---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,disclaimer ,the articles published in the ,annual ,reports of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are not to be construed as an endorsement by the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 its board of directors1 or its members4 ,no endorsement is intended for products mentioned1 nor is criticism meant for products not mentioned4 ,the laws and recommendations for pesticide application may have changed since the articles were written4 ,it is always the pesticide applicator's responsibility1 by law1 to read and follow all current label directions for the specific pesticide being used4 ,the discussion of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,proceedings ,,at ,,the ,,seventh ,,annual ,,meeting ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,september #h ,,and #i1 #aiaf4 ,,press ,,of ,the ,advertiser-republican1 ,,annapolis1 ,,md4 ,,contents ,,page ,officers and ,committees of the ,association #d ,members of the ,association #e ,constitution and ,by-,laws #aj ,proceedings of the ,seventh ,annual ,meeting #ac ,report of the ,secretary-,treasurer #ad ,notes on the ,chinquapins1 ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris1 ,new ,york #ae ,the ,black ,walnut1 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #be ,discussion on the ,almond #cc ,discussion on the ,hazel #cg ,the ,chestnut ,bark ,disease1 ,dr4 ,haven ,metcalf1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #da ,discussion on ,quarantine for ,chestnut ,nursery ,stock #di ,hybrids and ,other ,new ,chestnuts for ,blight ,districts1 ,dr4 ,walter ,van ,fleet1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #ed ,president's ,address1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,roundhill1 ,va4 #eh ,diseases of the ,persian ,walnut1 ,s4 ,m4 ,mc,murran1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #fg ,discussion on ,winter ,killing #gb ,address of ,col4 ,c4 ,a4 ,van ,duzee1 ,cairo1 ,georgia #ge ,resolutions on ,chestnut ,blight ,quarantine #hj ,resolution on ,investigations in ,nut ,tree ,propagation #hd ,discussion on the ,growth and ,fruiting of ,pecans in the ,north #hf ,top ,working ,pecans on ,other ,hickories #ia ,appendix3 ,letter from ,w4 ,c4 ,reed1 ,vice-,president #ih ,the ,food ,value of ,nuts1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg1 ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 #aja ,letter from ,j4 ,c4 ,cooper1 ,mc,minnville1 ,oregon #aad ,list of those present at the meeting #aag ,,officers ,,of ,,the ,,association ,president ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed ,vincennes1 ,indiana ,vice-,president ,w4 ,n4 ,,hutt ,raleigh1 ,north ,carolina ,secretary and ,treasurer ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,georgetown1 ,connecticut ,,committees ,auditing--,c4 ,p4 ,,close1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed ,executive--,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage1 ,j4 ,,russell ,,smith ,,and ,,the ,,officers ,finance--,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage1 ,,willard ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,hybrids--,r4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,c4 ,p4 ,,close1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,j4 ,g4 ,,rush ,membership--,,harry ,r4 ,,weber1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,olcott1 ,f4 ,n4 ,,fagan1 ,w4 ,o4 ,,potter1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,,wendell ,p4 ,,williams1 ,j4 ,,russell ,,smith ,nomenclature--,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,r4 ,l4 ,,mccoy1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones ,press and ,publication--,,ralph ,t4 ,,olcott1 ,j4 ,,russell ,,smith1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,programme--,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,j4 ,,russell ,,smith1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,w4 ,n4 ,,hutt1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris ,promising ,seedlings--,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones1 ,,paul ,,white ,,state ,,vice-,,presidents ,california ,t4 ,c4 ,tucker #caa ,california ,st41 ,san ,francisco ,canada ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan #fc ,avenue ,road1 ,toronto ,connecticut ,charles ,h4 ,plump ,west ,redding ,delaware ,e4 ,r4 ,angst #ebg ,dupont ,building1 ,wilmington ,georgia ,j4 ,b4 ,wight ,cairo ,illinois ,h4 ,a4 ,riehl ,alton ,indiana ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson ,rockport ,iowa ,wendell ,p4 ,williams ,danville ,kentucky ,a4 ,l4 ,moseley ,calhoun ,maryland ,c4 ,p4 ,close ,college ,park ,massachusetts ,james ,,ii4 ,bowditch #ijc ,tremont ,building1 ,boston ,michigan4 ,miss ,maude ,m4 ,jessup #ddj ,thomas ,st41 ,grand ,rapids ,minnesota ,l4 ,l4 ,powers #ajah ,hudson ,ave41 ,st4 ,paul ,missouri ,p4 ,c4 ,stark ,louisiana ,new ,jersey ,c4 ,s4 ,ridgway ,lumberton ,new ,york ,m4 ,e4 ,wile #cg ,calumet ,st41 ,rochester ,north ,carolina ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt ,raleigh ,ohio ,harry ,r4 ,weber #fja ,gerke ,building1 ,cincinnati ,pennsylvania ,j4 ,g4 ,rush ,west ,willow ,texas ,r4 ,s4 ,trumbull ,m4 ,s4 ,r4 ,r4 ,co41 ,el ,paso ,virginia ,john ,s4 ,parish ,eastham ,washington ,a4 ,e4 ,baldwin ,kettle ,falls ,west ,virginia ,b4 ,f4 ,hartzell ,shepherdstown ,,members ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,california ,dawson1 ,l4 ,h41 ,llano ,johnson1 ,chet1 ,r4 ,d4 #a1 ,biggs ,tucker1 ,t4 ,c41 ,manager ,california ,almond ,growers' ,exchange1 #caa ,california ,st41 ,san ,francisco ,,canada ,corsan1 ,g4 ,h41 ,university of ,toronto ,dufresne1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,a41 #ahgb ,cartier ,st41 ,montreal ,sager1 ,dr4 ,d4 ,s41 ,brantford ,,connecticut ,barnes1 ,john ,r41 ,yalesville ,deming1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c41 ,georgetown ,deming1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,c41 ,georgetown4 ,goodwin1 ,james ,l41 ,box #ddg1 ,hartford ,hungerford1 ,newman1 ,torrington1 ,r4 #b1 ,box #gf1 for circulars1 ,box #ajhb1 ,hartford1 for letters ,ives1 ,ernest ,m41 ,sterling ,orchards1 ,meriden ,lay1 ,charles ,downing1 ,wellesmere1 ,stratford ,lewis1 ,henry ,leroy1 ,stratford ,mikkelsen1 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,a41 ,georgetown 99,morris1 ,dr4 ,robert ,t41 ,cos ,cob1 ,r4 #bh1 ,box #ie ,plump1 ,charles ,,ii41 ,west ,redding ,sessions1 ,albert ,l41 ,bristol ,staunton1 ,gray1 ,r4 ,d4 #cj1 ,stamford ,white1 ,gerrard1 ,north ,granby ,williams1 ,w4 ,w41 ,milldale ,,delaware ,augst1 ,e4 ,r41 #ebg ,du,pont ,building1 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,lord1 ,george ,frank1 care of ,du,pont ,powder ,company1 ,wilmington ,,district ,,of ,,columbia ,close1 ,prof4 ,c4 ,p41 ,pomologist1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington ,goddard1 ,r4 ,h41 ,states' ,relations ,service1 ,washington 99,littlepage1 ,t4 ,p41 ,union ,trust ,building1 ,washington ,reed1 ,c4 ,a41 ,nut ,culturist1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington ,,georgia ,bullard1 ,wm4 ,p41 ,albany ,van ,duzee1 ,c4 ,a41 ,judson ,orchard ,farm1 ,cairo ,wight1 ,j4 ,b41 ,cairo ,,illinois ,casper1 ,o4 ,,ii41 ,anna ,poll1 ,carl ,j1 #ajji ,maple ,st41 ,danville ,potter1 ,hon4 ,w4 ,o41 ,marion ,riehl1 ,e4 ,a41 ,alton ,,indiana ,hutchings1 ,miss ,lida ,g41 #aah ,third ,st41 ,madison ,lukens1 ,mrs4 ,b41 ,anderson ,reed1 ,m4 ,p41 ,vincennes ,reed1 ,w4 ,c1 ,vincennes ,wilkinson1 ,j4 ,f41 ,rockport ,woolbright1 ,clarence1 ,r4 ,d4 #c1 ,elnora ,,iowa ,snyder1 ,d4 ,c41 ,center ,point ,williams1 ,wendell ,p41 ,danville ,,kentucky ,matthews1 ,prof4 ,c4 ,w41 ,horticulturist1 ,state ,agricultural ,station1 ,lexington ,moseley1 ,a4 ,l41 ,bank of ,calhoun1 ,calhoun ,,maryland ,campbell1 ,george ,d41 ,lonaconing ,darby1 ,r4 ,u41 ,suite #hjd1 ,continental ,building1 ,baltimore ,hayden1 ,chas4 ,s41 #bjj ,e4 ,lexington ,st41 ,baltimore ,keenan1 ,dr4 ,john ,n41 ,brentwood ,king1 ,w4 ,j41 #bcb ,prince ,george ,st41 ,annapolis ,kyner1 ,james ,h41 ,bladensburg ,littlepage1 ,miss ,louise1 ,bowie ,murray1 ,miss ,annie ,c41 ,cumberstone ,stabler1 ,henry1 ,hancock ,white1 ,paul1 ,bowie ,,massachusetts 99,bowditch1 ,james ,,ii41 #ijc ,tremont ,building1 ,boston ,cleaver1 ,c4 ,leroy1 ,hingham ,center ,cole1 ,mrs4 ,george ,b41 #ae ,mystic ,ave41 ,winchester ,hoffman1 ,bernhard1 ,overbrook ,orchard1 ,stockbridge ,smith1 ,fred ,a41 #ci ,pine ,st41 ,danvers ,vaughan1 ,horace ,a41 ,peacehaven1 ,assonet ,white1 ,warren1 ,holliston ,,michigan ,copland1 ,alexander ,w41 ,strawberry ,hill ,farm1 ,birmingham ,jessup1 ,miss ,maud ,m41 #ddj ,thomas ,st41 ,grand ,rapids ,johnson1 ,franklin1 ,munising ,kellogg1 ,j4 ,h41 ,battle ,creek ,staunton1 ,gray1 ,muskegon1 ,box #bcc ,,minnesota ,powers1 ,l4 ,l41 #ajah ,hudson ,ave41 ,st4 ,paul ,,missouri ,bauman1 ,x4 ,c41 ,ste4 ,genevieve ,darche1 ,j4 ,h41 ,parkville ,funston1 ,e4 ,s41 #aeba ,morgan ,st41 ,st4 ,louis ,phelps1 ,howe1 ,pine ,hurst ,dairy1 ,carthage ,stark1 ,p4 ,c41 ,louisiana 7,mo47 ,,nebraska ,kurtz1 ,john ,w41 #ecjd ,bedford ,st41 ,omaha ,,new ,,jersey ,black1 ,walter ,c41 of ,jos4 ,h4 ,black1 ,son ,co41 ,hightstown ,childs1 ,fred41 ,morristown1 ,r4 ,d4 #b ,jaques1 ,lee ,w41 #gd ,waverly ,st41 ,jersey ,city ,heights ,lovett1 ,j4 ,t41 ,little ,silver ,marston1 ,edwin ,s41 ,florham ,park1 ,box #gb ,mechling1 ,edward ,a41 ,wonderland ,farm1 ,moorestown ,ridgeway1 ,c4 ,s4 ,floralia1 ,lumberton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,roberts1 ,horace1 ,moorestown ,young1 ,frederick ,c41 ,palmyra1 ,box #cce ,,new ,,york ,abbott1 ,frederick ,b41 #dai ,ninth ,st41 ,brooklyn ,atwater1 ,c4 ,g41 ,the ,barrett ,co41 #ag ,battery ,place1 ,new ,york ,city ,baker1 ,dr4 ,hugh ,p41 ,dean of ,state ,college of ,forestry1 ,syracuse ,baker1 ,prof4 ,j4 ,fred1 ,director of ,forest ,investigations1 ,state ,college of ,forestry1 ,syracuse ,baker1 ,wm4 ,a41 ,north ,rose ,bixby1 ,willard ,g41 #dfth ,st4 and #bnd ,ave41 ,brooklyn ,brown1 ,ronald ,j41 #cbj ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,ellwanger1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,d41 #eaj ,east ,ave41 ,rochester ,fullerton1 ,h4 ,b41 ,director ,long ,island ,railroad ,experiment ,station1 ,medford1 ,l4 ,i4 ,haywood1 ,albert1 ,flushing ,hickox1 ,ralph1 #chcb ,white ,plains ,ave41 ,new ,york ,city ,holden1 ,e4 ,b41 ,hilton 99,huntington1 ,a4 ,m41 #ae ,w4 #hast ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,jackson1 ,dr4 ,james ,h41 ,dansville ,loomis1 ,c4 ,b41 ,east ,greenbush ,miller1 ,milton ,r41 ,batavia1 ,box #cid ,morse1 ,geo4 ,a41 ,fruit ,acres1 ,williamson1 ,n4 ,y4 ,nelson1 ,dr4 ,james ,robert1 #bc ,main ,st41 ,kingston-on-,hudson ,olcott1 ,ralph ,t41 ,ellwanger ,barry ,building1 ,rochester ,palmer1 ,a4 ,c41 ,new ,york ,military ,academy1 ,cornwall-on-,hudson ,pannell1 ,w4 ,b41 ,pittsford ,pomeroy1 ,a4 ,c41 ,lockport ,rice1 ,mrs4 ,lillian ,mc,kee1 ,adelano1 ,pawling ,simmons1 ,a4 ,l41 ,state ,highway ,department1 ,albany ,stuart1 ,c4 ,w41 ,newark ,teele1 ,a4 ,w41 #cj ,broad ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,teter1 ,walter ,c41 #aj ,wall ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,thomson1 ,adelbert1 ,east ,avon ,tuckerman1 ,bayard1 #aah ,e4 #cgth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,ulman1 ,dr4 ,ira1 #bac ,w4 #adgth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,wile1 ,m4 ,e41 #cg ,calumet ,st41 ,rochester ,williams1 ,dr4 ,charles ,mallory1 #dh ,e4 #dith ,st41 ,new ,york ,city 99,wissman1 ,mrs4 ,f4 de ,r41 ,westchester1 ,new ,york ,city ,,north ,,carolina ,glover1 ,j4 ,wheeler1 ,morehead ,city ,hutt1 ,prof4 ,w4 ,n41 ,state ,horticulturist1 ,raleigh ,van ,lindley1 ,j41 ,j4 ,van ,lindley ,nursery ,company1 ,pomona ,whitfield1 ,dr4 ,wm4 ,cobb1 ,grifton ,,ohio ,dayton1 ,j4 ,h41 ,storrs ,harrison ,company1 ,painesville ,evans1 ,miss ,myrta ,l41 ,briallen ,farm1 ,oak ,hill1 ,jackson ,county ,miller1 ,h4 ,a41 ,gypsum ,thorne1 ,charles ,e41 ,wooster1 ,agric4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,weber1 ,harry ,e41 #fja ,gerke ,building1 ,cincinnati ,yunck1 ,e4 ,g41 #gaj ,central ,ave41 ,sandusky ,,pennsylvania ,druckemiller1 ,w4 ,c41 ,sunbury ,fagan1 ,prof4 ,p4 ,n41 ,department of ,horticulture1 ,state ,college ,grubbs1 ,h4 ,l41 ,fairview1 ,r4 #a ,hall1 ,robt4 ,w41 #acc ,church ,st41 ,bethlehem ,harshman1 ,u4 ,w41 ,waynesboro ,heffner1 ,h41 ,highland ,chestnut ,grove1 ,leeper ,hile1 ,anthony1 ,curwensville ,national ,bank1 ,curwensville ,hoopes1 ,wilmer ,w41 ,hoopes ,brothers and ,thomas ,company1 ,westchester ,hutchinson1 ,mahlon1 ,ashwood ,farm1 ,devon1 ,chester ,county ,jenkins1 ,charles ,francis1 ,farm ,journal1 ,philadelphia 99,jones1 ,j4 ,p41 ,lancaster1 ,box #ebg ,kaufman1 ,m4 ,m41 ,clarion ,leas1 ,f4 ,c41 #hhb ,drexel ,building1 ,philadelphia1 ,mountain ,brook ,orchard ,company1 ,salem1 ,va4 ,middleton1 ,fenton ,h41 #aaah ,chestnut ,st41 ,philadelphia ,murphy1 ,p4 ,j41 ,vice-,president ,l4 ,w4 ,r4 ,r4 ,r4 ,company1 ,scranton ,o',neill1 ,wm4 ,c41 #acbh ,walnut ,st41 ,philadelphia ,rheam1 ,j4 ,f41 #de ,n4 ,walnut ,st41 ,lewistown ,rick1 ,john1 #dch ,pennsylvania ,sq41 ,reading ,rife1 ,jacob ,a41 ,camp ,hill ,rush1 ,j4 ,g41 ,west ,willow 99,sober1 ,col4 ,c4 ,k41 ,lewisburg ,thomas1 ,joseph ,w41 ,jos4 ,w4 ,thomas ,sons1 ,king of ,prussia ,p4 ,o4 ,weaver1 ,wm4 ,s41 ,mc,cungie ,webster1 ,mrs4 ,edmund1 #acbd ,s4 ,broad ,st41 ,philadelphia 99,wister1 ,john ,c1 ,wister ,st4 and ,clarkson ,ave41 ,germantown ,wright1 ,r4 ,p41 #bce ,w4 #fth ,st41 ,erie ,,south ,,carolina ,shanklin1 ,prof4 ,a4 ,g41 ,clemson ,college ,,tennessee ,marr1 ,thomas ,s41 #gja ,stahlman ,building1 ,nashville ,,texas ,burkett1 ,j4 ,h41 ,nut ,specialist1 ,state ,dept1 of ,agric41 ,clyde ,trumbull1 ,r4 ,s41 ,agricultural ,agent1 ,el ,paso ,s4 ,w4 ,system1 ,morenci ,southern ,railroad ,company1 ,el ,paso ,,virginia ,crockett1 ,e4 ,b41 ,monroe ,engleby1 ,thos4 ,l41 #ajjb ,patterson ,ave41 ,roanoke ,lee1 ,lawrence ,r41 ,leesburg ,miller1 ,l4 ,o41 ,miller ,rhodes1 ,richmond ,parish1 ,john ,s41 ,eastham1 ,albemarle ,county ,shackford1 ,theodore ,b41 care of ,adams ,brothers-,paynes ,company1 ,lynchburg ,smith1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell1 ,roundhill ,,washington ,baldwin1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,e41 ,kettle ,falls ,rogers1 ,dr4 ,albert1 ,okanogan ,,west ,,virginia ,hartzell1 ,b4 ,f41 ,shepherdstown 99 ,life member4 ,,constitution ,,article ,i ,name4 ,this society shall be known as the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association4 ,,article ,,ii ,object4 ,its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants1 their products and their culture4 ,,article ,,iii ,membership4 ,membership in the society shall be open to all persons who desire to further nut culture1 without reference to place of residence or nationality1 subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on membership4 ,,article ,,iv ,officers4 ,there shall be a president1 a vice-president and a secretary-treasurer1 who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting2 and an executive committee of five persons1 of which the president1 two last retiring presidents1 vice-president and secretary-treasurer shall be members4 ,there shall be a state vice-president from each state1 dependency or country represented in the membership of the association1 who shall be appointed by the president4 ,,article ,v ,election of ,officers4 ,a committee of five members shall be elected at the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the following year4 ,,article ,,vi ,meetings4 ,the place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected by the membership in session or1 in the event of no selection being made at this time1 the executive committee shall choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention4 ,such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee4 ,,article ,,vii ,quorum4 ,ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum1 but must include a majority of the executive committee or two of the three elected officers4 ,,article ,,viii ,amendments4 ,this constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting1 notice of such amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting1 or a copy of the proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting4 ,,by-,,laws ,,article ,i ,committees4 ,the association shall appoint standing committees as follows3 ,on membership1 on finance1 on programme1 on press and publication1 on nomenclature1 on promising seedlings1 on hybrids1 and an auditing committee4 ,the committee on membership may make recommendations to the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member4 ,,article ,,ii ,fees4 ,the fees shall be of two kinds1 annual and life4 ,the former shall be two dollars1 the latter twenty dollars4 ,,article ,,iii ,membership4 ,all annual memberships shall begin with the first day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the association4 ,,article ,,iv ,amendments4 ,by-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members present at any annual meeting4 ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association ,,seventh ,,annual ,,meeting ,,september #h ,,and #i1 #aiaf ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the seventh annual meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association was called to order in rooms #db-dc of the new building of the ,national ,museum at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 on ,friday1 ,september #hth1 at #aj a4 m41 the president1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 presiding4 ,,the ,,president3 ,it is often customary to start meetings of this sort with a considerable amount of eloquence1 such as an address of welcome by some high city or state official1 a response to the address of welcome by some one else high in authority1 and so on1 during which the visitors are told of the many privileges they may enjoy1 the keys of the town are handed over to them1 and a good deal of high-flown oratory is indulged in4 ,we suppose that the people in attendance at this meeting are so well acquainted with ,washington that those preliminaries are unnecessary1 and ,i have been informed by the members of the local committee that we can dispense with the frills in this case and proceed with the business of the meeting1 which we think is going to rather crowd our time if we get said all that we want to say4 ,we are going to devote this morning's programme first to a paper by ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris on the chinquapin1 and then to the discussion of a comparatively newly considered member of our nut family1 namely1 the ,american black walnut4 ,we have been heretofore much interested in sundry exotics and talking far too little about this great tree nearer home4 ,before taking up the technical programme we have a few matters of business to put through4 ,first1 we will have the report of the secretary and treasurer4 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,secretary-,,treasurer ,balance on hand date of last report #adj4bd ,receipts3 ,dues #bib4ge ,advertisements #ba4jj ,contributions #e4ej ,sale of report #cd4ge ,contributions for prizes #aj4jj ,miscellaneous 4#fe ------- #ejd4hi ,expenses3 ,printing report #adb4ef ,envelopes for report #i4jj ,miscellaneous printing #cb4ej ,postage and stationery #di4bf ,stenographer #bf4ce ,express and freight #b4gg ,prizes #ah4jj ,checks1 ,j4 ,r4 ,s4 expenses and circulars #ahj4jj ,lantern operator #c4jj ,litchfield ,savings ,society #bj4jj ------- #dhc4dd ------- ,balance on hand #ba4de ,receipts from all sources1 except sale of reports1 have fallen off markedly1 as have new members1 #ca less than last year1 though we have now #aed paid up members1 one more than last year4 #aj members have resigned and #db have been dropped for non-payment of dues4 ,we have lost one member by death1 ,herbert ,r4 ,orr1 of ,washington4 ,the committees on membership and on finance should be more active4 ,our annual report constitutes the minutes of the last meeting4 ,our nut contest and other matters of interest have been reported through the columns of the ,american ,nut ,journal1 our official organ4 ,accepted4 ,,the ,,president3 ,next in order of business is the first step toward the election of officers for the ensuing year4 ,it is our custom to have a nominating committee elected at an early session4 ,they deliberate and bring forward a slate which is voted on at a later session4 ,this morning is a suitable time for the election of a committee1 and tomorrow morning will be a suitable time for their report4 ,are there any nominations for the ,nominating ,committee8 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,reed3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i move that ,dr4 ,morris1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,p4 ,close1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,prof4 ,stabler and ,dr4 ,ira ,ulman be appointed as the ,nominating ,committee4 ,,the ,,president3 ,are there any other nominations8 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i would like to ask that ,mr4 ,littlepage's name replace my name on that committee4 ,,the ,,president3 ,will the nominating member accept that amendment8 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,reed3 ,yes1 sir4 ,,the ,,president3 ,are there any other nominations8 ,do ,i hear a second to the nominations8 ,a ,,member3 ,second it4 ,carried4 ,,the ,,president3 ,are there any other committees to report at this time8 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,there is a ,committee on ,incorporation4 ,,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage3 ,mr4 ,president1 the ,committee on ,incorporation has done some investigating as to the desirability of incorporating the ,association1 and also1 if desirable1 under what laws1 but that committee has not yet made any final report nor come to any final conclusion1 and ,i would suggest1 as a member of the committee1 that the committee be continued and instructed to report the following year4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i think that it is unnecessary to vote on the continuance of the committee1 as it was appointed with indefinite tenure4 ,we will proceed with the programme and first have the pleasure of listening to ,dr4 ,morris4 ,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,chinquapins4 ,,dr4 ,,robert ,t4 ,,morris1 ,,new ,,york ,according to ,sargent the chinquapin 7,castanea pumila7 occupies dry sandy ridges1 rich hillsides and the borders of swamps from southern ,pennsylvania to northern ,florida and the valley of the ,neches ,river in ,texas4 ,he states that this chestnut is usually shrubby in the region east of the ,alleghany ,mountains1 and assuming the tree form west of the ,mississippi ,river4 ,most abundant and of largest size in southern ,arkansas and eastern ,texas4 ,curiously enough there are chinquapins also in northeastern ,asia which occur as understudies of the larger chestnuts1 very much as they do in ,america4 ,the indigenous range of the chinquapin in ,america is limited northward by a plan of nature for checking distribution of the species4 ,this plan is manifested in a habit which the nuts have of sprouting immediately upon falling in the early autumn4 ,they proceed busily to make a tap root which may become several inches in length before frost calls a halt4 ,in the north where the warm season is not long enough to allow the autumn sprout to lignify sufficiently for bearing the rigors of winter it is killed4 ,if we protect the small autumn plants1 or if we transplant older seedlings from their natural habitat1 they may be grown easily far north of their indigenous range4 ,thrifty chinquapins are happy in the ,arnold ,arboretum at ,jamaica ,plain in ,massachusetts1 and no one knows but they might be cultivated in ,nova ,scotia and ,minnesota4 ,the ,american chinquapin is one of the many beautiful and valuable plants which have not as yet been taken up by horticulturists for extensive development4 ,it promises to become one of our important sources of food supply for tomorrow4 ,if we were to develop all of our plant resources at once it would be an unkindness to the horticulturists of two thousand years from now1 who would be left moping around with nothing to do4 ,chinquapin nuts borne in heavy profusion by the plants are delicious in quality1 but usually too small to attract customers aside from the wood folk4 ,the wood of the chinquapin of tree form 7,c4 pumila var4 arboriformis7 is valuable for purposes to which wood of the common ,american chestnut is put1 and some of the tree chinquapins acquire an earned increment of two or three feet diameter of trunk1 and a height of more than fifty feet4 ,the bush chinquapin on the other hand feels rather exclusive when attaining a height of as much as fifteen feet4 ,i present for inspection a freshly cut branch from an ordinary bush chinquapin1 loaded with burs1 indicating the prolific nature of the variety4 ,the nuts in this particular specimen are small4 ,the next branch exhibited is from a similar bush1 but with nuts quite as large as those of the average common chestnut4 ,the horticulturist has only to graft or bud his ordinary run of chinquapin stocks from some one bush which bears large nuts1 and he will then have a valuable graded market product4 ,the larger the nut the less prolific the plant is a rule which holds good with the fruiting of almost any plant4 ,look at this branch from a tree chinquapin4 ,it is not remarkable in any way1 but the leaves seem to be a little larger than those of the bush chinquapin4 ,my tree chinquapins came from ,stark's nursery in ,missouri4 ,the first two which came into bearing had nuts quite as large as those of the common chestnut and ,i imagined that a discovery of value had been made1 but other trees of this variety later bore very small nuts1 and all of the tree chinquapin nuts1 large and small1 were much duller in color than those of the bush chinquapin4 ,my final conclusion is that so far as nuts alone are concerned we may plant and cultivate either the tree variety or the bush variety of the species and then bud or graft any number of stocks from some one plant which bears the best product4 ,,dr4 ,,augustus ,,stabler3 ,is it a somewhat finer grained wood than the ordinary chestnut8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i think it is4 ,all the chestnuts have rather coarse wood4 ,it is strong1 hard1 durable1 and valuable4 ,this chinquapin wood is somewhat coarse grained1 but1 for comparison with the ,american chestnut1 ,i don't know4 ,i imagine it is finer grained4 ,,dr4 ,,augustus ,,stabler3 ,i know that the chinquapin wood is very much tougher than the ,american chestnut4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,oh1 yes4 ,you cannot break the branches so easily4 ,here is a branch from a hybrid between a chinquapin and a common ,american chestnut 7,castanea dentata74 ,the leaves and bark1 you will observe1 are very much like those of the larger parent4 ,the burs are borne singly or in small groups like those of the common chestnut1 instead of being crowded in dense clusters like chinquapin burs4 ,there are two or three nuts to the bur1 while the chinquapin has normally1 but one nut to the bur4 ,this particular hybrid tree showed an interesting peculiarity4 ,during the first two seasons of bearing it had but one nut to the bur1 and this was of chinquapin character4 ,in the third year its nuts were still borne singly1 but they were lighter in color than before and oddly corrugated at the base4 ,as the tree became older its chestnut parentage influence pre-dominated1 and the tree began to bear two or three nuts to the bur1 and more like chestnuts in character1 becoming smooth again at the base4 ,i have a number of hybrids between chinquapins and various species and varieties of other chestnuts1 but none of these as yet has produced nuts of marked value4 ,there seems to be a tendency for the coarseness of the larger nuts to prevail in the hybrids1 a certain loss of gentility beneath a showy exterior4 ,the next branch which ,i present for inspection is from a most beautiful member of the chestnut family1 the alder-leaved chestnut 7,castanea alnifolia74 ,it is classed among the chinquapins in ,georgia where the plant is nearly if not quite evergreen4 ,at ,stamford it is deciduous very late in the autumn1 but sometimes a green leaf will be found in ,february1 where snow or dead leaves on the ground have furnished a protecting covering4 ,the notable value of this species is perhaps in its decorative character for lawns1 although the nuts are first rate4 ,the dark green brilliant leaves are striking in appearance1 and the shrub is inclined toward a trailing habit1 much like that of some of the junipers4 ,this species is one of my pets at ,merribrooke1 and a perennial source of wonder that nurserymen have not as yet pounced upon it for purposes of exaggeration and misstatement in their annual catalogues4 ,all of these specimens shown today are from my country place at ,stamford1 ,connecticut1 where the mercury in the thermometer leads one to make quotations relating to the ,eve of ,saint ,agnes2 five or ten degrees below the zero of ,fahrenheit occasionally1 and once down to twenty degrees below without injury to any kind of chestnut so far as ,i could observe4 ,i cannot make an exhibit of the golden-leaved chinquapin1 from the ,pacific slope1 because tragedy came to all of my little trees of this species1 and like most of the ,pacific slope plants they are not very joyous in the east4 ,one lot lived through one winter at ,merribrooke1 but they were the first green things that my cows saw in the springtime1 and further comment would be surplus4 ,a single specimen took courage in its root and grew finely until autumn1 but it was near a path and somebody pulled it up and left it lying stark naked on the ground4 ,botanists have recently made two species of the golden-leaved chinquapin1 one of the species attaining a height of more than one hundred feet4 ,if horticulturists will secure specimens of ,castanopsis chrysophilla from the region of ,mount ,shasta in ,california ,i presume that this beautiful evergreen chinquapin may be taught to grow in some of our gardens4 ,it is cultivated in the gardens of temperate ,europe4 ,in our north it should be planted close to a running brook1 where the roots of young trees can carry water in plenty to the evergreen top while the ground is frozen hard in winter4 ,our common chinquapin of the east is perhaps the one that will be cultivated most profitably in the region between the ,rocky ,mountains and the ,atlantic coast4 ,the beauty of freshly picked bush chinquapin nuts is not rivalled by that of any other kind of nut that ,i have ever seen4 ,the exquisitely polished mahogany color comes out of a light downy cloud near the apex of the nut1 dark as midnight for a moment and then shading through glows of lively chestnut until it dawns in a dreamy cream color at the base1 with just enough suggestion of green to temper the reds4 ,if any gourmet with a color soul could serve each one of his friends to a plate of twenty freshly picked bush chinquapins along with two ,bennett persimmons1 and all resting upon late ,september leaves of tupelo or of sweet gum the friends would remain and live at his expense while the combination lasted4 ,furthermore1 the children must always be taken into consideration along with chinquapin questions4 ,according to authorities on the subject of decadence1 we do not care very much about the children in these days4 ,if some old-fashioned folks still remain1 and if these old-fashioned folks do not take any particular personal interest in the beautiful garden and lawn trees that ,america has held out towards us in the chinquapins1 they may at least plant a few of them because of the social standing that will follow4 ,how so8 ,well1 you see1 it's because the parents of elite children will run over for a little visit in order to find out why the children do not come home4 ,then again1 we are kind to dumb animals when raising chinquapins4 ,squirrels and white-footed mice1 crows and blue jays are full of enthusiasm for the nuts1 and they will assume the responsibility of gathering the crop if the matter is left in their charge4 ,this is really a funny country2 something of a joke of a country when you come to think of it4 ,instead of setting out trees that will become both useful and beautiful1 in accordance with the old ,greek ideal of combining beauty and utility we set out ,norway spruces that will make people hate evergreens in general4 ,we set out poplars and all sorts of bunches of leaves in our parks and along the highways1 instead of trees still more beautiful that would yield tons of coupon dollars every autumn4 ,de gustibus non est disputandum6 ,when experimenting with hybridization of chinquapins1 ,i ran across a phenomenon of new interest to botanists1 and quite accidentally4 ,a number of clusters of pistillate flowers of the bush chinquapin had been covered with paper bags1 but not pollenized because of a shortage of pollen4 ,an active man with a good sense of neatness and order would have removed those bags merely for the sake of appearance1 but ,i was lazy and allowed the bags to remain for two or three weeks4 ,when they were finally removed1 it was found that the branches had set quite full of fruit1 although not so full as other branches that had been pollenized from oaks4 ,we were evidently dealing with an instance of parthenogenesis4 ,the flowers that had received oak pollen did not show any oak parentage later in their progeny1 and it was observed in other experiments in other years that almost any cupuliferous pollen would start cells of the chinquapin ovary into division and into the development of fertile nuts1 but without inclusion of the pollen cell in a gamete4 ,for purposes of convenience in thinking ,i have temporarily called this phenomenon stereochemic parthenogenesis4 ,apparently the propinquity of foreign pollen serves to stimulate a female cell into division1 although the pollen cell retains fixed molecular identity1 and does not fuse with the female cell4 ,i need not bring up abstruse questions of chromatin or of subatomic influence here4 ,at ,stamford the bush chinquapins begin to blossom regularly about the twelfth of ,june1 irrespective of weather conditions4 ,the tree chinquapins blossom a little later1 but the alder-leaved chestnut may not blossom until ,july1 later than the common ,american chestnut4 ,the bush chinquapins begin to open their burs very regularly about the fifteenth of ,september2 earlier than any other chestnuts4 ,they bear at an early age1 sometimes in their fifth summer4 ,grafting and budding is easily done among all of the chestnuts as a rule1 and this year ,i employed for the first time a large chinquapin bush for top-working with the choice ,merribrooke variety of the common chestnut4 ,every one of the grafts caught1 and some of them have grown tremendously4 ,this introduces an interesting question4 ,may we graft the common ,american chestnut upon bush chinquapin stocks and secure precocious bearing8 ,in that case we shall have trees like the dwarf apple and pear trees that are readily pruned and sprayed4 ,the chinquapin is practically immune to the blight 7,endothia parasitica47 ,easily blighting varieties of choice ,american chestnuts may be grafted upon these blight resistant stocks in orchard form if my experiment proves to be a success4 ,it will not lessen the vulnerability of the ,american chestnut1 but dwarf trees will be within reach of the horticulturist's pruning knife and spray outfit4 ,orchards of fine varieties of the common chestnut may perhaps be maintained in this way until the present epidemic of ,endothia has expended its protoplasmic energy1 or until it has succumbed to microbic parasites of its own4 ,,the ,,president3 ,are there any questions to put to ,dr4 ,morris8 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i venture to say that a good many people have tried1 in the north1 to raise the chinquapin1 and ,i would like to have ,dr4 ,morris tell us what to do to get it to grow best1 whether to buy the trees from the nurserymen1 or to plant the nuts1 and just how to do it4 ,,prof4 ,c4 ,p4 ,,close3 ,i would like to ask ,dr4 ,morris about those chinquapins that set without the application of pollen1 whether they fill well and whether they sprout at planting8 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,with us out in ,maryland it isn't a question of producing the chinquapin2 we cut the bushes down every year by the thousands2 we have nothing at all against it1 but we have found that the weevil has been absolutely unsurmountable with us4 ,it is the only discouraging thing about it in this part of the country4 ,around ,washington the chinquapin is a weed tree1 and if you gather a peck of chinquapins you will find that the whole peck1 in two weeks1 have turned to weevils4 ,perhaps ,dr4 ,morris can tell us what to do about that1 and put us on the road to success4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i should like to ask ,dr4 ,morris two questions1 first1 as to the possibility of utilizing the western tree chinquapins as stocks for the larger eastern chinquapins with nuts of chestnut size4 ,is there a possibility thus of getting a larger tree8 ,the second question is akin to that--utilization of the western tree as a stock for a hybrid chinquapin which might have arboreal possibilities and enough chinquapin qualities to be blight-resistant4 ,,dr4 ,,stabler3 ,i am very much interested in ,dr4 ,morris' proposition to produce dwarf chestnut trees by grafting on chinquapin stocks4 ,now1 the difficulty ,i would expect to encounter is the same as when pecans are grafted on hickory1 and when sweet cherries are grafted on ,mahaleb1 namely1 that the root is not sufficiently vigorous to support the top4 ,the fact that his grafts grew so tremendously when put on the chinquapin roots would look as though that might occur4 ,,the ,,president3 ,the audience seems to have run out of questions4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,all right1 sir4 ,first1 how are we to grow chinquapins8 ,plant as soon as the nuts have fallen4 ,put them in a cage4 ,i have wire cages that are about eight inches high1 and about two feet wide and three feet long4 ,i plant all the nuts there4 ,they have wire mesh tops to keep out the rodents2 that is the important thing4 ,all nuts1 ,i find1 are best planted under conditions which simulate the normal conditions4 ,our nut trees are not as yet domesticated4 ,they haven't learned bad habits1 and they depend upon peculiarly favorable conditions of moisture1 warmth and light4 ,you plant a nut two inches below the surface1 but nature doesn't do anything like that4 ,consequently1 that nut is surprised1 doesn't know what to do1 and stays down there looking for something to happen4 ,but if you put that nut so it is about half buried in the sand1 so that it is damp on one side and the sun strikes it on the other side1 and the frost and snow affect it naturally1 the nut does just what you want it to do4 ,it gets out of that uncomfortable condition and begins to grow4 7,laughter47 ,when planting any nuts1 ,i place them in the sand and leave one side exposed to light1 moisture1 frost1 and the observation of visitors4 ,when ,i have sprouted chinquapins in the north and there is danger of their not lignifying when the ground begins to freeze1 ,i put a lot of little sticks upright amongst them1 so that my mulch will not bear too heavily upon the chinquapins1 and then cover them with several inches of oak leaves1 or any good1 strong leaves that will not pack too tightly4 ,that mulch of loose leaves will protect the sprouted nuts perfectly during the winter in ,connecticut1 so they all start growing in the next spring4 ,another way is to buy chinquapin stocks from any of the nurserymen1 stocks two or three years old1 which begin to bear when four or five years of age4 ,professor ,close1 ,i think it was1 who asked if the nuts were fertile1 both the ones that developed without fertilization by any pollen and the ones that developed by stereochemic parthenogenesis--by the influence of neighboring pollen4 ,both sorts are fertile1 and ,i presume that the effect of that would be similar to the effect of close inbreeding4 ,in other words1 we would have intensification of characteristics of some one parent4 ,if you get parthenogenesis through two or three generations ,i presume that same peculiar feature of the original parent would become so intensified as to become a marked feature of the progeny4 ,this offers a new line of cleavage for horticultural investigation4 ,i am very glad that you raised that question4 ,answering ,mr4 ,littlepage1 ,i have apparently managed to get some crosses back and forth between chestnuts1 and oaks1 and beech1 this year4 ,i have a number of those crosses now under way that are apparently good hybrids4 ,,dr4 ,,stabler3 ,a cross between a chestnut and a beech8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,yes1 ,i think so4 ,you see1 ,i have got to wait a year or so until the plants develop later characteristics4 ,all of these parent trees are pretty closely related1 you see4 ,the blooming period between the different ones may be as much as two or three weeks1 or three months apart1 in fact4 ,i have cross pollinated hazels and oaks1 this year4 ,the way to do that is to find correspondents at the extreme limit of the blossoming range of the species1 who will send pollen4 ,for instance1 ,professor ,hume1 in ,florida1 sends me chestnut pollen in time to cross my oaks1 and ,professor ,conser1 of the ,university of ,maine1 has some beeches that blossom in time for me to cross with chinquapins and oak trees4 ,that is one way to do it4 ,another way is to put your pollen in cold storage with some sphagnum moss1 just put a little damp moss in your box with the pollen and put it in cold storage1 and keep it at just about forty1 above the freezing point4 ,another way is to put branches with dormant flower buds in cold storage4 ,hazels1 for instance1 may be kept for six months in this way4 ,put them in water1 in the sun1 and you soon have flowers furnishing pollen4 ,i would take up the whole session of two days here if you were to ask too many questions along that line4 7,laughter47 ,mr4 ,littlepage's question about the weevils4 ,the question may be settled very easily where there are not many chinquapin trees4 ,that is the case in ,connecticut4 ,collect all the nuts1 and you collect all of the weevil larvae4 ,curiously enough1 the common chestnut weevil1 that had become very abundant1 has disappeared locally with the disappearance of our ,american chestnut1 and has not attacked our chinquapins4 ,if you have an orchard of chinquapins and collect all the nuts you will soon dispose of the weevils4 ,that is the only way that ,i know of for disposing of the weevils4 ,eat them up4 7,laughter47 ,you can pick out the weevil chestnuts fairly well if you toss all of the nuts into a cup of water and pick out the ones that float4 ,pound them up with a mallet and throw them into the chicken coop4 ,dr4 ,smith asks if the use of the tree chinquapin as a stock for the ,american chestnut would give good-sized trees4 ,undoubtedly1 and1 besides that1 if it is used for hybridizing purposes1 we shall probably find that we have1 now and then1 an individual that is very much larger than the ,american chestnut or the tree chinquapin4 ,it is a peculiarity of hybrids to show eccentricities1 and many hybrids that occur are very thrifty and larger than either parent4 ,that is the case with the ,royal walnut that they have said so much about in ,california4 ,it grows so rapidly there that even ,californians do not dare to tell about it4 7,laughter47 ,another question1 the last one--will the effect of using a bush chinquapin stock for the ,american chestnut be like that of growing sour cherries upon stocks which do not carry them well8 ,now1 we have there what the lawyers call a question of fact1 and we shall have to work that out4 ,some tops will exhaust a root4 ,some tops will grab a root by the back of the neck and drag it right along4 ,some tops will adjust themselves philosophically to almost any sort of unusual conditions1 and go on and bear fruit like true philosophers4 ,we have an instance of that in the dwarf apple1 which is a success4 ,we have an instance of failure in some of the cherries which exhaust themselves4 ,we have an example of dragging the smaller stock along when we graft the ,royal walnut upon the common black walnut4 ,the ,royal walnut just drags the black walnut along where it doesn't want to go at all4 ,so there we have three instances of grafting a foreign visitor upon another stock4 ,i have taken more than my share of time1 ,mr4 ,chairman1 but the discussion has been very interesting1 indeed4 7,applause47 ,,the ,,president3 ,i am going to take the liberty of asking ,dr4 ,morris one more question1 which1 perhaps1 is of interest to others4 ,in your experience with the golden-leafed chinquapins1 from how far ,south have you secured stock1 and how far ,north will the golden-leafed chinquapin grow8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,my specimens ,i got from a dealer in ,portland1 ,oregon1 and they grew pretty far ,north4 ,the tree ranges from ,oregon and ,washington down through the lower extremities of the ,coast range1 but we had better get the northern forms1 and there is one man1 ,carl ,purdy1 of ,ukiah1 ,california1 who has the golden chinquapin for sale4 ,,the ,,president3 ,the next subject on the programme is the ,american black walnut4 ,we have sent to the membership a series of questions about the black walnut which ,i will read for the benefit of those who haven't this programme4 ,first4 ,what evidence is there to show that the black walnut may become a valuable nut commercially8 ,second4 ,is quality important with the black walnut1 and is there much difference in the quality of different nuts8 ,third4 ,what varieties of black walnut are most promising8 ,fourth4 ,is the ,thomas black walnut better than many others that have been brought to notice8 ,fifth4 ,what are the best methods of propagating8 ,now1 we have no set paper on that subject4 ,i will call on ex-,president ,littlepage to make a few sallies concerning the black walnut4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,mr4 ,president1 the black walnut ought to be the easiest subject in the world to talk about4 ,it is a question of how much one ought not to say1 however1 in a limited time4 ,the pecan tree was my first love4 ,i shall always stick to the pecan4 ,but if ,i were called upon today1 to point out to this ,association or to any prospective grower who actually wants to make money raising nuts1 and who wants something that will pay the grocery bill and his sixty or ninety day notes1 ,i think ,i should tell them to plant the black walnut4 ,and ,i don't think1 either1 that that is treason1 because ,i think1 as we go through with this programme1 the pecan will be properly taken care of4 ,in the first place1 the black walnut is a native tree4 ,i have seen it growing1 too1 on the ,gulf of ,mexico1 and in the ,dominion of ,canada4 ,most native trees are immune to fungous and bacterial diseases that destroy so many trees4 ,the black walnut is a hardy tree1 and a fine timber proposition4 ,in the second place1 it is a fast growing tree4 ,i don't knew just how quickly one could actually produce a black walnut orchard1 but1 outside of a few trees1 such as the black locust and a number of others that do not produce nuts1 the black walnut is one of the fastest growers4 ,if you will feed a young walnut tree a small application of wood ashes and some stable manure it will commonly make a growth of six or seven feet a year4 ,therefore1 you don't have to wait a long time for walnut trees to come into bearing4 ,it is easy to propagate the black walnut4 ,cleft grafting is one of the simplest methods in the spring4 ,dormant wood1 cut in ,february or ,march and put in cold storage1 and cleft grafted in the spring1 ought to give from sixty to seventy per cent of success4 ,i haven't had experience budding1 but those who have say it is easy4 ,mr4 ,roper says it is1 but grafting is easy and simple4 ,the walnut1 like other nut trees1 must be propagated by budding or grafting in order to come true4 ,it will not come true from seed4 ,up until a few years ago ,i seldom saw a whole half of a black walnut4 ,the ordinary black walnut cracks about like this 7showing picture74 ,here is a black walnut cracked with two halves1 and you can't even see the kernel4 ,the two upper pictures show very beautiful walnuts1 but they defy you to get out a whole kernel4 ,now1 then1 when you come to a black walnut like this 7showing picture71 where you can crack out anywhere from fifty to seventy-five per cent of whole halves1 and many entirely whole kernels1 the most important problem is solved1 and the black walnut has come into the competition4 ,this variety was discovered by ,henry ,stabler1 and ,i named it after him4 ,perhaps one out of every ten of these nuts furnishes a whole1 solid1 undivided kernel4 ,the other walnut is the ordinary field walnut that has little commercial value for the reason that you can't get the kernels out4 ,it wouldn't make any difference if the nuts grew as big as pumpkins and a million of them on a tree if you couldn't get the meat out of them4 ,i suppose no one will question that the black walnut will grow and bear almost anywhere4 ,it is a weed tree in this part of the country4 ,on ,president ,smith's farm last year ,i saw them growing everywhere4 ,they grow and bear all over the fields4 ,and1 as ,i said1 the question of propagation is rather simple4 ,i think the great trouble we are up against on the farm in ,america is labor1 and that is because you cannot afford to pay good labor4 ,you want a superabundance of laborers in the summer time for two or three months1 and expect them to loaf all winter4 ,the farm proposition isn't a profitable one1 very largely because of the question of labor1 and the farmers of this country must produce something profitable enough to enable them to hire and pay high-grade labor the year round1 or they will go broke4 ,they must raise such crops as ,alfalfa that they can feed to their dairy cattle1 and tree crops that they can use their labor on in the winter time4 ,nine men are leaving the farm today for every one going there4 ,if you don't believe it1 read the census statistics4 ,the reason is labor and because you can't afford to pay it4 ,i don't think there is any profit in selling the black walnut as a nut1 but there will be profit in gathering that nut1 storing it1 and1 when your farm crops are all in and you are ready to discharge the labor1 put up an ordinary cheap cracking shed and let them crack the nuts for you1 and sell the meats4 ,that solves the question of what to do with farm labor in the winter time4 ,the walnuts return about ten pounds of meat to a bushel1 and a good cracker ought to crack from four to six bushels of nuts a day4 ,suppose you get only twenty-five cents a pound for the meats and your men crack only three bushels a day1 each there is #g4ej a day coming in from each cracker1 and1 besides1 you have made a valuable employment for your labor through the winter1 and you can afford to pay them for their work4 ,that is why ,i say the black walnut is1 to my mind1 one of the best commercial propositions4 ,i don't know how soon you can bring a black walnut orchard into bearing4 ,here is a picture of a tree probably seven or eight years old1 loaded with nuts4 ,that is a seedling tree4 ,i should think a budded tree would bear sooner than that4 ,i don't know much about walnut varieties4 ,the ,rush and ,thomas are excellent nuts4 ,but this ,stabler walnut1 in my opinion1 is in a class by itself in cracking possibilities4 ,it is simply a cracking proposition with the black walnut1 and that is1 to my mind1 about all there is to it4 ,perhaps1 other good varieties will be discovered4 ,then1 suppose we find1 after a while1 an ,english walnut much better and more profitable than we have at present1 and one that is blight resistant4 ,if you have an orchard of black walnuts you have an ideal stock to top-work to ,english4 ,i will show you one on my farm with a larger top than ,i cut off grown in two summers1 and it set some nuts last spring4 ,so1 if you want a foundation for an ,english walnut orchard1 you can't make any mistake in planting the budded or grafted varieties of these black walnuts4 ,the black walnut is a beautiful roadside tree4 ,there are different types1 the same as with the pecan tree4 ,here is a picture of curly black walnut wood4 ,the logs were cut from a tree in ,kentucky4 ,it took three wagons to haul this one tree to market1 and it brought thirty-five hundred dollars4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i wish to present ,mr4 ,stabler as the original propagator of the tree that bears his name4 ,the nuts of the ,stabler black walnut have been pronounced by a good many authorities as the best variety thus far discovered4 ,,mr4 ,,henry ,,stabler3 ,dr4 ,smith has just introduced me as the discoverer of this walnut4 ,this is hardly fair to ,mr4 ,littlepage1 who first introduced and1 probably1 first propagated this walnut4 ,it was discovered by my grandfather a little over forty years ago4 ,nothing was done with it at that time for the reason that nothing could be done1 but ,i was not the first one to get the idea of propagating it1 because my father1 who is here today1 attempted to graft these walnuts1 and every cion failed4 ,it seems to me that ,mr4 ,littlepage strikes the key-note in his article in ,the ,country ,gentleman last spring when he says that3 ,through the efforts of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association there was recently discovered a black walnut tree in ,howard ,county1 ,maryland1 producing nuts that crack out seventy-five to eighty per cent of whole halves4 ,the meat of this variety1 the ,stabler1 weighs forty-seven per cent of the whole nut4 ,that's it1 gentlemen4 ,i did not discover this walnut1 and without the organization of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association ,i could not have done any more with it than my grandfather was able to do forty years ago1 but1 as it was1 we just took up several samples and the ,northern ,nut ,growers did the rest4 ,the walnut has been attracting more and more attention ever since4 ,considering the black walnut as timber1 here is a picture of a black walnut log1 published in ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #gae1 of the ,department of ,agriculture4 ,the original owner1 a farmer1 sold the whole tree1 standing1 for fifty dollars2 the buyer felled it at a cost of fifteen dollars1 and sold it there for #ach4bf4 ,it was resold1 without being removed1 for #afd4hd1 and later sold 7the last price is not published7 to a large sewing machine factory1 but it certainly brought more than that last price which is printed1 of #afd4hd4 ,we occasionally hear of prices of #ajj or so being paid for black walnut trees on the stump4 ,the reason we don't hear of such prices being paid more frequently is because the farmer in not more than one case out of twenty gets real value for his black walnut trees4 ,there is a very highly organized and efficient system in the ,united ,states of gathering up the black walnut trees which are large enough to use for furniture and other purposes and paying for them as little as possible2 but they make a practice of getting them even if they do have to pay more4 ,there was a man living not so far from where ,i live1 up in our country1 who had a very fine black walnut tree standing in his yard4 ,one day a man came around and entered into conversation with him1 and said1 ,mr4 ,harder1 what will you take for that tree in your yard8 ,it isn't for sale1 said ,mr4 ,harder4 ,well1 said the man1 ,i'll give you a hundred dollars for it4 ,mr4 ,harder merely shook his head4 ,the buyer dickered along a little bit more and after a while said1 ,i'll tell you what ,i'll do2 ,i'll give you #aej for that tree4 ,mr4 ,harder said ,if you don't get off this place1 sir1 immediately1 ,i'll shoot you4 ,i am prepared to say that if you are going to plant trees for timber there is no other tree which will give such a yield as the black walnut1 with the exception of the catalpa1 and1 perhaps1 the black locust4 ,it is the most valuable tree we have1 and it is the most valuable wood grown in the ,north4 ,i don't believe1 either1 the black walnut will ever be less valuable than it is4 ,i know positively that the ,stabler tree is not over sixty-five years old1 perhaps1 not over sixty1 and yet that tree1 judging from the prices ,i have seen paid for other trees of similar size1 is worth from #abe to #aej on the stump4 ,from the time that tree started until now1 it has increased in value at the rate of two dollars a year1 for timber alone1 to say nothing of the nut4 ,suppose the tree had been purchased sixty years ago at two dollars from the nurseryman4 ,it would have paid one hundred per cent annually on the investment4 ,it bears1 as a regular thing1 a crop every other year4 ,as to what ,mr4 ,pomeroy said about the black walnut not cracking well and crumbling up when it gets to be old1 ,i have some specimens here of the ,stabler walnut ,i cracked this morning1 which are of the #aiae crop4 ,the kernel of these old nuts keeps its flavor and sweetness wonderfully4 ,there is hardly any change in quality within one year1 whereas some other nuts1 as the hazel and some varieties of the pecan1 become rancid after keeping six months4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i would like to say one word about the curly walnut4 ,in ,maine1 not long ago1 ,i saw a young man who had bought a bird's eye maple1 perhaps fifty years of age1 that he paid #a1ejj for4 ,i asked him why he didn't graft one million ordinary maples from that tree and sell the stock at #bjj per tree1 and then he would have #bjj1jjj1jjj at just about the time of life when he could enjoy it4 ,well1 that hadn't occurred to him4 ,now1 if ,mr4 ,littlepage will hunt up this curly black walnut stump that sold for #c1ejj1 and if he will graft a million trees from that he will be able to raise a family of ten children 7,laughter47 ,,dr4 ,,stabler3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i just want to call attention to an omission in the little talk that my son gave about the characteristics of this ,stabler tree1 namely1 its beauty as a shade tree4 ,he didn't mention that1 and ,i don't think any one has mentioned it in connection with the black walnut4 ,now1 the black walnut trees1 as we meet them along the roadsides1 vary exceedingly in habit of growth4 ,the majority of them have very few main limbs1 perhaps not over half a dozen main limbs on a tree1 and they will be gaunt1 ungainly things1 stretched out straight1 like great arms reaching out with very little beauty4 ,now1 if you plant seedlings1 that is what you are likely to get on your lawn4 ,you may have something that is not pretty except as a trunk1 but the tree that produces these very remarkable nuts is also one of the most beautiful in its conformation4 ,it is shaped just like an umbrella1 rather low1 very spreading1 and very frequently with a very much larger number of limbs than almost any black walnut tree that ,i have ever seen1 and its habit of growing in the nursery confirms that opinion--that it produces a very large number of buds and branches from each graft4 ,mr4 ,littlepage has in his fence row1 uncultivated and surrounded by bushes of every kind1 a small seedling walnut that he grafted this year with the ,stabler walnut4 ,when he grafted the seedling it was a little over an inch in diameter4 ,i measured the growth from that graft recently1 and five shoots measured over five feet long1 and others over four feet long4 ,four month's growth--five shoots over five feet long6 ,now1 ,i don't know of any other walnut or any other nut tree that would have produced that many shoots from a single graft4 ,it makes a very beautiful shade tree and has a top which is capable of producing very large crops of fruit4 ,,the ,,president3 ,it sometimes makes me feel ashamed of my race when ,i realize our limitations in comparison with the trees4 ,we run across a valuable type of tree genus1 and we can make millions like it in a short time4 ,but when a remarkable specimen of the genus homo1 arises1 he stays with us but a short while before we cart him off to the cemetery1 and that is the last of him4 ,does any one else wish to make a contribution to the black walnut8 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,reed3 ,mr4 ,littlepage made the remark that it is very easy to propagate the black walnut4 ,we haven't found it so4 ,we have made almost a complete failure of both budding and grafting4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,well1 ,i was speaking of my experience in grafting this spring4 ,i think ,i remarked that my personal experience in budding had not gone far enough to tell definitely what the results are going to be4 ,but ,i put in about fifty-five grafts1 and ,i had fifty of them to grow1 and of that fifty there were probably ten or twelve knocked out--thrown out at the first cultivation--and probably thirty-five are growing there yet4 ,i don't know what ,mr4 ,white's experience was in ,indiana4 ,i think it was1 perhaps1 not as good as he expected1 because of the fact that a lot of the bud-wood dried out1 but ,i think ,mr4 ,mc,coy can give some experience4 ,now1 ,mr4 ,roper here1 has had experience in budding the black walnut1 haven't you8 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,n4 ,,roper3 ,we only put in about a dozen buds a short time ago4 ,i think half of those are growing4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,well1 we budded1 perhaps1 two or three hundred this summer1 and ,i don't know really how they are coming out1 but1 from the way these grafts behaved this spring1 ,i don't see any reason why it is going to be very difficult4 ,what do you know about it1 ,mr4 ,mc,coy8 ,,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,,mccoy3 ,mr4 ,stabler's grafts didn't take very well1 but so far as budding the black walnut is concerned1 it is just as easy as handling the peach2 there is nothing to it when you get the bud-wood2 but first you have got to have the bud-wood4 ,you can't jump on to any old tree and get buds that will give satisfactory results4 ,now1 if ,mr4 ,reed and his father had to go into ,wisconsin and ,michigan to get their bud-wood1 and cut it from some old cherry trees1 we'll say1 and came back to ,indiana and tried to produce trees from those buds in the nursery1 they would fail4 ,,the ,,president3 ,well1 the net result1 apparently1 of the discussion on propagation seems to be that ,mr4 ,mc,coy1 in ,indiana1 has had great success with buds2 ,mr4 ,littlepage1 in ,maryland1 has had great success with grafts2 ,i also had great success with grafts put in by a man who could neither read nor write1 but who was taught the technique as taught by this ,society4 ,is there any further discussion8 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,professor ,hutt ought to know something about the black walnut4 ,he knows something about everything else ,i have ever talked to him about4 ,i believe he wrote me1 in connection with some of his tests1 that forty-seven per cent of the ,stabler nuts were meat4 ,,prof4 ,w4 ,n4 ,,hutt3 ,i think so4 ,i think it was pretty close to a half4 ,there were no broken halves at all1 and some of them came out entirely whole4 ,,the ,,president3 ,we want to hear from ,dr4 ,deming4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i just want to call attention to one of the questions on our list4 ,what can we do to cheapen nuts and nut meats in the retail market so as to make this valuable food available to persons of small means8 ,it seems to me that we are going to do that with such nuts as the black walnut4 ,i think we ought to work for the time when the black walnut can be sold in quantity in ,new ,york ,city1 and in all the larger cities for around a dollar a bushel4 ,perhaps the shellbark hickory is also going to be a nut of the same kind1 a nut that can be put on the market in large quantities at a small price1 for the man of limited means to buy and crack out himself4 ,dr4 ,morris1 speaking of some tough nut1 once said it was so tough that it was only of interest to squirrels and men out of work4 ,that expression about men out of work made me think1 as do so many things that ,dr4 ,morris says4 ,if a man out of work can buy a bushel of black walnuts for a dollar1 and if he can crack out several bushels a day1 or even only one bushel a day1 he can make more wages just cracking out that bushel of black walnuts than at ordinary laboring work4 ,i think that we ought to get on the market a supply of cheap nuts for the man of limited means and that we ought to educate the people to a knowledge of the value of such nuts4 ,,the ,,president3 ,it is always well to put the brakes on4 ,i haven't heard a thing about this black walnut except virtues4 ,i believe ,mr4 ,mc,murran1 of the ,department of ,agriculture1 is present1 and ,i think he has been giving particular attention to the black walnut1 and perhaps he will tell us of some of its enemies1 either animal or vegetable4 ,,mr4 ,s4 ,m4 ,,mcmurran3 ,well1 ,mr4 ,president1 unfortunately1 ,i haven't given much attention to the black walnut4 ,my time has been given to the pecan until this summer1 when ,i worked on the persian walnut to some extent1 but ,i can say1 generally1 that the black walnut hasn't got any very serious enemies4 ,everything it has got is right here now4 ,there isn't any reason to suppose that it would have any serious disease if we cultivated it on an extensive scale4 ,as to the insects1 ,i am not able to state4 ,i have never noticed any particularly on the nut since a boy4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i think ,mr4 ,mc,murran has covered the diseases of the black walnut4 ,i think the observation of every one will confirm what ,mr4 ,mc,murran has said4 ,,the ,,president3 ,the chair will deviate from parliamentary practice for a moment by dismissing the question4 ,i wish to contribute three small facts4 ,one is with reference to the special growth of the black walnut under fertilization4 ,the men on my place have to cut bushes around apple trees1 and some stray black walnuts planted by nature under those trees have been cut for #aj years but for the last two seasons have been left alone4 ,they have promptly come up through those apple trees1 under the influence of nitrate of soda1 like a steer going through a bush4 ,they have grown five or six feet each season4 ,another point is the great variation1 apparently1 of the black walnut with regard to its keeping qualities4 ,i recall putting away in a garret1 in #ahid1 a number of bushels of a nut of particular merit1 and they were perfectly sweet and edible as much as seven years later4 ,now it is only occasionally that you will find one that will keep as long as that1 but with the trees bearing every two years1 it is quite possible that the fruit would be marketable for two or three1 or even four years afterwards1 if kept properly4 ,there is no reason to think that the ,stabler is the best nut growing in the ,united ,states4 ,it merely grew within reach of the eyes of observing men4 ,the filbert and the almond we hope to cover briefly before adjourning4 ,i will ask ,mr4 ,reed to give us a short contribution on the almond4 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,reed3 ,this almond 7exhibiting specimens7 we received scions of from ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 of the ,department a few years ago4 ,it was three years ago this summer that we top-worked it1 and we picked almost half a bushel of almonds from it this summer4 ,the almond has a thick shell1 kernel of good flavor1 but ,i don't think it will amount to anything very much except for home use4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,how old was the tree that bore them8 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,reed3 ,top-worked three years ago this summer4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,and bore how many8 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed3 ,bore a half a bushel this last summer4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,if any one here would like bud-wood of that almond ,i will be glad to send it to them4 ,,the ,,president3 ,mr4 ,littlepage offers to send those present bud-wood of that tree1 which can be1 with great ease1 top-worked on the peach by the ordinary process of shield budding4 ,,dr4 ,,ira ,,ulman3 ,i have grafted scions of this nut on ,amygdalus ,davidiana1 the new ,chinese peach of the ,department of ,agriculture1 and the growth is marvelous4 ,it does just exactly as ,mr4 ,reed told you4 ,,dr4 ,,stabler3 ,i would like to ask whether the almond is attacked by the same insects and diseases that affect the peach1 whether it is affected by peach yellows and whether it is affected by the peach borer4 ,i understand that the apricot is1 in a measure1 immune to the peach borer at least1 and possibly also to the peach yellows4 ,if the almond is to be short-lived like the peach tree1 it may not be nearly as valuable as if it were a hardy tree4 ,if you place it upon peach stock it seems to me you must expect it to be attacked by the peach borer4 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,reed3 ,i believe that the original tree of this variety is something over sixty years old4 ,not very many peach trees live to be that old1 and in the nursery it is a very vigorous grower4 ,,the ,,president3 ,the commercial almond is a rather long-lived tree in the countries where it is grown4 ,of course1 here is a question of technique and individual behavior which only experience can answer4 ,we ought to take some of these nuts home that ,mr4 ,reed has given us4 ,i should like to know why ,mr4 ,reed so deprecates a tree which bears so much fruit in so short a time4 ,if the fruit is good1 why can't it be handled commercially8 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,reed3 ,it is the cracking quality4 ,it has a very thick shell4 ,,the ,,president3 ,is that a problem that machines cannot solve8 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,reed3 ,no1 sir4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,how is the flavor8 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,reed3 ,the flavor is good4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i was just going to say1 ,mr4 ,president1 that ,i visited ,mr4 ,reed's place this summer1 and it is utterly surprising how fast and beautifully this hardy almond grew4 ,he took me out at the edge of the garden where he has them growing1 and ,i could hardly realize that they were only three-year-old trees4 ,they were as full of little almonds as the peach trees were of peaches1 only they were much longer and with very red leaves4 ,vincennes1 ,indiana1 is on the thirty-ninth parallel1 which is the northern boundary of the ,district of ,columbia1 and it gets much colder there than here1 and those trees haven't the slightest sign of winter-killing4 ,i don't know anything about the quality of the meat1 but they are certainly wonderful bearers4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i find that in the region of ,stamford1 ,connecticut1 hard shelled almonds do pretty well if you look after them pretty closely1 but they take all your time4 ,they have so many different blights on them that ,i am glad mine died a long time ago4 ,they bore heavily1 but they were too much trouble4 ,they blossom so early in our locality that the blossoms are apt to be caught by frost4 ,you may overcome that if you set the trees on the north side of a stone wall where the ground retains the frost for from one to two weeks later than on the south side4 ,i find1 that by doing this you can retard their time of blossoming sufficiently to materially lessen the danger of their being caught by spring frosts4 ,,mr4 ,,harry ,r4 ,,weber3 ,will you get the same results if you put a mulch under the tree8 ,won't that prevent thawing and hold the tree for a week or two8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,yes1 sir4 ,,the ,,president3 ,have you used this particular almond8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,one very much like it1 and it was a mighty good almond--hard to get at but good4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i would like to ask ,mr4 ,reed as to the blooming time of this particular tree in comparison with some standard peach like the ,elberta4 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,reed3 ,it bloomed about a week earlier than the ,elberta1 and the peach crop is light4 ,,mr4 ,,henry ,,stabler3 ,i have been associated for the past three or four years occasionally with ,mr4 ,m4 ,b4 ,waite1 of the ,department of ,agriculture1 and ,i have had a good chance to study the effect of spraying on peaches in preventing brown rot and curculio4 ,at ,mr4 ,littlepage's ,i observed an almond tree that started1 ,i should think1 with twenty-five or thirty almonds on it this spring4 ,those almonds gradually succumbed to the curculio and brown rot until1 at last1 only one was left1 and it seems to me that1 if this almond is to be grown commercially in this climate1 we will have to use the same methods of growing as with peaches1 and we will have to spray them4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i think the chief benefit of the discussion of the almond would be to get more of us to try it1 and the fact that we have one which is only one week earlier than the ,elberta peach in blooming shows that we have a good chance1 possibly1 of even exceeding the possibilities of the peaches4 ,,mr4 ,,mccoy3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i notice a good many almonds bloom about the same time as ,elberta peaches4 ,i have probably twenty-five trees of this almond that ,mr4 ,reed spoke of1 and ,i think they were in bloom at the time the peaches were4 ,it is very productive1 just as he says4 ,i have noticed some of the old trees around in our neighborhood have borne good crops for several years1 and ,i don't notice much disease on them either4 ,,dr4 ,,stabler3 ,i asked the question whether anybody knows whether the almond is affected by peach yellows1 and nobody seems to know1 but peach yellows is something connected with climate4 ,there is a yellows line that has remained definite and distinct for the last twenty-five years1 and you can describe that line on the map1 and it stays right where you put it4 ,all north of that line the peach trees are affected by yellows1 and south they are not4 ,that line runs through ,mount ,vernon and ,annapolis1 and across ,chesapeake ,bay to ,chestertown4 ,now1 below that isothermal line there is a little peninsula south of ,chestertown1 in ,kent county1 a little peninsula there--a little long neck that runs out into the bay below ,chestertown--where they have never had any peach yellows1 and yet at ,chestertown the trees have always been affected by peach yellows1 and it is probable that it will be found1 if the almond is affected by peach yellows1 that the same laws apply to it4 ,that is1 south they will have the yellows1 and north they will not4 ,now1 at ,vincennes1 ,i suppose that they are north of the yellows line for peaches4 ,do your peach trees have peach yellows8 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,reed3 ,no1 sir4 ,,dr4 ,,stabler3 ,perhaps you are north of it1 then4 ,if so1 the almond hasn't been tried out as to yellows4 ,,the ,,president3 ,this association is greatly indebted to ,dr4 ,morris1 who helped to get it together1 for his indefatigable searching of the corners of the earth for specimens1 species and varieties of trees in his ambition to get to his ,stamford place all of the varieties of nut-bearing trees4 ,several of our members have taken a little interest in the question of the hazel-filbert family4 ,dr4 ,morris has taken a lot of interest4 ,last year he gave us a most exhilarating presentation of the subject1 and he is this year going to give us some brief notes on the progress of his knowledge concerning the hazels and filberts4 ,dr4 ,morris4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,just a word1 in order to start the discussion4 ,i have tried to work out during the past year two or three points that came up for discussion last year4 ,i stated that in ,connecticut the common ,american hazel would probably not become a horticultural proposition for the reason that the main stock seldom lives more than seven or eight years1 and then dies4 ,new stolons1 starting from the root1 make abundant new stocks4 ,in that way1 dying at the center1 and growing at the periphery1 like a ring worm1 one plant may extend so widely as to drive cows out of the pasture lot4 7,laughter74 ,dr4 ,deming understood me to say that it spread so rapidly as to drive the cows out of a lot4 ,i said widely1 not rapidly4 7,laughter74 ,for that reason a plant of our common hazel bears a few nuts about the third year2 it bears a good crop about the fourth year and sometimes in the fifth year4 ,it then begins to die and is gone by the seventh or eighth year1 while new stolons1 coming up on all sides1 are ready to perpetuate that rotation4 ,that1 at least1 is ordinary hazel history in my part of ,connecticut4 ,so ,i doubt if this species will ever be a good horticultural proposition4 ,this year1 for the first time1 ,i have budded the ,european hazel upon our common stock for the purpose of observing whether the character of the guest will change the character of the host4 ,now another point4 ,many of the ,european hazels that have been brought to this country1 ,i find1 do not bear for the reason that they flower so early that the staminate flowers are caught by frost--not the pistillate4 ,the pistillates will hold out against frost for a long time and make good4 ,there are two or three ways for overcoming this difficulty4 ,we may select for cultivation those kinds which bloom a week or two1 or even three weeks later than others1 as in the case of the ,bony ,bush variety4 ,there is hardly any more valuable tree in ,central ,europe than the purple leafed hazel4 ,i never have seen one bearing in this country4 ,its staminate flowers come out too early in ,connecticut4 ,i have now some in which ,i have grafted the ,bony ,bush1 which flowers so much later that ,i hope to have my purple hazels bearing nuts at ,merribrooke4 ,on the whole1 most of the points have been simply confirmatory of points previously considered4 ,we need not fear hazel blight because it is very easily controlled1 and many of the ,european hazels will furnish an immensely valuable crop for almost all parts of temperate ,america4 ,we may develop1 by breeding and by cultivation1 types which will be hardy1 which will give us large1 valuable1 marketable crops1 and which will be desirable from the market man's point of view4 ,,dr4 ,,stabler3 ,can you get stocks that are free from blight8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,last year ,i showed specimens of blight4 ,the blight1 fortunately1 begins upon a fairly large stem--upon a part of the stem that is in plain sight4 ,it takes from two to four years for a patch of that blight to encircle a limb4 ,if one will go over his hazel orchard once a year and1 where a bit of blight appears1 cut it out with his jack-knife and later paint the spot with a little white paint1 one can very readily control hazel blight4 ,it is so easily done that we need not fear it at all4 ,,the ,,president3 ,dr4 ,ulman1 ,i believe1 is a hazel enthusiast4 ,,dr4 ,,ulman3 ,i have attempted to gather as much information as ,i could by seeking out the failures with hazel because ,i had found no one reporting success4 ,in answer to a large number of letters which ,i sent out ,i received some #bij replies which reported failures with the ,european hazel4 ,dr4 ,morris tells us that blight can be readily controlled4 ,so far1 that does not seem to be the experience of others1 but it is only fair to say that they do not know how to get rid of it in the way that ,dr4 ,morris has told us4 ,,the ,,president3 ,dr4 ,ulman1 ,i should like to ask if it is not true that the hazels growing at ,rochester could be added to your collection of #bij and change this complexion a little bit4 ,certainly last year we saw hazel trees almost the diameter of this room which appeared to be perfectly healthy4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,can we recommend the hazel to be planted commercially8 ,,the ,,president3 ,if the hazel propagates by underground stolons automatically1 why can we not take the stolons and plant them in the places that the trees have abandoned1 letting them run on elsewhere8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,in regard to ,dr4 ,deming's question1 green ,european hazel nuts are now selling in ,new ,york1 out of cold storage1 at seventy-five cents a pound4 ,green hazel nuts like green almonds are prized by the gourmet4 ,all of the ,european hazels will eventually furnish a good commercial proposition provided that the market is large enough1 and the market will probably grow1 is growing in fact4 ,ripe filberts bring1 approximately1 from ten to fifteen cents a pound4 ,the trees bear well1 and ,i don't know of any reason why the hazel proposition should not be a first rate one right now4 ,the thing to do is to select kinds which we know are valuable here4 ,one may go through the seedling orchards at ,rochester and select one parent which bears large nuts prolifically1 and then propagate any number of ,european hazels from that one stock4 ,my ,bony ,bush is probably a desirable hazel4 ,in regard to the question of breeding from stolons1 if we can keep that thing going it would be all right1 but it requires so much work ,i doubt if we shall do anything in that way with the ,american hazel4 ,the ,european hazels don't travel by stolons4 ,that is the advantage4 ,so ,i have given up the common ,american hazel as a commercial proposition4 ,a number of ,european and ,asiatic hazels will be commercially profitable1 unquestionably1 just as soon as we care to develop them4 ,,mr4 ,,weber3 ,what do you know about the hazels of the ,western coast8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,very profitable in parts of ,oregon and ,washington4 ,they have a large1 good crop1 which sells locally1 but1 like most ,pacific ,coast fruits1 the nuts lack flavor and quality4 ,they have size and beauty1 but lack quality4 ,the fruits and nuts grown on the ,pacific ,coast all lack a certain fineness of character1 for some reason yet unknown4 ,you have got to look after your ,european hazels1 and not neglect the orchard4 ,i remember seeing some very beautiful apple trees in central ,maine not very long ago--no blight--no codling moth1 and the trees free from almost everything in the way of insects or fungous troubles--beautiful1 cultivated trees1 and beautiful apples on them4 ,i asked another man1 one of my acquaintances there1 an old farmer1 why he didn't set out a lot of similar trees and make a good income4 ,he said1 ,well1 it won't go4 ,he had a pasture about eight miles north of there1 and1 said he1 ,i spent thirty dollars for apple trees to put into an orchard1 and ,i had great ideas about those apples4 ,i set the trees out in that orchard about three or four years ago1 and last year when ,i went up to look at them1 there were hardly any apple trees left4 ,he hadn't looked at them for three or four years4 7,laughter47 ,you can't raise hazels that way4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,the reason ,i asked about the commercial value of the hazel is that my own experience has been very unsatisfactory4 ,i got some hazels from ,gillet1 on the ,pacific ,coast six or seven years ago1 set them out around my place1 and they have grown beautifully4 ,i haven't been able to detect any blight on them anywhere4 ,some of them are fifteen feet high1 have grown luxuriantly1 and blossom every year1 but ,i haven't seen one nut yet4 ,on the other hand1 the other day ,i visited a man near my home1 who told me that he had raised some trees from nuts which he had bought from an ,italian grocery on the corner4 ,he gets the nuts when the crop first comes in1 and stratifies in wet sand all winter1 and he says they all grow4 ,he had some beautiful hazel trees4 ,one ,i estimated to be twenty feet high4 ,i never saw a hazel tree which approached it4 ,he said it was only five or six years old4 ,last year he had a fine crop of nuts from it4 ,this year1 however1 he said that during a warm spell in the winter the staminate bloom came out and was killed1 and there were no nuts on the trees4 ,now it seems to me that there is great uncertainty about the hazels1 and ,i don't know exactly what to advise people to do4 ,people ask me for advice as to what nuts to plant commercially4 ,i don't know whether to advise them to plant hazels or not1 and ,i don't know what varieties to advise people to plant4 ,i don't know how to advise them to overcome this difficulty of the early staminate bloom and the winter killing4 ,i can't now conscientiously recommend people to plant hazel nuts commercially4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,go to ,rochester and get some there that bloom every year and that bloom later4 ,my ,bony ,bush blossoms some three weeks later than the others1 ,i presume4 ,it is a bush that bears well every other year1 apparently4 ,,the ,,president3 ,are there any further questions about this large family of nut trees of which we have but a small corner of knowledge8 ,if not1 we may look to an adjournment4 ,first1 ,i wish to announce that this afternoon we are going to devote to an excursion around the city1 to see some of the most remarkable ,persian walnut trees which ,i think may be found anywhere4 ,i am asked by ,prof4 ,close to say that the ,department of ,agriculture has an exhibit of nuts on the fourth floor at #bbj ,fourteenth ,street1 ,southwest4 ,meeting adjourned4 ,,friday1 ,,september #h,,th1 #b ,p4 ,m4 ,meeting called to order by the ,president4 ,,the ,,president3 ,dr4 ,metcalf1 ,chief of the ,bureau of ,forest ,pathology1 of the ,department of ,agriculture1 has been in charge of the investigations concerning the chestnut blight for a number of years4 ,,dr4 ,,haven ,,metcalf3 ,mr4 ,chairman and ,members of the ,society3 ,i will present1 first1 a few general facts regarding the present status of the chestnut bark disease1 and1 for the greater part of the information you desire1 ,i will rely on you to ask me questions4 ,the chestnut bark disease is getting to be an old story1 but that plant hyphenate1 that objectionable imported disease1 is more of a live issue today than it ever has been before4 ,all my attention during recent months has been taken up with another imported plant disease1 the white pine blister rust1 of which you have heard1 and which does not concern the special subject matter in which this ,association is interested1 unless1 perhaps1 you may be interested in the pinon nut as the pinon pine may ultimately be subject to attack by blister rust4 ,however1 this disease1 like the chestnut blight1 is an example of what a relatively harmless1 or at least1 not serious disease in a foreign country can do when it is permitted to get into the ,united ,states4 ,this brings us to the question of the origin of the chestnut bark disease1 which1 although the story has been told many times before1 has been the subject of so much dispute that ,i probably had better recapitulate that matter4 ,it has been proved beyond question that the chestnut bark disease is a native of eastern ,asia1 ,china1 ,japan and ,korea2 that it was introduced into this country in the '#ij's1 upon diseased chestnut nursery stock4 ,it was not critically observed until #aijd1 but the condition of trees which were observed at that time shows conclusively 7provided the disease progressed in those early years as it has since7 that it was introduced into the country as early as the late #ij's4 ,the final demonstration of the fact that the disease is a foreign disease and a native of ,asia we owe to ,mr4 ,frank ,meyer1 of the ,office of ,seed and ,plant ,introduction1 of the ,department of ,agriculture4 ,mr4 ,meyer's observations are so interesting that ,i will pass around a few pictures illustrative of his observations in ,china1 the first picture showing the country that is the home of the chestnut bark disease4 ,the second picture shows a chestnut orchard in ,china where the trees have1 with characteristic thrift1 been planted around human burial mounds4 ,the remaining pictures show how the chestnut blight acts in ,china--very differently from the way it acts in this country4 ,in ,china1 it produces1 as the pictures show1 definite cankers1 which do not girdle the tree1 which kill young trees occasionally1 mutilate old trees1 kill branches1 but the cankers do not girdle the trees4 ,that disease has been known in ,china we have no idea how many years1 and1 while it does a certain amount of harm1 is said by ,mr4 ,meyer not to be really serious in ,china4 ,you can readily see1 upon examining these pictures1 that there is a sharp contrast in the behavior of the disease as observed in ,china and its behavior as observed in this country1 where it will girdle a comparatively large tree and the fungus spread all through the bark1 completely covering it1 and doing that in a very short time4 ,of course1 then1 the chestnut blight is one of those cases of which we have so many1 where a disease1 passing to a new country1 finds new surroundings1 hosts more favorable to its development1 and progresses rapidly4 ,the natural range of the chestnut bark disease at the present time--that is1 ,i mean1 its range on the native chestnut and the range through which it is now spreading by non-human agencies1 is1 on the north1 practically co-extensive with the range of the native chestnut4 ,the disease is found in ,maine1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,vermont1 as far south as ,virginia1 and as far west as western ,pennsylvania and eastern ,west ,virginia4 ,throughout this area it is spreading by what ,i may call natural means1 and the disease has been shown to be unusually well provided with means of dissemination4 ,i will speak a little later about the spread of the disease outside of this area--that is1 west and south1 since in the ,west and in the ,south it is being spread1 as far as we know1 exclusively by human agencies4 ,the question is often asked me1 ,what is the future of the chestnut--that is1 the native chestnut--in this country8 ,what is the course of the disease going to be8 ,the only way in which we can answer that is to look in the parts of the country where the disease has been present longest--,long ,island1 for example2 ,westchester county1 ,new ,york2 ,bergen county1 ,new ,jersey2 ,fairfield county1 ,conn4 ,upon a recent examination of those areas ,i found no chestnut trees surviving in a healthy condition4 ,we have1 of course1 from the beginning1 hunted1 and hunted hard1 to find individual chestnut trees that might be immune to the disease--native ,american chestnuts4 ,we expected to find such trees1 but up to date we have not found them4 ,it is a very extraordinary fact and an almost unparalleled fact1 because with the majority of plants affected1 by any given disease1 we can find some individuals that are not only resistant1 but immune4 ,now1 in these old areas1 particularly on ,long ,island1 in #aijg1 when the disease first came under my observation1 ,i marked certain trees in order to observe how long the stumps of these trees or the dead trees would continue to send up sprouts from the ground4 ,it is an interesting fact that some of those trees which were dead in #aijg are still putting up sprouts4 ,the sprouting capacity of the chestnut tree is indeed marvelous1 but ,i am sorry to say that ,i haven't been able to find any healthy sprouts over three years old4 ,i haven't been able to find any living sprouts more than four years old4 ,the disease seems to be following up the sprouts as it followed up the original stem4 ,right there1 in the behavior of the disease toward the sprouts1 we have an interesting fact4 ,during the first year of its life the chestnut tree or the chestnut sprout is immune to this disease1 or practically so4 ,you can rarely find a seedling or sprout of the first year that is attacked by the disease1 and even in the second or third years a comparatively small per cent of them are attacked4 ,it is thus possible to produce chestnut nursery stock that for several years does not show the disease4 ,so far as ,i can see1 the chestnut blight is not stopping naturally in its course anywhere4 ,i cannot get a particle of reliable evidence that it is4 ,in this part of the country and to the south of here1 in ,virginia1 for example1 the parasite has more months in the year during which it can grow1 it appears to be utilizing that time in spreading more rapidly1 at least killing trees more quickly1 than to the north of this area4 ,from the standpoint of the grower of nuts1 the important question is1 of course1 whether the disease can be controlled4 ,i think your ,secretary1 in a recent article1 summed the situation up as clearly and briefly as can be done4 ,he said1 in an article entitled ,the ,progress of ,nut ,culture in the ,east3 ,of the chestnut we have excellent varieties such as the ,rochester1 ,boone and ,paragon1 but all development in the culture of this nut is being held up by the blight4 ,everybody is awaiting the results of the government work in breeding immune hybrids4 ,there may be great opportunities1 nevertheless1 in chestnut growing outside its native area1 where the blight can be controlled4 ,there is no doubt that in an orchard tree1 in chestnut orchards1 the disease can be controlled within reason by the cutting out method that has long been advocated1 but the point is that the margin of profit on the chestnut is not sufficient to make that method pay1 and whenever members of this ,association or others interested in the propagation of chestnuts have written to me for advice ,i have simply advised them not to plant chestnuts at present4 ,i cannot see at the present time1 that any attempt at control is profitable4 ,that is a very different thing from saying that it can not be done1 or that it may not later become profitable4 ,a few words regarding the method of spread of the disease4 ,in #aijh1 when the office of which ,i have charge was first organized1 ,professor ,collins1 who has addressed this ,association a number of times regarding this disease1 visited a number of orchards and nurseries in the ,eastern ,states1 going as far as southern ,virginia to the south1 and west as far as ,york county1 ,pennsylvania1 ,although that was comparatively early in the progress of the disease1 wherever he went1 without exception1 where there was a nursery1 he found the disease present and spreading onto the native trees4 ,there were1 however1 several established orchards which he visited where that was not the case1 where the disease was not present4 ,it has been brought out repeatedly that1 while the chestnut blight is marvelously adapted to spread by natural means--wind1 birds1 insects1 rain1 all the ways in which a plant disease ordinarily spreads--the way in which it spreads over great areas and through great distances is on chestnut nursery stock4 ,in that connection1 then1 ,i may briefly discuss the present range of the disease so far as we know it1 outside of the natural range of the chestnut tree4 ,south of ,virginia1 so far as we know1 the disease is present at only one point 7,greensboro1 ,n4 ,c471 where it was introduced in a nursery and spread to native trees4 ,in stating this area of distribution1 ,i ought to say that for about a year and a half we have made no special effort to determine the range of this disease4 ,i mean we have not gone out of our way to do it4 ,we have simply collected such evidence as has come to hand casually1 and so it may be that there are now other points of infection in ,north ,carolina1 or south of there1 but1 if so1 we do not know of them4 ,in ,ohio1 the disease is present at three points1 of which one is a large and serious infection at ,painesville4 ,in ,iowa1 it is present at one point1 ,shenandoah1 in a nursery4 ,in ,indiana1 it is present at five points2 in ,nebraska1 at two points4 ,in ,michigan1 one point has been reported4 ,in all of these cases it is in nurseries1 or on very recently planted trees4 ,there is1 or was1 an interesting point of infection in ,british ,columbia4 ,probably the trees there are all dead by this time1 but that point is very interesting as being probably an independent importation from the ,orient4 ,there needs to be little said as to how the disease is spreading in this area4 ,perhaps the best thing ,i can do is to read some letters that have come to my attention3 ,,michigan ,,agricultural ,,college1 ,,east ,,lansing1 ,aug4 #ah1 #aiaf4 ,dr4 ,haven ,metcalf1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,dear ,mr4 ,metcalf3 ,last ,december1 the ,forestry ,department of this ,college ordered of ,glen ,bros41 ,glenwood ,nurseries1 ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 five #f-;foot trees of the ,sober ,paragon chestnut4 ,these were shipped to them ,april #dth and were almost immediately planted in the ,forestry ,nursery here4 ,about six or eight weeks ago1 the ,forestry ,department noticed that these trees were dying and called our attention to this matter about four weeks ago4 ,i examined the trees in company with ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,muncie1 one of our assistants1 and found all the external appearances of ,chestnut ,blight with1 however1 only a very few imperfectly developed pycnidia4 ,we brought pieces of the bark of these trees into the laboratory and made cultures and obtained the typical mycelium of chestnut blight4 ,the trees have been removed and we now have them in our laboratory4 ,i am calling this to your attention as the trees were doubtless infected when shipped4 ,i feel that you ought to know that this firm is sending out diseased trees4 ,very truly yours1 7,signed17 ,,ernest ,a4 ,,bessey1 ,professor of ,botany4 ,the following is an extract from a letter from ,frank ,n4 ,wallace1 ,state ,entomologist of ,indiana1 dated ,july #ac1 #aiaf3 ,my ,dear ,sir3 ,under separate cover ,i am sending you some samples of chestnut blight which ,i secured from some trees shipped by ,mr4 ,c4 ,k4 ,sober1 ,lewisburg1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,sober doubts that we have even seen a case of chestnut blight and wanted some samples and ,i sent him the other half of the samples which ,i am sending you4 ,i have been trying to check up on some of ,mr4 ,sober's trees and so far ,i have found nearly fifty per cent of them have died from chestnut blight disease4 ,the samples sent with this letter showed typical chestnut blight4 ,some months ago ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,long1 of ,albuquerque1 ,new ,mexico1 became interested in the possibility of growing chestnuts in that country and communicated with ,glen ,brothers1 of ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y41 to secure certain information regarding them4 ,he secured the information he wanted and also some that was slightly gratuitous4 ,i will read extracts from the two letters3 ,in regard to the blight1 which you call the ,eastern ,chestnut ,canker1 would say that this tree is practically immune from this disease1 and you would stand no more chance of having your chestnut trees infected with the blight should you plant them1 than you would if you planted apple trees1 of having them infected with the ,san ,jose ,scale or peach trees1 of the ,peach ,blight4 ,there are over half a million trees at the famous ,sober orchard in ,paxinos1 ,pa41 none of which have the blight1 and yet the blight rages all around them in the ,american ,sweet ,chestnut groves that are all through the mountain4 ,further evidence of its immunity from this disease we cannot guarantee4 ,we think this speaks for itself4 ,we believe that if you would investigate this variety that you would plant an orchard of ,sober ,paragon ,chestnut trees1 even if not a very large one4 ,we should like very much1 indeed1 to serve you and shall give our personal attention to the selection and shipment of such trees as you may require4 ,very truly yours1 ,,glen ,,bros41 ,,inc4 ,,gm-,,ab 7s7 ,,john ,g4 ,,mayo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,president3 ,would you mind giving us the date of that last letter8 ,,dr4 ,,metcalf3 ,that is ,october #bj1 #aiae4 ,the other letter signed by ,mr4 ,mayo is as follows1 and is dated ,oct4 #bi1 #aiae3 ,replying to your ,october #beth letter we do not think that you or your friend need have the least anxiety on account of the chestnut blight reaching your section4 ,this disease seems to be confined to a very small area in northeastern ,new ,jersey1 southeastern ,new ,york1 and southwestern ,connecticut4 ,the disease has been in existence in this country since #ahdb1 it has made very little progress1 and the highest authorities now state that it seems to be on the wane4 7,laughter47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,do the experiments of the ,department show any possibility of control of the disease8 ,,dr4 ,,metcalf3 ,i don't think that there are any methods of control which can profitably be applied to orchard trees under present commercial conditions4 ,if a man has a few orchard trees which he regards as novelties and to which he is prepared to give very careful attention1 ,i think the disease can be controlled4 ,so far as ,i can see1 the only hope of commercial control lies in none of the present varieties1 but in ,dr4 ,van ,fleet's hybrids1 possibly in the ,chinese chestnut1 and1 aside from the objectionable qualities of the ,japanese nut in certain strains of ,japanese4 ,with the rapid withdrawal of the wild chestnuts from the market1 however1 the price of chestnuts may rise1 and control methods in orchards become practicable4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,mr4 ,mc,coy has been in ,pennsylvania and has come back with the very optimistic idea that the chestnut blight was under control up there4 ,i took him out on my farm in ,maryland and showed him my trees1 and that the only thing that could destroy the trees faster than the blight is a forest fire4 ,,dr4 ,,metcalf3 ,exactly4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i believe1 ,dr4 ,metcalf1 you conducted a series of spraying experiments recently1 and ,i understand that others have done the same thing4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,a4 ,dupont1 ,i believe1 on his fine estate near ,wilmington1 tried to spray a few chestnut trees with ,bordeaux mixture1 and ,i understand he gave it up as a physical failure1 to say nothing of the cost4 ,am ,i right about that8 ,,dr4 ,,metcalf3 ,that is my understanding1 that he was dealing with large trees and failed4 ,a ,,member3 ,well1 did you succeed with small ones8 ,,dr4 ,,metcalf3 ,in the line of spraying8 ,that is a long story1 and ,i suggest that ,mr4 ,hunt answer that4 ,,mr4 ,,hunt3 ,in the spraying work conducted on ,dr4 ,smith's place at ,bluemont1 ,va41 we had #bejj numbered trees under observation2 about #aejj of them being sprayed4 ,equal numbers of trees were sprayed with ,bordeaux and with lime-sulphur4 ,the number of sprayings given different lots of trees varied1 but even trees sprayed as often as every fifteen days blighted in a number of instances4 ,while ,i did not get a greatly reduced percentage of blight 7approximately #ej per cent7 among the sprayed trees taken as a whole1 the difference between individual plots seemed to depend rather on location in the orchard1 as some blocks of unsprayed trees showed practically no blight and some blocks of sprayed trees showed considerable blight4 ,i might say that the grafted trees did not blight nearly so heavily as the ungrafted trees4 ,so far as any real success is concerned there was none4 ,it would cost over one hundred dollars per acre per year to spray as often as some of the trees were sprayed1 and it wouldn't control the blight4 ,so ,i wouldn't consider it at all practicable4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,what is the reason that the grafted trees blighted less than the ungrafted8 ,,mr4 ,,hunt3 ,well1 ,i wouldn't pretend to say as to that1 except that it is so4 ,i had each tree numbered and kept an individual record of all the trees1 and ,i found--,i have forgotten the exact figures--but there was about three-fifths as much blight among the grafted trees as among the ungrafted trees4 ,of course1 they are an imported variety1 ,i believe1 and it may be that on that account they may have developed some resistance4 ,but ,mr4 ,van ,fleet may know more about that4 ,,dr4 ,,metcalf3 ,there seems to be some evidence that the imported ,european varieties have a slight degree of resistance1 not enough to count1 but enough to show in that fraction that ,mr4 ,hunt gave4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,it is only a varietal condition1 then1 not from the fact of grafting1 but simply because of a different variety8 ,,mr4 ,,hunt3 ,oh1 yes1 ,i think so4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,mr4 ,president1 in view of this information about the chestnut1 is there the slightest use in the world for this ,association to encourage anybody to plant chestnuts anywhere in the ,united ,states8 ,,the ,,president3 ,dr4 ,kellerman is here1 and ,i wish to refer to him ,mr4 ,littlepage's question with a slight addition4 ,is there1 first1 any prospect of any place staying immune8 ,second1 would it not be to the advantage of the country if the sale of chestnut stock were stopped8 ,,dr4 ,,karl ,f4 ,,kellerman3 ,mr4 ,president1 to answer those questions involves a rather large contract on my part4 7,laughter74 ,in the first place1 the problem of growing and marketing chestnuts1 ,i think1 is one that ,i could hardly be expected fairly to discuss4 ,i am here rather to explain the attitude and action of the ,federal ,horticultural ,board than to try to give any constructive advice to the nut growers4 ,the ,federal ,horticultural ,board is a board of five men to advise the ,secretary of ,agriculture in establishing plant quarantines1 either on the introduction of plant material into the ,united ,states1 or on the movement of plant material inside the ,united ,states within the quarantined areas4 ,the ,horticultural ,board1 therefore1 has to deal more with actual conditions than with outlining such policies as your chairman has asked me to outline4 ,,the ,,president3 ,excuse me1 ,dr4 ,kellerman1 but we wish to know if there is1 in your opinion1 any prospect of any region remaining immune8 ,,dr4 ,,kellerman3 ,well1 even that is going rather further than ,i would like to go1 and yet the negative answer to that question is practically the basis on which the ,federal ,horticultural ,board decided that it was impracticable to quarantine infected areas at the present time4 ,the evidence at hand appears to indicate conclusively that if the trees that are to be grown are distinctly susceptible to the disease they will almost certainly have an opportunity to become infected1 no matter what part of the ,united ,states they may be grown in4 ,now1 whether that infection would be a matter of a few months1 or a few years1 or a few decades1 of course1 would be altogether a matter of chance1 but1 with the wide distribution of nursery stock that is infected1 with native chestnuts rather generally infected and continuing to be infected1 and with practically no chance of preventing the continuation of the disease in the native chestnuts1 abundant sources for infection of susceptible material appear to exist4 ,for that reason1 it appears to be1 from an economic standpoint1 inadvisable to attempt to check the disease through the establishment of quarantines4 ,,the ,,president3 ,dr4 ,kellerman1 you have answered my first question to perfection1 and now ,i want to ask the second one4 ,if this blight is practically a sure-kill1 isn't it wrong to permit people to spend money in the hope that1 in some way1 they are going to escape it8 ,and if that is the case1 why shouldn't the whole traffic in chestnut trees be stopped1 with the possible exception of experimental things1 which might be allowed with the direct permission of some governmental board8 ,,dr4 ,,kellerman3 ,that is a question that is very much harder to answer4 ,there might be favored regions where orchard culture of the chestnut could go on for a considerable term of years before infections became general and before the industry would be stifled because of this disease4 ,that is merely a matter of conjecture1 as ,i see it4 ,we have so little evidence as to the speed with which a paying orchard business can be developed in a new locality1 so little evidence as to how the disease may act under widely separated climatic conditions1 that ,i don't feel that we are prepared to say definitely that the industry is bound to fail in every place where it is tried4 ,personally1 ,i think that it ought to be considered only on an experimental basis1 but that represents merely my personal opinion1 and ,i doubt whether there is any effective means for establishing a policy of that sort4 ,it might be possible for the general advice to be given that there was danger in any orchard planting of chestnuts1 no matter where it might be undertaken1 and of a comparatively rapid loss through the chestnut blight4 ,i doubt whether more than that would be feasible4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i have been enthusiastic over the chestnut for twenty years this season1 and these are matters in which ,i am greatly interested4 ,as ,i see it1 the problem is one that is really much bigger than the chestnut4 ,the whole field of nut growing1 which is now on the edge of great accomplishments1 is likely to be seriously injured1 because the most conspicuous thing in nut growing is the taking advertisement of the firm whose bad trees have been referred to by ,dr4 ,metcalf4 ,i think we do not appreciate the seriousness of the situation4 ,the firm ,dr4 ,metcalf referred to is selling trees that are diseased in places where they are sure to die quickly4 ,other men are similarly selling trees1 with less skillful advertising1 perhaps1 but probably no less diseased4 ,most of these nurserymen may be honest in their belief that they are putting out stock that is not diseased4 ,but in the infant trees it is almost impossible to detect the blight1 so that the tree goes out looking like a perfectly good one4 ,it may be two or three seasons before it dies4 ,now1 the economic aspects are these3 ,who should stand the loss1 the man in the nursery or the man in the orchard8 ,it is a toss-up1 it seems to me at present1 with the results apparently in favor of the nurseryman rather than in favor of the citizen4 ,the people who have an interest in nut growing are going to have that interest lessened or destroyed by beginning with a bad kind of tree4 ,there are possibilities of a great national injury1 as ,i see it1 if we let this thing go on4 ,,dr4 ,,kellerman3 ,well1 as a constructive policy for aiding in the establishment of nut culture1 ,i think your policy is sound1 but as a question of economics of operation1 ,i doubt whether any plan of that sort can be established1 beyond the plan of merely giving the general advice that such planting is attended with very grave risks4 ,,the ,,president3 ,have you not authority1 or does not authority exist1 to prohibit shipment8 ,,dr4 ,,kellerman3 ,the plant quarantine act gives the ,department authority to quarantine infected areas and to place certain restrictions on shipments4 ,to place any such restriction1 however1 it must be plainly established that beneficial results are going to result1 not to a particular industry necessarily1 but to the general public4 ,the difficulty in establishing a quarantine on the shipment of nursery stock is the apparent impossibility of saying that that is going to stop the spread of the disease4 ,that is one question4 ,the other problem is the difficulty of determining what is infected territory and what is not4 ,we have very serious difficulty in making regulations1 excepting as between definitely infected territory and definitely clean territory4 ,,the ,,president3 ,and you don't have the authority to make a sweeping1 blanket prohibition of the shipment of a certain thing8 ,,dr4 ,,kellerman3 ,no1 we haven't that authority4 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,reed3 ,we put a clause in the printed matter that goes out with all of our shipments saying that chestnuts are subject to blight1 and that we don't recommend their planting4 ,i think if nurserymen all followed that principle everybody would buy with their eyes open4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i am sorry you are so lonely in the business4 7,laughter47 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,as regards the possibility1 or the impossibility1 of doing any good to the chestnut industry by quarantining it1 ,i fully agree with ,dr4 ,kellerman4 ,i think any attempt of the ,board to quarantine1 so far as benefit to the prospective chestnut grower is concerned1 is perfectly useless4 ,,dr4 ,,robert ,t4 ,,morris3 ,it seems to me it may be resolved into a very simple proposition4 ,now1 chestnuts may be raised in orchard form if we spray with ,bordeaux mixture1 and cut out blight when it appears4 ,i do it4 ,they live4 ,those that are not sprayed die1 unless given tiresome attention4 ,that settles that question for my part4 ,chestnuts may not be raised in forest form because it does not pay to spray and cut to that extent4 ,but chestnuts may be raised profitably in orchard form by people who are willing to take the trouble to spray them1 and to cut out blight early4 ,it seems to me that people should be properly warned that they may plant chestnuts in orchard form provided they are willing to look after them1 otherwise we ought to guard against the public buying chestnut trees1 unwarned4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,dr4 ,morris1 were you in when ,mr4 ,hunt made his statement8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i got in late4 ,,mr4 ,,hunt3 ,i sprayed fifteen times1 every two or three days during the blossoming season4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i used arsenate of lead with my ,bordeaux mixture for the reason that it is convenient4 ,that makes it stick ever so much tighter4 ,now1 that may be a feature of my confidence4 ,three or four heavy storms will not wash off my ,bordeaux mixed1 applied in that way1 with arsenate of lead4 ,,mr4 ,,hunt3 ,well1 my trees are dying right along4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i am right in the midst of the worst chestnut blight conditions4 ,the only kinds ,i have that are not blighted are sprayed trees1 and chestnuts of kind that resist the blight4 ,i had twenty-six kinds from different parts of the world to test out in the blight question4 ,one kind from ,manchuria is very blight-resistant4 ,i find that our ,american chinquapin1 both our eastern form and the western tree form are both blight-resistant4 ,also the alder-leaf chestnut4 ,that is my experience4 ,those four chestnuts are practically immune1 and on my property ,american chestnuts dying all around them4 ,i have one particular variety of ,american chestnut that ,i think a great deal of4 ,it was one of the first trees to go down from the blight4 ,stump sprouts from this tree ,i have grafted on other stocks1 on the common ,american1 and recently on chinquapin4 ,the sprayed ones are all alive2 the unsprayed ones are not alive4 ,now1 that is a matter of locality1 perhaps4 ,,the ,,president3 ,dr4 ,morris1 ,i detect a possible explanation for difference of results4 ,mr4 ,hunt's trees were sixteen or seventeen years old4 ,dr4 ,metcalf tells us1 however1 that young trees are relatively immune4 ,how old are yours8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,not over twelve years4 ,no grafts on them over four years4 ,that would make a difference4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,well1 ,mr4 ,hunt did a good job of spraying4 ,i saw his trees1 and they were saturated4 ,,mr4 ,,weber3 ,do they ever use a sticker in the ,bordeaux8 ,a ,,member3 ,what preparation of ,bordeaux mixture do you use1 ,dr4 ,morris8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i use a commercial preparation called ,pyrox4 ,,mr4 ,,carl ,j4 ,,poll3 ,will the chestnut blight attack any other trees besides the chestnut8 ,,dr4 ,,metcalf3 ,outside of the chestnut genus1 that is1 the genus ,castanea1 the disease goes on to a few other trees4 ,a curious fact is that it will go on to the sweet gum1 a tree not related at all1 and it will go on to a few oaks1 in no case enough to seriously damage them as it does the chestnuts1 but enough so that those trees can easily be carriers of the disease4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i think we might pass from this funeral4 ,we have a paper by ,dr4 ,van ,fleet1 whose work1 ,i suppose1 is known to everybody here4 ,the paper has been prepared by ,dr4 ,van ,fleet and will be read by the ,secretary4 ,,hybrids ,,and ,,other ,,new ,,chestnuts ,,for ,,blight ,,districts4 ,,dr4 ,,walter ,,van ,,fleet1 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the sinister spread of chestnut blight1 as the bark disease caused by the fungus ,endothia parasitica is popularly called1 within little more than #aj years1 from its place of apparent origin near ,new ,york ,city into #ac states1 practically reaching the eastern and northern limits of our native chestnut stands1 and sparing in its course no individual trees exposed to infection1 has about convinced even the most optimistic observers that without the intervention of natural checks the ,american chestnut as a forest asset will soon pass away4 ,there is no present indication of diminution in the virulence of the fungus parasite and little reason to hope its progress as a timber destroyer can be stayed by any agency in the control of man4 ,already the losses1 direct and indirect1 occasioned by chestnut blight are computed as high as #ej1jjj1jjj1 about half of the estimated value of the entire stand4 ,with the very reasonable assumption that our native chestnut is doomed to virtual extinction it is well to consider in time if it can be replaced as a timber and nut-producing tree by other chestnut species or combinations of species less subject to injury by this disease-producing organism4 ,the ,endothia fungus1 as a destructive parasite1 is apparently confined to the chestnut1 rarely if ever harmfully affecting genera even as closely allied as the oak 7,quercus7 or ,castanopsis4 ,of the various species of chestnut or ,castanea those native to ,japan and ,central ,china appear most resistant1 probably having been for ages accustomed to the presence of the fungus1 while the ,european chestnut1 ,castanea sativa1 our native ,c4 ,americana1 and our chinquapin1 fall easy victims when exposed to infection4 ,of the ,asiatic forms ,castanea crenata of ,japan and ,eastern ,china and ,c4 molissima of the interior are most promising in this respect1 though the latter is still an almost unknown quantity as regards cultivation in this country4 ,castanea crenata1 commonly known as ,japan chestnut1 in its more typical forms is highly resistant1 so seldom showing material injury that1 for practical purposes1 it may be regarded as immune4 ,japan chestnut seedlings raised from nuts grown in proximity to our native chestnut and exposed to the influence of its pollen are at times more seriously affected1 but are rarely destroyed by the bark disease4 ,the ,japan chestnut is of comparatively low growth1 of small value for timber purposes1 but as a nut-producer is very fruitful and precocious1 bearing great crops at an early age4 ,the nuts are often very large but usually of poor quality4 ,the species1 however1 proves quite plastic in the hands of the plant breeder1 being readily modified in the directions most desired by the ordinary methods of cross-pollination and selection4 ,it freely hybridizes with all other chestnut species and varieties that have been tried1 and forms the basis of the most hopeful work in breeding for disease-resistance that has yet been attempted4 ,castanea molissima is of much taller growth and bears nuts of moderate size1 but of really good quality in the types that have reached this country4 ,it can be infected by ,endothia parasitica but the disease progresses slowly and in some instances results in little harm4 ,the species has been so recently established in ,america that practically nothing is known of its breeding capabilities1 but if its disease-resistance under our climatic conditions is assured it would appear most hopeful material for replacing our vanishing native species4 ,explorers report there is a still more promising chestnut in ,china1 reaching nearly #ajj feet in height under forest conditions1 but it has not yet been secured for trial in this country4 ,castania sativa1 the commercial chestnut of ,europe1 in many varieties has long been cultivated in ,america and for nut production is without doubt the best of the well-known exotic species4 ,it has no great timber value1 however1 and its disease-resistance1 though higher than ,c4 ,americana1 is scarcely great enough to warrant extended use as breeding material4 ,the native chinquapin1 ,castanea pumila1 in its bush and tree forms remains as the only promising chestnut not found in the ,orient4 ,while readily inoculated by artificial means1 the chinquapins1 especially varieties of the northern bush forms1 quite often escape natural infection1 doubtless because of their small size1 smooth bark1 and less liability to insect attacks4 ,chestnut breeding for nut improvement1 chiefly by selection of native ,european and ,japanese species1 has been carried on in several diverse localities in the ,united ,states1 with distinctly promising results but inter-pollinations have also been effected between most species and varieties1 the outcome indicating that rapid improvement along the desired lines may be expected from crossing the really desirable types4 ,in #aijc and succeeding years the writer made many careful pollinations of the native chestnut and the bush chinquapin with ,european and ,japanese chestnuts in many varieties4 ,some hundreds of seedlings resulted1 mostly showing a high level of promise as judged by their initial thrift and vigor of growth1 but the appearance in #aijg of the ,endothia disease among the plantings soon put an end to the work with the native and ,european chestnuts1 as1 with scarcely an exception1 they quickly became infected4 ,the crosses of chinquapin and ,japan chestnut1 however1 showed considerable resistance as a whole1 and a number of individuals have resisted infection until the present time1 though constantly exposed to the disease1 both at their locality of origin in ,new ,jersey and since at ,arlington farm1 to which they were transferred in the second and third years of growth4 ,others have been attacked in greater or less degree1 but show great powers of recuperation1 sending up suckers that often fruit well by the third year4 ,the resistant varieties show great promise as nut producers1 coming into bearing when three or four years old from seed and producing abundant crops of handsome nuts1 of excellent quality1 four to six times as large and heavy as those borne by the chinquapin parent1 ripening in early ,september before chestnuts of any kind have appeared in the market4 ,these nuts have thicker shells than other chestnuts1 are much less subject to attacks of the chestnut weevil and preserve their fresh and inviting appearance longer when gathered4 ,the flavor varies somewhat according to the particular pollen parent of the different varieties1 but is always agreeable in the fresh state when the nuts are properly cured4 ,when boiled or roasted they are particularly sweet and pleasant to the taste4 ,the trees are quite vigorous in growth1 considering their rather dwarf type1 reaching #aj or more feet in height at #f to #h years from the germination of the seeds and with scarcely an exception bear regular and increasing crops after the third year4 ,propagation of the most promising varieties has been effected by grafting and budding on ,castanea molissima seedlings as resistant stocks1 but it cannot be said that these processes1 when performed under greenhouse conditions1 give ideal unions4 ,it is hoped to make fairly extensive trials of ,c4 molissima and ,c4 crenata as stocks for field grafting the coming season4 ,but the most encouraging feature of these chinquapin-crenata crosses is the excellence of their seedlings as grown from chance or self-pollinated nuts4 ,fifteen direct or second generation seedlings and one of the third generation have fruited to date4 ,all have retained in growth and fruitage the characters of their immediate parent and it almost appears as if the good qualities of these hybrids may be perpetuated from seeds1 thus dispensing in a great measure with vegetative propagation--always costly and uncertain with nut trees4 ,several hundred of these seedlings are under observation and it scarcely appears too much to hope that they may inherit the disease-resisting character of their parents as well as other desirable qualities4 ,selection work with a precocious strain of ,japan chestnuts of apparently pure type has been continued through #d generations of seedlings after an initial cross-pollination of two particularly desirable varieties had been made in #aijc4 ,these seedlings show greater range of variation than the hybrids with chinquapin1 but all bear nuts of marketable value in #b to #d years from germination4 ,none have been attacked by the ,endothia fungus1 though many have constantly been exposed to infection4 ,notwithstanding their extreme precocity trees of this ,asiatic strain grow steadily and if thickly planted in favorable localities may in time produce timber of local value1 but it is to the taller growing species of middle ,china that we must look for material to replace our vanishing native forest stands4 ,the preservation in this country of the chestnut as a nut-bearing tree appears assured in view of the progress already made and it should not be too much to hope that resistant strains of the timber type may yet be developed by systematic breeding experiments4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,president3 ,inasmuch as the author of the paper is not present to answer questions1 the only thing that may be done is to ask further contributions of knowledge in the same field4 ,has anyone any contribution to make8 ,,miss ,,louise ,,littlepage3 ,i would like to ask how long the chestnut tree has been able to live with the blight8 ,,dr4 ,,metcalf3 ,do you refer to the ,asiatic ones or to the ones that grow here in ,america8 ,,miss ,,littlepage3 ,the ,american4 ,,dr4 ,,metcalf3 ,it is almost impossible to answer that question because you have to define just what you mean by living4 ,if the chestnut tree is attacked first or early on the trunk1 it is girdled and dies shortly1 but if it is attacked first on the top there develop conditions like what is shown in this picture 7showing photograph74 ,i am not certain that you can see these bunches of suckers a little way up the tree4 ,now those trees will sometimes exist four or five years4 ,i can say safely that ,i have seen trees last five years4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i can add three years to that4 ,,the ,,president3 ,if there is no further discussion1 we may adjourn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,friday1 ,,september #h,,th1 ,,at #h4ae ,p4 ,m4 ,meeting called to order by the ,president4 ,,the ,,president3 ,to my mind nut growing is part of a larger field1 a field of conservation1 one which is going to develop a whole new series of tree crops1 of which the nuts are but a part4 ,,president',s ,,address4 ,,dr4 ,j4 ,,russell ,,smith4 ,agriculture is usually symbolized by a picture showing a man1 a plow1 and a sheaf of wheat4 ,i would make the symbolization double by adding to it some kind of a nut tree in fruit4 ,i have long had a vision of waving1 sturdy1 fruitful trees yielding nuts and other valuable fruit1 and standing on our hilly and rocky land where now the gully and other signs of poverty1 destruction and desolation gape at us4 ,this vision of the fruitful tree also extends to the arid lands1 there also vastly increasing our productive areas4 ,beyond a doubt the tree is the greatest engine of production nature has given us1 and in its ability to yield harvests without soil injury on rough1 rocky1 and steep lands1 and on arid lands1 carries the possibility of the approximate doubling of the area of first-class cropping land in the ,united ,states1 also probably in many other countries4 ,twenty-one years ago this spring ,i began in a small way to bring into reality this vision of the tree-covered fruitful hills1 although my interest in the matter goes back at least four years further to the time when ,i filled my pockets with the large grafted ,european chestnuts grown along his lanes by the late ,edwin ,satterthwaite1 of ,jenkintown1 ,pa4 ,my first essay at nut tree cropping was short but not sweet4 ,i planted an acre and a half of ,persian walnuts1 seedlings being the only things then to be found4 ,there being no one within my reach to guide me much1 if any1 ,i bought such seedlings as were to be had from a ,new ,jersey nurseryman4 ,i mulched them1 and saw them each year grow less and less until the third season they disappeared4 ,i have1 however1 some survival from this attempt in the form of black walnuts1 which ,i had the foresight to plant as nuts immediately beside the ,persian walnuts when they were planted as trees4 ,some of these walnuts are now quite sturdy young trees ready to be top-worked to some good strain4 ,my second attempt was the ,paragon chestnut4 ,in #ahig ,i started in on a #ajj-;acre tract on the ,blue ,ridge ,mountains1 near ,bluemont1 ,va41 much of it too rocky for any cultivated crop1 but admirably fitted to native chestnuts1 and covered with a perfect stand4 ,i had a good many acres well established1 when1 in #aijh1 the chestnut blight convinced me that further extension was perilous4 ,my orchard has since been given over to the ,department of ,agriculture as the scene of their experiments in fighting the chestnut blight1 but they have given it up1 withdrawn their efforts1 and half the orchard is now cut down and planted to ,winesap and ,grimes ,golden ,apples1 which ten year's experience has shown me can be grown on such land without cultivation if mulched with the weeds and bushes that grow around them1 and given some commercial fertilizer4 ,i have a number of such young trees planted in #aijg in land of this character that are now full of fine quality fruit4 ,my third nut-growing attempt was with more select strains of seedling ,english walnuts than the miserable chancelings with which ,i began4 ,one tree from the magnificent specimens at #caae ,o street1 ,n4 ,w41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 and several from ,pomeroy1 promptly perished1 apparently from winter-killing1 and my nut hopes were at a very low ebb when the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association came upon my intellectual horizon4 ,from it ,i have learned how to graft the walnut1 the pecan and other hickories1 and ,i have again started in on the ,english walnut1 using the ,mayette1 ,franquette1 and several of the eastern seedlings4 ,after the usual disastrous failures at top-working1 ,i was this ,june in such a large condition of hope that ,i was in serious need of being hooped to keep myself down to normal size4 ,such artificial aids to the maintenance of normal size are1 however1 no longer necessary after this summer's experiences1 during which the bud-worm has cut the ends of my ,persian walnut shoots and the blight apparently has withered up my young grafts so that an #ah inch shoot of ,july #ast is now #ag inches black and #a inch brownish green1 and in other cases entirely dead4 ,alas what a slaughter6 ,this apparently puts my ,persian walnut hopes into a state of neutrality4 ,i hope it is benevolent neutrality4 ,so far as actual expecting is concerned1 however1 ,i am not doing any just now4 ,i wait4 ,the grafted black walnuts1 however1 have met with none of these accidents1 and these are a substantial and solid hope1 as is the pecan1 which is behaving handsomely on its own roots and also on the hickory roots4 ,tree ,crops ,insurance4 ,as my experience with nut trees well shows1 there is little doubt that we are now in a period of great activity of plant enemies4 ,they are indeed a by-product of the splendid work now being done in bringing to us the crop plants of all parts of the world4 ,along with the ,chinese and ,japanese products which have already been so valuable and promise us so much more for ,american horticulture1 we have received the ,san ,jose scale1 the chestnut blight1 and probably others will follow4 ,for the next twenty-five or fifty years while the nut industries are in what may be properly considered the experimental stage1 ,i wish to urge the great necessity of some kind of crop insurance for the man who plants out any kind of nut tree4 ,say what you please1 the nuts are not as well known and as reliable as the other fruits1 such as the apple1 and even apples are uncertain enough4 ,crop ,insurance ,through ,two-,story ,farming4 ,by the term crop insurance ,i mean having something else on the same land that will make a profit year after year1 whether the tree pays or not4 ,if this is not feasible1 there should be something else which can be quickly converted into a crop if the main hope suddenly disappears4 ,for the man who is growing nuts on level1 arable land1 ,i believe ,i cannot emphasize too strongly the pastured pig4 ,pigs below trees 7and nuts maybe above74 ,this is merely the two-story farming that ,europe was practising when ,columbus was a boy4 ,upon all good nut growers ,i urge the pig for the first story4 ,this unromantic but very practical aid to income for the nut-grower has had the great honor to be accepted by a president of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association1 ,mr4 ,littlepage1 and by a president of the ,national ,nut ,growers' ,association1 ,colonel ,van ,duzee4 ,colonel ,van ,duzee1 from the financial standpoint1 really does not have to have his pecan trees either to live or bear4 ,he is making money out of the oats1 cowpeas1 crimson clover1 vetch1 soy beans1 velvet beans1 and other forage crops which he is growing between the pecan trees1 and which the pigs are harvesting for him and converting into salable products4 ,of course this makes the pecan trees grow like weeds1 but ,i am now talking about the crop insurance aspect of it4 ,this crop insurance aspect of ,colonel ,van ,duzee's last planting cannot be too strongly emphasized4 ,he has planted the trees #ajj feet apart1 practically four and one-quarter trees to the acre1 and has then proceeded to the hog farming business as though the trees were not there4 ,this may sound somewhat fantastic to the man of the ,north4 ,perhaps it sounds well-nigh criminal to the man who is trying to sell pecan tree land to schoolmarms1 talking fifty pecan trees to the acre4 ,when a tree has the habit of spreading two or three or four feet per year when well fed1 and keeping it up an indefinite time1 the question of ultimate size is one to be reckoned with4 ,that the pecan tree can attain great size in the ,north1 as well as in the ,south1 is attested by the record of a tree in northern ,maryland on ,spesutia ,island1 near the head of ,chesapeake ,bay4 ,the tree is described by one of our members1 ,mr4 ,wilmer ,p4 ,hoopes1 as being eighty-four years old1 hale and hearty4 ,this tree is #ajf feet tall1 with a spread of #aaj feet1 has two limbs1 respectively #eg and #fj feet long and is #ac feet in circumference1 #c feet above ground1 and is an annual bearer of thin shell1 nuts that1 though rather small now1 are mighty good to eat4 ,if nut trees are going to grow into that size1 we must plant very wide or make up our minds to a very heroic and very difficult act1 one which many men in the ,south should do this minute1 namely1 cut down half or three-quarters of the nut trees on a given acre4 ,i wish to emphasize the health aspect from the standpoint of the tree of this very wide planting4 ,it is generally recognized by horticultural authority that trees develop sickness and disease when crowded in large numbers4 ,the pecan trees #ajj feet apart may perhaps escape this danger and have the sun on all parts of their leaf surface1 a fact1 by the way1 which is necessary to crop production on this and other nut trees4 ,this wide planting is practically the method followed in most of the important ,french ,persian walnut districts4 ,with very few exceptions their trees are isolated1 a man having two or twenty1 or thirty1 scattered about his farm1 usually in the midst of his fields where they can develop to perfection1 take the tillage of the crops1 and bring in some extra money1 which one of the owners very significantly told me is income without effort4 ,this income without effort aspect of the matter takes the form of a man having to pay as much rent for a good walnut tree in the department of ,dordogne1 as he does for an acre of good wheat land alongside4 ,rough ,land ,tree ,crops ,insurance4 ,what kind of tree crops insurance might ,i have had for my chestnuts grafted nineteen years ago8 ,had ,i known then as much as ,i now know about nut trees1 excepting the chestnut blight1 ,i should have planted that place thickly with black walnut nuts and northern pecan nuts1 unless the squirrels were too quick for me1 in which case ,i should have used little seedlings4 ,these ,i would have kept in a submerged but hopeful condition by occasionally cutting them down4 ,this would keep them from crowding the chestnut trees1 but would by no means have kept me out of a stand of vigorous pecans and black walnuts ready to graft at very short notice4 ,when the blight blew its signal of national alarm in #aijh1 ,i could have gone to grafting those trees and they would by this time probably have been in bearing and ready to replace the chestnuts which are now dying with the blight4 ,if any one wishes to contradict my statement about these trees living with such treatment1 ,i will admit that ,i am not speaking from experience with regard to the pecan1 but ,i believe the experience of others admirably verifies the statement ,i have made4 ,i am1 however1 speaking literally from my own experience when ,i refer to the black walnut4 ,for ten summers past ,i have in ,july and ,august scythed off a certain tract of stump land planted to apples4 ,each year black walnuts and butter nuts have been cut1 and now at the end of that time the stubs are still annually throwing up vigorous shoots #b-a_/b to #d feet in length1 and if they are allowed to escape for a season1 they dart past a man's head so fast he wonders what has happened4 ,while ,i hope to experiment for forty more years on my mountain side in the attempt to cover it with waving fruitful trees that are so immune to pests as not to need spraying1 ,i shall never again be caught with only one possibility upon a given piece of land4 ,if ,i should top-work my native hickories to shagbark1 which ,i know involves considerable waiting and considerable uncertainty1 ,i can1 with very little expense1 put upon the same ground a full stand of grafted black walnuts and a full stand of budded pecans1 or if ,i do not care to go to that much trouble1 ,i can graft my hickories and plant my native black walnuts and merely keep them there in submerged condition as reserve trees ready to be grafted at any time4 ,for a pecan orchard ,i can do exactly the same thing1 using black walnuts as fillers1 possible successors1 or as ungrafted reserves4 ,for the ,persian walnut1 the black walnut can again come in as a filler or as a reserve1 and for grafted blacks of any variety1 other blacks can be kept waiting for the arrival of possible better varieties which could easily become the head of the corner4 ,my experience with transplanting seedling pecans shows that they1 too1 can1 without serious difficulty1 be planted out in such rough land and kept waiting there for years until the day of possible utilization4 ,lastly1 ,i wish to emphasize one more possible crop insurance tree for the man who is planting nuts on land difficult of cultivation1 or entirely untillable1 and that is the persimmon4 ,i have paid my respects above to the tilled crops and the pastured pig for the arable land1 and for the unarable land ,i would still emphasize the pig and give him other sources of food to supplement pasture4 ,among these possible foods is the persimmon which as yet has been little appreciated in an extensive way1 although hundreds of thousands of men know it is highly prized forage and of considerable fattening value4 ,it has a crop insurance virtue1 however1 other than its acceptability as pig feed4 ,that is the hardiness of the tree and the ease of establishing it4 ,in my pasture lot the ,angora goat1 even when pushed with hunger1 has not touched persimmon wood or leaves4 ,the same is practically true of the black walnut and of the butternut4 ,this fact is one of great importance1 because it means that we can keep rough land in pastures1 even goat pasture1 during the period when we are planting out tall-headed nut trees of almost any variety1 and at the same time have a perfect stand of two kinds of crop insurance trees coming along1 namely1 walnuts and persimmons4 ,in this connection it is desirable to point out the relation of this recommendation to the actual practice in nut growing regions of ,europe4 ,they do not plant a little two or three foot tree4 ,they plant an eight or nine-foot tree often so slight it can not hold itself up1 and is kept in place by one or two stiff poles4 ,this tall-headed fellow stands out in the middle of the wheat field1 the vineyard1 the hay field1 the goat pasture1 the cow pasture1 with its head entirely out of reach of the pasturing animal1 its trunk protected by one or two stout sticks1 and in due time it takes hold4 ,with the trees properly developed in the nursery1 ,i know of no reason why the same practice cannot prevail here1 and ,i have at least one ,busseron pecan tree that has gone safely through the first summer of it4 ,the practice of one pecan grower in ,texas1 reported in the ,nut ,journal1 is suggestive of a crop insurance practice capable of wide use in the ,north1 namely1 planting of filler trees of quick-yielding varieties4 ,there is no reason why the northern nut trees might not be planted #dj1 #fj1 or #hj feet apart in peach or even apple orchards1 as did the ,texas man with his nut trees #gb feet apart1 occupying every fourth place in an #ah-;foot spaced fig orchard4 ,i would call attention of ,northerners1 however1 to the desirability of the mulberry1 the most rapid growing and cheapest of all our fruit trees1 doing well in ,carolina at a space of #cj feet1 which would enable the ,northerner1 by a little variation of the interval between his mulberry trees1 to plant nut trees anywhere from #fj to #ajj feet apart4 ,sod ,mulch ,nut ,orchards4 ,i know that any suggestions of the production of trees without plowing is unorthodox1 and therefore not likely to be heard straight1 and particularly perilous in the presence of professional horticulturists in state or national employ4 ,to such ,i wish to call attention to the fact that ,i have emphasized in this matter1 first1 the tillage methods1 and that ,i am making no knock against cultivation4 ,we all know that it works under some conditions1 and we all also know that there are some conditions in which it will not work4 ,if ,i lived on level1 sandy loam1 ,i'd be a furious tiller of tree crops fifteen times a year4 ,but ,i was born upon a rocky hill1 and now ,i live upon another that is higher and rockier1 and ,i don't believe in tilling it fifteen times a year4 ,must ,i abandon it1 or adopt uses to its conditions8 ,out of these conditions mulch orcharding has come4 ,despite the orthodox1 ,i know that the growing of some kinds of fruit trees without cultivation has passed the experimental stage4 ,at this moment millions of barrels of apples are approaching perfection in orchards in ,virginia and other eastern states that have not been plowed for more than one1 and sometimes for more than five seasons4 ,the application of this method to nut trees is still in the embryonic stage1 with theoretic factors favoring it4 ,i do not know how far the mulch-fertilizer method can go1 but ,i am sure it may go much farther than most professional horticulturists will admit4 ,i find that the pecan tree starts off nicely under the mulch fertilizer conditions of the apple4 ,the walnut tree has certainly done it for ages with less aid1 and ,i believe it is up to us to find methods of handling land and trees and moisture which will enable us to avoid the danger1 costs1 and difficulties of plowing rough land and still get good trees4 ,for example1 the absence of cultivation does not necessarily imply the absence of fertilizer4 ,the way a few black walnut trees in my apple orchard have snapped their buds and grown in response to the nitrate of soda that has been put upon the apple trees beside has been little short of astounding4 ,the way a poor little starveling persimmon wakes up when the same treatment comes along1 is equally interesting4 ,i cannot speak definitely yet about the influence of fertilizer on the ,persian walnut or the pecan4 ,in connection with the fertilization matter1 it is well known that a crop of clover or other legumes is very important as a part of the rotation of crops in plow agriculture4 ,similarly ,i expect great value can be obtained in our pastured and fertilized nut orchards if we so treat the soil with lime1 phosphorous1 and whatever else is needed1 to give a good mat of white clover and other legumes which are undoubtedly a good nitrogen supply for trees whose roots interlace with theirs4 ,similarly ,i see great possibilities in the interplanting of some leguminous crop tree such as the honey locust or the ,kentucky coffee bean in our nut orchards4 ,it is true neither of these trees has yet been selected and developed to the crop point1 but they are much more promising than ,sargent says the wild ,persian walnut was at its beginning4 ,it is an established fact that a non-leguminous plant can take nourishment from the nitrate-bearing nodules on the roots of adjacent living legumes1 to say nothing of its well-known ability to feed upon the nitrate collections of legumes that have lived in past seasons within reach of its roots4 ,thus the interplanting of a legume and a nut tree seems to promise a continuous supply of the all-important nitrates for the nut tree4 ,the ,question of ,moisture4 ,it is not necessarily true that a tree gets a low percentage of the local rainfall because it is not plowed4 ,the last palliation1 or is it provocation1 that ,i would throw into the camp of the orthodox and the worshippers of the plow1 is the water-pocket1 or small field reservoir1 draining a few square rods and holding hard by the roots of a tree a few gallons or a few barrels of water which would otherwise run away4 ,i showed this association a number of photographs of these water-pockets last year4 ,their most extensive ,american user1 ,dr4 ,mayer1 considers them successful from the tree's standpoint and profitable from the economic standpoint4 ,since the great virtue of cultivation is the conservation of moisture1 ,i will submit that this device1 worked out and used for three centuries by the olive growers of ,tunis1 for twenty years by ,dr4 ,mayer1 of ,pennsylvania1 and about the same length of time by ,colonel ,freeman ,thorpe1 ,minnesota1 can from the point of theory and perhaps also from the point of practice1 equal tillage on some soils1 and with less labor and much greater economy in farm management1 for the making of water pots is a job for odd times1 the bane of agriculture1 and tillage all comes in a pile--another bane of agriculture4 ,upon the whole1 ,i think my #ba years of nut loving have run me directly and indirectly into ten thousand hard earned1 and as yet1 partly not earned dollars4 ,rather a deep sting for a pedagogue4 ,when the last of my grafted chestnut trees come down next year1 ,i will have little to show for that ten thousand1 but an experimental nursery and some experimental trees scattered about the hillside4 ,but the experiments are still interesting4 ,i still have hope1 and ,i still love trees4 ,i am still ahead4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,president3 ,i believe every other man here today has defended his thesis4 ,i will not claim any exemption4 ,,dr4 ,,stabler3 ,the ,president has mentioned the combination of apple and walnut trees4 ,i would like to ask him if he has seen any deleterious effects upon the apple from the proximity of walnut roots4 ,now1 some of my friends in ,montgomery county have the idea that an apple tree will not live within fifty feet of a walnut tree4 ,i have1 myself1 seen a number of apple trees die1 apparently because they were neighbors of walnut trees4 ,i wasn't sure that that was the cause of death1 but they died1 and walnut trees situated in an apple orchard will have a ring of dead apple trees around them4 ,now that is one case that ,i know of where the walnut tree acts injuriously upon the vegetation to which it is neighbor4 ,all of the farm crops1 wheat1 corn1 grass1 and oats1 and rye1 etc41 seem to thrive just as well under the limbs of a black walnut as they do away from it4 ,in fact1 frequently you see the grass greener and more luxuriant right up to the trunk of the tree than anywhere else1 but it doesn't seem to be true of the apple4 ,now1 ,i would like to hear from the ,president4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i simply made that as a suggestion and referred to this instance as an illustration of the effect of fertilization on the walnut4 ,,dr4 ,,augustus ,,stabler3 ,well1 how are those apple trees doing8 ,,the ,,president3 ,i had enough trouble without looking for more by mixing walnut and apple trees4 ,the walnut trees are small1 merely the growth from stubs repeatedly cut4 ,the next on our program is a paper by ,mr4 ,mc,murran1 of the ,department of ,agriculture1 upon the question of diseases of the ,english walnut4 ,mr4 ,mc,murran4 ,,mr4 ,s4 ,m4 ,,mcmurran3 ,i am sorry that in this1 my first appearance before this ,association ,i haven't a more optimistic and encouraging subject to talk on than diseases4 ,you men and women who are burdened with establishing this industry have enough on you without contending with diseases1 and it was not my intention to talk upon diseases at this meeting1 but ,mr4 ,littlepage1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 and ,mr4 ,jones1 and several others1 have been urging the matter strongly1 which explains my appearance at this time4 ,walnut blight is a very common and serious disease on the ,pacific ,coast4 ,it may be a native disease1 though it has never been reported on native black walnuts1 and it has proved a very serious menace to the seedling ,english walnut groves on the ,pacific ,coast4 ,this little piece of work ,i want to tell you about tonight was done through the co-operation of ,mr4 ,jones and ,mr4 ,rush1 at ,lancaster1 ,pa41 and has just been completed within the last few days4 ,i made a trip through ,new ,jersey1 ,delaware1 and ,pennsylvania1 about the first of ,august1 and found a number of nuts that had all the appearance of being infected with the walnut blight germ4 ,they had the same appearance as those nuts that you saw this afternoon in ,georgetown4 ,i brought them back here and made cultures from them in the laboratory1 and after that the problem was absurdly easy4 ,the germ was obtained without difficulty1 ,i obtained a pure culture1 and then ,i went up to ,mr4 ,rush's place1 at ,lancaster1 and made a number of inoculations1 of which these few ,i have here are typical4 ,this nut that you see here was inoculated from a pure culture along with a number of others1 and the condition is as you see it1 after about a month4 ,inoculations were also made into twigs1 and ,i will pass these around for your examination4 ,the one marked1 inoculated1 has a little canker on it1 and on the other you will have difficulty in finding the needle punctures1 but you will see them if you look closely4 ,now1 ,i hardly know what to say about this disease at this time4 ,as ,i have stated before1 my work has been in the ,south for the past several years1 and no work has been done on this disease in the ,east prior to this summer4 ,that it must have been here for a long time seems almost a foregone conclusion1 because of its wide distribution4 ,mr4 ,jones was a little bit conscience-stricken for fear he brought it here with him4 ,still it is in ,delaware and ,maryland as well as ,pennsylvania1 and you can't blame ,mr4 ,jones for that4 ,i think1 too1 it is less actively pathogenic than on the ,pacific ,coast1 or we would have heard of it before4 ,that it should prove a serious menace to the development of the walnut industry in the ,east1 is too much to assume at this time4 ,it will undoubtedly eliminate a number of the varieties that are considered promising now1 but the course that will have to be taken will be to propagate only varieties which are highly resistant or totally immune to the disease4 ,just what these varieties are going to be in the ,east we do not know as yet1 of course4 ,we should avoid the mistakes that the growers on the ,pacific ,coast have made of planting seedling trees1 and taking the chance of their being resistant to the disease4 ,a great many varieties will be automatically eliminated when the nurserymen bear in mind that this disease is one to be considered1 and ,i want to say1 that1 in addition to this1 the ,department will take pleasure in making artificial inoculations and tests on all those concerning which there is any question4 ,we have the germ in culture now and will maintain it1 and anyone who discovers a new variety1 or has an old one they would like to propagate1 can communicate with us1 and we will take pleasure in testing its susceptibility4 ,i think that is about all that can be said on the subject at this time4 ,this disease has been studied very carefully on the ,pacific ,coast and a number of publications issued from the ,california ,experiment ,station concerning it4 ,for those who are interested in looking the literature up1 ,i have here the following references3 ,cal4 ,station ,bulletins1 #ahd1 #bjc1 #bah1 #bca1 and ,circulars #ajg and #aca4 ,a ,,member3 ,is spraying of any avail8 ,,mr4 ,,mcmurran3 ,it has helped somewhat1 but it has not proved economical on the coast4 ,a ,,member3 ,in order to have that test made1 would it be necessary to send the things to the ,department8 ,,mr4 ,,mcmurran3 ,no2 it would be necessary for me to come to you and test them on the trees4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,did those walnuts in ,mr4 ,brown's yard look to you as though they had the blight8 ,,mr4 ,,mcmurran3 ,yes1 they looked like this 7showing specimen74 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,did you notice that tree just across the fence8 ,the reason ,i ask the question is that if that is blight out there1 then that tree right across the fence is very likely resistant1 because ,i have noticed that those walnuts have had this on and off for six or seven years4 ,the limbs of the two trees are within twenty feet of each other4 ,,mr4 ,,mcmurran3 ,well1 that is a very encouraging point4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i didn't think that was blight4 ,all those trees at ,georgetown that ,i have observed have that condition on them1 more or less1 except that one tree4 ,,mr4 ,,mcmurran3 ,yet1 isn't it true that they bore pretty good crops of nuts1 nevertheless8 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,oh1 yes4 ,,mr4 ,,mcmurran3 ,well1 that was the point ,i had in mind4 ,of the two trees one bears every other year1 and the other bears heavy crops every year4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,you see the same thing at the ,experiment ,station in southern ,california4 ,one tree will be absolutely resistant to blight2 the other will be all killed4 ,and down at ,whittier1 perhaps1 seven-tenths of all the trees will be badly affected with the bacteriosis1 and the others not very much affected1 so that1 apparently1 it is largely a matter of this cynips1 which introduces the bacteria1 selecting certain trees4 ,certain walnuts are very much affected1 and the involucre looks very much like that of these nuts 7showing specimens71 but1 on examining them1 ,i found a very large number of small larvae beneath the involucre4 ,i sent some of them to the ,connecticut ,experiment ,station and some to ,washington1 but they didn't tell me what they were4 ,those same larvae ,i found in one black walnut on my place1 which is very heavily infested with them4 ,most of the nuts drop because of the injury to the involucre4 ,i haven't determined the species yet4 ,i don't know whether the larvae come first and the bacteriosis second1 or whether it's the other way around4 ,,the ,,president3 ,are there other persons who wish to give themselves a chance of asking ,mr4 ,mc,murran a question8 ,i have a question that is troubling me4 ,perhaps the house can throw light upon it4 ,i had a number of ,persian walnuts1 ,vrooman ,franquette and ,mayette1 grafted on black1 and by the ,fourth of ,july they were growing nicely1 with tops all the way from four to twenty-four inches long1 and then the tip got black and the blackness went down4 ,i sent a sample to ,mr4 ,mc,murran4 ,the leaves first died and then the twigs4 ,,mr4 ,,mcmurran3 ,i received that1 but it was so dried when ,i got it it was impossible to make anything out of it4 ,i have seen the same thing on pecans1 only in those cases the leaves just got black and fell off1 and we never have been able to assign a reason for it4 ,,the ,,president3 ,am ,i the only man that has had that experience8 ,a ,,member3 ,i had this year the same thing on the ,vrooman ,franquette1 but it recovered and has made excellent growth since4 ,,mr4 ,,mcmurran3 ,have yours subsequently lived8 ,,the ,,president3 ,no1 they subsequently died4 7,laughter47 ,,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones3 ,i had that experience this summer4 ,the new growth was very tender and took blight very readily4 ,,the ,,president3 ,well1 this doesn't appear to be blight4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,if the ,english walnut starts late and the tender growth comes in the hot weather1 the sun will kill it4 ,,the ,,president3 ,you have described my conditions4 ,these are late grafts4 ,have you had that same experience with late grafts and not with early ones8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,yes1 sir4 ,the blight will show itself in the specks on the twig4 ,,the ,,president3 ,well1 do you mean on this sunburn8 ,,mr4 ,,jones4 ,no1 sir4 ,,the ,,president3 ,there were no specks in this case4 ,has any other member any question on the blight8 ,i want to call attention to the fact that we have here in this room tonight nearly every one who is studying the question in the eastern ,united ,states4 ,,mr4 ,,mcmurran3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i would like to say that we would like to get all the information we can on it4 ,a ,,member3 ,according to my observation1 the blight is not going to do much to the tree1 because the tree here makes its growth and hardens up before the blight comes4 ,the blight1 you see1 must have moisture and heat to work1 but it comes in just right to catch the nuts4 ,,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,,mccoy3 ,mr4 ,president1 some mighty strange things happen with grafted and budded ,english walnuts1 and ,i believe ,i could ask questions that would puzzle a school of wise men4 ,now1 none of the answers here will stand up very well4 ,for instance1 ,mr4 ,jones says this dieing back is due to late grafting4 ,well1 ,i had some ,holdens that we budded this last ,june a year ago1 that suddenly1 all at once1 along in ,july this year1 proceeded to quit business1 and quit clear down1 and the root died1 too1 the black walnut root4 ,it is a serious question in my mind whether the black is the best stock to be used or not4 ,mr4 ,jones and ,mr4 ,reed have good success grafting the ,english on the black4 ,we don't down our way4 ,both of those men are in regions where the land is inclined to be alkali4 ,the land where my orchard is1 and where ,mr4 ,littlepage's and ,mr4 ,wilkinson's orchards are1 is inclined to be acid4 ,i am of the opinion that1 to make a success of the ,english walnut1 we are going to have to use lime1 and use it extensively1 not only in the nursery1 but until the time when the trees begin to bear4 ,,the ,,president3 ,it is one of the common pieces of knowledge of all the agriculturists of ,france that the walnut does well on lime soils1 and they don't expect it to do well on acid soils4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i think1 if ,mr4 ,mc,coy will examine his trees1 he will find that the root dies first4 ,,mr4 ,,mccoy3 ,well1 why should they rot8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,that is like a good many other things1 ,mr4 ,mc,coy4 ,we don't know why4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,a pecan top-worked on a water hickory will sometimes kill the whole tree1 top and all4 ,it is the top that does it4 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,reed3 ,this year we made some observations of different varieties1 as to time of leafing out1 and we found the ,eastern varieties leafed out about the first of ,april1 and the ,franquette and ,mayette about the fifth of ,may1 and one variety we got from the ,department1 ,no4 #ci1hhd1 didn't leaf out until the twenty-fifth of ,may4 ,that seemed to indicate that the ,french varieties were going to prove better than the ,eastern varieties1 because late frosts cannot hurt the blossoms4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,that is correct4 ,i watched them this spring at ,mr4 ,mc,coy's4 ,franquette and ,mayette1 over there and with us1 were anywhere from ten days to two weeks later leafing out4 ,some of the buds were entirely dormant and some just bursting when many of our ,eastern varieties were in full leaf4 ,but my experience here in ,maryland on walnut trees from all sections was that every one winter-killed except one ,nebo tree and a top-worked ,potomac4 ,i have a ,potomac which has made ten to twelve feet of growth1 and it didn't winter-kill the slightest1 and my ,nebo tree hasn't winter-killed any1 but the ,franquette1 the ,meylan1 the ,rush1 the ,holden1 and several others winter-killed very badly4 ,at least1 ,mr4 ,mc,murran said that was what it was1 and ,i thought it was1 too4 ,,the ,,president3 ,well1 ,mr4 ,littlepage1 isn't winter-killing rather a relative term1 dependent partly upon the climate and partly upon the condition of the tree at the end of the growing season8 ,was there anything back of your statement1 any late growing1 or something of that sort8 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,well1 they didn't grow any later than the ,potomac grew1 but that tree was top-worked about five or six feet above the ground and ,i think that makes them hardier4 ,a ,,member3 ,were the winter-killed trees cultivated late8 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,yes2 and fertilized heavily4 ,,the ,,president3 ,haven't you answered your own question8 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,well1 ,i won't grow trees if they do not grow better than that4 ,,mr4 ,,mccoy3 ,mr4 ,littlepage may think he has answered this question1 and these other gentlemen may think they have answered it in a different way1 but there are some rather peculiar phenomena there4 ,i don't question the sincerity of these gentlemen1 but ,i don't think they have answered the question4 ,whenever you transplant these trees and whenever you get to growing them in big quantities1 you will have certain peculiar phenomena that you are not certain at first as to just what is the cause4 ,mr4 ,white is just as near right when he says they kill in ,july as ,mr4 ,littlepage when he says they winter-kill in ,december4 ,and ,i will just say to people who buy walnut trees from our firm that when they transplant them under the same conditions as ,mr4 ,littlepage1 they may expect similar results4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i have never seen a northern pecan winter-kill4 ,,mr4 ,,mccoy3 ,oh1 ,i have4 ,,mr4 ,,mcmurran3 ,mr4 ,president1 this term winter-killing is a little bit misleading1 and it has been a matter of discussion in the ,national ,nut ,growers' ,association for several years and a great loss to many ,southern pecan growers4 ,a very common statement that one hears down there is ,why1 our trees don't winter-kill4 ,we don't have cold severe enough to kill them4 ,but they do4 ,it isn't a question of severity of cold1 but suddenness of change4 ,for instance1 in southern ,georgia one year1 we had a rainy period in ,october2 about ,november #bjth there was a hard freeze4 ,a number of orchards which had been fertilized late in the fall were almost wiped out4 ,if it were not due to the fact that the term is too long1 and we could say damage due to sudden temperature change1 it would convey the idea exactly4 ,i saw trees injured in the fall of #aiad that didn't die until ,september of the following year1 and ,i have a number of photographs in my office4 ,,dr4 ,,stabler3 ,i believe1 ,mr4 ,president1 that the stimulation of growth late in the season has a great deal to do with the winter-killing of trees and other plants4 ,i have noticed it in clover and alfalfa1 and ,i have noticed it in peach trees4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i think ,dr4 ,stabler has stated a very well-known principle1 not only of horticulture1 but also of agriculture4 ,last year we questioned ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,reed as to the condition of a certain top-worked1 heavily forced1 black-walnut we had seen the year before at ,vincennes4 ,we were confirmed in our belief that the tree was dead1 but that another tree budded at the same time with the same bud-wood and not forced1 lived4 ,we had a dry summer that year1 a wet fall1 twenty degrees below zero at ,christmas1 dead apple trees4 ,i suspect that ,mr4 ,littlepage has a problem in the balance of tillage and top-working4 ,,dr4 ,,stabler3 ,i think if he visits his neighbor1 ,professor ,waite1 he will find out how to manage trees so they won't winter-kill1 because he knows how to fix it4 7,laughter47 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i treated the trees just like the pecan4 ,i have never seen it possible yet to over-stimulate a pecan and winter-kill it4 ,i don't say it isn't possible1 but ,i have never seen it4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i can show you a few4 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,reed3 ,mr4 ,president1 we have that condition in the nursery row4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,well1 those are grafted1 are they not8 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,reed3 ,grafts and buds1 both4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,in regard to the grafting of the ,persian walnut upon black walnut stock4 ,in ,connecticut1 we have three species of mice--the common field mouse1 the pine mouse1 and the white-footed mouse4 ,these mice all follow in the holes of the moles1 and they are very fond of the bark of the ,persian walnut1 and will destroy a good many of them4 ,now1 with the black walnut1 on the other hand1 when one of these mice comes along and takes a bite of that1 he shuts one eye1 cleans his teeth1 and then goes on to something else4 7,laughter47 ,now1 in our country the soil is practically all acid4 ,the black walnut will grow in pretty acid soil4 ,the ,persian walnut almost demands a neutral or alkaline soil4 ,so1 for ,connecticut there is no doubt that we really need the black walnut stock for the ,persian walnut4 ,,the ,,president3 ,any further problems that are vexing the orchardist with regard to the ,persian walnut8 ,if not1 ,i think this is a suitable time to bury it until next year4 ,col4 ,van ,duzee1 a man who has had more experience with the pecan than almost any one else in the room1 has kindly consented to make his contribution at this time4 ,col4 ,van ,duzee4 ,,col4 ,,van ,,duzee3 ,there is a longing on the part of a large percentage of men and women that ,i meet to escape from conditions which do not seem to be especially favorable in the large cities1 and to get away into the safety of the country4 ,i believe that nut tree growing offers one of the safest of those outlets4 ,i believe that a nut orchard should be a part of a general farming operation4 ,i want to give you my ideas about inter-crops4 ,fifteen years ago the doctors gave me three months to live1 drove me out of my business1 and away from my home to prolong the agony for a few weeks or months1 and ,i found1 among my orchard trees1 a reasonable amount of health which1 to me1 repays a greater value than ,i could reckon in dollars and cents4 ,it has given me the privilege and the opportunity of removing myself from the turmoil of the city and the conflict of the business world to a peaceful1 quiet existence1 that1 to me1 is very much more satisfactory4 ,now1 that is an inter-crop4 ,down in ,florida1 when we used to get together in our citrus seminars and in our horticultural and agricultural meetings we used to try and make a man say on what class of soil his home or orchard was located1 so that we might get his viewpoint4 ,for the successful nut orchardist1 in a small way1 must1 of necessity1 be a successful agriculturist4 ,he must understand soils4 ,you can't have successful inter-cropping without understanding soils1 and1 therefore1 ,i can't tell you definitely what would be good for your northern soils4 ,but ,i can tell you this1 that the first thing to do when you have an orchard problem to consider is to make an exhaustive survey of the character of the soil4 ,if it is a fresh1 recently cleared piece of fertile soil1 under favorable conditions1 ,i am satisfied you don't need very much in the way of inter-cropping4 ,on the other hand1 if you select for your orchard site a piece of land that has been worked to death1 ,i believe it would be well to inaugurate a system of inter-cropping that would have for its object the building up of that soil and the improvement of the environment for the roots of those trees4 ,in the ,south1 we are favored with twelve months of growing weather4 ,we plant our crops throughout the year4 ,i am just about beginning now to plow for my oat planting4 ,i am going to pasture those oats all winter with hogs and cattle4 ,we will harvest our oats in ,may4 ,we then follow them with a legume which will restore the fertility to that soil4 ,in the present condition of the market for commercial fertilizers1 ,i believe we have gone beyond the point where any man can afford to use commercial fertilizers to any great extent on ordinary crops4 ,i believe it is possible to go too far in the stimulation of a growing orchard4 ,my opinion is that a series of inter-crops that results eventually in a large deposit of nitrogen1 such as we get from several leguminous crops plowed under1 will have a tendency to bring that orchard into a condition--,i am speaking now1 you understand1 of the pecan---where it will be susceptible to disease and winter-killing4 ,if you have followed me as far as ,i have gone in this1 you will begin to see at once that the men who are going to be successful in solving these problems are the men who are going to learn the game4 ,among the human family1 you know1 we have a stock phrase that we use sometimes when a man dies and we don't understand the cause of his death4 ,we say ,he died of heart failure4 ,that is a convenient thing to hide behind4 ,winter-killing1 to my mind1 is another such term4 ,it is used1 for instance1 in a case where an individual tree1 for some reason or other not quite understood1 passed away4 7,laughter47 ,i have been fifteen years in the growing of pecan trees in the ,south1 and ,i am free to confess that the most disturbing element in my life at the present time is the fact that we have known so many things that weren't true4 ,we have gone ahead fully believing that our course was justified1 that it was well digested1 desirable in every way1 and suddenly waked up to find that we were radically wrong1 or1 at least1 that there was a very open question as to whether we were not absolutely wrong4 ,to the person of limited means the idea of being able to produce a nut orchard at very little expense is very attractive1 and my heart goes out to people in that condition because ,i have been in that condition myself and passed through it4 ,ten years ago ,i bought a piece of land for forty dollars an acre1 and planted seventeen pecan trees on each acre4 ,it cost me twenty-five dollars an acre to lay off the land1 dig the holes1 and plant the trees nicely1 with about a half pound of bone meal mixed in the soil in each hole4 ,i carried that nut orchard on1 using some inter-crops1 up to one year ago1 when it finished its eighth year of growth1 and1 without burdening you with the minute figures1 ,i am going to say we have sixty-five dollars charged up to it1 and it will take #ahe more4 ,now1 there is #bej1 if ,i haven't made any mistake4 ,i planted among those trees nursery stock1 and ,i sold off1 during the time that those trees were growing1 nursery stock to the value of1 we will say1 #bej1 making my inter-crops pay the expense of cultivation and interest on the investment up to that time4 ,so don't forget that4 ,now1 this is a case where we are going to balance our books1 as every business man does1 and every farmer ought to4 ,i have1 up to the time those trees were eight years of age1 invested approximately #bej1 and have received back not only that1 but the interest on the investment4 ,so1 at eight years of age the orchard cost me nothing4 ,now1 that would be the way a great many people would figure that proposition4 ,i can't do it that way4 ,i am going to charge that orchard with #bej an acre for supervision4 ,now1 above that line 7indicating on black-board7 it looks as though that orchard had been built up for nothing1 and below the line you see a debit of #bej charged against that orchard4 ,there is not one man in a hundred that contemplates a proposition of this kind that is willing to charge his orchard up with the gray matter that he puts into it4 ,but there was an inter-crop in that orchard1 of health and satisfaction1 which is worth more to me than my services1 so ,i will put that in here as #bej4 7,laughter and applause47 ,now1 ,i walked across this morning--,i like to walk1 and ,i came across the park4 ,i saw a monument right over here in a little iron circular enclosure1 erected in honor of ,andrew ,jackson ,donald1 a man who died several years ago1 the man who was partly responsible for the magnificent landscape gardening effect of which this building is a part4 ,it said on the monument this3 ,his life was devoted to the improvement of the national taste in rural art4 ,down below it said3 ,his mind was singularly just1 penetrating and original4 ,any man ought to be proud to have that sort of thing engraved upon his monument1 and1 gentlemen1 any man who will go out and plant nut trees like those you saw this afternoon1 ought to have a monument under those trees expressing sentiments similar to these1 because he has done something which remains after him1 and it is one of the most worth-while things that any human being can do4 ,that is one of the other valuable things about a nut orchard4 ,now1 this nut orchard--this is no myth--this is a practical proposition4 ,i was practically bankrupt when ,i went there4 ,it is paying now in a small way1 and will pay more later on1 and ,i am going to leave it to my children as one of the safest and sanest investments that ,i could leave them1 and ,i want to say1 ladies and gentlemen1 that the consciousness of possessing something of that sort1 which can't be stolen1 can't run away1 is another inter-crop that is grown among those trees4 ,i sometimes tell a story of a little two-horse farm down in the ,south4 ,i drove fourteen miles out into the wilderness to find some seed nuts to plant this nursery with years ago4 ,i found there an old home which was the central home of a large plantation in days gone by1 and there were half a dozen--perhaps seven or eight--magnificent1 great pecan trees about the lot1 and a vegetable garden at the back of the home4 ,those trees were loaded with nuts4 ,there was a young man there--one of the most pitiful things that ,i ever saw in my life--a fine young man--magnificent character1 and recently married1 making his home in this old tumble-down house1 making his start in the world there4 ,he didn't own this land--rented this fifty or sixty acres of open land1 and these trees went with the two-horse farm4 ,i said1 ,my friend1 you must receive quite a little income from those nuts4 ,yes1 he said1 ,i sell the nuts from those trees every year1 for more money than ,i make from the two-horse farm4 ,i heard of another case down in north ,florida where two girls were left absolutely dependent upon their own exertions1 and they were girls who had been reared1 as some of the ,southern ladies have been reared1 to be dependent on others4 ,they didn't know how to go and fight the world for a place4 ,they were a little too far along1 perhaps1 to take up that sort of battle4 ,there were two pecan trees in front of that old homestead1 and the old homestead was all that was left of the family fortune4 ,it was furnished1 had a cow in the back yard1 and a garden1 and a few ,scuppernong grape vines4 ,these two pecan trees in the front yard gave those two women approximately three hundred dollars worth of nuts per annum4 ,they were magnificent1 great1 big pecan trees1 and they lived from them the balance of their lives practically1 with the help of the other things ,i have mentioned4 ,inter-crops are nothing more nor less than the evidences of the master mind directing the problem of handling the soil in which the orchard is growing4 ,now1 just simply go right down deep under everything1 pay absolutely no attention to the wonderful stories that the promoters tell you 7laughter71 keep your money1 save it1 use it1 and spend it--yes1 but recognize this one thing1 that the most important element in success in the small orchard1 as part of the rural or suburban home1 is a knowledge of agriculture and horticulture4 ,it is one of the most fascinating studies in the world1 and ,i have no doubt but what you will find that you can go right along inter-cropping with vegetables and other crops1 bush fruits1 strawberries1 and all those things for the first few years after you plant your nut trees1 and even if they all die you will have been able to break even on the commercial side of the proposition1 and then you will have the additional years of experience1 which no nut orchardist can dispense with4 ,you can't buy it with money or get it out of books4 ,you have got to dig it out of the ground yourself4 7,applause47 ,,the ,,president3 ,i am going to take the liberty of emphasizing one point the ,colonel made4 ,he told you about the great number of things they knew down ,south that were not so4 ,i wish to give some geographical spread to his generalities4 ,we are in the same condition in the ,north4 ,if you will stop and look clear through an agricultural idea1 you will be astonished1 ladies and gentlemen1 absolutely astonished1 to see how1 mostly1 we don't know it4 ,the other day ,i happened to be walking through an apple orchard with the official horticulturist1 and in response to some remark he made ,i asked3 ,do you know that1 or do you think it8 ,has that been experimentally proven8 ,he answered3 ,no1 it has not4 ,most of the things we read in the books and hear in this place and other places we don't know4 ,we think we know1 but when we come to a show-down we really haven't got experimental data4 ,i know of no people to whom that thing needs to be emphasized more than to the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association4 ,,saturday1 ,,september #i,,th1 ,,at #aj4cj ,a4 ,m4 ,meeting called to order by the ,president4 ,,the ,,president3 ,the first order of business1 ,i believe1 will be the report of the ,nominating ,committee4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,the report of the ,nominating ,committee is the following3 ,for ,president1 ,w4 ,c4 ,reed1 ,vincennes1 ,indiana2 ,vice-,president1 ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt1 ,raleigh1 ,north ,carolina2 ,secretary-,treasurer1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,georgetown1 ,connecticut4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i move that the report of this ,nominating ,committee be accepted and adopted1 and these officers declared elected4 ,,the ,,president3 ,do ,i hear a second8 ,a ,,member3 ,second the motion4 ,,the ,,president3 ,the nomination of this list is moved and seconded4 ,is there any discussion8 ,if not1 all those in favor will say aye2 opposed1 like sign1 it is carried1 and they are elected4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,while ,i am on the floor1 ,i want to read a resolution which ,i have drafted1 and ,i will read the clauses separately3 ,owing to the fatal character1 the unchecked and rapid spread of the chestnut blight1 is there any question about that8 ,if that is not true1 let somebody hold up his hand4 ,owing to the fact that it has been widely disseminated through the shipment of nursery stock2 is that correct8 ,owing to the fact that in the first stages the disease cannot be easily detected2 is that true8 ,owing to the fact that the young trees apparently have a temporary immunity from the disease2 ,therefore1 the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association believes that the continued free shipment of chestnut nursery stock will be productive of endless destruction of property in those places where the chestnut trees haven't yet the disease4 ,if that is unsound1 why1 somebody say so4 ,therefore1 be it resolved1 that we1 the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association1 suggest that the ,secretary of ,agriculture prohibit the shipment of chestnut nursery stock1 except in the localities known to have the blight1 and that with each permit for shipment shall go a bulletin or circular giving the important facts about the chestnut blight4 ,the only exception to this regulation shall be the shipments for experimental purposes1 and such shipments must have the above mentioned permit1 and the name of the nursery from which such trees have come1 and must be inspected by ,federal inspectors4 ,i assume1 of course1 that inspection is a general inspection4 ,i don't mean each particular shipment4 ,if there are any questions about that1 why1 ,i will let the chair answer them4 ,,dr4 ,,ulman3 ,mr4 ,littlepage1 ,i would like to ask a question1 or1 rather1 offer a criticism4 ,if ,i understand you rightly1 you say1 except in the districts where blight is prevalent4 ,as a matter of fact1 sir1 the particular nursery that advertises the chestnut tree works within a radius of possibly #bej miles of ,rochester1 in a district where there are many prospective horticulturists4 ,one of the things that impressed me more than anything else in the report of the ,secretary was the fact that we have lost a large number of members1 and that we haven't attracted to ourselves many new members4 ,so far as my personal experience goes1 if ,i were to choose the one method of being most thoroughly disliked1 it would be to ask my neighbors1 particularly those who do not know me1 to become members of any kind of a nut association4 ,there is a glamour about planting1 and it is a sort of a disease with some people1 year after year1 to seek for novelties4 ,these nut tree advertisements that read so well attract many purchasers4 ,right here in this section people are buying nut trees that they are going to plant in a blighted district1 and these people1 when they see what utter failures they have1 will be so disgusted with nut growing that when you approach them you cannot talk nuts to them1 and you will never have them join the ,association4 ,more and more are leaving the ,association1 and very few new ones are coming in to take their places4 ,so ,i think the resolution ought to be changed4 ,,the ,,president3 ,in what respect would you have it changed8 ,,dr4 ,,ulman3 ,to apply generally4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,yes4 ,well1 ,i agree very largely with what the doctor says4 ,i have always felt that the success of this organization--the success of the nut industry as a whole--depended upon its being upon an entirely truthful1 fair and honest basis4 ,i would rather see a crooked cashier in a bank than a crooked nurseryman or tree man4 ,the cashier you can check up at #d3cj every afternoon2 you can't check up the crooked tree man for about ten years4 ,i think the worst of all discouraging things to people who want to go to the country to build up farms and homes is to run into alluring1 but misleading1 advertisements4 ,i have an abounding faith in tree culture4 ,i think that the pecan tree1 the black walnut1 varieties of the ,english walnut and of a number of other nut trees1 are going to make it most possible and more desirable for men to go to the country1 but ,i think the success of those things depends upon giving those people1 as far as possible1 facts1 and not misleading them4 ,wherever a man sets a tree that is a failure you have a man as a failure generally as a tree man1 and wherever you get a man to set a tree that succeeds1 you have a living1 walking advocate of the tree business4 ,this ,association has been fortunate all along in its policies4 ,it has always stood against the fraudulent promotions2 it has always stood against fraudulent nursery stock2 it has always stood against fraudulent representations1 and ,i think1 for that reason1 that its future is reasonably safe1 assuming that is its continued policy4 ,,the ,,president3 ,do you accept ,dr4 ,ulman's amendment8 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i accept it4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,as ,i understand the resolution1 it applies to nurseries in the infected areas4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,yes4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i believe it is practically impossible to grow trees in an infected area without sending out the blight1 but if a man is isolated1 like ,mr4 ,riehl1 at ,alton1 ,illinois1 he can grow trees without danger of sending out the blight4 ,,the ,,president3 ,well1 the resolution permits him to do that4 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,reed3 ,did ,i understand ,mr4 ,kellerman to say the ,department hasn't authority to quarantine against such things8 ,,the ,,president3 ,no4 ,the point brought up was the theory that lay back of the quarantine4 ,the speaker made the point that shipment of infected trees was killing the tree aspirations of the people who ought to be developing the nut industry4 ,every time a man buys a chestnut tree and it dies with blight that man is chilled out of business4 ,now this resolution doesn't cover that man4 ,it is based on the ground of injury to the industry4 ,you can't very well define the limits of where the blight is not1 but it can be fairly well defined as to where it is1 and that is up to the ,department4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,the resolutions are offered in a suggestive way1 ,mr4 ,president4 ,if the ,secretary wants to turn the suggestion down1 we will meet again next year any way4 ,,prof4 ,,close3 ,i would like some information as to how you propose to take this matter up with the ,department4 ,i was present a year or so ago at a hearing before the ,federal ,horticultural ,board--,i don't know whether any one else present was there at the time--but the whole thing hinged largely on ,colonel ,sober's attitude in propagating and sending out the ,paragon chestnut1 and ,i think the ,department--the ,federal ,horticultural ,board--originated the question that you are discussing now1 and ,colonel ,sober came there with a whole lot of pretty good information1 and people to back up what he said1 and the ,department put up a mighty poor show1 ,i tell you4 ,i was ashamed of what the ,department men had to say1 and ,colonel ,sober won out hands down4 ,now1 if this question comes up again1 it will be referred1 no doubt1 to the ,federal ,horticultural ,board1 and you will need a good1 strong representation1 with plenty of facts back of you1 and if you can put up a strong enough case there is no doubt but what you can establish this quarantine4 ,but ,i would hate to see the question taken up again and floored as easily as it was at that time4 ,,the ,,president3 ,prof4 ,close1 ,i have read part of the testimony4--,i was not present at the meeting--and when one considers the number of things that were said at that meeting that are not so1 and the amount of other evidence that has come up since1 ,i think the defenders of the public will have the material to make a much stronger presentation than they did then1 and1 what is more1 ,i think some of them will be there4 ,of course1 when a man has a possibility of getting a quarter of a million dollars out of a lot of junk1 he can spend money to hire people to say things1 and when the dear public is paying nobody to go1 as was the case last time1 nobody goes4 ,if that hearing comes again1 ,i think some from this ,association will be present4 ,,prof4 ,,close3 ,that is just the point ,i want to bring up4 ,you have got to be there with the information4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i just want to say a word1 rather endorsing what ,professor ,close has had to say4 ,the ,department of ,agriculture1 the quarantine board1 or anybody else1 can't go out of their limitations and get testimony4 ,if we think there ought to be a quarantine1 then1 whenever there is a public invitation sent out1 such as was sent out before1 we ought to have the nerve to go down there before the ,department officials and tell them the truth4 ,it is very easy for us to stand up here and write papers and articles criticising the quarantine board and the ,department of ,agriculture4 ,if we have anything to say about these things we ought to go down there and say it4 ,if other people come there and present facts as a matter of record1 the ,board can't entirely go outside of those facts and decide a case right out of the clear sky4 ,if this organization wants to be effective1 it ought to appoint a committee to present those things before that ,board4 ,resolution adopted4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i have had in mind some time the idea involved in this resolution1 which ,i have hastily drawn up4 ,since the principles underlying the successful and economical propagation of nut trees are not yet thoroughly understood or generally known1 and much effort is being wasted and much disappointment incurred in unsuccessful or partially successful efforts in propagation4 ,resolved1 that it is the sense of this meeting that systematic and controlled experiments be made1 under the direction of the ,department of ,agriculture1 for the purpose of determining the principles underlying the successful propagation of nut trees in all sections of the country4 ,,dr4 ,,ulman3 ,second that motion4 7,carried47 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,i would like to present an invitation to meet at ,battle ,creek4 ,,mr4 ,,roper3 ,petersburg invites us to meet at ,petersburg4 ,,the ,,president3 ,those matters are settled by the ,executive ,committee4 ,,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage3 ,would it not be well1 ,mr4 ,president1 to determine upon a meeting place now1 and let it be known1 so that everybody can prepare for it8 ,being a member of the ,executive ,committee1 ,i would prefer myself that the ,association take the responsibility for deciding the meeting place4 ,if these meeting places are selected in advance1 it makes it possible for a good many people to plan their vacation trips to fit in4 ,in order to get the matter before the ,association1 ,i move that the ,society determine right now the next meeting place4 7,seconded47 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,i think ,mr4 ,littlepage's motion is of more than ordinary importance4 ,the ,association1 heretofore1 has left that matter1 very properly1 perhaps1 to the ,executive ,committee4 ,the result is that little or no attention is given to the place of meeting until thirty or ninety days before the date of that meeting4 ,it would be very much better if we knew several months ahead about the meeting1 and ,i think we would have a larger attendance and more enthusiasm4 ,the ,american ,association of ,nurserymen names the date at the time of their meeting for the following meeting1 and most other organizations do the same1 and the results are quite perceptible4 7,motion carried47 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,we have an invitation from the ,evansville ,chamber of ,commerce1 one from the ,san ,francisco ,convention ,league1 to meet at ,san ,francisco1 one from ,sears1 ,roebuck ,company1 to meet in ,chicago1 and enjoy a luncheon at their expense and a trip through their plant2 one from ,dr4 ,morris to meet at his place1 or to meet at ,stamford and spend as much time as possible on his place4 ,we could meet in ,new ,york ,city and visit ,dr4 ,morris' place very comfortably4 ,we have an invitation from ,petersburg1 ,va42 one to meet with ,dr4 ,kellogg1 at ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 and one from ,mr4 ,rush to meet at ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,we have had under consideration a proposition to meet somewhere in the ,south1 possibly with the ,southern ,nut ,growers4 ,those are all the invitations that ,i know of4 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,may ,i make a remark right here8 ,it seems to me that before we decide on the place of meeting we ought to take into consideration what we are going to any of these places to accomplish1 and the time of year that we want to go there4 ,now1 if we go to ,lancaster1 or to almost any of these other places1 we ought to have a summer meeting when we can go out and see the trees1 but if we go up to ,battle ,creek we could just as well go there in the winter time4 ,the purpose of going there1 as ,i understand it1 would be to lay emphasis on the subject of nuts for food4 ,whether we want to take our time now for a meeting1 to emphasize that1 or whether we want to see nut trees growing and discuss cultural problems1 is a question to be decided4 ,,the ,,president3 ,in the absence of a definite method of procedure on this question1 which we never before handled in this way1 the chair is entirely willing to receive instructions1 but ,i suggest that we have a rising vote for one place after another1 and that the place receiving the greatest number of votes gets the convention4 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,reed3 ,we have seen trees in nurseries for several years1 and ,i think that now we ought to select some place where we can get other and broader ideas on nuts4 ,i think ,battle ,creek would be the best place4 ,,the ,,president3 ,does any other favorite son or neighbor wish to make a speech in favor of his own or nearby city8 ,,mr4 ,,henry ,,stabler3 ,it appeals to me very strongly to see ,dr4 ,morris' experimental grounds at ,stamford1 ,connecticut4 ,as ,i understand it1 he has the greatest collection of nut-bearing trees in the ,united ,states1 and looking over this would help us in a fine way4 ,,mr4 ,,james ,h4 ,,kyner3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i am not a member of this ,association1 but for a number of years ,i have been trying to grow nuts4 ,i am very much interested in the subject1 and ,i would like to know if ,i have any rights on this floor4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,it costs you two dollars to vote4 ,,mr4 ,,kyner3 ,all right1 ,i will just give two dollars4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i move that the gentleman be accepted as a full member now and have full authority to make speeches4 7,laughter47 ,,the ,,president3 ,the gentleman will proceed to the making of his speech4 ,,mr4 ,,kyner3 ,i have no speech4 ,i simply want to vote aye for ,stamford and ,new ,york4 7,vote taken47 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,the result is as follows3 ,for ,evansville1 #b2 ,stamford1 #aj2 ,battle ,creek1 #c2 ,petersburg1 #c2 ,lancaster1 #a2 for ,chicago1 ,san ,francisco and the ,national ,nut ,growers1 #j4 ,,the ,,president3 ,we are now ready1 ,i believe1 to proceed with the technical part of the programme4 ,the chair would like to call for information as to the relative behavior of the ,northern pecans1 top-worked or transplanted4 ,is there1 for example1 any evidence anywhere as to the fruiting of any ,northern pecan except on the parent tree8 ,,mr4 ,,mccoy3 ,mr4 ,wilkinson1 in ,indiana1 has some top-worked bearing trees4 ,,the ,,president3 ,unfortunately1 they are right at home4 ,what varieties has he8 ,,mr4 ,,mccoy3 ,the ,major4 ,,the ,,president3 ,and how old was it before he top-worked it8 ,,mr4 ,,mccoy3 ,three years1 ,i think4 ,,the ,,president3 ,on pecan8 ,a ,,member3 ,yes1 sir4 ,,the ,,president3 ,the ,major bore the fourth year1 three years old4 ,i believe that is the first record we have of that sort4 ,has any other borne8 ,,mr4 ,,mccoy3 ,a good many of my young trees bloom in the nursery1 but ,i don't think they succeeded in setting any nuts4 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,reed3 ,we have had some two-year trees in nursery1 grafted4 ,most all of them bloomed when two years old--the staminate but not the pestillate blossoms4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i had a staminate blossom the third season on ,butterick in northern ,virginia4 ,,mr4 ,,henry ,,stabler3 ,is there any difference between trees budded from young trees in the nursery row which are not in bearing1 which have a growth very much resembling water-sprouts1 and those budded from bearing trees8 ,,prof4 ,,hutt3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i can't give any experimental data on that line1 but the common practice of nurserymen in taking their bud-wood from the nursery stock has been in use for years and years1 as with peaches4 ,very seldom do the nurserymen go to the original trees and get their buds1 but it is cut from nursery stock1 because it is in a fine condition to work4 ,i think that trees propagated from young1 vigorous wood1 cut in the nursery1 are all right4 ,i am not so sure as to how long it is before they come into bearing4 ,,mr4 ,,henry ,,stabler3 ,i don't mean to say it is an undesirable practice to bud from the nursery row1 but is there any difference in the time of coming into bearing8 ,,the ,,president3 ,i spent a very considerable amount of time and money in that belief1 but at ,state ,college1 they made an elaborate test1 and they have found no difference between the tree from a water-sprout and one from the bearing tree4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,it is not practicable to propagate very largely from young trees1 either fruit trees or nut trees1 but there is a good deal in maturity of the wood4 ,the plan we follow is to have mature plots and graft from these old trees4 ,that gives the best wood for nursery propagation4 ,,the ,,president3 ,keeping the same tree8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,yes1 right along4 ,that costs a little more money than to propagate from the nursery1 but we think it is better4 ,we get better results4 ,,the ,,president3 ,how have the different varieties of the northern pecan shown up with regard to speed of growth8 ,at the present time we are practically ignorant as to which of seven or eight named and propagated varieties to count on4 ,apparently1 the ,busseron has the record for early bearing1 with the ,major as second4 ,what about the record of the trees for making wood1 not in the nursery row1 but after it has been transplanted and put in the field8 ,is there any distinct leadership of one ,northern pecan over another in making wood8 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,if the members who go out to my place this afternoon will observe closely they will have a chance to see something of the tree growth for the first three years4 ,they will have a chance to observe the ,indiana1 the ,busseron1 the ,kentucky1 the ,green ,river1 the ,major and the ,posey1 with three year's growth4 ,they will see a row of ,green ,rivers1 some trees nine feet high1 and others that haven't grown two feet4 ,that is the individual tree variation1 however4 ,they will see certain characteristics running clear through4 ,,the ,,president3 ,well1 ,mr4 ,littlepage1 it is a job to go and get exact results from another man's experimental ground4 ,which is the winner for speed1 ,mr4 ,mc,coy8 ,,mr4 ,,mccoy3 ,well1 ,i know more about how they grow in the nursery than ,i do when transplanted4 ,i haven't transplanted as many trees as ,mr4 ,littlepage1 but1 of course1 the tree will act very similarly in the nursery to what it does after you transplant it4 ,we have learned at a glance to tell the difference in the varieties4 ,we don't have to go to the books or to the stakes to tell each particular variety1 as each variety has its distinguishing characteristics4 ,for instance1 the ,kentucky and the ,butterick and the ,busseron are all inclined to grow up4 ,i don't know why that should be true1 but they all have the lumber characteristics4 ,the ,kentucky grows in the river bottoms surrounded by lumber trees4 ,now1 the ,posey doesn't grow very tall1 but it grows a wonderful stocky1 sturdy tree1 and has leaf stems as long as my arm in the nursery4 ,of course1 each particular wood has its color characteristics4 ,but one thing ,i observed was that in the other nurseries they don't color up as they do in mine4 ,for instance1 at ,mr4 ,jones'1 it will puzzle me sometimes to tell which variety it is by looking at the wood4 ,of course1 after he would say ,this is ,butterick or ,busseron1 ,i could see1 probably1 the characteristics1 but there is a little difference in the color of the wood4 ,,the ,,president3 ,have you found any difference between these three trees as to attainment of height8 ,,mr4 ,,mccoy3 ,well1 ,i suspect that the ,butterick is the fastest grower of them4 ,,the ,,president3 ,what is the slowest8 ,,mr4 ,,mccoy3 ,the ,indiana1 ,i guess4 ,a ,,member3 ,how does the ,major behave8 ,,mr4 ,,mccoy3 ,the ,major is a very slender1 tall tree4 ,the ,green ,river is inclined to be spreading4 ,,the ,,president3 ,that testimony as to the ,indiana being a slow grower--does anybody verify it8 ,,mr3 ,,littlepage3 ,same thing in ,maryland1 ,mr4 ,president--slowest grower ,i have4 ,,the ,,president3 ,is that sufficiently marked to make it best for us to hold up its propagation until it has shown some reason for being grown8 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i don't know4 ,the ,busseron and the ,indiana1 which is supposed to be a seedling of the ,busseron--the ,busseron outgrows the ,indiana in ,maryland five times4 ,but the ,indiana is a thin-husked nut4 ,the ,busseron1 on the other hand1 is a thick-husked nut1 a fine place for the nut worm if he ever gets bad4 ,there are a lot of such things that you have to think of4 ,,mr4 ,,mccoy3 ,i visited most of these parent trees this year4 ,they are all centered around ,evansville4 ,there is no crop on the ,busseron4 ,the ,indiana will1 perhaps1 have a peck4 ,in the month of ,may1 in ,kentucky1 and ,indiana1 and ,illinois1 we had rains continually4 ,i have often heard the expression from the ,southern nurserymen that the pecan is caught with the frost4 ,now1 that is clear out of place with us4 ,we all smile at the idea that an ,illinois1 ,indiana or ,kentucky pecan would be caught with the frost1 which never affects them4 ,but the rains always affect them4 ,if the month of ,may is a beautiful1 dry1 clear month1 you can gamble on the pecan crop4 ,now1 this year we won't have much of a crop4 ,the ,warwick will have a gallon or two1 and the ,kentucky crop is a failure4 ,the ,green ,river and ,major we didn't get to1 but ,i suspect that very few of our own trees will have a crop this year4 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,reed3 ,mr4 ,mc,coy1 ,i was up there last week1 and the ,busseron has probably four times as many nuts as the ,indiana4 ,it has a light crop1 while the ,indiana has a very light crop4 7,laughter47 ,,mr4 ,,mccoy3 ,when were you there1 ,mr4 ,reed8 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,p4 ,,reed3 ,last ,sunday4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,you can't judge a pecan by the growth of the tree4 ,you take a pecan that makes a thick head and lots of limbs1 and it is very likely to be a heavy bearer4 ,on the other hand1 a nurseryman likes a variety that makes a tree1 you know4 ,,the ,,president3 ,on your criterion of a bunched top1 which of these eight varieties we are now propagating is the most promising8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,the ,butterick appeals to me4 ,,the ,,president3 ,is the ,posey in the same class8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,the ,indiana makes a thick head4 ,,the ,,president3 ,does any other do that8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,the ,green ,river is inclined to on the mature block1 but not the first year in the nursery4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,mr4 ,president1 in view of the fact that this meeting is reported1 and that what we say will go into the official records to be read by lots of people who can't come and examine us1 it might be understood that there would be some question about the bearing of these ,northern pecan trees4 ,as a matter of fact1 ,i am surprised that any of them bore any nuts this year when ,i think how hard ,mr4 ,mc,coy and ,mr4 ,reed and myself have cut them for bud-wood4 ,as a matter of fact1 our opinion is that these ,northern pecan trees are all excellent bearers1 as the bearing reputation goes with pecan trees4 ,i have watched them pretty carefully1 and the best evidence of what ,i think of them is that ,i am setting them in my orchard4 ,for fear that the minutes may leave the impression with some casual reader later that these trees bear a quart1 and two gallons1 ,i just want to say that if these gentlemen put into the record the amount of nuts that they know the ,green ,river1 the ,butterick1 the ,posey and ,major have borne--for instance1 six weeks ago ,i bought sixty pounds of ,posey nuts from a certain tree4 ,the man who counted them counted #abj pounds on the tree1 and if the boys around were as active as when ,i was a boy1 ,i bet he didn't get more than half of them4 ,,the ,,president3 ,this is the time of year when the squirrels get nuts1 and ,i expect they got after the trees1 too4 ,,miss ,,louise ,,littlepage3 ,why does the rain affect the nuts1 and why in that certain one month8 ,,mr4 ,,mccoy3 ,in our latitude the pecan blooms somewhere near the twentieth of ,may1 from that probably up to the twenty-fifth1 and the pollen is scattered by the winds1 and1 if it rains at that particular time1 the female bloom perishes1 and we have no pecans4 ,i think the pecan depends entirely upon the winds4 ,,the ,,president3 ,we have been hoping all the time that we would have a chance to hear from ,prof4 ,hutt on the relation of the hickory stock to the pecan top4 ,a good many persons have experimented with it1 and papers are giving1 from time to time1 glowing accounts of the pecan tree on hickory roots4 ,we would like to hear from ,prof4 ,hutt4 ,,prof4 ,,hutt3 ,we haven't much data matured on that at present1 ,mr4 ,president4 ,it takes so long to get data on those subjects4 ,we have a lot of trees budded on the stocks of water hickory and on the pecan1 and we are testing them out4 ,my theory was that the ,hicoria aquatica1 growing in wet1 sour lands1 would enlarge the range of probable production of pecans on such lands1 and on lands on which the pecan1 on its own roots1 could not normally be grown1 but our data are not matured yet4 ,i think they have been three years in the nursery and two years set in the orchard4 ,it will probably be four or five years before we get any exact data on that subject4 ,,the ,,president3 ,perhaps1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed has investigated some of the later top-worked hickories4 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,that is an old question--pecan on hickory4 ,it has been tried all over the ,south and the ,southwest1 and you will see some this afternoon at ,mr4 ,littlepage's place4 ,as a usual thing1 the enthusiasm over pecan on hickory has run high while the experiment was new4 ,the propagator has found that it was not a difficult thing to make the scions live1 and1 so long as the hickory stock is larger than the pecan scion1 so that the feeding capacity is equal to1 or even greater than1 the consuming capacity of the scion1 the outlook has been very satisfactory and encouraging1 and while that stage has been going on a great deal has been written4 ,a little later you hear less about it1 and less and less1 until1 finally1 you hear almost nothing4 ,but ,i will say this1 that there are sections in the ,southwest where there is considerable enthusiasm over it just now4 ,just recently an article was published by ,judge ,frank ,gwynn which was quite encouraging1 and from his point of view it is4 ,he is on high1 hilly land1 where he has no pecan trees1 and he has been able to get nuts considerably sooner by top-working these dryland hickories--the mocker nut1 or bull nut1 as it is known down there--and so far he is getting very satisfactory crops4 ,but it is the consensus of opinion over the entire ,south1 so far as ,i have observed it1 that where there are pecan trees suitable for top-working1 they answer much better1 and the final outcome is very much more satisfactory with pecan on pecan than with pecan on hickory4 ,now1 with pecan on ,hicoria aquatica1 which ,prof4 ,hutt spoke of1 ,i can cite you one instance which is very interesting south of ,morgan ,city1 ,louisiana4 ,mr4 ,frank ,beadle1 ,i believe1 was the name1 top-worked a number of trees that were standing in water1 and he also top-worked some that he had transplanted from the wet bottom to higher land4 ,those that were transplanted lived and bore nuts for quite a number of years4 ,the last ,i knew they were bearing quite satisfactory crops1 but those that were allowed to remain in the standing water died very shortly after the pecan top began to develop4 ,the entire tree died4 ,,the ,,president3 ,that is1 the pecan top killed the native right in its own habitat4 ,,mr4 ,c ,a4 ,,reed3 ,that's right4 ,,dr4 ,,stabler3 ,how about the acidity of the soil on that higher land8 ,was that tested8 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,well1 there would be so very little difference in the level of the soil that ,i imagine the acidity would be about the same4 ,when ,i said high land ,i meant land that wasn't over-flowed4 ,,dr4 ,,stabler3 ,oh1 yes4 ,,the ,,president3 ,mr4 ,reed1 you made the qualified statement awhile ago that where a man had a choice between hickory and pecan stock for top-working1 he should take the pecan4 ,now1 in the ,north there are magnificent stands of native hickory--the ,appalachians are full of it from end to end4 ,would you advise him not to bother with that8 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,there is another question that enters there4 ,i don't believe that you can grow good pecans on hickory stocks on uplands where there is not moisture enough in the soil to grow good pecans on pecan stocks4 ,it takes moisture to make pecans1 and if there isn't enough in the upland soil to grow pecan trees on pecan roots ,i don't believe there is any evidence to indicate that you can get them on hickory roots4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,mr4 ,president1 the hickory only grows about six or eight weeks every summer1 and the pecan grows all summer4 ,i think that answers the question4 ,,prof4 ,,hutt3 ,a case came up last year in the ,national ,nut ,growers' ,association that was quite interesting4 ,mr4 ,smithwick1 of ,americus1 ,georgia1 brought to the meeting and exhibited a number of varieties of pecan grown on hickory--fourteen varieties1 standard varieties1 grafted on a hickory tree1 and they were remarkable for their small size4 ,they were remarkably small--smaller than ordinary1 woods-grown seedling pecans4 ,there were ,schleys and ,delmas1 and various other varieties that you could recognize by the form of the nuts1 but exceedingly small4 ,i believe ,mr4 ,reed's point is the crux of the whole situation1 that if you have a good supply of moisture they will make nuts of a pretty fair size1 but unless the moisture supply is very large you get diminutive nuts4 ,these were matured in the ,south4 ,the hickory is such a slow grower in comparison with the pecan--that is1 the common varieties--that it can't keep up with the pecan top4 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,some of the nuts from that tree were on exhibition where you were this morning4 ,,the ,,president3 ,then you have1 practically1 a dwarfing1 with the dwarfing manifesting itself in the fruit rather than in the wood4 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,it did in that one instance1 but1 on the other hand1 we have seen pecans grown on top-worked hickories that you could hardly tell from typical specimens of pecans grown on pecan stocks4 ,,the ,,president3 ,isn't the bitternut several times as rapid in growth as the shagbark1 or some others8 ,that is1 probably1 one of the best stocks for the hickories if one wishes to experiment4 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,,as ,colonel ,van ,duzee said last night1 there are a lot of things we don't know4 ,this is one of them4 ,i might quote a number of men who are right here in this audience to convince you that we don't any of us know much about nut culture today4 ,i will quote ,dr4 ,morris and ,mr4 ,littlepage4 ,we were talking about hickory nut varieties in ,dr4 ,morris' office one night about the first of this year1 when ,mr4 ,littlepage made the remark that the man who didn't change his mind every three years on nut culture didn't keep up with the game1 and ,dr4 ,morris replied that he had changed his mind so much in the last five years he had no respect for any man who believed what he said4 ,now1 when you can't believe ,dr4 ,morris1 ,colonel ,van ,duzee1 or ,dr4 ,smith1 what are you going to do with the rest of us8 ,,col4 ,,van ,,duzee3 ,mr4 ,reed1 ,i didn't say what you said ,i did4 ,i said3 ,there are so many things you already know that are not true4 7,laughter47 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,well1 now1 ,i will quote another man1 ,dr4 ,curtis1 one of the best known pecan men in the ,south4 ,it was ,dr4 ,curtis that ,i went to for my initial experience in pecans4 ,the first ,i ever saw were in his orchard in ,florida1 and ,i asked him quite a good many questions1 and he would tell me a story and go away4 ,and ,i called him up one day1 went into his orchard in harvest time when he was gathering the nuts in the hulls and taking them to the packing house4 ,and ,i said ,what is that for8 ,and he said ,don't you see those shuck worms all through the hulls here8 ,i am throwing them out there to let the chickens get them4 ,well1 said ,i1 can you say you are getting rid of the shuck worms by doing that8 ,and he replied1 ,i can see1 one year with another1 that they are gradually getting less4 ,a year later ,i went down there before he did4 ,he was in ,maine at the time1 but his orchard trees were just alive with shuck worms1 every variety almost eaten up with them4 ,i said to him1 when he came back1 ,i thought you were going to get rid of those shuck worms by feeding them to the chickens8 ,well1 there it goes1 he said1 you get a nice theory all worked out and some one comes along and asks you a simple little question that knocks it all in the head4 ,and that is almost the unanimous experience4 ,what you know you have got to qualify if you talk at all4 ,i am getting to be such a pessimist ,i am not much good in the government any more4 7,laughter47 ,,the ,,president3 ,the one hope a college professor of my acquaintance has is when a student comes around and says he believes he doesn't know much4 ,he regards that as the beginning of knowledge1 and ,i think that ,mr4 ,reed's confessions1 and incriminations of the rest of us1 show one thing1 perhaps1 better than anything else1 and that is the great necessity of organizations of this sort in which many men who are trying many things in many ways come together and give the results of their observations4 ,no doubt1 this whole question of agriculture in general1 and nuts in particular1 is so complex1 it is so run through and through with so many different controlling factors1 and1 with them1 so many new things are constantly coming along1 that we are all going to be handing down to our children and grandchildren a great and1 perhaps1 increasing host of problems to be investigated1 and new realms in which knowledge can be piled up for the benefit of those who wish to use it4 ,,col4 ,,van ,,duzee3 ,mr4 ,president1 may ,i talk half a minute8 ,i can't help but feel that1 perhaps1 there may be some good brother or sister who may have been over-impressed with the difficulties1 who might have been discouraged1 who might have left this meeting1 perhaps1 and failed to see what this meeting is for--to stimulate the planting of nut trees4 ,notwithstanding the emphasis that has been put on all these things1 notwithstanding the difficulties and disappointments that we are all laboring under at the present time1 ,i feel that we have a wonderful industry ahead of us4 ,i can't see any reason in the world why we should not go on within our means1 wisely planting nut trees4 ,it doesn't make any difference if you are seventy-five or eighty years old1 plant nut trees1 because they will be a constant pleasure to you1 and1 ultimately1 a benefit to some one else4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,mr4 ,president-- ,,the ,,president3 ,this is ,mr4 ,littlepage1 ladies and gentlemen4 7,laughter47 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,that is a very important suggestion that you just made4 ,if you were to ask the average groceryman in ,washington ,city whether he wanted his son to go into the grocery business he would say no4 ,if you asked a lawyer if you should make a lawyer out of your son1 if the lawyer looks back over the drudgery and years of toil that it takes to make a lawyer1 he would undoubtedly hesitate to recommend it1 and if you asked a doctor or a college professor a similar question1 they1 no doubt1 would steer you clear away from a university4 ,and so1 ,mr4 ,president1 if you stand back on the difficulties in these things1 there would be not only no grocerymen1 but no lawyers1 no doctors1 no dentists1 and1 perhaps1 nobody working for the government4 7,laughter and applause47 ,,the ,,president3 ,i want to take the liberty of using thirty seconds in this period of exhortation and confession to come in on the same strain4 ,after all1 what is life for8 ,how many of us want the thing that is dead easy1 and how many of us want the job with nothing to do8 ,we all1 in a certain lazy mood1 say we want something easy and want to rest1 but if there is anything on earth that a man shuns above all else it is that little room with absolutely nothing to do1 namely1 a cell4 ,when they want to break a man they don't put him at hard labor on the stone pile2 they put him in a little room with nothing to do4 ,the youngster who plays doesn't want a dead easy game4 ,he builds a house1 and1 when he has done with it1 bang1 he doesn't want the house he wanted to build4 ,and ,i must confess that if it were perfectly plain sailing and you could plant out all these nut trees and have them grow like fury1 it would not be much fun4 ,it is a fact that men like to achieve and experiment2 men like effort4 ,suppose everybody in this country retired and could put up his feet and do nothing1 there wouldn't be a name in the paper the next morning4 ,mr4 ,hughes1 ,president ,wilson1 ,mr4 ,taft1 ,mr4 ,brandies1 and all of the great men who are doing things in this world would all be gone fanning themselves quietly4 ,this world is run by men who don't have to work2 they work for fun4 ,so ,i wish to submit that the tree--if a man happens to be built to love plants that grow--that the tree is one of the great avenues of fun4 ,,mr4 ,,weber3 ,mr4 ,president1 along the same line of thought1 ,i wish to express my views with what ,colonel ,van ,duzee has had to say4 ,if we were to attend a convention of surgeons and hear different diseases and ailments of the body discussed1 we would probably all be disposed to think that we were standing on the tip-end of the diving board into eternity beyond4 ,but people keep on living just the same1 notwithstanding the knocking of the doctors1 and the diseases to which we are subject1 and trees will keep on growing just the same1 notwithstanding their diseases and various other troubles1 and so ,i think no one should be discouraged4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i just want to add my little encouragement4 ,in spite of all the failure that ,i have had1 and they have been many1 in spite of the reports of failures of others and the pessimism of others1 ,i have the same abiding faith in the future of nut growing1 and just the same enthusiasm for it that ,i had in the beginning1 if not greater4 7,applause47 ,,mr4 ,,kyner3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i came here to get information on a matter that ,i am very much interested in4 ,at seventy years of age ,i have become interested in nut growing--in nut culture4 7,applause47 ,i am not planting particularly for myself1 not that ,i expect to get any harvest from these trees1 but ,i do want to see them bear fruit--bear nuts4 ,i want to plant the right kind of trees4 ,i have joined this ,association2 ,i intend to retain a membership in it as long as the ,association lives4 7,laughter47 ,,the ,,president3 ,my dear sir1 that will cost you twenty dollars for a life membership4 7,laughter47 ,,mr4 ,,kyner3 ,and ,i want to get all the information that the ,association has4 ,now1 if ,i can get it in fifteen or twenty minutes1 why1 let me have it4 7,laughter47 ,i bought ,persian walnuts at a nursery1 cultivated them1 and watched them1 walked around them and looked at them1 and along came a winter and killed them4 ,i bought them from a ,rochester nursery4 ,now1 they didn't grow them there4 ,they must have grown them somewhere else4 ,if they had been grown in a ,rochester nursery they would have withstood the severity of a ,maryland winter4 ,now1 there is something wrong there4 ,this ,association should take this matter up with that nursery4 ,they should not be allowed to take people's money and give them chaff for it4 ,i am saying this for the benefit of some of our members here who are growing nut trees for sale4 ,,the ,,president3 ,may ,i give you a bit of information here8 ,we have a list of accredited nurserymen4 ,this ,association has a list of nurserymen in whose trees we think we can place more confidence than in some others4 ,,mr4 ,,kyner3 ,i would like to get that4 ,but now ,i have set out a whole lot of these ,persian walnuts1 and pecans1 filberts1 ,japanese walnuts1 etc41 and ,i guess every one of them is a seedling1 and ,i don't know what ,i have1 and ,i don't know how many varieties of ,japanese walnuts there are4 ,i supposed a ,japanese walnut was a ,japanese walnut1 and that that was all there was to it4 ,but ,i get some trees from one nursery1 and some from another1 and they grow up and aren't alike at all4 ,now1 ,i haven't so very awfully long to be in the business of setting out nut growing trees1 and ,i want to get the right kind1 and ,i want this ,association's assistance in that matter1 and while you are assisting me you are assisting people all over the country4 ,men and women everywhere are interested in nut growing4 ,they want nut trees1 but how are they going to know that they are getting what they want8 ,i believe it is up to this ,association to help them get the right kind of stuff4 ,i came in here purposely to get your help4 ,,the ,,president3 ,you go on the excursion this afternoon and you will find plenty of men there that will take pleasure in explaining some of these things to you4 ,our plan is to go at one o'clock from the corner of ,fourteenth and ,h streets to the grounds of ,mr4 ,littlepage1 who has practically all the good varieties of northern pecans growing there1 and on the trip will be men who can answer most every question you want to know4 ,i think that brings us to the point of adjournment4 ,,col4 ,,van ,,duzee3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i move we adjourn4 ,a ,,member3 ,second the motion4 ,,the ,,president3 ,the meeting stands adjourned4 ,,appendix4 ,letter ,from ,w4 ,c4 ,reed1 ,vice-,president of the ,association4 ,,fellow ,,members ,,and ,,friends3 ,it is with the deepest feelings of regret that ,i am compelled to be absent from what ,i trust may be one of the most profitable meetings of the ,association4 ,it is impossible for me to be present1 owing to the fact that ,i have been summoned on a case in court in ,wisconsin4 ,having been honored as your ,vice-,president1 ,i felt it my duty to attend and do what ,i could to help make this our best meeting1 but fate ruled otherwise4 ,though absent in person1 ,i assure you my thoughts and best wishes will be with you while wandering about the ,nation's ,capital1 viewing its magnificent parks and basking under the shade of its stately ,persian walnuts4 ,the interest in nut culture is widespread4 ,we have had inquiries from many foreign countries1 one of the last from near ,bombay1 ,british ,india4 ,i have arranged with the ,indiana ,apple ,show1 which is to be held at ,west ,baden1 ,indiana1 ,november #adth to #bjth1 for ample space for a nut exhibit4 ,anyone having nuts for exhibition should send them to me at ,vincennes prior to these dates1 or write for information1 and ,i will try and arrange for premiums4 ,,review ,,of ,,past ,,year4 ,the present summer has been of extremes1 very cold and wet early1 followed by extreme heat and drouth4 ,foliage of all kinds not as good as usual4 ,nut trees1 however1 have made a very good growth1 not as heavy as last year on younger trees4 ,winter1 #aiae-af1 while not extremely cold1 was very hard on many kinds of trees1 owing to the fact that the previous summer and fall were very wet4 ,most fruit trees went into winter full of sap1 with buds in weakened condition4 ,pecan buds came through in good shape with a very fair stand in nursery1 and one-year trees were not injured a particle4 ,pecan bloom was very fair1 crop1 generally seems to be light1 in fact such is the case with all kinds of nut trees1 generally1 and most fruit trees4 ,pecan trees set in orchard #b and #c years ago are making a good growth4 ,,english ,,walnuts4 ,stand of buds in nursery poor2 stand of grafts this spring very good where we used good1 strong scions of well matured wood1 #fj to #ge per cent1 and in some cases ,mayette was better than that4 ,where ,eastern scions were used from old trees1 stand of grafts very poor4 ,all one-year ,english walnut trees in nursery came through in good shape4 ,eastern varieties began to vegetate or burst into growth ,april #ae2 ,mayette and ,franquette1 ,may #a2 ,parisienne1 ,may #e1 and one tree from ,grenoble1 ,france1 grown from scion sent from ,department of ,agriculture1 ,may #be4 ,these ,french varieties1 ,i feel1 are very promising1 owing to the fact that they will escape late frosts4 ,english walnut trees in orchard set #c years ago1 fourth summers growth1 doing splendidly1 #b to #d feet of growth1 foliage perfect1 varieties1 ,hall1 ,rush1 ,nebo and ,burlington4 ,top-worked trees1 #c-year tops doing nicely of ,hall1 ,rush1 ,mayette and two or three other ,eastern varieties4 ,grafting in nursery done from ,may #ae to #be1 was best after stocks were in full leaf4 ,,pecan ,,grafting4 ,we have usually had best success grafting ,may #e to #ab1 but this year1 being a late spring1 we did not commence general grafting of pecans until the #abth1 and it seems to have been too late4 ,stand very poor1 a few grafts set early in ,may with old wood1 about #dj per cent4 stand4 ,we find old wood gives much better stand on pecans1 and new wood on ,english walnuts4 ,,black ,,walnuts4 ,grafted quite a number of ,stabler ,black ,walnuts1 which were almost a failure4 ,thomas done better1 but still poor4 ,however1 larger scions gave best results and have made splendid growth1 many #e to #f feet1 very strong4 ,buds of ,thomas set last fall failed to start well4 ,it seems we have something to learn in the propagation of the ,black ,walnut1 as it has proved more difficult than the ,english4 ,,hardy ,,almond4 ,two years ago we received some buds of the ,ridenhauer ,almond from ,department of ,agriculture4 ,some of these buds were set on a bearing peach tree2 these have borne a good crop this summer1 and were gathered ,august #bj1 some of which are on the exhibition tables4 ,these seem to bear very young1 of good quality1 a very strong grower and very hardy2 do not consider them of any commercial value1 but for family use are very good4 ,,bearing ,,pecans ,,in ,,nebraska4 ,during the past year ,i have received photographs and description of the pecan trees #ab miles south of ,lincoln1 ,nebraska1 and of two trees on the grounds of ,e4 ,y4 ,grupe1 of ,lincoln4 ,these trees are #bj years old1 some having been bearing regular crops for the past #aj years4 ,this season's crop is a failure owing to continuous cold rain at blooming time4 ,the nuts on one of these trees are of fair size and quality4 ,with kindest regards to the many friends in the ,association1 and trusting that ,i may have the pleasure of greeting all at our next annual meeting1 ,i am1 ,respectfully yours1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed4 ,,the ,,food ,,value ,,of ,,nuts4 ,,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,kellogg1 ,,battle ,,creek1 ,,michigan4 ,of all really valuable foodstuffs nuts are the least used and the least appreciated4 ,in fact1 nuts can hardly be said to constitute a part of the national bill of fare for the reason that when eaten at all they are taken as luxuries or deserts and not as staple foods4 ,but the nut possesses special properties which entitle it to first consideration as a foodstuff1 and the writer has no doubt that some time in the future nuts will become a leading constituent of the national bill of fare1 and in so doing1 will displace certain foodstuffs which today are held in high esteem1 but which in the broader light of the next century will be regarded as objectionable and inferior foods and will give place to the products of the various varieties of nut trees which will then be estimated at their true worth1 the very choicest of all substances capable of sustaining human life4 ,botanically1 a nut is a fruit1 but nuts differ so widely both in composition and appearance from the foods commonly called fruits that they are properly placed in a class by themselves4 ,in nutritive value the nut far exceeds all other food substances2 for example1 the average number of food units per pound furnished by half a dozen of the more common varieties of nuts is #cbca calories1 while the average of the same number of varieties of cereals is #afed calories1 half the value of nuts4 ,the average food value of the best vegetables is #cjj calories per pound and of the best fresh fruits grown in this country is #bgh calories4 ,the average food value of the six principal flesh foods is #haj calories per pound1 or one-fourth that of nuts4 ,the superior nutritive value of nuts is clearly shown by the accompanying tables based upon the analyses of ,atwater and other authorities4 ,,table ,i4 ,,composition ,,of ,,nuts 7,c4 ,f4 ,,langworthy74 ,composition and ,fuel ,value of the ,edible ,portion4 ,food ,edible ,carbohy- ,value ,refuse4 ,portion4 ,water4 ,protein4 ,fats4 drates4 ,ash4 per lb4 ,per ct4 ,per ct4 ,per ct4 ,per ct4 ,per ct4 ,per ct4 ,per ct4 ,cal4 ,almonds #fd4h #ce4b #d4h #ba4j #ed4i #ag4c #b4j #c1jcj ,brazil nuts #di4f #ej4d #e4c #ag4j #ff4h #g4j #c4i #c1cbh ,filberts #eb4a #dg4i #c4g #ae4f #fe4c #ac4j #b4d #c1dcb ,hickory nuts #fb4b #cg4h #c4g #ae4d #fg4d #aa4d #b4a #c1die ,pecan nuts #ec4b #df4h #c4j #aa4j #ga4b #ac4c #a4e #c1fcc ,english walnuts4 #eh4j #db4j #b4h #af4g #fd4d #ad4h #a4c #c1cje ,chestnuts1 fresh4 #af4j #hd4j #de4j #f4b #e4d #db4a #a4c #a1abe ,chestnuts1 dried4 #bd4j #gf4j #e4i #aj4g #g4j #gd4b #b4b #a1hge ,acorns #ce4f #fd4d #d4a #h4a #cg4d #dh4j #b4d #b1gah ,beechnuts #dj4h #ei4b #d4j #ba4i #eg4d #ac4b #c4e #c1bfc ,butternuts #hf4d #ac4f #d4e #bg4i #fa4b #c4d #c4j #c1cga ,walnuts #gd4a #be4i #b4e #bg4f #ef4c #aa4g #a4i #c1aje ,cocoanuts #dh4h #ea4b #ad4a #e4g #ej4f #bg4i #a4g #b1ihf ,cocoanuts1 shredded1 444 #ajj4j #c4e #f4c #eg4c #ca4f #a4c #c1abe ,pistachios1 kernels 444 #ajj4j #d4b #bb4f #ed4e #ae4f #c4a #c1jaj ,pine nuts or pinons #dj4f #ei4d #c4d #ad4f #fa4i #ag4c #b4h #c1cfd ,peanuts1 raw #bd4e #ge4e #i4b #be4h #ch4f #bd4d #b4j #b1efj ,peanuts1 roasted #cb4f #fg4d #a4f #cj4e #di4b #af4b #b4e #c1agg ,litchi nuts #da4f #eh4d #ag4i #b4i 4#b #gg4e #a4e #a1dec ,,table ,,ii4 ,,composition ,,of ,,meats 7,,atwater ,,and ,,langworthy74 ,calories ,water4 ,protein4 ,fat4 per lb4 ,beef ribs #dc4h #ac4i #ba4b #a1ace ,porterhourse steak #eb4d #ai4a #af4a #ige ,veal cutlet #fh4c #bj4a #g4e #fie ,mutton #ea4b #ae4a #ad4g #hij ,mutton chops #db4 #ac4e #bh4c #a1dae ,lamb #eb4i #ae4i #ac4f #hfj ,pork chops #da4h #ac4d #bd4b #a1bde ,ham1 smoked #cd4h #ad4b #cc4d #a1fce ,bacon1 smoked #ag4d #i4a #fb4b #b1gae ,sausage1 ,frankfort #eg4b #ai4f #ah4i #a1aee ,beef soup #ib4i #d4d #j4d #abj ,chicken 7fowl7 #dg4a #ac4g #ab4c #gfe ,goose #ch4e #ac4d #bi4h #a1dge ,turkey #db4d #af4a #ah4d #a1jfj ,duck #ea4g #ad4c #cc4d #a1hje ,squab #eh4 #ah4f #bb4a #a1dhj ,guinea hen #fi4a #bc4a #f4e #hgj ,quail #fe4i #be4 #f4h #ice ,,table ,,iii4 ,,composition ,,of ,,cereal ,,food 7,,langworthy74 ,carbohy- ,food ,protein4 ,fat4 drates4 ,ash4 ,value ,per ct4 ,per ct4 ,per ct4 ,per ct4 per lb4 ,flour1 meal1 etc43 ,entire wheat flour #ac4h #a4i #ga4i #a4j #a1fej ,graham flour #ac4c #b4b #ga4d #a4h #a1fde ,wheat ,flour1 patent roller process --high grade and medium #aa4d #a4j #ge4a 4#e #a1fce ,macaroni1 vermicelli1 etc4 #ac4d 4#i #gd4a #a4c #a1fde ,wheat breakfast food #ab4a #a4h #ge4b #a4c #a1fhj ,buckwheat flour #f4d #a4b #gg4i 4#i #a1fje ,rye flour #f4h #j4i #gh4g 4#g #a1fbj ,corn meal #i4b #a4i #ge4d #a4j #a1fce ,oat breakfast food #af4g #g4c #ff4b #b4a #a1hjj ,rice #h4j 4#c #gi4j 4#d #a1fbj ,tapioca 4#d 4#a #hh4j 4#a #a1fej ,starch 44 44 #ij4j 44 #a1fge ,,table ,,iv4 ,,composition ,,of ,,vegetables 7,,edible ,,portion74 ,carbohy- ,water4 ,protein4 ,fat4 drates4 ,calories ,per ct4 ,per ct4 ,per ct4 ,per ct4 per lb4 ,beans1 dried #ab4f #bb4e #a4h #ei4f #a1ebj ,beans1 lima 444 444 44 444 4444 ,beans1 string #hc4j #b4a 4#c #f4i #agj ,beets #gj4j #a4c 4#a #g4g #afj ,cabbage #gg4g #a4d 4#b #d4h #aae ,celery #ge4f 4#i 4#a #b4f #fe ,corn1 green 7sweet71 edible portion #ge4d #c4a #a4a #ai4g #ddj ,cucumbers #ha4a 4#g 4#b #b4f #fe ,lettuce #hj4e #a4j 4#b #b4e #fe ,mushrooms #hh4a #c4e 4#d #f4h #ahe ,onions #gh4i #a4d 4#c #h4i #aij ,parsnips #ff4d #a4c 4#d #aj4h #bcj ,peas #gd4f #g4j #j4e #af4i #ddj ,potatoes #fb4f #a4h 4#a #ad4g #bie ,rhubarb #ef4f 4#d 4#d #b4b #fj ,sweet potatoes #ee4b #a4d 4#f #ba4i #ddj ,spinach #ib4c #b4a 4#c #c4b #ie ,squash #dd4b 4#g 4#b #d4e #ajj ,tomatoes #id4c 4#i 4#d #c4i #ajj ,,table ,v4 ,,composition ,,of ,,fruits1 ,,yearbook ,,of ,,dept4 ,,of ,,agriculture1 #aiae4 7,c4 ,j4 ,,langworthy74 ,kind of ,fruit4 ,nitrogen- ,carbo- ,fuel ,ether free hy- ,crude value ,water4 ,protein4 extract extract4 drates4 fiber4 ,ash4 per lb4 ,fresh ,fruits4 ,per ct4 ,per ct4 ,per ct4 ,per ct4 ,per ct4 ,per ct4 ,per ct4 ,cal4 ,apples #hd4f #j4d #j4e #ac4j 444 #a4b #j4c #bij ,apricots #he4j #a4a 444 444 #ac4d 444 4#e #bgj ,avocado #ha4a #a4j #aj4b 444 #f4h 444 4#i #eab ,bananas #ge4c #a4c 4#f #ba4j 444 #a4j 4#h #dfj ,blackberries #hf4c #a4h #a4j #h4d 444 #b4e 4#e #bgj ,cactus fruit #gi4b #a4d #a4c #aa4g 444 #c4g #b4g #cge ,cherries #hj4i #a4j 4#h #af4e 444 4#b 4#f #cfe ,cranberries #hh4i 4#d 4#f #h4d 444 #a4e 4#b #bae ,currants #he4j #a4e 444 444 #ab4h 444 4#g #bfe ,figs #gi4a #a4e 444 444 #ah4h 444 4#f #chj ,gooseberries #he4f #a4j 444 444 #ac4a 444 4#c #bee ,grapes #gg4d #a4c #a4f #ad4i 444 #d4c 4#e #dej ,guava #hb4i #a4c 4#g #h4j 444 #f4f 4#e #cae ,huckleberries #ha4i 4#f 4#f 444 #af4f 444 4#c #cde ,lemons #hi4c #a4j 4#g #g4d 444 #a4a 4#e #bje ,mango #hg4d 4#f 4#d #i4i 444 #a4b 4#e #bbj ,muskmelons #hi4e 4#f 444 #g4b 444 #b4a 4#f #ahe ,nectarines #hb4i 4#f 444 444 #ae4i 444 4#f #cje ,olives #fg4j #b4e #ag4a #e4g 444 #c4c #d4d #djg ,oranges #hf4i 4#h 4#b 444 #aa4f 444 4#e #bdj ,peaches #hi4d 4#g 4#a #e4h 444 #c4f 4#d #aij ,pears #hj4i #a4j 4#e #ae4g 444 #a4e 4#d #afc ,persimmons 7,japanese7 #hj4b #a4d 4#f #ae4a 444 #b4a 4#f #agd ,pineapples #hi4c 4#d 4#c #i4c 444 4#d 4#c #bjj ,plums #gh4d #a4j 444 444 #bj4a 444 4#e #cie ,pomegranates #gf4h #a4e #a4f #af4h 444 #b4g 4#f #dfa ,prunes #gi4f 4#i 444 444 #ah4i 444 4#f #cgj ,raspberries 7red7 #he4h #a4j 444 #i4g 444 #b4i 4#f #bee ,rhubarb stalks #id4d 4#f 4#g #b4e 444 #a4a 4#g #aje ,strawberries #ij4d #a4j 4#f #f4j 444 #a4d 4#f #ahj ,watermelons #ib4d 4#d 4#b 444 #f4g 444 4#c #adj ,with the exception of smoked bacon1 there is no flesh food which even approaches the nut in nutritive value1 and bacon owes its high value to the fact that it consists almost exclusively of fat4 ,that the nut is appreciated as a dainty is attested by the frequency with which it appears as a desert and the extensive use of various nuts as confections4 ,that nuts do not hold a more prominent place in the national bill of fare is due chiefly to two causes2 first1 the popular idea that nuts are highly indigestible1 and second1 their comparatively high price4 ,the notion that nuts are difficult of digestion has really no foundation in fact4 ,the idea is probably the natural outgrowth of the custom of eating nuts at the close of a meal when an abundance1 more likely a superabundance1 of highly nutritious foods has already been eaten and the equally injurious custom of eating nuts between meals4 ,neglect of thorough mastication must also be mentioned as a possible cause of indigestion following the use of nuts4 ,nuts are generally eaten dry and have a firm hard flesh which requires thorough use of the organs of mastication to prepare them for the action of the several digestive juices4 ,experiments made in ,germany showed that nuts are not digested at all but pass through the alimentary canal like foreign bodies unless reduced to a smooth paste in the mouth4 ,particles of nuts the size of small seeds wholly escaped digestion4 ,having been for more than fifty years actively interested in promoting the use of nuts as a staple food1 ,i have given considerable thought and study to their dietetic value and have made many experiments4 ,about twenty-five years ago it occurred to me that one of the above objections to the extensive dietetic use of nuts might be overcome by mechanical preparation of the nut before serving so as to reduce it to a smooth paste and thus insure the preparation for digestion which the average eater is prone to neglect4 ,the result was a product which ,i called peanut butter4 ,i was much surprised at the readiness with which the product sprang into public favor4 ,several years ago ,i was informed by a wholesale grocer of ,chicago that the firm's sales of peanut butter amounted on an average to a carload a week4 ,i think it is safe to estimate that not less than one thousand carloads of this product are annually consumed in this country4 ,the increased demand for peanuts for making peanut butter led to the development of corners in the peanut market and more than doubled the price and must have had an equally marked influence upon the annual production4 ,i am citing my experience with the peanut not for the purpose of recommending this product1 for ,i am obliged to confess that ,i was soon compelled to abandon the use of peanut butter prepared from roasted nuts1 for the reason that the process of roasting renders the nut indigestible to such a degree that it was not adapted to the use of invalids1 but simply as an illustration of the readiness with which the public accepts a new dietetic idea when it happens to strike the popular fancy4 ,ways must be found to render the use of nuts practical by adapting them to our culinary and dietetic customs and to overcome the popular objections to their use by a widespread and efficient campaign of education4 ,attention has already been called to the superior nutritive value of the nut4 ,it has other excellencies well worthy of consideration2 for example1 the protein of nuts is of the very choicest character4 ,recent investigations by ,rubner1 ,osborne1 ,mendel1 and others have shown that every plant produces its own special varieties of proteins4 ,there is indeed a wide difference even between the proteins of various cereals and the proteins of many vegetables differ so widely in character from those of the human body that it is doubtful whether to any extent they can be utilized for human nutrition4 ,fortunately the potato is in this regard an exception and furnishes a very excellent type of protein4 ,this objection does not apply to nuts4 ,the proteins of nuts are in fact so very closely allied to those of the animal body that food chemists of a generation ago referred to the protein of nuts as vegetable casein because of its exceedingly close resemblance to the protein of milk4 ,the fats of nuts1 their leading food principle1 are the most digestible of all forms of fat4 ,having a high melting point1 they are far more digestible than animal fats of any sort4 ,the indigestibility of beef and mutton fat has long been recognized4 ,the fat of nuts much more closely resembles human fat than do fats of the sort mentioned4 ,the importance of this will be appreciated when attention is called to the fact that fats entering the body do not undergo the transformation changes which take place in other foodstuffs2 for example1 protein in the process of digestion is broken into its ultimate molecular units4 ,starch is transformed into sugar1 which serves as fuel to the body1 but fats are so slightly modified in the process of digestion and absorption that after reaching the blood and the tissues they are reconstructed into the original form in which they are eaten2 that is1 beef fat is deposited in the tissues as beef fat without undergoing any chemical change whatever2 mutton fat is deposited as mutton fat2 lard as pig fat1 etc4 ,when the body makes its own fat from starch and sugar1 the natural source of this tissue element1 the product formed is sui generis and must be better adapted to the body uses than the animal fat which was sui generis to a pig1 a sheep1 or a goat4 ,it is certainly a pleasant thought that one who rounds out his figure with the luscious fatness of nuts may felicitate himself upon the fact that his tissues are participating in the sweetness of the nut rather than the relics of the sty and the shambles4 ,it is true that nuts are poor in carbohydrates2 that is1 they contain no starch and little sugar1 but this deficiency can be easily supplied by fruits1 as will be readily seen by reference to ,table ,v4 ,of the three great food principles required for human nutrition1 protein1 fats1 and carbohydrates1 the nut supplies two--protein and fats in rich abundance1 and of very finest quality4 ,the amount of protein found in fruits with very few exceptions is so small as to be insignificant2 fats are practically wholly absent from fruits1 while sugar and dextrine are abundant4 ,fruits are thus the natural complement of nuts4 ,the amount of protein contained in nuts is1 with two or three exceptions1 small as compared with meats1 and even some of the cereals2 but the studies of nutrition which have been made within the last score of years by ,chittenden and numerous other investigators have clearly established the fact that protein which is chiefly represented in the ordinary bill of fare by lean meat1 is needed only in very small amount4 ,if the amount of protein eaten equals ten per cent of the total ration the body will receive an abundant supply of material for repairing its nitrogenous tissues1 the only function for which protein is essential4 ,some nuts1 as the pine nut and the peanut1 are rich in protein4 ,a pound of pine nuts contains as much protein as a pound and a half of lean meat1 besides furnishing the equivalent to two-thirds of a pound of butter4 ,the almond is also rich in protein4 ,but nuts have another special excellence which is worthy of consideration4 ,recent researches have shown the paramount importance of vitamines--certain subtle elements which are needed to activate or set in operation various processes within the body which are essential to complete nutrition4 ,the vitamines of rice and other cereals are removed with the bran2 hence an exclusive diet of polished rice gives rise to beriberi4 ,meat contains vitamines in very small amounts1 for vitamines are produced only by plants4 ,the vitamines found in flesh foods represent only the small residue of the supplies which the animal gathered from the grass1 corn and other vegetable products which constitute its food4 ,twenty years ago1 when the diet of sailors consisted chiefly of salt pork1 scurvy was a dread scourge which often disabled whole ship crews and sent many a poor seaman into ,davy ,jones' locker4 ,the cooking of animal foods destroys the vitamines which they contain4 ,infants suffer from scurvy when fed on sterilized or pasteurized milk4 ,there is good reason for believing that pellagra is due to a deficiency of vitamines1 which are conspicuously absent from a dietary consisting of sow belly1 molasses1 tea1 coffee1 lard1 cornmeal1 fine flour and polished rice4 ,nuts are rich in vitamines4 ,in fact1 the nut consists of the choicest aggregation of all the materials essential for the building of sound human tissues1 done up in a hermetically sealed package ready to be delivered by the gracious hand of ,nature to those who are fortunate enough to appreciate the value of this choicest of all earth's bounties4 ,as already noted1 nuts consist almost wholly of the two principles1 fat and protein4 ,the same is true of meats4 ,nuts contain more fat and less protein and in this particular as well as others which have been mentioned are better prepared to serve as nutrients to the body than are meats4 ,besides1 nuts have the advantage of being clean1 free from the products of disease and putrefaction4 ,meats of all sorts1 as found in the market1 with the exception of canned meats1 abound with putrefactive bacteria to an astonishing degree4 ,this is true of dried1 smoked and salted meats as well as of the fresh meats and game which are displayed upon the walls of the meat shop4 ,an examination of various meats made some time ago by ,a4 ,w4 ,nelson1 bacteriologist of the ,battle ,creek ,sanitarium1 showed the presence of putrefactive bacteria in almost unbelievable numbers1 as will be seen by an inspection of the following table3 ,,table ,,vi4 ,no4 ,putrefactive ,specimen4 ,bacteria per ounce4 #a4 ,large sausage #ab1fjj1jjj1jjj #b4 ,small sausage #ai1hij1jjj1jjj #c4 ,round steak #af1hjj1jjj1jjj #d4 ,roast beef #af1hjj1jjj1jjj #e4 ,smoked ham #a1bic1fjj1jjj #f4 ,hamburger steak #c1hgj1jjj1jjj #g4 ,pork #c1gha1bjj1jjj #h4 ,porterhouse steak #ijj1jjj1jjj #i4 ,sirloin steak #aa1cdj1jjj1jjj #aj4 ,tenderloin 7well done7 #gef1jjj1jjj #aa4 ,tenderloin 7rare7 #e1jdj1jjj1jjj ,repeated subsequent examinations have given similar results4 ,these results also agree with observations made by various other ,german and ,american bacteriologists4 ,decomposition of animal flesh begins immediately after the animal dies4 ,within twenty-four hours after killing1 even though the carcass is kept in an ice box or refrigerater1 the whole mass is permeated with putrefactive bacteria4 ,refrigeration even to a point close to freezing delays but does not prevent the growth of putrefactive organisms although at lower temperatures the usual volatile products which give notice of the presence of putrefaction by an odor of decay are not produced4 ,persons whose stomachs manufacture a liberal amount of hydrochloric acid1 an essential constituent of healthy gastric juice1 are able to disinfect even highly putrescent meat1 so that they apparently do not suffer any immediate injury when such meat enters the stomach4 ,in a stomach which produces little or no hydrochloric acid1 the process of putrefaction continues all the way through the alimentary canal1 giving rise to the same poisonous substances which are present in the putrefying carcass of a dead rat or any other dead animal1 and produces intestinal or alimentary toxemia with the multitude of mischiefs which grow out of this condition1 among which may be mentioned all sorts of skin troubles1 high blood-pressure1 apoplexy1 premature senility1 ,bright's disease1 heart failure1 gallstones--a list which might be increased by the addition of scores of other common1 chronic maladies4 ,when one recalls the statement made before the congressional committee by the chief of the ,united ,states meat inspection service that if all animals1 any part of which was diseased1 were rejected by inspectors1 not more than one in a hundred would pass muster2 and when one also reflects upon the wide prevalence of tuberculosis in animals1--at least ten per cent of all the cows in the country are known to be tuberculous1--and the growing prevalence of tapeworm and trichinae1 diseases which are exclusively derived from the eating of flesh1 and then contemplates the purity and perfection of the choice little food packets which we call nuts1 it is easy to be persuaded that a substitution of nuts for flesh foods1 even on a very large scale1 would be not only a perfectly safe procedure1 but one which would be followed by the most desirable results4 ,the use of nuts as a staple article of food is not an experiment4 ,all the higher apes1 man's nearest relatives in the animal world1 thrive on nuts4 ,many savage tribes live almost entirely on nuts4 ,the ,indians of the foothills of ,california gather every fall large quantities of nuts which they store for winter use4 ,the early settlers of ,california reported also that many tribes of ,indians in that part of the ,united ,states lived almost wholly upon acorns4 ,before the great oak forests of this country were cut down for lumber1 millions of hogs were fattened on mast1 and the price of pork depended more upon the acorn crop than on the corn crop4 ,the peasantry of southern ,france and northern ,italy during half the year make two meals a day on chestnuts4 ,the objection commonly urged1 that nuts are too expensive to enter largely into the ordinary bill of fare1 at first sight appears to be valid1 but upon examination this objection almost1 if not wholly1 disappears4 ,for example1 a pound of pine nuts which is more than the equivalent in nutritive value to two and a half pounds of the best beefsteak and two-thirds of a pound of butter1 can be bought wholesale for twenty-five cents4 ,the cost of the equivalent food value in meat and butter would be at least sixty to seventy cents1 or more than double the cost of the nuts4 ,a pound of almonds can be bought at wholesale for forty cents1 and has food value equal to that of meat which would cost a dollar or more4 ,a pound of peanuts can be bought at wholesale for seven or eight cents1 and furnishes nutritive value equivalent to more than a pound of beefsteak and a half a pound of butter1 which would cost forty-five to fifty cents1 or seven times as much4 ,no objection can be offered to the fact that we are comparing wholesale with retail prices1 for the reason that nuts do not readily spoil as do meat and butter1 but will keep in perfect condition for months4 ,further it is entirely reasonable to suppose that the price of nuts may sometime in the future be considerably reduced when the cultivation of nuts becomes more general1 and especially when the ,united ,states ,forestry ,department becomes convinced that it would be a sensible thing to cover with nut trees some of the large areas which have in the last fifty years been laid waste by deforestation4 ,the planting of nut trees along all the public highways of the country would in less than twenty years result in a crop1 the food value of which would be greater than that at present produced by the entire livestock industry of the country4 ,the high price of meat of which so much complaint has been made in recent years is not likely to recede4 ,the high price is not due to manipulations of the market1 but to natural causes1 the chief of which is the limitation of pasturage and is the consequence of a decrease in the number of livestock4 ,as the country becomes more and more densely settled1 the difficulty of supplying the demand for meat will increase1 and in time the necessity for utilizing every foot of ground in the most efficient manner1 will necessarily bring about a change in the dietetic habits of the people4 ,not a single example can be found in the world of a densely populated country dependent upon its own resources in which flesh foods constitute any considerable part of the national bill of fare4 ,since ,germany has been nearly shut off from the outside world by the present war1 the government has found it necessary to restrict the consumption of meat to one-half pound per week for each adult4 ,all other ,european countries are equally dependent on outside sources for their meat supply4 ,the time will certainly come when nuts and nut trees will become a most important food resource4 ,if a reform in this direction could be effected within the next ten years1 the result would be a disappearance to a large extent of the complaint of the high cost of living4 ,mr4 ,hill said the basis for complaint was not the high cost of living1 but the cost of high living4 ,i should prefer to say that the real cause for complaint was wrong living rather than high living1 or necessarily high cost4 ,with right living the cost will be automatically reduced4 ,for example1 suppose a person were content to choose the peanut as his source for protein and fat1 the elimination of the butcher's bill for meat and the grocer's bill for butter would at once cut out two-thirds of the expense incurred for food4 ,when a student in college more than forty years ago1 ,i was already making dietetic experiments and lived three months on a diet such as ,i have suggested1 at an average expense of exactly six cents a day4 ,this was the total amount expended for raw foodstuffs4 ,i paid my landlady five times as much for preparing and serving the food1 and had reason for believing that some portion of my supplies was utilized by others than myself4 ,as evidence of the fact that the experiment was not dangerous1 ,i may add that ,i have pursued the same meatless dietary during my entire lifetime since1 as ,i had done for ten years before1 and ,i am still alive and hard at work4 ,man is naturally a frugivorous animal4 ,according to ,cuvier1 the great ,french naturalist1 the natural diet of human beings1 like that of those other primates1 the orangoutang1 the chimpanzee1 and the gorilla1 consists of fruits1 nuts1 tender shoots and cereals4 ,a sturdy ,scotch highlander informed me that his diet consisted of brose1 bannocks1 and potatoes1 and that he rarely ever tasted meat4 ,when asked what he fed his dogs1 he replied1 ,the same as ,i eat myself1 sir4 ,the high-bred foxhounds of the southern states are fed on cornmeal1 oatmeal and bread1 and rarely taste flesh of any sort4 ,dogs thus fed are hardier1 healthier1 have more endurance1 better wind1 keener scent1 greater intelligence1 and are more easily trained than meat-fed dogs4 ,a diet which is safe for carnivorous animals1 must certainly be safe for human beings1 who belong to a class of animals all representatives of which1 with the exception of man are flesh abstainers4 ,some years ago ,i experimented with various sorts of carnivorous animals for the purpose of ascertaining whether nuts could be made a complete substitute for meat4 ,among the various animals utilized for the experiment was a young wolf from the northwest that had never eaten anything but fresh raw meat4 ,after giving the animal one day to get accustomed to its new surroundings and to acquire a good appetite1 ,i gave him a breakfast of nuts properly prepared and was delighted to find that he took to the new ration without the slightest hesitation and remained in excellent health during the several months of the experiment4 ,i succeeded perfectly in substituting nuts for meat with all the animals experimented upon1 including a fish hawk1 with the single exception of an old bald-headed eagle1 which refused to be converted4 ,i have a suspicion that the so-called carnivorous animals were all at some remote time nut eaters2 the so-called carnivorous teeth would be as useful in tearing off the husks of cocoanuts and similar fruits1 as for tearing and eating flesh4 ,an economic argument for the general adoption of nuts as a suitable article of food is the enormous increase in food resources which such a change would bring about4 ,some years ago1 an experienced stock-raiser informed the writer that it takes two acres of land and two years to produce a steer weighing #fjj pounds when dressed4 ,fresh meat is three-fourths water2 hence the food material actually represented by such an animal would be considerably less than one hundred and fifty pounds1 allowing for the weight of the bones4 ,the food value1 estimated as dried meat1 would be about sixteen hundred calories per pound1 or the same as an equal quantity of wheat meal4 ,that is1 an acre of land would produce in the form of beef1 the food equivalent of seventy-five pounds of wheat in two years1 whereas1 a single acre of grain would produce on an average1 even when poorly cultivated1 in two crops not less than thirty-two bushels of more than #aijj pounds of wheat1 or more than twenty-five times as much food as the same land would produce in the same length of time in the form of beef4 ,humboldt showed that the banana would furnish sustenance for twenty-five times as many people as could be nourished by the wheat produced by the same area of land2 and according to ,hutchinson1 the chestnut tree is capable of producing on a given area a still larger amount of nutrient material than the banana4 ,in other words1 an acre of ground covered with chestnut trees in full bearing will furnish food for more than six hundred times as many people as could be supported by the same area devoted to meat production4 ,as a source of protein and fats the nut is vastly superior to the ox and the pig4 ,the nut is sweeter1 cleaner1 safer1 healthier and cheaper than any possible source of animal products4 ,this choicest product of ,nature's laboratory is just beginning to be appreciated4 ,when the ,nut ,growers' ,association celebrates its one hundredth anniversary1 it is safe to predict that the descendants of the present generation of nut growers who have followed the example of their forebears1 will be living in opulence and will be regarded as the saviors of their country1 while the great abattoirs and meat packing establishments will have ceased to exist1 and the merry click of the nut cracker will be heard throughout the land4 ,,extracts ,,from ,a ,,letter ,,from ,,colonel ,j4 ,c4 ,,cooper1 ,,of ,mc,m,i,n,n,v,i,l,l,e1 ,,oregon1 ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,western ,,walnut ,,association4 7,prepared by ,w4 ,j4 ,,spillman1 ,chief of the ,office of ,farm ,management ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr41 to be read at the #gth ,annual ,meeting of the ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a47 ,it is probable that the prominence given the walnut growing industry in ,oregon and the ,northwest is greater than the finished product will justify at present1 yet it is growing all the time in spite of the methods in use4 ,i say in spite of the methods rather than because of the methods in use1 for the reason that hundreds of thousands of trees have been set out in the last ten or twelve years1 a majority of which have failed to meet the expectations of the would-be growers4 ,these expectations1 however1 have been based largely on the statements of boom literature of those who have trees and lands for sale4 ,we have much land in ,western ,oregon that is suited to the growing of walnuts1 and some trees and orchards that are doing well1 but there are more individual trees that are giving their owners profits than there are orchards4 ,the industry will continue to grow1 ,i will repeat again1 in spite of the cultural methods we use1 but we must certainly change our methods or our trees1 or both4 ,the excellence of the ,oregon walnut is beyond question4 ,the gold and silver medals that we have captured1 as well as the testimony of dealers who are bidding for our product for their fancy trade1 is evidence of its excellent quality4 ,but there are many things that enter in the making of the perfect nut4 ,even after the tree has cast down its golden shower of the finest product1 the gathering1 washing and drying makes for the sweetness of the nut4 ,when ,i see men who make a success in other lines of horticulture and farming pulling out walnut trees because they have planted a cheap lot or are too impatient for the harvest1 and others bringing sackfulls of the finest nuts to market1 discolored and dirty from having lain on the wet ground for days and weeks1 ,i sometimes think that it is a long1 long way to ,tipperary4 ,but my heart's right there1 and our association is doing heroic work1 although but two years old2 we get our committees together two or three times a year1 compare notes and crack the whip for another run4 ,then when we get together in annual convention there is something doing4 ,we cut out the frills and get at once to business4 ,no welcomes by the mayor and response by ,colonel ,long ,bow with a brass band1 but rather like the women at the fish market3 ,have yees any nice fish1 ,mrs4 ,maloney8 ,indade1 ,i have1 ,mrs4 ,flanigan4 ,they stink4 ,you lie4 ,and that is the way our fight usually starts1 only not so vigorously1 of course4 ,we have one committee that is all important and is doing fine work4 ,the committee on seedling varieties is making a survey of the western states to find a variety or varieties best suited to the soil and climate of the different localities4 ,this committee includes the best men available for that work2 ,h4 ,m4 ,williamson1 secretary of our state board of horticulture1 chairman2 ,c4 ,i4 ,lewis1 chief of division of horticulture1 ,corvallis2 ,leon ,d4 ,batchelor1 experiment station1 ,riverside1 ,california2 ,a4 ,a4 ,quarnberg1 grower and experimenter1 ,vancouver1 ,washington2 ,e4 ,w4 ,mathews1 extensive planter1 ,portland1 and ,charles ,l4 ,mc,nary1 planter1 ,salem4 ,mr4 ,mc,nary told me yesterday that he had made a survey of thirty-five very fine trees1 on blank cards similar to the one enclosed4 ,we expect to have the record of at least #bjj trees by the time of our convention4 ,only those that approach the standard wanted are listed4 ,to give the product of the walnut crop of the state would only be a wild guess4 ,the system and machinery that we have for finding out how much we raise is only in embryo4 ,the estimates reach all the way from #ajj1jjj to #ejj1jjj pounds4 ,there is a good crop this year and the output for the market is growing rapidly4 ,we need education more than we do growers4 ,but we are learning4 ,i want to give you some facts of things that ,i find4 ,yesterday at the orchard of ,alex ,lafollette1 ,state ,senator from ,marion county1 and peach king of the ,willamette ,valley1 ,i found seven-year-old walnut trees planted in rows among his peach trees1 walnut trees planted sixteen feet apart6 ,he said that his trees were full of little walnuts in the spring1 but they all dropped off1 and he did not think they would do well there4 ,he said there were no catkins on the little trees1 which accounts for the failure of his crop4 ,this he did not know4 ,and he did not know that the trees would produce the catkins in a year or so and remedy the failures4 ,in the famous ,dundee orchards ,i picked up handfuls of little fibrous roots1 photo of which ,i sent you1 that had been torn up by the plow and harrow when cultivating the walnut trees4 ,bales of these roots could be gathered up from the ground under the trees4 ,the owner said that it did the trees good to treat them that way4 ,another black walnut tree that ,i visited in a cultivated field of good deep1 rich soil1 ,i found walnut roots protruding from the plowed ground as far away as #ajh feet from the tree4 ,the tree was thirty or forty years old4 ,it would add greatly to the walnut industry of the future if the ,forest ,service would plant black walnuts in the hills and mountains between here and the coast4 ,you know in that burnt timber section and various localities in the coast mountains there are many places where eight or ten nut trees to the acre would soon give a good account of themselves4 ,if properly planted1 in five or ten years they could be topgrafted to a good ,english variety and add greatly to the value of the public domain as well as the food products of the nation4 ,we have no native walnuts1 but almost every variety under the sun will grow here4 ,,western ,,walnut ,,association4 ,,seedling ,,walnut ,,tree ,,record4 ,no4444444 ,made4444444444444 #aia44444444 by4444444444444444444444444 ,owner4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444 ,p4 ,o44444444444444444444 ,state44444444444444 ,route44444444444444444 ,exact location44444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444 ,,nut--,origin44444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444444444444 ,variety44444444444444444444444444444444 44444 planted444444444444444 ,,tree--,origin4444444444444444444444444 4444444 age now444444444444444 ,transplanted #ai4444444444444444 ,dia4 trunk4444444444444444444444444 ,height444444444444444444444444444444444 spread444444444444444444444 ,,dates--of budding out4444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444 catkin blooms4444444444444444444444444 nut blooms444444444444444444 leaves fall444444444444444444444444444 nuts fall4444444444444444444 in #a-lb4 kernel wt444444444444444 oz4 shell wt44444444444444444 oz4 ,,nuts--,per tree44444444444 lbs4 ,in cluster444444444444 in lb4444444 round144 oval144 pointed144 smooth14444 not well sealed444444444444 ,,kernel--light1 dark1 not easily removed from shell4 ,tannin--little excessive4 ,tree vigor444444444444 ,blight4444444444444444 per cent4444444444444 ,,present ,,at #aiaf ,,meeting ,l4 ,h4 ,ott1 #agdf ,t ,st41 ,washington ,j4 ,c4 ,smith1 ,house of ,rep4 ,p4 ,o4 ,fred4 ,l4 ,fishback1 #fji ,union ,trust ,bldg41 ,washington ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,w4 ,e4 ,chamberlin1 #dd ,r ,st41 ,n4 ,e4 ,dr4 ,taylor1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture ,dr4 ,true1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture ,miss ,f4 ,cadel1 ,shepard ,st41 ,chevy ,chase1 ,md4 ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes1 ,ag4 ,ex4 ,sta41 ,college ,park1 ,md4 ,dr4 ,hassall1 ,bowie1 ,md4 ,m4 ,p4 ,reed1 ,vincennes1 ,ind4 ,carl ,poll1 ,danville ,harry ,r4 ,weber1 ,cincinnati ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,round ,hill ,e4 ,b4 ,crockett1 ,monroe1 ,va4 ,r4 ,t4 ,morris1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,conn4 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming ,jacob ,l4 ,rife1 ,camp ,hill1 ,pa41 ,r4 ,d4 #a ,paul ,white1 ,bowie1 ,md4 ,john ,h4 ,fisher1 ,jr4 ,mrs4 ,john ,h4 ,fisher1 ,jr41 ,bradshaw1 ,md4 ,miss ,ellen ,m4 ,littlepage ,miss ,louise ,littlepage ,john ,littlepage ,c4 ,a4 ,van ,duzee ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt ,w4 ,n4 ,roper ,r4 ,t4 ,olcott ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage ,dr4 ,van ,fleet1 ,glendale1 ,md4 ,a4 ,c4 ,shepherd1 ,washington ,chas4 ,s4 ,hayden1 ,baltimore ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,washington ,mrs4 ,reed ,w4 ,bathon1 ,star reporter ,henry ,stabler1 ,washington ,h4 ,m4 ,simpson1 ,vincennes ,c4 ,s4 ,ridgway1 ,lumberton ,mrs4 ,ridgway ,c4 ,p4 ,close ,m4 ,b4 ,waite ,r4 ,l4 ,mc,coy ,dr4 ,ira ,ulman ,rev4 ,e4 ,n4 ,kirby1 ,ballston1 ,va4 ,s4 ,m4 ,mc,murran1 ,washington ,dr4 ,augustus ,stabler1 #de ,r ,st41 ,n4 ,e41 ,washington ,c4 ,m4 ,stearns1 #ahcc ,dumont ,st41 ,washington ,e4 ,c4 ,pomeroy ,a4 ,d4 ,robinson1 ,washington ,james ,tindaw1 ,waterbury1 ,md4 ,miss ,katherine ,stuart1 ,alexandria1 ,va4 ,henry ,t4 ,finley1 ,rockville1 ,md4 ,mrs4 ,finley ,mrs4 ,f4 ,l4 ,mulford1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,b4 ,eyre1 ,washington ,mrs4 ,eyre ,j4 ,g4 ,rush ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,dr4 ,kellermann ,dr4 ,haven ,metcalf ,miss ,martha ,rush ,miss ,sarah ,garvin1 ,lancaster ,h4 ,a4 ,stewart1 ,jeannerette1 ,la4 ,mr4 ,bryan1 ,bowie ,miss ,edna ,mc,naughton1 ,middleville1 ,mich4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,emig1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,a4 ,c4 ,brown1 ,lanham1 ,md4 ,vincennes ,nurseries ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed1 ,proprietor ,,vincennes1 ,,indiana1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,propagators ,,and ,,introducers ,budded and ,grafted ,pecans1 ,hardy ,northern ,varieties ,english 7,persian7 ,walnut ,grafted on ,black ,walnut ,best ,northern and ,french ,varieties ,grafted ,thomas ,black ,walnut ,grafted ,persimmons1 best sorts ,hardy ,almonds ,filberts and ,hazelnuts ,also ,general ,line ,nursery ,stock ,,special ,,nut ,,catalogue ,,on ,,request 99 99 99 99 99 ,,jones' ,,pennsylvania ,,grown ,,nut ,,trees ,,will ,,succeed ,,with ,,you4 ,,write ,,for ,a ,,copy ,,of ,,my #aiag ,,catalogue ,,and ,,new ,,price ,,list ,if interested in the propagation of nut trees or top-working seedling trees1 ask for a copy of my booklet on propagation and list of tools444 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones1 ,the ,nut ,tree ,specialist ,,lancaster1 ,,pa4 ,northern ,nut ,trees ,why ,plant ,nut ,trees8 ,varieties3 ,,pecans4 ,,black ,,walnuts4 ,,english ,,walnuts4 ,,hickory ,,nuts4 ,,when ,,to ,,set ,,nut ,,trees4 ,,how ,,to ,,set ,,nut ,,trees4 ,,distance ,,apart ,,to ,,set ,,nut ,,trees4 ,,soil ,,for ,,nut ,,trees4 ,,fertilizer ,,for ,,nut ,,trees4 ,,nut ,,trees ,,as ,,ornamentals4 ,,nut ,,trees ,,for ,,profit4 ,do you want to know about all of the above8 ,if so1 write for our beautiful illustrated catalogue for #aiag4 ,maryland ,nut ,nurseries ,,bowie1 ,,maryland4 ,,thomas ,p4 ,,littlepage ,,paul ,,white ,p4 ,s4 ,we forgot to say that we not only have the answers to the above but we also have the trees4 ,m4 ,n4 ,n4 ,,chester ,,valley ,,nurseries ,,established #ahec ,choice ,fruit and ,ornamental ,trees1 ,cherry ,trees on ,mazzard ,roots1 ,hardy ,evergreens1 ,flowering ,shrubs1 ,hedge ,plants1 etc4 ,originators of the ,,thomas ,,black ,,walnut ,,jos4 ,w4 ,,thomas ,,sons1 ,king of ,prussia ,p4 ,o41 ,,montgomery ,,co41 ,,penna4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,good ,,way ,,to ,,keep ,,posted ,,is ,,to ,,read ,,the ,,monthly ,,american ,,nut ,,journal ,,official ,,journal ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,association ,,subscription--#a4be per year2 ,,advertising-#af ,cents per ,agate three years1 #c4jj2 ,canada line2 #b4aj per inch4 and foreign1 #ej;c4 extra4 ,,american ,,fruits ,,publishing ,,co41 ,inc41 ,,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4