 disciples1 o!rs f ^? ( ! sa9ts1 or ! illu/ration ( scriptural /ories1 ) ! portrait tomb-sculpture1 _h be5 ! sculptor's "w4 ,n[ all ! /ories ( my?ology 7 /udi$ z dilig5tly z !y _h be5 9 classic days1 & arti/s /udi$ to clo! ! pagan p]sonages ) new =ms2 & 9 all ?is ef=t mu* appe>$ t 0 orig9al4 ,x is easy to see t su* sculpture f ! h& ( a ,*ri/ian arti/ mu/ lack ! important elem5t ( pure s9c]ity4 ,an arti/ :o believ$ 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ c\ld n conceive a /atue ( ,jupit]1 ) all ! glori\s attributes1 t an anci5t ,greek w\ld h giv5 to 8 god ( gods4 ,9 ?is view ! sculpture ( classic subjects ( ?is sixte5? c5tury may be said to h be5 two-sid$--! "w illu/rat$ a religion 9 :i* ! arti/ pleas$ 8 imag9ation1 b = :i* he _h no rev]5ce or love4 ,b 9 spite ( all x 0 a gold5 age1 & _m ( its works are a joy =ev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,,ph>isee4 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,,levite4 ,by ,ru/ici4 ,al?\gh ! fir/ public "w :i* ,leon>do ,da ,v9ci did at ,milan 0 to model an eque/rian /atue1 we c sc>cely speak ( him z a sculptor4 ,b ! fir/ ,flor5t9e ( ?is p]iod :om ,i %all m5tion is ,,giovanni ,,francesco ,,ru/ici 7#adgf-aeej71 :o 0 a fell[-pupil ) ,leon>do "u ,v]oc*io4 ,v few works by ?is ma/] rema91 b a prom95t & important "o is ! bronze gr\p above ! nor!rn portal to ! bapti/]y at ,flor5ce4 ,x repres5ts ! prea*+ ( ,/4 ,john ,! ,bapti/1 & is gr& 9 ! free action ( its figures4 ,! ,drap]y is 9 a pure /yle1 v mu* l t ( ,ghib]ti 7figs4 #ajj1 #aja74 ,?is "w 0 ord]$ by a guild ( m]*ants1 & !y fail$ to pay ! price :i* _h be5 fix$ = x4 ,ru/ici 0 s emb>rass$ by ?is t he und]took no m l>ge works1 & aft] ! ,m$ici 7 expell$ f flor5ce he w5t into ! s]vice ( ,francis ,i4 9 ,france he _h execut$ v>i\s works1 & 0 f9ally commission$ to model an eque/rian /atue ( ! k+ 9 colossal size1 :5 ! sov]eign di$4 ,ru/ici surviv$ b ?ree ye>s1 & we are told t he only execut$ small works1 & ^? = ! mo/ "p = ! sake ( k9dness4 ,,&rea ,,contucci ,,dal ,,monte ,,san ,,sav9o1 call$ ,,sansov9o 7#adfj-aebi71 0 a v important sculptor1 because l>ge works 7 committ$ to him1 & 8 "n mu/ rema9 associat$ ) !m4 ,l ,giotto1 ,sansov9o 0 a %eph]d-boy1 & drew pictures ^u ! /ones ( ! fields4 ,l ,giotto1 too1 he 0 s5t to ,flor5ce to /udy1 & 9 ! s*ool ( ,pallajuolo made good progress4 ,:5 ?irty ye>s old he 0 appo9t$ ar*itect & sculptor to ! ,k+ ( ,portugal4 ,aft] an abs5ce ( t5 ye>s he return$ to ,flor5ce1 & lat] to ,rome1 :]e ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 commission$ him to erect monum5ts to ! ,c>d9als ,rov]e & ,s=za1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia del ,popolo4 ,^! monum5ts 7 8 be/ works1 b !y _c be prais$4 ,! /atues are 9 positions :i* seem to be uncom=table1 & !re is su* a mass ( ornam5t & s _m /atuettes t ! :ole has an effect ( confusion4 ,9 #aeac ,leo ,x4 s5t ,sansov9o to ,loreto to adorn ! temple :i* incloses ! ,casa ,santa ) bas-reliefs4 ,?is ,casa ,santa is believ$ to be ! h\se 9 :i* ! ,virg9 ,m>y 0 born at ,naz>e?2 & :5 ! ,s>ac5s invad$ ! l& f\r angels are said to h borne ! h\se to ! coa/ ( ,dalmatia1 & lat] to a spot ne> ,loreto2 b "h "s brig&s ent]$ x1 & aga9 x 0 remov$ to its pres5t position 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,loreto2 ?is is said to h be5 done 9 #abie4 ,naturally ?is ,casa ,santa is a sacr$ object to all ,roman ,ca?olics1 & x is visit$ by ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( pilgrims ea* ye>4 ,! decoration ( ?is %r9e 0 v important1 & an honorable "w = any arti/4 ,sansov9o did n execute all ! reliefs1 & ! highe/ praise t c be giv5 to ^? he did is to say t !y are sup]ior to ! o!rs t are beside !m4 ,he 0 a mo/ skilful workman1 & x seems z if m>ble became l wax "u 8 h&2 b ?is v skill l$ him to multiply 8 ornam5ts1 & to repeat acan?us leaves & honeysuckle v9es until ! :ole 0 a we>9ess & confusion1 & convey$ no mean+ or s5tim5t :atev]4 ,sansov9o's mo/ important pupil 0 ,,jacopo ,,tatti1 :o1 on acc\nt ( 8 ma/]1 is call$ ,,jacopo ,,sansov9o 7#adgg-aegj74 ,he 0 born at ,flor5ce1 & :5 ,&rea ,sansov9o return$ f ,portugal ,jacopo became 8 pupil4 ,e>ly 9 life he w5t to ,rome1 & !re /udi$ & copi$ ! works ( antiquity2 among o!r ?+s he made a copy ( ! ,laocoon1 :i* 0 ca/ 9 bronze at a lat] "t4 ,soon aft] 8 return to ,flor5ce1 9 #aeaa1 ,jacopo receiv$ ord]s = "s works1 b ! mo/ important /atue :i* he made ab\t ?is "t is ! ,bac*us1 n[ 9 ! ,uffizi4 ,9 ?is "w he %[$ h[ completely he 0 9 sympa?y ) ! classic _s2 ?is ,bac*us is a triumph 9 ?is mann]1 & has be5 call$ ! mo/ beautiful & spirit$ pagan /atue ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod4 ,x is full ( gladness1 & is simple1 delicate1 & beautiful4 ,! "y god is advanc+ & hold+ up a cup1 :i* he reg>ds ) an expression ( delight2 9 8 "r h& he has a bun* ( grapes1 f :i* a ,pan is eat+ /eal?ily 7,fig4 #ajb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4--;,,bac*us4 ,by ,jacopo ,sansov9o4 ,9 #aead ,jacopo ,sansov9o 0 employ$ ^u ! decorations = ! visit ( ,leo ,x4 to ,flor5ce4 ,soon aft] ?is he w5t aga9 to ,rome & submitt$ plans = ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,giovanni de' ,fior5t9i1 :i* ! ,flor5t9es 7 ab\t to erect--= ?is ma/] 0 an ar*itect z well z a sculptor4 ,! tak+ ( ,rome by ,con/able de ,b\rbon1 9 #aebg1 drove ,sansov9o away2 he w5t to ,v5ice1 int5d+ to g to ,france1 b ,v5ice *>m$ him1 & 8 "w pleas$ ! ,v5etians1 & ! result 0 t f #aebi he s]v$ ! ,v5etians z long z he liv$4 ,he 0 appo9t$ ,protoma/ro ( ! ,republic ( ,v5ice1 & _h ! c>e ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 ! ,campanile1 ! ,piazza1 & ! surr\nd+ build+s4 ,he receiv$ a good sal>y1 & 0 provid$ ) a h&some h\se to live 94 ,he fir/ re/or$ ! cupolas ( ,/4 ,m>k's2 !n complet$ ! ,scuola della ,mis]icordia2 he next made ! int]ior ( ,san ,francesco della ,vigna2 !n ! ,zecca1 ! ,fabbri*e ,nuove1 & ! ,loggietta ( ! ,campanile4 ,he also erect$ o!r *ur*es & palaces1 besides small] sculptural works4 ,b 8 ar*itectural ma/]piece 0 ! ,libr>y ( ,/4 ,m>k's4 ,! bronze gate to ! ,sacri/y ( ,/4 ,m>k's 0 "o ( 8 pr9cipal works4 ,x is subject to criticism z be+ too cr[d$2 b x is a f9e "w & full ( /rong feel+4 ,8 /atues are num]\s & se5 all ov] ,v5ice2 inde$1 x is prop] to speak ( him z a ,v5etian1 s ?or\ghly did he adopt t city1 & s indu/ri\sly did he "w = x dur+ =ty ye>s4 ,_h he rema9$ 9 ,flor5ce he might h be5 a bett] arti/2 ! spl5dor & luxury ( ! ,v5etians br\ght out correspond+ traits 9 ,jacopo1 & he fell %ort ( ! purity :i* ! influ5ce ( ,flor5ce might h giv5 him4 ,he is "o ( ! ma/]s 9 :om ! s5sual influ5ce ( ! /udy ( pagan art 0 fully manife/$4 ,_m ( 8 subjects 7 my?ological2 among !m 7 ! /ory ( ,phrixos & ,helle1 ,m]cury1 ,apollo1 ,pallas1 ,m>s1 & ,neptune1 ! la/ two be+ colossal figures on ! /eps ( ! ,doge's ,palace4 ,among ! pupils & associates ( ,sansov9o 7 ,,niccolo ,,bracc9i 7#adhe-aeej71 call$ ,,il ,,tribolo1 & ,,francesco ,,sangallo 7#adih-aegj71 nei!r ( :om 7 important arti/s1 ?\gh _m works by !m are se5 9 v>i\s places 9 ,italy4 ,,b5v5uto ,,cell9i 7#aejj-aegb7 is a f> m int]e/+ /udy ?an 7 _m sculptors ( 8 "t4 ,8 life 0 an ev5tful "o1 & 8 own acc\nt ( x is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ books ( its class 9 exi/5ce4 ,8 /atem5t ( ! orig9 ( 8 family is t ,julius ,caes> _h a *ief & valor\s capta9 nam$ ,fior9o da ,cell9o1 f a ca/le situat$ f\r miles f ,monte ,fiascone4 ,?is ,fior9o hav+ pit*$ 8 camp bel[ ,fiesole1 :]e ,flor5ce n[ /&s1 9 ord] to be ne> ! riv] ,arno1 = ! conv5i5ce ( ! army1 ! soldi]s & o!r p]sons1 :5 !y _h ! occasion to visit him1 said to ea* o!r1 ',let u g to ,fior5za1' :i* "n !y gave to ! place :]e !y 7 encamp$1 p>tly f _! capta9's "n ( ,fior9o1 & p>tly f ! abundance ( fl[]s :i* grew !re2 :]e=e ,caes>1 ?9k+ x a beautiful "n1 & consid]+ fl[]s to be ( good augury1 & also wi%+ to honor 8 capta91 :om he _h rais$ f an humble /ation1 & to :om he 0 greatly atta*$1 gave x to ! city :i* he f\nd$ on t spot4 ,:5 ?is arti/ 0 born 8 fa!r 0 q old1 & nam$ him ,b5v5uto1 :i* means welcome1 on acc\nt ( 8 pleasure 9 ! *ild ( 8 old age4 ,! fa!r _h a passion = music1 & f ! fir/ wi%$ t 8 son %\ld /udy ?is art2 b ! boy lov$ draw+1 & 0 det]m9$ to be an arti/2 ?us 8 "t 0 divid$ betwe5 ^! two pursuits until he 0 fifte5 ye>s old1 :5 he 0 appr5tic$ to a goldsmi?4 ,b5v5uto _h a fi]y temp]1 & :5 /ill v "y he became involv$ 9 s s]i\s a qu>rel t he 0 oblig$ to flee f ,flor5ce4 ,he w5t fir/ to ,si5a1 & !nce to ,bologna1 & at la/ back to ,flor5ce1 :]e he resum$ 8 "w4 ,x 0 n long1 h[ev]1 be=e he became angry aga9 because 8 be/ clo!s 7 giv5 to 8 bro!r1 & he walk$ (f to ,pisa1 :]e he rema9$ a ye>4 ,he _h ev5 !n become s skilful 9 8 art t "s ( 8 works done !re h nev] be5 excell$ ei!r 9 design or execution4 ,:5 ,cell9i 0 eighte5 ye>s old ,torrigiano came to ,flor5ce to engage arti/s to g to ,engl& to aid him 9 "s works he 0 to execute4 ,he wi%$ to h ,cell9i 9 ! numb]2 b ,torrigiano s disgu/$ ,b5v5uto by 8 boa/+ ( ! bl[ t he _h giv5 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 t ?\gh he _h ! natural y\?ful desire to travel1 he refus$ to be employ$ by su* a man z ,torrigiano4 ,we c safely assume t ?is pr$ispos$ ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 ,cell9i's favor1 & 0 ! f\ndation ( ! fri5d%ip :i* he aft]w>d %[$ to ! y\ng] sculptor4 ,f 8 eighte5? to 8 =tie? ye> ,cell9i liv$ mo/ly at ,rome4 ,he 0 employ$ by ,pope ,clem5t ,,vii41 ! c>d9als & ,roman nobles4 ,! ,pope desir$ to h a cope button made & a magnific5t diamond set 9 x4 ,?is jewel _h co/ ,julius ,,ii4 ?irty-six ?\s& ducats4 ,_m arti/s s5t 9 designs = ?is button1 & ,clem5t *ose t by ,cell9i4 ,he us$ ! diamond z a ?rone1 & plac$ a figure ( ! ,almighty ^u x2 ! h& 0 rais$ z if 9 bless+1 & _m angels flutt]$ ab\t ! folds ( ! drap]y1 :ile v>i\s jewels 7 set ar\nd ! :ole4 ,:5 o!r arti/s saw ! design !y did n believe t x c\ld be execut$ successfully2 b ,cell9i made x a p]fect "w ( art & ( beauty4 ,cell9i writes ( himself z be+ v active 9 ! siege ( ,rome1 ,may #e?1 #aebg4 ,he says t he kill$ ! ,con/able de ,b\rbon1 :o l$ ! siege1 & t he w\nd$ ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 :o 0 *os5 9 ,b\rbon's place4 ,no "o else saw him p]=m ^! feats4 ,cell9i w5t to ! ,pope1 :o 0 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo1 & he !re r5d]$ su* s]vices to ! cause ( ! ,*ur* t ! ,holy ,fa!r p>don$ him = all ! s9s into :i* 8 temp] _h l$ him--= all ! homicides he _h committ$ or might commit 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,apo/olic ,*ur*4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 :5 ,cell9i 0 call$ ^u to take "p 9 ! def5ce ( 8 own city1 he put all 8 prop]ty into ! c>e ( a fri5d1 & /ole away to ,rome4 ,9 #aecd ,cell9i kill$ a fell[-goldsmi?1 call$ ,pompeo2 ,paul ,,iii4 0 n[ ,pope2 & z he ne$$ ! s]vices ( ,b5v5uto v mu* he p>don$ him4 ,b ! sculptor felt t he 0 9 ill favor ) all ab\t him1 & w5t to ,france4 ,9 ab\t a ye> he return$ to f9d t he _h be5 accus$ ( /eal+ "s jewels :i* ! pope _h comm&$ him to take out ( _! sett+s4 ,cell9i 0 held a prison] ne>ly two ye>s1 b 8 guilt 0 nev] prov$4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! ,c>d9al ,ippolito d',e/e obta9$ 8 release 9 ord] t he might g to ,france to execute "s "w = ,francis ,i4 ,cell9i rema9$ 9 ,france five ye>s1 & receiv$ _m honors & gifts2 b z ,madame d',etampes & o!r p]sons to ^: advice ! k+ li/5$ 7 enemies ( ,cell9i1 he nev] 0 treat$ z 8 arti/ic qualities m]it$4 ,francis ,i4 really admir$ ,cell9i1 & pres5t$ him ) ! ,hotel de ,petit ,nesle1 :i* 0 on ! site ( ! pres5t ,hotel de la ,monnaie2 he also made him a "l1 & on "o occasion express$ 8 fe> ( los+ him1 :5 ,madame d',etampes repli$1 ,! sure/ way ( keep+ him w\ld be to hang him on a gibbet4 ,( all ! objects :i* ,cell9i made dur+ 8 five ye>s 9 ,france b two rema94 ,"o is a spl5did salt-cell>1 & ! o!r is a nymph 9 bronze1 :i* 0 made = ! ,palace ( ,fonta9ebleau1 & is n[ 9 ! ,r5aissance ,museum ( ! ,l\vre4 ,?is salt-cell> is n[ 9 ! ,ambras] ,gall]y at ,vi5na4 ,! frieze ar\nd ! base has figures 9 relief :i* repres5t ! h\rs ( ! day & ! w9ds4 ,! upp] "p is made l ! surface ( ! sea1 & f x rise figures ( ,neptune & ,cybele4 ,! fir/ is a symbol ( ! salt ( ! sea1 & ! second ( ! spices :i* ! e>? gives4 ,! god is plac+ 8 arm on a small %ip int5d$ = ! salt1 & a vessel = pepp]1 9 ! =m ( a triumphal ar*1 is ne> ! goddess4 ,all ?is is made ( f9e emboss$ gold1 & has "s t\*es ( enamel-"w4 ,x is "o ( ! f9e/ pieces ( ! goldsmi?'s art :i* rema9s f ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 #aede ,cell9i return$ to ,flor5ce1 & rema9$ !re1 ) %ort abs5ces1 until 8 dea?4 ,duke ,cosmo de' ,m$ici became 8 patron1 & commission$ him to make a /atue ( ,p]seus = ! ,loggia de' ,lanzi4 ,! ambition ( ! arti/ 0 mu* excit$ by ! ?\ght ( hav+ 8 "w plac$ by ^? ( ,donatello & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & all c>e 0 tak5 f 8 m9d1 z ! ,duke provid$ him ) a com=table h\se & gave him a sal>y suffici5t = 8 support4 ,x 0 n9e ye>s be=e ! /atue 0 complet$ & 9 its place1 & 9 ?is "t ,cell9i _h suff]$ mu*4 ,baccio ,b&9elli & o!rs 7 8 enemies1 & at times ! ,duke _h be5 "u _! influ5ce1 & w\ld n furni% ! money necess>y to ! "w4 ,b at la/ all 0 ready = ! ca/+2 & j at ?is un=tunate mom5t = ,cell9i to leave x he 0 seiz$ ) a sev]e illness2 he 0 suff]+ mu*1 & believ$ himself ab\t to die1 :5 "s "o ran 9 %\t+1 ,oh1 ,b5v5uto1 y\r "w is ru9$ pa/ e>?ly rem$y6 ,ill z he 0 he ru%$ out to ! furnace1 to f9d t ! fire 0 too l[1 & ! metal1 be+ cool1 _h ceas$ fl[+ into ! m\ld4 ,by almo/ sup]human ef=ts he rem$i$ ! evil1 & aga9 ! bronze fl[$2 he pray$ e>ne/ly1 & :5 ! m\ld 0 fill$ he writes3 ,i fell on my knees & ?ank$ ,god ) all my he>t1 aft] :i* ,i ate a he>ty meal ) my assi/ants1 & x be+ !n two h\rs be=e dawn1 w5t to b$ ) a light he>t1 & slept z sweetly z if ,i _h nev] be5 ill 9 all my life4 ,:5 ! /atue 0 unveil$ ,cell9i's pr$iction t x w\ld please all ! _w except ,b&9elli & 8 fri5ds 0 fulfill$4 ,p]seus is repres5t$ j at ! mom5t :5 he has cut (f ! head ( ,m$usa1 :o 0 "o ( ! ,gorgons1 & _h turn$ to /one e "o :o look$ at h]4 7,fig4 #ajc47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4--,,p]seus4 ,by ,b5v5uto ,cell9i4 ,aft] ! completion ( ! ,p]seus1 ,cell9i w5t to ,rome = a %ort "t4 ,:ile !re he made a bu/ ( ,b9do ,altoviti2 :5 ,mi*ael ,angelo saw ?is he wrote3 ,my ,b5v5uto1 ,i h long kn[n y z ! be/ goldsmi? 9 ! _w1 & ,i n[ "k y z an equally good sculptor1 ?r\gh ! bu/ ( ,mess] ,b9do ,altoviti4 ,cell9i did no m important works1 ?\gh he 0 always indu/ri\s4 ,he made a crucifix :i* he int5d$ = 8 own grave1 b he gave x to ! ,du*ess ,eleanora2 ?is 0 aft]w>d s5t to ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa91 & is n[ 9 ! ,escurial4 ,cell9i's life 0 by no means a model "o1 b he _h 8 good qualities4 ,he took a wid[$ si/] ) six *ildr5 to 8 home1 & made !m welcome & happy4 ,at 8 dea? he 0 buri$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,annunziata1 b5ea? ! *apel ( ! ,company ( ,/4 ,luke1 & _m honors 7 paid to 8 memory4 ,8 autobiography 0 s ri* 9 its use ( ! ,flor5t9e mann] ( spee* & s f9e 9 its diction t x 0 honor$ z an au?ority by ! ,accademia della ,crusca4 ,he also wrote valuable works on ! goldsmi?'s art & on bronze-ca/+ & sculpture4 ,he wrote poems & v>i\s k9ds ( v]ses1 b 8 l>ge acqua9tance ) popes1 c>d9als1 k+s1 arti/s1 & m5 ( lett]s makes 8 /ory ( 8 life f> m int]e/+ ?an 8 o!r writ+s4 ,! arti/s ( ,upp] ,italy 7 mu* influ5c$ by ,flor5t9e art1 z !y _h =m]ly be51 & we c speak ( no v great sculptor ( ?is c5tury :o belong$ to ?is "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,,alfonso ,,lomb>do 7#adhh-aecg7 0 a native ( ,lucca2 8 pr9cipal works are se5 9 ,f]r>a1 ,bologna1 & ,ces5a4 ,,prop]zia ,,de' ,,rossi 7#adij-aecj7 0 born at ,bologna1 & is int]e/+ z ! "o ,italian sculptress ( t "t4 ,%e 0 born ab\t a ye> aft] h] fa!r _h return$ f ! galleys1 :]e he _h work$ out a s5t5ce ( eighte5 ye>s = ! crime ( manslaught]4 ,prop]zia seems to h inh]it$ h] fa!r's viol5t temp]1 & 0 twice arraign$ 9 c\rt4 ,%e 0 v beautiful 9 p]son1 & _h a devot$ lov] 9 ,antonio ,galeazzo ,malvasia de' ,bottig>i1 :o did n m>ry until _m ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,prop]zia4 ,prop]zia /udi$ draw+ "u ,m>c ,antonio ,raimondi1 ! fam\s engrav]4 ,%e fir/ devot$ h]self to ! cutt+ ( intaglios1 :i* dem&$ an imm5se am\nt ( pati5t labor4 ,!re is 9 ! cab9et ( gems 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y1 at ,flor5ce1 a *]ry-/one c>v$ by ,prop]zia1 on :i* sixty heads may be c\nt$2 ! subject is a ,glory ( ,sa9ts4 ,o!r l works ( h]s exi/ 9 ! ,palazzo ,grassi1 9 ,bologna4 ,h] next "w 0 9 arabesques1 m>ble ornam5ts1 lions1 griff9s1 vases1 eagles1 & simil> objects4 ,f9ally %e essay$ a bu/ ( ,c\nt ,guido ,pepoli2 x is n[ 9 ! ,sacri/y ( ,san ,petronio1 9 ,bologna4 ,9 ! same place are two bas-reliefs by h] h&1 ,solomon receiv+ ! ,que5 ( ,%eba1 & ,joseph & ,potiph>'s ,wife4 ,9 ! *apel ,zambecc>i 9 ,san ,petronio !re are two l>ge figures ( angels by ,prop]zia1 :i* are ne> ! ,asc5sion ( ! ,virg9 by ,il ,tribolo4 ,h] mann] 0 mu* influ5c$ by h] contact ) ?is sculptor4 ,prop]zia 0 employ$1 ) o!r arti/s1 to f9i% ! sculpture ( ! portal ( ,san ,petronio1 left unf9i%$ by ,jacopo della ,qu]cia4 ,,antonio ,,beg>elli 7#adii-aefe71 call$ also ,,antonio ,,da ,,mod5a1 f ! place ( 8 bir?1 0 a celebrat$ modell] 9 clay4 ,x is said t :5 ,mi*ael ,angelo visit$ ,mod5a 9 #aebi he saw ,beg>elli & 8 works1 & exclaim$1 ,alas = ! /atues ( ! anci5ts1 if ?is clay 7 *ang$ to m>ble6 ,beg>elli _h a s*ool = tea*+ design & modell+1 & he greatly influ5c$ ! mann] ( ! ,lomb>d s*ool ( pa9t+4 ,its =e%ort5+1 its relief & grace are l>gely due to him & 8 tea*+4 ,beg>elli & ,correggio 7 fa/ fri5ds1 & resembl$ ea* o!r 9 _! conception ( ! gr& & beautiful4 ,:5 ,correggio 0 decorat+ ! cupola ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,p>ma1 ,beg>elli 0 at "w 9 ! same place1 & made _m models f :i* ,correggio pa9t$ 8 float+ figures4 ,"s works by ,beg>elli may be se5 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,8 ,desc5t f ! ,cross1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,francesco1 at ,mod5a1 is "o ( 8 be/ works4 ,he 0 also employ$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,b5$etto1 9 ,mantua1 & 9 ,san ,giovanni1 at ,p>ma4 ,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury ! works at ! ,c]tosa at ,pavia & 9 v>i\s edifices 9 ,milan 7 con/antly c>ri$ on4 ,frequ5tly ! same sculptors work$ 9 bo? cities1 b !re is no "o arti/ ( great excell5ce among !m ( :om we c give an acc\nt4 ,! same is true ( ! works 9 ,v5ice & 9 ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,! travell] sees _m pieces ( sculpture belong+ to ?is p]iod1 b !re are no great & int]e/+ m5 ^: /ory we c tell 9 connection ) !m1 & ,i %all n[ pass to an acc\nt ( ! great ,flor5t9e4 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,buon>roti 7#adge-aefd7 0 born 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,caprese1 :]e 8 fa!r1 ,ludovico ,buon>roti1 0 /ation$ at t "t1 hold+ ! (fice ( ,pode/a1 or ,gov]nor1 ( ! t[ns ( ,caprese & ,*iusi4 ,! ,buon>roti family held good rank 9 ,flor5ce1 & ! "m ( ! great arti/ 0 also a woman ( good position4 ,:5 8 fa!r return$ to ,flor5ce ! *ild ,mi*ael 0 left at ,settignano ^u an e/ate ( ! family1 & 0 9 ! c>e ( ! wife ( a /one-mason4 ,z soon z ! boy c\ld use 8 h&s he drew pictures ev]y:]e t x 0 possible1 & 8 nurse c\ld %[ _m ( ^! *ildi% draw+s ) :i* he adorn$ ! walls ( h] h\se4 ,at a prop] "t ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 remov$ to ,flor5ce & plac$ 9 a s*ool1 :]e he became intimate ) ,francesco ,granacci1 :o 0 a pupil ( ! arti/ ,ghirl&ajo4 ,mi*ael ,angelo's fa!r & 8 uncles 7 firmly oppos$ to 8 be+ an arti/2 !y wi%$ him to foll[ ! traditions ( 8 family1 & c>ry on ! silk & wooll5 trade4 ,b ! boy 0 firm 9 8 det]m9ation1 & aft] _m trials 0 at l5g?1 9 #adhh1 appr5tic$ to ! ,ghirl&aji = ?ree ye>s4 ,dom5ico ,ghirl&ajo 0 at ?is "t engag$ 9 ! re/oration ( ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo came into ! mid/ ( great arti/ic works4 ,"o day at ! d9n] h\r he drew a picture ( ! scaffold+ & all its belong+s1 ) ! m5 at "w on x2 x 0 a rem>kable draw+ = a boy1 & :5 ! ma/] saw x he exclaim$1 ,he und]/&s m ?an ,i d myself6 ,! ma/] really became jeal\s ( 8 pupil1 m especially :5 ,mi*ael ,angelo correct$ ! draw+s :i* ,ghirl&ajo gave 8 s*ol>s = models4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 br\ght to ! notice ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 :o 0 at t "t at ! head ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,flor5ce1 & f him ! boy-arti/ obta9$ admission = himself & ,granacci to /udy 9 ! g>d5s ( ,san ,m>co4 ,! art treasures ( ! ,m$ici 7 plac$ 9 ^! g>d5s2 works ( sculpture 7 !re1 & c>toons & pictures 7 hung 9 build+s erect$ = ! purpose1 & art-/ud5ts 7 admitt$ to /udy !re & prop] in/ructors provid$ = !m4 ,! ma/] 9 sculpture 0 old ,b]toldo1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 =sak+ pa9t+1 obta9$ "s in/rum5ts & a piece ( m>ble1 & copi$ a mask ( a faun4 ,he *ang$ 8 own "w some:at f ! model1 & op5$ ! m\? s t ! tee? c\ld be se54 ,:5 ,lor5zo saw ?is he prais$ ! "w1 b said1 ,y h made y\r faun old1 & yet y h left all 8 tee?2 y %\ld h kn[n t at su* an age !re are g5]ally "s tee? want+4 ,:5 he came aga9 he saw t a gap _h be5 made 9 ! tee?1 & s well done t he 0 delight$4 ,?is "w is n[ 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y4 ,v soon ,lor5zo s5t = ,mi*ael ,angelo's fa!r1 :o _h be5 sad en\gh at ! ?\ght t 8 son might be a pa9t]1 & 0 n[ 9 despair :5 he f\nd t he incl9$ also to be a /one-mason4 ,at fir/ he refus$ to see ! duke1 b ,granacci p]suad$ him to g4 ,he w5t ) a firm det]m9ation to yield to no?+1 b once 9 pres5ce ( ,lor5zo he yield$ ev]y?+1 & return$ home decl>+ t n only ,mi*ael1 b he himself1 & all t he _h 7 at ! nobleman's s]vice4 ,lor5zo at once took ,mi*ael ,angelo into 8 palace2 he clo!d ! boy prop]ly1 & gave him five ducats a mon? = sp5d+ money4 ,ea* day ,lor5zo gave an ent]ta9m5t1 & x 0 ! rule t ! fir/ p]son :o came %\ld sit next ! duke at ! head ( ! table4 ,mi*ael ,angelo (t5 _h ?is place1 & he soon became a great favorite ) ,lor5zo1 & obta9$ besides ! greate/ advantages f ! life 9 ! palace2 = _m em95t m5 f all p>ts ( ! _w came to visit !re1 & all sorts ( subjects 7 discuss$ 9 su* a mann] t a "y man c\ld le>n mu* ( ! _w & :at 0 9 x1 & acquire a feel+ ( ease ) /rang]s & 9 society su* z few "y p]sons possess4 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 b sev5te5 ye>s old :5 ,poliziano advis$ him to attempt an orig9al "w1 & gave him ! m>ble = a relief ( ! conte/ betwe5 ,h]cules & ! ,c5taurs4 ,?is "w surpris$ e "o1 & is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! collection ( ! ,buon>roti family4 ,9 ! ye> #adib he also made a relief ( ! ,madonna ,suckl+ ! ,*ild ,jesus1 :i* is also 9 ! same place4 ,9 ! same ye> ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici di$1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 full ( grief1 w5t to 8 fa!r's h\se & arrang$ a /udio !re4 ,aft] a "t ,pi]o de ,m$ici invit$ him to come back to ! palace1 & he w5t2 b x 0 no m ! same place z =m]ly1 & he 0 unhappy !re4 ,soon political tr\bles drove ! ,m$ici f p[]1 & 9 #adid1 9 ! mid/ ( ! confusion1 ,mi*ael ,angelo escap$ to ,v5ice4 ,!re he made fri5ds ) ,gian ,francesco ,aldovr&i ( ,bologna1 & 0 p]suad$ by t nobleman to accompany him to 8 own city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4--,,mi*ael ,,angelo',s ,,angel4 ,bologna4 ,:ile at ,bologna he execut$ an angel hold+ a c&elabra1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ lovely & pleas+ ?+s he ev] made 7,fig4 #ajd74 ,:5 he receiv$ ! commission to ornam5t ! s>cophagus :i* conta9$ ! rema9s ( ,san ,dom5ico 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,petronio1 ! ,bolognese arti/s 7 s angry at be+ ?us set aside = a /rang]1 & a y\? ( tw5ty1 t !y ?reat5$ v5geance on him1 & he return$ to ,flor5ce4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t he execut$ a ,cupid1 :i* 0 ! means ( lead+ him to ,rome4 ,! /ory is t :5 he _h ! /atue complet$ ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 a relative ( 8 fir/ patron1 advis$ him to give x ! appe>ance ( an antique m>ble1 & add$ t he w\ld !n sell x 9 ,rome & get a good price = x4 ,mi*ael ,angelo cons5t$ to ?is plan1 & 9 ! end he receiv$ ?irty ducats = ! "w4 ,! secret ( its orig9 0 n kept1 & ! c>d9al :o _h b\ght x s5t an ag5t to ,flor5ce to f9d out ! tru? ab\t x4 ,?is ag5t pret5d$ to be 9 se>* ( a sculptor2 & :5 he saw ,mi*ael ,angelo he ask$ him :at works he _h done4 ,:5 he m5tion$ a ,sleep+ ,cupid1 & ! ag5t ask$ que/ions1 ! "y sculptor f\nd t ! c>d9al _h paid two hundr$ ducats = x1 & t he _h be5 greatly deceiv$ :5 attempt+ to deceive o!rs4 ,mi*ael ,angelo cons5t$ to g to ,rome ) ?is man1 :o promis$ to receive him into 8 own h\se1 & assur$ him t he w\ld be fully occupi$ 9 ! ,et]nal ,city4 ,! olde/ writ+ by ! h& ( ,mi*ael ,angelo is ! lett] :i* he wrote to ,lor5zo tell+ him ( 8 arrival 9 ,rome2 :5 ?is 0 writt5 he 0 tw5ty-"o ye>s old4 ,! fir/ "w :i* he did aft] he rea*$ ,rome 0 ! ,drunk5 ,bac*us1 n[ 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y2 x %[s a great k ( anatomy 9 "o s "y1 & ! expression ( drunk5ness is giv5 9 ! mo/ natural mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4--,,pieta4 ,by ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,b ! "w t e/abli%$ 8 fame z a great sculptor is ! ,pieta1 n[ 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome 7,fig4 #aje74 ,he 0 tw5ty-five ye>s old :5 he execut$ ?is "w1 & f t "t 0 ackn[l$g$ to be ! greate/ sculptor ( ,italy--a decision :i* has nev] be5 rev]s$4 ,soon aft] ?is ,mi*ael ,angelo return$ to ,flor5ce1 & 8 fir/ important "w 0 a ,madonna1 n[ at ,bruges2 x is life-size1 & "o ( 8 f9e/ sculptures4 ,!re 0 at ?is "t an imm5se block ( m>ble :i* _h la9 _m ye>s 9 ! y>d to ! work%ops ( ! ca!dral4 ,sev]al sculptors _h talk$ ( mak+ some?+ f x1 & n[ ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 ask$ by ! consuls to make some?+ good ( x4 ,he _h j tak5 an ord] = fifte5 /atues = ! ,piccolom9i tomb at ,si5a2 b :5 he saw ! imm5se block he gave up ! ,si5a "w1 & contract$ to make a /atue 9 two ye>s4 ,he 0 to be paid six gold flor9s a mon?1 & z mu* m z c\ld be agre$ ^u :5 ! "w 0 done4 ,he fir/ made a model 9 wax ( 8 ,david2 x 0 v small1 & is n[ 9 ! ,uffizi4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( #aejd1 aft] ab\t two ye>s & a half _h be5 sp5t ^u x1 ! "w 0 done1 & a discussion !n arose z to :]e x %\ld be plac$4 ,at l5g? x 0 decid$ to put x :]e ,mi*ael ,angelo himself wi%$ x to be1 next ! gate ( ! palace :]e ! ,judi? ( ,donatello !n /ood4 ,! /atue weigh$ eighte5 ?\s& p\nds1 & its removal 0 a "w ( great importance4 ,i %all n give all ! details ( x "h1 b %all quote :at ,grimm says3 ,! erection ( ?is ,david 0 l an occurr5ce 9 nature f :i* p are accu/om$ to reckon4 ,we f9d ev5ts dat$ s _m ye>s aft] ! erection ( ! giant4 ,x 0 m5tion$ 9 records 9 :i* !re 0 n a l9e respect+ art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4--,,mi*ael ,,angelo',s ,,david4 ,9 #aebg ! /atue 0 injur$ by a /one ?r[n 9 a riot4 ,at l5g? x began to %[ ! effect ( "t & wea!r1 & ! p ( ,flor5ce talk$ ( remov+ x = bett] pres]vation4 ,!re 0 mu* feel+ aga9/ ?is2 ! ,flor5t9es fe>$ t mis=tunes w\ld fall ^u !m if ?is great "w 7 di/urb$2 b at la/1 9 #ahgc1 x 0 plac$ 9 ! ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts4 ,x repres5ts ! y\?ful ,david at ! mom5t :5 he decl>es to ,golia?1 ,i come unto !e 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l ( ,ho/s4 ,! beautiful figure is muscul> & pliant1 & ! face is full ( c\rage4 7,fig4 #ajf47 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #aeje ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 summon$ ,mi*ael ,angelo to ,rome1 & aft] a "t gave him a commission to build a colossal mausoleum to be erect$ = himself4 ,! design 0 made & accept$1 & !n ,mi*ael ,angelo w5t to ,c>r>a to select m>ble2 aft] mu* tr\ble he succe$$ 9 gett+ x to ,rome1 :]e all :o saw x 7 a/oni%$ at ! size ( ! blocks4 ,pope ,julius 0 delight$1 & _h a passage made f ! palace to ! work%op ( ! sculptor1 s t he c\ld visit ! arti/ )\t be+ se54 ,o!r sculptors n[ became jeal\s ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & :5 he w5t a second "t to ,c>r>a1 ,bramante p]suad$ ! pope t x 0 a bad sign to build 8 tomb :ile he 0 /ill liv+4 ,:5 ,mi*ael ,angelo return$ & ! workm5 he _h hir$ arriv$ f ,flor5ce1 he f\nd ! pope mu* *ang$ t[>d him4 ,he no long] ha/5$ ! "w1 nei!r w\ld he furni% money to c>ry x on4 ,mi*ael ,angelo s\ght ! pope = an explanation1 & 0 refus$ an audi5ce4 ,he wrote a lett] ?us3 ,mo/ ,holy ,fa!r1 ,i 0 ?is morn+ driv5 f ! palace by ! ord] ( y\r ,hol9ess4 ,if y require me 9 future y c seek me else:]e ?an 9 ,rome4 ,he ord]$ a ,jew to sell all he possess$ 9 ,rome1 & />t$ = ,flor5ce1 & /opp$ n until he 0 on ! gr\nd ( ,tuscany4 ,! pope s5t aft] him1 b z he 0 a citiz5 ( ,flor5ce he ?reat5$ ! mess5g]s if !y t\*$ him4 ,he said he _h be5 treat$ z a crim9al1 & he consid]$ himself free f 8 engagem5ts1 & w\ld n return !n or ev]4 ,:5 he rea*$ home a lett] came to ! ,signory ( ,flor5ce urg+ 8 return1 & say+ t he %\ld be safe4 ,b ,mi*ael wait$ until ! ?ird lett] 0 receiv$1 & only cons5t$ to g :5 x 0 arrang$ t he %\ld be s5t z an ambassador ( ,flor5ce1 & be "u ! protection ( ! ,flor5t9e ,republic4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aejf1 :5 ! pope _h tak5 ,bologna1 he s5t = ,mi*ael ,angelo to come to him !re4 ,mi*ael ,angelo _h n yet se5 ! pope s9ce he left ,rome 9 ang]4 ,:5 he rea*$ ,bologna he w5t fir/ to ,san ,petronio to he> mass4 ,a s]vant ( ! pope recogniz$ him & l$ him to 8 ,hol9ess4 ,julius 0 at table1 b ord]$ t ,mi*ael ,angelo %\ld come 91 & said to him1 ,y h wait$ ?us long1 x seems1 till we %\ld ourselves come to seek y4 ,mi*ael ,angelo kneel$ d[n & begg$ 8 p>don1 b add$ t he _h rema9$ away because he _h be5 (f5d$4 ,! pope look$ at him d\btfully1 :5 "o ( ! prie/s1 fe>+ :at w\ld happ51 advis$ ! pope n to judge an ignorant arti/ z he w\ld ano!r man4 ,!n ! pope turn$ ^u him 9 great ang]1 & decl>+ t he himself 0 ignorant & mis]able1 ord]$ him out ( 8 sight4 ,! poor ecclesia/ic 0 s t]rifi$ t ! att5dants 7 oblig$ to c>ry him out1 & !n ! pope spoke graci\sly to ! sculptor1 & comm&$ him n to leave ,bologna )\t 8 p]mission4 ,! pope soon gave him an ord] = a colossal /atue 9 bronze to be erect$ 9 ,bologna4 ,! fir/ ca/ ( ?is /atue fail$1 & ! "w 0 n ready to be put 9 its place until ,febru>y1 #aejh4 ,?is be+ done1 ,mi*ael ,angelo return$ to ,flor5ce1 :]e he _h mu* to d2 b ,julius soon s5t = him to g to ,rome1 & insi/$ t he %\ld pa9t ! ro( ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 :i* occupi$ him a long "t4 ,9 #aeac ,julius ,,ii4 di$1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo resum$ 8 "w ^u 8 mausoleum4 ,! pope _h m5tion$ x 9 8 w1 & 8 heirs wi%$ x to be complet$4 ,at ?is "t he probably work$ ^u ! /atue ( ,moses & ^u ! two *a9$ y\?s4 ,he devot$ himself to ! mausoleum dur+ ?ree ye>s4 ,leo ,x41 :o 0 n[ pope1 dem&$ ! s]vices ( ,mi*ael ,angelo to erect a facade to ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,lor5zo 9 ,flor5ce4 ,! arti/ object$ to ?is great "w1 & decl>$ t he 0 b\nd to complete ! tomb = :i* he _h already receiv$ money4 ,b ,leo insi/$ ^u 8 go+ to ,flor5ce4 ,he _h mu* tr\ble to get 8 m>ble f ! qu>ries--! m5 7 ill !re4 ,he 0 ill himself1 & he pass$ a ye> ( great anxiety & tr\ble1 :5 !re came ^w f ,rome t ! "w mu/ be giv5 up2 ! build+ 0 po/pon$1 & no paym5t 0 made to ,mi*ael ,angelo6 ,he 0 mu* di%e>t5$1 b return$ to 8 "w on ! mausoleum4 ,ab\t #aebc1 :51 aft] _m *anges1 ,c>d9al ,m$ici 0 pope1 ! "w at ,san ,lor5zo 0 resum$4 ,b 9 #aebe ! pope aga9 summon$ ,mi*ael ,angelo to ,rome4 ,! heirs ( ,julius 7 compla9+ ( delay1 b at la/ ! pope insi/$ ^u 8 great ne$ ( ! arti/1 & aga9 he 0 s5t back to ,flor5ce1 :]e ! cupola ( ! new ,sacri/y to ,san ,lor5zo 0 soon f9i%$4 ,great political confusion n[ ensu$1 & little c be said ( ,mi*ael ,angelo z a sculptor until #aecj1 :5 he aga9 resum$ 8 "w on ! ,sacri/y4 ,he work$ ) ! greate/ indu/ry & rapidity1 & 9 a few mon?s _h ne>ly f9i%$ ! f\r colossal figures :i* re/ ^u ! s>cophagi ( ,lor5zo & ,giuliano de' ,m$ici4 ,! pope 0 =c$ to comm& ! sculptor to re/4 ,8 heal? 0 s brok5 by ! sorr[ :i* ! political condition ( ,flor5ce caus$ him1 & by 8 anxiety ab\t ! mausoleum ( ,julius1 t !re 0 mu* dang] ( 8 kill+ himself ) "w & worry4 ,he w5t to ,rome1 & matt]s 7 m satisfactorily arrang$4 ,he return$ to ,flor5ce1 & labor$ !re until #aecd1 :5 ,clem5t ,,vii4 di$1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo left 8 "w 9 ,san ,lor5zo1 nev] to resume x4 ,unf9i%$ z ^! sculptures are1 !y make a gr& "p ( ! wond]ful works ( ?is great man4 ,! /atues ( ! two ,m$ici & ^? ( ,morn+1 ,ev5+1 ,day1 & ,night w\ld be suffici5t to e/abli% ! fame ( an arti/ if he _h done no?+ m4 7,fig4 #ajg47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4--;,,giuliano ,,de' ,,m$ici4 ,by ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,"u ! new pope1 ,paul ,,iii41 he 0 con/antly employ$ z a pa9t]1 & ar*itectural labors 7 put ^u him1 s t z a sculptor we h no m works ( 8 to m5tion except an unf9i%$ gr\p :i* 0 9 8 /udio at ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,x repres5ts ! dead ,*ri/ ^u 8 "m's lap1 ) ,joseph ( ,arima!a /&+ by4 ,?is gr\p is n[ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia del ,fiore1 or ! ,ca!dral ( ,flor5ce4 ,! mausoleum ( ,julius ,,ii4 caus$ ,mi*ael ,angelo & o!rs s mu* tr\ble & vexation t ! :ole affair came to be kn[n z ! trag$y ( ! sepul*re4 ,:5 ,julius fir/ ord]$ x he int5d$ to place x 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 b 9 ! end x 0 erect$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,pietro 9 ,v9coli1 ( :i* ,julius _h be5 ! titul> c>d9al4 ,( all ! monum5t b ?ree figures c really be call$ ! "w ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,^! are ! ,leah & ,ra*el ^u ! l[] /age1 & ! ,moses1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ fam\s /atues 9 ! _w4 ,paul ,,iii41 ) eight c>d9als1 once visit$ ! /udio ( ! sculptor :5 he 0 at "w ^u ?is /atue1 & !y decl>$ t ?is alone 0 suffici5t = ! pope's monum5t 7,fig4 #ajh74 ,! life ( ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 a sad "o2 inde$1 x is sc>cely possible to rec\nt a m pa!tic /ory ?an 0 84 ,! mis=tunes :i* came to ! ,m$ici 7 %>p griefs to him1 & 8 temp]am5t 0 su* t he c\ld n =get 8 woes4 ,8 family1 too1 look$ to him = l>ge sums ( money1 & :ile he liv$ mo/ frugally !y sp5t 8 e>n+s4 ,9 8 old age he said1 ,ri* z ,i am1 ,i h always liv$ l a poor man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4--,,/atue ,,( ,,moses4 ,by ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,9 #aebi1 :5 ,flor5ce 0 "u great political excitem5t1 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 appo9t$ sup]9t5d5t ( all ! =tifications ( ! ,flor5t9e t]ritory4 ,9 ! mid/ ( 8 duties he became aw>e ( facts :i* det]m9$ him to fly4 ,he w5t to ,v5ice1 & 0 proscrib$ z a rebel4 ,we _c /ay "h to inquire z to 8 wisdom 9 ?is1 b mu/ g on to say t at l5g? he 0 s mu* ne$$ t he 0 p]suad$ to return4 ,!n he _h ! dreadful exp]i5ces ( hope & fe>1 sickness & fam9e1 & all ! horrors ( a siege1 only to see 8 belov$ home depriv$ ( its fre$om1 & 9 ! possession ( ^? :om he despis$ & hat$4 ,to ,mi*ael ,angelo ?is 0 f> m bitt] ?an any p]sonal sorr[2 he nev] recov]$ f its effects1 & x 0 imm$iately aft] ?is t he work$ 9 ! ,sacri/y ( ,san ,lor5zo z if try+ to kill himself4 ,he 0 bold z he 0 angry4 ,he 0 treat$ k9dly1 & advis$ to =get ! pa/2 b he nev] conceal$ 8 views4 ,:5 8 /atue ( ,night 0 exhibit$1 v]ses 7 put ^u x1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! "t2 "o v]se read1 ,night1 :om y see slumb]+ "h s *>m+ly1 has be5 c>v$ by an angel1 9 m>ble4 ,%e sleeps1 %e lives2 wak5 h]1 if y w n believe x1 & %e w speak4 ,to ?is ,mi*ael ,angelo repli$1 ,sleep is de> to me1 & /ill m t ,i am /one1 s long z di%onor & %ame la/ among u2 ! happie/ fate is to see1 to he> no?+2 = ?is reason wak5 me n4 ,i pray y1 speak g5tly4 ,he _h great c\rage to speak 8 ang] ?us publicly 9 ! mid/ ( ^? :o c\ld easily de/roy him4 ,9 #aecg or #aech 8 fa!r di$1 & ! arti/ suff]$ t]ribly f 8 grief4 ,he wrote a sonnet beg9n+3 ,already _h ,i wept & sigh$ s mu*4 ,i ?\ght all grief =ev] at an end1 ,exhal$ 9 sighs1 %$ =? 9 bitt] te>s4 ,! religi\s views ( ,mi*ael ,angelo 7 v broad1 & he _h a tru/ful & ob$i5t dep5d5ce ^u ,god1 9 ^: m]cy & love he gratefully re/$ ) ! simple fai? ( a *ild4 ,x 0 n f> f ! "t :5 8 fa!r di$ t ,mi*ael ,angelo fir/ met ,vittoria ,colonna4 ,he 0 n[ m ?an sixty ye>s old2 & ?\gh 8 poems %[ t he _h lov$ *ildr5 & wom5 all 8 life1 yet he _h all[$ himself no atta*m5ts2 8 life _h be5 lonely & alone4 ,n[1 at ?is late h\r1 he yield$ 8 he>t to ?is beautiful1 gift$ woman1 :o return$ 8 fri5d%ip ) ! fulle/ e/eem4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s he 0 happi] ?an he _h ev] be54 ,b 9 #aeda %e fell "u ! suspicion ( ! ,inquisition1 & 0 oblig$ to leave ,rome4 ,dur+ two ye>s !y wrote con/antly to ea* o!r1 & ea* s5t to ! o!r ! sonnets !y wrote4 ,at ?is "t all ,italy read ! poems ( ,vittoria1 & ^? ( ,mi*ael ,angelo /ill /& ! te/ ( "t4 ,9 !m he %[s ! bless$ effect ( h] influ5ce ov] him4 ,at l5g? %e return$ to ,rome & ent]$ a conv5t1 :]e %e di$ 9 #aedg4 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 ) h] to ! la/1 & ye>s lat] he decl>$ t he regrett$ no?+ s mu* z t he _h only kiss$ h] h&1 & n h] =ehead or *eeks 9 t la/ h\r4 ,8 loss 0 f> too great to be told4 7,an engrav+ ( a portrait ( ,mi*ael ,angelo c be se5 9 ,mrs4 ,clem5t's ,pa9t+1 p4 #ie47 ,9 ! ye> foll[+ ,vittoria's dea? all ! hopes :i* he _h *]i%$ = ! fre$om ( ,flor5ce 7 cru%$4 ,high honors 7 (f]$ him to induce him to return !re1 b he w\ld n g4 ,8 heal? fail$1 8 sadness increas$1 & 8 writ+s %[ h[ con/antly he m\rn$ = ,vittoria4 ,aft] ?is he did mu* "w z an ar*itect1 & held ! po/ ( director ( ! build+ ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,he sup]9t5d$ ! erection ( ! /atue ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 & complet$ ! ,f>nese ,palace1 & _h _m improvem5ts 9 m9d4 ,n[1 9 8 old age1 he 0 au?ority itself 9 ,rome4 ,he _h no rival1 & 8 advice 0 s\ght by arti/s z well z o!rs4 ,he liv$ v simply3 he d9$ alone1 & receiv$ 8 visitors 9 ! pla9e/ mann]4 ,anatomy1 :i* _h always be5 a passion ) him1 0 n[ 8 *ief pursuit4 ,he made _m dissections ( animals1 & 0 grateful :5 a human subject c\ld be all[$ him4 ,:5 he c\ld n sleep he w\ld get up at night & "w ^u ! gr\p ( :i* we h spok52 he _h a cap ) a c&le 9 x1 s t x ca/ a light ^u 8 "w4 ,vas>i once ent]$ :5 he 0 at "w ^u ?is gr\p1 & _h a lant]n 9 8 h&2 he dropp$ x purposely1 s t ! sculpture %\ld n be se51 & said3 ,i am s old t dea? (t5 pulls me by ! coat to come to him1 & "s day ,i %all fall d[n l ?is lant]n1 & my la/ sp>k ( life w be ext+ui%$4 ,!re are _m v int]e/+ circum/ances told ( 8 la/ ye>s & 8 /r5g? ( m9d1 & ! "w :i* he did 0 wond]ful2 b we h n space to rec\nt x "h4 ,at l5g?1 9 ,febru>y1 #aefd1 :5 almo/ n9ety ye>s old1 he di$4 ,he _h ask$ to be buri$ 9 ,flor5ce4 ,8 fri5ds fe>$ t ?is w\ld be oppos$1 s !y held burial-s]vices 9 ,rome1 & 8 body 0 aft]w>d c>ri$ ?r\gh ! gates z m]*&ise4 ,9 ,flor5ce ! body 0 fir/ laid 9 ,san ,pi]o ,maggiore1 & on ,sunday1 at ev5+1 ! arti/s assembl$1 & =m+ a procession1 proce$$ to ,santa ,croce1 :]e he 0 buri$4 ,! y\ng] arti/s bore ! bi] ^u _! %\ld]s1 & ! old] ones c>ri$ tor*es to light ! way4 ,a great multitude foll[$ ! procession1 & 9 ! ,sacri/y ( ,santa ,croce ! c(f9 0 op5$2 ?\gh ?ree weeks _h pass$ s9ce 8 dea?1 8 face appe>$ z if he _h j di$2 ! cr[d 0 v great1 b all 0 quiet1 & be=e morn+ x _h disp]s$4 ,! ,duke _h ?\ght t a public fun]al w\ld recall old memories1 & might cause a di/urbance2 b ,mi*ael ,angelo _h left ,flor5ce ?irty ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 & 8 connection ) ! city 0 =gott5 by _m4 ,! ,july foll[+ 0 appo9t$ = a memorial s]vice 9 8 honor2 ,san ,lor5zo 0 spl5didly decorat$2 ,v>*i deliv]$ an oration4 ,leon>do1 8 nephew1 erect$ a monum5t to him 9 ,santa ,croce1 = :i* ! ,duke gave ! m>ble4 ,8 /atue /&s 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,uffizi ) ^? ( o!r great ,flor5t9es1 b ) no especial prom95ce4 ,8 h\se 9 ! ,ghibell9e ,/reet is pres]v$ z a museum1 & visitors !re see _m mem5tos ( ?is great man4 ,9 #ahge a gr& fe/ival 0 held 9 ,flor5ce to celebrate ! f\r hundr$? anniv]s>y ( 8 bir?4 ,! c]emonies 7 impressive1 & c]ta9 docum5ts relat+ to 8 life :i* _h nev] be5 op5$1 by comm& ( ! k+1 7 giv5 to suitable p]sons = exam9ation4 ,mr4 ,hea? ,wilson1 an ,engli% arti/1 !n resid+ at ,flor5ce1 wrote a new life ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & ! la/ signature :i* ,victor ,emmanuel wrote be=e 8 dea? 0 ^u ! pap] :i* conf]r$ on ,mr4 ,wilson ! ,ord] ( ! ,corona d',italia1 giv5 z a recognition ( 8 s]vices 9 writ+ ?is book4 ,! national pride 9 ,mi*ael ,angelo is v /rong4 ,all ,italians feel t he occupies ! ?ird place by ! side ( ,dante & ,raphael1 & =ms ) !m a triumvirate ( ! greate/ m5 produc$ by _! c\ntry--a poet1 a pa9t]1 & "o :o 0 great 9 all arts4 ,:o w\ld place a g5]al or a /atesman by _! side z equal to !m8 ,x is art alone :i* m>ks ! prime ( nations4 ,! g5ius ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & 8 _s 7 p[]ful =ces4 ,!y p]vad$ ! :ole art ( ,italy to su* an ext5t t x may be said t all sculptors 7 8 imitators1 bo? :ile he liv$ & aft] 8 dea?4 ,he lov$ to treat /rong subjects1 su* z dem&$ viol5t movem5t & unusual positions4 ,x 0 only a man ( 8 g5ius :o c\ld raise su* subjects above grotesqu5ess & ! "o effect ( /range & unnatural exagg]ation4 ,z we look ov] all 8 works x seems z if ! idea ( beauty & su* ?+s z are pleas+ to ! ord9>y m9d r>ely1 if ev]1 came to 8 m9d4 ,noble feel+1 dep? ( ?\ght1 /r5g?1 & gr&eur are ! associations :i* we h ) him1 & 9 ! h&s ( weak] m51 z 8 imitators 71 ^! subjects became b>r51 holl[ displays ( di/ort$ limbs & s\lless heads & faces4 ,! result is1 t !re is little to be said ( ! imm$iate foll[]s ( ?is great man4 ,,guglielmo ,,della ,,porta 0 "o ( 8 mo/ able s*ol>s1 & 8 *ief "w 0 a monum5t to ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,! figure ( ! pope is 9 bronze1 is seat$1 & hold+ ! "r h& 9 b5$iction4 ,x is dignifi$ & well design$4 ,! figures ( ,ju/ice & ,prud5ce are n z good1 & two o!rs1 ,peace & ,abundance1 :i* 7 a "p ( ?is "w1 b are n[ 9 ! ,f>nese ,palace1 lack p[]1 & %[ an attempt at a repres5tation ( m]e physical beauty4 ,,baccio ,,b&9elli 7#adhg-aeei7 is m noticeable = 8 hatr$ ( ,mi*ael ,angelo ?an = any o!r *>act]i/ic4 ,he 0 a native ( ,flor5ce & a fri5d ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,he 0 p[]ful 9 8 design & bold 9 8 treatm5t ( 8 subjects1 b he 0 full ( affectation & mann]isms 9 8 execution ( 8 works4 ,he 0 false & envi\s1 & 8 "o good quality 0 t ( indu/ry4 ,8 be/ works are on ! scre5 ( ! high-alt> 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,flor5ce1 a relief on a p$e/al 9 ! ,piazza ( ,san ,lor5zo1 9 ,flor5ce1 & a gr\p 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,annunziata1 :i* he int5d$ = 8 own monum5t2 ! subject is ,nicodemus support+ ,*ri/1 & ! ,nicodemus is a portrait ( ,b&9elli himself4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,european ,,sculpture ,,f ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,to ,,canova4 ,n only ,italian arti/s attempt$ to foll[ ! great sculptor ( ,italy1 b ^? ( o!r nations flock$ to ,rome1 & :atev] ideas !y may h _h be=e rea*+ t city !y seem$ to lose !m all & to aim simply at "o ?+--to be ,mi*aelangeloesque4 ,,giovanni ,,da ,,bologna 7#aebi-afjh7 0 born 9 ,d\ai1 9 ,fl&]s1 & 0 call$ ,il ,fiamm+o = ?is reason4 ,giovanni 0 int5d$ = a not>y by 8 fa!r1 :o plann$ 8 education ) t end 9 view2 b ! boy's passion = sculpture 0 s great t ! fa!r 0 oblig$ to yield to x1 & plac$ him "u ! in/ruction ( a sculptor nam$ ,beu*1 :o _h /udi$ 9 ,italy4 ,lat] ,giovanni w5t to ,rome1 & f9ally settl$ 9 ,flor5ce1 :]e 8 mo/ important works rema94 ,he 0 an imitator ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & "o ( 8 be/ imitators2 b :5 8 works are comp>$ ) ^? ( ! great ma/]1 or ) ! ma/]pieces ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 we see a decl9e 9 !m4 ,9 religi\s subjects ,giovanni 0 n at home2 8 mo/ successful works 7 ^? :i* repres5t$ s5tim5t or ab/ract ideas1 because on !m he c\ld lavi% 8 skill 9 execution1 & use ornam5ts t did n suit ! simplicity ( religi\s subjects4 ,9 ! ,loggia de' ,lanzi1 at ,flor5ce1 !re are two gr\ps by him1 ! ,rape ( ! ,sab9es & ,h]cules & ,nessus4 ,9 ! ,piazza della ,signoria is 8 excell5t /atue ( ,duke ,cosmo ,i41 & 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y a bronze /atue ( ,m]cury4 ,! ,rape ( ! ,sab9es is 8 ma/]piece1 & ! ,m]cury is "o ( ! be/ works ( its k9d s9ce ! days ( classic art4 ,x is ! favorite ,m]cury ( ! _w1 & has be5 frequ5tly copi$4 ,x is se5 9 _m gall]ies & collections 9 its orig9al size1 & a small copy is mu* us$ 9 private h\ses4 7,fig4 #aji47 ,giovanni 0 especially happy 9 8 designs = f\nta9s1 & t :i* he erect$ 9 ,bologna1 9 #aefd1 9 front ( ! ,palazzo ,pubblico1 is a spl5did "w ( ?is k9d4 ,! /atue ( ,neptune at its summit is /ately & free 9 its action2 ! *ildr5 are *>m+ & life-l1 & ! ,sir5s at ! base give an h>moni\s f9i% & complete ! outl9e ) easy grace4 ,he also erect$ a magnific5t f\nta9 9 ! isl& ( ! ,boboli ,g>d5s4 ,9 ! ,palazzo ,vec*io is a m>ble gr\p by ,giovanni repres5t+ ,virtue conqu]+ ,vice4 ,at ,petraja !re is a beautiful ,v5us cr[n+ a f\nta9 rem>kable = grace & delicacy1 &1 all 9 all1 8 works prove him to h be5 ! be/ sculptor ( 8 own "t4 ,tuscany may claim him & be pr\d ( him1 = he 0 f> m h] son ?an t ( 8 native ,fl&]s4 ,giovanni da ,bologna 0 f> less successful 9 reliefs ?an 9 /atues1 z may be se5 9 ! bronze gates to ! ,ca!dral ( ,pisa1 :i* he made 9 ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life4 ,9 8 "* ?is ma/] 0 attractive & mu* belov$ by 8 fri5ds4 ,"o ( !m wrote ( him3 ,! be/ fell[ 9 ! _w1 n 9 ! lea/ covet\s1 z he %[s by 8 pov]ty2 fill$ ) a love ( glory1 & ambiti\s ( rivall+ ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,giovanni decorat$ a *apel 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,annunziata ) sev]al reliefs 9 bronze & ) a crucifix2 he n only wi%$ to be buri$ "h himself1 z he 01 b he also desir$ to provide a place ( burial = any ( 8 c\ntrym5 :o might die 9 ,flor5ce4 ,! *apel is call$ t ( ! ,madonna del ,soccorso4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4--,,m]cury4 ,by ,giovanni da ,bologna4 ,! decl9e ( sculpture 9 ,italy at ?is p]iod makes its /udy s unpromis+ t x is a pleasure to turn to ,france1 :]e ! works ( ,,jean ,,g\jon %[ t he _h ! true idea ( sculpture 9 relief4 ,f #aeee to #aefb ?is sculptor 0 employ$ on ! works at ! ,l\vre1 & dur+ ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew he 0 %ot :ile on a scaffold quietly work+ at a bas-relief on t palace4 ,g\jon 0 an ar*itect z well z a sculptor1 & also a m$al engrav]1 z is %[n by ! curi\s & r>e m$al :i* he made = ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici4 ,_m ( 8 works are pres]v$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,france1 & "s bas-reliefs 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,l\vre are excell5t specim5s ( 8 /yle4 ,"o also sees 9 ,france _m works by ,,g]ma9 ,,pilon1 :o di$ 9 #aeij4 ,he execut$ ! monum5t to ,francis ,i41 & took a "p 9 t ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 & ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici at ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,d5is4 ,he 0 ! sculptor ( ! gr\p ( ! ?ree ,graces 9 ! ,l\vre1 :i* =m]ly bore an urn conta9+ ! he>t ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 & 0 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,cele/9es4 ,b ! sculptors ( ,france at ?is "t are n ( su* int]e/ z to hold our att5tion long4 ,!re 0 a c]ta9 am\nt ( _s 9 _! decorations ( palaces & tombs1 b !re 7 no m5 ( great g5ius1 & no spl5did works ^u :i* we c dwell ) pleasure or pr(it4 ,9 ,g]many1 too1 :ile !re 0 mu* activity 9 sculpture1 & public f\nta9s & luxuri\s palaces & ri* ornam5ts employ$ _m arti/s1 yet !re 0 no orig9ality or fre%ness 9 ^! works1 & !y fell bel[ ^? ( ! pa/4 ,bronzes are /ill made at ,nuremb]g1 b !y only s]ve to make "o regret t !y are s inf]ior to ^? ( e>li] days2 & n[h]e 9 all ,g]many does any "o arti/ /& out & pres5t a man to be /udi$ 9 8 works or rememb]$ z "o ( ! gift$ ( ! e>?4 ,& yet a li/ ( ! names ( ,g]man sculptors ( ?is "t w\ld be v long1 = all ov] ! l& *ur*es 7 be+ decorat$1 monum5ts built1 & /atues & f\nta9s erect$4 ,9 ,engl& ! be/ sculpture ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 se5 9 ! portrait /atues on monum5ts1 & we f9d no great arti/s !re ( :om to give an acc\nt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4--,,relief ,,by ,,b]ruguete4 ,valladolid4 ,9 ,spa9 ,,alonso ,,b]ruguete 7#adhj-aefa71 :o 0 ! mo/ em95t arti/ ( 8 "t1 _h introduc$ ! ,italian mann]4 ,he w5t to ,italy ab\t #aejc1 & /udi$ 9 ,rome & ,flor5ce dur+ sev5te5 ye>s4 ,?is 0 at ! "t :5 ,italian sculpture 0 at ! height ( its excell5ce2 & ,b]ruguete return$ to ,spa9 fill$ ) ! pure/ & be/ conceptions ( :at art %\ld be1 & ! ends x %\ld s]ve4 ,he has be5 call$ ! ,mi*ael ,angelo ( ,spa91 because he 0 an ar*itect1 pa9t]1 & sculptor4 ,^u 8 return to ,spa9 he 0 appo9t$ pa9t] & sculptor to ,*>les ,v4 ,among 8 mo/ celebrat$ works 9 sculpture are ! reliefs 9 ! *oir ( ! ,ca!dral at ,tol$o2 ! alt> 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,b5ito el ,real at ,valladolid 7,fig4 #aaj71 = :i* he 0 paid =ty-f\r hundr$ ducats1 & 8 sculptures 9 ! ,collegio ,mayor at ,salamanca4 ,8 f9al "w 0 a monum5t to ! ,c>d9al & ,gr& ,inquisitor1 ,don ,juan de ,tav]a1 :i* is 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,hospital ( ,/4 ,john at ,tol$o4 ,! s>cophagus is ornam5t$ by reliefs f ! /ory ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 :i* are execut$ 9 an excell5t mann]1 simple & expressive4 ,o!r ,spani% sculptors 7 ,,e/eban ,,jordan1 an em95t wood-c>v]1 ,,gregorio ,,h]n&ez 7#aeff-afcf71 :o has be5 call$ ! sculptor ( religion4 ,8 works are s full ( a _s ( devotion t !y seem to h be5 execut$ "u an inspiration4 ,h]n&ez 0 v dev\t 9 8 life1 & did _m works ( *>ity2 he (t5 provid$ dec5t burial = ! v poor :o di$ )\t fri5ds :o c\ld bury !m4 ,_m ( 8 works h be5 remov$ f ! *apels = :i* !y 7 design$1 & are n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,valladolid1 :]e !y are n z effective z :5 plac$ 9 _! orig9al positions4 ,he is sup]ior to o!r ,spani% sculptors 9 8 repres5tation ( nude figures & 9 ! gr&eur ( 8 expression4 ,,juan ,,de ,,juni 7di$ #afad7 /udi$ 9 ,italy1 & acquir$ mu* mann]ism2 8 works are se5 9 ,valladolid4 ,,juan ,,m>t9ez ,,montanes 7di$ #afej7 0 a fam\s sculptor1 & excell$ 9 figures ( *ildr5 & *]ubs4 ,8 conceptions _h mu* beauty & dep? ( feel+1 & 8 drap]ies 7 mo/ graceful2 & to ?is p[] ( ?9k+ out cle>ly & well ! subject he wi%$ to repres5t he add$ ! ability to d 8 "w 9 an arti/ic mann]1 & to give x an elegance ( f9i% )\t tak+ away its /r5g?4 ,a ,conception by him1 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,seville1 is a noble "w1 & 9 ! univ]sity *ur* ( ! same city !re is an alt> :i* is "o ( 8 important works4 ,o!r sculptures by ,montanes are 9 ! ,museum ( ,seville4 ,! great ,,alonso ,,cano 7#afja-affg7 0 a pupil ( ,montanes 9 sculpture1 &1 l s _m o!r arti/s ( 8 "t1 0 a pa9t] & ar*itect z well z a sculptor4 ,8 p]sonal hi/ory is v peculi>4 ,he 0 a man ( viol5t temp]1 & 0 (t5 involv$ 9 s]i\s qu>rels4 ,he 0 oblig$ to flee f ,granada to ,madrid on acc\nt ( a duel1 & :5 8 wife 0 f\nd murd]$ 9 h] b$ he 0 suspect$ ( ! crime4 ,9 spite ( all ?is he took prie/'s ord]s1 & 0 appo9t$ to a canonry 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,granada2 b on acc\nt ( 8 temp] he 0 depriv$ ( ?is (fice by ! *apt] ( ! ca!dral4 ,he 0 s angry at ?is t he w\ld d no m "w = ! ca!dral4 ,he devot$ ! rema9d] ( 8 life to religi\s & *>itable works4 ,he gave away ! money he e>n$ z soon z he receiv$ x1 & :5 he _h no money to give away he 0 9 ! habit ( mak+ draw+s1 :i* he sign$ & m>k$ ) a suitable price2 ^! he gave to ! p]son he desir$ to assi/1 & recomm5d$ "s p]son to :om application to buy ! "w c\ld be made4 ,aft] 8 dea? a l>ge numb] ( ^! *>itable works 0 collect$4 ,he hat$ ,jews ) su* hatr$ t he c\ld n endure to look at "o1 & _m /range /ories are told ( him 9 connection ) ^! p4 ,he lov$ 8 *isel bett] ?an 8 bru%1 & 0 accu/om$ to say t :5 we>y he c>v$ = re/4 ,"o ( 8 pupils express$ great surprise at ?is1 :5 ,cano answ]$1 ,blockhead1 don't y p]ceive t to create =m & relief on a flat surface is a great] s]vice ?an to fa%ion "o %ape into ano!r8 ,! mo/ beautiful sculpture by ,cano :i* rema9s is a ,virg9 ab\t a foot high 9 ! ,sacri/y ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,granada1 :]e !re are sev]al o!r /atuettes by him4 ,^! are color$ 9 a mann] :i* ! ,spani>ds call e/(ado2 x has ! effect to s(t5 ! :ole appe>ance ( ! works1 l an enamel4 ,at ! entrance ( ! *oir ( ! ca!dral !re are two colossal bu/s by ,cano2 !y are gr& works1 & are call$ ,adam & ,eve4 ,,p$ro ,,roldan 7#afbd-agjj71 born at ,seville1 is an int]e/+ sculptor because ( 8 "w1 & on acc\nt ( 8 be+ ! la/ "o ^: mann] 0 l t ( ,juni & ,h]n&ez4 ,8 fir/ celebrat$ "w 0 ! high-alt> 9 ! *apel ( ! ,biscayans 9 ! ,franciscan conv5t4 ,:5 ! ,c>idad1 or ,hospital ( ,*>ity1 0 re/or$1 ,roldan execut$ ! la/ great "w 9 pa9t$ sculpture2 x 0 an imm5se piece = ! c5tre ( ! retablo ( ! high-alt> ( ! *ur*1 & repres5t$ ! ,entombm5t ( ,*ri/4 ,seville ab\nds 9 8 works1 & he execut$ bas-reliefs 9 /one = ! ext]ior ( ! ,ca!dral at ,ja54 ,he 0 s devot$ to 8 art t he felt e mom5t to be lo/ t 0 n sp5t 9 its s]vice4 ,he m>ri$ a lady ( good family1 & liv$ 9 ! c\ntry2 :5 oblig$ to g to ,seville he 0 accu/om$ to c>ry a lump ( clay1 & model f x z he rode along4 ,roldan 0 n by any means ! be/ ( ,spani% sculptors1 b he _h great skill 9 ! composition ( 8 works1 & ! drap]ies & all ! details 7 c>efully /udi$4 ,8 daught]1 ,dona ,luisa ,roldan1 /udi$ sculpture "u h] fa!r's in/ruction1 & became a good arti/2 he 0 accu/om$ to all[ h] to sup]9t5d h] /udio & 8 pupils4 ,%e (t5 aid$ him by h] sugge/ions1 & on "o occasion1 :5 a /atue t he _h made 0 reject$1 %e po9t$ out to him c]ta9 anatomical defects1 :i* he rem$i$1 & ! :ole appe>ance ( ! "w 0 s *ang$ t x 0 ?\ght to be new1 & 0 accept$ = ! place = :i* x _h be5 ord]$4 ,! works execut$ by ,dona ,luisa 7 pr9cipally small figures ( ! ,virg91 ! ,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds1 & k9dr$ subjects4 ,sev]al ( ^! 7 pres5t$ to ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii41 & he 0 s pleas$ by !m t he ord]$ a life-size /atue ( ,/4 ,mi*ael = ! ,*ur* ( ! ,escorial4 ,%e execut$ ?is to 8 satisfaction1 & he !n appo9t$ h] sculptress 9 ord9>y to ! k+4 ,%e di$ at ,madrid 9 #agjd1 surviv+ h] fa!r b f\r ye>s4 ,%e left works 9 v>i\s conv5ts & *ur*es4 ,9 ,italy at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury a new era 9 sculpture 0 inaugurat$4 ,art 0 n[ requir$ to s]ve ! ,*ur* 9 ! way ( appeal+ to s5tim5ts & feel+ 9 a f> co>s] & m s5sational a mann] ?an =m]ly4 ,pa9t+ 0 suit$ to ^! purposes f> m ?an sculpture1 & x _h be5 rais$ to great heights1 9 ,spa91 by ,murillo1 9 ! ,nor? by ,rub5s & 8 foll[]s1 & 9 ,italy by num]\s ma/]s4 ,luebke says ( ?is p]iod3 ,all t 0 n[ dem&$ ( art 0 effect & feel+ at any price4 ,! "o 0 atta9$ ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,a passionate excitem5t pulsates ?r\gh\t all arti/ic works2 ! ideal repose ( ! =m] alt>-pieces no long] satisfi$4 ,long+1 devotional ardor1 passionate rapture1 en?usia/ic ec/asy--^! are ! aims ( ! new art4 ,no long] ! solemn dignity ( ! sa9t1 b ! n]v\s visions ( enraptur$ monks1 are its ideal4 ,x delights 9 ?rill+ del9eations ( m>tyrdom1 seek+ to r5d] su* sc5es z effective & t\*+ z possible4 ,a desire = sub/antial p[]1 a political-religi\s t5d5cy1 _h tak5 possession ( art1 & _h adapt$ x to its own objects4 ,t1 "u su* circum/ances1 pa9t+ rea*es a new & truly arti/ic importance may be trac$ above all to ! great ma/]s :o n[ cultivat$ ! art1 & /ill m to ! tone ( ! age1 :i* promot$ x 9 a r>e measure4444 ,! same _s1 h[ev]1 :i* imp>t$ su* g5u9e importance to pa9t+ produc$ ! ru9 ( sculpture4 ,?is epo*1 m ?an any o!r1 is a pro( t ! greate/ m5 ( tal5t1 appe>+ 9 a p]v]t$ age1 are c>ri$ by _! v g5ius all ! m c]ta9ly to ru94 ,all t1 9 a m favorable p]iod1 w\ld h rais$ !m to be />s 9 ! art firmam5t1 n[ made !m fall l "s ignis fatuus1 ! brilliant light ( :i* owes its illusory exi/5ce only to miasma4 ,?is /rik+ fact appe>s1 at fir/ sight1 inexplicable2 b x is easy to und]/&1 if we consid] ! diff]5t "* ( ! two arts4 ,pla/ic art _h =m]ly emulat$ pa9t+1 & ?us1 especially 9 relief1 _h suff]$ unmi/akable injury to its own peculi> nature4 ,at t "t1 h[ev]1 pa9t+ itself 0 full ( ar*itectural sev]ity & pla/ic nobl5ess ( =m4 ,n[1 :5 ev]y?+ dep5d$ on /rik+ effect & speak+ del9eation ( passionate emotions1 x 0 compell$ to h rec\rse to naturali/ic repres5tation1 to fre] arrangem5ts & to m /rik+ =ms t emulat$ reality4 ,if1 h[ev]1 sculpture1 :i* c\ld n keep pace ) its rival 9 ! enamell$ color+ & my/]i\s *>m ( ! *i>o-oscuro :i* x br\ght into ! field1 w\ld1 9 anywise1 d ! same z pa9t+1 x 0 compell$ to plunge reg>dlessly into ! same naturalism ( =ms & into ! same bold display ( passion ) :i* pa9t+ produc$ su* gr& effects4 ,& ?is sculpture did )\t ! slighte/ scruple1 & 9 ?is lack ( an arti/ic consci5ce its :ole glory p]i%$4 ,x is true 9 ?is passion = excit$ compositions an excess ( spl5did works 7 produc$2 x is true imm5se res\rces 7 exp5d$1 & able arti/s 7 employ$2 b su* inn] holl[ness />es at u ) inanimate eye f ! great] numb] ( ^! works t we turn f !m ) repugnance1 & ev5 (t5 ) disgu/4 ,! arti/ :o fir/ met ?is new dem& ^u sculpture1 & may be call$ ! f\nd] ( a new /yle1 0 ,,giovanni ,,lor5zo ,,b]n9i 7#aeih-afhj71 a v gift$ man4 ,:5 b t5 ye>s old ?is rem>kable g5ius 0 kn[n z a prodigy 9 art1 & x 0 at ?is e>ly age t 8 fa!r took him to ,rome4 ,pope ,paul ,v4 0 soon int]e/$ 9 him1 & ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i assi/$ him 9 8 /udies2 f ?is =tunate beg9n+ all ?r\gh 8 life good =tune att5d$ 8 /eps4 ,he liv$ ?r\gh ! pontificate ( n9e popes1 & 0 always 9 favor ) ! reign+ head ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is gave him ! opportunity to fill ,rome ) 8 works1 & he impr9t$ himself ^u ! art ( ! ,et]nal ,city2 no arti/ s9ce ! "t ( ,mi*ael ,angelo held su* sway1 & ,b]n9i acquir$ 8 p[] easily1 :ile ! gr& ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 disput$ at e /ep1 & f\ght a long1 h>d battle be=e he 0 all[$ to take ! place :i* 0 s cle>ly 8 by "r4 ,! fame ( ,b]n9i ext5d$ to o!r l&s1 & he 0 invit$ to ,france1 :]e he w5t :5 sixty-eight ye>s old1 accompani$ by "o ( 8 sons & a num]\s ret9ue4 ,he 0 load$ ) favors1 & receiv$ l>ge sums ( money & _m valuable pres5ts4 ,9 ,rome1 too1 he 0 mu* favor$2 he held sev]al *ur* b5efices1 & 8 son 0 made a ,canon ( ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore2 & x 0 9 ?is *ur* t ,b]n9i 0 buri$ ) great magnific5ce1 z became 8 position & 8 weal?1 = he left ! imm5se =tune ( f\r hundr$ ?\s& ,roman cr[ns4 ,b]n9i _h great v]satility ( tal5t1 a rem>kable imag9ation & p[] ( conceiv+ 8 subjects cle>ly1 &1 m ?an all1 he _h m>vell\s p[] ( execution & compell+ 8 m>ble to %[ =? 8 ?\ght4 ,x has be5 said t m>ble 0 l wax or clay b5ea? 8 h&4 ,he 0 subject to no rules2 inde$1 he believ$ t an arti/ mu/ set aside all rules if he w\ld excel4 ,?is s\nds v fasc9at+1 b a /udy ( ,b]n9i's works w %[ t x is a deceitful maxim4 ,a man ( small tal5t c\ld d no?+ 9 ?is way1 & ev5 ,b]n9i1 :o )\t d\bt _h great gifts1 (t5 fail$ to make up 9 any way = ! s9s aga9/ rules ( :i* he 0 guilty4 ,we/macott1 9 8 writ+ ^u sculpture1 says x w\ld h be5 bett] = art if ,b]n9i _h nev] liv$2 & x is true t 9 8 /ruggle = effect he 0 an injury r ?an a b5efit to ! art ( 8 own day & ! succe$+ ye>s4 ,! wor/ defect 9 ! sculpture ( ,b]n9i is 8 treatm5t ( ! human body4 ,at times he exagg]ates ! muscul> p[] beyond all resemblance to nature1 & aga9 he seems to leave out all anatomy & s(t5 ! body to a po9t t f> exce$s possibility4 ,?is s(tness is se5 9 8 ,apollo & ,daphne1 :i* %[s ! mom5t :5 %e is sudd5ly *ang$ into a laurel-tree 9 ord] to escape ! pursuit ( ! "y god4 ,?is gr\p is 9 ! ,villa ,borghese1 at ,rome2 x 0 execut$ :5 ,b]n9i 0 b eighte5 ye>s old1 & ne> ! close ( 8 life he decl>$ t he _h made little progress aft] its production4 ,b he rea*$ ! height ( ?is objectionable mann] 9 8 repres5tation ( ! ,rape ( ,pros]p9e1 :i* is 9 ! ,villa ,ludovisi4 ,! ,pluto is a r\gh1 repulsive man1 ) :om no association ( a god c be made1 & ! ,pros]p9e is made a s\lless1 s5sual figure1 s f> f attractive 9 a pure s5se t we are almo/ will+ t ,pluto %\ld c>ry h] to "s region f :i* %e is n likely to come back4 ,at ! same "t we are sorry n to provide h] ) an o9tm5t = ! blue m>ks :i* ! big h&s ( ,pluto are mak+ on h] s(t fle%4 ,! pla9 tru? is1 t ?is "w makes a l[ & common ?+ ( a subject :i* c\ld be s treat$ z to be a ?+ ( beauty 9 a *>m+ s5se4 7,fig4 #aaa47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4--,,rape ,,( ,,pros]p9e4 ,by ,b]n9i4 ,b]n9i execut$ a /atue ( ,/4 ,bibiana = ! *ur* ( t sa9t at ,rome1 & "o ( ,/4 ,long9us 9 "o ( ! ni*es to ! dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s2 he also made ! designs = ! "o hundr$ & sixty-two /atues 9 ! colonnades ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 & = ! decorations ( ! bridge ( ,/4 ,angelo2 9 su* works1 almo/ )\t exception1 he *ose "s mom5t 9 ! lives ( ! p]sons repres5t$ t call$ = a /rik+ attitude & gave an opportunity = an effect t is (t5 !atrical4 ,z a m]e decoration su* /atues h a c]ta9 value ( an inf]ior sort2 b z works ( art1 z intellectual ef=ts1 !y are wor?less4 ,h[ev]1 ?is decorative effect1 z x is se5 on ! facade ( ! ,lat]an1 :]e ! figures /& out aga9/ ! sky1 or on ! bridge ( ,/4 ,angelo1 is n by any means to be despis$2 only we _c call a sculptor a great arti/ :5 he c d no?+ f9] ?an ?is4 ,"s ( ,b]n9i's works 9 :i* he %[s int5se suff]+ h m g5u9e feel+1 & are f9] 9 arti/ic qualities4 ,"o ( ^! is ,pieta1 9 ! *apel ( ,/4 ,&reas ,cors9i 9 ! ,lat]an4 ,b he frequ5tly goes beyond ! b\nds ( good ta/e1 z1 = example1 on ! monum5t to ,pope ,urban ,,viii41 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 :]e he repres5ts ,dea? ) 8 bony h& writ+ ! inscription on ! panel2 ?is is truly t]rible1 & n less s is ano!r ,dea? ^u ! monum5t ( ,alex&] ,,vii41 rais+ ! m>ble curta9 be=e ! entrance to ! vault1 z if he 7 invit+ "o to walk 94 ,_m objections c be made to 8 drap]ies4 ,he exagg]at$ ! small curta9s se5 on "s anci5t tombs until !y 7 huge objects ( ugl9ess2 ! drap]y ^u 8 figures is s prom95tly treat$ t in/ead ( be+ a m9or object x sometimes seems l ! pr9cipal "o2 x no long] s]ves to conceal =ms1 & at ! same "t %[ _! grace & motion1 b x is inflat$1 flutt]+1 grotesque 9 =m & q absurd :5 comp>$ ) /atues 9 :i* x answ]s its true purpose4 ,*>les ,i4 ( ,engl& he>d s mu* ( ,b]n9i t he desir$ to h a /atue ( himself execut$ by ?is sculptor2 ?ree ( ,v&yck's portraits ( ! k+ 7 s5t to him1 & ! lik5ess ( ! /atue 0 s satisfactory to ! mon>* t he s5t ! arti/ six ?\s& cr[ns & a r+ wor? z mu* m4 ,b]n9i execut$ a colossal eque/rian /atue ( ,con/ant9e = ! portico ( ,/4 ,pet]'s2 he made ano!r ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 :i* 0 *ang$ into a ,m>cus ,curtius1 & s5t to ,v]sailles4 ,he also execut$ ! f\nta9 9 ! ,piazza ,navona1 at ,rome1 :i* is "o ( 8 exagg]at$ works4 ,,francois ,,duquesnoy 7#aeid-afdf7 0 born at ,brussels1 & 0 kn[n 9 ,rome z ,il ,fiamm+o4 ,! ,ar*duke ,alb]t s5t him to ,rome to /udy1 & he 0 a contempor>y ( ,b]n9i4 ,:5 8 patron di$ ,duquesnoy 0 left )\t means1 & 0 =c$ to c>ve small figures 9 ivory = 8 support4 ,8 figures ( *ildr51 :i* 7 full ( life & *ild-l expression1 became q fam\s4 ,an important "w ( 8 9 ?is way is ! f\nta9 ( ! ,mannek5-,pis1 at ,brussels4 ,8 ma/]piece is a colossal /atue ( ,/4 ,&rew 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]'s2 x occupi$ him five ye>s1 & is "o ( ! be/ works ( mod]n art4 ,8 /atue ( ,/4 ,susanna 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia di ,loreto1 9 ,rome1 is simple & noble1 & is mu* admir$4 ,little is kn[n ( ?is arti/'s life1 & x is said t he 0 poison$ by 8 bro!r :5 on 8 way to ,france4 ,!re 0 a goodly company ( sculptors foll[+ ,b]n9i1 b none ^: works or life 0 ( suffici5t importance or int]e/ to dem& our att5tion "h1 & we w pass to ! sculpture ( ,france1 :]e ! arts 7 less devot$ to ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur* & m to ! uses ( k+s1 pr9ces1 & noblem54 ,! c\rt ( ,france 0 devot$ to pomp & pleasure1 & sculpture 0 us$ = ! glorification ( ! lead]s 9 all its follies4 ,9 "o s5se ?is is m agreeable ?an ! art 9 ,italy :i* we h be5 consid]+1 = no?+ c be m disagreeable ?an a false religi\s s5tim5t 9 art2 x is only :5 ! arti/ is fill$ ) true devotion & feels deeply 9 8 own s\l all t he tries to express 9 8 "w t religi\s repres5tations c appeal to u agreeably or b5efit u by _! influ5ce4 ,,simon ,,guilla9 7#aeha-afeh7 is especially int]e/+ z ! sculptor ( ! /atue ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 z a boy1 :i* is 9 ! ,l\vre2 ^? ( 8 p>5ts are also !re2 =m]ly !y decorat$ ! ,pont au ,*ange4 ,o!r works by ?is ma/] are 9 ! same museum4 ,,jacques ,,s>raz9 7#aehh-affj7 is only kn[n by 8 works1 :i* are n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 ( :i* a bronze bu/ ( ! ,*ancellor ,pi]re ,segui] is wor?y ( notice4 ,,francois ,,angui] 7#afjd-affi7 0 born at ,eu1 9 ,norm&y1 & 0 ! son ( a c>p5t]1 :o taught 8 son to c>ve 9 wood at an e>ly age4 ,:5 /ill q "y ,francois w5t to ,p>is to /udy1 & lat] to ,rome4 ,he became "o ( ! fir/ arti/s ( 8 "t 9 ,france1 & 0 a favorite ( ! k+1 ,l\is ,,xiii41 :o made him keep] ( ! gall]y ( antiquities1 & gave him ap>tm5ts 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,mo/ ( 8 important works 7 monum5ts to illu/ri\s m54 ,8 copies ( antique sculptures 7 v f9e4 ,,mi*el ,,angui] 7#afab-afhf7 0 a bro!r ( ! prec$+1 ) :om he /udi$ until !y bo? w5t to ,rome4 ,mi*el rema9$ !re t5 ye>s1 & 0 employ$ ) o!r arti/s 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s & 9 "s palaces4 ,9 #afea he return$ to ,p>is1 & assi/$ ,francois 9 ! great "w ( ! tomb ( ! ,duke de ,montmor5ci at ,m\l9s4 ,mi*el execut$ a /atue ( ,l\is ,,xiii41 :i* 0 ca/ 9 bronze4 ,he adorn$ ! ap>tm5ts ( ,que5 ,anne ( ,au/ria 9 ! ,l\vre1 & = h] execut$ ! pr9cipal sculptures 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,val de ,grace2 a ,nativity 9 ?is *ur* is 8 be/ "w4 ,8 sculptures are se5 9 v>i\s *ur*es1 & he also execut$ /atues ( anci5t gods & vases = g>d5 ornam5ts4 ,he 0 a pr(essor 9 ! ,academy ( ,arts 9 ,p>is1 & wrote lectures on sculpture4 ,,francois ,,gir>don 7#afcj-agae71 born at ,troyes1 0 a protege ( ! ,*ancellor ,segui]4 ,l\is ,,xiv4 gave him a p5sion1 by :i* he 0 enabl$ to /udy 9 ,rome1 & aft] 8 return to ,france ! k+ gave him _m commissions4 ,! monum5t to ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,sorbonne is f ! h& ( ?is sculptor4 ,p]haps 8 be/-kn[n "w is ! ,rape ( ,pros]p9e at ,v]sailles4 ,he made an eque/rian /atue ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 :i* 0 de/roy$ 9 ! ,revolution2 a model ( x 9 bronze is 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,8 bu/ ( ,boileau is a /rong1 f9e "w4 ,_m ( 8 sculptures 7 de/roy$ by ! revolutioni/s4 ,a devot$ foll[] ( ,b]n9i 0 ,,pi]re ,,puget 7#afbb-afid74 ,8 works are se5 at ! ,l\vre & at ,v]sailles4 ,8 gr\p ( ,milo ( ,crotona endeavor+ to free himself f ! claws ( ! lion is full ( life & is natural1 b ! subject is too repulsive to be long exam9$2 8 ,p]seus lib]at+ ,&rom$a is m agreeable1 & is noble 9 its =ms & animat$ 9 expression4 ,8 ,alex&] & ,diog5es is 9 relief1 & is effective & picturesque4 ,,anto9e ,,coysevox 7#afdj-agbj7 0 born at ,lyons1 & manife/$ 8 arti/ic tal5t v e>ly 9 life4 ,be=e he 0 sev5te5 ye>s old he _h di/+ui%$ himself by a /atue ( ! ,virg91 & progress$ rapidly 9 8 /udies1 :i* he made 9 ,p>is4 ,9 #affg he 0 engag$ by ,c>d9al ,fur/5burg to g to ,alsace to decorate 8 palace2 ?is occupi$ him f\r ye>s4 ,:5 he aga9 w5t to ,p>is he became a v em95t arti/4 ,he execut$ a /atue ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 & receiv$ a commission f ! prov9ce ( ,bretagne = an eque/rian /atue ( ! same mon>*4 ,among 8 be/ works are ! tomb ( ,c>d9al ,maz>92 ! tomb ( ! great ,colb]t 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,eu/a*e2 ! monum5t ( ,*>les le ,brun 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,nicolas2 ! /atue ( ! great ,conde2 ! m>ble /atue ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,notre ,dame1 & o!rs4 ,9 ! tomb ( ,maz>9 he %[$ f9e p[]s ( con/ruction & excell5ce ( design4 ,! kneel+ figure ( ! m9i/] is a dignifi$ /atue & well execut$2 ! /atues 9 bronze ( ,prud5ce1 ,peace1 & ,fidelity1 & ! m>ble figures ( ,*>ity & ,religion are ea* & all noble works1 & free to a rem>kable degree f ! mann]isms & faults ( 8 "t4 ,,nicolas ,,c\/\ 7#afeh-agcc7 0 a nephew & pupil ( ,coysevox4 ,he took ! gr& prize at ,p>is1 & w5t to ,rome to /udy :5 he 0 tw5ty-?ree ye>s old4 ,he made _m copies ( ! antique4 ,aft] 8 return to ,france he 0 mu* employ$4 ,8 *ief "w 0 a colossal repres5tation ( ! ,junction ( ! ,se9e & ! ,m>ne4 ,he also made = ! city ( ,lyons a bronze /atue repres5t+ ! riv] ,saone4 ,"s ( 8 sculptures are 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,notre ,dame4 ,,guillaume ,,c\/\ 7#afgh-agdf71 bro!r ( ,nicolas1 also ga9$ ! gr& prize & w5t to ,rome1 & on 8 return made a f9e reputation4 ,mu* ( 8 be/ "w 0 = ! g>d5s ( ,m>ly2 he execut$ a bronze /atue ( ! ,rhone at ,lyons2 a bas-relief ( ,*ri/ ) ! ,doctors1 at ,v]sailles1 & /atues ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 & ,c>d9al ,dubois1 9 ! ,museum ( ,fr5* ,monum5ts4 ,,jean ,,bapti/e ,,pigalle 7#agad-aghe7 is ! la/ ,fr5* sculptor ( :om ,i %all speak "h4 ,he 0 born 9 ,p>is1 & ga9$ 8 fir/ fame by a /atue ( ,m]cury2 b 8 ma/]piece 0 ! tomb ( ,m>%al ,moritz ( ,saxony1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,?omas1 at ,/rasburg4 ,! soldi] is repres5t$ 9 8 own co/ume1 j z he wore x 9 life1 ab\t to ent] a tomb1 on "o side ( :i* /&s a skeleton ,dea?1 & on ! o!r a m\rn+ ,h]cules4 ,a /atue repres5t+ ,france tries to hold him back1 & a ,g5ius att5ds on him ) an inv]t$ tor*4 ,!re are _m accessories ( milit>y emblems & trophies4 ,!re h be5 sev]al engrav+s made f ?is tomb1 ! be/ "p ( :i* is ! figure ( ! ,m>%al4 ,pigalle 0 a favorite ) ,mme4 ,pompad\r1 ( :om he made a portrait /atue4 ,%e employ$ him to d _m works = h]4 ,8 be/ monum5t 9 ,p>is is t ( ! ,comte d',h>c\rt1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,notre ,dame4 ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 z 9 ,italy1 ! pa9t+ ( ! "t _h a great effect ^u sculpture1 & x 0 full ( en]gy1 l ! pictures ( ! ,rub5s s*ool2 at ! same "t !re rema9$ traces ( ! traditions ( =m] days1 & :ile a great *ange _h come s9ce ! days ( ,vis*]1 !re 0 /ill a firm adh]5ce to nature1 & no su* affectations & mann]isms exi/$ "h z 7 se5 9 ! works ( ,b]n9i & 8 foll[]s 9 ,italy & ,france4 ,"o ( ! able/ sculptors ( 8 day 0 ,,ar?ur ,,quell9us1 :o 0 born at ,antw]p 9 #afjg4 ,he /udi$ "u ,duquesnoy1 & 0 especially happy 9 8 mann] ( imag9+ 8 subjects1 & ( avoid+ ! imitation ( o!rs or a commonplace treatm5t ( 8 own4 ,! magnific5t ,t[n ,hall ( ,antw]p 0 comm5c$ 9 #afdh1 & ,quell9us receiv$ ! commission to decorate x ) pla/ic works4 ,8 sculptures are num]\s1 bo? on ! int]ior & ext]ior ( ! edifice4 ,9 ! two p$im5ts he introduc$ allegorical repres5tations ( ! p[] ( ! city ( ,antw]p1 especially 9 h] comm]ce4 ,^! compositions are picturesque 9 _! arrangem5t1 b ! treatm5t is su* z belongs to sculpture2 9 "o ( ^! a figure :i* repres5ts ! city is en?ron$ l a que51 & is surr\nd$ by fanta/ic sea-gods1 :o (f] _! homage to h]4 7,fig4 #aab47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4--;,,c>yatide4 ,quell9us4 ,we _c give a li/ ( _m deta*$ works by ,quell9us1 b "o ( ! be/ ( ! old monum5ts 9 ,b]l9 is attribut$ to him4 ,x is ! tomb ( ,c\nt ,sp>r 9 ! ,m>i5kir*e4 ,at ! pres5t day ,b]l9 is a city ( mu* arti/ic importance1 & ! beg9n+ ( its pres5t ar*itectural & sculptural prom95ce may be dat$ at ab\t ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 n q two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,"o ( ! mo/ influ5tial arti/s ( t "t 0 ,,&reas ,s,c,h,l,ue,t,e,r 7#affb-agad71 :o 0 born 9 ,hamburg4 ,8 fa!r 0 a sculptor ( no prom95ce1 b he took 8 son ) him to ,dantzig1 :]e _m ,ne!rl&i% arti/s 7 employ$ ^u ! build+s be+ con/ruct$ !re4 ,&reas ,s*luet] 0 naturally gift$1 & he devot$ himself to ! /udy ( bo? ar*itecture & sculpture1 at home & lat] 9 ,italy4 ,be=e he 0 ?irty ye>s old he 0 employ$ 9 important affairs 9 ,w>saw1 & 9 #afid he 0 summon$ to ,b]l91 :]e he execut$ ! pla/ic ornam5ts ( ! ,ars5al2 ! heads ( ! ,dy+ ,w>riors above ! w9d[s 9 ! c\rt-y>d are rem>kable works4 ,!y are v f9e :5 reg>d$ only z excell5t examples ( good sculpture1 & !y are v effective plac$ z !y are1 = !y seem to tell ! :ole tragic /ory ( :at a soldi]'s life & fate mu/ (t5 be 7,fig4 #aac74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4--;,,heads ,,( ,,dy+ ,,w>riors4 ,by ,s*luet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4--,,! ,,great ,,elector4 ,by ,s*luet]4 ,h[ev]1 ! ma/]piece ( ?is sculptor is ! eque/rian /atue ( ! ,great ,elector = ! long bridge at ,b]l91 :i* 0 complet$ 9 #agjc 7,fig4 #aad74 ,luebke says ( ?is3 ,al?\gh biass$ z reg>ds =m by ! age :i* prescrib$ ! ,roman co/ume to ideal portraits ( ?is k9d1 ! horseman on 8 mighty *>g] is conceiv$ ) s mu* en]gy1 he is fill$ ) su* p[] ( w1 he is s noble 9 be>+ & s /eady 9 8 c\rse1 t no o!r eque/rian /atue c be comp>$ ) ?is 9 fi]y maje/y4 ,equally ma/]ly is ! arrangem5t ( ! :ole1 especially ! f\r *a9$ slaves on ! base1 9 :om we gladly p>don a c]ta9 cr[d+ ( movem5ts & =ms4 ,s*luet] also made a /atue ( ! ,elector ,fr$]ic ,,iii41 :i* is n[ 9 ,ko5igsb]g4 ,besides 8 works 9 sculpture he 0 ! ar*itect ( ! royal palaces at ,potsdam1 ,*>lott5burg1 & ,b]l91 & !re are _m sculptures by him at ^! places4 ,:5 he 0 ?us 9 an important position & at ! height ( pr(essional prosp]ity he met ) a sad mis=tune1 f ! effects ( :i* he nev] recov]$4 ,a *ime ( bells _h be5 pur*as$ 9 ,holl&1 & ,s*luet] 0 commission$ to arrange an old t[] = _! reception4 ,he c>ri$ x high] ?an x _h be51 & 0 proce$+ to f9i% x1 :5 x ?reat5$ to fall1 & _h to be pull$ d[n4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is ,s*luet] 0 dismiss$ f 8 position z c\rt ar*itect2 & ?\gh 8 (fice ( sculptor 0 left to him 8 p[] 0 gone1 & he 0 brok5 d[n 9 _s4 ,he 0 call$ to ,/4 ,pet]sburg by ,pet] ! ,great1 & di$ soon aft]4 ,n[1 ! v]dict ( judges is t he 0 "o ( ! greate/ arti/s ( 8 age1 & t 8 works1 bo? 9 sculpture & ar*itecture1 belong to ! noble/ productions ( 8 c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,canova1 ,,?orwalds51 ,,& ,,o!r ,,rec5t ,,sculptors4 ,9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! arts _h fall5 into su* a feeble /ate t a true arti/ic "w--"o conceiv$ & execut$ 9 an arti/ _s--0 n to be look$ =4 ,z 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 too1 ?\ght seem$ to be sleep+4 ,bo? art & lett]s 7 l>gely pro/rat$ to ! s]vice ( ^? 9 high places2 !y 7 sc>cely us$ except = ! pleasure or praise ( m5 ^: e>?ly p[] made !m to be fe>$1 & because !y 7 fe>$ !y 7 flatt]$ op5ly & despis$ secretly4 ,b ab\t ! end ( ! c5tury ano!r _s arose2 a second ,r5aissance took place1 :i* may be trac$ 9 lit]ature & 9 art1 z x may be 9 ! movem5t ( political ev5ts & an indep5d5ce ( ?\ght ev]y:]e4 ,naturally ! "q z to :]e arti/s c\ld turn = _! models 0 an important "o1 & z be=e 9 v>i\s epo*s 9 art ! antique _h be5 ! only help 9 "t ( tr\ble1 s x prov$ aga94 ,9 #agfd ,w9ckelmann publi%$ 8 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,art1 9 :i* ! ri* significance ( classic art 0 cle>ly plac$ be=e ! /ud5t4 ,! s]vice :i* ?is au?or r5d]$ to art c sc>cely be ov]-e/imat$1 com+1 z x did1 at a "t :5 ! g5ius ( art seem$ to h turn$ 8 back ^u ! _w1 & all true inspiration 0 lo/4 ,at ab\t ! same "t ! monum5ts ( ,a!ns 7 recall$ to ! ,european _w by ,/u>t & ,revett 9 _! ar*itectural designs1 & by ! end ( ! c5tury ! /udy ( ! antique _h done its trans=m+ "w1 & arti/s 7 /riv+ = m wor?y ends ?an ! favor ( k+s & p[]ful patrons4 ,?is new /udy ( classic art did n %[ its full & be/ results until ! ,dani% sculptor ,?orwalds5 execut$ 8 works2 b be=e 8 "t o!rs 7 /riv+ = t :i* x 0 8 privilege to p]fect4 ,among ! e>lie/ & mo/ fam\s ( ^! eighte5?-c5tury re=m]s 0 ! ,v5etian1 ,,antonio ,,canova 7#ageg-ahbb74 ,he 0 born 9 ,possagno1 & 0 ! son & gr&son ( /one-cutt]s4 ,8 fa!r di$ :5 he 0 v "y1 & he 0 ?us left to ! c>e & in/ruction ( 8 gr&fa!r1 ! old ,pas9o ,canova1 :o lo/ no "t 9 accu/om+ ! boy to ! use ( ! *isel1 = !re are cutt+s 9 exi/5ce :i* 7 execut$ by ,canova 9 8 n9? ye>4 ,signor ,giovanni ,fali]o dwelt ne> ,possagno1 & 0 9 ! habit ( employ+ ,pas9o ,canova frequ5tly2 he ent]ta9$ su* respect = ! old /one-cutt] t he sometimes ask$ him to sp5d a few days at 8 villa4 ,on ^! visits ! old man 0 accompani$ by ,antonio1 :o soon became a favorite ) all ! family ( ,fali]o1 & a fri5d ( ! "y ,giuseppe4 ,on "o occasion :5 ,pas9o & ! boy att5d$ a fe/ival at ,villa ,fali]o1 ! ornam5t = ! dess]t 0 =gott54 ,:5 ! s]vants rememb]$ x at ! la/ mom5t !y w5t to ! old ,pas9o 9 di/ress1 & begg$ him to save !m f ! displeasure ( ! ma/]4 ,! old man c\ld d no?+ = !m1 b ! "y ,ton91 z he 0 call$1 ask$ = "s butt]1 & f x quickly c>v$ a lion4 ,at table ?is /range ornam5t attract$ ! att5tion ( all ! gue/s1 & ,ton9 0 call$ 9 to receive _! praises2 f ?is "t ! ,s5ator ,fali]o became 8 patron1 & he plac$ ! boy "u ! in/ruction ( ,giuseppe ,b]n>di1 call$ ,toretto1 a ,v5etian sculptor :o _h settl$ at ,pagnano4 ,at ?is "t ,canova 0 twelve ye>s old2 he /udi$ two ye>s "u ,toretto1 & made _m /atues & models1 :i* are /ill pres]v$ by ! ,fali]o family1 or 9 o!r collections4 ,8 fir/ really orig9al "w 0 ! modell+ ( two angels 9 clay2 he did ^! dur+ an abs5ce ( 8 ma/]'s2 he plac$ !m 9 a prom95t place1 & !n await$ ,toretto's op9ion ) great anxiety4 ,:5 ! ma/] saw !m he 0 fill$ ) surprise1 & exclaim$ t !y 7 truly m>vell\s2 f ^! models ! gr&fa!r cut two angels 9 pietra dura = ! high-alt> at ,monfumo4 ,at ?is same p]iod ,canova made 8 fir/ repres5tations ( ! human =m2 he 0 accu/om$ to make small /atues & give !m to 8 fri5ds4 ,:5 he 0 fifte5 ye>s old ,fali]o s5t = him1 & receiv$ him into 8 own family4 ,canova wi%$ to e>n some?+ = himself1 & engag$ to "w half ( ! day = ,giuseppe ,f]r>i1 :o 0 a nephew ( 8 =m] ma/]1 ,toretto4 ,( ?is "t ,canova aft]w>d wrote3 ,i labor$ = a m]e pittance1 b x 0 suffici5t4 ,x 0 ! fruit ( my own resolution1 &1 z ,i !n flatt]$ myself1 ! =eta/e ( m honorable rew>ds4 ,?is circum/ance proves h[ rem>kable he mu/ h be52 x is unusual = a boy ( fifte5 to be paid = "w in/ead ( pay+ = in/ruction4 ,9 ,v5ice he 0 able to le>n mu* f obs]vation4 ,he divid$ 8 "t sy/ematically1 sp5d+ 8 morn+s 9 ! ,academy or "s gall]y1 8 aft]noons 9 ! %op :]e he 0 employ$1 & 8 ev5+s 9 /udies = :i* he _h _h no opportunity z a *ild4 ,! fir/ commission :i* 0 giv5 to ,canova 0 f ! ,comm5datore ,f>setti = a pair ( baskets fill$ ) fruit & fl[]s1 to be sculptur$ 9 m>ble1 & plac$ on a /aircase :i* l$ to ! picture gall]y 9 ! ,f>setti ,palace1 :]e ,canova sp5t mu* "t 9 /udy4 ,^! works h no special excell5ce4 ,aft] a ye> 9 ,v5ice he w5t to ,asolo ) ! ,fali]o family4 ,"s "t be=e ?is 8 patron _h ask$ ,canova to make = him a gr\p ( ,orpheus & ,eurydice1 tak+ ! mom5t :5 ,eurydice beholds h] lov] torn away f h] =ev]4 ,canova _h be5 busy ) ?is 9 8 leisure h\rs 9 ,v5ice1 & he took ) him to ,asolo ev]y?+ necess>y to ! "w4 ,he complet$ ! ,eurydice 9 8 sixte5? ye>2 x 0 life-size1 & cut f pietra di ,co/osa4 ,) ?is fir/ attempt ,canova became conv9c$ t ! small models su* z 7 9 use by sculptors 7 q insuffici5t to good "w1 & he det]m9$ t 8 models %\ld be ( ! size :i* ! f9i%$ "w w\ld h1 ev5 :5 colossal4 ,aft] ?is "t he _h 8 /udio 9 a cell ( ! mona/]y ( ! ,augu/9e fri>s atta*$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,/efano1 9 ,v5ice4 ,dur+ ! next ?ree ye>s he 0 occupi$ ) 8 ,orpheus & a bu/ ( ! ,doge ,r5i]4 ,at ?is "t he /udi$ entirely f nature2 he devot$ himself to ! pursuit ( anatomy1 & aft] a "t 0 accu/om$ to make dissections 9 ord] to sket* or model f important p>ts or "s con=mations t he desir$ 9 p>ticul> in/ances4 ,9 #aggf 8 ,orpheus 0 f9i%$ & exhibit$1 & x *anc$ to be at ! annual fe/ival ( ! ,asc5sion1 :5 ! op]a ( ,orpheus 0 br\ght out 9 ,v5ice4 ,canova 0 accu/om$ to say t ! praise he !n receiv$ 0 t :i* made him a sculptor2 & s grateful 0 he = x t lat]1 :5 he became ,m>quis ( ,is*ia1 he *ose = 8 armorial ensigns ! lyre & s]p5t :i* are ! my?ological symbols ( ,orpheus & ,eurydice4 ,! ,s5ator ,grimani ord]$ a copy ( ! ,orpheus1 & ?is 0 ! fir/ "w ( ,canova 9 ,c>r>a m>ble4 ,he soon f\nd 8 work%op too small1 & remov$ to "o 9 ! /reet ( ,san ,maurizio1 :]e he rema9$ until he left 8 native c\ntry4 ,8 next "w 0 a /atue ( ,a,esculapius1 l>g] ?an life2 a %ort "t be=e 8 dea?1 :5 he saw ?is /atue1 he sorr[fully decl>$ t 8 progress _h by no means correspond$ ) ! indications ( excell5ce 9 ?is p]=mance ( 8 y\?4 ,ab\t ?is "t he execut$ an ,apollo & ,daphne :i* 0 nev] entirely f9i%$1 & :5 tw5ty-two ye>s old he complet$ a gr\p ( ,da$alus & ,ic>us = ! ,s5ator ,pisani4 ,?is 0 int5d$ = an ext]ior decoration ( 8 palace2 b :5 x 0 done ,pisani consid]$ x wor?y ( a place 9 8 gall]y1 already fam\s on acc\nt ( ! pa9t+ ( ,d>ius & 8 ,family1 by ,paul ,v]onese1 & o!r f9e works4 ,?is may be call$ ,canova's la/ "w 9 ,v5ice1 z he w5t to ,rome soon aft] 8 tw5ty-?ird bir?day4 ,! ,cavali]e ,zuliani 0 !n ! repres5tative ( ,v5ice 9 ,rome1 & ,fali]o gave ,canova lett]s to him4 ,zuliani 0 an enlight5$ patron ( art1 & he receiv$ ! "y sculptor ) great k9dness1 & soon arrang$ to h 8 model ( ,da$alus & ,ic>us exhibit$ to ! be/ arti/s & judges ( art 9 ,rome4 ,we c fancy ! anxiety ) :i* ,canova w5t to ?is exhibition2 b ! praise :i* he !re receiv$ secur$ = him a place among ! arti/s !n 9 ,rome4 ,canova _h a great desire to und]take a gr\p ( "s important subject1 & ,zuliani 0 8 fri5d 9 ?is2 = he gave him ! m>ble1 & promis$ if no o!r pur*as] appe>$ to give him ! full value ( ! "w :5 complet$4 ,he also gave him a work%op 9 ! ,v5etian ,palace1 to :i* no "o _h access1 :]e he c\ld be entirely free & undi/urb$4 ,! subject *os5 = ! gr\p 0 ,!seus vanqui%+ ! ,m9otaur1 & ! size 0 to be colossal4 ,canova n[ work$ ) untir+ devotion2 he 0 (t5 se5 be=e ! /atues on ,monte ,cavallo1 ) sket*-book 9 h&1 z soon z x 0 light en\gh = him to see1 & he /udi$ fai?fully 9 ! museums & gall]ies ( ,rome4 ,8 fri5ds 9 ,v5ice _h secur$ = him a p5sion ( ?ree hundr$ ducats1 :i* plac$ him above want1 & he 0 free to devote himself to 8 ,!seus1 al?\gh :ile at "w on t he made a /atue ( ,apollo1 :i* 0 exhibit$ ) ,angel9i's ,m9]va1 & receiv$ mu* praise4 ,meantime no "o knew ( ! ,!seus save ! ambassador4 ,:5 x 0 f9i%$ ,zuliani prep>$ x = exhibition1 & invit$ all ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 9 ,rome to an ent]ta9m5t4 ,a model ( ! head ( ,!seus 0 put 9 a prom95t place1 & ! gue/s 7 busy 9 discuss+ x2 !y ask$ que/ions & express$ op9ions1 & :5 _! int]e/ 0 well awak5$ ,zuliani said3 ,come1 let u end ?is discussion by see+ ! orig9al1 & ! /atue 0 unveil$ be=e _! eyes4 ,canova (t5 decl>$ t dea? itself c\ld n h be5 m t]rible to him ?an 7 ^? mom5ts4 ,b he & all else 7 =gott5 9 ! surprise & admiration :i* ! gr\p excit$2 9 t h\r ! arti/s :o aft]w>d hat$ him gave him _! s9c]e praise4 ,f t day ! fame ( ,canova 0 e/abli%$4 ,v soon he 0 select$ to erect a monum5t to ,clem5t ,,xiv4 ,?is pope 0 a fam\s man2 he 0 ! collector ( ! ,clem5t9e ,museum1 ! au?or ( ! elegant lett]s kn[n by 8 family "n ( ,ganganelli1 &1 above all1 he 0 ! suppressor ( ! ,jesuits4 ,:ile ,canova felt ! honor t 0 ?us (f]$ him he also ?\ght himself b\nd to consult ^? :o _h conf]r$ 8 p5sion ^u him1 & ?us help$ him to become ! arti/ t he 04 ,he w5t1 !re=e1 to ,v5ice & s\ght direction f ! ,s5ate2 he 0 told to employ 8 "t z %\ld be mo/ pr(itable to himself4 ,he !re=e gave up 8 /udio 9 ,v5ice1 & z 8 patron1 ,zuliani1 _h n[ left ,rome1 he fitt$ up ! /udio 9 ! ,/rada ,babbu9o1 :i* became s well kn[n to lov]s ( art ( all nations :o visit$ ,rome4 ,9 #aghg ! above monum5t 0 exhibit$1 & 0 mu* admir$4 ,an engrav+ 0 made f x & d$icat$ to ,zuliani2 b ,canova desir$ to d some?+ m wor?y = 8 patron1 & made a /atue ( ,psy*e z a gift to him2 ,zuliani hesitat$ to accept x1 b f9ally cons5t$ to d s if ,canova w\ld 9 turn accept a numb] ( silv] m$als ) ! ,psy*e on "o side & a head ( ,canova on ! o!r1 :i* he c\ld give to 8 fri5ds4 ,9 ! mid/ ( all ?is ,zuliani di$1 & 8 heirs 7 s angry because he _h left works ( art to ! ,public ,libr>y t !y refus$ to c>ry out 8 plans4 ,9 ! end ! ,psy*e 0 b\ght by ,napoleon & pres5t$ to ! ,que5 ( ,bav>ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4--,,! ,,?ree ,,graces4 ,by ,canova4 ,canova execut$ a second papal monum5t to ,pope ,clem5t ,,xiii4 ,x 0 erect$ 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s by 8 nephews4 ,! m\rn+ g5ius ^u x is frequ5tly m5tion$ z "o ( ,canova's happie/ figures4 ,! execution ( ^! two monum5ts occupi$ almo/ t5 ye>s ( ! be/ "p ( ?is sculptor's life4 ,canova's fame _h ext5d$ ov] all ,europe1 & he 0 ask$ to g to ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & (f]$ mo/ advantage\s t]ms if he w\ld d s2 b he decl9$1 & execut$ ! monum5t ( ,admiral ,emo1 on a commission f ! ,v5etian ,s5ate4 ,= ?is "w he receiv$ a gold m$al & an annuity = life4 ,9 #agih1 dur+ ! revolution>y excitem5t at ,rome1 ,canova w5t to ,possagno1 8 native t[n4 ,"h1 9 8 retirem5t1 he pa9t$ m ?an tw5ty pictures1 :i* 7 by no means to be despis$4 ,8 ma/]piece repres5t$ ! ,savi\r j tak5 f ! cross1 & surr\nd$ by ! ,m>ys1 ,/4 ,john1 ,nicodemus1 & ,joseph ( ,arima!a4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ( ! _m gifts :i* he made to ?is little *ur*1 by :i* x became a spl5did temple & ! expression ( ,canova's love = 8 bir?place & e>ly home4 ,aft] he return$ to ,rome 8 heal? 0 n suffici5t to all[ ( 8 usual close application to "w1 & he w5t to ,b]l9 & ,vi5na 9 company ) ,pr9ce ,rezzonico1 & ?is s b5efit$ him t he 0 able to resume 8 labors ) new en]gy4 ,he soon a*iev$ a pr\d triumph1 = 8 ,p]seus 0 plac$ 9 "o ( ! ,/anze ( ! ,vatican by a public decree2 ?is 0 ! fir/ mod]n "w :i* _h be5 ?us honor$4 ,9 #ahjb-ahjc ,napoleon reque/$ ,canova to g to ,p>is to model a portrait bu/ = a colossal /atue2 ! "w 0 f9i%$ six ye>s lat]4 ,9 #ahje ! arti/ w5t aga9 to ,vi5na1 :]e he modell$ a bu/ ( ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria2 9 #ahaj aga9 to ,p>is to prep>e a model = ! /atue ( ,m>ia ,l\isa4 ,) ! exception ( ^! %ort j\rneys he 0 con/antly at "w 9 8 ,roman /udio until #ahae1 :5 he 0 s5t 9 an (ficial capacity to ,france by ! pope1 = ! purpose ( reclaim+ ! works ( art :i* _h be5 c>ri$ f ,italy 9 times ( w>1 & :i* really belong$ to ! patrimony ( ! ,*ur*4 ,canova execut$ 8 commission ) r>e judgm5t1 & !n cont9u$ 8 j\rney to ,engl&4 ,9 ,london he receiv$ _m honors2 ! k+ gave him an ord] = a gr\p1 held sev]al conv]sations ) him1 made him valuable gifts1 & intru/$ him ) a private lett] to ! pope4 ,canova return$ to ,rome on ,janu>y #e?1 #ahaf4 ,8 entry might almo/ be call$ a triumphal "o1 = ! p ( ,rome 7 s grateful = ! re/oration ( _! treasures t !y express$ _! joy 9 demon/rations to ,canova4 ,he _h be5 ,presid5t ( ,/4 ,luke's ,academy be=e2 he 0 n[ made ,presid5t ( ! ,commission to pur*ase works ( art1 & ( ! ,academy ( ,ar*aeology4 ,9 full consi/ory ( all ! high (fic]s ( ! ,*ur*1 ! pope caus$ 8 "n to be inscrib$ ^u ! gold5 volume ( ! ,capitol1 & conf]r$ ^u him ! title ( ,m>quis ( ,is*ia1 ) a p5sion ( ?ree ?\s& cr[ns a ye>4 ,canova n[ det]m9$ to execute a colossal /atue ( ,religion1 :i* %\ld commemorate ! return ( ! pope f bani%m5t4 ,he endeavor$ to p]suade ! au?orities to decide :]e x %\ld be plac$2 ?is 0 n done1 & he 0 mu* griev$ at 8 failure to c>ry out ! idea4 ,b he det]m9$ t f ?is "t he w\ld devote 8 life & =tune to religion1 & resolv$ to erect a *ur* at ,possagno1 to adorn x ) works ( art1 & to make x 8 own burial-place4 ,on ,july #h?1 #ahai1 ,canova assembl$ 8 workm5 9 8 native t[n1 & gave !m a fete2 _m peasant girls jo9$ 9 ! fe/ivities & assi/$ 9 ! break+ ( ! gr\nd2 at ev5+1 z !y all pass$ be=e ,canova to bid him f>ewell1 ea* "o receiv$ a gift f him4 ,?ree days lat] ! religi\s c]emony ( lay+ ! corn]-/one ( ! future *ur* took place4 ,an imm5se numb] ( p f ! surr\nd+ c\ntry & f ,v5ice 7 pres5t2 ,canova1 9 8 robes z a ,knight ( ,*ri/1 & we>+ ! insignia ( o!r ord]s1 l$ ! procession2 all :o _h se5 ,canova :5 a poor boy 9 _! mid/ 7 mu* impress$ by ?is occasion4 ,"h1 9 a public mann]1 he consecrat$ 8 life & =tune to ! s]vice ( ,god & ! b5efit ( 8 bir?place4 ,e autumn ,canova w5t to ,possagno to enc\rage ! workm5 & to give directions z to h[ ! :ole %\ld be done4 ,betwe5 ^! visits he work$ devot$ly1 = he 0 =c$ to e>n all he c\ld 9 ord] to pay = 8 great und]tak+4 ,at ?is "t he execut$ a /atue ( ,wa%+ton1 & 0 mak+ an eque/rian /atue ( ,f]d9& ( ,naples1 & 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 #ahbb1 w5t to t city1 :]e he fell ill2 he return$ to ,rome1 & reviv$ some:at1 & resum$ 8 "w4 ,on ,septemb] #ag? he w5t to ,possagno1 9 ,octob] to ,villa ,fali]o1 :]e1 fifty ye>s be=e1 he _h sp5t su* happy days4 ,f "h he w5t to ,v5ice1 & on ! #ac? ( ! same mon? he di$4 ,solemn s]vices 7 held 9 ! ca!dral1 & 8 rema9s 7 !n intru/$ to ! prie/s ( ,possagno1 :o bore !m to _! temple1 :]e he 0 buri$ on ! #be? ( ! mon?2 ! cr[d 0 s great t ! oration 0 deliv]$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,canova's he>t 0 giv5 to ! ,academy ( ,v5ice1 & an elegant little monum5t 0 erect$ 9 ! ,palace ( ,arts to conta9 ?is relic ( ! sculptor4 ,! ,v5etian arti/s arrang$ to erect to him a monum5t1 & *ose ! design :i* he himself _h made = ! tomb ( ,titian2 x is 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia de' ,fr>i4 ,9 ,rome a /atue 0 decre$ to him1 & he 0 decl>$ ! p]petual ,presid5t ( h] *ief academy4 ,9 p]sonal appe>ance ,canova 0 n gr& or v attractive4 ,8 head 0 rem>kably well plac$ ^u 8 %\ld]s1 & ! loose mann] 9 :i* he dress$ 8 neck all[$ ?is to be se52 8 =ehead 0 a noble "o1 8 hair black1 & 8 :ole mann] & dress 0 mode/ & simple4 ,8 habits 7 v ord]ly & quiet2 he rose e>ly to "w1 & w5t little into public society2 b he welcom$ a few fri5ds to d9n] almo/ daily4 ,he ent]ta9$ !m cordially1 b )\t display1 & l$ ! conv]sation to light1 *e]ful topics t did n t\* ^u art1 or dem& m5tal ex]tion4 ,at elev5 o'clock he retir$ to 8 own room & amus$ himself ) a book or p5cil be=e sleep+4 ,"s ( 8 be/ draw+s 7 made at ?is h\r1 & h be5 publi%$ ) ! title ( ,p5si]i1 or ?\ghts4 ,to describe "o day 0 to give a picture ( all1 s regul> 7 8 habits ( life4 ,9 8 pr(essional life he 0 j & g5]\s to o!rs1 & ?\gh he w\ld h no pupils1 he w\ld leave ev]y?+ to advise an arti/ or visit 8 works4 ,he 0 also a patron ( art1 & _h execut$1 at 8 own exp5se1 ! num]\s bu/s ( di/+ui%$ p]sons 9 ! ,capitol9e ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4--;,,hebe4 ,by ,canova4 ,!re is a /ory ( a romance 9 8 life4 ,x is said t :5 he fir/ arriv$ 9 ,v5ice he fell 9 love ) a beautiful girl :o 0 old] ?an himself1 :o w5t to draw 9 ! ,f>setti ,gall]y4 ,day by day he wat*$ h] until %e came no m2 at l5g? h] att5dant return$1 & ,canova inquir$ = h] mi/ress2 %e bur/ into te>s & answ]$1 ,la ,signora ,julia is dead4 ,he ask$ no m1 & nev] knew :o ,julia 0 or any circum/ances ( h] hi/ory2 b all 8 life he treasur$ h] image1 & :5 he endeavor$ to unite ! purity ( an angel ) ! e>?ly beauty ( a woman1 ! remembrance ( ,julia 0 always 9 8 m9d4 ,canova 0 "o ( ! few arti/s :o receiv$ _! full m]it ( praise & ! b5efits ( _! labors :ile alive4 ,)\t d\bt he 0 a great sculptor1 & com+ z he did1 at a "t :5 art 0 at its wor/1 he seem$ all ! m rem>kable to ! m5 ar\nd him4 ,b ! v]dict ( to-day w\ld n exalt him z highly z did 8 fri5ds & patrons4 ,8 /atues lack ! repose :i* makes ! gr&e/ feature ( ! be/ sculpture2 8 female figures h a s5tim5tal sort ( air t is n all we c\ld wi%1 & does n elevate !m above :at we may call pleas+ art4 ,8 male figures are bett]1 m natural & simple1 ?\gh "s ( 8 subjects bord]$ on ! co>se & brutal1 z 9 ! two f5c]s1 ,kreugas & ,damox5es1 or ,h]cules & ,li*as4 ,b 9 8 religi\s subjects he is mu* f9]1 & 9 "s ( 8 monum5ts he %[s dignity & e>ne/ness1 :ile 8 composition is 9 ! true arti/ic _s4 ,tak5 on ! :ole1 he 0 a wond]ful arti/ & a man ( :om 8 c5tury might well be pr\d4 ,o!r sculptors ( ?is p]iod & ( diff]5t nations /udi$ at ,rome1 & devot$ !mselves to ! antique ) en?usiasm4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ,,anto9e ,,d5is ,,*audet 7#agfc-ahaj71 :o 0 born at ,p>is4 ,8 tal5t 0 s e>ly develop$ t he 0 admitt$ to ! ,royal ,academy :5 f\rte5 ye>s old1 & :5 tw5ty-"o he ga9$ ! fir/ prize1 & ) ! royal p5sion w5t to ,rome1 :]e he rema9$ five ye>s4 ,he soon took good rank among arti/s ( t "t1 = he 0 a design] & pa9t] z well z sculptor4 ,he adh]$ /rictly to ! antique /yle1 & atta9$ mu* purity1 ?\gh he 0 always cold 9 treatm5t4 ,he 0 made a ,pr(essor ( ,sculpture 9 ! ,fr5* ,academy1 & made valuable contributions to ! ,diction>y ( ,f9e ,arts4 ,*audet's pr9cipal works 9 sculpture 7 ! silv] /atue ( ,peace 9 ! ,tuil]ies2 a /atue ( ,c9c9natus 9 ! ,s5ate ,*amb]2 a /atue ( ,o,edipus2 a bas-relief ( ,pa9t+1 ,sculpture1 & ,ar*itecture1 9 ! ,musee ,napoleon1 & _m bu/s & small] works4 ,he also design$ num]\s m$als & "s ( ! illu/rations = a f9e edition ( ,rac9e1 & pa9t$ a picture ( ,a,eneas & ,an*ises 9 ! ,burn+ ( ,troy4 ,,johann ,,he9ri* ,,danneck] 7#ageh-ahda7 0 born at ,/uttg>t4 ,by a /atue ( ,milo he ga9$ ! prize ( ! academy f\nd$ by ,duke ,*>les ,eug5e1 & ) ! royal p5sion he w5t fir/ to ,p>is & !n to ,rome1 :]e he /udi$ sev5 ye>s4 ,he !n return$ to ,wu]temb]g1 & 0 made ,director ( ! ,royal ,academy1 ) a sal>y ( fifte5 ?\s& francs a ye>4 ,dur+ fifte5 ye>s ,danneck] ma9ta9$ a high rank 9 8 art1 b 8 heal? became s feeble t he 0 =c$ to see o!rs excel him4 ,"o ( 8 works has a wide reputation1 & is kn[n to _m p ! _w ov]1 ?r\gh ! g5]osity ( ,h]r ,be?mann ( ,frank=t1 :o admits visitors to 8 gall]y1 & f ! models & pictures :i* h be5 made f x2 x is ! ,ariadne on a ,pan!r 7,fig4 #aag74 ,danneck] _h a delicate feel+ = nature2 8 figures 7 light & graceful1 & 8 heads 7 noble 9 expression4 ,he labor$ eight ye>s ^u a figure ( ,*ri/1 :i* belongs to ! ,emp]or ( ,russia2 9 ,/uttg>t a nymph p\r+ wat] on ,neck> ,/reet & two nymphs on a res]voir 9 ! palace g>d5 %[ 8 f9e ta/e 9 ar*itectural sculpture4 ,among 8 o!r works are a /atue ( ,alex&]1 a monum5t to ,c\nt ,zeppel91 a ,cupid1 & a ,maid5 lam5t+ a ,dead ,bird4 ,"s ( 8 works are among ! v be/ productions ( mod]n sculpture2 8 portraits are noble & true to nature2 ! works nam$ "h are by no means all t he did1 & we %\ld add t 8 ef=ts 9 religi\s subjects exhibit a pure s5se ( ! beautiful1 & a true conception ( ,*ri/ian ideas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4--;,,ariadne ,,& ,,! ,,pan!r4 ,by ,danneck]4 ,we come n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 to a great ,engli% sculptor4 ,,john ,,flaxman 7#agee-ahbf7 0 born 9 ,york1 b :ile he 0 /ill an infant 8 fa!r remov$ to ,london1 :]e he kept a pla/]-ca/ %op4 ,! boy began to draw & ev5 to model v e>ly2 :5 b five ye>s old he kept "s s(t wax1 ) :i* he c\ld take an impression f any seal or r+ or co9 :i* pleas$ him4 ,he 0 v delicate 9 heal?1 & 0 once ?\ght to be dead1 & 0 prep>$ = burial1 :5 animation return$2 8 p>5ts tri$ to gratify all 8 wi%es1 & :ile a *ild he modell$ a great numb] ( figures 9 wax1 clay1 & pla/]4 ,by ! "t he 0 t5 ye>s old he 0 mu* /rong]1 & 0 able to use ! activity :i* correspond$ to 8 en?usia/ic feel+ & imag9ation4 ,ab\t ?is "t he read ,don ,quixote1 & 0 s mov$ by ! adv5tures ( t h]o t he w5t out e>ly "o morn+ arm$ ) a toy sword & b5t ^u protect+ "s =lorn damsel2 he w5t to ,hyde ,p>k & w&]$ ab\t all day1 n f9d+ any "o :o 0 9 ne$ ( 8 s]vices4 ,at night he return$ home1 v hungry & we>y1 to f9d 8 family 9 great al>m ov] 8 unusual abs5ce4 ,he n[ sp5t all 8 "t 9 draw+ & modell+1 & nev] _h m ?an two lessons f a ma/]2 at elev5 ye>s ( age he began to ga9 v>i\s prizes1 & at f\rte5 0 admitt$ to /udy at ! ,royal ,academy1 & ga9$ ! silv] m$al !re t same ye>4 ,ab\t ?is "t he made "s fri5ds :o aid$ him to /udy ! classics & to le>n m ( hi/ory1 all ( :i* 0 ( great use to him 9 8 art4 ,he 0 also =tunate 9 hav+ ! fri5d%ip ( ,mr4 ,w$gwood1 = :om he made _m models4 ,he also pa9t$ a few pictures 9 oil4 ,among 8 e>lie/ sculptures 7 a gr\p ( ,v5us & ,cupid & a monum5t to ,mrs4 ,morley1 :o1 ) h] baby1 di$ at sea4 ,flaxman repres5t$ ! "m & *ild ris+ f ! sea & be+ receiv$ by desc5d+ angels4 ,9 #aghb ,flaxman m>ri$ ,miss ,ann ,d5man1 ^: intellig5ce & love ( art 7 ( great assi/ance to h] husb&4 ,9 #aghg he w5t to ,rome1 :]e he rema9$ sev5 ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is "t he made a gr\p = ,"l ,bri/ol1 repres5t+ ! ,fury ( ,a?amas1 f ! ,metamorphoses ( ,ovid2 ?is "w co/ him mu* labor1 = :i* he receiv$ b small pay2 x 0 c>ri$ to ,irel& & !n to ,ickwor? ,h\se1 9 ,suffolk1 :]e b few p see x4 ,9 ,rome ,flaxman also made a gr\p ( ,cephalus & ,aurora = ,mr4 ,?omas ,hope1 & ! designs f ,hom]1 ,a,eschylus1 & ,dante1 :i* h su* a _w-wide fame4 ,9 #agid he return$ to ,engl&1 :]e he 0 con/antly employ$ on important works until 8 dea?4 ,we _c give a li/ ( 8 num]\s works4 ,_m ( 8 monum5ts are se5 9 ! *ur*es ( ,engl&4 ,9 ,glasg[ are 8 /atues ( ,mr4 ,pitt & ,sir ,john ,moore1 9 bronze2 9 ,ed9burgh is t ( ,rob]t ,burns4 ,flaxman execut$ mu* sculpture = ! ,ea/ ,indies1 "o ( ^! works be+ unf9i%$ :5 he di$4 ,"s critics consid] 8 ,ar*angel ,mi*ael & ,satan 8 be/ "w2 x 0 made = ! ,e>l ( ,egremont1 :o _h 8 life-size ,apollo also4 ,9 #agig ,flaxman 0 elect$ an ,associate ( ! ,royal ,academy1 9 #ahjj an ,academician1 & 9 #ahaj1 :5 a ,pr(essor ( ,sculpture 0 add$ to ! o!r pr(essors ( ! ,academy1 he 0 appo9t$ to ! (fice4 ,8 lectures h be5 publi%$4 ,! friezes on ! ,cov5t ,g>d5 ,!atre 7 all design$ by ,flaxman1 & he execut$ ! figure ( ,com$y himself4 ,8 la/ "w 0 mak+ designs = ! ext]ior decoration ( ,buck+ham ,palace1 :i* w\ld h be5 entirely "u 8 direction & p>tly execut$ by him if he _h liv$4 ,8 wife di$ 9 #ahbj1 & h] loss 0 a grief f :i* he c\ld n recov]2 %e _h be5 a great advantage to him1 & he _h dep5d$ mu* ^u h] sympa?y & c\nsel4 ,flaxman 0 a s+ul>ly pure man1 & s attractive 9 mann] t he 0 ! fri5d ( old & "y alike4 ,sir ,ri*>d ,we/macott succe$$ ,flaxman z ,pr(essor at ! ,royal ,academy2 he said3 ,b ! greate/ ( mod]n sculptors 0 our illu/ri\s c\ntryman1 ,john ,flaxman1 :o n only _h all ! f9e feel+ ( ! anci5t ,greeks 7:i* ,canova 9 a degree possess$71 b unit$ to x a read9ess ( inv5tion & a simplicity ( design truly a/oni%+4 ,?\gh ,canova 0 8 sup]ior 9 ! manual "p1 high f9i%+1 yet 9 ! high] qualities1 poetical feel+ & inv5tion1 ,flaxman 0 z sup]ior to ,canova z 0 ,%akespe>e to ! dramati/s ( 8 day4 ,b ! p]fection ( ! results ( ! /udy ( ,canova & o!rs :o endeavor$ to raise sculpture to its anci5t glory 0 se5 9 ! ,dane1 ,,b]tel ,,?orwalds5 7#aggj-ahdd71 :o 0 born 9 ,cop5hag54 ,! desc5t ( ?is arti/ has be5 trac$ to memorable s\rces 9 two q di/9ct ways4 ,^? :o claim t ! ,norsem5 discov]$ ,am]ica relate t dur+ _! /ay ^u ?is coa/ a *ild 0 born1 f :om ,?orwalds5's desc5t c be di/9ctly foll[$4 ,! le>n$ g5ealogi/s ( ,icel& say t 8 ance/ors 7 desc5d$ f ,h>ald ,hildet&1 ,k+ ( ,d5m>k1 :o1 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 0 oblig$ to flee1 fir/ to ,norway & !n to ,icel&1 & t "o ( 8 desc5dants1 ,oluf ,paa1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 0 a fam\s wood-c>v]4 ,b ?is mu* is c]ta93 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury !re liv$ 9 ,s\!rn ,icel& a weal?y man1 ^: family & desc5dants 7 mu* honor$4 ,"o ( ^!1 ,?orvald ,gottskalk51 a pa/or1 _h two sons & b a small =tune2 s he s5t 8 sons to ,cop5hag51 :]e "o became a jewell] & di$ "y2 ! o!r1 :o 0 a wood-c>v]1 0 ! fa!r ( ! arti/1 ^: "m 0 ,k>5 ,groeulund1 ! daught] ( a ,jutl& peasant4 ,! fa!r 0 employ$ 9 a %ipy>d1 & c>v$ only ! rude ornam5ts ( vessels & boats2 b ^! s]v$ to lead ! m9d ( ! little ,b]tel to ! art he lat] foll[$4 ,8 fa!r c\ld n h dream$ ( su* a future z came to 8 son1 b he 0 wise en\gh to "k t ! boy might d m & bett] ?an he _h done1 & he s5t him1 :5 elev5 ye>s old1 to ! free s*ool ( ! ,royal ,academy to /udy draw+2 & v soon ! works ( ! fa!r %[$ ! ga9 :i* ! son _h made1 = 8 designs 7 ^? n[ us$ by ! old wood-c>v]4 ,b]tel 0 also s5t to /udy 8 books at ! s*ool ( ,*>lott5burg1 & "h he 0 s f> f clev] t he 0 put 9 ! l[e/ class4 ,:5 ,b]tel ga9$ 8 fir/ prize at ! academy ! *apla9 ( ! s*ool at ,*>lott5burg ask$ him if ! boy :o _h tak5 ! prize 0 8 bro!r4 ,he look$ up ) surprise1 & blu%+1 said1 ,x is myself1 ,h]r ,*apla94 ,! prie/ 0 a/\nd$ at ?is1 & said1 ,h]r ,?orwalds51 please to pass up to ! fir/ class4 ,! boy 0 amaz$ at ^! honors1 & f ?is day reta9$ ! title ( ,h]r1 :i* gave him mu* di/9ction4 ,:51 aft] _m ye>s1 ! sculptor _h be5 load$ ) honors1 & /ood on ! heights ( fame1 he 0 accu/om$ to say t no glory _h ev] be5 s sweet to him z t fir/ rapture :i* came f ! words ( ! ,*apla9 ,hoey] :5 he 0 sev5te5 ye>s old & a poor s*ool-boy4 ,! effect ( ?is fir/ prize seem$ to be to r\se 8 ambition1 & he work$ ) ! greate/ dilig5ce & e>ne/ness4 ,two ye>s lat] he made a bas-relief ( ,love 9 ,repose1 :i* took ! l>ge silv] m$al4 ,8 fa!r n[ ?\ght him prep>$ to ent] on ! life ( a %ip's c>v]1 & ,b]tel made no objection to do+ s2 b ! pa9t] ,abildga>d1 :o _h be5 8 tea*] 9 ! academy1 _h gr[n v fond ( him1 & saw h[ mu* tal5t he _h1 & c\ld n ?9k ( 8 be+ b a common tradesman )\t deep regret4 ,he w5t1 !re=e1 to ! old c>v]1 & aft] "s difficulty obta9$ 8 cons5t t 8 son %\ld sp5d half 8 "t 9 /udy at ! academy1 & ! o!r half 9 ! e>n+ ( 8 daily bread at 8 fa!r's side4 ,9 #agij1 :5 tw5ty ye>s old1 ,?orwalds5 made a m$allion ( ! ,pr9cess ( ,d5m>k1 :i* 0 s good a lik5ess t a numb] ( copies 0 sold4 ,a ye> lat] he ga9$ ! small gold m$al ( ! academy by a bas-relief ( ! ,expulsion ( ,heliodorus f ! ,temple4 ,! ,m9i/] ( ,/ate n[ became int]e/$ 9 ! "y arti/1 & measures 7 tak5 to aid him to g on ) 8 /udies4 ,8 patrons desir$ him to /udy ! subjects ( ! antique sculptures1 & he *ose t ( ,priam begg+ ! ,body ( ,hector f ,a*illes4 ,lat] 9 life he repeat$ ?is subject1 & x is int]e/+ to notice ! /r5g? & gr&eur ( ! second :5 comp>$ ) ! weakness ( ! fir/4 ,& yet x 0 f ! latt] t pr$ictions 7 made ( ,?orwalds5's future greatness4 ,9 #agic he ga9$ ! prize :i* entitl$ him to travel & /udy ?ree ye>s at ! exp5se ( ! academy4 ,! "w he pres5t$ 0 a bas-relief ( ,sa9t ,pet] heal+ ! ,p>alytic4 ,9 ^! works ?is sculptor already %[$ two qualities :i* rema9$ ! same ?r\gh 8 life2 9 8 subjects f antiquity he %[$ a ,greek _s1 :i* has l$ "s writ]s to speak ( him z a po/hum\s ,greek1 or a true ,greek arti/ born aft] o!r ,greek arti/s _h di$2 on ! o!r h&1 :5 he treat$ religi\s subjects 8 _s 0 l t ( ! be/ ma/]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 & ^! works rem9d u ( ,raphael4 ,all ?is excell5ce came entirely f 8 arti/ic nature1 = outside ( t he 0 ignorant2 he knew no?+ ( hi/ory or lit]ature1 & 0 nev] a man ( culture z long z he liv$4 ,outside ( ! "w connect$ ) 8 pr(ession ,?orwalds5 0 indol5t1 & only acquir$ k ( o!r matt]s ?r\gh obs]vation or f ! conv]sation ( o!rs4 ,al?\gh he ga9$ ! prize :i* all[$ him to travel 9 #agic1 he did n leave ,cop5hag5 until ,may1 #agif4 ,9 ! mean "t he _h done :at he c\ld to e>n some?+3 he _h made designs = book-publi%]s1 giv5 lessons 9 draw+ & modell+1 & made "s bu/ & m$allion portraits1 reliefs1 & s on4 ,! vessel 9 :i* ! "y sculptor sail$ = ,naples 0 call$ ! ,!tis1 & ! capta9 engag$ to wat* ov] him2 ! voyage 0 long1 & all on bo>d became fond ( ,?orwalds51 ?\gh ! capta9 wrote1 ,he is an hone/ boy1 b a lazy rascal4 ,?is op9ion is v amus+ :5 we "k :at an enorm\s am\nt ( labor he p]=m$4 ,at ,naples he rema9$ = "s "t1 & saw & admir$ all its works ( art4 ,he did n rea* ,rome until ab\t n9e mon?s aft] leav+ ,cop5hag51 b f t "t 8 :ole ?\ght & life 7 *ang$4 ,he 0 accu/om$ to say1 ,i 0 born on ! #h? ( ,m>*1 #agig2 be=e !n ,i did n exi/4 ,:ile 9 ,naples ,?orwalds5 _h be5 ill1 & suff]$ f a mal>ial affection1 :i* compell$ him to be idle mu* ( ! "t4 ,b he 0 always /udy+ ! antique /atues1 & made _m copies4 ,"s ( ! fir/ orig9al works :i* he attempt$ 7 failures1 :51 at la/1 he modell$ a colossal /atue ( ,jason1 :i* 0 well receiv$ by ^? :o saw x1 & made him some:at fam\s 9 ,rome 7,fig4 #aah74 ,canova prais$ x1 & o!r critics did ! same2 b ,?orwalds5 _h no money2 ! academy _h support$ him six ye>s2 :at c\ld he d8 ,q disc\rag$1 he 0 engag$ 9 8 prep>ations = leav+ ,rome1 :5 ,mr4 ,?omas ,hope1 ! ,engli% bank]1 gave him an ord] = ! ,jason 9 m>ble4 ,9 an h\r 8 life 0 *ang$4 ,he 0 liv+ 9 ,rome n z a /ud5t on *>ity1 b z an arti/ ga9+ 8 liv+4 ,we are =c$ to add t ,mr4 ,hope did n receive ?is /atue until #ahbh1 & ,?orwalds5 has be5 mu* blam$ = 8 app>5t +ratitude2 b we _c "h give all ! details ( ! un=tunate affair4 ,?orwalds5 _h a true & fai?ful fri5d 9 ,rome1 ! ar*aeologi/ ,zoega2 at 8 h\se ! "y ,dane _h met a beautiful ,italian girl1 ,anna ,m>ia ,magnani1 :om he lov$ devot$ly4 ,%e 0 too ambiti\s to m>ry a poor sculptor1 s %e m>ri$ a ri* ,m4 d',uhd52 b %e p]suad$ ,?orwalds5 to sign an agreem5t by :i* he b\nd himself to take c>e ( h] if %e %\ld n agree ) h] husb& & %\ld leave him2 ?is 0 j :at happ5$ 9 #ahjc1 & ! sculptor receiv$ h] into 8 h\se1 :]e %e rema9$ sixte5 ye>s1 :5 %e disappe>s f 8 life4 ,he provid$ an honorable m>riage = _! daught]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4--;,,jason4 ,by ,?orwalds54 ,9 #ahjc ,?orwalds5 also made ! acqua9tance ( ! ,b>on von ,s*ub>t1 ! ,dani% ,m9i/]1 :o pres5t$ ! sculptor to ,b>on von ,humboldt2 & ?r\gh ! fri5d%ip ( ^! two m51 & ! p]sons to :om !y pres5t$ him1 ,?orwalds5 receiv$ _m ord]s4 ,9 #ahjd 8 fame _h become s well e/abli%$ t he receiv$ ord]s f all c\ntries1 & f ?is "t1 dur+ ! re/ ( 8 life1 he 0 nev] able to d all t 0 requir$ ( him4 ,he 0 mu* c\rt$ 9 society1 :]e he 0 prais$ = 8 art & belov$ = 8 agreeable & pleas+ mann]4 ,9 ?is same ye> he 0 made a ,pr(essor ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,flor5ce2 & ?\gh ! ,academy ( ,cop5hag5 expect$ 8 return1 !y w\ld n recall him f ! sc5e ( 8 triumphs1 & s5t him a gift ( f\r hundr$ cr[ns4 ,a few mon?s lat] he 0 made a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,bologna & ( t ( 8 native city1 9 :i* la/ he 0 also appo9t$ a ,pr(essor4 ,_m circum/ances conspir$ to increase 8 popul>ity & to excite ! popul> int]e/ 9 him1 :51 9 #ahje1 he produc$ ! bas-relief ( ! ,abduction ( ,briseis1 :i* /ill rema9s "o ( 8 mo/ celebrat$ works4 ,8 ,jason _h put him on a level ) ,canova1 :o 0 !n at ! height ( 8 fame2 n[ ! ,briseis 0 said by _m to excel ! same type ( works by ,canova1 & !re is no "q t 9 bas-relief ! ,dane 0 ! bett] sculptor ( ! two4 ,?is relief & 8 gr\p ( ,cupid & ,psy*e1 :i* 0 complet$ 9 #ahje1 m>k ! era at :i* ,?orwalds5 rea*$ 8 full p]fection z a sculptor4 ,9 ?is same ye> he modell$ 8 fir/ /atue ( ,v5us2 x 0 less ?an life-size2 & ?\gh two copies ( x 7 f9i%$ 9 m>ble1 he 0 n pleas$ ) x1 & de/roy$ ! model3 lat] he made ! same /atue 9 full size4 ,9 #ahjf he receiv$ 8 fir/ commission = religi\s subjects1 :i* consi/$ ( two baptismal fonts = a *ur* 9 ! isl& ( ,fionia4 ,b he 0 devot$ to my?ological subjects1 & pref]r$ !m be=e all o!rs1 & 9 ?is same ye> modell$ a ,hebe :ile engag$ ^u ! fonts4 ,8 indu/ry 0 great1 b he f\nd "t to receive _m visitors at 8 /udio1 & w5t frequ5tly into society4 ,at ! h\se ( ,b>on von ,humboldt1 !n ,prussian ,ambassador at ,rome1 ,?orwalds5 0 always welcome & happy2 "h he met all p]sons ( note :o liv$ 9 or :o visit$ ,rome4 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod t ! "y ,pr9ce ,l\is ( ,bav>ia ent]$ into a correspond5ce ) ,?orwalds51 :i* end$ only ) ! sculptor's life4 ,l\is 0 collect+ objects = 8 ,glypto!k at ,muni*1 & he frequ5tly consult$ ,?orwalds5 9 ^! matt]s2 8 advice 0 ( value1 & he m ?an once sav$ ,l\is f imposition by deal]s4 ,l\is gave ! sculptor ! ord] = ! f9e ,adonis1 n[ 9 ! ,glypto!k2 x 0 modell$ 9 #ahjh1 b 0 n complet$ until #ahcb2 ?is spl5did "w 0 execut$ entirely by ,?orwalds5's own h&s4 ,9 #ahjh he also receiv$ ! ord] = f\r bas-reliefs to be us$ 9 ! re/oration ( ! ,palace ( ,*ri/iansborg1 :i* _h be5 injur$ by fire4 ,?is 0 ! ye>1 too1 :5 he 0 made an honor>y memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,! ye> #ahji br\ght deep sorr[s to ,?orwalds5 9 ! dea? ( 8 two fri5ds1 ,/anley & ,zoega4 ,he int]e/$ himself 9 ! settlem5t ( ! affairs ( ! latt]1 & _h mu* tr\ble & anxiety2 b he manag$ to accompli% ! modell+ ( six bas-reliefs 9 ?is ye>1 9 spite ( ! di/urb$ /ate ( ,rome on acc\nt ( ! pope's dep>ture1 & 9 spite ( ! h9drances 9 8 own life4 ,9 #ahaj ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k made ,?orwalds5 a ,knight ( ,danebrog1 & he 0 !n kn[n 9 ,italy z ! ,cavali]e ,alb]to4 ,8 "w ?is ye> 0 9 bas-reliefs1 & 9 #ahaa he modell$ a colossal /atue ( ,m>s1 ! bu/ ( ,mademoiselle ,ida ,brun1 a lovely /atue ( ,psy*e1 & 8 own portrait z a colossal ,h]mes4 ,! p ( ,d5m>k 7 gr[+ v impati5t at ! prolong$ abs5ce ( _! arti/4 ,he _h left home a m]e boy1 & 0 n[ fam\s ov] all ! _w4 ,!y wi%$ = 8 return2 a m>ble qu>ry _h be5 discov]$ 9 ,norway1 & ev5 ,pr9ce ,*ri/ian ,fr$]ick wrote to ,?orwalds5 to urge 8 go+ home4 ,! sculptor wi%$ to g1 & ev5 made "s prep>ations to d s1 :5 he receiv$ s important a commission t x 0 impossible to leave ,rome4 ,?is new "w 0 a frieze = "o ( ! great halls 9 ! ,quir9al ,palace4 ,he *ose ! ,entrance ( ,alex&] ! ,great into ,babylon = 8 subject1 & x prov$ to be "o ( ! mo/ important works ( 8 life4 ,x 0 complet$ 9 ,june1 #ahab2 & ?\gh x _h be5 some:at criticis$ z too r\gh 9 its f9i%1 :5 x 0 elevat$ to its prop] height x 0 all t _h be5 expect$ by ! arti/'s fri5ds2 lat] he repeat$ ?is frieze = 8 own c\ntrym54 ,9 ,rome he 0 n[ frequ5tly call$ ! ,patri>* ( ,bas-relief4 ,soon aft] ?is he 0 made a memb] ( ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,vi5na4 ,9 #ahac ,?orwalds5 0 aga9 a victim ( malignant fev]1 & visit$ ! ba?s ( ,lucca1 9 company ) ! ,b>on & ,b>oness von ,s*ub>t1 = ! b5efit ( 8 heal?4 ,he met _m p & receiv$ mu* honor1 especially f ! ,gr& ,du*ess ( ,tuscany4 ,8 heal? 0 improv$1 b 8 old & tri$ fri5d1 ! ,b>oness von ,s*ub>t1 di$ ! w9t] foll[+2 he felt h] loss deeply1 = %e _h be5 8 fri5d & confidante f ! "t ( 8 arrival 9 ,rome4 ,he 0 always busy1 & "o aft] ano!r ( 8 almo/ numb]less works 0 f9i%$4 ,9 #ahae he made ! ,a*illes & ,priam1 a relief :i* is sometimes call$ 8 ma/]piece2 9 ! same ye> he made ! fam\s & famili> m$allions ( ,night & ,morn+2 x is said t he conceiv$ ! fir/ :ile awake 9 a sleepless1 re/less condition1 & modell$ x entirely on ! foll[+ day2 ^! m$allions h be5 reproduc$ 9 all possible =ms--9 engrav+s1 on cameos1 gems1 9 metals1 & a v>iety ( m>ble1 pla/]1 & porcela94 ,ab\t ?is "t ,?orwalds5 remov$ to a spaci\s /udio ) g>d5s1 & receiv$ pupils1 & 0 ov]:elm$ ) ord]s1 s t he c\ld n yet g to ,d5m>k1 9 spite ( ! urg5t lett]s he receiv$4 ,he execut$ _m important orig9al works1 & also re/or$ ! m>bles ( ,a,egina1 n[ at ,muni*2 ?is 0 a great task1 b 8 /udy ( ! antique _h made him bett] able to d x ?an 0 any o!r mod]n sculptor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4--;,,ganym$e ,,& ,,! ,,eagle4 ,by ,?orwalds54 ,! exquisite gr\p ( ,ganym$e & ! ,eagle 7,fig4 #aai7 %[s ! effect ( 8 /udy ( ! antique1 & ! same may be said ( 8 /atue ( ,hope1 a small copy ( :i* 0 aft]w>d plac$ above ! tomb ( ! ,b>oness von ,humboldt4 ,! ,?ree ,graces 7,fig4 #abj7 belongs to ! ye> #ahag2 ! ,m]cury 0 ( ab\t ?is date1 z well z ! elegant /atue ( ! ,pr9cess ,b>yat9ska1 :i* is 8 f9e/ portrait /atue4 ,aft] an abs5ce f ,d5m>k ( tw5ty-?ree ye>s he left ,rome 9 ,july1 #ahai1 & turn$ 8 face t[>d home4 ,8 model = ! fam\s ,lion ( ,luc]ne _h already be5 s5t on be=e him1 & ! "w comm5c$ by "o ( 8 pupils1 ,bi5aime4 ,?orwalds5 fir/ w5t to ,luc]ne1 :]e he gave all necess>y advice 9 ?is "w1 & !n proce$+ on 8 j\rney rea*$ ,cop5hag5 on ! #c;d ( ,octob]4 ,ap>tm5ts _h be5 prep>$ = him 9 ! ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts1 & z soon z x 0 kn[n t he 0 !re he 0 ! c5tre ( attraction & importance4 ,cr[ds w5t to welcome him to 8 home4 ,a great reception & a gr& banquet 7 giv5 9 8 honor1 & he 0 laud$ to ! skies 9 spee*es1 & 0 made a ,c\nsellor ( ,/ate1 9 ord] t he might sit at table ) ! royal family & n violate ! c\rt etiquette4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4--,,! ,,?ree ,,graces4 ,by ,?orwalds54 ,all ?is mu/ h gratifi$ ! arti/1 :o _h e>n$ su* pr\d honors by ! =ce ( 8 g5ius2 b x int]e/s u mu* m to "k t he receiv$ commissions = "s v important works1 among :i* ^? ( ! ,*ur* ( ,our ,lady are v int]e/+4 ,! ord]s = all ! "w :i* he did "h 7 n giv5 at once1 b 9 ! end x became a spl5did monum5t to ?is sculptor1 & embraces almo/ all 8 religi\s works ( any importance4 ,!re are ! figures ( ,*ri/ & ! ,twelve ,apo/les2 ! ,angel ( ,baptism1 :i* is an exquisite font2 ! ,prea*+ ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 :i* is a gr\p 9 t]ra-cotta on ! p$im5t ( ! *ur*2 a bas-relief 9 m>ble ( ! ,in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp]2 ano!r 9 pla/] ( ,*ri/'s ,entry into ,j]usalem2 "o ( ,*ri/ ,be>+ ! ,cross2 "o ( ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/2 ano!r ( ! ,gu>dian ,angel1 & "o ( ,*ri/ian ,*>ity4 ,he did n rema9 v long 9 ,d5m>k1 b w5t to ,w>saw1 :]e he _h be5 summon$ to arrange = "s important works4 ,he 0 pres5t$ to ! ,emp]or ,alex&]1 :o gave him sitt+s = a portrait bu/2 ?is 0 s successful t = "s ye>s ,?orwalds5 employ$ skill$ workm5 to con/antly repeat x1 9 ord] to fill ! dem& = x :i* 0 made ^u him4 ,:ile at ,w>saw he receiv$ an ord] = a monum5t to ,cop]nicus1 :i* 0 d$icat$ 9 #ahcj2 o!r important commissions 7 giv5 him1 & aft] visit+ ,crac[1 ,troppau1 & ,vi5na1 he rea*$ ,rome 9 ,decemb]1 #ahbj1 :]e he 0 he>tily welcom$ by ! arti/s1 :o gave him a banquet1 on :i* occasion ! ,pr9ce ,royal ( ,d5m>k sat next to ! sculptor4 ,be=e ?is a correspond5ce _h e/abli%$ a fri5d%ip betwe5 ,?orwalds5 & ,pr9ce ,l\is ( ,bav>ia2 b f ! ye> #ahba intimate p]sonal relations exi/$ betwe5 !m4 ,he took up "w ) great en]gy2 he _h return$ to ,rome ) s mu* to d t he requir$ mu* room1 & employ$ a l>ge company ( workm54 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahbb he 0 able to secure a l>ge build+ :i* _h be5 us$ = a /able to ! ,b>b]9i ,palace1 & "h he 0 able to set up all 8 l>ge models4 ,9 #ahbd ,?orwalds5 0 summon$ by ! ,c>d9al ,consalvi1 :o gave him ! commission = ! monum5t to ,pius ,,vii41 n[ 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,*apel ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome2 ?is "w 0 n complet$ :5 ! c>d9al himself di$1 & 8 own monum5t by ,?orwalds5 0 plac$ 9 ! ,pan!on be=e t ( ,pius ,,vii4 0 put 9 its place4 ,he also made a cross = ! ,capu*9s = :i* he w\ld accept no rew>d1 ?\gh !y 7 entirely satisfi$ ) x4 ,9 #ahbe ,?orwalds5 0 elect$ ,presid5t ( ! ,academy ( ,/4 ,luke ) ! advice & cons5t ( ,pope ,leo ,,xii41 :o paid him a visit 9 8 /udio4 ,_m delays occurr$1 & ! monum5t to ,pius ,,vii4 0 n erect$ until #ahca4 ,! works ^u :i* ! arti/ & 8 assi/ants 7 engag$ 7 f> too num]\s to be m5tion$2 he 0 at ! v height ( fame & popul>ity1 & 0 =c$ to refuse "s ( ! commissions s5t him4 ,9 #ahcj he w5t to ,muni* to sup]9t5d ! sett+ up ( 8 monum5t to ,eug5e ,beauh>nais1 ! ,duke ( ,leu*t5b]g4 ,?is gave ,l\is ( ,bav>ia an opportunity to %[ 8 reg>d = ! sculptor1 :i* he did 9 e possible way4 ,soon aft] ! monum5t 0 unveil$ ,?orwalds5 receiv$ ! cross ( an (fic] ( ! ,legion ( ,honor4 ,?orwalds5's place 9 ,rome 0 a v important "o1 n only z an arti/1 b z a man4 ,he _h ! respect & e/eem ( _m good m5 ( all nations2 he also suff]$ "s ?+s f ! envy ( ^? :o 7 jeal\s ( him1 z is ! case ) all successful m52 b he 0 a fe>less p]son1 & did n tr\ble himself on acc\nt ( ^! ?+s4 ,! frequ5t agitations ( a political nature1 h[ev]1 did di/urb him1 & he began to ?9k s]i\sly ( return+ to ,d5m>k4 ,9 #ahcg1 :5 ! *ol]a broke out 9 ,rome1 he det]m9$ to leave2 8 c\ntrym5 7 delight$1 & a gov]nm5t frigate 0 s5t to take him home2 he sail$ f ,leghorn 9 ,augu/1 #ahch4 ,8 arrival 0 hail$ ) joy 9 ,d5m>k1 & :]ev] he w5t 8 progress 0 m>k$ by tok5s ( ! pride :i* 8 c\ntrym5 felt 9 him4 ,z soon z x 0 kn[n 9 ,cop5hag51 on ,septemb] #ag?1 t ! ,rota1 :i* br\ght ! sculptor1 0 9 ! h>bor1 a flag 0 run up f ,/4 ,nicolas ,*ur* z a signal = ! beg9n+ ( ! fe/ivities :i* _h be5 arrang$4 ,al?\gh x ra9$ heavily1 boats fill$ ) arti/s1 poets1 /ud5ts1 physicians1 me*anics1 & naval (fic]s w5t out to meet him2 ea* boat _h a flag ) an appropriate device1 t ( ! arti/s hav+ ,?orwalds5's ,?ree ,graces1 ! poets1 a ,pegasus1 & s on4 ,! meet+ ) 8 fri5ds on ! deck ( ! %ip 0 a pleasant surprise to ! arti/1 :o 0 hurri$ a%ore amid ! fir+ ( salutes & all sorts ( joy\s demon/rations1 a va/ numb] ( boats r[+ aft] t 9 :i* he 0 seat$4 ,8 c>riage 0 drawn by ! p f ! quay to ,*>lott5burg1 :]e a va/ cr[d assembl$ to get a sight at him4 ,8 =m 0 tall & erect1 8 /ep firm2 8 long :ite hair fell on 8 %\ld]s1 & 8 cle> eye & b5evol5t face beam$ ) intellig5ce & sympa!tic int]e/ 9 all ar\nd him4 ,he 0 l$ out on a balcony1 :]e1 uncov]$1 he salut$ ! p1 :o greet$ him ) wild applause4 ,?orwalds5 smil$ & said1 ,w\ld n any "o ?9k t we 7 9 ,rome1 & ,i 7 ! pope ab\t to give ! b5$iction urbi et orbi f ! balcony ( ,/4 ,pet]'s8 ,"o ovation aft] ano!r foll[$1 day by day1 & su* cr[ds ( visitors w5t to see him t he 0 unable to unpack & arrange 8 possessions :i* he _h br\ght f ,italy1 or to "w at all1 :i* 0 worse to him4 ,at la/ he began to d z he _h done 9 ,rome1 & to receive 8 fri5ds ) 8 *isel or modell+-/ick 9 h&4 ,he liv$ frugally1 & cont9u$ _m ( 8 ,roman habits ( life2 b he 0 =c$ to d9e out e ev5+4 ,he 0 n[ sixty-eight ye>s old1 b he did a va/ am\nt ( "w 9 "o way & ano!r1 & 0 s pursu$ by all sorts ( p :o wi%$ to engage 8 att5tion 9 a v>iety ( projects1 t he s]i\sly consid]$ ! "q ( leav+ ,cop5hag54 ,he became v fond ( c]ta9 families :]e he visit$1 among :i* 0 t ( ! ,b>on von ,/ampe1 :o1 ) 8 wife & *ildr51 7 soon treat$ by ! sculptor z if !y 7 8 own k9dr$4 ,he w5t ) !m to _! summ] home at ,nysoe1 & :ile !re ! b>oness p]suad$ him to model 8 own /atue4 ,he did ?is imp]fectly1 z he _h no suitable work%op2 & :5 ! b>oness saw 8 difficulty 9 work+ 9 an ord9>y room %e _h a /udio built = him 9 a g>d5 ne> ! ca/le4 ,%e took ! "t to d ?is :5 ,?orwalds5 0 abs5t = eight days1 & 9 ?is %ort space ! :ole 0 complet$1 s t :5 he return$ x seem$ to him l magic4 ,?is /udio 0 d$icat$ 9 ,july1 #ahci4 ,he !n began ! prop] modell+ ( 8 own /atue1 & 0 progress+ v well :5 he receiv$ a lett] f ! poet ,oehl5s*laeg]1 :o 0 9 great ha/e to h a portrait bu/ made ( himself4 ,?orwalds5 felt t he ought n to make 8 own /atue :5 ?us want$ = o!r "w1 & he ?rew d[n 8 tools1 & w\ld h brok5 ! model4 ,b ! b>oness succe$$ 9 gett+ him away1 & lock$ ! /udio1 keep+ ! key4 ,h[ev]1 no argum5t or entreaty w\ld move ! sculptor1 & %e c\ld d no?+ ) him until %e happ5$ to ?9k ( cry+4 ,:5 %e began to weep & to accuse him ( hav+ no affection = h]1 & rem9d$ him ( ! pro(s ( h] devotion :i* %e _h giv5 him1 he 0 tak5 9 by h] mock te>s1 & exclaim$1 ,well1 !y may ?9k :at !y l4 ,my /atue is n = po/]ity1 b ,i _c refuse x to a fri5d to :om x w give su* pleasure4 ,he !n resum$ 8 "w1 & complet$ 8 /atue 9 sev5te5 days4 ,he repres5t$ himself /&+ ) "o arm re/+ ^u 8 /atue ( ,hope4 ,aft] ?is summ] ,?orwalds5 divid$ 8 "t betwe5 ,cop5hag5 & ,/ampeborg1 & work$ ) ! same indu/ry 9 "o place z 9 ! o!r4 ,! life 9 ! c\ntry 0 a great delight to him2 he play$ games1 li/5$ to fairy tales f ! poet ,&]s51 or to music f ! "y girls ( ! h\se1 all ) equal pleasure2 & if he 7 all[$ to h 8 morn+s = "w he w\ld sp5d ! re/ ( ! day 9 ! woods or pay visits1 & 0 p]fectly happy 9 ?is succession ( labor & leisure4 ,b>oness ,/ampe did n /op at "o trick ^u ! old arti/1 = %e f\nd x m easy to ga9 a po9t 9 ?is way ?an by argum5t4 ,he _h promis$ to execute a /atue ( ,*ri/ian ,,iv4 = ,*ri/ian ,,viii41 ! reign+ k+2 he put x (f until ! k+ 0 impati5t4 ,"o day1 :5 he _h gone = a walk1 ! b>oness w5t to ! /udio & began a sket* 9 clay z well z %e c\ld4 ,:5 ,?orwalds5 return$ he ask$ :at %e 0 do+1 & %e answ]$1 ,i am mak+ ! /atue ( ! k+4 ,s9ce y w n d x1 & ,i h pl$g$ my ^w1 ,i mu/ d x myself4 ,! arti/ laugh$1 & began to criticise h] "w2 %e insi/$ x 0 all "r1 & at la/ said1 ,d x bett]1 !n1 y\rself2 y make fun ( me2 ,i defy y to f9d any?+ to *ange 9 my "w4 ,?orwalds5 0 ?us l$ on to correct ! model1 & :5 once he _h begun he f9i%$ x4 ,x w\ld be impossible to give any acc\nt "h ( ! num]\s incid5ts 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! life ( ?is sculptor2 ( ! honors he receiv$1 ( ! _m works he 0 consult$ ab\t & ask$ to d1 ( ! visits he paid & receiv$ f p]sons ( note2 few lives are z full z 0 81 & ! detail$ acc\nts ( x are v int]e/+4 ,he _h always desir$ to g aga9 to ,rome1 & 9 #ahda1 :5 ! ,b>on von ,/ampe decid$ to g !re ) 8 family1 ,?orwalds5 travell$ ) !m4 ,!y w5t ?r\gh ,g]many1 & 7 ev]y:]e receiv$ z honorably z if he 7 a royal p]son3 he 0 invit$ to visit royal families2 c\rt c>riages 7 at 8 s]vice2 ,m5delssohn gave a musical fete = him2 9 all ! great cities he 0 %[n ! places & objects wor?y ( 8 att5tion2 poets & orators paid him respect1 & no?+ t c\ld be done to %[ appreciation ( 8 g5ius & 8 works 0 omitt$4 ,9 ,rome x 0 ! same2 he rema9$ !re almo/ a ye>1 & ^u 8 arrival at ,cop5hag51 9 ,octob]1 #ahdb1 he exp]i5c$ ! cr[n+ glory ( 8 life4 ,dur+ 8 abs5ce ! ,?orwalds5 ,museum _h be5 complet$1 & "h1 ! day aft] he rea*$ home1 he 0 receiv$4 ,! build+ 0 decorat$ ) g>l&s1 & he w5t ov] ! :ole ( x2 at la/ he ent]$ ! inn] c\rt1 :]e he 0 to be buri$2 "h he /ood = "s "t ) b[$ head1 :ile all ab\t him kept sil5ce4 ,c any "o fancy ! ?\ghts t mu/ h come to him8 ,"h he mu/ be buri$1 & yet "h w\ld he live 9 ! works ( 8 h& :i* w\ld surr\nd him & rema9 to te/ify to 8 immortal p[]s4 ,he liv$ ?ree ye>s m1 & 0 always busy4 ,8 m9d 0 /rong & 8 conceptions ( 8 subjects _h lo/ no?+1 b 8 ability to execute 8 works 0 less2 8 h& _h lo/ some:at ( its cunn+4 ,he w5t mu* into society1 0 fond ( ! !atre1 & "u ! devot$ c>e ( 8 s]vant1 ,wilk5s1 he enjoy$ all t 0 possible to a man ( 8 age4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,m>* #ahdd1 ! ,b>oness von ,/ampe w5t to ask him to d9e at h] h\se2 he said he 0 n well & w\ld n g out2 b z 8 daught] 0 to be !re & expect$ him he decid$ to g4 ,he 0 modell+ a bu/ ( ,lu!r1 & ?rew d[n be=e x a h&ful ( clay & /uck a tr[el 9 x2 j s1 z he left x1 ?is n[ /&s 9 ! museum1 pres]v$ "u glass1 ) ! pr9t ( 8 h& 9 ! clay4 ,he 0 m]ry at d9n]1 & 9 speak+ ( ! museum said he c\ld die n[1 :5ev] he *ose1 s9ce ! ar*itect ,b9desboell _h f9i%$ 8 tomb4 ,aft] d9n] he w5t to ! !atre1 & !re x 0 se5 t he 0 really ill2 he 0 tak5 out ) ha/e & laid ^u a s(a1 :5 x 0 f\nd t he 0 already dead4 ,! ,*>lott5burg jo9$ ! !atre1 & !re1 9 ! hall ( antique sculpture1 he 0 laid4 ,he 0 fir/ buri$ 9 ! ,frue ,kirke1 :i* he _h s spl5didly decorat$2 f\r ye>s lat] he 0 borne to ! vault 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,?orwalds5 ,museum1 :]e above him gr[s ! ev]gre5 ivy1 a fitt+ emblem ( 8 unfad+ fame4 ,?iele1 9 8 spl5did book call$ ,?orwalds5 & 8 ,works1 gives a li/ ( two hundr$ & sixty works by ?is ma/]2 & z "o j\rneys f ,rome1 :]e are "s ( 8 sculptures 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s & ! ,quir9al1 to ,cop5hag51 ) ! ,frue ,kirke & ! ,museum1 "o passes ?r\gh few cities t are n adorn$ by 8 /atues & reliefs4 ,among 8 mo/ important works are ! frieze ( ,alex&]'s entrance into ,babylon1 at ! ,quir9al2 ! ,lion ( ,luc]ne2 ! _m /atues1 gr\ps1 & bas-reliefs 9 ! ,frue ,kirke2 m ?an ?irty sepul*ral & commemorative monum5ts 9 v>i\s cities & c\ntries2 sixte5 bas-reliefs :i* illu/rate ! /ory ( ,cupid & ,psy*e2 tw5ty bas-reliefs ( ,g5ii2 tw5ty-two figures f antique fables1 & _m portrait bu/s & /atues1 & v>i\s o!r subjects4 ,?orwalds5 0 a v rem>kable man4 ,no circum/ance ( 8 y\? indicat$ 8 success1 & a c]ta9 indol5ce :i* he _h w\ld h seem$ to =bid x2 b ! p[] 0 )9 him1 & 0 ( t g5u9e quality :i* w decl>e itself2 & a man :o has x becomes great )\t int5d+ to be s1 & almo/ )\t believ+ t he is rem>kable beyond o!rs4 ,! true antique _s seems to h be5 reviv$ 9 him4 ,8 *>act]i/ics z a sculptor are sev]e simplicity1 p]fect beauty 9 =m1 di/9ctness1 & repose4 ,?iele says ( him3 ,he has *all5g$ & has receiv$ ! decision ( ! _w's ,supreme ,c\rt1 t 8 "n %all /& on ! rolls ( immortality4 ,& if 8 life might be embodi$ 9 a s+le emblem1 p]haps x %\ld be t ( a "y lion1 ) an eye t gl[s & fla%es fire1 :ile he is b\nd ) ivy & l$ by ! h& ( ! ?ree graces4 ,! sculpture ( ,g]many 9 ! la/ "p ( ! eighte5? & ! e>ly ye>s ( ! pres5t c5tury 0 v int]e/+4 ,! ar*itect ,s*9kel 0 a great lov] ( antique art1 & he _h mu* influ5ce ov] all arts1 z well z 9 8 special dep>tm5t4 ,?orwalds5 himself s admir$ ! sculptor ,,john ,,rudolph ,,s*ad[ 7#aghf-ahbb7 t :5 ! ,k+ ( ,prussia gave him a commission = a /atue he repli$3 ,sire1 !re is at ?is mom5t 9 ,rome "o ( y\r fai?ful subjects :o is m capable ?an ,i ( p]=m+ to y\r satisfaction ! task ) :i* y deign to honor me2 p]mit me to solicit = him y\r royal favor4 ,! commission 0 giv5 to ,s*ad[1 & he made 8 *>m+ "w1 ,! ,sp9n]4 ,john ,rudolph 0 ! son ( ,,john ,,gottfri$ ,,s*ad[ 7#agfd-ahej71 :o 0 c\rt sculptor1 & long surviv$ 8 gift$ son4 ,! *ief works ( ! fa!r 7 ! /atues ( ,c\nt von d] ,m>k1 at ,b]l92 t ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 at ,/ett92 ,lu!r's monum5t 9 ! m>ket-place at ,witt5b]g1 & ,blue*]'s /atue at ,ro/ock4 ,john ,rudolph ,s*ad[ /udi$ "u bo? ,canova & ,?orwalds51 & 0 a v gift$ arti/4 ,he 0 engag$ ^u a gr\p ( ,a*illes protect+ ! body ( ,p5!silea at ! "t ( 8 dea?2 x 0 f9i%$ by ,wolff4 ,,*ri/ian ,,fr$]ic ,,tieck 7#aggf-ahea7 0 an em95t sculptor ( 8 "t1 & decorat$ ) sculpture "s ( ! f9e edifices erect$ at ,b]l9 by ,s*9kel4 ,he 0 v active 9 e/abli%+ a gall]y ( models f ! antique at ,b]l91 & 0 a ,director ( ! ,sculptures 9 ! ,museum z well z a memb] ( ! ,academy4 ,8 mo/ successful orig9al works 7 portrait bu/s1 & he _h _m notable p among 8 sitt]s4 ,among !m 7 ! ,emp]or ( ,g]many1 ! ,k+ ( ,bav>ia1 ,s*ell+1 ,goe!1 ,less+1 & _m o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4--,,/atue ,,( ,,que5 ,,l\ise4 ,by ,rau*4 ,,*ri/ian ,,rau* 7#aggg-aheg74 ,?is em95t sculptor 0 born at ,waldeck1 & foll[$ ! mann] ( ,s*ad[1 :i* he c>ri$ to its p]fection4 ,8 /atue ( ,que5 ,l\ise 7,fig4 #aba7 is "o ( ! f9e/ works ( mod]n sculpture1 & 8 /atues ( ! ,g5]als ,s*>nhor/ & ,buel[1 9 ,b]l91 are v f9e2 ! reliefs ^u ! p$e/als are ( classic beauty4 ,b 8 ma/]piece is ! gr& ,fri$ri*s monum5t4 ,rau* execut$ _m excell5t bu/s2 he made good portraits1 & yet he elevat$ ! "* ( 8 subjects to ! greate/ nobl5ess ( :i* !y 7 capable4 ,z a rule ,rau* avoid$ religi\s subjects1 b late 9 life he modell$ ! gr\p ( ,moses support$ 9 pray] by ,a>on & ,hur4 ,among 8 important works are ! /atue ( ,blue*]1 at ,breslau2 t ( ,augu/ ,h]mann ,franke1 at ,halle2 ,du]]1 at ,nuremb]g2 monum5t to ,maximilian ,i41 at ,muni*2 & six m>ble ,victories = ! ,walhalla4 ,8 works are num]\s1 & 9 !m we feel t ?is arti/ _h n a great imag9ative p[]2 he r>ely conceiv$ imag9>y subjects1 b he took "s fact or p]sonality z 8 motive1 & elevat$ x to ! highe/ po9t to :i* x c\ld be br\ght1 & "u 8 ma/]ly /yle ( execution produc$ spl5did results4 ,,ern/ ,,riets*el 7#ahjd-ahfj7 0 a gift$ pupil ( ,rau*4 ,aft] sp5d+ "s "t 9 ,rome he settl$ 9 ,dresd51 & execut$ ! /atue ( ,fri$]i* ,augu/ ( ,saxony1 = ! ,zw+]h(1 :5 b tw5ty-sev5 ye>s old4 ,8 *ief excell5ce 0 9 portrait /atues1 & ^? ( ,less+ & ,lu!r are rem>kable = _! p[]ful expression ( ! intellectual & moral =ce ( ^? m54 ,8 religi\s subjects 7 full ( deep feel+1 & 8 light] works h a *>m+ grace ab\t !m4 ,,ludwig ,,s*wan?al] 7#ahjb-ahdh7 /udi$ mu* 9 ,rome1 & 0 z devot$ to ! antique z 0 ,?orwalds54 ,he execut$ _m works 9 ,muni*1 ! pr9cipal ones be+ ! int]ior decoration ( ! ,glypto!k2 also t ( ! ,ko5igsbau & two gr\ps = ! ,walhalla4 ,a prom95t "w by ?is ma/] is ! bronze /atue ( ,bav>ia1 :i* is fifty-f\r feet high & /&s 9 front ( ! ,ruhme%alle4 ,he also made twelve gilt-bronze /atues ( ,bav>ian sov]eigns4 ,s*wan?al] _h rem>kable p[]s ( inv5tion & a fruitful imag9ation2 9 ^! po9ts he ranks ) ! fir/ ( mod]n sculptors2 b 8 works r>ely rise above :at we call decorative art1 & 9 spite ( 8 excell5t gifts he lack$ ! p[] to ar\se any en?usiasm = 8 /atues4 ,!re are _m o!r names t might be m5tion$ 9 connection ) mod]n sculpture 9 ,g]many4 ,n[h]e h ! monum5ts & portrait /atues & bu/s rea*$ a high] excell5ce ?an 9 :at we may call1 9 g5]al t]ms1 ! ,b]l9 s*ool4 ,pr(\nd att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! prop] reproduction ( ! individual *>act]s ( its subjects1 :ile ! art has n be5 all[$ to s9k into c>icature or commonplac5ess4 ,n[h]e does ! travell] bett] appreciate ! art ( our own day ?an 9 ! sculpture ( ,g]many4 ,b !re are exceptions to ?is rule2 "s su* arti/s z ,,!odore ,,kalide & ,,ludwig ,,wi*mann are want+ 9 ! s]i\s qualities ( ,s*ad[1 ,rau*1 & _! foll[]s1 & sometimes fall into a co>se realism2 b 9 spite ( ?is1 ! revival ( love = ! antique1 :i* began ) ,canova & 8 "t1 has borne ri* fruit 9 ! works ( mod]n ,g]man sculptors4 ,9 ,france ! _s ( mod]n sculpture has be5 l>gely t ( ! sev]e classic /yle1 & x has %[n _m ( ! same qualities t we h se5 9 mod]n ,g]man sculpture2 b ! diff]5t *>act]i/ics ( ! two nations h _h _! influ5ce "h z 9 ev]y?+ else4 ,9 ,france ! arti/ has aim$ at a f9e effect--fl[+ outl9e & dazzl+ repres5tations ( dramatic motives--f> m ?an ! nor!rn sculptors h done4 ,!re is less ?\ght & dep? ( feel+1 m outw>d attraction & /rik+ effect4 ,! classic ta/e :i* ass]t$ itself 9 ! "t ( ,canova 0 adopt$ 9 ,france1 b 9 a ,fr5* mann]2 & "o ( ! e>lie/ arti/s :o %[$ its effects 0 ,,francois ,,joseph ,,bosio 7#agfi-ahde71 :o 0 mu* honor$4 ,he 0 made a memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france & ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,b]l93 he 0 *ief sculptor to ! ,k+ ( ,france1 & execut$ _m public works4 ,he made _m portrait bu/s ( ! royal family & o!r prom95t p]sons1 b 8 *ief works 7 ! reliefs on ! column ( ! ,place ,v5dome1 ! ,*>iot on ! ar* ( ! ,place du ,c>r\sel1 ! monum5t to ! ,c\ntess ,demid(f1 & /atues ( my?ological h]oes & h]o9es4 ,= ! ,*apelle ,expiatoire1 ,bosio execut$ a gr\p repres5t+ ,l\is ,,xvii4 receiv+ com=t f an angel2 ! design is n z good z 9 "s ( 8 classic works1 b ! conception is pure & noble4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4--,,nymph4 ,by ,bosio4 ,,james ,,pradi] 7#agij-ahcb71 ?\gh born 9 ,g5eva1 0 ess5tially a ,fr5* sculptor1 & excell$ ! arti/s ( 8 day 9 8 repres5tations ( fem99e beauty4 ,8 ma/]piece is a f\nta9 at ,nimes1 9 :i* ! figures are f9e & ! drap]y noble & di/9ct 9 treatm5t4 ,! s]i\s & comic ,muses ( ! ,f\nta9 ,moli]e are excell5t works4 ,he made sev]al sep>ate /atues :i* are well kn[n2 8 ,psy*e has a butt]fly pois$ on ! upp] "p ( ! arm2 ,atalanta is fa/5+ h] s&als2 ,sappho is 9 despair4 ,8 ,niobe gr\p %[$ 8 p[] to repres5t bold action1 & 8 ,prome!us *a9$1 erect$ 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,tuil]ies1 is gr& & spirit$4 ,we c\ld "n a great numb] ( ,fr5* sculptors belong+ to ?is p]iod ^: works are se5 9 _m public places :i* !y adorn1 b ^: g5ius 0 n suffici5t to place !m 9 ! fir/ ranks ( ! _w's arti/s1 or make ! acc\nts ( !m any?+ m ?an a li/ ( works :i* has little mean+1 except :5 "o /&s be=e !m4 ,p]haps no "o man _h s wide an influ5ce ^u ?is art z _h ,,pi]re ,,jean ,,david 7#agic-ahef71 :o is call$ ,david ( ,ang]s1 :i* 0 8 bir?place1 9 ord] to di/+ui% him f ,jacques ,l\is ,david1 ! great pa9t]1 :o 0 l a fa!r to ?is sculptor1 ?\gh 9 no way connect$ ) him by ties ( k9dr$1 z f> z we "k4 ,b :5 ! sculptor w5t to ,p>is1 a v poor boy1 ,david ! pa9t]1 ^: att5tion 0 call$ to him 9 "s way1 0 8 fri5d1 & gave him lessons 9 draw+ & aid$ him 9 o!r ways4 ,9 #ahaa ,david ( ,ang]s obta9$ ! prize :i* enabl$ him to g to ,rome1 & aft] 8 return to ,p>is he 0 con/antly employ$4 ,! am\nt ( 8 "w 0 enorm\s2 _m ( 8 /atues 7 colossal1 & he execut$ a great numb] ( bu/s & m ?an n9ety m$allions4 ,he made ! /atue ( ,mme4 de ,/ael2 "o ( ,talma = ! ,!atre ,francais2 ! colossal /atue ( ,k+ ,r5e at ,aix2 monum5t to ,f5elon at ,cambray2 ! /atue ( ! great ,conde at ,v]sailles2 ! ,gut5b]g memorial at ,/rasburg1 :i* is "o ( 8 mo/ successful works1 & a l>ge numb] ( o!r sculptures4 ,8 *ief *>act]i/ic is realism1 & he c>ri$ ?is s f> t x frequ5tly became co>s5ess4 ,david design$ ! relief = ! p$im5t ( ! ,pan!on4 ,! inscription on ! build+ decl>es t x is d$icat$ by a grateful c\ntry to its great m51 & ! sculptor seems to h _h ?is 9 m9d1 = he repres5t$ 9 8 gr\p a figure ( ,france surr\nd$ by ^? :o _h be5 great 9 its times ( w> & days ( peace4 ,x is too reali/ic to be pleas+1 & is f> less cr$itable to ! sculptor ?an are _m ( 8 less prom95t works4 ,if little c be said ( ! mod]n ,fr5* sculpture prior to our imm$iate "t1 !re is /ill less to be told ( t ( ,engl&4 ,!re are _m public monum5ts !re1 b !y d n %[ =? any high arti/ic g5ius or rise above ! commonplace except 9 v r>e in/ances4 ,!re is b "o ,engli% sculptor ( :om ,i %all speak4 ,,john ,,gibson 7#agia-ahff7 0 born ne> ,conway1 9 ,wales4 ,:5 he 0 n9e ye>s old 8 p>5ts w5t to ,liv]pool ) ! int5tion ( sail+ = ,am]ica2 b !y gave up ! idea1 & ! boy 0 s5t to s*ool 9 ,liv]pool4 ,be=e ?is he _h be5 9 ! habit ( draw+ & ( mak+ sket*es ( any?+ t he saw & 0 pleas$ )2 he n[ /udi$ ! pr9ts 9 ! %op w9d[s1 & made pictures1 :i* he sold to 8 fell[-pupils4 ,he attract$ ! att5tion ( a pr9t-sell]1 :o 0 s int]e/$ 9 him t he all[$ him to draw f /udies & ca/s f ! antique :i* he _h4 ,:5 f\rte5 ye>s old ! boy 0 appr5tic$ to a cab9et-mak]1 b aft] a ye> he p]suad$ 8 employ] to all[ him to leave 8 %op1 & 0 !n appr5tic$ to a wood-c>v]4 ,he did n /op at ?is1 h[ev]1 = :5 he became acqua9t$ ) ! ,messrs4 ,francis1 :o _h a m>ble-y>d1 he p]suad$ 8 second ma/] to release him1 & 0 appr5tic$ = ! ?ird "t1 & 9 ?is case to ! occupation :i* he _h det]m9$ %\ld be t ( 8 life4 ,he 0 n[ v happy1 & 8 improvem5t 9 draw+1 modell+1 & work+ 9 m>ble 0 v rapid4 ,aft] a few mon?s he made ! acqua9tance ( ,william ,roscoe1 :o became 8 fri5d & patron4 ,he rema9$ 9 ,liv]pool until he 0 tw5ty-sev5 ye>s old2 he _h improv$ e advantage )9 8 rea*1 b he 0 v desir\s ( travell+4 ,9 #ahag1 arm$ ) a few lett]s ( introduction1 he w5t to ,london1 :]e he obta9$ sev]al ord]s1 & 9 ,octob] ( t ye> w5t to ,rome4 ,he _h a lett] to ,canova1 :o took him "u 8 c>e & gave him admission to ! classes 9 ! ,academy1 9 :i* he c\ld draw f liv+ models4 ,9 #ahai he receiv$ 8 fir/ important commission2 x 0 f ! ,duke ( ,devon%ire = a gr\p ( ,m>s & ,cupid4 ,f ?is "t he advanc$ /eadily 9 8 pr(ession1 & 0 always busy4 ,he liv$ tw5ty-sev5 ye>s 9 ,rome1 & pass$ 8 summ]s 9 ,innsbrueck4 ,9 #ahdd he w5t to ,liv]pool to ov]see ! erection ( 8 /atue ( ,mr4 ,huskisson2 he 0 receiv$ ) en?usiasm1 & :5 he w5t to ,glasg[ to sup]9t5d ! plac+ ( 8 /atue ( ,mr4 ,f9lay 9 ! ,m]*ants' ,hall 8 reception 0 ev5 m flatt]+1 z x 0 giv5 him simply z an arti/1 & n connect$ ) any =m] associations1 z 9 ,liv]pool4 ,dur+ ?is visit to ,engl& ,gibson 0 summon$ to ,w9dsor to make a /atue ( ,que5 ,victoria1 :i* he complet$ aft] 8 return to ,rome4 ,! que5 0 repres5t$ 9 a classical co/ume1 & ! diadem1 s&als1 & bord]s ( ! drap]y 7 color$4 ,?is 0 v mu* criticis$ & mu* 0 writt5 & said ab\t x2 ,gibson took little notice ( all ?is1 & simply answ]$ x by say+1 ,:atev] ! ,greeks did 0 "r4 ,9 #ahea ,gibson su/a9$ a great loss 9 ! dea? ( 8 bro!r ,b51 :o _h liv$ ) him 9 ,rome = f\rte5 ye>s4 ,five ye>s lat]1 :5 9 p]fect heal?1 ! sculptor 0 attack$ by p>alysis1 & liv$ b a %ort "t4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! ,engli% cemet]y at ,rome1 & ,"l ,lytton wrote ! inscription ^u 8 monum5t4 ,x says3 ,8 native g5ius /r5g!n$ by c>eful /udy1 he infus$ ! _s ( ,grecian art into ma/]pieces all 8 own4 ,8 "* z a man 0 9 unison ) 8 attributes z an arti/--beautiful 9 its simplicity & tru?fulness1 noble 9 its dignity & elevation4 ,a monum5t 0 also rais$ to ,gibson 9 ! *ur* at ,conway4 ,! ma/] left ! models ( all 8 works & ! l>g] "p ( 8 =tune to ! ,royal ,academy 9 ,london4 ,among 8 works are ,m>s & ,cupid1 at ,*atswor?2 ,psy*e borne by ,zephyrs1 9 ! ,palazzo ,torlonia1 at ,rome1 & a replica at ,/4 ,pet]sburg2 ,hylas surpris$ by ,nymphs1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london2 ,sleep+ ,%eph]d ,boy1 9 ! ,l5ox collection 9 ,new ,york2 ,cupid disguis$ z a ,%eph]d1 :i* he (t5 repeat$2 portraits ( ,que5 ,victoria1 at ,buck+ham ,palace & ,osborne2 ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey2 ,george ,/eph5son1 9 ,/4 ,george's ,hall1 ,liv]pool2 eighte5 portrait bu/s2 sixte5 bas-reliefs ( ideal subjects & sixte5 o!rs = monum5ts to ! dead4 ,a l>ge "p ( ^! are 9 ! *apel ( ! ,liv]pool ,cemet]y4 ,he modell$ a bas-relief ( ,*ri/ bless+ little *ildr54 ,gibson f\nd 8 entire happ9ess 9 8 art4 ,9 8 own words1 he work$ on happily & ) ev] new pleasure1 avoid+ evil & ) a calm s\l1 mak+ images1 n = wor%ip1 b = ! love ( ! beautiful4 ,! beautiful elevates u above ! cr[d 9 ?is _w2 ! ideal1 high]--yes1 high] /ill1 to cele/ial beauty1 ! f\nta9 ( all4 ,socrates said t outw>d beauty 0 ! sign ( ! inw>d2 9 ! life ( a man1 z 9 an image1 e "p %\ld be beautiful4 ,he 0 nev] elat$ by praise2 he 0 glad ( tributes :i* prov$ t he 0 respect$1 b he receiv$ all honors ) a simplicity ( self-respect :i* spoke ! s9c]e nobility ( 8 nature4 ,!re are _m amus+ anecdotes told ( 8 abs5tm9d$ness ab\t ev]y?+ n connect$ ) 8 art4 ,miss ,h>riet ,hosm] 0 8 only pupil1 & %e said ( him3 ,he is a god 9 8 /udio1 b ,god help him :5 he is out ( x4 ,he nev] c\ld ma/] ! ins & outs ( railroad travell+1 & ev5 :5 put 9 ! "r tra9 at ! "r "t he w\ld be sure to get out at ! wrong place at ! wrong "t4 ,on "o ( 8 j\rneys1 :5 he suppos$ he 0 at ! "r place1 he got out & ask$ ! port] to %[ him ! way to ! ca!dral4 ,9 8 own acc\nt he said3 ,b ! sc\ndrel w\ld h x !re 0 no ca!dral 9 ! place1 & at la/ _h ! impud5ce to ask me if ,i knew :]e ,i 04 ,!n ,i discov]$ t in/ead ( be+ 9 ,*i*e/]1 :]e ,i _h a p>ticul> appo9tm5t ) ! dean & *apt]1 ,i 0 safe 9 ,portsm\?1 :]e !re 0 no ca!dral at all4 ,! "t has n come = any compreh5sive e/imate ( ! sculpture ( our own c\ntry4 ,s _m ( our arti/s are /ill liv+ t x w\ld be unju/ to speak ( !m 9 connection ) ^? ^: "w is complete & ^: rank is fix$ z a matt] ( hi/ory4 ,we h no "r to say ( "o :o is /ill work+ t he has rea*$ 8 full height1 & ev5 aft] dea? a c]ta9 p]iod mu/ elapse be=e ! true m]it ( an arti/ c be e/abli%$ & 8 "n writt5 9 its j place ^u ! roll ( fame4 ,s1 9 leav+ ?is subject1 we w turn aga9 to ! l& ( :i* we fir/ spoke 9 consid]+ mod]n sculpture4 ,9 ,italy ?is art has n ris5 above ! elevation to :i* ,canova & ,?orwalds5 br\ght x2 = ?\gh ! la/ 0 a ,dane1 8 "w may truly be said to belong to ! ,roman s*ool4 ,we mu/ reg>d ,italy z ! l& ( art 9 a peculi> s5se1 b x is easy to und]/& t "u ! political mis=tunes :i* %e has suff]$ an advance 9 arti/ic life c\ld n be made4 ,n[1 :5 a new _s is active !re1 & a fre] ?\ght prevails 9 o!r directions1 may we n believe t 9 ! arts !re w be a revival ( ! be/ inspiration t has ev] come to t home ( grace & beauty8 ,z we glance ov] ! entire civiliz$ _w ( to-day we f9d an imm5se activity 9 all matt]s p]ta9+ to ! f9e arts4 ,s*ools & academies are multipli$ ev]y:]e1 & ! int]e/ 9 works ( art is univ]sal4 ,_m a private g5tleman is to-day z lib]al a patron ( arti/s z 7 ! pr9ces & nobles ( ! pa/4 ,x is z if !re 7 a va/ crucible 9 :i* arti/s ( all nations are be+ te/$1 & f ?is te/+ ( _! metal x w\ld seem t mu* pure gold mu/ come =?4 ,z we review ! hi/ory ( sculpture f its e>lie/ days to ! pres5t1 we are compell$ to l+] lov+ly ) ! ,greek or classic art4 ,! p]iod 9 :i* x exi/$ 0 a bless$ p]iod = ! sculptor4 ,we all "k t ! be/ f\ndation = ! excell5ce ( art is ! /udy & reproduction ( nature1 & 9 ! times ( ! ,greeks !re 0 no reason :y ! human =m1 ! mo/ beautiful object 9 nature1 %\ld n be us$ by ! sculptor = ! decoration ( ! temple1 = ! /atues ( ! public squ>e or !atre1 or = any position 9 :i* sculpture c\ld be us$ at all4 ,! cu/oms ( mod]n life are oppos$ to ?is free exhibition ( nude =ms1 & ! difficulties t are ?r[n 9 ! way ( ! sculptor by ?is "o fact are almo/ m ?an we c realize2 & ! task ( drap+ a figure & yet %[+ its %ape & indicat+ its prop] proportions & action is "o be=e :i* ev5 a ,greek sculptor w\ld h reason to d\bt himself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a sculptor does succe$ 9 produc+ a drap$ figure :i* satisfies arti/ic ta/e1 he has a*iev$ mu*1 & m]its ! highe/ praise4 ,a drap]y :i* has gracefully compos$ masses & fl[+ l9es adds great dignity to ! figure ( a patri>* or a prophet1 & !re are num]\s subjects1 religi\s & monum5tal1 9 :i* a full1 graceful drap]y is requisite2 b :51 z is (t5 ! case1 ! sculptor is requir$ to reproduce ! actual co/ume ( ! day1 :at c we look =8 ,! tru? is1 x has no grace 9 itself2 :at1 !n1 mu/ x be :5 put into ! fix$ness ( bronze or m>ble8 ,yet :]e is ! rem$y = ?is8 ,we d n wi% to see ! m5 :om we h kn[n & :o h mov$ among u 9 ! dress ( o!r m5 put into an antique disguise by ! sculptor2 ! incongruity ( ?is is too app>5t4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 & said ^u ^! po9ts1 & no solution ( ! difficulty has be5 f\nd2 b x is only j t :5 we judge ( ! /atues made "u su* difficulties1 we %\ld rememb] !m & give ! arti/ ! b5efit ( ! consid]ation ( all ! h9drances t exi/ = him4 ,we/macott1 9 8 ,h&book ( ,sculpture1 gives z 8 ,conclusion an acc\nt ( ! me*anical me?ods ( ! sculptor1 & ,i believe t ,i c add no?+ "h :i* w be ( great] use to my read]s ?an a quotation f t au?or4 ,! arti/1 hav+ inv5t$ or conceiv$ 8 subject1 usually beg9s by mak+ a small sket* ( x 9 "s s(t & ob$i5t sub/ance1 z clay or wax4 ,he c *ange or alt] ?is at 8 pleasure till he is satisfi$ ) ! l9es & masses ( ! composition1 & ! proportions x w comm& ( light & %ad[4 ,he !n proce$s to copy ?is small b useful sket*1 z 8 guide1 9 its g5]al arrangem5t1 = 8 full-siz$ model4 ,be=e comm5c+ ! l>g] model x is necess>y to =m a sort ( skeleton or framework ( iron & wood1 ) jo9ts made ( wire1 to support ! great mass ( clay 9 :i* ! figure or gr\p is n[ to be execut$4 ,?is iron frame is firmly fix$ ^u a turn+ b5*1 or bank]1 s t ! model may be con/antly mov$ )\t difficulty1 s z to be se5 9 diff]5t lights & 9 v>i\s po9ts ( view4 ,z ! clay is likely to %r9k z x gets dry1 x is necess>y occasionally to wet x4 ,?is is done by spr9kl+ wat] ov] x ) a bru%1 or f a l>ge syr+e1 & by lay+ damp clo?s ^u x4 ,?is is ! ord9>y process = mak+ a model 9 ! 'r\nd4' ,9 modell+ 9 rilievo ( ei!r k9d1 alto or basso1 a plane or gr\nd is prep>$ ^u :i* ! design is1 or %\ld be1 c>efully drawn4 ,?is may be made ( clay float$ or laid ^u a bo>d1 or ! gr\nd may be ( slate1 or ev5 ( wood1 ?\gh ! latt] is objectionable1 9 l>ge works especially1 f its liability to %r9k & to be w>p$ by ! action ( damp or moi/ure4 ,! clay is !n laid 9 small quantities ^u ?is gr\nd1 ! outl9e be+ b\nd$ by ! draw+1 :i* %\ld be c>efully pres]v$2 & ! bulk or projection ( ! figures is regulat$ by ! degree ( relief ! sculptor desires to give to 8 design4 ,if ! f9al "w is to be bak$ 9 clay 7t]ra-cotta7 !re mu/ be no iron or wood5 nucleus1 z x w\ld int]f]e ) ! model dry+ regul>ly & uni=mly1 & probably cause x to crack 9 %r9k+4 ,! model is !re=e prep>$ = dry+ )\t su* support4 ,:5 p]fectly free f moi/ure ! model is plac$ 9 an ov5 & bak$ sl[ly1 by :i* x acquires great h>dness & ! peculi> br[ni%-r$ color se5 9 ^! works4 ,?is art has be5 br\ght to great p]fection 9 ,engl& 9 mod]n days4 ,if ! f9al "w is to be 9 m>ble1 or bronze1 or only 9 pla/]1 ! next process aft] f9i%+ ! model is to m\ld x1 9 prep>ation = its be+ reproduc$ 9 a mat]ial t w be> mov+ ab\t )\t risk ( injury to ! design4 ,?is is done by cov]+ x ) a mixture ( pla/] ( ,p>is ) wat]1 :i* quickly sets or becomes consi/5t1 =m+ a h>d & ?ick coat+ ov] ! :ole4 ,! clay is !n c>efully pick$ out1 & an exact matrix1 or =m1 rema9s4 ,?is is wa%$ clean1 & ! int]ior is !n bru%$ ov] ) any greasy sub/ance1 usually a composition ( soap & oil1 to prev5t ! pla/] ) :i* x is next to be fill$ adh]+ too firmly to x4 ,! fre% pla/] is mix$ to ab\t ! consi/5cy ( cream & !n p\r$ into ! m\ld1 :i* is g5tly mov$ ab\t till ! inn] surface is entirely fill$ or cov]$1 s t all p>ts may be rea*$4 ,! ?ickness or sub/ance ( ! coat+ dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! "w & ! degree ( /r5g? requir$4 ,:5 ! newly introduc$ pla/] is set ! m\ld is c>efully knock$ away ) *isels1 & a true ca/ appe>s b5ea?1 giv+ an entire fac-simile ( ! orig9al model4 ,"s skill is requir$ 9 mak+ m\lds1 9 ord] to provide = project+ p>ts & "u-cutt+s2 practice alone c tea* ! arti/ h[ to deal ) ^? difficulties :5 !y occur4 ,! above g5]al in/ructions suffici5tly expla9 ! ord9>y processes ( m\ld+ & ca/+ 9 pla/]4 ,9 metal-ca/+ or f\nd+ great att5tion mu/ be paid to ! /r5g!n+ ( ! p>ts to be> ! weight ( ! metal2 b ! pr9ciple describ$ 9 pla/]-m\ld+ applies also to ! prep>ation = metal-ca/+4 ,! mixture ( metals to =m bronze1 ! prop] heat+ ( ! furnace1 burn+ & unit+ p>ts1 *as+ & o!r processes ( f\nd+ _c be fully describ$ 9 ?is place4 ,!y belong to a di/9ct practice1 & to be well und]/ood mu/ be /udi$ 9 ! f\ndry4 ,if ! model--n[ reproduc$ 9 pla/]--is to be copi$ 9 m>ble or /one1 ! fir/ /ep is to procure a block ( ! requir$ size4 ,two /ones1 call$ scale-/ones1 are !n prep>$1 ^u "o ( :i* ! model or pla/] ca/ is plac$1 & ^u ! o!r ! r\gh block ( m>ble4 ,! fronts ( ^! /ones h figur$ m>ks or 'scales1' to use ! te*nical t]m1 exactly correspond+4 ,an in/rum5t capable ( be+ easily mov$1 & :i* is fitt$ up ) socket-jo9ts & movable arms1 is !n appli$ to ! scale-/one ( ! model1 & a project+ po9t or 'ne$le' is made to t\* a p>ticul> "p ( ! model itself4 ,?is is c>efully remov$ to ! scale-/one ( ! r\gh block1 & ! m>ble is cut away till ! 'ne$le' rea*es s f> into ! block z to correspond ) ! 'po9t' tak5 on ! model4 ,a p5cil-m>k is !n made to %[ t ! po9t is f\nd & regi/]$4 ,?is process is repeat$ all ov] ! model & block1 alt]nately1 till a r\gh copy or %ape ( ! model is entirely made4 ,^! 'po9t+' ma*9es are n always precisely alike 9 _! =ms1 b ! pr9ciple ^u :i* !y act is exactly simil> 9 all4 ,! /atue be+ ?us rudely %ap$ out1 ! block is plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a sup]ior workman1 call$ a 'c>v]1' :o1 hav+ ! pla/ic model ne> at h& to ref] to1 copies ! m m9ute portions ( ! "w by means ( *isels1 rasps1 & files1 ! p5cil-m>ks made by ! 'po9t]' %[+ him ! precise situation ( ! p>ts & ! limit beyond :i* he is n to p5etrate into ! m>ble4 ,:5 ! c>v] has c>ri$ ! "w z f> z ! sculptor desires1 he proce$s himself to give x ! f9i%+ t\*es1 improv+ ! details ( =m & expression1 manag+ ! diff]5t effects produc$ by two diff]5t mat]ials--"o1 ! pla/ic model1 be+ opaque2 ! o!r1 ! m>ble1 be+ consid]ably diaphan\s2 giv+ ! prop] v>ieties ( texture 9 ! fle%1 hair1 & drap]y1 &1 m especially1 h>moniz+ ! :ole4 ,! ri* quality ( surface t appe>s m or less 9 works ( m>ble is produc$ by rubb+ ) f9e s& or pumice-/one & o!r sub/ances1 & ! anci5ts appe> to h complet$ ?is "p ( _! "w by a process :i* is call$ 'circumlitio1' & may mean n only rubb+ or poli%+1 b apply+ "s composition1 su* z hot wax1 to give a s(t1 gl[+ color to ! surface4 ,_m ( ! anci5t /atues c]ta9ly exhibit ! appe>ance ( "s =eign sub/ance hav+ slightly p5etrat$ ! surface ( ! "w to ab\t "o eigh? ( an in*1 & its color is ( a w>m] t9t ?an ! m>ble bel[ x2 a process1 be x obs]v$1 q di/9ct f & n to be conf\nd$ ) poly*romy1 or :at is usually und]/ood by pa9t+ sculpture ) v>i\s t9ts1 9 imitation ( ! natural color ( ! complexion1 hair1 & eyes4 ,its object1 probably1 ) ! anci5ts z ) mod]n sculptors1 has be5 simply to get rid ( ! gl>e & fre%ness ( appe>ance t is sometimes object$ to 9 a rec5tly f9i%$ "w1 by giv+ a g5]al w>m? to ! color ( ! m>ble4 ,,index4 ,abduction ( ,briseis 7,?orwalds571 #beg ,abildga>d1 #bed ,abraham & ,isaac1 #aci ,abundance 7della ,porta71 #bab ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts1 ,flor5ce1 ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,david 91 #bja ,a*illes1 /ory (1 #bf2 & ,priam 7,?orwalds571 #bii2 & ,p5!silea 7,s*ad[71 #bgj ,acropolis1 #gh ,action 9 ,egyptian sculpture1 #c ,actaeon & 8 ,dogs1 #bd ,adam 7,cano71 #bbj ,adam & ,eve1 reliefs (1 #ach1 #aci2 by ,rizzo1 #aed ,adonis 7,?orwalds571 #beh ,ador+ ,madonna1 #aeb ,a,egina1 m>bles (1 & ,?orwalds51 #bfj ,a,emilius ,paulus1 #hd ,a,eneas & ,an*ises 7,*audet71 #bdh ,a,esculapius4 ,see ,asclepius ,a,etolians1 #hd ,agamemnon1 #ij ,ages&] & ! ,laocoon1 #gd ,agnello1 ,fra ,guglielmo d'1 #acj ,agoracritus1 #di1 #ea ,agrippa & ! ,apoxyom5os1 #gj ,agripp9a1 /atue (1 #ajc ,aix1 #bge ,al>ic & ,m9]va ,proma*os1 #ce ,alb]t1 ,ar*duke1 & ,duquesnoy1 #bbf ,alcam5es1 #di ,aldovr&i1 ,gian ,francesco1 #aih ,alex&] ! ,great2 /atues (1 #fi1 #gb2 decl9e aft]1 #gb2 portrait /atues (1 #ajj2 & ,diog5es1 by ,puget1 #bbi2 by ,danneck]1 #bdh2 by ,?orwalds51 #bei2 ,entrance into ,babylon (1 #bfh ,alex&]1 ,emp]or ( ,russia1 & ,?orwalds51 #bfb ,alex&] ,,vii41 monum5t (1 #bbf ,alex&ros1 sculptor ( ,v5us ( ,milo1 #hg ,alto-rilievo1 #bha ,altoviti1 /atue ( 7,cell9i71 #aia ,amadeo1 ,giovanni ,antonio1 #aeg ,amboise ,monum5t1 #agg ,ambras] ,gall]y1 ,vi5na1 ,cell9i's salt-cell> 91 #aij ,ami5s ,ca!dral1 #agf ,anci5t ,italian sculpture1 #hb ,ancona1 #aef ,&]s51 ,hans1 & ,?orwalds51 #bff ,&rosph9x1 #f ,angel ( ,baptism 7,?orwalds571 #bfb ,angel's ,salutation 7,/oss71 #afe ,angui]1 ,francois1 #bbh ,angui]1 ,mi*ael1 #bbh ,animals 9 ,egyptian sculpture1 #e ,anne ( ,au/ria1 & ,angui]1 #bbh ,anne ( ,brittany1 monum5t (1 #agg ,annunciation 7,donatello71 #adb ,annunziata1 *ur* (1 #bab ,antigonus1 fa!r ( ,poliorcetes1 #gc ,antium1 #ia ,antonelli1 ,c>d9al1 #ajj ,antw]p1 t[n hall (1 #bca ,aphrodite4 ,see ,v5us ,apollo2 ,sosianus1 temple (1 #fa2 by ,leo*>es1 #fe2 ! ,belv$]e1 #ia1 !ories conc]n+1 #ib1 #ie2 ! ,/e9haeus]1 #ia2 ! ,/rogan(f1 #ib2 by ,sansov9o1 #ahf2 & ,daphne1 by ,b]n9i1 #bbd2 & ,daphne1 by ,canova1 #bci2 by ,canova1 #bdj2 by ,flaxman1 #bea ,apollodorus1 #hf ,apollonius1 ( ! ,toro ,f>nese1 #gf ,apo/les 7,?orwalds571 #bfb ,apoxyom5os 7,lysippus71 #gj ,ar*aic p]iod1 #bb ,ar*ai/ic p]iod1 #bg ,ar*es 9 ,rome1 #ig ,ar*itecture1 close connection ) ,egyptian sculpture1 #aj ,ar*angel ,mi*ael & ,satan 7,flaxman71 #bea ,areobrudus1 dipty* (1 #aji ,arezzo1 #acb ,argos1 s*ool (1 #gb ,ariadne 7,danneck]71 #bdh ,arrezzo1 ,niccolo (1 #ace ,artemis1 ar*ai/ic /atue (1 #bh1 #id1 #ie 7& see ,diana7 ,as*aff5burg ,vis*]'s works 91 #age ,asclepius1 by ,alcam5es1 #ej2 by ,canova1 #bci ,assos1 reliefs f1 #bc ,assyria1 #aj ,assyrian influ5ce on ,etruscan art1 #hb ,atalanta1 by ,pradi]1 #bgd ,a!na2 ,proma*os 7,phidias71 #cd2 bir? (1 #ch2 attributes (1 #ci2 repres5tations (1 #dj2 by ,phidias1 #hd2 ( ! ,capitol1 #id1 #ie1 #if 7& see ,m9]va & ,pallas7 ,a!nodorus & ! ,laocoon1 #gd ,a!ns1 /atue f1 at ,rome1 #hd ,attalus ,i41 /atues (1 #gh ,augsburg1 #abc1 #afd ,augu/io1 #ajh ,augu/us1 ,emp]or2 & ar*ai/ic p]iod1 #bg2 & ,grecian spoils1 #hd2 /atue (1 #ajb ,babylonians1 #ag ,bac*us2 & ! ,tyrrh5ian robb]s1 #fg2 tripod (1 by ,lysicrates1 #fg2 #hd2 by ,sansov9o1 #ahe2 by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #bjj ,balda*91 #agd ,bali]1 ,he9ri* d51 #abc ,bamb]g1 #abc2 c>v+s 91 #afg2 & ,krafft1 #afh ,b&9elli1 ,baccio1 #bab2 & ,cell9i1 #aij ,bapti/]y ( ,pisa1 #abh ,bapti/]y ( ,flor5ce1 #acg1 #ach2 gates (1 #acc ,b>b]9i1 ,c>d9al1 & ,b]n9i1 #bbc ,b>b]9i ,faun1 #gc ,b>gello1 museum ( !1 #aci ,b>yat9ska1 ,pr9cess1 #bfj ,basle1 ,/e9haeus] ,apollo 91 #ia ,basilica ( ,san ,petronio1 ,bologna1 #acg ,bas-relief2 ,egyptian1 #b2 ,assyrian1 #ab2 ! fir/1 #bj ,basso-rilievo1 #bha ,battle ( ,a!nians & ,amazons1 #gh ,battle ( ,m>a?on1 #gh ,battle ( ! ,gods & ,giants1 #gh ,bav>ia2 ,k+ (1 #bgj2 /atue (1 #bga2 sov]eigns (1 ,s*wan?al]'s /atues (1 #bgb ,beata ,villana1 #aea ,beauh>nais1 monum5t to1 #bfc ,beautiful ,f\nta91 ,nuremb]g1 #abc ,beauty1 ,greek love (1 #ah ,beg>elli1 ,antonio1 #aic ,b]5g>ia1 /atue (1 #aai ,b]l9 ,museum1 works ( ,py?agoras 91 #cj2 ,beg>elli's works 91 #aid ,b]l9 s*ool1 #bgb ,b]n>di1 ,giuseppe1 #bcg ,b]ne1 ca!dral (1 #agj ,b]n9i1 #bbc ,b]ruguete1 ,alonso1 #bag ,b]toldo & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #aie ,be?mann1 ,h]r1 #bdh ,beu*1 #bac ,bi5aime1 pupil ( ,?orwalds51 #bfa ,b9desboell1 ar*itect1 #bfh ,bir? ( ,/4 ,john 7,du]]71 #aff ,blue*]1 ,s*ad['s /atue (1 #bfi2 ,rau*'s /atue (1 #bga ,boboli ,g>d5s1 #bad ,boe?us ( ,*alc$on1 #hj ,boileau1 bu/ (1 #bbi ,bologna2 #abh2 works ( ,lomb>do 91 #aib2 ,mi*ael ,angelo 91 #aih ,bologna1 ,giovanni da1 #bac ,bon family1 #ace ,bontemps1 ,pi]re1 #agh ,bosio1 ,francois ,joseph1 #bgc ,bottig>i1 de'1 #aic ,b\rges1 ,ca!dral (1 #aad1 #agh ,b\rg!rr\lde1 ,hotel1 #agh ,boy & ,dolph9 7,v]oc*io71 #adi ,boy & ,goose1 #hj ,bracc9i1 ,nicolo1 #ahg ,bramante & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #bjb ,braye1 ,c>d9al de1 monum5t (1 #acc ,bregno1 ,antonio ,giovanni1 #aed ,breslau1 #bga ,briseis1 by ,?orwalds51 #beg ,bri/ol1 ,"l1 & ,flaxman1 #bea ,briti% ,museum2 ,h>py monum5t 91 #bd2 ,elg9 m>bles 91 #cg2 /atue ( ,p]icles 91 #eb2 /atue ( ,mausolus 91 #eg2 ,etruscan table-w>e 91 #hc2 ,du]]'s c>v+s 91 #aff ,bronzes1 ,etruscan1 #hb ,bro!r & ,si/]1 ,niobe gr\p1 #fd ,bruges1 #agh ,brugs*-,bey conc]n+ ,m>tis51 #a ,brun1 ,*>les le1 monum5t (1 #bbi ,brun1 ,ida1 ,?orwalds5's /atue (1 #beh ,brunelles*i1 #aci1 #adj ,bruni1 ,lion>do1 /atue (1 #aea ,brunswick ,museum1 #aff ,buck+ham ,palace1 & ,flaxman1 #bea2 & ,gibson1 #bgg ,buon>roti1 #aid ,buoni1 #ace ,burgkapelle1 & ,veit ,/oss1 #afe ,burgos1 ,alt>s (1 #agi ,burial ( ,*ri/ 7,krafft71 #afh ,burns1 ,flaxman's /atue (1 #bea ,buel[1 ,rau*'s /atue (1 #bgj ,byzantium1 e>ly ,*ri/ian sculpture 91 #ajh2 ivory c>v+ 91 #ajh ,ca9 & ,abel1 #aci ,calabria1 ,duke (1 #aec ,calamis1 #ca ,caligula1 & ! ,!spian ,cupid1 #fa2 & ,grecian spoils1 #hd ,callima*us1 #eb ,callon ( ,a,egina1 #bg ,cambio1 ,arnolfo di1 #acc ,cambray1 #bge ,campanile at ,flor5ce1 #adf ,campo ,santo ( ,pisa1 #aca ,cano1 ,alonso1 #bai ,canon ( ,polycleitus1 #ed ,canova1 ,antonio1 #bcf2 & ,gibson1 #bgf ,canova1 ,pas9o1 #bcf ,cant]bury ,ca!dral1 #aba ,capitol at ,rome2 ,helios 91 #fi2 ,m9]va 91 #ie ,capitol9e ,museum1 bu/s by ,canova 91 #bdf ,capu*9s & ,?orwalds51 #bfc ,c>acalla1 ,ba?s (2 & ,f>nese ,bull1 #gf2 & ,f>nesian ,h]cules1 #hh ,c>idad ( ,seville1 #bbj ,c>lov+ians1 /atues (1 #aai ,c>r\sel1 ,place du1 ,*>iot (1 #bgc ,c>?usian ,*apel1 ,dijon1 #abe ,c>v]1 #bhc ,casa ,santa1 ,loreto1 #ahd ,ca/ellani collection1 #gh ,cavali]e ,alb]to1 #beh ,cell9i1 ,b5v5uto1 #ahg ,c5taurs & ,lapi?ae 7,alcam5es71 #ea ,cephalus & ,aurora 7,flaxman71 #bea ,cephisodotus1 #ee ,c]es2 ,roman temple (1 #hc2 ,livia z1 #ajd ,c]tosa ( ,pavia1 #agg2 #aid2 & ,omodeo1 #aeh ,ces5a1 #aef2 & ,lomb>do1 #aib ,*apelle ,expiatoire1 #bgd ,*>es ( ,l9dos1 #ga ,*>ity 7,coysevox71 #bbi ,*>les ,i4 & ,b]n9i1 #bbf ,*>les ,,viii41 #agg ,*>midas1 #cb ,*>tres1 ca!dral (1 #aad ,*audet1 ,anto9e ,d5is1 #bdg ,*oragic monum5t ( ,lysicrates1 #fe ,*oragus1 #fe ,*ri/2 e>ly /atues (1 #ajf2 figure (1 at ,rheims1 #aag2 by ,vis*]1 #agd2 by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #bjf2 by ,c\/\1 #bcj2 by ,danneck]1 #bdh2 v>i\s /atues (1 by ,?orwalds51 #bfb2 by ,gibson1 #bgg ,*ri/ian ,,iv41 ,?orwalds5's /atue (1 #bff ,*ri/ian ,,viii4 & ,?orwalds51 #bff ,*ri/ian ,art1 #ajd ,*ri/ian ,*>ity 7,?orwalds571 #bfb ,*ri/ian ,fr$]ick1 ,pr9ce1 #bei ,*ri/ian sculpture1 #aje ,*ri/iansborg palace & ,?orwalds51 #beh ,*ryselephant9e /atues1 #bb ,*ur1 ca!dral (1 #afd ,*ur* ( ,our ,lady1 ,?orwalds5's works 91 #bfb ,cimon1 patron ( ,phidias1 #cd ,c9c9natus1 by ,*audet1 #bdh ,cione1 ,&rea ,arcagnuolo di1 #acd ,circumlitio1 #bhd ,civitali1 ,matteo1 #aec ,claudius2 & ! ,!spian ,cupid1 #fa2 ar* (1 9 ,rome1 #ih ,clem5t ,,vii4 & ,cell9i1 #ahg ,clem5t ,,xiii41 ,canova's monum5t (1 #bdb ,clem5t ,,xiv41 monum5t (1 #bdj ,cleom5es1 #hf1 #ij ,cnidos1 ,v5us (1 #fj ,co9s1 ,a!nian1 #ce2 ( ,elis1 #ce ,colb]t1 tomb (1 #bbi ,colleoni2 /atue (1 #adi2 & ,leop>do1 #aee ,colleoni ,*apel1 ,b]gamo1 #aeg ,cologne1 #abc ,colonna1 ,vittoria1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #bji ,color2 9 ,assyrian bas-reliefs1 #ad2 9 ,a,eginetan /atues1 #bf2 9 ?irte5? c5tury sculptures1 #aae ,colossi1 ,egyptian1 #h2 ( ,!bes1 #h ,colossus ( ,rhodes1 #ga ,com$y 7,flaxman71 #bea ,como1 ca!dral (1 #aei ,conception 7,montanes71 #bai ,conde1 /atues (1 by ,coysevox1 #bbi2 by ,david1 #bge ,consalvi1 ,c>d9al1 #bfc ,con/ance1 ca!dral (1 #afc ,con/ant9e1 ar* (1 #aje2 column (1 #ajh2 ,b]n9i's /atue (1 #bbf ,conway1 #bgg ,cop]nicus1 ,?orwalds5's monum5t to1 #bfb ,cor9?ian capital1 #ec ,cornac9i1 #gd ,corneto1 #hc ,correggio & ,beg>elli1 #aic ,cortona1 #acb ,cosmo ,i41 & ,donatello1 #add2 ,giovanni da ,bologna's /atue (1 #bad ,cosmo ,,iii4 & ,v5us de' ,m$ici1 #he ,c\/\1 ,guillaume1 #bcj ,c\/\1 ,nicolas1 #bbi ,cov5t ,g>d5 ,!atre1 #bea ,c[1 ,myron's /atue (1 #cj ,coysevox1 ,anto9e1 #bbi ,crac[ & ,veit ,/oss1 #afd ,cresilas1 #eb ,cr[n+ ( ! ,virg9 7,/oss71 #afe ,cupid2 by ,praxiteles1 #fj2 by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #aih2 by ,danneck]1 #bdh2 & ,psy*e 7,?orwalds571 #beg2 z a %eph]d 7,gibson71 #ahc 7& see ,eros7 ,cybele1 by ,cell9i1 #aij ,dacians on ,trajan's ,pill>1 #ii ,da$alus1 #bj2 & ,ic>us 7,canova71 #bci ,damophilus1 #hc ,danneck]1 ,johann ,he9ri*1 #bdh ,da ,si5a1 ,ugol9o1 #acd ,david1 by ,donatello1 #adb2 by ,v]oc*io1 #adi2 by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #bjj ,david & ,golia?1 #aci ,david ( ,ang]s1 #bgd ,david1 ,jacques ,l\is1 #bgd ,david1 ,pi]re ,jean1 #bgd ,day 7,mi*ael ,angelo71 #bjf ,dea?1 by ,b]n9i1 #bbf2 by ,pigalle1 #bcj ,dea? ( ! ,virg9 7,/rasburg71 #abj ,delphi1 bronzes f1 #hd ,demetrius ,poliorcetes1 #ga ,demid(f1 ,c\ntess1 ,bosio's /atue (1 #bgd ,d5man1 ,ann1 #bea ,deposition f ! ,cross1 by ,pisano1 #abg2 by ,omodeo1 #aeh ,desc5t f ! ,cross 7,beg>elli71 #aid ,de/ruction ( ! ,gauls 9 ,mysia1 #gh ,devon%ire1 ,duke (1 #bgf ,diado*i1 #gc ,diana2 temple (1 at ,ephesus1 #eg2 a la ,bi*e1 #ie 7& see ,artemis7 ,dibutades1 #bj ,dijon1 #abe ,diom$1 by ,myron1 #ca ,dipty*s1 #aji ,discobolus ( ,myron1 #cj ,donatello1 #adj ,donato di ,betto ,b>di1 #adj ,dortmund1 wood-c>v+s 91 #afg ,doryphorus1 by ,polycleitus1 #ed ,dubois1 ,c>d9al1 ,c\/\'s /atue (1 #bcj ,duquesnoy1 ,francois1 #bbf1 #bca ,du]]1 ,albre*t2 #aff2 ,rau*'s /atue (1 #bga ,dy+ ,gaul1 #gi ,dy+ ,w>riors 7,s*luet]71 #bcb ,egremont1 ,e>l (1 #bea ,egyptians2 anci5t sculpture (1 #a2 influ5ce (1 on ,etruscan art1 #hb ,elde/ ,daught]1 ,niobe gr\p1 #fd ,elector ,fr$]ic ,,iii41 ,s*luet]'s /atue (1 #bcd ,elev5? c5tury1 metal "w 91 #aaa ,elg91 ,"l1 #cg ,elg9 m>bles1 #ce1 #dj ,emo1 ,admiral1 monum5t (1 #bdb ,emp]or ( ,au/ria1 ,canova's bu/ (1 #bdc ,engl&2 sculpture introduc$ into1 9 f\rte5? c5tury1 #abe2 9 sixte5? c5tury1 #agi ,entombm5t ( ,*ri/ 7,roldan71 #bbj ,er9nyes1 #be ,ern/1 ,vis*]'s monum5t (1 #aga ,eros1 #ee2 ( ,c5tocelle1 #fj 7& see ,cupid7 ,escorial1 *ur* (1 #bba ,esquil9e1 ,discobolos f\nd on1 #ca ,e/(ado1 #bbj ,etampes1 ,mme4 d'1 #ahi ,etruscans orig9at$ ,italian sculpture1 #hb ,eurydice1 by ,canova1 #bch ,eury?my1 #di ,eu/a?ius ( ,rome1 #ajh ,eve1 by ,cano1 #bbj ,ev5+ 7,mi*ael ,angelo71 #bjf ,expulsion ( ,heliodorus 7,?orwalds571 #bed ,eyck1 van1 #agh ,fabbri*e ,nuova1 #ahf ,fali]o1 ,giovanni1 #bcf ,f>nese ,palace2 & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #bji2 della ,porta's /atues 91 #bab ,f>nesian ,bull1 #gf ,f>nesian ,h]cules1 #hh ,f>setti1 ,comm5datore & ,canova1 #bcg ,f5elon1 ,david's /atue (1 #bge ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 monum5t (1 #ahj ,f]r>a1 ,qu]cia's works 91 #acg2 ,lomb>do's works 91 #aib ,f]r>i1 ,giuseppe1 & ,canova1 #bcg ,f]rucci1 ,&rea1 #aeb ,fiamm+o1 ,il1 #bac ,fidelity 7,coysevox71 #bbi ,fiesole1 ,m9o da1 #aeb ,fifte5? c5tury1 #acf ,f9lay1 ,gibson's /atue (1 #bgf ,fionia1 ,isl& (1 #beg ,fior9o1 #ahg ,fis*ka/5 7,syrl971 #afc ,flaccus1 ,fulvius1 & /atues f ,vols9ii1 #hb ,flam9ius1 #hd ,flaxman1 ,john1 #bej ,flora1 ,julia z1 #ajd ,flor5ce2 & ,giovanni ,pisano1 #acb2 & ,pietro di ,giovanni1 #ace2 ,ghib]ti's works 91 #adj ,flor5ce1 ,bapti/]y (1 #acc ,flor5ce1 ca!dral (1 high alt> 91 #bab ,=um ,trajani1 #ih ,f\nta92 by ,lab5wolf1 #agf2 by ,giovanni da ,bologna1 #bad2 by ,b]n9i1 #bbf2 ( ! ,mannek5-,pis1 #bbg2 ,moli]e1 #bgd ,f\rte5? c5tury1 #abb ,fra ,guglielmo d',agnello1 #acj ,france 9 f\rte5? c5tury1 #abd ,francis ,i41 #adh1 #agf2 & ,ru/ici1 #ahc2 & ,cell9i1 #ahi2 monum5t (1 by ,pilon1 #baf ,franke1 ,rau*'s /atue (1 #bga ,frank=t1 wood-c>v+s 91 #afg ,fr>i1 *ur* (1 #aed ,frau5kir*e1 ,nuremb]g2 #abc2 ,krafft's works 91 #afg ,fr$]ic ,,ii41 #abg ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ,s*ad['s /atue (1 #bfi ,freiburg1 ca!dral (1 #aba ,fr5* monum5ts1 ,museum (1 #bcj ,fri$ri* ,augu/1 ,riets*el's /atue (1 #bga ,fri$ri*s monum5t1 #bga ,frue ,kir*e1 #bfh ,fulvius ,nobilior1 #hd ,fur/5burg1 ,c>d9al1 & ,coysevox1 #bbi ,fury ( ,a?amas 7,flaxman71 #bea ,gallic !ory conc]n+ ,apollo1 ,diana1 & ,m9]va1 #if ,gallic ,w>rior 9 ,v5ice1 #gh ,gamb>elli1 ,!1 #aea ,ganym$e1 by ,leo*>es1 #fe2 by ,?orwalds51 #bfj ,gattamelata1 /atue (1 #ade ,g5ii1 by ,?orwalds51 #bfh ,g5oa1 #aec ,g5re2 ,apoxyom5os z example (1 #gj2 sculpture1 #ha ,g]many1 ,emp]or (1 #bgj ,ghibell9e ,/reet1 #baa ,ghib]ti1 ,lor5zo1 #acc1 #ach ,ghirl&ajo1 ,dom5ico1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #aie ,gibson1 ,john1 #bge ,giovanni1 ,luca di1 #acg ,giovanni1 ,pietro di1 #ace ,gir>don1 ,francois1 #bbh ,glycon1 #hh ,glypto!k1 ,muni*2 gr\ps f ,a,egina 91 #be2 ,b>b]9i ,faun 91 #gc2 ,?orwalds5's ,adonis 91 #beh2 ,s*wan?al]'s decoration (1 #bga ,gobbo1 ,il4 ,see ,sol>i ,goe!1 ,tieck's /atue (1 #bgj ,gold5 ,h\se ( ,n]o1 #hd2 ,v5us ,callipiga 91 #hg ,gorgasus1 #hc ,go?ic /yle1 #aad1 #aae2 9 ,g]man art1 #abj2 h9drances (1 #afj ,gottfri$ ( ,/rasburg1 #aae ,gottskalk51 ,?orvald1 #bec ,g\jon1 ,jean1 #baf ,graces1 ,!1 by ,pilon1 #baf2 by ,canova1 #bda2 by ,?orwalds51 #bfj ,granacci1 ,francesco1 #aid ,granada1 ca!dral (1 ,virg9 by ,cano 91 #bbj ,great ,elector1 ,s*luet]'s /atue (1 #bcc4 ,greece2 anci5t sculpture (1 #ah2 religion (1 #ai2 influ5ce (1 on ,etruscan art1 #hb2 portrait sculpture 91 #ajj ,gregory ,,xvi41 ,pope1 #ajj ,grimani1 ,s5ator1 #bci ,grimm2 conc]n+ ,donatello's ,/4 ,george1 #adc2 conc]n+ ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,david1 #bjj ,groeulund1 ,k>51 #bec ,grumba*1 /atue ( 7,krafft71 #afh ,gu>dian ,angel1 *ur* (1 #ahj ,gu>dian ,angel 7,?orwalds571 #bfb ,guido ,r5i1 #fd ,guilla91 ,simon1 #bbg ,guillaume de ,s5s1 #aba ,gu9i=t & ,omodeo1 #aeh ,gut5b]g memorial1 ,/rasburg1 #bge ,hadrian1 ,emp]or2 & ar*ai/ic p]iod1 #bg2 & ,glycon1 #hh ,halle2 wood-c>v+s 91 #afg2 /atue ( ,franke 91 #bga ,hamilton1 ,gav91 #fj ,h>ald ,hildet&1 #beb ,h>c\rt1 ,comte d'1 ,pigalle's /atue (1 #bcj ,h>py ,monum5t1 #bd ,h>tmann ( ,aue1 #aae ,hayd]1 ,simon1 #afc ,hebe1 by ,?orwalds51 #beh ,he9ri* ,,ii41 ,krafft's /atue (1 #afh ,helios1 #fi ,h5ry ,,ii41 monum5t (1 #baf ,h5ry ,,iii4 ( ,engl&1 #aba ,h5ry ,,vii41 monum5t (1 #agi ,hephae/us 7,vulcan7 by ,alcam5es1 #di ,h]a2 /atue (1 by ,polycleitus1 #ec2 temple (1 at ,argos1 #ec 7& see ,juno7 ,h]acles 7,h]cules72 & ,triton1 #bc2 & ,cecrops1 #bc 7& see ,h]cules7 ,h]cules2 by ,scopas1 #ei2 by ,lysippus1 #fi2 c>icature (1 #hj2 ! ,f>nesian1 #hh2 by ,vis*]1 #agd2 by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #aif2 & ,nessus1 by ,giovanni da ,bologna1 #bad2 by ,pigalle1 #bcj2 & ,li*as1 by ,canova1 #bdg 7& see ,h]acles7 ,h]mes1 by ,?orwalds51 #beh ,h]n&ez1 ,gregorio1 #bah1 #bbj ,hesp]ides1 apples (1 #hi ,hi]acosph9x1 #f ,hilde%eim1 bronze gate at1 #aab ,hi/ory %[n by ,assyrian bas-reliefs1 #af ,honor & ,valor1 temple (1 #hc ,hope1 ,?omas1 #bea1 #bef ,hope1 ,?orwalds5's /atue (1 #bfj ,hosm]1 ,h>riet1 #bgh ,hoey]1 #bec ,humboldt1 ,b>on von1 #beg1 #beh ,huskisson1 ,gibson's /atue (1 #bgf ,hylas & ,nymphs 7,gibson71 #bgg ,iliad1 selection f1 #id ,int>siatore1 #aeb ,iphig5ia1 relief (1 #ij ,isabella ( ,aragon1 /atue (1 #aai ,is*ia1 ,m>quis (1 #bdd ,isocephalism1 #dd ,italian classic sculpture1 "t (1 #aje ,italy 9 f\rte5? c5tury1 #abf ,ivory c>v+2 9 ,byzantium1 #ajh2 9 ,g]many1 #aaj2 9 f\rte5? c5tury1 #abc ,jacob & ,esau1 #aci ,jacopo della ,fonte1 #acg ,ja51 ca!dral (1 #bbj ,jan9a1 #ib ,jason1 by ,?orwalds51 #bee ,johannis ,cemet]y1 #afg1 #afh ,john ! ,bapti/1 by ,&rea ,pisano1 #acd2 by ,b]ruguete1 #bah ,jordan1 ,e/eban1 #bah ,joseph2 hi/ory (1 by ,ghib]ti1 #aci2 & ,potiph>'s wife1 #aic ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 by ,canova1 #bdc ,jo%ua be=e ,j]i*o1 #aci ,julia z ,flora1 #ajd ,julia & ,canova1 #bdf ,julius ,,ii41 ,pope2 & ! ,laocoon1 #gd2 & ,sansov9o1 #ahd2 & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #bjb2 mausoleum (1 #bjf ,junction ( ! ,se9e & ,m>ne 7,c\/\71 #bcj ,juni1 ,juan de1 #bah1 #bbj ,juno1 #hf 7& see ,h]a7 ,jupit]2 ,otricoli1 #cf2 temple (1 at ,olympia1 #ea2 ,tonans on ,trajan's ,pill>1 #ii2 z ,/4 ,pet]1 #ajg 7& see ,zeus7 ,ju/e1 ,jean1 #agg ,ju/ice1 by ,krafft1 #agj2 by ,vis*]1 #agd2 by della ,porta1 #bab ,ju/9ian1 monum5t (1 #ajh ,kalide1 ,!odore1 #bgb ,k+ ( ,prussia & ,s*ad[1 #bfi ,ko5igsbau1 #bga ,ko5igsb]g1 /atue 91 #bcd ,kora1 #bj ,krafft1 ,adam1 #afg ,kreugas & ,damox5es 7,canova71 #bdg ,kriosph9x1 #f ,kunigunde1 by ,krafft1 #afh ,ku5z1 ,nicolaus1 #agj ,lab5wolf1 ,pankraz1 #age ,lamb]g]1 ,simon1 #aga ,lam5tation 7,krafft71 #agj ,lamp ( ,m9]va1 by ,callima*us1 #ec ,laocoon1 #gd2 by ,sansov9o1 #ahe ,la/ ,judgm5t1 ( ,rheims ca!dral1 #aag ,lat]an2 ,myron's ,m>syas 91 #ca2 antique /atue ( ,nemesis 91 #ea2 /atue ( ,sophocles 91 #ajj2 /atue ( ,/4 ,hippolitus 91 #ajf2 ,s>cophagi 91 #ajg2 ,b]n9i's ,pieta 91 #bbf ,leah1 by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #bjf ,le ,mans1 ca!dral (1 #aad ,l5ox ,gall]y1 ,new ,york1 #bgg ,leo ,i41 ,pope1 #ajg ,leo ,x41 ,pope1 #adh1 #ahd2 & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #bjd ,leo ,,xii4 & ,?orwalds51 #bfc ,leo*>es1 #fe ,leop>do1 ,aless&ro1 #adi1 #aee ,less+1 ,tieck's /atue (1 #bgj2 ,riets*el's /atue (1 #bga ,leu*t5b]g1 ,duke (1 monum5t to1 #bfc ,liebfrau5kir*e1 #agh ,lion ( ,luc]ne 7,?orwalds571 #bfa ,liv]pool ,cemet]y1 *apel1 #bgg ,livia1 wife ( ,augu/us1 #ajb1 #ajd ,loggia de' ,lanzi1 ,flor5ce1 gr\ps 91 #bac ,loggietta ( ! ,campanile1 ,v5ice1 #ahf ,lomb>di1 ,!1 #aed ,lomb>do1 ,alfonso1 #aib ,"l's ,supp] 7,?orwalds571 #bfb ,loreto1 #ahd ,l\is ( ,bav>ia & ,?orwalds51 #beh1 #bfb1 #bfc ,l\is ,,xii41 monum5t (1 #agg ,l\is ,,xiii41 ,angui]'s /atue (1 #bbh ,l\is ,,xiv42 ,guilla9's /atue (1 #bbg2 & ,gir>don1 #bbh2 ,coysevox's /atue (1 #bbi2 ,c\/\'s /atue (1 #bcj ,l\is ,,xviii42 & ,v5us ( ,milo1 #hg2 ,bosio's /atue (1 #bgd ,l\ise1 ,que51 ,rau*'s /atue (1 #bgj ,l\vre1 ,p>is2 ,egyptian collection 91 #a2 ar*aic reliefs 91 #bc2 ,v5us ( ,milo 91 #hg2 /atue ( ,artemis 91 #ie2 ,museum ( ,mod]n ,sculpture 91 #agg2 monum5t by ,ju/e 91 #agh2 ,cell9i's nymph 91 #aij2 ,pilon's ,graces 91 #baf2 bas-reliefs by ,g\jon 91 #baf2 ,s>raz9's works 91 #bbg2 ,guilla9's ,l\is ,,xiv4 91 #bbg2 ,gir>don's works 91 #bbh2 ,puget's works 91 #bbi ,love 9 ,repose 7,?orwalds571 #bed ,luebke1 ,wilhelm2 conc]n+ ,apollo ,belv$]e1 #id2 conc]n+ f\rte5? c5tury1 #bba2 conc]n+ ,s*luet]1 #bcc ,lucca1 #abh1 #acg ,lucian1 conc]n+ ,calamis1 #cb ,ludovico ,moro & ,omodeo1 #aei ,lu!r1 bu/ ( 7,?orwalds571 #bfh2 ,s*ad['s monum5t to1 #bfi2 ,riets*el's /atue (1 #bga ,lysippus1 #fh2 s*ool (1 #gb2 ,h]cules by1 #hh2 p[] (1 #hi ,lytton1 ,"l1 conc]n+ ,gibson1 #bgg ,madonna1 /atue ( 7,freiburg71 #aba2 repetition (1 #abb2 by ,arnolfo di ,cambio1 #acc2 by ,/oss1 #afe2 by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #aif1 #bjj ,madonna del ,soccorso1 *apel (1 #baf ,magnani1 ,anna ,m>ia1 #bef ,maidbrunn1 ,krafft's "w 91 #agj ,maid5 & ,bird 7,danneck]71 #bdh ,majano1 ,b5$etto da1 #aeb ,manuel1 ,nicolaus1 #agj ,m>burg1 wood-c>v+s 91 #afg ,m>cellus1 #hc ,m>cus ,aurelius2 ar* (1 9 ,rome1 #ih2 /atue (1 #bji ,m>ia ,l\isa1 ,canova's /atue (1 #bdc ,m>i5kir*e1 ,c\nt ,sp>r's monum5t 91 #bca ,m>k1 ,c\nt von d]1 #bfi ,m>s2 & ! ,romans1 by ,sansov9o1 #ahf2 by ,?orwalds51 #beh2 & ,cupid1 by ,gibson1 #bgf1 #bgg ,m>syas1 by ,myron1 #ca ,m>tis51 ,egyptian sculptor1 #a ,m>y ( ,aragon1 #aeb ,m>ys1 ,!1 by ,canova1 #bdc ,massegne1 ,!1 #ace ,massimi ,villa1 #cj ,mat?ias ,corv9us1 #aeb ,mausoleum1 #eg ,mausolus1 #ef ,maximianus1 ca!dra (1 #ajh ,maximilian ,i41 ,rau*'s /atue (1 #bga ,maz>91 ,c>d9al1 tomb (1 #bbi ,m$emet ,haboo1 sculpture 91 #d ,m$es1 #ag ,m$ici1 ,ca!r9e de'1 #baf ,m$ici1 ,cosmo de'1 #add2 & ,cell9i1 #aij ,m$ici1 ,giuliano de'1 #bjd ,m$ici1 ,lor5zo de'1 #aie1 #bjd ,m$ici1 ,pi]o de'1 #add2 & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #aif ,melos1 #ej ,m5delsohn & ,?orwalds51 #bfg ,m5ides ( ,antio*eia1 #hg ,m]cury1 by ,sansov9o1 #ahf2 by ,giovanni da ,bologna1 #bad2 by ,pigalle1 #bcj2 by ,?orwalds51 #bfj ,m]ov+ians1 /atues (1 #aai ,metal "w2 ,assyrian1 #ad2 9 t5? c5tury1 #aaj2 9 elev5? c5tury1 #aaa ,mi*ael ,angelo2 attempt$ to re/ore ! ,laocoon1 #gd2 conc]n+ ,ghib]ti's gates1 #aci2 & ,cell9i1 #ahg1 #aia1 #aid ,milan1 #aef2 ca!dral (1 & ,omodeo1 #aeh ,milo 7,melos71 #hg ,milo1 by ,puget1 #bbi2 by ,danneck]1 #bdh ,m9]va2 temple (1 9 ,a,egina1 #be2 ( ! ,capitol1 #ie2 temple (1 9 ! ,=um1 #ih 7& see ,a!na & ,pallas7 ,moc5igo1 ,doge ,pietro1 #aee ,mod5a1 ,antonio da1 #aic ,mod]ation 7,vis*]71 #agd ,montanes1 ,juan ,m>t9ez1 #bah ,monte ,oliveto1 #aeb ,montmor5ci1 ,duke de1 tomb (1 #bbh ,montorsoli attempt$ to re/ore ! ,laocoon1 #gd ,monum5tal sculpture ( ?irte5? c5tury1 #aai ,moore1 ,sir ,john1 ,flaxman's /atue (1 #bea ,moritz1 /atue ( 7,pigalle71 #bcj ,morley1 ,mrs41 monum5t (1 #bea ,morn+ 7,mi*ael ,angelo71 #bjf ,moses2 on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 #aci2 by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #bjf1 #bjg2 ,a>on1 & ,hur 7,rau*71 #bga ,moses ,f\nta91 #abe ,m\nt ,ci?a]on & ,f>nese ,bull1 #gf ,mummius & ,grecian spoils1 #hd ,muni*1 gr\p by ,cephisodotus 91 #ee ,murillo1 #bba ,music 7della ,robbia71 #adf ,myc5ae1 ,lion ,gate (1 #bj ,myron ( ,eleu!rae1 #cj2 foll[]s (1 #ea ,naples2 ,laocoon gr\p 91 #gf2 hi/orical /atues 91 #gh ,naples1 ,museum (2 ,v5us ,callipiga 91 #hg2 & ,f>nese ,bull1 #gf2 ,f>nesian ,h]cules 91 #hh ,napoleon & ,canova1 #bdb1 #bdc ,national ,gall]y1 ,london1 #bgg ,nativity1 by ,rossell9o1 #aeb2 by ,angui]1 #bbh ,nemesis ( ,agoracritus1 #ea ,neptune2 by ,sansov9o1 #ahf2 by ,cell9i1 #aij2 by ,giovanni da ,bologna1 #bad ,n]o1 & ! ,!spian ,cupid1 #fa2 & ,grecian spoils1 #hd ,niccolo ( ,arezzo1 #ace ,nicodemus2 by ,krafft1 #agj2 by ,b&9elli1 #bab2 by ,canova1 #bdc ,night1 by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #bjf1 #bjh ,nile ( ! ,vatican1 #gc ,nimes1 ,pradi]'s f\nta9 at1 #bgd ,nimrud1 bas-reliefs at1 #ac ,niobe2 ( ,m\nt ,sipylus1 #bj2 gr\p1 #fa2 my? (1 #fb ,noah1 #aci ,noceto1 #aec ,notre ,dame1 *ur* (2 /atue ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 91 #bbi2 ,c\/\'s sculptures 91 #bcj2 d',h>c\rt's monum5t 91 #bcj ,nuremb]g2 sculptures (1 #abc2 & ,veit ,/oss1 #afd2 & ,wohlgemu?1 #aff2 /atue ( ,du]] 91 #bga ,nymph1 by ,danneck]1 #bdh2 by ,bosio1 #bgc ,nysoe & ,?orwalds51 #bfe ,obelisks1 #d ,octavia1 portico (1 & ,v5us de' ,m$ici1 #he ,o,edipus1 by ,*audet1 #bdh ,oehl5s*lag]1 #bfe ,oluf ,paa1 #beb ,olympiad1 #da ,olympic games1 #da ,omodeo4 ,see ,amadeo ,or ,san ,mi*ele1 *ur* (1 #acd1 #adc1 #adi ,orcagna1 ,&rea1 #acd ,orpheus & ,eurydice 7,canova71 #bch ,orvieto1 #acc ,osborne1 #bgg ,o?man ,,iv41 ,caliph1 & ,colossus ( ,rhodes1 #gb ,our ,lady1 *ur* (1 ,nuremb]g1 #abc ,padua1 #acg1 #aef ,pa9t+1 ,sculpture1 & ,ar*itecture1 relief (1 by ,*audet1 #bdh ,palais de ,ju/ice 7,bruges71 #agh ,palazzo ,grassi1 #aic ,palazzo ,pubblico1 f\nta9 9 front (1 #bad ,palazzo ,torlonia 7,rome71 #bgg ,palazzo ,vec*io1 #adi1 #bad ,pallajuolo1 #ahd ,pallas1 by ,sansov9o1 #ahf 7& see ,a!na & ,m9]va7 ,pana!naic ,procession1 #da ,p&>eus1 ,k+1 #be ,panhell5ic games1 #bi ,pan!on1 influ5ce (1 ^u sculpture1 #bi ,pan!on1 ,p>is1 #bge ,p>is2 hi/oric /atue 91 #gh2 ca!drals (1 #aad ,p>os1 #ef ,p>!non1 frieze (2 #ce2 #dj2 gr\ps ( sev5 on1 #db2 c5tral gr\p 91 #dc2 hi/orical value (1 #de2 inequality ( "w 91 #de ,paul ,,iii4 & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #bjf2 monum5t (1 #bab ,paul ,v4 & ,b]n9i1 #bbc ,pavia1 ,omodeo 91 #aeh ,peace1 by della ,porta1 #bab2 by ,coysevox1 #bbi2 by ,*audet1 #bdh ,peel1 ,sir ,rob]t1 ,gibson's /atue (1 #bgg ,peleus1 #hf ,peloponnesus1 s*ool (1 #ec1 #fh ,peloponnesian w>1 effect (1 on sculpture1 #ed ,p5si]i1 by ,canova1 #bdf ,peplos1 #da ,pepoli1 bu/ (1 #aic ,p]gamon1 s*ool (1 #gh2 & ! ,dy+ ,gaul1 #gi ,p]iclean age1 #bi ,p]icles2 patron ( ,phidias1 #cb2 portrait /atue (1 #eb2 qualities (1 #ed ,p]k9s1 ,mr42 conc]n+ ,nicola ,pisano1 #acj2 conc]n+ ,amadeo1 #aeg ,p]ry1 ,walt] ,copel&2 conc]n+ ,a!na1 #ci2 conc]n+ ,v5us ( ,milo1 #hh ,p]seus2 by ,vis*]1 #agd2 by ,cell9i1 #aij2 & ,&rom$a1 by ,puget1 #bbi2 by ,canova1 #bdc ,p]seus ( ,mac$on1 #hd ,p]sians1 #ag ,p]ugia2 f\nta9 (1 #abi2 ,giovanni ,pisano's works 91 #acb ,pet] ! ,great & ,s*luet]1 #bcd ,phal]eus1 ,demetrius1 /atues to1 #gc ,phidias2 =]unn]s (1 #bi2 & ,p]icles1 #cb2 & ,praxiteles1 #ef2 & ,lysippus1 #gj2 /atue ( ,a!na by1 #hd2 sup]iority (1 #hi2 & ?irte5? c5tury1 #aah ,philip1 ,elector1 & ,vis*]1 #aga ,philip ! ,bold2 /atue (1 #aai2 & ,slut]1 #abe ,phrixos & ,helle1 #ahf ,phryne & ,praxiteles1 #fj ,piazza della ,signoria1 #bad ,piazza ,navona1 f\nta9 91 #bbf ,piazza ( ,san ,lor5zo 7,flor5ce71 #bab ,piccolom9i tomb1 ,si5a1 #bjj ,pieta2 by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #bjj2 by ,b]n9i1 #bbf ,pigalle1 ,jean ,bapti/e1 #bcj ,pilon1 ,g]ma91 #baf ,pisa2 ,bapti/]y (1 #abh2 & ,giovanni ,pisano1 #aca2 ,n9o ,pisano's works 91 #acd2 ca!dral (1 #bad ,pisani1 ,s5ator1 #bci ,pisano1 ,&rea1 #acc1 #acd ,pisano1 ,giovanni1 #aca ,pisano1 ,nicola1 #abg1 #acc ,pisano1 ,n9o1 #acd ,pi/oja1 #acb1 #adh ,pitt1 ,flaxman's /atue (1 #bea ,pius ,,vii41 monum5t (1 #bfc ,pl9y2 conc]n+ ! fir/ bas-relief1 #bj2 conc]n+ ,cresilas1 #eb2 conc]n+ ! ,niobe gr\p1 #fa2 conc]n+ ! ,laocoon1 #gd2 & ,boe?us1 #hj ,plut>*1 conc]n+ ! ,p]icleian age1 #ce ,plutus1 #eh ,po9t1 #bhc ,po9t]1 #bhc ,poliorcetes1 ,demetrius1 #gb ,poliziano1 #aif ,pollio1 ,as9ius1 #gf ,poly*romy1 #bhd ,polycleitus1 #ec2 canon (1 #ed2 & ,peloponnesian s*ool1 #fh ,polydorus & ! ,laocoon1 #gd ,pompad\r1 ,mme41 #bcj ,pompeii1 #bh ,pon*] monum5t1 #agh ,porta1 ,guglielmo della1 #bab ,porta ,prima1 #ajb ,portogallo1 ,c>d9al1 #aeb ,portrait sculpture2 ar*aic1 #bb2 9 ,greece & ,rome1 #ajj ,possagno & ,canova1 #bdd ,pradi]1 ,james1 #bgd ,prague1 #abc ,prato1 ca!dral (1 #acb ,praxiteles1 #he ,prell]1 ,ludwig1 & ,apollo ,belv$]e1 #ic ,priam begg+ ,hector's body 7,?orwalds571 #bed ,proconsolo1 #aea ,prome!us1 by ,pradi]1 #bgd ,prov5cal ,poets1 #aad ,prud5ce2 by ,vis*]1 #agd2 by della ,porta1 #bab2 by ,coysevox1 #bbi ,psy*e2 by ,canova1 #bdb2 by ,?orwalds51 #beh2 by ,pradi]1 #bgd2 & ,zephyrs1 by ,gibson1 #bgg ,ptolemy1 ,alex&]'s g5]al1 #gc ,puget1 ,pi]re1 #bbi ,py?agoras ( ,rhegium1 #cj ,quell9us1 ,ar?ur1 #bca ,qu]cia1 ,jacopo della1 #acg ,qu9tilian1 conc]n+ ,timan!s1 #ia ,quir9al ,palace2 ,?orwalds5's frieze 91 #bei2 ,?orwalds5's works 91 #bfh ,quoit-?r[] ( ,myron1 #cj ,ra*el1 by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #bjf ,rac9e1 illu/rat$ by ,*audet1 #bdh ,raimondi1 #aic ,rameses ,,ii41 colossus (1 #h ,rape ( ,pros]p9e1 by ,b]n9i1 #bbd2 by ,gir>don1 #bbh ,rape ( ! ,sab9es 7,giovanni da ,bologna71 #bac ,rau*1 ,*ri/ian1 #bgj ,rav5na1 ivory c>v+ 91 #ajh ,religion1 by ,coysevox1 #bbi2 by ,canova1 #bdd ,r5aissance1 #acf ,r5e1 ,k+1 /atue (1 #bge ,resurrection ( ! ,dead 7,rheims71 #aag ,rezzonico1 ,pr9ce1 & ,canova1 #bdc ,rhamnus & ,nemesis ( ,agoracritus1 #ea ,rheims1 ca!dral (1 #aaf ,rhodes2 colossus (1 #ga2 undi/urb$ by dea? ( ,alex&]1 #gc2 & ! ,f>nese ,bull1 #gf2 s*ool (1 #gh ,rhone1 by ,c\/\1 #bcj ,ri*elieu1 monum5t (1 #bbh ,riem5s*neid]1 ,tilman1 #afh ,riets*el1 ,ern/1 #bga ,rilievo1 #bha ,rim9i1 #aef ,rivi]e1 ,m>quis (1 #hg ,rizzo1 or ,riccio1 ,antonio1 #aed ,robbia1 ,luca della1 #adf ,robbia w>e1 #adh ,rod>i1 ,!1 #aei ,roldan1 ,l\isa1 #bbj ,roldan1 ,p$ro1 #bbj ,romanesque p]iod1 #aac ,rome1 lack ( arti/s 91 #hc2 portrait sculpture (1 #aja2 decl9e ( art 91 #ajd ,roes*1 ,jacob1 #afd ,roscoe1 ,william1 #bgf ,rossell9i1 ,!1 #aea ,rossell9o1 ,antonio1 #aea ,rossi1 ,prop]zia de'1 #aib ,r\x1 ,r\ll& de1 #agg ,rov]e1 monum5t (1 #ahd ,royal ,academy1 ,london1 #bgg ,rub5s1 #bba ,ruhme%alle1 #bga ,ru/ici1 ,giovanni ,francesco1 #ahc ,sacrifice ( ,isaac1 #aci ,sacri/y ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 #ahf ,/4 ,&rew1 by ,duquesnoy1 #bbg ,/4 ,angelo1 bridge (1 #bbe ,/4 ,bibiana1 by ,b]n9i1 #bbe ,/4 ,d5is1 ca!dral (1 #aad2 reliefs (1 #aai2 & ,slut]1 #abe2 monum5t 91 #agh ,/4 ,dom9ick1 s>cophagus (1 #abh ,/4 ,george1 by ,donatello1 #adc ,/4 ,george's ,hall 7,liv]pool71 #bgg ,/4 ,g]ma9 l',aux]rois1 #agh ,/4 ,hippolytus1 /atue (1 #ajf ,/4 ,jacques1 *ur* (1 #agh ,/4 ,john2 by ,b]n>do ,rossell9o1 #aea2 by ,canova1 #bdc ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/2 *apel (1 #aec2 by ,ru/ici1 #ahc2 by ,?orwalds51 #bfb ,/4 ,laur5ce1 *ur* (1 ,nuremb]g1 #abc2 ,krafft's works 91 #afg ,/4 ,long9us1 by ,b]n9i1 #bbe ,/4 ,m>k's1 libr>y (1 #ahf ,/4 ,mi*ael1 by ,luisa ,roldan1 #bba ,/4 ,nicolas1 *ur* (1 #bbi ,/4 ,pet]2 /atue (1 on ,trajan's ,pill>1 #ih2 /atue (1 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 #ajf2 & ! ,p>alytic1 ,?orwalds51 #bed ,/4 ,pet]'s2 ,ca!dral 7,rome71 #ajf2 ,pieta 91 #bjj2 monum5t ( ,paul ,,iii4 91 #bab2 ,b]n9i's sculptures 91 #bbe2 ,duquesnoy's ,/4 ,&rew 91 #bbg2 monum5t ( ,pius ,,vii41 #bfc2 ,?orwalds5's works 91 #bfh ,/4 ,sebald1 *ur* ( 7,nuremb]g71 #abc2 ,krafft's works 91 #afg2 %r9e ( 7,vis*]71 #aga ,/4 ,seba/ian1 by ,civitali1 #aec ,/4 ,susanna1 by ,duquesnoy1 #bbg ,/4 ,?omas1 *ur* ( 7,/rasburg71 #bcj ,/4 ,z5obius1 s>cophagus (1 #adj ,/e4 ,*apelle1 *ur* (1 #aaf ,,ss4 ,giovanni e ,paolo1 *ur* (1 #adi1 #aee ,salt-cell>1 by ,cell9i1 #ahi ,san ,antonio1 *ur* ( 7,padua71 relief 91 #aee ,san ,b5$etto1 *ur* ( 7,mantua71 #aid ,san ,b5ito el ,real1 *ur* (1 #bag ,san ,dom5ico1 *ur* ( 7,orvieto71 #acc ,san ,dom5ico1 s>cophagus (1 #aih ,san ,francesco1 *ur* ( 7,ancona71 #aef ,san ,francesco1 *ur* ( 7,mod5a71 #aid ,san ,francesco1 *ur* ( 7,rim9i71 #aef ,san ,francesco della ,vigna1 #ahf ,san ,giovanni ,criso/omo1 relief 91 #aee ,san ,giovanni de' ,fior5t9i1 #ahf ,san ,lor5zo1 *ur* (1 #bjd ,san ,m>t9o1 ca!dral ( 7,lucca71 #abg ,san ,m9iato1 *ur* (1 #aeb ,san ,petronio1 *ur* ( 7,bologna71 #aic1 #aih ,san ,pi]o ,maggiore1 *ur* ( 7,flor5ce71 #baj ,san ,pietro 9 ,v9coli1 *ur* (1 #bjf ,santa ,croce1 *ur* (1 & ,donatello1 #adj2 & ,brunelles*i1 #adb2 monum5t ( ,bruni 91 #aea2 pulpit 91 #aeb2 ,mi*ael ,angelo buri$ 91 #baj ,santa ,m>ia de' ,fr>i1 *ur* ( 7,flor5ce71 ,canova's tomb 91 #bde ,santa ,m>ia del ,fiore1 *ur* (1 #bjf ,santa ,m>ia del ,popolo1 #ahd ,santa ,m>ia della ,sp9a1 *ur* (1 #aca ,santa ,m>ia di ,loreto1 *ur* (1 #bbg ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 *ur* (1 #adb1 #aeb ,sangallo1 ,francesco1 #ahg ,sansov9o 7,san ,sav9o71 ,&rea1 #ahc ,sansov9o1 ,jacopo1 #ahe ,saone1 by ,c\/\1 #bcj ,sappho1 by ,pradi]1 #bgd ,s>danapalus ,i41 /atue (1 #ab ,s>raz91 ,jacques1 #bbg ,satyr1 by ,praxiteles1 #fj ,savi\r1 by ,canova1 #bdb ,scale-/ones1 #bhc ,s*ad[1 ,john ,gottfri$1 #bfi ,s*ad[1 ,john ,rudolph1 #bfi ,s*>nhor/1 ,rau*'s /atue (1 #bgj ,s*ell+1 ,tieck's /atue (1 #bgj ,s*9kel1 #bfi1 #bgj ,s*liemann1 ,dr41 & ! metope ( ,ilium1 #gc ,s*luet]1 ,&reas1 #bca ,s*ub>t1 ,b>on von1 #bef ,s*waba* & ,wohlgemu?1 #aff ,s*wan?al]1 ,ludwig1 #bga ,scopas1 #ef2 & ,leo*>es1 #fe ,scorgola1 la1 abbey (1 #abi ,scuola della ,mis]icordia1 #ahf ,seb5ico1 ,giorgio da1 #aef ,segui]1 ,pi]re1 bu/ (1 #bbg2 & ,gir>don1 #bbh ,sel5e on ,trajan's ,pill>1 #ii ,sel9us1 reliefs f1 #bc1 #bd ,s5ate ,*amb]1 ,*audet's ,c9c9natus 91 #bdh ,septimius ,sev]us1 ar* ( 7,rome71 #ih ,s]ra family1 #eg ,settignano1 ,desid]io da1 #aeb ,sev5 ,sorr[s ( ! ,virg91 #afe ,sev5 ,/ages 7,krafft71 #afg ,sev5te5? c5tury1 #bba ,seville1 alt>s (1 #agi ,s=za1 ,batti/a1 bu/ (1 #aea ,s=za1 ,c>d9al1 monum5t (1 #ahd ,sicyon1 #fh2 s*ool (1 #gb ,si5a1 ca!dral (1 #abh2 & ,giovanni ,pisano1 #acb2 & ,qu]cia1 #ach2 & ,ghib]ti1 #adj ,sir5s 7,giovanni da ,bologna71 #bad ,si/9e ,*apel & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #bjc ,sixte5? c5tury1 #aha ,sixtus ,v41 ,pope1 #ih ,sleep+ ,%eph]d 7,gibson71 #bgg ,slut]1 ,claux1 #abe2 influ5ce (1 #afa ,socrates1 #ee1 #bgh ,sol>i1 ,cri/(oro1 #aeh ,solomon & ,que5 ( ,%eba1 #aci1 #aic ,sophocles1 /atue (1 #ajj ,sorbonne1 *ur* ( !1 #bbh ,sosius1 #fa ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 #adh ,sp>r1 ,c\nt1 monum5t (1 #bca ,sph9x1 #f ,sp9>io1 #ha ,sp9n] 7,s*ad[71 #bfi ,squ>cione1 ,francesco1 #acg ,/ael1 ,mme4 de1 ,david's /atue (1 #bge ,/ampe1 ,b>on von1 & ,?orwalds51 #bfe ,/atuettes1 ,assyrian1 #ab ,/e9ba*1 ,sab9a von1 #abj ,/e9haeus]1 ,apollo1 #ia ,/ephani & ,apollo ,belv$]e1 #ib ,/eph5son1 ,gibson's /atue (1 #bgg ,/ett91 #bfi ,/oss1 ,veit1 #afd ,/rada ,babbu9o1 #bdb ,/rasburg1 ca!dral (1 #abj2 ,gut5b]g memorial 91 #bge ,/r5g? 7,vis*]71 #agd ,/rogan(f ,apollo1 #ib ,/rozzi1 ,filippo1 monum5t (1 #aeb ,/rozzi ,palace1 #aeb ,/u>t & ,revett1 #bcf ,/uttg>t1 #abc ,sulla & ,grecian spoils1 #hd ,swabian ,s*ool1 #afb ,syrl91 ,jo]g1 #afb ,talma1 ,david's /atue (1 #bge ,tatti1 ,jacopo1 #ahe ,tauriscus1 ( ! ,toro ,f>nese1 #gf ,tav]a1 ,juan de1 #bah ,t$esco1 ,pietro1 #ace ,temp]ance 7,giovanni ,pisano71 #aca ,temple ,*ur*1 #aba ,t5? c5tury1 metal "w 91 #aaj ,t]ra-cotta1 #bha ,t]ra-cottas 9 ,milan1 #aeg ,!atre ,francais1 ,talma's /atue 91 #bge ,!odosius1 column & obelisk (1 #ajh ,!seion1 #cc ,!seus2 temple (1 by ,phidias1 #cc2 torso (1 #cg2 & ! ,m9otaur1 ,canova1 #bdj ,!tis1 #hf ,?iele1 conc]n+ ,?orwalds51 #bfh1 #bfi ,?irte5? c5tury1 #aad ,?orwalds51 ,b]tel2 & reliefs f ,a,egina1 #bf2 & classic art1 #bcf2 life & works1 #beb ,?orwalds5 ,museum1 #bfg1 #bfh ,tib]ius & ! ,apoxyom5os1 #gj ,tieck1 ,*ri/ian ,fr$]ic1 #bgj ,timan!s1 #ij ,titus2 & ! ,laocoon1 #gd2 ar* ( 7,rome71 #ih ,tol$o2 alt>s (1 #agi2 ca!dral (1 #bag ,toretto1 #bcg ,toro ,f>nese1 #gf ,torrigiano1 ,pietro2 9 ,engl&1 #agi2 & ,cell9i1 #ahh ,t\rs1 ca!dral (1 #agg ,trajan2 ar* (1 #ih1 #aje2 pill> (1 #ih ,tralles1 #gf ,tra/ev]e1 ,apoxyom5os f\nd 91 #gj ,tribolo1 ,il1 7,bracc9i71 #ahg ,trojan w> 9 ,a,eginetan reliefs1 #bf ,tuil]ies2 ,*audet's ,peace 91 #bdh2 /atue ( ,prome!us 91 #bgd ,tuscany1 #acf ,twelf? c5tury1 #aab ,uffizi2 ,niobe gr\p 91 #fa2 ,v5us de' ,m$ici 91 #he2 ,donatello's works 91 #adb2 della ,robbia's works 91 #adf1 #adg2 ,rossell9o's works 91 #aea1 #aeb2 ,sansov9o's ,bac*us 91 #ahe2 c>v$ *]ry-/one 91 #aic2 model ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,david 91 #bjj2 /atue ( ,mi*ael ,angelo 91 #baa ,uhd51 ,m4 d'1 #bef ,ulm1 wood-c>v+s 91 #afb ,urban ,,viii41 monum5t (1 #bbf ,usurtas51 ,egyptian sculptor1 #b ,val de ,grace1 *ur* (1 #bbh ,valladolid1 #bah ,v>*i1 #baa ,vas>i & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #baj ,vatican2 ,eros ( ,c5tocelle 91 #fj2 ,apoxyom5os 91 #gj2 copy ( ! ,laocoon 91 #gd2 hi/oric /atue 91 #gh2 ,etruscan table-w>e 91 #hc2 ,*igi ,v5us 91 #hg2 ,apollo ,belv$]e 91 #ia2 ,"y ,augu/us 91 #ajc2 /atue ( ,augu/us 91 #ajc2 s>cophagi 91 #ajg2 /atue ( ,p]seus 91 #bdc ,v5dome ,column1 #bgc ,v5ice2 hi/oric /atues 91 #gh2 ,sansov9o 91 #ahf2 ,canova's he>t 91 #bde ,v5us2 by ,alcam5es1 #di2 by ,scopas1 #eh2 ( ,cnidos1 #fj2 & ! ,romans1 #hd2 de' ,m$ici1 #he2 ,cnidian1 #he2 ( ! ,capitol1 #hg2 ( ,milo 7,melos71 #hg2 ( ,*igi1 #hg2 ,callipiga1 #hg2 by ,giovanni da ,bologna1 #bad2 by ,?orwalds51 #beg 7& see ,aphrodite7 ,v]oc*io1 ,&rea del1 #adh1 #aee ,v]ona1 #aef ,v]sailles1 ,puget's works 91 #bbi ,victoria2 ,gibson's /atue (1 #bgg2 portraits (1 by ,gibson1 #bgg ,victories1 by ,rau*1 #bga ,victors1 /atues (1 #bi ,villa ,borghese2 & ar* ( ,claudius1 #ih2 ,b]n9i's ,apollo & ,daphne 91 #bbd ,villa ,ludovisi1 ,b]n9i's ,rape ( ,pros]p9e 91 #bbd ,v9ci1 ,leon>do da1 #ahc ,virg92 by ,cano1 #bbj2 by ,coysevox1 #bbi ,virtue & ,vice 7,giovanni71 #bad ,vis*]1 ,h]mann1 #aga ,vis*]1 ,pet]1 #aga ,vis*]s1 ,!1 #aga ,visconti ,monum5t1 #agg ,vols9ii1 #hb ,volto ,santo1 temple (1 #aec ,vulcan4 ,see ,hephae/us ,walhalla1 #bga2 ,victories by ,rau* 91 #bga ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweid1 #aae ,wa%+ton1 ,canova's /atue (1 #bde ,w$gwood & ,flaxman1 #bej ,wells ,ca!dral1 #abb ,we/macott2 conc]n+ ,b]n9i1 #bbd2 conc]n+ ,flaxman1 #beb2 conc]n+ me*anical me?ods1 #bhj ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 #aba1 #bgg ,wi*mann1 ,ludwig1 #bgb ,wilk5s1 #bfg ,wilson1 ,hea?1 #baa ,w9ckelmann1 #bce ,wise ,virg9s1 by ,krafft1 #agj ,witt5b]g1 monum5t 91 #age2 ,lu!r's /atue 91 #bfi ,wohlgemu?1 ,mi*ael1 #aff ,wolff1 #bgj ,wolfram ( ,/rasburg1 #aae ,wood-c>v+ 9 fifte5? c5tury1 #afb ,w\nd$ ,lion1 ,assyrian1 #ae ,wu]zburg1 #abc1 #afh ,zecca1 #ahf ,zeppel91 ,c\nt1 monum5t (1 #bdh ,zeus2 ,phidias's /atue (1 #cc2 by ,leo*>es1 #fe 7& see ,jupit]7 ,zoega & ,?orwalds51 #bef1 #beh ,zuliani1 ,cavali]e1 & ,canova1 #bci1 #bdj ,zwickau & ,wohlgemu?1 #aff ,zw+]h(1 #bga