,,nor!rn ,,nut ,,gr[]s ,,association 7,,incorporat$7 ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,proce$+s ,,at ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,annual ,,meet+ ,,new ,,york ,,city ,,septemb] #c1 #d & #e1 #aibd ,,cont5ts ,(fic]s & ,committees ( ! ,association #c ,/ate ,vice-,presid5ts #d ,memb]s ( ! ,association #e ,con/itution #aj ,by-,laws #ac ,proce$+s ( ! ,fifte5? ,annual ,conv5tion #ae ,secret>y's ,report #ae ,treasur]'s ,report #ah ,address--,dr4 ,britton #ai ,reports f ,/ate ,vice-,presid5ts #bj-cj ,top ,work+ ,hickories 9 ! ,nor?--,w4 ,c4 ,dem+ #cb ,notes on ,m$iate & ,imm$iate ,graft+ at ,all ,times ( ! ,ye>--,r4 ,t4 ,morris #dd ,/ocks ,= ,hickories--,w4 ,g4 ,bixby #dh ,! ,se>* = ,blight-resi/+ ,*e/nut ,spr\ts--,j4 ,f4 ,coll9s #eg ,protection ( ,w\nds 9 ,nut ,trees--,j4 ,f4 ,coll9s #fa ,a ,h>angue on ! ,nut ,situation 9 ,i[a--,s4 ,w4 ,snyd] #fe ,"s ( ! ,m ,important ,insects ,attack+ ,nor!rn ,nuts--,fr$ ,e4 ,brooks #fh ,develop+ a ,nut ,indu/ry 9 ! ,nor!a/--,g4 ,a4 ,zimm]man #ge ,transplant+ ,nut ,trees--,w4 ,g4 ,bixby #gh ,h]$ity 9 ,trees & ,plants--,a4 ,f4 ,blakeslee #ha ,progress ,report on ,nut ,culture 9 ,canada--,j4 ,a4 ,neilson #hh ,notes by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,s4 ,colby #ic ,address by ,pr(4 ,mac,daniels #ii ,nut ,tree ,crops z a ,"p ( ,p]man5t ,agriculture ,)\t ,pl[+--,j4 ,r4 ,smi? #ajc ,notes at ,mr4 ,bixby's ,nut ,or*>ds & ,nurs]ies1 ,baldw91 ,n4 ,y4 #ajg ,exhibits at ! ,h\se ( ,w4 ,g4 ,bixby #aac ,notes ,tak5 at ,m]ribrooke1 ,dr4 ,morris' ,e/ate ,ne> ,/am=d1 ,conn4 #aad ,am5dm5t to ,by-,laws #aba ,nuts--,r4 ,s4 ,copel& #abe ,h>d9ess 9 ,nut ,trees--,c4 ,a4 ,re$ #abg ,walnut ,graft+ ,inve/igations--,t4 ,j4 ,talb]t #ace ,c>e & ,prep>ation ( ,nuts = ,se$ ,purposes--,e4 ,r4 ,lake #acg ,exhibits #adj ,memb]s ,pres5t #adb ,,(fic]s ,,( ,,! ,,association ,presid5t ,,h>ry ,r4 ,,web]1 ,g]ke ,build+1 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio ,vice-,presid5t ,,mrs4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,ellwang]1 #eaj ,ea/ ,av5ue1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,secret>y ,c4 ,a4 ,,re$1 ,box #dhe ,pa4 ,ave4 ,/ation1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,assi/ant ,secret>y ,,mrs4 ,b4 ,w4 ,,gahn1 #dhe ,pa4 ,ave4 ,/ation1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,treasur] ,h4 ,j4 ,,hilli>d1 ,s\nd ,view1 ,conn4 ,,directors ,,h>ry ,r4 ,,web]1 ,,dr4 ,,robt4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,,will>d ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,dem+1 ,,james ,s4 ,,mcgl5non ,,committees ,audit+--,,mrs4 ,,k>l ,w4 ,,gre5e1 ,p4 ,h4 ,o',,connor ,executive--,,h>ry ,r4 ,,web]1 ,,mrs4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,ellwang]1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,re$1 ,h4 ,j4 ,,hilli>d1 ,w4 ,s4 ,,l9ton1 ,j4 ,s4 ,,mcgl5non ,f9ance--,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,dem+ ,hybrids--,,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,,h[>d ,,sp5ce ,memb]%ip--,,h>ry ,r4 ,,web]1 ,h4 ,d4 ,,sp5c]1 ,,dr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,smi?1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,olcott1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,j4 ,a4 ,,neilson1 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,dem+1 ,j4 ,w4 ,,h]%ey ,nom5clature--,c4 ,a4 ,,re$1 ,,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones ,press & ,publications--,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,dem+1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,m4 ,g4 ,,ka9s ,program--,,h>ry ,r4 ,,web]1 ,f4 ,a4 ,,b>tlett1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,re$1 ,,dr4 ,,robt4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,a4 ,s4 ,,colby ,promis+ ,se$l+s--,c4 ,a4 ,,re$1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,j4 ,a4 ,,neilson1 ,s4 ,w4 ,,snyd] ,,/ate ,,vice-,,presid5ts ,arkansas ,pr(4 ,n4 ,f4 ,drake ,univ4 ( ,arkansas1 ,fayetteville ,cali=nia ,w ,j4 ,?orpe #aede ,divisad]o ,/41 ,san ,francisco ,canada ,james ,a4 ,neilson ,hort4 ,exp4 ,/a41 ,v9el&1 ,ont>io ,*9a ,p4 ,w4 ,wang ,sec'y ,k9san ,arboretum1 #adg ,n4 ,se*uan ,road1 ,%anghai ,connecticut ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+ #ihc ,ma9 ,/41 ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 ,di/4 ( ,columbia ,k>l ,w4 ,gre5e ,ridge ,road1 ,n4 ,w41 ,wa%+ton ,engl& ,h[>d ,sp5ce ,! ,r$ ,h\se1 ,a9sdale1 ,s\?port ,georgia ,j4 ,m4 ,patt]son ,putney ,ill9ois ,h5ry ,d4 ,sp5c] ,decatur ,indiana ,j4 ,f4 ,wilk9son ,rockport ,i[a ,s4 ,w4 ,snyd] ,c5t] ,po9t ,kansas ,james ,%>p ,c\ncil ,grove ,m>yl& ,p4 ,h4 ,o',connor ,b[ie ,massa*usetts ,c4 ,l]oy ,cleav] #dif ,commonweal? 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,ave41 ,ro*e/] ,solley1 ,dr4 ,john ,b41 #ifh ,lex+ton ,ave41 ,new ,york ,city ,teele1 ,ar?ur ,w41 #abj ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,tuck]1 ,geo4 ,b41 #aaj ,h>v>d ,/41 ,ro*e/] ,voll]ts51 ,conrad1 #cge ,gregory ,/41 ,ro*e/] ,wall]1 ,p]cy1 #bhd ,c\rt ,/41 ,ro*e/] ,wile1 ,m4 ,e41 #iee ,h>v>d ,/41 ,ro*e/] ,wissman1 ,mrs4 ,f4 de ,r41 ,we/*e/]1 ,new ,york ,city ,wyck(f1 ,e4 ,l41 ,aurora ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a ,hut*+s1 ,miss ,l4 ,c41 ,p9e ,bluff ,mat!ws1 ,c4 ,d41 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 ,raleigh ,,ohio ,beatty1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,l41 ,r\te #c1 ,croton ,road1 ,c5t]burg ,coon1 ,*>les1 ,groveport ,dayton1 ,j4 ,h41 7,/orrs ,h>rison71 ,pa9esville ,fickes1 ,w4 ,r41 ,woo/]1 ,r4 ,no4 #f ,h9n51 ,dr4 ,g4 ,a41 #acdc ,delta ,ave41 ,c9c9nati ,neff1 ,wm4 ,n41 ,m>tel 99,web]1 ,h>ry ,r41 #abc ,ea/ #f? ,/41 ,c9c9nati ,,p5nsylvania ,al?\se1 ,c4 ,scott1 #edj ,pe> ,/41 ,read+ ,baum1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,l41 ,boy]t[n ,bohn1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,w41 #bd ,no4 #i? ,/41 ,read+ ,boy ,sc\ts ( ,am]ica1 ,read+ ,davis1 ,miss ,e4 ,w41 ,walnut ,lane & ,odg5 ,ave41 ,sw>?more1 ,p5nsylvania4 7#aibc74 ,druckemill]1 ,w4 ,h41 #ca ,n4 #d? ,/41 ,sunbury ,fritz1 ,ammon ,p41 #ce ,e4 ,frankl9 ,/41 ,ephrata ,gribbel1 ,mrs4 ,john1 ,wyncote ,h]%ey1 ,john ,w41 ,e4 ,d[n+t[n ,hess1 ,elam ,g41 ,manheim ,hile1 ,an?ony1 ,curw5sville ,j5k9s1 ,*>les ,francis1 ,f>m ,j\rnal1 ,philadelphia 99,jones1 ,j4 ,f41 ,lanca/]1 ,box #ebg ,kaufman1 ,m4 ,m41 ,cl>ion ,lea*1 ,w1 ,cornell ,build+1 ,scranton ,mellor1 ,alfr$1 #aeb ,w4 ,walnut ,lane1 ,g]mant[n1 ,philadelphia ,m9ick1 ,c4 ,g41 ,ridgway ,pad51 ,riley ,w41 ,enon ,valley ,patt]son1 ,j4 ,e41 #gg ,nor? ,frankl9 ,/41 ,wilkes-,b>re ,pratt1 ,ar?ur ,h41 ,k5nett ,squ>e 99,rick1 ,john1 #dch ,p5n ,squ>e1 ,read+ ,rose1 ,william ,j41 #ee ,nor? ,we/ ,/41 ,c>lisle ,ru%1 ,j4 ,g41 #fcj ,?ird ,/41 ,lanca/] ,sm$ley1 ,samuel ,l41 ,newton ,squ>e1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a ,smi?1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell1 ,sw>?more ,wilhelm1 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,a41 ,cl>ion 99,wi/]1 ,john ,c41 ,cl>kson & ,wi/] ,/s41 ,g]mant[n ,zimm]man1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,a41 ,piket[n ,,rhode ,,isl& ,all51 ,philip1 ,provid5ce ,,t5nessee ,waite1 ,j4 ,w41 ,norm&y ,,utah ,smi?1 ,joseph ,a41 ,edgewood ,hall1 ,provid5ce ,,v]mont ,aldri*1 ,a4 ,w41 ,spr+field1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #c ,ellis1 ,z5as ,h41 ,fair ,hav5 ,holbrook1 ,f4 ,c41 ,battleboro ,,virg9ia ,g\ld1 ,ka!r9e ,clemons1 ,boonsboro1 ,c>e ( ,c4 ,m4 ,daniels1 via ,lyn*burg1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #d ,h>ris1 ,d4 ,s41 ,roselawn1 ,capital ,l&+ ,road1 ,williamsburg1 ,r4 #c ,hopk9s1 ,n4 ,s41 ,dixondale ,jordan1 ,j4 ,h41 ,bohannon ,moock1 ,h>ry ,c41 ,roanoke1 ,r\te #e ,,wa%+ton ,b]g1 ,d4 ,h41 ,nooksack ,turk1 ,ri*>d ,h41 ,wa%\gal ,,we/ ,,virg9ia ,brooks1 ,fr$ ,e41 ,fr5* ,creek ,cannaday1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,e41 ,*>le/on1 ,box #fic ,h>tzel1 ,b4 ,f41 ,%eph]d/[n ,mi%1 ,a4 ,f41 ,inwood ,,wiscons9 ,hold51 ,dr4 ,l\is ,edw>d1 ,beloit 99 ,life ,memb]4 ,,con/itution ,,article ,i ,"n4 ,?is society %all be kn[n z ! ,,nor!rn ,,nut ,,gr[]s ,,association4 ,,article ,,ii ,object4 ,its object %all be ! promotion ( int]e/ 9 nut-be>+ plants1 _! products & _! culture4 ,,article ,,iii ,memb]%ip4 ,memb]%ip 9 ! society %all be op5 to all p]sons :o desire to fur!r nut culture1 )\t ref]5ce to place ( resid5ce or nationality1 subject to ! rules & regulations ( ! committee on memb]%ip4 ,,article ,,iv ,(fic]s4 ,!re %all be a presid5t1 a vice-presid5t1 a secret>y & a treasur]1 :o %all be elect$ by ballot at ! annual meet+2 & an executive committee ( six p]sons1 ( :i* ! presid5t1 ! two la/ retir+ presid5ts1 ! vice-presid5t1 ! secret>y & ! treasur] %all be memb]s4 ,!re %all be a /ate vice-presid5t f ea* /ate1 dep5d5cy1 or c\ntry repres5t$ 9 ! memb]%ip ( ! association1 :o %all be appo9t$ by ! presid5t4 ,,article ,v ,election ( ,(fic]s4 ,a committee ( five memb]s %all be elect$ at ! annual meet+ = ! purpose ( nom9at+ (fic]s = ! foll[+ ye>4 ,,article ,,vi ,meet+s4 ,! place & "t ( ! annual meet+ %all be select$ by ! memb]%ip 9 session or1 9 ! ev5t ( no selection be+ made at ?is "t1 ! executive committee %all *oose ! place & "t = ! hold+ ( ! annual conv5tion4 ,su* o!r meet+s z may seem desirable may be call$ by ! presid5t & executive committee4 ,,article ,,vii ,quorum4 ,t5 memb]s ( ! association %all con/itute a quorum1 b mu/ include two ( ! f\r elect$ (fic]s4 ,,article ,,viii ,am5dm5ts4 ,?is con/itution may be am5d$ by a two-?irds vote ( ! memb]s pres5t at any annual meet+1 notice ( su* am5dm5t hav+ be5 read at ! previ\s annual meet+1 or a copy ( ! propos$ am5dm5t hav+ be5 mail$ by any memb] to ea* memb] ?irty days be=e ! date ( ! annual meet+4 ,,by-,,laws ,article ,i ,committees4 ,! association %all appo9t /&+ committees z foll[s3 ,on memb]%ip1 on f9ance1 on programme1 on press & publication1 on nom5clature1 on promis+ se$l+s1 on hybrids1 & an audit+ committee4 ,! committee on memb]%ip may make recomm5dations to ! association z to ! discipl9e or expulsion ( any memb]4 ,,article ,,ii ,fees4 ,annual memb]s %all pay ?ree doll>s annually1 or f\r doll>s & a half includ+ a ye>'s subscription to ! ,am]ican ,nut ,j\rnal4 ,contribut+ memb]s %all pay t5 doll>s annually1 ?is memb]%ip includ+ a ye>'s subscription to ! ,am]ican ,nut ,j\rnal4 ,life memb]s %all make "o paym5t ( fifty doll>s1 & %all be exempt f fur!r dues4 ,honor>y memb]s %all be exempt f dues4 ,,article ,,iii ,memb]%ip4 ,all annual memb]%ips %all beg9 ei!r ) ! fir/ day ( ! cal5d> qu>t] foll[+ ! date ( jo9+ ! association1 or ) ! fir/ day ( ! cal5d> qu>t] prec$+ t date z may be arrang$ betwe5 ! new memb] & ! ,treasur]4 ,,article ,,iv ,am5dm5ts4 ,by-laws may be am5d$ by a two-?irds vote ( memb]s pres5t at any annual meet+4 ,,article ,v ,memb]s %all be s5t a notification ( annual dues at ! "t !y are due1 & if n paid )9 two mon?s1 !y %all be s5t a second notice1 tell+ !m t !y are n 9 good /&+ on acc\nt ( non-paym5t ( dues1 & are n entitl$ to receive ! annual report4 ,at ! end ( ?irty days f ! s5d+ ( ! second notice1 a ?ird notice %all be s5t notify+ su* memb]s t unless dues are paid )9 t5 days f receipt ( ?is notice1 _! names w be dropp$ f ! rolls = non-paym5t ( dues4 ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,proce$+s at ! ,,fifte5? ,,annual ,,conv5tion ( ! ,,nor!rn ,,nut ,,gr[]s' ,,association1 ,,inc4 ,septemb] #c1 #d & #e1 #aibd ,held 9 ! ,,museum ,,( ,,! ,,botanical ,,g>d5s ,,bronx ,,p>k1 ,,new ,,york ,,city ,,excursions ,baldw91 ,long ,isl&1 ,sept4 #d ,/am=d1 ,connecticut1 ,sept4 #e ,*airman--,,presid5t ,,h>ry ,r4 ,,web] ,,fir/ ,,day--,,morn+ ,,session ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,! meet+ w please be 9 ord]1 & we w h ! secret>y read 8 report4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,secret>y's ,report = #aibd4--;,f\rte5 ye>s ago1 on ,novemb] #ag1 #aiaj1 two wom5 & t5 m51 se]s & prophets1 met = organization 9 ?is build+ at ! invitation ( ,dr4 ,n4 ,l4 ,britton1 at t "t & n[1 ,director ( ! ,new ,york ,botanic ,g>d5s4 ,we meet "h aga9 today by reason ( 8 unfail+ k9dness4 ,( ! twelve p]sons pres5t at t fir/ meet+1 ?ree are "h aga91 ,dr4 ,britton1 ,dr4 ,morris & myself1 & two are kn[n to be dead1 ,pr(4 ,craig ( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 & ,mr4 ,h5ry ,hales1 ( ,ridgewood1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,! association has held an annual conv5tion ea* ye> ( its exi/5ce except dur+ ! w>1 9 #aiah1 :5 no =mal meet+ 0 held4 ,an annual report has be5 publi%$ e ye>1 except t ! report ( ! proce$+s ( ! fir/ meet+ 0 incorporat$ 9 ! report ( ! second meet+1 & ! n9? report1 t = #aiah1 has n yet be5 issu$4 ,! pres5t secret>y has held ! (fice e ye> except 9 #aiah & #aiai1 dur+ milit>y s]vice1 :5 ,mr4 ,bixby took 8 place4 ,f an educational & sci5tific /&po9t ,i ?9k ! association may be said to h fulfill$ cr$itably its orig9al decl>ation ( purpose1 ! promotion ( int]e/ 9 nut-be>+ plants1 _! products & _! culture4 ,_m *oice nuts h be5 br\ght to notice & p]petuat$4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( nurs]ies :]e graft$ nut trees ( *oice v>ieties may be obta9$ has be5 enc\rag$4 ,! art ( graft+ & propagat+ nut trees has be5 br\ght to a high degree ( success by memb]s ( ! association4 ,exp]im5tal or*>ds1 bo? ( transplant$ nurs]y trees & ( topwork$ native trees1 h be5 e/abli%$ 9 widely sep>at$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,act+ on ! sugge/ion & reque/ ( memb]s ( ! association1 ,mr4 ,olcott e/abli%$ ! ,am]ican ,nut ,j\rnal1 "o ( ! mo/ important ( our accompli%m5ts4 ,f9ally1 & p]haps be/ ( all1 a numb] ( horticultural in/itutions h tak5 up s]i\sly ! /udy ( nut culture & ! plant+ ( exp]im5tal or*>ds4 ,te/imony to ?is w be f\nd 9 lett]s to be read by ! secret>y & 9 ! pres5ce on our program today ( repres5tatives ( sev]al horticultural & o!r in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,i believe t ! association c take cr$it to itself = hav+1 by its publications & o!r means ( influ5ce1 9 l>ge degree br\ght ab\t ?is int]e/ & action4 ,z = any comm]cial success 9 nut-gr[+1 br\ght ab\t by our activities1 :5 we comp>e nut-gr[+ 9 our field ) pecan-gr[+ 9 ! ,s\?1 & ) walnut1 almond1 & p]haps filb]t-gr[+1 on ! ,pacific ,coa/1 our results are meagre inde$4 ,( c\rse comm]cial production1 ! build+ ( a new indu/ry ( food supply = ! p1 is our ultimate goal4 ,:y are our results 9 ?is direction1 aft] f\rte5 ye>s ( ef=t1 s small8 ,is x because we h devot$ ourselves too exclusively to ! sci5tific & educational aspects ( our problems & neglect$1 ei!r f ov]-cauti\sness or f in]tia1 to enc\rage comm]cial plant+s8 ,!re are "s ( our memb]s :o ?9k t we h4 ,!y say t we %\ld h be5 bold] 9 assur+ p ( success to be atta9$ 9 nut tree plant+4 ,z = me ,i d n ?9k t we h be5 too cauti\s4 ,we :o are s accus$1 c po9t to ! disa/r\s results ( foll[+ ! advice ( comm]cially int]e/$ p]sons1 results :i* h _h mu* to d ) ret>d+ & disc\rag+ nut plant+ & c\nt]act+ ! labors ( our association4 ,b n[1 h[ev]1 ,i believe t we h rea*$ a /ate ( k :]e we c confid5tly recomm5d ! comm]cial plant+ ( nut or*>ds4 ,we recomm5d ! ,indiana pecan 9 _m /ates2 ! improv$ black walnuts ov] a mu* wid] area1 & ! *e/nut 9 _m localities :]e x is n a native tree4 ,! top-work+ ( native hickories & black walnuts also c be confid5tly recomm5d$4 ,9 e case1 h[ev]1 ! adaptability ( ! k9d ( nut to ! locality %\ld be pass$ ^u by an exp]t4 ,9 e case1 also1 ev5 9 t ( top-work+ native hickories & walnuts1 intellig5t & g5]\s c>e is ess5tial = any degree ( comm]cial success4 ,x is probable also1 t ! plant+ ( ! ,european filb]t c be recomm5d$ "u conditions ( intellig5t c>e4 ,n[ :at ( ! association's future8 ,! field is b\ndless b ! work+ ca% is want+4 ,fai? is unlimit$ b works are condition$ by want ( appeal to comm]cial p[]s4 ,x is almo/ a vici\s circle1 no comm]cial appeal no money1 no money no developm5t to appeal to comm]ce4 ,b we d make progress & x is accel]at$ progress4 ,9 "t we mu/ necess>ily arrive at our goal4 ,our l9es ( advance are sket*$ out & our progress along ^! l9es dep5ds on ! en]gy ( ! work]s & ! means ) :i* !y h to "w4 ,i %all ask ! association to e/abli% a rule z to :5 memb]s are 9 good /&+ & :5 !y %\ld be dropp$ f ! rolls = non-paym5t ( dues4 ,i %all also ask = a cle> und]/&+1 9 ! =m ( an am5dm5t to ! by-laws1 on ! "q ( annual dues & _! comb9ation ) ! ,am]ican ,nut ,j\rnal4 ,x is desirable t we h a rul+ z to a fiscal ye>4 ,! delay 9 ! issuance ( ! annual report 0 due to my unwill+ness to contract debts = ! paym5t ( :i* funds 7 n 9 sight4 ,! treasur]'s report w %[ t we h a surplus 9 ! treasury to date ( ab\t #ej4 ,! report ( ! treasur] is too long to be read at ?is "t1 s ,i w simply repeat t x %[s on h& a ca% surplus ( #ej4 ,i w turn ! detail$ report ov] to ! audit+ committee = _! action4 ,,treasur]',s ,,report ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,acc\nts ,,( ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,nut ,,gr[]s' ,,association ,,f ,,oct4 #c1 #aibc1 ,,to ,,aug4 #ca1 #aibd1 ,,bo? ,,inclusive ,,note--,ow+ to delay 9 mails1 ! report giv5 bel[ is a lat] "o ?an t us$ by ! secret>y4 ,! "o "h includ$ %\ld h rea*$ ! secret>y previ\s to conv5tion1 & x is ! f9al1 correct /atem5t4 ,,receipts ,memb]%ip--,plan ,no4 #a #b4jj ,memb]%ip--,plan ,no4 #b #ai4be ,memb]%ip--,plan ,no4 #f #aaa4jj ,memb]%ip--,plan ,no4 #g #adi4ej ,memb]%ip--,plan ,no4 #i #h4be ,memb]%ip--,plan ,no4 #aj #g4ge ------- ,total receipts f memb]%ip #big4ge ,transf] ( ,funds f ,=m] ,treasur] #ajd4ac ,contributions #bce4jj ,sales ( ,lit]ature #aj4ja ,int]e/ 4#aj ------- ,total #fdf4ii ,,exp5ditures ,ca% on h& 4#hj ,middlet[n ,national ,bank1 ,middlet[n1 ,conn4 7,deposit7 #agj4fd ,lit*field ,sav+s ,society1 ,lit*field1 ,conn4 7,deposit7 #d4bc ,*>g$ to ,loss4 #b ,subs1 to ,amn4 ,nut ,j\rnal on =m] ,treasur]'s acc\nt #c4jj ,exp5ses3 ,po/age1 ,express & ,insurance #i4gi ,gov]nm5t ,envelopes & ,/amps #ae4fc ,adhesive ,/amps #h4ed ,po/al ,c>ds #a4be ,po/al ,c>ds & ,pr9t+ #c4be ,regi/ry ,fee & ,money ,ord] ,fee 4#ah ,telegrams #a4ah ,report+ ,proce$+s ( ,ro*e/] ,conv5tion #ej4jj ,transcript ( ,proce$+s ( ,ro*e/] ,conv5tion #he4jj ,report+1 etc41 ,proce$+s ( ,wa%+ton ,conv5tion #fj4jj ,blank ,acc\nt ,book = ! ,association #e4jj ,seal = ! ,association #g4jj #ajjj ,lett]heads #h4ej #aejj ,lett]s #h4ej #ejj ,lett]s1 d\ble %eet #h4jj #aejj ,circul>s #f4ej #ejj ,reports1 7#ib pp41 includ+ cov]7 #ahd4jj #ejj ,manila ,envelopes #b4jj ,pr9t+ #a4ej ,address+ & ,mail+ #b4ej ------ #dfh4cb ------- #fdf4ii ,respectfully submitt$1 ,h4 ,j4 ,,hilli>d1 ,treas41 ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,ass'n1 ,inc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,we w n[ be address$ by ,dr4 ,britton1 ,director ( ! ,botanical ,g>d5s 9 :i* we are assembl$4 ,,dr4 ,,britton3 ,mr4 ,presid5t & ,memb]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association3 ,by curi\s co9cid5ce1 9 look+ ov] ! records ( ! ,new ,york ,botanical ,society's reports1 ,i f9d ! pr9t$ acc\nt ( ! organization meet+ ( y\r association4 ,x is pr9t$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,new ,york ,botanical ,g>d5s1 ,no4 #acb1 = ,decemb]1 #aiaj4 ,! article is writt5 by ,george ,b4 ,na%4 ,i believe ,i w read ?is report & if1 p]*ance1 ! docum5t is n 9 y\r files1 ,i w turn ?is copy ov] to y\r presid5t = pres]vation4 ,,organization ,,meet+1 ,,nor!rn ,,nut ,,gr[]s ,,association ,a meet+ 0 held 9 ! museum build+ on ,novemb] #ag1 7#aiaj7 = ! purpose ( organiz+ an association devot$ to ! int]e/s ( nut-gr[+4 ,! meet+ 0 call$ to ord] %ortly aft] #b p4 m4 by ,dr4 ,n4 ,l4 ,britton1 :o welcom$ ^? pres5t & wi%$ !m success 9 _! und]tak+4 ,dur+ 8 rem>ks he ref]r$ to a rec5t visit to ,cuba :]e he succe$$ 9 collect+ nuts ( ! ,cuban walnut1 ,juglans insul>is ,griseb4 ,specim5s ( ^! 7 exhibit$ & "s ( !m pres5t$ to ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,morris = 8 collection ( edible nuts ( ! _w1 deposit$ at ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+ 0 made *airman ( ! meet+ & a tempor>y secret>y 0 elect$4 ,! *airman read a numb] ( lett]s f v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry express+ an active int]e/ 9 ! =mation ( an organization su* z 0 propos$4 ,a committee ( ?ree 0 appo9t$ by ! *air to draft a con/itution4 ,?is committee1 consi/+ ( ,mr4 ,john ,craig1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,morris & ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 submitt$ a report recomm5d+ t ! "n ( ! organization be ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association1 t resid5ts ( all p>ts ( ! c\ntry be eligible to memb]%ip1 & t ! (fic]s be a presid5t1 a vice-presid5t & a secret>y-treasur]4 ,an executive committee ( five 0 also provid$ =1 two ( said committee to be ! presid5t & secret>y-treasur]4 ,! annual dues 7 plac$ at #b4jj1 & life memb]%ip at #bj4jj4 ,! recomm5dations ( ! committee 7 adopt$4 ,an int]e/+ exhibition ( nuts1 & specim5s illu/rat+ me?ods ( graft+1 =m$ a feature ( ! meet+4 ,*e/nuts1 walnuts1 & hickory nuts1 includ+ ! pecan1 7 illu/rat$ 9 mu* v>iety4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage _h a s]ies ( nuts ( ! pecan :i* he _h collect$ f a numb] ( select$ trees 9 ,k5tucky & vic9ity4 ,"o ( ^!1 almo/ globul> 9 =m1 0 ( p>ticul> excell5ce1 be+ ( clean cleavage & delici\s flavor4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,morris 0 elect$ presid5t2 ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 vice-presid5t2 & ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+1 secret>y-treasur]4 ,george ,v4 ,na%4 ,,dr4 ,,britton3 ,may ,i say to y t our good wi%es = y\r association1 express$ at t "t1 are simply repeat$ n[1 & we hope t y w make y\rselves at home & z com=table z possible4 ,we h made arrangem5t = ! conv5tion to leave "h ab\t "o o'clock1 = lun*eon at ,sormani's z gue/s ( ! ,botanical ,society4 ,! autos w be at ! door promptly1 s ,i tru/ t y w adju/ ! session s z to be free to leave !n4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,we wi% to ext5d our ?anks to ,dr4 ,britton = 8 k9d rem>ks & = 8 hospitality4 ,we w n[ h ! secret>y read reports f our /ate vice-presid5ts4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,^! are v int]e/+4 ,! fir/ "o is f ,mrs4 ,ellwang]1 our /ate vice-presid5t = ,new ,york4 7,read+ 9 "p7 ,my walnut trees are do+ well & h _m m nuts ?an ev] be=e4 ,! filb]ts plant$ two ye>s ago1 also h "s1 & ! *e/nuts1 ^? ! blight h left me1 are cov]$ ) burs4 ,!re are bee* nuts1 too4--,i int5d to keep on plant+ *e/nut trees1 9 spite ( ! blight4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,ridgway1 ,lumb]ton1 ,new ,j]sey1 writes z foll[s3 ,!re are v few nut trees 9 our vic9ity4 ,9 fact1 v few except :at ,i h--"s l>ge old pecans at ,mt4 ,holley1 b ! fruit is s small !y are n ga!r$4 ,! next lett] is f ,mr4 ,h[>d ,sp5ce1 ( ,a9sdale1 ,s\?port1 ,engl&4 ,mr4 ,sp5ce writes3 ,dur+ ! la/ ye> ,i h got "o ( our horticultural rese>* /ations int]e/$ 9 ! subject ( walnut culture & j rec5tly ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,agriculture & ,fi%]ies also4 ,! latt] are us+ a small pamphlet on nut culture g5]ally1 to :i* ,i h contribut$ "s facts4 ,b a po9t ( m def9ite int]e/ at ! mom5t is t ! ,m9i/] has agre$ to in/ruct all _! inspectors ov] ! c\ntry to make a collection ( all walnuts ( m]it & =w>d !m to me = classification & id5tification ( v>ieties :i* may be wor? p]petuat+4 ,z almo/ all ! l>ge numb] ( trees 9 ?is c\ntry are se$l+s ,i am hopeful t "s int]e/+ mat]ial may be locat$4 ,"h is a lett] f ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,h4 ,turk1 ,vice-,presid5t = ! /ate ( ,wa%+ton3 ,y\r reque/ = a report f ?is ,pacific ,coa/ /ate came z a surprise4 ,! ,we/]n ,walnut ,gr[]s' ,association is v /rongly organiz$ z reg>ds ,oregon & ,wa%+ton1 & x is difficult to p]suade our nut gr[]s "h to jo9 an association ) its base ( op]ations s f> remov$ z ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association4 ,i believe t ,i h be5 responsible = an additional memb]%ip ( at lea/ "o or two :i* ,i ?9k c be consid]ably augm5t$ ?is fall4 ,filb]t gr[+ has firmly caught hold ( ! en?usiasm ( ! p "h4 ,! acreage has rea*$ #b1jjj acres z comp>$ to a b>e #aej acres ( six ye>s ago4 ,i e/imate a plant+ ( #a1ejj additional acres to ?is quick be>+ nut1 ?is season4 ,i h trees en\gh 9 my nurs]y to plant #fjj acres b reg>d ! majority ( ! plants z be+ too small4 ,plant]s plant ev5 ! smalle/ "o-ye> lay]s out a di/ance v>y+ f t5 to tw5ty-five feet4 ,i reg>d ?is z a wa/e ( "t1 money & en]gy4 ,trees ) two ye> old roots are none too big4 ,! v>iety mo/ plant$ is ! ,b>celona1 closely foll[$ by ,du ,*illy1 & is support$ by poll9iz]s = ^! two v>ieties at ! rate ( "o poll9iz] to e n9e ( ! comm]cial sort4 ,int5t eyes are wat*+ e new se$l+ 9 se>* ( new & sup]ior v>ieties4 ,"s h be5 f\nd & w be propagat$4 ,nut gr[]s are b w>m+ to ! idea4 ,i am putt+ out eight ?\s& f\r-ye> old se$l+ filb]t trees 9 or*>d =m to be te/$ = qualities desir$ 9 a bett] filb]t4 ,tree filb]ts in/ead ( bu%es is a new idea t is fa/ ga9+ headway aga9/ ! old me?od ( remov+ ! suck]s by h& ea* season4 ,corylus colurna1 ! ,turki% species1 & ,corylus *95sis1 ! ,*9ese tree hazel1 are mo/ favor$ z /ocks4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ^! trees are easily graft$ to filb]ts1 t !y are extremely h>dy & gr[ twice z fa/ z ! filb]t1 & t ! vigor ( ! /ock enl>ges ! size ( ! nut1 reg>dless ( v>iety4 ,=emo/ 9 ! recomm5dation ( graft$ tree filb]ts1 ,i h correspond5ts 9 _m =eign c\ntries & h arrang$ = ! deliv]y ( sev]al ?\s& p\nds ( ^! nuts to gr[ se$l+s (4 ,! tree hazel is ( ! future z yet1 & "o mu/ recognize ! dem& = lay]$ /ock until replac$ by :at appe>s to be bett]4 ,to add at lea/ ?irty acres to my pres5t filb]t plant+s ?is ye> is my desire4 ,i am plant+ at lea/ #djj trees to ! acre z int]plants 9 a graft$ walnut or*>d4 ,no use 9 wa/+ "t be=e ! trees beg9 to be> pr(itable crops4 ,?ree & f\r ye>s at mo/ = man-siz$ returns :5 us+ a t5 foot plant+4 ,"o plant+ ( ,du ,*illy filb]ts la/ ye> produc$ an av]age ( close to #dj p\nds p] tree on n9e-ye>-old trees & an av]age ( #aj p\nds on f\r-ye>-old trees4 ,! spread ( ! latt] trees 0 sc>ce f\r feet1 & ,i c\nt$ #bb nuts on a bran* eight in*es 9 l5g?4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,w>d reports an av]age crop ( #bjj nuts to ea* two-ye>-old filb]t tree 9 8 f\r-acre plant+ ?is season4 ,^! are also ,du ,*illys t are fa/ build+ up a s5tim5t favor+ !m be=e ! l[]-pric$ ,b>celona v>iety4 ,! ,b>celona is a m vigor\s tree & %ells out ( ! husk #ge :]eas ! ,du ,*illy is b #dj self husk+1 b t w n (fset ! diff]5tial ( five to t5 c5ts p] p\nd 9 favor ( ! great1 oblong nuts4 ,! walnut acreage ( ,wa%+ton & ,oregon is approximately #ab1jjj acres & is n[ tak+ a new hold ) all ! additional plant+ be+ made up ( graft$ trees4 ,! ,,vrooman ,,franquette v>iety graft$ on ! ,cali=nia black walnut /ock is ! tree us$ 9 ^! plant+s4 ,=m]ly1 se$l+s ( ! s-call$ second g5]ation type 7 q popul>1 b :5 x became evid5t t se$l+s w\ld n transmit ! sup]ior qualities ( ! p>5t1 t me?od ( propagation 0 ?r[n into ! disc>d4 ,eight ?\s& acres ( ! acreage n[ out1 are se$l+ trees t mu/ be topwork$ be=e ,oregon w be truly fam\s = ! quality ( ! nuts x produces4 ,^! se$l+ trees are pay+ at pres5t "u our pres5t high prices aft] _m ye>s ( b>r5ness4 ,my own #ijj se$l+ trees ,i top-work$ la/ ye> to ! ,vrooman ,franquette v>iety1 plac+ z _m z ?irty grafts 9 "s trees & obta9$ an av]age ( #gj p] c5t successful grafts4 ,^! grafts h made wond]ful gr[? ?is season1 & are q capable ( be>+ l>ge quantities ( nuts next season4 ,my crew ( walnut graft]s are becom+ well kn[n ov] a radius ( #ajj miles1 & ! "w !y are do+ is a road to pr(it = _m an own] ( unproductive nut trees4 ,?is fall ,i int5d publi%+ "s ( ! lead+ articles ( ! nut-gr[+ au?orities ( ?is section1 9 conjunction ) a catalogue well illu/rat$ & conta9+ my exp]i5ce z a nut gr[]4 ,anyone contemplat+ plant+ walnuts or filb]ts may well s5d 9 _! res]vation ( copy4 ,g5]ally speak+1 nut tree nurs]ym5 & nut tree plant]s h n _h "t nor desire to add to ! lit]ature on ?is subject4 ,i believe t :5 ! nurs]ym5 get beh9d ! move to plant nut trees !re w be "s v int]e/+ developm5ts4 ,!re is "o good ?+ 9 sight1 & t is t x w n be ! old-fa%ion$ se$l+ t !y w pu% ?is "t4 ,i ?9k t y p ( ! ,ea/ h got to make ano!r det]m9$ ef=t to drive home ! impossibility ( se$l+s ev] be+ satisfactory4 ,outside ! association a nut tree is a nut tree reg>dless ( se$l+ & graft$ trees1 & "o is expect$ to be> j z _m f9e l>ge nuts z ! o!r & j z soon4 ,aft] los+ tw5ty to ?irty ?\s& doll>s 9 delay$ returns f a se$l+ walnut or*>d1 is x any wond] t ,i oppose ! plant+ ( m se$l+s by ! unw>y8 ,9 conclud+ ?is report ,i wi% to /ate t ,i h talk$ nuts be=e a score ( diff]5t meet+s dur+ ! la/ ye>1 & 9 ! press ( ,oregon & ,wa%+ton h done mu* to enc\rage ! prospective gr[]4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,x seems to me t ?is report is "o t w be v useful to nut gr[]s 9 ! ,ea/ & v sugge/ive to beg9n]s 9 nut gr[+4 ,i w\ld l to ask ,mr4 ,re$ if he has any comm5ts to make on ! report4 ,,mr4 ,,re$3 ,z ,i "k conditions 9 ! ,pacific ,nor?we/ ,mr4 ,turk has giv5 an accurate report4 ,! "o criticism t ,i might make w\ld be1 p]haps1 t !re seems to be a probability ( ov]-en?usiasm4 ,?is (t5 occurs 9 any "p ( ! c\ntry ) respect to new ?+s4 ,x has be5 mo/ conspicu\s ) ! pecan 9 ! ,s\?1 & ! almond indu/ry 9 ! ,we/4 ,z ! pione]s 9 ! nut indu/ry 9 ,oregon & ,wa%+ton are acquir+ great] exp]i5ce !y are increas+ly m cauti\s ) reg>d to su* matt]s z v>ieties1 plant+ sites1 plant+ di/ances1 int]poll9ation1 & o!rs ( k9dr$ nature4 ,! indu/ry 9 ! ,nor?we/ is /ill comp>atively small4 ,x is c5t]$ ma9ly 9 ! ,willamette ,valley ( ,oregon & to "s ext5t 9 a n>r[ /rip runn+ nor? t[>ds ,seattle4 ,! be/ in=m$ are plant+ only 9 f]tile1 moi/1 prop]ly dra9$ soils s situat$ t air dra9age is good4 ,! local soils are mu* m v>iable ?an w\ld be sugge/$ by casual obs]vation4 ,also1 great] att5tion is be+ paid to air dra9age 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry ?an 9 ! ,ea/4 ,sev]al ye>s ago !re 0 a sudd5 drop 9 temp]ature f #cb degrees above to #bd degrees bel[ z]o1 at ,mc,minnville1 ,oregon4 ,?is prov$ fatal to trees & plants ( _m k9ds1 p>ticul>ly ^? on flat bottoms or on hillsides f :i*1 = any reason1 ! cold air 0 prev5t$ f bl[+ to l[] levels4 ,9 addition to ! species ( nuts discuss$ by ,mr4 ,turk1 some?+ might be said reg>d+ ! possibilities ( *e/nut culture 9 ! ,pacific ,nor?we/4 ,num]\s trees1 plant$ s+ly or ev5 9 small gr\ps f\nd !re1 gr[ s well z to indicate pla9ly t ! g5us is capable ( adapt+ itself to exi/+ environm5t4 ,h[ev]1 bo? plant]s & consum]s are g5]ally prejudic$ aga9/ ! *e/nut4 ,?is is easily expla9$ = ! reason t ei!r suffici5t numb]s ( v>ieties h n be5 plant$ toge!r to ensure int]poll9ation1 or ,japanese *e/nuts h be5 plant$4 ,e>ly plant]s 7 evid5tly n aw>e t mo/ v>ieties are l>gely self-/]ile1 & !y did n "k t ! av]age ,japanese *e/nuts are fit = consumption only :5 cook$4 ,_h ^! two facts be5 tak5 into consid]ation by !m1 x is n improbable t !re w\ld n[ h be5 an entirely diff]5t situation reg>d+ ! *e/nut 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,i h a few m reports4 ,is x ! s5tim5t ( ! meet+ t ,i g on read+ !m8 ,,mr4 ,,re$3 ,i w\ld l to he> ! reports4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,knight ,pe>cy1 f ,salem1 ,oregon1 writes3 ,bo? filb]t & walnut plant+ h cont9u$ 9 ,oregon dur+ ! pa/ ye>4 ,!re has be5 a /eady increase 9 ! acreage ( ^! two nut crops dur+ ! pa/ five ye>s b1 =tunately1 no plant+ boom4 ,! old] walnut or*>ds are almo/ all se$l+ groves & _m ( ^! se$l+ groves are produc+ a v attractive rev5ue4 ,practically all ( ! new plant+s are ( graft$ trees1 x hav+ be5 amply demon/rat$ t1 :ile se$l+s are (t5 rev5ue produc]s1 ! graft$ or*>ds br+ 9 m rev5ue & at no great] co/ ( op]ation4 ,se$l+ or*>ds are (f]$ = sale1 b v few graft$ plant+s are on ! m>ket4 ,! ,franquette cont9ues to be ! pr9cipal tree plant$2 probably #ie ( ! new plant+s be+ ( ?is v>iety4 ,a co-op]ative walnut m>ket+ association has be5 =m$1 & ?is ye> = ! fir/ "t c>lot %ipm5ts ( ,oregon nuts w be s5t ,ea/4 ,! filb]t1 a y\ng] memb] ( ! ,oregon horticultural family ?an ! walnut1 is be+ plant$ z heavily z ! walnut1 if n m heavily4 ,probably #fj1jjj trees 7 plant$ 9 ! ,willamette ,valley ( ,oregon la/ ye>4 ,production ( filb]ts has n yet become heavy en\gh to supply home m>kets4 ,x w probably be "s "t be=e ,oregon filb]ts rea* ea/]n m>kets4 ,no o!r nuts are gr[n comm]cially 9 ! /ate1 al?\gh ! *e/nut does well "h4 ,mr4 ,t1 ,c4 ,tuck]1 ,/ate ,vice-,presid5t f ,cali=nia1 writes3 ,! pr9cipal consid]ation 9 relation to ! ,cali=nia nut situation is a recognition ( ! trem5d\s increase 9 plant+ )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,_m ( ^! newly plant$ or*>ds h already come into be>+4 ,! m>ketable almond tonnage ( ,cali=nia has increas$ until x is n[ ov] ?ree times t ( t5 ye>s ago4 ,! walnut tonnage has d\bl$ dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,new plant+s are go+ =w>d v sl[ly at ! pres5t "t due to ! conditions prevail+ 9 ! fruit indu/ry 9 g5]al4 ,economic conditions1 c\pl$ ) ! ke5e/ k9d ( =eign competition h int]f]$ mat]ially ) ! sale ( almonds 9 ?is c\ntry1 ) ! result t almond gr[]s h be5 los+ money e ye> = ! pa/ f\r ye>s4 ,at ! same "t ! trem5d\sly increas$ dome/ic tonnage has result$ 9 keep+ ! prices to ! consum] v l[ 9 relation to pre-w> prices & co/s4 ,! consum] has be5 gett+ ! b5efit ( ma9ta9+ ! dome/ic almond produc]s 9 ! bus9ess4 ,! fact t dome/ic tonnage _c be kept d[n1 z soon z a pr(it is 9 sight1 w>rants ! ,am]ican public 9 ma9ta9+ a sizable indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry by means ( a protective t>iff1 ev5 ?\gh x may appe> on ! surface z ?\gh x might mean increas$ prices4 ,! exp]i5ces ( ! la/ f\r ye>s h demon/rat$ beyond a d\bt t increases 9 import duties h n result$ 9 increas$ prices to ! consum]4 ,!y h1 9 fact1 increas$ ! competition to a po9t :]e prices h dropp$ r ?an ris54 ,! same situation applies to walnuts1 except possibly z reg>ds losses to gr[]s dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,! fact t walnuts ord9>ily take long] to come into be>+ ?an almonds has prev5t$ any rapid increase 9 production su* z has tak5 place ) almonds4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 fac+ _m ( ! same conditions ( ke5 competition f c\ntries :]e co/s ( production are v1 v l[4 ,conditions ?is ye> po9t to bo? almond & walnut crops ( approximately ! same size z la/ ye>4 ,t means ! walnut crop w be ar\nd #be1jjj tons & ! almond crop ar\nd #aj1jjj tons4 ,! condition ( ! walnut crop seems to be ab\t normal4 ,:]e irrigation is n available !y are suff]+ f lack ( wat]4 ,almonds ?is ye> are %[+ 9 _m di/ricts ! disa/r\s effects ( ! unusually dry season4 ,?is w %[ up mo/ /rongly1 h[ev]1 9 r$uc$ tonnage = next ye>1 & /ick-tights = ?is ye>4 ,^! latt]1 h[ev]1 are n saleable1 s ! consum] ne$ n worry b t ! almonds receiv$ 9 ! m>kets w be good1 edible almonds4 ,:at ! f9al outcome ( ! dr\ght w be x is a little too e>ly to tell4 ,pecans & filb]ts are produc$ 9 su* small quantities 9 ,cali=nia t !y d n affect ! m>ket 9 any way except possibly locally4 ,!re is no?+ to indicate any abnormal condition affect+ ei!r ( ^! 9 ! few places :]e !y are gr[n4 ,no l>ge plant+s ( ei!r ( ^! nuts are be+ made1 s9ce !re seems to be consid]able "q z to h[ successful !y w be f a comm]cial /&po9t4 ,*e/nuts are n be+ plant$ z fa/ z !y might be1 especially 9 ^? sections ( ! /ate to :i* !y are well adapt$4 ,) ! rapid disappe>ance ( ! *e/nut =e/s ( ! ea/]n /ates1 ?r\gh ! ravages ( ! *e/nut b>k disease1 !re is no reason :y *e/nuts c\ld n be gr[n 9 ,cali=nia1 especially 9 _m ( ! foot-hill di/ricts4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 presupposes t ! *e/nut b>k disease c be kept out ( ! /ate1 & we believe x c be4 ,! g5]al price situation1 h[ev]1 is su* z to disc\rage any ext5sive plant+s at ?is "t4 ,! int]e/ t is be+ tak5 9 possible future plant+s1 h[ev]1 is su* t x appe>s reasonable to believe t ! next few ye>s w see mat]ially l>g] plant+s made1 provid$ !re is any improvem5t 9 agricultural economy conditions4 ,mr4 ,james ,%>p1 ,vice-,presid5t f ,kansas1 writes3 ,! only nut native "h is black walnut1 & ! crop is heavy4 ,!re are "s ,/abl] & ,?omas plant$ "h1 & "s graft$ on native black are be>+4 ,we h some?+ l fifty graft$ pecans plant$ ( all v>ieties1 b none be>+ yet4 ,! pecan is a native s\? & ea/ ( "h 9 ,kansas1 & ! crop is good1 ,i und]/&4 ,we also h a few graft$ sweet *e/nuts gr[+ 9 ,kansas :i* are be>+ well1 & m are be+ plant$4 ,i h "o ,engli% walnut gr[+ ne> my h\se1 :i* _h male blooms la/ spr+1 b no nuts4 ,we d n ?9k !y w be a success 9 ,kansas b we hope to gr[ "s nuts on our tree next ye>1 ! fir/ 9 ,kansas4 ,mr4 ,u4 ,h4 ,walk]1 ,nacla1 ,colorado1 :o says he is probably ! only "o 9 t /ate attempt+ to gr[ nut trees1 in/ead ( fruit1 writes ( 8 attempts4 ,8 place is at an altitude ( #e1hjj feet1 :]e he c at times look d[n into ! cl\ds1 & on cle> days c look up into p]petual sn[4 ,mr4 ,walk] has black walnut trees t h produc$ crops ea* ye> = ! la/ t5 ye>s1 ?ree pecan trees & two p]simmons4 ,he has be5 exp]im5t+ ) nut trees obta9$ f ! gov]nm5t = ! la/ t5 or twelve ye>s1 & is will+ to plant & c>e = any trees :i* ! memb]s ( ! association w\ld l to h tri$ out 9 ! c5t] ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 di/rict4 ,pr(4 ,v4 ,r4 ,g>dn]1 ,mi*igan ,agricultural ,college1 9 a lett] to ,c4 ,a4 ,re$1 says3 ,we are gett+ a v nice collection ( h>dy nuts />t$ on our ,graham ,/ation gr\nds ne> ,gr& ,rapids4 ,^! are = ! mo/ "p "y trees be+ plant$ 9 or*>d =m4 ,we are also do+ "s top-graft+ & z soon z we %all be able to accumulate m data ^u :i* to base recomm5dations1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t we w put on a numb] ( nut graft+ demon/rations 9 ! /ate4 ,i am sure !re w be a dem& = x4 ,if y\r meet+s c\ld be held lat] 9 ! ye>1 p]haps "s "t dur+ ! w9t]1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be easi] = "s ( ! /ation m5 to att5d !m4 ,,mr4 ,,re$3 ,might ,i add t ,pr(4 ,g>dn] 0 at "o "t ,assi/ant 9 ,horticulture at ,corvallis1 9 ! he>t ( ! walnut di/rict ( ,oregon4 ,f !re he w5t to ,miss\ri z ,/ate ,horticulturi/4 ,dur+ ! ?ree ye>s at t place he top-work$ a consid]able numb] ( walnut trees ) scions ( suppos$ly h>dy v>ieties ( ,p]sian walnuts1 especially ! ,franquette1 & su* v>ieties ( ,ea/]n black z he c\ld obta94 ,! ,p]sian practically 0 kill$ out dur+ ! fir/ w9t]4 ,! black walnut tops are n[ com+ into be>+1 & consid]able att5tion is be+ attract$ to !m ?r\gh\t ! ,mid-,we/4 ,pr(4 ,colby may "k some?+ fur!r reg>d+ ! "w 9 ,miss\ri4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,i hope y notice h[ _m m reports we are gett+ f ! m5 connect$ ) ! horticultural dep>tm5ts ( ! /ate in/itutions4 ,"h is a lett] f ,h4 ,h4 ,b>tlett1 ,director ( ! ,botanical ,g>d5s at ,ann ,arbor1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan3 ,our ,botanical ,g>d5 9 its pres5t location is relatively new1 hav+ be5 e/abli%$ only 9 #aiad4 ,! developm5t ( p]man5t plant+s has be5 mo/ly 9 ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s1 s y see we h z yet done no?+ ) nut trees o!r ?an to assemble :at v>ieties we c\ld get hold (4 ,i mu/ confess t ! poor little ?+s look mu* z if ! wra? ( heav5 _h ov]tak5 !m4 ,we _h #h degrees ( fro/ on ! night ( ,may #bb;d1 :5 all ! trees 7 9 "y leaf4 ,all ! nut trees 7 badly kill$ back1 "s bel[ ! graft1 s ,i've _h to pull "s out4 ,s9ce !y _h only a mis]able />t la/ ye>1 !y look pretty sad n[4 ,h[ev]1 ,i'll replace :]e necess>y1 & hope = bett] luck next "t4 ,if !re %\ld be an opportunity 9 ! c\rse ( ! discussion to /ate t we are prep>$ to receive & take c>e ( nut trees t orig9ators wi% to try out 9 ?is region1 ,i %all appreciate x4 ,we are receiv+ occasional nut-be>+ plants f ! ,(fice ( ,se$ & ,plant ,introduction ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 & are v glad to act z a te/+ /ation = new introductions or productions4 ,9 ord] n to give a false impression z to ! ext5t ( our "w1 ,i feel impell$ to say t we hav5't yet a nut tree 9 be>+1 & only "o ov] ?ree feet high4 ,mr4 ,conrad ,voll]ts5 writes t he w n be able to be "h z he _h plann$4 ,he /ates t all ( 8 #ca v>ieties ( filb]t trees1 except "o1 h fairly good nut crops4 ,8 place1 z y "k1 is 9 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,b>tlett1 ( ,/am=d1 ,conn41 writes3 ,y may be int]e/$ to "k t "s ( my nut trees are giv+ "s results ?is ye>4 ,a numb] ( v>ieties ( filb]ts are fruit+1 ?ree v>ieties ( black walnuts1 almonds1 ,*9ese *e/nuts1 he>tnuts1 besides ! native hickory & butt]nuts4 ,,mr4 ,,re$3 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,b>tlett ! ,lanca/] he>tnut1 :i* 0 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,jones1 is />t+ out 9 highly enc\rag+ mann] at 8 place ne> ,/am=d4 ,x has gr[n well & is n[ a h&some1 symmetrical tree4 ,indications are t x w be> well4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,mr4 ,b>tlett takes good c>e ( 8 trees4 ,we %all hope to pay a visit to 8 place4 ,i h a lett] f ,mr4 ,hicks1 ,we/bury1 ,long ,isl&4 ,he w be ) u today1 & he proposes 9 8 lett] t we make an excursion to 8 place on ,long ,isl&4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,kill51 ,felton1 ,delaw>e1 9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,re$1 writes z foll[s3 ,?is ye> we are matur+ "s nuts on ! cordi=mis & sieboldiana types ( ! ,japanese walnut 7"y trees #c to #e feet high7 t _h no /am9ate blossoms4 ,^! we are produc+ by cross+ ) ! poll5 f "o ( our be/ ,p]sians4 ,we are look+ = some?+ int]e/+ f !re nuts :5 plant$ & ! trees come into be>+4 ,b all ?is takes "t & pati5ce4 ,we _h m *e/nuts la/ fall ?an ev] be=e1 & ! prices av]ag$ high]1 ab\t #bj c5ts p] p\nd1 :olesale4 ,our be/ *e/nuts are look+ good n[4 ,w soon be op5+2 usually beg9 ab\t ! #e? to ! #aj? ( ,septemb]1 to op5 up4 ,we h n succe$$ v well 9 propagat+ ,mollissima 7,*9ese *e/nut7 b we f9d ! quality ( ! nuts v good4 ,all ( our ,am]ican sweet & all ( ! ,european type1 includ+ ,p>agon1 ,numbo1 ,dag]1 ,ridgely1 etc41 h be5 gone = ye>s1 & left our ,japs j ab\t z heal?y look+ z !y 7 #bj ye>s ago1 yet !y 7 all set 9 ! same block4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,x is enc\rag+ to "k t ,mr4 ,kill5 has a /ra9 ( *e/nuts t w gr[ !re )\t be+ de/roy$ by blight4 ,,mr4 ,,re$3 ,blight is n s]i\s ) 8 trees4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,x is ) m9e4 ,b ,mollissima has resi/ance4 ,,mr4 ,,re$3 ,! real pe/ 9 ,mr4 ,kill5's *e/nut plant+ is ! weevil4 ,! nuts h to be m>ket$ promptly 9 ord] to avoid de/ruction by ?is insect4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,i h a lett] f ,mr4 ,littlepage1 :o regrets t he w n be able to be ) u4 ,ano!r lett] is f ,mr4 ,riehl1 :o regrets t because ( 8 age he w n be able to take ! long trip f ,godfrey1 ,ill41 to ,new ,york ,city4 ,he writes to u ( ! place ( ! *e/nut 9 nor!rn nut culture1 z foll[s3 ,blight & weevil are ! greate/ enemies ( ?is nut4 ,blight 9 all probability w de/roy practically all native *e/nut :]e x is native1 & 9 all su* di/ricts ! plant+ ( *e/nut or*>ds = pr(it w be useless until v>ieties are f\nd or produc$ t are immune to t disease4 ,9 "t ?is1 no d\bt1 w be done4 ,if ,i 7 fifty ye>s y\ng] & liv$ 9 a blight section1 x w\ld appeal to me to d some?+ 9 t l9e4 ,:]e ! *e/nut does n gr[ naturally x c be gr[n )\t fe> ( ! disease4 ,i h ! l>ge/ *e/nut or*>d 9 ! ,we/1 ( all ages f se$l+s to sixty ye>s1 ) no blight4 ,ev5 7 !re no blight x w\ld n be advisable to plant *e/nut or*>ds :]e x is native because ( ! weevil4 ,! weevil appe>s to be worse on ! l>ge improv$ v>ieties ?an on ! small] native4 ,( c\rse any "o plant+ a *e/nut or*>d n[ w\ld plant ! new]1 l>g] v>ieties1 z !y w always outsell ! small]4 ,no "o :o has n talk$ ) h&l]s ( *e/nuts c h any idea ( ! h&icap ! weevil is to sales & prices4 ,:]e ! *e/nut is n native ! nuts produc$ w be free ( weevils4 ,! place to plant *e/nut or*>ds is :]e ! *e/nut is n native1 on soils t are n wet4 ,su* situations exi/ 9 ! c5tral we/ & we/w>d to ! ,pacific coa/4 ,i h _h reports ( *e/nut trees gr[+ & be>+ 9 all ?is t]ritory1 & h _h favorable reports ( trees t ,i s5t !re ( my improv$ v>ieties4 ,!re is a good m>ket at good prices = good1 homegr[n *e/nuts4 ,my own crops s f> h sold readily at #be to #dj c5ts p] p\nd :olesale1 & ! dem& is always = m aft] ! crop is all sold4 ,( all ! nuts t ,i h exp]im5t$ ) ,i h f\nd ! *e/nut to come into pr(itable be>+ soon] & m pr(itably ?an any o!r4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,"s ( ! /ate vice-presid5ts h spok5 ( native *e/nuts ( good k9ds4 ,"o ob/acle1 h[ev]1 9 ! di/ribution ( good *e/nuts1 has be5 ! /ate laws :i* prev5t u f s5d+ *e/nuts f "o /ate to ! o!r4 ,i w\ld l to ask ,mr4 ,re$ if x w\ld be possible to make "s arrangem5t at ,wa%+ton :]eby scions might be s5t "u gov]nm5t inspection to ! ,we/ & to o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e blight does n exi/4 ,on my prop]ty at ,/am=d ,i _h sev]al ?\s& *oice *e/nut trees4 ,! blight appe>$ & ,i cut out #e1jjj trees t 7 f fifty ye>s to m ?an a hundr$ ye>s old4 ,among !m !re 0 "o sweet ,am]ican *e/nut sup]ior to ! o!rs4 ,x _h a v l>ge1 high-quality nut1 & v beautiful appe>ance1 hav+ two di/9ct %ades ( *e/nut color4 ,! tree 0 ! fir/ to g d[n ) ! blight b ,i h kept x go+ ev] s9ce by graft+ on o!r *e/nut /ock4 ,i w\ld l mighty well to h t *e/nut gr[ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,x w\ld be an addition to our nut supply4 ,fur!rmore ,i h among a l>ge numb] ( hybrids1 two ( v high quality betwe5 ! ,am]ican sweet *e/nut & ! *9kap94 ,i gave ^! to ,mr4 ,jones4 ,he f\nd1 h[ev]1 t he _h no m>ket = !m because ( ! fe> ( blight4 ,i w\ld l to pres5t scions ( ?is to anybody outside ! *e/nut area :]e *e/nuts are be+ gr[n1 provid$ ,i c d ?is "u gov]nm5t me?ods4 ,we %\ld f9d a way to d ?is4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,& n by boot-legg+4 ,,mr4 ,,re$3 ,z ,pr(4 ,coll9s is m likely to be in=m$ 9 reg>d to qu>ant9e laws ?an ,i am he is ! prop] "o to answ] t "q4 ,i may say1 h[ev]1 t ! f$]al dep>tm5t is unlikely to int]f]e 9 any way ) ! c>ry+ out ( /ate qu>ant9e laws4 ,pr(4 ,coll9s is n[ 9 ! room4 ,dr4 ,morris1 w y k9dly re-/ate ! "q to him8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,9 brief1 ,i h "s v sup]ior *e/nuts4 ,!y w be valuable = horticultural purposes 9 o!r p>ts1 or 9 non-blight regions1 ( ! c\ntry4 ,i h kept !m go+ by c>e & att5tion4 ,i w\ld be v glad to s5d ^? out ( ,connecticut1 provid$ t ! way may be f\nd1 by s5d+ !m ?r\gh ,wa%+ton to o!r /ates4 ,x w\ld be necess>y1 h[ev]1 to h ! scions treat$ 9 su* a way z to make sure t ! endo?ia spores _h be5 de/roy$4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,i sugge/ t ,pr(4 ,coll9s give ! matt] "s ?\ght1 & :5 he gives 8 pap] he w be able to in=m u ab\t t4 ,we w n[ ask ,mr4 ,re$ = a report z to promis+ se$l+s4 ,,mr4 ,,re$3 ,!re are q a numb] ( new ?+s :i* might be m5tion$4 ,"o is a gr\p ( ,*9ese walnuts n[ 9 _! second or ?ird ye> 9 ! nurs]y ( ,mr4 ,jones1 at ,lanca/]4 ,9 ?is lot !re are _m beautiful "y trees gr[n f nuts obta9$ = ,mr4 ,jones by ,mr4 ,p4 ,w4 ,wang1 ( ,%anghai4 ,!y are f ,nor? ,*9a1 ! t]ritory :i* ,i visit$ m ?an two ye>s ago & f :i* ,i also obta9$ consid]able se$4 ,( ! latt] we h n[ sev]al hundr$ se$l+s ready = di/ribution4 ,p]sonally ,i w\ld l !m to be di/ribut$ among memb]s ( ?is association4 ,mr4 ,jones has #cjj or #djj ( ! ,wang trees :i* he proposes to sell z se$l+s4 ,o!rs w be us$ z /ocks = graft+ v>ieties ( regia4 ,dr4 ,morris has already ref]r$ to ! ,*9ese *e/nuts4 ,mr4 ,dorsett1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 has rec5tly arriv$ 9 ,*9a = a two-ye>s' trip4 ,he w d\btless s5d _m *e/nuts4 ,ano!r p>ticul>ly int]e/+ gr\p ( nut trees is a lot ( hazel-filb]t hybrids produc$ by ,mr4 ,jones4 ,^! are betwe5 ! ,ru% & ! ,b>celona1 or o!r ,european v>ieties4 ,he n[ has plants ?ree to five ye>s ( age 9 be>+4 ,!y av]age z high z a man's head4 ,practically all are 9 be>+ ) attractive clu/]s ( nuts1 & "s are fruit+ heavily4 ,! ,ru% v>iety1 z mo/ memb]s "k1 is a native hazel ( unusually prolific habits ( be>+4 ,! nuts are ( fair size & quality4 ,rec5tly ,i h se5 "s int]e/+ pecan trees 9 ! ,ea/4 ,two ( ^! are on ! ,ea/]n ,%ore ( ,m>yl&1 "o 9 ! outskirts ( ,ea/on & ! o!r at ,pr9cess ,anne2 ! =m] is a trifle ! l>g]1 measur+ #ae ft #e in*es 9 gir? at brea/ height1 ! latt] measur+ #d feet & #b in*es at ! same di/ance & e/imat$ to be #aaj feet high4 ,x 0 gr[n f a nut said to h be5 plant$ 9 #ahjj4 ,! nuts f ^! trees are small b well fill$ & mu* appreciat$ by _! respective communities4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,we h ! secret>y d[n = a pap]4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,?is pap] op5s a symposium on topwork+ hickory trees4 ,,top ,,work+ ,,hickories ,,9 ,,! ,,nor? ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+1 ,connecticut ,i d n recall a s+le mod]n improvem5t ( importance 9 ! art ( graft+ nut trees 9 ! ,nor? t is n due to ei!r ,mr4 ,jones or ,dr4 ,morris1 except t to ,mr4 ,riehl belongs1 ,i believe1 ! cr$it ( ! idea ( wax+ ! entire graft1 :i* is n[ ! accept$ proc$ure4 ,!re=e ,i speak be=e ^! two g5tlem5 ) diffid5ce4 ,i d s 9 ! hope t p]haps ,i may recall some?+ :i* !y h =gott5 to make kn[n1 or t :at ,i say may elicit f !m available em5datory rem>ks4 ,my exp]i5ce ( f\rte5 ye>s on my own place1 & ( five ye>s graft+ = o!rs1 is ! basis ( my obs]vations4 ,compatibility ( ,species & ,v>ieties ,?is "q w be p>ticul>ly discuss$ by ,mr4 ,bixby :o has be5 conduct+ c>eful exp]im5ts t %\ld soon settle ! "q = ! common] hickories4 ,a few scatt]+ obs]vations ( my own may be useful4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t any species ( ! g5us hickory w cat* on any o!r1 ?\gh n necess>ily t ! union w be bless$4 ,x is self evid5t t any hickory w ?rive on any v>iety ( ! same species1 %agb>k on %agb>k1 pecan on pecan1 ?\gh ev5 "h close obs]vation w probably disclose diff]5ces ( compatibility4 ,probably any hybrid hickory w ?rive on ei!r ( its p>5ts4 ,9 "s cases ?is may turn out to be a te/ ( hybridity4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,b>nes is "o ( ! few %agb>ks kn[n to ?rive on mock]nut4 ,x %[s o!r evid5ces ( mock]nut blood4 ,i h f\nd no hickory1 s f>1 t does n appe> to ?rive on ! %agb>k1 except ! pecan4 ,ev5 "h !re are diff]5ces4 ,i h "o ,major pecan on %agb>k t is ov] tw5ty-five feet high t has a v heal?y appe>ance & t has %[n /am9ate bloom = two or ?ree ye>s4 ,i h also an ,indian pecan t looks fairly prosp]\s4 ,! ,i[a pecans1 ! ,m>qu>t1 ,gre5bay1 ,campbell1 ,witte1 & o!rs1 cat* readily & gr[ vigor\sly1 at lea/ = ! fir/ ye>s4 ,!re are _m data1 h[ev]1 on ! adaptability ( ! pecan to ! %agb>k & ! cons5sus ( op9ion is t ultimate results are poor4 ,?is is probably because ! %agb>k />ts e>ly & makes its season's gr[? 9 ab\t six weeks1 :ile ! pecan naturally has a mu* long] gr[+ season4 ,h[ev]1 ^! obs]vations h be5 made1 mo/ly1 9 ! ,s\? & x may be diff]5t 9 ! ,nor?4 ,! "q is n yet f9ally decid$4 ,! ,/anley %ellb>k1 ,h4 lac9iosa1 is completely at home on ! %agb>k1 app>5tly1 b has n yet borne ) me4 ,! ,hat* bitt]nut grew luxuriantly on %agb>k = a ye> b blew (f4 ,! ,zorn hybrid made a gr[? ( "o foot on %agb>k b !n 0 w9t] kill$1 app>5tly4 ,i h a back pa/ure full ( vigor\s pignuts1 ,h4 glabra1 :i* = elev5 ye>s ,i h be5 graft+ ) fai? :i* n[ seems *ildlike1 t soon ,i w\ld h f\rte5 acres ( be>+ hickory trees4 ,yet z a result ( all ^! ye>s ( graft+ ! only hickories t ,i h f\nd to ?rive are ! ,brooks1 :i* appe>s to be vigor\s1 ! ,t]p5ny1 :i* is vigor\s & be>+ nuts 9 its f\r? ye>1 & possibly ! ,b>nes4 ,n a s+le pecan surviv$ m ?an a ye>1 ?\gh _m />t$4 ,! ,beav] hybrid makes a long sp9dl+ gr[? & !n1 9 ! fir/ or second ye>1 ! leaves turn yell[ & mosaic & ! gr[? dies4 ,! ,kirtl&1 ,k5tucky1 ,hales1 ,taylor & sev]al o!rs1 h all ) me1 prov$ failures on ! pignut4 ,mr4 ,bixby's exp]im5ts appe> to be %[+ some:at diff]5t results4 ,! "q ( ! compatibility ( species & v>ieties is really a v important "o because 9 "s localities ei!r ! pignut or ! mock]nut is ! prevail+ species1 & we wi% to "k ) :at species & v>ieties !y may be successfully graft$4 ,= in/ance1 if ! ,b>nes1 :i* is an excell5t %agb>k1 w d well on bo? ! pignut & ! mock]nut1 :]e s _m o!r v>ieties fail1 & ! ,brooks is at home on ! pignut1 ^! are highly important facts to be kn[n by ! man ) fifte5 acres ( hilly woodl& full ( "y pignuts & mock]nuts4 ,size ( ,/ocks ,i pref] /ocks ( mod]ate size1 up to ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,"o gets great] results = ! labor ) ^! ?an ) l>g] trees4 ,( c\rse a tree ( any size may be topwork$ b ! labor is disproportionately great]1 especially 9 ! aft] c>e4 ,cutt+ ,back ,/ocks = ,topwork+ ,i d\bt if x is important to cut back /ocks dur+ ! dormant season1 except t !n !re is m "t4 ,) l>g] trees ?is c\nts = a good deal1 b 9 ! small] ones ,i l to cut !m (f j :]e ,i want to graft at ! "t ( do+ s4 ,h[ev]1 !y may be cut (f :5 dormant at ! po9t ( selection = graft+ & lat] graft$ )\t fur!r cutt+ back4 ,?is r$uces1 or does away ) ! risk ( ble$+4 ,except 9 v small /ocks x is bett] to leave a numb] ( ! l[] bran*es to prev5t ble$+4 ,:5 ble$+ does occur x may be *eck$ by mak+ "o or m cuts ) ! knife or saw into ! sapwood ( ! trunk bel[ ! graft4 ,bett] results come :5 ! cutt+ back is ( ! top bran*es & n ! l[] ones because ( ! /rong] fl[ ( sap t[>d ! top ( ! tree4 ,9 my op9ion a side bran* %\ld always be left at ! po9t :]e ! /ock is cut (f to ma9ta9 a circulation ( sap4 ,o!rwise ! /ub w (t5 die back & ! graft fail4 ,also1 ! cambium close to a side bran* w be obs]v$ to be ?ick] & ,i inf] t ! circulation ( sap is m active4 ,i pref] to cut (f ! top half1 or two-?irds ( ! tree & graft into ! top & ! side bran*es ne> ! top4 ,hickories 9 full foliage may usually be cut back )\t evid5t h>m4 ,occasionally a tree w be app>5tly %ock$ to dea?4 ,sometimes :5 a tree 9 foliage is cut back sev]ely ! rema9+ leaves w turn black & p>tly1 or completely1 die1 b ! tree w ?r[ out vigor\s new gr[? lat]4 ,trees up to ?ree in*es 9 diamet] may h ! :ole top cut (f1 at ! risk ( occasionally %ock+ a tree to dea?4 ,su* complete cutt+ back mu/ be done 9 ! dormant season or !re w be sev]e & prolong$ ble$+4 ,?is me?od has ! advantage ( =c+ a trem5d\s gr[? 9 ! grafts :i* w ne$ c>eful support4 ,?is is mu* m easily done h[ev]1 ?an :5 ! grafts are 9 ! top ( ! tree4 ,cutt+ back 9 ! dormant season & pa9t+ ) p>aff9e has n work$ well = me z ! p>aff9e has n adh]$ well = any l5g? ( "t to ! fre%ly cut surfaces4 ,probably ?is c\ld be easily rem$i$ if x 7 a real advantage4 ,9 ! case ( small /ocks & bran*es :]e !re is no ble$+ & ! p>aff9e adh]es well gre5 callus w (t5 be se5 spread+ out b5ea? ! p>aff9e ov] ! cut surface4 ,/ocks %\ld be vigor\s4 ,dw>f$1 /unt$1 subm]g$1 hide b\nd trees make poor /ocks4 ,?is is important1 ,i believe4 ,scions ,! condition ( ! scion is ! mo/ important elem5t = success 9 top-work+ hickory trees4 ,! te*nique ( graft+ has be5 s simplifi$ z to make x fairly easy1 & native /ocks are usually vigor\s4 ,b unless ! scions h full vitality success w be limit$4 ,!y %\ld be plump & n pi?y4 ,a limit$ success is possible ) scions ( feeble gr[?1 or ^? subject$ to devitalis+ influ5ces 9 keep+ or h&l+1 b ! l>ge/ success w be _h ) well gr[n scions1 cut f vigor\s trees or grafts1 ^: buds are completely dormant1 & h a fre%1 gre5 appe>ance on cutt+4 ,:5 ! cambium lay] %[s a yell[i% or br[ni% t9t ! scions are useless4 ,sl5d] wood may make good scions b is m difficult to keep 9 good condition4 ,heavy wood f vigor\s1 "y1 graft$ trees1 or f cut back trees1 makes ! be/ scions & is ! easie/ to keep4 ,wood m ?an #a ye> old & z l>ge z "o c h&le makes good scions4 ,dr4 ,morris1 ) ! use ( ! plane1 has succe$$ ) a/oni%+ly l>ge scions & ev5 bran*es4 ,sometimes buds are abs5t f ^! l>ge scions or are v inconspicu\s4 ,!y may be se>*$ = ) a l5s4 ,pref]ably scions %\ld be cut :5 entirely dormant4 ,buds t %[ signs ( break+ %\ld be remov$4 ,scions cut aft] gr[? />ts may be us$ ) success if !re are dormant buds4 ,?is imm$iate graft+1 z ,dr4 ,morris calls x has n be5 fully /udi$4 ,x may be ( great value4 ,x is q successful ) ! apple & ! pe>4 ,x appe>s to dep5d *iefly on ! pres5ce ( dormant buds ( vitality4 ,! lat] 9 ! season ! dormant scions are cut ! %ort] ! "t !y h to be kept1 ?\gh probably ?is is n ( importance if ! me?od ( keep+ is "r4 ,keep+ ,scions ,! l>g] ! scion ! easi] x is to keep x4 ,dr4 ,morris cuts :ole bran*es & keeps !m 9 ! sawdu/ ( 8 iceh\se4 ,i h cut !m two in*es 9 diamet] & kept !m ly+ uncov]$ on ! b>n cell> floor into ! second summ] look+ fre% & gre54 ,! small] ! scion ! m susceptible x is to moi/ure environm5t4 ,scions mu/ be kept :]e x is nei!r too moi/ nor too dry4 ,usually ! mi/ake is made ( keep+ !m too moi/4 ,! buds may />t if ! scions are too moi/ ev5 :5 ! temp]ature is q l[4 ,?is happ5$ = me :5 ,i /or$ scions = a week or two 9 ! v cold bottom ( an icebox4 ,! mo/ successful graft]s keep scions ) a sort ( intellig5t neglect4 ,dr4 ,morris buries !m 9 ! sawdu/ ( 8 iceh\se & x seems to make no diff]5ce if ice is !re or n4 ,i once tri$ keep+ !m 9 an iceh\se ov] ! ice & !y became soak+ wet4 ,i h notic$ t ,dr4 ,morris's sawdu/ seems q dry4 ,mr4 ,jones keeps "s1 at lea/1 ( 8 9 b9s or b>rels cov]$ ) burlap bags4 ,he says t he>tnut scions keep be/ n pack$ away b kept 9 ! op5 cell>4 ,i notice t ,mr4 ,jones has be5 us+ "s k9d ( mill plan+s 9 place ( sphagnum moss4 ,bran*es & l>ge scions w keep well 9 a m$ium t seems dry to ! t\*4 ,small scions1 su* z ^? cut f old p>5t trees1 require c>eful h&l+ to prev5t %rivel+1 on ! "o h&1 or bud />t+ on ! o!r4 ,a l[ temp]ature is probably desirable1 b ! "r condition ( moi/ure is ess5tial to ! prop] keep+ ( scions = any l5g? ( "t4 ,i %\ld naturally pref] to keep !m 9 d>kness1 b ,i am n sure t x is important4 ,und\bt$ly ! access ( "s air is necess>y b x w\ld be difficult to keep x altoge!r away4 ,i d n "k h[ long scions w\ld keep if entirely cov]$ ) p>aff9e4 ,"o ye> ,i dipp$ all ! cut ends ( my scions 9 melt$ p>aff9e b ,i am n sure t x is wor? ! tr\ble4 ,"o ye> ,i pack$ away my scions 9 r moi/ sphagnum moss4 ,! fir/ "t ,i look$ at !m !y 7 enme%$ 9 mold mycelium4 ,lat] _m ( ! buds />t$ to gr[4 ,z sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,jones1 dipp+ ei!r ! scions or ! moss 9 half /r5g? ,bordeaux mixture w rem$y ! mold tr\ble4 ,p>5!tically1 ?is %\ld be ( help 9 keep+ *e/nuts1 *9kap9s1 & o!r nuts t spoil easily ) mold1 = plant+ 9 ! spr+4 ,pack+ scions tightly & heavily cov]$ 9 boxes = any l5g? ( "t has be51 9 my obs]vation1 disa/r\s4 ,9 %ipp+ scions a me?od advis$1 & "o t ,i h foll[$ ) satisfaction1 is to wrap ! scions1 ei!r sep>ately or toge!r1 9 p>aff9e pap] )\t any pack+ next ! scions b putt+ x1 in/ead1 outside ! p>aff9e pap]4 ,?is pack+ may be sphagnum moss or mill plan+s slightly moi/5$4 ,?is also is wrapp$ 9 a moi/ure imp]vi\s cov]+ & !n 9 ord9>y wrapp+ pap]4 ,= %ipp+ long di/anc$ ! moss or plan+s %\ld be dipp$ 9 half /r5g? ,bordeaux mixture4 ,! surface ( ! b>k ( scions t are be+ kept %\ld always be dry1 nev] moi/4 ,b !y %\ld nev] be s dry z to look %rivell$4 ,until y "k j :at scions w d "u ! conditions y provide y %\ld exam9e !m frequ5tly4 ,equipm5t ,! ess5tials are a knife1 raffia & ! wax heat] ) bru%4 ,a saw is necess>y if /ocks are to be cut back1 & prun+ %e>s are conv5i5t = cutt+ scions into prop] l5g?s & = trimm+ & prun+ /ocks4 ,! knife mo/ us$ is ! graft+ knife ( ,mah] ,gross1 ) a ?ree in* /raight blade & a r\nd h&le t gives a good grasp4 ,i us$ to suspect t ! m5 :o said t scions ought to be cut ) two /rokes ( ! knife 7 try+ to e/abli% an unatta9able ideal4 ,b aft] ,mr4 ,jones & ,dr4 ,morris _h taught me h[ to %>p5 my knife ,i f\nd t ,i c\ld cut "o t way myself sometimes4 ,mr4 ,jones's me?od ( %>p5+ is to hone ! knife flat on ! surface next ! scion & ) a bevel on ! upp] edge4 ,i f\nd t ?is made scion cutt+ s mu* easi] t ,i ?\ght x 0 ! :ole secret4 ,b "o day ,i saw ano!r d\bt] come up to ,mr4 ,jones & ask him if x 0 true t he c\ld cut a scion ) two /rokes ( ! knife4 ,mr4 ,jones said he ?\ght he c\ld b he _h no knife j !n4 ,! man pull$ out 8 pocket knife & ask$ if t w\ld d4 ,mr4 ,jones look$ at x1 took a /ick & ) two /rokes cut a p]fect scion4 ,s9ce !n ,i h felt t !re is some?+ to x besides ! way y %>p5 y\r knife4 ,a v important elem5t 9 %ap+ scions is to give a draw+ motion to ! knife by keep+ ! h&le well advanc$ be=e ! blade4 ,! cutt+ is done ) a draw & n a pu%4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important factors = success 9 %ap+ scions4 ,x seems h>dly necess>y to say t ! /roke ( ! knife %\ld be away f ! graft]4 ,yet x is a common sight to see beg9n]s cutt+ to ! ?umb4 ,dr4 ,morris %[$ me t if1 9 %>p5+ y\r knife1 y hold ! little :et/one betwe5 ! ?umb & middle f+] ( ! left h& y are less likely to put a fea!r edge on x4 ,a fea!r edge is some?+ to clip ! spr\t+ w+s ( any budd+ sa9t ( a graft]4 ,:5 y get ! "r edge on y\r knife (t5 y c use x ! :ole day )\t re%>p5+1 or at mo/ ) simply a /ropp+ on a piece ( wood or lea!r4 ,b improp] use ( ! knife1 or ! lea/ knick1 w spoil ! edge & sometimes x w be q difficult to get x back4 ,!re=e ! blade %\ld always be protect$ by a %ea?1 nev] laid d[n or us$ = cutt+ raffia1 or any?+ b ! actual cutt+ ( ! graft4 ,= ?is purpose a lea!r %ea? worn on ! front ( ! belt1 z fir/ us$ by ,dr4 ,morris1 is almo/ a necessity4 ,?is %ea? may be made by any lea!r work] & %\ld h at lea/ two pockets1 "o = ! graft+ knife & "o = ano!r knife to be us$ = trimm+1 cutt+ raffia & o!r odd ?+s4 ,x is conv5i5t to h a little pocket = a p5cil also & "o may provide places = o!r articles ( equipm5t at fancy4 ,i d n "k t !re is mu* to be said "h ab\t raffia4 ,b a great deal has be5 said1 & w be said1 else:]e1 :5 ! raffia is rott5 & breaks 9 ! middle ( ty+ a graft4 ,x is ! devil's own /uff to c>ry :5 y don't c>ry x "r4 ,! "r way to c>ry x is to tuck "o end ( ! bundle "u "o side ( y\r belt1 pass ! bundle beh9d y\r back & ! o!r end "u ! o!r side ( y\r belt4 ,!n ! raffia nev] gets mix$ up ) scions1 tools & pr(anity & ! end ( a /r& is z h&y z ! knives 9 y\r belt4 ,on ! :ole ,i d n "k ( any b9d+ mat]ial z satisfactory z raffia4 ,x is /rong] & easi] to use :5 x is damp4 ,"o ( ! great advances 9 ! art ( graft+ is ! use ( melt$ wax4 ,i believe t we h to cr$it ,mr4 ,jones = ?is4 ,! use ( p>aff9e = graft+ wax we owe to ,dr4 ,morris4 ,to him also we owe ! ,m]ribrook melt] :i* has add$ s mu* to ! com=t & conv5i5ce ( graft+ t x c be recomm5d$ z an outdoor sport = ladies4 ,i d n l ! bru% t ,dr4 ,morris recomm5ds b pref] a /iff] "o su* z c be b\ght = t5 c5ts4 ,equipm5ts v>y ) ! individual & ) ! diff]5ce 9 ! "w to be done4 ,mr4 ,slaught] c>ries into ! nurs]y1 :5 he is work+ = ,mr4 ,jones 9 ! semi-tropical sun ( ,lanca/]1 a /ool ) p>asol atta*m5t4 ,mr4 ,bi$]man ( ,arizona has ! mo/ elaborate equipm5t :i* includes a table1 planes1 curv$ knives & g\ges4 ,dr4 ,morris c>ries a knapsack4 ,i l an ord9>y light m>ket basket t ,"m ,e>? holds up = me :5 ,i'm n mov+ f place to place4 ,:5 9 a tree ,i /uff my pockets ) scions4 ,a saw is usually a necessity4 ,= portability ,i pref] a curv$ "o t has a draw cut4 ,x has also an ae/hetic elem5t & doesn't look l a meat saw1 :i* c't be said ( ,mr4 ,jones's saw t s$uc$ ,dr4 ,morris f *ur*4 ,= heavy & /eady "w ,i mu* pref] a c>p5t]'s %>p h& saw4 ,a two-edg$ saw is an abom9ation devis$ by consci5celess manufactur]s = ! s$uction ( innoc5t amateurs4 ,= prun+ %e>s ,i h a p]sonal fancy = ! ,fr5*1 h&-made in/rum5t1 ea* "o individual1 a "w ( art & a pot5tial legacy to "o's horticultural heir1 if "o doesn't let ! village blacksmi? monkey ) x1 z ,i did ) m9e4 ,on "s grafts x is desirable to use a bit ( pap]1 ei!r b5ea? or outside ( ! raffia1 to make wax+ easi]4 ,= ?is ,i h f\nd scraps ( ,japanese pap] napk9 v adaptive to surfaces & absorptive ( wax4 ,on v heavy grafts ,dr4 ,morris uses ! ,spani% w9dlass1 z devis$ by him1 = :i* he c>ries sisal cord1 wood5 or metal meat skew]s1 small /aples & a mallet4 ,he uses a *isel to cut slots 9 v ?ick b>k & planes = %ap+ heavy grafts4 ,i h tri$ fa/5+ 9 grafts ) a nail1 us+ iron & brass nails & bank p9s4 ,mr4 ,jones has sugge/$ cem5t cov]$ nails4 ,my exp]i5ce ) iron nails is t !y damage ! scions4 ,! use ( nails has n be5 fully work$ out4 ,!y are almo/ ess5tial 9 bridge graft+ apple trees4 ,i ?9k t j ! "r k9d ( a /aple might be a help ) "s k9ds ( grafts4 ,pap] bags1 #b p\nd size1 are sometimes want$1 = protection f sun or insects or to make ! grafts conspicu\s4 ,mr4 ,jones %ades grafts made close to ! gr\nd ) a slip ( pap]4 ,= labels = imm$iate use ! wood5 ones1 pa9t$ on "o side & ) copp] wire fa/5+1 are satisfactory4 ,atta* !m by ! nurs]yman's me?od1 :i* x has tak5 me _m ye>s to recognize z ! "r "o1 by twi/+ ! d\bl$ wire ar\nd a conv5i5t object4 ,d n sep>ate ! wires :i* w probably p]mit ! label to flap 9 ! w9d & soon we> out ! wires4 ,i us$ to ?9k t ! nurs]yman's me?od 0 ! result ( hurry or laz9ess4 ,copp] labels1 to be writt5 on ) a /ylus1 co/ #a-a_/b or #b c5ts ea*1 accord+ to size4 ,! small] ,i consid] pref]able4 ,i imag9$ t ^! w\ld solve ! label problem4 ,picture my disappo9tm5t :5 ,i f\nd t _m ( !m crack$1 or broke (f entirely ne> ! eyelet1 f flapp+ 9 ! w9d4 ,if !y are to be us$ !y mu/ be fa/5$ s z n to move ) ! w9d4 ,mr4 ,bixby has an excell5t label made on an alum9um /rip pr9t+ ma*9e4 ,x has a hole 9 ea* end & is fa/5$ ) a heavy copp] wire4 ,he uses two ( ^! labels on ea* tree4 ,dr4 ,morris sometimes uses a heavy wire /ake to :i* he fa/5s ! labels4 ,a good me?od ( atta*+ labels1 & "o t does away ) ! risk ( girdl+ ! graft or tree1 is to fa/5 ! label to a /aple driv5 into ! tree4 ,! matt] ( labels is a tr\blesome "o = !y w get lo/ no matt] :at y d4 ,o!r conv5i5ces ( equipm5t are a small :et/one1 a small hamm]1 mat*es1 & "s volatile oil1 l citronella1 lav5d]1 w9t]gre51 or o!r black fly & mosquito repellant4 ,x is almo/ suicidal to slap a mosquito on ! back ( y\r neck ) a ke5 graft+ knife 9 y\r h&4 ,a supply ( p>[ax & alcohol = ! lant]n's sake %\ld be rememb]$4 ,te*nique ,if ! /ocks are vigor\s & active1 & ! scions full ( vitality1 ,i d\bt if ! te*nique is ( *ief importance1 provid$ x is ord9>ily good4 ,h[ev]1 a good te*nique w increase ! p]c5tage ( success4 ,"o %\ld h a v>iety ( me?ods at comm& = v>y+ conditions ( /ocks & scions4 ,"o may come z ne> #ajj success 9 graft+ hickories z "o is able & will+ to obs]ve all ! kn[n factors ( success4 ,i ?9k t we c say n[ t ! factors ( success 9 hickory graft+ are kn[n4 ,!y are a vigor\s & active /ock1 a scion ( abundant vitality1 coaptation ( ! fre%ly cut cambium lay]s & prev5tion ( desiccation4 ,! /ock & scion h already be5 consid]$4 ,h[ is coadaptation be/ obta9$8 ,"o ( ! be/ me?ods1 "o t c be us$ 9 all seasons & 9 mo/ conditions ( /ock & scion1 is ! side graft1 ! "o t ,mr4 ,jones uses 9 8 nurs]y "w4 ,t is ! be/ argum5t = ?is graft4 ,x is1 p]haps1 ! simple/1 & at ! same "t "o ( ! mo/ difficult1 ( all grafts4 ,! scion is cut w$ge %ap$ & pu%$ into a slant+ incision 9 ! side ( ! /ock4 ,mr4 ,jones's modifi$ cleft graft is only a side graft made 9 ! top ( ! /ock aft] cutt+ x (f4 ,! difficulty lies *iefly 9 cutt+ ! scion & ! incision 9 ! /ock s t ! fit w be p]fectly true4 ,?is requires practice4 ,! b>k slot graft1 z ,dr4 ,morris calls x1 ,i h us$ = sev]al ye>s4 ,x c be us$ only dur+ ! gr[+ season :5 ! b>k w slip4 ,x is v successful1 :e!r put 9 at ! top ( a cut (f /ock1 or ins]t$ 9 ! side ( a limb or ! trunk4 ,x is n conv5i5t to use unless ! scion is consid]ably small] ?an ! /ock4 ,! scion is cut ) a sc>f1 or bevel1 on "o side only4 ,:5 ! slot is to be made 9 ! top ( a cut (f /ock two v]tical cuts are made ?r\gh ! b>k1 z f> ap>t z ! scion is wide1 ! tongue ( b>k ?us =m$ is rais$ slightly at ! top1 & ! po9t ( ! scion is ins]t$1 cut surface t[>d ! c5t] ( ! tree1 & pu%$ d[n firmly into place4 ,! sup]flu\s "p ( ! tongue ( b>k is !n cut (f4 ,by slightly und]cutt+ ! edges ( ! slot1 & slightly tap]+ x t[>d ! bottom1 ! scion may be w$g$1 or dovetail$1 9 place s z to be v firm4 ,x is ev5 possible to disp5se ) ty+1 sometimes1 b bett] n to d s4 ,:5 ! slot is to be made 9 ! side ( a limb or trunk ! same proc$ure is foll[$ except t x is necess>y be=e mak+ ! slot to remove a not* ( b>k1 at "r angles to ! axis ( ! trunk1 s z to free ! upp] end ( ! tongue ( b>k4 ,! b>k slot graft is ! easie/ ( all & readily ma/]$ once ! graft] le>ns to %ape a true scion4 ,x is mu* bett] ?an ! old b>k graft :]e ! b>k ( ! /ock is =c$ away f ! wood leav+ consid]able space to be fill$ or cov]$4 ,^! two =ms ( graft1 ! side graft1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,jones's modifi$ cleft graft is only a v>iation1 z be=e /at$1 & ! b>k slot1 9 its two v>iations z describ$1 w meet all ne$s 9 topwork+ hickory trees4 ,f9ally1 prev5tion ( desiccation ( ! graft is obta9$ by wax+4 ,i h f\nd ,dr4 ,morris's me?od ) melt$ p>aff9e satisfactory4 ,! addition ( raw p9e gum1 z advocat$ by ,dr4 ,morris is und\bt$ly an advantage "u c]ta9 conditions1 describ$ by him1 b ,i h n yet us$ x4 ,! melt$ p>[ax is appli$ to ! :ole graft & wrapp+1 leav+ no cut surface expos$ & ! :ole scion be+ cov]$4 ,if ! p>aff9e is at j ! "r temp]ature x w spread at a t\*1 cov]+ ! surfaces )\t dang] ( scald+4 ,x is mu* m effective ?us appli$ ?an if cold] & daub$ on4 ,! ?ick] ! wax+ ! m likely to crack & sep>ate4 ,if ! p>aff9e smokes x is too hot4 ,if x does n smoke1 & is dext]\sly appli$1 ,i ?9k we c feel safely t x _c be too hot4 ,b if appli$ ) a heavy h& x may be too hot ev5 at a temp]ature s l[ t x w n spread4 ,season = ,graft+ ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,morris nut trees c be graft$ successfully 9 any mon? ( ! ye>4 ,b practically ,i ?9k t graft+ w be limit$ to t "p ( ! ye> dur+ :i* ! cambium lay] ( ! /ock is active4 ,at o!r times ( ! ye> pres]vation ( ! vitality ( ! scion w be too problematical1 x seems to me1 ev5 if x is v c>efully wax$4 ,h[ev]1 ,i may be mi/ak54 ,at any rate graft+ is n v pleasant "w out ( doors 9 v cold wea!r4 ,! success ( b5* graft+ w\ld be an argum5t = ! success ( dormant season graft+ out ( doors4 ,aft] ,c>e ,)\t ?\ghtful aft] c>e ! labor ( topwork+ w almo/ c]ta9ly be lo/4 ,!re are _m ways 9 :i* ! grafts c be lo/ b ! two commone/ are by be+ *ok$1 or inhibit$1 by gr[? f ! /ock1 & by be+ bl[n out by ! w9d4 ,all new gr[? f ! /ock mu/ be rigor\sly prev5t$4 ,grafts (t5 make s heavy a gr[? t1 if n bl[n out by ! w9d1 !y w be dragg$ out by _! own weight4 ,consequ5tly !y mu/ (t5 be support$4 ,:5 ! grafts are 91 or ne>1 ! trunk ( ! /ock1 & n too high1 ! h&ie/ me?od ( support is to cut a sapl+ ( prop] l5g?1 %>p5 ! butt1 /ick ?is into ! gr\nd at ! base ( ! /ock1 & tie x 9 two places to ! /ock4 ,:5 ! grafts are too f> out or too high = ?is me?od la?s or slats or /icks may be ti$ or nail$ to ! bran*es4 ,support is likely to be ev5 m necess>y 9 ! second season :5 ! gr[? is (t5 a/oni%+4 ,bud worms w sometimes de/roy y\r graft j z x is />t+1 b !y are easily f\nd if look$ =4 ,) my conditions ! mo/ h>m by insects is done by ! night fe$+ beetles1 :i* are p>ticul>ly exasp]at+ z morn+ aft] morn+ y wat* ! progress ( _! de/ructive "w )\t ev] see+ !m4 ,bagg+ is ! only prev5tive & x pays to use bags :5 a p>ticul> graft is *]i%$4 ,is ,topwork+ ,hickories ,wor? ,:ile8 ,up to ! pres5t "t x is ! sure/ & easie/ way1 practically ! only way1 ( gett+ good results ) ! hickories1 except+ ! pecan4 ,! root sy/ems ( ! native /ocks are well e/abli%$ & pu% ! grafts rapidly4 ,i h _h a ,si]s hybrid gr[ #aa feet ,/raight up 9 a season4 ,a ,taylor matur$ sev]al nuts on ! ?ird season's gr[?4 ,a ,t]p5ny _h a crop ! f\r? ye>1 ! ,griff9 be>s annually s9ce its fif? ye>1 ! ,kirtl& & ,b>nes s9ce ! six?4 ,! ,k5tucky is a little sl[]4 ,none ( ! hybrids h yet borne ) me b ) o!rs !y h borne q e>ly4 ,we c be sure t ! hickories w be> :5 top work$ z soon z ! av]age apple tree4 ,! size ( ! crop t any topwork$ hickory tree w be> w dep5d on ! size to :i* y h be5 able to gr[ ! tree & ! habit ( be>+ ( ! p>ticul> v>iety4 ,i ?9k1 also1 t !re is good evid5ce to %[ t ! size ( ! tree1 ! size ( ! nuts & ! size ( ! crop w dep5d l>gely on ! am\nt ( c>e & ! am\nt ( plant food t is giv5 ! tree4 ,two ye>s ago ,i topwork$ a numb] ( hickory trees = ,mr4 ,patt]son ( ,wilkes-,b>re1 "o ( our memb]s1 & ,mr4 ,patt]son's =eman put 9 a few grafts "u my obs]vation4 ,?is summ] ,i w5t to ,wilkes-,b>re to inspect my "w4 ,! =eman took me out into a field :]e he _h done a lot ( graft+ ! ye> be=e & ,i f\nd t he _h _h a little bett] p]c5tage ( success ?an ,i _h _h4 ,he _h us$ ! b>k slot graft = ev]y?+1 ev5 :5 ! scions 7 almo/ z big z ! /ocks4 ,be=e ?is ,i _h ?\ght t long exp]i5ce 0 necess>y = successful graft+4 ,n[ ,i see t if y h good scions1 a ,morris melt] & a half h\r ( in/ructions1 y w h all ! ess5tials = imm$iate success4 ,hickory graft+ is easy n[4 ,b let no "o be contemptu\s1 = ?is ease has come only aft] _m ye>s ( exp]im5t & c\ntless failures by _m m54 ,! =m] difficulty 9 graft+ ! hickory seems n[ l a my/]y4 ,! hi/ory ( its evolution w\ld make a v pretty /ory = ! nut gr[]4 ,,notes ,,on ,,m$iate ,,& ,,imm$iate ,,graft+ ,,at ,,all ,,times ,,( ,,! ,,ye> ,by ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,morris1 ,connecticut ,any newly describ$ fact :i* releases in=mation on ! subject ( tree graft+ op5s vi/as ( ! new fronti] 9 _w agriculture4 ,"t 0 :5 m5 w5t f "o c\ntry to ano!r 9 se>* ( fre% top soil4 ,t 0 :5 !y did n "k bett]4 ,x 0 :5 _! cogs ( habit turn$ _! cogs ( ?\ght4 ,!y 7 engag$ 9 rais+ annual plants at a consid]able exp5diture ( "t1 labor & exp5se4 ,!y committ$ wa/age ( soluble plant foods 7a v>iety ( s974 ,mal?us =mulat$ a fam\s ov]-population fe>-?\ght4 ,x _h basis 9 8 ignorance ( ! fact t /eam 0 soon to become a factor 9 ! spread+ ( food supplies4 ,fur!rmore1 he seem+ly did n "k t :5 old top-soil fronti]s _h gone to ! re>1 new fronti]s w\ld appe> 9 ! sub-soil4 ,! tree digs deep] ?an ! f>m] ev] pl[$4 ,aft] ,mal?us came hung] prophets :o 7 ignorant ( com+ possibilities ( fleet transportation ?r\gh ! air4 ,! cat]pill> tractor plung+ into ! tropical jungle w all[ ( ! production ( a practically unlimit$ food supply4 ,fam9e 9 ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,russia is a social matt] & unnecess>y4 ,trees cure fam9e4 ,)9 ! pa/ decade a numb] ( ?9k]s on "o end ( ! see-saw h writt5 heavily on ! ov]-population "q n kn[+ t !y & _! bir? control ideas 7 to be toss$ into ! air by /ill heavi] weight ( fact on ! o!r end ( ! see-saw4 ,! heavi] weight ( fact relates to ! idea t fam9e does n belong to tree food regions4 ,x relates to ! fact t tree foods c supply all ( ! ess5tials ( prov5d] = m51 live/ock & f[ls2 prote9s1 />*es1 fats & vitam9es 9 delici\s =m4 ,x relates to ! fact t tree foods come l>gely out ( ! sub-soil )\t app>5t dim9ution ( f]tility ( ! gr\nd4 ,! tree all[s top-soil bact]ia & surface annual plants to manufacture plant food mat]ials & !n deep roots take ^! mat]ials to ! leaves = elaboration by sun *emi/ry4 ,trees may be gr[n :]ev] crops ( annual plants may be gr[n & :]e annual plants may n be gr[n pr(itably4 ,!y d n require ! s]vice ( high co/ labor = annual tillage ( ! soil4 ,= example1 f\r l>ge pecan trees or black walnut trees on an acre ( gr\nd )\t tillage or f]tiliz] may av]age a ?\s& p\nds ( nut meats annually = a c5tury4 ,h[ (t5 is ! m>ket value & food value ( a ?\s& p\nds ( nut meats p] acre equall$ by crops f annual plants :i* w\ld require f #ajj to #bjj pl[+s & h>r[+s dur+ a hundr$ ye>s ( cont9u\s cultivation leav+ out ! "q ( exp5sive f]tiliz]s & labor4 ,l>ge populations live ^u dates1 olives & figs4 ,= tr\ble !y h to look to religion4 ,sev]al c5turies 7 requir$ = ! ,briti% f>m]s to raise ! :eat crop f six bu%els to ?irty bu%els p] acre4 ,?+s move fa/] n[adays4 ,x w n require s long a "t to c>ry tree crops f ! se$l+ phase to ! phase ( graft$ k9ds ) great] productivity & quality4 ,9 ! pa/ ! successful tree graft] 0 a specially skill$ man4 ,n[ almo/ anybody may graft almo/ any sort ( tree at almo/ any "t ( ! ye>4 ,aside f graft+1 ! hybridiz+ ( nut trees1 l t ( c]eal gra9 plants1 has become a sci5tific sport appeal+ to ! play in/9ct ( man4 ,:5 "w becomes play 9 any field ( human activity progress goes by leaps & b\nds4 ,! rec5t advance 9 tree graft+ has am\nt$ almo/ to a revolution r ?an an evolution process4 ,application ( a few new graft+ pr9ciples ( great consequ5ce is n[ ! ord] ( ! day4 ,old e/abli%$ graft+ me?ods frequ5tly ran into failures :5 deal+ ) all b a few trees l ! common fruit be>+ k9ds4 ,! two *ief ob/acles to successful graft+ 7 desiccation ( ! graft & fung\s or bact]ial p>asites :i* ent]$ ! l& ( milk & honey :]e sap collect$ 9 graft w\nds4 ,bo? ( ^! dang]s h n[ be5 practically elim9at$ & x rema9s = u to ext5d ! season ( graft+1 c>ry+ x away f a hurri$ proc$ure 9 busy spr+ weeks4 ,! *ief ob/acle to ?is ext5sion ( ! graft+ season has be5 ! difficulty 9 f9d+ ! "r sort ( graft+ wax or protective mat]ial = cov]+ ! graft1 buds & all1 z well z ! w\nd ( ! /ock4 ,= cov]+ ! entire graft 9 ord] to avoid desiccation graft+ waxes _h to be appli$ 9 melt$ =m ) a bru%4 ,!y _h to be appli$ 9 melt$ =m = fill+ int]/ices ( w\nds 9 :i* sap might collect & f]m5t4 ,^! waxes _h ! effect ( n reta9+ _! quality "u greatly v>y+ conditions ( heat1 cold & moi/ure4 ,! p>aff9 waxes :i* ! au?or has pref]r$ 7 incl9$ to crack & to become sep>at$ f ! graft & /ock 9 cold wea!r4 ,fur!rmore !y w\ld remelt & become useless 9 ! v hot sun ( s\!rn latitudes4 ,exp]im5tation = sev]al seasons has result$ 9 ! f9d+ t raw p9e gum is miscible ) ! p>aff9s 9 almo/ all proportions because ( physical or *emical aff9ity4 ,?is gives to ! wax an ela/icity & adhesiv5ess ( su* degree t we may n[ graft trees 9 cold wea!r4 ,cohesiv5ess ( molecules ( ! mixture is su* t remelt+ 9 ! hot sun may n de/roy ! effectiv5ess ( ?is protective coat+ 9 hot wea!r4 ,s9ce ! au?or has dep5d$ ^u ?is mixture he has graft$ pea*es1 apples1 hazels & hickories successfully 9 midw9t] z well z 9 midsumm]4 ,_m o!r k9ds ( trees h be5 graft$ successfully out ( ! s-call$ graft+ season b ^! f\r k9ds :i* repres5t two ( ! easie/ graft]s & two ( ! h>de/ graft]s w suffice = purposes ( illu/ration4 ,accord+ to old-e/abli%$ idea trees may be graft$ successfully only f scions t h be5 cut :5 dormant & /or$ 9 prop] receptacles4 ,?is is :at we may t]m m$iate graft+1 a consid]able l5g? ( "t int]v5+ betwe5 cutt+ ! scions & ins]t+ ! grafts4 ,on ! o!r h& :at we may call imm$iate graft+ is ! tak+ ( a scion f "o tree & graft+ x at once 9 a tree t is to receive x4 ,m$iate or imm$iate graft+ may bo? be done at almo/ any "t ( ! ye>1 w9t] or summ]1 spr+ or autumn4 ,:5 prep>+ ! scion = imm$iate graft+ 9 ! spr+ or e>ly summ] x is be/ to cut (f all ! leaves & h]bace\s gr[? ( ! ye>4 ,we !n dep5d ^u lat5t buds situat$ 9 ! old] wood ( ! scion4 ,! latt] may be "o ye> or sev]al ye>s ( age4 ,9 midsumm] :5 top buds h =m$ we may remove only ! leaves1 all[+ ! gr[? ( ! ye> to rema9 & to s]ve = graft+ mat]ial4 ,9 exp]im5ts ) ! apple = example x 0 f\nd t m$iate grafts ins]t$ on ,july #aj? 9 ! latitude ( ,/am=d1 ,conn41 began to bur/ _! buds five or six days lat]4 ,imm$iate grafts ins]t$ at ! same "t began to bur/ _! buds ab\t fifte5 days lat] f buds ( ! ye> & ab\t tw5ty days lat] f lat5t buds 9 old] scion wood4 ,new %oots f ^! m$iate apple grafts cont9u$ to gr[ z !y d 9 ,spr+ graft+4 ,imm$iate apple grafts on ! o!r h& put out ab\t six leaves f ea* bud & !n came to a /ate ( re/ ) ! =mation ( a new top bud4 ,aft] ab\t t5 days ( re/+ ^! new top buds aga9 bur/ =? & grew %oots l ^? ( ! m$iate grafts4 ,! philosophy ( ^! ph5om5a w\ld seem to include ! idea t ! m$iate summ] grafts _h conta9$ a full supply ( pabulum /or$ up 9 ! cambium lay]4 ,! imm$iate summ] grafts1 on ! o!r h&1 _h conta9$ only a p>tial supply ( pabulum1 en\gh to all[ !m to make six leaves & a top bud4 ,aft] a few days ( re/+ ^! %oots ) meag] l>d] c\ld !n g =w>d ) new food furni%$ by ! :ole tree4 ,m$iate & imm$iate w9t] grafts 7 alike 9 _! me?od ( gr[? 9 ! spr+4 ,?is w\ld seem to confirm ! idea t "* ( new gr[? is dep5d5t ^u ! relative quality ( /or$ pabulum 9 ! cambium lay]4 ,9 exp]im5tal "w x 0 not$ t bo? m$iate & imm$iate w9t] grafts make a sl[] />t 9 ! spr+ ?an d ! grafts ins]t$ 9 spr+time4 ,?is is p]haps due to ! =mation ( a protective corky cell lay] ov] w\nd surfaces4 ,new granulation tissue w\ld !n f9d "s degree ( me*anical ob/acle 9 ! pres5ce ( a corky cell lay] at fir/4 ,h]bace\s plants all[ ( graft+4 ,we are famili> ) ! example ( ! tomato plant graft$ ^u ! potato plant1 furni%+ a crop ( tomatoes above & potatoes bel[4 ,x seem$ to ! au?or t ! h]bace\s gr[? ( trees %\ld be graft$ q z readily4 ,?is seems to be n ! case4 ,a numb] ( exp]im5ts conduct$ ) graft+ ( ! h]bace\s gr[? ( trees 9 advance ( lignification has result$ :olly 9 failure ) bo? s(t wood & h>d wood trees4 ,! walnuts c>ri$ h]bace\s bud grafts & scion grafts = a long "t h[ev]4 ,^! grafts sometimes rema9$ q gre5 & promis+ = a p]iod ( a mon? b lignification progress$ 9 ! /ock )\t ext5d+ to ! scion4 ,speculation w\ld introduce ! idea t lignification relates to a hormone influ5ce proce$+ f ! leaves ( a tree & t ! leafless scion does n s5d =? hormones = /imulat+ ! cells ( ! scion to ! po9t ( furni%+ enzymes = wood build+4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( new tree "w relates to exp]im5ts :i* are failures4 ,negative te/imony is l ! m9or key 9 music4 ,!re are _m m5 :o c>e to d only ?+s t _c be done4 ,^! are ! ones :o h made our progress 9 almo/ e field ( human activity4 ,,/ocks ,,= ,,hickories ,will>d ,g4 ,bixby1 ,long ,isl& ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,! %eets :i* ,i am di/ribut+ to y conta9 tables to :i* ,i %all ref] dur+ ?is talk4 ,b fir/ ,i w give a little =eword reg>d+ ! trees4 ,! trees enum]at$ 9 ! tables %[n 7 ne>ly all giv5 me by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,hicks ( ,isaac ,hicks ,son1 ,we/bury1 ,long ,isl&1 & 7 tak5 to ,baldw9 & set out 9 ! fall1 practically ! entire roots be+ sav$ & lat] ! trees sev]ely cut back4 ,!y 7 transplant$ )\t loss except 9 ! case ( ! %agb>k1 & ^? lo/ 7 all und]siz$ trees4 ,all ( ! hickories 7 ( "o age1 b ^? lo/ 7 ones :i* _h n made normal gr[? & _h !y be5 disc>d$ 9 ! beg9n+ !re w\ld h be5 no loss :atev] 9 ! transplant+ ( #cjj or #djj trees4 ,lat]1 9 ! spr+ ( #aibd1 ,i f\nd "s loose b>k pignut 7,c>ya ovalis7 se$l+s on a f>m n f> away f my place1 & ^! 7 also transplant$2 b !y 7 too small to graft ?is ye>4 ,^! exp]im5ts 9 graft+1 made dur+ #aibc & #aibd1 h %[n u "s new ?+s4 ,) "s ( ! walnuts we _h #ajj p] c5t success4 ,) ! hickories !re 0 n #ajj p] c5t success1 b t 0 due to ! fact t we 7 putt+ scions on /ocks t 7 n cong5ial 9 _m in/ances4 ,y w notice ! results z %[n on ! tables4 #aibc ,,graft+ ,g--,grafts ,set ,c--,successful ,cat*es ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,%agb>k ,mock]nut ,pignut ,pecan ,bitt]nut ,total ,g ,c ,g ,c ,g ,c ,g ,c ,g ,c ,g ,c ,b>nes #f #f #c #c #c #c #c #c #c #c #ah #ah #ajj4j ,brooks #e #j #d #b #e #a #e #b #ai #e #ba4j ,cl>k #e #a #e #j #e #b #e #a #e #b #be #f #bd4j ,fairbanks #bg #ag #bg #ag #ei4c ,gobble #a ,o #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #e #d #hj4j ,griff9 #a #a #a #a #a #j #a #j #a #a #e #c #fj4j ,hales #e #c #d #a #e #d #e #e #ai #ac #eb4e ,k5tucky #e #d #c #a #e #d #e #d #e #a #bc #ad #fa4j ,kirtl& #c #a #c #b #c #b #c #b #ab #g #eh4d ,laney #f #d #f #d #ff4g ,long ,bea* #d #c #c #b #d #a #d #b #c #a #ah #i #ej4j ,manahan #e #a #e #a #f #b #e #a #e #a #bf #f #bd4b ,si]s #e #e #e #e #ajj4j ,/anley #c #c #c #b #c #c #i #h #hi4j ,taylor #d #c #c #c #d #c #d #c #ae #ab #hj4j ,ve/ #e #a #e #j #e #a #e #b #e #a #be #e #bj4j ,weik] #e #a #e #b #e #a #ae #d #bf4h -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- --- #cb #ag #ea #bj #eb #bf #df #bd #ia #ec #bgb #adj #ec4a #bi4b #ej4j #dg4j #ei4c #ea4e ,an inspection ( ! #aibc grafts made ,augu/ #ba1 #aibd %[$ ! foll[+ numb] gr[+3 on %agb>k #ad1 on mock]nut #f1 on pignut #bf1 on pecan #bd1 & on bitt]nut #af1 ! only place :]e !re 0 any mat]ial diff]5ce be+ 9 ! case ( ! mock]nut :]e ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! numb] ( grafts gr[+ la/ summ] fail$ to gr[ ?is spr+1 9 fact all v>ieties fail$ to gr[ except+ ?ree1 ! ,b>nes1 ,gobble & ,long ,bea*1 all ?ree ( :i* ,i suspect f o!r evid5ce1 h mock]nut p>5tage4 ,9 ! ease ( ^? on pignut & pecan /ocks !re 0 no loss f #aibc & 9 "s in/ances at lea/ ( ^? on %agb>k & bitt]nut /ocks ! loss 0 due to outside causes1 su* z be+ brok5 (f4 #aibd ,,graft+ ,g--,grafts ,set ,c--,successful ,cat*es ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,%agb>k ,mock]nut ,pignut ,pecan ,bitt]nut ,total ,g ,c ,g ,c ,g ,c ,g ,c ,g ,c ,g ,c ,b>nes #h #g #aj #d #ah #aa #fa4j ,beav] #e #a #e #a #bj4j ,brooks #aa #h #aj #e #ba #ac #fa4i ,cl>k #f #j #h #j #e #j #e #a #bd #a #d4f ,fairbanks #e #c #e #c #fj4j ,gre5bay #e #j #e #j #j4j ,hales #e #a #e #a #bj4j ,k5tucky #e #b #d #b #i #d #dd4e ,kirtl& #e #e #d #c #i #h #hh4h ,laney #e #c #e #b #aj #e #ej4j ,manahan #f #b #f #b #cc4c ,mosnat ,no4 #e4 #g #a #g #a #ad4g ,mosnat ,no4 #f4 #aj #f #aj #f #fj4j ,si]s #e #d #e #d #hj4j ,/anley #ab #a #ab #a #h4c ,ve/ #aj #c #ae #e #af #e #aj #c #ab #c #fc #ai #cd4b ,weik] #e #c #e #c #fj4j -- -- --- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- -- #af #c #abb #eb #ed #ba #ae #d #ab #c #bai #hc #ah4g #db4f #ch4i #bf4g #be4j #cg4i ,9 #aibc1 x 0 v evid5t t ! ,b>nes 0 ! only v>iety %[+ #ajj p] c5t success on e /ock4 ,t 0 n repeat$ 9 #aibd1 b x /ill %[$ a high p]c5tage ( success4 ,f ! comp>atively mode/ p]c5tage ( cat*es1 #ea4e on ! av]age 9 #aibc & #cg4i 9 #aibd1 "o might ha/ily conclude t ! graft+ 0 n skillfully done or t ! grafts did n h prop] att5tion aft]w>d1 b z not$ above ! graft+ 0 done by ,dr4 ,dem+1 :om ,i reg>d z "o ( ! mo/ skillful m5 t we h1 & z ! "w on walnuts done at ! same "t %[$ #ajj success ) a numb] ( v>ieties1 ,i ?9k any "q z to ! skill ) :i* ! "w 0 done & ! c>e ! graft$ trees _h aft]w>ds c be dismiss$4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! numb] ( scions at h& 0 n suffici5t to repeat exactly ! exp]im5ts ( #aibc z well z to foll[ out ! po9ts sugge/$ by ! #aibc "w1 b z !re 0 n en\gh = bo?1 ! latt] 0 done4 ,! #ajj success ( cat*es ( ! ,b>nes 9 #aibc 0 n repeat$ 9 #aibd2 b ! high p] c5t ( cat*es on ! mock]nut1 7#g out ( #h 9 #aibd71 is gratify+ 9 view ( ! few v>ieties t we h t h %[n adaptability to t /ock4 ,z ! ,b>nes is "o ( our good v>ieties & !re is su* a wide section ( ! c\ntry :]e ! mock]nut is ! prevail+ hickory1 x is believ$ ?is behavior ( ! ,b>nes w prove a valuable addition to our k 9 top-work+ ! hickory4 ,no v>iety z /rik+ly adapt$ = use on ! pignut has appe>$1 b !re are a numb] t h %[n fair adaptability4 ,! v>ieties mo/ desirable = top-work+ v>i\s species ( hickories z sugge/$ by ?is "w supplem5t$ by o!r obs]vations ( ! writ]1 w\ld be z foll[s3 ,%agb>k--,mo/ v>ieties4 ,mock]nut--,b>nes4 ,pignut--,brooks1 ,k5tucky1 ,taylor1 ,kirtl&4 ,bitt]nut--,beav]1 ,fairbanks1 ,laney1 ,si]s4 ,x is useful to "k t ! ,b>nes is ! only "o especially successful on ! ,mock]nut4 ,by ! spr+ ( #aibd1 all grafts on mock]nut _h di$ except ! ,b>nes1 ! ,gobble & ! ,long ,bea*1 & ea* ( ^! is ?\ght to h mock]nut p>5tage4 ,9 ! cases ( ! pignut & ! pecan /ocks1 all ( ! grafts successful 9 #aibc 7 /ill liv+ 9 #aibd4 ,) ! %agb>k & bitt]nut mo/ liv$4 ,z to pecans !re is n mu* to be said2 pecan v>ieties w\ld usually be us$ = ! topwork+ "h4 ,! results ( a few grafts set 9 #aibd on ,c>ya ovalis & on %ellb>k se$l+s :i* 7 #ajj failures1 are n not$1 z ! %ellb>ks 71 9 ! judgm5t ( ! writ]1 too small = ! purpose1 & ! ,c>ya ovalis _h be5 set out 9 ! spr+ ( #aibd b a few weeks be=e ! graft+ 0 done4 ,9 o!r words ! latt] _h n become suffici5tly e/abli%$ to make good /ocks1 & ! =m] 7 n l>ge en\gh4 ,9 ea* case !re 0 n suffici5t vitality available to expect success4 ,?is br+s out "o po9t :i* has impress$ me /rongly2 t is ! ne$ ( hav+ vigor\s /ocks if !y are to be graft$ or transplant$ successfully4 ,i feel t ?is po9t _c be too /rongly emphasiz$4 ,if a /ock ei!r f y\?fulness or inh]5t lack ( vigor is n rapid gr[+ x is almo/ useless to try to graft x or transplant x until x does %[ ! ne$$ vigor4 ,z to /ocks to gr[ 9 ! nurs]y ) ! idea ( graft+ !m lat]1 ! two commonly us$1 ! bitt]nut = ! bitt]nut hybrids & ! pecan = o!rs1 !re is little fur!r to be recomm5d$ at ?is "t1 al?\gh = "s v>ieties1 notably ! ,ve/1 a /ock bett] adapt$ to x ?an any we n[ h is e>ne/ly to be desir$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,are !re any que/ions on ^! ?ree pap]s on hickory graft+8 ,,mr4 ,,re$3 ,!re are two po9ts 9 reg>d to propagation :i* ,i believe %\ld be m5tion$2 "o is t ^! v>i\s me?ods t h be5 discuss$ make x possible to propagate successfully dur+ a great portion ( ! ye>4 ,by beg9n+ e>ly 9 spr+ ) ! dormant graft1 & cont9u+ ?r\gh\t ! summ]1 ^! me?ods c be made to foll[ "o ano!r s t if "o fails /ill ano!r c be us$4 ,^! me?ods greatly prolong ! season1 & :5 x is n conv5i5t to propagate at "o p]iod by ! me?od prop] to use at t "t ano!r c be employ$ at a diff]5t season4 ,! o!r po9t is t we are con/antly le>n+ m 9 reg>d to ! influ5ce ( /ock ^u scions4 ,= example1 hickories on pecans seem satisfactory :ile ! rev]se is at lea/ d\btful4 ,mr4 ,jones f9ds t sieboldiana is n a good /ock = regia4 ,we all f9d nigra app>5tly satisfactory z a /ock = any species ( ,juglans4 ,^! conspicu\s diff]5ces ( influ5ce ( v>i\s species ^u scions sugge/ ! possibility ( less1 b p]haps q z important1 diff]5ce ( v>ieties4 ,x is "o ( ! new] phases ( /udy & exp]im5tation :i* %\ld be consid]$ by all & report$ ^u to ?is association4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,at my place ! ,ve/1 us$ 9 top-work+ l>ge %agb>k hickories1 has be5 v successful4 ,i d n "k any t h be5 m successful or t gr[ m rapidly ?an x does on ! %agb>k hickory4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,! ,m>qu>dt is successful at my place4 ,,mr4 ,o',,connor3 ,i d n "k :y we h n _h success ) p>aff9e 9 a s+le in/ance4 ,9 graft+ fruit trees ,i _h excell5t results4 ,i ?\ght t if ?is c\ld be done on fruit trees :y n on nut trees8 ,b ,i am go+ to try ) ! hickory aga94 ,i am go+ to be m c>eful 9 select+ good1 /rong /ock = t purpose1 & ,i ?9k 9 t way we %\ld h bett] success4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,did y n p]haps cov] ! buds ( y\r hickory grafts too ?ickly ) melt$ graft+ wax8 ,might n t acc\nt = y\r failure8 ,hickory buds w bur/ _! way ?r\gh almo/ any ?ickness ( graft+ wax1 b :5 ! p>aff9es are us$ )\t p9e gum admixture ! p>aff9e ov] ! buds is p>ticul>ly apt to crack & to all[ ! graft to dry out4 ,,mr4 ,o',,connor3 ,i did n cov] ! hickory grafts ) melt$ graft+ wax at all2 ,i simply put !m 9 l apple grafts ) ord9>y graft+ wax4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,practically all hickory grafts w fail "u su* circum/ances1 b practically all hickory grafts w cat* if !y are cov]$ ) melt$ graft+ wax ( ! "r sort1 provid$ t ! scions & /ock are also ( ! "r sort4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,may we n[ h ! ,presid5t's address8 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,be=e ,i beg9 ,i wi% to call to y\r att5tion ?is pamphlet reg>d+ ! fif? ,mid-,we/ ,horticultural ,exposition1 to be held 9 ! ,hippodrome1 ,wat]loo1 ,i[a1 ,novemb] #aa to #af1 #aibd4 ,x w be "u ! auspices ( ! ,i[a ,/ate ,horticultural ,society1 co-op]at+ ) its afflict$ societies & ! ,great] ,wat]loo ,association4 ,! exposition w cov] ! ,mid-,we/ t]ritory1 f ,pittsburgh to ,d5v]4 ,i wi% especially to m5tion ! pr9t$ li/ ( premiums on page #bg4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,snyd]1 ,c5t] ,po9t1 is sup]9t5d5t ( ?is dep>tm5t4 ,ca% premiums 9 ,dep>tm5t b-,nuts1 am\nt to #bhi4 ,9 addition !re w be a gr& sweep/akes1 a trophy cup1 donat$ by a memb] ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association1 = ! exhibitor w9n+ ! greate/ numb] ( po9ts4 ,anyone int]e/$ c\ld write to ! secret>y1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,h]rick1 ,/ate ,h\se1 ,des ,mo9es1 = a pr9t$ premium li/4 ,if any memb]s ( our ,association h pet nuts ( a v>iety :i* !y w\ld l pu%$ to ! front n[ is ! *ance4 ,snyd] ,bro!rs are (f]+ special premiums = new nuts unnam$ & unpropagat$4 ,! object ( ?is association1 z def9$ 9 its con/itution1 is ! promotion ( int]e/ 9 nut-be>+ plants1 _! products & _! culture1 & z its "n implies1 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ?is c\ntry4 ,)\t go+ into detail x seems to me t we h a*iev$ ! object ( our association1 at lea/ to ! ext5t ( mak+ practical use ( our accumulat$ k4 ,public int]e/ has be5 ar\s$1 :i* may become /ale4 ,articles h appe>$ 9 magaz9es & newspap]s f "t to "t on subjects relat+ to nut culture4 ,we are also on a cont9ual look\t = new v>ieties1 & ^? ( our memb]s skill$ 9 ! art are con/antly improv+ & work+ out new me?ods ( graft+ & budd+1 p>ticul>ly z evid5c$ by ,dr4 ,morris' "w entitl$ ,nut ,gr[+4 ,we "k approximately h[ soon a graft$ nut tree1 especially ! black walnut1 w beg9 to be>4 ,at ,mr4 ,jones' ,nurs]y1 ,lanca/]1 ,pa41 an ,ohio black walnut tree 9 ! nurs]y r[ bore a clu/] ( sev5 nuts #ag mon?s aft] ! graft 0 plac$4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,wilk9son1 ( ,rockport1 ,ind41 has demon/rat$ t graft$ nor!rn pecan trees be> e>ly & abundantly = _! size4 ,we h giv5 advice cons]vatively 9 reply to all inquiries relative to nut-be>+ plants1 p]haps too mu* s4 ,mu* honor & cr$it is due to c]ta9 memb]s ( our association = _! untir+ "w & ef=ts 9 its behalf4 ,x is n necess>y to m5tion names z ,i am sure mo/ ( y pres5t "k to :om ,i ref]4 ,our annual reports te/ify to _! spl5did "w4 ,f ?is "t =w>d ,i believe we %\ld adopt ! policy ( boldly advocat+ ! plant+ ( or*>ds ( nut trees4 ,! int5d+ plant] w decide = himself :at v>iety he w plant1 & z a guide he %\ld judge f ! wild v>ieties gr[+ 9 8 vic9ity4 ,by s do+ he _c g v f> a/ray 9 :at w be to him a new v5ture4 ,( c\rse c]ta9 v>ieties w be re/rict$ to c]ta9 limit$ areas4 ,?is applies p>ticul>ly to ! introduc$ v>ieties1 z di/+ui%$ f ! native nut-be>+ trees4 ,! black walnut has a wid] range ?an any ( ! o!r nut trees4 ,travel :]esoev] y w ab\t ! c\ntry & y w obs]ve wild black walnut trees gr[+ almo/ on e f>m4 ,! plant+ ( ! ,p]sian1 or ,engli% walnut1 z x is m g5]ally kn[n1 has _h m ( a popul> appeal1 p]haps f ! fact t we are accu/om$ to see+ clean1 smoo? nuts ( uni=m size ( t v>iety 9 almo/ e groc]y /ore1 ! k]nels ( :i* may be extract$ )\t great ef=t4 ,! black walnut1 on ! o!r h&1 has be5 tol]at$ z a sort ( poor relation1 & has be5 giv5 no p>ticul> att5tion1 because we h be5 us$ to see+ x ar\nd4 ,x has n be5 made to d its %>e ( contribut+ t[>ds its keep4 ,our e>lie/ recollections ( x br+ to m9d bruis$ f+]s z a result ( our endeavors to crack ! nuts & ! t$i\s "w ( manipulat+ a d>n+ ne$le to extract ! k]nels1 :i* we usually pick$ to pieces 9 ! process4 ,we n[ "k t we simply did n h ! "r k9d ( black walnuts4 ,we %\ld put our accumulat$ k to practical use to urge on e occasion ! plant+ ( nut or*>ds1 especially ( approv$ v>ieties ( ! black walnut4 ,?is ,i und]/& is :at ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture is advocat+1 & we %\ld co-op]ate all we c ) ! dep>tm5t 9 t recomm5dation4 ,x w1 no d\bt1 be urg$ t suffici5t graft$ black walnut trees are n available = or*>d plant+ on a l>ge scale4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 is true1 b on _m f>ms !re are wild black walnut trees ( a size suitable = graft+ or top-work+4 ,graft+ wood may be obta9$ 9 l>g] quantities ?an ! graft$ trees4 ,^? ( our memb]s skill$ 9 ! art h n be5 selfi% 9 imp>t+ _! k to o!rs & are always ready & will+ to in/ruct o!rs 9 ! art4 ,mo/ own]s ( ^! trees w\ld only be too glad to sub/itute pr(itable tops = _! trees 9 lieu ( _! unpr(itable ones4 ,i believe t at all our meet+s we %\ld h practical demon/rations 9 budd+ & graft+1 z ?is w t5d to ar\se ! int]e/ ( ! un9itiat$ & w spur ! initiat$ to great] p]fection4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> !re has be5 a discussion relative to ! call+ ( ! black walnut by "s o!r "n4 ,p]sonally ,i believe we %\ld n attempt ! *ange4 ,! public w n und]/& & x w take !m a long "t to become educat$ to ! *ange4 ,valuable "t w be consum$ 9 pick+ out a new "n4 ,let u take ! "n z we f9d x4 ,prop]ly h&l$1 aft] ! husks are remov$1 ! walnuts w n be z black z !y are pa9t$1 & besides1 we d n eat ! %ell anyh[4 ,! quality ( ! k]nel w make its appeal4 ,! tr\ble ) all ( u has be5 t too mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! looks1 r ?an ! quality1 ( our food /uffs4 ,quality has be5 sacrific$ = looks4 ,v>i\s illu/rations ( ?is come to m9d ) all ( u4 ,i believe success w att5d ! plant+ ( black walnut or*>ds4 ,?is w enc\rage o!rs to foll[ ) or*>ds ( o!r nut-be>+ trees4 ,or*>ds ( all k9ds ( fruit trees are be+ plant$ ea* ye> & ! plant]s are cont5t to wait until ! trees are l>ge en\gh 9 ord] to reap ! b5efits !re(4 ,b someh[ ! impression prevails 9 ! m9ds ( _m p t a nut tree %\ld %[ results & yield pr(its soon aft] x is plant$4 ,9 recomm5d+ to a lady ( means t %e %\ld plant1 z %ade trees1 nor!rn pecans %e promptly want$ to "k h[ _m bu%els ( nuts %e w\ld get (f ( ! trees ! next ye>4 ,p]haps we place too mu* importance on select+ j ! "r spot & soil 9 :i* to plant a nut tree & ?us cause ! int5d+ plant] to be too timid 9 mak+ a />t4 ,^? :o "k any?+ ab\t trees "k pretty well :]e x is n advisable to plant trees1 especially ^? ) a long tap-root4 ,!y c judge fairly well f ! wild trees ( ! same v>iety gr[+ r\nd ab\t4 ,z evid5ce ( :at a nut tree w d1 ^? ( y :o h visit$ ,devil's ,d5 9 ,gettysburg ,battle ,field1 h p]haps notic$ a butt]nut tree1 n[ q old1 gr[+ out ( ! top ( ! cleft 9 a huge rock1 hav+ s5t its roots d[n to ! adjo9+ soil = n\ri%m5t4 ,?is tree has borne nuts ev5 9 its adv]se situation4 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? int]e/$ 9 ! nor!rn pecan1 ,i wi% to record ! fact t a se$l+ pecan tree is gr[+ 9 ,cl]mont ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 on upl&1 n f> f ! ea/]n b\nd>y l9e ( ,hamilton ,c\nty1 ab\t five miles nor? ( ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,! nut f :i* ! tree grew 0 br\ght f ,rockport1 ,indiana1 & plant$ ab\t =ty-"o ye>s ago4 ,! tree is q l>ge & be>s nuts comp>able ) ! wild se$l+ nuts t may be obta9$ f ! ,rockport di/rict4 ,if a se$l+ does ?is1 y may readily see :at a graft$ tree w d4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,we w n[ ask ,pr(4 ,coll9s = 8 address4 ,,! ,,se>* ,,= ,,blight-,,resi/+ ,,*e/nut ,,spr\ts,a ,pr(4 ,j4 ,frankl9 ,coll9s1 ,rhode ,isl& ,! *e/nut blight has n[ be5 ) u = m ?an tw5ty ye>s & has de/roy$ practically all ! *e/nut trees ( ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,x has spread 9 all directions f its orig9al c5t] 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,new ,york ,city until x has rea*$ ! limits ( ! native *e/nut gr[? 9 ! nor!a/ & nor?1 & is /eadily approa*+ its limits 9 ! we/ & s\?4 ,! disease1 a native ( ,*9a & app>5tly import$ into ?is c\ntry on "s ,japanese or o!r ori5tal *e/nut1 f\nd a m susceptible ho/ 9 our native *e/nut & s became a virul5t p>asite on ?is new ho/4 ,x 0 n until #aijd t g5]al att5tion 0 attract$ to ! disease4 ,by t "t x _h obta9$ a /rong foo?old on ! *e/nuts ( s\!a/]n ,new ,york 7p>ticul>ly ! we/]n end ( ,long ,isl&71 9 s\?we/]n ,connecticut1 & 9 nor!rn ,new ,j]sey4 ,all ( y are m or less famili> ) ! ef=ts made 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york1 & else:]e 9 ! nor!a/1 9 co-op]ation ) ! f$]al gov]nm5t1 to control ! disease4 ,^! ef=ts are n[ an old /ory to mo/ ( y & !re is no ne$ ( repeat+ x at ?is "t4 ,e>ly 9 ! fight aga9/ ! blight ! att5tion ( _m ( u 0 direct$ to locat+ possible immune or resi/ant species1 v>ieties1 or individuals4 ,! se>* = resi/ant native individuals & ! accompany+ exp]im5ts 9 cross+ & graft+ v>i\s species & v>ieties has be5 kept up ev] s9ce4 ,=eign explor]s h con/antly be5 on ! look\t1 ) m or less success1 = *e/nuts 9 o!r c\ntries t might be resi/ant to ! blight4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t mo/ =ms ( ! ,japanese *e/nut 7,c4 cr5ata7 7 9 g5]al highly resi/ant to ! blight4 ,lat] x 0 f\nd t ! m rec5tly introduc$ ,*9ese *e/nut 7,c4 mollissima7 0 also q resi/ant1 al?\gh bo? ! ,japanese & ! ,*9ese 7 f> f be+ immune4 ,q rec5tly ,mr4 ,rock1 explor] = ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 has br\ght a new *e/nut f s\!rn ,*9a = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,not)/&+ newspap] reports to ! contr>y ! possibilities ( ?is *e/nut 9 ?is c\ntry app>5tly are unkn[n at ! pres5t "t4 ,nobody seems to "k if x w /& our climate1 resi/ ! blight1 produce wor?:ile timb] or fruit2 nor is its "n kn[n1 accord+ to late advices t h rea*$ me4 ,"s ye>s ago ! late ,dr4 ,van ,fleet made num]\s crosses betwe5 ! ,japanese & ! ,am]ican *e/nuts1 ! ,*9quap91 & o!r species & v>ieties4 ,p]sonally1 ,i h n be5 9 v close t\* ) ,dr4 ,van ,fleet's exp]im5ts4 ,d\btless "s ( y "k m ab\t !m ?an ,i d4 ,reg>d+ ^! ,i w only say at ?is "t t ! "w begun by ,dr4 ,van ,fleet is be+ cont9u$ by ! ,f$]al ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ) ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt 9 direct *>ge ( ! "w s f> z ! ,(fice ( ,inve/igations 9 ,=e/ ,pa?ology is conc]n$4 ,mr4 ,gravatt is also te/+ out ! value ( scions tak5 f seem+ly resi/ant native trees :5 graft$ on resi/ant /ocks4 ,"s ye>s aft] ! blight _h de/roy$ mo/ ( ! *e/nut trees 9 ! nor!a/]n /ates we kept gett+ reports f v>i\s localities to ! effect t ! blight 0 app>5tly dy+ out4 ,_m ( ^! reports came f s\rces t made u d\bt _! value1 b o!rs came f m reliable s\rces4 ,we h _h opportunity to inve/igate a numb] ( ^! reports & h usually f\nd t ! /atem5t t ! blight 0 dy+ out 01 9 a s5se1 /rictly true1 ! reason be+ t ! *e/nut trees 7 entirely dead1 except = spr\ts4 ,?is fact naturally prev5t$ ! disease f %[+ u z mu* z 9 =m] ye>s4 ,"s twelve ye>s ago ,i notic$ 9 ,p5nsylvania a spr\t ( an ,am]ican *e/nut ab\t an in* 9 diamet] :i* _h a typical hyp]trophy ( ! disease1 app>5tly completely girdl+ ! spr\t at its base2 also a girdl+ lesion f>!r up on ! /em4 ,! hyp]trophy 0 su* a pron\nc$ "o & 9 o!r respects su* a typical example ( ! disease t ,i photograph$ x4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,i 0 surpris$ to obs]ve t ?is spr\t _h increas$ to m ?an ?ree times its =m] diamet] & t ! two diseas$ areas j m5tion$ app>5tly _h disappe>$--at lea/ !y 7 no long] 9 evid5ce except z r\gh-b>k$ areas4 ,to make a long /ory %ort ?is spr\t is /ill alive & has increas$ 9 size & height ea* ye>4 ,al?\gh n[ 7#aibd7 x is consid]ably bran*$ & makes a small bu%y tree x is badly diseas$ 9 num]\s places & is only p>tially alive1 b ! dead portions h n result$ f "s half doz5 ( ! orig9al disease lesions 7app>5tly girdles71 b f lat] infections4 ,! v fact t a spr\t %\ld h liv$ = m ?an twelve ye>s 9 ! c5t] ( "o ( ! mo/ badly diseas$ areas kn[n to ! writ] seems at lea/ to sugge/ ! possibility t future *e/nut spr\ts may yet gr[ 9 spite ( ! disease & p]si/--at lea/ 9 a %rubb]y =m if n z a tree4 ,! spr\t to :i* ,i h j call$ att5tion is n an isolat$ case1 b m]ely "o ( ! mo/ pron\nc$ t ,i "k ab\t4 ,9 a c>eful survey 9 ,july 7#aibd7 ( ! region imm$iately surr\nd+ ! spr\t j m5tion$ two or ?ree o!r notable1 b less pron\nc$1 cases ( a simil> sort 7 discov]$4 ,9 two cases f9e look+ bran*$ spr\ts "s tw5ty feet high ) heal?y-look+ foliage 7 not$4 ,bo? 7 diseas$ b ! disease seem$ n to be v conspicu\s or virul5t4 ,9 a rec5t survey ( woodl& 9 ,rhode ,isl& 7,july1 #aibd7 mu* heal?y foliage 0 obs]v$ & sev]al l>ge spr\ts 7 f\nd on :i* ! disease 7al?\gh pres5t7 seem$ to be do+ little damage :5 comp>$ ) its =m] virul5ce 9 ! same g5]al region4 ,i call att5tion to ^! cases prim>ily to acqua9t y ) ! results ( our late/ obs]vations on :at seems to me to be cases ( gradually develop+ resi/ance 9 "s ( ! rema9+ spr\ts4 ,9 all my int5sive "w on ! blight betwe5 #aijg & #aiac ,i _c n[ recall a s+le in/ance :]e a *e/nut spr\t 9 a disease-ridd5 area ev] rea*$ a diamet] ( an in* or !reab\ts be=e its exi/5ce 0 cut %ort by ! blight2 & yet today--a doz5 ye>s lat]--we are f9d+ q a numb] ( liv+ spr\ts ov] two in*es 9 diamet]1 & a few t are ?ree1 f\r1 & ev5 up to sev5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,la/ ,friday1 ,augu/ #bi1 ,i he>d ( a small *e/nut tree 9 ,new ,j]sey t bore a few burs la/ ye> & :i* has a doz5 or m ?is ye>4 ,if ! nuts mature we hope to get "s ( !m to propagate4 ,la/ ,sunday1 ,augu/ #ca1 ,i saw a ?ree in* spr\t 9 ,connecticut t _h _h a few burs on x4 ,i w\ld be glad to le>n ( any cases ( ?is sort t may come to y\r att5tion4 ,y are all ?9k+ m5 & wom5 & all ( y h _h exp]i5ces ) diseas$ trees ( "s sort1 _m ( y ) v s]i\s diseases1 & "s ( y ,i "k h _h a wide exp]i5ce ) ! *e/nut blight1 s y c draw y\r own conclusions z to ! significance ( ! facts t ,i h /at$4 ,z to ! /ate laws = transport+ mat]ial f "o /ate to ano!r ,i am n po/$1 b ,i believe t we c be advis$ by writ+ to ! gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,we d n "k :e!r ! ,wa%+ton gov]nm5t w /]ilize ^? scions & s5d !m out = u1 b !re %\ld be "s way ( s5d+ f "o /ate to ano!r4,b ,x seems to me t 9 all probability1 ! vital en]gy ( ! protoplasm ( ! endo?ia is dim9i%+4 ,quality1 flavor1 or any?+ y please1 is b\nd up ) c]ta9 vitality1 & t dim9i%es & f9ally w cease4 ,t is ! reason = ! endo?ia gr[+ less n[4 ,,pr(4 ,,coll9s3 ,my po9t 0 p]haps n exactly t4 ,i meant t ! result is t1 ) ! av]age cases1 we are n[ gett+ *e/nuts n s quickly de/roy$4 ,! explanation may be exactly :at y h /at$4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,!re are two factors to be consid]$4 ,fir/1 ! runn+ d[n ( ! vital en]gy ( ! protoplasm2 & second1 9 ! factors :i* affect ! vital en]gy ( ! plant4 ,,pr(4 ,,coll9s3 ,9 ! pap] ,i h j read !re 0 m5tion$ ! app>5t numb] ( trees 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry :i* are v sl[ly dy+ f ! blight1 & "s :i* h resi/$ x entirely1 s f>2 b t 0 n ! po9t ,i desir$ to emphasize4 ,!re are "s ar\nd ,new ,york ,city :i* are /ill gr[+1 & ,dr4 ,graves c\ld tell u ( ?is4 ,,mr4 ,o',,connor3 ,w\ld x be desirable to take out an old tree :]e !re are new spr\ts8 ,"o tree on ,mr4 ,littlepage's place 9 ,m>yl& has a numb] ( spr\ts com+ up4 ,i sugge/$ t if we c\ld get p toge!r & clean ! woods up we c\ld dig up ! old trees & only leave ! blight-resi/ant ones4 ,,pr(4 ,,coll9s3 ,t is ne> ,bell ,/ation :]e we d our exp]im5tal "w4 ,we f\nd "o place infect$4 ,i clean$ x out & we h n se5 any?+ ( ! disease s9ce4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,"s five or six ye>s ago ,i s5t a numb] ( *e/nuts to ,w>r51 ,new ,hamp%ire1 :i* is outside ( ! blight di/rict4 ,i did n "k !n mu* ab\t ! blight4 ,!y grew = sev]al ye>s & x 0 n until "o ye> ago t ! trees 7 f\nd ) blight4 ,i got ! p>ty to cut !m d[n4 ,h[ long mu/ ,i wait be=e x is safe to s5d o!r trees !re8 ,i believe !y w gr[ !re & be>1 b we d n want to get !m affect$ ) ! blight4 ,,pr(4 ,,coll9s3 ,i d n "k t anybody c\ld answ] t4 ,app>5tly we h wait$ #bj ye>s & are /ill unsafe4 ,x is a case ( exp]im5tation4 ,,mr4 ,,ka9s3 ,z to ! hybrids ( ,dr4 ,van ,fleet & ,dr4 ,morris1 9 ! spr+ ( #aibc ,i plant$ #aj & !re are only f\r alive n[4 ,!y 7 affect$ by blight & kill$4 ,!y 7 r l>ge trees :5 plant$1 & ,i ?9k = t reason m susceptible4 ,we _h ! idea f ! nurs]y t !y w\ld be m likely to )/& ! disease ?an w\ld ! ,am]ican sweet *e/nut4 ,h y any reports z to ! way ^! hybrids behave8 ,,mr4 ,,re$3 ,z to ,dr4 ,van ,fleet's hybrids1 s f> z we "k !y are all go+ ) ! blight4 ,! collection 9 ,wa%+ton is practically gone4 ,we are /ill c>+ = !m & do+ :at we c b ! prospect is n at all good4 ,we get reports ( ^! di/ribut$ ar\nd ! c\ntry1 b 9 no case h we _h a report indicat+ t ! ,van ,fleet hybrids 7 at all resi/ant4 ,footnote ,a3 ,note--,blight-resi/+ z us$ 9 ?is pap] %\ld be int]pret$ z a sl[] dea? ( ! ho/ ?an 9 =m] ye>s1 :e!r or n ! result ( increas$ resi/ance to ! p>asite on ! "p ( ! ho/1 or to decreas$ virul5ce ( ! p>asite1 or to bo? factors comb9$4 ,footnote ,b3 ,decision ,f ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,9 a lett] ( lat] date1 address$ to ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$1 ,dr4 ,b4 ,t4 ,gall[ay1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agr41 wrote reg>d+ ! matt] ( di/ribut+ ,m]ribrooke *e/nut scions1 z foll[s3 ,i h talk$ ) ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 ( ! ,f$]al ,horticultural ,bo>d1 reg>d+ ?is matt]1 & he says t1 :ile !re is no f$]al qu>ant9e cov]+ ! *e/nuts1 z a matt] ( policy we h n be5 lett+ any *e/nuts or scions g ?r\gh our h&s into ! non-blight regions4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son says t ,dr4 ,morris himself might be able to c>ry out ! plan he sugge/s by deal+ direct ) "s ( ! /ate in/itutions 9 non-blight regions1 select+ /ates t h no qu>ant9e aga9/ *e/nuts4 ,,pr(4 ,,coll9s3 ,i w n[ read my pap] on ,,protection ,,( ,,w\nds ,,9 ,,nut ,,trees ,i h be5 ask$ to discuss briefly ! h&l+ ( wood decay 9 top-work$ nut trees4 ,i am n sure t ,i "k v mu* ab\t ! late/ me?ods employ$ 9 ?is type ( "w4 ,p]sonally ,i h _h no practical exp]i5ce ) x4 ,i und]/&1 h[ev]1 t nut trees are top-work$ by cutt+ (f limbs & ins]t+ "o or m scions4 ,i am in=m$ t limbs z l>ge z six in*es or m 9 diamet] h be5 cut = ?is purpose1 p>ticul>ly on pecan trees 9 ! ,s\?1 & t decay has />t$ at ! top ( ^! /ubs aft] ! scions h become e/abli%$1 result+ 9 a pocket ( decay4 ,i assume t x is ab\t su* places z ^! t y want me to say some?+4 ,su* conditions1 :atev] _! orig91 call = /raight tree surg]y me?ods4 ,my "w on tree surg]y has be5 almo/ entirely ) %ade trees & *e/nuts1 & only to a v limit$ ext5t on o!r nut trees4 ,! g5]al me?ods ( h&l+ decay are ess5tially ! same on all trees1 z also are ! fundam5tal pr9ciples und]ly+ ! same1 :e!r on nut or %ade trees4 ,i mu/ admit ,i d n "k j :at me?ods are be+ employ$ by nut gr[]s at ! pres5t "t to c\nt]act su* decay 9 top-work$ trees1 s my sugge/ions may include no?+ ) :i* y are unfamili>4 ,aga91 !y may include "s me?ods t y h already tri$ & f\nd want+ s f> z nut trees are conc]n$4 ,z a prev5tion ( decay my sugge/ions1 bas$ on my own %ade tree exp]i5ce1 w\ld be3 7#a7 ,avoid cutt+ l>ge limbs :5 small] ones are available & w s]ve ! purpose j z well or bett]4 7#b7 ,keep ! sc>s ?or\ghly & cont9u\sly cov]$ ) "s good wat]pro( & antiseptic mat]ial s z to prev5t infection ( any "p ( ! cut surfaces4 7#c7 ,always make ! cut some:at slant+ s t ra9 wat] w readily run (f1 & ins]t ! scions pref]ably at ! upp] extremity ( ! cut4 ,su* an oblique cut normally heals quick] & bett] on %ade trees ?an a transv]se cut1 p>ticul>ly if a vigor\s "y spr\t is left at ! peak ( ! cut4 ,i am q c]ta9 ! same /atem5t w hold true ) scions ( nut trees plac$ at ! peak ( ! oblique cut4 ,aft] decay has />t$1 ,i w\ld sugge/-- 7#a7 ,cut out all ! decay$ woody matt]1 pref]ably f "o side1 s t a free & easy dra9age ( ! w\nd may result4 ,if necess>y1 :5 sev]al scions h be5 plac$ ar\nd ! /ub1 sacrifice "o ( ! grafts & make a r long oblique cut or groove f :i* all decay$ matt] has be5 remov$4 ,use %ellac1 liquid graft+ wax or melt$ p>aff9e ov] ! cut b>k1 cambium & adjo9+ sapwood imm$iately aft] ! f9al cut is made4 7#b7 ,cov] ! entire w\nd ) "s good prep>ation to keep out disease g]ms & wat]4 ,pref]ably use = a cov]+ su* mat]ials z w be m or less p]man5t & :i* h be5 f\nd by practical exp]i5ce to be lea/ injuri\s & mo/ effective on ! p>ticul> nut tree t y are treat+4 7#c7 ,keep ! w\nd ?or\ghly pa9t$ or cov]$ at all times until x is completely seal$ ov] by a new gr[? ( callus4 7#d7 ,if ! top-work+ 0 orig9ally done 9 su* a mann] t ! removal ( all ! decay results 9 a cavity t _c be prop]ly dra9$1 x is advisable to fill ! cavity ) "s wat]pro(+ & antiseptic mat]ial 9 ord] to prev5t x hold+ wat] & also to assi/ ! cambium 9 cov]+ ! w\nd4 ,! cavity mu/ fir/ be treat$ 9 accordance ) approv$ tree surg]y practices4 ,9 %ade tree "w1 q a v>iety ( sub/ances h be5 us$ to fill cavities ) m or less success2 e4 g41 wood blocks & /rips1 asphalt & sawdu/1 asphalt & s&1 cle> coal t>1 cle> asphalt1 ela/ic cem5t1 magnesian cem5t1 ,roman 7or ,portl&7 cem5t1 etc4 ,( ^! only two--wood5 blocks & ,portl& cem5t1 h be5 9 g5]al use m ?an a few ye>s4 ,blocks ( wood 7 us$ 9 ,france to fill cavities m ?an #fj ye>s ago1 & 9 ?is c\ntry to "s ext5t ab\t #ej ye>s ago4 ,lat]1 ,portl& cem5t 0 us$ 9 pref]5ce to wood = fill+s1 probably ma9ly because x 0 m easily h&l$4 ,to u ( ! pres5t g5]ation1 ,portl& cem5t 9 comb9ation ) s& is ! "o mat]ial t seems to h be5 9 g5]al use suffici5tly long to all[ u to draw any seem+ly reliable conclusion z to its real m]its4 ,= ! p]sonal use ( ! av]age or*>di/1 ,portl& cem5t is "o ( ! la/ 9 ! li/ m5tion$ above t ,i w\ld recomm5d4 ,accord+ to a few reports t h rea*$ me1 wood5 blocks & t> prov$ to be fairly satisfactory half a c5tury ago1 & /rips ( wood emb$d$ 9 "s flexible & antiseptic mat]ial1 are prov+ v satisfactory today4 ,an excell5t prep>ation to use betwe5 ! /rips ( wood1 conta9+ asphalt & asbe/os1 c be readily b\ght on ! m>ket1 & x has ! advantage ( be+ mix$ ready = use4 ,= cavities ) horizontal op5+s t w hold semi-fluid sub/ances1 cle> asphalt or gas-h\se 7coal7 t> may answ] all purposes4 ,= cavities ) oblique or v]tical op5+s1 or = ^? on ! und]side ( a limb1 probably "s ( ! magnesian cem5ts1 :i* readily adh]e to wood1 w be f\nd m satisfactory :5 prop]ly mix$ & appli$4 ,al?\gh ,i h said m ab\t fill+ cavities ?an ( o!r phases ( ! "w1 ,i d n wi% ! impression to g =? t ,i recomm5d su* "w except z a la/ resort1 s to speak4 ,! "o ?+ t ,i d mo/ emphatically recomm5d above all o!rs is ! prev5tion ( decay s f> z possible by practices t are less likely to all[ decay-produc+ organisms to ga9 entrance 9 ! fir/ place1 or at any o!r "t4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,does anyone c>e to discuss ?is pap]8 ,,mr4 ,,ka9s3 ,mr4 ,presid5t3 ,dur+ ! la/ five ye>s1 ,i h plant$ sev]al hundr$ nut trees1 includ+ ! ,engli% walnut1 black walnut1 ! he>tnut1 pecan 7nor!rn ones7 & "s hybrid hickories4 ,i h notic$ t 9 ?is nurs]y /ock !re has be5 a good deal ( dy+-out ( ! orig9al /ock :]e ! trees _h be5 graft$1 & :]e ! scion _h n cov]$ ov]4 ,9 "s ( ^? cases decay has set 91 & ! trees h di$ be=e !y c\ld be att5d$ to or h be5 brok5 d[n by ! w9d4 ,! po9t is1 ,i ?9k x a mi/ake = nurs]ym5 to use z l>ge /ocks z !y h be5 us+ 9 _m ( ^! cases1 because ! /ump ( ! /ock is too l>ge = ! sl[ly gr[+ scions to cov] ov] quickly en\gh4 ,my exp]i5ce 9 ! plant+ ( fruit trees has be5 uni=mly successful ) small] /ocks 7t is1 trees small] ?an ,i h be5 able to buy = nut trees7 ) pea*es "o ye> f ! bud & ) apples n m ?an two ye>s2 ) b]ries & /one fruits1 n m ?an two ye>s4 ,9 e case1 ) ! fruit trees1 "o ye> /ocks h giv5 me bett] results4 ,fir/1 because !y heal$ ov] m quickly1 & second1 because ,i c\ld cut to bett] advantage 9 ! trees4 ,9 no case h ,i be5 able to get nut trees z small z ,i c apples & pea*es4 ,i believe t ) ! small] trees amateurs w h bett] success4 ,i br+ ?is matt] to ! att5tion ( ^? m5 :o are devot+ _! lives to ! propagation ( nut trees4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,! subject ( transplant+ nut trees 0 treat$ fully by ,mr4 ,bixby 9 8 pap] ?is morn+ & w be treat$ by ,mr4 ,hicks ?is aft]noon 9 8 address on ! subject4 ,mr4 ,hicks w give a lecture1 illu/rat$ ) slides1 %[+ h[ ! l>g] nut trees may be successfully transplant$4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,mr4 ,ka9s' ?\ght 0 t !re 0 a good deal ( difficulty f us+ /ocks t 7 too l>ge4 ,p>aff9e w keep !m safe f microbes4 ,,mr4 ,,ka9s3 ,we _h difficulty f ! dry+ ( ! scions4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i f9d t if raw p9e gum is put 9 x prev5ts ! p>aff9e f crack+4 ,,mr4 ,o',,connor3 ,9 reg>d to w\nds on ! trees ,i f9d t creosote makes a v good antiseptic4 ,i use coal t> & creosote1 mix$ to a consi/5cy ( cream4 ,i h us$ ,portl& cem5t b ,i treat$ ) creosote fir/4 ,9 "s cases ,i us$ bi*loride ( m]cury4 ,,mr4 ,,re$3 ,x seems to be ! exp]i5ce 9 ! ,s\? t1 s f> z ! amateur is conc]n$1 he gets bett] results ) ! pecans by plant+ trees ( f ?ree to five feet4 ,trees small] ?an t are reg>d$ z dw>f$2 b ! man :o is 9 a position to ex]cise great] c>e c\ld get quick] results f buy+ ! l>ge-siz$ trees4 ,yet x requires m c>e 9 transplant+1 m f]tiliz]1 & m att5tion4 ,,mr4 ,,re$3 ,i wi% to make ! motion t ! *air "n a nom9at+ committee at ?is "t4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,is t agre$8 ,all "r2 !n ,i "n ,mr4 ,o',connor = *airman1 ,mr4 ,re$1 ,mr4 ,olcott1 ,mr4 ,b>tlett & ,mr4 ,h]%ey on ! committee4 ,are ^? names acceptable8 7,vote %[s unanim\s acceptance74 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,! conv5tion w adj\rn until two o'clock4 ,,fir/ ,,day--,,aft]noon ,,session ,meet+ call$ to ord] by ! ,presid5t4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,i w read a communication f ,mr4 ,snyd]1 ( ,c5t] ,po9t1 ,i[a4 ,b fir/ ,i w\ld l to expla9 t :5 ! ,presid5t 9 m5tion+ ! ,horticultural ,exposition at ,wat]loo1 spoke ( a sweep/akes cup f a memb] ( ! ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 = ! greate/ numb] ( po9ts won 9 ! nut exhibition ( :i* ,mr4 ,snyd] has *>ge he did n /ate t he himself 0 ! memb] :o gave ! cup4 ,a ,,h>angue ,,on ,,! ,,nut ,,situation ,,9 ,,i[a ,by ,s4 ,w4 ,snyd]1 ,i[a ,previ\s to ! organization ( ! ,mid-,we/ ,horticultural ,exposition ! ,i[a ,/ate ,horticultural ,society _h giv5 b little att5tion to ! nut "q4 ,b along ) ! exposition came a dem& = a nut dep>tm5t1 :i* result$ 9 ! writ] be+ appo9t$ sup]9t5d5t & giv5 au?ority to prep>e a limit$ premium li/4 ,?is result$ 9 br++ out a numb] ( new & unnam$ v>ieties ( nuts & creat$ "s en?usiasm4 ,:5 x came "t to prep>e = ! second exposition1 au?ority 0 giv5 to greatly increase ! premium li/1 :i* result$ 9 br++ out m new v>ieties & creat$ a wond]ful lot ( en?usiasm4 ,:5 x came "t to prep>e = ! ?ird exposition a li/ 0 adopt$ call+ = #ach4jj 9 ca% premiums1 :i* result$ 9 br++ out su* a l>ge exhibit ( *oice nuts t :5 we came to make prep>ation = ! f\r? exposition ! premium li/ 0 increas$ to a total ( #aha4ej4 ,?is br\ght out s _m f9e nuts t x became a common ?+ to he> ! rem>k1 among ! visitors t x 0 ! mo/ important dep>tm5t 9 ! exposition4 ,= ! com+ exposition1 to be held next ,novemb]1 ! premium li/ z adopt$ calls = #bhj4jj 9 ca% premiums1 & :ile ,i am no prophet ,i am go+ to pr$ict t x w result 9 br++ toge!r ! l>ge/ nut exhibit ev] collect$ "u "o ro( 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at our la/ exposition held 9 ,c\ncil ,bluffs1 "s ( ! directors ( our /ate fair obs]v$ t ! nut dep>tm5t 0 attract+ mu* att5tion & 0 br++ a good _m visitors to ! exposition4 ,!y decid$ t !y mu/ h a nut premium li/ = ! /ate fair & reque/$ me to make up a li/ cov]+ ! nut subject z /rictly appli$ to ! ,/ate ( ,i[a4 ,?is ,i did & am atta*+ ! li/ h]eto4 ,al?\gh our /ate fair comes (f 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 & no nuts are available = exhibit1 except su* z happ5 to be kept ov] f ! previ\s ye>'s crop1 yet x br\ght out at our #aibc fair ! l>ge/ & be/ exhibit ( nuts t has ev] be5 %[n )9 ?is /ate1 n except+ ! exhibits ( ! exposition4 ,! bo>d ( directors 7 s well pleas$ ) ! int]e/ manife/$ 9 ! nut dep>tm5t t !y are cont9u+ ! li/ = ?is ye>'s fair & d\btless x w become a p]man5t feature ( future fairs ( ?is /ate4 ,s mu* publicity & att5tion has be5 giv5 ! nut "q )9 our /ate t x has result$ 9 br++ to light sev]al new v>ieties t we ?9k %\ld be propagat$ be=e ! orig9al trees may h be5 de/roy$4 ,! horticultural dep>tm5t ( our ,i[a ,/ate ,agricultural ,college is n[ tak+ an active int]e/ 9 ! nut "q & has assign$ "o ( ! pr(essors to ! job ( collect+ in=mation ab\t & tak+ pictures (1 ! be/ kn[n nut trees )9 ! /ate4 ,if !y foll[ up ! nut subject ) z mu* vim & en]gy z !y h o!r phases ( horticulture we may look = some?+ 9 ! nut l9e 9 ! next few ye>s t w be wor? :ile4 ,! native nut situation might well be summ$ up by say+ t we h s _m good walnuts1 butt]nuts1 hazels1 pecans1 hickories1 & hybrids ( ! two la/ nam$ species1 t we c\ld bani% all =eign]s & /ill h pl5ty left to supply e ne$4 ,! crop ( nuts = ?is season is fairly good2 "s trees h none1 o!rs a light crop1 & "s v>ieties are c>ry+ a heavy load4 ,( introduc$ nuts "s are prov+ to be h>dy & fruitful1 b 9 my judgm5t !y are all lack+ 9 eat+ quality z comp>$ ) our own native nuts1 unless ,i %\ld except ! filb]t :i* has n yet prov5 t x w be> pr(itable crops 9 ?is climate4 ,9 clos+ ,i want to give j "o in/ance ( ! great int]e/ t has be5 ar\s$ = nut gr[+ )9 ?is /ate4 ,a c]ta9 little city ( less ?an two ?\s& inhabitants happ5s to own ?irty acres ( l& t is suitable = ! gr[? ( timb]4 ,! citiz5s propose to plant ! entire tract to nut be>+ trees & bu%es1 & ev5tually make x a free p>k 9 :i* ! *ildr5 ( ! village may be turn$ loose to ga!r ! nuts4 ,j imag9e1 if y c1 h[ ! en?usiasm ( ! boys :o may be =tunate en\gh to live 9 t little city1 w m ?an bubble ov] z ! nut ga!r+ season approa*es4 ,i hope to be able to assi/ ^? p 9 _! laudible ent]prise & wi% ,i may live to see x develop into ! greate/ ?+ ( its k9d 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,dr4 ,brooks1 w y k9dly give ! ,vice-,presid5t's report f ,we/ ,virg9ia1 prec$+ y\r pap]8 ,,dr4 ,,brooks3 ,i h no special report to give z ,vice-,presid5t ( ! association f ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,i might say1 p]haps1 t ! ,we/ ,virg9ia /ation is 9 a l& ( hills & dales4 ,our latitude is f #bjj to #e1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & our av]age elevation is #a1ejj feet4 ,f our excell5t position we c look d[n #fjj feet or s ^u ! ,ohio4 ,our l& conta9s _m species ( trees1 includ+ nut trees4 ,among ^! !re is "o species ( bee*1 two ( hazel1 two ( *e/nut1 six ( hickory1 two ( walnuts & fifte5 ( oaks4 ,=tunately1 ! *e/nut blight has n swept ! entire /ate4 ,! *e/nut has be5 9 ! pa/ & is /ill our mo/ popul> tree4 ,!re are areas :]e tons ( *e/nuts are /ill put on ! m>ket e ye>4 ,! p are /ill ?9k+ m & m ( "s plant t might take its place2 !y are consid]+ ! %agb>k hickory & ! black walnut4 ,i pr$ict t 9 ! future !re w be m plant+ ( hazel nuts1 black walnuts & %agb>k hickories 9 ?is /ate4 ,! prospect !re is promis+4 ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,m ,,important ,,insects ,,attack+ ,,nor!rn ,,nuts ,by ,fr$ ,e4 ,brooks ,associate ,entomologi/ ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,! preval5ce ( insect pe/s ne$ n be reg>d$ z an al>m+ ob/acle to nut gr[+ 9 ! ,nor?1 & yet !re are num]\s species ( insects :i* are capable ( de/roy+ our nut crops4 ,on ! :ole ,i presume !re are few] insects t attack nuts 9 ?is c\ntry ?an commonly attack apples1 b apple gr[]s are n limit$ 9 plant+ nor prev5t$ f mak+ pr(its on acc\nt ( insect depr$ations4 ,nei!r %\ld ! probability ( m or less insect injury disc\rage ! w\ld-be plant] ( nut trees4 ,! pres5ce ( an insect 9 any locality may mean1 among o!r consid]ations1 t ! soil1 & climatic conditions ( t locality are favorable to ! plant ^u :i* ! insect fe$s4 ,we may be sure t :]ev] ! ,baltimore butt]fly is abundant1 ne>by is a cong5ial spot :]e ! turtle's-head1 ! food plant ( ! butt]fly1 fl\ri%es4 ,j s1 9 localities :]e !re are _m *e/nut weevils we may expect to f9d *e/nut trees ?riv+ & fruit+ g5]\sly4 ,! same is true ( ! associations ( _m o!r insects & plants4 ,!oretically speak+1 "o w\ld n c>e to risk ! exp5diture ( mu* "t or money 9 propagat+ a plant 9 a region t 0 de/itute ( insects t might attack t plant4 ,! abs5ce ( su* insects w\ld possibly indicate a lack ( natural conditions favor+ ! gr[? ( ! plant 9 "q4 ,?us ! pres5ce 9 any locality ( insects t fe$ on nuts may mean t nuts ?rive naturally 9 t locality & t insects are !re because ( ! abundance ( a favorite food4 ,may ,i ha/5 to add1 h[ev]1 t ?is fact %\ld n lead to an "u-e/imation ( ! possibilities ( insect de/ructiv5ess1 nor enc\rage lax me?ods 9 deal+ ) injuri\s species4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( any nut-gr[+ ent]prise we %\ld anticipate ! com+ ( insect pe/s & be ready to meet !m4 ,! plant+ ( pure /&s ( native nut trees sets up a condition "u :i* insects com+ f ! =e/ may increase m safely & rapidly ?an "u ! m haz>d\s environm5t ( a scatt]$ =e/ gr[?4 ,?is applies to cultivat$ plants g5]ally4 ,x is true ( an orange grove1 a cornfield or a potato pat*4 ,! mass plant+ ( any crop is q sure to call soon] or lat] = measures to (fset ! /imulus :i* su* plant+s (f] to insect increase4 ,ref]5ce may be made to a famili> nut plantation :i* illu/rates a natural result ( neglect+ "o ( ! insect factors4 ,?is plantation is ! gov]nm5t's *e/nut or*>d at ,bell1 ,m>yl&1 :i* 0 plant$ = sci5tific purpose "s ye>s ago by ,dr4 ,van ,fleet4 ,?is or*>d ( ar\nd "o ?\s& trees conta9s num]\s species & v>ieties ( *e/nut1 "s ( :i* be> fruit e ye>4 ,! v>i\s sci5tific projects c>ri$ on 9 ?is or*>d 9 ! pa/ h all be5 ( su* a nature t !y call$ = no consid]ation ( weevil increase4 ,_m nuts h be5 all[$ to lie "u ! trees until ! weevil l>vae issu$ & ent]$ ! soil4 ,?is has result$ 9 a con/ant increase ( weevils until infe/ation ( ! nuts became practically "o-hundr$ p] c5t4 ,all nuts ( ! crop ( #aibb 7 s wormy t :5 plant$ !y fail$ to g]m9ate4 ,injury to ! crop ( #aibc seem$ some:at less sev]e1 b its ext5t may be indicat$ by ! fact t #cjhj nuts f ?is or*>d :i* 7 kept by ! speak] 9 re>+ j>s yield$ #aa1jhe worms4 ,9 ! woods adjac5t to ! or*>d ! native *e/nut trees are disappe>+ on acc\nt ( ! blight1 & presumably weevils are on ! decrease4 ,)9 ! small area ( ! or*>d1 h[ev]1 ! increase has be5 abnormal1 due1 z has be5 indicat$1 to ! peculi>ly favorable & man-made conditions4 ,if1 f ! "t ! trees ( ! or*>d began to be>1 ! inve/igations be+ c>ri$ on _h call$ = close ga!r+ ( ! nuts at maturity & ! de/ruction ( all ! worms t issu$ f !m1 !re is little d\bt t infe/ation w\ld h be5 kept )9 reasonable b\nds4 ,at pres5t1 aft] two ye>s ( att5tion to ! collection ( rip5+ nuts1 !re is an app>5t decrease 9 ! numb] ( weevils4 ,/rong emphasis %\ld be plac$ ^u ! importance ( ga!r+ *e/nuts z soon z !y are ripe & prev5tion ( ! worms f rea*+ ! soil4 ,?is is especially true ( di/ricts :]e woods surr\nd+ *e/nut or*>ds d n conta9 be>+ native *e/nut trees4 ,! ,nut ,weevils ,n[ t ! subject ( nut weevils has be5 introduc$1 let u consid] 9 m detail ^! grotesque1 long-sn\t$ insects ^: l>vae1 or grubs1 play havoc ) s _m ( our nuts4 ,mo/ ( u h _h ! exp]i5ce ( ga!r+ 9 autumn ri* /ores ( our delici\s native *e/nuts4 ,b h[ (t5 our anticipations ( boil$ & roa/$ fea/s h be5 blight$4 ,we h f\nd t ! *e/nuts 7 l ! manna :i* f$ ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 9 ! wild]ness1 ,:5 we left ( !m until ! morn+ !y br$ worms & became f\l4 ,!re are num]\s cases 9 ?is c\ntry :]e *e/nuts 9 %ipm5t h be5 seiz$ & condemn$ "u ! provisions ( ! ,food & ,drugs ,act4 ,usually ! phraseology ( ! libel has be5 because ! %ipm5t consi/$ 9 "p ( fil?y animal sub/ances1 to wit1 worms1 worm excreta1 worm-eat5 *e/nuts & decay$ *e/nuts4 ,altoge!r ! loss to *e/nuts f weevil injury is beyond computation4 ,! beetles :i* are ! p>5ts ( ! famili> worms 9 *e/nuts are n commonly se51 or1 if obs]v$1 !y are n associat$ ) ! disgu/+ inhabitants ( ! nut k]nels4 ,^! beetles repres5t 9 _! /ructure a v int]e/+ adaptation to a special end4 ,! m\? is locat$ at ! tip ( an enorm\sly long sn\t1 or proboscis1 & ! drill-l in/rum5t is us$ = punctur+ ! ?ick cov]+ ( v>i\s k9ds ( nuts s z to admit ! egg into ! k]nel ^u :i* ! "y w fe$4 ,9 "s cases ! m\? is situat$ at a great] di/ance f ! eyes & o!r head app5dages ?an is ! anal extremity ( ! insect4 ,!re are 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ?is c\ntry two species :i* attack *e/nuts1 "o :i* attacks hickory-nuts1 "o :i* attacks hazel-nuts & ab\t a doz5 :i* attack acorns4 ,& "h may be m5tion$ an int]e/+ peculi>ity ( ! fe$+ habit :i* is decid$ly to ! advantage ( ! nut-gr[]4 ,ea* species adh]es closely to its own food plant4 ,! hickory-nut weevil does n attack hazel-nuts nor ! hazel-nut weevil hickory-nuts4 ,none ( ! acorn-infe/+ species w seek = food 9 ! nuts ( *e/nut1 hickory or hazel4 ,once ! *e/nut weevils are abs5t 9 a locality1 !re is no *ance t oak trees w s]ve z a means ( spread+ ! weevils back into ! locality4 ,s closely conf9$ are ^! weevils to _! p>ticul> food plants t _m ( !m di/+ui% betwe5 ! diff]5t species ( oak & w oviposit only 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( acorns4 ,all ! diff]5t species resemble "o ano!r 9 bo? ! adult & l>val /ages4 ,!re is also a g5]al simil>ity 9 _! behavior4 ,i h rec5tly discov]$1 h[ev]1 a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! life cycles ( c]ta9 species4 ,= example1 ! l>g] *e/nut weevil & ! small] *e/nut weevil look alike1 b !y are decid$ly unlike 9 _! developm5t4 ,! grubs ( ! l>g] weevil beg9 to leave ! nuts at ab\t ! "t ! nuts drop4 ,!y ent] ! soil to a dep? ( sev]al in*es & fa%ion smoo?-wall$ cells 9 :i* !y rema9 un*ang$ until ! foll[+ summ]4 ,dur+ ,june & ,july !y trans=m to pupae1 & soon aft]w>d to adults4 ,9 ,augu/ !y issue f ! gr\nd & seek ! trees :]e !y collect ar\nd ! burs & beg9 to deposit eggs soon aft] ! nut k]nels />t to =m4 ,?is life cycle is cont9u$ ye> aft] ye>4 ,to =e/all />vation ( ! race 9 case ( entire failure = a ye> ( ! *e/nut crop1 a few individuals c>ry ov] ! second w9t] 9 ! gr\nd & !n issue z beetles along ) ! "o-ye>-old specim5s4 ,x is probable t a small p] c5t ( ! insects may rema9 9 ! soil ov] ?ree w9t]s4 ,?us does nature by unique arrangem5ts safegu>d ! lives ( ev5 ! v small creatures4 ,! life cycle ( ! less] weevil is q diff]5t4 ,! l>vae ( ?is species leave ! nuts some:at lat] 9 ! autumn ?an d ^? ( ! l>g] weevil4 ,l !m1 !y ent] ! gr\nd & pass ! fir/ w9t] un*ang$4 ,! grub /age is cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! summ]1 b late 9 autumn1 aft] ! beetles ( ! l>g] species h be5 on ! trees = "s weeks & deposit$ mo/ ( _! eggs1 ! l>vae ( ! small] species trans=m to adults4 ,in/ead ( com+ f ! gr\nd1 h[ev]1 !y rema9 9 _! e>!n cells ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,! next spr+1 prior to ! bloom+ ( ! *e/nut-trees1 !y em]ge f ! gr\nd & soon !reaft] collect 9 l>ge numb]s on ! male catk9s ( ! *e/nuts4 ,at ?is "t v little fe$+ is done & ! sex in/9ct does n manife/ itself4 ,z ! "t approa*es = ! nuts to mature1 h[ev]1 ! beetles beg9 to fe$ & pair & soon !reaft] to lay _! eggs 9 ! rip5+ nuts4 ,mo/ ( ! eggs are deposit$ directly into ! nuts aft] ! burs beg9 to op54 ,9 ! case ( ! l>g] weevils ! beetles are pres5t only ab\t ?ree mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,^? ( ! less] species1 h[ev]1 are p]petually pres5t1 ^? ( ! y\ng] g5]ation rea*+ ! adult /age 9 ! gr\nd be=e ^? ( ! previ\s g5]ation h f9i%$ lay+ _! eggs 9 ! rip5+ nuts4 ,z ) ! l>g] species1 a few ( ! small] weevils c>ry z l>vae = sev]al ye>s to tide ov] possible failures ( ! *e/nut crop4 ,! life cycle ( ! hickory-nut weevil is simil> to t ( ! l>g] *e/nut-weevil1 & t ( ! hazel-nut weevil is l t ( ! less] *e/nut weevil4 ,bo? cycles are repres5t$ among ! acorn-infe/+ species4 ,any intellig5t w>f>e aga9/ ! nut weevils calls = a k ( ^! di/9ctive life hi/ories4 ,?us1 an abundance ( matur+ l>vae ( ! l>g] species ?is autumn w insure an abundance ( beetles to deposit eggs 9 ! nuts next autumn4 ,) ! less] weevil1 h[ev]1 matur+ l>vae ?is autumn w n affect ! numb] ( beetles on ! trees ! succe$+ autumn b w provide beetles = ! crop two ye>s h5ce4 ,l>ge numb]s ( beetles ( ! less] species may be de/roy$ by collect+ !m f ! blossoms ( *e/nut1 b1 at t season ( ! ye> !re are no beetles ( ! l>g] species abroad4 ,^! weevils are to be made ! subject ( a bullet9 by ! ,bureau ( ,entomology 9 ! ne> future1 9 :i* x is hop$ to g m fully into a discussion ( control measures4 ,walnut ,husk ,maggot ,al?\gh none ( ! weevils ( ! gr\p j discuss$ attacks walnuts1 ! fruit ( ?is tree has a s]i\s enemy 9 ! walnut husk maggot4 ,?is insect is mo/ famili> 9 ! =m ( multitudes ( dirty-:ite maggots inhabit+ ! black5$1 slimy husk ( rip5+ walnuts4 ,orig9ally1 ! black walnut furni%$ ! favorite food ( ?is insect1 al?\gh ! husk ( butt]nuts 0 sometimes attack$4 ,m rec5tly ! pe/ has turn$ its att5tion to ! ,p]sian walnuts :i* are fruit+ 9 _m places 9 ! ea/4 ,! wat]y1 d>k-color$ pulp into :i* ! husk ( ! nut is conv]t$ :5 ! maggots beg9 to fe$ p5etrates ! %ell ( ! nut & injures ! k]nel by /a9+ x & imp>t+ a /rong flavor4 ,! op]ation ( hull+ is also made d\bly disagreeable1 ! nut com+ out ( ! husk discolor$ & dirty4 ,^! maggots hat* f eggs ins]t$ into ! husk ( nuts by a light-color$ fly ab\t ! size ( our common h\sefly4 ,al?\gh easily ov]look$1 ^! flies may be se5 on ! nuts at almo/ any "t 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,!y h /rong ovipositors ) :i* !y puncture ! surface ( nuts & ins]t into ! op5+s masses ( :ite eggs f :i* ! maggots hat*4 ,z to ! control ( ?is pe/1 ! speak] obta9$ v promis+ results 9 spray+ ,p]sian walnut trees belong+ to our fri5d1 ,j4 ,g4 ,ru%1 at ,we/ ,will[1 ,pa41 ) a solution ( #a-a_/b p\nds ( lead ars5ate to #ej gallons ( wat] ) #aj p\nds ( glucose sug> add$ to imp>t a sweet ta/e4 ,! flies 7 obs]v$ fe$+ on ! sweet coat+ giv5 to ! leaves & ! nuts t rip5$ lat] 7 comp>atively free f maggots4 ,x 0 obvi\s t ! flies di$ f ! poison be=e deposit+ _m eggs 9 ! nuts4 ,twig ,girdl]s ,dur+ ! pa/ two seasons ! speak] has made special /udies ( sev]al species ( beetles :i* cut or girdle "y hickory trees1 or ! bran*es ( l>g] trees1 caus+ ! sev]$ "p to break (f or die4 ,n few] ?an f\r di/9ct species ( beetles 9 ! ea/ h ?is habit4 ,?ree ( ! insects d _! damage 9 ! l>val /age4 ,"o ( ^!1 ,elaphidion villosum1 has be5 call$ ! twig-prun]4 ,x is a well kn[n species & its "w 9 prun+ ! bran*es ( hickory & v>i\s o!r trees has (t5 be5 ref]r$ to4 ,! o!r two species :i* sev] ! wood 9 _! l>val /age are ,pseudobidion unicolor & ,agrilus arcuatus4 ,?us f>1 ^! two h no common names4 ,9 c]ta9 localities !y are prov+ to be v tr\blesome to bo? "y & be>+ trees4 ,9 "o block ( a nurs]y 9 ,virg9ia ,i e/imat$ t ! ,agrilus l>vae _h ru9$ "o-hundr$ doll>s wor? ( "y hickory trees4 ,=tunately1 ! adult ( ?is species fe$s freely on hickory foliage & c be kill$ readily "u nurs]y conditions by spray+ ) ars5ical poisons4 ,! f\r? girdl] ref]r$ to is our famili> hickory twig-girdl]1 ,oncid]es c+ulatus4 ,9 ?is case ! adult insect cuts a r+-l furr[ ar\nd ! wood & ! portion above dies4 ,! purpose ( ! girdle is to provide dead wood 9 :i* ! "y may fe$4 ,aft] ! girdle is made1 a process :i* occupies sev]al h\rs1 &1 sometimes sev]al days1 ! eggs are laid 9 ! b>k above4 ,9 c5tral ,we/ ,virg9ia & nor?w>d ! grubs :i* hat* f ^! eggs require two ye>s 9 :i* to rea* maturity4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,ri*mond & s\?w>d1 h[ev]1 ! l>vae mature 9 "o ye>4 ,?is m rapid developm5t 9 ! s\? probably acc\nts 9 "p = ! rec5t s]i\s outbreak ( ?is insect 9 ,virg9ia & ! ,c>ol9as4 ,ea* female beetle is capable ( girdl+ sev]al twigs4 ,"o female ( ab\t a doz5 kept 9 conf9em5t la/ autumn made elev5 girdles & deposit$ #ee eggs4 ,sev]al ( ! beetles cont9u$ _! int]e/+ op]ations until aft] sev]al sn[s & sev]e fro/s _h occurr$4 ,! twig girdl] 9 ! beetle /age fe$s r freely on ! b>k ( twigs4 ,en\gh ( ! surface is eat5 to ju/ify ! belief t ! beetles may be kill$ by spray+ ) ars5ical poisons4 ,?is treatm5t is be+ te/$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ! cases ( all ^! insects :i* sev] ! bran*es ! wood is kill$ = ! safety & com=t ( ! insect z x und]goes fur!r developm5t above ! sev]$ po9t4 ,!re is a p]iod ( at lea/ sev]al weeks 9 ea* case aft] ! twig dies dur+ :i* ! insect 9 "o /age or ano!r rema9s 9 x to complete its gr[?4 ,?is af=ds an opportunity to ga!r ! twigs & burn !m ) ! assurance t ! insects are be+ de/roy$ !reby4 ,at lea/ "s progress has be5 made 9 discov]+ ! habits & ! me?ods ( controll+ ^! & v>i\s o!r insects t may be expect$ to give nut gr[]s 9 ! nor? m or less tr\ble4 ,! rem$ies t c be (f]$ at ! pres5t "t are n 9 all cases entirely satisfactory4 ,!re is mu* yet to be le>n$1 b !re are control measures )9 ! rea* ( mo/ ( ! nut gr[]s :i* are well wor? consid]ation & adoption4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,dr4 ,zimm]man1 w y read to u n[8 ,,dr4 ,,zimm]man3 ,p]haps "s ( ! memb]s w n be s glad to he> :at ,i h to say1 b ,i feel t !re is a ne$ = some?+ along ! l9e ,i w ref] to4 ,,develop+ ,a ,,nut ,,indu/ry ,,9 ,,! ,,nor!a/ ,,by ,,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,zimm]man1 ,,p5nsylvania ,we h all he>d ( ! pecan4 ,no d\bt mo/ ( u h travel$ ?r\gh ! ,s\? at "s "t or o!r & h ent]ta9$ a wi% = a pecan grove4 ,a p]sonal fri5d ( m9e1 a m9i/]1 told me rec5tly t ! only "t he 0 ev] tempt$ to inve/ 9 a comm]cial proposition 0 :5 a real e/ate ag5t laid a picture ( a pecan grove be=e him4 ,i _h ent]ta9$ ! ?\ght t "s day ,i might possess an or*>d4 ,!re=e1 a c\ple ( w9t]s ago1 :5 ,i f\nd x necess>y to g s\? = my heal?1 ,i sil5tly hop$ ,i c\ld kill two birds ) "o /one1 by gett+ "s undevelop$ l& & />t+ a pecan grove1 :i* at ! same "t w\ld keep me 9 ! op5 air & give me ex]cise4 ,consequ5tly1 my eyes 7 always op5 & ,i 0 on ! con/ant look\t = pecans4 ,aft] miles ( travel !y appe>$4 ,!y 7 v int]e/+ & ,i w5t into ! subject pretty ?or\ghly4 ,i 0 in=m$ t no *eap l& 0 available any m t 0 desirable = pecans4 ,i am n s sure ( t4 ,i 0 also in=m$ t mo/ ( ! p :o _h plant$ groves _h made a mi/ake1 t ! pecan bus9ess 0 j beg9n+ "u new ideas1 & t mo/ ( ! "w w\ld h to be done ov]4 ,f ! am\nt ( trees t are be+ top-work$ ,i am incl9$ to believe ?is is true4 ,b ,i didn't kill ! two birds ) "o /one4 ,i did n attempt to build up a pecan grove1 b in/ead ,i came back ) ! idea firmly impress$ t we h a bett] proposition = ! future "r "h1 t we h "r "h 9 ! ,nor? ! build+ mat]ial 9 ! %agb>k hickory & ! black walnut = a nut indu/ry t w rival or ev5 surpass ! enviable position ! pecan holds today4 ,0 ,i correct or 0 ,i wrong8 ,a second trip la/ w9t] has s]v$ only to imb$ t idea into a firm conviction4 ,:at gr\nd h ,i = draw+ ?is conclusion8 ,"s ( y1 my fri5ds1 may disagree ) me 9 "s ( my rem>ks1 & no d\bt insi/ t ,i am un9=m$4 ,p]haps ,i am1 b ,i am giv+ my convictions nev]!less1 & ,i ask y to )hold judgm5t = tw5ty ye>s be=e decid+ aga9/ me4 ,:y has ! pecan =g$ to ! front z x has8 ,because ! pecan is a good food1 easily available1 ( pleasant ta/e & pres5ts a f9e appe>ance4 ,f a comm]cial /&po9t1 aft] #bj ye>s or m on ! pecan1 !re is only "o really desirable v>iety available1 namely ! ,s*ley1 & ! fact t x readily sold la/ fall = #hj c5ts p] p\nd :olesale1 :ile ! *oice ( ! o!r v>ieties br\ght #fj & #fe c5ts p] p\nd1 be>s me out 9 ?is4 ,i am n ref]r+ to ! great] productivity & o!r qualities ( "s ( ! o!r v>ieties4 ,_m ( !m are tol]at$ = v>i\s reasons4 ,h[ ab\t ! %agb>k 9 ! ,nor?8 ,x is my belief t we d n h at pres5t a %agb>k t w any?+ l meet ! pecan ( ! ,s\?1 yet ! cons5sus ( op9ion ( ! p ,i "k :o h eat5 bo?1 decides 9 favor ( ! %agb>k4 ,! quality ( a v ord9>y %agb>k is bett] ?an ! be/ ( pecans4 ,:at !n1 is lack+8 ,size1 %ape1 ?9ness ( %ell1 crack+ qualities1 color1 ev]y?+ b flavor is lack+ 9 mo/ %agb>ks4 ,don't misund]/& me4 ,i am n condemn+ :at we h1 = ,i believe t if z _m ye>s are sp5t by z _m p 9 f9d+ or develop+ a %agb>k1 we w h "o t w surpass ! pecan4 ,b z ! matt] /&s ,i am con/ra9$ to say t ,i d n "k ( a really good nut today t w /& ! te/ ( build+ an indu/ry t w compete ) ! pecan4 ,we mu/ f9d or develop a c\ple ( really good nuts t w compete1 nuts t are l>ge1 smoo?1 %ell ?9 en\gh to crack ) ! f+]s1 a :ite k]nel t is plump & easily extract$4 ,i d n believe t any ?ick %ell nut w ev] meet ! favor x %\ld or become extremely popul>4 ,! ,weik]1 "o ( our be/1 is ( good size1 looks fairly well1 b ! %ell is ?ick & x is poorly fill$4 ,x w nev] fill ! place = a real indu/ry1 & yet !y sell = a good money-mak+ price today4 ,if we build our groves aft] ?is /&>d we w be 9 ! same place 9 a few ye>s t _m ( ! pecan gr[]s are n[1 namely1 ) a lot ( trees on h& t mu/ be top-work$ lat] on4 ,b !y are ! be/ we h &1 l ! old adage t x is bett] to love & lose ?an n to love at all1 x is bett] to g ahead ) ^! ?an n to g at all4 ,h[ ab\t ! black walnut8 ,?is nut w come to ! front & be popul> = bak+ purposes & c&y-mak+1 = x is ! only "o t holds its flavor aft] heat+4 ,b its competition w be aga9/ ! ?9-%ell$ ,engli% walnut4 ,x w n be extremely popul> until we get "o ) a %ell equally ?94 ,at pres5t we d n h "o4 ,h[ !n c we anticipate a great future indu/ry aft] met+ out ?is doleful outlook8 ,are we go+ to disc>d ev]y?+ we h & />t aga98 ,by no means4 ,! price ( nuts1 ev5 ( ! ord9>y class1 is suffici5t ev5 n[ to well repay any man = 8 ef=t1 if produc+ !m on a l>ge scale1 & :at mu/ be done is to enc\rage m p to become int]e/$4 ,if we c\ld arrange to h nice exhibits ( nam$ v>ieties ( nuts at ! v>i\s c\nty fairs1 & h someone !re to expla9 !m1 a good deal ( int]e/ c\ld be creat$4 ,i frequ5tly see native nuts display$1 b n nam$ v>ieties4 ,i %all n ref] to ! hazel1 *e/nut1 pecan nor butt]nut1 all ( :i* ,i believe c be develop$ into a m or less successful indu/ry b only repeat 9 clos+ t ,i am conv9c$1 aft] pretty ?or\gh inve/igation1 t ! %agb>k hickory & ! black walnut c be develop$ into an indu/ry 9 ! ,nor!a/ 9 a mu* %ort] "t ?an x has tak5 to develop ! pecan1 to a po9t t w equal or surpass ! enviable position t nut holds today4 ,b1 & let me impress ?is po9t1 we mu/ develop a few new & bett] nuts to d x4 ,on acc\nt ( ! cold] climate1 :i* goes = ! develop+ ( f9e flavor 9 all products1 ,i d n believe ! pecan w ev] equal ! %agb>k 9 quality4 ,?is is our great natural advantage4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i accept all ( ! /atem5ts by ,dr4 ,zimm]man ) "o exception4 ,! pecan is trem5d\sly prolific & s productive t !re are records ( #cj bu%els to a tree4 ,i d n "k t any ( ! %agb>ks or %ellb>k hybrids ev] w rival t 9 production4 ,f ! m>ketman's po9t ( view production is ( prime importance4 ,9 ?is ! pecan out-rivals ! black walnut4 ,,transplant+ ,,nut ,,trees ,will>d ,g4 ,bixby1 ,baldw91 ,n4 ,y4 ,:5 ,i set out ! fir/ nut trees :i* n[ are gr[+ at my place at ,baldw91 ,i 0 v p>ticul> to foll[ ! be/ advice obta9able4 ,:at ?is 0 is to be f\nd 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #e1 publi%$ by ! association1 pages #h & #i1 "u ,plant+ ,directions4 ,i w n take "t "h to read !m b w ref] ^? int]e/$ to t publication4 ,mu* t is to be f\nd !re is unque/ionably ! be/ practice t we "k today4 ,! importance ( prev5t+ ! roots f dry+ out1 digg+ holes ( suffici5t size & fill+ ) good top soil1 firm+ ! soil well ab\t ! roots1 sev]ely cutt+ back aft] plant+ & /ak+ newly set trees if !y are ( appreciable size above gr\nd1 are ( ! utmo/ importance & %\ld be emphasiz$1 b o!rs ( ^! directions h be5 modifi$ 9 my practice & ,i w relate ! un=tunate exp]i5ces :i* caus$ ^! *anges to be made4 ,f ! />t !re has be5 tr\ble 9 transplant+ hickories1 difficulties ) o!r trees be+ small 9 comp>ison4 ,out ( a numb] ( f9e look+ little graft$ hickories set out 9 ! fall or spr+ "s w\ld be sure to die4 ,!y mo/ly came f ,mr4 ,jones1 :o1 z a rule1 has furni%$ ! f9e/ look+ hickories t ,i h receiv$1 & 7 f9ely pack$ & seem+ly ought to h liv$1 b only "p ( !m did4 ,aft] los+ a numb] out ( "o lot1 ,i wat*$ ! lot pur*as$ next ye> ) p>ticul> c>e4 ,?ree out ( a lot ( six1 :i* _h put out leaves well 9 ! spr+1 by ! middle ( ,july began to %[ signs ( di/ress1 ! edges ( ! leaves beg9n+ to turn br[n :i* ! ye> previ\s _h be5 ! beg9n+ ( ! end4 ,i knew :at _h happ5$ ! ye> previ\s1 felt t ! trees w\ld die if some?+ 0 n done1 & did some?+4 ,t some?+ 0 to dig ab\t six qu>ts ( *ick5 manure & two tr[els ( nitrate ( soda ar\nd ! ?ree trees t look$ sick & saw t !y 7 wat]$ pl5tifully till a heavy ra9 came4 ,at fir/ no?+ 0 notic$1 b aft] a :ile ! br[n disappe>$ on ! leaves t 7 only slightly br[n1 :ile 9 o!r cases new leaves put out & f9ally a second gr[? ( %oots1 v small to be sure1 b ! trees _h be5 sav$4 ,?is 0 diametrically oppos$ to previ\s practice ( putt+ no manure or /rong f]tiliz] 9 holes :5 plant+ ! trees1 b ! result 0 s satisfactory t ,i h cont9u$ to dig 9 ab\t #a_/d ( a :eelb>r[ ( well rott$ /able manure ar\nd ea* tree :5 plant+ & two tr[els ( nitrate ( soda 9 ,may :5 ! gr[? %\ld />t 9 ! spr+4 ,! above treatm5t seem$ almo/ entirely to solve ! difficulties ( transplant+ & = ab\t two ye>s practically no hickories 7 lo/4 ,tw5ty-f\r ,hales trees1 #aj ye>s f graft+ br\ght "h f ,monticello1 ,florida1 all liv$ ?r\gh ! fir/ ye> & #bc ( !m ?r\gh ! second & n[ seem+ly h a long life ahead ( !m4 ,inasmu* z ,mr4 ,jones express$ 8 d\bts z to h[ successful ?is exp]im5t w\ld be ,i reg>d$ x z some:at ( a triumph4 ,on ! o!r h& out ( ! f9e/ look+ lot ( "y ,i[a hickories graft$ a ye> ago ?is spr+ & %ipp$ 9 ! fall & set out j z c>efully z ,i knew h[1 ) well rott$ /able manure 9 ! holes & seem+ly hav+ e prospect ( a long life be=e !m1 all h di$ n[1 except+ f\r1 two ( :i* ,i am mak+ desp]ate ef=ts to save4 ,! reason = ?is failure has n yet be5 prov$1 b ,i h an idea :at x is4 ,) two exceptions ! /ocks 7 n l>ge1 unusually small 9 fact1 & ! gr[? ( ! grafts 0 small1 b1 except = _! small size ( /ock & graft !y 7 f9e look+ little hickories z "o (t5 sees4 ,! two t are 9 good condition today 7 bitt]nuts on bitt]nut /ocks & bo? ! /ocks & grafts 7 notably l>g] ?an o!rs4 ,"o ( ^! bitt]nuts by ! way1 is be>+ ?is ye>4 ,evid5tly !re 0 n z mu* vitality /or$ 9 ! small] trees z 9 ! l>g] ones4 ,i am incl9$ to believe t ! real tr\ble 0 because ! grafts1 except+ ! bitt]nuts1 _h n become suffici5tly e/abli%$ be=e hav+ to /& ! %ock ( digg+1 %ipp+ & transplant+4 ,i h notic$ 9 exp]im5ts made to det]m9e ! adaptability ( a numb] ( species ( hickory z /ocks t x 0 n unusual to f9d t a graft w\ld d reasonably well ! fir/ summ] & die ! second4 ,if ?is happ5s occasionally :5 hickories h n be5 transplant$ x is und\bt$ly v mu* m likely to happ5 :5 !y are transplant$4 ,i h _h practically no losses 9 transplant+ hickories :5 ! graft _h gr[n two seasons be=e be+ transplant$4 ,! safe plan1 !n1 w\ld seem to be to let a graft gr[ two seasons be=e transplant+4 ,un=tunately ?is w add to ! co/ ( graft$ hickories :i* ev5 n[ are s exp5sive to produce t almo/ no nurs]ym5 gr[ !m4 ,ano!r "o ( ! commonly accept$ pr9ciples t ,i d n n[ foll[ is t ( n plant+ trees any deep] ?an !y grew 9 ! nurs]y4 ,i pref] to plant !m a little deep]1 say two in*es or s4 ,i d n recall los+ any trees seem+ly f ?is slightly deep] plant+1 :ile ,i did lose a consid]able numb] ( se$l+s la/ ye> t 7 inadv]t5tly plant$ two in*es or s too %all[4 ,outside ( ! hickory ,i h _h little tr\ble 9 transplant+ any trees except+ "s ( ! hazels4 ,unless hazels1 p>ticul>ly ,am]ican hazels1 are v well root$1 !y w ne$ m c>e ! fir/ ye> ?an mo/ nut trees1 p>ticul>ly protection f ! hot sun & dr\ght4 ,if ,i get poorly root$ hazels ,i n[ plant !m 9 a %ady place = a ye> or two if !y h n gr[n well ! fir/ ye>1 & !n move !m :]e !y are to /ay4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,mr4 ,snyd] ( ,c5t] ,po9t advocates plant+ trees two to f\r in*es deep]4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,9 ,dr4 ,brooks' pap] he spoke ( "s ( ! twig girdl]s 9 ! beetle /age :i* fe$ ^u ! b>k ( twigs be=e oviposit+1 & he said t gives a weak po9t :]e we may attack !m4 ,on my place at ,/am=d1 :]e !re are =e/s1 t w\ld be impossible4 ,i h _h a good _m hazels p>tially de/roy$ ?is ye> by girdl]s4 ,a great _m ( ! bran*es h ! l>vae 9 !m4 ,i f9d also a l>ge numb] ( small hazels on :i* ! leaves & bran*es are dy+1 ?\gh !re is no app>5t injury to ! b>k4 ,sudd5ly1 h[ev]1 a little twig w drop (f & yet1 9 cutt+ into !m1 ,i did n f9d any l>vae4 ,,dr4 ,,brooks3 ,t happ5s to be ! "w ( an insect :i* ,i am j beg9n+ to /udy1 "o ( ! flat-head$ bor]s1 & ! reason y h n se5 ! l>va is t x is v small4 ,x is n half an in* long4 ,9 ! second ye> x comes out z an adult4 ,i judge t control measures %\ld be us$ 9 ! spr+1 :5 ,i ?9k )\t d\bt t x w\ld fe$ on ! poison$ spray4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i f9d a great _m l>vae 9 dead twigs on ! gr\nd4 ,if we are go+ to get ?is pe/ out ( ! way1 we %\ld n only look at ! twigs on ! tree1 b at ^? on ! gr\nd z well4 ,,dr4 ,,brooks3 ,t is true ( all ( ^! curculios4 ,dr4 ,morris' /atem5t is true4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be gone ov] & ! dead & dy+ bran*es & twigs ( ! trees %\ld be collect$4 ,! insects mature 9 !m4 ,,dr4 ,,coll9s3 ,w\ld y advocate prun+ (t58 ,,dr4 ,,brooks3 ,no4 ,adj\rnm5t to lecture hall4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,hicks ( ,we/bury1 ,long ,isl&1 gave a talk on ! transplant+ ( l>ge trees by 8 me?ods1 illu/rat$ ) lant]n slides4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a talk ) lant]n slides1 on ,,h]$ity ,,9 ,,trees ,,& ,,plants ,by ,dr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,blakeslee1 ,new ,york ,dr4 ,blakeslee said 9 "p3 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s we notice z we g out into ! op5 is div]sity 9 ! habits ( trees & plants4 ,x is ?r\gh ! details ?us pres5t$ t we are able to di/+ui% "o species f ano!r4 ,y c see ?is div]sity ! ye> r\nd 9 nut trees1 & 9 ! nuts4 ,if y arrange nuts1 or any o!r objects = t matt]1 9 a curve accord+ to size1 y w f9d t ! mo/ num]\s ( !m are ( ab\t ! av]age size4 ,?is is equally true :5 appli$ to mank9d4 ,:at is ! reason8 ,!re are a numb] ( factors affect+ ?is1 b1 9 g5]al1 !re are two ma9 causes--environm5t & h]$ity4 ,we d n "k :i* is ! m important b bo? are absolutely necess>y4 ,9 ! picture be+ %[n we see ! influ5ce ( ! black walnut ^u plants ar\nd x4 ,x creates an environm5t :i* influ5ces ! ability ( o!r plants to gr[ ne> ! roots4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t :at ! animate plant transmits is n ! actual "* 9 "q1 b ! ability ( ! animate plant to develop *>act]i/ics4 ,by plac+ ! plant ne> a black walnut tree we d n affect any?+ b ! capacity ( ! plant to develop 9 c]ta9 directions4 ,i h %[n "h a diagram to illu/rate a c]ta9 /ock f]tilization4 ,"h we h ! plant ) its /am5 & pi/ils1 ! egg cells & ! poll54 ,!re are two types ( poll5ization1 "o :]e ! pi/il is f]tiliz$ by insects c>ry+ /icky poll52 ! o!r by movem5t ( ! w9d c>ry+ ! poll54 ,if ,i %\ld believe my records1 9 attempts to cross trees1 ,i might h a cross betwe5 a bir* & an ald]1 9 :i* ! poll5 is c>ri$ by ! w9d4 ,i tri$ once to hybridize p9es4 ,i put "s pit* p9e poll5 on ! female fl[] ( ano!r species & se$ result$4 ,i did ?is ! second ye> & aga9 ,i got se$4 ,! ?ird ye> ,i put bags on ! female fl[]s be=e ,i c\ld see !m develop+4 ,!n ,i got no se$s4 ,i believe t ! poll5 :i* _h caus$ ! se$ to set 9 ! prec$+ in/ances _h come f ! s\? = p]haps hundr$s ( miles4 ,!re are times :5 ! poll5 ( ! /am9ate plant is all %$ be=e ! pi/illate gets ready4 ,sometimes we h a plant t is self /]ile4 ,i h exp]im5t$ ) poll5 f sev]al diff]5t nut trees & also ) ! ,norway spruce4 ,!n aga91 !re are abnormal cases2 sometimes !re is p>!nog5esis4 ,! jimson we$ is ! fir/ plant :i* has ev] be5 reproduc$ by p>!nog5esis4 ,s9ce t 0 discov]$1 an inve/igator 9 ,cali=nia has f\nd a simil> case 9 fruit develop$ )\t poll9ation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important conceptions 9 h]$ity is its effect ^u *>act]s & factors4 ,take ! ,japanese bean "h %[n = example1 "o d>k bean & "o mottl$4 ,9 ! next hybrid g5]ation we f9d ?ree mottl$ & "o d>k4 ,t is ! famili> ?ree to "o ratio ( ,m5del's law4 ,we believe n[1 t all1 or at lea/ a v l>ge proportion ( ! h]$ity *>act]s 9 plants ( all k9ds may be due to a s]ies ( factors2 b ! habit ( gr[? ( ! plant is due to a s+le factor4 ,we h ! case "h ( a second g5]ation ( ! weep+ mulb]ry t ,i cross$ ) ! :ite mulb]ry4 ,z a result !re 0 an av]age ( ?ree erects to "o weep+ "o4 ,c]ta9 *>act]i/ics may be made up ( ! int]-action ( a l>ge numb] ( factors4 ,?is w give a little idea z to ! complexity ( ,m5del's law4 ,h[ d we get new *>act]s 9 nature8 ,new types are due to ! re>rangem5t ( previ\sly exi/+ *>act]s1 j z ) ! old-fa%ion$ kaleidoscope1 :]e y turn ! crank & get new pictures4 ,ano!r way is by ! sudd5 appe>ance ( new factors4 ,i wi% to speak ab\t "o effect ( hybridization1 :i* is really connect$ ) h]$ity factors1 ! vigor :i* occurs :5 we cross diff]5t v>ieties1 species1 or ev5 races4 ,9 my exp]i5ce c]ta9 types t h be5 naturally contra/$ f9ally lose vigor1 & aft] two or ?ree g5]ations ! plant disappe>s4 ,!n aga9 ,i c\ld %[ y cases :]e yields are greatly increas$ due to hybridity4 ,^! are e/abli%$ facts1 n only z reg>ds species ( plants & trees b also z reg>ds ! human race4 ,hemy1 9 ,dubl91 :o has done ! be/ "w 9 ?is l9e ( endeavor1 believes t _m ( our m rapid-gr[+ trees are rapid-gr[+ because !y are hybrids4 ,to summ>ize1 ,i h tri$ to po9t out ! fact t div]sity :i* we see 9 nature is real1 & t x is br\ght ab\t by two causes1 namely1 environm5t1 & h]$ity4 ,& t h]$ity is br\ght ab\t by factors 9 ! bodies ( ! *romosomes :i* are %uffl$ ar\nd l c>ds 9 a pack2 !y reappe> 9 ! same way t ! c>ds w reappe>4 ,we h no means1 z yet1 ( controll+ ! appe>ance ( ! factors1 b we h two me?ods ( gett+ new factors1 z foll[s3 ,"o--,! f9d+ ( new ?+s 9 nature2 t1 probably1 is ! v be/ me?od t c be us$4 ,! "w ( ! !oretically plann$ project po9ts out ! trem5d\s importance ( ! exceptional individual4 ,two--,by tak+ ! exceptional individuals1 & by cross+ !m1 y c recomb9e1 al?\gh ! results may be v complex1 & obta9 *>act]s t are v desirable4 ,z m9i/]s sometimes say to cl9* ! moral1 ,i w\ld say1 ,seek e>ne/ly t :i* is be/ & hold fa/ to t :i* is good4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,has anyone a "q he w\ld l to ask8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,9 attempt+ to make crosses betwe5 juglans & c>ya we f9d (t5 t ! poll5 ( c>ya w excite ! cell ( ! juglans b )\t mak+ a fusion4 ,:at is ! elem5t ( ! male cell ( ! hickory :i* />ts ! female cell ( ! walnut into action8 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,i w\ld l to ask ,dr4 ,blakeslee "o ?+2 he %[$ ! influ5ce ( ! black walnut on ! gr[? ( ! h$ge1 & he %[$ t some?+ o!r ?an ! effect f ! black walnut _h caus$ ^! plants to be dw>f$4 ,is t und]/ood to be a fact8 ,,dr4 ,,blakeslee3 ,no2 "s ( ! effect 0 due to ! black walnut4 ,,mr4 ,,hicks3 ,9 "s cases ! trees get sick & die4 ,i h obs]v$ _m plants & trees gr[+ close to walnuts & ,i c po9t out pea* trees & o!r fruits plant$ close to black walnut trees :i* h be5 injur$4 ,i %\ld l to see ! "q det]m9$4 ,,mr4 ,o',,connor3 ,on ,mr4 ,littlepage's place x seems t "s blackb]ries ?rive bett] 9 ! %ade ( ! walnut tree ?an any:]e else4 ,,dr4 ,,brooks3 ,9 ,we/ ,virg9ia !re is a locality :]e blackb]ries gr[ wild1 & x is a matt] ( common k t black b]ries w gr[ "u ! black walnut b t apple trees w n gr[ !re4 ,i h notic$ t ! be/ place to plant jimson se$ is "u ! black walnut trees4 ,i h no def9ite in=mation ab\t ?is b !re is some?+ 9 ! influ5ce ( ! black walnut trees4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i h notic$ at my place t cabbages plant$ "u black walnut trees 7 some:at /unt$4 ,i believe t x 0 ! effect ( ! walnut trees gr[+ s spe$ily t !re 0 n en\gh n\ri%m5t = bo?4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,! next lant]n slide lecture w be by ,mr4 ,re$4 ,,mr4 ,,re$3 7,?is lecture 0 deliv]$ 9 a d>k5$ hall :]e x 0 n possible = ! report] to take notes4 ,h[ev]1 ! gi/ ( ! talk is "h giv574 ,! slides illu/rat$ v>i\s me?ods ( nut tree propagation1 & t x is possible successfully to graft or bud nut trees at almo/ any "t f ,febru>y until ! v end ( ! gr[+ p]iod4 ,9 work+ ov] l>ge trees ! fir/ me?od 9 ! season to be employ$ 0 %[n to be t ( ! cleft graft4 ,foll[+ ?is1 ) l>ge /ocks1 w\ld be ! slip-b>k graft1 or ) small] /ocks1 ! *ip-bud4 ,! slip-b>k graft has ! advantage ( be+ feasible at any "t :5 ! b>k slips4 ,dormant scions are m (t5 us$ ) ?is =m ( propagation1 al?\gh by no means necess>y1 z ,dr4 ,morris has demon/rat$ t by apply+ a coat ( p>aff9 ov] ! entire scion & ! cut surfaces ( ! /ock1 x is possible to use gr[+ scions at almo/ any "t :5 !y c be obta9$4 ,! *ip-bud is mo/ successful dur+ a relatively %ort p]iod1 beg9n+ ab\t t5 days be=e ! buds beg9 to swell & cont9u+ until aft] ! trees are practically 9 full leaf4 ,f ?is "t on ! pat*1 or "s o!r modification ( ! annul> bud1 is mo/ commonly us$4 ,9 top-work+1 :5 ! cleft-graft has fail$1 ! pat*-bud may be us$ late 9 summ]1 by ins]t+ buds ( ! curr5t season's gr[? 9 ! base ( ! new %oots spr++ up f bel[ :]e ! cut 0 made 9 ! /ock = ! graft1 ?us af=d+ two opportunities = propagation dur+ ! same season4 ,! slides %[$ v>i\s me?ods ( propagat+ ! filb]t by lay]+1 & ( propagat+ m difficult species by in>*+4 ,!y 7 f a collection soon to be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ext5sion ,s]vice ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ( ! v>i\s /ate colleges ( agriculture4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,we w n[ adj\rn1 & w meet 9 ! room up/airs 9 ?is build+ at #aj o'clock tomorr[ morn+4 ,,second ,,day--,,morn+ ,,session ,meet+ call$ to ord] by ! ,presid5t1 at #aj a4 m4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,i h ! great pleasure ( introduc+ to y ,dr4 ,h[e1 ,assi/ant ,director ( ! ,botanical ,g>d5s4 ,,dr4 ,,h[e3 ,i %all only take a m9ute to say t we are delight$ to h y "h1 & t if we c d any?+ to assi/ y1 or to p]petuate y\r success1 ,i hope y w please let u "k4 ,z ! ,spani>ds say1 ,! h\se is y\rs4 ,i hope t y\r visit w be s pleasant t y may f9d x conv5i5t to come "h aga94 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,mr4 ,jones w y tell u some?+ ab\t ! h&l+ ( se$s = plant+8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i did n give ! subject any ?\ght be=e com+ "h b ,i might say t ! nuts %\ld be ga!r$ promptly & dri$1 plac+ !m 9 a %ady spot1 = !y c be injur$ :]e ! sun is too w>m4 ,we /ratify !m 9 s&4 ,!n 9 ! spr+ y c sift ! s& ?r\gh a sieve1 take out ! nuts & plant !m4 ,9 /ratify+ *e/nuts we keep !m betwe5 lay]s ( wire me%1 = mice are v fond ( ^! nuts4 ,we cov] ! nuts ) s& & leaves4 ,*9kap9s we usually keep 9 cold /orage4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,:5 y /ratify ^! nuts :]e d y keep !m8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,"r out 9 ! op5 on top ( ! gr\nd4 ,a frame may be made ) wire nail$ on ! bottom4 ,?is may be set out any:]e 9 ! g>d51 b d[n a little into ! dirt4 ,put 9 ! nuts betwe5 lay]s ( s& & leaves4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,mr4 ,kelsey told me t ! be/ way he _h f\nd to keep nuts 0 to bury !m 9 a deep hole1 p]haps two feet deep4 ,h y _h exp]i5ce ) t way8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,! way ,i describ$ is ! usual way to keep se$ & we get v f9e results4 ,we d t 9 ord] to keep ! se$ cool & s t !y w n dry out4 ,b we always h to wat* out = mice4 ,x might be a good idea1 9 /ratify+ *e/nuts 9 ! box ) wire me% on ! bottom1 to place ! box at an angle t w\ld dra9 (f at lea/ "p ( ! wat]4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,dr4 ,zimm]man1 h y any?+ to say8 ,,dr4 ,,zimm]man3 ,i discov]$ by accid5t t black walnuts & hickories c\ld be kept v nicely 9 ! dry /ate until spr+2 !n put wat] on !m & !y w spr\t v nicely4 ,b my *e/nuts get moldy t way4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,we cov] ! nuts ) at lea/ a spr9kle ( e>?1 may be f\r or five in*es4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,mr4 ,jones w\ld keep !m ) practically no dirt b ) s& & leaves4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i w\ld use a little s& ov] !m1 two p>ts ( s& to "o "p ( nuts4 ,we put 9 six in*es ( nuts & alt]nat+ lay]s ( s&4 ,,dr4 ,,brooks3 ,i "k ( a man :o puts a lay] ( *e/nuts & "o ( moss & says t 9 ! spr+ ! nuts are 9 spl5did condition4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i h _h ! nuts spr\t v mu* bett] :5 !y 7 /ratifi$ z soon z ga!r$4 ,,mr4 ,o',,connor3 ,i b\ght ab\t #e bu%els ( black walnuts1 pay+ #ge c5ts a bu%el = !m4 ,i simply dump$ !m out on ! gr\nd1 n bo!r+ ab\t ! %ucks at all1 & cov]$ !m ov] ) dirt4 ,i paid no m att5tion to !m until spr+4 ,!n ,i put ! nuts 9 tr5*es ) dirt ab\t #e in*es ov] ! top4 ,! mice did n bo!r !m1 & ,i ?9k !y did well t way4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,did ! fro/ affect !m8 ,,mr4 ,o',,connor3 ,no1 n at all4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,i h a black walnut tree at home t />t$ to gr[ 9 a neighbor's cell>4 ,x _h gr[n a foot & a half & 0 r :ite 9 color4 ,i cut (f ! top & plant$ x out 9 ! op54 ,today ! tree is /ill gr[+ & is all "r4 ,we w n[ h an address by ,pr(4 ,neilson1 ( ,canada4 ,,pr(4 ,,neilson3 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 ,ladies & ,g5tlem53 ,x is a real pleasure = me to get back to ?is conv5tion once m4 ,i tri$ to come la/ ye> b ow+ to c]ta9 difficulties ,i 0 n able to d s4 ,be=e ,i give y my report on nut culture 9 ,canada1 ,i want to tell y "s ( my tr\bles4 ,two or ?ree ye>s ago1 :5 ,i began to express my int]e/ 9 nut culture1 ,i ?\ght x w\ld be a good idea to get "s nuts f ,*9a4 ,i wrote to sev]al mission>ies 9 ,nor?we/]n ,*9a at ab\t our latitude1 & ,i f9ally secur$ five bu%els ( ,p]sian walnuts & "o bu%el ( ,*9ese *e/nuts4 ,! nuts 7 a long "t on ! road & v few 7 9 fit condition to use :5 !y arriv$4 ,i /or$ "s ( ! ,p]sian walnuts 9 our cell> at ! ,ont>io ,college4 ,! re/ ( ! nuts ,i di/ribut$ to o!rs4 ,! nuts at ! college did n f>e v well4 ,:5 ,i left !re ,i gave directions to ! memb]s ( ! ,dep>tm5t to look aft] !m c>efully4 ,?is is h[ !y did x4 ,someone broke into ! cell> :]e ! nuts 7 /ratifi$ 9 ! s&1 & ran (f ) ab\t "o bu%el4 ,! ,*9ese *e/nuts arriv$ 9 ab\t ! same condition z ! ,*9ese walnuts4 ,( ^! ,i manag$ to save ab\t a peck4 ,we divid$ ! nuts into ?ree equal lots4 ,"s we kept at ! ,guelph ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 "s at ,v9el&1 & "s 9 ! ,s\?we/]n ,/ation4 ,( ^? at ,guelph1 out ( ! :ole lot1 #ce nuts g]m9at$1 & ( ^! ! mice ate all b five4 ,^! five 7 tak5 outside & c>efully plac$ 9 a flat2 b someone came along & ran into ! flat & sma%$ ^? five plants all to pieces4 ,9 addition to ?is "s ( my fri5ds tri$ to tell me t ,i 0 *as+ wild geese2 t nut trees w\ld n ev] be important comm]cially 9 ,canada2 t #ii p] c5t ( ! value ( ! nut tree 0 = %ade anyh[ 7z if he meant %ade = pigs & c[s72 & t !y 7 n ev5 ornam5tal4 ,be=e ,i read my pap]1 h[ev]1 ,i w say t ! "w ,i am n[ do+ is some:at diff]5t f t ,i _h :5 ,i 0 la/ "h1 :5 ,i 0 ,pr(4 ( ,horticulture4 ,i am n[ do+ ext5sion "w = ! gov]nm5t4 ,,progress ,,report ,,on ,,nut ,,culture ,,9 ,,canada ,jas4 ,a4 ,neilson1 ,m4 ,s41 ,ext5sion ,horticulturi/1 ,horticultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,v9el&1 ,ont>io ,dur+ ! season ( #aibc-bd !re has be5 a m>k$ increase 9 ! int]e/ %[n 9 ! culture ( nut be>+ trees 9 all p>ts ( ,canada :]e nut trees c be gr[n4 ,?is is indicat$ by ! num]\s lett]s ( enquiry & p]sonal reque/s = in=mation on nut culture :i* h be5 receiv$ by our ,/ation4 ,a total ( #dej lett]s 7 receiv$ or s5t out by our (fice dur+ ! pa/ ye> besides num]\s enquiries answ]$ by a p]sonal visit4 ,! se>* = good nut trees has result$ 9 "s int]e/+ additions to ! data pres5t$ 9 ! pap] publi%$ 9 ! la/ report4 ,"o ( ! mo/ gratify+ features ( ?is phase ( ! "w has be5 ! discov]y ( sev]al new localities :]e ! ,european filb]t is gr[+ successfully4 ,x has be5 locat$ or report$ at tw5ty widely sep>ate po9ts 9 ,ont>io1 ! nor!rnmo/ ( :i* is on ,wolf ,isl& at ! m\? ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv] 9 approximately #dd1ajj ,n4 ,lat4 ,?is plantation is said to h be5 e/abli%$ be=e #ahdj & w\ld !re=e be ne>ly #ij ye>s old4 ,ano!r int]e/+ po9t 9 connection ) filb]ts is ! amaz+ way 9 :i* !y ?rive "u conditions ( absolute neglect4 ,sev]al ( ! plantations obs]v$ dur+ ! pa/ ye> 7 n giv5 ! slighte/ att5tion & yet 7 do+ v nicely4 ,obvi\sly ?is is n good practice b x w\ld seem to indicate t excell5t results c\ld be secur$ 9 ,s\!rn ,ont>io by ! prop] *oice ( v>ieties & ! be/ cultural me?ods4 ,?is survey also %[$ t ! sweet *e/nut grew z f> nor? z ,georgian ,bay4 ,! prize nut conte/ /ag$ by our (fice la/ autumn result$ 9 ! discov]y ( "s v good black walnuts & a f9e ,japanese he>tnut4 ,samples ( ^! are %[n 9 "s ( ! plates on ! table4 ,! ,p]sian walnut 0 f\nd to h a wid] di/ribution & is m abundant 9 ,ont>io ?an 0 expect$ :5 our nut survey began4 ,ab\t #aej be>+ trees h be5 locat$ 9 t "p ( ,ont>io ext5d+ f ,toronto on ,lake ,ont>io to ,god]i* on ,lake ,huron4 ,?is numb] ( c\rse w seem insignificant 9 comp>ison to ! numb]s ( trees 9 "s sections ( ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates1 b x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,ont>io is on ! nor!rn m>g9 ( ! ,p]sian walnut t]ritory1 & !re=e ! results are r enc\rag+4 ,sev]al f9e ,p>agon *e/nut trees h be5 locat$ :i* be> good crops & :i* appe> to be resi/ant to *e/nut blight4 ,?is disease has un=tunately appe>$ at sev]al places 9 ,ont>io & w und\bt$ly de/roy ! majority ( our *e/nut trees4 ,! memb]s ( ?is association w be int]e/$ to le>n t ,gellatly ,bro!rs ( ,gellatly1 ,b4 ,c41 prep>$ & s5t to ! ,briti% ,empire ,exhibition at ,wembley a l>ge collection ( nuts t has attract$ a great deal ( att5tion & favorable comm5t4 ,?is %\ld d a great deal t[>d adv]tis+ ! nut cultural possibilities ( t prov9ce & ( ,canada g5]ally4 ,! trial plantations on ! exp]im5t /ation gr\nds are do+ v well inde$4 ,! black walnuts are mak+ a f9e gr[? & "o v>iety ! ,mc,coy1 has a good crop ( nuts at two ye>s f plant+4 ,! ,t5 ,eyck is mak+ an extremely rapid gr[?1 9 "s cases1 produc+ new %oots ov] f\r feet 9 l5g?4 ,! ,engli% walnuts are also mak+ a good gr[? & two v>ieties1 ,mayette & ,hall1 h borne nuts 9 ! ?ird season4 ,i am pleas$ to /ate t we n[ h ab\t #ajj se$l+s ( ! ,*9ese walnut gr[+ on ! /ation gr\nds & at v>i\s o!r po9ts 9 ,ont>io4 ,^! little trees seem to be mak+ a m rapid gr[? ?an our se$l+s ( ! ,ont>io1 a ,p]sian walnut :i* is a native ( ,/4 ,ca?>9es4 ,we also h ab\t #fj se$l+s ( ! ,p]sian walnut f ! ,nor!rn slopes ( ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s 9 ! ,ukranian region ( :at us$ to be ! old ,au/rian-,hung>ian ,empire4 ,^! nuts 7 obta9$ f ,rev4 ,paul ,cra?1 ( ,toronto1 :o in=ms me t ! w9t] temp]atures 9 t "p ( ,europe (t5 g l[] ?an 9 ,toronto4 ,we hope = "s int]e/+ developm5ts f ! gr[? ( ^! trees because ( ! rigor\s climatic condition ( _! native l&4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! pa/ w9t] an exp]im5t 0 conduct$ 9 propagat+ ! walnut "u gre5h\se conditions4 ,= ?is purpose #ajj well gr[n "o ye> black walnut se$l+s 7 obta9$ f our =e/ry /ation at ,/4 ,williams 9 ! late autumn & heel$ 9 out ( doors until ab\t ,febru>y #a/4 ,^! 7 !n br\ght inside1 plant$ 9 #h in* pots & plac$ 9 ! gre5h\se :]e !y 7 all[$ to rema9 until a good leaf gr[? _h be5 produc$4 ,! "y trees 7 !n side cleft graft$ ) scions ( ! be/ ,engli% walnuts 9 ! di/rict4 ,:ile engag$ 9 ?is "w "o ( ! trees 0 inadv]t5tly cut (f a few in*es above ! gr\nd4 ,! /ub 0 !n :ip graft$ & to my surprise x made a bett] gr[? ?an ! o!rs :i* _h a "p ( ! top left on4 ,! results ( our exp]im5t 7 mu* bett] ?an ,i expect$4 ,ab\t #dj ( ! scions grew :i* 0 q satisfactory consid]+ t ,i 0 a m]e novice 9 ! art ( graft+ nut trees & t my me?od 0 an exp]im5t4 ,i believe ,i c\ld get #gj to #ge to gr[ ) great] c>e 9 ! selection & h&l+ ( scions4 ,! object 9 do+ ! "w 9 ! gre5h\se 0 to obta9 bett] control conditions ( moi/ure & temp]ature & ?us r$uce ! mortality ( scions due to ^! factors4 ,i also outl9$ an exp]im5t 9 propagat+ nut trees by cutt+s z a !sis subject = "o ( our f\r? ye> horticultural /ud5ts at ! ,o4 ,a4 ,c4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t t5 cutt+s ea* ( ,engli% walnut1 butt]nut1 ,japanese walnut1 hickory1 *e/nut & black walnut 7 plant$ 9 s& & wat]$ at int]vals ) a #a to #aj1jjj solution ( potassium p]manganate4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! majority ( cutt+s came out 9 leaf1 b none =m$ roots1 & h5ce soon di$4 ,x is admitt$ t ?is exp]im5t may h be5 improp]ly plann$ & conduct$1 b x %[$ at any rate t x is n an easy matt] to propagate mo/ nut plants by root or /em cutt+s4 ,9 #aibc ,i pur*as$ ) my own funds ano!r lot1 #a-a_/b bu%els1 ( good he>tnuts & s5t !m 9 lots ( ab\t two doz5 to ! secret>ies ( #abe horticultural societies1 & to ab\t #cj o!r p>ties = trial plant+4 ,i f\nd t ?is little contribution 0 gratefully receiv$ & 9 _m cases br\ght =? inquiries = ! names ( p f :om good trees might be pur*as$4 ,i d n propose to c>ry on mu* m ( ?is free di/ribution ( nuts z t w\ld n be fair to ! individuals !mselves or to ^? engag$ 9 ! propagation ( nut trees4 ,my *ief reason = di/ribut+ ^! nuts 0 to /imulate int]e/1 & n[ t my objective has be5 atta9$ ,i w ref] inquir+ p>ties to reputable nut nurs]ym54 ,num]\s reque/s = addresses on nut culture h be5 receiv$ f horticultural societies1 wom5's in/itutes & o!r organizations4 ,i h always endeavor$ to comply ) ^! reque/s & h inv>iably f\nd ke5 int]e/ %[n 9 ! subject4 ,am]ican memb]s ( ?is association w likely be int]e/$ to le>n t ! ,ont>io ,horticultural ,society is ! l>ge/ ( its k9d 9 ! _w1 hav+ a memb]%ip ( ov] #fj1jjj :ile ! ,wom5's ,in/itute is an almo/ equally l>ge & influ5tial organization4 ,^! p[]ful & widespread organizations c be & are ( great assi/ance 9 c>ry+ on ! propag&a = ! plant+ ( nut trees4 ,! ,ont>io ,horticultural ,association1 ! ,ont>io ,horticultural ,c\ncil & ! ,canadian ,horticultural ,c\ncil h ea* pass$ resolutions express+ approval ( our "w 9 nut culture & ask+ ! ,dom9ion ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture to appo9t a man to fully inve/igate ! nut cultural possibilities ( ,canada4 ,i regret to /ate t no action has z yet be5 tak5 to meet ! desires ( ^! organizations4 ,because ( _m o!r urg5t duties & lack ( dep>tm5tal support1 ,i h n be5 able to devote z mu* ( my "t to nut culture z ,i w\ld l1 & !re=e h _h to make ! v be/ use ( ! little "t ,i h _h at my disposal4 ,i am look+ =w>d to ! "t :5 ^? 9 au?ority w h a great] appreciation ( ! value ( nut trees & w see _! way cle> to appo9t someone to devote 8 :ole "t & en]gy t[>d increas+ ! productiv5ess & add+ to ! beauty ( our c\ntry by means ( m & bett] nut trees4 ,to sum up briefly1 my objective is z foll[s3 #a4 ,to c>ry on ! nut tree survey ( ,canada until we h locat$ ! v be/ natural & exotic species4 #b4 ,to propagate ^! be/ /ra9s1 provid$ !y are z good or bett] ?an ! be/ s f> discov]$4 #c4 ,to introduce ! be/ h>dy species f ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates & nor!a/]n ,asia1 on a m ext5sive scale = te/ purposes & bre$+ "w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,pr(4 ,neilson has plac$ on ! table 9 ! hall1 v mode/ly1 a v int]e/+ collection ( nuts f ,canada & ,i hope t y w all look at !m4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,are !re any pres5t :o w\ld l to ask ,pr(4 ,neilson que/ions8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,x seems to me t ! ,ont>io walnut is ! be/ 9 quality ( any ,i h tri$4 ,:at did y ?9k ( !m ,mr4 ,jones8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i d n ?9k !re is any bett]4 ,,pr(4 ,,neilson3 ,i am 9 favor ( ano!r "o :i* ,i ?9k y w agree is /ill bett]4 ,x is l>g] & bett]look+ & ! flavor is j z good4 7,displays walnut74 ,! int]e/+ feature is t al?\gh ! tree is a ?ird g5]ation tree1 n[ ab\t #ae ye>s old1 x has produc$ m nuts ?an ! old] trees4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,if ,i rememb] correctly ! ,ont>io is a mild] type4 ,,pr(4 ,,neilson3 ,i ?9k t ?is is j z good z ! ,ont>io4 ,i h sev]al trees ( ?is4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,f :at ,i ga!r$ f y\r rem>ks1 ,pr(4 ,neilson1 possibly "s moral support w\ld be ( assi/ance to y 9 y\r "w4 ,w\ld x be out ( ord]8 ,,pr(4 ,,neilson3 ,i ?9k x w\ld be a v good idea4 ,! tr\ble ,i am hav+ is p]haps v localiz$2 x is ) b "o or two individuals4 ,i ?9k t a resolution by ?is association w\ld h "s effect4 ,x w\ld at lea/ pres5t to ! au?orities ! fact t we 7 be+ recogniz$4 ,i hope s at lea/4 ,our pres5t ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture has op5ly express$ himself 9 sympa?y ) ! idea ( plant+ m nut trees2 also ,mr4 ,m>t91 our speciali/ 9 p\ltry keep+ & ,i ?9k if ,i c get !m l9$ up x w\ld be all "r4 ,! resolution might help to d ?is4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,dr4 ,morris ! ,*air appo9ts y to t committee2 also ,mr4 ,jones & ,mr4 ,ellis4 ,x wi%es y to draw up a suitable resolution = t "w4 ,,pr(4 ,,neilson3 ,i may say t ! public 9 ,canada is beh9d our "w4 ,ab\t #ig ( my "t is sp5t on ! road & ,i g long di/ances4 ,! re/ ( my "t ,i am writ+ lett]s1 ab\t #a1bjj ( !m1 & ab\t #dej ( ^! are on nut culture4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i h ! foll[+ resolution to (f]3 ,t a lett] be writt5 to ! ,dom9ion ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 along ! foll[+ l9es3 ,! ,dom9ion ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has (ficially /at$ t ! nut gr[+ indu/ry ( ,briti% ,columbia has become an important "o4 ,! ,dom9ion nev]!less is import+ #e1jjj1jjj wor? ( nuts annually f o!r c\ntries4 ,9 view ( ^! facts1 ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association 9 assembly at its #ae? ,annual ,meet+1 9 ,new ,york1 comm5ds ! "w ( ,pr(4 ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson ( ! ,horticultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,v9el&1 ,ont>io1 & expresses ! hope t ! ,canadian ,gov]nm5t & private support w fur!r 8 "w 9 su* a way z to make x a matt] ( l>ge public s]vice4 ,s]vice ( ! sort relates n only to ea/]n ,canada b to ! comm]ce ( ?is entire cont95t4 7,sign$7 ,,rob]t ,t4 ,,morris1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones ,z4 ,h4 ,,ellis4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,! secret>y w accord+ly transmit ?is message to ! ,canadian ,gov]nm5t4 ,,notes ,,by ,,pr(essor ,a4 ,s4 ,,colby ,purdue ,univ]sity1 ,ill9ois ,fri5ds3 ,i believe an apology is due y4 ,i 0 away on my vacation at ! "t ! invitation came to me to make an address at ?is meet+ & ,i h come "h )\t "o4 ,b ,i %all be glad to give y "s sort ( an idea ( ! pa/1 pres5t & future ( nut culture 9 ,ill9ois4 ,i became actively int]e/$ 9 nut gr[+ ab\t a ye> ago4 ,our "w />t$ p>tly 9 response to public dem&4 ,we h be5 receiv+ an increas+ numb] ( lett]s ( inquiry f p int]e/$ 9 ! subject b :o "k little ab\t x4 ,we are attempt+ to secure su* in=mation z w be ( value reg>d+ ! be/ species & v>ieties ( nuts to plant1 :]e to plant !m1 & h[ to c>e = !m4 ,!re are a numb] ( memb]s ( ! ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 9 ,ill9ois & !y are v k9dly help+ me 9 ?is "w4 ,! ,ill9ois ,/ate ,horticultural ,society1 f\nd$ 9 #ahef1 has also be5 int]e/$ to "s ext5t 9 nut gr[+4 ,ill9ois has _h ?ree gr& old m5 9 ! nut indu/ry1 ,mr4 ,george ,w4 ,endicott ( ,villa ,ridge1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl ( ,alton1 & ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,buckman ( ,f>m+dale4 ,mr4 ,riehl is eighty-sev5 ye>s "y n[ & is ! only "o ( ! ?ree m5 liv+4 ,mr4 ,endicott 0 int]e/$1 n only 9 ! comm]cial side ( horticulture b 0 a pione] 9 sci5tific "w4 ,he orig9at$ ! ,endicott plum & o!r valuable fruits &1 s9ce he 0 int]e/$ 9 plant improvem5t1 naturally turn$ to hybridization ( ! *e/nut1 a tree :i* gr[s readily 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois4 ,9 #ahii he cross$ ! ,japanese *e/nut 7,ca/anea japonica7 ) poll5 f ! ,am]ican ,sweet 7,c4 am]icana74 ,he mu/ h _h "s difficulty 9 cross+ ! species because !y did n bloom at exactly ! same "t4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 successful 9 secur+ five hybrid se$s1 rais+ ?ree trees f !m1 nam+ !m ! ,blair1 ! ,boone & ! ,riehl4 ,naturally !re 7 diff]5ces 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( ^! trees ?\gh !y 7 all vigor\s & produc$ nuts ( comm]cial value4 ,! ,blair & ,riehl began to be> at f\r & five ye>s respectively1 :ile ! ,boone bore its fir/ crop at sev5te5 mon?s ( age4 ,! ,boone is ! mo/ valuable s9ce x matures fruit ( good quality ab\t two days e>li] ?an ! ,blair & two weeks be=e ! ,riehl4 ,x also reta9s ! burr & drops ! nuts free at ! beg9n+ ( ! season s t ab\t half ! nuts c be pick$ up be=e ! burrs fall4 ,mr4 ,endicott 0 s pleas$ ) ! results ( ! cross t he rais$ ov] #age se$l+s f ! ,boone tree4 ,f ^! second g5]ation hybrids he secur$ trees v unev5 9 gr[? & size ) a great range 9 "t ( com+ into be>+4 ,! nuts diff]$ widely 9 size1 quality1 & season ( rip5+4 ,! "* ( ! burr %[$ all gradations betwe5 ! extremes ( ?ickness1 l5g?1 rigidity ( sp9es1 etc4 ,^! /rik+ v>iations 9 ! second g5]ation trees %[ t _m h]$it>y factors _h be5 segregat$ & recomb9$ & (f] a mo/ int]e/+ opportunity = sci5tific /udy4 ,i h visit$ ! or*>d sev]al times4 ,mr4 ,endicott di$ 9 #aiad b 8 son ,rob]t has s9ce c>$ = ! trees :i* h br\ght him consid]able rev5ue4 ,he tells me t he secures ab\t #afj p\nds ( nuts p] ye> f ea* ( ! ?ree orig9al trees4 ,at an av]age price ( ?irty-five c5ts a p\nd :olesale ! crop f ea* tree is wor? #ef4je p] ye>4 ,s9ce ! *e/nut blooms late x is pretty c]ta9 to escape spr+ fro/s4 ,! ,blair1 = example1 has _h a crop failure once only s9ce beg9n+ to be>4 7,displays photographs ( ! ,japanese & ,am]ican *e/nuts & ! ,boone tree74 ,mr4 ,endicott is top work+ "s ( ! wor?less second g5]ation trees ) wood f ! ,boone tree4 7,displays photographs %[+ me?od ( graft+74 ,i h _h ! good =tune to visit ,mr4 ,riehl sev]al times & h secur$ _m repres5tative nuts f 8 collection4 ,:ile he has gr[n a l>ge numb] ( nut species & v>ieties he believes t ! *e/nut pays ! be/ 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois4 ,he plants !m on r\gh & hilly l&1 difficult to cultivate1 pa/ur+ ) %eep1 & has _h v good success4 ,he does n worry ab\t ! *e/nut blight1 s9ce ! *e/nut is n native "h & !re is su* a great di/ance betwe5 ! blight ridd5 ,ea/ & ,ill9ois4 ,mr4 ,buckman 0 an amateur horticulturi/1 9 ! "w = ! love ( x4 ,on 8 l& he _h ne>ly two ?\s& v>ieties ( apples & hundr$s ( v>ieties ( pea*es1 plums1 pe>s1 *]ries1 grapes1 small fruits1 & nuts collect$ f all ov] ! _w4 ,i 0 mu* int]e/$ to /udy ! f9e pecan & *e/nut trees gr[+ & produc+ good crops z well z ! p]simmon & papaw trees1 ( :i* he _h a numb] ( r>e v>ieties4 ,i 0 able la/ spr+ to secure cutt+s ( a numb] ( r r>e papaw v>ieties :i* ,i s5t to ,doctor ,zimm]man = propagation at ! reque/ ( ,doctor ,fair*ild4 ,mr4 ,buckman rec5tly di$ & !re is n[ a movem5t on foot to secure1 ei!r ?r\gh ! ,univ]sity or ! ,horticultural ,society1 z f> z possible1 all ! valuable data :i* he _h be5 collect+ = ye>s4 ,!re are sev]al o!r m5 int]e/$ 9 nuts z a comm]cial proposition 9 ,ill9ois1 su* z ,o4 ,h4 ,casp] ( ,anna & ,judge ,w4 ,o4 ,pott] ( ,m>ion4 ,i rec5tly visit$ ^! or*>ds4 ,mr4 ,casp] has mo/ly pecans & walnuts gr[+ 9 sod4 ,!y are f six to eight ye>s old & w\ld h borne ?is season if wea!r conditions _h be5 favorable4 ,judge ,pott] has ov] tw5ty acres ( pecans int]plant$ ) *e/nuts & filb]ts4 ,= "p ( ! or*>d ?is is ! fif? gr[+ season4 ,! trees are gr[+ vigor\sly & make a v impressive %[+4 ,i c\nt$ ?irty-n9e nuts on a repres5tative ,?omas black walnut tree4 ,! filb]ts look especially promis+4 ,al?\gh ! wea!r at bloom+ "t 0 unfavorable a fair crop ( ne>ly a peck 0 ga!r$ f f\r or five bu%es ( a late bloom+ import$ v>iety4 ,judge ,pott] is also gr[+ ano!r or*>d us+ apples z fill]s betwe5 black walnut trees4 ,?is exp]im5t w be wat*$ ) great int]e/ s9ce x w be ( great value 9 %[+ future possibilities 9 nut gr[+ 9 ,ill9ois4 ,n[ z to "s ( ! ?+s we are try+ to d at ! exp]im5t /ation at ,urbana4 ,?is w be necess>ily a progress report4 ,i am mak+ a survey ( ! /ate to f9d promis+ individuals ( ! diff]5t species & v>ieties & m>k+ !m = future use4 ,we h our /ate fair at ,spr+field next week & z ,i speak to ! boys & girls att5d+ ! /ate fair s*ool ,i hope to int]e/ !m to tell me ( any trees 9 _! neighborhoods ( p>ticul> value4 ,"s ( ! agricultural lead]s 9 ! v>i\s c\nties1 t is ! f>m advis]s1 are awake to ! value ( ! nut indu/ry & we h a numb] ( ^! m5 co-op]at+ ) u4 ,f ,gallat9 ,c\nty1 9 ! ,waba% & ,ohio riv] bottoms1 ar\nd #ajj1jjj wor? ( native pecans are sold 9 "s seasons4 ,9 ! s\!rn c\nties & ov] nor? ( ,/4 ,l\is 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,ill9ois !re are also native pecan groves :i* are q pr(itable4 ,we hope to f9d valuable nor!rn pecans1 adaptable to our conditions4 ,we1 ( c\rse1 "k t ! ,engli% walnut is v difficult to gr[ 9 ,ill9ois & we are n recomm5d+ x z a comm]cial proposition4 ,we believe t ! black walnut1 all ?+s consid]$1 has ! mo/ promise & we hope to h some?+ wor? :ile 9 a few ye>s z propagat+ mat]ial4 ,! ,?omas1 ,/abl]1 & ,mill] are especially to be recomm5d$ = ,ill9ois at ?is "t4 ,we hope soon to h a complete collection ( h>dy nut trees on our exp]im5tal trial gr\nds4 ,"h we %all /udy n only ! v>ietal *>act]i/ics b try out new me?ods ( propagat+1 prun+1 f]tiliz+1 etc4 ,!re is v likely "s connection betwe5 w9t] injury & h>d5+ up ( ! wood 9 autumn & we hope to le>n some?+ ab\t t problem ?r\gh ! use ( v>i\s cov] crops1 = example4 ,we h at ! /ation a complete exp]im5tal cold /orage plant 9 op]ation :]e we may be able to le>n m ab\t ! effects ( extremes ( temp]ature on ! roots & trunks ( c]ta9 species4 ,9 su* new b important "w we mu/ make ha/e sl[ly4 ,we h "s ?+s to unle>n & _m ?+s to le>n4 ,we hope to be able 9 a few ye>s to make a wor?:ile contribution to su* an int]e/+ & important subject z nut gr[+ 9 ! middle we/4 ,i %all be glad to h y ask me any que/ions :i* occur to y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,,d y happ5 to "k ,mr4 ,sp5c]8 ,,pr(4 ,,colby3 ,no1 ,i wrote ,mr4 ,sp5c] b ,i did n get any reply f him4 ,i hope to visit him ?is fall4 ,,mr4 ,,re$3 ,,d y "k any?+ ab\t ! top-work+ ( black walnuts f ,miss\ri at ! univ]sity8 ,,pr(4 ,,colby3 ,no1 ,i d n "k ab\t !m4 ,,mr4 ,,gre53 ,9 reg>d to ^? ,gallat9 ,c\nty nuts2 has any survey ev] be5 made by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ( ! nut trees 9 ,ill9ois8 ,pr(4 ,colby3 ,n t ,i "k (4 ,"q3 ,at :at age are !y plant+ ^? walnuts 9 ,williamson ,c\nty ) apples & h[ f> ap>t8 ,,pr(4 ,,colby3 ,! walnuts are f #ej to #hj feet ap>t int]plant$ ) apples4 ,! walnut trees are ab\t two ye>s old2 ! apples f\r & five4 ,a ,,speak]3 ,i believe ^? apple trees w die4 ,,pr(4 ,,colby3 ,t's :at ,i want to f9d out4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! compatibility ( walnuts & o!r fruit trees4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,y w see at ,baldw91 ?is aft]noon1 pea* trees plant$ betwe5 nut trees4 ,x is too soon to say :at w happ5 b s f>1 x is all "r4 ,,dr4 ,,smi?3 ,z a matt] ( v great importance1 h[ w y r\nd up ! =ces 9 ,ill9ois8 ,,pr(4 ,,colby3 ,we h a numb] ( int]e/+ sugge/ions br\ght out 9 ,pr(essor ,neilson's pap]4 ,he w\ld use e way possible1 includ+ que/ionnaires s5t out judici\sly1 z well z ! boys' & girls' clubs1 & ! ,boy ,sc\ts1 ( :i* ,dr4 ,morris speaks4 ,! horticultural society c be ( v great help4 ,9 ,ill9ois :]e we h ov] "o hundr$ c\nties1 almo/ all ( :i* are v effici5tly cov]$ by f>m bureaus1 ! f>m advis]s are ( consid]able assi/ance4 ,! local horticultural societies1 z = in/ance ! "o ) :i* ,mr4 ,riehl has be5 s prom95tly connect$ 9 ,alton1 h help$ v mu* 9 ! pa/4 ,! ,smi?-,hughes tea*]s 9 *>ge ( agricultural tea*+ 9 ! high s*ools c easily get 9 t\* ) promis+ native trees ?r\gh _! /ud5ts4 ,i "k mo/ ( ^! tea*]s & "k !y w be glad to help me4 ,i rec5tly _h a reque/ f ! ,associat$ ,press repres5tative 9 ,spr+field to write an article on nut gr[+ 9 ,ill9ois4 ,!re is a wond]ful field = developm5t along su* l9es z ?is4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,x seems to me t if ! agricultural colleges 7 ask$ to h& 9 in=mation t might br+ results1 & p>ticul>ly ! /ud5ts' "w 9 isolat$ sections :i* w\ld n be rea*$ by ,boy ,sc\ts4 ,,pr(4 ,,neilson3 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? :o did n he> my address 9 #aibb1 ,i may say t ,i h circul>iz$ ! :ole c\nty & ! college /ations2 ,i h s5t ab\t #abe circul> lett]s to ! horticultural society & to its (fic]s1 high s*ool inspectors1 & to anyone ,i ?\ght might be glad to get ! in=mation4 ,i want$ to c>ry ?is fur!r b c\ld n4 ,i want$ to s5d lett]s to e s*ool tea*] 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,ont>io & ask !m to br+ ! matt] to ! att5tion ( ! boys & girls1 & to (f] !m a sub/antial prize = ! location ( ! be/ tree 9 _! locality4 ,i w say1 h[ev]1 t ,i got a great deal ( enc\ragem5t f ! horticultural society1 ! public s*ool & ! high s*ools4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,i w read aga9 a s5t5ce f ,mr4 ,h[>d ,sp5ce's lett]3 ,! ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture has agre$ to in/ruct all _! inspectors ov] ! c\ntry to make a collection ( all walnuts ( m]it & to =w>d !m to me = classification & id5tification ( v>ieties :i* may be wor? p]petuat+4 ,if we c\ld d some?+ ( t k9d 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to enli/ ! ext5sion ag5ts1 we %\ld get "s valuable in=mation4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,i ?9k t a v important ?+ w\ld be to s5d t message n only to ! /ate exp]im5t /ations1 b also to ! gov]nm5t au?orities4 ,:y %\ld n ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture make a sy/ematic survey ( t k9d8 ,:y %\ld x be left to ! small societies l ?is "o1 :5 ! f$]al ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture is s ?or\ghly equipp$ to get ?is8 ,! dep>tm5t at ,wa%+ton has express$ int]e/2 ,i wond] if x w\ld n be appropriate = ?is association to take "s =mal action1 sugge/+ f$]al gov]nm5t action 9 t matt]1 9 co-op]ation ) ! ext5sion s]vice1 ,boy ,sc\ts1 etc4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,w y put t 9 a resolution8 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,i submit ! foll[+ resolution3 ,,:]eas1 ,! inve/igational & exp]im5tal "w ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association dur+ ! la/ f\rte5 ye>s has be5 signally successful 9 improv+ native nuts ( ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates1 bas$ ^u discov]y & propagation ( sup]ior specim5s2 & ,,:]eas1 ,?is "w c\ld be greatly ext5d$ ) ! facilities at ! comm& ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 z comp>$ ) ! ef=ts ( ! small numb] ( memb]s ( ?is association2 !re=e be x ,,resolv$3 ,t x is ! s5se ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association1 9 fifte5? annual conv5tion 9 ,new ,york ,city ?is f\r? day ( ,septemb]1 #aibd1 t ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture be ask$ to take up sy/ematically ! "w ( discov]y & inve/igation ( promis+ native nuts 9 ! nor!rn /ates & ( te/+ select$ specim5s at gov]nm5t /ations 9 co-op]ation ) ! au?orities ( ! /ate exp]im5t /ations2 su* discov]y to be br\ght ab\t by enli/+ ! aid ( boy sc\ts1 s*ool *ildr5 & o!rs1 9 connection ) ! activities ( c\nty f>m ag5ts1 inspectors & o!r atta*es ( ! dep>tm5t4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,pr(4 ,mac,daniels1 ( ,cornell ,univ]sity w n[ address u4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,pr(essor ( ,pomology1 ,cornell ,univ]sity ,x gives me great pleasure to br+ y greet+s f ! ,agricultural ,college at ,cornell ,univ]sity & to express my appreciation = y\r invitation to address ?is conv5tion conc]n+ :at ! college is do+ along ! l9e ( nut gr[+4 ,i h a v real int]e/ 9 nut gr[+ & 9 ?is association4 ,i l to ?9k ( x z comp>able ) ! ,am]ican ,pomological ,society :5 x />t$ m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,all ( y m5 :o are sp5d+ y\r "t & en]gy 9 f9d+ new facts reg>d+ ! propagation & culture ( nut trees are do+ pione] "w1 & y\r names w g d[n 9 ! hi/ory ( nut gr[+ 9 ! same way z ^? ( ,wild]1 ,d[n+1 & ,pr9ce h come to u l9k$ ) ! e>ly developm5t ( fruit gr[+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i feel confid5t t ! "w ( ! association w /& ! te/ ( "t4 ,int]e/ 9 nut gr[+ at ,cornell1 z y probably "k1 0 />t$ by ,john ,craig :o di$ ab\t a doz5 ye>s ago4 ,he 0 greatly int]e/$ 9 nor!rn nut gr[+ & also 9 s\!rn pecans4 ,z a result ( 8 "w we are /ill receiv+ inquiries ab\t s\!rn pecans address$ to ,pr(essor ,craig4 ,:ile at ,cornell he e/abli%$ a c\rse ( /udy 9 nut gr[+ :i* 0 a "p ( ! regul> curriculum4 ,at ! "t1 h[ev]1 ! actual kn[n facts ab\t ! gr[? ( nuts 9 ! nor!rn /ates 7 s few1 & reliable in=mation s sc>ce1 t aft] ,pr(essor ,craig's dea?1 :5 !re 0 a g5]al consolidation ( c\rses 9 ! dep>tm5t1 nut gr[+ 0 comb9$ ) ano!r c\rse 9 economic fruits4 ,s9ce t "t1 z our k ( nut gr[+ has increas$1 m & m att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! subject4 ,our aim is1 9 fact1 to give all ( ! up-to-date in=mation t we h reg>d+ ! propagation & culture ( nut trees4 ,! nut tree plant+s 9 ! exp]im5tal or*>ds at ,cornell h n be5 p>ticul>ly successful4 ,ab\t t5 ye>s ago ,pr(essor ,*&l] set out ab\t "o-half acre ( nam$ v>ieties ( pecans1 ,p]sian walnuts1 black walnuts1 hickories1 hazel nuts1 *e/nuts & ,japanese walnuts4 ,^! h receiv$ good c>e1 bo? z to cultivation & f]tilization b to date ! only trees :i* h borne are ! ,japanese walnuts & ^! h n _h good crops4 ,apple trees ( ! same age 9 adjac5t l& h be5 be>+ comm]cial crops = a numb] ( ye>s1 especially su* v>ieties z ! ,mc,intosh1 ,weal?y & ,r4 ,i4 ,gre5+4 ,! climate at ,i?aca is app>5tly r too rigor\s = mo/ ( ! nut trees4 ,p]sian walnuts1 hazel nuts & frequ5tly ,japanese walnuts suff] f w9t] injury4 ,9 ! case ( ! *e/nut1 blight has practically kill$ all ( ! trees4 ,! pecans are p]fectly h>dy b z yet h n borne1 probably because our seasons are n suffici5tly long or w>m en\gh to gr[ ?is nut to advantage4 ,hickories h be5 v sl[ to become e/abli%$ & 9 fact h nev] made really good gr[?4 ,?is exp]i5ce1 ( c\rse1 makes u feel t nut gr[+ is really n z easy z "s en?usia/s w\ld h u believe4 ,9 addition to ?is v>iety plant+ !re are f\r or five acres ( rec5tly cle>$ woodl& 9 :i* !re are hundr$s ( hickory se$l+s :i* c be top-work$4 ,we are aim+ also 9 ?is area to e/abli% se$l+s ( all ( ! h>dy nut trees to use z /ocks & ev5tually to get a collection ( all nam$ v>ieties ( nut trees4 ,graft+ s f> has n be5 p>ticul>ly satisfactory due 9 "s cases to failure ( ! grafts to set2 9 o!r cases to ! w9t] kill+ ( grafts :i* h made fairly good gr[?4 ,injury by bud mo?s & w9d /orms h also be5 detrim5tal factors4 ,our own exp]i5ce toge!r ) obs]vations ^u ! results ( nut graft+ else:]e by exp]ts lead u to believe t graft+ ( nut trees is a v difficult und]tak+ z comp>$ ) t ( o!r fruit trees4 ,x involves a knack :i* mu/ be acquir$ by v consid]able exp]i5ce4 ,i realize1 ( c\rse1 t new facts reg>d+ nut graft+ are be+ discov]$ almo/ daily & 9 ! future we may look = bett] results4 ,! attitude ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,pomology at ! ,college ) reg>d to nut gr[+ is ( necessity cons]vative4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! m5 9 ! dep>tm5t are tra9$ 9 sci5tific me?ods & h a some:at critical attitude :5 x comes to /atem5ts reg>d+ m>k$ success 9 any l9e4 ,! t5d5cy is 9 ea* case to try to f9d ! data or ! exp]i5ce ^u :i* /atem5ts are bas$4 ,un=tunately1 9 nut gr[+ !re are v little data ^u :i* /atem5ts c be bas$4 ,mr4 ,bixby's exp]im5ts ) /ocks are a v good />t 9 ! "r direction1 & x is ^u su* exp]im5ts z he is c>ry+ out t real k reg>d+ nut gr[+ w be ga9$4 ,we h he>d en?usia/ic /atem5ts z to ! pr(its :i* may be d]iv$ f ! plant+ ( nuts 9 ! nor!rn /ates1 b ,i mu/ confess t ,i h look$ 9 va9 bo? = ! facts ^u :i* su* /atem5ts might be bas$ & also = or*>ds :i* actually are pr(itable4 ,if su* exi/ 9 ,new ,york /ate ,i h n be5 able to f9d !m ev5 aft] consid]able travel4 ,9 ord] to be pr(itable1 an or*>d mu/ pay all ! exp5ses involv$1 includ+ int]e/ on ! initial co/ ( l&2 ! co/ ( labor & mat]ials & depreciation on tools1 etc4 ,we h co/ acc\nts cov]+ ^! items on _m crops su* z apples & :eat1 b n on nuts4 ,x seems to me we mu/ recognize t nut culture is 9 its exp]im5tal /age only4 ,?is is 9 fact "o ?+ t makes x p>ticul>ly attractive = ! amateur4 ,ano!r reason = our cons]vatism is t we feel x our duty to ! gr[]s to give out /atem5ts :i* are bas$ ^u facts only4 ,if a man 9 a nor!rn /ate wants to plant t5 acres ( nuts :at %all we tell him8 ,%all we tell him to g ahead & assure him t if he takes c>e ( 8 trees a pr(itable plantation is c]ta98 ,on ! basis ( :at we "k ,i ?9k surely n4 ,a hundr$ & "o unansw]$ que/ions come up4 ,:at k9ds ( nuts w succe$ "u 8 climatic & soil conditions8 ,:at /ocks %\ld be us$8 ,:at v>ieties w succe$ "u 8 conditions8 ,w ! meats ( ! nuts fill out 9 ! av]age season8 ,are ! seasons long en\gh1 etc4 ,! fact is 9 mo/ cases we d n "k4 ,9 mo/ p>ts ( ,new ,york /ate we are ext5d+ a natural range ( _m ( ! nut trees & !y h n be5 gr[n long en\gh "u ! new conditions to make x possible to answ] ^! que/ions ) c]ta9ty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we c tell ! prospective nut gr[] t nut gr[+ is 9 its exp]im5tal /ages & "u c]ta9 conditions has great comm]cial promise4 ,on ! basis ( our pres5t k we _c recomm5d l>ge plantations b w\ld enc\rage ! plant+ ( nuts 9 an exp]im5tal way1 especially = home use4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t 9 ! e>ly days ( fruit gr[+ 9 ,am]ica x 0 ! amateur plant+ ( v>ieties t laid ! f\ndations = ! pres5t indu/ry4 ,if %ade trees are to be plant$ let !m be nut trees4 ,plant nut trees z a hobby b d n g into nut culture on a l>ge scale = pr(it unless y c af=d to lose4 ,i h great hopes = ! future ( nut gr[+ 9 ! nor!rn /ates & also = ?is society4 ,i am confid5t t new & bett] v>ieties ( nuts w be f\nd & bett] me?ods ( propagation & transplant+ orig9at$ s t 9 ! future !re may be a comm]cial indu/ry 9 ! nor?4 ,= ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 ,i believe t cons]vatism is advisable1 & t great h>m may be done by misrepres5tation4 ,s\nd gr[? ( a nor!rn nut indu/ry w be built ^u facts & hone/ exp]i5ce & n on conjecture1 he>say1 or ev5 on en?usiasm1 h[ev] necess>y ?is may be4 ,i believe t we %\ld enc\rage p to plant nuts = pleasure1 plant nuts z a hobby1 plant !m = %ade & = po/]ity1 b "u pres5t conditions n = f9ancial pr(it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,we mu/ adj\rn at once to ! lecture room1 t we may he> ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?'s talk on ,nut ,tree ,crops z a ,"p ( ,p]man5t ,agriculture )\t ,pl[+4 ,he w h "s int]e/+ slides to %[ dur+ 8 talk4 ,dr4 ,britton has ask$ t we h lun* today at noon in/ead ( "o o'clock4 ,ev]yone pres5t is invit$ to take lun*eon at t "t z a gue/ ( ! ,botanical ,society & ( ,dr4 ,britton1 x makes no diff]5ce :e!r !y be memb]s or gue/s4 ,,mr4 ,,re$3 ,may ,i make ! motion to ext5d a ris+ vote ( ?anks to ,dr4 ,britton & 8 associates = ! cordial & g5]\s way 9 :i* !y h ent]ta9$ u8 7,motion second$1 pass$1 & ackn[l$g$ by ris+ vote74 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,dr4 ,britton1 y are (ficially notifi$4 ,,dr4 ,,britton3 ,i w\ld l to h t vote ( ?anks m5tion$ 9 ! (ficial record ( ?is conv5tion1 & 9 ! record ( ! ,botanical ,society4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,we w see to t4 ,,dr4 ,,britton3 ,y w be int]e/$ 9 kn[+ t we h ) u ! v di/+ui%$ ,curator ( ! ,briti% ,botanical ,h]b>ium ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,dr4 ,/apf has be5 travel+ 9 ,canada1 att5d+ ! meet+s ( ! ,royal ,society !re4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,we %all v mu* appreciate ! opportunity ( meet+ him4 ,we w n[ adj\rn to ! lecture hall1 to he> ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?4 ,,nut ,,tree ,,crops ,,z ,a ,,"p ,,( ,,p]man5t ,,agriculture ,,)\t ,,pl[+ ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?1 ,pr(essor ( ,economic ,geography1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york ,my fir/ exp]i5ce ) nut culture 0 ga9$ on ! f>m ( a man ,i knew m ?an #cj ye>s ago4 ,x 0 a truck f>m n f> f ,philadelphia ne> a bo>d+ s*ool :i* ,i infe/$ & ! f>m] compla9$ t ,i infe/$ ! f>m4 ,! f>m _h its f5ce r[s & driveways l9$ ) graft$ *e/nut trees be>+ abundantly ( l>ge f9e nuts ( ,european orig94 ,x 0 rem>kable h[ quickly !y fill$ my pockets4 ,i usually succe$$ 9 ga!r+ !m on ! hundr$ p] c5t basis4 ,i am int]e/$ 9 ?is subject today because ( an innate love ( trees & because ! developm5t ( a tree crop agriculture (f]s a way to /op soil erosion4 ,to me ! wor/ ( all economic s9s is ! de/ruction ( res\rces1 & ! wor/ ( all res\rce de/ructions is ! de/ruction ( ! soil1 our "o great & ultimate res\rce4 ,aft] man ! des]t has be5 truly said too (t5 ( _m old l&s4 ,soil cov] is aft] all ab\t ! only ?+ t man has z a basis = ! support ( 8 life on e>?4 ,all ( our food dep5ds directly or indirectly ^u plants4 ,9 hilly c\ntries !re is usually b a ?9 lay] ( e>? & rotton rock betwe5 ! surface ( ! field & ! b$ rock4 ,x is a v difficult problem to ma9ta9 ?is cov] ( e>? & x is v easy to lose x4 ,sometimes x is lo/ ?r\gh ov]-pa/ur+ & de/ruction ( turf2 b m l>gely ?r\gh pl[+4 ,! nut tree is p>ticul>ly effective z a "p ( a pl[less agriculture :i* c use ! soil p]man5tly :]e annual crops ru9 x quickly because ! pl[ prep>es ! l& = erosion4 ,! spe$ ( soil de/ruction1 ) its erosion aft] pl[+1 is p>ticul>ly noticeable ) ! great ,am]ican crops1 cotton1 corn & tobacco1 :i* require clean cultivation4 ,_m or*>ds are also cultivat$ = ! d\ble purpose ( keep+ d[n rival plants & pres]v+ moi/ure1 b we pay high 9 soil loss = ! moi/ure t we get by t means on hilly l&s4 ,! pl[ is "o ( ! greate/ enemies ( ! future4 ,z a matt] ( fact we h already de/roy$ en\gh l& 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to support _m millions ( p2 & !re=e ! tree is ! m important because x p]mits an agriculture t w keep ! soil indef9itely1 & 9 p]man5t production1 )\t pl[+4 ,i h aecid5tly discov]$ a bett] way ( cons]v+ moi/ure ?an by pl[+1 & ,i h f\nd x go+ on 9 widely scatt]$ places & 9 widely diff]5t climates4 ,primitive peoples 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w h long s9ce obta9$ ! advantage ( cultivation1 ma9ly1 increas+ ! available moi/ure = ! tree or plant1 )\t cultivation ( ! soil & ! loss :i* foll[s ! wa%+ ( cultivat$ soils4 ,z an example ,i cite ! ,indians ( ,arizona1 :o h gr[n corn crops = c5turies 9 a c\ntry ) b f six to fifte5 in*es ( ra94 ,!y d ?is by plant+ 9 little pat*es at ! m\? ( a gully :]e at ! "t ( ra9 ! flood wat] is l$ away into furr[s & depressions s t x ?or\ghly soaks ! gr\nd 9 :i* ! corn is plant$4 ,my att5tion 0 fir/ call$ to ?is practice by obs]v+ a good pat* ( b>ley 9 ! edge ( ! ,sah>a 9 ,s\!rn ,tunis1 :]e ! gulley fl[ result+ f a w9t] ra9 _h spread itself out fan-99l & soak$ ! triangul> alluvial area ( s&1 :i* bore a f9e crop ( b>ley 9 ! mid/ ( ! des]t4 ,= c5turies ! olive gr[]s ( p>ts ( ,tunis h l$ gulley wat] to ! olive trees :]e x 0 reta9$1 9 areas t resembl$ a t5nis c\rt1 ) a #ab in* bank ( dirt ar\nd x & two or ?ree olive trees )9 ?is area ?us wat]$ by imp\nd+4 ,a practice some:at simil> to ?is is %[n 9 ,f4 ,h4 ,k+'s classic book on ,*9ese agriculture1 ,f>m]s ( ,=ty ,c5turies2 b ! mo/ extreme case t has come to my att5tion is furni%$ by ! ,b]b] tribe ( ! ,matmatas1 ( ,tunis4 ,^! p live on ! edge ( a hilly1 lime/one plateau1 :]e ! ra9fall is less ?an #aj in*es & 9 "s ye>s z l[ z five4 ,an important "p ( ! food supply ( ^! p is furni%$ by date & olive trees :i* !y gr[ 9 ! gul*es ( _! lime/one plateau4 ,!y built a dry rock dam beh9d :i* e>?-wa% lodges4 ,9 ?is ! trees are plant$ & e ra9 s5ds m e>? & soaks t :i* has collect$4 ,! plan c c]ta9ly n be call$ an exp]im5t = ! p h liv$ !re = c5turies4 ,!y h olive trees t are sev]al c5turies old & ,i h nev] se5 su* f9e olive trees1 n 9 ,cali=nia1 or ! pla9s ( ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,france1 ,italy1 or 9 ,alg]ia or ,tunis1 & ,i h se5 a good _m olive trees 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,! olive tree is usually op51 light & fea!ry4 ,^! 9 ! ,matmatas gul*es are ?ick & black & rank4 ,= automatic cultivation & f]tilization ! plan ( ^! primitive agriculturi/s is h>d to beat4 ,y put up y\r /one dam1 & e "t ! gulley runs ) wat] y\r crop is irrigat$ & f]tiliz$4 ,c y beat x8 ,?ree ,am]icans ( my acqua9tance h indep5d5tly exp]im5t$ & discov]$ along simil> l9es4 ,! late ,freeman ,?orpe ( ,hub]t1 ,m9nesota1 did x ) mu* en?usiasm4 ,s did ! late ,dr4 ,mey]1 a fri5d ( ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ne> ,lanca/]4 ,he discov]$ x accid5tally4 ,he put a bru% dam across a gully4 ,wat] /ood beh9d x = days aft] e ra94 ,! apple tree ne> x grew mu* m ?an ! o!rs4 ,t />t$ ! ,doctor4 ,he began to dig small field res]voirs & collect wat] ne> trees & he f\nd t x paid ev5 ) ! v exp5sive process ( hoe & %ovel4 ,! idea has be5 mod]niz$ & br\ght to ! ma*9e /age :i* *>act]izes our pres5t-day agriculture1 by ,mr4 ,lawr5ce ,lee1 a civil eng9e]-f>m] ( ,leesburg1 ,va4 ,mr4 ,lee runs a level l9e across ! face ( ! clay hills1 & !n ) a ,m>t9 dit*] scoops out a t]race on ?is horizontal l9e4 ,x makes ! t]race s t ! wat] w hold & w n run away4 ,mr4 ,lee is sure t n9e-t5?s ( ! heavy ?und] %[] runs (f ( ! hills1 9 normal conditions ( non-pl[+1 & t if he pl[s1 mo/ ( ! wat] & mu* ( ! soil g (f toge!r4 ,he is also sure t ! wat] pockets hold bo? wat] & soil4 ,r[s ( apple trees plant$ bel[ ^! wat]hold+ t]races ?rive )\t cultivation z well z d o!r trees across ! r[ ) cultivation1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 ord9>y cultivation impov]i%es ! soil & ?is enri*es x by keep+ all m9]al & organic matt] 9 ! field4 ,! comb9ation ( pr9ciples work$ out by _m primitive peoples & also by ,messrs4 ,?orpe1 ,mey] & ,lee makes x possible = ! f>m] to arrange 8 r\gh l& 9 tree crops s t e ra9 w wat] 8 crops1 ev5 ?\gh ! l& may be r\gh & 9 sod4 ,if he _c run horizontal t]races he c dig holes ne> ! trees & lead ! wat] to ^! holes by two furr[s ) ! turn+ pl[4 ,?is is really an automatic k9d ( irrigation4 ,by ?is means a f>m] c use 8 odd "t :5ev] he c "w ! gr\nd1 & ?us d ! cultivation = a :ole ye> or two & at ! same "t pres]ve ! soil & e/abli% a p]man5t agriculture4 ,?is gives ! hill l& ! same *ance z ! level l&s to gr[ fat sods4 ,x (f]s a v int]e/+ comb9ation ( blue grass pa/ure along ) crops ( black walnuts1 ,p]sian 7,engli%7 walnuts1 pecans1 graft$ hickories1 mulb]ries 7= pigs & *ick5s71 p]simmons 7= pigs & %eep71 oaks 7:i* make m c>bohydrate food ?an corn 9 _m situations71 honey locu/ 7:i* has a bean z ri* z bran & good = ! same purpose7 & _m o!r crop trees t w be available if good bra9s keep develop+ ! idea4 ,9 ?is connection x may be po9t$ out t ,france exports millions ( doll>s wor? ( ,p]sian walnuts & mo/ ( !m are gr[n on isolat$ trees scatt]$ ab\t ! fields & along roadsides4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,we w n[ adj\rn to ,sormani's = lun*eon & !n we w imm$iately />t = ,mr4 ,bixby's place on ,long ,isl&4 7,adj\rnm5t74 ,,notes ,,at ,,mr4 ,,bixby',s ,,nut ,,or*>ds ,,& ,,nurs]ies ,,baldw91 ,,nassau ,,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,septemb] #d1 #aibd ,japan walnuts 7se$l+s7 on /reet set out 9 #aiah or #aiai4 ,all except ! tree on ! s\? h borne1 #aibd be+ ! ?ird ye> = "o4 ,"o ( !m is a he>tnut4 ,*9kap9s rais$ f se$ outdoors4 ,black walnuts gr[n 9 pots & transplant$ ) a ball ( e>? & ! entire root4 ,set out )\t cutt+ back & sod & v9es all[$ to gr[ ar\nd !m4 ,:ile !y grew rapidly be=e transplant+ !y h sc>cely gr[n s9ce4 ,beav] ,hickory se$l+s4 ,^! illu/rate well ! in=mation to be obta9$ frequ5tly z to p>5tage by rais+ se$l+s4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,beav] tree 0 asc]ta9$ f\r or five ye>s ago & f ?is & ! appe>ance ( ! tree & its nuts1 x 0 decid$ to be a %agb>k x bitt]nut hybrid4 ,! se$l+s be> ?is out1 = !y v>y f seem+ly pure %agb>k to pure bitt]nut ) sev]al 9 betwe5 look+ some:at l ! p>5t tree4 ,x may be t "s ( ^! w be> nuts t w be f\nd valuable4 ,japan walnut tree kill$ ) butt]nut blight4 ,*e/nut trees kill$ ) *e/nut blight4 ,ma9 exp]im5tal or*>d4 ,?is comprises ab\t f\r acres & is laid out 9 r[s runn+ nor? & s\?1 />t+ at an ea/ & we/ road4 ,!re are #bi trees 9 ea* r[ runn+ nor? & s\?1 ! trees be+ ab\t #ae feet ap>t4 ,a nut tree is put e #cj feet & a pea* or apple or "s o!r tree t is int5d$ to be tak5 out lat]1 is put 9 betwe54 ,r[ #a ,s\?--7#a7 ,niblack ,pecan 7#e7 ,w>rick ,pecan 7#g7 ,w>rick ,pecan 7#i7 ,gre5riv] ,pecan 7#aa7 ,gre5riv] ,pecan 7#ac7 ,mahan ,hickory 7#ae7 ,m>qu>dt 787 ,pecan 7#ag7 ,si]s ,hickory 7#ai7 ,wilk9son 787 ,pecan 7#ba7 ,kirtl& ,hickory 7#bc7 ,gre5bay ,pecan 7#be7 ,weik] ,hickory 7#bg7 ,burl+ton ,pecan 7#bi7 ,k5tucky ,hickory4 ,?is ,k5tucky ,hickory blossom$ full & "s two doz5 nuts set :i* grew to ab\t #e_/h in*es long !n !y dropp$ (f4 ,probably x w be> next ye>4 ,r[ #b ,s\?--7#d7 ,moneymak] ,pecan 7#aj7 ,pleas ,hickory 7#bd7 ,d5nis bitt]nut1 be>+ 7#bf7 ,hat* ,bitt]nut 7874 ,r[ #c ,s\?--7#c7 ,/anley ,hickory 7#e7 ,rid5hau] ,almond 7#i7 ,burkett ,pecan 7#aa7 ,hales ,hickory on %agb>k 7#ac7 ,hales ,hickory on bitt]nut 7#ba7 ,c$>apids ,hickory on %agb>k 7#bc7 ,c$>apids ,hickory on bitt]nut 7#be7 ,d5nis ,hickory 7#bg7 ,fairbanks ,hickory4 ,r[ #c;,a ,s\?--,se$l+ ,black ,walnuts4 ,r[ #c;,b ,s\?--,se$l+ ,*9ese ,*e/nuts4 ,r[ #c;,c ,s\?--,se$l+ ,*9ese ,*e/nuts4 ,r[ #d ,s\?--7#b7 ,ru% ,*9kap9 7#c7 ,miracle ,*e/nut 7#d7 ,*9kap9 7#g7 ,*9kap9 7#h7 ,*9kap9 7#i7 ,*ampion ,*e/nut 7#aj7 ,p>agon ,*e/nut 7#ac7 ,riehl ,*e/nut 7#ae7 ,p>agon ,*e/nut 7#af7 ,p>agon ,*e/nut 7#ag7 ,miracle ,*e/nut 7#bb7 ,*ampion ,*e/nut 7#bi7 ,boone ,*e/nut4 ,! above trees are all t rema9 ( a r[ ( #bi ,*e/nut & ,*9kap9 trees mo/ ( :i* 7 be>+ two ye>s ago1 f :i* a good _m qu>ts ( ,*e/nuts 7 ga!r$4 ,"s ( !m di$ 9 #aibb & m 9 #aibc4 ,r[ #e ,s\?--7#a7 ,beav] ,hickory 7#b7 ,ha*eye 787 ,p]simmon 7#c7 ,mc,callister ,pecan 7#d7 ,hayakuma ,p]simmon 7#e7 ,mc,callister ,pecan 7#f7 ,kawakami ,p]simmon 7#g7 ,buss]on ,pecan 7#i7 ,buss]on ,pecan 7#aj7 ,lamb]t ,p]simmon 7#aa7 ,butt]ick ,pecan 7#ab7 ,joseph9e ,p]simmon 7#ac7 ,butt]ick ,pecan 7#ae7 ,k5tucky ,pecan 7#ag7 ,k5tucky ,pecan 7#ah7 ,gold5 ,gem ,p]simmon 7be>+7 7#ai7 ,indiana ,pecan 7#bj7 ,ru% ,*9kap9 7#ba7 ,indiana ,pecan 7#bc7 ,posey ,pecan 7#be7 ,posey ,pecan 7#bg7 ,major ,pecan 7#bh7 ,p>ry ,*e/nut 7#bi7 ,major ,pecan4 ,r[ #e;,a ,s\?--,pecan se$l+s4 ,r[ #e;,b ,s\?--,%ellb>k se$l+s4 ,r[ #f ,s\?--7#a71 7#b71 7#c71 7#d71 7#e71 7#f71-7g71 7#h71 7#i71 7#aj71 7#aa71 7#ab71 7#ac71 7#ad71 7#ae71 7#ag71 7#ah71 7#ai71 7#bj71 7#ba71 7#bb71 7#bc71 7#bd7 ,hales ,hickory1 transplant$ "s ye>s ago1 br\ght f ,monticello1 ,florida 7#be7 ,k5tucky ,hickory4 ,r[ #f;,a ,nor?--,butt]nut se$l+s4 ,r[ #f;,b ,nor?--,butt]nut se$l+s4 ,r[ #g ,s\?--,ve/ ,hickory se$l+s1 ,hales ,hickory se$l+s1 ,juglans ca?ay5sis se$l+s1 ,*9ese ,p]sian walnut se$l+s1 ,pap]%ell ,*9ese ,p]sian walnut se$l+s1 ,hybrid hazels 7native ,long ,isl& x ,italian ,r$ #aibc74 ,r[ #g;,a ,s\?--,mock]nut se$l+s4 ,r[ #g;,b ,s\?--,mock]nut se$l+s4 ,r[ #g;,c ,s\?--,close b>k pignut c>ya glabra se$l+s4 ,loose b>k pignut c>ya ovalis se$l+s1 ,japan walnut se$l+s1 ,adams ,black ,walnut se$l+s4 ,r[ #g;,d ,s\?---,p]sian walnut se$l+s1 ,/abl] ,black ,walnut1 p]fect =m se$l+s1 ,/abl] ,black ,walnut1 "o lobe se$l+s4 ,r[ #g;,a ,nor?--,japan ,walnut se$l+s4 ,r[ #g;,b ,nor?--,japan ,walnut se$l+s4 ,r[ #g;,c ,nor?--,japan ,walnut se$l+s4 ,r[ #h ,s\?--#h;,a ,s\?--#h;,b ,s\?--#h;,c ,s\?--,se$l+ ,japan ,walnut x butt]nut hybrids4 ,r[ #h;,a ,nor?--,japan ,walnut se$l+s4 ,r[ #h;,b ,nor?--,japan ,walnut se$l+s4 ,r[ #h;,c ,nor?---,p]simmon se$l+s4 ,r[ #i ,s\?--7#a7 ,mill] ,black ,walnut 7#c7 ,?omas ,black ,walnut 7#d7 ,purple ,hazel 7#e7 ,?omas ,black ,walnut 7#f7 ,fruhe ,lange ,hazel 7#g7 ,/abl] ,black ,walnut 7#i7 ,k9d] ,black ,walnut 7#aa7 ,all5 ,black ,walnut 7#ac7 ,wasson ,black ,walnut 7#ae7 ,peanut ,black ,walnut 7#ag7 ,t5 ,eyck ,black ,walnut 7#ai7 ,matt+ly ,black ,walnut 7#ba7 ,mc,coy ,black ,walnut 7be>+7 7#bc7 ,p>adox ,walnut 7#be7 ,ohio ,black ,walnut 7be>+7 7#bg7 ,h]man ,black ,walnut 7#bi7 ,/abl] ,black ,walnut4 ,r[ #aj ,s\?---7#b7 ,/rang] ,he>tnut1 be>+ 7#d7 ,cali=nia ,black ,walnut 7#f7 ,se$l+ ,all5 ,black ,walnut 7#h7 ,se$l+ ,all5 ,black ,walnut 7#aj7 ,se$l+ ,all5 ,black ,walnut 7#ab7 ,casp] ,hickory 7#ad7 ,casp] ,hickory 7#af7 ,reike ,hickory 7#ah7 ,ve/ ,hickory 7#bj7 ,swaim ,hickory 7#bb7 ,swaim ,hickory 7#bc7 ,jordan ,almond 7#bd7 ,wampl] ,hickory 7#be7 ,jordan ,almond 7#bf7 ,wampl] ,hickory 7#bg7 ,texas ,prolific ,almond 7#bi7 ,texas ,prolific ,almond4 ,r[ #aj;,c ,nor?--,hickory ,se$l+s4 ,"h may be se5 ! melan*oly results ( n plant+ hickory se$l+s deep en\gh4 ,r[ #aa ,s\?--7#a7 ,aik5 butt]nut1 be>+ 7#c7 ,/rang] ,he>tnut1 be>+1 7#e7 ,rit*ie ,he>tnut1 be>+ 7#g71 7#i71 7#aa71 7#ac71 7#ae71 7#ag71 7#ai71 7#ba71 7#bc71 7#be71 7#bg71 7#bi7 ,lanca/] ,he>tnut be>+4 ,r[ #aa;,a ,s\?--,graft$ & budd$ black walnuts4 ,r[ #aa;,b ,s\?--,graft$ & budd$ black walnuts4 ,r[ #aa;,c--,s\?--,graft$ & budd$ butt]nuts & ,japan ,walnuts4 ,r[ #aa ,nor?--7#a71 7#b71 7#c71 7#d71 ,aik5 butt]nut 7#f7 ,juglans m&%urica 7#h71 7#aj7 ,dem+ butt]nut4 ,r[ #aa;,a ,nor?--,se$l+ ,japan walnut x butt]nut hybrids4 ,r[ #aa;,b ,nor?--,se$l+ ,japan ,walnut x butt]nut hybrids4 ,r[ #aa;,c ,nor?--,se$l+ ,japan ,walnut x butt]nut hybrids4 ,r[ #ab--7b7 ,fau/ he>tnut1 be>+ 7#d7 ,dem+ butt]nut1 be>+ 7#h7 ,burl+ton ,pecan 7#aj7 ,rockville ,pecan 7#bj7 ,snyd] ,hickory 7#bg7 ,e>ly ,gold5 ,p]simmon 7#bh7 ,rockville ,pecan 7#bi7 ,ruby ,p]simmon4 ,r[ #ab;,a ,s\?--,graft$ & budd$ ,black ,walnuts1 ,/abl]1 ,ohio1 ,?omas ,adams4 ,r[ #ab;,b ,s\?--,graft$ & budd$ ,black ,walnuts1 ,wasson1 ,mc,coy1 ,t5 ,eyck1 ,o',connor hybrid ,witte ,p]sian ,walnut4 ,r[ #ab;,c ,s\?--,graft$ & budd$ butt]nut ,japan ,walnut1 ,aik5 butt]nut1 ,lanca/] ,he>tnut4 ,r[ #ac ,s\?--7#a7 ,franquette ,p]sian ,walnut 7#c7 ,eureka ,p]sian ,walnut 7#d7 ,e>ly ,gold5 ,p]simmon 7#e7 ,hold5 ,p]sian ,walnut 7#g7 ,eureka ,p]sian ,walnut 7#h7 ,grosse ,kugelnuss filb]t1 be>+ 7#i7 ,hold5 ,p]sian ,walnut1 be>+ 7#aj7 ,:ite ,lamb]t hazel 7#aa7 ,alp9e ,p]sian ,walnut1 be>+ 7#ab7 ,italian ,r$ ,hazel 7#ac7 ,lanca/] ,p]sian ,walnut 7#ad7 ,mc,farland ,*e/nut 7#ae7 ,meylan ,black ,p]sian ,walnut 7#af7 ,hale ,p]simmon 7#ag7 ,ru% ,p]sian ,walnut1 be>+ 7#ah7 ,imp]ial ,hazel 7#ai7 ,cord+ ,walnut1 be>+ 7,j cordi=mis x regia7 7#bj7 ,e>ly ,gold5 ,p]simmon 7#ba7 ,hall ,p]sian ,walnut 7#bb7 ,yemon ,p]simmon 7#bc7 ,p>adox walnut 7#bd7 ,yemon ,p]simmon 7#be7 ,mayette ,p]sian ,walnut 7#bf7 ,floreams ,almond 7#bg7 ,hold5 ,p]sian ,walnut 7#bh7 ,floreams ,almond 7#bi7 ,mayette ,p]sian ,walnut4 ,r[ #ac ,nor?--,*9ese ,almond s-call$1 #c ye>s old1 really an apricot ) edible k]nels4 ,has prov$ p]fectly h>dy s f>4 ,r[ #ad--;,graft$ & budd$ black walnuts1 ,bo/on ,p]sian ,walnut4 ,o',connor hybrid ,walnut1 ,adams ,black ,walnut1 ,alley ,black ,walnut1 ,mosnat butt]nut4 ,r[ #ae--;,graft$ & budd$ ,black ,walnuts1 ,o',connor hybrid1 ,?omas1 ,/abl]4 ,ohio ,p]sian ,walnut4 ,m9nas ,zell] ,italian ,r$ ,hazel1 be>+4 ,r[ #af--;,am]ican ,hazels f ,we/ ,virg9ia & ,ohio4 ,r[ #ag--,l&esb]g] ,lange ,zell]1 ,buettn]s ,zell]1 ,hempels ,zell]1 ,b>nes ,no4 #f1 ,hazel be>+ hybrid nuts1 ,b>nes ,no4 #e ,hazel be>+ hybrid nuts1 ,k5ti% ,cob1 ,noce ,lunghe filb]t1 ,daviana ,hazels1 bo? be>+4 ,r[ #ah--,m]veille de ,bollwill] filb]t be>+1 ,m$ium long filb]t4 ,l ,m]veille de ,bollwill]1 ,al?alde/5b5] ,zell]4 ,r[ #ai---;,corylus cali=nica1 ,:ite ,lamb]t filb]t1 ,ve/ hazel1 ,grosse ,kugelnuss1 ,hall]s*e ,ries5 filb]t4 ,b>celona filb]t1 ,italian ,r$ filb]t1 ,du ,*illy filb]t4 ,r[ #bj---,long ,isl& ,hazel1 be>+ ,blueb]ries4 #h plants ( select$ v>ieties1 ,jujube1 ,tree hazel1 corylus colurna1 ,ve/ hazel be>+ hybrid nuts1 ,daviana hazel be>+1 ,:ite ,avel9e hazel1 tree hazel1 corylus colurna4 ,long ,isl& hazel be>+1 ,r$ ,avel9e hazel be>+4 ,r[ #ba--;,corylus cali=nica1 tree hazel corylus colurna4 ,on ! s\!rn end ( ^! r[s w be f\nd ! graft$ hickories4 ,r[ #ba--;,graft$ ,%agb>k hickories4 ,r[ #bb--;,graft$ ,mock]nut hickories4 ,r[ #bc--;,graft$ ,mock]nut hickories4 ,r[ #bd--;,graft$ ,pignut hickories4 ,r[ #be--;,graft$ ,pignut hickories4 ,r[ #bg--;,graft$ ,pecan hickories4 ,r[ #bh--;,graft$ ,pecan hickories4 ,r[ #cj--;,graft$ ,bitt]nut hickories4 ,r[ #ca---;,graft$ ,bitt]nut hickories4 ,r[ #cb--;,graft$ ,bitt]nut hickories4 ,r[ #cc--;,graft$ ,bitt]nut hickories4 ,r[ #ca--;,graft$ ,bitt]nut hickory4 ,additional ,notes by ,/5ograph] ,?is is a ,royal ,burbank walnut br\ght f ,cali=nia1 9 #aiaa4 ,x /ood 9 a y>d 9 ,brooklyn until #aiag4 ,x did n gr[ well !re b s9ce we h br\ght x out "h x is gr[+ & be>+1 z y see4 ,x is a hybrid ( ! ,cali=nia black & ! ,ea/]n black4 ,! nut itself has n mu* value4 ,! leaves are r small] ?an o!rs4 ,x w\ld n comp>e ) ! propagat$ v>ieties4 ,x is only consid]$ z a rapid gr[+ tree4 ,"h is a r[ ( ,beav] se$l+s4 ,?is "o is a typical %agb>k4 ,?is "o is l a bitt]nut4 ,e once 9 a :ile y w f9d a tall "o ) buds l ! old tree4 ,!y are all ,beav] se$l+s f nuts ga!r$ at ! same "t f ! same tree4 ,"h are *9kap9 se$l+s gr[n out ( doors4 ,i simply ?rew !m on ! gr\nd & cov]$ !m ) leaves4 ,"h is a dead ,japanese walnut tree4 ,x di$ ( a fungus1 melanconium4 ,y c see ! fungus all ! way d[n ! trunk4 ,x is a weak fungus & sometimes if ! tree is n\ri%$ prop]ly x w disappe>4 ,?is is a ,lanca/] he>tnut4 ,& s is ?is4 ,"o is mu* m prolific ?an ! o!r4 ,bo? graft$ on ,japanese /ock4 ,x is be>+ pretty well4 ,x 0 put out 9 #aiah4 ,"h is a ,k5tucky hickory4 ,x _h ab\t #bd nuts1 b !y h fall5 (f4 ,?is is a ,moneymak] pecan4 ,x is gr[+ f9ely4 ,i b\ght ?is tree f ,j4 ,b4 ,wight1 ( ,cairo1 ,ga4 ,i also h a ,burkett f ,texas4 ,!re is a ,p>agon *e/nut :i* has escap$ ! blight4 ,fungus is beg9n+ on ! end ( ! bran*1 h[ev]4 ,two ye>s ago we _h a :ole r[ ( ^! ,boone *e/nuts4 ,?is is ! only "o left4 ,!y 7 all 9 be>+ !n & a good _m qu>ts ( *e/nuts 7 ga!r$4 ,"s ( !m di$ 9 #aibb & m 9 #aibc4 ,f "h up1 ! trees are hickory 7,hales7 on pecans4 ,!y are t5 ye>s f ! graft1 & plant$ "h f ,monticello1 ,fla41 two ye>s ago4 #bc out ( ! #bd trees liv+4 ,!re are #ab v>ieties ( ,japanese p]simmons1 b\ght f ,texas4 ,?is "o %[s w9t]-kill+ b w app>5tly live4 7,hayakuma p]simmon74 ,"h is a ,jap4 p]simmon 7,kawakami74 ,x has n borne yet4 ,"h is a ,mc,callister pecan2 orig9at$ f betwe5 ! ,waba% & ,ohio ,riv]s4 ,^? are ,?omas black walnuts2 !y h be5 out five ye>s1 & h n yet borne4 ,?is is a ,t5 ,eyck2 x has made good gr[? ?is ye> & is a heavy be>]4 ,?is is a ,mc,coy black walnut4 ,?is tree is be>+ heavily ?is ye>1 & bore "o nut la/ ye>4 ,x is ab\t five or six ye>s f ! nurs]y4 ,! p>5t tree is f ne> ,rockport1 ,ind41 & is a v l>ge "o4 ,"h is an ,ohio2 x came f ,mr4 ,jones1 ,i ?9k4 ,^! trees are be>+ heavily2 !y h be5 set out #e or #f ye>s4 ,^! trees are ,lanca/] he>tnuts4 ,!y w probably be> heavily "o ye> & less ! next4 7,"h catk9s & nuts 7 f\nd on ! same bran*1 & a photograph 0 made74 ,,mr4 ,,re$3 ,!re w probably n be any ,lanca/] "h next spr+2 ! late gr[? has devitaliz$ ! tree4 ,"h is a ,cali=nia black walnut b x has n gr[n v successfully4 ,"h is a ,/rang] he>tnut f ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 be>+4 ,"h is an ,o',connor hybrid walnut on black walnut4 ,! :ole tree is #c-a_/b feet high2 spl5did gr[? = "o ye>4 ,! p>5t tree is 9 ,m>yl&1 ab\t two miles f ,mr4 ,littlepage's place4 ,"h is a ,lanca/] he>tnut :i* has borne e ye>1 )\t a /op2 y see x is plant$ 9 a *ick5 y>d4 ,,exhibits ,,at ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,will>d ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,,baldw91 ,n4 ,y4 ,septemb] #d1 #aibd ,,black ,,walnuts ,v>ieties3 ,adams ,alley ,h]man ,mc,coy ,mill] ,ohio ,/abl]1 ,p]fect ,=m ,"o ,lobe ,t5 ,eyck ,?omas ,wasson ,species3 ,juglans major1 ,arizona rupe/ris1 ,texas bolivi5sis1 ,bolivia insul>is1 ,cuba ,! extremes ( black walnut %ape4 ,adams1 long & n>r[1 ,corsan1 %ort & broad ,v>ieties3 ,butt]nuts ,aik5 ,dem+ ,,butt]nuts ,,& ,,japan ,,walnuts ,v>ieties3 ,japan ,walnuts ,he>tnuts ,lanca/] ,rit*ie ,/rang] ,species3 ,juglans c9]ea man%urica ca?ay5sis sieboldiana cordi=mis ,r\gh %ell ,japan walnut ,juglans sieboldiana x c9]ea ,juglans sieboldiana x nigra ,cord+1 ,juglans cordi=mis x regia ,nuts f #d trees on ,gr& ,ave4 ,baldw9 ,,*e/nuts ,v>ieties3 ,boone ,p>agon ,ro*e/] ,morris ,no4 #b ,morris ,no4 #c ,species3 ,*9kap9 ,ca/anopsis ,,hazels ,,& ,,filb]ts ,v>ieties3 ,al?ald5sleb5 ,b>celona ,daviana ,du ,*illy ,emp]or ,grosse ,kugelnuss ,imp]ial ,italian ,r$ ,m]veille de ,bollwill] ,montebello ,noce ,lunghe ,r$ ,avel9e ,r$ ,lamb]t ,ru% 7,am]ican7 ,ve/ 7,am]ican7 ,:ite ,avel9e ,:ite ,lamb]t ,species3 ,*9ese tree ,hazel 7,corylus *95sis7 ,con/ant9ople ,hazel 7tree corylus colurna7 ,?ibet ,hazel 7,corylus tibetica7 ,hazel ,blight 7,specim57 ,,hickories ,v>ieties3 ,beav] ,brooks ,d5nis ,fairbanks1 ,p>5t tree ,graft$ tree ,gall[ay ,glov] ,griff9 ,hales ,kirtl& ,laney ,mil=d ,pleas ,si]s1 ,p>5t tree ,graft$ tree ,ve/ ,weik]1 ,p>5t tree ,graft$ tree ,x w be notic$ t nuts f "y graft$ trees are g5]ally l>g] ?an ^? f ! p>5t trees ,species & ,hybrid3 ,arkansas ,hickory1 c>ya buckleyi ,arkansana ,bitt]nut1 c>ya cordi=mis1 ,d5nis1 ,hat* ,buckley ,hickory1 c>ya ,buckleyi ,*9ese ,hickory1 c>ya ca?ay5sis ,pallid ,hickory1 c>ya pallida ,%ellb>k1 c>ya lac9iosa1 f #c locations ,wat] ,hickory1 c>ya aquatica ,zorn1 ! l>ge/ hickory yet f\nd1 c>ya buckleyi ,arkansana x alba ,,pecans ,nor!rn ,v>ieties3 ,burl+ton ,buss]on ,butt]ick ,campbell ,gre5riv] ,indiana ,koontz ,major ,mc,callister ,niblack ,norton ,posey ,witte ,species & curiosities3 ,se$l+ ,pecan f ,adams1 ,ill4 ,! mo/ nor!rn native gr[+ pecan yet se5 by ,will>d ,g4 ,bixby ,curtis ,pecan1 )\t inn] %ell p>tition ,s*ley ,pecan1 "o gr[n 9 ,georgia1 ! o!r 9 s\!rn ,p5nsylvania4 ,?is %[s h[ ! nuts are dw>f$ by lack ( suffici5t summ] heat ,,p]sian ,,walnuts ,v>ieties3 ,alp9e ,bo/on ,colona ,franquette ,hall ,hold5 ,hut*9son ,lanca/] ,mayette ,milbank ,ont>io ,pom]oy ,ru% ,sayre ,witte ,se$l+s & ,hybrids ,*9ese ,pap] ,%ell ,juglans regia x c9]ea f #b locations ,all51 juglans regia x rupe/ris ,,miscellane\s ,almond1 ,rid5hau] ,*9ese 7edible apricot7 ,bee*nuts1 ,am]ican 7#b locations7 ,european ,que5sl& ,nut ,macadamia t]nifolia ,wat] ,*e/nuts3 ,nelumbium ,luteum ,nelumbium ,speciosum ,,notes ,,tak5 ,,at ,,m]ribrooke1 ,,dr4 ,,morris' ,,e/ate ,,ne> ,,/am=d1 ,,connecticut ,excursion ( ,friday1 ,septemb] #e1 #aibd ,arriv+ at ,/am=d1 all gue/s & memb]s 7 met at ! /ation by c>s f ,dr4 ,morris' place4 ,aft] com+ toge!r at ! h\se1 ! memb]s foll[$ ,dr4 ,morris to ! ma9 gateway1 :]e ! foll[+ program comm5c$3 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,if y w all foll[ me "h inside ! gateway we w take ! trees z !y come 9 ! ord] ( ! mimeograph$ %eet :i* y hold4 ,i w fir/ say t ! abnormalities at ,m]ribrooke ?is ye> 7 ?ree 9 numb]4 ,fir/1 a de/ructive invasion ( ! t5t cat]pill> :i* attack$ ne>ly all k9ds ( trees dur+ its travel+ /age4 ,!n came a cank] worm invasion ) p>tial or complete defoliation ( ev5 ! =e/ trees4 ,almo/ all ( ! :ole leaves on any tree repres5t ! second set = ! season4 ,!n came a dr\ght said to h be5 ! mo/ sev]e s9ce #ahga4 ,z a result ( ^! ?ree influ5ces mo/ ( ! fruit trees & nut trees dropp$ _! crops ?is ye>4 ,among ! _m introduc$ & graft$ trees at ,m]ribrooke only ab\t "o hundr$ typical =ms h be5 tagg$ = ?is occasion4 ,! l>ge tags on ! trees repres5t types1 ! small] tags repres5t diff]5t v>iations ( ! type4 ,numb]s on ! tags correspond to numb]s on ?is li/4 ,we w beg9 ) ,no4 #a--,orig9al ,taylor ,%agb>k hickory4 ,nut l>ge1 ?9 %ell$1 good cleavage & high quality4 ,?is is practically an annual be>]4 ,! weevil likes x because x is v ?9-%ell$4 ,consequ5tly we seldom get a good crop4 ,mo/ ( ! trees 7 defoliat$4 ,?is is ! be/ all-ar\nd hickory t ,i h f\nd4 ,i gave prizes = ye>s & got se$l+s f all ov] ! c\ntry1 & ?is is ! be/ "o t ,i obta9$ gr[+ "r "h at my gate4 ,x is defoliat$ by bo? ! t5t cat]pill> & ! cank] worm4 #b4 ,buckley ,hickory f ,texas4 ,nut l>ge1 r\nd1 ?ick-%ell$1 peculi> flavor & fragrance4 ,?is hickory 0 fir/ describ$ 9 #ahgb 9 ,texas & !n x 0 =gott54 ,dr4 ,s>g5t 0 q surpris$ :5 ,i told him t ,i _h "o = ! v>iety really pass$ out ( hi/ory among ! botani/s until ! pa/ two ye>s4 ,! b>k is deeply ridg$ 9 ! old] trees4 ,! tree has be5 crippl$ by ! twig girdl] ?is ye>4 #c4 ,c>ol9a ,hickory ,se$l+ 7scaly b>k hickory74 ,nut small1 ?9 %ell$1 sweet4 ,i ?9k ?is is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful hickories we h4 ,x has be5 crippl$ ?is ye> b n en\gh to hurt4 ,x has a small1 ?9-%ell$ nut ) sweet flavor4 ,! old] trees h ! scale on ! b>k4 #d4 ,c>ol9a ,hickory graft$ ^u o!r local wild /ock1 & ,i d n "k :e!r x is macroc>pa or pignut4 #e4 ,%agb>k top-work$ to ,ve/ v>iety ( %agb>k f ,virg9ia t ,mr4 ,bixby describ$ ye/]day z hav+ a %ell s ?9 t x c\ld be crack$ ) ! h&4 #f4 ,%agb>k top-work$ to ,c>ol9a & ,k5tucky v>ieties4 ,note ! diff]5t foliage1 & small] leaves4 ,"h is a graft ( ?ree hickories on "o /ock4 #g4 ,%agb>k top-work$ to ,ve/ %agb>k above & to ,mc,callister pecan bel[4 ,! foliage ( ?is ,mc,callister w\ld ju/ify putt+ ! tree 9 any gr\nds2 b "h on ! %agb>k /ock ! leaves are n s l>ge4 ,! foliage on ,mr4 ,bixby's 0 l>ge & beautiful4 #h4 ,%agb>k top-work$ to ,brooks %agb>k4 ,t tree prolongs ! "n ( "o ( our audi5ce into hi/ory4 #i4 ,asiatic ,w+$ ,walnut 7,pt]oc>ya frax9ifolia74 ,i ?9k ?is w\ld be valuable = hybridiz+4 #aj4 ,graft$ ,woodall ,am]ican 7black7 walnut4 ,nut small1 ?9 %ell$4 ,tree v prolific4 ,?is tree has n yet borne1 b x %\ld next ye>4 ,i got t f a man ne> ,mil=d1 ,del4 ,! nut is ?9-%ell$ & cracks v easily4 #aa4 ,graft$ ,lutz ,am]ican ,walnut f ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,?is tree is ab\t six ye>s f ! graft4 ,! nut is l>ge4 ,,"q3 ,:5 d y h fro/s "h at ,/am=d8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,! fro/s are f ab\t ! middle ( ,septemb] until sometime 9 ,may4 ,sometimes we miss ! ,septemb] fro/s4 #ab4 ,korean ,nut ,p9e4 ,furni%es important food supply 9 nor!rn ,asia4 #ac4 ,graft$ ,papaw4 ,l>g] "p ,kett] v>iety4 ,prize fruits h weigh$ ab\t "o p\nd ea*4 ,small] "p ,osborn v>iety ,no4 #c1 a *oice k9d4 #ad4 ,se$l+ ,papaw4 #ae4 ,se$l+ ,papaw1 *ri/5$ ,m]ribrooke prolific ) clu/]s ( fruit ( ! fir/ ye>'s be>+4 ,five bun*es on ! tree & x is ! fir/ ye> out f ! nurs]y4 ,x is a v beautiful tree = ! lawn4 ,! gr[+ season ( pawpaws is s long t a h>d ,septemb] fro/ may cat* ! fruit be=e x is ripe 9 ?is locality4 ,fruit w /& a light fro/ only4 #af4 ,*9ese ,pi/a*e se$l+4 ,tree beautiful b nut too small = ! m>ket4 ,may s]ve = hybridiz+ purposes4 ,! autumn foliage ( ?is tree is v wond]ful4 #ag4 ,graft$ ,wolfe p]simmon4 ,rip5s fruit 9 ,july or ,augu/4 ,?is is an ord9>y size fruit b ! peculi>ity is t x rip5s be=e ! o!rs d4 #ah4 ,graft$ ,cannaday se$less p]simmon4 ,y see ano!r memb] ( our p>ty has gone d[n to fame ) ?is ,cannaday se$less p]simmon4 #ai4 ,/anley %ellb>k hickory graft$ on %agb>k /ock4 #bj4 ,/ock graft$ to ,k5tucky %agb>k4 #ba4 ,jeffrey ,blue ,bull ,nut ,p9e4 ,nuts small1 ?9-%ell$1 ri*4 ,eat5 %ell & all by ! natives4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( p9es4 ,9 ! top ( ! tree is plac$ "o ( ! l>ge g\rds :i* ,i raise "h on ! place4 ,i place ^! g\rds 9 ! tree-tops = bird-h\ses4 ,all k9ds ( birds ne/ 9 !m1 f ! *ickadee to ! b>r$ duck4 ,a squa% may be us$ = ?is purpose z well z a g\rd4 ,i raise ! p9es f se$4 #bb4 ,torrey nut p9e f s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,nut is l>ge1 & has a f9e flavor4 ,i get my se$s f ,b>tn] ,bro!rs4 ,p9es d n d s well ne> cities4 ,! sulphites 9 ! air are pick$ up by ! p9es & ?is kills !m4 ,?is p>ticul> p9e is a surprise to all botani/s :o h se5 x2 x is native 9 ,cali=nia & is "o ( ! disappe>+ p9es4 ,i h _h five ( !m & ,i rais$ !m all f se$4 #bc4 ,*9ese hazel4 ,graft$ on common hazel & outgr[+ x1 ,! ,*9ese hazel makes a tree f #hj to #ajj feet 9 height4 ,?is is ! fir/ ye> ?is tree has borne4 ,x is graft$ on common /ock1 & is beg9n+ to be> e>li] ?an x w\ld h done on its own roots4 #bd4 ,butt]nut p>!nog5s4 ,"s are l>ge & "s small b all are gr[n "u ! same conditions4 ,t "o 0 defoliat$ by ! cank] worm & !n by ! t5t cat]pill> & ?is is ! f\r? set ( leaves x has put =? ?is ye>4 #be4 ,hybrid walnut 7,siebold x butt]nut7 f\r ye>s old4 #bf4 ,graft$ ,am]ican walnut4 ,peanut v>iety4 ,only "o *ubby half ( k]nel to ea* %ell4 ,! scions 7 s5t "h f ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #bg4 ,m$iate %agb>k grafts 7,cook v>iety74 ,graft$ ,july #aj 9 mid/ ( great dr\ght4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! trees y w see f>!r on 9 ! walk1 graft$ ne> ! end ( ! dr\ght4 ,i d n h mu* tr\ble ) ! pla9 splice graft & ,i expect x to />t t5 days aft] ,i put x 94 ,"h is ! way ,i treat a bor]1 al?\gh ,i h two or ?ree ways ( do+ ?is4 ,fir/ ,i f9d a hole on ! tree1 l ?is "o4 ,!n ,i foll[ d[n to :]e ! bor]s "w4 ,i cut t "p away1 inject *lor(orm & fill up ! op5+ ) common kit*5 soap4 #bh4 ,am]ican ,*e/nut4 ,m]ribrooke v>iety1 root-graft$ on ,japanese *e/nut4 ,i graft$ t v l[1 bel[ ! gr\nd4 ,x is ! be/ *e/nut ,i h among sev]al ?\s&s t ,i plant$4 ,?is tree 0 "o ( ! fir/ to g d[n ) ! blight1 b ,i h graft$ on o!r scions & h kept x go+ ev] s9ce4 #bi4 ,dre%] *e/nut 7,european orig97 graft$ on ,japanese *e/nut4 ,! graft is ab\t ?ree ye>s old4 ,x has borne s9ce ! fir/ ye>4 ,!re are sev]al nuts on x n[4 7,n[ we mu/ be c>eful ( ! %>p /ubs 9 ! woods4 ,^! are newly cut bru% pa?s1 & all gue/s we>+ l[ %oes %\ld /ep c>efully74 #cj4 ,/anley %ellb>k hickory1 graft$ on pignut hickory4 ,mr4 ,jones introduc$ ?is hickory4 #ca4 ,k5tucky %agb>k graft$ on %agb>k /ock1 ) b>k slot graft4 ,i let ano!r twig gr[ f ! same lead = n\ri%m5t4 ,i put 9 ?ree grafts "h two ( :i* are dead4 ,i d n q approve ( t me?od4 ,i pref] n[ to g up to ! small bran*es & !n splice-graft on small bran*es4 #cb4 ,m>qu>dt pecan graft$ on /ock ( pignut4 ,x does well on ?is hickory4 #cc4 ,h>dy1 h>d-%ell almond4 #cd4 ,woodall ,am]ican walnut4 ,?is %[s t ! ,woodall black walnut gr[s fairly well on butt]nut /ock4 #ce4 ,%agb>k hickory top-work$ to ,m>qu>dt pecan4 #cf4 ,/am9ate p]simmon trees4 #cg4 ,bony ,bu% filb]t1 graft$ on common hazel4 7,bu% badly cut up by girdl] beetle4 ,elaphidion4 ,five nuts on ! bu%74 #ch4 ,purple hazel4 ,look %>p to f9d ! #bj nuts on ?is bu%4 ,?is tree is ab\t #e ye>s old4 #ci4 ,f\r l>ge bitt]nut-hickory trees1 top-work$ to ,beav] hybrid4 ,beav] bran*es di/+ui%$ by l>g] leaves & few] leaflets4 ,/ock %oots w be cut out gradually1 all[+ ,beav] to h entire tree f9ally4 #dj4 ,bitt]nut hickory top-work$ to ,m>qu>dt pecan4 #da4 ,hybrid walnut4 7,siebold x ,p]sian74 ,tree riddl$ by walnut weevil e ye> hopelessly4 #db4 ,taylor %agb>k hickory graft$ on %agb>k /ock4 ,i fill ! cavities ) p>aff9 & turp5t9e4 ,!re are ?ree or f\r nuts left 9 ! top ( ! tree4 ,! tree has borne nuts = ?ree ye>s4 #dc4 ,p9us edulis4 #dd4 ,m>qu>dt pecan on bitt]nut4 #de4 ,dead hybrid hickory1 graft$ to ,beav] hybrid4 ,grafts made enorm\s gr[? 9 fir/ ye>--#aj feet = "s grafts4 ,all blew out 9 "o m9ute ( hurricane 9 advance ( ?und] /orm4 #df4 ,b>tlett hazel graft$ on common hazel4 ,!re are a numb] ( dead ends1 caus$ by a small worm y c h>dly see4 #dg4 ,*9ese *e/nut4 ,blight$ at foot ( trunk b ! tree cont9ues to be>4 #dh4 ,g>ritson p]simmon4 ,be/ ( all v>ieties call$ se$less1 b ! l>ge /am9ate tree ne>by spoils t feature4 ,x is ab\t five ye>s old1 & be>s v regul>ly & heavily4 ,! /ock came f ,mr4 ,jones4 #di4 ,e>ly ,gold5 p]simmon4 ,c>ries "o graft ( ,ev]h>t se$less v>iety on l[e/ l>ge bran*4 #ej4 ,hybrid walnut4 ,juglans nigra4 ,i d n rememb] :i* p>5t ,i us$4 #ea4 ,pignolia nut p9e4 ,pignolia p9ea4 ,x is a se$l+4 ,y c buy pignolia nuts 9 ,europe = food ev]y:]e4 #eb4 ,h>dy s(t-%ell$ almond4 ,i d n "k ! v>iety z ! label is lo/2 b ! tree 0 put !re ab\t #c or #d ye>s ago4 ,x came f ! ,gov]nm5t4 #eh4 ,dem+ purple walnut4 ,i ?9k ,dr4 ,dem+ c be/ tell y ab\t ?is4 ,,dr4 ,,dem+3 ,x gr[s on ! side ( ! road betwe5 ,norwalk & ,danbury1 :]e ! v l>ge black walnut tree is1 #ae feet 9 circumf]5ce1 said to be ! l>ge/ 9 ,connecticut4 ,?is purple v>iety has nuts ) a br[ni% r$ involucre %[+ %>ply aga9/ ! gre5 leaves4 ,! "y foliage is purpli% r$1 & ! cambium & ! pellicle ( ! k]nels are purple4 ,x is a v fair nut & ! tree is v /rik+ :5 x />ts 9 spr+ ) ! beautiful tufts ( leaves4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,x may be a valuable wood = cab9et-mak]s4 ,e "p ( ! wood is purple4 ,!re are two purple trees4 ,! small] tree is evid5tly a se$l+ ( ! l>g]4 #ed4 ,"y ,major pecan4 #ee4 ,webb ,p]sian walnut on ,am]ican walnut /ock4 ,! nuts are enorm\s & ( ,alp9e type ( good quality4 ,y saw "s ( ^! ye/]day among ^? br\ght 9 by ,pr(4 ,neilson4 ,y sometimes see ^! 9 ! ,fr5* m>ket :]e !y are call$ ,argonne4 ,i pick$ ?is up 9 ,gre5wood4 ,x has _m nuts ?is ye> & ?is is ! second crop ( leaves4 #ef4 ,buss]on pecan4 ,?is _h a full crop ( fl[]s ?is ye>1 bo? /am9ate & pi/illate4 #eg4 ,appomattox pecan1 f ! ,james ,riv] 9 ,virg9ia4 ,?is & f\r o!r k9ds ( pecans w\ld h borne nuts ?is ye> except+ = defoliation4 ,x is a h&some tree & w be> next ye>4 #eh4 ,se$l+ filb]t4 ,ab\t six ye>s old4 #ei4 ,daviana filb]t f ,europe4 ,_m p call !m hazels1 b ,i ?9k we %\ld call !m filb]ts4 #fj4 ,joseph9e p]simmon4 ,x has borne heavily e ye> except ?is ye>4 ,x /ill has "s leaves left4 ,"s p are v fond ( ! fruit4 ,i d n l t z well z ! ,g>retson4 ,x is a big p]simmon & a v good "o4 ,! fruit /ays on until late ,novemb] & ,decemb]4 ,i ?9k ! ,g>retson is ! be/ p]simmon ,i h ev] _h4 #fa4 ,lamb]t p]simmon4 ,l>ge/ fruit$ ,am]ican k9d4 #fb4 ,japanese p]simmon1 plant$ betwe5 ! rocks = protection f w9d 9 w9t]1 & f heat 9 summ]4 ,h>dy n[ = two ye>s b ( sl[ gr[?4 #fc4 ,beav] graft$ on bitt]nut4 #fd4 ,weik] hybrid hickory on %agb>k /ock4 #fe4 ,european filb]t graft$ ^u common hazel /ock4 ,! squirrels h liv$ on x4 ,i c c\nt #g nuts left4 ,i made grafts m ?an a foot long4 ,x 0 plant$ ?ree ye>s ago4 ,i c\ld %[ y sev]al hundr$ trees be>+ heavily ?is ye>1 & on all ( !m we lo/ ! fir/ crop ( leaves4 #ff4 ,beav] graft$ ,nov4 #e1 #aibb1 on bitt]nut4 ,,dr4 ,,zimm]man3 ,w !y live :5 graft$ at any "t ?r\gh\t ! ye>8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i w\ld n be afraid to graft any?+ at any "t ( ! ye>4 #fg4 ,taylor %agb>k graft$ ,july #ba1 #aibd4 ,probably mock]nut /ock4 ,gr[? sl[ b sure4 #fh4 ,wild beak hazel4 ,nuts n s good z ^? ( common hazel4 #fi4 ,bitt]nut top-work$ to ,beav]4 #gj4 ,hazel1 pat*-graft$ "h & !re ) ,bony ,bu% filb]t4 ,! l>g] & d>k] leaves are ,bony ,bu%4 #ga4 ,leon>d %agb>k graft$ on /ock probably %agb>k4 ,nut v small1 ?9 %ell$1 highe/ quality & keeps = f\r ye>s )\t becom+ rancid4 #gb4 ,%agb>k top-work$ to ,taylor v>iety1 b only a few grafts4 ,too mu* "w = a tree ( ?is size4 #gc4 ,pleas hybrid pecan on butt]nut /ock4 #gd4 ,bitt]nut top-work$ to ,beav]4 #ge4 ,"h is a v int]e/+ object lesson4 ,no4 #gd is a bitt]nut top-work$ to ,beav]1 & all do+ well4 ,! same day1 ) ! same graft1 ,i top-work$ ?is pignut4 ,! pignut refus$ ! graft & di$ insult$4 ,b ano!r /ock f ! same root accept$ ,m>qu>dt4 #gf4 ,bitt]nut /ock accept+ ,m>qu>dt pecan t>dily4 #gg4 ,"h is ano!r =m ( bor]4 ,i treat !m 9 ?is way3 ,cut away a little ( ! hole1 p\r 9 ! *lor(orm & /op up ! hole ) soap4 ,t w kill all ( ! bor]s 9 ! tree4 #gh4 ,grafts ( ,laney hybrid hickory on bitt]nut4 #gi4 ,gr\p ( f\r filb]ts--n blight+1 b n ?riv+ ?is ye> or la/4 ,reason unkn[n4 ,soil is heavy clay h>dpan ne> top4 ,top swampy 9 spr+4 #hj4 ,taylor %agb>k on bitt]nut4 #ha4 ,taylor %agb>k on %agb>k /ock4 #hb4 ,bitt]nut graft$ to ,lucado pecan4 ,grafts grew well = two summ]s1 b di$ 9 second w9t]4 #hc4 ,"o poor graft ( pecan on bitt]nut4 #hd4 ,pleas hybrid pecan4 #he4 ,m]ribrooke *e/nut graft$ ^u ,*9ese *e/nut spr\ts4 ,,dr4 ,,zimm]man3 ,h y be5 able to bud *e/nuts successfully8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,yes4 #hf4 ,daviana filb]t4 #hg4 ,hybrid hazel4 7,colurna x ,am]icana74 #hh4 ,avellana hazel4 ,v>iety ,contorta4 #hi4 ,siebold walnut4 ,p>!nog54 #ij4 ,hybrid *9kap94 7,c4 pumila x ,c4 d5tata74 ,graft$ to ano!r hybrid1 b /ock n[ blight+4 #ia4 ,"o ( a s]ies ( *9kap9s1 natural or hybrids1 graft$ ov] to o!r hybrids or to ! ,m]ribrooke v>iety ( ,am]ican sweet *e/nut4 ,"s are blight+4 #ib4 ,orig9al ,bony-,bu% hazel4 ,blight+ mod]ately4 ,treatm5t = blight n foll[$ because ( wi% to note ! degree ( resi/ance4 ,t bu% 0 nam$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?4 ,! nut is rem>kably ?9 %ell$1 v long & curi\s 9 =m4 #ic4 ,*9kap91 n graft$4 ,^! be> heavily e ye> not)/&+ ! blight4 ,f ! same root common *9kap9 w keep on be>+ ye> aft] ye>4 ,:5 "o /ock blights ano!r takes its place s t heavy cont9u\s be>+ is ! rule4 #id4 ,orig9al ,no4 #a ,morris hybrid *9kap94 7,c4 pumila x ,c4 d5tata74 ,nuts ( size & quality ( ,am]ican sweet *e/nut4 ,tree blight$ 9 its #ac? ye> aft] be>+ crops = #h or #i ye>s4 ,new /ump spr\ts n[ gr[+4 7,note3 ,at ?is "t1 ! gue/s 7 call$ to ! lawn back ( ! h\se1 :]e a lun*eon 0 s]v$ by ,mrs4 ,morris4 ,! tables 7 laid sumptu\sly1 & all enjoy$ x ! m because ( ! surr\nd+s1 :]e trees on "o side b5t ov] a cle> tr\t-/ream1 & else:]e old-fa%ion$ g>d5s spla%$ colors ov] ! gre5 backgr\nd47 ,,bus9ess ,,session ,held on ,?ird ,day 7,note3 ,x 0 plann$ t ?is session %\ld be held dur+ ! aft]noon ( ! ?ird day1 aft] ! trip ?r\gh ,dr4 ,morris's e/ate4 ,h[ev]1 :ile ! memb]s 7 explor+ deep 9 a wood$ portion ( ,m]ribrooke1 a sudd5 d[np\r ( ra9 occurr$4 ,! ne>e/ %elt] 0 f\nd to be ! b>n1 :]e ! memb]s agre$ t ! foll[+ session %\ld be held1 s9ce x 0 n possible to rea* ! ma9 h\se4 ,all memb]s 7 /&+ dur+ ! session1 includ+ ! report] :o wrote ) ! notebook re/+ aga9/ "o ( ,dr4 ,morris's c>s47 ,session call$ to ord] by ,presid5t ,web]4 ,,dr4 ,,smi?3 ,!re %\ld be add$ to ! by-laws ! foll[+ am5dm5t3 ,,article ,v4 ,memb]s all be s5t a notification ( annual dues at ! "t !y are due1 & if n paid )9 two mon?s !reaft] !y %all be s5t a second notice1 tell+ !m t !y are n 9 good /&+ on acc\nt ( non-paym5t ( dues1 & are n entitl$ to receive ! annual report4 ,at ! end ( ?irty days f ! s5d+ ( ! second notice1 a ?ird notice %all be s5t1 notify+ su* memb]s t unless dues are paid )9 t5 days f receipt ( ?is notice1 _! names w be dropp$ f ! rolls = non-paym5t ( dues4 ,! ,presid5t3 ,! motion has be5 second$2 all 9 favor please signify by say+ ,aye4 7,vote c>ri$ unanim\sly74 ,! ,secret>y3 ,! association %\ld h a fiscal ye>4 ,%all we discuss ?is or w ! presid5t au?orize ! secret>y & ! treasur] to agree ^u a date mo/ conv5i5t to !m = ! beg9n+ ( ! fiscal ye>8 ,,mr4 ,,re$3 ,i move t we leave ?is to ! discretion ( ! secret>y & ! treasur]4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,all 9 favor ( ! motion1 please signify4 7,vot$ z pres5t$74 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,i move t comb9ation memb]%ip 9 ! ,association ) subscription to ! ,am]ican ,nut ,j\rnal be #d4ej1 a d$uction ( #be c5ts ea* by ! ,association & ! ,j\rnal4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,all 9 favor ( ! motion please s indicate4 7,motion c>ri$74 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,! next ?+ is to elect new (fic]s4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,mr4 ,re$ w please read ! report ( ! ,committee on ,nom9ations4 ,,mr4 ,,re$3 ,! mak+ ( ?is report 0 "o ( bo? great pleasure & ( extreme regret4 ,s9ce ,dr4 ,dem+ has f\nd t x w n be possible = him to cont9ue z secret>y1 ! foll[+ names are (f]$3 ,presid5t--,h>ry ,r4 ,web]4 ,vice-,presid5t--,mrs4 ,w4 ,d4 ,ellwang]4 ,secret>y--,mrs4 ,b4 ,w4 ,gahn4 ,treasur]--,h4 ,j4 ,hilli>d4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,are !re any exceptions to ?is8 ,w ^? :o are 9 favor please s /ate8 7,election c>ri$ unanim\sly74 ,,dr4 ,,smi?3 ,dr4 ,dem+'s retir+ f ! secret>y%ip is a matt] :i* all old-tim]s w regret1 & ,i want to move t ?is association record 9 its proce$+s ! fulle/ appreciation ( 8 great & fai?ful s]vice 9 help+ to c>ry ! organization ?r\gh s _m ye>s4 ,i d n "k :at we w\ld h done )\t 8 s]vice & x is ) great regret t we see him /ep aside4 7,motion second$ & unanim\sly c>ri$74 ,,dr4 ,,dem+3 ,i wi% to express my gratitude to ! memb]s = _! k9dness1 b ,i also wi% to say t al?\gh ,i h /epp$ aside1 ,i h n entirely pass$ away4 ,i am /ill ) y & ,i %all always give ! association ! be/ ( my ef=ts 9 :atev] way !y may be ne$$2 its int]e/s %all always be de> to me4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,x seems to me t we h an object lesson "h4 ,except+ = ,dr4 ,dem+'s ef=ts ,i d\bt :e!r ?is organization c\ld h held toge!r & work$ h>moni\sly dur+ its ye>s ( exi/5ce4 ,he has be5 ! key-note ( ! "w ) :i* o!rs h help$1 & we h be5 successful because ( conc]t$ "w on ! "p ( a numb] ( m5 :o are look+ =w>d to ! great future ( ?is new agriculture1 ?is new s\rce ( agriculture = ! entire _w1 :]e9 we are go+ to be able to dep5d ^u ! sub-soil = our su/5ance4 ,x is ?r\gh untir+ "w & self sacrifice t ^? :o are s int]e/$ 9 ?is "w h be5 able to "w z a mass unit4 ,i d n "k ( any?+ m t ,i c\ld say4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,i am sure t we all regret to see ,dr4 ,dem+ /ep aside1 b we w /ill h him ) u & ,i am v sure t he w d all possible = ! good ( ! association always4 ,,dr4 ,,dem+3 ,i /at$ a few mom5ts ago t al?\gh ,i _h /epp$ aside ,i _h n pass$ away2 b s9ce !n ,i h *ang$ my m9d4 ,i believe t ,i h entirely pass$ away4 ,,dr4 ,,smi?3 ,i move a resolution ( great appreciation = ,dr4 ,morris's & ,mrs4 ,morris's hospitality to u1 & = enabl+ u to enjoy ! beautiful day we h _h "h4 7,motion second$ & unanim\sly pass$74 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,dr4 ,morris1 y n[ h notice ( ! (ficial action ( ! association 9 _! desire to ?ank y4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i ?ank y1 b ,i mu/ say t ,i h _h v little to d ) x2 ,i may h made ! sugge/ion1 b ! wom5 always d all ( ! "w & 9 ?is case my wife & daught]s h done x all4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,we h n yet decid$ on ! place = our next conv5tion4 ,i w\ld l to h y\r ideas4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i _h ?ree ideas z to t2 "o is to g to ,mr4 ,riehl's place next ye>4 ,pr(4 ,colby said t if we %\ld1 he w\ld assume ! responsibility ( ! committee on arrangem5ts4 ,we are fir/ to ask ,mr4 ,riehl :e!r x w\ld be 9 accordance ) 8 ideas & wi%es4 ,! second idea is ?is4 ,we saw ye/]day only a small "p ( ,mr4 ,bixby's exhibit1 "o ( ! f9e/ collections 9 ! _w4 ,we %\ld h to sp5d m ?an a day !re to see x satisfactorily4 ,9 connection ) a visit to ! ,hick's nurs]ies1 & o!rs 9 ! vic9ity1 x w\ld take m ?an a day4 ,! ?ird idea is to g aga9 to ,lanca/] to see ,mr4 ,jones' nurs]y & o!r ?+s 9 t vic9ity4 ,x seems to me t we mu/ make a *oice betwe5 ^! ?ree4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i w\ld be v glad to h y come to ,lanca/]4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,! objection to t is t ,mr4 ,riehl is n[ #hf ye>s ( age4 ,9 view ( t our fir/ *oice ought to be ,mr4 ,riehl's place4 ,,dr4 ,,smi?3 ,i move t1 if x prove acceptable to ,mr4 ,riehl1 we meet 9 we/]n ,ill9ois4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,:y n add1 ,if t is n satisfactory1 to g to ,lanca/]8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,we %\ld g back to ,long ,isl& next ye> & complete :at we did n see ?is ye>1 if we d n g to ,mr4 ,riehl's4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,! ,secret>y has receiv$ f ! ,/4 ,l\is ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce an invitation word$ ) r m cordiality ?an usual to hold our next conv5tion 9 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,!y (f] to provide a meet+ place1 speak]s1 publicity1 to d all except give ! ca% prizes & ent]ta9m5t4 ,i d n "k exactly h[ f> ,/4 ,l\is is f ,alton1 b ,i und]/& x is "o h\r's ride by rail4 ,,mr4 ,,re$3 ,we c\ld also see ! ,botanical ,g>d5 & ! collection ( l>ge trees4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,i ?9k ! s5tim5t is 9 favor ( ! we/]n meet+4 ,we c easily get to ,mr4 ,riehl's place f ,/4 ,l\is4 ,,mr4 ,,re$3 ,x is #bb miles f ,/4 ,l\is to ,alton1 & !re y c *ange & g to ,mr4 ,riehl's4 ,i ?9k x be/ to g to ,/4 ,l\is = ! conv5tion & to take a day at ,mr4 ,riehl's place4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,z to ! date we w\ld n be able to decide ^u t )\t fir/ consult+ ,mr4 ,riehl & le>n+ ! "t conv5i5t = him4 ,h[ev]1 we %\ld express our op9ion z to ! be/ "t1 approximately4 ,,mr4 ,,re$3 ,i believe x w\ld be to ! advantage ( ! organization to g !re at a "t :5 ! nuts are on ! trees4 ,we h se5 ! species & v>ieties 9 be>+1 b we h n se5 a pay+ or*>d ready = h>ve/4 ,i believe we %\ld h ! meet+ ab\t ,septemb] #aj1 or a little lat]4 ,,! ,,presid5t3 ,!n we w move t ! conv5tion next ye> be held at ,/4 ,l\is on ,septemb] #aj1 or a little lat] z may be decid$ by ! ,executive ,committee aft] consultation ) ,mr4 ,riehl4 7,motion put1 vot$ & c>ri$74 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,ano!r important matt] is 9 reg>d to publicity4 ,= ?is meet+ ,i h s5t notes to ab\t #ae diff]5t publications1 expect+ t !y w\ld give u notices4 ,n a s+le "o ( !m gave u notices4 ,?is morn+ "o ( ! report]s call$ me & said he 0 sorry he c\ld n be "h z he _h an important meet+ to att5d4 ,he want$ to "k :at ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association 0 l1 if x 0 some?+ l ! ,tree ,plant+ ,association4 ,! fact is t p d n und]/&1 z yet1 ! mean+ ( ?is association or its purpose4 ,!y d n realize t ,cali=nia s5ds #be1jjj tons ( walnuts to m>ket1 wor? millions ( doll>s1 & #aj1jjj tons ( almonds ?is ye>4 ,!y don't realize t d[n 9 ,georgia1 9 ! poor1 puny p9ewoods :]e m5 _h a h>d "t to make a liv+ at "o "t1 !y are n[ rid+ ar\nd 9 lim\s9es because !y are gr[+ nuts4 ,!y d n realize ! enorm\s social & economic importance & consequ5ce ( "w ( ! nut gr[]s ( today 9 ! "p t !y play 9 ! agriculture ( ! _w = tomorr[4 ,! newspap]s w\ld r s5d "s repres5tative to see a pr9ce fall d[n ) 8 horse4 ,b ,i "k f mutual acqua9tances t ! ,pr9ce w\ld r be ) u "h today at ?is meet+ ?an to be li/5+ to a ?\s& & "o non5tities & tak+ "p 9 conv]sations ) no future mean+4 ,i believe t if ,i _h ?\ght ab\t invit+ him 9 "t ,i %\ld h _h him out "h4 ,i h _h exp]i5ce ) memb]s ( royalty be=e & ,i "k :at s]i\s-m9d$ p !y are4 ,! next subject discuss$ 0 t ( dropp+ memb]s :o are n 9 g5]al good /&+4 ,aft] ! discussion ! decision /ood t no action c\ld be tak5 unless specific *>ges aga9/ ! memb] 7 pres5t$ & prov5 true4 ,ano!r matt] discuss$ 0 t ( comp5sation to ,mrs4 ,gahn = do+ secret>ial "w = ! association4 ,x 0 vot$ by ^? pres5t t %e %\ld be comp5sat$1 b ! am\nt ( comp5sation %\ld be left to ! decision ( ! ,executive ,committee4 ,! ,presid5t adj\rn$ ! session s9e die1 at #d p4 m4 ,because ( lack ( "t1 sev]al pap]s 7 n read4 ,^! are includ$ h]e)3 ,,nuts ,by ,hon4 ,royal ,s4 ,copel&1 ,u4 ,s4 ,s5ator f ,n4 ,y4 ,:5ev] !re is a peculi> individual 9 ! community1 he is apt to be call$ a nut4 ,z ord9>ily us$ ?is is a t]m ( d]ision1 b ! m "o /udies ! value ( ! nut ! m he is impress$ ) ! idea t ?is isn't a good ^w to apply to an abnormal individual1 unless he happ5s to be abnormally good4 ,! nut is "o ( ! be/ ( ! products ( nature4 ,x is "o ( ! olde/ ( foods1 & among c]ta9 animals x is almo/ ! only food dep5d$ ^u = heal? & gr[?4 ,if ,mr4 ,bryan is mi/ak5 ab\t ! orig9 ( man1 & if 8 antagoni/s are "r1 ! natural ance/ors ( ! human race 7 all nut eat]s4 ,at lea/ ! gorillas & *impanzees are fond ( ! nut4 ,:5 we g back to ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,greeks & ! e>ly inhabitants ( ,great ,brita91 we f9d t !y dep5d$ l>gely ^u ! acorn = food4 ,:5 measur$ by ! caloric me?od x is surpris+ h[ mu* ri*] 9 n\ri%m5t ! nut is ?an almo/ e o!r food sub/ance4 ,nuts av]age ab\t t5 times z _m calories p] p\nd z ! ri*e/ vegetables4 ,x makes y hungry to he> ! names ( ! nuts4 ,9 ?is c\ntry we h ! walnut1 butt]nut1 hazel nut & ! hickory nut1 ! *e/nut & ! bee*nut4 ,^! are native to our l&4 ,!n !re are cultivat$ or*>ds ( ,p]sian walnuts1 pecans1 almonds & peanuts4 ,*ri/mas & ,?anksgiv+ w\ld be a failure )\t nuts2 !y are a "p ( ! hospitable f>e & no /ock+ is well fill$ at ,*ri/mas "t unless a h&ful ( nuts is add$ to ! surprises4 ,isn't x amaz+ :at popul> ideas !re are 9 exi/5ce ab\t ! dige/ibility ( foods4 ,_m ( ^! are fallaci\s4 ,= in/ance1 x is common belief t nuts are difficult to dige/4 ,?is is n well f\nd$4 ,( c\rse nuts l all foods :i* are us$ z a "p ( ! dess]t are consid]$ m]ely z an addition to ! meal1 & n a "p ( ! meal /ructure4 ,y f9i% y\r meal1 hav+ eat5 ev]y?+ y ne$ & hav+ fill$ y\r /oma*1 !n y are giv5 a di% ( ice cream &1 p]haps1 aft] t ! nuts are pass$4 ,!y ta/e s good t y are tempt$ to take "o m ab\t t5 times4 ,y fail to *ew ! nut ?or\ghly & y cr[d x into an already ov]fill$ /oma*4 ,because x happ5s to be ! fir/ ?+ to come up 9 case ( disa/] y jump at ! illogical conclusion t y\r indige/ion is due to ! nuts4 ,i ne$ n tell y h[ unsci5tific is y\r conviction4 ,sev]al v>ieties ( nuts are us$ = ! mak+ ( nut butt]1 & ?is food is a v excell5t sub/itute = meat4 ,c]ta9ly nuts h mat]ial advantage ov] a good _m foods4 ,!y keep indef9itely4 ,!y nev] putrefy4 ,!y are n infe/$ ) h>mful bact]ia4 ,y c nev] get tape-worm or any o!r p>asitic tr\ble1 :i* occasionally foll[s ! eat+ ( infect$ food4 ,i am glad !re are societies organiz$ to propagate ! nut4 ,a prom95t conc]n ( ,new ,york ,city is v active 9 promulgat+ ! value ( ! nut1 & is enc\rag+ ! plant+ ( nut trees4 ,somebody has e/imat$ t !re are ?ree million miles ( c\ntry roads1 & t if nut trees 7 plant$ alongside ^! roads !re w\ld be en\gh prote9 food = ! entire population4 ,nuts are ri* 9 prote91 lime1 iron & vitam9s4 ,_m di%es may be made f ! nut :i* h ! appe>ance & flavor+ ( meat1 )\t ! objectionable effects ( fle% diet4 ,la/ ye> we import$ tw5ty-five million p\nds ( almonds1 =ty million p\nds ( ,brazil nuts1 eighte5 million p\nds ( filb]ts1 & =ty-f\r million p\nds ( walnuts1--ab\t tw5ty million doll>s wor? ( ^! nuts 7 br\ght into ! c\ntry4 ,?is %[s t !re is "s appreciation c]ta9ly ( an article ( food :i* des]ves to be ev5 m commonly us$ ?an x is at pres5t4 ,,h>d9ess ,,9 ,,nut ,,trees ,by ,c4 ,a4 ,re$1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,nut trees ( mo/ species commonly ?rive at bo? latitudes & altitudes mu* great] ?an ! limits ( regul> or ev5 frequ5t crop production4 ,?is fact is seldom fully appreciat$ by prospective plant]s1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,nor?1 :o1 n unnaturally1 assume t ! pres5ce ( a gr\p ( vigor\s appe>+ trees1 or ev5 ( a s+le tree1 p>ticul>ly 9 a fruitful ye>1 is suffici5t evid5ce ( local h>d9ess to ju/ify comm]cial plant+4 ,h[ev]1 practically all ( our native species ( nut-be>+ trees are indig5\s well beyond ! range ( regul> crop production4 ,?is is made possible by occasional seasons favorable to se$ production :i* enable su* species to reproduce !mselves4 ,a crop once 9 a qu>t] c5tury w\ld be suffici5t = ?is purpose4 ,tak+ ! pecan z an illu/ration ( h[ a species may be affect$ by latitude1 x has be5 f\nd t1 z ! limits ( h>d9ess are approa*$1 ! ill effects on ! species 9 approximate ord] are3 7#a7 r$uction 9 size ( nut1 especially ) oblong v>ieties 9 l5g?1 7#b7 increas$ proportion ( faulty k]nels1 7#c7 increas$ irregul>ity ( crop1 7#d7 practical crop failure1 & la/ly ! 7#e7 p>tial1 !n complete1 de/ruction ( ! tree4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fact t a tree is subject to occasional w9t] injury1 or t x be>s irregul>ly1 or n at all 9 a p>ticul> site1 is n necess>ily to be tak5 t ! same tree 9 a diff]5t site or "u slightly *ang$ environm5t w\ld n p]=m satisfactorily1 ev5 9 ! same locality4 ,a *ange 9 exposure or ( cultural treatm5t1 or ( root/ock1 or ( v>iety1 or a modifi$ association ( v>ieties1 might & frequ5tly does br+ ab\t entirely diff]5t results4 ,sometimes a s\!rn exposure causes trees to respond to mild wea!r1 9 w9t] or e>ly spr+1 & to be caught by subsequ5t1 viol5t drops 9 temp]ature4 ,"s ( ! be/ kn[n & be/ p]=m+ ,p]sian walnut trees 9 ! ,ea/ are on a nor?we/]n exposure1 yet ! species is commonly n h>dy 9 ! temp]ate portions ( ?is c\ntry4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ! ability ( or*>d trees to )/& fro/ injury is subject to control4 ,! dang] is greate/ ) trees :i* h gr[n late or ^? :i* h become devitaliz$ = "s reason or ) ^? :i* are 9 poorly dra9$ soils4 ,! k9d ( root /ock :i* has be5 us$1 is kn[n to h _h an influ5ce 9 "s cases4 ,d\btless ?is w be bett] und]/ood z diff]5t /ocks are us$ by ! lead]s 9 pecan bre$+4 ,v>ieties also are kn[n to diff] greatly 9 _! degree ( h>d9ess4 ,h[ev]1 failure ^u ! "p ( o!rwise normal trees to be> pay+ crops ) regul>ity is n necess>ily due to l[ temp]atures4 ,o!r factors1 su* z self-/]ility1 may be :olly responsible = at lea/ ! lightness ( crops4 ,s f> z ! or*>di/ is conc]n$1 a tree is n h>dy unless x is capable ( be>+ crops ! av]age ( :i* are pr(itable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 occasional w9t] injury does n prove t a species _c be gr[n successfully 9 ! same locality4 ,nei!r ! pea* nor ! apple indu/ries ( ! ,nor? nor ^? ( ! citrus 9 ! ,s\? & ,cali=nia nor1 9 fact1 any ( ! o!r horticultural commodities ( ?is c\ntry are :olly unaffect$ by fro/ damage4 ,our =e/ trees may be m subject to w9t] kill+ ?an we suspect4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( w9t]-injury is to be expect$ 9 any "p ( ! c\ntry no matt] :at ! species ( plant may be4 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* w9t] or spr+ injury is def9itely kn[n to occur gives color to a ris+ !ory t freez+ temp]atures may play a va/ly great] "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! nut indu/ry ov] ! entire c\ntry ?an is commonly suppos$4 ,mu* ( ! evid5ce ( damage f ?is cause is ( su* nature z to be easily ov]look$ or attribut$ to o!r causes4 ,trees & plants ( _m k9ds h become s accu/om$ to injury by freez+ t !y are able to recov] )\t ! injury always be+ app>5t4 ,a few illu/rations ( ?is :i* h come to ! writ]'s att5tion might be cit$4 ,9 ,decemb] #aiai1 a sudd5 drop 9 temp]ature ( f #cb deg4,f to #bd deg4,f occurr$ at ,mc,minnville1 ,oregon1 ) fatal result to cultivat$ trees & %rubs ( _m k9ds4 ,! damage 0 greate/ 9 flat bottoms1 especially ^? :]e nei!r l& nor air dra9age 0 good4 ,"u su* conditions1 num]\s apple or*>ds 7 kill$ outright4 ,prunes & ,p]sian walnuts 7 s badly injur$ to ! sn[-l9e t subsequ5tly great numb]s ( trees 7 cut d[n4 ,bo? /am9ate & pi/illate buds ( filb]ts above ! sn[ 7 practically all de/roy$4 ,lat] on1 ! entire tops ( _m ( ! old]-be>+ filb]t trees succumb$4 ,an in/ance ( p>ticul> int]e/1 9 s f> z ?is discussion is conc]n$1 0 af=d$ by ! behavior ( a %agb>k hickory tree 9 ,mc,minnville1 "s #bj or #cj ye>s old1 :i* _h be5 gr[n f a ,miss\ri se$4 ,9 ,febru>y1 :5 exam9ation 0 made ( ! condition ( ?is tree1 x 0 f\nd t all visible buds _h be5 kill$1 yet ! b>k on ! bran*es betwe5 ! buds 0 9 app>5tly p]fect condition4 ,! "q z to :at ! tree w\ld d1 !re=e1 became "o ( great int]e/4 ,! foll[+ ,septemb]1 :5 revisit$1 ?is tree 0 f\nd to h su* a weal? ( luxuriant foliage t ! obs]v] felt t ! accuracy ( 8 ,febru>y records 0 *all5g$4 ,h[ev]1 clos] inspection %[$ t gr[? _h entirely tak5 place f adv5titi\s buds1 & t ! dead buds & spurs 7 /ill 9 evid5ce4 ,!re 7 no nuts on ! tree b o!rwise ! casual obs]v] w\ld n h suspect$ t ! tree _h be5 affect$ 9 any way4 ,9 all likelihood1 ! own] ( ! tree w\ld d5y t x _h be5 injur$4 ,ano!r case ( some:at simil> k9d occurr$ e>ly dur+ ! pres5t ye> 9 a pecan or*>d 9 ,s\? ,georgia4 ,! trees _h be5 set 9 #aiag1 & 9 #aiai1 a portion select$ by ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry = conduct+ a s]ies ( f]tiliz] & cov]-crop exp]im5ts4 ,! summ] ( #aibc 0 extremely dry4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by w>m ra9s 9 ! late fall & e>ly w9t]4 ,on ,janu>y #f1 dur+ a p]iod ( high w9d1 ! m]cury dropp$ to )9 a few degrees ( z]o1 (ficial reports record+ temp]atures ( f #f to #h degrees above z]o at v>i\s ne>by /ations4 ,on ,m>* #ca1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,sk9n]1 ( ! ,(fice ( ,soil ,f]tility ,inve/igations1 9 att5d+ to ! spr+ f]tiliz] applications1 discov]$ t a high proportion ( ! trees _h be5 badly w9t] injur$1 z indicat$ by ! usual *>act]i/ic evid5ce4 ,^! includ$ a consid]able exud5ce ( s\r & fro?y sap f ! trunks ( ! trees1 p>ticul>ly ^? hav+ smoo? b>k4 ,?is inv>iably occurr$ on ! we/ side4 ,%ot-hole bor]s1 :i* n infrequ5tly foll[ su* injury1 7 already at "w4 ,?is situation 0 at once call$ to ! att5tion ( ! own] ( ! or*>d :o liv$ "s #ej miles away4 ,he repli$ t al?\gh he made frequ5t visits to ! or*>d1 ! matt] _h n attract$ 8 att5tion1 nor _h x be5 report$ to him4 ,on ,april #ag1 he inspect$ ! or*>d & ! day foll[+1 report$ to ! ,bureau by special deliv]y t z a result ( a r ha/y inspection1 he 0 conv9c$ t f #af to #bj p] c5t ( ! trees 9 ! exp]im5tal tract 7 injur$1 b t 9 ! re/ ( ?is or*>d ! injury 0 insignificant1 probably n exce$+ #d p] c5t4 ,8 n unnatural d$uction 0 t ! high f]tilization ( ! soil 9 ! exp]im5tal tract _h caus$ t5d] gr[? :i*1 "u ! extreme conditions ( ! previ\s mon?s1 _h be5 unable to survive4 ,on ,april #bd1 a c>eful record ( ! condition ( all trees 9 ?is tract & ( a repres5tative numb] ( ^? 9 adjac5t p>ts ( ! or*>d1 0 made by ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,pelham ( ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry & ! writ]1 9 company ) ! own] ( ! or*>d & 8 sup]9t5d5t4 ,x 0 f\nd t 9 ! exp]im5tal tract1 #ej p] c5t ( ! trees _h be5 visibly injur$1 ?us exce$+ ! own]'s maximum e/imate by ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ,( ! total numb] ( trees1 #bj p] c5t 7 reg>d$ z be+ slightly injur$1 & #cj p] c5t sev]ely s4 ,( ! f]tiliz$ trees )9 ! exp]im5tal tract1 #ee p] c5t %[$ injury to "s degree z comp>$ ) #eh p] c5t ( ! trees unf]tiliz$1 also )9 ! tract4 ,inspection ( ! trees outside ( ! exp]im5tal tract %[$ t #eb4f p] c5t 7 affect$1 #dj4h p] c5t be+ slightly1 & #aa4h p] c5t sev]ely injur$4 ,a second inspection made ,june #i %[$ t :ile a few ( ! mo/ sev]ely injur$ trees _h succumb$1 ! app>5t condition ( ! majority 0 greatly improv$4 ,9 ! exp]im5tal tract #f p] c5t 7 dead1 #ac4ej p] c5t 9 d\btful condition1 & #hj4be p] c5t 7 app>5tly 9 good condition4 ,( ! trees 9 outside tracts1 ! p]c5tage dead1 d\btful & app>5tly s\nd 7 #b4hj1 #i4jjh & #hg4db1 respectively4 ,! lesson ( pres5t importance f ?is n>rative is t af=d$ by ! illu/ration n only ( ! ease ) :i* ! matt] all b escap$ ! att5tion ( a c>eful gr[] b ( ! difficulty ( ev5 impress+ ^u him ! full gravity ( ! situation4 ,9 spite ( a prejudice :i* he conc$$ 0 9 8 m9d1 :5 he fir/ inspect$ ! trees on ,april #ag1 he und]e/imat$ ! numb] affect$ by f "o-?ird to "o-half4 ,?is gr[] 0 n alone 9 8 failure to detect evid5ce ( w9t] injury z 0 subsequ5tly prov5 by ! negative replies to a g5]al inquiry to gr[]s 9 _m sections s5t out 9 ,may1 toge!r ) num]\s reports ( sev]e injury receiv$ dur+ ,june & e>ly ,july4 ,! fact is t w9t] injury 0 m or less g5]al 9 ! pecan or*>ds ( mu* ( ! ,s\?4 ,_h x be5 possible to obs]ve fur!r1 x is highly probable t a direct relation w\ld h be5 f\nd betwe5 ?is damage & ! lightness 9 ! set ( ! crop ( nuts 9 #aibd ov] ! g5]al pecan di/rict4 ,o!r in/ances ( damages to nut trees :i* h l>gely escap$ notice might be cit$1 b ^! w p]haps be suffici5t to call simil> cases to ! m9ds ( o!r obs]v]s4 ,( p>ticul> int]e/ 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! c\ntry are specific in/ances ( ! behavior ( individual species & _! v>ieties ) ref]5ce to ability to )/& local climatic conditions4 ,to cite a few3 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl1 ( ,godfrey1 ,ill41 #h miles f ,alton1 reports t dur+ 8 #fj ye>s ( resid5ce on a high bluff ov]look+ ! ,mississippi1 ! pecan trees 9 ! riv] bottoms ( ! imm$iate neighborhood h fruit$ ) exce$+ irregul>ity4 ,a correspond5t f ,evansville1 :o cle>$ #bjj acres ( =e/ l& along ! ,ohio ( all gr[? o!r ?an pecan1 reports t ! yields h be5 disappo9t+4 ,f4 ,w4 ,mc,reynolds ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 has #ej or m graft$ trees n[ #h or #aj ye>s old1 #aj miles nor? ( ! ,di/rict1 :i*1 al?\gh 9 o!rwise ?rifty condition1 h n fruit$4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 has "s #cj acres ( pecan trees1 also graft$1 on 8 f>m ne> ,b[ie1 ,md41 :i* h borne "s nuts dur+ ! la/ ?ree ye>s1 b ! product has be5 und]siz$1 poorly-fill$ & di/9ctly inf]ior4 ,mr4 ,littlepage reports t dur+ ! pa/ spr+1 ^! trees suff]$ appreciable injury 9 ! freez+ back ( ! fruit spurs & t ! nuts :i* =m$ 7 f a second set ( spurs4 ,8 trees bore 9 ! neighborhood ( a bu%el ( nuts :i* look$ m promis+ ?an usual until ! middle ( ,octob] :5 freez+ temp]ature occurr+ betwe5 ! #ad? & ! #bd?1 completely de/roy$ ! crop4 ,at ,bell ,/ation1 ne> ,gl5ndale1 ,md41 ab\t ?ree miles ne>] ,wa%+ton ?an ,b[ie1 at ,m>ietta1 a colonial plantation1 !re is a clump ( pecan trees dat+ back to ! days ( ,?omas ,jeff]son4 ,^! are app>5tly h>dy except 9 ! matt] ( yields4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,b4 ,waite1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 :o has long kn[n ^! trees1 /ates t !y bore heavily 9 "o ye>1 ab\t #aiab1 b t s9ce t "t1 !y h borne v little4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,alb]t ,/abl] ( ,wa%+ton1 has #f or #h trees ( v>ieties simil> to ^? 9 ! plant+s ( ,messrs4 ,littlepage & ,mc,reynolds & ( ab\t ! same age1 on a f>m n f> f t ( ! latt]1 "o v>iety ( :i*1 ,major1 9 #aibc bore "s v fair quality nuts4 ,al?\gh small1 !y 7 typical = t v>iety bo? 9 respect to size & high quality4 ,! crop ( #aibd 0 practically a failure1 ! set be+ v light4 ,9 ! te/ or*>d ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ( ,lanca/]1 ,pa41 "y trees ( sev]al ( ! bett] kn[n v>ieties are mak+ a good />t 9 ! way ( beg9n+ to yield & 9 %[+ no appreciable signs ( w9t] injury4 ,mo/ ( ^! trees bore light crops la/ ye>1 7#aibc7 b are practically b>r5 ?is ye>4 ,s\? ( ,waynesboro1 ,pa41 on a f>m belong+ to ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,le%]1 !re are #g se$l+ pecan trees "s #ej ye>s old1 :i* n only %[ no signs ( w9t] injury outw>dly visible1 b h ! reputation ( be>+ fairly well on alt]nate ye>s4 ,! pres5t 7#aibd7 be+ ! favorable ye>1 ! trees _h a good spr9kl+ ( nuts 9 clu/]s ( z _m z #e ea*1 :5 se5 on ,july #bc4 ,a few miles f>!r nor?1 9 ! t[n ( ,mont ,alto1 at an altitude ( ab\t #ajjj feet1 ne> ! location ( ! ,/ate ,=e/ry ,s*ool ( ,p5nsylvania1 ano!r tree said to be #fe ye>s old1 & hav+ a gir? at brea/ height ( #fe in*es1 on ! resid5ce gr\nds ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,v]de]1 is app>5tly z h>dy z are ! indig5\s species ( ! neighborhood4 ,x is claim$ to h rec5tly borne ?ree pecks ( nuts 9 a s+le season1 & x n[ has a v good crop4 ,num]\s o!r in/ances ( pecan trees 9 ! ,nor? might be cit$1 b ^! suffice to e/abli% n only ! unc]ta9ty ( h>d9ess ( ! pecan 9 ! ,nor?1 b also ! probability ( nut crops 9 occasional ye>s or (t5]1 well beyond ! g5]ally accept$ range ( ! species4 ,! h>d9ess ( ! ,p]sian walnut is difficult to def9e4 ,to aga9 quote ,dr4 ,waite1 ,juglans regia1 z we "k x 9 ! ea/ & nor?1 frequ5tly succe$s ov] long int]vals ( "t "u conditions ( climate1 soil1 elevation1 & g5]al environm5t suitable = ! pea*4 ,x is p]haps a trifle m subject to injury by radical drops 9 temp]ature1 b x recup]ates ) decid$ly great] difficulty4 ,dr4 ,waite po9ts out t !re is a /rik+ simil>ity betwe5 ! requirem5ts ( local environm5t ( ! ,p]sian walnut & ! sweet *]ry4 ,x develops t ?is is a famili> comp>ison 9 s\?we/]n ,briti% ,columbia4 ,bo? require good dra9age ( air & soil1 or ! b5efit ( mod]at+ influ5ce su* z is af=d$ by l>ge bodies ( wat]4 ,also bo? are endang]$ by w>m spells dur+ ! dormant mon?s4 ,^! /atem5ts cov] ! situation q correctly1 z x is se5 by ! writ]1 al?\gh x might be add$ t beyond or we/ ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 9 ! middle portion ( ! c\ntry1 ?is species is seldom able to survive = m ?an "o or two w9t]s4 ,_m trees h be5 plant$ 9 ,mi*igan1 b ! great majority h pass$ out entirely ev5 :]e pea*es normally succe$4 ,h[ev]1 x is ! exp]i5ce ( a few gr[]s 9 ,sanilac ,c\nty1 bord]+ ,lake ,huron1 t )9 a half mile ( ! lake1 !re is a great] pr(it 9 ,p]sian walnuts ?an 9 pea*es4 ,"o gr[] at ,lockport1 ,new ,york1 has f\nd ,p]sian walnuts to pay bett] ?an o!r or*>d crops :i* he has rais$ at equal exp5se or ^u equal areas ( l&4 ,an or*>d at ,ea/ ,avon1 widely kn[n at "o "t & visit$ by ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association 9 #aiae1 practically succumb$ entirely aft] hav+ borne b "o good crop 9 ab\t #ce ye>s4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,b>tlett1 ( ,/am=d1 ,conn41 :o kn[s intimately _m doz5 trees ( ?is species )9 a radius ( #ej miles ( ,new ,york ,city1 f9ds t few be> significant crops except at long int]vals4 ,f ,/am=d1 ,conn41 ne> ! ,atlantic ,seabo>d1 s\? to ,norfolk1 ,va41 ,p]sian walnut trees are n uncommon 9 door-y>ds4 ,!y are fairly frequ5t 9 s\!rn ,p5nsylvania we/ ov] practically half ! l5g? ( ! ,/ate & ?r\gh ,m>yl& we/ to ,hag]/[n4 ,!re are p]haps m productive trees 9 ,lanca/] ,c\nty1 ?an 9 any o!r c\nty 9 ei!r ,p5nsylvania or ,m>yl&1 ) ! possible exception ( "s c\nty ( ! ,ea/]n ,%ore ( ! latt] /ate1 :i* section already has be5 ref]r$ to4 ,9 ,lanca/] c\nty yields are suffici5t to give consid]able pr(it f trees n occupy+ exp5sive l&4 ,! ,japanese walnut af=ds a curi\s analogy 9 reg>d to h>d9ess4 ,dur+ normal ye>s1 x succe$s ov] practically ! same range z t ( ! black walnut1 yet x freezes 9 e>ly fall1 mild w9t] or late spr+ :5 conditions are adv]se1 ev5 :5 black walnut & pecan ne>by are n visibly affect$4 ,mr4 ,jones f9ds ! ,lanca/] he>tnut1 a v>iety orig9at+ 9 8 c\nty1 to be subject to injury by spr+ freez+ to su* an ext5t t he has l>gely discont9u$ its propagation4 ,mr4 ,edw9 ,a4 ,surprise1 ( ,bo/on1 reports t ?is v>iety gr[s well 9 summ] b freezes back 9 w9t] ab\t z mu* z x gr[s 9 summ]4 ,mr4 ,b>tlett reg>ds x z "o ( ! mo/ valuable acquisitions 9 8 nut plant+ at ,/am=d1 ,conn41 z x is a h&some1 vigor\s gr[]1 & promises to be> well4 ,z a saf] v>iety 9 ! ,lanca/] di/rict ,mr4 ,jones has sub/itut$ ! ,fau/ f ,bamb]g1 ,s4 ,c41 :i* vegetates lat] 9 spr+ & ?us f> has prov$ less subject to injury4 ,! twigs ( "y black walnut trees are occasionally injur$ by freez+ 9 w9t]1 b record$ in/ances ( su* damage are r>e4 ,?is is a field :i* %\ld be inve/igat$1 z !re is evid5tly no data %[+ ev5 ! regul>ity ) :i* ! black walnut be>s 9 any section1 mu* less ! ext5t to :i* fruit+ is re/rict$ by de/ruction ( ! buds or spurs z a result ( sev]e temp]atures 9 w9t] or spr+4 ,?is also applies to h>d9ess ( ! butt]nut1 ! hickories & ( introduc$ species ( *e/nut4 ,9 conclusion1 x is po9t$ out t plant]s %\ld n assume t ! pres5ce ( a heal?y tree is pro( ( suffici5t h>d9ess to w>rant ext5sive plant+s1 nei!r %\ld !y ov]-look ! fact t an occasional satisfactory crop may be b slim evid5ce ( comm]cial possibilities4 ,x requires ye>s ( trial be=e a species or v>iety c fully e/abli% its h>d9ess4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 to wait to f9d a k9d ( nut a hundr$ p] c5t h>dy "u all conditions1 w\ld be n to plant at all4 ,no v>ieties ( any species are immune to w9t] injury ov] any great portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! plant+ ( nut trees 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! c\ntry is c]ta9 to g =w>d1 b = ! pres5t1 ea/ ( ! ,rockies1 l>ge or*>ds ( nut trees ( any species or v>iety mu/ be reg>d$ z fields promis+ = exp]im5tation r ?an ( s\nd comm]cial inve/m5t4 ,a common error 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,am]ican p is ! assumption t to be a success1 a ?+ mu/ be p]=m$ ^u a l>ge scale4 ,to develop a nut indu/ry1 x is imag9$ t !re mu/ be great or*>ds ( hundr$s ( acres4 ,x is n realiz$ t a great proportion ( ! walnuts1 almonds1 filb]ts1 & *e/nuts annually import$ f ,europe1 are f roadside1 hillside & door-y>d trees :i* c\ld z well h be5 gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry on :at is n[ idle l& 9 ?ickly populat$ agricultural di/ricts4 ,no "o ne$ expect to atta9 great weal? f ! products ( door-y>d or wa/e l& trees b ! by-product :i* c\ld readily be salvag$ f nut trees1 w\ld likely be v acceptable :5 int]e/ & taxes or o!r bills come due4 ,,walnut ,,graft+ ,,inve/igations ,t4 ,j4 ,talb]t1 ,pr(essor ( ,horticulture1 ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri1 ,college ( ,agriculture ,^! inve/igations are to det]m9e ! be/ v>ieties ( ! improv$ black walnut = ,miss\ri4 ,valuable in=mation is also be+ procur$ 9 ref]5ce to ! topwork+ or cleft graft+ ( ! native se$l+ black walnut to ! improv$ sorts4 ,s9ce practically e ,miss\ri f>m conta9s "s wa/e l& ^u :i* ! native walnut & o!r nut trees may be gr[+1 x is believ$ t x is possible to topwork ^! se$l+ sorts to improv$ k9ds :i* w n only supply a l>g] quantity ( ?9n] %ell$1 m highly flavor$ nuts = home use1 b a surplus = ! m>ket4 ,!re is a gr[+ dem& = ! se$l+ black walnut4 ,at ! pres5t "t ,miss\ri leads all o!r /ates 9 ! production ( ?is nut4 ,! results :i* are be+ obta9$ 9 ?is exp]im5t are prov+ to be ( unusual int]e/ & pr(it to ,miss\ri gr[]s4 ,! inve/igation has be5 ext5d$ to include1 besides black walnuts1 pecans1 hickories1 hazel nuts1 *9kap9s & *e/nuts4 ,) ea* ( ^! nuts our object is to det]m9e bett] v>ieties = ,miss\ri conditions1 m pr(itable & economical me?ods ( production & m satisfactory me?ods ( culture1 z well z to /imulate an int]e/ 9 ! m>ket+ & l>g] use ( ^! products4 ,! improv$ v>ieties ( se$l+ black walnut h be5 f\nd to be exce$+ly easy to propagate by cleft graft+ ! native or common se$l+s4 ,! cleft graft has be5 us$ successfully ^u se$l+ trees rang+ 9 diamet] f #a-a_/b in*es to z mu* z #h or #aj in*es4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 x has be5 f\nd be/ to cleft graft bran*es or limbs ( no great] diamet] ?an f #d to #f in*es4 ,su* w\nds1 if prop]ly h&l$1 usually heal ov] completely )9 #c or #d ye>s4 ,:5 l>g] bran*es are us$1 decay is mu* m apt to develop 9 ! w\nd be=e heal+ ov] is accompli%$4 ,! cleft graft+ "w is accompli%$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! limb or bran* is remov$ by saw+ x (f4 ,! end ( ! bran* is !n split ) a regul> graft+ implem5t us$ = ?is purpose2 or ! "w may be accompli%$ ) an axe4 ,if ! bran* is l>ge a w$ge is driv5 9 ! c5t] to hold ! split cavity ap>t & to relieve ! pressure ^u ! scions :i* are to be ins]t$4 ,wood ( ! la/ season's gr[? is procur$ f ! v>iety :i* x is desir$ to propagate & ! l[] end ( ! scion1 :i* is made ab\t #d in*es long1 is :ittl$ to a w$ge %ape1 aft] :i* x is ins]t$ 9 ! slit made ^u ! /ock4 ,:]e ! /ock is m ?an #b in*es 9 diamet]1 x is usually advisable to place #b scions2 & :]e ! /ock is z l>ge z #d to #f in*es or m 9 diamet] #d scions %\ld g5]ally be us$4 ,aft] ! plac+ ( ! scions all ! cut surfaces %\ld be c>efully cov]$ ) graft+ wax4 ,pap] sacks are (t5 us$ 9 our exp]im5tal "w to cov] ! grafts & cut surfaces = a week or #aj days4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! inclos+ ( ! graft$ bran*es 9 pap] sacks = ?is p]iod less5s greatly ! evaporation1 & m ( ! ins]t$ scions are apt to gr[4 ,! scions may gr[ v rapidly1 9 :i* case x is usually necess>y to brace !m by ty+ a /ick or bran* to ! /ock & all[+ x to ext5d = #b or #c feet above ! po9t at :i* ! graft+ "w 0 done4 ,! ins]t$ scions are !n ti$ to ?is support4 ,x is v important t ! gr[] exam9e grafts aft] w9d /orms 9 ord] to repair damage :i* may h be5 done4 ,inve/igations at ?is /ation h %[n t grafts usually be> fruit 9 #d ye>s aft] ! graft+ op]ation4 ,we receive "s fruit1 occasionally1 9 #c ye>s aft] ! "w is p]=m$4 ,x is also int]e/+ to note t :5 se$l+ walnuts ( ! same size are select$1 "s topwork$ & o!rs untreat$1 ! graft$ trees aft] #e ye>s' gr[? g5]ally gr[ tops equally z l>ge z ! tops ( ! ungraft$ trees4 ,! pr9cipal improv$ v>ieties ( black walnut :i* are be+ us$ at ?is ,/ation are z foll[s3 ,/abl]1 ,ohio1 ,?omas & ,t5 ,eyck4 7,note by ! editor4--,! cleft graft describ$ by ,pr(4 ,talb]t has be5 sup]s$$ 9 ! ,ea/ by o!r me?ods1 *iefly ! b>k & ! modifi$ cleft grafts74 ,,c>e ,,& ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,nuts ,,= ,,se$ ,,purposes ,by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,r4 ,lake1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,a nut is a se$1 & a se$1 normally1 is an embryo plant asleep4 ,to keep a nut-se$ asleep & safely re/+ aga9/ ! favorable "t :5 x may awake1 arise & g =?1 z a vigor\s se$l+ b5t ^u a c>e] ( e>? conque/1 requires no great or unusual att5tion & c>e save t :i* is necess>y to ma9ta9 su* conditions z w insure ! complete matur+1 rip5+ & cur+ ( ! se$1 its protection aga9/ ! ravages ( rod5ts or o!r nut-eat+ animals1 undue moi/ure & an unfavorably high temp]ature4 ,9 o!r words h>ve/ ! nuts z soon aft] !y are mature z is possible1 insure _! complete cur+1 /ore !m :]e !y w be kept con/antly s cool t g]m9ation _c take place1 & "s nuts1 z ! black walnut & butt]nut1 may g]m9ate at a temp]ature j above z]o 7c5tigrade787 ,ed47 & keep !m moi/ en\gh to prev5t undue h>d5+ ( ! tissues or enclos+ /ructures 7%ell71 at ! same "t prev5t !m f becom+ saturat$ ) moi/ure & ?us rott+4 ,summ>iz$1 ^! conditions are3 7a7 a temp]ature j too l[ = vegetative activity4 7b7 ,a moi/ure cont5t ( ! nut j bel[ turgidity4 7c7 ,an immunity aga9/ ants1 rats1 mice & squirrels4 ,cur+4 ,a man-devis$ me?od = ha/5+ ! rip5+ ( a matur$ se$ or fruit1 is usually c>ri$ on 9 a m or less enclos$ space :]e ! moi/ure & temp]ature conditions are kept c>efully regulat$1 or 9 a place :]e ! se$s are kept away f direct contact ) sunlight & ! e>?4 ,ord9>ily1 ! nuts are plac$ 9 trays #b to #c deep1 #b' to #b-a_/b' wide & #e' to #f' long4 ,! bottom tray is !n plac$ ^u a pair ( sa:orses or o!r device1 9 a %ady place & #b' to #b-a_/b' above ! gr\nd !n ! o!r trays are plac$ on & above ! fir/ "o until all ! nuts are 9 ! ti] ( trays1 or until x is #b' to #c' tall4 ,sometimes a curr5t ( heat$1 circulat+ air is us$ to d\bly ha/5 ! cur+ process1 b ?is practice is to be disc\rag$ z too (t5 ! undue heat+ ( ! nut g]m :ile 9 ?is /age ( rip5+ injures x1 & ?us ! nuts are r5d]$ unfit = reproduction4 ,! nuts 9 ! trays %\ld be frequ5tly /irr$ or turn$ ov] dur+ ! fir/ week or t5 days :ile cur+4 ,9 ! case ( *e/nuts1 ! crop %\ld be h>ve/$ z soon z possible aft] ! fir/ nuts fall s t ! damage f weevils may be kept at a m9imum4 ,imm$iately aft] ! nuts are surface-dri$ !y %\ld be treat$ to an application ( c>bon disulphide1 "o ounce to a tightly clos$ capacity cont5t ( an apple b>rel2 "t ( treatm5t ab\t #bd h\rs4 ,:ile ?is treatm5t probably w n kill all ! weevils x w insure a mu* l>g] p]c5tage ( g]m9ation ?an !re w\ld be o!rwise4 ,aft] fumigat+ ! nuts %\ld be spread out on wire-clo? bottom trays & plac$ "u a %$ or trees1 :]e a free circulation ( air w 9 a few days suffici5tly cure ! nuts1 s t !y may be /ratifi$ & set away 9 a pit 9 ! gr\nd on ! nor? side ( a build+1 wall1 h$ge-r[ or ev]gre5 trees1 ?us insur+ !m ample moi/ure & protection aga9/ sudd5 *anges ( temp]atures & ! ravages ( rod5ts & o!r pe/s4 ,o!r nuts ( ! temp]ate zone may1 9 a g5]al way1 be treat$ )\t any special c>e o!r ?an t requir$ to keep !m f gett+ moi/ & w>m1 or de/roy$ by rod5ts or o!r nut-eat+ animals1 or by fung\s tr\bles4 ,on ! :ole probably ! be/ me?od ( treatm5t = ! amateur or small gr[] ( se$l+ nut trees1 is to /ratify ! nuts z soon z h>ve/$1 assum+ t ! nuts h be5 fairly well cur$ by a few days' exposure to dry+ air curr5ts4 ,/ratification consi/s 9 lay]+ ! nuts 9 clean1 %>p s&1 light loam or sawdu/ & plac+ !m 9 a cold1 moi/ place1 z a well dra9$ & %ad$ nor? hillside1 :]e _! contact ) ! soil & protection f ! direct rays ( ! sun w insure complete dormancy & at ! same "t prev5t ! developm5t ( fung\s tr\bles4 ,to ?is end ! common practice is to dig a some:at %all[ tr5* & place 9 x1 "o lay] deep1 ! flats 9 :i* ! nuts are /ratifi$4 ,! flat usually employ$ is a %all[1 wood5 box 9 :i* ! bottom is provid$ ) ample1 n>r[ dra9age cracks & ! top cov]$ ) wire clo? t w keep out mice or l>g] rod5ts4 ,n infrequ5tly ! bottom is a wire clo? "o in/ead ( wood4 ,dim5sions ( ! flats v>y1 some:at1 b a conv5i5t size is #cj long1 #ae-af wide1 #c-d deep1 sides ends & bottom be+ made ( lumb] /rips 7creosot$ = pres]vation purposes7 #cd ?ick & #c-d wide4 ,9 ^! flats ! nuts are plac$ lay] ^u lay]1 ) s&1 loam or sawdu/ betwe51 some?+ z foll[s3 "o in* ( s& or o!r m$ium on ! bottom1 !n a s+le lay] ( nuts1 ano!r in* lay] ( s&1 etc41 until ! flat is full1 :5 x is cov]$ ) ! wire clo?1 plac$ 9 ! tr5*1 cov]$ ) a few in*es to a foot ( leaves1 moi/ hay1 corn/alks or ev5 soil1 & left = ! w9t]4 ,at ! "t ! m$ium = lay]+ ! nuts is be+ prep>$1 x w be well1 if ants are pres5t 9 ! section :]e ! nuts are to be /or$1 or lat] plac$ 9 nurs]y b$1 to mix a lib]al p]c5tage ( unlea*$ wood a%es ) ! s&1 sawdu/ or loam1 say "o "p 9 five1 m or less4 ,o!r flats are plac$ alongside or end to end 9 ! tr5* until ! /ock is all 91 :5 ! :ole may be cov]$ uni=mly4 ,! lay] ( leaves or hay next to ! wire cov] ( ! flats assi/s 9 ! "w ( uncov]+ :5 ! inspections are made = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! /ate ( dormancy or g]m9ation4 ,"o /ep m & ! se$ /age passes into ! prov9ce ( ! se$l+4 ,z soon z ! /ratifi$ nuts beg9 to g]m9ate !y %\ld be remov$ f ! flats & plant$ 9 ! nurs]y or propagat+ b$4 ,! site = ?is purpose %\ld be "o t is well dra9$1 op5 to air & sun%9e & possess+ a clean1 f9e1 mell[ & r light loamy soil4 ,! size ( ?is plat w v>y to meet ! ne$s ( ! quantity ( nuts 9 h& & %\ld be prep>$1 pref]ably ! fall be=e1 by /irr+ ! soil deeply & ?or\ghly work+ into x a goodly supply ( well rott$ /able compo/4 ,! r[s = h& culture may be #ah-cj ap>t2 = loose hoe+1 #c' to #c-a_/b' & %\ld lie along nor? & s\? l9es4 ,! di/ance & dep? ( ! nuts 9 ! r[ w v>y ) _! size4 ,9 g5]al1 "o may say t a nut %\ld be plant$ ! l5g? ( ! lat]al diamet] bel[ ! surface ( ! soil1 :5 x has settl$1 or ab\t d\ble t dep? :5 ! soil is fre%ly work$ ov] x4 ,! di/ance ap>t 9 ! r[ w v>y some:at ) ! rapidity ( gr[? ( ! species2 six to eight in*es be+ a fair av]age = walnuts & *e/nuts1 & #d to #f = hickories & pecans4 ,fifte5? ,annual ,conv5tion ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,septemb] #c1 #d1 #e1 #aibd ,species ,v>iety ,exhibitor ,address ,orig9 #a4 ,black walnut ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson ,v9el&1 ,ont4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,ont4 #b4 ,black walnut ,niag>a-on-,lake4 #c4 ,black walnut ,wal% ,simcoe1 ,ont4 #d4 ,black walnut ,electric1 ,ont4 #e4 ,black walnut ,villoria1 ,ont4 #f4 ,black walnut ,ohio ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lanca/]1 ,pa4 #g4 ,black walnut ,/abl] #h4 ,black walnut ,?omas #i4 ,p]sian walnut ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson ,v9el&1 ,ont4 ,c>pa?ian ,mts4 #aj4 ,p]sian walnut ,grimsley1 ,ont4 #aa4 ,p]sian walnut ,/4 ,ca!r9es1 ,ont4 #ab4 ,p]sian walnut ,alp9e ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lanca/]1 ,pa4 #ac4 ,p]sian walnut ,mayette se$l+ #ad4 ,p]sian walnut ,s9clair #ae4 ,p]sian walnut ,wiltz ,mayette #af4 ,he>tnut ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson ,v9el&1 ,ont4 ,ne> ,jordon1 ,ont4 #ag4 ,he>tnut ,ne> ,hamilton1 ,ont4 #ah4 ,he>tnut ,ne> ,scotl&1 ,ont4 #ai4 ,he>tnut ,fau/ ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lanca/]1 ,pa4 #bj4 ,he>tnut ,lanca/] #ba4 ,he>tnut ,rit*ey #bb4 ,sieboldiana walnut ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson ,v9el&1 ,ont4 ,hamilton1 ,ont4 #bc4 ,sieboldiana walnut ,,oac ,campus1 ,guelph4 #bd4 ,%agb>k ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson ,v9el&1 ,ont4 ,electric1 ,ont4 #be4 ,%agb>k ,norfolk ,co41 ,ont4 #bf4 ,%agb>k hybrid ,beav] ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lanca/]1 ,pa4 #bg4 ,%agb>k hybrid ,si]s #bh4 ,pecan ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson ,v9el&1 ,ont4 #ae miles ,n4 ( ,toronto #bi4 ,almond ,gellatly1 ,b4 ,c4 #cj4 ,filb]t ,tray ( mix$ ,gellatly1 ,b4 ,c4 #ca4 ,filb]t ,:ite avel9e ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lanca/]1 ,pa4 #cb4 ,filb]t ,b>celona #cc4 ,filb]t ,cos=d #cd4 ,filb]t ,daviana #ce4 ,filb]t ,du ,*illy #cf4 ,filb]t ,giant de ,halle #cg4 ,filb]t ,italian ,r$ #ch4 ,filb]t ,m]ribrooke #ci4 ,filb]t ,noci ,lunghe #dj4 ,filb]t ,ru% #db4 ,filb]t hybrid ,ru% x ,b>celona #dc4 ,filb]t hybrid ,ru% x ,b>celona #dd4 ,filb]t hybrid ,ru% x ,b>celona #de4 ,filb]t hybrid ,ru% ,cos=d #df4 ,filb]t hybrid ,ru% ,cos=d #dg4 ,filb]t hybrid ,ru% ,giant de ,halle #dh4 ,filb]t hybrid ,ru% ,giant de ,halle #di4 ,filb]t hybrid ,ru% ,giant de ,halle #ej4 ,filb]t hybrid ,ru% ,italian ,r$ #ea4 ,photograph--,walnut-crack+ ma*9e ,black ,walnut ,company1 #eji-aa-ac1 ,spruce ,/41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 #eb4 ,budd+ ,knife ,transcrib]'s note3 ,no4 #da is miss+ 9 ! orig9al ,among ^? pres5t at ! ,fifte5? ,annual ,conv5tion ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association1 7 ! foll[+3 ,dr4 ,n4 ,l4 ,britton1 ,director ( ! ,n4 ,y4 ,botanical ,g>d5s4 ,dr4 ,fr$ ,e4 ,brooks1 ,entomologi/1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,frank ,l4 ,baum1 ,boy]t[n1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,will>d ,g4 ,bixby1 ,baldw91 ,n4 ,y4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,blakeslee1 ,cold ,spr+ ,h>bor1 ,l4 ,i4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,f4 ,a4 ,b>tlett1 ,/am=d1 ,conn4 ,miss ,h4 ,t4 ,b5nett1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,frankl9 ,coll9s1 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,dr4 ,john ,e4 ,cannaday1 ,*>le/on1 ,w4 ,va4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,codd+1 ,mt4 ,v]non1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 ,urbana1 ,ill4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+1 ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 ,mr4 ,z5as ,h4 ,ellis1 ,fair ,hav51 ,vt4 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,d4 ,ellwang]1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 ,ammon ,p4 ,fritz1 #ee ,e4 ,frankl9 ,/41 ,ephrata1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,graf1 ,b>donia1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mrs4 ,b4 ,w4 ,gahn1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,k>l ,w4 ,gre5e1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,a4 ,h[e1 ,assi/ant to ,director1 ,n4 ,y4 ,botanical ,g>d5s4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,hicks1 ,baldw91 ,l4 ,i4 7,hicks' ,nurs]ies74 ,mr4 ,john ,w4 ,h]%ey1 ,e4 ,d[n+ton1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,lee ,:itak] ,jaques1 #gd ,wav]ly ,/41 ,j]sey ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,lanca/]1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,g4 ,ka9s1 ,suff]n1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 ,?omas ,w4 ,little1 ,cos ,cob1 ,conn4 ,dr4 ,robt4 ,t4 ,morris1 ,cos ,cob1 ,r\te #bh1 ,box #ie1 ,/am=d1 ,conn4 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pr(4 ,jas4 ,a4 ,neilson1 ,horticultural ,exp4 ,/ation1 ,v9el&1 ,ont41 ,c4 ,mr4 ,ralph ,t4 ,olcott1 ,ed4 ,am]ican ,nut ,j\rnal1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mrs4 ,r4 ,t4 ,olcott1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,h4 ,o',connor1 ,b[ie1 ,md4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,mr4 ,john ,rick1 ,read+1 ,pa4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dr4 ,osc> ,/apf1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 late ,curator ( ! ,h]b>ium1 ,royal ,botanic ,g>d5s1 ,kew1 ,london1 ,engl&4 ,mr4 ,h>ry ,r4 ,web]1 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio4 ,mrs4 ,laura ,e4 ,woodw>d1 ,we/ ,*e/]1 ,pa4 ,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimm]man1 ,piket[n1 ,pa4 ,nap]ville1 ,ill9ois4 ,e/abli%$ #ahff ,,nap]ville ,,nurs]ies ,,nap]ville1 ,,ill9ois ,transplant$ ,mat]ial = ,,l&scape1 ,,horticultural & ,,=e/ry ,,projects ,,trees1 ,,%rubs1 ,,ev]gre5s & ,,p]5nials--,,l9+ ,,out ,,/ock 99 99 99 99 99 ,,am]ican ,,nut ,,j\rnal ,(ficial ,j\rnal ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ,! only national p]iodical devot$ to ! ,am]ican ,nut ,indu/ry4 ,widely read4 ,highly indors$4 ,e phase cov]$4 ,also ,(ficial ,j\rnal ( ! ,national ,pecan ,gr[]s ,assn4 ,contribut$ to regul>ly by lead+ nut exp]ts g5]ally4 ,?ree ,ye>s #e4jj ,9 ,comb9ation ) ,memb]%ip ,twelve ,mon?s #b4jj 9 ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a41 #a yr4 - #d4ej ,s+le ,copy 4#bj ,advt4 ,rate #b4hj p] col4-wide in* ,,am]ican ,,fruits ,,publi%+ ,,co41 ,,inc4 #ci ,/ate ,/reet ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #abd 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is space is paid = by ,jas4 ,l4 ,brooke1 ,pleasantville1 ,ohio1 :o is only too anxi\s at any "t to assi/ 9 enc\rag+ & promot+ ,nut ,culture 9 ! ,nor?4 ,:ile he has only rec5tly tak5 up ?is "w1 & is !re=e a practical /rang] on ! ro/] ( ,! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association1 he w only be too anxi\s & will+ at any "t to contribute to ! cause 9 any way possible4 ,he is mak+ a ?or\gh se>* 9 8 neighborhood :]e *e/nuts1 hickory nuts & black walnuts gr[ 9 abundance1 = nuts ( approv$ m]it = propagation4 ,9 case any?+ is f\nd along ?is l9e ( endeavor ! active memb]s ( ! association w he> f him & samples ( nuts submitt$4 ,,nut ,,trees ,an extra select v>ietal /ock ( nut trees = nor!rn plant+1 gr[n "h 9 ,p5nsylvania ,nurs]ies4 ,trees graft$ or budd$ on transplant$ /ocks & gr[n on l& especially adapt$ to ^! trees1 result+ 9 extra f9e trees ) exceptionally f9e root sy/ems4 ,write = catalogue & cultural guide4 ,,tools & ,,supplies ,= graft+ or budd+ nut trees or top-work+ wild or natural trees4 ,my me?ods are orig9al & are us$1 ) slight v>iation1 by all ! lead+ propagators1 bo? nor? & s\?4 ,write = booklet on propagation & price li/ ( tools4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,nut ,speciali/ ,,lanca/]1 ,,pa4