---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,disclaim] ,! articles publi%$ 9 ! ,annual ,reports ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association are ! f9d+s & ?\ghts solely ( ! au?ors & are n to be con/ru$ z an endorsem5t by ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 its bo>d ( directors1 or its memb]s4 ,no endorsem5t is int5d$ = products m5tion$1 nor is criticism meant = products n m5tion$4 ,! laws & recomm5dations = pe/icide application may h *ang$ s9ce ! articles 7 writt54 ,x is always ! pe/icide applicator's responsibility1 by law1 to read & foll[ all curr5t label directions = ! specific pe/icide be+ us$4 ,! discussion ( specific nut tree cultiv>s & ( specific te*niques to gr[ nut trees t might h be5 successful 9 "o area & at a p>ticul> "t is n a gu>antee t simil> results w occur else:]e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration ,,nor!rn ,,nut ,,gr[]s ,,association ,,incorporat$ #ci? ,annual ,report ,illu/ration ,,conv5tion ,,at ,,norris1 ,,t5n4 ,,septemb] #ac-ae #aidh ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,fruit+ ,*9ese ,*e/nut ,bran*es 7,c\rtesy ,dr4 ,h4 ,reid ,hunt]7 #b ,(fic]s & ,committees #f ,/ate & ,=eign ,vice-,presid5ts #g ,con/itution #h ,by-,laws #i ,proce$+s ( ! ,?irty-n9? ,annual ,conv5tion #ab ,address ( ,welcome--,george ,f4 ,gant #ab ,response--,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels #ad ,presid5t's ,address--,john ,davidson #ae ,secret>y's ,report--,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel #af ,treasur]'s ,report--,d4 ,c4 ,snyd] #ah ,o!r ,bus9ess ( ! ,association1 ,committee ,election & ,reports #ai ,! ,developm5t & ,propagation ( ,blight ,resi/ant ,*e/nut 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia--,ralph ,h4 ,quick #bf ,! ,pres5t ,/atus ( ! ,*e/nut 9 ,virg9ia--,r4 ,c4 ,moore #ca ,gr[+ ,*9ese ,*e/nuts 9 ,lee ,c\nty1 ,alabama--,g4 ,s4 ,jones #cd ,process$ ,*e/nuts on ! ,m>ket ?r\gh\t ! ,ye>--,j4 ,c4 ,moore #ch ,*e/nut ,gr[+ 9 ! ,s\!a/--,max ,b4 ,h>dy #da ,mr4 ,h>dy & ,"s ,*e/nuts ,prep>$ = ,/orage #da ,m>ket+ ,*e/nuts 9 ! ,pacific ,coa/--,c>roll ,d4 ,bu% #ea ,*e/nut ,weevils & ,_! ,control ) ,,ddt--,e4 ,r4 ,van ,leeuw5 #ed ,diseases ,affect+ ! ,success ( ,tree ,crop ,plant+s--,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt & ,donald ,c4 ,/\t #fj ,*9ese x ,am]ican ,hybrid ,*e/nut ,trees #fb ,! ,broom+ ,disease ( ,walnuts #fd-fe ,trees ,kill$ by ! ,p]simmon ,wilt #fg ,r\nd ,table ,discussion on ,*e/nut ,problems--,sp5c] ,b4 ,*ase1 ,presid+ #fi ,greet+s f a ,k5tucky ,nut--,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,moss #hc ,nut ,trees = ,we/ ,t5nessee--,aubrey ,ri*>ds1 ,m4,d4 #he ,m>ket+ ,black ,walnuts z a ,community ,projects--,rev4 ,b]n>d ,taylor #hg ,exp]i5ces ) ,tree ,crops 9 ,meigs ,c\nty1 ,t5nessee--,w4 ,a4 ,%ad[ #hh ,nut ,hobby+ 9 ,ea/]n ,we/ ,virg9ia--,wilb]t ,m4 ,frye #ia ,a ,look1 ,backw>d & ,=w>d into ,nut ,gr[+ 9 ,k5tucky--,w4 ,g4 ,tatum #ic ,r\nd ,table ,discussion on ,judg+ ,s*$ule = ,black ,walnuts--,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,*airman #ie ,fruit+ ,black ,walnut at ,brooks1 ,alb]ta1 ,canada #ajc ,pres5t ,outlook = ,honeylocu/ 9 ! ,s\?--,j4 ,c4 ,moore #ajd ,possibilities ( ,filb]t ,gr[+ 9 ,virg9ia--,e4 ,l4 ,ov]hols] #aaa ,filb]ts = ,food & ,looks 9 ,k5tucky--,n4 ,r4 ,elliott #aaf ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,introduc] ( ,_m ,nut ,v>ieties--,cl>5ce ,a4 ,re$ #aah ,j4 ,f4 ,jones #aah ,mildr$ & ,wesley ,langdoc #abe ,! ,value ( ,nut ,trees 9 ,t5nessee--,f4 ,s4 ,*ance #abf ,! ,developm5t & ,fill+ ( ,nuts--,h4 ,l4 ,crane #acj ,! ,graft$ ,curly ,walnut z a ,timb] ,tree--,j4 ,=d ,wilk9son #aci ,! ,black ,walnut ,situation 9 ,t5nessee--,george ,b4 ,%iv]y #adb ,graft+ ,walnuts 9 ,ohio--,sylve/] ,%essl] #ade ,graft+ ,walnuts 9 ! ,gre5h\se--,george ,l4 ,slate #adf ,nut ,inve/igations at ! ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,college--,william ,s4 ,cl>ke1 ,jr4 #adh ,black ,walnuts3 ,a ,new ,specialty at ,r5fro ,valley--,tom ,mull9s #adi ,m>ket+ ,black ,walnut ,k]nels--,f4 ,j4 ,mc,cauley #aeb ,production ( ,bact]ia-,free ,walnut ,k]nels--,rog] ,w4 ,pease #aeg ,pecan ,selection 9 ,oklahoma--,dr4 ,frank ,b4 ,cross #afj ,pecan ,improvem5t ,program = ,s\?we/]n ,k5tucky--,w4 ,w4 ,magill #afd ,pecan ,production 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a--,t4 ,l4 ,s5n #afg ,pres]vation ( ,%ell$ ,pecans by ,dry+ & ,h]metically ,seal+--,hub]t ,h>ris #afi ,foll[-,up ,/udies on ! #aidf ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,prize ,w9n]s--,l4 ,walt] ,%]man #agd ,f9al ,bus9ess ,session1 ,election ( ,(fic]s1 ,reports ( ,committees #agg ,odds & ,ends--,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+ #aha ,! ,bir? ( a ,new ,walnut ,crack]--,b4 ,h4 ,?ompson #ahc ,m>ket+ ( ,black ,walnuts 9 ,arkansas--,t4 ,a4 ,w9kleman #ahc ,fur!r ,notes on ,nut ,tree ,gu>ds = ,pa/ure ,plant+s--,oliv] ,d4 ,dill] #ahd ,wire ,gu>d ,ar\nd ,"y ,*e/nut ,tree #ahe ,a ,pecan ,or*>d 9 ,gl\*e/] ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia--,mrs4 ,sel9a ,l4 ,hopk9s #ahf ,indiana ,nut ,%[s ,h ,educational ,value--,w4 ,b4 ,w>d #ahh ,view ( an ,indiana ,nut ,exhibit #ahi ,! ,importance ( ,/ock & ,scion ,relation%ip 9 ,hickory & ,walnut--,c>l ,wes*cke #aij ,progress ) ,nuts at ,wolfeboro1 ,new ,hamp%ire--,mat!w ,lahti #aie ,bre$+ ,*e/nuts 9 ! ,new ,york ,city ,area--,alfr$ ,szego #aif ,w9t] ,injury to ,nut ,trees at ,i?aca1 ,new ,york1 9 ! ,fall & ,w9t] ( #aidg-dh--,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels & ,damon ,boynton #aii ,:at ,came ,?r\gh ! ,h>d ,w9t] 9 ,ont>io--,george ,hebd5 ,corsan #bja ,filb]ts ,gr[ 9 ,v]mont--,joseph ,n4 ,coll9s #bjb ,report ( ,necrology ,committee #bjc ,c>l ,e4 ,s*u/] #bjc ,mrs4 ,laura ,seld5 ,ellwang] #bjd ,m4 ,m4 ,kaufman #bje ,norman ,b4 ,w>d #bje ,att5dance #bjf ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,memb]%ip ,li/ #bji ,exhibitors at ! #ci? ,annual ,meet+ #bbb ,ann\ncem5ts #bbc ,please ,note3 ,! memb]%ip li/ is 9 ! back ( ?is volume4 ,,(fic]s ,,( ,,! ,,association #aidi ,presid5t--,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 #adcf ,watts ,av5ue1 ,roanoke1 ,virg9ia ,vice-,presid5t--,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,dept4 ( ,floriculture & ,ornam5tal ,horticulture1 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,i?aca1 ,new ,york ,treasur]--,/]l+ ,a4 ,smi?1 #fcj ,we/ ,s\? ,/reet1 ,v]milion1 ,ohio ,secret>y--,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,t5nessee ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 ,/ate ,(fice ,bldg41 ,na%ville #c1 ,t5nessee ,directors include above (fic]s plus3 ,john ,davidson1 #bcd ,e4 ,second ,/reet1 ,x5ia1 ,ohio2 & ,cl>5ce ,a4 ,re$1 #gcji ,p9ey ,bran* ,road1 ,n4 ,w41 ,wa%+ton #ab1 ,d4,c4 ,dean--,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+1 #ca ,s4 ,highl&1 ,we/ ,h>t=d #g1 ,connecticut ,nom9at+ ,committee--,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,h>ry ,r4 ,web]1 ,dr4 ,william ,l4 ,rohrba*]1 ,j4 ,=d ,wilk9son1 ,george ,l4 ,slate ,,executive ,,appo9tm5ts ,press & ,publications--,editorial ,section3 ,dr4 ,lewis ,e4 ,!iss1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,dr4 ,j41 ,russell ,smi? ,publicity ,section3 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?1 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,c>rol ,d4 ,bu%1 ,a4 ,a4 ,bung>t1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel ,pr9t+ ,section3 ,john ,davidson1 ,h>ry ,r4 ,web]1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel ,program--,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,raymond ,e4 ,silvis ,place ( ,meet+--,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilk9son1 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyd]1 ,c>l ,f4 ,walk]1 ,h4 ,h4 ,corsan ,v>ieties & ,conte/s--,sp5c] ,b4 ,*ase1 ,g4 ,j4 ,korn1 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilk9son1 ,gilb]t ,beck]1 ,a4 ,g4 ,hirs*i1 ,l4 ,walt] ,%]man1 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi? ,/&>ds & ,judg+ section ( ?is committee3 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,sp5c] ,b4 ,*ase1 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi? ,survey & ,rese>*--,r4 ,e4 ,silvis1 plus ! /ate & =eign vice-presid5ts ,memb]%ip--,mrs4 ,h>ry ,web]1 ,mrs4 ,bla9e ,mc,collum1 ,mrs4 ,/eph5 ,b]na? ,exhibits--,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,c>l ,wes*cke1 ,fayette ,ett]1 ,a4 ,g4 ,hirs*i1 ,g4 ,j4 ,korn1 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilk9son1 ,g4 ,l4 ,smi?1 ,sew>d ,b]h[1 ,royal ,oakes1 ,h4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan ,necrology--,mrs4 ,h]b]t ,negus1 ,mrs4 ,wm4 ,rohrba*]1 ,miss ,jeannette ,f4 ,johns1 ,b>b>a ,sly ,audit--,dr4 ,wm4 ,rohrba*]1 ,e4 ,p4 ,g]b]1 ,raymond ,e4 ,silvis ,f9ance--,h>ry ,web]1 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyd]1 ,c>l ,wes*cke1 ,/]l+ ,smi? ,legal ,advis]s--,s>g5t ,wellman1 ,h>ry ,web] ,(ficial ,j\rnal--,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[]1 #acgj ,ont>io ,/41 ,clevel& #ac1 ,ohio ,/ate & ,=eign ,vice-,presid5ts ,alabama ,,lovic ,,orr ,alb]ta1 ,canada ,a4 ,l4 ,,"y ,arkansas ,a4 ,c4 ,,hale ,briti% ,columbia1 ,canada ,j4 ,u4 ,,gellatly ,cali=nia ,,dr4 ,,?omas ,r4 ,,haig ,connecticut ,,george ,d4 ,,pratt1 ,,jr4 ,delaw>e ,,lewis ,,wilk9s ,d5m>k ,,c\nt ,f4 ,m4 ,,knu? ,di/rict ( ,columbia ,,george ,u4 ,,graff ,ecuador1 ,s\? ,am]ica ,f4 ,a4 ,,colwell ,florida ,c4 ,a4 ,,avant ,georgia ,,wm4 ,j4 ,,wilson ,idaho ,j4 ,e4 ,,mcgoran ,ill9ois ,,royal ,,oakes ,indiana ,,=d ,,wallick ,i[a ,,ira ,m4 ,,kyhl ,kansas ,,dr4 ,,clyde ,,gray ,k5tucky ,,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,moss ,manitoba1 ,canada ,a4 ,h4 ,,"y ,m>yl& ,,bla9e ,,mccollum ,massa*usetts ,i4 ,w4 ,,%ort ,mexico ,,f$]ico ,,compean ,mi*igan ,,gilb]t ,,beck] ,m9nesota ,r4 ,e4 ,,hodgson ,mississippi ,,james ,r4 ,,mey] ,miss\ri ,,ralph ,,ri*t]kess+ ,nebraska ,,george ,,br& ,new ,hamp%ire ,,mat!w ,,lahti ,new ,j]sey ,,mrs4 ,,alan ,r4 ,,buckwalt] ,new ,mexico ,,rev4 ,,titus ,,gehr+ ,new ,york ,,george ,,salz] ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,,dun/an ,nor? ,dakota ,,hom] ,l4 ,,bradley ,ohio ,a4 ,a4 ,,bung>t ,oklahoma ,a4 ,g4 ,,hirs*i ,ont>io1 ,canada ,g4 ,h4 ,,corsan ,oregon ,,h>ry ,l4 ,,pe>cy ,p5nsylvania ,r4 ,p4 ,,allaman ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&1 ,canada ,,rob]t ,,snazelle ,rhode ,isl& ,,philip ,,all5 ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,,john ,t4 ,,bregg] ,s\? ,dakota ,,h]man ,,ri*t] ,t5nessee ,,?omas ,g4 ,,z>g] ,texas ,,kaufman ,,florida ,utah ,,h>lan ,d4 ,,pett]son ,v]mont ,a4 ,w4 ,,aldri* ,virg9ia ,h4 ,r4 ,,gibbs ,wa%+ton ,,c>roll ,d4 ,,bu% ,we/ ,virg9ia ,,wilb]t ,m4 ,,frye ,wiscons9 ,,norman ,,koels* ,,con/itution ( ! ,,nor!rn ,,nut ,,gr[]s ,,association1 ,,incorporat$ 7,z read at ! annual meet+1 ,guelph1 ,ont>io1 ,septemb] #e1 #aidg1 & adopt$ ,septemb] #ac1 #aidh1 at ,norris1 ,t5nessee7 ,,"n ,,article ,i4 ,?is ,society %all be kn[n z ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,incorporat$4 ,x is /rictly a non-pr(it organization4 ,,purposes ,,article ,,ii4 ,! purposes ( ?is ,association %all be to promote int]e/ 9 ! nut be>+ plants2 sci5tific rese>* 9 _! bre$+ & culture2 /&>dization ( v>ietal names ! dissem9ation ( in=mation conc]n+ ! above & su* o!r purposes z may advance ! culture ( nut be>+ plants1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,nor? ,temp]ate ,zone4 ,,memb]s ,,article ,,iii4 ,memb]%ip 9 ?is ,association %all be op5 to all p]sons int]e/$ 9 support+ ! purposes ( ! ,association4 ,classes ( memb]s are z foll[s3 ,annual memb]s1 ,contribut+ memb]s1 ,life memb]s1 ,honor>y memb]s1 & ,p]petual memb]s4 ,applications = memb]%ip 9 ! ,association %all be pres5t$ to ! secret>y or ! treasur] 9 writ+1 accompani$ by ! requir$ dues4 ,,(fic]s ,,article ,,iv4 ,! elect$ (fic]s ( ?is ,association %all consi/ ( a ,presid5t1 ,vice-presid5t1 a ,secret>y & a ,treasur] or a comb9$ ,secret>y-treasur] z ! ,association may designate4 ,,bo>d ,,( ,,directors ,,article ,v4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,directors %all consi/ ( six memb]s ( ! ,association :o %all be ! (fic]s ( ! ,association & ! two prec$+ elect$ presid5ts4 ,if ! (fices ( ,secret>y & ,treasur] are comb9$1 ! ?ree pa/ presid5ts %all s]ve on ! ,bo>d ( ,directors4 ,!re %all be a ,/ate ,vice-presid5t = ea* /ate1 dep5d5cy1 or c\ntry repres5t$ 9 ! memb]%ip ( ! ,association1 :o %all be appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t4 ,,am5dm5ts ,,to ,,! ,,con/itution ,,article ,,vi4 ,?is con/itution may be am5d$ by a two-?irds vote ( ! memb]s pres5t at any annual meet+1 notice ( su* am5dm5t hav+ be5 read at ! previ\s annual meet+1 or copy ( ! propos$ am5dm5ts hav+ be5 mail$ by ! ,secret>y or by any memb] to ea* memb] ?irty days be=e ! date ( ! annual meet+4 ,,by-,,laws 7,revis$ & adopt$ at ,norris1 ,t5nessee1 ,septemb] #ac1 #aidh7 ,,section ,i4--,,memb]%ip ,classes ( memb]%ip are def9$ z foll[s3 ,,article #a4 ,annual memb]s4 ,p]sons :o are int]e/$ 9 ! purposes ( ! ,association :o pay annual dues ( ,?ree ,doll>s 7#c4jj74 ,,article #b4 ,contribut+ memb]s4 ,p]sons :o are int]e/$ 9 ! purposes ( ! ,association :o pay annual dues ( ,t5 ,doll>s 7#aj4jj7 or m4 ,,article #c4 ,life memb]s4 ,p]sons :o are int]e/$ 9 ! purposes ( ! ,association :o contribute ,sev5ty ,five ,doll>s 7#ge4jj7 to its support & :o %all1 aft] su* contribution1 pay no annual dues4 ,,article #d4 ,honor>y memb]s4 ,^? :om ! ,association has elect$ z honor>y memb]s 9 recognition ( _! a*ievem5ts 9 ! special fields ( ! ,association & :o %all pay no dues4 ,,article #e4 ,p]petual memb]s4 ,p]petual memb]%ip is eligible to any "o :o leaves at lea/ five hundr$ doll>s to ! ,association & su* memb]%ip on paym5t ( said sum to ! ,association %all entitle ! "n ( ! deceas$ to be =ev] enroll$ 9 ! li/ ( memb]s z ,p]petual ) ! words ,9 ,memoriam add$ !reto4 ,funds receiv$ !re= %all be inve/$ by ! ,treasur] 9 int]e/ be>+ securities legal = tru/ funds 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,only ! int]e/ %all be exp5d$ by ! ,association4 ,:5 su* funds are 9 ! treasury ! ,treasur] %all be bond$4 ,provid$3 t 9 ! ev5t ! ,association becomes defunct or dissolves1 !n1 9 t ev5t1 ! ,treasur] %all turn ov] any funds held 9 8 h&s = ?is purpose = su* uses1 individuals or companies t ! donor may designate at ! "t he makes ! beque/ ( ! donation4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,duties ,,( ,,(fic]s ,,article #a4 ,! ,presid5t %all preside at all meet+s ( ! ,association & ,bo>d ( ,directors1 & may call meet+s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,directors :5 he believes x to be to ! be/ int]e/s ( ! ,association4 ,he %all appo9t ! ,/ate ,vice-presid5ts2 ! /&+ committees1 except ! ,nom9at+ ,committee1 & su* special committees z ! ,association may au?orize4 ,,article #b4 ,vice-presid5t4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,presid5t1 ! ,vice-presid5t %all p]=m ! duties ( ! ,presid5t4 ,,article #c4 ,secret>y4 ,! ,secret>y %all be ! active executive (fic] ( ! ,association4 ,he %all conduct ! correspond5ce relat+ to ! ,association's int]e/s1 assi/ 9 obta9+ memb]%ips & o!rwise actively =w>d ! int]e/s ( ! ,association1 & report to ! ,annual ,meet+ & f "t to "t to meet+s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,directors z !y may reque/4 ,,article #d4 ,treasur]4 ,! ,treasur] %all receive & record memb]%ips1 receive & acc\nt = all moneys ( ! ,association & %all pay all bills approv$ by ! ,presid5t or ! ,secret>y4 ,he %all give su* security z ! ,bo>d ( ,directors may require or may legally be requir$1 %all inve/ life memb]%ips or o!r funds z ! ,bo>d ( ,directors may direct1 subject to legal re/rictions & 9 accordance ) ! law1 & %all submit a v]ifi$ acc\nt ( receipts & disbursem5ts to ! ,annual meet+ & su* curr5t acc\nts z ! ,bo>d ( ,directors may f "t to "t require4 ,be=e ! f9al bus9ess session ( ! ,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,association1 ! acc\nts ( ! ,treasur] %all be submitt$ = exam9ation to ! ,audit+ ,committee appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t at ! op5+ session ( ! ,annual ,meet+4 ,,article #e4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,directors %all manage ! affairs ( ! ,association betwe5 meet+s4 ,f\r memb]s1 includ+ at lea/ two elect$ (fic]s1 %all be consid]$ a quorum4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,elections ,,article #a4 ,! ,(fic]s %all be elect$ at ! ,annual ,meet+ & hold (fice = "o ye> beg9n+ imm$iately foll[+ ! close ( ! ,annual ,meet+4 ,,article #b4 ,! ,nom9at+ ,committee %all pres5t a slate ( (fic]s on ! fir/ day ( ! ,annual ,meet+ & ! election %all take place at ! clos+ session4 ,nom9ations = any (fice may be pres5t$ f ! floor at ! "t ! slate is pres5t$ or imm$iately prec$+ ! election4 ,,article #c4 ,= ! purpose ( nom9at+ (fic]s = ! ye> #aidi & !reaft]1 a committee ( five memb]s %all be elect$ annually at ! prec$+ ,annual ,meet+4 ,,article #d4 ,a quorum at a regul>ly call$ ,annual ,meet+ %all be fifte5 7#ae7 memb]s & mu/ include at lea/ two ( ! elect$ (fic]s4 ,,article #e4 ,all classes ( memb]s ^: dues are paid %all be eligible to vote & hold (fice4 ,,section ,,iv4--,,f9ancial ,,matt]s ,,article #a4 ,! fiscal ye> ( ! ,association %all ext5d f ,octob] #a/ ?r\gh ! foll[+ ,septemb] #cj?4 ,all annual memb]%ips %all beg9 ,octob] #a/4 ,,article #b4 ,! names ( all memb]s ^: dues h n be5 paid by ,janu>y #a/ %all be dropp$ f ! rolls ( ! ,society4 ,notices ( non-paym5t ( dues w be mail$ to del9qu5t memb]s on or ab\t ,decemb] #a/4 ,,article #c4 ,! ,annual ,report %all be s5t to only ^? memb]s :o h paid _! dues = ! curr5t ye>4 ,memb]s ^: dues h n be5 paid by ,janu>y #a/ %all be consid]$ del9qu5t4 ,!y w n be entitl$ to receive ! publication or o!r b5efits ( ! ,association until dues are paid4 ,,section ,v4--,,meet+s ,,article #a4 ,! place & "t ( ! ,annual ,meet+ %all be select$ by ! memb]%ip 9 session or1 9 ! ev5t ( no selection be+ made at ?is "t1 ! ,bo>d ( ,directors %all *oose ! place & "t = ! hold+ ( ! annual conv5tion4 ,su* o!r meet+s z may seem desirable may be call$ by ! ,presid5t & ,bo>d ( ,directors4 ,,section ,,vi4--,,publications ,,article #a4 ,! ,association %all publi% a report ea* fiscal ye> & su* o!r publications z may be au?oriz$ by ! ,association4 ,,article #b4 ,! publi%+ ( ! report %all be ! responsibility ( ! ,committee on ,publications4 ,,section ,,vii4--,,aw>ds ,,article #a4 ,! ,association may provide suitable aw>ds = out/&+ contributions to ! cultivation ( nut be>+ plants & suitable recognition = m]itori\s exhibits z may be appropriate4 ,,section ,,viii4--,,/&+ ,,committees ,z soon z practicable aft] ! ,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,association1 ! ,presid5t %all appo9t ! foll[+ /&+ committees3 #a4 ,memb]%ip #b4 ,audit+ #c4 ,publications #d4 ,survey #e4 ,program #f4 ,rese>* #g4 ,exhibit #h4 ,v>ieties & ,conte/s ,,section ,,ix4--,,regional ,,gr\ps ,,& ,,affiliat$ ,,societies ,,article #a4 ,! ,association %all enc\rage ! =mation ( regional gr\ps ( its memb]s1 :o may elect _! own (fic]s & organize _! own local field days & o!r programs4 ,!y may publi% _! proce$+s & select$ pap]s 9 ! ye>books ( ! p>5t society subject to review ( ! ,association's ,committee on ,publications4 ,,article #b4 ,any indep5d5t regional association ( nut gr[]s may affiliate ) ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association provid$ "o-f\r? ( its memb]s are also memb]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,su* affiliat$ societies %all pay an annual affiliation fee ( #c4jj to ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,pap]s pres5t$ at ! meet+s ( ! regional society may be publi%$ 9 ! proce$+s ( ! p>5t society subject to review ( ! ,association's ,committee on ,publications4 ,,section ,x4--,,am5dm5ts ,,to ,,by-,,laws ,,article #a4 ,^! by-laws may be am5d$ at any ,annual ,meet+ by a two-?irds vote ( ! memb]s pres5t provid$ su* am5dm5ts %all h be5 submitt$ to ! memb]%ip 9 writ+ at lea/ ?irty days prior to t meet+4 ,,proce$+s ( ! ,?irty-n9? ,annual ,conv5tion ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,inc4 ,meet+ at ,,norris1 ,,t5nessee ,,septemb] #ac-ae1 #aidh ,! meet+ 0 call$ to ord] by ,presid5t ,john ,davidson at #h3de o'clock1 a4 m4 ,address ( ,welcome ,,george ,f4 ,,gant1 ,g5]al ,manag]1 ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority1 ,knoxville1 ,t5nessee ,mr4 ,presid5t1 ladies & g5tlem53 ,x is a di/9ct pleasure to welcome y to ,norris & to ! ,t5nessee ,valley4 ,y h _h v f9e wea!r "h1 & we hope t y w enjoy ! climate & ! sc5]y & ! fi%+ & ! pleasures ( ?is "p ( ! c\ntry dur+ y\r %ort /ay4 ,! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association is a mu* old] organization ?an ,i _h ?\ght1 & x is mu* old] ?an ! ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority1 b a review ( "s ( ! ?+s1 y h done & "s ( ! int]e/s y h express$ f "t to "t indicate t we h _m int]e/s 9 common1 y\r organization & ! ,,tva4 ,y are conc]n$ ) exp]im5tation ( new & bett] ways ( gr[+ tree crops4 ,y are conc]n$ ) ! environm5t 9 :i* tree crops mu/ f9d a place 9 our economy & 9 our culture1 because1 z ,i und]/& x1 y\r int]e/ goes beyond m]e economics to ! full use ( trees4 ,n[1 ! ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority is likewise conc]n$ ) exp]im5tation4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is an exp]im5t1 a new & diff]5t way ( a*iev+ a bett] use ( natural res\rces4 ,!re is no?+ new 9 :at ! ,,tva does4 ,!re are no activities conduct$ by ,,tva t h n be5 or are n be+ conduct$ by o!r ag5cies all ov] ! c\ntry & :i* h be5 conduct$ by ,f$]al ag5cies = _m1 _m ye>s4 ,! ,,tva has no new regulatory or co]cive functions4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,,tva has no co]cive functions4 ,x has no new or unique or diff]5t gov]nm5tal functions4 ,!re is only "o ?+ t is diff]5t ab\t ,,tva1 & t is ! way 9 :i* x approa*es ! job ( res\rce use on an ov]all basis4 ,n[1 ,i might illu/rate t by ref]r+ to ! con/ruction ( dams & res]voirs4 ,9 ! ,t5nessee ,valley ! ,,tva builds dams & res]voirs to prev5t floods1 to produce a navigable *annel1 to produce p[]1 & 9 its res]voirs x also has ! responsibility ( a*iev+ ! be/ uses ( res]voirs & res]voir l&s 9 ! int]e/s ( fi% & wild life1 9 ! int]e/s ( recreation1 & 9 ! int]e/s ( mal>ia control4 ,n[1 ! unique fact "h is n t ^! ?+s are go+ on or be+ done1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ?r\gh a ,f$]al ag5cy1 b t "o ,f$]al ag5cy is responsible = a*iev+ a balance betwe5 all ( ^! activities & ) ! adm9i/rative responsibility = do+ t4 ,9 o!r ef=ts ! situation is diff]5t1 ) z _m z eight ag5cies hav+ some?+ to d ) ! developm5t ( "s "o ( ^! activities 9 a way :i* might or might n be integrat$4 ,n[1 ! second illu/ration1 ,i ?9k1 is t unity c be accompli%$ only if all ( ! ag5cies :i* are conc]n$ ) ! use ( res\rces h an environm5t 9 :i* !y c "w effectively4 ,! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t is n & %\ld n 9 ! ,t5nessee ,valley be develop+ all ( ^! res\rces itself4 ,x feels t ! unifi$ developm5t ( ! res\rces dep5ds ^u ! p>ticipation ( ! p ( ! ,t5nessee ,valley & _! in/itutions1 ! local & ! /ate ag5cies4 ,!re c't be unity any m if local ag5cies are conduct+ "o program & a ,f$]al ag5cy conduct+ ano!r program1 ?an !re c be if sev]al ,f$]al ag5cies are conduct+ sev]al programs4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority1 except = ! op]ation ( ^! huge new facilities :i* h be5 add$ to ! res\rces ( ! ,t5nessee ,valley1 conducts its activities 9 collaboration ) local & /ate ag5cies4 ,t n only avoids ! exp5se ( duplication1 b x a*ieves ! collaboration1 ! p>ticipation1 ! active int]e/ ( ! p 9 gett+ a full job done4 ,t is true 9 ! field ( =e/ry4 ,=e/ry has a p>ticul> role 9 ! ,t5nessee ,valley4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! ,,tva is conc]n$ ) ! effective use & control ( wat]1 n only 9 ! riv] *annel itself1 b on ! l&4 ,=e/ry1 toge!r ) eng9e]+ & agriculture1 mu/ come toge!r1 n only come toge!r )9 ! adm9i/rative framework ( ,,tva1 b )9 ! framework ( :at our colleges & /ate dep>tm5ts are do+ & ) :at ! l& own]s are do+ 9 ^! wat]%$s4 ,fur!r ?an t1 ! ,,tva is fully aw>e t wat]%$ protection _c be a*iev$ except )9 ! economy ( ! region4 ,t means t ! be/ use ( =e/ l&s f ! economic po9t ( view1 f ! productive po9t ( view1 z well z f ! cons]vation po9t ( view1 mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,= ^! reasons ! ,,tva is conc]n$ n only ) multiple-purpose dams1 b ) multiple-purpose l& use4 ,^! activities are n conduct$ directly by ,,tva1 b 9 coop]ation ) ! l& grant colleges & ) ! appropriate /ate dep>tm5ts4 ,i ?9k & ,i hope t z y review ! sev]al activities :i* are go+ on 9 ! ,t5nessee ,valley area t y w keep ^! *>act]i/ics ( ,,tva 9 m9d4 ,we are v happy to h y "h4 ,i hope t _m ( y w be able to ext5d y\r visit or to come back & see u ano!r "t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,john ,davidson3 ,i am p]sonally v glad to h he>d ?is talk4 ,i "k q a bit m ab\t ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! "w und]ly+ ,,tva ?an ,i did be=e4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels1 w y say a ^w on behalf ( ! ,association8 ,response ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels3 ,mr4 ,presid5t & memb]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,i am sure t ,i voice ! s5tim5t ( all ( ! ,association to y1 ,mr4 ,gant1 & all ( ! ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority our v great appreciation ( y\r all[+ u to come & meet ) y & use ! v f9e facilities :i* are available "h 9 ,upp] ,norris ,p>k4 ,z f> z ,i am conc]n$1 & probably ,i am 9 ! same situation z mo/ ( y 9 ! ,nor?2 we h he>d a lot ab\t ! ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority1 b mo/ly x is b&i$ ar\nd 9 ! newspap]s & usually connect$ ) "s sort ( a political argum5t ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,& ,i ?9k t to come "h & to see ! place & to live 9 ! cab9s & drive ?r\gh ! =e/s1 to swim 9 ! lake1 z "s ( u did ye/]day aft]noon1 w5t f> away ar\nd ! b5d1 & w5t 9 swimm+--,i ?9k y might improve ! mud bottom 9 "s places1 :i* is n too good1 b x rem9ds u ( our y\?1 at lea/--& to fi% 9 ! lakes1 al?\gh n too successfully4 ,aft] we h done t we c]ta9ly "k mu* m ab\t :at sort ( a developm5t ! ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority is4 ,ano!r ?+1 z a memb] ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association & z y are memb]s1 ,i ?9k we all appreciate :at ! ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority has done = ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,! ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority has be5 ! fir/1 y might say1 l>ge ag5cy :i* has tak5 nor!rn nut gr[+ s]i\sly & has us$ ! k :i* has be5 develop$ by ?is ,association 9 an ext5sive way 9 ! plant+ & develop+ ( new v>ieties1 develop+ ( new te*niques 9 ! use ( ! plants1 ! nut trees & ! p]simmons1 & :at n1 ) :i* ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association has be5 conc]n$4 ,z we drive up ! valley "h & we see ^! ?\s&s ( walnut se$l+s :i* are /ill to be us$ & see ! plant+s :i* y w see m intimately lat]1 we c realize j h[ ext5sively ! ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority has be5 conc]n$ ) ! developm5t ( our =e/ res\rces & p>ticul>ly ^! plants :i* are ( economic value1 inasmu* z !y are nut trees1 & _! relation%ip to wildlife & a project ( ?is k9d 9 :i* =e/ res\rces & tree res\rces are to be made use (4 ,i h notic$ t y did m5tion fi%+ z "o ( ! ?+s t has be5 develop$ by ! ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority4 ,i also am rem9d$ ( ! fact t "s ( u1 includ+ our presid5t1 tri$ to g out & ex]cise "s ( ^! fi%1 )\t mu* success1 & ,i h be5 try+ to ?9k ( ! reason4 ,i "k1 z f> z we are conc]n$1 we us$ all ! plugs & sp9n]s & float+ baits & s9k+ baits1 & ,i w5t completely ?r\gh my tackle box & pull$ out ! "o t we call ! ,*ri/mas tree1 a big bun* ( spoons ) a place to put a m9n[ on ! end1 & we dragg$ t ar\nd1 almo/ swamp$ ! motor1 b did get ar\nd2 didn't cat* any?+4 ,x rem9ds me ( an incid5t !re at ,cornell4 ,we h a director1 :o 0 head ( ! ,pomology ,dep>tm5t at t "t4 ,he _h a dog t wasn't discipl9$ v well1 he w\ldn't come :5 he 0 call$1 & s on4 ,! =eman out at ! or*>d _h a dog t 0 v well discipl9$4 ,he'd say1 ,g get my hat1 & he'd get ! hat1 & ,g quickly1 & he'd g quickly4 ,& ?is head ( ! dep>tm5t ask$ ! =eman1 ,well1 h[ 0 x t y tra9$ ?is dog1 & h[ d y tra9 a dog1 anyway8 ,well1 he said1 fir/ ( all1 y h got to "k m ?an ! dog4 ,p]haps t's ! case ) "s ( u & ! fi%4 ,anyway1 we didn't cat* any fi%4 ,i don't c>e to say any m1 except1 ,mr4 ,gant1 to express our appreciation to y = ! excell5t facilities :i* y h furni%$4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,?ank y1 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels4 ,i believe ! next ord] is ! little talk by myself4 ,presid5t's ,address ,,john ,,davidson1 ,x5ia1 ,ohio ,:5 ,i 0 notifi$ t ?is ,association1 9 session at ,guelph1 _h nam$ me z its presid5t1 ,i 0 surpris$ & deeply honor$4 ,i suppose !re is n a s+le memb] ( ?is body :o does n h ! feel+ t ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association is diff]5t1 unique1 &1 v special3 ,"h are all k9ds3 sci5ti/s & rule-(-?umb plant]s1 exp]i5c$ pr(essionals & inexp]i5c$ amateurs1 cons]vationi/s & hobbyi/s1 all b5t on "o objective--to enlight5 ,am]icans & !mselves on ! values & opportunities t lie 9 ! /udy & practice ( plant+ =e/ trees :i* be> crops--specifically1 nuts4 ,b ! int]e/ ( mo/ ( our memb]s is r broad] ?an our "n w\ld indicate4 ,=e/ crops1 n m]ely nuts1 are ! logical outgr[? 9 int]e/ t su* an organization z ours /imulates4 ,dr4 ,zimm]man's "w ) papaws is a case 9 po9t4 ,mr4 ,wilk9son's "w ) ! ,lamb curly walnut is ano!r4 ,! p]simmon1 ! papaw1 ! mulb]ry1 ! haws1 ! juneb]ries--y are likely to f9d !m all1 soon] or lat]1 among ! nut trees ( our memb]s4 ,y w he> pres5tly ab\t a wood f "o ( our nut trees t is s valuable1 & s possible to gr[1 t we may pres5tly be plant+ = extraord9>ily beautiful & valuable timb]4 ,pati5ce is :at x takes1 & fai?4 ,trees are an example to u4 ,if we c\ld only look at ! procession ( ! c5turies ) ! eyes ( ! sequoias1 we %\ld see creation mov+ on m>vel\sly ) magnific5t fruitfulness1 & we %\ld take c\rage4 ,has ! process ( evolution be5 m successful ) plants ?an ) ! human race8 ,%\ld b5evol5t creation fail at its highe/ po9t8 ,c]ta9ly x %\ld n4 ,nev]!less x c]ta9ly w fail !re s long z s l>ge a body ( ! race is und]n\ri%$1 ill-born1 hopelessly subm]g$--dragg+ d[nw>d r ?an lift+ upw>d4 ,:o kn[s ! total answ]8 ,education1 ( c\rse1 is a "p ( x--9 indu/ry1 9 eug5ics1 9 moral responsibility4 ,b y c't prea* education effectively to a />v+ or half-/>v$ man or *ild4 ,! multiplication ( population1 ! bett] di/ribution ( goods ?r\gh\t ! _w 7:i* means 9 ! end ! avoidance ( extremes ( ov] & "u-production7--^! are ! _w's next greate/ problems4 ,i p]sonally h ! feel+ t we are on ! v]ge ( an almo/ un?9kable increase 9 food productiv5ess ?r\gh *emurgy's bett] & m complete use ( plant life4 ,we %all yet le>n to gauge population to food supplies & food to population4 ,bo? are ess5tial4 ,we ne$ m plant bre$]s & m organic *emi/s at "w on food supply all ov] ! _w4 ,we ne$ m p ( good w & long vision1 few] political & social p>asites2 m produc]s4 ,s+ul>ly1 at ! v mom5t ( writ+ ^! words1 a lett] f a well kn[n plant bre$] is dropp$ ^u my desk4 ,9 x he turns d[n ! idea ( an hypo!tical executive position :i* mo/ p w\ld reg>d z promotion4 ,! importance & int]e/ ( 8 "w is s great 9 its own "r t he w\ld n ?9k ( *ang+4 ,t is :at ,i mean4 ,we ne$ m ( 8 k9d 9 ! _w4 ,x is hop$ t 9 ?is ,association su* m5 may f9d ! k9dr$%ip & comrade%ip !y s ri*ly e>n4 ,?is 0 ! _s ) :i* our ,association 0 organiz$ by ,dr4 ,rob]t ,morris1 ,dr4 ,dem+1 & a few f>-sight$ m5 9 ! e>ly days ( ?is c5tury & c>ri$ on by !m1 by ,mr4 ,re$1 ,dr4 ,zimm]man1 ,pr(essor ,neilson & _! k9d s9ce4 ,we salute !m all4 ,_! works foll[ & honor !m by _! multipli$ fruits4 ,i %all n take ! "t 9 ?is full program to review ! ev5ts ( ! pa/ ye>4 ,"s ( our speak]s w d ?is f> bett] ?an ,i4 ,b ,i wi% to greet our visitors & ! new memb]s :o may n h be5 ) u be=e4 ,we hope y w feel v mu* at home 9 our family ( k9dr$ m9ds4 ,also1 ^! rem>ks w\ld n be complete )\t recognition ( ! ef=ts ( ^? :o unselfi%ly & un/9t+ly h giv5 ( _! "t & /r5g? to ?is important "w3 our ,secret>y1 ,joe ,mc,daniel6 ,y all "k him by 8 exceptional s]vice to u all4 7,let's rise & give him a h&47 ,& :ile we are on our feet--"o ( ! be/ treasur]s any organization ev] _h1 effici5t1 k9dly1 b a v]itable wat*-dog ( ! ,treasury1 ,mr4 ,snyd]6 ,also a h& to ! memb]s ( our important committees1 ,mr4 ,*ase1 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels1 ,mr4 ,slate1 ,mr4 ,/oke--,i c't "n or praise !m all z !y des]ve4 ,! ,,nnga c\ld n possibly be :at x is )\t !m4 ,& n[ let u get on to ! bus9ess be=e u4 ,secret>y's ,report ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,d,a,n,i,e,l1 ,na%ville1 ,t5nessee ,! memb]%ip ( ! ,association seems to be increas+ fairly /eadily4 ,:5 ,i *eck$ ! mail+ li/ e>ly la/ ,octob]1 x _h #ffg names1 z comp>$ ) #fia li/$ 9 ! #cg? ,annual ,report4 ,:5 ,i left ,na%ville la/ week1 ! numb] _h increas$ to #gdb1 accord+ to my /5ograph]'s late/ c\nt4 ,!re h be5 "s discont9u$ memb]%ips1 z w happ5 almo/ e ye> 9 any organization1 b ! new memb]s h m ?an comp5sat$ = !m1 9 numb]s4 ,we did n add up a total on all ! mail s5t out 9 response to inquiries1 b x has be5 volum9\s4 ,close to #hjj reque/s = our nut nurs]y li/ h be5 receiv$ solely z a result ( ,mr4 ,/oke's ,s\!rn ,agriculturi/ *e/nut article 9 la/ ,febru>y's issue1 & !y are /ill trickl+ 94 ,"s new memb]%ips h result$ f ^! contacts1 b m h come z a result ( our column 9 ! ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[]1 & a ,*9ese *e/nut article 9 ,! ,fl[] ,gr[] e>ly la/ spr+1 :i* gave our ,association a boo/4 ,"s memb]s h said !y did n f9d _! ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[] subscriptions ( mu* value to !m1 p>ticul>ly s9ce ! inauguration ( ,! ,nut%ell1 our news bullet9 :i* has be5 issu$ f\r times s9ce ! la/ annual meet+4 ,i w take "s ( ! blame = ?is1 s9ce z editor ( ,! ,nut%ell1 ,i am some:at 9 ! position ( compet+ ) myself z columni/ = ! ,fruit ,gr[]4 ,space is limit$ 9 ! latt] publication1 too1 & sometimes publication ( ! ,nut ,gr[]s ,news column is def]r$ a mon? or two1 & aga91 ,i h be5 kn[n to miss a deadl9e4 ,mo/ ( ! columns1 z 9 ! previ\s ye>s1 are dige/s ( mat]ial previ\sly giv5 9 our ,annual ,reports4 ,?is practice seems to be ju/ifi$ z a matt] ( keep+ nut news be=e ! or*>d+ public & z a means ( attract+ "s new memb]%ips = ! ,association4 ,i d n "k ( a bett] condition$ li/ ( prospects ?an ! m ?an #aej1jjj ,am]ican ,fruit ,gr[] subscrib]s all ov] ! cont95t1 :o are at lea/ int]e/$ 9 "s k9d ( fruit+ trees or plants4 ,9 t _m1 by ! law ( av]ages1 are _m ) "s int]e/ 9 nuts4 ,sev]al hundr$ w write to ! secret>y or o!r ,n4,n4,g4,a4 memb]s :o are m5tion$ dur+ ! ye>1 & at lea/ a few score normally w jo9 u4 ,?is does n m9imize ! desirability ( hav+ o!r publicity outlets4 ,m ( y :o h a knack at writ+ %\ld try y\r own contributions to national1 regional or ev5 community-wide publications4 ,ev5 %ort lett]s to ! editor1 9 su* cases1 may be read by k9dr$ spirits1 & y w be read by m5 & wom5 ^: int]e/ 9 nut trees 7ev5 ?\gh x may h be5 a dormant int]e/7 w be /imulat$ to ! ext5t ( becom+ ,n4,n4,g4,a4 memb]s4 ,!n x is up to our (fic]s1 ! program committee memb]s1 & our contributors to keep !m int]e/$ en\gh to r5ew _! memb]%ips ano!r ye>6 ,y\r comm5ts on ,! ,nut%ell h be5 q flatt]+ to its editor4 ,y all c help make x a bett] publication by contribut+ %ort orig9al obs]vations or clipp+s ( good items on h>dy nut trees f o!r s\rces4 ,!re is a cont9u+ %ortage app>5t 9 ! supply ( good nam$ v>ieties ( h>dy nut trees 9 ne>ly all areas4 ,?is seems p>ticul>ly ! case ) ,*9ese *e/nuts4 ,few propagators at pres5t h !m 9 ev5 en\gh quantity to catalogue1 & ! dem& :i* has be5 built up by ! good publicity on *e/nuts exhau/s mo/ nurs]ies' supplies ea* spr+ be=e all ord]s c be fill$4 ,our nurs]y li/ 9 ! ,w9t] issue ( ,! ,nut%ell has gone to "s #b1jjj p & has help$ ! nurs]ym5 to sell out _! trees quickly4 ,we hope ?is w lead to a s\nd expansion 9 ! comm]cial propagation ( good nut trees4 ,i %\ld aga9 call att5tion to our affiliation ) ! ,am]ican ,horticultural ,society4 ,?is enables our memb]s 9 good /&+ to receive _! good qu>t]ly publication1 ,! ,national ,horticultural ,magaz9e1 = only #c4ej a ye>4 ,y may obta9 y\r affiliate memb]%ip ?r\gh our ,treasur]1 or directly f ! ,am]ican ,horticultural ,society1 ,room #hba1 ,wa%+ton ,loan & ,tru/ ,build+1 ,wa%+ton #d1 ,d4 ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,y h he>d ! ,secret>y's report4 ,has anyone any revisions or modifications ( ?is report to sugge/8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i move acceptance ) ?anks4 7,! motion 0 second$1 a vote tak51 & ! motion c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,if ! ,secret>y w also read ! ,treasur]'s report1 we w proce$ ) x4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,mr4 ,snyd] wrote rec5tly1 regrett+ t he w\ld miss ?is meet+ 7= reasons ( heal?74 ,he says he c n accept ! position ( ,treasur] ano!r ye>4 ,treasur]'s ,report = ,ye> ,septemb] #a1 #aidg to ,septemb] #a1 #aidh ,d4 ,c4 ,,snyd]1 ,c5t] ,po9t1 ,i[a ,,income ,dues #a1cif4jj ,reports sold #aec4ge ,bond ,divid5ds #be4jj ,adv]tis+ #e4jj ,miss ,jones' ,po/age ,acc't4 #cf4he ,c4 ,a4 ,re$ ,typesett+ #cb4ej ,miscellane\s #g4fj #a1fef4gj ,,disbursem5ts ,fruit ,gr[] ,subscriptions #ajj4hj ,reports1 ,/ation]y etc4 #a1aje4jf ,secret>y's exp5se #ajj4cj ,treasur]'s exp5se #eh4ag ,report+ ,guelph ,meet+ #be4jj ,miscellane\s #ae4fj ,bank s]vice *>ges & *ecks return$ ,n4,g4 #ab4ij #a1dag4hc ,balance ga9$ dur+ ye> #bch4hg ,on h& ,septemb] #a1 #aidg #a1gij4dd ,paid out = ,bonds #a1ajj4jj #fhj4dd ,ca% total on h&1 ,septemb] #a1 #aidh 7subject to m9or bank s]vice *>ges & *ecks :i* may be return$7 #iai4ca ,bonds 9 box at ,peoples ,bank ,tru/ ,company #b1ejj4jj 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,y h he>d ! ,treasur]'s ,report4 ,any rem>ks8 ,x is a v good report4 ,x %[s t ! organization is creep+ up f9ancially & 9 v good condition due to ! cont9u\s c>e t ! ,secret>y & ! ,treasur] bo? h us$ 9 keep+ up ) our memb]%ip1 keep+ dues paid up1 & s on4 ,i w ent]ta9 a motion to accept our ,treasur]'s ,report4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i s move4 7,! motion 0 second$47 ,mr4 ,o',r\rke3 ,x %\ld be accept$ = audit4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i w accept ! am5dm5t4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,x is mov$ n[1 !n1 t ! report be accept$ = audit4 ,are !re any rem>ks8 7,a vote 0 tak5 on ! motion1 & x 0 c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,! next ord] ( bus9ess is ! regul> bus9ess meet+ ( ! ,association4 ,i ?9k p]haps ! fir/ ?+ we %\ld d might be to proce$ ) ! election ( a ,nom9at+ ,committee & ! ,audit+ ,committee4 ,i believe bo?1 if ,i am n mis9=m$1 are elective & n appo9tive4 ,! *air w ent]ta9 nom9ations = ! ,nom9at+ ,committee4 ,nom9at+ ,committee ,elect$ 7,! foll[+ 7 nom9at$ = ! ,nom9at+ ,committee3 ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,h>ry ,r4 ,web]1 ,dr4 ,wm4 ,l4 ,rohrba*]1 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilk9son1 ,george ,l4 ,slate4 ,^u motion t ! ,secret>y ca/ a unanim\s ballot = ^? nom9at$1 vote 0 tak5 & motion c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,am ,i correct 9 say+ t ! ,audit+ ,committee is elective1 r ?an appo9tive by ! ,executive ,committee8 ,mr4 ,silvis3 ,i und]/ood x 0 ?ree memb]s & j appo9t$4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,yes1 "u ,article ,i ( ! by-laws1 x is appo9t$4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,9 t case we w d no?+ ab\t t n[4 ,i ?9k p]haps we might proce$ ) a few resolutions or motions be=e go+ to ! fur!r ord] ( bus9ess4 ,! *air w ent]ta9 a motion t ! ,association give its ?anks to ,mrs4 ,bak] & h] committee ( ! ladies = _! ent]ta9m5t ( la/ ev5+ & = future ent]ta9m5t4 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,i s move1 ,mr4 ,presid5t4 7,! motion 0 second$1 a vote call$ =1 & ! motion c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,also ! *air w ent]ta9 a motion t ! ,secret>y be in/ruct$ to s5d ,dr4 ,dem+ our usual affectionate greet+s & assure him t 8 belov$ association is /ill c>ry+ on 9 ! _s ( ! f\nd]s4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,by ! way1 ,i h a lett] f ,dr4 ,dem+4 ,%\ld ,i read t8 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,t w\ld be f9e if y w\ld1 yes4 ,a ,lett] f ,dr4 ,dem+ 7,secret>y's note3 ,we sub/itute a m rec5t lett]1 dat$ ,may #i1 #aidi74 444 ,y are giv+ me mu* consolation = all my brok5 promises to get out ! annual report at an e>ly date4 ,i sugge/ t y h a lawy] draw up a contract = ! pr9t] to get out ! report at a giv5 date or =feit s mu* p] day = all delay4 ,if y don't d t ! pr9t] w put y (f = some?+ t w give him a little m pr(it4 ,i don't "k t we ev] got out a report 9 pl5ty ( "t = ! memb]s to get _! ord]s 9 e>ly or get o!r b5efits f ! report if x arriv$ be=e plant+ "t4 ,i note 9 ! ann\ncem5t ( our ,connecticut /ate m$ical society t x s*$ul$ a recess ( #ae m9utes or s at int]vals = memb]s to 'view ! exhibits4' ,x looks to me l a good idea4444 ,congratulations on ! fa/ "w ( ,joe1 ,jr4 ,! idea is to get pl5ty ( limbs be=e lett+ him be>4 ,h y tri$ ! sweet buckeye on him8 ,see page #aha4 ,we h ,spr+ "h1 too1 z well z y 9 ,na%ville1 & x is good4 ,i get awfully tir$ aft] v little ex]tion4 ,i'll be #hg on ,septemb] #a4 ,too old to und]take any obligations4 ,be/ luck4 ,y\rs1 s_/,w4 ,c4 ,,dem+ ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,t is express$ beautifully1 z usual4 ,may ,i h t motion8 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,x has be5 mov$ & second$ t ! ,secret>y be in/ruct$ to s5d ,dr4 ,dem+ our affectionate greet+s & assure him t 8 belov$ association is /ill c>ry+ on 9 ! _s ( ! f\nd]s4 7,a vote on ! motion 0 tak51 & x 0 c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,ano!r1 t ! ,association accept ) deep regrets ! resignation ( ,d4 ,c4 ,snyd]1 & t ! ,secret>y be in/ruct$ to s5d him our affectionate greet+s & ?anks = 8 long1 effici5t & out/&+ s]vices z ,treasur] ( ?is body4 ,are y 9 favor ( su* a motion8 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,take out ! accept+ ! resignation "p1 & ! re/ w be ,o4,k4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,t is "r4 ,z am5d$ !n1 ) ! omission ( t accept+ ! resignation4 7,a vote 0 tak5 on ! motion1 & x 0 c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,cl>5ce ,a4 ,re$ ,elect$ ,honor>y ,memb] ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,"o m4 ,! *air w ent]ta9 a motion t ! ,secret>y be in/ruct$ to s5d ,c4 ,a4 ,re$ our greet+s & z a small measure ( ! e/eem we h = him & 9 recognition ( 8 long & extraord9>y s]vices to ?is ,association1 we elect him a life memb] !re-(4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i ?9k x %\ld be an honor>y memb] r ?an a life memb]4 ,a life memb] contributes #ge4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,i believe t is correct1 an honor>y memb]4 ,) t am5dm5t1 !n4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i w\ld s move1 ,mr4 ,presid5t4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,second ! motion4 7,a vote 0 tak5 on ! motion1 & x 0 c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 ,i w\ld l at ?is "t1 if ,i may1 to say a few rem>ks 9 reg>d to ,mr4 ,re$4 ,i saw him la/ ,friday aft]noon1 & he ask$ me to convey to ! ,association 8 v deep regrets t he 0 unable to att5d4 ,he _h plann$ to att5d1 b 8 doctor said absolutely no4 ,s he has le>n$ f exp]i5ce t he has got to pay m att5tion to 8 doctor's ord]s ?an he has 9 ! pa/4 ,he want$ me to tell ! memb]s ( ! ,association t al?\gh he wasn't "h 9 body he 0 9 _s & 9 m9d4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,t's f9e4 ,i ?9k p]haps we %\ld proce$ fir/ ) ! reports ( committees4 ,! ,f9ance ,committee4 ,mr4 ,we%cke is n "h4 ,mr4 ,web] is next 9 ord] on t committee4 ,i presume !re w\ld be no?+ special to report at ?is "t4 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,no?+4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,press & ,publication4 ,mr4 ,/oke is *airman ( t committee4 ,mr4 ,/oke is n pres5t at ?is "t4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels1 w\ld y h any?+ to say 9 ! matt] ( ,press & ,publications ,committee8 ,h y any recomm5dations or reports to make8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 ,i hadn't plann$ to make any report4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,i _h v little to d ) ! "w ( ! ,publications ,committee ?is ye>4 ,i h be5 r happy t x has be5 h&l$ o!rwise1 & ,i ?9k our ?anks are due to our ,secret>y1 :o has c>ri$ ! brunt1 9 fact1 almo/ ! entire burd5 ( ! publication ( ! proce$+s4 ,also ( ,! ,nut%ell4 ,t occurr$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( circum/ances :i* ,i don't wi% to outl9e "h4 ,i ?9k probably ! *ief det]m9+ factor 0 t ! contract = pr9t+ 0 aw>d$ to a firm 9 ,na%ville1 :i* almo/ automatically made x at lea/ conv5i5t & exp$i5t to h ! matt] h&l$ 9 ,na%ville4 ,i believe y w concur 9 t g5]al op9ion4 ,mr4 ,mac,daniel3 ,yes4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,s t our ,secret>y has _h an unusually heavy burd5 :i* we %\ld n expect him to c>ry aga94 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,?ank y1 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels4 ,! *air w ent]ta9 a motion to accept ,dr4 ,mac,daniels' report on behalf ( ! ,press & ,publication ,committee4 7,x 0 s mov$ & second$1 a vote tak5 & motion c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,on ,v>ieties & ,conte/s4 ,mr4 ,z>g] is n go+ to be ) u1 ,i am afraid1 & if !re is any o!r memb] ( t committee pres5t :o has some?+ to say on ! matt] ( v>iety & conte/s1 we w\ld be v glad to he> f him4 ,i don't he> any?+1 s we w proce$ to ! next "o4 ,! report ( ! ,survey ,committee4 ,mr4 ,silvis is *airman ( t committee1 & ,i w say on 8 behalf t he 0 r>+ to g & w\ld h gone if x _h be5 ! feel+ on ! "p ( "s ( ! o!r memb]s t a survey 0 timely at t "t4 ,x happ5$ t t 0 n ! feel+1 x 0 n a good ye> to make a survey1 & on t acc\nt ,i wrote to ,mr4 ,silvis t possibly x w\ld be well to put (f any important survey = ! ye> #aidg4 ,d y h any?+ to say1 ,mr4 ,silvis1 9 addition to ?is8 ,mr4 ,silvis3 ,well1 on ! cuff1 no1 & (f ! cuff ,i w\ld l to make ?is rem>k1 t ,i j _h "o "q ,i 0 go+ to require e memb] to answ] to me =1 & t 0 :at k9d ( a nut tree %\ld ,i plant1 & !reby try to e/abli% a zone betwe5 fro/-free dates = v>i\s locations or /ates or t]ritories4 ,x didn't develop4 ,i receiv$ z late z la/ week ,john ,bregg]'s note expla9+ :y x 0 8 reply came late4 ,b ,i d want to make ?is rem>k1 & = our able ,secret>y's fir/ issue ( ,! ,nut%ell ,i "k ?is to be a fact1 t ) x1 x's ! nuts1 & )\t x1 x's hell4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,:at %all we d ) ,mr4 ,silvis's report8 ,we h "s action to take pres5tly on ! matt] ( survey 9 addition to ?is report4 ,c\ld ,i h a motion to accept ! report ( ! ,survey ,committee8 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,s move4 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,second4 7,a vote 0 tak5 on ! motion1 & x 0 c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,mr4 ,*ase disappe>$ aga94 ,he is *airman ( ! ,program ,committee4 ,we all h evid5ce ( :at he has be5 do+4 ,p]haps 8 program is suffici5t to report4 ,mrs4 ,s4 ,h4 ,graham is *airman ( ! ,memb]%ip ,committee4 ,i ?9k ,mrs4 ,graham is n "h1 s p]haps we c pass on4 ,report ( ! ,necrology ,committee =tunately is blank4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,!re is "o t ,i "k (4 ,mr4 ,s*u/] ( ,oregon pass$ away la/ w9t]4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,i ?9k t po9ts out a little weakness 9 our organization4 ,! dea? ( ,mr4 ,s*u/] %\ld h be5 report$ & "s notice ( x tak51 p]haps4 ,mr4 ,/oke1 y are "h z *airman ( ! ,exhibits ,committee4 ,w\ld y l to say some?+8 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,i don't "k t ,i h any?+ to say4 ,! exhibits speak = !mselves back !re4 ,i wi% to ?ank ^? :o made contributions to t exhibit1 & "s /ill came 9 ?is morn+ t y hav5't se54 ,i ?9k x's be5 f9e coop]ation4 ,i feel an apology is due = n gett+ out m publicity on behalf ( ! committee4 ,i _h hop$ t ano!r copy ( ,! ,nut%ell w\ld be out be=e ?is meet+ s ,i c\ld make ano!r call = exhibits1 b x wasn't1 & ,i didn't get my mat]ial 9 to our ,secret>y 9 "t = ! e>li] "o4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,i believe we did h a notice 9 ! summ] issue4 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,yes1 !re 0 a notice4 ,at any rate1 we h _h exhibits "h all ! way f ,georgia to ,new ,york4 ,i am n sure :e!r !y h any f ,canada or n4 ,i ?9k x makes a v nice display1 & ,i c]ta9ly appreciate y\r coop]ation4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,9 connection ) ^! exhibits1 we 7 driv+ along talk+ to ,mr4 ,slate ab\t ! desirability ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association s5d+ an exhibit to ! ,h>ve/ ,%[ ( ! ,massa*usetts ,horticultural ,society4 ,t 0 done ab\t t5 ye>s ago1 & ! ,society gave u a silv] m$al at t "t4 ,i "k f talk+ ) ,mr4 ,nehrl+ t !y w\ld be pleas$ to h su* an exhibit put on1 & ,i ?9k t if we c\ld take mu* ( ! mat]ial f our exhibits "h & s5d x !re t t w\ld make an acceptable exhibit1 & we almo/ assur$ly w\ld get n only consid]able publicity out ( t1 because x w\ld be an exhibit ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 b we might also get ei!r a ca% aw>d or a m$al4 ,i ?9k if we "w beh9d ! sc5es1 if we pref]r$ ! ca% we c\ld get t1 :i* w\ld be ( "s value to ! ,association4 ,n[1 ,i speak ( ?is m]ely to br+ x to y\r att5tion & to po9t out t any ( ! p]sonally furni%$ exhibits t y wi% to turn ov] = t purpose1 y may arrange ) ,mr4 ,/oke = t4 7,fur!r discussion on ! details ( s5d+ 9 ! above-m5tion$ exhibits47 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i w\ld move ?is ,association favor$ s5d+ an exhibit to ! ,massa*usetts ,horticultural ,society ,h>ve/ %[1 provid$ mat]ial is available4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,second ! motion4 ,dr4 ,silvis3 ,may ,i make ?is rem>k & also be 9 ! =m ( a motion1 t ^? exhibitors report imm$iately at ! adj\rnm5t ( ?is session to ,mr4 ,/oke & make kn[n to him :e!r yes or no1 :e!r _! exhibits c be s5t up4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,d y make t motion 9 ! =m ( an am5dm5t8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i w include t 9 ! motion4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,i accept x4 7,a vote 0 tak5 on ! motion z am5d$1 & x 0 c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,place ( ,meet+ ,committee4 ,i judge t t committee is n ready to report1 is x1 ,mr4 ,slate1 = ?is foll[+ meet+8 ,mr4 ,slate3 ,! *airman didn't realize until j be=e we 7 ready to leave t he 0 a memb] ( t committee4 ,i h giv5 ! matt] "s ?\ght on ! way d[n1 & 9 ! previ\s ye>s ,i h usually gone fi%+ = invitations "s "t be=e ! meet+4 ,i did drop a l9e ov]bo>d a few days ago1 b ,i didn't cat* any?+ m ?an ,i caught 9 ?is big lake up "h4 ,n[1 f previ\s exp]i5ce ,i don't believe we c consid] go+ to ! ,middle ,we/4 ,mr4 ,snyd]1 ,mr4 ,beck] 9 ,mi*igan1 & ,dr4 ,colby at ,ill9ois1 h n ?\ght t !y _h en\gh mat]ial to make x wor? :ile to g out !re4 ,t ?r[s x back to ! ,ea/1 & we h be5 to "s ( ! bett] places 9 rec5t ye>s2 ,ronoake1 ,virg9ia1 ,h]%ey1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,bo/on4 ,i ?9k !re are two places t we %\ld consid]4 ,i ?9k we %\ld consid] ,beltsville & ! ,new ,york ,city region4 ,we all "k t !re is pl5ty ( mat]ial at ,beltsville4 ,we h n be5 !re = "s "t4 ,& 9 ! ,new ,york ,city region we h ! plant+s ( ,gilb]t ,smi?1 :o is probably #he or #ij miles above ,new ,york4 ,he is n f> f ,p\ghkeepsie :]e ,i am sure !re are ample facilities = h&l+ ! cr[d4 ,!n !re may be possibly "s ( ,dr4 ,graves' plant+s t w\ld be wor? see+ on a field trip4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 ! committee w be v glad to receive invitations f anyone "h & consid] !m1 & we w make ! f9al report at ! f9al bus9ess session at ! "t ( ! banquet1 ,i believe4 ,b betwe5 n[ & !n ,i want y to consid] ! matt] r s]i\sly & let me "k :at y are ?9k+ ab\t4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,i ?9k x w\ld be desirable1 if x 7 possible1 = ,mr4 ,slate to wire ! prop] au?orities at ,beltsville or ,p\ghkeepsie4 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 "o ( our memb]s is ,mr4 ,b]na?1 :o has be5 q fai?ful 9 att5d+ ne>ly all our meet+s1 & he has1 ,i imag9e1 mu* ( int]e/ to %[ to ! memb]s1 & he is locat$ ne> ,p\ghkeepsie4 ,i am j ?r[+ t out = ! memb]s to ?9k ov] z to :at !y w\ld ?9k ab\t ,p\ghkeepsie z a possible meet+ place4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,t's wor? li/5+ to4 ,w\ld x be advisable1 d y ?9k1 = ,mr4 ,slate at ! exp5se ( ! ,association to wire to ,p\ghkeepsie or to ,beltsville to see :e!r an invitation is available or n8 ,mr4 ,slate3 ,^? places are well repres5t$ n[4 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,i imag9e ,mr4 ,b]na? c speak = himself4 ,mr4 ,b]na?3 ,i don't "k1 ,i ?9k if we c\ld delay x ano!r ye>1 ,mr4 ,smi? is go+ to retire f ! ,/ate ,s*ool1 & he w h pl5ty ( "t4 ,i am v busy1 & he w h loads ( "t on 8 h&s1 & !n he c give x 8 att5tion4 ,i ?9k t w\ld be all "r next ye>4 ,mr4 ,slate3 ,t's up to ! ,association to decide4 ,mr4 ,b]na?3 ,we w\ld l to h y come at t "t4 ,mr4 ,slate3 ,beltsville is v well repres5t$ 9 ,dr4 ,crane4 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,mr1 ,*airman1 9 view ( :at ,mr4 ,b]na? says1 ,i'd accept ,mr4 ,b]na?'s sugge/ion & h ,p\ghkeepsie on ! li/ = ! ye> foll[+4 ,mr4 ,b]na?3 ,t's "r4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,dr4 ,crane may h some?+4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,mr4 ,presid5t & memb]s ( ! ,association1 we'd l to h ! ,association meet+ at ,beltsville aga94 ,h[ev]1 we h _h f\r ye>s ( ,may freezes 9 ,beltsville ,/ation1 & ,i am go+ to tell y all is n 9 any too good condition4 ,a lot ( x has be5 pull$1 & we h _h to replant an awful lot ( ! /uff t is n[ j plant$ ?is ye>4 ,we lo/ a lot ( ! plant+s t 7 made la/ ye> because ( injury4 ,z y folks probably "k t h be5 !re be=e1 we labor$ "u v great difficulties on soil conditions 9 t we h mo/ly s&s & gravel4 ,s we are k9d ( 9 a mess !re "r n[4 ,we'd be glad to h ! ,association meet at ,beltsville1 & we h "r good facilities !re = meet+s1 b z f> z any plant+s 9 ! area1 a lot ( ! "w we are do+1 we are k9d ( go+ ?r\gh a p]iod ( *ange "r n[ & gett+ re-e/abli%$1 & ,i want y to "k ! situation4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,well1 we h be5 =ew>n$4 ,x's a case1 ,i judge1 ( n be+ unwill+ to see u1 b y are n s anxi\s1 = u to see y1 is t x8 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,i w\ldn't want y to come !re "u false hopes t y w\ld see a lot4 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,i w\ld l to say we h done q a lot ( "w 9 bre$+ *e/nuts & also "w ) =e/ types1 cross+ ,am]ican *e/nuts & ,*9ese4 ,b ,i agree q ) ,dr4 ,crane1 t we hav5't s mu* to %[ y !re4 ,( c\rse1 x's a dog-gone good ?+ to get famili> ) ^! diseases & see :at y are up aga9/1 because all ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( nut culture1 & s =?1 "o ( ! basic defects has be5 ! failure to appreciate ! importance ( insect & disease factors4 ,& we are v mu* 9 ne$ ( m basic rese>* along ^? l9es1 b ,i agree ) ,dr4 ,crane t at pres5t we h a limit$ am\nt to %[ y !re4 ,( c\rse1 !re is ! ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation !re ) a lot ( exp]im5tal "w1 gre5h\se "w & all sorts ( basic rese>* "w1 f]tilization "w1 & s =?1 go+ on !re4 ,a lot ( p l to come to ,wa%+ton4 ,our plant+s are pretty mu* ! same condition z ,dr4 ,crane's & n a display proposition su* z y h "h at ,,tva4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,suppose we reg>d ?is report1 !n1 z tempor>y & he> m f y lat]4 ,i ?9k t concludes ! reports4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,directors1 unless !re is "s o!r ord] ( bus9ess to be tak5 up1 h "s recomm5dations to make to ! ,association4 ,"o is ! recomm5dation t ! ,association place ! annual memb]%ip fee at #c1 ! support+ memb]%ip fee at #aj & ! life memb]%ip fee at #ge4 ,!y didn't wi% to take ! responsibility ( do+ any?+ m ?an ref]r+ t matt] to ?is ,association4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,t c\ld be h&l$ 9 ! by-laws "u ! con/itution4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,we /ill also h ano!r r important matt] t's be5 ref]r$ to ! ,association1 & t is ! matt] ( a suffici5t am\nt ( remun]ation to p]mit our ,secret>y to hire a /5ograph] to d ! extra am\nt ( "w t is gradually accumulat+ 9 t (fice4 ,! resolution t is ref]r$ to y calls = a paym5t ( #ej c5ts p] memb] to ! ,secret>y = ?is purpose4444 ,we h no "r to be set up s t ! "w ( ! ,association w\ld encroa* ^u a p]son's job z x is set up at ! pres5t "t4 ,t recomm5dation 0 t x 0 cont+5t1 ( c\rse1 ^u rais+ ! dues to #c4jj & take #ej c5ts ( t to (fset ! /5ographic help & try to re-organize our affairs betwe5 ! ,secret>y & ,treasur] s t z mu* z possible ( ! r\t9e mail+1 & r\t9e /5ographic "w w\ld be c>ri$ 9 ?is way4 7,discussion on ! above recomm5dation47 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,i move t ! additional remun]ation be grant$1 #ej c5ts p] memb]1 to ! ,secret>y4 ,mr4 ,smi?3 ,i w second ! motion4 ,mr4 ,fi%]3 ,i'd l to make an am5dm5t to t1 t ! dues be rais$ to #c4jj 9 ord] to make ?is possible4 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,i w accept ! am5dm5t4 ,mr ,smi?3 ,& ,i w second ! motion cont+5t1 ( c\rse1 to ! rais+ ( ! dues4 7,vote tak51 motion c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,we w appo9t a ,resolutions ,committee4 ,resolutions ,committee ,/]l+ ,smi?1 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,raymond ,e4 ,silvis1 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,i ?9k s f> z ,i "k t's ev]y?+ except ! report ( ! ,committee on ! ,con/itution4 ,unless ,i he> o!rwise we w proce$ ) t report4 7,discussion on ,con/itution47 7,con/itution & by-laws approv$ z set out 9 ano!r "p ( ?is report1 ! ,con/itution hav+ fir/ be5 read at #aidg meet+7 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,z ,i und]/& x1 !n1 ?is con/itution1 unless we make "s o!r provision1 is 9 effect z ( n[4 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,n[ ) ^! by-laws 9 effect !re w h to be a fre% nom9at+ committee elect$ = ! next ye>4 ,mr4 ,smi?3 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 ,i make a motion1 if x's 9 ord]1 t ! ,nom9at+ ,committee z elect$ previ\sly = ?is meet+ also cont9ue & s]ve = next ye>4 ,mr4 ,cl>ke3 ,second ! motion4 7,vote tak51 motion c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,!re is "o o!r matt] t 0 br\ght up at ! directors' meet+1 & inasmu* z ! directors did n h a quorum1 x %\ld be vot$ ?r\gh "h1 ,i ?9k1 & t is t a motion is 9 ord] to pay ,mrs4 ,gibbs #be = h] s]vices z /5ograph] at our meet+4 ,t 0 done1 ,i believe1 at ,guelph1 & x involves a lot ( important "w4 ,mr4 ,korn3 ,i second ! motion4 7,vote tak51 motion c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,%all we adj\rn1 ) a cont9uance ( ! bus9ess meet+ at ! banquet8 7,recess tak5 until #a3jj o'clock p4 m47 ,monday ,aft]noon ,session ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,%all we come to ord]8 ,we n[ come to ! int]e/+ "p ( our program1 & we w li/5 fir/ to ,mr4 ,quick ( ,we/ ,virg9ia1 :o w take ! place ( ,mr4 ,say]s1 ! ,/ate ,=e/] at ,*>le/on1 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,mr4 ,quick4 ,! ,developm5t & ,propagation ( ,blight ,resi/ant ,*e/nut 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia ,,ralph ,h4 ,,quick1 ,cons]vation ,commission1 ,*>le/on1 ,we/ ,virg9ia ,mr4 ,quick3 ,ladies & g5tlem5 ( ! ,association1 y\r gue/s & fri5ds3 ,9 sub/itut+ = ! ,/ate ,=e/] ( ,we/ ,virg9ia ,i realize t ,i am und]tak+ a big job4 ,a few ( y "k ,mr4 ,wilson ,say]s1 :o is ! ,/ate ,=e/]1 & ^? ( y :o d may assure ! re/ ( ! gr\p :at a big job ,i am und]tak+1 because ,i feel t ,i am 9 pretty good-siz$ %oes4 ,! subject t has be5 assign$ is ,! ,developm5t & ,propagation ( ,blight ,resi/ant ,*e/nut 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,n[1 be+ a =e/]1 ,i am p]haps int]e/$ 9 blight resi/ant *e/nut f a little diff]5t /&po9t ?an ! majority ( ?is gr\p4 ,z repres5t+ ! ,cons]vation ,commission ( t /ate ,i might say t we are int]e/$ prim>ily f ! game-food viewpo9t4 ,n[1 t's a little bit diff]5t1 ,i expect1 ?an mo/ ( y h be5 ?9k+ ab\t1 or "s ( y1 at lea/4 ,b t is ! /&po9t f :i* we are int]e/$4 ,s ,i w\ld l to g along ) y ?is aft]noon & discuss "s ( ! ?+s t we h done & "s ( ! ?+s t we are le>n+--!re are a few yet--t lead u along t l9e to believe t we c d some?+ ) blight-resi/ant *e/nuts 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia z a game food4 ,we are j at ! beg9n+1 s to speak--t is1 ! ,cons]vation ,commission ( t /ate is j at ! beg9n+ ( our /udy4 ,we h be5 fool+ ) x a little (f & on s9ce back 9 ! middle '#cj's1 b int]e/ has lagg$ & !n has pick$ up aga9 two or ?ree times4 ,i am sure t z f> z ! production ( good /ra9s ( blight-resi/ant *e/nut1 bett] /ra9s ( ,*9ese1 & s on1 t !re are p 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia :o are m capable ( tell+ y :at has be5 done f a private viewpo9t ?an anyone ) ! ,cons]vation ,commission1 b we are int]e/$ 9 le>n+ ab\t x & produc+ x 9 l>ge numb]s = a game food1 &1 ( c\rse1 if we are int]e/$ 9 di/ribut+ f our nurs]y ov] ! /ate = t purpose1 we are int]e/$ 9 produc+ bett] /ra9s ( blight-resi/+ *e/nut z we g4 ,along back 9 ! #aibj's a few plantations1 or a few trees 7 plant$ 9 ! /ate by :at 0 !n ! old ,fi% & ,game ,commission1 & ! records h be5 lo/1 z has be5 true 9 _m o!r /ates4 ,b !n1 app>5tly1 ! beg9n+ 0 made4 ,9 go+ ov] "s ( ^? e>ly plant+s ,i w only h "t to hit ! high spots & ! ones 9 :i* we are p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 our l9e1 b ! fir/ ones 7 back !re some:]e 9 ! '#bj's4 ,"o ( ! be/ plantations1 ! "o t we are p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 at ! pres5t "t1 is 9 ,jackson ,c\nty1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 & x is ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,nank+ /ra91 & !re 7 #cd trees plant$ !re back 9 #aibf1 & we are told t !y 7 plant$ f #b-ja /ock1 f nuts t came f ,*9a 9 #aibd4 ,tw5ty-six ( ^? trees surviv$1 & we ?9k !y are pretty good nuts4 ,y may be int]e/$ to "k t t plantation n[ av]ages #bb feet 9 height & has an av]age diamet] at brea/ height ( #h in*es4 ,! spac+ 9 t plantation 0 #bf by #bf feet4 ,n[1 we c't take cr$it1 nor d we want to take cr$it1 = t plantation4 ,! /ate ag5cy _h no?+ to d ) x4 ,x 0 put 9 !re ?r\gh ! coop]ation ( ! g5tlem5 f ,beltsville1 b we are v mu* int]e/$ 9 t plantation2 s int]e/$ t we h gone to ! own]1 along ) ! p]mission ( ! fell[s f ,beltsville1 & sew$ ! ?+ up = a five ye> p]iod1 dur+ :i* "t we hope to get ! se$ & to improve our own /ra9s & e/abli% blocks ( our own on /ate-own$ l& "u diff]5t conditions & on diff]5t sites :]e we expect 9 ! future to be able to secure se$ = our use & production at ! nurs]y4 ,9 ! fir/ few ye>s t ?is plantation t we are speak+ ( 9 ,jackson ,c\nty produc$1 n _m p paid mu* att5tion to x or atta*$ mu* significance to x4 ,! man :o _h *>ge ( x gave ! nuts away = exp]im5tal purposes or = any reason t anybody happ5$ to ask = !m1 & %ipp$ a lot ( !m free4 ,b along 9 ! e>ly #aidj's he began to f9d out :at he _h1 & he />t$ sell+ se$ & made a pretty good ?+ out ( x4 ,la/ ye> 0 ! fir/ ye> t we _h gott5 se$ f t plantation4 ,we got #ge p\nds ( good nuts tak5 9 ! fall ( #aidg4 ,we h ano!r or*>d1 ano!r plantation t l$ u to become int]e/$1 ,i guess1 9 produc+ blight-resi/ant *e/nut z a game food & along =e/ry l9es1 & t is ! or*>d t we h on nurs]y prop]ty4 ,x 0 "o ( ! e>ly ones1 & ,i expect "o ( ! e>lie/ 9 ! /ate1 b x 0 plant$ along back 9 #aicf1 fifty-"o trees4 ,:5 we />t$ 9 ?is we didn't "k any?+ ab\t x at all1 s we h built up our small k 9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,b x didn't take u long to realize t our or*>d on our nurs]y prop]ty 0 ( badly cross$ mat]ial1 & x _h "s v undesirable trees4 ,if we succe$$ 9 do+ any?+ ) !m z a game food we w\ld h to elim9ate1 & only la/ ye> did we get ar\nd to ! place :]e we c\ld secure au?ority to elim9ate ! undesirable species4 ,we h ab\t half ( ! /& left n[1 b we are pretty sure t ! trees t we d h are ( good /ra94 ,x might be int]e/+ = y to note--maybe "s ( y c top x--we 7 int]e/$ :5 ?is or*>d 0 plant$1 9 :at w\ld happ5 if ! trees 7 plant$ & all[$ to gr[ z a =e/ /&4 ,s !y 7 plant$ 9 six-by-six spac+4 ,( c\rse1 we got a lot ( self-prun+ & a lot ( competition1 z we w\ld 9 =e/s by ! trees gr[+ up & compet+ ) ea* o!r & rea*+ = height & light4 ,"s ( !m di$ & "s 7 s badly suppress$ t !y fail$ to make any gr[? at all4 ,b !re is "o tree t we /ill h 9 t or*>d t we are pr\d (1 n f ! /&po9t ( nut production1 nor does x produce a v good nut z f> z ! human ta/e is conc]n$4 ,b x has made a s+le /ick t f> surpasses any o!r tree we h 9 ! or*>d4 ,x looks l a =e/ tree4 ,9 #aide--;x might be h>d = y to believe--x grew n9e feet4 ,t isn't an exagg]ation4 ,x 0 measur$4 ,we ?\ght t 0 a lot bett] ?an fair gr[?4 ,( c\rse1 x hasn't made any gr[? l t s9ce1 & ,i don't ?9k x ev] did be=e1 b x j _h ! pu% to g & w5t n9e feet 9 "o gr[+ season4 ,leav+ t or*>d = a few m9utes1 !re 7 #ch plant+s ( f #aj to #ej trees ea* made by ! ,soil ,cons]vation ,s]vice & ! ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology ( ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry 9 ! spr+ ( #aici4 ,^! 7 exam9$ by ,dr4 ,dill] ( t ,bureau 9 ! spr+ ( #aidj & 9 #aidg4 ,he has told u t he grad$ ^? plant+s z he f\nd !m1 #aj be+ good1 & he said ! next #ae 7 only fair & he put #ac d[n z total failures4 ,( ^? #ac t fail$--f ! =e/ry /&po9t n[1 rememb]--he said t #g ( ! failures 7 due to poor site selection1 ?ree 7 suppress$ by surr\nd+ h>dwoods & o!r compet+ gr[?1 & ?ree _h be5 de/roy$ by cattle4 ,footnote #a3 ,mean+1 two ye>s old1 n transplant$ 9 ! nurs]y4--,ed4 ,a ,comm]cial ,*e/nut ,nurs]yman ,i don't "k :e!r any ( y "k (--,i expect y d--! ,gold ,*e/nut ,nurs]y 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia ne> ,c[51 & x is own$ & op]at$ by ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,a4 ,gold4 ,he has be5 int]e/$ 9 blight-resi/ant *e/nuts f a comm]cial /&po9t1 sell+ f 8 nurs]y = a good _m ye>s4 ,he has work$ ) u "s 9 ! ,cons]vation ,commission & has giv5 u ! b5efit ( 8 exp]i5ce4 ,& if any ( y h ! opportunity ,i ?9k y w\ld be int]e/$ 9 see+ ,mr4 ,gold's nurs]y4 ,he 0 an old-"t nurs]yman t h&l$ mo/ ( ! conif]s f\nd 9 a comm]cial nurs]y1 b 9 ! la/ few ye>s he has gone into *e/nut production almo/ entirely1 & if y h an opportunity1 ,i am sure ,mr4 ,gold w\ld welcome y to 8 nurs]y 9 ,web/] ,c\nty4 ,! ,game ,division ( ! ,cons]vation ,commission ( ,we/ ,virg9ia e/abli%$ ?ree or f\r small plant+s on ! /ate =e/s 9 #aich & #aici1 b !y _h l[ survival4 ,dr4 ,dill] 9 go+ ar\nd ) "s ( u & *eck+ on ^? has f\nd t we 7 back !re :]e all ( u 7 try+ to f9d some?+ & try+ to le>n some?+ & t we made _m mi/akes & t we pick$ poor /ock1 = "o ?+1 & poor sites = ano!r ?+1 b ! great disadvantage & ! bigge/ limit+ factor 0 our poor selection ( sites !re 9 ! beg9n+4 ,9 h&l+ *e/nuts t y p h&le maybe 9 small or l>ge quantities :]e all ( y\r "t c be devot$ to t p>ticul> ?+1 y probably h a lot ( ?+s t y d t we don't h "t to d because at ! nurs]y 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia we are int]e/$ prim>ily 9 produc+ conif]s & o!r =e/ trees = ! re=e/ation ( ab&on$ l&4 ,s 9 h&l+ ?is ,*9ese *e/nut z a game food we are work+ on a sidel9e4 ,we h to pick x up z fa/ z we c d ! job & d z mu* z we c & le>n ab\t z mu* z we c4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 we le>n sl[] ?an p :o h ! "t to sp5d & p]haps ! money to sp5d at x4 ,b we are limit$ 9 ^? two respects4 ,b se$ collections are made1 & we f9d x necess>y 9 collect+ f two ( ! or*>ds t we are n[ us+ = se$ to collect twice a day 9 ! season t ! nuts are rip5+1 because bo? ( ^? or*>ds :i* we prize are close to =e/ l&s & squirrel c\ntry1 & !y really give u a race = x4 ,! fact ( ! matt] is ! or*>d at ! nurs]y has attract$ ! squirrels on t p>ticul> side ( ! m\nta94 ,i h hunt$ on op5+ day & kill$ my limit ( squirrels )\t go+ outside ( ! resid5ce & be5 back at "w "t at eight o'clock4 ,x really attracts !m on t side ( ! hill4 ,we are go+ to compete ) ! squirrels1 b z y w see1 we h j ab\t giv5 up t or*>d z a se$ s\rce4 ,we f9d x necess>y to treat ! se$1 ( c\rse1 be=e we plant x4 ,_m ( y p1 ( c\rse1 g into ! spray+ end ( x be=e ! nut ev] develops4 ,we hav5't ! "t or ! money "r n[ to g into x t way1 s we try to take c>e ( ! nut aft] we collect x & br+ x 94 ,i expect x is n necess>y = me to g into any ( ! details on any ( ! me?ods t may be us$ to get rid ( ! weevil1 because y are all famili> ) t4 ,maybe x suffices to say t we at ! nurs]y n[ are us+ ! hot wat] treatm5t4 ,! little weevil is f\nd 9 !re & n always app>5t4 ,9 fact1 mo/ ( ! "t x isn't app>5t t ! nut is infe/$1 b !y are1 & if we take measures to kill ! weevil we hav5't any g]m9ation ( ! weevil4 ,we us$ gas once1 b we are limit$ 9 t at pres5t4 ,x is a lot m exp5sive4 ,we h1 9 ! fir/ few ye>s t we tri$ to produce *e/nuts at ! nurs]y1 /ratifi$ !m4 ,we got along pretty well ) t 9 damp s&1 we got along fairly well 9 sawdu/1 & we got along especially well ) damp sphagnum moss4 ,b 9 ! end we det]m9$ t we are gett+ bett] results if we plant ! nuts z !y are collect$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! se$ 0 tak5 f ! or*>d1 treat$ to kill ! weevil & put 9 ! gr\nd 9 ! fall4 ,n[1 y c't get away ) t ev]y:]e4 ,our or*>d is f> en\gh away f ! nurs]y t we don't h any rod5t damage4 ,we h _h "s tr\ble f skunks1 & !y f9ally f9d out t ! nuts are 9 !re 9 a r[ :]e we h plant$ !m1 & !y g "r d[n & get !m4 ,b we h no tr\ble f mice or rats4 ,we are f> away f woodl& & build+s4 ,we f9d t "s p h tr\ble ) w9d or wat] erosion4 ,we don't h t4 ,s we c get by & d a bett] job & produce bett] trees by s[+ nuts 9 ! fall1 & we s[ !m 9 ! fall1 j z if we 7 s[+ black walnuts = production & di/ribution ov] ! /ate4 ,by ! next fall :5 we are ready to di/ribute ^? se$l+s z #a-j /ock we f9d t we h produc$ se$l+s ( ab\t #ad in*es 9 height z #a-j /ock4 ,f :at ,i h se5 t isn't a bad size to produce z #a-j /ock1 ?\gh x is bett] 9 "s places4 ,we f9d1 too1 9 ! spr+ be=e g]m9ation1 t 9 our p>ticul> section ( ! /ate along ! ,ohio ,riv] valley we sometimes get a dry spr+ & f9d x necess>y to irrigate t l& :]e we plant$ ! *e/nuts1 j z ! se$ b$s :]e we plant$ p9e1 9 ord] to keep ! gr\nd moi/ & keep x 9 a condition :]e se$s w g]m9ate freely4 ,we we$ our *e/nuts j z we d e r[ plant$ 9 ! nurs]y1 cultivate ) ! tractor ab\t ?ree times 9 a season1 :i* is all ! "t we h to give to x1 & h& we$ x once4 ,p]haps x ought to h a little m ?an t4 ,"s seasons ,i am sure x %\ld1 b t's ab\t ! "t we are all[$ or ! "t t we c allot to t4 ,i hope1 ,mr4 ,davidson1 y w *eck me "h on ?is "t4 ,i don't want to get too f> out & upset ! s*$ule4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,all "r1 if necess>y4 ,mr4 ,quick3 ,9 di/ribut+1 ! se$l+s or blight-resi/ant *e/nut se$ 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia we began back 9 #aidc putt+ !m out 9 quantity4 ,we _h to limit !m1 ! only ?+ 9 ! nurs]y we _h to limit ! am\nt z to se$4 ,t 0 because ev]ybody 9 ! /ate became v mu* int]e/$1 & ! ,cons]vation ,commission makes ^? available to any l& own] 9 ! /ate free ( *>ge if he w plant !m z a game food b n "u o!r circum/ances4 ,he c't use !m = ornam5tals1 & he c't use !m = %ade purposes 9 8 y>d4 ,b he c receive a limit$ numb] if he is will+ to use !m = game4 ,s 9 scatt]+ !m ov] ! /ate1 s _m p want$ s _m ( !m t if we didn't wat* we'd h all ( our *e/nuts plant$ 9 ?ree or f\r1 or half a doz5 spots 9 ! /ate1 & we are int]e/$ 9 le>n+ z mu* z we c by hav+ !m put out at diff]5t elevations1 diff]5t sites & "u diff]5t conditions1 s we _h to limit x to t5 to an individual 9 #aidc4 ,we h gradually upp$ t z our production has gone up1 f #ae to #bj1 !n #dj1 & ?is ye> we are (f]+ #ej to any l& own] 9 ! ,/ate ( ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,n[ y c see :y we are int]e/$ 9 try+ to improve ! nut4 ,if we are go+ to di/ribute !m all ov] ! /ate1 let's di/ribute a good nut1 a nut t is n only a heavy be>] = ! game1 b a nut1 too1 t is fit = human consumption4 ,9 our site recomm5dations we h be5 try+ to foll[ pretty well ! ideas ( ! boys f ,beltsville1 & we f\nd out t :at !y h be5 tell+ u is j ab\t "r4 ,9 o!r words1 we are sett+ our *e/nuts 9 ! cove types1 moi/ ) g5tle slope1 pref]ably on ! nor?1 & we are gett+ bett] gr[? !re4 ,x doesn't mean z f> z we are conc]n$ t x doesn't gr[ well on dri] l& & on ri* hill-tops b ! gr[? is s mu* great] :5 x's put 9 good gr\nd & "u ^? conditions4 ,9 o!r words1 x ne$s a tulip popl> site2 :]e tulip popl> is gr[+ or has rec5tly gr[n might be "o way to select a site = our *e/nuts4 ,9 ^! five ye> n[ t we h be5 di/ribut+ ^! *e/nuts we h di/ribut$ some?+ l #bjj1jjj4 ,n[1 we "k t all ( ^? se$l+s hav5't be5 good /ra9s1 b !y h be5 ! be/ we c\ld d at t "t z we 7 go+ along4 ,we hope to le>n f y p1 & we hope y c give u help 9 improv+ our /ra9s s t we c di/ribute bett] *e/nuts ov] ! /ate4 ,we hav5't _h a good sy/em ( *eck+ up1 until ! pres5t "t1 on plant+s t h be5 made 9 ! pa/1 b we are initiat+ a sy/em j n[ :]e9 all plantations t h be5 made f =e/ /ock w h regul> exam9ation all ov] ! /ate ( ,we/ ,virg9ia1 & we are includ+ *e/nuts 9 t4 ,we h made "s *ecks 9 ! /ate on c]ta9 select$ sites & h f\nd out1 /range en\gh1 t ^! little plantations t are spott$ ar\nd on ! f>ms1 if !y 7 put 9 correctly & h&l$ prop]ly accord+ to our in/ructions1 h giv5 u a survival ( ab\t #hj to #he p] c5t1 :i* is1 z y w rememb]1 ab\t ! p]c5tage 9 ! ,nank+ /ra9 plant+ 9 ,jackson ,c\nty1 #bf out ( ! #cd orig9al trees4 ,t seems /range1 b x has prov$ true all ov] ! /ate 9 ! few *ecks t we h made4 ,b we are go+ into x & *eck+ ^! plantations & by s do+ ,i believe we c elim9ate a good _m ( our own tr\bles1 along ) y\r help4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,?ank y1 ,mr4 ,quick = a v int]e/+ pap]4 ,is ,pr(essor ,moore1 pres5t8 ,our next talk w be on ,! ,pres5t ,/atus ( ! ,*e/nut 9 ,virg9ia1 by ,pr(essor ,r4 ,c4 ,moore ( ! ,virg9ia ,polyte*nic ,in/itute ( ,blacksburg1 ,virg9ia4 ,pr(essor ,moore4 ,! ,pres5t ,/atus ( ! ,*e/nut 9 ,virg9ia ,r4,c4 ,,moore1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture ,virg9ia ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,briefly review+ ! pa/1 ,virg9ia has be5 9 ! same position z _m o!r /ates 9 reg>d to ! l>ge numb] ( native ,am]ican *e/nuts t once grew wild be=e ! blight epidemic occurr$4 ,mo/ ( ! *e/nuts 7 f\nd on loose1 op5 type soils r ?an on heavy lime/one soil4 ,9 m\nta9\s p>ts ( ! /ate1 consid]able income 0 obta9$ f ! sale ( wild *e/nuts4 ,m51 wom51 & *ildr5 ga!r$ ^! nuts & trad$ !m at ! /ores = m]*&ise4 ,"o small c\ntry /ore1 9 ,floyd ,c\nty1 s\?we/ ,virg9ia1 assembl$ & %ipp$ betwe5 sixty & eighty ?\s& p\nds annually4 ,a small t[n1 ,/u>t1 9 ,patrick ,c\nty1 %ipp$ ?ree c>loads daily dur+ ! peak ( ! season4 ,^! nuts f\nd _! way to city m>kets1 :]e *e/nut roa/]s 7 z commonly se5 z popcorn popp]s4 ,s9ce _m ( ^! native *e/nut trees grew 9 =e/s or on wa/el&1 !re 0 little exp5se involv$ except 9 ! "t requir$ to ga!r !m4 ,! dem& 0 good b frequ5tly ! sale price 0 r l[1 especially dur+ ye>s :5 ! crop 0 heavy4 ,aft] blight de/roy$ ! wild trees1 a consid]able am\nt ( timb] 0 cut f ! dead trees4 ,at pres5t ?is wood has l>gely decay$ beyond usefulness except = firewood1 al?\gh 9 "s areas x is be+ ga!r$ = pulpwood4 ,spr\ts h aris5 f ! bases ( ! trunks & h borne nuts1 b blight soon] or lat] de/roys ^? spr\ts4 ,*9kap9s are f\nd 9 _m c\nties ( ,virg9ia1 especially on %ale or s&y loam soils4 ,blight affects *9kap9s to a consid]able ext5t2 b because ( _! bu%y type ( gr[?1 new %oots arise to replace blight$ %oots1 ?us p]petuat+ ! plants s t !y h n di$ out4 ,*9kap9s are ga!r$ by *ildr5 = eat+ & = sale along ! roadside1 b at pres5t !y h little total economic value4 ,! ,asiatic ,*e/nuts ,s9ce ! native ,am]ican *e/nuts pass$ out ( exi/5ce1 !re has be5 a gradually accumulat+ int]e/ 9 ! ,asiatic species1 especially ,*9ese *e/nuts1 :i* appe> sup]ior1 9 blight resi/ance & nut quality to ! ,japanese species4 ,! gr[+ ( ^! ,*9ese *e/nuts is su* a new ent]prise t its problems are n fully solv$ nor its opportunities fully explor$4 ,! e>li] plant+s ( se$l+ ,*9ese *e/nut trees 7 made by coop]at+ gr[]s & nurs]ym54 ,!y 7 int]e/$ 9 a =e/ type *e/nut t might replace ! dead native trees4 ,a few ( ^! plant+s 7 made "u semi-=e/ conditions1 on cut-ov] timb] l& or on dry ridges4 ,! fir/ lesson t 0 le>n$ 0 t ! ,*9ese *e/nut is an or*>d type tree requir+ r f]tile soil & ample moi/ure4 ,x w\ld n compete favorably ) mo/ native =e/ trees1 b r 0 a sl[ gr[+1 %all[ root$ type ( tree4 ,"u ^! unfavorable gr[+ conditions ! trees t5d$ to be small & to spr\t f ! bases ( ! trunks4 ,! weake/ se$l+s di$4 ,9 o!r cases ! trees 7 plant$ 9 y>ds1 back lots1 along ! sides ( rav9es1 or 9 o!r locations :]e ! soil 0 f]tile & moi/4 ,"u ^! favorable conditions mo/ se$l+s h gr[n & produc$ crops ( nuts1 especially :5 ! trees 7 prun$ & compet+ we$s & bru% 7 m[$4 ,v few ( ^! fir/ se$l+s ( ! ,*9ese *e/nuts %[$ mu* promise al?\gh a few ( !m 7 fairly satisfactory4 ,sev]al old ,japanese *e/nut trees h be5 obs]v$4 ,"o ( ^! is e/imat$ to be #ej ye>s ( age ) a trunk diamet] ( #ah in*es & a height ( ab\t #ej feet4 ,x is gr[+ 9 a v f]tile spot & heavy crops 9 ! pa/ h brok5 its limbs4 ,*9kap9s gr[+ ne>by appe>$ to h suppli$ poll54 ,rec5tly ! ne>e/ *9kap9s 7 cle>$ away & h5ce at pres5t ! nuts fail to fill well4 ,ano!r l>ge tree 9 ea/]n ,virg9ia produces _m burs b ! nuts fail to develop1 indicat+ self-/]ility4 ,! nuts ( bo? trees are r co>se & ( poor quality4 ,m rec5t plant+s h be5 r widely scatt]$ ov] ! /ate1 al?\gh ! total numb] ( trees is n l>ge & no "o p]son has plant$ _m trees4 ,"o l>ge g5]al nurs]y1 s]v+ ?is area1 report$ sales la/ spr+ ( #aif ,*9ese se$l+ trees to ?irty-five diff]5t cu/om]s4 ,! l>ge/ s+le sale 0 = fifty trees4 ,sev]al cu/om]s pur*as$ only "o tree ea*4 ,problems ,enc\nt]$ ,9 visit+ & correspond+ ) individuals :o are gr[+ ,*9ese *e/nuts1 ,i h made a few obs]vations1 z to problems t h aris54 #a4 ,site & ,soil4 ,! mo/ successful trees f ! /&po9t ( gr[? & production 7 ^? gr[+ on f]tile1 well dra9$ soil 9 :i* moi/ure 0 pl5tiful4 ,! ,*9ese *e/nut tree appe>s to be %all[ root$ & to require good gr[+ conditions4 ,dry ridges 7 unfavorable = gr[?1 & 9 bottom l& ! trees frequ5tly 7 subject$ to late spr+ freez+ ( t5d] %oots4 #b4 ,blight injury to ! trees & weevil damage to ! nuts seem$ to be ! mo/ s]i\s enemies ( *e/nuts4 ,se$l+s v>i$ consid]ably 9 _! resi/ance to blight4 ,"s ( !m %[$ no indications ( blight2 o!rs 7 damag$ b outgrew ! injury2 & a few trees 7 weak5$ & di$4 ,weevils appe>$ to be q preval5t4 ,"o gr[] report$ almo/ #ajj wormy nuts4 ,x is my und]/&+ t a spray program has be5 develop$ = control ( ! weevil4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke ( ,roanoke believes t ! ,ill9ois ,no4 #ca-d *e/nut 7a hybrid7 is resi/ant to weevil1 probably because ( its ?ick burs & closely set sp9es4 #c4 ,cultural ,c>e4 ,*9ese *e/nuts b5efit$ f prun+2 x be+ especially important to cut away ! spr\ts at ! bases ( ! trunks4 ,m[+ we$s & bru% ar\nd ! trees seem$ helpful4 ,applications ( nitrate ( soda /imulat$ m rapid gr[? ( "y trees1 & 9 limit$ am\nts b5efit$ ! old] trees4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t !re may be a dang] ( ov]/imulation :i* increases ! haz>d ( limb breakage by sn[ & ice1 especially 9 ! case ( y\ng] trees4 ,! l>ge/ crops ( nuts1 h[ev]1 7 frequ5tly produc$ on trees ( only mod]ate vigor4 #d4 ,freez+ damage to ! b>k ( ! trunks & l>ge limbs4 ,?is occurr$ 9 ! ,,vpi ,horticultural ,dep>tm5t plant+ 9 #aide1 :5 a temp]ature ( ab\t #ag deg4,f4 occurr$ aft] ! trees _h />t$ gr[? 9 ! spr+4 ,?is injury appe>$ z a d>k5+ ( ! out] b>k & cambium4 ,trees t 7 sev]ely damag$ became weak5$ & t5d$ to spr\t vigor\sly f ! bases ( _! trunks4 ,o!r trees ov]came a slight injury ) little app>5t ill-effect4 #e4 ,se$l+s or ,v>ieties4 ,! "q is :e!r to gr[ se$l+s or graft$ v>ieties4 ,se$l+s are m easily propagat$1 ! nurs]y plants less exp5sive1 & ! trees long] liv$ on ! av]age2 b se$l+ trees & nuts are q v>iable4 ,nam$ v>ieties are difficult to propagate1 ! nurs]y plants exp5sive1 & /ock-scion incompatability may occur2 b ! trees & nuts are uni=m4 ,se$l+s s]ve a useful purpose 9 develop+ new v>ieties2 b ) m plant+ ( sup]ior v>ieties & a full] und]/&+ ( propagation me?ods1 & ( cultural c>e1 *e/nut gr[+ on a comm]cial scale may be m likely to become a reality4 ,future ,prospects ,= ! pres5t1 at lea/1 x appe>s t gr[+ ,*9ese *e/nuts may be limit$ to small specialty plant+s r ?an any l>ge comm]cial ent]prise4 ,! trees seem well adapt$ to y>d & back lot plant+ z ornam5tals & to furni% ! family ) nuts4 ,also hobbyi/s & speciali/s f9d !m to be int]e/+ plants ) :i* to "w4 ,! indu/ry is new & involves unc]ta9ties & risks1 :i* a comm]cial gr[] %\ld n be expect$ to assume4 ,fur!r /udy is ne$$ to cle> up ! unc]ta9ties1 especially z to production co/s1 m>kets1 & pr(its to be expect$4 ,z additional trees come into be>+ ov] a wid] area1 a bett] und]/&+ may be _h ( ! economic value ( ^! *e/nuts 9 ! v>i\s sections ( ! /ate4 ,!re is a m>ket = high quality *e/nuts1 b x rema9s to be se5 :e!r !re w be suffici5t pr(it ) ! risks involv$ to attract comm]cial gr[]s4 ,summ>y ,9 conclusion1 ! foll[+ po9ts are to be /ress$ 9 reg>d to gr[+ *e/nuts 9 ,virg9ia3 7#a7 ,*9ese *e/nuts are adapt$ = home plant+ or = plant+ by hobbyi/s & speciali/s2 b _! comm]cial prospects z yet are unc]ta94 7#b7 ,! trees require f]tile soil ) ample moi/ure b %\ld n be plant$ 9 fro/ pockets4 7#c7 ,weevils & blight h be5 ! mo/ s]i\s pe/s4 7#d7 ,se$l+s s]ve a useful purpose 9 develop+ new v>ieties2 b great] progress %\ld be expect$ f gr[+ sup]ior nam$ v>ieties4 7#e7 ,additional /udy is ne$$ to det]m9e ! pr(it prospects1 to evaluate v>ieties1 & to "w out details ( cultural practices1 h>ve/+1 & /orage ( nuts on a v>iety basis4 ,al?\gh ! *e/nut blight has de/roy$ ! native ,ca/anea d5tata trees1 x is hop$ t bre$+ programs may produce a blight resi/ant1 h>dy tree1 ( a size t w l5d itself to or*>d plant+ & cultural practices1 & :i* w be regul>ly productive ( high quality nuts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,?ank y1 ,mr4 ,moore4 ,! next ?+ on ! program is ! talk by ,mr4 ,g4 ,s4 ,jones ( ,ph5ix ,city1 ,alabama1 on ,gr[+ ,*e/nuts 9 ,lee ,c\nty1 ,alabama4 ,gr[+ ,*9ese ,*e/nuts 9 ,lee ,c\nty1 ,alabama ,g4 ,s4 ,,jones1 ,r4,f4,d4 #a1 ,ph5ix ,city1 ,alabama ,ev] s9ce *ildhood1 *e/nuts h held a fasc9ation = me4 ,h[ well ,i rememb] ! delightful ,sunday aft]noon trips we us$ to make 9 ! fall up on ,e>kett's ,hill to ga!r a few small nuts f "s native trees :i* (t5 _h be5 burn$ by woods fires4 ,i occasionally revisit ?is area to see ^! trees1 :i* are 9 bett] condition n[ ?an !n4 ,native *e/nuts 7 nev]1 to my k1 v abundant 9 our area & are n[ inde$ sc>ce1 b ,i /ill he> ( a few liv+ trees1 "s ( :i* gr[ z f> s\? z ,nor? ,florida4 ,i fir/ became int]e/$ 9 ,*9ese *e/nuts f an article ,i read 9 ! e>ly '#cj's 9 a ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ye>book :i* ,i ?9k _h be5 writt5 by ,mr4 ,gravatt4 ,?is article told ab\t ^! trees be+ introduc$ into ?is c\ntry because ( _! high resi/ance to blight4 ,until ?is "t ,i _h he>d little ab\t *e/nut blight4 ,9 ord] to f9d out m ab\t ^! trees ,i wrote ,mr4 ,gravatt1 :o 9 reply said se$l+ trees 7 available = di/ribution on an exp]im5tal basis4 ,i appli$ = "s ( ^!1 m1 ,i mu/ admit1 to get !m to gr[ on our place j to h "s *e/nuts ?an ) any ?\ght ( disease resi/ance4 ,:5 ^! trees came 9 ! spr+ ( #aicd ,i ev5 _h "s tr\ble 9 gett+ p]mission to set !m 9 an op5 field ne> ! h\se1 = *e/nuts 7 consid]$ z a tree ( m9or importance1 to be gr[n 9 "s out ( ! way place4 ,^! trees 7 set 9 s&y loam soil ) a por\s yell[ subsoil 9 a field ( m$ium elevation :i* has excell5t air dra9age s ,i h _h little damage f cold injury4 ,! soil is ( fair f]tility = ! ,upp] ,co/al ,pla9 area4 ,( ! trees s5t me1 f\rte5 ( ! ,,ml selection1 orig9at+1 ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,gravatt1 f se$ obta9$ 9 ,anhwei ,prov9ce ( ,*9a1 & #aj ,,mo selection orig9at+ 9 ,*ekiang ,prov9ce 7 set 9 my or*>d4 ,only two ( ^! fail$ to survive1 leav+ a total ( tw5ty-two4 ,^! 7 cultivat$ ) ! field crops1 mo/ly cotton & corn1 & ,i mu/ admit didn't h mu* individual att5tion = sev]al ye>s4 ,i ev5 left ! side bran*es to m9imize injury f ! mule & pl[ us$ 9 cultivation4 ,"s leaves & tra% 7 put ar\nd !m at times & !y receiv$ "s b5efit f ! f]tiliz] ( ! r[ crops4 ,i m5tion ?is to %[ t my *e/nuts grew q well ?\gh only mod]ately f]tiliz$1 b receiv+ good cultivation :ile "y4 ,i might m5tion t ,i set two trees 9 /iff ,pi$mont clay soil a few miles above "h1 to try !m "u woodl& conditions4 ,^! h nev] done well1 al?\gh "o _h burs b ,i f\nd no nuts4 ,o!r trees :i* ,i obs]ve h n be5 giv5 cultivation gr[ v sl[ly1 al?\gh ,i h n se5 any tri$ on :at ,i w\ld consid] good woodl& areas4 ,my trees1 spac$ ab\t #dj x #dj ft41 h gr[n q rapidly s t n[ "s ( ! limbs are almo/ t\*+4 ,tree ,,ml ,no4 #b1 :i* is ab\t av]age size1 measur$ la/ fall 9 diamet] #ab-a_/b in*es1 9 height #bd feet1 ) a limb spread ( #cj feet4 ,by #aidc ! trees 7 gett+ s l>ge t cultivation 0 discont9u$4 ,an attempt is made to keep all litt] possible 9 ! or*>d1 :i*1 ) ! %ade ( ! trees1 has caus$ mu* ( ! soil to become loose & mell[4 ,s9ce our s&y soil is v l[ 9 calcium ,i appli$ lime/one "o "t at ! rate ( ab\t #aejj lbs4 p] acre4 ,?is ,i hop$ w\ld improve ! texture ( ! soil & make bett] conditions = gr[+ bur clov] betwe5 ! trees4 ,basic slag :i* conta9s ab\t #aj phosphate 0 appli$ at ! rate ( ab\t #fjj lbs4 p] acre 9 ! e>ly '#dj's4 ,= ! la/ f\r or five ye>s ,i appli$ ab\t #bjj lbs4 ( guano 7#d-aj-g usually7 & #bjj lbs ( basic slag annually4 ,s9ce #aidd ,i h be5 add+ ab\t #ej lbs4 ( m9or m9]al elem5ts to ! above mixture4 ,:e!r x is a co9cid5ce or n ,i _c say1 b ! next ye> aft] apply+ ^! elem5ts my yields increas$ f #dcj lbs4 ! previ\s ye> to #ifa lbs4 & h rema9$ high ev] s9ce4 ,m9or m9]al elem5ts %[ b5eficial results on our g>d5 crops1 & ,i am incl9$ to believe !y are ne$$1 s9ce our soil is s s&y & por\s1 & especially ! soil t has be5 cultivat$ s long4 ,s9ce my trees h produc$ s well ) ?is mod]ate f]tilization1 ,i h made no *eck aga9/ high] rates ( application4 ,9 fact ,i am aga9/ ! use ( l>ge am\nts ( m9]al guanos s9ce ,i "k c]ta9 t5d] %rubs & plants are injur$ by _! use & "s soil bact]ia & animal life are also h>mfully affect$1 accord+ to reports ,i h read4 ,?ree ( my trees bore a few nuts at f\r ye>s4 ,no record ( yields 0 kept until ! sev5? ye> or #aidb1 9 :i* ,i ga!r$ ab\t #cbh lbs4 ( nuts4 ,aft] t my records %[ = #aidc1 #eed lbs41 #aidd--dcj lbs2 #aide--ifa lbs2 #aidf--agbb lbs2 #aidg--aeed lbs4 ,no individual tree records 7 kept except 9 a few cases4 ,i kept a r\gh record by look+ at ! burs at ! end ( ! season1 & class$ trees z excell5t1 good1 or poor produc]s1 along ) o!r *>act]i/ics ( ! trees4 ,h[ev]1 ,i "k sev]al ( my trees produc$ ov] #ajj lbs4 ea* 9 #aidf & "o tree1 ,,ml ,no4 #b1 ( :i* ,i kept a record by weight1 9 #aidg produc$ a little ov] #aej lbs4 ( nuts4 ,a note f ,mr4 ,jones e>ly 9 #aidi reports a crop ( #a1hcf p\nds ( *e/nuts h>ve/$ f 8 #ba trees 9 #aidh1 ! l>ge/ yield to date4 ,8 ,,ml ,no4 #b tree produc$ #afe p\nds4 ,nuts on a few ( my trees beg9 rip5+ ! latt] "p ( ,augu/1 b ,septemb] is ! heavy mon?1 ) "s ext5d+ to ! middle ( ,octob]4 ,_! e>ly rip5+ p]iod :ile ! wea!r is usually hot & dry1 ,i ?9k t5ds to cause damage to nuts f ! effects ( ! hot sun & rapid dry+4 ,damage to ! nuts & consequ5t spoilage c be kept at a m9imum if !y are ga!r$ promptly1 :i* %\ld be daily4 ,prep>+ ,*e/nuts = ,m>ket ,"h is h[ ,i g5]ally h&le my crop4 ,z soon z ! nuts are ga!r$ ,i put !m 9 a conta9] ) wat] & remove ! nuts t float4 ,?is elim9ates practically all spoil$ nuts & ^? beg9n+ to spoil4 ,^? t s9k are !n plac$ 9 co>se me% burlap bags 7ab\t #be lbs4 to ! bag7 :i* are ti$ ne> ! top4 ,^! bags are laid on a slatt$ plat=m "u a %ade tree & press$ out flat1 s nuts w n be ?ick] ?an #b or #c in*es4 ,^! bags are ?or\ghly wet ) wat] once or twice daily1 dep5d+ on ! wea!r1 until ,i c c>ry !m to cold /orage & /ore at #cj deg4,f41 or !y are m>ket$ fre%1 advis+ buy] ( ! p]i%able nature ( ^! nuts4 ,la/ ye> my nuts kept excell5tly 9 cold /orage1 & aft] rema9+ !re ab\t six weeks _h dri$ suffici5tly to keep mu* bett] aft] tak+ out ?an :5 !y 7 fre%4 ,nuts = plant+ purposes c be kept 9 excell5t condition = sev]al weeks by spread+ !m ?9ly betwe5 lay]s ( damp sphagnum moss & /or+ 9 a cool place4 ,?is _c be all[$ to get v wet or spr\t+ w beg94 ,:ile hold+ ! nuts out ( cold /orage ,i attempt to keep suffici5t moi/ure available s ! nuts are n all[$ to dry mu*1 & yet h pl5ty ( v5tilation to keep !m f heat+ or s\r+4 ,until ,i began us+ ?is me?od1 a l>ge p]c5tage ( my nuts began spoil+ soon aft] ga!r+1 :i* caus$ me mu* disc\ragem5t1 z ,i did n want to (f] su* a product = sale4 ,s9ce !n my losses /ill run ar\nd #ab1 b ?is c\ld be r$uc$ /ill fur!r by m prompt ga!r+ & by ! elim9ation ( sev]al trees :i* reta9 nuts 9 ! burs to a l>ge ext5t4 ,i h be5 able to dispose ( my nuts q easily 9 ne>-by ,columbus1 ,ga4 & = ! la/ few ye>s h _h q a dem& = nuts to use 9 plant+4 ,my or*>d z a :ole has be5 v heal?y1 %[+ no blight signs t ,i c detect1 al?\gh !re is little *ance ( exposure to blight 9 my section4 ,"o tree is sl[ly dy+1 :i* may be due to cold injury1 z x comes into leaf e>ly & also rip5s v e>ly4 ,s f> ,i h notic$ no damage f *e/nut weevils4 ,z my trees are se$l+s1 !re is q a bit ( v>iation 9 size ( nuts & production ( individual trees4 ,undesirable ,traits 9 ,se$l+ ,trees ,i might m5tion "s undesirable traits :i* ,i notice 9 my trees4 ,fir/1 ,i w\ld place ret5tion ( nuts 9 ! burs z ! wor/ tr\ble4 ,?is is q bad 9 five or six ( my trees4 ,next1 nuts too dry & loose 9 ! hull at "t ( fall+1 :i* is pres5t 9 f\r or five trees1 "s ( :i* reta9 nuts 9 ! burs & "s :i* d n4 ,! dry textur$ nuts seem to spoil m easily ?an plump well fill$ ones4 ,"s trees produce too small nuts b ! trees :i* produce extra l>ge nuts d n usually yield ne>ly s heavily z ^? produc+ small to m$ium size nuts4 ,i consid] too e>ly rip5+ z undesirable1 = ^? t rip5 lat] are usually bett] keep]s1 b ?is does n always hold true z "s ( ! lat] rip5+ ones are also poor keep]s4 ,?is ye> my trees h an excell5t crop ( burs & %[ promise ( a good av]age yield on ea* tree4 ,consid]+ all ?+s1 ,i am highly pleas$ ) my ,*9ese *e/nuts & believe !y h a good future 9 our section if no great] tr\bles arise ?an ,i n[ "k ( al?\gh !re is mu* room = improvem5t4 ,o!r ,tree ,crops ,al?\gh ,*9ese *e/nuts are my l>ge/ produc+ tree crop1 ,i am work+ ) a numb] ( o!r trees & %rubs = bo? nut & fruit production1 z well z o!r purposes4 ,i h sev]al ,?omas black walnuts :i* ,i set ab\t #aich4 ,?ree ( ^! h gr[n q rapidly & are beg9n+ to produce nice crops ( nuts1 al?\gh ! k]nels h a t5d5cy to be spongy at times4 ,( c\rse1 ,i h a small or*>d ( budd$ pecans1 :i* d s well 9 our section4 ,^! trees1 :i* are "y1 are j com+ into production4 ,"s o!r nut trees :i* ,i am try+ 9 field plant+s include native *e/nuts1 *9kap9s1 hazel nuts1 native black walnuts1 & scaly b>k hickory 7,c>ya ovata74 ,s9ce mo/ ( ^! are "y & gr[ s sl[ly1 ,i _c say mu* ab\t _! production yet4 ,i h also plant$ q a l>ge numb] ( :ite oaks f a high production tree 9 hopes ( produc+ acorns = hogs & wild life1 also "s cork oaks on an exp]im5tal basis4 ,among non-nut produc]s ,i am try+ honeylocu/1 p]simmons1 & mulb]ries4 ,i also gr[ catalpa & black locu/ = f5ce po/s4 ,?is makes no m5tion ( ! great v>iety ( native timb] trees su* z p9es1 tulip popl>1 & o!rs :i* ,i try to protect f fires s z to get z great a v>iety ( trees z possible to use = v>i\s purposes4 ,i also enc\rage ! gr[? ( ornam5tal trees & %rubs su* z dogwood1 r$bud1 & holly to add beauty to ! l&scape 9 season4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?'s book1 ,tree ,crops has be5 a great inspiration to me along ^! l9es1 & ,i am attempt+ to /udy & use z _m trees1 %rubs1 & plants "h on my place z possible because ,i believe we c live easi] & bett] & make bett] use ( ! l& bo? = ourselves & nature :5 we le>n h[ to use our v>i\s native plants to ! be/ advantage along ) _m ( ! exotic ones4 ,i might end by say+ t ,i w\ld mu* r "w 9 ! %ade ( trees ?an 9 ! op5 sun & b5efit by _! long life & v>i$ uses ?an to dep5d s heavily on %ort liv$ crops :i* (t5 require su* int5sive c>e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,?ank y1 ,mr4 ,jones4 ,a v int]e/+ pap] ) details t are wor? li/5+ to4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,c4 ,moore ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture1 ,alabama ,polyte*nic ,in/itute1 w give u a talk on ,process$ ,*e/nuts on ! ,m>ket ?r\gh\t ! ,ye>4 ,process$ ,*e/nuts on ! ,m>ket ?r\gh\t ! ,ye> ,j4 ,c4 ,,moore1 ,alabama ,polyte*nic ,in/itute1 ,auburn1 ,ala4 ,pr(essor ,moore3 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 memb]s ( ! ,association3 ,i h a few packages "h t ,i j want$ to pass ar\nd aft] we get ?r\gh ) a %ort disc\rse on process$ *e/nuts4 ,x might be some:at ( an inspiration to look :ile ,i talk a few m9utes ab\t x4 ,^! nuts1 ( c\rse1 h be5 put up f ! #aidg crop1 b ,i h nuts put up 9 #aide t are /ill 9 fair %ape4 ,! quality on ! #aide product is n too good4 ,! quality on ! #aidg product is excell5t :5 ! nut is hot4 ,= in/ance1 a toa/$ *e/nut1 ,i ?9k1 has a quality t no o!r nut has4 ,:5 ! nut sits 9 a bag seal$ = sev]al weeks & gets cold x /ill is good1 b x doesn't h q ! crispness t x has :5 x is really fre% & hot4 ,we 7 v mu* disappo9t$ ) ,*9ese *e/nuts :5 !y fir/ began to be> at ,auburn4 ,we got "s plants f ,mr4 ,gravatt & ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry 9 ,beltsville 9 #aich4 ,!y 7 plant$2 "s ( !m />t$ be>+ 9 #aida4 ,! nuts 7 l>ge 9 size2 ! trees seem$ to be p]fectly heal?y4 ,! e>ly be>+ habit gave u a great deal ( enc\ragem5t4 ,!n we sampl$ ^! nuts1 & ! quality 0 n good4 ,:ile ! nuts 7 gre5 & 9 /orage ! nuts decompos$ 9 j a few days' "t4 ,! fir/ nuts t we h>ve/$ 9 #aida 7 pick$1 plac$ 9 pap] bags1 set 9 ! (fice1 & we =got ab\t !m1 because !y 7 n good :5 we put !m 9 ! bags1 & we j put !m back = our record purposes4 ,a few days aft]w>ds !y 7 moldy & ru9$4 ,9 #aidb we _h a little bett] crop1 b aga9 ! nuts rott$4 ,9 #aidc we _h a /ill l>g] crop1 & ! nuts rott$ aga94 ,we did n "k h[ to take c>e ( ^? nuts at ! "t4 ,9 #aidd ,mr4 ,l4 ,s4 ,hold5 0 ) ! ,soil ,cons]vation ,s]vice4 ,he 0 transf]r$ to ,auburn at ! "t ,i 0 transf]r$ d[n into ,haiti to d "s "w on rubb] production1 & he took my place at ,auburn on ! hillculture project4 ,9 ! fall ( #aidd ,mr4 ,hold5 _h an idea t he c\ld c ^? *e/nuts & pres]ve !m4 ,s he took ! nuts1 crack$ ! hull (f ( ! nut1 gr\nd x ) a little food *opp]1 & plac$ ! nuts 9 cans1 p9ts & qu>ts1 put !m 9 a pressure cook] at #ae p\nds pressure & cook$ !m = #ae m9utes4 ,dur+ ! fall ( #aidd1 or aft] ! crop 0 produc$1 ,mr4 ,hold5 left ,auburn1 & he told me :5 he left t he _h s5t "s ( ! samples to diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & _h gott5 favorable replies f ! samples t he _h s5t out4 ,t gave me a r5ew$ c\rage1 & along ) t 9 #aide we sold q a few raw nuts on ! m>ket at ,auburn4 ,^? nuts sold j l hot cakes = #dj c5ts a p\nd4 ,!re 7 q a few comm5ts came back to u ab\t ^? nuts4 ,!y 7 ! mo/ beautiful nuts ! p _h ev] se51 & sev]al diff]5t ones made comm5ts t ! nuts toa/$ _h excell5t quality & ! nuts boil$ _h excell5t quality1 & raw nuts aft] !y 7 cur$ _h an excell5t quality4 ,^? few diff]5t peoples comm5t on ! mat]ial & ,mr4 ,hold5's "w t he _h done on cann+ gave me an idea t maybe he _h some?+1 & ,i h work$ s9ce t "t try+ to p]fect a product t w\ld be edible f ! h& f a cellophane-bag /&po9t4 ,at ! pres5t "t we h a plan work$ out :]eby we c produce l>ge quantities ( ,*9ese *e/nuts 9 ,alabama4 ,! ?+ t is go+ to confront u 9 ! ne> future is ! m>ket+ possibility4 ,we h to h&le ,*9ese *e/nuts rapidly if we put !m on ! m>ket raw4 ,?is process$ me?od t we h has be5 work$ out to p]fection1 we ?9k1 = cold /orage purposes4 ,n[1 y c put ,*9ese *e/nuts raw 9 cellophane bags & seal !m ) a hot iron4 ,^! bags are n seal$4 ,x is a non-sealable cellophane4 ,i didn't get hold ( ! type ( cellophane t y c seal4 ,!y are unseal$4 ,!y h be5 9 ?is package ab\t a week1 & ! nuts are 9 good %ape4 ,on cold /orage ,i h held ^? nuts = #dj days4 ,la/ ye> 0 ! fir/ "t t ,i tri$ !m 9 seal$ cellophane1 b seal$ 9 cellophane bags 9 cold /orage la/ ye> !y rema9$ p]fectly good = #dj days4 ,at t "t ! cold /orage plant w5t bad1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! nuts mold$4 ,we ?9k t on ! cold /orage proposition1 & if y h foll[$ food process+ & cold /orage possibilities on /rawb]ry %ortcake1 /rawb]ry pies1 apple pies & o!r types ( cold /orage products1 ,i ?9k :5 y g to ! lock] & pick out a little bag ( lima beans 9 a cold /orage lock] or any o!r k9d ( cold pack$ foods1 if y see a pack t looks attractive1 *e/nuts1 aft] y get accu/om$ to _! flavor especially1 x w be a difficult ?+ = y to fail to pick up a bag ( *e/nuts & walk out ) !m among y\r o!r groc]y pur*ases4 ,t type ( m>ket+ has possibilities ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,) t possibility f la/ ye> ?is crop came 94 ,we _h an excell5t crop4 ,i contact$ ,mr4 ,h>ris1 :o is "o ( ! pr(essors work+ ) food process+ at ,auburn1 & we w5t ov] ! "w q c>efully toge!r1 :at ,i _h done & ! possibilities = ! "w 9 ! future1 & ) "s sugge/ions f him & ) 8 help we ?9k we h j ab\t fix$ a product t w be a p]man5t ?+ on ! groc]y %elves ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,up to ! pres5t "t all ( ! nuts t 7 cann$ 9 cans ) ! %ells on develop$ ?r\gh\t ! ye> some:at ( a s\r$ condition4 ,:5 y op5$ ! c & smell$1 ! odor 0 f\l4 ,:5 y crack$ ! %ell & ta/$ ! nut1 ! fle% _h j ! lea/ bit ( a f\l odor4 ,mr4 ,h>ris sugge/$ t probably t 0 a flat s\r4 ,we w]5't sure t x 0 flat s\r1 b we hav5't _h ! bact]ia *eck to f9d out :e!r x 0 caus$ by "o ( ! !rmophilic bact]ia or n1 b we are pretty confid5t t x 0 a flat s\r t caus$ ! f\l odor4 ,) c>eful heat+ & c>eful dry+ we h develop$ "s products "h t ,i ?9k h a possibility1 & ^! products w ma9ta9 _! quality ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,nuts ,cur$ ,be=e ,cann+ ,i h cann$ *e/nuts t h be5 cann$ = ?ree ye>s1 & ! quality is j z good z x 0 a mon? aft] !y 7 cann$4 ,! product1 h[ev]1 :5 x is cann$ gre5 does n h ! quality t x does :5 x is cann$ aft] cur+4 ,! way we h&le ^!1 to beg9 )1 is to take ! nuts f ! field1 put !m on a wov5 wire & elevate ! wire s t air c g "u & ov]1 cure at room temp]ature = ab\t ?ree days4 ,if y cure long] ?an ?ree days y w lose q a few ( y\r nuts4 ,t is a rapid cure4 ,we h n tri$ cur+ "u cool] conditions to see if we c elim9ate "p ( ! damage t is caus$ by det]ioration1 b cur+ ! nuts rapidly y get a det]ioration on q a few ( ! nuts aft] ! ?ird or f\r? day4 ,if y take ! raw nuts ?ree days cur$ rapidly :]e ! air c circulate ov] & "u1 ! quality is excell5t raw1 & ,i h ^? nuts cur$ = ?ree days 9 cellophane bags on cold /orage t c be sold ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,^? nuts mu/ be heat$ en\gh to /op ! det]ioration1 :atev] x is4 ,x may be a physiological condition1 ,i am n sure1 x may be a vitam9 reaction1 ,i am n sure1 b :5 ! nut dries too fa/ x turns :ite on ! inside1 gets h>d1 loses its flavor1 & x is no good4 ,?is nut 7indicat+7 cann$ 9 cans1 ,i w give y ! treatm5t = x4 ,i told y we cur$ !m on ^? dry+ racks = ?ree days4 ,!n we put !m 9 a pressure cook] & run ! temp]ature up to ab\t #aj p\nds pressure = #cj m9utes1 take !m out ( ! pressure cook] & hull !m1 & at t /age !y hull q easily4 ,! hull itself w turn loose f ! nut q easily if y heat x a little :ile be=e y try to hull4 ,a ma*9e :i* c ?re% ! hulls (f v easily w be simple to develop4 ,aft] ! %ell is tak5 (f1 !n !y are put 9 an ov5 7a dry+ ov5 t has an automatic control at #bgj degrees71 = ab\t #aj m9utes 9 ord] to evaporate ! excess moi/ure t y get 9 ! /eam+ process4 ,!n !y are put 9 ! cans hot1 set back into ! ov5 & heat$ = j a few mom5ts to get y\r temp]ature up aga9 & y put lids on at a boil+ temp]ature4 ,y get q a vacuum creat$ by seal+ !m hot4 ,we h _h z high z f\rte5 & a half p\nds ( vacuum on ^? cans ! ?ird day aft] !y 7 cann$1 & if y c get a vacuum l t by seal+ ! nuts hot1 y c pres]ve _! quality = a long p]iod4 ,i don't c>e if y op5 any bag t's "h & ta/e ^! products4 ,y w f9d t ! ones ) ! %ells (f are mu* bett] ?an ! ones ) ! %ells on4 ,i believe y w f9d t4 ,h[ev]1 ! quality ( ! nut ) ! %ell on is excell5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,mr4 ,h>dy & "s *e/nuts prep>$ = /orage 7,c\rtesy ,s\!rn ,agriculturi/7 ,*e/nut ,gr[+ 9 ! ,s\!a/ ,max ,b4 ,h>dy1#b ,leel& ,f>ms1 ,leesburg1 ,ga4 ,introduction ,j ab\t =ty ye>s ago ! fir/ blight resi/ant *e/nuts 7 introduc$ into ! ,s\!a/4 ,?is ev5t 0 to h m f>-rea*+ effects ?an c\ld be =ese5 at t "t1 z is illu/rat$ by ! pres5t ext5sive int]e/ 9 ! gr[+ ( ^! *e/nuts z an or*>d crop4 ,*e/nut blight1 a fungus disease ( ! native ,am]ican *e/nut 7,ca/anea d5tata 7,m>%7 ,borkh71 fir/ appe>$ on ,long ,isl& 9 #aijd & de/roy$ ?is magnific5t nut & timb] tree4 ,a ,phytoph?ora root disease add$ its toll s t a be>+ tree ( ?is species is a r>ity 9 ! ,ea/ at ! pres5t "t4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture began mak+ introductions ( two species ( *e/nut f ! ,ori5t 9 #aijf1 bo? ( :i* 7 resi/ant to ! blight :i* 0 !n de/roy+ ! native ,am]ican *e/nut4 ,( ! two species1 ! ,japanese *e/nut 7,c4 cr5ata ,sieb4 & ,zuce47 & ! ,*9ese *e/nut 7,c4 mollissima ,bl471 only ! latt] prov$ to h mu* m]it o!r ?an blight resi/ance & *e/nut gr[+ 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates 9 rec5t ye>s has be5 conf9$ almo/ entirely to ! ,*9ese *e/nut4 ,ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 aft] ! fir/ introduction f ! ,ori5t ( se$ nuts ( blight resi/ant *e/nut species1 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture di/ribut$ a few se$l+ trees to v>i\s int]e/$ gr[]s 9 ! ,s\!a/4 ,"s ( ^! trees are /ill gr[+ & be>+ good crops ( nuts & h rea*$ r l>ge size4 ,! di/ribution ( trees produc$ f nuts import$ at subsequ5t int]vals 0 cont9u$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture until r widely scatt]$ plant+ ( sev]al species "u v>i$ soil1 climatic1 & cultural conditions 0 atta9$4 ,z "t pass$ x became cle> t only ! ,*9ese *e/nut _h promise z a comm]cial crop = ! production ( nuts4 ,z a timb] tree none ( ! introduc$ species has z yet %[n out/&+ m]it4 ,footnote #b3 ,=m]ly ,associate ,pomologi/1 ,u4 ,s4 ,pecan ,field ,/ation1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,albany1 ,georgia4 ,g5]al ,obs]vations ,! ,*9ese *e/nut gr[s well ?r\gh\t ! s\!rn "p ( ! natural range ( ! ,am]ican *e/nut & s\?w>d to ! ,gulf ,coa/1 & possibly ev5 into c5tral ,florida4 ,f>!r nor? x app>5tly gr[s & produces bett] crops along ! ,atlantic ,coa/ ?an inl&1 ?us indicat+ ! ne$ ( ?is species = a long gr[+ season & fre$om f late spr+ & e>ly fall fro/s4 ,9 ! plant+s 9 ,georgia1 f ,atlanta to ! s\?w>d1 no loss ( crop f late spr+ fro/s has ev] be5 not$4 ,9 ! ,gulf ,/ates & nor?w>d along ! ,atlantic seabo>d ! ,*9ese *e/nut tree is vigor\s1 heal?y1 & productive1 com+ into be>+ at a fairly e>ly age & !reaft] produc+ regul> crops4 ,! trees gr[ to be r l>ge 9 size1 develop+ a some:at r\nd$ =m ) a spread ( bran*es ab\t equal to ! height4 ,)\t prun+ :5 "y _m spr\ts usually develop ne> ! gr\nd s t ! mature tree has num]\s trunks ( ab\t equal size1 ) ! l[] lat]al bran*es re/+ on ! gr\nd4 ,ne>ly all ( ! ,*9ese *e/nut trees be+ gr[n at ! pres5t "t are se$l+s & exhibit a wide range ( tree & nut *>act]i/ics4 ,a few trees develop a some:at m upright type ( gr[? ?an t commonly se51 b ?is type is g5]ally less productive ?an trees ( m spread+ habit1 & ! nuts are small] & less desirable4 ,"s trees %[+ ! mo/ upright type ( gr[? orig9at$ f nuts import$ f ! m nor!rn prov9ces ( ,*9a & may repres5t a di/9ct /ra9 or =m ( ,ca/anea mollissima4 ,! degree ( incompatibility exhibit$ :5 s\!rn ,*9a /ra9s are graft$ on nor!rn ,*9a /ra9s w\ld indicate ! same conclusion4 ,un=tunately1 sev]al diff]5t species or /ra9s h be5 includ$ 9 ! plant+s ( mo/ coop]ators ) ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture s t se$l+s result+ f cross-poll9ation ( ^! types may exhibit an ev5 wid] range ( *>act]i/ics & p]=mance f ! /&po9t ( comm]cial production ?an is commonly se5 at pres5t4 ,a few ( ^! hybrids may be sup]ior to pure ,c4 mollissima se$l+s 9 c]ta9 important respects because ( hybrid vigor1 b tak5 z a :ole ! be/ types ( ,c4 mollissima se$l+s are sup]ior to ! o!r blight resi/ant species = purposes ( nut production4 ,! e>lie/ introductions ( blight resi/ant *e/nuts f ! ,ori5t are repres5t$ by v few trees 9 ! ,s\!a/1 b a small numb] ( plant+s ( trees di/ribut$ 9 #aibf h be5 obs]v$4 ,^! are produc+ good nuts & ! trees are q heal?y1 reg>dless ( conditions ( plant+ except :5 !y h be5 giv5 no att5tion ( any k9d4 ,9 "o plant+ ! trees 7 plant$ ab\t #aj feet ap>t on ! squ>e ) ! result t !y are tall & sp9dly ) nut production only 9 ! tops & v light on a p] tree basis1 :i* indicates ! ne$ ( adequate spac+ if ! trees are to be vigor\s & productive4 ,incid5tally1 ?is close spac+ has n result$ 9 a desirable timb] type ( gr[?4 ,9 two o!r plant+s ! trees are plant$ 9 cle>$ areas 9 cut-ov] timb] & !n giv5 no fur!r att5tion4 ,9 bo? locations a few trees are /ill liv+ b are ( no value ei!r = timb] or nut production4 ,9 /ill ano!r plant+ on a b5* ab\t halfway up a m\nta91 :]e infrequ5t cultivation or m[+ is practic$1 ! trees are gr[+ & produc+ mod]ately well b ! nuts are small4 ,a few o!r scatt]$ plant+s ( a few trees ea* are do+ well ar\nd homes ?\gh receiv+ only mod]ately good c>e4 ,! di/ribution ( trees by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 #aice & #aicg has result$ 9 a few plant+s t h done mod]ately well4 ,9 "o plant+ ! trees are gr[+ fairly well )\t c>e b are produc+ few nuts4 ,9 ano!r plant+ ! trees are plant$ on r heavy soil t is t]rac$2 !y are giv5 applications ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s & infrequ5t cultivations & h be5 produc+ fairly good crops ( nuts 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,/ill ano!r plant+ ( a consid]able numb] ( trees has be5 entirely remov$ ?r\gh lack ( int]e/ ( ! new own]4 ,! plant+s describ$ h all be5 on private prop]ty4 ,plant+s at v>i\s exp]im5t /ations h receiv$ some:at m att5tion 9 g5]al ?an ^? on private prop]ty2 b because ( lack ( keep+ quality ( ! nuts h n = ! mo/ "p be5 accept$ z a promis+ crop & h be5 ! subject ( v little /udy4 ,f ! =ego+ obs]vations x is evid5t t ! ,*9ese *e/nut _c )/& ! effects ( cr[d+ ei!r 9 a solid plant+ or 9 competition ) native gr[?4 ,! trees h p]=m$ mod]ately well ) a m9imum ( c>e1 b respond to good c>e by increas$ production & nut size4 ,! rott+ ( ! nuts soon aft] h>ve/ z a result ( improp] me?ods ( h&l+ & /orage has prev5t$ an e>li] acceptance ( ! crop z ( pot5tial economic importance 9 ! ,s\!a/4 ,exp]im5tal ,/udies at ! ,u4 ,s4 ,pecan ,field ,/ation1 ,albany1 ,georgia ,9 #aibf1 tw5ty-eight se$l+ trees ( ,ca/anea mollissima 7 plant$ 9 ! ,*ampion exp]im5tal block at ,philema1 ne> ,albany1 ,georgia4 ,^! trees grew well & began produc+ nuts 9 #aicb4 ,9 #aice1 an additional #af trees 7 plant$ 9 ! same block4 ,! trees 9 bo? plant+s h %[n good vegetative vigor & h be5 fairly productive4 ,all ! v>iations common to any gr\p ( ,*9ese *e/nut se$l+ trees h be5 9 evid5ce4 ,"o or two trees h lack$ vegetative vigor b h produc$ heavy crops ( nuts = _! size4 ,type ( bur op5+ has v>i$ f free dropp+ ( nuts to ^? burs f :i* ! nuts are remov$ ) difficulty2 nut size has v>i$ f ab\t #ce to ab\t #ij nuts p] p\nd2 ! date ( e>lie/ & late/ rip5+ ( ! nuts v>ies by ab\t ?ree weeks2 nut color has rang$ f light br[ns to d>k mahogany & d>k *ocolate br[n2 & keep+ quality & eat+ quality h rang$ f good to poor4 ,h[ev]1 nut production1 z %[n by ! data pres5t$ 9 ,table ,i has be5 good & nut quality has be5 acceptable1 s t ) increas+ k ( ! /orage requirem5ts ( ! nuts ! trees h paid a good pr(it 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,"o ( ! old] trees has consi/5tly produc$ close to #aej p\nds ( nuts ea* ye> = ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,"s ( ! trees 9 ?is plant+ h be5 topwork$ to selections f o!r plant+s1 includ+ ! v>iety ,c>r :i* %[$ up v poorly 9 comp>ison ) mo/ ( ! se$l+s4 ,"s ( ! trees h be5 cull$ out because ( poor yield or nut size2 & "s h di$ z a result ( poor dra9age4 ,an additional plant+ at ,philema 9 ! ,br[n tract 0 made 9 #aich4 ,! trees 7 plant$ 9 a portion ( a five-acre block at "s di/ance f ! orig9al plant+s1 ) a spac+ ( #be feet ap>t on ! squ>e 9 soil ( r light & s&y texture ) fair subsoil dra9age4 ,! f]tility 0 l[ b has be5 improv$ ?r\gh ! use ( w9t] legum9\s gre5 manure crops & comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,"s ( ! trees plant$ consi/$ ( trees gr[n f c>efully select$ ,ca/anea mollissima nuts import$ f s\? ,*9a & designat$ by ! initials ,,mba1 ,,may1 ,,maz1 & ,,max4 ,o!rs c>ri$ ! designat+ lett]s ( ,,fp4 ,! nuts f :i* ^! trees 7 gr[n 7 import$ by ! ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture :i* also grew & di/ribut$ ! trees4 ,/ill o!rs 7 selections ( ,c4 cr5ata1 ! ,japanese *e/nut2 & ,c4 mollissima selections f an exp]im5tal plant+ 9 ,cali=nia 7 also includ$4 ,9 #aidj ! rema9d] ( ! five-acre block 0 plant$ ) trees gr[n f se$ produc$ by ! orig9al ,philema plant+4 ,table ,i4 ,summ>y ( *e/nut yields at ,philema1 ,georgia4 ,,h>ve/ ,,data #aibf & #aice ,plant+#c ,l5g? ,date ,h>ve/ ,ye> ,h>ve/ ,p]iod ,yield ,no4 ,trees ,av4 ,yield ,began 9 ,days 9 ,lbs4 ,be>+ p] ,tree #aicb #ad #c #d4g #aicc #g #g #a4j #aicd #hj #af #e4j #aice #h-bi #bb #bbb #bb #aj4a #aicf #h-bf #cc #cgi #be #ae4a #aicg #h-bf #cg #bgh #ah #ae4d #aich #h- #f #db #dhj #ba #bb4i #aici #h-ae #db #iie #bf #ch4c #aidj #h-bg #ch #gdj #cd #ba4h #aida #h-ad #ea #a1dfg #ch #ch4f #aidb #i- #c #da #hgf #cb #bg4d #aidc #i- #i #bf #a1cce #ch #be4a #aidd #h-ae #dd #efj #bi #ai4c #aide #h-ah #cd #a1dej #bg #ec4g #aidf #h-bj #da #a1dee #bh #eb4j #aidg #h-bf #dc #a1ige #bg #gc4a ,,h>ve/ ,,data #aich & #aidj ,plant+#d ,l5g? ,date ,h>ve/ ,ye> ,h>ve/ ,p]iod ,yield ,no4 ,trees ,av4 ,yield ,range 9 ,began 9 ,days 9 ,lbs4 ,be>+ p] ,tree ,yields #aida #h-ad #ea #dd #fc 4#g 4#a-f4i #aidb #i- #c #da #cj #df 4#g 4#a-e4b #aidc #i- #i #bf #ceg #ajh #c4c 4#a-bi4g #aidd #h-ae #dd #gaf #acf #e4c 4#a-cg4j #aide #h-ah #cd #c1jbe #bjh #ad4f 4#a-ej4g #aidf #h-bj #da #a1ddg #agc #h4d 4#a-dh4c #aidg #h-bf #dc #f1fae #ahh #ce4b 4#a-ajh4e ,footnote #c3 #bh trees plant$ 9 #aibf & #af plant$ 9 #aice1 at spac+ ( #be to #dj feet4 ,footnote #d3 #bgd trees plant$ 9 #aich & #fj 9 #aidj1 at spac+ ( #be feet on squ>e4 ,! yield's produc$ 9 ! #aich plant+ h be5 out/&+1 z indicat$ by ! data 9 ,table ,i1 ,! trees began be>+ :5 y\ng] & develop$ heavi] production ?an ^? ( ! #aibf plant+1 :e!r judg$ by age ( tree or ye>s ( be>+4 ,_m ( ! trees h produc$ nuts ( out/&+ size1 attractiv5ess1 eat+ quality1 & keep+ quality4 ,!re has be5 ! usual degree ( v>iation common to any collection ( se$l+s1 b ! be/ trees 9 ?is plant+ h be5 sup]ior to any previ\sly se54 ,nut size has v>i$ f #bc to m ?an #ajj to ! p\nd2 ! color ( ! nuts has v>i$ f light tan to deep mahogany1 & a few are ne>ly black4 ,all h be5 ( good eat+ quality4 ,! keep+ quality has v>i$ mat]ially1 "s keep+ v well & o!rs q poorly4 ,bur op5+1 has likewise v>i$ s t at "o extreme ! nuts drop entirely free f ! burs on "s trees & at ! o!r extreme ! burs drop ) ! nuts 9 !m & consid]able "w is requir$ to remove ! nuts4 ,x is out ( ?is gr\p ( trees t ! ?ree se$l+s h be5 select$ t ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture is consid]+ wor?y ( v>iety /atus4 ,^! h n yet be5 (ficially releas$ & no (ficial description is yet available4 ,! yield data = ^! ?ree select$ ,se$l+s are giv5 9 ,table ,,ii4 ,table ,,ii4 ,yield data by ye>s1 ( ?ree se$l+s t5tatively propos$ = v>iety /atus1 ,philema1 ,georgia4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,tree ,propos$ ,yield 9 ,p\nds by ,ye>s ,total yield ,no4 ,nuts 79 ,lbs47 p] ,lb4 --------------------------------------- ,no4 ,"n #aida #aidb #aidc #aidd #aide #aidf #aidg #aidh f ,plant+ ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #ghhje,meil+ 4#b #c4f #bj4i #cf4i #bc4i #gc4a #cf4i #aie4e #ch-dc #giai ,kul+ #d4j #c4h #e4h #f4e #ac4h #cd4b #ej4b #ch4b #afh4e #ce-dc #gicj ,nank+ 4#a #c4h #bh4j #cg4h #a4j #hg4g #ed4f #bac4j #cj-dc ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,footnote #e3 ,meil+ 7,beauty7 is ! fir/ "n ( ,mme4 ,*iang ,kai-%ek4 ,! trees ( ! ,,fp designation &1 ( o!r species 7 gr[n to fruit+1 b h s9ce be5 remov$ or topwork$ 9 entirety because ( _! lack ( desirable *>act]i/ics & because !y produc$ poll5 = cross-poll9ation :i* w\ld result 9 undesirable prog5y :5 ! ,ca/anea mollissima nuts 7 us$ = se$4 ,fur!rmore1 a numb] ( trees ( ! ?ree-lett] designations h be5 remov$ or topwork$ because !y produc$ v small nuts1 or %[$ poor keep+ quality1 or because ( "s o!r undesirable *>act]i/ic4 ,!re=e1 ! nuts n[ be+ produc$ 9 ?is exp]im5tal or*>d are ( pure ,c4 mollissima inh]itance ( ! be/ type1 &1 z su*1 repres5t "s ( ! be/ & pure/ se$ nuts available 9 ?is c\ntry today4 ,?is proc$ure is be+ cont9u$ s z to ma9ta9 ! quality ( ! nuts = se$ purposes at its pres5t /&>d4 ,un=tunately1 _m ( ! nuts (f]$ 9 ! g5]al trade = se$ purposes at ! pres5t "t are com+ f or*>ds compos$ ( a mixture ( species or types comp>able to ! #aich ,philema plant+ be=e cull+4 ,?is is v undesirable because ( ! great v>iability 9 ! nuts produc$ by trees ) su* an orig94 ,:5 graft$ or budd$ trees ( ! new] & improv$ v>ieties are available to or*>di/s *e/nut gr[+ = nut production may be bas$ on ! same s\nd practices z ! o!r fruit indu/ries4 ,9 ! topwork+ ( ,,fp trees at ,philema ) scions f o!r /ra9s ( ,ca/anea mollissima ! degree ( incompatibility has be5 s great1 t ! scion tops w h ei!r bl[n out or di$ at ! end ( f\r or five ye>s f graft+4 ,at ! pres5t "t ?is failure c only be attribut$ to ! fact t ! /ocks 7 ( mix$ ance/ry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 scions ( pure ,c4 mollissima plac$ on ! same /ock /ra9s h made good unions & are entirely normal aft] z long z #ac ye>s f graft+4 ,?is problem ( incompatibility betwe5 /ock & scion is "o t yet rema9s to be completely solv$4 ,! topwork+ ( trees 9 ! five-acre block at ,philema has be5 g5]ally successful :]e incompatibility is n a problem4 ,be>+-size trees topwork$ "o spr+ w g5]ally produce a few nuts 9 ! second subsequ5t gr[+-season4 ,gr[? ! fir/ ye> aft] graft+ w frequ5tly be z mu* z #ab feet long & v /ocky4 ,bo? cleft graft+ & inlay b>k graft+ h be5 practic$1 ! latt] me?od prov+ to be ! m satisfactory f all /&po9ts4 ,9 ?is me?od ( graft+ scaffold limbs f #a to #f in*es 9 diamet] are cut (f squ>e across4 ,scions #f to #h in*es long are prep>$ by mak+ a slant+ cut #b to #c in*es long & end+ ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ?r\gh ! scion at its basal end4 ,a /rip ( b>k j wide & long en\gh to receive ! scion1 ) ab\t "o-half ( ! upp] end ( ! bevel %[+ above ! cut surface ( ! /ub1 is !n remov$ f ! /ub4 ,! scion is !n nail$ into place ) #e_/h-;in* nails & pa9t$ ov] ) melt$ graft+ wax4 ,two or ?ree scions are requir$ = mo/ /ubs4 ,?is "w is done j z gr[? is />t+ 9 ! spr+ & ! b>k is slipp+ well4 ,! scions may g5]ally be cut directly f ! trees1 b sometimes !y may ne$ to be cut sev]al days e>li] & /or$ 9 damp mat]ial 9 a refrig]ator to keep !m dormant4 ,9 s\? ,georgia ! ,*9ese *e/nut normally beg9s gr[? soon aft] ,m>* #a1 b 9 "s ye>s x has />t$ z mu* z a mon? aft] ?is date4 ,betwe5 s\? & nor? ,georgia !re is a diff]5tial 9 ! "t gr[? />ts 9 ! spr+ ( "o to two weeks4 ,?is diff]5tial also c>ries ov] into ! date ( blossom+ & ! date ! h>ve/ p]iod beg9s4 ,9 s\? ,georgia poll9ation g5]ally occurs dur+ ! latt] "p ( ,april & e>ly "p ( ,may1 & ! h>ve/ p]iod beg9s ab\t #ajj days lat]4 ,! peak ( h>ve/ av]ages #ahe days aft] ! initiation ( gr[? 9 ! spr+4 ,dormancy comes only aft] ! fir/ fro/ suffici5tly heavy to kill ! leaves1 usually ab\t two mon?s aft] nut h>ve/ is complet$4 ,?is p]iod betwe5 h>ve/ & leaf fall is und\bt$ly an important factor 9 ! annual be>+ habit ( ! *e/nut 9 ! ,s\!a/ s9ce x p]mits ! food res]ves 9 ! tree to be repl5i%$ aft] ! crop is mature4 ,?is is true "u favorable conditions b does n hold "u conditions ( cr[d+1 l[ soil f]tility1 or premature defoliation4 ,= be/ gr[? & production ! tree %\ld be 9 foliage approximately n9e mon?s out ( ! ye>4 ,,or*>d ,,managem5t ,! plant+ ( *e/nut trees 9 ! ,s\!a/ %\ld be done z soon z possible aft] ! trees become dormant 9 ! nurs]y4 ,!y %\ld be plant$ on f]tile soil :i* is well dra9$ b n subject to s]i\s dr\ght injury4 ,! ,*9ese *e/nut _c )/& a high wat] table1 or free /&+ wat]1 b appe>s to be some:at resi/ant to dr\ght injury :5 once well e/abli%$4 ,! *e/nut trees h n yet rea*$ an age at :i* _! l>ge/ pot5tial size has be5 atta9$1 b trees ( #ej-;foot spread h be5 obs]v$4 ,x appe>s likely1 !n1 t or*>ds %\ld be plant$ at #ej to #fj-;foot di/ances on ! squ>e1 unless clos] plant+ & subsequ5t ?9n+ is resort$ to 9 ord] to build up high nut production p] acre at an e>li] age ( ! or*>d4 ,plant+ di/ances ( #be x #be feet1 #cj x #cj feet1 #be x #ej feet1 & #cj x #fj feet are recomm5d$ = ?is reason1 b only if ! or*>di/ w plan to ?9 ! /& at #aj to #ae ye>s ( or*>d age & at lat] int]vals z requir$4 ,9 no case %\ld ! bran*es ( adjac5t trees be all[$ to t\* z "u su* conditions competition betwe5 trees w r$uce ! yield p] tree & nut size1 & induce alt]nate-ye> be>+4 ,9 plant+ ! "y tree x is usually advisable to fill ! hole 9 :i* ! tree is to be set ) top soil1 pack+ x firmly ar\nd ! roots z ! hole is be+ fill$4 ,usually no f]tiliz] is us$ at ! "t ( plant+1 al?\gh mix+ ab\t a h&ful ( bone meal ) ! soil ar\nd ! roots has giv5 a high] p]c5tage ( liv+ trees & has increas$ gr[? ! fir/ ye>4 ,a %all[ bas9 ar\nd ! tree to facilitate wat]+ :5 necess>y dur+ ! fir/ gr[+ season1 or ! application ( a mul* ar\nd ! tree1 or bo?1 w be helpful 9 obta9+ a high p]c5tage ( liv+ trees & good gr[?4 ,add+ wat] at ! "t ( plant+ is good insurance t ! soil w be well settl$ ar\nd ! roots4 ,a wrap ( newspap] ti$ loosely ar\nd ! trunk ( ! "y tree w aid 9 prev5t+ w9t] injury & sun-scald4 ,"u conditions ( little or no c>e ! se$l+ *e/nut tree w g5]ally develop sev]al trunks z a result ( ! =c+ ( multiple spr\ts f ne> ! gr\nd l9e4 ,! tree %\ld be tra9$ to "o trunk1 z su* a =m seems to be less susceptible to w9t] injury :ile "y & makes a mu* m desirable or*>d tree :5 old]4 ,prun+ ( ! "y trees subsequ5t to ! developm5t ( ! head at a #d to #e-;foot height %\ld be conf9$ to ! removal ( cross+ bran*es & ^? s ne> to ! gr\nd z to int]f]e ) ! necess>y cultivation & h>ve/+ "w "u ! tree4 ,mo/ soils 9 ! ,s\!a/ are some:at l[ 9 f]tility & mu/ receive good c>e if *e/nuts are to gr[ well4 ,! annual application ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s is g5]ally requir$ z is ! gr[+ ( a w9t] gre5 manure crop1 pref]ably a legume4 ,"o ( ! mo/ satisfactory sy/ems is to plant hairy vet*1 ,au/rian w9t] peas1 or blue lup9e#f 9 late ,octob] or e>ly ,novemb]1 apply+ broadca/ at ! "t ( plant+ f #djj to #fjj p\nds p] acre ( a #j-ad-aj or #j-ad-g f]tiliz] mixture4 ,?is gre5 manure crop %\ld !n be disc$ 9 by ,april #ae ( ! foll[+ spr+1 ) subsequ5t %all[ cultivations at ab\t six-week int]vals ?r\gh ! gr[+ season4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be clean by ! middle ( ,augu/ to facilitate h>ve/+ ! nuts4 ,if su* a sy/em ( culture is n feasible1 z on too /eep slopes or ar\nd build+s1 m[+ or mul*+ c be us$ to advantage1 b ! trees mu/ be giv5 annual applications ( a complete f]tiliz] mixture1 su* z #d-h-f1 #f-h-h1 or #e-g-e4 ,^! %\ld be made ea* ye> ab\t a mon? be=e gr[? />ts at a rate ( #b to #c p\nds = ea* ye> ( tree age4 ,?is %\ld be broadca/ "u & slightly beyond ! spread ( ! bran*es4 ,x has n yet be5 f\nd necess>y to spray ! trees = ! control ( any disease or insect4 ,?is does n indicate t control measures may n be requir$ at "s "t 9 ! future1 = x is ! hi/ory ( horticultural crops :5 plant$ 9 any conc5tration t diseases & insects increase 9 numb] & degree ( injury4 ,z yet1 ! *e/nut weevil has n be5 f\nd at ! l[] elevations 9 ! ,s\!a/4 ,9 a few plant+s a condition caus+ "s premature defoliation has be5 obs]v$ at infrequ5t int]vals4 ,! condition beg9s z a leaf scor* :i* may or may n develop to ! po9t :]e ! leaf drops4 ,x is ?\ght to be caus$ by "s m9]al defici5cy or unbalance associat$ ) erratic wea!r conditions1 b ! exact cause is yet unkn[n4 ,a leaf spot disease has be5 obs]v$ b has caus$ no appreciable defoliation & no control measures h be5 ?\ght necess>y4 ,footnote #f3 ,blue lup9e is w9t]-h>dy only 9 ! w>m] coa/al areas1 n adapt$ nor? ( ,columbus1 ,georgia1 ,m]idian1 ,mississippi1 or ,%reveport1 ,l\isiana4 ,ed4 ,h>ve/+ & ,nut ,/orage ,h>ve/+ ( ,*9ese *e/nuts has prov$ to h def9ite requirem5ts if ! nuts are to be obta9$ 9 ! be/ possible condition4 ,! nuts are q susceptible to rots ( sev]al k9ds & mu/ be prop]ly h&l$ to keep losses at a m9imum4 ,!y are also v easily & quickly injur$ by exposure to ! sun1 ) ! consequ5t1 high temp]atures & dry+4 ,if ! nuts are to be /or$ = any l5g? ( "t1 z is necess>y :5 !y are to be us$ = se$ purposes & z w be necess>y :5 !y are to be m>ket$ = eat+ purposes dur+ ! ,?anksgiv+ & ,*ri/mas holiday seasons1 x is p>am\nt t !y be pick$ up f ! or*>d at n m ?an two-day int]vals4 ,clean+ up all dropp$ nuts at daily int]vals is mo/ desirable4 ,at ! end ( ea* day ! h>ve/$ nuts mu/ be plac$ 9 cold /orage at temp]atures betwe5 #cb deg4,f4 & #de deg4,f4 ,x has be5 f\nd t a ne>ly air-tight conta9] is requir$ 9 ord] to ma9ta9 a relative humidity ( #ajj & prev5t too mu* dry+ ( ! nuts4 ,a #ej-p\nd t9 l>d c ) "o #bj;d nail hole 9 ! side ne> ! lid has prov5 to be a good conta9] = l>ge quantities & ^! same cans also make good %ipp+ conta9]s m]ely by wir+ on ! lids4 ,"o-gallon friction top syrup cans ) a s+le nail hole 9 ! side make a good conta9] = small] quantities4 ,9 air-tight conta9]s ! nuts d n decay b g]m9ation capacity is quickly de/roy$ & bitt] flavors develop q rapidly4 ,nuts to be us$ = eat+ purposes %ortly aft] h>ve/ may be /or$ at l[] relative humidities b %\ld be plac$ 9 cold /orage4 ,a loss ( ab\t #ae 9 weight f ! fre% weight ( nuts is necess>y to rea* prop] eat+ quality4 ,nuts dri$ to ?is ext5t are sweet & palatable b _c be /or$ = any l5g? ( "t & fail to g]m9ate well :5 plant$4 ,! exp]im5tal /udy ( *e/nut /orage problems is be+ cont9u$ ) ! hope ( work+ out /ill bett] me?ods4 ,! mann] ( m>ket+ *e/nuts s t !y w rea* ! consum] 9 a desirable condition also is /ill to be work$ out1 b x appe>s possible t retail cold /orage & packag+ 9 moi/ure-pro( bags :i* are p]vi\s to ,,co#b & ,o#b give promise at pres5t4 ,probably ! mo/ promis+ aid to an increas$ /orage life ( *e/nuts w come ?r\gh ! selection ( trees = propagation & plant+ t produce nuts ( sup]ior resi/ance to /orage rots4 ,!re is r great v>iation among se$l+s 9 ?is respect1 "s be+-q sup]ior1 al?\gh no completely resi/ant se$l+s h yet be5 f\nd4 ,discussion & ,conclusions ,! p]i%able nature ( ! nuts ( ! ,*9ese *e/nut has probably be5 ! greate/ drawback to an e>li] acceptance ( ?is crop z an adjunct to ! horticulture ( ! ,s\!a/4 ,x has be5 only 9 ! pa/ few ye>s t en\gh has be5 le>n$ ab\t ! h>ve/+ & /orage requirem5ts to p]mit ! /or+ ( ^! *e/nuts s t !y c be m>ket$ 9 an ord]ly mann] ei!r = eat+ or = se$ purposes4 ,/orage losses ?r\gh p]iods up to six mon?s h be5 held to less ?an #aj = a mixture ( nuts f all ! trees at ,philema4 ,/orage te/s ( nuts f individual trees h %[n a range 9 keep+ quality f no loss aft] six mon?s' /orage to ne>ly #ajj loss4 ,by cull+ out ! trees produc+ nuts ) a high rate ( spoilage "u ! be/ /orage conditions x %\ld be possible to r$uce /orage losses to a m9imum4 ,e gr[] ( se$l+ trees %\ld foll[ ?is same process ( cull+ out or topwork+ trees produc+ nuts ( poor keep+ quality if ! indu/ry is to gr[ & prosp]1 s9ce o!rwise ! (f]+ ( spoil$ nuts = sale to ! consum] w soon de/roy ! dem& = ! nuts4 ,!re is no "q b t ! ,*9ese *e/nut tree is v well adapt$ to ! ,s\!a/4 ,x has prov5 to be heal?y1 vigor\s1 & productive4 ,yield records at ,philema %[ actual yields ( m ?an #a1jjj p\nds p] acre & pot5tial av]age annual yields ( #a1ejj or m p\nds p] acre are n out ( reason4 ,9 #aidg1 9 ! ,br[n tract at ,philema1 if all ! trees t bore nuts _h be5 collect$ into a solid block ! yield p] acre w\ld h be5 ne>ly #b1ejj p\nds4 ,cr[d+ ( ! trees 9 ! ,br[n tract is becom+ s]i\s at #aa ye>s ( age ) a #be x #be foot spac+4 ,alt]nate-ye> be>+ is becom+ app>5t & ! /& ( trees mu/ be ?9n$ imm$iately4 ,because ( su* pot5tial yields & because r ext5d$ /orage ( nuts ( v>i$ keep+ quality is n[ economically possible ! future ( ! *e/nut indu/ry 9 ! ,s\!a/ is v promis+4 ,! selection & propagation ( select$ se$l+s is desirable z a means ( advanc+ ! indu/ry at a m rapid rate4 ,! propagation ( select$ se$l+s (f]s a problem because ( lack ( compatibility betwe5 "s /ocks & scions4 ,s9ce ! *e/nut is almo/ completely cross-poll9at$ x may be necess>y to develop special plant+s ( two or ?ree selections z a s\rce ( se$ nuts = ! production ( /ocks4 ,su* plant+s might possibly produce se$l+s ( q uni=m & desirable *>act]i/ics1 b ?is prospect1 is n v promis+4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! evid5ce po9ts to ! conclusion t scion selections mu/ be work$ on /ocks ( ! same /ra9s if incompatibility is to be held at a m9imum4 ,!re is a fur!r problem 9 ! propagation ( v>ieties on se$l+ root/ocks 9 ! nurs]y4 ,only "o propagator appe>s to be hav+ mu* success 9 ?is art b o!rs mu/ le>n x4 ,topwork+ ( old] trees by ! inlay b>k graft is g5]ally successful & old] se$l+ or*>ds c be work$ ov] to improv$ selections )\t difficulty s long z ! /ocks are ( compatible /ra9s4 ,"t w be requir$ to "w out ! details ( ! solution = ?is problem b !y w be work$ out4 ,9 ! selection ( improv$ se$l+s = propagation ! /ricte/ att5tion %\ld be paid to ! important *>act]i/ics ( tree vigor1 precocity1 productiv5ess1 nut size1 attractiv5ess1 & keep+ & eat+ quality1 & type ( bur op5+4 ,^! *>act]i/ics h be5 previ\sly discuss$ b x is well to emphasise _! importance4 ,! tree t comes into be>+ at an e>ly age seems likely to be m productive 9 lat] ye>s4 ,! nuts %\ld be no small] ?an #de nuts to ! p\nd & be attractive to ! eye ( ! buy]4 ,mo/ individuals pref] nuts ) a bright & %9+ surface free ( fuzz & ) a fairly ri* mahogany or *ocolate color4 ,keep+ quality is1 ( c\rse1 ( great importance & %\ld be c>efully det]m9$4 ,eat+ quality is g5]ally good b di/9ctly sup]ior selections may be f\nd 9 ! future4 ,= ! mo/ "p eat+ quality is dep5d5t on ! prop] cur+ ( ! nuts4 ,! type ( bur op5+ is m important ?an usually consid]$1 z x mat]ially affects ! satisfactory h>ve/+ ( ! nuts4 ,f ! comm]cial /&po9t x appe>s t ! mo/ desirable bur %\ld drop f ! tree ) ! nuts /ill 9 x b be well split s t ! nuts c be readily remov$4 ,su* a bur type prev5ts exposure ( ! enclos$ nuts to ! hot sun :ile on ! tree & r$uces injuri\s dry+ to a m9imum yet p]mits rapid ga!r+ ( ! nuts 9 ! burs = lat] me*anical sep>ation4 ,nuts t drop free f ! burs are m subject to injury by dry+ & require m h& "w 9 ga!r+4 ,burs t d n split readily w\ld be m difficult to sep>ate me*anically2 & me*anical aids w be necess>y = ! economical daily ga!r+ ( ! nuts 9 comm]cial or*>ds4 ,if is enc\rag+ to note t _m ( ! pres5t new plant+s 9 ! ,s\!a/ are be+ made by or*>di/s r ?an hobbyi/s4 ,_m home own]s are plant+ a few trees b ! acceptance ( ! ,*9ese *e/nut = comm]cial production by m5 already gr[+ o!r or*>d crops port5ds ! future success ( ! indu/ry4 ,! hobbyi/ has be5 ( great s]vice & %\ld be giv5 full cr$it = 8 f>-sight$ int]e/ 9 a crop t n[ has comm]cial promise1 especially 9 ! ,s\!a/4 ,mu* exp]im5tal "w is /ill ne$$ by bo? ,/ate & ,f$]al ag5cies & by individuals4 ,?is "w ne$s be conc]n$ n[ m ) details ( ref9em5t r ?an ) basic possibilities ( ! crop4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,mr4 ,c>roll ,d4 ,bu%1 ( :om ,i am sure y h (t5 he>d & :om v few ( y1 includ+ myself1 h met1 ( ,grapeview1 ,wa%+ton1 w n[ tell u some?+ ab\t ! ,m>ket+ ( ,*e/nuts on ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,mr4 ,bu%4 ,m>ket+ ,*e/nuts on ! ,pacific ,coa/ ,,c>roll ,d4 ,,bu%1 ,grapeview1 ,wa%+ton ,mr4 ,bu%3 ,fri5ds ( ! ,association3 ,!re are s _m "h t ,i h kn[n ?r\gh correspond5ce t ,i h welcom$ ?is opportunity to say some?+ to y today4 ,i don't ?9k t ,i w add v mu* to any?+ t has be5 said4 ,i hope p]haps we w h "s ideas f :at we h be5 do+ on ! ,coa/4 ,we 7 9 ! nurs]y bus9ess ne> ,portl&1 & dur+ ! w> we w5t out ( x1 b we are work+ back 9 trees aga9#g1 & all ?is "t we h be5 prea*+ ! gospel ( nut trees1 & we f9d t we c't prea* a gospel unless !re is "s rew>d4 ,!re is no m>ket = *e/nuts 9 our section ( ! c\ntry1 & yet we _h q a few ( !m ar\nd ,portl&4 ,we c\ld n talk ab\t *e/nut trees :5 !re 0 no m>ket4 ,buy]s !re _h be5 (f]+ z l[ z ?ree c5ts a p\nd or n buy+ !m at all1 & we1 ourselves1 _h q a few nuts to sell4 ,s ,i took a trip up to ,seattle & f\nd a commission man !re t w\ld take our nuts & arrang$ ) him1 & we h s5t nuts to ,seattle ev] s9ce t ye> & got a v good price4 ,!n a neighbor _h me s5d "s ( 81 & we are /ill s5d+ nuts4 ,introduc$ on ,mid-,we/ ,m>kets ,! next ye> ?r\gh ,c>l ,wes*cke ( ,/4 ,paul ,i got 9 t\* ) a reliable ,m9neapolis firm4 ,!y evid5tly _h be5 burn$ & !y 7 some:at skeptical4 ,!y said if we w\ld s5d a sample !re !y w\ld look !m ov]4 ,s ,i w5t out & pick$ up a mix$ sample & %ipp$ to ,m9neapolis1 & !y said if we c\ld s5d nuts z good z ! sample !y c\ld use "s4 ,we began to s5d !m4 ,:5 we %ipp$ !m we made sure we s5t nuts t 7 consid]ably bett] ?an ! sample1 & ! rew>ds = %ipp+ !re 7 also v good4 ,!n we w5t on to ,*icago1 & we h be5 %ipp+ to ,*icago ov] s9ce4 ,at ?is "t ,i am out "h to f9d a little m m>ket = "s ( ! nuts t we h 9 ,oregon4 ,at fir/ we put ! nuts 9 cold /orage at ab\t #cb degrees1 expect+ to get a bett] price on ! ,?anksgiv+ m>ket4 ,we f\nd out t we 7 mak+ a mi/ake & t ! e>lie/ nuts on ! m>ket br\ght u our be/ price4 ,s n[ we are %ipp+ j z e>ly z we c %ip4 ,we fir/ adopt$ ! we/]n cranb]ry box z be+ op5 en\gh to all[ a little dry+ (f & tight en\gh s t x w\ldn't all[ too mu* & yet we didn't get any mold4 ,we 7 v mu* afraid ( t1 because a good _m ( ! ,cali=nia *e/nuts _h mold$ on ! way to m>ket4 ,lat] we turn$ to ! spl9t bu%el basket1 & lately we h be5 9 favor ( ! half-bu%el basket4 ,!re seem to be buy]s :o don't l to /ock up m ?an a half bu%el at a "t1 *e/nuts be+ ( a r high price4 ,!y dry out too fa/4 ,we f\nd t cold /orage above #cb degrees keeps *e/nuts 9 good condition ) little dry-out4 ,"o deal] 9 ,oregon we "k ( wraps 8 cold /orage nuts 9 wat]pro( pap]1 keeps !m t way cle> on into ,janu>y4 ,a v little mold w develop on *e/nuts kept 9 /orage f #cb to #ce degrees1 b n en\gh s we take any precaution4 ,we h _h a few bat*es t p h /ood 9 sacks on damp nights1 & !y />t$ to mold1 especially on ! op5 end1 & we f9d we c kill ! mold ) ,clorox4 ,we h j us$ a little ,clorox 9 wat]4 ,we ?9k ?is w\ld prev5t mold f develop+ on all nuts if !y 7 put ?r\gh a *lor9e ba?4 ,we hav5't tak5 ! tr\ble to d t4 ,i might say our walnuts1 & filb]ts h be5 put ?r\gh a *lor9e solution1 &1 ( c\rse1 aft] a *lor9e solution is us$ y h to put ! nuts ?r\gh wat] aga9 & wa% t (f4 ,we h on our place a nice wa%]4 ,we h grad$ ! ,european v>ieties1 :i* we h&le mo/ly1 into ?ree grades3 /&>d1 fancy1 & extra fancy1 by size4 ,all our grad+ has be5 done by h&1 except we expect to h a simple grad] ?is ye>4 ,footnote #g3 ,mr4 ,bu% in=m$ ! secret>y by lett]1 e>ly 9 #aidi1 t he did n !n h any nurs]y /ock ready = sale at 8 ,eagle ,creek1 ,oregon1 nurs]y4 ,f t location ab\t #aj ye>s ago he introduc$1 "u numb]s1 ?ree selections ( ,*9ese *e/nuts gr[n f se$ import$ 9 ! e>ly #cj's4 ,two ( ^!1 9 #aida1 7 nam$ ,abundance & ,honan4 ,! ,abundance is n[ consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ desirable v>ieties f ,oklahoma to ,p5nsylvania1 :ile ,honan is slightly less desirable4--,ed4 ,sweet ,nuts ,sell ,fa/] ,we h a few sweets4 ,all ( ^? on our f>ms are ,riehl v>ieties1 hybrids1 ,i ?9k4 ,all ( our ,european *e/nuts h an a/r+5t pellicle1 heavy ) tannic acid4 ,we classify z sweets any ( ^? t h a pellicle t is sweet en\gh to be eat54 ,we label ^! ! sweets & m>k !m z !y g into ! m>ket4 ,& :ile1 ,i say1 we don't seem to get a bett] price = ! sweets ?an = ! ,european1 !y d sell fa/]4 ,!re are "s p 9 ! ea/]n cities t are grabb+ ^! 9 pref]5ce to ! l>ge ones4 ,:ile ! l>ge nuts sell v well1 ,i suppose !y g to ! ,italians & ,europeans :o are us$ to cook+ !m1 & out on ! ,we/ ,coa/ no?+ b ! l>ge nut goes2 ! l>g] ! bett]4 ,9 ! ,seattle m>ket we try to s5d 9 l>ge nuts4 ,we also grade out all cracks by h&4 ,!y mold easily1 & we h a lot ( crack$ nuts 9 our climate !re1 b we h be5 able to dispose ( all ( ^! ?r\gh ! ,seattle m>ket :]e !y move (f v fa/ & are l[] pric$4 ,cali=nia ,supplies ,di/ant ,m>kets ,la/ w9t] we w5t to ,cali=nia & look$ into ! *e/nut m>ket !re4 ,we f\nd !m 9 ! ,si]ras & f\nd !m gr[+ 9 ! ,coa/ ,range )\t irrigation1 b ! l>ge/ gr[]s 7 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 ,valley ne> ,/ockton4 ,! l>ge/ grove 0 #cj acres at ,l9d5 own$ by ,caes> ,de ,m>t9i4 ,he gave u our be/ insight into ,cali=nia *e/nut gr[+4 ,he us$ to grade & package 8 own1 & he /ill has 8 cyl9d] grad]4 ,x has ?ree diff]5t size holes1 "o in*1 "o & a qu>t] & "o & a half4 ,any?+ t goes ?r\gh ! "o-in* hole is disc>d$ z a cull4 ,t leaves ?ree sizes1 ! size t goes ?r\gh ! "o & a qu>t]1 ! "o & a half1 & ! size t goes out ! end1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 a class ( jumbos4 ,all ! *e/nuts 9 ,cali=nia1 ,i ?9k1 n[ g to buy]s to d ! grad+ & pack+ mu* z ,de ,m>t9i work$ out4 ,all ( ! ,cali=nia nuts h to be soak$ 9 wat] j z ,mr4 ,jones does1 z !y come to ! pack] dri$ out4 ,! l>ge/ buy] t we f\nd 9 ,cali=nia %ipp$ ab\t sev5 c>loads1 & he %ipp$ !m all ov] ! _w1 ! ,philipp9es1 ,honolulu1 ,alaska1 & o!r places :]e ! *e/nut hasn't be5 gr[+4 ,e>ly ,autumn ,be/ ,m>ket+ ,season ,n[1 ,i am go+ to sum up :at our exp]i5ce has be5 & :at we recomm5d z g5]al f our exp]i5ce4 ,y\r exp]i5ce may be diff]5t4 ,we clean ! nuts1 wa% !m1 if necess>y1 grade !m2 l>ge & small nuts d n sell well toge!r4 ,we w\ld pack 9 baskets1 half bu%el = sweets4 ,we are try+ to make t half bu%el basket ! m>k ( ! sweet nut 9 ! m>kets :]e we sell1 s t :5 a buy] comes 9 !re & sees a half bu%el basket he kn[s t's sweets4 ,!n we %ip z wet z possible1 & !y dry out on ! way4 ,& j z fa/ z we c get ^? nuts (f ! gr\nd we pack !m & %ip !m4 ,our greate/ tr\ble n[ is1 ( c\rse1 ! import$ *e/nut4 ,!y are beg9n+ to come 9 9 great quantities1 & !y hit ! m>ket 9 ,*icago la/ ye> at ab\t ! #bj? ( ,octob]1 & we tri$ to beat t l9e if we possibly c ) our nuts1 because j ! m9ute ! c>loads ( *e/nuts come 9 on ! ,ea/ ,coa/ ! m>ket drops "r d[n4 ,)\t "q we c\ld use "s ( ! prep>ations t we use on filb]ts to put a gloss on ! *e/nut1 run !m ?r\gh1 ,i ?9k x is a p>aff9 mixture1 put a gloss on ! %ell & give u a bett] *e/nut 9 ! m>ket1 make x look nic] &1 ( c\rse1 make x sell bett]4 ,/ick-tight ,burs ,pref]r$ = ,pacific ,coa/ ,i disagree1 ,i ?9k1 ) two ( ! =m] speak]s 9 reg>d to ! *e/nut t falls free f ! bur4 ,i w\ld pref] a *e/nut t /icks tight to ! bur4 ,we h ?re%]s out !re t ?re% !m out4 ,we c pick up ^? nuts 9 ! bur ) a %ovel or =k1 ?r[ !m into ! wagon1 take !m 9 ! wagon1 ?re% !m out4 ,y h a clean] nut1 y don't h to pick ar\nd on ! gr\nd ) rubb] gloves t we use1 :i* is easy en\gh1 b x c]ta9ly adds a great deal ( "w z comp>$ to ?re%+ !m out easily aft] !y are once pick$ up4 ,i ?ank y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,?ank y1 ,mr4 ,bu%4 ,we are glad to h t we/]n angle4 ,x is go+ to be v useful to u4 ,next on ! program is a pap] on ! ,control ( ! ,*e/nut ,weevil1 ! au?or ( :i* is abs5t1 b ,i believe ,mr4 ,gravatt is go+ to read t4 ,*e/nut ,weevils & ,_! ,control ) ,,ddt ,e4 ,r4 ,,van ,,leeuw5 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,agricultural ,rese>* ,adm9i/ration1 ,bureau ( ,entomology & ,plant ,qu>ant9e1 ,division ( ,fruit ,insect ,inve/igations4 ,failure ( ! ,am]ican *e/nut to resi/ ! *e/nut blight has result$ 9 ! plant+ ( a few blight-resi/ant species obta9$ f =eign l&s4 ,^! =eign *e/nuts w\ld n[ be plant$ m ext5sively 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 7 x n = ! fact t ! nuts are injur$ by two species ( weevils1 = :i* h]et(ore !re has be5 no practical control4 ,! #aidg season m>ks ! f\r? ye> ( ! exp]im5tal use ( ,,ddt = control ( ! *e/nut weevils4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s our k ( ! spray & h[ be/ to use x has be5 advanc$ by conduct+ laboratory & field te/s4 ,un=tunately1 few *e/nut or*>ds n[ exi/ 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 & ! scatt]$ plant+s consi/ mo/ly ( a l>ge numb] ( ,asiatic se$l+s1 "s ( :i* _h to be top-work$ to o!r ,asiatic species & v>ieties4 ,_m ( ^! trees are gr[n = ornam5tal1 %ade1 or timb] purposes r ?an = nut production4 ,ow+ to ^! conditions & to a s]ies ( spr+ fro/s s9ce #aide1 x has be5 impossible to conduct insecticide exp]im5ts on an adequate basis ( replicat$ plats4 ,al?\gh mu* is to be le>n$ reg>d+ "t ( application ( ! sprays & ! prop] dosage1 ! use ( ,,ddt c be recomm5d$ z a /&>d practice1 because x has prov$ highly valuable 9 protect+ *e/nut trees f heavy losses due to ! *e/nut weevil4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is pap] to discuss "s ( ! exp]im5ts t h be5 made ) ,,ddt & ! obs]vations made on ! "t ( egg deposition4 ,nature & ,ext5t ( ,injury ,! worms attack+ *e/nuts are ! l>vae ( two v simil> species ( weevils1 "o l>g] ?an ! o!r4 ,! adults are m$ium-siz$ beetles hav+ extremely long1 sl5d] beaks4 ,) ^! !y drill ?r\gh ! husk ( ! nuts1 mak+ op5+s ?r\gh :i* !y ins]t _! eggs into ! nuts4 ,f ^! eggs ! famili> worms develop4 ,weevil injury v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t *e/nut-gr[+ localities4 ,x is n unusual = #ej to #ge p]c5t ( ! nuts to be wormy1 & (t5 infe/ation rea*es #ij to #ajj p] c5t4 ,! small weevil does ! mo/ damage1 b !re are indications t ?is may n always be true4 ,because ! m\? p>ts ( ! adult are situat$ at ! end ( an extremely long & sl5d] beak1 x c obta9 mo/ ( its food f b5ea? ! surface ( ! ho/ plant4 ,= ?is reason1 /oma* poisons appli$ to trees h n be5 eat5 by ^! weevils1 & h5ce h be5 ( no practical value4 ,z ,,ddt kills by contact1 x is necess>y only = ! body ( ! insect to come 9 contact ) ,,ddt4 ,life ,hi/ories ( ! ,weevils ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,beltsville1 ,md41 ! adults ( ! l>ge *e/nut weevil#h leave ! soil ab\t ,augu/ #ae4 ,! date w v>y1 ( c\rse1 ) season & locality4 ,bo? males & females soon beg9 to fe$ by pi]c+ ! burs ) _! long beaks4 ,mat+ beg9s soon aft] ! weevils collect on ! trees1 & egg lay+ foll[s %ortly4 ,! eggs hat* )9 a few days & ! worms develop )9 ! nut4 ,a few ( ! worms w complete _! gr[? & leave be=e ! nuts fall1 b mo/ ( !m em]ge f ! nuts aft] !y h fall54 ,! worms !n ent] ! soil1 :]e !y build cells & rema9 until !y *ange to pupae ! foll[+ summ]4 ,?is weevil has a "o-ye> cycle1 or "o g5]ation a ye>4 ,! life hi/ory ( ! small *e/nut weevil#i is some:at simil>1 except t 9 ! vic9ity ( ,beltsville ! weevils leave ! soil late 9 ,may or e>ly 9 ,june1 :5 ! trees are 9 bloom4 ,sev]al weeks lat] ! females deposit eggs 9 ! nuts4 ,at ,beltsville1 egg lay+ beg9s late 9 ,augu/ & cont9ues = sev]al weeks4 ,aft] ! nuts h fall5 f ! tree1 ! full-gr[n l>vae leave !m & ent] ! soil4 ,e>!n cells are con/ruct$ at a dep? ( #d to #ab in*es1 :]e "s ( ! l>vae rema9 = two w9t]s4 ,! small *e/nut weevil completes its life cycle 9 two ye>s1 & a small p]c5tage requires ?ree ye>s1 :]eas ! l>ge *e/nut weevil completes its trans=mation f egg to adult 9 "o ye>4 ,! l>ge weevils pass ! w9t] z l>vae1 :]eas ! small weevils pass "o w9t] z l>vae & ! second w9t] z adults4 ,) ! few individuals ( ! small weevil :i* require ?ree ye>s = trans=mation1 ! fir/ two w9t]s are pass$ 9 ! gr\nd z l>vae & ! ?ird 9 ! same location z adults4 ,?is habit ( ! small weevil complicates control measures1 z "o season's spray+ ) ,,ddt does n r$uce ! entire infe/ation ( weevils4 ,footnote #h3 ,curculio proboscideus ,fab4 ,prop] ,"t = ,spray ,applications ,application ( ,,ddt sprays at ! prop] "t is v important4 ,an exam9ation 9 #aidd ( _m unop5$ *e/nut burs disclos$ ! fact t eggs ( ! small *e/nut weevil 7 be+ deposit$ _m weeks be=e ! burs w\ld op54 ,x 0 also not$ t great numb]s ( ! l>vae 7 leav+ ! nuts soon aft] ! burs crack$ op54 ,evid5tly ^! full-gr[n l>vae _h hat*$ f eggs deposit$ sev]al weeks be=e ! burs split4 ,9 #aide1 #aidf1 & #aidg1 clo? bags 7 ti$ ov] develop+ burs at v>i\s int]vals dur+ ! season to prev5t fur!r egg lay+ 9 ! nuts4 ,at h>ve/ "t1 ! bags 7 remov$ & ! nuts exam9$4 ,occasionally adults 7 hidd5 among ! sp9es ( ! burs & 7 inadv]t5tly enclos$ 9 ! bags2 !re=e1 all nuts 9 bags conta9+ female adults t might h cont9u$ oviposit+ 7 disc>d$4 ,! data 9 ,table #a %[ ! approximate "t prior to :i* ! nuts 7 infe/$4 ,because ( difficulty 9 obta9+ suffici5t burs = bagg+1 & o!r or*>d conditions1 ! results ( ^! /udies 7 f> f conclusive4 ,!y indicat$1 h[ev]1 t _m eggs _h be5 deposit$ 9 ! nuts be=e ! burs _h rea*$ maturity4 ,!y also sugge/$ t ! seasonal hi/ories ( ! two species are closely p>allel4 ,at ,gl5n ,dale1 ,md41 & ,fairfax1 ,va41 ! small weevils pr$om9at$1 con/itut+ ab\t #fi to #ij p] c5t ( ! total numb]s tak54 ,at ,elkton1 ,md41 only #db p] c5t ( ! weevils 7 ( ! small species4 ,footnote #i3 ,curculio aurig] ,casey4 ,table #a4 ,results ( /udies to det]m9e ! "t ( oviposition ( ! *e/nut weevils4 ,nuts ,infe/$ ) ,date ( ,total ,small ,l>ge ,wormy ,bagg+ ,nuts ,*e/nut ,*e/nut ,nuts ,nuts ,bagg$ ,weevil ,weevil ,ye> & ,or*>d ,numb] ,numb] ,numb] ,p]c5t #aide ,july #i #eb #b #e #ac ,gl5n ,dale1 ,md4 ,aug4 #a #df #d #b #ac ,aug4 #ae #ajg #ah #aa #bg ,fairfax1 ,va4 ,aug4 #ba #aaj #bb #ac #cb ,sept4 #ab #abc #fc #aa #fj #aidf ,july #ab #fe #j #j ,gl5n ,dale1 ,md4 ,july #ah #dj #j #j ,july #bf #fg #j #j ,aug4 #a #ga #j #j ,aug4 #i #bi #a #j #c ,aug4 #ad #hh #c #b #f ,aug4 #bc #ec #ah #b #ch ,aug4 #bi #ec #bc #aa #fd ,fairfax1 ,va4 ,july #bf #ih #j #j #j ,aug4 #ae #afh #j #j #j ,sept4 #d #afd #aci #af #ie #aidg ,aug4 #ae #ed #e #a #aa ,gl5n ,dale1 ,md4 ,aug4 #be #ch #h #j #ba ,sept4 #b #bd #g #a #cc ,sept4 #i #db #ah #d #eb ,sept4 #ae #ef #bi #g #fd ,sept4 #bb #ij #bg #aa #fd ,sept4 #bi #adc #hc #bb #gc ,fairfax1 ,va4 ,aug4 #bf #ce #i #a #bi ,sept4 #aj #eh #be #d #ej ,sept4 #bh #ej #ce #g #hd ,oct4 #g #bag #agg #bb #ib ,elkton1 ,md4 ,aug4 #ba #aci #aa #ac #ag ,sept4 #d #hc #bb #be #eg ,sept4 #ah #aaf #ba #ce #dh ,oct4 #a #ajh #ca #dd #fi ,spray ,exp]im5ts 9 #aidd ,%ortly aft] adults ( ! l>ge *e/nut weevil fir/ appe>$ 9 ! or*>ds 9 #aidd1 six trees isolat$ f o!r *e/nuts 7 select$ = treatm5t4 ,five trees 7 spray$ ) f #a to #e p\nds ( te*nical ,,ddt plus #a_/b p\nd ( sodium lauryl sulfate to #ajj gallons ( wat]1 & ! six? tree 0 left untreat$ z a *eck4 ,a ?or\gh application ( a co>se1 dr5*+ spray at a pressure ( #djj p\nds p] squ>e in* 0 us$ 9 an attempt to =ce ! ,,ddt betwe5 ! _m sp9es ( ! burs4 ,! ,,ddt us$ 0 v co>se1 & difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ a prop] susp5sion4 ,?is =mula 0 us$1 h[ev]1 9 pref]5ce to "o :i* conta9$ o!r +r$i5ts t might h =m$ a protective coat+ ov] ! p>ticles ( ,,ddt4 ,heavy ra9s prev5t$ lat] spray applications4 ,adult weevils obta9$ by j>r+ untreat$ trees 7 !n conf9$ 9 scre5 cages plac$ ov] ! l[] bran*es ( ! trees4 ,at ! end ( ea* cage 0 a clo? sleeve :i* 0 ti$ to ! limb to hold ! cage 9 place4 ,! treatm5ts us$ & ! results are giv5 9 ,table #b4 ,table #b4 ,p]c5tage mortality ( *e/nut weevils plac$ 9 field cages on trees at diff]5t int]vals aft] !y _h be5 spray$ ) ) ,,ddt1 #aidd4 ,/r5g? ( ,,ddt 7lb4 p] ,small ,*e/nut ,weevil ,l>ge ,*e/nut ,weevil #ajj gal47 #dh ,hrs4 #if ,hrs4 #add ,hrs4 #dh ,hrs4 #if ,hrs4 #add ,hrs4 #a #j #fa #ajj #be #ej #ajj #b #ai #fi #ajj #j #cd #ajj #c #d #ej #ajj #j #dj #ajj #d #bg #hg #ajj #j #ej #ajj #e #ah #ej #ajj #cj #df #ajj ,*eck #j #j #j #j #g #g ,al?\gh ! results obta9$ ! fir/ few days 9 ! cages conta9+ treat$ foliage 7 some:at irregul>1 because ( ! small numb]s ( te/s made1 all weevils 7 kill$ )9 #f days4 ,! results indicate def9itely t ,,ddt is toxic to ! adults ( bo? species ( weevils4 ,no consi/5t diff]5ces betwe5 species 7 not$4 ,z ! matur$ nuts dropp$ f ! treat$ trees1 daily collections 7 made1 & "o-?ird ( ea* collection 0 us$ z a sample 9 det]m9+ ! p]c5tage ( wormy nuts4 ,at ! "t ! nuts drop1 ! holes 9 ! %ell ?r\gh :i* ! eggs 7 ins]t$ are v difficult to detect4 ,! nuts 7 !re=e held 9 wire baskets to p]mit mo/ ( ! l>vae to em]ge be=e ! f9al exam9ation4 ,all nuts n %[+ exit holes 7 cut op5 to f9d out :e!r !y 7 wormy4 ,! m>k$ increase 9 clean nuts aft] all treatm5ts indicates t ,,ddt is a promis+ insecticide = use aga9/ ! weevils4 ,! treatm5t & infe/ation records = ! spray$ trees & ! *eck tree are giv5 9 ,table #c1 :i* also includes ! results obta9$ 9 lat] ye>s4 ,spray ,exp]im5ts #aide to #aidg ,spr+ fro/s 9 #aide de/roy$ #ie p] c5t ( ! crop ( *e/nuts 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,only six trees ( diff]5t species & ages 9 ! ,gov]nm5t or*>d at ,gl5n ,dale1 _h suffici5t nuts = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,applications ( a #ej p] c5t ,,ddt wettable p[d] 9 ! proportions ( #d & #f p\nds plus #a_/b gallon ( summ] oil z a /ick] to #ajj gallons ( wat] 7 made on ,augu/ #bj & ,septemb] #i4 ,spr+ fro/s aga9 damag$ ! or*>ds 9 #aidf1 de/roy+ ab\t #hj p] c5t ( ! possible *e/nut crop1 & leav+ only eight trees 9 ! ,gov]nm5t or*>d t 7 suitable = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,! rema9+ trees hav+ a small scatt]$ crop 7 disreg>d$4 ,a mixture consi/+ ( equal p>ts by weight ( ,,ddt & kaol9 #da 0 us$ 9 ! /r5g? ( #b p\nds ( ,,ddt to #ajj gallons ( wat]4 ,! "t & numb] ( applications 7 v>i$4 ,table #c4 ,results ( spray te/s ) ,,ddt aga9/ *e/nut weevils1 #aidd-aidg4 ,l>vae ,em]g+ f ,sample ,r$uction ,nuts ,small ,l>ge ,wormy ( ,,ddt 7p] ,application 9 ,*e/nut ,*e/nut ,nuts ,injur$ #ajj gal47 ,sample ,weevil ,weevil ,nuts ,ye> ,p\nds ,numb] ,numb] ,numb] ,p]c5t ,p]c5t ,gov]nm5t ,or*>d1 ,gl5n ,dale1 ,md4 #aidd #a ,aug4 #ad #ecc #ahif #ba #dd #db #b #fdf #djb #de #be #fg #c #gab #dba #e #ah #gf #d #iea #had #e #bb #ga #e #ahdd #hej #aj #af #gi #j #igf #cbch #ajj #gf #aide #b ,aug4 #bj ,sept4 #i #ffj #dcd #ch #cj #eg #c #cje #bhe #eh #bb #fi #j #big #aafd #fa #gj #aidf #b ,aug4 #ae #cj1 ,sept4 #aa #fba #aca #ab #i #ij #b ,aug4 #ae #cj #cga #aga #bc #ai #gi #b ,aug4 #cj ,sept4 #aa #bib #hg #ba #bf #ga #b ,aug4 #ae ,sept4 #aa #idi #eec #aij #dc #ec #b ,aug4 #cj #abfg #adjg #ih #dc #ec #b ,aug4 #ae #abab #cbjg #ff #dc #ec #b ,sept4 #aa #cfh #ahcb #ec #eh #cf #j #hgj #ecfd #acd #ia #aidg #b ,aug4 #ac #bi1 ,sept4 #ab #djhd #chag #bcd #cj #ff #b ,aug4 #ac #bi #bfah #dbee #aea #eb #dj #b ,sept4 #ab #cjbi #idih #djb #gi #i #b ,aug4 #ac #bfci #ejdi #aih #ea #da #j #igd #dgad #aba #hg ,van ,reynolds ,or*>d1 ,elkton1 ,md4 #aidg #b ,aug4 #ba1 ,sept4 #d #ah #aaec #bfd #fd #ad #hd #b ,sept4 #d #ah #cch #e #aah #fg #bc #b ,aug4 #ba ,sept4 #ah #adi #ah #ei #cd #fa #b ,aug4 #ba ,sept4 #d #ffi #ajb #ab #ea #da #b ,sept4 #ah #cbd #fc #abi #gg #aa #b ,sept4 #d #bgj #cjc #fg #ef #cf #b ,aug4 #ba #ejj #aib #abg #eg #cd #j #cch #aeb #aah #hg ,sprays conta9+ ,,ddt 7 appli$ 9 two or*>ds 9 #aidg1 ! ,gov]nm5t or*>d at ,gl5n ,dale1 & ! ,van ,reynolds or*>d at ,elkton1 ,md4 ,spr+ fro/s injur$ #ej p] c5t ( ! *e/nut crop at ,gl5n ,dale & #gj p] c5t at ,elkton1 & z a result only a few trees suitable = te/s 7 available4 ,! rema9+ trees 7 n spray$4 ,f\r p\nds ( ! /&>d mixture ( equal p>ts ( ,,ddt & kaol9 7 us$ to #ajj gallons ( wat] 9 all applications4 ,9 ,table #c w be f\nd in=mation on ! quantities ( ,,ddt us$1 ! s*$ules foll[$1 & ! results obta9$ dur+ ! p]iod #aidd ?r\gh #aidg4 ,^! results indicate cle>ly ! effectiv5ess ( ,,ddt 9 *e/nut weevil control1 9 spite ( num]\s discrepancies br\ght ab\t by ! small numb] & v>iability ( ! trees available = ! te/s4 ,z might be expect$1 programs ( ?ree applications 7 m effective ?an ^? ( only "o or two4 ,( ! s+le applications1 ^? put on dur+ ! latt] half ( ,augu/ 7 mu* m effective ?an ^? made dur+ ! fir/ half ( ,septemb]1 presumably because mo/ ( ! eggs _h be5 laid by ! e>ly "p ( ,septemb]4 ,^! exp]im5ts gave fairly exact in=mation on ! relative abundance ( ! two species ( weevils4 ,at ,gl5n ,dale ! small *e/nut weevil con/itut$ #ib to #ih p] c5t ( ! population2 at ,elkton1 #fa p] c5t4 ,! matur$ nuts t fell f c\nt trees 7 collect$ daily1 & "o-?ird ( ea* lot collect$ 0 us$ z a sample = det]m9+ ! p]c5tage ( wormy nuts4 ,x 0 possible1 !re=e1 to obta9 a r\gh e/imate ( ! numb]s ( l>vae produc$ on ea* tree4 ,9 #aidf1 f #a1hfc nuts on a tree spray$ ?ree times1 #dbi l>vae em]g$2 & f a comp>able unspray$ tree hav+ #b1faj nuts #af1did l>vae em]g$4 ,9 #aidg1 #a1cej l>vae 7 produc$ on #i trees ) an av]age crop ( #a1cfa nuts spray$ ?ree times1 comp>$ ) #ad1eje l>vae f #b1ibb nuts on an unspray$ tree4 ,^! figures indicate t ,,ddt sprays br+ ab\t l>ge decreases 9 ! numb]s ( weevils & t ! prop] use ( ,,ddt sprays on all ho/ trees ov] a p]iod ( a few ye>s w\ld d\btless r$uce ! infe/ation to a po9t :]e few] applications w\ld be necess>y = effective control ( ! *e/nut weevils4 ,t5tative ,recomm5dations ,= ! b5efit ( ^? :o wi% to try ,,ddt = *e/nut weevil control1 ! foll[+ t5tative recomm5dation is made3 ,?or\ghly apply to all p>ts ( ! tree #b p\nds ( ,,ddt 9 #ajj gallons ( wat]4 ,= example1 use #d p\nds ( a wettable p[d] t conta9s #ej p] c5t ( ,,ddt1 or #h p\nds ( "o t conta9s #be p] c5t ( ,,ddt4 ,make ?ree applications1 ! fir/ ab\t #cj days be=e ! fir/ nut is due to drop1 & ! second & ?ird aft] int]vals ( #ab days4 ,unless ! entire bur1 especially t portion ne> ! /em end :]e mo/ ( ! fe$+ punctures are made1 is ?or\ghly cov]$ ) a film ( ,,ddt1 ! weevils may fe$ )\t be+ affect$ by ! insecticide4 ,9 h&l+ ,,ddt1 "o %\ld use ! same c>e z ) su* well-kn[n poisons z lead ars5ate1 ,p>is gre51 calcium ars5ate1 & nicot9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,i might say t ,mr4 ,van ,leeuw5 has us$ only a small section ( our exp]im5tal or*>d1 & "r ne>-by w\ld be l>ge sections n us$4 ,! weevils are n kill$ quickly by ! ,,ddt1 !y are some:at resi/ant1 & s we ?9k q a numb] ( weevils come ov] & deposit eggs be=e !y are kill$ by ?is ,,ddt1 because !y don't lose any "t gett+ to "w on ! nuts4 ,he hopes to h mu* bett] results :]e ! entire or*>d is spray$4 ,?is ye> we spray$ our entire or*>d twice1 & x is a real pleasure to g out !re n[ & ga!r up nuts & n be eat+ weevils :5 we d eat !m4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,well1 ,mr4 ,gravatt w n[ give u a talk on ,diseases ,affect+ ! ,success ( ,tree ,crop ,plant+s1 & ,i am sure we all are on our toes to he> ab\t t4 ,mr4 ,gravatt4 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,i only ask a few m9utes to %[ a few slides4 7,slides %[n47 ,diseases ,affect+ ! ,success ( ,tree ,crop ,plant+s ,g4 ,f4 ,,gravatt & ,,donald ,c4 ,,/\t ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology1 ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation1 ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&4 ,mass plant+s ( _m trees ( ! same k9d frequ5tly result 9 an increase 9 ! sev]ity ( insect pe/s & diseases4 ,leaf diseases1 = in/ance1 spread quickly ?r\gh su* plant+s :5 wea!r conditions favor gr[? ( ! causal organisms4 ,plants on sites unfavorable to a specific tree species also are responsible = disease increases4 ,*9ese *e/nuts gr[n on a site :]e !y are subject to e>ly-fall & late-spr+ fro/s w fail4 ,n only w crops be r$uc$ by ! kill+ ( buds or blooms1 b ! twigs1 or ev5 :ole trees1 may be kill$ by freez+4 ,! blight fungus develops rapidly on su* injur$ trees & may mislead p into ?9k+ t ! blight fungus is ! prim>y cause ( ! kill+4 ,/ill ano!r factor t det]m9es ! damage by diseases1 & ?us ! success or failure ( nut tree plant+s1 is ! ignor+ ( soil & f]tiliz] requirem5ts4 ,trees weak5$ by dr\ght1 because !y are on a site hav+ a soil too %all[ = good root gr[?1 are mu* m subject to attack ev5 by weakly p>asitic fungi ?an ^? gr[+ on a site ) deep] soil4 ,innum]able dy+ twigs & bran*es ) fungi gr[+ on !m are s5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture or ,/ate exp]im5t /ations ) reque/s t ! disease be id5tifi$1 :5 ! real tr\ble is lack ( wat] = ! roots4 ,weak trees are mu* m subject to w9t] injury ?an vigor\s ones4 ,trees require a good supply ( plant food mat]ials & wat] to produce pr(itable crops4 ,?o heavie/ be>+ *e/nut trees we h obs]v$ 7 gr[n 9 an irrigat$ or*>d 9 ,cali=nia & 9 a p\ltry y>d 9 ! ,ea/ :]e *ick5 dropp+s actually =m$ a mul* "u ! trees4 ,h[ev]1 if y wi% to kill a "y *e/nut tree quickly1 j apply a v heavy application ( *ick5 manure2 ! po9t is t trees mu/ become adju/$ to *ick5 manure by gradual applications4 ,ano!r way to damage a tree is to keep x gr[+ late 9 ! fall by cultivation & f]tiliz]s s t x does n h>d5 (f prop]ly4 ,_m plant+s1 repres5t+ heavy inve/m5ts1 fail because ( lack ( organic matt] 9 ! soil4 ,?is is relat$ to wat]-hold+ & wat]-supply+ capacity ( ! soil1 & lack ( prop] f]tiliz]4 ,dr4 ,h>ley ,l4 ,crane & 8 assi/ants1 9 _! "w ) tung & pecan trees1 h %[n ! vital ne$ = c]ta9 elem5ts on "s soils4 ,trees weak5$ by ! lack ( ^! elem5ts are e>ly prey = "s diseases4 ,! elem5t mo/ frequ5tly defici5t is nitrog51 b sometimes boron1 copp]1 or iron is lack+2 or ! elem5ts are n 9 balance1 because ( ! excess ( "s1 or ! lack ( o!rs4 ,by adju/+ ! v>i\s soil1 wat]1 & site factors necess>y = a cont9u\s1 vigor\s gr[? ( trees1 _m s-call$ disease conditions are elim9at$4 ,_m fungi & viruses1 h[ev]1 w attack trees 9 ! p9k ( condition2 a few ( ! m important ( ^! are treat$ 9 ! foll[+ sections4 ,*e/nut ,blight ,! de/ruction by blight ( ! native /&s ( ! ,am]ican *e/nut1 & ( ! small ea/]n or*>d indu/ry bas$ on ,european & ,am]ican *e/nuts & _! hybrids is almo/ complete4 ,blight has be5 f\nd 9 ! plant$ ,european *e/nut or*>ds ( ! ,pacific ,coa/ f "t to "t1 b x has be5 kept "u control by eradication4 ,*e/nut trees or nuts f ! ea/]n ,/ates1 :]e blight is common1 %\ld n be %ipp$ into ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 or ,pacific ,coa/ ,/ates4 ,f9d+ ! ,asiatic *e/nuts resi/ant to ! blight1 ! ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology s5t ,r4 ,k5t ,beattie to ,asia to make selections ( *e/nuts = introduction into ?is c\ntry4 ,lat] ,pet] ,liu1 a ,*9ese collector :o work$ ) ,mr4 ,beattie1 cont9u$ to select ,*9ese *e/nuts = introduction4 ,^! introductions1 toge!r ) ! e>li] ones made by ! ,division ( ,plant ,exploration & ,introduction1 7 gr[n at ,*ico1 ,calif41 ,savannah1 ,ga41 & ,bell1 or ,gl5n ,dale1 ,md4 ,altoge!r "s #cjj1jjj *e/nut trees1 ( pure species & hybrids1 7 di/ribut$ to coop]ators = =e/ & or*>d plant+s4 7,fig4 #a47 ,^! con/itut$ a f9e lot ( mat]ial f _m p>ts ( ,asia z a basis = select+ ! be/ ones = our use4 ,private nurs]ies & ,/ate game & =e/ry dep>tm5ts are n[ gr[+ ^! *e/nuts & ! ,division ( ,=e/ ,pa?ology has discont9u$ g5]al di/ribution ( trees to coop]ators4 ,*9ese *e/nuts h prov$ to be ! mo/ valuable = =e/1 or*>d & ornam5tal use4 ,! ,japanese *e/nut is be+ discrim9at$ aga9/ because ( ! poor quality ( its nuts4 ,or*>di/s hav+ mix$ plant+s conta9+ ,japanese *e/nuts are advis$ to top "w ! trees or remove !m1 if ! se$ is to be us$ = plant+s4 ,9 fact1 = or*>d plant+s1 nuts %\ld be us$ only f ! be/ individual trees ( ! ,*9ese *e/nut4 ,! ,*9ese *e/nut %\ld be plant$ on sites ) good air dra9age z x is v susceptible to injury f e>ly-fall or late-spr+ freezes4 ,_m p]sons ?9k _! trees h be5 kill$ by ! blight :5 ! prim>y cause ( ! tr\ble 0 injury to ! trunk by freez+ foll[$ by gr[? ( ! blight organism ov] ! injur$ p>ts4 ,?is fungus may gr[ = _m ye>s 9 ! out] lay]s ( ! b>k )\t do+ any mat]ial damage to ! tree4 ,an important factor 9 resi/ance ( ! ,*9ese *e/nuts to ! blight is to keep ! trees gr[+ vigor\sly4 ,avoid late gr[? 9 ! fall z ?is favors fall freez+ damage4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--;,f#a hybrids betwe5 ! ,*9ese *e/nut & ! ,am]ican *e/nut4 ,nut ,spoilage ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s problems ) "s selections ( ! ,*9ese *e/nut is ! spoilage ( ! nuts4 ,m>v9 ,e4 ,f[l] made a /udy ( ?is tr\ble at ,savannah1 ,ga41 & f\nd t mo/ ( ! tr\ble 9 t re/rict$ area 0 caus$ by a ,gleoesporium-l fungus t infects ! nuts at ! tip4#aj ,because spray+ exp]im5ts did n give control1 ! m susceptible trees h be5 remov$4 ,9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,s\?1 h[ev]1 ?is fungus is n ! prim>y cause ( nut spoilage & ! limit$ "w s f> c>ri$ out has n reveal$ ! cause4 ,"p ( ! tr\ble may be due to physiological break-d[n4 ,z individual trees v>y greatly 9 susceptibility to ?is det]ioration ( ! nuts1 or*>di/s are advis$ to top "w or elim9ate ! m susceptible trees4 ,"s p h believ$ t exposure ( ! nuts to ! hot sun :ile 9 ! bur or on ! gr\nd may cause damage4 ,! m>ket = ,*9ese *e/nuts c be ru9$ by %ipp+ nuts t are p>tly spoil$ by ! "t !y rea* ! consum]4 ,footnote #aj3 ,gravatt1 ,g4 ,f41 & ,m>v9 ,e4 ,f[l]4 ,diseases ( *e/nut trees & nuts4 ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,assoc4 ,rept4 7#aidj7 #ca3 #aaj-aac4 #aida4 ,phytoph?ora ,root ,disease ( ,*e/nut ,phytoph?ora root disease1 caus$ by ,phytoph?ora c9namomi1 is treat$ briefly "h1 & int]e/$ nut gr[]s c consult ! detail$ e>li] article4#aa ,briefly1 ?is fungus is consid]$ z introduc$ into ?is c\ntry ov] a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x kill$ ! *e/nut & *9kap9 gr[? ov] l>ge areas 9 ! s\!rn ,/ates4 ,asiatic *e/nuts are highly resi/ant to ?is disease1 & :5 gr[n on well-dra9$ soils h n be5 damag$4 ,our te/ plant+s ( ,*9ese *e/nuts gr[+ 9 ! same soils :]e susceptible trees ( ,am]ican & ,european *e/nuts 7 kill$1 cont9ue to make a vigor\s gr[?4 ,! ,european & ,am]ican *e/nuts & _! hybrids gr[+ 9 ! we/]n ,/ates are 9 dang] f ?is fungus z x has n[ be5 report$ 9 ! ,we/4 ,?is same fungus sometimes kills ?\s&s ( "y nurs]y trees ( ! black walnut1 b ^! epidemics are usually br\ght on by unusual wea!r conditions4 ,poor soil a]ation1 induc$ by excessive ra9fall & poor dra9age1 makes ideal conditions = damage to ! walnut & o!r ho/s by ,phytoph?ora4 ,ev5 ! v resi/ant ,*9ese *e/nut roots are invad$ by ! fungus :5 ! soil rema9s wat]logg$ = ext5d$ p]iods4 ,broom+ ,disease ( ,walnut ,a sy/emic broom+ disease1 obs]v$ on plant$ walnuts z e>ly z #aiag1 has be5 ! subject ( consid]able discussion dur+ rec5t ye>s1 because x has n[ spread widely into ! native black walnut gr[?4 ,9 #aicb ,waite publi%$ t he _h be5 obs]v+ ! disease = "s #ae ye>s b t x 0 unkn[n on ! black walnut 9 ! wild 9 ?is c\ntry or on plant$ trees away f ! ,japanese walnut4 ,! disease has cont9u$ to increase 9 preval5ce 9 rec5t ye>s & is n[ widely di/ribut$ 9 native black walnut gr[? 9 ,t5nessee1 ,virg9ia1 ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 ,m>yl&1 ,delaw>e1 & ,new ,j]sey4 ,?is ext5sive spread into ! native gr[? dur+ ! la/ #ae or #bj ye>s & ! fact t reports indicate t all ( ! e>ly cases ( ! disease 7 f\nd ne> nurs]y-gr[n trees (f] "s evid5ce t ! disease is an importation f ano!r area or cont95t into ! ea/]n black walnut zone4 ,f ! lit]ature & oral reports1 x seems t ! disease is n[ pres5t also 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 & ,mi*igan4 ,surveys probably w\ld uncov] ! disease among native wild & plant$ walnuts 9 o!r ,/ates4 ,footnote #aa3 ,cr&all1 ,b4 ,s41 ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt1 & ,m4 ,m4 ,ryan4 ,root diseases ( ,ca/anea species & "s conif]\s & broadleaf nurs]y /ocks1 caus$ by ,phytoph?ora c9namomi4 ,phytopa?ology #ce3 #afb-ahj4 ,illus4 #aide4 ,economic ,importance & ,ho/s ,! black walnut is a valuable native =e/ tree1 widely b n abundantly di/ribut$ 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is ext5sively plant$ z a =e/ tree4 ,! num]\s plant+s & natural /&s ar\nd f>m homes1 along f5ces1 & 9 pa/ures are also v valuable4 ,m & m graft$ ornam5tals1 & or*>ds ( black walnut are be+ plant$4 ,= ^! ! p]-tree inve/m5t is high4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--,! broom+ disease ( walnut4 ,sev]e broom+ on ,japanese walnut4 ,! ultimate effect ( ! broom+ disease on ! black walnut is n kn[n4 ,dr4 ,waite /at$1 ,trees ev5 mod]ately attack$ soon become wor?less = nut production4 ,"s affect$ black walnut trees1 h[ev]1 cont9ue to produce small crops ( nuts4 ,visible symptoms h be5 kn[n to disappe>4 ,9 addition1 "s se$l+s1 & probably l>ge trees also1 are infect$ )\t %[+ symptoms4 ,su* obs]vations indicate ! complex nature ( ! disease4 ,detail$ /udies are ne$$1 b at pres5t ?is ,division is n 9 position to d m ?an limit$1 "p-"t "w on ! disease4 ,! butt]nut1 a widely di/ribut$ =e/ tree ( m9or importance1 is s]i\sly injur$ or kill$ by ?is disease4 ,! disease sev]ely damages or kills ! ,japanese walnut1 :i* has be5 plant$ to a limit$ ext5t b is ( little importance4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,waite's report1 ! ,p]sian1 or ,engli%1 walnut is attack$1 b v few trees ( ?is species are plant$ 9 ! ea/]n ,/ates4 ,precautions %\ld be tak5 to prev5t ! introduction ( ?is disease into areas :]e x is n n[ pres5t1 p>ticul>ly ! we/]n /ates4 ,symptoms express$ by infect$ trees are viruslike1 & ,hut*9s & ,we/]#ab 7 able to produce ! broom+ symptoms on a small numb] ( trees by means ( b>k pat* grafts1 indicat+ t ! broom+ disease probably is caus$ by a virus4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--;,broom+ disease on black walnut4 ,asc5d+ type1 upright1 suck] gr[? is typical ( ?is species4 ,description ( ,symptoms ,! entire range ( symptoms ( ! broom+ disease has n be5 det]m9$4 ,symptoms are recognizable dur+ mid-,july b !y are mo/ pron\nc$ dur+ ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,curl+ & cupp+ ( leaflets1 *lorosis1 n>r[+ & basal tap]+ ( leaflets appe> to be associat$ ) e>ly /ages ( ! disease4 ,on sev]ely affect$ trees !re are di/9ct broomlike gr[?s at bran* t]m9als1 along prim>y or second>y bran*es1 or on ! ma9 /em to ! gr\nd l9e 7,fig4 #b74 ,! broomlike gr[?s are =m$ by ! cont9u+ abnormal developm5t ( normally locat$ buds into %ort1 succul5t bran*es4 ,upright1 suck]like bran*es appe> on prim>y & second>y bran*es & on ! ma9 /em ( ! affect$ tree4 7,fig4 #c74 ,! broom$ p>ts usually die back dur+ ! dormant p]iod foll[+ _! appe>ance4 ,! dead brooms on trees t appe> to be heal?y dur+ ! e>ly mon?s ( ! gr[+-season indicate t ! trees are infect$4 ,usually ! diseas$ trees1 ev5 ^? sev]ely affect$1 exhibit normal gr[? dur+ ! e>ly summ] mon?s4 ,evid5ce t walnut trees may be infect$ = a consid]able "t prior to appe>ance ( recognizable symptoms 0 obta9$ :5 #cg p] c5t ( a total ( #cjj sev]ely prun$ trees exhibit$ broom+ disease symptoms4 ,^! trees _h look$ heal?y until !y 7 prun$4 ,unprun$ control trees %[$ a #d p] c5t increase 9 disease dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,footnote #ab3 ,hut*9s1 ,lee ,m41 & ,horace ,v4 ,we/]4 ,graft-transmissible broom+ disease ( walnut4 ,phytopa?ology4 #cg 7#a73 #aa4 7,ab/ract7 #aidg4 ,summ>y ,!re is /rong evid5ce t a virus disease is active among c]ta9 species ( walnut 9 c5tral & ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! disease exhibits di/9ctive symptoms & appe>s to damage infect$ trees1 sometimes sev]ely1 ov] sev]al gr[+ seasons4 ,pres5t data indicate t recognizable symptoms ( ! disease may n appe> = "s "t aft] infection1 unless ! ho/ is subject$ to sev]e %ock4 ,?us1 nurs]y /ock may be "o means ( spread+ ! disease into new areas4 ,x is recomm5d$1 )\t exp]im5tal "w to back up ! recomm5dation1 t walnut nurs]ym5 remove infect$ trees 9 ! vic9ity ( _! nurs]y sites4 ,inve/igation ( ?is disease to ! pres5t "t has be5 limit$4 ,g5]al obs]vations indicate t sev]ely broom$ trees produce poor nut crops4 ,mortality caus$ by ! disease appe>s to be q l[ among black walnut trees4 ,butt]nut & ,japanese walnut trees are1 9 g5]al1 m sev]ely affect$ by ! disease ?an ! black walnut & _m seem to be kill$ by x1 al?\gh ! kill+ process is sl[4 ,z a result ( exp]i5ce ) o!r virus diseases1 or*>di/s :o h only a few infect$ trees among _! black walnuts are advis$ to remove !m4 ,:e!r ! disease c be kept "u control by repeat$ rogu+ is unc]ta94 ,if an own] has j a few trees ( value z ornam5tals z well z nut produc]s1 "o hesitates to advise him to remove a lightly infect$ tree until m in=mation is obta9$ conc]n+ ! disease4 ,?is ,division w welcome in=mation f p]sons hav+ exp]i5ce ) ! broom+ disease ( walnut1 z x is 9 a position to d only a limit$ am\nt ( "w on ! disease4 ,p]simmon ,wilt ,p]simmon wilt is v de/ructive to ! native p]simmon 7,fig4 #d74 ,x is caus$ by ! fungus ,cephalosporium diospyri1 :i* 0 describ$ 9 #aide by ,b[5 ,s4 ,cr&all#ac4 ,! fungus gr[s 9 ! wood ( ! trees1 produc+ discolor$ /reaks4 ,mo/ trees are rapidly kill$1 ) yell[1 wilt$ leaves mak+ q a contra/ to ! normal gre5 trees4 ,?is disease 0 f\nd 9 spots f c5tral ,t5nessee s\? to ! ,gulf1 ea/ into ,florida1 & up ! coa/ into ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! ,am]ican p]simmon seem$ to be 9 dang]1 z ?is quickly kill+ disease appe>$ to be spread+4 ,! limit$ "w on ?is disease 0 discont9u$ because ( ! w> & ! transf] ( ,mr4 ,cr&all to ,p]u4 ,h[ev]1 ?is summ] ,mr4 ,cr&all & ! s5ior writ] sp5t two weeks survey+ "s ( ! old infections & ne>by t]ritory1 & 7 pleas$ to note t ! disease _h made v little progress into new t]ritory4 ,on sev]al small areas :]e ! disease 0 pres5t "s six ye>s ago practically all ( ! l>g] trees _h be5 kill$1 b "s new small trees 7 com+ up4 ,at ,*attanooga ,national ,p>k1 :]e ! wilt 0 rampant ab\t six ye>s ago1 x is cont9u+ to kill trees1 b _m new ones are com+ up4 ,no nor?w>d ext5sion ( ! disease 9 ,t5nessee or ,nor? ,c>ol9a 0 not$ 9 ! limit$ "t sp5t 9 inspection4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4--,small p]simmon trees kill$ by ! wilt4 ,:at does ! disease mean to ! gr[] ( graft$ p]simmons1 bo? native & ,ori5tal8 ,! ,japanese or ,*9ese p]simmons d n gr[ z well on _! own roots1 al?\gh !y are q safe t way z ^! two species are v resi/ant to ! wilt4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 mo/ ( ! ,ori5tal p]simmons are graft$ on ,am]ican root /ocks1 & trees 9 "o case 7 kill$ by ! wilt fungus gett+ 9 on ! susceptible root /ock4 ,no attempts to control ! wilt h be5 made1 & ^! recomm5dations are bas$ on proc$ure ) o!r diseases & on k ( ! spore production ( ?is fungus4 ,an own] ( a valuable plant+ ( graft$ trees 9 a region :]e ! disease is pres5t %\ld wat* 8 trees = ! fir/ indication ( tr\ble4 ,! plant+ w be saf]1 if !re are no ne>by native trees2 & if native trees are gr[+ ne>by & _c be remov$1 !y %\ld be giv5 a g5]al inspection4 ,prompt removal & burn+ ( any infect$ trees f\nd is advisable4 ,! fact t usually fungus spore production does n take place until aft] ! tree has be5 dead = a :ile makes ! prospect = control bett] ?an ) mo/ diseases4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to br+ 9 scions or trees f infect$ areas4 ,mo/ memb]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association h only a few graft$ p]simmon trees1 usually locat$ outside ( ! infect$ zone & !re=e 9 little dang]4 ,p]simmon scions & trees %\ld n be %ipp$ f infect$ to heal?y regions4 ,! disease has n be5 report$ 9 nurs]ies1 b x c\ld occur !re because x attacks small trees4 ,footnote #ac3 ,cr&all1 ,b[5 ,s4 ,a new species ( ,cephalosporium caus+ p]simmon wilt4 ,mycologia #cg 7#d73 #die-dih4 #aide4 ,?yronectria ,disease ( ,honeylocu/ ,honeylocu/ is widely di/ribut$ bo? 9 native /&s & 9 plantations4 ,"s f>m]s plant ?is species or leave native trees 9 _! pa/ures = ! pods1 :i* h a high sug> cont5t1 up to #ch p] c5t4 ,j4 ,c4 ,moore1 ( ! ,alabama ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 report$ prelim9>y te/s indicat+ a p]-acre yield ( live/ock fe$ equal to t ( oats4 ,9 _m areas ! gr[? ( honeylocu/ is s]i\sly affect$ by a cank] & twig fungus1 ,?yronectria au/ro-am]icana4 ,! disease (t5 kills _m twigs & bran*es & sometimes results 9 dea? ( ! tree4 ,9 mo/ areas x causes only slight injury4 ,b[5 ,s4 ,cr&all & ,jesse ,d4 ,dill] h made a few obs]vations on ! preval5ce & damage by ?is disease1 :i* is pres5t f ,new ,engl& s\? into ! ,gulf ,/ates & we/ into ! ,great ,pla9s ,/ates4 ,! fungus caus+ ?is disease is morphologically some:at simil> to ! *e/nut blight fungus1 hav+ two spore /ages produc$ 9 r$di%-br[n p9head-size fruit+ bodies on ! b>k4 ,cank]s are produc$ on ! small] bran*es1 b !y usually are n not$ until "s ( ! affect$ ones wilt & die4 ,9 ! expos$ out] wood ( a bran* cut above or bel[ ! cank] !re are r$di%-br[n /reaks sev]al in*es long1 indicat+ t ! fungus has gr[n 9 ! vascul> sy/em4 ,z no control exp]im5ts are kn[n1 recomm5dations are bas$ on g5]al k ( sanitation4 ,if an own] has only a few valuable plant$ trees1 he %\ld cut (f ! diseas$ p>ts a foot or m back f ! l[] edge ( ! affect$ b>k & burn or bury !m 9 ! soil4 ,if he has _m trees scatt]$ ov] ext5sive pa/ure areas1 x is que/ionable :e!r any action o!r ?an elim9ation ( ! m susceptible trees is ju/ifi$4 ,we w be int]e/$ 9 ! results obta9$ f control "w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,n[ ,i w turn ov] ! *airman%ip ( ! meet+ to ,mr4 ,*ase1 :o w h *>ge ( ! ,r\nd ,table ,discussion4 ,r\nd ,table ,discussion on ,*e/nut ,problems ,,sp5c] ,b4 ,,*ase1 ,presid+ ,panel ( ,exp]ts3 ,max ,e4 ,h>dy1 ,c>roll ,d4 ,bu%1 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel4 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,g5tlem51 9 ! la/ h\r & a half we h he>d p]haps m ab\t *e/nuts f qualifi$ speciali/s ?an we w ev] he> 9 any meet+ ( ours1 & we reque/$ ea* "o to )hold que/ions until ?is po9t4 ,s n[ we w h "s que/ions f ! floor1 please4 ,mr4 ,slate3 ,:at is ! pres5t /atus ( bre$+ *e/nut species = timb] purposes8 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,! prospects are com+ along4 ,we h "o cross betwe5 a none-too-promis+ ,*9ese *e/nut & an ,am]ican *e/nut1 ) a good bun* ( hybrids & !y are diff]5t f o!r hybrids4 ,x looks l !y w /& up aga9/ blight4 ,!y w h blight cank] gr[? f #aj feet d[n to ! gr\nd b x doesn't g into ! cambium region4 ,x is too e>ly to evaluate ! hybrids1 b !y d h ! upright =m & rapid gr[? ( ! ,am]ican *e/nut4 ,n[ :5 we take ^! fir/-g5]ation hybrids1 cross !m back ) ! ,*9ese & get m resi/ance1 z we h done s _m times 9 ! pa/1 we lose t rapid & m upright gr[? habit ( ! ,am]ican *e/nut4 ,b we h a lot m "w to d be=e we are ready to say any?+ f9al on ?is "q4 ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,h4 ,graves1 =m]ly at ! ,brooklyn ,botanic ,g>d5 is n[ consult+ pa?ologi/ at ! ,new ,hav51 7,conn47 ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,we h be5 work+ ) him & p>tially support+ 8 *e/nut bre$+ = a good _m ye>s4 ,he has a lot ( hybrids up !re4 ,we expect to h some?+ lat]1 b h no?+ to release yet4 ,a ,memb]3 ,d y h any sprays to control diseases & insect pe/s 9 ! tree t :5 !y g into ! soil won't de/roy our gr\nd fri5ds8 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,mr4 ,gravatt8 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,i don't "k :at insects y are aft]1 9 ! fir/ place4 ,we h a lot ( tr\ble ) ,japanese beetles4 ,ar\nd ,wa%+ton1 ,dr4 ,crane's & my plant+s !re w\ld be defoliat$ if !y w]5't spray$ = ,japanese beetle control1 & x is ! same way ) filb]ts4 ,a ,memb]3 ,! same sprays h a t5d5cy to "w aga9/ mo/ ( ! pe/s1 d !y n8 ,( c\rse1 ,,ddt w take "o1 ! ars5ate ( lead takes ano!r1 ,black ,leaf #dj ano!r1 b if we _h a spray t we c use ar\nd on--well1 n limit$ to ! *e/nut--t w\ld be neutraliz$ 9 ! e>?4 ,n[1 we h a good deal ( fri5dly bact]ia & insects 9 ! soil t we want to keep4 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,i w\ld say t ,i am a pa?ologi/1 & insect "w is out ( my l9e4 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,does anyone else h a comm5t on t8 ,dr4 ,cross1 did y he> ! "q8 ,dr4 ,cross3 ,i didn't get 8 "q4 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,w\ld y /& & repeat y\r "q8 ,a ,memb]3 ,is !re a spray t we c use = combat+ ! insect pe/s ( our trees t :5 x is wa%$ (f & goes into ! soil doesn't kill our soil fri5ds4 ,we h ! fri5dly bact]ia 9 ! soil1 z well z insect & worm life4 ,d we h a spray t w be neutraliz$ z x hits ! soil s we c spray ! tree & n kill our l[] fri5ds8 ,dr4 ,cross3 ,sorry1 ,mr4 ,*ase1 t's beyond me4 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,y are ?9k+ ( ars5ate ( lead poison+ ! soil :]e y keep on spray+ ) x8 ,a ,memb]3 ,yes4 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,i ?9k ,,ddt may build up a little 9 ! soil1 b x is brok5 d[n1 isn't x1 ,dr4 ,crane8 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,yes1 ,,ddt is brok5 d[n & x is n a fungicide & x is n a bact]icide4 ,x is an insecticide t kills insects ?r\gh affect+ ! n]v\s sy/em1 accord+ to my und]/&+ ( x4 ,i am n an entomologi/1 b t's :at ! entomologi/s say4 ,s f> we hav5't any evid5ce to my k ( any build-up ( ,,ddt 9 soils t has be5 detrim5tal4 ,i don't "k :at ! situation w\ld be if ,,ddt 0 us$ to ! same ext5t z ars5ate ( lead4 ,x 0 n uncommon = "s gr[]s to put on any:]e f #f to #ae lead sprays 9 a season 9 ord] to control codl+ mo?1 z !y us$ to d 9 c]ta9 apple or*>ds1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,we/4 ,i 0 talk+ to ,dr4 ,van ,leeuw5 j a day or two be=e ,i _h to leave = ! meet+1 & he is n ready yet to say any?+ ab\t x1 b he has already te/$ "s v promis+ insecticides z f> z ! control ( weevil is conc]n$4 ,?is ,,ddt & "s ( ! o!r new insecticides are v easily decompos$1 &1 ( c\rse1 t's "o ( ! disadvantages ( !m4 ,"u c]ta9 climatic conditions !y w\ld ne$ to be less readily decompos$ to give control ov] a long] p]iod4 ,i "k t we h n _h en\gh exp]i5ce to "k all ab\t ^? new spray mat]ials4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,!re has be5 "o in/ance report$ :]e ,,ddt 9 ! soil 0 injuri\s to fruit plant gr[?4 ,t 0 ,goldswor?y's & ,dunegan's "w on /rawb]ries4 ,:]e !y us$ l>ge am\nts ( te*nical ,,ddt 9 ! soil1 !y f\nd t x inhibit$ ! gr[? ( ! /rawb]ry plant4 ,i believe t's ! only in/ance ,i've he>d (1 :]e soil application ( ,,ddt hurt gr[? ( fruit plants4 ,b5z5e hexa*loride1 & "s o!r *lor9at$ hydroc>bons1 & p>a?ion actually appe>$ to h a /imulat+ effect on ! b]ry plants4#ad ,mr4 ,frye3 ,:y w\ld !re be any m dang] ( affect+ ! soil 9 a *e/nut or*>d ?an !re w\ld 9 ! apple & pea* or*>d by spray+ sev51 eight & t5 times8 ,t's ! only "q t arises ) me4 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,let's get back to *e/nuts specifically1 n[1 g5tlem54 ,mr4 ,kays 7,oklahoma ,a4 ,m4 ,college73 ,s9ce ,i don't come f a *e/nut area1 my impression ( ! nut samples suppli$ by ,mr4 ,moore ( ,auburn1 03 ,i'd l !m if !y _h salt$ !m4 ,i am wond]+ if x w\ldn't h affect$ _! rancidity if !y _h be5 treat$--salt+ mat]ial add$1 prior to or 9 ! process some:]e along ! l9e4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,moore3 ,i'd j l to say ,i h tri$ putt+ salt 9 ! wat]1 to boil ! nuts ) salt1 & !n ,i h tri$ %ell+ !m & spr9kl+ salt1 & ,i f9d t salt does n add any?+ to ! flavor4 ,ta/+ ! nuts raw1 ,i1 too1 get ! impression salt is :at ,i want1 b ,i hav5't be5 able to add x satisfactorily4 ,i don't say t x _c be done4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 9 view ( ! :ole situation ( *e/nut incompatibility ( /ock ) scion1 :at w\ld be ! position t we 9 ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association c take 9 advis+ p :at k9d ( *e/nuts !y %\ld plant8 ,%\ld !y be enc\rag$ to try to get graft$ trees8 ,:at %\ld be our position8 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,mr4 ,/oke1 w\ld y c>e to comm5t on t8 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,y are ask+ me to /ick out my neck1 & x seems z if ,i h always done t4 ,! ,*9ese *e/nut is 9 ! ,johnny ,applese$ /age1 9 my op9ion1 & we are inve/igat+ to f9d out ! be/ v>ieties1 t is1 ! be/ specim51 be/ p]=mance1 be/ quality1 be/ 9 blight resi/ance1 gr[?1 & o!r qualities & :5 we w9n[ out all we h & arrive at ! be/1 we are go+ to f9d--n[1 ?is is j my p]sonal op9ion--,i w say t = myself ,i'd r h "o acre ( ! be/ selections we h budd$ or graft$--asexually propagat$1 ?an five acres ( se$l+ trees z a f9ancial good bet1 because ,i say t "o acre ( our v be/ produce virtually z _m nuts z five acres ( se$l+s4 ,i h trees f se$ ,i import$ ?r\gh ! ,yokahama ,nurs]y ,company1 & ,i ?9k x came f ,korea4 ,! nuts run v small1 & comp>$ ) ^? ,i am sure ! o!rs w pay mu* bett]1 & ,i ?9k x w\ld be pr(itable to pay ?ree or f\r or five times z mu* = y\r trees if y get good trees ( good1 kn[n v>ieties & graft$ or budd$4 ,don't misund]/& me4 ,we %\ldn't ask ! ,am]ican public to wait until ^? c be furni%$1 because !y won't wait1 & !y %\ldn't4 ,b ,i say z a comm]cial proposition1 to plant trees comm]cially1 ,i w\ld ex]cise caution & ,i w\ld enc\rage my cu/om]s to ex]cise caution unless !y are will+ to foll[ up & d _! own top work+ lat] on1 & a ,*9ese *e/nut doesn't top "w z readily z a black walnut4 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,i don't believe t's q ! answ] he want$4 ,! comm5t t ,i ?9k ,dr4 ,mac,daniels is aft] is :at position %\ld ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association take 9 reg>d to plant+ se$l+s or plant+ graft$ /ock4 ,is t ! po9t8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,yes1 x seems to be se$l+s aga9/ graft$ /ock4 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,may ,i answ]8 ,i don't ?9k ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association %\ld take any position4 ,!y %\ld pres5t ! facts & let ! buy] decide4 ,i don't ?9k we ne$ to g on record1 & ,i don't ?9k we %\ld4 ,!re is too mu* div]sity ( op9ion4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,betwe5 ourselves--& ?is is n an academic "q--we get cont9ual inquiries reg>d+ ! ,*9ese *e/nuts & :at %\ld !y plant & :]e c !y get ! trees1 & s =?4 ,x isn't good en\gh 9 mo/ ( ^! cases to write sev]al pages expla9+ :at ! :ole situation is1 ! if's1 &'s1 & b's4 ,b ,i j wond] :at ! op9ion is ( ! p :o "k be/ 9 ?is reg>d4 ,:o has a good or*>d ( #bj-ye>-old graft$ ,*9ese *e/nuts8 ,:]e are !y8 ,i don't "k3 ,i am ask+ = in=mation4 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,dr4 ,dra91 are ^? trees y h graft$ trees or se$l+ trees8 ,dr4 ,dra9 7,univ]sity ( ,t5nessee73 ,!y are se$l+ trees4 ,!y h produc$ a r nice quality nut1 & we h enjoy$ propagat+ se$l+s f !m4 ,t's really all we "k4 ,we hav5't graft$ any4 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,mac1 w\ld y c>e to comm5t on ?is8 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,i am a%am$ to say t at pres5t we h no graft$ *e/nut trees on my own nor? ,alabama f>ms4 ,we h ab\t #ej trees t are #h-ye>-old se$l+s f import$ 7,*9ese7 nuts1 gr[+ next to a comm]cial pea* block1 & f9d ! production q v>iable on ! diff]5t trees4 ,i am aim+ at top-work+ mo/ ( ^! ) ! nam$ v>ieties1 beg9n+ ?is ye>4 ,at pres5t ,i c't answ] ! "q ( se$l+s vs graft$ trees4 ,i h be5 advis+ p :o are int]e/$ 9 try+ !m 9 ,t5nessee t = _! fir/ plant+ 7to te/ ! adaptability ( _! locations7 !y c get ! se$l+s g5]ally q a bit *eap] ?an ! graft$ trees4 ,) ! exp]i5ce we h _h ov] ! ,/ate & ! high mortality ( trees1 bo? graft$ & se$l+--kill+ ( ! tops & 9 "s cases ! :ole tree--! se$l+ might be be/ economically to beg9 _! exp]im5t+ )4 ,i am n recomm5d+ t anyone plant se$l+s comm]cially1 b j 9 a small way = trial4 ,!y are well wor? a trial any:]e pea*es are do+ well4 ,:5 we f9d a suitable site1 !n is ! "t to ?9k ab\t us+ ! m exp5sive graft$ trees4 ,pres4 ,davidson3 ,i j want to give a little bit ( my exp]i5ce along t l9e4 ,way back 9 #aicd ,i plant$ a few se$s t ,i got f ,amelia ,riehl4 ,!y 7 nuts ( ! ,riehl hybrids4 ,ed4 note3 ,mo/ly ,am]ican--,european crosses4 ,%e nam$ "o ,dan ,pat* & ano!r ,gibbons4 ,!y are n[ ab\t #ac ye>s old4 ,ea* ( !m is be>+ burs ?is ye>4 ,!y h borne burs1 a few ( !m1 9 ! pa/1 b no nuts4 ,s f> 9 #aidh1 ! burs t h fall5 to ! gr\nd1 ( c\rse1 h no nuts1 b :e!r ! burs t are /ill on ! trees h nuts ,i don't "k4 ,i want to "k :e!r ^? trees are normal---:e!r a hybrid ( t k9d is likely to be /]ile or n4 ,t's ano!r matt] t might be discuss$4 ,anyh[1 y are tak+ a *ance1 no "q ab\t t1 :5 y plant se$l+s4 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 if y w p>don me = say+ "o m ^w1 "h is a sugge/ion ,i w make4 ,n[ y c *eck = y\rself4 ,! :ole ?+ h+es on :e!r we c get p]man5t grafts on ! tree & get ! *>act]i/ics 9 ! graft$ tree t ! p>5t has--9 ! good select$ tree4 ,n[ y take ! reports s5t u by ,mr4 ,hemm+2 y take ! reports ( ! /ation at ,albany--( individual trees 9 ^? plots4 ,y take ! wor/ trees & y w f9d !y are no?+ b bo>d]s4 ,y take ! be/ & y w f9d !y are v pr(itable4 ,y take ! av]age & x w fall some:]e 9 betwe54 ,n[1 :y keep a lot ( bo>d]s t don't pay--free bo>d]s--or :y use run-(-m9e se$l+s1 if we c graft successfully--& "s p l to dispute t--& produce no?+ b ! be/8 ,& y c *eck x on any ( ^? tables4 ,mr4 ,h>dy's pap]4 ,we h a few tables 9 our =m] ,reports4 ,y c *eck x & figure x out = y\rself4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,to cle> up ?is situation ,i want$ to ask ,mr4 ,h>dy a "q1 & !n ,i want$ to make a /atem5t4 ,9 ?is report f ! #aich & #aidj plant+ at ,albany1 ,georgia1 9 ! ,br[n tract 9 #aidg !re 7 #ahh trees t bore crops1 b t plant+ consi/$ ( #bgd trees plant$ 9 #aich & #fj trees plant$ 9 #aidj4 ,:y w]5't ^? #bgd trees plus ^? #fj trees repres5t$ 9 ! #ajj ) ! yield records ( #aidg8 ,mr4 ,h>dy3 ,dr4 ,crane kn[s ! answ]1 s ,i w let him ask ! "q & answ] x1 too4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,9 #aicf we plant$ #a1jjj trees ( ! same ,pet] ,liu selections on ! ,/ation f>m at ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&4 ,!y 7 ( ! same numb] & lett] designations z o!rs t 7 di/ribut$ to coop]ators4 ,out ( ! ?\s& trees t we plant$ on ! ,/ation f>m "s ( !m came into be>+ at f\r & five ye>s aft] plant+4 ,b ! nuts 7 small 9 size & 7 n mu* good4 ,) "o or two exceptions1 out ( t plant+ !re 7 none be>+ satisfactorily to suit u aft] t5 ye>s4 ,9 #aide we appli$ ! ax1 because a ,*9ese *e/nut tree1 f an or*>d /&po9t1 if x's n 9 be>+ 9 t5 ye>s aft] plant+ is n wor? keep+4 ,we hav5't got "t to wait4 ,s out !y came4 ,& 9 addition to t we h _h o!r trees t h done ! same ?+4 ,n[1 out ( ?is #bgd plus ! #fj at ,albany1 ,georgia1 we h ?ree trees t we n[ figure are good en\gh to be rais$ to a v>iety /atus1 plus possibly two or ?ree m4 ,n[1 y c figure y\r p]c5tage ( good trees :5 y plant se$s4 ,dr4 ,ov]hols]3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 may ,i ask a "q1 :e!r ^! ?ree se$l+s to :i* !y propose to give v>iety /atus h be5 propagat$ 9 suffici5t numb] t !y are able to give di/ribution 9 o!r areas4 ,mr4 ,h>dy3 ,dr4 ,ov]hols]1 !y are n available yet 9 quantity4 ,t same answ] is "p ( ! answ] ,i want$ to make to ,dr4 ,mac,daniels4 ,! pres5t situation 9 ! *e/nut indu/ry is t !re are v few nurs]ym5 :o "k h[ to propagate nurs]y graft$ trees successfully4 ,!re is go+ to h to be q a bit ( "w done on t4 ,if "s ( y "h "k h[ to d x1 ,i w\ld l to "k1 myself4 ,!re are a lot ( nurs]ym5 :o w\ld l to "k1 accord+ to ! reports ,i h1 h[ to graft or bud a nurs]y *e/nut tree4 ,z long z ! situation is t way ,i w\ld say to recomm5d se$l+ trees because ( _! l[ price1 b--& e gr[] :o has trees c fall 9 l9e ) ?is--! se$s %\ld be f prop]ly cull$-out or*>ds ( ! highe/ type1 leav+ no?+ 9 !re produc+ nuts or poll5 b :at is ! highe/ type4 ,i ?9k all ( y :o h m ?an "o type ( *e/nut 9 y\r plant+s %\ld cull !m all d[n to ! pure ,ca/anea mollissima4 ,i don't mean by cutt+ out ! :ole tree1 b g ahead & top-"w !m4 ,if !y won't take ! top1 !n cut !m out4 ,b if y c top-"w !m & ! graft+ is good1 y c increase y\r plant+ ( good trees 9 t mann]4 ,! improv$ quality ( ! se$ w improve ! quality ( se$l+s go+ to ! buy]1 & ! *ances ( a high] p]c5tage ( good se$l+s %[+ up w be great]4 ,i ?9k x w improve ! indu/ry ?r\gh a p]iod ( ye>s4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i ?9k ,i agree ) 8 position4 ,9 fact1 t's exactly :at we are tell+ ! inquiries t come 93 ,at ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 bett] try se$l+ trees4 ,b ,i didn't he> anybody get up & say !y _h an or*>d ( #bj-ye>-old graft$ *e/nut trees4 ,i h tri$ to get !m1 ,i h graft$ successfully1 ,i suppose1 #g or #h diff]5t v>ieties on _m diff]5t ,*9ese /ocks t ,i h b\ght1 or _h giv5 to me1 & numb]s ( graft$ trees4 ,i h no?+ left4 ,!y gr[ f9e1 #g or #h feet ! fir/ ye>1 #c or #d feet ! next ye>1 !n !y g along = a :ile & !n !y die4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is an unsolv$ problem !re1 s t x seems to me at ! pres5t /ate ( our k we _h bett] admit x & say1 ,if y are an amateur1 y bett] get ! be/ se$l+ trees t y c & wait a:ile4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,moore3 ,i j want to give "s data on "s ( ! class "w at ,auburn ) ,*9ese *e/nuts4 ,we 7 /udy+ ,*9ese se$l+s1 & we attempt$ to bud ^? ,*9ese *e/nut se$l+s1 & on "s ( ! l>g] se$l+s we top-work$4 ,we _h "s #c-ye>-old se$l+s1 & we top-work$ ! limbs4 ,we put 9 pat* buds1 & we put 9 ,t-buds or %ield buds1 & 9 practically e case on "s ( ! trees ! buds /uck beautifully4 ,9 ,june & aga9 9 ,augu/1 ) ano!r class1 we _h ! same results1 ei!r ) ,t-bud or %ield bud or pat* bud4 ,"s ( ! se$l+s w\ldn't take ! buds at all4 ,i c't ?9k :y "o se$l+ w\ld take #ajj p] c5t ( ! buds & ano!r se$l+ gr[+ "r by x w\ldn't take any buds4 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,! old/]s "h w rememb] ,colonel ,c4 ,k4 ,sob]1 "o ( our =m] memb]s :o propagat$ :at he lat] nam$ ! ,sob]'s ,p>agon *e/nut4 ,x 0 a graft$ tree & app>5tly x 0 graft$ successfully on native /ocks1 & x grew until ! blight got x4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i am n talk+ ab\t ,european or ,am]ican1 ,i am talk+ ab\t ,*9ese *e/nuts4 ,mr4 ,o',r\rke3 ,x may affect ! nurs]y indu/ry4 ,! nurs]ym5 are look+ to ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,f$]al bureaus & ,/ate exp]im5t /ations to guide !m 9 ! propagation ( desirable trees4 ,we "k n[ t ! ,*9ese *e/nut is becom+ q prom95t1 is becom+ q popul> 9 _m sections ( ! c\ntry1 & _m nurs]ym5 are n[ gett+ reque/s to supply ! public 9 _! /ates ) ,*9ese *e/nuts4 ,!y1 9 turn1 w\ld l to "k :at !y %\ld d4 ,if !y sell ,*9ese *e/nut trees :i* h be5 propagat$ vegetatively & !y only gr[ five1 eight1 #aj or #ae ye>s & !n die1 x's go+ to come back on ! nurs]ym54 ,!y %\ld l to "k :e!r !y %\ld d t or :e!r !y %\ld rely ^u se$l+s :i* !y c develop into pure l9es z be/ !y may4 ,n[1 t really is a s]i\s "q4 ,i am wond]+ f :at ,mr4 ,h>dy has told u today if x may n be an und]/ock problem1 & if x is an und]/ock problem--if !re are c]ta9 /ra9s ( und]/ock :i* are compatible ) c]ta9 scions1 possibly we %\ld ask = "s inve/igations1 "s m rese>* to be done 9 ?is direction4 ,!n possibly1 on ! o!r h&1 we %\ld also ask t c]ta9 inve/igations be c>ri$ out s t we w h "s idea ( ! inh]itable *>act]s t may be fix$ ?r\gh se$ selection4 ,i really ?9k t ?is se$ selection %\ld be v s]i\sly consid]$1 & t nurs]ym5 9 p>ticul> & ! public 9 g5]al w\ld b5efit greatly by su* consid]ation4 ,mr4 ,h>dy3 ,mr4 ,*ase1 may ,i make ?is sugge/ion3 ,i ?9k x is some?+ t a numb] ( individuals c\ld try1 p]haps !y %\ld be back$ up by agricultural in/itutions1 ei!r ,f$]al or ,/ate4 ,we are all int]e/$ & conc]n$ ) /ocks1 & ,i ?9k a l>ge "p ( our tr\ble ) graft+ *e/nuts is a /ock-scion relation%ip4 ,we h "s top-work$ trees #ac ye>s old t are j z heal?y1 j z normal z !y c be4 ,we h "s top-work$ trees ( v>i\s ages bel[ t4 ,! graft-union is good2 !y are j z heal?y & cont9ue to be z productive & vigor\s z ! p>5t tree4 ,:]e !re is incompatibility we run into difficulties v %ortly4 ,to a l>ge ext5t ,i ?9k we are involv$ ) two problems 9 ! tr\ble ) incompatibility1 or p]haps ,i %\ld say ! dy+1 ( graft$ trees4 ,"o is a /ock-scion relation%ip1 ! o!r a me*anical problem4 ,i ?9k !re are ^! two types ( incompatibilities4 ,n[1 z to ! me*anical "p--t c be improv$ ?r\gh develop+ ! art ( graft+ or budd+1 :i*ev] works out be/4 ,! o!r w require q a lot ( /udy1 p]haps ! developm5t ( c]ta9 /ra9s ( ! root /ocks = c]ta9 scion v>ieties4 ,i h made ?is sugge/ion to two or ?ree4 ,i h />t$ ! "w myself by putt+ out ) fri5ds two or ?ree or f\r trees4 ,aft] !y get up to a size :]e ,i c top-"w !m1 ,i w top-"w ) two v>ieties4 ,p]haps ,i w put ,nank+ & ,kul+ on two trees at "o p>ticul> place4 ,two or ?ree miles away ,i w put ,kul+ & ,meil+ on two o!rs4 ,at ano!r place ,i w put ,nank+ & ,meil+4 ,i w get reciprocal poll9ation1 because ! *e/nut is necess>ily cross-poll9at+4#ae ,i c !n plant se$l+s f bo? p>5ts1 ea* poll9at$ by ! o!r4 ,!n by graft+ ^? v>ieties onto ^? se$l+s /ocks ,i c f9d out :e!r !re is any reason to g into ! "w ( develop+ se$ or*>ds ( two v>ieties :]eby ,meil+ poll9at$ by ,kul+ may produce ! be/1 mo/ vigor\s1 mo/ uni=m se$l+s on :i* ,kul+ c be propagat$4 ,& by propagat+ ,kul+ on su* se$l+s--! se$l+s ( su* inh]itance--we may get #ajj p] c5t ( good grafts4 ,! indu/ry ne$s a lot ( help1 & ,i ?9k x is a matt] ( "t until ^? ?+s are work$ out1 b x is go+ to take "t & money & pl5ty ( good ef=t to "w out t problem4 ,i ?9k x probably %\ld be work$ out4 ,mr4 ,bu%3 ,i don't l ! ^w incompatibility1 & ,i h>dly believe 9 x1 & ,i presume mo/ ( y "k t4 ,i h ,*9ese on ,european /ock1 & x has be5 !re = #bj ye>s or m1 graft$ high4 ,i h ,*9ese on ,japanese graft$ "u ! gr\nd4 ,i ?9k a good deal ( our damage is done f w9d1 f cold1 & f sun on ! graft j above ! gr\nd4 ,i suspect t graft+ at t po9t is :at is ! matt] ) _m trees 9 ! ,,tva plant+s & o!rs t _h l[ survival4 ,( late ye>s :5 ,i did ! graft+ 79 ! la/ five or six ye>s7 ,i cut ! /ock und]nea? ! gr\nd & /uck ! graft "u ! gr\nd & seem+ly ,i got f> bett] results4 ,"s ( ^? graft failures %[$ up4 ,i laid t l>gely to me*anical damage1 & aga9 ) ! ,japanese1 p>ticul>ly1 ,i laid x on ! "t :5 ! sap comes up4 ,call x :at y w1 b ! tim+ ( ! gr[? ( ! two trees is diff]5t & we _h tr\ble !re4 ,i h graft$ "s v widely diff]5t k9ds ( *e/nuts on ! tops ( o!r *e/nuts1 & am gett+ !m to gr[4 ,:5 we see ! break />t1 we take a twig f bel[ & break & put x above1 cut ?r\gh ! cambium & nail x on & !y w heal ov] & ! defect disappe>s4 ,s1 aga91 x seems to be me*anical4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,i believe f obs]vations on a numb] ( trees1 p>ticul>ly ,dr4 ,ri*>ds' 9 ,we/ ,t5nessee1 t a l>ge "p ( our s-call$ incompatibility 9 ?is ,/ate is due to w9t] injury to ! /ock4 ,s :at ,dr4 ,ri*>ds meant1 evid5tly1 0 t he 0 r successful 9 gett+ a take f la/ summ]'s propagation b ! /ock !n fail$ bel[ ! union ?is spr+4 ,i saw 8 trees1 & !y _h ! typical discoloration ( b>k & ! dy+ ( v>i\s b>k areas--^! girdl+ ! :ole tree 9 a numb] ( in/ances4 ,see ,ri*>ds' pap] 9 ?is report4 ,i w\ld agree 9 g5]al ) :at ,mr4 ,bu% has j said1 b !re are c]ta9 o!r in/ances 9 :i* we ?9k ! only ^w = :at we see is incompatibility4 ,mr4 ,slate3 ,:at are ! prospects ( plant+ ^? l[-graft$ trees r deep8 ,mr4 ,bu%3 ,i ?9k t if ! roots />t$ to die ! graft$ tree w\ld />t a root above ! graft4 ,! sap is go+ up f ! root4 ,x w g d[n & ! root w />t above ! graft & g out above ! graft1 ?us gett+ ! tree on its own root4 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,s9ce we got onto graft+1 d y m9d if ,i say a ^w8 ,"h is a f\r-bran*1 top-work$ specim5 t ,i *opp$ (f & br\ght ) me4 ,?is fir/ tree limb 0 /ill alive & _h nuts on x1 ! second 0 dy+ & a ?ird dead4 ,?is f\r? union 0 /ill alive1 b x 0 badly damag$1 too4 ,t's ,ill9ois #ca -#d on ,japanese4 ,"h is ano!r graft ( ,ill9ois #ca -#d on ,japanese 9 a small tree1 & if t's poor union1 ,i am no graft]6 ,mr4 ,h>dy3 ,mr4 ,/oke1 may ,i ask y ?is3 ,is ?is small graft on ! same tree z ?is8 ,indicat+ l>g] tree fir/ ref]r$ to4 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,no4 ,^? f\r grafts1 y see1 all w5t bad4 ,?is "o is 9 p]fect condition4 ,b ,i am hav+ a h>d "t keep+ t ,ill9ois #ca -#d alive4 ,i _h a union on mollissima ?ree in*es 9 diamet] & z p]fect z ?is1 two ye>s ago4 ,la/ ye> x began to bulge at ! po9t ( union4 ,! top wasn't fe$+ back to ! root1 & ?is ye> x is 9 bad condition1--foliage v small & x put on a v full crop ( burs :i* w nev] mature1 & x's go+ to pass out4 ,x is ab\t f\r in*es 9 diamet] n[4 ,la/ ye> to try to beat ?is ?+ ,i cut out ! cr[n ( a small mollissima at ! bel[-gr\nd level & put 9 sev]al grafts ( ?is same ,ill9ois #ca -#d1 & ,i got a nice gr[?1 at lea/ f\r feet high4 ,:5 ,i dug x up to transplant x--x 0 "r 9 my g>d5--,i f\nd ,i _h a l>ge callus m ?an an in* & a half 9 diamet] at ! union b no roots4 ,i reset x1 & ,i hav5't v5tur$ to see :e!r x 0 all "r or n4 ,?is spr+ ,i tri$ aga94 ,i h f\r little trees1 "o z high z my head1 ! o!rs small]4 ,i graft$ ea* "o on bran* roots j z !y lay 9 ! gr\nd4 ,didn't dig !m up & !y grew nicely1 & along 9 ,july ,i w5t ar\nd & spad$ !m deeply & ?\ght p]haps t w\ld produce roots4 ,ab\t a week ago ,i exam9$ "o4 ,i h a magnific5t callus b no roots yet above ! union4 ,:at ! ultimate results w be ,i don't "k4 ,) t p>ticul> hybrid ,i want to try "o m ?+4 ,i want to gr[ se$l+s ( ! ,european *e/nut1 cut !m bel[ ! gr\nd1 graft ,ill9ois #ca -#d on ! root & x may make a union t w n fail1 because ! ,european is a v robu/ gr[]1 & by be+ graft$ "u ! gr\nd ! /ock w be away f blight organisms4 ,editor's ,note3 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$ is nam+ ?is v>iety 7,ill4 #ca-d7 ,colby 9 honor ( ! orig9ator1 ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,s4 ,colby4 ,mr4 ,hirs*i3 ,i w\ld l to say ,i put on hybrids simil> to t ,ill9ois #ca -#d & !y grew ! fir/ ye>1 & j made a bulky knot "r at ! po9t ( union & di$ ! second ye>4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,:at 0 t comb9ation8 ,mr4 ,hirs*i3 ,t 0 mollissima /ock4 ,n[1 speak+ ab\t ! v>ieties--?is is 9 ,oklahoma--,i h tri$ practically all ! old] v>ieties & ,i h tri$ "s ,abundance grafts ?is la/ ye>4 ,i h "s ,abundance grafts t are two ye>s old t are produc+4 ,!y h ! mo/ vigor\s gr[? ( any?+1 & 9 our climate we h to h vigor4 ,i graft$ a lot ( ! ,abundance scions on ,hobson se$l+s4 ,i />t$ out to gr[ an or*>d f ,hobson se$l+s1 & ,i f\nd out t out ( #ej splice grafts ( ,abundance t ,i put 9 ,hobson se$l+s 9 #aidh1 =ty-eight grew1 & !y 7 put on r late1 9 ,april4 ,t's a little late = u4 ,i h ! idea--,i don't "k :e!r ,i am "r or n--t if ! ,abundance proves out z our be/ v>iety1 we c gr[ se$ = /ock ( ! ,abundance & !n graft ! ,abundance back on ! se$l+ f ,abundance4 ,if !re is s mu* to ?is incompatibility1 ,i %\ld ov]come x by do+ t v ?+4 ,p]sonally ,i ?9k x is a crime t ?\s&s ( trees--almo/ millions--are be+ put out by nurs]ym5 z se$l+ trees1 & if y w note 9 _! price li/s !y h #f to #ab in*es & #ab to #ah in*es1 #b to #c feet & #c to #d feet4 ,i v5ture to say t ^? are probably all ! same age4 ,h[ w\ld y l to plant "s ( ^? #ab-;in* trees8 ,somebody is go+ to get hurt6 ,mr4 ,bu%3 ,i'd l to say t y c propagate ! ,*9ese *e/nut by lay]+ if y want to1 & t w put x on its own4 ,put a w$ge on x or girdle x & keep x damp ?r\gh ! summ]4 ,pres4 ,davidson3 ,i ?9k ,dr4 ,mac,daniels' "q is /ill n answ]$4 ,i d ?9k t if a nurs]yman sells a se$l+ he ought to def9itely say t x is a se$l+ & n m]ely t x is a blight-resi/ant *e/nut1 or some?+ ( t sort4 ,he %\ld actually tell ! public :at he is sell+4 ,n[1 !n1 !re seem to be reasons :y 9 "s in/ances a man is ju/ifi$ 9 plant+ se$l+s :5 x comes to ,*9ese *e/nuts1 b :5 x comes to ! black walnut or filb]t or "s ( ^! o!r ?+s1 !y are /ill sell+ se$l+s )\t labell+ !m z su*4 ,i ?9k we %\ld be on record aga9/ t practice1 because x takes u five or six ye>s1 or t5 ye>s sometimes1 to f9d out t we h be5 gypp$1 & x is s easy to gyp ! public :5 y c't f9d out ab\t x any soon] ?an t4 ,mr4 ,o',r\rke3 ,i q agree ) ,mr4 ,davidson t ! nurs]ym5 %\ld /ate t a se$l+ is a se$l+ :5 x is a se$l+4 ,& ,i am sure ,mr4 ,hirs*i w corroborate t ! ,am]ican ,association ( ,nurs]ym5 is ex]t+ all ! influ5ce !y c to t end4 ,is t "r1 ,mr4 ,hirs*i8 ,mr4 ,hirs*i3 ,yes4 ,mr4 ,bregg]3 ,i w\ld l to ask1 if plant]s = "s ye>s yet w h to rely on se$l+s1 is !re a *ance t f c]ta9 p>5ts or c]ta9 v>ieties we c get a l>g] p]c5tage ( good se$l+s ?an f o!rs8 ,h[ mu* has x be5 /udi$ & is !re a kn[n result f ! p>5t trees 9 ! p]c5t ( :at _! se$l+s c d8 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,i wi% ,i c\ld answ] t "o4 ,x is a matt] ( "t1 to f9d out ! se$l+ *>act]i/ics reproduc$ by a c]ta9 desc5dant4 ,b we "k t !re is a diff]5ce 9 uni=mity ( trees 9 ! way !y gr[1 b z f> z be>+ is conc]n$1 & ! type ( nut produc$1 we hav5't _h en\gh "t yet4 ,x's j l ?is3 ,we h made selections = root/ocks 9 :i* we h select$ trees t 7 good1 /rong & vigor\s--! mo/ vigor\sly gr[+ trees t we h kn[n ab\t1 & yet at ! same "t produc$ a small nut or m$ium-siz$ nut t we c\ld use = ! production ( root/ocks4 ,& we h made progress on t1 & we h demon/rat$ t !re is a v m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! graftability or budability ( se$l+s f c]ta9 p>5t trees4 ,we h demon/rat$ t "s v>ieties are mu* easi] to propagate ?an are o!rs4 ,b z = ! prop] comb9ations ( /ock & scion1 we /ill hav5't got en\gh data to recomm5d any4 ,we "k t !re are diff]5ces1 b x is go+ to take q a long :ile1 at lea/ f\r or five ye>s or m1 be=e we "k4 ,n[1 !re is j "o o!r ?+ t comes up on propagation4 ,we h f\nd t if y b5*-graft & make ! graft into ! transition zone betwe5 root & top j l ! old me?od t ! apple propagator us$ :5 he piece-root graft$ & !n plant deep1 y c get a hundr$ p] c5t ( ! grafts to gr[4 ,9 su* cases ! scion may root & ! top w be on its own roots4 ,well1 !re are a lot ( ^! tricks to le>n z "t goes on4 ,i don't ?9k t we %\ld worry too mu* ab\t ?is graft union problem4 ,we "k t ?is ,c>r v>iety is a be>-cat4 ,x is ! "o t gave u s mu* tr\ble4 ,:5 we tri$ to propagate t "o we _h a real1 na/y cat by ! tail4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 9 answ] to ,dr4 ,mac,daniels' "q if we g out to ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?'s plant+s up at ,r\nd ,hill 7,virg9ia71 we c see a lot ( ! olde/ graft$ trees t ,i "k ( any:]e 9 ! c\ntry1 & ! unions are j z smoo? & j z slick z anyone w\ld want to see4 ,!y are n #bj ye>s old2 ,i don't ?9k !re 0 ev] a mollissima *e/nut graft$ #bj ye>s ago4 ,! fir/ graft+ t ,i "k ( 0 ab\t #ae ye>s ago1 maybe #ah4 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,9 #aicb4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,c4 ,moore3 ,?omas ,jeff]son graft$ ,european *e/nuts4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,no1 ,i am talk+ ab\t ,*9ese *e/nuts4 ,we didn't get 9 any ,*9ese *e/nuts until #aijf4 ,we h ?is problem ( incompatibility or graft union tr\ble1 9 apples1 b d y he> anybody holl]+ ab\t x8 ,we h x 9 pea*es1 plums & *]ries4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important diseases !y h out 9 ! ,pacific ,nor?we/ & ,cali=nia on ,p]sian walnuts1 is :at is call$ black l9e disease4 ,we mu/n't get excit$ ab\t graft union failure4 ,t has be5 us$1 9 my op9ion1 by a lot ( p1 to disc\rage ! propagat+ ( graft$ *e/nuts4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o are sp5d+ good money = se$l+ trees1 & "s ( !m are go+ to get /ung4 ,we 9 ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association are go+ to h ?is ?+ backfire on u1 j z true z ,i tell y4 ,i "k !re are "s nurs]ym5 today t are plant+ unkn[n *e/nut se$s1 & !y are sell+ ! trees z ,*9ese *e/nut4 ,!y are plant+ se$ out ( mix$ or*>ds1 too1 t h ,c4 segu9ii & ,c4 h5ryi & ,c4 cr5ata trees 9 !m4 ,! ,c4 cr5ata ,japanese has be5 introduc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ov] #gj ye>s & x has nev] made ! grade4 ,y "k1 !re has be5 _m a ?+ t has be5 promot$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--big = a few days & !n %e backfir$1 & !n x took ! indu/ry #ej or a hundr$ ye>s to recov]4 ,y c sell p gold bricks once1 b y c't sell !m gold bricks all ! "t6 ,mr4 ,mc,collum3 ,la/ ye> aft] ,mr4 ,hemm+'s spee*--y "k1 he is ! nurs]yman :o sells se$l+s ov] on ! ,ea/]n ,%ore--,i ask$ him if he _h be5 sell+ ^? long en\gh to h he>d f cu/om]s4 ,yes1 he said he _h1 all satisfi$4 ,n[1 ,i don't "k any?+ ab\t t4 ,dr4 ,moss3 ,i am n an exp]t4 ,!y say an exp]t is someone :o1 ! m he /udies1 kn[s less ab\t practically no?+ at all4 ,t's a good deal my %ape4 ,i plant$ be=e ! w> ,*9ese se$ 9 ,k5tucky & a good _m ( ^? put on burs 9 ! nurs]y r[4 ,i gave !m away 9 ! community4 ,out ( ! :ole bun*1 "s ( !m #bj feet tall1 ,i "k ( "o out/&+ nut 9 t bun* & x's (f by itself1 app>5tly a self-poll9iz]#af1 & puts out a crop ( good nuts4 ,dr4 ,cross3 ,i %\ld l to ask ,dr4 ,crane if x w\ld n be possible to inve/igate ! situation 9 ,*9a r ?an wait to "w ?is out4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! ,*9ese h suffici5t k ( graft+ & propagation to h be5 work+ on ?is long ago1 & s9ce ^! came f !re1 let's look into t phase ( x4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,i did inve/igate ! situation 9 ,*9a :5 ,i 0 !re4 ,un=tunately 9 ,*9a1 al?\gh x is "o ( our olde/ c\ntries & longe/ civilizations1 !y don't d mu* graft+4 ,!y gr[ _! trees f se$1 b !y h c]ta9 se$ trees t !y select _! se$ f1 & )9 a community1 )9 a valley1 y w h a c]ta9 type ( *e/nut4 ,!y call !m v>ieties4 ,!y are n v>ieties4 ,t's ! situation4 ,mo/ all ( !m are diff]5t1 b !y h accompli%$ ! fix+ ( c]ta9 *>act]i/ics4 ,n[1 9 ,s\? ,*9a ! nuts are l>g] 9 size1 !y are /rong] gr[+ trees ?an !y are 9 ! ,nor?4 ,i ?9k t we w f9d t t's ! situation 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,*9ese *e/nut is "o t does h a high heat requirem5t1 j l pecan1 & gr[n "u conditions :]e !y h high heat !y are bigg] 9 size & make m gr[? & probably !y come into be>+ soon]4 ,b ,i didn't see any?+ graft$ 9 ,*9a1 & ,i 0 all ov] ! c\ntry f ! mo/ nor!rn p>ts to ! mo/ s\!rn p>ts :]e *e/nuts are produc$4 ,i c\ld make a lot ( obs]vations myself1 b ,i _h to talk ?r\gh int]pret]s1 & sometimes y c\ldn't tell :at ! int]pret] meant4 ,b z ne> z ,i c\ld tell1 !y 7 all se$l+s4 ,:5 he w\ld tell me !re 0 su*-&-su* a v>iety1 ,i w\ld ask him :at x meant 9 ,engli%4 ,he didn't "k4 ,:5 ,i f\nd h[ !y 7 propagat$ ,i f\nd !y plant$ ! se$4 ,:5 ,i f\nd :]e !y got ! se$ x 0 f a c]ta9 se$ tree4 ,s we h )9 ! valleys :at !y call v>ieties1 b !y are n v>ieties1 only se$l+s gr[n f c]ta9 se$ trees4 ,n[1 ) ! ,japanese1 on ! o!r h&1 ! situation is diff]5t1 because !y propagat$ by budd+ & by graft+4 ,i got a numb] ( ! ,japanese publications ( propagation me?ods & _! /ocks1 & s =?1 translat$ into ,engli%1 & _! problems are j ! same z we are go+ ?r\gh "r "h n[4 ,!y propagate true v>ieties by asexual me?ods1 b ! ,*9ese d n to any ext5t at all4 ,dr4 ,cross3 ,h ! ,russians got any8 ,a ,memb]3 ,t's ! "q ,i ask4 ,d we h any se$ trees 9 ?is c\ntry t are bett] ?an o!r se$ trees8 ,mr4 ,port]3 ,c\ld ! g5tleman tell u :e!r ! ,*9ese graft any *e/nuts4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,yes1 !y d s1 ,i 0 told4 ,mr4 ,port]3 ,well1 ! indu/ry sp5ds a lot ( money1 s d o!r p1 & s on1 9 a prop] way to inve/igate t4 ,:y don't y f9d out :]e 9 t c\ntry !y h be5 do+ x8 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,i didn't see any graft$ *e/nut trees ov] !re4 ,a ,memb]3 ,y said !y graft$1 & !n y say1 ,i didn't see any4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,t's q "r1 & ,i talk$ to _! be/ horticultural au?orities t !y h4 ,practically all ( x is produc$ by se$ & n by budd+ or graft+4 ,x is j exactly z ,i said ) ! ,p]sian walnut4 ,*9a has no v>ieties ( ,p]sian walnuts1 al?\gh sometimes y w f9d "s f>m] t w bud or graft 8 trees4 ,mr4 ,port]3 ,!y graft up on ! limb8 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,yes1 sir4 ,once 9 a :ile y w f9d "o4 ,!y h a few real horticulturi/s4 ,i met "o man ov] !re t w\ld comp>e v favorably ) ,lib]ty ,hyde ,bailey4 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels ask$ = concrete evid5ce4 ,he want$ to "k :]e !re 0 an or*>d ) #bj-ye>-old graft$ ,*9ese *e/nut trees4 ,!y hav5't be5 plant$ t long1 b ,i w\ld l to give him concrete evid5ce 9 my own exp]i5ce4 ,9 #aicb ,i got scions f ! ,dep>tm5t1 got :at ultimately became kn[n z ! ,hobson1 f ,jasp]1 ,georgia4 ,i graft$ a tree 9 my front y>d :i* is /ill be>+ nicely1 & 9 fact ,i h got two grafts on t tree ab\t f\r feet f ! gr\nd1 & x is v nice ) p]fect union4 ,at ! same "t ,i graft$ a ,c>r "r at ! side ( my h\se t also has a p]fect union ab\t ! same height f ! gr\nd4 ,i graft$ a scion s5t me by ,dr4 ,morris z ,morris' be/ 7:i* 0 pretty poor71 & x is /ill liv+4 ,at ! pres5t "t ,i h p]haps five ,c>r trees t w av]age six in*es or m 9 diamet]4 ,! olde/ is ! "o by ! side1 ( ! h\se4 ,! re/ ( !m 7 graft$ ab\t #aice4 ,"o out ( ^? five1 :5 x got to be ab\t six in*es 9 diamet]1 9 fact1 ab\t ?ree ye>s ago1 x w5t bad4 ,x is girdl$ & dead4 ,x 0 graft$ ab\t z high z ?is table f ! gr\nd4 ,! o!rs are s\nd1 & y'd f9d x v difficult to f9d :]e !y 7 graft$4 ,i h ,hobson1 p]haps a doz5 trees any:]e f six to #af ye>s old1 & ,i h n _h a failure on a ,hobson t really 0 once heal$ ov] prop]ly & got to be>+1 n "o4 ,t's concrete evid5ce1 ,doctor1 & t's all ,i wi% to say4 ,rev4 ,taylor 7,alp9e1 ,t5n473 ,mr4 ,gravatt 0 ab\t to answ] a "q ab\t our se$ trees1 wasn't he8 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,w\ld y repeat t "q8 ,rev4 ,taylor3 ,are "s se$ trees bett] ?an o!rs 9 ! high p] c5t ( good se$l+s !y produce8 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,well1 ,mc,kay has done "s "w & publi%$ x to %[ t on se$l+s ( c]ta9 trees y get high] p]c5tage ( bud takes ?an on o!rs4 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,i ?9k ! "q is a little confus$4 ,i ?9k :at y are aft] is1 are !re p>5t se$ trees f :i* se$ c be plant$ t w\ld produce a good quality ( se$l+s4 ,rev4 ,taylor3 ,yes1 ( good productive se$l+s4 ,no graft+ to x4 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,i ?9k t 0 answ]$4 ,app>5tly !re are4 ,rev4 ,taylor3 ,app>5tly !re are 9 ,*9a1 z ,dr4 ,crane br\ght up4 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,he fur!r br\ght up t ^? ?+s are 9 ! process ( be+ te/$ "h n[1 & he hopes = "s in=mation 9--:at 0 t8 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,we _h ,pr(essor ,beattie ov] 9 ,japan1 ,*9a1 & ,korea = two or ?ree ye>s1 & he f\nd 9 ,japan t !re 7 c]ta9 selections !re1 c]ta9 graft$ v>ieties t !y us$ = se$ /ock4 ,we import$ ^? into ?is c\ntry4 ,we 7 gett+ ready to g ahead ) ! ,japs4 ,we also br\ght 9 a hundr$ v>ieties ( ,japanese *e/nuts4 ,b ! ,japanese v>ieties didn't d well "h4 ,:at w\ld produce well ov] 9 ,japan didn't produce well "h4 ,b a numb] ( ^? scions t we graft$ 9 #aicb & #aicc are /ill liv+4 ,we h _h v good success ) top-work+ *e/nuts 9 our or*>ds4 ,we h "s grafts !re ( pure ,*9ese *e/nuts top-work$ on "s wor?less ,japanese4 ,"s ( ^? h be5 !re = #ab & #ad ye>s1 ) p]fect unions4 ,b we d receive a numb] ( reports ( trees dy+ f blight & v>i\s o!r & sundry o!r causes & :5 we exam9e !m q frequ5tly ^! h di$ back to :]e ! trees _h be5 graft$4 ,rev4 ,taylor3 ,i c\ld enl>ge on t "q j a little bit to tie 9 ) :at ,mr4 ,o',r\rke said4 ,if ! nurs]ym5 are go+ to propagate se$l+ trees = ! trade = "s "t yet1 :]e %\ld !y be advis$ to obta9 _! se$ to get ! be/ possible se$l+ trees8 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,9 a lot ( our regional di/ributions we s5t out mixtures4 ,9 o!r places we w\ld s5d out relat$ se$l+s1 z ,,my1 ,,mz1 or ,,max1 to diff]5t individuals4 ,we h advis$ all nurs]yman1 all ( our coop]ators1 to elim9ate ! ,japanese2 elim9ate ! hybrids4 ,x gets d[n to pure ,*9ese4 ,we h also advis$ aga9 & aga9 to take out ! m wor?less trees & propagate se$ f ! beat4 ,b !re are a lot ( hybrid se$s ) mix$ p>5tage go+ into nurs]y trees4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,h[ _m p are go+ to take out trees n[ :5 !y c sell ! se$s = at lea/ #ej c5ts or maybe ev5 #b4jj a p\nd8 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,t's x4 ,h[ev]1 y take any ( ^? ,*9ese trees ov] !re at ! ,ea/]n ,%ore ,nurs]ies1 = example--nuts f all #ai ( !m h be5 s5t ov] "h1 & !y are all good eat+4 ,i h be5 ov] a lot ( ! se$l+s ( ,hemm+'s trees4 ,mr4 ,hemm+ has sev]al hundr$ at 8 own place4 ,i h be5 ov] o!r or*>d plant+s4 ,!re is lot ( v>iability among ^? se$l+s4 ,!y are n z uni=m z ! p>5t tree1 = "s reason4 ,:y1 ,i don't "k4 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,mr4 ,h[ell1 z a nurs]yman1 has propagat$ ! ,*9ese *e/nut tree4 ,w\ld y c>e to make a few comm5ts8 ,mr4 ,h[ell has ,h[ell's ,nurs]y 9 ,knoxville & at ,sweetwat]1 ,t5nessee1 & ,i believe has "s ( ,mr4 ,gravatt's e>ly se$l+ trees & has produc$ a great quantity ( se$l+s4 ,mr4 ,bruce ,h[ell3 ,a good _m ye>s ago we got f ! ,dep>tm5t five trees1 & !y grew & h all borne good nuts1 & all *e/nuts we h propagat$ s9ce h be5 gr[n f se$ f ^? five trees1 & mo/ ( !m are pretty good4 ,"o is a small nut1 & among m rec5t se$l+s we h got two ( !m t don't be> at all1 or hav5't s f>4 ,n[1 we h got a bun* ( !m :]e !y 7 set sev]al ye>s ago 9 nurs]y r[s4 ,at ea* end ( ea* r[ ! trees !re be> v nice nuts1 & :5 y get out ?r\gh t r[1 ! cr[d$ trees don't be> at all4 ,i ?9k ^? se$l+s & ^? trees practically all make fairly good nuts & "s ( !m excell5t4 ,i h got "s samples4 ,ab\t six ye>s ago ,i got a p\nd ( import$ ,japanese ,i plant$4 ,! ?ird ye> !y bore & !y h done v well1 & all ( !m are ab\t ! same size *e/nuts4 ,!y are z good z any aft] !y are roa/$ or boil$4 ,t's ab\t all4 ,a good _m ye>s ago1 ,i guess #cj ye>s ago1 ,i graft$ ,p>agon *e/nuts1 & !y did well until ! blight4 ,rev4 ,taylor3 ,does anybody else h ?is tr\ble8 ,9 ,nor? ,c5tral ,t5nessee we usually h a w>m spell ab\t ! ,middle ( ,febru>y1 pl[+ "t4 ,we expect x e ye>4 ,& !n ^! ,*9ese *e/nuts are ! quicke/ trees to let ! buds swell1 & ! b>k s(t5s up all ! way to ! gr\nd on ! "y ones4 ,!n we ne>ly always h a pretty h>d freeze1 aft]w>d4 ,s1 = sev]al ye>s aft] our exp]im5tal plant+ 0 set out !re !y w\ld get kill$ cle> to ! gr\nd next ye>4 ,is t some?+ o!rs h ! same exp]i5ce )8 ,h[ d y g at correct+ t8 ,aft] our trees got to be ?ree or f\r or five in*es 9 diamet] !y didn't kill back t way4 ,! b>k seem$ to be t\gh]4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,t's v common exp]i5ce 9 ,t5nessee &1 ,i might say1 9 nor? ,alabama4 ,rev4 ,taylor3 ,no?+ y c d ab\t x8 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,on "s sites x is n ne>ly s bad z x is 9 o!r locations4 ,a nor!rn or ea/]n slope ) good elevation seems to be be/4 ,mr4 ,frye3 ,i h _h "s tr\ble & maybe1 _h a good education ab\t fro/ pockets4 ,if y get !m 9 high elevations y escape t4 ,i _h t tr\ble two ye>s ago4 ,i got "s ,*9ese trees f ,dr4 ,smi?1 set !m out4 ,!y 7 8 be/ se$l+s1 ?ree ( !m1 & !y />t$ beautifully4 ,i transplant$ !m4 ,j ab\t t "t !y got nipp$ (f4 ,did t ?ree times & fail$ to come out ! ?ird "t4 ,pres4 ,davidson3 ,"o o!r rem$y = t t ,i rememb] read+ ab\t1 ,i am n q sure 9 :i* ( our ,reports--maybe ,mr4 ,beck] 0 ! au?or1 & t is ?is3 ,he said t he cultivates until ,augu/ aft] :i* he plants cov] crops1 & he s[s cov] crops t gr[ & !y hold back ?is vegetative gr[? 9 ! late "p ( ! ye>1 & x is really ! late vegetative gr[? t causes ! de/ruction4 ,aft] he adopt$ t plan he _h v mu* less w9t] kill+ 9 8 plantation4 ,t might be "o way ( help+ ! situation4 ,mr4 ,h>dy3 ,we h _h "s kill+4 ,usually 9 ! second ye> or ! fir/ ye> aft] we get kill+ d[n to ! gr\nd1 if we w keep ! /ock prun$ back to "o %oot t "o w make suffici5t gr[?1 become h>dy en\gh to )/& any cold1 or p]haps sun scald4 ,also wrapp+ ! trunks ( ! trees ) newspap] helps to prev5t ! v>iations 9 temp]ature1 :i* 9 our section is :at causes ! cold injury4 ,we don't h suffici5t cold to cause absolute l[-temp]ature injury1 b we d h sudd5 drops j z y d 9 ,t5nessee1 app>5tly1 & wrapp+ ) pap] does help iron out ^? *anges4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,w\ldn't y sugge/ ! pap] wrap 9 ! summ] z well z ! w9t] & spr+8 ,mr4 ,h>dy3 ,yes4 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,x is n only ! plant] ( ! trees t has sorr[s along t l9e1 b ! nurs]yman does also4 ,i _h "s nurs]y se$l+s gr[+ on flat l&1 & !y look$ all "r1 pass$ ! w9t]4 ,:5 ,i w5t out to graft !m ,i f\nd t on ^! small /ocks any:]e f ! size ( a lead p5cil to ! size ( a f+]1 ! cambium 0 discolor$4 ,x wasn't black nut br[n4 ,any attempts ,i made to graft ^? fail$1 & yet _m ( ^? same trees grew on4 ,!y 7 /unt$ some:at = a ye> or two1 & !y left a br[n r+ at t annual gr[?4 ,i w\ld say t ! be/ gu>antee aga9/ t k9d ( ?+ is to plant y\r *e/nut or*>ds--& ! nurs]ies--to plant on l& t is well air dra9$4 ,select ! same site z y w\ld = pea*es4 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,i w say t we %\ld h all[$ m "t = discussion4 ,h[ev]1 we h us$ up our allot$ "t = ?is p]iod4 ,supp] is at six o'clock1 & we are due back "h at #g3cj4 ,i don't "k h[ y folks feel ab\t ?is little session1 b ,i c]ta9ly did enjoy x4 ,footnote #ad3 --,goldswor?y & 8 associates publi%$ sev]al items along ?is l9e 9 #aidh issues ( ,plant ,disease ,report]4 ,8 ,octob] #ae1 #aidh item report$ a simil> result ( #be te*nical ,,ddt 7) #ge clay7 inhibit+ gr[? ( se$l+ pea* roots on #a-ye> budd$ ,elb]ta trees4 ,z l[ z #be p\nd p] acre application affect$ gr[? 9 qu>tz s& cultures1 :]eas ) c]ta9 soils1 no significant diff]5ce 0 not$ until an #hjj lb4 p] acre level ( ! ,,ddt 0 rea*$4 ,x 0 surmis$ t possibly "s unkn[n con/itu5t 9 ! te*nical ,,ddt 0 responsible = ! suppression ( new root gr[?1 & consequ5t sl[+ d[n ( top gr[?4 ,9 ! case ( ,blakemore /rawb]ries1 & also ) pea*es1 ?is effect has p]si/$ = at lea/ two crop ye>s4 ,goldswor?y & ,dunegan say1 ,h[ _m o!r economic crop plants may be injur$ is unkn[n1 b x appe>s c]ta9 t "s caution is necess>y 9 ! promiscu\s use ( ! *emical on 444 plants1 ei!r z 444 sprays or z soil additions4444 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts1 ( c\rse1 ! ,,ddt-conta9+ mat]ial 0 9 direct contact ) all ! roots4 ,spray residues ord9>ily w\ld be pres5t only 9 ! surface lay] ( ! soil1 & %\ld h mu* less effect on tree roots 9 t case4--,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel4 ,footnote #ae3 --,dr4 ,mc,kay ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 f\nd "o tree only ab\t #b4e fruitful to its own poll54--,ed4 ,footnote #af3 --,!re is a possibility ( poll9ation f ,am]ican *e/nut spr\ts 9 8 vic9ity4--,ed4 ,let's adj\rn4 7,:]eupon1 at #e3cj p4 m4 ! meet+ 0 adj\rn$1 to reconv5e at #g3cj o'clock p4 m4 ( ! same day47 ,ev5+ ,session ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,! meet+ w come to ord]1 please4 ,we fir/ h ! pleasure ( he>+ f ,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,moss ( ,williamsburg1 ,k5tucky1 on ,greet+s f a ,k5tucky ,nut4 ,dr4 ,moss4 ,greet+s f a ,k5tucky ,nut ,,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,moss1 ,williamsburg1 ,k5tucky ,i am glad to see all ( ^! beautiful ladies "h ?is ev5+4 ,we j _h d9n]1 & ,i presume ,i %\ld make an aft]-d9n] spee*4 ,i h always want$ to att5d a ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association conv5tion4 ,i am m or less ( :at y might call a conv5tion addict & speak on any occasion on slight provocation4 ,i att5d$ a conv5tion at ,quebec e>li] ?is ye>1 & aft] t ,i w5t on to ,rio de ,jani]o 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & att5d$ ano!r conv5tion1 b ?is privilege ( be+ able to att5d ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association tops all ! re/4 ,i am rem9d$ ( ! tale ( ! man :o ru%$ into ! %]iff's (fice 9 ,texas1 & 8 gun 0 smok+1 & he says1 ,i h kill$ a man4 ,! %]iff said1 ,:o did y kill8 ,oh1 he says1 ,i don't "k 8 "n4 ,he is "o ( ^! aft]-d9n] speak]s4 ,y are 9 ! wrong room1 ! %]iff said4 ,g back 9 ! hallway ?ree doors to ! "r to ! b\nty room4 ,!y pay #e a head = ^?4 ,my family =tunes1 if !re be any1 7 f\nd$ on nuts4 ,my fa!r :5 he 0 #af ye>s old 0 rais$ on ,/raight ,creek ne> ,p9eville1 ,k5tucky1 "s hundr$ miles away f ,lex+ton1 & !y ga!r$ up a wagonload ( ! old *e/nuts1 he & a hir$ man on my gr&fa!r's place1 & !y took an ox team & took !m to ,lex+ton to p$dle !m out4 ,x took !m ?ree weeks to make ! return trip4 ,i come f ,:itney ,c\nty1 ,k5tucky4 ,x 0 nam$ aft] old ,colonel ,:itney1 ! man :o built ! fir/ brick h\se 9 ,k5tucky4 ,x 0 9 ! fall ( ! ye>1 & ! mort> 0 freez+1 & !y mix$ :iskey ) _! mort> to keep x f freez+4 ,:5 ,i get away f home !y ask me if ,i am a ,k5tucky ,colonel4 ,t's "o ( ! fir/ ?+s ,i he>1 & ,i tell !m t ,i am4 ,& !y want to "k :y !y put t honor ^u a small fell[ l me1 & ,i tell !m x 0 on acc\nt ( sci5tific rese>* t ,i _h done1 t ,i _h develop$ a new way ( mak+ egg-nog4 ,i fe$ ! *ick5s ! :iskey ma% & !y lay b\rbon-flavor$ eggs1 & all y h to d is drop "o 9 a glass ( milk4 ,!y always ask ab\t ! ,k5tucky ,d]by1 & ,i tell !m t ! la/ ,i he>d ,m9t ,julep 0 com+ 9 on ! home /ret* /rong4 ,i am n qualifi$ ) all ( ^! exp]ts to get up "h & talk ab\t nuts4 ,!y say an exp]t is a fell[ t le>ns m & m ab\t less & less until he kn[s practically ev]y?+ ab\t no?+ at all2 & t's k9d ( my %ape1 sir4 ,n[1 s]i\sly1 ,i h _h ?is hobby ( try+ to gr[ nuts = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,i graft$ a golf club on a croquet po/1 & ,i got "s wond]ful golf balls4 ,be=e ! w> ,i ord]$ "s ,*9ese *e/nuts4 ,i got 9 t\* ) ,sakata & ,company 9 ,yokahama1 & !y f9ally came 94 ,i didn't h any exp]i5ce1 & ab\t all ,i _h 0 "s imag9ation1 & ,i plant$ !m out 9 ! fall ( ! ye> l ,i plant$ any o!r nuts4 ,i w5t out 9 ! spr+ & inve/igat$4 ,!re wasn't a d>n "o come up4 ,! rats _h beat me to !m & eat5 !m all up4 ,i 0 a p]si/5t cuss & ord]$ "s ! next ye>1 & ,i put !m up 9 fruit j>s & figur$ ,i w\ld plant !m 9 ! spr+1 & :5 ! spr+ came !y all _h ! dry rot4 ,s ,i ord]$ !m ! ?ird ye>1 & ,i made sacks out ( fly scre5 wire & put ^? nuts outside1 & 9 ! spr+ !y came up & ,i _h a lot ( nice spr\ts ab\t ?is high & put !m 9 a se$ b$ ) a bo>d all ! way ar\nd4 ,my fa!r is bl9d 9 "o eye1 c\ldn't tell a *e/nut f a we$1 & he pull$ up ! we$s & he pull$ all ! *e/nuts up except "o4 ,! f\r? ye> ,i _h bett] success1 & ,i rais$ t ye> #djj-;&-"s-odd *e/nut se$l+s1 & ,i did m or less ! ,johnny ,applese$ /uff ) ^?4 ,i gave ^? away 9 ! community4 ,i am1 among o!r ?+s1 a bank]1 & ,i figur$ ^? w\ld be z good z cal5d>s1 & ,i h n be5 able to foll[ ! hi/ory ( !m4 ,h[ev]1 !re is "o ( !m ,i ?9k is exceptional4 ,x's a self-poll9ator & is be>+ heavy crops1 & ,i int5d to foll[ t p>ticul> tree up4 ,a g5ius1 he is no bett] ?an any ( ! re/ ( u4 ,all a g5ius is is a fell[ t's got good dige/ion s he c eat en\gh to "w long h\rs & good eyesight s he don't get tir$4 ,s ,i 0 read+ 9 a magaz9e ab\t ! ,cra? ,engli% walnut4 ,!y s5t ! ,rev]5d ,mr4 ,cra? ov] to ,pol& be=e ! w>1 & ,i got f\r p\nds ( ^? nuts he collect$1 & plant$ !m4 ,& e spr+ a cold spell w\ld come along & get !m be=e ,i c\ld cut any grafts (f ( !m4 ,& ,i plant$ a ,nebraska pecan & got "s grafts f x1 & my wife said t tree nev] did h a *ance because ,i kept cutt+ ! prunes (f s !y c\ldn't gr[4 ,i got sev]al to gr[+1 & !n !y didn't fill out ! nuts4 ,i 0 talk+ to a good doctor "h f ,baltimore la/ night4 ,we ate d9n]1 at ! same table "h1 & ,i told him ,i didn't see b "o ?+ wrong ) ?is ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association3 ,x ne$$ a lot ( "y p 9 x1 because if x didn't !y 7 go+ to h to hold a reunion ov] at ! cemet]y4 ,i h done a lot ( graft+1 & ,i am n go+ into ! details ( t4 ,i am go+ to say t ,i am glad to be "h1 ,i give y greet+s f ,k5tucky1 & ,i hope t ,i w meet y all aga94 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,t c]ta9ly 0 refre%+1 ,dr4 ,moss4 ,we enjoy$ x4 ,next on ! program is ,dr4 ,aubrey ,ri*>ds1 ,:iteville1 ,t5nessee1 :o is n "h4 ,nuts = ,we/ ,t5nessee is ! subject ( t pap]1 & ,secret>y ,mac,daniel w read x = u4 ,nut ,trees = ,we/ ,t5nessee ,,aubrey ,,ri*>ds1 ,m4,d41 ,:iteville1 ,t5nessee ,at ! pres5t "t ,i am attempt+ to gr[ #ad graft$ v>ieties ( ,*9ese & ,japanese *e/nuts1 plus num]\s hybrids & se$l+s1 eight v>ieties ( black walnut1 #e nam$ ,p]sian & #ah unnam$ ,c>pa?ians1 #e he>tnuts1 #e hickory & hickory hybrids1 #ab pecans1 & #g hazels & filb]ts4 ,! total numb] ( trees1 includ+ all v>ieties1 is well ov] ?ree hundr$4 ,a few ( ! trees h be5 "u my obs]vation = #aa ye>s on d[n to "s t ,i h j acquir$4 ,i %all n bore y ) a li/ ( unsatisfactory v>ieties nor ) ! ones t h n _h suffici5t obs]vation 9 ?is section1 b %all conf9e my rem>ks to less ?an two doz5 v>ieties4 ,pecans ,i %all t\* only lightly1 z !y are a highly specializ$ crop only a little f>!r s\?4 ,/u>t & ,success are favorites "h4 ,s*ley & ,mahan are good if scab c be controll$4 ,sun scald on newly plant$ trees is our greate/ problem1 :i* ,i control by a pap] wrap made by cutt+ two in* sections f a #cf in* roll ( *eap felt-base wall pap]4 ,x gradually wea!rs away dur+ ! second summ]4 ,i wrap f ! top d[n 9 a spiral1 & :5 ,i rea* ! bottom1 ,i place a h& full ( e>? on ! end ( ! pap]4 ,no ty+ is requir$4 ,9 ?is way ,i h r$uc$ ! mortality rate ( "y nut trees greatly4 ,i am also a /rong believ] 9 cov] crops & mul*+1 = ,t5nessee wea!r is v temp]am5tal4 ,al?\gh we get ample ra9fall p] annum1 x is (t5 n well di/ribut$1 especially dur+ mid-summ]4 ,dur+ ! w9t] we h sev]al days ( balmy spr+ wea!r ) a drop to possibly bel[ z]o occur+ ov]night4 ,?omas black walnut gr[s well "h1 b t5ds to ov]-be>1 ) _m poorly fill$ nuts on alt]nate ye>s4 ,i c\nt$ an av]age ( #h nuts p] l9eal foot ( be>+ wood on "o tree ?is season4 ,snyd] & ,/ambaugh are excell5t nuts1 sett+ ab\t all !y c mature4 ,elm] ,my]s is a beautiful ?9 %ell$ nut1 b s f> a little %y 9 be>+4 ,i believe ?is c be correct$ if ,i c f9d ano!r walnut t w %$ poll5 late en\gh to cat* ! ,my]s pi/ils4 ,homel& may be ! "o to d x4 ,i h set "s grafts ( x ) ! ,my]s to see4 ,c>pa?ian ,d1 & a v>iety ( unkn[n orig9 f ,haywood ,c\nty are ! only ,p]sian walnuts ,i h fruit$4 ,?is tree ( unkn[n orig9 gr[s alone1 is at lea/ #ej ye>s old1 is ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 has a spread ( #dj feet1 & is ab\t ! same 9 height4 ,"s ye>s x produces a heavy crop1 o!rs1 no?+4 ,to my k1 x has receiv$ no c>e 9 ! pa/ #bj ye>s4 ,my #ah ,c>pa?ians are all gr[+ ) v>y+ vigor & resi/ance to leaf spot4 ,none has %[n w9t] injury4 ,( all ! he>tnuts1 ,rhodes is my favorite4 ,! nut does n appe> to be z l>ge z "s1 b ! k]nel is j z heavy1 due to its compact %ape :i* causes x to fall out :5 ! nut is crack$4 ,x is self-poll5iz+ & also a good poll5iz] = all my o!r v>ieties1 %$d+ poll5 ov] a long p]iod ( "t1 al?\gh x is ! late/ ( all 9 produc+ its pi/ils4 ,x gr[s vigor\sly on black walnut /ock4 ,ru% seems to be ! be/ filb]t = ?is section4 ,its catk9s are usually h>dy "h4 ,*e/nut trees1 l gray gho/s1 /ill rea* _! nak$ arms high on _m ,we/ ,t5nessee hillsides1 & occasionally "o f9ds a f>m] splitt+ po/s f _! rema9s1 = *e/nut is an endur+ wood4 ,a few ( ^! t5aci\s individuals are /ill s5d+ up spr\ts t may rea* consid]able size be=e !y are aga9 /ruck d[n4 ,i h _h no s]i\s tr\ble ) blight 9 any ( ! nam$ *e/nut v>ieties1 ei!r ,*9ese or ,japanese4 ,i h lo/ "s trees by its entrance into ! se$l+ /ock1 b n _m4 ,my greate/ heada*e has be5 sun-scald & w9t] kill+1 or to be m exact1 e>ly spr+ kill+4 ,"o ( ! juv5ile *>act]i/ics ( ori5tal *e/nuts is ! ret5tion ( _! leaves all w9t]4 ,!y also gr[ 9 a r sprangl+ way4 ,?is is a protective me*anism1 & :5 we prune !m to an upright =m1 or graft1 ?is wood hav+ lo/ its juv5ile *>act]i/ics1 we are invit+ tr\ble unless we protect ! trunk 9 "s o!r way4 ,i pref] to use a pap] wrap z describ$ "u ,pecans1 z x is quickly done & is inexp5sive4 ,?is also gives protection to immature callus cells at bud or graft union4 ,( ! old] ,*9ese *e/nut v>ieties 9 my h&s1 ,hobson has excell$1 ) l>ge *e/nuts 7#cd to ! p\nd 9 #aidh47 ,zimm]man also produces a good nut4 ,colossal 7,hybrid7 is v productive & produces ! l>ge/ nuts ( any *e/nut t ,i h se5 gr[n 9 ,t5nessee1 b ! quality ( ! raw nut is n equal to ,hobson4 ,x refuses to gr[ on ,*9ese /ock1 b ?rives on ,japanese4 ,x is poll5 /]ile4 ,i h sev]al new] v>ieties "u obs]vation & al?\gh !y are gr[+ vigor\sly ,i h n _h "t to =m an op9ion on !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,! ,rev]5d ,b]n>d ,taylor ( ,alp9e1 ,t5nessee1 w next read a pap] on ,! ,m>ket+ ( ,black ,walnuts z a ,community ,project4 ,mr4 ,taylor4 ,m>ket+ ,black ,walnuts z a ,community ,project ,,! ,,rev4 ,,b]n>d ,,taylor1 ,alp9e1 ,t5nessee ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,taylor3 ,i suppose t e community :]e black walnuts gr[ wild has a m>ket+ ( "s k9d1 "s k9d ( a plan ( m>ket+1 maybe j :at e boy or e man :o has "s sp>e "t or "s ( ! wom5folks may d to make some?+ out ( ! walnuts t are ly+ ar\nd4 ,9 ! community ( ,alp9e1 :i* is 9 ,ov]ton ,c\nty1 p us$ to g out on ! ridge ) wagons & br+ home wagonloads ( walnuts1 & !y w\ld sell !m ei!r 9 ! %ell or !y w\ld crack !m & sell !m 9 pretty poor condition1 h[ev] !y c\ld sell !m4 ,:5 we fir/ began sell+ walnut k]nels 9 ,alp9e we got #ai c5ts a p\nd = ! k]nels1 & t 0 m ?an !y 7 wor?1 ,i believe1 because !y 7 dirty1 greasy1 & !y _h mildew gobs 9 ! bun*es ( k]nels4 ,s ,i don't "k h[ ! roll+ /ores t came ar\nd t way c\ld make any?+ out ( !m trad+ !m 9 at t price4 ,!n we began to /udy ! ,gov]nm5t bullet9s on h[ to produce good walnut k]nels1 & !re is a good bullet9 on t2 all ( y are acqua9t$ ) x1 probably4 ,:5 we began to h>ve/ ^? nuts & hull !m z quickly z we c\ld & wa% !m & dry !m out ?or\ghly & !n crack !m be=e !y got too dry1 we organiz$ :at 0 call$ ! ,walnut ,club4 ,?is ,walnut ,club mo/ly 0 compos$ ( "s ( ! wom5 ( ! community :o liv$ up 9 "o little cove :]e ! lime/one outcropp+s seem to favor ! walnut & ! air dra9age or :atev] x 0 seem$ to favor ! crop yields r regul>ly4 ,we don't h an e-ye> good walnut crop4 ,well1 ^! wom5 got f9ally s t !y c\ld get #ce c5ts a p\nd = _! walnut k]nels1 !n #de c5ts a p\nd4 ,!n we f\nd a good fri5d 9 ,p5nsylvania :o w\ld take ^? k]nels1 all we c\ld s5d h]1 & put !m up 9 little p\nd packages & sell !m = :atev] %e c\ld get & s5d u all ! money4 ,t's altoge!r contr>y to ,hoyle ,i guess4 ,y m]*ants1 if !re are "s ( y "h1 :o are deal]s 9 walnut k]nels "k t our p 7 j gett+ spoil$4 ,anytime n[ t a m]*ant says1 ,i w give y su*-&-su* a price = ! walnuts & !n ,i w sell !m = su*-&-su* a price1 he looks to !m l a robb]4 ,!y want to sell !m = :at ! p pay :o eat !m4 ,t isn't q fair1 maybe1 b we got #a4ci a p\nd la/ ye> = all ! k]nels we c\ld produce1 & ! ye> be=e x 0 #a4dj1 ,i believe1 & x /ays ab\t t price4 ,t is ab\t ! /ory ( ! community project4 ,x is a direct contact by way ( a b5evol5t fri5d betwe5 p 9 ! m\nta9s 9 ,t5nessee & p 9 ,p5nsylvania :o say t ^! k]nels ta/e bett] ?an black walnut k]nels 9 ,p5nsylvania ta/e4 ,i don't "k :e!r any ,p5nsylvanians "h agree ) t or n4 ,i ?9k !y are wond]fully mild-flavor$1 a good _m ( !m v light-color$ k]nels4 ,?\gh ,mr4 ,*ase has made "s beautiful exhibits ( h[ ! color *anges dep5d+ on h[ long a "t y leave !m 9 ! hull1 we /ill h "s t /ay light] ?an o!rs4 ,"s ( !m h r gray-color$ k]nels4 ,!re is "o ( ^? trees t ,mrs4 ,l$bett] has1 on h] husb&'s f>m4 ,he 0 ab\t to sell t tree = a log & a /ump4 ,!y come along & grub ! /umps out & sell ! /umps & all = v5e]wood4 ,b %e w\ldn't let him sell x1 & ov] ! c\rse ( ! la/ few ye>s !y sold en\gh k]nels m ?an to pay = t walnut tree & x is /ill go+ to yield a good _m ye>s1 probably bett] & bett] z "t goes on4 ,i ?9k t possibly ! community angle ( ?is is a little bit misrepres5t+4 ,x's n ! entire community1 b x is a little gr\p ( ! community :o are int]e/$ 9 ! wild black walnut4 ,la/ spr+ we 7 v =tunate 9 hav+ "s help 9 graft+ "s ( ! se$l+s4 ,?is ,mrs4 ,l$bett]'s husb& got int]e/$ 9 walnuts1 & he plant$ a :ole pa/ure ) walnuts spac$ e s (t51 & ?is spr+ we w5t !re ) ! help ( ,god & 7 able to graft ^? to ,?omas black walnuts4 ,!y 7 j little se$l+s1 s we hope to g into ! nam$ black walnuts z "t goes on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,may ,i ask1 ,mr4 ,taylor1 ! p1 ( c\rse1 n[ comply ) ! ,gov]nm5t regulations on pa/eurization & s on8 ,mr4 ,taylor3 ,nev] he>d ( x4 ,y w h to tell me ab\t t aft] a :ile1 if y w1 please4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,mr4 ,%ad[1 ! ,c\nty ,ag5t ( ,decatur1 ,meigs ,c\nty1 ,t5nessee1 w tell 8 exp]i5ces ) tree crops 9 t c\nty4 ,exp]i5ces ) ,tree ,crops 9 ,meigs ,c\nty1 ,t5nessee ,w4 ,a4 ,,%ad[1 ,meigs ,c\nty ,ag5t1 ,decatur1 ,t5nessee ,mr4 ,%ad[3 ,mr4 ,*airman & memb]s ( ! ,nut ,gr[]s ,association3 ,z ,presid5t ,davidson ann\nc$1 ,i am an agricultural ag5t4 ,ab\t twelve ye>s ago ,i ?\ght x w\ld be good to h a hobby1 & s9ce ,i 0 born & re>$ 9 ! nurs]y _w propagat+ fruit trees & ornam5tals1 & due to ! fact t ,john ,h]%ey came by "o day & talk$ to me ab\t ! tree crops 9 ! ,t5nessee ,valley1 x /ruck me j "r1 & ,i h made t my hobby4 ,y "k1 e man :o has a job gets f$ up on 8 job & ne$s to get out & play ) himself1 or some?+ else1 to =get 8 tr\bles4 ,s ,i f9d 9 propagat+ nut trees1 top-work+ !m1 if y w1 top-work+ trees :]e ,i f9d !m to nam$ v>ieties1 is v int]e/+ to me4 ,john ,h]%ey taught me ! te*nique ( graft+ nut trees4 ,i _h graft$ & budd$ 9 all k9ds ( ornam5tals & fruits1 b ,i ne$$ tra9+ 9 nut trees4 ,s 9 ! spr+ ( #aice1 ,i guess1 ,i graft$ ab\t a hundr$ ,?omas black walnut on trees :]e ,i f\nd !m 9 ! woodl&4 ,at ! same "t ,i graft$ maybe a hundr$ ,japanese p]simmon ( possibly a doz5 v>ieties on ! common native p]simmon4 ,i pur*as$ ?ree1 f\r1 maybe five ,japanese p]simmons & plant$ ^! trees 9 ! spr+ ( #aice4 ,all ^! p]simmons1 maybe #fj or #gj ( !m1 grew nicely4 ,! ,?omas grew v well1 & ! w9t] ( #aici or #aidj1 ,i don't recall j :i*1 0 r sev]e4 ,we _h bel[-z]o wea!r1 & all ( my p]simmons 7 kill$--,i ?\ght4 ,! next ye> ,i f\nd a p]simmon tree up 9 ! woods ) maybe a peck ( great big nice p]simmons & lat] ,i f\nd t t 0 a ,fuyugaki p]simmon4 ,all ! re/ ( m9e 7 w9t] kill$4 ,^? t ,i pur*as$ 7 w9t] kill$ ! fir/ ye>4 ,i don't "k :y4 ,i graft$ ! p]simmon ab\t #e feet high4 ,^? t 7 graft$ at ! gr\nd ,i notic$ w9t] kill$ ! fir/ ye>1 & ^! t are graft$ up ab\t %\ld] high seem$ to live ?ree or f\r ye>s be=e !y w9t] kill$1 & ! "o v>iety t surviv$ z ,mr4 ,kl9e & ,mr4 ,*ase1 or someone1 has told1 is ,fuyugaki1 ,i believe4 ,i h a ,tamopan p]simmon1 a great big1 nice p]simmon ab\t s big1 b bitt] z ! dick5s1 & ab\t ! only ?+ ,i ?9k x is good = is to look at4 ,x is pretty4 ,b ! ,fuyugaki is nev] bitt]4 ,x is v ta/y ev5 p>tially gre51 & z x rip5s my lady ?9ks x is v good1 & ,i ?9k x is good1 myself4 ,i h ab\t two or ?ree v>ieties ( mulb]ries4 ,i got !m f ,gl5 ,/4 ,m>y ,nurs]ies 9 ,florida4 ,!y make awfully good pig fe$ & bird fe$1 & ,i don't m9d eat+ !m myself4 ,!re are "s honeylocu/1 ,millwood & ,calh\n4 ,i pur*as$ sev]al se$l+s ( ?ornless honeylocu/ f "s nor?we/]n nurs]y & graft$ !m to ,millwood & ,calh\n4 ,i also h f\r trees t are t5 ye>s old & !y h nev] borne4 ,la/ ye> !re 0 "o tree ( t hundr$ t bore heavily1 & ! re/ ( !m are b>r54 ,x mu/ be lack ( poll5ization1 or some?+4 ,i am n gett+ fruit f my honeylocu/4 ,someone ask$ me :at ,i am go+ to d ) all ?is /uff1 & ,i said1 ,well1 ! squirrels & ,i w h lots ( fun anyh[1 & ! c[s w eat ! honeylocu/ if !y ev] be>4 ,i h two pecan trees t are be>+ nicely4 ,"o is a ,posey & ! o!r is a ,gre5riv]1 be>+ v nicely4 ,!y are ab\t t5 ye>s old4 ,i h "s ,s*ley & ,delmas & ,mahan1 & !y are n be>+4 ,i don't "k :y4 ,we are out ( ! realm ( ! s\!rn pecan & too f> s\? = ! nor!rn pecan1 ,i am afraid4 ,my ,p]sian walnut1 he>tnut & ,japanese walnut ?9k x is spr+ too quick1 & e ye> !y bur/ out & gr[ ab\t s long1 & !n !y fall d[n & die f freez+1 & !n !y gr[ out1 & ?is "t ( ! ye> y look at !m & y say1 ,t's a beautiful tree1 ,b !y freeze j en\gh to get ! fruit ea* ye>4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel came by la/ spr+ a ye> ago & left ) me a little scion ( a ,c>pa?ian walnut1 ! ,bay] selection4 ,i wasn't pres5t1 b he left x ) my lady & sugge/$ to my lady t ,i w\ld "k :at to d ) x4 ,i put x on a common black walnut graft$ ab\t s high1 & x is t5 feet high n[ gr[+ nicely1 b ?is spr+ ,i notic$ t x1 too1 ?\ght ! spr+ 0 "h be=e x 0 "h4 ,i don't "k h[ x is go+ to be>4 ,i may h to take x out on top ( ! hill & re-graft x on a high place :]e x has m air dra9age4 ,( ! ,*9ese *e/nut1 ,i plant$ ab\t a hundr$1 b ,i plant$ !m 9 a cut-ov] woodl& t 0 full ( native *e/nut spr\ts4 ,y "k h[ ! *e/nut spr\ts w d4 ,!y gr[ up & blight out & die d[n1 & ano!r spr\t comes f ! /ump4 ,!y h be5 do+ t = #cj ye>s ov] 9 my "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,i plant$ ^! *e/nuts purposely 9 t grove :]e !re 0 lots ( blight4 ,out ( t hundr$ ,i h eight trees t are alive4 ,! re/ ( !m h di$ f blight4 ,!y are be>+ v nicely1 b ,i hav5't le>n$ h[ to c>e = ^? fruits s t !y are good a long p]iod ( "t4 ,someone j told me t y _h someone on ! program ?is morn+ :o w\ld tell u t4 ,x is a v int]e/+ subject = me4 ,& ! ,?omas walnut is a nice black walnut4 ,! trees are a little bit peculi> ab\t _! be>+2 sometimes !y be> heavily & aga9 !y =get to be>4 ,! ,/abl] doesn't be> at all = me4 ,i j "k !y are ,/abl]s because someone told me s4 ,i h !m label$4 ,i h ,creitz black walnut4 ,i got five f ,,tva f\r or five ye>s ago1 & !y j lit]ally be> !mselves to dea?4 ,!y're ab\t s high & be> e ye>1 v nice nuts4 ,i w h to pull ! walnuts (f long en\gh to make !m gr[ up & make real trees4 ,i ?9k !y are go+ to be all "r4 ,mr4 ,*airman1 ,i am n an exp]t4 ,i use my hobby to keep f bo!r+ ab\t ! tr\bles t ,i h ) o!r ?+s1 & :5 ,i get mad at a neighbor ,i g to play+ on my trees1 & x gets me well4 ,i recomm5d x z a v soo?+ hobby4 ,n[1 "s day we w make a bus9ess out ( tree crops :5 we 9 ,t5nessee get ! bugs out ( x & get !m s we w h ! "r v>ieties to produce4 ,i am n satisfi$ ) ! ,?omas4 ,someone sugge/$ x 0 a wond]ful nut4 ,i am n satisfi$ ) x4 ,we ne$ a bett] walnut ?an ! ,?omas4 ,b x's ! be/ ,i h4 ,!re is a native walnut ,i f\nd 9 ! valley ne> ,watts ,b> ,dam4 ,i nam$ x ,p9el&4 ,x is j a se$l+4 ,x is a mo/ wond]ful nut if x wasn't = its h>d %ell4 ,x's h>d z ! dick5s4 ,x is a wond]ful be>]1 has borne e ye> = n9e ye>s4 ,x happ5s to be 9 unusually good soil4 ,b ,i h graft$ a few up away f ! riv]1 & ! graft$ trees are be>+ nicely4 ,! tr\ble is x is h>d1 b x is a wond]ful good k]nel & x is a big nut4 ,gr\ps l ?is work+ ) tree crops & nuts ov] a p]iod ( "t w develop ! "r v>ieties1 & if we c get "s y\ng/]s int]e/$--& ,i am 9 my c\nty gett+ "s y\ng/]s int]e/$ 9 graft+--& tell !m n to expect too mu* b get a :ole lot ( satisfaction out ( ! fun ( produc+ some?+1 ,i ?9k ?is w be ! beg9n+4 ,or r1 y h be5 go+ a long "t4 ,?is is a means ( progress 9 tree crops t ,i am well pleas$ to take a "p 94 ,mr4 ,*airman1 ,i ?9k t's ab\t all t ,i h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,i "k we all wi% we _h m c\nty ag5ts l t1 int]e/$ 9 trees & int]e/$ 9 "y folks4 ,^? two ?+s %\ld g toge!r4 ,i wi% y w\ld j sort ( propagate t idea :5 y meet o!r c\nty ag5ts1 won't y1 ,mr4 ,%ad[8 ,n[1 !n1 ,mr4 ,frye ( ,pleasant ,dale1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 w tell u some?+ ab\t ,nut ,hobby+ 9 ,ea/]n ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,nut ,hobby+ 9 ,ea/]n ,we/ ,virg9ia ,,wilb]t ,m4 ,,frye1 ,pleasant ,dale1 ,we/ ,virg9ia ,mr4 ,frye3 ,aft] he>+ su* wond]ful spee*es z we h _h1 ) y\r read+1 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel1 ,i wi% ,i c\ld be all ( u1 b z x is1 ,i am j myself4 ,i don't "k h[ _m "k :]e ,pleasant ,dale is1 b anyh[1 y "k :]e ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 is2 ,i live j along ,u4 ,s4 #ej & my section is #ajc miles we/ ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,t w locate :]e we are4 ,?is section ( ! c\ntry is compos$ ( a lot ( long ridges ) /eep hills1 n>r[ valleys1 "s ( !m v f]tile4 ,^! valleys =m bases :]e y w get ! draft (f ^! hills d[n into ! valleys4 ,y mu/ keep all ! fruit & mo/ ( ! nut trees out ( ^? places1 or y h ^! fro/ spots t ,i h be5 tell+ "s ( y ab\t4 ,z f> back z p c rememb] t c\ntry has be5 cov]$ ) all k9ds ( nuts except ! ,european 7,p]sian or ,engli%7 walnuts1 & ! e>ly p com+ 9 !re us$ ^! nuts = food1 & ! *e/nut 0 _! ma9 "o4 ,:5ev] a p]son cle>+ ! l& f\nd a nice tree he w\ld save x4 ,!n he w\ld %[ mu* pride 9 hav+ a good tree1 & x kept on go+ until !re became a rivalry z to :o _h ! be/ *e/nut tree4 ,"s _h an or*>d ( !m4 ,:5 ! blight hit ! c\ntry ,i _h an or*>d ( *e/nut trees4 ,:5 ,i saw ! fir/ blight 9 ! top ( a tree ,i didn't l ! looks4 ,i kept notic+ t4 ,x kept on com+ d[n ! tree1 & x kill$ ! base4 ,! total result 0 ev]ybody lo/ _! hobby trees1 & !n soon !y *ang$ to some?+ else4 ,n[1 :5 ! blight took ! *e/nut out ( ! c\ntry ! p began to pride !mselves on ! walnut1 :o _h ! be/ walnut1 :o _h ! be/ %agb>k 9 ! c\ntry4 ,"s di/ance f :]e ,i am is a two-acre grove1 a wond]ful grove ( our l>g] nuts4 ,"s places x is call$ k+nut & "s places !y call x "u ! "n ( ?is big "o 9 ! %[ room1 %ellb>k4 ,anyh[1 !re 7 two acres !re & real moi/ mead[s1 & e once 9 a :ile ! fro/ w\ld kill ^? nuts1 & ! next ye> !y w\ld h a wond]ful crop4 ,s ! climate det]m9es :e!r we h an annual crop or an int]mitt5t crop on ^! trees4 ,!n ,i always lik$ to mess ar\nd ) hobbies ) nature4 ,i became int]e/$1 got to wond]+ :o did h ! be/ ( ! be/4 ,!n ,i began to g out & visit all ( ^! f>ms & ask !m = a c]ta9 numb] ( ! be/1 & ,i began to s5d !m ar\nd to ,mr4 ,re$ & ,mr4 ,z>g] & o!r p to take _! ^w on x4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 ,i h locat$ "s t crack$ v well4 ,b e once 9 a :ile somebody tells me !y h got a bett] "o yet1 & ! o!r day ,i ran across a fell[ a hundr$ miles away--he happ5$ to he> ab\t me1 & ,i h a neighbor :o kn[s him--:o has a black walnut t looks l a ,p]sian walnut4 ,s y see1 ,i h a trip ( a hundr$ miles to make to see :at he's got4 ,i wrote to him j be=e ,i left4 ,i wrote to him to s5d me at lea/ #bj ( ^? nuts1 & j z soon z ?is fell[ s5ds me ! nuts ,i w\ld come up & see him & lat] on w\ld try to get "s graft+ wood & s5d d[n to ,mr4 ,z>g] ( ! ,,tva gr\p4 ,my job is n to keep !m to myself b to put out ! be/4 ,s we h ^? diff]5t nuts1 & n[ x is "t to consolidate ! be/ 9 :at we h & get !m 9 ! h&s ( ! nut gr[]s gr\ps & ^? :o w put !m out & really make use ( !m4 ,b fir/ we want to see ^! be/ trees all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,"s ( !m are n z good = timb] z ! o!rs1 b ,i l to incorporate ! timb] ) ! nut production4 ,we talk$ ab\t ! black walnut e>li] today4 ,! speak] 0 n say+ mu* ab\t flavor4 ,t's "o ?+ we want to d 9 all ( our nut "w1 get z good a flavor z we c4 ,s :y n get ! be/ & g putt+ x out to give x to ev]ybody4 ,:y keep any?+ )9 ourselves8 ,t's ! ma9 ?+ we c d4 ,a bro!r 0 talk+ a :ile ago ab\t ?is nut job1 a community nut job4 ,n[1 two ye>s ago--,i w h to use my dad1 :o is #hb ye>s old1 z a little ref]5ce--my dad crack$ #hc p\nds ( black walnuts f j ! be/ ( !m1 y might say4 ,sold !m at a price ( #a4di a p\nd4 ,s t wasn't bad1 0 x8 ,i ?\ght t 0 "r good4 ,la/ ye> we didn't h a nut 9 !re because we _h a freeze on ! #ca/ ( ,may ( ar\nd #bf deg4 to #bh deg41 dep5d+ on :]e y 7 & ! location4 ,b !n 9 ! fall on ! #bcrd ( ,septemb] we _h ano!r drop j :5 ev]y?+ 0 9 full gr[?1 due to a dry spell & !n a ra94 ,b 9 ! fall on ! #bcrd ( ,septemb] we _h a drop d[n to #bj1 s t 0 :at happ5$ to all ! rema9+ nuts 9 t c\ntry4 ,!y 7 j froz5 l black mummies4 ,i _h :at !y call ! ,texas ,?9%ell black walnut4 ,i h "o tree t is ab\t eight or n9e feet high1 maybe t5 feet high1 _h #de nuts on x1 nice big ones1 & !y j look$ l mummies1 & x made me he>tsick1 ( c\rse4 ,i w5t out !re & look$ at ! ?+s1 & !y fell (f ! tree4 ,i ?\ght1 ,well1 ,i might j z well exp]im5t4 ,i w dig me a little tr5* "h along ! g>d51 ,i w put ^! 9 & see :at happ5s4 ,to my surprise #bj ( !m came up aft] be+ froz54 ,s t might be a "q3 ,w ?+s spr\t or g]m9ate )\t rea*+ maturity8#ag ,i don't "k h[ mu* maturity !y _h4 ,!y c]ta9ly w]5't 9 full gr[? :5 !y 7 froz54 ,t's "o ?+ we want to see4 ,my ma9 aim is j to gr[ ?+s1 = hobby purposes & see j :at w gr[4 ,la/ ye> we _h su* a hectic ye> f t late spr+ freeze & e>ly fall freeze x disc\rag$ me "h :]e ,i am1 9 ?is fro/ pocket at an elevation ( #a1jej feet4 ,& ,i said1 ,n[1 on ! hill ab\t #d miles away & #cjj feet high] !y h a wond]ful place = pea*es4 ,i h a fri5d :o lives up !re1 & he has s _m pea* trees miss+ 9 8 old or*>d4 ,i said1 ,h[ ab\t sett+ out "s nut trees 9 y\r pea* or*>d8 ,ho said1 ,g to x4 ,i set out a nut tree :]ev] !re is a pea* tree out4 ,s t gave me a *ance to see :at !y w\ld d4 ,la/ spr+ ,i />t$ t too late1 b ,i set out #de or #ej trees1 filb]ts1 ,p]sian walnuts1 pecans1 *e/nuts & p]simmons1 & ,i w j see :at !y w d4 ,& today my k9d fri5d :o gave a talk on ! nut trees f d[n 9 ,alabama gave me se$ to plant4 ,i expect to put a r[ ( ^? out & see :at !y w d4 ,! l& ,i am plant+ !m on at "o "t 0 j a great mass ( *e/nuts1 & ?is fri5d !re on "o ( ^? sections1 ( ab\t ?ree acres1 _h cut #ce1jjj feet ( ?is dead timb] aft] ! *e/nut blight kill$ !m4 ,t blight 0 a t]rible %ock to u4 ,"o ?+ ,i did note :5 x came on1 prior to ! *e/nut blight 9 t c\ntry !re 7 ^! little *ipmunks1 :i*1 ev]ybody kn[s1 eat *e/nuts4 ,y c\ldn't he> y\rself ?9k = ! little *ipmunks *ipp+ all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,y "k1 !y c>ri$ (f all ! nuts4 ,y _h to be sm>t to beat !m to !m4 ,:5 ! *e/nuts disappe>$1 ! *ipmunks disappe>$1 & !re 7 eight or t5 ye>s :5 y 7 lucky if y got to he> "o4 ,9 ! meantime ^? little fell[s h *ang$4 ,!y di$1 a lot ( !m1 b n[ !y h le>n$ to eat some?+ else1 & n[ !y are com+ back4 ,t little *ipmunk always amus$ me1 because ,i lov$ to g out & play ) ! squirrels & ?+s l t4 ,anyh[1 x's j pure hobby "w1 & z ,mr4 ,%ad[ says y c get ov] a mad spell & get out close to nature1 because 9 ?is nut "w y c't get any clos] to ,god's "w ?an to get out & get some?+ bett]4 ,i ?9k t's all ,i h to say4 ,footnote #ag3 ,"s o!r memb]s h report$ simil> behavior ( fro/-bitt5 & poorly fill$ black walnuts4--,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,^? ( y :o "k ,mr4 ,frye "k t he works z well z he talks1 & t's pretty good4 ,is ,mr4 ,tatum "h8 7,no response47 ,9 t case ,i am told t ,dr4 ,rohrba*] w read a pap] by ,mr4 ,tatum ( ,lebanon1 ,k5tucky on ,a ,look1 ,backw>d & ,=w>d1 ,into ,nut ,gr[+ 9 ,k5tucky4 ,dr ,rohrba*]4 ,a ,look ,backw>d & ,=w>d into ,nut ,gr[+ 9 ,k5tucky ,w4 ,g4 ,,tatum1 ,r\te #d1 ,lebanon1 ,k5tucky ,! lumb]man's ax1 ! *e/nut blight1 =e/ fires1 & ! new gr\nd hill f>m]1 toge!r1 h de/roy$ _m ?\s&s ( our beautiful ,k5tucky =e/ acres4 ,mu* ( ?is "o "t nature lov]'s p>adise is n[ ugly1 b>r51 & erod$1 & too poor to give a liv+ to ei!r man or bea/4 ,wanton de/ruction ( ,god-giv5 treasure & beauty is a s9 & a %ame4 ,?anks to ! m5 ( vision & =esight ( ! ,u4,s4,d4,a41 /ate agricultural colleges1 & our own frat]nity ( nut tree lov]s1 ?is slaught] is com+ to a halt at la/4 ,our fell[ citiz5s are be+ awak5$ to ! real value ( _! woodl&s4 ,mu* re=e/ation ( ^! /eep b>r5 wa/es is already "u way4 ,we1 ( ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,nut ,,gr[]s ,,association1 ,,inc41 c look back to _m mi/akes we h made 9 ! selection ( v>ieties = our respective climates & soils4 ,our dates & me?ods ( graft+1 budd+1 & transplant+ h n always be5 "r4 ,we h gott5 hold ( scionwood t we 7 mo/ sure w\ld n gr[ :5 we us$ x1 b we did use x1 hop+1 & mo/ ( x did fail1 z we expect$4 ,9 our ,association1 we h a l>ge gr\p ( wise exp]im5t]s on v>ieties & me?ods1 well plac$ all ov] ! ,u4 ,s4 & ,i h e confid5ce t1 9 "t1 _m comm]cially pr(itable v>ieties1 & bett] me?ods w rew>d _! rese>*4 ,b 9 ! meantime1 we %\ld all keep ev] on ! al]t = a new & bett] idea1 or v>iety4 ,"h 9 ,c5tral ,k5tucky1 ( ! _m black walnuts ,i h "u te/1 only ,?omas1 ,victoria1 & ,eureka h ! t5d5cy t[>d "y & heavy be>+4 ,^! ?ree d %[ great promise 9 my section z "y & heavy cropp]s4 ,& !y are all top-bracket nuts1 accord+ to te/s made by exp]t te/]s4 ,!re may be new] ones bett] ?an ^!1 & we hope !re w be yet bett] ones turn up cont9ually 9 ! future4 ,!re are at lea/ a few ,p]sian walnuts t %[ promise 9 my location4 ,( v>ieties ,i h ( be>+ age1 only f\r are wor?y ( m5tion4 ,^! are ,broadview1 ,elmore1 ,cra?-,dun/an ,no4 ,i & ,cra?-,edmunds ,no4 #c4 ,all ( ! above h borne well on two ye> old grafts on l>ge black walnut /ocks4 ,_! nuts are 9 my op9ion excell5t4 ,wright & ,walt]s he>tnuts seem well adapt$ "h1 & are do+ equally well = me on ,japanese1 butt]nut1 & black root/ocks4 ,^! are ! only two ,i h old en\gh to be>1 & !y are be>+ _! fir/ few nuts ea* ?is season4 ,i w\ld l to add "h1 t ! wild nut crop 9 g5]al 9 my section1 is v light1 & ^! nut trees t ,i m5tion z be>+ ?is season1 are ! m to be notic$ = _! crops 9 ?is ye> ( bad nut crops4 ,i am try+ bu>tnuts & butt]nuts1 :i* are gr[+ satisfactorily1 b n l>ge en\gh = a crop4 ,?is is wond]ful natural *e/nut t]ritory4 ,all ( ! _m ,*9ese se$l+s ,i h1 & ! few graft$ ones1 are gr[+ nicely1 & q a numb] h burs on !m :5 only ab\t belt high to an av]age man4 ,i am anxi\s to get graftwood ( sup]ior individuals z !y come out1 = propagation "h 9 my own plant+4 ,i believe ?is to be a good home = any good *e/nut4 ,no blight is %[+ to date 9 ei!r my se$l+s or graft$ ones4 ,i live on r deep1 f]tile upl&1 & am q hopeful ( good results f _m ( ! ,nor!rn pecan v>ieties t ,i am try+4 ,! olde/ trees ,i h are only five ye>s old1 on small se$l+ /ocks & h>dly old en\gh to yield a crop = at lea/ ano!r five ye>s4 ,major1 ,gre5riv]1 ,buss]on1 & ,fi%] are my olde/1 & are mak+ rapid gr[?4 ,/u>t1 ( ! ,s\!rn gr\p1 is be>+ q well = my fri5d1 ,lewis ,edmunds1 a few miles s\?we/ ( me1 & he says x matures its nuts well be=e fro/1 b insects cause a goodly "p ( ! crop to fall prematurely4 ,i h q a collection ( ! bett] kn[n graft$ %agb>ks on my woodl&4 ,^! are mo/ly on wild %agb>k /ocks4 ,!y are all gr[+ well1 b ,i h _h no nuts f !m z yet4 ,gra+] is ! fa/e/ gr[] ( ! lot4 ,to make my nut tree project complete1 ,i h q a long r[ ( filb]ts & hazels1 set h$ge r[ fa%ion1 :i* include q a li/ ( v>ieties4 ,^? t be> q regul> & heavy crops include f\r ,jones ,hybrids1 ,w9kl] hazel1 two un-nam$ hazels1 & ,b>celona filb]t4 ,i h p]simmons1 too1 bo? ,am]ican & ,*9ese nam$ v>ieties4 ,my ,*9ese are "y & n be>+ yet1 b do+ well4 ,kansas & ,joseph9e are my *oice ( ! natives4 ,i am try+ ,millwood & ,%essl] honeylocu/s = ! fir/ "t ?is ye>4 ,!y are beautiful grafts1 & ,i am look+ =w>d to ! pleasure & pr(it ( add+ !m to my hill c[ pa/ure 9 a ye> or two4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,?ank y1 v mu*1 ,dr4 ,rohrba*]4 ,we h #ae m9utes be=e ! next ord] comes on ! program4 ,suppose y take a recess "r n[4 7,a recess 0 tak547 7,mr4 ,william ,j4 ,wilson f ,georgia %[$ mov+ pictures ( 8 pecan or*>d47 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,! next ord] ( bus9ess1 we w n[ he> a report ( ! ,committee on ,black ,walnut ,/&>ds & ,judg+ by ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels4 ,r\nd ,table ,discussion on ,judg+ ,s*$ule = ,black ,walnuts ,,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s1 ,*airman ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,dur+ ! ye> y\r committee has work$ on ! problem ( sett+ up a judg+ s*$ule = black walnuts1 ma9ly ?r\gh correspond5ce4 ,un=tunately1 x has n be5 possible to get toge!r = discussion4 ,_h we done s1 ,i'm sure we c\ld h a*iev$ close agreem5t ^u ess5tials4 ,z x is1 !re are sev]al phases ( ! problem ^u :i* we w\ld l ! judgm5t ( ! association memb]s4 ,z f> z ?is gr\p "h is conc]n$1 ,i am q sure t we c't pr(itably g into a discussion ( ! v>i\s details & ramifications ( a judg+ s*$ule4 ,i d ?9k1 h[ev]1 t we might discuss ! problem ( :e!r our po9t ( view 9 develop+ su* a s*$ule %\ld be t ( ! value ( a v>iety = ! comm]cial buy] or = home use4 ,z f> z ! committee is conc]n$1 ,mr4 ,*ase favors ! home use angle4 ,cl>5ce ,re$ & ,mr4 ,/oke h n express$ !mselves def9itely "o way or ! o!r4 ,mr4 ,/oke is "h1 & ,i expect t he w say some?+ ab\t x4 ,i w\ld l to op5 discussion on ?is "q at ?is "t1 unless y want to g back to ! consid]ation ( :e!r x is desirable or possible1 to h any su* s*$ule1 at all4 ,may we assume t ?is is desirable8 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,c\ld we h a d\ble /&>d1 "o = ! comm]cial gr[] & "o = ! home gr[]8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,9 my judgm5t x w\ld be bett] to try "o at a "t4 ,ano!r s*$ule c be develop$ lat]4 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,h y any p>ticul> pref]5ce1 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i p]sonally feel t ! new & improv$ v>ieties w f9d _! be/ use z a home proposition r ?an 9 ! comm]cial or*>d1 because app>5tly ) a mod]n crack] ! common wild nuts c be crack$ 9 pieces t are satisfactory = ! comm]cial trade1 & crackability is ( little mom5t4 ,h y any comm5ts z to :i* po9t ( view ! committee %\ld take8 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,i w\ld l to inquire z to ! purpose = :i* ?is num]ical score or me?od ( evaluat+ ^! nuts is to be us$4 ,is x to be us$ = %[ purposes1 or is x = det]m9+ ! value ( a v>iety ( nut to gr[8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,! purpose ( sett+ up a s*$ule is to provide a /&>d by :i* we c det]m9e diff]5ces betwe5 samples 9 conte/s1 & to give a basis = comp>ison 9 det]m9+ ! value ( a v>iety = gr[+ 9 v>i\s climatic zones & ( diff]5t v>ieties gr[n 9 ! same place4 ,= in/ance1 ! v>iety1 ,?omas1 9 "o zone w\ld be a v good nut & h a score (1 say1 #hi4 ,9 ano!r x might h a score ( only #de1 & 9 ano!r a score ( #ee4 ,! score w\ld be directly relat$ to ! adaptability ( ?is v>iety to a climatic zone or to a sy/em ( cultivation or to v>iation 9 any o!r environm5tal condition4 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,h[ d ! o!r memb]s ( ! committee feel ab\t x8 ,:at is _! pref]5ce8 ,x seems to me t if y are unanim\s1 all we h to d is approve y\r report & leave out ! discussion4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,we are n unanim\s4 ,mr4 ,re$1 :o ,i regret is n "h1 r d\bts t any k9d ( s*$ule is ei!r possible or desirable4 ,w\ld y ?9k t is a fair /atem5t1 ,mr4 ,/oke8 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,yes4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,mr4 ,*ase believes t a s*$ule is bo? possible & desirable & t we %\ld "w along ! g5]al ideas advanc$ 9 ! pap] on judg+ s*$ules publi%$ 9 ! la/ volume ( ! report4 ,z ,i und]/& ,mr4 ,/oke's position1 he w\ld g along ) t 9 g5]al ) possibly ! addition ( ! factors ( ta/e & color4 ,is t "r8 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,yes1 ta/e & color = dome/ic use4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i h already /at$ my position4 ,i feel t unless we conf9e ! s*$ule to *>act]i/ics t c be weigh$ or measur$ successfully its value & usefulness w be little4 ,a ,memb]3 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels1 if a man has a #bj1jjj ma*9e = crack+ walnuts & he has a *oice betwe5 ! ,?omas walnut & a good wild "o1 he w pay a little bit m = ,?omas walnuts1 w he n8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,! "q rais$ is t if a crack+ plant :i* cracks ?\s&s ( p\nds c get m k]nels out ( a hundr$ p\nds ( ,?omas nuts or any o!r graft$ v>iety1 w\ld ! op]ators pay some?+ m = !m8 ,i ?9k und\bt$ly !y w\ld1 b w\ld !y pay en\gh ( a diff]5tial ov] ! wild nuts to make x wor?:ile to ! gr[]8 ,i don't "k4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,if y take pecans :i* are our be/ example1 #ie p] c5t ( all nuts produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are m>ket$ z %ell$ k]nels1 & !re is a v sub/antial price diff]5tial betwe5 se$l+s & budd$ pecans1 & ! crack]s w pay ! diff]5ce bas$ on ! yield ( k]nels4 ,t is _! only int]e/4 ,! ?ickness ( %ell1 h[ well x cracks1 or any o!r factor is ( no importance4 ,if ! k]nels are !re1 !y w get !m out4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,t is ! crux ( ?is :ole matt]4 ,are we int]e/$ 9 develop+ v>ieties = crack+ 9 :i* we c>e little ab\t ! size ( ! pieces recov]$ or ab\t ! ease ( extraction1 or d we want nuts = home use t w give a high yield ( l>ge pieces8 ,^! ma*9es1 z ,i und]/& x1 w crack ! walnuts & get ! k]nels out 9 small pieces reg>dless ( h[ !y crack 9 a ,h]%ey crack]4 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,z ,i und]/ood ,mr4 ,mull9s1 he favor$ hav+ a lot ( ,?omas if he c\ld get !m4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,w\ld he pay ! diff]5ce8 ,i don't "k4 ,dr4 ,crane says he w\ld4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,:5 ,i talk$ to him--we pass$ ?r\gh !re & saw ! plant--he said he ?9ks well en\gh ( ! bett] nuts to come "h = ! purpose ( le>n+ :]e & h[ to manage a plantation ( 8 own ( ,?omas & ! o!r budd$ v>ieties = 8 own crack+ plant4 ,9 8 own crack+ plant ! yield = ! am\nt ( labor exp5d$ is s mu* bett] on ! improv$ v>ieties t he wants to make a plant+ ( 8 own4 ,he w pay m1 b j h[ mu* m1 ,i don't "k4 ,t br+s up ano!r matt]4 ,z ,i h said be=e1 our /ate au?orities %\ld be urg$ aga9 & aga9 & aga9 to buy good se$ nuts = di/ribution to ! public s t we c get ^! bett] quality nuts into ! woods4 ,"s ( !m are agree+ to t4 ,"s ( !m are do+ x4 ,b s f> n v mu* has be5 done4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i ?9k t be=e y\r committee goes ahead we mu/ get a decision on ?is po9t1 = ! approa*es are q diff]5t4 ,if y are develop+ a s*$ule = home use1 ! size ( ! nuts is ( importance4 ,9 g5]al1 ! bigg] ! nut ! easi] x is to h&le1 ! easi] x is to %uck & crack4 ,! p]c5tage ( k]nel is relatively less important ?an x is 9 ! comm]cial crack+4 ,! size ( ! p>ticles recov]$ is m important = home use4 ,if !y come out easily & 9 l>ge pieces1 !y are mu* m desirable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 comm]cial crack+ ! p]c5tage ( k]nel is important4 ,! comm]cial buy] wants to "k h[ _m p\nds ( k]nels c be expect$ f a hundr$ p\nds ( nuts4 ,he is n mu* int]e/$ 9 ! size ( ! nuts or ! size ( pieces t are recov]$4 ,?is is an entirely diff]5t approa* to ! problem4 ,we h got to decide betwe5 ! two be=e ! committee goes fur!r4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,!re is ano!r angle to ! problem4 ,a lot ( ! black walnuts today are us$ 9 ! bak]y trade & 9 ! ice cream trade4 ,b ,i visualize a m>ket = black walnut k]nels to be eat5 out ( h&4 ,!re are _m p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t l ! flavor ( black walnut k]nels to eat 9 ?is way4 ,i "k ,i am "o ( !m1 & ,i don't want to eat crumbs4 ,i don't want to eat small pieces4 ,i l to h at lea/ qu>t]s4 ,i ?9k t if we 7 to ga!r f ! /atus ( our o!r native nut indu/ry t !re is go+ to be a premium paid = ! l>g] pieces1 !n crack+ quality w\ld ent] into ! matt]4 ,our pecans are sold on c\nt ( :ole k]nels p] p\nd or p] ounce4 ,almonds are sold ! same way4 ,walnuts ! same way--t is1 ,p]sian or ,engli% walnuts4 ,! numb] ( k]nels or pieces p] p\nd is an important matt]1 not)/&+ ! situation z x exi/s 9 ! black walnuts today4 ,s ,i d ?9k t we c't take ! pres5t /atus ( ! indu/ry z "o :i* w prevail g5]ally & 9 ! future4 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,w\ld ! majority report favor ! side ( ! home consum] r ?an ! comm]cial buy]8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i ?9k x dep5ds on :at ,mr4 ,/oke w\ld ?9k ab\t ! majority4 ,we didn't get a *ance to get toge!r1 because ,mr4 ,/oke 0 s busy ) exhibits4 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,we might end by mov+ ! adoption ( ! majority report & let x get at t4 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,i "k ,i br\ght up t matt] ( :e!r we %\ld judge by /&>ds acceptable to ! comm]cial buy] or to ! ultimate consum]4 ,! confection] doesn't c>e ab\t ! size or color at all4 ,:5 !y are put up 9 c&y or 9 *ocolate cookies1 color doesn't mean any?+4 ,x's a black walnut1 & x doesn't h to dep5d on any?+ else4 ,s ,i ?9k ^? two po9ts ( view are p]t95t4 ,i nev] express$ any pref]5ce1 & ,i don't "k t ,i h any4 ,i ?9k x might be j z well to leave t up to ?is body4 ,b ! produc]1 or ^? anticipat+ produc+ mu/ be consid]$4 ,mr4 ,hirs*i c give u ! ^w on m>ket+ k]nels4 ,mr4 ,hirs*i3 ,i d n m>ket k]nels4 ,i j crack ! nuts & sell !m by ! p\nd crack$4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,%ell & all8 ,mr4 ,hirs*i3 ,%ells & all4 ,i sold ab\t a ton & a half ea* w9t] = ! la/ f\r or five w9t]s4 ,!y are ,?omas walnuts4 ,i get #ce c5ts a p\nd ) ! horse %oe nail 9 ! package4 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,t man wants good color1 good flavor1 k]nels easy to pick out1 & ( good size4 ,t goes ) ! retail buy]4 ,if ! comm]cial buy] gets #cj p] c5t k]nels f good nuts comp>$ ) #ae p] c5t f run-(-m9e nuts1 he d\btless w be will+ to pay a consid]able premium = ! bett] nuts if he c get !m4 ,b unless ! good nuts are 9 consid]able quantity !y g "r 9 ) ! o!rs & no m w be paid = !m4 ,t's my po9t ( view4 ,i don't want to express my p>ticul> op9ion1 because ,i h no p>ticul> op9ion4 ,b y might consid] bo?1 ! comm]cial nut1 & ! home nut4 ,i ?9k we might vote & det]m9e :at action1 to take tonight z to sett+ up a /&>d1 or if y want to set up a d\ble /&>d4 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,mr4 ,mull9s does get a bett] price = a l>g] k]nel4 ,he sep>ates !m & treats !m diff]5tly ?an ! g5]al run ( small pieces4 ,x's be5 my obs]vation t ! crack+ ma*9es d a rem>kably good job ) ! ord9>y run ( se$l+ nuts4 ,k5ne? ,dick gets ! k]nels out 9 r l>ge pieces1 & f :at we saw up at ,mull9s' place he gets ! same ?+4 ,he sifts out ! l>g] pieces & gets a bett] price = !m4 ,s ! pref]5ce is = ! l>g] pieces4 ,x's l buy+ hamburg]2 y pref] y\r hamburg] gr\nd up out ( l>g] pieces r ?an odds & ends t ! but*] has ar\nd ! %op & gr9ds x up & h&s x to y4 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,b isn't x true t he sells ! k]nels 9 two sep>ate classes8 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,b ! pref]5ce /ill seems to be1 aft] we see !m1 = ! l>g] pieces4 ,!y h bett] k]nels2 o!rwise1 !y w\ld break up 9 small pieces4 ,mr4 ,korn3 ,i believe t z long z !re are v few comm]cial or*>ds1 we %\ld approa* x f ! angle ( ! p :o h j a few pet nut trees ar\nd _! y>ds1 because ,i don't ?9k ! comm]cial or*>ds ( ! improv$ graft$ black walnuts are go+ to be l>ge en\gh to color ! picture v mu* = a few ye>s to come4 ,z long z !y hav5't be5 too pr(itable1 ,i ?9k x is go+ to be "s "t be=e we h to worry mu* ab\t comm]cial or*>ds4 ,!re=e1 we are int]e/$ 9 gett+ a sup]ior product 9 k]nel2 x has to be l>ge1 has to be ( good color & good flavor4 ,x seems to me t w\ld be "o ( ! fir/ ?+s to consid]4 ,!n1 if or*>ds get m pl5tiful & pr(itable1 we c take up ! o!r angle4 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 ,i'd l to make a few rem>ks on ?is bus9ess ( comm]cial crack+ & l>ge pieces t ,i he> m5tion$ by my good fri5d1 ,mr4 ,web]4 ,i _h hop$ to h ! two l>ge/ %ell]s 9 ! c\ntry pres5t at ^! meet+s1 b 0 unable to get !m "h4 ,9 ?is area ! comm]cial walnut crack+ indu/ry is relat$ directly to ! type ( ma*9]y necess>y to recov] ! k]nels4 ,= example1 ! two or ?ree crack+ plants 9 ,na%ville h&le an e/imat$ t5 million p\nds ( nuts ea* ye> & turn out r\ghly #a4b million p\nds ( k]nels4 ,^! k]nels g directly to confection>y syrup & ice cream plants4 ,!re=e1 !y are n int]e/$ 9 size ( pieces4 ,9 fact1 if !y are too l>ge1 ! comm]cial us]s h to *op !m up4 ,s :at we are do+ "h1 ladies & g5tlem51 is confus+ :at we want to d 9 ! way ( judg+ nuts1 x appe>s to me4 ,!re is little reason to assume t ! ,?omas1 if !y c\ld get #aj million p\nds ( ,?omas1 w\ld be m valuable to ! comm]cial crack]s4 ,b t doesn't necess>ily int]f]e ) our judg+ sy/em t we are try+ to design to tell :i* nut is ! be/ to gr[4 ,i specifically ask$ ^! buy]s ( millions ( p\nds ( nuts3 ,if ,i came 9 ) "s ,?omas nuts w\ld ,i get "s m money = !m8 ,_! reply 01 ,no1 sir4 ,we pay a flat rate p] hundr$ p\nds ( nuts4 ,we "k t "s ( !m are go+ to be excell5t2 we "k "s ( !m are go+ to be poor1 b we int5d to get f #ab to #ae p] c5t k]nel recov]y out ( !m4 ,9 #aidj we br\ght quantities ( improv$ v>ieties to ! crack+ plant 9 ,knoxville & ran !m ?r\gh ,mr4 ,smalley's ma*9e4 ,he 0 amaz$4 ,he didn't believe x2 didn't believe 8 eyes4 ,!y came out 9 l>ge pieces4 ,b "u pres5t conditions !y'd be *opp$ up4 ,none ( ^! k]nels mov+ out ( ,na%ville vic9ity g to retail trade1 except a few t g to confection>y /ores 9 #be-p\nd boxes & are sold a p\nd at a "t = cook+ purposes1 n = eat+ out ( ! h&4 ,p l ,mr4 ,korn & ,mr4 ,hirs*i1 :o are int]e/$ 9 sell+ k]nels at a mu* high] price ?an ! comm]cial crack]s1 h to h l>ge pieces1 attractive k]nels1 prop]ly c>$ =1 prop]ly color$1 & ( mild flavor4 ,is x ?is gr\p we are try+ to assi/ by ?is judg+ sy/em or ! comm]cial crack]8 ,! numb] ( acres plant$ ) ,?omas suffici5t to yield en\gh nuts to op]ate "o ( ^! ma*9es w\ld be trem5d\s4 ,!re are sev]al examples ( :]e ! ma*9e has be5 pur*as$ to be us$ on ,?omas b hasn't be5 us$4 ,x has be5 /or$ away4 ,!y pref] to crack ! ,?omas nuts by h&4 ,s my po9t is ?is3 ,x appe>s to me t we are int]e/$ 9 ! gr[] ( sev]al trees ar\nd ! f>m/ead4 ,at lea/1 9 ?is section we are4 ,ev]yone "h ga!rs & cracks walnuts4 ,our idea ( acqua9t+ !m ) ! ,?omas v>iety is to make _! job easi] 9 crack+ & pick+ !m out4 ,x seems to me t's also ! problem t we h z a gr\p else:]e1 & ,i believe t 9 ord] = u to make headway on ?is judg+ s*$ule1 :i* ,i ?9k is necess>y & desirable1 we mu/ view x f ! home viewpo9t at ?is "t4 ,t does n %ut out ! comm]cial viewpo9t = lat] ye>s4 ,b n[ we are prim>ily int]e/$ 9 ! home rais+ ( nuts1 unless ,i am 9 ! wrong gr\p4 ,?ank y4 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 ,i agree he>tily ) :at ,mr4 ,*ase has to say1 or o!rwise we might z well quit n[ & raise se$l+ nuts to ! be/ ( our ability & sell !m to ! comm]cial crack]s & let x g at t4 ,b1 if we d t1 :at's ! use ( se>*+ out bett] v>ieties8 ,dr4 ,cross3 ,mr4 ,*airman3 ,i believe t if a nut acceptable to ! home consum]1 "o :i* extracts easily & is attractive & palatable & is productive--if t type ( nut is scor$ & comes to ! att5tion ( a suffici5t numb] ( gr[]s1 !n ,i ?9k ! comm]cial p w utilize x4 ,s ,i don't believe !re is any?+ to ?is argum5t4 ,i believe if y g ahead on ! basis ( ! home consum] & develop a nut t w be desirable = 8 purpose1 & if 9 addition to ^! factors t h be5 discuss$ x is adaptable & productive1 !n x is go+ to be ev5tually ! nut t ! comm]cial man w utilize1 because1 aft] all1 :at we are gr[+ nuts = is ! k]nel4 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,to br+ x to a head1 ,i move t we adopt t "p ( ! report t favors ! home consum] z aga9/ ! comm]cial consum]1 or we w be "h all night talk+ ab\t x4 ,dr4 ,rohrba*]3 ,i second ! motion4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,y h he>d ! motion1 :i* 0 second$4 ,any rem>ks8 7,vote tak5 on ! motion1 c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,t w be ! basis on :i* ! committee w "w4 ,!re are sev]al o!r po9ts to be consid]$4 ,i w\ld sugge/ ! committee be ask$ to make fur!r te/s ) ! s*$ule z propos$ 9 ord] to get additional data to det]m9e if x is a usable s*$ule & c be us$ by diff]5t p ) reasonably simil> results1 & if x does diff]5tiate ! ?+s t we want to h a s*$ule diff]5tiate 9 a te/4 ,?is la/ ye> we _h hop$ to d ?is1 b !re w]5't en\gh samples ( nuts available to be wor? te/+4 ,i sp5t ab\t #aj p]sonally buy+ nuts f ?is s\rce & t1 & !re wasn't a good sample 9 ! lot1 except "o1 :i* ,/]l+ ,smi? gave me4 ,i ?9k t if we h ano!r season to "w ! s*$ule t has be5 propos$1 we at lea/ c demon/rate :e!r or n x is diff]5tiat+ betwe5 v>ieties 9 a mann] :i* is satisfactory4 ,i believe a motion is 9 ord] to br+ ?is matt] to a decision & end ?is discussion4 ,h y any fur!r comm5t1 ,mr4 ,*ase8 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,if x is n out ( ord]1 ,i move t we adopt = fur!r trial1 ! scor+ s*$ule propos$ 9 ! pap] by ,dr4 ,atwood & ,dr4 ,mac,daniels 9 ! #aidg ,report ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,i second ! motion4 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,may ,i make "o rem>k8 ,does n t s*$ule ignore ! factors ( color & ta/e8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,x does1 z n be+ objective *>act]s4 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,9 o!r words1 ?is motion approves some?+ f ! comm]cial slant r ?an f ! p]sonal use slant4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i w\ldn't say t2 x simply limits ! judg+ s*$ule to ^? *>act]i/ics :i* c be objectively h&l$ & are n a matt] ( op9ion or judgm5t4 ,t's ! po9t "h1 ,i ?9k4 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,mr4 ,/oke & ,i don't q agree--,i don't ?9k we are ! only two--on flavor & color4 ,h[ev]1 9 our ex*ange ( correspond5ce we fully appreciate ! advantage ( light-color$1 mild-flavor$ k]nels4 ,b ,i don't see any me?od by :i* we c place a num]ical value on ! color & flavor4 ,c we n describe ! color & flavor along ) ! rat+ t describes ! k]nel & /ill h y on our side8 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,p]sonally1 ,i ?9k we are splitt+ hairs4 ,:5 we c't agree z to :i* color class a sample belongs1 x mu/ be some:]e ne> ! bord]-l9e4 ,ord9>ily ! av]age human be+ w agree pretty well z to a blonde or a brunette or "o t's neutral4 ,& ,i ?9k 9 ! judg+ ( walnuts1 !re c be no exact value bas$ on ! color4 ,if y consid] color & make a sci5tific te/1 y\r te/ w\ldn't be ! same z my te/4 ,b if x is a d>k k]nel1 y c recognize x1 & s c ,i1 if we h any common s5se4 ,also 9 ! matt] ( flavor1 y & ,i c tell :at we l & :at we don't l4 ,& ,i ?9k !re are ^? two limitations4 ,we c't d ?is sci5tifically1 because ! human factor is "h4 ,b aft] all1 x's humans t eat !m & produce !m = eat+6 ,& ,i r1 9 ! s*$ules la/ ye>1 br\ght up objections to x4 ,i didn't say ,i object$1 &1 ( c\rse1 ,i don't n[4 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,i'd l to j say ?is1 & ,i am go+ to call on my good fri5d1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel "h1 = agreem5t4 ,a long "t ago we prep>$1 did we n1 v>i\s judg+ sy/ems8 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,yes4 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,we f\nd t--y c correct me if ?is is wrong--by manipulat+ five po9ts = flavor & five po9ts giv5 = color we c\ld *ange ! position ( a v>iety ( a li/ a great deal1 & we also f\nd t ! po9ts giv5 = color 7 n relat$ to inh]5tly bad color b simply ! result ( poor h&l+1 :i* also affects flavor4 ,?is is my reason = elim9at+ color & flavor f ! s*$ule3 x is n to get away f ! mild-flavor$1 pretty-color$ k]nels4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 ,i mu/ say t ,i am incl9$ to agree ) ,mr4 ,/oke1 = ?is reason3 ,ev5 ?\gh color & flavor are v frequ5tly ! result ( poor h&l+1 we all "k t we w say t ! ,/abl] has ! *>act]i/ic t is di/9ctive ( quickly color+ up & quickly becom+ rancid z di/+ui%$ f ! ,?omas1 :i* does n4 ,n[1 ^? ?+s are inh]5t 9 ! two v>ieties1 ,i ?9k1 & ,i don't ?9k ?is committee %\ld ignore altoge!r ! matt] ( color & flavor1 al?\gh ,i d ?9k1 p]haps1 n s mu* weight might be giv5 to ^? two qualities z _h be5 giv5 to !m 9 ! pa/4 ,b !y c]ta9ly decid$ly influ5ce ! m>ketability = k]nels f ! po9t ( view ( home consumption4 ,i ?9k !re is no "q ab\t t4 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to agree ) ,mr4 ,/oke1 t ^? two qualities %\ld n be ignor$ by ! committee4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i ?9k ! po9t w\ld be to ignore !m 9 _! simply n be+ objective2 y c't weigh or measure !m4 ,!re is a motion prop]ly second$ be=e ! h\se4 ,are !re fur!r rem>ks8 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,w\ldn't !re be j a c]ta9 am\nt ( trial & error connect$ ) x1 & z y g along y w ei!r add to or take (f1 & !n y w get a correct sy/em ( judg+8 ,y h to />t out ) "o sy/em & if x is wrong1 *ange x4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i ?9k x's a matt] ( do+ some?+ r ?an no?+1 = a s*$ule is always subject to improvem5t4 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,i wi% to po9t out we h made "s te/s toge!r1 & y\r p]sonal te/s & my p]sonal te/s ran v close toge!r4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,t is "r4 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,& "o memb] ( ! committee is always v cons]vative & 8 te/s nev] run z high on any s]ies z ! o!rs4 ,i make a te/ & he makes a te/1 & 8 are always l[]4 ,maybe1 he doesn't recov] z mu*2 p]haps he isn't z exp]t a crack]4 7,vote tak5 on ! motion2 c>ri$47 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,let u adj\rn until #h3cj tomorr[ morn+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,picture f ,our ,mo/ ,nor!rn ,memb] ,john ,davidson wrote 9 our #aidc report3 ,if any man des]ves a bright ,,nnga m$al1 x is ,a4 ,l4 ,"y1 ( ,brooks1 ,alb]ta4 ,by plant+ 8 trees ne> en\gh to irrigation dit*es 9 8 des]t1 cactus c\ntry1 & protect+ !m f live/ock1 ,mr4 ,"y is able to get nuts on ! h>di] trees1 b he report$ t ! nuts1 :ile ( fair size1 d n h fle%y k]nels 444 ,butt]nuts are v sweet ) fair size k]nels 444 ,giant hickory f ,ont>io seems h>dy b p>ticul> ab\t ! k9d ( soil 444 ,c>pa?ian walnuts kill$ back q a lot1 s did mo/ ( my hybrid walnuts 444 ,"s ,man*urian walnuts 444 got a setback ) spr+ fro/s 444 ,he>tnuts got a r\gh deal la/ w9t] #aidb-dc4 ,mr4 ,"y wrote to ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi? 9 #aidh3 ,i h be5 us+ poll5 ( ,broadview & ,c>pa?ian ,p]sian walnuts on my blacks & :ile !re are a lot ( hybrid se$l+s1 none h fruit$ yet4 ,on ,peace ,riv] hazel f> ,nor!rn ,i h be5 us+ ,b>celona1 ,du ,*illy & ,gellatly poll54 ,"s ( ^! hybrids look good1 h>dy1 & produce good nuts 444 ,a few v>ieties ( oak are promis+ & fruit+4 ,at 8 location1 ,mr4 ,"y expects w9t] temp]ature ( -#de deg41 & ! l[e/ kn[n be=e #aidj 0 -#fb deg4,f4 ,summ] temp]atures g above #ajj deg4,f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fruit+ black walnut gr[n at ,brooks1 ,alb]ta1 ,canada1 by memb] ,a4 ,l4 ,"y4 ,! se$ came f ,ont>io4 ,tuesday ,morn+ ,session ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,! only way to get />t$ is to />t4 ,we are go+ to be giv5 a look at ! honeylocu/ situation 9 ! ,s\? by ,pr(essor ,moore ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture ( ! ,alabama ,polyte*nic ,in/itute ( ,auburn4 ,mr4 ,moore4 ,! ,pres5t ,outlook = ,honeylocu/ 9 ! ,s\? ,j4 ,c4 ,,moore1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture1 ,alabama ,polyte*nic ,in/itute1 ,auburn1 ,alabama ,mr4 ,moore3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 ladies & g5tlem53 ,be=e ,i />t ?is discussion1 j 9 case "s ( y are n famili> ) honeylocu/1 its habit ( gr[?1 ! size ( ! pods & ! possibility ( its yield1 ,i'd l to take "t out j to %[ a few slides1 !n ,i w g ahead ) ! discussion & give y "s data on t honeylocu/ production4 ,i believe if y w\ld look at ^! slides be=e we />t ! discussion x w\ld give y a good idea :at ! tree looks l1 h[ x gr[s1 ! age at :i* x />ts be>+ & some?+ ab\t its g5]al habits2 x w help y a lot to und]/& :at ,i h to say ab\t x4 7,slides %[n47 ,?is is ! ,millwood honeylocu/4 ,! pods w v>y 9 size f ab\t #ab in*es to #ad in*es 9 l5g?1 f "o & a half to "o & ?ree-qu>t]s in*es 9 wid?1 & ! back "p ( ! pod1 some?+ t ,i c't %[ on ?is p>ticul> type ( picture1 is v ?ick1 & ?is back "p ( ! pod1 ! ?ick "p ( x1 is v ri* 9 c>bohydrates4 ,we h ! ,calh\n & ,millwood selections t h run z high1 ! ,millwood a little ov] #cf p] c5t sug> & ! ,calh\n a little ov] #ch p] c5t sug>4 ,! ,millwood is a mu* high] yield+ tree ?an ! ,calh\n4 ,i w br+ t out 9 a few m9utes' "t4 ,?is is a borr[$ slide & ,i don't "k ! hi/ory ( ^! trees1 b ,i judge t ! tree is ab\t ?ree ye>s old4 ,we h _h good yields on ?ree-ye>-old trees at ,auburn4 ,"h is a gr\p ( trees gr[+ ) a gr\nd cov]1 & aga9 ,i am n famili> ) ! gr\nd cov]1 b j judg+ f ! g5]al appe>ance x looks l a picture t came f our files4 ,if t is true !n ,i "k ! /ory4 ,! tree 9 ! backgr\nd is a ,calh\n tree & ! tree 9 ! =egr\nd is a ,millwood gr[+ 9 ,lesp$eza s]icea & ,i w br+ out "s po9ts 9 a few m9utes 9 ! g5]al discussion on ! value ( ^! two plants gr[+ toge!r z a comb9ation4 ,i believe ?is is ano!r tree t grew on my f>m1 & ! ye> ?is picture 0 made ?is p>ticul> tree1 eight ye>s ( age1 bore #bej p\nds ( ^? lusci\s pods4 ,a close-up aga91 giv+ y ! g5]al size ( ! pod1 h[ !y are produc$ 9 masses1 & y get q a bit ( weight 9 "s ( ^? ?ick-back$ pods t y don't get f ! ?9 pods t gr[ normally on se$l+ trees4 ,! ,,tva has done q a bit ( "w 9 select+ & develop+ ! honeylocu/1 & ,i believe we give t p>ticul> organization cr$it = ! developm5t ( bo? ! ,millwood & ! ,calh\n4 ,i ?\ght x w\ld be v valuable to give y j a glimpse ( ! habit ( gr[? ( ^? trees be=e ,i />t ) my g5]al discussion s t y w\ld und]/& some?+ ab\t :at ,i am talk+ ab\t4 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,are ^! ?ornless8 ,mr4 ,moore3 ,^! are ?ornless honeylocu/s4 ,! orig9al p>5t trees ( ! ,millwood & ,calh\n _h ?orns4 ,by vegetative propagation--!y w5t out & cut scionwood on ! limbs above ! ?orns & propagat$ ! ?ornless twigs on ?ornless root /ock--we n[ h a ?ornless honeylocu/4 ,!re has be5 q a bit ( di/urbance 9 ,alabama1 especially 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! /ate1 caus$ by native honeylocu/4 ,we h two or ?ree *>act]i/ics t ,i ?9k ought to be br\ght out ab\t honeylocu/4 ,"s ( out trees 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! /ate ( ,alabama h triple ?orns4 ,x is kn[n z ,g4 triacan?os & ! tri- "p ( t p>ticul> ^w1 ( c\rse1 gives u an idea ( ?ree ?orns1 & ,i h se5 ?orns at lea/ #ab in*es long t y c\ld cat* 9 y\r h& & use = a dagg]1 & x w\ld be v dang]\s4 ,n[1 "s ( ^? trees gr[+ 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! /ate are v s]i\s pe/s 9 pa/ures4 ,c[s & horses & hogs are v fond ( ^? luci\s pods1 & !y w g ar\nd ! trees & pick up e pod t falls1 & occasionally a horse or c[ w get close en\gh to ! trunk ( ! tree & get spe>$ ) ^? ?orns1 & :5 ! ?orn pi]ces ! sk9 !re is a little tip on ! end t breaks (f & is left inside4 ,:5 ! usual infection t x c>ries get />t$ f ! "p ( ! ?orn t is left 9 ! fle%1 y get pus &1 ( c\rse1 lat] on ! amputation ( ! leg1 if x happ5s to be 9 ! leg1 ( ! horse4 ,) ! ?ornless type t is completely elim9at$4 ,!n ?is o!r ?+ t ,i ?9k ought to be br\ght out1 ! ?ornless or ne>-?ornless type z a g5]al rule has a bett] quality ( pods ?an ! ones ) ! long ?orns4 ,n[1 x is true t ! p>5t se$l+ trees ( ! ,calh\n & ! ,millwood bo? _h a small quantity ( ?orns :5 !y 7 gr[+ wild4 ,aft] !y 7 propagat$ vegetatively ! ?orns1 ( c\rse1 7 elim9at$ by tak+ scion wood f above ! ?orns4 ,b 9 g5]al 9 our /ate1 ! ?ornless trees--& we d h a lot ( ?ornless trees gr[+ wild--h a high] sug> cont5t 9 ! pods ?an d ! trees ) ?orns4 ,i j want$ to give y a g5]al idea ( :at we h done ) honeylocu/ 9 ,alabama4 ,9 #aich ! ,,tva s5t d[n "s ,millwood & ,calh\n = te/ plant+4 ,we put ^? trees 9 two diff]5t types ( plant+4 ,we _h an integrat$ plant+ :]e we 7 try+ to select at t "t "s good pa/ure plants1 &1 ( c\rse1 we _h some?+ l a hundr$ diff]5t species 9 ! "o plant+4 ,! trees 7 plant$ relatively ?ick1 b ! l>g] trees 7 plant$ long] di/ances ap>t1 & ! int]m$iate trees int]m$iate di/ances ap>t1 & !n we _h %rubs com+ 9 "u ^?4 ,x 0 suppos$ to h be5 a ?ree-/ory type ( plant+1 black walnut 9 ! upp] /ory1 honeylocu/ z an int]m$iate & %rubs = ! gr\nd4 ,we 7 us+ diff]5t types ( plums = ! und]/ory2 !n on ! gr\nd we _h ,lesp$eza s]icea4 ,b f t we did get sev]al diff]5t plant mat]ials t did look promis+1 & we put ! ,calh\n honeylocu/ & ! ,millwood honeylocu/ 9 ) t plant+ = trial1 & !y did s well t we exp&$ ! honeylocu/ into ano!r plant+4 ,i am v sorry t ?is latt] plant+ _h to be tak5 out4 ,hillculture rese>* w5t "u 9 ,june ( #aidg1 & ! ,horticulture ,dep>tm5t took ?is "w ov]1 & !y ?\ght !y c\ld n support ! honeylocu/ pa/ure program 9 ,horticulture1 & ! plot1 ( c\rse1 0 pull$ out & plant$ 9 pea*es4 ,anyway1 we d h "s in=mation ,i'd l to give y4 ,! ,dairy ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,alabama ,exp]im5t ,/ation c>ri$ out q an ext5sive fe$+ te/ ov] a two-ye> p]iod to f9d out ! value ( ^! pods 9 ! dairy ration4 ,!y sub/itut$ ! honeylocu/ pods gr\nd4 ,pr(essor ,eaton ( ! ,dairy ,dep>tm5t assures me t none ( ! se$s 9 ^? pods 7 crack$4 ,!y gr\nd ! pods ) corn 9 ord] to take up "s ( ! excess honey t is 9 ! back ( ^! pods s t !y'd gr9d well1 & !y gr\nd !m 9 a hamm]mill1 & ! burrs 7 runn+ f> en\gh ap>t s t he assures me t v few ( ! se$s1 if any1 7 ev] crack$4 ,t has be5 some:at ( a discussion1 among fe$ produc]s especially1 rec5tly1 z to :e!r or n x w\ld be pr(itable to gr9d ^? se$s 9 ord] to get ! prote9 & fats t ! se$ has4 ,!re isn't a v high p]c5tage ( food 9 ! se$ itself1 b y d get a little m prote9 & a little m fat if y gr9d ! se$ itself4 ,we h f\nd 9 /orage t weevils get 9 ^! se$s1 b ! weevil doesn't de/roy ! c>bohydrates1 & ! weevil w only pi]ce ! se$ & make a hole 9 x4 ,!n ! inte/9al juices ( a c[ w g 9 ?r\gh ?is hole & !y c dige/ ! se$4 ,t is some?+ t comes along ) /orage4 ,i'd l to give y j some?+ briefly on :at ! ,dairy ,dep>tm5t ( ,alabama ,polyte*nic f\nd out ab\t ! g5]al value ( ^! pods4 ,!y f\nd t honeylocu/ pods c\ld be sub/itut$ 9 a dairy ration = oats1 p\nd = p\nd4 ,n[1 t means t if y c get a high yield ( honeylocu/ pods & sub/itute x 9 a dairy ration = oats t y j ab\t h half ( ! gra9 problem solv$4 ,i'd l !n to foll[ t up to give y ! av]age yields4 ,be=e ,i give y ^! av]age yields ,i'd also l to br+ out ?is fact ab\t ! ,calh\n & ! ,millwood honeylocu/4 ,^? trees are v peculi> 9 _! habits ( be>+4 ,"o ye> !y w be> a heavy crop4 ,! next ye> !y w be> sc>cely any?+4 ,!y are def9itely alt]nate be>+1 & ,i ?9k t alt]nate be>+ has a physiological backgr\nd beh9d x4 ,h[ ,we c elim9ate t physiological reaction is some?+ else4 ,b ! ye>s t ! trees are heavily load$ ) ! fruit ! am\nt ( c>bohydrates t x draws f ! tree is s great t ! tree doesn't h en\gh c>bohydrates left to produce fruit ! next ye>4 ,i ?9k x is ! c>bon-nitrog5 ratio f ! physiological /&po9t1 &1 ( c\rse1 if t is ! case1 !n !re is a possibility t y c\ld elim9ate or correct t c>bon-nitrog5 ratio by ?9n+ dur+ ! bloom+ p]iod4 ,b :5 y see ^! results ,i ?9k t y w agree t honeylocu/ has a place1 ev5 if !y d be> only e o!r ye>4 ,9 our plant+ we h "s trees t w be> ?is ye>4 ,next ye> !y won't be>1 b _! si/] trees w be>4 ,s we h pods e ye> f "s ( ! trees4 ,ov] a p]iod ( five ye>s1 dur+ :i* ^! trees 7 plant$ 7! olde/ trees t we h 9 #aich1 & 9 #aidb7 ! av]age production ( ! ,millwood 0 #eh4c p\nds p] tree4 ,9 #aidc !re 7 no pods produc$ on ! ,millwood v>iety4 ,we _h a cold spell 9 ! spr+ t completely eradicat$ all ( ! fruit 9 t ye>4 ,9 #aidd ! av]age yield--& t is tak+ ! av]age yield ( #aj trees ( ! olde/ ones t 7 put 9--! av]age yield 0 #adf p\nds ( pods p] tree4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,t's = bo? v>ieties8 ,mr4 ,moore3 ,t's j = ,millwood4 ,i w give y ! ,calh\n 9 a m9ute4 ,!n 9 #aide ! av]age yield 0 #ci4e p\nds p] tree4 ,9 #aidf we _h an av]age ( #ahj p\nds p] tree4 ,9 #aidg we _h an av]age ( #ab p\nds4 ,n[1 note ! break !re 9 av]ages f ye> to ye>3 #eh1 none1 #adf1 #ci1 #ahj1 #ab4 ,y get f t t we h almo/ def9itely alt]nate be>+ 9 ^? trees4 ,n[1 ?is o!r ?+ is int]e/+4 ,if y take ! five-ye> av]age f #aidb ?r\gh #aidf inclusive1 & conv]t t to #ce trees--?is is #aj trees--b :5 y conv]t t to an av]age ( #ce trees p] acre y get ! equival5t ( #ib bu%els ( oats p] acre4 ,n[1 und]/&1 ) ?is yield ( pods we 7 cutt+ two & a half tons ( hay f ! ,lesp$eza s]icea ea* ye>4 ,s we 7 gett+ our hay crop & our gra9 crop f ! same s\rce4 ,n[1 to give y j briefly :at ! ,calh\n v>iety did dur+ ^? ye>s1 9 #aidb ! ,calh\n trees--! same age plant$ "u ! same conditions on ! same soil--av]ag$ #bf4d p\nds ( pods p] tree4 ,9 #aidc ! ,calh\n foll[$ closely ) ! ,millwood2 on acc\nt ( a freeze !y didn't produce any?+4 ,9 #aidd !y produc$ #cb4d p\nds ( pods p] tree4 ,9 #aide !y produc$ #fc4h p\nds ( pods p] tree4 ,9 #aidf !y produc$ #bb p\nds ( pods p] tree1 & 9 #aidg !y produc$ #df p\nds ( pods p] tree4 ,n[1 if y w take ! av]age ( ^?1 contra/ x ) ! av]age = ! ,millwood1 y w f9d t ! ,millwood tree ov] a p]iod ( five ye>s produc$ almo/ ?ree times z _m pods z ! ,calh\n4 ,! ,calh\n v>iety has a little m c>bohydrates1 & x always av]ages a little m sug> p] p\nd ?an ! ,millwood1 b ! additional yield ( ! ,millwood v>iety makes x v wor?:ile4 ,i h done q a bit ( "w on ! bloom+ habits or ! fruit+ habits ( ! honeylocu/ ov] a numb] ( ye>s1 & ,i f9d t !re is q a v>iation !re 9 ! individual trees4 ,"s trees are typically males4 ,!y nev] be> any?+1 b !y h /am9ate catk9s4 ,o!rs are typically females1 nev] be>+ any?+ b ! pi/illate fl[]s4 ,!n we h an integration !re ( p]fect trees4 ,i "k ( "o tree 9 ,bl\nt ,c\nty1 ,alabama t = n9e ye>s nev] miss$ a crop4 ,x _h p]fect fl[]s1 or r1 bo? pi/illate & /am9ate fl[]s on ! same tree4 ,h[ev]1 ! fl[]s 7 borne on sep>ate catk9s1 ! pi/illate fl[]s1 catk9s1 com+ out on ! same node ) ! male & produc+ ! pod4 ,s y d h a l>ge v>iation 9 ! fruit+ habits1 & we h f\nd ^? v>iations on ,millwood selections & on ,calh\n selections1 ev5 ?\gh !y 7 vegetatively propagat$4 ,! reason :y we c take a bud (f a female ,millwood & put x onto a root /ock & get a male tree ,i c't figure out1 b !y seem to act t way 9 t respect4 ,i h _h a ,millwood tree t nev] bore any?+ b male fl[]s4#ah ,t is some?+ = someone else to figure out4 ,i c't expla9 x4 ,j briefly ,i'd l to give y ! obs]vational "w t we h done ) honeylocu/4 ,= mules 9 a fe$+ te/ we f$ a team ( mules = #cj days no?+ b honeylocu/ & hay1 & ^! mules 7 9 f9e %ape :5 !y came out at ! end ( ! fe$+ te/4 ,y say t's an awfully %ort fe$+ te/4 ,x is1 b we _h v few pods4 ,!n = c[s ,i h gone into x m ext5sively4 ,i h a c[ myself1 & ,i h f$ t c[ honeylocu/ pods & t 0 all ! gra9 %e _h ?r\gh ! w9t] mon?s1 & got excell5t milk production4 ,y get excell5t milk flavor f ^! pods & an increase 9 milk production4 ,a v int]e/+ ?+ happ5$4 ,i w5t out 9 ! community to ga!r pods f ! wild trees = a fe$+ te/1 & !re 0 a lady :o own$ a f>m pretty close to our project4 ,i w5t ov] & talk$ ) h] ab\t gett+ ! pods f h] trees to fe$ to my c[s = fe$+ te/s1 & x 0 ,o4 ,k4 ,b :5 ,i left %e got to ?9k+ ! ?+ ov]1 & %e decid$ t if honeylocu/ pods 7 good = my c[ !y w\ld be good = h] c[6 ,s ,i w5t back 9 a few days' "t--! pods w]5't mature :5 ,i w5t ! fir/ "t4 ,i w5t back 9 a few days & ,i didn't ask ! lady if ,i c\ld get ! pods1 ,i j /opp$ on ! side ( ! road & we put a d>ky up 9 ! tree to %ake ! pods (f4 ,& we saw a little d>ky com+ across ! field1 j a /reak4 ,he said1 ,missus says come ov] to ! h\se4 ,i w5t ov] !re1 & %e 0 j a little bit emb>rass$1 b %e said1 ,mr4 ,moore1 ,i h decid$ if honeylocu/ 0 good = ! goose x 0 good = ! g&]1 s ,i h be5 fe$+ honeylocu/ to my c[s4 ,& %e w5t on ) t /ory & said t %e _h be5 sell+ milk to a frat]nity ov] 9 t[n1 & ! boys at ! frat]nity1 aft] %e _h f$ ! c[s honeylocu/ = a week or two1 ask$ h] :at _h happ5$ to h] milk1 & %e told !m--%e said hone/ly %e 0 afraid %e 0 go+ to lose ! trade1 %e ?\ght some?+ bad 0 wrong ) x4 ,%e told !m1 t s f> z %e knew !re wasn't any?+4 ,!y said1 ,h y done any?+ to x8 ,no1 we hav5't4 ,!y said1 ,well1 x's ! be/ milk we h ev] _h1 & we c tell ! diff]5ce 9 ! ta/e4 ,& !n %e told !m :at %e _h done4 ,%e w\ldn't tell !m be=e4 ,n[1 we h _h /ory aft] /ory com+ to u to corroborate t4 ,n[1 ,i h nev] se5 ) my c[ any diff]5ce 9 milk flavor1 ei!r good or bad1 b my wife c def9itely tell1 & %e is v p>ticul> ab\t h] butt]1 because %e likes to sell t4 ,i c quit fe$+ honeylocu/ a few days1 & my wife w say1 ,h[ come y quit fe$+ honeylocu/ to ! c[8 ,x is t def9ite4 ,!re are two ?+s ,i want to m5tion3 ,! value ( a comb9ation ( a p]5nial gr\nd cov] ) y\r honeylocu/ tree1 & !n ,i want to m5tion ! fact t honeylocu/ plant$ 9 a pa/ure w give no b5efit :atsoev]4 ,y are go+ to h to gr[ y\r honeylocu/ on ! outside1 h>ve/ ! pods & fe$ !m j l y w\ld corn1 or y are go+ to h to plant y\r honeylocu/ on a b>r5 hillside someplace t doesn't gr[ any?+ else--& ,i ?9k honeylocu/ w gr[ ) a little f]tiliz] on ab\t ! poore/ soil y h1 ! mo/ erod$ soil y h1 ) a little c>e--!n pa/ure x aft] y\r trees are l>ge en\gh s t ! c[ won't eat ! limbs4 ,!re is some?+ ab\t ! tree itself t a c[ loves4 ,!y w *ew ! b>k & *ew ! limbs "r d[n to ! ma9 trunk4 ,we h tri$ plant+ ^? trees at f\r ye>s ( age1 ev51 9 pa/ures1 & we j c't get !m to survive4 ,9 fact1 ! c[s & ! mules 9 our pa/ure ate ! trees d[n to ! /umps 9 ! w9t]time be=e !y ev] />t$ putt+ out leaves 9 ! spr+4 ,s x has be5 a problem4 7,see ,dr4 ,dill]'s pa/ure tree-gu>d pap] 9 ?is report4--,ed47 ,?is value t y c get f gr[+ honeylocu/ & ,lesp$eza s]icea on ! same soil is ! same z ) honeylocu/ & alfalfa if y are 9 ! alfalfa belt1 or some?+ l t ) o!r p]5nial legumes4 ,^! are ! b5efits t ,i ?9k y c get f a comb9ation3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! soil is completely protect$4 ,9 ! second place1 a conc5trate & hay c be gr[n on ! same acreage4 ,?ird1 a good graz+ & fe$+ out program c be ma9ta9$4 ,if y plant y\r honeylocu/ on a hillside someplace & let ! trees get l>ge en\gh s t ! c[s won't eat !m up1 h y\r gr\nd cov] e/abli%$1 by ! "t t y are ready to pa/ure x y c put y\r cattle 94 ,we _h ?is comb9ation1 & ,i ?9k x w\ld h work$ out v well if x _h n be5 de/roy$4 ,we _h our ,lesp$eza s]icea = our summ] graz+ crop2 !n we _h w9t] annuals plant$ 9 ! ,lesp$eza s]icea = our w9t] graz+1 & ! honeylocu/ 0 ! fatt5+ crop or f9i%+-(f crop4 ,:at we _h plann$ to d 0 turn ! cattle 9 on ?is la/ plot ab\t ,janu>y #a/1 let !m graze crimson clov]1 or bur clov]1 or any o!r w9t] gr\nd cov] t gr[s 9 y\r section until ! ,lesp$eza s]icea came on 9 ! e>ly summ]4 ,!n !y'd graze ! ,lesp$eza s]icea till ! honeylocu/ pods />t$ fall+ 9 ! fall1 & !y'd fatt5 (f on ! honeylocu/1 & y'd put !m on ! m>ket j be=e ! ,*ri/mas holidays4 ,!n f\r?1 ! managem5t co/ is v l[4 ,fif?1 ! we$ problems 9 y\r pa/ure are controll$4 ,six?1 y get maximum production f ! soil4 ,y get y\r gra9 & y\r hay f ! same piece ( l&4 ,n[1 t's all t ,i plan to give on ?is subject4 ,!re may be "s que/ions come up t we c discuss lat]4 ,a ,memb]3 ,:at is ! sug> cont5t8 ,mr4 ,moore3 ,! sug> cont5t ( ! ,calh\n pods is ar\nd #ch p] c5t1 9 ! ,millwood ab\t #cf p] c5t4 ,a ,memb]3 ,is x diff]5t 9 ! two v>ieties8 ,mr4 ,moore3 ,n v mu*1 only ab\t #b p] c5t diff]5t4 ,a ,memb]3 ,:at spac+ d y use 9 plant+8 ,mr4 ,moore3 #ce by #ce feet is ab\t ! correct spac+4 ,mr4 ,fi%]3 ,:at is y\r labor problem8 ,y say ?is is equal to oats4 ,c y run a comb9e ov] ! field & h>ve/ 9 "o op]ation8 ,mr4 ,moore3 ,?is "o y don't h>ve/ at all4 ,! c[ picks !m up (f ! gr\nd4 ,a ,memb]3 ,if y _h a few hundr$ trees1 w\ld ^! pods all come on at "o "t1 or y m5tion$ hav+ somebody %ake !m (f4 ,c y pick !m all up at "o "t8 ,mr4 ,moore3 ,yes1 y c %ake !m all (f at "o "t1 rake !m all up ) ! rake1 take a pit*=k rake1 c>ry !m to ! b>n & ?r[ !m 9 /orage 9 a dry place4 ,y don't h to worry ab\t weevils4 ,a ,memb]3 ,/ore !m l hay8 ,mr4 ,moore3 ,hay or corn4 ,i h "s t h be5 /or$ = ?ree ye>s1 & ! weevil gets into ! se$1 b x doesn't seem to affect x4 ,my cattle l ?ree-ye>-old pods z well z ! new ones--well1 !y l !m bett]4 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,d ! pods heat up8 ,mr4 ,moore3 ,!y won't heat up1 if !y ar5't gre54 ,a ,memb]3 ,:at ab\t ! prote9 cont5t8 ,mr4 ,moore3 ,i w give y ! analysis = t1 ! complete analysis ( gr\nd honeylocu/ pods4 ,t might be int]e/+4 ,moi/ure cont5t1 #ab4dg4 ,a%1 #c4ad4 ,crude prote91 #h4eh4 ,n[1 ! crude prote9 has run z high z #ad p] c5t4 ,i want to br+ t out4 ,?is 0 pods collect$ 9 ! wild1 & ?is 0 a sample t ! ,/ate ,*emi/ ran = u on t4 ,fats #b4ab4 ,fib]1 #ag4gc4 ,c>bohydrates total #ee4if4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,i am afraid we w h to close ?is if we are to get on at all4 ,t's ! mo/ au?oritative in=mation we h ev] _h1 ,i ?9k1 9 ?is ,association ab\t honeylocu/4 ,i am sure we h be5 enjoy+ x & h be5 b5efit$ by x imm5sely4 ,on ! possibilities ( filb]t gr[+ 9 ,virg9ia1 ,dr4 ,ov]hols] w n[ give y a talk4 ,footnote #ah3 ,accord+ to botanical au?orities1 ! honey locu/ is polygamo-dioeci\s2 t is1 x g5]ally has mo/ ( its male fl[]s on "o tree & mo/ ( ! female fl[]s on ano!r tree1 b ! trees are n #ajj p] c5t pure 9 ?is sex division4 ,9 my p]sonal obs]vations ( fl[]s on graft$ trees1 includ+ ,millwood & ,calh\n & scores ( se$l+s1 bo? male & female1 ,i nev] f\nd any poll5 produc$ 9 fl[]s ( ! female trees1 b ne>ly all male trees 9 ! ,t5nessee ,valley w h occasional catk9s ) "o or m p]fect fl[]s ne> _! t]m9al ends 7! basal fl[]s be+ /am9ate on ! same catk947 ,! functionally p]fect fl[]s on su* male trees h be5 obs]v$ to set f "o to _m pods 9 c]ta9 ye>s1 b su* pods are g5]ally small z comp>$ ) ^? borne on female trees 9 ! same locality1 & ,i h nev] obs]v$ a heavy pod crop on any male tree4 ,graft$ trees ( ,millwood & ,calh\n selections 9 ,t5nessee 7 obs]v$ to set pi/illate fl[]s1 b no pods 7or v few7 matur$ on !m unless !re 0 a male tree 9 fl[] )9 insect-flight di/ance f !m4 7,at ,auburn1 ,alabama1 !re 7 wild honeylocu/s1 includ+ male trees1 )9 a half-mile ( ! ,hillculture plant+ ( graft$ honeylocu/s :5 ,i saw x 9 #aidc47 ,i d n argue t no poll5 is ev] produc$ by ,millwood or ,calh\n fl[]s "s probably is 7?\gh its demon/ration might require almo/ microscopic exam9ation1 9 contra/ ) ! easy f9d+ ( pods on male trees47 ,b1 9 ! practical culture ( fruit+ honeylocu/s1 & 9 our pres5t scope ( k ( _! poll9ation requirem5ts1 our plant+s %\ld include a h&ful ( se$l+ 7?ornless7 trees or else "s graft$ trees ( a ?ornless male selection su* z ! ,smi?1 9 a ratio ( ab\t #a ,smi? to #aj1 say1 ( ,millwood4 ,x is un=tunate t ! presum$ male mutants ( ! fruit+ v>ieties1 report$ above by ,mr4 ,moore1 7 de/roy$ :5 ! ,hillculture plots at ,auburn 7 discont9u$4 ,p]haps simil> ones w %[ up else:]e1 & !y w be wor? look+ =4 ,mean:ile1 ! ,smi? v>iety 7orig9ally propagat$ ?r\gh a mixup 9 scionwood collection71 has be5 demon/rat$ to be a satisfactory poll9ator = ,millwood & ,calh\n1 & x1 z graft$1 is also a ?ornless tree4 ,p]haps any ?ornless male se$l+ honeylocu/ tree1 if its fl[]+ p]iod co9cides ) t ( ! fruit+ v>iety1 might s]ve equally well4--,note by ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel4 ,possibilities ( ,filb]t ,gr[+ 9 ,virg9ia ,e4 ,l4 ,,ov]hols]1 ,head1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture1 ,v4 ,p4 ,i41 ,blacksburg1 ,virg9ia ,m ?an f\r-fif?s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates filb]ts are gr[n 9 ,oregon & ne>ly all ! re/ are produc$ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton4 ,prior to #aicc1 total filb]t production 9 ^! two /ates did n exce$ #ejj tons1 b production has s9ce increas$ /eadily & 9 #aide x am\nt$ to #e1cbj tons4 ,! value ( filb]t production 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 9 #aide 0 ab\t #c million doll>s4#a ,z a wild hazel is native ( ,virg9ia & z filb]ts h be5 pr(itably gr[n1 especially 9 ,oregon & ,wa%+ton ! "q is (t5 rais$ z to :e!r hazelnuts or filb]ts c\ld n be gr[n comm]cially 9 ,virg9ia4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t if v>ieties n[ available are n successfull 9 ,virg9ia1 p]haps new v>ieties may be orig9at$ by cross+1 includ+ int]-specific crosses4 ,am]ican ,species ,,am]ican ,,hazel4 ,z m5tion$1 "o species1 ,corylus am]icana ,walt41 is native to mu* ( ,virg9ia4 ,its di/ribution is f ! nor!a/]n /ates & ,canada to ,saskat*ewan & ! ,dakotas & s\? to ,florida & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,its adaptation is mu* wid] ?an t ( ! beak$ hazels 7,c4 cornuta ,m>% or ,c4 roxtrata ,ait4 & ! f> we/]n ,c4 cali=nica7 ! two o!r ,corylus species native to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,?is native am]icana1 species appe>s at lea/ to h value f ! po9t ( view ( soil cons]vation1 z food = wild life1 & = bre$+ purposes4 ,! ,am]ican hazel is a l>ge ?icket-=m+ %rub1 :i* spr\ts v freely aft] cutt+1 & ! foliage is g5]ally d5se4 ,x is f\nd gr[+ on dry1 well-dra9$ sites1 9 bo? sun & %ade4 ,x1 h[ev]1 seldom be>s fruit 9 ! %ade4 ,! %rub is relatively h>dy1 )/&+ mid-w9t] temp]atures ( -#dj deg4 to -#cj deg4,f4 & is easily transplant$4 ,! nuts are available 9 ! wild f ,july ?r\gh ,septemb] & occasionally p]si/5t on ! plant until ,decemb] or ev5 ,febru>y4 ,! nuts av]age ab\t #bej p] p\nd1 ) a g]m9ation ( ab\t #hj p]c5t1 produc+ ab\t #fj usable plants p] p\nd ( se$4 ,?ree ( ! be/ kn[n v>ieties ( ,c4 am]icana are ! ,ru% f ,p5nsylvania1 ! ,littlepage f ,indiana1 & ! ,w9kl] 7mo/ h>dy7 f ,i[a4 ,see footnote foll[+4--,ed4#ai ,incid5tally1 ,?omas ,jeff]son 9 8 li/ ( plants native to ,virg9ia1 z publi%$ 9 8 ,notes on ! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia1 :i* 0 writt5 9 #agha1 & publi%$ 9 #aghb1 9 #aghd-aghe1 & 9 #aghg1 li/s among o!r plants ! ,hazelnut 7,corylus ,avellana71 :i* app>5tly %\ld h be5 call$ ,corylus am]icana ,walt]s4 ,bre$+ ,filb]ts 9 ! ,ea/4 ,?is br+s up ! "q ( filb]t bre$+ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,crane & ,wood 7#aicg7 h fully review$ ! bre$+ program ) filb]ts1 & ! bre$+ ( filb]ts1 = ! ,ea/ may be briefly ref]r$ to "h4 ,?o poll5 f ,c4 cali=nica & ,c4 am]icana app>5tly does n function on ! pi/illate fl[]s ( ,european v>ieties1 7,corylus avellana ,l4 & ,c4 maxima74 ,s9ce h[ev]1 ,c4 am]icana is useful z a pi/illate p>5t1 x is possible t ,c4 cali=nica may be simil>ly us$4 ,! work]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry are prim>ily te/+ fir/-g5]ation hybrids result+ f crosses ) ! pi/illate p>5ts ,ru%1#bj ,littlepage1 & ,w9kl] ( ,c4 am]icana & poll5 f v>ieties ( ,c4 avellana native ( ,europe1 nor!rn ,africa1 & we/]n ,asia1 & ( ,c4 maxima1 ! filb]t ( s\!a/]n ,europe & we/]n ,asia4 ,o!r poll5 p>5ts 7 ,c4 colurna1 7,turki% hazel1 native ( s\!a/]n ,europe & we/]n ,asia7 & ,c4 het]ophylla ,fis*41 7v>i\s leav$ hazel f ea/]n ,asia47 ,crane & ,wood 7#aicg7 sugge/ t v>ieties ( high m]it %\ld be develop$ = home plant+s ov] mu* ( ! region f l[] ,new ,engl& & ,great ,lakes on ! nor?1 & to ! ,potomac & ,arkansas ,riv]s on ! s\?1 & t mu* ( ,wiscons91 s\!rn ,m9nesota1 ,s\? ,dakota1 & ,nebraska might also be includ$4 ,dr4 ,crane writes1 by lett] dat$ ,july #bg1 #aidh1 t he has z a result ( bre$+ "w1 :i* 0 />t$ _m ye>s ago1 two new v>ieties t h be5 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( nurs]ym5 = multiplication4 ,^! v>ieties are at ! pres5t "t c>ri$ "u ! numb]s ( #affg & #bccf1 ,^! are hybrids betwe5 ! ,european filb]t 7,corylus avellana ,l47 & ! native ,am]ican hazelnut 7,c4 am]icana47 ,at ! ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation at ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&1 ^! two v>ieties h be5 out/&+ 9 _! yield+ ability1 h>d9ess1 & quality ( nuts produc$4 ,dr4 ,crane does n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ^! v>ieties may v mat]ially *ange ! situation z reg>ds comm]cial filb]t gr[+ 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ! ,s\?4 ,because ( ! conditions prevail+ dur+ ! la/ w>1 nurs]ym5 h n made z mu* progress1 9 propagat+ ^! new v>ieties z _h be5 orig9ally hop$4 ,dr4 ,crane plans to release ^! v>ieties = ext5sive plant+s j z soon z !re are suffici5t plants 9 ! h&s ( ! nurs]ym5 to w>rant _! be+ call$ to ! att5tion ( ! g5]al public4 ,,hillculture ,,project4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture ( ,v4,p4,i1 has :at is call$ a ,hillculture project1 ) ,pr(essor ,r4 ,c4 ,moore 9 *>ge4 ,among ! mat]ials plant$ 9 connection ) ^! /udies are filb]t v>ieties to det]m9e _! possible value on hill f>ms 9 ! m\nta9\s regions ( ,s\?we/ ,virg9ia z a s\rce ( additional food & supplem5tal income = su* families4 ,! ,=e/ry ,division ( ,,tva has co-op]at$ 9 supply+ n only propagat$ plants ( filb]ts1 b also ( walnuts & se$l+s ( *e/nuts4 ,among ! filb]ts n[ be+ gr[n are six ,g]man-nam$ v>ieties f ! ,hillculture ,division ( ! ,soil ,cons]vation ,s]vice1 ,gl5n ,dale1 ,m>yl&1 plant$ z root$ cutt+s 9 #aida4 ,! ,g]man v>ieties1 are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,b>r's ,spanis*e2 7#b7 ,neue ,ries5nuss2 7#c7 ,fruhe von ,fru5dorff2 7#d7 ,s*liess]92 7#e7 ,eckige ,b>ellon]2 & 7#f7 ,vollkugel4 ,9 addition five v>ieties1 includ+ two ( ! ,jones numb]$ se$l+s f crosses betwe5 ! ,am]ican hazel & ! ,european filb]t1 pur*as$ f ! ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,nurs]y#ba ( ,lanca/]1 ,pa41 7 plant$ 9 #aidg4 ,^! are ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,jones #ahe2 7#b7 ,bixby 7a ,jones hybrid71 7#c7 ,cos=d1 7#d7 ,italian ,r$2 7#e7 ,l>ge ,globe & 7#f7 ,m$ium ,long4 ,se$l+s ( ! ,am]ican hazel h also be5 plant$4 ,dr4 ,crane may be able to s5d ! ,v4 ,p4 ,i4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture a few plants ( 8 se$l+s #affg & #bccf to include among ! v>iety plant+s4 ,"s ,limitations ( ,filb]t ,gr[+ 9 ,virg9ia ,,diseases4 ,possibly ! pres5t mo/ s]i\s limitation to comm]cial production ( filb]ts 9 ,virg9ia is ! ,filb]t ,blight or ,black ,knot 7,cryptosporella anomala4 7,,pk7 ,sacc474 ,:ile ?is fungus results 9 little damage to native species 7,c4 am]icana7 x does spread rapidly & ) s]i\s results to ,european v>ieties 9 ! ,/ate4 ,possibly ! s]i\sness ( ! disease has be5 less5$ by ! eradication ( native hazel plants on roadsides1 f5ce r[s1 & 9 ! wild ne>by1 :i* s]ve z ho/s = ! disease4 ,x is pres5t on ! ,am]ican hazel1 b does little damage to ! plant4 ,! disease1 h[ev]1 z m5tion$1 is a s]i\s m5ace to ei!r ,european v>ieties or to ! pres5t hybrids result+ f ,c4 am]icana x ,c4 avellana4 ,! control to date is to prune (f & burn affect$ p>ts4 ,mr4 ,george ,slate has m5tion$ t ,mr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,graham ( ,i?aca1 ,new ,york1 has a numb] ( hybrids betwe5 ,c4 am]icana & ,c4 avellana t h be5 subject$ to sev]e attacks ( ,filb]t ,blight & a few ( ^! h to date escap$1 al?\gh ! o!rs h be5 de/roy$ by blight4 ,! bact]ial blight pres5t on ! ,pacific ,coa/ app>5tly does n occur 9 ! ,ea/4 ,,insects4 ,a second limitation is ! problem ( ! attacks ( insects4 ,dodge & ,rickett 7#aidh7 report t ,corylus may be affect$ by a leaf-damage f ! fe$+ ( leaf-hopp]s 7,pheps9s i%ida2 ,p4 t9ctorius71 :i* may involve less ?an half ! leaf or may ext5d to ! entire leaf4 ,! fir/ leaves to be infe/$ are ^? next to ! gr\nd1 :i* are affect$ e>ly 9 ,july4 ,mo/ ( ! damage ceases by ! fir/ week ( ,augu/4 ,control is by spray+ ) nicot9e sulphate & soap on ! und]sides ( ! leaves 9 late ,june or e>ly ,july1 repeat+ at ! end ( a week4 ,c]ta9 nut weevils 7,balan9us spp47 attack ! native hazels1 b ,slate 7#aicj7 reports !y d n attack ! ,european filb]t 7,c4 avellana74 ,mr4 ,slate reports t 9 ,g5eva :]e nuts are c>efully pick$ up !y d n h mu* ( a problem ) weevils4 ,dr4 ,crane reports t ! ,japanese beetle sev]ely damages ! filb]t4 ,:ile ! ,japanese beetle has n yet become widely e/abli%$ 9 ,virg9ia1 x und\bt$ly w ev5tually become a problem ?r\gh\t ?is /ate4 ,! ,japanese beetle c be de/roy$ by us+ f\r p\nds ( #ej wettable ,,ddt or two p\nds ( actual ,,ddt p] #ajj gallons4 ,su* sprays %\ld be appli$ z ! ,japanese beetles beg9 to cause injury1 & usually two applications may be suffici5t4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt has report$ t 8 filb]t plant+s1 surr\nd$ on ?ree sides by woods1 are badly attack$ by /9k bugs t /+ ! nuts4 ,,ddt z sugge/$ = ,japanese beetles may also be us$ = /9k bugs4 ,ano!r s]i\s insect pe/ on hazelnut is ! curculio4 ,clean cultivation has be5 report$ z a supplem5t>y measure = curculio control1 z !y dep5d1 ^u unbrok5 soil 9 ! fall = _! metamorphosis4 ,"s hybrids are report$ z be+ relatively immune to ! attacks ( curculio 7,wes*cke1 #aidf74 ,b5ez5e hexa*loride has %[n promise ) o!r plants 9 curculio control & may h possibilities on ! filb]t4 ,,lack ,,( ,,h>d9ess4 ,a ?ird limitation has be5 lack ( h>d9ess 9 ! case ( ,european v>ieties4 ,) ! ,european v>ieties ! /am9ate or ! pi/illate fl[]s or bo? are likely to be kill$ by w9t] temp]atures4 ,9 fact1 occasional unduly l[ w9t] temp]atures may kill ! tree tops or ev5 ! tree trunks to ! gr\nd4 ,! ,w9kl] v>iety 7,c4 am]icana7 has be5 report$ z m h>dy 9 ,new ,york ,/ate ?an ! ,b>celona 7,c4 avellana7 or ! ,jones hybrids 7,c4 am]icana x4 ,c4 avellana7 7,ross ,pi] ,wright1 #aidd74 ,"u we/]n ,new ,york conditions1 ,slate 7#aicj7 report$ t ! bloom+ p]iod />ts ab\t ,m>* #bj to #be at ,g5eva1 & la/s ab\t a mon?4 ,9 c5tral ,virg9ia ?is may well be sev]al weeks e>li]4 ,slate 7#aicj7 also reports t ! fl[]s 9 bloom w )/& consid]able fro/1 & t ev5 ) temp]atures ( #af deg4,f4 dur+ ! bloom+ season1 nei!r female nor male fl[]s1 may be injur$4 ,nev]!less1 ) filb]ts com+ into bloom 9 late ,febru>y to e>ly ,m>*1 !y w\ld be subject$ to temp]atures t might result 9 injury especially to ! catk9s4 ,"s ( ! m h>dy v>ieties z report$ by ,slate 7#aicj7 include ! foll[+3 7a7 ,:ite ,lamb]t 7n ( value7 7,c4 maxima72 7b7 ,r$ ,lamb]t 7,c4 maxima72 7c7 ,cos=d2 7d7 ,purple ,avel9e 7,c4 avellana72 & 7e7 ,e>ly ,globe 7( little value74 ,"s ( ! v>ieties ^u :i* bo? ! /am9ate & pi/illate fl[]s t5d to bloom relatively late are 7a7 ,al?ald5sleb]1 7b7 ,k5ti% ,cob1 7c7 ,r$ ,avel9e1 7d7 ,purple ,avel9e1 & 7e7 ,bolwill]4 ,late bloom+1 h[ev]1 does n necess>ily insure escap+ injury f l[ spr+ temp]atures4 ,! ,cos=d1 ,italian ,r$1 & ,m$ium ,long are consid]$ by ,slate z good = ,new ,york4 ,! ,bixby & ,bu*anan are ! result ( cross+ ,c4 am]icana x ,c4 avellana1 & appe> to be ( promise = home plant+s 9 ! ,ea/4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke is gr[+ ! ,italian ,r$ & ,du ,*illy 7,k5ti% ,cob7 ) ,daviana = poll9ation purposes 9 ! ,roanoke area4 ,,cross-,,poll9ation4 ,a f\r? limitation is ! fact t v>ieties are ne>ly entirely if n fully dep5d5t ^u cross-poll9ization by o!r int]-f]tile v>ieties t bloom at ab\t ! same "t 9 ord] to insure a set ( nuts4 ,?is limitation may be ov]come by ! prop] plann+ ( h>dy v>ieties are int]-f]tile4 ,colby 7#aidd7 has report$ t ! ,w9kl] v>iety is self-f]tile4 ,,suck]s4 ,a six? limitation is ! t5d5cy ( ! ,c4 avellana or ,c4 maxima to spr\t ab\t ! base & ! labor & exp5se ( keep+ ^! spr\ts prun$ out4 ,x is possible t ?is factor may be ov]come by us+ ,turki% hazel 7,c4 colurna ,l47 z an und]/ock & graft+ or budd+ !reon ! v>ieties t spr\t :5 on _! own roots4 ,! ,turki% hazel does n spr\t z badly z ! two o!r species4 ,note by ,editor3 ,an ,oregon nurs]y1 :i* =m]ly propagat$ ,european filb]ts on ! ,turki% und]/ock1 n[ has ab&on$ its use4 ,! graft$ filb]t tops did n seem to survive & be> z consi/5tly z ^? on _! own roots1 aft] a p]iod ( sev]al ye>s 9 or*>ds4 ,,plant+ ,,9 ,,virg9ia4 ,9 a lett] dat$ ,may #ag1 #aidh1 address$ to ,r4 ,c4 ,moore1 ,assi/ant ,horticulturi/1 ,v4,p4,i41 ,h4 ,j4 ,pettit1 ,assi/ant ,secret>y ( ! ,plant]s ,peanut ,company1 ,suffolk1 ,virg9ia1 report$ t "s ye>s ago !y plant$ sev]al ?\s& trees ( filb]ts1 :i* !y obta9$ f ! /ates ( ,new ,york & ,oregon4 ,f _! exp]i5ce x appe>s t late spr+ fro/s de/roy$ ! fl[] p>ts1 :i* develop$ e>ly1 ) ! result t ! yields 7 too l[ to be pr(itable4 ,h5ce1 ! filb]ts 7 remov$ & ! l& o!rwise utiliz$4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,roanoke area has n f\nd lack ( h>d9ess z s]i\s z ! problems ( diseases & insects ( filb]ts4 ,an important nurs]y 9 ,m>yl& has provid$ in=mation to ! effect t dur+ ?is pa/ #aidg-dh season x sold = plant+ 9 ,virg9ia a total ( #cd filb]t plants 9 lots ( f "o to t54 ,its #aidg-dh catalogue li/s v>ieties ( filb]ts = sale z foll[s3 ,b>celona1 ,daviana1 ,du ,*illy1 & ,am]ican hazel4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,pr9cipal ,horticulturi/ ( ! ,,usda1 writes 9 a lett] dat$ ,july #bg1 #aidh1 t he kn[s ( no sub/antial plant+s be+ made any:]e 9 ,virg9ia4 ,he has obs]v$ a few bu%es or trees scatt]$ ab\t ! home/eads1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! nor!rn or m m\nta9\s "p ( ! /ate4 ,9 mo/ cases ! p]=mance ( ^! filb]ts has n be5 entirely satisfactory because ( leaf scor* dur+ ! summ]1 due app>5tly to high temp]atures or unfavorable moi/ure conditions or to ! w9t] kill+ ( ! catk9s1 or 9 "s cases w9t] injury ( ! %oots4 ,! l>ge/ plant+s 9 ,virg9ia t h yet come to ! att5tion ( ! ,v4,p4,i4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture are ^? ( ,mr4 ,/oke 9 ! ,roanoke area4 ,dr4 ,crane has obs]v$ ! plant+ ( a few bu%es ( ! ,am]ican hazelnut 9 ,virg9ia4 ,_! p]=mance has be5 some:at bett] ?an has be5 t ( ! ,european filb]t1 especially z to h>d9ess1 & ^! ,am]ican hazelnuts h borne m satisfactory crops ( nuts ?an h ! ,european filb]ts4 ,! nuts produc$ by ! native v>ieties1 h[ev]1 are small 9 size1 ?ick %ell$1 & ! k]nels are small & lack quality4 ,obs]vations by ,dr4 ,crane1 :i* h be5 made 9 ! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia1 lead him to believe t ) ! mat]ial t is at pres5t available f nurs]ym51 !re is n mu* hope ( successful comm]cial filb]t culture 9 ! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia4 ,:51 h[ev]1 se$l+s #affg & #bccf may become available1 two v>ieties t are h>dy & productive ( fairly high quality nuts may provide mat]ial = home plant+s or = local m>kets4 ,ornam5tal ,value4 ,! filb]t1 h[ev]1 also has possible value = ornam5tal plant+s ) its attractive foliage1 or z a h$ge1 z well z = nut production1 provid+ ! home own] w control insects & diseases & ma9ta9 favorable gr[+ conditions = our be/ kn[n v>ieties4 ,future ,outlook 9 ,virg9ia4 ,) a fur!r bre$+ program to comb9e ! h>d9ess ( ! ,am]ican hazel & its tol]ance to ,filb]t ,blight ) "s ( ! bett] qualities ( ! ,european & o!r species to obta9 self-f]tile v>ieties bett] adapt$ to ,virg9ia conditions & ) ! bett] insecticides & fungicides n[ becom+ available = insect & disease control1 x may be t filb]t gr[+ 9 ,virg9ia has a bright] future outlook ?an n[ appe>s to be true4 ,footnote #ai3 ,tree ,nuts1 ,acreage1 ,production1 ,f>m ,disposition1 ,value1 & ,utilization ( ,sales1 #aiji-de4 ,,usda ,bureau ( ,agr4 ,eco4 ,crop ,rept4 ,brd43 #a-be ,oct4 #aidg4 ,footnote #bj3 ,ru%1 itself1 is n[ consid]$ a natural hybrid ( ,am]ican & ,european filb]ts4 ,_m ( ! ,european v>ieties are d]iv$ f hybrids betwe5 ,c4 avellana1 ,c4 maxima1 & possibly o!r ,eurasian species4--,ed4 ,footnote #ba3 ,n[ locat$ at ,erie1 ,ill4--,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,?ank y1 ,dr4 ,ov]hols]4 ,we h a pap] f ,mr4 ,elliott4 ,mr4 ,elliott is n "h1 b we are already beh9d our program1 s ,i am afraid y are go+ to h to h t 9 pr9t$ =m lat] on4 ,filb]ts = ,food & ,looks 9 ,k5tucky ,n4 ,r4 ,,elliott1 ,ext5sion ,l&scape ,speciali/1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture1 ,univ]sity ( ,k5tucky ,^? ( u int]e/$ 9 ! l&scape phase are always ?9k+ ( z _m diff]5t k9ds ( plants z possible t may be us$ to create pleas+ effects4 ,p]haps we might be criticiz$ = ov]look+ sev]al plants t w\ld n only assi/ 9 creat+ pleas+ effects b at ! same "t produce edible fruits ( good quality4 ,9 my own exp]i5ce ,i h (t5 recomm5d$ ! use ( grape v9es on a trellis to create a scre5 & at ! same "t produce fruit4 ,also 9 bord] plant+s1 l ! %rub bord]1 ! gooseb]ries & currants make attractive %rubs & 9 addition supply fruits4 ,9 mak+ ^! sugge/ions = plant+s "o ne$s to dep>t some:at f ! usual run ( plants & 9 mo/ in/ances ! home[n] has nev] ?\ght ( us+ plants = effects z well z fruits4 ,filb]ts ,good ,dual ,purpose ,plants ,filb]ts are c]ta9ly out/&+ dual purpose plants1 & ,i feel t !y h n be5 us$ ne>ly z mu* z !y %\ld be4 ,if we ?9k ( l&scape f ! broad po9t ( view1 we realize t scre5 or bord] plant+s make up "o ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! set-up1 especially 9 rural p>ts4 ,practically e f>m home has "s unattractive view ne> by t ne$s to be scre5$ out1 ei!r p>tially or entirely4 ,?is view may be caus$ by a lot :]e f>m animals are kept1 an old1 unattractive b>n1 or ev5 a gulli$ field4 ,lots :]e animals are kept & ! b>n are necess>y p>ts ( ! f>m op]ations1 & ! gulli$ field may result f neglect1 b reg>dless ( ! cause = ! undesirable view x c & %\ld be scre5$ f view f ! home4 ,9 mak+ a scre5 plant+1 two plans are possible--"o1 ! %rub bord]1 & ! o!r ! h$ge r[1 & filb]ts are excell5t to use 9 ei!r plant+4 ,:]e space is at a premium1 ! h$ge (f]s ! be/ =m ( scre54 ,filb]ts plant$ two & a half feet ap>t & prun$ 9 su* a way z to make !m h a %rub appe>ance w make an ideal h$ge & produce lots ( nuts ( good quality4 ,?is h$ge c be c\nt$ on to be effective up to twelve feet 9 height4 ,9 ! %rub bord] filb]ts are all[$ to produce _m /ems & to gr[ into small trees4 ,?is is done by prun+ & by us+ gr\ps ( two or ?ree plants 9 a place1 plant$ "s five or six feet ap>t4 ,diff]5t v>ieties may be us$ = diff]5t gr\ps1 !reby produc+ a v>iation ( foliage4 ,! filb]ts w take _! places ) ! well kn[n small trees l ! dogwood & ! r$bud1 :5 us$ 9 ?is way4 ,/ill ano!r use = filb]ts 9 l&scape "w is to use !m = small trees z lawn specim5 plants4 ,!y h a size1 %ape1 & foliage t makes !m attractive :5 us$ 9 ?is way4 ,cross ,poll9ation ,necess>y ,our exp]i5ce has be5 t !re is ne$ = cross poll9ation to get maximum yields ( fruit2 !re=e1 we sugge/ t diff]5t v>ieties be us$ 9 a plant+4 ,b>celona1 ,du,chilly1 & ! ,jones ,hybrids seem to u well suit$ = ?is4 ,( c\rse1 !re are o!rs1 b our exp]i5ce ) v>ieties is limit$4 ,:5 x comes to ! soil = filb]ts1 we f9d t a fairly ri* soil t has pl5ty ( moi/ure is ! be/4 ,( c\rse1 ! soil mu/ dra9 well because ! roots ( filb]ts seem to be v susceptible to poorly dra9$ soil conditions4 ,if !re is a lot ( s& 9 ! soil1 give ! filb]ts m moi/ure & food because !y are rapid gr[]s4 ,s f>1 we h n _h _m compla9ts ab\t filb]ts suff]+ f w9t] injury4 ,?is may be due to ! fact t s f> ,k5tucky is n us+ great quantities ( ^! plants1 or x may be due to ! fact t ! v>ieties us$ h be5 reasonably h>dy4 ,! little w9t] injury se5 s f> has be5 9 ! t]m9al twig gr[?1 & removal ( ^! twigs 9 ! spr+ has n meant alt]+ ! normal %ape ( ! plant4 ,i d n "k :e!r !re is any significance to x b ! filb]ts t h be5 f$ by us+ well rott$ manure appli$ 9 ! fall & spad$ into ! top f\r in*es ( soil next spr+ h made ! be/ gr[? & produc$ ! mo/ fruit4 ,s f> ! filb]ts t we h _h exp]i5ce ) h be5 free f insects & diseases4 ,"o nev] kn[s h[ long t condition w la/4 ,n[1 :5 x comes to discuss+ filb]ts z a food1 all t ,i want to say is t at ,*ri/mas "t :5 y buy mix$ nuts y usually get a few ( ! filb]ts 9 ! mixture4 ,^! nuts are good eat+1 & :5 ! plants are gr[n on ! home gr\nds ev]yone :o has !m says !y are mu* enjoy$ by all memb]s ( ! family4 ,our exp]i5ce has be5 t filb]ts yield annually &1 if giv5 reasonable c>e1 9 good am\nts4 ,9 conclusion we w\ld l to say we feel !re is n only a place = filb]ts 9 l&scape "w1 b !re is an absolute ne$ = great] use ( ^! plants especially 9 rural plant+s4 ,at pres5t1 ! pr(essional l&scape arti/s are n incl9$ to recomm5d !m z (t5 z !y c\ld1 simply because !y h n be5 tra9$ to ?9k ( dual purpose plants4 ,great] publicity z to ! value ( ^! plants w\ld und\bt$ly mean great] use ( !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,we also h a pap] f ,mr4 ,re$1 :i* is ( q a good deal ( importance hi/orically on ! "w ( ,mr4 ,jones4 ,i wi% y c\ld h t4 ,probably y w h to read t1 too4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,introduc] ( ,_m ,nut ,v>ieties ,,cl>5ce ,a4 ,,re$1 ,collaborator#bb ,! "n ( ,j4 ,f4 ,jones 0 once "o ( ! be/ kn[n & mo/ highly respect$ 9 ea/]n nut culture4 ,x 0 f ,m\nta9 ,grove1 ,wright ,c\nty1 ,mo41 t he 0 fir/ he>d f 9 #aijj1 :5 he discov]$ & introduc$ ! ,rockville hican1 :i* he nam$ aft] ! ne>e/ t[n4 ,x nev] prov$ ( value1 b t fact did n detract f ! importance ( be+ fir/1 a habit :i* rema9$ ) him till 8 dea?4 ,9 #aijb he mov$ to ,monticello1 ,jeff]son ,c\nty1 ,florida2 five ye>s lat] he mov$ to ,jean]ette1 ,ib]ia ,p>i%1 ,l\isiana2 & 9 #aiab1 he mov$ to ,lanca/]1 ,p5nsylvania1 :]e he di$ 9 ,janu>y1 #aibh4 ,illu/ration ,9 #aijc1 :ile at ,monticello1 he successfully graft-propagat$ ! ,ru% ,p]sian 7,engli%7 walnut & ! ,weik] hickory1 an int]m$iate =m betwe5 %agb>k & %ellb>k4 ,bo? 7 f ,lanca/] ,c\nty1 & he us$ scions s5t him by ,j4 ,g4 ,ru%1 ( ,we/ ,will[1 s\? ( ,lanca/]4 ,mr4 ,ru% is cr$it$ ) introduc+ ! walnut be>+ 8 "n1 :ile cr$it w5t to ,mr4 ,jones = ! ,weik] hickory4 ,"s ye>s lat]1 on two occasions1 ,mr4 ,jones took a visitor to ! ,weik] p>5t tree :5 ! bran*es 7 lad5 ) nuts s t !y hung d[n 9 a mann] sugge/ive ( plums4 ,= "s reason1 nev] expla9$1 no o!r tree ( ! v>iety1 s f> z is kn[n1 ev] bore z mu* z a qu>t ( nuts1 al?\gh ! trees frequ5tly fl[]$ pr(usely4 ,! v>iety 01 h[ev]1 m>k$ly di*ogam\s4 ,! p>5t tree1 :i* /ood 9 ! y>d ( ,mr4 ,*ri/ ,le,fever ( ,lampet]1 ab\t two miles ea/ ( ! ,jones home1 0 bl[n ov] 9 a heavy gale _m ye>s ago4 ,mr4 ,jones graft-propagat$ a consid]able numb] ( ,hales %agb>k :ile at ,monticello1 ) scions t came f ! orig9al tree ne> ,ridgewood1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,h[ev]1 ?is v>iety 0 fir/ propagat$ by ,h5ry ,hales ( ,ridgewood1 9 #ahgi4 ,he also _h ,kirtl& f ,yalesville1 ,connecticut1 b l _m o!rs s9ce t "t1 bo? x & ,hales prov$ to be light be>]s4 ,o!r hickories may h be5 propagat$ by ,mr4 ,jones :ile at ,monticello b ^! are ! only ones ( :i* !re is record4 ,! ,kirtl& 0 fir/ propagat$ 9 #ahig4 ,footnote #bb3 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,soils & ,agricultural ,eng9e]+1 ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation1 ,beltsville1 ,md4 ,fir/ ,c>load ( ,graft$ ,pecan ,trees ,:5 he w5t to ,florida1 !re 7 few pecan trees ( be>+ age 9 ei!r t ,/ate or ,georgia & none to speak ( 9 ! ,c>ol9as4 ,! fa/ tra9s w5t no m ?an #cj or #ce miles an h\r1 & a m9imum ( ?ree days 0 requir$ to see ev5 an occasional plant+ or a s+le tree4 ,)9 ! next few ye>s1 nurs]ym5 ev]y:]e propagat$ _! own v>ieties & li/$ !m 9 _! catalogs4 ,mr4 ,jones 0 discrim9at+ & propagat$ only v>ieties t !n _h ! be/ reputation1 su* z ,s*ley & ,/u>t1 & "s o!rs t h n /ood ! te/ ( "t4 ,9 "o way1 he 0 di/9ctively fir/2 he %ipp$ ! fir/ c>load ( pecan trees ev] to g to "o address4 ,?is 0 9 ,janu>y ( #aijf1 :5 #aj1jjj trees 7 %ipp$ to ,pr(essor ,h4 ,e4 ,van ,deman :o 0 !n e/abli%+ a #ijj-;acre or*>d ne> ,f]riday1 ,la4 ,a picture ( ! c> appe>$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,nut ,j\rnal1 publi%$ by ,w4 ,n4 ,rop]1 ,pet]sburg1 ,va41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #ej1 ,m>* #aijf1 7,van ,deman _h be5 ! fir/ ,pomologi/ 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #ahhf to #ahib74 ,mr4 ,ray ,simpson ( ,v9c5nes1 ,ind41 w5t to ,mr4 ,jones to le>n h[ to graft pecan trees4 ,he (f]$ to "w )\t pay if ,mr4 ,jones w\ld tea* him ! art4 ,he _h graduat$ at ,cornell 9 #aije1 & _h be5 inspir$ by ,john ,craig1 ,pr(essor ( ,horticulture !re4 ,craig himself lat] inve/$ some:at heavily 9 pecan or*>ds bo? ne> ,monticello & at ,albany1 ,georgia4 ,mr4 ,simpson 0 tak5 on & prov$ z good a propagator z ! be/ h& & receiv$ ! same pay4 ,:ile at ,monticello ,mr4 ,jones began to feel t ! region might n be ! be/ place = pecans4 ,p]haps he _h made a mi/ake4 ,x 0 #cjj miles to middle we/]n ,alabama1 :]e !re 7 ! ne>e/ native trees4 ,a disease 0 appe>+ among _m ( ! trees plant$ 9 ! ,ea/1 :i* 0 !n poorly und]/ood 7rosette74 ,pecan wood = budd+ & graft+ 0 sc>ce & ,mr4 ,jones w\ld tru/ no "o to cut x = him4 ,he w5t to ! trees himself4 ,"o man :o !n _h an abundance ( wood & :o c\ld be reli$ ^u 0 ,b4 ,m4 ,"y ( ,morgan ,city1 ,la41 & ,mr4 ,jones w5t to him = wood sev]al times4 ,once he became confus$ z to ! trees f :i* he _h cut a c\ple ( bundles1 s bo? 7 ?r[n 9 ! riv] & he w5t back = m4 ,mr4 ,"y 0 greatly impress$1 s mu* s t he rememb]$ ! incid5t1 z we %all see4 ,! ,move to ,l\isiana ,back 9 ,florida ,ray ,simpson wi%$ to buy & ,mr4 ,jones wi%$ to sell1 s a deal 0 soon made4 ,mr4 ,jones w5t to ,l\isiana :]e ! pecan is native & !re 7 _m l>ge trees1 probably z _m z c\ld be f\nd 9 any "o place 9 ! entire ,s\?4 ,mr4 ,"y knew ( a gr\p f ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9nesota1 :o 7 ab\t to buy & plant a ?\s& acres ne> ,jean]ette & :o 7 look+ = an exp]i5c$ man to take *>ge4 ,mr4 ,jones 0 recomm5d$ & 0 soon at "w4 ,= ano!r five ye>s1 he work$ h>d] ?an almo/ any o!r :ite man 9 ! ,/ate4 ,great odds 7 aga9/ him4 ,be+ f ! ,nor?1 he did n associate exclusively ) :ites1 & pres5tly ! s\!rn :ite p left him sev]ely alone4 ,t 0 n all2 he c\ld n raise z good nurs]y trees z he _h 9 ,florida4 ,! trees grew sl[ly 9 ! cold1 heavy soil ( ,l\isiana1 & ! fibr\s root sy/em fail$ to mat]ialize4 ,! excell5t reputation he & 8 trees _h enjoy$ 9 ,monticello began to det]iorate4 ,he work$ h>d] ?an ev] & wait$ = a break4 ,:5 x came1 he did n hesitate4 ,jones ,%ifts to ,p5nsylvania ,! ,/4 ,paul cr[d fell into a squabble & divid$ into two factions1 ea* wi%+ control4 ,a man w5t s\? to see if ,mr4 ,jones w\ld sell 8 /ock4 ,w\ld he8 ,he knew :5 to keep 8 m\? %ut & he meekly made a deal4 ,he 0 probably nev] m glad ov] any?+ 9 8 life4 ,he came nor?1 lock1 /ock1 & b>rel4 ,b he 0 f> f be+ )\t a place to l&4 ,s9ce 8 ,monticello days1 he & ,mr4 ,ru% _h be5 good fri5ds4 ,mr4 ,ru% knew a f>m ( #bj acres ) build+s1 :i* c\ld be _h = #h1jjj4 ,x 0 f\r miles s\? ( ,lanca/]1 & at a po9t :]e two ma9 highways lead+ into ! city came toge!r4 ,x slop$ ea/w>d en\gh s t x did n get ! full =ce ( we/ w9ds4 ,x 0 two miles f ,mr4 ,ru%'s home1 ) ! t[n ( ,will[ ,/reet betwe54 ,mr4 ,jones !n began eight or #aj ye>s ( lean h>d "w4 ,he mod]niz$ build+s1 plant$ an or*>d ( nut v>ieties mo/ ( :i* 7 pur*as$ f ,w4 ,c4 ,re$ ( ,v9c5nes1 ,ind41 & ,w4 ,n4 ,rop] ( ,pet]sburg1 ,va4 ,f ,rop] he b\ght bo? se$l+ & graft$ trees4 ,"s ( ! se$l+s _h be5 budd$ & !n n cut back to =ce ! buds4 ,! latt] 7 /ill dormant & :5 ! trees 7 prop]ly cut back1 ! buds pu%$ =?4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 ( ,wa%+ton1 & ,pr(4 ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt1 ( ,raleigh1 ,n4 ,c41 _h a good laugh at ,rop]1 b z ! trees bore no labels1 !y 7 no m valuable ?an se$l+s & 7 treat$ z su*4 ,all ?ree m5 are n[ deceas$4 ,?omas black walnut trees came f ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl1 ,godfrey1 ,ill9ois4 ,! v>iety _h orig9at$ 9 ea/]n ,p5nsylvania & 0 fir/ graft$ 9 #ahha by ,j4 ,w4 ,?omas & ,son1 at ,k+ ( ,prussia1 ,pa4 ,! p>5t tree _h be5 de/roy$ "s "t be=e by ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 9 ext5d+ its l9es4 ,! ,?omas is today ! mo/ widely plant$ v>iety1 al?\gh x has r>ely borne well4 ,mr4 ,jones select$ & graft$ ! ,ohio walnut1 b ! own] ( ! se$-p>5t tree 0 giv5 cr$it = its introduction1 al?\gh %e probably kn[s no?+ ( ! incid5t1 to ?is day4 ,%e 0 a ,miss ,cl>k1 ,mc,cutcheonville1 ,ohio1 & x 0 felt t x w\ld help m to give h] "n z orig9ator if "o 7 ev] to locate ! tree4 ,see ,ohio black walnut orig9al tree photos1 ,,nnga ,rept41 #aidf4--;,ed4 ,! ,/abl] ea/]n black walnut1 introduc$ 9 #aiaf by ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage by means ( a p>agraph ins]t$ 9 ! ,c\ntry ,g5tleman1 0 also propagat$ by ,mr4 ,jones1 b he e>ly f\nd x disappo9t+ 9 its habits ( be>+4 ,he also f\nd t ab\t #hj p]c5t ( ! nuts f ! p>5t tree _h s+le k]nels1 :ile ) "y trees #hj p]c5t _h d\ble k]nels4 ,mo/ plant]s h long s9ce discont9u$ us+ ?is v>iety4 ,h[ev]1 ,mrs4 ,jane ,baum1 ,d\glassville1 ,pa41 reports t h] cu/om]s l ! ,/abl] be/4 ,o!rs %e has are ,?omas1 ,ohio1 & ,t5 ,eyck4 ,o!r v>ieties 7 te/$ by ,mr4 ,jones1 b he pu%$ none ( !m1 rightly ?9k+ t #d lead]s 7 z _m z a nurs]y c\ld af=d to c>ry4 ,he insi/$ t a new v>iety w\ld h to prove its sup]iority be=e he w\ld ins]t x 9 8 catalog4 ,among o!r v>ieties 0 ! ,peanut f s\!rn ,ohio1 ! nut ( :i* _h s+le lobes2 b app>5tly !re 0 "s mi/ake along ! l9e1 z nuts f graft$ trees 7 indiff]5t & _h #b half k]nels4 ,he also _h ,creitz f ,indiana1 :i* ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 #adcf ,watts ,av5ue1 ,roanoke1 ,va41 ?9ks well ( at ?is "t4 ,x 0 a prize w9n] 9 ! #aibf conte/ ( ! ,,nnga4 ,nei!r ,creitz nor ,peanut 0 a ,jones introduction4 ,8 ,"w ) ,hickories ,among ! hickories1 !re 0 ! ,/anley f ,indiana 9 #aiaf1 :i* 0 q a favorite ) ,mr4 ,jones = "s "t4 ,b did any "o ev] see a %ellb>k t bore well & fill$ ! nuts8 ,%ellb>k trees are beautiful to look at1 h enorm\s leaves1 sev5 to n9e leaflets1 b !y leaf out e>ly 9 spr+ & ! fl[]s are frequ5tly kill$ back by spr+ fro/s4 ,"p ( its fl[]s are kill$ outright ) too great frequ5cy = x to be wor? gr[+ = ! nuts4 ,^! are v l>ge1 ! hulls split entirely to ! base1 & :at k]nel !re is1 is ( sug>-l sweetness4 ,! %ells are mo/ly ?ick & ! k]nels seldom well-fill$4 ,! ,glov] %agb>k hickory1 f ,connecticut1 :i* 0 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,jones 9 #aiah1 is und\bt$ly "o ( ! be/ %agb>ks yet propagat$4 ,! nuts are ( m$ium size & %ell ?ickness4 ,! flavor is v good4 ,mo/ %agb>ks h five leaflets2 ?is "o has sev5 q z (t51 & ! leaf is ab\t a foot long4 ,!re 7 o!r hybrids1 or :at are suppos$ to be hybrids4 ,! ,pleas hickory1 introduc$ 9 #aiaf1 0 p]haps fir/ successfully graft$ by ,mr4 ,jones1 b cr$it = introduction w5t to ! own] ( ! p>5t tree1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,pleas1 ,coll9sville1 ,oklahoma4 ,x 0 a beautiful tree1 %apely1 ) an air ( consid]able ref9em5t1 mak+ x a graceful lawn tree4 ,x bore fairly well1 al?\gh n heavily4 ,! nuts 7 ?9-%ell$ & also _h ?9 hulls t split entirely to ! base4 ,s f> z mo/ laym5 are conc]n$1 ! ,pleas may be b an edible1 or semi-edible bitt]nut4 ,on ! gr\nds ( ! ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation1 at ,beltsville1 ,md41 !re 7 once two trees ( ,pleas1 b !y 7 giv5 to ! ,wild ,life ,s]vice = plant+ #aj miles away1 al?\gh !re are _m native bitt]nut trees j ov] ! l9e f5ce 9 neighbor+ woods4 ,we fanci$ t we c\ld detect bitt]nut flavor 9 good %agb>ks ab\t ! plant+s1 due to x5ia influ5ce1 z 9 ! case ( *e/nuts4 ,burl+ton 0 ano!r hican fir/ propagat$ by ,mr4 ,jones1 9 #aiae4 ,x came f ea/]n ,i[a1 & = a "t 0 confus$ ) ,m>qu>dt1 :i* nev] 0 propagat$1 or app>5tly n4 ,burl+ton makes a f9e appe>+ tree & s]ves well = ornam5tal purposes4 ,x be>s fairly well :ile "y1 b soon develops faulty nuts1 few be+ well-fill$ & ! majority weevil infe/$4 ,x is also subject to %uck-worm & twig girdl] injury4 ,mr4 ,jones once wrote t he _h giv5 up ) ! hickories 9 disgu/4 ,s f> z is kn[n1 he nev] us$ any /ock = hickories o!r ?an pecan1 :i* grew well1 made good unions & g5]ally outgrew ! scions4 ,john ,h]%ey1 h[ev]1 says ?is is n a good comb9ation1 b !re are too _m trees ( ,jones' propagation ab\t ! c\ntry1 to accept ,h]%ey's v]dict altoge!r4 ,c>l ,wes*cke#bc1 ( ,/4 ,paul1 uses bitt]nut l>gely or entirely2 if x is a mi/ake1 x w be exp5sive4 ,hickories are sl[ to gr[ & "o gets too few nuts at be/4 ,x takes a lifetime to get ev5 small crops1 & = our "p1 we want no bitt]nuts on ! place4 ,too (t5 %agb>ks fail to unite ) bitt]nut & frequ5tly !y are %ort-liv$4 ,9 #aiaf ,mr4 ,jones propagat$ & introduc$ ! ,beav] hickory1 f c5tral ,p5nsylvania1 a suppos$ bitt]nut-%agb>k cross4 ,x prov$ ( little value & soon disappe>$4 ,! ,fairbanks f nor!a/ ,i[a1 a simil> cross1 0 introduc$ ! same ye>4 ,x 0 "o ( ! prettie/ ( all hybrids & /ood up ab\t ! longe/1 b x _h too mu* bitt]ness 9 ! pellicle encas+ ! k]nel & 0 mu* subject to weevil injury4 ,ef=ts ) ,p]sian ,walnuts ,_m v>ieties ( ,p]sian 7,engli%7 walnut 7 propagat$ & br\ght into be>+4 ,mr4 ,jones includ$ a majority ( ! v>ieties br\ght into ! c\ntry f ,france by ,felix ,gillet1 ( ,nevada ,city1 ,calif41 z e>ly z #ahgj4 ,!re 7 ,franquette1 ,mayette1 ,meylan1 ,p>isi5ne1 & a cutleaf v>iety :i* appe>s to h _h no o!r "n4 ,a ,cali=nia v>iety ( :i* he ?\ght well = a numb] ( ye>s 0 ,eureka1 a we/]n introduction ( #aijh4 ,he propagat$ a numb] ( ea/]n v>ieties su* z ,lanca/] 7,alp9e7 9 #aiac1 al?\gh cr$it w5t to ,mr4 ,ru%2 ,bo/on1 f ,massa*usetts1 also 9 #aiac2 ,ont>io1 f ,canada1 9 #aiad2 & probably o!rs4 ,he obta9$ ,*9ese walnuts1 f ,p4 ,wang1 ,k9san ,arboretum1 ,%anghai1 & sold se$l+s at :olesale4 ,^! 7 an ,asiatic =m ( ,juglans regia4 ,he lim$ ! soil1 & ?\ght ! effects 7 b5eficial4 ,9 ?is he 0 w>mly support$ by ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage & m rec5tly by gr[]s 9 ,nor!rn ,ohio2 b lately lim+ has n be5 f\nd b5eficial 9 ,italy4 ,all 9 all1 h[ev]1 ! ,p]sian walnut 0 n p>ticul>ly dep5dable1 & dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ! nurs]y :i* he left discont9u$ sell+ ,p]sian walnut trees4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 ! trees ( old] v>ieties usually 7 little m ?an int]e/+ novelties4 ,he ,tri$ ! ,*9ese ,*e/nut ,! ,*9ese *e/nut 0 tri$ = a few ye>s2 b z s (t5 happ5s ) ?is species1 nurs]y trees di$ badly 9 w9t] & ,mr4 ,jones ?\ght x due to blight1 a disease :i* 0 !n sweep+ 8 "p ( ! c\ntry1 tak+ its mortal toll ( bo? ,am]ican & ,european species4 ,h[ev]1 blight does n s]i\sly attack "y trees & x is m likely t dea? 0 caus$ by a comb9ation ( summ] dr\? & w9t] cold2 b no matt]1 ! trees p]i%$ & ! result 0 ! same4 ,fir/ ,he>tnut ,grafts ,mr4 ,jones tri$ ! butt]nut & !re is /ill "o tree 9 ! exp]im5tal plant+ ea/ ( ! resid5ce4 ,x is ,aik51 f ,new ,engl&1 & 0 fir/ propagat$ by him 9 #aiah4 ,x prov$ disappo9t+4 ,he graft$ ! fir/ he>tnut ev] graft$ ( any k9d ins(> z is kn[n1 ! ,lanca/]1 9 #aiah4 ,! only o!r he>tnut = :i* he receiv$ full cr$it = fir/ propagation 0 ,fau/1 obta9$ f a d5ti/1 ,dr4 #j4 ,d4 ,fau/1 ,bamb]g1 ,s4 ,c41 9 #aiah4 ,o!rs t he 0 d\btless fir/ to propagate1 b = :i* cr$it w5t to ! own]s ( ! p>5t trees1 7 ,bates & ,/rang] 9 #aiai1 bo? f ,r4 ,bates1 ,jackson1 ,aik5 ,c\nty1 ,s4 ,c41 & ,rit*ie1 a ,virg9ia v>iety f\nd by ,john ,w4 ,rit*ie ( ,flem+ton1 ,n4 ,j41 9 #aiah4 ,h[ev]1 he>tnuts are seldom heavy be>]s & ! trees d n gr[ l>ge or live long4 ,9 ,japan ! wood is sometimes us$ = gun/ocks b only because bett] mat]ial is unavailable4 ,he>tnuts h practically no m>ket :]e o!r k9ds ( nuts c be _h & ! trees are mu* subject to bun* disease4 ,to an enorm\s ext5t ! trees h be5 sold to unsuspect+ p ( ! ,s\? & ,ea/ z ,engli% walnuts4 ,footnote #bc3 ,see ,wes*cke's pap]1 else:]e 9 ?is report4--,ed4 ,! ,filb]t ,mr4 ,jones _h a tree or two ( ! ,turki% filb]t1 a species sometimes rea*+ a height ( #fj feet & atta9+ a trunk diamet] ( ?ree feet or m4 ,bixby f\nd ! species h>dy 9 c5tral ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,mr4 ,jones obta9$ 8 se$ f ?ree trees 9 ,highl& ,p>k1 ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york1 :i* are believ$ to be ! olde/ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 "s ye>s1 ! ,ro*e/] trees be> freely1 :ile 9 o!rs !re is n a nut4 ,?is is a valuable ornam5tal species1 z x is gre5 f e>ly spr+ till ! la/ ?+ 9 fall2 specim5s mu/ be select$ = su* use1 z (t5 ! trees are un%apely4 ,l all filb]ts1 !y are subject to ,japanese beetle attack & mu/ be spray$ or o!rwise protect$ 9 beetle infe/$ zones4 ,filb]t foliage may be de/roy$ by ^! insects z _m z ?ree times 9 a summ] & ! trees die d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,! nuts are too small to be ( value2 b ! wood is :ite1 v h>d1 & makes good turn$ articles4 ,8 ,greate/ ,contribution ,x 0 ) ! filb]t t ,mr4 ,jones made 8 greate/ contribution to nut culture4 ,9 #aiag he tri$ cross+ ,european v>ieties ) poll5 ( ! native ,ru%4 ,!re 7 no results1 & he tri$ aga9 9 #aiah ) no bett] luck4 ,9 #aiai he rev]s$ ! ord] ( cross+ & ne>ly e nut set4 ,he _h discov]$ t native poll5 0 n effective on ,european /igmas1 b t ! reciprocal cross work$4 ,by #aibd he _h a f9e lot ( fruit+ plants4 ,! great majority 7 ( no value1 b 8 ,no4 #bjj app>5tly 0 well wor? :ile4 ,x 0 nam$ ,bixby 9 #aicg1 f\r ye>s aft] ano!r se$l+1 ,no4 #ia1 _h be5 nam$ ,bu*anan4 ,! explanation ( ?is belat$ selection is t ! soil ab\t ! ,bixby tree _h s erod$ t ! tree 0 />v$ = a "t2 b ) a c\ple ( ye>s ( heavy application ( /able manure1 x came back1 s mu* s t x is n[ consid]$ ! bett] ( ! two4 ,bo? are r small z comp>$ ) ! l>ge filb]ts ( ! ,pacific ,nor?we/2 b :5 fully mature1 !y are sweet & agreeable4 ,aft] ,mr4 ,jones 0 gone1 ! place 0 manag$ by 8 daught]1 ,miss ,mildr$ ,jones4 ,%e kept plants ( h] fa!r's filb]t v>ieties & ! be/ ( ! crosses4 ,! latt] are n[ call$ ! ,mildr$ filb]ts1 a "n appli$ 9 ,/&>diz$ ,plant ,names to ! entire gr\p ( crosses betwe5 ,ru% ,am]ican & any ,european filb]t4 ,mr4 ,jones hop$ to h ^! call$ aft] himself b !re 0 an old v>iety ( ,jones hazel & s 8 own "n c\ld n be us$4 ,he once s5t specim5s to ,dr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,s>g5t ( ,arnold ,arboretum & someh[ ga9$ ! impression t ! "n ,jones 0 giv5 to ! cross4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 ,s>g5t's successor1 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,rehd] wrote t ,s>g5t _h n us$ ! "n 9 ei!r correspond5ce or on specim5s plac$ 9 ! h]b>ium4 ,! example ( ,mr4 ,jones 9 bre$+ filb]ts has s9ce be5 foll[$ by o!rs1 z ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,g5eva1 &4 ,mr4 ,c>l ,wes*cke ( ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9nesota4 ,! la/ has copyright$ 8 crosses "u ! designation hazilb]t1 :i* is a good "n2 b ) ! issue ( ,/&>diz$ ,plant ,names 9 #aidb1 ! "n hazel 0 dropp$ = all memb]s ( ! family4 ,= a "t1 an ef=t 0 made to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two by call+ small-fruit$ ones hazels & ^? ) l>ge fruits filb]ts1 b !re is n exact divid+ l9e & s n[ all are call$ filb]ts4 ,bu*anan & ,bixby are ! only v>ieties ( ,mildr$ filb]ts ?us f> fully releas$ by anyone & al?\gh nei!r v>iety is entirely h>dy 9 ! nor!rnmo/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 !y d well z f> s\? z ea/]n ,t5nessee4 ,! nuts ( bo? are too small to compete 9 ! m>ket ) ! l>ge filb]ts ( ,oregon & ,wa%+ton1 b t is n ! purpose = :i* !y h be5 br$4 ,x is = home plant+1 a use = :i* !y are admirably adapt$4 ,nei!r v>iety %\ld be judg$ until aft] !y h cur$ fully1 at lea/ a mon? or m4 ,!n ! flavor is excell5t4 ,( ! v>i\s introductions made by ,mr4 ,jones1 ! ones mo/ likely to endure are ! ,ohio black walnut1 ! ,glov] %agb>k hickory1 & ! ,mildr$ filb]ts4 ,! fir/ has already la/$ #cb ye>s2 ! second #cj ye>s2 & ! ,mildr$ filb]ts are only nicely />t$4#bd ,footnote #bd3 ,except = ! la/ two p>agraphs1 ?is pap] 0 read & approv$ by ,miss ,mildr$ ,jones 9 ,pavilion1 ,n4 ,y41 on ,septemb] #b1 #aidh4 ,! foll[+ day1 or ,septemb] #c1 %e became ,mrs4 ,wesley ,langdoc1 ( ,p4 ,o4 ,box #abf1 ,erie1 ,ill9ois4 ,mr4 ,re$ ,comm5ts on ,se$l+ ,trees ,editor's ,note3 ,! next two p>agraphs %\ld be read 9 connection ) ! ,r\nd ,table on *e/nut problems1 else:]e 9 ?is volume4 ,9 a broad s5se1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t e v>iety ( se$l+ tree1 ( any species & e hybrid =m t has ev] be5 plant$1 or graft$ on ano!r tree1 has be5 wor? some?+4 ,?is is /ill a free c\ntry & e man has ! inali5able "r to plant :atev] he pleases4 ,ev5 ! hybrids ( v>i\s =ms1 hickory1 walnut1 & *e/nut1 are all wor? some?+4 ,all are trees & x is bett] to plant a poor k9d ( tree ?an n to plant any?+1 p>ticul>ly if x is a nut tree4 ,:atev] prompts a man to plant a tree is wor? :ile4 ,hybrid *e/nuts br$ by cross+ ,*9ese *e/nuts ( unkn[n p]=mance record z to habit ( be>+1 size or flavor ( nut1 %ape ( tree1 resi/ance to blight1 or spr+ freezes1 & o!r *>act]i/ics :i* comb9e to make good nuts1 ) ! inf]ior & l>gely in$ible ,japanese *e/nuts1 are unlikely to d ! damage to ! indu/ry t is sometimes pr$ict$4 ,!y are n[ s mix$ up t few w be plant$ by !mselves1 & !re is consid]able evid5ce t ! x5ia influ5ce ( good ,*9ese *e/nuts ) :i* ! trees are be+ plant$ w r5d] nuts f ^! hybrid trees fit to m>ket & eat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mildr$ ,,& ,,wesley ,,langdoc ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,! value ( nut trees 9 ,t5nessee1 !n1 w be discuss$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,s4 ,*ance ( ! ,t5nessee ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation 9 ,knoxville4 ,! ,value ( ,nut ,trees 9 ,t5nessee ,f4 ,s4 ,,*ance1 ,vice-,director1 ,t5nessee ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,knoxville1 ,t5nessee4 ,mr4 ,*ance3 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 ladies & g5tlem53 ,z a repres5tative ( ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,t5nessee ,i want to say x is a great honor to h ?is di/+ui%$ gr\p meet "h 9 ,t5nessee1 especially on ! banks ( beautiful ,norris ,lake1 :i* is "o ( ! tribut>ies to ! damm$e/ riv] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,we are some?+ l #fjj miles f ! ,gilb]tsville ,dam1 or ,k5tucky ,dam ne> ,paducah1 ,k5tucky1 & ?is area "h is ! beg9n+ ( a *a9 ( lakes t run j ab\t t f>4 ,= ^? ( y :o are f a di/ance1 y may "k t 9 mak+ a *a9 ( lakes out ( ?is great ,t5nessee ,valley t we cov]$ up lots ( good l&4 ,we h develop$ lots ( good p[]4 ,n[1 ,i am n j sure :y ,i 0 put on ?is program1 because1 really ,i am n a nut tree speciali/1 z ,i see mo/ ( y p are4 ,i w admit t ,i h be5 associat+ ) exp]im5tation = ! la/ eight or t5 ye>s & h become slightly nutty1 b really my big int]e/ is timb]4 ,i am /ill a blockhead4 ,s 9 discuss+ & talk+ ) y ?is morn+ = a few m9utes ab\t ! value ( nut trees 9 ,t5nessee ,i want y to j keep 9 ! back ( y\r m9ds t ! ?+ 9 ! timb] _w t ,i ?9k is ! prettie/ :5 x comes to furniture is black walnut4 ,s 9 "s plant+s t we made sev]al ye>s ago ) ! help ( ,sp5c] ,*ase at our v>i\s sub/ations & at ! p>5t /ation at ,knoxville1 :5 we began to prune ^? trees ,i want$ to g to prun+ = timb] & he want$ to g to prun+ = nuts4 ,he won4 ,s z we develop$ ^! plant+s we are sure t we are go+ to h "s v excell5t nut trees4 ,t5nessee rang+ 9 altitude f some?+ ov] a mile high d[n to "s #cjj or #cej feet at ,memphis on ! ,mississippi gives u a v1 v wide range ( climate4 ,?is wide range ( climate gives u ! possibility ( gr[+ a v wide range ( timb] trees4 ,a great "p ( t area is soil f a lime/one =mation4 ,ne>ly all p>ts ( ,t5nessee are well adapt$ to ! production ( ! black walnut4 ,! tree z a nut tree has n 9 ! pa/ be5 look$ at ) su* great int]e/4 ,h[ev]1 !re are f>ms 9 ,t5nessee t h be5 pur*as$ ) walnut k]nels4 ,ov] ! p]iod ( ye>s1 :y1 ?rifty families1 especially 9 ,ea/]n ,t5nessee sections1 h ga!r$ up ! walnuts 9 ! neighborhood r\nd ab\t1 crack$ !m & sold ! k]nels & f ye> to ye> made c]ta9 accumulations ( t k9d1 funds1 & sav$ !m ) en\gh 9 ! bank or 9 ! sock to buy a f>m4 ,i knew "o p>ticul> p]son :o b\ght a nice f>m 9 j t way4 ,n[1 a great _m ( ! p 9 ! same neighborhood did n save _! walnuts4 ,^! walnuts 7 ga!r$ f ev]ybody's trees )\t any objection on ! "p ( anyone4 ,b x 0 a means ( ^? p gett+ ahead ) _! sav+s f _! o!r f>m+ op]ations1 & ?is w9t]time "w t !y c\ld put 91 :y1 t k9d ( ?rift is ! k9d t gets p ahead :o want to get ahead & h vision4 ,i might say a few words ab\t pecans 9 ,t5nessee4 ,we h ?r\gh\t ! /ate q a few scatt]$ native pecans t are us$1 especially 9 all except ! m we/]n sections ( ! /ate4 ,z a :ole !y are = home use4 ,n[1 9 ! extreme we/]n section ( ! /ate we h a c]ta9 am\nt ( se$l+ pecans1 mo/ly1 t produce a consid]able income to a limit$ numb] ( p4 ,9 ! #aide c5sus some?+ ov] #d1jjj f>ms report$ "s income f pecans--?is 0 mo/ly 9 ! we/]n section ( ! /ate--! value ( :i* 0 some?+ ov] #cb1jjj1 :i* at ! pres5t "t w\ld be a consid]able "u-valuation4 ,?is tree is f\nd1 ,i might say1 ?r\gh\t ! /ate4 ,i recall a few ye>s ago com+ (f ( ! ,cumb]l& ,plateau d[n 9 ,w>r5 ,c\nty into ! cove !re ar\nd ,viola & see+ a beautiful grove ( pecans along a /ream4 ,i hadn't be5 ?r\gh t c\ntry be=e1 b ,i _h kn[n a family t liv$ !re1 & ,i /opp$ at a h\se to see j :at ^? pecans meant4 ,& !re 0 an old lady on ! por* :o own$ ! prop]ty1 & ,i ask$ h] "s que/ions ab\t x1 & %e told me h[ !y got !re & knew :5 !y 7 n !re4 ,%e _h be5 rais$ on t place b %e said1 ,i want to %[ y some?+4 ,s ,i w5t ) h] ar\nd ! side y>d into ! back y>d1 & %e _h a c\ple ( pecan trees !re t 7 load$ ) pecans until ! limbs 7 hang+ ov] j l pe> tree limbs1 heavily load$ pe> tree limbs4 ,i said1 ,my1 :at a crop ( pecans y h "h4 ,t's really wond]ful4 ,^? 7 ! budd$ pecans1 ! type t is gr[n f>!r s\? ( u4 ,%e said1 ,j wait a m9ute1 n[4 ,i don't "k :e!r ,i h any pecans or n4 ,i said1 ,:at d y mean8 ,%e said1 ,if ! fro/ is two weeks lat] ?an usual we w h a wond]ful pecan crop1 if we h a late fro/4 ,if we h an e>ly fro/ we don't h any pecans4 ,x 0 q int]e/+ to me to see t wond]ful crop hang+ on ! tree & yet %e wasn't at all assur$ t any?+ ( value w\ld come f x4 ,we h on "s ( our hold+s at ! ,univ]sity exp]im5tal ,/ations "s wond]ful ,*9ese *e/nut trees4 ,i c't get ov]ly excit$ ov] !m1 rememb]+ ! *e/nut z we _h x once 9 ,t5nessee ) ! long1 sl5d] body1 wond]ful telephone poles & wond]ful timb] ( o!r k9ds1 & to see t a trem5d\s economic loss has come to ?is c\ntry ?r\gh disease t 0 & probably is n controllable4 ,b f ! nut /&po9t we h at ! pres5t "t "s trees t look z ?\gh !y are go+ to be ! equal ( our own native *e/nut t cov]$ ,t5nessee f ! m\nta9 top to ! riv] bank4 ,s we are v mu* 9 hope t aga9 ,t5nessee w h a supply ( *e/nuts :i* w be equival5t1 probably1 to ! h>ve/ ( *e/nuts we once _h4 ,h[ev]1 t's go+ to be _m1 _m ye>s (f4 ,f ! exp]im5tal /&po9t ,i h be5 v mu* int]e/$ 9 ! timb] type ( tree1 hop+ t our native *e/nut trees1 at lea/ "o out ( ! billions1 maybe w\ld prove to be resi/ant4 ,h[ev]1 wat*+ ^! gr[?s come up f "t to "t & atta9 an age suffici5t to produce nuts & !n h my hopes blight$ by go+ back ! next ye> & f9d+ t ! tree 0 blight$ has become r disc\rag+4 ,i hope t "s ( y p w f9d j su* a tree1 "o t w be> an excell5t nut & at ! same "t produce excell5t timb]4 ,n[ ,i am com+ to our big asset 9 ! way ( nut trees 9 ,t5nessee1 z ,i see x4 ,i 0 r int]e/$ "h 9 ,pr(essor ,moore's discussion ( ! honeylocu/1 t dete/able tree :i* 0 su* a ?orn 9 my fle% z a *ild1 & hav+ he>d someone *ampion+ x ) su* a /ory z he _h1 ,i h he>d ev]y?+ n[4 ,ev]ybody1 ?\gh1 has a *ampion4 ,ev5 my "m lov$ me1 reg>dless4 ,black walnut is1 z ,i said 9 ! beg9n+1 native to all sections ( ! /ate1 & ,i ?9k t ?r\gh ! collection ( ! bett] yield+ or bett] crack+ nuts by ! ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority we are go+ to f9d 9 ?is crop a v pot5t asset to ! /ate ( ,t5nessee ?r\gh ! income f sale ( nuts4 ,we h 9 ! /ate ab\t f\r crack+ plants4 ,"o ( !m is locat$ 9 ,morri/[n4 ,d[n 9 ! bas9 "p ( ! /ate :]e walnuts d p>ticul>ly well1 ?ree o!rs are 9 ! city ( ,na%ville4 ,!re 7 some?+ l #aj million p\nds ( walnuts 9 ! %ell deliv]$ 9 ,na%ville ?is la/ ye>1 yield+ ab\t #a1bjj1jjj p\nds ( k]nels4 ,n[1 ?is is no mean return f a crop :i* 0 really j ga!r$ up ) v1 v little att5tion giv5 to ! plant+4 ,x is j "o ( ^! free crops1 s to speak4 ,if we 7 to add to t income ! great income :i* we h be5 receiv+ ?r\gh ! ye>s f ! sale ( timb] trees1 we w\ld run ! value ( ! black walnut into consid]able proportions1 ) income f ! sale ( black walnuts 9 ! k]nel & 9 timb]4 ,i see no p>ticul> reason :y t crop _c be increas$ t51 tw5ty or a hundr$ fold by j a /imulation ( int]e/ 9 ! black walnut4 ,i recall back j previ\s to ,_w ,w> ,i1 or ab\t t "t1 !re 0 a trem5d\s dem&1 z usual1 = black walnut = gun /ocks4 ,i happ5$ to be free = a mon? or s at t "t s ,i c\ld give "s att5tion to ! pur*as+ & deliv]y ( bo? v5e] /ock & walnut = gun /ocks4 ,x 0 q int]e/+ to me z ,i w5t ov] a c\ple ( c\nties 9 :i* ,i made "s pur*ases1 to see t someone 9 ! #dj1 #ej or #fj ye>s back _h _h a vision ( :at ! walnut tree w\ld be wor? to !m on _! tracts ( l& & h[ we 7 at t "t reap+ ! h>ve/ ( ! p]son :o _h a vision ( ! value ( ! walnut tree4 ,a great _m ( ^? trees 7 trees t _h be5 set or walnuts t _h be5 plant$ ye>s be=e by "s f>-see+ p]son1 & x _h gone on )\t any int]ruption1 probably )\t ! slighte/ bit ( protection1 until ! "t t x 0 ne$$ & desp]ately ne$$ = economic purposes4 ,we h "s "w go+ on also 9 connection ) ! plant+ ( walnuts 9 pa/ure fields4 ,! returns f ! pa/ure 9 ! plant+ ( walnut trees h be5 j practically ! same1 maybe a little bit bett] 9 favor ( ! walnuts ?an :]e we did n h walnuts 9 ! pa/ure4 ,?is "w is be+ conduct$ d[n at ! ,middle ,t5nessee ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,t5nessee at ,columbia4 ,we are us+ ! walnut tree & also ! black locu/ 9 ?is exp]im5t4 ,we don't "k :at ! future ( x is go+ to be1 b ^? walnut trees h gr[n l>ge en\gh s t !y h _h to be ?9n$ to keep !m f putt+ too mu* %ade ov] ! gr\nd4 ,i made a /atem5t sev]al ye>s ago 9 ! pres5ce ( q a di/+ui%$ agronomi/ or horticulturi/ t ,i _h nev] se5 a walnut tree gr[+ 9 ! op51 :e!r x 0 9 ! blue grass region or outside ( a blue grass region t did n h blue grass gr[+ "u x4 ,he look$ at me askance1 & ,i said1 ,d y believe x8 ,well1 ,i don't "k1 he answ]$4 ,s we happ5$ to be com+ out ( ,qu9cy1 ,florida1 up ?r\gh s\!rn ,georgia outside ( ! blue grass region1 & we 7 bo? sitt+ 9 ! back seat ( ! c>4 ,our driv] drove up to a fill+ /ation1 & ,i saw ?is fell[ look$ up at a walnut tree ov] 9 ! y>d n v f> away1 9 fact1 ! next y>d to ! fill+ /ation4 ,i someh[ or o!r s5s$ :at he 0 ?9k+4 ,he pu%$ 8 door op51 got out4 ,i pu%$ my door op51 w5t ar\nd ! c> & foll[$ him4 ,he walk$ up to t walnut tree1 turn$ ar\nd & said1 ,well1 x's !re4 ,he turn$ ar\nd & walk$ back4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 a condition may prevail 9 d5se %ade1 :]e t does n happ5 9 "y walnut trees1 b ,i j happ5$ to be "r4 ,!re is a symbiotic relation%ip betwe5 plants--,i don't want to get into t subject--b ?is "o ?+ ,i am ?9k+1 & t is t ! reason :y !y 7 able to get ?is good graz+ f "u ^! walnut trees is t !re is a relation%ip !re betwe5 ^? two plants t makes x ideal = ! production ( pa/ure grass1 & blue grass ov] a great _m ( our /ates is our lead+ grass4 ,i might say to ! g5tleman f ,virg9ia t ,i _h a lett] f up !re a few days ago4 ,i don't "k :y !y want$ to write to me1 want+ to "k if ! walnut tree 0 a legume4 ,s ,i presume t t 0 ! reason1 t ! grass grew v nicely "u ^? trees4 ,i h tak5 too mu* ( y\r valuable "t4 ,x c]ta9ly has be5 a pleasure & an honor to be "h & talk to y ^! few m9utes4 ,?ank y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,?ank y1 ,mr4 ,*ance4 ,we w take a %ort recess4 7,recess tak547 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,! meet+ w n[ come to ord]1 please4 ,! embryo developm5t ( ! black walnut w be illu/rat$ & discuss$ by ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels ( ,cornell ,univ]sity4 7,pap] to appe> 9 next volume47 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,i 0 v glad ,dr4 ,mac,daniels' pap] prec$$ m9e1 because x does give y a v mu* bett] picture ( ! developm5t ( all ( our oily nuts1 except+ ! filb]t &1 ( c\rse1 ! almond to "s ext5t4 ,b we take 9 pecans & ! hickories & = ! walnuts ! situation is q g5]al4 ,n[1 ?is pap] t ,i am go+ to read is "o t our /aff 9 nut inve/igations has be5 work+ on = ! pa/ tw5ty or m ye>s1 & we feel we "k a lot ab\t ! gr[+ & ! developm5t & fill+ ( nuts4 ,& !re is a lot 9 ?is pap] t ,i ?9k w be ( value to all nut gr[]s reg>dless ( ! k9d ( nuts t we are try+ to gr[4 ,! ,developm5t & ,fill+ ( ,nuts ,h4 ,l4 ,,crane1 ,pr9cipal ,horticulturi/1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,agricultural ,rese>* ,adm9i/ration1 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,soils1 & ,agricultural ,eng9e]+1 ,division ( ,fruit & ,vegetable ,crops & ,diseases4 ,all nut gr[]s are confront$ ) ! problems involv$ 9 ! production ( nuts ( l>ge size ) well fill$ k]nels t are bright or light color$4 ,unsatisfactory developm5t & fill+ ( ! k]nels is m (t5 a cause ( compla9t by gr[]s ?an any o!r s+le factor affect+ nut production4 ,?is is because all ( our comm]cial nuts n[ sold 9 ! %ell are pric$ on a basis ( size & ! degree to :i* !y are fill$4 ,! size & degree ( fill+ ( ! nuts v>ies n only f ye> to ye>1 b f di/rict to di/rict1 or*>d to or*>d1 & ev5 9 ! same or*>d1 because nuts ( "o v>iety may fill well & ^? ( ano!r poorly4 ,?is is true ev5 ?\gh ! k9d & v>iety ( nut be+ produc$ is gr[n 9 a locality usually hav+ suitable climatic conditions = normal nut production4 ,climatic ,conditions ,prevail+ climatic conditions 9 any locality det]m9e h[ well a p>ticul> k9d ( nut w fill4 ,= example1 ! pecan is native to ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & a small area 9 nor!rn ,mexico4 ,9 its native habitat ! summ]s are long & ! day & night temp]atures are uni=mly high1 ) little diff]5ce betwe5 maximum & m9imum daily temp]atures4 ,:5 ! pecan is gr[n "u conditions ( %ort] summ]s1 or :]e !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 night & day temp]atures1 ! nuts d n gr[ to prop] size & ! k]nels fill poorly1 if at all4 ,al?\gh pecan trees are q h>dy & may be gr[n successfully well nor? ( _! native limits1 ! normal developm5t ( ! nuts & ! fill+ ( !m _c be expect$ !re4 ,good examples ( ! climactic effects c be cit$4 ,at ,davis1 ,cali=nia1 ! pecan tree gr[s1 fl[]s1 & sets fruit satisfactorily1 b ! nuts fail to gr[ to prop] size1 fill poorly1 & may n mature be=e fro/4 ,at ,davis !re is an av]age l5g? ( gr[+ season ( #bdb days2 ! day temp]atures are high1 b ! night temp]atures are comp>atively l[4 ,pecan trees are h>dy ev5 9 ,connecticut1 b ! trees fail to be> because ( ! %ort gr[+ season & ! great diff]5ce betwe5 day & night temp]atures4 ,! pecan is truly a hot wea!r crop & is n suit$ = culture "u m\nta9\s conditions4 ,on ! o!r h& x _c be gr[n "u subtropical conditions because ( insuffici5t cold dur+ ! w9t] to meet ! *ill+ requirem5t ( ! trees4 ,"u su* conditions1 tree gr[? />ts v late 9 ! spr+1 &1 al?\gh ! trees may fl[]1 few nuts may set & ^? t /ick may be v poorly fill$ at h>ve/ if !y mature4 ,! pecan is probably m exact+ 9 reg>d to its climactic requirem5ts ?an are our o!r k9ds ( nuts1 b ! filb]t or hazl5ut is probably a close second 9 ?is respect4 ,! filb]t1 h[ev]1 repres5ts ! opposite extreme 9 t x does be/ "u conditions ( mild w9t] & mod]ate summ] temp]atures4 ,^! diff]5ces are po9t$ out = ! reason t _m amateur nut gr[]s want to gr[ c]ta9 nuts outside ( _! native range 9 places :]e unsuitable climatic conditions prevail1 & !y _c und]/& :y success is n possible4 ,gr[? & ,fruit+ ,habit ( ,nut ,trees ,s9ce ! gr[? & fruit+ habits ( our diff]5t k9ds ( nut trees are closely relat$1 x is desirable to po9t out "s ( ^! relation%ips4 ,all ( our diff]5t species ( walnuts1 ! pecan & all hickory nuts1 z well z hazelnuts & filb]ts1 are borne t]m9ally on %oots ( ! curr5t season4 ,9 o!r words all walnut species1 pecan1 & all hickory species be> ! pi/illate fl[]s t develop into nuts at ! t]m9al end ( ! %oots produc$ ! same ye> t ! nuts mature4 ,! /am9ate or poll5-produc+ fl[]s ( all ^! species arise f lat]al buds on %oots t grew ! previ\s ye>4 ,9 ! case ( hazelnut & filb]t ! pi/illate fl[]s are borne 9 lat]al buds on %oots ( ! previ\s season1 z are also ! /am9ate fl[]s or catk9s4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! pi/illate fl[]s are =m$ & poll9at$ be=e ! curr5t ye>'s %oot gr[? is made4 ,almonds are borne lat]ally on %oots produc$ ! previ\s season4 ,all *e/nuts are borne lat]ally on %oots produc$ ! same season z ! nuts4 ,! *e/nut be>s mo/ ( ! /am9ate fl[]s sep>ately 9 /am9ate catk9s :]eas ! pi/illate fl[]s are 9 mix$ catk9s1 b all are =m$ lat]ally on %oots ( ! curr5t season4 ,! almond1 :i* has p]fect fl[]s1 produces ^! 9 lat]al buds on %oots ( ! previ\s ye>4 ,bo? ! hazelnut & ! almond fl[] be=e any curr5t-season gr[? is made1 :]eas all ( ! o!r k9ds ( nut trees m5tion$ produce almo/ all normal %oot gr[? be=e fl[]+ occurs4 ,^! diff]5ces 9 gr[?1 fl[]+1 & fruit+ habits provide a basis = ! explanation ( :y gr[? ( almond trees1 = example1 is h>d] to ma9ta9 ?an is t ( walnut or pecan4 ,fl[]+ & e>ly developm5t ( ! fruit be=e %oot gr[? is made t5d to *eck su* gr[?1 s t fl[]+ & fruit+ trees w n make z mu* new gr[? z !y w\ld h made _h fl[]+ & fruit+ be5 prev5t$4 ,9 g5]al1 x c be /at$ t1 9 ! case ( be>+ trees1 ! long] ! %oot gr[? & ! great] its diamet] 9 proportion to l5g?1 ! great] is ! numb] ( pi/illate fl[]s t may be =m$ at its t]m9al4 ,fur!rmore1 ! set ( nuts & ! size t !y atta9 are 9 proportion to ! l5g? & diamet] ( ! %oots be>+ !m4 ,9 o!r words1 ! numb] ( fl[]s =m$1 ! nuts set1 & ! size t !y atta9 are directly correlat$ ) ! vigor & gr[? ( ! trees4 ,z trees atta9 age1 few] long1 /rong %oots & m %ort1 weak %oots are =m$4 ,h5ce ! av]age size ( ! nuts produc$ decreases because ( ! r$uction 9 av]age %oot gr[?4 ,fur!rmore1 "u normal conditions1 ! degree to :i* ! nuts are fill$ is relat$ to ! vigor z x is measur$ by ! l5g? & diamet] ( ! %oots be>+ !m4 ,/rong1 vigor\s %oots usually produce ! be/ fill$ & e>lie/ matur+ nuts4 ,:at ,is a ,nut & ( ,:at ,does ,x ,consi/8 ,web/] gives a g5]al def9ition ( a nut z a fruit consi/+ ( a k]nel or se$ enclos$ 9 a h>d woody or lea!ry %ell t does n op5 :5 ripe1 z 9 ! hazel1 bee*1 oak1 *e/nut4 ,te*nically speak+1 x is a h>d1 indehisc5t1 "o-se$$ dry fruit result+ f a comp\nd ov>y4 ,9 horticultural language ! fruit consi/s ( ! h>d or lea!ry nut conta9+ a k]nel1 toge!r ) ! husk1 hull1 or bur t surr\nds ! nut %ell4 ,?is k]nel consi/s ( ! embryo plus ! endosp]m or its rema9s4 ,9 all ( our important nuts1 su* z walnuts1 pecans1 hickory nuts1 almonds1 & filb]ts1 ! k]nel is ess5tially ! embryo ) its ?ick5$ cotyl$ons or se$ leaves1 z ! endosp]m has be5 absorb$ except = a ?9 membrane4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( its developm5t1 gr[? ( ! embryo is sl[1 & 9 v e>ly /ages x is m]ely a r\nd$ mass ( cells4 ,lat]1 ! m]i/ems ( ! epicotyl 7/em or top7 & root axis develop1 b ! :ole embryo is /ill microscopic 9 size4 ,/ill lat] ! cotyl$ons 7se$ leaves7 />t developm5t f ! apical m]i/em & _! gr[? 9 l5g? is rapid1 b !y are v ?9 & foll[ ! cont\rs ( ! se$ coat4 ,gr[? 9 l5g? ( ! cotyl$ons may be arre/$ by unfavorable nutritional conditions dur+ ! "t ( elongation4 ,9 su* case1 ! lobes ( ! cotyl$ons may n atta9 ! full l5g? ( ! se$ coat1 or pellicle1 :i* surr\nds !m4 ,aft] ! cotyl$ons h atta9$ full l5g?1 gr[? 9 ?ickness beg9s 9 ! area ne>e/ ! epicotyl & proce$s t[>d ! m>g9s4 ,?is gr[? 9 ?ickness results f cambium-l m]i/em ) ! =mation ( new cells4 ,! =mation ( well develop$ or solid k]nels t completely fill ! cavity )9 ! %ell is dep5d5t ^u m]i/ematic activity cont9u+ almo/ to maturity4 ,! wea!r conditions1 ! nutrition ( ! tree1 or o!r factors t affect ! syn!sis & translocation ( elaborat$ food mat]ials f ! leaves & %oots to ! k]nels at ?is "t det]m9e ! degree to :i* ! cotyl$ons are ?ick5$1 or 9 o!r words h[ well ! nuts are fill$4 ,p]iods ( ,developm5t ,9 ! developm5t ( ! nuts !re are ?ree p]iods or /ages3 7#a7 ,! p]iod ( gr[? 9 size2 7#b7 ! p]iod ( nut fill+ or developm5t ( ! k]nel2 7#c7 ! p]iod ( matur+4 ,:at takes place dur+ ^! p]iods ( developm5t det]m9es ! size ! nuts atta91 ! degree to :i* !y are fill$1 & f9ally ! quality at h>ve/4 ,^! ?ree developm5tal /ages are int]dep5d5t1 because ! size ( ! nuts may affect ! degree ( fill+1 & t1 9 turn1 ! "t & nature ( _! maturity4 ,!y are n entirely sep>ate & di/9ct b ov]lap 9 t !re is m or less developm5t ( ! k]nel1 v>y+ ) ! species1 :ile ! nuts are gr[+ 9 size4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 !re is n appreciable k]nel developm5t until aft] ! nuts h atta9$ approximately full size1 except 9 ! *e/nut4 ,! out/&+ example ( ?is situation is ! pecan4 ,!re is practically no gr[? ( ! k]nel until aft] ! %ell ( ! nut has />t$ to become h>d4 ,at t "t gr[? ( ! embryo1 :i* con/itutes ! k]nel1 become rapid4 ,! major portion ( ! k]nel is =m$ dur+ a p]iod ( approximately "o mon?1 />t+ at ,beltsville1 ,m>yl& ab\t ! middle ( ,septemb]4 ,! f9al /ages ( fill+ occur j be=e ! nuts mature1 & ! fir/ nuts to fall usually h ! be/ fill$ k]nels4 ,lat] matur+ nuts are g5]ally poorly fill$2 _! %ells & k]nels are (t5 discolor$1 & ! %ucks fail to op5 prop]ly1 if at all4 ,! developm5t ( walnuts1 hickory nuts1 & filb]ts1 s f> z is kn[n1 is 9 all ess5tials ! same z t describ$ = ! pecan nut except t ! k]nel or embryo beg9s to gr[ some:at e>li] 9 ! season4 ,h[ev]1 ! major portion ( ! fill+1 :i* consi/s 9 ! ?ick5+ ( ! cotyl$ons1 takes place late 9 ! season1 & only a mon? or a little m be=e ! nuts mature4 ,! p]iod ( ! matur+ ( ! nuts g5]ally closely foll[s ! completion ( ! fill+ ( ! k]nels4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod 9 ! pecan1 c]ta9 o!r species ( hickory1 ! ,p]sian walnut1 *e/nut1 & o!rs1 food res]ves are transf]r$ f %ucks1 hulls1 or burs to ! nuts4 ,abscission lay]s are =m$ & %ucks1 hulls1 or burs split op5 on dry+ out1 ?us p>tially or :olly releas+ ! nuts4 ,!re is a v direct relation%ip betwe5 ! degree to :i* ! nuts are fill$ & _! "t ( & normality ( matur+2 well fill$ nuts mature e>ly & normally1 :]eas poorly fill$ nuts mature late1 if at all1 & %ucks1 hulls1 or burs fail to op5 prop]ly4 ,gr[? 9 ,size ,! size ( ! nuts produc$ by a tree is det]m9$ by a numb] ( factors1 "o or all ( :i* may op]ate dur+ ! c\rse ( ! season4 ,^! are3 7#a7 ,age ( tree2 7#b7 position ( ! nuts on ! tree2 7#c7 f]tility ( ! soil & moi/ure supply1 or ! nutritional /atus ( ! tree2 7#d7 size ( ! crop borne4 ,9 g5]al1 old trees be> small] nuts ?an d y\ng] trees4 ,h5ce size ( nut = a p>ticul> v>iety is only relative4 ,! fir/ few crops produc$ by a tree usually consi/ ( nuts l>ge 9 size = ! v>iety2 & !n1 z ! tree atta9s age1 nuts become small] 9 size4 ,"y trees make long] & ?ick] %oot gr[? ?an d old] trees4 ,!re is1 !n1 "u normal conditions1 a direct relation%ip betwe5 ! gr[? made by a tree & ! size t ! nuts atta94 ,! m vigor\s trees n only produce l>g] nuts ?an ^? produc$ by less vigor\s trees1 b ! hulls & %ells ( su* nuts are ?ick] & con/itute a high] total p]c5tage ( ! total weight ( ! fruit4 ,! position ( ! nuts on a tree has an important effect on ! size t !y ultimately atta94 ,9 g5]al1 ! nuts 9 ! top are l>g] ?an ^? ne>] ! gr\nd2 & ^? on ! /ronge/ & mo/ vigor\s %oots ( ! top or lat]al bran*es w atta9 a l>g] size "u normal conditions ?an ^? locat$ on weak] & %ort] %oots or on ! inside ( ! tree4 ,"h aga9 !re is a direct relation%ip betwe5 gr[? ( ! tree & gr[? 9 size ( nuts4 ,all normal trees make long] & /rong] %oot gr[? 9 ! top ?an !y d on ! t]m9als ( lat]al bran*es1 & ! %orte/ & weak] %oots z well z ! smalle/ nuts are g5]ally on ! lat]al bran*es inside ( ! tree top4 ,f]tility ( soil & moi/ure supply det]m9e 9 l>ge measure bo? ! gr[? made by ! tree & ! size ( nuts4 ,! nuts borne on trees gr[+ on f]tile soils adequately suppli$ ) moi/ure are g5]ally mu* l>g] 9 size ?an ^? borne by trees on inf]tile soil or soil poorly suppli$ ) soil moi/ure4 ,defici5cy ( ei!r nitrog51 or moi/ure1 or bo? is p>ticul>ly effective 9 limit+ ! size ( nuts produc$4 ,pecans gr[n "u soil conditions 9 :i* bo? nitrog5 & moi/ure 7 defici5t h be5 kn[n to atta9 only ab\t "o-f\r? ! size ( nuts ( ! same v>ieties gr[n 9 ! same or*>d b "u conditions ( clean cultivation & supplem5t>y nitrog5 applications4 ,a prolong$ dr\ght dur+ ! "t t ! nuts are increas+ 9 size v frequ5tly causes !m to be mu* small] ?an !y w\ld h be5 _h ! moi/ure supply be5 adequate4 ,! size ( ! crop borne by a tree det]m9es 9 a v l>ge measure ! size t ! nuts atta9 at maturity4 ,!re is g5]ally an inv]se relation%ip also betwe5 ! numb] ( nuts borne 9 a clu/] on a %oot & ! size !y atta94 ,9 ?is respect nut crops are little diff]5t f apples & pea*es1 :i*1 too1 are sold on ! basis ( size4 ,9 ord] to produce fruits ( l>ge size hav+ a high m>ket value1 ! crops are ?9n$ 9 ye>s ( a heavy set ( fruit4 ,9 ! case ( pecans1 = example1 ?9n+ ! crop at ! "t ! nuts are gr[+ 9 size on heavily produc+ trees is a v effective me?od ( increas+ ! av]age size ( ! nuts all[$ to rema9 on ! trees4 ,! e>li] ! ?9n+ is done ! m effective x is2 h[ev]1 x w increase ! size ( ! nuts ev5 :5 done z late z :5 ! %ells h />t$ to become h>d4 ,no practical & economical me?od ( ?9n+ ! crop ( nuts has z yet be5 f\nd2 nev]!less x is well to be> 9 m9d t a l>ge crop borne by a tree g5]ally means r$uc$ av]age size ( ! nuts at h>ve/4 ,fill+ or ,developm5t ( ! ,k]nels ,9 g5]al1 ! fruits 7nuts7 ( a nut-be>+ tree are :at might be t]m$ /orage organs4 ,9 !m are /or$ m9]al elem5ts & su* elaborat$ food mat]ials z c>bohydrates 7sug>s & />*71 oil1 am9o acids1 & prote9s t h be5 remov$ f ! leaves & wood ( ! tree4 ,^! mat]ials are /or$ = future use ( ! embryo 9 ! nut to su/a9 respiration1 to p]mit g]m9ation1 & to ma9ta9 ! se$l+ until x has produc$ en\gh leaf area to become self-suffici5t4 ,! "q may be ask$1 :y is x s important t nuts be well fill$8 ,! answ] is v simple1 because ! quality ( ! oily nuts is det]m9$ by h[ well ! k]nels are fill$4 ,all b "o ( our mo/ important nuts--almonds1 filb]ts1 hickory nuts1 pecans1 & walnuts--are oily nuts2 & well fill$ k]nels conta9 f #ej to #ge p]c5t or m ( oil1 dep5d+ ^u ! species4 ,*e/nuts are />*y nuts & conta9 less ?an "o p]c5t ( oil4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 ! degree ( fill+ & ! composition ( ! k]nel 9 oily nuts is out/&+1 9 t ! bett] fill$ nuts h a high] cont5t ( oil & a l[] cont5t ( prote91 c>bohydrates1 wat]1 & undet]m9$ con/itu5ts ?an d poorly fill$ nuts4 ,highe/ quality ( ! k]nels is directly associat$ ) highe/ oil cont5t & highe/ degree ( fill+4 ,nut k]nels t are poorly fill$ are (t5 holl[1 %runk51 %rivel$1 & *affy4 ,:5 eat5 !y may ta/e sweet1 b are lack+ 9 ! oily flavor *>act]i/ic ( ! p>ticul> species ( nut eat54 ,x is only 9 ! be/ fill$ nuts t highe/ quality1 flavor1 & oil cont5t are f\nd4 ,! degree to :i* nuts are fill$ or h[ well ! k]nels are develop$ at h>ve/ is det]m9$ by a r l>ge numb] ( int]relat$ factors3 7#a7 ,size ( crop1 or ratio ( numb] ( leaves p] nut2 7#b7 av]age size ( nuts2 7#c7 condition ( leaves2 7#d7 am\nt ( second gr[? ( ! trees2 7#e7 size ( prec$+ crop & h[ well ! nuts produc$ 7 fill$2 7#f7 disease & insect injury to ! nuts2 7#g7 wea!r conditions2 7#h7 het]osis or effect ( cross-poll9ation on embryo size4 ,size ( crop3 ,nut gr[]s want _! trees to be> l>ge annual crops ( nuts4 ,x is v seldom t "o he>s a nut gr[] express ! op9ion t a c]ta9 tree is c>ry+ too _m nuts = ! crop to atta9 prop] size & fill well1 yet ?is is v (t5 ! case4 ,fur!rmore1 ! production ( a l>ge crop ( poorly fill$ nuts "o ye> is almo/ c]ta9 to result 9 a light crop or none at all ! foll[+ ye>4 ,!re is a v close inv]se relation betwe5 ! size ( ! crop produc$ & ! degree to :i* ! nuts are fill$ at h>ve/1 namely1 ! l>g] ! crop ! less ! nuts w be fill$4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out above t nuts are /orage organs1 & ! food mat]ials requir$ to gr[ & fill !m mu/ be made 9 ! leaves4 ,:5 too _m nuts are set & c>ri$ ?r\gh to ! fill+ p]iod1 9 proportion to ! numb] ( leaves or ! leaf area ( ! tree1 x is n possible = ! leaves to syn!size ! l>ge am\nt ( food mat]ials requir$ to fill ! nuts4 ,9 pecans1 = example1 x has be5 %[n t six to eight leaves are requir$ normally to fill a nut prop]ly & #aj or m leaves p] nut if ! tree is to fl[] & set a crop ! foll[+ ye>4 ,o!r ratios = numb] ( leaves or leaf area exi/ ) o!r k9ds ( nuts4 ,x is g5]al exp]i5ce t l>ge crops ( nuts remove su* l>ge am\nts ( food mat]ials & m9]als f ! trees t a light crop or no crop at all is produc$ ! foll[+ ye>4 ,?is is especially true if ! nuts are n especially well fill$ 9 ! on crop ye>4 ,size ( nuts3 ,almo/ ev]yone pref]s l>ge nuts to small ones1 & t is "o reason1 :y ! l>g] sizes comm& a high] price on ! m>kets4 ,_m rememb] h[ popul> ! ,mc,callister hican 0 a numb] ( ye>s ago because ( its extremely l>ge size4 ,su* v>ieties ( ! pecan z ,nelson & ,mahan 7 v popul> because ! nuts produc$ 7 g5]ally mu* l>g] ?an ^? ( o!r v>ieties4 ,^! v>ieties rema9$ popul> until exp]i5ce 9 gr[+ !m %[$ t !y 7 v (t5 poorly fill$ at h>ve/4 ,z a g5]al rule1 l>ge nuts are m difficult to fill prop]ly ?an small nuts4 ,?is is obvi\s1 because mu* m food mat]ial mu/ be made by ! leaves & transport$ to fill ! k]nels ( l>ge nuts ?an is requir$ to fill an equal numb] ( nuts ( small] size4 ,9 seasons ) conditions favorable = bo? tree gr[? & gr[? 9 size ( ! nuts1 x is (t5 ! exp]i5ce t ! nuts are poorly fill$ at h>ve/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! wea!r is dry dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! nuts are gr[+ 9 size1 !y are mu* m likely to be well fill$ at maturity4 ,9 fact1 ! writ] has se5 sev]al in/ances 9 :i*1 because ( sev]e dr\ght 9 ! spr+1 pecans 7 und]siz$1 yet ! k]nels develop$ & fill$ s well t ! %ells ( ! nuts crack$ at maturity4 ,condition ( leaves3 ,to produce well fill$ nuts1 nut trees mu/ be> a l>ge leaf area & ! leaves mu/ be 9 good heal? & vigor4 ,if !y are to produce annual crops1 ! trees mu/ c>ry _! leaves until cold wea!r 9 ! late fall1 undamag$ by insects or diseases4 ,! importance ( a l>ge leaf area free f injury or abnormal condition is s great t x c h>dly be ov]emphasiz$ 9 connection ) nut production4 ,x c be def9itely /at$ t "u normal conditions ! size ( ! crop produc$ & ! degree to :i* ! nuts are fill$ is directly relat$ to ! leaf area & ! l5g? ( "t x is c>ri$ by ! tree4 ,if ! leaf area is to be l>ge1 ! trees mu/ make good1 /rong1 vigor\s %oot gr[?1 & ?is means t prop] att5tion mu/ be giv5 to f]tilization to insure t ! trees h adequate am\nts ( nitrog51 potassium1 magnesium1 z9c1 & boron1 z well z all o!r ess5tial elem5ts4 ,! elem5ts m5tion$ h be5 f\nd mo/ likely to be defici5t 9 ! soils ( ea/]n & s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ^? regions _! lack may be expect$ mo/ frequ5tly to limit tree gr[? or ! fill+ ( ! nuts because ( _! effects on ! leaves & ! consequ5t inability ( ! leaves to make food mat]ials4 ,defici5cy ( "o or m ( ^! elem5ts results 9 leaves t are n able to make food mat]ials 9 any:]e ne> su* am\nts z d normal leaves well suppli$ ) all ess5tial elem5ts4 ,9 sev]e cases1 defici5cy ( "o or m ( ^! elem5ts results 9 *lorosis ( ! leaves1 /ill lat] 9 leaf scor*1 & f9ally 9 premature leaf fall4 ,trees hav+ leaves 9 su* condition _c be expect$ to fill ! nuts borne by !m4 ,mo/ nut trees gr[n ab\t home or f>m/ead are defici5t 9 nitrog51 z ! trees mu/ compete ) grass1 we$s1 %rubb]y1 or o!r trees4 ,frequ5tly !re is n en\gh plant food = all4 ,a defici5cy ( nitrog5 limits ! gr[? & ! leaf area c>ri$ by a tree4 ,a defici5cy ( potassium or magnesium v greatly limits ! am\nt ( food mat]ial made by ! leaves & h5ce greatly decreases ! fill+ & ! oil cont5t ( ! k]nels4 ,z9c or boron defici5cy has a simil> effect4 ,h5ce1 to insure ! production ( well fill$ nuts1 "o mu/ be c]ta9 t ! trees are well f]tiliz$ & t ! f]tiliz] elem5ts appli$ are 9 prop] balance "o ) ! o!rs4 ,injury to ! leaves result+ f attacks by diseases & insects is "o ( ! mo/ common & important causes ( poorly fill$ nuts4 ,e species & v>iety ( tree nut suff]s f at lea/ "o disease or insect pe/ t damages ! leaves & h5ce limits or curtails ! am\nt ( elaborat$ food mat]ials !y c make4 ,9 mo/ cases ! fungi or bact]ia caus+ foliage diseases infect ! leaves 9 e>ly spr+ at ! "t !y are unfold+ & gr[+ 9 size1 al?\gh ! infection may n be noticeable until lat]4 ,^! infect$ areas1 ev5 ?\gh !y are small & n num]\s en\gh to cause ! leaf to fall1 s]i\sly impair ! function+ ( ! leaf out ( all proportion to ! area directly affect$4 ,%\ld ! infection be s sev]e z to cause premature defoliation1 ! damage w be great ev5 ?\gh only a small p]c5tage ( ! leaves falls4 ,! disease ( ea/]n ,mack walnut kn[n z leaf spot1 or an?racnose1 is "o ( ^! defoliat+ diseases t causes untold damage f poorly fill$ nuts 9 ! curr5t crop ye>1 & results 9 a small crop or none at all ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! developm5t & spread ( ^! diseases is gradual1 & unsuspect+ gr[]s d n realize ! damage !y cause4 ,on o!r h&1 ! injuries caus$ by su* insects z ! webworm1 ! walnut cat]pill>1 ! pecan leaf case-be>]1 ! ,japanese beetle1 & o!rs are some:at spectacul> 9 t ! leaves may be p>tly or completely consum$ on portions ( ! trees4 ,! injury caus$ by ! walnut aphis1 ! walnut lace bug1 ! pecan black aphis1 & o!rs1 on ! o!r h&1 is less conspicu\s2 b ! end result is f> m s]i\s ?an x usually is ) ! leaf eat+ insects1 because ! damage caus$ is m widespread1 almo/ all ( ! leaves on a tree be+ affect$4 ,^! suck+ insects are small 9 size & may be ov]look$ until premature defoliation takes place4 ,if nut trees are to be> satisfactory crops ( well fill$ nuts1 ! diseases & insects t attack & cause injury to ! leaves mu/ be controll$4 ,"u normal conditions ! size ( ! crop produc$1 ! regul>ity ( be>+1 & ! quality ( ! nuts h>ve/$ is proportional to ! leaf area ( normal leaves c>ri$ by ! tree f e>ly spr+ until freez+-wea!r 9 ! fall4 ,second gr[? ( ! trees3 ,c]ta9 ( our nut trees1 su* z pecan & walnuts1 "u "s conditions h two or p]haps m p]iods ( %oot gr[? dur+ ! same gr[+ season4 ,! fir/1 or ma9 p]iod ( gr[?1 />ts at ! "t ( foliation 9 ! spr+ & ends soon aft] ! %oots fl[]4 ,! second p]iod ( gr[?1 if x occurs1 may beg9 any "t aft] ! nuts are set1 & may end any "t lat]4 ,?is second gr[? s]i\sly affects ! fill+ ( ! nuts1 9 t food mat]ials are consum$ 9 produc+ ?is second gr[? r ?an 9 ! gr[? & fill+ ( ! nuts4 ,g5]ally ?is second gr[? is n made until late 9 ! season1 & x usually foll[s a p]iod ( dry wea!r1 :5 conditions aga9 become favorable = gr[?4 ,usually ?is is at ! "t ! k]nels %\ld be develop+1 & h5ce ! degree ( fill+ is affect$4 ,! s]i\sness ( ! effect on ! fill+ ( ! nuts is l>gely proportional to ! am\nt & duration ( ?is second gr[?4 ,a ?ird p]iod ( gr[? may occur lat] if wea!r conditions are suitable4 ,prec$+ crop3 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t nuts are /orage organs & 9 _! gr[? & developm5t l>ge am\nts ( food mat]ials & m9]als are remov$ f ! tree4 ,"u conditions ( heavy crop production1 ! res]ves ( ^! mat]ials left 9 ! tree at ! "t ( h>ve/ are likely to be v l[2 & unless ! trees are gr[+ on a f]tile soil & c>ry _! leaves until fro/1 ^! res]ves ( m9]als & elaborat$ food mat]ials are n likely to be re/or$4 ,"u su* conditions1 9 ! foll[+ spr+ ! res]ves are l[ & al?\gh !re may be en\gh to initiate fl[]+ & ! set ( nuts1 !y are n suffici5tly high to produce well fill$ nuts4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! nuts produc$ 9 an (f crop ye>1 ev5 ?\gh ! crop may be mu* light]1 may be less well fill$ ?an ^? produc$ 9 an on crop ye>4 ,su* nuts z pecans1 hickory nuts1 & walnuts transf] l>ge am\nts ( potassium f ! tree itself into ! %ucks or hulls4 ,! k]nels ( su* nuts are high 9 nitrog51 phosphorus1 & magnesium z well z 9 oil1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ conc5trat$ food mat]ials & has ! highe/ calorie value4 ,nitrog5 res]ves 9 ! trees are readily & r quickly replac$ if adequate am\nts are appli$1 z ?is elem5t is n fix$ by ! soil4 ,?is is n true ( phosphorus & potassium1 z !y are app>5tly tak5 up by ! trees mu* m sl[ly ?an is nitrog54 ,fur!rmore1 c]ta9 soils h a high fix+ p[] = ^! elem5ts & h5ce !y are sl[ly1 if at all1 available4 ,insect & disease damage to ! nuts3 ,c]ta9 insects & diseases attack ! nuts1 caus+ !m to be poorly fill$ at h>ve/4 ,al?\gh ^! pe/s may de/roy1 or cause a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( ! crop to drop be=e h>ve/1 & h5ce s]ve z a ?9n+ measure1 ! affect$ nuts rema9+ on ! tree may n be well fill$ at maturity4 ,examples ( su* insects are ! pecan or hickory %uck worm1 ! walnut husk maggot1 & ! codl+ mo?4 ,infe/ations by ^! insects occurr+ be=e ! %ells ( ! nuts h become h>d cause ! nuts to drop4 ,h[ev]1 infe/ations tak+ place aft] ! nut %ells h become h>d d n cause ! nuts to drop4 ,^! late-infe/$ nuts may be poorly fill$ because ! insect l>vae m9e ! hulls or %ucks1 sev]+ ! conduct+ tissues t transport food mat]ials f ! fruit /em or p$uncle ?r\gh ! %uck to ! k]nel4 ,! damage caus$ n only results 9 poorly fill$ nuts b also int]f]es ) ! natural sep>ation ( ! %ucks or hulls f ! %ells4 ,examples ( diseases t attack ! nuts & cause !m to be poorly fill$ at h>ve/ are pecan scab & walnut bact]iosis4 ,pecan scab may also attack o!r species ( hickory4 ,x is ! mo/ de/ructive pecan disease1 caus+ a high p]c5tage ( ! nuts on highly susceptible v>ieties to drop prematurely & ^? t /ick to ! tree to be poorly fill$ at h>ve/4 ,walnut bact]iosis or blight is ! mo/ important walnut disease 9 ! ,we/ & unless controll$ causes sev]e losses f premature drop or f nuts bo? poorly fill$ & hav+ discolor$ k]nels at h>ve/4 ,x is obvi\s t if l>ge crops ( well fill$ nuts are to be produc$1 ^! insects & diseases mu/ be controll$4 ,wea!r conditions3 ,_m gr[]s are incl9$ to blame ! wea!r = all small crops & poor nut quality because !y realize x c h su* important effects4 ,9 reality its direct effects are g5]ally mu* less ?an !y are ?\ght to be1 & its indirect effects are usually mu* great] ?an is usually realiz$4 ,wea!r conditions h a v great effect on ! developm5t ( insects & diseases & on ! damage caus$ by !m1 s t mo/ (t5 ^! are ( major importance4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t a prolong$ dr\ght may adv]sely affect ! size ( nuts :5 x occurs :ile !y are gr[+ 9 size4 ,simil>ly1 ! degree to :i* nuts are fill$ at h>ve/ is affect$ by ! moi/ure supply dur+ ! fill+ p]iod4 ,a moi/ure defici5cy )9 ! tree probably affects ! translocation ( food mat]ials to ! nuts to a great] ext5t ?an x affects leaf function+1 = "u su* conditions ! leaves w )draw s mu* wat] f ! develop+ nuts t ! %ucks & hulls become wilt$4 ,"u conditions ( prolong$ dr\ght ! k]nels d n fill prop]ly1 maturity ( ! nuts is delay$1 & ! %ucks or hulls d n op5 normally4 ,"u dr\ght conditions ! temp]atures ( ! air & ( surfaces expos$ to ! sun are (t5 v high1 & ?is sometimes results 9 sun-scald or burn+ ( ! hulls or %ucks4 ,9 sev]e cases ! injury ext5ds ?r\gh ! hull or %uck to ! %ell & k]nels4 ,! pellicle1 or sk9 ( ! k]nel1 turns br[n or amb] color1 z does ! portion ( ! k]nel t has develop$ at ! "t ( injury4 ,fur!r developm5t ( ! affect$ portion ( ! k]nel is arre/$2 & on dry+ x becomes %rivel$ because ( lack ( fill+4 ,! greate/ am\nt ( damage f sunburn occurs on ! s\? & s\?we/ sides ( ! trees4 ,little c be done to prev5t ?is type ( injury o!r ?an to gr[ good1 /rong1 vigor\s trees t be> a heavy d5se foliage t %ades ! nuts4 ,het]osis or hybrid vigor3 ,! pi/illate fl[]s ( c]ta9 nut species1 su* z ! almond1 *e/nuts1 & filb]ts1 mu/ be cross-poll9at$ ) poll5 f ano!r v>iety if satisfactorily crops ( well fill$ nuts are to be produc$4 ,^! species are self-/]ile or self-unfruitful4 ,on ! o!r h& all walnut1 pecan1 & hickory species are self-f]tile & cross-f]tile1 b may be self-unfruitful because ( di*ogamy1 because !y may %$ _! poll5 ei!r be=e or aft] ! /igmas ( ! pi/illate fl[]s are receptive to x4 ,9 all nut species cross-poll9ation is g5]ally recomm5d$ s z to assure a set ( nuts4 ,) cross-poll9ation a bett] set ( nuts is to be expect$ ?an ) self-poll9ation1 z well z bett] fill+ ( ! k]nels4 ,x has rec5tly be5 f\nd t :5 ! pi/illate fl[]s ( a c]ta9 v>iety are cross-poll9at$ ) a poll5 f ano!r def9ite v>iety ! embryo or nut k]nel is l>g] & bett] fill$4 ,?is is a manife/ation ( hybrid vigor1 or het]osis4 ,het]osis has be5 f\nd 9 ! *e/nut & 9 ! pecan4 ,x likely w be f\nd 9 o!r nut species4 ,"s day ! pr9ciples ( select$ & controll$ p>5tage und]ly+ hybrid vigor may be utiliz$ 9 produc+ sup]ior nuts1 z ^! pr9cipals are n[ s widely us$ 9 produc+ hybrid se$ corn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,t pap] 0 s extremely important t ,i hesitat$ v mu* to /op x1 b we are already at ! po9t :]e we %\ld h adj\rn$4 ,n[1 un=tunately1 we h "s v important ?+s1 ,i ?9k1 yet be=e u1 b if ! speak]s c give _! talks f n[ on 9 ! =m (1 %all we say1 syn!ses ( ! :ole ?+ & give u ! conclusions r ?an ! details1 x w be appreciat$ by u all4 ,mr4 ,wilk9son is go+ to give u a v important talk on :at he has done ) ! propagation ( ! ,lamb curly walnut4 ,mr4 ,wilk9son4 ,! ,graft$ ,curly ,walnut z a ,timb] ,tree ,j4 ,,=d ,,wilk9son1 ,rockport1 ,indiana ,our native trees are & h always be5 "o ( ! mo/ valuable res\rces ( ?is c\ntry1 & "o ( ! greate/ h]itages ev] to fall to a nation4 ,wood has be5 us$ by our p s9ce ! l&+ ( ! ,pilgrims1 = almo/ e com=t & purpose 9 life1 f ! mak+ ( cradles to caskets4 ,wood is /ill "o ( ! pr9cipal mat]ials 9 build+ homes & furniture1 & is us$ = railroad ties1 = pap]1 & 9 s _m o!r ways t we c\ld sc>cely get along )\t wood4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! native home ( _m species ( trees1 ( :i* a numb] are sup]ior 9 "s c]ta9 ways = "s special purposes4 ,! hickory has no equal = ax h&les4 ,z a build+-timb] :]e /r5g? & durability are ne$$ ! oak ranks among ! fir/4 ,o!r species are equally z important = "s o!r uses4 ,n to be ov]look$ are nut trees4 ,!y s]ve ! tw(old purpose ( produc+ bo? food = man & wild life1 & valuable timb]4 ,black ,walnut ,has ,great ,value ,( ! nut tree gr\p1 ! black walnut is "o ( ! mo/ important4 ,x ranks among ! fir/ = lumb]1 furniture1 cab9ets1 & f9i%+ mat]ial4 ,x has no rival 9 use = gun /ocks & airplane propell]s2 z walnut wood is light1 /rong1 w n get r\gh1 b we>s smoo!r ) use4 ,nei!r w x spl9t] :5 pi]c$ by a bullet4 ,walnut wood has be5 l>gely responsible1 at times1 = keep+ u a nation ( free p4 ,! black walnut tree is an ari/ocrat ( =e/ & field4 ,x c ju/ly be pr\d1 = no o!r tree c fill its place4 ,z ! late au?or ,a4 ,h4 ,m>ks said1 ,:o has n notic$ ! look ( cont5d$ usefulness :i* a nut-be>+ tree we>s8 ,x is ( use to ! _w & kn[s x4 ,walnuts1 l o!r species ( trees1 are n all alike1 ei!r z to nut production or 9 ! gra9 ( ! wood4 ,! ,lamb ,black ,walnut ,sev]al ye>s ago an unusually highly figur$1 & v valuable1 black walnut tree 0 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,george ,n4 ,lamb1 !n ,secret>y-,treasur] ( ! ,am]ican ,walnut ,manufactur]s ,association ( ,*icago1 ,ill9ois4 ,:5 ! logs f ?is tree came into ! mill1 & _! value 0 realiz$1 ,mr4 ,lamb w5t to ! place :]e ! tree _h gr[n4 ,he secur$ "s twigs f ! bran*es ( ?is top & s5t ^!1 z ,i h be5 in=m$1 to ,dr4 ,rob]t ,t4 ,morris & ,mr4 ,will>d ,g4 ,bixby1 kn[+ ( _! int]e/ 9 propagat+ bett] v>ieties ( nut trees4 ,?is wood _h be5 tak5 f ! top _m days aft] ! tree 0 fell$1 & s 0 dry & ne>ly dead4 ,i believe ,dr4 ,morris succe$$ 9 gett+ only "o graft to gr[1 & ,mr4 ,bixby two4 ,?is v>iety 0 !n nam$ 9 honor ( ,mr4 ,lamb4 ,sev]al ye>s lat] ,mr4 ,bixby s5t me a v small /ick ( graft wood f "o ( 8 trees1 f :i* ,i made two grafts4 ,"o ( !m grew1 giv+ me a />t ( ?is v>iety4 ,i h annually propagat$ a few trees ( x ev] s9ce1 ?\gh ) little enc\ragem5t1 & ev5 mu* disc\ragem5t f o!rs1 includ+ ,/ate & ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t au?orities4 ,on "o occasion ,i ?\ght ,i practically _h an ord] = a quantity ( ^! ,lamb walnut trees = a re=e/ation project4 ,h[ev]1 ! prospective pur*as]1 be=e plac+ 8 f9al ord]1 wrote to gov]nm5t au?orities1 !n wrote me z foll[s3 99 99 99 99 99 444 ,sept4 #cj1 #aidj 444 ,foll[+ "s inve/igation 9 connection ) ! s-call$ curly walnut v>ieties1 we h be5 advis$ by gov]nm5t au?orities t ^! trees d n =m1 or gr[ into1 a curly walnut tree at any "t dur+ ! gr[+ /age4 ,we took x = grant$ t ! wood =mation w\ld be ( a curly nature1 & = t reason we 7 int]e/$ 9 t p>ticul> v>iety4 ,9 view ( ?is in=mation :i* we h conc]n+ ^! trees1 we w\ld n be int]e/$ 9 gr[+ !m z we h pl5ty ( native black walnut "h4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is & o!r disc\ragem5ts1 f bo? gov]nm5t au?orities & individuals1 _h ab\t z mu* effect on me z ,k+ ,george's advice to ! ,am]ican p n to use tobacco2 !y smok$ calmly on1 & ,i cont9u$ to propagate ,lamb curly black walnut trees4 ,i h be5 propagat+ nut trees s9ce #aiaj1 & h nev] yet kn[n "o ( my propagat$ nut trees to fail to c>ry ! *>act]i/ics ( ! p>5t tree1 z to habits ( gr[?1 b>k1 bud =mation1 foliage1 texture ( wood1 or quality ( nuts4 ,! ,dem+ ,purple walnut tree1 :5 asexually propagat$1 reproduces ! purple wood1 s ,i reason$ ! ,lamb v>iety w\ld reproduce figur$ wood4 ,nature seldom blund]s4 ,value ( ,orig9al ,lamb ,walnut ,tree ,:5 ,i 0 9 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*igan1 a few ye>s ago1 do+ "s tree "w = ! late ,william ,j4 ,wallace1 he took me a few miles to ! location ( ! orig9al ,lamb tree4 ,x 0 ne> a small riv] 9 a gravel loam soil ne> ,ada1 ,k5t ,c\nty1 ,mi*igan4 ,! foll[+ is an extract ( a lett] receiv$ f ,mr4 ,lamb z to ! orig9al tree3 ,novemb] #bg1 #aibi ,lamb ,figur$ ,walnut-- ,cut into v5e]s #f to #ah;c p] sq4 ft4 7#a_/bh7 ,use3 ,furniture ,am\nt ( v5e]s #fjfbg' ,value3 #h1fcg4fb to #aj1iah4hf 7,prew>67--,ed4 ,logs produc$3 #h' x #ba--add ,log ,ft4 #f' x #ah-- #gc #aj' x #cf--fdj #ad' x #cj--eia #aj' x #cb--dij ,/ump --#ejj #bdch ,location ( tree--,ada1 ,k5t ,c\nty1 ,mi*igan4 ,location--,riv] flat #bj rods f riv]4 ,soil-,gravel loam4 ,type ( tree--,op5 gr[n4 ,%ape---,d\ble /ump4 ,height--#dj ft4 ,figure--,?r\gh\t ! tree4 ,mr4 ,lamb fur!r /ates 9 8 lett]3 ,unque/ionably x 0 "o ( ! mo/ ?or\ghly figur$ trees ev] discov]$1 & if figur$ wood w propagate itself ?is /ock %\ld1 c]ta9ly %\ld1 d s4 ,he fur!r /ates1 ,! figure 9 ?is tree 0 q app>5t1 ev5 9 ! small bran*es1 :ile ! ,=e/ ,products ,laboratory f\nd evid5ce ( a develop+ figure 9 ! twigs n ov] five ye>s old4 ,! wood specim5s ,i n[ h on exhibit "h 7 tak5 f "o ( my #ab-ye>-old graft$ trees t ,i cut1 & 9 !m y w f9d figure visible to ! nak$ eye1 or easily noticeable by t\*+ ) a f+]1 9 wood f bran*es n ov] #g ye>s old4 ,comp>+ age at :i* figure %[s 9 ! wood ( ! two trees1 ?is "y tree seems to be develop+ figure at an e>ly age1 z 9 ! p>5t tree4 ,my confid5ce 9 ?is outcome _h nev] be5 %ak5 by ! d\bts ( o!rs4 ,few seem$ to %>e ?is belief ) me1 & = ?is reason ,i h nev] pu%$ ! sale ( ,lamb trees4 ,n[ ,i d n hesitate to /ate t curly figure w reproduce 9 any propagat$ ,lamb trees1 z ! evid5ce be=e y "h is /rong] ?an any argum5t4 ,"o purpose ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association is to enc\rage ! p]petuation by propagation ( ! bett] v>ieties ( nut trees4 ,i consid] ! ,lamb v>iety "o ( ! be/ walnut trees kn[n f a timb] po9t ( view1 & until a bett] v>iety is f\nd ,i %all cont9ue to propagate ,lamb black walnut trees4 ,ed4 note3 ,! nuts on ,lamb trees1 z se5 at ,norris1 ,t5nessee1 dur+ ?is meet+1 appe> to be ( at lea/ av]age size & h bett] ?an av]age %ell /ructure4 ,!y probably w\ld be well adapt$ to ma*9e-crack+4 ,?us ! ,lamb w\ld n be a bad v>iety to gr[ = its nuts4 ,or we c\ld d\ble-"w ! trees1 to h ea* tree ) a good trunk ( ! ,lamb wood gr[+ b5ea? a fruit+ top ( any desir$ walnut v>iety4 ,"o or two ( our memb]s already h made a />t on ?is latt] s*eme ( propagation4 ,au?or's ,note3 ,! ,lamb v>iety is a rapid & upright gr[] & %\ld be well adapt$ z a /ock = ! purpose sugge/$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,i don't ?9k "o c m9imize ! importance ( :at ,mr4 ,wilk9son has done ) ! ,lamb curly walnut4 ,!re are possibilities "h t are ( imm5se value to ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 timb]4 ,n[1 ,i am v1 v sorry to put (f ! re/ ( ?is program until ?is aft]noon4 ,possibly we c "w a "p ( x !n4 ,meantime1 we _h bett] adj\rn4 ,mr4 ,*ase says t he has arrang$ = a gr\p picture to be tak5 at ! ,community ,build+ at "o o'clock4 ,let's ev]yone be !re at "o o'clock4 ,t means1 ( c\rse1 t y are go+ to cut ! s&wi* & c(fee pretty %ort4 ,all "r1 let's adj\rn4 7,lun*eon recess 0 tak547 ,tuesday ,aft]noon ,session ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,come to ord]1 please4 ,! fir/ speak] on ! aft]noon program is ,mr4 ,%iv]y4 ,i ?9k ,i w get ,mr4 ,*ase to say a ^w4 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,our next speak] is ,mr4 ,george ,%iv]y1 ,ext5sion ,=e/] = ! ,univ]sity ( ,t5nessee1 & ,i "k t ! int]e/ ( ?is ,association is 9 ! plant+ ( improv$ black walnuts1 & ,i simply c say ?is man arrang$ = ! plant+ ( m ,?omas walnut trees ?an any o!r man 9 ! _w4 ,george ,%iv]y4 ,! ,black ,walnut ,situation 9 ,t5nessee ,,george ,b4 ,,%iv]y1 ,ext5sion ,=e/]1 ,univ]sity ( ,t5nessee1 ,knoxville1 ,t5nessee4 ,mr4 ,%iv]y3 ,mr4 ,*airman & memb]s ( ! ,association3 ,i c]ta9ly appreciate t complim5t made by ,mr4 ,*ase1 & ,i want to assure all ( y t we c]ta9ly are int]e/$ 9 ! black walnut 9 ,t5nessee4 ,9 ! pa/ we h _h to dep5d pretty mu* on ! wild black walnut1 & we w = ye>s 9 ! future4 ,b we h done ev]y?+ possible to get di/ribution on ?is ,?omas improv$ black walnut :i* has be5 propagat$ "h ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,mr4 ,*ase1 ,mr4 ,z>g] & o!r memb]s 9 8 division4 ,x seems to me t ?is black walnut k]nel indu/ry is sort ( a tradition1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,ea/ ,t5nessee4 ,if y h liv$ 9 ?is /ate z long z ,i h1 y h become curi\s ab\t its hi/ory4 ,well1 9 ! e>ly days !re 7 no railroads 9 ?is /ate1 & comm]ce mov$ pretty mu* by means ( wagon team1 & ! supply c5t] seem$ to be ,baltimore1 ,m>yl&4 ,n[1 ,i c visualize v well t on outb\nd trips !y d\btless c>ri$ black walnut k]nels1 & on ! way 91 ( c\rse1 !y'd br+ clo?+ & o!r mat]ials t 7 n produc$ "h at home4 ,9 ! e>ly days !y produc$ trem5d\s am\nts ( maple sug> & maple syrup4 ,d\btless ?is 0 consum$ at home & n[adays we don't h any evid5ce ( t1 because ! climatic conditions 9 ,new ,york ,/ate & o!r nor!rn /ates & ,new ,engl& are mu* bett] suit$ to ! fl[ ( ! sap4 ,! wea!r1 ,i believe1 is n s *angeable up !re4 ,our wea!r is *angeable4 ,we may h a v sev]e cold week1 & !n 9 t5 days x w be balmy & pretty wea!r4 ,we hav5't made any ef=t to br+ back ! sug> maple indu/ry4 ,we don't consid] x economic 9 ?is /ate1 because cane sug> 9 ! pa/ has be5 *eap 9 price1 & !n we h ano!r product t "s ( y may n be famili> )1 sorghum molasses4 ,t s]ves z dess]t lots ( times 9 _m meals1 hot biscuits & sorghum to f9i% up ! meal4 ,n[1 ,i might m5tion some?+ ab\t ! size ( ! black walnut indu/ry 9 ?is /ate4 ,we e/imate t !re are eight million p\nds ( uncrack$ :ole walnuts produc$ on ! av]age 9 a normal crop ye> 9 ,t5nessee1 & !re is ano!r five million p\nds t is nev] ga!r$1 nev] hull$1 nev] ent]s ! m>ket1 nev] us$1 & ! value ( ?is crop 9 a normal ye> w\ld be ar\nd #gej1jjj4 ,t is = ! nuts1 ! fruit1 ! k]nels4 ,if y speak ( timb] x w am\nt to #ifj1jjj4 ,t is 9 ! =m ( lumb] & v5e]s1 & if y figure t 9 ! =m ( a log at ! %ipp+ po9t1 we'd r$uce t figure & say x w\ld be #dhj1jjj4 ,i ?9k to und]/& ?is /ate y h to give "s consid]ation to physiographic regions1 & if y w be> ) me ,i'd l to sket* ?r\gh ^! regions ( ! /ate1 because !y h a be>+ on production ( black walnut4 ,"h 9 ! ea/ we h ! ,ea/ ,t5nessee ,m\nta9s1 & proce$+ we/w>d we h ! ,great ,valley ( ,ea/ ,t5nessee4 ,x goes all ! way d[n to ,*attanooga1 up ?r\gh ,bri/ol1 on up ?r\gh ,virg9ia to ,hag]/[n1 ,m>yl&1 all ! way up to ,h>risburg1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,we h f9e soil1 & we also h diff]5t k9ds ( %ale 9 t valley4 ,!n we proce$ we/w>d4 ,we come to ! ,cumb]l& ,plateau1 & ! elevation ( ?is plateau is ar\nd #b1jjj feet4 ,x is high] ?an ?is valley4 ,!n we cross t & we rea* ?is area 7indicat+ on map74 ,t is :at we call ! ,highl& ,rim4 ,t is made up ( lime/one soil ( a diff]5t "*1 usually1 ?an t 9 ?is ,ea/ ,t5nessee valley4 ,t is :at we t]m ! ,ea/]n ,highl& ,rim1 & ?is ar\nd "h 7indicat+7 we t]m ! ,we/]n ,highl& ,rim4 ,& ?is r$ portion w\ld be ! ,c5tral ,bas9 9 :i* ,na%ville is situat$4 ,!n y w\ld travel ?r\gh ?is c5tral elevation1 come up on ! ,we/]n ,highl& ,rim1 & !n y come up "h & y cross ! ,t5nessee ,riv] fl[+ nor?4 ,!n y get into ,we/ ,t5nessee4 ,n[1 t is coa/al pla9 soil1 & z y approa* ! ,mississippi ,riv] "h y h a cov]+ ( :at ! ,g]mans call loess1 f9e1 w9d-bl[n mat]ial1 silt loam4 ,s t v sket*ily gives y "s idea ( ! physiographic regions 9 ?is /ate4 ,n[ y want to "k :]e ^! black walnuts are gr[n4 ,well1 up ab\t "h 7indicat+ ! nor!a/7 we h ! t[ns ( ,gre5eville & ,rog]sville & ,morri/[n & ,jonesboro1 ! c\nties ( ,wa%+ton ,c\nty1 ,gre5e ,c\nty1 ,hawk9s ,c\nty1 say1 t5 c\nties2 radiat+ ar\nd ^? t5 c\nties y h 9 ! pa/ _h great quantities ( walnut k]nels produc$ & sold4 ,n[1 g on d[n ?is valley pa/ ,knoxville1 & ,mc,minn ,c\nty 7s\!a/7 has "s ye>s produc$ heavy crops ( walnuts4 ,s y h heavy production all ?r\gh ! valley4 ,!re's ano!r c5t]1 we might t]m x1 ( ab\t six c\nties 9 ?is c5tral bas94 ,b ,i don't want y to get ! wrong impression1 because walnuts gr[ 9 almo/ any c\nty 9 ?is /ate1 b ,i am m5tion+ ^! great] produc+ areas4 ,& ?is ,c\nty ( ,williamson s\? ( ,na%ville 9 ye>s pa/ has s5t pl5ty ( walnuts to m>ket4 ,s t's a walnut produc+ area4 ,& up "h 9 ?is ,highl& ,rim we h "s c\nties by ! "n ( ,pickett & ,ov]ton & ,clay ,c\nty4 ,well1 !y produce walnuts1 & ! p up !re h 9 ! pa/ crack$ out a lot ( walnuts4 ,& 9 ,montgom]y ,c\nty !y produce walnuts4 ,s ! normal trade c5t]s :]e ^! walnuts move is really to a great degree "h at ?is t[n ( ,morri/[n 9 ,ea/ ,t5nessee1 & ,na%ville 9 ,middle ,t5nessee1 & ?is ,middle ,t5nessee c5t] draws f ,k5tucky4 ,9 fact1 ^! f\r or five l>ge %ell+ conc]ns "k ab\t ! walnuts pretty mu* all ov] ! entire walnut produc+ t]ritory4 ,?r\gh ! ye>s ! ,agricultural ,ext5sion ,s]vice1 ,univ]sity ( ,t5nessee1 ) :i* ,i am connect$1 has be5 ke5ly int]e/$ 9 assi/+ 9 any way we c to get additional income out ( walnut k]nels1 & 9 rec5t ye>s ! :ole uncrack$ walnut4 ,& ev5 ?\gh ,i am a =e/] ,i c see ! possibilities ( ?is1 & we l to c>ry x along4 ,9 fact1 ,i consid] walnut z k9d ( a dual-purpose tree1 f9e = timb] production1 also = production ( nuts1 walnut meats or k]nels4 ,y might t]m x a triple-purpose tree4 ,i don't ?9k !re is any bett] tree ?an t = a %ade tree 9 pa/ures1 9 ! field1 & ar\nd ! home1 because = "o reason x makes :at we t]m 9 ?is /ate a cold %ade1 & x is n a hot %ade l y get "u a sug> maple4 ,! maple has a d5se foliage4 ,& z ,mr4 ,*ance indicat$ ?is morn+1 walnut is usually associat$ ) blue grass4 ,blue grass w gr[ "u x4 ,i guess "s ( y "h rememb] ! ye>s ( ! depression1 & ,i rememb] 9 #aicb1 = example1 we _h a heavy crop ( black walnuts 9 ! /ate4 ,!n ,i believe ! price = k]nels ( #ae c5ts a p\nd w\ld h be5 a good price dur+ t ye>1 & "s ( !m probably sold = less4 ,s if we _h ! "t we w\ld foll[ ?r\gh all ! ye>s1 beg9n+ ) #aibg1 b j to make x z brief z possible1 ,i w leave ^? out1 b ,i w\ld l to m5tion ! ye> #aida4 ,x sort ( disrupt$ ?+s 9 ! k]nel indu/ry1 because at t "t ! ,pure ,food & ,drug p came 9 "h & set up regulations1 & x int]f]$ ) ! m]*&is+ ( ^! k]nels1 because ! produc] _h to satisfy c]ta9 sanit>y regulations1 & x really s\nd$ worse ?an x 04 ,anyway1 x confus$ our p1 & probably t is ab\t ! ye> 9 :i* we _h ?is big %ift f ! production ( walnut k]nels crack$ out at home to a sale ( uncrack$ walnuts to ^! %ell+ plants4 ,!n ano!r ye> t ,i ?9k ( 7we always ?9k ( ^! z walnut crop ye>s7 0 #aide1 & t ye> we got bett] prices1 probably1 ?an ev] be=e or s9ce1 & a lot ( our c\ntry p 7 able to sell hull$ uncrack$ walnuts z high z #f p] hundr$ p\nds4 ,we w cont9ue to be int]e/$ 9 ?is indu/ry1 b1 ( c\rse1 n[adays ! wage scale is high] & money is n wor? z mu* z x 0 9 ! pa/1 s x really seems to me t 9 ord] to get out ?is crop we j h to try to make ! price a little m attractive4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,we are n[ go+ to he> f ,mr4 ,%essl] ( ,ohio1 on 8 me?od ( graft+1 & ,i wi% to assure y t he kn[s :at he is talk+ ab\t4 ,he has done a lot ( x4 ,graft+ ,walnuts 9 ,ohio ,,sylve/] ,,%essl]1 ,g5oa1 ,ohio ,9 #aicd ! ,ohio ,nut ,gr[]s ,association conduct$ a black walnut nut conte/4 ,i read ab\t x 9 ! ,ohio ,f>m]4 ,z soon z ! names ( ! w9n]s appe>$ 9 t publication1 ea* own] 0 contact$ = "s nuts f ! prize w9n+ trees4 ,answ]s 7 receiv$ f n9e ( ! #aj w9n]s4 ,i did n receive nuts f ! ,hoov] tree4 ,! ,br[n nuts ,i plant$ came up 9 #aice & ! trees are n[ #bb feet high1 ) spread ( #bb feet1 & are #bg ,in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! ,tritt5 prize nuts 7 plant$ 9 a f5ce r[4 ,^! did n come up ! fir/ ye>4 ,! next ye> ,i pl[$ & disk$ ! pat* ( gr\nd & plant$ potatoes4 ,to my surprise ! ,tritt5 se$l+s came up ) ! potatoes4 ,i let !m gr[ & ,i n[ h five trees f ^! nuts4 ,all ( ^! trees produce nuts :i* resemble ! orig9al ,tritt5 nut & h good crack+ quality4 ,"o 9 p>ticul> fills out nicely1 has a v ?9 hull1 & is a little l>g] ?an ! orig9al ,tritt54 ,i h nam$ x ! ,%essl]4 ,! ,br[n se$l+ trees also produce good nuts4 ,! se$l+ trees f ! ,c[le nuts produce nuts ) r\gh %ells4 ,foll[+ my nut plant+ project ,i began to collect scions f all ( ! orig9al trees4 ,mr4 ,hom] ,jacobs1 ( ,k5t1 ,ohio1 suppli$ me ) scions f ! ,tritt5 tree4 ,! next ye> ,mr4 ,jacobs ask$ me to s5d him scions f ! ,br[n tree z he int5d$ to b5*-graft "s4 ,i h plant$ nuts along a road #hj rods long1 s t ,i c\ld h _m /ocks to top-"w4 ,i began to graft 9 #aice1 us+ ! se$l+ trees z /ock4 ,i n[ h #bjj se$l+ black walnut trees1 #ajj graft$ black walnut trees1 #be graft$ ,p]sian walnuts1 #bj *e/nut trees1 two bu>tnuts1 #ae he>tnuts1 six pecans1 "o butt]nut1 #bj graft$ hickory trees & five p]simmons4 ,"s ( ^! trees are plant$ 9 or*>d =m1 o!rs are scatt]$ along f5ce r[s4 ,= graft+1 ,i cut scions s t !re is ab\t f\r in*es ( two-ye>-old wood at ! base & "s "o-ye>-old wood ) small matur$ buds4 ,^! small buds w gr[1 z a rule4 ,! scions are kept 9 damp sawdu/ until us$4 ,i l ! /ock to be a half to "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,i wait until ! trees are 9 full leaf be=e ,i graft4 ,aft] leaf+ out ! /ock does n ble$4 ,if ,i f9d t ! /ock is ble$+ h>d :5 ,i cut back1 ,i wait a few days be=e graft+4 ,x is a wa/e ( "t to graft :5 ! /ock is ble$+4 ,i h graft$ v e>ly :5 ! b>k w\ld n ble$ at all4 ,i j dug d[n into ! cambium lay] & put 9 ! scion4 ,i tri$ "o ,p]sian & ?ree black walnuts l ?is & all grew4 ,i use ! slot b>k me?od ( graft+1 z describ$ 9 ,mr4 ,re$'s bullet9 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,f>m]s ,bull4 #aeja4 ,! /ock is cut /raight across & ,i put ! l[] bud j above ! b>k on ! outside4 ,i r\gh5 ! b>k ( ! scion t fits j beh9d ! b>k ( ! /ock4 ,a small nail is pu%$ ?r\gh ! b>k & scion ) ! h&le ( my knife4 ,i g5]ally tie ) cord b sometimes :5 ! b>k is heavy ,i d n use cord4 ,a two-p\nd pap] sack ) a hole on ! e>? side is plac$ ov] ! graft & ! sack is ti$ at ! bottom4 ,?is s]ves z a hot h\se & protects ! scion f ra94 ,z soon z leaves appe> on ! scion1 ! sack is remov$ & all ! new spr\ts are brok5 (f bel[ ! graft4 ,i put only "o scion on ea* graft4 ,i use ,beck's cold wax4 ,x is easy to ?9 ) wat] & ,i j flatt5 a /ick = my bru%4 ,i nev] wax ! bud b wax scion well on top4 ,i _c give an accurate c\nt ( my graft+ success b e/imate t #ge p]c5t ( my grafts live4 ,r ?an keep records ,i use t "t to graft m trees4 ,i am n an exp]im5t]--,i simply l to h graft$ nut trees4 ,my own trees are scatt]$ ov] a two-mile area4 ,i h graft$ trees 9 ,tol$o & ,gr& ,rapids4 ,e ,sunday ,i att5d *ur*1 !n 9 ! aft]noon ,i graft trees4 ,my aim is to try all ! promis+ trees & select ! be/ & we$ out ! poor ones4 ,i am sav+ only ! trees t be> nuts e ye>4 ,9 #aidg1 ,i graft$ ! ,ohio #aidf prize w9n+ black walnuts4 ,i a*iev$ survival on all except ,nos4 #e & #h4 ,! scionwood ( ^! two 0 9 poor condition & ,i did n ?9k !y w\ld live4 ,i also h ,no4 #ed :i* looks promis+ to me4 ,i am look+ =w>d to o!r conte/s 9 ,ohio & else:]e s t we c uncov] "s m sup]ior black walnuts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,?ank y1 ,mr4 ,%essl]4 ,mr4 ,slate1 w y say a ^w to u on graft+8 ,t's "r along ! same l9e4 ,graft+ ,walnuts 9 ! ,gre5h\se ,,george ,l4 ,,slate1 ,/ate ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,g5eva1 ,n4 ,y4 ,walnuts h be5 graft$ 9 pots 9 ! gre5h\se at ! ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,g5eva1 ,n4 ,y4 = a doz5 ye>s or m & ! practice is successful & v useful4 ,?is me?od 0 adopt$ = two reasons4 ,fir/3 ,"u field conditions results are (t5 unc]ta91 ow+ to ! vag>ies ( ! wea!r or neglect at a critical "t4 ,! inexp]tness ( ! op]ator made x desirable t ! "w be done "u z favorable conditions z possible1 ) ! hope t a favorable environm5t might ov]come 9 "p ! lack ( skill4 ,second3 ,! "w c be done 9 ,m>* be=e ! field "w beg9s1 :]eas field graft+ 9 ,may w\ld (t5 n get done ow+ to ! pressure ( o!r "w at t "t4 ,?is me?od is n orig9al ) ! writ]1 b is simil> to ! me?od us$ at ! ,ea/ ,mall+ ,rese>* ,/ation 9 ,engl& & describ$ by ,witt 9 #aibh #a4 ,! root/ocks1 two ye> old black walnut se$l+s rais$ f nuts plant$ 9 ! nurs]y1 are dug 9 ! fall1 /or$ 9 ! nurs]y cell> until late ,febru>y or e>ly ,m>*1 at :i* "t !y are pott$ 9 six or eight in* pots1 dep5d+ ^u ! size ( ! root/ocks4 ,! roots are cut back s t ! plant w fit 9 ! pot4 ,at ?is "t ! tops are cut (f1 leav+ ! /em ab\t #h in*es high4 ,! pots are plac$ 9 a w>m h\se1 wat]$ z ne$$1 & 9 ab\t #aj days ! buds beg9 to break4 ,! ,jones modifi$ cleft graft is us$4 ,! /ub is cut (f at graft+ "t & ! cleft is made by cutt+1 n splitt+1 ! /ock ) a l>ge graft+ knife4 ,! scion is ti$ 9 place ) nurs]y tape1 half-in* size1 ) a %ort wick lead+ out ( ! cleft4 ,! scion is pa9t$ ) graft+ wax4 ,c>e ( ! ,graft$ ,plant ,! pot is set 9 a propagat+ frame ab\t #ah in*es deep1 ) bottom heat1 & cov]$ ) glass1 plus la? or clo? %ade4 ,an in* ( peat 9 ! bottom ( ! frame is desirable1 to hold moi/ure & ma9ta9 high humidity4 ,! temp]ature ( ! frame is kept 9 ! eighties1 b is n all[$ to g above #ij deg4,f4 ,"u ^! conditions ( w>m? & high humidity1 gr[? activity is rapid & 9 ab\t two weeks ! buds break1 al?\gh1 "s may n />t = a mon?4 ,?is spr+ adv5titi\s buds develop$ on sev]al scions4 ,_m suck]s arise f bel[ ! graft1 & ^! are rubb$ (f two or ?ree times a week4 ,z soon z ! %oots f ! scion are two or ?ree in*es long ! plants may be remov$ to a cool] h\se1 :]e !re is less dang] ( ov]heat+ on hot spr+ days4 ,lat]1 !y g to ! cold frame = h>d5+ (f1 & :5 dang] ( fro/ is ov] aft] ,may #ba/1 !y are set 9 ! nurs]y = two ye>s4 ,fir/ ye> gr[? is n ov] eight or t5 in*es1 b ! second ye> ! plants gr[ to ?ree or f\r feet or ev5 m 9 a favorable season4 ,! p]c5tage ( grafts />t+ dep5ds l>gely on ! scion wood4 ,wood cut f vigor\s "y trees :i* is graft$ ! same day w give a #ij p]c5t /& or bett]1 b wood f o!r s\rces v>ies accord+1 to ! age & vigor ( ! tree f :i* x is cut & ! p]c5tage ( success may be mu* less4 ,?is me?od is useful = small scale op]ations :]e a gre5h\se is available & x is desirable to d ! graft+ be=e outside "w int]f]es ) x4 ,= "o n skill$ 9 nut tree graft+ success is probably m c]ta9 ?an ) nurs]y graft+4 ,lit]ature ,cit$ #a ,witt1 ,a4 ,w4 ,! vegetative propagation ( walnuts4 ,ann4 ,rpt4 ( ! ,ea/ ,mall+ ,rese>* ,/ation #ad? & #ae? ,yrs4 #aibf-aibg ,,ii ,supplem5t pp4 #fj-fd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,!re are pl5ty ( u :o don't "k mu* ab\t graft+1 & ,i did want y to he> ,mr4 ,slate's me?od4 ,x is c]ta9ly wor? try+ & w\ld come at a pleasant "t ( ! ye>1 w\ld be easy to d1 & any ( u c\ld try x out4 ,we n[ %\ld l to he> f ,mr4 ,cl>ke on ,nut ,inve/igations at ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,college4 ,nut ,inve/igations at ! ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,college ,,william ,s4 ,,cl>ke1 ,,jr41 ,/ate ,college1 ,p5nsylvania ,our pres5t "w 9 nut gr[+ at ! ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,college 0 begun 9 #aidf4 ,"s "w _h be5 />t$ _m ye>s ago1 & a small numb] ( trees 7 plant$1 mo/ly black walnut2 b a site 0 select$ :i* prov$ to be v cold & fro/y1 & mo/ ( ! trees soon di$4 ,fur!r "w _h be5 plann$ at a lat] date1 b ! depression & lack ( labor & l& prev5t$ u f gett+ "u way !n4 ,:5 ! pres5t project 9 nut gr[+ 0 approv$1 ! c\ntry 0 j beg9n+ to recov] f ! rec5t w>1 & mat]ials ( mo/ k9ds1 includ+ nut trees1 7 v difficult to obta94 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to le>n z mu* z possible ab\t nut trees1 we />t$ at ! beg9n+1 ) ! se$4 ,ab\t two bu%els ( hull$ black walnuts 7 collect$ f f5ce-r[ trees2 "s 7 plant$ out 9 ! gr\nd t autumn1 & "s 7 plac$ 9 soil 9 a box & kept ov] w9t] on ! outdoor por* ( ! pack+ h\se4 ,"s hickory & pecan nuts 7 b\ght & also /or$ 9 a simil> box4 ,! only nuts :i* grew 7 ^? plant$ out 9 ! gr\nd4 ,!y gave u a good g]m9ation1 :ile n a s+le nut /or$ 9 ! boxes grew4 ,at ! pres5t "t we h ab\t #bjj black walnut se$l+s 9 ! nurs]y4 ,:5 !y are a ye> or two old]1 !y w be graft$ to sev]al ( ! nam$ v>ieties ( black walnuts1 & ^? t take w be plant$ out 9 a nut or*>d4 ,^! se$l+ trees 7 transplant$ aft] "o ye>'s gr[?4 ,ab\t f\r or five times z mu* ( ! walnut plant 0 und]gr\nd 9 ! root z grew above gr\nd :]e we c\ld see x4 ,s9ce ! fir/ ye>'s "w we h made a few pur*ases1 & plant$ a few m nut se$s4 ,at ! pres5t "t we h plant$ five pairs ( nam$ v>ieties ( filb]ts1 f\r ,*9ese *e/nuts1 ( :i* ?ree survive1 f\r ,p]sian walnuts1 ?ree ( :i* survive1 & two ,japanese walnuts4 ,we also h a few se$l+s ( ,turki% tree hazel obta9$ f nuts s5t to u by "o ( our fri5ds 9 ! /ate ( ,wa%+ton & a few butt]nut se$l+s gr[n f nuts ( a tree on ! college campus4 ,future plans include an or*>d ) _m ( ! nam$ v>ieties ( black walnuts & also1 we hope1 "s ( ! new h>dy /ra9s & selections ( ! ,p]sian walnut be+ introduc$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,repres5tative specim5s ( a wide range ( nut species w be collect$4 ,"s fur!r "w on *e/nuts & filb]ts may be attempt$ if !y prove to be h>dy "h4 ,plans = ! m di/ant future include /udies 9 soil f]tilization & 9 spray+ = disease & insect control4 ,cold ,injury 9 #aidg-dh ,?is pa/ w9t] has be5 v h>d on nut trees1 & on "s o!r trees z well4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! cold wea!r ( ! autumn began v sudd5ly aft] six weeks ( un9t]rupt$ w>m wea!r )\t any cool nights to h>d5 ! wood4 ,9 late ,septemb] a few days ( cool wea!r came1 & !n ?ree nights 9 five ) temp]atures ne> #bj deg44 ,! walnut foliage & "s ( ! y\nge/ wood turn$ black4 ,next came a w9t] ) extremely l[ temp]atures1 ) ! m9ima rang+ f #ah to #bc degrees bel[ z]o ov] our or*>d l&4 ,our f\r ,p]sian walnut trees 7 kill$ back to ! gr\nd2 ?ree ( !m h spr\t$ ?is summ] f ! roots4 ,consid]able leaf bud kill+ occurr$ on ,*9ese *e/nut4 ,"o ,japanese walnut di$ back to ! gr\nd & has spr\t$ f ! roots4 ,! o!r tree lo/ mo/ ( its y\ng] wood1 b "s buds ne> ! base ( la/ season's gr[? h spr\t$ out to make a new top4 ,sev]al specim5s ( ! gold5 *9kap9 7,ca/anopsis7 ( ! ,pacific ,coa/1 :i* _h made "o ye>'s gr[? "h1 7 kill$ outright4 ,mo/ ( ! t]m9al buds & y\nge/ wood ( our nurs]y trees ( black walnut 7 kill$1 b ! trees h gr[n well ?is ye> f ! lat]al buds4 ,9 ! woods "s black walnuts :i* _h be5 cut d[n ab\t f\r or five ye>s ago1 & :i* _h made spr\t gr[? n[ ab\t fifte5 feet high1 7 kill$ back f two to f\r feet by ! w9t]4 ,a tw5ty-ye>-old ,/abl] black walnut on our lawn lo/ _m ( its top limbs1 ?\gh ! l[] limbs surviv$ ! w9t] all "r4 ,"s o!r types ( trees 7 also badly damag$3 "s locu/ trees 7 kill$ to ! gr\nd1 & _m o!rs 7 kill$ to v old wood4 ,a g9kgo tree on our lawn 0 kill$ back to ! ma9 trunk4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! few times t ,i h ev] se5 injury on ?is species4 ,"o ( ! five nam$ v>ieties ( filb]ts1 ,pal1 escap$ w9t] injury4 ,du,chilly & ,italian ,r$ ea* h "o good tree & "o t 0 kill$ back to ! gr\nd1 b is n[ spr\t+ f ! roots4 ,( ,m$ium ,long1 bo? trees h be5 kill$ way back4 ,"o tree ( ,cos=d 0 kill$ completely1 & ! o!r tree has be5 badly damag$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,?ank y1 ,mr4 ,cl>ke4 ,our family /opp$ on ! way at a %ell+ plant :]e !y 7 h&l+ nuts by ! ton1 n ! bu%el1 j ! ton4 ,i am n exagg]at+4 ,y h all he>d ! hill-billy program f ,r5fro ,valley1 no d\bt1 & we h ) u today ! man :o is runn+ t crack+ plant & also ?is hill-billy *orus1 ,tom ,mull9s1 :o w tell u ab\t :at he is do+ d[n at ,r5fro ,valley4 ,black ,walnuts3 ,a ,new ,specialty at ,r5fro ,valley ,,tom ,,mull9s1 ,r5fro ,valley1 ,k5tucky ,mr4 ,mull9s3 ,z ,mr4 ,davidson said1 ,i come f a little hill-billy section up 9 ,k5tucky kn[n z ,r5fro ,valley4 ,up until ab\t a ye> ago ! ma9 commodity !re 0 hill-billy music & a lot ( noise on ,saturday night4 ,ab\t la/ ,augu/ our boss !re k9d ( got int]e/$ 9 black walnuts4 ,!re 7 a lot ( !m go+ to wa/e all ov] ! c\nty due to ! fact t mo/ ( our locals up !re are k9d ( lazy4 ,!y don't l to get up !re & /omp !m out4 ,8 orig9al idea 0 to set up a hull+ plant & hull ! nuts & !n buy ! walnuts f ! locals aft] !y 7 dri$4 ,"o ?+ l$ to ano!r1 & we talk$ to ,mr4 ,mc,cauley !re1 & ,dad b\ght a big walnut plant to process black walnuts all ! way ?r\gh4 ,he 0 new to x & s 0 ,i4 ,he said1 ,let's buy a million p\nds ( black walnuts4 ,i didn't any m "k :at a million p\nds ( black walnuts 0 ?an ,i "k h[ _m gra9s ( s& is 9 ?ree or f\r buckets4 ,x didn't take me v long1 ,i ?9k x 0 #ca days1 & ,i b\ght #a1jcj1jjj p\nds4 ,t's a :ole lot ( walnuts 9 anybody's language4 ,"o ( ! local boys on our radio program came up ) ! bright idea t be=e 9 ,r5fro ,valley we us$ to be j half nuts2 n[ we are walnuts4 ,we />t$ crack+ ^! ?+s along ab\t ! #ae? ( ,octob]1 & la/ ,saturday we crack$ our la/ #aj1jjj p\nds4 ,our ma*9e is capable ( crack+ approximately #aj1jjj p\nds 9 an #h-;h\r %ift1 & we c>ry ! walnut all ! way ?r\gh to remove any ( ! field litt] t x may h :5 x is pick$ up1 & ?r\gh clean+ air bla/s & into a crack+ ma*9e t does d>n ne> all ! "w4 ,! only ?+ we hav5't be5 able to figure out yet is h[ to get ?is ma*9e to tell a bad k]nel f a good "o4 ,we h to leave t to "s ( ! girls :o d ! "w on ! pick+ belts4 ,our future plan = ?is fall is to buy a million & a half p\nds ?is ye> & process !m4 ,i believe "o ( ^! g5tlem5 a :ile ago m5tion$ some?+ ab\t ! pure food laws4 ,!y are pretty r\gh on u4 ,we h to pa/eurize our walnuts4 ,! /ate law ( ,k5tucky requires #aij degrees ( heat = an h\r & a half4 ,t's a lot ( heat4 ,we package our nuts 9 two-ounce packages & 9 #ce & #ej-p\nd c>tons = ! :olesale trade4 ,t has creat$ q a little indu/ry !re 9 our c\nty4 ,we h "o c\nty !re1 ,cl>k ,c\nty--,w9*e/]1 ,k5tucky1 is ! c\nty seat ( x--& out ( t "o c\nty la/ ye> alone ,i b\ght #hjj1jjj p\nds ( walnuts4 ,t 01 walnuts 9 ! hull t ! f>m] _h pick$ up & br\ght to u 9 trucks4 ,our success 0 n too great 9 ?is me?od ( hull+ gre5 walnuts to get our supply4 ,we w]5't adequately fix$ up to dry ! walnuts & take c>e ( !m 9 /orage4 ,we lo/ a few ( !m t way1 b ,i ?9k ?is ye> we h a little bett] s5se & w let ! f>m] /omp !m out4 ,we are work+ n[ on an educational program1 bo? newspap] & radio1 to p]suade ! f>m]s 9 our locality to let _! walnut trees gr[4 ,we tell !m ne>ly all ! walnut trees w produce en\gh k]nels or %ell$ walnuts to br+ 9 z mu* money z !y w\ld if cut d[n & tak5 to ! mill & us$ = saw logs4 ,t is our ma9 problem n[1 to try to keep ! black walnut indu/ry work+ !re 9 our community4 ,& our future plans call = plant+s ( black walnut se$l+s & conv9c+ ! f>m] & ! #d-;,h ,club memb]s & all ! boys 9 ! ,future ,f>m]s ( ,am]ica & organizations l t to protect & cultivate _! black walnut trees4 ,i am k9d ( on ! f5ce ?is ye>4 ,i /uck my neck away out ! o!r day & b\ght a f>m4 ,aft] *eck+ ! f>m ,i f\nd ,i _h ab\t #fjj walnut trees4 ,n[1 !n1 ,i am holl]+ on "o h& = an increase 9 prices ( raw mat]ial1 & z a %ell] ,i am holl]+ on ! o!r h& to get ! prices d[n4 ,b ,i believe z a produc] = next ye> ,i am go+ to try to =get ab\t ! %ell+ & let ! prices g to ! devil4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,w\ld y m9d tell+ u :at y _h to pay = ! walnuts 9 ! %ell8 ,mr4 ,mull9s3 ,our av]age la/ ye> 0 #d4cc4 ,we w5t z high z #d4hj4 ,"s ( ^? we b\ght hurri$ly-- ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,9 ! hull8 ,mr4 ,mull9s3 ,no1 t's dry %ell4 ,our walnuts 9 ! hull we paid a doll> & a qu>t] a hundr$ =1 & if we _h _h good success we'd h made "s money on x at t angle4 ,!re is "o "q ,i'd l to put be=e y g5tlem54 ,maybe "s ( y "k a little some?+ ab\t x4 ,i 0 read+ an article n long ago 9 ,popul> ,me*anics ,magaz9e ab\t "s plant on ! ,we/ ,coa/ t is develop+ ! ,vitam9 ,c cont5t ( ! walnut hull itself4 ,x is v high1 ! ,vitam9 ,c cont5t 9 ! walnut hull4 ,ano!r ?+ we did la/ ye>4 ,aft] we hull$ all ( ^! walnuts we _h a mess ( hulls on h&1 & our f>m]s 7 a little reluctant to come & get !m4 ,we tri$ to talk !m into us+ !m = f]tiliz]4 ,!y are k9d ( l "s ( ! boys1 !y h got to be %[n4 ,!y h to see somebody else d x be=e !y tackle x4 ,out ( curiosity ,i laid my g>d5 (f & divid$ x 9 half1 & on "o half ,i put a top dress+ ( ^! dri$-out1 pulv]iz$ walnut hulls1 & ,i firmly believe t ! side t _h ! walnut hulls on x produc$ twice z mu*4 ,& "s ( ! boys 9 ! neighborhood k9d ( notic$ :at k9d ( g>d5 ,i _h1 & we don't h any hull problem anymore4 ,!y c>ri$ !m all (f4 ,same way ) ! %ells4 ,we tri$ to get !m to haul ! %ells (f to use !m on ! fields = tobacco l& & to gr[ blue grass1 & !y f\nd out t 0 pretty good1 s !y are bo!r+ u n[ ab\t our %ells4 ,we h ano!r by-product4 ,x is too small a granule k]nel to g ?r\gh1 & we c't remove ! %ell f x4 ,we h tri$ t out on *ick5s & hogs & "s o!r f>m animals1 turkeys1 ducks & geese4 ,"o boy t works = me !re 9 ! crack+ plant _h #bh h5s4 ,he _h !m 9 a p51 & he 0 gett+ six & eight eggs a day4 ,s ,i talk$ him into tak+ "s ( ^! granules home & fe$+ !m to 8 *ick5s1 & 9 two weeks 8 #bh h5s 7 produc+ #bj to #bd eggs a day4 ,t k9d ( settl$ t problem1 too4 ,"s ( ! boys k9d ( got an idea !y'd l to h "s ( t4 ,a lot ( y folks are "h f ! ,nor?1 & y possibly w\ld be go+ back along ,highway #be go+ home1 & ,i'd l to ext5d an invitation n[ to /op (f tomorr[ or ! next day & look ov] our plant4 ,x's q int]e/+1 q a complicat$ piece ( ma*9]y4 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley at ,*icago is ! g5tleman :o design$ ! ma*9e1 & he w h some?+ to say ab\t x4 ,"o ( ! local f>m]s came 9 to see t ma*9e "o day1 & x 0 op]at+1 j batt+ ! k]nels out "r & left4 ,he look$ up at x1 g&]$ x all ov]1 & ,i ask$ him :at he ?\ght x 04 ,he said1 ,x's a damn lie4 ,t ?+ c't d x4 ,s come see u4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,?ank y1 ,mr4 ,mull9s4 ,next1 ,m>ket+ ,black ,walnut ,k]nels4 ,?is fits 9 ) :at ,mr4 ,mull9s has said4 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley f ,*icago w tell u ab\t x4 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley4 ,m>ket+ ,black ,walnut ,k]nels ,f4 ,j4 ,mc,c,a,u,l,e,y1 ,mc,cauley ,company1 ,*icago1 ,ill9ois ,mr4 ,*airman1 ladies & g5tlem53 ,tom has got me on ! spot "h4 ,i came "h to speak to y ab\t ! m>ket+ ( black walnuts4 ,ma*9]y is a hobby ( m9e1 & t ?+ !re 0 j "o ( ^? (f-%oots ( an inf]tile bra94 ,b ,tom is hav+ a lot ( tr\ble1 & a lot ( fun ) x1 s if y p w\ld l to see t ma*9e1 t p>ticul> ma*9e1 ,i am glad t he invit$ y up !re4 ,x may give y a little diff]5t idea ( :at ! %ell] is up aga9/ 9 ! salvag+ ( black walnut k]nels4 ,y are int]e/$ 9 gr[+ ! black walnuts & o!r nuts 9 ! %ell1 b !y d h to be prep>$ = ! public1 & ,tom's job1 & o!r p's t are 9 ! %ell+ bus9ess1 is gett+ !m out4 ,! ma*9es are made at ,knoxville1 ,t5nessee1 & y c get a fairly dec5t idea ab\t ! %ell+ ( black walnuts f ! ma*9e ,smalley has4 ,tom's is a mu* l>g] size4 ,n[ we w get d[n to ?is ?+ ,i came "h to talk to y ab\t1 ! m>ket+ ( black walnuts4 ,my spee* is divid$ into ?ree p>ts2 ! fir/ is ab\t nuts1 ! second is ab\t nuts & ! ?ird is ab\t nuts1 & ,i am nuts4 ,yes1 t's m true ?an y ?9k4 ,my nickname ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ,nuts ,mc,cauley1 & ,i am pr\d ( x4 ,x is a good nickname to h = a man t's 9 ! nut bus9ess4 ,& ,i mo/ c]ta9ly am 9 ! nut bus9ess1 ma*9]y on "o h& & ! sell+ ( v>i\s types ( nut k]nels on ! o!r4 ,y p probably don't "k x1 b y h ! be/ adv]tis$ nut 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t y are work+ )1 black walnuts4 ,!re are v few p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t don't "k :at a black walnut k]nel is1 or a black walnut4 ,9 fact1 ,i w\ld say t #ge p] c5t ( !m at "s "t or o!r h ga!r$ black walnuts1 h hull$ !m4 ,y "k ^? pretty /a9$ h&s y h1 & ,i c rememb] back 9 ^? days :5 ,i 0 a kid :5 ,i us$ to get ^? h&s ( m9e j s br[n & black f ! hull+ ( black walnuts t my "m w\ld almo/ want to turn me ov] h] knee & spank me4 ,b :5 w9t]time came ,i always _h a bun* ( black walnuts t we c\ld sit d[n & crack & put 9 ^? cookies or 9 t fudge4 ,i h talk$ to a good _m ( y p "h1 & ,i h a prep>$ spee*1 b ,i am go+ to ramble a little bit & ,i am go+ to ask y to ask me que/ions1 because ,i f\nd out t ,i don't "k s _m ?+s1 or ! spee* t ,i 0 go+ to make to y might n be z int]e/+ z y\r ask+ me que/ions4 ,i d want to say a few ?+s1 & ,i w g ?r\gh quickly4 ,! fir/ is ! m>ket+ ( black walnuts 9 ! %ell4 ,we f9d 9 ! m>ket+ ( any product t !re is a trem5d\s am\nt ( wa/e due to poor sack+1 due to a little di%one/y on ! "p ( ! p :o are sell+ m]*&ise4 ,y "k1 if !re is a brick 9 a bag1 ! brick weighs a p\nd1 t co/s ! man :o buys ! black walnuts money4 ,9 o!r words1 out ( t p\nd ( brick he int5d$ to get a small quantity ( meats to sell1 s 8 co/ imm$iately goes up4 ,y'd be surpris$ at h[ _m bricks & h[ mu* iron !re is 9 black walnuts & pecans6 ,x's univ]sal ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re is a lot ( *isel+ t goes on4 ,y\r bags %\ld be good4 ,black walnuts mu/ be held = "s "t be=e !y are process$1 & "o black walnut bag us$ "o ye> c't be us$ ano!r4 ,if y c get by ) "o ye>'s use ( a bag to hold a hundr$ p\nds1 or :atev] is put 9 x1 ( black walnuts1 y are v =tunate4 ,usually !y break out be=e ! ye> is ov]1 & t causes wa/e4 ,s />t out ) a dec5t bag4 ,i made a little note "h to talk to y ab\t ,cali=nia black walnuts4 ,! /&>d ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates to p :o actually buy black walnut k]nels is :at we call 9 ! brok]age field ,ea/]n black walnuts4 ,t means ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee4 ,^? are ,ea/]n blacks1 !y are ! blacks ) ! flavor1 ! blacks t /& up4 ,f my home /ate !y h ,miss\ri blacks1 b ! quality isn't !re4 ,! flavor doesn't hold up4 ,b y p d[n "h gr[ ! f9e/ blacks 9 ! _w4 ,cali=nia1 yes1 ,cali=nia gr[s & %ells a lot ( black walnuts1 b !y don't h a black walnut flavor4 ,! flavor is gone4 ,:]e x w5t1 ,i don't "k4 ,b !re isn't any black walnut flavor 9 ,cali=nia blacks4 ,a diff]5t species1 ,juglans h9dsi--,ed4 ,s "s unscrupul\s p buy ,cali=nia blacks & mix !m ) ,ea/]n black walnuts4 ,!n !y c't call !m ,ea/]n blacks4 ,!y are j black walnut k]nels4 ,b black walnut k]nels t are #ajj p] c5t ,ea/]n black walnut k]nels %\ld be ! /&>d ( black walnuts ?r\gh ! c\ntry4 ,n[1 ,tom has told y some?+ ab\t ! process ( %ell+4 ,i am j go+ on to say t ! av]age %ell] gets ab\t #aj to #aa4g p\nds ( black walnut k]nels to ! hundr$ p\nds4 ,s y c realize !re aga9 :at a problem he has4 ,well1 ! m>ket+ ( black walnuts is ! sell+ ( black walnuts 9 ! %ell or %ell$4 ,we h v little dem& 9 ! ,*icago m>kets = 9-!-%ell black walnuts4 ,i probably sell1 oh1 maybe #e1jjj p\nds a ye> on ,s\? ,wat] ,m>ket1 & !y g out to ! v>i\s /ores1 & !y1 9 turn1 sell !m to ! homes t l to crack black walnuts in/ead ( buy+ ! k]nels4 ,! ,am]ican public buy ) _! eyes4 ,consequ5tly1 ! packag+ ( black walnut k]nels or ! packag+ ( any m]*&ise is v important4 ,i made a /atem5t ?is morn+ t has always be5 int]e/+ to me4 ,y "k1 ,*icago is ! bigge/ c&y c5t] 9 ! _w1 & we d a lot ( exp]im5t+ ) c&y4 ,n[1 y\r indu/ry is ti$ v closely to c&y1 because a lot ( ! black walnuts1 hickory nuts1 & ! l1 g into ! mak+ ( c&y4 ,b to prove my po9t1 a numb] ( times fri5ds ( m9e :o are int]e/$ 9 ! sale ( m]*&ise h tak5 quality c&y & pack$ x 9 a common box1 & !y h tak5 an inf]ior quality ( c&y & pack$ x 9 a fancy box & set x on ! floor & put ! same price on bo? products4 ,! ,am]ican public1 rememb]1 buys ) _! eyes4 ,s !y buy some?+ t is well dress$ & !y buy t inf]ior product1 twice or ?ree times z fa/ z !y w\ld t quality product 9 ! common box4 ,i am br++ ?is out to illu/rate a po9t4 ,well packag$ m]*&ise1 sightly m]*&ise1 always pays4 ,quality to y p :o actually crack black walnuts 9 y\r homes is some?+ t w pay divid5ds4 ,sep>ate y\r big k]nels4 ,(f] !m to ! public & !y w pay = !m4 ,i 0 talk+ to ,dr4 ,jones ( ,p5nsylvania ab\t ! sale ( black walnut halves4 ,he says t he gets a good _m ( !m4 ,well1 !re are ?r\gh\t ^! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ours a good _m v fancy /ores t w buy m]*&ise ( ?is type4 ,b ! quantity t anyone gets is v small1 s ! sugge/ion t ,i made to ,dr4 ,jones is t he take 8 qu>t]s & mix !m ) 8 halves4 ,t's n *eat+ or any?+ l x4 ,x is mak+ a product t is sup]ior4 ,& y "k !y say if a man makes a bett] m\setrap ! _w w come to 8 door4 ,& t is g5]ally true4 ,sometimes x takes a long "t to br+ x to ! ,am]ican public or to y\r buy]s1 to make !m realize t y h a sup]ior product1 b t's ! ?+ t x takes4 ,n[1 !re are a numb] ( ways !y sell blacks 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y sell !m 9 two-ounce cellophane bags1 !y sell !m 9 six-ounce cellophane1 !y sell !m 9 eight-ounce cellophane1 b ! great] quantity ( ! blacks are sold 9 bulk1 z ,tom told y1 9 #ce- & #ej-p\nd cases1 & !y g to ! c&y manufactur]1 !y g to ! ice cream manufactur]1 & *iefly ?r\gh\t ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ice cream1 believe x or n4 ,! ,s\!rn ,/ates buy m black walnut ice cream ?an any o!r division ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,we/1 too1 black walnuts are q popul> = use 9 ice cream4 ,n[1 if !re is anyone t has any que/ions1 ,i'd l = y to ask !m1 & ,i w try to answ] !m1 ,i won't promise t ,i c1 ab\t ! m>ket+ ( black walnuts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,memb]3 ,:at's ! retail sale on ^? cellophane bags8 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,:at w\ld be ! retail sale price8 ,a ,memb]3 ,yes4 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,well1 ! cellophan+ ( walnuts is q an exp5sive proposition4 ,we w say "r n[ ! k]nels are wor? #gj c5ts a p\nd4 ,! cellophan] has to add a dime a p\nd to t price1 s he figures 8 co/ at #hj c5ts & ! co/ ( cellophane1 & he sells t m]*&ise s t he makes a #ae p] c5t pr(it4 ,let me see if ,i c tell y1 a two-ounce bag-- ,mr4 ,mull9s3 ,x sells = f #ah c5ts to #be c5ts4 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,yes1 #ah c5ts 9 ! *a9 /ores4 ,an #h-ounce package at ,a ,p 9 ,*icago w sell = #ei or #fi c5ts4 ,i h =gott5 n[ j :at x is4 ,i c't keep ^! prices 9 my m9d1 al?\gh ,i w tell y ?is n[4 ,if any ( y ev] come to ,*icago1 ,i h an exp]im5tal plant 9 ,*icago4 ,if y c\ld rememb] ,mc,cauley1 x's ,mc,cauley ,company1 or ,mc,cauley ,ma*9]y ,company1 & 9 t plant ,i also h a new ma*9e = bagg+ nuts1 cellophane bagg+4 ,x makes ! bag1 fills x & seals x 9 "o op]ation1 & we h op]at$ t ma*9e at ! rate ( #ajj bags p] m9ute1 #b-ounce or #f-ounce1 x doesn't make any diff]5ce4 ,! only tr\ble is ! p c\ldn't h&le ! bags t fa/1 s we _h to cut x d[n to #eh a m9ute4 ,x's q an op]ation1 & at ?is "t x is an exp]im5tal op]ation4 ,b ,i w\ld be m ?an pleas$ to h any ( y drop 9 on me 9 ,*icago4 ,if ,i am n !re someone 9 my organization w be glad to %[ y1 if y tell !m :at y came =4 ,i h a ,cali=nia walnut1 or ,p]sian1 z y call x4 ,i 0 mu* surpris$ to see all ^! samples ( walnuts d[n "h4 ,i h a walnut %ell+ plant 9 ,*icago1 ,i d at ?is "t4 ,maybe :5 y get !re x w be a pecan %ell+ plant1 or maybe x w be a ,macadamia nut plant4 ,h[ _m ( y p h ev] he>d ( ,macadamia nuts8 7,sev]al h&s rais$47 ,m ?an ,i ?\ght =4 ,well1 we are work+ on a plant to %ell ,macadamias n[4 ,( c\rse1 t is a tropical nut1 gr[n *iefly 9 ,hawaii & ,au/ralia4 ,! ,au/ralian nut is n ne>ly z good z ! ,hawaiian nut4 ,b to ^? ( y :o are n famili> ) ! nut1 ,i h giv5 x to any numb] ( p & ask$ = _! reaction1 & "s said x ta/$ l a filb]t1 o!rs said x ta/$ l cocoanut1 & ! ?ird "o nam$ 0 ,brazil nut4 ,s x's a v pleasant nut to eat1 b v1 v exp5sive4 ,dr4 ,moss3 ,i live 9 ,williamsburg 9 ,:itley ,c\nty n f> f y1 & we h no m>ket !re = black walnuts at all & got q a lot ( !m !re4 ,i wond] if x w\ld be practical to h a collection c5t]4 ,mr4 ,mull9s3 ,x c]ta9ly w\ld4 ,9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( ,texas we h "o4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,a "q1 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley4 ,y said t y are able to recov] ab\t #aa p] c5t 9 ! crack+ plant on ! av]age1 ,i ?9k y said #aj to #aa4g = ord9>y run quality4 ,n[1 if y _h walnuts t w\ld run #be to #bh p] c5t k]nel1 h[ mu* w\ld y\r process+ plants recov] out ( t1 ,i am j-wond]+8 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,well1 ,i w\ld l to say two p] c5t less ?an ! h&-crack$ weight4 ,9 o!r words1 if y _h a total1 h&-crack+ total k]nel cont5t ( #be p] c5t1 ,i w\ld l to say #bc1 b ,i ?9k t is j a little bit /rong4 ,9 ,tom's e>ly process+ ( black walnut k]nels at ,r5fro ,valley 8 fir/ av]age 0 #af p] c5t on wild nuts4 ,i don't "k :]e he got ^? nuts4 ,!y mu/ h be5 ,?omas v>iety4 ,b z he told me today1 he is d[n to #aj4g4 ,mr4 ,mull9s3 ,^? nuts ,i talk$ ab\t1 ,mac1 t ran up t high p]c5tage 7 f ov] 9 ,cl>k ,c\nty ar\nd ,w9*e/]4 ,& ,i h q a few ( !m t ,i pick-up t are ev5 l>g] 9 size ?an "s ( ^! ,?omas nuts t are ly+ 9 "h1 out ( t p>ticul> locality4 ,!y are v big4 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,y w f9d t t is true4 ,y\r p]c5tage v>ies ov] ! c\ntry4 ,i l to ?9k t ! wild se$l+ black walnut has a possibility ( ab\t #ah p\nds 9 a hundr$4 ,i may be wrong4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,is t loss 9 ! crack+ proc$ure2 ,i mean1 t ! ?+s don't crack out8 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley34 ,! loss is 9 ! crack+1 b on an #ah p\nds possibility we w\ld probably get betwe5 #ad & #ae p] c5t ) ?is new me?od ( crack+ & process+4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,n[1 if y _h a nut t w\ld run h&-crack$ #bd p] c5t1 y lose #b 9 y\r crack+ proc$ure1 & y recov] #bb4 ,w\ld y pay twice z mu* = nuts ( t quality z y w\ld = common grade8 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,yes1 ,i ?9k t ,i w\ld4 ,if ,i _h assurance t ,i 0 go+ to get #bb p] c5t k]nels ,i w\ld be v pleas$ to pay d\ble4 ,x w\ld pay me1 if ,i 7 %ell+1 to pay twice z mu* = t v>iety = ! simple reason t ,i only h "o co/ ( pick+4 ,n[1 ! av]age co/ ( pick+ black walnuts k]nels is ab\t #aa-a_/b c5ts a p\nd4 ,at lea/1 t's ! be/ ,i h ev] be5 able to d ) !m4 ,& if y sold me a walnut t w\ld give me twice z _m k]nels ) "o crack+ & "o pick+1 ,i'd make money & ,i c\ld pay y twice z mu* money = t nut4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,:at volume w\ld a crack] h to h to make x int]e/+8 ,:at quantity w\ld h to be produc$ & (f]$ to a crack] to make x int]e/+8 ,t is1 say ,i h #ej bu%els ( ,?omas4 ,t isn't any good to y1 because y\r crack+ plant-- ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,:y w\ldn't x8 ,if ,i _h #ej bu%els1 t is #bejj p\nds1 "r8 ,all "r1 ,tom c\ld run 8 plant = two h\rs & a half1 we w say1 on #bejj p\nds1 & 9 t two h\rs & a half he w\ld be gett+ z mu* k]nels z he w\ld o!rwise 9 five h\rs4 ,t's good bus9ess4 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,i'd j l to comm5t on t #ah p] c5t k]nel y m5tion$ z ! av]age y'd l to ?9k (4 ,mr4 ,z>g] has run a /udy on ! sample trees 9 ! ,t5nessee ,valley to measure ! k]nel cont5t 9 "s #acj trees = ab\t sev5 ye>s runn+1 & x pans out to ab\t #ah p] c5t4 ,i ?\ght y'd j l to "k4 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,i didn't want to make a def9ite /atem5t & !n h somebody ?r[ some?+ back 9 my face4 ,t's :y ,i said ,i'd l to ?9k4 ,mr4 ,fi%]3 ,s9ce ?is "q has come up & a crack] is "h1 & t is ! "q1 :e!r ! comm]cial crack] w\ld be will+ to pay a premium price = premium nuts1 ,i wond] if ,tom w answ] ! "q1 w\ld he pay twice z mu*8 ,mr4 ,mull9s3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,mr4 ,ack] is ano!r %ell] :o op]ates 9 ,morri/[n1 ,t5nessee1 & ,broadway1 ,virg9ia1 :o j dropp$ 9 on u4 ,i'd l to ask him t same "q4 ,mr4 ,ack]3 ,:at is ! "q aga98 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,w\ld a consid]able quantity ( walnuts su* z ,?omas be wor? m to y8 ,mr4 ,ack]3 ,we'd be incl9$ to buy !m accord+ to ! value we get out ( !m4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,:at w\ld y d1 run sort ( a pilot te/ on !m8 ,mr4 ,ack]3 ,if ,i c buy some?+ = a doll> & make money on x1 ,i am will+ to try4 ,mr4 ,*ase3 ,i made a little uns*$ul$ talk la/ night 9 :i* ,i said f my in=mation f %ell]s 9 ,na%ville1 p>ticul>ly1 t !y at ?is "t w\ld n be able to pay any premium price = high] quality nuts simply because !y d n h "t to exam9e ea* bu%el1 ea* hundr$ p\nds t comes 9 & see :e!r !y w\ld pay a special price = bett] walnuts4 ,is t ! g5]al situation8 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,yes1 ,i ?9k g5]ally t is4 ,!y take ev]y?+ at ! price ( se$l+ v>iety4 ,h[ev]1 y g5tlem5 :o are gr[+ cultivat$ nuts %\ldn't be too di/urb$1 because ( ! fact t !re is go+ to be a "t 9 ! n-too-di/ant future :]e y c dispose ( ^? nuts accord+ to ! k]nel cont5t )9 ! nut4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,i ?9k t's ! answ]4 ,ev5tually x w come4 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,x's good bus9ess4 ,/op & consid]4 ,we g "r back to t po9t :]e we are go+ to get twice ! am\nt ( m]*&ise out ( a hull :i* mu/ be brok51 :i* mu/ be pick$1 :i* mu/ be clean$1 :i* is "o op]ation4 ,9 a two & a half h\r p]iod1 :i* is :at x w\ld take1 we w say1 to run #bejj p\nds1 y w\ld get ! net cont5t on a ,?omas v>iety t y w\ld ord9>ily receive 9 five h\rs ( actual op]ation4 ,y are sav+ two & a half h\rs labor1 y are sav+ two & a half h\rs ma*9e "t1 & y are gett+ j twice z mu*4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,y'd h twice z _m girls on ! sort+ belt1 w\ldn't y1 to exam9e t volume8 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,no1 n necess>ily4 ,:5 x gets to t po9t x isn't necess>y4 ,sometimes ! ma*9e gets too f> ahead ( !m1 b ! ma*9]y is fa/ gett+ to a po9t :]e x is go+ to be m or less me*anical4 ,x's an inspection proposition4 ,mr4 ,taylor3 ,may ,i ask y ?is "q8 ,9 o!r bran*es ( f>m+ y h :at y call se$ c]tification1 z ) c]tifi$ potatoes1 & p :o c]tify ^? potatoes4 ,w\ldn't x be possible = ! same ,gov]nm5t ag5cy to c]tify gr[]s ( walnuts s t :5 y b\ght f c]ta9 memb]s ( ?is association !y w\ld be c]tifi$ s y w\ld "k :at y 7 gett+8 ,w\ld t be possible8 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,c]tification has to d ) plant+ /ock4 ,mr4 ,taylor3 ,i mean a diff]5t type ( c]tification4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,:at y h 9 m9d probably is ,u4 ,s4 ,grades on fruit4 ,= in/ance1 if x is /amp$ ,u4,s4 #a x %\ld be consid]ably bett] ?an or*>d run1 & ,i don't "k :y x %\ldn't be possible = nuts 9 ! %ell4 ,x is us$ 9 ,cali=nia4 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,x is 9 peanuts4 ,all peanuts are ,gov]nm5t grad$1 & t's 9 ! %ell4 ,b ?is black walnut situation is go+ to take a little long] ?an t4 ,b ,i am sure t !re are p 9 ! %ell+ bus9ess :o w\ld buy ,?omas v>iety or ! o!r v>ieties if y j g ahead & tell !m t's :at y h4 ,p are always look+ = some?+ bett]1 & ,i am sure t y\r cultivat$ v>ieties are go+ to be bett]1 b y are go+ to h to keep talk+ !m up all ! "t & gett+ !m to ! p :o w buy !m4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,"r4 ,we'd all l to g on ) ?is1 b we mu/ really g on ) ! program1 too4 ,we w next he> some?+ ab\t pa/eurization4 ,! ,production ( ,bact]ia-,free ,walnut ,k]nels w be discuss$ by ,mr4 ,pease ( ,we/ ,virg9ia ,univ]sity4 ,mr4 ,pease4 ,production ( ,bact]ia-,free ,walnut ,k]nels ,,rog] ,w4 ,,pease1 ,assi/ant ,hillculturi/1 ,we/ ,virg9ia ,univ]sity1 ,morgant[n1 ,we/ ,virg9ia ,mr4 ,pease3 ,be=e ,i g into any detail ab\t ! con/ruction ( ! pa/euriz]1 ,i am go+ to review ! bacillus t causes ! tr\ble v briefly4 ,mo/ ( y w "k m ab\t x ?an ,i d1 b "s ( y may "k less4 ,:5 ! f>m] takes ! hulls f ! black walnuts he g5]ally spreads 8 hull$ crop to dry almo/ any:]e4 ,rats w g ov] !m1 & ^! rats or mice infect ! hull$ walnuts ) an organism call$ ,bacillus coli t is on ! outside ( ! %ell4 ,!y g f !re to ! crack+ plant1 g ?r\gh ! crack] :i* ?or\ghly mixes up ! infect$ nuts ) ! clean ones4 ,!y g f !re to ! sep>ator1 :i* does a bett] job at spread+ ! bact]ia4 ,!n !y g on ! m>ket4 ,if !y are %ipp$ f "o /ate to ano!r !y are subject to inspection by ,f$]al au?orities4 ,if !y f9d ?is organism 9 ! k]nels1 !y may at _! discretion heave ! :ole %ipm5t into ! riv]4 ,!y don't always d x4 ,!y hav5't work$ out yet a def9ite s*eme to foll[4 ,9 o!r words1 !y w n tell u1 ,if y\r k]nels h a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! ,b4 coli 9 !m we w let !m by4 ,z x reads1 !re %\ld be n "o organism !re1 & ,i c assure y t's almo/ impossible to get if a rat has crawl$ ov] ^? ?+s4 ,n[1 to get rid ( poison ivy ! be/ way is n to get x1 & x's j ! same ) ?is organism4 ,! place to get rid ( x w\ld be = ! f>m] to /ore ! nuts to dry :]e ! rats & mice _c get to !m & = ! crack+ plants to d ! same4 ,un=tunately1 ?is isn't done & sometimes isn't practicable4 ,! next place to hit !m w\ld be be=e !y are tumbl$1 t is1 be=e ! black p[d] on ! outside ( ! %ells is %ak5 (f 9 a tumbl]1 or imm$iately aft] t to dis9fect ! %ell )\t hurt+ ! k]nel4 ,t is :]e we %\ld h />t$ at ,we/ ,virg9ia1 b we didn't4 ,we began at ! o!r end aft] ! ?+ 0 ?r\gh & began /udy+ pa/eurization4 ,! ,gov]nm5t _h recomm5d$1 ,i believe1 temp]atures ( up to #cjj deg4,f4 = pa/eurization4 ,we f\nd out "r away--t is1 ,i didn't1 ,dr4 ,colm] & ,h>vey ,erickson1 :o are n[--"o ( !m--9 ,baton ,r\ge & ! o!r "o 9 ,seattle1 & !y w\ld "k ab\t x4 ,!y f\nd out t aft] temp]atures ( ov] #cjj deg4 ! nuts ta/$ toa/$ & !y w\ld n keep ne>ly s well or s long z an unpa/euriz$ nut4 ,aft] inspect+ :at pa/euriz]s !y c\ld get access to !y conclud$ "s "w 0 necess>y1 s !y sp5t #ab mon?s & f\nd t at a temp]ature ( #afj & humidity ( #hj p] c5t a m effici5t job ( pa/eurization 0 done1 & at ! same "t ! k]nel 0 n hurt at all4 ,! ta/e 0 id5tical ) an unpa/euriz$ nut1 & x w\ld keep j z long4 ,at t po9t "o ( !m1 z ,i say1 w5t to ,l\isiana & ! o!r w5t to ,wa%+ton1 & ! rese>* fell on my %\ld]s1 t didn't "k mu* ab\t x4 ,we />t$ to con/ruct ! ma*9e4 ,mean:ile1 ,mr4 ,erickson told me he _h develop$ a new /ra9 ( bact]ia :i* 0 mu* m h>dy & #afj degrees at #hj humidity w\ld n kill ! ?+4 ,s we con/ruct$ our ma*9e to run a temp]ature ( #ahj at #gj humidity = #cj m9utes1 & t w kill !m4 ,n[1 9 #ae m9utes ,i c't give y any:]e ne> all ! details ( con/ruction ( t ma*9e4 ,i c give y a few ( ! pr9ciples4 ,on ! outside1 ( c\rse1 is a well insulat$ box4 ,! nuts are f$ ?r\gh ! top ) a revolv+ drum ) f9s on x4 ,!y comes d[n to a belt t travels ?is way = six feet1 drops to ano!r1 travels back1 a s]ies ( five belts4 ,x takes !m j half an h\r to g ?r\gh4 ,! lay] ( nuts is p]haps ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,! temp]ature is kept up ) electric coils4 ,x is regulat$ ) a !rmo/at4 ,we _h "s difficulty ) ! humidity4 ,try x & see4 ,z we rais$ our temp]ature x 0 h>d to keep our humidity up4 ,f9ally we w5t back to ! simple/ ?+1 :i* usually works4 ,we j took a pan ( wat]1 ) a sol5oid valve & float su* z y h 9 ! mod]n hot air furnaces & put a magnetic swit* on x4 ,z ! wat] boil$ x help$ raise ! temp]ature1 & x gave (f vapors4 ,! automatic swit* & ! wet & dry bulb f ! !rmomet] & !rmo/at w %ut ! wat] (f & %ut ! heat (f automatically :5 y get ! requir$ temp]ature & ! requir$ humidity4 ,9 t ma*9e our nuts />t at ! top1 take #cj m9utes to travel ?r\gh4 ,f ! "t !y />t at ! top until ! "t !y get to ! bottom !y h a /&>d temp]ature ( #ahj deg4 plus ! #gj humidity4 ,!n ! second problem1 if y want to make "o1 is to get t temp]ature /&>d 9 all places4 ,i "k "o man :o made "o ( ^! ma*9es & put f\r fans 9 at diff]5t places1 & :5 he clos$ x up & got x to work+1 ! c5t] ( 8 ma*9e 0 /ill cold1 because y\r hot air acts diff]5tly f free air4 ,we put at ! bottom a %elf ) a tube 9 x & a big fan 9 ! middle4 ,! air is drawn d[n f ! top "h1 driv5 ?r\gh !re1 hits "s baffles & comes across ea* belt4 ,9 t way x works4 ,n[1 if y want1 any ( y1 to get ! details ( ! pa/euriz] y c\ld write to ,mr4 ,erickson1 ,college ( ,=e/ry1 ,univ]sity ( ,wa%+ton1 ,seattle #e1 & he :o design$ x w\ld be v glad1 ,i believe1 to help ) y\r problems1 or y c\ld write up to our ,agricultural ,eng9e]+ dep>tm5t1 & !y w\ld d ! same4 ,i w tell y ?is1 t aft] we drew up ! plans1 ,i took ! plans to sev]al manufactur]s1 & ! *eape/ bid ,i got 0 #e1jjj to make x4 ,we made x ourselves = a little less ?an #a1bjj n c\nt+ labor4 ,n t !y w\ld h made t mu* pr(it1 b ,i tell y t to %[ y x's a r inexp5sive ma*9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 y c save consid]able money by gett+ x made up y\rselves4 ,i am go+ to /op ) ! ?+ !re4 ,if !re are a few que/ions t y wi% to ask1 ,i w try to answ]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,memb]3 ,:at is ! "n ( ! bact]ia y are kill+8 ,mr4 ,pease3 ,bacillus coli1 t's ! *ief bact]ia1 & ! o!rs t cause ! damage are simil> to t1 & !y are always spread by ! rats or ! mice4 ,a ,memb]3 ,d ! k]nels prop]ly pa/euriz$ %[ any br[nness ( k]nel8 ,mr4 ,pease3 ,no1 !y are id5tical ) an unpa/euriz$ k]nel at t temp]ature4 ,mr4 ,korn3 ,i buy k]nels at ! plant 9 ,na%ville1 & "s ( !m h be5 toa/$4 ,mr4 ,pease3 ,!y h #cej degrees4 ,mr4 ,kays3 ,y m5tion$ y %\ld h />t$ on ! o!r end a :ile ago4 ,c\ld y treat ^? nuts be=e !y are crack$ & d ! same ?+ = less money8 ,mr4 ,pease3 ,i believe y c\ld4 ,mr4 ,kays3 ,! o!r "q ,i h is h[ ab\t us+ ultra-violet light8 ,mr4 ,pease3 ,i h writt5 to a good _m au?orities1 & "s ( !m say yes & "s say no4 ,mr4 ,kays3 ,9 pecans t is "o ( ! practices4 ,mr4 ,pease3 ,i believe y c\ld use x 9 our pres5t ma*9e4 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,isn't ?is heat to remove contam9ation8 ,aft] ! nuts are crack$ is !re any exam9ation ( ! nuts8 ,mr4 ,pease3 ,no1 !re is n4 ,mr4 ,/oke3 ,c\ld !re be any possible value 9 /]iliz+ ! nut be=e x is crack$8 ,mr4 ,pease3 ,yes4 ,y see1 ! bact]ia is on ! %ell1 on ! outside4 ,!n :5 y crack x1 x gets on ! nut4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,?ank y v mu*1 ,mr4 ,pease4 ,i d hate to cut ^! discussions %ort4 ,y get z mu* out ( !m or m1 sometimes1 ?an we d o!rwise4 ,!re is j "o ?+ ,i'd l to say be=e we take a five-m9ute recess4 ,mr4 ,ack] is "h4 ,he is ano!r man t y might talk to 9 addition to talk+ to ,mr4 ,mull9s dur+ ! recess4 7,recess tak547 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,! meet+ w come to ord]4 ,! fir/ ?+ on ! program is a talk by ,dr4 ,cross1 ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture1 ,oklahoma ,a4 ,m41 ,/illwat]1 ,oklahoma1 on ,pecan ,selection 9 ,oklahoma4 ,dr4 ,cross4 ,pecan ,selection 9 ,oklahoma ,,dr4 ,,frank ,b4 ,,cross1 ,head1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture1 ,oklahoma ,a ,m ,college1 ,/illwat]1 ,oklahoma ,dr4 ,cross3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 ladies & g5tlem53 ,! pres5t /atus ( ! pecan indu/ry 9 ,oklahoma is ! result ( close coop]ation betwe5 ! gr[]s & ! exp]im5t /ation comb9$ ) a res\rce :i* we h 9 t /ate consi/+ ( ?\s&s ( native pecan trees :i* may be quickly & economically *ang$ into produc+ trees in/ead ( j wild =e/ trees4 ,i am go+ to utilize my "t ?is aft]noon to discuss1 fir/1 briefly ! pres5t situation z we f9d x ) ref]5ce to pecans 9 ,oklahoma1 because !re is ! important phase ( nut gr[+ :i* we foll[ 9 t /ate4 ,we d gr[ "s walnuts & we h a great _m m5 int]e/$ 9 walnuts1 b f> & away our major int]e/ is 9 pecans4 ,we might divide ! "w & int]e/ 9 ! /ate into two phases4 ,fir/1 b ( lea/ importance1 is t connect$ ) ! plant+ & production ( v>ieties4 ,we h a great _m m5 9 ! /ate :o wi% to plant l& to pecans1 &1 ( c\rse1 9 cases l t ! v>ieties :i* are available are always select$ = plant+1 & nurs]y trees1 ( c\rse1 are utiliz$4 ,! late/ phase ( t type ( developm5t is ! plant+ ( apple trees = fill] trees ) ! expectation t ! apple trees w be remov$ aft] #ae or #bj ye>s1 ?us leav+ ! pecan trees at a l>ge size to fully occupy ! gr\nd1 & 9 ! meantime ! apple trees1 ( c\rse1 h produc$ a pr(itable crop4 ,our gr[]s1 h[ev]1 & ! indu/ry 9 ! /ate are f> m conc]n$ ) ! utilization ( ! native trees4 ,to talk ab\t ^! native trees is almo/--well1 we might borr[ a ,texas expression--^! trees gr[ bo? 9 ,oklahoma & ,texas--& ! ,texans say :5ev] a ,texan tries to tell ! tru? ev]ybody kn[s he is ly+4 ,t's ! way ev]ybody kn[s ab\t "s ( ^! native trees4 ,:5 we ?9k ( a huge1 tall tree #bj or s feet 9 circumf]5ce ov] a hundr$ ye>s ( age & realize t ! :ite man has occupi$ t p>ticul> t]ritory = only a little ov] #ej ye>s1 we wond] ab\t ! hi/ory ( t tree = ! fir/ #ej ye>s ( its life :5 wild ,indians 7 roam+ ! t]ritory & buffalo 7 graz+ "u ^! trees :i* 7 gett+ />t$4 ,^! trees occur along ! /reams1 v seldom out away f ! /reams = any consid]able di/ance1 z "o ( ! native =e/ trees & 9 suffici5t numb] s t :5 all o!r trees are remov$ ! /& ( pecan trees rema9+ is 9 _m cases m ?an adequate to make a complete /& ( pecans = comm]cial production4 ,s t aft] hav+ remov$ ! oaks & elms & cottonwoods & will[s & ! o!r native trees1 we h ! opportunity ( mak+ a consid]able selection ( desirable native or se$l+ trees by obs]v+ ! type ( nut :i* ea* tree produces4 ,we are n1 9 mak+ ?is selection1 conc]n$ s mu* ) ! size ( ! nut produc$ z we are ) ! k]nel p]c5tage :i* w be yield$ by ! nut ^u crack+ & extract+ ! k]nels & by ! ease ( sep>ation4 ,)9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s _m crack+ & %ell+ plants h be5 e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! /ate1 & ! hi/ory ( ! indu/ry ,i ?9k w record t ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! crack+ plants 9 ! t]ritory :]e ! pecans are produc$ w be a great /imulus to ! production ( t k9d ( nuts4 ,i don't "k :e!r ,i h made ! picture cle> or n4 ,?r\gh\t ! ea/]n "p ( ! /ate1 t "p :i* y 9 y\r old geographies knew "u ! "n ( ,indian ,t]ritory1 & p>ticul>ly conc5trat$ 9 ! middle ( ! /ate !re are native trees :i* if prop]ly h&l$1 t is1 cultivat$ & spray$ & ?9n$ s t ea* tree /&s out individually by itself1 w produce 9 pay+ quantities4 ,on ! exp]im5t /ation we h a half mile ( su* t]ritory ly+ betwe5 cultivat$ fields on bo? sides ( a creek :i* _h erod$ a consid]able bas94 ,! area 0 unsatisfactory = cultivation1 & s x 0 f5c$ out4 ,back "s ye>s ago ! area 0 cle>$ ( grape v9es & o!r trees1 & we h s9ce t "t pa/ur$ %eep 9 ?is tract ( l&4 ,x ,is n>r[1 n ov] ?ree or f\r hundr$ feet wide at any place &1 ( c\rse1 v>y+ 9 wid? f "o end to ! o!r1 & ! creek me&]s along4 ,!re really is m ?an a half mile ( total l5g?4 ,! pot5tial production ( t half mile is n[1 9 t]ms ( doll>s & c5ts1 ab\t #b1ejj to #c1jjj1 & be=e :eat & cattle atta9$ _! pres5t prices t 0 no mean income = a qu>t] section ( l&4 ,naturally1 ) t opportunity preval5t ov] a great "p ( ! /ate1 we 9 ,oklahoma are int]e/$ 9 ! production ( native or se$l+ pecans to be sold to ! crack]4 ,we feel t ! future ( ! pecan indu/ry is und\bt$ly head$ t[>d ! utilization ( pecans z k]nels & n nuts 9 ! %ell4 ,su* be+ ! case1 we are n int]e/$ p>ticul>ly 9 l>ge size4 ,we are int]e/$ 9 k]nel yield & 9 ! pot5tial production ( ea* individual tree4 ,!re are a great _m problems connect$ ) ! indu/ry1 & we h m or less tak5 ^? into consid]ation & classifi$ !m "u insects & diseases & m>ket+ & h>ve/+ & v>ieties4 ,i w n h "t to t\* ^u v _m ( ^!4 ,our h>ve/+ situation is completely *aotic4 ,)9 ! la/ two ot ?ree ye>s %ak+ ma*9es h be5 develop$1 & we are indebt$ to ! ,we/ ,coa/ gr[]s = ^! inv5tions1 :i* are v helpful4 ,previ\s to t a1 long bamboo pole 0 us$ to knock ! pecans f ! trees1 & !n !y 7 pick$ up (f ! gr\nd4 ,!re are two ma*9es n[ wait+ = ! pres5t crop to be h>ve/$ :i* are suppos$ to pick up ! nuts by vacuum pick+4 ,if ! indu/ry c be me*aniz$ 9 t mann]1 gett+ away f h>ve/+ pecans z we h be5 h>ve/+ !m1 x is j l cradl+ :eat z comp>$ to ! pres5t-day #ab-;foot1 self-propell$ comb9e t cuts ! :eat s rapidly4 ,if ?is me*anization c be put into effect1 !n ! native se$l+ t]ritory 9 ,texas & ,oklahoma w be able to produce pecans at a price :i* ! m>ket w accept4 ,i don't "k :e!r y "k x or n1 b ! pecan m>ket situation has app>5tly rea*$ a condition ( saturation4 ,x 0 v difficult to sell pecans la/ fall1 n because !re is ov]-production1 no1 b because !re is "u-consumption4 ,!re are two ?+s :i* w rem$y ! situation4 ,! pecan is unque/ionably ! f9e/ nut t is produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if ! p ( ! ,nor? c be acqua9t$ ) ! pecan1 !re is no "q 9 my m9d b t x w be possible to va/ly increase consumption4 ,! ,oklahoma gr[]s & buy]s hope to put be=e ! legislature a proposition to assess a tax ( a qu>t] ( a c5t or some?+ l t p] p\nd1 :i* w be us$ 9 an adv]tis+ campaign to adv]tise pecans outside ( ! /ate1 s maybe y folks 9 ,new ,york & else:]e1 if ! campaign is successful1 w he> m ab\t ,oklahoma pecans 9 ! future4 ,well1 ^! se$l+ trees--,i mu/ get on ) my /ory--are cultivat$ & spray$4 ,we are sometimes accus$ ( produc+ wild nuts at no co/4 ,?is is n ! situation di/9ctly4 ,x co/s j z mu* to produce ^! native se$l+ nuts z x does to produce ! v>ieties1 ! advantage be+ t we />t ) a l>ge tree :i* is capable ( produc+ f #ej to #bjj or #cjj or ev5 #djj p\nds ( nuts )9 f\r or five ye>s aft] ! op]ation is />t$ in/ead ( wait+ #bj or #be ye>s to get good comm]cial production4 ,z ,i said1 a selection is made ( ! trees at ! beg9n+4 ,! selection is cont9u$ ) ea* succe$+ ye> z ! trees gr[ l>g] & additional trees are ?9n$ out s t !y /& ev5tually a hundr$ or #aej feet ap>t1 giv+ to ea* tree adequate room4 ,?r\gh\t ! /ate we h a great deal ( int]e/ 9 propagation by topwork+ ( v>ieties ( pecans4 ,! exp]im5t /ation made ! s]i\s error = #ae or #bj ye>s 9 ! e>ly developm5t ( ! int]e/ 9 ! "w 9 c5t]+ on ! idea ( *ang+ ^! natives ov] to v>ieties4 ,we n[ are sw++ back to a prop] evaluation ( ! native nuts1 & nobody is satisfi$ ) ! pres5t v>ieties1 our int]e/ ( develop+ & ! exploration & discov]y ( new v>ieties be+ su* t ! ,nor!a/ ,oklahoma ,pecan ,gr[]s ,association arrang$ two ye>s ago to f9ance a conte/ = ! discov]y ( se$l+ nuts :i* c\ld be utiliz$ 9 t t]ritory & be m pr(itable ?an any v>iety t we n[ h4 ,we don't l ! ,/u>t because ( its l[ quality4 ,we don't l ! ,/u>t because x doesn't come into production until x rea*es a consid]able age4 ,we j simply w n h ! ,mahan1 because x doesn't fill4 ,we d n l ! ,success because x has a t5d5cy to ov]-be> e o!r ye> & does n fill4 ,we _c use ! ,squirrel's ,delight :i* = t5 ye>s or s we _h at ! top ( our li/1 because a special /ra9 ( scab fungus came 9 & completely wip$ !m out1 & s on ?r\gh\t ! li/ ( v>ieties t we h4 ,well1 ^! gr[]s decid$ to take ! matt] into _! h&s & 9 coop]ation ) ! exp]im5t /ation h be51 dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s1 attempt+ to f9d "s nuts :i* w\ld be m desirable1 & ,i ?\ght ^? ( y :o are 9 ! walnut exploration "w w\ld be int]e/$ 9 le>n+ h[ ?is is work$ out4 ,i don't suppose y c see ?is4 ,x ,is an entry blank = ! gr[]4 ,annual prizes ( #ej1 #be1 #ae & #aj are aw>d$4 ,t5 aw>ds are made ea* ye>1 & ! t5 w9n+ gr[]s ?is ye> w h _! p>ticul> nut automatically ent]$ 9 a gr& prize conte/ hop+ t "s ( ^? nuts w be wor? nam+1 & if any %\ld be wor? nam+1 aft] fur!r /udy1 nam+ & introduc+1 ! gr[] w be aw>d$ a prize ( #a1jjj4 ,f\r ( ! ,tulsa1 ,oklahoma1 crack]s are f9anc+ ?is "w by putt+ 9 #ge ea* annually4 ,! college is coop]at+ 9 ?is respect1 & :5 ,i say ! college1 ,i also mean ! ,ext5sion ,division4 ,! ,ext5sion ,director is pu%+ ! matt] & tells ! c\nty ag5ts to pay att5tion to ^! entry blanks :5 !y come1 & get z _m gr[]s 9 ea* c\nty to s5d 9 samples z possible4 ,! conte/ closes on ,novemb] #be?4 ,^? samples are s5t to ! college1 & 9 ?ree or f\r days--& ^? ( y 9 colleges w recognize ! ,?anksgiv+ holiday--9 ?ree or f\r days' "t ^? nuts are crack$ & evaluat$ & plac$4 ,la/ ye>1 ! second ye> ( ! conte/1 !re 7 ov] #bjj entries1 & x 0 no small job to f9i% 9 "t to get !m on display at ! annual meet+ & %[ ( ! ,oklahoma ,pecan ,gr[]s ,association 9 e>ly ,decemb]4 ,we are n cont5t ) ! evaluation ( ! nut4 ,x is j "o phase ( successful production to h a nut :i* is satisfactory = crack+ & consumption2 unless ^? trees are free f disease & productive & o!rwise satisfactory we c\ld nev] ?9k ( introduc+ a v>iety4 ,& s ! /aff at ! college1 z soon1 z ! %[ is ov]1 goes out & locates ea* ( ^! trees individually & puts a tag on x4 ,we visit ea* ( ^? trees a suffici5t numb] ( times dur+ ! ye> to prop]ly evaluate ! tree4 ,! ?+s t we are look+ =1 ( c\rse1 are productiv5ess1 fre$om f disease & o!r *>act]i/ics ( t type4 ,if1 aft] five ye>s ( obs]vation1 ! tree *>act]i/ics are satisfactory1 !n ! nut w be c]tifi$ z wor?y ( propagation4 ,we are gett+ "s place ) ?is program1 z evid5c$ by ! data on la/ ye>'s crack+ conte/4 ,normal se$l+ pecans yield ab\t #cc p] c5t k]nel to ! pack+ plant4 ,9 la/ ye>'s conte/1 z ,i say1 !re 7 ov] #bjj entries1 & ,i 0 j look+ to see :at ! l[ 04 ,i really hav5't paid en\gh att5tion4 ,! l[e/ entry app>5tly 0 ab\t #cc p] c5t1 & ! highe/ entry 0 #ei p] c5t k]nel4 ,ov] #cj ( ^! se$l+ nuts yield$ bett] ?an #ej p] c5t k]nel1 & t is bett] ?an mo/ popul> v>ieties4 ,^! nuts are relatively small4 ,! crack] doesn't c>e h[ small !y are1 he wants a nut t h&les well 9 ! crack]1 a nut t is ! %ape ( a football4 ,a m9iature football is an ideal crack+ type ( nut4 ,! crack+ docks come toge!r f ! ends4 ,we _c use a r\nd nut4 ,ab\t two-?irds ( ^! good nuts :i* yield$ ov] #ej p] c5t k]nel 7 s r\nd t ! ma*9]y 9 crack+ w\ld n place ! docks on ! ends1 b !y 7 apt to hit anyplace4 ,s !y _h to be disc\nt$4 ,x is q a job to evaluate ^! nuts4 ,we h be5 arbitr>y ab\t x4 ,we hav5't develop$ any scor+ sy/em1 because !re are s _m v>iable factors t x seems to be almo/ impossible to d s4 ,9 our g5]al plan ( op]ation 9 ! /ate we expect ?is native grove improvem5t program t ,i describ$ to cont9ue1 & z ! trees get l>g] ! gr[]s w topwork spr\ts :i* develop f ! trees :i* h be5 remov$ s t ! ?+ goes on & on ) a con/ant improvem5t 9 ! quality ( ! nut4 ,we also h _m1 _m acres ( nuts be+ propagat$ by topwork+ to v>ieties r ?an by lett+ ! se$l+ cont9ue to produce4 ,t is ! reason :y we are s mu* int]e/$ 9 gett+ a bett] type ( pecan4 ,"o man :o makes x a comm]cial practice puts on ?\s&s ( scions e ye>4 ,we 9 ,oklahoma c't und]/& :y y all seem to h s mu* tr\ble propagat+ nut trees4 ,x is j z easy to propagate pecans & walnuts--n q z easy--z apples1 b !n x isn't too difficult4 ,i ?9k x is ! attitude & frame ( m9d 9 :i* y g ab\t x4 ,?ank y v mu*1 ,i appreciate ! "t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,?ank y4 ,n[1 !n1 ,mr4 ,magill ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,k5tucky1 w give u ,a ,plann$ ,program = ,improv+ ! ,pecan ,indu/ry 9 ,s\?we/]n ,k5tucky4 ,a ,pecan ,improvem5t ,program = ,s\?we/]n ,k5tucky ,w4 ,w4 ,,magill1 ,ext5sion ,horticulturi/1 ,univ]sity ( ,k5tucky ,! production & m>ket+ ( se$l+ pecans 9 extreme s\?we/]n ,k5tucky has be5 ( major importance = _m ye>s4 ,?is indu/ry naturally ext5ds into nor?we/]n ,t5nessee & p>ts ( ,miss\ri directly across ! /ate l9e 9 ! ,mississippi ,riv] bottom4 ,x might be said t ?is indu/ry 0 develop$ by nature1 because 9 ! ,mississippi ,riv] bottoms we f9d se$l+ pecan trees :i* und\bt$ly are m ?an #ajj ye>s old4 ,"s native se$l+ pecan trees 9 ?is area are five feet or m 9 diamet]2 "s h a spread ( bran*es cov]+ a radius ( #fj feet1 & are m ?an #ajj feet 9 height4 ,?is indu/ry took on consid]able mom5tum ab\t sev5 ye>s ago :5 a gr\p ( local bus9ess m5 at ,hickman1 ! c\nty seat ( ,fulton ,c\nty1 develop$ a crack+ plant kn[n z ! ,rop] ,pecan ,company4 ,!y n[ h ?irty mod]n crack+ ma*9es1 ) sort+ belts1 grad+ ma*9es1 & o!r complete equipm5t1 s t !y are 9 a position to receive & process a l>ge tonnage ( native se$l+ pecans1 m]*&ise ! k]nels & o!r by-products &1 !re=e1 are able to pur*ase a l>ge quantity ( se$l+ nuts & op]ate _! plant = eight mon?s ea* ye>4 ,n hav+ suffici5t local nuts 7,k5tucky ,k]nels7 to take c>e ( _! bus9ess1 !y also buy n only ,k5tucky nuts b also f ,t5nessee1 ,miss\ri1 ,ill9ois1 & ,arkansas4 ,"y ,native ,trees ,top-,graft$ ,realiz+ t ?is indu/ry is "h to /ay & t _m f>m]s ( t di/rict h _m "y se$l+ pecans gr[+ on _! f>ms1 ! ,k5tucky ,agricultural ,ext5sion ,s]vice1 coop]at+ ) "s ( ! lead+ f>m]s ( ! di/rict1 has laun*$ a program ( top-work+ ^! native se$l+ pecans ) "s ( ! kn[n1 improv$ v>ieties t h a reputation = produc+ good yields ( high quality nuts4 ,! beg9n+ ( ?is top-graft+ program 0 9 late ,april ( #aidh1 :5 "s #bjj trees 7 top-work$ mo/ly on ! f>m ( ! late ,roscoe ,/one1 a f>m] 9 ?is area :o _h consid]able l& hold+s4 ,x is highly pleas+ to our ,ext5sion work]s to obs]ve :at we ?9k is an out/&+ success 9 ?is fir/ ye> ( developm5t1 = we f9d t ov] #ij ( ! five to t5 ye> old trees t 7 top-graft$ h develop$ a new gr[? f ! spr+ graft+1 to ! ext5t ( f two to eight feet ( new gr[?4 ,john ,watts1 ,c\nty ,f>m ,ag5t ( ,fulton ,c\nty1 :o pione]$ ?is pecan improvem5t developm5t1 tells me t we already h reque/s = top-work+ ov] #ejj o!r trees 9 ?is area = ! spr+ ( #aidi4 ,nor!rn ,v>ieties ,pref]r$ ,! be/ in=mation available 0 s\ght f su* pecan au?orities z ,=d ,wilk9son ( ,rockport1 ,indiana1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 *ief 9 nut culture1 ,horticulture ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 ,bob ,endicott ( ,villa ,ridge1 ,ill9ois1 & o!rs4 ,!y are ( ! op9ion t ?is s\?we/]n ,k5tucky area approa*es ! nor!rn limit ( successful production ( kn[n s\!rn v>ieties ( pecans1 & t our success 9 our pecan graft+ program c be/ be assur$ by top-work+ to ! h>dy nor!rn v>ieties ( pecans su* z ! ,major1 ,gre5riv]1 ,niblack1 ,giles1 ,g(or?1 & o!rs4 ,?anks to our pione]s ( ?is g5]ation :o locat$ "s out/&+ se$l+ pecans 9 ! ,ohio ,valley1 su* trees z ! orig9al ,major1 ,gre5riv]1 & o!rs h prov$ _! wor? z h>dy nor!rn pecans & !y h be5 us$ = propagat+ purposes r ?an be+ de/roy$ by f>m h&s :o burn$ piles ( debris left by high wat] ar\nd _m ( ^! e>ly trees4 ,"s ,sup]ior ,local ,nuts ,we are ( ! op9ion t o!r se$l+ v>ieties are n[ gr[+ 9 ?is ,reelfoot ,lake area1 maybe 9 ,k5tucky1 maybe 9 ,t5nessee1 or across ! l9e 9 ,miss\ri1 t are equally z good pecans1 &1 we hope1 bett]1 ?an ! already nam$ se$l+s :i* h be5 m5tion$ above4 ,dur+ e>ly ,augu/ x 0 my pleasure to sp5d a day 9 ! ,hickman bottoms ) ,c\nty ,ag5t ,watts & ,mr4 ,erne/ ,fields1 manag] ( ! local nut crack+ factory1 toge!r ) ,mr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,toombs1 ( ,hickman1 at :i* "t we inspect$ a numb] ( recogniz$ successful native pecan groves4 ,mr4 ,toombs kn[s t :ole area & is famili> ) ! pecan trees ( out/&+ quality & yield hi/ory1 j z y & ,i knew :]e e tree /ood 9 ! old home apple or*>d or t ( gr&fa!r1 :]e z boys we made frequ5t trips to get a pocketful ( ^? out/&+ local v>iety apples4 ,mr4 ,toombs po9t$ out to me a tree on 8 own f>m t he said be>s a crop e ye> ( f #cjj to #djj p\nds ( nuts4 ,9 8 own language he describ$ ! tree 9 detail b ! ?+ :i* impress$ me 0 ! fact t he _h develop$ /&+ ord]s = private sales to individuals f ! crops ( ?is "o tree ea* ye> because !y are ( out/&+ value4 ,he %[$ u ano!r tree on a neighbor's f>m1 "o :i* produc$ #gjj p\nds ( nuts "o ye>2 ano!r tree on :i* ! nuts 7 ready to h>ve/ a mon? ahead ( ! nuts f o!r pecan trees 9 t region4 7,mr4 ,wilk9son1 x /rikes me t propagation f ?is e>ly matur+ tree might well f9d a place sev]al miles nor? ( ! ,mason-,dixon ,l9e :]e normal fall fro/s (t5 injure ! crops47 ,we are ( ! op9ion t ) organiz$ ef=t we c locate ^! out/&+ individual trees1 get en\gh scion wood f !m & put x 9 ! h&s ( a good pecan gr[]1 & 9 a few ye>s develop suffici5t graft+ wood s t we c top-"w ?\s&s ( ^! "y native trees 9 ! di/rict1 !reby increas+ n only ! numb] ( p\nds produc$ p] tree1 b h a volume ( production ( ! v be/ quality ( nuts4 ,!y tell me t "o ( ! trees ,i obs]v$ has a crack+ p]c5tage ( above #fj z comp>$ to _m ( ! native se$l+s :i* h a crack+ p]c5tage ( only #bj-cj ( nut k]nels4 ,fir/ ,annual ,nut ,%[ 9 #aidh ,9 an ef=t to locate ^! out/&+ se$l+ trees 9 an organiz$ way1 our ,k5tucky ,ext5sion ,s]vice1 coop]at+ ) ! ,fulton ,c\nty ,f>m ,bureau1 local civic organizations1 ! local nut crack+ plant1 & ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ?r\gh its secret>y1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 has made plans = a nut %[ to be held at ! c\nty c\rt h\se 9 ,hickman1 ,k5tucky1 9 e>ly ,decemb] ( #aidh4 ,! feature ( ! %[ ) be ! ca% prizes (f]$ = ! be/ se$l+ pecans4 ,we reque/ t ! own]s give u a hi/ory ( ! trees1 ! age1 regul>ity 9 be>+1 etc41 ) ! nut %[ managem5t res]v+ ! "r to cut a few /icks ( graft+ wood f ! w9n+ trees4 ,prizes w also be (f]$ = hickory & walnut se$l+ trees4 ,an educational program is also plann$ 9 connection ) ! day's %[1 & x w include a visit to ! f>m ( ! late ,roscoe ,/one1 :]e a top-work+ program 0 />t$ la/ spr+1 z well z a visit to ! local nut crack+ firm4 ,?is nut %[ is set up to become an annual affair1 & we feel t ! sky is ! limit = ! good t c come out ( su* an organiz$ program z x affects ! pecan indu/ry 9 t area4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( acres ( excell5t pecan l& 9 ?is s\?we/]n ,k5tucky area1 t c be pr(itably develop$ into pecan groves4 ,! l& is deep1 v f]tile1 & is already well suppli$ ) moi/ure4 ,we _c "q its be+ a natural home = pecan production1 = nature prov$ ?is po9t to ! public two g5]ations ago4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,presid5t ,,davidson3 ,pecan ,culture 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a by ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,muss]1 ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture at ,clemson ,agricultural ,college is next4 ,mr4 ,s5n w read ! pap] because ,mr4 ,muss] is n able to be "h4 ,pecan ,production 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,t4 ,l4 ,,s5n1 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,horticulture1 ,clemson1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,9 ! s\!rn colonies on ! ,atlantic coa/1 ! pecan 0 fir/ describ$ by ,?omas ,walt] 9 8 publication ,flora ,c>ol9iana 9 #aghg4 ,he 0 an ,engli%man :o _h a plantation 9 ,/4 ,john's ,p>i% on ! ,santee ,riv]1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 :]e he made an ext5sive collection ( s\!rn plants4 ,aft] describ+ ! tree1 evid5tly a nurs]y specim51 he end$ ) ! words1 ,! fruit ,i h nev] se54 ,x is kn[n n[ t ! native range ( pecan did n ext5d to ! pres5t /ate ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,"o ( ! fir/ l>ge pecan plant+s 9 ! /ate dates back to #ahij2 ,?is 0 a se$l+ plant+ ( #ajjj trees made by ,john ,s4 ,horlbock at ,*>le/on4 ,"s ( ^! trees are /ill produc+4 ,! plant+ nev] prov$ pr(itable & has *ang$ own]%ip sev]al times4 ,!re are sev]al small plant+s ( black walnuts1 ,*9ese *e/nuts1 & ,p]sian walnuts 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! /ate4 ,p]sian walnuts d well 9 ! ,pi$mont soil region & 9 #aidg ! trees !re _h a good crop4 ,comm]cial ,pecan ,plant+s ,! pecan1 is "o ( ! mo/ popul> tree nuts & is ! only "o gr[n on a comm]cial scale 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,pecans are gr[n 9 e c\nty1 al?\gh !re is a comp>atively small numb] ( trees 9 mo/ ( ! ,pi$mont & ,m\nta9 c\nties1 & sev]al c\nties 9 ! l[] ,coa/al ,pla94 ,orangeburg ,c\nty1 ) ! l>ge/ numb]1 _h #bg1ebh4 ,pick5s ,c\nty1 ) ! fewe/ trees1 _h #hja4 ,! total = ! /ate 0 report$ z #bbg1jbg trees4 ,pecans are an important money crop ( ! /ate4 ,dur+ ! la/ five ye>s ! production ( pecans has av]ag$ ?ree million p\nds1 :i* br\ght f>m]s a ye>ly av]age ( #ejj1jjj4 ,! av]age yield p] tree ( be>+ age 9 #aidg 0 only ab\t #g p\nds1 or #ajj p\nds p] acre4 ,eighte5 c5ts 0 ! av]age price receiv$ = improv$ v>ieties1 & twelve c5ts = se$l+s1 dur+ ! t5-ye> p]iod #aice-aidd4 ,) ^! prices & yields p] be>+ tree1 x is easily se5 t !re is pl5ty ( room = improvem5t1 = ! production ( pecans 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a by ! av]age gr[] has n be5 v pr(itable dur+ ! pa/ n9e or t5 ye>s4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a has rank$ fif? or six? 9 ! production ( pecans ( improv$ v>ieties dur+ ! pa/ sev]al ye>s4 ,:ile production f ye> to ye> has be5 up & d[n1 ! g5]al tr5d is up4 ,!re are two g5]al classes ( pecan trees gr[n 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a3 se$l+s & nam$ or improv$ v>ieties4 ,! av]age crop figures ov] ! t5-ye> p]iod #aicc to #aidb1 %[ t six times z _m nuts ( improv$ v>ieties 7 produc$ z ( se$l+s4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a produces ab\t #f ( ! pecan nuts ( improv$ v>ieties 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & less ?an #a ( ! se$l+s4 ,! se$l+ trees are = ! mo/ "p giv5 v little att5tion1 receiv+ nei!r f]tiliz]s nor sprays4 ,!y produce nuts ( miscellane\s size1 %ape1 & quality1 & are usually small] ?an ! improv$ v>ieties4 ,! co/ ( production ( se$l+ pecans is small = !y are usually gr[n 9 back y>ds1 9 *ick5 ranges1 & 9 pa/ures4 ,!re are a numb] ( pecan v>ieties t are adapt$ to & gr[n 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,! mo/ popul> v>ieties are ,s*ley1 ,/u>t1 ,success & ,moneymak]4 ,a numb] ( o!r v>ieties1 includ+ ,te*e1 ,frots*]1 ,mahan1 ,pab/1 ,delmas1 ,van ,deman1 & ,moore are gr[n 9 "s sections4 ,s*ley is v susceptible to scab & %\ld n be plant$ if a spray program is n c>ri$ out4 ,moneymak]1 ,/u>t1 & ,success are n s v susceptible to scab & are satisfactory :]e a complete spray program is n us$4 ,"s ye>s ago sev]al gr[]s 9 "o c\nty ord]$ ,/u>t trees & ^! trees1 n[ be>+1 turn$ out to be ,te*e1 s !re is "s unc]ta9ty z to ! v>iety names 9 "s sections4 ,! plant+ di/ance v>ies consid]ably1 dep5d+ some:at ^u f]tility ( soil & l5g? ( gr[+ season4 ,mo/ ( ! plant+s are too close1 hav+ z _m z #bj or m trees p] acre4 ,because ( ! long] gr[+ season 9 ! l[] half ( ! /ate1 trees gr[n !re w be l>g] at a giv5 age ?an ^? gr[n 9 ! ,pi$mont section4 ,cultivation ,me?ods ,int]crops or cov] crops are usually gr[n to increase ! income ( ! f>m4 ,cultivation programs v>y accord+ to ! int]crop gr[n4 ,pecan trees are gr[n on v>i\s types ( soil1 :i* also v>y greatly 9 _! f]tility4 ,diff]5t f]tiliz]s are recomm5d$ = ^! v>y+ conditions4 ,f]tiliz] is usually appli$ late 9 ,febru>y or e>ly 9 ,m>*1 sev]al weeks prior to ! swell+ ( ! buds4 ,! exact "t ( application v>ies accord+ to ! area 9 ! /ate 9 :i* ! trees are gr[n4 ,_m ( ! soils ( ! /ate are probably too acid = be/ gr[? ( pecans & ! necess>y w9t] cov] crops t %\ld be gr[n 9 ! plant+s4 ,9 "s soils t h be5 lim$1 or :]e ! soil p,h is #g4j or approximately s1 ! application ( z9c1 to ! soil has n elim9at$ rosette4 ,few su* conditions exi/ 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 b :]e ^! conditions d prevail1 z9c treatm5t is be+ tri$ 9 ! =m ( sprays1 us+ comm]cial spray mat]ials4 ,unfavorable wea!r at bloom+ "t (t5 prev5ts poll9ation4 ,in/ances ( cross-incompatability occurr+ betwe5 ! v>ieties gr[n 9 ?is /ate are practically unkn[n4 ,late spr+ fro/s sometimes kill ! male or female fl[]s or bo?4 ,! pecan 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a is subject to attack by num]\s insects & diseases1 j z x is 9 o!r places4 ,scab is ! wor/ (f5d]4 ,sev]al species ( bor]s are f\nd attack+ ! trunks1 ! twig girdl] sev]+ ! tips ( twigs1 ! %uck worm & case-be>] affect+ ! husk1 & ! pecan weevil affect+ ! nuts4 ,_m ( ! trees gr[+ 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a are n plant$ 9 suffici5tly l>ge groves to ju/ify ! exp5diture necess>y = spray equipm5t4 ,contract spray+ has be5 done to "s ext5t & has possibilities 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,:]e ! numb] ( trees is small ?is w be ! only way 9 :i* gr[]s c af=d to obta9 ! use ( high pressure equipm5t4 ,m>ket+ ,conditions ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,circul> #cja gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! pecan m>ket+ situation 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,mo/ ( ! pecans 9 ?is /ate are sold 9 small lots4 ,! assembl+ at a numb] ( locations ( ^! small lots into lots l>ge en\gh to make h&l+ economical has be5 a great problem4 ,x is believ$ t ?ree auction m>kets prop]ly locat$ 9 ! /ate w\ld be ! mo/ satisfactory m>ket+ arrangem5t4 ,if ea* ( ^! m>kets w\ld h "o sales day p] week s t buy]s c\ld att5d sales at ea* place1 ! co/ ( m>ket+ c\ld be greatly r$uc$4 ,!re are n9e companies 9 five c\nties t h&le pecans4 ,?is is a r brief discussion relat+ facts ab\t ! pecan indu/ry 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & mo/ ( ! figures giv5 are av]age figures4 ,^? plant+s receiv+ good cultural practices give m satisfactory returns4 ,! pecans ent]prise c be made a pr(itable "o if ! gr[] w c>ry out a complete program to ov]come ! problems ( f]tilization & control ( diseases & insects & n j leave ! trees to fight ! battle alone4 ,ref]5ces ,rawl1 ,e4 ,h4 & ,nettles1 ,w4 ,c4--,pecan ,production1 ,s4 ,c4 ,circ4 #ahc1 #aidj4 ,muss]1 ,a4 ,m41 et al--,pecan ,production & ,m>ket+ 9 ,s4 ,c41 ,s4 ,c4 ,circ4 #cja1 #aidg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,?ank y1 ,mr4 ,s5n4 ,i ?9k ?is program is j tops4 ,i don't "k h[ y feel1 b ,i ?9k x is a wond]ful program4 ,! ,/orage ( ,%ell$ ,pecans w be told to u by ,pr(essor ,h>ris ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture ( ,alabama ,polyte*nic ,in/itute ( ,auburn1 ,alabama4 ,pr(essor ,h>ris4 ,pres]vation ( ,%ell$ ,pecans by ,dry+ & ,h]metically ,seal+ ,,hub]t ,,h>ris1 ,associate ,horticulturi/1 ,alabama ,agricultural ,exp]im5t1 ,/ation4 ,)\t "s special treatm5t1 /orage life ( pecans at ord9>y temp]atures is r %ort4 ,nuts held 9 common /orage f fall h>ve/ %[ noticeable flavor losses by spr+4 ,/al5ess & rancidity are likely to foll[ z summ] wea!r approa*es4 ,^! facts emphasize ! ne$ ( a bett] me?od t might be us$ bo? comm]cially & 9 ! home = pres]v+ ! pecan ov] a long p]iod at common /orage temp]atures4 ,a satisfactory me?od might be us$ n only = pres]v+ nuts = ye>-r\nd use1 b = c>ry+ !m ov] f heavy crop ye>s to light crop ye>s4 ,?is report pres5ts ! results ( exp]im5ts conduct$ at ! ,alabama ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation on me?ods ( pres]v+ pecans4 ,/orage ,tr\bles ,"s ( ! common pecan /orage tr\bles are /al5ess1 rancidity1 color *anges1 mold+1 & insect injury4 ,mold+ occurs only :5 ! product is /or$ 9 a moi/ atmosph]e at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,insect infe/ation usually results :5 ! %ell$ k]nels are held 9 unseal$ conta9]s "u ord9>y /orage conditions4 ,rancidity develops dur+ ! summ] mon?s :5 ! product is /or$ by common1 me?ods at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,rancidity is probably ! mo/ common ( pecan /orage tr\bles2 x has be5 consid]$ ! mo/ difficult to control4 ,rancidity is usually prec$$ by g5]al loss ( flavor foll[$ by /al5ess ( k]nels4 ,color gradually becomes d>k] z ! typical rancid condition develops4 ,^! *anges are associat$ ) & caus$ by c]ta9 *emical reactions t progress at a sl[ rate4 ,! oils & fats are sl[ly oxidiz$ to aldehydes1 ketones1 & o!r *emical comp\nds 7#aj71 :i* cause ! undesirable aromas & flavors *>act]i/ic ( ! rancid condition4 ,review ( ,previ\s ,"w ,! p]iod dur+ :i* pecans w rema9 free ( rancidity & o!r =ms ( spoilage v>ies consid]ably ) /orage conditions & o!r factors4 ,common /orage p]iods rang+ f #c to #ab mon?s h be5 report$4 ,wright 7#aj7 plac$ ! common /orage life at #c to #e mon?s4 ,blackmon 7#a7 sugge/$ #f mon?s z ! maximum p]iod4 ,m$lock 7#aa7 0 able to keep !m 9 edible condition = p]iods up to #ab mon?s4 ,! wide ranges ( "t z obs]v$ by ! diff]5t inve/igators are due1 no d\bt1 to /orage conditions1 v>iety1 quality ( ! nuts1 & seasonal v>iations4 ,cold /orage 0 effective 9 pres]v+ pecans = p]iods up to #b-a_/b ye>s4 ,wright 7#aj7 report$ effective p]iods ( #ac to #cj mon?s1 & ,m$lock 7#aa7 0 able to keep !m = m ?an #b ye>s4 ,%ell$ pecans did n keep z long ei!r 9 common or cold /orage z ! un%ell$ nuts4 ,me?ods & ,proc$ures ,results ( prelim9>y te/s made at ! ,alabama ,/ation 9 #aicg indicat$ t pecans k]nels might be kept at common temp]atures by dry+ !m 9 an ov5 & /or+ 9 seal$ conta9]s1 :i* prev5ts absorption ( moi/ure f ! air4 ,s9ce /orage te/s report$ by o!r work]s did n include /udies ( ! relation%ip ( moi/ure cont5t ( k]nels to _! /orage life1 x 0 felt t ?is phase ( ! problem %\ld be inve/igat$4 ,prelim9>y te/s 7 made to det]m9e suitable temp]atures & p]iods = ! dry+ process4 ,temp]atures ( #bjj to #bbe deg4,f prov$ to be mo/ satisfactory4 ,^! temp]atures dri$ ! k]nels q rapidly )\t appreciable scor*+ or discoloration4 ,! dry+ p]iod 0 v>i$ to give desir$ moi/ure cont5ts = ! v>i\s treatm5ts4 ,f\r me?ods ( seal+ ! j>s 7 us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts4 ,!y 7 ! cold seal1 /eam seal1 hot seal1 & vacuum seal4 ,! cold seal 0 accompli%$ by plac+ cool k]nels 9 cool j>s & seal+ )\t special treatm5t4 ,by ! /eam seal1 air 0 exhau/$ f ! j>s ) a small bla/ ( /eam & ! j>s seal$ imm$iately4 ,cond5sation ( ! /eam result$ 9 a p>tial vacuum 9 ! j>s & a slight increase 9 moi/ure cont5t ( ! k]nels4 ,by ! hot seal1 hot k]nels 7 transf]r$ directly f ! ov5 pans to clean1 dry1 hot j>s1 & seal$ imm$iately4 ,contraction ( ! air z ! j>s cool$ result$ 9 a p>tial vacuum4 ,! vacuum seals 7 made 9 clamp-top fruit j>s by means ( a home pressure cook]4 ,fill$ j>s1 ) cov]s p>tially clamp$1 7 plac$ 9 ! cook]4 ,! cook] cov] 0 lubricat$ at ! seal+ surface & screw$ d[n tightly4 ,! pressure gauge 9 ! top ( ! cook] 0 replac$ ) a vacuum gauge4 ,! ne$le valve 0 remov$4 ,an aspirator 0 atta*$ to ! wat] faucet & connect$ to ! ne$le valve op5+ by means ( a vacuum hose4 ,aft] ! desir$ vacuum _h be5 pull$ on ! cook]1 ! vacuum hose 0 remov$ f ! ne$le valve fitt+ ?us p]mitt+ air to ru% back into ! cook]4 ,! sudd5 *ange 9 pressure automatically seal$ ! j>s4 ,pres5tation ( ,data ,prelim9>y /udies 7 made to det]m9e ! effect ( temp]ature & "t ( dry+ on moi/ure cont5t1 color1 & toa/+ ( k]nels4 ,results ( ^! /udies are giv5 9 ,table ,i4 ,,table ,i4--,effect ( ,temp]ature & ,"t ( ,dry+ on ,moi/ure ,cont5t1 ,color1 & ,toa/+ ( ,pecan ,k]nels4 ,ov5 ,"t 9 ,moi/ure ,*ange temp]ature ov5 9 9 ,degree ( k]nels color#be toa/+ ,m9utes ,p] c5t #j #c4g #j4j #j #bj #b4f #j4e #j #cj #a4d #a #a #cg #a4b #b #b #bbe deg4,f #dd #a4j #c #d #ea #j4e #f #h #eh #j4c #h #aj #fe #j4b #h #aj #gb #j4a #i #aj ---------------------------------------- --------- #aj #c4b #bj #c4a #bjc deg4,f #cj #b4i #da #b4d #ej #b4b #fj #a4i ,footnote #be3 ,! numb]s #j to #aj indicate v>y+ am\nts ( *ange 9 color or degree ( toa/+3 #j repres5ts normal color &_/or no toa/+4 #aj repres5ts consid]able int5sification ( color &_/or developm5t ( typical flavor ( toa/$ k]nels4 ,! fir/ s]ies ( ! process+ & /orage te/s 0 />t$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aici4 ,! treatm5ts toge!r ) results are giv5 9 ,table ,,ii4 ,! diff]5t samples 7 dri$ 9 an electric ov5 at #bbe deg4,f to moi/ure cont5ts rang+ f #j4a to #c4d p] c5t4 ,!y 7 seal$ 9 glass j>s1 bo? ) & )\t vacuum1 & /or$ 9 a d>k room at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,^? dri$ to #b4i p] c5t moi/ure or less 7 /ill good aft] #b ye>s 9 /orage1 :]eas ^? ) high] moi/ure cont5t 7 rancid aft] "o ye> 9 /orage4 ,samples dri$ to approximately #b p] c5t moi/ure 7 /ill good ,septemb] #a1 #aidh1 :i* 0 almo/ #i ye>s aft] process+ & /or+4 ,! color 0 pres]v$ some:at bett] by vacuum seal+4 ,h[ev]1 ! quality ( air-seal$ samples 0 practically z good z ^? t 7 vacuum seal$4 ,^! te/s did n %[ h[ long k]nels might h be5 kept by dry+ & /or+ 9 unseal$ conta9]s4 ,table ,,ii4--,! ,effect ( ,diff]5t ,am\nts ( ,dry+ & ,diff]5t ,me?ods ( ,seal+ on ! ,/orage ,qualities ( ,pecan ,k]nels 7,te/s made at ,auburn1 beg9n+ ,decemb]1 #aici47 ,p] c5t ,no4 m94 moi/ure ,me?ods ( ,sample 9 ov5 9 dry seal+ #bh ,no4 #bbe deg4,f k]nels ,cold-seal 7a7 #a #j #h4d ,hot seal 7b7 #b #bj #b4i #c #cj #a4f #d #dd #a4j #e #ea #j4g ,/eam-seal 7c7 #f #j #c4d #g #ej #j4b #h #fj #j4af #i #fe #j4aj ,vacuum-seal 7d7 #aj #j #c4d #aa #bj #b4g #ab #cj #a4j ,:5 cann$ ,aft] #ab mo4 ,aft] #bd mo4 ,me?ods ( ,sample seal+ #bh ,no4 ,color ,flavor ,color ,flavor ,color ,flavor #bf #bg #bf #bg #bf #bg ,cold-seal 7a7 #a #a ,excell5t #b ,m$ium #c ,m$ium ,hot seal 7b7 #b #a ,excell5t #b good #c ,v good #c #b ,v good1 #b ,v ,good1 #c ,good1 slightly dry slightly dry slightly dry #d #b ,excell5t1 #c ,v good1 #c ,v good1 slightly slightly slightly toa/$ toa/$ toa/$ #e #b ,excell5t1 #b ,v good #b ,v good toa/$ toa/$ toa/$ ,/eam-seal 7c7 #f #a ,excell5t #b ,fair #b ,fair #g #c ,excell5t1 #c ,v good1 #c ,v good1 toa/$ toa/$ toa/$ #h #c ,excell5t1 #c ,good1 #c ,good1 toa/$ toa/$ toa/$ #i #d ,excell5t #d ,good1 #e ,good1 toa/$ toa/$ toa/$ ,vacuum-seal 7d7 #aj #a ,excell5t #a ,v good #a ,good1 slightly flat #aa #a ,excell5t #a ,v good #a ,good1 slightly flat #ab #b ,v good1 #b ,v good1 #b ,m$ium1 slightly dry slightly dry slightly flat ,footnote #bf3 ,color rat+s3 ,nos4 #a to #e repres5t diff]5t am\nts ( discoloration4 #a ,normal bright yell[ color ( fre% k]nels4 #e ,normal br[n color ( ag$ k]nels4 ,footnote #bg3 ,flavor rat+s3 fair means sc>cely edible4 ,footnote #bh3 ,me?ods ( seal+3 7a7 seal$ )\t heat+2 7b7 hot k]nels imm$iately transf]r$ f ov5 pans to dry1 hot j>s & seal$2 7c7 air exhau/$ f j>s ) /eam & seal$ imm$iately2 7d7 seal$ "u vacuum by me?od describ$ "u ,proc$ures4 ,table ,,iii4--,effect ( ,moi/ure ,cont5t1 ,conta9]1 & ,seal+ on ,/orage ,quality ( ,s*ley ,pecan ,k]nels--#aidj4 ,moi/ure cont5t ,flavor ,:5#bi ,aft] #f ,aft] #h ,aft] #ab ,aft] #ah /or$ mon?s mon?s mon?s mon?s ,cov]$ #f4jj #g4jj ,n edible ,n edible ,n edible unseal$ #d4dc #f4he ,n edible ,n edible ,n edible ice cream #c4ej #f4ge ,n edible ,n edible ,n edible c>tons #a4ga #f4hj ,n edible ,n edible ,n edible ,cov]$ #f4jj #aj4decj ,n edible ,n edible ,n edible unseal$ #d4dc #f4gj ,rancid ,n edible ,n edible glass #c4ej #e4jj ,fair ,n edible ,n edible j>s #a4ga #d4ej ,good ,fair ,n edible #f4jj #f4ae ,rancid ,n edible ,n edible ,seal$ #d4dc #d4gj ,fair ,n edible ,n edible glass #c4ej #c4cj ,good ,good ,rancid j>s #a4ga #a4he ,v good ,v good ,v good ,footnote #bi3 ,! cur$ pecan k]nels _h a moi/ure cont5t ( #d4dc at ! "t ! te/s 7 made4 ,samples ) moi/ure cont5ts bel[ #d4dc p] c5t 7 ov5 dri$ at #bjj deg4,f = p]iods necess>y to rea* ! respective moi/ure levels4 ,samples ) moi/ure cont5ts above #d4dc 7 treat$ 9 /eam to obta9 ! desir$ am\nt ( moi/ure4 ,footnote #cj3 ,excessive increase 9 moi/ure cont5t result$ 9 heavy mold+ ( product4 ,a second s]ies ( process+ & /orage te/s 0 />t$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aidj4 ,^! /udies includ$ te/s ( effect ( moi/ure cont5t1 type ( conta9]1 & seal+ on /orage qualities ( ,s*ley pecan k]nels4 ,table ,,iii %[s a portion ( ^! te/s toge!r ) ! results obta9$4 ,x is po9t$ out t unseal$ samples rega9$ moi/ure & became rancid )9 #h mon?s 9 /orage4 ,summ>y ,results f ! =ego+ exp]im5ts %[ t pecan k]nels c be kept = n9e ye>s by dry+ !m to ab\t #b p] c5t moi/ure & /or+ !m 9 seal$ conta9]s4 ,! be/ results 7 obta9$ by dry+ ! k]nels 9 an ov5 = ab\t #ej m9utes at #bjj deg4,f4 ,! exact l5g? ( ! dry+ p]iod may v>y some:at ) ! moi/ure cont5t ( ! undri$ k]nels & ! quantity ( k]nels dri$ at "o "t4 ,! temp]ature ( ! ov5 c\ld probably be r$uc$ )\t affect+ ! dry+ "t by us+ a fan = circulat+ ! air 9 ! ov54 ,?is me?od w pres]ve ! fre% qualities ( pecans = a mu* long] "t & equally z well z su* common me?ods z freez+ & cann+ pres]ve fre% qualities ( o!r foods4 ,x is felt t ! process (f]s a practical & effective me?od t might well be us$ 9 ! home z well z 9 comm]cial plants = pres]v+ %ell$ pecans = ye>-r\nd use &_/or = c>ry+ ov] surpluses f a heavy crop ye> to supplem5t ! light crops t usually foll[4 ,lit]ature ,cit$ #a4 ,blackmon1 ,g4 ,h41 #aibg1 ,pecan ,gr[+ 9 ,florida4 ,florida ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,bullet9 #aia3 #hf4 #b4 ,kirkpatrick1 ,s4 ,m41 #aibd4 ,! ,pecan4 ,alabama ,pecan ,gr[]s' ,association1 ,proce$+s1 ,may1 #aibd1 ,p4 #aj4 #c4 ,! ,encyclop$ia ,am]icana4 ,volume ,,xxi3 #dfa4 #d4 ,bailey1 ,i4 ,h41 & ,bailey1 ,e4 ,z41 ,hortus4 ,second ,edition3 #edb4 #e4 ,! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 ,volume ,,xvi3 #fdg4 #f4 ,sk9n]1 ,j4 ,j42 ,f[l]1 ,e4 ,d42 & ,alb51 ,a4 ,o43 #aibh1 ,pecan ,soils ( ! ,gulf & ,s\!a/]n ,/ates & ,ma9t5ance ( _! ,f]tility1 ,,usda ,circul> #dib3 #a4 #g4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,agricultural ,/ati/ics = #aida3 #bgi4 #h4 ,davis1 ,p4 ,o41 #aibd1 ,"s ,facts ,ab\t ! ,pecan4 ,alabama ,pecan ,gr[]s' ,association ,proce$+s1 ,may1 #aibd3 #i4 #i4 ,salmon1 ,w4 ,d41 #aibd1 ,nutritive ,value ( ! ,pecan4 ,alabama ,pecan ,gr[]s' ,association ,proce$+s1 ,may1 #aibd3 #ch-dj #aj4 ,wright1 ,r4 ,c41 #aida1 ,inve/igations on ! ,/orage ( ,nuts1 ,,usda ,te*nical ,bullet9 ,no4 #ggj3 #a-ce4 #aa4 ,m$lock1 ,o4 ,c4 #aica1 ,pecan ,/orage1 ,alabama ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,annual ,report1 ,volume ,,xlii3 #ej-ea4 #ab4 ,blackmon1 ,g4 ,h41 #aicb4 ,cold ,/orage ( ,pecans4 ,florida ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,annual ,report1 #aicb3 #ajb-aje4 #ac4 ,smi?1 ,c4 ,l42 ,?or1 ,c4 ,j4 ,b42 & ,romb]g1 ,l4 ,d42 #aicc1 ,effect ( ,/orage ,conditions on ! ,g]m9ation ( ,se$ ,pecans4 ,texas ,pecan ,gr[]s' ,association ,proce$+s #ac3 #fh-ga4 #ad4 ,h>ris1 ,hub]t1 #aicg1 ,pres]vation ( ,pecan ,k]nels4 ,dep>tm5t ,annual ,report ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture & ,=e/ry1 ,alabama ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 #aicg4 7,unpubli%$74 99 99 99 99 99 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,i wond]1 ,pr(essor ,h>ris1 :e!r ^? me?ods c\ld be appli$ to o!r nuts 9 addition to pecans4 ,w\ld y\r me?ods ) ! pecan be adaptable to o!r nuts or k]nels8 ,pr(4 ,h>ris3 ,i h n tri$ o!r nuts1 b ,i h ?\ght q a bit ab\t ! black walnut1 & ,i w\ld l to run "s exp]im5ts4 ,x seems to me t x w\ld be adaptable to o!r nuts :i* h con/itu5ts simil> to ! pecan su* z black walnut1 & p]haps peanuts4 ,we int5d to "w "s on ! peanuts d[n !re4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 9 ! case ( ! *e/nut we m or less *eck$ x out on t1 because :5 y dry ! *e/nut d[n to l[ moi/ure cont5t y h a h>d product t is n palatable & is q undesirable4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,n[ comes ! foll[-up /udies on ! #aidf ,ohio black walnut prize w9n]s4 ,mr4 ,l4 ,walt] ,%]man has prep>$ some?+ on t matt] b ,mr4 ,/]l+ ,smi?1 ,i believe1 is go+ to read t to u4 ,foll[-,up ,/udies on ! #aidf ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,prize ,w9n]s ,l4 ,,walt] ,,%]man1 ,mahon+ ,c\nty ,exp]im5t ,f>m1 ,canfield1 ,ohio ,9 #aidf a black walnut conte/ 0 conduct$ 9 ,ohio t br\ght out r\ghly #hjj samples ( nuts f all sections ( ! /ate4 ,judg+ on ! *>act]s ( ! nuts only1 !re 7 t5 select$ z prize w9n]s4 ,notice t ,i say on nut *>act]s only4 ,9 #aiej a gr& prize is to be giv5 to ! tree select$ f ^! t5 trees t has be5 ! out/&+ p]=m] = ! five ye> p]iod4 ,we want to "k m ab\t ^! trees4 ,d !y produce regul>ly8 ,d ! nuts fill well ea* ye>8 ,are ! trees "y or old8 ,on :at k9d ( soil are !y locat$8 ,j :at are ! factors t cause !m to produce su* sup]ior nuts8 ,9 ord] to try to answ] "s ( ?is type ( que/ions ea* ( ! t5 trees 0 visit$ 9 #aidg & a c>eful survey ( ea* 0 made4 ,?is 0 done 9 ,augu/1 at :i* "t ! crop prospects = #aidg c\ld be not$4 ,mimeograph$ blanks su* z ! foll[+ 7 us$ to record ! desir$ data4 ,tree ,"n ,latitude ,"n ( ,own] ,address ,c\nty ,/ate ,/ate ,r\te ,telephone ,,tree ,isolat$ 2 mod]ately cr[d$ 2 d5se woods ,,location ,types ( trees 9 vic9ity ,air dra9age ,level 2 ,slope 2 ,direction ( slope ,,tree ,,size ,circumf]5ce #d-a_/b feet f gr\nd ,,& ,,%ape ,probable age 2 limb spread 2 tall 2 %ort 2 op5-bran*$ 2 symmetrical 2 irregul> 2 ,,soil ,sod 2 pl[l& 2 bottom 2 upl& 2 hillside 2 ,,conditions clay 2 alluvial 2 loam 2 s&y 2 p,h 2 ,di/ance to subsoil 2 k9d ( subsoil ,humus 2 lack ( humus 4 ,,dra9age ,ne>ness to spr+ 2 tile dra9 2 well 2 lake 2 /ream 4 ,,f]tility ,f]tiliz$ 2 manure 2 comm]cial f]tiliz] 2 lime 2 n f]tiliz$ 4 ,,p]=mance ,,*>t ,resi/ance to disease & insects3 ,blight2 ,wit*es' ,broom2 ,cat]pill>s2 #aidg #aidh #aidi #aiej #aidg #aidh #aidi #aiej ,be>+3 ,g ,f ,s ,f ,good2 ,fair2 ,scatt]+2 ,failure4 #aidg #aidh #aidi #aiej ,season3 ,date ( leaf+ out ,male3 ,date ( blossom+ ,female3 ,date ( blossom+ ,date ( rip5+ ,date ( kill+ fro/ ,la/ 9 spr+2 fir/ 9 fall ,rate ( gr[? ,moi/ure2 ,ra9y1 dry1 av]age ,clu/]s3 ,size #aidg #aidh #aidi #aiej ,range 9 numb] ( nuts p] clu/] ,production3 ,size ( crop 9 proportion to size ( tree #aidg #aidh #aidi #aiej ,p]c5tage ( unfill$ nuts3 #aidg #aidh #aidi #aiej ,r99,h --------------------crop p\nds 99 ,r #a_/b limb spread4 99 ,h height2 l[e/ bran* to top4 ,9 addition to ^! data1 photographs1 bo? 9 black & :ite1 & 9 color1 7 tak5 ( ! trees & (t5 ( ! surr\nd+s1 & a map made s t ! trees c be locat$ 9 ! future by any "o wi%+ to d s4 ,= exam9ation by any "o wi%+ to d s1 !re are on ! secret>y's desk copies ( ! case hi/ories1 z writt5 up1 ( ! fir/ & second prize w9n]s1 ! ,duke & ! ,burson4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ^! t5 trees has n reveal$ any s+le factor t c be po9t$ to z ess5tial to ! production ( a sup]ior walnut v>iety4 ,!y 7 f\nd on good & on poor soils1 on good & poor sites1 9 soils ( a wide range ( p,h values f v acid to alkal9e 9 reaction4 ,mo/ ( ! trees 7 locat$ 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! /ate at #ci deg4 to #dj deg4 ,nor? ,latitude1 b x is h>d to imag9e t ! latitude has any specific effect on ! sup]ior qualities ( ! nuts4 ,9 all cases :]e ! trees 7 n[ /&+ 9 impov]i%$ soils1 l[ 9 humus1 f]tility1 & 9 p,h value1 x 0 q evid5t t ! soil 0 probably 9 f> bett] condition :5 ! trees got _! />t fifty to a hundr$ or m ye>s ago4 ,w9t] ,kill+ #aidg-aidh ,9 #aidg scions ( six ( ^! prize w9n+ trees 7 successfully graft$ into e/abli%$ t5 ye> old black walnut se$l+ trees at ! ,mahon+ ,c\nty ,exp]im5t ,f>m at ,canfield1 ,ohio1 location #da deg4 nor? latitude4 ,! scions grew nicely 9 #aidg b all 7 w9t] kill$ dur+ ! w9t] ( #aidg-aidh ) ! exception ( "o scion ( ,kuhn & "o ( ,davidson4 ,two scions ( ,duke1 two ( ,kuhn1 "o ( ,a!ns1 "o ( ,or?1 sev5 ( ,jackson p]i%$ dur+ ! fir/ w9t] aft] graft+4 ,?is sev]e kill+ ( #aidg-dh app>5tly indicates t w9t] injury to ^! v>ieties may be expect$ "s ye>s :5 !y are plant$ "u conditions simil> to ^? at ! ,mahon+ ,c\nty ,exp]im5t ,f>m4 ,! "o scion ( ! ,davidson v>iety came ?r\gh 9 f9e %ape1 s ?is w\ld be ! exception4 ,! w9t] ( #aidg-dh 0 unusual 9 ! sev]ity ( ! w9t] injury to ! black walnut trees at ! ,mahon+ ,c\nty ,exp]im5t ,f>m4 ,two t5 ye> old ,/abl] trees & a t5 ye> old ,jans5 tree kill$ back to ! gr\nd level1 & "o ye> old gr[? ( ,c[le1 ,havice1 ,jans51 ,murphy1 ,mohican1 ,ohio1 ,/ambaugh1 ,tw9 ,lakes1 & ,lisbon 0 badly damag$ al?\gh n always completely kill$4 ,w9t] ,kill+ ( ,b5* ,grafts ,b5* grafts t 7 /ill 9 ! hot b$ & 7 n transplant$ to nurs]y r[s until spr+ ( #aidh f>$ mu* bett] ?an ! grafts gr[+ 9 ! e/abli%$ trees4 ,z !y _h no w9t] protection b ! side walls ( ! hot b$ x is a little h>d to see :y !y f>$ s mu* bett]4 ,"o b5* graft ( ! ,duke1 two ( ,burson1 f\r ( ,kuhn1 two ( ,davidson1 ?ree ( ,or?1 two ( ,williamson1 two ( ,p5n1 & six ( ,jackson all came ?r\gh 9 good %ape4 ,indications c]ta9ly po9t to ! conclusion t ! prize w9n+ v>ieties ( ! ,ohio #aidf conte/ are adapt$ to ! s\!rn "p ( ! /ate r ?an to ! nor!rn "p4 ,! ,davidson is a possible exception to ?is4 ,mr4 ,smi?3 ,i ask$ ,mr4 ,silvis :y ,mr4 ,%]man wasn't "h1 & he said he wasn't able to come because he 0 do+ ! same type ( "w ?is ye>1 & x is v evid5tly ! reason :y he wasn't at ! la/ meet+ because he 0 prep>+ ?is "w4 ,in/ead ( com+ & enjoy+ ! conv5tion1 he /ays home & does "w t helps ! ,association1 s ,i ?9k ! ,association is v mu* indebt$ to him4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,i ?9k t is true4 ,t makes x possible = u to close 9 good "t4 ,i ?9k ?is program is tops4 ,i ?9k x is by f> ! be/ program ,i rememb]4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,let's give ,mr4 ,*ase1 ! ,program ,*airman1 a big h&4 7,applause47 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,we w n[ adj\rn4 7,:]eupon1 at #d3cj o'clock1 p4 m4 ! meet+ 0 adj\rn$ to reconv5e = bus9ess session aft] ! banquet47 99 99 99 99 99 ,tuesday ,ev5+ ,bus9ess ,session ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,!re is a little bus9ess t rema9s to be done4 ,9 ord] to let ,mr4 ,slate get away1 we'd l to h a report ( ! ,committee on ,place ( ,meet+4 ,mr4 ,slate3 ,! committee consi/+ ( ,royal ,oakes1 myself & two o!rs1 conf]r$ ) ea* o!r4 ,we h consid]$ ! matt] ( a meet+ place = next ye>1 & we ?9k1 & ^? we h talk$ ) ?9k1 t p]haps ,beltsville w\ld be ! be/ place4 ,x does n seem feasible to h a meet+ 9 ! ,middle ,we/4 ,! ,new ,york ,city region w probably be bett] = u a ye> lat]4 ,! o!r good places we h visit$ r rec5tly4 ,s we are recomm5d+ t ! place ( meet+ be ,beltsville4 ,d y wi% to consid] ! "t ( meet+ n[1 or w we vote on ! place8 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,let's act on t n[4 ,fir/1 may ,i h a motion8 ,a ,memb]3 ,i w move we hold our next conv5tion at ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&4 7,! motion 0 second$1 vote tak5 & motion c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,n[1 "t ( meet+4 ,mr4 ,slate3 ,x has be5 cu/om>y = u to h our meet+ e>ly 9 ,septemb]1 ab\t ,labor ,day4 ,next ,labor ,day is ! #e? ( ,septemb]4 ,n[1 we are n mak+ any recomm5dations z to "t1 b if we foll[ our pa/ cu/om we w probably meet ab\t ! #f?1 #g? & #h?4 ,"s ( y might l to come lat] to avoid ! ,labor ,day traffic1 b t int]f]es ) "s ( ^? :o h tea*+ duties1 regi/ration1 & s =?1 at t "t ( ! ye>4 ,p]sonally1 ,i d n ?9k t ! ,labor ,day traffic is insurm\ntable4 ,x is r unpleasant 9 c]ta9 areas1 b we c make x all "r1 & we h made x4 ,p]haps ,i %\ld recomm5d ! dates ! #f?1 #g? & #h?1 :i* are ,tuesday1 ,w$nesday & ,?ursday4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,y h he>d ! report4 ,:at %all y d ) x8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i move its adoption4 7,! motion 0 second$1 vote tak5 & motion c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,next1 ,i %\ld say1 we w\ld l to h a report ( ! nom9at+ committee4 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,! ,nom9at+ ,committee reports = ! consid]ation ( ! memb]s ! foll[+ li/ ( c&idates3 ,= presid5t1 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke f ,virg9ia4 ,vice-presid5t1 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels f ,new ,york4 ,= secret>y1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel f ,t5nessee1 & treasur]1 ,/]l+ ,a4 ,smi? f ,ohio4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,y h he>d ! report ( ?is committee4 ,i %\ld say t 9 ?is case nom9ations f ! floor w\ld be 9 ord]4 ,a ,memb]3 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 ,i move t nom9ations be clos$4 7,! motion 0 second$1 vote tak51 & motion c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,t 0 on ! motion t nom9ations be clos$4 ,:at is y\r pleasure1 %all we vote by ballot or %all we vote by-- ,a ,memb]3 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 ,i move t ! secret>y be in/ruct$ to ca/ a unanim\s ballot = ^? nom9at$ by ! ,nom9at+ ,committee4 ,mr4 ,fi%]3 ,second4 7,a vote 0 tak5 on ! motion1 & x 0 c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,?is gavel ,i %\ld h call$ to y\r att5tion be=e4 ,x is call$ to y\r att5tion at ! end ( our program1 & s y "k its /ory4 ,! o!r "o t has be5 us$ 9 our pa/ meet+s 0 s5t to me by ,mr4 ,re$4 ,x is ,an ,hi/orical ,gavel1 ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,i und]/& f ,mr4 ,re$ t ?is 0 a piece ( wood s5t to ,mr4 ,littlepage & turn$ by him & made into a gavel1 & ?is little metallic "n plate sunk 9 by ,mr4 ,littlepage1 :o is "o ( ! v e>ly memb]s ( our association4 ,s we h two hi/oric gavels4 ,r int]e/+1 ,i ?9k4 ,"o o!r matt]4 ,! "q has come up 9 view ( ! fact t ! next annual report w be l>g] ?an normal & also 9 view ( ! fact t ! memb]%ip dues h be5 rais$ to #c4jj1 :e!r x %\ld n be wise & fitt+ to *>ge #c4jj = ! com+ #aidh report in/ead ( ! old price ( #b4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 #b4jj is ! curr5t price = ! la/ two issues ( ! report to non-memb]s4 ,if t is all[$ to cont9ue ! man :o pur*ases a report )\t becom+ a memb] w get x = "o-?ird less ?an ! memb]s d4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,:at is y\r wi%8 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 ,i say t !y %\ld n be giv5 any m pref]5ce ?an ! memb]s1 s let !m pay #c4jj l ! re/ ( u4 ,i make x 9 ! =m ( a motion4 ,a ,memb]3 ,second4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,mov$ & second$ t ! *>ge = ! =?-com+ report ( ?is ,association be made #c4jj to non-memb]s4 ,( c\rse1 t report goes to all memb]s1 z y "k4 ,are !re any rem>ks on ?is motion8 ,mr4 ,slate3 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 :at ab\t ! matt] ( supply+ reports to libr>ies8 ,9 ! pa/ we suppli$ libr>ies at #a4jj a copy4 ,i don't "k :e!r ,mr4 ,mc,daniel has _h any special reque/s4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,i hav5't _h any ord]s f libr>ies dur+ ! pa/ ye>4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,%all we make a diff]5ce = libr>ies8 ,:at is y\r feel+8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,mr4 ,*airman1 if we h _h a diff]5tial be=e ,i ?9k t might be cont9u$4 ,i w propose a motion t libr>ies be all[$ to pur*ase ! proce$+s = #b4jj4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,d y make t 9 ! =m ( an am5dm5t8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,yes4 ,mr4 ,web]3 ,i accept t am5dm5t4 ,a ,memb]3 ,x meets ! second's approval4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,! motion is !n t a *>ge = ! =?-com+ report %all be #c4jj to non-memb]s1 except t ! *>ge %all be #b4jj to libr>ies & simil> organizations1 if t is satisfactory4 7,a vote 0 tak5 on ! motion1 & x 0 c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,i h a report to read1 z foll[s3 ,report ( ! ,audit+ ,committee ,! ,audit+ ,committee has exam9$ ! records ( our treasur]1 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyd]1 = ! fiscal ye> j clos$ & has f\nd !m correct z report$ & comm5ds him = 8 excell5t s]vice to our ,association4 ,sign$ ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,royal ,oakes1 ,audit+ ,committee4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,y h he>d ! report4 ,:at w y d ) x8 ,a ,memb]3 ,i move t ! report be accept$4 ,a ,memb]3 ,second4 7,a vote on ! motion 0 tak51 & x 0 c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 memb]s ( ! ,association3 ,mo/ ( ! ?und] t ! ,resolutions ,committee _h has be5 tak5 c>e ( ei!r tonight or at v>i\s meet+s t we h _h4 ,^! resolutions h be5 r spontane\s at ^! meet+s4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,resolutions ,committee1 = a matt] ( record1 does make ! foll[+ report3 ,report ( ! ,resolutions ,committee ,! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association 9 its annual meet+ assembl$ at ,norris1 ,t5nessee1 ,septemb] #ac? to #ae?1 #aidh1 adopts ! foll[+ resolutions3 ,t1 our s9c]e ?anks be ext5d$ to ,mr4 ,george ,f4 ,gant1 ,g5]al ,manag] ( ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority1 ! memb]s ( 8 /aff1 especially to ,mr4 ,willis ,g4 ,bak]1 ,director ( ! ,division ( ,=e/ ,relations1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] ,*ase1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,g4 ,z>g]1 & o!rs1 = ! c\rtesies ext5d$ & = mak+-! necess>y arrangem5ts = hold+ ! meet+s & c>+ = ! ne$s ( ^? 9 att5dance4 ,t we ext5d ?anks & appreciation to ,mrs4 ,willis ,g4 ,bak] & ! o!r ladies ( h] committee :o provid$ & s]v$ ! refre%m5ts on ,sunday ev5+ & assi/$ 9 arrangem5ts = ! banquet4 ,t we ext5d ?anks to ,mr4 ,sp5c] ,*ase & ! o!r memb]s ( ! committee = ! v int]e/+ & in/ructive program4 ,may we ext5d our ?anks to ^? :o pres5t$ pap]s & o!rwise took "p 9 ! program4 ,we greatly appreciate ! v f9e "w be+ done by our ,secret>y1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel4 ,resolutions ,committee1 ,/oke1 ,silvis1 ,/]l+ ,smi?1 & ,crane4 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,y h he>d ?is report1 & ,i ?9k x is well t we h _h x 9 ! =m s t x c\ld be a "p ( our record4 ,:at w y d ) x8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,move ! acceptance ( ! report4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,second4 7,vote tak5 on motion1 c>ri$ unanim\sly47 ,presid5t ,davidson3 ,i h "h a telegram t ,i %\ld l to read to y1 & ?is is ! way x is word$3 ,y\r g5]\sly word$ telegram is greatly appreciat$4 ,i am grateful beyond all words4 ,my greet+s to ev]yone pres5t tonight4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$4 ,we are glad to h ! ^w f ,mr4 ,re$4 ,our bus9ess meet+ is n[ adj\rn$4 7,:]eupon1 ! program & bus9ess sessions ( ! ,?irty-n9? ,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association 7 clos$47 ,illu/ration 7,on ,septemb] #ae1 ! memb]s 7 conduct$ on a t\r ( ! nurs]y1 arboretum1 & exp]im5tal nut plant+s ( ! ,t5nessee ,valley ,au?ority ne> ,norris47 ,odds & ,ends ,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,dem+1 ,we/ ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut ,i w\ld l to sugge/1 especially to ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! association1 ?ree horticultural projects t ,i believe promise to be ( importance1 & on :i* nobody t ,i "k ( is do+ any "w4 ,only "o ( ^! projects has to d ) a nut4 #a4 ,utt]ly neglect$ & wa/$1 ! fruit ( ! horse*e/nut or buckeye1 said1 to h be5 =m]ly us$ z food or m$ic9e = horses1 /ill might become an abundant food = animals1 & p]haps = man1 if a way c\ld be f\nd to deprive x ( its disagreeable bitt] ta/e & reput$1 probably exagg]at$1 poison\s quality4#ca ,!re is "o late fl[]+ horse*e/nut1 ,aesculus p>viflora1 a dw>f species f ! ,s\!a/1 & commonly se5 9 ,connecticut z an ornam5tal on lawns1 :i* be>s a nut entirely free f bitt]ness1 & is sometimes kn[n z ! edible horse*e/nut4 ,! possibilities 9 cross+ ?is ) ! bitt] horse*e/nut tree species are evid5t & fasc9at+4 ,sev]al hybrid horse*e/nuts are cultivat$1 b none ( ^! app>5tly involves any ,a4 p>viflora p>5tage4--,ed4 #b4 ,9 temp]ate zones !re are1 s f> z ,i h le>n$1 no p]5nial legumes ! se$s ( :i* are us$ z food4 ,all our imm5sely valuable edible legum9\s se$ crops are annually plant$4 ,! only exception ,i ?9k ( is ! honeylocu/1 ! pods ( :i*1 "u favorable conditions1 are sometimes us$ z fodd] = horses & cattle4 ,b !re are ?\s&s ( legum9\s plants & trees1 _m ( !m h>dy4 ,i m5tion ! h]bace\s ,baptisia au/ralis1 sev]al h>dy p]5nial peas1 su* z ,la?yrus sylve/ria1 ,l4 m>itimus etc41 ,c>agrana ! pea tree1 & species ( ,rob9ia1 ,c]cis2 ,cymocladus & ,wi/>ia4 ,a collection ( ^!1 ) z _m m z "o might wi%1 w\ld be a fasc9at+ gr\p 9 :i* to sp5d h\rs ) bru% & =ceps4 #c4 ,all ov] ,am]ica ?\s&s ( tir$ bus9ess m51 & s*ool boys :o ought to be t5d+ to _! baseball1 h to sp5d week5ds & holidays pu%+ lawn-m[]s4 ,if an acceptable gr\nd cov] c\ld be f\nd t w\ld h to be m[$ only half z (t51 or "o qu>t] z (t51 or maybe only once a ye>1 or ev5 7glory be7 n at all1 :at a sav+ ( "t x w\ld be = good heal?y sport & non-depress+ ex]cise4 ,!re are _m promis+ plants4 ,pa*ys&ra & ,v9ca1 don't q fill ! bill b h _! good po9ts1 su* z gr[+ 9 ! %ade4 ,!re is a little r\nd-leaf$ plant common 9 ,florida &1 app>5tly1 f\nd 9 ! nor?4 ,!re are _m plants t c\ld be gr[n exp]im5tally 9 pat*es a y>d squ>e4 ,:y h we s tamely limit$ ourselves to grasses & clov]8 ,:at a *ance = a man to immortalize himself by discov]+ v>iants = grasses & clov] = lawns & ?us become a b5efactor to millions ( lawn-m[] slaves6 ,footnote #ca3 7,see lett] f ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association on next page4--,ed47 ,,c\ncil ,,on ,,ph>macy ,,& ,,*emi/ry ( ! ,,am]ican ,,m$ical ,,association ,(fice ( ! ,secret>y1 #ece ,n4 ,de>born ,/reet1 ,*icago #aj1 ,ill9ois ,janu>y #e1 #aidi ,doctor ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+ #ca ,s\? ,highl& ,/reet ,we/ ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut ,de> ,doctor ,dem+3 ,?is is 9 reply to y\r inquiry ( ,decemb] #bh1 #aidh1 reg>d+ ! toxicity ( horse *e/nuts4 ,all six ( ! species ( ,aesculus :i* are native to ! ,unit$ ,/ates h be5 report$ z poison\s1 b specific ref]5ces 9 ! lit]ature are infrequ5t4 ,! species ,aesculus hippoca/anum has be5 /udi$ & has be5 f\nd to conta9 sapon91 tann91 & ! glycoside1 escul94 ,escul9 is us$ 9 pat5t rem$ies 9 ! =m ( o9tm5ts & pa/es to protect ! sk9 f sunburn4 ,! sapon9 seems to be ! toxic compon5t4 ,fruit ( ! horse *e/nut is ri* 9 />* & oil & is a valuable food = live/ock4 ,! bitt] ta/e ( ! nut is remov$ by alcohol extraction :i* removes ! sapon91 ?us r5d]+ ! nut h>mless4 ,c]ta9 dome/ic animals1 h[ev]1 seem to be able to eat ! untreat$ nut )\t suff]+ ill effects4 ,italics are by ,dr4 ,dem+4--,ed4 ,mo/ ( ! sapon9s are m>k$ly irritant to ! muc\s membranes4 ,!y h an acrid ta/e & provoke a fl[ ( saliva1 nausea1 vomit+ & di>rhea4 ,if inject$ directly into ! circulation !y produce hemolysis1 diuresis & direct actions on ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em :i* may be rapidly fatal4 ,absorption aft] oral adm9i/ration is s poor t sapon9s produce only local effects4 ,! toxicity ( v>i\s sapon9s is t5 to a ?\s& times high] by ve9 ?an by m\? & is g5]ally proportional to ! hemolytic action4 ,"s sapon9s h a diff]5t toxicity = diff]5t species4 ,9 exp]im5ts ) rats ,h9demi? f\nd t ! sapon9 f ,aesculus hippoca/anum is n toxic 9 daily oral doses ( #hg4e mg4 p] kg4 ,nonhemolytic doses inject$ intrav5\sly 9 cats h no effect on respiration or blood pressure2 hemolytic doses produce a sudd5 drop 9 pressure ow+ to lib]ation ( potassium f ! ery?rocytes4 ,! sapon9 increases ! activity ( ! isolat$ frog he>t1 !n /ops x 9 sy/ole4 ,9 frog n]ve muscle prep>ations ( ?is sapon9 rev]sibly int]rupt /imulus transmission2 recov]y occurs ^u wa%+4 ,= a g5]al review ( ! lit]ature y are ref]r$ to ,bull4 ,sc4 ,ph>macol4 #dg3bij 7,novemb]-,decemb]7 #aidj1 :i* is available at ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,m$ic9e ,libr>y1 #b ,ea/ #ajcrd ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,s9c]ely y\rs1 ,sign$ ,,b]n>d ,e4 ,,conley1 ,r4 ,ph4 ,adm9i/rative ,assi/ant4 ,,bec3nr ,! ,bir? ( a ,new ,walnut ,crack] ,b4 ,h4 ,,?ompson ,! home ( ! ,?ompson walnut crack] is ! home ( ! mak]1 on ! f>m1 five & a half miles nor?we/ ( ,h>risonburg1 9 ! ,%5&oah ,valley ( ,virg9ia4 ,i live 9 ! upl& area1 #a1ejj to #a1gjj feet up 9 ! hills4 ,a man once said he kill$ two birds ) "o /one4 ,i w5t him "o bett] 9 "o in/ance4 ,i w5t to ! back end ( ! f>m & pick$ up all ! walnuts & plac$ !m on a pile1 n too f> f ! h\se4 ,!n ! squirrels came to help !mselves4 ,i got all ! squirrels ,i want$ to eat & ^? t got away retreat$ s fa/ !y dropp$ _! walnut4 ,!n ,i crack$ :at walnuts 7 left = cakes & c&y1 :i* we all enjoy s mu*4 ,x 0 :ile crack+ ^! nuts ) a hamm] t ! ?\ght came to me3 ,:y %\ld !re n be a fa/] & bett] way to crack nuts8 ,lat] ,i happ5$ to see a walnut crack] made by a blacksmi? :i* did a v good job ( crack+1 b 0 entirely too sl[ = me4 ,be+ me*anically incl9$1 ,i h always ent]ta9$ a desire to inv5t some?+ wor? :ile4 ,i set out to p]fect a crack] t w\ld be fool-pro(1 easy to "w1 fa/1 simple1 & /rong en\gh to la/ a lifetime4 ,?is ,i accompli%$ 9 ! ,model #f4 ,be=e rea*+ ?is po9t1 ,i _h design$ & te/$ five diff]5t models1 made five diff]5t ways1 to see :i* w\ld be be/4 ,!y all work$1 "s good1 "s ,i did n l s well4 ,x 0 disc\rag+ at times b some?+ seem$ to tell me ,i _h ! "r pr9ciple4 ,?is ,no4 #f walnut crack] is a success1 n[ 9 its #aa? season & go+ /rong] all ! "t4 ,y w f9d x 9 #cg /ates1 f ,florida to ,wa%+ton ,/ate1 f ,new ,hamp%ire to ,cali=nia1 f ,m9nesota to ,texas4 ,mo/ ( ! crack]s are s5t by mail1 & "s ( ! cu/om]s m5tion ! fact t !y are memb]s ( ! ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,o!rs d n h trees on _! premises1 b collect walnuts by ! roadside4 ,"o ,i "k ( has #b1jjj walnut trees on 8 #a1bjj acre f>m4 ,m>ket+ ( ,black ,walnuts 9 ,arkansas ,t4 ,a4 ,,w9kleman1 ,rog]s1 ,arkansas ,! ,b5ton ,c\nty ,produce ,company has be5 9 ! walnut bus9ess = #ch ye>s4 ,= ! fir/ few ye>s we dealt only 9 hull$ nuts1 %ipp+ c>loads ( !m to ,omaha1 ,*icago1 sev]al po9ts 9 ,nebraska1 & ! ,we/ ,coa/4 ,ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 z ,i recall1 !re 0 a l>ge crack+ plant at ,kansas ,city & we %ipp$ sev]al c>loads !re4 ,ev5tually we began to receive small ord]s = k]nels4 ,we fill$ !m & ! numb] ( ord]s increas$4 ,?is l$ u f9ally to ! decision t we %\ld get out ( ! hull$ nut bus9ess & sell only k]nels1 & ) few exceptions1 t's :at we h be5 do+ = ! pa/ #be ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! production ( k]nels ?r\gh\t ! walnut region has gone up trem5d\sly4 ,z y "k1 _m plants us+ me*anical crack+ ma*9es h become e/abli%$4 ,we h /uck to h&-op]at$ crack]s2 b ev5 s1 we 7 able "o ye> to turn out #ac1jjj p\nds ( k]nels4 ,at pres5t we %ip k]nels to practically e /ate 9 ! ,union4 ,millions ( p\nds ( walnuts are available f ,arkansas1 ,miss\ri & ,t5nessee4 ,"h ! walnut tree seems to make its be/ gr[?4 ,x has be5 our exp]i5ce t ! bett] nuts come f upl& trees4 ,^? produc$ 9 ! bottoml&s along ! l>g] /reams lack ! ri* flavor typical ( ^? com+ f high] elevations4 ,?is means we get our be/ nuts f ! ,oz>ks 9 nor!rn ,arkansas & s\!rn ,miss\ri4 ,s f>1 few walnut trees are gr[n comm]cially4 ,practically all ( ! nuts come f wild trees4 ,b rec5tly !re seems to be a tr5d t[>d plant+ graft$ walnut trees & graft+ native se$l+s to improv$ v>ieties4 ,! nurs]ies 9 ?is area n[ h walnut se$l+s = sale & "s l&[n]s are sett+ out consid]able acreages4 ,x seems l a good inve/m5t4 ,! trees gr[ fa/1 be> nuts at an e>ly age1 & ev5tually yield additional income 9 ! =m ( logs4 ,we believe walnut (f]s bett] prospects = comm]cial production ?an pecan1 ow+ ma9ly to ! value ( ! walnut wood = cab9et uses4 ,n mu* has be5 done "h ) improv$ v>ieties4 ,!re are "s ,?omas trees 9 ! region & !y yield v well4 ,y get ab\t #bj p\nds ( k]nels f #ajj p\nds ( hull$ ,?omas nuts z aga9/ an av]age ( #ab p\nds f our wild native nuts4 ,we anticipate t )9 ?ree or f\r ye>s ! ,?omas w atta9 comm]cial importance "h4 ,9 my op9ion1 h[ev]1 ,?omas k]nels d n h ! flavor t ! wild nuts h2 ! p]c5tage ( oil seems to be less4 ,i h also be5 told t wood f ! ,?omas trees has little value 9 ! furniture trade4 ,:y ?is %\ld be true1 or :e!r x is true1 ,i don't "k4 ,%ells are a problem ) u z !y are ) mo/ conc]ns 9 ! walnut crack+ bus9ess4 ,we s5t "s samples to ,i[a ,/ate ,college = te/+ & got a pretty favorable report4 ,if available 9 suffici5t quantity1 ! %ells app>5tly c be us$ = gas production1 oils & = o!r purposes4 ,walnut 9 ?is region has few enemies2 b "o1 ! walnut ,datana cat]pill>1 does consid]able damage4 ,we ne$ f$]al or /ate aid 9 controll+ ?is dang]\s pe/4 ,fur!r ,notes on ,nut ,tree ,gu>ds = ,pa/ure ,plant+s ,,oliv] ,d4 ,,dill]1 project ,sup]visor1 ,hillculture ,rese>*1 ,soil ,cons]vation ,s]vice1 ,woo/]1 ,ohio ,9 an article entitl$1 ,nut ,trees = ,ohio ,pa/ures1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! #cg? annual report ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association#cb1 ! writ] call$ att5tion to ! advantages ( nut trees plant$ 9 f5ce r[s & 9 ! int]ior ( p]man5t pa/ures & ! ne$ = a m satisfactory cattle gu>d to protect ! trees dur+ _! p]iod ( e/abli%m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,nut ,easy ,tree to ,gu>d ,in/all ,! writ] has = sev]al ye>s /udi$ v>i\s types ( cattle gu>ds & 9 #aidf sugge/$ ! possible use ( an electric gu>d along p]man5t f5ce l9es4 ,?is set-up work$ fairly well dur+ ! fir/ gr[+ season1 b x 0 f\nd t a consid]able am\nt ( ma9t5ance is necess>y & !re=e electric gu>ds may n be practicable ov] a p]iod ( ye>s4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aidg a prom95t wire f5ce manufactur+ company 0 contact$ conc]n+ ! availability ( a weld$ wire fabric :i* might be us$ z a sub/antial yet economical tree gu>d4 ,! company made available = te/ purposes two #aej-;foot rolls #gb in*es high4 ,"o roll 0 galvaniz$1 #aa gauge wire1 ) #b x #d in* /aves1 :ile ! o!r 0 ungalvaniz$ #aj gauge1 ) #d x #d in* spac+ betwe5 ! /aves4 ,^! rolls 7 cut into l5g?s ( #ac4g feet1 result+ 9 a circul> gu>d #d4cf feet 9 diamet] 7%[n 9 picture74 ,! gu>ds 7 in/all$ along a p]man5t f5ce on ! pa/ure rese>* f>m ( ! ,ohio ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,woo/] dur+ ! summ] ( #aidg4 ,obs]vations made dur+ ,july1 #aidh1 indicate t ^! gu>ds h n be5 damag$ 9 any way by ! dairy cattle on ?is f>m dur+ ! curr5t season1 & t ! trees are be+ adequately protect$4 ,no gu>ds h z yet be5 in/all$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! pa/ure1 b x w\ld seem t only "o /&>d f5ce po/ w\ld be requir$ to support su* a gu>d4 ,! wire company 0 n able to give ! exact co/ ( ?is mat]ial to ! f>m]1 b sugge/$ a quotation ( #c4ij p] hundr$ squ>e feet = ! galvaniz$ wire1 #b x #d in* spac+1 #aa gauge1 z comp>$ to #c4jj p] hundr$ squ>e feet = ! ungalvaniz$ wire1 #d x #d in* spac+1 #aj gauge4 ,assum+ t ! ungalvaniz$ wire w\ld s]ve ! purpose = a p]iod ( t5 ye>s1 ! co/ w\ld be approximately #b4ej p] gu>d if x 7 atta*$ to a l9e f5ce2 ,if plac$ 9 ! int]ior ( a field1 ! co/ ( a /&>d f5ce po/ w\ld h to be add$4 ,:ile ?is co/ may appe> to be r high1 x is believ$ t x w comp>e favorably ) ano!r type gu>d :i* w provide equal s]vice4 ,! *ief advantages ( ?is gu>d seem to be its app>5t /urd9ess & ease ( in/allation4 ,footnote #cb3 ,dill]1 ,o4 ,d4 ,nut ,trees = ,ohio ,pa/ures1 ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,inc41 #cg? ,annual ,report4 #aidf1 pp4 #fb-fd4 ,a ,pecan ,or*>d 9 ,gl\ce/] ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia ,,mrs4 ,,sel9a ,l4 ,,hopk9s1 ,riv]'s ,edge ,fl[] ,f>m1 ,nuttall1 ,virg9ia ,mr4 ,re$ has ask$ me to tell y ( our exp]i5ce ) pecans 9 ,gl\ce/] ,c\nty1 v ne> ,*esapeake ,bay1 on ,nor? ,riv]1 a tidewat] e/u>y ( ,mobjack ,bay4 ,our h\se is ab\t #bj feet f ! %ore1 s we call x ,riv]'s ,edge1 :i* describes x v well4 ,! pecan trees are on ! lawn1 9 ! b>ny>d1 & 9 an adjo9+ field4 ,! or*>d 0 plant$ by my late husb& ab\t #aiae4 ,! trees came f at lea/ two nurs]ies z !re are two di/9ct sets ( v>ieties4 ,!re are eight v>ieties f ! ,nor? & eight f ! ,s\?4 ,( ! nor!rn sorts !re are ,buss]on1 ,butt]ick1 ,indiana1 ,k5tucky1 ,major1 ,niblack1 ,posey1 & ,w>rick4 ,^! came f ! nurs]y ( ,r4 ,l4 ,mc,coy1 ,lake1 ,sp5c] ,c\nty1 ,indiana4 ,! s\!rn v>ieties are ,delmas1 ,frots*]1 ,georgia 7,georgia ,giant71 ,hale1 ,s*ley1 ,/u>t1 ,te*e1 & ,van ,deman4 ,hale trees h be5 ! sl[e/ to come into be>+1 & !re are sev]al :i* appe> to be ,hale :i* are n yet 9 fruit4 ,nut ,crops ,scanty ,! trees ne> ! h\se1 bo? on ! lawn & 9 ! b>ny>d are set irregul>ly b ^? 9 ! or*>d are 9 r[s1 #fe feet ea* way4 ,!y are beautiful 9 appe>ance1 be+ f #dj to #ee feet tall1 & are v heal?y4 ,h[ev]1 !y d n be> well4 ,we _h a pretty good crop 9 #aidc1 ab\t #ejj p\nds1 :i* we sold = #cj & #ce c5ts p] p\nd4 ,s9ce !n we h _h v few nuts1 z ! fl[]s h evid5tly be5 kill$ ea* ye> by fro/4 ,mo/ ( ! nuts we h _h h come f trees ne> ! riv]1 :]e ! air is temp]$ by salt air com+ 9 at high tide4 ,at ?is writ+1 e>ly ,augu/1 !re seems to be m nuts ?an at any "t s9ce #aidc4 ,!re 0 no fro/ t ,i c\ld detect aft] ! trees fl[]$1 b !re are few nuts on ! trees f>!/ f ! riv]4 ,! fruit trees back 9 ! c\nty1 on :at we call ! highl&s1 h no fruit ?is ye>4 ,app>5tly our nor!rn v>ieties ( pecan d n /& ! cold any bett] ?an ! s\!rn sorts4 ,9 ! la/ few ye>s1 !re h be5 m nuts ( ! s\!rn v>ieties4 ,i suppose ! fl[]s ( ! nor!rn v>ieties came out at a "t :5 !y 7 m easily froz54 ,we h sev]al trees t are evid5tly se$l+s1 z !y grew up f ! gr\nd aft] ! tops di$1 ,!y usually be> well1 produc+ sweet nuts1 well-flavor$ b small4 ,we h six ,p]sian walnuts t h _h only ab\t t5 nuts 9 all ^! ye>s4 ,"o tree has a black walnut com+ up f ! root on :i* x 0 graft$4 ,x is ( ! same size z ! ,p]sian top4 ,two ye>s ago1 ?is tree _h ab\t #cj nuts on ! ,p]sian side & #ej on ! black4 ,x is n easily accessible & ,i h n be5 to x ?is ye>4 ,behavior ( ,pecans ,! ,posey trees are 9 an ea/-we/ r[ ab\t "o-?ird ! di/ance f ! nor? end ( ! or*>d4 ,mo/ ( ! ,major & ,buss]on trees are f>!r s\?1 "s z mu* z #bjj y>ds4 ,a few trees ( bo? v>ieties are directly s\?1 )9 #ajj y>ds1 :ile o!rs are ! same di/ance away (f & "s f>!r s\?we/4 ,x is /at$ 9 a rec5t bullet9 ( ! ,virg9ia ,agricultural ,ext5sion ,s]vice t ,posey is ne$$ to poll9ate ,buss]on & ,major4 ,s9ce read+ ! bullet91 ,i h be5 ?9k+ ( our crops 9 ! pa/4 ,i rememb] t trees ( ^! two v>ieties f>!/ f ! ,posey1 d n be> z well4 ,until n[1 ,i h attribut$ ?is to ! fact t ! soil 0 less f]tile & ! trees are small] & less vigor\s4 ,also ! trees are f>!r f ! fro/-temp]+ riv]4 ,i am n sure yet t ?is is n ! reason4 ,we are n alone 9 our exp]i5ce ( an unc]ta9 crop1 z o!r pecan gr[]s 9 ! c\nty tell ! same tale4 ,!re are a numb] ( l>ge old trees 9 ?is g5]al section ( ,virg9ia1 z well z a good _m se$l+s4 ,9 addition1 !re are native1 bitt]1 l>ge-gr[+ wat] hickory 7,c>ya aquatica71 :i* is n uncommon 9 l[l&s4 7,^! hybridize freely ) true pecans1 produc+ beautiful trees b a/r+5t nuts4 ,ed47 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ or*>ds 0 set out a few ye>s be=e ours1 by ! late ,dr4 ,wm4 ,c4 ,/ubbs1 on a f>m t _h be5 9 8 family = _m g5]ations4 ,x is on ,york ,riv]1 ab\t #ae miles f our place4 ,x 0 he :o enc\rag$ my husb& to set out our or*>d4 ,dr4 ,/ubbs 0 = _m ye>s ,director ( ! ,l\isiana ,exp]im5t ,/ation ne> ,new ,orleans4 ,he sp5t 8 summ]s at 8 old home4 ,8 trees 7 probably ! be/ />t$ & c>$ = dur+ 8 life1 z he knew h[ to d x4 ,i drove to see ! f>m rec5tly1 & talk$ ) ! pres5t own]1 :o b\ght x 9 #aidb4 ,! next ye>1 :5 ,i also _h my good crop1 he ne>ly paid = ! place ) proce$s f ! nuts4 ,h[ev]1 l ourselves1 he has _h practically no nuts s9ce1 & is s mu* disc\rag$ t he plans to take out "s ( ! trees4 ,! v>ieties !re are mo/ly ,moneymak]1 ,s*ley & ,success4 ,! same v>ieties are also 9 a small or*>d ( ano!r neighbor1 :o reports t ,success does be/4 ,! trees own$ at "o "t by ,dr4 ,/ubbs seem n to be cultivat$ at all1 b are graz$ & m[$1 & ! or*>d is n[ r a tangle ( bri]s & we$s4 ,we ,gr[ ,bulbs ) ,pecans ,z ?is is prim>ily a daffodil f>m1 & ! trees h ! be/ l&1 x is also us$ = bulb gr[+4 ,! daffodils are a mu* sur] crop ) u ?an pecans4 ,we sell bo? fl[]s & bulbs4 ,! season = daffodils is 9 ,m>* & ,april :i* is well ahead ( ! pecans4 ,! pecans d n leaf out e>ly en\gh to %ade ! daffodils1 & ,i c't see t !y injure !m 9 any way except 9 v dry ye>s4 ,bulbs ne> ! trees d j z well z ^? 9 ! op5 field & sometimes bloom e>li]4 ,all cultivation & f]tilization t ! trees get is :at is accord$ ! bulbs4 ,z soon z ! season is end$ = bulbs1 we beg9 cultivat+4 ,we g ov] ! bulbs ab\t ?ree times be=e ! tops die back to ! gr\nd1 9 late ,may4 ,9 late ,july1 we m[ ! we$s1 :i* are high by t "t4 ,we frequ5tly m[ aga9 lat] 9 ! fall4 ,we take up ! bulbs e two or ?ree ye>s 9 ,june1 cure !m 9 trays 9 airy build+s1 grade !m1 sell "s1 & replant :at we ne$ to keep up our supply4 ,:5 a plot is dug1 we plant x ) soybeans1 turn !m "u 9 late summ] & replant ) a w9t] cov] crop1 rye or clov] usually4 ,t crop is turn$ "u ! foll[+ late ,april :5 ! rye is usually wai/ high4 ,we replant aga9 ) beans :i* are turn$ "u 9 ,july4 ,if we ?9k ! soil ne$s m humus1 we repeat ! process ano!r ye>4 ,dur+ ?is rotation we apply #j-ad-g at lea/ twice1 usually ) ! fir/ two plant+s4 ,! l& is lim$ only at long int]vals1 z daffodils l a soil r on ! acid side4 ,( c\rse1 dur+ ?is cultivation & plant+1 we pl[ r close to ! trees1 )9 ab\t f\r feet1 & sometimes cut ! roots4 ,y may well ?9k t ?is acc\nts = _! n be>+ well1 b 9 ?is neighborhood !re is ! same /ory ) trees t are n pl[$ ar\nd4 ,i h wond]$ at times if !y are n too ne> salt wat]1 & maybe ! roots g d[n to wat]1 yet ! trees ne>e/ ! riv] be> be/4 ,we h a ,te*e tree only ab\t #bj feet f high tide l9e1 & x is our sure/ be>]1 hav+ nev] miss$ a crop4 ,our only v>ieties t scab to any ext5t are ! "o ,georgia & ! two trees ( ,delmas1 b ! man on ,dr4 ,/ubbs' place says t bo? v>ieties scab al?\gh ,i =got to ask :i* v>iety 0 wor/4 7,delmas is "o ( wor/ scabb+ v>ieties 9 ! ,s\?4--,ed47 ,indiana ,nut ,%[s ,h ,educational ,value ,w4 ,b4 ,,w>d1 ,ext5sion ,horticulturi/1 ,purdue ,univ]sity1 ,lafayette1 ,ind4 ,a few days ago ,i _h a lett] f ,pr(essor ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ( ! ,g5eva /ation1 reque/+ t ,i s5d y "s in=mation conc]n+ our rec5t nut %[s & a c\ple ( pictures to be us$ 9 ! curr5t report4 ,i am enclos+ two pictures--"o %[+ a display ( hicans1 %ellb>k1 %agb>k1 bitt]nut1 mock]nut hickories & 9 ! backgr\nd a few ( ! miscellane\s sorts1 :ile ! o!r picture %[s mo/ly ! black walnuts4 7,latt] picture pr9t$ on next page4--,ed47 ,if y w note 9 ! pictures1 we h us$ a saw & cut ! nuts 9 two = display purposes4 ,?is has be5 "o means ( classify+ ! se$l+s to f9d out :e!r or n !y 7 wor?y ( fur!r propagation1 al?\gh ?is alone 0 n ! f9al classification4 ,x 0 r surpris+ to ! numb] ( visitors we h _h at our %[s to see ! diff]5ce 9 ! int]ior ( ! nut & believe me x has done a lot t[>d ! education ( ! p :5 x comes to locat+ "s ( ! bett] se$l+s4 ,illu/ration ,! purpose ( ! nut program 9 ! /ate ( ,indiana 0 = ! bett]m5t ( native nuts & we 7 9 hopes t we c\ld f9d "s v promis+ se$l+s t w\ld be wor?y ( fur!r "w4 ,) ! coop]ation ( ! ,indiana ,horticultural ,society & ! ,/ud5t ,horticultural ,%[ "h at ! ,univ]sity1 we h _h ?is nut %[ = ! pa/ six or eight ye>s4 ,sometimes x has be5 9 competition1 o!r times x has be5 mo/ly = display4 ,! %[ s]v$ ! purpose :i* we _h 9 m9d = ?us we h locat$ "s v nice walnuts1 hickory nuts & a few good se$l+ pecans4 ,aft] ! %[ _h be5 visit$ by "s six to eight ?\s& annually = ! pa/ sev]al ye>s1 we h fur!r made displays at ! annual meet+ ( ! ,indiana ,horticultural ,society 9 ,indianapolis1 at ! ,a4,p4,s4 meet+ at ,/4 ,l\is la/ w9t] & at ! ,indiana ,/ate ,fair 9 #aidh1 ) a display go+ to "s ( ! o!r in/itutions--p>ticul>ly to ,oklahoma & ,texas--= display at _! /ate %[s4 ,a new collection 0 ga!r$ by ! /ud5ts & ! writ] ?is ye> :i*1 9 "p1 w be display$ at ! ,indiana ,horticultural ,society meet+ on ,janu>y #ai1 #bj & #ba & ano!r collection is be+ %[n at ,oklahoma ,a4 ,m4 at ?is "t4 ,! nuts w be return$ & plac$ 9 cold /orage to be exhibit$ at ! ,/ate ,fair next fall & we h suffici5t quantities on h& = individual displays z well z = collections4 ,ea* plate conta9s f #ce to #dj nuts ( se$l+s or nam$ v>ieties & at our rec5t %[ we _h #ff plates ( hickory nuts & alli$ species4 ,we _h #da plates ( walnuts includ+ "s v f9e ,p]sian walnuts1 #af samples ( filb]t se$l+s1 #bj plates ( miscellane\s & all told #ada diff]5t plates at our %[ :i* 0 held on ,novemb] #e1 #f & #g1 #aidh4 ,"s ( our be/ contributors h be5 su* z ,f]d ,bolt51 ,l9ton1 ,indiana1 :o s5t five good ,p]sian walnuts & "o excell5t black walnut4 ,edw>d ,smi?1 ( ,ro*e/]1 ,indiana1 & ,h5ry ,buit1 ( ,lafayette1 also h f\nd "s wond]ful walnut se$l+s4 ,donald ,sly1 ,rockport1 ,indiana1 has produc$ ! be/ se$l+ filb]ts1 ab\t eight 9 numb]1 & contribut$ a wond]ful display ( ! ,mc,callister hican4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilk9son1 ,proprietor ( ! ,indiana ,nut ,nurs]y1 has contribut$ l>gely to ! collection ( se$l+ & nam$ v>ieties ( h>dy nor!rn pecan :ile ,w4 ,a4 ,ow51 ,poseyville1 & ,clem ,seib1 ,ow5sville1 h be5 consi/5t w9n]s 9 ! l>ge %ellb>k hickories4 ,o4 ,w4 ,?ompson1 ,ow5sville1 & ,william ,s5g1 ( ,jasp]1 contribut$ "s l>ge size ?9-%ell$ %agb>k hickories to our %[4 ,james ,/all1 ( ,br[n/[n1 is a consi/5t w9n] 9 butt]nuts4 ,ea* ye> m int]e/ is be+ %[n 9 ! plant+ ( native nuts & "s ( our ,p]sian walnuts are r out/&+4 ,nolan ,fateley1 ,frankl91 ,indiana1 has a v f9e se$l+ ,p]sian walnut ( l>ge size :i* we are hop+ to propagate4 7,a l>ge ,c>pa?ian tree4--,ed47 ,! ,importance ( ,/ock & ,scion ,relation%ip 9 ,hickory & ,walnut ,,c>l ,,wes*cke1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9nesota ,tw5ty-five ye>s ( practical /udy & liv+ ) ! hickories ought to suffice to make a success 9 gr[+ ^! trees = _! delici\s product4 ,h[ev]1 x is only 9 ! tw5ty-eigh? ye> ( su* "w t ,i h made an important discov]y ab\t ! p>ticul> hickory ) :i* ,i h _h ! mo/ success2 ,i ref] to ! v>iety kn[n z ! ,wes*cke %agb>k hickory4 ,i began to graft su* v>ieties z ,beav] & ,fairbanks 7bitt]nut--%agb>k hybrid7 hickory on ,wiscons9 native bitt]nut hickory 7,c>ya cordi=mis7 9 #aibj1 & "s grafts are do+ v well at ?is "t1 #aidh1 b !y are practically b>r5 ( fruit4 ,s9ce !n ,i h accumulat$ m v>ieties to te/ f _m diff]5t s\rces1 to cont9ue ! "w d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,dur+ t "t ,i notic$1 b did n appreciate1 ! significance ( ! relation%ip ( gr[? betwe5 scion & root sy/em4 ,true1 ,i h be5 v cognizant ( ! s-call$ compatibility betwe5 /ock & scion 9 ! hickory family1 & h writt5 ab\t ?is matt] = publication sev]al times1 b ,i 0 !n m conc]n$ ) ! /ock & scion liv+ toge!r 9 a h>moni\s /ate ( exi/5ce & heal? )\t realiz+ t !re 0 some?+ else necess>y to ?is relation%ip 9 ord] to promote heavy be>+4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ,graft+ ,black ,walnuts ,p>allel to ^! e>ly exp]im5ts1 ,i 0 graft+ 9 ! same family z ! hickories1 kn[n z ! walnut1 or ,jugl&aceae family1 us+ wild native butt]nut 7,juglans c9]ea7 z a /ock = graft+ to su* v>ieties z ! ,?omas1 ,ohio1 ,/abl] & ,t5 ,eyck black walnut 7,j4 nigra74 ,"s ( ^! trees1 s graft$1 exi/ today1 be+ m ?an #be ye>s old1 & !y h nev] borne m ?an a hatful ( walnuts to a tree1 ev5 :5 !y became l>ge trees4 ,mo/ ( !m are entirely b>r5 ye> aft] ye>4 ,i (t5 rem>k$ to p]sons :o 7 int]e/$ 9 ?is phase ( my "w1 t ! black walnut 0 non-productive on ! butt]nut root sy/em1 b x 0 v evid5t t !re 0 n completecompatibility because ! walnut scion greatly outgrew ! butt]nut /ock caus+ a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 _! trunk diamet]s j bel[ & above ! union4 ,?is great diff]5ce1 ! butt]nut be+ s mu* small]1 0 no d\bt ! cause ( a %ortage ( food supply elaborat$ ?r\gh ! b>k circumf]5ce :i* limit$ ! top to a m]e gr[? ( leaves1 n leav+ suffici5t additional supply = ! gr[? ( fruit4 ,my obs]vation among ! hickories1 ) :i* ,i did f> m exp]im5tal "w ?an ) ! walnuts1 0 becl\d$ by ! fact t _m successful1 app>5tly compatible v>ieties1 grew & ?rove on ! native bitt]nut /ock )\t be>+ fruit1 except = j a few nuts occasionally2 & yet !re 0 no app>5t diff]5ce betwe5 ! scion diamet] & ! trunk diamet]1 no?+ l ! ov]gr[? ( ! black walnut :5 graft$ on butt]nut4 ,s x took _m ye>s & a diff]5t gr[? ph5om5on to op5 my eyes z to :at 0 ! tr\ble 9 gett+ hickories to be> on =eign root sy/ems4 ,! f9al solution ( ! problem 0 det]m9$ by my obs]vation ?is ye> ( graft$ hickories ( sev]al sizes & ages 7 ,wes*cke %agb>k 7,c4 ovata7#cc scions & o!r hickory scions1 su* z ,si]s1 ,bridgewat]1 ,deveaux1 ,beav]1 & ,fairbanks h be5 graft$ on ! same tree to act z poll9ators = ! ,wes*cke1 :i* is devoid ( poll54#cc ,?is ye> p>ticul>ly1 ! diff]5ce 9 rate ( gr[? betwe5 two v>ieties graft$ on ! same /ock 0 v app>5t2 9 e case all o!r v>ieties greatly exce$$ ! gr[? ( ! ,wes*cke hickory1 b 9 _m cases1 only ! ,wes*cke hickory _h any nuts gr[+ on ! graft1 & if !re 7 any nuts on ano!r graft1 !re 7 b a few4 ,9 practically all cases1 ! diamet]s ( ! scions ( v>ieties ( hickory o!r ?an ! ,wes*cke 7 at lea/ twice ! diamet]s ( ! ,wes*cke grafts1 & ! gr[? ( all v>ieties s graft$ 0 heal?y & vigor\s & ?or\ghly compatible ) ! native bitt]nut hickory root sy/em4 ,sev]al ye>s ago ,i _h to trim "s ( ^! o!r v>ieties back 9 ord] to all[ ! ,wes*cke graft to get m gr[? because x 0 s backw>d 9 developm5t t x look$ z ?\gh x might be cr[d$ out ( exi/5ce4 ,x nev] occurr$ to me 9 ^? ye>s t x 0 ! diff]5ce 9 rate ( gr[? betwe5 ! two v>ieties :i* 0 really responsible = ! diff]5ce 9 ! diamet] ( ! scion gr[?1 & n "s accid5t ( propagation4 ,n[ x is v app>5t1 f ! _m examples t ,i h ab\t me1 t ! ,wes*cke hickory is ab\t "o-half z fa/ a gr[] z su* v>ieties z ,bridgewat]1 ,deveaux1 ,laney1 ,si]s1 & _m o!rs4 ,?is1 !n1 acc\nts = ! heavy be>+ ( ! ,wes*cke :5 x />ts to be> on ! bitt]nut roots1 & x also expla9s ! lack ( be>+ 9 su* v>ieties z ,beav]1 ,fairbanks1 ,laney1 ,si]s1 ,pleas1 ,deveaux1 ,rockville1 ,gre5 ,bay1 ,hope pecan1 ,/anley %ellb>k1 ,platman1 ,kirtl&1 ,glov]1 ,b>nes1 & _m o!rs :i* are h>dy & get along well ) ! native bitt]nut root sy/em1 "s ( !m hav+ liv$ m ?an fifte5 ye>s graft$ 9 su* comb9ation4 ,! ,bridgewat] is ! only v>iety :i* be>s a fair crop ( nuts z comp>$ to ! prolific ,wes*cke1 & is ! poll9ator = ! ,wes*cke :5 us$ 9 or*>d plant+4 ,footnote #cc3 ,see au?or's add$ rem>ks foll[+4--,ed4 ,are ,pecan ,/ocks ,desirable = ,hickory ,scions8 ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t x is necess>y = /ocks to be at lea/ z vigor\s z ! v>iety to :i* !y are graft$1 & to insure ?is x w\ld seem to me t ! nor!rn pecan se$s1 su* z gr[ ar\nd ,des ,mo9es1 ,i[a1 w\ld be ! prop] se$l+ /ock = almo/ any v>iety ( hickory1 z !y outgr[ bitt]nuts & %agb>ks by q a m>g94 ,i h only "o ,wes*cke graft$ on a pecan ( ?is sort1 & x makes mu* great] gr[? ea* ye> ?an does ?is v>iety graft$ on ! native bitt]nut /ocks4 ,h[ev]1 x has n />t$ to be> yet & ! reason is t x is /ill v "y1 & is ov]-topp$ by plum bru% & apple trees4 ,s9ce x requires ab\t t5 ye>s "h = a native bitt]nut to acquire ! prop] size ( "o-half in* to ?ree-qu>t] in* diamet]1 :i* is ab\t ! size necess>y = graft+1 y h "s idea ( h[ sl[ly ?is native species gr[s4 ,! =e/ trees1 ( :i* !re seem to be ?\s&s on my prop]ty1 v seldom exce$ a diamet] ( six in*es1 yet !y appe> to be v old trees4 ,occasionally we f9d "o t rea*es ! diamet] ( a foot or m1 & g5]ally x is "o t is locat$ :]e x has pl5ty ( space to gr[1 z 9 op5 pa/ure4 ,! tree is r easy to graft to _m v>ieties ( hickories4 ,no d\bt if x 7 gr[n 9 l>ge numb]s1 9 ! prop] soil1 ! "t = produc+ se$l+ /ock ready = nurs]y propagation c\ld be cut d[n4 ,b x appe>s m likely t "s nor!rn pecan se$ c be f\nd :i* w produce a h>dy und]/ock to furni% a se$l+ ( suffici5t vigor & size = propagat+ purposes 9 five ye>s or less4 ,records ( ,be>+ ,our fir/ successful graft+ ( ,wes*cke hickory on bitt]nut hickory 7,c>ya cordi=mis7 0 9 #aibg1 b ^! grafts did n be> = ab\t t5 ye>s4 ,we "k n[ t ?is 0 because !re 0 a lack ( poll5 ( ! %agb>k species to poll9ate its blossoms4 ,n[ ^! trees are be>+ pr(usely4 ,! second bat* ( grafts f ! orig9al ,wes*cke hickory1 :i* grew ne> ,fayette1 ,i[a1 0 made 9 #aicd4 ,"o mature nut f grafts made t spr+ 0 ga!r$ f ! gr\nd 9 ! same ye>1 ab\t ,octob] #a1 #aicd1 b x _h be5 p>tly consum$ by a squirrel4 ,f t ye> to ! pres5t1 ^! graft$ trees produc$ ea* ye> & nev] fail$ to mature "s edible nuts up to & includ+ ?is ye>1 :5 !re is a v l>ge crop 7#f-a_/b bu%els74 ,?is1 !n1 is ! #ae? consecutive crop ( nuts ( :i* ,i h a record4 ,dur+ two ye>s we _h su* e>ly fall fro/s t ! nuts 7 a little %rivel$ & n fully mature1 b /ill edible4 ,9 o!r ye>s !re 7 "s light crops1 b !re nev] has be5 a crop failure 9 all ?is "t4 ,! v>iation 9 be>+ is also due 9 "p to sev]al late fro/s :i* 9 ! spr+ 9 "s ye>s kill$ back all ! foliage & newly exp&+ buds4 ,yet new dormant buds op5$1 "s ( :i* _h fl[]s1 & s c>ri$ on ! unbrok5 be>+ record4 ,la/ w9t] 7#aidg-dh7 produc$ ! mo/ sev]e damage to exotic species ( fruit & nut trees z well z ornam5tals1 includ+ ev]gre5s1 ev] record$ 9 ?is area2 yet ! graft$ ,wes*cke hickory trees 7 s load$ d[n ) nuts t ,i _h to support ! load by ty+ up bran*es to keep !m (f ! gr\nd4 ,?is t\gh w9t] caus$ almo/ e v>iety ( apple tree to be b>r51 su* z ,weal?y1 ,nor?we/]n ,gre5+1 ,:itney ,crab1 ,h>alson & ,mal9da4 ,only two v>ieties1 ,l[l& ,raspb]ry & ,hib]nal1 bore fair crops4 ,la/ w9t] kill$ outright 7to ! gr\nd7 mo/ ( my ,?omas black walnuts1 "s ( :i* 7 m ?an #be ye>s old1 & damag$ sev]ely su* o!r v>ieties z ,ohio1 ,v&]sloot1 & ,t5 ,eyck4 ,! w9t] 0 responsible also = ! kill+ ( sev]al se$l+ ,*9ese *e/nuts :i* _h surviv$ t5 ye>s ( our w9t]s & yet o!rs ( ^! ,*9ese *e/nuts are gr[+ aga9 f spr\ts ne> ! gr\nd surface4 ,! mulb]ries suff]$ greatly also1 b 9 g5]al ! hickories ( _m v>ieties came ?r\gh ?is w9t]1 ) v little damage1 & mo/ ( !m are be>+ a few nuts4 ,ev5 ! wild hazels suff]$ diff]+ am\nts ( damage & h only p>tial crops ( nuts because ( ! effects ( ! w9t]4 ,9 conclusion1 keep 9 m9d t ^! exp]im5ts & te/s h be5 conduct$ 9 sev]e climatic conditions 9 ! #de? p>allel at ,riv] ,falls1 ,wiscons91 #ce miles ea/ ( ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9nesota1 & t out ( m ?an fifty v>ieties ( hickories & pecans & _! hybrids te/$1 only ^! two1 ,bridgewat] & ,wes*cke hickory1 7bo? ?9-%ell$ easy-crack+ v>ieties71 h succe$$ to a po9t :i* c be class$ z comm]cial2 ! writ] c n[ recomm5d ^! two v>ieties = propagation by nurs]y firms capable ( und]tak+ ! propagation ( hickory nut trees1 ! sale ( :i* to ! public is a =egone conclusion4 ,by reque/ ( ! secret>y1 ,mr4 ,wes*cke s5t ! foll[+ additional in=mation on ! ,wes*cke hickory3 ,ab\t t5 ye>s ago ,i notic$ t !re 0 no poll5 com+ f ?is tree & yet f ! v beg9n+1 ev5 :5 !re 0 no o!r poll5 available except ! wild hickory poll5 f ! ,c>ya cordi=mis1 ! ,wes*cke hickory produc$ nuts4 ,?9k+ t x 0 due to p>!nog5esis ,i bagg$ clu/]s ( pi/illate blossoms1 & al?\gh sett+ nuts !y all dropp$ (f :i* is typical ( non-poll5ization4 ,i !n bagg$ gr\ps ( pi/illate blossoms :i* ,i poll9iz$ ) diff]5t available poll5s ( ! ,c>ya ovata & ^! set nuts :i* />t$ to gr[1 ^u :i* ,i remov$ ! bags4 ,f ?is exp]im5t ,i f\nd t ! ,bridgewat] did a v good job ( poll5ization & x became ! tree t ,i consid]$ z a compatible mate4 ,o!r trees t poll9ate well are ,kirkl&1 ,deveaux & ,glov]2 ,beav] is n a good poll5iz] & ,i h n exp]im5t$ ) ,fairbanks to "k :e!r x is satisfactory4 ,! catk9s gr[ vigor\sly on ! ,wes*cke up to ! "t t ! poll5 sacs seem ready to op51 !n ! catk9 drops (f4 ,no poll5 has ev] matur$ t ,i "k (4 ,:5 dri$ f ?is /ate1 !y yield no poll54 ,i told ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay ab\t ?is ne>ly sev5 ye>s ago1 & he ask$ = fre% samples ( ! catk9s at diff]5t p]iods :i* ,i mail$ to him 9 receptacles t he furni%$4 ,he wrote me a v nice treatise on ?is subject = inclusion 9 my book :i* ,i expect$ to be publi%$ at t "t4 ,! book 0 nev] publi%$1 h[ev]1 s9ce ,orange ,judd turn$ x d[n dur+ ! w> = lack ( pap] z ! excuse4 ,i did n try any fur!r to get x publi%$1 & s9ce t "t _m new ?+s %\ld be add$ to ! hazel hybrid *apt]4 ,dr4 ,mc,kay said t he is famili> ) ?is action on ! "p ( nut trees4 ,i h felt t x 0 ph5om5al s9ce ,i h _h no o!r su* exp]i5ce among all ! nut trees ) :i* ,i h exp]im5t$4 ,h[ev]1 ?is loss ( poll5 saves vitality app>5tly = ! production ( sev]al times ! pi/illate bloom t ,i h se5 on any o!r hickory ) :i* ,i h work$ & ?is app>5tly acc\nts = ! prolificacy ( ! ,wes*cke :5 graft$ on ! native ,wiscons9 hickory4 7,male-/]ility occurs ) *e/nut & apple4--,ed47 ,at fir/ ,i consid]$ ! ,wes*cke some:at ( a hybrid nut2 lat] ,i *ang$ my m9d ab\t x & consid]$ x a pure %agb>k4 ,i h rev]s$ my op9ion aga9 & consid] ! possibility ( its be+ slightly hybrid ) bitt]nut blood4 ,! p>5t tree at ,fayette1 ,i[a /ood close to big bitt]nuts4 ,! %ell1 be+ ! ?9ne/ ( all hickories 7kn[n to me7 leads me to suspect ! hybridity ) ! bitt]nut4 ,x is q smoo? & ! ridges are less prom95t ?an 9 almo/ any o!r hickory except su* kn[n hybrids z ! ,beav]4 ,its %ape is oval to long & x is flat s t :5ev] y ?r[ a h&ful d[n to a smoo? surface !y all assume ! same position1 & because ( ?is !y w\ld no d\bt l5d !mselves to comm]cial crack+ z !y w\ld fe$ ?r\gh ! me*anism ( a crack+ ma*9e exactly 9 ! same ord]4 ,i h n always _h su* a high op9ion ( ?is nut4 ,dr4 ,dem+ has lett]s f me :i* h a disp>ag+ note1 & al?\gh ,dr4 ,dem+ consid]$ x a valuable nut1 he has lett]s f me 9 :i* ,i indicat$ t ,i 0 sorry t x 0 n productive & t x _h su* a small nut4 ,bo? ^! conditions *ang$ ) "t & )9 tw5ty ye>s ?is nut sometimes becomes "o ( ! l>ge/ hickories ( ! cultivat$ v>ieties & its pr(icacy !n probably dep5d$ on correct poll9ation :i* ,i 0 n aw>e ( 9 ! beg9n+4 ,i hope y w p>don me = dwell+ s on ?is hickory1 b aft] work+ ) hickories = ne>ly ?irty ye>s x c]ta9ly seems rem>kable to me t we h su* a productive v>iety t is h>dy ?is f> nor? & we/1 t is p]fectly at home on ! native hickory roots1 & t matures its nuts f ,septemb] #ae to ,octob] #a1 is self-hull+1 t has escap$ ! attack ( all sorts ( weevils t infe/ our native nuts4 7,i h nev] f\nd "o wormy ,wes*cke hickory nut al?\gh sometimes y f9d empty nuts47 ,?is v>iety also escapes ! spr+ fro/s s t !re h be5 f\rte5 consecutive ye>s ( be>+ )\t int]ruption4 ,! foliage is vigor\s1 has no diseases s f>2 ! "y bran*es are sometimes cut (f by oak tree prun]s or girdl]s4 ,?is happ5s to _m k9ds ( trees1 includ+ all ! oaks1 butt]nut1 black walnut1 all ! hickories & ev5 ! *e/nuts4 ,:5 y take into consid]ation ! fact1 t no o!r hickory has su* a f9e record x makes me v en?usia/ic ov] ?is v>iety 9 spite ( ! fact t x be>s my "n4 ,7 y to classify ?is hickory f casual obs]vation1 y w\ld ?9k x is a pure %agb>k1 & x is only ! extreme ?9ness ( %ell & ! outside appe>ance pf ! nut %ell :i* indicates "s slight hybridity4 ,progress ) ,nuts at ,wolfeboro1 ,new ,hamp%ire ,,mat!w ,,lahti ,inasmu* z ,i d n expect to be able to att5d ! ?irty-n9? annual meet+1 ,i ?\ght ,i w\ld report to y on ! progress ( my nut trees s9ce my lett] ( a ye> ago4 ,la/ w9t] 0 a sev]e "o 9 ,wolfeboro1 ,new ,hamp%ire 7#dc deg4 #cf' nor? latitude47 ,we _h m ?an ! usual am\nt ( sn[1 & al?\gh ! temp]ature did n get d[n mu* l[] ?an #be deg4 bel[ z]o at my place1 x rema9$ cold = _m days at a "t )\t relief4 ,?is1 & ! fact t la/ fall 0 "o ( ! drie/ seasons on record1 plus ! fact t ?is spr+ x ra9$ almo/ cont9u\sly = m ?an a mon?1 result$ 9 consid]able damage to my nut trees4 ,my ,broadview ,p]sian walnut graft suff]$ sev]e damage1 ) bran*es up to two in*es 9 diamet] be+ kill$4 ,:e!r ?is 0 f fro/ or lack ( moi/ure 9 ! fall ,i d n "k1 b two ,cra? ,p]sian walnuts1 "o ( :i* is situat$ )9 fifty feet ( ! ,broadview1 suff]$ no app>5t w9t] injury at all4 ,nei!r ,broadview nor ,cra? bore any nuts ?is ye>1 :]eas la/ ye> ! ,broadview produc$ eighte5 nuts4 ,my ,gellatly he>tnut also suff]$ sev]e w9t] injury simil> to ! ,broadview ,p]sian walnut1 & aft] x leaf$ out x look$ z if a fire _h gone ?r\gh x because ( ! dead wood4 ,h[ev]1 x is be>+ ?irte5 nuts ?is ye>4 ,/range to say1 ! black walnut trees did n suff] any w9t] injury 7! ,?omas1 set out 9 ! spr+ ( #aici1 hav+ be5 injur$ 9 ea* previ\s w9t]71 except t ! ,ta/]ite is b>r5 ( nuts ?is ye> aga9/ a pretty good crop la/ ye>4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,?omas is be>+ a fair crop1 b ! nuts are small] ?an usual4 ,:ile my hickory trees appe>$ to suff] no w9t] injury1 out ( possibly two doz5 t ,i h plant$ s9ce #aici ,i expect to h only ?ree left4 ,! numb] _h dw9dl$ to n9e la/ ye>1 & six ( ^? ,i am afraid w be dead by ! end ( next ye>4 ,^! six _h done well = six or sev5 ye>s4 ,! cause appe>s to be poor circulation ?r\gh ! graft union4 ,?is is un=tunate z ,i believe hickory trees w live & be> fruit 9 our climate4 ,i _h ! usual exp]i5ce ) filb]ts & hazelnuts1 namely t ! catk9s 71 = ! mo/ "p1 ,w9t] kill$4 ,!re1 are no nuts on ,ru%1 ,b>celona1 ,m$ium ,long1 or ,r$ ,lamb]t1 & ! ,w9kl] bu%es self-f]tile--,ed4 :i* bore heavily la/ ye> 7al?\gh ! nuts did n fully rip571 are be>+ only a few nuts ?is ye>4 ,native butt]nut trees la/ ye> bore a heavy crop ( nuts4 ,?is ye>1 ! crop is v light4 ,z an exp]im5t1 ,i plant$ ?ree ,*9ese *e/nuts ?is spr+3 ,abundance1 ,nank+1 & a /raight l9e se$l+4 ,al?\gh ,i hav5't mu* hope t !y w survive _m w9t]s1 ,i ?\ght ,i w\ld try !m out4 ,sev]al p h inquir$ ab\t nut gr[+ 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 & ,i h s5t !m a resume ( my exp]i5ces4 ,bre$+ ,*e/nuts 9 ! ,new ,york ,city ,area ,,alfr$ ,,szego1 ,jackson ,heights1 ,new ,york ,city ,"p ( a lett] to ! ,secret>y1 ,octob] #bg1 #aidh4 ,i am "o ( ^? memb]s :o h n be5 able to att5d annual meet+s4 ,9 ! two or ?ree ye>s t ,i h be5 a memb]1 ,i h d]iv$ great enjoym5t f read+ ! annual reports & receiv+ in=mation ?r\gh y\r news bullet94 ,!re=e1 :5 ,i receiv$ y\r improv$ bullet91 ,! ,nut%ell1 ,i felt t ,i & o!rs l me %\ld write & tell y h[ wond]ful x is4 ,!re is mu* t ,i j want to get (f my *e/4 ,my pa/ criticism 0 t ! organization 0 a bit le?>gic4 ,b nut trees are sl[ 9 %[+ results1 despite ! nurs]ym5's attractive visions ( quick1 big h>ve/s ( nuts & ev5 timb]666 ,?is sl[ pati5ce ( ! black walnut has det]m9$ ! tempo ( mu* ( ! memb]%ip4 ,*e/nut ,bre$+ ,ef=ts ,my ma9 "w is to attempt to bre$ two types ( *e/nuts3 7#a7 ,"o t is v productive ) a l[ head & w be> nuts l ! old ,am]ican *e/nut4 7#b7 ,ano!r t w make a good timb] /ick4 ,x is my !ory t pres5t *e/nut bre$]s are cross+ inf]ior mat]ial1 us+ any specim5s t happ5 to be 9 fl[] at ! "r "t z long z !y repres5t ! species to be cross$4 ,suppose !y int5d to cross ,c4 cr5ata x ,c4 d5tata4 ,an av]age ,japanese *e/nut is usually poll9at$ ) fl[]s f a poor /ruggl+ spr\t on ! edge ( ! woods t has only "o ?+ to recomm5d x4 ,t is an e>ly be>+ *>act]i/ic :i* is inh]5t1 b :i*1 accord+ to exp]im5ts & obs]vations ,i h t$i\sly c>ri$ out1 is n totally due to r++ by ! blight4 ,! exp]im5t takes place & a few hybrid nuts are produc$4 ,!y are t]m$ 7,c4 cr5ata x ,c4 d5tata74 ,x is expect$ t ! *>act]i/ics ( ! (fspr+ w be some:]e betwe5 ^? ( ! two p>5ts 9 blight resi/ance & nut size & quality4 ,b :at ( ! gr&p>5ts1 ! _m ance/ors ( ! ,am]ican *e/nut spr\t t h n ev5 ! slight resi/ance ( ! spr\t8 ,c !y n express _! *>act]i/ics & h& !m1 d[n to _! gr&*ildr58 ,& "s individuals ( ,c4 cr5ata are n reput$ to be s highly blight resi/ant4 ,( c\rse ! sci5ti/s engag$ 9 ?is "w are m5 ( ! highe/ calibre & no d\bt are aw>e ( ?is1 b x is extremely difficult to obta91 propagate1 & c>e = nam$ v>ieties ( ! f9e/ individuals ( ea* *e/nut species4 ,apple1 *]ry1 & o!r fruit bre$]s w\ld n dream ( cross+ common scrub cull fruit trees & expect any degree ( success4 ,my fir/ task :5 ,i began1 ?ree ye>s ago1 on my coppice gr[? #ce to #dj ye> old h>dwood =e/1 0 to cle> a little l& & to beg9 plant+ diff]5t _w species ( ,ca/anea4 ,y w\ld be a/oni%$ to f9d t x 0 impossible = me to obta9 se$ or trees1 at ! "t1 ( ,c4 cr5ata1 ,c4 segu9ii1 ,c4 pumila1 ,c4 h5ryi & ,c4 alnifolia4 ,i obta9$ "s #bd se$s ( ,c4 mollisima f ,dr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,graves1 = :i* ,i 0 grateful4 ,at ! "t he didn't h a good crop1 ,i ?9k4 ,in/itutions & gov]nm5t ag5cies w\ld n or did n l to release _! newly develop$ hybrids = fe> t ,i 0 a nurs]yman or p]haps w\ld sell !m = blight resi/ant *e/nuts1 al?\gh !y 7 n yet prov54 ,exp]im5t at ,p9e ,pla9s ,by dilig5t se>* ,i manag$ to get a few trees & hybrids ( ,c4 cr5ata & a v>iety 7se$l+ (7 call$ ,colossal4 ,^! ?riv$ & surviv$ ab\t #cj deg4 bel[ z]o "u deep sn[ at ,p9e ,pla9s1 ,new ,york4 ,i also set out #b bu%es 7,c4 pumila7 obta9$ f ,h>lan ,p4 ,kelsey1 ,ea/ ,box=d1 ,massa*usetts4 ,dr4 ,graves' se$ gave fair g]m9ation1 & ,i n[ h sev5 nice "y mollisimas f #h to #cj high4 ,( two ?ree ye> old trees ,i obta9$ f a local nurs]y1 "o di$ 7my fault7 f n r$uc+ ! top1 & ! o!r di$ back to ! gr\nd f w9t]kill1 b came back aga9 z spr\ts4 ,i easily obta9$ se$ ( ,c4 sativa1 b ! sev]e w9t] m[$ ! se$l+s d[n & !re are only two survivors4 ,"o is small] ?is ye> ?an la/ b ! o!r is ab\t #ad high & mak+ sl[1 /raight gr[?4 ,! *9kap9s are p]fectly h>dy & ?is ye> "o ( !m made #c feet ( gr[?4 ,i e/imate t ,i h "s #c1jjj to #d1jjj ,am]ican *e/nut spr\ts t range any?+ f #a to #ah feet 9 height4 ,b m promis+--,i h a clu/] ( f9e "y se$l+s t ,i h be5 c>+ =4 ,all ! woods 7 cle>$ away f !m to give !m pl5ty ( light4 ,!y are wat]$ by ! old h& bucket me?od 9 dry spells4 ,i report on !m occasionally to ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt & ,mr4 ,russell ,b4 ,clapp] ( ! ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,!y are a fa9t ray ( hope4 ,f\r ( !m are ab\t f #ah to #bj feet tall4 ,"o is ab\t #i feet high4 ,"o blight$ & di$ two ye>s ago & 0 remov$4 ,ano!r blight$ at ! base & ,i cut ! cank] out1 b ,i fe> x's go+4 ,"o bran* is dead & 0 remov$4 ,! o!rs develop$ /rong blight resi/ance4 ,small cank]s =m$ on ! l[] bran*es b did n make headway4 ,i cut "s ( ^! out & ! trees heal$ nicely4 ,z ! trees become old]1 _! resi/ance dim9i%es & ! pro( lies ahead4 ,"o tree t ,i label$ ,no4 #a has ab\t two doz51 well heal$ ,endo?ia sc>s already4 ,! trees h n bloom$ = me yet b ,i may h "s results soon4 ,i int5d to cross ?is clonal gr\p ) ! foll[+3 #a4 ,) ,c4 segu9ii = great] blight resi/ance & productivity4 #b4 ,) ,c4 mollisima 7v>4 ,abundance7 = blight resi/ance1 f9e nuts ( m$ium size1 & a good timb] /ick ) good vigor4 #c4 ,) l>ge ,japanese l ,au/91 & _! hybrids l ,colossal1 = a m$ium size nut ( fair quality & highly prolific = ! g5]al m>ket = a cook+ or roa/+ *e/nut4 ,?\gh _m p dislike ! ,japanese *e/nuts1 !y are at lea/ productive & h>dy 7at my place74 ,_! *ief attribute is _! possibility z food = /ock & wildlife4 ,"s ( ! same p :o dislike !m 7among nurs]ym57 recomm5d plant+ oaks :i* c]ta9ly d n comp>e ) ,c4 cr5ata4 ,:5 a v sweet acorn is f\nd x is proclaim$ to be z good z ,japanese *e/nut4 ,! ,*9ese *e/nut has its faults "h4 ,x is n v ?rifty 9 gr[? "h & z a rule doesn't be> until late4 ,x is n v productive & ! nuts spoil easily4 ,i h s9ce plant$ mu* se$ f ! s\? & x (t5 doesn't ev5 get "h 9 a viable condition4 ,assi/ance f ,beltsville ,my "w has lately be5 facilitat$ by ,mr4 ,gravatt & ,mr4 ,clapp]4 ,i visit$ !m at ,beltsville & ,mr4 ,clapp] p]sonally t\r$ ! or*>d ) me at ,gl5n ,dale1 %[+ me ! k9d ( helpful c\rtesy t "o nev] =gets & t is a tribute to ^! m54 ,"s promis+ mat]ial 0 giv5 to me :i* w greatly facilitate my "w4 ,mr4 ,gravatt sugge/$ ! use ( ,ammate z an exp]im5t to poison trees t int]f]e ) any ,am]ican *e/nut gr[? ,i wi% to save4 ,! exp]im5t is int5d$ to elim9ate ! result+ spr\ts t accompany girdl+4 ,incid5tally1 "p ( ! exp]im5t is to attempt to give light & cultivation & f]tiliz] to #ajj native *e/nut spr\ts 9 a f\r acre area4 ,i h "s in=mation on ,am]ican *e/nut spr\ts t may be ( int]e/ to ! memb]%ip4 ,9 an endeavor to locate ! be/ ,am]ican mat]ial1 ,i h be5 comb+ ! woods & ?ickets on ,long ,isl&1 9 ,new ,j]sey1 ,connecticut1 & p>ts ( ,dut*ess ,c\nty1 ,new ,york 7! latt] n ext5sively74 ,_m ?\s&s ( spr\ts 7 exam9$ to discov] ! foll[+3 ,_! pres5t /atus4 #a4 ,spr\ts occur almo/ always 9 woodl&s4 #b4 ,!y rea* _! greate/ height & are mo/ luxuriant at ! edge ( woodl&s or 9 cle>+s !re94 #c4 ,!y r>ely exce$ #ae feet 9 height & rea* a diamet] ( ab\t ?ree in*es4 #d4 ,"o 9 _m hundr$s1 & only :]e !re is light 9 abundance1 w be> fl[]s4 #e4 ,"o 9 _m ?\s&s be>s female or pi/illate fl[]s :i* sometimes produce bl9d or empty nuts4 ,unpoll9at$--,,ed4 #f4 ,r>ely1 inde$ v r>ely1 are two fl[]+ trees close en\gh to produce viable se$4 #g4 ,!re are a few se$l+s t are s+le /em upright trees 7no old /ump 9 evid5ce7 t rea* up to #bj & r>ely #be or #cj feet 9 height ) a diamet] ( #f or s4 7,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,clapp] ?9ks x is probably due to ! abs5ce ( an old1 infect$ /ump t ?is great] height is rea*$47 #h4 ,r++ by ! blight does n necess>ily =ce ! fl[]s & nuts4 ,! woodl&s ab\nd ) *e/nut spr\ts 9 all /ages ( girdl+ )\t poll5 or fruit4 ,:5 ,i h my trees 9 be>+1 ,i w be glad to furni% poll5 & nuts f !m to anyone t pursues ! important "w ( try+ to improve :at ,i consid] ! mo/ promis+ nut tree we yet "k4 ,w9t] ,injury to ,nut ,trees at ,i?aca1 ,new ,york1 9 ! ,fall & ,w9t] ( #aidg-dh ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s & ,,damon ,,boynton1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! w9t] ( #aidg-dh caus$ m damage to nut trees at ,i?aca1 ,new ,york1 ?an any s9ce #aicc-cd4 ,x 0 a comb9ation ( a s]ies ( e>ly freezes foll[$ by sub-z]o temp]ature 9 mid-w9t]4 ,app>5tly ! mo/ injury 0 done by ! fall freezes4 ,^! occurr$ on ,septemb] #be1 #bf1 & #bg4 ,on ea* successive night ! temp]ature dropp$ l[] ?an ! prec$+1 & on ,septemb] #bg 0 ar\nd #bj deg4,f4 ,!re 0 consid]able v>iation 9 temp]ature relat$ to exposure1 air dra9age conditions1 & o!r factors4 ,on ,we/ ,hill 9 ,i?aca ! m9imum temp]ature record$ on ,septemb] #bg 0 #bc deg4,f4 ,injury to leaves & nuts 0 sev]e4 ,)9 a few days ! leaves _h %rivell$ & dri$ on ! trees4 ,x 0 app>5t t ?is e>ly freeze came be=e ! abscission lay]s 7 =m$ 9 ! leaf bases or gr[? matur$4 ,ord9>ily1 a h>d freeze late 9 ! season w cause ! trees to drop ! leaves ! next day4 ,! nuts on ! trees 7 froz5 solid & mo/ly turn$ black )9 a few days & began to %rivel4 ,developm5t 0 /opp$1 ) ! result t ! nuts on all v>ieties 7 v poorly fill$4 ,! cavities appe>$ on fir/ crack+ to be full ( k]nel1 b on dry+ ^! %runk s t !y 7 practically valueless4 ,"s ( ! nuts 7 plant$ 9 a nurs]y r[ 9 ! fall & g]m9at$ fairly e>ly1 %[+ viable embryos 9 spite ( arre/$ developm5t4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ! temp]ature fell to -#be deg4,f1 a temp]ature :i* ord9>ily w\ld n damage black walnuts s]i\sly4 ,x is impossible to sep>ate ! effect ( ! l[ w9t] temp]atures f t ( ! e>ly freeze 9 ,septemb]4 ,9 ?is location ! net result ( ! e>ly freeze & ! sev]e w9t] 0 to kill vigor\sly gr[+ grafts on ! walnut trees4 ,also ! cambium 9 ! ma9 crot*es ( a ,/ambaugh tree ) a trunk ab\t #ad in*es 9 diamet] 0 kill$4 ,?is tree 0 de/roy$ 9 a w9d/orm 9 ,augu/1 #aidh1 b x is n cle> t ! breakage 0 relat$ to ! w9t] kill+ 9 #aidg-dh4 ,none ( ! trees n[ has a good crop1 :i* may be or may n be relat$ to ! fro/ 9 ! fall4 ,x is entirely possible t failure to =m blossom buds is caus$ ei!r by kill+ ( bud primordia or m likely by depletion ( c>bohydrate res]ves due to ! loss ( leaves 9 e>ly fall4 ,"o se$l+ ( ,c>pa?ian walnut 0 n damag$ s]i\sly except = "s slight t]m9al twig kill+4 ,ano!r tree1 h[ev]1 _h mo/ ( ! small] bran*es kill$4 ,hickories & *e/nuts 7 app>5tly n s]i\sly damag$ b "s se$l+s ( ! ,japanese walnut 7 kill$ to ! gr\nd4 ,walnut & ,hickory ,plant+s ,at ! or*>d ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,pomology ( ,cornell ,univ]sity !re is a l>ge collection ( walnut & hickory v>ieties & o!r nut trees4 ,x is n kn[n exactly :at ! temp]atures 7 9 ?is location b an expos$ location half a mile di/ant _h a m9imum ,septemb] temp]ature record$ ( #bd deg4,f4 & m9imum w9t] temp]ature ( -#bj deg4,f4 ,! plant+ 9 "q is on two levels & on a hillside4 ,! damage on ! hillside & ! upp] level 0 relatively less ?an on ! l[l&s :]e app>5tly ! air dra9age 0 poor4 ,probably ! temp]ature 9 ! l[l&s may h rea*$ #bj deg4,f4 9 ,septemb] & -#be deg4,f4 9 ! w9t]4 ,at any rate1 ! damage to ! trees 0 mu* m sev]e ?an 9 ! ,we/ ,hill location :]e ! temp]ature rea*$ #bc deg4,f4 9 ,septemb]4 ,injury to ! black walnut on ! high] l& & on ! hillside 0 mo/ly ! kill+ back ( ! twigs & small] bran*es4 ,on "s trees1 ! petioles ( la/ ye>'s leaves 7 /ill atta*$ to ! dead twigs late ! foll[+ summ]1 %[+ t ! freeze occurr$ be=e ! abscission lay]s _h =m$4 ,! doz5 or m v>ieties ( black walnut on ! high] l& %[$ little diff]5ce betwe5 !m except t ! ,elm] ,my]s %[$ some:at great] injury4 ,on ! l[ gr\nd1 _m v>ieties includ+ ,murphy1 ,edmunds1 ,b5ton1 ,ohio1 ,todd1 & ,/ambaugh 7 kill$ to ! gr\nd or back to ! ma9 bran*es ( ! trunk4 ,( ?ree ,?omas trees1 ab\t #bj ye>s old1 "o 0 kill$ outright1 "o sev]ely injur$1 & ! o!r injur$ only 9 ! twigs4 ,app>5tly ! diff]5ce 9 ^! ?ree trees 0 relat$ to ! size ( ! crop on ! trees1 al?\gh no def9ite data are available on ?is po9t4 ,walnuts %[+ little or no injury 73 ,m9tle & ,ta/]ite4 ,nei!r ( ^! _h _h a crop 9 #aidg4 ,_m ( ! v>ieties ( hickory 7 injur$ z 0 ! native bitt]nut1 ,c>ya cordi=mis4 ,?is injury consi/$ mo/ly ( ! kill+ back ( ! l[] limbs & twigs ) "s v>ieties be+ kill$ outright4 ,kill+ ( ! l[] limbs z comp>$ ) ! tops ( ! trees is probably relat$ to l[] temp]atures ne> ! gr\nd due to temp]ature inv]sion & possibly to ! fact t ! l[] bran*es 7 some:at weak] 9 _! gr[?4 ,?is sort ( injury is common ) fruit trees4 ,on ! high] gr\nd ! ,*9ese *e/nut trees plant$ "s #bj ye>s ago %[$ consid]able injury4 ,ab\t #ej ( !m 7 kill$ & o!rs 7 damag$ 9 ! l[] bran*es4 ,*e/nut trees 9 ?is plant+ _h all surviv$ ! cold w9t] ( #aicc-cd1 ) w9t] temp]atures bel[ -#cj deg4,f41 s t x is probable t ! e>ly freeze ( ,septemb] #bg 0 responsible = _! dea?4 ,japanese walnut se$l+s aga9 %[$ great diff]5ce 9 h>d9ess1 ! m t5d] se$l+s kill+ to ! gr\nd & o!rs %[+ little damage4 ,nor!rn pecans on high] gr\nd %[$ sev]e damage1 ! kill+ ext5d+ to ! trunk & l>g] limbs4 ,! v>iety ,burl+ton1 :i* is a hybrid1 pecan x %agb>k1 %[$ little injury4 ,9 a plant+ ( sev]al hundr$ se$l+ black walnut trees 9 ano!r location ! temp]ature on ,septemb] #bg 0 probably ar\nd #ah-bj deg4,f4 ,ab\t #bj ( ! trees 7 kill$ to ! gr\nd4 ,^! trees 7 gr[+ "u a sod mul*1 7 n ov]ly vigor\s1 & = ! mo/ "p _h n come into fruit+4 ,9 ! #aidg-dh w9t] ab\t half ( ! sweet *]ries 9 ! ,pomology or*>d 7 kill$ & pea*es 7 sev]ely injur$4 ,no injury 0 app>5t on apple trees4 ,wea!r conditions su* z occurr$ 9 #aidg-dh1 ?\gh unusual1 are to be expect$ occasionally 9 ! latitude ( ,i?aca1 & 9 fact ?r\gh\t ! nor!rn /ates4 ,app>5tly ! fall freeze 0 widespread z x 0 almo/ impossible to obta9 any black walnuts t 7 ( any value4 ,"s ( ! specim5s receiv$ f o!r s\rces obvi\sly _h be5 froz54 ,! possibility ( su* damage might well be a det]r5t on plant+ black walnuts 9 any consid]able acreage z a comm]cial v5ture 9 ! nor?4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ ye> c]ta9ly emphasizes ! fact t z yet our k ( v>ieties is incomplete & also t ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association has mu* "w to d 9 ei!r locat+ or develop+ v>ieties ( great] h>d9ess or ) gr[? *>act]i/ics :i* provide e>ly maturity & ?us immunity f e>ly fro/ damage4 ,:at ,came ,?r\gh ! ,h>d ,w9t] 9 ,ont>io ,,george ,,hebd5 ,,corsan1 ,isl+ton1 ,ont>io ,= w9t] kill+ ( trees ,i ref] y to ! w9t] ( #aidg-dh4 ,i _h a huge elm & a v tall :ite a% kill$4 ,a lot ( black walnuts & he>tnuts & "s ,p]sian 7,engli%7 walnuts 7 kill$ back ! l5g? ( la/ ye>'s gr[?4 ,"s ,p]sian walnuts 7 kill$ to ! gr\nd :ile o!rs 7 n ev5 nipp$ (f ( a bud4 ,v /range to say1 my be/ ,p]sian walnut---^: %ell is v ?91 ^: meats are v sweet & fat1 ! tree itself a fa/ gr[]1 prolific & self-poll5iz+--n only did n %[ a sign ( tr\ble b actually _h a crop ( mo/ excell5t nuts4 ,^! trees only w ,i di/ribute 9 future1 z well z my two types ( ,rumanian ,giants4 ,! ,rumanian ,giants did %[ a little w9t] kill+ ( two or ?ree in*es ( ! tips & %[$ up poorly on ! crop size4 ,i f9d t all my ,russian walnuts ,j4 regia1 probably ,c>pa?ian--,ed4 run true to se$--no bitt] nuts z f nor? ,*9a4 ,!y evid5tly plant$ ! sweet nuts only1 ?us elim9at+ ! bitt] types2 !y knew & practic$ no budd+ or graft+ 9 t "p ( ,russia4 ,a/\nd+ to say1 filb]ts came ?r\gh la/ w9t] 9 excell5t %ape1 b ! t]rible1 cold1 late spr+1 froze all male blossoms b ^? ( ! ,jones ,hybrid types1 :i* ,i h f se$s ,i s[$4 ,^! latt] yield$ a good crop ( nuts z did ,brixnut se$l+s4 ,n a butt]nut on a tree nor a bee*nut6 ,"s black walnuts 7 load$ :ile o!rs 7 q empty4 ,& s ,i pr$ict$--la/ ,septemb]--a mild1 op5 w9t] ) "s cold days4 ,8 pr$iction 0 good = 8 locality4--,ed4 ,my ,s5ator ,pepp] hybrid 7butt]nut x he>tnut cross7 _h a crop b my ,david ,fair*ild _h "s empty & "s full4 ,my ,mit*ell hybrid _h a good crop &1 believe me1 ?is nut is f> away ahead ( ! ,mit*ell he>tnut & up aga9/ ! _w = crack+ out clean4 ,x w equal an almond1 & z = ta/e1 x is s f> ahead ( a ,brazil nut t ! ,brazil nut w\ld rank ,d #c beside x4 ,i /ill believe 9 se$ plant+1 ev5 = spe$ ( ev5tual gr[?4 ,la/ ,octob] ,i climb$ up a black walnut tree ,i plant$ 9 mid-,_w ,w> ,i4 ,f ! top ( x ,i look$ away d[n to ! tops ( electric p[] poles6 ,filb]ts ,gr[ 9 ,v]mont ,,joseph ,n4 ,,coll9s1 ,r4,f4,d4 ,no4 #c1 ,putney1 ,v]mont ,fifte5 ye>s ago ,i set out a few hundr$ nut trees & bu%es4 ,! ,*9ese *e/nuts are n do+ v well1 z !y ne$$ m att5tion ?an ,i c\ld give !m4 ,honeylocu/s1 9 ?is climate1 require m "t4 ,at pres5t ,i c report only on se$l+ filb]ts4 ,! se$s = ^! plants 7 collect$ f ! f\r corn]s ( ! _w4 ,"s ( ! se$l+s p]i%$1 lots ( !m 7 disc>d$ z unwor?y4 ,at pres5t ,i am sett+ out two acres ( ! ones t /ood up well "u ! te/4 ,! filb]t 7,corylus avellana7 is a bu% #ae to #bj feet tall & ! bu%es %\ld be plant$ #bj to #be feet ap>t4 ,x doesn't m9d p>tial %ade1 requires no spray+ & v little prun+4 ,l ! r$ raspb]ry1 x is easily propagat$ by suck]s4 ,mo/ ( my bu%es />t$ produc+ :5 !y 7 f\r ye>s old & n[ 9 _! f\rte5? ye>1 drop ab\t #ae p\nds ( l>ge f9e nuts ea* ,septemb]4 ,!y /& up well "u ! rigor\s ,v]mont climate1 at an elevation ( #a1jjj feet4 ,kn[+ z mu* ab\t _! gr[+ habits z ,i d1 ,i believe t a /eady w9t] ) pl5ty ( sn[ on ! gr\nd & a late spr+ t isn't fickle1 is well suit$ = filb]t gr[+ 9 ! ,nor!a/4 ,! ne$ = w9d protection & good air & wat] dra9age _c be ov]-emphasiz$4 ,!re are a few reasons :y ,i %\ld advise aga9/ gr[+ filb]ts 9 tree fa%ion--) a s+le trunk1 z !y are mo/ly gr[n on ! ,we/ ,coa/4 ,! catk9s ( ! filb]t develop dur+ ! summ]1 lie dormant ?r\gh ! w9t]1 & %$ _! poll5 v e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,%\ld ! temp]ature fall z l[ z -#ce deg4,f1 ! catk9s w9t]kill4 ,to ov]come ?is %ortcom+1 ,i b5d d[n & peg to ! gr\nd1 9 ! late fall1 a few slim %oots ) dormant catk9s1 s t ! sn[1 or "s o!r mul*+ mat]ial suppli$ :5 !re is insuffici5t sn[1 w cov] & protect ! catk9s f w9t]kill+4 ,by ! end ( ,m>*1 aft] a /ret* ( fair wea!r1 two t9y r$ tongues appe> at ! tips ( "s ( ! leaf buds4 ,^! are ! poll5 cat*+ p>ts ( ! pi/illate fl[]s4 ,if ! w9t] 0 k9d1 ! filb]t bu%es w be a riot ( gold5 catk9s1 %$d+ _! poll54 ,if ! catk9s rema9 dormant :5 ! pi/illate fl[]s bloom1 !y h be5 w9t]kill$1 & ! b5t d[n res]ves h to be call$ up4 ,^! be+ protect$ dur+ ! w9t]1 on be+ b5t back to _! orig9al position1 w come into bloom 9 a few days1 poll5iz+ ! wait+ pi/illate fl[]s4 ,bees eag]ly seek ?is1 "o ( ! e>lie/ poll5s4 ,! n[ f]tiliz$ fl[]s1 :i* always /ay$ inside ! buds1 g back to sleep = ab\t two mon?s2 !y are safe f ! ,nor? ,ea/]1 f late freezes1 or f sn[4 ,:5 filb]ts are gr[n naturally1 t is ) _m %oots f ! gr\nd1 x is easy to h>ve/ !m by %ak+ ! sl5d] %oots4 ,i h& ho$ my bu%es = ! fir/ ?ree ye>s1 & gave !m a p]man5t mul* ov] ! :ole area1 add+ "s mat]ial ea* ye>4 ,i am incl9$ to believe t "p ( my success ) filb]ts is due to mul*+4 ,9 ! middle ( summ]1 ,i apply a #d cov] ( l[ grade hay1 & 9 ! fall ,i aga9 cov] ! gr\nd ) fall5 leaves4 ,due to ! ideal conditions ?us creat$ 7optimum temp]ature & moi/ure7 = soil bact]ia & e>?worms1 ?is mat]ial is entirely dige/$4 ,! mul*+ mat]ial almo/ disappe>s by ! middle ( ! next summ]1 indicat+ vigor\s biological activity4 ,by ?is "t a new lay] ( mul* is spread1 complet+ ! cycle4 ,late 9 ! fall a load ( manure is heap$ 9 ! middle ( ! plantation z an e>?worm refuge4 ,?is heap is scatt]$ e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,light applications ( wood a%es & sup]-phosphate are giv5 ye>ly1 late 9 ! fall4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i wi% to /ate t select$ v>ieties ( filb]t nuts c be gr[n 9 ! ,nor!a/4 ,hybrids betwe5 ! ,am]ican & ,european filb]t are good gr[]s & produc]s1 al?\gh ,i f9d t ! flavor ( ! nut isn't z good z t ( ! pure avellana4 ,i w\ld advise ! plant+ ( a doz5 bu%es by ea* ( a great numb] ( p]sons fur!r to prove ! possibilities ( gr[+ ?is specific nut 9 ! ,new ,engl& area1 also to promote ! idea ( gr[+ bo? fe$ & food on trees & bu%es4 ,report ( ,necrology ,committee ,c4 ,e4 ,,s*u/] ,c>l ,e4 ,s*u/]1 horticulturi/ ) ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture /ation$ on ! ,oregon ,/ate ,college campus & g5]ally recogniz$ z ! nation's =emo/ au?ority on filb]t production1 di$ ,febru>y #f1 #aidh1 9 ,corvallis z a result ( a he>t attack4 ,at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 he 0 #eh4 ,associat$ ) ! ,nor?we/'s gr[+ nut indu/ry = m ?an #cj ye>s1 he 0 recogniz$ = 8 out/&+ contributions to filb]t & walnut production4 ,"o ( 8 fir/ & mo/ out/&+ developm5ts 0 relat$ to ! poll9ation requirem5ts ( filb]t trees4 ,aft] rese>* prov$ ! common comm]cial filb]t v>iety1 ! ,b>celona1 0 self-/]ile1 he recomm5d$ to filb]t gr[]s t !y plant ,du,chilly1 ,daviana & ,:ite ,avel9e filb]t trees ) _! ,b>celona to insure complete poll9ation4 ,full crops result$4 ,organiz$ ,summ] ,t\rs ,= approximately #bj ye>s prior to #aida1 he s]v$ z secret>y-treasur] ( ! ,we/]n ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,9 ?is capacity he assi/$ 9 />t+ ! summ] t\rs :i* h be5 c>ri$ on cont9u\sly s9ce4 ,he help$ guide ! ,association ?r\gh its e>ly ye>s to a position ( importance among ! commodity gr\ps ( ! /ate4 ,9 #aida1 he 0 =c$ to rel9qui% 8 (fice z a result ( ! enactm5t ( a f$]al regulation4 ,at ?is "t1 he 0 giv5 an honor>y life memb]%ip 9 ! ,association4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 he devot$ major att5tion to or*>d managem5t ) emphasis on f]tilization & g5]al nutrition ne$s ( nut trees4 ,9 ?is "w he co-op]at$ ) ,dr4 ,r4 ,e4 ,/eph5son at ,oregon ,/ate ,college4 ,_! out/&+ developm5t 0 9 ! field ,( boron defici5cy 9 walnuts4 ,walnut production ( _m or*>ds1 !y discov]$1 c\ld be increas$ two & ?ree fold by ! addition ( borax f]tiliz]4 ,! pres5ce ( snake heads or spr\ts 9 summ] walnut gr[? & die-back or w9t] kill noticeable 9 "s walnut trees dur+ ! w9t] mon?s are n[ g5]ally recogniz$ z signs ( boron defici5cy4 ,wrote ,_m ,nut ,articles ,o!r "w 9 walnuts prov$ t f]tiliz] applications c & d pay4 ,prior to ?is "w ) result+ f]tiliz] recomm5dations1 _m walnut gr[]s _h n made heavy en\gh applications on c]ta9 soil types & felt t f]tiliz]s 7 n wor?:ile 9 walnut production4 ,mr4 ,s*u/] 0 ! au?or ( _m articles p]ta9+ to nut culture4 ,9 ! #aj ye>s he 0 on ! /aff ( ! college horticulture dep>tm5t be=e ent]+ f$]al s]vice1 he made an out/&+ record 9 tea*+ & rese>*4 ,) o!r sci5ti/s he work$ 9 develop+ a successful poll9ation program = *]ries4 ,?is "w 0 c>ri$ on aft] x 0 det]m9$ t ! ?ree lead+ *]ry v>ieties1 ,royal ,ann1 ,b+1 & ,lamb]t1 7 all self-/]ile & int]/]ile4 ,a native ( ,ohio1 he came to ,oregon 9 #aiab to att5d ,oregon ,/ate ,college aft] hav+ complet$ two ye>s at ,ohio ,wesleyan4 ,he receiv$ a ,b4,s4 degree 9 agriculture 9 #aiad & two ye>s lat]1 #aiaf1 receiv$ 8 ma/]'s degree4 ,he jo9$ ! college /aff ?ree ye>s lat] & rema9$ until #aibi1 :5 he took ! f$]al position he held until 8 dea?4 ,he 0 a vet]an ( ,_w ,w> ,i1 hav+ s]v$ z an infantry second lieut5ant4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ,alpha ,zeta ,sigma ,xi1 & ,gamma ,sigma ,delta honor societies & 0 a life-long memb] ( ! ,evangelical *ur*1 :i* has s9ce m]g$ ) ! ,unit$ ,bre?r5 *ur*4 ,he is surviv$ by ,mrs4 ,s*u/] & f\r *ildr51 ,*>les1 ,rob]t & ,m>g>et--all ,oregon ,/ate ,college /ud5ts1 & ,flora1 a high s*ool /ud5t4 ,a bro!r1 ,dr4 ,e>l ,j1 ,s*u/]1 lives at ,tillamook4--,repr9t$ f ,bett] ,fruit magaz9e4 ,,mrs4 ,,laura ,,seld5 ,,ellwang] ,mrs4 ,laura ,seld5 ,ellwang]1 memb] ( "o ( ,ro*e/]'s pione] families1 di$ at h] home1 #eaj ,ea/ ,av5ue1 ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york on ,septemb] #a1 #aidh1 aft] a %ort illness4 ,%e 0 ! wid[ ( ,william ,d4 ,ellwang]1 ^: fa!r1 ,george ,ellwang]1 0 a co-f\nd] ( ! ,ellwang] ,b>ry ,nurs]y ,company4 ,h] bro!r1 ,george ,b4 ,seld51 0 inv5tor ( ! gasol9e automobile1 & h] fa!r1 ,h5ry ,r4 ,seld51 0 a ,new ,york ,/ate ,c\rt ( ,appeals judge & "o-"t lieut5ant gov]nor ( ! /ate4 ,mrs4 ,ellwang] 0 ! la/ survivor ( #ab *ildr5 9 ! ,seld5 family4 ,h] mat]nal gr&fa!r1 ,dr4 ,abel ,baldw91 settl$ 9 ,cl>kson 9 #ahaa1 j a ye> be=e ,ro*e/] 0 f\nd$4 ,%e 0 born 9 a h\se on ! l& n[ occupi$ by ! ,highl& ,hospital4 ,"o ( h] si/]s1 ,l\ise1 0 ! wife ( ,maj4 ,g54 ,elwell ,c4 ,otis1 =m] gov]nor ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,mrs4 ,ellwang] sp5t _m summ]s at h] home1 ,brookwood1 9 ,ont>io1 ,wayne ,c\nty4 ,%e 0 honor>y presid5t ( ! ,ro*e/] ,female ,*>itable ,society1 "o ( ! city's olde/ organizations1 & a memb] ( ! ,ro*e/] ,hi/orical ,society1 ,! ,ro*e/] ,g>d5 ,club1 ,g5esee ,valley ,club1 & ! ,ro*e/] ,rose ,society4 ,%e is surviv$ by a daught]1 ,mrs4 ,k5ne? ,h4 ,field1 ( ,ro*e/]2 two gr&daught]s1 ,mrs4 ,john ,f4 ,weis1 ,jr41 ( ,new ,york ,city1 & ,mrs4 ,edw9 ,,ii1 ,atwood1 ,jr41 ,ro*e/]1 & f\r great-gr&*ildr54 7,! above1 is f a ,ro*e/] newspap] clipp+4--,ed47 ,m4 ,m4 ,,kaufman 7,! secret>y receiv$ ! foll[+ lett] f ,mrs4 ,m4 ,m4 ,kaufman1 dat$ ,m>* #ag1 #aidi47 ,i regret to advise y t my husb&1 ,m4 ,m4 ,kaufman 7,cl>ion1 ,p5nsylvania71 a memb] ( ! ,association = _m ye>s1 di$ ,m>* #c1 #aidh4 ,my husb& 0 a /rong1 cons]vationi/ & always appreciat$ ! "w ( ! ,nut ,gr[]s4 ,9 cont9u+ 8 int]e/s1 ,i %\ld l to jo9 ! ,association1 & ,i am enclos+ my *eck = #h4jj to cov] dues ( #c4jj4444 & #e4jj z a contribution 9 my husb&'s "n = fur!r+ ! "w ( ! gr\p4 ,,norman ,b4 ,,w>d ,norman ,b4 ,w>d1 a new memb]1 ) (fices at #hff ,hanna ,bldg41 ,clevel& #ae1 ,ohio1 0 report$ deceas$ 9 ,septemb]1 #aidh4 ,no obitu>y notice has be5 receiv$ = him4 ,att5dance ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,h>risburg ,p5nsylvania ,mrs4 ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,h>risburg ,p5nsylvania ,/eph5 ,b]na?1 ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,new ,york ,mrs4 ,/eph5 ,b]na?1 ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,new ,york ,*>les ,b4 ,b]/1 ,erie1 ,p5nsylvania ,frank ,b4 ,bl[1 ,norris1 ,t5nessee ,g]trude ,r4 ,bl[1 ,norris1 ,t5nessee ,mrs4 ,l4 ,c4 ,brann1 ,knoxville1 ,t5nessee ,john ,t4 ,bregg]1 ,clemson1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,c>roll ,d4 ,bu%1 ,eagle ,creek1 ,oregon ,j4 ,edw9 ,c>u!rs1 ,alp9e1 ,t5nessee ,wm4 ,s4 ,cl>ke1 ,jr41 ,dept1 ( ,horticulture1 ,/ate ,college1 ,p5nsylvania ,b4 ,c4 ,cobb1 ,norris1 ,t5nessee ,miss ,m>y ,r4 ,co*ran1 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio ,c4 ,e4 ,connally1 ,roanoke1 ,virg9ia ,mrs4 ,c4 ,e4 ,connally1 ,roanoke1 ,virg9ia ,?omas ,s4 ,cox1 #ajc ,hotel ,av5ue1 ,knoxville4 #ah1 ,t5nessee ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 #fhbb ,p9eway1 ,hyattsville1 ,m>yl& ,frank ,b4 ,cross1 ,oklahoma ,a ,m ,college1 ,/illwat]1 ,oklahoma ,mrs4 ,frank ,b4 ,cross1 ,/illwat]1 ,oklahoma ,w4 ,h4 ,cumm+s1 ,f\nta9 ,city1 ,t5nessee ,mrs4 ,w4 ,h4 ,cumm+s1 ,f\nta9 ,city1 ,t5nessee ,hel5 ,e1 ,davidson1 #bcd ,e4 ,second ,/41 ,x5ia1 ,ohio ,john ,davidson1 ,x5ia1 ,ohio ,m>g>et ,davidson1 ,x5ia1 ,ohio ,elora ,donnelly1 ,hobok51 ,new ,j]sey ,john ,h4 ,donnelly1 ,hobok51 ,new ,j]sey ,brooks ,d4 ,dra91 ,knoxville1 ,t5nessee ,m>t9 ,d4 ,ehlmann1 ,/4 ,*>les1 ,miss\ri ,mrs4 ,m>t9 ,d4 ,ehlmann1 ,/4 ,*>les1 ,miss\ri ,r4 ,w4 ,fi%]1 ,we/ ,pla9s1 ,miss\ri ,a4 ,e4 ,france1 ,*>le/on1 ,we/ ,virg9ia ,wilb]t ,m4 ,frye1 ,pleasant ,dale1 ,we/ ,virg9ia ,f4 ,c4 ,galle1 ,dept1 ( ,horticulture1 ,univ4 ( ,t5n41 ,knoxville1 ,t5nessee ,h4 ,r4 ,gibbs1 #hjc ,william ,/41 ,front ,royal1 ,virg9ia ,mrs4 ,bessie ,j4 ,gibbs1 #hjc ,william ,/41 ,front ,royal1 ,virg9ia ,jack ,godw91 ,signal ,m\nta91 ,t5nessee ,g4 ,h4 ,gordon1 ,union1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,dr4 ,edw>d ,a4 ,grad ,family1 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt1 ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation1 ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&4 ,dr4 ,clyde ,gray1 ,horton1 ,kansas ,g4 ,a4 ,gray1 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio ,john ,l4 ,gray1 ,raleigh1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,h5ry ,gressel1 ,mohawk1 ,new ,york ,mrs4 ,h5ry ,gressel1 ,mohawk1 ,new ,york ,e>l ,c4 ,ha9es1 ,%anks1 ,we/ ,virg9ia ,max ,h>dy1 ,sr41 ,albany1 ,georgia ,mrs4 ,max ,h>dy1 ,sr41 ,albany1 ,georgia ,max ,h>dy1 ,jr41 ,albany1 ,georgia ,hub]t ,h>ris1 ,auburn1 ,alabama ,john ,f4 ,hatmak]1 ,norris1 ,t5nessee ,agnes ,v4 ,h5dricks1 ,knoxville1 ,t5nessee ,a4 ,g4 ,hirs*i1 #dad ,n4 ,rob9son ,/41 ,oklahoma ,city1 ,oklahoma ,c4 ,f4 ,ho/ett]1 ,lanca/]1 ,p5nsylvania ,mrs4 ,c4 ,f4 ,ho/ett]1 ,lanca/]1 ,p5nsylvania ,bruce ,h[ell1 ,sweetwat]1 ,t5nessee ,c4 ,b4 ,h[ell1 ,jr41 ,knoxville1 ,t5nessee ,lilian ,j5k9s1 ,norris1 ,t5nessee ,d5man ,a4 ,jones1 ,walnut ,grove ,f>ms1 ,p>kesburg1 ,p5nsylvania ,g4 ,s4 ,jones1 ,rt4 ,i1 ,box #adj1 ,ph5ix ,city1 ,alabama ,mrs4 ,t9man ,w4 ,jones1 ,walnut ,grove ,f>m1 ,p>kesburg1 ,pa4 ,raymond ,kays1 ,oklahoma ,a ,m ,college1 ,/illwat]1 ,oklahoma ,j4 ,b4 ,k+rohm1 ,knoxville1 ,t5nessee ,g4 ,j4 ,korn1 #adj ,n4 ,rose ,/41 ,kalamazoo1 ,mi*igan ,ira ,m4 ,kyhl1 ,sabula1 ,i[a ,e4 ,w4 ,lemke1 ,detroit #ad1 ,mi*igan ,r4 ,c4 ,lor5z1 ,fremont1 ,ohio ,mrs4 ,r4 ,c4 ,lor5z1 ,fremont1 ,ohio ,w4 ,w4 ,magill1 ,lex+ton1 ,k5tucky ,d4 ,e4 ,manges1 ,norris1 ,t5nessee ,j4 ,c4 ,moore1 ,auburn1 ,alabama ,r4 ,g4 ,moore1 ,dept1 ( ,hort41 ,v4 ,p4 ,i41 ,blacksburg1 ,va4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,moss1 ,williamsburg1 ,k5tucky ,john ,t1 ,mull9s1 ,r5fro ,valley1 ,k5tucky ,h4 ,o4 ,murphy1 ,*attanooga1 ,t5nessee ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,i?aca1 ,new ,york ,mrs4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,i?aca1 ,new ,york ,frances ,c4 ,mac,daniels1 ,i?aca1 ,new ,york ,f4 ,j4 ,mc,cauley1 #bcc ,we/ ,erie ,/41 ,*icago #aj1 ,ill9ois ,elizabe? ,l4 ,mc,collum1 ,:ite ,hall1 ,m>yl& ,bla9e ,mc,collum1 ,:ite ,hall1 ,m>yl& ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 #djc ,/ate ,(fice ,bldg41 ,na%ville #c1 ,t5n4 ,mrs4 ,h]b]t ,negus1 ,mt1 ,ra9i]1 ,m>yl& ,james ,r4 ,oakes1 ,bluffs1 ,ill9ois ,royal ,oakes1 ,bluffs1 ,ill9ois ,mrs4 ,v9c5t ,l4 ,odum1 ,san ,diego1 ,cali=nia ,rob]t ,e4 ,ogle1 ,t5n4 ,exp]im5t ,/a41 ,knoxville1 ,t5nessee ,f4 ,l4 ,o',r\rke1 ,ea/ ,lans+1 ,mi*igan ,e4 ,l4 ,ov]hols]1 ,dept4 ( ,hort41 ,v4 ,p4 ,i41 ,blacksburg1 ,virg9ia ,rog] ,w4 ,pease1 ,morgant[n1 ,we/ ,virg9ia ,gordon ,port]1 ,w9dsor1 ,ont>io1 ,canada ,s>a ,m4 ,potts1 ,knoxville1 ,t5nessee ,c>l ,prell1 ,s\? ,b5d1 ,indiana ,edna ,m4 ,prit*ett1 #hjc ,william ,/41 ,front ,royal1 ,virg9ia ,ralph ,h4 ,quick1 ,lesage1 ,we/ ,virg9ia ,g4 ,b4 ,rhodes1 ,r\te #b1 ,cov+ton1 ,t5nessee ,mrs4 ,g4 ,b4 ,rhodes1 ,r\te #b1 ,cov+ton1 ,t5nessee ,ralph1 ,ri*t]kess+1 ,r4 ,r4 #a1 ,/4 ,*>les1 ,miss\ri ,mrs4 ,ralph ,ri*t]kess+1 ,r4 ,r4 #a1 ,/4 ,*>les1 ,miss\ri ,david ,ri*t]kess+1 ,r4 ,r4 #a1 ,/4 ,*>les1 ,miss\ri ,john ,rick1 ,read+1 ,p5nsylvania ,w4 ,jobe ,rob9son1 ,r\te #g1 ,jackson1 ,t5nessee ,mrs4 ,w4 ,jobe ,rob9son1 ,r\te #g1 ,jackson1 ,t5nessee ,dr4 ,wm4 ,l4 ,rohrba*]1 #haa ,ea/ ,college ,/41 ,i[a ,city1 ,i[a ,mrs4 ,wm4 ,l4 ,rohrba*]1 #haa ,ea/ ,college ,/41 ,i[a ,city1 ,i[a ,ralph ,s*reib]1 ,sr41 #bde ,*]ry ,/41 ,new ,albany1 ,indiana ,ralph ,s*reib]1 ,jr41 #bde ,*]ry ,/41 ,new ,albany1 ,indiana ,t4 ,l4 ,s5n1 ,clemson1 ,s\? 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,we/field ,ov]ton1 ,willis ,w41 #c ,la?rop ,/reet1 ,c>?age ,ow51 ,*>les ,h41 ,s5nett4 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools4 ,page1 ,*>les ,e41 ,r\te #b1 ,oneida ,rightmy]1 ,h>old1 ,r\te #d1 ,i?aca ,salz]1 ,george1 #afi ,g>=d ,road1 ,ro*e/] #i4 ,*e/nut nurs]yman4 ,s*legel1 ,*>les ,p4 #iij ,s\? ,av5ue1 ,ro*e/] #g ,s*lick1 ,frank1 ,munnsville ,s*midt1 ,c>l ,w41 #ahj ,l9wood ,av5ue1 ,buffalo ,%annon1 ,j4 ,w41 ,box #ij1 ,i?aca ,%effield1 ,lewis ,j41 c_/o ,mrs4 ,edna ,c4 ,jones1 ,t[nl9e ,road1 ,orangeburg ,slate1 ,pr(4 ,george ,l41 ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,g5eva ,smi?1 ,gilb]t ,l41 ,/ate ,s*ool1 ,wassaic4 ,nut ,nurs]yman4 ,smi?1 ,jay ,l41 ,*e/]4 ,nut ,tree ,nurs]yman4 ,/eig]1 ,h>wood1 ,r$ ,hook ,szego1 ,alfr$1 #gg-ae ,a #hg? ,av5ue1 ,jackson ,heights1 ,new ,york ,timm]man1 ,k>l ,g41 #abc ,*apel ,/reet1 ,fayetteville ,waite1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,h41 ,will[aite ,moor1 ,p]rysburg4 ,physician4 ,wi*lae1 ,?addeus1 #cbcf ,g5esee ,/reet1 ,*eekt[aga 7,buffalo7 #ba 99,wissman1 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,de ,r4--no address4 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a ,brooks1 ,j4 ,r41 ,box #aaf1 ,enka ,bur*1 ,o4 ,l41 ,r\te #b1 ,roxboro ,dun/an1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,t41 ,gre5sboro ,college1 ,gre5sboro ,f9*1 ,jack ,r41 ,bailey4 ,f>m]4 ,p>ks1 ,c4 ,h41 ,r\te #b1 ,a%eville4 ,me*anic4 ,wagn]1 ,j4 ,m41 ,turn] ,manufactur+ ,company1 ,/atesville ,,nor? ,,dakota ,bradley1 ,hom] ,l41 ,long ,lake ,refuge1 ,m(fit4 ,refuge ,manag]4 ,,ohio ,gl5 ,hel5 ,dep>tm5t1 ,antio* ,college1 ,yell[ ,spr+s ,b>d51 ,c4 ,a41 #bae ,morgan ,/reet1 ,ob]l94 ,real ,e/ate4 ,bitl]1 ,w4 ,a41 ,r4,f4,d4 #a1 ,%awnee ,road1 ,lima4 ,g5]al ,contractor4 ,brew/]1 ,lewis1 ,swanton ,bung>t1 ,a4 ,a41 ,avon ,c9ade1 ,mrs4 ,ka!r9e1 #acead ,coa? ,av5ue1 ,clevel& #bj ,cl>k1 ,r4 ,l41 #aahd ,melb\rne ,road1 ,ea/ ,clevel& #ab ,cook1 ,h4 ,c1 ,r\te #a1 ,box #ab1 ,leeton9 ,cornett1 ,*>les ,l41 ,r4,r4 ,p]i%able ,inspection ,ag5cy1 #bg ,w4 ,front ,/41 ,c9c9nati4 ,inspector4 ,craig1 ,george ,e41 ,dundas 7,v9ton ,c\nty7 ,cranz1 ,eug5e ,f41 ,m\nt ,tom ,f>m4 ,ira ,cunn+ham1 ,h>vey ,e41 #dbj ,front ,/reet1 ,m>ietta ,daley1 ,james ,r41 #djj ,w4 ,s\? ,/reet1 ,v]milion4 ,electrician4 ,davidson1 ,john1 #bcd ,ea/ ,second ,/reet1 ,x5ia4 ,writ]4 ,davidson1 ,mrs4 ,john1 #bcd ,ea/ ,second ,/reet1 ,x5ia ,davidson1 ,william ,j41 ,old ,spr+field ,pike1 ,x5ia ,dill]1 ,dr4 ,oliv]1 ,d41 ,dept4 ( ,=e/ry1 ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,woo/] ,d[ell1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,l41 #ebi ,nor? ,ave41 ,n4,e41 ,massillon ,dubois1 ,miss ,frances ,h41 #fich ,miami ,road1 ,c9c9nati #bg4 ,l&scape g>d5] & newspap] columni/4 ,em*1 ,f4 ,e41 ,g5oa ,evans1 ,maurice ,g41 #cce ,s4 ,ma9 ,/reet1 ,akron #h ,fickes1 ,mrs4 ,ada ,c41 ,r\te #a1 ,woo/] ,=ak]1 ,major ,c4 ,m]le1 #bede ,romig ,road1 ,akron ,foss1 ,h4 ,d41 #hge ,haml9 ,/reet1 ,akron #b ,fr$]ick1 ,george ,f41 #cibe ,w1 #ag?1 ,clevel& #i ,g>d5 ,c5t] ( ,great] ,clevel&1 #aaaij ,ea/ ,blvd41 ,clevel& ,gauly1 ,dr4 ,edw>d1 #aaaj ,euclid ,av5ue1 ,clevel& #ae4 ,ocull/4 ,g]b]1 ,e4 ,p41 ,kidron ,g]/5mai]1 ,john ,a41 #ah ,pond ,s4 ,w41 ,massillon ,goss1 ,c4 ,e41 #ibb ,dov] ,av5ue1 ,akron #bj ,g>d1 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,a41 #aejf ,*ase ,/reet1 ,c9c9nati #bc ,greib1 ,l\is ,w41 #aaej ,n4 ,lime/one ,/41 ,spr+field ,hawk ,son ,nurs]y1 ,rt4 #b1 ,bea* ,city4 ,*e/nut trees4 ,he5a1 ,c>l ,r41 ,r\te #b1 ,new ,ri*mond ,hill1 ,dr4 ,alb]t ,a41 #dahg ,pe>l ,road1 ,clevel& ,iri%1 ,*>les ,f41 #dah ,e4 #aje? ,/reet1 ,clevel& #h ,jacobs1 ,hom] ,l41 ,davey ,tree ,exp]t ,company1 ,k5t ,kappel1 ,ow51 ,boliv> ,k9tzel1 ,frank ,w41 #bejf ,bri>cliffe ,av5ue1 ,c9c9nati #ac4 ,kobelt1 ,don1 ,r\te #e1 ,m$9a4 ,insurance ,adju/]4 ,kratz]1 ,george1 ,r\te #a1 ,dalton ,krok1 ,walt] ,p41 #ibe ,w4 #bi? ,/reet1 ,lora94 ,rese>* & ,developm5t ,eng9e]4 ,laditka1 ,ni*olas ,g41 #ecbb ,/ickney ,av5ue1 ,clevel& #i ,la%ley1 ,*>les ,v41 #baf ,s4 ,ma9 ,/41 ,well+ton ,lehmann1 ,c>l1 #afja ,union ,tru/ ,build+1 ,c9c9nati1 #b4 ,attorney at ,law4 ,lor5z1 ,r4 ,c41 #aba ,nor? ,ar* ,/reet1 ,r\te #e1 ,fremont ,ma*ov9a1 ,paul ,e41 #abbh ,nor?we/ ,blvd41 ,columbus #ab ,madson1 ,ar?ur ,e41 #acfjh ,fif? ,av5ue1 ,e4 ,clevel& #ab ,mc,bride1 ,william ,b41 #bcih ,br&on ,road1 ,columbus #aj ,mc,kinster1 ,ray1 #afhb ,s\? #d? ,/reet1 ,columbus #g ,metzg]1 ,a4 ,j41 #gbd ,euclid ,av5ue1 ,tol$o #e ,mill]1 ,ralph ,j41 #bea ,we/view ,av5ue1 ,wor?+ton ,ni*olson1 ,jona?an ,j41 #age ,w4 ,columbus ,av5ue1 ,m\nt ,/]l+ ,nicolay1 ,*>les1 #bbei ,hess ,av5ue1 ,c9c9nati #aa4 ,acc\ntant4 ,o*es1 ,norman ,m41 ,r4,d4 #a1 ,brunswick4 ,me*anical ,eng9e]4 ,osborne1 ,frank ,c41 #djdj ,w4 #afj? ,/reet1 ,clevel& #aa ,pom]5e1 ,walt] ,h41 ,r\te #c1 ,co%octon4 ,agricultural ,eng9e]1 ,hydrological ,rese>* ,/ation ,ranke1 ,william1 ,r\te #a1 ,amelia ,rieck1 ,c41 #ebb ,s4 ,ma9 ,/reet1 ,f9dlay ,rummel1 ,e4 ,t41 #acfah ,lav]ne ,av5ue1 ,clevel& #aa4 ,sales ,eng9e]4 ,s*aufelb]g]1 ,hugo ,s41 ,r\te #b1 ,s&usky ,seas1 ,d4 ,edw>d1 #gba ,s\? ,ma9 ,/reet1 ,orrville ,scitz1 ,m4 ,b41 #ige ,nome ,ave41 ,akron4 ,auto deal]4 ,%elton1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,m41 #adfh ,w4 ,clifton ,blvd41 ,lakewood #g ,%]man1 ,l4 ,walt]1 ,mahon+ ,c\nty ,exp]im5t ,f>m1 ,canfield ,%essl]1 ,sylve/] ,m41 ,g5oa ,silvis1 ,raymond ,e41 #agbe ,l9db]g ,av5ue1 ,n4,e4 ,massillon4 ,realty4 ,slutz1 ,russell ,c41 ,box #ejd1 #abc ,high ,/41 ,nav>re ,smi?1 ,k5ne?1 #fdb ,coll9s ,p>k ,av5ue1 ,tol$o ,smi?1 ,/]l+ ,a41 #fcj ,w4 ,s\? ,/reet1 ,v]milion ,telegraph]1 ,n4,y4,c4,r4,r4 7,treasur] ( ! ,association47 ,spr+ ,hill ,nurs]ies ,company1 ,tipp ,city4 ,g5]al nurs]yman4 ,/e9beck1 ,a4 ,p41 ,box #hbd1 ,r\te #g1 ,nor? ,canton ,/ock]1 ,c4 ,p41 ,lora9 ,products ,corp41 #aabb ,f4 ,/reet1 ,lora9 ,?omas1 ,fr$1 ,r\te #a1 ,b$=d ,road1 ,masury ,?omas1 ,w4 ,f41 #djf ,s\? ,ma9 ,/reet1 ,f9dlay ,toops1 ,h]b]t ,a41 #adcj ,cambridge ,blvd41 ,columbus #ab4 ,college ,pr(essor4 ,urban1 ,george1 #deah ,ard5dale ,road1 ,s\? ,euclid #ba4 ,mayor4 ,van ,voorhis1 ,j4 ,f41 #bae ,hudson ,av5ue1 ,apt4 ,b-#a1 ,new>k ,von ,gundy1 ,clif=d ,e41 ,r4,f4,d4 #ac1 ,c9c9nati #cj ,walk]1 ,c>l ,f41 #bhea ,e4 ,ov]look ,road1 ,clevel& #ah ,weav]1 ,ar?ur ,w41 #ccci ,s\? ,/reet1 ,tol$o #d 99,web]1 ,h>ry ,r41 ,esq41 #abc ,e4 #f? ,/reet1 ,c9c9nati4 ,attorney1 ,f>m own]4 ,web]1 ,mrs1 ,m>?a ,r41 ,r\te #a1 ,morgan ,road1 ,cleves ,williams1 ,h>ry ,m41 #bba ,gr&on ,road1 ,dayton #i4 ,eng9e]4 ,willett1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,p41 ,elmore ,wis*hus51 ,j4 ,f41 #aejca ,%ore ,acres ,drive1 ,n4,e41 ,clevel& #aj ,yates1 ,edw>d ,w41 #cajh ,p>kview ,av5ue1 ,c9c9nati #ac ,yod]1 ,emmet1 ,smi?ville ,,oklahoma ,butl]1 ,roy1 ,r\te #b1 ,hydro4 ,f>m]1 cattleman4 ,cross1 ,pr(4 ,frank ,b41 ,dept4 ( ,horticulture1 ,oklahoma ,a ,college1 ,/illwat]4 ,tea*+ & ,exp]im5t ,/ation "w4 ,gray1 ,ge(frey ,a41 #afbh ,elm ,ave41 ,b>tlesville ,hirs*i's ,nurs]y 7,a4,g47 #dad ,nor? ,rob9son1 ,oklahoma ,city4 ,dry clean+ bus9ess1 nurs]yman4 ,h>tman1 ,pet] ,e41 ,h>tsdale ,nurs]y ,company1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #hhb1 ,tulsa #a4 ,nurs]yman4 ,hughes1 ,c4 ,v41 ,r\te #c1 ,box #fad1 #efjj ,n4,w4 #af? ,/reet1 ,oklahoma ,city ,meek1 ,e4 ,b41 ,r\te #b1 ,wynnewood ,pulliam1 ,gordon1 #ajje ,osage ,ave41 ,b>tlesville ,ruhl51 ,dr4 ,*>les ,a41 #aad ,nor? ,/eele4 ,cu%+4 ,d5ti/4 ,swan1 ,osc> ,e4 ,jr41 #abbf ,e4 #cj? ,/reet1 ,tulsa #f4 ,attorney1 ,mid-,cont95t ,petroleum ,co4 ,,oregon ,c>lton ,nurs]y ,company1 ,=e/ ,grove4 ,nurs]ym5 & ,nut ,or*>di/s4 ,mill]1 ,john ,e41 ,r\te #a1 ,box #iab-;,a1 ,oswego ,osborne1 ,w4 ,l4 ,h41 ,mont ,alto1 ,idylyld ,r\te #bge1 ,roseburg ,pe>cy1 ,h>ry ,l41 ,rt4 #b1 ,box #aij1 ,salem4 ,h4 ,l4 ,pe>cy ,nurs]y ,co4 7,nut trees47 ,%epp>d1 ,*>les ,m41 ,tuck] ,road1 ,hood ,riv] ,,p5nsylvania ,allaman1 ,r4 ,p41 ,r\te #hf1 ,h>risburg ,bangs1 ,ralph ,e41 ,r\te #b1 ,sp>tansburg4 ,f>m]4 ,banks1 ,h4 ,c4 ,r\te #a1 ,hell]t[n ,be>d1 ,h4 ,k41 ,r\te #a1 ,%]idan4 ,insurance ,ag5t4 ,b]/1 ,*>les ,b41 #aa ,w4 #h? ,/reet1 ,erie4 ,inspector1 ,"l ,mfg ,co41 ,erie1 ,pa4 ,b[51 ,john ,c4 ,r\te #a1 ,macungie ,br5eis]4 ,amos ,p41 #dbg ,nor? #e? ,/reet1 ,read+ ,br[n1 ,morrison1 #cdb ,ea/ ,coop] ,/reet1 ,slipp]y ,rock4 ,tea*]4 ,cl>ke1 ,william ,s41 ,jr41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #afg1 ,/ate ,college ,creasy1 ,lu!r ,p41 ,catawissa ,damask1 ,h5ry1 #afcb ,doyle ,/reet1 ,wilk9sburg4 ,telephone man4 ,eckh>t1 ,pi]ce1 #egca ,hadd+ton ,/reet1 ,philadelphia #ca ,ett]1 ,fayette1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #eg1 ,leme/]s4 ,g5]al ,l9e ,=eman = an ,electric ,company4 ,g>dn]1 ,ralph ,d41 #ddbh ,plym\? ,/reet1 ,h>risburg4 ,assi/ant ,/ate ,fire ,m>%all4 ,good1 ,orr5 ,s41 #caf ,n4 ,fairview ,/reet1 ,lock ,hav54 ,retir$4 ,gorton1 ,f4 ,b41 ,r\te #a1 ,ea/ ,lake ,road1 ,h>bor ,creek4 ,electrical ,contractor4 ,hammond1 ,h>old1 #ijc ,s\? ,popl> ,/reet1 ,all5t[n ,heckl]1 ,george ,snyd]1 ,hatfield ,ho/ett]1 ,l4 ,k41 ,r\te #c1 ,lanca/]4 ,f>m]1 black walnut gr[]4 ,hughes1 ,d\glas1 #abcj ,ea/ #ba/ ,/reet1 ,erie ,johnson1 ,roo]t ,f41 #afbe ,gre5tree ,road1 ,pittsburgh #e ,jones1 ,mildr$ ,m4 7,see ,mrs4 ,langdoc--"u ,ill9ois7 ,jones1 ,dr4 ,truman ,w41 ,walnut ,grove ,f>m1 ,p>ksburg ,kaufman1 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,m41 ,cl>ion4 ,kirk1 ,de,nard ,b41 ,=e/ ,grove4 ,eng9e]4 ,kn[se1 ,*>les ,w41 ,colonial ,p>k1 ,h>risburg4 ,coal ,deal]4 ,laboski1 ,george ,t41 ,r\te #a1 ,h>bor ,creek4 ,fruit ,gr[] & ,nurs]yman4 ,lamb]t1 ,e4 ,a41 ,box #gf1 ,mc,kean ,lea*1 ,w1 #djf-daj ,scranton ,life ,bldg41 ,scranton #c4 ,lawy]4 ,mattoon1 ,h4 ,gleason1 ,box #cjd1 ,n>b]?4 ,consultant 9 ,arboriculture4 ,mec>tney1 ,j4 ,lupton1 ,room #a ,horticultural ,build+1 ,/ate ,college4 ,tea*]4 ,m]c]1 ,rob]t ,a41 ,rt4 #a1 ,porkiom5ville ,mill]1 ,elwood ,b41 c_/o ,! ,hazleton ,blea*+ ,dye+ ,works1 ,hazleton ,mill]1 ,rob]t ,o41 #crd & ,ridge ,/reet1 ,emmaus ,moy]1 ,philip ,s41 ,u4,s4,f4 ,g4 ,build+1 ,h>risburg ,nicd]rit]1 ,leon>d1 #agbf ,/ate ,/reet1 ,erie4 ,m]*ant4 ,nonnema*]1 ,h4 ,m41 ,box #bjd1 ,alburtis4 ,l9e ,=eman1 ,bell ,tel4 ,co4 ( ,pa4 ,oe/]l+1 ,h[>d ,m41 ,r4,d4 #a1 ,m>ysville ,ranson1 ,flaval1 #gbh ,monroe ,av5ue1 ,scranton #aj4 ,f>m]4 ,reidl]1 ,paul ,g41 ,a%l&4 ,manufactur] ( textiles4 ,rial1 ,john1 #ebh ,h>rison ,ave1 ,gre5sburg 99,rick1 ,john1 #dch ,p5nsylvania ,squ>e1 ,read+ ,rupp1 ,edw>d ,e41 ,jr41 #eg ,w4 ,pomfret ,/reet1 ,c>lisle4 ,draftsman--,tree ,surgeon4 ,s*aible1 ,p]cy1 ,upp] ,black ,eddy4 ,labor]4 ,smi?1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell1 #eej ,elm ,av5ue1 ,sw>?more4 ,geograph]-,nurs]yman-,au?or4 ,s(ianos1 ,l\is ,s41 ,gre5fields1 ,read+4 ,g>d5]4 ,/>r1 ,miss ,*>lottee ,*ur*ill4 ,r4,r4 #a ,bucks ,c\nty1 ,quak]t[n4 ,arti/ h\sewife4 ,/ew>t1 ,e4 ,l41 ,p9o ,hill ,f>ms ,nurs]y1 ,r\te #b1 ,hom] ,city ,!iss1 ,dr4 ,lewis ,e41 ,bucknell ,univ]sity1 ,lewisburg4 ,writ]-,retir$ ,college ,pr(essor ,twi/1 ,frank ,s41 ,box #abg1 ,nor?umb]l& ,wa%ick1 ,dr4 ,frank ,a41 ,s4,w4 ,wel% ,v]ee ,roads1 ,philadelphia #aa4 ,surgeon4 ,weav]1 ,william ,s41 ,weav] ,or*>ds1 ,macungie ,we9ri*1 ,:itney1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #bbe1 ,wall+=d 99,wi/]1 ,john ,c41 ,scott ,f\ndation1 ,sw>?more ,college1 ,sw>?more4 ,horticulturi/4 ,wright1 ,ross ,pi]1 #bce ,w4 #f? ,/reet1 ,erie ,z>g]1 ,?omas ,g41 ,r\te #c1 ,*amb]sburg ,zimm]man1 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,a41 ,r4,d41 ,l+le/[n ,,rhode ,,isl& 99,all51 ,philip1 #agh ,dorance ,/reet1 ,provid5ce ,rhode ,isl& ,/ate ,college1 ,libr>y ,dept41 ,gre5 ,hall1 ,k+/on ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a ,bregg]1 ,john ,t41 ,clemson ,rese>* ,sup]visor 7,soil ,cons]vation71 ,or*>d ,erosion ,inve/igations4 ,gordon1 ,g4 ,h5ry1 #ac #a_/b4 ,ma9 ,/reet1 ,union4 ,retir$ ,m>9]4 ,h5d]son1 ,e4 ,p41 ,ba?4 ,manag]1 ,kaol9 ,m9es ,ornam5tal ,nurs]yman4 ,hundley1 ,p4 ,c4 ,son1 ,woodruff4 ,or*>d supplies4 ,poole1 ,m4 ,c41 ,cross ,an*or4 ,bea* gr[]4 ,s5n4 ,t4 ,l41 ,horticultural ,dept4 ,clemson ,college4 ,clemson4 ,college ,tea*]4 ,,s\? ,,dakota ,ri*t]1 ,h]man1 ,madison ,,t5nessee ,ack] ,black ,walnut ,corporation1 ,morri/[n4 ,walnut processors4 7,see also "u ,virg9ia47 ,alp9e ,=e/ ,res]ve1 ,alp9e4 ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* project4 ,boyd1 ,h>old ,b41 ,m4 ,d41 #ije ,k5s+ton1 ,memphis #g4 ,physician4 ,boyd1 ,rob]t ,w41 ,boyd ,nurs]y ,company1 ,mc,minnville4 ,g5]al nurs]yman4 ,*ase1 ,sp5c]1 ,t4,v4,a41 ,norris4 ,horticulturi/4 ,cox1 ,t4 ,s41 #ajh ,hotel ,av5ue1 ,knoxville #ah4 ,dunlap1 ,dr4 ,william ,b41 #iab ,e4 ,ma9 ,/reet1 ,union ,city4 ,optometri/4 ,g>rett1 ,dr4 ,sam ,"y1 ,dixon ,spr+s4 ,surgeon4 ,holdeman1 ,j4 ,e41 #hee ,n4 ,mc,neill1 ,memphis #g ,h[ell ,nurs]ies1 ,sweetwat]4 ,ornam5tal & *e/nut nurs]ym54 ,k+solv]1 ,j4 ,b4 ,r\te #b1 ,concord ,l[e1 ,dr2 ,j]e ,w41 c_/o ,mrs4 ,murphy ,webb2 ,we/ov] ,drive1 ,na%ville ,mc,alexander1 ,k5ne? ,j41 ,c$> ,grove4 ,college /ud5t4 ,mc,daniel1 ,j4 ,c1 ,t5n4 ,dept3 ( ,agriculture1 #djc ,/ate ,(fice ,bldg41 ,na%ville #c4 ,horticulturi/1 f>m]4 ,mc,daniel1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,c1 #adba ,kirtl& ,av5ue1 ,na%ville #f ,mc,daniel1 ,j4 ,c1 ,jr41 #adba ,kirkl& ,av5ue1 ,na%ville #f ,mc,queen1 ,s4 ,s41 ,box #abfb1 ,m\nta9 ,home ,murphy1 ,h4 ,o4 #ab ,sweetbri> ,av5ue1 ,*attanooga4 ,fruit gr[]4 ,p>sley1 ,g4 ,b41 ,r\te #a1 ,smi?ville4 ,nurs]yman4 ,rhodes1 ,g4 ,b41 ,r\te #a1 ,cov+ton4 ,f>m]4 ,ri*>ds1 ,dr4 ,aubrey1 ,:iteville4 ,physician4 ,ro>k1 ,w1 ,f41 ,malesus4 ,f>m]1 *e/nut gr[]4 ,rob9son1 ,w4 ,jobe1 ,r\te #g1 ,jackson4 ,f>m]4 ,sammons1 ,julius1 ,jr41 ,:iteville ,%ad[1 ,willis ,a41 ,decatur4 ,c\nty ,agricultural ,ag5t4 ,%ipley1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,d41 #c ,c5tury ,c\rt1 ,knoxville ,sma!rs1 ,rev4 ,eug5e1 ,calv>y ,*ur*1 ,big ,lick4 ,pa/or4 ,s\!rn ,nurs]y ,l&scape ,co41 ,w9*e/] ,su!rl&1 ,w4 ,b41 #ebj ,cle>view ,/reet1 ,knoxville #ag ,z>g]1 ,?omas ,g4 7,tempor>ily 9 ,p5nsylvania7 ,,texas ,ar=d1 ,*>les ,a41 ,box #abcj1 ,dalh>t ,arp ,nurs]y ,company1 7,cl>k ,kidd7 #e? & ,wall ,/41 ,p4,o4 ,box #hfg1 ,tyl]4 ,:olesale ,nurs]y4 ,bailey1 ,l4 ,b41 ,box #adcf1 ,phillips4 ,*emi/4 ,brison1 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,r41 ,dept4 ( ,horticulture1 ,a4 ,m4 ,college1 ,college ,/ation ,florida1 ,kaufman1 ,box #aea1 ,rotan ,price1 ,w4 ,s4 ,jr41 ,nav>ro ,c\nty1 ,k]5s ,romb]g1 ,l4 ,d41 ,u4 ,s4 ,pecan ,field ,/ation1 ,box #eci1 ,br[nwood ,w9kl]1 ,&rew1 ,r\te #a1 ,moody4 ,f>m] & pecan gr[]4 ,,utah ,pett]son1 ,h>lan ,d41 #bafd ,jeff]son ,av5ue1 ,ogd54 ,highway ,eng9e]4 ,,v]mont ,aldri*1 ,a4 ,w41 ,r\te #c1 ,spr9field4 ,f>m]4 ,coll9s1 ,joseph ,n41 ,r\te #c1 ,putney ,ellis1 ,z5as ,h41 ,fair ,hav54 ,p]petual memb]1 ,9 ,memoriam4 ,fo/]1 ,=e/ ,k41 ,we/ ,top%am4 ,fruit gr[]4 ,ladd1 ,paul1 ,putney4 ,s*ool ,tea*]4 ,,virg9ia ,ack] ,black ,walnut ,corporation1 ,broadway4 ,walnut processors4 7,see also "u ,t5nessee47 ,burton1 ,george ,l41 #gbh ,college ,/reet1 ,b$=d ,case1 ,lynn ,b41 ,r\te #a1 ,fr$]icksburg ,dick]son1 ,t4 ,c41 #caf-ef? ,/reet1 ,newport ,news4 ,/ati/ician1 f>m]4 ,dudley1 ,*>les1 ,gl5 ,wilton ,gibbs1 ,h4 ,r41 #hjh ,william ,/reet1 ,front ,royal4 ,c>p5t]1 wood work]4 ,gun!r1 ,eric ,f41 ,r\te #a1 ,box #ca1 ,onancock4 ,retir$ bus9ess man4 ,lee1 ,dr4 ,h5ry1 #hjf ,m$ical ,arts ,build+1 ,roanoke #aa ,p9n]1 ,r4 ,mc,r41 ,p4,o4 ,box4 #aee1 ,suffolk ,/oke1 ,h4 ,f41 #adcf ,watts ,av5ue ,n4,w41 ,roanoke ,/oke1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,f41 #adcf ,watts ,av5ue1 ,n4,w41 ,roanoke ,/oke1 ,dr4 ,john ,h41 #ba ,highl& ,av5ue1 ,s4,e41 ,roanoke #ah4 ,*iropractor4 ,?ompson1 ,b4 ,h41 ,h>risonburg4 ,manufactur] ( nut crack]s4 ,,we/ ,,virg9ia ,cannaday1 ,dr4 ,john ,e41 ,*>le/on ,g5]al ,hospital1 ,*>le/on #be4 ,surgeon4 99,frye1 ,wilb]t ,m41 ,pleasant ,dale ,gold ,*e/nut ,nurs]y1 c_/o ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,a4 ,gold1 ,c[54 ,*e/nut nurs]yman4 ,ha9es1 ,e>l ,c41 ,%anks ,long1 ,j4 ,l41 ,box #dia1 ,pr9ceton ,mi%1 ,arnold ,f41 ,inwood ,re$1 ,ar?ur ,m41 ,m\ndsville4 ,proprietor1 ,gl5m\nt ,nurs]ies4 ,%epl]1 ,h>vey1 ,ox=d ,,wa%+ton ,altman1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,e41 #bcch ,k+ ,/reet1 ,bell+ham #i ,b>?1 ,j4 ,h41 ,box #ahbg1 ,r\te #c1 ,spokane #ae4 ,wat*mak] & f>m]4 ,b>tleson1 ,c4 ,j41 ,box #be1 ,*att>oy4 ,(fice work]4 ,biddle1 ,miss ,g]trude ,w41 #ibh ,gordon ,av5ue1 ,spokane #ab ,br[n1 ,h4 ,r41 ,gre5acres ,bu%1 ,c>roll ,d41 ,grapeview4 ,*e/nut gr[] & %ipp]4 ,d5man1 ,george ,l41 #acai ,ea/ ,n9a ,av5ue1 ,spokane #aj4 ,dairyman4 ,eliot1 ,craig ,p41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #aeh1 ,%elton4 ,electrical ,eng9e]1 "p "t f>m]4 ,hyatt1 ,l4 ,w41 #bhbf ,we/ ,la ,crosse1 ,spokane #ab ,kl+1 ,william ,l41 ,r\te #b1 ,box #bcj1 ,cl>k/on ,knight1 ,j4 ,c41 ,w4 #gbc ,s9to ,av5ue1 ,spokane #ab4 ,retir$4 ,latt]ell1 ,misa ,e!l1 ,gre5acres ,l9klett]1 ,f4 ,d41 ,r\te #b1 ,box #gbb1 ,m]c] ,isl& ,nad]man1 ,g4 ,w41 ,r\te #a1 ,box #cha1 ,olympia ,%ane ,bro!rs1 ,va%on ,%ep>d1 ,w1 ,*elan ,falls ,tuttle1 ,lynn1 ,nurs]y1 ,! ,heights1 ,cl>k/on ,,wiscons9 ,cox1 ,irv9 ,w41 ,p4,o4 ,box #bfcb1 ,we/ ,allis ,koels*1 ,norman1 ,jackson ,ladwig1 ,c4 ,f41 #bbba ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,beloit ,mort5s51 ,m4 ,c41 #baag ,/anson ,av5ue1 ,rac9e ,talbot1 ,h>old ,w41 ,rt4 #g1 ,hex #aih1 ,milwaukee #ac ,,new ,,memb]s ,,add$ ,,s9ce ,,may #a1 #aidi ,c>lisle1 ,francis1 #hai ,second ,/reet1 ,s4,e41 ,new ,philadelphia1 ,ohio ,gehr+1 ,rev4 ,titus1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ffh1 ,grants1 ,new ,mexico ,kea?ly1 ,jack1 ,m>l&1 ,oklahoma ,koef]l1 ,alots ,j41 #bhce ,nor? #bj? ,/41 ,milwaukee #f1 ,wiscons9 ,o',bri51 ,h[>d ,c41 #be ,irv+ton ,/reet1 ,bo/on #af1 ,massa*usetts ,spe>s1 ,erne/ ,g41 #dcbf ,=e/ ,av5ue1 ,norwood #ab1 ,ohio ,w>necke1 ,m>t9 ,h41 #gad ,s4 ,fir/ ,av5ue1 ,maywood1 ,ill9ois 99 99 99 99 99 ,subscrib]s & ,/&+ ,libr>y ,ord]s ,brooklyn ,botanic ,g>d5 ,libr>y1 #ajjj ,wa%+ton ,av5ue1 ,brooklyn #be1 ,n4 ,y4 ,clemson ,college ,libr>y1 ,clemson1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,college ( ,agriculture ,libr>y1 ,i?aca1 ,new ,york4 ,detroit ,public ,libr>y1 #ebja ,woodw>d ,av5ue1 ,detroit #b1 ,mi*igan4 ,jones1 ,g4 ,s41 ,r\te #a1 ,ph5ix ,city1 ,alabama4 ,libr>y1 ,univ]sity ( ,miami1 ,coral ,gables #cd1 ,florida4 ,libr>y1 ,univ]sity ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,durham ,n4 ,h4 ,oregon ,/ate ,college ,libr>y1 ,corvallis1 ,oregon4 ,pea*y1 ,enos ,d41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #bb1 ,belleville1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,rhode ,isl& ,/ate ,college1 ,libr>y ,dept41 ,gre5 ,hall1 ,k+/on1 ,rhode ,isl& 7memb]%ip74 ,rutg]s ,univ]sity2 ,agricultural ,libr>y1 ,ni*ol ,ave41 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j4 ,/4 ,l\is ,public ,libr>y1 ,olive1 #ac? & #ad? ,/reets1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,miss\ri4 ,,exhibits ,,at ,,! ,,norris ,,meet+1 #aidh ,noah ,ab]na?y1 ,m>ble1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,*9ese *e/nuts4 ,b5ton ,smi? ,nut ,tree ,nurs]y1 ,wassaic1 ,new ,york4 ,%agb>k hickories1 hybrid hickory1 ,p]sian walnut4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,dun/an1 ,gre5sboro ,college1 ,gr5sboro1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,p]sian walnuts4 ,a4 ,g4 ,hirs*i1 ,oklahoma ,city1 ,oklahoma4 ,pecans1 black walnuts1 he>tnut1 ,c>pa?ian ,p]sian walnut1 ,*9ese *e/nuts1 ,ori5tal p]simmons4 ,jaynes ,hobson1 ,jasp]1 ,georgia4 ,*9ese *e/nuts4 ,h[ell ,nurs]ies1 ,sweetwat]1 ,t5nessee4 ,*9ese *e/nuts1 ,japanese *e/nut4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,s4 ,jones1 ,ph5ix ,city1 ,alabama4 ,*9ese *e/nuts4 ,g4 ,j4 ,korn1 ,kalamazoo1 ,mi*igan4 ,%agb>k hickories1 %ellb>k hickory1 black walnuts1 butt]nut1 collection ( photographs4 ,r4 ,c4 ,lor5z1 ,fremont ,ohio4 ,pecan1 ,p]sian walnut4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,moss1 ,williamsburg1 ,k5tucky4 ,black walnuts1 ,p]sian walnut1 pecans1 %ellb>k hickory1 ,*9ese *e/nut1 filb]t4 ,new ,york ,/ate ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,g5eva1 ,new ,york4 ,turki% tree hazel2 ,*9ese tree hazel1 native hazel1 ,european hazels1 hybrid hazels1 black x ,p]sian hybrid walnut4 ,g4 ,b4 ,rhodes1 ,cov+ton1 ,t5nessee4 ,pecans1 he>tnut1 ,p]sian walnut4 ,dr4 ,aubrey ,ri*>ds1 ,:iteville1 ,t5nessee4 ,*9ese & hybrid *e/nuts1 he>tnuts1 black walnuts4 ,sylve/] ,%essl]1 ,g5oa1 ,ohio4 ,p]sian walnuts1 black walnuts1 he>tnut4 ,h1 ,f4 ,/oke1 ,roanoke1 ,virg9ia4 ,p]sian walnuts1 black walnuts1 butt]nuts1 he>tnuts1 %ellb>k hickory1 %agb>k hickory1 filb]ts1 ,*9ese1 ,japanese & hybrid *e/nuts1 hybrid hazels1 graft unions1 photographs4 ,,tva ,=e/ry ,relations ,dep>tm5t 7,norris ,nurs]y71 ,norris1 ,t5nessee4 ,l>ge collections ( black & se$l+ ,p]sian walnuts2 ,*9ese *e/nuts1 he>tnuts1 filb]ts1 ,am]ican hazel1 pecans1 %ellb>k hickory1 ,ori5tal p]simmons4 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,pecan ,/ation1 ,albany1 ,georgia4 ,nam$ v>ieties ( ,*9ese *e/nut4 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilk9son1 ,rockport1 ,indiana4 ,pecans4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,willett1 ,elmore1 ,ohio4 ,he>tnuts4 ,william ,j4 ,wilson1 ,=t ,valley1 ,georgia4 ,black walnut1 hican4 7,li/ compil$ by ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke7 ,,ann\ncem5ts #dj? ,annual ,meet+ at ,beltsville1 ,m>yl& ,septemb] #f1 #g & #h1 #aidi ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,plant ,indu/ry ,/ation1 ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&1 is *airman ( ! local arrangem5ts & program committees = ! #dj? ,annual meet+ ?is ye>1 to be held at ,beltsville1 a suburb ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,o!r committee memb]s are li/$ 9 ! front ( ?is volume2 ,!y w welcome y\r sugge/ions on ?+s to be includ$ 9 ! program & ! t\r ne> ,wa%+ton4 ,memb]s w receive ! advance program4 ,old] ,reports ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,inc41 ,are ,available ,! ,association1 :i* 0 organiz$ 9 #aiaj1 has publi%$ a report ( its annual meet+ ea* ye> except two1 beg9n+ ) #aiaa4 ,sets ( reports lack+ only volumes = #aibc1 #aibe1 #aibf1 #aice1 #aidj1 #aida1 & #aidd may /ill be pur*as$1 ,^! sets1 consi/ ( #bi reports ?r\gh #aidh & conta9 ov] #chjj pages ( mat]ial p]ta9+ to nut culture 9 _m /at$ & ,canada4 ,! price ( ! set ( available reports is #ab4jj4 7,a v few complete sets ?r\gh ,vol4 #ci1 includ+ an index to ! fir/ #cj volumes1 are available to agricultural & o!r libr>ies only at #ag4jj74 ,s+le numb]s are #a4jj ea*1 except ! curr5t numb] & ! prec$+ "o3 #aidh at4 #c4jj & #aidg at #b4jj ea*4 ,ord]s %\ld be s5t to ! secret>y accompani$ by remittances made payable to ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 ,inc4 ,libr>ies & o!r in/itutions desir+ to receive ! reports regul>ly )\t ! bo!r ( ord]+ !m e ye> may h _! names plac$ on a special mail+ li/ to receive ea* report regul>ly :5 publi%$4 ,a bill = #b4jj w accompany ! #aidi report1 :5 s5t to su* in/itutions4 ,o!r ,publications on ,nut ,gr[+ #a4 ,bu%1 ,c>rol ,d4 ,nut ,gr[]'s ,h&book4 ,orange ,judd ,publi%+ ,company1 ,new ,york1 #aida4 #b4ej4 #b4 ,smi?1 ,j4 ,russell4 ,tree ,crops1 ,a ,p]man5t ,agriculture4 ,revis$ edition on s*$ule = #aidi publication4 ,inquire ( au?or at ,sw>?more1 ,pa4 #c4 ,smi?1 ,j4 ,russell1 ,h[ to ,graft ,nut ,trees4 ,may be pur*as$ f ,walnut ,lane ,press1 ,sw>?more1 ,pa4 ,illu/rat$ ) diagrams4 #i pp4 #be;c4 #d4 ,smi?1 ,j4 ,russell4 ,! ,plant+1 ,f]tilization & ,c>e ( ,nut ,trees & ,p]simmon ,trees4 ,available f ,sunny ,ridge ,nurs]y1 ,sw>?more1 ,pa41 price #be;c4 #e4 ,re$1 ,c4 ,a4 ,nut ,tree ,propagation4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,f>m]s' ,bul4 #aeja4 ,= sale only4 #e;c 7co97 f ,supt4 ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,po9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton #be1 ,d4 ,c4 #f4 ,mattoon1 ,w4 ,r4 ,re$1 ,c4 ,a4 ,plant+ ,black ,walnuts4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,leaflet #hd4 ,free f ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture2 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #g4 ,moznette1 ,g4 ,f4 et al4 ,insects & ,diseases ( ! ,pecan & _! ,control4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture-,f>m]s' ,bul4 #ahbi4 ,may be _h f ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #h4 ,sitton1 ,b4 ,g4 ,ak91 ,e4 ,o4 ,graft+ ,wax ,melt]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ,leaflet #bjb4 ,free f ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #i4 ,sitton1 ,b4 ,g4 ,pecan ,graft+ ,me?ods & ,waxes4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,circ4 #ede4 ,may be _h f ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #aj4 ,sitton1 ,b4 ,g4 ,vegetative ,propagation ( ! ,black ,walnut4 ,mi*4 ,/a4 ,te*4 ,bul4 ,no4 #aai4 ,sept41 #aica4 ,available f ,mi*igan ,/ate ,college1 ,e4 ,lans+4 #aa4 ,mac,daniels1 ,l4 ,h4 ,nut ,gr[+4 ,cornell ,univ4 ,ext4 ,bul4 #gja4 ,f ,college ( ,agriculture1 ,i?aca1 ,new ,york4 #ab4 ,haseman1 ,l4 ,! ,walnut ,cat]pill>4 ,miss\ri ,exp4 ,/a4 ,bul4 #dah4 #ac4 ,talb]t1 ,t4 ,j4 ,nut ,tree ,culture 9 ,miss\ri4 ,mo4 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,bul4 #ded4 ,may be _h f ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/ation1 ,columbia1 ,mo4 #ad4 ,s*u/]1 ,c4 ,e4 ,filb]ts4 ,oregon ,/ate ,college ,ext4 ,bul4 #fbh4 ,may be _h f ,oregon ,/ate ,college1 ,corvallis1 ,oregon4 #ae4 ,s*w>tze1 ,c4 ,d4 ,filb]t ,culture4 ,wa%+ton ,/ate ,col4 ,ext4 ,bul4 #bfc4 ,may be _h f ,ext5sion ,s]vice1 ,wa%+ton ,/ate ,college1 ,pullman1 ,wa%4 #af4 ,%]man1 ,l4 ,w4 & ,ell5wood1 ,g4 ,w4 ,topwork+ & ,b5*-graft+ ,walnut ,trees4 ,special ,circ4 #fi4 ,may be _h f ,agr4 ,exp]4 ,/a41 ,woo/]1 ,ohio4 #ag4 ,slate1 ,g4 ,l4 ,filb]ts4 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,cir4 #aib4 ,free f ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,g5eva1 ,n4 ,y4 #ah4 ,,ddt to ,control ,pecan ,weevil4 ,multigraph$1 #aidh4 ,available free f ,division ( ,horticulture1 ,t5n4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 ,na%ville #c1 ,t5n4 #ai4 ,blake1 ,m4 ,a4 & ,edg]ton1 ,l4 ,j4 ,exp]i5ce ) ,blight ,resi/ant ,*e/nuts 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,bul4 #gag ,n4 ,j4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a41 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j4 #bj4 ,y]kes1 ,guy ,e4 ,propagation ( ,trees & ,%rubs4 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,f>m]s' ,bul4 ,no4 #aefg1 available f ,supt4 ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4 ,s4 ,gov't ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton #be1 ,d4 ,c41 price #aj;c 7co974 #ba4 ,cox1 ,john ,a41 et al4 ,top ,work+ ,pecan ,trees4 ,ext4 ,circ4 #bji4 ,available free f ,l\isiana ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,univ]sity1 ,l\isiana4 #bb4 ,hilton1 ,r4 ,j4 ,framework+ ,fruit ,trees4 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #acf ( ! ,dom9ion ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,available f ,dom9ion ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,ottawa1 ,ont>io1 ,canada4 7,framework graft+ te*nique is adapt$ to top-work+ l>ge se$l+ nut trees74 #bc4 ,snyd]1 ,john ,c4 ,poll9ation ( ,tree ,fruits & ,nuts4 ,ext4 ,bul4 #cdb4 ,wa%+ton ,/ate ,college1 ,pullman1 ,wa%+ton4 #bd4 ,smi?1 ,gilb]t ,l4 ,practical ,nut ,gr[+4 #fj pp4 illus4 #a4ej f au?or1 ,wassaic1 ,n4 ,y4 ,note3 ,9 addition to ! above publications1 ! horticultural dep>tm5ts ( _m /ate & prov9cial agricultural exp]im5t /ations & agricultural colleges h free circul>s or bullet9s li/+ ! recomm5d$ v>ieties ( fruit & nut trees = _! areas4 ,! prospective tree plant] is advis$ to place m reliance on ! local recomm5dations 7:]e available7 ?an on ^? f di/ant /ates :]e ! soils1 ! climate1 & ! adapt$ v>ieties may be q diff]5t4 ,! ,,nnga li/ ( "s nurs]ies :i* sell h>dy1 nam$ v>ieties ( nut trees is revis$ ea* w9t]4 ,! secret>y1 w s5d copies ( ! next revision free on reque/4--,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,sec'y41 ,na%ville #c1 ,t5n4