---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,disclaimer ,the articles published in the ,annual ,reports of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are not to be construed as an endorsement by the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 its board of directors1 or its members4 ,no endorsement is intended for products mentioned1 nor is criticism meant for products not mentioned4 ,the laws and recommendations for pesticide application may have changed since the articles were written4 ,it is always the pesticide applicator's responsibility1 by law1 to read and follow all current label directions for the specific pesticide being used4 ,the discussion of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,incorporated #cith ,annual ,report ,illustration ,,convention ,,at ,,norris1 ,,tenn4 ,,september #ac-ae #aidh ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,fruiting ,chinese ,chestnut ,branches 7,courtesy ,dr4 ,h4 ,reid ,hunter7 #b ,officers and ,committees #f ,state and ,foreign ,vice-,presidents #g ,constitution #h ,by-,laws #i ,proceedings of the ,thirty-ninth ,annual ,convention #ab ,address of ,welcome--,george ,f4 ,gant #ab ,response--,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels #ad ,president's ,address--,john ,davidson #ae ,secretary's ,report--,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel #af ,treasurer's ,report--,d4 ,c4 ,snyder #ah ,other ,business of the ,association1 ,committee ,election and ,reports #ai ,the ,development and ,propagation of ,blight ,resistant ,chestnut in ,west ,virginia--,ralph ,h4 ,quick #bf ,the ,present ,status of the ,chestnut in ,virginia--,r4 ,c4 ,moore #ca ,growing ,chinese ,chestnuts in ,lee ,county1 ,alabama--,g4 ,s4 ,jones #cd ,processed ,chestnuts on the ,market throughout the ,year--,j4 ,c4 ,moore #ch ,chestnut ,growing in the ,southeast--,max ,b4 ,hardy #da ,mr4 ,hardy and ,some ,chestnuts ,prepared for ,storage #da ,marketing ,chestnuts in the ,pacific ,coast--,carroll ,d4 ,bush #ea ,chestnut ,weevils and ,their ,control with ,,ddt--,e4 ,r4 ,van ,leeuwen #ed ,diseases ,affecting the ,success of ,tree ,crop ,plantings--,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt and ,donald ,c4 ,stout #fj ,chinese x ,american ,hybrid ,chestnut ,trees #fb ,the ,brooming ,disease of ,walnuts #fd-fe ,trees ,killed by the ,persimmon ,wilt #fg ,round ,table ,discussion on ,chestnut ,problems--,spencer ,b4 ,chase1 ,presiding #fi ,greetings from a ,kentucky ,nut--,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,moss #hc ,nut ,trees for ,west ,tennessee--,aubrey ,richards1 ,m4,d4 #he ,marketing ,black ,walnuts as a ,community ,projects--,rev4 ,bernard ,taylor #hg ,experiences with ,tree ,crops in ,meigs ,county1 ,tennessee--,w4 ,a4 ,shadow #hh ,nut ,hobbying in ,eastern ,west ,virginia--,wilbert ,m4 ,frye #ia ,a ,look1 ,backward and ,forward into ,nut ,growing in ,kentucky--,w4 ,g4 ,tatum #ic ,round ,table ,discussion on ,judging ,schedule for ,black ,walnuts--,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,chairman #ie ,fruiting ,black ,walnut at ,brooks1 ,alberta1 ,canada #ajc ,present ,outlook for ,honeylocust in the ,south--,j4 ,c4 ,moore #ajd ,possibilities of ,filbert ,growing in ,virginia--,e4 ,l4 ,overholser #aaa ,filberts for ,food and ,looks in ,kentucky--,n4 ,r4 ,elliott #aaf ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,introducer of ,many ,nut ,varieties--,clarence ,a4 ,reed #aah ,j4 ,f4 ,jones #aah ,mildred and ,wesley ,langdoc #abe ,the ,value of ,nut ,trees in ,tennessee--,f4 ,s4 ,chance #abf ,the ,development and ,filling of ,nuts--,h4 ,l4 ,crane #acj ,the ,grafted ,curly ,walnut as a ,timber ,tree--,j4 ,ford ,wilkinson #aci ,the ,black ,walnut ,situation in ,tennessee--,george ,b4 ,shivery #adb ,grafting ,walnuts in ,ohio--,sylvester ,shessler #ade ,grafting ,walnuts in the ,greenhouse--,george ,l4 ,slate #adf ,nut ,investigations at the ,pennsylvania ,state ,college--,william ,s4 ,clarke1 ,jr4 #adh ,black ,walnuts3 ,a ,new ,specialty at ,renfro ,valley--,tom ,mullins #adi ,marketing ,black ,walnut ,kernels--,f4 ,j4 ,mc,cauley #aeb ,production of ,bacteria-,free ,walnut ,kernels--,roger ,w4 ,pease #aeg ,pecan ,selection in ,oklahoma--,dr4 ,frank ,b4 ,cross #afj ,pecan ,improvement ,program for ,southwestern ,kentucky--,w4 ,w4 ,magill #afd ,pecan ,production in ,south ,carolina--,t4 ,l4 ,senn #afg ,preservation of ,shelled ,pecans by ,drying and ,hermetically ,sealing--,hubert ,harris #afi ,follow-,up ,studies on the #aidf ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,prize ,winners--,l4 ,walter ,sherman #agd ,final ,business ,session1 ,election of ,officers1 ,reports of ,committees #agg ,odds and ,ends--,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming #aha ,the ,birth of a ,new ,walnut ,cracker--,b4 ,h4 ,thompson #ahc ,marketing of ,black ,walnuts in ,arkansas--,t4 ,a4 ,winkleman #ahc ,further ,notes on ,nut ,tree ,guards for ,pasture ,plantings--,oliver ,d4 ,diller #ahd ,wire ,guard ,around ,young ,chestnut ,tree #ahe ,a ,pecan ,orchard in ,glouchester ,county1 ,virginia--,mrs4 ,selina ,l4 ,hopkins #ahf ,indiana ,nut ,shows ,have ,educational ,value--,w4 ,b4 ,ward #ahh ,view of an ,indiana ,nut ,exhibit #ahi ,the ,importance of ,stock and ,scion ,relationship in ,hickory and ,walnut--,carl ,weschcke #aij ,progress with ,nuts at ,wolfeboro1 ,new ,hampshire--,matthew ,lahti #aie ,breeding ,chestnuts in the ,new ,york ,city ,area--,alfred ,szego #aif ,winter ,injury to ,nut ,trees at ,ithaca1 ,new ,york1 in the ,fall and ,winter of #aidg-dh--,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels and ,damon ,boynton #aii ,what ,came ,through the ,hard ,winter in ,ontario--,george ,hebden ,corsan #bja ,filberts ,grow in ,vermont--,joseph ,n4 ,collins #bjb ,report of ,necrology ,committee #bjc ,carl ,e4 ,schuster #bjc ,mrs4 ,laura ,selden ,ellwanger #bjd ,m4 ,m4 ,kaufman #bje ,norman ,b4 ,ward #bje ,attendance #bjf ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,membership ,list #bji ,exhibitors at the #cith ,annual ,meeting #bbb ,announcements #bbc ,please ,note3 ,the membership list is in the back of this volume4 ,,officers ,,of ,,the ,,association #aidi ,president--,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 #adcf ,watts ,avenue1 ,roanoke1 ,virginia ,vice-,president--,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,dept4 of ,floriculture and ,ornamental ,horticulture1 ,cornell ,university1 ,ithaca1 ,new ,york ,treasurer--,sterling ,a4 ,smith1 #fcj ,west ,south ,street1 ,vermilion1 ,ohio ,secretary--,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,tennessee ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,state ,office ,bldg41 ,nashville #c1 ,tennessee ,directors include above officers plus3 ,john ,davidson1 #bcd ,e4 ,second ,street1 ,xenia1 ,ohio2 and ,clarence ,a4 ,reed1 #gcji ,piney ,branch ,road1 ,n4 ,w41 ,washington #ab1 ,d4,c4 ,dean--,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 #ca ,s4 ,highland1 ,west ,hartford #g1 ,connecticut ,nominating ,committee--,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,harry ,r4 ,weber1 ,dr4 ,william ,l4 ,rohrbacher1 ,j4 ,ford ,wilkinson1 ,george ,l4 ,slate ,,executive ,,appointments ,press and ,publications--,editorial ,section3 ,dr4 ,lewis ,e4 ,theiss1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,dr4 ,j41 ,russell ,smith ,publicity ,section3 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,carrol ,d4 ,bush1 ,a4 ,a4 ,bungart1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel ,printing ,section3 ,john ,davidson1 ,harry ,r4 ,weber1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel ,program--,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,raymond ,e4 ,silvis ,place of ,meeting--,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder1 ,carl ,f4 ,walker1 ,h4 ,h4 ,corsan ,varieties and ,contests--,spencer ,b4 ,chase1 ,g4 ,j4 ,korn1 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 ,gilbert ,becker1 ,a4 ,g4 ,hirschi1 ,l4 ,walter ,sherman1 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith ,standards and ,judging section of this committee3 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,spencer ,b4 ,chase1 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith ,survey and ,research--,r4 ,e4 ,silvis1 plus the state and foreign vice-presidents ,membership--,mrs4 ,harry ,weber1 ,mrs4 ,blaine ,mc,collum1 ,mrs4 ,stephen ,bernath ,exhibits--,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,carl ,weschcke1 ,fayette ,etter1 ,a4 ,g4 ,hirschi1 ,g4 ,j4 ,korn1 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 ,g4 ,l4 ,smith1 ,seward ,berhow1 ,royal ,oakes1 ,h4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan ,necrology--,mrs4 ,herbert ,negus1 ,mrs4 ,wm4 ,rohrbacher1 ,miss ,jeannette ,f4 ,johns1 ,barbara ,sly ,audit--,dr4 ,wm4 ,rohrbacher1 ,e4 ,p4 ,gerber1 ,raymond ,e4 ,silvis ,finance--,harry ,weber1 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder1 ,carl ,weschcke1 ,sterling ,smith ,legal ,advisers--,sargent ,wellman1 ,harry ,weber ,official ,journal--,american ,fruit ,grower1 #acgj ,ontario ,st41 ,cleveland #ac1 ,ohio ,state and ,foreign ,vice-,presidents ,alabama ,,lovic ,,orr ,alberta1 ,canada ,a4 ,l4 ,,young ,arkansas ,a4 ,c4 ,,hale ,british ,columbia1 ,canada ,j4 ,u4 ,,gellatly ,california ,,dr4 ,,thomas ,r4 ,,haig ,connecticut ,,george ,d4 ,,pratt1 ,,jr4 ,delaware ,,lewis ,,wilkins ,denmark ,,count ,f4 ,m4 ,,knuth ,district of ,columbia ,,george ,u4 ,,graff ,ecuador1 ,south ,america ,f4 ,a4 ,,colwell ,florida ,c4 ,a4 ,,avant ,georgia ,,wm4 ,j4 ,,wilson ,idaho ,j4 ,e4 ,,mcgoran ,illinois ,,royal ,,oakes ,indiana ,,ford ,,wallick ,iowa ,,ira ,m4 ,,kyhl ,kansas ,,dr4 ,,clyde ,,gray ,kentucky ,,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,moss ,manitoba1 ,canada ,a4 ,h4 ,,young ,maryland ,,blaine ,,mccollum ,massachusetts ,i4 ,w4 ,,short ,mexico ,,federico ,,compean ,michigan ,,gilbert ,,becker ,minnesota ,r4 ,e4 ,,hodgson ,mississippi ,,james ,r4 ,,meyer ,missouri ,,ralph ,,richterkessing ,nebraska ,,george ,,brand ,new ,hampshire ,,matthew ,,lahti ,new ,jersey ,,mrs4 ,,alan ,r4 ,,buckwalter ,new ,mexico ,,rev4 ,,titus ,,gehring ,new ,york ,,george ,,salzer ,north ,carolina ,,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,,dunstan ,north ,dakota ,,homer ,l4 ,,bradley ,ohio ,a4 ,a4 ,,bungart ,oklahoma ,a4 ,g4 ,,hirschi ,ontario1 ,canada ,g4 ,h4 ,,corsan ,oregon ,,harry ,l4 ,,pearcy ,pennsylvania ,r4 ,p4 ,,allaman ,prince ,edward ,island1 ,canada ,,robert ,,snazelle ,rhode ,island ,,philip ,,allen ,south ,carolina ,,john ,t4 ,,bregger ,south ,dakota ,,herman ,,richter ,tennessee ,,thomas ,g4 ,,zarger ,texas ,,kaufman ,,florida ,utah ,,harlan ,d4 ,,petterson ,vermont ,a4 ,w4 ,,aldrich ,virginia ,h4 ,r4 ,,gibbs ,washington ,,carroll ,d4 ,,bush ,west ,virginia ,,wilbert ,m4 ,,frye ,wisconsin ,,norman ,,koelsch ,,constitution of the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association1 ,,incorporated 7,as read at the annual meeting1 ,guelph1 ,ontario1 ,september #e1 #aidg1 and adopted ,september #ac1 #aidh1 at ,norris1 ,tennessee7 ,,name ,,article ,i4 ,this ,society shall be known as the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,incorporated4 ,it is strictly a non-profit organization4 ,,purposes ,,article ,,ii4 ,the purposes of this ,association shall be to promote interest in the nut bearing plants2 scientific research in their breeding and culture2 standardization of varietal names the dissemination of information concerning the above and such other purposes as may advance the culture of nut bearing plants1 particularly in the ,north ,temperate ,zone4 ,,members ,,article ,,iii4 ,membership in this ,association shall be open to all persons interested in supporting the purposes of the ,association4 ,classes of members are as follows3 ,annual members1 ,contributing members1 ,life members1 ,honorary members1 and ,perpetual members4 ,applications for membership in the ,association shall be presented to the secretary or the treasurer in writing1 accompanied by the required dues4 ,,officers ,,article ,,iv4 ,the elected officers of this ,association shall consist of a ,president1 ,vice-president1 a ,secretary and a ,treasurer or a combined ,secretary-treasurer as the ,association may designate4 ,,board ,,of ,,directors ,,article ,v4 ,the ,board of ,directors shall consist of six members of the ,association who shall be the officers of the ,association and the two preceding elected presidents4 ,if the offices of ,secretary and ,treasurer are combined1 the three past presidents shall serve on the ,board of ,directors4 ,there shall be a ,state ,vice-president for each state1 dependency1 or country represented in the membership of the ,association1 who shall be appointed by the ,president4 ,,amendments ,,to ,,the ,,constitution ,,article ,,vi4 ,this constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting1 notice of such amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting1 or copy of the proposed amendments having been mailed by the ,secretary or by any member to each member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting4 ,,by-,,laws 7,revised and adopted at ,norris1 ,tennessee1 ,september #ac1 #aidh7 ,,section ,i4--,,membership ,classes of membership are defined as follows3 ,,article #a4 ,annual members4 ,persons who are interested in the purposes of the ,association who pay annual dues of ,three ,dollars 7#c4jj74 ,,article #b4 ,contributing members4 ,persons who are interested in the purposes of the ,association who pay annual dues of ,ten ,dollars 7#aj4jj7 or more4 ,,article #c4 ,life members4 ,persons who are interested in the purposes of the ,association who contribute ,seventy ,five ,dollars 7#ge4jj7 to its support and who shall1 after such contribution1 pay no annual dues4 ,,article #d4 ,honorary members4 ,those whom the ,association has elected as honorary members in recognition of their achievements in the special fields of the ,association and who shall pay no dues4 ,,article #e4 ,perpetual members4 ,perpetual membership is eligible to any one who leaves at least five hundred dollars to the ,association and such membership on payment of said sum to the ,association shall entitle the name of the deceased to be forever enrolled in the list of members as ,perpetual with the words ,in ,memoriam added thereto4 ,funds received therefor shall be invested by the ,treasurer in interest bearing securities legal for trust funds in the ,district of ,columbia4 ,only the interest shall be expended by the ,association4 ,when such funds are in the treasury the ,treasurer shall be bonded4 ,provided3 that in the event the ,association becomes defunct or dissolves1 then1 in that event1 the ,treasurer shall turn over any funds held in his hands for this purpose for such uses1 individuals or companies that the donor may designate at the time he makes the bequest of the donation4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,duties ,,of ,,officers ,,article #a4 ,the ,president shall preside at all meetings of the ,association and ,board of ,directors1 and may call meetings of the ,board of ,directors when he believes it to be to the best interests of the ,association4 ,he shall appoint the ,state ,vice-presidents2 the standing committees1 except the ,nominating ,committee1 and such special committees as the ,association may authorize4 ,,article #b4 ,vice-president4 ,in the absence of the ,president1 the ,vice-president shall perform the duties of the ,president4 ,,article #c4 ,secretary4 ,the ,secretary shall be the active executive officer of the ,association4 ,he shall conduct the correspondence relating to the ,association's interests1 assist in obtaining memberships and otherwise actively forward the interests of the ,association1 and report to the ,annual ,meeting and from time to time to meetings of the ,board of ,directors as they may request4 ,,article #d4 ,treasurer4 ,the ,treasurer shall receive and record memberships1 receive and account for all moneys of the ,association and shall pay all bills approved by the ,president or the ,secretary4 ,he shall give such security as the ,board of ,directors may require or may legally be required1 shall invest life memberships or other funds as the ,board of ,directors may direct1 subject to legal restrictions and in accordance with the law1 and shall submit a verified account of receipts and disbursements to the ,annual meeting and such current accounts as the ,board of ,directors may from time to time require4 ,before the final business session of the ,annual ,meeting of the ,association1 the accounts of the ,treasurer shall be submitted for examination to the ,auditing ,committee appointed by the ,president at the opening session of the ,annual ,meeting4 ,,article #e4 ,the ,board of ,directors shall manage the affairs of the ,association between meetings4 ,four members1 including at least two elected officers1 shall be considered a quorum4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,elections ,,article #a4 ,the ,officers shall be elected at the ,annual ,meeting and hold office for one year beginning immediately following the close of the ,annual ,meeting4 ,,article #b4 ,the ,nominating ,committee shall present a slate of officers on the first day of the ,annual ,meeting and the election shall take place at the closing session4 ,nominations for any office may be presented from the floor at the time the slate is presented or immediately preceding the election4 ,,article #c4 ,for the purpose of nominating officers for the year #aidi and thereafter1 a committee of five members shall be elected annually at the preceding ,annual ,meeting4 ,,article #d4 ,a quorum at a regularly called ,annual ,meeting shall be fifteen 7#ae7 members and must include at least two of the elected officers4 ,,article #e4 ,all classes of members whose dues are paid shall be eligible to vote and hold office4 ,,section ,,iv4--,,financial ,,matters ,,article #a4 ,the fiscal year of the ,association shall extend from ,october #ast through the following ,september #cjth4 ,all annual memberships shall begin ,october #ast4 ,,article #b4 ,the names of all members whose dues have not been paid by ,january #ast shall be dropped from the rolls of the ,society4 ,notices of non-payment of dues will be mailed to delinquent members on or about ,december #ast4 ,,article #c4 ,the ,annual ,report shall be sent to only those members who have paid their dues for the current year4 ,members whose dues have not been paid by ,january #ast shall be considered delinquent4 ,they will not be entitled to receive the publication or other benefits of the ,association until dues are paid4 ,,section ,v4--,,meetings ,,article #a4 ,the place and time of the ,annual ,meeting shall be selected by the membership in session or1 in the event of no selection being made at this time1 the ,board of ,directors shall choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention4 ,such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the ,president and ,board of ,directors4 ,,section ,,vi4--,,publications ,,article #a4 ,the ,association shall publish a report each fiscal year and such other publications as may be authorized by the ,association4 ,,article #b4 ,the publishing of the report shall be the responsibility of the ,committee on ,publications4 ,,section ,,vii4--,,awards ,,article #a4 ,the ,association may provide suitable awards for outstanding contributions to the cultivation of nut bearing plants and suitable recognition for meritorious exhibits as may be appropriate4 ,,section ,,viii4--,,standing ,,committees ,as soon as practicable after the ,annual ,meeting of the ,association1 the ,president shall appoint the following standing committees3 #a4 ,membership #b4 ,auditing #c4 ,publications #d4 ,survey #e4 ,program #f4 ,research #g4 ,exhibit #h4 ,varieties and ,contests ,,section ,,ix4--,,regional ,,groups ,,and ,,affiliated ,,societies ,,article #a4 ,the ,association shall encourage the formation of regional groups of its members1 who may elect their own officers and organize their own local field days and other programs4 ,they may publish their proceedings and selected papers in the yearbooks of the parent society subject to review of the ,association's ,committee on ,publications4 ,,article #b4 ,any independent regional association of nut growers may affiliate with the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association provided one-fourth of its members are also members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,such affiliated societies shall pay an annual affiliation fee of #c4jj to the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,papers presented at the meetings of the regional society may be published in the proceedings of the parent society subject to review of the ,association's ,committee on ,publications4 ,,section ,x4--,,amendments ,,to ,,by-,,laws ,,article #a4 ,these by-laws may be amended at any ,annual ,meeting by a two-thirds vote of the members present provided such amendments shall have been submitted to the membership in writing at least thirty days prior to that meeting4 ,,proceedings of the ,thirty-ninth ,annual ,convention of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,inc4 ,meeting at ,,norris1 ,,tennessee ,,september #ac-ae1 #aidh ,the meeting was called to order by ,president ,john ,davidson at #h3de o'clock1 a4 m4 ,address of ,welcome ,,george ,f4 ,,gant1 ,general ,manager1 ,tennessee ,valley ,authority1 ,knoxville1 ,tennessee ,mr4 ,president1 ladies and gentlemen3 ,it is a distinct pleasure to welcome you to ,norris and to the ,tennessee ,valley4 ,you have had very fine weather here1 and we hope that you will enjoy the climate and the scenery and the fishing and the pleasures of this part of the country during your short stay4 ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association is a much older organization than ,i had thought1 and it is much older than the ,tennessee ,valley ,authority1 but a review of some of the things1 you have done and some of the interests you have expressed from time to time indicate that we have many interests in common1 your organization and the ,,tva4 ,you are concerned with experimentation of new and better ways of growing tree crops4 ,you are concerned with the environment in which tree crops must find a place in our economy and in our culture1 because1 as ,i understand it1 your interest goes beyond mere economics to the full use of trees4 ,now1 the ,tennessee ,valley ,authority is likewise concerned with experimentation4 ,as a matter of fact1 it is an experiment1 a new and different way of achieving a better use of natural resources4 ,there is nothing new in what the ,,tva does4 ,there are no activities conducted by ,,tva that have not been or are not being conducted by other agencies all over the country and which have been conducted by ,federal agencies for many1 many years4 ,the ,,tva has no new regulatory or coercive functions4 ,as a matter of fact1 the ,,tva has no coercive functions4 ,it has no new or unique or different governmental functions4 ,there is only one thing that is different about ,,tva1 and that is the way in which it approaches the job of resource use on an overall basis4 ,now1 ,i might illustrate that by referring to the construction of dams and reservoirs4 ,in the ,tennessee ,valley the ,,tva builds dams and reservoirs to prevent floods1 to produce a navigable channel1 to produce power1 and in its reservoirs it also has the responsibility of achieving the best uses of reservoirs and reservoir lands in the interests of fish and wild life1 in the interests of recreation1 and in the interests of malaria control4 ,now1 the unique fact here is not that these things are going on or being done1 at least in part1 through a ,federal agency1 but that one ,federal agency is responsible for achieving a balance between all of these activities and with the administrative responsibility for doing that4 ,in other efforts the situation is different1 with as many as eight agencies having something to do with the development of some one of these activities in a way which might or might not be integrated4 ,now1 the second illustration1 ,i think1 is that unity can be accomplished only if all of the agencies which are concerned with the use of resources have an environment in which they can work effectively4 ,the ,federal ,government is not and should not in the ,tennessee ,valley be developing all of these resources itself4 ,it feels that the unified development of the resources depends upon the participation of the people of the ,tennessee ,valley and their institutions1 the local and the state agencies4 ,there can't be unity any more if local agencies are conducting one program and a ,federal agency conducting another program1 than there can be if several ,federal agencies are conducting several programs4 ,consequently1 the ,tennessee ,valley ,authority1 except for the operation of these huge new facilities which have been added to the resources of the ,tennessee ,valley1 conducts its activities in collaboration with local and state agencies4 ,that not only avoids the expense of duplication1 but it achieves the collaboration1 the participation1 the active interest of the people in getting a full job done4 ,that is true in the field of forestry4 ,forestry has a particular role in the ,tennessee ,valley4 ,first of all1 the ,,tva is concerned with the effective use and control of water1 not only in the river channel itself1 but on the land4 ,forestry1 together with engineering and agriculture1 must come together1 not only come together within the administrative framework of ,,tva1 but within the framework of what our colleges and state departments are doing and with what the land owners are doing in these watersheds4 ,further than that1 the ,,tva is fully aware that watershed protection cannot be achieved except within the economy of the region4 ,that means that the best use of forest lands from the economic point of view1 from the productive point of view1 as well as from the conservation point of view1 must be taken into account4 ,for these reasons the ,,tva is concerned not only with multiple-purpose dams1 but with multiple-purpose land use4 ,these activities are not conducted directly by ,,tva1 but in cooperation with the land grant colleges and with the appropriate state departments4 ,i think and ,i hope that as you review the several activities which are going on in the ,tennessee ,valley area that you will keep these characteristics of ,,tva in mind4 ,we are very happy to have you here4 ,i hope that many of you will be able to extend your visit or to come back and see us another time4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,john ,davidson3 ,i am personally very glad to have heard this talk4 ,i know quite a bit more about the fundamental principles of the work underlying ,,tva than ,i did before4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels1 will you say a word on behalf of the ,association8 ,response ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels3 ,mr4 ,president and members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,i am sure that ,i voice the sentiment of all of the ,association to you1 ,mr4 ,gant1 and all of the ,tennessee ,valley ,authority our very great appreciation of your allowing us to come and meet with you and use the very fine facilities which are available here in ,upper ,norris ,park4 ,as far as ,i am concerned1 and probably ,i am in the same situation as most of you in the ,north2 we have heard a lot about the ,tennessee ,valley ,authority1 but mostly it is bandied around in the newspapers and usually connected with some sort of a political argument of one kind or another4 ,and ,i think that to come here and to see the place and to live in the cabins and drive through the forests1 to swim in the lake1 as some of us did yesterday afternoon1 went far away around the bend1 and went in swimming--,i think you might improve the mud bottom in some places1 which is not too good1 but it reminds us of our youth1 at least--and to fish in the lakes1 although not too successfully4 ,after we have done that we certainly know much more about what sort of a development the ,tennessee ,valley ,authority is4 ,another thing1 as a member of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association and as you are members1 ,i think we all appreciate what the ,tennessee ,valley ,authority has done for the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,the ,tennessee ,valley ,authority has been the first1 you might say1 large agency which has taken northern nut growing seriously and has used the knowledge which has been developed by this ,association in an extensive way in the planting and developing of new varieties1 developing of new techniques in the use of the plants1 the nut trees and the persimmons1 and what not1 with which the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association has been concerned4 ,as we drive up the valley here and we see these thousands of walnut seedlings which are still to be used and see the plantings which you will see more intimately later1 we can realize just how extensively the ,tennessee ,valley ,authority has been concerned with the development of our forest resources and particularly these plants which are of economic value1 inasmuch as they are nut trees1 and their relationship to wildlife and a project of this kind in which forest resources and tree resources are to be made use of4 ,i have noticed that you did mention fishing as one of the things that has been developed by the ,tennessee ,valley ,authority4 ,i also am reminded of the fact that some of us1 including our president1 tried to go out and exercise some of these fish1 without much success1 and ,i have been trying to think of the reason4 ,i know1 as far as we are concerned1 we used all the plugs and spinners and floating baits and sinking baits1 and ,i went completely through my tackle box and pulled out the one that we call the ,christmas tree1 a big bunch of spoons with a place to put a minnow on the end1 and we dragged that around1 almost swamped the motor1 but did get around2 didn't catch anything4 ,it reminds me of an incident there at ,cornell4 ,we have a director1 who was head of the ,pomology ,department at that time4 ,he had a dog that wasn't disciplined very well1 he wouldn't come when he was called1 and so on4 ,the foreman out at the orchard had a dog that was very well disciplined4 ,he'd say1 ,go get my hat1 and he'd get the hat1 and ,go quickly1 and he'd go quickly4 ,and this head of the department asked the foreman1 ,well1 how was it that you trained this dog1 and how do you train a dog1 anyway8 ,well1 he said1 first of all1 you have got to know more than the dog4 ,perhaps that's the case with some of us and the fish4 ,anyway1 we didn't catch any fish4 ,i don't care to say any more1 except1 ,mr4 ,gant1 to express our appreciation to you for the excellent facilities which you have furnished4 ,president ,davidson3 ,thank you1 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels4 ,i believe the next order is the little talk by myself4 ,president's ,address ,,john ,,davidson1 ,xenia1 ,ohio ,when ,i was notified that this ,association1 in session at ,guelph1 had named me as its president1 ,i was surprised and deeply honored4 ,i suppose there is not a single member of this body who does not have the feeling that the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association is different1 unique1 and1 very special3 ,here are all kinds3 scientists and rule-of-thumb planters1 experienced professionals and inexperienced amateurs1 conservationists and hobbyists1 all bent on one objective--to enlighten ,americans and themselves on the values and opportunities that lie in the study and practice of planting forest trees which bear crops--specifically1 nuts4 ,but the interest of most of our members is rather broader than our name would indicate4 ,forest crops1 not merely nuts1 are the logical outgrowth in interest that such an organization as ours stimulates4 ,dr4 ,zimmerman's work with papaws is a case in point4 ,mr4 ,wilkinson's work with the ,lamb curly walnut is another4 ,the persimmon1 the papaw1 the mulberry1 the haws1 the juneberries--you are likely to find them all1 sooner or later1 among the nut trees of our members4 ,you will hear presently about a wood from one of our nut trees that is so valuable1 and so possible to grow1 that we may presently be planting for extraordinarily beautiful and valuable timber4 ,patience is what it takes1 and faith4 ,trees are an example to us4 ,if we could only look at the procession of the centuries with the eyes of the sequoias1 we should see creation moving on marvelously with magnificent fruitfulness1 and we should take courage4 ,has the process of evolution been more successful with plants than with the human race8 ,should benevolent creation fail at its highest point8 ,certainly it should not4 ,nevertheless it certainly will fail there so long as so large a body of the race is undernourished1 ill-born1 hopelessly submerged--dragging downward rather than lifting upward4 ,who knows the total answer8 ,education1 of course1 is a part of it--in industry1 in eugenics1 in moral responsibility4 ,but you can't preach education effectively to a starving or half-starved man or child4 ,the multiplication of population1 the better distribution of goods throughout the world 7which means in the end the avoidance of extremes of over and under-production7--these are the world's next greatest problems4 ,i personally have the feeling that we are on the verge of an almost unthinkable increase in food productiveness through chemurgy's better and more complete use of plant life4 ,we shall yet learn to gauge population to food supplies and food to population4 ,both are essential4 ,we need more plant breeders and more organic chemists at work on food supply all over the world4 ,we need more people of good will and long vision1 fewer political and social parasites2 more producers4 ,singularly1 at the very moment of writing these words1 a letter from a well known plant breeder is dropped upon my desk4 ,in it he turns down the idea of an hypothetical executive position which most people would regard as promotion4 ,the importance and interest of his work is so great in its own right that he would not think of changing4 ,that is what ,i mean4 ,we need more of his kind in the world4 ,it is hoped that in this ,association such men may find the kindredship and comradeship they so richly earn4 ,this was the spirit with which our ,association was organized by ,dr4 ,robert ,morris1 ,dr4 ,deming1 and a few far-sighted men in the early days of this century and carried on by them1 by ,mr4 ,reed1 ,dr4 ,zimmerman1 ,professor ,neilson and their kind since4 ,we salute them all4 ,their works follow and honor them by their multiplied fruits4 ,i shall not take the time in this full program to review the events of the past year4 ,some of our speakers will do this far better than ,i4 ,but ,i wish to greet our visitors and the new members who may not have been with us before4 ,we hope you will feel very much at home in our family of kindred minds4 ,also1 these remarks would not be complete without recognition of the efforts of those who unselfishly and unstintingly have given of their time and strength to this important work3 our ,secretary1 ,joe ,mc,daniel6 ,you all know him by his exceptional service to us all4 7,let's rise and give him a hand47 ,and while we are on our feet--one of the best treasurers any organization ever had1 efficient1 kindly1 but a veritable watch-dog of the ,treasury1 ,mr4 ,snyder6 ,also a hand to the members of our important committees1 ,mr4 ,chase1 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels1 ,mr4 ,slate1 ,mr4 ,stoke--,i can't name or praise them all as they deserve4 ,the ,,nnga could not possibly be what it is without them4 ,and now let us get on to the business before us4 ,secretary's ,report ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,d,a,n,i,e,l1 ,nashville1 ,tennessee ,the membership of the ,association seems to be increasing fairly steadily4 ,when ,i checked the mailing list early last ,october1 it had #ffg names1 as compared with #fia listed in the #cgth ,annual ,report4 ,when ,i left ,nashville last week1 the number had increased to #gdb1 according to my stenographer's latest count4 ,there have been some discontinued memberships1 as will happen almost every year in any organization1 but the new members have more than compensated for them1 in numbers4 ,we did not add up a total on all the mail sent out in response to inquiries1 but it has been voluminous4 ,close to #hjj requests for our nut nursery list have been received solely as a result of ,mr4 ,stoke's ,southern ,agriculturist chestnut article in last ,february's issue1 and they are still trickling in4 ,some new memberships have resulted from these contacts1 but more have come as a result of our column in the ,american ,fruit ,grower1 and a ,chinese chestnut article in ,the ,flower ,grower early last spring1 which gave our ,association a boost4 ,some members have said they did not find their ,american ,fruit ,grower subscriptions of much value to them1 particularly since the inauguration of ,the ,nutshell1 our news bulletin which has been issued four times since the last annual meeting4 ,i will take some of the blame for this1 since as editor of ,the ,nutshell1 ,i am somewhat in the position of competing with myself as columnist for the ,fruit ,grower4 ,space is limited in the latter publication1 too1 and sometimes publication of the ,nut ,growers ,news column is deferred a month or two1 and again1 ,i have been known to miss a deadline4 ,most of the columns1 as in the previous years1 are digests of material previously given in our ,annual ,reports4 ,this practice seems to be justified as a matter of keeping nut news before the orcharding public and as a means of attracting some new memberships for the ,association4 ,i do not know of a better conditioned list of prospects than the more than #aej1jjj ,american ,fruit ,grower subscribers all over the continent1 who are at least interested in some kind of fruiting trees or plants4 ,in that many1 by the law of averages1 are many with some interest in nuts4 ,several hundred will write to the secretary or other ,n4,n4,g4,a4 members who are mentioned during the year1 and at least a few score normally will join us4 ,this does not minimize the desirability of having other publicity outlets4 ,more of you who have a knack at writing should try your own contributions to national1 regional or even community-wide publications4 ,even short letters to the editor1 in such cases1 may be read by kindred spirits1 and you will be read by men and women whose interest in nut trees 7even though it may have been a dormant interest7 will be stimulated to the extent of becoming ,n4,n4,g4,a4 members4 ,then it is up to our officers1 the program committee members1 and our contributors to keep them interested enough to renew their memberships another year6 ,your comments on ,the ,nutshell have been quite flattering to its editor4 ,you all can help make it a better publication by contributing short original observations or clippings of good items on hardy nut trees from other sources4 ,there is a continuing shortage apparent in the supply of good named varieties of hardy nut trees in nearly all areas4 ,this seems particularly the case with ,chinese chestnuts4 ,few propagators at present have them in even enough quantity to catalogue1 and the demand which has been built up by the good publicity on chestnuts exhausts most nurseries' supplies each spring before all orders can be filled4 ,our nursery list in the ,winter issue of ,the ,nutshell has gone to some #b1jjj people and has helped the nurserymen to sell out their trees quickly4 ,we hope this will lead to a sound expansion in the commercial propagation of good nut trees4 ,i should again call attention to our affiliation with the ,american ,horticultural ,society4 ,this enables our members in good standing to receive their good quarterly publication1 ,the ,national ,horticultural ,magazine1 for only #c4ej a year4 ,you may obtain your affiliate membership through our ,treasurer1 or directly from the ,american ,horticultural ,society1 ,room #hba1 ,washington ,loan and ,trust ,building1 ,washington #d1 ,d4 ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,you have heard the ,secretary's report4 ,has anyone any revisions or modifications of this report to suggest8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i move acceptance with thanks4 7,the motion was seconded1 a vote taken1 and the motion carried unanimously47 ,president ,davidson3 ,if the ,secretary will also read the ,treasurer's report1 we will proceed with it4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,mr4 ,snyder wrote recently1 regretting that he would miss this meeting 7for reasons of health74 ,he says he can not accept the position of ,treasurer another year4 ,treasurer's ,report for ,year ,september #a1 #aidg to ,september #a1 #aidh ,d4 ,c4 ,,snyder1 ,center ,point1 ,iowa ,,income ,dues #a1cif4jj ,reports sold #aec4ge ,bond ,dividends #be4jj ,advertising #e4jj ,miss ,jones' ,postage ,acc't4 #cf4he ,c4 ,a4 ,reed ,typesetting #cb4ej ,miscellaneous #g4fj #a1fef4gj ,,disbursements ,fruit ,grower ,subscriptions #ajj4hj ,reports1 ,stationery etc4 #a1aje4jf ,secretary's expense #ajj4cj ,treasurer's expense #eh4ag ,reporting ,guelph ,meeting #be4jj ,miscellaneous #ae4fj ,bank service charges and checks returned ,n4,g4 #ab4ij #a1dag4hc ,balance gained during year #bch4hg ,on hand ,september #a1 #aidg #a1gij4dd ,paid out for ,bonds #a1ajj4jj #fhj4dd ,cash total on hand1 ,september #a1 #aidh 7subject to minor bank service charges and checks which may be returned7 #iai4ca ,bonds in box at ,peoples ,bank ,trust ,company #b1ejj4jj 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,you have heard the ,treasurer's ,report4 ,any remarks8 ,it is a very good report4 ,it shows that the organization is creeping up financially and in very good condition due to the continuous care that the ,secretary and the ,treasurer both have used in keeping up with our membership1 keeping dues paid up1 and so on4 ,i will entertain a motion to accept our ,treasurer's ,report4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i so move4 7,the motion was seconded47 ,mr4 ,o',rourke3 ,it should be accepted for audit4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i will accept the amendment4 ,president ,davidson3 ,it is moved now1 then1 that the report be accepted for audit4 ,are there any remarks8 7,a vote was taken on the motion1 and it was carried unanimously47 ,president ,davidson3 ,the next order of business is the regular business meeting of the ,association4 ,i think perhaps the first thing we should do might be to proceed with the election of a ,nominating ,committee and the ,auditing ,committee4 ,i believe both1 if ,i am not misinformed1 are elective and not appointive4 ,the chair will entertain nominations for the ,nominating ,committee4 ,nominating ,committee ,elected 7,the following were nominated for the ,nominating ,committee3 ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,harry ,r4 ,weber1 ,dr4 ,wm4 ,l4 ,rohrbacher1 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 ,george ,l4 ,slate4 ,upon motion that the ,secretary cast a unanimous ballot for those nominated1 vote was taken and motion carried unanimously47 ,president ,davidson3 ,am ,i correct in saying that the ,auditing ,committee is elective1 rather than appointive by the ,executive ,committee8 ,mr4 ,silvis3 ,i understood it was three members and just appointed4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,yes1 under ,article ,i of the by-laws1 it is appointed4 ,president ,davidson3 ,in that case we will do nothing about that now4 ,i think perhaps we might proceed with a few resolutions or motions before going to the further order of business4 ,the chair will entertain a motion that the ,association give its thanks to ,mrs4 ,baker and her committee of the ladies for their entertainment of last evening and for future entertainment4 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,i so move1 ,mr4 ,president4 7,the motion was seconded1 a vote called for1 and the motion carried unanimously47 ,president ,davidson3 ,also the chair will entertain a motion that the ,secretary be instructed to send ,dr4 ,deming our usual affectionate greetings and assure him that his beloved association is still carrying on in the spirit of the founders4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,by the way1 ,i have a letter from ,dr4 ,deming4 ,should ,i read that8 ,president ,davidson3 ,that would be fine if you would1 yes4 ,a ,letter from ,dr4 ,deming 7,secretary's note3 ,we substitute a more recent letter1 dated ,may #i1 #aidi74 444 ,you are giving me much consolation for all my broken promises to get out the annual report at an early date4 ,i suggest that you have a lawyer draw up a contract for the printer to get out the report at a given date or forfeit so much per day for all delay4 ,if you don't do that the printer will put you off for something that will give him a little more profit4 ,i don't know that we ever got out a report in plenty of time for the members to get their orders in early or get other benefits from the report if it arrived before planting time4 ,i note in the announcement of our ,connecticut state medical society that it scheduled a recess of #ae minutes or so at intervals for members to 'view the exhibits4' ,it looks to me like a good idea4444 ,congratulations on the fast work of ,joe1 ,jr4 ,the idea is to get plenty of limbs before letting him bear4 ,have you tried the sweet buckeye on him8 ,see page #aha4 ,we have ,spring here1 too1 as well as you in ,nashville1 and it is good4 ,i get awfully tired after very little exertion4 ,i'll be #hg on ,september #a4 ,too old to undertake any obligations4 ,best luck4 ,yours1 s_/,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,president ,davidson3 ,that is expressed beautifully1 as usual4 ,may ,i have that motion8 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,it has been moved and seconded that the ,secretary be instructed to send ,dr4 ,deming our affectionate greetings and assure him that his beloved association is still carrying on in the spirit of the founders4 7,a vote on the motion was taken1 and it was carried unanimously47 ,president ,davidson3 ,another1 that the ,association accept with deep regrets the resignation of ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder1 and that the ,secretary be instructed to send him our affectionate greetings and thanks for his long1 efficient and outstanding services as ,treasurer of this body4 ,are you in favor of such a motion8 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,take out the accepting the resignation part1 and the rest will be ,o4,k4 ,president ,davidson3 ,that is right4 ,as amended then1 with the omission of that accepting the resignation4 7,a vote was taken on the motion1 and it was carried unanimously47 ,clarence ,a4 ,reed ,elected ,honorary ,member ,president ,davidson3 ,one more4 ,the chair will entertain a motion that the ,secretary be instructed to send ,c4 ,a4 ,reed our greetings and as a small measure of the esteem we have for him and in recognition of his long and extraordinary services to this ,association1 we elect him a life member there-of4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i think it should be an honorary member rather than a life member4 ,a life member contributes #ge4 ,president ,davidson3 ,i believe that is correct1 an honorary member4 ,with that amendment1 then4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i would so move1 ,mr4 ,president4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,second the motion4 7,a vote was taken on the motion1 and it was carried unanimously47 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i would like at this time1 if ,i may1 to say a few remarks in regard to ,mr4 ,reed4 ,i saw him last ,friday afternoon1 and he asked me to convey to the ,association his very deep regrets that he was unable to attend4 ,he had planned to attend1 but his doctor said absolutely no4 ,so he has learned from experience that he has got to pay more attention to his doctor's orders than he has in the past4 ,he wanted me to tell the members of the ,association that although he wasn't here in body he was in spirit and in mind4 ,president ,davidson3 ,that's fine4 ,i think perhaps we should proceed first with the reports of committees4 ,the ,finance ,committee4 ,mr4 ,weshcke is not here4 ,mr4 ,weber is next in order on that committee4 ,i presume there would be nothing special to report at this time4 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,nothing4 ,president ,davidson3 ,press and ,publication4 ,mr4 ,stoke is chairman of that committee4 ,mr4 ,stoke is not present at this time4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels1 would you have anything to say in the matter of ,press and ,publications ,committee8 ,have you any recommendations or reports to make8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ,i hadn't planned to make any report4 ,as a matter of fact1 ,i had very little to do with the work of the ,publications ,committee this year4 ,i have been rather happy that it has been handled otherwise1 and ,i think our thanks are due to our ,secretary1 who has carried the brunt1 in fact1 almost the entire burden of the publication of the proceedings4 ,also of ,the ,nutshell4 ,that occurred through a series of circumstances which ,i don't wish to outline here4 ,i think probably the chief determining factor was that the contract for printing was awarded to a firm in ,nashville1 which almost automatically made it at least convenient and expedient to have the matter handled in ,nashville4 ,i believe you will concur in that general opinion4 ,mr4 ,mac,daniel3 ,yes4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,so that our ,secretary has had an unusually heavy burden which we should not expect him to carry again4 ,president ,davidson3 ,thank you1 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels4 ,the chair will entertain a motion to accept ,dr4 ,mac,daniels' report on behalf of the ,press and ,publication ,committee4 7,it was so moved and seconded1 a vote taken and motion carried unanimously47 ,president ,davidson3 ,on ,varieties and ,contests4 ,mr4 ,zarger is not going to be with us1 ,i am afraid1 and if there is any other member of that committee present who has something to say on the matter of variety and contests1 we would be very glad to hear from him4 ,i don't hear anything1 so we will proceed to the next one4 ,the report of the ,survey ,committee4 ,mr4 ,silvis is chairman of that committee1 and ,i will say on his behalf that he was raring to go and would have gone if it had been the feeling on the part of some of the other members that a survey was timely at that time4 ,it happened that that was not the feeling1 it was not a good year to make a survey1 and on that account ,i wrote to ,mr4 ,silvis that possibly it would be well to put off any important survey for the year #aidg4 ,do you have anything to say1 ,mr4 ,silvis1 in addition to this8 ,mr4 ,silvis3 ,well1 on the cuff1 no1 and off the cuff ,i would like to make this remark1 that ,i just had one question ,i was going to require every member to answer to me for1 and that was what kind of a nut tree should ,i plant1 and thereby try to establish a zone between frost-free dates for various locations or states or territories4 ,it didn't develop4 ,i received as late as last week ,john ,bregger's note explaining why it was his reply came late4 ,but ,i do want to make this remark1 and for our able ,secretary's first issue of ,the ,nutshell ,i know this to be a fact1 that with it1 it's the nuts1 and without it1 it's hell4 ,president ,davidson3 ,what shall we do with ,mr4 ,silvis's report8 ,we have some action to take presently on the matter of survey in addition to this report4 ,could ,i have a motion to accept the report of the ,survey ,committee8 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,so move4 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,second4 7,a vote was taken on the motion1 and it was carried unanimously47 ,president ,davidson3 ,mr4 ,chase disappeared again4 ,he is chairman of the ,program ,committee4 ,we all have evidence of what he has been doing4 ,perhaps his program is sufficient to report4 ,mrs4 ,s4 ,h4 ,graham is chairman of the ,membership ,committee4 ,i think ,mrs4 ,graham is not here1 so perhaps we can pass on4 ,report of the ,necrology ,committee fortunately is blank4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,there is one that ,i know of4 ,mr4 ,schuster of ,oregon passed away last winter4 ,president ,davidson3 ,i think that points out a little weakness in our organization4 ,the death of ,mr4 ,schuster should have been reported and some notice of it taken1 perhaps4 ,mr4 ,stoke1 you are here as chairman of the ,exhibits ,committee4 ,would you like to say something8 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,i don't know that ,i have anything to say4 ,the exhibits speak for themselves back there4 ,i wish to thank those who made contributions to that exhibit1 and some still came in this morning that you haven't seen4 ,i think it's been fine cooperation4 ,i feel an apology is due for not getting out more publicity on behalf of the committee4 ,i had hoped that another copy of ,the ,nutshell would be out before this meeting so ,i could make another call for exhibits1 but it wasn't1 and ,i didn't get my material in to our ,secretary in time for the earlier one4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,i believe we did have a notice in the summer issue4 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,yes1 there was a notice4 ,at any rate1 we have had exhibits here all the way from ,georgia to ,new ,york4 ,i am not sure whether they have any from ,canada or not4 ,i think it makes a very nice display1 and ,i certainly appreciate your cooperation4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,in connection with these exhibits1 we were driving along talking to ,mr4 ,slate about the desirability of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association sending an exhibit to the ,harvest ,show of the ,massachusetts ,horticultural ,society4 ,that was done about ten years ago1 and the ,society gave us a silver medal at that time4 ,i know from talking with ,mr4 ,nehrling that they would be pleased to have such an exhibit put on1 and ,i think that if we could take much of the material from our exhibits here and send it there that that would make an acceptable exhibit1 and we almost assuredly would get not only considerable publicity out of that1 because it would be an exhibit of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 but we might also get either a cash award or a medal4 ,i think if we work behind the scenes1 if we preferred the cash we could get that1 which would be of some value to the ,association4 ,now1 ,i speak of this merely to bring it to your attention and to point out that any of the personally furnished exhibits that you wish to turn over for that purpose1 you may arrange with ,mr4 ,stoke for that4 7,further discussion on the details of sending in the above-mentioned exhibits47 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i would move this ,association favored sending an exhibit to the ,massachusetts ,horticultural ,society ,harvest show1 provided material is available4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,second the motion4 ,dr4 ,silvis3 ,may ,i make this remark and also be in the form of a motion1 that those exhibitors report immediately at the adjournment of this session to ,mr4 ,stoke and make known to him whether yes or no1 whether their exhibits can be sent up4 ,president ,davidson3 ,do you make that motion in the form of an amendment8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i will include that in the motion4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,i accept it4 7,a vote was taken on the motion as amended1 and it was carried unanimously47 ,president ,davidson3 ,place of ,meeting ,committee4 ,i judge that that committee is not ready to report1 is it1 ,mr4 ,slate1 for this following meeting8 ,mr4 ,slate3 ,the chairman didn't realize until just before we were ready to leave that he was a member of that committee4 ,i have given the matter some thought on the way down1 and in the previous years ,i have usually gone fishing for invitations some time before the meeting4 ,i did drop a line overboard a few days ago1 but ,i didn't catch anything more than ,i caught in this big lake up here4 ,now1 from previous experience ,i don't believe we can consider going to the ,middle ,west4 ,mr4 ,snyder1 ,mr4 ,becker in ,michigan1 and ,dr4 ,colby at ,illinois1 have not thought that they had enough material to make it worth while to go out there4 ,that throws it back to the ,east1 and we have been to some of the better places in recent years2 ,ronoake1 ,virginia1 ,hershey1 ,pennsylvania1 and ,boston4 ,i think there are two places that we should consider4 ,i think we should consider ,beltsville and the ,new ,york ,city region4 ,we all know that there is plenty of material at ,beltsville4 ,we have not been there for some time4 ,and in the ,new ,york ,city region we have the plantings of ,gilbert ,smith1 who is probably #he or #ij miles above ,new ,york4 ,he is not far from ,poughkeepsie where ,i am sure there are ample facilities for handling the crowd4 ,then there may be possibly some of ,dr4 ,graves' plantings that would be worth seeing on a field trip4 ,now1 of course1 the committee will be very glad to receive invitations from anyone here and consider them1 and we will make the final report at the final business session at the time of the banquet1 ,i believe4 ,but between now and then ,i want you to consider the matter rather seriously and let me know what you are thinking about4 ,president ,davidson3 ,i think it would be desirable1 if it were possible1 for ,mr4 ,slate to wire the proper authorities at ,beltsville or ,poughkeepsie4 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,mr4 ,president1 one of our members is ,mr4 ,bernath1 who has been quite faithful in attending nearly all our meetings1 and he has1 ,i imagine1 much of interest to show to the members1 and he is located near ,poughkeepsie4 ,i am just throwing that out for the members to think over as to what they would think about ,poughkeepsie as a possible meeting place4 ,president ,davidson3 ,that's worth listening to4 ,would it be advisable1 do you think1 for ,mr4 ,slate at the expense of the ,association to wire to ,poughkeepsie or to ,beltsville to see whether an invitation is available or not8 ,mr4 ,slate3 ,those places are well represented now4 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,i imagine ,mr4 ,bernath can speak for himself4 ,mr4 ,bernath3 ,i don't know1 ,i think if we could delay it another year1 ,mr4 ,smith is going to retire from the ,state ,school1 and he will have plenty of time4 ,i am very busy1 and he will have loads of time on his hands1 and then he can give it his attention4 ,i think that would be all right next year4 ,mr4 ,slate3 ,that's up to the ,association to decide4 ,mr4 ,bernath3 ,we would like to have you come at that time4 ,mr4 ,slate3 ,beltsville is very well represented in ,dr4 ,crane4 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,mr1 ,chairman1 in view of what ,mr4 ,bernath says1 ,i'd accept ,mr4 ,bernath's suggestion and have ,poughkeepsie on the list for the year following4 ,mr4 ,bernath3 ,that's right4 ,president ,davidson3 ,dr4 ,crane may have something4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,mr4 ,president and members of the ,association1 we'd like to have the ,association meeting at ,beltsville again4 ,however1 we have had four years of ,may freezes in ,beltsville ,station1 and ,i am going to tell you all is not in any too good condition4 ,a lot of it has been pulled1 and we have had to replant an awful lot of the stuff that is now just planted this year4 ,we lost a lot of the plantings that were made last year because of injury4 ,as you folks probably know that have been there before1 we labored under very great difficulties on soil conditions in that we have mostly sands and gravel4 ,so we are kind of in a mess there right now4 ,we'd be glad to have the ,association meet at ,beltsville1 and we have right good facilities there for meetings1 but as far as any plantings in the area1 a lot of the work we are doing1 we are kind of going through a period of change right now and getting re-established1 and ,i want you to know the situation4 ,president ,davidson3 ,well1 we have been forewarned4 ,it's a case1 ,i judge1 of not being unwilling to see us1 but you are not so anxious1 for us to see you1 is that it8 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,i wouldn't want you to come there under false hopes that you would see a lot4 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,i would like to say we have done quite a lot of work in breeding chestnuts and also work with forest types1 crossing ,american chestnuts and ,chinese4 ,but ,i agree quite with ,dr4 ,crane1 that we haven't so much to show you there4 ,of course1 it's a dog-gone good thing to get familiar with these diseases and see what you are up against1 because all through the history of nut culture1 and so forth1 one of the basic defects has been the failure to appreciate the importance of insect and disease factors4 ,and we are very much in need of more basic research along those lines1 but ,i agree with ,dr4 ,crane that at present we have a limited amount to show you there4 ,of course1 there is the ,plant ,industry ,station there with a lot of experimental work1 greenhouse work and all sorts of basic research work1 fertilization work1 and so forth1 going on there4 ,a lot of people like to come to ,washington4 ,our plantings are pretty much the same condition as ,dr4 ,crane's and not a display proposition such as you have here at ,,tva4 ,president ,davidson3 ,suppose we regard this report1 then1 as temporary and hear more from you later4 ,i think that concludes the reports4 ,the ,board of ,directors1 unless there is some other order of business to be taken up1 have some recommendations to make to the ,association4 ,one is the recommendation that the ,association place the annual membership fee at #c1 the supporting membership fee at #aj and the life membership fee at #ge4 ,they didn't wish to take the responsibility of doing anything more than referring that matter to this ,association4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,that could be handled in the by-laws under the constitution4 ,president ,davidson3 ,we still also have another rather important matter that's been referred to the ,association1 and that is the matter of a sufficient amount of remuneration to permit our ,secretary to hire a stenographer to do the extra amount of work that is gradually accumulating in that office4 ,the resolution that is referred to you calls for a payment of #ej cents per member to the ,secretary for this purpose4444 ,we have no right to be set up so that the work of the ,association would encroach upon a person's job as it is set up at the present time4 ,that recommendation was that it was contingent1 of course1 upon raising the dues to #c4jj and take #ej cents of that to offset the stenographic help and try to re-organize our affairs between the ,secretary and ,treasurer so that as much as possible of the routine mailing1 and routine stenographic work would be carried in this way4 7,discussion on the above recommendation47 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,i move that the additional remuneration be granted1 #ej cents per member1 to the ,secretary4 ,mr4 ,smith3 ,i will second the motion4 ,mr4 ,fisher3 ,i'd like to make an amendment to that1 that the dues be raised to #c4jj in order to make this possible4 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,i will accept the amendment4 ,mr ,smith3 ,and ,i will second the motion contingent1 of course1 to the raising of the dues4 7,vote taken1 motion carried unanimously47 ,president ,davidson3 ,we will appoint a ,resolutions ,committee4 ,resolutions ,committee ,sterling ,smith1 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,raymond ,e4 ,silvis1 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke4 ,president ,davidson3 ,i think so far as ,i know that's everything except the report of the ,committee on the ,constitution4 ,unless ,i hear otherwise we will proceed with that report4 7,discussion on ,constitution47 7,constitution and by-laws approved as set out in another part of this report1 the ,constitution having first been read at #aidg meeting7 ,president ,davidson3 ,as ,i understand it1 then1 this constitution1 unless we make some other provision1 is in effect as of now4 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,now with these by-laws in effect there will have to be a fresh nominating committee elected for the next year4 ,mr4 ,smith3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i make a motion1 if it's in order1 that the ,nominating ,committee as elected previously for this meeting also continue and serve for next year4 ,mr4 ,clarke3 ,second the motion4 7,vote taken1 motion carried unanimously47 ,president ,davidson3 ,there is one other matter that was brought up at the directors' meeting1 and inasmuch as the directors did not have a quorum1 it should be voted through here1 ,i think1 and that is that a motion is in order to pay ,mrs4 ,gibbs #be for her services as stenographer at our meeting4 ,that was done1 ,i believe1 at ,guelph1 and it involves a lot of important work4 ,mr4 ,korn3 ,i second the motion4 7,vote taken1 motion carried unanimously47 ,president ,davidson3 ,shall we adjourn1 with a continuance of the business meeting at the banquet8 7,recess taken until #a3jj o'clock p4 m47 ,monday ,afternoon ,session ,president ,davidson3 ,shall we come to order8 ,we now come to the interesting part of our program1 and we will listen first to ,mr4 ,quick of ,west ,virginia1 who will take the place of ,mr4 ,sayers1 the ,state ,forester at ,charleston1 ,west ,virginia4 ,mr4 ,quick4 ,the ,development and ,propagation of ,blight ,resistant ,chestnut in ,west ,virginia ,,ralph ,h4 ,,quick1 ,conservation ,commission1 ,charleston1 ,west ,virginia ,mr4 ,quick3 ,ladies and gentlemen of the ,association1 your guests and friends3 ,in substituting for the ,state ,forester of ,west ,virginia ,i realize that ,i am undertaking a big job4 ,a few of you know ,mr4 ,wilson ,sayers1 who is the ,state ,forester1 and those of you who do may assure the rest of the group what a big job ,i am undertaking1 because ,i feel that ,i am in pretty good-sized shoes4 ,the subject that has been assigned is ,the ,development and ,propagation of ,blight ,resistant ,chestnut in ,west ,virginia4 ,now1 being a forester1 ,i am perhaps interested in blight resistant chestnut from a little different standpoint than the majority of this group4 ,as representing the ,conservation ,commission of that state ,i might say that we are interested primarily from the game-food viewpoint4 ,now1 that's a little bit different1 ,i expect1 than most of you have been thinking about1 or some of you1 at least4 ,but that is the standpoint from which we are interested4 ,so ,i would like to go along with you this afternoon and discuss some of the things that we have done and some of the things that we are learning--there are a few yet--that lead us along that line to believe that we can do something with blight-resistant chestnuts in ,west ,virginia as a game food4 ,we are just at the beginning1 so to speak--that is1 the ,conservation ,commission of that state is just at the beginning of our study4 ,we have been fooling with it a little off and on since back in the middle '#cj's1 but interest has lagged and then has picked up again two or three times4 ,i am sure that as far as the production of good strains of blight-resistant chestnut1 better strains of ,chinese1 and so on1 that there are people in ,west ,virginia who are more capable of telling you what has been done from a private viewpoint than anyone with the ,conservation ,commission1 but we are interested in learning about it and producing it in large numbers for a game food1 and1 of course1 if we are interested in distributing from our nursery over the state for that purpose1 we are interested in producing better strains of blight-resisting chestnut as we go4 ,along back in the #aibj's a few plantations1 or a few trees were planted in the state by what was then the old ,fish and ,game ,commission1 and the records have been lost1 as has been true in many other states4 ,but then1 apparently1 the beginning was made4 ,in going over some of those early plantings ,i will only have time to hit the high spots and the ones in which we are particularly interested in our line1 but the first ones were back there somewhere in the '#bj's4 ,one of the best plantations1 the one that we are particularly interested in at the present time1 is in ,jackson ,county1 ,west ,virginia1 and it is of the ,university of ,nanking strain1 and there were #cd trees planted there back in #aibf1 and we are told that they were planted from #b-ja stock1 from nuts that came from ,china in #aibd4 ,twenty-six of those trees survived1 and we think they are pretty good nuts4 ,you may be interested to know that that plantation now averages #bb feet in height and has an average diameter at breast height of #h inches4 ,the spacing in that plantation was #bf by #bf feet4 ,now1 we can't take credit1 nor do we want to take credit1 for that plantation4 ,the state agency had nothing to do with it4 ,it was put in there through the cooperation of the gentlemen from ,beltsville1 but we are very much interested in that plantation2 so interested that we have gone to the owner1 along with the permission of the fellows from ,beltsville1 and sewed the thing up for a five year period1 during which time we hope to get the seed and to improve our own strains and establish blocks of our own on state-owned land under different conditions and on different sites where we expect in the future to be able to secure seed for our use and production at the nursery4 ,in the first few years that this plantation that we are speaking of in ,jackson ,county produced1 not many people paid much attention to it or attached much significance to it4 ,the man who had charge of it gave the nuts away for experimental purposes or for any reason that anybody happened to ask for them1 and shipped a lot of them free4 ,but along in the early #aidj's he began to find out what he had1 and he started selling seed and made a pretty good thing out of it4 ,last year was the first year that we had gotten seed from that plantation4 ,we got #ge pounds of good nuts taken in the fall of #aidg4 ,we have another orchard1 another plantation that led us to become interested1 ,i guess1 in producing blight-resistant chestnut as a game food and along forestry lines1 and that is the orchard that we have on nursery property4 ,it was one of the early ones1 and ,i expect one of the earliest in the state1 but it was planted along back in #aicf1 fifty-one trees4 ,when we started in this we didn't know anything about it at all1 so we have built up our small knowledge in the last few years4 ,but it didn't take us long to realize that our orchard on our nursery property was of badly crossed material1 and it had some very undesirable trees4 ,if we succeeded in doing anything with them as a game food we would have to eliminate1 and only last year did we get around to the place where we could secure authority to eliminate the undesirable species4 ,we have about half of the stand left now1 but we are pretty sure that the trees that we do have are of good strain4 ,it might be interesting for you to note--maybe some of you can top it--we were interested when this orchard was planted1 in what would happen if the trees were planted and allowed to grow as a forest stand4 ,so they were planted in six-by-six spacing4 ,of course1 we got a lot of self-pruning and a lot of competition1 as we would in forests by the trees growing up and competing with each other and reaching for height and light4 ,some of them died and some were so badly suppressed that they failed to make any growth at all4 ,but there is one tree that we still have in that orchard that we are proud of1 not from the standpoint of nut production1 nor does it produce a very good nut as far as the human taste is concerned4 ,but it has made a single stick that far surpasses any other tree we have in the orchard4 ,it looks like a forest tree4 ,in #aide--;it might be hard for you to believe--it grew nine feet4 ,that isn't an exaggeration4 ,it was measured4 ,we thought that was a lot better than fair growth4 ,of course1 it hasn't made any growth like that since1 and ,i don't think it ever did before1 but it just had the push to go and went nine feet in one growing season4 ,leaving that orchard for a few minutes1 there were #ch plantings of from #aj to #ej trees each made by the ,soil ,conservation ,service and the ,division of ,forest ,pathology of the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry in the spring of #aici4 ,these were examined by ,dr4 ,diller of that ,bureau in the spring of #aidj and in #aidg4 ,he has told us that he graded those plantings as he found them1 #aj being good1 and he said the next #ae were only fair and he put #ac down as total failures4 ,of those #ac that failed--from the forestry standpoint now1 remember--he said that #g of the failures were due to poor site selection1 three were suppressed by surrounding hardwoods and other competing growth1 and three had been destroyed by cattle4 ,footnote #a3 ,meaning1 two years old1 not transplanted in the nursery4--,ed4 ,a ,commercial ,chestnut ,nurseryman ,i don't know whether any of you know of--,i expect you do--the ,gold ,chestnut ,nursery in ,west ,virginia near ,cowen1 and it is owned and operated by ,mr4 ,arthur ,a4 ,gold4 ,he has been interested in blight-resistant chestnuts from a commercial standpoint1 selling from his nursery for a good many years4 ,he has worked with us some in the ,conservation ,commission and has given us the benefit of his experience4 ,and if any of you have the opportunity ,i think you would be interested in seeing ,mr4 ,gold's nursery4 ,he was an old-time nurseryman that handled most of the conifers found in a commercial nursery1 but in the last few years he has gone into chestnut production almost entirely1 and if you have an opportunity1 ,i am sure ,mr4 ,gold would welcome you to his nursery in ,webster ,county4 ,the ,game ,division of the ,conservation ,commission of ,west ,virginia established three or four small plantings on the state forests in #aich and #aici1 but they had low survival4 ,dr4 ,diller in going around with some of us and checking on those has found that we were back there where all of us were trying to find something and trying to learn something and that we made many mistakes and that we picked poor stock1 for one thing1 and poor sites for another thing1 but the great disadvantage and the biggest limiting factor was our poor selection of sites there in the beginning4 ,in handling chestnuts that you people handle maybe in small or large quantities where all of your time can be devoted to that particular thing1 you probably have a lot of things that you do that we don't have time to do because at the nursery in ,west ,virginia we are interested primarily in producing conifers and other forest trees for the reforestation of abandoned land4 ,so in handling this ,chinese chestnut as a game food we are working on a sideline4 ,we have to pick it up as fast as we can do the job and do as much as we can and learn about as much as we can4 ,and1 of course1 we learn slower than people who have the time to spend and perhaps the money to spend at it4 ,but we are limited in those two respects4 ,but seed collections are made1 and we find it necessary in collecting from two of the orchards that we are now using for seed to collect twice a day in the season that the nuts are ripening1 because both of those orchards which we prize are close to forest lands and squirrel country1 and they really give us a race for it4 ,the fact of the matter is the orchard at the nursery has attracted the squirrels on that particular side of the mountain4 ,i have hunted on opening day and killed my limit of squirrels without going outside of the residence and been back at work time at eight o'clock4 ,it really attracts them on that side of the hill4 ,we are going to compete with the squirrels1 but as you will see1 we have just about given up that orchard as a seed source4 ,we find it necessary to treat the seed1 of course1 before we plant it4 ,many of you people1 of course1 go into the spraying end of it before the nut ever develops4 ,we haven't the time or the money right now to go into it that way1 so we try to take care of the nut after we collect it and bring it in4 ,i expect it is not necessary for me to go into any of the details on any of the methods that may be used to get rid of the weevil1 because you are all familiar with that4 ,maybe it suffices to say that we at the nursery now are using the hot water treatment4 ,the little weevil is found in there and not always apparent4 ,in fact1 most of the time it isn't apparent that the nut is infested1 but they are1 and if we take measures to kill the weevil we haven't any germination of the weevil4 ,we used gas once1 but we are limited in that at present4 ,it is a lot more expensive4 ,we have1 in the first few years that we tried to produce chestnuts at the nursery1 stratified them4 ,we got along pretty well with that in damp sand1 we got along fairly well in sawdust1 and we got along especially well with damp sphagnum moss4 ,but in the end we determined that we are getting better results if we plant the nuts as they are collected4 ,in other words1 the seed was taken from the orchard1 treated to kill the weevil and put in the ground in the fall4 ,now1 you can't get away with that everywhere4 ,our orchard is far enough away from the nursery that we don't have any rodent damage4 ,we have had some trouble from skunks1 and they finally find out that the nuts are in there in a row where we have planted them1 and they go right down and get them4 ,but we have no trouble from mice or rats4 ,we are far away from woodland and buildings4 ,we find that some people have trouble with wind or water erosion4 ,we don't have that4 ,so we can get by and do a better job and produce better trees by sowing nuts in the fall1 and we sow them in the fall1 just as if we were sowing black walnuts for production and distribution over the state4 ,by the next fall when we are ready to distribute those seedlings as #a-j stock we find that we have produced seedlings of about #ad inches in height as #a-j stock4 ,from what ,i have seen that isn't a bad size to produce as #a-j stock1 though it is better in some places4 ,we find1 too1 in the spring before germination1 that in our particular section of the state along the ,ohio ,river valley we sometimes get a dry spring and find it necessary to irrigate that land where we planted the chestnuts1 just as the seed beds where we planted pine1 in order to keep the ground moist and keep it in a condition where seeds will germinate freely4 ,we weed our chestnuts just as we do every row planted in the nursery1 cultivate with the tractor about three times in a season1 which is all the time we have to give to it1 and hand weed it once4 ,perhaps it ought to have a little more than that4 ,some seasons ,i am sure it should1 but that's about the time we are allowed or the time that we can allot to that4 ,i hope1 ,mr4 ,davidson1 you will check me here on this time4 ,i don't want to get too far out and upset the schedule4 ,president ,davidson3 ,all right1 if necessary4 ,mr4 ,quick3 ,in distributing1 the seedlings or blight-resistant chestnut seed in ,west ,virginia we began back in #aidc putting them out in quantity4 ,we had to limit them1 the only thing in the nursery we had to limit the amount as to seed4 ,that was because everybody in the state became very much interested1 and the ,conservation ,commission makes those available to any land owner in the state free of charge if he will plant them as a game food but not under other circumstances4 ,he can't use them for ornamentals1 and he can't use them for shade purposes in his yard4 ,but he can receive a limited number if he is willing to use them for game4 ,so in scattering them over the state1 so many people wanted so many of them that if we didn't watch we'd have all of our chestnuts planted in three or four1 or half a dozen spots in the state1 and we are interested in learning as much as we can by having them put out at different elevations1 different sites and under different conditions1 so we had to limit it to ten to an individual in #aidc4 ,we have gradually upped that as our production has gone up1 from #ae to #bj1 then #dj1 and this year we are offering #ej to any land owner in the ,state of ,west ,virginia4 ,now you can see why we are interested in trying to improve the nut4 ,if we are going to distribute them all over the state1 let's distribute a good nut1 a nut that is not only a heavy bearer for the game1 but a nut1 too1 that is fit for human consumption4 ,in our site recommendations we have been trying to follow pretty well the ideas of the boys from ,beltsville1 and we found out that what they have been telling us is just about right4 ,in other words1 we are setting our chestnuts in the cove types1 moist with gentle slope1 preferably on the north1 and we are getting better growth there4 ,it doesn't mean as far as we are concerned that it doesn't grow well on drier land and on rich hill-tops but the growth is so much greater when it's put in good ground and under those conditions4 ,in other words1 it needs a tulip poplar site2 where tulip poplar is growing or has recently grown might be one way to select a site for our chestnuts4 ,in these five year now that we have been distributing these chestnuts we have distributed something like #bjj1jjj4 ,now1 we know that all of those seedlings haven't been good strains1 but they have been the best we could do at that time as we were going along4 ,we hope to learn from you people1 and we hope you can give us help in improving our strains so that we can distribute better chestnuts over the state4 ,we haven't had a good system of checking up1 until the present time1 on plantings that have been made in the past1 but we are initiating a system just now wherein all plantations that have been made from forest stock will have regular examination all over the state of ,west ,virginia1 and we are including chestnuts in that4 ,we have made some checks in the state on certain selected sites and have found out1 strange enough1 that these little plantations that are spotted around on the farms1 if they were put in correctly and handled properly according to our instructions1 have given us a survival of about #hj to #he per cent1 which is1 as you will remember1 about the percentage in the ,nanking strain planting in ,jackson ,county1 #bf out of the #cd original trees4 ,that seems strange1 but it has proved true all over the state in the few checks that we have made4 ,but we are going into it and checking these plantations and by so doing ,i believe we can eliminate a good many of our own troubles1 along with your help4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,thank you1 ,mr4 ,quick for a very interesting paper4 ,is ,professor ,moore1 present8 ,our next talk will be on ,the ,present ,status of the ,chestnut in ,virginia1 by ,professor ,r4 ,c4 ,moore of the ,virginia ,polytechnic ,institute of ,blacksburg1 ,virginia4 ,professor ,moore4 ,the ,present ,status of the ,chestnut in ,virginia ,r4,c4 ,,moore1 ,department of ,horticulture ,virginia ,agricultural ,experiment ,station ,briefly reviewing the past1 ,virginia has been in the same position as many other states in regard to the large number of native ,american chestnuts that once grew wild before the blight epidemic occurred4 ,most of the chestnuts were found on loose1 open type soils rather than on heavy limestone soil4 ,in mountainous parts of the state1 considerable income was obtained from the sale of wild chestnuts4 ,men1 women1 and children gathered these nuts and traded them at the stores for merchandise4 ,one small country store1 in ,floyd ,county1 southwest ,virginia1 assembled and shipped between sixty and eighty thousand pounds annually4 ,a small town1 ,stuart1 in ,patrick ,county1 shipped three carloads daily during the peak of the season4 ,these nuts found their way to city markets1 where chestnut roasters were as commonly seen as popcorn poppers4 ,since many of these native chestnut trees grew in forests or on wasteland1 there was little expense involved except in the time required to gather them4 ,the demand was good but frequently the sale price was rather low1 especially during years when the crop was heavy4 ,after blight destroyed the wild trees1 a considerable amount of timber was cut from the dead trees4 ,at present this wood has largely decayed beyond usefulness except for firewood1 although in some areas it is being gathered for pulpwood4 ,sprouts have arisen from the bases of the trunks and have borne nuts1 but blight sooner or later destroys those sprouts4 ,chinkapins are found in many counties of ,virginia1 especially on shale or sandy loam soils4 ,blight affects chinkapins to a considerable extent2 but because of their bushy type of growth1 new shoots arise to replace blighted shoots1 thus perpetuating the plants so that they have not died out4 ,chinkapins are gathered by children for eating and for sale along the roadside1 but at present they have little total economic value4 ,the ,asiatic ,chestnuts ,since the native ,american chestnuts passed out of existence1 there has been a gradually accumulating interest in the ,asiatic species1 especially ,chinese chestnuts1 which appear superior1 in blight resistance and nut quality to the ,japanese species4 ,the growing of these ,chinese chestnuts is such a new enterprise that its problems are not fully solved nor its opportunities fully explored4 ,the earlier plantings of seedling ,chinese chestnut trees were made by cooperating growers and nurserymen4 ,they were interested in a forest type chestnut that might replace the dead native trees4 ,a few of these plantings were made under semi-forest conditions1 on cut-over timber land or on dry ridges4 ,the first lesson that was learned was that the ,chinese chestnut is an orchard type tree requiring rather fertile soil and ample moisture4 ,it would not compete favorably with most native forest trees1 but rather was a slow growing1 shallow rooted type of tree4 ,under these unfavorable growing conditions the trees tended to be small and to sprout from the bases of the trunks4 ,the weakest seedlings died4 ,in other cases the trees were planted in yards1 back lots1 along the sides of ravines1 or in other locations where the soil was fertile and moist4 ,under these favorable conditions most seedlings have grown and produced crops of nuts1 especially when the trees were pruned and competing weeds and brush were mowed4 ,very few of these first seedlings of the ,chinese chestnuts showed much promise although a few of them were fairly satisfactory4 ,several old ,japanese chestnut trees have been observed4 ,one of these is estimated to be #ej years of age with a trunk diameter of #ah inches and a height of about #ej feet4 ,it is growing in a very fertile spot and heavy crops in the past have broken its limbs4 ,chinkapins growing nearby appeared to have supplied pollen4 ,recently the nearest chinkapins were cleared away and hence at present the nuts fail to fill well4 ,another large tree in eastern ,virginia produces many burs but the nuts fail to develop1 indicating self-sterility4 ,the nuts of both trees are rather coarse and of poor quality4 ,more recent plantings have been rather widely scattered over the state1 although the total number of trees is not large and no one person has planted many trees4 ,one large general nursery1 serving this area1 reported sales last spring of #aif ,chinese seedling trees to thirty-five different customers4 ,the largest single sale was for fifty trees4 ,several customers purchased only one tree each4 ,problems ,encountered ,in visiting and corresponding with individuals who are growing ,chinese chestnuts1 ,i have made a few observations1 as to problems that have arisen4 #a4 ,site and ,soil4 ,the most successful trees from the standpoint of growth and production were those growing on fertile1 well drained soil in which moisture was plentiful4 ,the ,chinese chestnut tree appears to be shallow rooted and to require good growing conditions4 ,dry ridges were unfavorable for growth1 and in bottom land the trees frequently were subjected to late spring freezing of tender shoots4 #b4 ,blight injury to the trees and weevil damage to the nuts seemed to be the most serious enemies of chestnuts4 ,seedlings varied considerably in their resistance to blight4 ,some of them showed no indications of blight2 others were damaged but outgrew the injury2 and a few trees were weakened and died4 ,weevils appeared to be quite prevalent4 ,one grower reported almost #ajj wormy nuts4 ,it is my understanding that a spray program has been developed for control of the weevil4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke of ,roanoke believes that the ,illinois ,no4 #ca-d chestnut 7a hybrid7 is resistant to weevil1 probably because of its thick burs and closely set spines4 #c4 ,cultural ,care4 ,chinese chestnuts benefited from pruning2 it being especially important to cut away the sprouts at the bases of the trunks4 ,mowing weeds and brush around the trees seemed helpful4 ,applications of nitrate of soda stimulated more rapid growth of young trees1 and in limited amounts benefited the older trees4 ,it appears1 however1 that there may be a danger of overstimulation which increases the hazard of limb breakage by snow and ice1 especially in the case of younger trees4 ,the largest crops of nuts1 however1 were frequently produced on trees of only moderate vigor4 #d4 ,freezing damage to the bark of the trunks and large limbs4 ,this occurred in the ,,vpi ,horticultural ,department planting in #aide1 when a temperature of about #ag deg4,f4 occurred after the trees had started growth in the spring4 ,this injury appeared as a darkening of the outer bark and cambium4 ,trees that were severely damaged became weakened and tended to sprout vigorously from the bases of their trunks4 ,other trees overcame a slight injury with little apparent ill-effect4 #e4 ,seedlings or ,varieties4 ,the question is whether to grow seedlings or grafted varieties4 ,seedlings are more easily propagated1 the nursery plants less expensive1 and the trees longer lived on the average2 but seedling trees and nuts are quite variable4 ,named varieties are difficult to propagate1 the nursery plants expensive1 and stock-scion incompatability may occur2 but the trees and nuts are uniform4 ,seedlings serve a useful purpose in developing new varieties2 but with more planting of superior varieties and a fuller understanding of propagation methods1 and of cultural care1 chestnut growing on a commercial scale may be more likely to become a reality4 ,future ,prospects ,for the present1 at least1 it appears that growing ,chinese chestnuts may be limited to small specialty plantings rather than any large commercial enterprise4 ,the trees seem well adapted to yard and back lot planting as ornamentals and to furnish the family with nuts4 ,also hobbyists and specialists find them to be interesting plants with which to work4 ,the industry is new and involves uncertainties and risks1 which a commercial grower should not be expected to assume4 ,further study is needed to clear up the uncertainties1 especially as to production costs1 markets1 and profits to be expected4 ,as additional trees come into bearing over a wider area1 a better understanding may be had of the economic value of these chestnuts in the various sections of the state4 ,there is a market for high quality chestnuts1 but it remains to be seen whether there will be sufficient profit with the risks involved to attract commercial growers4 ,summary ,in conclusion1 the following points are to be stressed in regard to growing chestnuts in ,virginia3 7#a7 ,chinese chestnuts are adapted for home planting or for planting by hobbyists and specialists2 but their commercial prospects as yet are uncertain4 7#b7 ,the trees require fertile soil with ample moisture but should not be planted in frost pockets4 7#c7 ,weevils and blight have been the most serious pests4 7#d7 ,seedlings serve a useful purpose in developing new varieties2 but greater progress should be expected from growing superior named varieties4 7#e7 ,additional study is needed to determine the profit prospects1 to evaluate varieties1 and to work out details of cultural practices1 harvesting1 and storage of nuts on a variety basis4 ,although the chestnut blight has destroyed the native ,castanea dentata trees1 it is hoped that breeding programs may produce a blight resistant1 hardy tree1 of a size that will lend itself to orchard planting and cultural practices1 and which will be regularly productive of high quality nuts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,thank you1 ,mr4 ,moore4 ,the next thing on the program is the talk by ,mr4 ,g4 ,s4 ,jones of ,phenix ,city1 ,alabama1 on ,growing ,chestnuts in ,lee ,county1 ,alabama4 ,growing ,chinese ,chestnuts in ,lee ,county1 ,alabama ,g4 ,s4 ,,jones1 ,r4,f4,d4 #a1 ,phenix ,city1 ,alabama ,ever since childhood1 chestnuts have held a fascination for me4 ,how well ,i remember the delightful ,sunday afternoon trips we used to make in the fall up on ,earkett's ,hill to gather a few small nuts from some native trees which often had been burned by woods fires4 ,i occasionally revisit this area to see these trees1 which are in better condition now than then4 ,native chestnuts were never1 to my knowledge1 very abundant in our area and are now indeed scarce1 but ,i still hear of a few living trees1 some of which grow as far south as ,north ,florida4 ,i first became interested in ,chinese chestnuts from an article ,i read in the early '#cj's in a ,department of ,agriculture yearbook which ,i think had been written by ,mr4 ,gravatt4 ,this article told about these trees being introduced into this country because of their high resistance to blight4 ,until this time ,i had heard little about chestnut blight4 ,in order to find out more about these trees ,i wrote ,mr4 ,gravatt1 who in reply said seedling trees were available for distribution on an experimental basis4 ,i applied for some of these1 more1 ,i must admit1 to get them to grow on our place just to have some chestnuts than with any thought of disease resistance4 ,when these trees came in the spring of #aicd ,i even had some trouble in getting permission to set them in an open field near the house1 for chestnuts were considered as a tree of minor importance1 to be grown in some out of the way place4 ,these trees were set in sandy loam soil with a porous yellow subsoil in a field of medium elevation which has excellent air drainage so ,i have had little damage from cold injury4 ,the soil is of fair fertility for the ,upper ,costal ,plain area4 ,of the trees sent me1 fourteen of the ,,ml selection1 originating1 ,i am informed by ,mr4 ,gravatt1 from seed obtained in ,anhwei ,province of ,china1 and #aj ,,mo selection originating in ,chekiang ,province were set in my orchard4 ,only two of these failed to survive1 leaving a total of twenty-two4 ,these were cultivated with the field crops1 mostly cotton and corn1 and ,i must admit didn't have much individual attention for several years4 ,i even left the side branches to minimize injury from the mule and plow used in cultivation4 ,some leaves and trash were put around them at times and they received some benefit from the fertilizer of the row crops4 ,i mention this to show that my chestnuts grew quite well though only moderately fertilized1 but receiving good cultivation while young4 ,i might mention that ,i set two trees in stiff ,piedmont clay soil a few miles above here1 to try them under woodland conditions4 ,these have never done well1 although one had burs but ,i found no nuts4 ,other trees which ,i observe have not been given cultivation grow very slowly1 although ,i have not seen any tried on what ,i would consider good woodland areas4 ,my trees1 spaced about #dj x #dj ft41 have grown quite rapidly so that now some of the limbs are almost touching4 ,tree ,,ml ,no4 #b1 which is about average size1 measured last fall in diameter #ab-a_/b inches1 in height #bd feet1 with a limb spread of #cj feet4 ,by #aidc the trees were getting so large that cultivation was discontinued4 ,an attempt is made to keep all litter possible in the orchard1 which1 with the shade of the trees1 has caused much of the soil to become loose and mellow4 ,since our sandy soil is very low in calcium ,i applied limestone one time at the rate of about #aejj lbs4 per acre4 ,this ,i hoped would improve the texture of the soil and make better conditions for growing bur clover between the trees4 ,basic slag which contains about #aj phosphate was applied at the rate of about #fjj lbs4 per acre in the early '#dj's4 ,for the last four or five years ,i applied about #bjj lbs4 of guano 7#d-aj-g usually7 and #bjj lbs of basic slag annually4 ,since #aidd ,i have been adding about #ej lbs4 of minor mineral elements to the above mixture4 ,whether it is a coincidence or not ,i cannot say1 but the next year after applying these elements my yields increased from #dcj lbs4 the previous year to #ifa lbs4 and have remained high ever since4 ,minor mineral elements show beneficial results on our garden crops1 and ,i am inclined to believe they are needed1 since our soil is so sandy and porous1 and especially the soil that has been cultivated so long4 ,since my trees have produced so well with this moderate fertilization1 ,i have made no check against higher rates of application4 ,in fact ,i am against the use of large amounts of mineral guanos since ,i know certain tender shrubs and plants are injured by their use and some soil bacteria and animal life are also harmfully affected1 according to reports ,i have read4 ,three of my trees bore a few nuts at four years4 ,no record of yields was kept until the seventh year or #aidb1 in which ,i gathered about #cbh lbs4 of nuts4 ,after that my records show for #aidc1 #eed lbs41 #aidd--dcj lbs2 #aide--ifa lbs2 #aidf--agbb lbs2 #aidg--aeed lbs4 ,no individual tree records were kept except in a few cases4 ,i kept a rough record by looking at the burs at the end of the season1 and classed trees as excellent1 good1 or poor producers1 along with other characteristics of the trees4 ,however1 ,i know several of my trees produced over #ajj lbs4 each in #aidf and one tree1 ,,ml ,no4 #b1 of which ,i kept a record by weight1 in #aidg produced a little over #aej lbs4 of nuts4 ,a note from ,mr4 ,jones early in #aidi reports a crop of #a1hcf pounds of chestnuts harvested from his #ba trees in #aidh1 the largest yield to date4 ,his ,,ml ,no4 #b tree produced #afe pounds4 ,nuts on a few of my trees begin ripening the latter part of ,august1 but ,september is the heavy month1 with some extending to the middle of ,october4 ,their early ripening period while the weather is usually hot and dry1 ,i think tends to cause damage to nuts from the effects of the hot sun and rapid drying4 ,damage to the nuts and consequent spoilage can be kept at a minimum if they are gathered promptly1 which should be daily4 ,preparing ,chestnuts for ,market ,here is how ,i generally handle my crop4 ,as soon as the nuts are gathered ,i put them in a container with water and remove the nuts that float4 ,this eliminates practically all spoiled nuts and those beginning to spoil4 ,those that sink are then placed in coarse mesh burlap bags 7about #be lbs4 to the bag7 which are tied near the top4 ,these bags are laid on a slatted platform under a shade tree and pressed out flat1 so nuts will not be thicker than #b or #c inches4 ,these bags are thoroughly wet with water once or twice daily1 depending on the weather1 until ,i can carry them to cold storage and store at #cj deg4,f41 or they are marketed fresh1 advising buyer of the perishable nature of these nuts4 ,last year my nuts kept excellently in cold storage1 and after remaining there about six weeks had dried sufficiently to keep much better after taking out than when they were fresh4 ,nuts for planting purposes can be kept in excellent condition for several weeks by spreading them thinly between layers of damp sphagnum moss and storing in a cool place4 ,this cannot be allowed to get very wet or sprouting will begin4 ,while holding the nuts out of cold storage ,i attempt to keep sufficient moisture available so the nuts are not allowed to dry much1 and yet have plenty of ventilation to keep them from heating or souring4 ,until ,i began using this method1 a large percentage of my nuts began spoiling soon after gathering1 which caused me much discouragement1 as ,i did not want to offer such a product for sale4 ,since then my losses still run around #ab1 but this could be reduced still further by more prompt gathering and by the elimination of several trees which retain nuts in the burs to a large extent4 ,i have been able to dispose of my nuts quite easily in near-by ,columbus1 ,ga4 and for the last few years have had quite a demand for nuts to use in planting4 ,my orchard as a whole has been very healthy1 showing no blight signs that ,i can detect1 although there is little chance of exposure to blight in my section4 ,one tree is slowly dying1 which may be due to cold injury1 as it comes into leaf early and also ripens very early4 ,so far ,i have noticed no damage from chestnut weevils4 ,as my trees are seedlings1 there is quite a bit of variation in size of nuts and production of individual trees4 ,undesirable ,traits in ,seedling ,trees ,i might mention some undesirable traits which ,i notice in my trees4 ,first1 ,i would place retention of nuts in the burs as the worst trouble4 ,this is quite bad in five or six of my trees4 ,next1 nuts too dry and loose in the hull at time of falling1 which is present in four or five trees1 some of which retain nuts in the burs and some which do not4 ,the dry textured nuts seem to spoil more easily than plump well filled ones4 ,some trees produce too small nuts but the trees which produce extra large nuts do not usually yield nearly so heavily as those producing small to medium size nuts4 ,i consider too early ripening as undesirable1 for those that ripen later are usually better keepers1 but this does not always hold true as some of the later ripening ones are also poor keepers4 ,this year my trees have an excellent crop of burs and show promise of a good average yield on each tree4 ,considering all things1 ,i am highly pleased with my ,chinese chestnuts and believe they have a good future in our section if no greater troubles arise than ,i now know of although there is much room for improvement4 ,other ,tree ,crops ,although ,chinese chestnuts are my largest producing tree crop1 ,i am working with a number of other trees and shrubs for both nut and fruit production1 as well as other purposes4 ,i have several ,thomas black walnuts which ,i set about #aich4 ,three of these have grown quite rapidly and are beginning to produce nice crops of nuts1 although the kernels have a tendency to be spongy at times4 ,of course1 ,i have a small orchard of budded pecans1 which do so well in our section4 ,these trees1 which are young1 are just coming into production4 ,some other nut trees which ,i am trying in field plantings include native chestnuts1 chinkapins1 hazel nuts1 native black walnuts1 and scaly bark hickory 7,carya ovata74 ,since most of these are young and grow so slowly1 ,i cannot say much about their production yet4 ,i have also planted quite a large number of white oaks from a high production tree in hopes of producing acorns for hogs and wild life1 also some cork oaks on an experimental basis4 ,among non-nut producers ,i am trying honeylocust1 persimmons1 and mulberries4 ,i also grow catalpa and black locust for fence posts4 ,this makes no mention of the great variety of native timber trees such as pines1 tulip poplar1 and others which ,i try to protect from fires so as to get as great a variety of trees as possible to use for various purposes4 ,i also encourage the growth of ornamental trees and shrubs such as dogwood1 redbud1 and holly to add beauty to the landscape in season4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith's book1 ,tree ,crops has been a great inspiration to me along these lines1 and ,i am attempting to study and use as many trees1 shrubs1 and plants here on my place as possible because ,i believe we can live easier and better and make better use of the land both for ourselves and nature when we learn how to use our various native plants to the best advantage along with many of the exotic ones4 ,i might end by saying that ,i would much rather work in the shade of trees than in the open sun and benefit by their long life and varied uses than to depend so heavily on short lived crops which often require such intensive care4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,thank you1 ,mr4 ,jones4 ,a very interesting paper with details that are worth listening to4 ,professor ,j4 ,c4 ,moore of the ,department of ,horticulture1 ,alabama ,polytechnic ,institute1 will give us a talk on ,processed ,chestnuts on the ,market throughout the ,year4 ,processed ,chestnuts on the ,market throughout the ,year ,j4 ,c4 ,,moore1 ,alabama ,polytechnic ,institute1 ,auburn1 ,ala4 ,professor ,moore3 ,mr4 ,president1 members of the ,association3 ,i have a few packages here that ,i just wanted to pass around after we get through with a short discourse on processed chestnuts4 ,it might be somewhat of an inspiration to look while ,i talk a few minutes about it4 ,these nuts1 of course1 have been put up from the #aidg crop1 but ,i have nuts put up in #aide that are still in fair shape4 ,the quality on the #aide product is not too good4 ,the quality on the #aidg product is excellent when the nut is hot4 ,for instance1 a toasted chestnut1 ,i think1 has a quality that no other nut has4 ,when the nut sits in a bag sealed for several weeks and gets cold it still is good1 but it doesn't have quite the crispness that it has when it is really fresh and hot4 ,we were very much disappointed with ,chinese chestnuts when they first began to bear at ,auburn4 ,we got some plants from ,mr4 ,gravatt and the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry in ,beltsville in #aich4 ,they were planted2 some of them started bearing in #aida4 ,the nuts were large in size2 the trees seemed to be perfectly healthy4 ,the early bearing habit gave us a great deal of encouragement4 ,then we sampled these nuts1 and the quality was not good4 ,while the nuts were green and in storage the nuts decomposed in just a few days' time4 ,the first nuts that we harvested in #aida were picked1 placed in paper bags1 set in the office1 and we forgot about them1 because they were not good when we put them in the bags1 and we just put them back for our record purposes4 ,a few days afterwards they were moldy and ruined4 ,in #aidb we had a little better crop1 but again the nuts rotted4 ,in #aidc we had a still larger crop1 and the nuts rotted again4 ,we did not know how to take care of those nuts at the time4 ,in #aidd ,mr4 ,l4 ,s4 ,holden was with the ,soil ,conservation ,service4 ,he was transferred to ,auburn at the time ,i was transferred down into ,haiti to do some work on rubber production1 and he took my place at ,auburn on the hillculture project4 ,in the fall of #aidd ,mr4 ,holden had an idea that he could can those chestnuts and preserve them4 ,so he took the nuts1 cracked the hull off of the nut1 ground it with a little food chopper1 and placed the nuts in cans1 pints and quarts1 put them in a pressure cooker at #ae pounds pressure and cooked them for #ae minutes4 ,during the fall of #aidd1 or after the crop was produced1 ,mr4 ,holden left ,auburn1 and he told me when he left that he had sent some of the samples to different parts of the ,united ,states and had gotten favorable replies from the samples that he had sent out4 ,that gave me a renewed courage1 and along with that in #aide we sold quite a few raw nuts on the market at ,auburn4 ,those nuts sold just like hot cakes for #dj cents a pound4 ,there were quite a few comments came back to us about those nuts4 ,they were the most beautiful nuts the people had ever seen1 and several different ones made comments that the nuts toasted had excellent quality and the nuts boiled had excellent quality1 and raw nuts after they were cured had an excellent quality4 ,those few different peoples comment on the material and ,mr4 ,holden's work that he had done on canning gave me an idea that maybe he had something1 and ,i have worked since that time trying to perfect a product that would be edible from the hand from a cellophane-bag standpoint4 ,at the present time we have a plan worked out whereby we can produce large quantities of ,chinese chestnuts in ,alabama4 ,the thing that is going to confront us in the near future is the marketing possibility4 ,we have to handle ,chinese chestnuts rapidly if we put them on the market raw4 ,this processed method that we have has been worked out to perfection1 we think1 for cold storage purposes4 ,now1 you can put ,chinese chestnuts raw in cellophane bags and seal them with a hot iron4 ,these bags are not sealed4 ,it is a non-sealable cellophane4 ,i didn't get hold of the type of cellophane that you can seal4 ,they are unsealed4 ,they have been in this package about a week1 and the nuts are in good shape4 ,on cold storage ,i have held those nuts for #dj days4 ,last year was the first time that ,i tried them in sealed cellophane1 but sealed in cellophane bags in cold storage last year they remained perfectly good for #dj days4 ,at that time the cold storage plant went bad1 and1 of course1 the nuts molded4 ,we think that on the cold storage proposition1 and if you have followed food processing and cold storage possibilities on strawberry shortcake1 strawberry pies1 apple pies and other types of cold storage products1 ,i think when you go to the locker and pick out a little bag of lima beans in a cold storage locker or any other kind of cold packed foods1 if you see a pack that looks attractive1 chestnuts1 after you get accustomed to their flavor especially1 it will be a difficult thing for you to fail to pick up a bag of chestnuts and walk out with them among your other grocery purchases4 ,that type of marketing has possibilities throughout the year4 ,with that possibility from last year this crop came in4 ,we had an excellent crop4 ,i contacted ,mr4 ,harris1 who is one of the professors working with food processing at ,auburn1 and we went over the work quite carefully together1 what ,i had done and the possibilities for the work in the future1 and with some suggestions from him and with his help we think we have just about fixed a product that will be a permanent thing on the grocery shelves throughout the year4 ,up to the present time all of the nuts that were canned in cans with the shells on developed throughout the year somewhat of a soured condition4 ,when you opened the can and smelled1 the odor was foul4 ,when you cracked the shell and tasted the nut1 the flesh had just the least bit of a foul odor4 ,mr4 ,harris suggested that probably that was a flat sour4 ,we weren't sure that it was flat sour1 but we haven't had the bacteria check to find out whether it was caused by one of the thermophilic bacteria or not1 but we are pretty confident that it was a flat sour that caused the foul odor4 ,with careful heating and careful drying we have developed some products here that ,i think have a possibility1 and these products will maintain their quality throughout the year4 ,nuts ,cured ,before ,canning ,i have canned chestnuts that have been canned for three years1 and the quality is just as good as it was a month after they were canned4 ,the product1 however1 when it is canned green does not have the quality that it does when it is canned after curing4 ,the way we handle these1 to begin with1 is to take the nuts from the field1 put them on a woven wire and elevate the wire so that air can go under and over1 cure at room temperature for about three days4 ,if you cure longer than three days you will lose quite a few of your nuts4 ,that is a rapid cure4 ,we have not tried curing under cooler conditions to see if we can eliminate part of the damage that is caused by deterioration1 but curing the nuts rapidly you get a deterioration on quite a few of the nuts after the third or fourth day4 ,if you take the raw nuts three days cured rapidly where the air can circulate over and under1 the quality is excellent raw1 and ,i have those nuts cured for three days in cellophane bags on cold storage that can be sold throughout the year4 ,those nuts must be heated enough to stop the deterioration1 whatever it is4 ,it may be a physiological condition1 ,i am not sure1 it may be a vitamin reaction1 ,i am not sure1 but when the nut dries too fast it turns white on the inside1 gets hard1 loses its flavor1 and it is no good4 ,this nut 7indicating7 canned in cans1 ,i will give you the treatment for it4 ,i told you we cured them on those drying racks for three days4 ,then we put them in a pressure cooker and run the temperature up to about #aj pounds pressure for #cj minutes1 take them out of the pressure cooker and hull them1 and at that stage they hull quite easily4 ,the hull itself will turn loose from the nut quite easily if you heat it a little while before you try to hull4 ,a machine which can thresh the hulls off very easily will be simple to develop4 ,after the shell is taken off1 then they are put in an oven 7a drying oven that has an automatic control at #bgj degrees71 for about #aj minutes in order to evaporate the excess moisture that you get in the steaming process4 ,then they are put in the cans hot1 set back into the oven and heated for just a few moments to get your temperature up again and you put lids on at a boiling temperature4 ,you get quite a vacuum created by sealing them hot4 ,we have had as high as fourteen and a half pounds of vacuum on those cans the third day after they were canned1 and if you can get a vacuum like that by sealing the nuts hot1 you can preserve their quality for a long period4 ,i don't care if you open any bag that's here and taste these products4 ,you will find that the ones with the shells off are much better than the ones with the shells on4 ,i believe you will find that4 ,however1 the quality of the nut with the shell on is excellent4 ,illustration3 ,mr4 ,hardy and some chestnuts prepared for storage 7,courtesy ,southern ,agriculturist7 ,chestnut ,growing in the ,southeast ,max ,b4 ,hardy1#b ,leeland ,farms1 ,leesburg1 ,ga4 ,introduction ,just about forty years ago the first blight resistant chestnuts were introduced into the ,southeast4 ,this event was to have more far-reaching effects than could be foreseen at that time1 as is illustrated by the present extensive interest in the growing of these chestnuts as an orchard crop4 ,chestnut blight1 a fungus disease of the native ,american chestnut 7,castanea dentata 7,marsh7 ,borkh71 first appeared on ,long ,island in #aijd and destroyed this magnificent nut and timber tree4 ,a ,phytophthora root disease added its toll so that a bearing tree of this species is a rarity in the ,east at the present time4 ,the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture began making introductions of two species of chestnut from the ,orient in #aijf1 both of which were resistant to the blight which was then destroying the native ,american chestnut4 ,of the two species1 the ,japanese chestnut 7,c4 crenata ,sieb4 and ,zuce47 and the ,chinese chestnut 7,c4 mollissima ,bl471 only the latter proved to have much merit other than blight resistance and chestnut growing in the eastern ,united ,states in recent years has been confined almost entirely to the ,chinese chestnut4 ,about twenty-five years ago1 after the first introduction from the ,orient of seed nuts of blight resistant chestnut species1 the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture distributed a few seedling trees to various interested growers in the ,southeast4 ,some of these trees are still growing and bearing good crops of nuts and have reached rather large size4 ,the distribution of trees produced from nuts imported at subsequent intervals was continued by the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture until rather widely scattered planting of several species under varied soil1 climatic1 and cultural conditions was attained4 ,as time passed it became clear that only the ,chinese chestnut had promise as a commercial crop for the production of nuts4 ,as a timber tree none of the introduced species has as yet shown outstanding merit4 ,footnote #b3 ,formerly ,associate ,pomologist1 ,u4 ,s4 ,pecan ,field ,station1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,albany1 ,georgia4 ,general ,observations ,the ,chinese chestnut grows well throughout the southern part of the natural range of the ,american chestnut and southward to the ,gulf ,coast1 and possibly even into central ,florida4 ,farther north it apparently grows and produces better crops along the ,atlantic ,coast than inland1 thus indicating the need of this species for a long growing season and freedom from late spring and early fall frosts4 ,in the plantings in ,georgia1 from ,atlanta to the southward1 no loss of crop from late spring frosts has ever been noted4 ,in the ,gulf ,states and northward along the ,atlantic seaboard the ,chinese chestnut tree is vigorous1 healthy1 and productive1 coming into bearing at a fairly early age and thereafter producing regular crops4 ,the trees grow to be rather large in size1 developing a somewhat rounded form with a spread of branches about equal to the height4 ,without pruning when young many sprouts usually develop near the ground so that the mature tree has numerous trunks of about equal size1 with the lower lateral branches resting on the ground4 ,nearly all of the ,chinese chestnut trees being grown at the present time are seedlings and exhibit a wide range of tree and nut characteristics4 ,a few trees develop a somewhat more upright type of growth than that commonly seen1 but this type is generally less productive than trees of more spreading habit1 and the nuts are smaller and less desirable4 ,some trees showing the most upright type of growth originated from nuts imported from the more northern provinces of ,china and may represent a distinct strain or form of ,castanea mollissima4 ,the degree of incompatibility exhibited when southern ,china strains are grafted on northern ,china strains would indicate the same conclusion4 ,unfortunately1 several different species or strains have been included in the plantings of most cooperators with the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture so that seedlings resulting from cross-pollination of these types may exhibit an even wider range of characteristics and performance from the standpoint of commercial production than is commonly seen at present4 ,a few of these hybrids may be superior to pure ,c4 mollissima seedlings in certain important respects because of hybrid vigor1 but taken as a whole the best types of ,c4 mollissima seedlings are superior to the other blight resistant species for purposes of nut production4 ,the earliest introductions of blight resistant chestnuts from the ,orient are represented by very few trees in the ,southeast1 but a small number of plantings of trees distributed in #aibf have been observed4 ,these are producing good nuts and the trees are quite healthy1 regardless of conditions of planting except when they have been given no attention of any kind4 ,in one planting the trees were planted about #aj feet apart on the square with the result that they are tall and spindly with nut production only in the tops and very light on a per tree basis1 which indicates the need of adequate spacing if the trees are to be vigorous and productive4 ,incidentally1 this close spacing has not resulted in a desirable timber type of growth4 ,in two other plantings the trees are planted in cleared areas in cut-over timber and then given no further attention4 ,in both locations a few trees are still living but are of no value either for timber or nut production4 ,in still another planting on a bench about halfway up a mountain1 where infrequent cultivation or mowing is practiced1 the trees are growing and producing moderately well but the nuts are small4 ,a few other scattered plantings of a few trees each are doing well around homes though receiving only moderately good care4 ,the distribution of trees by the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture in #aice and #aicg has resulted in a few plantings that have done moderately well4 ,in one planting the trees are growing fairly well without care but are producing few nuts4 ,in another planting the trees are planted on rather heavy soil that is terraced2 they are given applications of commercial fertilizers and infrequent cultivations and have been producing fairly good crops of nuts in recent years4 ,still another planting of a considerable number of trees has been entirely removed through lack of interest of the new owner4 ,the plantings described have all been on private property4 ,plantings at various experiment stations have received somewhat more attention in general than those on private property2 but because of lack of keeping quality of the nuts have not for the most part been accepted as a promising crop and have been the subject of very little study4 ,from the foregoing observations it is evident that the ,chinese chestnut cannot withstand the effects of crowding either in a solid planting or in competition with native growth4 ,the trees have performed moderately well with a minimum of care1 but respond to good care by increased production and nut size4 ,the rotting of the nuts soon after harvest as a result of improper methods of handling and storage has prevented an earlier acceptance of the crop as of potential economic importance in the ,southeast4 ,experimental ,studies at the ,u4 ,s4 ,pecan ,field ,station1 ,albany1 ,georgia ,in #aibf1 twenty-eight seedling trees of ,castanea mollissima were planted in the ,champion experimental block at ,philema1 near ,albany1 ,georgia4 ,these trees grew well and began producing nuts in #aicb4 ,in #aice1 an additional #af trees were planted in the same block4 ,the trees in both plantings have shown good vegetative vigor and have been fairly productive4 ,all the variations common to any group of ,chinese chestnut seedling trees have been in evidence4 ,one or two trees have lacked vegetative vigor but have produced heavy crops of nuts for their size4 ,type of bur opening has varied from free dropping of nuts to those burs from which the nuts are removed with difficulty2 nut size has varied from about #ce to about #ij nuts per pound2 the date of earliest and latest ripening of the nuts varies by about three weeks2 nut color has ranged from light browns to dark mahogany and dark chocolate brown2 and keeping quality and eating quality have ranged from good to poor4 ,however1 nut production1 as shown by the data presented in ,table ,i has been good and nut quality has been acceptable1 so that with increasing knowledge of the storage requirements of the nuts the trees have paid a good profit in recent years4 ,one of the older trees has consistently produced close to #aej pounds of nuts each year for the past few years4 ,some of the trees in this planting have been topworked to selections from other plantings1 including the variety ,carr which showed up very poorly in comparison with most of the seedlings4 ,some of the trees have been culled out because of poor yield or nut size2 and some have died as a result of poor drainage4 ,an additional planting at ,philema in the ,brown tract was made in #aich4 ,the trees were planted in a portion of a five-acre block at some distance from the original plantings1 with a spacing of #be feet apart on the square in soil of rather light and sandy texture with fair subsoil drainage4 ,the fertility was low but has been improved through the use of winter leguminous green manure crops and commercial fertilizers4 ,some of the trees planted consisted of trees grown from carefully selected ,castanea mollissima nuts imported from south ,china and designated by the initials ,,mba1 ,,may1 ,,maz1 and ,,max4 ,others carried the designating letters of ,,fp4 ,the nuts from which these trees were grown were imported by the ,division of ,forest ,pathology of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture which also grew and distributed the trees4 ,still others were selections of ,c4 crenata1 the ,japanese chestnut2 and ,c4 mollissima selections from an experimental planting in ,california were also included4 ,in #aidj the remainder of the five-acre block was planted with trees grown from seed produced by the original ,philema planting4 ,table ,i4 ,summary of chestnut yields at ,philema1 ,georgia4 ,,harvest ,,data #aibf and #aice ,planting#c ,length ,date ,harvest ,year ,harvest ,period ,yield ,no4 ,trees ,av4 ,yield ,began in ,days in ,lbs4 ,bearing per ,tree #aicb #ad #c #d4g #aicc #g #g #a4j #aicd #hj #af #e4j #aice #h-bi #bb #bbb #bb #aj4a #aicf #h-bf #cc #cgi #be #ae4a #aicg #h-bf #cg #bgh #ah #ae4d #aich #h- #f #db #dhj #ba #bb4i #aici #h-ae #db #iie #bf #ch4c #aidj #h-bg #ch #gdj #cd #ba4h #aida #h-ad #ea #a1dfg #ch #ch4f #aidb #i- #c #da #hgf #cb #bg4d #aidc #i- #i #bf #a1cce #ch #be4a #aidd #h-ae #dd #efj #bi #ai4c #aide #h-ah #cd #a1dej #bg #ec4g #aidf #h-bj #da #a1dee #bh #eb4j #aidg #h-bf #dc #a1ige #bg #gc4a ,,harvest ,,data #aich and #aidj ,planting#d ,length ,date ,harvest ,year ,harvest ,period ,yield ,no4 ,trees ,av4 ,yield ,range in ,began in ,days in ,lbs4 ,bearing per ,tree ,yields #aida #h-ad #ea #dd #fc 4#g 4#a-f4i #aidb #i- #c #da #cj #df 4#g 4#a-e4b #aidc #i- #i #bf #ceg #ajh #c4c 4#a-bi4g #aidd #h-ae #dd #gaf #acf #e4c 4#a-cg4j #aide #h-ah #cd #c1jbe #bjh #ad4f 4#a-ej4g #aidf #h-bj #da #a1ddg #agc #h4d 4#a-dh4c #aidg #h-bf #dc #f1fae #ahh #ce4b 4#a-ajh4e ,footnote #c3 #bh trees planted in #aibf and #af planted in #aice1 at spacing of #be to #dj feet4 ,footnote #d3 #bgd trees planted in #aich and #fj in #aidj1 at spacing of #be feet on square4 ,the yield's produced in the #aich planting have been outstanding1 as indicated by the data in ,table ,i1 ,the trees began bearing when younger and developed heavier production than those of the #aibf planting1 whether judged by age of tree or years of bearing4 ,many of the trees have produced nuts of outstanding size1 attractiveness1 eating quality1 and keeping quality4 ,there has been the usual degree of variation common to any collection of seedlings1 but the best trees in this planting have been superior to any previously seen4 ,nut size has varied from #bc to more than #ajj to the pound2 the color of the nuts has varied from light tan to deep mahogany1 and a few are nearly black4 ,all have been of good eating quality4 ,the keeping quality has varied materially1 some keeping very well and others quite poorly4 ,bur opening1 has likewise varied so that at one extreme the nuts drop entirely free from the burs on some trees and at the other extreme the burs drop with the nuts in them and considerable work is required to remove the nuts4 ,it is out of this group of trees that the three seedlings have been selected that the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture is considering worthy of variety status4 ,these have not yet been officially released and no official description is yet available4 ,the yield data for these three selected ,seedlings are given in ,table ,,ii4 ,table ,,ii4 ,yield data by years1 of three seedlings tentatively proposed for variety status1 ,philema1 ,georgia4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,tree ,proposed ,yield in ,pounds by ,years ,total yield ,no4 ,nuts 7in ,lbs47 per ,lb4 --------------------------------------- ,no4 ,name #aida #aidb #aidc #aidd #aide #aidf #aidg #aidh from ,planting ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #ghhje,meiling 4#b #c4f #bj4i #cf4i #bc4i #gc4a #cf4i #aie4e #ch-dc #giai ,kuling #d4j #c4h #e4h #f4e #ac4h #cd4b #ej4b #ch4b #afh4e #ce-dc #gicj ,nanking 4#a #c4h #bh4j #cg4h #a4j #hg4g #ed4f #bac4j #cj-dc ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,footnote #e3 ,meiling 7,beauty7 is the first name of ,mme4 ,chiang ,kai-shek4 ,the trees of the ,,fp designation and1 of other species were grown to fruiting1 but have since been removed or topworked in entirety because of their lack of desirable characteristics and because they produced pollen for cross-pollination which would result in undesirable progeny when the ,castanea mollissima nuts were used for seed4 ,furthermore1 a number of trees of the three-letter designations have been removed or topworked because they produced very small nuts1 or showed poor keeping quality1 or because of some other undesirable characteristic4 ,therefore1 the nuts now being produced in this experimental orchard are of pure ,c4 mollissima inheritance of the best type1 and1 as such1 represent some of the best and purest seed nuts available in this country today4 ,this procedure is being continued so as to maintain the quality of the nuts for seed purposes at its present standard4 ,unfortunately1 many of the nuts offered in the general trade for seed purposes at the present time are coming from orchards composed of a mixture of species or types comparable to the #aich ,philema planting before culling4 ,this is very undesirable because of the great variability in the nuts produced by trees with such an origin4 ,when grafted or budded trees of the newer and improved varieties are available to orchardists chestnut growing for nut production may be based on the same sound practices as the other fruit industries4 ,in the topworking of ,,fp trees at ,philema with scions from other strains of ,castanea mollissima the degree of incompatibility has been so great1 that the scion tops will have either blown out or died at the end of four or five years from grafting4 ,at the present time this failure can only be attributed to the fact that the stocks were of mixed ancestry4 ,on the other hand1 scions of pure ,c4 mollissima placed on the same stock strains have made good unions and are entirely normal after as long as #ac years from grafting4 ,this problem of incompatibility between stock and scion is one that yet remains to be completely solved4 ,the topworking of trees in the five-acre block at ,philema has been generally successful where incompatibility is not a problem4 ,bearing-size trees topworked one spring will generally produce a few nuts in the second subsequent growing-season4 ,growth the first year after grafting will frequently be as much as #ab feet long and very stocky4 ,both cleft grafting and inlay bark grafting have been practiced1 the latter method proving to be the more satisfactory from all standpoints4 ,in this method of grafting scaffold limbs from #a to #f inches in diameter are cut off square across4 ,scions #f to #h inches long are prepared by making a slanting cut #b to #c inches long and ending about three-fourths through the scion at its basal end4 ,a strip of bark just wide and long enough to receive the scion1 with about one-half of the upper end of the bevel showing above the cut surface of the stub1 is then removed from the stub4 ,the scion is then nailed into place with #e_/h-;inch nails and painted over with melted grafting wax4 ,two or three scions are required for most stubs4 ,this work is done just as growth is starting in the spring and the bark is slipping well4 ,the scions may generally be cut directly from the trees1 but sometimes they may need to be cut several days earlier and stored in damp material in a refrigerator to keep them dormant4 ,in south ,georgia the ,chinese chestnut normally begins growth soon after ,march #a1 but in some years it has started as much as a month after this date4 ,between south and north ,georgia there is a differential in the time growth starts in the spring of one to two weeks4 ,this differential also carries over into the date of blossoming and the date the harvest period begins4 ,in south ,georgia pollination generally occurs during the latter part of ,april and early part of ,may1 and the harvest period begins about #ajj days later4 ,the peak of harvest averages #ahe days after the initiation of growth in the spring4 ,dormancy comes only after the first frost sufficiently heavy to kill the leaves1 usually about two months after nut harvest is completed4 ,this period between harvest and leaf fall is undoubtedly an important factor in the annual bearing habit of the chestnut in the ,southeast since it permits the food reserves in the tree to be replenished after the crop is mature4 ,this is true under favorable conditions but does not hold under conditions of crowding1 low soil fertility1 or premature defoliation4 ,for best growth and production the tree should be in foliage approximately nine months out of the year4 ,,orchard ,,management ,the planting of chestnut trees in the ,southeast should be done as soon as possible after the trees become dormant in the nursery4 ,they should be planted on fertile soil which is well drained but not subject to serious drought injury4 ,the ,chinese chestnut cannot withstand a high water table1 or free standing water1 but appears to be somewhat resistant to drought injury when once well established4 ,the chestnut trees have not yet reached an age at which their largest potential size has been attained1 but trees of #ej-;foot spread have been observed4 ,it appears likely1 then1 that orchards should be planted at #ej to #fj-;foot distances on the square1 unless closer planting and subsequent thinning is resorted to in order to build up high nut production per acre at an earlier age of the orchard4 ,planting distances of #be x #be feet1 #cj x #cj feet1 #be x #ej feet1 and #cj x #fj feet are recommended for this reason1 but only if the orchardist will plan to thin the stand at #aj to #ae years of orchard age and at later intervals as required4 ,in no case should the branches of adjacent trees be allowed to touch as under such conditions competition between trees will reduce the yield per tree and nut size1 and induce alternate-year bearing4 ,in planting the young tree it is usually advisable to fill the hole in which the tree is to be set with top soil1 packing it firmly around the roots as the hole is being filled4 ,usually no fertilizer is used at the time of planting1 although mixing about a handful of bone meal with the soil around the roots has given a higher percentage of living trees and has increased growth the first year4 ,a shallow basin around the tree to facilitate watering when necessary during the first growing season1 or the application of a mulch around the tree1 or both1 will be helpful in obtaining a high percentage of living trees and good growth4 ,adding water at the time of planting is good insurance that the soil will be well settled around the roots4 ,a wrap of newspaper tied loosely around the trunk of the young tree will aid in preventing winter injury and sun-scald4 ,under conditions of little or no care the seedling chestnut tree will generally develop several trunks as a result of the forcing of multiple sprouts from near the ground line4 ,the tree should be trained to one trunk1 as such a form seems to be less susceptible to winter injury while young and makes a much more desirable orchard tree when older4 ,pruning of the young trees subsequent to the development of the head at a #d to #e-;foot height should be confined to the removal of crossing branches and those so near to the ground as to interfere with the necessary cultivation and harvesting work under the tree4 ,most soils in the ,southeast are somewhat low in fertility and must receive good care if chestnuts are to grow well4 ,the annual application of commercial fertilizers is generally required as is the growing of a winter green manure crop1 preferably a legume4 ,one of the most satisfactory systems is to plant hairy vetch1 ,austrian winter peas1 or blue lupine#f in late ,october or early ,november1 applying broadcast at the time of planting from #djj to #fjj pounds per acre of a #j-ad-aj or #j-ad-g fertilizer mixture4 ,this green manure crop should then be disced in by ,april #ae of the following spring1 with subsequent shallow cultivations at about six-week intervals through the growing season4 ,the ground should be clean by the middle of ,august to facilitate harvesting the nuts4 ,if such a system of culture is not feasible1 as on too steep slopes or around buildings1 mowing or mulching can be used to advantage1 but the trees must be given annual applications of a complete fertilizer mixture1 such as #d-h-f1 #f-h-h1 or #e-g-e4 ,these should be made each year about a month before growth starts at a rate of #b to #c pounds for each year of tree age4 ,this should be broadcast under and slightly beyond the spread of the branches4 ,it has not yet been found necessary to spray the trees for the control of any disease or insect4 ,this does not indicate that control measures may not be required at some time in the future1 for it is the history of horticultural crops when planted in any concentration that diseases and insects increase in number and degree of injury4 ,as yet1 the chestnut weevil has not been found at the lower elevations in the ,southeast4 ,in a few plantings a condition causing some premature defoliation has been observed at infrequent intervals4 ,the condition begins as a leaf scorch which may or may not develop to the point where the leaf drops4 ,it is thought to be caused by some mineral deficiency or unbalance associated with erratic weather conditions1 but the exact cause is yet unknown4 ,a leaf spot disease has been observed but has caused no appreciable defoliation and no control measures have been thought necessary4 ,footnote #f3 ,blue lupine is winter-hardy only in the warmer coastal areas1 not adapted north of ,columbus1 ,georgia1 ,meridian1 ,mississippi1 or ,shreveport1 ,louisiana4 ,ed4 ,harvesting and ,nut ,storage ,harvesting of ,chinese chestnuts has proved to have definite requirements if the nuts are to be obtained in the best possible condition4 ,the nuts are quite susceptible to rots of several kinds and must be properly handled to keep losses at a minimum4 ,they are also very easily and quickly injured by exposure to the sun1 with the consequent1 high temperatures and drying4 ,if the nuts are to be stored for any length of time1 as is necessary when they are to be used for seed purposes and as will be necessary when they are to be marketed for eating purposes during the ,thanksgiving and ,christmas holiday seasons1 it is paramount that they be picked up from the orchard at not more than two-day intervals4 ,cleaning up all dropped nuts at daily intervals is most desirable4 ,at the end of each day the harvested nuts must be placed in cold storage at temperatures between #cb deg4,f4 and #de deg4,f4 ,it has been found that a nearly air-tight container is required in order to maintain a relative humidity of #ajj and prevent too much drying of the nuts4 ,a #ej-pound tin lard can with one #bj;d nail hole in the side near the lid has proven to be a good container for large quantities and these same cans also make good shipping containers merely by wiring on the lids4 ,one-gallon friction top syrup cans with a single nail hole in the side make a good container for smaller quantities4 ,in air-tight containers the nuts do not decay but germination capacity is quickly destroyed and bitter flavors develop quite rapidly4 ,nuts to be used for eating purposes shortly after harvest may be stored at lower relative humidities but should be placed in cold storage4 ,a loss of about #ae in weight from the fresh weight of nuts is necessary to reach proper eating quality4 ,nuts dried to this extent are sweet and palatable but cannot be stored for any length of time and fail to germinate well when planted4 ,the experimental study of chestnut storage problems is being continued with the hope of working out still better methods4 ,the manner of marketing chestnuts so that they will reach the consumer in a desirable condition also is still to be worked out1 but it appears possible that retail cold storage and packaging in moisture-proof bags which are pervious to ,,co#b and ,o#b give promise at present4 ,probably the most promising aid to an increased storage life of chestnuts will come through the selection of trees for propagation and planting that produce nuts of superior resistance to storage rots4 ,there is rather great variation among seedlings in this respect1 some being-quite superior1 although no completely resistant seedlings have yet been found4 ,discussion and ,conclusions ,the perishable nature of the nuts of the ,chinese chestnut has probably been the greatest drawback to an earlier acceptance of this crop as an adjunct to the horticulture of the ,southeast4 ,it has been only in the past few years that enough has been learned about the harvesting and storage requirements to permit the storing of these chestnuts so that they can be marketed in an orderly manner either for eating or for seed purposes4 ,storage losses through periods up to six months have been held to less than #aj for a mixture of nuts from all the trees at ,philema4 ,storage tests of nuts from individual trees have shown a range in keeping quality from no loss after six months' storage to nearly #ajj loss4 ,by culling out the trees producing nuts with a high rate of spoilage under the best storage conditions it should be possible to reduce storage losses to a minimum4 ,every grower of seedling trees should follow this same process of culling out or topworking trees producing nuts of poor keeping quality if the industry is to grow and prosper1 since otherwise the offering of spoiled nuts for sale to the consumer will soon destroy the demand for the nuts4 ,there is no question but that the ,chinese chestnut tree is very well adapted to the ,southeast4 ,it has proven to be healthy1 vigorous1 and productive4 ,yield records at ,philema show actual yields of more than #a1jjj pounds per acre and potential average annual yields of #a1ejj or more pounds per acre are not out of reason4 ,in #aidg1 in the ,brown tract at ,philema1 if all the trees that bore nuts had been collected into a solid block the yield per acre would have been nearly #b1ejj pounds4 ,crowding of the trees in the ,brown tract is becoming serious at #aa years of age with a #be x #be foot spacing4 ,alternate-year bearing is becoming apparent and the stand of trees must be thinned immediately4 ,because of such potential yields and because rather extended storage of nuts of varied keeping quality is now economically possible the future of the chestnut industry in the ,southeast is very promising4 ,the selection and propagation of selected seedlings is desirable as a means of advancing the industry at a more rapid rate4 ,the propagation of selected seedlings offers a problem because of lack of compatibility between some stocks and scions4 ,since the chestnut is almost completely cross-pollinated it may be necessary to develop special plantings of two or three selections as a source of seed nuts for the production of stocks4 ,such plantings might possibly produce seedlings of quite uniform and desirable characteristics1 but this prospect1 is not very promising4 ,certainly1 the evidence points to the conclusion that scion selections must be worked on stocks of the same strains if incompatibility is to be held at a minimum4 ,there is a further problem in the propagation of varieties on seedling rootstocks in the nursery4 ,only one propagator appears to be having much success in this art but others must learn it4 ,topworking of older trees by the inlay bark graft is generally successful and older seedling orchards can be worked over to improved selections without difficulty so long as the stocks are of compatible strains4 ,time will be required to work out the details of the solution for this problem but they will be worked out4 ,in the selection of improved seedlings for propagation the strictest attention should be paid to the important characteristics of tree vigor1 precocity1 productiveness1 nut size1 attractiveness1 and keeping and eating quality1 and type of bur opening4 ,these characteristics have been previously discussed but it is well to emphasise their importance4 ,the tree that comes into bearing at an early age seems likely to be more productive in later years4 ,the nuts should be no smaller than #de nuts to the pound and be attractive to the eye of the buyer4 ,most individuals prefer nuts with a bright and shining surface free of fuzz and with a fairly rich mahogany or chocolate color4 ,keeping quality is1 of course1 of great importance and should be carefully determined4 ,eating quality is generally good but distinctly superior selections may be found in the future4 ,for the most part eating quality is dependent on the proper curing of the nuts4 ,the type of bur opening is more important than usually considered1 as it materially affects the satisfactory harvesting of the nuts4 ,from the commercial standpoint it appears that the most desirable bur should drop from the tree with the nuts still in it but be well split so that the nuts can be readily removed4 ,such a bur type prevents exposure of the enclosed nuts to the hot sun while on the tree and reduces injurious drying to a minimum yet permits rapid gathering of the nuts in the burs for later mechanical separation4 ,nuts that drop free from the burs are more subject to injury by drying and require more hand work in gathering4 ,burs that do not split readily would be more difficult to separate mechanically2 and mechanical aids will be necessary for the economical daily gathering of the nuts in commercial orchards4 ,if is encouraging to note that many of the present new plantings in the ,southeast are being made by orchardists rather than hobbyists4 ,many home owners are planting a few trees but the acceptance of the ,chinese chestnut for commercial production by men already growing other orchard crops portends the future success of the industry4 ,the hobbyist has been of great service and should be given full credit for his far-sighted interest in a crop that now has commercial promise1 especially in the ,southeast4 ,much experimental work is still needed by both ,state and ,federal agencies and by individuals4 ,this work needs be concerned now more with details of refinement rather than with basic possibilities of the crop4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,mr4 ,carroll ,d4 ,bush1 of whom ,i am sure you have often heard and whom very few of you1 including myself1 have met1 of ,grapeview1 ,washington1 will now tell us something about the ,marketing of ,chestnuts on the ,pacific ,coast4 ,mr4 ,bush4 ,marketing ,chestnuts on the ,pacific ,coast ,,carroll ,d4 ,,bush1 ,grapeview1 ,washington ,mr4 ,bush3 ,friends of the ,association3 ,there are so many here that ,i have known through correspondence that ,i have welcomed this opportunity to say something to you today4 ,i don't think that ,i will add very much to anything that has been said4 ,i hope perhaps we will have some ideas from what we have been doing on the ,coast4 ,we were in the nursery business near ,portland1 and during the war we went out of it1 but we are working back in trees again#g1 and all this time we have been preaching the gospel of nut trees1 and we find that we can't preach a gospel unless there is some reward4 ,there is no market for chestnuts in our section of the country1 and yet we had quite a few of them around ,portland4 ,we could not talk about chestnut trees when there was no market4 ,buyers there had been offering as low as three cents a pound or not buying them at all1 and we1 ourselves1 had quite a few nuts to sell4 ,so ,i took a trip up to ,seattle and found a commission man there that would take our nuts and arranged with him1 and we have sent nuts to ,seattle ever since that year and got a very good price4 ,then a neighbor had me send some of his1 and we are still sending nuts4 ,introduced on ,mid-,west ,markets ,the next year through ,carl ,weschcke of ,st4 ,paul ,i got in touch with a reliable ,minneapolis firm4 ,they evidently had been burned and they were somewhat skeptical4 ,they said if we would send a sample there they would look them over4 ,so ,i went out and picked up a mixed sample and shipped to ,minneapolis1 and they said if we could send nuts as good as the sample they could use some4 ,we began to send them4 ,when we shipped them we made sure we sent nuts that were considerably better than the sample1 and the rewards for shipping there were also very good4 ,then we went on to ,chicago1 and we have been shipping to ,chicago over since4 ,at this time ,i am out here to find a little more market for some of the nuts that we have in ,oregon4 ,at first we put the nuts in cold storage at about #cb degrees1 expecting to get a better price on the ,thanksgiving market4 ,we found out that we were making a mistake and that the earliest nuts on the market brought us our best price4 ,so now we are shipping just as early as we can ship4 ,we first adopted the western cranberry box as being open enough to allow a little drying off and tight enough so that it wouldn't allow too much and yet we didn't get any mold4 ,we were very much afraid of that1 because a good many of the ,california chestnuts had molded on the way to market4 ,later we turned to the splint bushel basket1 and lately we have been in favor of the half-bushel basket4 ,there seem to be buyers who don't like to stock up more than a half bushel at a time1 chestnuts being of a rather high price4 ,they dry out too fast4 ,we found that cold storage above #cb degrees keeps chestnuts in good condition with little dry-out4 ,one dealer in ,oregon we know of wraps his cold storage nuts in waterproof paper1 keeps them that way clear on into ,january4 ,a very little mold will develop on chestnuts kept in storage from #cb to #ce degrees1 but not enough so we take any precaution4 ,we have had a few batches that people have stood in sacks on damp nights1 and they started to mold1 especially on the open end1 and we find we can kill the mold with ,clorox4 ,we have just used a little ,clorox in water4 ,we think this would prevent mold from developing on all nuts if they were put through a chlorine bath4 ,we haven't taken the trouble to do that4 ,i might say our walnuts1 and filberts have been put through a chlorine solution1 and1 of course1 after a chlorine solution is used you have to put the nuts through water again and wash that off4 ,we have on our place a nice washer4 ,we have graded the ,european varieties1 which we handle mostly1 into three grades3 standard1 fancy1 and extra fancy1 by size4 ,all our grading has been done by hand1 except we expect to have a simple grader this year4 ,footnote #g3 ,mr4 ,bush informed the secretary by letter1 early in #aidi1 that he did not then have any nursery stock ready for sale at his ,eagle ,creek1 ,oregon1 nursery4 ,from that location about #aj years ago he introduced1 under numbers1 three selections of ,chinese chestnuts grown from seed imported in the early #cj's4 ,two of these1 in #aida1 were named ,abundance and ,honan4 ,the ,abundance is now considered one of the most desirable varieties from ,oklahoma to ,pennsylvania1 while ,honan is slightly less desirable4--,ed4 ,sweet ,nuts ,sell ,faster ,we have a few sweets4 ,all of those on our farms are ,riehl varieties1 hybrids1 ,i think4 ,all of our ,european chestnuts have an astringent pellicle1 heavy with tannic acid4 ,we classify as sweets any of those that have a pellicle that is sweet enough to be eaten4 ,we label these the sweets and mark them as they go into the market4 ,and while1 ,i say1 we don't seem to get a better price for the sweets than for the ,european1 they do sell faster4 ,there are some people in the eastern cities that are grabbing these in preference to the large ones4 ,while the large nuts sell very well1 ,i suppose they go to the ,italians and ,europeans who are used to cooking them1 and out on the ,west ,coast nothing but the large nut goes2 the larger the better4 ,in the ,seattle market we try to send in large nuts4 ,we also grade out all cracks by hand4 ,they mold easily1 and we have a lot of cracked nuts in our climate there1 but we have been able to dispose of all of these through the ,seattle market where they move off very fast and are lower priced4 ,california ,supplies ,distant ,markets ,last winter we went to ,california and looked into the chestnut market there4 ,we found them in the ,sierras and found them growing in the ,coast ,range without irrigation1 but the largest growers were in the ,san ,joaquin ,valley near ,stockton4 ,the largest grove was #cj acres at ,linden owned by ,caesar ,de ,martini4 ,he gave us our best insight into ,california chestnut growing4 ,he used to grade and package his own1 and he still has his cylinder grader4 ,it has three different size holes1 one inch1 one and a quarter and one and a half4 ,anything that goes through the one-inch hole is discarded as a cull4 ,that leaves three sizes1 the size that goes through the one and a quarter1 the one and a half1 and the size that goes out the end1 which is1 of course1 a class of jumbos4 ,all the chestnuts in ,california1 ,i think1 now go to buyers to do the grading and packing much as ,de ,martini worked out4 ,all of the ,california nuts have to be soaked in water just as ,mr4 ,jones does1 as they come to the packer dried out4 ,the largest buyer that we found in ,california shipped about seven carloads1 and he shipped them all over the world1 the ,philippines1 ,honolulu1 ,alaska1 and other places where the chestnut hasn't been growing4 ,early ,autumn ,best ,marketing ,season ,now1 ,i am going to sum up what our experience has been and what we recommend as general from our experience4 ,your experience may be different4 ,we clean the nuts1 wash them1 if necessary1 grade them2 large and small nuts do not sell well together4 ,we would pack in baskets1 half bushel for sweets4 ,we are trying to make that half bushel basket the mark of the sweet nut in the markets where we sell1 so that when a buyer comes in there and sees a half bushel basket he knows that's sweets4 ,then we ship as wet as possible1 and they dry out on the way4 ,and just as fast as we can get those nuts off the ground we pack them and ship them4 ,our greatest trouble now is1 of course1 the imported chestnut4 ,they are beginning to come in in great quantities1 and they hit the market in ,chicago last year at about the #bjth of ,october1 and we tried to beat that line if we possibly can with our nuts1 because just the minute the carloads of chestnuts come in on the ,east ,coast the market drops right down4 ,without question we could use some of the preparations that we use on filberts to put a gloss on the chestnut1 run them through1 ,i think it is a paraffin mixture1 put a gloss on the shell and give us a better chestnut in the market1 make it look nicer and1 of course1 make it sell better4 ,stick-tight ,burs ,preferred for ,pacific ,coast ,i disagree1 ,i think1 with two of the former speakers in regard to the chestnut that falls free from the bur4 ,i would prefer a chestnut that sticks tight to the bur4 ,we have threshers out there that thresh them out4 ,we can pick up those nuts in the bur with a shovel or fork1 throw them into the wagon1 take them in the wagon1 thresh them out4 ,you have a cleaner nut1 you don't have to pick around on the ground with rubber gloves that we use1 which is easy enough1 but it certainly adds a great deal of work as compared to threshing them out easily after they are once picked up4 ,i thank you4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,thank you1 ,mr4 ,bush4 ,we are glad to have that western angle4 ,it is going to be very useful to us4 ,next on the program is a paper on the ,control of the ,chestnut ,weevil1 the author of which is absent1 but ,i believe ,mr4 ,gravatt is going to read that4 ,chestnut ,weevils and ,their ,control with ,,ddt ,e4 ,r4 ,,van ,,leeuwen ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,agricultural ,research ,administration1 ,bureau of ,entomology and ,plant ,quarantine1 ,division of ,fruit ,insect ,investigations4 ,failure of the ,american chestnut to resist the chestnut blight has resulted in the planting of a few blight-resistant species obtained from foreign lands4 ,these foreign chestnuts would now be planted more extensively in certain districts1 were it not for the fact that the nuts are injured by two species of weevils1 for which heretofore there has been no practical control4 ,the #aidg season marks the fourth year of the experimental use of ,,ddt for control of the chestnut weevils4 ,during these years our knowledge of the spray and how best to use it has been advanced by conducting laboratory and field tests4 ,unfortunately1 few chestnut orchards now exist in the ,eastern ,states1 and the scattered plantings consist mostly of a large number of ,asiatic seedlings1 some of which had to be top-worked to other ,asiatic species and varieties4 ,many of these trees are grown for ornamental1 shade1 or timber purposes rather than for nut production4 ,owing to these conditions and to a series of spring frosts since #aide1 it has been impossible to conduct insecticide experiments on an adequate basis of replicated plats4 ,although much is to be learned regarding time of application of the sprays and the proper dosage1 the use of ,,ddt can be recommended as a standard practice1 because it has proved highly valuable in protecting chestnut trees from heavy losses due to the chestnut weevil4 ,it is the purpose of this paper to discuss some of the experiments that have been made with ,,ddt and the observations made on the time of egg deposition4 ,nature and ,extent of ,injury ,the worms attacking chestnuts are the larvae of two very similar species of weevils1 one larger than the other4 ,the adults are medium-sized beetles having extremely long1 slender beaks4 ,with these they drill through the husk of the nuts1 making openings through which they insert their eggs into the nuts4 ,from these eggs the familiar worms develop4 ,weevil injury varies greatly in different chestnut-growing localities4 ,it is not unusual for #ej to #ge percent of the nuts to be wormy1 and often infestation reaches #ij to #ajj per cent4 ,the small weevil does the most damage1 but there are indications that this may not always be true4 ,because the mouth parts of the adult are situated at the end of an extremely long and slender beak1 it can obtain most of its food from beneath the surface of the host plant4 ,for this reason1 stomach poisons applied to trees have not been eaten by these weevils1 and hence have been of no practical value4 ,as ,,ddt kills by contact1 it is necessary only for the body of the insect to come in contact with ,,ddt4 ,life ,histories of the ,weevils ,in the vicinity of ,beltsville1 ,md41 the adults of the large chestnut weevil#h leave the soil about ,august #ae4 ,the date will vary1 of course1 with season and locality4 ,both males and females soon begin to feed by piercing the burs with their long beaks4 ,mating begins soon after the weevils collect on the trees1 and egg laying follows shortly4 ,the eggs hatch within a few days and the worms develop within the nut4 ,a few of the worms will complete their growth and leave before the nuts fall1 but most of them emerge from the nuts after they have fallen4 ,the worms then enter the soil1 where they build cells and remain until they change to pupae the following summer4 ,this weevil has a one-year cycle1 or one generation a year4 ,the life history of the small chestnut weevil#i is somewhat similar1 except that in the vicinity of ,beltsville the weevils leave the soil late in ,may or early in ,june1 when the trees are in bloom4 ,several weeks later the females deposit eggs in the nuts4 ,at ,beltsville1 egg laying begins late in ,august and continues for several weeks4 ,after the nuts have fallen from the tree1 the full-grown larvae leave them and enter the soil4 ,earthen cells are constructed at a depth of #d to #ab inches1 where some of the larvae remain for two winters4 ,the small chestnut weevil completes its life cycle in two years1 and a small percentage requires three years1 whereas the large chestnut weevil completes its transformation from egg to adult in one year4 ,the large weevils pass the winter as larvae1 whereas the small weevils pass one winter as larvae and the second winter as adults4 ,with the few individuals of the small weevil which require three years for transformation1 the first two winters are passed in the ground as larvae and the third in the same location as adults4 ,this habit of the small weevil complicates control measures1 as one season's spraying with ,,ddt does not reduce the entire infestation of weevils4 ,footnote #h3 ,curculio proboscideus ,fab4 ,proper ,time for ,spray ,applications ,application of ,,ddt sprays at the proper time is very important4 ,an examination in #aidd of many unopened chestnut burs disclosed the fact that eggs of the small chestnut weevil were being deposited many weeks before the burs would open4 ,it was also noted that great numbers of the larvae were leaving the nuts soon after the burs cracked open4 ,evidently these full-grown larvae had hatched from eggs deposited several weeks before the burs split4 ,in #aide1 #aidf1 and #aidg1 cloth bags were tied over developing burs at various intervals during the season to prevent further egg laying in the nuts4 ,at harvest time1 the bags were removed and the nuts examined4 ,occasionally adults were hidden among the spines of the burs and were inadvertently enclosed in the bags2 therefore1 all nuts in bags containing female adults that might have continued ovipositing were discarded4 ,the data in ,table #a show the approximate time prior to which the nuts were infested4 ,because of difficulty in obtaining sufficient burs for bagging1 and other orchard conditions1 the results of these studies were far from conclusive4 ,they indicated1 however1 that many eggs had been deposited in the nuts before the burs had reached maturity4 ,they also suggested that the seasonal histories of the two species are closely parallel4 ,at ,glenn ,dale1 ,md41 and ,fairfax1 ,va41 the small weevils predominated1 constituting about #fi to #ij per cent of the total numbers taken4 ,at ,elkton1 ,md41 only #db per cent of the weevils were of the small species4 ,footnote #i3 ,curculio auriger ,casey4 ,table #a4 ,results of studies to determine the time of oviposition of the chestnut weevils4 ,nuts ,infested with ,date of ,total ,small ,large ,wormy ,bagging ,nuts ,chestnut ,chestnut ,nuts ,nuts ,bagged ,weevil ,weevil ,year and ,orchard ,number ,number ,number ,percent #aide ,july #i #eb #b #e #ac ,glenn ,dale1 ,md4 ,aug4 #a #df #d #b #ac ,aug4 #ae #ajg #ah #aa #bg ,fairfax1 ,va4 ,aug4 #ba #aaj #bb #ac #cb ,sept4 #ab #abc #fc #aa #fj #aidf ,july #ab #fe #j #j ,glenn ,dale1 ,md4 ,july #ah #dj #j #j ,july #bf #fg #j #j ,aug4 #a #ga #j #j ,aug4 #i #bi #a #j #c ,aug4 #ad #hh #c #b #f ,aug4 #bc #ec #ah #b #ch ,aug4 #bi #ec #bc #aa #fd ,fairfax1 ,va4 ,july #bf #ih #j #j #j ,aug4 #ae #afh #j #j #j ,sept4 #d #afd #aci #af #ie #aidg ,aug4 #ae #ed #e #a #aa ,glenn ,dale1 ,md4 ,aug4 #be #ch #h #j #ba ,sept4 #b #bd #g #a #cc ,sept4 #i #db #ah #d #eb ,sept4 #ae #ef #bi #g #fd ,sept4 #bb #ij #bg #aa #fd ,sept4 #bi #adc #hc #bb #gc ,fairfax1 ,va4 ,aug4 #bf #ce #i #a #bi ,sept4 #aj #eh #be #d #ej ,sept4 #bh #ej #ce #g #hd ,oct4 #g #bag #agg #bb #ib ,elkton1 ,md4 ,aug4 #ba #aci #aa #ac #ag ,sept4 #d #hc #bb #be #eg ,sept4 #ah #aaf #ba #ce #dh ,oct4 #a #ajh #ca #dd #fi ,spray ,experiments in #aidd ,shortly after adults of the large chestnut weevil first appeared in the orchards in #aidd1 six trees isolated from other chestnuts were selected for treatment4 ,five trees were sprayed with from #a to #e pounds of technical ,,ddt plus #a_/b pound of sodium lauryl sulfate to #ajj gallons of water1 and the sixth tree was left untreated as a check4 ,a thorough application of a coarse1 drenching spray at a pressure of #djj pounds per square inch was used in an attempt to force the ,,ddt between the many spines of the burs4 ,the ,,ddt used was very coarse1 and difficulty was experienced in getting a proper suspension4 ,this formula was used1 however1 in preference to one which contained other ingredients that might have formed a protective coating over the particles of ,,ddt4 ,heavy rains prevented later spray applications4 ,adult weevils obtained by jarring untreated trees were then confined in screen cages placed over the lower branches of the trees4 ,at the end of each cage was a cloth sleeve which was tied to the limb to hold the cage in place4 ,the treatments used and the results are given in ,table #b4 ,table #b4 ,percentage mortality of chestnut weevils placed in field cages on trees at different intervals after they had been sprayed with with ,,ddt1 #aidd4 ,strength of ,,ddt 7lb4 per ,small ,chestnut ,weevil ,large ,chestnut ,weevil #ajj gal47 #dh ,hrs4 #if ,hrs4 #add ,hrs4 #dh ,hrs4 #if ,hrs4 #add ,hrs4 #a #j #fa #ajj #be #ej #ajj #b #ai #fi #ajj #j #cd #ajj #c #d #ej #ajj #j #dj #ajj #d #bg #hg #ajj #j #ej #ajj #e #ah #ej #ajj #cj #df #ajj ,check #j #j #j #j #g #g ,although the results obtained the first few days in the cages containing treated foliage were somewhat irregular1 because of the small numbers of tests made1 all weevils were killed within #f days4 ,the results indicate definitely that ,,ddt is toxic to the adults of both species of weevils4 ,no consistent differences between species were noted4 ,as the matured nuts dropped from the treated trees1 daily collections were made1 and one-third of each collection was used as a sample in determining the percentage of wormy nuts4 ,at the time the nuts drop1 the holes in the shell through which the eggs were inserted are very difficult to detect4 ,the nuts were therefore held in wire baskets to permit most of the larvae to emerge before the final examination4 ,all nuts not showing exit holes were cut open to find out whether they were wormy4 ,the marked increase in clean nuts after all treatments indicates that ,,ddt is a promising insecticide for use against the weevils4 ,the treatment and infestation records for the sprayed trees and the check tree are given in ,table #c1 which also includes the results obtained in later years4 ,spray ,experiments #aide to #aidg ,spring frosts in #aide destroyed #ie per cent of the crop of chestnuts in the ,eastern ,states4 ,only six trees of different species and ages in the ,government orchard at ,glenn ,dale1 had sufficient nuts for experimental purposes4 ,applications of a #ej per cent ,,ddt wettable powder in the proportions of #d and #f pounds plus #a_/b gallon of summer oil as a sticker to #ajj gallons of water were made on ,august #bj and ,september #i4 ,spring frosts again damaged the orchards in #aidf1 destroying about #hj per cent of the possible chestnut crop1 and leaving only eight trees in the ,government orchard that were suitable for experimental purposes4 ,the remaining trees having a small scattered crop were disregarded4 ,a mixture consisting of equal parts by weight of ,,ddt and kaolin #da was used in the strength of #b pounds of ,,ddt to #ajj gallons of water4 ,the time and number of applications were varied4 ,table #c4 ,results of spray tests with ,,ddt against chestnut weevils1 #aidd-aidg4 ,larvae ,emerging from ,sample ,reduction ,nuts ,small ,large ,wormy of ,,ddt 7per ,application in ,chestnut ,chestnut ,nuts ,injured #ajj gal47 ,sample ,weevil ,weevil ,nuts ,year ,pounds ,number ,number ,number ,percent ,percent ,government ,orchard1 ,glenn ,dale1 ,md4 #aidd #a ,aug4 #ad #ecc #ahif #ba #dd #db #b #fdf #djb #de #be #fg #c #gab #dba #e #ah #gf #d #iea #had #e #bb #ga #e #ahdd #hej #aj #af #gi #j #igf #cbch #ajj #gf #aide #b ,aug4 #bj ,sept4 #i #ffj #dcd #ch #cj #eg #c #cje #bhe #eh #bb #fi #j #big #aafd #fa #gj #aidf #b ,aug4 #ae #cj1 ,sept4 #aa #fba #aca #ab #i #ij #b ,aug4 #ae #cj #cga #aga #bc #ai #gi #b ,aug4 #cj ,sept4 #aa #bib #hg #ba #bf #ga #b ,aug4 #ae ,sept4 #aa #idi #eec #aij #dc #ec #b ,aug4 #cj #abfg #adjg #ih #dc #ec #b ,aug4 #ae #abab #cbjg #ff #dc #ec #b ,sept4 #aa #cfh #ahcb #ec #eh #cf #j #hgj #ecfd #acd #ia #aidg #b ,aug4 #ac #bi1 ,sept4 #ab #djhd #chag #bcd #cj #ff #b ,aug4 #ac #bi #bfah #dbee #aea #eb #dj #b ,sept4 #ab #cjbi #idih #djb #gi #i #b ,aug4 #ac #bfci #ejdi #aih #ea #da #j #igd #dgad #aba #hg ,van ,reynolds ,orchard1 ,elkton1 ,md4 #aidg #b ,aug4 #ba1 ,sept4 #d #ah #aaec #bfd #fd #ad #hd #b ,sept4 #d #ah #cch #e #aah #fg #bc #b ,aug4 #ba ,sept4 #ah #adi #ah #ei #cd #fa #b ,aug4 #ba ,sept4 #d #ffi #ajb #ab #ea #da #b ,sept4 #ah #cbd #fc #abi #gg #aa #b ,sept4 #d #bgj #cjc #fg #ef #cf #b ,aug4 #ba #ejj #aib #abg #eg #cd #j #cch #aeb #aah #hg ,sprays containing ,,ddt were applied in two orchards in #aidg1 the ,government orchard at ,glenn ,dale1 and the ,van ,reynolds orchard at ,elkton1 ,md4 ,spring frosts injured #ej per cent of the chestnut crop at ,glenn ,dale and #gj per cent at ,elkton1 and as a result only a few trees suitable for tests were available4 ,the remaining trees were not sprayed4 ,four pounds of the standard mixture of equal parts of ,,ddt and kaolin were used to #ajj gallons of water in all applications4 ,in ,table #c will be found information on the quantities of ,,ddt used1 the schedules followed1 and the results obtained during the period #aidd through #aidg4 ,these results indicate clearly the effectiveness of ,,ddt in chestnut weevil control1 in spite of numerous discrepancies brought about by the small number and variability of the trees available for the tests4 ,as might be expected1 programs of three applications were more effective than those of only one or two4 ,of the single applications1 those put on during the latter half of ,august were much more effective than those made during the first half of ,september1 presumably because most of the eggs had been laid by the early part of ,september4 ,these experiments gave fairly exact information on the relative abundance of the two species of weevils4 ,at ,glenn ,dale the small chestnut weevil constituted #ib to #ih per cent of the population2 at ,elkton1 #fa per cent4 ,the matured nuts that fell from count trees were collected daily1 and one-third of each lot collected was used as a sample for determining the percentage of wormy nuts4 ,it was possible1 therefore1 to obtain a rough estimate of the numbers of larvae produced on each tree4 ,in #aidf1 from #a1hfc nuts on a tree sprayed three times1 #dbi larvae emerged2 and from a comparable unsprayed tree having #b1faj nuts #af1did larvae emerged4 ,in #aidg1 #a1cej larvae were produced on #i trees with an average crop of #a1cfa nuts sprayed three times1 compared with #ad1eje larvae from #b1ibb nuts on an unsprayed tree4 ,these figures indicate that ,,ddt sprays bring about large decreases in the numbers of weevils and that the proper use of ,,ddt sprays on all host trees over a period of a few years would doubtless reduce the infestation to a point where fewer applications would be necessary for effective control of the chestnut weevils4 ,tentative ,recommendations ,for the benefit of those who wish to try ,,ddt for chestnut weevil control1 the following tentative recommendation is made3 ,thoroughly apply to all parts of the tree #b pounds of ,,ddt in #ajj gallons of water4 ,for example1 use #d pounds of a wettable powder that contains #ej per cent of ,,ddt1 or #h pounds of one that contains #be per cent of ,,ddt4 ,make three applications1 the first about #cj days before the first nut is due to drop1 and the second and third after intervals of #ab days4 ,unless the entire bur1 especially that portion near the stem end where most of the feeding punctures are made1 is thoroughly covered with a film of ,,ddt1 the weevils may feed without being affected by the insecticide4 ,in handling ,,ddt1 one should use the same care as with such well-known poisons as lead arsenate1 ,paris green1 calcium arsenate1 and nicotine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,i might say that ,mr4 ,van ,leeuwen has used only a small section of our experimental orchard1 and right near-by would be large sections not used4 ,the weevils are not killed quickly by the ,,ddt1 they are somewhat resistant1 and so we think quite a number of weevils come over and deposit eggs before they are killed by this ,,ddt1 because they don't lose any time getting to work on the nuts4 ,he hopes to have much better results where the entire orchard is sprayed4 ,this year we sprayed our entire orchard twice1 and it is a real pleasure to go out there now and gather up nuts and not be eating weevils when we do eat them4 ,president ,davidson3 ,well1 ,mr4 ,gravatt will now give us a talk on ,diseases ,affecting the ,success of ,tree ,crop ,plantings1 and ,i am sure we all are on our toes to hear about that4 ,mr4 ,gravatt4 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,i only ask a few minutes to show a few slides4 7,slides shown47 ,diseases ,affecting the ,success of ,tree ,crop ,plantings ,g4 ,f4 ,,gravatt and ,,donald ,c4 ,,stout ,division of ,forest ,pathology1 ,plant ,industry ,station1 ,beltsville1 ,maryland4 ,mass plantings of many trees of the same kind frequently result in an increase in the severity of insect pests and diseases4 ,leaf diseases1 for instance1 spread quickly through such plantings when weather conditions favor growth of the causal organisms4 ,plants on sites unfavorable to a specific tree species also are responsible for disease increases4 ,chinese chestnuts grown on a site where they are subject to early-fall and late-spring frosts will fail4 ,not only will crops be reduced by the killing of buds or blooms1 but the twigs1 or even whole trees1 may be killed by freezing4 ,the blight fungus develops rapidly on such injured trees and may mislead people into thinking that the blight fungus is the primary cause of the killing4 ,still another factor that determines the damage by diseases1 and thus the success or failure of nut tree plantings1 is the ignoring of soil and fertilizer requirements4 ,trees weakened by drought1 because they are on a site having a soil too shallow for good root growth1 are much more subject to attack even by weakly parasitic fungi than those growing on a site with deeper soil4 ,innumerable dying twigs and branches with fungi growing on them are sent to the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture or ,state experiment stations with requests that the disease be identified1 when the real trouble is lack of water for the roots4 ,weak trees are much more subject to winter injury than vigorous ones4 ,trees require a good supply of plant food materials and water to produce profitable crops4 ,tho heaviest bearing chestnut trees we have observed were grown in an irrigated orchard in ,california and in a poultry yard in the ,east where chicken droppings actually formed a mulch under the trees4 ,however1 if you wish to kill a young chestnut tree quickly1 just apply a very heavy application of chicken manure2 the point is that trees must become adjusted to chicken manure by gradual applications4 ,another way to damage a tree is to keep it growing late in the fall by cultivation and fertilizers so that it does not harden off properly4 ,many plantings1 representing heavy investments1 fail because of lack of organic matter in the soil4 ,this is related to water-holding and water-supplying capacity of the soil1 and lack of proper fertilizer4 ,dr4 ,harley ,l4 ,crane and his assistants1 in their work with tung and pecan trees1 have shown the vital need for certain elements on some soils4 ,trees weakened by the lack of these elements are early prey for some diseases4 ,the element most frequently deficient is nitrogen1 but sometimes boron1 copper1 or iron is lacking2 or the elements are not in balance1 because of the excess of some1 or the lack of others4 ,by adjusting the various soil1 water1 and site factors necessary for a continuous1 vigorous growth of trees1 many so-called disease conditions are eliminated4 ,many fungi and viruses1 however1 will attack trees in the pink of condition2 a few of the more important of these are treated in the following sections4 ,chestnut ,blight ,the destruction by blight of the native stands of the ,american chestnut1 and of the small eastern orchard industry based on ,european and ,american chestnuts and their hybrids is almost complete4 ,blight has been found in the planted ,european chestnut orchards of the ,pacific ,coast from time to time1 but it has been kept under control by eradication4 ,chestnut trees or nuts from the eastern ,states1 where blight is common1 should not be shipped into the ,rocky ,mountain or ,pacific ,coast ,states4 ,finding the ,asiatic chestnuts resistant to the blight1 the ,division of ,forest ,pathology sent ,r4 ,kent ,beattie to ,asia to make selections of chestnuts for introduction into this country4 ,later ,peter ,liu1 a ,chinese collector who worked with ,mr4 ,beattie1 continued to select ,chinese chestnuts for introduction4 ,these introductions1 together with the earlier ones made by the ,division of ,plant ,exploration and ,introduction1 were grown at ,chico1 ,calif41 ,savannah1 ,ga41 and ,bell1 or ,glenn ,dale1 ,md4 ,altogether some #cjj1jjj chestnut trees1 of pure species and hybrids1 were distributed to cooperators for forest and orchard plantings4 7,fig4 #a47 ,these constituted a fine lot of material from many parts of ,asia as a basis for selecting the best ones for our use4 ,private nurseries and ,state game and forestry departments are now growing these chestnuts and the ,division of ,forest ,pathology has discontinued general distribution of trees to cooperators4 ,chinese chestnuts have proved to be the most valuable for forest1 orchard and ornamental use4 ,the ,japanese chestnut is being discriminated against because of the poor quality of its nuts4 ,orchardists having mixed plantings containing ,japanese chestnuts are advised to top work the trees or remove them1 if the seed is to be used for plantings4 ,in fact1 for orchard plantings1 nuts should be used only from the best individual trees of the ,chinese chestnut4 ,the ,chinese chestnut should be planted on sites with good air drainage as it is very susceptible to injury from early-fall or late-spring freezes4 ,many persons think their trees have been killed by the blight when the primary cause of the trouble was injury to the trunk by freezing followed by growth of the blight organism over the injured parts4 ,this fungus may grow for many years in the outer layers of the bark without doing any material damage to the tree4 ,an important factor in resistance of the ,chinese chestnuts to the blight is to keep the trees growing vigorously4 ,avoid late growth in the fall as this favors fall freezing damage4 ,illustration3 ,figure #a4--;,f#a hybrids between the ,chinese chestnut and the ,american chestnut4 ,nut ,spoilage ,in the ,southern ,states one of the most serious problems with some selections of the ,chinese chestnut is the spoilage of the nuts4 ,marvin ,e4 ,fowler made a study of this trouble at ,savannah1 ,ga41 and found that most of the trouble in that restricted area was caused by a ,gleoesporium-like fungus that infects the nuts at the tip4#aj ,because spraying experiments did not give control1 the more susceptible trees have been removed4 ,in most parts of the ,south1 however1 this fungus is not the primary cause of nut spoilage and the limited work so far carried out has not revealed the cause4 ,part of the trouble may be due to physiological break-down4 ,as individual trees vary greatly in susceptibility to this deterioration of the nuts1 orchardists are advised to top work or eliminate the more susceptible trees4 ,some people have believed that exposure of the nuts to the hot sun while in the bur or on the ground may cause damage4 ,the market for ,chinese chestnuts can be ruined by shipping nuts that are partly spoiled by the time they reach the consumer4 ,footnote #aj3 ,gravatt1 ,g4 ,f41 and ,marvin ,e4 ,fowler4 ,diseases of chestnut trees and nuts4 ,northern ,nut ,growers ,assoc4 ,rept4 7#aidj7 #ca3 #aaj-aac4 #aida4 ,phytophthora ,root ,disease of ,chestnut ,phytophthora root disease1 caused by ,phytophthora cinnamomi1 is treated briefly here1 and interested nut growers can consult the detailed earlier article4#aa ,briefly1 this fungus is considered as introduced into this country over a hundred years ago4 ,it killed the chestnut and chinkapin growth over large areas in the southern ,states4 ,asiatic chestnuts are highly resistant to this disease1 and when grown on well-drained soils have not been damaged4 ,our test plantings of ,chinese chestnuts growing in the same soils where susceptible trees of ,american and ,european chestnuts were killed1 continue to make a vigorous growth4 ,the ,european and ,american chestnuts and their hybrids growing in the western ,states are in danger from this fungus as it has now been reported in the ,west4 ,this same fungus sometimes kills thousands of young nursery trees of the black walnut1 but these epidemics are usually brought on by unusual weather conditions4 ,poor soil aeration1 induced by excessive rainfall and poor drainage1 makes ideal conditions for damage to the walnut and other hosts by ,phytophthora4 ,even the very resistant ,chinese chestnut roots are invaded by the fungus when the soil remains waterlogged for extended periods4 ,brooming ,disease of ,walnut ,a systemic brooming disease1 observed on planted walnuts as early as #aiag1 has been the subject of considerable discussion during recent years1 because it has now spread widely into the native black walnut growth4 ,in #aicb ,waite published that he had been observing the disease for some #ae years but that it was unknown on the black walnut in the wild in this country or on planted trees away from the ,japanese walnut4 ,the disease has continued to increase in prevalence in recent years and is now widely distributed in native black walnut growth in ,tennessee1 ,virginia1 ,district of ,columbia1 ,maryland1 ,delaware1 and ,new ,jersey4 ,this extensive spread into the native growth during the last #ae or #bj years and the fact that reports indicate that all of the early cases of the disease were found near nursery-grown trees offer some evidence that the disease is an importation from another area or continent into the eastern black walnut zone4 ,from the literature and oral reports1 it seems that the disease is now present also in ,north ,carolina1 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 and ,michigan4 ,surveys probably would uncover the disease among native wild and planted walnuts in other ,states4 ,footnote #aa3 ,crandall1 ,b4 ,s41 ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt1 and ,m4 ,m4 ,ryan4 ,root diseases of ,castanea species and some coniferous and broadleaf nursery stocks1 caused by ,phytophthora cinnamomi4 ,phytopathology #ce3 #afb-ahj4 ,illus4 #aide4 ,economic ,importance and ,hosts ,the black walnut is a valuable native forest tree1 widely but not abundantly distributed in the eastern ,united ,states4 ,it is extensively planted as a forest tree4 ,the numerous plantings and natural stands around farm homes1 along fences1 and in pastures are also very valuable4 ,more and more grafted ornamentals1 and orchards of black walnut are being planted4 ,for these the per-tree investment is high4 ,illustration3 ,figure #b4--,the brooming disease of walnut4 ,severe brooming on ,japanese walnut4 ,the ultimate effect of the brooming disease on the black walnut is not known4 ,dr4 ,waite stated1 ,trees even moderately attacked soon become worthless for nut production4 ,some affected black walnut trees1 however1 continue to produce small crops of nuts4 ,visible symptoms have been known to disappear4 ,in addition1 some seedlings1 and probably large trees also1 are infected without showing symptoms4 ,such observations indicate the complex nature of the disease4 ,detailed studies are needed1 but at present this ,division is not in position to do more than limited1 part-time work on the disease4 ,the butternut1 a widely distributed forest tree of minor importance1 is seriously injured or killed by this disease4 ,the disease severely damages or kills the ,japanese walnut1 which has been planted to a limited extent but is of little importance4 ,according to ,dr4 ,waite's report1 the ,persian1 or ,english1 walnut is attacked1 but very few trees of this species are planted in the eastern ,states4 ,precautions should be taken to prevent the introduction of this disease into areas where it is not now present1 particularly the western states4 ,symptoms expressed by infected trees are viruslike1 and ,hutchins and ,wester#ab were able to produce the brooming symptoms on a small number of trees by means of bark patch grafts1 indicating that the brooming disease probably is caused by a virus4 ,illustration3 ,figure #c4--;,brooming disease on black walnut4 ,ascending type1 upright1 sucker growth is typical of this species4 ,description of ,symptoms ,the entire range of symptoms of the brooming disease has not been determined4 ,symptoms are recognizable during mid-,july but they are most pronounced during ,september and ,october4 ,curling and cupping of leaflets1 chlorosis1 narrowing and basal tapering of leaflets appear to be associated with early stages of the disease4 ,on severely affected trees there are distinct broomlike growths at branch terminals1 along primary or secondary branches1 or on the main stem to the ground line 7,fig4 #b74 ,the broomlike growths are formed by the continuing abnormal development of normally located buds into short1 succulent branches4 ,upright1 suckerlike branches appear on primary and secondary branches and on the main stem of the affected tree4 7,fig4 #c74 ,the broomed parts usually die back during the dormant period following their appearance4 ,the dead brooms on trees that appear to be healthy during the early months of the growing-season indicate that the trees are infected4 ,usually the diseased trees1 even those severely affected1 exhibit normal growth during the early summer months4 ,evidence that walnut trees may be infected for a considerable time prior to appearance of recognizable symptoms was obtained when #cg per cent of a total of #cjj severely pruned trees exhibited brooming disease symptoms4 ,these trees had looked healthy until they were pruned4 ,unpruned control trees showed a #d per cent increase in disease during the same period4 ,footnote #ab3 ,hutchins1 ,lee ,m41 and ,horace ,v4 ,wester4 ,graft-transmissible brooming disease of walnut4 ,phytopathology4 #cg 7#a73 #aa4 7,abstract7 #aidg4 ,summary ,there is strong evidence that a virus disease is active among certain species of walnut in central and eastern ,united ,states4 ,the disease exhibits distinctive symptoms and appears to damage infected trees1 sometimes severely1 over several growing seasons4 ,present data indicate that recognizable symptoms of the disease may not appear for some time after infection1 unless the host is subjected to severe shock4 ,thus1 nursery stock may be one means of spreading the disease into new areas4 ,it is recommended1 without experimental work to back up the recommendation1 that walnut nurserymen remove infected trees in the vicinity of their nursery sites4 ,investigation of this disease to the present time has been limited4 ,general observations indicate that severely broomed trees produce poor nut crops4 ,mortality caused by the disease appears to be quite low among black walnut trees4 ,butternut and ,japanese walnut trees are1 in general1 more severely affected by the disease than the black walnut and many seem to be killed by it1 although the killing process is slow4 ,as a result of experience with other virus diseases1 orchardists who have only a few infected trees among their black walnuts are advised to remove them4 ,whether the disease can be kept under control by repeated roguing is uncertain4 ,if an owner has just a few trees of value as ornamentals as well as nut producers1 one hesitates to advise him to remove a lightly infected tree until more information is obtained concerning the disease4 ,this ,division will welcome information from persons having experience with the brooming disease of walnut1 as it is in a position to do only a limited amount of work on the disease4 ,persimmon ,wilt ,persimmon wilt is very destructive to the native persimmon 7,fig4 #d74 ,it is caused by the fungus ,cephalosporium diospyri1 which was described in #aide by ,bowen ,s4 ,crandall#ac4 ,the fungus grows in the wood of the trees1 producing discolored streaks4 ,most trees are rapidly killed1 with yellow1 wilted leaves making quite a contrast to the normal green trees4 ,this disease was found in spots from central ,tennessee south to the ,gulf1 east into ,florida1 and up the coast into ,north ,carolina4 ,the ,american persimmon seemed to be in danger1 as this quickly killing disease appeared to be spreading4 ,the limited work on this disease was discontinued because of the war and the transfer of ,mr4 ,crandall to ,peru4 ,however1 this summer ,mr4 ,crandall and the senior writer spent two weeks surveying some of the old infections and nearby territory1 and were pleased to note that the disease had made very little progress into new territory4 ,on several small areas where the disease was present some six years ago practically all of the larger trees had been killed1 but some new small trees were coming up4 ,at ,chattanooga ,national ,park1 where the wilt was rampant about six years ago1 it is continuing to kill trees1 but many new ones are coming up4 ,no northward extension of the disease in ,tennessee or ,north ,carolina was noted in the limited time spent in inspection4 ,illustration3 ,figure #d4--,small persimmon trees killed by the wilt4 ,what does the disease mean to the grower of grafted persimmons1 both native and ,oriental8 ,the ,japanese or ,chinese persimmons do not grow as well on their own roots1 although they are quite safe that way as these two species are very resistant to the wilt4 ,in the ,east1 most of the ,oriental persimmons are grafted on ,american root stocks1 and trees in one case were killed by the wilt fungus getting in on the susceptible root stock4 ,no attempts to control the wilt have been made1 and these recommendations are based on procedure with other diseases and on knowledge of the spore production of this fungus4 ,an owner of a valuable planting of grafted trees in a region where the disease is present should watch his trees for the first indication of trouble4 ,the planting will be safer1 if there are no nearby native trees2 and if native trees are growing nearby and cannot be removed1 they should be given a general inspection4 ,prompt removal and burning of any infected trees found is advisable4 ,the fact that usually fungus spore production does not take place until after the tree has been dead for a while makes the prospect for control better than with most diseases4 ,care should be taken not to bring in scions or trees from infected areas4 ,most members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association have only a few grafted persimmon trees1 usually located outside of the infected zone and therefore in little danger4 ,persimmon scions and trees should not be shipped from infected to healthy regions4 ,the disease has not been reported in nurseries1 but it could occur there because it attacks small trees4 ,footnote #ac3 ,crandall1 ,bowen ,s4 ,a new species of ,cephalosporium causing persimmon wilt4 ,mycologia #cg 7#d73 #die-dih4 #aide4 ,thyronectria ,disease of ,honeylocust ,honeylocust is widely distributed both in native stands and in plantations4 ,some farmers plant this species or leave native trees in their pastures for the pods1 which have a high sugar content1 up to #ch per cent4 ,j4 ,c4 ,moore1 of the ,alabama ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 reported preliminary tests indicating a per-acre yield of livestock feed equal to that of oats4 ,in many areas the growth of honeylocust is seriously affected by a canker and twig fungus1 ,thyronectria austro-americana4 ,the disease often kills many twigs and branches and sometimes results in death of the tree4 ,in most areas it causes only slight injury4 ,bowen ,s4 ,crandall and ,jesse ,d4 ,diller have made a few observations on the prevalence and damage by this disease1 which is present from ,new ,england south into the ,gulf ,states and west into the ,great ,plains ,states4 ,the fungus causing this disease is morphologically somewhat similar to the chestnut blight fungus1 having two spore stages produced in reddish-brown pinhead-size fruiting bodies on the bark4 ,cankers are produced on the smaller branches1 but they usually are not noted until some of the affected ones wilt and die4 ,in the exposed outer wood of a branch cut above or below the canker there are reddish-brown streaks several inches long1 indicating that the fungus has grown in the vascular system4 ,as no control experiments are known1 recommendations are based on general knowledge of sanitation4 ,if an owner has only a few valuable planted trees1 he should cut off the diseased parts a foot or more back from the lower edge of the affected bark and burn or bury them in the soil4 ,if he has many trees scattered over extensive pasture areas1 it is questionable whether any action other than elimination of the more susceptible trees is justified4 ,we will be interested in the results obtained from control work4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,now ,i will turn over the chairmanship of the meeting to ,mr4 ,chase1 who will have charge of the ,round ,table ,discussion4 ,round ,table ,discussion on ,chestnut ,problems ,,spencer ,b4 ,,chase1 ,presiding ,panel of ,experts3 ,max ,e4 ,hardy1 ,carroll ,d4 ,bush1 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel4 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,gentlemen1 in the last hour and a half we have heard perhaps more about chestnuts from qualified specialists than we will ever hear in any meeting of ours1 and we requested each one to withhold questions until this point4 ,so now we will have some questions from the floor1 please4 ,mr4 ,slate3 ,what is the present status of breeding chestnut species for timber purposes8 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,the prospects are coming along4 ,we have one cross between a none-too-promising ,chinese chestnut and an ,american chestnut1 with a good bunch of hybrids and they are different from other hybrids4 ,it looks like they will stand up against blight4 ,they will have blight canker growth from #aj feet down to the ground but it doesn't go into the cambium region4 ,it is too early to evaluate the hybrids1 but they do have the upright form and rapid growth of the ,american chestnut4 ,now when we take these first-generation hybrids1 cross them back with the ,chinese and get more resistance1 as we have done so many times in the past1 we lose that rapid and more upright growth habit of the ,american chestnut4 ,but we have a lot more work to do before we are ready to say anything final on this question4 ,dr4 ,arthur ,h4 ,graves1 formerly at the ,brooklyn ,botanic ,garden is now consulting pathologist at the ,new ,haven1 7,conn47 ,experiment ,station4 ,we have been working with him and partially supporting his chestnut breeding for a good many years4 ,he has a lot of hybrids up there4 ,we expect to have something later1 but have nothing to release yet4 ,a ,member3 ,do you have any sprays to control diseases and insect pests in the tree that when they go into the soil won't destroy our ground friends8 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,mr4 ,gravatt8 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,i don't know what insects you are after1 in the first place4 ,we have a lot of trouble with ,japanese beetles4 ,around ,washington1 ,dr4 ,crane's and my plantings there would be defoliated if they weren't sprayed for ,japanese beetle control1 and it is the same way with filberts4 ,a ,member3 ,the same sprays have a tendency to work against most of the pests1 do they not8 ,of course1 ,,ddt will take one1 the arsenate of lead takes another1 ,black ,leaf #dj another1 but if we had a spray that we can use around on--well1 not limited to the chestnut--that would be neutralized in the earth4 ,now1 we have a good deal of friendly bacteria and insects in the soil that we want to keep4 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,i would say that ,i am a pathologist1 and insect work is out of my line4 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,does anyone else have a comment on that8 ,dr4 ,cross1 did you hear the question8 ,dr4 ,cross3 ,i didn't get his question4 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,would you stand and repeat your question8 ,a ,member3 ,is there a spray that we can use for combating the insect pests of our trees that when it is washed off and goes into the soil doesn't kill our soil friends4 ,we have the friendly bacteria in the soil1 as well as insect and worm life4 ,do we have a spray that will be neutralized as it hits the soil so we can spray the tree and not kill our lower friends8 ,dr4 ,cross3 ,sorry1 ,mr4 ,chase1 that's beyond me4 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,you are thinking of arsenate of lead poisoning the soil where you keep on spraying with it8 ,a ,member3 ,yes4 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,i think ,,ddt may build up a little in the soil1 but it is broken down1 isn't it1 ,dr4 ,crane8 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,yes1 ,,ddt is broken down and it is not a fungicide and it is not a bactericide4 ,it is an insecticide that kills insects through affecting the nervous system1 according to my understanding of it4 ,i am not an entomologist1 but that's what the entomologists say4 ,so far we haven't any evidence to my knowledge of any build-up of ,,ddt in soils that has been detrimental4 ,i don't know what the situation would be if ,,ddt was used to the same extent as arsenate of lead4 ,it was not uncommon for some growers to put on anywhere from #f to #ae lead sprays in a season in order to control codling moth1 as they used to do in certain apple orchards1 particularly in the ,west4 ,i was talking to ,dr4 ,van ,leeuwen just a day or two before ,i had to leave for the meeting1 and he is not ready yet to say anything about it1 but he has already tested some very promising insecticides as far as the control of weevil is concerned4 ,this ,,ddt and some of the other new insecticides are very easily decomposed1 and1 of course1 that's one of the disadvantages of them4 ,under certain climatic conditions they would need to be less readily decomposed to give control over a longer period4 ,i know that we have not had enough experience to know all about those new spray materials4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,there has been one instance reported where ,,ddt in the soil was injurious to fruit plant growth4 ,that was ,goldsworthy's and ,dunegan's work on strawberries4 ,where they used large amounts of technical ,,ddt in the soil1 they found that it inhibited the growth of the strawberry plant4 ,i believe that's the only instance ,i've heard of1 where soil application of ,,ddt hurt growth of fruit plants4 ,benzene hexachloride1 and some other chlorinated hydrocarbons1 and parathion actually appeared to have a stimulating effect on the berry plants4#ad ,mr4 ,frye3 ,why would there be any more danger of affecting the soil in a chestnut orchard than there would in the apple and peach orchard by spraying seven1 eight and ten times8 ,that's the only question that arises with me4 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,let's get back to chestnuts specifically1 now1 gentlemen4 ,mr4 ,kays 7,oklahoma ,a4 ,m4 ,college73 ,since ,i don't come from a chestnut area1 my impression of the nut samples supplied by ,mr4 ,moore of ,auburn1 was3 ,i'd like them if they had salted them4 ,i am wondering if it wouldn't have affected their rancidity if they had been treated--salting material added1 prior to or in the process somewhere along the line4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,moore3 ,i'd just like to say ,i have tried putting salt in the water1 to boil the nuts with salt1 and then ,i have tried shelling them and sprinkling salt1 and ,i find that salt does not add anything to the flavor4 ,tasting the nuts raw1 ,i1 too1 get the impression salt is what ,i want1 but ,i haven't been able to add it satisfactorily4 ,i don't say that it cannot be done4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 in view of the whole situation of chestnut incompatibility of stock with scion1 what would be the position that we in the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association can take in advising people what kind of chestnuts they should plant8 ,should they be encouraged to try to get grafted trees8 ,what should be our position8 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,mr4 ,stoke1 would you care to comment on that8 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,you are asking me to stick out my neck1 and it seems as if ,i have always done that4 ,the ,chinese chestnut is in the ,johnny ,appleseed stage1 in my opinion1 and we are investigating to find out the best varieties1 that is1 the best specimen1 best performance1 best quality1 best in blight resistance1 growth1 and other qualities and when we winnow out all we have and arrive at the best1 we are going to find--now1 this is just my personal opinion--,i will say that for myself ,i'd rather have one acre of the best selections we have budded or grafted--asexually propagated1 than five acres of seedling trees as a financial good bet1 because ,i say that one acre of our very best produce virtually as many nuts as five acres of seedlings4 ,i have trees from seed ,i imported through the ,yokahama ,nursery ,company1 and ,i think it came from ,korea4 ,the nuts run very small1 and compared with those ,i am sure the others will pay much better1 and ,i think it would be profitable to pay three or four or five times as much for your trees if you get good trees of good1 known varieties and grafted or budded4 ,don't misunderstand me4 ,we shouldn't ask the ,american public to wait until those can be furnished1 because they won't wait1 and they shouldn't4 ,but ,i say as a commercial proposition1 to plant trees commercially1 ,i would exercise caution and ,i would encourage my customers to exercise caution unless they are willing to follow up and do their own top working later on1 and a ,chinese chestnut doesn't top work as readily as a black walnut4 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,i don't believe that's quite the answer he wanted4 ,the comment that ,i think ,dr4 ,mac,daniels is after is what position should the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association take in regard to planting seedlings or planting grafted stock4 ,is that the point8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,yes1 it seems to be seedlings against grafted stock4 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,may ,i answer8 ,i don't think the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association should take any position4 ,they should present the facts and let the buyer decide4 ,i don't think we need to go on record1 and ,i don't think we should4 ,there is too much diversity of opinion4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,between ourselves--and this is not an academic question--we get continual inquiries regarding the ,chinese chestnuts and what should they plant and where can they get the trees1 and so forth4 ,it isn't good enough in most of these cases to write several pages explaining what the whole situation is1 the if's1 and's1 and but's4 ,but ,i just wonder what the opinion is of the people who know best in this regard4 ,who has a good orchard of #bj-year-old grafted ,chinese chestnuts8 ,where are they8 ,i don't know3 ,i am asking for information4 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,dr4 ,drain1 are those trees you have grafted trees or seedling trees8 ,dr4 ,drain 7,university of ,tennessee73 ,they are seedling trees4 ,they have produced a rather nice quality nut1 and we have enjoyed propagating seedlings from them4 ,that's really all we know4 ,we haven't grafted any4 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,mac1 would you care to comment on this8 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,i am ashamed to say that at present we have no grafted chestnut trees on my own north ,alabama farms4 ,we have about #ej trees that are #h-year-old seedlings from imported 7,chinese7 nuts1 growing next to a commercial peach block1 and find the production quite variable on the different trees4 ,i am aiming at top-working most of these with the named varieties1 beginning this year4 ,at present ,i can't answer the question of seedlings vs grafted trees4 ,i have been advising people who are interested in trying them in ,tennessee that for their first planting 7to test the adaptability of their locations7 they can get the seedlings generally quite a bit cheaper than the grafted trees4 ,with the experience we have had over the ,state and the high mortality of trees1 both grafted and seedling--killing of the tops and in some cases the whole tree--the seedling might be best economically to begin their experimenting with4 ,i am not recommending that anyone plant seedlings commercially1 but just in a small way for trial4 ,they are well worth a trial anywhere peaches are doing well4 ,when we find a suitable site1 then is the time to think about using the more expensive grafted trees4 ,pres4 ,davidson3 ,i just want to give a little bit of my experience along that line4 ,way back in #aicd ,i planted a few seeds that ,i got from ,amelia ,riehl4 ,they were nuts of the ,riehl hybrids4 ,ed4 note3 ,mostly ,american--,european crosses4 ,she named one ,dan ,patch and another ,gibbons4 ,they are now about #ac years old4 ,each of them is bearing burs this year4 ,they have borne burs1 a few of them1 in the past1 but no nuts4 ,so far in #aidh1 the burs that have fallen to the ground1 of course1 have no nuts1 but whether the burs that are still on the trees have nuts ,i don't know4 ,i want to know whether those trees are normal---whether a hybrid of that kind is likely to be sterile or not4 ,that's another matter that might be discussed4 ,anyhow1 you are taking a chance1 no question about that1 when you plant seedlings4 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 if you will pardon me for saying one more word1 here is a suggestion ,i will make4 ,now you can check for yourself4 ,the whole thing hinges on whether we can get permanent grafts on the tree and get the characteristics in the grafted tree that the parent has--in the good selected tree4 ,now you take the reports sent us by ,mr4 ,hemming2 you take the reports of the station at ,albany--of individual trees in those plots4 ,you take the worst trees and you will find they are nothing but boarders4 ,you take the best and you will find they are very profitable4 ,you take the average and it will fall somewhere in between4 ,now1 why keep a lot of boarders that don't pay--free boarders--or why use run-of-mine seedlings1 if we can graft successfully--and some people like to dispute that--and produce nothing but the best8 ,and you can check it on any of those tables4 ,mr4 ,hardy's paper4 ,we have a few tables in our former ,reports4 ,you can check it and figure it out for yourself4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,to clear up this situation ,i wanted to ask ,mr4 ,hardy a question1 and then ,i wanted to make a statement4 ,in this report from the #aich and #aidj planting at ,albany1 ,georgia1 in the ,brown tract in #aidg there were #ahh trees that bore crops1 but that planting consisted of #bgd trees planted in #aich and #fj trees planted in #aidj4 ,why weren't those #bgd trees plus those #fj trees represented in the #ajj with the yield records of #aidg8 ,mr4 ,hardy3 ,dr4 ,crane knows the answer1 so ,i will let him ask the question and answer it1 too4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,in #aicf we planted #a1jjj trees of the same ,peter ,liu selections on the ,station farm at ,beltsville1 ,maryland4 ,they were of the same number and letter designations as others that were distributed to cooperators4 ,out of the thousand trees that we planted on the ,station farm some of them came into bearing at four and five years after planting4 ,but the nuts were small in size and were not much good4 ,with one or two exceptions1 out of that planting there were none bearing satisfactorily to suit us after ten years4 ,in #aide we applied the ax1 because a ,chinese chestnut tree1 from an orchard standpoint1 if it's not in bearing in ten years after planting is not worth keeping4 ,we haven't got time to wait4 ,so out they came4 ,and in addition to that we have had other trees that have done the same thing4 ,now1 out of this #bgd plus the #fj at ,albany1 ,georgia1 we have three trees that we now figure are good enough to be raised to a variety status1 plus possibly two or three more4 ,now1 you can figure your percentage of good trees when you plant seeds4 ,dr4 ,overholser3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 may ,i ask a question1 whether these three seedlings to which they propose to give variety status have been propagated in sufficient number that they are able to give distribution in other areas4 ,mr4 ,hardy3 ,dr4 ,overholser1 they are not available yet in quantity4 ,that same answer is part of the answer ,i wanted to make to ,dr4 ,mac,daniels4 ,the present situation in the chestnut industry is that there are very few nurserymen who know how to propagate nursery grafted trees successfully4 ,there is going to have to be quite a bit of work done on that4 ,if some of you here know how to do it1 ,i would like to know1 myself4 ,there are a lot of nurserymen who would like to know1 according to the reports ,i have1 how to graft or bud a nursery chestnut tree4 ,as long as the situation is that way ,i would say to recommend seedling trees because of their low price1 but--and every grower who has trees can fall in line with this--the seeds should be from properly culled-out orchards of the highest type1 leaving nothing in there producing nuts or pollen but what is the highest type4 ,i think all of you who have more than one type of chestnut in your plantings should cull them all down to the pure ,castanea mollissima4 ,i don't mean by cutting out the whole tree1 but go ahead and top-work them4 ,if they won't take the top1 then cut them out4 ,but if you can top-work them and the grafting is good1 you can increase your planting of good trees in that manner4 ,the improved quality of the seed will improve the quality of seedlings going to the buyer1 and the chances of a higher percentage of good seedlings showing up will be greater4 ,i think it will improve the industry through a period of years4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i think ,i agree with his position4 ,in fact1 that's exactly what we are telling the inquiries that come in3 ,at the present state of our knowledge1 better try seedling trees4 ,but ,i didn't hear anybody get up and say they had an orchard of #bj-year-old grafted chestnut trees4 ,i have tried to get them1 ,i have grafted successfully1 ,i suppose1 #g or #h different varieties on many different ,chinese stocks that ,i have bought1 or had given to me1 and numbers of grafted trees4 ,i have nothing left4 ,they grow fine1 #g or #h feet the first year1 #c or #d feet the next year1 then they go along for a while and then they die4 ,in other words1 there is an unsolved problem there1 so that it seems to me at the present state of our knowledge we had better admit it and say1 ,if you are an amateur1 you better get the best seedling trees that you can and wait awhile4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,moore3 ,i just want to give some data on some of the class work at ,auburn with ,chinese chestnuts4 ,we were studying ,chinese seedlings1 and we attempted to bud those ,chinese chestnut seedlings1 and on some of the larger seedlings we top-worked4 ,we had some #c-year-old seedlings1 and we top-worked the limbs4 ,we put in patch buds1 and we put in ,t-buds or shield buds1 and in practically every case on some of the trees the buds stuck beautifully4 ,in ,june and again in ,august1 with another class1 we had the same results1 either with ,t-bud or shield bud or patch bud4 ,some of the seedlings wouldn't take the buds at all4 ,i can't think why one seedling would take #ajj per cent of the buds and another seedling growing right by it wouldn't take any buds4 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,the oldsters here will remember ,colonel ,c4 ,k4 ,sober1 one of our former members who propagated what he later named the ,sober's ,paragon chestnut4 ,it was a grafted tree and apparently it was grafted successfully on native stocks1 and it grew until the blight got it4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i am not talking about ,european or ,american1 ,i am talking about ,chinese chestnuts4 ,mr4 ,o',rourke3 ,it may affect the nursery industry4 ,the nurserymen are looking to the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,federal bureaus and ,state experiment stations to guide them in the propagation of desirable trees4 ,we know now that the ,chinese chestnut is becoming quite prominent1 is becoming quite popular in many sections of the country1 and many nurserymen are now getting requests to supply the public in their states with ,chinese chestnuts4 ,they1 in turn1 would like to know what they should do4 ,if they sell ,chinese chestnut trees which have been propagated vegetatively and they only grow five1 eight1 #aj or #ae years and then die1 it's going to come back on the nurserymen4 ,they should like to know whether they should do that or whether they should rely upon seedlings which they can develop into pure lines as best they may4 ,now1 that really is a serious question4 ,i am wondering from what ,mr4 ,hardy has told us today if it may not be an understock problem1 and if it is an understock problem--if there are certain strains of understock which are compatible with certain scions1 possibly we should ask for some investigations1 some more research to be done in this direction4 ,then possibly1 on the other hand1 we should also ask that certain investigations be carried out so that we will have some idea of the inheritable characters that may be fixed through seed selection4 ,i really think that this seed selection should be very seriously considered1 and that nurserymen in particular and the public in general would benefit greatly by such consideration4 ,mr4 ,hardy3 ,mr4 ,chase1 may ,i make this suggestion3 ,i think it is something that a number of individuals could try1 perhaps they should be backed up by agricultural institutions1 either ,federal or ,state4 ,we are all interested and concerned with stocks1 and ,i think a large part of our trouble with grafting chestnuts is a stock-scion relationship4 ,we have some top-worked trees #ac years old that are just as healthy1 just as normal as they can be4 ,we have some top-worked trees of various ages below that4 ,the graft-union is good2 they are just as healthy and continue to be as productive and vigorous as the parent tree4 ,where there is incompatibility we run into difficulties very shortly4 ,to a large extent ,i think we are involved with two problems in the trouble with incompatibility1 or perhaps ,i should say the dying1 of grafted trees4 ,one is a stock-scion relationship1 the other a mechanical problem4 ,i think there are these two types of incompatibilities4 ,now1 as to the mechanical part--that can be improved through developing the art of grafting or budding1 whichever works out best4 ,the other will require quite a lot of study1 perhaps the development of certain strains of the root stocks for certain scion varieties4 ,i have made this suggestion to two or three4 ,i have started the work myself by putting out with friends two or three or four trees4 ,after they get up to a size where ,i can top-work them1 ,i will top-work with two varieties4 ,perhaps ,i will put ,nanking and ,kuling on two trees at one particular place4 ,two or three miles away ,i will put ,kuling and ,meiling on two others4 ,at another place ,i will put ,nanking and ,meiling4 ,i will get reciprocal pollination1 because the chestnut is necessarily cross-pollinating4#ae ,i can then plant seedlings from both parents1 each pollinated by the other4 ,then by grafting those varieties onto those seedlings stocks ,i can find out whether there is any reason to go into the work of developing seed orchards of two varieties whereby ,meiling pollinated by ,kuling may produce the best1 most vigorous1 most uniform seedlings on which ,kuling can be propagated4 ,and by propagating ,kuling on such seedlings--the seedlings of such inheritance--we may get #ajj per cent of good grafts4 ,the industry needs a lot of help1 and ,i think it is a matter of time until those things are worked out1 but it is going to take time and money and plenty of good effort to work out that problem4 ,i think it probably should be worked out4 ,mr4 ,bush3 ,i don't like the word incompatibility1 and ,i hardly believe in it1 and ,i presume most of you know that4 ,i have ,chinese on ,european stock1 and it has been there for #bj years or more1 grafted high4 ,i have ,chinese on ,japanese grafted under the ground4 ,i think a good deal of our damage is done from wind1 from cold1 and from sun on the graft just above the ground4 ,i suspect that grafting at that point is what is the matter with many trees in the ,,tva plantings and others that had low survival4 ,of late years when ,i did the grafting 7in the last five or six years7 ,i cut the stock underneath the ground and stuck the graft under the ground and seemingly ,i got far better results4 ,some of those graft failures showed up4 ,i laid that largely to mechanical damage1 and again with the ,japanese1 particularly1 ,i laid it on the time when the sap comes up4 ,call it what you will1 but the timing of the growth of the two trees is different and we had trouble there4 ,i have grafted some very widely different kinds of chestnuts on the tops of other chestnuts1 and am getting them to grow4 ,when we see the break start1 we take a twig from below and break and put it above1 cut through the cambium and nail it on and they will heal over and the defect disappears4 ,so1 again1 it seems to be mechanical4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,i believe from observations on a number of trees1 particularly ,dr4 ,richards' in ,west ,tennessee1 that a large part of our so-called incompatibility in this ,state is due to winter injury to the stock4 ,so what ,dr4 ,richards meant1 evidently1 was that he was rather successful in getting a take from last summer's propagation but the stock then failed below the union this spring4 ,i saw his trees1 and they had the typical discoloration of bark and the dying of various bark areas--these girdling the whole tree in a number of instances4 ,see ,richards' paper in this report4 ,i would agree in general with what ,mr4 ,bush has just said1 but there are certain other instances in which we think the only word for what we see is incompatibility4 ,mr4 ,slate3 ,what are the prospects of planting those low-grafted trees rather deep8 ,mr4 ,bush3 ,i think that if the roots started to die the grafted tree would start a root above the graft4 ,the sap is going up from the root4 ,it will go down and the root will start above the graft and go out above the graft1 thus getting the tree on its own root4 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,since we got onto grafting1 do you mind if ,i say a word8 ,here is a four-branch1 top-worked specimen that ,i chopped off and brought with me4 ,this first tree limb was still alive and had nuts on it1 the second was dying and a third dead4 ,this fourth union was still alive1 but it was badly damaged1 too4 ,that's ,illinois #ca -#d on ,japanese4 ,here is another graft of ,illinois #ca -#d on ,japanese in a small tree1 and if that's poor union1 ,i am no grafter6 ,mr4 ,hardy3 ,mr4 ,stoke1 may ,i ask you this3 ,is this small graft on the same tree as this8 ,indicating larger tree first referred to4 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,no4 ,those four grafts1 you see1 all went bad4 ,this one is in perfect condition4 ,but ,i am having a hard time keeping that ,illinois #ca -#d alive4 ,i had a union on mollissima three inches in diameter and as perfect as this1 two years ago4 ,last year it began to bulge at the point of union4 ,the top wasn't feeding back to the root1 and this year it is in bad condition1--foliage very small and it put on a very full crop of burs which will never mature1 and it's going to pass out4 ,it is about four inches in diameter now4 ,last year to try to beat this thing ,i cut out the crown of a small mollissima at the below-ground level and put in several grafts of this same ,illinois #ca -#d1 and ,i got a nice growth1 at least four feet high4 ,when ,i dug it up to transplant it--it was right in my garden--,i found ,i had a large callus more than an inch and a half in diameter at the union but no roots4 ,i reset it1 and ,i haven't ventured to see whether it was all right or not4 ,this spring ,i tried again4 ,i have four little trees1 one as high as my head1 the others smaller4 ,i grafted each one on branch roots just as they lay in the ground4 ,didn't dig them up and they grew nicely1 and along in ,july ,i went around and spaded them deeply and thought perhaps that would produce roots4 ,about a week ago ,i examined one4 ,i have a magnificent callus but no roots yet above the union4 ,what the ultimate results will be ,i don't know4 ,with that particular hybrid ,i want to try one more thing4 ,i want to grow seedlings of the ,european chestnut1 cut them below the ground1 graft ,illinois #ca -#d on the root and it may make a union that will not fail1 because the ,european is a very robust grower1 and by being grafted under the ground the stock will be away from blight organisms4 ,editor's ,note3 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed is naming this variety 7,ill4 #ca-d7 ,colby in honor of the originator1 ,dr4 ,arthur ,s4 ,colby4 ,mr4 ,hirschi3 ,i would like to say ,i put on hybrids similar to that ,illinois #ca -#d and they grew the first year1 and just made a bulky knot right at the point of union and died the second year4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,what was that combination8 ,mr4 ,hirschi3 ,that was mollissima stock4 ,now1 speaking about the varieties--this is in ,oklahoma--,i have tried practically all the older varieties and ,i have tried some ,abundance grafts this last year4 ,i have some ,abundance grafts that are two years old that are producing4 ,they have the most vigorous growth of anything1 and in our climate we have to have vigor4 ,i grafted a lot of the ,abundance scions on ,hobson seedlings4 ,i started out to grow an orchard from ,hobson seedlings1 and ,i found out that out of #ej splice grafts of ,abundance that ,i put in ,hobson seedlings in #aidh1 forty-eight grew1 and they were put on rather late1 in ,april4 ,that's a little late for us4 ,i have the idea--,i don't know whether ,i am right or not--that if the ,abundance proves out as our best variety1 we can grow seed for stock of the ,abundance and then graft the ,abundance back on the seedling from ,abundance4 ,if there is so much to this incompatibility1 ,i should overcome it by doing that very thing4 ,personally ,i think it is a crime that thousands of trees--almost millions--are being put out by nurserymen as seedling trees1 and if you will note in their price lists they have #f to #ab inches and #ab to #ah inches1 #b to #c feet and #c to #d feet4 ,i venture to say that those are probably all the same age4 ,how would you like to plant some of those #ab-;inch trees8 ,somebody is going to get hurt6 ,mr4 ,bush3 ,i'd like to say that you can propagate the ,chinese chestnut by layering if you want to1 and that will put it on its own4 ,put a wedge on it or girdle it and keep it damp through the summer4 ,pres4 ,davidson3 ,i think ,dr4 ,mac,daniels' question is still not answered4 ,i do think that if a nurseryman sells a seedling he ought to definitely say that it is a seedling and not merely that it is a blight-resistant chestnut1 or something of that sort4 ,he should actually tell the public what he is selling4 ,now1 then1 there seem to be reasons why in some instances a man is justified in planting seedlings when it comes to ,chinese chestnuts1 but when it comes to the black walnut or filbert or some of these other things1 they are still selling seedlings without labelling them as such4 ,i think we should be on record against that practice1 because it takes us five or six years1 or ten years sometimes1 to find out that we have been gypped1 and it is so easy to gyp the public when you can't find out about it any sooner than that4 ,mr4 ,o',rourke3 ,i quite agree with ,mr4 ,davidson that the nurserymen should state that a seedling is a seedling when it is a seedling4 ,and ,i am sure ,mr4 ,hirschi will corroborate that the ,american ,association of ,nurserymen is exerting all the influence they can to that end4 ,is that right1 ,mr4 ,hirschi8 ,mr4 ,hirschi3 ,yes4 ,mr4 ,bregger3 ,i would like to ask1 if planters for some years yet will have to rely on seedlings1 is there a chance that from certain parents or certain varieties we can get a larger percentage of good seedlings than from others8 ,how much has it been studied and is there a known result from the parent trees in the percent of what their seedlings can do8 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,i wish ,i could answer that one4 ,it is a matter of time1 to find out the seedling characteristics reproduced by a certain descendant4 ,but we know that there is a difference in uniformity of trees in the way they grow1 but as far as bearing is concerned1 and the type of nut produced1 we haven't had enough time yet4 ,it's just like this3 ,we have made selections for rootstocks in which we have selected trees that were good1 strong and vigorous--the most vigorously growing trees that we have known about1 and yet at the same time produced a small nut or medium-sized nut that we could use for the production of rootstocks4 ,and we have made progress on that1 and we have demonstrated that there is a very marked difference between the graftability or budability of seedlings from certain parent trees4 ,we have demonstrated that some varieties are much easier to propagate than are others4 ,but as for the proper combinations of stock and scion1 we still haven't got enough data to recommend any4 ,we know that there are differences1 but it is going to take quite a long while1 at least four or five years or more1 before we know4 ,now1 there is just one other thing that comes up on propagation4 ,we have found that if you bench-graft and make the graft into the transition zone between root and top just like the old method that the apple propagator used when he piece-root grafted and then plant deep1 you can get a hundred per cent of the grafts to grow4 ,in such cases the scion may root and the top will be on its own roots4 ,well1 there are a lot of these tricks to learn as time goes on4 ,i don't think that we should worry too much about this graft union problem4 ,we know that this ,carr variety is a bear-cat4 ,it is the one that gave us so much trouble4 ,when we tried to propagate that one we had a real1 nasty cat by the tail4 ,but on the other hand1 in answer to ,dr4 ,mac,daniels' question if we go out to ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith's plantings up at ,round ,hill 7,virginia71 we can see a lot of the oldest grafted trees that ,i know of anywhere in the country1 and the unions are just as smooth and just as slick as anyone would want to see4 ,they are not #bj years old2 ,i don't think there was ever a mollissima chestnut grafted #bj years ago4 ,the first grafting that ,i know of was about #ae years ago1 maybe #ah4 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,in #aicb4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,c4 ,moore3 ,thomas ,jefferson grafted ,european chestnuts4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,no1 ,i am talking about ,chinese chestnuts4 ,we didn't get in any ,chinese chestnuts until #aijf4 ,we have this problem of incompatibility or graft union trouble1 in apples1 but do you hear anybody hollering about it8 ,we have it in peaches1 plums and cherries4 ,one of the most important diseases they have out in the ,pacific ,northwest and ,california on ,persian walnuts1 is what is called black line disease4 ,we mustn't get excited about graft union failure4 ,that has been used1 in my opinion1 by a lot of people1 to discourage the propagating of grafted chestnuts4 ,there are thousands of people in the ,united ,states who are spending good money for seedling trees1 and some of them are going to get stung4 ,we in the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association are going to have this thing backfire on us1 just as true as ,i tell you4 ,i know there are some nurserymen today that are planting unknown chestnut seeds1 and they are selling the trees as ,chinese chestnut4 ,they are planting seed out of mixed orchards1 too1 that have ,c4 seguinii and ,c4 henryi and ,c4 crenata trees in them4 ,the ,c4 crenata ,japanese has been introduced in the ,united ,states for over #gj years and it has never made the grade4 ,you know1 there has been many a thing that has been promoted in the ,united ,states--big for a few days and then she backfired1 and then it took the industry #ej or a hundred years to recover4 ,you can sell people gold bricks once1 but you can't sell them gold bricks all the time6 ,mr4 ,mc,collum3 ,last year after ,mr4 ,hemming's speech--you know1 he is the nurseryman who sells seedlings over on the ,eastern ,shore--,i asked him if he had been selling those long enough to have heard from customers4 ,yes1 he said he had1 all satisfied4 ,now1 ,i don't know anything about that4 ,dr4 ,moss3 ,i am not an expert4 ,they say an expert is someone who1 the more he studies1 knows less about practically nothing at all4 ,that's a good deal my shape4 ,i planted before the war ,chinese seed in ,kentucky and a good many of those put on burs in the nursery row4 ,i gave them away in the community4 ,out of the whole bunch1 some of them #bj feet tall1 ,i know of one outstanding nut in that bunch and it's off by itself1 apparently a self-pollinizer#af1 and puts out a crop of good nuts4 ,dr4 ,cross3 ,i should like to ask ,dr4 ,crane if it would not be possible to investigate the situation in ,china rather than wait to work this out4 ,certainly1 the ,chinese have sufficient knowledge of grafting and propagation to have been working on this long ago1 and since these came from there1 let's look into that phase of it4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,i did investigate the situation in ,china when ,i was there4 ,unfortunately in ,china1 although it is one of our oldest countries and longest civilizations1 they don't do much grafting4 ,they grow their trees from seed1 but they have certain seed trees that they select their seed from1 and within a community1 within a valley1 you will have a certain type of chestnut4 ,they call them varieties4 ,they are not varieties4 ,that's the situation4 ,most all of them are different1 but they have accomplished the fixing of certain characteristics4 ,now1 in ,south ,china the nuts are larger in size1 they are stronger growing trees than they are in the ,north4 ,i think that we will find that that's the situation in this country4 ,the ,chinese chestnut is one that does have a high heat requirement1 just like pecan1 and grown under conditions where they have high heat they are bigger in size and make more growth and probably they come into bearing sooner4 ,but ,i didn't see anything grafted in ,china1 and ,i was all over the country from the most northern parts to the most southern parts where chestnuts are produced4 ,i could make a lot of observations myself1 but ,i had to talk through interpreters1 and sometimes you couldn't tell what the interpreter meant4 ,but as near as ,i could tell1 they were all seedlings4 ,when he would tell me there was such-and-such a variety1 ,i would ask him what it meant in ,english4 ,he didn't know4 ,when ,i found how they were propagated ,i found they planted the seed4 ,when ,i found where they got the seed it was from a certain seed tree4 ,so we have within the valleys what they call varieties1 but they are not varieties1 only seedlings grown from certain seed trees4 ,now1 with the ,japanese1 on the other hand1 the situation is different1 because they propagated by budding and by grafting4 ,i got a number of the ,japanese publications of propagation methods and their stocks1 and so forth1 translated into ,english1 and their problems are just the same as we are going through right here now4 ,they propagate true varieties by asexual methods1 but the ,chinese do not to any extent at all4 ,dr4 ,cross3 ,have the ,russians got any8 ,a ,member3 ,that's the question ,i ask4 ,do we have any seed trees in this country that are better than other seed trees8 ,mr4 ,porter3 ,could the gentleman tell us whether the ,chinese graft any chestnuts4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,yes1 they do so1 ,i was told4 ,mr4 ,porter3 ,well1 the industry spends a lot of money1 so do other people1 and so on1 in a proper way to investigate that4 ,why don't you find out where in that country they have been doing it8 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,i didn't see any grafted chestnut trees over there4 ,a ,member3 ,you said they grafted1 and then you say1 ,i didn't see any4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,that's quite right1 and ,i talked to their best horticultural authorities that they have4 ,practically all of it is produced by seed and not by budding or grafting4 ,it is just exactly as ,i said with the ,persian walnut4 ,china has no varieties of ,persian walnuts1 although sometimes you will find some farmer that will bud or graft his trees4 ,mr4 ,porter3 ,they graft up on the limb8 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,yes1 sir4 ,once in a while you will find one4 ,they have a few real horticulturists4 ,i met one man over there that would compare very favorably with ,liberty ,hyde ,bailey4 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels asked for concrete evidence4 ,he wanted to know where there was an orchard with #bj-year-old grafted ,chinese chestnut trees4 ,they haven't been planted that long1 but ,i would like to give him concrete evidence in my own experience4 ,in #aicb ,i got scions from the ,department1 got what ultimately became known as the ,hobson1 from ,jasper1 ,georgia4 ,i grafted a tree in my front yard which is still bearing nicely1 and in fact ,i have got two grafts on that tree about four feet from the ground1 and it is very nice with perfect union4 ,at the same time ,i grafted a ,carr right at the side of my house that also has a perfect union about the same height from the ground4 ,i grafted a scion sent me by ,dr4 ,morris as ,morris' best 7which was pretty poor71 and it is still living4 ,at the present time ,i have perhaps five ,carr trees that will average six inches or more in diameter4 ,the oldest is the one by the side1 of the house4 ,the rest of them were grafted about #aice4 ,one out of those five1 when it got to be about six inches in diameter1 in fact1 about three years ago1 it went bad4 ,it is girdled and dead4 ,it was grafted about as high as this table from the ground4 ,the others are sound1 and you'd find it very difficult to find where they were grafted4 ,i have ,hobson1 perhaps a dozen trees anywhere from six to #af years old1 and ,i have not had a failure on a ,hobson that really was once healed over properly and got to bearing1 not one4 ,that's concrete evidence1 ,doctor1 and that's all ,i wish to say4 ,rev4 ,taylor 7,alpine1 ,tenn473 ,mr4 ,gravatt was about to answer a question about our seed trees1 wasn't he8 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,would you repeat that question8 ,rev4 ,taylor3 ,are some seed trees better than others in the high per cent of good seedlings they produce8 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,well1 ,mc,kay has done some work and published it to show that on seedlings of certain trees you get higher percentage of bud takes than on others4 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,i think the question is a little confused4 ,i think what you are after is1 are there parent seed trees from which seed can be planted that would produce a good quality of seedlings4 ,rev4 ,taylor3 ,yes1 of good productive seedlings4 ,no grafting to it4 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,i think that was answered4 ,apparently there are4 ,rev4 ,taylor3 ,apparently there are in ,china1 as ,dr4 ,crane brought up4 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,he further brought up that those things are in the process of being tested here now1 and he hopes for some information in--what was that8 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,we had ,professor ,beattie over in ,japan1 ,china1 and ,korea for two or three years1 and he found in ,japan that there were certain selections there1 certain grafted varieties that they used for seed stock4 ,we imported those into this country4 ,we were getting ready to go ahead with the ,japs4 ,we also brought in a hundred varieties of ,japanese chestnuts4 ,but the ,japanese varieties didn't do well here4 ,what would produce well over in ,japan didn't produce well here4 ,but a number of those scions that we grafted in #aicb and #aicc are still living4 ,we have had very good success with top-working chestnuts in our orchards4 ,we have some grafts there of pure ,chinese chestnuts top-worked on some worthless ,japanese4 ,some of those have been there for #ab and #ad years1 with perfect unions4 ,but we do receive a number of reports of trees dying from blight and various other and sundry other causes and when we examine them quite frequently these have died back to where the trees had been grafted4 ,rev4 ,taylor3 ,i could enlarge on that question just a little bit to tie in with what ,mr4 ,o',rourke said4 ,if the nurserymen are going to propagate seedling trees for the trade for some time yet1 where should they be advised to obtain their seed to get the best possible seedling trees8 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,in a lot of our regional distributions we sent out mixtures4 ,in other places we would send out related seedlings1 as ,,my1 ,,mz1 or ,,max1 to different individuals4 ,we have advised all nurseryman1 all of our cooperators1 to eliminate the ,japanese2 eliminate the hybrids4 ,it gets down to pure ,chinese4 ,we have also advised again and again to take out the more worthless trees and propagate seed from the beat4 ,but there are a lot of hybrid seeds with mixed parentage going into nursery trees4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,how many people are going to take out trees now when they can sell the seeds for at least #ej cents or maybe even #b4jj a pound8 ,mr4 ,gravatt3 ,that's it4 ,however1 you take any of those ,chinese trees over there at the ,eastern ,shore ,nurseries1 for example--nuts from all #ai of them have been sent over here1 and they are all good eating4 ,i have been over a lot of the seedlings of ,hemming's trees4 ,mr4 ,hemming has several hundred at his own place4 ,i have been over other orchard plantings4 ,there is lot of variability among those seedlings4 ,they are not as uniform as the parent tree1 for some reason4 ,why1 ,i don't know4 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,mr4 ,howell1 as a nurseryman1 has propagated the ,chinese chestnut tree4 ,would you care to make a few comments8 ,mr4 ,howell has ,howell's ,nursery in ,knoxville and at ,sweetwater1 ,tennessee1 and ,i believe has some of ,mr4 ,gravatt's early seedling trees and has produced a great quantity of seedlings4 ,mr4 ,bruce ,howell3 ,a good many years ago we got from the ,department five trees1 and they grew and have all borne good nuts1 and all chestnuts we have propagated since have been grown from seed from those five trees1 and most of them are pretty good4 ,one is a small nut1 and among more recent seedlings we have got two of them that don't bear at all1 or haven't so far4 ,now1 we have got a bunch of them where they were set several years ago in nursery rows4 ,at each end of each row the trees there bear very nice nuts1 and when you get out through that row1 the crowded trees don't bear at all4 ,i think those seedlings and those trees practically all make fairly good nuts and some of them excellent4 ,i have got some samples4 ,about six years ago ,i got a pound of imported ,japanese ,i planted4 ,the third year they bore and they have done very well1 and all of them are about the same size chestnuts4 ,they are as good as any after they are roasted or boiled4 ,that's about all4 ,a good many years ago1 ,i guess #cj years ago1 ,i grafted ,paragon chestnuts1 and they did well until the blight4 ,rev4 ,taylor3 ,does anybody else have this trouble8 ,in ,north ,central ,tennessee we usually have a warm spell about the ,middle of ,february1 plowing time4 ,we expect it every year4 ,and then these ,chinese chestnuts are the quickest trees to let the buds swell1 and the bark softens up all the way to the ground on the young ones4 ,then we nearly always have a pretty hard freeze1 afterward4 ,so1 for several years after our experimental planting was set out there they would get killed clear to the ground next year4 ,is that something others have the same experience with8 ,how do you go at correcting that8 ,after our trees got to be three or four or five inches in diameter they didn't kill back that way4 ,the bark seemed to be tougher4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,that's very common experience in ,tennessee and1 ,i might say1 in north ,alabama4 ,rev4 ,taylor3 ,nothing you can do about it8 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,on some sites it is not nearly so bad as it is in other locations4 ,a northern or eastern slope with good elevation seems to be best4 ,mr4 ,frye3 ,i have had some trouble and maybe1 had a good education about frost pockets4 ,if you get them in high elevations you escape that4 ,i had that trouble two years ago4 ,i got some ,chinese trees from ,dr4 ,smith1 set them out4 ,they were his best seedlings1 three of them1 and they started beautifully4 ,i transplanted them4 ,just about that time they got nipped off4 ,did that three times and failed to come out the third time4 ,pres4 ,davidson3 ,one other remedy for that that ,i remember reading about1 ,i am not quite sure in which of our ,reports--maybe ,mr4 ,becker was the author1 and that is this3 ,he said that he cultivates until ,august after which he plants cover crops1 and he sows cover crops that grow and they hold back this vegetative growth in the late part of the year1 and it is really the late vegetative growth that causes the destruction4 ,after he adopted that plan he had very much less winter killing in his plantation4 ,that might be one way of helping the situation4 ,mr4 ,hardy3 ,we have had some killing4 ,usually in the second year or the first year after we get killing down to the ground1 if we will keep the stock pruned back to one shoot that one will make sufficient growth1 become hardy enough to withstand any cold1 or perhaps sun scald4 ,also wrapping the trunks of the trees with newspaper helps to prevent the variations in temperature1 which in our section is what causes the cold injury4 ,we don't have sufficient cold to cause absolute low-temperature injury1 but we do have sudden drops just as you do in ,tennessee1 apparently1 and wrapping with paper does help iron out those changes4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,wouldn't you suggest the paper wrap in the summer as well as the winter and spring8 ,mr4 ,hardy3 ,yes4 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,it is not only the planter of the trees that has sorrows along that line1 but the nurseryman does also4 ,i had some nursery seedlings growing on flat land1 and they looked all right1 passed the winter4 ,when ,i went out to graft them ,i found that on these small stocks anywhere from the size of a lead pencil to the size of a finger1 the cambium was discolored4 ,it wasn't black nut brown4 ,any attempts ,i made to graft those failed1 and yet many of those same trees grew on4 ,they were stunted somewhat for a year or two1 and they left a brown ring at that annual growth4 ,i would say that the best guarantee against that kind of thing is to plant your chestnut orchards--and the nurseries--to plant on land that is well air drained4 ,select the same site as you would for peaches4 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,i will say that we should have allowed more time for discussion4 ,however1 we have used up our alloted time for this period4 ,supper is at six o'clock1 and we are due back here at #g3cj4 ,i don't know how you folks feel about this little session1 but ,i certainly did enjoy it4 ,footnote #ad3 --,goldsworthy and his associates published several items along this line in #aidh issues of ,plant ,disease ,reporter4 ,his ,october #ae1 #aidh item reported a similar result of #be technical ,,ddt 7with #ge clay7 inhibiting growth of seedling peach roots on #a-year budded ,elberta trees4 ,as low as #be pound per acre application affected growth in quartz sand cultures1 whereas with certain soils1 no significant difference was noted until an #hjj lb4 per acre level of the ,,ddt was reached4 ,it was surmised that possibly some unknown constituent in the technical ,,ddt was responsible for the suppression of new root growth1 and consequent slowing down of top growth4 ,in the case of ,blakemore strawberries1 and also with peaches1 this effect has persisted for at least two crop years4 ,goldsworthy and ,dunegan say1 ,how many other economic crop plants may be injured is unknown1 but it appears certain that some caution is necessary in the promiscuous use of the chemical on 444 plants1 either as 444 sprays or as soil additions4444 ,in these experiments1 of course1 the ,,ddt-containing material was in direct contact with all the roots4 ,spray residues ordinarily would be present only in the surface layer of the soil1 and should have much less effect on tree roots in that case4--,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel4 ,footnote #ae3 --,dr4 ,mc,kay of the ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 found one tree only about #b4e fruitful to its own pollen4--,ed4 ,footnote #af3 --,there is a possibility of pollination from ,american chestnut sprouts in his vicinity4--,ed4 ,let's adjourn4 7,whereupon1 at #e3cj p4 m4 the meeting was adjourned1 to reconvene at #g3cj o'clock p4 m4 of the same day47 ,evening ,session ,president ,davidson3 ,the meeting will come to order1 please4 ,we first have the pleasure of hearing from ,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,moss of ,williamsburg1 ,kentucky1 on ,greetings from a ,kentucky ,nut4 ,dr4 ,moss4 ,greetings from a ,kentucky ,nut ,,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,moss1 ,williamsburg1 ,kentucky ,i am glad to see all of these beautiful ladies here this evening4 ,we just had dinner1 and ,i presume ,i should make an after-dinner speech4 ,i have always wanted to attend a ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association convention4 ,i am more or less of what you might call a convention addict and speak on any occasion on slight provocation4 ,i attended a convention at ,quebec earlier this year1 and after that ,i went on to ,rio de ,janiero in ,south ,america and attended another convention1 but this privilege of being able to attend the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association tops all the rest4 ,i am reminded of the tale of the man who rushed into the sheriff's office in ,texas1 and his gun was smoking1 and he says1 ,i have killed a man4 ,the sheriff said1 ,who did you kill8 ,oh1 he says1 ,i don't know his name4 ,he is one of these after-dinner speakers4 ,you are in the wrong room1 the sheriff said4 ,go back in the hallway three doors to the right to the bounty room4 ,they pay #e a head for those4 ,my family fortunes1 if there be any1 were founded on nuts4 ,my father when he was #af years old was raised on ,straight ,creek near ,pineville1 ,kentucky1 some hundred miles away from ,lexington1 and they gathered up a wagonload of the old chestnuts1 he and a hired man on my grandfather's place1 and they took an ox team and took them to ,lexington to peddle them out4 ,it took them three weeks to make the return trip4 ,i come from ,whitney ,county1 ,kentucky4 ,it was named after old ,colonel ,whitney1 the man who built the first brick house in ,kentucky4 ,it was in the fall of the year1 and the mortar was freezing1 and they mixed whiskey with their mortar to keep it from freezing4 ,when ,i get away from home they ask me if ,i am a ,kentucky ,colonel4 ,that's one of the first things ,i hear1 and ,i tell them that ,i am4 ,and they want to know why they put that honor upon a small fellow like me1 and ,i tell them it was on account of scientific research that ,i had done1 that ,i had developed a new way of making egg-nog4 ,i feed the chickens the whiskey mash and they lay bourbon-flavored eggs1 and all you have to do is drop one in a glass of milk4 ,they always ask about the ,kentucky ,derby1 and ,i tell them that the last ,i heard ,mint ,julep was coming in on the home stretch strong4 ,i am not qualified with all of these experts to get up here and talk about nuts4 ,they say an expert is a fellow that learns more and more about less and less until he knows practically everything about nothing at all2 and that's kind of my shape1 sir4 ,now1 seriously1 ,i have had this hobby of trying to grow nuts for a number of years4 ,i grafted a golf club on a croquet post1 and ,i got some wonderful golf balls4 ,before the war ,i ordered some ,chinese chestnuts4 ,i got in touch with ,sakata and ,company in ,yokahama1 and they finally came in4 ,i didn't have any experience1 and about all ,i had was some imagination1 and ,i planted them out in the fall of the year like ,i planted any other nuts4 ,i went out in the spring and investigated4 ,there wasn't a darn one come up4 ,the rats had beat me to them and eaten them all up4 ,i was a persistent cuss and ordered some the next year1 and ,i put them up in fruit jars and figured ,i would plant them in the spring1 and when the spring came they all had the dry rot4 ,so ,i ordered them the third year1 and ,i made sacks out of fly screen wire and put those nuts outside1 and in the spring they came up and ,i had a lot of nice sprouts about this high and put them in a seed bed with a board all the way around4 ,my father is blind in one eye1 couldn't tell a chestnut from a weed1 and he pulled up the weeds and he pulled all the chestnuts up except one4 ,the fourth year ,i had better success1 and ,i raised that year #djj-;and-some-odd chestnut seedlings1 and ,i did more or less the ,johnny ,appleseed stuff with those4 ,i gave those away in the community4 ,i am1 among other things1 a banker1 and ,i figured those would be as good as calendars1 and ,i have not been able to follow the history of them4 ,however1 there is one of them ,i think is exceptional4 ,it's a self-pollinator and is bearing heavy crops1 and ,i intend to follow that particular tree up4 ,a genius1 he is no better than any of the rest of us4 ,all a genius is is a fellow that's got good digestion so he can eat enough to work long hours and good eyesight so he don't get tired4 ,so ,i was reading in a magazine about the ,crath ,english walnut4 ,they sent the ,reverend ,mr4 ,crath over to ,poland before the war1 and ,i got four pounds of those nuts he collected1 and planted them4 ,and every spring a cold spell would come along and get them before ,i could cut any grafts off of them4 ,and ,i planted a ,nebraska pecan and got some grafts from it1 and my wife said that tree never did have a chance because ,i kept cutting the prunes off so they couldn't grow4 ,i got several to growing1 and then they didn't fill out the nuts4 ,i was talking to a good doctor here from ,baltimore last night4 ,we ate dinner1 at the same table here1 and ,i told him ,i didn't see but one thing wrong with this ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association3 ,it needed a lot of young people in it1 because if it didn't they were going to have to hold a reunion over at the cemetery4 ,i have done a lot of grafting1 and ,i am not going into the details of that4 ,i am going to say that ,i am glad to be here1 ,i give you greetings from ,kentucky1 and ,i hope that ,i will meet you all again4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,that certainly was refreshing1 ,dr4 ,moss4 ,we enjoyed it4 ,next on the program is ,dr4 ,aubrey ,richards1 ,whiteville1 ,tennessee1 who is not here4 ,nuts for ,west ,tennessee is the subject of that paper1 and ,secretary ,mac,daniel will read it for us4 ,nut ,trees for ,west ,tennessee ,,aubrey ,,richards1 ,m4,d41 ,whiteville1 ,tennessee ,at the present time ,i am attempting to grow #ad grafted varieties of ,chinese and ,japanese chestnuts1 plus numerous hybrids and seedlings1 eight varieties of black walnut1 #e named ,persian and #ah unnamed ,carpathians1 #e heartnuts1 #e hickory and hickory hybrids1 #ab pecans1 and #g hazels and filberts4 ,the total number of trees1 including all varieties1 is well over three hundred4 ,a few of the trees have been under my observation for #aa years on down to some that ,i have just acquired4 ,i shall not bore you with a list of unsatisfactory varieties nor with the ones that have not had sufficient observation in this section1 but shall confine my remarks to less than two dozen varieties4 ,pecans ,i shall touch only lightly1 as they are a highly specialized crop only a little farther south4 ,stuart and ,success are favorites here4 ,schley and ,mahan are good if scab can be controlled4 ,sun scald on newly planted trees is our greatest problem1 which ,i control by a paper wrap made by cutting two inch sections from a #cf inch roll of cheap felt-base wall paper4 ,it gradually weathers away during the second summer4 ,i wrap from the top down in a spiral1 and when ,i reach the bottom1 ,i place a hand full of earth on the end of the paper4 ,no tying is required4 ,in this way ,i have reduced the mortality rate of young nut trees greatly4 ,i am also a strong believer in cover crops and mulching1 for ,tennessee weather is very temperamental4 ,although we get ample rainfall per annum1 it is often not well distributed1 especially during mid-summer4 ,during the winter we have several days of balmy spring weather with a drop to possibly below zero occuring overnight4 ,thomas black walnut grows well here1 but tends to over-bear1 with many poorly filled nuts on alternate years4 ,i counted an average of #h nuts per lineal foot of bearing wood on one tree this season4 ,snyder and ,stambaugh are excellent nuts1 setting about all they can mature4 ,elmer ,myers is a beautiful thin shelled nut1 but so far a little shy in bearing4 ,i believe this can be corrected if ,i can find another walnut that will shed pollen late enough to catch the ,myers pistils4 ,homeland may be the one to do it4 ,i have set some grafts of it with the ,myers to see4 ,carpathian ,d1 and a variety of unknown origin from ,haywood ,county are the only ,persian walnuts ,i have fruited4 ,this tree of unknown origin grows alone1 is at least #ej years old1 is three feet in diameter1 has a spread of #dj feet1 and is about the same in height4 ,some years it produces a heavy crop1 others1 nothing4 ,to my knowledge1 it has received no care in the past #bj years4 ,my #ah ,carpathians are all growing with varying vigor and resistance to leaf spot4 ,none has shown winter injury4 ,of all the heartnuts1 ,rhodes is my favorite4 ,the nut does not appear to be as large as some1 but the kernel is just as heavy1 due to its compact shape which causes it to fall out when the nut is cracked4 ,it is self-pollenizing and also a good pollenizer for all my other varieties1 shedding pollen over a long period of time1 although it is the latest of all in producing its pistils4 ,it grows vigorously on black walnut stock4 ,rush seems to be the best filbert for this section4 ,its catkins are usually hardy here4 ,chestnut trees1 like gray ghosts1 still reach their naked arms high on many ,west ,tennessee hillsides1 and occasionally one finds a farmer splitting posts from their remains1 for chestnut is an enduring wood4 ,a few of these tenacious individuals are still sending up sprouts that may reach considerable size before they are again struck down4 ,i have had no serious trouble with blight in any of the named chestnut varieties1 either ,chinese or ,japanese4 ,i have lost some trees by its entrance into the seedling stock1 but not many4 ,my greatest headache has been sun-scald and winter killing1 or to be more exact1 early spring killing4 ,one of the juvenile characteristics of oriental chestnuts is the retention of their leaves all winter4 ,they also grow in a rather sprangling way4 ,this is a protective mechanism1 and when we prune them to an upright form1 or graft1 this wood having lost its juvenile characteristics1 we are inviting trouble unless we protect the trunk in some other way4 ,i prefer to use a paper wrap as described under ,pecans1 as it is quickly done and is inexpensive4 ,this also gives protection to immature callus cells at bud or graft union4 ,of the older ,chinese chestnut varieties in my hands1 ,hobson has excelled1 with large chestnuts 7#cd to the pound in #aidh47 ,zimmerman also produces a good nut4 ,colossal 7,hybrid7 is very productive and produces the largest nuts of any chestnut that ,i have seen grown in ,tennessee1 but the quality of the raw nut is not equal to ,hobson4 ,it refuses to grow on ,chinese stock1 but thrives on ,japanese4 ,it is pollen sterile4 ,i have several newer varieties under observation and although they are growing vigorously ,i have not had time to form an opinion on them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,the ,reverend ,bernard ,taylor of ,alpine1 ,tennessee1 will next read a paper on ,the ,marketing of ,black ,walnuts as a ,community ,project4 ,mr4 ,taylor4 ,marketing ,black ,walnuts as a ,community ,project ,,the ,,rev4 ,,bernard ,,taylor1 ,alpine1 ,tennessee ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,taylor3 ,i suppose that every community where black walnuts grow wild has a marketing of some kind1 some kind of a plan of marketing1 maybe just what every boy or every man who has some spare time or some of the womenfolks may do to make something out of the walnuts that are lying around4 ,in the community of ,alpine1 which is in ,overton ,county1 people used to go out on the ridge with wagons and bring home wagonloads of walnuts1 and they would sell them either in the shell or they would crack them and sell them in pretty poor condition1 however they could sell them4 ,when we first began selling walnut kernels in ,alpine we got #ai cents a pound for the kernels1 and that was more than they were worth1 ,i believe1 because they were dirty1 greasy1 and they had mildew gobs in the bunches of kernels4 ,so ,i don't know how the rolling stores that came around that way could make anything out of them trading them in at that price4 ,then we began to study the ,government bulletins on how to produce good walnut kernels1 and there is a good bulletin on that2 all of you are acquainted with it1 probably4 ,when we began to harvest those nuts and hull them as quickly as we could and wash them and dry them out thoroughly and then crack them before they got too dry1 we organized what was called the ,walnut ,club4 ,this ,walnut ,club mostly was composed of some of the women of the community who lived up in one little cove where the limestone outcroppings seem to favor the walnut and the air drainage or whatever it was seemed to favor the crop yields rather regularly4 ,we don't have an every-year good walnut crop4 ,well1 these women got finally so that they could get #ce cents a pound for their walnut kernels1 then #de cents a pound4 ,then we found a good friend in ,pennsylvania who would take those kernels1 all we could send her1 and put them up in little pound packages and sell them for whatever she could get and send us all the money4 ,that's altogether contrary to ,hoyle ,i guess4 ,you merchants1 if there are some of you here1 who are dealers in walnut kernels know that our people were just getting spoiled4 ,anytime now that a merchant says1 ,i will give you such-and-such a price for the walnuts and then ,i will sell them for such-and-such a price1 he looks to them like a robber4 ,they want to sell them for what the people pay who eat them4 ,that isn't quite fair1 maybe1 but we got #a4ci a pound last year for all the kernels we could produce1 and the year before it was #a4dj1 ,i believe1 and it stays about that price4 ,that is about the story of the community project4 ,it is a direct contact by way of a benevolent friend between people in the mountains in ,tennessee and people in ,pennsylvania who say that these kernels taste better than black walnut kernels in ,pennsylvania taste4 ,i don't know whether any ,pennsylvanians here agree with that or not4 ,i think they are wonderfully mild-flavored1 a good many of them very light-colored kernels4 ,though ,mr4 ,chase has made some beautiful exhibits of how the color changes depending on how long a time you leave them in the hull1 we still have some that stay lighter than others4 ,some of them have rather gray-colored kernels4 ,there is one of those trees that ,mrs4 ,ledbetter has1 on her husband's farm4 ,he was about to sell that tree for a log and a stump4 ,they come along and grub the stumps out and sell the stumps and all for veneerwood4 ,but she wouldn't let him sell it1 and over the course of the last few years they sold enough kernels more than to pay for that walnut tree and it is still going to yield a good many years1 probably better and better as time goes on4 ,i think that possibly the community angle of this is a little bit misrepresenting4 ,it's not the entire community1 but it is a little group of the community who are interested in the wild black walnut4 ,last spring we were very fortunate in having some help in grafting some of the seedlings4 ,this ,mrs4 ,ledbetter's husband got interested in walnuts1 and he planted a whole pasture with walnuts spaced every so often1 and this spring we went there with the help of ,god and were able to graft those to ,thomas black walnuts4 ,they were just little seedlings1 so we hope to go into the named black walnuts as time goes on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,may ,i ask1 ,mr4 ,taylor1 the people1 of course1 now comply with the ,government regulations on pasteurization and so on8 ,mr4 ,taylor3 ,never heard of it4 ,you will have to tell me about that after a while1 if you will1 please4 ,president ,davidson3 ,mr4 ,shadow1 the ,county ,agent of ,decatur1 ,meigs ,county1 ,tennessee1 will tell his experiences with tree crops in that county4 ,experiences with ,tree ,crops in ,meigs ,county1 ,tennessee ,w4 ,a4 ,,shadow1 ,meigs ,county ,agent1 ,decatur1 ,tennessee ,mr4 ,shadow3 ,mr4 ,chairman and members of the ,nut ,growers ,association3 ,as ,president ,davidson announced1 ,i am an agricultural agent4 ,about twelve years ago ,i thought it would be good to have a hobby1 and since ,i was born and reared in the nursery world propagating fruit trees and ornamentals1 and due to the fact that ,john ,hershey came by one day and talked to me about the tree crops in the ,tennessee ,valley1 it struck me just right1 and ,i have made that my hobby4 ,you know1 every man who has a job gets fed up on his job and needs to get out and play with himself1 or something else1 to forget his troubles4 ,so ,i find in propagating nut trees1 top-working them1 if you will1 top-working trees where ,i find them to named varieties1 is very interesting to me4 ,john ,hershey taught me the technique of grafting nut trees4 ,i had grafted and budded in all kinds of ornamentals and fruits1 but ,i needed training in nut trees4 ,so in the spring of #aice1 ,i guess1 ,i grafted about a hundred ,thomas black walnut on trees where ,i found them in the woodland4 ,at the same time ,i grafted maybe a hundred ,japanese persimmon of possibly a dozen varieties on the common native persimmon4 ,i purchased three1 four1 maybe five ,japanese persimmons and planted these trees in the spring of #aice4 ,all these persimmons1 maybe #fj or #gj of them1 grew nicely4 ,the ,thomas grew very well1 and the winter of #aici or #aidj1 ,i don't recall just which1 was rather severe4 ,we had below-zero weather1 and all of my persimmons were killed--,i thought4 ,the next year ,i found a persimmon tree up in the woods with maybe a peck of great big nice persimmons and later ,i found that that was a ,fuyugaki persimmon4 ,all the rest of mine were winter killed4 ,those that ,i purchased were winter killed the first year4 ,i don't know why4 ,i grafted the persimmon about #e feet high4 ,those that were grafted at the ground ,i noticed winter killed the first year1 and these that are grafted up about shoulder high seemed to live three or four years before they winter killed1 and the one variety that survived as ,mr4 ,kline and ,mr4 ,chase1 or someone1 has told1 is ,fuyugaki1 ,i believe4 ,i have a ,tamopan persimmon1 a great big1 nice persimmon about so big1 but bitter as the dickens1 and about the only thing ,i think it is good for is to look at4 ,it is pretty4 ,but the ,fuyugaki is never bitter4 ,it is very tasty even partially green1 and as it ripens my lady thinks it is very good1 and ,i think it is good1 myself4 ,i have about two or three varieties of mulberries4 ,i got them from ,glen ,st4 ,mary ,nurseries in ,florida4 ,they make awfully good pig feed and bird feed1 and ,i don't mind eating them myself4 ,there are some honeylocust1 ,millwood and ,calhoun4 ,i purchased several seedlings of thornless honeylocust from some northwestern nursery and grafted them to ,millwood and ,calhoun4 ,i also have four trees that are ten years old and they have never borne4 ,last year there was one tree of that hundred that bore heavily1 and the rest of them are barren4 ,it must be lack of pollenization1 or something4 ,i am not getting fruit from my honeylocust4 ,someone asked me what ,i am going to do with all this stuff1 and ,i said1 ,well1 the squirrels and ,i will have lots of fun anyhow1 and the cows will eat the honeylocust if they ever bear4 ,i have two pecan trees that are bearing nicely4 ,one is a ,posey and the other is a ,greenriver1 bearing very nicely4 ,they are about ten years old4 ,i have some ,schley and ,delmas and ,mahan1 and they are not bearing4 ,i don't know why4 ,we are out of the realm of the southern pecan and too far south for the northern pecan1 ,i am afraid4 ,my ,persian walnut1 heartnut and ,japanese walnut think it is spring too quick1 and every year they burst out and grow about so long1 and then they fall down and die from freezing1 and then they grow out1 and this time of the year you look at them and you say1 ,that's a beautiful tree1 ,but they freeze just enough to get the fruit each year4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel came by last spring a year ago and left with me a little scion of a ,carpathian walnut1 the ,bayer selection4 ,i wasn't present1 but he left it with my lady and suggested to my lady that ,i would know what to do with it4 ,i put it on a common black walnut grafted about so high1 and it is ten feet high now growing nicely1 but this spring ,i noticed that it1 too1 thought the spring was here before it was here4 ,i don't know how it is going to bear4 ,i may have to take it out on top of the hill and re-graft it on a high place where it has more air drainage4 ,of the ,chinese chestnut1 ,i planted about a hundred1 but ,i planted them in a cut-over woodland that was full of native chestnut sprouts4 ,you know how the chestnut sprouts will do4 ,they grow up and blight out and die down1 and another sprout comes from the stump4 ,they have been doing that for #cj years over in my part of the country4 ,i planted these chestnuts purposely in that grove where there was lots of blight4 ,out of that hundred ,i have eight trees that are alive4 ,the rest of them have died from blight4 ,they are bearing very nicely1 but ,i haven't learned how to care for those fruits so that they are good a long period of time4 ,someone just told me that you had someone on the program this morning who would tell us that4 ,it is a very interesting subject for me4 ,and the ,thomas walnut is a nice black walnut4 ,the trees are a little bit peculiar about their bearing2 sometimes they bear heavily and again they forget to bear4 ,the ,stabler doesn't bear at all for me4 ,i just know they are ,stablers because someone told me so4 ,i have them labeled4 ,i have ,creitz black walnut4 ,i got five from ,,tva four or five years ago1 and they just literally bear themselves to death4 ,they're about so high and bear every year1 very nice nuts4 ,i will have to pull the walnuts off long enough to make them grow up and make real trees4 ,i think they are going to be all right4 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ,i am not an expert4 ,i use my hobby to keep from bothering about the troubles that ,i have with other things1 and when ,i get mad at a neighbor ,i go to playing on my trees1 and it gets me well4 ,i recommend it as a very soothing hobby4 ,now1 some day we will make a business out of tree crops when we in ,tennessee get the bugs out of it and get them so we will have the right varieties to produce4 ,i am not satisfied with the ,thomas4 ,someone suggested it was a wonderful nut4 ,i am not satisfied with it4 ,we need a better walnut than the ,thomas4 ,but it's the best ,i have4 ,there is a native walnut ,i found in the valley near ,watts ,bar ,dam4 ,i named it ,pineland4 ,it is just a seedling4 ,it is a most wonderful nut if it wasn't for its hard shell4 ,it's hard as the dickens4 ,it is a wonderful bearer1 has borne every year for nine years4 ,it happens to be in unusually good soil4 ,but ,i have grafted a few up away from the river1 and the grafted trees are bearing nicely4 ,the trouble is it is hard1 but it is a wonderful good kernel and it is a big nut4 ,groups like this working with tree crops and nuts over a period of time will develop the right varieties1 and if we can get some youngsters interested--and ,i am in my county getting some youngsters interested in grafting--and tell them not to expect too much but get a whole lot of satisfaction out of the fun of producing something1 ,i think this will be the beginning4 ,or rather1 you have been going a long time4 ,this is a means of progress in tree crops that ,i am well pleased to take a part in4 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ,i think that's about all that ,i have4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,i know we all wish we had more county agents like that1 interested in trees and interested in young folks4 ,those two things should go together4 ,i wish you would just sort of propagate that idea when you meet other county agents1 won't you1 ,mr4 ,shadow8 ,now1 then1 ,mr4 ,frye of ,pleasant ,dale1 ,west ,virginia1 will tell us something about ,nut ,hobbying in ,eastern ,west ,virginia4 ,nut ,hobbying in ,eastern ,west ,virginia ,,wilbert ,m4 ,,frye1 ,pleasant ,dale1 ,west ,virginia ,mr4 ,frye3 ,after hearing such wonderful speeches as we have had1 with your reading1 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel1 ,i wish ,i could be all of us1 but as it is1 ,i am just myself4 ,i don't know how many know where ,pleasant ,dale is1 but anyhow1 you know where ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 is2 ,i live just along ,u4 ,s4 #ej and my section is #ajc miles west of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,that will locate where we are4 ,this section of the country is composed of a lot of long ridges with steep hills1 narrow valleys1 some of them very fertile4 ,these valleys form bases where you will get the draft off these hills down into the valleys4 ,you must keep all the fruit and most of the nut trees out of those places1 or you have these frost spots that ,i have been telling some of you about4 ,as far back as people can remember that country has been covered with all kinds of nuts except the ,european 7,persian or ,english7 walnuts1 and the early people coming in there used these nuts for food1 and the chestnut was their main one4 ,whenever a person clearing the land found a nice tree he would save it4 ,then he would show much pride in having a good tree1 and it kept on going until there became a rivalry as to who had the best chestnut tree4 ,some had an orchard of them4 ,when the blight hit the country ,i had an orchard of chestnut trees4 ,when ,i saw the first blight in the top of a tree ,i didn't like the looks4 ,i kept noticing that4 ,it kept on coming down the tree1 and it killed the base4 ,the total result was everybody lost their hobby trees1 and then soon they changed to something else4 ,now1 when the blight took the chestnut out of the country the people began to pride themselves on the walnut1 who had the best walnut1 who had the best shagbark in the country4 ,some distance from where ,i am is a two-acre grove1 a wonderful grove of our larger nuts4 ,some places it is called kingnut and some places they call it under the name of this big one in the show room1 shellbark4 ,anyhow1 there were two acres there and real moist meadows1 and every once in a while the frost would kill those nuts1 and the next year they would have a wonderful crop4 ,so the climate determines whether we have an annual crop or an intermittent crop on these trees4 ,then ,i always liked to mess around with hobbies with nature4 ,i became interested1 got to wondering who did have the best of the best4 ,then ,i began to go out and visit all of these farms and ask them for a certain number of the best1 and ,i began to send them around to ,mr4 ,reed and ,mr4 ,zarger and other people to take their word on it4 ,and1 of course1 ,i have located some that cracked very well4 ,but every once in a while somebody tells me they have got a better one yet1 and the other day ,i ran across a fellow a hundred miles away--he happened to hear about me1 and ,i have a neighbor who knows him--who has a black walnut that looks like a ,persian walnut4 ,so you see1 ,i have a trip of a hundred miles to make to see what he's got4 ,i wrote to him just before ,i left4 ,i wrote to him to send me at least #bj of those nuts1 and just as soon as this fellow sends me the nuts ,i would come up and see him and later on would try to get some grafting wood and send down to ,mr4 ,zarger of the ,,tva group4 ,my job is not to keep them to myself but to put out the best4 ,so we have those different nuts1 and now it is time to consolidate the best in what we have and get them in the hands of the nut growers groups and those who will put them out and really make use of them4 ,but first we want to see these best trees all over the country4 ,some of them are not as good for timber as the others1 but ,i like to incorporate the timber with the nut production4 ,we talked about the black walnut earlier today4 ,the speaker was not saying much about flavor4 ,that's one thing we want to do in all of our nut work1 get as good a flavor as we can4 ,so why not get the best and go putting it out to give it to everybody4 ,why keep anything within ourselves8 ,that's the main thing we can do4 ,a brother was talking a while ago about this nut job1 a community nut job4 ,now1 two years ago--,i will have to use my dad1 who is #hb years old1 as a little reference--my dad cracked #hc pounds of black walnuts from just the best of them1 you might say4 ,sold them at a price of #a4di a pound4 ,so that wasn't bad1 was it8 ,i thought that was right good4 ,last year we didn't have a nut in there because we had a freeze on the #cast of ,may of around #bf deg4 to #bh deg41 depending on where you were and the location4 ,but then in the fall on the #bcrd of ,september we had another drop just when everything was in full growth1 due to a dry spell and then a rain4 ,but in the fall on the #bcrd of ,september we had a drop down to #bj1 so that was what happened to all the remaining nuts in that country4 ,they were just frozen like black mummies4 ,i had what they call the ,texas ,thinshell black walnut4 ,i have one tree that is about eight or nine feet high1 maybe ten feet high1 had #de nuts on it1 nice big ones1 and they just looked like mummies1 and it made me heartsick1 of course4 ,i went out there and looked at the things1 and they fell off the tree4 ,i thought1 ,well1 ,i might just as well experiment4 ,i will dig me a little trench here along the garden1 ,i will put these in and see what happens4 ,to my surprise #bj of them came up after being frozen4 ,so that might be a question3 ,will things sprout or germinate without reaching maturity8#ag ,i don't know how much maturity they had4 ,they certainly weren't in full growth when they were frozen4 ,that's one thing we want to see4 ,my main aim is just to grow things1 for hobby purposes and see just what will grow4 ,last year we had such a hectic year from that late spring freeze and early fall freeze it discouraged me here where ,i am1 in this frost pocket at an elevation of #a1jej feet4 ,and ,i said1 ,now1 on the hill about #d miles away and #cjj feet higher they have a wonderful place for peaches4 ,i have a friend who lives up there1 and he has so many peach trees missing in his old orchard4 ,i said1 ,how about setting out some nut trees in your peach orchard8 ,ho said1 ,go to it4 ,i set out a nut tree wherever there is a peach tree out4 ,so that gave me a chance to see what they would do4 ,last spring ,i started that too late1 but ,i set out #de or #ej trees1 filberts1 ,persian walnuts1 pecans1 chestnuts and persimmons1 and ,i will just see what they will do4 ,and today my kind friend who gave a talk on the nut trees from down in ,alabama gave me seed to plant4 ,i expect to put a row of those out and see what they will do4 ,the land ,i am planting them on at one time was just a great mass of chestnuts1 and this friend there on one of those sections1 of about three acres1 had cut #ce1jjj feet of this dead timber after the chestnut blight killed them4 ,that blight was a terrible shock to us4 ,one thing ,i did note when it came on1 prior to the chestnut blight in that country there were these little chipmunks1 which1 everybody knows1 eat chestnuts4 ,you couldn't hear yourself think for the little chipmunks chipping all over the country4 ,you know1 they carried off all the nuts4 ,you had to be smart to beat them to them4 ,when the chestnuts disappeared1 the chipmunks disappeared1 and there were eight or ten years when you were lucky if you got to hear one4 ,in the meantime those little fellows have changed4 ,they died1 a lot of them1 but now they have learned to eat something else1 and now they are coming back4 ,that little chipmunk always amused me1 because ,i loved to go out and play with the squirrels and things like that4 ,anyhow1 it's just pure hobby work1 and as ,mr4 ,shadow says you can get over a mad spell and get out close to nature1 because in this nut work you can't get any closer to ,god's work than to get out and get something better4 ,i think that's all ,i have to say4 ,footnote #ag3 ,some other members have reported similar behavior of frost-bitten and poorly filled black walnuts4--,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,those of you who know ,mr4 ,frye know that he works as well as he talks1 and that's pretty good4 ,is ,mr4 ,tatum here8 7,no response47 ,in that case ,i am told that ,dr4 ,rohrbacher will read a paper by ,mr4 ,tatum of ,lebanon1 ,kentucky on ,a ,look1 ,backward and ,forward1 ,into ,nut ,growing in ,kentucky4 ,dr ,rohrbacher4 ,a ,look ,backward and ,forward into ,nut ,growing in ,kentucky ,w4 ,g4 ,,tatum1 ,route #d1 ,lebanon1 ,kentucky ,the lumberman's ax1 the chestnut blight1 forest fires1 and the new ground hill farmer1 together1 have destroyed many thousands of our beautiful ,kentucky forest acres4 ,much of this one time nature lover's paradise is now ugly1 barren1 and eroded1 and too poor to give a living to either man or beast4 ,wanton destruction of ,god-given treasure and beauty is a sin and a shame4 ,thanks to the men of vision and foresight of the ,u4,s4,d4,a41 state agricultural colleges1 and our own fraternity of nut tree lovers1 this slaughter is coming to a halt at last4 ,our fellow citizens are being awakened to the real value of their woodlands4 ,much reforestation of these steep barren wastes is already under way4 ,we1 of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association1 ,,inc41 can look back to many mistakes we have made in the selection of varieties for our respective climates and soils4 ,our dates and methods of grafting1 budding1 and transplanting have not always been right4 ,we have gotten hold of scionwood that we were most sure would not grow when we used it1 but we did use it1 hoping1 and most of it did fail1 as we expected4 ,in our ,association1 we have a large group of wise experimenters on varieties and methods1 well placed all over the ,u4 ,s4 and ,i have every confidence that1 in time1 many commercially profitable varieties1 and better methods will reward their research4 ,but in the meantime1 we should all keep ever on the alert for a new and better idea1 or variety4 ,here in ,central ,kentucky1 of the many black walnuts ,i have under test1 only ,thomas1 ,victoria1 and ,eureka have the tendency toward young and heavy bearing4 ,these three do show great promise in my section as young and heavy croppers4 ,and they are all top-bracket nuts1 according to tests made by expert testers4 ,there may be newer ones better than these1 and we hope there will be yet better ones turn up continually in the future4 ,there are at least a few ,persian walnuts that show promise in my location4 ,of varieties ,i have of bearing age1 only four are worthy of mention4 ,these are ,broadview1 ,elmore1 ,crath-,dunstan ,no4 ,i and ,crath-,edmunds ,no4 #c4 ,all of the above have borne well on two year old grafts on large black walnut stocks4 ,their nuts are in my opinion excellent4 ,wright and ,walters heartnuts seem well adapted here1 and are doing equally well for me on ,japanese1 butternut1 and black rootstocks4 ,these are the only two ,i have old enough to bear1 and they are bearing their first few nuts each this season4 ,i would like to add here1 that the wild nut crop in general in my section1 is very light1 and these nut trees that ,i mention as bearing this season1 are the more to be noticed for their crops in this year of bad nut crops4 ,i am trying buartnuts and butternuts1 which are growing satisfactorily1 but not large enough for a crop4 ,this is wonderful natural chestnut territory4 ,all of the many ,chinese seedlings ,i have1 and the few grafted ones1 are growing nicely1 and quite a number have burs on them when only about belt high to an average man4 ,i am anxious to get graftwood of superior individuals as they come out1 for propagation here in my own planting4 ,i believe this to be a good home for any good chestnut4 ,no blight is showing to date in either my seedlings or grafted ones4 ,i live on rather deep1 fertile upland1 and am quite hopeful of good results from many of the ,northern pecan varieties that ,i am trying4 ,the oldest trees ,i have are only five years old1 on small seedling stocks and hardly old enough to yield a crop for at least another five years4 ,major1 ,greenriver1 ,busseron1 and ,fisher are my oldest1 and are making rapid growth4 ,stuart1 of the ,southern group1 is bearing quite well for my friend1 ,lewis ,edmunds1 a few miles southwest of me1 and he says it matures its nuts well before frost1 but insects cause a goodly part of the crop to fall prematurely4 ,i have quite a collection of the better known grafted shagbarks on my woodland4 ,these are mostly on wild shagbark stocks4 ,they are all growing well1 but ,i have had no nuts from them as yet4 ,grainger is the fastest grower of the lot4 ,to make my nut tree project complete1 ,i have quite a long row of filberts and hazels1 set hedge row fashion1 which include quite a list of varieties4 ,those that bear quite regular and heavy crops include four ,jones ,hybrids1 ,winkler hazel1 two un-named hazels1 and ,barcelona filbert4 ,i have persimmons1 too1 both ,american and ,chinese named varieties4 ,my ,chinese are young and not bearing yet1 but doing well4 ,kansas and ,josephine are my choice of the natives4 ,i am trying ,millwood and ,shessler honeylocusts for the first time this year4 ,they are beautiful grafts1 and ,i am looking forward to the pleasure and profit of adding them to my hill cow pasture in a year or two4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,thank you1 very much1 ,dr4 ,rohrbacher4 ,we have #ae minutes before the next order comes on the program4 ,suppose you take a recess right now4 7,a recess was taken47 7,mr4 ,william ,j4 ,wilson from ,georgia showed moving pictures of his pecan orchard47 ,president ,davidson3 ,the next order of business1 we will now hear a report of the ,committee on ,black ,walnut ,standards and ,judging by ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels4 ,round ,table ,discussion on ,judging ,schedule for ,black ,walnuts ,,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s1 ,chairman ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,during the year your committee has worked on the problem of setting up a judging schedule for black walnuts1 mainly through correspondence4 ,unfortunately1 it has not been possible to get together for discussion4 ,had we done so1 ,i'm sure we could have achieved close agreement upon essentials4 ,as it is1 there are several phases of the problem upon which we would like the judgment of the association members4 ,as far as this group here is concerned1 ,i am quite sure that we can't profitably go into a discussion of the various details and ramifications of a judging schedule4 ,i do think1 however1 that we might discuss the problem of whether our point of view in developing such a schedule should be that of the value of a variety for the commercial buyer or for home use4 ,as far as the committee is concerned1 ,mr4 ,chase favors the home use angle4 ,clarence ,reed and ,mr4 ,stoke have not expressed themselves definitely one way or the other4 ,mr4 ,stoke is here1 and ,i expect that he will say something about it4 ,i would like to open discussion on this question at this time1 unless you want to go back to the consideration of whether it is desirable or possible1 to have any such schedule1 at all4 ,may we assume that this is desirable8 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,could we have a double standard1 one for the commercial grower and one for the home grower8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,in my judgment it would be better to try one at a time4 ,another schedule can be developed later4 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,have you any particular preference1 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i personally feel that the new and improved varieties will find their best use as a home proposition rather than in the commercial orchard1 because apparently with a modern cracker the common wild nuts can be cracked in pieces that are satisfactory for the commercial trade1 and crackability is of little moment4 ,have you any comments as to which point of view the committee should take8 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,i would like to inquire as to the purpose for which this numerical score or method of evaluating these nuts is to be used4 ,is it to be used for show purposes1 or is it for determining the value of a variety of nut to grow8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,the purpose of setting up a schedule is to provide a standard by which we can determine differences between samples in contests1 and to give a basis for comparison in determining the value of a variety for growing in various climatic zones and of different varieties grown in the same place4 ,for instance1 the variety1 ,thomas1 in one zone would be a very good nut and have a score of1 say1 #hi4 ,in another it might have a score of only #de1 and in another a score of #ee4 ,the score would be directly related to the adaptability of this variety to a climatic zone or to a system of cultivation or to variation in any other environmental condition4 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,how do the other members of the committee feel about it8 ,what is their preference8 ,it seems to me that if you are unanimous1 all we have to do is approve your report and leave out the discussion4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,we are not unanimous4 ,mr4 ,reed1 who ,i regret is not here1 rather doubts that any kind of schedule is either possible or desirable4 ,would you think that is a fair statement1 ,mr4 ,stoke8 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,yes4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,mr4 ,chase believes that a schedule is both possible and desirable and that we should work along the general ideas advanced in the paper on judging schedules published in the last volume of the report4 ,as ,i understand ,mr4 ,stoke's position1 he would go along with that in general with possibly the addition of the factors of taste and color4 ,is that right8 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,yes1 taste and color for domestic use4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i have already stated my position4 ,i feel that unless we confine the schedule to characteristics that can be weighed or measured successfully its value and usefulness will be little4 ,a ,member3 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels1 if a man has a #bj1jjj machine for cracking walnuts and he has a choice between the ,thomas walnut and a good wild one1 he will pay a little bit more for ,thomas walnuts1 will he not8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,the question raised is that if a cracking plant which cracks thousands of pounds can get more kernels out of a hundred pounds of ,thomas nuts or any other grafted variety1 would the operators pay something more for them8 ,i think undoubtedly they would1 but would they pay enough of a differential over the wild nuts to make it worthwhile to the grower8 ,i don't know4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,if you take pecans which are our best example1 #ie per cent of all nuts produced in the ,united ,states are marketed as shelled kernels1 and there is a very substantial price differential between seedlings and budded pecans1 and the crackers will pay the difference based on the yield of kernels4 ,that is their only interest4 ,the thickness of shell1 how well it cracks1 or any other factor is of no importance4 ,if the kernels are there1 they will get them out4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,that is the crux of this whole matter4 ,are we interested in developing varieties for cracking in which we care little about the size of the pieces recovered or about the ease of extraction1 or do we want nuts for home use that will give a high yield of large pieces8 ,these machines1 as ,i understand it1 will crack the walnuts and get the kernels out in small pieces regardless of how they crack in a ,hershey cracker4 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,as ,i understood ,mr4 ,mullins1 he favored having a lot of ,thomas if he could get them4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,would he pay the difference8 ,i don't know4 ,dr4 ,crane says he would4 ,president ,davidson3 ,when ,i talked to him--we passed through there and saw the plant--he said he thinks well enough of the better nuts to come here for the purpose of learning where and how to manage a plantation of his own of ,thomas and the other budded varieties for his own cracking plant4 ,in his own cracking plant the yield for the amount of labor expended is so much better on the improved varieties that he wants to make a planting of his own4 ,he will pay more1 but just how much more1 ,i don't know4 ,that brings up another matter4 ,as ,i have said before1 our state authorities should be urged again and again and again to buy good seed nuts for distribution to the public so that we can get these better quality nuts into the woods4 ,some of them are agreeing to that4 ,some of them are doing it4 ,but so far not very much has been done4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i think that before your committee goes ahead we must get a decision on this point1 for the approaches are quite different4 ,if you are developing a schedule for home use1 the size of the nuts is of importance4 ,in general1 the bigger the nut the easier it is to handle1 the easier it is to shuck and crack4 ,the percentage of kernel is relatively less important than it is in the commercial cracking4 ,the size of the particles recovered is more important for home use4 ,if they come out easily and in large pieces1 they are much more desirable4 ,on the other hand1 in commercial cracking the percentage of kernel is important4 ,the commercial buyer wants to know how many pounds of kernels can be expected from a hundred pounds of nuts4 ,he is not much interested in the size of the nuts or the size of pieces that are recovered4 ,this is an entirely different approach to the problem4 ,we have got to decide between the two before the committee goes further4 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,there is another angle to the problem4 ,a lot of the black walnuts today are used in the bakery trade and in the ice cream trade4 ,but ,i visualize a market for black walnut kernels to be eaten out of hand4 ,there are many people in the ,united ,states that like the flavor of black walnut kernels to eat in this way4 ,i know ,i am one of them1 and ,i don't want to eat crumbs4 ,i don't want to eat small pieces4 ,i like to have at least quarters4 ,i think that if we were to gather from the status of our other native nut industry that there is going to be a premium paid for the larger pieces1 then cracking quality would enter into the matter4 ,our pecans are sold on count of whole kernels per pound or per ounce4 ,almonds are sold the same way4 ,walnuts the same way--that is1 ,persian or ,english walnuts4 ,the number of kernels or pieces per pound is an important matter1 notwithstanding the situation as it exists in the black walnuts today4 ,so ,i do think that we can't take the present status of the industry as one which will prevail generally and in the future4 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,would the majority report favor the side of the home consumer rather than the commercial buyer8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i think it depends on what ,mr4 ,stoke would think about the majority4 ,we didn't get a chance to get together1 because ,mr4 ,stoke was so busy with exhibits4 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,we might end by moving the adoption of the majority report and let it get at that4 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,i know ,i brought up that matter of whether we should judge by standards acceptable to the commercial buyer or to the ultimate consumer4 ,the confectioner doesn't care about the size or color at all4 ,when they are put up in candy or in chocolate cookies1 color doesn't mean anything4 ,it's a black walnut1 and it doesn't have to depend on anything else4 ,so ,i think those two points of view are pertinent4 ,i never expressed any preference1 and ,i don't know that ,i have any4 ,i think it might be just as well to leave that up to this body4 ,but the producer1 or those anticipating producing must be considered4 ,mr4 ,hirschi can give us the word on marketing kernels4 ,mr4 ,hirschi3 ,i do not market kernels4 ,i just crack the nuts and sell them by the pound cracked4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,shell and all8 ,mr4 ,hirschi3 ,shells and all4 ,i sold about a ton and a half each winter for the last four or five winters4 ,they are ,thomas walnuts4 ,i get #ce cents a pound with the horse shoe nail in the package4 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,that man wants good color1 good flavor1 kernels easy to pick out1 and of good size4 ,that goes with the retail buyer4 ,if the commercial buyer gets #cj per cent kernels from good nuts compared with #ae per cent from run-of-mine nuts1 he doubtless will be willing to pay a considerable premium for the better nuts if he can get them4 ,but unless the good nuts are in considerable quantity they go right in with the others and no more will be paid for them4 ,that's my point of view4 ,i don't want to express my particular opinion1 because ,i have no particular opinion4 ,but you might consider both1 the commercial nut1 and the home nut4 ,i think we might vote and determine what action1 to take tonight as to setting up a standard1 or if you want to set up a double standard4 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,mr4 ,mullins does get a better price for a larger kernel4 ,he separates them and treats them differently than the general run of small pieces4 ,it's been my observation that the cracking machines do a remarkably good job with the ordinary run of seedling nuts4 ,kenneth ,dick gets the kernels out in rather large pieces1 and from what we saw up at ,mullins' place he gets the same thing4 ,he sifts out the larger pieces and gets a better price for them4 ,so the preference is for the larger pieces4 ,it's like buying hamburger2 you prefer your hamburger ground up out of larger pieces rather than odds and ends that the butcher has around the shop and grinds it up and hands it to you4 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,but isn't it true that he sells the kernels in two separate classes8 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,but the preference still seems to be1 after we see them1 for the larger pieces4 ,they have better kernels2 otherwise1 they would break up in small pieces4 ,mr4 ,korn3 ,i believe that as long as there are very few commercial orchards1 we should approach it from the angle of the people who have just a few pet nut trees around their yards1 because ,i don't think the commercial orchards of the improved grafted black walnuts are going to be large enough to color the picture very much for a few years to come4 ,as long as they haven't been too profitable1 ,i think it is going to be some time before we have to worry much about commercial orchards4 ,therefore1 we are interested in getting a superior product in kernel2 it has to be large1 has to be of good color and good flavor4 ,it seems to me that would be one of the first things to consider4 ,then1 if orchards get more plentiful and profitable1 we can take up the other angle4 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ,i'd like to make a few remarks on this business of commercial cracking and large pieces that ,i hear mentioned by my good friend1 ,mr4 ,weber4 ,i had hoped to have the two largest shellers in the country present at these meetings1 but was unable to get them here4 ,in this area the commercial walnut cracking industry is related directly to the type of machinery necessary to recover the kernels4 ,for example1 the two or three cracking plants in ,nashville handle an estimated ten million pounds of nuts each year and turn out roughly #a4b million pounds of kernels4 ,these kernels go directly to confectionary syrup and ice cream plants4 ,therefore1 they are not interested in size of pieces4 ,in fact1 if they are too large1 the commercial users have to chop them up4 ,so what we are doing here1 ladies and gentlemen1 is confusing what we want to do in the way of judging nuts1 it appears to me4 ,there is little reason to assume that the ,thomas1 if they could get #aj million pounds of ,thomas1 would be more valuable to the commercial crackers4 ,but that doesn't necessarily interfere with our judging system that we are trying to design to tell which nut is the best to grow4 ,i specifically asked these buyers of millions of pounds of nuts3 ,if ,i came in with some ,thomas nuts would ,i get some more money for them8 ,their reply was1 ,no1 sir4 ,we pay a flat rate per hundred pounds of nuts4 ,we know that some of them are going to be excellent2 we know some of them are going to be poor1 but we intend to get from #ab to #ae per cent kernel recovery out of them4 ,in #aidj we brought quantities of improved varieties to the cracking plant in ,knoxville and ran them through ,mr4 ,smalley's machine4 ,he was amazed4 ,he didn't believe it2 didn't believe his eyes4 ,they came out in large pieces4 ,but under present conditions they'd be chopped up4 ,none of these kernels moving out of ,nashville vicinity go to retail trade1 except a few that go to confectionary stores in #be-pound boxes and are sold a pound at a time for cooking purposes1 not for eating out of the hand4 ,people like ,mr4 ,korn and ,mr4 ,hirschi1 who are interested in selling kernels at a much higher price than the commercial crackers1 have to have large pieces1 attractive kernels1 properly cared for1 properly colored1 and of mild flavor4 ,is it this group we are trying to assist by this judging system or the commercial cracker8 ,the number of acres planted with ,thomas sufficient to yield enough nuts to operate one of these machines would be tremendous4 ,there are several examples of where the machine has been purchased to be used on ,thomas but hasn't been used4 ,it has been stored away4 ,they prefer to crack the ,thomas nuts by hand4 ,so my point is this3 ,it appears to me that we are interested in the grower of several trees around the farmstead4 ,at least1 in this section we are4 ,everyone here gathers and cracks walnuts4 ,our idea of acquainting them with the ,thomas variety is to make their job easier in cracking and picking them out4 ,it seems to me that's also the problem that we have as a group elsewhere1 and ,i believe that in order for us to make headway on this judging schedule1 which ,i think is necessary and desirable1 we must view it from the home viewpoint at this time4 ,that does not shut out the commercial viewpoint for later years4 ,but now we are primarily interested in the home raising of nuts1 unless ,i am in the wrong group4 ,thank you4 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ,i agree heartily with what ,mr4 ,chase has to say1 or otherwise we might as well quit now and raise seedling nuts to the best of our ability and sell them to the commercial crackers and let it go at that4 ,but1 if we do that1 what's the use of searching out better varieties8 ,dr4 ,cross3 ,mr4 ,chairman3 ,i believe that if a nut acceptable to the home consumer1 one which extracts easily and is attractive and palatable and is productive--if that type of nut is scored and comes to the attention of a sufficient number of growers1 then ,i think the commercial people will utilize it4 ,so ,i don't believe there is anything to this argument4 ,i believe if you go ahead on the basis of the home consumer and develop a nut that will be desirable for his purpose1 and if in addition to these factors that have been discussed it is adaptable and productive1 then it is going to be eventually the nut that the commercial man will utilize1 because1 after all1 what we are growing nuts for is the kernel4 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,to bring it to a head1 ,i move that we adopt that part of the report that favors the home consumer as against the commercial consumer1 or we will be here all night talking about it4 ,dr4 ,rohrbacher3 ,i second the motion4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,you have heard the motion1 which was seconded4 ,any remarks8 7,vote taken on the motion1 carried unanimously47 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,that will be the basis on which the committee will work4 ,there are several other points to be considered4 ,i would suggest the committee be asked to make further tests with the schedule as proposed in order to get additional data to determine if it is a usable schedule and can be used by different people with reasonably similar results1 and if it does differentiate the things that we want to have a schedule differentiate in a test4 ,this last year we had hoped to do this1 but there weren't enough samples of nuts available to be worth testing4 ,i spent about #aj personally buying nuts from this source and that1 and there wasn't a good sample in the lot1 except one1 which ,sterling ,smith gave me4 ,i think that if we have another season to work the schedule that has been proposed1 we at least can demonstrate whether or not it is differentiating between varieties in a manner which is satisfactory4 ,i believe a motion is in order to bring this matter to a decision and end this discussion4 ,have you any further comment1 ,mr4 ,chase8 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,if it is not out of order1 ,i move that we adopt for further trial1 the scoring schedule proposed in the paper by ,dr4 ,atwood and ,dr4 ,mac,daniels in the #aidg ,report of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,president ,davidson3 ,i second the motion4 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,may ,i make one remark8 ,does not that schedule ignore the factors of color and taste8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,it does1 as not being objective characters4 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,in other words1 this motion approves something from the commercial slant rather than from the personal use slant4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i wouldn't say that2 it simply limits the judging schedule to those characteristics which can be objectively handled and are not a matter of opinion or judgment4 ,that's the point here1 ,i think4 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,mr4 ,stoke and ,i don't quite agree--,i don't think we are the only two--on flavor and color4 ,however1 in our exchange of correspondence we fully appreciate the advantage of light-colored1 mild-flavored kernels4 ,but ,i don't see any method by which we can place a numerical value on the color and flavor4 ,can we not describe the color and flavor along with the rating that describes the kernel and still have you on our side8 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,personally1 ,i think we are splitting hairs4 ,when we can't agree as to which color class a sample belongs1 it must be somewhere near the border-line4 ,ordinarily the average human being will agree pretty well as to a blonde or a brunette or one that's neutral4 ,and ,i think in the judging of walnuts1 there can be no exact value based on the color4 ,if you consider color and make a scientific test1 your test wouldn't be the same as my test4 ,but if it is a dark kernel1 you can recognize it1 and so can ,i1 if we have any common sense4 ,also in the matter of flavor1 you and ,i can tell what we like and what we don't like4 ,and ,i think there are those two limitations4 ,we can't do this scientifically1 because the human factor is here4 ,but after all1 it's humans that eat them and produce them for eating6 ,and ,i rather1 in the schedules last year1 brought up objections to it4 ,i didn't say ,i objected1 and1 of course1 ,i don't now4 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,i'd like to just say this1 and ,i am going to call on my good friend1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel here1 for agreement4 ,a long time ago we prepared1 did we not1 various judging systems8 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,yes4 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,we found that--you can correct me if this is wrong--by manipulating five points for flavor and five points given for color we could change the position of a variety of a list a great deal1 and we also found that the points given for color were not related to inherently bad color but simply the result of poor handling1 which also affects flavor4 ,this is my reason for eliminating color and flavor from the schedule3 it is not to get away from the mild-flavored1 pretty-colored kernels4 ,president ,davidson3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ,i must say that ,i am inclined to agree with ,mr4 ,stoke1 for this reason3 ,even though color and flavor are very frequently the result of poor handling1 we all know that we will say that the ,stabler has the characteristic that is distinctive of quickly coloring up and quickly becoming rancid as distinguished from the ,thomas1 which does not4 ,now1 those things are inherent in the two varieties1 ,i think1 and ,i don't think this committee should ignore altogether the matter of color and flavor1 although ,i do think1 perhaps1 not so much weight might be given to those two qualities as had been given to them in the past4 ,but they certainly decidedly influence the marketability for kernels from the point of view of home consumption4 ,i think there is no question about that4 ,i should be inclined to agree with ,mr4 ,stoke1 that those two qualities should not be ignored by the committee4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i think the point would be to ignore them in their simply not being objective2 you can't weigh or measure them4 ,there is a motion properly seconded before the house4 ,are there further remarks8 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,wouldn't there be just a certain amount of trial and error connected with it1 and as you go along you will either add to or take off1 and then you will get a correct system of judging8 ,you have to start out with one system and if it is wrong1 change it4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i think it's a matter of doing something rather than nothing1 for a schedule is always subject to improvement4 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,i wish to point out we have made some tests together1 and your personal tests and my personal tests ran very close together4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,that is right4 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,and one member of the committee is always very conservative and his tests never run as high on any series as the others4 ,i make a test and he makes a test1 and his are always lower4 ,maybe1 he doesn't recover as much2 perhaps he isn't as expert a cracker4 7,vote taken on the motion2 carried47 ,president ,davidson3 ,let us adjourn until #h3cj tomorrow morning4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,picture from ,our ,most ,northern ,member ,john ,davidson wrote in our #aidc report3 ,if any man deserves a bright ,,nnga medal1 it is ,a4 ,l4 ,young1 of ,brooks1 ,alberta4 ,by planting his trees near enough to irrigation ditches in his desert1 cactus country1 and protecting them from livestock1 ,mr4 ,young is able to get nuts on the hardier trees1 but he reported that the nuts1 while of fair size1 do not have fleshy kernels 444 ,butternuts are very sweet with fair size kernels 444 ,giant hickory from ,ontario seems hardy but particular about the kind of soil 444 ,carpathian walnuts killed back quite a lot1 so did most of my hybrid walnuts 444 ,some ,manchurian walnuts 444 got a setback with spring frosts 444 ,heartnuts got a rough deal last winter #aidb-dc4 ,mr4 ,young wrote to ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith in #aidh3 ,i have been using pollen of ,broadview and ,carpathian ,persian walnuts on my blacks and while there are a lot of hybrid seedlings1 none have fruited yet4 ,on ,peace ,river hazel far ,northern ,i have been using ,barcelona1 ,du ,chilly and ,gellatly pollen4 ,some of these hybrids look good1 hardy1 and produce good nuts 444 ,a few varieties of oak are promising and fruiting4 ,at his location1 ,mr4 ,young expects winter temperature of -#de deg41 and the lowest known before #aidj was -#fb deg4,f4 ,summer temperatures go above #ajj deg4,f4 ,illustration3 ,fruiting black walnut grown at ,brooks1 ,alberta1 ,canada1 by member ,a4 ,l4 ,young4 ,the seed came from ,ontario4 ,tuesday ,morning ,session ,president ,davidson3 ,the only way to get started is to start4 ,we are going to be given a look at the honeylocust situation in the ,south by ,professor ,moore of the ,department of ,horticulture of the ,alabama ,polytechnic ,institute of ,auburn4 ,mr4 ,moore4 ,the ,present ,outlook for ,honeylocust in the ,south ,j4 ,c4 ,,moore1 ,department of ,horticulture1 ,alabama ,polytechnic ,institute1 ,auburn1 ,alabama ,mr4 ,moore3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ladies and gentlemen3 ,before ,i start this discussion1 just in case some of you are not familiar with honeylocust1 its habit of growth1 the size of the pods and the possibility of its yield1 ,i'd like to take time out just to show a few slides1 then ,i will go ahead with the discussion and give you some data on that honeylocust production4 ,i believe if you would look at these slides before we start the discussion it would give you a good idea what the tree looks like1 how it grows1 the age at which it starts bearing and something about its general habits2 it will help you a lot to understand what ,i have to say about it4 7,slides shown47 ,this is the ,millwood honeylocust4 ,the pods will vary in size from about #ab inches to #ad inches in length1 from one and a half to one and three-quarters inches in width1 and the back part of the pod1 something that ,i can't show on this particular type of picture1 is very thick1 and this back part of the pod1 the thick part of it1 is very rich in carbohydrates4 ,we have the ,calhoun and ,millwood selections that have run as high1 the ,millwood a little over #cf per cent sugar and the ,calhoun a little over #ch per cent sugar4 ,the ,millwood is a much higher yielding tree than the ,calhoun4 ,i will bring that out in a few minutes' time4 ,this is a borrowed slide and ,i don't know the history of these trees1 but ,i judge that the tree is about three years old4 ,we have had good yields on three-year-old trees at ,auburn4 ,here is a group of trees growing with a ground cover1 and again ,i am not familiar with the ground cover1 but just judging from the general appearance it looks like a picture that came from our files4 ,if that is true then ,i know the story4 ,the tree in the background is a ,calhoun tree and the tree in the foreground is a ,millwood growing in ,lespedeza sericea and ,i will bring out some points in a few minutes in the general discussion on the value of these two plants growing together as a combination4 ,i believe this is another tree that grew on my farm1 and the year this picture was made this particular tree1 eight years of age1 bore #bej pounds of those luscious pods4 ,a close-up again1 giving you the general size of the pod1 how they are produced in masses1 and you get quite a bit of weight in some of those thick-backed pods that you don't get from the thin pods that grow normally on seedling trees4 ,the ,,tva has done quite a bit of work in selecting and developing the honeylocust1 and ,i believe we give that particular organization credit for the development of both the ,millwood and the ,calhoun4 ,i thought it would be very valuable to give you just a glimpse of the habit of growth of those trees before ,i start with my general discussion so that you would understand something about what ,i am talking about4 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,are these thornless8 ,mr4 ,moore3 ,these are thornless honeylocusts4 ,the original parent trees of the ,millwood and ,calhoun had thorns4 ,by vegetative propagation--they went out and cut scionwood on the limbs above the thorns and propagated the thornless twigs on thornless root stock--we now have a thornless honeylocust4 ,there has been quite a bit of disturbance in ,alabama1 especially in the northern part of the state1 caused by native honeylocust4 ,we have two or three characteristics that ,i think ought to be brought out about honeylocust4 ,some of out trees in the northern part of the state of ,alabama have triple thorns4 ,it is known as ,g4 triacanthos and the tri- part of that particular word1 of course1 gives us an idea of three thorns1 and ,i have seen thorns at least #ab inches long that you could catch in your hand and use for a dagger1 and it would be very dangerous4 ,now1 some of those trees growing in the northern part of the state are very serious pests in pastures4 ,cows and horses and hogs are very fond of those lucious pods1 and they will go around the trees and pick up every pod that falls1 and occasionally a horse or cow will get close enough to the trunk of the tree and get speared with those thorns1 and when the thorn pierces the skin there is a little tip on the end that breaks off and is left inside4 ,when the usual infection that it carries get started from the part of the thorn that is left in the flesh1 you get pus and1 of course1 later on the amputation of the leg1 if it happens to be in the leg1 of the horse4 ,with the thornless type that is completely eliminated4 ,then this other thing that ,i think ought to be brought out1 the thornless or near-thornless type as a general rule has a better quality of pods than the ones with the long thorns4 ,now1 it is true that the parent seedling trees of the ,calhoun and the ,millwood both had a small quantity of thorns when they were growing wild4 ,after they were propagated vegetatively the thorns1 of course1 were eliminated by taking scion wood from above the thorns4 ,but in general in our state1 the thornless trees--and we do have a lot of thornless trees growing wild--have a higher sugar content in the pods than do the trees with thorns4 ,i just wanted to give you a general idea of what we have done with honeylocust in ,alabama4 ,in #aich the ,,tva sent down some ,millwood and ,calhoun for test planting4 ,we put those trees in two different types of planting4 ,we had an integrated planting where we were trying to select at that time some good pasture plants1 and1 of course1 we had something like a hundred different species in the one planting4 ,the trees were planted relatively thick1 but the larger trees were planted longer distances apart1 and the intermediate trees intermediate distances apart1 and then we had shrubs coming in under those4 ,it was supposed to have been a three-story type of planting1 black walnut in the upper story1 honeylocust as an intermediate and shrubs for the ground4 ,we were using different types of plums for the understory2 then on the ground we had ,lespedeza sericea4 ,but from that we did get several different plant materials that did look promising1 and we put the ,calhoun honeylocust and the ,millwood honeylocust in with that planting for trial1 and they did so well that we expanded the honeylocust into another planting4 ,i am very sorry that this latter planting had to be taken out4 ,hillculture research went under in ,june of #aidg1 and the ,horticulture ,department took this work over1 and they thought they could not support the honeylocust pasture program in ,horticulture1 and the plot1 of course1 was pulled out and planted in peaches4 ,anyway1 we do have some information ,i'd like to give you4 ,the ,dairy ,department of the ,alabama ,experiment ,station carried out quite an extensive feeding test over a two-year period to find out the value of these pods in the dairy ration4 ,they substituted the honeylocust pods ground4 ,professor ,eaton of the ,dairy ,department assures me that none of the seeds in those pods were cracked4 ,they ground the pods with corn in order to take up some of the excess honey that is in the back of these pods so that they'd grind well1 and they ground them in a hammermill1 and the burrs were running far enough apart so that he assures me that very few of the seeds1 if any1 were ever cracked4 ,that has been somewhat of a discussion1 among feed producers especially1 recently1 as to whether or not it would be profitable to grind those seeds in order to get the protein and fats that the seed has4 ,there isn't a very high percentage of food in the seed itself1 but you do get a little more protein and a little more fat if you grind the seed itself4 ,we have found in storage that weevils get in these seeds1 but the weevil doesn't destroy the carbohydrates1 and the weevil will only pierce the seed and make a hole in it4 ,then the intestinal juices of a cow will go in through this hole and they can digest the seed4 ,that is something that comes along with storage4 ,i'd like to give you just something briefly on what the ,dairy ,department of ,alabama ,polytechnic found out about the general value of these pods4 ,they found that honeylocust pods could be substituted in a dairy ration for oats1 pound for pound4 ,now1 that means that if you can get a high yield of honeylocust pods and substitute it in a dairy ration for oats that you just about have half of the grain problem solved4 ,i'd like then to follow that up to give you the average yields4 ,before ,i give you these average yields ,i'd also like to bring out this fact about the ,calhoun and the ,millwood honeylocust4 ,those trees are very peculiar in their habits of bearing4 ,one year they will bear a heavy crop4 ,the next year they will bear scarcely anything4 ,they are definitely alternate bearing1 and ,i think that alternate bearing has a physiological background behind it4 ,how ,we can eliminate that physiological reaction is something else4 ,but the years that the trees are heavily loaded with the fruit the amount of carbohydrates that it draws from the tree is so great that the tree doesn't have enough carbohydrates left to produce fruit the next year4 ,i think it is the carbon-nitrogen ratio from the physiological standpoint1 and1 of course1 if that is the case1 then there is a possibility that you could eliminate or correct that carbon-nitrogen ratio by thinning during the blooming period4 ,but when you see these results ,i think that you will agree that honeylocust has a place1 even if they do bear only every other year4 ,in our planting we have some trees that will bear this year4 ,next year they won't bear1 but their sister trees will bear4 ,so we have pods every year from some of the trees4 ,over a period of five years1 during which these trees were planted 7the oldest trees that we have in #aich1 and in #aidb7 the average production of the ,millwood was #eh4c pounds per tree4 ,in #aidc there were no pods produced on the ,millwood variety4 ,we had a cold spell in the spring that completely eradicated all of the fruit in that year4 ,in #aidd the average yield--and that is taking the average yield of #aj trees of the oldest ones that were put in--the average yield was #adf pounds of pods per tree4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,that's for both varieties8 ,mr4 ,moore3 ,that's just for ,millwood4 ,i will give you the ,calhoun in a minute4 ,then in #aide the average yield was #ci4e pounds per tree4 ,in #aidf we had an average of #ahj pounds per tree4 ,in #aidg we had an average of #ab pounds4 ,now1 note the break there in averages from year to year3 #eh1 none1 #adf1 #ci1 #ahj1 #ab4 ,you get from that that we have almost definitely alternate bearing in those trees4 ,now1 this other thing is interesting4 ,if you take the five-year average from #aidb through #aidf inclusive1 and convert that to #ce trees--this is #aj trees--but when you convert that to an average of #ce trees per acre you get the equivalent of #ib bushels of oats per acre4 ,now1 understand1 with this yield of pods we were cutting two and a half tons of hay from the ,lespedeza sericea each year4 ,so we were getting our hay crop and our grain crop from the same source4 ,now1 to give you just briefly what the ,calhoun variety did during those years1 in #aidb the ,calhoun trees--the same age planted under the same conditions on the same soil--averaged #bf4d pounds of pods per tree4 ,in #aidc the ,calhoun followed closely with the ,millwood2 on account of a freeze they didn't produce anything4 ,in #aidd they produced #cb4d pounds of pods per tree4 ,in #aide they produced #fc4h pounds of pods per tree4 ,in #aidf they produced #bb pounds of pods per tree1 and in #aidg they produced #df pounds of pods per tree4 ,now1 if you will take the average of those1 contrast it with the average for the ,millwood1 you will find that the ,millwood tree over a period of five years produced almost three times as many pods as the ,calhoun4 ,the ,calhoun variety has a little more carbohydrates1 and it always averages a little more sugar per pound than the ,millwood1 but the additional yield of the ,millwood variety makes it very worthwhile4 ,i have done quite a bit of work on the blooming habits or the fruiting habits of the honeylocust over a number of years1 and ,i find that there is quite a variation there in the individual trees4 ,some trees are typically males4 ,they never bear anything1 but they have staminate catkins4 ,others are typically females1 never bearing anything but the pistillate flowers4 ,then we have an integration there of perfect trees4 ,i know of one tree in ,blount ,county1 ,alabama that for nine years never missed a crop4 ,it had perfect flowers1 or rather1 both pistillate and staminate flowers on the same tree4 ,however1 the flowers were borne on separate catkins1 the pistillate flowers1 catkins1 coming out on the same node with the male and producing the pod4 ,so you do have a large variation in the fruiting habits1 and we have found those variations on ,millwood selections and on ,calhoun selections1 even though they were vegetatively propagated4 ,the reason why we can take a bud off a female ,millwood and put it onto a root stock and get a male tree ,i can't figure out1 but they seem to act that way in that respect4 ,i have had a ,millwood tree that never bore anything but male flowers4#ah ,that is something for someone else to figure out4 ,i can't explain it4 ,just briefly ,i'd like to give you the observational work that we have done with honeylocust4 ,for mules in a feeding test we fed a team of mules for #cj days nothing but honeylocust and hay1 and these mules were in fine shape when they came out at the end of the feeding test4 ,you say that's an awfully short feeding test4 ,it is1 but we had very few pods4 ,then for cows ,i have gone into it more extensively4 ,i have a cow myself1 and ,i have fed that cow honeylocust pods and that was all the grain she had through the winter months1 and got excellent milk production4 ,you get excellent milk flavor from these pods and an increase in milk production4 ,a very interesting thing happened4 ,i went out in the community to gather pods from the wild trees for a feeding test1 and there was a lady who owned a farm pretty close to our project4 ,i went over and talked with her about getting the pods from her trees to feed to my cows for feeding tests1 and it was ,o4 ,k4 ,but when ,i left she got to thinking the thing over1 and she decided that if honeylocust pods were good for my cow they would be good for her cow6 ,so ,i went back in a few days' time--the pods weren't mature when ,i went the first time4 ,i went back in a few days and ,i didn't ask the lady if ,i could get the pods1 ,i just stopped on the side of the road and we put a darky up in the tree to shake the pods off4 ,and we saw a little darky coming across the field1 just a streak4 ,he said1 ,missus says come over to the house4 ,i went over there1 and she was just a little bit embarrassed1 but she said1 ,mr4 ,moore1 ,i have decided if honeylocust was good for the goose it was good for the gander1 so ,i have been feeding honeylocust to my cows4 ,and she went on with that story and said that she had been selling milk to a fraternity over in town1 and the boys at the fraternity1 after she had fed the cows honeylocust for a week or two1 asked her what had happened to her milk1 and she told them--she said honestly she was afraid she was going to lose the trade1 she thought something bad was wrong with it4 ,she told them1 that so far as she knew there wasn't anything4 ,they said1 ,have you done anything to it8 ,no1 we haven't4 ,they said1 ,well1 it's the best milk we have ever had1 and we can tell the difference in the taste4 ,and then she told them what she had done4 ,she wouldn't tell them before4 ,now1 we have had story after story coming to us to corroborate that4 ,now1 ,i have never seen with my cow any difference in milk flavor1 either good or bad1 but my wife can definitely tell1 and she is very particular about her butter1 because she likes to sell that4 ,i can quit feeding honeylocust a few days1 and my wife will say1 ,how come you quit feeding honeylocust to the cow8 ,it is that definite4 ,there are two things ,i want to mention3 ,the value of a combination of a perennial ground cover with your honeylocust tree1 and then ,i want to mention the fact that honeylocust planted in a pasture will give no benefit whatsoever4 ,you are going to have to grow your honeylocust on the outside1 harvest the pods and feed them just like you would corn1 or you are going to have to plant your honeylocust on a barren hillside someplace that doesn't grow anything else--and ,i think honeylocust will grow with a little fertilizer on about the poorest soil you have1 the most eroded soil you have1 with a little care--then pasture it after your trees are large enough so that the cow won't eat the limbs4 ,there is something about the tree itself that a cow loves4 ,they will chew the bark and chew the limbs right down to the main trunk4 ,we have tried planting those trees at four years of age1 even1 in pastures1 and we just can't get them to survive4 ,in fact1 the cows and the mules in our pasture ate the trees down to the stumps in the wintertime before they ever started putting out leaves in the spring4 ,so it has been a problem4 7,see ,dr4 ,diller's pasture tree-guard paper in this report4--,ed47 ,this value that you can get from growing honeylocust and ,lespedeza sericea on the same soil is the same as with honeylocust and alfalfa if you are in the alfalfa belt1 or something like that with other perennial legumes4 ,these are the benefits that ,i think you can get from a combination3 ,in the first place1 the soil is completely protected4 ,in the second place1 a concentrate and hay can be grown on the same acreage4 ,third1 a good grazing and feeding out program can be maintained4 ,if you plant your honeylocust on a hillside someplace and let the trees get large enough so that the cows won't eat them up1 have your ground cover established1 by the time that you are ready to pasture it you can put your cattle in4 ,we had this combination1 and ,i think it would have worked out very well if it had not been destroyed4 ,we had our ,lespedeza sericea for our summer grazing crop2 then we had winter annuals planted in the ,lespedeza sericea for our winter grazing1 and the honeylocust was the fattening crop or finishing-off crop4 ,what we had planned to do was turn the cattle in on this last plot about ,january #ast1 let them graze crimson clover1 or bur clover1 or any other winter ground cover that grows in your section until the ,lespedeza sericea came on in the early summer4 ,then they'd graze the ,lespedeza sericea till the honeylocust pods started falling in the fall1 and they'd fatten off on the honeylocust1 and you'd put them on the market just before the ,christmas holidays4 ,then fourth1 the management cost is very low4 ,fifth1 the weed problems in your pasture are controlled4 ,sixth1 you get maximum production from the soil4 ,you get your grain and your hay from the same piece of land4 ,now1 that's all that ,i plan to give on this subject4 ,there may be some questions come up that we can discuss later4 ,a ,member3 ,what is the sugar content8 ,mr4 ,moore3 ,the sugar content of the ,calhoun pods is around #ch per cent1 in the ,millwood about #cf per cent4 ,a ,member3 ,is it different in the two varieties8 ,mr4 ,moore3 ,not very much1 only about #b per cent different4 ,a ,member3 ,what spacing do you use in planting8 ,mr4 ,moore3 #ce by #ce feet is about the correct spacing4 ,mr4 ,fisher3 ,what is your labor problem8 ,you say this is equal to oats4 ,can you run a combine over the field and harvest in one operation8 ,mr4 ,moore3 ,this one you don't harvest at all4 ,the cow picks them up off the ground4 ,a ,member3 ,if you had a few hundred trees1 would these pods all come on at one time1 or you mentioned having somebody shake them off4 ,can you pick them all up at one time8 ,mr4 ,moore3 ,yes1 you can shake them all off at one time1 rake them all up with the rake1 take a pitchfork rake1 carry them to the barn and throw them in storage in a dry place4 ,you don't have to worry about weevils4 ,a ,member3 ,store them like hay8 ,mr4 ,moore3 ,hay or corn4 ,i have some that have been stored for three years1 and the weevil gets into the seed1 but it doesn't seem to affect it4 ,my cattle like three-year-old pods as well as the new ones--well1 they like them better4 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,do the pods heat up8 ,mr4 ,moore3 ,they won't heat up1 if they aren't green4 ,a ,member3 ,what about the protein content8 ,mr4 ,moore3 ,i will give you the analysis for that1 the complete analysis of ground honeylocust pods4 ,that might be interesting4 ,moisture content1 #ab4dg4 ,ash1 #c4ad4 ,crude protein1 #h4eh4 ,now1 the crude protein has run as high as #ad per cent4 ,i want to bring that out4 ,this was pods collected in the wild1 and this was a sample that the ,state ,chemist ran for us on that4 ,fats #b4ab4 ,fiber1 #ag4gc4 ,carbohydrates total #ee4if4 ,president ,davidson3 ,i am afraid we will have to close this if we are to get on at all4 ,that's the most authoritative information we have ever had1 ,i think1 in this ,association about honeylocust4 ,i am sure we have been enjoying it and have been benefited by it immensely4 ,on the possibilities of filbert growing in ,virginia1 ,dr4 ,overholser will now give you a talk4 ,footnote #ah3 ,according to botanical authorities1 the honey locust is polygamo-dioecious2 that is1 it generally has most of its male flowers on one tree and most of the female flowers on another tree1 but the trees are not #ajj per cent pure in this sex division4 ,in my personal observations of flowers on grafted trees1 including ,millwood and ,calhoun and scores of seedlings1 both male and female1 ,i never found any pollen produced in flowers of the female trees1 but nearly all male trees in the ,tennessee ,valley will have occasional catkins with one or more perfect flowers near their terminal ends 7the basal flowers being staminate on the same catkin47 ,the functionally perfect flowers on such male trees have been observed to set from one to many pods in certain years1 but such pods are generally small as compared with those borne on female trees in the same locality1 and ,i have never observed a heavy pod crop on any male tree4 ,grafted trees of ,millwood and ,calhoun selections in ,tennessee were observed to set pistillate flowers1 but no pods 7or very few7 matured on them unless there was a male tree in flower within insect-flight distance from them4 7,at ,auburn1 ,alabama1 there were wild honeylocusts1 including male trees1 within a half-mile of the ,hillculture planting of grafted honeylocusts when ,i saw it in #aidc47 ,i do not argue that no pollen is ever produced by ,millwood or ,calhoun flowers some probably is 7though its demonstration might require almost microscopic examination1 in contrast with the easy finding of pods on male trees47 ,but1 in the practical culture of fruiting honeylocusts1 and in our present scope of knowledge of their pollination requirements1 our plantings should include a handful of seedling 7thornless7 trees or else some grafted trees of a thornless male selection such as the ,smith1 in a ratio of about #a ,smith to #aj1 say1 of ,millwood4 ,it is unfortunate that the presumed male mutants of the fruiting varieties1 reported above by ,mr4 ,moore1 were destroyed when the ,hillculture plots at ,auburn were discontinued4 ,perhaps similar ones will show up elsewhere1 and they will be worth looking for4 ,meanwhile1 the ,smith variety 7originally propagated through a mixup in scionwood collection71 has been demonstrated to be a satisfactory pollinator for ,millwood and ,calhoun1 and it1 as grafted1 is also a thornless tree4 ,perhaps any thornless male seedling honeylocust tree1 if its flowering period coincides with that of the fruiting variety1 might serve equally well4--,note by ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel4 ,possibilities of ,filbert ,growing in ,virginia ,e4 ,l4 ,,overholser1 ,head1 ,department of ,horticulture1 ,v4 ,p4 ,i41 ,blacksburg1 ,virginia ,more than four-fifths of the ,united ,states filberts are grown in ,oregon and nearly all the rest are produced in the ,state of ,washington4 ,prior to #aicc1 total filbert production in these two states did not exceed #ejj tons1 but production has since increased steadily and in #aide it amounted to #e1cbj tons4 ,the value of filbert production in the ,u4 ,s4 in #aide was about #c million dollars4#a ,as a wild hazel is native of ,virginia and as filberts have been profitably grown1 especially in ,oregon and ,washington the question is often raised as to whether hazelnuts or filberts could not be grown commercially in ,virginia4 ,it has been suggested that if varieties now available are not successfull in ,virginia1 perhaps new varieties may be originated by crossing1 including inter-specific crosses4 ,american ,species ,,american ,,hazel4 ,as mentioned1 one species1 ,corylus americana ,walt41 is native to much of ,virginia4 ,its distribution is from the northeastern states and ,canada to ,saskatchewan and the ,dakotas and south to ,florida and the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,its adaptation is much wider than that of the beaked hazels 7,c4 cornuta ,marsh or ,c4 roxtrata ,ait4 and the far western ,c4 californica7 the two other ,corylus species native to the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,this native americana1 species appears at least to have value from the point of view of soil conservation1 as food for wild life1 and for breeding purposes4 ,the ,american hazel is a large thicket-forming shrub1 which sprouts very freely after cutting1 and the foliage is generally dense4 ,it is found growing on dry1 well-drained sites1 in both sun and shade4 ,it1 however1 seldom bears fruit in the shade4 ,the shrub is relatively hardy1 withstanding mid-winter temperatures of -#dj deg4 to -#cj deg4,f4 and is easily transplanted4 ,the nuts are available in the wild from ,july through ,september and occasionally persistent on the plant until ,december or even ,february4 ,the nuts average about #bej per pound1 with a germination of about #hj percent1 producing about #fj usable plants per pound of seed4 ,three of the best known varieties of ,c4 americana are the ,rush from ,pennsylvania1 the ,littlepage from ,indiana1 and the ,winkler 7most hardy7 from ,iowa4 ,see footnote following4--,ed4#ai ,incidentally1 ,thomas ,jefferson in his list of plants native to ,virginia1 as published in his ,notes on the ,state of ,virginia1 which was written in #agha1 and published in #aghb1 in #aghd-aghe1 and in #aghg1 lists among other plants the ,hazelnut 7,corylus ,avellana71 which apparently should have been called ,corylus americana ,walters4 ,breeding ,filberts in the ,east4 ,this brings up the question of filbert breeding in the ,east4 ,crane and ,wood 7#aicg7 have fully reviewed the breeding program with filberts1 and the breeding of filberts1 for the ,east may be briefly referred to here4 ,tho pollen from ,c4 californica and ,c4 americana apparently does not function on the pistillate flowers of ,european varieties1 7,corylus avellana ,l4 and ,c4 maxima74 ,since however1 ,c4 americana is useful as a pistillate parent1 it is possible that ,c4 californica may be similarly used4 ,the workers of the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,plant ,industry are primarily testing first-generation hybrids resulting from crosses with the pistillate parents ,rush1#bj ,littlepage1 and ,winkler of ,c4 americana and pollen from varieties of ,c4 avellana native of ,europe1 northern ,africa1 and western ,asia1 and of ,c4 maxima1 the filbert of southeastern ,europe and western ,asia4 ,other pollen parents were ,c4 colurna1 7,turkish hazel1 native of southeastern ,europe and western ,asia7 and ,c4 heterophylla ,fisch41 7various leaved hazel from eastern ,asia47 ,crane and ,wood 7#aicg7 suggest that varieties of high merit should be developed for home plantings over much of the region from lower ,new ,england and ,great ,lakes on the north1 and to the ,potomac and ,arkansas ,rivers on the south1 and that much of ,wisconsin1 southern ,minnesota1 ,south ,dakota1 and ,nebraska might also be included4 ,dr4 ,crane writes1 by letter dated ,july #bg1 #aidh1 that he has as a result of breeding work1 which was started many years ago1 two new varieties that have been placed in the hands of nurserymen for multiplication4 ,these varieties are at the present time carried under the numbers of #affg and #bccf1 ,these are hybrids between the ,european filbert 7,corylus avellana ,l47 and the native ,american hazelnut 7,c4 americana47 ,at the ,plant ,industry ,station at ,beltsville1 ,maryland1 these two varieties have been outstanding in their yielding ability1 hardiness1 and quality of nuts produced4 ,dr4 ,crane does not think1 however1 that these varieties may very materially change the situation as regards commercial filbert growing in the ,east and in the ,south4 ,because of the conditions prevailing during the last war1 nurserymen have not made as much progress1 in propagating these new varieties as had been originally hoped4 ,dr4 ,crane plans to release these varieties for extensive plantings just as soon as there are sufficient plants in the hands of the nurserymen to warrant their being called to the attention of the general public4 ,,hillculture ,,project4 ,the ,department of ,horticulture of ,v4,p4,i1 has what is called a ,hillculture project1 with ,professor ,r4 ,c4 ,moore in charge4 ,among the materials planted in connection with these studies are filbert varieties to determine their possible value on hill farms in the mountainous regions of ,southwest ,virginia as a source of additional food and supplemental income for such families4 ,the ,forestry ,division of ,,tva has co-operated in supplying not only propagated plants of filberts1 but also of walnuts and seedlings of chestnuts4 ,among the filberts now being grown are six ,german-named varieties from the ,hillculture ,division of the ,soil ,conservation ,service1 ,glenn ,dale1 ,maryland1 planted as rooted cuttings in #aida4 ,the ,german varieties1 are as follows3 7#a7 ,barr's ,spanische2 7#b7 ,neue ,riesennuss2 7#c7 ,fruhe von ,fruendorff2 7#d7 ,schliesserin2 7#e7 ,eckige ,barelloner2 and 7#f7 ,vollkugel4 ,in addition five varieties1 including two of the ,jones numbered seedlings from crosses between the ,american hazel and the ,european filbert1 purchased from the ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,nursery#ba of ,lancaster1 ,pa41 were planted in #aidg4 ,these are the following3 7#a7 ,jones #ahe2 7#b7 ,bixby 7a ,jones hybrid71 7#c7 ,cosford1 7#d7 ,italian ,red2 7#e7 ,large ,globe and 7#f7 ,medium ,long4 ,seedlings of the ,american hazel have also been planted4 ,dr4 ,crane may be able to send the ,v4 ,p4 ,i4 ,department of ,horticulture a few plants of his seedlings #affg and #bccf to include among the variety plantings4 ,some ,limitations of ,filbert ,growing in ,virginia ,,diseases4 ,possibly the present most serious limitation to commercial production of filberts in ,virginia is the ,filbert ,blight or ,black ,knot 7,cryptosporella anomala4 7,,pk7 ,sacc474 ,while this fungus results in little damage to native species 7,c4 americana7 it does spread rapidly and with serious results to ,european varieties in the ,state4 ,possibly the seriousness of the disease has been lessened by the eradication of native hazel plants on roadsides1 fence rows1 and in the wild nearby1 which serve as hosts for the disease4 ,it is present on the ,american hazel1 but does little damage to the plant4 ,the disease1 however1 as mentioned1 is a serious menace to either ,european varieties or to the present hybrids resulting from ,c4 americana x ,c4 avellana4 ,the control to date is to prune off and burn affected parts4 ,mr4 ,george ,slate has mentioned that ,mr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,graham of ,ithaca1 ,new ,york1 has a number of hybrids between ,c4 americana and ,c4 avellana that have been subjected to severe attacks of ,filbert ,blight and a few of these have to date escaped1 although the others have been destroyed by blight4 ,the bacterial blight present on the ,pacific ,coast apparently does not occur in the ,east4 ,,insects4 ,a second limitation is the problem of the attacks of insects4 ,dodge and ,rickett 7#aidh7 report that ,corylus may be affected by a leaf-damage from the feeding of leaf-hoppers 7,phepsins ishida2 ,p4 tinctorius71 which may involve less than half the leaf or may extend to the entire leaf4 ,the first leaves to be infested are those next to the ground1 which are affected early in ,july4 ,most of the damage ceases by the first week of ,august4 ,control is by spraying with nicotine sulphate and soap on the undersides of the leaves in late ,june or early ,july1 repeating at the end of a week4 ,certain nut weevils 7,balaninus spp47 attack the native hazels1 but ,slate 7#aicj7 reports they do not attack the ,european filbert 7,c4 avellana74 ,mr4 ,slate reports that in ,geneva where nuts are carefully picked up they do not have much of a problem with weevils4 ,dr4 ,crane reports that the ,japanese beetle severely damages the filbert4 ,while the ,japanese beetle has not yet become widely established in ,virginia1 it undoubtedly will eventually become a problem throughout this state4 ,the ,japanese beetle can be destroyed by using four pounds of #ej wettable ,,ddt or two pounds of actual ,,ddt per #ajj gallons4 ,such sprays should be applied as the ,japanese beetles begin to cause injury1 and usually two applications may be sufficient4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt has reported that his filbert plantings1 surrounded on three sides by woods1 are badly attacked by stink bugs that sting the nuts4 ,,ddt as suggested for ,japanese beetles may also be used for stink bugs4 ,another serious insect pest on hazelnut is the curculio4 ,clean cultivation has been reported as a supplementary measure for curculio control1 as they depend1 upon unbroken soil in the fall for their metamorphosis4 ,some hybrids are reported as being relatively immune to the attacks of curculio 7,weschcke1 #aidf74 ,benezene hexachloride has shown promise with other plants in curculio control and may have possibilities on the filbert4 ,,lack ,,of ,,hardiness4 ,a third limitation has been lack of hardiness in the case of ,european varieties4 ,with the ,european varieties the staminate or the pistillate flowers or both are likely to be killed by winter temperatures4 ,in fact1 occasional unduly low winter temperatures may kill the tree tops or even the tree trunks to the ground4 ,the ,winkler variety 7,c4 americana7 has been reported as more hardy in ,new ,york ,state than the ,barcelona 7,c4 avellana7 or the ,jones hybrids 7,c4 americana x4 ,c4 avellana7 7,ross ,pier ,wright1 #aidd74 ,under western ,new ,york conditions1 ,slate 7#aicj7 reported that the blooming period starts about ,march #bj to #be at ,geneva1 and lasts about a month4 ,in central ,virginia this may well be several weeks earlier4 ,slate 7#aicj7 also reports that the flowers in bloom will withstand considerable frost1 and that even with temperatures of #af deg4,f4 during the blooming season1 neither female nor male flowers1 may be injured4 ,nevertheless1 with filberts coming into bloom in late ,february to early ,march1 they would be subjected to temperatures that might result in injury especially to the catkins4 ,some of the more hardy varieties as reported by ,slate 7#aicj7 include the following3 7a7 ,white ,lambert 7not of value7 7,c4 maxima72 7b7 ,red ,lambert 7,c4 maxima72 7c7 ,cosford2 7d7 ,purple ,aveline 7,c4 avellana72 and 7e7 ,early ,globe 7of little value74 ,some of the varieties upon which both the staminate and pistillate flowers tend to bloom relatively late are 7a7 ,althaldensleber1 7b7 ,kentish ,cob1 7c7 ,red ,aveline1 7d7 ,purple ,aveline1 and 7e7 ,bolwiller4 ,late blooming1 however1 does not necessarily insure escaping injury from low spring temperatures4 ,the ,cosford1 ,italian ,red1 and ,medium ,long are considered by ,slate as good for ,new ,york4 ,the ,bixby and ,buchanan are the result of crossing ,c4 americana x ,c4 avellana1 and appear to be of promise for home plantings in the ,east4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke is growing the ,italian ,red and ,du ,chilly 7,kentish ,cob7 with ,daviana for pollination purposes in the ,roanoke area4 ,,cross-,,pollination4 ,a fourth limitation is the fact that varieties are nearly entirely if not fully dependent upon cross-pollinization by other inter-fertile varieties that bloom at about the same time in order to insure a set of nuts4 ,this limitation may be overcome by the proper planning of hardy varieties are inter-fertile4 ,colby 7#aidd7 has reported that the ,winkler variety is self-fertile4 ,,suckers4 ,a sixth limitation is the tendency of the ,c4 avellana or ,c4 maxima to sprout about the base and the labor and expense of keeping these sprouts pruned out4 ,it is possible that this factor may be overcome by using ,turkish hazel 7,c4 colurna ,l47 as an understock and grafting or budding thereon the varieties that sprout when on their own roots4 ,the ,turkish hazel does not sprout as badly as the two other species4 ,note by ,editor3 ,an ,oregon nursery1 which formerly propagated ,european filberts on the ,turkish understock1 now has abandoned its use4 ,the grafted filbert tops did not seem to survive and bear as consistently as those on their own roots1 after a period of several years in orchards4 ,,planting ,,in ,,virginia4 ,in a letter dated ,may #ag1 #aidh1 addressed to ,r4 ,c4 ,moore1 ,assistant ,horticulturist1 ,v4,p4,i41 ,h4 ,j4 ,pettit1 ,assistant ,secretary of the ,planters ,peanut ,company1 ,suffolk1 ,virginia1 reported that some years ago they planted several thousand trees of filberts1 which they obtained from the states of ,new ,york and ,oregon4 ,from their experience it appears that late spring frosts destroyed the flower parts1 which developed early1 with the result that the yields were too low to be profitable4 ,hence1 the filberts were removed and the land otherwise utilized4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 however1 in the ,roanoke area has not found lack of hardiness as serious as the problems of diseases and insects of filberts4 ,an important nursery in ,maryland has provided information to the effect that during this past #aidg-dh season it sold for planting in ,virginia a total of #cd filbert plants in lots of from one to ten4 ,its #aidg-dh catalogue lists varieties of filberts for sale as follows3 ,barcelona1 ,daviana1 ,du ,chilly1 and ,american hazel4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,principal ,horticulturist of the ,,usda1 writes in a letter dated ,july #bg1 #aidh1 that he knows of no substantial plantings being made anywhere in ,virginia4 ,he has observed a few bushes or trees scattered about the homesteads1 particularly in the northern or more mountainous part of the state4 ,in most cases the performance of these filberts has not been entirely satisfactory because of leaf scorch during the summer1 due apparently to high temperatures or unfavorable moisture conditions or to the winter killing of the catkins1 or in some cases winter injury of the shoots4 ,the largest plantings in ,virginia that have yet come to the attention of the ,v4,p4,i4 ,department of ,horticulture are those of ,mr4 ,stoke in the ,roanoke area4 ,dr4 ,crane has observed the planting of a few bushes of the ,american hazelnut in ,virginia4 ,their performance has been somewhat better than has been that of the ,european filbert1 especially as to hardiness1 and these ,american hazelnuts have borne more satisfactory crops of nuts than have the ,european filberts4 ,the nuts produced by the native varieties1 however1 are small in size1 thick shelled1 and the kernels are small and lack quality4 ,observations by ,dr4 ,crane1 which have been made in the ,state of ,virginia1 lead him to believe that with the material that is at present available from nurserymen1 there is not much hope of successful commercial filbert culture in the ,state of ,virginia4 ,when1 however1 seedlings #affg and #bccf may become available1 two varieties that are hardy and productive of fairly high quality nuts may provide material for home plantings or for local markets4 ,ornamental ,value4 ,the filbert1 however1 also has possible value for ornamental plantings with its attractive foliage1 or as a hedge1 as well as for nut production1 providing the home owner will control insects and diseases and maintain favorable growing conditions for our best known varieties4 ,future ,outlook in ,virginia4 ,with a further breeding program to combine the hardiness of the ,american hazel and its tolerance to ,filbert ,blight with some of the better qualities of the ,european and other species to obtain self-fertile varieties better adapted to ,virginia conditions and with the better insecticides and fungicides now becoming available for insect and disease control1 it may be that filbert growing in ,virginia has a brighter future outlook than now appears to be true4 ,footnote #ai3 ,tree ,nuts1 ,acreage1 ,production1 ,farm ,disposition1 ,value1 and ,utilization of ,sales1 #aiji-de4 ,,usda ,bureau of ,agr4 ,eco4 ,crop ,rept4 ,brd43 #a-be ,oct4 #aidg4 ,footnote #bj3 ,rush1 itself1 is now considered a natural hybrid of ,american and ,european filberts4 ,many of the ,european varieties are derived from hybrids between ,c4 avellana1 ,c4 maxima1 and possibly other ,eurasian species4--,ed4 ,footnote #ba3 ,now located at ,erie1 ,ill4--,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,thank you1 ,dr4 ,overholser4 ,we have a paper from ,mr4 ,elliott4 ,mr4 ,elliott is not here1 but we are already behind our program1 so ,i am afraid you are going to have to have that in printed form later on4 ,filberts for ,food and ,looks in ,kentucky ,n4 ,r4 ,,elliott1 ,extension ,landscape ,specialist1 ,department of ,horticulture1 ,university of ,kentucky ,those of us interested in the landscape phase are always thinking of as many different kinds of plants as possible that may be used to create pleasing effects4 ,perhaps we might be criticized for overlooking several plants that would not only assist in creating pleasing effects but at the same time produce edible fruits of good quality4 ,in my own experience ,i have often recommended the use of grape vines on a trellis to create a screen and at the same time produce fruit4 ,also in border plantings1 like the shrub border1 the gooseberries and currants make attractive shrubs and in addition supply fruits4 ,in making these suggestions for plantings one needs to depart somewhat from the usual run of plants and in most instances the homeowner has never thought of using plants for effects as well as fruits4 ,filberts ,good ,dual ,purpose ,plants ,filberts are certainly outstanding dual purpose plants1 and ,i feel that they have not been used nearly as much as they should be4 ,if we think of landscape from the broad point of view1 we realize that screen or border plantings make up one of the most important parts of the set-up1 especially in rural parts4 ,practically every farm home has some unattractive view near by that needs to be screened out1 either partially or entirely4 ,this view may be caused by a lot where farm animals are kept1 an old1 unattractive barn1 or even a gullied field4 ,lots where animals are kept and the barn are necessary parts of the farm operations1 and the gullied field may result from neglect1 but regardless of the cause for the undesirable view it can and should be screened from view from the home4 ,in making a screen planting1 two plans are possible--one1 the shrub border1 and the other the hedge row1 and filberts are excellent to use in either planting4 ,where space is at a premium1 the hedge offers the best form of screen4 ,filberts planted two and a half feet apart and pruned in such a way as to make them have a shrub appearance will make an ideal hedge and produce lots of nuts of good quality4 ,this hedge can be counted on to be effective up to twelve feet in height4 ,in the shrub border filberts are allowed to produce many stems and to grow into small trees4 ,this is done by pruning and by using groups of two or three plants in a place1 planted some five or six feet apart4 ,different varieties may be used for different groups1 thereby producing a variation of foliage4 ,the filberts will take their places with the well known small trees like the dogwood and the redbud1 when used in this way4 ,still another use for filberts in landscape work is to use them for small trees as lawn specimen plants4 ,they have a size1 shape1 and foliage that makes them attractive when used in this way4 ,cross ,pollination ,necessary ,our experience has been that there is need for cross pollination to get maximum yields of fruit2 therefore1 we suggest that different varieties be used in a planting4 ,barcelona1 ,du,chilly1 and the ,jones ,hybrids seem to us well suited for this4 ,of course1 there are others1 but our experience with varieties is limited4 ,when it comes to the soil for filberts1 we find that a fairly rich soil that has plenty of moisture is the best4 ,of course1 the soil must drain well because the roots of filberts seem to be very susceptible to poorly drained soil conditions4 ,if there is a lot of sand in the soil1 give the filberts more moisture and food because they are rapid growers4 ,so far1 we have not had many complaints about filberts suffering from winter injury4 ,this may be due to the fact that so far ,kentucky is not using great quantities of these plants1 or it may be due to the fact that the varieties used have been reasonably hardy4 ,the little winter injury seen so far has been in the terminal twig growth1 and removal of these twigs in the spring has not meant altering the normal shape of the plant4 ,i do not know whether there is any significance to it but the filberts that have been fed by using well rotted manure applied in the fall and spaded into the top four inches of soil next spring have made the best growth and produced the most fruit4 ,so far the filberts that we have had experience with have been free from insects and diseases4 ,one never knows how long that condition will last4 ,now1 when it comes to discussing filberts as a food1 all that ,i want to say is that at ,christmas time when you buy mixed nuts you usually get a few of the filberts in the mixture4 ,these nuts are good eating1 and when the plants are grown on the home grounds everyone who has them says they are much enjoyed by all members of the family4 ,our experience has been that filberts yield annually and1 if given reasonable care1 in good amounts4 ,in conclusion we would like to say we feel there is not only a place for filberts in landscape work1 but there is an absolute need for greater use of these plants especially in rural plantings4 ,at present1 the professional landscape artists are not inclined to recommend them as often as they could1 simply because they have not been trained to think of dual purpose plants4 ,greater publicity as to the value of these plants would undoubtedly mean greater use of them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,we also have a paper from ,mr4 ,reed1 which is of quite a good deal of importance historically on the work of ,mr4 ,jones4 ,i wish you could have that4 ,probably you will have to read that1 too4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,introducer of ,many ,nut ,varieties ,,clarence ,a4 ,,reed1 ,collaborator#bb ,the name of ,j4 ,f4 ,jones was once one of the best known and most highly respected in eastern nut culture4 ,it was from ,mountain ,grove1 ,wright ,county1 ,mo41 that he was first heard from in #aijj1 when he discovered and introduced the ,rockville hican1 which he named after the nearest town4 ,it never proved of value1 but that fact did not detract from the importance of being first1 a habit which remained with him till his death4 ,in #aijb he moved to ,monticello1 ,jefferson ,county1 ,florida2 five years later he moved to ,jeanerette1 ,iberia ,parish1 ,louisiana2 and in #aiab1 he moved to ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania1 where he died in ,january1 #aibh4 ,illustration ,in #aijc1 while at ,monticello1 he successfully graft-propagated the ,rush ,persian 7,english7 walnut and the ,weiker hickory1 an intermediate form between shagbark and shellbark4 ,both were from ,lancaster ,county1 and he used scions sent him by ,j4 ,g4 ,rush1 of ,west ,willow1 south of ,lancaster4 ,mr4 ,rush is credited with introducing the walnut bearing his name1 while credit went to ,mr4 ,jones for the ,weiker hickory4 ,some years later1 on two occasions1 ,mr4 ,jones took a visitor to the ,weiker parent tree when the branches were laden with nuts so that they hung down in a manner suggestive of plums4 ,for some reason1 never explained1 no other tree of the variety1 so far as is known1 ever bore as much as a quart of nuts1 although the trees frequently flowered profusely4 ,the variety was1 however1 markedly dichogamous4 ,the parent tree1 which stood in the yard of ,mr4 ,christ ,le,fever of ,lampeter1 about two miles east of the ,jones home1 was blown over in a heavy gale many years ago4 ,mr4 ,jones graft-propagated a considerable number of ,hales shagbark while at ,monticello1 with scions that came from the original tree near ,ridgewood1 ,new ,jersey4 ,however1 this variety was first propagated by ,henry ,hales of ,ridgewood1 in #ahgi4 ,he also had ,kirtland from ,yalesville1 ,connecticut1 but like many others since that time1 both it and ,hales proved to be light bearers4 ,other hickories may have been propagated by ,mr4 ,jones while at ,monticello but these are the only ones of which there is record4 ,the ,kirtland was first propagated in #ahig4 ,footnote #bb3 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,soils and ,agricultural ,engineering1 ,plant ,industry ,station1 ,beltsville1 ,md4 ,first ,carload of ,grafted ,pecan ,trees ,when he went to ,florida1 there were few pecan trees of bearing age in either that ,state or ,georgia and none to speak of in the ,carolinas4 ,the fast trains went no more than #cj or #ce miles an hour1 and a minimum of three days was required to see even an occasional planting or a single tree4 ,within the next few years1 nurserymen everywhere propagated their own varieties and listed them in their catalogs4 ,mr4 ,jones was discriminating and propagated only varieties that then had the best reputation1 such as ,schley and ,stuart1 and some others that have not stood the test of time4 ,in one way1 he was distinctively first2 he shipped the first carload of pecan trees ever to go to one address4 ,this was in ,january of #aijf1 when #aj1jjj trees were shipped to ,professor ,h4 ,e4 ,van ,deman who was then establishing a #ijj-;acre orchard near ,ferriday1 ,la4 ,a picture of the car appeared in the ,american ,nut ,journal1 published by ,w4 ,n4 ,roper1 ,petersburg1 ,va41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #ej1 ,march #aijf1 7,van ,deman had been the first ,pomologist in the ,department of ,agriculture1 #ahhf to #ahib74 ,mr4 ,ray ,simpson of ,vincennes1 ,ind41 went to ,mr4 ,jones to learn how to graft pecan trees4 ,he offered to work without pay if ,mr4 ,jones would teach him the art4 ,he had graduated at ,cornell in #aije1 and had been inspired by ,john ,craig1 ,professor of ,horticulture there4 ,craig himself later invested somewhat heavily in pecan orchards both near ,monticello and at ,albany1 ,georgia4 ,mr4 ,simpson was taken on and proved as good a propagator as the best hand and received the same pay4 ,while at ,monticello ,mr4 ,jones began to feel that the region might not be the best place for pecans4 ,perhaps he had made a mistake4 ,it was #cjj miles to middle western ,alabama1 where there were the nearest native trees4 ,a disease was appearing among many of the trees planted in the ,east1 which was then poorly understood 7rosette74 ,pecan wood for budding and grafting was scarce and ,mr4 ,jones would trust no one to cut it for him4 ,he went to the trees himself4 ,one man who then had an abundance of wood and who could be relied upon was ,b4 ,m4 ,young of ,morgan ,city1 ,la41 and ,mr4 ,jones went to him for wood several times4 ,once he became confused as to the trees from which he had cut a couple of bundles1 so both were thrown in the river and he went back for more4 ,mr4 ,young was greatly impressed1 so much so that he remembered the incident1 as we shall see4 ,the ,move to ,louisiana ,back in ,florida ,ray ,simpson wished to buy and ,mr4 ,jones wished to sell1 so a deal was soon made4 ,mr4 ,jones went to ,louisiana where the pecan is native and there were many large trees1 probably as many as could be found in any one place in the entire ,south4 ,mr4 ,young knew of a group from ,st4 ,paul1 ,minnesota1 who were about to buy and plant a thousand acres near ,jeanerette and who were looking for an experienced man to take charge4 ,mr4 ,jones was recommended and was soon at work4 ,for another five years1 he worked harder than almost any other white man in the ,state4 ,great odds were against him4 ,being from the ,north1 he did not associate exclusively with whites1 and presently the southern white people left him severely alone4 ,that was not all2 he could not raise as good nursery trees as he had in ,florida4 ,the trees grew slowly in the cold1 heavy soil of ,louisiana1 and the fibrous root system failed to materialize4 ,the excellent reputation he and his trees had enjoyed in ,monticello began to deteriorate4 ,he worked harder than ever and waited for a break4 ,when it came1 he did not hesitate4 ,jones ,shifts to ,pennsylvania ,the ,st4 ,paul crowd fell into a squabble and divided into two factions1 each wishing control4 ,a man went south to see if ,mr4 ,jones would sell his stock4 ,would he8 ,he knew when to keep his mouth shut and he meekly made a deal4 ,he was probably never more glad over anything in his life4 ,he came north1 lock1 stock1 and barrel4 ,but he was far from being without a place to land4 ,since his ,monticello days1 he and ,mr4 ,rush had been good friends4 ,mr4 ,rush knew a farm of #bj acres with buildings1 which could be had for #h1jjj4 ,it was four miles south of ,lancaster1 and at a point where two main highways leading into the city came together4 ,it sloped eastward enough so that it did not get the full force of west winds4 ,it was two miles from ,mr4 ,rush's home1 with the town of ,willow ,street between4 ,mr4 ,jones then began eight or #aj years of lean hard work4 ,he modernized buildings1 planted an orchard of nut varieties most of which were purchased from ,w4 ,c4 ,reed of ,vincennes1 ,ind41 and ,w4 ,n4 ,roper of ,petersburg1 ,va4 ,from ,roper he bought both seedling and grafted trees4 ,some of the seedlings had been budded and then not cut back to force the buds4 ,the latter were still dormant and when the trees were properly cut back1 the buds pushed forth4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 of ,washington1 and ,prof4 ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt1 of ,raleigh1 ,n4 ,c41 had a good laugh at ,roper1 but as the trees bore no labels1 they were no more valuable than seedlings and were treated as such4 ,all three men are now deceased4 ,thomas black walnut trees came from ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl1 ,godfrey1 ,illinois4 ,the variety had originated in eastern ,pennsylvania and was first grafted in #ahha by ,j4 ,w4 ,thomas and ,son1 at ,king of ,prussia1 ,pa4 ,the parent tree had been destroyed some time before by the ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 in extending its lines4 ,the ,thomas is today the most widely planted variety1 although it has rarely borne well4 ,mr4 ,jones selected and grafted the ,ohio walnut1 but the owner of the seed-parent tree was given credit for its introduction1 although she probably knows nothing of the incident1 to this day4 ,she was a ,miss ,clark1 ,mc,cutcheonville1 ,ohio1 and it was felt that it would help more to give her name as originator if one were ever to locate the tree4 ,see ,ohio black walnut original tree photos1 ,,nnga ,rept41 #aidf4--;,ed4 ,the ,stabler eastern black walnut1 introduced in #aiaf by ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage by means of a paragraph inserted in the ,country ,gentleman1 was also propagated by ,mr4 ,jones1 but he early found it disappointing in its habits of bearing4 ,he also found that about #hj percent of the nuts from the parent tree had single kernels1 while with young trees #hj percent had double kernels4 ,most planters have long since discontinued using this variety4 ,however1 ,mrs4 ,jane ,baum1 ,douglassville1 ,pa41 reports that her customers like the ,stabler best4 ,others she has are ,thomas1 ,ohio1 and ,ten ,eyck4 ,other varieties were tested by ,mr4 ,jones1 but he pushed none of them1 rightly thinking that #d leaders were as many as a nursery could afford to carry4 ,he insisted that a new variety would have to prove its superiority before he would insert it in his catalog4 ,among other varieties was the ,peanut from southern ,ohio1 the nut of which had single lobes2 but apparently there was some mistake along the line1 as nuts from grafted trees were indifferent and had #b half kernels4 ,he also had ,creitz from ,indiana1 which ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 #adcf ,watts ,avenue1 ,roanoke1 ,va41 thinks well of at this time4 ,it was a prize winner in the #aibf contest of the ,,nnga4 ,neither ,creitz nor ,peanut was a ,jones introduction4 ,his ,work with ,hickories ,among the hickories1 there was the ,stanley from ,indiana in #aiaf1 which was quite a favorite with ,mr4 ,jones for some time4 ,but did any one ever see a shellbark that bore well and filled the nuts8 ,shellbark trees are beautiful to look at1 have enormous leaves1 seven to nine leaflets1 but they leaf out early in spring and the flowers are frequently killed back by spring frosts4 ,part of its flowers are killed outright with too great frequency for it to be worth growing for the nuts4 ,these are very large1 the hulls split entirely to the base1 and what kernel there is1 is of sugar-like sweetness4 ,the shells are mostly thick and the kernels seldom well-filled4 ,the ,glover shagbark hickory1 from ,connecticut1 which was introduced by ,mr4 ,jones in #aiah1 is undoubtedly one of the best shagbarks yet propagated4 ,the nuts are of medium size and shell thickness4 ,the flavor is very good4 ,most shagbarks have five leaflets2 this one has seven quite as often1 and the leaf is about a foot long4 ,there were other hybrids1 or what are supposed to be hybrids4 ,the ,pleas hickory1 introduced in #aiaf1 was perhaps first successfully grafted by ,mr4 ,jones1 but credit for introduction went to the owner of the parent tree1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,pleas1 ,collinsville1 ,oklahoma4 ,it was a beautiful tree1 shapely1 with an air of considerable refinement1 making it a graceful lawn tree4 ,it bore fairly well1 although not heavily4 ,the nuts were thin-shelled and also had thin hulls that split entirely to the base4 ,so far as most laymen are concerned1 the ,pleas may be but an edible1 or semi-edible bitternut4 ,on the grounds of the ,plant ,industry ,station1 at ,beltsville1 ,md41 there were once two trees of ,pleas1 but they were given to the ,wild ,life ,service for planting #aj miles away1 although there are many native bitternut trees just over the line fence in neighboring woods4 ,we fancied that we could detect bitternut flavor in good shagbarks about the plantings1 due to xenia influence1 as in the case of chestnuts4 ,burlington was another hican first propagated by ,mr4 ,jones1 in #aiae4 ,it came from eastern ,iowa1 and for a time was confused with ,marquardt1 which never was propagated1 or apparently not4 ,burlington makes a fine appearing tree and serves well for ornamental purposes4 ,it bears fairly well while young1 but soon develops faulty nuts1 few being well-filled and the majority weevil infested4 ,it is also subject to shuck-worm and twig girdler injury4 ,mr4 ,jones once wrote that he had given up with the hickories in disgust4 ,so far as is known1 he never used any stock for hickories other than pecan1 which grew well1 made good unions and generally outgrew the scions4 ,john ,hershey1 however1 says this is not a good combination1 but there are too many trees of ,jones' propagation about the country1 to accept ,hershey's verdict altogether4 ,carl ,weschcke#bc1 of ,st4 ,paul1 uses bitternut largely or entirely2 if it is a mistake1 it will be expensive4 ,hickories are slow to grow and one gets too few nuts at best4 ,it takes a lifetime to get even small crops1 and for our part1 we want no bitternuts on the place4 ,too often shagbarks fail to unite with bitternut and frequently they are short-lived4 ,in #aiaf ,mr4 ,jones propagated and introduced the ,beaver hickory1 from central ,pennsylvania1 a supposed bitternut-shagbark cross4 ,it proved of little value and soon disappeared4 ,the ,fairbanks from northeast ,iowa1 a similar cross1 was introduced the same year4 ,it was one of the prettiest of all hybrids and stood up about the longest1 but it had too much bitterness in the pellicle encasing the kernel and was much subject to weevil injury4 ,efforts with ,persian ,walnuts ,many varieties of ,persian 7,english7 walnut were propagated and brought into bearing4 ,mr4 ,jones included a majority of the varieties brought into the country from ,france by ,felix ,gillet1 of ,nevada ,city1 ,calif41 as early as #ahgj4 ,there were ,franquette1 ,mayette1 ,meylan1 ,parisienne1 and a cutleaf variety which appears to have had no other name4 ,a ,california variety of which he thought well for a number of years was ,eureka1 a western introduction of #aijh4 ,he propagated a number of eastern varieties such as ,lancaster 7,alpine7 in #aiac1 although credit went to ,mr4 ,rush2 ,boston1 from ,massachusetts1 also in #aiac2 ,ontario1 from ,canada1 in #aiad2 and probably others4 ,he obtained ,chinese walnuts1 from ,p4 ,wang1 ,kinsan ,arboretum1 ,shanghai1 and sold seedlings at wholesale4 ,these were an ,asiatic form of ,juglans regia4 ,he limed the soil1 and thought the effects were beneficial4 ,in this he was warmly supported by ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage and more recently by growers in ,northern ,ohio2 but lately liming has not been found beneficial in ,italy4 ,all in all1 however1 the ,persian walnut was not particularly dependable1 and during the last few years the nursery which he left discontinued selling ,persian walnut trees4 ,in the ,east1 the trees of older varieties usually were little more than interesting novelties4 ,he ,tried the ,chinese ,chestnut ,the ,chinese chestnut was tried for a few years2 but as so often happens with this species1 nursery trees died badly in winter and ,mr4 ,jones thought it due to blight1 a disease which was then sweeping his part of the country1 taking its mortal toll of both ,american and ,european species4 ,however1 blight does not seriously attack young trees and it is more likely that death was caused by a combination of summer drouth and winter cold2 but no matter1 the trees perished and the result was the same4 ,first ,heartnut ,grafts ,mr4 ,jones tried the butternut and there is still one tree in the experimental planting east of the residence4 ,it is ,aiken1 from ,new ,england1 and was first propagated by him in #aiah4 ,it proved disappointing4 ,he grafted the first heartnut ever grafted of any kind insofar as is known1 the ,lancaster1 in #aiah4 ,the only other heartnut for which he received full credit for first propagation was ,faust1 obtained from a dentist1 ,dr4 #j4 ,d4 ,faust1 ,bamberg1 ,s4 ,c41 in #aiah4 ,others that he was doubtless first to propagate1 but for which credit went to the owners of the parent trees1 were ,bates and ,stranger in #aiai1 both from ,r4 ,bates1 ,jackson1 ,aiken ,county1 ,s4 ,c41 and ,ritchie1 a ,virginia variety found by ,john ,w4 ,ritchie of ,flemington1 ,n4 ,j41 in #aiah4 ,however1 heartnuts are seldom heavy bearers and the trees do not grow large or live long4 ,in ,japan the wood is sometimes used for gunstocks but only because better material is unavailable4 ,heartnuts have practically no market where other kinds of nuts can be had and the trees are much subject to bunch disease4 ,to an enormous extent the trees have been sold to unsuspecting people of the ,south and ,east as ,english walnuts4 ,footnote #bc3 ,see ,weschcke's paper1 elsewhere in this report4--,ed4 ,the ,filbert ,mr4 ,jones had a tree or two of the ,turkish filbert1 a species sometimes reaching a height of #fj feet and attaining a trunk diameter of three feet or more4 ,bixby found the species hardy in central ,new ,hampshire4 ,mr4 ,jones obtained his seed from three trees in ,highland ,park1 ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 which are believed to be the oldest in the country4 ,in some years1 the ,rochester trees bear freely1 while in others there is not a nut4 ,this is a valuable ornamental species1 as it is green from early spring till the last thing in fall2 specimens must be selected for such use1 as often the trees are unshapely4 ,like all filberts1 they are subject to ,japanese beetle attack and must be sprayed or otherwise protected in beetle infested zones4 ,filbert foliage may be destroyed by these insects as many as three times in a summer and the trees die down to the ground4 ,the nuts are too small to be of value2 but the wood is white1 very hard1 and makes good turned articles4 ,his ,greatest ,contribution ,it was with the filbert that ,mr4 ,jones made his greatest contribution to nut culture4 ,in #aiag he tried crossing ,european varieties with pollen of the native ,rush4 ,there were no results1 and he tried again in #aiah with no better luck4 ,in #aiai he reversed the order of crossing and nearly every nut set4 ,he had discovered that native pollen was not effective on ,european stigmas1 but that the reciprocal cross worked4 ,by #aibd he had a fine lot of fruiting plants4 ,the great majority were of no value1 but his ,no4 #bjj apparently was well worth while4 ,it was named ,bixby in #aicg1 four years after another seedling1 ,no4 #ia1 had been named ,buchanan4 ,the explanation of this belated selection is that the soil about the ,bixby tree had so eroded that the tree was starved for a time2 but with a couple of years of heavy application of stable manure1 it came back1 so much so that it is now considered the better of the two4 ,both are rather small as compared with the large filberts of the ,pacific ,northwest2 but when fully mature1 they are sweet and agreeable4 ,after ,mr4 ,jones was gone1 the place was managed by his daughter1 ,miss ,mildred ,jones4 ,she kept plants of her father's filbert varieties and the best of the crosses4 ,the latter are now called the ,mildred filberts1 a name applied in ,standardized ,plant ,names to the entire group of crosses between ,rush ,american and any ,european filbert4 ,mr4 ,jones hoped to have these called after himself but there was an old variety of ,jones hazel and so his own name could not be used4 ,he once sent specimens to ,dr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,sargent of ,arnold ,arboretum and somehow gained the impression that the name ,jones was given to the cross4 ,later1 however1 ,sargent's successor1 ,mr4 ,alfred ,rehder wrote that ,sargent had not used the name in either correspondence or on specimens placed in the herbarium4 ,the example of ,mr4 ,jones in breeding filberts has since been followed by others1 as the ,department of ,agriculture1 the ,new ,york ,state ,agricultural ,experiment ,station at ,geneva1 and4 ,mr4 ,carl ,weschcke of ,st4 ,paul1 ,minnesota4 ,the last has copyrighted his crosses under the designation hazilbert1 which is a good name2 but with the issue of ,standardized ,plant ,names in #aidb1 the name hazel was dropped for all members of the family4 ,for a time1 an effort was made to distinguish between the two by calling small-fruited ones hazels and those with large fruits filberts1 but there is not exact dividing line and so now all are called filberts4 ,buchanan and ,bixby are the only varieties of ,mildred filberts thus far fully released by anyone and although neither variety is entirely hardy in the northernmost parts of the country1 they do well as far south as eastern ,tennessee4 ,the nuts of both are too small to compete in the market with the large filberts of ,oregon and ,washington1 but that is not the purpose for which they have been bred4 ,it is for home planting1 a use for which they are admirably adapted4 ,neither variety should be judged until after they have cured fully1 at least a month or more4 ,then the flavor is excellent4 ,of the various introductions made by ,mr4 ,jones1 the ones most likely to endure are the ,ohio black walnut1 the ,glover shagbark hickory1 and the ,mildred filberts4 ,the first has already lasted #cb years2 the second #cj years2 and the ,mildred filberts are only nicely started4#bd ,footnote #bd3 ,except for the last two paragraphs1 this paper was read and approved by ,miss ,mildred ,jones in ,pavilion1 ,n4 ,y41 on ,september #b1 #aidh4 ,the following day1 or ,september #c1 she became ,mrs4 ,wesley ,langdoc1 of ,p4 ,o4 ,box #abf1 ,erie1 ,illinois4 ,mr4 ,reed ,comments on ,seedling ,trees ,editor's ,note3 ,the next two paragraphs should be read in connection with the ,round ,table on chestnut problems1 elsewhere in this volume4 ,in a broad sense1 it must be remembered that every variety of seedling tree1 of any species and every hybrid form that has ever been planted1 or grafted on another tree1 has been worth something4 ,this is still a free country and every man has the inalienable right to plant whatever he pleases4 ,even the hybrids of various forms1 hickory1 walnut1 and chestnut1 are all worth something4 ,all are trees and it is better to plant a poor kind of tree than not to plant anything1 particularly if it is a nut tree4 ,whatever prompts a man to plant a tree is worth while4 ,hybrid chestnuts bred by crossing ,chinese chestnuts of unknown performance record as to habit of bearing1 size or flavor of nut1 shape of tree1 resistance to blight1 or spring freezes1 and other characteristics which combine to make good nuts1 with the inferior and largely inedible ,japanese chestnuts1 are unlikely to do the damage to the industry that is sometimes predicted4 ,they are now so mixed up that few will be planted by themselves1 and there is considerable evidence that the xenia influence of good ,chinese chestnuts with which the trees are being planted will render nuts from these hybrid trees fit to market and eat4 ,illustration3 ,,mildred ,,and ,,wesley ,,langdoc ,president ,davidson3 ,the value of nut trees in ,tennessee1 then1 will be discussed by ,mr4 ,f4 ,s4 ,chance of the ,tennessee ,agricultural ,experiment ,station in ,knoxville4 ,the ,value of ,nut ,trees in ,tennessee ,f4 ,s4 ,,chance1 ,vice-,director1 ,tennessee ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,knoxville1 ,tennessee4 ,mr4 ,chance3 ,mr4 ,president1 ladies and gentlemen3 ,as a representative of the ,agricultural ,experiment ,station of the ,university of ,tennessee ,i want to say it is a great honor to have this distinguished group meet here in ,tennessee1 especially on the banks of beautiful ,norris ,lake1 which is one of the tributaries to the dammedest river in the country4 ,we are something like #fjj miles from the ,gilbertsville ,dam1 or ,kentucky ,dam near ,paducah1 ,kentucky1 and this area here is the beginning of a chain of lakes that run just about that far4 ,for those of you who are from a distance1 you may know that in making a chain of lakes out of this great ,tennessee ,valley that we covered up lots of good land4 ,we have developed lots of good power4 ,now1 ,i am not just sure why ,i was put on this program1 because1 really ,i am not a nut tree specialist1 as ,i see most of you people are4 ,i will admit that ,i have been associating with experimentation for the last eight or ten years and have become slightly nutty1 but really my big interest is timber4 ,i am still a blockhead4 ,so in discussing and talking with you this morning for a few minutes about the value of nut trees in ,tennessee ,i want you to just keep in the back of your minds that the thing in the timber world that ,i think is the prettiest when it comes to furniture is black walnut4 ,so in some plantings that we made several years ago with the help of ,spencer ,chase at our various substations and at the parent station at ,knoxville1 when we began to prune those trees ,i wanted to go to pruning for timber and he wanted to go to pruning for nuts4 ,he won4 ,so as we developed these plantings we are sure that we are going to have some very excellent nut trees4 ,tennessee ranging in altitude from something over a mile high down to some #cjj or #cej feet at ,memphis on the ,mississippi gives us a very1 very wide range of climate4 ,this wide range of climate gives us the possibility of growing a very wide range of timber trees4 ,a great part of that area is soil from a limestone formation4 ,nearly all parts of ,tennessee are well adapted to the production of the black walnut4 ,the tree as a nut tree has not in the past been looked at with such great interest4 ,however1 there are farms in ,tennessee that have been purchased with walnut kernels4 ,over the period of years1 why1 thrifty families1 especially in ,eastern ,tennessee sections1 have gathered up the walnuts in the neighborhood round about1 cracked them and sold the kernels and from year to year made certain accumulations of that kind1 funds1 and saved them with enough in the bank or in the sock to buy a farm4 ,i knew one particular person who bought a nice farm in just that way4 ,now1 a great many of the people in the same neighborhood did not save their walnuts4 ,these walnuts were gathered from everybody's trees without any objection on the part of anyone4 ,but it was a means of those people getting ahead with their savings from their other farming operations1 and this wintertime work that they could put in1 why1 that kind of thrift is the kind that gets people ahead who want to get ahead and have vision4 ,i might say a few words about pecans in ,tennessee4 ,we have throughout the state quite a few scattered native pecans that are used1 especially in all except the more western sections of the state4 ,as a whole they are for home use4 ,now1 in the extreme western section of the state we have a certain amount of seedling pecans1 mostly1 that produce a considerable income to a limited number of people4 ,in the #aide census something over #d1jjj farms reported some income from pecans--this was mostly in the western section of the state--the value of which was something over #cb1jjj1 which at the present time would be a considerable under-valuation4 ,this tree is found1 ,i might say1 throughout the state4 ,i recall a few years ago coming off of the ,cumberland ,plateau down in ,warren ,county into the cove there around ,viola and seeing a beautiful grove of pecans along a stream4 ,i hadn't been through that country before1 but ,i had known a family that lived there1 and ,i stopped at a house to see just what those pecans meant4 ,and there was an old lady on the porch who owned the property1 and ,i asked her some questions about it1 and she told me how they got there and knew when they were not there4 ,she had been raised on that place but she said1 ,i want to show you something4 ,so ,i went with her around the side yard into the back yard1 and she had a couple of pecan trees there that were loaded with pecans until the limbs were hanging over just like pear tree limbs1 heavily loaded pear tree limbs4 ,i said1 ,my1 what a crop of pecans you have here4 ,that's really wonderful4 ,those were the budded pecans1 the type that is grown farther south of us4 ,she said1 ,just wait a minute1 now4 ,i don't know whether ,i have any pecans or not4 ,i said1 ,what do you mean8 ,she said1 ,if the frost is two weeks later than usual we will have a wonderful pecan crop1 if we have a late frost4 ,if we have an early frost we don't have any pecans4 ,it was quite interesting to me to see that wonderful crop hanging on the tree and yet she wasn't at all assured that anything of value would come from it4 ,we have on some of our holdings at the ,university experimental ,stations some wonderful ,chinese chestnut trees4 ,i can't get overly excited over them1 remembering the chestnut as we had it once in ,tennessee with the long1 slender body1 wonderful telephone poles and wonderful timber of other kinds1 and to see that a tremendous economic loss has come to this country through disease that was and probably is not controllable4 ,but from the nut standpoint we have at the present time some trees that look as though they are going to be the equal of our own native chestnut that covered ,tennessee from the mountain top to the river bank4 ,so we are very much in hope that again ,tennessee will have a supply of chestnuts which will be equivalent1 probably1 to the harvest of chestnuts we once had4 ,however1 that's going to be many1 many years off4 ,from the experimental standpoint ,i have been very much interested in the timber type of tree1 hoping that our native chestnut trees1 at least one out of the billions1 maybe would prove to be resistant4 ,however1 watching these growths come up from time to time and attain an age sufficient to produce nuts and then have my hopes blighted by going back the next year and finding that the tree was blighted has become rather discouraging4 ,i hope that some of you people will find just such a tree1 one that will bear an excellent nut and at the same time produce excellent timber4 ,now ,i am coming to our big asset in the way of nut trees in ,tennessee1 as ,i see it4 ,i was rather interested here in ,professor ,moore's discussion of the honeylocust1 that detestable tree which was such a thorn in my flesh as a child1 and having heard someone championing it with such a story as he had1 ,i have heard everything now4 ,everybody1 though1 has a champion4 ,even my mother loved me1 regardless4 ,black walnut is1 as ,i said in the beginning1 native to all sections of the state1 and ,i think that through the collection of the better yielding or better cracking nuts by the ,tennessee ,valley ,authority we are going to find in this crop a very potent asset to the state of ,tennessee through the income from sale of nuts4 ,we have in the state about four cracking plants4 ,one of them is located in ,morristown4 ,down in the basin part of the state where walnuts do particularly well1 three others are in the city of ,nashville4 ,there were something like #aj million pounds of walnuts in the shell delivered in ,nashville this last year1 yielding about #a1bjj1jjj pounds of kernels4 ,now1 this is no mean return from a crop which was really just gathered up with very1 very little attention given to the planting4 ,it is just one of these free crops1 so to speak4 ,if we were to add to that income the great income which we have been receiving through the years from the sale of timber trees1 we would run the value of the black walnut into considerable proportions1 with income from the sale of black walnuts in the kernel and in timber4 ,i see no particular reason why that crop cannot be increased ten1 twenty or a hundred fold by just a stimulation of interest in the black walnut4 ,i recall back just previous to ,world ,war ,i1 or about that time1 there was a tremendous demand1 as usual1 for black walnut for gun stocks4 ,i happened to be free for a month or so at that time so ,i could give some attention to the purchasing and delivery of both veneer stock and walnut for gun stocks4 ,it was quite interesting to me as ,i went over a couple of counties in which ,i made some purchases1 to see that someone in the #dj1 #ej or #fj years back had had a vision of what the walnut tree would be worth to them on their tracts of land and how we were at that time reaping the harvest of the person who had a vision of the value of the walnut tree4 ,a great many of those trees were trees that had been set or walnuts that had been planted years before by some far-seeing person1 and it had gone on without any interruption1 probably without the slightest bit of protection1 until the time that it was needed and desperately needed for economic purposes4 ,we have some work going on also in connection with the planting of walnuts in pasture fields4 ,the returns from the pasture in the planting of walnut trees have been just practically the same1 maybe a little bit better in favor of the walnuts than where we did not have walnuts in the pasture4 ,this work is being conducted down at the ,middle ,tennessee ,agricultural ,experiment ,station of the ,university of ,tennessee at ,columbia4 ,we are using the walnut tree and also the black locust in this experiment4 ,we don't know what the future of it is going to be1 but those walnut trees have grown large enough so that they have had to be thinned to keep them from putting too much shade over the ground4 ,i made a statement several years ago in the presence of quite a distinguished agronomist or horticulturist that ,i had never seen a walnut tree growing in the open1 whether it was in the blue grass region or outside of a blue grass region that did not have blue grass growing under it4 ,he looked at me askance1 and ,i said1 ,do you believe it8 ,well1 ,i don't know1 he answered4 ,so we happened to be coming out of ,quincy1 ,florida1 up through southern ,georgia outside of the blue grass region1 and we were both sitting in the back seat of the car4 ,our driver drove up to a filling station1 and ,i saw this fellow looked up at a walnut tree over in the yard not very far away1 in fact1 the next yard to the filling station4 ,i somehow or other sensed what he was thinking4 ,he pushed his door open1 got out4 ,i pushed my door open1 went around the car and followed him4 ,he walked up to that walnut tree1 turned around and said1 ,well1 it's there4 ,he turned around and walked back4 ,now1 of course1 a condition may prevail in dense shade1 where that does not happen in young walnut trees1 but ,i just happened to be right4 ,there is a symbiotic relationship between plants--,i don't want to get into that subject--but this one thing ,i am thinking1 and that is that the reason why they were able to get this good grazing from under these walnut trees is that there is a relationship there between those two plants that makes it ideal for the production of pasture grass1 and blue grass over a great many of our states is our leading grass4 ,i might say to the gentleman from ,virginia that ,i had a letter from up there a few days ago4 ,i don't know why they wanted to write to me1 wanting to know if the walnut tree was a legume4 ,so ,i presume that that was the reason1 that the grass grew very nicely under those trees4 ,i have taken too much of your valuable time4 ,it certainly has been a pleasure and an honor to be here and talk to you these few minutes4 ,thank you4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,thank you1 ,mr4 ,chance4 ,we will take a short recess4 7,recess taken47 ,president ,davidson3 ,the meeting will now come to order1 please4 ,the embryo development of the black walnut will be illustrated and discussed by ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels of ,cornell ,university4 7,paper to appear in next volume47 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,i was very glad ,dr4 ,mac,daniels' paper preceded mine1 because it does give you a very much better picture of the development of all of our oily nuts1 excepting the filbert and1 of course1 the almond to some extent4 ,but we take in pecans and the hickories and for the walnuts the situation is quite general4 ,now1 this paper that ,i am going to read is one that our staff in nut investigations has been working on for the past twenty or more years1 and we feel we know a lot about the growing and the development and filling of nuts4 ,and there is a lot in this paper that ,i think will be of value to all nut growers regardless of the kind of nuts that we are trying to grow4 ,the ,development and ,filling of ,nuts ,h4 ,l4 ,,crane1 ,principal ,horticulturist1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,agricultural ,research ,administration1 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,soils1 and ,agricultural ,engineering1 ,division of ,fruit and ,vegetable ,crops and ,diseases4 ,all nut growers are confronted with the problems involved in the production of nuts of large size with well filled kernels that are bright or light colored4 ,unsatisfactory development and filling of the kernels is more often a cause of complaint by growers than any other single factor affecting nut production4 ,this is because all of our commercial nuts now sold in the shell are priced on a basis of size and the degree to which they are filled4 ,the size and degree of filling of the nuts varies not only from year to year1 but from district to district1 orchard to orchard1 and even in the same orchard1 because nuts of one variety may fill well and those of another poorly4 ,this is true even though the kind and variety of nut being produced is grown in a locality usually having suitable climatic conditions for normal nut production4 ,climatic ,conditions ,prevailing climatic conditions in any locality determine how well a particular kind of nut will fill4 ,for example1 the pecan is native to the southern part of the ,united ,states and a small area in northern ,mexico4 ,in its native habitat the summers are long and the day and night temperatures are uniformly high1 with little difference between maximum and minimum daily temperatures4 ,when the pecan is grown under conditions of shorter summers1 or where there is a marked difference between night and day temperatures1 the nuts do not grow to proper size and the kernels fill poorly1 if at all4 ,although pecan trees are quite hardy and may be grown successfully well north of their native limits1 the normal development of the nuts and the filling of them cannot be expected there4 ,good examples of the climactic effects can be cited4 ,at ,davis1 ,california1 the pecan tree grows1 flowers1 and sets fruit satisfactorily1 but the nuts fail to grow to proper size1 fill poorly1 and may not mature before frost4 ,at ,davis there is an average length of growing season of #bdb days2 the day temperatures are high1 but the night temperatures are comparatively low4 ,pecan trees are hardy even in ,connecticut1 but the trees fail to bear because of the short growing season and the great difference between day and night temperatures4 ,the pecan is truly a hot weather crop and is not suited for culture under mountainous conditions4 ,on the other hand it cannot be grown under subtropical conditions because of insufficient cold during the winter to meet the chilling requirement of the trees4 ,under such conditions1 tree growth starts very late in the spring1 and1 although the trees may flower1 few nuts may set and those that stick may be very poorly filled at harvest if they mature4 ,the pecan is probably more exacting in regard to its climactic requirements than are our other kinds of nuts1 but the filbert or hazlenut is probably a close second in this respect4 ,the filbert1 however1 represents the opposite extreme in that it does best under conditions of mild winter and moderate summer temperatures4 ,these differences are pointed out for the reason that many amateur nut growers want to grow certain nuts outside of their native range in places where unsuitable climatic conditions prevail1 and they cannot understand why success is not possible4 ,growth and ,fruiting ,habit of ,nut ,trees ,since the growth and fruiting habits of our different kinds of nut trees are closely related1 it is desirable to point out some of these relationships4 ,all of our different species of walnuts1 the pecan and all hickory nuts1 as well as hazelnuts and filberts1 are borne terminally on shoots of the current season4 ,in other words all walnut species1 pecan1 and all hickory species bear the pistillate flowers that develop into nuts at the terminal end of the shoots produced the same year that the nuts mature4 ,the staminate or pollen-producing flowers of all these species arise from lateral buds on shoots that grew the previous year4 ,in the case of hazelnut and filbert the pistillate flowers are borne in lateral buds on shoots of the previous season1 as are also the staminate flowers or catkins4 ,in this case1 however1 the pistillate flowers are formed and pollinated before the current year's shoot growth is made4 ,almonds are borne laterally on shoots produced the previous season4 ,all chestnuts are borne laterally on shoots produced the same season as the nuts4 ,the chestnut bears most of the staminate flowers separately in staminate catkins whereas the pistillate flowers are in mixed catkins1 but all are formed laterally on shoots of the current season4 ,the almond1 which has perfect flowers1 produces these in lateral buds on shoots of the previous year4 ,both the hazelnut and the almond flower before any current-season growth is made1 whereas all of the other kinds of nut trees mentioned produce almost all normal shoot growth before flowering occurs4 ,these differences in growth1 flowering1 and fruiting habits provide a basis for the explanation of why growth of almond trees1 for example1 is harder to maintain than is that of walnut or pecan4 ,flowering and early development of the fruit before shoot growth is made tend to check such growth1 so that flowering and fruiting trees will not make as much new growth as they would have made had flowering and fruiting been prevented4 ,in general1 it can be stated that1 in the case of bearing trees1 the longer the shoot growth and the greater its diameter in proportion to length1 the greater is the number of pistillate flowers that may be formed at its terminal4 ,furthermore1 the set of nuts and the size that they attain are in proportion to the length and diameter of the shoots bearing them4 ,in other words1 the number of flowers formed1 the nuts set1 and the size that they attain are directly correlated with the vigor and growth of the trees4 ,as trees attain age1 fewer long1 strong shoots and more short1 weak shoots are formed4 ,hence the average size of the nuts produced decreases because of the reduction in average shoot growth4 ,furthermore1 under normal conditions1 the degree to which the nuts are filled is related to the vigor as it is measured by the length and diameter of the shoots bearing them4 ,strong1 vigorous shoots usually produce the best filled and earliest maturing nuts4 ,what ,is a ,nut and of ,what ,does ,it ,consist8 ,webster gives a general definition of a nut as a fruit consisting of a kernel or seed enclosed in a hard woody or leathery shell that does not open when ripe1 as in the hazel1 beech1 oak1 chestnut4 ,technically speaking1 it is a hard1 indehiscent1 one-seeded dry fruit resulting from a compound ovary4 ,in horticultural language the fruit consists of the hard or leathery nut containing a kernel1 together with the husk1 hull1 or bur that surrounds the nut shell4 ,this kernel consists of the embryo plus the endosperm or its remains4 ,in all of our important nuts1 such as walnuts1 pecans1 hickory nuts1 almonds1 and filberts1 the kernel is essentially the embryo with its thickened cotyledons or seed leaves1 as the endosperm has been absorbed except for a thin membrane4 ,at the beginning of its development1 growth of the embryo is slow1 and in very early stages it is merely a rounded mass of cells4 ,later1 the meristems of the epicotyl 7stem or top7 and root axis develop1 but the whole embryo is still microscopic in size4 ,still later the cotyledons 7seed leaves7 start development from the apical meristem and their growth in length is rapid1 but they are very thin and follow the contours of the seed coat4 ,growth in length of the cotyledons may be arrested by unfavorable nutritional conditions during the time of elongation4 ,in such case1 the lobes of the cotyledons may not attain the full length of the seed coat1 or pellicle1 which surrounds them4 ,after the cotyledons have attained full length1 growth in thickness begins in the area nearest the epicotyl and proceeds toward the margins4 ,this growth in thickness results from cambium-like meristem with the formation of new cells4 ,the formation of well developed or solid kernels that completely fill the cavity within the shell is dependent upon meristematic activity continuing almost to maturity4 ,the weather conditions1 the nutrition of the tree1 or other factors that affect the synthesis and translocation of elaborated food materials from the leaves and shoots to the kernels at this time determine the degree to which the cotyledons are thickened1 or in other words how well the nuts are filled4 ,periods of ,development ,in the development of the nuts there are three periods or stages3 7#a7 ,the period of growth in size2 7#b7 the period of nut filling or development of the kernel2 7#c7 the period of maturing4 ,what takes place during these periods of development determines the size the nuts attain1 the degree to which they are filled1 and finally the quality at harvest4 ,these three developmental stages are interdependent1 because the size of the nuts may affect the degree of filling1 and that1 in turn1 the time and nature of their maturity4 ,they are not entirely separate and distinct but overlap in that there is more or less development of the kernel1 varying with the species1 while the nuts are growing in size4 ,in general1 however1 there is not appreciable kernel development until after the nuts have attained approximately full size1 except in the chestnut4 ,the outstanding example of this situation is the pecan4 ,there is practically no growth of the kernel until after the shell of the nut has started to become hard4 ,at that time growth of the embryo1 which constitutes the kernel1 become rapid4 ,the major portion of the kernel is formed during a period of approximately one month1 starting at ,beltsville1 ,maryland about the middle of ,september4 ,the final stages of filling occur just before the nuts mature1 and the first nuts to fall usually have the best filled kernels4 ,later maturing nuts are generally poorly filled2 their shells and kernels are often discolored1 and the shucks fail to open properly1 if at all4 ,the development of walnuts1 hickory nuts1 and filberts1 so far as is known1 is in all essentials the same as that described for the pecan nut except that the kernel or embryo begins to grow somewhat earlier in the season4 ,however1 the major portion of the filling1 which consists in the thickening of the cotyledons1 takes place late in the season1 and only a month or a little more before the nuts mature4 ,the period of the maturing of the nuts generally closely follows the completion of the filling of the kernels4 ,during this period in the pecan1 certain other species of hickory1 the ,persian walnut1 chestnut1 and others1 food reserves are transferred from shucks1 hulls1 or burs to the nuts4 ,abscission layers are formed and shucks1 hulls1 or burs split open on drying out1 thus partially or wholly releasing the nuts4 ,there is a very direct relationship between the degree to which the nuts are filled and their time of and normality of maturing2 well filled nuts mature early and normally1 whereas poorly filled nuts mature late1 if at all1 and shucks1 hulls1 or burs fail to open properly4 ,growth in ,size ,the size of the nuts produced by a tree is determined by a number of factors1 one or all of which may operate during the course of the season4 ,these are3 7#a7 ,age of tree2 7#b7 position of the nuts on the tree2 7#c7 fertility of the soil and moisture supply1 or the nutritional status of the tree2 7#d7 size of the crop borne4 ,in general1 old trees bear smaller nuts than do younger trees4 ,hence size of nut for a particular variety is only relative4 ,the first few crops produced by a tree usually consist of nuts large in size for the variety2 and then1 as the tree attains age1 nuts become smaller in size4 ,young trees make longer and thicker shoot growth than do older trees4 ,there is1 then1 under normal conditions1 a direct relationship between the growth made by a tree and the size that the nuts attain4 ,the more vigorous trees not only produce larger nuts than those produced by less vigorous trees1 but the hulls and shells of such nuts are thicker and constitute a higher total percentage of the total weight of the fruit4 ,the position of the nuts on a tree has an important effect on the size that they ultimately attain4 ,in general1 the nuts in the top are larger than those nearer the ground2 and those on the strongest and most vigorous shoots of the top or lateral branches will attain a larger size under normal conditions than those located on weaker and shorter shoots or on the inside of the tree4 ,here again there is a direct relationship between growth of the tree and growth in size of nuts4 ,all normal trees make longer and stronger shoot growth in the top than they do on the terminals of lateral branches1 and the shortest and weaker shoots as well as the smallest nuts are generally on the lateral branches inside of the tree top4 ,fertility of soil and moisture supply determine in large measure both the growth made by the tree and the size of nuts4 ,the nuts borne on trees growing on fertile soils adequately supplied with moisture are generally much larger in size than those borne by trees on infertile soil or soil poorly supplied with soil moisture4 ,deficiency of either nitrogen1 or moisture1 or both is particularly effective in limiting the size of nuts produced4 ,pecans grown under soil conditions in which both nitrogen and moisture were deficient have been known to attain only about one-fourth the size of nuts of the same varieties grown in the same orchard but under conditions of clean cultivation and supplementary nitrogen applications4 ,a prolonged drought during the time that the nuts are increasing in size very frequently causes them to be much smaller than they would have been had the moisture supply been adequate4 ,the size of the crop borne by a tree determines in a very large measure the size that the nuts attain at maturity4 ,there is generally an inverse relationship also between the number of nuts borne in a cluster on a shoot and the size they attain4 ,in this respect nut crops are little different from apples and peaches1 which1 too1 are sold on the basis of size4 ,in order to produce fruits of large size having a high market value1 the crops are thinned in years of a heavy set of fruit4 ,in the case of pecans1 for example1 thinning the crop at the time the nuts are growing in size on heavily producing trees is a very effective method of increasing the average size of the nuts allowed to remain on the trees4 ,the earlier the thinning is done the more effective it is2 however1 it will increase the size of the nuts even when done as late as when the shells have started to become hard4 ,no practical and economical method of thinning the crop of nuts has as yet been found2 nevertheless it is well to bear in mind that a large crop borne by a tree generally means reduced average size of the nuts at harvest4 ,filling or ,development of the ,kernels ,in general1 the fruits 7nuts7 of a nut-bearing tree are what might be termed storage organs4 ,in them are stored mineral elements and such elaborated food materials as carbohydrates 7sugars and starch71 oil1 amino acids1 and proteins that have been removed from the leaves and wood of the tree4 ,these materials are stored for future use of the embryo in the nut to sustain respiration1 to permit germination1 and to maintain the seedling until it has produced enough leaf area to become self-sufficient4 ,the question may be asked1 why is it so important that nuts be well filled8 ,the answer is very simple1 because the quality of the oily nuts is determined by how well the kernels are filled4 ,all but one of our most important nuts--almonds1 filberts1 hickory nuts1 pecans1 and walnuts--are oily nuts2 and well filled kernels contain from #ej to #ge percent or more of oil1 depending upon the species4 ,chestnuts are starchy nuts and contain less than one percent of oil4 ,the relationship between the degree of filling and the composition of the kernel in oily nuts is outstanding1 in that the better filled nuts have a higher content of oil and a lower content of protein1 carbohydrates1 water1 and undetermined constituents than do poorly filled nuts4 ,highest quality of the kernels is directly associated with highest oil content and highest degree of filling4 ,nut kernels that are poorly filled are often hollow1 shrunken1 shriveled1 and chaffy4 ,when eaten they may taste sweet1 but are lacking in the oily flavor characteristic of the particular species of nut eaten4 ,it is only in the best filled nuts that highest quality1 flavor1 and oil content are found4 ,the degree to which nuts are filled or how well the kernels are developed at harvest is determined by a rather large number of interrelated factors3 7#a7 ,size of crop1 or ratio of number of leaves per nut2 7#b7 average size of nuts2 7#c7 condition of leaves2 7#d7 amount of second growth of the trees2 7#e7 size of preceding crop and how well the nuts produced were filled2 7#f7 disease and insect injury to the nuts2 7#g7 weather conditions2 7#h7 heterosis or effect of cross-pollination on embryo size4 ,size of crop3 ,nut growers want their trees to bear large annual crops of nuts4 ,it is very seldom that one hears a nut grower express the opinion that a certain tree is carrying too many nuts for the crop to attain proper size and fill well1 yet this is very often the case4 ,furthermore1 the production of a large crop of poorly filled nuts one year is almost certain to result in a light crop or none at all the following year4 ,there is a very close inverse relation between the size of the crop produced and the degree to which the nuts are filled at harvest1 namely1 the larger the crop the less the nuts will be filled4 ,it has been pointed out above that nuts are storage organs1 and the food materials required to grow and fill them must be made in the leaves4 ,when too many nuts are set and carried through to the filling period1 in proportion to the number of leaves or the leaf area of the tree1 it is not possible for the leaves to synthesize the large amount of food materials required to fill the nuts4 ,in pecans1 for example1 it has been shown that six to eight leaves are required normally to fill a nut properly and #aj or more leaves per nut if the tree is to flower and set a crop the following year4 ,other ratios for number of leaves or leaf area exist with other kinds of nuts4 ,it is general experience that large crops of nuts remove such large amounts of food materials and minerals from the trees that a light crop or no crop at all is produced the following year4 ,this is especially true if the nuts are not especially well filled in the on crop year4 ,size of nuts3 ,almost everyone prefers large nuts to small ones1 and that is one reason1 why the larger sizes command a higher price on the markets4 ,many remember how popular the ,mc,callister hican was a number of years ago because of its extremely large size4 ,such varieties of the pecan as ,nelson and ,mahan were very popular because the nuts produced were generally much larger than those of other varieties4 ,these varieties remained popular until experience in growing them showed that they were very often poorly filled at harvest4 ,as a general rule1 large nuts are more difficult to fill properly than small nuts4 ,this is obvious1 because much more food material must be made by the leaves and transported to fill the kernels of large nuts than is required to fill an equal number of nuts of smaller size4 ,in seasons with conditions favorable for both tree growth and growth in size of the nuts1 it is often the experience that the nuts are poorly filled at harvest4 ,on the other hand1 if the weather is dry during the period in which the nuts are growing in size1 they are much more likely to be well filled at maturity4 ,in fact1 the writer has seen several instances in which1 because of severe drought in the spring1 pecans were undersized1 yet the kernels developed and filled so well that the shells of the nuts cracked at maturity4 ,condition of leaves3 ,to produce well filled nuts1 nut trees must bear a large leaf area and the leaves must be in good health and vigor4 ,if they are to produce annual crops1 the trees must carry their leaves until cold weather in the late fall1 undamaged by insects or diseases4 ,the importance of a large leaf area free from injury or abnormal condition is so great that it can hardly be overemphasized in connection with nut production4 ,it can be definitely stated that under normal conditions the size of the crop produced and the degree to which the nuts are filled is directly related to the leaf area and the length of time it is carried by the tree4 ,if the leaf area is to be large1 the trees must make good1 strong1 vigorous shoot growth1 and this means that proper attention must be given to fertilization to insure that the trees have adequate amounts of nitrogen1 potassium1 magnesium1 zinc1 and boron1 as well as all other essential elements4 ,the elements mentioned have been found most likely to be deficient in the soils of eastern and southern ,united ,states4 ,in those regions their lack may be expected most frequently to limit tree growth or the filling of the nuts because of their effects on the leaves and the consequent inability of the leaves to make food materials4 ,deficiency of one or more of these elements results in leaves that are not able to make food materials in anywhere near such amounts as do normal leaves well supplied with all essential elements4 ,in severe cases1 deficiency of one or more of these elements results in chlorosis of the leaves1 still later in leaf scorch1 and finally in premature leaf fall4 ,trees having leaves in such condition cannot be expected to fill the nuts borne by them4 ,most nut trees grown about home or farmstead are deficient in nitrogen1 as the trees must compete with grass1 weeds1 shrubbery1 or other trees4 ,frequently there is not enough plant food for all4 ,a deficiency of nitrogen limits the growth and the leaf area carried by a tree4 ,a deficiency of potassium or magnesium very greatly limits the amount of food material made by the leaves and hence greatly decreases the filling and the oil content of the kernels4 ,zinc or boron deficiency has a similar effect4 ,hence1 to insure the production of well filled nuts1 one must be certain that the trees are well fertilized and that the fertilizer elements applied are in proper balance one with the others4 ,injury to the leaves resulting from attacks by diseases and insects is one of the most common and important causes of poorly filled nuts4 ,every species and variety of tree nut suffers from at least one disease or insect pest that damages the leaves and hence limits or curtails the amount of elaborated food materials they can make4 ,in most cases the fungi or bacteria causing foliage diseases infect the leaves in early spring at the time they are unfolding and growing in size1 although the infection may not be noticeable until later4 ,these infected areas1 even though they are small and not numerous enough to cause the leaf to fall1 seriously impair the functioning of the leaf out of all proportion to the area directly affected4 ,should the infection be so severe as to cause premature defoliation1 the damage will be great even though only a small percentage of the leaves falls4 ,the disease of eastern ,mack walnut known as leaf spot1 or anthracnose1 is one of these defoliating diseases that causes untold damage from poorly filled nuts in the current crop year1 and results in a small crop or none at all the following year4 ,the development and spread of these diseases is gradual1 and unsuspecting growers do not realize the damage they cause4 ,on other hand1 the injuries caused by such insects as the webworm1 the walnut caterpillar1 the pecan leaf case-bearer1 the ,japanese beetle1 and others are somewhat spectacular in that the leaves may be partly or completely consumed on portions of the trees4 ,the injury caused by the walnut aphis1 the walnut lace bug1 the pecan black aphis1 and others1 on the other hand1 is less conspicuous2 but the end result is far more serious than it usually is with the leaf eating insects1 because the damage caused is more widespread1 almost all of the leaves on a tree being affected4 ,these sucking insects are small in size and may be overlooked until premature defoliation takes place4 ,if nut trees are to bear satisfactory crops of well filled nuts1 the diseases and insects that attack and cause injury to the leaves must be controlled4 ,under normal conditions the size of the crop produced1 the regularity of bearing1 and the quality of the nuts harvested is proportional to the leaf area of normal leaves carried by the tree from early spring until freezing-weather in the fall4 ,second growth of the trees3 ,certain of our nut trees1 such as pecan and walnuts1 under some conditions have two or perhaps more periods of shoot growth during the same growing season4 ,the first1 or main period of growth1 starts at the time of foliation in the spring and ends soon after the shoots flower4 ,the second period of growth1 if it occurs1 may begin any time after the nuts are set1 and may end any time later4 ,this second growth seriously affects the filling of the nuts1 in that food materials are consumed in producing this second growth rather than in the growth and filling of the nuts4 ,generally this second growth is not made until late in the season1 and it usually follows a period of dry weather1 when conditions again become favorable for growth4 ,usually this is at the time the kernels should be developing1 and hence the degree of filling is affected4 ,the seriousness of the effect on the filling of the nuts is largely proportional to the amount and duration of this second growth4 ,a third period of growth may occur later if weather conditions are suitable4 ,preceding crop3 ,it has already been pointed out that nuts are storage organs and in their growth and development large amounts of food materials and minerals are removed from the tree4 ,under conditions of heavy crop production1 the reserves of these materials left in the tree at the time of harvest are likely to be very low2 and unless the trees are growing on a fertile soil and carry their leaves until frost1 these reserves of minerals and elaborated food materials are not likely to be restored4 ,under such conditions1 in the following spring the reserves are low and although there may be enough to initiate flowering and the set of nuts1 they are not sufficiently high to produce well filled nuts4 ,it is for this reason that the nuts produced in an off crop year1 even though the crop may be much lighter1 may be less well filled than those produced in an on crop year4 ,such nuts as pecans1 hickory nuts1 and walnuts transfer large amounts of potassium from the tree itself into the shucks or hulls4 ,the kernels of such nuts are high in nitrogen1 phosphorus1 and magnesium as well as in oil1 which is one of the most concentrated food materials and has the highest calorie value4 ,nitrogen reserves in the trees are readily and rather quickly replaced if adequate amounts are applied1 as this element is not fixed by the soil4 ,this is not true of phosphorus and potassium1 as they are apparently taken up by the trees much more slowly than is nitrogen4 ,furthermore1 certain soils have a high fixing power for these elements and hence they are slowly1 if at all1 available4 ,insect and disease damage to the nuts3 ,certain insects and diseases attack the nuts1 causing them to be poorly filled at harvest4 ,although these pests may destroy1 or cause a certain percentage of the crop to drop before harvest1 and hence serve as a thinning measure1 the affected nuts remaining on the tree may not be well filled at maturity4 ,examples of such insects are the pecan or hickory shuck worm1 the walnut husk maggot1 and the codling moth4 ,infestations by these insects occurring before the shells of the nuts have become hard cause the nuts to drop4 ,however1 infestations taking place after the nut shells have become hard do not cause the nuts to drop4 ,these late-infested nuts may be poorly filled because the insect larvae mine the hulls or shucks1 severing the conducting tissues that transport food materials from the fruit stem or peduncle through the shuck to the kernel4 ,the damage caused not only results in poorly filled nuts but also interferes with the natural separation of the shucks or hulls from the shells4 ,examples of diseases that attack the nuts and cause them to be poorly filled at harvest are pecan scab and walnut bacteriosis4 ,pecan scab may also attack other species of hickory4 ,it is the most destructive pecan disease1 causing a high percentage of the nuts on highly susceptible varieties to drop prematurely and those that stick to the tree to be poorly filled at harvest4 ,walnut bacteriosis or blight is the most important walnut disease in the ,west and unless controlled causes severe losses from premature drop or from nuts both poorly filled and having discolored kernels at harvest4 ,it is obvious that if large crops of well filled nuts are to be produced1 these insects and diseases must be controlled4 ,weather conditions3 ,many growers are inclined to blame the weather for all small crops and poor nut quality because they realize it can have such important effects4 ,in reality its direct effects are generally much less than they are thought to be1 and its indirect effects are usually much greater than is usually realized4 ,weather conditions have a very great effect on the development of insects and diseases and on the damage caused by them1 so that most often these are of major importance4 ,it has already been pointed out that a prolonged drought may adversely affect the size of nuts when it occurs while they are growing in size4 ,similarly1 the degree to which nuts are filled at harvest is affected by the moisture supply during the filling period4 ,a moisture deficiency within the tree probably affects the translocation of food materials to the nuts to a greater extent than it affects leaf functioning1 for under such conditions the leaves will withdraw so much water from the developing nuts that the shucks and hulls become wilted4 ,under conditions of prolonged drought the kernels do not fill properly1 maturity of the nuts is delayed1 and the shucks or hulls do not open normally4 ,under drought conditions the temperatures of the air and of surfaces exposed to the sun are often very high1 and this sometimes results in sun-scald or burning of the hulls or shucks4 ,in severe cases the injury extends through the hull or shuck to the shell and kernels4 ,the pellicle1 or skin of the kernel1 turns brown or amber color1 as does the portion of the kernel that has developed at the time of injury4 ,further development of the affected portion of the kernel is arrested2 and on drying it becomes shriveled because of lack of filling4 ,the greatest amount of damage from sunburn occurs on the south and southwest sides of the trees4 ,little can be done to prevent this type of injury other than to grow good1 strong1 vigorous trees that bear a heavy dense foliage that shades the nuts4 ,heterosis or hybrid vigor3 ,the pistillate flowers of certain nut species1 such as the almond1 chestnuts1 and filberts1 must be cross-pollinated with pollen from another variety if satisfactorily crops of well filled nuts are to be produced4 ,these species are self-sterile or self-unfruitful4 ,on the other hand all walnut1 pecan1 and hickory species are self-fertile and cross-fertile1 but may be self-unfruitful because of dichogamy1 because they may shed their pollen either before or after the stigmas of the pistillate flowers are receptive to it4 ,in all nut species cross-pollination is generally recommended so as to assure a set of nuts4 ,with cross-pollination a better set of nuts is to be expected than with self-pollination1 as well as better filling of the kernels4 ,it has recently been found that when the pistillate flowers of a certain variety are cross-pollinated with a pollen from another definite variety the embryo or nut kernel is larger and better filled4 ,this is a manifestation of hybrid vigor1 or heterosis4 ,heterosis has been found in the chestnut and in the pecan4 ,it likely will be found in other nut species4 ,some day the principles of selected and controlled parentage underlying hybrid vigor may be utilized in producing superior nuts1 as these principals are now so widely used in producing hybrid seed corn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,that paper was so extremely important that ,i hesitated very much to stop it1 but we are already at the point where we should have adjourned4 ,now1 unfortunately1 we have some very important things1 ,i think1 yet before us1 but if the speakers can give their talks from now on in the form of1 shall we say1 syntheses of the whole thing and give us the conclusions rather than the details1 it will be appreciated by us all4 ,mr4 ,wilkinson is going to give us a very important talk on what he has done with the propagation of the ,lamb curly walnut4 ,mr4 ,wilkinson4 ,the ,grafted ,curly ,walnut as a ,timber ,tree ,j4 ,,ford ,,wilkinson1 ,rockport1 ,indiana ,our native trees are and have always been one of the most valuable resources of this country1 and one of the greatest heritages ever to fall to a nation4 ,wood has been used by our people since the landing of the ,pilgrims1 for almost every comfort and purpose in life1 from the making of cradles to caskets4 ,wood is still one of the principal materials in building homes and furniture1 and is used for railroad ties1 for paper1 and in so many other ways that we could scarcely get along without wood4 ,the ,united ,states is the native home of many species of trees1 of which a number are superior in some certain ways for some special purposes4 ,the hickory has no equal for ax handles4 ,as a building-timber where strength and durability are needed the oak ranks among the first4 ,other species are equally as important for some other uses4 ,not to be overlooked are nut trees4 ,they serve the twofold purpose of producing both food for man and wild life1 and valuable timber4 ,black ,walnut ,has ,great ,value ,of the nut tree group1 the black walnut is one of the most important4 ,it ranks among the first for lumber1 furniture1 cabinets1 and finishing material4 ,it has no rival in use for gun stocks and airplane propellers2 as walnut wood is light1 strong1 will not get rough1 but wears smoother with use4 ,neither will it splinter when pierced by a bullet4 ,walnut wood has been largely responsible1 at times1 for keeping us a nation of free people4 ,the black walnut tree is an aristocrat of forest and field4 ,it can justly be proud1 for no other tree can fill its place4 ,as the late author ,a4 ,h4 ,marks said1 ,who has not noticed the look of contended usefulness which a nut-bearing tree wears8 ,it is of use to the world and knows it4 ,walnuts1 like other species of trees1 are not all alike1 either as to nut production or in the grain of the wood4 ,the ,lamb ,black ,walnut ,several years ago an unusually highly figured1 and very valuable1 black walnut tree was discovered by ,mr4 ,george ,n4 ,lamb1 then ,secretary-,treasurer of the ,american ,walnut ,manufacturers ,association of ,chicago1 ,illinois4 ,when the logs from this tree came into the mill1 and their value was realized1 ,mr4 ,lamb went to the place where the tree had grown4 ,he secured some twigs from the branches of this top and sent these1 as ,i have been informed1 to ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris and ,mr4 ,willard ,g4 ,bixby1 knowing of their interest in propagating better varieties of nut trees4 ,this wood had been taken from the top many days after the tree was felled1 and so was dry and nearly dead4 ,i believe ,dr4 ,morris succeeded in getting only one graft to grow1 and ,mr4 ,bixby two4 ,this variety was then named in honor of ,mr4 ,lamb4 ,several years later ,mr4 ,bixby sent me a very small stick of graft wood from one of his trees1 from which ,i made two grafts4 ,one of them grew1 giving me a start of this variety4 ,i have annually propagated a few trees of it ever since1 though with little encouragement1 and even much discouragement from others1 including ,state and ,u4 ,s4 ,government authorities4 ,on one occasion ,i thought ,i practically had an order for a quantity of these ,lamb walnut trees for a reforestation project4 ,however1 the prospective purchaser1 before placing his final order1 wrote to government authorities1 then wrote me as follows3 99 99 99 99 99 444 ,sept4 #cj1 #aidj 444 ,following some investigation in connection with the so-called curly walnut varieties1 we have been advised by government authorities that these trees do not form1 or grow into1 a curly walnut tree at any time during the growing stage4 ,we took it for granted that the wood formation would be of a curly nature1 and for that reason we were interested in that particular variety4 ,in view of this information which we have concerning these trees1 we would not be interested in growing them as we have plenty of native black walnut here4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,this and other discouragements1 from both government authorities and individuals1 had about as much effect on me as ,king ,george's advice to the ,american people not to use tobacco2 they smoked calmly on1 and ,i continued to propagate ,lamb curly black walnut trees4 ,i have been propagating nut trees since #aiaj1 and have never yet known one of my propagated nut trees to fail to carry the characteristics of the parent tree1 as to habits of growth1 bark1 bud formation1 foliage1 texture of wood1 or quality of nuts4 ,the ,deming ,purple walnut tree1 when asexually propagated1 reproduces the purple wood1 so ,i reasoned the ,lamb variety would reproduce figured wood4 ,nature seldom blunders4 ,value of ,original ,lamb ,walnut ,tree ,when ,i was in ,grand ,rapids1 ,michigan1 a few years ago1 doing some tree work for the late ,william ,j4 ,wallace1 he took me a few miles to the location of the original ,lamb tree4 ,it was near a small river in a gravel loam soil near ,ada1 ,kent ,county1 ,michigan4 ,the following is an extract of a letter received from ,mr4 ,lamb as to the original tree3 ,november #bg1 #aibi ,lamb ,figured ,walnut-- ,cut into veneers #f to #ah;c per sq4 ft4 7#a_/bh7 ,use3 ,furniture ,amount of veneers #fjfbg' ,value3 #h1fcg4fb to #aj1iah4hf 7,prewar67--,ed4 ,logs produced3 #h' x #ba--add ,log ,ft4 #f' x #ah-- #gc #aj' x #cf--fdj #ad' x #cj--eia #aj' x #cb--dij ,stump --#ejj #bdch ,location of tree--,ada1 ,kent ,county1 ,michigan4 ,location--,river flat #bj rods from river4 ,soil-,gravel loam4 ,type of tree--,open grown4 ,shape---,double stump4 ,height--#dj ft4 ,figure--,throughout the tree4 ,mr4 ,lamb further states in his letter3 ,unquestionably it was one of the most thoroughly figured trees ever discovered1 and if figured wood will propagate itself this stock should1 certainly should1 do so4 ,he further states1 ,the figure in this tree was quite apparent1 even in the small branches1 while the ,forest ,products ,laboratory found evidence of a developing figure in the twigs not over five years old4 ,the wood specimens ,i now have on exhibit here were taken from one of my #ab-year-old grafted trees that ,i cut1 and in them you will find figure visible to the naked eye1 or easily noticeable by touching with a finger1 in wood from branches not over #g years old4 ,comparing age at which figure shows in the wood of the two trees1 this young tree seems to be developing figure at an early age1 as in the parent tree4 ,my confidence in this outcome had never been shaken by the doubts of others4 ,few seemed to share this belief with me1 and for this reason ,i have never pushed the sale of ,lamb trees4 ,now ,i do not hesitate to state that curly figure will reproduce in any propagated ,lamb trees1 as the evidence before you here is stronger than any argument4 ,one purpose of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association is to encourage the perpetuation by propagation of the better varieties of nut trees4 ,i consider the ,lamb variety one of the best walnut trees known from a timber point of view1 and until a better variety is found ,i shall continue to propagate ,lamb black walnut trees4 ,ed4 note3 ,the nuts on ,lamb trees1 as seen at ,norris1 ,tennessee1 during this meeting1 appear to be of at least average size and have better than average shell structure4 ,they probably would be well adapted to machine-cracking4 ,thus the ,lamb would not be a bad variety to grow for its nuts4 ,or we could double-work the trees1 to have each tree with a good trunk of the ,lamb wood growing beneath a fruiting top of any desired walnut variety4 ,one or two of our members already have made a start on this latter scheme of propagation4 ,author's ,note3 ,the ,lamb variety is a rapid and upright grower and should be well adapted as a stock for the purpose suggested4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,i don't think one can minimize the importance of what ,mr4 ,wilkinson has done with the ,lamb curly walnut4 ,there are possibilities here that are of immense value to those who are interested in timber4 ,now1 ,i am very1 very sorry to put off the rest of this program until this afternoon4 ,possibly we can work a part of it then4 ,meantime1 we had better adjourn4 ,mr4 ,chase says that he has arranged for a group picture to be taken at the ,community ,building at one o'clock4 ,let's everyone be there at one o'clock4 ,that means1 of course1 that you are going to cut the sandwich and coffee pretty short4 ,all right1 let's adjourn4 7,luncheon recess was taken47 ,tuesday ,afternoon ,session ,president ,davidson3 ,come to order1 please4 ,the first speaker on the afternoon program is ,mr4 ,shivery4 ,i think ,i will get ,mr4 ,chase to say a word4 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,our next speaker is ,mr4 ,george ,shivery1 ,extension ,forester for the ,university of ,tennessee1 and ,i know that the interest of this ,association is in the planting of improved black walnuts1 and ,i simply can say this man arranged for the planting of more ,thomas walnut trees than any other man in the world4 ,george ,shivery4 ,the ,black ,walnut ,situation in ,tennessee ,,george ,b4 ,,shivery1 ,extension ,forester1 ,university of ,tennessee1 ,knoxville1 ,tennessee4 ,mr4 ,shivery3 ,mr4 ,chairman and members of the ,association3 ,i certainly appreciate that compliment made by ,mr4 ,chase1 and ,i want to assure all of you that we certainly are interested in the black walnut in ,tennessee4 ,in the past we have had to depend pretty much on the wild black walnut1 and we will for years in the future4 ,but we have done everything possible to get distribution on this ,thomas improved black walnut which has been propagated here through the efforts of ,mr4 ,chase1 ,mr4 ,zarger and other members in his division4 ,it seems to me that this black walnut kernel industry is sort of a tradition1 particularly in ,east ,tennessee4 ,if you have lived in this state as long as ,i have1 you have become curious about its history4 ,well1 in the early days there were no railroads in this state1 and commerce moved pretty much by means of wagon team1 and the supply center seemed to be ,baltimore1 ,maryland4 ,now1 ,i can visualize very well that on outbound trips they doubtless carried black walnut kernels1 and on the way in1 of course1 they'd bring clothing and other materials that were not produced here at home4 ,in the early days they produced tremendous amounts of maple sugar and maple syrup4 ,doubtless this was consumed at home and nowadays we don't have any evidence of that1 because the climatic conditions in ,new ,york ,state and other northern states and ,new ,england are much better suited to the flow of the sap4 ,the weather1 ,i believe1 is not so changeable up there4 ,our weather is changeable4 ,we may have a very severe cold week1 and then in ten days it will be balmy and pretty weather4 ,we haven't made any effort to bring back the sugar maple industry4 ,we don't consider it economic in this state1 because cane sugar in the past has been cheap in price1 and then we have another product that some of you may not be familiar with1 sorghum molasses4 ,that serves as dessert lots of times in many meals1 hot biscuits and sorghum to finish up the meal4 ,now1 ,i might mention something about the size of the black walnut industry in this state4 ,we estimate that there are eight million pounds of uncracked whole walnuts produced on the average in a normal crop year in ,tennessee1 and there is another five million pounds that is never gathered1 never hulled1 never enters the market1 never used1 and the value of this crop in a normal year would be around #gej1jjj4 ,that is for the nuts1 the fruit1 the kernels4 ,if you speak of timber it will amount to #ifj1jjj4 ,that is in the form of lumber and veneers1 and if you figure that in the form of a log at the shipping point1 we'd reduce that figure and say it would be #dhj1jjj4 ,i think to understand this state you have to give some consideration to physiographic regions1 and if you will bear with me ,i'd like to sketch through these regions of the state1 because they have a bearing on production of black walnut4 ,here in the east we have the ,east ,tennessee ,mountains1 and proceeding westward we have the ,great ,valley of ,east ,tennessee4 ,it goes all the way down to ,chattanooga1 up through ,bristol1 on up through ,virginia to ,hagerstown1 ,maryland1 all the way up to ,harrisburg1 ,pennsylvania4 ,we have fine soil1 and we also have different kinds of shale in that valley4 ,then we proceed westward4 ,we come to the ,cumberland ,plateau1 and the elevation of this plateau is around #b1jjj feet4 ,it is higher than this valley4 ,then we cross that and we reach this area 7indicating on map74 ,that is what we call the ,highland ,rim4 ,that is made up of limestone soil of a different character1 usually1 than that in this ,east ,tennessee valley4 ,that is what we term the ,eastern ,highland ,rim1 and this around here 7indicating7 we term the ,western ,highland ,rim4 ,and this red portion would be the ,central ,basin in which ,nashville is situated4 ,then you would travel through this central elevation1 come up on the ,western ,highland ,rim1 and then you come up here and you cross the ,tennessee ,river flowing north4 ,then you get into ,west ,tennessee4 ,now1 that is coastal plain soil1 and as you approach the ,mississippi ,river here you have a covering of what the ,germans call loess1 fine1 wind-blown material1 silt loam4 ,so that very sketchily gives you some idea of the physiographic regions in this state4 ,now you want to know where these black walnuts are grown4 ,well1 up about here 7indicating the northeast7 we have the towns of ,greeneville and ,rogersville and ,morristown and ,jonesboro1 the counties of ,washington ,county1 ,greene ,county1 ,hawkins ,county1 say1 ten counties2 radiating around those ten counties you have in the past had great quantities of walnut kernels produced and sold4 ,now1 go on down this valley past ,knoxville1 and ,mc,minn ,county 7southeast7 has some years produced heavy crops of walnuts4 ,so you have heavy production all through the valley4 ,there's another center1 we might term it1 of about six counties in this central basin4 ,but ,i don't want you to get the wrong impression1 because walnuts grow in almost any county in this state1 but ,i am mentioning these greater producing areas4 ,and this ,county of ,williamson south of ,nashville in years past has sent plenty of walnuts to market4 ,so that's a walnut producing area4 ,and up here in this ,highland ,rim we have some counties by the name of ,pickett and ,overton and ,clay ,county4 ,well1 they produce walnuts1 and the people up there have in the past cracked out a lot of walnuts4 ,and in ,montgomery ,county they produce walnuts4 ,so the normal trade centers where these walnuts move is really to a great degree here at this town of ,morristown in ,east ,tennessee1 and ,nashville in ,middle ,tennessee1 and this ,middle ,tennessee center draws from ,kentucky4 ,in fact1 these four or five large shelling concerns know about the walnuts pretty much all over the entire walnut producing territory4 ,through the years the ,agricultural ,extension ,service1 ,university of ,tennessee1 with which ,i am connected1 has been keenly interested in assisting in any way we can to get additional income out of walnut kernels1 and in recent years the whole uncracked walnut4 ,and even though ,i am a forester ,i can see the possibilities of this1 and we like to carry it along4 ,in fact1 ,i consider walnut as kind of a dual-purpose tree1 fine for timber production1 also for production of nuts1 walnut meats or kernels4 ,you might term it a triple-purpose tree4 ,i don't think there is any better tree than that for a shade tree in pastures1 in the field1 and around the home1 because for one reason it makes what we term in this state a cold shade1 and it is not a hot shade like you get under a sugar maple4 ,the maple has a dense foliage4 ,and as ,mr4 ,chance indicated this morning1 walnut is usually associated with blue grass4 ,blue grass will grow under it4 ,i guess some of you here remember the years of the depression1 and ,i remember in #aicb1 for example1 we had a heavy crop of black walnuts in the state4 ,then ,i believe the price for kernels of #ae cents a pound would have been a good price during that year1 and some of them probably sold for less4 ,so if we had the time we would follow through all the years1 beginning with #aibg1 but just to make it as brief as possible1 ,i will leave those out1 but ,i would like to mention the year #aida4 ,it sort of disrupted things in the kernel industry1 because at that time the ,pure ,food and ,drug people came in here and set up regulations1 and it interfered with the merchandising of these kernels1 because the producer had to satisfy certain sanitary regulations1 and it really sounded worse than it was4 ,anyway1 it confused our people1 and probably that is about the year in which we had this big shift from the production of walnut kernels cracked out at home to a sale of uncracked walnuts to these shelling plants4 ,then another year that ,i think of 7we always think of these as walnut crop years7 was #aide1 and that year we got better prices1 probably1 than ever before or since1 and a lot of our country people were able to sell hulled uncracked walnuts as high as #f per hundred pounds4 ,we will continue to be interested in this industry1 but1 of course1 nowadays the wage scale is higher and money is not worth as much as it was in the past1 so it really seems to me that in order to get out this crop we just have to try to make the price a little more attractive4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,we are now going to hear from ,mr4 ,shessler of ,ohio1 on his method of grafting1 and ,i wish to assure you that he knows what he is talking about4 ,he has done a lot of it4 ,grafting ,walnuts in ,ohio ,,sylvester ,,shessler1 ,genoa1 ,ohio ,in #aicd the ,ohio ,nut ,growers ,association conducted a black walnut nut contest4 ,i read about it in the ,ohio ,farmer4 ,as soon as the names of the winners appeared in that publication1 each owner was contacted for some nuts from the prize winning trees4 ,answers were received from nine of the #aj winners4 ,i did not receive nuts from the ,hoover tree4 ,the ,brown nuts ,i planted came up in #aice and the trees are now #bb feet high1 with spread of #bb feet1 and are #bg ,inches in circumference4 ,the ,tritten prize nuts were planted in a fence row4 ,these did not come up the first year4 ,the next year ,i plowed and disked the patch of ground and planted potatoes4 ,to my surprise the ,tritten seedlings came up with the potatoes4 ,i let them grow and ,i now have five trees from these nuts4 ,all of these trees produce nuts which resemble the original ,tritten nut and have good cracking quality4 ,one in particular fills out nicely1 has a very thin hull1 and is a little larger than the original ,tritten4 ,i have named it the ,shessler4 ,the ,brown seedling trees also produce good nuts4 ,the seedling trees from the ,cowle nuts produce nuts with rough shells4 ,following my nut planting project ,i began to collect scions from all of the original trees4 ,mr4 ,homer ,jacobs1 of ,kent1 ,ohio1 supplied me with scions from the ,tritten tree4 ,the next year ,mr4 ,jacobs asked me to send him scions from the ,brown tree as he intended to bench-graft some4 ,i have planted nuts along a road #hj rods long1 so that ,i could have many stocks to top-work4 ,i began to graft in #aice1 using the seedling trees as stock4 ,i now have #bjj seedling black walnut trees1 #ajj grafted black walnut trees1 #be grafted ,persian walnuts1 #bj chestnut trees1 two buartnuts1 #ae heartnuts1 six pecans1 one butternut1 #bj grafted hickory trees and five persimmons4 ,some of these trees are planted in orchard form1 others are scattered along fence rows4 ,for grafting1 ,i cut scions so that there is about four inches of two-year-old wood at the base and some one-year-old wood with small matured buds4 ,these small buds will grow1 as a rule4 ,the scions are kept in damp sawdust until used4 ,i like the stock to be a half to one inch in diameter4 ,i wait until the trees are in full leaf before ,i graft4 ,after leafing out the stock does not bleed4 ,if ,i find that the stock is bleeding hard when ,i cut back1 ,i wait a few days before grafting4 ,it is a waste of time to graft when the stock is bleeding4 ,i have grafted very early when the bark would not bleed at all4 ,i just dug down into the cambium layer and put in the scion4 ,i tried one ,persian and three black walnuts like this and all grew4 ,i use the slot bark method of grafting1 as described in ,mr4 ,reed's bulletin ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,farmers ,bull4 #aeja4 ,the stock is cut straight across and ,i put the lower bud just above the bark on the outside4 ,i roughen the bark of the scion that fits just behind the bark of the stock4 ,a small nail is pushed through the bark and scion with the handle of my knife4 ,i generally tie with cord but sometimes when the bark is heavy ,i do not use cord4 ,a two-pound paper sack with a hole on the earth side is placed over the graft and the sack is tied at the bottom4 ,this serves as a hot house and protects the scion from rain4 ,as soon as leaves appear on the scion1 the sack is removed and all the new sprouts are broken off below the graft4 ,i put only one scion on each graft4 ,i use ,beck's cold wax4 ,it is easy to thin with water and ,i just flatten a stick for my brush4 ,i never wax the bud but wax scion well on top4 ,i cannot give an accurate count of my grafting success but estimate that #ge percent of my grafts live4 ,rather than keep records ,i use that time to graft more trees4 ,i am not an experimenter--,i simply like to have grafted nut trees4 ,my own trees are scattered over a two-mile area4 ,i have grafted trees in ,toledo and ,grand ,rapids4 ,every ,sunday ,i attend church1 then in the afternoon ,i graft trees4 ,my aim is to try all the promising trees and select the best and weed out the poor ones4 ,i am saving only the trees that bear nuts every year4 ,in #aidg1 ,i grafted the ,ohio #aidf prize winning black walnuts4 ,i achieved survival on all except ,nos4 #e and #h4 ,the scionwood of these two was in poor condition and ,i did not think they would live4 ,i also have ,no4 #ed which looks promising to me4 ,i am looking forward to other contests in ,ohio and elsewhere so that we can uncover some more superior black walnuts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,thank you1 ,mr4 ,shessler4 ,mr4 ,slate1 will you say a word to us on grafting8 ,that's right along the same line4 ,grafting ,walnuts in the ,greenhouse ,,george ,l4 ,,slate1 ,state ,experiment ,station1 ,geneva1 ,n4 ,y4 ,walnuts have been grafted in pots in the greenhouse at the ,experiment ,station at ,geneva1 ,n4 ,y4 for a dozen years or more and the practice is successful and very useful4 ,this method was adopted for two reasons4 ,first3 ,under field conditions results are often uncertain1 owing to the vagaries of the weather or neglect at a critical time4 ,the inexpertness of the operator made it desirable that the work be done under as favorable conditions as possible1 with the hope that a favorable environment might overcome in part the lack of skill4 ,second3 ,the work can be done in ,march before the field work begins1 whereas field grafting in ,may would often not get done owing to the pressure of other work at that time4 ,this method is not original with the writer1 but is similar to the method used at the ,east ,malling ,research ,station in ,england and described by ,witt in #aibh #a4 ,the rootstocks1 two year old black walnut seedlings raised from nuts planted in the nursery1 are dug in the fall1 stored in the nursery cellar until late ,february or early ,march1 at which time they are potted in six or eight inch pots1 depending upon the size of the rootstocks4 ,the roots are cut back so that the plant will fit in the pot4 ,at this time the tops are cut off1 leaving the stem about #h inches high4 ,the pots are placed in a warm house1 watered as needed1 and in about #aj days the buds begin to break4 ,the ,jones modified cleft graft is used4 ,the stub is cut off at grafting time and the cleft is made by cutting1 not splitting1 the stock with a large grafting knife4 ,the scion is tied in place with nursery tape1 half-inch size1 with a short wick leading out of the cleft4 ,the scion is painted with grafting wax4 ,care of the ,grafted ,plant ,the pot is set in a propagating frame about #ah inches deep1 with bottom heat1 and covered with glass1 plus lath or cloth shade4 ,an inch of peat in the bottom of the frame is desirable1 to hold moisture and maintain high humidity4 ,the temperature of the frame is kept in the eighties1 but is not allowed to go above #ij deg4,f4 ,under these conditions of warmth and high humidity1 growth activity is rapid and in about two weeks the buds break1 although1 some may not start for a month4 ,this spring adventitious buds developed on several scions4 ,many suckers arise from below the graft1 and these are rubbed off two or three times a week4 ,as soon as the shoots from the scion are two or three inches long the plants may be removed to a cooler house1 where there is less danger of overheating on hot spring days4 ,later1 they go to the cold frame for hardening off1 and when danger of frost is over after ,may #bast1 they are set in the nursery for two years4 ,first year growth is not over eight or ten inches1 but the second year the plants grow to three or four feet or even more in a favorable season4 ,the percentage of grafts starting depends largely on the scion wood4 ,wood cut from vigorous young trees which is grafted the same day will give a #ij percent stand or better1 but wood from other sources varies according1 to the age and vigor of the tree from which it is cut and the percentage of success may be much less4 ,this method is useful for small scale operations where a greenhouse is available and it is desirable to do the grafting before outside work interferes with it4 ,for one not skilled in nut tree grafting success is probably more certain than with nursery grafting4 ,literature ,cited #a ,witt1 ,a4 ,w4 ,the vegetative propagation of walnuts4 ,ann4 ,rpt4 of the ,east ,malling ,research ,station #adth and #aeth ,yrs4 #aibf-aibg ,,ii ,supplement pp4 #fj-fd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,there are plenty of us who don't know much about grafting1 and ,i did want you to hear ,mr4 ,slate's method4 ,it is certainly worth trying and would come at a pleasant time of the year1 would be easy to do1 and any of us could try it out4 ,we now should like to hear from ,mr4 ,clarke on ,nut ,investigations at ,pennsylvania ,state ,college4 ,nut ,investigations at the ,pennsylvania ,state ,college ,,william ,s4 ,,clarke1 ,,jr41 ,state ,college1 ,pennsylvania ,our present work in nut growing at the ,pennsylvania ,state ,college was begun in #aidf4 ,some work had been started many years ago1 and a small number of trees were planted1 mostly black walnut2 but a site was selected which proved to be very cold and frosty1 and most of the trees soon died4 ,further work had been planned at a later date1 but the depression and lack of labor and land prevented us from getting under way then4 ,when the present project in nut growing was approved1 the country was just beginning to recover from the recent war1 and materials of most kinds1 including nut trees1 were very difficult to obtain4 ,therefore1 in order to learn as much as possible about nut trees1 we started at the beginning1 with the seed4 ,about two bushels of hulled black walnuts were collected from fence-row trees2 some were planted out in the ground that autumn1 and some were placed in soil in a box and kept over winter on the outdoor porch of the packing house4 ,some hickory and pecan nuts were bought and also stored in a similar box4 ,the only nuts which grew were those planted out in the ground4 ,they gave us a good germination1 while not a single nut stored in the boxes grew4 ,at the present time we have about #bjj black walnut seedlings in the nursery4 ,when they are a year or two older1 they will be grafted to several of the named varieties of black walnuts1 and those that take will be planted out in a nut orchard4 ,these seedling trees were transplanted after one year's growth4 ,about four or five times as much of the walnut plant was underground in the root as grew above ground where we could see it4 ,since the first year's work we have made a few purchases1 and planted a few more nut seeds4 ,at the present time we have planted five pairs of named varieties of filberts1 four ,chinese chestnuts1 of which three survive1 four ,persian walnuts1 three of which survive1 and two ,japanese walnuts4 ,we also have a few seedlings of ,turkish tree hazel obtained from nuts sent to us by one of our friends in the state of ,washington and a few butternut seedlings grown from nuts of a tree on the college campus4 ,future plans include an orchard with many of the named varieties of black walnuts and also1 we hope1 some of the new hardy strains and selections of the ,persian walnut being introduced by the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 ,representative specimens of a wide range of nut species will be collected4 ,some further work on chestnuts and filberts may be attempted if they prove to be hardy here4 ,plans for the more distant future include studies in soil fertilization and in spraying for disease and insect control4 ,cold ,injury in #aidg-dh ,this past winter has been very hard on nut trees1 and on some other trees as well4 ,in the first place1 the cold weather of the autumn began very suddenly after six weeks of uninterrupted warm weather without any cool nights to harden the wood4 ,in late ,september a few days of cool weather came1 and then three nights in five with temperatures near #bj deg44 ,the walnut foliage and some of the youngest wood turned black4 ,next came a winter with extremely low temperatures1 with the minima ranging from #ah to #bc degrees below zero over our orchard land4 ,our four ,persian walnut trees were killed back to the ground2 three of them have sprouted this summer from the roots4 ,considerable leaf bud killing occurred on ,chinese chestnut4 ,one ,japanese walnut died back to the ground and has sprouted from the roots4 ,the other tree lost most of its younger wood1 but some buds near the base of last season's growth have sprouted out to make a new top4 ,several specimens of the golden chinkapin 7,castanopsis7 of the ,pacific ,coast1 which had made one year's growth here1 were killed outright4 ,most of the terminal buds and youngest wood of our nursery trees of black walnut were killed1 but the trees have grown well this year from the lateral buds4 ,in the woods some black walnuts which had been cut down about four or five years ago1 and which had made sprout growth now about fifteen feet high1 were killed back from two to four feet by the winter4 ,a twenty-year-old ,stabler black walnut on our lawn lost many of its top limbs1 though the lower limbs survived the winter all right4 ,some other types of trees were also badly damaged3 some locust trees were killed to the ground1 and many others were killed to very old wood4 ,a ginkgo tree on our lawn was killed back to the main trunk4 ,this was one of the few times that ,i have ever seen injury on this species4 ,one of the five named varieties of filberts1 ,pal1 escaped winter injury4 ,du,chilly and ,italian ,red each have one good tree and one that was killed back to the ground1 but is now sprouting from the roots4 ,of ,medium ,long1 both trees have been killed way back4 ,one tree of ,cosford was killed completely1 and the other tree has been badly damaged4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,thank you1 ,mr4 ,clarke4 ,our family stopped on the way at a shelling plant where they were handling nuts by the ton1 not the bushel1 just the ton4 ,i am not exaggerating4 ,you have all heard the hill-billy program from ,renfro ,valley1 no doubt1 and we have with us today the man who is running that cracking plant and also this hill-billy chorus1 ,tom ,mullins1 who will tell us about what he is doing down at ,renfro ,valley4 ,black ,walnuts3 ,a ,new ,specialty at ,renfro ,valley ,,tom ,,mullins1 ,renfro ,valley1 ,kentucky ,mr4 ,mullins3 ,as ,mr4 ,davidson said1 ,i come from a little hill-billy section up in ,kentucky known as ,renfro ,valley4 ,up until about a year ago the main commodity there was hill-billy music and a lot of noise on ,saturday night4 ,about last ,august our boss there kind of got interested in black walnuts4 ,there were a lot of them going to waste all over the county due to the fact that most of our locals up there are kind of lazy4 ,they don't like to get up there and stomp them out4 ,his original idea was to set up a hulling plant and hull the nuts and then buy the walnuts from the locals after they were dried4 ,one thing led to another1 and we talked to ,mr4 ,mc,cauley there1 and ,dad bought a big walnut plant to process black walnuts all the way through4 ,he was new to it and so was ,i4 ,he said1 ,let's buy a million pounds of black walnuts4 ,i didn't any more know what a million pounds of black walnuts was than ,i know how many grains of sand is in three or four buckets4 ,it didn't take me very long1 ,i think it was #ca days1 and ,i bought #a1jcj1jjj pounds4 ,that's a whole lot of walnuts in anybody's language4 ,one of the local boys on our radio program came up with the bright idea that before in ,renfro ,valley we used to be just half nuts2 now we are walnuts4 ,we started cracking these things along about the #aeth of ,october1 and last ,saturday we cracked our last #aj1jjj pounds4 ,our machine is capable of cracking approximately #aj1jjj pounds in an #h-;hour shift1 and we carry the walnut all the way through to remove any of the field litter that it may have when it is picked up1 and through cleaning air blasts and into a cracking machine that does darn near all the work4 ,the only thing we haven't been able to figure out yet is how to get this machine to tell a bad kernel from a good one4 ,we have to leave that to some of the girls who do the work on the picking belts4 ,our future plan for this fall is to buy a million and a half pounds this year and process them4 ,i believe one of these gentlemen a while ago mentioned something about the pure food laws4 ,they are pretty rough on us4 ,we have to pasteurize our walnuts4 ,the state law of ,kentucky requires #aij degrees of heat for an hour and a half4 ,that's a lot of heat4 ,we package our nuts in two-ounce packages and in #ce and #ej-pound cartons for the wholesale trade4 ,that has created quite a little industry there in our county4 ,we have one county there1 ,clark ,county--,winchester1 ,kentucky1 is the county seat of it--and out of that one county last year alone ,i bought #hjj1jjj pounds of walnuts4 ,that was1 walnuts in the hull that the farmer had picked up and brought to us in trucks4 ,our success was not too great in this method of hulling green walnuts to get our supply4 ,we weren't adequately fixed up to dry the walnuts and take care of them in storage4 ,we lost a few of them that way1 but ,i think this year we have a little better sense and will let the farmer stomp them out4 ,we are working now on an educational program1 both newspaper and radio1 to persuade the farmers in our locality to let their walnut trees grow4 ,we tell them nearly all the walnut trees will produce enough kernels or shelled walnuts to bring in as much money as they would if cut down and taken to the mill and used for saw logs4 ,that is our main problem now1 to try to keep the black walnut industry working there in our community4 ,and our future plans call for plantings of black walnut seedlings and convincing the farmer and the #d-;,h ,club members and all the boys in the ,future ,farmers of ,america and organizations like that to protect and cultivate their black walnut trees4 ,i am kind of on the fence this year4 ,i stuck my neck away out the other day and bought a farm4 ,after checking the farm ,i found ,i had about #fjj walnut trees4 ,now1 then1 ,i am hollering on one hand for an increase in prices of raw material1 and as a sheller ,i am hollering on the other hand to get the prices down4 ,but ,i believe as a producer for next year ,i am going to try to forget about the shelling and let the prices go to the devil4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,would you mind telling us what you had to pay for the walnuts in the shell8 ,mr4 ,mullins3 ,our average last year was #d4cc4 ,we went as high as #d4hj4 ,some of those we bought hurriedly-- ,president ,davidson3 ,in the hull8 ,mr4 ,mullins3 ,no1 that's dry shell4 ,our walnuts in the hull we paid a dollar and a quarter a hundred for1 and if we had had good success we'd have made some money on it at that angle4 ,there is one question ,i'd like to put before you gentlemen4 ,maybe some of you know a little something about it4 ,i was reading an article not long ago in ,popular ,mechanics ,magazine about some plant on the ,west ,coast that is developing the ,vitamin ,c content of the walnut hull itself4 ,it is very high1 the ,vitamin ,c content in the walnut hull4 ,another thing we did last year4 ,after we hulled all of these walnuts we had a mess of hulls on hand1 and our farmers were a little reluctant to come and get them4 ,we tried to talk them into using them for fertilizer4 ,they are kind of like some of the boys1 they have got to be shown4 ,they have to see somebody else do it before they tackle it4 ,out of curiosity ,i laid my garden off and divided it in half1 and on one half ,i put a top dressing of these dried-out1 pulverized walnut hulls1 and ,i firmly believe that the side that had the walnut hulls on it produced twice as much4 ,and some of the boys in the neighborhood kind of noticed what kind of garden ,i had1 and we don't have any hull problem anymore4 ,they carried them all off4 ,same way with the shells4 ,we tried to get them to haul the shells off to use them on the fields for tobacco land and to grow blue grass1 and they found out that was pretty good1 so they are bothering us now about our shells4 ,we have another by-product4 ,it is too small a granule kernel to go through1 and we can't remove the shell from it4 ,we have tried that out on chickens and hogs and some other farm animals1 turkeys1 ducks and geese4 ,one boy that works for me there in the cracking plant had #bh hens4 ,he had them in a pen1 and he was getting six and eight eggs a day4 ,so ,i talked him into taking some of these granules home and feeding them to his chickens1 and in two weeks his #bh hens were producing #bj to #bd eggs a day4 ,that kind of settled that problem1 too4 ,some of the boys kind of got an idea they'd like to have some of that4 ,a lot of you folks are here from the ,north1 and you possibly would be going back along ,highway #be going home1 and ,i'd like to extend an invitation now to stop off tomorrow or the next day and look over our plant4 ,it's quite interesting1 quite a complicated piece of machinery4 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley at ,chicago is the gentleman who designed the machine1 and he will have something to say about it4 ,one of the local farmers came in to see that machine one day1 and it was operating1 just batting the kernels out right and left4 ,he looked up at it1 gandered it all over1 and ,i asked him what he thought it was4 ,he said1 ,it's a damn lie4 ,that thing can't do it4 ,so come see us4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,thank you1 ,mr4 ,mullins4 ,next1 ,marketing ,black ,walnut ,kernels4 ,this fits in with what ,mr4 ,mullins has said4 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley from ,chicago will tell us about it4 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley4 ,marketing ,black ,walnut ,kernels ,f4 ,j4 ,mc,c,a,u,l,e,y1 ,mc,cauley ,company1 ,chicago1 ,illinois ,mr4 ,chairman1 ladies and gentlemen3 ,tom has got me on the spot here4 ,i came here to speak to you about the marketing of black walnuts4 ,machinery is a hobby of mine1 and that thing there was just one of those off-shoots of an infertile brain4 ,but ,tom is having a lot of trouble1 and a lot of fun with it1 so if you people would like to see that machine1 that particular machine1 ,i am glad that he invited you up there4 ,it may give you a little different idea of what the sheller is up against in the salvaging of black walnut kernels4 ,you are interested in growing the black walnuts and other nuts in the shell1 but they do have to be prepared for the public1 and ,tom's job1 and other people's that are in the shelling business1 is getting them out4 ,the machines are made at ,knoxville1 ,tennessee1 and you can get a fairly decent idea about the shelling of black walnuts from the machine ,smalley has4 ,tom's is a much larger size4 ,now we will get down to this thing ,i came here to talk to you about1 the marketing of black walnuts4 ,my speech is divided into three parts2 the first is about nuts1 the second is about nuts and the third is about nuts1 and ,i am nuts4 ,yes1 that's more true than you think4 ,my nickname throughout the ,united ,states is ,nuts ,mc,cauley1 and ,i am proud of it4 ,it is a good nickname to have for a man that's in the nut business4 ,and ,i most certainly am in the nut business1 machinery on one hand and the selling of various types of nut kernels on the other4 ,you people probably don't know it1 but you have the best advertised nut in the ,united ,states that you are working with1 black walnuts4 ,there are very few people in the ,united ,states that don't know what a black walnut kernel is1 or a black walnut4 ,in fact1 ,i would say that #ge per cent of them at some time or other have gathered black walnuts1 have hulled them4 ,you know those pretty stained hands you have1 and ,i can remember back in those days when ,i was a kid when ,i used to get those hands of mine just so brown and black from the hulling of black walnuts that my mother would almost want to turn me over her knee and spank me4 ,but when wintertime came ,i always had a bunch of black walnuts that we could sit down and crack and put in those cookies or in that fudge4 ,i have talked to a good many of you people here1 and ,i have a prepared speech1 but ,i am going to ramble a little bit and ,i am going to ask you to ask me questions1 because ,i found out that ,i don't know so many things1 or the speech that ,i was going to make to you might not be as interesting as your asking me questions4 ,i do want to say a few things1 and ,i will go through quickly4 ,the first is the marketing of black walnuts in the shell4 ,we find in the marketing of any product that there is a tremendous amount of waste due to poor sacking1 due to a little dishonesty on the part of the people who are selling merchandise4 ,you know1 if there is a brick in a bag1 the brick weighs a pound1 that costs the man who buys the black walnuts money4 ,in other words1 out of that pound of brick he intended to get a small quantity of meats to sell1 so his cost immediately goes up4 ,you'd be surprised at how many bricks and how much iron there is in black walnuts and pecans6 ,it's universal throughout the ,united ,states4 ,there is a lot of chiseling that goes on4 ,your bags should be good4 ,black walnuts must be held for some time before they are processed1 and one black walnut bag used one year can't be used another4 ,if you can get by with one year's use of a bag to hold a hundred pounds1 or whatever is put in it1 of black walnuts1 you are very fortunate4 ,usually they break out before the year is over1 and that causes waste4 ,so start out with a decent bag4 ,i made a little note here to talk to you about ,california black walnuts4 ,the standard throughout the ,united ,states to people who actually buy black walnut kernels is what we call in the brokerage field ,eastern black walnuts4 ,that means ,kentucky and ,tennessee4 ,those are ,eastern blacks1 they are the blacks with the flavor1 the blacks that stand up4 ,from my home state they have ,missouri blacks1 but the quality isn't there4 ,the flavor doesn't hold up4 ,but you people down here grow the finest blacks in the world4 ,california1 yes1 ,california grows and shells a lot of black walnuts1 but they don't have a black walnut flavor4 ,the flavor is gone4 ,where it went1 ,i don't know4 ,but there isn't any black walnut flavor in ,california blacks4 ,a different species1 ,juglans hindsi--,ed4 ,so some unscrupulous people buy ,california blacks and mix them with ,eastern black walnuts4 ,then they can't call them ,eastern blacks4 ,they are just black walnut kernels4 ,but black walnut kernels that are #ajj per cent ,eastern black walnut kernels should be the standard of black walnuts through the country4 ,now1 ,tom has told you something about the process of shelling4 ,i am just going on to say that the average sheller gets about #aj to #aa4g pounds of black walnut kernels to the hundred pounds4 ,so you can realize there again what a problem he has4 ,well1 the marketing of black walnuts is the selling of black walnuts in the shell or shelled4 ,we have very little demand in the ,chicago markets for in-the-shell black walnuts4 ,i probably sell1 oh1 maybe #e1jjj pounds a year on ,south ,water ,market1 and they go out to the various stores1 and they1 in turn1 sell them to the homes that like to crack black walnuts instead of buying the kernels4 ,the ,american public buy with their eyes4 ,consequently1 the packaging of black walnut kernels or the packaging of any merchandise is very important4 ,i made a statement this morning that has always been interesting to me4 ,you know1 ,chicago is the biggest candy center in the world1 and we do a lot of experimenting with candy4 ,now1 your industry is tied very closely to candy1 because a lot of the black walnuts1 hickory nuts1 and the like1 go into the making of candy4 ,but to prove my point1 a number of times friends of mine who are interested in the sale of merchandise have taken quality candy and packed it in a common box1 and they have taken an inferior quality of candy and packed it in a fancy box and set it on the floor and put the same price on both products4 ,the ,american public1 remember1 buys with their eyes4 ,so they buy something that is well dressed and they buy that inferior product1 twice or three times as fast as they would that quality product in the common box4 ,i am bringing this out to illustrate a point4 ,well packaged merchandise1 sightly merchandise1 always pays4 ,quality to you people who actually crack black walnuts in your homes is something that will pay dividends4 ,separate your big kernels4 ,offer them to the public and they will pay for them4 ,i was talking to ,dr4 ,jones of ,pennsylvania about the sale of black walnut halves4 ,he says that he gets a good many of them4 ,well1 there are throughout these ,united ,states of ours a good many very fancy stores that will buy merchandise of this type4 ,but the quantity that anyone gets is very small1 so the suggestion that ,i made to ,dr4 ,jones is that he take his quarters and mix them with his halves4 ,that's not cheating or anything like it4 ,it is making a product that is superior4 ,and you know they say if a man makes a better mousetrap the world will come to his door4 ,and that is generally true4 ,sometimes it takes a long time to bring it to the ,american public or to your buyers1 to make them realize that you have a superior product1 but that's the thing that it takes4 ,now1 there are a number of ways they sell blacks in this country4 ,they sell them in two-ounce cellophane bags1 they sell them in six-ounce cellophane1 they sell them in eight-ounce cellophane1 but the greater quantity of the blacks are sold in bulk1 as ,tom told you1 in #ce- and #ej-pound cases1 and they go to the candy manufacturer1 they go to the ice cream manufacturer1 and chiefly throughout the southern part of the ,united ,states for ice cream1 believe it or not4 ,the ,southern ,states buy more black walnut ice cream than any other division of the ,united ,states4 ,in the ,central ,west1 too1 black walnuts are quite popular for use in ice cream4 ,now1 if there is anyone that has any questions1 ,i'd like for you to ask them1 and ,i will try to answer them1 ,i won't promise that ,i can1 about the marketing of black walnuts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,member3 ,what's the retail sale on those cellophane bags8 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,what would be the retail sale price8 ,a ,member3 ,yes4 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,well1 the cellophaning of walnuts is quite an expensive proposition4 ,we will say right now the kernels are worth #gj cents a pound4 ,the cellophaner has to add a dime a pound to that price1 so he figures his cost at #hj cents and the cost of cellophane1 and he sells that merchandise so that he makes a #ae per cent profit4 ,let me see if ,i can tell you1 a two-ounce bag-- ,mr4 ,mullins3 ,it sells for from #ah cents to #be cents4 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,yes1 #ah cents in the chain stores4 ,an #h-ounce package at ,a ,p in ,chicago will sell for #ei or #fi cents4 ,i have forgotten now just what it is4 ,i can't keep these prices in my mind1 although ,i will tell you this now4 ,if any of you ever come to ,chicago1 ,i have an experimental plant in ,chicago4 ,if you could remember ,mc,cauley1 it's ,mc,cauley ,company1 or ,mc,cauley ,machinery ,company1 and in that plant ,i also have a new machine for bagging nuts1 cellophane bagging4 ,it makes the bag1 fills it and seals it in one operation1 and we have operated that machine at the rate of #ajj bags per minute1 #b-ounce or #f-ounce1 it doesn't make any difference4 ,the only trouble is the people couldn't handle the bags that fast1 so we had to cut it down to #eh a minute4 ,it's quite an operation1 and at this time it is an experimental operation4 ,but ,i would be more than pleased to have any of you drop in on me in ,chicago4 ,if ,i am not there someone in my organization will be glad to show you1 if you tell them what you came for4 ,i have a ,california walnut1 or ,persian1 as you call it4 ,i was much surprised to see all these samples of walnuts down here4 ,i have a walnut shelling plant in ,chicago1 ,i do at this time4 ,maybe when you get there it will be a pecan shelling plant1 or maybe it will be a ,macadamia nut plant4 ,how many of you people have ever heard of ,macadamia nuts8 7,several hands raised47 ,more than ,i thought for4 ,well1 we are working on a plant to shell ,macadamias now4 ,of course1 that is a tropical nut1 grown chiefly in ,hawaii and ,australia4 ,the ,australian nut is not nearly as good as the ,hawaiian nut4 ,but to those of you who are not familiar with the nut1 ,i have given it to any number of people and asked for their reaction1 and some said it tasted like a filbert1 others said it tasted like cocoanut1 and the third one named was ,brazil nut4 ,so it's a very pleasant nut to eat1 but very1 very expensive4 ,dr4 ,moss3 ,i live in ,williamsburg in ,whitley ,county not far from you1 and we have no market there for black walnuts at all and got quite a lot of them there4 ,i wonder if it would be practical to have a collection center4 ,mr4 ,mullins3 ,it certainly would4 ,in the southeastern part of ,texas we have one4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,a question1 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley4 ,you said that you are able to recover about #aa per cent in the cracking plant on the average1 ,i think you said #aj to #aa4g for ordinary run quality4 ,now1 if you had walnuts that would run #be to #bh per cent kernel1 how much would your processing plants recover out of that1 ,i am just-wondering8 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,well1 ,i would like to say two per cent less than the hand-cracked weight4 ,in other words1 if you had a total1 hand-cracking total kernel content of #be per cent1 ,i would like to say #bc1 but ,i think that is just a little bit strong4 ,in ,tom's early processing of black walnut kernels at ,renfro ,valley his first average was #af per cent on wild nuts4 ,i don't know where he got those nuts4 ,they must have been ,thomas variety4 ,but as he told me today1 he is down to #aj4g4 ,mr4 ,mullins3 ,those nuts ,i talked about1 ,mac1 that ran up that high percentage were from over in ,clark ,county around ,winchester4 ,and ,i have quite a few of them that ,i pick-up that are even larger in size than some of these ,thomas nuts that are lying in here1 out of that particular locality4 ,they are very big4 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,you will find that that is true4 ,your percentage varies over the country4 ,i like to think that the wild seedling black walnut has a possibility of about #ah pounds in a hundred4 ,i may be wrong4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,is that loss in the cracking procedure2 ,i mean1 that the things don't crack out8 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley34 ,the loss is in the cracking1 but on an #ah pounds possibility we would probably get between #ad and #ae per cent with this new method of cracking and processing4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,now1 if you had a nut that would run hand-cracked #bd per cent1 you lose #b in your cracking procedure1 and you recover #bb4 ,would you pay twice as much for nuts of that quality as you would for common grade8 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,yes1 ,i think that ,i would4 ,if ,i had assurance that ,i was going to get #bb per cent kernels ,i would be very pleased to pay double4 ,it would pay me1 if ,i were shelling1 to pay twice as much for that variety for the simple reason that ,i only have one cost of picking4 ,now1 the average cost of picking black walnuts kernels is about #aa-a_/b cents a pound4 ,at least1 that's the best ,i have ever been able to do with them4 ,and if you sold me a walnut that would give me twice as many kernels with one cracking and one picking1 ,i'd make money and ,i could pay you twice as much money for that nut4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,what volume would a cracker have to have to make it interesting8 ,what quantity would have to be produced and offered to a cracker to make it interesting8 ,that is1 say ,i have #ej bushels of ,thomas4 ,that isn't any good to you1 because your cracking plant-- ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,why wouldn't it8 ,if ,i had #ej bushels1 that is #bejj pounds1 right8 ,all right1 ,tom could run his plant for two hours and a half1 we will say1 on #bejj pounds1 and in that two hours and a half he would be getting as much kernels as he would otherwise in five hours4 ,that's good business4 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,i'd just like to comment on that #ah per cent kernel you mentioned as the average you'd like to think of4 ,mr4 ,zarger has run a study on the sample trees in the ,tennessee ,valley to measure the kernel content in some #acj trees for about seven years running1 and it pans out to about #ah per cent4 ,i thought you'd just like to know4 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,i didn't want to make a definite statement and then have somebody throw something back in my face4 ,that's why ,i said ,i'd like to think4 ,mr4 ,fisher3 ,since this question has come up and a cracker is here1 and that is the question1 whether the commercial cracker would be willing to pay a premium price for premium nuts1 ,i wonder if ,tom will answer the question1 would he pay twice as much8 ,mr4 ,mullins3 ,certainly4 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,mr4 ,acker is another sheller who operates in ,morristown1 ,tennessee1 and ,broadway1 ,virginia1 who just dropped in on us4 ,i'd like to ask him that same question4 ,mr4 ,acker3 ,what is the question again8 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,would a considerable quantity of walnuts such as ,thomas be worth more to you8 ,mr4 ,acker3 ,we'd be inclined to buy them according to the value we get out of them4 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,what would you do1 run sort of a pilot test on them8 ,mr4 ,acker3 ,if ,i can buy something for a dollar and make money on it1 ,i am willing to try4 ,mr4 ,chase3 ,i made a little unscheduled talk last night in which ,i said from my information from shellers in ,nashville1 particularly1 that they at this time would not be able to pay any premium price for higher quality nuts simply because they do not have time to examine each bushel1 each hundred pounds that comes in and see whether they would pay a special price for better walnuts4 ,is that the general situation8 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,yes1 ,i think generally that is4 ,they take everything at the price of seedling variety4 ,however1 you gentlemen who are growing cultivated nuts shouldn't be too disturbed1 because of the fact that there is going to be a time in the not-too-distant future where you can dispose of those nuts according to the kernel content within the nut4 ,president ,davidson3 ,i think that's the answer4 ,eventually it will come4 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,it's good business4 ,stop and consider4 ,we go right back to that point where we are going to get twice the amount of merchandise out of a hull which must be broken1 which must be picked1 which must be cleaned1 which is one operation4 ,in a two and a half hour period1 which is what it would take1 we will say1 to run #bejj pounds1 you would get the net content on a ,thomas variety that you would ordinarily receive in five hours of actual operation4 ,you are saving two and a half hours labor1 you are saving two and a half hours machine time1 and you are getting just twice as much4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,you'd have twice as many girls on the sorting belt1 wouldn't you1 to examine that volume8 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,no1 not necessarily4 ,when it gets to that point it isn't necessary4 ,sometimes the machine gets too far ahead of them1 but the machinery is fast getting to a point where it is going to be more or less mechanical4 ,it's an inspection proposition4 ,mr4 ,taylor3 ,may ,i ask you this question8 ,in other branches of farming you have what you call seed certification1 as with certified potatoes1 and people who certify those potatoes4 ,wouldn't it be possible for the same ,government agency to certify growers of walnuts so that when you bought from certain members of this association they would be certified so you would know what you were getting8 ,would that be possible8 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,certification has to do with planting stock4 ,mr4 ,taylor3 ,i mean a different type of certification4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,what you have in mind probably is ,u4 ,s4 ,grades on fruit4 ,for instance1 if it is stamped ,u4,s4 #a it should be considerably better than orchard run1 and ,i don't know why it shouldn't be possible for nuts in the shell4 ,it is used in ,california4 ,mr4 ,mc,cauley3 ,it is in peanuts4 ,all peanuts are ,government graded1 and that's in the shell4 ,but this black walnut situation is going to take a little longer than that4 ,but ,i am sure that there are people in the shelling business who would buy ,thomas variety or the other varieties if you just go ahead and tell them that's what you have4 ,people are always looking for something better1 and ,i am sure that your cultivated varieties are going to be better1 but you are going to have to keep talking them up all the time and getting them to the people who will buy them4 ,president ,davidson3 ,right4 ,we'd all like to go on with this1 but we must really go on with the program1 too4 ,we will next hear something about pasteurization4 ,the ,production of ,bacteria-,free ,walnut ,kernels will be discussed by ,mr4 ,pease of ,west ,virginia ,university4 ,mr4 ,pease4 ,production of ,bacteria-,free ,walnut ,kernels ,,roger ,w4 ,,pease1 ,assistant ,hillculturist1 ,west ,virginia ,university1 ,morgantown1 ,west ,virginia ,mr4 ,pease3 ,before ,i go into any detail about the construction of the pasteurizer1 ,i am going to review the bacillus that causes the trouble very briefly4 ,most of you will know more about it than ,i do1 but some of you may know less4 ,when the farmer takes the hulls from the black walnuts he generally spreads his hulled crop to dry almost anywhere4 ,rats will go over them1 and these rats or mice infect the hulled walnuts with an organism called ,bacillus coli that is on the outside of the shell4 ,they go from there to the cracking plant1 go through the cracker which thoroughly mixes up the infected nuts with the clean ones4 ,they go from there to the separator1 which does a better job at spreading the bacteria4 ,then they go on the market4 ,if they are shipped from one state to another they are subject to inspection by ,federal authorities4 ,if they find this organism in the kernels1 they may at their discretion heave the whole shipment into the river4 ,they don't always do it4 ,they haven't worked out yet a definite scheme to follow4 ,in other words1 they will not tell us1 ,if your kernels have a certain number of these ,b4 coli in them we will let them by4 ,as it reads1 there should be not one organism there1 and ,i can assure you that's almost impossible to get if a rat has crawled over those things4 ,now1 to get rid of poison ivy the best way is not to get it1 and it's just the same with this organism4 ,the place to get rid of it would be for the farmer to store the nuts to dry where the rats and mice cannot get to them and for the cracking plants to do the same4 ,unfortunately1 this isn't done and sometimes isn't practicable4 ,the next place to hit them would be before they are tumbled1 that is1 before the black powder on the outside of the shells is shaken off in a tumbler1 or immediately after that to disinfect the shell without hurting the kernel4 ,that is where we should have started at ,west ,virginia1 but we didn't4 ,we began at the other end after the thing was through and began studying pasteurization4 ,the ,government had recommended1 ,i believe1 temperatures of up to #cjj deg4,f4 for pasteurization4 ,we found out right away--that is1 ,i didn't1 ,dr4 ,colmer and ,harvey ,erickson1 who are now--one of them--in ,baton ,rouge and the other one in ,seattle1 and they would know about it4 ,they found out that after temperatures of over #cjj deg4 the nuts tasted toasted and they would not keep nearly so well or so long as an unpasteurized nut4 ,after inspecting what pasteurizers they could get access to they concluded some work was necessary1 so they spent #ab months and found that at a temperature of #afj and humidity of #hj per cent a more efficient job of pasteurization was done1 and at the same time the kernel was not hurt at all4 ,the taste was identical with an unpasteurized nut1 and it would keep just as long4 ,at that point one of them1 as ,i say1 went to ,louisiana and the other went to ,washington1 and the research fell on my shoulders1 that didn't know much about it4 ,we started to construct the machine4 ,meanwhile1 ,mr4 ,erickson told me he had developed a new strain of bacteria which was much more hardy and #afj degrees at #hj humidity would not kill the thing4 ,so we constructed our machine to run a temperature of #ahj at #gj humidity for #cj minutes1 and that will kill them4 ,now1 in #ae minutes ,i can't give you anywhere near all the details of construction of that machine4 ,i can give you a few of the principles4 ,on the outside1 of course1 is a well insulated box4 ,the nuts are fed through the top with a revolving drum with fins on it4 ,they comes down to a belt that travels this way for six feet1 drops to another1 travels back1 a series of five belts4 ,it takes them just half an hour to go through4 ,the layer of nuts is perhaps three-eighths of an inch thick4 ,the temperature is kept up with electric coils4 ,it is regulated with a thermostat4 ,we had some difficulty with the humidity4 ,try it and see4 ,as we raised our temperature it was hard to keep our humidity up4 ,finally we went back to the simplest thing1 which usually works4 ,we just took a pan of water1 with a solenoid valve and float such as you have in the modern hot air furnaces and put a magnetic switch on it4 ,as the water boiled it helped raise the temperature1 and it gave off vapors4 ,the automatic switch and the wet and dry bulb from the thermometer and thermostat will shut the water off and shut the heat off automatically when you get the required temperature and the required humidity4 ,in that machine our nuts start at the top1 take #cj minutes to travel through4 ,from the time they start at the top until the time they get to the bottom they have a standard temperature of #ahj deg4 plus the #gj humidity4 ,then the second problem1 if you want to make one1 is to get that temperature standard in all places4 ,i know one man who made one of these machines and put four fans in at different places1 and when he closed it up and got it to working1 the center of his machine was still cold1 because your hot air acts differently from free air4 ,we put at the bottom a shelf with a tube in it and a big fan in the middle4 ,the air is drawn down from the top here1 driven through there1 hits some baffles and comes across each belt4 ,in that way it works4 ,now1 if you want1 any of you1 to get the details of the pasteurizer you could write to ,mr4 ,erickson1 ,college of ,forestry1 ,university of ,washington1 ,seattle #e1 and he who designed it would be very glad1 ,i believe1 to help with your problems1 or you could write up to our ,agricultural ,engineering department1 and they would do the same4 ,i will tell you this1 that after we drew up the plans1 ,i took the plans to several manufacturers1 and the cheapest bid ,i got was #e1jjj to make it4 ,we made it ourselves for a little less than #a1bjj not counting labor4 ,not that they would have made that much profit1 but ,i tell you that to show you it's a rather inexpensive machine4 ,on the other hand1 you can save considerable money by getting it made up yourselves4 ,i am going to stop with the thing there4 ,if there are a few questions that you wish to ask1 ,i will try to answer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,member3 ,what is the name of the bacteria you are killing8 ,mr4 ,pease3 ,bacillus coli1 that's the chief bacteria1 and the others that cause the damage are similar to that1 and they are always spread by the rats or the mice4 ,a ,member3 ,do the kernels properly pasteurized show any brownness of kernel8 ,mr4 ,pease3 ,no1 they are identical with an unpasteurized kernel at that temperature4 ,mr4 ,korn3 ,i buy kernels at the plant in ,nashville1 and some of them have been toasted4 ,mr4 ,pease3 ,they have #cej degrees4 ,mr4 ,kays3 ,you mentioned you should have started on the other end a while ago4 ,could you treat those nuts before they are cracked and do the same thing for less money8 ,mr4 ,pease3 ,i believe you could4 ,mr4 ,kays3 ,the other question ,i have is how about using ultra-violet light8 ,mr4 ,pease3 ,i have written to a good many authorities1 and some of them say yes and some say no4 ,mr4 ,kays3 ,in pecans that is one of the practices4 ,mr4 ,pease3 ,i believe you could use it in our present machine4 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,isn't this heat to remove contamination8 ,after the nuts are cracked is there any examination of the nuts8 ,mr4 ,pease3 ,no1 there is not4 ,mr4 ,stoke3 ,could there be any possible value in sterilizing the nut before it is cracked8 ,mr4 ,pease3 ,yes4 ,you see1 the bacteria is on the shell1 on the outside4 ,then when you crack it1 it gets on the nut4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,thank you very much1 ,mr4 ,pease4 ,i do hate to cut these discussions short4 ,you get as much out of them or more1 sometimes1 than we do otherwise4 ,there is just one thing ,i'd like to say before we take a five-minute recess4 ,mr4 ,acker is here4 ,he is another man that you might talk to in addition to talking to ,mr4 ,mullins during the recess4 7,recess taken47 ,president ,davidson3 ,the meeting will come to order4 ,the first thing on the program is a talk by ,dr4 ,cross1 ,head of the ,department of ,horticulture1 ,oklahoma ,a4 ,m41 ,stillwater1 ,oklahoma1 on ,pecan ,selection in ,oklahoma4 ,dr4 ,cross4 ,pecan ,selection in ,oklahoma ,,dr4 ,,frank ,b4 ,,cross1 ,head1 ,department of ,horticulture1 ,oklahoma ,a ,m ,college1 ,stillwater1 ,oklahoma ,dr4 ,cross3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ladies and gentlemen3 ,the present status of the pecan industry in ,oklahoma is the result of close cooperation between the growers and the experiment station combined with a resource which we have in that state consisting of thousands of native pecan trees which may be quickly and economically changed into producing trees instead of just wild forest trees4 ,i am going to utilize my time this afternoon to discuss1 first1 briefly the present situation as we find it with reference to pecans in ,oklahoma1 because there is the important phase of nut growing which we follow in that state4 ,we do grow some walnuts and we have a great many men interested in walnuts1 but far and away our major interest is in pecans4 ,we might divide the work and interest in the state into two phases4 ,first1 but of least importance1 is that connected with the planting and production of varieties4 ,we have a great many men in the state who wish to plant land to pecans1 and1 of course1 in cases like that the varieties which are available are always selected for planting1 and nursery trees1 of course1 are utilized4 ,the latest phase of that type of development is the planting of apple trees for filler trees with the expectation that the apple trees will be removed after #ae or #bj years1 thus leaving the pecan trees at a large size to fully occupy the ground1 and in the meantime the apple trees1 of course1 have produced a profitable crop4 ,our growers1 however1 and the industry in the state are far more concerned with the utilization of the native trees4 ,to talk about these native trees is almost--well1 we might borrow a ,texas expression--these trees grow both in ,oklahoma and ,texas--and the ,texans say whenever a ,texan tries to tell the truth everybody knows he is lying4 ,that's the way everybody knows about some of these native trees4 ,when we think of a huge1 tall tree #bj or so feet in circumference over a hundred years of age and realize that the white man has occupied that particular territory for only a little over #ej years1 we wonder about the history of that tree for the first #ej years of its life when wild ,indians were roaming the territory and buffalo were grazing under these trees which were getting started4 ,these trees occur along the streams1 very seldom out away from the streams for any considerable distance1 as one of the native forest trees and in sufficient number so that when all other trees are removed the stand of pecan trees remaining is in many cases more than adequate to make a complete stand of pecans for commercial production4 ,so that after having removed the oaks and elms and cottonwoods and willows and the other native trees1 we have the opportunity of making a considerable selection of desirable native or seedling trees by observing the type of nut which each tree produces4 ,we are not1 in making this selection1 concerned so much with the size of the nut produced as we are with the kernel percentage which will be yielded by the nut upon cracking and extracting the kernels and by the ease of separation4 ,within comparatively recent years many cracking and shelling plants have been established throughout the state1 and the history of the industry ,i think will record that the establishment of these cracking plants in the territory where the pecans are produced will be a great stimulus to the production of that kind of nuts4 ,i don't know whether ,i have made the picture clear or not4 ,throughout the eastern part of the state1 that part which you in your old geographies knew under the name of ,indian ,territory1 and particularly concentrated in the middle of the state there are native trees which if properly handled1 that is1 cultivated and sprayed and thinned so that each tree stands out individually by itself1 will produce in paying quantities4 ,on the experiment station we have a half mile of such territory lying between cultivated fields on both sides of a creek which had eroded a considerable basin4 ,the area was unsatisfactory for cultivation1 and so it was fenced out4 ,back some years ago the area was cleared of grape vines and other trees1 and we have since that time pastured sheep in this tract of land4 ,it ,is narrow1 not over three or four hundred feet wide at any place and1 of course1 varying in width from one end to the other1 and the creek meanders along4 ,there really is more than a half mile of total length4 ,the potential production of that half mile is now1 in terms of dollars and cents1 about #b1ejj to #c1jjj1 and before wheat and cattle attained their present prices that was no mean income for a quarter section of land4 ,naturally1 with that opportunity prevalent over a great part of the state1 we in ,oklahoma are interested in the production of native or seedling pecans to be sold to the cracker4 ,we feel that the future of the pecan industry is undoubtedly headed toward the utilization of pecans as kernels and not nuts in the shell4 ,such being the case1 we are not interested particularly in large size4 ,we are interested in kernel yield and in the potential production of each individual tree4 ,there are a great many problems connected with the industry1 and we have more or less taken those into consideration and classified them under insects and diseases and marketing and harvesting and varieties4 ,i will not have time to touch upon very many of these4 ,our harvesting situation is completely chaotic4 ,within the last two ot three years shaking machines have been developed1 and we are indebted to the ,west ,coast growers for these inventions1 which are very helpful4 ,previous to that a1 long bamboo pole was used to knock the pecans from the trees1 and then they were picked up off the ground4 ,there are two machines now waiting for the present crop to be harvested which are supposed to pick up the nuts by vacuum picking4 ,if the industry can be mechanized in that manner1 getting away from harvesting pecans as we have been harvesting them1 it is just like cradling wheat as compared to the present-day #ab-;foot1 self-propelled combine that cuts the wheat so rapidly4 ,if this mechanization can be put into effect1 then the native seedling territory in ,texas and ,oklahoma will be able to produce pecans at a price which the market will accept4 ,i don't know whether you know it or not1 but the pecan market situation has apparently reached a condition of saturation4 ,it was very difficult to sell pecans last fall1 not because there is over-production1 no1 but because there is under-consumption4 ,there are two things which will remedy the situation4 ,the pecan is unquestionably the finest nut that is produced in the ,united ,states4 ,if the people of the ,north can be acquainted with the pecan1 there is no question in my mind but that it will be possible to vastly increase consumption4 ,the ,oklahoma growers and buyers hope to put before the legislature a proposition to assess a tax of a quarter of a cent or something like that per pound1 which will be used in an advertising campaign to advertise pecans outside of the state1 so maybe you folks in ,new ,york and elsewhere1 if the campaign is successful1 will hear more about ,oklahoma pecans in the future4 ,well1 these seedling trees--,i must get on with my story--are cultivated and sprayed4 ,we are sometimes accused of producing wild nuts at no cost4 ,this is not the situation distinctly4 ,it costs just as much to produce these native seedling nuts as it does to produce the varieties1 the advantage being that we start with a large tree which is capable of producing from #ej to #bjj or #cjj or even #djj pounds of nuts within four or five years after the operation is started instead of waiting #bj or #be years to get good commercial production4 ,as ,i said1 a selection is made of the trees at the beginning4 ,the selection is continued with each succeeding year as the trees grow larger and additional trees are thinned out so that they stand eventually a hundred or #aej feet apart1 giving to each tree adequate room4 ,throughout the state we have a great deal of interest in propagation by topworking of varieties of pecans4 ,the experiment station made the serious error for #ae or #bj years in the early development of the interest in the work in centering on the idea of changing these natives over to varieties4 ,we now are swinging back to a proper evaluation of the native nuts1 and nobody is satisfied with the present varieties1 our interest of developing and the exploration and discovery of new varieties being such that the ,northeast ,oklahoma ,pecan ,growers ,association arranged two years ago to finance a contest for the discovery of seedling nuts which could be utilized in that territory and be more profitable than any variety that we now have4 ,we don't like the ,stuart because of its low quality4 ,we don't like the ,stuart because it doesn't come into production until it reaches a considerable age4 ,we just simply will not have the ,mahan1 because it doesn't fill4 ,we do not like the ,success because it has a tendency to over-bear every other year and does not fill4 ,we cannot use the ,squirrel's ,delight which for ten years or so we had at the top of our list1 because a special strain of scab fungus came in and completely wiped them out1 and so on throughout the list of varieties that we have4 ,well1 these growers decided to take the matter into their hands and in cooperation with the experiment station have been1 during the past two years1 attempting to find some nuts which would be more desirable1 and ,i thought those of you who are in the walnut exploration work would be interested in learning how this is worked out4 ,i don't suppose you can see this4 ,it ,is an entry blank for the grower4 ,annual prizes of #ej1 #be1 #ae and #aj are awarded4 ,ten awards are made each year1 and the ten winning growers this year will have their particular nut automatically entered in a grand prize contest hoping that some of those nuts will be worth naming1 and if any should be worth naming1 after further study1 naming and introducing1 the grower will be awarded a prize of #a1jjj4 ,four of the ,tulsa1 ,oklahoma1 crackers are financing this work by putting in #ge each annually4 ,the college is cooperating in this respect1 and when ,i say the college1 ,i also mean the ,extension ,division4 ,the ,extension ,director is pushing the matter and tells the county agents to pay attention to these entry blanks when they come1 and get as many growers in each county to send in samples as possible4 ,the contest closes on ,november #beth4 ,those samples are sent to the college1 and in three or four days--and those of you in colleges will recognize the ,thanksgiving holiday--in three or four days' time those nuts are cracked and evaluated and placed4 ,last year1 the second year of the contest1 there were over #bjj entries1 and it was no small job to finish in time to get them on display at the annual meeting and show of the ,oklahoma ,pecan ,growers ,association in early ,december4 ,we are not content with the evaluation of the nut4 ,it is just one phase of successful production to have a nut which is satisfactory for cracking and consumption2 unless those trees are free from disease and productive and otherwise satisfactory we could never think of introducing a variety4 ,and so the staff at the college1 as soon1 as the show is over1 goes out and locates each of these trees individually and puts a tag on it4 ,we visit each of those trees a sufficient number of times during the year to properly evaluate the tree4 ,the things that we are looking for1 of course1 are productiveness1 freedom from disease and other characteristics of that type4 ,if1 after five years of observation1 the tree characteristics are satisfactory1 then the nut will be certified as worthy of propagation4 ,we are getting some place with this program1 as evidenced by the data on last year's cracking contest4 ,normal seedling pecans yield about #cc per cent kernel to the packing plant4 ,in last year's contest1 as ,i say1 there were over #bjj entries1 and ,i was just looking to see what the low was4 ,i really haven't paid enough attention4 ,the lowest entry apparently was about #cc per cent1 and the highest entry was #ei per cent kernel4 ,over #cj of these seedling nuts yielded better than #ej per cent kernel1 and that is better than most popular varieties4 ,these nuts are relatively small4 ,the cracker doesn't care how small they are1 he wants a nut that handles well in the cracker1 a nut that is the shape of a football4 ,a miniature football is an ideal cracking type of nut4 ,the cracking docks come together from the ends4 ,we cannot use a round nut4 ,about two-thirds of these good nuts which yielded over #ej per cent kernel were so round that the machinery in cracking would not place the docks on the ends1 but they were apt to hit anyplace4 ,so they had to be discounted4 ,it is quite a job to evaluate these nuts4 ,we have been arbitrary about it4 ,we haven't developed any scoring system1 because there are so many variable factors that it seems to be almost impossible to do so4 ,in our general plan of operation in the state we expect this native grove improvement program that ,i described to continue1 and as the trees get larger the growers will topwork sprouts which develop from the trees which have been removed so that the thing goes on and on with a constant improvement in the quality of the nut4 ,we also have many1 many acres of nuts being propagated by topworking to varieties rather than by letting the seedling continue to produce4 ,that is the reason why we are so much interested in getting a better type of pecan4 ,one man who makes it a commercial practice puts on thousands of scions every year4 ,we in ,oklahoma can't understand why you all seem to have so much trouble propagating nut trees4 ,it is just as easy to propagate pecans and walnuts--not quite as easy--as apples1 but then it isn't too difficult4 ,i think it is the attitude and frame of mind in which you go about it4 ,thank you very much1 ,i appreciate the time4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,thank you4 ,now1 then1 ,mr4 ,magill of the ,university of ,kentucky1 will give us ,a ,planned ,program for ,improving the ,pecan ,industry in ,southwestern ,kentucky4 ,a ,pecan ,improvement ,program for ,southwestern ,kentucky ,w4 ,w4 ,,magill1 ,extension ,horticulturist1 ,university of ,kentucky ,the production and marketing of seedling pecans in extreme southwestern ,kentucky has been of major importance for many years4 ,this industry naturally extends into northwestern ,tennessee and parts of ,missouri directly across the state line in the ,mississippi ,river bottom4 ,it might be said that this industry was developed by nature1 because in the ,mississippi ,river bottoms we find seedling pecan trees which undoubtedly are more than #ajj years old4 ,some native seedling pecan trees in this area are five feet or more in diameter2 some have a spread of branches covering a radius of #fj feet1 and are more than #ajj feet in height4 ,this industry took on considerable momentum about seven years ago when a group of local business men at ,hickman1 the county seat of ,fulton ,county1 developed a cracking plant known as the ,roper ,pecan ,company4 ,they now have thirty modern cracking machines1 with sorting belts1 grading machines1 and other complete equipment1 so that they are in a position to receive and process a large tonnage of native seedling pecans1 merchandise the kernels and other by-products and1 therefore1 are able to purchase a large quantity of seedling nuts and operate their plant for eight months each year4 ,not having sufficient local nuts 7,kentucky ,kernels7 to take care of their business1 they also buy not only ,kentucky nuts but also from ,tennessee1 ,missouri1 ,illinois1 and ,arkansas4 ,young ,native ,trees ,top-,grafted ,realizing that this industry is here to stay and that many farmers of that district have many young seedling pecans growing on their farms1 the ,kentucky ,agricultural ,extension ,service1 cooperating with some of the leading farmers of the district1 has launched a program of top-working these native seedling pecans with some of the known1 improved varieties that have a reputation for producing good yields of high quality nuts4 ,the beginning of this top-grafting program was in late ,april of #aidh1 when some #bjj trees were top-worked mostly on the farm of the late ,roscoe ,stone1 a farmer in this area who had considerable land holdings4 ,it is highly pleasing to our ,extension workers to observe what we think is an outstanding success in this first year of development1 for we find that over #ij of the five to ten year old trees that were top-grafted have developed a new growth from the spring grafting1 to the extent of from two to eight feet of new growth4 ,john ,watts1 ,county ,farm ,agent of ,fulton ,county1 who pioneered this pecan improvement development1 tells me that we already have requests for top-working over #ejj other trees in this area for the spring of #aidi4 ,northern ,varieties ,preferred ,the best information available was sought from such pecan authorities as ,ford ,wilkinson of ,rockport1 ,indiana1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 chief in nut culture1 ,horticulture ,department of the ,university of ,illinois1 ,bob ,endicott of ,villa ,ridge1 ,illinois1 and others4 ,they are of the opinion that this southwestern ,kentucky area approaches the northern limit of successful production of known southern varieties of pecans1 and that our success in our pecan grafting program can best be assured by top-working to the hardy northern varieties of pecans such as the ,major1 ,greenriver1 ,niblack1 ,giles1 ,goforth1 and others4 ,thanks to our pioneers of this generation who located some outstanding seedling pecans in the ,ohio ,valley1 such trees as the original ,major1 ,greenriver1 and others have proved their worth as hardy northern pecans and they have been used for propagating purposes rather than being destroyed by farm hands who burned piles of debris left by high water around many of these early trees4 ,some ,superior ,local ,nuts ,we are of the opinion that other seedling varieties are now growing in this ,reelfoot ,lake area1 maybe in ,kentucky1 maybe in ,tennessee1 or across the line in ,missouri1 that are equally as good pecans1 and1 we hope1 better1 than the already named seedlings which have been mentioned above4 ,during early ,august it was my pleasure to spend a day in the ,hickman bottoms with ,county ,agent ,watts and ,mr4 ,ernest ,fields1 manager of the local nut cracking factory1 together with ,mr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,toombs1 of ,hickman1 at which time we inspected a number of recognized successful native pecan groves4 ,mr4 ,toombs knows that whole area and is familiar with the pecan trees of outstanding quality and yield history1 just as you and ,i knew where every tree stood in the old home apple orchard or that of grandfather1 where as boys we made frequent trips to get a pocketful of those outstanding local variety apples4 ,mr4 ,toombs pointed out to me a tree on his own farm that he said bears a crop every year of from #cjj to #djj pounds of nuts4 ,in his own language he described the tree in detail but the thing which impressed me was the fact that he had developed standing orders for private sales to individuals from the crops of this one tree each year because they are of outstanding value4 ,he showed us another tree on a neighbor's farm1 one which produced #gjj pounds of nuts one year2 another tree on which the nuts were ready to harvest a month ahead of the nuts from other pecan trees in that region4 7,mr4 ,wilkinson1 it strikes me that propagation from this early maturing tree might well find a place several miles north of the ,mason-,dixon ,line where normal fall frosts often injure the crops47 ,we are of the opinion that with organized effort we can locate these outstanding individual trees1 get enough scion wood from them and put it in the hands of a good pecan grower1 and in a few years develop sufficient grafting wood so that we can top-work thousands of these young native trees in the district1 thereby increasing not only the number of pounds produced per tree1 but have a volume of production of the very best quality of nuts4 ,they tell me that one of the trees ,i observed has a cracking percentage of above #fj as compared to many of the native seedlings which have a cracking percentage of only #bj-cj of nut kernels4 ,first ,annual ,nut ,show in #aidh ,in an effort to locate these outstanding seedling trees in an organized way1 our ,kentucky ,extension ,service1 cooperating with the ,fulton ,county ,farm ,bureau1 local civic organizations1 the local nut cracking plant1 and the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 through its secretary1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 has made plans for a nut show to be held at the county court house in ,hickman1 ,kentucky1 in early ,december of #aidh4 ,the feature of the show with be the cash prizes offered for the best seedling pecans4 ,we request that the owners give us a history of the trees1 the age1 regularity in bearing1 etc41 with the nut show management reserving the right to cut a few sticks of grafting wood from the winning trees4 ,prizes will also be offered for hickory and walnut seedling trees4 ,an educational program is also planned in connection with the day's show1 and it will include a visit to the farm of the late ,roscoe ,stone1 where a top-working program was started last spring1 as well as a visit to the local nut cracking firm4 ,this nut show is set up to become an annual affair1 and we feel that the sky is the limit for the good that can come out of such an organized program as it affects the pecan industry in that area4 ,there are thousands of acres of excellent pecan land in this southwestern ,kentucky area1 that can be profitably developed into pecan groves4 ,the land is deep1 very fertile1 and is already well supplied with moisture4 ,we cannot question its being a natural home for pecan production1 for nature proved this point to the public two generations ago4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,president ,,davidson3 ,pecan ,culture in ,south ,carolina by ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,musser1 ,head of the ,department of ,horticulture at ,clemson ,agricultural ,college is next4 ,mr4 ,senn will read the paper because ,mr4 ,musser is not able to be here4 ,pecan ,production in ,south ,carolina ,t4 ,l4 ,,senn1 ,assistant ,professor of ,horticulture1 ,clemson1 ,south ,carolina ,in the southern colonies on the ,atlantic coast1 the pecan was first described by ,thomas ,walter in his publication ,flora ,caroliniana in #aghg4 ,he was an ,englishman who had a plantation in ,st4 ,john's ,parish on the ,santee ,river1 ,south ,carolina1 where he made an extensive collection of southern plants4 ,after describing the tree1 evidently a nursery specimen1 he ended with the words1 ,the fruit ,i have never seen4 ,it is known now that the native range of pecan did not extend to the present state of ,south ,carolina4 ,one of the first large pecan plantings in the state dates back to #ahij2 ,this was a seedling planting of #ajjj trees made by ,john ,s4 ,horlbock at ,charleston4 ,some of these trees are still producing4 ,the planting never proved profitable and has changed ownership several times4 ,there are several small plantings of black walnuts1 ,chinese chestnuts1 and ,persian walnuts in various parts of the state4 ,persian walnuts do well in the ,piedmont soil region and in #aidg the trees there had a good crop4 ,commercial ,pecan ,plantings ,the pecan1 is one of the most popular tree nuts and is the only one grown on a commercial scale in ,south ,carolina4 ,pecans are grown in every county1 although there is a comparatively small number of trees in most of the ,piedmont and ,mountain counties1 and several counties in the lower ,coastal ,plain4 ,orangeburg ,county1 with the largest number1 had #bg1ebh4 ,pickens ,county1 with the fewest trees1 had #hja4 ,the total for the state was reported as #bbg1jbg trees4 ,pecans are an important money crop of the state4 ,during the last five years the production of pecans has averaged three million pounds1 which brought farmers a yearly average of #ejj1jjj4 ,the average yield per tree of bearing age in #aidg was only about #g pounds1 or #ajj pounds per acre4 ,eighteen cents was the average price received for improved varieties1 and twelve cents for seedlings1 during the ten-year period #aice-aidd4 ,with these prices and yields per bearing tree1 it is easily seen that there is plenty of room for improvement1 for the production of pecans in ,south ,carolina by the average grower has not been very profitable during the past nine or ten years4 ,south ,carolina has ranked fifth or sixth in the production of pecans of improved varieties during the past several years4 ,while production from year to year has been up and down1 the general trend is up4 ,there are two general classes of pecan trees grown in ,south ,carolina3 seedlings and named or improved varieties4 ,the average crop figures over the ten-year period #aicc to #aidb1 show that six times as many nuts of improved varieties were produced as of seedlings4 ,south ,carolina produces about #f of the pecan nuts of improved varieties in the ,united ,states and less than #a of the seedlings4 ,the seedling trees are for the most part given very little attention1 receiving neither fertilizers nor sprays4 ,they produce nuts of miscellaneous size1 shape1 and quality1 and are usually smaller than the improved varieties4 ,the cost of production of seedling pecans is small for they are usually grown in back yards1 in chicken ranges1 and in pastures4 ,there are a number of pecan varieties that are adapted to and grown in ,south ,carolina4 ,the most popular varieties are ,schley1 ,stuart1 ,success and ,moneymaker4 ,a number of other varieties1 including ,teche1 ,frotscher1 ,mahan1 ,pabst1 ,delmas1 ,van ,deman1 and ,moore are grown in some sections4 ,schley is very susceptible to scab and should not be planted if a spray program is not carried out4 ,moneymaker1 ,stuart1 and ,success are not so very susceptible to scab and are satisfactory where a complete spray program is not used4 ,some years ago several growers in one county ordered ,stuart trees and these trees1 now bearing1 turned out to be ,teche1 so there is some uncertainty as to the variety names in some sections4 ,the planting distance varies considerably1 depending somewhat upon fertility of soil and length of growing season4 ,most of the plantings are too close1 having as many as #bj or more trees per acre4 ,because of the longer growing season in the lower half of the state1 trees grown there will be larger at a given age than those grown in the ,piedmont section4 ,cultivation ,methods ,intercrops or cover crops are usually grown to increase the income of the farm4 ,cultivation programs vary according to the intercrop grown4 ,pecan trees are grown on various types of soil1 which also vary greatly in their fertility4 ,different fertilizers are recommended for these varying conditions4 ,fertilizer is usually applied late in ,february or early in ,march1 several weeks prior to the swelling of the buds4 ,the exact time of application varies according to the area in the state in which the trees are grown4 ,many of the soils of the state are probably too acid for best growth of pecans and the necessary winter cover crops that should be grown in the plantings4 ,in some soils that have been limed1 or where the soil p,h is #g4j or approximately so1 the application of zinc1 to the soil has not eliminated rosette4 ,few such conditions exist in ,south ,carolina1 but where these conditions do prevail1 zinc treatment is being tried in the form of sprays1 using commercial spray materials4 ,unfavorable weather at blooming time often prevents pollination4 ,instances of cross-incompatability occurring between the varieties grown in this state are practically unknown4 ,late spring frosts sometimes kill the male or female flowers or both4 ,the pecan in ,south ,carolina is subject to attack by numerous insects and diseases1 just as it is in other places4 ,scab is the worst offender4 ,several species of borers are found attacking the trunks1 the twig girdler severing the tips of twigs1 the shuck worm and case-bearer affecting the husk1 and the pecan weevil affecting the nuts4 ,many of the trees growing in ,south ,carolina are not planted in sufficiently large groves to justify the expenditure necessary for spray equipment4 ,contract spraying has been done to some extent and has possibilities in ,south ,carolina4 ,where the number of trees is small this will be the only way in which growers can afford to obtain the use of high pressure equipment4 ,marketing ,conditions ,south ,carolina ,circular #cja gives the following account of the pecan marketing situation in ,south ,carolina4 ,most of the pecans in this state are sold in small lots4 ,the assembling at a number of locations of these small lots into lots large enough to make handling economical has been a great problem4 ,it is believed that three auction markets properly located in the state would be the most satisfactory marketing arrangement4 ,if each of these markets would have one sales day per week so that buyers could attend sales at each place1 the cost of marketing could be greatly reduced4 ,there are nine companies in five counties that handle pecans4 ,this is a rather brief discussion relating facts about the pecan industry in ,south ,carolina1 and most of the figures given are average figures4 ,those plantings receiving good cultural practices give more satisfactory returns4 ,the pecans enterprise can be made a profitable one if the grower will carry out a complete program to overcome the problems of fertilization and control of diseases and insects and not just leave the trees to fight the battle alone4 ,references ,rawl1 ,e4 ,h4 and ,nettles1 ,w4 ,c4--,pecan ,production1 ,s4 ,c4 ,circ4 #ahc1 #aidj4 ,musser1 ,a4 ,m41 et al--,pecan ,production and ,marketing in ,s4 ,c41 ,s4 ,c4 ,circ4 #cja1 #aidg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,thank you1 ,mr4 ,senn4 ,i think this program is just tops4 ,i don't know how you feel1 but ,i think it is a wonderful program4 ,the ,storage of ,shelled ,pecans will be told to us by ,professor ,harris of the ,department of ,horticulture of ,alabama ,polytechnic ,institute of ,auburn1 ,alabama4 ,professor ,harris4 ,preservation of ,shelled ,pecans by ,drying and ,hermetically ,sealing ,,hubert ,,harris1 ,associate ,horticulturist1 ,alabama ,agricultural ,experiment1 ,station4 ,without some special treatment1 storage life of pecans at ordinary temperatures is rather short4 ,nuts held in common storage from fall harvest show noticeable flavor losses by spring4 ,staleness and rancidity are likely to follow as summer weather approaches4 ,these facts emphasize the need of a better method that might be used both commercially and in the home for preserving the pecan over a long period at common storage temperatures4 ,a satisfactory method might be used not only for preserving nuts for year-round use1 but for carrying them over from heavy crop years to light crop years4 ,this report presents the results of experiments conducted at the ,alabama ,agricultural ,experiment ,station on methods of preserving pecans4 ,storage ,troubles ,some of the common pecan storage troubles are staleness1 rancidity1 color changes1 molding1 and insect injury4 ,molding occurs only when the product is stored in a moist atmosphere at ordinary temperatures4 ,insect infestation usually results when the shelled kernels are held in unsealed containers under ordinary storage conditions4 ,rancidity develops during the summer months when the product is stored by common1 methods at ordinary temperatures4 ,rancidity is probably the most common of pecan storage troubles2 it has been considered the most difficult to control4 ,rancidity is usually preceded by general loss of flavor followed by staleness of kernels4 ,color gradually becomes darker as the typical rancid condition develops4 ,these changes are associated with and caused by certain chemical reactions that progress at a slow rate4 ,the oils and fats are slowly oxidized to aldehydes1 ketones1 and other chemical compounds 7#aj71 which cause the undesirable aromas and flavors characteristic of the rancid condition4 ,review of ,previous ,work ,the period during which pecans will remain free of rancidity and other forms of spoilage varies considerably with storage conditions and other factors4 ,common storage periods ranging from #c to #ab months have been reported4 ,wright 7#aj7 placed the common storage life at #c to #e months4 ,blackmon 7#a7 suggested #f months as the maximum period4 ,medlock 7#aa7 was able to keep them in edible condition for periods up to #ab months4 ,the wide ranges of time as observed by the different investigators are due1 no doubt1 to storage conditions1 variety1 quality of the nuts1 and seasonal variations4 ,cold storage was effective in preserving pecans for periods up to #b-a_/b years4 ,wright 7#aj7 reported effective periods of #ac to #cj months1 and ,medlock 7#aa7 was able to keep them for more than #b years4 ,shelled pecans did not keep as long either in common or cold storage as the unshelled nuts4 ,methods and ,procedures ,results of preliminary tests made at the ,alabama ,station in #aicg indicated that pecans kernels might be kept at common temperatures by drying them in an oven and storing in sealed containers1 which prevents absorption of moisture from the air4 ,since storage tests reported by other workers did not include studies of the relationship of moisture content of kernels to their storage life1 it was felt that this phase of the problem should be investigated4 ,preliminary tests were made to determine suitable temperatures and periods for the drying process4 ,temperatures of #bjj to #bbe deg4,f proved to be most satisfactory4 ,these temperatures dried the kernels quite rapidly without appreciable scorching or discoloration4 ,the drying period was varied to give desired moisture contents for the various treatments4 ,four methods of sealing the jars were used in the experiments4 ,they were the cold seal1 steam seal1 hot seal1 and vacuum seal4 ,the cold seal was accomplished by placing cool kernels in cool jars and sealing without special treatment4 ,by the steam seal1 air was exhausted from the jars with a small blast of steam and the jars sealed immediately4 ,condensation of the steam resulted in a partial vacuum in the jars and a slight increase in moisture content of the kernels4 ,by the hot seal1 hot kernels were transferred directly from the oven pans to clean1 dry1 hot jars1 and sealed immediately4 ,contraction of the air as the jars cooled resulted in a partial vacuum4 ,the vacuum seals were made in clamp-top fruit jars by means of a home pressure cooker4 ,filled jars1 with covers partially clamped1 were placed in the cooker4 ,the cooker cover was lubricated at the sealing surface and screwed down tightly4 ,the pressure gauge in the top of the cooker was replaced with a vacuum gauge4 ,the needle valve was removed4 ,an aspirator was attached to the water faucet and connected to the needle valve opening by means of a vacuum hose4 ,after the desired vacuum had been pulled on the cooker1 the vacuum hose was removed from the needle valve fitting thus permitting air to rush back into the cooker4 ,the sudden change in pressure automatically sealed the jars4 ,presentation of ,data ,preliminary studies were made to determine the effect of temperature and time of drying on moisture content1 color1 and toasting of kernels4 ,results of these studies are given in ,table ,i4 ,,table ,i4--,effect of ,temperature and ,time of ,drying on ,moisture ,content1 ,color1 and ,toasting of ,pecan ,kernels4 ,oven ,time in ,moisture ,change temperature oven in in ,degree of kernels color#be toasting ,minutes ,per cent #j #c4g #j4j #j #bj #b4f #j4e #j #cj #a4d #a #a #cg #a4b #b #b #bbe deg4,f #dd #a4j #c #d #ea #j4e #f #h #eh #j4c #h #aj #fe #j4b #h #aj #gb #j4a #i #aj ---------------------------------------- --------- #aj #c4b #bj #c4a #bjc deg4,f #cj #b4i #da #b4d #ej #b4b #fj #a4i ,footnote #be3 ,the numbers #j to #aj indicate varying amounts of change in color or degree of toasting3 #j represents normal color and_/or no toasting4 #aj represents considerable intensification of color and_/or development of typical flavor of toasted kernels4 ,the first series of the processing and storage tests was started in ,december1 #aici4 ,the treatments together with results are given in ,table ,,ii4 ,the different samples were dried in an electric oven at #bbe deg4,f to moisture contents ranging from #j4a to #c4d per cent4 ,they were sealed in glass jars1 both with and without vacuum1 and stored in a dark room at ordinary temperatures4 ,those dried to #b4i per cent moisture or less were still good after #b years in storage1 whereas those with higher moisture content were rancid after one year in storage4 ,samples dried to approximately #b per cent moisture were still good ,september #a1 #aidh1 which was almost #i years after processing and storing4 ,the color was preserved somewhat better by vacuum sealing4 ,however1 the quality of air-sealed samples was practically as good as those that were vacuum sealed4 ,these tests did not show how long kernels might have been kept by drying and storing in unsealed containers4 ,table ,,ii4--,the ,effect of ,different ,amounts of ,drying and ,different ,methods of ,sealing on the ,storage ,qualities of ,pecan ,kernels 7,tests made at ,auburn1 beginning ,december1 #aici47 ,per cent ,no4 min4 moisture ,methods of ,sample in oven in dry sealing #bh ,no4 #bbe deg4,f kernels ,cold-seal 7a7 #a #j #h4d ,hot seal 7b7 #b #bj #b4i #c #cj #a4f #d #dd #a4j #e #ea #j4g ,steam-seal 7c7 #f #j #c4d #g #ej #j4b #h #fj #j4af #i #fe #j4aj ,vacuum-seal 7d7 #aj #j #c4d #aa #bj #b4g #ab #cj #a4j ,when canned ,after #ab mo4 ,after #bd mo4 ,methods of ,sample sealing #bh ,no4 ,color ,flavor ,color ,flavor ,color ,flavor #bf #bg #bf #bg #bf #bg ,cold-seal 7a7 #a #a ,excellent #b ,medium #c ,medium ,hot seal 7b7 #b #a ,excellent #b good #c ,very good #c #b ,very good1 #b ,very ,good1 #c ,good1 slightly dry slightly dry slightly dry #d #b ,excellent1 #c ,very good1 #c ,very good1 slightly slightly slightly toasted toasted toasted #e #b ,excellent1 #b ,very good #b ,very good toasted toasted toasted ,steam-seal 7c7 #f #a ,excellent #b ,fair #b ,fair #g #c ,excellent1 #c ,very good1 #c ,very good1 toasted toasted toasted #h #c ,excellent1 #c ,good1 #c ,good1 toasted toasted toasted #i #d ,excellent #d ,good1 #e ,good1 toasted toasted toasted ,vacuum-seal 7d7 #aj #a ,excellent #a ,very good #a ,good1 slightly flat #aa #a ,excellent #a ,very good #a ,good1 slightly flat #ab #b ,very good1 #b ,very good1 #b ,medium1 slightly dry slightly dry slightly flat ,footnote #bf3 ,color ratings3 ,nos4 #a to #e represent different amounts of discoloration4 #a ,normal bright yellow color of fresh kernels4 #e ,normal brown color of aged kernels4 ,footnote #bg3 ,flavor ratings3 fair means scarcely edible4 ,footnote #bh3 ,methods of sealing3 7a7 sealed without heating2 7b7 hot kernels immediately transferred from oven pans to dry1 hot jars and sealed2 7c7 air exhausted from jars with steam and sealed immediately2 7d7 sealed under vacuum by method described under ,procedures4 ,table ,,iii4--,effect of ,moisture ,content1 ,container1 and ,sealing on ,storage ,quality of ,schley ,pecan ,kernels--#aidj4 ,moisture content ,flavor ,when#bi ,after #f ,after #h ,after #ab ,after #ah stored months months months months ,covered #f4jj #g4jj ,not edible ,not edible ,not edible unsealed #d4dc #f4he ,not edible ,not edible ,not edible ice cream #c4ej #f4ge ,not edible ,not edible ,not edible cartons #a4ga #f4hj ,not edible ,not edible ,not edible ,covered #f4jj #aj4decj ,not edible ,not edible ,not edible unsealed #d4dc #f4gj ,rancid ,not edible ,not edible glass #c4ej #e4jj ,fair ,not edible ,not edible jars #a4ga #d4ej ,good ,fair ,not edible #f4jj #f4ae ,rancid ,not edible ,not edible ,sealed #d4dc #d4gj ,fair ,not edible ,not edible glass #c4ej #c4cj ,good ,good ,rancid jars #a4ga #a4he ,very good ,very good ,very good ,footnote #bi3 ,the cured pecan kernels had a moisture content of #d4dc at the time the tests were made4 ,samples with moisture contents below #d4dc per cent were oven dried at #bjj deg4,f for periods necessary to reach the respective moisture levels4 ,samples with moisture contents above #d4dc were treated in steam to obtain the desired amount of moisture4 ,footnote #cj3 ,excessive increase in moisture content resulted in heavy molding of product4 ,a second series of processing and storage tests was started in ,december1 #aidj4 ,these studies included tests of effect of moisture content1 type of container1 and sealing on storage qualities of ,schley pecan kernels4 ,table ,,iii shows a portion of these tests together with the results obtained4 ,it is pointed out that unsealed samples regained moisture and became rancid within #h months in storage4 ,summary ,results from the foregoing experiments show that pecan kernels can be kept for nine years by drying them to about #b per cent moisture and storing them in sealed containers4 ,the best results were obtained by drying the kernels in an oven for about #ej minutes at #bjj deg4,f4 ,the exact length of the drying period may vary somewhat with the moisture content of the undried kernels and the quantity of kernels dried at one time4 ,the temperature of the oven could probably be reduced without affecting the drying time by using a fan for circulating the air in the oven4 ,this method will preserve the fresh qualities of pecans for a much longer time and equally as well as such common methods as freezing and canning preserve fresh qualities of other foods4 ,it is felt that the process offers a practical and effective method that might well be used in the home as well as in commercial plants for preserving shelled pecans for year-round use and_/or for carrying over surpluses from a heavy crop year to supplement the light crops that usually follow4 ,literature ,cited #a4 ,blackmon1 ,g4 ,h41 #aibg1 ,pecan ,growing in ,florida4 ,florida ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,bulletin #aia3 #hf4 #b4 ,kirkpatrick1 ,s4 ,m41 #aibd4 ,the ,pecan4 ,alabama ,pecan ,growers' ,association1 ,proceedings1 ,may1 #aibd1 ,p4 #aj4 #c4 ,the ,encyclopedia ,americana4 ,volume ,,xxi3 #dfa4 #d4 ,bailey1 ,i4 ,h41 and ,bailey1 ,e4 ,z41 ,hortus4 ,second ,edition3 #edb4 #e4 ,the ,encyclopedia ,britannica1 ,volume ,,xvi3 #fdg4 #f4 ,skinner1 ,j4 ,j42 ,fowler1 ,e4 ,d42 and ,alben1 ,a4 ,o43 #aibh1 ,pecan ,soils of the ,gulf and ,southeastern ,states and ,maintenance of their ,fertility1 ,,usda ,circular #dib3 #a4 #g4 ,united ,states ,agricultural ,statistics for #aida3 #bgi4 #h4 ,davis1 ,p4 ,o41 #aibd1 ,some ,facts ,about the ,pecan4 ,alabama ,pecan ,growers' ,association ,proceedings1 ,may1 #aibd3 #i4 #i4 ,salmon1 ,w4 ,d41 #aibd1 ,nutritive ,value of the ,pecan4 ,alabama ,pecan ,growers' ,association ,proceedings1 ,may1 #aibd3 #ch-dj #aj4 ,wright1 ,r4 ,c41 #aida1 ,investigations on the ,storage of ,nuts1 ,,usda ,technical ,bulletin ,no4 #ggj3 #a-ce4 #aa4 ,medlock1 ,o4 ,c4 #aica1 ,pecan ,storage1 ,alabama ,agricultural ,experiment ,station ,annual ,report1 ,volume ,,xlii3 #ej-ea4 #ab4 ,blackmon1 ,g4 ,h41 #aicb4 ,cold ,storage of ,pecans4 ,florida ,agricultural ,experiment ,station ,annual ,report1 #aicb3 #ajb-aje4 #ac4 ,smith1 ,c4 ,l42 ,thor1 ,c4 ,j4 ,b42 and ,romberg1 ,l4 ,d42 #aicc1 ,effect of ,storage ,conditions on the ,germination of ,seed ,pecans4 ,texas ,pecan ,growers' ,association ,proceedings #ac3 #fh-ga4 #ad4 ,harris1 ,hubert1 #aicg1 ,preservation of ,pecan ,kernels4 ,department ,annual ,report of the ,department of ,horticulture and ,forestry1 ,alabama ,experiment ,station1 #aicg4 7,unpublished74 99 99 99 99 99 ,president ,davidson3 ,i wonder1 ,professor ,harris1 whether those methods could be applied to other nuts in addition to pecans4 ,would your methods with the pecan be adaptable to other nuts or kernels8 ,prof4 ,harris3 ,i have not tried other nuts1 but ,i have thought quite a bit about the black walnut1 and ,i would like to run some experiments4 ,it seems to me that it would be adaptable to other nuts which have constituents similar to the pecan such as black walnut1 and perhaps peanuts4 ,we intend to work some on the peanuts down there4 ,now1 of course1 in the case of the chestnut we more or less checked it out on that1 because when you dry the chestnut down to low moisture content you have a hard product that is not palatable and is quite undesirable4 ,president ,davidson3 ,now comes the follow-up studies on the #aidf ,ohio black walnut prize winners4 ,mr4 ,l4 ,walter ,sherman has prepared something on that matter but ,mr4 ,sterling ,smith1 ,i believe1 is going to read that to us4 ,follow-,up ,studies on the #aidf ,ohio ,black ,walnut ,prize ,winners ,l4 ,,walter ,,sherman1 ,mahoning ,county ,experiment ,farm1 ,canfield1 ,ohio ,in #aidf a black walnut contest was conducted in ,ohio that brought out roughly #hjj samples of nuts from all sections of the state4 ,judging on the characters of the nuts only1 there were ten selected as prize winners4 ,notice that ,i say on nut characters only4 ,in #aiej a grand prize is to be given to the tree selected from these ten trees that has been the outstanding performer for the five year period4 ,we want to know more about these trees4 ,do they produce regularly8 ,do the nuts fill well each year8 ,are the trees young or old8 ,on what kind of soil are they located8 ,just what are the factors that cause them to produce such superior nuts8 ,in order to try to answer some of this type of questions each of the ten trees was visited in #aidg and a careful survey of each was made4 ,this was done in ,august1 at which time the crop prospects for #aidg could be noted4 ,mimeographed blanks such as the following were used to record the desired data4 ,tree ,name ,latitude ,name of ,owner ,address ,county ,state ,state ,route ,telephone ,,tree ,isolated 2 moderately crowded 2 dense woods ,,location ,types of trees in vicinity ,air drainage ,level 2 ,slope 2 ,direction of slope ,,tree ,,size ,circumference #d-a_/b feet from ground ,,and ,,shape ,probable age 2 limb spread 2 tall 2 short 2 open-branched 2 symmetrical 2 irregular 2 ,,soil ,sod 2 plowland 2 bottom 2 upland 2 hillside 2 ,,conditions clay 2 alluvial 2 loam 2 sandy 2 p,h 2 ,distance to subsoil 2 kind of subsoil ,humus 2 lack of humus 4 ,,drainage ,nearness to spring 2 tile drain 2 well 2 lake 2 stream 4 ,,fertility ,fertilized 2 manure 2 commercial fertilizer 2 lime 2 not fertilized 4 ,,performance ,,chart ,resistance to disease and insects3 ,blight2 ,witches' ,broom2 ,caterpillars2 #aidg #aidh #aidi #aiej #aidg #aidh #aidi #aiej ,bearing3 ,g ,f ,s ,f ,good2 ,fair2 ,scattering2 ,failure4 #aidg #aidh #aidi #aiej ,season3 ,date of leafing out ,male3 ,date of blossoming ,female3 ,date of blossoming ,date of ripening ,date of killing frost ,last in spring2 first in fall ,rate of growth ,moisture2 ,rainy1 dry1 average ,clusters3 ,size #aidg #aidh #aidi #aiej ,range in number of nuts per cluster ,production3 ,size of crop in proportion to size of tree #aidg #aidh #aidi #aiej ,percentage of unfilled nuts3 #aidg #aidh #aidi #aiej ,r99,h --------------------crop pounds 99 ,r #a_/b limb spread4 99 ,h height2 lowest branch to top4 ,in addition to these data1 photographs1 both in black and white1 and in color1 were taken of the trees and often of the surroundings1 and a map made so that the trees can be located in the future by any one wishing to do so4 ,for examination by any one wishing to do so1 there are on the secretary's desk copies of the case histories1 as written up1 of the first and second prize winners1 the ,duke and the ,burson4 ,a careful study of these ten trees has not revealed any single factor that can be pointed to as essential to the production of a superior walnut variety4 ,they were found on good and on poor soils1 on good and poor sites1 in soils of a wide range of p,h values from very acid to alkaline in reaction4 ,most of the trees were located in the southern part of the state at #ci deg4 to #dj deg4 ,north ,latitude1 but it is hard to imagine that the latitude has any specific effect on the superior qualities of the nuts4 ,in all cases where the trees were now standing in impoverished soils1 low in humus1 fertility1 and in p,h value1 it was quite evident that the soil was probably in far better condition when the trees got their start fifty to a hundred or more years ago4 ,winter ,killing #aidg-aidh ,in #aidg scions of six of these prize winning trees were successfully grafted into established ten year old black walnut seedling trees at the ,mahoning ,county ,experiment ,farm at ,canfield1 ,ohio1 location #da deg4 north latitude4 ,the scions grew nicely in #aidg but all were winter killed during the winter of #aidg-aidh with the exception of one scion of ,kuhn and one of ,davidson4 ,two scions of ,duke1 two of ,kuhn1 one of ,athens1 one of ,orth1 seven of ,jackson perished during the first winter after grafting4 ,this severe killing of #aidg-dh apparently indicates that winter injury to these varieties may be expected some years when they are planted under conditions similar to those at the ,mahoning ,county ,experiment ,farm4 ,the one scion of the ,davidson variety came through in fine shape1 so this would be the exception4 ,the winter of #aidg-dh was unusual in the severity of the winter injury to the black walnut trees at the ,mahoning ,county ,experiment ,farm4 ,two ten year old ,stabler trees and a ten year old ,jansen tree killed back to the ground level1 and one year old growth of ,cowle1 ,havice1 ,jansen1 ,murphy1 ,mohican1 ,ohio1 ,stambaugh1 ,twin ,lakes1 and ,lisbon was badly damaged although not always completely killed4 ,winter ,killing of ,bench ,grafts ,bench grafts that were still in the hot bed and were not transplanted to nursery rows until spring of #aidh fared much better than the grafts growing in the established trees4 ,as they had no winter protection but the side walls of the hot bed it is a little hard to see why they fared so much better4 ,one bench graft of the ,duke1 two of ,burson1 four of ,kuhn1 two of ,davidson1 three of ,orth1 two of ,williamson1 two of ,penn1 and six of ,jackson all came through in good shape4 ,indications certainly point to the conclusion that the prize winning varieties of the ,ohio #aidf contest are adapted to the southern part of the state rather than to the northern part4 ,the ,davidson is a possible exception to this4 ,mr4 ,smith3 ,i asked ,mr4 ,silvis why ,mr4 ,sherman wasn't here1 and he said he wasn't able to come because he was doing the same type of work this year1 and it is very evidently the reason why he wasn't at the last meeting because he was preparing this work4 ,instead of coming and enjoying the convention1 he stays home and does work that helps the ,association1 so ,i think the ,association is very much indebted to him4 ,president ,davidson3 ,i think that is true4 ,that makes it possible for us to close in good time4 ,i think this program is tops4 ,i think it is by far the best program ,i remember4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,let's give ,mr4 ,chase1 the ,program ,chairman1 a big hand4 7,applause47 ,president ,davidson3 ,we will now adjourn4 7,whereupon1 at #d3cj o'clock1 p4 m4 the meeting was adjourned to reconvene for business session after the banquet47 99 99 99 99 99 ,tuesday ,evening ,business ,session ,president ,davidson3 ,there is a little business that remains to be done4 ,in order to let ,mr4 ,slate get away1 we'd like to have a report of the ,committee on ,place of ,meeting4 ,mr4 ,slate3 ,the committee consisting of ,royal ,oakes1 myself and two others1 conferred with each other4 ,we have considered the matter of a meeting place for next year1 and we think1 and those we have talked with think1 that perhaps ,beltsville would be the best place4 ,it does not seem feasible to have a meeting in the ,middle ,west4 ,the ,new ,york ,city region will probably be better for us a year later4 ,the other good places we have visited rather recently4 ,so we are recommending that the place of meeting be ,beltsville4 ,do you wish to consider the time of meeting now1 or will we vote on the place8 ,president ,davidson3 ,let's act on that now4 ,first1 may ,i have a motion8 ,a ,member3 ,i will move we hold our next convention at ,beltsville1 ,maryland4 7,the motion was seconded1 vote taken and motion carried unanimously47 ,president ,davidson3 ,now1 time of meeting4 ,mr4 ,slate3 ,it has been customary for us to have our meeting early in ,september1 about ,labor ,day4 ,next ,labor ,day is the #eth of ,september4 ,now1 we are not making any recommendations as to time1 but if we follow our past custom we will probably meet about the #fth1 #gth and #hth4 ,some of you might like to come later to avoid the ,labor ,day traffic1 but that interferes with some of those who have teaching duties1 registration1 and so forth1 at that time of the year4 ,personally1 ,i do not think that the ,labor ,day traffic is insurmountable4 ,it is rather unpleasant in certain areas1 but we can make it all right1 and we have made it4 ,perhaps ,i should recommend the dates the #fth1 #gth and #hth1 which are ,tuesday1 ,wednesday and ,thursday4 ,president ,davidson3 ,you have heard the report4 ,what shall you do with it8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,i move its adoption4 7,the motion was seconded1 vote taken and motion carried unanimously47 ,president ,davidson3 ,next1 ,i should say1 we would like to have a report of the nominating committee4 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,the ,nominating ,committee reports for the consideration of the members the following list of candidates3 ,for president1 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke from ,virginia4 ,vice-president1 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels from ,new ,york4 ,for secretary1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel from ,tennessee1 and treasurer1 ,sterling ,a4 ,smith from ,ohio4 ,president ,davidson3 ,you have heard the report of this committee4 ,i should say that in this case nominations from the floor would be in order4 ,a ,member3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i move that nominations be closed4 7,the motion was seconded1 vote taken1 and motion carried unanimously47 ,president ,davidson3 ,that was on the motion that nominations be closed4 ,what is your pleasure1 shall we vote by ballot or shall we vote by-- ,a ,member3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i move that the secretary be instructed to cast a unanimous ballot for those nominated by the ,nominating ,committee4 ,mr4 ,fisher3 ,second4 7,a vote was taken on the motion1 and it was carried unanimously47 ,president ,davidson3 ,this gavel ,i should have called to your attention before4 ,it is called to your attention at the end of our program1 and so you know its story4 ,the other one that has been used in our past meetings was sent to me by ,mr4 ,reed4 ,it is ,an ,historical ,gavel1 ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,i understand from ,mr4 ,reed that this was a piece of wood sent to ,mr4 ,littlepage and turned by him and made into a gavel1 and this little metallic name plate sunk in by ,mr4 ,littlepage1 who is one of the very early members of our association4 ,so we have two historic gavels4 ,rather interesting1 ,i think4 ,one other matter4 ,the question has come up in view of the fact that the next annual report will be larger than normal and also in view of the fact that the membership dues have been raised to #c4jj1 whether it should not be wise and fitting to charge #c4jj for the coming #aidh report instead of the old price of #b4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 #b4jj is the current price for the last two issues of the report to non-members4 ,if that is allowed to continue the man who purchases a report without becoming a member will get it for one-third less than the members do4 ,president ,davidson3 ,what is your wish8 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i say that they should not be given any more preference than the members1 so let them pay #c4jj like the rest of us4 ,i make it in the form of a motion4 ,a ,member3 ,second4 ,president ,davidson3 ,moved and seconded that the charge for the forth-coming report of this ,association be made #c4jj to non-members4 ,of course1 that report goes to all members1 as you know4 ,are there any remarks on this motion8 ,mr4 ,slate3 ,mr4 ,president1 what about the matter of supplying reports to libraries8 ,in the past we supplied libraries at #a4jj a copy4 ,i don't know whether ,mr4 ,mc,daniel has had any special requests4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,i haven't had any orders from libraries during the past year4 ,president ,davidson3 ,shall we make a difference for libraries8 ,what is your feeling8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 if we have had a differential before ,i think that might be continued4 ,i will propose a motion that libraries be allowed to purchase the proceedings for #b4jj4 ,president ,davidson3 ,do you make that in the form of an amendment8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,yes4 ,mr4 ,weber3 ,i accept that amendment4 ,a ,member3 ,it meets the second's approval4 ,president ,davidson3 ,the motion is then that a charge for the forth-coming report shall be #c4jj to non-members1 except that the charge shall be #b4jj to libraries and similar organizations1 if that is satisfactory4 7,a vote was taken on the motion1 and it was carried unanimously47 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,i have a report to read1 as follows3 ,report of the ,auditing ,committee ,the ,auditing ,committee has examined the records of our treasurer1 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder1 for the fiscal year just closed and has found them correct as reported and commends him for his excellent service to our ,association4 ,signed ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,royal ,oakes1 ,auditing ,committee4 ,president ,davidson3 ,you have heard the report4 ,what will you do with it8 ,a ,member3 ,i move that the report be accepted4 ,a ,member3 ,second4 7,a vote on the motion was taken1 and it was carried unanimously47 ,dr4 ,crane3 ,mr4 ,president1 members of the ,association3 ,most of the thunder that the ,resolutions ,committee had has been taken care of either tonight or at various meetings that we have had4 ,these resolutions have been rather spontaneous at these meetings4 ,however1 the ,resolutions ,committee1 for a matter of record1 does make the following report3 ,report of the ,resolutions ,committee ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association in its annual meeting assembled at ,norris1 ,tennessee1 ,september #acth to #aeth1 #aidh1 adopts the following resolutions3 ,that1 our sincere thanks be extended to ,mr4 ,george ,f4 ,gant1 ,general ,manager of ,tennessee ,valley ,authority1 the members of his staff1 especially to ,mr4 ,willis ,g4 ,baker1 ,director of the ,division of ,forest ,relations1 ,mr4 ,spencer ,chase1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,g4 ,zarger1 and others1 for the courtesies extended and for making-the necessary arrangements for holding the meetings and caring for the needs of those in attendance4 ,that we extend thanks and appreciation to ,mrs4 ,willis ,g4 ,baker and the other ladies of her committee who provided and served the refreshments on ,sunday evening and assisted in arrangements for the banquet4 ,that we extend thanks to ,mr4 ,spencer ,chase and the other members of the committee for the very interesting and instructive program4 ,may we extend our thanks to those who presented papers and otherwise took part in the program4 ,we greatly appreciate the very fine work being done by our ,secretary1 ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel4 ,resolutions ,committee1 ,stoke1 ,silvis1 ,sterling ,smith1 and ,crane4 ,president ,davidson3 ,you have heard this report1 and ,i think it is well that we have had it in the form so that it could be a part of our record4 ,what will you do with it8 ,dr4 ,mac,daniels3 ,move the acceptance of the report4 ,mr4 ,mc,daniel3 ,second4 7,vote taken on motion1 carried unanimously47 ,president ,davidson3 ,i have here a telegram that ,i should like to read to you1 and this is the way it is worded3 ,your generously worded telegram is greatly appreciated4 ,i am grateful beyond all words4 ,my greetings to everyone present tonight4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed4 ,we are glad to have the word from ,mr4 ,reed4 ,our business meeting is now adjourned4 7,whereupon1 the program and business sessions of the ,thirty-ninth ,annual ,meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association were closed47 ,illustration 7,on ,september #ae1 the members were conducted on a tour of the nursery1 arboretum1 and experimental nut plantings of the ,tennessee ,valley ,authority near ,norris47 ,odds and ,ends ,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,west ,hartford1 ,connecticut ,i would like to suggest1 especially to the younger members of the association1 three horticultural projects that ,i believe promise to be of importance1 and on which nobody that ,i know of is doing any work4 ,only one of these projects has to do with a nut4 #a4 ,utterly neglected and wasted1 the fruit of the horsechestnut or buckeye1 said1 to have been formerly used as food or medicine for horses1 still might become an abundant food for animals1 and perhaps for man1 if a way could be found to deprive it of its disagreeable bitter taste and reputed1 probably exaggerated1 poisonous quality4#ca ,there is one late flowering horsechestnut1 ,aesculus parviflora1 a dwarf species from the ,southeast1 and commonly seen in ,connecticut as an ornamental on lawns1 which bears a nut entirely free from bitterness1 and is sometimes known as the edible horsechestnut4 ,the possibilities in crossing this with the bitter horsechestnut tree species are evident and fascinating4 ,several hybrid horsechestnuts are cultivated1 but none of these apparently involves any ,a4 parviflora parentage4--,ed4 #b4 ,in temperate zones there are1 so far as ,i have learned1 no perennial legumes the seeds of which are used as food4 ,all our immensely valuable edible leguminous seed crops are annually planted4 ,the only exception ,i think of is the honeylocust1 the pods of which1 under favorable conditions1 are sometimes used as fodder for horses and cattle4 ,but there are thousands of leguminous plants and trees1 many of them hardy4 ,i mention the herbaceous ,baptisia australis1 several hardy perennial peas1 such as ,lathyrus sylvestria1 ,l4 maritimus etc41 ,caragrana the pea tree1 and species of ,robinia1 ,cercis2 ,cymocladus and ,wistaria4 ,a collection of these1 with as many more as one might wish1 would be a fascinating group in which to spend hours with brush and forceps4 #c4 ,all over ,america thousands of tired business men1 and school boys who ought to be tending to their baseball1 have to spend weekends and holidays pushing lawn-mowers4 ,if an acceptable ground cover could be found that would have to be mowed only half as often1 or one quarter as often1 or maybe only once a year1 or even 7glory be7 not at all1 what a saving of time it would be for good healthy sport and non-depressing exercise4 ,there are many promising plants4 ,pachysandra and ,vinca1 don't quite fill the bill but have their good points1 such as growing in the shade4 ,there is a little round-leafed plant common in ,florida and1 apparently1 found in the north4 ,there are many plants that could be grown experimentally in patches a yard square4 ,why have we so tamely limited ourselves to grasses and clover8 ,what a chance for a man to immortalize himself by discovering variants for grasses and clover for lawns and thus become a benefactor to millions of lawn-mower slaves6 ,footnote #ca3 7,see letter from the ,american ,medical ,association on next page4--,ed47 ,,council ,,on ,,pharmacy ,,and ,,chemistry of the ,,american ,,medical ,,association ,office of the ,secretary1 #ece ,n4 ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago #aj1 ,illinois ,january #e1 #aidi ,doctor ,w4 ,c4 ,deming #ca ,south ,highland ,street ,west ,hartford1 ,connecticut ,dear ,doctor ,deming3 ,this is in reply to your inquiry of ,december #bh1 #aidh1 regarding the toxicity of horse chestnuts4 ,all six of the species of ,aesculus which are native to the ,united ,states have been reported as poisonous1 but specific references in the literature are infrequent4 ,the species ,aesculus hippocastanum has been studied and has been found to contain saponin1 tannin1 and the glycoside1 esculin4 ,esculin is used in patent remedies in the form of ointments and pastes to protect the skin from sunburn4 ,the saponin seems to be the toxic component4 ,fruit of the horse chestnut is rich in starch and oil and is a valuable food for livestock4 ,the bitter taste of the nut is removed by alcohol extraction which removes the saponin1 thus rendering the nut harmless4 ,certain domestic animals1 however1 seem to be able to eat the untreated nut without suffering ill effects4 ,italics are by ,dr4 ,deming4--,ed4 ,most of the saponins are markedly irritant to the mucous membranes4 ,they have an acrid taste and provoke a flow of saliva1 nausea1 vomiting and diarrhea4 ,if injected directly into the circulation they produce hemolysis1 diuresis and direct actions on the central nervous system which may be rapidly fatal4 ,absorption after oral administration is so poor that saponins produce only local effects4 ,the toxicity of various saponins is ten to a thousand times higher by vein than by mouth and is generally proportional to the hemolytic action4 ,some saponins have a different toxicity for different species4 ,in experiments with rats ,hindemith found that the saponin from ,aesculus hippocastanum is not toxic in daily oral doses of #hg4e mg4 per kg4 ,nonhemolytic doses injected intravenously in cats have no effect on respiration or blood pressure2 hemolytic doses produce a sudden drop in pressure owing to liberation of potassium from the erythrocytes4 ,the saponin increases the activity of the isolated frog heart1 then stops it in systole4 ,in frog nerve muscle preparations of this saponin reversibly interrupt stimulus transmission2 recovery occurs upon washing4 ,for a general review of the literature you are referred to ,bull4 ,sc4 ,pharmacol4 #dg3bij 7,november-,december7 #aidj1 which is available at the ,new ,york ,academy of ,medicine ,library1 #b ,east #ajcrd ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,sincerely yours1 ,signed ,,bernard ,e4 ,,conley1 ,r4 ,ph4 ,administrative ,assistant4 ,,bec3nr ,the ,birth of a ,new ,walnut ,cracker ,b4 ,h4 ,,thompson ,the home of the ,thompson walnut cracker is the home of the maker1 on the farm1 five and a half miles northwest of ,harrisonburg1 in the ,shenandoah ,valley of ,virginia4 ,i live in the upland area1 #a1ejj to #a1gjj feet up in the hills4 ,a man once said he killed two birds with one stone4 ,i went him one better in one instance4 ,i went to the back end of the farm and picked up all the walnuts and placed them on a pile1 not too far from the house4 ,then the squirrels came to help themselves4 ,i got all the squirrels ,i wanted to eat and those that got away retreated so fast they dropped their walnut4 ,then ,i cracked what walnuts were left for cakes and candy1 which we all enjoy so much4 ,it was while cracking these nuts with a hammer that the thought came to me3 ,why should there not be a faster and better way to crack nuts8 ,later ,i happened to see a walnut cracker made by a blacksmith which did a very good job of cracking1 but was entirely too slow for me4 ,being mechanically inclined1 ,i have always entertained a desire to invent something worth while4 ,i set out to perfect a cracker that would be fool-proof1 easy to work1 fast1 simple1 and strong enough to last a lifetime4 ,this ,i accomplished in the ,model #f4 ,before reaching this point1 ,i had designed and tested five different models1 made five different ways1 to see which would be best4 ,they all worked1 some good1 some ,i did not like so well4 ,it was discouraging at times but something seemed to tell me ,i had the right principle4 ,this ,no4 #f walnut cracker is a success1 now in its #aath season and going stronger all the time4 ,you will find it in #cg states1 from ,florida to ,washington ,state1 from ,new ,hampshire to ,california1 from ,minnesota to ,texas4 ,most of the crackers are sent by mail1 and some of the customers mention the fact that they are members of the ,n4,n4,g4,a4 ,others do not have trees on their premises1 but collect walnuts by the roadside4 ,one ,i know of has #b1jjj walnut trees on his #a1bjj acre farm4 ,marketing of ,black ,walnuts in ,arkansas ,t4 ,a4 ,,winkleman1 ,rogers1 ,arkansas ,the ,benton ,county ,produce ,company has been in the walnut business for #ch years4 ,for the first few years we dealt only in hulled nuts1 shipping carloads of them to ,omaha1 ,chicago1 several points in ,nebraska1 and the ,west ,coast4 ,about twenty years ago1 as ,i recall1 there was a large cracking plant at ,kansas ,city and we shipped several carloads there4 ,eventually we began to receive small orders for kernels4 ,we filled them and the number of orders increased4 ,this led us finally to the decision that we should get out of the hulled nut business and sell only kernels1 and with few exceptions1 that's what we have been doing for the past #be years4 ,during this time the production of kernels throughout the walnut region has gone up tremendously4 ,as you know1 many plants using mechanical cracking machines have become established4 ,we have stuck to hand-operated crackers2 but even so1 we were able one year to turn out #ac1jjj pounds of kernels4 ,at present we ship kernels to practically every state in the ,union4 ,millions of pounds of walnuts are available from ,arkansas1 ,missouri and ,tennessee4 ,here the walnut tree seems to make its best growth4 ,it has been our experience that the better nuts come from upland trees4 ,those produced in the bottomlands along the larger streams lack the rich flavor typical of those coming from higher elevations4 ,this means we get our best nuts from the ,ozarks in northern ,arkansas and southern ,missouri4 ,so far1 few walnut trees are grown commercially4 ,practically all of the nuts come from wild trees4 ,but recently there seems to be a trend toward planting grafted walnut trees and grafting native seedlings to improved varieties4 ,the nurseries in this area now have walnut seedlings for sale and some landowners are setting out considerable acreages4 ,it seems like a good investment4 ,the trees grow fast1 bear nuts at an early age1 and eventually yield additional income in the form of logs4 ,we believe walnut offers better prospects for commercial production than pecan1 owing mainly to the value of the walnut wood for cabinet uses4 ,not much has been done here with improved varieties4 ,there are some ,thomas trees in the region and they yield very well4 ,you get about #bj pounds of kernels from #ajj pounds of hulled ,thomas nuts as against an average of #ab pounds from our wild native nuts4 ,we anticipate that within three or four years the ,thomas will attain commercial importance here4 ,in my opinion1 however1 ,thomas kernels do not have the flavor that the wild nuts have2 the percentage of oil seems to be less4 ,i have also been told that wood from the ,thomas trees has little value in the furniture trade4 ,why this should be true1 or whether it is true1 ,i don't know4 ,shells are a problem with us as they are with most concerns in the walnut cracking business4 ,we sent some samples to ,iowa ,state ,college for testing and got a pretty favorable report4 ,if available in sufficient quantity1 the shells apparently can be used for gas production1 oils and for other purposes4 ,walnut in this region has few enemies2 but one1 the walnut ,datana caterpillar1 does considerable damage4 ,we need federal or state aid in controlling this dangerous pest4 ,further ,notes on ,nut ,tree ,guards for ,pasture ,plantings ,,oliver ,d4 ,,diller1 project ,supervisor1 ,hillculture ,research1 ,soil ,conservation ,service1 ,wooster1 ,ohio ,in an article entitled1 ,nut ,trees for ,ohio ,pastures1 which appeared in the #cgth annual report of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association#cb1 the writer called attention to the advantages of nut trees planted in fence rows and in the interior of permanent pastures and the need for a more satisfactory cattle guard to protect the trees during their period of establishment4 ,illustration3 ,nut ,easy ,tree to ,guard ,install ,the writer has for several years studied various types of cattle guards and in #aidf suggested the possible use of an electric guard along permanent fence lines4 ,this set-up worked fairly well during the first growing season1 but it was found that a considerable amount of maintenance is necessary and therefore electric guards may not be practicable over a period of years4 ,during the summer of #aidg a prominent wire fence manufacturing company was contacted concerning the availability of a welded wire fabric which might be used as a substantial yet economical tree guard4 ,the company made available for test purposes two #aej-;foot rolls #gb inches high4 ,one roll was galvanized1 #aa gauge wire1 with #b x #d inch staves1 while the other was ungalvanized #aj gauge1 with #d x #d inch spacing between the staves4 ,these rolls were cut into lengths of #ac4g feet1 resulting in a circular guard #d4cf feet in diameter 7shown in picture74 ,the guards were installed along a permanent fence on the pasture research farm of the ,ohio ,agricultural ,experiment ,station at ,wooster during the summer of #aidg4 ,observations made during ,july1 #aidh1 indicate that these guards have not been damaged in any way by the dairy cattle on this farm during the current season1 and that the trees are being adequately protected4 ,no guards have as yet been installed in the interior of the pasture1 but it would seem that only one standard fence post would be required to support such a guard4 ,the wire company was not able to give the exact cost of this material to the farmer1 but suggested a quotation of #c4ij per hundred square feet for the galvanized wire1 #b x #d inch spacing1 #aa gauge1 as compared to #c4jj per hundred square feet for the ungalvanized wire1 #d x #d inch spacing1 #aj gauge4 ,assuming that the ungalvanized wire would serve the purpose for a period of ten years1 the cost would be approximately #b4ej per guard if it were attached to a line fence2 ,if placed in the interior of a field1 the cost of a standard fence post would have to be added4 ,while this cost may appear to be rather high1 it is believed that it will compare favorably with another type guard which will provide equal service4 ,the chief advantages of this guard seem to be its apparent sturdiness and ease of installation4 ,footnote #cb3 ,diller1 ,o4 ,d4 ,nut ,trees for ,ohio ,pastures1 ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,inc41 #cgth ,annual ,report4 #aidf1 pp4 #fb-fd4 ,a ,pecan ,orchard in ,gloucester ,county1 ,virginia ,,mrs4 ,,selina ,l4 ,,hopkins1 ,river's ,edge ,flower ,farm1 ,nuttall1 ,virginia ,mr4 ,reed has asked me to tell you of our experience with pecans in ,gloucester ,county1 very near ,chesapeake ,bay1 on ,north ,river1 a tidewater estuary of ,mobjack ,bay4 ,our house is about #bj feet from the shore1 so we call it ,river's ,edge1 which describes it very well4 ,the pecan trees are on the lawn1 in the barnyard1 and in an adjoining field4 ,the orchard was planted by my late husband about #aiae4 ,the trees came from at least two nurseries as there are two distinct sets of varieties4 ,there are eight varieties from the ,north and eight from the ,south4 ,of the northern sorts there are ,busseron1 ,butterick1 ,indiana1 ,kentucky1 ,major1 ,niblack1 ,posey1 and ,warrick4 ,these came from the nursery of ,r4 ,l4 ,mc,coy1 ,lake1 ,spencer ,county1 ,indiana4 ,the southern varieties are ,delmas1 ,frotscher1 ,georgia 7,georgia ,giant71 ,hale1 ,schley1 ,stuart1 ,teche1 and ,van ,deman4 ,hale trees have been the slowest to come into bearing1 and there are several which appear to be ,hale which are not yet in fruit4 ,nut ,crops ,scanty ,the trees near the house1 both on the lawn and in the barnyard are set irregularly but those in the orchard are in rows1 #fe feet each way4 ,they are beautiful in appearance1 being from #dj to #ee feet tall1 and are very healthy4 ,however1 they do not bear well4 ,we had a pretty good crop in #aidc1 about #ejj pounds1 which we sold for #cj and #ce cents per pound4 ,since then we have had very few nuts1 as the flowers have evidently been killed each year by frost4 ,most of the nuts we have had have come from trees near the river1 where the air is tempered by salt air coming in at high tide4 ,at this writing1 early ,august1 there seems to be more nuts than at any time since #aidc4 ,there was no frost that ,i could detect after the trees flowered1 but there are few nuts on the trees farthest from the river4 ,the fruit trees back in the county1 on what we call the highlands1 have no fruit this year4 ,apparently our northern varieties of pecan do not stand the cold any better than the southern sorts4 ,in the last few years1 there have been more nuts of the southern varieties4 ,i suppose the flowers of the northern varieties came out at a time when they were more easily frozen4 ,we have several trees that are evidently seedlings1 as they grew up from the ground after the tops died1 ,they usually bear well1 producing sweet nuts1 well-flavored but small4 ,we have six ,persian walnuts that have had only about ten nuts in all these years4 ,one tree has a black walnut coming up from the root on which it was grafted4 ,it is of the same size as the ,persian top4 ,two years ago1 this tree had about #cj nuts on the ,persian side and #ej on the black4 ,it is not easily accessible and ,i have not been to it this year4 ,behavior of ,pecans ,the ,posey trees are in an east-west row about one-third the distance from the north end of the orchard4 ,most of the ,major and ,busseron trees are farther south1 some as much as #bjj yards4 ,a few trees of both varieties are directly south1 within #ajj yards1 while others are the same distance away off and some farther southwest4 ,it is stated in a recent bulletin of the ,virginia ,agricultural ,extension ,service that ,posey is needed to pollinate ,busseron and ,major4 ,since reading the bulletin1 ,i have been thinking of our crops in the past4 ,i remember that trees of these two varieties farthest from the ,posey1 do not bear as well4 ,until now1 ,i have attributed this to the fact that the soil was less fertile and the trees are smaller and less vigorous4 ,also the trees are farther from the frost-tempering river4 ,i am not sure yet that this is not the reason4 ,we are not alone in our experience of an uncertain crop1 as other pecan growers in the county tell the same tale4 ,there are a number of large old trees in this general section of ,virginia1 as well as a good many seedlings4 ,in addition1 there are native1 bitter1 large-growing water hickory 7,carya aquatica71 which is not uncommon in lowlands4 7,these hybridize freely with true pecans1 producing beautiful trees but astringent nuts4 ,ed47 ,one of the largest orchards was set out a few years before ours1 by the late ,dr4 ,wm4 ,c4 ,stubbs1 on a farm that had been in his family for many generations4 ,it is on ,york ,river1 about #ae miles from our place4 ,it was he who encouraged my husband to set out our orchard4 ,dr4 ,stubbs was for many years ,director of the ,louisiana ,experiment ,station near ,new ,orleans4 ,he spent his summers at his old home4 ,his trees were probably the best started and cared for during his life1 as he knew how to do it4 ,i drove to see the farm recently1 and talked with the present owner1 who bought it in #aidb4 ,the next year1 when ,i also had my good crop1 he nearly paid for the place with proceeds from the nuts4 ,however1 like ourselves1 he has had practically no nuts since1 and is so much discouraged that he plans to take out some of the trees4 ,the varieties there are mostly ,moneymaker1 ,schley and ,success4 ,the same varieties are also in a small orchard of another neighbor1 who reports that ,success does best4 ,the trees owned at one time by ,dr4 ,stubbs seem not to be cultivated at all1 but are grazed and mowed1 and the orchard is now rather a tangle of briers and weeds4 ,we ,grow ,bulbs with ,pecans ,as this is primarily a daffodil farm1 and the trees have the best land1 it is also used for bulb growing4 ,the daffodils are a much surer crop with us than pecans4 ,we sell both flowers and bulbs4 ,the season for daffodils is in ,march and ,april which is well ahead of the pecans4 ,the pecans do not leaf out early enough to shade the daffodils1 and ,i can't see that they injure them in any way except in very dry years4 ,bulbs near the trees do just as well as those in the open field and sometimes bloom earlier4 ,all cultivation and fertilization that the trees get is what is accorded the bulbs4 ,as soon as the season is ended for bulbs1 we begin cultivating4 ,we go over the bulbs about three times before the tops die back to the ground1 in late ,may4 ,in late ,july1 we mow the weeds1 which are high by that time4 ,we frequently mow again later in the fall4 ,we take up the bulbs every two or three years in ,june1 cure them in trays in airy buildings1 grade them1 sell some1 and replant what we need to keep up our supply4 ,when a plot is dug1 we plant it with soybeans1 turn them under in late summer and replant with a winter cover crop1 rye or clover usually4 ,that crop is turned under the following late ,april when the rye is usually waist high4 ,we replant again with beans which are turned under in ,july4 ,if we think the soil needs more humus1 we repeat the process another year4 ,during this rotation we apply #j-ad-g at least twice1 usually with the first two plantings4 ,the land is limed only at long intervals1 as daffodils like a soil rather on the acid side4 ,of course1 during this cultivation and planting1 we plow rather close to the trees1 within about four feet1 and sometimes cut the roots4 ,you may well think that this accounts for their not bearing well1 but in this neighborhood there is the same story with trees that are not plowed around4 ,i have wondered at times if they are not too near salt water1 and maybe the roots go down to water1 yet the trees nearest the river bear best4 ,we have a ,teche tree only about #bj feet from high tide line1 and it is our surest bearer1 having never missed a crop4 ,our only varieties that scab to any extent are the one ,georgia and the two trees of ,delmas1 but the man on ,dr4 ,stubbs' place says that both varieties scab although ,i forgot to ask which variety was worst4 7,delmas is one of worst scabbing varieties in the ,south4--,ed47 ,indiana ,nut ,shows ,have ,educational ,value ,w4 ,b4 ,,ward1 ,extension ,horticulturist1 ,purdue ,university1 ,lafayette1 ,ind4 ,a few days ago ,i had a letter from ,professor ,george ,l4 ,slate1 of the ,geneva station1 requesting that ,i send you some information concerning our recent nut shows and a couple of pictures to be used in the current report4 ,i am enclosing two pictures--one showing a display of hicans1 shellbark1 shagbark1 bitternut1 mockernut hickories and in the background a few of the miscellaneous sorts1 while the other picture shows mostly the black walnuts4 7,latter picture printed on next page4--,ed47 ,if you will note in the pictures1 we have used a saw and cut the nuts in two for display purposes4 ,this has been one means of classifying the seedlings to find out whether or not they were worthy of further propagation1 although this alone was not the final classification4 ,it was rather surprising to the number of visitors we have had at our shows to see the difference in the interior of the nut and believe me it has done a lot toward the education of the people when it comes to locating some of the better seedlings4 ,illustration ,the purpose of the nut program in the state of ,indiana was for the betterment of native nuts and we were in hopes that we could find some very promising seedlings that would be worthy of further work4 ,with the cooperation of the ,indiana ,horticultural ,society and the ,student ,horticultural ,show here at the ,university1 we have had this nut show for the past six or eight years4 ,sometimes it has been in competition1 other times it has been mostly for display4 ,the show served the purpose which we had in mind for thus we have located some very nice walnuts1 hickory nuts and a few good seedling pecans4 ,after the show had been visited by some six to eight thousand annually for the past several years1 we have further made displays at the annual meeting of the ,indiana ,horticultural ,society in ,indianapolis1 at the ,a4,p4,s4 meeting at ,st4 ,louis last winter and at the ,indiana ,state ,fair in #aidh1 with a display going to some of the other institutions--particularly to ,oklahoma and ,texas--for display at their state shows4 ,a new collection was gathered by the students and the writer this year which1 in part1 will be displayed at the ,indiana ,horticultural ,society meeting on ,january #ai1 #bj and #ba and another collection is being shown at ,oklahoma ,a4 ,m4 at this time4 ,the nuts will be returned and placed in cold storage to be exhibited at the ,state ,fair next fall and we have sufficient quantities on hand for individual displays as well as for collections4 ,each plate contains from #ce to #dj nuts of seedlings or named varieties and at our recent show we had #ff plates of hickory nuts and allied species4 ,we had #da plates of walnuts including some very fine ,persian walnuts1 #af samples of filbert seedlings1 #bj plates of miscellaneous and all told #ada different plates at our show which was held on ,november #e1 #f and #g1 #aidh4 ,some of our best contributors have been such as ,ferd ,bolten1 ,linton1 ,indiana1 who sent five good ,persian walnuts and one excellent black walnut4 ,edward ,smith1 of ,rochester1 ,indiana1 and ,henry ,buit1 of ,lafayette1 also have found some wonderful walnut seedlings4 ,donald ,sly1 ,rockport1 ,indiana1 has produced the best seedling filberts1 about eight in number1 and contributed a wonderful display of the ,mc,callister hican4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 ,proprietor of the ,indiana ,nut ,nursery1 has contributed largely to the collection of seedling and named varieties of hardy northern pecan while ,w4 ,a4 ,owen1 ,poseyville1 and ,clem ,seib1 ,owensville1 have been consistent winners in the large shellbark hickories4 ,o4 ,w4 ,thompson1 ,owensville1 and ,william ,seng1 of ,jasper1 contributed some large size thin-shelled shagbark hickories to our show4 ,james ,stall1 of ,brownstown1 is a consistent winner in butternuts4 ,each year more interest is being shown in the planting of native nuts and some of our ,persian walnuts are rather outstanding4 ,nolan ,fateley1 ,franklin1 ,indiana1 has a very fine seedling ,persian walnut of large size which we are hoping to propagate4 7,a large ,carpathian tree4--,ed47 ,the ,importance of ,stock and ,scion ,relationship in ,hickory and ,walnut ,,carl ,,weschcke1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minnesota ,twenty-five years of practical study and living with the hickories ought to suffice to make a success in growing these trees for their delicious product4 ,however1 it is only in the twenty-eighth year of such work that ,i have made an important discovery about the particular hickory with which ,i have had the most success2 ,i refer to the variety known as the ,weschcke shagbark hickory4 ,i began to graft such varieties as ,beaver and ,fairbanks 7bitternut--shagbark hybrid7 hickory on ,wisconsin native bitternut hickory 7,carya cordiformis7 in #aibj1 and some grafts are doing very well at this time1 #aidh1 but they are practically barren of fruit4 ,since then ,i have accumulated more varieties to test from many different sources1 to continue the work down to the present day4 ,during that time ,i noticed1 but did not appreciate1 the significance of the relationship of growth between scion and root system4 ,true1 ,i have been very cognizant of the so-called compatibility between stock and scion in the hickory family1 and have written about this matter for publication several times1 but ,i was then more concerned with the stock and scion living together in a harmonious state of existence and health without realizing that there was something else necessary to this relationship in order to promote heavy bearing4 ,experiments in ,grafting ,black ,walnuts ,parallel to these early experiments1 ,i was grafting in the same family as the hickories1 known as the walnut1 or ,juglandaceae family1 using wild native butternut 7,juglans cinerea7 as a stock for grafting to such varieties as the ,thomas1 ,ohio1 ,stabler and ,ten ,eyck black walnut 7,j4 nigra74 ,some of these trees1 so grafted1 exist today1 being more than #be years old1 and they have never borne more than a hatful of walnuts to a tree1 even when they became large trees4 ,most of them are entirely barren year after year4 ,i often remarked to persons who were interested in this phase of my work1 that the black walnut was non-productive on the butternut root system1 but it was very evident that there was not completecompatibility because the walnut scion greatly outgrew the butternut stock causing a marked difference in their trunk diameters just below and above the union4 ,this great difference1 the butternut being so much smaller1 was no doubt the cause of a shortage of food supply elaborated through the bark circumference which limited the top to a mere growth of leaves1 not leaving sufficient additional supply for the growth of fruit4 ,my observation among the hickories1 with which ,i did far more experimental work than with the walnuts1 was beclouded by the fact that many successful1 apparently compatible varieties1 grew and throve on the native bitternut stock without bearing fruit1 except for just a few nuts occasionally2 and yet there was no apparent difference between the scion diameter and the trunk diameter1 nothing like the overgrowth of the black walnut when grafted on butternut4 ,so it took many years and a different growth phenomenon to open my eyes as to what was the trouble in getting hickories to bear on foreign root systems4 ,the final solution of the problem was determined by my observation this year of grafted hickories of several sizes and ages were ,weschcke shagbark 7,c4 ovata7#cc scions and other hickory scions1 such as ,siers1 ,bridgewater1 ,deveaux1 ,beaver1 and ,fairbanks have been grafted on the same tree to act as pollinators for the ,weschcke1 which is devoid of pollen4#cc ,this year particularly1 the difference in rate of growth between two varieties grafted on the same stock was very apparent2 in every case all other varieties greatly exceeded the growth of the ,weschcke hickory1 but in many cases1 only the ,weschcke hickory had any nuts growing on the graft1 and if there were any nuts on another graft1 there were but a few4 ,in practically all cases1 the diameters of the scions of varieties of hickory other than the ,weschcke were at least twice the diameters of the ,weschcke grafts1 and the growth of all varieties so grafted was healthy and vigorous and thoroughly compatible with the native bitternut hickory root system4 ,several years ago ,i had to trim some of these other varieties back in order to allow the ,weschcke graft to get more growth because it was so backward in development that it looked as though it might be crowded out of existence4 ,it never occurred to me in those years that it was the difference in rate of growth between the two varieties which was really responsible for the difference in the diameter of the scion growth1 and not some accident of propagation4 ,now it is very apparent1 from the many examples that ,i have about me1 that the ,weschcke hickory is about one-half as fast a grower as such varieties as ,bridgewater1 ,deveaux1 ,laney1 ,siers1 and many others4 ,this1 then1 accounts for the heavy bearing of the ,weschcke when it starts to bear on the bitternut roots1 and it also explains the lack of bearing in such varieties as ,beaver1 ,fairbanks1 ,laney1 ,siers1 ,pleas1 ,deveaux1 ,rockville1 ,green ,bay1 ,hope pecan1 ,stanley shellbark1 ,platman1 ,kirtland1 ,glover1 ,barnes1 and many others which are hardy and get along well with the native bitternut root system1 some of them having lived more than fifteen years grafted in such combination4 ,the ,bridgewater is the only variety which bears a fair crop of nuts as compared to the prolific ,weschcke1 and is the pollinator for the ,weschcke when used in orchard planting4 ,footnote #cc3 ,see author's added remarks following4--,ed4 ,are ,pecan ,stocks ,desirable for ,hickory ,scions8 ,it would appear1 therefore1 that it is necessary for stocks to be at least as vigorous as the variety to which they are grafted1 and to insure this it would seem to me that the northern pecan seeds1 such as grow around ,des ,moines1 ,iowa1 would be the proper seedling stock for almost any variety of hickory1 as they outgrow bitternuts and shagbarks by quite a margin4 ,i have only one ,weschcke grafted on a pecan of this sort1 and it makes much greater growth each year than does this variety grafted on the native bitternut stocks4 ,however1 it has not started to bear yet and the reason is that it is still very young1 and is over-topped by plum brush and apple trees4 ,since it requires about ten years here for a native bitternut to acquire the proper size of one-half inch to three-quarter inch diameter1 which is about the size necessary for grafting1 you have some idea of how slowly this native species grows4 ,the forest trees1 of which there seem to be thousands on my property1 very seldom exceed a diameter of six inches1 yet they appear to be very old trees4 ,occasionally we find one that reaches the diameter of a foot or more1 and generally it is one that is located where it has plenty of space to grow1 as in open pasture4 ,the tree is rather easy to graft to many varieties of hickories4 ,no doubt if it were grown in large numbers1 in the proper soil1 the time for producing seedling stock ready for nursery propagation could be cut down4 ,but it appears more likely that some northern pecan seed can be found which will produce a hardy understock to furnish a seedling of sufficient vigor and size for propagating purposes in five years or less4 ,records of ,bearing ,our first successful grafting of ,weschcke hickory on bitternut hickory 7,carya cordiformis7 was in #aibg1 but these grafts did not bear for about ten years4 ,we know now that this was because there was a lack of pollen of the shagbark species to pollinate its blossoms4 ,now these trees are bearing profusely4 ,the second batch of grafts from the original ,weschcke hickory1 which grew near ,fayette1 ,iowa1 was made in #aicd4 ,one mature nut from grafts made that spring was gathered from the ground in the same year1 about ,october #a1 #aicd1 but it had been partly consumed by a squirrel4 ,from that year to the present1 these grafted trees produced each year and never failed to mature some edible nuts up to and including this year1 when there is a very large crop 7#f-a_/b bushels74 ,this1 then1 is the #aeth consecutive crop of nuts of which ,i have a record4 ,during two years we had such early fall frosts that the nuts were a little shriveled and not fully mature1 but still edible4 ,in other years there were some light crops1 but there never has been a crop failure in all this time4 ,the variation in bearing is also due in part to several late frosts which in the spring in some years killed back all the foliage and newly expanding buds4 ,yet new dormant buds opened1 some of which had flowers1 and so carried on the unbroken bearing record4 ,last winter 7#aidg-dh7 produced the most severe damage to exotic species of fruit and nut trees as well as ornamentals1 including evergreens1 ever recorded in this area2 yet the grafted ,weschcke hickory trees were so loaded down with nuts that ,i had to support the load by tying up branches to keep them off the ground4 ,this tough winter caused almost every variety of apple tree to be barren1 such as ,wealthy1 ,northwestern ,greening1 ,whitney ,crab1 ,haralson and ,malinda4 ,only two varieties1 ,lowland ,raspberry and ,hibernal1 bore fair crops4 ,last winter killed outright 7to the ground7 most of my ,thomas black walnuts1 some of which were more than #be years old1 and damaged severely such other varieties as ,ohio1 ,vandersloot1 and ,ten ,eyck4 ,the winter was responsible also for the killing of several seedling ,chinese chestnuts which had survived ten years of our winters and yet others of these ,chinese chestnuts are growing again from sprouts near the ground surface4 ,the mulberries suffered greatly also1 but in general the hickories of many varieties came through this winter1 with very little damage1 and most of them are bearing a few nuts4 ,even the wild hazels suffered differing amounts of damage and have only partial crops of nuts because of the effects of the winter4 ,in conclusion1 keep in mind that these experiments and tests have been conducted in severe climatic conditions in the #deth parallel at ,river ,falls1 ,wisconsin1 #ce miles east of ,st4 ,paul1 ,minnesota1 and that out of more than fifty varieties of hickories and pecans and their hybrids tested1 only these two1 ,bridgewater and ,weschcke hickory1 7both thin-shelled easy-cracking varieties71 have succeeded to a point which can be classed as commercial2 the writer can now recommend these two varieties for propagation by nursery firms capable of undertaking the propagation of hickory nut trees1 the sale of which to the public is a foregone conclusion4 ,by request of the secretary1 ,mr4 ,weschcke sent the following additional information on the ,weschcke hickory3 ,about ten years ago ,i noticed that there was no pollen coming from this tree and yet from the very beginning1 even when there was no other pollen available except the wild hickory pollen from the ,carya cordiformis1 the ,weschcke hickory produced nuts4 ,thinking that it was due to parthenogenesis ,i bagged clusters of pistillate blossoms1 and although setting nuts they all dropped off which is typical of non-pollenization4 ,i then bagged groups of pistillate blossoms which ,i pollinized with different available pollens of the ,carya ovata and these set nuts which started to grow1 upon which ,i removed the bags4 ,from this experiment ,i found that the ,bridgewater did a very good job of pollenization and it became the tree that ,i considered as a compatible mate4 ,other trees that pollinate well are ,kirkland1 ,deveaux and ,glover2 ,beaver is not a good pollenizer and ,i have not experimented with ,fairbanks to know whether it is satisfactory4 ,the catkins grow vigorously on the ,weschcke up to the time that the pollen sacs seem ready to open1 then the catkin drops off4 ,no pollen has ever matured that ,i know of4 ,when dried from this state1 they yield no pollen4 ,i told ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay about this nearly seven years ago1 and he asked for fresh samples of the catkins at different periods which ,i mailed to him in receptacles that he furnished4 ,he wrote me a very nice treatise on this subject for inclusion in my book which ,i expected to be published at that time4 ,the book was never published1 however1 since ,orange ,judd turned it down during the war for lack of paper as the excuse4 ,i did not try any further to get it published1 and since that time many new things should be added to the hazel hybrid chapter4 ,dr4 ,mc,kay said that he is familiar with this action on the part of nut trees4 ,i have felt that it was phenomenal since ,i have had no other such experience among all the nut trees with which ,i have experimented4 ,however1 this loss of pollen saves vitality apparently for the production of several times the pistillate bloom that ,i have seen on any other hickory with which ,i have worked and this apparently accounts for the prolificacy of the ,weschcke when grafted on the native ,wisconsin hickory4 7,male-sterility occurs with chestnut and apple4--,ed47 ,at first ,i considered the ,weschcke somewhat of a hybrid nut2 later ,i changed my mind about it and considered it a pure shagbark4 ,i have reversed my opinion again and consider the possibility of its being slightly hybrid with bitternut blood4 ,the parent tree at ,fayette1 ,iowa stood close to big bitternuts4 ,the shell1 being the thinnest of all hickories 7known to me7 leads me to suspect the hybridity with the bitternut4 ,it is quite smooth and the ridges are less prominent than in almost any other hickory except such known hybrids as the ,beaver4 ,its shape is oval to long and it is flat so that whenever you throw a handful down to a smooth surface they all assume the same position1 and because of this they would no doubt lend themselves to commercial cracking as they would feed through the mechanism of a cracking machine exactly in the same order4 ,i have not always had such a high opinion of this nut4 ,dr4 ,deming has letters from me which have a disparaging note1 and although ,dr4 ,deming considered it a valuable nut1 he has letters from me in which ,i indicated that ,i was sorry that it was not productive and that it had such a small nut4 ,both these conditions changed with time and within twenty years this nut sometimes becomes one of the largest hickories of the cultivated varieties and its proficacy then probably depended on correct pollination which ,i was not aware of in the beginning4 ,i hope you will pardon me for dwelling so on this hickory1 but after working with hickories for nearly thirty years it certainly seems remarkable to me that we have such a productive variety that is hardy this far north and west1 that is perfectly at home on the native hickory roots1 and that matures its nuts from ,september #ae to ,october #a1 is self-hulling1 that has escaped the attack of all sorts of weevils that infest our native nuts4 7,i have never found one wormy ,weschcke hickory nut although sometimes you find empty nuts47 ,this variety also escapes the spring frosts so that there have been fourteen consecutive years of bearing without interruption4 ,the foliage is vigorous1 has no diseases so far2 the young branches are sometimes cut off by oak tree pruners or girdlers4 ,this happens to many kinds of trees1 including all the oaks1 butternut1 black walnut1 all the hickories and even the chestnuts4 ,when you take into consideration the fact1 that no other hickory has such a fine record it makes me very enthusiastic over this variety in spite of the fact that it bears my name4 ,were you to classify this hickory from casual observation1 you would think it is a pure shagbark1 and it is only the extreme thinness of shell and the outside appearance pf the nut shell which indicates some slight hybridity4 ,progress with ,nuts at ,wolfeboro1 ,new ,hampshire ,,matthew ,,lahti ,inasmuch as ,i do not expect to be able to attend the thirty-ninth annual meeting1 ,i thought ,i would report to you on the progress of my nut trees since my letter of a year ago4 ,last winter was a severe one in ,wolfeboro1 ,new ,hampshire 7#dc deg4 #cf' north latitude47 ,we had more than the usual amount of snow1 and although the temperature did not get down much lower than #be deg4 below zero at my place1 it remained cold for many days at a time without relief4 ,this1 and the fact that last fall was one of the driest seasons on record1 plus the fact that this spring it rained almost continuously for more than a month1 resulted in considerable damage to my nut trees4 ,my ,broadview ,persian walnut graft suffered severe damage1 with branches up to two inches in diameter being killed4 ,whether this was from frost or lack of moisture in the fall ,i do not know1 but two ,crath ,persian walnuts1 one of which is situated within fifty feet of the ,broadview1 suffered no apparent winter injury at all4 ,neither ,broadview nor ,crath bore any nuts this year1 whereas last year the ,broadview produced eighteen nuts4 ,my ,gellatly heartnut also suffered severe winter injury similar to the ,broadview ,persian walnut1 and after it leafed out it looked as if a fire had gone through it because of the dead wood4 ,however1 it is bearing thirteen nuts this year4 ,strange to say1 the black walnut trees did not suffer any winter injury 7the ,thomas1 set out in the spring of #aici1 having been injured in each previous winter71 except that the ,tasterite is barren of nuts this year against a pretty good crop last year4 ,however1 the ,thomas is bearing a fair crop1 but the nuts are smaller than usual4 ,while my hickory trees appeared to suffer no winter injury1 out of possibly two dozen that ,i have planted since #aici ,i expect to have only three left4 ,the number had dwindled to nine last year1 and six of those ,i am afraid will be dead by the end of next year4 ,these six had done well for six or seven years4 ,the cause appears to be poor circulation through the graft union4 ,this is unfortunate as ,i believe hickory trees will live and bear fruit in our climate4 ,i had the usual experience with filberts and hazelnuts1 namely that the catkins were1 for the most part1 ,winter killed4 ,there1 are no nuts on ,rush1 ,barcelona1 ,medium ,long1 or ,red ,lambert1 and the ,winkler bushes self-fertile--,ed4 which bore heavily last year 7although the nuts did not fully ripen71 are bearing only a few nuts this year4 ,native butternut trees last year bore a heavy crop of nuts4 ,this year1 the crop is very light4 ,as an experiment1 ,i planted three ,chinese chestnuts this spring3 ,abundance1 ,nanking1 and a straight line seedling4 ,although ,i haven't much hope that they will survive many winters1 ,i thought ,i would try them out4 ,several people have inquired about nut growing in ,new ,hampshire1 and ,i have sent them a resume of my experiences4 ,breeding ,chestnuts in the ,new ,york ,city ,area ,,alfred ,,szego1 ,jackson ,heights1 ,new ,york ,city ,part of a letter to the ,secretary1 ,october #bg1 #aidh4 ,i am one of those members who have not been able to attend annual meetings4 ,in the two or three years that ,i have been a member1 ,i have derived great enjoyment from reading the annual reports and receiving information through your news bulletin4 ,therefore1 when ,i received your improved bulletin1 ,the ,nutshell1 ,i felt that ,i and others like me should write and tell you how wonderful it is4 ,there is much that ,i just want to get off my chest4 ,my past criticism was that the organization was a bit lethargic4 ,but nut trees are slow in showing results1 despite the nurserymen's attractive visions of quick1 big harvests of nuts and even timber666 ,this slow patience of the black walnut has determined the tempo of much of the membership4 ,chestnut ,breeding ,efforts ,my main work is to attempt to breed two types of chestnuts3 7#a7 ,one that is very productive with a low head and will bear nuts like the old ,american chestnut4 7#b7 ,another that will make a good timber stick4 ,it is my theory that present chestnut breeders are crossing inferior material1 using any specimens that happen to be in flower at the right time as long as they represent the species to be crossed4 ,suppose they intend to cross ,c4 crenata x ,c4 dentata4 ,an average ,japanese chestnut is usually pollinated with flowers from a poor struggling sprout on the edge of the woods that has only one thing to recommend it4 ,that is an early bearing characteristic which is inherent1 but which1 according to experiments and observations ,i have tediously carried out1 is not totally due to ringing by the blight4 ,the experiment takes place and a few hybrid nuts are produced4 ,they are termed 7,c4 crenata x ,c4 dentata74 ,it is expected that the characteristics of the offspring will be somewhere between those of the two parents in blight resistance and nut size and quality4 ,but what of the grandparents1 the many ancestors of the ,american chestnut sprout that have not even the slight resistance of the sprout8 ,can they not express their characteristics and hand them1 down to their grandchildren8 ,and some individuals of ,c4 crenata are not reputed to be so highly blight resistant4 ,of course the scientists engaged in this work are men of the highest calibre and no doubt are aware of this1 but it is extremely difficult to obtain1 propagate1 and care for named varieties of the finest individuals of each chestnut species4 ,apple1 cherry1 and other fruit breeders would not dream of crossing common scrub cull fruit trees and expect any degree of success4 ,my first task when ,i began1 three years ago1 on my coppice growth #ce to #dj year old hardwood forest1 was to clear a little land and to begin planting different world species of ,castanea4 ,you would be astonished to find that it was impossible for me to obtain seed or trees1 at the time1 of ,c4 crenata1 ,c4 seguinii1 ,c4 pumila1 ,c4 henryi and ,c4 alnifolia4 ,i obtained some #bd seeds of ,c4 mollisima from ,dr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,graves1 for which ,i was grateful4 ,at the time he didn't have a good crop1 ,i think4 ,institutions and government agencies would not or did not like to release their newly developed hybrids for fear that ,i was a nurseryman or perhaps would sell them for blight resistant chestnuts1 although they were not yet proven4 ,experiment at ,pine ,plains ,by diligent search ,i managed to get a few trees and hybrids of ,c4 crenata and a variety 7seedling of7 called ,colossal4 ,these thrived and survived about #cj deg4 below zero under deep snow at ,pine ,plains1 ,new ,york4 ,i also set out #b bushes 7,c4 pumila7 obtained from ,harlan ,p4 ,kelsey1 ,east ,boxford1 ,massachusetts4 ,dr4 ,graves' seed gave fair germination1 and ,i now have seven nice young mollisimas from #h to #cj high4 ,of two three year old trees ,i obtained from a local nursery1 one died 7my fault7 from not reducing the top1 and the other died back to the ground from winterkill1 but came back again as sprouts4 ,i easily obtained seed of ,c4 sativa1 but the severe winter mowed the seedlings down and there are only two survivors4 ,one is smaller this year than last but the other is about #ad high and making slow1 straight growth4 ,the chinkapins are perfectly hardy and this year one of them made #c feet of growth4 ,i estimate that ,i have some #c1jjj to #d1jjj ,american chestnut sprouts that range anything from #a to #ah feet in height4 ,but more promising--,i have a cluster of fine young seedlings that ,i have been caring for4 ,all the woods were cleared away from them to give them plenty of light4 ,they are watered by the old hand bucket method in dry spells4 ,i report on them occasionally to ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt and ,mr4 ,russell ,b4 ,clapper of the ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,they are a faint ray of hope4 ,four of them are about from #ah to #bj feet tall4 ,one is about #i feet high4 ,one blighted and died two years ago and was removed4 ,another blighted at the base and ,i cut the canker out1 but ,i fear it's going4 ,one branch is dead and was removed4 ,the others developed strong blight resistance4 ,small cankers formed on the lower branches but did not make headway4 ,i cut some of these out and the trees healed nicely4 ,as the trees become older1 their resistance diminishes and the proof lies ahead4 ,one tree that ,i labeled ,no4 #a has about two dozen1 well healed ,endothia scars already4 ,the trees have not bloomed for me yet but ,i may have some results soon4 ,i intend to cross this clonal group with the following3 #a4 ,with ,c4 seguinii for greater blight resistance and productivity4 #b4 ,with ,c4 mollisima 7var4 ,abundance7 for blight resistance1 fine nuts of medium size1 and a good timber stick with good vigor4 #c4 ,with large ,japanese like ,austin1 and their hybrids like ,colossal1 for a medium size nut of fair quality and highly prolific for the general market for a cooking or roasting chestnut4 ,though many people dislike the ,japanese chestnuts1 they are at least productive and hardy 7at my place74 ,their chief attribute is their possibility as food for stock and wildlife4 ,some of the same people who dislike them 7among nurserymen7 recommend planting oaks which certainly do not compare with ,c4 crenata4 ,when a very sweet acorn is found it is proclaimed to be as good as ,japanese chestnut4 ,the ,chinese chestnut has its faults here4 ,it is not very thrifty in growth here and as a rule doesn't bear until late4 ,it is not very productive and the nuts spoil easily4 ,i have since planted much seed from the south and it often doesn't even get here in a viable condition4 ,assistance from ,beltsville ,my work has lately been facilitated by ,mr4 ,gravatt and ,mr4 ,clapper4 ,i visited them at ,beltsville and ,mr4 ,clapper personally toured the orchard with me at ,glenn ,dale1 showing me the kind of helpful courtesy that one never forgets and that is a tribute to these men4 ,some promising material was given to me which will greatly facilitate my work4 ,mr4 ,gravatt suggested the use of ,ammate as an experiment to poison trees that interfere with any ,american chestnut growth ,i wish to save4 ,the experiment is intended to eliminate the resulting sprouts that accompany girdling4 ,incidentally1 part of the experiment is to attempt to give light and cultivation and fertilizer to #ajj native chestnut sprouts in a four acre area4 ,i have some information on ,american chestnut sprouts that may be of interest to the membership4 ,in an endeavor to locate the best ,american material1 ,i have been combing the woods and thickets on ,long ,island1 in ,new ,jersey1 ,connecticut1 and parts of ,dutchess ,county1 ,new ,york 7the latter not extensively74 ,many thousands of sprouts were examined to discover the following3 ,their present status4 #a4 ,sprouts occur almost always in woodlands4 #b4 ,they reach their greatest height and are most luxuriant at the edge of woodlands or in clearings therein4 #c4 ,they rarely exceed #ae feet in height and reach a diameter of about three inches4 #d4 ,one in many hundreds1 and only where there is light in abundance1 will bear flowers4 #e4 ,one in many thousands bears female or pistillate flowers which sometimes produce blind or empty nuts4 ,unpollinated--,,ed4 #f4 ,rarely1 indeed very rarely1 are two flowering trees close enough to produce viable seed4 #g4 ,there are a few seedlings that are single stem upright trees 7no old stump in evidence7 that reach up to #bj and rarely #be or #cj feet in height with a diameter of #f or so4 7,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,clapper thinks it is probably due to the absence of an old1 infected stump that this greater height is reached47 #h4 ,ringing by the blight does not necessarily force the flowers and nuts4 ,the woodlands abound with chestnut sprouts in all stages of girdling without pollen or fruit4 ,when ,i have my trees in bearing1 ,i will be glad to furnish pollen and nuts from them to anyone that pursues the important work of trying to improve what ,i consider the most promising nut tree we yet know4 ,winter ,injury to ,nut ,trees at ,ithaca1 ,new ,york1 in the ,fall and ,winter of #aidg-dh ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,d,a,n,i,e,l,s and ,,damon ,,boynton1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the winter of #aidg-dh caused more damage to nut trees at ,ithaca1 ,new ,york1 than any since #aicc-cd4 ,it was a combination of a series of early freezes followed by sub-zero temperature in mid-winter4 ,apparently the most injury was done by the fall freezes4 ,these occurred on ,september #be1 #bf1 and #bg4 ,on each successive night the temperature dropped lower than the preceding1 and on ,september #bg was around #bj deg4,f4 ,there was considerable variation in temperature related to exposure1 air drainage conditions1 and other factors4 ,on ,west ,hill in ,ithaca the minimum temperature recorded on ,september #bg was #bc deg4,f4 ,injury to leaves and nuts was severe4 ,within a few days the leaves had shrivelled and dried on the trees4 ,it was apparent that this early freeze came before the abscission layers were formed in the leaf bases or growth matured4 ,ordinarily1 a hard freeze late in the season will cause the trees to drop the leaves the next day4 ,the nuts on the trees were frozen solid and mostly turned black within a few days and began to shrivel4 ,development was stopped1 with the result that the nuts on all varieties were very poorly filled4 ,the cavities appeared on first cracking to be full of kernel1 but on drying these shrunk so that they were practically valueless4 ,some of the nuts were planted in a nursery row in the fall and germinated fairly early1 showing viable embryos in spite of arrested development4 ,during the winter the temperature fell to -#be deg4,f1 a temperature which ordinarily would not damage black walnuts seriously4 ,it is impossible to separate the effect of the low winter temperatures from that of the early freeze in ,september4 ,in this location the net result of the early freeze and the severe winter was to kill vigorously growing grafts on the walnut trees4 ,also the cambium in the main crotches of a ,stambaugh tree with a trunk about #ad inches in diameter was killed4 ,this tree was destroyed in a windstorm in ,august1 #aidh1 but it is not clear that the breakage was related to the winter killing in #aidg-dh4 ,none of the trees now has a good crop1 which may be or may not be related to the frost in the fall4 ,it is entirely possible that failure to form blossom buds is caused either by killing of bud primordia or more likely by depletion of carbohydrate reserves due to the loss of leaves in early fall4 ,one seedling of ,carpathian walnut was not damaged seriously except for some slight terminal twig killing4 ,another tree1 however1 had most of the smaller branches killed4 ,hickories and chestnuts were apparently not seriously damaged but some seedlings of the ,japanese walnut were killed to the ground4 ,walnut and ,hickory ,plantings ,at the orchard of the ,department of ,pomology of ,cornell ,university there is a large collection of walnut and hickory varieties and other nut trees4 ,it is not known exactly what the temperatures were in this location but an exposed location half a mile distant had a minimum ,september temperature recorded of #bd deg4,f4 and minimum winter temperature of -#bj deg4,f4 ,the planting in question is on two levels and on a hillside4 ,the damage on the hillside and the upper level was relatively less than on the lowlands where apparently the air drainage was poor4 ,probably the temperature in the lowlands may have reached #bj deg4,f4 in ,september and -#be deg4,f4 in the winter4 ,at any rate1 the damage to the trees was much more severe than in the ,west ,hill location where the temperature reached #bc deg4,f4 in ,september4 ,injury to the black walnut on the higher land and on the hillside was mostly the killing back of the twigs and smaller branches4 ,on some trees1 the petioles of last year's leaves were still attached to the dead twigs late the following summer1 showing that the freeze occurred before the abscission layers had formed4 ,the dozen or more varieties of black walnut on the higher land showed little difference between them except that the ,elmer ,myers showed somewhat greater injury4 ,on the low ground1 many varieties including ,murphy1 ,edmunds1 ,benton1 ,ohio1 ,todd1 and ,stambaugh were killed to the ground or back to the main branches of the trunk4 ,of three ,thomas trees1 about #bj years old1 one was killed outright1 one severely injured1 and the other injured only in the twigs4 ,apparently the difference in these three trees was related to the size of the crop on the trees1 although no definite data are available on this point4 ,walnuts showing little or no injury were3 ,mintle and ,tasterite4 ,neither of these had had a crop in #aidg4 ,many of the varieties of hickory were injured as was the native bitternut1 ,carya cordiformis4 ,this injury consisted mostly of the killing back of the lower limbs and twigs with some varieties being killed outright4 ,killing of the lower limbs as compared with the tops of the trees is probably related to lower temperatures near the ground due to temperature inversion and possibly to the fact that the lower branches were somewhat weaker in their growth4 ,this sort of injury is common with fruit trees4 ,on the higher ground the ,chinese chestnut trees planted some #bj years ago showed considerable injury4 ,about #ej of them were killed and others were damaged in the lower branches4 ,chestnut trees in this planting had all survived the cold winter of #aicc-cd1 with winter temperatures below -#cj deg4,f41 so that it is probable that the early freeze of ,september #bg was responsible for their death4 ,japanese walnut seedlings again showed great difference in hardiness1 the more tender seedlings killing to the ground and others showing little damage4 ,northern pecans on higher ground showed severe damage1 the killing extending to the trunk and larger limbs4 ,the variety ,burlington1 which is a hybrid1 pecan x shagbark1 showed little injury4 ,in a planting of several hundred seedling black walnut trees in another location the temperature on ,september #bg was probably around #ah-bj deg4,f4 ,about #bj of the trees were killed to the ground4 ,these trees were growing under a sod mulch1 were not overly vigorous1 and for the most part had not come into fruiting4 ,in the #aidg-dh winter about half of the sweet cherries in the ,pomology orchard were killed and peaches were severely injured4 ,no injury was apparent on apple trees4 ,weather conditions such as occurred in #aidg-dh1 though unusual1 are to be expected occasionally in the latitude of ,ithaca1 and in fact throughout the northern states4 ,apparently the fall freeze was widespread as it was almost impossible to obtain any black walnuts that were of any value4 ,some of the specimens received from other sources obviously had been frozen4 ,the possibility of such damage might well be a deterrent on planting black walnuts in any considerable acreage as a commercial venture in the north4 ,the experience of the past year certainly emphasizes the fact that as yet our knowledge of varieties is incomplete and also that the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association has much work to do in either locating or developing varieties of greater hardiness or with growth characteristics which provide early maturity and thus immunity from early frost damage4 ,what ,came ,through the ,hard ,winter in ,ontario ,,george ,,hebden ,,corsan1 ,islington1 ,ontario ,for winter killing of trees ,i refer you to the winter of #aidg-dh4 ,i had a huge elm and a very tall white ash killed4 ,a lot of black walnuts and heartnuts and some ,persian 7,english7 walnuts were killed back the length of last year's growth4 ,some ,persian walnuts were killed to the ground while others were not even nipped off of a bud4 ,very strange to say1 my best ,persian walnut---whose shell is very thin1 whose meats are very sweet and fat1 the tree itself a fast grower1 prolific and self-pollenizing--not only did not show a sign of trouble but actually had a crop of most excellent nuts4 ,these trees only will ,i distribute in future1 as well as my two types of ,rumanian ,giants4 ,the ,rumanian ,giants did show a little winter killing of two or three inches of the tips and showed up poorly on the crop size4 ,i find that all my ,russian walnuts ,j4 regia1 probably ,carpathian--,ed4 run true to seed--no bitter nuts as from north ,china4 ,they evidently planted the sweet nuts only1 thus eliminating the bitter types2 they knew and practiced no budding or grafting in that part of ,russia4 ,astounding to say1 filberts came through last winter in excellent shape1 but the terrible1 cold1 late spring1 froze all male blossoms but those of the ,jones ,hybrid types1 which ,i have from seeds ,i sowed4 ,these latter yielded a good crop of nuts as did ,brixnut seedlings4 ,not a butternut on a tree nor a beechnut6 ,some black walnuts were loaded while others were quite empty4 ,and so ,i predicted--last ,september--a mild1 open winter with some cold days4 ,his prediction was good for his locality4--,ed4 ,my ,senator ,pepper hybrid 7butternut x heartnut cross7 had a crop but my ,david ,fairchild had some empty and some full4 ,my ,mitchell hybrid had a good crop and1 believe me1 this nut is far away ahead of the ,mitchell heartnut and up against the world for cracking out clean4 ,it will equal an almond1 and as for taste1 it is so far ahead of a ,brazil nut that the ,brazil nut would rank ,d #c beside it4 ,i still believe in seed planting1 even for speed of eventual growth4 ,last ,october ,i climbed up a black walnut tree ,i planted in mid-,world ,war ,i4 ,from the top of it ,i looked away down to the tops of electric power poles6 ,filberts ,grow in ,vermont ,,joseph ,n4 ,,collins1 ,r4,f4,d4 ,no4 #c1 ,putney1 ,vermont ,fifteen years ago ,i set out a few hundred nut trees and bushes4 ,the ,chinese chestnuts are not doing very well1 as they needed more attention than ,i could give them4 ,honeylocusts1 in this climate1 require more time4 ,at present ,i can report only on seedling filberts4 ,the seeds for these plants were collected from the four corners of the world4 ,some of the seedlings perished1 lots of them were discarded as unworthy4 ,at present ,i am setting out two acres of the ones that stood up well under the test4 ,the filbert 7,corylus avellana7 is a bush #ae to #bj feet tall and the bushes should be planted #bj to #be feet apart4 ,it doesn't mind partial shade1 requires no spraying and very little pruning4 ,like the red raspberry1 it is easily propagated by suckers4 ,most of my bushes started producing when they were four years old and now in their fourteenth year1 drop about #ae pounds of large fine nuts each ,september4 ,they stand up well under the rigorous ,vermont climate1 at an elevation of #a1jjj feet4 ,knowing as much about their growing habits as ,i do1 ,i believe that a steady winter with plenty of snow on the ground and a late spring that isn't fickle1 is well suited for filbert growing in the ,northeast4 ,the need for wind protection and good air and water drainage cannot be over-emphasized4 ,there are a few reasons why ,i should advise against growing filberts in tree fashion--with a single trunk1 as they are mostly grown on the ,west ,coast4 ,the catkins of the filbert develop during the summer1 lie dormant through the winter1 and shed their pollen very early in the spring4 ,should the temperature fall as low as -#ce deg4,f1 the catkins winterkill4 ,to overcome this shortcoming1 ,i bend down and peg to the ground1 in the late fall1 a few slim shoots with dormant catkins1 so that the snow1 or some other mulching material supplied when there is insufficient snow1 will cover and protect the catkins from winterkilling4 ,by the end of ,march1 after a stretch of fair weather1 two tiny red tongues appear at the tips of some of the leaf buds4 ,these are the pollen catching parts of the pistillate flowers4 ,if the winter was kind1 the filbert bushes will be a riot of golden catkins1 shedding their pollen4 ,if the catkins remain dormant when the pistillate flowers bloom1 they have been winterkilled1 and the bent down reserves have to be called up4 ,these being protected during the winter1 on being bent back to their original position1 will come into bloom in a few days1 pollenizing the waiting pistillate flowers4 ,bees eagerly seek this1 one of the earliest pollens4 ,the now fertilized flowers1 which always stayed inside the buds1 go back to sleep for about two months2 they are safe from the ,north ,easter1 from late freezes1 or from snow4 ,when filberts are grown naturally1 that is with many shoots from the ground1 it is easy to harvest them by shaking the slender shoots4 ,i hand hoed my bushes for the first three years1 and gave them a permanent mulch over the whole area1 adding some material each year4 ,i am inclined to believe that part of my success with filberts is due to mulching4 ,in the middle of summer1 ,i apply a #d cover of low grade hay1 and in the fall ,i again cover the ground with fallen leaves4 ,due to the ideal conditions thus created 7optimum temperature and moisture7 for soil bacteria and earthworms1 this material is entirely digested4 ,the mulching material almost disappears by the middle of the next summer1 indicating vigorous biological activity4 ,by this time a new layer of mulch is spread1 completing the cycle4 ,late in the fall a load of manure is heaped in the middle of the plantation as an earthworm refuge4 ,this heap is scattered early in the spring4 ,light applications of wood ashes and super-phosphate are given yearly1 late in the fall4 ,in conclusion1 ,i wish to state that selected varieties of filbert nuts can be grown in the ,northeast4 ,hybrids between the ,american and ,european filbert are good growers and producers1 although ,i find that the flavor of the nut isn't as good as that of the pure avellana4 ,i would advise the planting of a dozen bushes by each of a great number of persons further to prove the possibilities of growing this specific nut in the ,new ,england area1 also to promote the idea of growing both feed and food on trees and bushes4 ,report of ,necrology ,committee ,c4 ,e4 ,,schuster ,carl ,e4 ,schuster1 horticulturist with the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture stationed on the ,oregon ,state ,college campus and generally recognized as the nation's foremost authority on filbert production1 died ,february #f1 #aidh1 in ,corvallis as a result of a heart attack4 ,at the time of his death1 he was #eh4 ,associated with the ,northwest's growing nut industry for more than #cj years1 he was recognized for his outstanding contributions to filbert and walnut production4 ,one of his first and most outstanding developments was related to the pollination requirements of filbert trees4 ,after research proved the common commercial filbert variety1 the ,barcelona1 was self-sterile1 he recommended to filbert growers that they plant ,du,chilly1 ,daviana and ,white ,aveline filbert trees with their ,barcelona to insure complete pollination4 ,full crops resulted4 ,organized ,summer ,tours ,for approximately #bj years prior to #aida1 he served as secretary-treasurer of the ,western ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,in this capacity he assisted in starting the summer tours which have been carried on continuously since4 ,he helped guide the ,association through its early years to a position of importance among the commodity groups of the state4 ,in #aida1 he was forced to relinquish his office as a result of the enactment of a federal regulation4 ,at this time1 he was given an honorary life membership in the ,association4 ,in recent years1 he devoted major attention to orchard management with emphasis on fertilization and general nutrition needs of nut trees4 ,in this work he co-operated with ,dr4 ,r4 ,e4 ,stephenson at ,oregon ,state ,college4 ,their outstanding development was in the field ,of boron deficiency in walnuts4 ,walnut production of many orchards1 they discovered1 could be increased two and three fold by the addition of borax fertilizer4 ,the presence of snake heads or sprouts in summer walnut growth and die-back or winter kill noticeable in some walnut trees during the winter months are now generally recognized as signs of boron deficiency4 ,wrote ,many ,nut ,articles ,other work in walnuts proved that fertilizer applications can and do pay4 ,prior to this work with resulting fertilizer recommendations1 many walnut growers had not made heavy enough applications on certain soil types and felt that fertilizers were not worthwhile in walnut production4 ,mr4 ,schuster was the author of many articles pertaining to nut culture4 ,in the #aj years he was on the staff of the college horticulture department before entering federal service1 he made an outstanding record in teaching and research4 ,with other scientists he worked in developing a successful pollination program for cherries4 ,this work was carried on after it was determined that the three leading cherry varieties1 ,royal ,ann1 ,bing1 and ,lambert1 were all self-sterile and intersterile4 ,a native of ,ohio1 he came to ,oregon in #aiab to attend ,oregon ,state ,college after having completed two years at ,ohio ,wesleyan4 ,he received a ,b4,s4 degree in agriculture in #aiad and two years later1 #aiaf1 received his master's degree4 ,he joined the college staff three years later and remained until #aibi1 when he took the federal position he held until his death4 ,he was a veteran of ,world ,war ,i1 having served as an infantry second lieutenant4 ,he was a member of ,alpha ,zeta ,sigma ,xi1 and ,gamma ,sigma ,delta honor societies and was a life-long member of the ,evangelical church1 which has since merged with the ,united ,brethren church4 ,he is survived by ,mrs4 ,schuster and four children1 ,charles1 ,robert and ,margaret--all ,oregon ,state ,college students1 and ,flora1 a high school student4 ,a brother1 ,dr4 ,earl ,j1 ,schuster1 lives at ,tillamook4--,reprinted from ,better ,fruit magazine4 ,,mrs4 ,,laura ,,selden ,,ellwanger ,mrs4 ,laura ,selden ,ellwanger1 member of one of ,rochester's pioneer families1 died at her home1 #eaj ,east ,avenue1 ,rochester1 ,new ,york on ,september #a1 #aidh1 after a short illness4 ,she was the widow of ,william ,d4 ,ellwanger1 whose father1 ,george ,ellwanger1 was a co-founder of the ,ellwanger ,barry ,nursery ,company4 ,her brother1 ,george ,b4 ,selden1 was inventor of the gasoline automobile1 and her father1 ,henry ,r4 ,selden1 was a ,new ,york ,state ,court of ,appeals judge and one-time lieutenant governor of the state4 ,mrs4 ,ellwanger was the last survivor of #ab children in the ,selden family4 ,her maternal grandfather1 ,dr4 ,abel ,baldwin1 settled in ,clarkson in #ahaa1 just a year before ,rochester was founded4 ,she was born in a house on the land now occupied by the ,highland ,hospital4 ,one of her sisters1 ,louise1 was the wife of ,maj4 ,gen4 ,elwell ,c4 ,otis1 former governor of the ,philippine ,islands4 ,mrs4 ,ellwanger spent many summers at her home1 ,brookwood1 in ,ontario1 ,wayne ,county4 ,she was honorary president of the ,rochester ,female ,charitable ,society1 one of the city's oldest organizations1 and a member of the ,rochester ,historical ,society1 ,the ,rochester ,garden ,club1 ,genesee ,valley ,club1 and the ,rochester ,rose ,society4 ,she is survived by a daughter1 ,mrs4 ,kenneth ,h4 ,field1 of ,rochester2 two granddaughters1 ,mrs4 ,john ,f4 ,weis1 ,jr41 of ,new ,york ,city1 and ,mrs4 ,edwin ,,ii1 ,atwood1 ,jr41 ,rochester1 and four great-grandchildren4 7,the above1 is from a ,rochester newspaper clipping4--,ed47 ,m4 ,m4 ,,kaufman 7,the secretary received the following letter from ,mrs4 ,m4 ,m4 ,kaufman1 dated ,march #ag1 #aidi47 ,i regret to advise you that my husband1 ,m4 ,m4 ,kaufman 7,clarion1 ,pennsylvania71 a member of the ,association for many years1 died ,march #c1 #aidh4 ,my husband was a strong1 conservationist and always appreciated the work of the ,nut ,growers4 ,in continuing his interests1 ,i should like to join the ,association1 and ,i am enclosing my check for #h4jj to cover dues of #c4jj4444 and #e4jj as a contribution in my husband's name for furthering the work of the group4 ,,norman ,b4 ,,ward ,norman ,b4 ,ward1 a new member1 with offices at #hff ,hanna ,bldg41 ,cleveland #ae1 ,ohio1 was reported deceased in ,september1 #aidh4 ,no obituary notice has been received for him4 ,attendance ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,harrisburg ,pennsylvania ,mrs4 ,r4 ,p4 ,allaman1 ,harrisburg ,pennsylvania ,stephen ,bernath1 ,poughkeepsie1 ,new ,york ,mrs4 ,stephen ,bernath1 ,poughkeepsie1 ,new ,york ,charles ,b4 ,berst1 ,erie1 ,pennsylvania ,frank ,b4 ,blow1 ,norris1 ,tennessee ,gertrude ,r4 ,blow1 ,norris1 ,tennessee ,mrs4 ,l4 ,c4 ,brann1 ,knoxville1 ,tennessee ,john ,t4 ,bregger1 ,clemson1 ,south ,carolina ,carroll ,d4 ,bush1 ,eagle ,creek1 ,oregon ,j4 ,edwin ,caruthers1 ,alpine1 ,tennessee ,wm4 ,s4 ,clarke1 ,jr41 ,dept1 of ,horticulture1 ,state ,college1 ,pennsylvania ,b4 ,c4 ,cobb1 ,norris1 ,tennessee ,miss ,mary ,r4 ,cochran1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio ,c4 ,e4 ,connally1 ,roanoke1 ,virginia ,mrs4 ,c4 ,e4 ,connally1 ,roanoke1 ,virginia ,thomas ,s4 ,cox1 #ajc ,hotel ,avenue1 ,knoxville4 #ah1 ,tennessee ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 #fhbb ,pineway1 ,hyattsville1 ,maryland ,frank ,b4 ,cross1 ,oklahoma ,a ,m ,college1 ,stillwater1 ,oklahoma ,mrs4 ,frank ,b4 ,cross1 ,stillwater1 ,oklahoma ,w4 ,h4 ,cummings1 ,fountain ,city1 ,tennessee ,mrs4 ,w4 ,h4 ,cummings1 ,fountain ,city1 ,tennessee ,helen ,e1 ,davidson1 #bcd ,e4 ,second ,st41 ,xenia1 ,ohio ,john ,davidson1 ,xenia1 ,ohio ,margaret ,davidson1 ,xenia1 ,ohio ,elora ,donnelly1 ,hoboken1 ,new ,jersey ,john ,h4 ,donnelly1 ,hoboken1 ,new ,jersey ,brooks ,d4 ,drain1 ,knoxville1 ,tennessee ,martin ,d4 ,ehlmann1 ,st4 ,charles1 ,missouri ,mrs4 ,martin ,d4 ,ehlmann1 ,st4 ,charles1 ,missouri ,r4 ,w4 ,fisher1 ,west ,plains1 ,missouri ,a4 ,e4 ,france1 ,charleston1 ,west ,virginia ,wilbert ,m4 ,frye1 ,pleasant ,dale1 ,west ,virginia ,f4 ,c4 ,galle1 ,dept1 of ,horticulture1 ,univ4 of ,tenn41 ,knoxville1 ,tennessee ,h4 ,r4 ,gibbs1 #hjc ,william ,st41 ,front ,royal1 ,virginia ,mrs4 ,bessie ,j4 ,gibbs1 #hjc ,william ,st41 ,front ,royal1 ,virginia ,jack ,godwin1 ,signal ,mountain1 ,tennessee ,g4 ,h4 ,gordon1 ,union1 ,south ,carolina ,dr4 ,edward ,a4 ,grad ,family1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt1 ,plant ,industry ,station1 ,beltsville1 ,maryland4 ,dr4 ,clyde ,gray1 ,horton1 ,kansas ,g4 ,a4 ,gray1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio ,john ,l4 ,gray1 ,raleigh1 ,north ,carolina ,henry ,gressel1 ,mohawk1 ,new ,york ,mrs4 ,henry ,gressel1 ,mohawk1 ,new ,york ,earl ,c4 ,haines1 ,shanks1 ,west ,virginia ,max ,hardy1 ,sr41 ,albany1 ,georgia ,mrs4 ,max ,hardy1 ,sr41 ,albany1 ,georgia ,max ,hardy1 ,jr41 ,albany1 ,georgia ,hubert ,harris1 ,auburn1 ,alabama ,john ,f4 ,hatmaker1 ,norris1 ,tennessee ,agnes ,v4 ,hendricks1 ,knoxville1 ,tennessee ,a4 ,g4 ,hirschi1 #dad ,n4 ,robinson ,st41 ,oklahoma ,city1 ,oklahoma ,c4 ,f4 ,hostetter1 ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania ,mrs4 ,c4 ,f4 ,hostetter1 ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania ,bruce ,howell1 ,sweetwater1 ,tennessee ,c4 ,b4 ,howell1 ,jr41 ,knoxville1 ,tennessee ,lilian ,jenkins1 ,norris1 ,tennessee ,denman ,a4 ,jones1 ,walnut ,grove ,farms1 ,parkesburg1 ,pennsylvania ,g4 ,s4 ,jones1 ,rt4 ,i1 ,box #adj1 ,phenix ,city1 ,alabama ,mrs4 ,tinman ,w4 ,jones1 ,walnut ,grove ,farm1 ,parkesburg1 ,pa4 ,raymond ,kays1 ,oklahoma ,a ,m ,college1 ,stillwater1 ,oklahoma ,j4 ,b4 ,kingrohm1 ,knoxville1 ,tennessee ,g4 ,j4 ,korn1 #adj ,n4 ,rose ,st41 ,kalamazoo1 ,michigan ,ira ,m4 ,kyhl1 ,sabula1 ,iowa ,e4 ,w4 ,lemke1 ,detroit #ad1 ,michigan ,r4 ,c4 ,lorenz1 ,fremont1 ,ohio ,mrs4 ,r4 ,c4 ,lorenz1 ,fremont1 ,ohio ,w4 ,w4 ,magill1 ,lexington1 ,kentucky ,d4 ,e4 ,manges1 ,norris1 ,tennessee ,j4 ,c4 ,moore1 ,auburn1 ,alabama ,r4 ,g4 ,moore1 ,dept1 of ,hort41 ,v4 ,p4 ,i41 ,blacksburg1 ,va4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,moss1 ,williamsburg1 ,kentucky ,john ,t1 ,mullins1 ,renfro ,valley1 ,kentucky ,h4 ,o4 ,murphy1 ,chattanooga1 ,tennessee ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,ithaca1 ,new ,york ,mrs4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,ithaca1 ,new ,york ,frances ,c4 ,mac,daniels1 ,ithaca1 ,new ,york ,f4 ,j4 ,mc,cauley1 #bcc ,west ,erie ,st41 ,chicago #aj1 ,illinois ,elizabeth ,l4 ,mc,collum1 ,white ,hall1 ,maryland ,blaine ,mc,collum1 ,white ,hall1 ,maryland ,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 #djc ,state ,office ,bldg41 ,nashville #c1 ,tenn4 ,mrs4 ,herbert ,negus1 ,mt1 ,rainier1 ,maryland ,james ,r4 ,oakes1 ,bluffs1 ,illinois ,royal ,oakes1 ,bluffs1 ,illinois ,mrs4 ,vincent ,l4 ,odum1 ,san ,diego1 ,california ,robert ,e4 ,ogle1 ,tenn4 ,experiment ,sta41 ,knoxville1 ,tennessee ,f4 ,l4 ,o',rourke1 ,east ,lansing1 ,michigan ,e4 ,l4 ,overholser1 ,dept4 of ,hort41 ,v4 ,p4 ,i41 ,blacksburg1 ,virginia ,roger ,w4 ,pease1 ,morgantown1 ,west ,virginia ,gordon ,porter1 ,windsor1 ,ontario1 ,canada ,sara ,m4 ,potts1 ,knoxville1 ,tennessee ,carl ,prell1 ,south ,bend1 ,indiana ,edna ,m4 ,pritchett1 #hjc ,william ,st41 ,front ,royal1 ,virginia ,ralph ,h4 ,quick1 ,lesage1 ,west ,virginia ,g4 ,b4 ,rhodes1 ,route #b1 ,covington1 ,tennessee ,mrs4 ,g4 ,b4 ,rhodes1 ,route #b1 ,covington1 ,tennessee ,ralph1 ,richterkessing1 ,r4 ,r4 #a1 ,st4 ,charles1 ,missouri ,mrs4 ,ralph ,richterkessing1 ,r4 ,r4 #a1 ,st4 ,charles1 ,missouri ,david ,richterkessing1 ,r4 ,r4 #a1 ,st4 ,charles1 ,missouri ,john ,rick1 ,reading1 ,pennsylvania ,w4 ,jobe ,robinson1 ,route #g1 ,jackson1 ,tennessee ,mrs4 ,w4 ,jobe ,robinson1 ,route #g1 ,jackson1 ,tennessee ,dr4 ,wm4 ,l4 ,rohrbacher1 #haa ,east ,college ,st41 ,iowa ,city1 ,iowa ,mrs4 ,wm4 ,l4 ,rohrbacher1 #haa ,east ,college ,st41 ,iowa ,city1 ,iowa ,ralph ,schreiber1 ,sr41 #bde ,cherry ,st41 ,new ,albany1 ,indiana ,ralph ,schreiber1 ,jr41 #bde ,cherry ,st41 ,new ,albany1 ,indiana ,t4 ,l4 ,senn1 ,clemson1 ,south ,carolina ,w4 ,a4 ,shadow1 ,decatur1 ,tennessee ,maurice ,e4 ,shamer1 ,m4 ,d4 ,son1 ,baltimore1 ,maryland ,sylvester ,shessler1 ,genoa1 ,ohio ,mrs4 ,e4 ,d4 ,shipley1 ,knoxville1 ,tennessee ,g4 ,b4 ,shivery1 ,knoxville1 ,tennessee ,raymond ,e4 ,silvis1 ,massillon1 ,ohio ,frances ,simpson1 ,norris1 ,tennessee ,george ,l4 ,slate1 ,geneva1 ,new ,york ,barbara ,sly1 ,rockport1 ,indiana ,donald ,r4 ,sly1 ,indiana ,nut ,nursery1 ,rockport1 ,indiana ,louesa ,m4 ,sly1 ,rockport1 ,indiana ,raymond ,e4 ,sly1 ,rockport1 ,indiana ,sterling ,smith1 #fcj ,w4 ,south ,st41 ,vermilion1 ,ohio ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,roanoke1 ,virginia ,mrs4 ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,roanoke1 ,virginia ,bernard ,m4 ,taylor1 ,alpine1 ,tennessee ,clifford ,r4 ,von ,gundy1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio ,ford ,wallick1 ,peru1 ,indiana ,arthur ,weaver1 #ccci ,south ,st41 ,toledo1 ,ohio ,harry ,r4 ,weber1 ,morgan ,road1 ,rt4 #a1 ,cleves1 ,ohio ,mrs4 ,martha ,r4 ,weber1 ,morgan ,road1 ,rt4 #a1 ,cleves1 ,ohio ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 ,indiana ,nut ,nursery1 ,rockport1 ,indiana ,mrs4 ,r4 ,allen ,williams1 ,chicago1 ,illinois ,william ,j4 ,wilson1 ,fort ,valley1 ,georgia ,mrs4 ,william ,j4 ,wilson1 ,fort ,valley1 ,georgia ,t4 ,g4 ,zarger1 ,norris1 ,tennessee ,mrs4 ,t4 ,g4 ,zarger1 ,norris1 ,tennessee ,mrs4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimmerman1 ,harrisburg1 ,pennsylvania ,membership ,listings ,miss ,helen ,lewis1 of the secretary's office1 has corrected the following alphabetical list of members by states and countries1 up to ,may #a1 #aidi1 and further additions up to press time will be added below ,wisconsin1 if space permits4 ,we are listing also the members' occupations1 so far as they have been furnished1 and ask that other members who want them listed include this information when they pay their dues for the coming year4 ,please check on your own listing now1 and notify the secretary if any correction in the name or address 7including zone number7 should be made4 ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association ,membership ,list as of ,may #a1 #aidi 99,life ,member 9999,honorary ,member ,,alabama ,campbell1 ,r4 ,d41 ,route #a1 ,stevenson4 ,farmer1 mine operator4 ,dean1 ,charles ,c41 ,route #c1 ,box #bbj1 ,anniston ,orr1 ,lovic1 ,route #a1 ,danville4 ,farmer1 chestnut and peach grower1 merchant4 ,,arkansas ,clawitter1 ,a4 ,t41 ,route #c1 ,box #baj1 ,little ,rock ,hale1 ,a4 ,c41 ,route #b1 ,box #cbb1 ,camden ,van ,arsdale1 ,d4 ,n41 ,route #d1 ,berryville ,williams1 ,jerry ,f41 ,viola ,winn1 ,j4 ,b41 ,west ,fork ,,california ,armstrong ,nurseries1 #djh ,n4 ,euclid ,avenue1 ,ontario4 ,general nurserymen1 plant breeders4 ,gaston1 ,eugene ,t41 ,route #b1 ,box #gga1 ,turlock4 ,nut nurseryman1 ,turlock ,nursery ,haig1 ,dr4 ,thomas ,r41 #ccdd ,h4 ,street1 ,sacramento4 ,surgeon ,kemple1 ,w4 ,h41 #baf ,west ,ralston ,street1 ,ontario4 ,nurseryman1 plant1 breeder and research horticulturist4 ,nicholson1 ,thomas ,b41 #ajag ,n4 ,ophir ,street1 ,stockton ,parsons1 ,charles ,e41 ,felix ,gillett ,nursery1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ajbf1 ,nevada ,city4 ,nurseryman4 ,pozzi1 ,p4 ,h41 #bhge ,south ,dutton ,avenue1 ,santa ,rosa ,serr1 ,e4 ,f41 ,agri4 ,experiment ,station1 ,davis4 ,associate ,pomologist4 ,walter1 ,e4 ,d41 #hii ,alameda1 ,berkeley ,welby1 ,harry ,s41 #ejj ,buchanan ,street1 ,taft4 ,private ,corporation ,horticulture4 ,williams1 ,edward ,l41 ,sheepranch ,,canada ,brown1 ,alger1 ,route #a1 ,harley1 ,ontario4 ,farmer4 ,cahoon1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,b41 #ccc ,o',connor ,drive1 ,toronto #f1 ,ontario ,casanave1 ,john ,a41 #bji ,patterson ,rd41 ,lulu ,island1 ,vancouver1 ,b4 ,c4 ,cornell1 ,r4 ,s41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,byron1 ,ontario ,corsan1 ,george ,h41 ,echo ,valley1 ,islington1 ,ontario4 ,nurseryman1 nut breeder4 ,crisp1 ,dr4 ,allan ,g41 ,suite #bjd1 #afj ,eloor ,street ,west1 ,toronto1 ,ontario ,elwood1 ,h41 #gh ,trans ,canada ,highway ,west1 ,chilliwack1 ,b4 ,c4 ,nurseryman4 ,english1 ,h4 ,a41 ,box #aec1 ,duncan1 ,b4 ,c4 ,farmer1 fruit and nut grower4 ,filman1 ,o41 ,aldershot1 ,ontario4 ,fruit and vegetable grower4 ,gellatly1 ,j4 ,u41 ,box #ai1 ,westbank1 ,b4 ,c4 ,plant breeder4 ,fruit grower nurseryman4 ,giegerich1 ,h4 ,c41 ,con-,mine1 ,trail1 ,b4 ,c4 ,goodwin1 ,geoffrey ,l41 ,route #c1 ,st4 ,catherines1 ,ontario4 ,fruit grower4 ,harrhy1 ,ivor ,h41 ,route #a1 ,burgessville1 ,ontario ,housser1 ,levi1 ,rt4 ,no4 #a1 ,beamsville1 ,ontario1 ,fruit farmer4 ,maillene1 ,george1 ,r4 ,r4 #a1 ,saanichton1 ,b4 ,c4 ,manten1 ,jacob1 ,route #a1 ,white ,rock1 ,b4 ,c4 99,neilson1 ,mrs4 ,ellen1 #e ,macdonald ,avenue1 ,guelph1 ,ontario ,papple1 ,elton ,e41 ,route #c1 ,cainsville1 ,ontario ,porter1 ,gordon1 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,harrow1 ,ontario4 ,chemist ,snazelle1 ,robert1 ,forest ,nursery1 ,dept4 of ,industry ,resources1 #adj ,cumberland ,st41 ,charlotteville1 ,p4 ,e4 ,i4 ,trayling1 ,e4 ,j41 #fji ,richards ,street1 ,vancouver1 ,b4 ,c4 ,jeweller4 ,wagner1 ,a4 ,s41 ,delhi1 ,ontario ,wharton1 ,h4 ,w41 ,route #b1 ,guelph1 ,ontario4 ,farmer4 ,willis1 ,a4 ,r41 ,route #a1 ,royal ,oak1 ,vancouver ,island1 ,b4 ,c4 ,young1 ,a4 ,h41 ,portage ,la ,prairie1 ,manitoba ,young1 ,a4 ,l41 ,brooks1 ,alta4 ,,connecticut 99,deming1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c41 #ca ,s4 ,highland1 ,west ,hartford #g4 7,dean of the ,association7 ,giesecke1 ,paul4 ,r4,f4,d4 #c1 ,pinewood ,road1 ,stamford4 ,physicist4 ,graham1 ,mrs4 ,cooper1 ,darien ,graves1 ,dr4 ,arthur ,h41 #bee ,south ,main ,street1 ,wallingford ,consulting ,pathologist1 ,conn4 ,agr4 ,expt4 ,station1 ,new ,haven1 ,connecticut4 99,huntington1 ,a4 ,m41 ,stanerigg ,farms1 ,bethel ,mc,sweet1 ,arthur ,clapboard ,hill ,road ,guilford4 ,industrial ,engineer4 99,newmaker1 ,adolph1 ,route #a1 ,rockville ,pratt1 ,george ,d41 ,jr41 ,bridgewater ,white1 ,george ,f41 ,route #b1 ,andover ,,delaware ,brugman1 ,elmer ,w41 #aijd ,washington ,street1 ,wilmington4 ,chemical ,engineer4 ,wilkins1 ,lewis1 ,route #a1 ,newark4 ,fruit grower4 ,,denmark ,granjean1 ,julie1 ,hillerod4 7,see ,new ,york47 ,knuth1 ,count ,f4 ,m41 ,knuthenborg1 ,bandholm ,,district ,,of ,,columbia ,american ,potash ,institute1 ,inc41 #aaee-afth ,st41 ,n4,w41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,borchers1 ,perry ,e41 #acbi ,quincy ,street1 ,n4,w41 ,washington #aa1 ,d4 ,c4 ,civil ,engineer4 ,ford1 ,edwin ,l41 #cfcd ,austin ,st41 ,n4,e41 ,washington #bj4 ,graff1 ,george ,u41 #bdb ,peabody ,street1 ,n4 ,w41 ,washington1 #aa1 ,d4 ,c4 ,kaan1 ,dr4 ,helen ,w41 ,national ,research ,council1 #baja ,constitution ,ave41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,research ,associate4 9999,reed1 ,c4 ,a41 #gcji ,piney ,branch ,road1 ,n4 ,w41 ,washington #ab1 ,d4 ,c4 ,nut ,culturist4 ,,ecuador ,,south ,,america ,colwell1 ,p4 ,a41 ,institute of ,inter-,american ,affairs1 c_/o ,american ,embassy1 ,quito4 ,,florida ,avant1 ,c4 ,a41 #ifj ,n4 ,w4 #ajth ,avenue1 ,miami4 ,pecan grower4 ,estill1 ,gertrude1 #aec ,navarre ,drive1 ,miami ,springs4 ,general ,manager4 ,,georgia ,eidson1 ,g4 ,clyde1 #agjj ,westwood ,ave41 ,s4,w41 ,atlanta ,hammar1 ,dr4 ,harold ,e41 ,u4 ,s4 ,pecan ,field ,station1 ,box #hd1 ,albany4 ,chemist1 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,hardy1 ,max1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #abh1 ,leeland ,farms1 ,leesburg4 ,nurseryman1 farmer4 ,hobsen1 ,james1 ,jasper ,hunter1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,reid4 #efa ,lake ,shore ,drive1 ,n4 ,e41 ,atlanta4 ,teacher and farmer4 ,neal1 ,homer ,a41 ,neal's ,nursery1 ,rt4 #a4 ,carnesville4 ,farmer1 nurseryman4 ,noland1 ,s4 ,c41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #agdg1 ,atlanta #a4 ,owner of 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,greenacres ,bush1 ,carroll ,d41 ,grapeview4 ,chestnut grower and shipper4 ,denman1 ,george ,l41 #acai ,east ,nina ,avenue1 ,spokane #aj4 ,dairyman4 ,eliot1 ,craig ,p41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #aeh1 ,shelton4 ,electrical ,engineer1 part time farmer4 ,hyatt1 ,l4 ,w41 #bhbf ,west ,la ,crosse1 ,spokane #ab ,kling1 ,william ,l41 ,route #b1 ,box #bcj1 ,clarkston ,knight1 ,j4 ,c41 ,w4 #gbc ,sinto ,avenue1 ,spokane #ab4 ,retired4 ,latterell1 ,misa ,ethel1 ,greenacres ,linkletter1 ,f4 ,d41 ,route #b1 ,box #gbb1 ,mercer ,island ,naderman1 ,g4 ,w41 ,route #a1 ,box #cha1 ,olympia ,shane ,brothers1 ,vashon ,shepard1 ,will1 ,chelan ,falls ,tuttle1 ,lynn1 ,nursery1 ,the ,heights1 ,clarkston ,,wisconsin ,cox1 ,irvin ,w41 ,p4,o4 ,box #bfcb1 ,west ,allis ,koelsch1 ,norman1 ,jackson ,ladwig1 ,c4 ,f41 #bbba ,st4 ,lawrence1 ,beloit ,mortensen1 ,m4 ,c41 #baag ,stanson ,avenue1 ,racine ,talbot1 ,harold ,w41 ,rt4 #g1 ,hex #aih1 ,milwaukee #ac ,,new ,,members ,,added ,,since ,,may #a1 #aidi ,carlisle1 ,francis1 #hai ,second ,street1 ,s4,e41 ,new ,philadelphia1 ,ohio ,gehring1 ,rev4 ,titus1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ffh1 ,grants1 ,new ,mexico ,keathly1 ,jack1 ,marland1 ,oklahoma ,koeferl1 ,alots ,j41 #bhce ,north #bjth ,st41 ,milwaukee #f1 ,wisconsin ,o',brien1 ,howard ,c41 #be ,irvington ,street1 ,boston #af1 ,massachusetts ,spears1 ,ernest ,g41 #dcbf ,forest ,avenue1 ,norwood #ab1 ,ohio ,warnecke1 ,martin ,h41 #gad ,s4 ,first ,avenue1 ,maywood1 ,illinois 99 99 99 99 99 ,subscribers and ,standing ,library ,orders ,brooklyn ,botanic ,garden ,library1 #ajjj ,washington ,avenue1 ,brooklyn #be1 ,n4 ,y4 ,clemson ,college ,library1 ,clemson1 ,south ,carolina4 ,cornell ,university1 ,college of ,agriculture ,library1 ,ithaca1 ,new ,york4 ,detroit ,public ,library1 #ebja ,woodward ,avenue1 ,detroit #b1 ,michigan4 ,jones1 ,g4 ,s41 ,route #a1 ,phenix ,city1 ,alabama4 ,library1 ,university of ,miami1 ,coral ,gables #cd1 ,florida4 ,library1 ,university of ,new ,hampshire1 ,durham ,n4 ,h4 ,oregon ,state ,college ,library1 ,corvallis1 ,oregon4 ,peachy1 ,enos ,d41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #bb1 ,belleville1 ,pennsylvania4 ,rhode ,island ,state ,college1 ,library ,dept41 ,green ,hall1 ,kingston1 ,rhode ,island 7membership74 ,rutgers ,university2 ,agricultural ,library1 ,nichol ,ave41 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j4 ,st4 ,louis ,public ,library1 ,olive1 #acth and #adth ,streets1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,missouri4 ,,exhibits ,,at ,,the ,,norris ,,meeting1 #aidh ,noah ,abernathy1 ,marble1 ,north ,carolina4 ,chinese chestnuts4 ,benton ,smith ,nut ,tree ,nursery1 ,wassaic1 ,new ,york4 ,shagbark hickories1 hybrid hickory1 ,persian walnut4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,dunstan1 ,greensboro ,college1 ,grensboro1 ,north ,carolina4 ,persian walnuts4 ,a4 ,g4 ,hirschi1 ,oklahoma ,city1 ,oklahoma4 ,pecans1 black walnuts1 heartnut1 ,carpathian ,persian walnut1 ,chinese chestnuts1 ,oriental persimmons4 ,jaynes ,hobson1 ,jasper1 ,georgia4 ,chinese chestnuts4 ,howell ,nurseries1 ,sweetwater1 ,tennessee4 ,chinese chestnuts1 ,japanese chestnut4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,s4 ,jones1 ,phenix ,city1 ,alabama4 ,chinese chestnuts4 ,g4 ,j4 ,korn1 ,kalamazoo1 ,michigan4 ,shagbark hickories1 shellbark hickory1 black walnuts1 butternut1 collection of photographs4 ,r4 ,c4 ,lorenz1 ,fremont ,ohio4 ,pecan1 ,persian walnut4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,moss1 ,williamsburg1 ,kentucky4 ,black walnuts1 ,persian walnut1 pecans1 shellbark hickory1 ,chinese chestnut1 filbert4 ,new ,york ,state ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,geneva1 ,new ,york4 ,turkish tree hazel2 ,chinese tree hazel1 native hazel1 ,european hazels1 hybrid hazels1 black x ,persian hybrid walnut4 ,g4 ,b4 ,rhodes1 ,covington1 ,tennessee4 ,pecans1 heartnut1 ,persian walnut4 ,dr4 ,aubrey ,richards1 ,whiteville1 ,tennessee4 ,chinese and hybrid chestnuts1 heartnuts1 black walnuts4 ,sylvester ,shessler1 ,genoa1 ,ohio4 ,persian walnuts1 black walnuts1 heartnut4 ,h1 ,f4 ,stoke1 ,roanoke1 ,virginia4 ,persian walnuts1 black walnuts1 butternuts1 heartnuts1 shellbark hickory1 shagbark hickory1 filberts1 ,chinese1 ,japanese and hybrid chestnuts1 hybrid hazels1 graft unions1 photographs4 ,,tva ,forestry ,relations ,department 7,norris ,nursery71 ,norris1 ,tennessee4 ,large collections of black and seedling ,persian walnuts2 ,chinese chestnuts1 heartnuts1 filberts1 ,american hazel1 pecans1 shellbark hickory1 ,oriental persimmons4 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,pecan ,station1 ,albany1 ,georgia4 ,named varieties of ,chinese chestnut4 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 ,rockport1 ,indiana4 ,pecans4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,willett1 ,elmore1 ,ohio4 ,heartnuts4 ,william ,j4 ,wilson1 ,fort ,valley1 ,georgia4 ,black walnut1 hican4 7,list compiled by ,h4 ,f4 ,stoke7 ,,announcements #djth ,annual ,meeting at ,beltsville1 ,maryland ,september #f1 #g and #h1 #aidi ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,plant ,industry ,station1 ,beltsville1 ,maryland1 is chairman of the local arrangements and program committees for the #djth ,annual meeting this year1 to be held at ,beltsville1 a suburb of ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,other committee members are listed in the front of this volume2 ,they will welcome your suggestions on things to be included in the program and the tour near ,washington4 ,members will receive the advance program4 ,older ,reports of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,inc41 ,are ,available ,the ,association1 which was organized in #aiaj1 has published a report of its annual meeting each year except two1 beginning with #aiaa4 ,sets of reports lacking only volumes for #aibc1 #aibe1 #aibf1 #aice1 #aidj1 #aida1 and #aidd may still be purchased1 ,these sets1 consist of #bi reports through #aidh and contain over #chjj pages of material pertaining to nut culture in many stated and ,canada4 ,the price of the set of available reports is #ab4jj4 7,a very few complete sets through ,vol4 #ci1 including an index to the first #cj volumes1 are available to agricultural and other libraries only at #ag4jj74 ,single numbers are #a4jj each1 except the current number and the preceding one3 #aidh at4 #c4jj and #aidg at #b4jj each4 ,orders should be sent to the secretary accompanied by remittances made payable to the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,inc4 ,libraries and other institutions desiring to receive the reports regularly without the bother of ordering them every year may have their names placed on a special mailing list to receive each report regularly when published4 ,a bill for #b4jj will accompany the #aidi report1 when sent to such institutions4 ,other ,publications on ,nut ,growing #a4 ,bush1 ,carrol ,d4 ,nut ,grower's ,handbook4 ,orange ,judd ,publishing ,company1 ,new ,york1 #aida4 #b4ej4 #b4 ,smith1 ,j4 ,russell4 ,tree ,crops1 ,a ,permanent ,agriculture4 ,revised edition on schedule for #aidi publication4 ,inquire of author at ,swarthmore1 ,pa4 #c4 ,smith1 ,j4 ,russell1 ,how to ,graft ,nut ,trees4 ,may be purchased from ,walnut ,lane ,press1 ,swarthmore1 ,pa4 ,illustrated with diagrams4 #i pp4 #be;c4 #d4 ,smith1 ,j4 ,russell4 ,the ,planting1 ,fertilization and ,care of ,nut ,trees and ,persimmon ,trees4 ,available from ,sunny ,ridge ,nursery1 ,swarthmore1 ,pa41 price #be;c4 #e4 ,reed1 ,c4 ,a4 ,nut ,tree ,propagation4 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture ,farmers' ,bul4 #aeja4 ,for sale only4 #e;c 7coin7 from ,supt4 of ,documents1 ,u4 ,s4 ,government ,pointing ,office1 ,washington #be1 ,d4 ,c4 #f4 ,mattoon1 ,w4 ,r4 ,reed1 ,c4 ,a4 ,planting ,black ,walnuts4 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture ,leaflet #hd4 ,free from ,department of ,agriculture2 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #g4 ,moznette1 ,g4 ,f4 et al4 ,insects and ,diseases of the ,pecan and their ,control4 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture-,farmers' ,bul4 #ahbi4 ,may be had from ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #h4 ,sitton1 ,b4 ,g4 ,akin1 ,e4 ,o4 ,grafting ,wax ,melter1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department ,leaflet #bjb4 ,free from ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #i4 ,sitton1 ,b4 ,g4 ,pecan ,grafting ,methods and ,waxes4 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture ,circ4 #ede4 ,may be had from ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #aj4 ,sitton1 ,b4 ,g4 ,vegetative ,propagation of the ,black ,walnut4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,tech4 ,bul4 ,no4 #aai4 ,sept41 #aica4 ,available from ,michigan ,state ,college1 ,e4 ,lansing4 #aa4 ,mac,daniels1 ,l4 ,h4 ,nut ,growing4 ,cornell ,univ4 ,ext4 ,bul4 #gja4 ,from ,college of ,agriculture1 ,ithaca1 ,new ,york4 #ab4 ,haseman1 ,l4 ,the ,walnut ,caterpillar4 ,missouri ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #dah4 #ac4 ,talbert1 ,t4 ,j4 ,nut ,tree ,culture in ,missouri4 ,mo4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ded4 ,may be had from ,agr4 ,exp4 ,station1 ,columbia1 ,mo4 #ad4 ,schuster1 ,c4 ,e4 ,filberts4 ,oregon ,state ,college ,ext4 ,bul4 #fbh4 ,may be had from ,oregon ,state ,college1 ,corvallis1 ,oregon4 #ae4 ,schwartze1 ,c4 ,d4 ,filbert ,culture4 ,washington ,state ,col4 ,ext4 ,bul4 #bfc4 ,may be had from ,extension ,service1 ,washington ,state ,college1 ,pullman1 ,wash4 #af4 ,sherman1 ,l4 ,w4 and ,ellenwood1 ,g4 ,w4 ,topworking and ,bench-grafting ,walnut ,trees4 ,special ,circ4 #fi4 ,may be had from ,agr4 ,exper4 ,sta41 ,wooster1 ,ohio4 #ag4 ,slate1 ,g4 ,l4 ,filberts4 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,agr4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,cir4 #aib4 ,free from ,experiment ,station1 ,geneva1 ,n4 ,y4 #ah4 ,,ddt to ,control ,pecan ,weevil4 ,multigraphed1 #aidh4 ,available free from ,division of ,horticulture1 ,tenn4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,nashville #c1 ,tenn4 #ai4 ,blake1 ,m4 ,a4 and ,edgerton1 ,l4 ,j4 ,experience with ,blight ,resistant ,chestnuts in ,new ,jersey4 ,bul4 #gag ,n4 ,j4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,sta41 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j4 #bj4 ,yerkes1 ,guy ,e4 ,propagation of ,trees and ,shrubs4 ,u4,s4,d4,a4 ,farmers' ,bul4 ,no4 #aefg1 available from ,supt4 of ,documents1 ,u4 ,s4 ,gov't ,printing ,office1 ,washington #be1 ,d4 ,c41 price #aj;c 7coin74 #ba4 ,cox1 ,john ,a41 et al4 ,top ,working ,pecan ,trees4 ,ext4 ,circ4 #bji4 ,available free from ,louisiana ,state ,university1 ,university1 ,louisiana4 #bb4 ,hilton1 ,r4 ,j4 ,frameworking ,fruit ,trees4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #acf of the ,dominion ,department of ,agriculture4 ,available from ,dominion ,department of ,agriculture1 ,ottawa1 ,ontario1 ,canada4 7,framework grafting technique is adapted to top-working large seedling nut trees74 #bc4 ,snyder1 ,john ,c4 ,pollination of ,tree ,fruits and ,nuts4 ,ext4 ,bul4 #cdb4 ,washington ,state ,college1 ,pullman1 ,washington4 #bd4 ,smith1 ,gilbert ,l4 ,practical ,nut ,growing4 #fj pp4 illus4 #a4ej from author1 ,wassaic1 ,n4 ,y4 ,note3 ,in addition to the above publications1 the horticultural departments of many state and provincial agricultural experiment stations and agricultural colleges have free circulars or bulletins listing the recommended varieties of fruit and nut trees for their areas4 ,the prospective tree planter is advised to place more reliance on the local recommendations 7where available7 than on those from distant states where the soils1 the climate1 and the adapted varieties may be quite different4 ,the ,,nnga list of some nurseries which sell hardy1 named varieties of nut trees is revised each winter4 ,the secretary1 will send copies of the next revision free on request4--,j4 ,c4 ,mc,daniel1 ,sec'y41 ,nashville #c1 ,tenn4