,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association 7,,incorporated7 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,proceedings ,,at ,,the ,,fifteenth ,,annual ,,meeting ,,new ,,york ,,city ,,september #c1 #d and #e1 #aibd ,,contents ,officers and ,committees of the ,association #c ,state ,vice-,presidents #d ,members of the ,association #e ,constitution #aj ,by-,laws #ac ,proceedings of the ,fifteenth ,annual ,convention #ae ,secretary's ,report #ae ,treasurer's ,report #ah ,address--,dr4 ,britton #ai ,reports from ,state ,vice-,presidents #bj-cj ,top ,working ,hickories in the ,north--,w4 ,c4 ,deming #cb ,notes on ,mediate and ,immediate ,grafting at ,all ,times of the ,year--,r4 ,t4 ,morris #dd ,stocks ,for ,hickories--,w4 ,g4 ,bixby #dh ,the ,search for ,blight-resisting ,chestnut ,sprouts--,j4 ,f4 ,collins #eg ,protection of ,wounds in ,nut ,trees--,j4 ,f4 ,collins #fa ,a ,harangue on the ,nut ,situation in ,iowa--,s4 ,w4 ,snyder #fe ,some of the ,more ,important ,insects ,attacking ,northern ,nuts--,fred ,e4 ,brooks #fh ,developing a ,nut ,industry in the ,northeast--,g4 ,a4 ,zimmerman #ge ,transplanting ,nut ,trees--,w4 ,g4 ,bixby #gh ,heredity in ,trees and ,plants--,a4 ,f4 ,blakeslee #ha ,progress ,report on ,nut ,culture in ,canada--,j4 ,a4 ,neilson #hh ,notes by ,professor ,a4 ,s4 ,colby #ic ,address by ,prof4 ,mac,daniels #ii ,nut ,tree ,crops as a ,part of ,permanent ,agriculture ,without ,plowing--,j4 ,r4 ,smith #ajc ,notes at ,mr4 ,bixby's ,nut ,orchards and ,nurseries1 ,baldwin1 ,n4 ,y4 #ajg ,exhibits at the ,house of ,w4 ,g4 ,bixby #aac ,notes ,taken at ,merribrooke1 ,dr4 ,morris' ,estate ,near ,stamford1 ,conn4 #aad ,amendment to ,by-,laws #aba ,nuts--,r4 ,s4 ,copeland #abe ,hardiness in ,nut ,trees--,c4 ,a4 ,reed #abg ,walnut ,grafting ,investigations--,t4 ,j4 ,talbert #ace ,care and ,preparation of ,nuts for ,seed ,purposes--,e4 ,r4 ,lake #acg ,exhibits #adj ,members ,present #adb ,,officers ,,of ,,the ,,association ,president ,,harry ,r4 ,,weber1 ,gerke ,building1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio ,vice-,president ,,mrs4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,ellwanger1 #eaj ,east ,avenue1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,secretary ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,box #dhe ,pa4 ,ave4 ,station1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,assistant ,secretary ,,mrs4 ,b4 ,w4 ,,gahn1 #dhe ,pa4 ,ave4 ,station1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,treasurer ,h4 ,j4 ,,hilliard1 ,sound ,view1 ,conn4 ,,directors ,,harry ,r4 ,,weber1 ,,dr4 ,,robt4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,,willard ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,,james ,s4 ,,mcglennon ,,committees ,auditing--,,mrs4 ,,karl ,w4 ,,greene1 ,p4 ,h4 ,o',,connor ,executive--,,harry ,r4 ,,weber1 ,,mrs4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,ellwanger1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,h4 ,j4 ,,hilliard1 ,w4 ,s4 ,,linton1 ,j4 ,s4 ,,mcglennon ,finance--,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,hybrids--,,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,,howard ,,spence ,membership--,,harry ,r4 ,,weber1 ,h4 ,d4 ,,spencer1 ,,dr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,smith1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,olcott1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,j4 ,a4 ,,neilson1 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,j4 ,w4 ,,hershey ,nomenclature--,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones ,press and ,publications--,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,m4 ,g4 ,,kains ,program--,,harry ,r4 ,,weber1 ,f4 ,a4 ,,bartlett1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,,dr4 ,,robt4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,a4 ,s4 ,,colby ,promising ,seedlings--,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,j4 ,a4 ,,neilson1 ,s4 ,w4 ,,snyder ,,state ,,vice-,,presidents ,arkansas ,prof4 ,n4 ,f4 ,drake ,univ4 of ,arkansas1 ,fayetteville ,california ,will ,j4 ,thorpe #aede ,divisadero ,st41 ,san ,francisco ,canada ,james ,a4 ,neilson ,hort4 ,exp4 ,sta41 ,vineland1 ,ontario ,china ,p4 ,w4 ,wang ,sec'y ,kinsan ,arboretum1 #adg ,n4 ,sechuan ,road1 ,shanghai ,connecticut ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming #ihc ,main ,st41 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,dist4 of ,columbia ,karl ,w4 ,greene ,ridge ,road1 ,n4 ,w41 ,washington ,england ,howard ,spence ,the ,red ,house1 ,ainsdale1 ,southport ,georgia ,j4 ,m4 ,patterson ,putney ,illinois ,henry ,d4 ,spencer ,decatur ,indiana ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson ,rockport ,iowa ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder ,center ,point ,kansas ,james ,sharp ,council ,grove ,maryland ,p4 ,h4 ,o',connor ,bowie ,massachusetts ,c4 ,leroy ,cleaver #dif ,commonwealth ,ave41 ,boston ,michigan ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg ,battle ,creek ,missouri ,p4 ,c4 ,stark ,louisiana ,nebraska ,william ,caha ,wahoo ,new ,jersey ,c4 ,s4 ,ridgway ,lumberton ,new ,york ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels ,cornell ,univ41 ,ithaca ,north ,carolina ,h4 ,m4 ,curran ,n4 ,c4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,raleigh ,ohio ,james ,l4 ,brooke ,pleasantville ,oregon ,knight ,pearcy ,salem ,pennsylvania ,john ,rick #dch ,penn ,square1 ,reading ,tennessee ,j4 ,w4 ,waite ,normandy ,utah ,joseph ,a4 ,smith ,edgewood ,hall1 ,providence ,vermont ,f4 ,c4 ,holbrook ,brattleboro ,virginia ,d4 ,s4 ,harris ,roselawn1 ,capital ,landing ,road1 ,williamsburg1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #c ,washington ,richard ,h4 ,turk ,washougal ,west ,virginia ,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,cannaday ,box #fic1 ,charleston ,,members ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association 7,compiled ,november #ab1 #aibd7 ,,arkansas 99,drake1 ,prof4 ,n4 ,f41 ,univ4 of ,arkansas1 ,fayetteville4 ,dunn1 ,d4 ,k41 ,wynne ,,california ,thorpe1 ,will ,j41 #aede ,divisadero ,street1 ,san ,francisco ,,canada ,neilson1 ,jas4 ,a41 ,ontario ,hort4 ,exp4 ,sta41 ,vineland4 ,,china 99,wang1 ,p4 ,w41 ,sec'y1 ,kinsan ,arboretum1 #adg ,no4 ,szechuan ,road1 ,shanghai4 ,,connecticut ,bartlett1 ,francis ,a41 ,stamford ,deming1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c41 #ihc ,main ,st41 ,hartford ,hardon1 ,mrs4 ,henry1 ,wilton ,hilliard1 ,h4 ,j41 ,sound ,view ,hungerford1 ,newman1 ,torrington1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #b1 ,box #ajj ,ives1 ,e4 ,m41 ,sterling ,orchards1 ,meriden ,montgomery1 ,robt4 ,h41 ,cos ,cob1 ,conn4 7#aibd7 99,morris1 ,dr4 ,robt4 ,t41 ,cos ,cob1 ,route #bh1 ,box #ie ,pomeroy1 ,eleazer1 #abj ,bloomfield ,ave41 ,windsor ,sessions1 ,albert ,l41 #be ,bellevue ,ave41 ,bristol ,,district ,,of ,,columbia ,agriculture1 ,library of ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,close1 ,prof4 ,c4 ,p41 ,pomologist1 ,dept4 of ,agriculture ,greene1 ,karl ,w41 ,ridge ,road1 ,n4 ,w4 ,gravatt1 ,g4 ,f41 ,forest ,pathology1 ,b4 ,p4 ,i4 ,agriculture 99,littlepage1 ,t4 ,p41 ,union ,trust ,building ,reed1 ,c4 ,a41 ,dept4 of ,agriculture ,williams1 ,a4 ,ray1 ,union ,trust ,bldg4 ,von ,ammon1 ,s41 ,bureau of ,standards ,gahn1 ,mrs4 ,b4 ,w41 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture ,,england ,spence1 ,howard1 ,the ,red ,house1 ,ainsdale1 ,southport ,,georgia ,patterson1 ,j4 ,m41 ,putney ,steele1 ,r4 ,c41 ,lakemont1 ,rabun ,county ,wight1 ,j4 ,b41 ,cairo ,,illinois ,brown1 ,roy ,w41 #bbj ,e4 ,cleveland ,st41 ,spring ,valley ,casper1 ,o4 ,h41 ,anna ,flexer1 ,walter ,g41 #baj ,campbell ,st41 ,joliet ,foote1 ,lorenzo ,s41 ,anna ,illinois1 ,university of1 ,urbana 7,librarian7 ,mosnat1 ,h4 ,r41 #ajiaj ,prospect ,ave41 ,morgan ,park1 ,chicago ,mueller1 ,robert1 ,decatur ,nash1 ,c4 ,j41 #acjb ,e4 #ecrd ,st41 ,chicago ,potter1 ,hon4 ,w4 ,o41 ,marion ,riehl1 ,e4 ,a41 ,godfrey1 ,route #b ,rodhouse1 ,t4 ,w41 ,jr41 ,pleasant ,hill1 ,r4 ,r4 #b ,shaw1 ,james ,e41 ,champaign1 ,box #fdd ,spencer1 ,henry ,d41 #bge ,w4 ,decatur ,st41 ,decatur ,swisher1 ,s4 ,l41 ,mulkeytown ,vulgamott1 ,chas4 ,e41 ,cerro ,gordo ,,indiana ,clayton1 ,c4 ,l41 ,owensville ,copp1 ,lloyd1 #hai ,w4 ,foster ,st41 ,kokomo ,gilmer1 ,frank1 #ajab ,riverside ,drive1 ,south ,bend ,staderman1 ,a4 ,l41 #abj ,south #gth ,st41 ,terre ,haute ,wilkinson1 ,j4 ,f41 ,rockport ,,iowa ,adams1 ,gerald ,w41 ,moorhead ,armknecht1 ,george1 ,donnellson4 7#aibc7 ,bricker1 ,c4 ,w41 ,ladora ,snyder1 ,s4 ,w41 ,center ,point ,,kansas ,bishop1 ,s4 ,l41 ,conway ,springs1 ,route ,no4 #a ,fessenden1 ,c4 ,d41 ,cherokee ,hardin1 ,martin1 ,horton ,hitchcock1 ,chas4 ,w41 ,belle ,plaine ,gray1 ,dr4 ,clyde1 ,horton ,sharpe1 ,james1 ,council ,grove ,,maryland ,jordan1 ,dr4 ,llewellyn1 #ajj ,baltimore ,ave41 ,takoma ,park ,keenan1 ,dr4 ,john ,f41 ,brentwood ,o',connor1 ,p4 ,w41 ,bowie ,wall1 ,a4 ,v41 ,baltimore ,watkins1 ,asa ,h41 ,mount ,airy4 7#aibd74 ,,massachusetts 99,bowditch1 ,james ,h41 #ijc ,tremont ,bldg41 ,boston ,bowles1 ,francis ,t41 ,barnstable ,cleaver1 ,c4 ,leroy1 ,hingham ,center ,sawyer1 ,james ,c41 ,andover ,,michigan ,bonine1 ,chester ,h41 ,vandalia ,charles1 ,dr4 ,elmer1 ,pontiac ,graves1 ,henry ,b41 #bacd ,dime ,bank ,bldg41 ,detroit ,kellogg1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h41 #bjb ,manchester ,st41 ,battle ,creek 99,linton1 ,hon4 ,w4 ,s41 ,saginaw ,penney1 ,senator ,harvey ,a41 #dbe ,so4 ,jefferson ,ave41 ,saginaw ,michigan1 ,university of1 ,ann ,arbor4 7#aibd74 ,,missouri ,stark1 ,p4 ,c41 ,louisiana ,tiedke1 ,j4 ,f41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d41 ,rockville4 7#aibd74 ,youkey1 ,j4 ,m41 #beai ,monroe ,ave41 ,kansas ,city ,,nebraska ,caha1 ,william1 ,wahoo ,thomas1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,a41 ,lincoln ,,new ,,jersey ,clarke1 ,miss ,e4 ,a41 ,w4 ,point ,pleasant1 ,box #eg ,gaty1 ,theo4 ,e41 #ej ,morris ,ave41 ,morristown 99,jaques1 ,lee ,w41 #gd ,waverly ,st41 ,jersey ,city ,landmann1 ,miss ,m4 ,v41 ,cranbury1 ,r4 ,d4 ,no4 #b ,ridgeway1 ,c4 ,s41 ,lumberton ,,new ,,york ,abbott1 ,frederick ,b41 #abaa ,tabor ,court1 ,brooklyn ,ashworth1 ,fred ,l41 ,heuvelton ,bennett1 ,howard ,s41 #hea ,joseph ,ave41 ,rochester ,bethea1 ,j4 ,g41 #bdc ,rutgers ,st41 ,rochester ,bixby1 ,willard ,g41 #cb ,grand ,ave41 ,baldwin1 ,l4 ,i4 ,bixby1 ,mrs4 ,willard ,g41 #cb ,grand ,ave41 ,baldwin ,brinton1 ,mrs4 ,willard ,cope1 #cf ,so4 ,central ,pk41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city ,buist1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,l41 #c ,hancock ,st41 ,brooklyn ,clark1 ,george ,h41 #aca ,state ,st41 ,rochester ,cothran1 ,john ,c41 #ajd ,high ,st41 ,lockport ,corsan1 ,g4 ,h41 #ee ,hanson ,place1 ,brooklyn ,diprose1 ,alfred ,h41 #dfh ,clinton ,ave41 ,south1 ,rochester ,dunbar1 ,john1 ,dep't4 of ,parks1 ,rochester ,ellwanger1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,d41 #eaj ,east ,ave41 ,rochester ,gager1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,stewart1 ,brooklyn ,botanic ,garden1 ,brooklyn ,gaty1 ,theo4 ,e4 ,jr41 ,clermont ,gillett1 ,dr4 ,henry ,w41 #adj ,w4 #egth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,graham1 ,s4 ,h41 ,r4 ,d4 #e1 ,ithaca ,hart1 ,frank ,e41 ,landing ,road1 ,brighton ,haws1 ,elwood ,d41 ,public ,market1 ,rochester ,hodgson1 ,casper ,w41 ,yonkers1 7,world ,book ,co47 99,huntington1 ,a4 ,m41 #ae ,w4 #hast ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,johnson1 ,harriet1 ,m4 ,b41 #dj ,irving ,place1 ,new ,york ,city ,krieg1 ,fred ,j41 #aa ,gladys ,st41 ,rochester ,liveright1 ,frank ,i41 #abj ,w4 #gjth ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,mac,daniel1 ,s4 ,h41 ,dept4 of ,pomology1 ,new ,york ,state ,college of ,agriculture1 ,ithaca ,motondo1 ,grant ,f41 #aih ,monroe ,ave41 ,rochester ,nolan1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,r41 #dg ,dickinson ,st41 ,rochester ,nolan1 ,m4 ,j41 #dg ,dickinson ,st41 ,rochester ,olcott1 ,ralph ,t4 7,editor ,american ,nut ,journal71 ,ellwanger and ,barry ,building1 ,rochester ,paterno1 ,dr4 ,chas4 ,v41 #aag ,w4 #edth ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city ,pomeroy1 ,a4 ,c41 ,lockport ,rawnsley1 ,mrs4 ,annie1 #bdb ,linden ,st41 ,rochester ,rawnsley1 ,james ,b41 #bdb ,linden ,st41 ,rochester ,reinold1 ,o4 ,s41 ,yonkers-on-,hudson1 7#aibd74 ,schroeder1 ,e4 ,a41 #bbc ,east ,ave41 ,rochester ,shutt1 ,erwin ,e41 #eji ,plymouth ,ave41 ,rochester ,solley1 ,dr4 ,john ,b41 #ifh ,lexington ,ave41 ,new ,york ,city ,teele1 ,arthur ,w41 #abj ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,tucker1 ,geo4 ,b41 #aaj ,harvard ,st41 ,rochester ,vollertsen1 ,conrad1 #cge ,gregory ,st41 ,rochester ,waller1 ,percy1 #bhd ,court ,st41 ,rochester ,wile1 ,m4 ,e41 #iee ,harvard ,st41 ,rochester ,wissman1 ,mrs4 ,f4 de ,r41 ,westchester1 ,new ,york ,city ,wyckoff1 ,e4 ,l41 ,aurora ,,north ,,carolina ,hutchings1 ,miss ,l4 ,c41 ,pine ,bluff ,matthews1 ,c4 ,d41 ,north ,carolina ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,raleigh ,,ohio ,beatty1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,l41 ,route #c1 ,croton ,road1 ,centerburg ,coon1 ,charles1 ,groveport ,dayton1 ,j4 ,h41 7,storrs ,harrison71 ,painesville ,fickes1 ,w4 ,r41 ,wooster1 ,r4 ,no4 #f ,hinnen1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,a41 #acdc ,delta ,ave41 ,cincinnati ,neff1 ,wm4 ,n41 ,martel 99,weber1 ,harry ,r41 #abc ,east #fth ,st41 ,cincinnati ,,pennsylvania ,althouse1 ,c4 ,scott1 #edj ,pear ,st41 ,reading ,baum1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,l41 ,boyertown ,bohn1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,w41 #bd ,no4 #ith ,st41 ,reading ,boy ,scouts of ,america1 ,reading ,davis1 ,miss ,e4 ,w41 ,walnut ,lane and ,odgen ,ave41 ,swarthmore1 ,pennsylvania4 7#aibc74 ,druckemiller1 ,w4 ,h41 #ca ,n4 #dth ,st41 ,sunbury ,fritz1 ,ammon ,p41 #ce ,e4 ,franklin ,st41 ,ephrata ,gribbel1 ,mrs4 ,john1 ,wyncote ,hershey1 ,john ,w41 ,e4 ,downingtown ,hess1 ,elam ,g41 ,manheim ,hile1 ,anthony1 ,curwensville ,jenkins1 ,charles ,francis1 ,farm ,journal1 ,philadelphia 99,jones1 ,j4 ,f41 ,lancaster1 ,box #ebg ,kaufman1 ,m4 ,m41 ,clarion ,leach1 ,will1 ,cornell ,building1 ,scranton ,mellor1 ,alfred1 #aeb ,w4 ,walnut ,lane1 ,germantown1 ,philadelphia ,minick1 ,c4 ,g41 ,ridgway ,paden1 ,riley ,w41 ,enon ,valley ,patterson1 ,j4 ,e41 #gg ,north ,franklin ,st41 ,wilkes-,barre ,pratt1 ,arthur ,h41 ,kennett ,square 99,rick1 ,john1 #dch ,penn ,square1 ,reading ,rose1 ,william ,j41 #ee ,north ,west ,st41 ,carlisle ,rush1 ,j4 ,g41 #fcj ,third ,st41 ,lancaster ,smedley1 ,samuel ,l41 ,newton ,square1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a ,smith1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell1 ,swarthmore ,wilhelm1 ,dr4 ,edward ,a41 ,clarion 99,wister1 ,john ,c41 ,clarkson and ,wister ,sts41 ,germantown ,zimmerman1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,a41 ,piketown ,,rhode ,,island ,allen1 ,philip1 ,providence ,,tennessee ,waite1 ,j4 ,w41 ,normandy ,,utah ,smith1 ,joseph ,a41 ,edgewood ,hall1 ,providence ,,vermont ,aldrich1 ,a4 ,w41 ,springfield1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #c ,ellis1 ,zenas ,h41 ,fair ,haven ,holbrook1 ,f4 ,c41 ,battleboro ,,virginia ,gould1 ,katherine ,clemons1 ,boonsboro1 ,care of ,c4 ,m4 ,daniels1 via ,lynchburg1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #d ,harris1 ,d4 ,s41 ,roselawn1 ,capital ,landing ,road1 ,williamsburg1 ,r4 #c ,hopkins1 ,n4 ,s41 ,dixondale ,jordan1 ,j4 ,h41 ,bohannon ,moock1 ,harry ,c41 ,roanoke1 ,route #e ,,washington ,berg1 ,d4 ,h41 ,nooksack ,turk1 ,richard ,h41 ,washougal ,,west ,,virginia ,brooks1 ,fred ,e41 ,french ,creek ,cannaday1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,e41 ,charleston1 ,box #fic ,hartzel1 ,b4 ,f41 ,shepherdstown ,mish1 ,a4 ,f41 ,inwood ,,wisconsin ,holden1 ,dr4 ,louis ,edward1 ,beloit 99 ,life ,member4 ,,constitution ,,article ,i ,name4 ,this society shall be known as the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association4 ,,article ,,ii ,object4 ,its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants1 their products and their culture4 ,,article ,,iii ,membership4 ,membership in the society shall be open to all persons who desire to further nut culture1 without reference to place of residence or nationality1 subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on membership4 ,,article ,,iv ,officers4 ,there shall be a president1 a vice-president1 a secretary and a treasurer1 who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting2 and an executive committee of six persons1 of which the president1 the two last retiring presidents1 the vice-president1 the secretary and the treasurer shall be members4 ,there shall be a state vice-president from each state1 dependency1 or country represented in the membership of the association1 who shall be appointed by the president4 ,,article ,v ,election of ,officers4 ,a committee of five members shall be elected at the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the following year4 ,,article ,,vi ,meetings4 ,the place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected by the membership in session or1 in the event of no selection being made at this time1 the executive committee shall choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention4 ,such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee4 ,,article ,,vii ,quorum4 ,ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum1 but must include two of the four elected officers4 ,,article ,,viii ,amendments4 ,this constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting1 notice of such amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting1 or a copy of the proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting4 ,,by-,,laws ,article ,i ,committees4 ,the association shall appoint standing committees as follows3 ,on membership1 on finance1 on programme1 on press and publication1 on nomenclature1 on promising seedlings1 on hybrids1 and an auditing committee4 ,the committee on membership may make recommendations to the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member4 ,,article ,,ii ,fees4 ,annual members shall pay three dollars annually1 or four dollars and a half including a year's subscription to the ,american ,nut ,journal4 ,contributing members shall pay ten dollars annually1 this membership including a year's subscription to the ,american ,nut ,journal4 ,life members shall make one payment of fifty dollars1 and shall be exempt from further dues4 ,honorary members shall be exempt from dues4 ,,article ,,iii ,membership4 ,all annual memberships shall begin either with the first day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the association1 or with the first day of the calendar quarter preceding that date as may be arranged between the new member and the ,treasurer4 ,,article ,,iv ,amendments4 ,by-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members present at any annual meeting4 ,,article ,v ,members shall be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they are due1 and if not paid within two months1 they shall be sent a second notice1 telling them that they are not in good standing on account of non-payment of dues1 and are not entitled to receive the annual report4 ,at the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice1 a third notice shall be sent notifying such members that unless dues are paid within ten days from receipt of this notice1 their names will be dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues4 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,proceedings at the ,,fifteenth ,,annual ,,convention of the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers' ,,association1 ,,inc4 ,september #c1 #d and #e1 #aibd ,held in the ,,museum ,,of ,,the ,,botanical ,,gardens ,,bronx ,,park1 ,,new ,,york ,,city ,,excursions ,baldwin1 ,long ,island1 ,sept4 #d ,stamford1 ,connecticut1 ,sept4 #e ,chairman--,,president ,,harry ,r4 ,,weber ,,first ,,day--,,morning ,,session ,,the ,,president3 ,the meeting will please be in order1 and we will have the secretary read his report4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,secretary's ,report for #aibd4--;,fourteen years ago1 on ,november #ag1 #aiaj1 two women and ten men1 seers and prophets1 met for organization in this building at the invitation of ,dr4 ,n4 ,l4 ,britton1 at that time and now1 ,director of the ,new ,york ,botanic ,gardens4 ,we meet here again today by reason of his unfailing kindness4 ,of the twelve persons present at that first meeting1 three are here again1 ,dr4 ,britton1 ,dr4 ,morris and myself1 and two are known to be dead1 ,prof4 ,craig of ,cornell ,university1 and ,mr4 ,henry ,hales1 of ,ridgewood1 ,new ,jersey4 ,the association has held an annual convention each year of its existence except during the war1 in #aiah1 when no formal meeting was held4 ,an annual report has been published every year1 except that the report of the proceedings of the first meeting was incorporated in the report of the second meeting1 and the ninth report1 that for #aiah1 has not yet been issued4 ,the present secretary has held the office every year except in #aiah and #aiai1 during military service1 when ,mr4 ,bixby took his place4 ,from an educational and scientific standpoint ,i think the association may be said to have fulfilled creditably its original declaration of purpose1 the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants1 their products and their culture4 ,many choice nuts have been brought to notice and perpetuated4 ,the establishment of nurseries where grafted nut trees of choice varieties may be obtained has been encouraged4 ,the art of grafting and propagating nut trees has been brought to a high degree of success by members of the association4 ,experimental orchards1 both of transplanted nursery trees and of topworked native trees1 have been established in widely separated parts of the country4 ,acting on the suggestion and request of members of the association1 ,mr4 ,olcott established the ,american ,nut ,journal1 one of the most important of our accomplishments4 ,finally1 and perhaps best of all1 a number of horticultural institutions have taken up seriously the study of nut culture and the planting of experimental orchards4 ,testimony to this will be found in letters to be read by the secretary and in the presence on our program today of representatives of several horticultural and other institutions of learning4 ,i believe that the association can take credit to itself for having1 by its publications and other means of influence1 in large degree brought about this interest and action4 ,as for any commercial success in nut-growing1 brought about by our activities1 when we compare nut-growing in our field with pecan-growing in the ,south1 and with walnut1 almond1 and perhaps filbert-growing1 on the ,pacific ,coast1 our results are meagre indeed4 ,of course commercial production1 the building of a new industry of food supply for the people1 is our ultimate goal4 ,why are our results in this direction1 after fourteen years of effort1 so small8 ,is it because we have devoted ourselves too exclusively to the scientific and educational aspects of our problems and neglected1 either from over-cautiousness or from inertia1 to encourage commercial plantings8 ,there are some of our members who think that we have4 ,they say that we should have been bolder in assuring people of success to be attained in nut tree planting4 ,as for me ,i do not think that we have been too cautious4 ,we who are so accused1 can point to the disastrous results of following the advice of commercially interested persons1 results which have had much to do with retarding and discouraging nut planting and counteracting the labors of our association4 ,but now1 however1 ,i believe that we have reached a state of knowledge where we can confidently recommend the commercial planting of nut orchards4 ,we recommend the ,indiana pecan in many states2 the improved black walnuts over a much wider area1 and the chestnut in many localities where it is not a native tree4 ,the top-working of native hickories and black walnuts also can be confidently recommended4 ,in every case1 however1 the adaptability of the kind of nut to the locality should be passed upon by an expert4 ,in every case1 also1 even in that of top-working native hickories and walnuts1 intelligent and generous care is essential for any degree of commercial success4 ,it is probable also1 that the planting of the ,european filbert can be recommended under conditions of intelligent care4 ,now what of the association's future8 ,the field is boundless but the working cash is wanting4 ,faith is unlimited but works are conditioned by want of appeal to commercial powers4 ,it is almost a vicious circle1 no commercial appeal no money1 no money no development to appeal to commerce4 ,but we do make progress and it is accelerated progress4 ,in time we must necessarily arrive at our goal4 ,our lines of advance are sketched out and our progress along these lines depends on the energy of the workers and the means with which they have to work4 ,i shall ask the association to establish a rule as to when members are in good standing and when they should be dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues4 ,i shall also ask for a clear understanding1 in the form of an amendment to the by-laws1 on the question of annual dues and their combination with the ,american ,nut ,journal4 ,it is desirable that we have a ruling as to a fiscal year4 ,the delay in the issuance of the annual report was due to my unwillingness to contract debts for the payment of which funds were not in sight4 ,the treasurer's report will show that we have a surplus in the treasury to date of about #ej4 ,the report of the treasurer is too long to be read at this time1 so ,i will simply repeat that it shows on hand a cash surplus of #ej4 ,i will turn the detailed report over to the auditing committee for their action4 ,,treasurer',s ,,report ,,statement ,,of ,,accounts ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers' ,,association ,,from ,,oct4 #c1 #aibc1 ,,to ,,aug4 #ca1 #aibd1 ,,both ,,inclusive ,,note--,owing to delay in mails1 the report given below is a later one than that used by the secretary4 ,the one here included should have reached the secretary previous to convention1 and it is the final1 correct statement4 ,,receipts ,membership--,plan ,no4 #a #b4jj ,membership--,plan ,no4 #b #ai4be ,membership--,plan ,no4 #f #aaa4jj ,membership--,plan ,no4 #g #adi4ej ,membership--,plan ,no4 #i #h4be ,membership--,plan ,no4 #aj #g4ge ------- ,total receipts from membership #big4ge ,transfer of ,funds from ,former ,treasurer #ajd4ac ,contributions #bce4jj ,sales of ,literature #aj4ja ,interest 4#aj ------- ,total #fdf4ii ,,expenditures ,cash on hand 4#hj ,middletown ,national ,bank1 ,middletown1 ,conn4 7,deposit7 #agj4fd ,litchfield ,savings ,society1 ,litchfield1 ,conn4 7,deposit7 #d4bc ,charged to ,loss4 #b ,subs1 to ,amn4 ,nut ,journal on former ,treasurer's account #c4jj ,expenses3 ,postage1 ,express and ,insurance #i4gi ,government ,envelopes and ,stamps #ae4fc ,adhesive ,stamps #h4ed ,postal ,cards #a4be ,postal ,cards and ,printing #c4be ,registry ,fee and ,money ,order ,fee 4#ah ,telegrams #a4ah ,reporting ,proceedings of ,rochester ,convention #ej4jj ,transcript of ,proceedings of ,rochester ,convention #he4jj ,reporting1 etc41 ,proceedings of ,washington ,convention #fj4jj ,blank ,account ,book for the ,association #e4jj ,seal for the ,association #g4jj #ajjj ,letterheads #h4ej #aejj ,letters #h4ej #ejj ,letters1 double sheet #h4jj #aejj ,circulars #f4ej #ejj ,reports1 7#ib pp41 including cover7 #ahd4jj #ejj ,manila ,envelopes #b4jj ,printing #a4ej ,addressing and ,mailing #b4ej ------ #dfh4cb ------- #fdf4ii ,respectfully submitted1 ,h4 ,j4 ,,hilliard1 ,treas41 ,northern ,nut ,growers ,ass'n1 ,inc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,president3 ,we will now be addressed by ,dr4 ,britton1 ,director of the ,botanical ,gardens in which we are assembled4 ,,dr4 ,,britton3 ,mr4 ,president and ,members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association3 ,by curious coincidence1 in looking over the records of the ,new ,york ,botanical ,society's reports1 ,i find the printed account of the organization meeting of your association4 ,it is printed in the ,journal of the ,new ,york ,botanical ,gardens1 ,no4 #acb1 for ,december1 #aiaj4 ,the article is written by ,george ,b4 ,nash4 ,i believe ,i will read this report and if1 perchance1 the document is not in your files1 ,i will turn this copy over to your president for preservation4 ,,organization ,,meeting1 ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,a meeting was held in the museum building on ,november #ag1 7#aiaj7 for the purpose of organizing an association devoted to the interests of nut-growing4 ,the meeting was called to order shortly after #b p4 m4 by ,dr4 ,n4 ,l4 ,britton1 who welcomed those present and wished them success in their undertaking4 ,during his remarks he referred to a recent visit to ,cuba where he succeeded in collecting nuts of the ,cuban walnut1 ,juglans insularis ,griseb4 ,specimens of these were exhibited and some of them presented to ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,morris for his collection of edible nuts of the world1 deposited at ,cornell ,university4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming was made chairman of the meeting and a temporary secretary was elected4 ,the chairman read a number of letters from various parts of the country expressing an active interest in the formation of an organization such as was proposed4 ,a committee of three was appointed by the chair to draft a constitution4 ,this committee1 consisting of ,mr4 ,john ,craig1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,morris and ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 submitted a report recommending that the name of the organization be the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association1 that residents of all parts of the country be eligible to membership1 and that the officers be a president1 a vice-president and a secretary-treasurer4 ,an executive committee of five was also provided for1 two of said committee to be the president and secretary-treasurer4 ,the annual dues were placed at #b4jj1 and life membership at #bj4jj4 ,the recommendations of the committee were adopted4 ,an interesting exhibition of nuts1 and specimens illustrating methods of grafting1 formed a feature of the meeting4 ,chestnuts1 walnuts1 and hickory nuts1 including the pecan1 were illustrated in much variety4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage had a series of nuts of the pecan which he had collected from a number of selected trees in ,kentucky and vicinity4 ,one of these1 almost globular in form1 was of particular excellence1 being of clean cleavage and delicious flavor4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,morris was elected president2 ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 vice-president2 and ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 secretary-treasurer4 ,george ,v4 ,nash4 ,,dr4 ,,britton3 ,may ,i say to you that our good wishes for your association1 expressed at that time1 are simply repeated now1 and we hope that you will make yourselves at home and as comfortable as possible4 ,we have made arrangement for the convention to leave here about one o'clock1 for luncheon at ,sormani's as guests of the ,botanical ,society4 ,the autos will be at the door promptly1 so ,i trust that you will adjust the session so as to be free to leave then4 ,,the ,,president3 ,we wish to extend our thanks to ,dr4 ,britton for his kind remarks and for his hospitality4 ,we will now have the secretary read reports from our state vice-presidents4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,these are very interesting4 ,the first one is from ,mrs4 ,ellwanger1 our state vice-president for ,new ,york4 7,reading in part7 ,my walnut trees are doing well and have many more nuts than ever before4 ,the filberts planted two years ago1 also have some1 and the chestnuts1 those the blight have left me1 are covered with burs4 ,there are beech nuts1 too4--,i intend to keep on planting chestnut trees1 in spite of the blight4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,ridgway1 ,lumberton1 ,new ,jersey1 writes as follows3 ,there are very few nut trees in our vicinity4 ,in fact1 very few except what ,i have--some large old pecans at ,mt4 ,holley1 but the fruit is so small they are not gathered4 ,the next letter is from ,mr4 ,howard ,spence1 of ,ainsdale1 ,southport1 ,england4 ,mr4 ,spence writes3 ,during the last year ,i have got one of our horticultural research stations interested in the subject of walnut culture and just recently the headquarters of the ,ministry of ,agriculture and ,fisheries also4 ,the latter are using a small pamphlet on nut culture generally1 to which ,i have contributed some facts4 ,but a point of more definite interest at the moment is that the ,minister has agreed to instruct all their inspectors over the country to make a collection of all walnuts of merit and forward them to me for classification and identification of varieties which may be worth perpetuating4 ,as almost all the large number of trees in this country are seedlings ,i am hopeful that some interesting material may be located4 ,here is a letter from ,mr4 ,richard ,h4 ,turk1 ,vice-,president for the state of ,washington3 ,your request for a report from this ,pacific ,coast state came as a surprise4 ,the ,western ,walnut ,growers' ,association is very strongly organized as regards ,oregon and ,washington1 and it is difficult to persuade our nut growers here to join an association with its base of operations so far removed as the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association4 ,i believe that ,i have been responsible for an additional membership of at least one or two which ,i think can be considerably augmented this fall4 ,filbert growing has firmly caught hold of the enthusiasm of the people here4 ,the acreage has reached #b1jjj acres as compared to a bare #aej acres of six years ago4 ,i estimate a planting of #a1ejj additional acres to this quick bearing nut1 this season4 ,i have trees enough in my nursery to plant #fjj acres but regard the majority of the plants as being too small4 ,planters plant even the smallest one-year layers out a distance varying from ten to twenty-five feet4 ,i regard this as a waste of time1 money and energy4 ,trees with two year old roots are none too big4 ,the variety most planted is the ,barcelona1 closely followed by ,du ,chilly1 and is supported by pollinizers for these two varieties at the rate of one pollinizer to every nine of the commercial sort4 ,intent eyes are watching every new seedling in search of new and superior varieties4 ,some have been found and will be propagated4 ,nut growers are but warming to the idea4 ,i am putting out eight thousand four-year old seedling filbert trees in orchard form to be tested for qualities desired in a better filbert4 ,tree filberts instead of bushes is a new idea that is fast gaining headway against the old method of removing the suckers by hand each season4 ,corylus colurna1 the ,turkish species1 and ,corylus chinensis1 the ,chinese tree hazel1 are most favored as stocks4 ,it has been found that these trees are easily grafted to filberts1 that they are extremely hardy and grow twice as fast as the filbert1 and that the vigor of the stock enlarges the size of the nut1 regardless of variety4 ,foremost in the recommendation of grafted tree filberts1 ,i have correspondents in many foreign countries and have arranged for the delivery of several thousand pounds of these nuts to grow seedlings of4 ,the tree hazel is of the future as yet1 and one must recognize the demand for layered stock until replaced by what appears to be better4 ,to add at least thirty acres to my present filbert plantings this year is my desire4 ,i am planting at least #djj trees to the acre as interplants in a grafted walnut orchard4 ,no use in wasting time before the trees begin to bear profitable crops4 ,three and four years at most for man-sized returns when using a ten foot planting4 ,one planting of ,du ,chilly filberts last year produced an average of close to #dj pounds per tree on nine-year-old trees and an average of #aj pounds on four-year-old trees4 ,the spread of the latter trees was scarce four feet1 and ,i counted #bb nuts on a branch eight inches in length4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,ward reports an average crop of #bjj nuts to each two-year-old filbert tree in his four-acre planting this season4 ,these are also ,du ,chillys that are fast building up a sentiment favoring them before the lower-priced ,barcelona variety4 ,the ,barcelona is a more vigorous tree and shells out of the husk #ge whereas the ,du ,chilly is but #dj self husking1 but that will not offset the differential of five to ten cents per pound in favor of the great1 oblong nuts4 ,the walnut acreage of ,washington and ,oregon is approximately #ab1jjj acres and is now taking a new hold with all the additional planting being made up of grafted trees4 ,the ,,vrooman ,,franquette variety grafted on the ,california black walnut stock is the tree used in these plantings4 ,formerly1 seedlings of the so-called second generation type were quite popular1 but when it became evident that seedlings would not transmit the superior qualities of the parent1 that method of propagation was thrown into the discard4 ,eight thousand acres of the acreage now out1 are seedling trees that must be topworked before ,oregon will be truly famous for the quality of the nuts it produces4 ,these seedling trees are paying at present under our present high prices after many years of barrenness4 ,my own #ijj seedling trees ,i top-worked last year to the ,vrooman ,franquette variety1 placing as many as thirty grafts in some trees and obtained an average of #gj per cent successful grafts4 ,these grafts have made wonderful growth this season1 and are quite capable of bearing large quantities of nuts next season4 ,my crew of walnut grafters are becoming well known over a radius of #ajj miles1 and the work they are doing is a road to profit for many an owner of unproductive nut trees4 ,this fall ,i intend publishing some of the leading articles of the nut-growing authorities of this section1 in conjunction with a catalogue well illustrated and containing my experience as a nut grower4 ,anyone contemplating planting walnuts or filberts may well send in their reservation of copy4 ,generally speaking1 nut tree nurserymen and nut tree planters have not had time nor desire to add to the literature on this subject4 ,i believe that when the nurserymen get behind the move to plant nut trees there will be some very interesting developments4 ,there is one good thing in sight1 and that is that it will not be the old-fashioned seedling that they will push this time4 ,i think that you people of the ,east have got to make another determined effort to drive home the impossibility of seedlings ever being satisfactory4 ,outside the association a nut tree is a nut tree regardless of seedling and grafted trees1 and one is expected to bear just as many fine large nuts as the other and just as soon4 ,after losing twenty to thirty thousand dollars in delayed returns from a seedling walnut orchard1 is it any wonder that ,i oppose the planting of more seedlings by the unwary8 ,in concluding this report ,i wish to state that ,i have talked nuts before a score of different meetings during the last year1 and in the press of ,oregon and ,washington have done much to encourage the prospective grower4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,it seems to me that this report is one that will be very useful to nut growers in the ,east and very suggestive to beginners in nut growing4 ,i would like to ask ,mr4 ,reed if he has any comments to make on the report4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,as ,i know conditions in the ,pacific ,northwest ,mr4 ,turk has given an accurate report4 ,the one criticism that ,i might make would be1 perhaps1 that there seems to be a probability of over-enthusiasm4 ,this often occurs in any part of the country with respect to new things4 ,it has been most conspicuous with the pecan in the ,south1 and the almond industry in the ,west4 ,as the pioneers in the nut industry in ,oregon and ,washington are acquiring greater experience they are increasingly more cautious with regard to such matters as varieties1 planting sites1 planting distances1 interpollination1 and others of kindred nature4 ,the industry in the ,northwest is still comparatively small4 ,it is centered mainly in the ,willamette ,valley of ,oregon and to some extent in a narrow strip running north towards ,seattle4 ,the best informed are planting only in fertile1 moist1 properly drained soils so situated that air drainage is good4 ,the local soils are much more variable than would be suggested by casual observation4 ,also1 greater attention is being paid to air drainage in that part of the country than in the ,east4 ,several years ago there was a sudden drop in temperature from #cb degrees above to #bd degrees below zero1 at ,mc,minnville1 ,oregon4 ,this proved fatal to trees and plants of many kinds1 particularly those on flat bottoms or on hillsides from which1 for any reason1 the cold air was prevented from blowing to lower levels4 ,in addition to the species of nuts discussed by ,mr4 ,turk1 something might be said regarding the possibilities of chestnut culture in the ,pacific ,northwest4 ,numerous trees1 planted singly or even in small groups found there1 grow so well as to indicate plainly that the genus is capable of adapting itself to existing environment4 ,however1 both planters and consumers are generally prejudiced against the chestnut4 ,this is easily explained for the reason that either sufficient numbers of varieties have not been planted together to ensure interpollination1 or ,japanese chestnuts have been planted4 ,early planters were evidently not aware that most varieties are largely self-sterile1 and they did not know that the average ,japanese chestnuts are fit for consumption only when cooked4 ,had these two facts been taken into consideration by them1 it is not improbable that there would now have been an entirely different situation regarding the chestnut in that part of the country4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i have a few more reports4 ,is it the sentiment of the meeting that ,i go on reading them8 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,i would like to hear the reports4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,knight ,pearcy1 from ,salem1 ,oregon1 writes3 ,both filbert and walnut planting have continued in ,oregon during the past year4 ,there has been a steady increase in the acreage of these two nut crops during the past five years but1 fortunately1 no planting boom4 ,the older walnut orchards are almost all seedling groves and many of these seedling groves are producing a very attractive revenue4 ,practically all of the new plantings are of grafted trees1 it having been amply demonstrated that1 while seedlings are often revenue producers1 the grafted orchards bring in more revenue and at no greater cost of operation4 ,seedling orchards are offered for sale1 but very few grafted plantings are on the market4 ,the ,franquette continues to be the principal tree planted2 probably #ie of the new plantings being of this variety4 ,a co-operative walnut marketing association has been formed1 and this year for the first time carlot shipments of ,oregon nuts will be sent ,east4 ,the filbert1 a younger member of the ,oregon horticultural family than the walnut1 is being planted as heavily as the walnut1 if not more heavily4 ,probably #fj1jjj trees were planted in the ,willamette ,valley of ,oregon last year4 ,production of filberts has not yet become heavy enough to supply home markets4 ,it will probably be some time before ,oregon filberts reach eastern markets4 ,no other nuts are grown commercially in the state1 although the chestnut does well here4 ,mr4 ,t1 ,c4 ,tucker1 ,state ,vice-,president from ,california1 writes3 ,the principal consideration in relation to the ,california nut situation is a recognition of the tremendous increase in planting within the last ten years4 ,many of these newly planted orchards have already come into bearing4 ,the marketable almond tonnage of ,california has increased until it is now over three times that of ten years ago4 ,the walnut tonnage has doubled during the same period4 ,new plantings are going forward very slowly at the present time due to the conditions prevailing in the fruit industry in general4 ,economic conditions1 coupled with the keenest kind of foreign competition have interfered materially with the sale of almonds in this country1 with the result that almond growers have been losing money every year for the past four years4 ,at the same time the tremendously increased domestic tonnage has resulted in keeping the prices to the consumer very low in relation to pre-war prices and costs4 ,the consumer has been getting the benefit of maintaining the domestic almond producers in the business4 ,the fact that domestic tonnage cannot be kept down1 as soon as a profit is in sight1 warrants the ,american public in maintaining a sizable industry in this country by means of a protective tariff1 even though it may appear on the surface as though it might mean increased prices4 ,the experiences of the last four years have demonstrated beyond a doubt that increases in import duties have not resulted in increased prices to the consumer4 ,they have1 in fact1 increased the competition to a point where prices have dropped rather than risen4 ,the same situation applies to walnuts1 except possibly as regards losses to growers during recent years4 ,the fact that walnuts ordinarily take longer to come into bearing than almonds has prevented any rapid increase in production such as has taken place with almonds4 ,they are1 however1 facing many of the same conditions of keen competition from countries where costs of production are very1 very low4 ,conditions this year point to both almond and walnut crops of approximately the same size as last year4 ,that means the walnut crop will be around #be1jjj tons and the almond crop around #aj1jjj tons4 ,the condition of the walnut crop seems to be about normal4 ,where irrigation is not available they are suffering from lack of water4 ,almonds this year are showing in many districts the disastrous effects of the unusually dry season4 ,this will show up most strongly1 however1 in reduced tonnage for next year1 and stick-tights for this year4 ,these latter1 however1 are not saleable1 so the consumer need not worry but that the almonds received in the markets will be good1 edible almonds4 ,what the final outcome of the drought will be it is a little too early to tell4 ,pecans and filberts are produced in such small quantities in ,california that they do not affect the market in any way except possibly locally4 ,there is nothing to indicate any abnormal condition affecting either of these in the few places where they are grown4 ,no large plantings of either of these nuts are being made1 since there seems to be considerable question as to how successful they will be from a commercial standpoint4 ,chestnuts are not being planted as fast as they might be1 especially in those sections of the state to which they are well adapted4 ,with the rapid disappearance of the chestnut forests of the eastern states1 through the ravages of the chestnut bark disease1 there is no reason why chestnuts could not be grown in ,california1 especially in many of the foot-hill districts4 ,this1 of course1 presupposes that the chestnut bark disease can be kept out of the state1 and we believe it can be4 ,the general price situation1 however1 is such as to discourage any extensive plantings at this time4 ,the interest that is being taken in possible future plantings1 however1 is such that it appears reasonable to believe that the next few years will see materially larger plantings made1 provided there is any improvement in agricultural economy conditions4 ,mr4 ,james ,sharp1 ,vice-,president from ,kansas1 writes3 ,the only nut native here is black walnut1 and the crop is heavy4 ,there are some ,stabler and ,thomas planted here1 and some grafted on native black are bearing4 ,we have something like fifty grafted pecans planted of all varieties1 but none bearing yet4 ,the pecan is a native south and east of here in ,kansas1 and the crop is good1 ,i understand4 ,we also have a few grafted sweet chestnuts growing in ,kansas which are bearing well1 and more are being planted4 ,i have one ,english walnut growing near my house1 which had male blooms last spring1 but no nuts4 ,we do not think they will be a success in ,kansas but we hope to grow some nuts on our tree next year1 the first in ,kansas4 ,mr4 ,u4 ,h4 ,walker1 ,nacla1 ,colorado1 who says he is probably the only one in that state attempting to grow nut trees1 instead of fruit1 writes of his attempts4 ,his place is at an altitude of #e1hjj feet1 where he can at times look down into the clouds1 and on clear days can look up into perpetual snow4 ,mr4 ,walker has black walnut trees that have produced crops each year for the last ten years1 three pecan trees and two persimmons4 ,he has been experimenting with nut trees obtained from the government for the last ten or twelve years1 and is willing to plant and care for any trees which the members of the association would like to have tried out in the center of the ,rocky ,mountain district4 ,prof4 ,v4 ,r4 ,gardner1 ,michigan ,agricultural ,college1 in a letter to ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 says3 ,we are getting a very nice collection of hardy nuts started on our ,graham ,station grounds near ,grand ,rapids4 ,these are for the most part young trees being planted in orchard form4 ,we are also doing some top-grafting and as soon as we shall be able to accumulate more data upon which to base recommendations1 ,i am inclined to think that we will put on a number of nut grafting demonstrations in the state4 ,i am sure there will be a demand for it4 ,if your meetings could be held later in the year1 perhaps some time during the winter1 ,i think it would be easier for some of the station men to attend them4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,might ,i add that ,prof4 ,gardner was at one time ,assistant in ,horticulture at ,corvallis1 in the heart of the walnut district of ,oregon4 ,from there he went to ,missouri as ,state ,horticulturist4 ,during the three years at that place he top-worked a considerable number of walnut trees with scions of supposedly hardy varieties of ,persian walnuts1 especially the ,franquette1 and such varieties of ,eastern black as he could obtain4 ,the ,persian practically was killed out during the first winter4 ,the black walnut tops are now coming into bearing1 and considerable attention is being attracted to them throughout the ,mid-,west4 ,prof4 ,colby may know something further regarding the work in ,missouri4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i hope you notice how many more reports we are getting from the men connected with the horticultural departments of the state institutions4 ,here is a letter from ,h4 ,h4 ,bartlett1 ,director of the ,botanical ,gardens at ,ann ,arbor1 ,university of ,michigan3 ,our ,botanical ,garden in its present location is relatively new1 having been established only in #aiad4 ,the development of permanent plantings has been mostly in the last two or three years1 so you see we have as yet done nothing with nut trees other than to assemble what varieties we could get hold of4 ,i must confess that the poor little things look much as if the wrath of heaven had overtaken them4 ,we had #h degrees of frost on the night of ,may #bb;d1 when all the trees were in young leaf4 ,all the nut trees were badly killed back1 some below the graft1 so ,i've had to pull some out4 ,since they had only a miserable start last year1 they look pretty sad now4 ,however1 ,i'll replace where necessary1 and hope for better luck next time4 ,if there should be an opportunity in the course of the discussion to state that we are prepared to receive and take care of nut trees that originators wish to try out in this region1 ,i shall appreciate it4 ,we are receiving occasional nut-bearing plants from the ,office of ,seed and ,plant ,introduction of the ,department of ,agriculture1 and are very glad to act as a testing station for new introductions or productions4 ,in order not to give a false impression as to the extent of our work1 ,i feel impelled to say that we haven't yet a nut tree in bearing1 and only one over three feet high4 ,mr4 ,conrad ,vollertsen writes that he will not be able to be here as he had planned4 ,he states that all of his #ca varieties of filbert trees1 except one1 have fairly good nut crops4 ,his place1 as you know1 is in ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,bartlett1 of ,stamford1 ,conn41 writes3 ,you may be interested to know that some of my nut trees are giving some results this year4 ,a number of varieties of filberts are fruiting1 three varieties of black walnuts1 almonds1 ,chinese chestnuts1 heartnuts1 besides the native hickory and butternuts4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,according to ,mr4 ,bartlett the ,lancaster heartnut1 which was introduced by ,mr4 ,jones1 is starting out in highly encouraging manner at his place near ,stamford4 ,it has grown well and is now a handsome1 symmetrical tree4 ,indications are that it will bear well4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,mr4 ,bartlett takes good care of his trees4 ,we shall hope to pay a visit to his place4 ,i have a letter from ,mr4 ,hicks1 ,westbury1 ,long ,island4 ,he will be with us today1 and he proposes in his letter that we make an excursion to his place on ,long ,island4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,killen1 ,felton1 ,delaware1 in a letter to ,mr4 ,reed1 writes as follows3 ,this year we are maturing some nuts on the cordiformis and sieboldiana types of the ,japanese walnut 7young trees #c to #e feet high7 that had no staminate blossoms4 ,these we are producing by crossing with the pollen from one of our best ,persians4 ,we are looking for something interesting from there nuts when planted and the trees come into bearing4 ,but all this takes time and patience4 ,we had more chestnuts last fall than ever before1 and the prices averaged higher1 about #bj cents per pound1 wholesale4 ,our best chestnuts are looking good now4 ,will soon be opening2 usually begin about the #eth to the #ajth of ,september1 to open up4 ,we have not succeeded very well in propagating ,mollissima 7,chinese chestnut7 but we find the quality of the nuts very good4 ,all of our ,american sweet and all of the ,european type1 including ,paragon1 ,numbo1 ,dager1 ,ridgely1 etc41 have been gone for years1 and left our ,japs just about as healthy looking as they were #bj years ago1 yet they were all set in the same block4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,it is encouraging to know that ,mr4 ,killen has a strain of chestnuts that will grow there without being destroyed by blight4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,blight is not serious with his trees4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,it is with mine4 ,but ,mollissima has resistance4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,the real pest in ,mr4 ,killen's chestnut planting is the weevil4 ,the nuts have to be marketed promptly in order to avoid destruction by this insect4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i have a letter from ,mr4 ,littlepage1 who regrets that he will not be able to be with us4 ,another letter is from ,mr4 ,riehl1 who regrets that because of his age he will not be able to take the long trip from ,godfrey1 ,ill41 to ,new ,york ,city4 ,he writes to us of the place of the chestnut in northern nut culture1 as follows3 ,blight and weevil are the greatest enemies of this nut4 ,blight in all probability will destroy practically all native chestnut where it is native1 and in all such districts the planting of chestnut orchards for profit will be useless until varieties are found or produced that are immune to that disease4 ,in time this1 no doubt1 will be done4 ,if ,i were fifty years younger and lived in a blight section1 it would appeal to me to do something in that line4 ,where the chestnut does not grow naturally it can be grown without fear of the disease4 ,i have the largest chestnut orchard in the ,west1 of all ages from seedlings to sixty years1 with no blight4 ,even were there no blight it would not be advisable to plant chestnut orchards where it is native because of the weevil4 ,the weevil appears to be worse on the large improved varieties than on the smaller native4 ,of course any one planting a chestnut orchard now would plant the newer1 larger varieties1 as they will always outsell the smaller4 ,no one who has not talked with handlers of chestnuts can have any idea of the handicap the weevil is to sales and prices4 ,where the chestnut is not native the nuts produced will be free of weevils4 ,the place to plant chestnut orchards is where the chestnut is not native1 on soils that are not wet4 ,such situations exist in the central west and westward to the ,pacific coast4 ,i have had reports of chestnut trees growing and bearing in all this territory1 and have had favorable reports of trees that ,i sent there of my improved varieties4 ,there is a good market at good prices for good1 homegrown chestnuts4 ,my own crops so far have sold readily at #be to #dj cents per pound wholesale1 and the demand is always for more after the crop is all sold4 ,of all the nuts that ,i have experimented with ,i have found the chestnut to come into profitable bearing sooner and more profitably than any other4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,some of the state vice-presidents have spoken of native chestnuts of good kinds4 ,one obstacle1 however1 in the distribution of good chestnuts1 has been the state laws which prevent us from sending chestnuts from one state to the other4 ,i would like to ask ,mr4 ,reed if it would be possible to make some arrangement at ,washington whereby scions might be sent under government inspection to the ,west and to other parts of the country where blight does not exist4 ,on my property at ,stamford ,i had several thousand choice chestnut trees4 ,the blight appeared and ,i cut out #e1jjj trees that were from fifty years to more than a hundred years old4 ,among them there was one sweet ,american chestnut superior to the others4 ,it had a very large1 high-quality nut1 and very beautiful appearance1 having two distinct shades of chestnut color4 ,the tree was the first to go down with the blight but ,i have kept it going ever since by grafting on other chestnut stock4 ,i would like mighty well to have that chestnut grow in other parts of the country4 ,it would be an addition to our nut supply4 ,furthermore ,i have among a large number of hybrids1 two of very high quality between the ,american sweet chestnut and the chinkapin4 ,i gave these to ,mr4 ,jones4 ,he found1 however1 that he had no market for them because of the fear of blight4 ,i would like to present scions of this to anybody outside the chestnut area where chestnuts are being grown1 provided ,i can do this under government methods4 ,we should find a way to do this4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,and not by boot-legging4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,as ,prof4 ,collins is more likely to be informed in regard to quarantine laws than ,i am he is the proper one to answer that question4 ,i may say1 however1 that the federal department is unlikely to interfere in any way with the carrying out of state quarantine laws4 ,prof4 ,collins is now in the room4 ,dr4 ,morris1 will you kindly re-state the question to him8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,in brief1 ,i have some very superior chestnuts4 ,they will be valuable for horticultural purposes in other parts1 or in non-blight regions1 of the country4 ,i have kept them going by care and attention4 ,i would be very glad to send those out of ,connecticut1 provided that the way may be found1 by sending them through ,washington to other states4 ,it would be necessary1 however1 to have the scions treated in such a way as to make sure that the endothia spores had been destroyed4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i suggest that ,prof4 ,collins give the matter some thought1 and when he gives his paper he will be able to inform us about that4 ,we will now ask ,mr4 ,reed for a report as to promising seedlings4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,there are quite a number of new things which might be mentioned4 ,one is a group of ,chinese walnuts now in their second or third year in the nursery of ,mr4 ,jones1 at ,lancaster4 ,in this lot there are many beautiful young trees grown from nuts obtained for ,mr4 ,jones by ,mr4 ,p4 ,w4 ,wang1 of ,shanghai4 ,they are from ,north ,china1 the territory which ,i visited more than two years ago and from which ,i also obtained considerable seed4 ,of the latter we have now several hundred seedlings ready for distribution4 ,personally ,i would like them to be distributed among members of this association4 ,mr4 ,jones has #cjj or #djj of the ,wang trees which he proposes to sell as seedlings4 ,others will be used as stocks for grafting varieties of regia4 ,dr4 ,morris has already referred to the ,chinese chestnuts4 ,mr4 ,dorsett1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 has recently arrived in ,china for a two-years' trip4 ,he will doubtless send many chestnuts4 ,another particularly interesting group of nut trees is a lot of hazel-filbert hybrids produced by ,mr4 ,jones4 ,these are between the ,rush and the ,barcelona1 or other ,european varieties4 ,he now has plants three to five years of age in bearing4 ,they average as high as a man's head4 ,practically all are in bearing with attractive clusters of nuts1 and some are fruiting heavily4 ,the ,rush variety1 as most members know1 is a native hazel of unusually prolific habits of bearing4 ,the nuts are of fair size and quality4 ,recently ,i have seen some interesting pecan trees in the ,east4 ,two of these are on the ,eastern ,shore of ,maryland1 one in the outskirts of ,easton and the other at ,princess ,anne2 the former is a trifle the larger1 measuring #ae ft #e inches in girth at breast height1 the latter measuring #d feet and #b inches at the same distance and estimated to be #aaj feet high4 ,it was grown from a nut said to have been planted in #ahjj4 ,the nuts from these trees are small but well filled and much appreciated by their respective communities4 ,,the ,,president3 ,we have the secretary down for a paper4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,this paper opens a symposium on topworking hickory trees4 ,,top ,,working ,,hickories ,,in ,,the ,,north ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,connecticut ,i do not recall a single modern improvement of importance in the art of grafting nut trees in the ,north that is not due to either ,mr4 ,jones or ,dr4 ,morris1 except that to ,mr4 ,riehl belongs1 ,i believe1 the credit of the idea of waxing the entire graft1 which is now the accepted procedure4 ,therefore ,i speak before these two gentlemen with diffidence4 ,i do so in the hope that perhaps ,i may recall something which they have forgotten to make known1 or that what ,i say may elicit from them available emendatory remarks4 ,my experience of fourteen years on my own place1 and of five years grafting for others1 is the basis of my observations4 ,compatibility of ,species and ,varieties ,this question will be particularly discussed by ,mr4 ,bixby who has been conducting careful experiments that should soon settle the question for the commoner hickories4 ,a few scattering observations of my own may be useful4 ,it is generally believed that any species of the genus hickory will catch on any other1 though not necessarily that the union will be blessed4 ,it is self evident that any hickory will thrive on any variety of the same species1 shagbark on shagbark1 pecan on pecan1 though even here close observation will probably disclose differences of compatibility4 ,probably any hybrid hickory will thrive on either of its parents4 ,in some cases this may turn out to be a test of hybridity4 ,for instance1 the ,barnes is one of the few shagbarks known to thrive on mockernut4 ,it shows other evidences of mockernut blood4 ,i have found no hickory1 so far1 that does not appear to thrive on the shagbark1 except the pecan4 ,even here there are differences4 ,i have one ,major pecan on shagbark that is over twenty-five feet high that has a very healthy appearance and that has shown staminate bloom for two or three years4 ,i have also an ,indian pecan that looks fairly prosperous4 ,the ,iowa pecans1 the ,marquart1 ,greenbay1 ,campbell1 ,witte1 and others1 catch readily and grow vigorously1 at least for the first years4 ,there are many data1 however1 on the adaptability of the pecan to the shagbark and the consensus of opinion is that ultimate results are poor4 ,this is probably because the shagbark starts early and makes its season's growth in about six weeks1 while the pecan naturally has a much longer growing season4 ,however1 these observations have been made1 mostly1 in the ,south and it may be different in the ,north4 ,the question is not yet finally decided4 ,the ,stanley shellbark1 ,h4 laciniosa1 is completely at home on the shagbark1 apparently1 but has not yet borne with me4 ,the ,hatch bitternut grew luxuriantly on shagbark for a year but blew off4 ,the ,zorn hybrid made a growth of one foot on shagbark but then was winter killed1 apparently4 ,i have a back pasture full of vigorous pignuts1 ,h4 glabra1 which for eleven years ,i have been grafting with faith which now seems childlike1 that soon ,i would have fourteen acres of bearing hickory trees4 ,yet as a result of all these years of grafting the only hickories that ,i have found to thrive are the ,brooks1 which appears to be vigorous1 the ,terpenny1 which is vigorous and bearing nuts in its fourth year1 and possibly the ,barnes4 ,not a single pecan survived more than a year1 though many started4 ,the ,beaver hybrid makes a long spindling growth and then1 in the first or second year1 the leaves turn yellow and mosaic and the growth dies4 ,the ,kirtland1 ,kentucky1 ,hales1 ,taylor and several others1 have all with me1 proved failures on the pignut4 ,mr4 ,bixby's experiments appear to be showing somewhat different results4 ,the question of the compatibility of species and varieties is really a very important one because in some localities either the pignut or the mockernut is the prevailing species1 and we wish to know with what species and varieties they may be successfully grafted4 ,for instance1 if the ,barnes1 which is an excellent shagbark1 will do well on both the pignut and the mockernut1 where so many other varieties fail1 and the ,brooks is at home on the pignut1 these are highly important facts to be known by the man with fifteen acres of hilly woodland full of young pignuts and mockernuts4 ,size of ,stocks ,i prefer stocks of moderate size1 up to three inches in diameter4 ,one gets greater results for the labor with these than with larger trees4 ,of course a tree of any size may be topworked but the labor is disproportionately greater1 especially in the after care4 ,cutting ,back ,stocks for ,topworking ,i doubt if it is important to cut back stocks during the dormant season1 except that then there is more time4 ,with larger trees this counts for a good deal1 but in the smaller ones ,i like to cut them off just where ,i want to graft at the time of doing so4 ,however1 they may be cut off when dormant at the point of selection for grafting and later grafted without further cutting back4 ,this reduces1 or does away with the risk of bleeding4 ,except in very small stocks it is better to leave a number of the lower branches to prevent bleeding4 ,when bleeding does occur it may be checked by making one or more cuts with the knife or saw into the sapwood of the trunk below the graft4 ,better results come when the cutting back is of the top branches and not the lower ones because of the stronger flow of sap toward the top of the tree4 ,in my opinion a side branch should always be left at the point where the stock is cut off to maintain a circulation of sap4 ,otherwise the stub will often die back and the graft fail4 ,also1 the cambium close to a side branch will be observed to be thicker and ,i infer that the circulation of sap is more active4 ,i prefer to cut off the top half1 or two-thirds of the tree and graft into the top and the side branches near the top4 ,hickories in full foliage may usually be cut back without evident harm4 ,occasionally a tree will be apparently shocked to death4 ,sometimes when a tree in foliage is cut back severely the remaining leaves will turn black and partly1 or completely1 die1 but the tree will throw out vigorous new growth later4 ,trees up to three inches in diameter may have the whole top cut off1 at the risk of occasionally shocking a tree to death4 ,such complete cutting back must be done in the dormant season or there will be severe and prolonged bleeding4 ,this method has the advantage of forcing a tremendous growth in the grafts which will need careful support4 ,this is much more easily done however1 than when the grafts are in the top of the tree4 ,cutting back in the dormant season and painting with paraffine has not worked well for me as the paraffine has not adhered well for any length of time to the freshly cut surfaces4 ,probably this could be easily remedied if it were a real advantage4 ,in the case of small stocks and branches where there is no bleeding and the paraffine adheres well green callus will often be seen spreading out beneath the paraffine over the cut surface4 ,stocks should be vigorous4 ,dwarfed1 stunted1 submerged1 hide bound trees make poor stocks4 ,this is important1 ,i believe4 ,scions ,the condition of the scion is the most important element for success in top-working hickory trees4 ,the technique of grafting has been so simplified as to make it fairly easy1 and native stocks are usually vigorous4 ,but unless the scions have full vitality success will be limited4 ,they should be plump and not pithy4 ,a limited success is possible with scions of feeble growth1 or those subjected to devitalising influences in keeping or handling1 but the largest success will be had with well grown scions1 cut from vigorous trees or grafts1 whose buds are completely dormant1 and have a fresh1 green appearance on cutting4 ,when the cambium layer shows a yellowish or brownish tint the scions are useless4 ,slender wood may make good scions but is more difficult to keep in good condition4 ,heavy wood from vigorous1 young1 grafted trees1 or from cut back trees1 makes the best scions and is the easiest to keep4 ,wood more than #a year old and as large as one can handle makes good scions4 ,dr4 ,morris1 with the use of the plane1 has succeeded with astonishingly large scions and even branches4 ,sometimes buds are absent from these large scions or are very inconspicuous4 ,they may be searched for with a lens4 ,preferably scions should be cut when entirely dormant4 ,buds that show signs of breaking should be removed4 ,scions cut after growth starts may be used with success if there are dormant buds4 ,this immediate grafting1 as ,dr4 ,morris calls it has not been fully studied4 ,it may be of great value4 ,it is quite successful with the apple and the pear4 ,it appears to depend chiefly on the presence of dormant buds of vitality4 ,the later in the season the dormant scions are cut the shorter the time they have to be kept1 though probably this is not of importance if the method of keeping is right4 ,keeping ,scions ,the larger the scion the easier it is to keep it4 ,dr4 ,morris cuts whole branches and keeps them in the sawdust of his icehouse4 ,i have cut them two inches in diameter and kept them lying uncovered on the barn cellar floor into the second summer looking fresh and green4 ,the smaller the scion the more susceptible it is to moisture environment4 ,scions must be kept where it is neither too moist nor too dry4 ,usually the mistake is made of keeping them too moist4 ,the buds may start if the scions are too moist even when the temperature is quite low4 ,this happened for me when ,i stored scions for a week or two in the very cold bottom of an icebox4 ,the most successful grafters keep scions with a sort of intelligent neglect4 ,dr4 ,morris buries them in the sawdust of his icehouse and it seems to make no difference if ice is there or not4 ,i once tried keeping them in an icehouse over the ice and they became soaking wet4 ,i have noticed that ,dr4 ,morris's sawdust seems quite dry4 ,mr4 ,jones keeps some1 at least1 of his in bins or barrels covered with burlap bags4 ,he says that heartnut scions keep best not packed away but kept in the open cellar4 ,i notice that ,mr4 ,jones has been using some kind of mill planings in place of sphagnum moss4 ,branches and large scions will keep well in a medium that seems dry to the touch4 ,small scions1 such as those cut from old parent trees1 require careful handling to prevent shriveling1 on the one hand1 or bud starting on the other4 ,a low temperature is probably desirable1 but the right condition of moisture is essential to the proper keeping of scions for any length of time4 ,i should naturally prefer to keep them in darkness1 but ,i am not sure that it is important4 ,undoubtedly the access of some air is necessary but it would be difficult to keep it altogether away4 ,i do not know how long scions would keep if entirely covered with paraffine4 ,one year ,i dipped all the cut ends of my scions in melted paraffine but ,i am not sure that it is worth the trouble4 ,one year ,i packed away my scions in rather moist sphagnum moss4 ,the first time ,i looked at them they were enmeshed in mold mycelium4 ,later many of the buds started to grow4 ,as suggested by ,mr4 ,jones1 dipping either the scions or the moss in half strength ,bordeaux mixture will remedy the mold trouble4 ,parenthetically1 this should be of help in keeping chestnuts1 chinkapins1 and other nuts that spoil easily with mold1 for planting in the spring4 ,packing scions tightly and heavily covered in boxes for any length of time has been1 in my observation1 disastrous4 ,in shipping scions a method advised1 and one that ,i have followed with satisfaction1 is to wrap the scions1 either separately or together1 in paraffine paper without any packing next the scions but putting it1 instead1 outside the paraffine paper4 ,this packing may be sphagnum moss or mill planings slightly moistened4 ,this also is wrapped in a moisture impervious covering and then in ordinary wrapping paper4 ,for shipping long distanced the moss or planings should be dipped in half strength ,bordeaux mixture4 ,the surface of the bark of scions that are being kept should always be dry1 never moist4 ,but they should never be so dry as to look shrivelled4 ,until you know just what scions will do under the conditions you provide you should examine them frequently4 ,equipment ,the essentials are a knife1 raffia and the wax heater with brush4 ,a saw is necessary if stocks are to be cut back1 and pruning shears are convenient for cutting scions into proper lengths and for trimming and pruning stocks4 ,the knife most used is the grafting knife of ,maher ,gross1 with a three inch straight blade and a round handle that gives a good grasp4 ,i used to suspect that the men who said that scions ought to be cut with two strokes of the knife were trying to establish an unattainable ideal4 ,but after ,mr4 ,jones and ,dr4 ,morris had taught me how to sharpen my knife ,i found that ,i could cut one that way myself sometimes4 ,mr4 ,jones's method of sharpening is to hone the knife flat on the surface next the scion and with a bevel on the upper edge4 ,i found that this made scion cutting so much easier that ,i thought it was the whole secret4 ,but one day ,i saw another doubter come up to ,mr4 ,jones and ask him if it was true that he could cut a scion with two strokes of the knife4 ,mr4 ,jones said he thought he could but he had no knife just then4 ,the man pulled out his pocket knife and asked if that would do4 ,mr4 ,jones looked at it1 took a stick and with two strokes cut a perfect scion4 ,since then ,i have felt that there is something to it besides the way you sharpen your knife4 ,a very important element in shaping scions is to give a drawing motion to the knife by keeping the handle well advanced before the blade4 ,the cutting is done with a draw and not a push4 ,this is one of the most important factors for success in shaping scions4 ,it seems hardly necessary to say that the stroke of the knife should be away from the grafter4 ,yet it is a common sight to see beginners cutting to the thumb4 ,dr4 ,morris showed me that if1 in sharpening your knife1 you hold the little whetstone between the thumb and middle finger of the left hand you are less likely to put a feather edge on it4 ,a feather edge is something to clip the sprouting wings of any budding saint of a grafter4 ,when you get the right edge on your knife often you can use it the whole day without resharpening1 or at most with simply a stropping on a piece of wood or leather4 ,but improper use of the knife1 or the least knick1 will spoil the edge and sometimes it will be quite difficult to get it back4 ,therefore the blade should always be protected by a sheath1 never laid down or used for cutting raffia1 or anything but the actual cutting of the graft4 ,for this purpose a leather sheath worn on the front of the belt1 as first used by ,dr4 ,morris1 is almost a necessity4 ,this sheath may be made by any leather worker and should have at least two pockets1 one for the grafting knife and one for another knife to be used for trimming1 cutting raffia and other odd things4 ,it is convenient to have a little pocket for a pencil also and one may provide places for other articles of equipment at fancy4 ,i do not know that there is much to be said here about raffia4 ,but a great deal has been said1 and will be said1 elsewhere1 when the raffia is rotten and breaks in the middle of tying a graft4 ,it is the devil's own stuff to carry when you don't carry it right4 ,the right way to carry it is to tuck one end of the bundle under one side of your belt1 pass the bundle behind your back and the other end under the other side of your belt4 ,then the raffia never gets mixed up with scions1 tools and profanity and the end of a strand is as handy as the knives in your belt4 ,on the whole ,i do not know of any binding material as satisfactory as raffia4 ,it is stronger and easier to use when it is damp4 ,one of the great advances in the art of grafting is the use of melted wax4 ,i believe that we have to credit ,mr4 ,jones for this4 ,the use of paraffine for grafting wax we owe to ,dr4 ,morris4 ,to him also we owe the ,merribrook melter which has added so much to the comfort and convenience of grafting that it can be recommended as an outdoor sport for ladies4 ,i do not like the brush that ,dr4 ,morris recommends but prefer a stiffer one such as can be bought for ten cents4 ,equipments vary with the individual and with the difference in the work to be done4 ,mr4 ,slaughter carries into the nursery1 when he is working for ,mr4 ,jones in the semi-tropical sun of ,lancaster1 a stool with parasol attachment4 ,mr4 ,biederman of ,arizona has the most elaborate equipment which includes a table1 planes1 curved knives and gouges4 ,dr4 ,morris carries a knapsack4 ,i like an ordinary light market basket that ,mother ,earth holds up for me when ,i'm not moving from place to place4 ,when in a tree ,i stuff my pockets with scions4 ,a saw is usually a necessity4 ,for portability ,i prefer a curved one that has a draw cut4 ,it has also an aesthetic element and doesn't look like a meat saw1 which can't be said of ,mr4 ,jones's saw that seduced ,dr4 ,morris from church4 ,for heavy and steady work ,i much prefer a carpenter's sharp hand saw4 ,a two-edged saw is an abomination devised by conscienceless manufacturers for the seduction of innocent amateurs4 ,for pruning shears ,i have a personal fancy for the ,french1 hand-made instrument1 each one individual1 a work of art and a potential legacy to one's horticultural heir1 if one doesn't let the village blacksmith monkey with it1 as ,i did with mine4 ,on some grafts it is desirable to use a bit of paper1 either beneath or outside of the raffia1 to make waxing easier4 ,for this ,i have found scraps of ,japanese paper napkin very adaptive to surfaces and absorptive of wax4 ,on very heavy grafts ,dr4 ,morris uses the ,spanish windlass1 as devised by him1 for which he carries sisal cord1 wooden or metal meat skewers1 small staples and a mallet4 ,he uses a chisel to cut slots in very thick bark and planes for shaping heavy grafts4 ,i have tried fastening in grafts with a nail1 using iron and brass nails and bank pins4 ,mr4 ,jones has suggested cement covered nails4 ,my experience with iron nails is that they damage the scions4 ,the use of nails has not been fully worked out4 ,they are almost essential in bridge grafting apple trees4 ,i think that just the right kind of a staple might be a help with some kinds of grafts4 ,paper bags1 #b pound size1 are sometimes wanted1 for protection from sun or insects or to make the grafts conspicuous4 ,mr4 ,jones shades grafts made close to the ground with a slip of paper4 ,for labels for immediate use the wooden ones1 painted on one side and with copper wire fastening1 are satisfactory4 ,attach them by the nurseryman's method1 which it has taken me many years to recognize as the right one1 by twisting the doubled wire around a convenient object4 ,do not separate the wires which will probably permit the label to flap in the wind and soon wear out the wires4 ,i used to think that the nurseryman's method was the result of hurry or laziness4 ,copper labels1 to be written on with a stylus1 cost #a-a_/b or #b cents each1 according to size4 ,the smaller ,i consider preferable4 ,i imagined that these would solve the label problem4 ,picture my disappointment when ,i found that many of them cracked1 or broke off entirely near the eyelet1 from flapping in the wind4 ,if they are to be used they must be fastened so as not to move with the wind4 ,mr4 ,bixby has an excellent label made on an aluminum strip printing machine4 ,it has a hole in each end and is fastened with a heavy copper wire4 ,he uses two of these labels on each tree4 ,dr4 ,morris sometimes uses a heavy wire stake to which he fastens the labels4 ,a good method of attaching labels1 and one that does away with the risk of girdling the graft or tree1 is to fasten the label to a staple driven into the tree4 ,the matter of labels is a troublesome one for they will get lost no matter what you do4 ,other conveniences of equipment are a small whetstone1 a small hammer1 matches1 and some volatile oil1 like citronella1 lavender1 wintergreen1 or other black fly and mosquito repellant4 ,it is almost suicidal to slap a mosquito on the back of your neck with a keen grafting knife in your hand4 ,a supply of parowax and alcohol for the lantern's sake should be remembered4 ,technique ,if the stocks are vigorous and active1 and the scions full of vitality1 ,i doubt if the technique is of chief importance1 provided it is ordinarily good4 ,however1 a good technique will increase the percentage of success4 ,one should have a variety of methods at command for varying conditions of stocks and scions4 ,one may come as near #ajj success in grafting hickories as one is able and willing to observe all the known factors of success4 ,i think that we can say now that the factors of success in hickory grafting are known4 ,they are a vigorous and active stock1 a scion of abundant vitality1 coaptation of the freshly cut cambium layers and prevention of desiccation4 ,the stock and scion have already been considered4 ,how is coadaptation best obtained8 ,one of the best methods1 one that can be used in all seasons and in most conditions of stock and scion1 is the side graft1 the one that ,mr4 ,jones uses in his nursery work4 ,that is the best argument for this graft4 ,it is1 perhaps1 the simplest1 and at the same time one of the most difficult1 of all grafts4 ,the scion is cut wedge shaped and pushed into a slanting incision in the side of the stock4 ,mr4 ,jones's modified cleft graft is only a side graft made in the top of the stock after cutting it off4 ,the difficulty lies chiefly in cutting the scion and the incision in the stock so that the fit will be perfectly true4 ,this requires practice4 ,the bark slot graft1 as ,dr4 ,morris calls it1 ,i have used for several years4 ,it can be used only during the growing season when the bark will slip4 ,it is very successful1 whether put in at the top of a cut off stock1 or inserted in the side of a limb or the trunk4 ,it is not convenient to use unless the scion is considerably smaller than the stock4 ,the scion is cut with a scarf1 or bevel1 on one side only4 ,when the slot is to be made in the top of a cut off stock two vertical cuts are made through the bark1 as far apart as the scion is wide1 the tongue of bark thus formed is raised slightly at the top1 and the point of the scion is inserted1 cut surface toward the center of the tree1 and pushed down firmly into place4 ,the superfluous part of the tongue of bark is then cut off4 ,by slightly undercutting the edges of the slot1 and slightly tapering it toward the bottom1 the scion may be wedged1 or dovetailed1 in place so as to be very firm4 ,it is even possible to dispense with tying1 sometimes1 but better not to do so4 ,when the slot is to be made in the side of a limb or trunk the same procedure is followed except that it is necessary before making the slot to remove a notch of bark1 at right angles to the axis of the trunk1 so as to free the upper end of the tongue of bark4 ,the bark slot graft is the easiest of all and readily mastered once the grafter learns to shape a true scion4 ,it is much better than the old bark graft where the bark of the stock is forced away from the wood leaving considerable space to be filled or covered4 ,these two forms of graft1 the side graft1 of which ,mr4 ,jones's modified cleft graft is only a variation1 as before stated1 and the bark slot1 in its two variations as described1 will meet all needs in topworking hickory trees4 ,finally1 prevention of desiccation of the graft is obtained by waxing4 ,i have found ,dr4 ,morris's method with melted paraffine satisfactory4 ,the addition of raw pine gum1 as advocated by ,dr4 ,morris is undoubtedly an advantage under certain conditions1 described by him1 but ,i have not yet used it4 ,the melted parowax is applied to the whole graft and wrapping1 leaving no cut surface exposed and the whole scion being covered4 ,if the paraffine is at just the right temperature it will spread at a touch1 covering the surfaces without danger of scalding4 ,it is much more effective thus applied than if colder and daubed on4 ,the thicker the waxing the more likely to crack and separate4 ,if the paraffine smokes it is too hot4 ,if it does not smoke1 and is dexterously applied1 ,i think we can feel safely that it cannot be too hot4 ,but if applied with a heavy hand it may be too hot even at a temperature so low that it will not spread4 ,season for ,grafting ,according to ,dr4 ,morris nut trees can be grafted successfully in any month of the year4 ,but practically ,i think that grafting will be limited to that part of the year during which the cambium layer of the stock is active4 ,at other times of the year preservation of the vitality of the scion will be too problematical1 it seems to me1 even if it is very carefully waxed4 ,however1 ,i may be mistaken4 ,at any rate grafting is not very pleasant work out of doors in very cold weather4 ,the success of bench grafting would be an argument for the success of dormant season grafting out of doors4 ,after ,care ,without thoughtful after care the labor of topworking will almost certainly be lost4 ,there are many ways in which the grafts can be lost but the two commonest are by being choked1 or inhibited1 by growth from the stock1 and by being blown out by the wind4 ,all new growth from the stock must be rigorously prevented4 ,grafts often make so heavy a growth that1 if not blown out by the wind1 they will be dragged out by their own weight4 ,consequently they must often be supported4 ,when the grafts are in1 or near1 the trunk of the stock1 and not too high1 the handiest method of support is to cut a sapling of proper length1 sharpen the butt1 stick this into the ground at the base of the stock1 and tie it in two places to the stock4 ,when the grafts are too far out or too high for this method laths or slats or sticks may be tied or nailed to the branches4 ,support is likely to be even more necessary in the second season when the growth is often astonishing4 ,bud worms will sometimes destroy your graft just as it is starting1 but they are easily found if looked for4 ,with my conditions the most harm by insects is done by the night feeding beetles1 which are particularly exasperating as morning after morning you watch the progress of their destructive work without ever seeing them4 ,bagging is the only preventive and it pays to use bags when a particular graft is cherished4 ,is ,topworking ,hickories ,worth ,while8 ,up to the present time it is the surest and easiest way1 practically the only way1 of getting good results with the hickories1 excepting the pecan4 ,the root systems of the native stocks are well established and push the grafts rapidly4 ,i have had a ,siers hybrid grow #aa feet ,straight up in a season4 ,a ,taylor matured several nuts on the third season's growth4 ,a ,terpenny had a crop the fourth year1 the ,griffin bears annually since its fifth year1 the ,kirtland and ,barnes since the sixth4 ,the ,kentucky is a little slower4 ,none of the hybrids have yet borne with me but with others they have borne quite early4 ,we can be sure that the hickories will bear when top worked as soon as the average apple tree4 ,the size of the crop that any topworked hickory tree will bear will depend on the size to which you have been able to grow the tree and the habit of bearing of the particular variety4 ,i think1 also1 that there is good evidence to show that the size of the tree1 the size of the nuts and the size of the crop will depend largely on the amount of care and the amount of plant food that is given the tree4 ,two years ago ,i topworked a number of hickory trees for ,mr4 ,patterson of ,wilkes-,barre1 one of our members1 and ,mr4 ,patterson's foreman put in a few grafts under my observation4 ,this summer ,i went to ,wilkes-,barre to inspect my work4 ,the foreman took me out into a field where he had done a lot of grafting the year before and ,i found that he had had a little better percentage of success than ,i had had4 ,he had used the bark slot graft for everything1 even when the scions were almost as big as the stocks4 ,before this ,i had thought that long experience was necessary for successful grafting4 ,now ,i see that if you have good scions1 a ,morris melter and a half hour of instructions1 you will have all the essentials for immediate success4 ,hickory grafting is easy now4 ,but let no one be contemptuous1 for this ease has come only after many years of experiment and countless failures by many men4 ,the former difficulty in grafting the hickory seems now like a mystery4 ,the history of its evolution would make a very pretty story for the nut grower4 ,,notes ,,on ,,mediate ,,and ,,immediate ,,grafting ,,at ,,all ,,times ,,of ,,the ,,year ,by ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,morris1 ,connecticut ,any newly described fact which releases information on the subject of tree grafting opens vistas of the new frontier in world agriculture4 ,time was when men went from one country to another in search of fresh top soil4 ,that was when they did not know better4 ,it was when their cogs of habit turned their cogs of thought4 ,they were engaged in raising annual plants at a considerable expenditure of time1 labor and expense4 ,they committed wastage of soluble plant foods 7a variety of sin74 ,malthus formulated a famous over-population fear-thought4 ,it had basis in his ignorance of the fact that steam was soon to become a factor in the spreading of food supplies4 ,furthermore1 he seemingly did not know that when old top-soil frontiers had gone to the rear1 new frontiers would appear in the sub-soil4 ,the tree digs deeper than the farmer ever plowed4 ,after ,malthus came hunger prophets who were ignorant of coming possibilities of fleet transportation through the air4 ,the caterpillar tractor plunging into the tropical jungle will allow of the production of a practically unlimited food supply4 ,famine in ,india1 ,china1 and ,russia is a social matter and unnecessary4 ,trees cure famine4 ,within the past decade a number of thinkers on one end of the see-saw have written heavily on the over-population question not knowing that they and their birth control ideas were to be tossed into the air by still heavier weight of fact on the other end of the see-saw4 ,the heavier weight of fact relates to the idea that famine does not belong to tree food regions4 ,it relates to the fact that tree foods can supply all of the essentials of provender for men1 livestock and fowls2 proteins1 starches1 fats and vitamines in delicious form4 ,it relates to the fact that tree foods come largely out of the sub-soil without apparent diminution of fertility of the ground4 ,the tree allows top-soil bacteria and surface annual plants to manufacture plant food materials and then deep roots take these materials to the leaves for elaboration by sun chemistry4 ,trees may be grown wherever crops of annual plants may be grown and where annual plants may not be grown profitably4 ,they do not require the service of high cost labor for annual tillage of the soil4 ,for example1 four large pecan trees or black walnut trees on an acre of ground without tillage or fertilizer may average a thousand pounds of nut meats annually for a century4 ,how often is the market value and food value of a thousand pounds of nut meats per acre equalled by crops from annual plants which would require from #ajj to #bjj plowings and harrowings during a hundred years of continuous cultivation leaving out the question of expensive fertilizers and labor4 ,large populations live upon dates1 olives and figs4 ,for trouble they have to look to religion4 ,several centuries were required for the ,british farmers to raise the wheat crop from six bushels to thirty bushels per acre4 ,things move faster nowadays4 ,it will not require so long a time to carry tree crops from the seedling phase to the phase of grafted kinds with greater productivity and quality4 ,in the past the successful tree grafter was a specially skilled man4 ,now almost anybody may graft almost any sort of tree at almost any time of the year4 ,aside from grafting1 the hybridizing of nut trees1 like that of cereal grain plants1 has become a scientific sport appealing to the play instinct of man4 ,when work becomes play in any field of human activity progress goes by leaps and bounds4 ,the recent advance in tree grafting has amounted almost to a revolution rather than an evolution process4 ,application of a few new grafting principles of great consequence is now the order of the day4 ,old established grafting methods frequently ran into failures when dealing with all but a few trees like the common fruit bearing kinds4 ,the two chief obstacles to successful grafting were desiccation of the graft and fungous or bacterial parasites which entered the land of milk and honey where sap collected in graft wounds4 ,both of these dangers have now been practically eliminated and it remains for us to extend the season of grafting1 carrying it away from a hurried procedure in busy spring weeks4 ,the chief obstacle to this extension of the grafting season has been the difficulty in finding the right sort of grafting wax or protective material for covering the graft1 buds and all1 as well as the wound of the stock4 ,for covering the entire graft in order to avoid desiccation grafting waxes had to be applied in melted form with a brush4 ,they had to be applied in melted form for filling interstices of wounds in which sap might collect and ferment4 ,these waxes had the effect of not retaining their quality under greatly varying conditions of heat1 cold and moisture4 ,the paraffin waxes which the author has preferred were inclined to crack and to become separated from the graft and stock in cold weather4 ,furthermore they would remelt and become useless in the very hot sun of southern latitudes4 ,experimentation for several seasons has resulted in the finding that raw pine gum is miscible with the paraffins in almost all proportions because of physical or chemical affinity4 ,this gives to the wax an elasticity and adhesiveness of such degree that we may now graft trees in cold weather4 ,cohesiveness of molecules of the mixture is such that remelting in the hot sun may not destroy the effectiveness of this protective coating in hot weather4 ,since the author has depended upon this mixture he has grafted peaches1 apples1 hazels and hickories successfully in midwinter as well as in midsummer4 ,many other kinds of trees have been grafted successfully out of the so-called grafting season but these four kinds which represent two of the easiest grafters and two of the hardest grafters will suffice for purposes of illustration4 ,according to old-established idea trees may be grafted successfully only from scions that have been cut when dormant and stored in proper receptacles4 ,this is what we may term mediate grafting1 a considerable length of time intervening between cutting the scions and inserting the grafts4 ,on the other hand what we may call immediate grafting is the taking of a scion from one tree and grafting it at once in a tree that is to receive it4 ,mediate or immediate grafting may both be done at almost any time of the year1 winter or summer1 spring or autumn4 ,when preparing the scion for immediate grafting in the spring or early summer it is best to cut off all the leaves and herbaceous growth of the year4 ,we then depend upon latent buds situated in the older wood of the scion4 ,the latter may be one year or several years of age4 ,in midsummer when top buds have formed we may remove only the leaves1 allowing the growth of the year to remain and to serve for grafting material4 ,in experiments with the apple for example it was found that mediate grafts inserted on ,july #ajth in the latitude of ,stamford1 ,conn41 began to burst their buds five or six days later4 ,immediate grafts inserted at the same time began to burst their buds about fifteen days later from buds of the year and about twenty days later from latent buds in older scion wood4 ,new shoots from these mediate apple grafts continued to grow as they do in ,spring grafting4 ,immediate apple grafts on the other hand put out about six leaves from each bud and then came to a state of rest with the formation of a new top bud4 ,after about ten days of resting these new top buds again burst forth and grew shoots like those of the mediate grafts4 ,the philosophy of these phenomena would seem to include the idea that the mediate summer grafts had contained a full supply of pabulum stored up in the cambium layer4 ,the immediate summer grafts1 on the other hand1 had contained only a partial supply of pabulum1 enough to allow them to make six leaves and a top bud4 ,after a few days of resting these shoots with meager larder could then go forward with new food furnished by the whole tree4 ,mediate and immediate winter grafts were alike in their method of growth in the spring4 ,this would seem to confirm the idea that character of new growth is dependent upon the relative quality of stored pabulum in the cambium layer4 ,in experimental work it was noted that both mediate and immediate winter grafts make a slower start in the spring than do the grafts inserted in springtime4 ,this is perhaps due to the formation of a protective corky cell layer over wound surfaces4 ,new granulation tissue would then find some degree of mechanical obstacle in the presence of a corky cell layer at first4 ,herbaceous plants allow of grafting4 ,we are familiar with the example of the tomato plant grafted upon the potato plant1 furnishing a crop of tomatoes above and potatoes below4 ,it seemed to the author that the herbaceous growth of trees should be grafted quite as readily4 ,this seems to be not the case4 ,a number of experiments conducted with grafting of the herbaceous growth of trees in advance of lignification has resulted wholly in failure with both soft wood and hard wood trees4 ,the walnuts carried herbaceous bud grafts and scion grafts for a long time however4 ,these grafts sometimes remained quite green and promising for a period of a month but lignification progressed in the stock without extending to the scion4 ,speculation would introduce the idea that lignification relates to a hormone influence proceeding from the leaves of a tree and that the leafless scion does not send forth hormones for stimulating the cells of the scion to the point of furnishing enzymes for wood building4 ,perhaps the most interesting part of new tree work relates to experiments which are failures4 ,negative testimony is like the minor key in music4 ,there are many men who care to do only things that cannot be done4 ,these are the ones who have made our progress in almost every field of human activity4 ,,stocks ,,for ,,hickories ,willard ,g4 ,bixby1 ,long ,island ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,the sheets which ,i am distributing to you contain tables to which ,i shall refer during this talk4 ,but first ,i will give a little foreword regarding the trees4 ,the trees enumerated in the tables shown were nearly all given me by ,mr4 ,henry ,hicks of ,isaac ,hicks ,son1 ,westbury1 ,long ,island1 and were taken to ,baldwin and set out in the fall1 practically the entire roots being saved and later the trees severely cut back4 ,they were transplanted without loss except in the case of the shagbark1 and those lost were all undersized trees4 ,all of the hickories were of one age1 but those lost were ones which had not made normal growth and had they been discarded in the beginning there would have been no loss whatever in the transplanting of #cjj or #djj trees4 ,later1 in the spring of #aibd1 ,i found some loose bark pignut 7,carya ovalis7 seedlings on a farm not far away from my place1 and these were also transplanted2 but they were too small to graft this year4 ,these experiments in grafting1 made during #aibc and #aibd1 have shown us some new things4 ,with some of the walnuts we had #ajj per cent success4 ,with the hickories there was not #ajj per cent success1 but that was due to the fact that we were putting scions on stocks that were not congenial in many instances4 ,you will notice the results as shown on the tables4 #aibc ,,grafting ,g--,grafts ,set ,c--,successful ,catches ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,shagbark ,mockernut ,pignut ,pecan ,bitternut ,total ,g ,c ,g ,c ,g ,c ,g ,c ,g ,c ,g ,c ,barnes #f #f #c #c #c #c #c #c #c #c #ah #ah #ajj4j ,brooks #e #j #d #b #e #a #e #b #ai #e #ba4j ,clark #e #a #e #j #e #b #e #a #e #b #be #f #bd4j ,fairbanks #bg #ag #bg #ag #ei4c ,gobble #a ,o #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #e #d #hj4j ,griffin #a #a #a #a #a #j #a #j #a #a #e #c #fj4j ,hales #e #c #d #a #e #d #e #e #ai #ac #eb4e ,kentucky #e #d #c #a #e #d #e #d #e #a #bc #ad #fa4j ,kirtland #c #a #c #b #c #b #c #b #ab #g #eh4d ,laney #f #d #f #d #ff4g ,long ,beach #d #c #c #b #d #a #d #b #c #a #ah #i #ej4j ,manahan #e #a #e #a #f #b #e #a #e #a #bf #f #bd4b ,siers #e #e #e #e #ajj4j ,stanley #c #c #c #b #c #c #i #h #hi4j ,taylor #d #c #c #c #d #c #d #c #ae #ab #hj4j ,vest #e #a #e #j #e #a #e #b #e #a #be #e #bj4j ,weiker #e #a #e #b #e #a #ae #d #bf4h -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- --- #cb #ag #ea #bj #eb #bf #df #bd #ia #ec #bgb #adj #ec4a #bi4b #ej4j #dg4j #ei4c #ea4e ,an inspection of the #aibc grafts made ,august #ba1 #aibd showed the following number growing3 on shagbark #ad1 on mockernut #f1 on pignut #bf1 on pecan #bd1 and on bitternut #af1 the only place where there was any material difference being in the case of the mockernut where nearly three-quarters of the number of grafts growing last summer failed to grow this spring1 in fact all varieties failed to grow excepting three1 the ,barnes1 ,gobble and ,long ,beach1 all three of which ,i suspect from other evidence1 have mockernut parentage4 ,in the ease of those on pignut and pecan stocks there was no loss from #aibc and in some instances at least of those on shagbark and bitternut stocks the loss was due to outside causes1 such as being broken off4 #aibd ,,grafting ,g--,grafts ,set ,c--,successful ,catches ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,shagbark ,mockernut ,pignut ,pecan ,bitternut ,total ,g ,c ,g ,c ,g ,c ,g ,c ,g ,c ,g ,c ,barnes #h #g #aj #d #ah #aa #fa4j ,beaver #e #a #e #a #bj4j ,brooks #aa #h #aj #e #ba #ac #fa4i ,clark #f #j #h #j #e #j #e #a #bd #a #d4f ,fairbanks #e #c #e #c #fj4j ,greenbay #e #j #e #j #j4j ,hales #e #a #e #a #bj4j ,kentucky #e #b #d #b #i #d #dd4e ,kirtland #e #e #d #c #i #h #hh4h ,laney #e #c #e #b #aj #e #ej4j ,manahan #f #b #f #b #cc4c ,mosnat ,no4 #e4 #g #a #g #a #ad4g ,mosnat ,no4 #f4 #aj #f #aj #f #fj4j ,siers #e #d #e #d #hj4j ,stanley #ab #a #ab #a #h4c ,vest #aj #c #ae #e #af #e #aj #c #ab #c #fc #ai #cd4b ,weiker #e #c #e #c #fj4j -- -- --- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- -- #af #c #abb #eb #ed #ba #ae #d #ab #c #bai #hc #ah4g #db4f #ch4i #bf4g #be4j #cg4i ,in #aibc1 it was very evident that the ,barnes was the only variety showing #ajj per cent success on every stock4 ,that was not repeated in #aibd1 but it still showed a high percentage of success4 ,from the comparatively modest percentage of catches1 #ea4e on the average in #aibc and #cg4i in #aibd1 one might hastily conclude that the grafting was not skillfully done or that the grafts did not have proper attention afterward1 but as noted above the grafting was done by ,dr4 ,deming1 whom ,i regard as one of the most skillful men that we have1 and as the work on walnuts done at the same time showed #ajj success with a number of varieties1 ,i think any question as to the skill with which the work was done and the care the grafted trees had afterwards can be dismissed4 ,it is to be regretted that the number of scions at hand was not sufficient to repeat exactly the experiments of #aibc as well as to follow out the points suggested by the #aibc work1 but as there was not enough for both1 the latter was done4 ,the #ajj success of catches of the ,barnes in #aibc was not repeated in #aibd2 but the high per cent of catches on the mockernut1 7#g out of #h in #aibd71 is gratifying in view of the few varieties that we have that have shown adaptability to that stock4 ,as the ,barnes is one of our good varieties and there is such a wide section of the country where the mockernut is the prevailing hickory1 it is believed this behavior of the ,barnes will prove a valuable addition to our knowledge in top-working the hickory4 ,no variety as strikingly adapted for use on the pignut has appeared1 but there are a number that have shown fair adaptability4 ,the varieties most desirable for top-working various species of hickories as suggested by this work supplemented by other observations of the writer1 would be as follows3 ,shagbark--,most varieties4 ,mockernut--,barnes4 ,pignut--,brooks1 ,kentucky1 ,taylor1 ,kirtland4 ,bitternut--,beaver1 ,fairbanks1 ,laney1 ,siers4 ,it is useful to know that the ,barnes is the only one especially successful on the ,mockernut4 ,by the spring of #aibd1 all grafts on mockernut had died except the ,barnes1 the ,gobble and the ,long ,beach1 and each of these is thought to have mockernut parentage4 ,in the cases of the pignut and the pecan stocks1 all of the grafts successful in #aibc were still living in #aibd4 ,with the shagbark and bitternut most lived4 ,as to pecans there is not much to be said2 pecan varieties would usually be used for the topworking here4 ,the results of a few grafts set in #aibd on ,carya ovalis and on shellbark seedlings which were #ajj failures1 are not noted1 as the shellbarks were1 in the judgment of the writer1 too small for the purpose1 and the ,carya ovalis had been set out in the spring of #aibd but a few weeks before the grafting was done4 ,in other words the latter had not become sufficiently established to make good stocks1 and the former were not large enough4 ,in each case there was not sufficient vitality available to expect success4 ,this brings out one point which has impressed me strongly2 that is the need of having vigorous stocks if they are to be grafted or transplanted successfully4 ,i feel that this point cannot be too strongly emphasized4 ,if a stock either from youthfulness or inherent lack of vigor is not rapid growing it is almost useless to try to graft it or transplant it until it does show the needed vigor4 ,as to stocks to grow in the nursery with the idea of grafting them later1 the two commonly used1 the bitternut for the bitternut hybrids and the pecan for others1 there is little further to be recommended at this time1 although for some varieties1 notably the ,vest1 a stock better adapted to it than any we now have is earnestly to be desired4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,president3 ,are there any questions on these three papers on hickory grafting8 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,there are two points in regard to propagation which ,i believe should be mentioned2 one is that these various methods that have been discussed make it possible to propagate successfully during a great portion of the year4 ,by beginning early in spring with the dormant graft1 and continuing throughout the summer1 these methods can be made to follow one another so that if one fails still another can be used4 ,these methods greatly prolong the season1 and when it is not convenient to propagate at one period by the method proper to use at that time another can be employed at a different season4 ,the other point is that we are constantly learning more in regard to the influence of stock upon scions4 ,for example1 hickories on pecans seem satisfactory while the reverse is at least doubtful4 ,mr4 ,jones finds that sieboldiana is not a good stock for regia4 ,we all find nigra apparently satisfactory as a stock for any species of ,juglans4 ,these conspicuous differences of influence of various species upon scions suggest the possibility of less1 but perhaps quite as important1 difference of varieties4 ,it is one of the newer phases of study and experimentation which should be considered by all and reported upon to this association4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,at my place the ,vest1 used in top-working large shagbark hickories1 has been very successful4 ,i do not know any that have been more successful or that grow more rapidly than it does on the shagbark hickory4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,the ,marquardt is successful at my place4 ,,mr4 ,o',,connor3 ,i do not know why we have not had success with paraffine in a single instance4 ,in grafting fruit trees ,i had excellent results4 ,i thought that if this could be done on fruit trees why not on nut trees8 ,but ,i am going to try with the hickory again4 ,i am going to be more careful in selecting good1 strong stock for that purpose1 and ,i think in that way we should have better success4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,did you not perhaps cover the buds of your hickory grafts too thickly with melted grafting wax8 ,might not that account for your failure8 ,hickory buds will burst their way through almost any thickness of grafting wax1 but when the paraffines are used without pine gum admixture the paraffine over the buds is particularly apt to crack and to allow the graft to dry out4 ,,mr4 ,o',,connor3 ,i did not cover the hickory grafts with melted grafting wax at all2 ,i simply put them in like apple grafts with ordinary grafting wax4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,practically all hickory grafts will fail under such circumstances1 but practically all hickory grafts will catch if they are covered with melted grafting wax of the right sort1 provided that the scions and stock are also of the right sort4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,may we now have the ,president's address8 ,,the ,,president3 ,before ,i begin ,i wish to call to your attention this pamphlet regarding the fifth ,mid-,west ,horticultural ,exposition1 to be held in the ,hippodrome1 ,waterloo1 ,iowa1 ,november #aa to #af1 #aibd4 ,it will be under the auspices of the ,iowa ,state ,horticultural ,society1 co-operating with its afflicted societies and the ,greater ,waterloo ,association4 ,the exposition will cover the ,mid-,west territory1 from ,pittsburgh to ,denver4 ,i wish especially to mention the printed list of premiums on page #bg4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder1 ,center ,point1 is superintendent of this department4 ,cash premiums in ,department b-,nuts1 amount to #bhi4 ,in addition there will be a grand sweepstakes1 a trophy cup1 donated by a member of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association1 for the exhibitor winning the greatest number of points4 ,anyone interested could write to the secretary1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,herrick1 ,state ,house1 ,des ,moines1 for a printed premium list4 ,if any members of our ,association have pet nuts of a variety which they would like pushed to the front now is the chance4 ,snyder ,brothers are offering special premiums for new nuts unnamed and unpropagated4 ,the object of this association1 as defined in its constitution1 is the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants1 their products and their culture1 and as its name implies1 in the northern part of this country4 ,without going into detail it seems to me that we have achieved the object of our association1 at least to the extent of making practical use of our accumulated knowledge4 ,public interest has been aroused1 which may become stale4 ,articles have appeared in magazines and newspapers from time to time on subjects relating to nut culture4 ,we are also on a continual lookout for new varieties1 and those of our members skilled in the art are constantly improving and working out new methods of grafting and budding1 particularly as evidenced by ,dr4 ,morris' work entitled ,nut ,growing4 ,we know approximately how soon a grafted nut tree1 especially the black walnut1 will begin to bear4 ,at ,mr4 ,jones' ,nursery1 ,lancaster1 ,pa41 an ,ohio black walnut tree in the nursery row bore a cluster of seven nuts #ag months after the graft was placed4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,wilkinson1 of ,rockport1 ,ind41 has demonstrated that grafted northern pecan trees bear early and abundantly for their size4 ,we have given advice conservatively in reply to all inquiries relative to nut-bearing plants1 perhaps too much so4 ,much honor and credit is due to certain members of our association for their untiring work and efforts in its behalf4 ,it is not necessary to mention names as ,i am sure most of you present know to whom ,i refer4 ,our annual reports testify to their splendid work4 ,from this time forward ,i believe we should adopt the policy of boldly advocating the planting of orchards of nut trees4 ,the intending planter will decide for himself what variety he will plant1 and as a guide he should judge from the wild varieties growing in his vicinity4 ,by so doing he cannot go very far astray in what will be to him a new venture4 ,of course certain varieties will be restricted to certain limited areas4 ,this applies particularly to the introduced varieties1 as distinguished from the native nut-bearing trees4 ,the black walnut has a wider range than any of the other nut trees4 ,travel wheresoever you will about the country and you will observe wild black walnut trees growing almost on every farm4 ,the planting of the ,persian1 or ,english walnut1 as it is more generally known1 has had more of a popular appeal1 perhaps from the fact that we are accustomed to seeing clean1 smooth nuts of uniform size of that variety in almost every grocery store1 the kernels of which may be extracted without great effort4 ,the black walnut1 on the other hand1 has been tolerated as a sort of poor relation1 and has been given no particular attention1 because we have been used to seeing it around4 ,it has not been made to do its share of contributing towards its keep4 ,our earliest recollections of it bring to mind bruised fingers as a result of our endeavors to crack the nuts and the tedious work of manipulating a darning needle to extract the kernels1 which we usually picked to pieces in the process4 ,we now know that we simply did not have the right kind of black walnuts4 ,we should put our accumulated knowledge to practical use to urge on every occasion the planting of nut orchards1 especially of approved varieties of the black walnut4 ,this ,i understand is what the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture is advocating1 and we should co-operate all we can with the department in that recommendation4 ,it will1 no doubt1 be urged that sufficient grafted black walnut trees are not available for orchard planting on a large scale4 ,this1 no doubt1 is true1 but on many farms there are wild black walnut trees of a size suitable for grafting or top-working4 ,grafting wood may be obtained in larger quantities than the grafted trees4 ,those of our members skilled in the art have not been selfish in imparting their knowledge to others and are always ready and willing to instruct others in the art4 ,most owners of these trees would only be too glad to substitute profitable tops for their trees in lieu of their unprofitable ones4 ,i believe that at all our meetings we should have practical demonstrations in budding and grafting1 as this will tend to arouse the interest of the uninitiated and will spur the initiated to greater perfection4 ,during the past year there has been a discussion relative to the calling of the black walnut by some other name4 ,personally ,i believe we should not attempt the change4 ,the public will not understand and it will take them a long time to become educated to the change4 ,valuable time will be consumed in picking out a new name4 ,let us take the name as we find it4 ,properly handled1 after the husks are removed1 the walnuts will not be as black as they are painted1 and besides1 we do not eat the shell anyhow4 ,the quality of the kernel will make its appeal4 ,the trouble with all of us has been that too much attention has been given to the looks1 rather than the quality1 of our food stuffs4 ,quality has been sacrificed for looks4 ,various illustrations of this come to mind with all of us4 ,i believe success will attend the planting of black walnut orchards4 ,this will encourage others to follow with orchards of other nut-bearing trees4 ,orchards of all kinds of fruit trees are being planted each year and the planters are content to wait until the trees are large enough in order to reap the benefits thereof4 ,but somehow the impression prevails in the minds of many people that a nut tree should show results and yield profits soon after it is planted4 ,in recommending to a lady of means that she should plant1 as shade trees1 northern pecans she promptly wanted to know how many bushels of nuts she would get off of the trees the next year4 ,perhaps we place too much importance on selecting just the right spot and soil in which to plant a nut tree and thus cause the intending planter to be too timid in making a start4 ,those who know anything about trees know pretty well where it is not advisable to plant trees1 especially those with a long tap-root4 ,they can judge fairly well from the wild trees of the same variety growing round about4 ,as evidence of what a nut tree will do1 those of you who have visited ,devil's ,den in ,gettysburg ,battle ,field1 have perhaps noticed a butternut tree1 now quite old1 growing out of the top of the cleft in a huge rock1 having sent its roots down to the adjoining soil for nourishment4 ,this tree has borne nuts even in its adverse situation4 ,for the benefit of those interested in the northern pecan1 ,i wish to record the fact that a seedling pecan tree is growing in ,clermont ,county1 ,ohio1 on upland1 not far from the eastern boundary line of ,hamilton ,county1 about five miles north of the ,ohio ,river4 ,the nut from which the tree grew was brought from ,rockport1 ,indiana1 and planted about forty-one years ago4 ,the tree is quite large and bears nuts comparable with the wild seedling nuts that may be obtained from the ,rockport district4 ,if a seedling does this1 you may readily see what a grafted tree will do4 ,,the ,,president3 ,we will now ask ,prof4 ,collins for his address4 ,,the ,,search ,,for ,,blight-,,resisting ,,chestnut ,,sprouts,a ,prof4 ,j4 ,franklin ,collins1 ,rhode ,island ,the chestnut blight has now been with us for more than twenty years and has destroyed practically all the chestnut trees of the northeastern part of the country4 ,it has spread in all directions from its original center in the immediate vicinity of ,new ,york ,city until it has reached the limits of the native chestnut growth in the northeast and north1 and is steadily approaching its limits in the west and south4 ,the disease1 a native of ,china and apparently imported into this country on some ,japanese or other oriental chestnut1 found a more susceptible host in our native chestnut and so became a virulent parasite on this new host4 ,it was not until #aijd that general attention was attracted to the disease4 ,by that time it had obtained a strong foothold on the chestnuts of southeastern ,new ,york 7particularly the western end of ,long ,island71 in southwestern ,connecticut1 and in northern ,new ,jersey4 ,all of you are more or less familiar with the efforts made in ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,york1 and elsewhere in the northeast1 in co-operation with the federal government1 to control the disease4 ,these efforts are now an old story to most of you and there is no need of repeating it at this time4 ,early in the fight against the blight the attention of many of us was directed to locating possible immune or resistant species1 varieties1 or individuals4 ,the search for resistant native individuals and the accompanying experiments in crossing and grafting various species and varieties has been kept up ever since4 ,foreign explorers have constantly been on the lookout1 with more or less success1 for chestnuts in other countries that might be resistant to the blight4 ,it has long been known that most forms of the ,japanese chestnut 7,c4 crenata7 were in general highly resistant to the blight4 ,later it was found that the more recently introduced ,chinese chestnut 7,c4 mollissima7 was also quite resistant1 although both the ,japanese and the ,chinese were far from being immune4 ,quite recently ,mr4 ,rock1 explorer for the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 has brought a new chestnut from southern ,china for experimental purposes4 ,notwithstanding newspaper reports to the contrary the possibilities of this chestnut in this country apparently are unknown at the present time4 ,nobody seems to know if it will stand our climate1 resist the blight1 produce worthwhile timber or fruit2 nor is its name known1 according to late advices that have reached me4 ,some years ago the late ,dr4 ,van ,fleet made numerous crosses between the ,japanese and the ,american chestnuts1 the ,chinquapin1 and other species and varieties4 ,personally1 ,i have not been in very close touch with ,dr4 ,van ,fleet's experiments4 ,doubtless some of you know more about them than ,i do4 ,regarding these ,i will only say at this time that the work begun by ,dr4 ,van ,fleet is being continued by the ,federal ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 with ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,gravatt in direct charge of the work so far as the ,office of ,investigations in ,forest ,pathology is concerned4 ,mr4 ,gravatt is also testing out the value of scions taken from seemingly resistant native trees when grafted on resistant stocks4 ,some years after the blight had destroyed most of the chestnut trees in the northeastern states we kept getting reports from various localities to the effect that the blight was apparently dying out4 ,many of these reports came from sources that made us doubt their value1 but others came from more reliable sources4 ,we have had opportunity to investigate a number of these reports and have usually found that the statement that the blight was dying out was1 in a sense1 strictly true1 the reason being that the chestnut trees were entirely dead1 except for sprouts4 ,this fact naturally prevented the disease from showing us as much as in former years4 ,some twelve years ago ,i noticed in ,pennsylvania a sprout of an ,american chestnut about an inch in diameter which had a typical hypertrophy of the disease1 apparently completely girdling the sprout at its base2 also a girdling lesion farther up on the stem4 ,the hypertrophy was such a pronounced one and in other respects such a typical example of the disease that ,i photographed it4 ,a few years later ,i was surprised to observe that this sprout had increased to more than three times its former diameter and that the two diseased areas just mentioned apparently had disappeared--at least they were no longer in evidence except as rough-barked areas4 ,to make a long story short this sprout is still alive and has increased in size and height each year4 ,although now 7#aibd7 it is considerably branched and makes a small bushy tree it is badly diseased in numerous places and is only partially alive1 but the dead portions have not resulted from some half dozen of the original disease lesions 7apparently girdles71 but from later infections4 ,the very fact that a sprout should have lived for more than twelve years in the center of one of the most badly diseased areas known to the writer seems at least to suggest the possibility that future chestnut sprouts may yet grow in spite of the disease and persist--at least in a shrubbery form if not as a tree4 ,the sprout to which ,i have just called attention is not an isolated case1 but merely one of the most pronounced that ,i know about4 ,in a careful survey in ,july 7#aibd7 of the region immediately surrounding the sprout just mentioned two or three other notable1 but less pronounced1 cases of a similar sort were discovered4 ,in two cases fine looking branched sprouts some twenty feet high with healthy-looking foliage were noted4 ,both were diseased but the disease seemed not to be very conspicuous or virulent4 ,in a recent survey of woodland in ,rhode ,island 7,july1 #aibd7 much healthy foliage was observed and several large sprouts were found on which the disease 7although present7 seemed to be doing little damage when compared with its former virulence in the same general region4 ,i call attention to these cases primarily to acquaint you with the results of our latest observations on what seems to me to be cases of gradually developing resistance in some of the remaining sprouts4 ,in all my intensive work on the blight between #aijg and #aiac ,i cannot now recall a single instance where a chestnut sprout in a disease-ridden area ever reached a diameter of an inch or thereabouts before its existence was cut short by the blight2 and yet today--a dozen years later--we are finding quite a number of living sprouts over two inches in diameter1 and a few that are three1 four1 and even up to seven inches in diameter4 ,last ,friday1 ,august #bi1 ,i heard of a small chestnut tree in ,new ,jersey that bore a few burs last year and which has a dozen or more this year4 ,if the nuts mature we hope to get some of them to propagate4 ,last ,sunday1 ,august #ca1 ,i saw a three inch sprout in ,connecticut that had had a few burs on it4 ,i would be glad to learn of any cases of this sort that may come to your attention4 ,you are all thinking men and women and all of you have had experiences with diseased trees of some sort1 many of you with very serious diseases1 and some of you ,i know have had a wide experience with the chestnut blight1 so you can draw your own conclusions as to the significance of the facts that ,i have stated4 ,as to the state laws for transporting material from one state to another ,i am not posted1 but ,i believe that we can be advised by writing to the government at ,washington4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,we do not know whether the ,washington government will sterilize those scions and send them out for us1 but there should be some way of sending from one state to another4,b ,it seems to me that in all probability1 the vital energy of the protoplasm of the endothia is diminishing4 ,quality1 flavor1 or anything you please1 is bound up with certain vitality1 and that diminishes and finally will cease4 ,that is the reason for the endothia growing less now4 ,,prof4 ,,collins3 ,my point was perhaps not exactly that4 ,i meant that the result is that1 with the average cases1 we are now getting chestnuts not so quickly destroyed4 ,the explanation may be exactly what you have stated4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,there are two factors to be considered4 ,first1 the running down of the vital energy of the protoplasm2 and second1 in the factors which affect the vital energy of the plant4 ,,prof4 ,,collins3 ,in the paper ,i have just read there was mentioned the apparent number of trees in various parts of the country which are very slowly dying from the blight1 and some which have resisted it entirely1 so far2 but that was not the point ,i desired to emphasize4 ,there are some around ,new ,york ,city which are still growing1 and ,dr4 ,graves could tell us of this4 ,,mr4 ,o',,connor3 ,would it be desirable to take out an old tree where there are new sprouts8 ,one tree on ,mr4 ,littlepage's place in ,maryland has a number of sprouts coming up4 ,i suggested that if we could get people together and clean the woods up we could dig up the old trees and only leave the blight-resistant ones4 ,,prof4 ,,collins3 ,that is near ,bell ,station where we do our experimental work4 ,we found one place infected4 ,i cleaned it out and we have not seen anything of the disease since4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,some five or six years ago ,i sent a number of chestnuts to ,warren1 ,new ,hampshire1 which is outside of the blight district4 ,i did not know then much about the blight4 ,they grew for several years and it was not until one year ago that the trees were found with blight4 ,i got the party to cut them down4 ,how long must ,i wait before it is safe to send other trees there8 ,i believe they will grow there and bear1 but we do not want to get them affected with the blight4 ,,prof4 ,,collins3 ,i do not know that anybody could answer that4 ,apparently we have waited #bj years and are still unsafe4 ,it is a case of experimentation4 ,,mr4 ,,kains3 ,as to the hybrids of ,dr4 ,van ,fleet and ,dr4 ,morris1 in the spring of #aibc ,i planted #aj and there are only four alive now4 ,they were affected by blight and killed4 ,they were rather large trees when planted1 and ,i think for that reason more susceptible4 ,we had the idea from the nursery that they would be more likely to withstand the disease than would the ,american sweet chestnut4 ,have you any reports as to the way these hybrids behave8 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,as to ,dr4 ,van ,fleet's hybrids1 so far as we know they are all going with the blight4 ,the collection in ,washington is practically gone4 ,we are still caring for them and doing what we can but the prospect is not at all good4 ,we get reports of these distributed around the country1 but in no case have we had a report indicating that the ,van ,fleet hybrids were at all resistant4 ,footnote ,a3 ,note--,blight-resisting as used in this paper should be interpreted as a slower death of the host than in former years1 whether or not the result of increased resistance to the parasite on the part of the host1 or to decreased virulence of the parasite1 or to both factors combined4 ,footnote ,b3 ,decision ,from the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,in a letter of later date1 addressed to ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,dr4 ,b4 ,t4 ,galloway1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agr41 wrote regarding the matter of distributing ,merribrooke chestnut scions1 as follows3 ,i have talked with ,mr4 ,stevenson1 of the ,federal ,horticultural ,board1 regarding this matter1 and he says that1 while there is no federal quarantine covering the chestnuts1 as a matter of policy we have not been letting any chestnuts or scions go through our hands into the non-blight regions4 ,mr4 ,stevenson says that ,dr4 ,morris himself might be able to carry out the plan he suggests by dealing direct with some of the state institutions in non-blight regions1 selecting states that have no quarantine against chestnuts4 ,,prof4 ,,collins3 ,i will now read my paper on ,,protection ,,of ,,wounds ,,in ,,nut ,,trees ,i have been asked to discuss briefly the handling of wood decay in top-worked nut trees4 ,i am not sure that ,i know very much about the latest methods employed in this type of work4 ,personally ,i have had no practical experience with it4 ,i understand1 however1 that nut trees are top-worked by cutting off limbs and inserting one or more scions4 ,i am informed that limbs as large as six inches or more in diameter have been cut for this purpose1 particularly on pecan trees in the ,south1 and that decay has started at the top of these stubs after the scions have become established1 resulting in a pocket of decay4 ,i assume that it is about such places as these that you want me to say something4 ,such conditions1 whatever their origin1 call for straight tree surgery methods4 ,my work on tree surgery has been almost entirely with shade trees and chestnuts1 and only to a very limited extent on other nut trees4 ,the general methods of handling decay are essentially the same on all trees1 as also are the fundamental principles underlying the same1 whether on nut or shade trees4 ,i must admit ,i do not know just what methods are being employed by nut growers at the present time to counteract such decay in top-worked trees1 so my suggestions may include nothing with which you are unfamiliar4 ,again1 they may include some methods that you have already tried and found wanting so far as nut trees are concerned4 ,as a prevention of decay my suggestions1 based on my own shade tree experience1 would be3 7#a7 ,avoid cutting large limbs when smaller ones are available and will serve the purpose just as well or better4 7#b7 ,keep the scars thoroughly and continuously covered with some good waterproof and antiseptic material so as to prevent infection of any part of the cut surfaces4 7#c7 ,always make the cut somewhat slanting so that rain water will readily run off1 and insert the scions preferably at the upper extremity of the cut4 ,such an oblique cut normally heals quicker and better on shade trees than a transverse cut1 particularly if a vigorous young sprout is left at the peak of the cut4 ,i am quite certain the same statement will hold true with scions of nut trees placed at the peak of the oblique cut4 ,after decay has started1 ,i would suggest-- 7#a7 ,cut out all the decayed woody matter1 preferably from one side1 so that a free and easy drainage of the wound may result4 ,if necessary1 when several scions have been placed around the stub1 sacrifice one of the grafts and make a rather long oblique cut or groove from which all decayed matter has been removed4 ,use shellac1 liquid grafting wax or melted paraffine over the cut bark1 cambium and adjoining sapwood immediately after the final cut is made4 7#b7 ,cover the entire wound with some good preparation to keep out disease germs and water4 ,preferably use for a covering such materials as will be more or less permanent and which have been found by practical experience to be least injurious and most effective on the particular nut tree that you are treating4 7#c7 ,keep the wound thoroughly painted or covered at all times until it is completely sealed over by a new growth of callus4 7#d7 ,if the top-working was originally done in such a manner that the removal of all the decay results in a cavity that cannot be properly drained1 it is advisable to fill the cavity with some waterproofing and antiseptic material in order to prevent it holding water and also to assist the cambium in covering the wound4 ,the cavity must first be treated in accordance with approved tree surgery practices4 ,in shade tree work1 quite a variety of substances have been used to fill cavities with more or less success2 e4 g41 wood blocks and strips1 asphalt and sawdust1 asphalt and sand1 clear coal tar1 clear asphalt1 elastic cement1 magnesian cement1 ,roman 7or ,portland7 cement1 etc4 ,of these only two--wooden blocks and ,portland cement1 have been in general use more than a few years4 ,blocks of wood were used in ,france to fill cavities more than #fj years ago1 and in this country to some extent about #ej years ago4 ,later1 ,portland cement was used in preference to wood for fillings1 probably mainly because it was more easily handled4 ,to us of the present generation1 ,portland cement in combination with sand is the one material that seems to have been in general use sufficiently long to allow us to draw any seemingly reliable conclusion as to its real merits4 ,for the personal use of the average orchardist1 ,portland cement is one of the last in the list mentioned above that ,i would recommend4 ,according to a few reports that have reached me1 wooden blocks and tar proved to be fairly satisfactory half a century ago1 and strips of wood embedded in some flexible and antiseptic material1 are proving very satisfactory today4 ,an excellent preparation to use between the strips of wood1 containing asphalt and asbestos1 can be readily bought on the market1 and it has the advantage of being mixed ready for use4 ,for cavities with horizontal openings that will hold semi-fluid substances1 clear asphalt or gas-house 7coal7 tar may answer all purposes4 ,for cavities with oblique or vertical openings1 or for those on the underside of a limb1 probably some of the magnesian cements1 which readily adhere to wood1 will be found more satisfactory when properly mixed and applied4 ,although ,i have said more about filling cavities than of other phases of the work1 ,i do not wish the impression to go forth that ,i recommend such work except as a last resort1 so to speak4 ,the one thing that ,i do most emphatically recommend above all others is the prevention of decay so far as possible by practices that are less likely to allow decay-producing organisms to gain entrance in the first place1 or at any other time4 ,,the ,,president3 ,does anyone care to discuss this paper8 ,,mr4 ,,kains3 ,mr4 ,president3 ,during the last five years1 ,i have planted several hundred nut trees1 including the ,english walnut1 black walnut1 the heartnut1 pecan 7northern ones7 and some hybrid hickories4 ,i have noticed that in this nursery stock there has been a good deal of dying-out of the original stock where the trees had been grafted1 and where the scion had not covered over4 ,in some of those cases decay has set in1 and the trees have died before they could be attended to or have been broken down by the wind4 ,the point is1 ,i think it a mistake for nurserymen to use as large stocks as they have been using in many of these cases1 because the stump of the stock is too large for the slowly growing scions to cover over quickly enough4 ,my experience in the planting of fruit trees has been uniformly successful with smaller stocks 7that is1 trees smaller than ,i have been able to buy for nut trees7 with peaches one year from the bud and with apples not more than two years2 with berries and stone fruits1 not more than two years4 ,in every case1 with the fruit trees1 one year stocks have given me better results4 ,first1 because they healed over more quickly1 and second1 because ,i could cut to better advantage in the trees4 ,in no case have ,i been able to get nut trees as small as ,i can apples and peaches4 ,i believe that with the smaller trees amateurs will have better success4 ,i bring this matter to the attention of those men who are devoting their lives to the propagation of nut trees4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,the subject of transplanting nut trees was treated fully by ,mr4 ,bixby in his paper this morning and will be treated by ,mr4 ,hicks this afternoon in his address on the subject4 ,mr4 ,hicks will give a lecture1 illustrated with slides1 showing how the larger nut trees may be successfully transplanted4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,mr4 ,kains' thought was that there was a good deal of difficulty from using stocks that were too large4 ,paraffine will keep them safe from microbes4 ,,mr4 ,,kains3 ,we had difficulty from the drying of the scions4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i find that if raw pine gum is put in it prevents the paraffine from cracking4 ,,mr4 ,o',,connor3 ,in regard to wounds on the trees ,i find that creosote makes a very good antiseptic4 ,i use coal tar and creosote1 mixed to a consistency of cream4 ,i have used ,portland cement but ,i treated with creosote first4 ,in some cases ,i used bichloride of mercury4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,it seems to be the experience in the ,south that1 so far as the amateur is concerned1 he gets better results with the pecans by planting trees of from three to five feet4 ,trees smaller than that are regarded as dwarfed2 but the man who is in a position to exercise greater care could get quicker results from buying the large-sized trees4 ,yet it requires more care in transplanting1 more fertilizer1 and more attention4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,i wish to make the motion that the chair name a nominating committee at this time4 ,,the ,,president3 ,is that agreed8 ,all right2 then ,i name ,mr4 ,o',connor for chairman1 ,mr4 ,reed1 ,mr4 ,olcott1 ,mr4 ,bartlett and ,mr4 ,hershey on the committee4 ,are those names acceptable8 7,vote shows unanimous acceptance74 ,,the ,,president3 ,the convention will adjourn until two o'clock4 ,,first ,,day--,,afternoon ,,session ,meeting called to order by the ,president4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i will read a communication from ,mr4 ,snyder1 of ,center ,point1 ,iowa4 ,but first ,i would like to explain that when the ,president in mentioning the ,horticultural ,exposition at ,waterloo1 spoke of a sweepstakes cup from a member of the ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 for the greatest number of points won in the nut exhibition of which ,mr4 ,snyder has charge he did not state that he himself was the member who gave the cup4 ,a ,,harangue ,,on ,,the ,,nut ,,situation ,,in ,,iowa ,by ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder1 ,iowa ,previous to the organization of the ,mid-,west ,horticultural ,exposition the ,iowa ,state ,horticultural ,society had given but little attention to the nut question4 ,but along with the exposition came a demand for a nut department1 which resulted in the writer being appointed superintendent and given authority to prepare a limited premium list4 ,this resulted in bringing out a number of new and unnamed varieties of nuts and created some enthusiasm4 ,when it came time to prepare for the second exposition1 authority was given to greatly increase the premium list1 which resulted in bringing out more new varieties and created a wonderful lot of enthusiasm4 ,when it came time to prepare for the third exposition a list was adopted calling for #ach4jj in cash premiums1 which resulted in bringing out such a large exhibit of choice nuts that when we came to make preparation for the fourth exposition the premium list was increased to a total of #aha4ej4 ,this brought out so many fine nuts that it became a common thing to hear the remark1 among the visitors that it was the most important department in the exposition4 ,for the coming exposition1 to be held next ,november1 the premium list as adopted calls for #bhj4jj in cash premiums1 and while ,i am no prophet ,i am going to predict that it will result in bringing together the largest nut exhibit ever collected under one roof in the ,united ,states4 ,at our last exposition held in ,council ,bluffs1 some of the directors of our state fair observed that the nut department was attracting much attention and was bringing a good many visitors to the exposition4 ,they decided that they must have a nut premium list for the state fair and requested me to make up a list covering the nut subject as strictly applied to the ,state of ,iowa4 ,this ,i did and am attaching the list hereto4 ,although our state fair comes off in the month of ,august1 and no nuts are available for exhibit1 except such as happen to be kept over from the previous year's crop1 yet it brought out at our #aibc fair the largest and best exhibit of nuts that has ever been shown within this state1 not excepting the exhibits of the exposition4 ,the board of directors were so well pleased with the interest manifested in the nut department that they are continuing the list for this year's fair and doubtless it will become a permanent feature of future fairs of this state4 ,so much publicity and attention has been given the nut question within our state that it has resulted in bringing to light several new varieties that we think should be propagated before the original trees may have been destroyed4 ,the horticultural department of our ,iowa ,state ,agricultural ,college is now taking an active interest in the nut question and has assigned one of the professors to the job of collecting information about and taking pictures of1 the best known nut trees within the state4 ,if they follow up the nut subject with as much vim and energy as they have other phases of horticulture we may look for something in the nut line in the next few years that will be worth while4 ,the native nut situation might well be summed up by saying that we have so many good walnuts1 butternuts1 hazels1 pecans1 hickories1 and hybrids of the two last named species1 that we could banish all foreigners and still have plenty left to supply every need4 ,the crop of nuts for this season is fairly good2 some trees have none1 others a light crop1 and some varieties are carrying a heavy load4 ,of introduced nuts some are proving to be hardy and fruitful1 but in my judgment they are all lacking in eating quality as compared with our own native nuts1 unless ,i should except the filbert which has not yet proven that it will bear profitable crops in this climate4 ,in closing ,i want to give just one instance of the great interest that has been aroused for nut growing within this state4 ,a certain little city of less than two thousand inhabitants happens to own thirty acres of land that is suitable for the growth of timber4 ,the citizens propose to plant the entire tract to nut bearing trees and bushes1 and eventually make it a free park in which the children of the village may be turned loose to gather the nuts4 ,just imagine1 if you can1 how the enthusiasm of the boys who may be fortunate enough to live in that little city1 will more than bubble over as the nut gathering season approaches4 ,i hope to be able to assist those people in their laudible enterprise and wish ,i may live to see it develop into the greatest thing of its kind in the ,united ,states4 ,,the ,,president3 ,dr4 ,brooks1 will you kindly give the ,vice-,president's report from ,west ,virginia1 preceding your paper8 ,,dr4 ,,brooks3 ,i have no special report to give as ,vice-,president of the association from ,west ,virginia4 ,i might say1 perhaps1 that the ,west ,virginia station is in a land of hills and dales4 ,our latitude is from #bjj to #e1jjj feet above the level of the sea1 and our average elevation is #a1ejj feet4 ,from our excellent position we can look down #fjj feet or so upon the ,ohio4 ,our land contains many species of trees1 including nut trees4 ,among these there is one species of beech1 two of hazel1 two of chestnut1 six of hickory1 two of walnuts and fifteen of oaks4 ,fortunately1 the chestnut blight has not swept the entire state4 ,the chestnut has been in the past and is still our most popular tree4 ,there are areas where tons of chestnuts are still put on the market every year4 ,the people are still thinking more and more of some plant that might take its place2 they are considering the shagbark hickory and the black walnut4 ,i predict that in the future there will be more planting of hazel nuts1 black walnuts and shagbark hickories in this state4 ,the prospect there is promising4 ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,more ,,important ,,insects ,,attacking ,,northern ,,nuts ,by ,fred ,e4 ,brooks ,associate ,entomologist ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture ,the prevalence of insect pests need not be regarded as an alarming obstacle to nut growing in the ,north1 and yet there are numerous species of insects which are capable of destroying our nut crops4 ,on the whole ,i presume there are fewer insects that attack nuts in this country than commonly attack apples1 but apple growers are not limited in planting nor prevented from making profits on account of insect depredations4 ,neither should the probability of more or less insect injury discourage the would-be planter of nut trees4 ,the presence of an insect in any locality may mean1 among other considerations1 that the soil1 and climatic conditions of that locality are favorable to the plant upon which the insect feeds4 ,we may be sure that wherever the ,baltimore butterfly is abundant1 nearby is a congenial spot where the turtle's-head1 the food plant of the butterfly1 flourishes4 ,just so1 in localities where there are many chestnut weevils we may expect to find chestnut trees thriving and fruiting generously4 ,the same is true of the associations of many other insects and plants4 ,theoretically speaking1 one would not care to risk the expenditure of much time or money in propagating a plant in a region that was destitute of insects that might attack that plant4 ,the absence of such insects would possibly indicate a lack of natural conditions favoring the growth of the plant in question4 ,thus the presence in any locality of insects that feed on nuts may mean that nuts thrive naturally in that locality and that insects are there because of the abundance of a favorite food4 ,may ,i hasten to add1 however1 that this fact should not lead to an under-estimation of the possibilities of insect destructiveness1 nor encourage lax methods in dealing with injurious species4 ,in the beginning of any nut-growing enterprise we should anticipate the coming of insect pests and be ready to meet them4 ,the planting of pure stands of native nut trees sets up a condition under which insects coming from the forest may increase more safely and rapidly than under the more hazardous environment of a scattered forest growth4 ,this applies to cultivated plants generally4 ,it is true of an orange grove1 a cornfield or a potato patch4 ,the mass planting of any crop is quite sure to call sooner or later for measures to offset the stimulus which such plantings offer to insect increase4 ,reference may be made to a familiar nut plantation which illustrates a natural result of neglecting one of the insect factors4 ,this plantation is the government's chestnut orchard at ,bell1 ,maryland1 which was planted for scientific purpose some years ago by ,dr4 ,van ,fleet4 ,this orchard of around one thousand trees contains numerous species and varieties of chestnut1 some of which bear fruit every year4 ,the various scientific projects carried on in this orchard in the past have all been of such a nature that they called for no consideration of weevil increase4 ,many nuts have been allowed to lie under the trees until the weevil larvae issued and entered the soil4 ,this has resulted in a constant increase of weevils until infestation of the nuts became practically one-hundred per cent4 ,all nuts of the crop of #aibb were so wormy that when planted they failed to germinate4 ,injury to the crop of #aibc seemed somewhat less severe1 but its extent may be indicated by the fact that #cjhj nuts from this orchard which were kept by the speaker in rearing jars yielded #aa1jhe worms4 ,in the woods adjacent to the orchard the native chestnut trees are disappearing on account of the blight1 and presumably weevils are on the decrease4 ,within the small area of the orchard1 however1 the increase has been abnormal1 due1 as has been indicated1 to the peculiarly favorable and man-made conditions4 ,if1 from the time the trees of the orchard began to bear1 the investigations being carried on had called for close gathering of the nuts at maturity and the destruction of all the worms that issued from them1 there is little doubt that infestation would have been kept within reasonable bounds4 ,at present1 after two years of attention to the collection of ripening nuts1 there is an apparent decrease in the number of weevils4 ,strong emphasis should be placed upon the importance of gathering chestnuts as soon as they are ripe and prevention of the worms from reaching the soil4 ,this is especially true of districts where woods surrounding chestnut orchards do not contain bearing native chestnut trees4 ,the ,nut ,weevils ,now that the subject of nut weevils has been introduced1 let us consider in more detail these grotesque1 long-snouted insects whose larvae1 or grubs1 play havoc with so many of our nuts4 ,most of us have had the experience of gathering in autumn rich stores of our delicious native chestnuts4 ,but how often our anticipations of boiled and roasted feasts have been blighted4 ,we have found that the chestnuts were like the manna which fed the children of ,israel in the wilderness1 ,when we left of them until the morning they bred worms and became foul4 ,there are numerous cases in this country where chestnuts in shipment have been seized and condemned under the provisions of the ,food and ,drugs ,act4 ,usually the phraseology of the libel has been because the shipment consisted in part of filthy animal substances1 to wit1 worms1 worm excreta1 worm-eaten chestnuts and decayed chestnuts4 ,altogether the loss to chestnuts from weevil injury is beyond computation4 ,the beetles which are the parents of the familiar worms in chestnuts are not commonly seen1 or1 if observed1 they are not associated with the disgusting inhabitants of the nut kernels4 ,these beetles represent in their structure a very interesting adaptation to a special end4 ,the mouth is located at the tip of an enormously long snout1 or proboscis1 and the drill-like instrument is used for puncturing the thick covering of various kinds of nuts so as to admit the egg into the kernel upon which the young will feed4 ,in some cases the mouth is situated at a greater distance from the eyes and other head appendages than is the anal extremity of the insect4 ,there are in the northern part of this country two species which attack chestnuts1 one which attacks hickory-nuts1 one which attacks hazel-nuts and about a dozen which attack acorns4 ,and here may be mentioned an interesting peculiarity of the feeding habit which is decidedly to the advantage of the nut-grower4 ,each species adheres closely to its own food plant4 ,the hickory-nut weevil does not attack hazel-nuts nor the hazel-nut weevil hickory-nuts4 ,none of the acorn-infesting species will seek for food in the nuts of chestnut1 hickory or hazel4 ,once the chestnut weevils are absent in a locality1 there is no chance that oak trees will serve as a means of spreading the weevils back into the locality4 ,so closely confined are these weevils to their particular food plants that many of them distinguish between the different species of oak and will oviposit only in certain kinds of acorns4 ,all the different species resemble one another in both the adult and larval stages4 ,there is also a general similarity in their behavior4 ,i have recently discovered1 however1 a marked difference in the life cycles of certain species4 ,for example1 the larger chestnut weevil and the smaller chestnut weevil look alike1 but they are decidedly unlike in their development4 ,the grubs of the larger weevil begin to leave the nuts at about the time the nuts drop4 ,they enter the soil to a depth of several inches and fashion smooth-walled cells in which they remain unchanged until the following summer4 ,during ,june and ,july they transform to pupae1 and soon afterward to adults4 ,in ,august they issue from the ground and seek the trees where they collect around the burs and begin to deposit eggs soon after the nut kernels start to form4 ,this life cycle is continued year after year4 ,to forestall starvation of the race in case of entire failure for a year of the chestnut crop1 a few individuals carry over the second winter in the ground and then issue as beetles along with the one-year-old specimens4 ,it is probable that a small per cent of the insects may remain in the soil over three winters4 ,thus does nature by unique arrangements safeguard the lives of even the very small creatures4 ,the life cycle of the lesser weevil is quite different4 ,the larvae of this species leave the nuts somewhat later in the autumn than do those of the larger weevil4 ,like them1 they enter the ground and pass the first winter unchanged4 ,the grub stage is continued throughout the summer1 but late in autumn1 after the beetles of the larger species have been on the trees for some weeks and deposited most of their eggs1 the larvae of the smaller species transform to adults4 ,instead of coming from the ground1 however1 they remain in their earthen cells throughout the winter4 ,the next spring1 prior to the blooming of the chestnut-trees1 they emerge from the ground and soon thereafter collect in large numbers on the male catkins of the chestnuts4 ,at this time very little feeding is done and the sex instinct does not manifest itself4 ,as the time approaches for the nuts to mature1 however1 the beetles begin to feed and pair and soon thereafter to lay their eggs in the ripening nuts4 ,most of the eggs are deposited directly into the nuts after the burs begin to open4 ,in the case of the larger weevils the beetles are present only about three months of the year4 ,those of the lesser species1 however1 are perpetually present1 those of the younger generation reaching the adult stage in the ground before those of the previous generation have finished laying their eggs in the ripening nuts4 ,as with the larger species1 a few of the smaller weevils carry as larvae for several years to tide over possible failures of the chestnut crop4 ,the life cycle of the hickory-nut weevil is similar to that of the larger chestnut-weevil1 and that of the hazel-nut weevil is like that of the lesser chestnut weevil4 ,both cycles are represented among the acorn-infesting species4 ,any intelligent warfare against the nut weevils calls for a knowledge of these distinctive life histories4 ,thus1 an abundance of maturing larvae of the larger species this autumn will insure an abundance of beetles to deposit eggs in the nuts next autumn4 ,with the lesser weevil1 however1 maturing larvae this autumn will not affect the number of beetles on the trees the succeeding autumn but will provide beetles for the crop two years hence4 ,large numbers of beetles of the lesser species may be destroyed by collecting them from the blossoms of chestnut1 but1 at that season of the year there are no beetles of the larger species abroad4 ,these weevils are to be made the subject of a bulletin by the ,bureau of ,entomology in the near future1 in which it is hoped to go more fully into a discussion of control measures4 ,walnut ,husk ,maggot ,although none of the weevils of the group just discussed attacks walnuts1 the fruit of this tree has a serious enemy in the walnut husk maggot4 ,this insect is most familiar in the form of multitudes of dirty-white maggots inhabiting the blackened1 slimy husk of ripening walnuts4 ,originally1 the black walnut furnished the favorite food of this insect1 although the husk of butternuts was sometimes attacked4 ,more recently the pest has turned its attention to the ,persian walnuts which are fruiting in many places in the east4 ,the watery1 dark-colored pulp into which the husk of the nut is converted when the maggots begin to feed penetrates the shell of the nut and injures the kernel by staining it and imparting a strong flavor4 ,the operation of hulling is also made doubly disagreeable1 the nut coming out of the husk discolored and dirty4 ,these maggots hatch from eggs inserted into the husk of nuts by a light-colored fly about the size of our common housefly4 ,although easily overlooked1 these flies may be seen on the nuts at almost any time in ,august and ,september4 ,they have strong ovipositors with which they puncture the surface of nuts and insert into the openings masses of white eggs from which the maggots hatch4 ,as to the control of this pest1 the speaker obtained very promising results in spraying ,persian walnut trees belonging to our friend1 ,j4 ,g4 ,rush1 at ,west ,willow1 ,pa41 with a solution of #a-a_/b pounds of lead arsenate to #ej gallons of water with #aj pounds of glucose sugar added to impart a sweet taste4 ,the flies were observed feeding on the sweet coating given to the leaves and the nuts that ripened later were comparatively free from maggots4 ,it was obvious that the flies died from the poison before depositing many eggs in the nuts4 ,twig ,girdlers ,during the past two seasons the speaker has made special studies of several species of beetles which cut or girdle young hickory trees1 or the branches of larger trees1 causing the severed part to break off or die4 ,not fewer than four distinct species of beetles in the east have this habit4 ,three of the insects do their damage in the larval stage4 ,one of these1 ,elaphidion villosum1 has been called the twig-pruner4 ,it is a well known species and its work in pruning the branches of hickory and various other trees has often been referred to4 ,the other two species which sever the wood in their larval stage are ,pseudobidion unicolor and ,agrilus arcuatus4 ,thus far1 these two have no common names4 ,in certain localities they are proving to be very troublesome to both young and bearing trees4 ,in one block of a nursery in ,virginia ,i estimated that the ,agrilus larvae had ruined one-hundred dollars worth of young hickory trees4 ,fortunately1 the adult of this species feeds freely on hickory foliage and can be killed readily under nursery conditions by spraying with arsenical poisons4 ,the fourth girdler referred to is our familiar hickory twig-girdler1 ,oncideres cingulatus4 ,in this case the adult insect cuts a ring-like furrow around the wood and the portion above dies4 ,the purpose of the girdle is to provide dead wood in which the young may feed4 ,after the girdle is made1 a process which occupies several hours1 and1 sometimes several days1 the eggs are laid in the bark above4 ,in central ,west ,virginia and northward the grubs which hatch from these eggs require two years in which to reach maturity4 ,in the vicinity of ,richmond and southward1 however1 the larvae mature in one year4 ,this more rapid development in the south probably accounts in part for the recent serious outbreak of this insect in ,virginia and the ,carolinas4 ,each female beetle is capable of girdling several twigs4 ,one female of about a dozen kept in confinement last autumn made eleven girdles and deposited #ee eggs4 ,several of the beetles continued their interesting operations until after several snows and severe frosts had occurred4 ,the twig girdler in the beetle stage feeds rather freely on the bark of twigs4 ,enough of the surface is eaten to justify the belief that the beetles may be killed by spraying with arsenical poisons4 ,this treatment is being tested at the present time4 ,in the cases of all these insects which sever the branches the wood is killed for the safety and comfort of the insect as it undergoes further development above the severed point4 ,there is a period of at least several weeks in each case after the twig dies during which the insect in one stage or another remains in it to complete its growth4 ,this affords an opportunity to gather the twigs and burn them with the assurance that the insects are being destroyed thereby4 ,at least some progress has been made in discovering the habits and the methods of controlling these and various other insects that may be expected to give nut growers in the north more or less trouble4 ,the remedies that can be offered at the present time are not in all cases entirely satisfactory4 ,there is much yet to be learned1 but there are control measures within the reach of most of the nut growers which are well worth consideration and adoption4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,dr4 ,zimmerman1 will you read to us now8 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,perhaps some of the members will not be so glad to hear what ,i have to say1 but ,i feel that there is a need for something along the line ,i will refer to4 ,,developing ,a ,,nut ,,industry ,,in ,,the ,,northeast ,,by ,,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,zimmerman1 ,,pennsylvania ,we have all heard of the pecan4 ,no doubt most of us have traveled through the ,south at some time or other and have entertained a wish for a pecan grove4 ,a personal friend of mine1 a minister1 told me recently that the only time he was ever tempted to invest in a commercial proposition was when a real estate agent laid a picture of a pecan grove before him4 ,i had entertained the thought that some day ,i might possess an orchard4 ,therefore1 a couple of winters ago1 when ,i found it necessary to go south for my health1 ,i silently hoped ,i could kill two birds with one stone1 by getting some undeveloped land and starting a pecan grove1 which at the same time would keep me in the open air and give me exercise4 ,consequently1 my eyes were always open and ,i was on the constant lookout for pecans4 ,after miles of travel they appeared4 ,they were very interesting and ,i went into the subject pretty thoroughly4 ,i was informed that no cheap land was available any more that was desirable for pecans4 ,i am not so sure of that4 ,i was also informed that most of the people who had planted groves had made a mistake1 that the pecan business was just beginning under new ideas1 and that most of the work would have to be done over4 ,from the amount of trees that are being top-worked ,i am inclined to believe this is true4 ,but ,i didn't kill the two birds with one stone4 ,i did not attempt to build up a pecan grove1 but instead ,i came back with the idea firmly impressed that we have a better proposition for the future right here1 that we have right here in the ,north the building material in the shagbark hickory and the black walnut for a nut industry that will rival or even surpass the enviable position the pecan holds today4 ,was ,i correct or was ,i wrong8 ,a second trip last winter has served only to imbed that idea into a firm conviction4 ,what ground have ,i for drawing this conclusion8 ,some of you1 my friends1 may disagree with me in some of my remarks1 and no doubt insist that ,i am uninformed4 ,perhaps ,i am1 but ,i am giving my convictions nevertheless1 and ,i ask you to withhold judgment for twenty years before deciding against me4 ,why has the pecan forged to the front as it has8 ,because the pecan is a good food1 easily available1 of pleasant taste and presents a fine appearance4 ,from a commercial standpoint1 after #bj years or more on the pecan1 there is only one really desirable variety available1 namely the ,schley1 and the fact that it readily sold last fall for #hj cents per pound wholesale1 while the choice of the other varieties brought #fj and #fe cents per pound1 bears me out in this4 ,i am not referring to the greater productivity and other qualities of some of the other varieties4 ,many of them are tolerated for various reasons4 ,how about the shagbark in the ,north8 ,it is my belief that we do not have at present a shagbark that will anything like meet the pecan of the ,south1 yet the consensus of opinion of the people ,i know who have eaten both1 decides in favor of the shagbark4 ,the quality of a very ordinary shagbark is better than the best of pecans4 ,what then1 is lacking8 ,size1 shape1 thinness of shell1 cracking qualities1 color1 everything but flavor is lacking in most shagbarks4 ,don't misunderstand me4 ,i am not condemning what we have1 for ,i believe that if as many years are spent by as many people in finding or developing a shagbark1 we will have one that will surpass the pecan4 ,but as the matter stands ,i am constrained to say that ,i do not know of a really good nut today that will stand the test of building an industry that will compete with the pecan4 ,we must find or develop a couple of really good nuts that will compete1 nuts that are large1 smooth1 shell thin enough to crack with the fingers1 a white kernel that is plump and easily extracted4 ,i do not believe that any thick shell nut will ever meet the favor it should or become extremely popular4 ,the ,weiker1 one of our best1 is of good size1 looks fairly well1 but the shell is thick and it is poorly filled4 ,it will never fill the place for a real industry1 and yet they sell for a good money-making price today4 ,if we build our groves after this standard we will be in the same place in a few years that many of the pecan growers are now1 namely1 with a lot of trees on hand that must be top-worked later on4 ,but they are the best we have and1 like the old adage that it is better to love and lose than not to love at all1 it is better to go ahead with these than not to go at all4 ,how about the black walnut8 ,this nut will come to the front and be popular for baking purposes and candy-making1 for it is the only one that holds its flavor after heating4 ,but its competition will be against the thin-shelled ,english walnut4 ,it will not be extremely popular until we get one with a shell equally thin4 ,at present we do not have one4 ,how then can we anticipate a great future industry after meting out this doleful outlook8 ,are we going to discard everything we have and start again8 ,by no means4 ,the price of nuts1 even of the ordinary class1 is sufficient even now to well repay any man for his effort1 if producing them on a large scale1 and what must be done is to encourage more people to become interested4 ,if we could arrange to have nice exhibits of named varieties of nuts at the various county fairs1 and have someone there to explain them1 a good deal of interest could be created4 ,i frequently see native nuts displayed1 but not named varieties4 ,i shall not refer to the hazel1 chestnut1 pecan nor butternut1 all of which ,i believe can be developed into a more or less successful industry but only repeat in closing that ,i am convinced1 after pretty thorough investigation1 that the shagbark hickory and the black walnut can be developed into an industry in the ,northeast in a much shorter time than it has taken to develop the pecan1 to a point that will equal or surpass the enviable position that nut holds today4 ,but1 and let me impress this point1 we must develop a few new and better nuts to do it4 ,on account of the colder climate1 which goes for the developing of fine flavor in all products1 ,i do not believe the pecan will ever equal the shagbark in quality4 ,this is our great natural advantage4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i accept all of the statements by ,dr4 ,zimmerman with one exception4 ,the pecan is tremendously prolific and so productive that there are records of #cj bushels to a tree4 ,i do not know that any of the shagbarks or shellbark hybrids ever will rival that in production4 ,from the marketman's point of view production is of prime importance4 ,in this the pecan out-rivals the black walnut4 ,,transplanting ,,nut ,,trees ,willard ,g4 ,bixby1 ,baldwin1 ,n4 ,y4 ,when ,i set out the first nut trees which now are growing at my place at ,baldwin1 ,i was very particular to follow the best advice obtainable4 ,what this was is to be found in ,bulletin ,no4 #e1 published by the association1 pages #h and #i1 under ,planting ,directions4 ,i will not take time here to read them but will refer those interested to that publication4 ,much that is to be found there is unquestionably the best practice that we know today4 ,the importance of preventing the roots from drying out1 digging holes of sufficient size and filling with good top soil1 firming the soil well about the roots1 severely cutting back after planting and staking newly set trees if they are of appreciable size above ground1 are of the utmost importance and should be emphasized1 but others of these directions have been modified in my practice and ,i will relate the unfortunate experiences which caused these changes to be made4 ,from the start there has been trouble in transplanting hickories1 difficulties with other trees being small in comparison4 ,out of a number of fine looking little grafted hickories set out in the fall or spring some would be sure to die4 ,they mostly came from ,mr4 ,jones1 who1 as a rule1 has furnished the finest looking hickories that ,i have received1 and were finely packed and seemingly ought to have lived1 but only part of them did4 ,after losing a number out of one lot1 ,i watched the lot purchased next year with particular care4 ,three out of a lot of six1 which had put out leaves well in the spring1 by the middle of ,july began to show signs of distress1 the edges of the leaves beginning to turn brown which the year previous had been the beginning of the end4 ,i knew what had happened the year previous1 felt that the trees would die if something was not done1 and did something4 ,that something was to dig about six quarts of chicken manure and two trowels of nitrate of soda around the three trees that looked sick and saw that they were watered plentifully till a heavy rain came4 ,at first nothing was noticed1 but after a while the brown disappeared on the leaves that were only slightly brown1 while in other cases new leaves put out and finally a second growth of shoots1 very small to be sure1 but the trees had been saved4 ,this was diametrically opposed to previous practice of putting no manure or strong fertilizer in holes when planting the trees1 but the result was so satisfactory that ,i have continued to dig in about #a_/d of a wheelbarrow of well rotted stable manure around each tree when planting and two trowels of nitrate of soda in ,may when the growth should start in the spring4 ,the above treatment seemed almost entirely to solve the difficulties of transplanting and for about two years practically no hickories were lost4 ,twenty-four ,hales trees1 #aj years from grafting brought here from ,monticello1 ,florida1 all lived through the first year and #bc of them through the second and now seemingly have a long life ahead of them4 ,inasmuch as ,mr4 ,jones expressed his doubts as to how successful this experiment would be ,i regarded it as somewhat of a triumph4 ,on the other hand out of the finest looking lot of young ,iowa hickories grafted a year ago this spring and shipped in the fall and set out just as carefully as ,i knew how1 with well rotted stable manure in the holes and seemingly having every prospect of a long life before them1 all have died now1 excepting four1 two of which ,i am making desperate efforts to save4 ,the reason for this failure has not yet been proved1 but ,i have an idea what it is4 ,with two exceptions the stocks were not large1 unusually small in fact1 and the growth of the grafts was small1 but1 except for their small size of stock and graft they were fine looking little hickories as one often sees4 ,the two that are in good condition today were bitternuts on bitternut stocks and both the stocks and grafts were notably larger than others4 ,one of these bitternuts by the way1 is bearing this year4 ,evidently there was not as much vitality stored in the smaller trees as in the larger ones4 ,i am inclined to believe that the real trouble was because the grafts1 excepting the bitternuts1 had not become sufficiently established before having to stand the shock of digging1 shipping and transplanting4 ,i have noticed in experiments made to determine the adaptability of a number of species of hickory as stocks that it was not unusual to find that a graft would do reasonably well the first summer and die the second4 ,if this happens occasionally when hickories have not been transplanted it is undoubtedly very much more likely to happen when they are transplanted4 ,i have had practically no losses in transplanting hickories when the graft had grown two seasons before being transplanted4 ,the safe plan1 then1 would seem to be to let a graft grow two seasons before transplanting4 ,unfortunately this will add to the cost of grafted hickories which even now are so expensive to produce that almost no nurserymen grow them4 ,another one of the commonly accepted principles that ,i do not now follow is that of not planting trees any deeper than they grew in the nursery4 ,i prefer to plant them a little deeper1 say two inches or so4 ,i do not recall losing any trees seemingly from this slightly deeper planting1 while ,i did lose a considerable number of seedlings last year that were inadvertently planted two inches or so too shallow4 ,outside of the hickory ,i have had little trouble in transplanting any trees excepting some of the hazels4 ,unless hazels1 particularly ,american hazels1 are very well rooted1 they will need more care the first year than most nut trees1 particularly protection from the hot sun and drought4 ,if ,i get poorly rooted hazels ,i now plant them in a shady place for a year or two if they have not grown well the first year1 and then move them where they are to stay4 ,,the ,,president3 ,mr4 ,snyder of ,center ,point advocates planting trees two to four inches deeper4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,in ,dr4 ,brooks' paper he spoke of some of the twig girdlers in the beetle stage which feed upon the bark of twigs before ovipositing1 and he said that gives a weak point where we may attack them4 ,on my place at ,stamford1 where there are forests1 that would be impossible4 ,i have had a good many hazels partially destroyed this year by girdlers4 ,a great many of the branches have the larvae in them4 ,i find also a large number of small hazels on which the leaves and branches are dying1 though there is no apparent injury to the bark4 ,suddenly1 however1 a little twig will drop off and yet1 in cutting into them1 ,i did not find any larvae4 ,,dr4 ,,brooks3 ,that happens to be the work of an insect which ,i am just beginning to study1 one of the flat-headed borers1 and the reason you have not seen the larva is that it is very small4 ,it is not half an inch long4 ,in the second year it comes out as an adult4 ,i judge that control measures should be used in the spring1 when ,i think without doubt that it would feed on the poisoned spray4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i find a great many larvae in dead twigs on the ground4 ,if we are going to get this pest out of the way1 we should not only look at the twigs on the tree1 but at those on the ground as well4 ,,dr4 ,,brooks3 ,that is true of all of these curculios4 ,dr4 ,morris' statement is true4 ,the ground should be gone over and the dead and dying branches and twigs of the trees should be collected4 ,the insects mature in them4 ,,dr4 ,,collins3 ,would you advocate pruning often8 ,,dr4 ,,brooks3 ,no4 ,adjournment to lecture hall4 ,mr4 ,henry ,hicks of ,westbury1 ,long ,island1 gave a talk on the transplanting of large trees by his methods1 illustrated with lantern slides4 ,this was followed by a talk with lantern slides1 on ,,heredity ,,in ,,trees ,,and ,,plants ,by ,dr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,blakeslee1 ,new ,york ,dr4 ,blakeslee said in part3 ,one of the first things we notice as we go out into the open is diversity in the habits of trees and plants4 ,it is through the details thus presented that we are able to distinguish one species from another4 ,you can see this diversity the year round in nut trees1 and in the nuts4 ,if you arrange nuts1 or any other objects for that matter1 in a curve according to size1 you will find that the most numerous of them are of about the average size4 ,this is equally true when applied to mankind4 ,what is the reason8 ,there are a number of factors affecting this1 but1 in general1 there are two main causes--environment and heredity4 ,we do not know which is the more important but both are absolutely necessary4 ,in the picture being shown we see the influence of the black walnut upon plants around it4 ,it creates an environment which influences the ability of other plants to grow near the roots4 ,it must be remembered1 however1 that what the animate plant transmits is not the actual character in question1 but the ability of the animate plant to develop characteristics4 ,by placing the plant near a black walnut tree we do not affect anything but the capacity of the plant to develop in certain directions4 ,i have shown here a diagram to illustrate a certain stock fertilization4 ,here we have the plant with its stamen and pistils1 the egg cells and the pollen4 ,there are two types of pollenization1 one where the pistil is fertilized by insects carrying sticky pollen2 the other by movement of the wind carrying the pollen4 ,if ,i should believe my records1 in attempts to cross trees1 ,i might have a cross between a birch and an alder1 in which the pollen is carried by the wind4 ,i tried once to hybridize pines4 ,i put some pitch pine pollen on the female flower of another species and seed resulted4 ,i did this the second year and again ,i got seed4 ,the third year ,i put bags on the female flowers before ,i could see them developing4 ,then ,i got no seeds4 ,i believe that the pollen which had caused the seed to set in the preceding instances had come from the south for perhaps hundreds of miles4 ,there are times when the pollen of the staminate plant is all shed before the pistillate gets ready4 ,sometimes we have a plant that is self sterile4 ,i have experimented with pollen from several different nut trees and also with the ,norway spruce4 ,then again1 there are abnormal cases2 sometimes there is parthenogenesis4 ,the jimson weed is the first plant which has ever been reproduced by parthenogenesis4 ,since that was discovered1 an investigator in ,california has found a similar case in fruit developed without pollination4 ,one of the most important conceptions in heredity is its effect upon characters and factors4 ,take the ,japanese bean here shown for example1 one dark bean and one mottled4 ,in the next hybrid generation we find three mottled and one dark4 ,that is the familiar three to one ratio of ,mendel's law4 ,we believe now1 that all1 or at least a very large proportion of the heredity characters in plants of all kinds may be due to a series of factors2 but the habit of growth of the plant is due to a single factor4 ,we have the case here of a second generation of the weeping mulberry that ,i crossed with the white mulberry4 ,as a result there was an average of three erects to one weeping one4 ,certain characteristics may be made up of the inter-action of a large number of factors4 ,this will give a little idea as to the complexity of ,mendel's law4 ,how do we get new characters in nature8 ,new types are due to the rearrangement of previously existing characters1 just as with the old-fashioned kaleidoscope1 where you turn the crank and get new pictures4 ,another way is by the sudden appearance of new factors4 ,i wish to speak about one effect of hybridization1 which is really connected with heredity factors1 the vigor which occurs when we cross different varieties1 species1 or even races4 ,in my experience certain types that have been naturally contrasted finally lose vigor1 and after two or three generations the plant disappears4 ,then again ,i could show you cases where yields are greatly increased due to hybridity4 ,these are established facts1 not only as regards species of plants and trees but also as regards the human race4 ,hemy1 in ,dublin1 who has done the best work in this line of endeavor1 believes that many of our more rapid-growing trees are rapid-growing because they are hybrids4 ,to summarize1 ,i have tried to point out the fact that diversity which we see in nature is real1 and that it is brought about by two causes1 namely1 environment1 and heredity4 ,and that heredity is brought about by factors in the bodies of the chromosomes which are shuffled around like cards in a pack2 they reappear in the same way that the cards will reappear4 ,we have no means1 as yet1 of controlling the appearance of the factors1 but we have two methods of getting new factors1 as follows3 ,one--,the finding of new things in nature2 that1 probably1 is the very best method that can be used4 ,the work of the theoretically planned project points out the tremendous importance of the exceptional individual4 ,two--,by taking the exceptional individuals1 and by crossing them1 you can recombine1 although the results may be very complex1 and obtain characters that are very desirable4 ,as ministers sometimes say to clinch the moral1 ,i would say1 ,seek earnestly that which is best and hold fast to that which is good4 ,,the ,,president3 ,has anyone a question he would like to ask8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,in attempting to make crosses between juglans and carya we find often that the pollen of carya will excite the cell of the juglans but without making a fusion4 ,what is the element of the male cell of the hickory which starts the female cell of the walnut into action8 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i would like to ask ,dr4 ,blakeslee one thing2 he showed the influence of the black walnut on the growth of the hedge1 and he showed that something other than the effect from the black walnut had caused these plants to be dwarfed4 ,is that understood to be a fact8 ,,dr4 ,,blakeslee3 ,no2 some of the effect was due to the black walnut4 ,,mr4 ,,hicks3 ,in some cases the trees get sick and die4 ,i have observed many plants and trees growing close to walnuts and ,i can point out peach trees and other fruits planted close to black walnut trees which have been injured4 ,i should like to see the question determined4 ,,mr4 ,o',,connor3 ,on ,mr4 ,littlepage's place it seems that some blackberries thrive better in the shade of the walnut tree than anywhere else4 ,,dr4 ,,brooks3 ,in ,west ,virginia there is a locality where blackberries grow wild1 and it is a matter of common knowledge that black berries will grow under the black walnut but that apple trees will not grow there4 ,i have noticed that the best place to plant jimson seed is under the black walnut trees4 ,i have no definite information about this but there is something in the influence of the black walnut trees4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i have noticed at my place that cabbages planted under black walnut trees were somewhat stunted4 ,i believe that it was the effect of the walnut trees growing so speedily that there was not enough nourishment for both4 ,,the ,,president3 ,the next lantern slide lecture will be by ,mr4 ,reed4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 7,this lecture was delivered in a darkened hall where it was not possible for the reporter to take notes4 ,however1 the gist of the talk is here given74 ,the slides illustrated various methods of nut tree propagation1 and that it is possible successfully to graft or bud nut trees at almost any time from ,february until the very end of the growing period4 ,in working over large trees the first method in the season to be employed was shown to be that of the cleft graft4 ,following this1 with large stocks1 would be the slip-bark graft1 or with smaller stocks1 the chip-bud4 ,the slip-bark graft has the advantage of being feasible at any time when the bark slips4 ,dormant scions are more often used with this form of propagation1 although by no means necessary1 as ,dr4 ,morris has demonstrated that by applying a coat of paraffin over the entire scion and the cut surfaces of the stock1 it is possible to use growing scions at almost any time when they can be obtained4 ,the chip-bud is most successful during a relatively short period1 beginning about ten days before the buds begin to swell and continuing until after the trees are practically in full leaf4 ,from this time on the patch1 or some other modification of the annular bud1 is most commonly used4 ,in top-working1 when the cleft-graft has failed1 the patch-bud may be used late in summer1 by inserting buds of the current season's growth in the base of the new shoots springing up from below where the cut was made in the stock for the graft1 thus affording two opportunities for propagation during the same season4 ,the slides showed various methods of propagating the filbert by layering1 and of propagating more difficult species by inarching4 ,they were from a collection soon to be placed in the hands of the extension ,service of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture and of the various state colleges of agriculture4 ,,the ,,president3 ,we will now adjourn1 and will meet in the room upstairs in this building at #aj o'clock tomorrow morning4 ,,second ,,day--,,morning ,,session ,meeting called to order by the ,president1 at #aj a4 m4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i have the great pleasure of introducing to you ,dr4 ,howe1 ,assistant ,director of the ,botanical ,gardens4 ,,dr4 ,,howe3 ,i shall only take a minute to say that we are delighted to have you here1 and that if we can do anything to assist you1 or to perpetuate your success1 ,i hope you will please let us know4 ,as the ,spaniards say1 ,the house is yours4 ,i hope that your visit will be so pleasant that you may find it convenient to come here again4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,mr4 ,jones will you tell us something about the handling of seeds for planting8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i did not give the subject any thought before coming here but ,i might say that the nuts should be gathered promptly and dried1 placing them in a shady spot1 for they can be injured where the sun is too warm4 ,we stratify them in sand4 ,then in the spring you can sift the sand through a sieve1 take out the nuts and plant them4 ,in stratifying chestnuts we keep them between layers of wire mesh1 for mice are very fond of these nuts4 ,we cover the nuts with sand and leaves4 ,chinkapins we usually keep in cold storage4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,when you stratify these nuts where do you keep them8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,right out in the open on top of the ground4 ,a frame may be made with wire nailed on the bottom4 ,this may be set out anywhere in the garden1 but down a little into the dirt4 ,put in the nuts between layers of sand and leaves4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,mr4 ,kelsey told me that the best way he had found to keep nuts was to bury them in a deep hole1 perhaps two feet deep4 ,have you had experience with that way8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,the way ,i described is the usual way to keep seed and we get very fine results4 ,we do that in order to keep the seed cool and so that they will not dry out4 ,but we always have to watch out for mice4 ,it might be a good idea1 in stratifying chestnuts in the box with wire mesh on the bottom1 to place the box at an angle that would drain off at least part of the water4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,dr4 ,zimmerman1 have you anything to say8 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,i discovered by accident that black walnuts and hickories could be kept very nicely in the dry state until spring2 then put water on them and they will sprout very nicely4 ,but my chestnuts get moldy that way4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,we cover the nuts with at least a sprinkle of earth1 may be four or five inches4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,mr4 ,jones would keep them with practically no dirt but with sand and leaves4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i would use a little sand over them1 two parts of sand to one part of nuts4 ,we put in six inches of nuts and alternating layers of sand4 ,,dr4 ,,brooks3 ,i know of a man who puts a layer of chestnuts and one of moss and says that in the spring the nuts are in splendid condition4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i have had the nuts sprout very much better when they were stratified as soon as gathered4 ,,mr4 ,o',,connor3 ,i bought about #e bushels of black walnuts1 paying #ge cents a bushel for them4 ,i simply dumped them out on the ground1 not bothering about the shucks at all1 and covered them over with dirt4 ,i paid no more attention to them until spring4 ,then ,i put the nuts in trenches with dirt about #e inches over the top4 ,the mice did not bother them1 and ,i think they did well that way4 ,,the ,,president3 ,did the frost affect them8 ,,mr4 ,o',,connor3 ,no1 not at all4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i have a black walnut tree at home that started to grow in a neighbor's cellar4 ,it had grown a foot and a half and was rather white in color4 ,i cut off the top and planted it out in the open4 ,today the tree is still growing and is all right4 ,we will now have an address by ,prof4 ,neilson1 of ,canada4 ,,prof4 ,,neilson3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,ladies and ,gentlemen3 ,it is a real pleasure for me to get back to this convention once more4 ,i tried to come last year but owing to certain difficulties ,i was not able to do so4 ,before ,i give you my report on nut culture in ,canada1 ,i want to tell you some of my troubles4 ,two or three years ago1 when ,i began to express my interest in nut culture1 ,i thought it would be a good idea to get some nuts from ,china4 ,i wrote to several missionaries in ,northwestern ,china at about our latitude1 and ,i finally secured five bushels of ,persian walnuts and one bushel of ,chinese chestnuts4 ,the nuts were a long time on the road and very few were in fit condition to use when they arrived4 ,i stored some of the ,persian walnuts in our cellar at the ,ontario ,college4 ,the rest of the nuts ,i distributed to others4 ,the nuts at the college did not fare very well4 ,when ,i left there ,i gave directions to the members of the ,department to look after them carefully4 ,this is how they did it4 ,someone broke into the cellar where the nuts were stratified in the sand1 and ran off with about one bushel4 ,the ,chinese chestnuts arrived in about the same condition as the ,chinese walnuts4 ,of these ,i managed to save about a peck4 ,we divided the nuts into three equal lots4 ,some we kept at the ,guelph ,experiment ,station1 some at ,vineland1 and some in the ,southwestern ,station4 ,of those at ,guelph1 out of the whole lot1 #ce nuts germinated1 and of these the mice ate all but five4 ,these five were taken outside and carefully placed in a flat2 but someone came along and ran into the flat and smashed those five plants all to pieces4 ,in addition to this some of my friends tried to tell me that ,i was chasing wild geese2 that nut trees would not ever be important commercially in ,canada2 that #ii per cent of the value of the nut tree was for shade anyhow 7as if he meant shade for pigs and cows72 and that they were not even ornamental4 ,before ,i read my paper1 however1 ,i will say that the work ,i am now doing is somewhat different from that ,i had when ,i was last here1 when ,i was ,prof4 of ,horticulture4 ,i am now doing extension work for the government4 ,,progress ,,report ,,on ,,nut ,,culture ,,in ,,canada ,jas4 ,a4 ,neilson1 ,m4 ,s41 ,extension ,horticulturist1 ,horticultural ,experiment ,station1 ,vineland1 ,ontario ,during the season of #aibc-bd there has been a marked increase in the interest shown in the culture of nut bearing trees in all parts of ,canada where nut trees can be grown4 ,this is indicated by the numerous letters of enquiry and personal requests for information on nut culture which have been received by our ,station4 ,a total of #dej letters were received or sent out by our office during the past year besides numerous enquiries answered by a personal visit4 ,the search for good nut trees has resulted in some interesting additions to the data presented in the paper published in the last report4 ,one of the most gratifying features of this phase of the work has been the discovery of several new localities where the ,european filbert is growing successfully4 ,it has been located or reported at twenty widely separate points in ,ontario1 the northernmost of which is on ,wolf ,island at the mouth of the ,st4 ,lawrence ,river in approximately #dd1ajj ,n4 ,lat4 ,this plantation is said to have been established before #ahdj and would therefore be nearly #ij years old4 ,another interesting point in connection with filberts is the amazing way in which they thrive under conditions of absolute neglect4 ,several of the plantations observed during the past year were not given the slightest attention and yet were doing very nicely4 ,obviously this is not good practice but it would seem to indicate that excellent results could be secured in ,southern ,ontario by the proper choice of varieties and the best cultural methods4 ,this survey also showed that the sweet chestnut grew as far north as ,georgian ,bay4 ,the prize nut contest staged by our office last autumn resulted in the discovery of some very good black walnuts and a fine ,japanese heartnut4 ,samples of these are shown in some of the plates on the table4 ,the ,persian walnut was found to have a wider distribution and is more abundant in ,ontario than was expected when our nut survey began4 ,about #aej bearing trees have been located in that part of ,ontario extending from ,toronto on ,lake ,ontario to ,goderich on ,lake ,huron4 ,this number of course will seem insignificant in comparison to the numbers of trees in some sections of the northern ,united ,states1 but it must not be forgotten that ,ontario is on the northern margin of the ,persian walnut territory1 and therefore the results are rather encouraging4 ,several fine ,paragon chestnut trees have been located which bear good crops and which appear to be resistant to chestnut blight4 ,this disease has unfortunately appeared at several places in ,ontario and will undoubtedly destroy the majority of our chestnut trees4 ,the members of this association will be interested to learn that ,gellatly ,brothers of ,gellatly1 ,b4 ,c41 prepared and sent to the ,british ,empire ,exhibition at ,wembley a large collection of nuts that has attracted a great deal of attention and favorable comment4 ,this should do a great deal toward advertising the nut cultural possibilities of that province and of ,canada generally4 ,the trial plantations on the experiment station grounds are doing very well indeed4 ,the black walnuts are making a fine growth and one variety the ,mc,coy1 has a good crop of nuts at two years from planting4 ,the ,ten ,eyck is making an extremely rapid growth1 in some cases1 producing new shoots over four feet in length4 ,the ,english walnuts are also making a good growth and two varieties1 ,mayette and ,hall1 have borne nuts in the third season4 ,i am pleased to state that we now have about #ajj seedlings of the ,chinese walnut growing on the station grounds and at various other points in ,ontario4 ,these little trees seem to be making a more rapid growth than our seedlings of the ,ontario1 a ,persian walnut which is a native of ,st4 ,catharines4 ,we also have about #fj seedlings of the ,persian walnut from the ,northern slopes of the ,carpathian ,mountains in the ,ukranian region of what used to be the old ,austrian-,hungarian ,empire4 ,these nuts were obtained from ,rev4 ,paul ,crath1 of ,toronto1 who informs me that the winter temperatures in that part of ,europe often go lower than in ,toronto4 ,we hope for some interesting developments from the growth of these trees because of the rigorous climatic condition of their native land4 ,during the latter part of the past winter an experiment was conducted in propagating the walnut under greenhouse conditions4 ,for this purpose #ajj well grown one year black walnut seedlings were obtained from our forestry station at ,st4 ,williams in the late autumn and heeled in out of doors until about ,february #ast4 ,these were then brought inside1 planted in #h inch pots and placed in the greenhouse where they were allowed to remain until a good leaf growth had been produced4 ,the young trees were then side cleft grafted with scions of the best ,english walnuts in the district4 ,while engaged in this work one of the trees was inadvertently cut off a few inches above the ground4 ,the stub was then whip grafted and to my surprise it made a better growth than the others which had a part of the top left on4 ,the results of our experiment were much better than ,i expected4 ,about #dj of the scions grew which was quite satisfactory considering that ,i was a mere novice in the art of grafting nut trees and that my method was an experiment4 ,i believe ,i could get #gj to #ge to grow with greater care in the selection and handling of scions4 ,the object in doing the work in the greenhouse was to obtain better control conditions of moisture and temperature and thus reduce the mortality of scions due to these factors4 ,i also outlined an experiment in propagating nut trees by cuttings as a thesis subject for one of our fourth year horticultural students at the ,o4 ,a4 ,c4 ,in this experiment ten cuttings each of ,english walnut1 butternut1 ,japanese walnut1 hickory1 chestnut and black walnut were planted in sand and watered at intervals with a #a to #aj1jjj solution of potassium permanganate4 ,in the course of time the majority of cuttings came out in leaf1 but none formed roots1 and hence soon died4 ,it is admitted that this experiment may have been improperly planned and conducted1 but it showed at any rate that it is not an easy matter to propagate most nut plants by root or stem cuttings4 ,in #aibc ,i purchased with my own funds another lot1 #a-a_/b bushels1 of good heartnuts and sent them in lots of about two dozen to the secretaries of #abe horticultural societies1 and to about #cj other parties for trial planting4 ,i found that this little contribution was gratefully received and in many cases brought forth inquiries for the names of people from whom good trees might be purchased4 ,i do not propose to carry on much more of this free distribution of nuts as that would not be fair to the individuals themselves or to those engaged in the propagation of nut trees4 ,my chief reason for distributing these nuts was to stimulate interest1 and now that my objective has been attained ,i will refer inquiring parties to reputable nut nurserymen4 ,numerous requests for addresses on nut culture have been received from horticultural societies1 women's institutes and other organizations4 ,i have always endeavored to comply with these requests and have invariably found keen interest shown in the subject4 ,american members of this association will likely be interested to learn that the ,ontario ,horticultural ,society is the largest of its kind in the world1 having a membership of over #fj1jjj while the ,women's ,institute is an almost equally large and influential organization4 ,these powerful and widespread organizations can be and are of great assistance in carrying on the propaganda for the planting of nut trees4 ,the ,ontario ,horticultural ,association1 the ,ontario ,horticultural ,council and the ,canadian ,horticultural ,council have each passed resolutions expressing approval of our work in nut culture and asking the ,dominion ,minister of ,agriculture to appoint a man to fully investigate the nut cultural possibilities of ,canada4 ,i regret to state that no action has as yet been taken to meet the desires of these organizations4 ,because of many other urgent duties and lack of departmental support1 ,i have not been able to devote as much of my time to nut culture as ,i would like1 and therefore have had to make the very best use of the little time ,i have had at my disposal4 ,i am looking forward to the time when those in authority will have a greater appreciation of the value of nut trees and will see their way clear to appoint someone to devote his whole time and energy toward increasing the productiveness and adding to the beauty of our country by means of more and better nut trees4 ,to sum up briefly1 my objective is as follows3 #a4 ,to carry on the nut tree survey of ,canada until we have located the very best natural and exotic species4 #b4 ,to propagate these best strains1 provided they are as good or better than the best so far discovered4 #c4 ,to introduce the best hardy species from the northern ,united ,states and northeastern ,asia1 on a more extensive scale for test purposes and breeding work4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,prof4 ,neilson has placed on the table in the hall1 very modestly1 a very interesting collection of nuts from ,canada and ,i hope that you will all look at them4 ,,the ,,president3 ,are there any present who would like to ask ,prof4 ,neilson questions8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,it seems to me that the ,ontario walnut is the best in quality of any ,i have tried4 ,what did you think of them ,mr4 ,jones8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i do not think there is any better4 ,,prof4 ,,neilson3 ,i am in favor of another one which ,i think you will agree is still better4 ,it is larger and betterlooking and the flavor is just as good4 7,displays walnut74 ,the interesting feature is that although the tree is a third generation tree1 now about #ae years old1 it has produced more nuts than the older trees4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,if ,i remember correctly the ,ontario is a milder type4 ,,prof4 ,,neilson3 ,i think that this is just as good as the ,ontario4 ,i have several trees of this4 ,,the ,,president3 ,from what ,i gathered from your remarks1 ,prof4 ,neilson1 possibly some moral support would be of assistance to you in your work4 ,would it be out of order8 ,,prof4 ,,neilson3 ,i think it would be a very good idea4 ,the trouble ,i am having is perhaps very localized2 it is with but one or two individuals4 ,i think that a resolution by this association would have some effect4 ,it would at least present to the authorities the fact that we were being recognized4 ,i hope so at least4 ,our present ,minister of ,agriculture has openly expressed himself in sympathy with the idea of planting more nut trees2 also ,mr4 ,martin1 our specialist in poultry keeping and ,i think if ,i can get them lined up it would be all right4 ,the resolution might help to do this4 ,,the ,,president3 ,dr4 ,morris the ,chair appoints you to that committee2 also ,mr4 ,jones and ,mr4 ,ellis4 ,it wishes you to draw up a suitable resolution for that work4 ,,prof4 ,,neilson3 ,i may say that the public in ,canada is behind our work4 ,about #ig of my time is spent on the road and ,i go long distances4 ,the rest of my time ,i am writing letters1 about #a1bjj of them1 and about #dej of these are on nut culture4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i have the following resolution to offer3 ,that a letter be written to the ,dominion ,department of ,agriculture1 along the following lines3 ,the ,dominion ,department of ,agriculture has officially stated that the nut growing industry of ,british ,columbia has become an important one4 ,the ,dominion nevertheless is importing #e1jjj1jjj worth of nuts annually from other countries4 ,in view of these facts1 the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association in assembly at its #aeth ,annual ,meeting1 in ,new ,york1 commends the work of ,prof4 ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson of the ,horticultural ,experiment ,station at ,vineland1 ,ontario1 and expresses the hope that the ,canadian ,government and private support will further his work in such a way as to make it a matter of large public service4 ,service of the sort relates not only to eastern ,canada but to the commerce of this entire continent4 7,signed7 ,,robert ,t4 ,,morris1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones ,z4 ,h4 ,,ellis4 ,,the ,,president3 ,the secretary will accordingly transmit this message to the ,canadian ,government4 ,,notes ,,by ,,professor ,a4 ,s4 ,,colby ,purdue ,university1 ,illinois ,friends3 ,i believe an apology is due you4 ,i was away on my vacation at the time the invitation came to me to make an address at this meeting and ,i have come here without one4 ,but ,i shall be glad to give you some sort of an idea of the past1 present and future of nut culture in ,illinois4 ,i became actively interested in nut growing about a year ago4 ,our work started partly in response to public demand4 ,we have been receiving an increasing number of letters of inquiry from people interested in the subject but who know little about it4 ,we are attempting to secure such information as will be of value regarding the best species and varieties of nuts to plant1 where to plant them1 and how to care for them4 ,there are a number of members of the ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a4 in ,illinois and they are very kindly helping me in this work4 ,the ,illinois ,state ,horticultural ,society1 founded in #ahef1 has also been interested to some extent in nut growing4 ,illinois has had three grand old men in the nut industry1 ,mr4 ,george ,w4 ,endicott of ,villa ,ridge1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl of ,alton1 and ,mr4 ,benjamin ,buckman of ,farmingdale4 ,mr4 ,riehl is eighty-seven years young now and is the only one of the three men living4 ,mr4 ,endicott was interested1 not only in the commercial side of horticulture but was a pioneer in scientific work4 ,he originated the ,endicott plum and other valuable fruits and1 since he was interested in plant improvement1 naturally turned to hybridization of the chestnut1 a tree which grows readily in southern ,illinois4 ,in #ahii he crossed the ,japanese chestnut 7,castanea japonica7 with pollen from the ,american ,sweet 7,c4 americana74 ,he must have had some difficulty in crossing the species because they did not bloom at exactly the same time4 ,he was1 however1 successful in securing five hybrid seeds1 raising three trees from them1 naming them the ,blair1 the ,boone and the ,riehl4 ,naturally there were differences in the characteristics of these trees though they were all vigorous and produced nuts of commercial value4 ,the ,blair and ,riehl began to bear at four and five years respectively1 while the ,boone bore its first crop at seventeen months of age4 ,the ,boone is the most valuable since it matures fruit of good quality about two days earlier than the ,blair and two weeks before the ,riehl4 ,it also retains the burr and drops the nuts free at the beginning of the season so that about half the nuts can be picked up before the burrs fall4 ,mr4 ,endicott was so pleased with the results of the cross that he raised over #age seedlings from the ,boone tree4 ,from these second generation hybrids he secured trees very uneven in growth and size with a great range in time of coming into bearing4 ,the nuts differed widely in size1 quality1 and season of ripening4 ,the character of the burr showed all gradations between the extremes of thickness1 length1 rigidity of spines1 etc4 ,these striking variations in the second generation trees show that many hereditary factors had been segregated and recombined and offer a most interesting opportunity for scientific study4 ,i have visited the orchard several times4 ,mr4 ,endicott died in #aiad but his son ,robert has since cared for the trees which have brought him considerable revenue4 ,he tells me that he secures about #afj pounds of nuts per year from each of the three original trees4 ,at an average price of thirty-five cents a pound wholesale the crop from each tree is worth #ef4je per year4 ,since the chestnut blooms late it is pretty certain to escape spring frosts4 ,the ,blair1 for example1 has had a crop failure once only since beginning to bear4 7,displays photographs of the ,japanese and ,american chestnuts and the ,boone tree74 ,mr4 ,endicott is top working some of the worthless second generation trees with wood from the ,boone tree4 7,displays photographs showing method of grafting74 ,i have had the good fortune to visit ,mr4 ,riehl several times and have secured many representative nuts from his collection4 ,while he has grown a large number of nut species and varieties he believes that the chestnut pays the best in southern ,illinois4 ,he plants them on rough and hilly land1 difficult to cultivate1 pasturing with sheep1 and has had very good success4 ,he does not worry about the chestnut blight1 since the chestnut is not native here and there is such a great distance between the blight ridden ,east and ,illinois4 ,mr4 ,buckman was an amateur horticulturist1 in the work for the love of it4 ,on his land he had nearly two thousand varieties of apples and hundreds of varieties of peaches1 plums1 pears1 cherries1 grapes1 small fruits1 and nuts collected from all over the world4 ,i was much interested to study the fine pecan and chestnut trees growing and producing good crops as well as the persimmon and papaw trees1 of which he had a number of rare varieties4 ,i was able last spring to secure cuttings of a number of rather rare papaw varieties which ,i sent to ,doctor ,zimmerman for propagation at the request of ,doctor ,fairchild4 ,mr4 ,buckman recently died and there is now a movement on foot to secure1 either through the ,university or the ,horticultural ,society1 as far as possible1 all the valuable data which he had been collecting for years4 ,there are several other men interested in nuts as a commercial proposition in ,illinois1 such as ,o4 ,h4 ,casper of ,anna and ,judge ,w4 ,o4 ,potter of ,marion4 ,i recently visited these orchards4 ,mr4 ,casper has mostly pecans and walnuts growing in sod4 ,they are from six to eight years old and would have borne this season if weather conditions had been favorable4 ,judge ,potter has over twenty acres of pecans interplanted with chestnuts and filberts4 ,for part of the orchard this is the fifth growing season4 ,the trees are growing vigorously and make a very impressive showing4 ,i counted thirty-nine nuts on a representative ,thomas black walnut tree4 ,the filberts look especially promising4 ,although the weather at blooming time was unfavorable a fair crop of nearly a peck was gathered from four or five bushes of a late blooming imported variety4 ,judge ,potter is also growing another orchard using apples as fillers between black walnut trees4 ,this experiment will be watched with great interest since it will be of great value in showing future possibilities in nut growing in ,illinois4 ,now as to some of the things we are trying to do at the experiment station at ,urbana4 ,this will be necessarily a progress report4 ,i am making a survey of the state to find promising individuals of the different species and varieties and marking them for future use4 ,we have our state fair at ,springfield next week and as ,i speak to the boys and girls attending the state fair school ,i hope to interest them to tell me of any trees in their neighborhoods of particular value4 ,some of the agricultural leaders in the various counties1 that is the farm advisers1 are awake to the value of the nut industry and we have a number of these men co-operating with us4 ,from ,gallatin ,county1 in the ,wabash and ,ohio river bottoms1 around #ajj1jjj worth of native pecans are sold in some seasons4 ,in the southern counties and over north of ,st4 ,louis in the western part of ,illinois there are also native pecan groves which are quite profitable4 ,we hope to find valuable northern pecans1 adaptable to our conditions4 ,we1 of course1 know that the ,english walnut is very difficult to grow in ,illinois and we are not recommending it as a commercial proposition4 ,we believe that the black walnut1 all things considered1 has the most promise and we hope to have something worth while in a few years as propagating material4 ,the ,thomas1 ,stabler1 and ,miller are especially to be recommended for ,illinois at this time4 ,we hope soon to have a complete collection of hardy nut trees on our experimental trial grounds4 ,here we shall study not only the varietal characteristics but try out new methods of propagating1 pruning1 fertilizing1 etc4 ,there is very likely some connection between winter injury and hardening up of the wood in autumn and we hope to learn something about that problem through the use of various cover crops1 for example4 ,we have at the station a complete experimental cold storage plant in operation where we may be able to learn more about the effects of extremes of temperature on the roots and trunks of certain species4 ,in such new but important work we must make haste slowly4 ,we have some things to unlearn and many things to learn4 ,we hope to be able in a few years to make a worthwhile contribution to such an interesting and important subject as nut growing in the middle west4 ,i shall be glad to have you ask me any questions which occur to you4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,president3 ,,do you happen to know ,mr4 ,spencer8 ,,prof4 ,,colby3 ,no1 ,i wrote ,mr4 ,spencer but ,i did not get any reply from him4 ,i hope to visit him this fall4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,,do you know anything about the top-working of black walnuts from ,missouri at the university8 ,,prof4 ,,colby3 ,no1 ,i do not know about them4 ,,mr4 ,,green3 ,in regard to those ,gallatin ,county nuts2 has any survey ever been made by the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture of the nut trees in ,illinois8 ,prof4 ,colby3 ,not that ,i know of4 ,question3 ,at what age are they planting those walnuts in ,williamson ,county with apples and how far apart8 ,,prof4 ,,colby3 ,the walnuts are from #ej to #hj feet apart interplanted with apples4 ,the walnut trees are about two years old2 the apples four and five4 ,a ,,speaker3 ,i believe those apple trees will die4 ,,prof4 ,,colby3 ,that's what ,i want to find out4 ,there is a great difference of opinion as to the compatibility of walnuts and other fruit trees4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,you will see at ,baldwin1 this afternoon1 peach trees planted between nut trees4 ,it is too soon to say what will happen but so far1 it is all right4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,as a matter of very great importance1 how will you round up the forces in ,illinois8 ,,prof4 ,,colby3 ,we have a number of interesting suggestions brought out in ,professor ,neilson's paper4 ,he would use every way possible1 including questionnaires sent out judiciously1 as well as the boys' and girls' clubs1 and the ,boy ,scouts1 of which ,dr4 ,morris speaks4 ,the horticultural society can be of very great help4 ,in ,illinois where we have over one hundred counties1 almost all of which are very efficiently covered by farm bureaus1 the farm advisers are of considerable assistance4 ,the local horticultural societies1 as for instance the one with which ,mr4 ,riehl has been so prominently connected in ,alton1 have helped very much in the past4 ,the ,smith-,hughes teachers in charge of agricultural teaching in the high schools can easily get in touch with promising native trees through their students4 ,i know most of these teachers and know they will be glad to help me4 ,i recently had a request from the ,associated ,press representative in ,springfield to write an article on nut growing in ,illinois4 ,there is a wonderful field for development along such lines as this4 ,,the ,,president3 ,it seems to me that if the agricultural colleges were asked to hand in information that might bring results1 and particularly the students' work in isolated sections which would not be reached by ,boy ,scouts4 ,,prof4 ,,neilson3 ,for the benefit of those who did not hear my address in #aibb1 ,i may say that ,i have circularized the whole county and the college stations2 ,i have sent about #abe circular letters to the horticultural society and to its officers1 high school inspectors1 and to anyone ,i thought might be glad to get the information4 ,i wanted to carry this further but could not4 ,i wanted to send letters to every school teacher in the ,province of ,ontario and ask them to bring the matter to the attention of the boys and girls1 and to offer them a substantial prize for the location of the best tree in their locality4 ,i will say1 however1 that ,i got a great deal of encouragement from the horticultural society1 the public school and the high schools4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i will read again a sentence from ,mr4 ,howard ,spence's letter3 ,the ,minister of ,agriculture has agreed to instruct all their inspectors over the country to make a collection of all walnuts of merit and to forward them to me for classification and identification of varieties which may be worth perpetuating4 ,if we could do something of that kind in the ,united ,states to enlist the extension agents1 we should get some valuable information4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,i think that a very important thing would be to send that message not only to the state experiment stations1 but also to the government authorities4 ,why should not the ,department of ,agriculture make a systematic survey of that kind8 ,why should it be left to the small societies like this one1 when the federal ,department of ,agriculture is so thoroughly equipped to get this8 ,the department at ,washington has expressed interest2 ,i wonder if it would not be appropriate for this association to take some formal action1 suggesting federal government action in that matter1 in co-operation with the extension service1 ,boy ,scouts1 etc4 ,,the ,,president3 ,will you put that in a resolution8 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,i submit the following resolution3 ,,whereas1 ,the investigational and experimental work of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association during the last fourteen years has been signally successful in improving native nuts of the northern ,united ,states1 based upon discovery and propagation of superior specimens2 and ,,whereas1 ,this work could be greatly extended with the facilities at the command of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 as compared with the efforts of the small number of members of this association2 therefore be it ,,resolved3 ,that it is the sense of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association1 in fifteenth annual convention in ,new ,york ,city this fourth day of ,september1 #aibd1 that the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture be asked to take up systematically the work of discovery and investigation of promising native nuts in the northern states and of testing selected specimens at government stations in co-operation with the authorities of the state experiment stations2 such discovery to be brought about by enlisting the aid of boy scouts1 school children and others1 in connection with the activities of county farm agents1 inspectors and other attaches of the department4 ,,the ,,president3 ,prof4 ,mac,daniels1 of ,cornell ,university will now address us4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,professor of ,pomology1 ,cornell ,university ,it gives me great pleasure to bring you greetings from the ,agricultural ,college at ,cornell ,university and to express my appreciation for your invitation to address this convention concerning what the college is doing along the line of nut growing4 ,i have a very real interest in nut growing and in this association4 ,i like to think of it as comparable with the ,american ,pomological ,society when it started more than one hundred years ago4 ,all of you men who are spending your time and energy in finding new facts regarding the propagation and culture of nut trees are doing pioneer work1 and your names will go down in the history of nut growing in the same way as those of ,wilder1 ,downing1 and ,prince have come to us linked with the early development of fruit growing in the ,united ,states4 ,i feel confident that the work of the association will stand the test of time4 ,interest in nut growing at ,cornell1 as you probably know1 was started by ,john ,craig who died about a dozen years ago4 ,he was greatly interested in northern nut growing and also in southern pecans4 ,as a result of his work we are still receiving inquiries about southern pecans addressed to ,professor ,craig4 ,while at ,cornell he established a course of study in nut growing which was a part of the regular curriculum4 ,at the time1 however1 the actual known facts about the growth of nuts in the northern states were so few1 and reliable information so scarce1 that after ,professor ,craig's death1 when there was a general consolidation of courses in the department1 nut growing was combined with another course in economic fruits4 ,since that time1 as our knowledge of nut growing has increased1 more and more attention has been given to the subject4 ,our aim is1 in fact1 to give all of the up-to-date information that we have regarding the propagation and culture of nut trees4 ,the nut tree plantings in the experimental orchards at ,cornell have not been particularly successful4 ,about ten years ago ,professor ,chandler set out about one-half acre of named varieties of pecans1 ,persian walnuts1 black walnuts1 hickories1 hazel nuts1 chestnuts and ,japanese walnuts4 ,these have received good care1 both as to cultivation and fertilization but to date the only trees which have borne are the ,japanese walnuts and these have not had good crops4 ,apple trees of the same age in adjacent land have been bearing commercial crops for a number of years1 especially such varieties as the ,mc,intosh1 ,wealthy and ,r4 ,i4 ,greening4 ,the climate at ,ithaca is apparently rather too rigorous for most of the nut trees4 ,persian walnuts1 hazel nuts and frequently ,japanese walnuts suffer from winter injury4 ,in the case of the chestnut1 blight has practically killed all of the trees4 ,the pecans are perfectly hardy but as yet have not borne1 probably because our seasons are not sufficiently long or warm enough to grow this nut to advantage4 ,hickories have been very slow to become established and in fact have never made really good growth4 ,this experience1 of course1 makes us feel that nut growing is really not as easy as some enthusiasts would have us believe4 ,in addition to this variety planting there are four or five acres of recently cleared woodland in which there are hundreds of hickory seedlings which can be top-worked4 ,we are aiming also in this area to establish seedlings of all of the hardy nut trees to use as stocks and eventually to get a collection of all named varieties of nut trees4 ,grafting so far has not been particularly satisfactory due in some cases to failure of the grafts to set2 in other cases to the winter killing of grafts which have made fairly good growth4 ,injury by bud moths and wind storms have also been detrimental factors4 ,our own experience together with observations upon the results of nut grafting elsewhere by experts lead us to believe that grafting of nut trees is a very difficult undertaking as compared with that of other fruit trees4 ,it involves a knack which must be acquired by very considerable experience4 ,i realize1 of course1 that new facts regarding nut grafting are being discovered almost daily and in the future we may look for better results4 ,the attitude of the ,department of ,pomology at the ,college with regard to nut growing is of necessity conservative4 ,first of all1 the men in the department are trained in scientific methods and have a somewhat critical attitude when it comes to statements regarding marked success in any line4 ,the tendency is in each case to try to find the data or the experience upon which statements are based4 ,unfortunately1 in nut growing there are very little data upon which statements can be based4 ,mr4 ,bixby's experiments with stocks are a very good start in the right direction1 and it is upon such experiments as he is carrying out that real knowledge regarding nut growing will be gained4 ,we have heard enthusiastic statements as to the profits which may be derived from the planting of nuts in the northern states1 but ,i must confess that ,i have looked in vain both for the facts upon which such statements might be based and also for orchards which actually are profitable4 ,if such exist in ,new ,york state ,i have not been able to find them even after considerable travel4 ,in order to be profitable1 an orchard must pay all the expenses involved1 including interest on the initial cost of land2 the cost of labor and materials and depreciation on tools1 etc4 ,we have cost accounts covering these items on many crops such as apples and wheat1 but not on nuts4 ,it seems to me we must recognize that nut culture is in its experimental stage only4 ,this is in fact one thing that makes it particularly attractive for the amateur4 ,another reason for our conservatism is that we feel it our duty to the growers to give out statements which are based upon facts only4 ,if a man in a northern state wants to plant ten acres of nuts what shall we tell him8 ,shall we tell him to go ahead and assure him that if he takes care of his trees a profitable plantation is certain8 ,on the basis of what we know ,i think surely not4 ,a hundred and one unanswered questions come up4 ,what kinds of nuts will succeed under his climatic and soil conditions8 ,what stocks should be used8 ,what varieties will succeed under his conditions8 ,will the meats of the nuts fill out in the average season8 ,are the seasons long enough1 etc4 ,the fact is in most cases we do not know4 ,in most parts of ,new ,york state we are extending a natural range of many of the nut trees and they have not been grown long enough under the new conditions to make it possible to answer these questions with certainty4 ,on the other hand1 we can tell the prospective nut grower that nut growing is in its experimental stages and under certain conditions has great commercial promise4 ,on the basis of our present knowledge we cannot recommend large plantations but would encourage the planting of nuts in an experimental way1 especially for home use4 ,it should be borne in mind that in the early days of fruit growing in ,america it was the amateur planting of varieties that laid the foundations for the present industry4 ,if shade trees are to be planted let them be nut trees4 ,plant nut trees as a hobby but do not go into nut culture on a large scale for profit unless you can afford to lose4 ,i have great hopes for the future of nut growing in the northern states and also for this society4 ,i am confident that new and better varieties of nuts will be found and better methods of propagation and transplanting originated so that in the future there may be a commercial industry in the north4 ,for the present1 however1 ,i believe that conservatism is advisable1 and that great harm may be done by misrepresentation4 ,sound growth of a northern nut industry will be built upon facts and honest experience and not on conjecture1 hearsay1 or even on enthusiasm1 however necessary this may be4 ,i believe that we should encourage people to plant nuts for pleasure1 plant nuts as a hobby1 plant them for shade and for posterity1 but under present conditions not for financial profit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,we must adjourn at once to the lecture room1 that we may hear ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith's talk on ,nut ,tree ,crops as a ,part of ,permanent ,agriculture without ,plowing4 ,he will have some interesting slides to show during his talk4 ,dr4 ,britton has asked that we have lunch today at noon instead of one o'clock4 ,everyone present is invited to take luncheon at that time as a guest of the ,botanical ,society and of ,dr4 ,britton1 it makes no difference whether they be members or guests4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,may ,i make the motion to extend a rising vote of thanks to ,dr4 ,britton and his associates for the cordial and generous way in which they have entertained us8 7,motion seconded1 passed1 and acknowledged by rising vote74 ,,the ,,president3 ,dr4 ,britton1 you are officially notified4 ,,dr4 ,,britton3 ,i would like to have that vote of thanks mentioned in the official record of this convention1 and in the record of the ,botanical ,society4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,we will see to that4 ,,dr4 ,,britton3 ,you will be interested in knowing that we have with us the very distinguished ,curator of the ,british ,botanical ,herbarium of the ,royal ,society4 ,dr4 ,stapf has been traveling in ,canada1 attending the meetings of the ,royal ,society there4 ,,the ,,president3 ,we shall very much appreciate the opportunity of meeting him4 ,we will now adjourn to the lecture hall1 to hear ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith4 ,,nut ,,tree ,,crops ,,as ,a ,,part ,,of ,,permanent ,,agriculture ,,without ,,plowing ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,professor of ,economic ,geography1 ,columbia ,university1 ,new ,york ,my first experience with nut culture was gained on the farm of a man ,i knew more than #cj years ago4 ,it was a truck farm not far from ,philadelphia near a boarding school which ,i infested and the farmer complained that ,i infested the farm4 ,the farm had its fence rows and driveways lined with grafted chestnut trees bearing abundantly of large fine nuts of ,european origin4 ,it was remarkable how quickly they filled my pockets4 ,i usually succeeded in gathering them on the hundred per cent basis4 ,i am interested in this subject today because of an innate love of trees and because the development of a tree crop agriculture offers a way to stop soil erosion4 ,to me the worst of all economic sins is the destruction of resources1 and the worst of all resource destructions is the destruction of the soil1 our one great and ultimate resource4 ,after man the desert has been truly said too often of many old lands4 ,soil cover is after all about the only thing that man has as a basis for the support of his life on earth4 ,all of our food depends directly or indirectly upon plants4 ,in hilly countries there is usually but a thin layer of earth and rotton rock between the surface of the field and the bed rock4 ,it is a very difficult problem to maintain this cover of earth and it is very easy to lose it4 ,sometimes it is lost through over-pasturing and destruction of turf2 but more largely through plowing4 ,the nut tree is particularly effective as a part of a plowless agriculture which can use the soil permanently where annual crops ruin it quickly because the plow prepares the land for erosion4 ,the speed of soil destruction1 with its erosion after plowing1 is particularly noticeable with the great ,american crops1 cotton1 corn and tobacco1 which require clean cultivation4 ,many orchards are also cultivated for the double purpose of keeping down rival plants and preserving moisture1 but we pay high in soil loss for the moisture that we get by that means on hilly lands4 ,the plow is one of the greatest enemies of the future4 ,as a matter of fact we have already destroyed enough land in the ,united ,states to support many millions of people2 and therefore the tree is the more important because it permits an agriculture that will keep the soil indefinitely1 and in permanent production1 without plowing4 ,i have aecidently discovered a better way of conserving moisture than by plowing1 and ,i have found it going on in widely scattered places and in widely different climates4 ,primitive peoples in many parts of the world have long since obtained the advantage of cultivation1 mainly1 increasing the available moisture for the tree or plant1 without cultivation of the soil and the loss which follows the washing of cultivated soils4 ,as an example ,i cite the ,indians of ,arizona1 who have grown corn crops for centuries in a country with but from six to fifteen inches of rain4 ,they do this by planting in little patches at the mouth of a gully where at the time of rain the flood water is led away into furrows and depressions so that it thoroughly soaks the ground in which the corn is planted4 ,my attention was first called to this practice by observing a good patch of barley in the edge of the ,sahara in ,southern ,tunis1 where the gulley flow resulting from a winter rain had spread itself out fan-99like and soaked the triangular alluvial area of sand1 which bore a fine crop of barley in the midst of the desert4 ,for centuries the olive growers of parts of ,tunis have led gulley water to the olive trees where it was retained1 in areas that resembled a tennis court1 with a #ab inch bank of dirt around it and two or three olive trees within this area thus watered by impounding4 ,a practice somewhat similar to this is shown in ,f4 ,h4 ,king's classic book on ,chinese agriculture1 ,farmers of ,forty ,centuries2 but the most extreme case that has come to my attention is furnished by the ,berber tribe of the ,matmatas1 of ,tunis4 ,these people live on the edge of a hilly1 limestone plateau1 where the rainfall is less than #aj inches and in some years as low as five4 ,an important part of the food supply of these people is furnished by date and olive trees which they grow in the gulches of their limestone plateau4 ,they built a dry rock dam behind which earth-wash lodges4 ,in this the trees are planted and every rain sends more earth and soaks that which has collected4 ,the plan can certainly not be called an experiment for the people have lived there for centuries4 ,they have olive trees that are several centuries old and ,i have never seen such fine olive trees1 not in ,california1 or the plains of ,spain1 ,portugal1 ,france1 ,italy1 or in ,algeria or ,tunis1 and ,i have seen a good many olive trees in those countries4 ,the olive tree is usually open1 light and feathery4 ,these in the ,matmatas gulches are thick and black and rank4 ,for automatic cultivation and fertilization the plan of these primitive agriculturists is hard to beat4 ,you put up your stone dam1 and every time the gulley runs with water your crop is irrigated and fertilized4 ,can you beat it8 ,three ,americans of my acquaintance have independently experimented and discovered along similar lines4 ,the late ,freeman ,thorpe of ,hubert1 ,minnesota1 did it with much enthusiasm4 ,so did the late ,dr4 ,meyer1 a friend of ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 near ,lancaster4 ,he discovered it accidentally4 ,he put a brush dam across a gully4 ,water stood behind it for days after every rain4 ,the apple tree near it grew much more than the others4 ,that started the ,doctor4 ,he began to dig small field reservoirs and collect water near trees and he found that it paid even with the very expensive process of hoe and shovel4 ,the idea has been modernized and brought to the machine stage which characterizes our present-day agriculture1 by ,mr4 ,lawrence ,lee1 a civil engineer-farmer of ,leesburg1 ,va4 ,mr4 ,lee runs a level line across the face of the clay hills1 and then with a ,martin ditcher scoops out a terrace on this horizontal line4 ,it makes the terrace so that the water will hold and will not run away4 ,mr4 ,lee is sure that nine-tenths of the heavy thunder shower runs off of the hills1 in normal conditions of non-plowing1 and that if he plows1 most of the water and much of the soil go off together4 ,he is also sure that the water pockets hold both water and soil4 ,rows of apple trees planted below these waterholding terraces thrive without cultivation as well as do other trees across the row with cultivation1 but with this difference1 ordinary cultivation impoverishes the soil and this enriches it by keeping all mineral and organic matter in the field4 ,the combination of principles worked out by many primitive peoples and also by ,messrs4 ,thorpe1 ,meyer and ,lee makes it possible for the farmer to arrange his rough land in tree crops so that every rain will water his crops1 even though the land may be rough and in sod4 ,if he cannot run horizontal terraces he can dig holes near the trees and lead the water to these holes by two furrows with the turning plow4 ,this is really an automatic kind of irrigation4 ,by this means a farmer can use his odd time whenever he can work the ground1 and thus do the cultivation for a whole year or two and at the same time preserve the soil and establish a permanent agriculture4 ,this gives the hill land the same chance as the level lands to grow fat sods4 ,it offers a very interesting combination of blue grass pasture along with crops of black walnuts1 ,persian 7,english7 walnuts1 pecans1 grafted hickories1 mulberries 7for pigs and chickens71 persimmons 7for pigs and sheep71 oaks 7which make more carbohydrate food than corn in many situations71 honey locust 7which has a bean as rich as bran and good for the same purpose7 and many other crop trees that will be available if good brains keep developing the idea4 ,in this connection it may be pointed out that ,france exports millions of dollars worth of ,persian walnuts and most of them are grown on isolated trees scattered about the fields and along roadsides4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,president3 ,we will now adjourn to ,sormani's for luncheon and then we will immediately start for ,mr4 ,bixby's place on ,long ,island4 7,adjournment74 ,,notes ,,at ,,mr4 ,,bixby',s ,,nut ,,orchards ,,and ,,nurseries ,,baldwin1 ,,nassau ,,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,september #d1 #aibd ,japan walnuts 7seedlings7 on street set out in #aiah or #aiai4 ,all except the tree on the south have borne1 #aibd being the third year for one4 ,one of them is a heartnut4 ,chinkapins raised from seed outdoors4 ,black walnuts grown in pots and transplanted with a ball of earth and the entire root4 ,set out without cutting back and sod and vines allowed to grow around them4 ,while they grew rapidly before transplanting they have scarcely grown since4 ,beaver ,hickory seedlings4 ,these illustrate well the information to be obtained frequently as to parentage by raising seedlings4 ,the history of the ,beaver tree was ascertained four or five years ago and from this and the appearance of the tree and its nuts1 it was decided to be a shagbark x bitternut hybrid4 ,the seedlings bear this out1 for they vary from seemingly pure shagbark to pure bitternut with several in between looking somewhat like the parent tree4 ,it may be that some of these will bear nuts that will be found valuable4 ,japan walnut tree killed with butternut blight4 ,chestnut trees killed with chestnut blight4 ,main experimental orchard4 ,this comprises about four acres and is laid out in rows running north and south1 starting at an east and west road4 ,there are #bi trees in each row running north and south1 the trees being about #ae feet apart4 ,a nut tree is put every #cj feet and a peach or apple or some other tree that is intended to be taken out later1 is put in between4 ,row #a ,south--7#a7 ,niblack ,pecan 7#e7 ,warrick ,pecan 7#g7 ,warrick ,pecan 7#i7 ,greenriver ,pecan 7#aa7 ,greenriver ,pecan 7#ac7 ,mahan ,hickory 7#ae7 ,marquardt 787 ,pecan 7#ag7 ,siers ,hickory 7#ai7 ,wilkinson 787 ,pecan 7#ba7 ,kirtland ,hickory 7#bc7 ,greenbay ,pecan 7#be7 ,weiker ,hickory 7#bg7 ,burlington ,pecan 7#bi7 ,kentucky ,hickory4 ,this ,kentucky ,hickory blossomed full and some two dozen nuts set which grew to about #e_/h inches long then they dropped off4 ,probably it will bear next year4 ,row #b ,south--7#d7 ,moneymaker ,pecan 7#aj7 ,pleas ,hickory 7#bd7 ,dennis bitternut1 bearing 7#bf7 ,hatch ,bitternut 7874 ,row #c ,south--7#c7 ,stanley ,hickory 7#e7 ,ridenhauer ,almond 7#i7 ,burkett ,pecan 7#aa7 ,hales ,hickory on shagbark 7#ac7 ,hales ,hickory on bitternut 7#ba7 ,cedarapids ,hickory on shagbark 7#bc7 ,cedarapids ,hickory on bitternut 7#be7 ,dennis ,hickory 7#bg7 ,fairbanks ,hickory4 ,row #c;,a ,south--,seedling ,black ,walnuts4 ,row #c;,b ,south--,seedling ,chinese ,chestnuts4 ,row #c;,c ,south--,seedling ,chinese ,chestnuts4 ,row #d ,south--7#b7 ,rush ,chinkapin 7#c7 ,miracle ,chestnut 7#d7 ,chinkapin 7#g7 ,chinkapin 7#h7 ,chinkapin 7#i7 ,champion ,chestnut 7#aj7 ,paragon ,chestnut 7#ac7 ,riehl ,chestnut 7#ae7 ,paragon ,chestnut 7#af7 ,paragon ,chestnut 7#ag7 ,miracle ,chestnut 7#bb7 ,champion ,chestnut 7#bi7 ,boone ,chestnut4 ,the above trees are all that remain of a row of #bi ,chestnut and ,chinkapin trees most of which were bearing two years ago1 from which a good many quarts of ,chestnuts were gathered4 ,some of them died in #aibb and more in #aibc4 ,row #e ,south--7#a7 ,beaver ,hickory 7#b7 ,hacheye 787 ,persimmon 7#c7 ,mc,callister ,pecan 7#d7 ,hayakuma ,persimmon 7#e7 ,mc,callister ,pecan 7#f7 ,kawakami ,persimmon 7#g7 ,busseron ,pecan 7#i7 ,busseron ,pecan 7#aj7 ,lambert ,persimmon 7#aa7 ,butterick ,pecan 7#ab7 ,josephine ,persimmon 7#ac7 ,butterick ,pecan 7#ae7 ,kentucky ,pecan 7#ag7 ,kentucky ,pecan 7#ah7 ,golden ,gem ,persimmon 7bearing7 7#ai7 ,indiana ,pecan 7#bj7 ,rush ,chinkapin 7#ba7 ,indiana ,pecan 7#bc7 ,posey ,pecan 7#be7 ,posey ,pecan 7#bg7 ,major ,pecan 7#bh7 ,parry ,chestnut 7#bi7 ,major ,pecan4 ,row #e;,a ,south--,pecan seedlings4 ,row #e;,b ,south--,shellbark seedlings4 ,row #f ,south--7#a71 7#b71 7#c71 7#d71 7#e71 7#f71-7g71 7#h71 7#i71 7#aj71 7#aa71 7#ab71 7#ac71 7#ad71 7#ae71 7#ag71 7#ah71 7#ai71 7#bj71 7#ba71 7#bb71 7#bc71 7#bd7 ,hales ,hickory1 transplanted some years ago1 brought from ,monticello1 ,florida 7#be7 ,kentucky ,hickory4 ,row #f;,a ,north--,butternut seedlings4 ,row #f;,b ,north--,butternut seedlings4 ,row #g ,south--,vest ,hickory seedlings1 ,hales ,hickory seedlings1 ,juglans cathayensis seedlings1 ,chinese ,persian walnut seedlings1 ,papershell ,chinese ,persian walnut seedlings1 ,hybrid hazels 7native ,long ,island x ,italian ,red #aibc74 ,row #g;,a ,south--,mockernut seedlings4 ,row #g;,b ,south--,mockernut seedlings4 ,row #g;,c ,south--,close bark pignut carya glabra seedlings4 ,loose bark pignut carya ovalis seedlings1 ,japan walnut seedlings1 ,adams ,black ,walnut seedlings4 ,row #g;,d ,south---,persian walnut seedlings1 ,stabler ,black ,walnut1 perfect form seedlings1 ,stabler ,black ,walnut1 one lobe seedlings4 ,row #g;,a ,north--,japan ,walnut seedlings4 ,row #g;,b ,north--,japan ,walnut seedlings4 ,row #g;,c ,north--,japan ,walnut seedlings4 ,row #h ,south--#h;,a ,south--#h;,b ,south--#h;,c ,south--,seedling ,japan ,walnut x butternut hybrids4 ,row #h;,a ,north--,japan ,walnut seedlings4 ,row #h;,b ,north--,japan ,walnut seedlings4 ,row #h;,c ,north---,persimmon seedlings4 ,row #i ,south--7#a7 ,miller ,black ,walnut 7#c7 ,thomas ,black ,walnut 7#d7 ,purple ,hazel 7#e7 ,thomas ,black ,walnut 7#f7 ,fruhe ,lange ,hazel 7#g7 ,stabler ,black ,walnut 7#i7 ,kinder ,black ,walnut 7#aa7 ,allen ,black ,walnut 7#ac7 ,wasson ,black ,walnut 7#ae7 ,peanut ,black ,walnut 7#ag7 ,ten ,eyck ,black ,walnut 7#ai7 ,mattingly ,black ,walnut 7#ba7 ,mc,coy ,black ,walnut 7bearing7 7#bc7 ,paradox ,walnut 7#be7 ,ohio ,black ,walnut 7bearing7 7#bg7 ,herman ,black ,walnut 7#bi7 ,stabler ,black ,walnut4 ,row #aj ,south---7#b7 ,stranger ,heartnut1 bearing 7#d7 ,california ,black ,walnut 7#f7 ,seedling ,allen ,black ,walnut 7#h7 ,seedling ,allen ,black ,walnut 7#aj7 ,seedling ,allen ,black ,walnut 7#ab7 ,casper ,hickory 7#ad7 ,casper ,hickory 7#af7 ,reike ,hickory 7#ah7 ,vest ,hickory 7#bj7 ,swaim ,hickory 7#bb7 ,swaim ,hickory 7#bc7 ,jordan ,almond 7#bd7 ,wampler ,hickory 7#be7 ,jordan ,almond 7#bf7 ,wampler ,hickory 7#bg7 ,texas ,prolific ,almond 7#bi7 ,texas ,prolific ,almond4 ,row #aj;,c ,north--,hickory ,seedlings4 ,here may be seen the melancholy results of not planting hickory seedlings deep enough4 ,row #aa ,south--7#a7 ,aiken butternut1 bearing 7#c7 ,stranger ,heartnut1 bearing1 7#e7 ,ritchie ,heartnut1 bearing 7#g71 7#i71 7#aa71 7#ac71 7#ae71 7#ag71 7#ai71 7#ba71 7#bc71 7#be71 7#bg71 7#bi7 ,lancaster ,heartnut bearing4 ,row #aa;,a ,south--,grafted and budded black walnuts4 ,row #aa;,b ,south--,grafted and budded black walnuts4 ,row #aa;,c--,south--,grafted and budded butternuts and ,japan ,walnuts4 ,row #aa ,north--7#a71 7#b71 7#c71 7#d71 ,aiken butternut 7#f7 ,juglans mandshurica 7#h71 7#aj7 ,deming butternut4 ,row #aa;,a ,north--,seedling ,japan walnut x butternut hybrids4 ,row #aa;,b ,north--,seedling ,japan ,walnut x butternut hybrids4 ,row #aa;,c ,north--,seedling ,japan ,walnut x butternut hybrids4 ,row #ab--7b7 ,faust heartnut1 bearing 7#d7 ,deming butternut1 bearing 7#h7 ,burlington ,pecan 7#aj7 ,rockville ,pecan 7#bj7 ,snyder ,hickory 7#bg7 ,early ,golden ,persimmon 7#bh7 ,rockville ,pecan 7#bi7 ,ruby ,persimmon4 ,row #ab;,a ,south--,grafted and budded ,black ,walnuts1 ,stabler1 ,ohio1 ,thomas ,adams4 ,row #ab;,b ,south--,grafted and budded ,black ,walnuts1 ,wasson1 ,mc,coy1 ,ten ,eyck1 ,o',connor hybrid ,witte ,persian ,walnut4 ,row #ab;,c ,south--,grafted and budded butternut ,japan ,walnut1 ,aiken butternut1 ,lancaster ,heartnut4 ,row #ac ,south--7#a7 ,franquette ,persian ,walnut 7#c7 ,eureka ,persian ,walnut 7#d7 ,early ,golden ,persimmon 7#e7 ,holden ,persian ,walnut 7#g7 ,eureka ,persian ,walnut 7#h7 ,grosse ,kugelnuss filbert1 bearing 7#i7 ,holden ,persian ,walnut1 bearing 7#aj7 ,white ,lambert hazel 7#aa7 ,alpine ,persian ,walnut1 bearing 7#ab7 ,italian ,red ,hazel 7#ac7 ,lancaster ,persian ,walnut 7#ad7 ,mc,farland ,chestnut 7#ae7 ,meylan ,black ,persian ,walnut 7#af7 ,hale ,persimmon 7#ag7 ,rush ,persian ,walnut1 bearing 7#ah7 ,imperial ,hazel 7#ai7 ,cording ,walnut1 bearing 7,j cordiformis x regia7 7#bj7 ,early ,golden ,persimmon 7#ba7 ,hall ,persian ,walnut 7#bb7 ,yemon ,persimmon 7#bc7 ,paradox walnut 7#bd7 ,yemon ,persimmon 7#be7 ,mayette ,persian ,walnut 7#bf7 ,floreams ,almond 7#bg7 ,holden ,persian ,walnut 7#bh7 ,floreams ,almond 7#bi7 ,mayette ,persian ,walnut4 ,row #ac ,north--,chinese ,almond so-called1 #c years old1 really an apricot with edible kernels4 ,has proved perfectly hardy so far4 ,row #ad--;,grafted and budded black walnuts1 ,boston ,persian ,walnut4 ,o',connor hybrid ,walnut1 ,adams ,black ,walnut1 ,alley ,black ,walnut1 ,mosnat butternut4 ,row #ae--;,grafted and budded ,black ,walnuts1 ,o',connor hybrid1 ,thomas1 ,stabler4 ,ohio ,persian ,walnut4 ,minnas ,zeller ,italian ,red ,hazel1 bearing4 ,row #af--;,american ,hazels from ,west ,virginia and ,ohio4 ,row #ag--,landesberger ,lange ,zeller1 ,buettners ,zeller1 ,hempels ,zeller1 ,barnes ,no4 #f1 ,hazel bearing hybrid nuts1 ,barnes ,no4 #e ,hazel bearing hybrid nuts1 ,kentish ,cob1 ,noce ,lunghe filbert1 ,daviana ,hazels1 both bearing4 ,row #ah--,merveille de ,bollwiller filbert bearing1 ,medium long filbert4 ,like ,merveille de ,bollwiller1 ,althaldestenbener ,zeller4 ,row #ai---;,corylus californica1 ,white ,lambert filbert1 ,vest hazel1 ,grosse ,kugelnuss1 ,hallersche ,riesen filbert4 ,barcelona filbert1 ,italian ,red filbert1 ,du ,chilly filbert4 ,row #bj---,long ,island ,hazel1 bearing ,blueberries4 #h plants of selected varieties1 ,jujube1 ,tree hazel1 corylus colurna1 ,vest hazel bearing hybrid nuts1 ,daviana hazel bearing1 ,white ,aveline hazel1 tree hazel1 corylus colurna4 ,long ,island hazel bearing1 ,red ,aveline hazel bearing4 ,row #ba--;,corylus californica1 tree hazel corylus colurna4 ,on the southern end of these rows will be found the grafted hickories4 ,row #ba--;,grafted ,shagbark hickories4 ,row #bb--;,grafted ,mockernut hickories4 ,row #bc--;,grafted ,mockernut hickories4 ,row #bd--;,grafted ,pignut hickories4 ,row #be--;,grafted ,pignut hickories4 ,row #bg--;,grafted ,pecan hickories4 ,row #bh--;,grafted ,pecan hickories4 ,row #cj--;,grafted ,bitternut hickories4 ,row #ca---;,grafted ,bitternut hickories4 ,row #cb--;,grafted ,bitternut hickories4 ,row #cc--;,grafted ,bitternut hickories4 ,row #ca--;,grafted ,bitternut hickory4 ,additional ,notes by ,stenographer ,this is a ,royal ,burbank walnut brought from ,california1 in #aiaa4 ,it stood in a yard in ,brooklyn until #aiag4 ,it did not grow well there but since we have brought it out here it is growing and bearing1 as you see4 ,it is a hybrid of the ,california black and the ,eastern black4 ,the nut itself has not much value4 ,the leaves are rather smaller than others4 ,it would not compare with the propagated varieties4 ,it is only considered as a rapid growing tree4 ,here is a row of ,beaver seedlings4 ,this one is a typical shagbark4 ,this one is like a bitternut4 ,every once in a while you will find a tall one with buds like the old tree4 ,they are all ,beaver seedlings from nuts gathered at the same time from the same tree4 ,here are chinkapin seedlings grown out of doors4 ,i simply threw them on the ground and covered them with leaves4 ,here is a dead ,japanese walnut tree4 ,it died of a fungus1 melanconium4 ,you can see the fungus all the way down the trunk4 ,it is a weak fungus and sometimes if the tree is nourished properly it will disappear4 ,this is a ,lancaster heartnut4 ,and so is this4 ,one is much more prolific than the other4 ,both grafted on ,japanese stock4 ,it is bearing pretty well4 ,it was put out in #aiah4 ,here is a ,kentucky hickory4 ,it had about #bd nuts1 but they have fallen off4 ,this is a ,moneymaker pecan4 ,it is growing finely4 ,i bought this tree from ,j4 ,b4 ,wight1 of ,cairo1 ,ga4 ,i also have a ,burkett from ,texas4 ,there is a ,paragon chestnut which has escaped the blight4 ,fungus is beginning on the end of the branch1 however4 ,two years ago we had a whole row of these ,boone chestnuts4 ,this is the only one left4 ,they were all in bearing then and a good many quarts of chestnuts were gathered4 ,some of them died in #aibb and more in #aibc4 ,from here up1 the trees are hickory 7,hales7 on pecans4 ,they are ten years from the graft1 and planted here from ,monticello1 ,fla41 two years ago4 #bc out of the #bd trees living4 ,there are #ab varieties of ,japanese persimmons1 bought from ,texas4 ,this one shows winter-killing but will apparently live4 7,hayakuma persimmon74 ,here is a ,jap4 persimmon 7,kawakami74 ,it has not borne yet4 ,here is a ,mc,callister pecan2 originated from between the ,wabash and ,ohio ,rivers4 ,those are ,thomas black walnuts2 they have been out five years1 and have not yet borne4 ,this is a ,ten ,eyck2 it has made good growth this year and is a heavy bearer4 ,this is a ,mc,coy black walnut4 ,this tree is bearing heavily this year1 and bore one nut last year4 ,it is about five or six years from the nursery4 ,the parent tree is from near ,rockport1 ,ind41 and is a very large one4 ,here is an ,ohio2 it came from ,mr4 ,jones1 ,i think4 ,these trees are bearing heavily2 they have been set out #e or #f years4 ,these trees are ,lancaster heartnuts4 ,they will probably bear heavily one year and less the next4 7,here catkins and nuts were found on the same branch1 and a photograph was made74 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,there will probably not be any ,lancaster here next spring2 the late growth has devitalized the tree4 ,here is a ,california black walnut but it has not grown very successfully4 ,here is a ,stranger heartnut from ,south ,carolina1 bearing4 ,here is an ,o',connor hybrid walnut on black walnut4 ,the whole tree is #c-a_/b feet high2 splendid growth for one year4 ,the parent tree is in ,maryland1 about two miles from ,mr4 ,littlepage's place4 ,here is a ,lancaster heartnut which has borne every year1 without a stop2 you see it is planted in a chicken yard4 ,,exhibits ,,at ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,willard ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,,baldwin1 ,n4 ,y4 ,september #d1 #aibd ,,black ,,walnuts ,varieties3 ,adams ,alley ,herman ,mc,coy ,miller ,ohio ,stabler1 ,perfect ,form ,one ,lobe ,ten ,eyck ,thomas ,wasson ,species3 ,juglans major1 ,arizona rupestris1 ,texas boliviensis1 ,bolivia insularis1 ,cuba ,the extremes of black walnut shape4 ,adams1 long and narrow1 ,corsan1 short and broad ,varieties3 ,butternuts ,aiken ,deming ,,butternuts ,,and ,,japan ,,walnuts ,varieties3 ,japan ,walnuts ,heartnuts ,lancaster ,ritchie ,stranger ,species3 ,juglans cinerea manshurica cathayensis sieboldiana cordiformis ,rough shell ,japan walnut ,juglans sieboldiana x cinerea ,juglans sieboldiana x nigra ,cording1 ,juglans cordiformis x regia ,nuts from #d trees on ,grand ,ave4 ,baldwin ,,chestnuts ,varieties3 ,boone ,paragon ,rochester ,morris ,no4 #b ,morris ,no4 #c ,species3 ,chinkapin ,castanopsis ,,hazels ,,and ,,filberts ,varieties3 ,althaldensleben ,barcelona ,daviana ,du ,chilly ,emperor ,grosse ,kugelnuss ,imperial ,italian ,red ,merveille de ,bollwiller ,montebello ,noce ,lunghe ,red ,aveline ,red ,lambert ,rush 7,american7 ,vest 7,american7 ,white ,aveline ,white ,lambert ,species3 ,chinese tree ,hazel 7,corylus chinensis7 ,constantinople ,hazel 7tree corylus colurna7 ,thibet ,hazel 7,corylus tibetica7 ,hazel ,blight 7,specimen7 ,,hickories ,varieties3 ,beaver ,brooks ,dennis ,fairbanks1 ,parent tree ,grafted tree ,galloway ,glover ,griffin ,hales ,kirtland ,laney ,milford ,pleas ,siers1 ,parent tree ,grafted tree ,vest ,weiker1 ,parent tree ,grafted tree ,it will be noticed that nuts from young grafted trees are generally larger than those from the parent trees ,species and ,hybrid3 ,arkansas ,hickory1 carya buckleyi ,arkansana ,bitternut1 carya cordiformis1 ,dennis1 ,hatch ,buckley ,hickory1 carya ,buckleyi ,chinese ,hickory1 carya cathayensis ,pallid ,hickory1 carya pallida ,shellbark1 carya laciniosa1 from #c locations ,water ,hickory1 carya aquatica ,zorn1 the largest hickory yet found1 carya buckleyi ,arkansana x alba ,,pecans ,northern ,varieties3 ,burlington ,busseron ,butterick ,campbell ,greenriver ,indiana ,koontz ,major ,mc,callister ,niblack ,norton ,posey ,witte ,species and curiosities3 ,seedling ,pecan from ,adams1 ,ill4 ,the most northern native growing pecan yet seen by ,willard ,g4 ,bixby ,curtis ,pecan1 without inner shell partition ,schley ,pecan1 one grown in ,georgia1 the other in southern ,pennsylvania4 ,this shows how the nuts are dwarfed by lack of sufficient summer heat ,,persian ,,walnuts ,varieties3 ,alpine ,boston ,colona ,franquette ,hall ,holden ,hutchinson ,lancaster ,mayette ,milbank ,ontario ,pomeroy ,rush ,sayre ,witte ,seedlings and ,hybrids ,chinese ,paper ,shell ,juglans regia x cinerea from #b locations ,allen1 juglans regia x rupestris ,,miscellaneous ,almond1 ,ridenhauer ,chinese 7edible apricot7 ,beechnuts1 ,american 7#b locations7 ,european ,queensland ,nut ,macadamia ternifolia ,water ,chestnuts3 ,nelumbium ,luteum ,nelumbium ,speciosum ,,notes ,,taken ,,at ,,merribrooke1 ,,dr4 ,,morris' ,,estate ,,near ,,stamford1 ,,connecticut ,excursion of ,friday1 ,september #e1 #aibd ,arriving at ,stamford1 all guests and members were met at the station by cars from ,dr4 ,morris' place4 ,after coming together at the house1 the members followed ,dr4 ,morris to the main gateway1 where the following program commenced3 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,if you will all follow me here inside the gateway we will take the trees as they come in the order of the mimeographed sheet which you hold4 ,i will first say that the abnormalities at ,merribrooke this year were three in number4 ,first1 a destructive invasion of the tent caterpillar which attacked nearly all kinds of trees during its traveling stage4 ,then came a canker worm invasion with partial or complete defoliation of even the forest trees4 ,almost all of the whole leaves on any tree represent the second set for the season4 ,then came a drought said to have been the most severe since #ahga4 ,as a result of these three influences most of the fruit trees and nut trees dropped their crops this year4 ,among the many introduced and grafted trees at ,merribrooke only about one hundred typical forms have been tagged for this occasion4 ,the large tags on the trees represent types1 the smaller tags represent different variations of the type4 ,numbers on the tags correspond to numbers on this list4 ,we will begin with ,no4 #a--,original ,taylor ,shagbark hickory4 ,nut large1 thin shelled1 good cleavage and high quality4 ,this is practically an annual bearer4 ,the weevil likes it because it is very thin-shelled4 ,consequently we seldom get a good crop4 ,most of the trees were defoliated4 ,this is the best all-around hickory that ,i have found4 ,i gave prizes for years and got seedlings from all over the country1 and this is the best one that ,i obtained growing right here at my gate4 ,it is defoliated by both the tent caterpillar and the canker worm4 #b4 ,buckley ,hickory from ,texas4 ,nut large1 round1 thick-shelled1 peculiar flavor and fragrance4 ,this hickory was first described in #ahgb in ,texas and then it was forgotten4 ,dr4 ,sargent was quite surprised when ,i told him that ,i had one for the variety really passed out of history among the botanists until the past two years4 ,the bark is deeply ridged in the older trees4 ,the tree has been crippled by the twig girdler this year4 #c4 ,carolina ,hickory ,seedling 7scaly bark hickory74 ,nut small1 thin shelled1 sweet4 ,i think this is one of the most beautiful hickories we have4 ,it has been crippled this year but not enough to hurt4 ,it has a small1 thin-shelled nut with sweet flavor4 ,the older trees have the scale on the bark4 #d4 ,carolina ,hickory grafted upon other local wild stock1 and ,i do not know whether it is macrocarpa or pignut4 #e4 ,shagbark top-worked to ,vest variety of shagbark from ,virginia that ,mr4 ,bixby described yesterday as having a shell so thin that it could be cracked with the hand4 #f4 ,shagbark top-worked to ,carolina and ,kentucky varieties4 ,note the different foliage1 and smaller leaves4 ,here is a graft of three hickories on one stock4 #g4 ,shagbark top-worked to ,vest shagbark above and to ,mc,callister pecan below4 ,the foliage of this ,mc,callister would justify putting the tree in any grounds2 but here on the shagbark stock the leaves are not so large4 ,the foliage on ,mr4 ,bixby's was large and beautiful4 #h4 ,shagbark top-worked to ,brooks shagbark4 ,that tree prolongs the name of one of our audience into history4 #i4 ,asiatic ,winged ,walnut 7,pterocarya fraxinifolia74 ,i think this would be valuable for hybridizing4 #aj4 ,grafted ,woodall ,american 7black7 walnut4 ,nut small1 thin shelled4 ,tree very prolific4 ,this tree has not yet borne1 but it should next year4 ,i got that from a man near ,milford1 ,del4 ,the nut is thin-shelled and cracks very easily4 #aa4 ,grafted ,lutz ,american ,walnut from ,north ,carolina4 ,this tree is about six years from the graft4 ,the nut is large4 ,,question3 ,when do you have frosts here at ,stamford8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,the frosts are from about the middle of ,september until sometime in ,may4 ,sometimes we miss the ,september frosts4 #ab4 ,korean ,nut ,pine4 ,furnishes important food supply in northern ,asia4 #ac4 ,grafted ,papaw4 ,larger part ,ketter variety4 ,prize fruits have weighed about one pound each4 ,smaller part ,osborn variety ,no4 #c1 a choice kind4 #ad4 ,seedling ,papaw4 #ae4 ,seedling ,papaw1 christened ,merribrooke prolific with clusters of fruit of the first year's bearing4 ,five bunches on the tree and it is the first year out from the nursery4 ,it is a very beautiful tree for the lawn4 ,the growing season of pawpaws is so long that a hard ,september frost may catch the fruit before it is ripe in this locality4 ,fruit will stand a light frost only4 #af4 ,chinese ,pistache seedling4 ,tree beautiful but nut too small for the market4 ,may serve for hybridizing purposes4 ,the autumn foliage of this tree is very wonderful4 #ag4 ,grafted ,wolfe persimmon4 ,ripens fruit in ,july or ,august4 ,this is an ordinary size fruit but the peculiarity is that it ripens before the others do4 #ah4 ,grafted ,cannaday seedless persimmon4 ,you see another member of our party has gone down to fame with this ,cannaday seedless persimmon4 #ai4 ,stanley shellbark hickory grafted on shagbark stock4 #bj4 ,stock grafted to ,kentucky shagbark4 #ba4 ,jeffrey ,blue ,bull ,nut ,pine4 ,nuts small1 thin-shelled1 rich4 ,eaten shell and all by the natives4 ,this is one of the most beautiful of pines4 ,in the top of the tree is placed one of the large gourds which ,i raise here on the place4 ,i place these gourds in the tree-tops for bird-houses4 ,all kinds of birds nest in them1 from the chickadee to the barred duck4 ,a squash may be used for this purpose as well as a gourd4 ,i raise the pines from seed4 #bb4 ,torrey nut pine from southern ,california4 ,nut is large1 and has a fine flavor4 ,i get my seeds from ,bartner ,brothers4 ,pines do not do so well near cities4 ,the sulphites in the air are picked up by the pines and this kills them4 ,this particular pine is a surprise to all botanists who have seen it2 it is native in ,california and is one of the disappearing pines4 ,i have had five of them and ,i raised them all from seed4 #bc4 ,chinese hazel4 ,grafted on common hazel and outgrowing it1 ,the ,chinese hazel makes a tree from #hj to #ajj feet in height4 ,this is the first year this tree has borne4 ,it is grafted on common stock1 and is beginning to bear earlier than it would have done on its own roots4 #bd4 ,butternut parthenogens4 ,some are large and some small but all are grown under the same conditions4 ,that one was defoliated by the canker worm and then by the tent caterpillar and this is the fourth set of leaves it has put forth this year4 #be4 ,hybrid walnut 7,siebold x butternut7 four years old4 #bf4 ,grafted ,american walnut4 ,peanut variety4 ,only one chubby half of kernel to each shell4 ,the scions were sent here from ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #bg4 ,mediate shagbark grafts 7,cook variety74 ,grafted ,july #aj in midst of great drought4 ,compare this with the trees you will see farther on in the walk1 grafted near the end of the drought4 ,i do not have much trouble with the plain splice graft and ,i expect it to start ten days after ,i put it in4 ,here is the way ,i treat a borer1 although ,i have two or three ways of doing this4 ,first ,i find a hole on the tree1 like this one4 ,then ,i follow down to where the borers work4 ,i cut that part away1 inject chloroform and fill up the opening with common kitchen soap4 #bh4 ,american ,chestnut4 ,merribrooke variety1 root-grafted on ,japanese chestnut4 ,i grafted that very low1 below the ground4 ,it is the best chestnut ,i have among several thousands that ,i planted4 ,this tree was one of the first to go down with the blight1 but ,i have grafted on other scions and have kept it going ever since4 #bi4 ,dresher chestnut 7,european origin7 grafted on ,japanese chestnut4 ,the graft is about three years old4 ,it has borne since the first year4 ,there are several nuts on it now4 7,now we must be careful of the sharp stubs in the woods4 ,these are newly cut brush paths1 and all guests wearing low shoes should step carefully74 #cj4 ,stanley shellbark hickory1 grafted on pignut hickory4 ,mr4 ,jones introduced this hickory4 #ca4 ,kentucky shagbark grafted on shagbark stock1 with bark slot graft4 ,i let another twig grow from the same lead for nourishment4 ,i put in three grafts here two of which are dead4 ,i do not quite approve of that method4 ,i prefer now to go up to the small branches and then splice-graft on small branches4 #cb4 ,marquardt pecan grafted on stock of pignut4 ,it does well on this hickory4 #cc4 ,hardy1 hard-shell almond4 #cd4 ,woodall ,american walnut4 ,this shows that the ,woodall black walnut grows fairly well on butternut stock4 #ce4 ,shagbark hickory top-worked to ,marquardt pecan4 #cf4 ,staminate persimmon trees4 #cg4 ,bony ,bush filbert1 grafted on common hazel4 7,bush badly cut up by girdler beetle4 ,elaphidion4 ,five nuts on the bush74 #ch4 ,purple hazel4 ,look sharp to find the #bj nuts on this bush4 ,this tree is about #e years old4 #ci4 ,four large bitternut-hickory trees1 top-worked to ,beaver hybrid4 ,beaver branches distinguished by larger leaves and fewer leaflets4 ,stock shoots will be cut out gradually1 allowing ,beaver to have entire tree finally4 #dj4 ,bitternut hickory top-worked to ,marquardt pecan4 #da4 ,hybrid walnut4 7,siebold x ,persian74 ,tree riddled by walnut weevil every year hopelessly4 #db4 ,taylor shagbark hickory grafted on shagbark stock4 ,i fill the cavities with paraffin and turpentine4 ,there are three or four nuts left in the top of the tree4 ,the tree has borne nuts for three years4 #dc4 ,pinus edulis4 #dd4 ,marquardt pecan on bitternut4 #de4 ,dead hybrid hickory1 grafted to ,beaver hybrid4 ,grafts made enormous growth in first year--#aj feet for some grafts4 ,all blew out in one minute of hurricane in advance of thunder storm4 #df4 ,bartlett hazel grafted on common hazel4 ,there are a number of dead ends1 caused by a small worm you can hardly see4 #dg4 ,chinese chestnut4 ,blighted at foot of trunk but the tree continues to bear4 #dh4 ,garritson persimmon4 ,best of all varieties called seedless1 but the large staminate tree nearby spoils that feature4 ,it is about five years old1 and bears very regularly and heavily4 ,the stock came from ,mr4 ,jones4 #di4 ,early ,golden persimmon4 ,carries one graft of ,everhart seedless variety on lowest large branch4 #ej4 ,hybrid walnut4 ,juglans nigra4 ,i do not remember which parent ,i used4 #ea4 ,pignolia nut pine4 ,pignolia pinea4 ,it is a seedling4 ,you can buy pignolia nuts in ,europe for food everywhere4 #eb4 ,hardy soft-shelled almond4 ,i do not know the variety as the label is lost2 but the tree was put there about #c or #d years ago4 ,it came from the ,government4 #eh4 ,deming purple walnut4 ,i think ,dr4 ,deming can best tell you about this4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,it grows on the side of the road between ,norwalk and ,danbury1 where the very large black walnut tree is1 #ae feet in circumference1 said to be the largest in ,connecticut4 ,this purple variety has nuts with a brownish red involucre showing sharply against the green leaves4 ,the young foliage is purplish red1 and the cambium and the pellicle of the kernels are purple4 ,it is a very fair nut and the tree is very striking when it starts in spring with the beautiful tufts of leaves4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,it may be a valuable wood for cabinet-makers4 ,every part of the wood is purple4 ,there are two purple trees4 ,the smaller tree is evidently a seedling of the larger4 #ed4 ,young ,major pecan4 #ee4 ,webb ,persian walnut on ,american walnut stock4 ,the nuts are enormous and of ,alpine type of good quality4 ,you saw some of these yesterday among those brought in by ,prof4 ,neilson4 ,you sometimes see these in the ,french market where they are called ,argonne4 ,i picked this up in ,greenwood4 ,it has many nuts this year and this is the second crop of leaves4 #ef4 ,busseron pecan4 ,this had a full crop of flowers this year1 both staminate and pistillate4 #eg4 ,appomattox pecan1 from the ,james ,river in ,virginia4 ,this and four other kinds of pecans would have borne nuts this year excepting for defoliation4 ,it is a handsome tree and will bear next year4 #eh4 ,seedling filbert4 ,about six years old4 #ei4 ,daviana filbert from ,europe4 ,many people call them hazels1 but ,i think we should call them filberts4 #fj4 ,josephine persimmon4 ,it has borne heavily every year except this year4 ,it still has some leaves left4 ,some people are very fond of the fruit4 ,i do not like that as well as the ,garretson4 ,it is a big persimmon and a very good one4 ,the fruit stays on until late ,november and ,december4 ,i think the ,garretson is the best persimmon ,i have ever had4 #fa4 ,lambert persimmon4 ,largest fruited ,american kind4 #fb4 ,japanese persimmon1 planted between the rocks for protection from wind in winter1 and from heat in summer4 ,hardy now for two years but of slow growth4 #fc4 ,beaver grafted on bitternut4 #fd4 ,weiker hybrid hickory on shagbark stock4 #fe4 ,european filbert grafted upon common hazel stock4 ,the squirrels have lived on it4 ,i can count #g nuts left4 ,i made grafts more than a foot long4 ,it was planted three years ago4 ,i could show you several hundred trees bearing heavily this year1 and on all of them we lost the first crop of leaves4 #ff4 ,beaver grafted ,nov4 #e1 #aibb1 on bitternut4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,will they live when grafted at any time throughout the year8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i would not be afraid to graft anything at any time of the year4 #fg4 ,taylor shagbark grafted ,july #ba1 #aibd4 ,probably mockernut stock4 ,growth slow but sure4 #fh4 ,wild beak hazel4 ,nuts not so good as those of common hazel4 #fi4 ,bitternut top-worked to ,beaver4 #gj4 ,hazel1 patch-grafted here and there with ,bony ,bush filbert4 ,the larger and darker leaves are ,bony ,bush4 #ga4 ,leonard shagbark grafted on stock probably shagbark4 ,nut very small1 thin shelled1 highest quality and keeps for four years without becoming rancid4 #gb4 ,shagbark top-worked to ,taylor variety1 but only a few grafts4 ,too much work for a tree of this size4 #gc4 ,pleas hybrid pecan on butternut stock4 #gd4 ,bitternut top-worked to ,beaver4 #ge4 ,here is a very interesting object lesson4 ,no4 #gd is a bitternut top-worked to ,beaver1 and all doing well4 ,the same day1 with the same graft1 ,i top-worked this pignut4 ,the pignut refused the graft and died insulted4 ,but another stock from the same root accepted ,marquardt4 #gf4 ,bitternut stock accepting ,marquardt pecan tardily4 #gg4 ,here is another form of borer4 ,i treat them in this way3 ,cut away a little of the hole1 pour in the chloroform and stop up the hole with soap4 ,that will kill all of the borers in the tree4 #gh4 ,grafts of ,laney hybrid hickory on bitternut4 #gi4 ,group of four filberts--not blighting1 but not thriving this year or last4 ,reason unknown4 ,soil is heavy clay hardpan near top4 ,top swampy in spring4 #hj4 ,taylor shagbark on bitternut4 #ha4 ,taylor shagbark on shagbark stock4 #hb4 ,bitternut grafted to ,lucado pecan4 ,grafts grew well for two summers1 but died in second winter4 #hc4 ,one poor graft of pecan on bitternut4 #hd4 ,pleas hybrid pecan4 #he4 ,merribrooke chestnut grafted upon ,chinese chestnut sprouts4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,have you been able to bud chestnuts successfully8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,yes4 #hf4 ,daviana filbert4 #hg4 ,hybrid hazel4 7,colurna x ,americana74 #hh4 ,avellana hazel4 ,variety ,contorta4 #hi4 ,siebold walnut4 ,parthenogen4 #ij4 ,hybrid chinkapin4 7,c4 pumila x ,c4 dentata74 ,grafted to another hybrid1 but stock now blighting4 #ia4 ,one of a series of chinkapins1 natural or hybrids1 grafted over to other hybrids or to the ,merribrooke variety of ,american sweet chestnut4 ,some are blighting4 #ib4 ,original ,bony-,bush hazel4 ,blighting moderately4 ,treatment for blight not followed because of wish to note the degree of resistance4 ,that bush was named by ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith4 ,the nut is remarkably thin shelled1 very long and curious in form4 #ic4 ,chinkapin1 not grafted4 ,these bear heavily every year notwithstanding the blight4 ,from the same root common chinkapin will keep on bearing year after year4 ,when one stock blights another takes its place so that heavy continuous bearing is the rule4 #id4 ,original ,no4 #a ,morris hybrid chinkapin4 7,c4 pumila x ,c4 dentata74 ,nuts of size and quality of ,american sweet chestnut4 ,tree blighted in its #acth year after bearing crops for #h or #i years4 ,new stump sprouts now growing4 7,note3 ,at this time1 the guests were called to the lawn back of the house1 where a luncheon was served by ,mrs4 ,morris4 ,the tables were laid sumptuously1 and all enjoyed it the more because of the surroundings1 where trees on one side bent over a clear trout-stream1 and elsewhere old-fashioned gardens splashed colors over the green background47 ,,business ,,session ,held on ,third ,day 7,note3 ,it was planned that this session should be held during the afternoon of the third day1 after the trip through ,dr4 ,morris's estate4 ,however1 while the members were exploring deep in a wooded portion of ,merribrooke1 a sudden downpour of rain occurred4 ,the nearest shelter was found to be the barn1 where the members agreed that the following session should be held1 since it was not possible to reach the main house4 ,all members were standing during the session1 including the reporter who wrote with the notebook resting against one of ,dr4 ,morris's cars47 ,session called to order by ,president ,weber4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,there should be added to the by-laws the following amendment3 ,,article ,v4 ,members all be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they are due1 and if not paid within two months thereafter they shall be sent a second notice1 telling them that they are not in good standing on account of non-payment of dues1 and are not entitled to receive the annual report4 ,at the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice1 a third notice shall be sent1 notifying such members that unless dues are paid within ten days from receipt of this notice1 their names will be dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues4 ,the ,president3 ,the motion has been seconded2 all in favor please signify by saying ,aye4 7,vote carried unanimously74 ,the ,secretary3 ,the association should have a fiscal year4 ,shall we discuss this or will the president authorize the secretary and the treasurer to agree upon a date most convenient to them for the beginning of the fiscal year8 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,i move that we leave this to the discretion of the secretary and the treasurer4 ,,the ,,president3 ,all in favor of the motion1 please signify4 7,voted as presented74 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i move that combination membership in the ,association with subscription to the ,american ,nut ,journal be #d4ej1 a deduction of #be cents each by the ,association and the ,journal4 ,,the ,,president3 ,all in favor of the motion please so indicate4 7,motion carried74 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,the next thing is to elect new officers4 ,,the ,,president3 ,mr4 ,reed will please read the report of the ,committee on ,nominations4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,the making of this report was one of both great pleasure and of extreme regret4 ,since ,dr4 ,deming has found that it will not be possible for him to continue as secretary1 the following names are offered3 ,president--,harry ,r4 ,weber4 ,vice-,president--,mrs4 ,w4 ,d4 ,ellwanger4 ,secretary--,mrs4 ,b4 ,w4 ,gahn4 ,treasurer--,h4 ,j4 ,hilliard4 ,,the ,,president3 ,are there any exceptions to this8 ,will those who are in favor please so state8 7,election carried unanimously74 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,dr4 ,deming's retiring from the secretaryship is a matter which all old-timers will regret1 and ,i want to move that this association record in its proceedings the fullest appreciation of his great and faithful service in helping to carry the organization through so many years4 ,i do not know what we would have done without his service and it is with great regret that we see him step aside4 7,motion seconded and unanimously carried74 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,i wish to express my gratitude to the members for their kindness1 but ,i also wish to say that although ,i have stepped aside1 ,i have not entirely passed away4 ,i am still with you and ,i shall always give the association the best of my efforts in whatever way they may be needed2 its interests shall always be dear to me4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,it seems to me that we have an object lesson here4 ,excepting for ,dr4 ,deming's efforts ,i doubt whether this organization could have held together and worked harmoniously during its years of existence4 ,he has been the key-note of the work with which others have helped1 and we have been successful because of concerted work on the part of a number of men who are looking forward to the great future of this new agriculture1 this new source of agriculture for the entire world1 wherein we are going to be able to depend upon the sub-soil for our sustenance4 ,it is through untiring work and self sacrifice that those who are so interested in this work have been able to work as a mass unit4 ,i do not know of anything more that ,i could say4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i am sure that we all regret to see ,dr4 ,deming step aside1 but we will still have him with us and ,i am very sure that he will do all possible for the good of the association always4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,i stated a few moments ago that although ,i had stepped aside ,i had not passed away2 but since then ,i have changed my mind4 ,i believe that ,i have entirely passed away4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,i move a resolution of great appreciation for ,dr4 ,morris's and ,mrs4 ,morris's hospitality to us1 and for enabling us to enjoy the beautiful day we have had here4 7,motion seconded and unanimously passed74 ,,the ,,president3 ,dr4 ,morris1 you now have notice of the official action of the association in their desire to thank you4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i thank you1 but ,i must say that ,i have had very little to do with it2 ,i may have made the suggestion1 but the women always do all of the work and in this case my wife and daughters have done it all4 ,,the ,,president3 ,we have not yet decided on the place for our next convention4 ,i would like to have your ideas4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i had three ideas as to that2 one is to go to ,mr4 ,riehl's place next year4 ,prof4 ,colby said that if we should1 he would assume the responsibility of the committee on arrangements4 ,we are first to ask ,mr4 ,riehl whether it would be in accordance with his ideas and wishes4 ,the second idea is this4 ,we saw yesterday only a small part of ,mr4 ,bixby's exhibit1 one of the finest collections in the world4 ,we should have to spend more than a day there to see it satisfactorily4 ,in connection with a visit to the ,hick's nurseries1 and others in the vicinity1 it would take more than a day4 ,the third idea is to go again to ,lancaster to see ,mr4 ,jones' nursery and other things in that vicinity4 ,it seems to me that we must make a choice between these three4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i would be very glad to have you come to ,lancaster4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,the objection to that is that ,mr4 ,riehl is now #hf years of age4 ,in view of that our first choice ought to be ,mr4 ,riehl's place4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,i move that1 if it prove acceptable to ,mr4 ,riehl1 we meet in western ,illinois4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,why not add1 ,if that is not satisfactory1 to go to ,lancaster8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,we should go back to ,long ,island next year and complete what we did not see this year1 if we do not go to ,mr4 ,riehl's4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,the ,secretary has received from the ,st4 ,louis ,chamber of ,commerce an invitation worded with rather more cordiality than usual to hold our next convention in ,st4 ,louis4 ,they offer to provide a meeting place1 speakers1 publicity1 to do all except give the cash prizes and entertainment4 ,i do not know exactly how far ,st4 ,louis is from ,alton1 but ,i understand it is one hour's ride by rail4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,we could also see the ,botanical ,garden and the collection of large trees4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i think the sentiment is in favor of the western meeting4 ,we can easily get to ,mr4 ,riehl's place from ,st4 ,louis4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,it is #bb miles from ,st4 ,louis to ,alton1 and there you can change and go to ,mr4 ,riehl's4 ,i think it best to go to ,st4 ,louis for the convention and to take a day at ,mr4 ,riehl's place4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,as to the date we would not be able to decide upon that without first consulting ,mr4 ,riehl and learning the time convenient for him4 ,however1 we should express our opinion as to the best time1 approximately4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,i believe it would be to the advantage of the organization to go there at a time when the nuts are on the trees4 ,we have seen the species and varieties in bearing1 but we have not seen a paying orchard ready for harvest4 ,i believe we should have the meeting about ,september #aj1 or a little later4 ,,the ,,president3 ,then we will move that the convention next year be held at ,st4 ,louis on ,september #aj1 or a little later as may be decided by the ,executive ,committee after consultation with ,mr4 ,riehl4 7,motion put1 voted and carried74 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,another important matter is in regard to publicity4 ,for this meeting ,i have sent notes to about #ae different publications1 expecting that they would give us notices4 ,not a single one of them gave us notices4 ,this morning one of the reporters called me and said he was sorry he could not be here as he had an important meeting to attend4 ,he wanted to know what the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association was like1 if it was something like the ,tree ,planting ,association4 ,the fact is that people do not understand1 as yet1 the meaning of this association or its purpose4 ,they do not realize that ,california sends #be1jjj tons of walnuts to market1 worth millions of dollars1 and #aj1jjj tons of almonds this year4 ,they don't realize that down in ,georgia1 in the poor1 puny pinewoods where men had a hard time to make a living at one time1 they are now riding around in limousines because they are growing nuts4 ,they do not realize the enormous social and economic importance and consequence of work of the nut growers of today in the part that they play in the agriculture of the world for tomorrow4 ,the newspapers would rather send some representative to see a prince fall down with his horse4 ,but ,i know from mutual acquaintances that the ,prince would rather be with us here today at this meeting than to be listening to a thousand and one nonentities and taking part in conversations with no future meaning4 ,i believe that if ,i had thought about inviting him in time ,i should have had him out here4 ,i have had experience with members of royalty before and ,i know what serious-minded people they are4 ,the next subject discussed was that of dropping members who are not in general good standing4 ,after the discussion the decision stood that no action could be taken unless specific charges against the member were presented and proven true4 ,another matter discussed was that of compensation to ,mrs4 ,gahn for doing secretarial work for the association4 ,it was voted by those present that she should be compensated1 but the amount of compensation should be left to the decision of the ,executive ,committee4 ,the ,president adjourned the session sine die1 at #d p4 m4 ,because of lack of time1 several papers were not read4 ,these are included herewith3 ,,nuts ,by ,hon4 ,royal ,s4 ,copeland1 ,u4 ,s4 ,senator from ,n4 ,y4 ,whenever there is a peculiar individual in the community1 he is apt to be called a nut4 ,as ordinarily used this is a term of derision1 but the more one studies the value of the nut the more he is impressed with the idea that this isn't a good word to apply to an abnormal individual1 unless he happens to be abnormally good4 ,the nut is one of the best of the products of nature4 ,it is one of the oldest of foods1 and among certain animals it is almost the only food depended upon for health and growth4 ,if ,mr4 ,bryan is mistaken about the origin of man1 and if his antagonists are right1 the natural ancestors of the human race were all nut eaters4 ,at least the gorillas and chimpanzees are fond of the nut4 ,when we go back to the early history of the ,greeks and the early inhabitants of ,great ,britain1 we find that they depended largely upon the acorn for food4 ,when measured by the caloric method it is surprising how much richer in nourishment the nut is than almost every other food substance4 ,nuts average about ten times as many calories per pound as the richest vegetables4 ,it makes you hungry to hear the names of the nuts4 ,in this country we have the walnut1 butternut1 hazel nut and the hickory nut1 the chestnut and the beechnut4 ,these are native to our land4 ,then there are cultivated orchards of ,persian walnuts1 pecans1 almonds and peanuts4 ,christmas and ,thanksgiving would be a failure without nuts2 they are a part of the hospitable fare and no stocking is well filled at ,christmas time unless a handful of nuts is added to the surprises4 ,isn't it amazing what popular ideas there are in existence about the digestibility of foods4 ,many of these are fallacious4 ,for instance1 it is common belief that nuts are difficult to digest4 ,this is not well founded4 ,of course nuts like all foods which are used as a part of the dessert are considered merely as an addition to the meal1 and not a part of the meal structure4 ,you finish your meal1 having eaten everything you need and having filled your stomach1 then you are given a dish of ice cream and1 perhaps1 after that the nuts are passed4 ,they taste so good that you are tempted to take one more about ten times4 ,you fail to chew the nut thoroughly and you crowd it into an already overfilled stomach4 ,because it happens to be the first thing to come up in case of disaster you jump at the illogical conclusion that your indigestion is due to the nuts4 ,i need not tell you how unscientific is your conviction4 ,several varieties of nuts are used for the making of nut butter1 and this food is a very excellent substitute for meat4 ,certainly nuts have material advantage over a good many foods4 ,they keep indefinitely4 ,they never putrefy4 ,they are not infested with harmful bacteria4 ,you can never get tape-worm or any other parasitic trouble1 which occasionally follows the eating of infected food4 ,i am glad there are societies organized to propagate the nut4 ,a prominent concern of ,new ,york ,city is very active in promulgating the value of the nut1 and is encouraging the planting of nut trees4 ,somebody has estimated that there are three million miles of country roads1 and that if nut trees were planted alongside these roads there would be enough protein food for the entire population4 ,nuts are rich in protein1 lime1 iron and vitamins4 ,many dishes may be made from the nut which have the appearance and flavoring of meat1 without the objectionable effects of flesh diet4 ,last year we imported twenty-five million pounds of almonds1 forty million pounds of ,brazil nuts1 eighteen million pounds of filberts1 and forty-four million pounds of walnuts1--about twenty million dollars worth of these nuts were brought into the country4 ,this shows that there is some appreciation certainly of an article of food which deserves to be even more commonly used than it is at present4 ,,hardiness ,,in ,,nut ,,trees ,by ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture ,nut trees of most species commonly thrive at both latitudes and altitudes much greater than the limits of regular or even frequent crop production4 ,this fact is seldom fully appreciated by prospective planters1 particularly in the ,north1 who1 not unnaturally1 assume that the presence of a group of vigorous appearing trees1 or even of a single tree1 particularly in a fruitful year1 is sufficient evidence of local hardiness to justify commercial planting4 ,however1 practically all of our native species of nut-bearing trees are indigenous well beyond the range of regular crop production4 ,this is made possible by occasional seasons favorable to seed production which enable such species to reproduce themselves4 ,a crop once in a quarter century would be sufficient for this purpose4 ,taking the pecan as an illustration of how a species may be affected by latitude1 it has been found that1 as the limits of hardiness are approached1 the ill effects on the species in approximate order are3 7#a7 reduction in size of nut1 especially with oblong varieties in length1 7#b7 increased proportion of faulty kernels1 7#c7 increased irregularity of crop1 7#d7 practical crop failure1 and lastly the 7#e7 partial1 then complete1 destruction of the tree4 ,on the other hand1 the fact that a tree is subject to occasional winter injury1 or that it bears irregularly1 or not at all in a particular site1 is not necessarily to be taken that the same tree in a different site or under slightly changed environment would not perform satisfactorily1 even in the same locality4 ,a change in exposure or of cultural treatment1 or of rootstock1 or of variety1 or a modified association of varieties1 might and frequently does bring about entirely different results4 ,sometimes a southern exposure causes trees to respond to mild weather1 in winter or early spring1 and to be caught by subsequent1 violent drops in temperature4 ,some of the best known and best performing ,persian walnut trees in the ,east are on a northwestern exposure1 yet the species is commonly not hardy in the temperate portions of this country4 ,to a certain extent the ability of orchard trees to withstand frost injury is subject to control4 ,the danger is greatest with trees which have grown late or those which have become devitalized for some reason or with those which are in poorly drained soils4 ,the kind of root stock which has been used1 is known to have had an influence in some cases4 ,doubtless this will be better understood as different stocks are used by the leaders in pecan breeding4 ,varieties also are known to differ greatly in their degree of hardiness4 ,however1 failure upon the part of otherwise normal trees to bear paying crops with regularity is not necessarily due to low temperatures4 ,other factors1 such as self-sterility1 may be wholly responsible for at least the lightness of crops4 ,so far as the orchardist is concerned1 a tree is not hardy unless it is capable of bearing crops the average of which are profitable4 ,on the other hand1 occasional winter injury does not prove that a species cannot be grown successfully in the same locality4 ,neither the peach nor the apple industries of the ,north nor those of the citrus in the ,south and ,california nor1 in fact1 any of the other horticultural commodities of this country are wholly unaffected by frost damage4 ,our forest trees may be more subject to winter killing than we suspect4 ,a certain amount of winter-injury is to be expected in any part of the country no matter what the species of plant may be4 ,the frequency with which winter or spring injury is definitely known to occur gives color to a rising theory that freezing temperatures may play a vastly greater part in the development of the nut industry over the entire country than is commonly supposed4 ,much of the evidence of damage from this cause is of such nature as to be easily overlooked or attributed to other causes4 ,trees and plants of many kinds have become so accustomed to injury by freezing that they are able to recover without the injury always being apparent4 ,a few illustrations of this which have come to the writer's attention might be cited4 ,in ,december #aiai1 a sudden drop in temperature of from #cb deg4,f to #bd deg4,f occurred at ,mc,minnville1 ,oregon1 with fatal result to cultivated trees and shrubs of many kinds4 ,the damage was greatest in flat bottoms1 especially those where neither land nor air drainage was good4 ,under such conditions1 numerous apple orchards were killed outright4 ,prunes and ,persian walnuts were so badly injured to the snow-line that subsequently great numbers of trees were cut down4 ,both staminate and pistillate buds of filberts above the snow were practically all destroyed4 ,later on1 the entire tops of many of the older-bearing filbert trees succumbed4 ,an instance of particular interest1 in so far as this discussion is concerned1 was afforded by the behavior of a shagbark hickory tree in ,mc,minnville1 some #bj or #cj years old1 which had been grown from a ,missouri seed4 ,in ,february1 when examination was made of the condition of this tree1 it was found that all visible buds had been killed1 yet the bark on the branches between the buds was in apparently perfect condition4 ,the question as to what the tree would do1 therefore1 became one of great interest4 ,the following ,september1 when revisited1 this tree was found to have such a wealth of luxuriant foliage that the observer felt that the accuracy of his ,february records was challenged4 ,however1 closer inspection showed that growth had entirely taken place from adventitious buds1 and that the dead buds and spurs were still in evidence4 ,there were no nuts on the tree but otherwise the casual observer would not have suspected that the tree had been affected in any way4 ,in all likelihood1 the owner of the tree would deny that it had been injured4 ,another case of somewhat similar kind occurred early during the present year in a pecan orchard in ,south ,georgia4 ,the trees had been set in #aiag1 and in #aiai1 a portion selected by the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry for conducting a series of fertilizer and cover-crop experiments4 ,the summer of #aibc was extremely dry4 ,this was followed by warm rains in the late fall and early winter4 ,on ,january #f1 during a period of high wind1 the mercury dropped to within a few degrees of zero1 official reports recording temperatures of from #f to #h degrees above zero at various nearby stations4 ,on ,march #ca1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,skinner1 of the ,office of ,soil ,fertility ,investigations1 in attending to the spring fertilizer applications1 discovered that a high proportion of the trees had been badly winter injured1 as indicated by the usual characteristic evidence4 ,these included a considerable exudence of sour and frothy sap from the trunks of the trees1 particularly those having smooth bark4 ,this invariably occurred on the west side4 ,shot-hole borers1 which not infrequently follow such injury1 were already at work4 ,this situation was at once called to the attention of the owner of the orchard who lived some #ej miles away4 ,he replied that although he made frequent visits to the orchard1 the matter had not attracted his attention1 nor had it been reported to him4 ,on ,april #ag1 he inspected the orchard and the day following1 reported to the ,bureau by special delivery that as a result of a rather hasty inspection1 he was convinced that from #af to #bj per cent of the trees in the experimental tract were injured1 but that in the rest of this orchard the injury was insignificant1 probably not exceeding #d per cent4 ,his not unnatural deduction was that the high fertilization of the soil in the experimental tract had caused tender growth which1 under the extreme conditions of the previous months1 had been unable to survive4 ,on ,april #bd1 a careful record of the condition of all trees in this tract and of a representative number of those in adjacent parts of the orchard1 was made by ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,pelham of the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry and the writer1 in company with the owner of the orchard and his superintendent4 ,it was found that in the experimental tract1 #ej per cent of the trees had been visibly injured1 thus exceeding the owner's maximum estimate by about #cj per cent4 ,of the total number of trees1 #bj per cent were regarded as being slightly injured1 and #cj per cent severely so4 ,of the fertilized trees within the experimental tract1 #ee per cent showed injury to some degree as compared with #eh per cent of the trees unfertilized1 also within the tract4 ,inspection of the trees outside of the experimental tract showed that #eb4f per cent were affected1 #dj4h per cent being slightly1 and #aa4h per cent severely injured4 ,a second inspection made ,june #i showed that while a few of the most severely injured trees had succumbed1 the apparent condition of the majority was greatly improved4 ,in the experimental tract #f per cent were dead1 #ac4ej per cent in doubtful condition1 and #hj4be per cent were apparently in good condition4 ,of the trees in outside tracts1 the percentage dead1 doubtful and apparently sound were #b4hj1 #i4jjh and #hg4db1 respectively4 ,the lesson of present importance from this narrative is that afforded by the illustration not only of the ease with which the matter all but escaped the attention of a careful grower but of the difficulty of even impressing upon him the full gravity of the situation4 ,in spite of a prejudice which he conceded was in his mind1 when he first inspected the trees on ,april #ag1 he underestimated the number affected by from one-third to one-half4 ,this grower was not alone in his failure to detect evidence of winter injury as was subsequently proven by the negative replies to a general inquiry to growers in many sections sent out in ,may1 together with numerous reports of severe injury received during ,june and early ,july4 ,the fact is that winter injury was more or less general in the pecan orchards of much of the ,south4 ,had it been possible to observe further1 it is highly probable that a direct relation would have been found between this damage and the lightness in the set of the crop of nuts in #aibd over the general pecan district4 ,other instances of damages to nut trees which have largely escaped notice might be cited1 but these will perhaps be sufficient to call similar cases to the minds of other observers4 ,of particular interest in the northern part of the country are specific instances of the behavior of individual species and their varieties with reference to ability to withstand local climatic conditions4 ,to cite a few3 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl1 of ,godfrey1 ,ill41 #h miles from ,alton1 reports that during his #fj years of residence on a high bluff overlooking the ,mississippi1 the pecan trees in the river bottoms of the immediate neighborhood have fruited with exceeding irregularity4 ,a correspondent from ,evansville1 who cleared #bjj acres of forest land along the ,ohio of all growth other than pecan1 reports that the yields have been disappointing4 ,f4 ,w4 ,mc,reynolds of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 has #ej or more grafted trees now #h or #aj years old1 #aj miles north of the ,district1 which1 although in otherwise thrifty condition1 have not fruited4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 has some #cj acres of pecan trees1 also grafted1 on his farm near ,bowie1 ,md41 which have borne some nuts during the last three years1 but the product has been undersized1 poorly-filled and distinctly inferior4 ,mr4 ,littlepage reports that during the past spring1 these trees suffered appreciable injury in the freezing back of the fruit spurs and that the nuts which formed were from a second set of spurs4 ,his trees bore in the neighborhood of a bushel of nuts which looked more promising than usual until the middle of ,october when freezing temperature occurring between the #adth and the #bdth1 completely destroyed the crop4 ,at ,bell ,station1 near ,glenndale1 ,md41 about three miles nearer ,washington than ,bowie1 at ,marietta1 a colonial plantation1 there is a clump of pecan trees dating back to the days of ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,these are apparently hardy except in the matter of yields4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,b4 ,waite1 of the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 who has long known these trees1 states that they bore heavily in one year1 about #aiab1 but that since that time1 they have borne very little4 ,on the other hand1 ,mr4 ,albert ,stabler of ,washington1 has #f or #h trees of varieties similar to those in the plantings of ,messrs4 ,littlepage and ,mc,reynolds and of about the same age1 on a farm not far from that of the latter1 one variety of which1 ,major1 in #aibc bore some very fair quality nuts4 ,although small1 they were typical for that variety both in respect to size and high quality4 ,the crop of #aibd was practically a failure1 the set being very light4 ,in the test orchard of ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones of ,lancaster1 ,pa41 young trees of several of the better known varieties are making a good start in the way of beginning to yield and in showing no appreciable signs of winter injury4 ,most of these trees bore light crops last year1 7#aibc7 but are practically barren this year4 ,south of ,waynesboro1 ,pa41 on a farm belonging to ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lesher1 there are #g seedling pecan trees some #ej years old1 which not only show no signs of winter injury outwardly visible1 but have the reputation of bearing fairly well on alternate years4 ,the present 7#aibd7 being the favorable year1 the trees had a good sprinkling of nuts in clusters of as many as #e each1 when seen on ,july #bc4 ,a few miles farther north1 in the town of ,mont ,alto1 at an altitude of about #ajjj feet1 near the location of the ,state ,forestry ,school of ,pennsylvania1 another tree said to be #fe years old1 and having a girth at breast height of #fe inches1 on the residence grounds of ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,verdeer1 is apparently as hardy as are the indigenous species of the neighborhood4 ,it is claimed to have recently borne three pecks of nuts in a single season1 and it now has a very good crop4 ,numerous other instances of pecan trees in the ,north might be cited1 but these suffice to establish not only the uncertainty of hardiness of the pecan in the ,north1 but also the probability of nut crops in occasional years or oftener1 well beyond the generally accepted range of the species4 ,the hardiness of the ,persian walnut is difficult to define4 ,to again quote ,dr4 ,waite1 ,juglans regia1 as we know it in the east and north1 frequently succeeds over long intervals of time under conditions of climate1 soil1 elevation1 and general environment suitable for the peach4 ,it is perhaps a trifle more subject to injury by radical drops in temperature1 but it recuperates with decidedly greater difficulty4 ,dr4 ,waite points out that there is a striking similarity between the requirements of local environment of the ,persian walnut and the sweet cherry4 ,it develops that this is a familiar comparison in southwestern ,british ,columbia4 ,both require good drainage of air and soil1 or the benefit of moderating influence such as is afforded by large bodies of water4 ,also both are endangered by warm spells during the dormant months4 ,these statements cover the situation quite correctly1 as it is seen by the writer1 although it might be added that beyond or west of the ,ohio ,river1 in the middle portion of the country1 this species is seldom able to survive for more than one or two winters4 ,many trees have been planted in ,michigan1 but the great majority have passed out entirely even where peaches normally succeed4 ,however1 it is the experience of a few growers in ,sanilac ,county1 bordering ,lake ,huron1 that within a half mile of the lake1 there is a greater profit in ,persian walnuts than in peaches4 ,one grower at ,lockport1 ,new ,york1 has found ,persian walnuts to pay better than other orchard crops which he has raised at equal expense or upon equal areas of land4 ,an orchard at ,east ,avon1 widely known at one time and visited by the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association in #aiae1 practically succumbed entirely after having borne but one good crop in about #ce years4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,bartlett1 of ,stamford1 ,conn41 who knows intimately many dozen trees of this species within a radius of #ej miles of ,new ,york ,city1 finds that few bear significant crops except at long intervals4 ,from ,stamford1 ,conn41 near the ,atlantic ,seaboard1 south to ,norfolk1 ,va41 ,persian walnut trees are not uncommon in door-yards4 ,they are fairly frequent in southern ,pennsylvania west over practically half the length of the ,state and through ,maryland west to ,hagerstown4 ,there are perhaps more productive trees in ,lancaster ,county1 than in any other county in either ,pennsylvania or ,maryland1 with the possible exception of some county of the ,eastern ,shore of the latter state1 which section already has been referred to4 ,in ,lancaster county yields are sufficient to give considerable profit from trees not occupying expensive land4 ,the ,japanese walnut affords a curious analogy in regard to hardiness4 ,during normal years1 it succeeds over practically the same range as that of the black walnut1 yet it freezes in early fall1 mild winter or late spring when conditions are adverse1 even when black walnut and pecan nearby are not visibly affected4 ,mr4 ,jones finds the ,lancaster heartnut1 a variety originating in his county1 to be subject to injury by spring freezing to such an extent that he has largely discontinued its propagation4 ,mr4 ,edwin ,a4 ,surprise1 of ,boston1 reports that this variety grows well in summer but freezes back in winter about as much as it grows in summer4 ,mr4 ,bartlett regards it as one of the most valuable acquisitions in his nut planting at ,stamford1 ,conn41 as it is a handsome1 vigorous grower1 and promises to bear well4 ,as a safer variety in the ,lancaster district ,mr4 ,jones has substituted the ,faust from ,bamberg1 ,s4 ,c41 which vegetates later in spring and thus far has proved less subject to injury4 ,the twigs of young black walnut trees are occasionally injured by freezing in winter1 but recorded instances of such damage are rare4 ,this is a field which should be investigated1 as there is evidently no data showing even the regularity with which the black walnut bears in any section1 much less the extent to which fruiting is restricted by destruction of the buds or spurs as a result of severe temperatures in winter or spring4 ,this also applies to hardiness of the butternut1 the hickories and of introduced species of chestnut4 ,in conclusion1 it is pointed out that planters should not assume that the presence of a healthy tree is proof of sufficient hardiness to warrant extensive plantings1 neither should they over-look the fact that an occasional satisfactory crop may be but slim evidence of commercial possibilities4 ,it requires years of trial before a species or variety can fully establish its hardiness4 ,yet1 on the other hand1 to wait to find a kind of nut a hundred per cent hardy under all conditions1 would be not to plant at all4 ,no varieties of any species are immune to winter injury over any great portion of the ,united ,states4 ,the planting of nut trees in the northern part of the country is certain to go forward1 but for the present1 east of the ,rockies1 large orchards of nut trees of any species or variety must be regarded as fields promising for experimentation rather than of sound commercial investment4 ,a common error in the minds of the ,american people is the assumption that to be a success1 a thing must be performed upon a large scale4 ,to develop a nut industry1 it is imagined that there must be great orchards of hundreds of acres4 ,it is not realized that a great proportion of the walnuts1 almonds1 filberts1 and chestnuts annually imported from ,europe1 are from roadside1 hillside and door-yard trees which could as well have been grown in this country on what is now idle land in thickly populated agricultural districts4 ,no one need expect to attain great wealth from the products of door-yard or waste land trees but the by-product which could readily be salvaged from nut trees1 would likely be very acceptable when interest and taxes or other bills come due4 ,,walnut ,,grafting ,,investigations ,t4 ,j4 ,talbert1 ,professor of ,horticulture1 ,university of ,missouri1 ,college of ,agriculture ,these investigations are to determine the best varieties of the improved black walnut for ,missouri4 ,valuable information is also being procured in reference to the topworking or cleft grafting of the native seedling black walnut to the improved sorts4 ,since practically every ,missouri farm contains some waste land upon which the native walnut and other nut trees may be growing1 it is believed that it is possible to topwork these seedling sorts to improved kinds which will not only supply a larger quantity of thinner shelled1 more highly flavored nuts for home use1 but a surplus for the market4 ,there is a growing demand for the seedling black walnut4 ,at the present time ,missouri leads all other states in the production of this nut4 ,the results which are being obtained in this experiment are proving to be of unusual interest and profit to ,missouri growers4 ,the investigation has been extended to include1 besides black walnuts1 pecans1 hickories1 hazel nuts1 chinkapins and chestnuts4 ,with each of these nuts our object is to determine better varieties for ,missouri conditions1 more profitable and economical methods of production and more satisfactory methods of culture1 as well as to stimulate an interest in the marketing and larger use of these products4 ,the improved varieties of seedling black walnut have been found to be exceedingly easy to propagate by cleft grafting the native or common seedlings4 ,the cleft graft has been used successfully upon seedling trees ranging in diameter from #a-a_/b inches to as much as #h or #aj inches4 ,in general1 however1 it has been found best to cleft graft branches or limbs of no greater diameter than from #d to #f inches4 ,such wounds1 if properly handled1 usually heal over completely within #c or #d years4 ,when larger branches are used1 decay is much more apt to develop in the wound before healing over is accomplished4 ,the cleft grafting work is accomplished in the usual way4 ,the limb or branch is removed by sawing it off4 ,the end of the branch is then split with a regular grafting implement used for this purpose2 or the work may be accomplished with an axe4 ,if the branch is large a wedge is driven in the center to hold the split cavity apart and to relieve the pressure upon the scions which are to be inserted4 ,wood of the last season's growth is procured from the variety which it is desired to propagate and the lower end of the scion1 which is made about #d inches long1 is whittled to a wedge shape1 after which it is inserted in the slit made upon the stock4 ,where the stock is more than #b inches in diameter1 it is usually advisable to place #b scions2 and where the stock is as large as #d to #f inches or more in diameter #d scions should generally be used4 ,after the placing of the scions all the cut surfaces should be carefully covered with grafting wax4 ,paper sacks are often used in our experimental work to cover the grafts and cut surfaces for a week or #aj days4 ,it has been found that the inclosing of the grafted branches in paper sacks for this period lessens greatly the evaporation1 and more of the inserted scions are apt to grow4 ,the scions may grow very rapidly1 in which case it is usually necessary to brace them by tying a stick or branch to the stock and allowing it to extend for #b or #c feet above the point at which the grafting work was done4 ,the inserted scions are then tied to this support4 ,it is very important that the grower examine grafts after wind storms in order to repair damage which may have been done4 ,investigations at this station have shown that grafts usually bear fruit in #d years after the grafting operation4 ,we receive some fruit1 occasionally1 in #c years after the work is performed4 ,it is also interesting to note that when seedling walnuts of the same size are selected1 some topworked and others untreated1 the grafted trees after #e years' growth generally grow tops equally as large as the tops of the ungrafted trees4 ,the principal improved varieties of black walnut which are being used at this ,station are as follows3 ,stabler1 ,ohio1 ,thomas and ,ten ,eyck4 7,note by the editor4--,the cleft graft described by ,prof4 ,talbert has been superseded in the ,east by other methods1 chiefly the bark and the modified cleft grafts74 ,,care ,,and ,,preparation ,,of ,,nuts ,,for ,,seed ,,purposes ,by ,prof4 ,e4 ,r4 ,lake1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture ,a nut is a seed1 and a seed1 normally1 is an embryo plant asleep4 ,to keep a nut-seed asleep and safely resting against the favorable time when it may awake1 arise and go forth1 as a vigorous seedling bent upon a career of earth conquest1 requires no great or unusual attention and care save that which is necessary to maintain such conditions as will insure the complete maturing1 ripening and curing of the seed1 its protection against the ravages of rodents or other nut-eating animals1 undue moisture and an unfavorably high temperature4 ,in other words harvest the nuts as soon after they are mature as is possible1 insure their complete curing1 store them where they will be kept constantly so cool that germination cannot take place1 and some nuts1 as the black walnut and butternut1 may germinate at a temperature just above zero 7centigrade787 ,ed47 and keep them moist enough to prevent undue hardening of the tissues or enclosing structures 7shell71 at the same time prevent them from becoming saturated with moisture and thus rotting4 ,summarized1 these conditions are3 7a7 a temperature just too low for vegetative activity4 7b7 ,a moisture content of the nut just below turgidity4 7c7 ,an immunity against ants1 rats1 mice and squirrels4 ,curing4 ,a man-devised method for hastening the ripening of a matured seed or fruit1 is usually carried on in a more or less enclosed space where the moisture and temperature conditions are kept carefully regulated1 or in a place where the seeds are kept away from direct contact with sunlight and the earth4 ,ordinarily1 the nuts are placed in trays #b to #c deep1 #b' to #b-a_/b' wide and #e' to #f' long4 ,the bottom tray is then placed upon a pair of sawhorses or other device1 in a shady place and #b' to #b-a_/b' above the ground then the other trays are placed on and above the first one until all the nuts are in the tier of trays1 or until it is #b' to #c' tall4 ,sometimes a current of heated1 circulating air is used to doubly hasten the curing process1 but this practice is to be discouraged as too often the undue heating of the nut germ while in this stage of ripening injures it1 and thus the nuts are rendered unfit for reproduction4 ,the nuts in the trays should be frequently stirred or turned over during the first week or ten days while curing4 ,in the case of chestnuts1 the crop should be harvested as soon as possible after the first nuts fall so that the damage from weevils may be kept at a minimum4 ,immediately after the nuts are surface-dried they should be treated to an application of carbon disulphide1 one ounce to a tightly closed capacity content of an apple barrel2 time of treatment about #bd hours4 ,while this treatment probably will not kill all the weevils it will insure a much larger percentage of germination than there would be otherwise4 ,after fumigating the nuts should be spread out on wire-cloth bottom trays and placed under a shed or trees1 where a free circulation of air will in a few days sufficiently cure the nuts1 so that they may be stratified and set away in a pit in the ground on the north side of a building1 wall1 hedge-row or evergreen trees1 thus insuring them ample moisture and protection against sudden changes of temperatures and the ravages of rodents and other pests4 ,other nuts of the temperate zone may1 in a general way1 be treated without any special care other than that required to keep them from getting moist and warm1 or destroyed by rodents or other nut-eating animals1 or by fungous troubles4 ,on the whole probably the best method of treatment for the amateur or small grower of seedling nut trees1 is to stratify the nuts as soon as harvested1 assuming that the nuts have been fairly well cured by a few days' exposure to drying air currents4 ,stratification consists in layering the nuts in clean1 sharp sand1 light loam or sawdust and placing them in a cold1 moist place1 as a well drained and shaded north hillside1 where their contact with the soil and protection from the direct rays of the sun will insure complete dormancy and at the same time prevent the development of fungous troubles4 ,to this end the common practice is to dig a somewhat shallow trench and place in it1 one layer deep1 the flats in which the nuts are stratified4 ,the flat usually employed is a shallow1 wooden box in which the bottom is provided with ample1 narrow drainage cracks and the top covered with wire cloth that will keep out mice or larger rodents4 ,not infrequently the bottom is a wire cloth one instead of wood4 ,dimensions of the flats vary1 somewhat1 but a convenient size is #cj long1 #ae-af wide1 #c-d deep1 sides ends and bottom being made of lumber strips 7creosoted for preservation purposes7 #cd thick and #c-d wide4 ,in these flats the nuts are placed layer upon layer1 with sand1 loam or sawdust between1 something as follows3 one inch of sand or other medium on the bottom1 then a single layer of nuts1 another inch layer of sand1 etc41 until the flat is full1 when it is covered with the wire cloth1 placed in the trench1 covered with a few inches to a foot of leaves1 moist hay1 cornstalks or even soil1 and left for the winter4 ,at the time the medium for layering the nuts is being prepared1 it will be well1 if ants are present in the section where the nuts are to be stored1 or later placed in nursery bed1 to mix a liberal percentage of unleached wood ashes with the sand1 sawdust or loam1 say one part in five1 more or less4 ,other flats are placed alongside or end to end in the trench until the stock is all in1 when the whole may be covered uniformly4 ,the layer of leaves or hay next to the wire cover of the flats assists in the work of uncovering when the inspections are made for the purpose of ascertaining the state of dormancy or germination4 ,one step more and the seed stage passes into the province of the seedling4 ,as soon as the stratified nuts begin to germinate they should be removed from the flats and planted in the nursery or propagating bed4 ,the site for this purpose should be one that is well drained1 open to air and sunshine and possessing a clean1 fine1 mellow and rather light loamy soil4 ,the size of this plat will vary to meet the needs of the quantity of nuts in hand and should be prepared1 preferably the fall before1 by stirring the soil deeply and thoroughly working into it a goodly supply of well rotted stable compost4 ,the rows for hand culture may be #ah-cj apart2 for loose hoeing1 #c' to #c-a_/b' and should lie along north and south lines4 ,the distance and depth of the nuts in the row will vary with their size4 ,in general1 one may say that a nut should be planted the length of the lateral diameter below the surface of the soil1 when it has settled1 or about double that depth when the soil is freshly worked over it4 ,the distance apart in the row will vary somewhat with the rapidity of growth of the species2 six to eight inches being a fair average for walnuts and chestnuts1 and #d to #f for hickories and pecans4 ,fifteenth ,annual ,convention of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,september #c1 #d1 #e1 #aibd ,species ,variety ,exhibitor ,address ,origin #a4 ,black walnut ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson ,vineland1 ,ont4 ,st4 ,thomas1 ,ont4 #b4 ,black walnut ,niagara-on-,lake4 #c4 ,black walnut ,walsh ,simcoe1 ,ont4 #d4 ,black walnut ,electric1 ,ont4 #e4 ,black walnut ,villoria1 ,ont4 #f4 ,black walnut ,ohio ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lancaster1 ,pa4 #g4 ,black walnut ,stabler #h4 ,black walnut ,thomas #i4 ,persian walnut ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson ,vineland1 ,ont4 ,carpathian ,mts4 #aj4 ,persian walnut ,grimsley1 ,ont4 #aa4 ,persian walnut ,st4 ,catherines1 ,ont4 #ab4 ,persian walnut ,alpine ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lancaster1 ,pa4 #ac4 ,persian walnut ,mayette seedling #ad4 ,persian walnut ,sinclair #ae4 ,persian walnut ,wiltz ,mayette #af4 ,heartnut ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson ,vineland1 ,ont4 ,near ,jordon1 ,ont4 #ag4 ,heartnut ,near ,hamilton1 ,ont4 #ah4 ,heartnut ,near ,scotland1 ,ont4 #ai4 ,heartnut ,faust ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lancaster1 ,pa4 #bj4 ,heartnut ,lancaster #ba4 ,heartnut ,ritchey #bb4 ,sieboldiana walnut ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson ,vineland1 ,ont4 ,hamilton1 ,ont4 #bc4 ,sieboldiana walnut ,,oac ,campus1 ,guelph4 #bd4 ,shagbark ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson ,vineland1 ,ont4 ,electric1 ,ont4 #be4 ,shagbark ,norfolk ,co41 ,ont4 #bf4 ,shagbark hybrid ,beaver ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lancaster1 ,pa4 #bg4 ,shagbark hybrid ,siers #bh4 ,pecan ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson ,vineland1 ,ont4 #ae miles ,n4 of ,toronto #bi4 ,almond ,gellatly1 ,b4 ,c4 #cj4 ,filbert ,tray of mixed ,gellatly1 ,b4 ,c4 #ca4 ,filbert ,white aveline ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lancaster1 ,pa4 #cb4 ,filbert ,barcelona #cc4 ,filbert ,cosford #cd4 ,filbert ,daviana #ce4 ,filbert ,du ,chilly #cf4 ,filbert ,giant de ,halle #cg4 ,filbert ,italian ,red #ch4 ,filbert ,merribrooke #ci4 ,filbert ,noci ,lunghe #dj4 ,filbert ,rush #db4 ,filbert hybrid ,rush x ,barcelona #dc4 ,filbert hybrid ,rush x ,barcelona #dd4 ,filbert hybrid ,rush x ,barcelona #de4 ,filbert hybrid ,rush ,cosford #df4 ,filbert hybrid ,rush ,cosford #dg4 ,filbert hybrid ,rush ,giant de ,halle #dh4 ,filbert hybrid ,rush ,giant de ,halle #di4 ,filbert hybrid ,rush ,giant de ,halle #ej4 ,filbert hybrid ,rush ,italian ,red #ea4 ,photograph--,walnut-cracking machine ,black ,walnut ,company1 #eji-aa-ac1 ,spruce ,st41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 #eb4 ,budding ,knife ,transcriber's note3 ,no4 #da is missing in the original ,among those present at the ,fifteenth ,annual ,convention of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association1 were the following3 ,dr4 ,n4 ,l4 ,britton1 ,director of the ,n4 ,y4 ,botanical ,gardens4 ,dr4 ,fred ,e4 ,brooks1 ,entomologist1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,frank ,l4 ,baum1 ,boyertown1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,willard ,g4 ,bixby1 ,baldwin1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,blakeslee1 ,cold ,spring ,harbor1 ,l4 ,i4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,f4 ,a4 ,bartlett1 ,stamford1 ,conn4 ,miss ,h4 ,t4 ,bennett1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,prof4 ,j4 ,franklin ,collins1 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,dr4 ,john ,e4 ,cannaday1 ,charleston1 ,w4 ,va4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,codding1 ,mt4 ,vernon1 ,n4 ,y4 ,prof4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,university of ,illinois1 ,urbana1 ,ill4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,mr4 ,zenas ,h4 ,ellis1 ,fair ,haven1 ,vt4 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,d4 ,ellwanger1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 ,ammon ,p4 ,fritz1 #ee ,e4 ,franklin ,st41 ,ephrata1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,graf1 ,bardonia1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mrs4 ,b4 ,w4 ,gahn1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,karl ,w4 ,greene1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,a4 ,howe1 ,assistant to ,director1 ,n4 ,y4 ,botanical ,gardens4 ,mr4 ,henry ,hicks1 ,baldwin1 ,l4 ,i4 7,hicks' ,nurseries74 ,mr4 ,john ,w4 ,hershey1 ,e4 ,downington1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,lee ,whitaker ,jaques1 #gd ,waverly ,st41 ,jersey ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,g4 ,kains1 ,suffern1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,w4 ,little1 ,cos ,cob1 ,conn4 ,dr4 ,robt4 ,t4 ,morris1 ,cos ,cob1 ,route #bh1 ,box #ie1 ,stamford1 ,conn4 ,dr4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,college of ,agriculture1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,prof4 ,jas4 ,a4 ,neilson1 ,horticultural ,exp4 ,station1 ,vineland1 ,ont41 ,can4 ,mr4 ,ralph ,t4 ,olcott1 ,ed4 ,american ,nut ,journal1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mrs4 ,r4 ,t4 ,olcott1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,h4 ,o',connor1 ,bowie1 ,md4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture ,mr4 ,john ,rick1 ,reading1 ,pa4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,columbia ,university1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dr4 ,oscar ,stapf1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 late ,curator of the ,herbarium1 ,royal ,botanic ,gardens1 ,kew1 ,london1 ,england4 ,mr4 ,harry ,r4 ,weber1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,mrs4 ,laura ,e4 ,woodward1 ,west ,chester1 ,pa4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimmerman1 ,piketown1 ,pa4 ,naperville1 ,illinois4 ,established #ahff ,,naperville ,,nurseries ,,naperville1 ,,illinois ,transplanted ,material for ,,landscape1 ,,horticultural and ,,forestry ,,projects ,,trees1 ,,shrubs1 ,,evergreens and ,,perennials--,,lining ,,out ,,stock 99 99 99 99 99 ,,american ,,nut ,,journal ,official ,journal ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association ,the only national periodical devoted to the ,american ,nut ,industry4 ,widely read4 ,highly indorsed4 ,every phase covered4 ,also ,official ,journal of the ,national ,pecan ,growers ,assn4 ,contributed to regularly by leading nut experts generally4 ,three ,years #e4jj ,in ,combination with ,membership ,twelve ,months #b4jj in ,n4 ,n4 ,g4 ,a41 #a yr4 - #d4ej ,single ,copy 4#bj ,advt4 ,rate #b4hj per col4-wide inch ,,american ,,fruits ,,publishing ,,co41 ,,inc4 #ci ,state ,street ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #abd 99 99 99 99 99 ,this space is paid for by ,jas4 ,l4 ,brooke1 ,pleasantville1 ,ohio1 who is only too anxious at any time to assist in encouraging and promoting ,nut ,culture in the ,north4 ,while he has only recently taken up this work1 and is therefore a practical stranger on the roster of ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association1 he will only be too anxious and willing at any time to contribute to the cause in any way possible4 ,he is making a thorough search in his neighborhood where chestnuts1 hickory nuts and black walnuts grow in abundance1 for nuts of approved merit for propagation4 ,in case anything is found along this line of endeavor the active members of the association will hear from him and samples of nuts submitted4 ,,nut ,,trees ,an extra select varietal stock of nut trees for northern planting1 grown here in ,pennsylvania ,nurseries4 ,trees grafted or budded on transplanted stocks and grown on land especially adapted to these trees1 resulting in extra fine trees with exceptionally fine root systems4 ,write for catalogue and cultural guide4 ,,tools and ,,supplies ,for grafting or budding nut trees or top-working wild or natural trees4 ,my methods are original and are used1 with slight variation1 by all the leading propagators1 both north and south4 ,write for booklet on propagation and price list of tools4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,nut ,specialist ,,lancaster1 ,,pa4