----------------------------------------
-  ,transcrib]s note3 ,old spell+s ( !  
words h be5 reta9$ z well z !   d\btful 
use ( colons in/ead (         semicolons
 9 _m places = ! sake    ( fidelity to !
 orig9al text4                          
----------------------------------------
-     ,,montaigne ,,& ,,%aksp]e  ,,by   
,,john ,m4 ,,rob]tson  ,,london ,,!     
,,univ]sity ,,press1 ,,limit$ #af1      
,,john ,,/reet1 ,,b$=d ,,r[1 ,w4,c4     
#ahig   ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press         
,,montaigne ,,& ,,%aksp]e   ,= a good _m
 ye>s pa/ ! anatomic /udy ( ,%aksp]e1 ( 
:i* a revival seems n[ on foot1 has be5 
some:at out ( fa%ion1 z comp>$ ) its    
vogue 9 ! palmy days ( ! ,new ,%aksp]e  
,society 9 ,engl&1 & ! ye>s ( ! battle  
betwe5 ! iconocla/s & ! wor%ipp]s 9     
,g]many4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,fleay & ,mr4 ,sp$d+ 7
 h>d at "w on ! metrical te/s2 :5 ,mr4  
,sp$d+ 0 subtly undo+ ! *ronological    
psy*ology ( ,dr4 ,furnivall2 :5 ! latt] 
/ud5t 0 on 8 "p undo+ 9 q ano!r /yle "s 
( ! judgm5ts ( ,mr4 ,sw9burne2 & :5 ,mr4

 ,halliwell-,phillipps 0 ) natural wra? 
call+ on ,mr4 ,br[n+1 z ,presid5t ( !   
,society1 to keep ,dr4 ,furnivall 9     
ord]1 we 7!n7 y\ng] onlook]s felt t     
lit]>y hi/ory 0 v]ily be+ made4 ,our    
s5sations1 x seem$1 might be z ^? ( our 
eld]s _h be5 ov] ,mr4 ,colli]'s em5dat$ 
folio1 & ! tragical end !re(4 ,!n came a
 p]iod ( lull 9 ?+s ,%aksp]ean1 p>tly to
 be acc\nt$ = by ! protrusion ( ! ,br[n+
 ,society & k9dr$ und]tak+s4 ,x seem$ z 
if once m m5 _h come to ! attitude (    
#ahej1 :5 ,mr4 ,phillipps _h writt53 ,an
 op9ion has be5 ga9+ gr\nd1 & has be5   
enc\rag$ by writ]s ^: judgm5t is entitl$
 to respectful consid]ation1 t almo/ if 
n all ! comm5t>y on ! works ( ,%aksp]e (
 a necess>y & desirable k9d has already 
be5 giv5 to ! _w4#a ,&1 inde$1 s mu* ne$
 0 !re = "t to dige/ ! new criticism t x
 may be d\bt$ :e!r among ! g5]al cultur$
 public ! process is ev5 n[ accompli%$4 
,to ?is lit]>y phase 9 p>ticul>1 & to   
our occupation ) o!r /udies 9 g5]al1 may
 be attribut$ ! opportunity :i* /ill    

exi/s = ! discussion ( "o ( ! mo/       
int]e/+ ( all problems conc]n+ ,%aksp]e4
 ,mr4 ,br[n+1 ,mr4 ,m]$i?1 ,ibs51       
,tol/oi--a ho/ ( peculi>ly mod]n        
problem-mak]s h be5 exorcis+ our n      
inexhau/ible ta/e = ! problematic1 s t  
!re 0 no v viol5t excitem5t ov] ev5 !   
s]ies ( new ,keys to ! sonnets :i* came 
=? 9 ! lull ( ! analysis ( ! plays2 &   
yet1 ev5 ) all ! problems ( mod]nity 9  
view1 x seems z if x mu/ be r by accid5t
 ( ov]sight ?an = lack ( int]e/ 9 new   
developm5ts ( ,%aksp]e-/udy t s little  
att5tion has be5 giv5 among u to a "q   
:i*1 once rais$1 has a v peculi> lit]>y 
& psy*ological attraction ( its own--!  
subject1 namely1 ( ! influ5ce :i* !     
plays %[ _! au?or to h und]gone f !     
,essays ( ,montaigne4  ,z to ! b>e fact 
( ! influ5ce1 !re c be little "q4 ,t    
,%aksp]e 9 "o sc5e 9 ! ,,tempe/ v]sifies
 a passage f ! prose ( ,florio's        
translation ( ,montaigne's *apt] ,,( ,,!
 ,,cannibals has be5 recognis$ by all ! 
comm5tators s9ce ,capell 7#agfg71 :o    

detect$ ! transcript f a read+ ( ! ,fr5*
 only1 n hav+ comp>$ ! translation4 ,!  
fir/ ?\ght ( /ud5ts 0 to connect !      
passage ) ,b5 ,johnson's allusion 9     
,,volpone#b to frequ5t /eal+s f         
,montaigne by contempor>y writ]s2 & ?\gh
 ,,volpone dates f #afje1 & ! ,,tempe/ f
 #afaj-afac1 !re has be5 no sy/ematic   
attempt to apply ! clue *ronologically4 
,/ill1 x has be5 recognis$ or surmis$ by
 a s]ies ( writ]s t ! influ5ce ( !      
essayi/ on ! dramati/ w5t fur!r ?an !   
passage 9 "q4 ,john ,/]l+1 writ+ on     
,montaigne 9 #ahch 7:5 ,sir ,fr$]ick    
,madd5's pamphlet on ! autograph (      
,%aksp]e 9 a copy ( ,florio _h call$    
special att5tion to ! ,essays71 rem>k$ t
 on ! :ole1 ! celebrat$ soliloquy 9     
,,hamlet pres5ts a m *>act]i/ic &       
expressive resemblance to mu* (         
,montaigne's writ+s ?an any o!r portion 
( ! plays ( ! great dramati/ :i* we at  
pres5t rememb]2 & fur!r ?rew out ! g]m (
 a !sis :i* has s9ce be5 disa/r\sly     
develop$1 to ! effect t ! ,pr9ce (      

,d5m>k is v ne>ly a ,montaigne1 lift$ to
 a high] em95ce1 & agitat$ by m /rik+   
circum/ances & a sev]] de/9y1 & altoge!r
 a some:at m passionate /ructure (      
man4#c ,9 #ahdf1 aga91 ,phil>ete        
,*asles1 an acute & orig9al critic1 cit+
 ! passage 9 ! ,,tempe/1 w5t on to      
decl>e t once on ! track ( ! /udies &   
ta/es ( ,%aksp]e1 we f9d ,montaigne at e
 corn]1 9 ,,hamlet1 9 ,,o!llo1 9        
,,coriolanus4 ,ev5 ! composite /yle (   
,%aksp]e1 s animat$1 s vivid1 s new1 s  
incisive1 s col\r$1 s h>dy1 (f]s a      
multitude ( /rik+ analogies to !        
admirable & free mann] ( ,montaigne4#d  
,! sugge/ion z to ! ,to be or n to be   
soliloquy has be5 tak5 up by "s critics1
 b reject$ by o!rs2 & ! propositions (  
,m4 ,*asles1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 h nev]  
be5 support$ by evid5ce4 ,nev]!less1 !  
g5]al fact ( a frequ5t reproduction or  
manipulation ( ,montaigne's ideas 9 "s (
 ,%aksp]e's lat] plays has1 ,i ?9k1 s9ce
 be5 e/abli%$4  ,twelve ye>s ago ,i     
incid5tally cit$1 9 an essay on !       

composition ( ,,hamlet1 "s doz5 ( !     
,essays ( ,montaigne f :i* ,%aksp]e _h  
app>5tly receiv$ sugge/ions1 & in/anc$  
"o or two cases 9 :i* actual            
peculi>ities ( phrase 9 ,florio's       
translation ( ! ,essays are adopt$ by   
him1 9 addition to a peculi> co9cid5ce  
:i* has be5 po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,jacob    
,feis 9 8 "w entitl$ ,,%aksp]e ,,&      
,,montaigne2 & s9ce !n ! late ,mr4 ,h5ry
 ,morley1 9 8 edition ( ! ,florio       
translation1 has po9t$ to a /ill m      
rem>kable co9cid5ce ( phrase1 9 a       
passage ( ,,hamlet :i* ,i _h trac$ to   
,montaigne )\t notic+ ! decisive v]bal  
agreem5t 9 "q4 ,yet s f> z ,i h se51 !  
matt] has pass$ = little m ?an a lit]>y 
curiosity1 ar\s+ no new ideas z to      
,%aksp]e's m5tal developm5t4 ,! notable 
sugge/ion ( ,*asles on t head has be5   
ignor$ m completely ?an ! !ory ( ,mr4   
,feis1 :i* 9 comp>ison is m]ely         
fanta/ic4 ,ei!r1 !n1 !re is an          
unwill+ness 9 ,engl& to conceive (      
,%aksp]e z ow+ mu* to =eign influ5ces1  

or z a case ( intelligible m5tal gr[?1  
or else ! :ole critical problem :i*     
,%aksp]e repres5ts--& he may be reg>d$ z
 ! greate/ ( critical problems--comes )9
 ! g5]al disreg>d = s]i\s criticism1    
noticeable among u ( late ye>s4 ,& ! "w 
( ,mr4 ,feis1 un=tunately1 is z a :ole s
 extravagant t x c\ld h>dly fail to br+ 
a special suspicion on e =m ( ! !ory (  
an intellectual tie betwe5 ,%aksp]e &   
,montaigne4 ,n only does he und]take to 
%[ 9 dead e>ne/ :at ,/]l+ _h vaguely    
sugge/$ z conceivable1 t ,%aksp]e meant 
,hamlet to repres5t ,montaigne1 b he    
/r5u\sly argues t ! poet fram$ ! play 9 
ord] to discr$it ,montaigne's op9ions--a
 !sis :i* almo/ makes ! ,bacon !ory     
speci\s by comp>ison4 ,naturally x has  
made no conv]ts1 ev5 9 ,g]many1 :]e1 z x
 happ5s1 x _h be5 anticipat$4  ,9       
,france1 h[ev]1 ! neglect ( ! special   
problem ( ,montaigne's influ5ce on      
,%aksp]e is less easily to be expla9$1  
see+ h[ mu* intellig5t /udy has be5 giv5
 ( late by ,fr5* critics to bo? ,%aksp]e

 & ,montaigne4 ,! influ5ce is recognis$2
 b "h aga9 x is only cursorily trac$4 ,!
 late/ /udy ( ,montaigne is t ( ,m4     
,paul ,/apf]1 a vigilant critic1 ^:     
s]vices to ,%aksp]e-/udy h be5 recognis$
 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,b all t ,m4 ,/apf]    
claims = ! influ5ce ( ! ,fr5* essayi/ on
 ! ,engli% dramati/ is ?us put3--       
,montaigne is p]haps too purely ,fr5* to
 h ex]cis$   mu* influ5ce abroad4       
,nev]!less 8 influ5ce on ,engl&   is n  
to be disda9$4 ,%aksp]e appreciat$ him  
7le   g\tait72 he has ins]t$ 9 !        
,,tempe/ a passage ( !   *apt] ,,des    
,,cannibales2 & ! /rong expressions ( ! 
,,essays on man1 ! incon/ant1 irresolute
 be+1 contr>y to   himself1 m>vell\sly  
va91 v>i\s & *angeful1 7   p]haps n     
unconnect$ ) 7peut etre pas etrang]es a7
   ! conception ( ,,hamlet4 ,! au?or ( !
 sc5e ( !   grave-digg]s mu/ h felt !   
sav\r & reta9$ !   impression ( ?is     
?\ght1 humid & cold z ! grave3   ',!    
he>t & ! life ( a great & triumphant    
emp]or   are b ! repa/ ( a little worm4'

 ,! translation (   ,plut>*1 or r (     
,amyot1 by ,?omas ,nor?1 & t (          
,montaigne by ,florio1 _h toge!r a great
 & long vogue 9   ! ,engli% society ( ! 
sev5te5? c5tury4#e  ,s mode/ a claim1   
com+ f ! ,fr5* side1 c h>dly be blam$ on
 ! score ( t v mode/y4 ,x is ! fact1    
h[ev]1 t1 ?\gh ,m4 ,/apf] has 9 ano!r   
"w#f comp>$ ,%aksp]e ) a ,fr5* classic  
critically en\gh1 he has "h und]/at$ 8  
case4 ,he 0 l$ to su* an attitude 9 8   
e>li] /udy ( ,%aksp]e by ! slightness ( 
! evid5ce (f]$ = ! claim ( ,m4 ,*asles1 
( :i* he wrote t x is a gratuit\s       
supposition1 q unju/ifi$ by ! few traces
 9 8 writ+s ( 8 hav+ read ! ,essays4#g  
,b t v]dict 0 pass$ )\t due scrut9y4 ,! 
influ5ce ( ,montaigne on ,%aksp]e 0 bo? 
wid] & deep] ?an ,m4 ,/apf] has sugge/$2
 & x is p]haps m fitt+1 aft] all1 t !   
pro( %\ld be und]tak5 by "s ( u :o1     
speak+ ,%aksp]e's tongue1 _c well be    
suspect$ ( seek+ to belittle him :5 we  
trace ! s\rces = 8 ?\ght1 :e!r 9 8 life 
or 9 8 culture4 ,!re is /ill1 inde$1 a  

t5d5cy among ! m primitively patriotic  
to look jeal\sly at su* inquiries1 z    
t5d+ to dim9i% ! glory ( ! wor%ipp$ "n2 
b = anyone :o is capable ( appreciat+   
,%aksp]e's greatness1 !re c be no "q (  
iconoclasm 9 ! matt]4 ,%aksp]e          
ignorantly ador$ is a m]e dubi\s my/]y2 
,%aksp]e foll[$ up & compreh5d$1 /ep by 
/ep1 albeit nev] :olly reveal$1 becomes 
m rem>kable1 m pr(\ndly int]e/+1 z he   
becomes m intelligible4 ,we are emb>k$1 
n on a que/ = plagi>isms1 b on a /udy ( 
! gr[? ( a wond]ful m9d4 ,& 9 ! idea t  
mu* ( ! gr[? is traceable to ! f]tilis+ 
contact ( a =eign intellig5ce !re c be  
no?+ b int]e/ & attraction = ^? :o h    
ma/]$ ! prim>y sociological tru? t su*  
contacts ( cultures are ! v life (      
civilisation4     ,,ii4   ,! fir/       
requirem5t 9 ! /udy1 obvi\sly1 is an    
exact /atem5t ( ! co9cid5ces ( phrase & 
?\ght 9 ,%aksp]e & ,montaigne4 ,n t su* 
co9cid5ces are ! ma9 or ! only results  
to be look$ =2 r we may reasonably      
expect to f9d ,%aksp]e's ?\ght (t5      

div]g+ at a tang5t f t ( ! writ] he is  
read+1 or ev5 directly ga9say+ x4 ,b !re
 c be no solid argum5t z to su* indirect
 influ5ce until we h fully e/abli%$ !   
direct influ5ce1 & ?is c only be done by
 exhibit+ a consid]able numb] (         
co9cid5ces4 ,m4 ,*asles1 :ile av[+ t !  
comp>ison ( texts is indisp5sable--we   
mu/ und]go ?is fatigue 9 ord] to "k to  
:at ext5t ,%aksp]e1 betwe5 #afjc &      
#afae1 became famili> )                 
,montaigne--/rangely en\gh made no      
comp>ison ( texts :atev] beyond         
reproduc+ ! famili> p>aphrase 9 !       
,,tempe/1 f ! essay ,,( ,,cannibals2 &  
left absolutely unsupport$ 8 ass]tion z 
to ,,hamlet1 ,,o!llo1 & ,,coriolanus4 ,x
 is necess>y to produce pro(s1 & to look
 n>r[ly to dates4 ,florio's translation1
 ?\gh lic5s$ 9 #afja1 0 n publi%$ till  
#afjc1 ! ye> ( ! piratical publication (
 ! ,fir/ ,qu>to ( ,,hamlet1 9 :i* ! play
 lacks mu* ( its pres5t matt]1 & %[s 9  
_m p>ts s little trace ( ,%aksp]e's _s &
 v]sification t1 ev5 if we hold ! text  

to h be5 imp]fectly tak5 d[n 9 %or?&1 z 
x no d\bt 01 we _c suppose him to h at  
?is /age complet$ 8 refa%ion+ ( ! old]  
play1 :i* is und\bt$ly ! sub/ratum (    
84#h ,we mu/ !re=e keep closely 9 view !
 div]g5cies betwe5 ?is text & t ( !     
,second ,qu>to1 pr9t$ 9 #afjd1 9 :i* !  
transmut+ t\* ( ,%aksp]e is broadly     
evid5t4 ,x is q possible t ,%aksp]e may 
h se5 p>ts ( ,florio's translation be=e 
#afjc1 or he>d passages f x read2 or ev5
 t he might h read ,montaigne 9 !       
orig9al4 ,b z 8 possession ( !          
translation is made c]ta9 by !          
pres]vation ( ! copy be>+ 8 autograph1 &
 z x is f ,florio t he is se5 to h copi$
 9 ! passages :]e 8 copy+ is beyond     
dispute1 x is on ,florio's translation t
 we mu/ proce$4   ,i4 ,9 ord] to keep   
all ! evid5ce 9 view1 we may fir/ ( all 
collate once m ! passage 9 ! ,,tempe/ ) 
t 9 ! ,essays :i* x unque/ionably       
foll[s4 ,9 ,florio's translation1       
,montaigne's words run3    ,!y ,lycurgus
 & ,plato c\ld n imag9e a g5uity s      

pure & simple1 z we see x by exp]i5ce1  
nor ev]   believe our society might be  
ma9ta9$ ) s little art   & human        
comb9ation4 ,x is a nation 7w\ld ,i     
answ] ,plato7   t ha? no k9d ( traffic1 
no k ( lett]s1 no   intellig5ce (       
numb]s1 no "n ( magi/rate1 nor (        
politic sup]iority2 no use ( s]vice1 (  
ri*es1 or (   pov]ty2 no contracts1 no  
successions1 no divid5ces1 no           
occupations1 b idle2 no respect ( k9dr$1
 b common2 no   app>el1 b natural2 no   
manur+ ( l&s1 no use ( w9e1   corn1 or  
metal4 ,! v words t import ly+1         
falsehood1   treason1 dissimulation1    
covet\sness1 envy1 detraction1 &        
passion1 7 nev] he>d ( among/ !m4 ,h[   
dissonant   w\ld he f9d 8 imag9>y       
commonweal? f ?is   p]fection8  ,comp>e 
! spee* 9 :i* ! k9d old ,gonzalo seeks  
to div]t ! tr\bl$ m9d ( ! %ipwreck$ ,k+ 
,alonso3   ,i' ! commonweal? ,i w\ld by 
contr>ies   ,execute all ?+s3 = no k9d (
 traffic   ,w\ld ,i admit2 no "n (      
magi/rate2   ,lett]s %\ld n be kn[n2 no 

use ( s]vice1   ,( ri*es1 or ( pov]ty2  
no contracts1   ,succession2 b\nd ( l&1 
til?1 v9ey>d1 none3   ,no use ( metal1  
corn1 or w9e1 or oil3   ,no occupation1 
all m5 idle1 all2   ,& wom5 too3 b      
innoc5t & pure3   ,no sov]eignty4444    
,!re c be no dispute z to ! direct      
transcription "h1 :]e ! dramati/ is b   
incid5tally play+ ) ,montaigne's idea1  
proce$+ to put "s gibes at x 9 ! m\?s ( 
,gonzalo's rascally comrades2 & x foll[s
 t ,gonzalo's fur!r phrase1 to excel !  
gold5 age1 proce$s f ,montaigne's       
previ\s words3 exce$ all ! pictures :]e)
 lic5ti\s poesy ha? pr\dly embelli%$ !  
gold5 age4 ,! play 0 9 all probability  
writt5 9 or be=e #afaj4 ,x rema9s to %[ 
t on 8 fir/ read+ ( ,florio's           
,montaigne1 9 #afjc-d1 ,%aksp]e 0 m     
deeply & widely influ5c$1 ?\gh !        
specific pro(s are 9 ! nature ( ! case  
less palpable4   ,,ii4 ,let u take fir/ 
! m decisive co9cid5ces ( phrase4       
,correspond5ces ( ?\ght :i* 9 !mselves d
 n e/abli% _! direct connection1 h a new

 significance :5 x is se5 t o!r         
co9cid5ces am\nt to manife/             
reproduction4 ,& su* a co9cid5ce we h1  
to beg9 )1 9 ! famili> l9es3    ,!re's a
 div9ity t %apes our ends1    ,r\gh-hew 
!m h[ we w4#i  ,i po9t$ out 9 #ahhe t   
?is expression1 :i* does n occur 9 !    
,fir/ ,qu>to ,,hamlet1 corresponds v    
closely ) ! !me ( ,montaigne's essay1   
,,t ,,=tune ,,is ,,(t5times ,,met ,,)all
 ,,9 ,,pursuit ,,( ,,reason1#aj 9 :i*   
occurs ! phrase1 ,=tune has m judgm5t#aa
 ?an we1 a translation f ,m5&]4 ,b      
,pr(essor ,morley1 hav+ _h 8 att5tion   
call$ to ! subject by ! "w ( ,mr4 ,feis1
 :o _h sugge/$ ano!r passage z ! s\rce (
 ,%aksp]e's1 made a m p]fect            
id5tification4 ,read+ ! pro(s ( !       
,florio translation = 8 repr9t1 he f\nd1
 :at ,i _h n obs]v$ 9 my occasional     
access to ! old folio1 n !n repr9t$1 t !
 v metaphor ( r\gh-hew+ occurs 9        
,florio's r5d]+ ( a passage 9 !         
,essays3--#ab ,my consultation do?      
some:at r\ghly hew ! matt]1 & by its    

fir/ %ew lightly consid] ! same3 ! ma9 &
 *ief po9t ( ! "w ,i am wont to resign  
to ,heav54 ,?is is a mu* m exact        
co9cid5ce ?an is pres5t$ 9 ! passage    
cit$ by ,mr4 ,feis f ! essay ,,(        
,,physiognomy3--#ac ,!re=e d our designs
 s (t5 misc>ry4444 ,! heav5s are angry1 
& ,i may say envi\s ( ! ext5sion & l>ge 
privilege we ascribe to human wisdom1 to
 ! prejudice ( !irs1 & abridge !m s mu* 
m unto u by s mu* m we endeav\r to      
amplify !m4 ,if !re 7 no clos] p>allel  
?an t 9 ,montaigne1 we %\ld be b\nd to  
take x z an expansion ( a phrase 9      
,s5eca's ,,agamemnon1#ad :i* 0 likely to
 h become prov]bial4 ,i may add t !     
?\ght is (t5 repeat$ 9 ! ,essays1 & t 9 
sev]al passages x comp>es notably )     
,%aksp]e's l9es4 ,^! beg93              
,ra%ly1   --,& prais$ be ra%ness =      
x--,let u "k   ,our indiscretion        
sometimes s]ves u well   ,:5 our deep   
plots d pall2 & t %\ld le>n u   ,!re's a
 div9ity etc4  ,comp>e ! foll[+ extracts
 f ,florio's translation3--    ,!       

,daemon ( ,socrates 7 p]adv5ture a c]ta9
   impulsion or w :i* )\t ! advice ( 8  
disc\rse   pres5t$ itself unto him4 ,9 a
 m9d s well purifi$1 &   by cont9ual    
ex]cise ( wisdom & virtue s well prep>$ 
z 8 01 x is likely 8 incl9ations 7?\gh  
ra% &   inconsid]ate7 7 ev] ( great     
mom5t1 & wor?y to be   foll[$4 ,e man   
feele? 9 himself "s image ( su*         
agitations1 ( a prompt1 vehem5t1 &      
casual op9ion4 ,x is   9 me to give !m  
"s au?ority1 t af=d s little to   our   
wisdom4 ,& ,i h _h "s 7equally weak 9   
reason &   viol5t 9 p]suasion &         
dissuasion1 :i* 0 m   ord9>y to         
,socrates7 by :i* ,i h s happily & s    
pr(itably suff]$ myself to be           
transport$1 z !y might   p]haps be ?\ght
 to conta9 "s matt] ( div9e             
inspiration4#ae    ,ev5 9 our c\nsels & 
delib]ations1 "s *ance or good   luck   
mu/ ne$s be jo9$ to !m2 = :atsoev] our  
wisdom c effect is no great matt]4#af   
,:5 ,i consid] ! mo/ glori\s exploits ( 
w>1 me?9ks   ,i see t ^? :o h _h !      

conduct ( !m employ   nei!r c\nsel nor  
delib]ation ab\t !m1 b = fa%ion   sake1 
& leave ! be/ "p ( ! ent]prise to =tune2
   & on ! confid5ce !y h 9 h] aid1 !y   
/ill g   beyond ! limits ( all disc\rse4
 ,casual rejoic+s &   /range furies     
ensue among _! delib]ations4#ag etc4    
,comp>e f9ally ,florio's translation ( !
 l9es ( ,manilius cit$ by ,montaigne at 
! end ( ! #dg? ,essay ( ! ,fir/ ,book3  
',tis be/ = ill-advis'd1 wisdom may     
fail1#ah   ,=tune proves n ! cause t    
%\ld prevail1   ,b "h & !re )\t respect 
do? sail3   ,a high] p[] =soo? u        
ov]draws1   ,& mortal /ates guides )    
immortal laws4  ,x is to be rememb]$1   
inde$1 t ! idea express$ 9 ,hamlet's    
words to ,horatio is p>tly anticipat$ 9 
! rhym$ spee* ( ! ,play]-,k+ 9 !        
play-sc5e 9 ,act ,,iii41 :i* occurs 9 ! 
,fir/ ,qu>to3   ,our wills1 our fates d 
s contr>y run   ,t our devices /ill are 
ov]?r[n2   ,our ?\ghts are ours1 _! ends
 none ( our own4  ,su* a passage1       
reit]at+ a famili> commonplace1 might   

seem at fir/ sight to tell aga9/ ! view 
t ,hamlet's lat] spee* to ,horatio is an
 e*o ( ,montaigne4 ,b t view be+ f\nd   
ju/ifi$ by ! evid5ce1 & ! idea 9 t      
passage be+ exactly co9cid5t )          
,montaigne's1 :ile ! above l9es are only
 p>tially p>allel 9 mean+1 we are =c$ to
 admit t ,%aksp]e may h be5 influ5c$ by 
,montaigne ev5 :]e a p>tial prec$5t     
might be f\nd 9 8 own or o!r ,engli% "w4
   ,,iii4 ,! phrase disc\rse ( reason1  
:i* is spok5 by ,hamlet 9 8 fir/        
soliloquy1#ai & :i* fir/ appe>s 9 !     
,second ,qu>to1 is n us$ by ,%aksp]e 9  
any play be=e ,,hamlet2 & he uses x aga9
 9 ,,troilus ,,& ,,cressida2#bj :ile    
disc\rse ( ?\ght appe>s 9 ,,o!llo2#ba & 
disc\rse1 9 ! s5se ( reason+ faculty1 is
 us$ 9 ,hamlet's la/ soliloquy4#bb ,9   
,engli% lit]ature ?is use ( ! ^w seems  
to be special 9 ,%aksp]e's p]iod1#bc & x
 has be5 not$ by an admir] z a f9ely    
,%aksp]ean expression4 ,b ! expression  
disc\rse ( reason occurs at lea/ f\r    
times 9 ,montaigne's ,essays1 & 9       

,florio's translation ( !m3 9 ! essay#bd
 ,,t ,,to ,,philosophise ,,is ,,to      
,,le>n ,,h[ ,,to ,,die2 aga9 at ! close 
( ! essay#be ,a dema9 les affaires2 aga9
 9 ! fir/ p>agraph ( ! ,,apology ,,(    
,,raimond ,,sebonde#bf2 & yet aga9 9 !  
*apt] on ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,spur9a2#bg &
 ?\gh x seems to be s*ola/ic 9 orig91 & 
occurs once or twice be=e #afjj 9       
,engli% books1 x is difficult to d\bt t1
 l ! o!r phrase above cit$1 x came to   
,%aksp]e ?r\gh ,florio's ,montaigne4 ,! 
^w disc\rs is a hundr$ times us$ s+ly by
 ,montaigne1 z by ,%aksp]e 9 ! phrase ( 
su* l>ge disc\rse1 = ! process (        
ratioc9ation4   ,,iv4 ,!n aga9 !re is ! 
clue ( ,%aksp]e's use ( ! ^w            
consummation 9 ! revis$ =m ( ! ,to be   
soliloquy4 ,?is1 z ,mr4 ,feis po9t$     
out1#bh is ! ^w us$ by ,florio z a r5d]+
 ( aneantissem5t 9 ! spee* ( ,socrates z
 giv5 by ,montaigne 9 ! essay#bi ,,(    
,,physiognomy4 ,%aksp]e makes ,hamlet   
speak ( annihilation z a consummation   
dev\tly to be wi%$4 ,florio has3 ,if x  

7dea?7 be a consummation ( "o's be+1 x  
is also an am5dm5t & entrance into a    
long & quiet night4 ,we f9d no?+ s sweet
 9 life z a quiet & g5tle sleep1 & )\t  
dreams4 ,"h n only d ! words co9cide 9 a
 peculi> way1 b ! idea 9 ! two phrases  
is ! same2 ! !me ( sleep & dreams be+   
fur!r common to ! two writ+s4  ,beyond  
^!1 ,i h n not$ any correspond5ces (    
phrase s precise z to prove rem9isc5ce  
beyond possibility ( dispute2 b x is n  
difficult to trace /rik+ correspond5ces 
:i*1 ?\gh fall+ %ort ( explicit         
reproduction1 inevitably sugge/ a       
relation2 & ^! x n[ behoves u to        
consid]4 ,! rem>kable ?+ is1 z reg>ds   
,,hamlet1 t !y almo/ all occur 9        
passages n pres5t 9 ! ,fir/ ,qu>to4     
,v4 ,:5 we comp>e "p ( ! spee* (        
,ros5crantz on s$ition#cj ) a passage 9 
,montaigne's essay1 ,,( ,,cu/om1#ca we  
f9d a some:at close co9cid5ce4 ,9 ! play
 ,ros5crantz says3                    ,!
 cease ( ,maje/y1   ,dies n alone2 b l a
 gulf do? draw   ,:at's ne> ) x3 x is a 

massy :eel   ,fix'd on ! summit ( !     
highe/ m\nt1   ,to ^: huge spokes t5    
?\s& less] ?+s   ,are mortis$ & adjo9$2 
:i*1 :5 x falls1   ,ea* small annexm5t1 
petty consequ5ce1   ,att5ds ! boi/]\s   
ru94  ,florio has3    ,^? :o attempt to 
%ake an ,e/ate are commonly ! fir/      
ov]?r[n by ! fall ( x4444 ,! contexture 
&   comb9+ ( ?is mon>*y & great build+  
hav+ be5   dismiss$ & dissolv$ by x1    
namely1 9 h] old ye>s1   give? z mu*    
ov]ture & entrance z a man w to l       
injuries4 ,royal maje/y do? m h>dly fall
 f ! top   to ! middle1 ?an x tumble?   
d[n f ! middle to !   bottom4  ,! v]bal 
correspond5ce "h is only less           
decisive--z reg>ds ! use ( ! ^w         
maje/y--?an 9 ! passages collat$ by ,mr4
 ,morley2 :ile ! ?\ght corresponds z    
closely4   ,,vi4 ,! spee* ( ,hamlet1#cb 
,!re is no?+ ei!r good or bad b ?9k+    
makes x s2 & ,iago's 'tis 9 ourselves t 
we are ?us or ?us1#cc are expressions ( 
a fav\rite !sis ( ,montaigne's1 to :i*  
he devotes an entire essay4#cd ,!       

,%aksp]ean phrases e*o closely su*      
s5t5ces z3--    ,if t :i* we call evil &
 torm5t be nei!r torm5t   nor evil1 b t 
our fancy only gives x t quality1 x   is
 9 u to *ange x4444 ,t :i* we t]m evil  
is n s   ( itself4 444 ,e man is ei!r   
well or ill accord+ z   he f9ds himself4
  ,& 9 ! essay#ce ,,( ,,democritus ,,&  
,,h]aclitus !re is ano!r close          
p>allel3--    ,!re=e let u take no m    
excuses f ext]nal   qualities ( ?+s4 ,to
 u x belonge? to give ourselves   acc\nt
 ( x4 ,our good & our evil ha? no       
dep5d5cy b   f ourselves4   ,,vii4      
,hamlet's apo/rophe to 8 "m on ! p[] (  
cu/om--a passage :i*1 l ! o!rs above    
cit$1 fir/ appe>s 9 ! ,second ,qu>to--is
 simil>ly an e*o ( a fav\rite           
proposition ( ,montaigne1 :o devotes to 
x ! essay#cf ,,( ,,cu/om1 ,,& ,,n ,,to  
,,*ange ,,readily ,a ,,receiv$ ,,law4 ,9
 t !re occur ! typical passages3--      
,cu/om do? s ble> u t we _c di/+ui% !   
usage ( ?+s4444 ,c]tes1 *a/ity is an    
excell5t virtue1   ! commodity :]e( is v

 well kn[n2 b to use x1 &   accord+ to  
nature to prevail ) x1 is z h>d z x is  
easy to ende> x & to prevail ) x accord+
 to   cu/om1 to laws & precepts4 ,! laws
 ( consci5ce1   :i* we say are born (   
nature1 are born ( cu/om4  ,aga91 9 !   
essay ,,( ,,controll+ ,,"o',s ,,w#cg we 
h3 ,cu/om is a second nature1 & n less  
pot5t4  ,hamlet's words are3--   ,t     
mon/]1 cu/om1 :o all s5se do? eat   ,(  
habits devil1 is angel yet 9 ?is   ,t to
 ! use ( actions fair & good   ,he      
likewise gives a frock or liv]y   ,t    
aptly is put on4444   ,= use c almo/    
*ange ! /amp ( nature4  ,no d\bt ! idea 
is a classic commonplace2 & 9 ! e>ly    
,,two ,,g5tlem5 ,,( ,,v]ona#ch we       
actually h ! l9e1 ,h[ use do? bre$ a    
habit 9 a man2 b "h aga9 !re seems      
reason to reg>d ,montaigne z hav+       
sugge/$ ,%aksp]e's vivid & _m-col\r$    
word+ ( ! idea 9 ! trag$y4 ,inde$1 ev5 !
 l9e cit$ f ! e>ly com$y may h be5 "o ( 
! poet's _m lat] additions to 8 text4   
,,viii4 ,a less close b /ill a notewor?y

 resemblance is t betwe5 ! passage 9 :i*
 ,hamlet expresses to ,ros5crantz &     
,guild5/]n ! ve]+ ( 8 mood f joy 9 ?+s  
to disgu/ ) !m1 & ! p>agraph 9 !        
,,apology ,,( ,,raymond ,,sebonde 9 :i* 
,montaigne sets aga9/ ea* o!r ! spl5d\r 
( ! univ]se & ! littl5ess ( man4 ,"h !  
?\ght div]ges1 ,%aksp]e mak+ x 8 own z  
he always does1 & alt]+ its aim2 b !    
language is curi\sly simil>4 ,hamlet    
says3    ,x goes s heavily ) my         
disposition t ?is goodly   frame1 ! e>?1
 seems to me a /]ile promontory3 ?is    
mo/ excell5t canopy1 ! air1 look y1 ?is 
brave   o'erhang+ firmam5t1 ?is         
maje/ical ro(1 frett$ )   gold5 fire1 :y
 x appe>s no o!r ?+ to me ?an a f\l   & 
pe/il5t congregation ( vap\rs4 ,:at a   
piece ( "w   is man6 ,h[ noble 9 reason6
 h[ inf9ite 9 faculties6 9   =m & mov+1 
h[ express & admirable6 9 action1 h[   l
 an angel6 9 appreh5sion1 h[ l a ,god6 !
 beauty   ( ! _w6 ! p>agon ( animals6 ,&
 yet to me :at is   ?is qu9tess5ce (    
du/8 ,man delights n me4  ,montaigne1 z 

translat$ by ,florio1 has3    ,let u see
 :at hold-fa/ or free-hold he 7man7 ha? 
9   ?is gorge\s & goodly equipage4444   
,:o ha? p]suad$   him1 t ?is admirable  
mov+ ( heav5's vaults1 t !   et]nal     
light ( ^! lamps s fi]cely roll+ ov] 8  
head 444 7 e/abli%$ 444 = 8 commodity & 
s]vice8   ,is x possible to imag9e any?+
 s ridicul\s z ?is   mis]able & wret*$  
creature1 :i* is n s mu* z   ma/] (     
himself1 expos$ & subject to (f5ces (   
all   ?+s1 & yet d>e? call himself ,ma/]
 & ,emp]or (   ?is univ]se8444 ,to      
consid] 444 ! p[] & dom9ation   ^!      
7cele/ial7 bodies h1 n only ^u our lives
 &   conditions ( our =tune 444 b also  
ov] our dispositions   & incl9ations1   
our disc\rses & wills1 :i* !y rule1     
provoke1 & move at ! pleasure ( _!      
influ5ces4 444   ,( all creatures man is
 ! mo/ mis]able & frail1 &   !re)al !   
pr\de/ & disda9fulle/4 ,:o p]ceive?     
himself plac$ "h1 amid/ ! fil? & mire ( 
! _w   444 & yet d>e? imag9>ily place   
himself above !   circle ( ! ,moon1 &   

r$uce heav5 "u 8 feet4 ,x is   ?r\gh !  
vanity ( ! same imag9ation t he d>e     
equal himself to ,god4  ,! passage 9    
brackets is left "h 9 its place1 n z    
sugge/+ any?+ 9 ,hamlet's spee*1 b z    
p>allel+ a l9e 9 ,,measure ,,=          
,,measure1 to be dealt ) imm$iately4 ,b 
x w be se5 t ! re/ ( ! passage1 ?\gh    
turn$ to q ano!r purpose ?an ,hamlet's1 
br+s toge!r 9 ! same way a set (        
contra/$ ideas ( human greatness &      
smallness1 & ( ! spl5d\r ( ! midnight   
firmam5t4#ci   ,,ix4 ,! n]v\s prote/ (  
,hamlet to ,horatio on ! po9t ( !       
national vice ( drunk5ness1#dj ( :i* all
 save ! beg9n+ is add$ 9 ! ,second      
,qu>to j be=e ! entrance ( ! ,gho/1 has 
sev]al curi\s po9ts ( co9cid5ce )       
,montaigne's essay#da on ,,! ,,hi/ory   
,,( ,,spur9a1 :i* discusses at great    
l5g? a matt] ( special int]e/ to        
,%aksp]e--! "* ( ,julius ,caes>4 ,9 !   
c\rse ( ! exam9ation ,montaigne takes   
tr\ble to %[ t ,cato's use ( ! epi!t    
drunk>d to ,caes> c\ld n h be5 meant    

lit]ally2 t ! same ,cato admitt$        
,caes>'s sobriety 9 ! matt] ( dr9k+4 ,x 
is aft] mak+ light ( ,caes>'s faults 9  
o!r matt]s ( p]sonal conduct t ! essayi/
 comes to ?is decision3    ,b all ^!    
noble incl9ations1 ri* gifts1 wor?y     
qualities1 7 alt]$1 smo!r$1 & eclips$ by
 ?is   furi\s passion ( ambition4444 ,to
 conclude1 ?is only vice   79 m9e       
op9ion7 lo/ & ov]?rew 9 him ! faire/    
natural & ri*e/ +5uity t ev] 01 & ha?   
made   8 memory abom9able to all hone/  
m9ds4  ,comp>e ! exquisitely high-/rung 
l9es1 s congru\s 9 _! excit$ rapidity ) 
,hamlet's int5sity ( expectation1 :i*   
foll[ on 8 notable outbur/ on ! subject 
( drunk5ness3   ,s (t x *ances 9        
p>ticul> m51   ,t = "s vici\s mode (    
nature 9 !m1   ,z 9 _! bir? 7:]e9 !y are
 n guilty1   ,s9ce nature _c *oose its  
orig971   ,by ! o'ergr[? ( "s           
complexion1   ,(t break+ d[n ! pales &  
=ts ( reason2   ,or by "s habit t too   
mu* o'er-leav5s   ,! =m ( plausive      
mann]s2 t ^! m51--   ,c>ry+1 ,i say1 !  

/amp ( "o defect2   ,be+ nature's liv]y1
 or =tune's />1--   ,_! virtues else 7be
 !y z pure z grace1   ,z inf9ite z man  
may und]go7   ,%all 9 ! g5]al c5sure    
take corruption   ,f t p>ticul>         
fault4444  ,ev5 ! idea t nature _c *oose
 its orig9 is sugge/$ by ! context 9    
,montaigne4#db ,%aksp]e's e/imate (     
,caes>1 ( c\rse1 div]g$ f t ( ! essay4  
,x4 ,i f9d a c]ta9 s+ul>ity ( co9cid5ce 
betwe5 ! words ( ,k+ ,claudius on k+%ip3
   ,!re's su* div9ity do? h$ge a k+1    
,t treason c b peep to :at x w\ld1      
,acts little ( 8 w1  & a passage 9 !    
essay#dc ,,( ,,! ,,incommodity ,,(      
,,greatness3    ,to be a k+1 is a matt] 
( t consequ5ce1 t only by   x he is s4  
,t /range glimm]+ & eye-dazzl+ light1   
:i* r\nd ab\t environe?1 ov]-ca/e? &    
hide? f   u3 our weak sight is !reby    
ble>$ & dissipat$1 z   be+ fill$ &      
obscur$ by t great] &   fur!r-spread+   
brightness4  ,! work+ out ( ! metaphor  
"h gives at once to ,%aksp]e's t]ms     
div9ity & c b peep a po9t n o!rwise     

easily se52 b ! idea ( a dazzl+ light   
may be really :at 0 meant 9 ! play2 & "o
 is tempt$ to pron\nce ! passage a      
rem9isc5ce ( ,montaigne4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x  
has to be not$ t 9 ! ,fir/ ,qu>to we h !
 l9es3   ,!re's su* div9ity do? wall a  
k+   ,t treason d>es n look on4  ,& if  
,%aksp]e _h n se5 or he>d ! passage 9   
,montaigne be=e ! publication (         
,florio's folio--:i*1 h[ev]1 he may v   
well h done--! !ory ( rem9isc5ce "h _c  
/&4   ,,xi4 ,9 ,hamlet's soliloquy on ! 
passage ( ! army ( ,=t9bras--"o ( ! _m  
passages add$ 9 ! ,second ,qu>to--!re is
 a /rong g5]al resemblance to a passage 
9 ! essay ,,( ,,div]sion4#dd ,hamlet    
fir/ rem>ks to ! ,capta93   ,two ?\s&   
s\ls & tw5ty ?\s& ducats   ,w n debate !
 "q ( ?is /raw3   ,?is is ! impo/hume ( 
mu* weal? & peace2  & aft]w>ds          
soliloquises3              ,examples    
gross z e>? exhort me3   ,witness1 ?is  
army ( su* mass & *>ge1   ,l$ by a      
delicate & t5d] pr9ce1   ,^: _s1 by     
div9e ambition puff'd1   ,makes m\?s at 

! invisible ev5t2   ,expos+ :at is      
mortal & unsure   ,to all t =tune1 dea?1
 & dang] d>e1   ,ev5 = an egg-%ell4     
,rightly to be great1   ,is n to /ir )\t
 great argum5t1   ,b greatly to f9d     
qu>rel 9 a /raw4   ,:5 hon\r is at      
/ake4444                   4444to my    
%ame ,i see   ,! imm95t dea? ( tw5ty    
?\s& m51   ,t = a fantasy & trick (     
fame1   ,g to _! graves l b$s2 fight = a
 plot   ,:]eon ! numb]s _c try !        
cause4444  ,montaigne has ! same g5]al  
idea 9 ! essay ,,( ,,div]sion3    ,if "o
 dem& t fell[1 :at int]e/ he ha? 9 su* a
   siege3 ,! int]e/ ( example 7he w say7
 & common   ob$i5ce ( ! ,pr9ce3 ,i nor  
look nor pret5d any b5efit   !reby 444  
,i h nei!r passion nor qu>rel 9 !       
matt]4 ,yet ! next day y w see him all  
*ang$1 &   *af+1 boil+ & blu%+ ) rage1 9
 8 rank (   battle1 ready = ! assault4  
,x is ! gl>+ reflect+   ( s mu* /eel1 ! 
fla%+ ?und]+ ( ! cannon1 !   clang (    
trumpets1 & ! rattl+ ( drums1 t h       
infus$ ?is new fury & ranc\r 9 8 swell+ 

ve9s4 ,a   frivol\s cause1 w y say8 ,h[ 
a cause8 ,!re ne$e?   none to excite our
 m9d4 ,a dot+ hum\r )\t body1   )\t     
sub/ance1 ov]swaye? x up & d[n4  ,!     
?\ght recurs 9 ! essay1 ,,( ,,controll+ 
,,"o',s ,,w4#de    ,our greate/         
agitations h /range spr+s & ridicul\s   
causes4 ,:at ru9 did our la/ ,duke (    
,burgundy run into1   = ! qu>rel ( a    
c>t-load ( %eep-sk9s8444 ,see :y   t man
 do? haz>d bo? 8 hon\r & life on ! =tune
   ( 8 rapi] & dagg]2 let him tell y    
:5ce ! cause   ( t confusion arise?1 he 
_c )\t blu%+2 s   va9 & frivol\s is !   
occasion4  ,& ! idea 9 ,hamlet's l9es   
rightly to be great1 etc41 is sugge/$ 9 
! essay ,,( ,,rep5t+1#df :]e we h3    ,!
 ne>e/ way to come unto glory 7 to d t =
   consci5ce :i* we d = glory4444 ,!    
wor? ( ! m9d   consi/e? n 9 go+ high1 b 
9 go+ ord]ly4 ,h]   greatness is n      
ex]cis$ 9 greatness2 9 m$iocrity x   is4
  ,9 ! essay ,,( ,,exp]i5ce#dg !re is a 
s5t5ce p>tially express+ ! same ?\ght1  
:i* is cit$ by ,mr4 ,feis z a           

reproduction3    ,! greatness ( ! m9d is
 n s mu* to draw up1 &   hale =w>d1 z to
 "k h[ to range1 direct1 &              
circumscribe itself4 ,x holde? = great  
:at is   suffici5t1 & %ewe? h] height 9 
lov+ mean ?+s   bett] ?an em95t4  ,"h1  
c]ta9ly1 z 9 ! previ\s citation1 ! idea 
is n id5tical ) t express$ by ,hamlet4  
,b ! elem5ts he comb9es are !re2 & aga91
 9 ! essay ,,( ,,solit>9ess#dh we h !   
picture ( ! soldi] fight+ furi\sly = !  
qu>rel ( 8 c>eless k+1 ) ! "q3 ,:o do? n
 will+ly *op & c\nt]-*ange 8 heal?1 8   
ease1 yea 8 life1 = glory & reputation1 
! mo/ unpr(itable1 va91 & c\nt]feit co9 
t is 9 use ) u4  ,& yet aga9 ! ?\ght    
crops up 9 ! ,,apology ,,( ,,raymond    
,,sebonde3    ,?is horror-caus+ array ( 
s _m ?\s&s ( arm$   m51 s great fury1   
e>ne/ f]v\r1 & undaunt$ c\rage1   x w\ld
 make "o laugh to see on h[ _m va9      
occasions x   is rais$ & set on fire4444
 ,! hatr$ ( "o man1 a   spite1 a        
pleasure 444 causes :i* ought n to move 
two   scold+ fi%wives to cat* "o ano!r1 

is ! s\l &   motive ( all ?is           
hurly-burly4   ,,xii4 ,yet "o m (       
,hamlet's say+s peculi> to ! revis$ =m (
 ! play seems to be an e*o ( a ?\ght (  
,montaigne's4 ,at ! outset ( ! soliloquy
 la/ quot$ f1 ,hamlet says3--           
,:at is a man   ,if 8 *ief good & m>ket 
( 8 "t1   ,be b to sleep & fe$8 ,a bea/2
 no m4   ,sure ,he t made u ) su* l>ge  
disc\rse1   ,look+ be=e & aft]1 gave u n
   ,t capability & godlike reason   ,to 
fu/ 9 u unus$4  ,! be>+ ( ! ?\ght 9 !   
soliloquy1 :]e ,hamlet spasmodically    
applies x to ! /imulation ( 8 v5geance1 
is c]ta9ly nev] giv5 to x by ,montaigne1
 :o has left on record#di 8 small       
approbation ( rev5ge2 b ! ?\ght itself  
is !re1 9 ! essay#ej ,,on ,,goods ,,&   
,,evils4    ,%all we employ !           
intellig5ce ,heav5 ha? be/[$ ^u   u =   
our greate/ good1 to our ru91 repugn+   
nature's   design & ! univ]sal ord] &   
vicissitude ( ?+s1   :i* implie? t e man
 %\ld use 8 in/rum5t &   means = 8 own  
commodity8  ,aga91 !re is a passage 9 ! 

essay ,,( ,,! ,,affection ,,( ,,fa!rs   
,,to ,,_! ,,*ildr51#ea :]e !re occurs a 
specific co9cid5ce ( phrase1 ! special  
use ( ! t]m disc\rse1 :i* we h already  
trac$ f ,%aksp]e to ,montaigne2 & :]e at
 ! same "t ! contra/ betwe5 man & bea/  
is drawn1 ?\gh n to ! same purpose z 9 !
 spee* ( ,hamlet3--    ,s9ce x ha?      
pleas$ ,god to end[ u ) "s capacity (   
disc\rse1 t z bea/s we %\ld n s]vilely  
be   subject$ to common laws1 b r )     
judgm5t &   volunt>y lib]ty apply       
ourselves unto !m1 we ought   some:at to
 yield unto ! simple au?ority ( ,nature1
 b   n suff] h] tyrannically to c>ry u  
away2 only reason   ought to h ! conduct
 ( our incl9ations4  ,f9ally we h a ?ird
 p>allel1 ) a slight co9cid5ce ( t]ms1 9
 ! essay#eb ,,( ,,giv+ ,,! ,,lie3       
,nature ha? end[$ u ) a l>ge faculty to 
ent]ta9   ourselves ap>t1 & (t5 calle? u
 unto x1 to tea* u   t p>tly we owe     
ourselves unto society1 b 9 ! bett]   "p
 unto ourselves4  ,x may be argu$ t ^!1 
l "o or two ( ! o!r say+s above cit$ z  

e*o$ by ,%aksp]e f ,montaigne1 are ( !  
nature ( g5]al religi\s or e?ical       
maxims1 traceable to no "o s\rce2 & if  
we only f\nd "o or two su* p>allels1 _! 
resemblance ( c\rse w\ld h no evid5tial 
value1 save z reg>ds co9cid5ce ( t]ms4  
,= ?is v passage1 = in/ance1 !re is a   
classic orig9al1 or at lea/ a famili>   
s\rce1 9 ,cic]o1#ec :]e ! commonplace ( 
! contra/ betwe5 man & bea/ is drawn 9  
t]ms t come 9 a g5]al way pretty close  
to ,hamlet's4 ,?is treatise ( ,cic]o 0  
available to ,%aksp]e 9 sev]al ,engli%  
translations2#ed & only ! fact t we f9d 
no g5]al trace ( ,cic]o 9 ! play        
entitles u to sugge/ a connection 9 ?is 
special case ) ,montaigne1 ( :om we d   
f9d s _m o!r traces4 ,x is easy besides 
to pu% ! !ory ( any influ5ce too f>2 &  
:5 = in/ance we f9d ,hamlet say+ he f>es
 ,( ! *ameleon's di%3 ,i eat ! air1     
promise-cramm$1 x w\ld be z idle to     
assume a rem9isc5ce ( a passage (       
,montaigne on ! *ameleon#ee z x w\ld be 
to d]ive ,hamlet's phrase ,a k+ ( %r$s &

 pat*es f ,florio's r5d]+ 9 ! essay#ef  
,,( ,,! ,,incon/ancy ,,( ,,our          
,,actions3    ,we are all fram$ ( flaps 
& pat*es1 & ( s   %apeless & div]se a   
contexture1 t e piece &   e mom5t playe?
 8 "p4  ,9 ! latt] case we h a m]e      
co9cid5ce ( idiom2 9 ! =m] a prov]bial  
allusion4#eg ,an uncritical pursuit (   
su* m]e accid5ts ( resemblance has l$   
,mr4 ,feis to su* enormities z !        
ass]tion t ,%aksp]e's contempor>ies knew
 ,hamlet's use ( 8 tablets to be a p>ody
 ( ! mu*-scribbl+ ,montaigne1 :o _h av[$
 t he made mu* use ( 82 ! ass]tion t    
,ophelia's ,come1 my coa*6 has ref]5ce  
to ,montaigne's rem>k t he has kn[n     
ladies :o w\ld r l5d _! hon\r ?an _!    
coa*2 & a doz5 o!r propositions1 if     
possible /ill m amaz+4 ,b :51 ) no      
=egone conclusion z to any polemic      
purpose on ,%aksp]e's "p1 we re/rict    
ourselves to real p>allels ( ?\ght &    
expression2 :5 we f9d t a c]ta9 numb] ( 
^! are actually textual2 :5 we f9d fur!r
 t 9 a s+le soliloquy 9 ! play !re are  

sev]al reproductions ( ideas 9 ! essays1
 "s ( !m frequ5tly recurr+ 9 ,montaigne2
 & :5 f9ally x is f\nd t1 ) only "o     
exception1 all ! passages 9 "q h be5    
add$ to ! play 9 ! ,second ,qu>to1 aft] 
! publication ( ,florio's translation1 x
 seems h>dly possible to d\bt t !       
translation influ5c$ ! dramati/ 9 8 "w4 
,ne$less to say1 ! influ5ce is f ! v />t
 ( t high sort 9 :i* he t takes becomes 
co-?9k] ) him t gives1 ,%aksp]e's       
absorption ( ,montaigne be+ z vital z   
,montaigne's own assimilation ( ! ?\ght 
( 8 classics4 ,! process is "o n (      
surface reflection1 b ( k9dl+ by        
contact2 & we seem to see ev5 !         
vibration ( ! /yle pass+ f "o           
intellig5ce to ! o!r2 ! n]v\s & copi\s  
spee* ( ,montaigne awak5+ ,%aksp]e to a 
new s5se ( p[] ov] rhy?m & poignant     
phrase1 at ! same "t t ! /imulus ( !    
?\ght gives him a new confid5ce 9 !     
validity ( 8 own reflection4 ,"s cause  
!re mu/ h be5 = ?is m>k$ species (      
developm5t 9 ! dramati/ at t p>ticul>   

"t3 & if we f9d p]vad+ signs ( "o       
rem>kable new influ5ce1 ) no c\nt]vail+ 
evid5ce ( ano!r adequate to ! effect1 ! 
inf]5ce is ab\t z reasonable z _m :i*   
pass = valid 9 a/ronomy4 ,= x w be f\nd1
 on ! "o h&1 t !re is no sign wor?      
consid]+ ( a ,montaigne influ5ce on     
,%aksp]e be=e ,,hamlet2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 
t ! influ5ce to "s ext5t cont9ues beyond
 t play4 ,inde$1 !re are /ill fur!r     
m9ute signs ( x !re1 :i* %\ld be not$   
be=e we pass on4   ,,xiii4 ,among       
p>allelisms ( ?\ght ( a less direct k9d1
 "o may be trac$ betwe5 an utt]ance (   
,hamlet's & a numb] ( ,montaigne's say+s
 on ! p[] ( imag9ation & ! possible     
equival5ce ( dream life & wak+ life4 ,9 
8 fir/ dialogue ) ,ros5crantz &         
,guild5/]n1 :]e we h already not$ an e*o
 ( ,montaigne1 ,hamlet cries3    ,o     
,god6 ,i c\ld be b\nd$ 9 a nut%ell1 &   
c\nt myself a   k+ ( inf9ite space2 7 x 
n t ,i h bad dreams2  & ,guild5/]n      
answ]s3    ,:i* dreams1 inde$1 are      
ambition2 = ! v sub/ance   ( ! ambiti\s 

is m]ely ! %ad[ ( a dream4  ,! fir/     
s5t5ce may be comp>$ ) a numb] 9        
,montaigne1#eh ( :i* ! foll[+#ei is a   
type3    ,man clean contr>y to ! ,gods  
possesse? goods 9   imag9ation & evils  
ess5tially4 ,we h _h reason to   make ! 
p[]s ( our imag9ation to be ( =ce1 = all
   our felicities are b 9 conceipt1 & z 
x 7 9 a   dream2  :ile ! reply (        
,guild5/]n fur!r recalls sev]al ( !     
passages already cit$4   ,,xiv4 ,ano!r  
app>5t p>allel ( no great importance1 b 
( m v]bal clos5ess1 is t betwe5         
,hamlet's je]+ phrase3#fj ,y\r worm is  
y\r only emp]or = diet1 & a s5t5ce 9 !  
,,apology3 ,! he>t & ! life ( a great & 
triumphant emp]or are ! d9n] ( a little 
worm1 :i* ,m4 ,/apf] comp>es fur!r ) !  
talk ( ,hamlet 9 ! grave-digg]s' sc5e4  
,"h1 d\btless1 we are ne> ! level (     
prov]bial say+s1 curr5t 9 all c\ntries4 
,,xv4 ,z reg>ds ,,hamlet1 ,i c f9d no   
fur!r p>allelisms s direct z any ( !    
=ego+1 except "s to be consid]$ lat]1 9 
connection ) ! ,to be soliloquy4 ,i d n 

?9k x c be made out t1 z ,m4 ,*asles    
affirm$1 ,hamlet's words on 8 fri5d%ip =
 ,horatio c be trac$ directly to any (  
,montaigne's passages on t !me4 ,x w\ld 
be easy1 says ,m4 ,*asles1 to %[ 9      
,%aksp]e ! branloire p]5ne#fa (         
,montaigne1 & ! :ole magnific5t passage 
on fri5d%ip1 :i* is f\nd reproduc$ 7se  
tr\ve reporte7 9 ,,hamlet4 ,! idea ( !  
_w z a p]petual mutation is c]ta9ly     
preval5t 9 ,%aksp]e's "w2 b ,i c f9d no 
exact correspond5ce ( phrase betwe5     
,montaigne's pages on 8 love = 8 dead   
fri5d ,eti5ne de la ,boetie & ! l9es 9  
:i* ,hamlet speaks ( 8 love = ,horatio4 
,he r gives 8 reasons = 8 love ?an      
describes ! nature & complet5ess ( x 9  
,montaigne's way2 & z reg>ds !          
description ( ,horatio1 x c\ld h be5    
indep5d5tly sugge/$ by su* a treatise z 
,s5eca's ,,de ,,con/antia ,,sapi5tis1   
:i* is a monody on ! !me ) :i* x closes3
 esse aliquem invictum1 esse aliquem 9  
quem nihil =tuna possit--to be some?+   
unconqu]$1 some?+ aga9/ :i* =tune is    

p[]less4 ,9 ! fif? section ! idea is    
word$ 9 a fa%ion t c\ld h sugge/$       
,%aksp]e's utt]ance ( x2 & he might     
easily h met ) "s citation ( ! k9d4 ,b1 
on ! o!r h&1 ?is note ( passionate      
fri5d%ip is n only new 9 ,%aksp]e b new 
9 ,,hamlet1 9 respect ( ! ,fir/ ,qu>to1 
9 :i* ! ma9 "p ( ! spee* to ,horatio    
does n occur1 & 9 view ( ! s+ul> fact t 
9 ! fir/ ,act ( ! play z x /&s ,hamlet  
greets ,horatio z a m]e acqua9tance2 & x
 is fur!r to be not$ t ! description (  
,horatio z "o 9 suff]+ all t suff]s no?+
 is broadly sugge/$ by ! quotation f    
,horace 9 ,montaigne's n9ete5? *apt]    
7:i*1 z we h already se51 impress$      
,%aksp]e71 & by v>i\s o!r say+s 9 !     
,essays4 ,aft] ! quotation f ,horace    
7,non vultus in/antis tyranni71 9 !     
,n9ete5? ,essay1 ,florio's translation  
runs3    ,%e 7! s\l7 is made mi/ress (  
h] passions &   concupisc5ces1 lady (   
indig5ce1 ( %ame1 ( pov]ty1 &   ( all   
=tune's injuries4 ,let him t c1 atta9 to
 ?is   advantage4 ,h]e9 consi/s ! true &

 sov]eign lib]ty1   t af=ds u means :]e)
 to je/ & make a scorn (   =ce &        
inju/ice1 & to d]ide imprisonm5t1 gyves1
 or   fett]s4  ,aga91 9 ! essay ,,(     
,,?ree ,,comm]ces ,,or ,,societies1#fb  
we h ?is3    ,we mu/ n cleave s fa/ unto
 our hum\rs &   dispositions4 ,our      
*iefe/ suffici5cy is to supply          
ourselves to div]se fa%ions4 ,x is a    
be+1 b n a   life1 to be ti$ & b\nd by  
necessity to "o only c\rse4   ,!        
goodlie/ m9ds are ^? t h mo/ v>iety &   
pliabl5ess 9 !m4444 ,life is a motion   
unequal1 irregul>1   & multi=m4444      
444 ,my =tune hav+ inur$ & allur$ me1   
ev5 f my   infancy1 to "o sole1 s+ul>1 &
 p]fect amity1 ha?   v]ily 9 "s sort    
di/a/$ me f o!rs4444 ,s t x   is        
naturally a pa9 unto me to communicate  
myself by halves1   & ) modification4444
    ,i %\ld comm5d a high-rais$ m9d t   
c\ld bo? b5d   & dis*>ge itself2 t :]ev]
 h] =tune might   transport h]1 %e might
 cont9ue con/ant4444 ,i envy ^?   :i* c 
be famili> ) ! meane/ ( _! foll[]s1   & 

v\*safe to contract fri5d%ip & frame    
disc\rse   ) _! own s]vants4  ,aga91 la 
,boetie is panegyris$ by ,montaigne = 8 
r>e poise & firmness ( "*2#fc & else:]e 
9 ! essays we f9d _m allusions to !     
ideal ( ! imp]turbable man1 :i*         
,montaigne has 9 ! above cit$ passages  
br\ght into connection ) 8 ideal (      
fri5d%ip4 ,x c\ld well be1 !n--?\gh "h  
we _c argue ! po9t ) confid5ce--t 9 ?is 
z 9 o!r matt]s ! /rong g5]al impression 
t ,montaigne 0 s well fitt$ to make on  
,%aksp]e's m9d 0 ! s\rce ( su* a *ange 9
 ! conception & exposition ( ,hamlet's  
relation to ,horatio z is set up by     
,hamlet's prote/ation ( 8 long-/&+      
admiration & love = 8 fri5d4 ,%aksp]e's 
own relations ) "o or o!r ( 8 noble     
patrons w\ld make him specially alive to
 su* sugge/ion4   ,,xvi4 ,we n[ come to 
! sugge/$ resemblance betwe5 ! ,to be or
 n to be soliloquy & ! g5]al tone (     
,montaigne on ! subject ( dea?4 ,on ?is 
resemblance ,i am less dispos$ to lay   
/ress n[ ?an ,i 0 on a fir/ consid]ation

 ( ! subject ?irte5 ye>s ago4 ,:ile ,i  
f9d new co9cid5ces ( detail on a m      
sy/ematic se>*1 ,i am less impress$ by !
 alleg$ g5]al resemblance ( tone4 ,9    
po9t ( fact1 ! g5]al drift ( ,hamlet's  
soliloquy is r ali5 to ! g5]al tone (   
,montaigne on ! same !me4 ,t tone1 z we 
%all see1 h>monises mu* m ne>ly ) !     
spee* ( ! ,duke to ,claudio1 on ! same  
!me1 9 ,,measure ,,= ,,measure4 ,:at    
really seems to subsi/ 9 ! ,to be       
soliloquy1 aft] a c>eful scrut9y1 is a  
s]ies ( e*oes ( s+le ?\ghts2 b !re is ! 
difficulty t "s ( ^! occur 9 ! e>li] =m 
( ! soliloquy 9 ! ,fir/ ,qu>to1 a       
circum/ance :i* t5ds--?\gh n            
necess>ily#fd--to ?r[ a %ade ( d\bt on !
 app>5t e*oes 9 ! f9i%$ =m ( ! spee*4   
,we c b weigh ! facts z imp>tially z may
 be4  ,fir/1 !re is ! /rik+ co9cid5ce ( 
! ^w consummation 7:i* appe>s only 9 !  
,second ,qu>to71 ) ,florio's translation
 ( aneantissem5t 9 ! essay ,,(          
,,physiognomy1 z above not$4 ,secondly1 
!re is a curi\s resemblance betwe5 !    

phrase take arms aga9/ a sea ( tr\bles &
 a passage 9 ,florio's v]sion ( ! same  
essay1 :i* has someh[ be5 ov]look$ 9 !  
disputes ov] ,%aksp]e's l9e4 ,x runs3   
,i sometimes suff] myself by />ts to be 
surpris$ )   ! p9*+s ( ^! unpleasant    
conceits1 :i*1 :il/ ,i   arm myself to  
expel or wre/le aga9/ !m1 assail & beat 
me4 ,lo "h ano!r huddle or tide (       
mis*ief1 t on !   neck ( ! =m] came ru%+
 ^u me4  ,!re arises "h ! difficulty t  
,%aksp]e's l9e _h be5 satisfactorily    
trac$ to ,a,elian's#fe /ory ( ! ,celtic 
practice ( ru%+ into ! sea to resi/ a   
high tide ) weapons2 & ! matt] mu/1 ,i  
?9k1 be left op5 until x c he asc]ta9$  
:e!r ! /atem5t conc]n+ ! ,celts 0       
available to ,%aksp]e 9 any translation 
or citation4#ff  ,aga91 ! phrase        
,consci5ce do? make c[>ds ( u all is v l
 ! e*o ( two passages 9 ! essay#fg ,,(  
,,consci5ce3 ,( su* m>vell\s work+ p[]  
is ! /+ ( consci5ce3 :i* (t5 induce? u  
to bewray1 to accuse1 & to combat       
ourselves2 :i* z x do? fill u ) fe> &   

d\bt1 s do? x /ore u ) assurance & tru/2
 & ! l9es ab\t ! dread ( some?+ aft]    
dea? might po9t to ! passage 9 ! ,=tie? 
,essay1 9 :i* ,montaigne cites ! say+ ( 
,augu/9e t ,no?+ b :at foll[s dea?1     
makes dea? to be evil 7malam mortem non 
facit1 nisi quod sequitur mortem7 cit$  
by ,montaigne 9 ord] to dispute x4 ,!   
same ?\ght1 too1 is dealt ) 9 ! essay#fh
 on ,a ,,cu/om ,,( ,,! ,,isle ,,( ,,cea1
 :i* conta9s a passage sugge/ive (      
,hamlet's e>li] soliloquy on            
self-slaught]4 ,b1 = "o ?+1 ,hamlet's   
soliloquies are contr>y 9 drift to      
,montaigne's argum5t2 &1 = ano!r1 !     
phrase ,consci5ce makes c[>ds ( u all   
exi/$ 9 ! soliloquy z x /ood 9 ! ,fir/  
,qu>to1 :ile ! gi/ ( ! idea is actually 
f\nd twice 9 a previ\s play1 :]e x has a
 prov]bial r+4#fi ,& ! hope ( some?+    
aft] dea? figures 9 ! ,fir/ ,qu>to also4
  ,f9ally1 !re are o!r s\rces ?an       
,montaigne = p>ts ( ! soliloquy1 s\rces 
ne>]1 too1 ?an ^? :i* h be5 po9t$ to 9 !
 ,s5ecan trag$ies4 ,!re is1 inde$1 z    

,dr4 ,cunliffe has po9t$ out1#gj a broad
 correspond5ce betwe5 ! :ole soliloquy &
 ! *orus ( wom5 at ! end ( ! second ,act
 ( ! ,,troades1 :]e ! "q ( a life beyond
 is po9t$ly put3   ,v]um e/8 an timidos 
fabula decepit1   ,umbras corporibus    
viv]e conditis8  ,x is true t ! *ori/]s 
9 ,s5eca pron\nce def9itely aga9/ !     
future life3   ,po/ mortem nihil e/1    
ipsaque mors nihil4444   ,rumores vacui 
v]baque inania1   ,et p> sollicito      
fabula somnio4  ,b :]ev] 9 ,*ri/5dom !  
pagan's words 7 discuss$1 ! ,*ri/ian    
hypo!sis w\ld be pitt$ aga9/ 8 unbelief1
 ) ! effect ( mak+ "o ?\ght ov]lay !    
o!r2 & 9 ?is fus$ =m ! discussion may   
easily h rea*$ ,%aksp]e's eye & e>4 ,s x
 w\ld be ) ! e*o ( two ,s5ecan passages 
not$ by ,mr4 ,munro 9 ! v]ses on !      
undiscov]$ c\ntry f ^: b\rn no travell] 
returns4 ,9 ! ,,h]cules ,,fur5s#ga we h3
   ,nemo ad id s]o v5it1 unde nunquam   
,quum semel v5it potuit rev]ti2  & 9 !  
,,h]cules ,,oetaeus#gb !re is ! same    
?\ght3                 regnum canis     

inquieti   ,unde non unquam remeavit    
ullus4  ,b "h1 z else:]e1 ,s5eca himself
 0 employ+ a /&+ s5tim5t1 = 9 ! be/ kn[n
 poem ( ,catullus we h3   ,qui nunc x p]
 it] t5ebricosum   ,illuc1 unde negant  
r$ire quemquam4#gc  ,& ?\gh !re 0 9     
,%aksp]e's day no ,engli% translation ( 
,catullus1 ! comm5tators long ago       
not$#gd t 9 ,s&=d's translation (       
,cornelius ,agrippa 78 #aefi71 !re      
occurs ! phrase1 ,! c\ntrie ( ! dead is 
irremeable1 t !y _c return1 a full]     
p>allel to ! passage 9 ! soliloquy ?an  
any?+ cit$ f ! classics4  ,f9ally1 9    
,m>l[e's ,,edw>d ,,ii41#ge writt5 be=e  
#aeic1 we h3                 ,weep n =  
,mortim]1   ,t scorns ! _w1 &1 z a      
travell]1   ,goes to discov] c\ntries   
yet unkn[n4#gf  ,s t1 )\t go+ to !      
,lat91 we h obvi\s ,engli% s\rces =     
notable p>ts ( ! soliloquy4  ,?us1 ?\gh 
,%aksp]e may 7#a7 h se5 "p ( ! ,florio  
translation1 or sep>ate translations (  
"s ( ! essays1 be=e ! issue ( ! ,fir/   
,qu>to2 or may 7#b7 easily h he>d t v   

po9t discuss$ by ,florio1 :o 0 ! fri5d (
 8 fri5d ,jonson1 or by ^? :o _h read ! 
orig9al2 or may ev5 7#c7 himself h read 
9 ! orig9al2 & ?\gh fur!r x seems q     
c]ta9 t 8 consummation dev\tly to be    
wi%$ 0 an e*o ( ,florio's translation ( 
! ,apology ( ,socrates2 on ! o!r h& we  
are n entitl$ to trace ! soliloquy z a  
:ole to ,montaigne's /imulation (       
,%aksp]e's ?\ght4 ,t ,%aksp]e read      
,montaigne 9 ! orig9al once seem$       
probable to me1 z to o!rs2 b1 on clos]  
/udy1 ,i consid] x unlikely1 7 x only   
because ! ,montaigne influ5ce 9 8 "w    
beg9s1 z a=esaid1 9 ,,hamlet4 ,( all !  
app>5t co9cid5ces ,i h notic$ betwe5    
,%aksp]e's previ\s plays & ! essays1    
none has any evid5tial value4 7#a7 ,!   
passage on ! music ( ! sph]es 9 !       
,,m]*ant ,,( ,,v5ice#gg recalls !       
passage on ! subject 9 ,montaigne's     
essay ( ,,cu/om2#gh b !n ! orig9al s\rce
 is ,cic]o1 ,,9 ,,somnium ,,scipionis1  
:i* _h be5 translat$ into ,engli% 9     
#aegg4 7#b7 ,fal/aff's rhapsody on !    

virtues ( %]ris#gi recalls a passage 9 !
 essay ,,( ,,drunk5ness1#hj b !n        
,montaigne av[s t :at he says is !      
common doctr9e ( w9e-dr9k]s4 7#c7       
,montaigne cites#ha ! old say+ (        
,petronius1 t all ! _w's a /age1 :i*    
occurs 9 ,,z ,,y ,,l ,,x2 b ! phrase    
itself1 be+ pres]v$ by ,john (          
,salisbury1 w\ld be curr5t 9 ,engl&4 ,x 
is1 inde$1 said to h be5 ! motto ( !    
,globe ,!atre4 ,?us1 :ile we are ! m    
/rongly conv9c$ ( a ,montaigne influ5ce 
beg9n+ ) ,,hamlet1 we are b\nd to conc$e
 ! d\btfulness ( any app>5t influ5ce    
be=e ! ,second ,qu>to4 ,at mo/ we may   
say t bo? ( ,hamlet's soliloquies :i*   
t\* on suicide evid5tly owe some?+ to ! 
discussions set up by ,montaigne's      
essays4#hb   ,,xvii4 ,9 ! case ( !      
,duke's exhortation to ,claudio 9       
,,measure ,,= ,,measure1 on ! contr>y1 !
 :ole spee* may be said to be a syn!sis 
( fav\rite propositions ( ,montaigne4 ,!
 ?\ght 9 itself1 ( c\rse1 is n new or   
out-(-!-way2 x is ne>ly all to be f\nd  

sugge/$ 9 ! ,lat9 classics2 b 9 ! light 
( :at is c]ta9 = u z to ,%aksp]e's /udy 
( ,montaigne1 & ( ! :ole ca/ ( !        
expression1 x is difficult to d\bt t    
,montaigne is = ,%aksp]e ! s\rce4 ,let u
 take a numb] ( passages f ,florio's    
translation ( ! ,n9ete5? ,essay1 to beg9
 )3    ,! end ( our c>e] is dea?3 x is !
 necess>y object   ( our aim2 if x      
affright u1 h[ is x possible we %\ld    
/ep "o foot fur!r )\t an ague8    ,:at  
ha? an ag$ man left him ( 8 y\?'s vig\r1
 &   ( 8 =e pa/ life8444 ,:5 y\? fails 9
 u1 we feel1   nay we p]ceive1 no %ak+  
or trans*ange at all 9   ourselves3 :i* 
is ess5ce & v]ity is a h>d] dea?   ?an t
 ( a langui%+ & irksome life1 or t (    
age4   ,=asmu* z ! leap f an ill be+    
into a n be+ is   n s dang]\s or /eepy z
 x is f a delightful &   fl\ri%+ be+    
into a pa9ful & sorr[ful condition4 ,a  
weak b5d+ & fa9t /opp+ body ha? less    
/r5g? to   be> & und]go a heavy burd53  
,s ha? our s\l4    ,our religion ha? no 
sur] human f\ndation ?an !   contempt ( 

life4 ,disc\rse ( reason do? n only call
 &   summon u unto x4 ,= :y %\ld we fe> 
to lose a ?+1   :i* be+ lo/1 _c be      
moan$8 ,b also1 s9ce we are   ?reat5$ by
 s _m k9ds ( dea?1 !re is no m          
inconv5i5ce to fe> !m all ?an to endure 
"o3 :at   matt] x :5 x come?1 s9ce x is 
unavoidable8444 ,dea?   is a "p (       
y\rselves2 y fly f y\rselves4 ,! be+   y
 enjoy is equally %>$ betwe5 life & dea?
 444 ,!   cont9ual "w ( y\r life is to  
contrive dea?2 y are 9   dea? dur+ ! "t 
y cont9ue 9 life 444 dur+ life   y are  
/ill dy+4  ,! same l9e ( expo/ulation   
occurs 9 o!r essays4 ,9 ! ,=tie? we h3  
,n[ dea?1 :i* "s ( all horrible ?+s call
 ! mo/   horrible1 :o kn[s n h[ o!rs    
call x ! only hav5 (   ?is life's       
torm5ts8 ! sov]eign good ( nature8 !    
only   /ay ( our lib]ty8 & ! ready &    
common receipt ( our   evils8444     444
 ,dea? is b felt by disc\rse1 because x 
is !   emotion ( an in/ant4 ,a ?\s&     
bea/s1 a ?\s& m51   are soon] dead ?an  
?reat5$4  ,!n take a passage occurr+ ne>

 ! end ( ! ,,apology ,,( ,,raymond      
,,sebonde3    ,we d fooli%ly fe> a k9d (
 dea?1 :]eas we h   already pass$ &     
daily pass s _m o!rs4444 ,! fl[]   ( age
 die?1 fade?1 & fleete?1 :5 age comes ^u
 u1   & y\? ende? 9 ! fl[] ( a full-gr[n
 man's age1   *ildhood 9 y\?1 & ! fir/  
age die? 9 infancy2 &   ye/]day ende? 9 
?is day1 & to-day %all die 9   to-morr[4
  ,n[ comp>e textually ! ,duke's spee*3 
,be absolute = dea?3 ei!r dea? or life  
,%all !reby be ! sweet]4 ,reason ?us )  
life3--   ,if ,i d lose !e1 ,i d lose a 
?+   ,t none b fools w\ld keep3 a brea? 
?\ art1   7,s]vile to all ! skiey       
influ5ces7   ,t do/ ?is habitation1 :]e 
?\ keep'/1   ,h\rly afflict3 m]ely1 ?\  
are dea?'s fool2   ,= him ?\ lab\r'/ by 
?y flight to %un1   ,& yet run'/ t[>ds  
him /ill3 ,?\ art n noble2   ,= all !   
accommodations t ?\ be>'/   ,are nurs$  
by bas5ess3 ,?\ art by no means valiant1
   ,= ?\ do/ fe> ! s(t & t5d] =k   ,( a 
poor worm3 ,?y be/ ( re/ is sleep1   ,& 
t ?\ (t provok'/2 yet grossly fe>'/     

,?y dea?1 :i* is no m4 ,?\ art n ?yself2
   ,= ?\ exi/'/ on _m ?\s& gra9s   ,:i* 
issue out ( du/3 ,happy ?\ art n2   ,=  
:at ?\ ha/ n1 /ill ?\ /riv'/ to get1    
,& :at ?\ ha/ =get'/3 ,?\ art n c]ta91  
,= ?y complexion %ifts to /range        
effects1   ,aft] ! moon3 ,if ?\ art ri*1
 ?\ art poor2   ,=1 l an ass ^: back )  
+ots b[s1   ,?\ be>'/ ?y heavy ri*es b a
 j\rney1   ,& dea? unloads !e3 ,fri5d   
ha/ ?\ none2   ,= ?9e own b[els1 :i* d  
call !e sire1   ,d curse ! g\t1 s]pigo1 
& ! rheum1   ,= end+ !e no soon]3 ,?\   
ha/ no y\? nor age1   ,b1 z x 71 an     
aft]-d9n]'s sleep1   ,dream+ on bo?3 =  
all ?y bless$ y\?   ,becomes z ag$1 &   
do? beg ! alms   ,( palsi$ eld2 & :5 ?\ 
art old & ri*1   ,?\ ha/ nei!r heat1    
affection1 limbs1 nor beauty1   ,to make
 ?y ri*es pleasant4 ,:at's yet 9 ?is1   
,t be>s ! "n ( life8 ,yet 9 ?is life    
,lie hid m ?\s& dea?s3 yet dea? we fe>1 
,t makes ^! odds all ev54#hc  ,!n       
collate yet fur!r "s m passages f !     
,essays3    ,!y p]ceiv$ h] 7! s\l7 to be

 capable ( div]se   passions1 & agitat$ 
by _m langui%+ & pa9ful   motions 444   
subject to h] infirmities1 diseases1 &  
(f5ces1 ev5 z ! /oma* or ! foot 444     
dazzl$ &   tr\bl$ by ! =ce ( w9e2 remov$
 f h] seat by !   vap\rs ( a burn+      
fev]4444 ,%e 0 se5 to dismay &   conf\nd
 all h] faculties by ! only bit+ ( a    
sick dog1   & to conta9 no great        
con/ancy ( disc\rse1 no virtue1   no    
philosophical resolution1 no cont5tion (
 h] =ces1   t might exempt h] f !       
subjection ( ^!   accid5ts4444#hd    ,x 
is n )\t reason we are taught to take   
notice (   our sleep1 = ! resemblance x 
ha? ) dea?4 ,h[   easily we pass f wak+ 
to sleep+2 ) h[ little   int]e/ we lose 
! k ( light1 & (   ourselves4444#he     
,:]e=e z we f t in/ant take a title (   
be+1   :i* is b a tw9kl+ 9 ! inf9ite    
c\rse ( an   et]nal night1 & s %ort an  
int]ruption ( our p]petual   & natural  
condition1 dea? possess+ :atev] is be=e 
& beh9d ?is mom5t1 & also a good "p (   
?is mom5t1   #hf    ,e human nature is  

ev] 9 ! middle betwe5 be+ born   & dy+1 
giv+ no?+ ( itself b an obscure         
appe>ance & %ad[1 & an unc]ta9 & weak   
op9ion4#hg  ,comp>e f9ally ! l9e ,?y be/
 ( re/ is sleep 7:]e ! ^w re/ seems a   
pr9t]'s error7 ) ! passage ,we f9d no?+ 
s sweet 9 life z a quiet & g5tle sleep1 
already cit$ 9 connection ) our f\r?    
p>allel4   ,,xviii4 ,! !me1 9 f9e1 is "o
 ( ,montaigne's fav\rites4 ,& ! view t  
,%aksp]e _h be5 impress$ by x seems to  
be decisively corroborat$ by ! fact t ! 
spee* ( ,claudio to ,isabella1 express+ 
^? fe>s ( dea? :i* ! ,duke seeks to     
calm1 is likewise an e*o ( a :ole s]ies 
( passages 9 ,montaigne4 ,%aksp]e's l9es
 run3   ,ay1 b to die1 & g we "k n :]e1 
,to lie 9 cold ob/ruction & to rot3     
,?is s5sible w>m motion to become   ,a  
knead$ clod2 & ! delight$ _s   ,to ba! 9
 fi]y floods or to reside   ,9 ?rill+   
regions ( ?ick-ribb$ ice1   ,to be      
imprison$ 9 ! viewless w9ds1   ,& bl[n )
 re/less viol5ce r\nd ab\t   ,! p5d5t   
_w2 or to be worse ?an wor/   ,( ^?1 t  

lawless & inc]ta9 ?\ghts   ,imag9e      
h[l+6--'tis too horrible6444  ,s f> z ,i
 "k1 ! only idea 9 ?is passage :i*      
belongs to ! curr5t ,engli% sup]/ition (
 ,%aksp]e's day1 ap>t f ! natural notion
 ( dea? z a m]e rott+ ( ! body1 is t ( !
 purgatorial fire2 unless we assume t ! 
common sup]/ition z to ! s\ls (         
unbaptis$ *ildr5 be+ bl[n ab\t until !  
day ( judgm5t 0 ext5d$ 9 ! popul>       
imag9ation to ! case ( execut$ crim9als4
 ,he may h he>d ( ! acc\nt giv5 by      
,emp$ocles1 z cit$ 9 ,plut>*1#hh ( !    
puni%m5t ( ! (f5d+ daemons1 :o 7 :irl$  
betwe5 e>? & air & sun & sea2 b !re is  
no sugge/ion 9 t passage t human s\ls 7 
s treat$4 ,dante's ,,inf]no1 ) its      
pictures ( c>nal s9n]s toss$ ab\t by !  
w9ds 9 ! d>k air ( ! second circle1#hi &
 ( traitors puni%$ by freez+ 9 ! n9?1#ij
 0 probably n kn[n to ! dramati/2 nor   
does ,dante's vision co9cide )          
,claudio's1 9 :i* ! s\ls are bl[n ab\t !
 p5d5t _w4 ,%aksp]e may inde$ h he>d "s 
( ! old tales ( a hot & cold purgatory1 

su* z t ( ,dri!lm1 giv5 by ,b$e1#ia :5ce
 7r ?an f ,dante7 ,milton drew 8 idea ( 
an alt]nate torture4#ib ,b !re aga91 !  
correspond5ce is only p>tial2 :]eas 9   
,montaigne's ,,apology ,,( ,,raimond    
,,sebonde we f9d1 poetry ap>t1 ne>ly e  
notion t ent]s into ,claudio's spee*3   
,! mo/ univ]sal & receiv$ fantasy1 & :i*
   endure? to ?is day1 ha? be5 t :]e(   
,py?agoras is   made au?or 444 :i* is t 
s\ls at _! dep>ture f   u did b pass &  
roll f "o to ano!r body1 f a   lion to a
 horse1 f a horse to a k+1 incessantly  
w&]+ up & d[n1 f h\se to mansion4444 ,"s
 add$   m1 t ! same s\ls d sometimes    
asc5d up to heav51   & come d[n aga94444
 ,orig5 wak$ !m et]nally1 to g   & come 
f a good to a bad e/ate4 ,! op9ion t    
,v>ro   reporte? is1 t 9 ! revolutions (
 f\r hundr$ &   =ty ye>s !y reconjo9    
!mselves unto _! fir/   bodies4444      
,behold h] 7! s\l's7 progress else:]e3  
,he   t ha? liv$ well reconjo9e? himself
 unto t /> or   planet to :i* he is     
assign$2 :o evil1 passe? into a   woman4

 ,& if !n he am5d n himself1 he         
trans*ange?   himself into a bea/1 (    
condition agree+ to 8 vici\s   cu/oms1 &
 %all nev] see an end ( 8 puni%m5ts     
until   444 by virtue ( reason he h     
depriv$ himself ( ^?   gross1 /upid1 &  
elem5t>y qualities t 7 9 him4444   ,!y  
7! ,epicureans7 dem&1 :at ord] !re %\ld 
be if   ! ?rong ( ! dy+ %\ld be great]  
?an t ( su*   z be born 444 & dem&      
besides1 :at !y %\ld pass   _! "t ab\t1 
:il/ !y %\ld /ay1 until any o!r         
mansion 7 made ready = !m4444 ,o!rs h   
/av$ !   s\l 9 ! deceas$ bodies1 :]e) to
 animate s]p5ts1   worms1 & o!r bea/s1  
:i* are said to eng5d] f !   corruption 
( our memb]s1 yea1 & f our a%es4444     
,o!rs make x immortal )\t any sci5ce or 
k4   ,nay1 !re are "s ( ours :o h deem$ 
t (   condemn$ m5's s\ls devils 7       
made4444#ic  ,x is at a %ort di/ance f  
?is passage t we f9d ! sugge/ion ( a    
froz5 purgatory3    ,among/ !m 7b>b>\s  
nations7 0 also f\nd ! belief   (       
purgatory1 b aft] a new =m1 = :at we    

ascribe unto   fire !y impute unto cold1
 & imag9e t s\ls are bo?   purg$ &      
puni%$ by ! vigor ( an extreme          
coldness4#id  ,& ov] & above ?is peculi>
 correspond5ce betwe5 ! ,essays & ! two 
spee*es on dea?1 we may note h[ "s ( !  
l9es ( ! ,duke 9 ! op5+ sc5e connect )  
two ( ! passages above cit$ 9 connection
 ) ,hamlet's la/ soliloquy1 express+ !  
idea t nature or deity conf]s gifts 9   
ord] t !y %\ld be us$4 ,! ,duke's l9es  
are among ,%aksp]e's be/3               
,?yself & ?y belong+s   ,are n ?9e own s
 prop] z to wa/e   ,?yself ^u ?y        
virtues1 !m on !e4   ,heav5 do? ) u z we
 ) tor*es d1   ,n light !m = !mselves3 =
 if our virtues   ,did n g =? ( u1 'tw]e
 all alike   ,z if we _h !m n4 ,spirits 
are n f9ely t\*$   ,b to f9e issues3 nor
 nature nev] l5ds   ,! smalle/ scruple (
 h] excell5ce1   ,b1 l a ?rifty goddess1
 %e det]m9es   ,h]self ! glory ( a      
cr$itor1   ,bo? ?anks & use4444  ,"h we 
h once m a *>act]i/ically ,%aksp]ean    
transmutation & developm5t ( ! idea r   

?an a reproduction2 & ! same appe>s :5  
we comp>e ! admirable l9es ( ! poet ) a 
homiletic s5t5ce f ! ,,apology ,,(      
,,raymond ,,sebonde3--    ,x is n en\gh 
= u to s]ve ,god 9 _s & s\l2 we   owe   
him besides & we yield unto him a       
corporal   wor%ipp+3 we apply our limbs1
 our motions1 & all   ext]nal ?+s to    
hon\r him4  ,b grant+ ! philosophic z   
well z ! poetic height5+1 we are /ill l$
 to inf] a /imulation ( ! poet's ?\ght  
by ! ,essays--a /imulation n limit$ to  
"o play1 b affect+ o!r plays writt5 ab\t
 ! same "t4 ,ano!r po9t ( connection    
betwe5 ,,hamlet & ,,measure ,,=         
,,measure is se5 :5 we comp>e ! above   
passage1 ,spirits are n f9ely t\*$ b to 
f9e issues1 ) ,la]tes' l9es#ie3         
,nature is f9e 9 love1 & :5 'tis f9e    
,x s5ds "s preci\s in/ance ( itself     
,aft] ! ?+ x loves4  ,& ?\gh su* data   
are ( c\rse n conclusive z to ! "t (    
composition ( ! plays1 !re is s mu* (   
id5tity betwe5 ! ?\ght 9 ! ,duke's      
spee*1 j quot$1 & a notable passage 9   

,,troilus ,,& ,,cressida1 z to /r5g!n   
greatly ! surmise t ! latt] play 0 also 
writt51 or r work$-ov]1 by ,%aksp]e ab\t
 #afjd4 ,! phrase3                      
if our virtues   ,did n g =? ( u1 'tw]e 
all ! same   ,z if we _h !m n1  is      
develop$ 9 ! spee* ( ,ulysses to        
,a*illes#if3                    ,a      
/range fell[ "h   ,writes me t man--h[  
de>ly ev] p>t$   ,h[ mu* 9 hav+1 or )\t1
 or 9--   ,_c make boa/ to h t :i* he   
ha?1   ,nor feels n :at he kn[s1 b by   
reflection2   ,z :5 8 virtues %9+ ^u    
o!rs   ,heat !m1 & !y retort _! heat    
aga9   ,to ! fir/ giv]4  ,i d n rememb] 
9 ,montaigne any su* developm5t ( ! idea
 z ,%aksp]e "h gives x2 inde$1 we h se5 
him putt+ =? a contr>y tea*+2 & look+ to
 ! context1 :]e ,ulysses admits ! !sis  
to be famili>1 we are b\nd to inf] a    
direct s\rce = x4 ,9 all probability x  
d]ives f ,s5eca1 :o 9 8 treatise ,,de   
,,b5eficiis#ig ?r[s out ! g]m ( ! ideas 
z to ,nature dem&+ back h] gifts1 & z to
 virtue be+ no?+ if n reflect$2 & ev5   

sugge/s ! pr9ciple ( ?anks & use4#ih    
,?is treatise1 too1 lay to ,%aksp]e's h&
 9 ! translation ( #aegh1 :]e !         
passages3 ,r]um natura nihil dicitur    
p]d]e1 quia quidquid illi avellitur1 ad 
illam r$it2 nec p]ire quidquam pote/1   
quod quo excidat non habet1 s$ eodem    
evolvitur unde disc$it2 & qua$am quum   
s9t hone/a1 pul*]rima summae virtutis1  
nisi cum alt]o non hab5t locum1 are     
translat$3    ,! nature ( a ?+ _c be    
said to h =egone   aught1 because t     
:atsoev] is pluck$ f x returne?   to x  
aga92 nei!r c any?+ be lo/ :i* ha? n    
:]e\t ( to pass1 b w9de? back aga9 unto 
:5ce x   came2  &    ,"s ?+s ?\gh !y be 
hone/1 v goodly & "r   excell5tly       
v]tu\s1 yet h !y n _! effect b 9   a    
co-p>tn]4  ,:e!r x 0 ,%aksp]e's read+ ( 
,montaigne t s5t him to ,s5eca1 to :om  
,montaigne#ii av[s s mu* indebt$ness1 we
 ( c\rse _c tell2 b x is en\gh = !      
purpose ( our argum5t to say t we h "h  
ano!r po9t or /age 9 a l9e ( analytical 
?\ght on :i* ,%aksp]e 0 emb>k$ ab\t     

#afjc1 & ( :i* ! />t+ po9t or initial   
/imulus 0 ! p]usal ( ,florio's          
,montaigne4 ,we h ! po9t ( contact )    
,montaigne 9 ,,hamlet1 :]e ! say+ t     
reason is implant$ 9 u to be us$1 is se5
 to be "o ( ! _m correspond5ces ( ?\ght 
betwe5 ! play & ! ,essays4 ,! idea is m 
subtly & deeply develop$ 9 ,,measure ,,=
 ,,measure1 & /ill m subtly &           
philosophically 9 ,,troilus ,,&         
,,cressida4 ,! fact ( ! process (       
developm5t is all t is "h affirm$1 ov] &
 above ! actual ph5om5a ( reproduction  
be=e set =?4  ,z to ^!1 ! proposition is
 t 9 sum !y con/itute su* an am\nt (    
reproduction ( ,montaigne z expla9s     
,jonson's phrase ab\t habitual /eal+s4  
,!re is no ju/ification = apply+ t to ! 
passage 9 ! ,,tempe/1 s9ce n only is t  
play n kn[n to h exi/$ 9 its pres5t =m 9
 #afje1ajj :5 ,,volpone 0 produc$1 b !  
phrase pla9ly alleges n "o b _m borr[+s4
 ,i am n aw>e t extracts f ,montaigne h 
be5 trac$ 9 any o!rs ( ! ,engli%        
contempor>y dramati/s4 ,b "h 9 two plays

 ( ,%aksp]e1 !n fre% 9 memory--! ,second
 ,qu>to hav+ be5 publi%$ 9 #afjd &      
,,measure ,,= ,,measure produc$ 9 ! same
 ye>--7 e*oes en\gh f ,montaigne to be  
not$ by ,jonson1 :om we "k to h own$1 z 
did ,%aksp]e1 ! ,florio folio1 & to h   
be5 ,florio's w>m admir]4 ,& !re seems  
to be a confirmation ( our !sis 9 ! fact
 t1 :ile we f9d deta*$ passages sav\r+ (
 ,montaigne 9 "s lat] plays ( ! same    
p]iod1 z 9 "o ( ! conclud+ p]iod1 !     
,,tempe/1 we d n aga9 f9d 9 any "o play 
su* a clu/] ( rem9isc5ces z we h se5 9  
,,hamlet & ,,measure ,,= ,,measure1 ?\gh
 ! _s ( ,montaigne's ?\ght1 turn$ to a  
deep5+ pessimism1 may be said to t+e all
 ! lat] trag$ies4  7a7 ,9 ,,o!llo 78    
#afjd7 we h ,iago's 'tis 9 ourselves t  
we are ?us or ?us1 already consid]$1 to 
say no?+ ( ,o!llo's phrase--   ,i saw x 
n1 ?\ght x n1 x h>m$ n me4444   ,he t is
 robb'd1 n want+ :at is /ol51   ,let him
 n "k x1 & he's n robb'd at all4  --a   
philosophical commonplace :i* comp>es ) 
v>i\s passages 9 ! ,=tie? ,essay4  7b7  

,9 ,,le> 7#afjf7 we h su* a t\* z ! k+'s
 l9es#aja--   ,& take ^u's ! my/]y ( ?+s
   ,z if we 7 ,god's spies2  --:i*      
recalls ! vigor\s prote/ ( ! essays1 ,,t
 ,a ,,man ,,ought ,,sob]ly ,,to ,,m$dle 
,,) ,,! ,,judg+ ,,( ,,! ,,div9e         
,,laws1#ajb :]e ,montaigne av[s t if he 
d>$ he w\ld put 9 ! category ( impo/]s !
    int]pret]s & ord9>y controll]s ( !  
designs (   ,god1 sett+ ab\t to f9d !   
causes ( ea* accid5t1 &   to see 9 !    
secrets ( ! div9e w !   incompreh5sible 
motives ( its works4  ,?is1 aga91 is a  
recurr5t note ) ,montaigne2 & mu* ( !   
argum5t ( ! ,,apology is typifi$ 9 !    
s5t5ce3--    ,:at great] vanity c !re be
 ?an to g ab\t by our   proportions &   
conjectures to guess at ,god8  7c7 ,b   
!re is a yet m /rik+ co9cid5ce betwe5 a 
passage 9 ! essay#ajc ( ,,judg+ ,,(     
,,o!rs' ,,dea? & ! spee* ( ,edmund#ajd  
on ! subject ( /ell> influ5ces4 ,9 !    
essay ,montaigne %>ply d]ides ! habit ( 
ascrib+ human occurr5ces to ! int]f]5ce 
( ! />s--:i* v sup]/ition he 0 lat] to  

support by 8 own au?ority 9 ! ,,apology1
 z we h se5 above1 9 ! passage on ! p[] 
& dom9ation ( ! cele/ial bodies4 ,!     
passage 9 ! ?irte5? essay is ! m notable
 9 itself1 be+ likewise a prote/ aga9/  
human self-suffici5cy1 ?\gh ! be>+ ( !  
illu/ration is directly rev]s$4 ,"h he  
d]ides man's conceit3 ,we ent]ta9 & c>ry
 all ) u3 :5ce x foll[e? t we deem our  
dea? to be "s great matt]1 & :i* passe? 
n s easily1 nor )\t a solemn            
consultation ( ! />s4 ,!n foll[ ref]5ces
 to ,caes>'s say+s z to 8 />1 & ! common
 fopp]y z to ! sun m\rn+ 8 dea? a ye>4  
,& a ?\s& su*1 :]e) ! _w suff]s itself  
to   be s easily cony-cat*$1 deem+ t our
 own int]e/s   di/urb heav51 & 8 inf9ity
 is mov$ at our lea/   actions4 ',!re is
 no su* society betwe5 heav5 & u   t by 
our de/9y ! %9+ ( ! />s %\ld be z       
mortal z we are4'  ,!re seems to be an  
unmi/akable rem9isc5ce ( ?is passage 9  
,edmund's spee*1 :]e ! ^w fopp]y is a   
special clue3    ,?is is ! excell5t     
fopp]y ( ! _w6 t :5 we   are sick 9     

=tune 7(t5 ! surfeit ( our own          
behavi\r71 we make guilty ( our disa/]s 
! sun1 !   moon1 & ! />s3 z if we 7     
villa9s by necessity2   fools by heav5ly
 compulsion2 knaves1 ?ieves1 & traitors 
by sph]ical pr$om9ance2 drunk>ds1 li>s1 
& adult]]s   by an en=c$ ob$i5ce (      
planet>y influ5ce2 & all   t we are evil
 91 by div9e ?ru/+ on4444  7d7 ,aga91 9 
,,macbe? 7#afjf71 ! words ( ,malcolm to 
,macduff#aje3   ,give sorr[ words3 !    
grief t does n speak1   ,:isp]s !       
o'erfraught he>t & bids x break  --an   
idea :i* also und]lies ,macbe?'s ?is    
p]il\s /uff1 :i* weighs ^u !            
he>t--recalls ! essay#ajf ,,( ,,sadness1
 9 :i* ,montaigne rem>ks on !    m\rnful
 sil5t /upidity :i* s do? pi]ce u :5    
accid5ts surpass+ our /r5g? ov]:elm u1 &
 on !   way 9 :i* ! s\l1 bur/+ aft]w>ds 
=? into te>s   & compla9ts 444 seeme? to
 cle> & dilate itself2   go+ on to tell 
h[ ! ,g]man ,"l ,raisciac look$ on 8    
dead son till ! vehem5cy ( 8 sad sorr[1 
hav+   suppress$ & *ok$ 8 vital spirits1

 fell$ him />k   dead to ! gr\nd4  ,!   
p>allel "h1 su* z x is1 is at lea/ mu* m
 vivid ?an t drawn betwe5 ,%aksp]e's    
l9es & "o ( ,s5eca3    ,curae leves     
loquuntur3 +5tes /up5t#ajg--,light      
tr\bles speak3 ! great ones are dumb4   
,c]ta9ly no "o ( ^! latt] passages w\ld 
s+ly suffice to prove t ,%aksp]e _h read
 ,montaigne1 ?\gh ! peculi> co9cid5ce ( 
"o ^w 9 ,edg>'s spee* ) a ^w 9 ,florio1 
above not$1 w\ld alone raise ! "q4 ,b   
ev5 _h ,%aksp]e n pass$1 z we %all see  
cause to ackn[l$ge1 beyond ! mo/        
melan*oly mood ( ,montaigne into "o ( f>
 /]n] & m /r+5t pessimism1 an abs5ce or 
infrequ5cy ( sugge/ions ( ,montaigne 9 !
 plays betwe5 #afje & #afaj w\ld be a v 
natural result ( ,jonson's gibe 9       
,,volpone4 ,t gibe1 inde$1 is n really s
 ill-natur$ z ! t]m /eal is apt to make 
x s\nd = our e>s1 especially if we are  
prepossess$--z ev5 ,mr4 ,fleay /ill     
seems to be--by ! old comm5tators'      
notion ( a deep ill-w on ,jonson's "p   
t[>ds ,%aksp]e4 ,!re 0 probably no su*  

ill-w 9 ! matt]1 ! burly s*ol>'s habit (
 robu/ bant] be+ en\gh to acc\nt = ! =m 
( 8 rem>k4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 8 own     
plays are /rewn ) classic               
transcriptions2 & ?\gh he evid5tly plum$
 himself on 8 p[] ( inv5tion#ajh 9 !    
matt] ( plots--a faculty :i* he knew    
,%aksp]e to lack--he _c conceivably h   
meant to *>ge 8 rival ) hav+ committ$   
any discr$itable plagi>ism 9 draw+ ^u   
,montaigne4 ,at mo/ he w\ld mean to     
convey t borr[+ f ! ,engli% translation 
( ,montaigne 0 an easy game z comp>$ ) 8
 own s*ol>-l practice ( translat+ f !   
,greek & ,lat91 & f out-(-!-way au?ors1 
too4  ,h[ev] t might be1 ! fact /&s t   
,%aksp]e did ab\t #afjd reproduce       
,montaigne z we h se52 & x rema9s to    
consid] :at ! reproduction signifies1 z 
reg>ds ,%aksp]e's m5tal developm5t4     
,,iii4   ,b fir/ !re has to be ask$ ! "q
 :e!r ! ,montaigne influ5ce is unique or
 exceptional4 ,( ! _m lit]>y influ5ces  
:i* an ,elizabe?an dramati/ might       
und]go1 0 ,montaigne's ! only "o :i*    

wr\ght deeply ^u ,%aksp]e's _s1 ap>t f  
^? ( 8 contempor>y dramati/s & !        
pre-exi/+ plays1 :i* 7 !n models & po9ts
 ( dep>ture8 ,x is cle> t ,%aksp]e mu/ h
 ?\ght mu* & critically ( ! me?ods & !  
utt]ance ( 8 co-rivals 9 lit]>y art1 z  
he did ( ! me?ods ( 8 fell[-actors4 ,!  
au?or ( ! advice to ! play]s 9 ,,hamlet 
0 h>dly less a critic ?an a poet2 & !   
sonnet#aji :i* speaks ( its au?or z     
,desir+ ?is man's art & t man's scope1  
is "o ( ! lea/ unc]ta9 revelations t ^! 
enigmatic poems yield u4 ,we may        
confid5tly decide1 too1 ) ,pr(essor     
,m9to1#aaj t ! ,eighty-six? ,sonnet1    
beg9n+3    ,0 x ! full1 pr\d sail ( 8   
great v]se8  has ref]5ce to ,*apman1 9  
:om ,%aksp]e might well see "o ( 8 mo/  
=midable competitors 9 poetry4 ,b we are
 "h conc]n$ ) influ5ces ( ?\ght1 z      
di/9ct f influ5ces ( arti/ic example2 & 
! "q is3 ,d ! plays %[ any o!r          
culture-contact comp>able to t :i* we h 
be5 l$ to recognise 9 ! case (          
,montaigne's ,essays8  ,! matt] _c be   

said to h be5 v fully inve/igat$ :5 ev5 
! ,montaigne influ5ce has be5 ?us f>    
left s mu* 9 ! vague4 ,z reg>ds ! plots1
 !re has be5 exhau/ive & in/ructive     
rese>* dur+ two c5turies2 & ( collations
 ( p>allel passages1 ap>t f ,montaigne1 
!re has be5 no lack2 b ! deep] problem (
 ! dramati/'s m5tal hi/ory c h>dly be   
said to h aris5 till our own g5]ation4  
,z reg>ds _m ( ! p>allel passages1 !    
gr\nd has be5 pretty well cle>$ by !    
dispassionate s*ol>%ip br\ght to be> on 
!m f ,f>m] onw>ds2 ?\gh ! idolatry ( !  
,col]idgean s*ool1 z repres5t$ by       
,knight1 did mu* to ret>d sci5tific     
conclusions on ?is z on o!r po9ts4      
,f>m]'s ,essay on ! ,le>n+ ( ,%aksp]e   
7#agfg7 prov$ = all op5-m9d$ read]s t   
mu* ( ,%aksp]e's suppos$ classical k 0  
d]iv$ f translations alone2#aaa & fur!r 
inve/igation does b e/abli% 8 g5]al     
view4#aab ,su* is ! effect ( ,m4        
,/apf]'s *apt] on ,%aksp]e's ,classical 
,k2#aac & ! p]vad+ argum5t ( t *apt] w  
be f\nd to hold good z aga9/ ! view     

sugge/$1 ) judici\s diffid5ce1 by ,dr4  
,john ,w4 ,cunliffe1 conc]n+ ! influ5ce 
( ,s5eca's trag$ies on ,%aksp]e's4      
,unque/ionably ! body ( ,s5ecan trag$y1 
z ,dr4 ,cunliffe's valuable rese>* has  
%[n1 did mu* to col\r ! /yle & ?\ght ( !
 ,elizabe?an drama1 z well z to sugge/  
its !mes & %ape its te*nique4 ,b x is   
notewor?y t :ile !re are 9 ! plays1 z we
 h se51 app>5t e*oes f ! ,s5ecan        
treatises1 & :ile1 z we h se51 ,dr4     
,cunliffe sugge/s s\rces = "s ,%aksp]ean
 passages 9 ! ,s5ecan trag$ies1 he is   
d\btful z to :e!r !y repres5t any direct
 /udy ( ,s5eca by ,%aksp]e4    ,:e!r    
,%aksp]e 0 directly indebt$ to ,s5eca1  
he   writes1 is a "q z difficult z x is 
int]e/+4 ,z   ,engli% trag$y advances1  
!re gr[s up an accumulation (   ,s5ecan 
influ5ce )9 ! ,engli% drama1 9 addition 
to   ! orig9al s\rce1 & x becomes       
increas+ly difficult   to di/+ui% betwe5
 ! direct & ! indirect influ5ce   (     
,s5eca4 ,9 no case is ! difficulty      
great] ?an 9 t   ( ,%aksp]e4 ,( ,m>l[e1 

,jonson1 ,*apman1 ,m>/on1 &   ,mass+]1  
we c say ) c]ta9ty t !y read ,s5eca1   &
 reproduc$ _! read+s 9 _! trag$ies2 (   
,middleton & ,heywood we c say ) almo/  
equal c]ta9ty   t !y give no sign (     
direct indebt$ness to ,s5eca2 &   t !y  
probably came only "u ! indirect        
influ5ce1   ?r\gh ! imitations ( _!     
pr$ecessors &   contempor>ies4 ,9 ! case
 ( ,%aksp]e we _c be   absolutely c]ta9 
ei!r way4 ,pr(essor ,baynes ?9ks x is   
probable t ,%aksp]e read ,s5eca at      
s*ool2 & ev5 if   he did n1 we may be   
sure t1 at "s p]iod ( 8   c>e]1 he w\ld 
turn to ! g5]ally accept$ model (       
classical trag$y1 ei!r 9 ! orig9al or 9 
!   translation4#aad  ,?is seems        
p>tially inconsi/5t2 &1 s f> z ! evid5ce
 f p>ticul> p>allels goes1 we are n l$  
to take ) any confid5ce ! view put 9 !  
la/ s5t5ce4 ,! above-not$ p>allels      
betwe5 ,s5eca's trag$ies & ,%aksp]e's   
are b cases ( citation ( s5t5ces likely 
to h gr[n prov]bial2 & ! mo/ notable ( !
 o!rs t h be5 cit$ by ,dr4 ,cunliffe is 

"o :i*1 z he notes1 po9ts to ,a,eschylus
 z well z to ,s5eca4 ,! cry ( ,macbe?3  
,w all great ,neptune's ocean wa% ?is   
blood   ,clean f my h&8 ,no1 ?is my h& w
 r   ,! multitud9\s seas inc>nad9e1     
,mak+ ! gre5 "o r$3  c]ta9ly corresponds
 closely ) t ( ,s5eca's ,h]cules3#aae   
,quis ,tanais1 aut quis ,nilus1 aut quis
 p]sica   ,viol5tus unda ,tigris1 aut   
,rh5us f]ox   ,tagusve ib]a turbidus    
gaza flu5s1   ,ablu]e dextram pot]it8   
,arct\m licet   ,maeotis 9 me gelida    
transfundat m>e1   ,et tota ,te?ys p]   
meas currat manus1   ,ha]ebit altum     
fac9us  & t ( ,s5eca's ,hippolytus3#aaf 
,quis eluet me ,tanais8 ,aut quae       
b>b>is1   ,maeotis undis pontico        
incumb5s m>i4   ,non ipso toto magnus   
,oceano pat]   ,tantum expi>it scel]is4 
,b ^! declamations1 d]iv+ z !y d1 to    
beg9 )1 f ,a,eschylus1#aag are se5 f _! 
v recurr5ce 9 ,s5eca to h become /ock   
spee*es = ! anci5t tragic drama2 & !y 7 
cle>ly well-fitt$ to become s = !       
m$iaeval4 ,! phrases us$ 7 already      

classic :5 ,catullus employ$ !m be=e    
,s5eca3   ,suscipit1 ,o ,gelli1 quantum 
non ultima ,!tys   ,non g5itor          
,nymph>um1 abluit ,oceanus4#aah  ,9 !   
,r5aissance we f9d ! !me reproduc$ by   
,tasso2#aai & x _h d\btless be5 freely  
us$ by ,%aksp]e's ,engli% pr$ecessors & 
contempor>ies4 ,:at he did 0 b to set ! 
famili> !me to a rhetoric ^: sup]b      
sonority mu/ h left !irs tame1 z x      
leaves ,s5eca's /ilt$ 9 comp>ison4      
,m>/on did 8 be/ ) x1 9 a play :i* may h
 be5 writt5 be=e1 ?\gh publi%$ aft]1    
,,macbe?#abj3--   ,al?\gh ! waves ( all 
! ,nor!rn sea   ,%\ld fl[ = ev] ?r\gh ^?
 guilty h&s1   ,yet ! sangu9ol5t /a9    
w\ld extant be  --a sad foil to         
,%aksp]e's   ,! multitud9\s seas        
inc>nad9e4  ,x is v cle>1 !n1 t we are n
 "h entitl$ to suppose ,%aksp]e a read] 
( ! ,s5ecan trag$ies2 & ev5 7 x o!rwise1
 ! passage 9 "q is a figure ( spee* r   
?an a reflection on life or a /imulus to
 su* reflection4 ,& ! same holds good ( 
! o!r int]e/+ b inconclusive p>allels   

drawn by ,dr4 ,cunliffe4 ,%aksp]e's     
,diseases desp]ate gr[n   ,by desp]ate  
appliance are reliev$1   ,or n at       
all1#aba  :i* he comp>es ) ,s5eca's     
,et f]rum et ignis saepe m$ic9ae loco   
e/4   ,extrema primo nemo t5tavit       
loco1#abb  --a passage t may v well be !
 orig9al = ! mod]n oracle ab\t fire &   
iron--is really mu* clos] to ! aphorism 
( ,hippocrates1 t ,extreme rem$ies are  
prop] = extreme diseases1 & _c be said  
to be m ?an a prov]b4 ,9 any case1 x lay
 to ,%aksp]e's h& 9 ,montaigne1#abc z   
translat$ by ,florio3   ,to extreme     
sicknesses1 extreme rem$ies4  ,equally  
inconclusive is ! equally close p>allel 
betwe5 ,macbe?'s   ,can/ ?\ n m9i/] to a
 m9d diseas$8  & ! s5t5ce ( ,h]cules3   
,nemo polluto queat   ,animo m$]i4#abd  
,su* a reflection 0 sure to secure a    
prov]bial vogue1 & 9 ,,! ,,two ,,noble  
,,k9sm5 79 :i* ,%aksp]e inde$ seems to h
 _h a h&71 we h ! doctor prote/+3 ,i ?9k
 %e has a p]turb$ m9d1 :i* ,i _c m9i/]  
to4#abe  ,& s1 aga91 ) ! notable        

resemblance betwe5 ,h]cules' cry3   ,cur
 animam 9 i/a luce det9eam amplius1     
,mor]que1 nihil e/4 ,cuncta jam amisi   
bona1   ,m5tem1 arma1 famem1 conjugam1  
natos1 manus1   ,etiam furorem4#abf  &  
,macbe?'s3   ,i h liv$ long en\gh3 my   
way ( life   ,is fall5 into ! se>1 !    
yell[ leaf2   ,& t :i* %\ld accompany   
old age1   ,z hon\r1 love1 ob$i5ce1     
troops ( fri5ds1   ,i mu/ n look to     
h4#abg  ,"h !re is inde$ e appe>ance (  
imitation2 b1 ?\gh ! v]sification 9     
,macbe?'s spee* is c]ta9ly ,%aksp]e's1  
su* a lam5t _h d\btless be5 made 9 o!r  
,engli% plays1 9 direct reproduction (  
,s5eca2 & ,%aksp]e1 9 all probability1 0
 aga9 only p]fect+ "s previ\s           
declamation4  ,!re is a q prov]bial     
quality1 f9ally1 9 su* phrases z3   ,?+s
 at ! wor/ w cease1 or else climb upw>d 
,to t !y 7 be=e2#abh  &          ,we b  
tea*   ,bloody in/ructions1 :i*1 be+    
taught1 return   ,to plague !           
inv5tor4#abi  --:i* might be trac$ to   
o!r s\rces ne>] ,%aksp]e's h& ?an       

,s5eca4 ,& beyond su* s5t5ces & su*     
tropes z ^? above consid]$1 !re 0 really
 little or no?+ 9 ! trag$ies ( ,s5eca to
 cat* ,%aksp]e's eye or e>2 no?+ to     
g5]ate 9 him a deep philosophy ( life or
 to move him to ! manifold play (       
reflection :i* gives 8 lat] trag$ies _! 
comm&+ intellectuality4 ,"s su* /imulus1
 z we h se51 he might inde$ h drawn f "o
 or two ( ,s5eca's treatises1 :i* d1 9  
_! desp]ately indu/ri\s mann]1 cov] a   
good deal ( intellectual gr\nd1 mak+ "s 
tol]able discov]ies by ! way4 ,b by !   
te/s alike ( quantity & quality (       
reproduc$ matt]1 x is cle> t ! indirect 
influ5ce ( ! ,s5ecan trag$ies &         
treatises on ,%aksp]e 0 slight comp>$ ) 
! direct influ5ce ( ,montaigne's essays4
 ,nor is x h>d to see :y2 ev5 suppos+   
,%aksp]e to h _h ,s5eca at h& 9         
translation4 ,despite ,montaigne's own  
lean+ to ,s5eca1 z comp>$ ) ,cic]o1 we  
may (t5 say ( ! =m] :at ,montaigne says 
( ! latt]1 t 8 mann] ( writ+ seeme? v   
t$i\s4 ,ov] ! ,,de ,,b5eficiis & ! ,,de 

,,ira "o is sometimes mov$ to say1 z !  
essayi/ does#acj ov] ,cic]o1 ,i und]/&  
suffici5tly :at dea? & voluptu\sness    
are2 let n a man busy himself to        
anatomise !m4 ,= ! swift & p5etrat+ fla%
 ( ,montaigne1 :i* ei!r goes to ! he>t (
 a matt] once = all or op5s up a f> vi/a
 ( feel+ & speculation1 leav+ u newly   
relat$ to our environm5t & ev5 to our   
exp]i5ce1 ,s5eca c b give u a           
consci5ti\s exam9ation ( ! gr\nd1 foot  
by foot1 ) a policeman's lant]n1 leav+ u
 consci\sly footsore1 eyesore1 & ready =
 b$4 ,"u no /ress ( satisfaction f 8 be/
 f9ds c we be mov$ to call him a man (  
g5ius1 :i* is j :at we call ,montaigne  
aft] a few pages4 ,x is ! broad diff]5ce
 betwe5 indu/ry & inspiration1 betwe5   
fecundity & pregnancy1 betwe5 ,jonson & 
,%aksp]e4 ,&1 ?\gh a man ( g5ius is n   
necess>ily dep5d5t on o!r m5 ( g5ius =  
/imulus1 we %all on scrut9y f9d reason  
to believe t 9 ,%aksp]e's case ! nature 
( ! /imulus c\nt$ = a great deal4  ,ev5 
be=e t is made cle>1 h[ev]1 !re c be    

little hesitation ab\t dismiss+ ! only  
o!r out/&+ !ory ( a special intellectual
 influ5ce und]gone by ,%aksp]e--! !ory (
 ,dr4 ,b5no ,ts*is*witz1 t he read & 0  
impress$ by ! ,italian writ+s (         
,giordano ,bruno4 ,9 ?is case1 ! bases (
 ! hypo!sis are ( ! scantie/ & !        
flimsie/4 ,bruno 0 9 ,engl& f #aehc to  
#aehf1 be=e ,%aksp]e came to ,london4   
,among 8 patrons 7 ,sidney & ,leice/]1 b
 nei!r ,s\?ampton nor ,pembroke4 ,9 all 
8 writ+s only "o passage c be cit$ :i*  
ev5 fa9tly sugge/s a co9cid5ce ) any 9  
,%aksp]e2 & 9 t ! sugge/ion is fa9t     
inde$4 ,9 ,bruno's ill-fam$ com$y ,,il  
,,c&elajo1 ,octavio asks ! p$ant        
,manfurio1 ,*e e la mat]ia di vo/ri     
v]si1 & ! p$ant replies1 ,litt]ae1      
syllabae1 dictio et oratio1 p>tes       
prop9quae et remotae1 on :i* ,octavio   
aga9 asks3 ,io dico1 quale e il suggetto
 et il proposito4#aca ,s f> z x goes ?is
 is some?+ ( a p>allel to ,polonius's "q
 to ,hamlet z to :at he reads1 &        
,hamlet's answ]1 ,words1 words4 ,b !    

sc5e is obvi\sly a /ock situation2 & if 
!re are any passages 9 ,,hamlet :i*     
cle>ly belong to ! pre-,%aksp]ean play1 
! fool+ ( ,hamlet ) ,polonius is "o (   
!m4 ,& beyond ?is1 ,dr4 ,ts*is*witz's   
p>allels are flatly unconv9c+1 or r !y  
promptly put !mselves out ( c\rt4 ,he   
admits t no?+ else 9 ,bruno's com$y     
recalls any?+ else 9 ,%aksp]e2#acb b he 
goes on to f9d analogies betwe5 o!r     
passages 9 ,,hamlet & "s ( ,bruno's     
philosophic doctr9es4 ,quot+ ,bruno's   
!orem t all ?+s are made up (           
inde/ructible atoms1 & t dea? is b a    
trans=mation1 ,dr4 ,ts*is*witz cites z a
 reproduction ( x ,hamlet's soliloquy3  
,o1 t ?is too1 too solid fle% w\ld melt6
  ,x is difficult to be s]i\s ov] su* a 
cont5tion2 & x is q impossible = anybody
 out ( ,g]many or ! ,bacon-,%aksp]e p>ty
 to be z s]i\s ov] x z ,dr4 ,ts*is*witz1
 :o f9ds t ,hamlet's figure ( ! melt+ ( 
fle% into dew is an illu/ration (       
,bruno's atomic sy/em1 & goes on to f9d 
a fur!r ,brunonian significance 9       

,hamlet's je]+ answ]s to ! k+'s dem& = !
 body ( ,polonius4 ,( ^! passages he    
f9ds ! s\rce or sugge/ion 9 "o :i* he   
translates f ,bruno's ,,c5a ,,de ,,le   
,,c5]i3--    ,= to ?is matt]1 ( :i* our 
planet is =m$1 dea?   & dissolution d n 
come2 & ! annihilation ( all   nature is
 n possible2 b x atta9s f "t to "t1 by  
a fix$ law1 to r5ew itself & to *ange   
all its p>ts1   re>rang+ & recomb9+ !m2 
all ?is necess>ily   tak+ place 9 a     
det]m9ate s]ies1 "u :i* ev]y?+   assumes
 ! place ( ano!r4#acc  ,9 ! judgm5t (   
,dr4 ,ts*is*witz1 ?is !orem1 :i*        
anticipates s rem>kably ! mod]n         
sci5tific conception ( ! univ]se1       
elucidates ,hamlet's talk ab\t worms &  
bodies1 & 8 fur!r sket* ( ! progress (  
,alex&]'s du/ to ! plugg+ ( a be]-b>rel4
 ,x seems unnecess>y to argue t all ?is 
is ! idle/ sup]]ogation4 ,! passages    
cit$ f ,,hamlet1 all ( !m f\nd 9 ! ,fir/
 ,qu>to1 might h be5 draft$ by a mu*    
less] man ?an ,%aksp]e1 & t )\t ev] hav+
 he>d ( ,bruno or ! !ory ( !            

inde/ructibility ( matt]4 ,!re is no?+ 9
 ! case approa*+ to a reproduction (    
,bruno's f>-rea*+ ?\ght2 :ile on !      
contr>y ! leave n a wrack beh9d1 9 !    
,,tempe/1 is an expression :i* sets     
aside1 z if x 7 unkn[n1 ! conception (  
an endless transmutation ( matt]1 9 a   
context :]e ! ?\ght w\ld naturally      
sugge/ itself to "o :o _h met ) x4 ,:]e 
,hamlet is m]ely s>donic 9 ! plane (    
popul> or at lea/ exot]ic hum\r1 ,dr4   
,ts*is*witz cr$its him ) pan!i/ic       
philosophy4 ,:]e1 on ! o!r h&1 ,hamlet  
speaks feel+ly & e?ically ( ! s]i\s side
 ( drunk5ness1#acd ,dr4 ,ts*is*witz     
p>allels ! spee* ) a s5t5ce 9 ! ,,be/ia 
,,trionfante1 :i* gives a m]ely         
,rabelaisian picture ( drunk5           
practices4#ace ,yet aga91 he puts       
,bruno's l>ge aphorism1 ,sol et homo    
g5]ant hom9em1 beside ,hamlet's gibe    
ab\t ! sun bre$+ maggots 9 a dead dog--a
 phrase possible to any euphui/ ( !     
p]iod4 ,t ! p>allels am\nt at be/ to    
little1 ,dr4 ,ts*is*witz himself        

indirectly admits1 ?\gh he proce$s to a 
new extravagance ( affirmation3    ,we d
 n ma9ta9 t su* expressions are         
philosophemes1   or t ,%aksp]e o!rwise  
w5t any deep] into ,bruno's   sy/em ?an 
suit$ 8 purpose1 b t su* passages %[    
,%aksp]e1 at ! "t ( 8 writ+ ( ,,hamlet1 
to h   already rea*$ ! heights ( ! ?\ght
 ( ! age   7,zeitbewus/se971 & to h made
 himself famili> )   ! mo/ ab/ract ( !  
sci5ces4 ,_m hi!rto almo/               
un9telligible passages 9 ,,hamlet are n[
 cle>$ up by !   poet's acqua9tance ) ! 
atomic philosophy & !   writ+s ( !      
,nolan4  ,all ?is belongs to !          
uncritical me?od ( ! ,g]man             
,%aksp]e-criticism ( ! days be=e        
,ruemel94 ,x is q possible t ,%aksp]e   
may h he>d some?+ ( ,bruno's !ories f 8 
fri5ds2 & we may be sure t mu* (        
,bruno's tea*+ w\ld h pr(\ndly int]e/$  
him4 ,if ,bruno's lectures at ,ox=d on !
 immortality ( ! s\l includ$ ! matt] he 
publi%$ lat] on ! subject1 !y may h     
call$ ,engli% att5tion to ! ,py?agorean 

lore conc]n+ ! fate ( ! s\l aft]        
dea?1#acf above cit$ f ,montaigne4 ,we  
might aga91 on ,dr4 ,ts*is*witz's l9es1 
trace ! v]ses on ! %ap+ fantasies ( !   
lunatic1 ! lov]1 & ! poet1 9 !          
,,midsumm] ,,night',s ,,dream1#acg to   
su* a passage 9 ,bruno z ?is3--    ,!   
fir/ & mo/ capital pa9t] is ! vivacity (
 !   phantasy2 ! fir/ & mo/ capital poet
 is ! inspiration   t orig9ally arises )
 ! impulse ( deep ?\ght1 or   is set up 
by t1 ?r\gh ! div9e or ak9-to-div9e     
brea? ( :i* !y feel !mselves mov$ to !  
fit   expression ( _! ?\ghts4 ,= ea* x  
creates ! o!r   pr9ciple4 ,!re=e are !  
philosoph]s 9 a c]ta9 s5se   pa9t]s2 !  
poets1 pa9t]s & philosoph]s2 !   pa9t]s1
 philosoph]s & poets3 true poets1       
pa9t]s1 &   philosoph]s love &          
reciprocally admire ea* o!r4 ,!re   is  
no philosoph] :o does n poetise & pa9t4 
,!re=e   is x said1 n )\t reason3 ,to   
und]/& is to p]ceive   ! figures (      
phantasy1 & und]/&+ is phantasy1 or   is
 no?+ )\t x4#ach  ,b s9ce ,%aksp]e does 

n recognisably e*o a passage :i* he w\ld
 h be5 extremely likely to produce 9 su*
 a context1 _h he kn[n x1 we are b\nd to
 decide t he _h n ev5 he>d x cit$1 mu*  
less read x4 ,& s ) any o!r remote      
resemblances betwe5 8 "w & t ( any au?or
 :om he may h read4 ,9 reg>d ev5 to     
passages 9 ,%aksp]e :i* come mu* ne>] _!
 orig9als ?an any ( ^! above cit$ come  
to ,bruno1 we are =c$ to decide t       
,%aksp]e got 8 ?\ght at second or ?ird  
h&4 ,?us ! fam\s passage 9 ,,h5ry       
,v41#aci 9 :i* ! ,ar*bi%op figures !    
,/ate z a div9ely fram$ h>mony ( diff]+ 
functions1 is cle>ly traceable to       
,plato's ,,republic & ,cic]o's ,,de     
,,republica2 yet rational criticism mu/ 
decide ) ,m4 ,/apf]#adj t ,%aksp]e knew 
nei!r ( ^! treatises1 b got 8 sugge/ion 
f "s ,engli% translation or citation4   
,9 f9e1 we are con/ra9$ by all our k    
conc]n+ ,%aksp]e1 z well z by ! ab/ract 
pr9ciples ( pro(1 to reg>d him 9 g5]al z
 a read] ( 8 own language only1 albeit n
 )\t a smatt]+ ( o!rs2 & among ! books 9

 8 own language :i* we "k him to h read 
91 & c prove him to h be5 influ5c$ by1  
we come back to ,montaigne's ,essays1 z 
by f> ! mo/ important & ! mo/ pot5tial =
 sugge/ion & provocation4     ,,iv4     
,to h any cle> idea1 h[ev]1 ( :at       
,montaigne did or c\ld d = ,%aksp]e1 we 
mu/ revise our conception ( ! poet 9 !  
light ( ! positive facts ( 8 life &     
circum/ances--a ?+ made difficult = u 9 
,engl& ?r\gh ! transc5d5tal direction   
giv5 to our ,%aksp]e lore by ^? :o fir/ 
%ap$ x sympa!tically1 to wit1 ,col]idge 
& ! ,g]mans4 ,an ador+ idea ( ,%aksp]e1 
z a m9d ( unapproa*able sup]iority1 has 
?us become s habitual ) mo/ ( u t x is  
difficult to r$uce our notion to t]ms ( 
normal individuality1 ( "* & m9d z we "k
 !m 9 life4 ,:5 we read ,col]idge1      
,s*legel1 & ,g]v9us1 or ev5 ! admirable 
essay ( ,*>les ,lamb1 or ! eloqu5t      
appreciations ( ,mr4 ,sw9burne1 or su*  
eulogi/s z ,hazlitt & ,knight1 we are 9 
a _w ( ab/ract ae/hetics or ( ab/ract   
e?ics2 we are n )9 sight ( ! man        

,%aksp]e1 :o became an actor = a        
livelihood 9 an age :5 ! be/ actors     
play$ 9 inn-y>ds = rude audi5ces1 mo/ly 
illit]ate & n a little brutal2 !n add$  
to 8 craft ( act+ ! craft ( play-pat*+ &
 refa%ion+2 :o _h 8 p>tn]%ip %>e ( !    
p5ce & sixp5ces paid by ! mob ( noisy   
,london pr5tices & j\rneym5 & idl]s t   
fill$ ! boo? !atre 9 :i* 8 company      
p]=m$2 :o su$ 8 debtors rigor\sly :5 !y 
did n settle-up2 work$ up old plays or  
took a h& 9 new1 accord+ z ! ne$s ( 8   
conc]n & 8 fell[-actors dictat$2 &      
f9ally w5t ) 8 c>efully collect$ =tune  
to sp5d 8 la/ ye>s 9 ease & quiet 9 !   
c\ntry t[n 9 :i* he 0 born4 ,our        
sympa!tic critics1 ev5 :51 l ,dr4       
,furnivall1 !y "k absolutely all !      
ar*aeological facts z to !atrical life 9
 ,%aksp]e's "t1 d n seem to br+ ^? facts
 into vital t\* ) _! ae/hetic e/imate ( 
8 product2 !y rema9 "u ! spell (        
,col]idge & ,g]v9us4#ada ,em]son1 x is  
true1 prote/$ at ! close ( 8 essay t he 
c\ld n m>ry ?is fact1 ( ,%aksp]e's be+ a

 jovial actor & manag]1 to 8 v]se2 b t  
deliv]ance has s]v$ only z a text = ^?  
:o h embrac$ ! fanta/ic t5et t ,%aksp]e 
0 b ! !atrical ag5t & repres5tative (   
,bacon2 a delusion ( :i* ! vogue may be 
p>tly trac$ to ! lack ( psy*ological    
solidity 9 ! ord9>y pres5tm5t ( ,%aksp]e
 by 8 admir]s4 ,! h]esy1 ( c\rse1 m]ely 
leaps ov] ! difficulty1 into absolute   
irrelevance4 ,em]son 0 intellectually to
 blame 9 t1 see+ z he did ! hiatus      
betwe5 ! poet's life & ! prevail+       
conception ( 8 v]se1 he did n try to    
conceive x all anew1 b r resign$ himself
 to ! solution t ,%aksp]e's m9d 0 out ( 
human k54 ,a good read] c 9 a sort ne/le
 into ,plato's bra9 & ?9k f !nce1 he    
said2 b n into ,%aksp]e's2 we are /ill  
out ( doors4 ,we %\ld inde$ rema9 s =   
ev] did we n set ab\t pati5tly pick+ !  
locks :]e ! transc5d5tali/ has dreamily 
turn$ away4  ,x is imp]ative t we %\ld  
recomm5ce vigilantly ) ! concrete facts1
 ignor+ all ! m]ely ae/hetic &          
metaphysic syn!ses4 ,:]e ,col]idge &    

,s*legel m or less +5i\sly invite u to  
ackn[l$ge a miracul\s arti/ic p]fection1
 :]e ,lamb m mov+ly gives =? ! int5se   
vibration ar\s$ 9 8 _s by ,%aksp]e's    
ripe/ "w1 we mu/ turn back to track d[n 
! y\? f ,/rat=d2 son ( a burgess once   
prosp]\s1 b de/9$ to s9k /eadily 9 ! _w2
 m>ri$ at eighte51 "u pressure (        
circum/ances1 ) small prospect ( income1
 to ! woman ( tw5ty-five2 ill at ease 9 
t position2 & at l5g?1 hav+ made fri5ds 
) a travell+ company ( actors1 come to  
,london to e>n a liv+ 9 any tol]able way
 by means ( 8 mod]ate education1 8 small
 ,lat9 & less ,greek1 8 knack ( flu5t   
rhym+1 & 8 turn = play-act+4 ,to "k him 
z he began we mu/ measure him n>r[ly by 
8 fir/ p]=mances4 ,^! are n to be look$ 
= 9 ev5 ! e>lie/ ( 8 plays1 n "o ( :i* c
 be tak5 to repres5t 8 "y & unaid$      
faculty1 :e!r z reg>ds con/ruction or   
diction4 ,collaboration1 ! natural      
resort ( ! mod]n dramati/1 mu/ h be5 to 
"s ext5t =c$ on him 9 ^? ye>s by !      
nature ( 8 situation2 & aft] all t has  

be5 said by ador]s ( ! quality ( 8 wit &
 8 v]se 9 su* e>ly com$ies z ,,love',s  
,,lab\r ,,lo/ & ,,! ,,two ,,g5tlem5 ,,( 
,,v]ona1 ! critical read] is apt to be  
left pretty ev5ly balanc$ betwe5 ! two  
reflections t ! wit & ! v]sification h  
inde$ at times a c]ta9 happy naturalness
 ( _! own1 & t nev]!less1 if !y really  
be ,%aksp]e's ?r\gh\t1 ! mo/ rem>kable  
?+ 9 ! matt] is 8 lat] progress4 ,b ev5 
ap>t f su* disputable issues1 we may    
safely say ) ,mr4 ,fleay t !re is n a   
play ( 8 t c be ref]r$ ev5 on ! ra%e/   
conjecture to a date ant]ior to #aeid1  
:i* does n be> ! pla9e/ int]nal evid5ce 
( hav+ be5 refa%ion$ at a lat] "t4#adb  
,^! plays1 !n1 ) all _! evid5ces (      
immaturity1 ( :at ,mr4 ,bagehot call$   
clev] "y-manni%ness1 _c s]ve u z safe   
measures ( ,%aksp]e's m9d at ! beg9n+ ( 
8 c>e]4  ,b x happ5s t we h su* a       
measure 9 p]=mances :i*1 s9ce !y imply  
no te*nical arrangem5t1 are ( a homog5\s
 lit]>y sub/ance1 & c be %[n to be ! "w 
( a man br\ght up 9 ! ,w>wick%ire       

dialect1#adc are n ev5 *all5g$1 ,i      
believe1 by ! adh]5ts ( ! ,baconian     
fai?4 ,! tasks :i* ! greate/ ( our poets
 set himself :5 ne> ! age ( ?irty1 & to 
:i* he presumably br\ght all ! p[]s (   
:i* he 0 !n consci\s1 7 ! un9spir$ &    
pitilessly prolix poems ( ,,v5us ,,&    
,,adonis & ,,! ,,rape ,,( ,,lucrece1 !  
fir/ consi/+ ( "s #a1bjj l9es & ! second
 ( m ?an #a1hjj2 "o a calculat$ picture 
( female concupisc5ce & ! o!r a /ill m  
calculat$ picture ( female *a/ity3 ! two
 alike abnormally flu5t1 yet ext]nal1   
unimpassion$1 endlessly descriptive1    
elaborately unimpressive4 ,save = !     
sexual attraction ( ! subjects1 on !    
comm]cial side ( :i* ! poet _h obvi\sly 
reckon$ 9 *oos+ !m1 ^! p]=mances c\ld h 
no un/udi\s read]s 9 our day & few w>m  
admir]s 9 _! own1 s little sign d !y    
give ( any high poetic faculty save !   
two :i* s+ly g s (t5 )\t any det]m9+    
sup]iority ( m9d--inexhau/ible fl[ (    
words & endless obs]vation ( concrete   
detail4 ,( ! c\ntless ?rill+ felicities 

( phrase & feel+ = :i* ,%aksp]e is r5[n$
 above all ,engli% poets1 n "o1 ,i ?9k1 
is to be f\nd 9 ^? ?ree ?\s&            
flu5tly-scann$ & smoo?ly-word$ l9es3 on 
! contr>y1 ! we>isome succession (      
/anzas1 /ret*+ ! succ9ct !mes           
immeasurably beyond all natural fitness 
& all n>rative int]e/1 might seem to    
signalise su* a lack ( arti/ic judgm5t z
 mu/ preclude all great p]=mance2 :ile !
 app>5t plan ( produc+ an effect by m]e 
multiplication ( words1 m]e ext5sion (  
description )\t int5sion ( idea1 might  
seem to prove a lack ( capacity = any   
real dep? ( passion4 ,!y 7 simply       
manufactur$ poems1 consci\sly con/ruct$ 
= ! m>ket1 ! fir/ design$ at ! same "t  
to secure ! patronage ( ! ,maec5as ( !  
h\r1 ,"l ,s\?ampton1 to :om x 0 d$icat$1
 & ! second produc$ & simil>ly d$icat$  
on ! /r5g? ( ! success ( ! fir/4 ,! po9t
 "h to be not$ is t !y ga9$ ! poet's    
ends4 ,!y succe$$ z saleable lit]ature1 
& !y ga9$ ! ,e>l's fav\r4  ,& ! re/ ( ! 
poet's lit]>y c>e]1 f ?is po9t =w>d1    

seems to h be5 no less prud5tly         
calculat$4 ,hav+ pl5ty ( evid5ce t m5   
c\ld n make a liv+ by poetry1 ev5 if !y 
produc$ x ) facility2 & t !y c\ld z     
little c\nt on liv+ /eadily by ! sale ( 
plays1 he jo9$ ) 8 trade ( actor !      
bus9ess n m]ely ( playwright b ( "p-%>] 
9 ! tak+s ( ! !atre4 ,! presumption f   
all we "k ( ! comm]cial side ( !        
play-mak+ ( ! times is t1 = :atev]      
pieces ,%aksp]e t\*$ up1 collaborat$ 91 
or compos$ = 8 company1 he receiv$ a    
c]ta9 paym5t once = all2#add s9ce !re 0 
no reason :y 8 p>tn]s %\ld treat 8 plays
 diff]5tly 9 ?is reg>d f ! plays !y     
b\ght ( o!r m54 ,d\btless1 :5 8         
reputation 0 made1 ! paym5ts w\ld be    
consid]able4 ,b ! ma9 s\rce ( 8 income1 
or r ( ! accumulations ) :i* he b\ght l&
 & h\se & ti!s at ,/rat=d1 mu/ h be5 8  
%>e 9 ! tak+s ( ! !atre--a %>e :i* w\ld 
d\btless increase z ! e>li] p>tn]s      
disappe>$4 ,he mu/ h spe$ily become !   
pr9cipal man 9 ! firm1 comb9+ z he did !
 "w ( compos]1 revis]1 & adaptor ( plays

 ) t ( actor & work+ p>tn]4 ,we are ?us 
deal+ ) a temp]am5t or m5tality n at all
 obvi\sly orig9al or ma/]ly1 n at all   
conspicu\s at ! outset = intellectual   
dep? or s]i\sness1 n at all obtrusive ( 
its mission2 b exhibit+ simply a gift = 
act+1 an abundant faculty ( rhy?mical   
spee*1 & a p[] ( m9ute obs]vation1 jo9$ 
) a ?or\ghly practical or comm]cial h&l+
 ( ! problem ( life1 9 a call+ n usually
 tak5-to by comm]cially-m9d$ m54 ,:at   
em]ges = u ?us f> is ! conception ( a v 
pla/ic intellig5ce1 a good deal l$ &    
sway$ by imm$iate circum/ances2 b at    
bottom v sanely relat$ to life1 & s     
possess+ a lat5t faculty = controll+ its
 de/9ies2 n mu* cultur$1 n pr(\nd1 n    
deeply passionate2 n p>ticul>ly         
reflective ?\gh copi\s 9 utt]ance2 a    
p]sonality :i* ( itself1 if "u no       
pressure ( pecuni>y ne$1 w\ld n be      
likely to give ! _w any s]i\s sign (    
m5tal capacity :atev]4  ,9 ord]1 !n1 t  
su* a man z ?is %\ld develop into !     
,%aksp]e ( ! great trag$ies & tragic    

com$ies1 !re mu/ concur two k9ds (      
life-conditions ) ^? already not$--!    
fre% conditions ( deeply-mov+ exp]i5ce &
 ( deep intellectual /imulus4 ,)\t ^!1  
su* a m9d w\ld no m arrive at ! highe/  
poetic & dramatic capacity ?an1 lack+ ! 
spur ( necessity or ( "s outside call1 x
 w\ld be mov$ to seek poetic & dramatic 
utt]ance = its own relief4 ,!re is no   
sign "h ( an innate burd5 ( ?\ght1 b\nd 
to be deliv]$2 !re is only ! s5sitive   
plate or responsive faculty1 capable (  
giv+ back ) peculi> vividness &         
spontaneity e sort ( impression :i* may 
be made on x4 ,! faculty1 9 %ort1 :i*   
c\ld produce ^? #c1jjj flu5t l9es on !  
b>e data ( ! /ories ( ,v5us & ,adonis & 
,t>qu9 & ,lucrece1 ) only ! intellectual
 mat]ial ( a raki% ,/rat=d lad's s*ool+ 
& read+1 & ! culture com+ ( a few ye>s' 
association ) ! primitive ,engli% /age &
 its hang]s-on1 0 capable ( broad5+ &   
deep5+1 ) vital exp]i5ce & vital        
culture1 into ! poet ( ,,le> & ,,macbe?4
 ,b ! vital culture mu/ come to x1 l !  

exp]i5ce3 ?is 0 n a man :o w\ld g out ( 
8 way to seek ! culture4 ,a man s m9d$1 
a man :o w\ld be> h>d%ip 9 ord] to w9 k1
 w\ld n h settl$ d[n s easily into !    
actor-manag] ) a good %>e 9 ! company's 
pr(its4 ,!re is almo/ no?+ to %[ t ! "y 
,%aksp]e read any?+ save curr5t plays1  
tales1 & poems4 ,su* a notable book z   
,nor?'s ,,plut>*1 publi%$ 9 #aegi1 does 
n seem to h affect$ 8 lit]>y activity   
till ab\t ! ye> #afjj3 & ev5 !n !       
subject ( ,,julius ,,caes> may h be5    
sugge/$ to him by "s o!r play-mak]1 z 0 
! case ) 8 *ronicle hi/ories4 ,9 8      
contempor>y1 ,b5 ,jonson1 we d h ! type 
( ! "y man b5t on gett+ s*ol>%ip z ! be/
 ?+ possible to him4 ,! bricklay]'s     
appr5tice1 unwill+ly foll[+ ! craft ( 8 
/epfa!r1 /ick+ ob/9ately all ! :ile to 8
 ,horace & 8 ,hom]1 resolute to keep &  
to add to ! humanities he _h le>n$ 9 !  
gramm> s*ool1 /&s out cle>ly alongside (
 ! o!r1 f> less en?usia/ic = k & lett]s1
 b also f> m pla/ically fram$1 & at !   
same "t f> m cle>ly alive to ! s]i\sness

 ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce z a matt] (      
secur+ ! daily bread-&-butt]4 ,x may be1
 inde$--:o kn[s--t b = t peculi>ly e>ly 
m>riage1 ) its consequ5t family         
responsibilities1 ,%aksp]e w\ld h all[$ 
himself a little m ( y\?ful brea?+-"t3 x
 may be t x 0 ! exi/5ce ( ,ann ,ha?away 
& h] ?ree *ildr5 t made him a seek] =   
pelf r ?an a seek] = k 9 ! ye>s betwe5  
tw5ty & ?irty1 :5 ! conc]n = pelf sits  
lightly on mo/ intellectual m54 ,! !sis 
und]tak5 9 ,,love',s ,,lab\r ,,lo/--t ! 
truly effective culture is t ( life 9 ! 
_w r ?an t ( seclud$ /udy--p]haps       
expresses a process ( inw>d & o!r debate
 9 :i* ! wi% has become fa!r to ! ?\ght4
 ,sc[l$ ^u by jeal\s collegians l ,gre5e
 = presum+1 actor z he 01 to write      
dramas1 he mu/ h ask$ himself :e!r !re 0
 n some?+ to be ga9$ f su* s*ool+ z     
!irs4#ade ,b !n he c]ta9ly made m ?an 0 
ne$$ to keep ! ,/rat=d h\sehold go+2 & !
 cle> %all[ flood ( ,,v5us ,,& ,,adonis 
& ! ,,rape ,,( ,,lucrece /&s = ev] to %[
 h[ f> f tragic consci\sness 0 ! "y     

husb& & fa!r :5 close ^u ?irty ye>s old4
 ,x 0 9 #aeif t 8 little ,hamnet di$ at 
,/rat=d2 & !re is no?+ to %[1 says ,mr4 
,fleay1#adf t ,%aksp]e _h ev] be5 !re 9 
! int]val betwe5 8 dep>ture 9 #aehg & ! 
*ild's fun]al4  ,b already1 x may be1 "s
 vital exp]i5ce _h come4 ,:atev] view we
 take ( ! drama ( ! sonnets1 we may s f>
 adopt ,mr4 ,fleay's rem>kable !ory#adg 
z to surmise t ! c5tral episode (       
fai?less love occurr$ ab\t #aeid4 ,if s1
 "h 0 en\gh to deep5 & impassion !      
pla/ic p]sonality ( ! rhym] ( ,,v5us ,,&
 ,,adonis2 to add a new /r+ to !        
h]et(ore ,m]curial lyre4 ,all ! :ile1   
too1 he 0 und]go+ ! k9d ( culture & (   
psy*ological tra9+ involv$ 9 8 craft (  
act+--a culture involv+ a good deal (   
contact ) ! imag9ative lit]ature ( !    
,r5aissance1 s f> z !n translat$1 & a   
psy*ological tra9+ ( great ?\gh little  
recognis$ importance to ! dramati/4 ,x  
seems obvi\s t ! practice ( act+1 by a  
pla/ic & receptive temp]am5t1 capable ( 
manifold appreciation1 mu/ h c\nt$ = mu*

 9 develop+ ! faculties at once (       
sympa?y & expression4 ,9 ?is respect    
,%aksp]e /ood ap>t f 8 rivals1 ) _!     
m]ely lit]>y tra9+4 ,& 9 po9t ( fact1 we
 d f9d 9 8 plays1 ye> by ye>1 a /r5g!n+ 
s5se ( ! realities ( human nature1      
despite _! frequ5tly ideali/ic me?od (  
portraiture1 ! v]balism & factiti\sness 
( mu* ( _! wit1 & _! conv5tionality (   
plot4 ,above all ?+s1 ! man :o drew s _m
 fancifully delightful types ( womanhood
 mu/ h be5 int5sely appreciative ( ! *>m
 ( sex2 & x is on t side t we are to    
look = 8 fir/ contacts ) ! deep] =ces ( 
life4 ,:at m>ks (f ! ,%aksp]e (         
?irty-five1 9 f9e1 f all 8 rivals1 is j 
8 peculi>ly true & new#adh expression ( 
! liv+ grace ( womanhood1 always1 x is  
true1 ab/ract$ to ! =m ( poetry &       
skilfully purifi$ f ! blemi%es ( !      
actual1 b none ! less conv9c+ &         
/imulat+4 ,we are "h 9 pres5ce at once (
 a r>e receptive faculty & a r>e        
expressive faculty3 ! pla/ic organism ( 
! fir/ poems t\*$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) a     

hundr$ vibrations ( deep] exp]i5ce2 !   
ext]nal & ext5sive me?od gradually rip5+
 into an int]nal & int5sive2 ! innate   
facility ( phrase & al]tness ( att5tion 
turn$ f ! physical to ! psy*ical4 ,b    
/ill x is to ! psy*ics ( sex1 = ! mo/   
"p1 t we are limit$4 ,( ! deeps ( human 
nature1 male nature1 z ap>t f ! love (  
woman1 ! playwright /ill %[s no special 
p]ception1 save 9 ! vivid portrait (    
,%ylock1 ! exasp]at$ ,jew4 ,! figures 9 
:i* we c easily recognise 8 h& 9 ! e>li]
 hi/orical plays are inde$ m>k$ by 8    
prevail+ sanity ( p]ception2 always !y  
%[ ! play ( ! see+ eye1 ! rul+ s5se (   
reality :i* %ap$ 8 life2 x is ?is       
visible actuality t be/ m>ks !m (f f !  
non-,%aksp]ean figures ar\nd !m4 ,& 9 ! 
wond]ful figures ( ,fal/aff & 8 gr\p we 
h a r\ndness ( comic reality to :i* no?+
 else 9 mod]n lit]ature ?us f> c\ld be  
comp>$4 ,b /ill ?is1 ! mo/ rem>kable (  
all1 rema9s comic reality2 &1 :at is m1 
x is a comic reality ( :i*1 z 9 ! re/ ( 
8 "w1 ! sub/ratum 0 pre-,%aksp]ean4 ,= x

 is cle> t ! figure ( ,fal/aff1 z       
,oldca/le1 _h be5 popul>ly successful   
be=e ,%aksp]e took hold ( x3#adi & :at  
he did "h1 z else:]e1 ) 8 un9v5tive m9d1
 9 :i* ! faculty ( imag9ation always    
rectifi$ & exp&$ r ?an orig9at$ types & 
actions1 0 d\btless to give ! hues &    
tones ( p]fect life to ! half-real      
inv5tions ( o!rs4 ,?is mu/ always be    
insi/$ on z ! special psy*ological      
*>act]i/ic ( ,%aksp]e4 ,except+ 9 !     
d\btful case ( ,,love',s ,,lab\r ,,lo/1 
he nev] inv5t$ a plot2 8 male *>act]s   
are almo/ always developm5ts f an       
already sket*$ orig9al2 x is 9 draw+ 8  
h]o9es1 :]e he is mo/ ideali/ic1 t he   
seems to h be5 mo/ indep5d5tly creative1
 8 orig9als "h be+ d\btless ! wom5 :o _h
 *>m$ him1 set liv+ 9 ideal sc5es to *>m
 o!rs4 ,& x result$ f ?is specialty (   
/ructure t ! great] reality ( 8 e>li]   
male hi/oric figures1 z comp>$ ) ^? (   
mo/ ( 8 rivals1 is l>gely a matt] ( san]
 & m felicit\s declamation--! play ( 8  
great & gr[+ faculty ( expression--s9ce 

he _h no m special k ( ! types 9 h& ?an 
_h 8 competitors4 ,x is only :5 8       
unequall$ receptive faculty has be5 act$
 ^u by a peculi>ly conc5trat$ & readily 
assimilat$ body ( culture1 ! ,engli%    
translation by ,sir ,?omas ,nor? (      
,amyot's ,fr5* translation ( ,plut>*'s  
,lives1 t we f9d ,%aksp]e inconte/ably  
sup]ior to 8 contempor>ies 9 ! virile   
treatm5t ( virile problems no less ?an 9
 ! sympa!tic r5d]+ ( emotional *>m &    
t5d]ness & ! pa?os ( passion4 ,! trag$y 
( ,,romeo ,,& ,,juliet1 ) all its burn+ 
f]v\rs & swoon+ griefs1 rema9s = u a    
picture ( ! luxury ( woe3 x is truly    
said ( x t x is n fundam5tally unhappy4 
,b 9 ,,julius ,,caes> we h t\*$ a fur!r 
dep? ( sadness4 ,= ! mov+ trag$y (      
circum/ance1 ( lov]s sund]$ by fate only
 to be swiftly jo9$ 9 exultant dea?1 we 
h ! pr(\nd] trag$y ( mutually de/roy+   
en]gies1 ( griev\sly miscalculat+ m51 ( 
failure & fru/ration dogg+ ! /eps ( !   
/r5u\s & ! wise1 ( de/9y se>*+ out !    
fatal weakness ( ! /rong4 ,to ! poet has

 n[ be5 add$ ! read]2 to ! ma/] ( !     
pa?os ( passion ! /ud5t ( ! trag$y (    
univ]sal life4 ,x is ?us by culture &   
exp]i5ce--culture limit$ b conc5trat$1 &
 exp]i5ce limit$ b int5se--t ! man      
,%aksp]e has be5 intelligibly made into 
! dramati/ ,%aksp]e z we f9d him :5 he  
comes to 8 greate/ tasks4 ,= ! =mation (
 ! supreme arti/ !re 0 ne$$ alike !     
purely pla/ic organism & ! special      
culture to :i* x 0 s uniquely fitt$ to  
respond2 culture t came )\t se>*1 & c\ld
 be und]gone z spontane\sly z ! exp]i5ce
 ( life itself2 k t ne$$ no m woo+ ?an  
,ann ,ha?away1 or any dubi\s angel 9 !  
sonnets4 ,9 ! ,engli% v]sion ( ,plut>*'s
 ,,lives1 press$ ^u him d\btless by !   
play-mak+ plans ( o!r m51 ,%aksp]e f\nd 
! mo/ effectively conc5trat$ hi/ory (   
anci5t humanity t c\ld possibly h rea*$ 
him2 & he respond$ to ! /imulus ) all 8 
en]gy ( expression because he receiv$ x 
s freely & vitally1 9 respect alike ( 8 
own pla/icity & ! fact t ! vehicle ( !  
impression 0 8 "m tongue4 ,x is pla9 t  

to ! la/ he made no second>y /udy (     
antiquity4 ,he made blund]s :i* alone   
might w>n ! ,baconians (f _! va9 que/3  
he _h no notion ( *ronology3 f9d+ ,cato 
retrospectively spok5 ( by ,plut>* z "o 
to ^: ideal ,coriolanus _h ris51 he     
makes a comrade ( ,coriolanus say x1 z  
if ,cato 7 a dead celebrity 9           
,coriolanus' day2 j z he makes ,hector  
quote ,ari/otle 9 ,troy4 ,^! clues are n
 to be put aside ) ae/hetic platitudes3 
!y are capital items 9 our k ( ! man4 ,&
 if ev5 ! idolator feels p]turb$ by _!  
obtrusion1 he has b to reflect t :]e !  
tra9$ s*ol>s ar\nd ,%aksp]e reproduc$   
antiquity ) great] accuracy 9 m9or ?+s1 
ti?+ ! m9t & anise & cum9 ( erudition1  
!y gave u ( ! c5tral human =ces1 :i* x 0
 _! special bus9ess to realise1 m]e     
holl[ & t$i\s p>odies4 ,jonson 0 a s*ol>
 ^: v>iety ( classic read+ might h      
con/itut$ him a speciali/ to-day2 b     
,jonson's anci5ts are mo/ly dead = u1   
ev5 z are ,jonson's mod]ns1 because !y  
are ! expression ( a psy*ic faculty :i* 

c\ld nei!r rightly p]ceive reality1 nor 
rightly express :at x did p]ceive4 ,he  
repres5ts indu/ry 9 art )\t inspiration4
 ,! two contra/$ pictures1 ( ,jonson    
writ+ out 8 h>angues 9 prose 9 ord] to  
turn !m into v]se1 & ( ,%aksp]e giv+ 8  
l9es unblott$ to ! actors--speak+ 9     
v]se1 9 ! :ite heat ( 8 c]ebration1 z   
spontane\sly z he brea!d--^! hi/oric    
data1 :i* happ5 to be among ! mo/       
p]fectly c]tifi$ t we possess conc]n+ ! 
two m51 give u at once half ! secret (  
"o & all ! secret ( ! o!r4 ,jonson _h ! 
passion = book k1 ! pati5ce = h>d /udy1 
! faculty = plot-inv5tion2 & )al he     
produc$ dramatic "w :i* gives little or 
no p]man5t pleasure4 ,%aksp]e _h none ( 
^! *>act]i/ics2 & yet1 be+ ! organism he
 01 x only ne$$ ! culture :i* =tuit\sly 
rea*$ him 9 8 own tongue to make him    
successively ! greate/ dramatic ma/] (  
eloqu5ce1 mir?1 *>m1 t5d]ness1 passion1 
pa?os1 pessimism1 & philosophic s]5ity t
 lit]ature c %[1 recognisably s ev5 ?\gh
 8 "w be almo/ con/antly hamp]$ by !    

framework ( o!r m5's ent]prises1 :i* he 
0 s s+ul>ly cont5t to develop or        
improve4 ,h5ce ! critical importance (  
foll[+ up ! culture :i* evolv$ him1 &   
above all1 t :i* f9ally t\*$ him to 8   
mo/ memorable p]=mance4     ,v4   ,x is 
to ,montaigne1 !n1 t we n[ come1 9 t]ms 
( our prelim9>y /atem5t ( evid5ce4 ,:5  
,florio's translation 0 publi%$1 9      
#afjc1 ,%aksp]e 0 ?irty-sev5 ye>s old1 &
 he _h writt5 or refa%ion$ ,,k+ ,,john1 
,,h5ry ,,iv41 ,,! ,,m]*ant ,,( ,,v5ice1 
,a ,,midsumm] ,,night',s ,,dream1       
,,ri*>d ,,ii41 ,,twelf? ,,night1 ,,z ,,y
 ,,l ,,x1 ,,h5ry ,v41 ,,romeo ,,&       
,,juliet1 ,,! ,,m]ry ,,wives ,,(        
,,w9dsor1 & ,,julius ,,caes>4 ,x is v   
likely t he knew ,florio1 be+ intimate )
 ,jonson1 :o 0 ,florio's fri5d & admir]2
 & ! translation1 long on ! /ocks1 mu/ h
 be5 discuss$ 9 8 he>+4 ,h5ce1          
presumably1 8 imm$iate p]usal ( x4      
,portions ( x he may v well h se5 or    
he>d ( be=e x 0 fully pr9t$ 7necess>ily 
a long task 9 ! !n /ate ( ! h&icraft72 b

 9 ! book itself1 we h se5 abundant     
reason to believe1 he read l>gely 9     
#afjc-d4  ,hav+ inductively prov$ !     
read+1 & at ! same "t ! fact ( !        
impression x made1 we may next seek to  
realise d$uctively :at k9d ( impression 
x 0 fitt$ to make4 ,we c readily see :at
 ,nor?'s ,plut>* c\ld be & 0 to !       
sympa!tic & slightly-cultur$ playwright2
 x 0 no?+ %ort ( a new _w ( human k2 a  
liv+ vision ( two great civilisations1  
giv+ to 8 univ]se a vi/a ( illu/ri\s    
realities beside :i* ! *>m$ g>d5s (     
,r5aissance romance & ! bu/l+ fields (  
,engli% *ronicle-hi/ory 7 z pleasant    
dreams or noisy int]ludes4 ,he _h done  
wond]s ) ! *ronicles2 b 9 pres5ce ( !   
long mu/]-rolls ( ,greece & ,rome he mu/
 h felt _! insul>ity2 & he nev] return$ 
to !m 9 ! old _s4 ,b if ,plut>* c\ld d s
 mu* = him1 /ill great] c\ld be ! s]vice
 r5d]$ by ,montaigne4 ,! diff]5ce1      
broadly speak+1 is v mu* z ! diff]5ce 9 
philosophic rea* betwe5 ,,julius ,,caes>
 & ,,hamlet1 betwe5 ,,coriolanus &      

,,le>4  ,= :at 0 9 its nett significance
 ,montaigne's manifold book1 com+ ?us   
sudd5ly1 9 a complete & vigor\s         
translation1 into ,engli% life & into   
,%aksp]e's k58 ,simply ! mo/ liv+ book  
!n exi/+ 9 ,europe4 ,?is is n ! place1  
nor am ,i ! p]son1 to attempt a         
sy/ematic e/imate ( ! mo/ endur+ ( ,fr5*
 writ]s1 :o has /irr$ to _! be/ ef=ts ! 
able/ ( ,fr5* critics2 b ,i mu/ ne$s try
 to indicate briefly1 z ,i see x1 8     
significance 9 g5]al ,european culture4 
,& ,i w\ld put x t ,montaigne is really1
 = ! civilis$ _w at ?is day1 :at ,petr>*
 has be5 too en?usia/ically decl>$ to   
be--! fir/ ( ! mod]ns4 ,he is s z aga9/ 
ev5 ! great ,rabelais1 because ,rabelais
 misses directness1 misses univ]sality1 
misses lucidity1 9 8 gigantic mir?2 he  
is s z aga9/ ,petr>*1 because he is     
emphatically an impressioni/ :]e ,petr>*
 is a fram] ( /udi$ compositions2 he is 
s aga9/ ,erasmus1 because ,erasmus also 
is a fram] ( artificial compositions 9 a
 dead language1 :]e ,montaigne writes ) 

absolute spontaneity 9 a language n only
 liv+ b gr[+4 ,only ,*auc]1 & he only 9 
! ,cant]bury ,tales1 c be ?\ght ( z a   
true mod]n be=e ,montaigne2 & ,*auc] is 
!re too ,engli% to be significant = all 
,europe4 ,! high figure ( ,dante is     
decisively m$iaeval3 x is ! c5tral po9t 
9 m$iaeval lit]ature4 ,montaigne 0 n    
only a new lit]>y ph5om5on 9 8 own day3 
he rema9s s /ill2 = 8 impressionism1 :i*
 he c>ri$ to su* l5g?s 9 orig9at+ x1 is 
! mo/ mod]n ( lit]>y inspirations2 & all
 our successive lit]>y & arti/ic        
developm5ts are ei!r phases ( ! same    
inspiration or transi5t reactions aga9/ 
x4 ,:]e lit]ature 9 ! mass has tak5     
c5turies to come )9 sight ( ! secret t !
 mo/ intimate =m ( tru? is ! mo/        
int]e/+1 he w5t1 9 8 "o collection (    
essays1 s f> t[>ds absolute             
self-expression t our practice is /ill 9
 ! re> ( 81 :i* is q too unfl9*+ =      
contempor>y n]ves4 ,our bonne foi is    
/ill sophi/icat$ 9 comp>ison ) t ( !    
great ,gascon4 ,( all essayi/s :o h yet 

writt51 he is ! mo/ transp>5t1 ! mo/    
s9c]e ev5 9 8 /ratagems1 ! mo/          
discursive1 ! mo/ free-tongu$1 & !re=e !
 mo/ alive4 ,a classic commonplace      
becomes 9 8 h&s a new intimacy ( feel+3 
:]e v]bal commonplaces h1 z x 71 glaz$  
ov] ! surface ( our s5se1 he goes beh9d 
!m to r\se anew ! liv+ n]ve4 ,& !re is  
no !me on :i* he does n "s "t or o!r d>t
 8 sudd5 & se>*+ glance4 ,x is truly    
said ( him by ,em]son t !re h be5 m5 )  
deep] insight2 b1 "o w\ld say1 nev] a   
man ) su* abundance ( ?\ghts3 he is nev]
 dull1 nev] ins9c]e1 & has ! g5ius to   
make ! read] c>e = all t he c>es =4 ,cut
 ^! words & !y ble$2 !y are vascul> &   
alive4 ,su* a voice1 speak+ at          
,%aksp]e's e> 9 an ,engli% ne>ly z racy 
& n]v\s z ! incomp>able old-new ,fr5* ( 
! orig9al1 0 9 itself a revelation4  ,i 
h said above t we seem to see pass+ f   
,montaigne to ,%aksp]e a vibration (    
/yle z well z ( ?\ght2 & x w\ld be      
difficult to ov]/ate ! importance ( su* 
an influ5ce4 ,a writ] affects u (t5 m by

 ! pulse & pressure ( 8 spee* ?an by 8  
matt]4 ,su* an action is inde$ ! secret 
( all great lit]>y reputations2 & 9 no  
au?or ( any age are ! cad5ce ( phrases &
 ! beat ( words m provocative ( att5tion
 ?an 9 ,montaigne4 ,!y mu/ h affect$    
,%aksp]e z !y h done s _m o!rs2 & 9 po9t
 ( fact 8 "w1 f ,,hamlet =?1 %[s a ga9 9
 n]v\s t5sion & pi?1 fairly attributable
 to ! /irr+ impact ( ! /yle (           
,montaigne1 ) its incessancy ( /roke1   
its opul5ce ( col\r1 its h>dy fre%ness (
 figure & epi!t1 its swift1 unflagg+    
/ride4 ,seek 9 any ( ,%aksp]e's plays = 
su* a /r5u\s ru% ( idea & rhy?m z pulses
 ?r\gh ! soliloquy3   ,h[ all occasions 
d in=m aga9/ me1  & y w ga!r t !re has  
be5 a te*nical *ange wr\ght1 no less ?an
 a moral & an intellectual4 ,! poet's   
n]ves h caught a new vibration4  ,b x 0 
n m]ely a cong5ial felicity & en]gy (   
utt]ance t ,montaigne br\ght to be> on 8
 ,engli% read]1 ?\gh ! m we consid] ?is 
quality ( spontaneity 9 ! essayi/ ! m we
 %all realise its p]5nial fasc9ation4 ,!

 culture-cont5t ( ,montaigne's book is m
 ?an ev5 ! self-revelation ( an         
extremely vivaci\s & reflective         
intellig5ce2 x is ! liv+ qu9tess5ce (   
all ,lat9 criticism ( life1 & ( a l>ge  
"p ( ,greek2 a qu9tess5ce z fre% &      
pung5t z ! essayi/'s expression ( 8     
special individuality4 ,= ,montaigne /&s
 out among all ! humani/s ( ! epo*s ( ! 
,r5aissance & ! ,re=mation 9 respect ( !
 peculi> directness ( 8 contact ) ,lat9 
lit]ature4 ,o!r m5 mu/ h come to "k     
,lat9 z well z he2 & hundr$s c\ld write 
x ) an accuracy & facility :i*1 if he 7 
ev] capable ( x1 he mu/1 by 8 own       
confession1 h lo/ be=e middle life1#aej 
?\gh he read x p]fectly to ! la/4 ,b he 
is ! only mod]n man :om we "k to h le>n$
 ,lat9 z a "m tongue2 & ?is fact 0      
probably j z important 9 psy*ology z 0 !
 simil> fact1 9 ,%aksp]e's case1 ( 8    
:ole adult culture be+ acquir$ 9 8 own  
language4 ,x seems to me1 at lea/1 t !re
 is some?+ significant 9 ! facts3 7#a7 t
 ! man :o mo/ vividly br\ght ! _s or    

outcome ( classic culture into t\* ) !  
g5]al ,european intellig5ce1 9 ! age :5 
! mod]n languages fir/ decisively ass]t$
 _! bir?right1 le>n$ 8 ,lat9 z a liv+ & 
n z a dead tongue1 & knew ,greek        
lit]ature almo/ solely by translation2  
7#b7 t ! dramati/ :o ( all ( 8 craft has
 put mo/ ( brea?+ vitality into 8       
pictures ( anci5t hi/ory1 despite       
endless inaccuracies ( detail1 read 8   
au?orities only 9 8 own language2 & 7#c7
 t ! ,engli% poet :o 9 our own c5tury   
has mo/ int5sely & delight$ly sympa?is$ 
) ! ,greek _s--,i mean ,keats--read 8   
,hom] only 9 an ,engli% translation4 ,z 
reg>ds ,montaigne1 ! full importance ( !
 fact does n seem to me to h be5        
appreciat$ by ! critics4 ,villema91     
inde$1 :o p]haps c\ld be/ realise x1    
rem>k$ 9 8 y\?ful eloge t ! fa%ion 9 :i*
 ! eld] ,montaigne _h 8 *ild taught     
,lat9 w\ld br+ ! boy to ! read+ ( !     
classics ) an eag] int]e/ :]e o!rs _h   
be5 already fatigu$ by ! toil ( gramm>2 
b beyond ?is ! peculi>ity ( ! case has n

 be5 mu* consid]$4 ,montaigne1 h[ev]1   
gives u details :i* seem full (         
sugge/ion to sci5tific educationi/s4    
,)\t art1 )\t book1 )\t gramm> or       
precept1 )\t :ipp+1 )\t te>s1 ,i le>n$ a
 ,lat9 z pure z my ma/] c\ld give2 & 8  
fir/ ex]cises 7 to turn bad ,lat9 into  
good4#aea ,s he read 8 ,ovid's          
,metamorphoses at sev5 or eight1 :]e o!r
 =w>d boys _h ! native fairy tales2 & a 
wise tea*] l$ him lat] ?r\gh ,virgil &  
,t]5ce & ,plautus & ! ,italian poets 9 !
 same fre$om ( _s4 ,)al1 he nev] acquir$
 any facility 9 ,greek1#aeb &1 refus+ to
 play ! appr5tice :]e he 0 accu/om$ to  
be ma/]1#aec he decl9$ to con/rue 9 a   
difficult tongue2 read 8 ,plut>* 9      
,amyot2 & 8 ,plato1 d\btless1 9 ! ,lat9 
v]sion4 ,x all goes ) ! peculi>         
spontaneity ( 8 m9d1 8 reactions1 8     
/yle2 & x 0 9 virtue ( ?is undull$      
spontaneity t he 0 fitt$ to be =        
,%aksp]e1 z he has s9ce be5 = s _m o!r  
great writ]s1 an intellectual /imulus   
unique 9 k9d & 9 pot5cy4  ,?is fact (   

,montaigne's peculi> influ5ce on o!r    
spirits1 comp>atively consid]$1 may make
 x easi] = "s to conceive t 8 influ5ce  
on ,%aksp]e c\ld be s pot5t z has be5   
above ass]t$4 ,among ^? :om we "k him to
 h act$ ^u 9 ! highe/ degree--sett+     
aside ! disput$ case ( ,bacon--are      
,pascal1 ,montesquieu1 ,r\sseau1        
,flaub]t1 ,em]son1 & ,?oreau4 ,9 ! case 
( ,pascal1 despite 8 uneasy assumption t
 8 philosophy 0 contr>y to ,montaigne's1
 ! influ5ce w5t s f> t ! ,p5sees aga9 & 
aga9 set =? ,pascal's doctr9e 9 passages
 tak5 almo/ lit]ally f ! ,,essays4 ,/ung
 by ! lack ( all positive ,*ri/ian      
cr$5ce 9 ,montaigne1 ,pascal repres5ts  
him z putt+ all ?+s 9 d\bt2 :]eas x is j
 by fir/ putt+ all ?+s 9 d\bt t ,pascal 
ju/ifies 8 own cr$5ce4 ,! only diff]5ce 
is t :]e ,montaigne1 disp>ag+ ! p[]s (  
reason by ! use ( t v reason1 us$ 8 d\bt
 to def5d himself alike aga9/ ! a!i/s & 
! or?odox ,*ri/ians1 ,ca?olic or        
,prote/ant1 himself /&+ simply to !     
classic !ism ( antiquity1 ,pascal seeks 

to demoli% ! !i/s ) ! a!i/s1 fall+ back 
on ! ,*ri/ian fai? aft] d5y+ ! capacity 
( ! human reason to judge = itself4 ,!  
two proc$ures 7 ( c\rse alike fallaci\s2
 b ?\gh ,pascal1 ! m au/]e ?9k] ( ! two1
 readily saw ! invalidity ( ,montaigne's
 z a def5ce ( !ism1 he c\ld d no m =    
himself ?an repeat ! process1 disp>ag+  
reason 9 ! v language ( ! essayi/1 &    
sett+ up 9 8 turn 8 private pr$ilection 
9 ,montaigne's mann]4 ,9 sum1 8         
philosophy is j ,montaigne's1 turn$ to !
 ne$s ( a brok5 _s in/ead ( a confid5t  
"o--to ! purposes ( a *agr9$ & exhau/$  
conv]tite in/ead ( a !i/ ( ! /ately     
s*ool ( ,cic]o & ,s5eca & ,plut>*4 ,)\t 
,montaigne1 "o feels1 ! ,p5sees might   
nev] h be5 writt53 !y repres5t to-day1 =
 all vigilant read]s1 r ! pa9ful        
/ruggles ( a w\nd$ intellig5ce to fight 
d[n ! d\bts x has caught f contact ) o!r
 m5's ?\ght ?an any coh]5t or durable   
philosophic con/ruction4  ,x w\ld be    
little m difficult to %[ ! debt ( !     
,esprit des ,lois to ,montaigne's       

inspiration1 ev5 if we _h n             
,montesquieu's av[al t ,9 mo/ au?ors ,i 
see ! man :o writes3 9 ,montaigne1 ! man
 :o ?9ks4#aed ,t is precisely           
,montaigne's significance1 9 sociology z
 9 philosophy4 ,8 :ole activity is a    
seek+ = causes2 & 9 ! v act ( und]tak+  
to humble reason he proce$s to in/ruct &
 re-edify x by endless corrective       
comp>ison ( facts4 ,to be sure1 he      
dep>t$ s f> f 8 normal bonne foi z to   
affect to ?9k !re c\ld be no c]ta9ties  
:ile p>ad+ a hundr$ ( 8 own1 & ) ^! "s  
:i* 7 b pret5ces2 & 8 pet doctr9e (     
daimonic =tune is n o/5sibly fav\rable  
to social sci5ce2 b 9 ! concrete1 he is 
m ( a seek] aft] rational law ?an any   
humani/ ( 8 day4 ,9 discuss+ sumptu>y   
laws1 he anticipates ! economics ( !    
eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies1 z 9        
discuss+ ecclesia/ical law he           
anticipates ! age ( tol]ance2 9 discuss+
 crim9al law1 ! "w ( ,becc>ia2 9        
discuss+ a priori sci5ce1 ! prote/ (    
,bacon2 & 9 discuss+ education1 _m ( !  

ideas ( to-day4 ,& x w\ld be difficult  
to cite1 9 humani/ lit]ature be=e our   
own c5tury1 a m compreh5sive expression 
( ! idea ( natural law ?an ?is p>agraph 
( ! ,,apology3    ,if nature enclose )9 
! limits ( h] ord9>y   progress1 z all  
o!r ?+s1 s ! beliefs1 !   judgm5ts1 !   
op9ions ( m51 if !y h _!   revolutions1 
_! seasons1 _! bir?1 & _! dea?1   ev5 z 
cabbages2 if heav5 do? move1 agitate1 & 
roll   !m at 8 pleasure1 :at p[]ful &   
p]man5t au?ority   d we ascribe unto !m4
 ,if1 by uncontroll$ exp]i5ce1 we       
palpably t\* orig4 ,si p> exp]i5ce n\s  
t\*ons a la   ma91 i4e41 n\s ma9t5ons1  
n\s pret5dons3 an idiom   :i* ,florio   
has n und]/ood t ! =m ( our be+   dep5ds
 ( ! air1 ( ! climate1 & ( ! soil :]e9  
we are born1 & n only ! hair1 ! /ature1 
!   complexion1 & ! c\nt5ance1 b also ! 
s\l's   faculties 444 9 su* mann] t z   
fruits & bea/s d   spr+ up div]se &     
diff]5t1 s m5 are born1 ei!r   m or less
 w>-l1 m>tial1 j1 temp]ate1 & docile2   
"h subject to w9e1 !re to !ft & :or$om1 

"h   incl9$ to sup]/ition1 !re addict$  
to misbeliev+4444   ,if sometimes we see
 "o art to fl\ri%1 or a belief1 &       
sometimes ano!r1 by "s heav5ly influ5ce2
 444 m5's   spirits "o :ile fl\ri%+1    
ano!r :ile b>r51 ev5 z   fields are se5 
to be1 :at become ( all ^? goodly       
pr]ogatives :]e) we /ill flatt]         
ourselves8#aee  ,all ?is1 ( c\rse1 has a
 fur!r be>+ ?an ,montaigne gives x 9 !  
context1 & affects 8 own pr(ess$ !ology 
z x does ! op9ions he attacks2 b none ! 
less1 ! passage /rikes at ! dogmati/s & 
! pragmati/s ( all ! prec$+ s*ools1 &   
h>dily cle>s ! gr\nd = a new inductive  
sy/em4 ,& 9 ! la/ essay ( all he makes a
 campaign aga9/ bad laws1 :i* unsays _m 
( 8 previ\s say+s on ! bless$ness (     
cu/om4  ,9 trac+ 8 influ5ce else:]e1 x  
w\ld be h>d to po9t to an em95t ,fr5*   
prose-writ] :o has n be5 affect$ by him4
 ,sa9te-,beuve f9ds#aef t ,la ,bruy]e at
 bottom is close to ,montaigne1 9       
respect n only ( 8 /yle & 8 skilfully   
inconsequ5t me?od1 b ( 8 way ( judg+ m5 

& life2 & ! lit]>y h]$ity f ,montaigne  
to ,r\sseau is recognis$ by all :o h    
look$ into ! matt]4 ,! temp]am5ts are   
pr(\ndly diff]5t2 yet ! /yle (          
,montaigne _h evid5tly tak5 z deep a    
hold ( ! arti/ic consci\sness ( ,r\sseau
 z _h ! doctr9es ( ! lat] writ]s on :om 
he drew = 8 polemic4 ,b inde$ he f\nd 9 
! essay on ! ,cannibals ! v !me ( 8 fir/
 p>adox2 9 ,montaigne's emphatic        
d5unciations#aeg ( laws m crim9al ?an ! 
crimes !y dealt )1 he _h a deep]        
inspiration /ill2 9 ! essay on ! tra9+ (
 *ildr5 he _h 8 />t+-po9ts = !          
argum5tation ( ,emile2 & 9 ! :ole       
unaba%$ self-portraiture ( ! ,,essays he
 _h 8 great exempl> = ! ,confessions4   
,ev5 9 ! v diff]5t case ( ,voltaire1 we 
may g at lea/ z f> z ,villema9 & say t !
 essayi/ mu/ h help$ to %ape ! ?\ght ( !
 great free?9k]2 ^: ,philosophe         
,ignorant may inde$ be connect$ ) !     
,,apology )\t any ( ! hesitation ) :i*  
,villema9 sugge/s 8 g5]al p>allel4 ,9   
f9e1 ,montaigne has scatt]$ 8 poll5 ov] 

all ! lit]ature ( ,france4 ,! mo/       
typical ?\ght ( ,la ,ro*ef\cauld is ?r[n
 out#aeh 9 ! essay#aei ,de l'utile et de
 l'honne/e2 & ! mo/ mod]n-seem+ curr5ts 
( ?\ght1 z ,m4 ,/apf] rem>ks1 c be      
detect$ 9 ! passages ( ! all-discuss+   
,gascon4  ,among ,engli%-speak+ writ]s1 
to say no?+ ( ^? :o1 l ,/]ne & ,lamb1 h 
be5 l$ by 8 example to a simil> felicity
 ( fre$om 9 /yle1 we may cite ,em]son z 
"o ^: :ole "w is col\r$ by ,montaigne's 
influ5ce1 & ,?oreau z "o :o1 specially  
develop+ "o side ( ,em]son's gospel1 may
 be said to h f\nd x all :]e ,em]son    
f\nd x1 9 ! ,essay on ,solitude4#afj ,! 
:ole doctr9e ( intellectual             
self-pres]vation1 ! anci5t !sis flee f !
 press & dwell 9 soo?fa/ness1 is !re set
 =? 9 a s]ies ( r++ s5t5ces1 mo/ ( :i*1 
set 9 ,em]son or ,?oreau1 w\ld seem "p (
 _! text & ?\ght4 ,t ?is is no r&om     
attribution may be le>n$ f ! lecture on 
,montaigne3 ! ,sceptic1 :i* ,em]son has 
includ$ 9 8 ,,repres5tative ,,m54 ,i    
rememb]1 he says1 tell+ h[ 9 8 y\? he   

/umbl$ on ,cotton's translation1 ,i     
rememb] ! delight & wond] 9 :i* ,i liv$ 
) x4 ,x seem$ to me z if ,i _h myself   
writt5 ! book 9 "s =m] life1 s s9c]ely x
 spoke to my ?\ght & exp]i5ce4 ,t is j  
:at ,montaigne has done = a multitude ( 
o!rs1 9 virtue ( 8 prime quality (      
spontane\s self-expression4 ,z          
,sa9te-,beuve has x1 !re is a ,montaigne
 9 all ( u4 ,flaub]t1 we "k1 read him   
con/antly = /yle2 & no less con/antly   
f\nd himself 9 ! self-revelation &      
analysis ( ! essays4  ,aft] all ^!      
te/imonies to ,montaigne's sem9al       
virtue1 & aft] :at we h se5 ( ! special 
dep5d5ce ( ,%aksp]e's g5ius on culture &
 circum/ance1 /imulus & initiative1 =   
its evolution1 !re c no long] seem to an
 op5 m9d any?+ ( m]e p>adox 9 ! op9ion t
 ! essays are ! s\rce ( ! greate/       
expansive movem5t ( ! poet's m9d1 !     
movem5t :i* made him--already a ma/] ( !
 :ole range ( passional emotion1 ( !    
com$y ( mir? & ! com$y & trag$y ( sex--!
 great ma/] ( ! trag$y ( ! moral        

intellig5ce4 ,tak+ ! /ep f ,,julius     
,,caes> to ,,hamlet z correspond+ to ?is
 movem5t 9 8 m9d1 we may say t :]e !    
fir/ play exhibits ! concrete p]ception 
( ! fatality ( ?+s1 ! riddle ( ! pa9ful 
e>?2 9 ! second1 9 its f9al =m1 !       
p]ception has em]g$ 9 philosophic       
consci\sness z a pure reflection4 ,!    
poet has 9 ! int]im be5 reveal$ to      
himself2 :at he _h p]ceiv$ he n[        
conceives4 ,& ?is is ! secret ( ! :ole  
trans=mation :i* ! old play ( ,,hamlet  
has receiv$ at 8 h&s4 ,:]e he 0 =m]ly ! 
magical sympa!tic plate1 receiv+ &      
rectify+ & giv+ =? 9 inspir$ spee* e    
impression1 h[ev] di/ort$ by previ\s    
in/rum5ts1 t is br\ght )9 ! scope ( its 
action1 he is n[ 9 addition ! inw>d     
judge ( x all1 s mu* s t ! second>y     
activity t5ds to ov]%ad[ ! prim>y4 ,!   
old ,,hamlet1 x is cle>1 0 a trag$y (   
blood1 ( physical horror4 ,! lea/ t     
,%aksp]e1 at ?is age1 c\ld h done ) x1  
w\ld be to ov]lay & trans=m ! physical )
 moral p]ception2 & ?is has already be5 

9 "p done 9 ! ,fir/ ,qu>to =m4 ,! mad   
,hamlet & ! mad ,ophelia1 :o _h be5 at  
lea/ z mu* comic z tragic figures 9 !   
old] play1 are already purifi$ ( t ta9t 
( _! b>b>ic bir?1 save 9 s f> z ,hamlet 
/ill gibes at ,polonius & je/s )        
,ophelia 9 ! primitive fa%ion ( !       
pret5d$ madman seek+ 8 rev5ge4 ,b ! s5se
 ( ! futility ( ! :ole hea!n plan1 ( !  
vanity ( ! rev5ge to :i* ! ,*ri/ian gho/
 h\nds 8 son1 ( ! moral void left by !  
initial crime & its concomitants1 n to  
be fill$ by any hecatomb ( sla9         
wrongdo]s--! s5se ( all ?is1 :i* is !   
ess5ce ( ! trag$y1 ?\gh s few critics   
seem to see x1 cle>ly em]ges only 9 !   
f9i%$ play4 ,! dramati/ is become !     
*orus to 8 plot1 & ! impression x all   
makes on 8 newly active _s comes out 9  
soliloquy aft] soliloquy1 :i* hamp] z   
mu* z !y expla9 ! action4 ,9 ! old prose
 /ory1 ! a/ute b>b>ian takes a curi\sly 
circuit\s c\rse to 8 rev5ge1 b at la/   
atta9s x4 ,9 ! int]m$iate trag$y (      
blood1 ! circuit\s action _h be5        

pres]v$1 & )al ! rev5ge 0 atta9$ only 9 
! g5]al cata/rophe1 by t daimonic =tune 
on :i* ,montaigne s (t5 enl>ges4 ,=     
,%aksp]e1 !n1 ) 8 m9d newly at "w 9     
rev]ie & judgm5t1 :]e be=e x _h be5 b   
p]ceptive & reproductive1 ! !me 0 "o (  
human impot5ce1 failure ( w1 we>9ess (  
_s 9 pres5ce ( ov]-ma/]+ fate1 recoil f 
! immeasurable evil ( ! _w4 ,hamlet     
becomes ! m\?piece ( ! all-sympa!tic _s 
:i* has put itself 9 8 place1 z x _h    
done ) a hundr$ sugge/$ types be=e1 b ) 
a new inw>dness ( compreh5sion1 a       
self-consci\sness add$ to ! myriad-sid$ 
consci\sness ( ! pa/4 ,h5ce an          
involution r ?an an elucidation ( !     
play4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,%aksp]e1 9   
height5+ & deep5+ ! !me1 has obscur$ x1 
mak+ ! s*em+ b>b>ian into a mus+        
pessimi/1 :o yet wayw>dly plays !       
mock-madman z ( old1 & kills ! rat beh9d
 ! arras2 d\bts ! ,gho/ :ile act+ on 8  
message2 philosophises ) ,montaigne &   
yet delays 8 rev5ge 9 ! _s ( !          
,*ri/ianis$ savage1 :o fe>s to s5d !    

pray+ murd]] to heav54 ,!re is no       
solution ( ^! anomalies3 ! v /ate (     
,%aksp]e's consci\sness1 work+ 9 8      
subjective way on ! old mat]ial1 made   
inevitable a moral ana*ronism &         
contradiction1 analog\s 9 its k9d to !  
n>rative ana*ronisms ( 8 hi/orical      
plays4 ,b none ! less1 ?is trag$y1 !    
fir/ ( ! great gr\p :i* above all 8 o!r 
"w make him immortal1 rema9s p]petually 
fasc9at+1 by virtue ev5 ( t pale ca/ (  
?\ght :i* has sickli$ x o'er 9 ! s5se ( 
mak+ x too intellectual = dramatic unity
 & /rict dramatic success4 ,betwe5 ^!   
undramatic1 brood+ soliloquies :i* /& s 
alo( f ! action1 b dom9ate ! m9ds ( ^?  
:o read & m$itate ! text1 & ! old       
s5sational elem5ts ( murd]1 gho/1 f5c+ &
 kill+1 :i* hold ! int]e/ ( !           
cr[d--betwe5 ^! con/itu5ts1 ,,hamlet    
rema9s ! mo/ famili> ,%aksp]ean play4   
,?is v pre-em95ce & p]man5ce1 no d\bt1 w
 make _m /ud5ts /ill demur to ! notion t
 a det]m9+ factor 9 ! fram+ ( ! play 0 !
 poet's p]usal ( ,montaigne's essays4 ,&

 x w\ld be easy to ov]/ate t !sis 9 su* 
a way z to make x untrue4 ,inde$1 ,m4   
,*asles has1 to my ?9k+1 s ov]/at$ x4   
,_h ,i come to 8 ma9 proposition be=e   
realis+ ! infusion ( ,montaigne's ideas 
9 ,,hamlet1 ,i ?9k ,i %\ld h felt x to  
be z excessive 9 ! opposite direction z 
! proposition ( ,mr4 ,feis4 ,says ,m4   
,*asles3#afa--    ,?is date ( #afjc     
7publication ( ,florio's translation7 is
   in/ructive2 ! *ange 9 ,%aksp]e's /yle
 dates f ?is   v ye>4 ,be=e #afjc1      
imitation ( ,petr>*1 ( ,ario/o1   & (   
,sp5s] is evid5t 9 8 "w3 aft] #afjc1 ?is
   coquetti% copy+ ( ,italy has         
disappe>$2 no m   cross+ rhymes1 no m   
sonnets & concetti4 ,all is   re=m$ at  
once4 ,%aksp]e1 :o _h hi!rto /udi$ !    
anci5ts only 9 ! fa%ion ( ! f9e writ]s (
 mod]n   ,italy1 444 n[ s]i\sly /udies  
,plut>* & ,sallu/1 &   seeks ( !m ^?    
great tea*+s on human life ) :i*   !    
*apt]s ( ,mi*ael ,montaigne are fill$4  
,is x n   surpris+ to see ,julius ,caes>
 & ,coriolanus sudd5ly tak5   up by !   

man :o has j 7t\t a l'heure7 be5        
describ+   9 ?irty-six /anzas1 l ,m>9i1 
! doves ( ! c> (   ,v5us8 ,& does n "o  
see t he comes fre% f !   read+ (       
,montaigne1 :o nev] ceas$ to translate1 
comm5t1 & recomm5d ! anci5ts 4448 ,!    
dates (   ,%aksp]e's ,,coriolanus1      
,,cleopatra1 & ,,julius ,,caes> are     
inconte/able4 ,^! dramas foll[ on f     
#afjf to #afjh1   ) a rapidity :i*      
proves ! fecund heat ( an   imag9ation  
/ill mov$4  ,all ?is mu/ be revis$ 9 !  
light ( a m correct *ronology4          
,%aksp]e's ,,julius ,,caes> dates1 n f  
#afjd b f #afjj or #afja1 be+ ref]r$ to 
9 ,weev]'s ,,mirror ,,( ,,m>tyrs1       
publi%$ 9 #afja1 to say no?+ ( ! ref]5ce
 9 ! ?ird ,act ( ,,hamlet itself1 :]e   
,polonius speaks ( su* a play4 ,&1 ev5  
if x _h be5 writt5 9 #afjd1 x w\ld /ill 
be a /ra9+ ( ! evid5ce to ascribe its   
production1 ) t ( ,,coriolanus &        
,,antony ,,& ,,cleopatra1 to ! influ5ce 
( ,montaigne1 :5 e "o ( ^! !mes 0       
suffici5tly obtrud$ on ! ,elizabe?an    

!atre by ,nor?'s translation ( ,amyot's 
,,plut>*4 ,any "o :o w comp>e           
,,coriolanus ) ! translation 9 ,nor? w  
see t ,%aksp]e has foll[$ ! text d[n to 
! mo/ m9ute & sup]]ogatory details1 ev5 
to ! mak+ ( blund]s by putt+ !          
biograph]'s rem>ks 9 ! m\?s ( ! *>act]s4
 ,! comp>ison ?r[s a flood ( light on   
,%aksp]e's mode ( proc$ure2 b x tells u 
no?+ ( 8 p]usal ( ,montaigne4 ,r x      
sugge/s a return f ! me?od ( ! revis$   
,,hamlet1 ) its play ( rev]ie1 to ! m   
/rictly dramatic me?od ( ! *ronicle     
hi/ories1 ?\gh ) a new en]gy & concision
 ( pres5tm5t4 ,! real clue to           
,montaigne's influ5ce on ,%aksp]e beyond
 ,,hamlet1 z we h se51 lies n 9 ! ,roman
 plays1 b 9 ,,measure ,,= ,,measure4    
,!re is a misconception involv$1 aga91 9
 ,m4 ,*asles' picture ( an abrupt       
transition f ,%aksp]e's fanta/ic y\?ful 
me?od to t ( ,,hamlet & ! ,roman plays4 
,he ov]looks ! int]m$iate /ages         
repres5t$ by su* plays z ,,romeo ,,&    
,,juliet1 ,,h5ry ,,iv41 ,,k+ ,,john1 !  

,,m]*ant ,,( ,,v5ice1 & ,,z ,,y ,,l ,,x1
 all ( :i* exhibit a great advance on ! 
me?ods ( ,,love',s ,,lab\r ,,lo/1 ) its 
rhymes & sonnets & concetti4 ,! leap    
sugge/$ by ,m4 ,*asles is exorbitant2   
su* a headlong developm5t w\ld be       
un9telligible4 ,%aksp]e _h fir/ to come 
practically into t\* ) ! realities (    
life & "* be=e he c\ld receive f        
,montaigne ! full /imulus he actually   
did und]go4 ,pla/ic z he 01 he none !   
less und]w5t a normal evolution2 & 8    
e>ly concret5ess & v]balism & ext]nality
 _h to be gradually transmut$ into a m  
inw>d k ( life & art be=e !re c\ld be   
sup]impos$ on t ! mood ( ! ?9k]1        
reflectively aw>e ( ! totality ( :at he 
_h pass$ ?r\gh4  ,f9ally1 ! mo/         
rem>kable aspect ( ,%aksp]e's m9d is n t
 pres5t$ by ,,coriolanus & ,,antony ,,& 
,,cleopatra1 :i* ) all _! int5se        
vitality repres5t r 8 m>vell\s p[] (    
reproduc+ impressions ?an ! play ( 8 own
 criticism on ! g5]al problem ( life4 ,=
 ! full revelation ( ?is we mu/ look r 9

 ! great trag$ies1 notably 9 ,,le>1 &   
!reaft] 9 ! subsid+ movem5t ( ! lat]    
s]i\s plays4 ,!re x is t we le>n to give
 exactitude to our conception ( !       
influ5ce ex]t$ ^u him by ,montaigne1 &  
to see t1 ev5 z 9 ! cases ( ,pascal &   
,montesquieu1 ,r\sseau & ,em]son1 :at   
happ5$ 0 n a m]e transf]5ce or          
imposition ( op9ions1 b a liv+ /imulus1 
a g]m9ation ( fre% intellectual life1   
:i* develop$ "u new =ms4 ,x w\ld be     
/range if ! mo/ receptive & responsive (
 all ! intellig5ces :i* ,montaigne has  
t\*$ %\ld n h gone on diff]5tiat+ itself
 f 84     ,,vi4   ,:at !n is ! g5]al1 & 
:at ! f9al relation ( ,%aksp]e's ?\ght  
to t ( ,montaigne8 ,h[ f> did ! y\ng]   
man approve & assimilate ! ideas ( !    
eld]1 h[ f> did he reject !m1 h[ f>     
modify !m8 ,9 "s respects ?is is ! mo/  
difficult "p ( our inquiry1 7 x only    
because ,%aksp]e is fir/ly & la/ly a    
dramatic writ]4 ,b he is n only t3 he is
 at once ! mo/ subjective1 ! mo/        
sympa!tic1 & ! mo/ self-)old+ ( dramatic

 writ]s4 ,conceiv+ all situations1 all  
epo*s1 9 t]ms ( 8 own psy*ology1 he is  
yet ! fur!/ remov$ f all dogmatic design
 on ! op9ions ( 8 li/5]s2 & x is only   
aft] a mo/ vigilant process ( moral     
logic t we c ev] be ju/ifi$ 9 attribut+ 
to him ?is or t !sis ( any "o ( 8       
p]sonages1 ap>t f ! g5]al e?ical        
sympa?ies :i* mu/ be tak5 = grant$4 ,mu*
 facile propag&a has be5 made by !      
device ( cr$it+ him 9 p]son ) e religi\s
 utt]ance f\nd 9 8 plays--ev5 9 !       
portions :i* analytical criticism proves
 to h come f o!r h&s4 ,obvi\sly we mu/  
look to 8 g5]al h&l+ ( ! !mes ) :i* !   
curr5t religion deals1 9 ord] to surmise
 8 attitude to t religion4 ,& 9 ! same  
way we mu/ comp>e 8 g5]al h&l+ ( tragic 
& moral issues1 9 ord] to ga!r 8 g5]al  
attitude to ! doctr9e ( ,montaigne4  ,at
 ! v outset1 we mu/ make a clean sweep (
 ! /range proposition ( ,mr4 ,jacob     
,feis--t ,%aksp]e deeply dislik$ !      
philosophy ( ,montaigne1 & wrote        
,,hamlet to discr$it x4 ,x is h>d to    

realise h[ su* a hopeless misconception 
c ev] h aris5 9 ! m9d ( anyone capable (
 mak+ ! hi/oric rese>* on :i* ,mr4 ,feis
 seeks to f\nd 8 ass]tion4 ,if !re 7 no 
o!r argum5t aga9/ x1 ! b>e fact t !     
trag$y ( ,,hamlet exi/$ be=e ,%aksp]e1 &
 t he 01 z usual1 simply work+ ov] a    
play already on ! bo>ds1 %\ld s]ve to   
dismiss su* a wild hypo!sis4 ,& f e o!r 
po9t ( view1 ! notion is equally        
prepo/]\s4  ,no human be+ 9 ,%aksp]e's  
day c\ld h ga!r$ f ,,hamlet su* a       
criticism ( ,montaigne z ,mr4 ,feis     
reads into x by means ( viol5ces (      
int]pretation :i* might almo/ />tle ,mr4
 ,donnelly4 ,ev5 if !y blam$ ,hamlet =  
delay+ 8 rev5ge1 9 ! mann] ( ! ord9>y   
critical morali/1 !y c\ld n possibly    
reg>d t delay z a k9d ( vice aris+ f !  
absorption ( ,montaignesque op9ions4 ,9 
! v ye> ( ! appe>ance ( ,florio's folio1
 x 0 a trifle too soon to make !        
assumption t ,montaigne 0 demoralis+    
mank9d1 ev5 if we assume ,%aksp]e to h  
ev] be5 capable ( su* a judgm5t4 ,& t   

assumption is j z impossible z ! o!r4   
,accord+ to ,mr4 ,feis1 ,%aksp]e dete/$ 
su* a cre$ & su* conduct z ,hamlet's1 & 
made him die by poison 9 ord] to %[ 8   
abhorr5ce ( !m--?is1 :5 we "k ,hamlet to
 h di$ by ! poison$ foil 9 ! e>li] play4
 ,on t view1 ,cordelia di$ by hang+ 9   
ord] to %[ ,%aksp]e's conviction t %e 0 
a malefactor2 & ,desdemona by /ifl+ z a 
fitt+ puni%m5t = adult]y4 ,! idea is    
outside ( s]i\s discussion4 ,b>ely to   
assume t ,%aksp]e held ,hamlet = a      
pitiable weakl+ is a suffici5tly %all[  
int]pretation ( ! play2 b to assume t he
 made him die by way ( condign puni%m5t 
= 8 op9ions is m]ely ridicul\s4 ,once = 
all1 !re is absolutely no?+ 9 ,hamlet's 
cre$ or conduct :i* ,%aksp]e 0 9 a      
position to reg>d z op5 to 8            
d5unciation4 ,! "o intelligible idea :i*
 ,mr4 ,feis c sugge/ z connect+         
,hamlet's conduct ) ,montaigne's        
philosophy is t ,montaigne 0 a quiete/1 
prea*+ & practis+ )drawal f public      
broils4 ,b ,%aksp]e's own practice 0 on 

all f\rs ) ?is4 ,he s$ul\sly held alo( f
 all m$dl+ 9 public affairs2 & z soon z 
he _h ga9$ a compet5ce he retir$1 at !  
age ( =ty-sev51 to ,/rat=d-on-,avon4    
,mr4 ,feis's argum5t br+s u to ! v      
crude/ =m ( ! good old ,*ri/ian v]dict t
 if ,hamlet _h be5 a good & resolute man
 he w\ld h kill$ 8 uncle out ( h&1 :e!r 
at pray]s or any:]e else1 & w\ld !n h   
m>ri$ ,ophelia1 put 8 "m 9 a nunn]y1 &  
liv$ happily ev] aft]4#afb ,& to t      
edify+ assumption1 ,mr4 ,feis adds !    
fantasy t ,%aksp]e dread$ ! influ5ce (  
,montaigne z a det]r5t f ! retributive  
slaught] ( guilty uncles by wrong$      
nephews4  ,9 ! h&s ( ,h]r ,/$efeld1 :o 9
 #ahga anticipat$ ,mr4 ,feis's view (   
,,hamlet z a s]mon aga9/ ,montaigne1 !  
!sis is n a :it m plausible4 ,h]r       
,/$efeld entitles 8 book#afc3 ,hamlet3 a
 ,drama-)-a-purpose 7,,t5d5zdrama7      
oppos+ ! sceptical & cosmopolitan view (
 ?+s tak5 by ,mi*ael de ,montaigne2 & 8 
g5]al position is t ,%aksp]e wrote !    
play z ! apo!osis ( a practical         

,*ri/ianity1 by way ( %[+ h[ any "o l   
,hamlet1 lack+ 9 ,*ri/ian piety1 &      
devoid ( fai?1 love1 & hope1 mu/ ne$s   
come to a bad end1 ev5 9 a good cause4  
,we are n entitl$ to *>ge ,h]r          
,/$efeld's !sis to ! acc\nt ( religi\s  
bias1 see+ t ,mr4 ,feis 9 8 turn writes 
f ! /&po9t ( a k9d ( ,prote/ant         
free?9k]1 :o sees 9 ,%aksp]e a *ampion (
 free inquiry aga9/ ! ,ca?olic con=mi/  
policy ( ,montaigne2 :ile /rictly       
or?odox ,*ri/ians h f\nd 9 ,hamlet's    
v>i\s allusions to deity1 & 9 8 z = me1 
,i w g pray1 a pro( alike ( 8 & (       
,%aksp]e's /eadfa/ piety4 ,aga9/ all su*
 sup]ficialities ( exegesis alike our   
safegu>d mu/ be a broad common-s5se     
induction4  ,we are entitl$ to say at ! 
outset1 !n1 only ?is1 t ,%aksp]e at ! "t
 ( work+ ov] ,,hamlet & ,,measure ,,=   
,,measure 9 #afjc-afjd _h 9 8 m9d a     
great deal ( ! reason+ 9 ,montaigne's   
,essays2 & t a numb] ( ! spee*es 9 ! two
 plays reproduce portions ( :at he _h   
read4 ,we are n entitl$ to assume t ^!  

portions are select$ z be+ 9 agreem5t ) 
,%aksp]e's own views3 we are "h limit$  
to say+ t he put c]ta9 ( ,montaigne's   
ideas or /atem5ts 9 ! m\?s ( 8 *>act]s  
:]e !y w\ld be appropriate4 ,x does n   
foll[ t he %>$ ! feel+s ( ,claudio z to 
! possible life ( ! s\l aft] dea?4 ,& :5
 ,hamlet says to ,horatio1 on !         
/rang5ess ( ! sc5e ) ! ,gho/3   ,& !re=e
 z a /rang] give x welcome6   ,!re are m
 ?+s 9 heav5 & e>?1 ,horatio1   ,?an are
 dreamt ( 9 our philosophy--  ?\gh ?is  
may be said to be a summ>y ( ! :ole     
drift ( ,montaigne's essay1#afd ,,t ,,x 
,,is ,,folly ,,to ,,ref] ,,tru? ,,or    
,,falsehood ,,to ,,our ,,suffici5cy2 &  
?\gh we are entitl$ to believe t        
,%aksp]e _h t essay or its !sis 9 8 m9d1
 !re is no reason to suppose t ! l9es   
express ,%aksp]e's own belief 9 gho/s4  
,montaigne _h indicat$ 8 d\bts on t head
 ev5 9 prote/+ aga9/ sundry d5ials (    
/range allegations3 & x is dramatically 
fitt+ t ,hamlet 9 ! circum/ances %\ld   
say :at he does4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 !     

,duke 9 ,,measure ,,= ,,measure1 play+ !
 "p ( a fri> prep>+ a crim9al = dea?1   
gives ,claudio a consolation :i* does n 
conta9 a ^w ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 n a     
syllable ( sacrificial salvation &      
sacram5tal =giv5ess1 we are entitl$ to  
inf] f su* a s+ul> negative ph5om5on1 if
 n t ,%aksp]e reject$ ! ,*ri/ian !ory ( 
?+s1 at lea/ t x =m$ no "p ( 8 habitual 
?9k+4 ,x 0 ! special bus9ess ( ! ,duke1 
play+ 9 su* a "*1 to speak to ,claudio (
 s9 & salvation1 ( =giv5ess &           
absolution4 ,su* a s+ul> omission mu/ at
 lea/ imply disreg>d on ! "p ( !        
dramati/4 ,x is true t ,isabella1 plead+
 to ,angelo 9 ! second ,act1 speaks z a 
believ+ ,*ri/ian on ! po9t ( =giv5ess = 
s9s2 & ! v]sification "h is q           
,%aksp]ean4 ,b a solution ( ! anomaly is
 to be f\nd "h z else:]e 9 ! fact t     
,%aksp]e 0 work+ ov] an exi/+ play2#afe 
& t 9 ord9>y c\rse he w\ld1 if ne$ 71   
put ! religi\s plead+ ( ,isabella into 8
 own magi/ral v]se j z he w\ld t\* up ! 
soliloquy ( ,hamlet on ! "q ( kill+ 8   

uncle at pray]s--a soliloquy :i* we "k  
to h exi/$ 9 ! e>li] =ms ( ! play4 ,!   
writ] :o fir/ made ,isabella plead      
religi\sly ) ,angelo w\ld h made ! ,duke
 c\nsel ,claudio religi\sly4 ,! ,duke's 
spee*1 !n1 is to be reg>d$ z ,%aksp]e's 
special ins]tion2 & x is to be tak5 z   
negatively exhibit+ 8 op9ions4  ,9 !    
same way1 ! express )drawal ( ! religi\s
 note at ! close ( ,,hamlet--:]e 9 !    
,second ,qu>to we h ,%aksp]e mak+ ! dy+ 
pr9ce say ! re/ is sil5ce in/ead ( heav5
 receive my s\l1 z 9 ! ,fir/ ,qu>to--may
 reasonably be tak5 to express ! same   
agno/icism on ! subject ( a future life 
z is impli$ 9 ! ,duke's spee* to        
,claudio4 ,x _c reasonably be tak5 to   
sugge/ a purpose ( hold+ ,hamlet up to  
blame z an unbeliev]1 because ,hamlet is
 made repeat$ly to express himself1 9   
talk & 9 soliloquy1 z a believ] 9 deity1
 9 pray]1 9 hell1 & 9 heav54 ,^! spee*es
 are mo/ly reproductions ( ! old play1 !
 new matt] be+ 9 ! nature ( ! pagan     
allusion to ! div9ity t %apes our ends4 

,:at is def9itely ,%aksp]ean is j !     
agno/ic conclusion4  ,did ,%aksp]e1 !n1 
d]ive ?is agno/icism f ,montaigne8 ,:at 
7 really ,montaigne's religi\s &        
philosophic op9ions8 ,we mu/ consid] ?is
 po9t also ) m circumspection ?an has   
be5 %[n by mo/ ( ,montaigne's critics4  
,! habit ( call+ him sceptic1 a habit   
initiat$ by ! ,ca?olic prie/s :o d5\nc$ 
8 hea!ni% use ( ! t]m ,=tune1 & /r5g!n$ 
by v>i\s writ]s f ,pascal to ,em]son1 is
 a h9drance to an exact notion ( !      
facts1 inasmu* z ! ^w sceptic has pass$ 
?r\gh two phases ( significance1 & may  
/ill h ei!r4 ,9 ! orig9al s5se ( ! t]m1 
,montaigne is a good deal ( a sceptic1  
because ! ma9 purport ( ! ,,apology ,,( 
,,raymond ,,sebonde appe>s to be !      
discr$it+ ( human reason all r\nd1 & !  
consequ5t %ak+ ( all c]ta9ty4 ,& ?is    
me?od /rikes n only indirectly b        
directly at ! curr5t religi\s beliefs2 =
 ,montaigne indicates a lack ( belief 9 
immortality1#aff besides repeat$ly      
ignor+ ! common fai? :]e he w\ld        

naturally be expect$ to endorse x1 z 9 !
 n9ete5? & =tie? essays h]e9be=e cit$1 &
 9 8 discussion ( ! ,apology (          
,socrates4 ,z is compla9$ by ,dean      
,*ur*3#afg ,8 views1 bo? ( life & dea?1 
are absolutely & entirely unaffect$ by !
 fact ( 8 pr(ession to believe !        
,gospel4 ,t pr(ession1 inde$1 p>takes r 
obvi\sly ( ! nature ( 8 o!r =mal        
salutes#afh to ! ,*ur*1 :i* are su* z   
,desc>tes felt x prud5t to make 9 a lat]
 g5]ation4 ,8 pr(ession ( fidelity to   
,ca?olicism1 aga91 is r 8 way ( %[+ t he
 saw no sup]iority ( reasonabl5ess 9    
,prote/antism1 ?an ! expression ( any   
real con=mity to ,ca?olic ideals2 = he  
indicates alike 8 av]sion to            
h]etic-hunt+ & 8 s5se ( ! folly ( insi/+
 on ! :ole body ( dogma4 ,:5 fanatical  
,prote/ants1 uncritical ( _! own cre$1  
affect$ to d\bt ! s9c]ity ( any man :o  
held by ,ca?olicism1 he 0 naturally     
piqu$4 ,b he 0 m deeply piqu$1 z        
,naigeon has sugge/$1 :5 ! few b ke5    
free?9k]s ( ! "t treat$ ! ,,!ologia     

,,naturalis ( ,sebonde1 :i* ,montaigne  
_h translat$ at 8 fa!r's wi%1 z a feeble
 & inconclusive piece ( argum5tation2 & 
x 0 prim>ily to retaliate on su*        
critics--:o on _! "p no d\bt exhibit$ "s
 ill-f\nd$ convictions :ile attack+     
o!rs--t he p5n$ ! ,,apology1 :i* assails
 a!ism 9 ! famili> sophi/ical fa%ion1 b 
) a mo/ unfamili> en]gy & spl5d\r (     
/yle1 z a manife/ation ( ! fooli% pride 
( a frail & p]petually err+ reason4 ,=  
himself1 he 01 z we h said1 a classic   
!i/1 ( ! s*ool ( ,cic]o & ,s5eca2 & z   
reg>ds t side ( 8 own ?\ght he is n at  
all sceptical1 save 9 s f> z he nom9ally
 prote/$ aga9/ all attempts to br+ deity
 d[n to human conceptions1 :ile himself 
do+ t v ?+1 z e !i/ ne$s mu/4  ,%aksp]e1
 !n1 c\ld f9d 9 ,montaigne ! traditional
 deism ( ! pagan & ,*ri/ian _w1 )\t any 
col\r ( specifically ,*ri/ian fai?1 & ) 
a direct lead to unbelief 9 a future    
/ate4 ,b1 :e!r we suppose ,%aksp]e to h 
be5 already l$1 z he might be by !      
initiative ( 8 colleague ,m>l[e1 an av[$

 a!i/1 to agno/ic views on immortality1 
or :e!r we suppose him to h _h 8 fir/   
s]i\s lead to su* ?\ght f ,montaigne1 we
 f9d him to all appe>ance c>ry+ fur!r ! 
initial impetus1 & proce$+ f ! s]5e     
semi-,/oicism ( ! essayi/ to a deep] &  
/]n] conception ( ?+s4 ,x lay1 inde$1 9 
! nature ( ,%aksp]e's psy*osis1 s       
abnormally alive to all impressions1 t  
:5 he fully fac$ ! d>k] sides ( univ]sal
 drama1 ) 8 reflective p[]s at "w1 he   
mu/ utt] a pessimism comm5surate ) !    
!me4 ,?is is "p1 if n ! :ole1 ( ! answ] 
to ! "q ,:y did ,%aksp]e write          
trag$ies8#afi ,! :ole answ] c h>dly be  
ei!r ,mr4 ,sp$d+'s1 t ! poet wrote 8    
d>ke/ trag$ies 9 a /ate ( philosophic   
s]5ity1#agj or ,dr4 ,furnivall's1 t he  
describ$ hell because he _h felt        
hell4#aga ,b :5 we f9d ,%aksp]e writ+ a 
s]ies ( trag$ies1 includ+ an extremely  
sombre com$y 7,,measure ,,= ,,measure71 
aft] hav+ produc$ ma9ly com$ies &       
hi/ory-plays1 we mu/ conclude t ! *ange 
0 made ( 8 own *oice1 & t :]eas =m]ly 8 

!atre took its com$ies mo/ly f him1 &   
its trag$ies mo/ly f o!rs1 x n[ took its
 com$ies mo/ly f o!rs & its trag$ies f  
him4 ,fur!r1 we mu/ assume t ! gloomy   
ca/ ( ?\ght s p]vad+ly giv5 to ! new    
trag$ies is p>tly a reflex ( 8 own      
exp]i5ce1 b also 9 l>ge "p an expression
 ( ! philosophy to :i* he _h be5 l$ by 8
 read+1 z well z by 8 life4 ,= we mu/   
f9ally av[ t ! p]vad+ ?\ght 9 ! trag$ies
 outgoes ! simple arti/ic ne$s ( ! case4
 ,9 ,,o!llo we h inde$ a v /rictly      
dramatic array ( ! =ces (               
wrong--weakness1 bl9d passion1 &        
pitiless egoism2 b !re is already a full
 sugge/ion ( ! ov]:elm+ en]gy ( ! elem5t
 ( evil2 & 9 ,,le> ! conception is work$
 out ) a desp]ate insi/5ce :i* c>ries u 
f> inde$ f ! sunny cynicism & prud5t    
scepticism ( ,montaigne4 ,n[h]e 9 !     
essays d we f9d su* a note ( gloom z is 
/ruck 9 ! l9es3   ,z flies to wanton    
boys are we to ! ,gods3   ,!y kill u =  
_! sport4  ,& s9ce !re is no pret5ce (  
balanc+ t mordant say+ ) any decor\s    

platitude ( ,*ri/ian ,deism1 we are l$  
f9ally to ! admission t ,%aksp]e s\nd$ a
 fur!r dep? ( philosophy ?an            
,montaigne's unembitt]$ cosmopolitan    
view ( ?+s4 ,in/ead ( react+ aga9/      
,montaigne's scepticism1 z ,h]r ,/$efeld
 supposes1 he produc$ yet o!r trag$ies 9
 :i* ! wrongdo]s & ! wrong$ alike       
exhibit less & n m ( ,*ri/ian fai? ?an  
,hamlet1#agb & 9 :i* !re is no h9t ( any
 su* fai? on ! "p ( ! dramati/1 b1 on ! 
contr>y1 a sombre p]si/5ce 9 ! pres5tm5t
 ( unreliev$ evil4 ,! utt]ly wick$ ,iago
 has z mu* ( religion 9 8 talk z anyone 
else 9 ,,o!llo1 us+ ! phrases ,*ri/ian &
 hea!n1 ,god bless ! m>k1 ,heav5 is my  
judge1 ,y are "o ( ^? t w n s]ve ,god1  
if ! devil bid y1 ! little godl9ess ,i  
h1 ,god's w1 & s =?2 ! utt]ly wick$     
,edmund 9 ,,le>1 z we h se51 is made to 
e*o ,montaigne's sceptical passage on ! 
subject ( /ell> influ5ces1 spok5 ) a    
moral purpose1 r ?an ! q contr>y        
utt]ance 9 ! ,,apology1 9 :i* ! essayi/1
 !i/ically b5t on abas+ human           

pret5sions1 gives to 8 scepticism !     
col\r ( a belief 9 ^? v influ5ces4#agc  
,!re is "h1 cle>ly1 no pro-religi\s     
!sis4 ,! :ole drift ( ! play %[s t      
,%aksp]e %>es ! disbelief 9 /ell>       
control1 ?\gh he puts ! expression ( !  
disbelief 9 ! m\? ( a villa92 ?\gh he   
makes ! hone/ ,k5t1 on ! o!r h&1 decl>e 
t x is ! />s 444 t gov]n our            
conditions2#agd & ?\gh he _h previ\sly  
made ,romeo speak ( ! yoke ( inauspici\s
 />s1 & ! ,duke describe mank9d z s]vile
 to all ! skiey influ5ces1 & 0 lat] to  
make ,prosp]o1 9 ! ,,tempe/#age express 
8 belief 9 a mo/ auspici\s />4 ,9 ! case
 ( ,montaigne1 :o goes on yet aga9 to   
contradict himself 9 ! ,,apology itself1
 satiris+ afre% ! habit ( associat+     
deity ) all human conc]ns1 we are driv5 
to surmise an actual v>iation (         
op9ion--! vivaci\s intellig5ce spr++ ?is
 way or t accord+ z x is react+ aga9/ ! 
a!i/s or aga9/ ! dogmati/s4 ,montaigne1 
( c\rse1 is n a coh]5t philosoph]2 ! way
 to sy/ematic philosophic tru? is a pa? 

too /eep to be climb$ by su* an         
undiscipl9$ _s z 81 sworn enemy to      
obligation1 to assiduity1 to            
con/ancy2#agf & ! net result ( 8        
,apology = ,raimond ,sebonde is to upset
 ! sy/em ( t sob] !ologian z well z all 
o!rs4 ,:e!r ,%aksp]e1 on ! o!r h&1 c\ld 
or did detect all ! inconsi/5cies (     
,montaigne's reason+1 is a po9t on :i*  
we are n entitl$ to m ?an a surmise2 b  
we d f9d t on c]ta9 issues on :i*       
,montaigne dogmatises v mu* z did 8     
pr$ecessors1 ,%aksp]e applies a m       
p5etrat+ logic1 & explicitly rev]ses !  
essayi/'s v]dicts4 ,montaigne1 =        
in/ance1 c>ri$ away by 8 ma/] doctr9e t 
we %\ld live accord+ to nature1 is giv5 
to talk+ ( art & nature 9 ! ord9>y      
mann]1 c>ry+ ! primitive commonplace    
inde$ to ! l5g? ( a p>adox4 ,?us 9 !    
essay on ! ,cannibals1#agg speak+ (     
savages1 he prote/s t    ,!y are ev5    
savage1 z we call ^? fruits wild :i*    
nature ( h]self & ( h] ord9>y progress  
ha?   produc$1 :]eas inde$ !y are ^? :i*

 ourselves h   alt]$ by our artificial  
devices1 & div]t$ f _!   common ord]1 we
 %\ld r call savage4 ,9 ^? are !   true 
& m pr(itable virtues & natural         
prop]ties mo/   lively & vigor\s2#agh   
decid+ ) ,plato t    all ?+s are produc$
 ei!r by nature1 by =tune1 or by   art2 
! greate/ & faire/ by "o or o!r ( ! two 
fir/2 ! lea/ & imp]fect by ?is la/4  ,& 
9 ! ,,apology1#agi aft] cit+ "s z argu+ 
t    ,nature by a mat]nal g5tl5ess      
accompanies & guides !   l[] animals1 z 
if by ! h&1 to all ! actions &          
commodities ( _! life1 :ile1 z = u1 %e  
ab&ons   u to haz>d & =tune1 & to seek  
by art ! ?+s   necess>y to our          
cons]vation1  ?\gh he proce$s to insi/  
on ! contr>y t nature has univ]sally    
embrac$ all h] creatures1 man z well z !
 re/1 & to argue t man is z mu* a       
creature ( nature z ! re/--s9ce ev5     
spee*1 if n natural1 is necess>y--he    
nev] seems to come )9 sight ( ! solution
 t art1 on 8 own %[+1 is j nature 9 a   
new phase4 ,b to t po9t ,%aksp]e proce$s

 at a /ride 9 ! ,,w9t]',s ,,tale1 "o ( !
 late/ plays 78 #afaa71 writt5 ab\t ! "t
 :5 we "k him to h be5 read+ or re-read+
 ! essay on ! ,cannibals4 ,:5 ,p]dita   
refuses to plant gillyfl[]s 9 h] g>d51  
,= ,i h he>d x said   ,!re is an art :i*
 9 _! pi$ness %>es   ,) great creat+    
nature1  ! old k+ answ]s3               
,say !re be3   ,yet nature is made bett]
 by no mean1   ,b nature makes t mean2 s
 o'er t art   ,:i* y say adds to nature1
 is an art   ,t nature makes4 ,y see1   
sweet maid1 we m>ry   ,a g5tle scion to 
! wilde/ /ock   ,& make conceive a b>k (
 bas] k9d   ,by bud ( nobl] race3 ,?is  
is an art   ,:i* does m5d nature--*ange 
x r2 b   ,! art itself is nature4#ahj   
,x is an analysis1 a criticism1 a       
philosophic demon/ration2 & ! subtle    
poet smil+ly lets u see imm$iately t he 
_h tri$ ! argum5t on ! fanatics (       
nature1 fair or o!r1 & knew !m imp]vi\s 
to x4 ,i'll n put1 says ,puritan        
,p]dita1 aft] demurely grant+ t s x is--
                            ,i'll n put 

,! dibble 9 e>? to set "o slip ( !m4  ,!
 m9d :i* c\ld ?us easily pi]ce bel[ !   
invet]ate fallacy ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s (    
conv5tional spee* may well be presum$   
capable ( r\nd+ ,montaigne's philosophy 
:]ev] x collapses1 & ( sett+ x aside    
:]ev] x is arbitr>y4 ,c]ta9 x is t we c 
nev] convict ,%aksp]e ( bad reason+ 9   
p]son2 & 9 8 lat] plays we nev] seem to 
t\* bottom 9 8 ?\ght4 ,! poet ( ,,v5us  
,,& ,,adonis seems to h deep5$ beyond ! 
plummet-rea* ev5 ( ! deep-/rik+         
intellig5ce t fir/ /irr$ him to         
philosophise4  ,& yet1 suppos+ ?is to be
 s1 !re is none ! less a la/+ community 
( ?\ght betwe5 ! two spirits1 a la/+    
debt f ! y\ng] to ! eld]4 ,inde$1 we _c 
say t at all po9ts ,%aksp]e outw5t 8    
guide4 ,x is a curi\s reflection t !y _h
 probably "o foible 9 common2 = we "k   
,montaigne's little weakness ( desir+ 8 
family to be ?\ght anci5t1 ( suppress+ !
 fact ( its rec5t e/abli%m5t by comm]ce2
 & we h evid5ce :i* seems to %[ t       
,%aksp]e s\ght zeal\sly1#aha despite    

rebuffs1 ! =mal con/itution ( a         
coat-(-arms = 8 family4 ,on ! o!r h&1   
!re is no?+ 9 ,%aksp]e's "w--! nature ( 
! case inde$ =bade x--to comp>e 9       
democratic outspok5ness ) ,montaigne's  
essay#ahb ,,( ,,! ,,inequality ,,among  
,,u4 ,! ,fr5*man's h>dy say+#ahc t !    
s\ls ( emp]ors & cobbl]s are all ca/ 9  
"o same m\ld c\ld n well be e*o$ 9      
,elizabe?an drama2 & inde$ we _c well be
 sure t ,%aksp]e w\ld h endors$ x1 ) 8  
fix$ habit ( tak+ k+s & pr9ces & g5]als 
& ri* ones = 8 p]sonages4 ,b !n1 on !   
o!r h&1 we _c be sure t ?is 0 any?+ m   
?an a "p ( 8 delib]ate life's "w (      
produc+ = ! ,engli% multitude :at t     
multitude c>$ to see1 & cat*+ ,london ) 
t bait ( royalty :i* commonly attract$  
x4 ,x rema9s a f9e "q :e!r 8 extravagant
 idealisation & ju/ification ( ,h5ry    
,v4--:i*1 ?\gh x gives s little pause to
 "s ( our ,engli% critics1 entitl$ ,m4  
,guizot to call him a m]e ,john ,bull 9 
8 ideas ( int]national politics--x      
rema9s disputable :e!r ?is 0 exactly an 

expression ( 8 own ?\ght4 ,x is notable 
t he nev] aga9 /rikes ! note ( blatant  
patriotism4 ,& ! poets ( t "t1 fur!r1   
seem to h _h _! tongues v mu* 9 _! *eeks
 ) reg>d to _! ,virg9 ,que52 s t we _c  
be sure t ,%aksp]e1 pay+ h] 8 fanciful  
complim5t1#ahd 0 any m s9c]e ab\t x ?an 
,b5 ,jonson1 :o w\ld d z mu* :ile       
privately accept+ ! grosse/ sc&al       
conc]n+ h]4#ahe ,x is c]ta9ly a         
rem>kable fact t ,%aksp]e ab/a9$ f jo9+ 
9 ! poetic out-cry ov] h] dea?1 incurr+ 
repro( by 8 sil5ce4#ahf  ,h[ev] all t   
may h be51 we f9d ,%aksp]e1 aft] 8 p]iod
 ( pessimism1 view+ life 9 a _s :i* c\ld
 be express$ 9 t]ms ( ,montaigne's      
philosophy4 ,he c]ta9ly %ap$ 8 latt]    
ye>s 9 accordance ) ! essayi/'s ideal4  
,we c conceive ( no o!r man 9 ,%aksp]e's
 !atrical gr\p delib]ately turn+ 8 back1
 z he did1 on ! _m-col\r$ ,london life  
:5 he _h means to enjoy x at leisure1 & 
seek+ to possess 8 own s\l 9            
,/rat=d-on-,avon1 9 ! circle ( a family 
:i* _h already liv$ s long )\t him4 ,b t

 retirem5t1 r\nd+ ) peace ! c>e] (      
manifold & int5se exp]i5ce1 is a ma9    
fact 9 ,%aksp]e's life1 & "o ( our ma9  
clues to 8 inn]mo/ "*4 ,em]son1 nev] q  
deliv]$ f ,puritan prepossessions1 av[$ 
8 p]plexity ov] ! fact t ?is man ( m51  
he :o gave to ! sci5ce ( m9d a new &    
l>g] subject ?an _h ev] exi/$1 & plant$ 
! /&>d ( humanity "s furlongs =w>d into 
,*aos--t he %\ld n be wise = himself3 x 
mu/ ev5 g into ! _w's hi/ory t ! be/    
poet l$ an obscure 767 & pr(ane life1   
us+ 8 g5ius = ! public amusem5t4 ,if ?is
 7 fundam5tally s /range a ?+1 "o might 
h suppos$ t ! transc5d5tali/ w\ld !re=e 
z a /rang] give x welcome4 ,approa*+ x  
on ano!r plane1 "o f9ds no?+ specially  
p]plex+ 9 ! matt]4 ,%aksp]e's p]sonality
 0 an uncommon comb9ation2 b 0 n t :at  
%\ld h be5 look$ =8 ,& :]e1 aft] all1 is
 ! evid5ce t he 0 n wise = himself8#ahg 
,did he n make 8 =tune :]e mo/ ( 8      
rivals fail$8 ,if he 0 obscure1 h[      
o!rwise c\ld he h be5 less s8 ,h[ c\ld !
 bankrupt tradesman's son o!rwise rise  

to fame8 ,%\ld he h s\ght1 at all co/s1 
to become a lawy]1 & rise p]*ance to !  
seat ( ,bacon1 & ! opportunity ( ek+ out
 8 /ip5d by bribes8 ,if x be conc$$ t he
 mu/ ne$s try lit]ature1 & su* lit]ature
 z a man c\ld live by2 & if x be fur!r  
conc$$ t 8 plays1 be+ s m>vell\s 9 _!   
cont5t1 7 well wor? ! writ+1 :]e ent]s !
 pr(anity ( hav+ writt5 !m1 or ( hav+   
act$ 9 !m1 = ! public amusem5t8 ,ev5    
wise m5 seem to run special risks :5 !y 
disc\rse on ,%aksp]e3 ,em]son's essay   
has its own anomaly4  ,x is inde$ fair  
to say t ,%aksp]e mu/ h drunk a bitt]   
cup 9 8 life z an actor4 ,x is true t t 
call+ is apt to be m humiliat+ ?an ano!r
 to a man's self-respect1 if 8 judgm5t  
rema9 sane & s5sitive4 ,we h !          
expression ( x all 9 ! ,sonnets3#ahh    
,alas6 'tis true1 ,i h gone "h & !re1   
,& made myself a motley to ! view1      
,gor$ m9e own ?\ghts1 sold *eap :at is  
mo/ de>1  ,made old (f5ces ( affections 
new4  ,x is impossible to put into few] 
& full] words ! /ory1 _m a ye> long1 (  

sordid compulsion laid on an arti/ic    
nature to turn its own inn] life into   
matt] = ! /age4 ,b he :o c read ,%aksp]e
 might be expect$ to div9e t x ne$$1    
among o!r ?+s1 ev5 "s su* discipl9e z t 
to give 8 _s its /range univ]sality (   
outlook4 ,& he :o c\ld e/eem bo?        
,%aksp]e & ,montaigne might h be5       
expect$ to note h[ !y drew toge!r at t v
 po9t ( ! f9al retirem5t1 ! dramatic    
cat]] f9ally w9n+1 out ( 8 e>n+s1 !     
peace & self-possession t ! essayi/ _h  
inh]it$ )\t toil4 ,he mu/1 "o ?9ks1 h   
repeat$ to himself ,montaigne's v       
words#ahi3 ,my design is to pass        
quietly1 & n labori\sly1 :at rema9s to  
me ( life2 !re is no?+ = :i* ,i am m9d$ 
to make a /ra93 n k1 ( :atev] great     
price x be4 ,& :5 he at l5g? took       
himself away to ! quiet village ( 8     
bir?1 x c\ld h>dly be t he _h n 9 m9d ^?
 words ( ! essay#aij on ,,solitude3     
,we %\ld res]ve a /oreh\se = ourselves  
444 altoge!r   ours1 & :olly free1 :]e9 
we may ho>d up & e/abli%   our true     

lib]ty1 ! pr9cipal retreat & solit>9ess1
   :]e9 we mu/ g alone to ourselves4444 
,we h liv$ long   en\gh = o!rs1 live we 
! rema9d] ( all life unto               
ourselves4444 ,%ake we (f ^! viol5t     
hold-fa/s :i*   else:]e engage u1 &     
e/range u f ourselves4 ,!   greate/ ?+ (
 ! _w is = a man to "k h[ to be   8 own4
 ,x is high "t to %ake (f society1 s9ce 
we c   br+ no?+ to x4444  ,a k9dr$ note 
is actually /ruck 9 ! #adf? ,sonnet1#aia
 :i* tells ( revolt at ! exp5diture (   
inn] life on ! outw>d g>niture1 &       
exhorts ! s\l to live aright3      ,!n  
s\l live ?\ ^u ?y s]vant's loss1   ,&   
let t live to aggravate ?y /ore2        
,buy t]ms div9e 9 sell+ h\rs ( dross2   
,)9 be f$2 )\t be ri* no m3     ,s %alt 
?\ fe$ on dea? t fe$s on m51     ,& dea?
 once dead1 !re's no m dy+ !n--  an e*o 
( mu* ( ,montaigne's disc\rse1 h]e9 be=e
 cit$4#aib  ,9 p]fect keep+ ) all ?is   
movem5t t[>ds peace & contemplation1 & 9
 f9al keep+1 too1 ) ! deep] doctr9e (   
,montaigne1 is ! mus+ philosophy :i*    

lights1 z ) a wondr\s sunset1 ! play :i*
 "o w\ld fa9 believe ! la/ ( all4 ,at ! 
end1 z at ! beg9n+1 we f9d ! poet work+ 
on a pre-exi/+ basis1 re-mak+ an old    
play2 & at ! end1 z at ! beg9n+1 we f9d 
him pictur+1 ) an incomp>able delicacy1 
new ideal types ( womanhood1 :o /& out )
 a fugitive radiance f ! surr\nd+s ( m]e
 humanity2 b ov] all alike1 9 !         
,,tempe/1 !re is ! fus+ spell (         
philosophic rev]ie4 ,ye>s be=e1 9       
,,hamlet1 he _h dramatically caught !   
=ce ( ,montaigne's frequ5t ?\ght t      
daylight life might be tak5 z a         
nightm>e1 & ! dream life z ! real4 ,x 0 
! k9d ( ?\ght to recur to ! dramati/    
above all m51 ev5 7 x n press$ ^u him by
 ! essayi/'s reit]ations3    ,^? :i* h  
comp>$ our life unto a dream1 h         
happily _h m reason s to d ?an !y 7     
aw>e4 ,:5   we dream1 our s\l live?1    
worke?1 & ex]cise? all h]   faculties1  
ev5 & z mu* z :5 x wake?4444 ,we wake   
sleep+1 & sleep wak+4 ,9 my sleep ,i see
 n s cle>1   yet c ,i nev] f9d my wak+  

cle> en\gh1 or )\t   dimness4444 ,:y    
make we n a d\bt :e!r our ?9k+   & our  
work+ be ano!r dream+1 & our wak+ "s    
k9d ( sleep+8#aic    ,let me ?9k (      
build+ ca/les 9 ,spa91 my imag9ation   w
 =ge me commodities & af=d means &      
delights   :]e) my m9d is really tickl$ 
& ess5tially gladd$4   ,h[ (t5 d we pe/]
 our spirits ) ang] or sadness by   su* 
%ad[s1 & entangle ourselves into        
fanta/ical   passions :i* alt] bo? our  
m9d & body8444 ,enquire (   y\rself1 :]e
 is ! object ( ?is alt]ation8 ,is !re   
any?+ b u 9 nature1 except subsi/+      
nullity8 ov]   :om x ha? any p[]8444    
,ari/odemus1 k+ ( !   ,mess5ians1 kill$ 
himself ^u a conceit he took ( "s   ill 
presage by ,i "k n :at h[l+ ( dogs4444  
,x is !   "r way to prize "o's life at !
 "r wor? ( x1 to   =ego x = a dream4#aid
     444 ,our reasons d (t5 anticipate !
 effect & h   ! ext5sion ( _!           
jurisdiction s inf9ite1 t !y   judge &  
ex]cise !mselves 9 inanity1 & to a n    
be+4 ,besides ! flexibility ( our       

inv5tion1 to frame   reasons unto all   
mann] ( dreams2 our imag9ation is       
likewise f\nd easy to receive           
impressions f falsehood1   by v frivol\s
 appe>ances4#aie  ,aga9 & aga9 does !   
essayi/ return to ?is note ( my/icism1 s
 di/9ct f ! daylight practicality ( 8   
normal utt]ance4 ,& x 0 surely ) ^!     
mus+s 9 8 m9d t ! poet makes ,prosp]o   
pron\nce ^u ! phantasmagoria t ! spirits
 h p]=m$ at 8 behe/4 ,we "k1 inde$1 t ! 
spee* proce$s ^u a rem9isc5ce ( f\r l9es
 9 ! ,e>l ( ,/irl+'s ,,d>ius 7#afjd71   
l9es 9 !mselves v tol]able1 alike 9     
cad5ce & sonority1 b de/9$ to be        
rememb]$ by reason ( ! way 9 :i* ! ma/]1
 ca/+ !m into 8 all-transmut+ alembic1  
has remade !m 9 ! f9e gold ( 8 subtl]   
measure4 ,! ,e>l's l9es run3   ,let     
greatness ( h] glassy scept]s vaunt2    
,n scept]s1 no1 b re$s1 soon bruis$1    
soon brok52   ,& let ?is worldly pomp   
our wits en*ant2     ,all fades1 &      
sc>cely leaves beh9d a tok54   ,^? gold5
 palaces1 ^? gorge\s halls1     ,)      

furniture sup]flu\sly fair2   ,^? /ately
 c\rts1 ^? sky-enc\nt]+ walls1          
,evani% all l vap\rs 9 ! air4  ,!       
sonorities ( ! rhym$ v]se seem to h     
vibrat$ 9 ! poet's bra9 amid ! memories 
( ! prose :i* _h sugge/$ to him s mu*2 &
 ! v]se & prose alike are rais$ to an   
immortal movem5t 9 ! great l9es (       
,prosp]o3                      ,^! our  
actors1   ,z ,i =etold y1 are all       
spirits1 &   ,are melt$ into air1 into  
?9 air4   ,& l ! baseless fabric ( ?is  
vision1   ,! cl\d-capp$ t[]s1 ! gorge\s 
palaces1   ,! solemn temples1 ! great   
globe itself1   ,yea1 all :i* x inh]its1
 %all dissolve   ,&1 l ?is unsub/antial 
pageant fad$1   ,leave n a wrack beh9d4 
,we are su* /uff   ,z dreams are made   
on1 & our little life   ,is r\nd$ ) a   
sleep4  ,9 ! face ( t va/ philosophy1 x 
seems an irrelevance to reason1 z "s d1 
t 9 ! e>li] sc5e 9 :i* ,gonzalo exp\nds 
8 ,utopia ( incivilisation1 ,%aksp]e s  
arranges ! dialogue z to express 8 own  
ridicule ( ! conception4 ,!             

int]locutors1 x w be rememb]$1 are      
,seba/ian & ,antonio1 two ( ! villa9s ( 
! piece1 & ,alonso1 ! wreck$ usurp]4 ,! 
k9d ,gonzalo talks ( ! ideal community  
to di/ract ,alonso's tr\bl$ ?\ghts2     
,seba/ian & ,antonio je] at him2 &      
,alonso f9ally cries1 ,pr'y!e1 no m1 ?\ 
do/ talk no?+ to me4 ,h]r ,g]v9us is q  
sure t ?is 0 meant to /ate ,%aksp]e's   
prophetic d]ision = all communisms &    
socialisms & peace congresses1 ,%aksp]e 
be+ ! =e-orda9$ oracle ( ! political    
gospel ( 8 ,g]man comm5tators1 on !     
pr9ciple ( ,gott mit uns4 ,& x may well 
h be5 t ,%aksp]e1 look+ on ! society ( 8
 age1 _h no fai? 9 any ,utopia1 & t he  
humor\sly put :at he felt to be a valid 
criticism ( ,montaigne's 9 ! m\? ( a    
surly rascal--he has done z mu* else:]e4
 ,b he 0 surely ! la/ man to h miss$    
see+ t ,montaigne's ,utopia 0 no m      
,montaigne's p]sonal political c\nsel to
 8 age ?an ,,z ,,y ,,l ,,x 0 8 own2 &1 z
 reg>ds ! ma9 purpose ( ,montaigne's    
essay1 :i* 0 to %[ t civilisation 0 no  

unmix$ ga9 z contra/$ ) "s =ms (        
b>b>ism1 ! au?or ( ,,cymbel9e 0 h>dly ! 
man to repugn x1 ev5 if he amus$ himself
 by putt+ =w>d ,caliban#aif z ! real    
cannibal1 9 contra/ to ,montaigne's4 ,he
 _h giv5 8 impression ( c]ta9 aspects ( 
civilisation 9 ,,hamlet1 ,measure =     
,measure1 & ,,k+ ,,le>4 ,z 8 clos+ plays
 %[1 h[ev]1 he _h rea*$ ! k t = ! g5]al 
z = ! private wrong1 ! sane man mu/     
cease to *]i% indignation4 ,t tea*+1 :i*
 he c\ld n didactically impose1 = su* a 
_w z 81 on ! old trag$y ( rev5ge :i* he 
recol\r$ ) ,montaigne's ?\ght1 he f\nd  
didactically en\gh set d[n 9 ! essay on 
,div]sion3#aig    ,rev5ge is a sweet    
pleas+ passion1 ( a great & natural     
impression3 ,i p]ceive x well1 albeit ,i
 h made no trial   ( x4 ,to div]t ( late
 a "y pr9ce f x1 ,i told him   n he 0 to
 (f] ! "o side ( 8 *eek to him :o _h    
/ruck him on ! o!r 9 reg>d ( *>ity2 nor 
display$   ,i unto him ! tragical ev5ts 
poesy be/[e? ^u t   passion4 ,!re ,i    
left him & /rove to make him ta/e !     

beauty ( a contr>y image2 ! hon\r1 !    
fav\r1 & !   goodwill he %\ld acquire by
 g5tl5ess & goodness2 ,i   div]t$ him to
 ambition4  ,& n[ x is didactically     
utt]$ by ! wrong$ magician 9 ! drama3-- 
,?\gh ) _! high wrongs ,i am /ruck to ! 
quick1   ,yet ) my nobl] reason1 'ga9/  
my fury   ,d ,i take "p2 ! r>] action is
   ,9 virtue ?an 9 v5geance4444  ,!     
pr9ciple n[ p]vades ! :ole ( ,prosp]o's 
society2 ev5 ! curs$ & curs+ ,caliban is
 recognis$#aih z a necess>y memb] ( x3--
   ,we _c miss him2 he does make our    
fire1   ,fet* 9 our wood2 & s]ves 9     
(fices   ,t pr(it u4  ,x is surely n    
unw>rantable to pron\nce1 !n1 f9ally1 t 
! poet :o ?us wat*fully lit 8 action f !
 two sides ( passion & sympa?y 0 9 ! end
 at "o ) 8 guide1 philosoph]1 & fri5d1  
:o 9 t "t ( univ]sal /rife & sep>at5ess 
c\ld ( 8 own accord r5ew ! _s (         
,socrates1 & say3#aii ,i e/eem all m5 my
 compatriots1 & embrace a ,pole ev5 z a 
,fr5*man1 subord9at+ ?is national tie to
 ! common & univ]sal4 ,"h1 too1 0 n     

,montaigne ! fir/ ( ! mod]ns8    #a     
,preface to ,eng4 trans4 ( ,simrock on  
,! ,plots (   ,%akesp]e's ,plays1 #ahej4
    #b ,lady ,politick ,w\ld-be4 ,all   
our ,engli% writ]s1       ,i mean su* z 
are happy 9 ! ,italian1       ,w deign  
to /eal out ( ?is au?or ,pa/or ,fido    
ma9ly       ,almo/ z mu* z f            
,montaignie2       ,he has s mod]n &    
facile a ve91       ,fitt+ ! "t1 & cat*+
 ! c\rt e>4                             
--,act iii4 sc4 #b4    #c ,london &     
,we/m9/] ,review1 ,july1 #ahch1 p4 #cba4
    #d ,article 9 ,j\rnal des ,debats1  
#g ,novemb]1 #ahdf1   repr9t$ 9         
,l',anglet]re au ,seizieme ,siecle1 ed4 
#ahgi1 p4   #acf4    #e ,montaigne      
7,s]ie des ,gr&s ,ecriva9s ,francais71  
#ahie1 p4 #aje4    #f ,moli]e et        
,%aksp]e4    #g ,%aksp]e & ,classical   
,antiquity1 ,eng4 tr4 p4 #big4    #h    
,see ?is po9t discuss$ 9 ! ,free ,review
 ( ,july1   #ahie3 & comp>e ! lately    
publi%$ essay ( ,mr4 ,john   ,corb91 on 
,! ,elizabe?an ,hamlet1 7,elk9 ,mat!ws1 

#ahie74    #i ,hamlet1 ,act ,v1 sc5e #b4
    #aj ,book ,i1 ,essay #cc4    #aa    
,advice 9 ,florio4    #ab ,b4 ,,iii1 ,*4
 #h4 ,( ! art ( conf]r+4    #ac ,b4     
,,iii1 ,*4 #ab4    #ad ,act ,,ii1 ,sc4  
#a1 #add4    #ae ,book ,i1 *4 ,,ii1 end4
    #af ,book ,i1 *4 #bc4    #ag ,ibid4 
#ah ,"s slip ( ! p5 seems to h occurr$ 9
 ?is   confus$ l9e4 ,! orig9al ,et male 
consultis pretium e/3   prud5tia        
fallax--is suffici5tly close to         
,%aksp]e's   phrase4    #ai ,o heav56 a 
bea/ t wants disc\rse ( reason 7,act    
,i1 ,sc5e #b47    #bj ,act ,,ii1 ,sc4   
#b4    #ba ,act ,,iv1 ,sc5e #b4    #bb  
,act ,,iv1 ,sc5e #d4    #bc ,see        
,furniss's ,v>iorum edition ( ,hamlet1 9
 loc4    #bd ,b4 ,i1 ,*ap4 #ai2 ,edit4  
,firm9-,didot1 vol4 i1 p4 #fh4    #be   
,b4 ,,ii1 ,*ap4 #d2 ,ed4 cit$1 p4 #chb4 
#bf ,b4 ,,ii1 ,*ap4 #ab2 ,ibid1 p4 #dei4
    #bg ,b4 ,,ii1 ,*ap4 #cc4    #bh     
,%akesp]e & ,montaigne1 #ahhd1 p4 #hh4  
#bi ,b4 ,,iii1 ,*ap4 #ab4    #cj ,act   
,,iii1 ,sc5e #c4    #ca ,b4 ,i1 *4 #bb4 

#cb ,act ,,ii1 ,sc5e #b4    #cc ,o!llo1 
,act ,,ii1 ,sc5e #c4    #cd ,b4 ,i1 *4  
#dj1 ,t ! ta/e ( goods or evils do?     
greatly dep5d on ! op9ion we h ( !m4    
#ce ,b4 ,i1 *4 #ej4    #cf ,b4 ,i1 *4   
#bb4    #cg ,b4 ,,iii1 *4 #aj4    #ch   
,act ,v1 ,sc5e #d4    #ci ,on rev]t+ to 
,mr4 ,feis's book ,i f9d t 9 #ahhd he   
_h not$ ?is & o!rs ( ! above p>allels1  
:i* ,i   _h n obs]v$ :5 writ+ on !      
subject 9 #ahhc4 ,9   view ( "s o!r     
p>allels & clues drawn by him1 our      
agreem5ts leave me a little uneasy4 ,he 
decides1 =   in/ance 7p4 #ic7 t         
,hamlet's phrase f\l z ,vulcan's   /i?y 
is a sly ?ru/ at ,florio :o 9 8 preface 
calls   himself ,montaigne's ,vulcan2 t 
! ,que5's phrase   ?und]s 9 ! index is a
 ref]5ce to ! ,index ( !   ,holy ,see & 
its ?und]s2 & t ,hamlet's l9es ,:y let  
! /rick5 de] g weep are cle>ly a satire 
aga9/   ,montaigne1 :o fights %y (      
action4 ,mr4 ,feis's book   conta9s s _m
 propositions ( ?is ord] t x is         
difficult to feel sure t he is ev]      

judici\s4 ,/ill1 ,i   f9d myself 9      
agreem5t ) him on "s f\r or five   po9ts
 ( textual co9cid5ce 9 ! two au?ors4    
#dj ,act ,i1 ,sc5e #d4    #da ,b4 ,,ii1 
,*ap4 #cc4    #db ,x is fur!r relevant  
to note t 9 ! essay ,(   ,drunk5ness    
7ii4 #b7 ,montaigne obs]ves t drunk5ness
   among/ o!rs appe>e? to me a gross &  
bruti% vice1   t ! wor/ e/ate ( man is  
:]e he lose? !   k & gov]nm5t ( himself1
 & t ! grosse/   & rude/ nation t live? 
among/ u at ?is day1 is   only t :i*    
keepe? x 9 cr$it4 ,! ref]5ce is to      
,g]many3 b ,%aksp]e 9 ,o!llo 7,act ,,ii1
 ,sc4 #c7 makes   ,iago pron\nce !      
,engli% h>d] dr9k]s ?an ei!r !   ,danes 
or ! ,holl&]s2 & ! l9es3     ,?is       
heavy-head$ revel1 ea/ & we/1     ,makes
 u traduc$ & tax$ ( o!r nations2     ,!y
 clepe u drunk>ds1 & ) sw9i% phrase1    
,soil our addition4    might also be    
rem9isc5t ( ,montaigne1 ?\gh ( c\rse    
!re is no?+ peculi> 9 su* a co9cid5ce4  
#dc ,b4 ,,iii1 ,*ap4 #g4    #dd ,b4     
,,iii1 ,*ap4 #d4    #de ,b4 ,,iii1 ,*ap4

 #aj4    #df ,b4 ,,iii1 ,*ap4 #b4    #dg
 ,b4 ,,iii1 ,*ap4 #ac4    #dh ,b4 ,i1   
,*ap4 #ch4    #di ,b4 ,,iii1 ,*ap4 #d4  
#ej ,b4 ,i1 ,*ap4 #dj4    #ea ,b4 ,,ii1 
,*ap4 #h4    #eb ,b4 ,,ii1 ,*ap4 #ah4   
#ec ,de ,(ficus i1 #d3 cf4 #cj4    #ed  
#aecd1 #aeeh1 #aehc1 #afjj4 ,see also ! 
compilation   entitl$ ,a ,treatise (    
,morall ,philosophie by ,w4 ,baudw91    
#d? enl>gem5t by ,t4 ,paulfreyman4      
#afjj1 pp4 #dd-df1 :]e   !re is a       
closely p>allel passage f ,z5o z well z 
t ( ,cic]o4    #ee ,mr4 ,feis makes ?is 
attribution4    #ef ,b4 ,,ii1 ,*ap4 #a4 
#eg ,?is may fairly be argu$1 p]haps1   
ev5 ( !   some:at close p>allel1 not$ by
 ,mr4 ,feis1 betwe5 ,la]tes'   l9es 7,i1
 #c73     ,= nature1 cresc5t1 does n gr[
 alone     ,9 !ws & bulk1 b z ?is temple
 waxes     ,! inw>d s]vice ( ! m9d & s\l
     ,gr[s wide )al1    & ,florio's     
r5d]+ ( an extract f ,lucretius 9 !     
,apology     ,! m9d is ) ! body br$1 we 
d behold4     ,x jo9tly gr[s ) x1 x     
waxe? old4    ,only ! slight co9cid5ce (

 ! use ( ! 7!n   famili>7 v]b wax 9 bo? 
passages c\ld sugge/   imitation 9 !    
case ( su* a well-worn commonplace4     
#eh ,see "s cit$ at ! close ( ?is essay 
9 ano!r   connection4    #ei ,b4 ,,ii1  
,*ap4 #ab4    #fj ,act ,,iv1 ,sc5e #c4  
#fa ,le monde e/ un branloire p]5ne     
7,book ,,iii1 ,essay   #b74 ,florio     
translates t p>ticul> s5t5ce3 ,! _w     
runs all on :eels a bad r5d]+4    #fb   
,b4 ,,iii1 ,*ap4 #c4    #fc ,b4 ,,ii1   
,*ap4 #ag4    #fd ,x may fairly be laid 
d[n z practically c]ta91 f   :at we "k (
 ! habit ( circulat+ works 9 manuscript 
at t p]iod1 & f :at ,florio tells u 9 8 
preface1 t translations ( "s ( ! essays 
_h be5   pass$ ab\t be=e ,florio's folio
 0 pr9t$4 #fe ,v>ia   ,hi/oria1 ,,xii1  
#bc4    #ff ,! /ory c]ta9ly _h a wide   
vogue1 be+ f\nd 9   ,ari/otle1 ,eudemian
 ,e?ics1 iii1 #a1 & 9 ,nicolas (        
,damascus2 :ile ,/rabo 7vii1 ii4 ,sec4  
#a7 gives x fur!r   curr5cy by          
contradict+ x z reg>ds ! ,cimbri4    #fg
 ,b4 ,,ii1 ,*ap4 #e4    #fh ,b4 ,,ii1   

,*ap4 #c4    #fi ,ri*>d ,,iii1 ,i1 #d2  
,v1 #c4    #gj ,! ,influ5ce ( ,s5eca on 
,elizabe?an ,trag$y1 #ahic1   p4 #hj-e4 
#ga ,actus ,,iii1 #hfe-hff4    #gb      
,actus ,,iv1 #aebf-g4    #gc ,?is 9 turn
 is an e*o f ! ,greek4 ,see note 9      
,do]+'s edition4    #gd ,see ,boswell's 
edition ( ,malone's ,%aksp]e1 9 loc4    
#ge ,yet aga91 9 ,m>/on's ,insatiate    
,c\ntess1 !   comm5tators h notic$ !    
same s5tim5t4    ,dea?1 ,f ^: /]n cave  
none tracks a backw>d pa?4    ,x 0 9    
fact a poetic commonplace4    #gf ,act  
#e1 ,sc5e #f4    #gg ,act v1 sc4 #a4    
#gh ,i1 #bb4    #gi #b ,h4 ,,iv1 iv4 #c 
#hj ii1 #b    #ha ii1 #aj4    #hb ,s f> 
z ,i rememb]1 ! idea ( suicide z a      
des]tion ( "o's po/ )\t ! deity's       
p]mission is   fir/ f\nd1 9 ,engli%     
lit]ature1 9 ,sidney1 & he w\ld   f9d x 
9 ,montaigne's essay on ! ,cu/om ( !    
,isle (   ,cea 7edit4 ,firm9-,didot1 i4 
#cfg74    #hc ,:5 ?is is comp>$ ) !     
%ort] spee* (   simil> drift 9 !        
anonym\s play ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 7,to   die

 is all z common z to live etc41 ,act   
iv41 sc4 #d7 x   w be se5 t ! qu]y+ =m z
 well z !   elaboration con/itutes a    
special resemblance betwe5 !   spee* 9  
,%aksp]e & ! passages 9 ,montaigne      
#hd ,,apology ,,( ,,raymond ,,sebonde4  
#he ii1 #f1 ,( ,ex]cise or ,practice4   
#hf ,apology4    #hg ,ibid41 ne> end4   
#hh ,on ,isis & ,osiris1 c4 #bf4    #hi 
,canto v4    #ij ,canto xxxii4    #ia ,x
 w\ld seem to be f ^? e>ly monki% leg5ds
   t ! m$iaeval ,inf]no 0 built up4 ,!  
torture ( cold   0 ! nor!rn contribution
 to ! s*eme4 ,comp>e ,w>ton1   ,hi/ory (
 ,engli% ,poetry1 sec4 #di1 & ,wright's 
,sa9t   ,patrick's ,purgatory1 #ahdd1 p4
 #ah4    #ib ,p>adise ,lo/1 ,b4 ,,ii1   
#ehg-fjc4    #ic ,edit4 ,firm9-,didot4  
i1 #eig-eih4    #id ,ibid4 p4 #fba4     
#ie ,act iv1 sc4 #e4    #if iii1 #c4    
#ig ,b4 v1 cc4 #h1 #i1 #aj4 ,cf4 vi1 #b1
 #c4    #ih ,b4 v1 cc4 #bb-be4    #ii   
ii1 #cb4    #ajj ,! argum5ts ( ,dr4 ,k>l
 ,elze1 9 8 ,essays on   ,%aksp]e 7,eng4
 tr41 p4 #ae71 to %[ t ! ,tempe/ 0      

writt5 ab\t #afjd1 seem to me to possess
 no weight   :atev]4 ,he goes s f> z to 
assume t ! spee* (   ,prosp]o 9 :i*     
,%aksp]e transmutes f\r l9es ( !   ,e>l 
( ,/irl+'s ,d>ius mu/ h be5 writt5      
imm$iately aft] ! publication ( t "w4 ,!
 argum5t   is 7#a7 t ,%aksp]e mu/ h se5 
,d>ius :5 x came   out1 & 7#b7 t he w\ld
 imitate ! passage !n or   nev]4    #aja
 ,act v1 sc4 #c4    #ajb i1 #ca4    #ajc
 ii1 #ac4    #ajd ,act i1 sc4 #b4       
#aje ,act iv1 sc4 #c4    #ajf i1 #b4    
#ajg ,hippolytus1 #fae 7#fjg74    #ajh  
,see ! ,prologue to ,e ,man 9 ,8 ,hum\r1
 fir/   ed41 pres]v$ by ,gif=d4    #aji 
,! #bi?4    #aaj ,see 8 ,*>act]i/ics (  
,engli% ,poets1 #bnd4 ed4   p4 #bbb4    
#aaa ,! mo/ elaborate & en]getic attempt
 to prove   ,%aksp]e classically le>n$  
is t made 9 ! ,critital   ,obs]vations  
on ,%aksp]e 7#agdf7 ( ! ,rev4 ,john     
,upton1 a   man ( great erudition & mu* 
r&om acut5ess 7%[n   p>ticul>ly 9 bold  
attempts to excise int]polations f   !  
,gospels71 b z devoid ( ! high] critical

 wisdom z   0 ,b5tley1 :om he cong5ially
 criticis$4 ,to a read] (   to-day1 8   
argum5ts f ,%aksp]e's diction & syntax  
are peculi>ly unconv9c+4    #aab ,x may 
n be out ( place "h to say a ^w =       
,f>m] 9 pass+1 z aga9/ ! /rictures ( ,m4
 ,/apf]1   :o1 aft] recognis+ ! g5]al   
p]t95ce ( 8   rem>ks1 proce$s to say    
7,%aksp]e & ,classical   ,antiquity1    
,eng4 trans1 p4 #hc7 t ,f>m] fell into !
   egregi\s folly ( speak+ 9 a /ra9 (   
imp]t95t   conceit3 x is z if ! little  
man = little he mu/   assur$ly h be5--0 
eat5 up ) vanity4 ,?is is 9   its way z 
unju/ z ! abuse ( ,knight4 ,m4 ,/apf]   
has   misund]/ood ,f>m]'s tone1 :i* is  
"o ( bant] aga9/1   n ,%aksp]e1 b ^?    
critics :o blund]+ly ascrib$   to him a 
wide & close k ( ! classics4 ,t[>ds     
,%aksp]e1 ,f>m] 0 admir+ly              
appreciative--& 9 !   preface to !      
second edition ( 8 essay he wrote3      
,%aksp]e want$ n ! /ilts ( languages to 
raise him   above all o!r m54    #aac   
,*4 iv1 ( vol4 cit$4    #aad ,!         

,influ5ce ( ,s5eca on ,elizabe?an       
,trag$y1 pp4   #ff-fg4    #aae ,h]cules 
,fur5s1 ad f94 7#acbd-acbi474    #aaf   
,hippolytus1 ,act4 ,,ii1 #gae-gah       
7#gbc-gbf47    #aag ,*oephori1 #fc-fe4  
#aah ,c>m4 lxxxviii1 ,9 ,gellium4 ,see !
 note 9   ,do]+'s edition4    #aai      
,g]usalemme1 xviii1 #h4    #abj ,!      
,insatiate ,c\ntess1 publi%$ 9 #afac4   
#aba ,hamlet1 ,act iv1 sc4 #c4    #abb  
,agamemnon1 #aeb-aec4    #abc ii1 #c    
7ne> beg9n+47    #abd ,h]cules ,fur5s1  
,act4 ,v4 #abfa-b4    #abe ,act iv1 ,sc4
 #c4    #abf ,h]cules ,fur5s1 #abeh-fa4 
#abg ,macbe?1 ,act v1 ,sc4 #b4    #abh  
,ibid4 ,act iv1 ,sc4 #b4    #abi ,ibid4 
,act i1 sc4 #g4    #acj ,b4 ii1 *4 #aj4 
#aca ,ts*is*witz1 ,%aksp]e-,=s*ung51 i4 
#ahfh1 ,s4 #eb4    #acb ,es i/ ubrig5s  
ni*t zu b$au]n dass ,%aksp]e   ,brunos  
,komodie ni*t dur*weg zum ,mu/] g5omm51 
d5 sie   en?aelt s masslose             
,obsco5itat51 dass ,%aksp]e an se95     
/a]k/5 ,/ell5 daneb5 fa/ jungfraeuli*   
ers*e9t 7,"w   cit$1 ,s4 #eb74    #acc  

,"w cit$1 ,s4 #eg4 ,i foll[ ,dr4        
,ts*is*witz's   translation1 s f> z     
syntax p]mits4    #acd ,act i1 ,sc4 #d4 
#ace ,"w cit$1 ,sc4 #ei4    #acf ,see   
,fri?'s ,life ( ,giordano ,bruno1 #ahhi1
 pp4   #aba-abh4    #acg ,act v4 ,sc4   
#a4    #ach ,cit$ by ,noack1 art4       
,bruno1 9   ,philosophie-ges*i*tli*es   
,lexikon4    #aci ,act i1 ,sc4 #b4      
#adj ,"w cit$1 p4 #ij4    #ada ,x w\ld  
be unju/ to omit to ackn[l$ge t ,dr4    
,furnivall seeks to frame an inductive  
notion ( ,%aksp]e1   ev5 :5 reject+ good
 evid5ce & proce$+ on   d$uctive l9es2 t
 9 ! works ( ,pr(essor ,d[d5 on         
,%aksp]e !re is always an ef=t t[>ds a  
judicial   me?od1 ?\gh he refuses to    
take "s ( ! mo/ necess>y   /eps2 & t !  
"w ( ,mr4 ,appleton ,morgan1 ,presid5t  
( ! ,new ,york ,%aksp]e ,society1       
entitl$ ,%aksp]e 9   ,fact & ,criticism 
7,new ,york1 #ahhh71 is c]ta9ly n op5   
to ! criticism ,i h pass$4 ,mr4         
,morgan's ess5tially   rationali/ic     
attitude is indicat$ 9 a s5t5ce ( 8     

preface3 ,my own idea has be5 t ,william
 ,%aksp]e 0 a   man ( l passions )      
ourselves1 ^: moods & ve9s   7 influ5c$1
 j z are ours1 by 8 surr\nd+s1          
employm5ts1 vocations 444 & t1 great z  
he 01 &   oceanic z 0 8 g5ius1 we c read
 him all ! bett]   because he 01 aft]   
all1 a man4444 ,9 recognis+ !   good    
s5se ( ,mr4 ,morgan's g5]al attitude1 ,i
 mu/ n be   und]/ood to endorse 8       
rejection ( ! metrical te/s   ( ,mr4    
,fleay & o!r ,engli% critics4 ,^! seem  
to me to   be ab\t ! mo/ important      
,engli% contribution to !   sci5tific   
compreh5sion ( ,%aksp]e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x
   may be said t ! naturali/ic          
conception ( ,%aksp]e z   an organism 9 
an environm5t 0 fir/ closely approa*$   
9 ! pres5t c5tury by ,fr5* critics1 z   
,guizot &   ,*asles 7,ta9e's picture ( !
 ,elizabe?an !atre1 adopt$   by ,gre51  
hav+ be5 f\nd$ on a /udy by ,*asles72 t 
! naturali/ic compreh5sion ( ,hamlet1 z 
an incoh]5t   :ole result+ f ! putt+ (  
new clo? into an old   g>m5t1 0 fir/    

rea*$ by ! ,g]man ,ruemel9 7,%aksp]e    
,/udi572 & t ! /ructural anomalies (    
,hamlet z   an act+ play 7 fir/ cle>ly  
put by ! ,g]man ,b5$ix   7,die          
,%aksp]eomanie7 ^! two critics ?us mak+ 
am5ds   = mu* va9 discussion ( ,hamlet  
by _! c\ntrym5   be=e & s9ce2 :ile !    
naturali/ic conception ( !   man        
,%aksp]e is be+ be/ develop$ at pres5t 9
 ,am]ica4   ,! admirable "w ( ,messrs4  
,cl>ke & ,wright & ,fleay 9   ! analysis
 ( ! text & ! revelation ( its          
non-,%aksp]ean elem5ts1 seems to make   
little impression on   ,engli% culture2 
:ile su* a lum9\s manual z ,mr4 ,b>rett 
,w5dell's ,william ,%aksp]e3 a ,/udy 9  
,elizabe?an   ,lit]ature 7,new ,york1   
#ahid71 ) its fre%ness ( outlook   &    
appreciation1 po9ts to decid$ progress 9
 rational   ,%aksp]e-/udy 9 ! ,/ates1   
?\gh1 l ! ,%aksp]e   ,prim] ( ,pr(essor 
,d[d51 x is n consi/5tly   sci5tific    
?r\gh\t4    #adb ,life ( ,%aksp]e1      
#ahhf1 p4 #abh4    #adc ,see ,mr4       
,appleton ,morgan's ,%aksp]e's ,v5us &  

,adonis3 a ,/udy 9 ,w>wick%ire ,dialect4
    #add ,pr(essor ,d[d5 notes 9 8      
,%aksp]e ,prim] 7p4   #ab7 t be=e #afjj 
! prices paid = plays1 by ,h5sl[e1   !  
!atrical lessee1 v>y f ,l#d to ,l#h1 & n
 till   lat] did x rise z high z ,l#bj =
 a play by a popul>   dramati/4    #ade 
,comp>e ! #gh? ,sonnet1 :i* ends2--     
,b ?\ art all my art1 & do/ advance     
,z high z le>n+ my rude ignorance4      
#adf ,life ( ,%aksp]e1 pp4 #bi1 #abh4   
#adg ,see x 9 8 ,life ( ,%aksp]e1 pp4   
#abj-abd4 ,mr4   ,fleay's !ory1 ?\gh    
p]haps ! be/ docum5t$ ( all1   has      
receiv$ little att5tion 9 comp>ison )   
,mr4   ,tyl]'s1 :i* has ! attraction (  
full] detail4    #adh ,only 9 ,*auc]    
7e4g41 ,! ,book ( ! ,du*ess7 d   we f9d 
be=e 8 "t ! successful expression ( !   
same p]ception2 & ,*auc] c\nt$ = almo/  
no?+ 9   ,elizabe?an lett]s4    #adi    
,see ,fleay's ,life ( ,%aksp]e1 pp4     
#acj-a4    #aej ,cp4 ! ,essays1 ii1 #ag3
 iii1 #b4 7,edit4 cit$1 vol4   ii1 pp4  
#dj1 #bca47    #aea ,essays1 i1 #be2 cf4

 i1 #dh4 7,edit4 cit$1 vol4 i1   pp4    
#cjd1 #dbi47    #aeb ii1 #d4 7,edit4    
cit$1 i1 #chj47    #aec ii1 #aj4 7,edit4
 cit$1 i1 #dbi47    #aed ,p5sees        
,div]ses4 ,less satisfy+ is ! fur!r     
p5see 9 ! same collection3--,les quatre 
gr& poetes1   ,platon1 ,malebran*e1     
,%aftesbury1 ,montaigne4    #aee        
,edition cit$1 i1 #fbb-fbc4    #aef     
,port ,royal1 #d;ieme edit41 ii4 #djj1  
note4    #aeg ,b4 iii1 ,*ap4 #ac4       
#aeh ,9 ! mid/ ( our compassion1 we feel
 )9 ,i "k   n :at bitt] sweet t\* (     
malign pleasure 9 see+   o!rs suff]4    
7,comp4 ,la ,ro*ef\cauld1 ,p5see #ajd47 
#aei ,b4 iii1 ,*ap4 #a4    #afj i1 ,*ap4
 #ch4    #afa ,l',anglet]re au ,seizieme
 ,siecle1 p4 #acc4    #afb ,?is seems to
 be ! ideal impli$ 9 ! criticisms   ev5 
( ,mr4 ,l[ell & ,mr4 ,d[d54    #afc     
,hamlet3 e9 ,t5d5zdrama ,%eaksp]e's sic 
?r\gh\t book geg5 die skeptis*e und     
cosmopolitis*e   ,weltans*anung des     
,mi*ael de ,montaigne1 von ,g4 ,f4      
,/$efeld1 ,kreisg]i*tsra?1 ,b]l94 #ahga4

    #afd ,b4 i1 ,*ap4 #bf4    #afe ,x is
 n disput$ t ! plot exi/$ be=eh& 9      
,:et/one's ,promos & ,cass&ra2 & !re 0  
probably   an int]m$iate drama4    #aff 
,edit4 ,firm9-,didot1 i1 #eij4    #afg  
,ox=d ,essays1 p4 #bgi4 ,/]l+1 f 8      
,*ri/ian-,c>lylese po9t ( view1 decl>$ (
 ,montaigne   t ,all t we f9d 9 him (   
,*ri/ianity w\ld be   suitable to apes &
 dogs r ?an to rational & moral   be+s  
7,london & ,we/m9/] ,review1 ,july1     
#ahch1 p4   #cdj47    #afh ,sa9te-,beuve
 has not$ h[ 9 ! essay on ,pray] he     
add$ _m safegu>d+ clauses 9 ! lat]      
editions4    #afi ,see ,mr4 ,sp$d+'s    
essay1 s entitl$1 9 !   ,cornhill       
,magaz9e1 ,augu/1 #ahhj4    #agj ,art4  
cit$1 end4    #aga ,note cit$ by ,mr4   
,sp$d+4 ,cp4 ,introd4 to ,leopold       
,%aksp]e p4 lxxxvii4    #agb ,le> once  
7iii4 #d7 says he w pray2 b 8 religion  
goes no fur!r4    #agc ,see ! passage   
cit$ above 9 section iii 9   connection 
) ,measure = ,measure4    #agd ,act iv1 
,sc4 #b4    #age ,act i1 ,sc4 #b4       

#agf ,b4 i1 ,*ap4 #bj4    #agg ,b4 i1   
,*ap4 #cj4    #agh ,edit4 ,firm9-,didot1
 i1 #bjb4    #agi ,ibid41 pp4 #dgg-dgh4 
#ahj ,"h1 x may be said1 !re is a trace 
( !   influ5ce ( ,bruno's philosophy2 & 
x may well be t   ,%aksp]e did n        
spontane\sly /rike out ! ?\ght =        
himself4 ,b ,i am n aw>e t any p>allel  
passage has   be5 cit$4    #aha ,fleay's
 ,life1 pp4 #ach1 c4    #ahb ,b4 i1     
,*ap4 #db4    #ahc ,b4 ii1 ,*ap4 #ab4   
7,edit4 cit$1 i4 #eja47    #ahd         
,midsumm] ,nights ,dream1 ,act ii4 ,sc4 
#b4    #ahe ,see 8 ,conv]sations )      
,drummond ( ,haw?ornd5    #ahf          
,halliwell-,phillipps1 ,outl9es ( !     
,life (   ,%aksp]e1 #e? ed41 p4 #age4   
#ahg ,i f9d ev5 ,mr4 ,appleton ,morgan  
creat+ a ne$less   difficulty on ?is    
head4 ,9 8 ,%aksp]e 9 ,fact &           
,criticism1 already cit$1 he writes 7p4 
#caf73 ,i f9d him   444 liv+ & dy+ s    
utt]ly unsuspici\s t he _h   done any?+ 
( :i* 8 *ildr5 might c>e to he>1 t   he 
nev] ev5 tr\bl$ himself to pres]ve !    

manuscript (   or ! lit]>y prop]ty 9 a  
s+le "o ( ! plays :i*   _h rais$ him to 
afflu5ce4 ,z ,i h already po9t$ out1    
!re is no reason to suppose t ,%aksp]e  
c\ld reta9   ! own]%ip ( 8 plays any m  
?an did ! o!r   writ]s :o suppli$ 8     
!atre4 ,!y belong$ to !   p>tn]%ip4     
,besides1 he c\ld n possibly h publi%$  
z 8 ! exi/+ mass1 s l>gely made up ( o!r
   m5's "w4 ,8 fell[-play]s did s )\t   
scruple aft]   8 dea?1 be+ simply b5t on
 mak+ money4    #ahh ,sonnet #aaj4      
,comp>e ! next4    #ahi ,b4 ii1 ,*ap4   
#aj4    #aij ,b4 i1 ,*ap4 #ch4    #aia  
,?is may be presum$ to h be5 writt5     
betwe5 #afjc   & #afji1 ! date ( !      
publication ( ! ,sonnets4 ,z ,mr4       
,m9to argues1 ! only sonnet ( really    
indisputable date   is ! #ajg?1 conta9+ 
! ref]5ce to ! dea? (   ,elizabe?       
7,*>act]i/ics1 z cit$1 p4 #bbj74 ,z !   
fir/ #abf sonnets make a s]ies1 x is    
reasonable to take   ^? rema9+ z ( lat] 
date4    #aib ,x m p>ticul>ly e*oes1    
h[ev]1 two passages 9   ! n9ete5? essay3

 ,!re is no evil 9 life = him t   ha?   
well conceiv$1 h[ ! privation ( life is 
no evil4   ,to "k h[ to die1 do? free u 
f all subjection &   con/ra9t4 ,no man  
did ev] prep>e himself to quit !   _w m 
simply & fully 444 ?an ,i am fully      
assur$ ,i   %all d4 ,! deade/ dea?s are 
! be/    #aic ii1 #ab4    #aid iii1 #aa4
    #aie iii1 #d4    #aif ,9 all        
probability ?is "* exi/$ 9 !   previ\s  
play1 ! "n be+ orig9ally1 z 0 sugge/$   
la/ c5tury by ,dr4 ,f>m]1 a m]e v>iant (
 ,canibal4    #aig iii1 #d4    #aih ,act
 ii1 ,sc4 #b4    #aii iii1 #i4     ,,by 
,,! ,,same ,,au?or4  ,,buckle ,,& ,,8   
,,critics3 ,a ,/udy 9 ,sociology4  ,,!  
,,saxon ,,& ,,! ,,celt3 ,a ,/udy 9      
,sociology4  ,,essays ,,t[>ds ,a        
,,critical ,,me?od3 ,new ,s]ies4        
,,mod]n ,,humani/s4  ,,! ,,fallacy ,,(  
,,sav+3 ,a ,/udy 9 ,economics4  ,,!     
,,eight ,,h\rs ,,"q3 ,a ,/udy 9         
,economics4  ,,*ri/ ,,& ,,kri%na3 ,a    
,/udy 9 ,my?ology4 ,etc4 ,etc4  ,,!     
,,univ]sity ,,press1 ,,limit$1  #af1    

,john ,/reet1 ,b$=d ,r[1 ,london1 ,w4,c4
  ,n[ ,ready #bs4 #f;d4 net4  ,,!       
,,blight ,,( ,,respectability4  ,an     
,anatomy ( ! ,disease & a ,!ory (       
,curative ,treatm5t4  ,,by ,,ge(frey    
,,mortim]4   ,,press ,,op9ions4  ,pall  
,mall ,gazette1 ,,may #ca1 #ahig3   444 
,t1 ( a surety1 is an unpleasant        
indictm5t2 &1 hav+ ?us g5ially introduc$
 himself to 8 read]1 ! au?or goes       
bald-head$ = ,mrs4 ,grundy1 ,mr4        
,podsnap1 & public op9ion z voic$       
accord+ to ! oracles ( ,mrs4 ,smi? &    
,br[n1 ( ,little ,muddleton ,road1 & =  
all ! *]i%$ feti%es ( ,suburbia4        
,lloyd's ,weekly ,newspap]1 ,,may #cj1  
#ahig3  ,to p]sons :o l h>d hitt+1      
vigor\s ,engli% levell$ at ! cant (     
,grundyism1 ?is book w come z a great   
treat4  ,weekly ,times & ,e*o1 ,,may    
#cj1 #ahig3  ',! ,blight (              
,respectability1' by ,ge(frey ,mortim]1 
is well wor? read+1 & by m ( u1 p]haps1 
?an imag9e x4 ,! %oddy god has vot>ies 9
 ,engl&1 :]e "o w\ld lea/ expect to f9d 

!m4  ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press1 ,,limit$1 
#af4 ,john ,/reet1 ,b$=d ,r[1 ,london1  
,w4,c4  ,n[ ,ready4 #hs4 net1  ,,!      
,,saxon ,,& ,,! ,,celt4  ,,by ,,john ,m4
 ,,rob]tson4   ,,press ,,op9ions4       
,daily ,*ronicle3  ,al?\gh ! title ( ?is
 book def9es its scope1 x does n        
indicate its ma9 purpose4 ,t is to %[ t 
! ,celtic race has be5 misrepres5t$ by a
 numb] ( hi/orians1 f ,momms5 to ,fr\de1
 z incapable ( self-gov]nm5t2 & to      
prove1 by inf]5ce1 its fitness = ,home  
,rule4444 ,! major argum5t is bas$ by   
,momms5 & 8 s*ool on ! assumption (     
p]man5t di/9ctions among races2 & !re=e 
,mr4 ,rob]tson applies himself1 ) a l>ge
 measure ( success1 to ! task ( %[+ t ! 
!ory ( innate p]si/5t qualities m>k+ (f 
"o p f ano!r has no e?nological         
ju/ification4444 ,mr4 ,rob]tson is able 
to make %ort & easy "w ( ! loose writ+  
:i* sums up ^? 7imag9>y7 *>act]s 9 epi!t
 or epigram4444 ,mr4 ,rob]tson's lively 
/yle & happy allusiv5ess keep ! read]   
int]e/$ to ! end4444  ,,! ,,univ]sity   

,,press1 ,,limit$1  #af1 ,john ,/reet1  
,b$=d ,r[1 ,london1 ,w4,c4  ,j publi%$1 
#ajs4 net1  ,,pseudo-,,philosophy  ,,at 
,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4   
,by ,,hugh ,,mortim] ,,cecil4   ,,press 
,,op9ions4  ,! ,sun1 ,,m>* #ca1 #ahig3  
,! au?or ( ,pseudo-,philosophy h&les 8  
weapons well1 & seems to u 9 _m in/ances
 to occupy positions :i*1 ) our pres5t  
human intellig5ce1 are almo/            
unassailable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ( c\rse1    
*ampions ( or?odoxy1 z a rule1 frankly  
admit t "s ( _! t5ets & ! ju/ice ( c]ta9
 aspects ( ! div9e policy _c be         
compreh5d$ by ! natural man4 ,b ,mr4    
,cecil's /rong feel+s occasionally c>ry 
him too f>1 z :5 9 ! preface he seems to
 use religi\s obscurantism z a synonym =
 religion g5]ally4 ,! =m] may h be5     
oppos$ to social progress1 z he says4   
,to cont5d t ! same *>ge w /& aga9/ !   
latt] is only to ignore ! fact1 if n    
inde$ ! law1 t ! great social awak5+s h 
almo/ inv>iably foll[$ h>d ^u ! great   
religi\s revivals4