,,! ,,detection ,,( ,,=g]y4 ,a ,,practical ,,h&book ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,bank]s1 ,,solicitors1 ,,magi/rates' ,,cl]ks1 ,,& ,,all ,,h&l+ ,,suspect$ ,,docum5ts4 ,,by ,,d\glas ,,blackburn 7,late ,exp]t to ! ,natal ,crim9al ,inve/igation ,dep>tm5t1 & ! ,transvaal ,republic7 ,,& ,,capta9 ,,wai?man ,,caddell4 ,,london3 ,,*>les ,,edw9 ,,layton1 ,,f>r+don ,,/reet1 ,e4,c4 #aiji4 ,,erratum4 7,page #ae47 ,ow+ to ! av]ages giv5 9 ! table on page #ae be+ pr9t$ f "s incomplete manuscript !y are incorrect4 ,x is obvi\s t ! prop] av]ages are-- #g-a_/d #f-a_/b #e-c_/d #g-a_/b #af-a_/d #ba #bj-c_/d #bj-c_/d ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! corrections 9 ! above erratum h be5 appli$4 ,! h&writt5 pages entitl$ ',t]m9ology' & ',alphabet ,v>iants' h be5 mov$ to ! beg9n+ ( _! relevant *apt]s4 ,greek text has be5 translit]at$ & is %[n betwe5 braces4 ,hyph5ation & punctuation h be5 /&>dis$4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,,introduction #e ,i4--,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,h&writ+ ,,analysis #g ,,ii4--,,measurem5t ,,& ,,its ,,appliances #ac ,,iii4--,,t]m9ology #ag ,,iv4--,,classes ,,( ,,h&writ+ #ai ,v4--,,h[ ,,to ,,exam9e ,a ,,writ+ #ba ,,vi4--,,! ,,alphabet ,,9 ,,detail #bd ,,vii4--,,! ,,capitals #bi ,,viii4--,,punctuation #ca ,,ix4--,,pap] ,,& ,,wat]m>ks #cd ,x4--,,inks #ch ,,xi4--,,erasures #db ,,xii4--,,p5cils ,,& ,,/ylographs #de ,,xiii4--,,anonym\s ,,lett]s ,,& ,,disguis$ ,,h&s #dg ,,xiv4--,,=g$ ,,lit]>y ,,autographs #eb ,,xv4--,,=g$ ,,signatures #fj ,,xvi4--,,! ,,exp]t ,,9 ,,! ,,witness-,,box #fh ,,xvii4--,,h&writ+ ,,& ,,expression #gb ,,xviii4--,,bibliography ,,( ,,h&writ+ #gh ,,introduction4 ,! object ( ?is little "w is to assi/ ^? :o may occasionally be call$ ^u to =m an op9ion z to ! g5u95ess ( signatures1 alt]ations 9 *eques1 & ! v>i$ d\btful docum5ts t dem& ! s]i\s consid]ation ( bus9ess m5 by way ( a prelim9>y to tak+ fur!r /eps4 ,x is ! fir/ attempt publi%$ 9 ,engl& to expla9 ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! comp>ison & exam9ation ( h&writ+ are conduct$ by exp]ts4 ,x is1 & c only be1 an outl9e ( sugge/ions h[ to beg91 = no two exp]ts foll[ precisely ! same me?ods1 any m ?an two pa9t]s "w on ! same l9es4 ,bo? agree 9 recognis+ c]ta9 rules & g5]al pr9ciples1 b ea* /rives = 8 objective po9t by ! employm5t ( ^? means :i* exp]i5ce1 temp]am5t1 ta/e & opportunity sugge/4 ,! /udy ( ! elem5t>y rules ( _! art puts !m ^u ! road = p]fect+ x1 aft] :i* success c only be atta9$ by rightly read+ ! signs t lead to ! ultimate goal4 ,9 read+ ^! *apt]s ! /ud5t %\ld beg9 by practis+ t self-help :i* is ess5tial to success4 ,he mu/ read ) p5 & notebook4 ,x is ) ! object ( compell+ ?is valuable habit t no illu/rative examples are giv5 9 ! text4 ,x w\ld h be5 easy to fill _m pages ) script illu/rations1 b exp]i5ce %[s t a mu* great] impression is made ^u ! memory by ! h& =m+ ! outl9es describ$ ?an if !y 7 provid$ 9 pictorial =m4 ,9 o!r words1 ! /ud5t %\ld supply ?is purposeful omission by himself con/ruct+ ! illu/rations f ! description4 ,! trifl+ extra "t & tr\ble ?us dem&$ w be amply repaid by ! ease & rapidity ) :i* ! v>i\s po9ts w be fix$ 9 ! memory4 ,nor is ?is ! only advantage to be ga9$4 ,! act ( reproduc+ ! illu/ration cit$ w emphasise & r5d] cle> te*nical & me*anical features t w\ld require _m words to expla91 ) ! att5dant risk ( confus+ ! m9d by m]e v]biage4 ,! mat]ial & opportunity = practis+ & /udy+ ! comp>ison ( h&writ+s are abundant4 ,e lett] writt5 or read af=ds a subject1 & 9 a surpris+ly %ort space ( "t ! /ud5t w f9d himself in/9ctively not+ & analys+ peculi>ities 9 h&writ+ t probably nev] arre/$ 8 att5tion be=e4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! art are exce$+ly simple & free f complexity1 & _m a p]son :o takes up ! /udy w f9d t he possesses p[]s ( analysis & obs]vation unguess$ be=e4 ,! mo/ successful exp]t is he :o obs]ves mo/ closely & accurately1 & ! faculty ne$s only ! spur ( an objective po9t = x to be develop$4 ,aft] a little practice1 exp]i5ce w sugge/ _m me?ods ( exam9ation & te/ n dealt ) "h4 ,= example1 photographic enl>gem5ts c be & are utilis$ ) great advantage by br++ out m9ute details1 especially 9 signatures1 erasures & alt]ations4 ,int]e/+ exp]im5ts c be made ) a view to discov]+ ! effect ( diff]5t k9ds ( ink--important 9 settl+ ! "q :e!r ! :ole ( a p>ticul> writ+ 0 done ) "o fluid1 & at ! same "t1 or at int]vals4 ,! /udy ( erasures & alt]ations ( figures or *>act]s also comes )9 ! scope ( developm5ts ( ! art :i* x is n deem$ necess>y to deal ) at l5g? 9 ^! pages1 = aft] exp]i5ce w sugge/ _! use & ! be/ me?ods ( proc$ure4 ,= ! beg9n] ! in/ructions giv5 9 ! *apt]s t foll[ w be f\nd amply suffici5t to direct him h[ to take up a fasc9at+ & practical accompli%m5t1 & ?is1 ) no fur!r aid ?an 8 own judgm5t1 p]sev]ance & p[]s ( obs]vation & d$uction4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,h&writ+ ,,analysis4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* exp]ts claim to be able to detect v>iations & to diff]5tiate betwe5 h&writ+s is bas$ on ! well-e/abli%$ axiom t !re is no su* ?+ z a p]fect pair 9 nature2 t1 h[ev] close ! app>5t simil>ity betwe5 two ?+s1 a c>eful exam9ation & comp>ison w reveal m>k$ diff]5ces to ^? tra9$ to detect !m4 ,?is is especially true ( ev]y?+ t is produc$ by human ag5cy4 ,ev]yone kn[s h[ difficult x is to keep *eck ^u & eradicate c]ta9 physical habits1 su* z ge/ures1 /yle ( walk+1 mov+ ! h&s1 arms1 c41 tricks ( spee*1 or tone ( voice4 ,^! mann]isms1 be+ me*anical & automatic1 or ! result ( long habit1 are p]=m$ unconsci\sly1 & !re is probably no p]son :o is entirely free f "s m>k$ peculi>ity ( mann]1 :i* he is ignorant ( possess+4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! subject ( c>icature or mimicry r>ely admits ! accuracy or ju/ness ( ! imitation1 al?\gh ! peculi>ities s emphasis$ are pla9ly app>5t to o!rs4 ,ev5 actors1 :o are suppos$ to make a c>eful /udy ( _! e tone & ge/ure1 are con/antly criticis$ = faults or mann]isms pla9 to ! obs]v]1 b undetect$ by !mselves4 ,x is easy1 !re=e1 to und]/& h[ a trick or a ge/ure may become a fix$ & unconsci\s habit ?r\gh long cu/om1 especially :51 z 9 ! case ( a peculi>ity ( /yle 9 h&writ+1 !re has be5 nei!r criticism on x1 nor special reason = ab&on+ x4 ,e p]son ^: h&writ+ is develop$ & p]man5tly =m$ has adopt$ c]ta9 m or less di/9ctive peculi>ities 9 ! =mation ( lett]s ( :i* he is g5]ally unaw>e4 ,! act ( writ+ is mu* less a matt] ( control ?an may be suppos$4 ,! p5 foll[s ! ?\ghts me*anically1 & few ready & habitual writ]s c\ld1 if sudd5ly call$ ^u to d s1 say :at peculi>ities _! writ+ possess$4 ,= example1 h[ _m c\ld say (f-h& h[ !y dott$ an i--:e!r ) a r\nd dot1 a tick or a da%--:e!r ! tick 0 v]tical1 horizontal or slop+2 :at 0 ! proportional di/ance ( ! dot f ! top ( ! i4 ,aga91 ask a practis$ writ] h[ he crosses ! lett] t--:e!r ) a horizontal1 up or d[n /roke8 ,x is safe to assume t n "o 9 a ?\s& c\ld give an accurate answ]1 = ! reason t ! dott+ ( an i & cross+ ( a t h become me*anical acts1 done )\t ?\ght or prem$itation1 b z ! result ( a long-=m$ habit4 ,x is ^! unconsci\s h&-ge/ures & me*anical tricks ( /yle t ! h&writ+ exp]t le>ns to di/+ui% & recognise1--! unconsid]$ trifles t ! writ] has probably nev] devot$ a m9ute's ?\ght to1 & :i* come ^u him z a surprise :5 !y are po9t$ out to him4 ,_! detection is r5d]$ ! m easy :5 "o kn[s :at to look = f ! fact t !y are1 unlike ge/ures & tricks ( voice1 p]man5t4 ,a mann]ism may n /rike two obs]v]s 9 ! same way1 nor is x easy to comp>e1 = x is fleet+1 & ! memory has to be reli$ ^u to recall a =m] ge/ure 9 ord] to comp>e x ) ! la/4 ,x is n s ) a h&-ge/ure 9 writ+4 ,! sign rema9s side by side ) its repetition1 = c>eful & delib]ate comp>ison2 & if ! writ+ be a long "o1 ! exp]t has ! advantage ( be+ 9 possession ( ample mat]ial on :i* to base 8 judgm5t4 ,a ,popul> ,fallacy4--,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t objections (f]$ by ! casual critic :5 ! subject ( exp]t te/imony is discuss$ is to ! effect t p write diff]5t h&s ) diff]5t p5s1 & he probably believes ?is to be true4 ,a v slight acqua9tance ) ! pr9ciples on :i* ! exp]t works w\ld satisfy ?is spontane\s critic ( ! fallacy ( 8 objection4 ,a p]son :o habitually writes a f9e1 small h&1 slop+ f "r to left1 may believe t he has alt]$ ! "* ( 8 h& by us+ a ?ick1 s(t quill1 rev]s+ ! slope to :at is call$ a backh&1 & d\bl+ ! size ( ! lett]s4 ,all he has done is to put on a diff]5t suit ( clo!s2 ! same man is 9 !m4 ,! use ( a ?ick p5 does n make him put a dot ov] ! i :]e be=e he made an horizontal da%2 x does n turn a /raight1 b>r$ t into a curv$ loop1 nei!r does x alt] ! proportionate di/ance betwe5 ! lett]s & l9es4 ,x does n make him =m loops :]e be=e he habitually made b>s1 or vice v]s1 & if he =m]ly made a u ) an angle l a v he w n write ! u ) a r\nd$ hook4 ,nei!r w x cause him to drop 8 habit ( add+ a spur to 8 initial lett]s or curtail ! ends & tails t he 0 wont to make long4 ,9 %ort1 ! po9ts to :i* ! exp]t devotes 8 inve/igation are ^? lea/ affect$ by any v>iation 9 ! "* ( ! p5 us$ & ! h&-ge/ures :i* h1 by con/ant usage1 become z mu* "p ( ! writ]'s /yle z 8 walk & ! tone ( 8 voice4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! "w ( ! h&writ+ exp]ts consi/s 9 le>n+ h[ to detect & recognize ^? unconsci\s or me*anical signs1 *>act]i/ics or h&-ge/ures t are a feature 9 ! h&writ+ ( e p]son1 no matt] h[ closely any two h&s may approximate 9 g5]al appe>ance4 ,h[ev] simil> two h&s may seem to ! casual & untra9$ obs]v]1 v di/9ct & unmi/akable diff]5ces become app>5t :5 ! /ud5t has be5 taught :at to look =4 ,!re is no m c]ta9 ?+ ?an ! fact t !re has n yet be5 discov]$ two h&writ+s by sep>ate p]sons s closely alli$ t a diff]5ce _c be detect$ by ! tra9$ obs]v]4 ,e s*oolma/] kn[s t 9 a class ( pupils taught writ+ f ! same model1 & kept /rictly to x1 no two h&s are alike1 al?\gh 9 ! e>ly & rudim5t>y /age1 be=e ! h& has atta9$ fre$om & approa*$ a settl$ "*1 ! diff]5ces are less m>k$4 ,s soon z ! *ild has be5 fre$ f ! re/ra9t ( ! set copy & ! criticism ( ! tea*]1 he beg9s to manife/ di/9ct *>act]i/ics1 :i* become m m>k$ & fix$ ) practice & usage4 ,!re is no writ+ s uni=m z ! regulation h& us$1 & wisely insi/$ ^u1 9 ! ,civil ,s]vice1 & famili> to ! g5]al public 9 telegrams & (ficial lett]s4 ,yet x is safe to say t !re is n a telegraph or po/ (fice cl]k 9 ,engl& :o w\ld n be able to pick out ! writ+ ( any colleague ) :i* he 0 at all acqua9t$4 ,duplicates non-exi/5t4--,b ! be/ & mo/ decisive answ] to ! objection t writ+s may be exactly simil> lies 9 ! notori\s fact t dur+ half a c5tury exp]ts h fail$ to discov] two complete writ+s by diff]5t h&s1 s mu* alike t a diff]5ce c\ld n be detect$4 ,_h su* exi/$1 !y w\ld long ere ?is h be5 produc$ = ! confut+ ( ! exp]t 9 ! witness-box2 p>ticul>ly :5 we be> 9 m9d t ! lib]ty1 & ev5 ! life ( a p]son1 h dep5d$ ^u ! id5tification ( h&writ+4 ,t !re are _m cases ( extraord9>y simil>ity betwe5 diff]5t h&writ+s is a fact2 if !re 7 n1 !re w\ld be v little occasion = ! s]vices ( ! exp]t1 b x is equally a fact t ! fanci$ resemblance becomes less app>5t z soon z ! writ+ is exam9$ by a capable & pa9/ak+ exp]t4 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t x is n e p]son :o und]takes ! comp>ison ( h&writ+s :o is qualifi$ = ! task1 any m ?an e doctor :o diagnoses a case c be dep5d$ ^u to arrive at an accurate conclusion4 ,b if ! tri$ & accept$ pr9ciples ( ! art be act$ ^u1 !re %\ld be no possibility ( error1 always assum+ t ! p]son und]tak+ ! exam9ation has a suffici5cy ( mat]ial = comp>ison4 ,an exp]t :o valu$ 8 reputation w\ld1 = example1 be v cauti\s ab\t giv+ an emphatic op9ion if ! only mat]ial at 8 disposal 7 two or ?ree words or lett]s4 ,x is q possible t a clev] mimic might reproduce ! voice ( ano!r p]son s accurately z to deceive ^? :o knew ! subject ( ! imitation2 b let him c>ry on a conv]sation 9 ! assum$ voice = a few m9utes1 & detection is c]ta94 ,9 l mann]1 :ile a few *>act]s & tricks ( /yle 9 writ+ may be fairly well imitat$1 x is impossible to c>ry ! deception ov] a numb] ( words4 ,soon] or lat] ! =g] lapses into "s trick ( 8 own1 & x is "h ! tra9$ obs]v] cat*es him4 ,! exp]t1 l ! c>icaturi/1 lays himself out to note ! peculi>ities ( 8 subject1 kn[+ t ^! are practically beyond ! control ( ! writ]1 & t ! probabilities are t he is n ev5 aw>e ( !m4 ,peculi>ities 9 h&writ+1 l un*eck$ habits 9 *ildr51 become1 9 "t1 cry/allis$ into a mann]ism s fix$ z to be "p ( ! nature1 & consequ5tly are difficult ( eradication4 ,z a matt] ( fact a peculi>ity 9 h&writ+ is m (t5 cultivat$ ?an controll$1 _m writ]s reg>d+ a dep>ture f or?odox copybook =m z an evid5ce ( an educat$ h&4 ,! ,law ( ,probabilities4--,9 exam9+ a writ+ = comp>ison ) ano!r ! exp]t notes all peculi>ities1 :i* he labels1 = di/9ctive ref]5ce1 tricks4 ,:5 he has record$ z _m z possible he looks = !m 9 ! writ+ :i* he has to comp>e4 ,suppose t he has tak5 note ( a doz5 tricks1 & f9ds !m all repeat$ 9 ! suspect$ writ+4 ,! law ( probabilities po9ts to a common au?or%ip = bo? writ+s1 = x is ask+ too mu* to expect "o to believe t !re %\ld exi/ two diff]5t p]sons1 probably /rang]s1 :o possess precisely ! same peculi>ities 9 p5man%ip4 ,?is pr9ciple ( ! law ( probabilities is appli$ 9 ! case ( ! id5tification ( p]sons want$ by ! police4 ,= example1 ! (ficial description ( an abscond+ =g] runs z foll[s3--,he has a habit ( rubb+ 8 "r ?umb aga9/ ! middle f+] z if turn+ a r+4 ,he frequ5tly /rokes 8 "r eyebr[ ) "r =ef+] :5 engag$ 9 writ+2 :5 p]plex$1 he bites 8 l[] lip & cl5*es & uncl5*es 8 f+]s4 ,n[ !re are1 probably1 ?\s&s ( p :o d e "o ( ^! ?+s s+ly1 b ! *ances are millions to "o aga9/ !re be+ two p :o d !m all z describ$ 9 ! (ficial plac>d4 ,9 l mann] !re may be a multitude ( writ]s :o =m an f or k ) a peculi> exagg]at$ buckle4 ,?\s&s m may make c]ta9 lett]s 9 ! same way1 b to assume t !re are two p]sons :o possess equally ! :ole twelve *>act]i/ics not$ by ! exp]t is to /ra9 co9cid5ce to ! break+-po9t ( absurdity4 ,!re=e1 x foll[s t x is ! weight ( cumulative evid5ce ( simil>ity 9 ! production ( unusual tricks ( /yle t proclaims a common au?or%ip = two app>5tly diff]5t writ+s4 ,x may be1 & (t5 is1 ! case t ! peculi>ities or tricks 9 ! orig9al h be5 imitat$ 9 ! suspect$ writ+4 ,z ! result ( 8 exp]i5ce 9 kn[+ :at to look = 9 a copi$ docum5t1 ! exp]t is n deceiv$4 ,h[ev] good ! copy1 !re are always app>5t to ! tra9$ eye evid5ces t prove ano!r & /rang] h&1 pla9 z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! firm1 cle> l9e ( ! draw+ ma/] & ! brok5 saw-edg$ ef=t ( ! pupil4 ,habitual obs]vation tra9s ! eye to an ext5t t w\ld sc>cely be cr$it$ unless prov$ by exp]im5t4 ,! art ( obs]vation _c be taught2 x mu/ be ! outcome ( practice4 ,! mo/ ! tea*] c d is to indicate ! l9es on :i* ! /udy %\ld be c>ri$ out1 & (f] h9ts & sugge/ions z to :at to look =4 ,! re/ is 9 ! h&s ( ! /ud5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,measurem5t ,,& ,,its ,,appliances4 ,! appliances necess>y = ! "w ( exam9ation are1 a good magnify+ or read+ glass ( ! greate/ p[] obta9able1 a pair ( f9e compasses or divid]s1 a horn or celluloid protractor = measur+ angles ( slope1 & a cle>ly m>k$ scale rule4 ,suitable articles w g5]ally be f\nd 9 an ord9>y case ( ma!matical in/rum5ts4 ,a simpl] & equally accurate me?od ( tak+ measurem5ts ( h&writ+ is by ! aid ( ! transp>5t pap] kn[n z =eign lett] pap]4 ,x is usually ( qu>to size1 v ?9 & transp>5t1 & is rul$ horizontally & v]tically1 divid+ ! %eet into t9y squ>es4 ,x is laid ov] ! writ+ to be exam9$1 & ! v>i\s measurem5t m>ks are made ) a f9ely po9t$ lead p5cil4 ,! l9es & squ>es are us$ = measurem5t z ! p>allels ( latitude & longitude are us$ on a *>t4 ,= example1 a lett] is said to be s _m l9es high1 s _m l9es wide4 ,"o ( ! t9y squ>es %\ld be c>efully divid$ into two1 or1 if possible1 f\r p>ts1 s z to ensure f9] & m accurate measurem5t4 ,a lett] may !n be measur$ 9 p>ts ( a l9e1 be+ describ$1 = example1 z1 height #f-c_/d l9es1 bread? #b-a_/b l9es4 ,x is ( c\rse important t ! same gauge ( rul$ pap] be us$ uni=mly1 o!rwise ! measurem5ts w v>y4 ,if ! /ud5t has _h practice 9 ! use ( ! divid]s & scale rule1 he may pref] to employ ^!1 b ! rul$ pap] & a f9ely po9t$ lead p5cil w be f\nd suffici5t = mo/ purposes4 ,a pap] specially prep>$ = surveyors1 rul$ 9 squ>es ( "o-eigh? ( an in* may be obta9$4 ,= measur+ ! slopes ( lett]s a transp>5t protractor is necess>y4 ,! lett]s measur$ are all topp$ & tail$ small lett]s1 & all capitals hav+ a %ank4 ,lett]s l ,o1 ,c1 ,q1 ,s1 & ,x c only be measur$ approximately4 ,! me?od ( apply+ ! measurem5ts ( heights & angles ( slope is %[n 9 ! case illu/rat$ by ! table on page #ae4 ,! subject ( enquiry 0 a signature conta9+ ! lett]s ,b1 l1 k1 b4 ,! measurem5ts ( ^! lett]s 9 ! =g]y are giv5 at ! top ( ! table1 & %[ ! height 9 l9es & angle ( slope 9 degrees4 ,! measurem5ts ( ! correspond+ lett]s 9 twelve g5u9e signatures are %[n 9 ! table z ,examples #a to #ab4 ,! total is av]ag$ by divid+ by twelve4 ,! presumption 9 fav\r ( ! suspect$ signature be+ a =g]y is /rongly support$ by ! ari?metical result4 ,a diff]5ce ( m ?an #b p] c5t4 9 angle ( slope1 & #c p] c5t4 9 height may be safely reli$ ^u z gr\nd = suspicion1 = x is r>ely t a man's signature v>ies s greatly )9 a brief p]iod4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! explanation provid$ by illness1 int5tional *ange 9 /yle or o!r abnormal circum/ances1 su* a diff]5ce z is %[n 9 ?is example w ju/ify a belief t ! suspect$ signature is by ano!r h&4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,height 9 l9es4 ,angle ( slope4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,b4 l4 k4 b4 ,b4 l4 k4 b4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,=g]y #g #g #f #g-a_/d #ae #bj #ba #ba ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,example #a #g-a_/d #f-a_/b #e-a_/b #g-a_/b #af #bb #ba #bj #b #g-a_/d #f-a_/d #f #g-a_/d #ag #ba #bj #bj #c #g-a_/d #f #e-c_/d #g-c_/d #af #ba #bj #ba #d #g #f-a_/d #e-c_/d #g-a_/b #af #ba #bj #ba #e #g #f-c_/d #e-c_/d #g-a_/b #ag #bb #ba #bj #f #g-a_/b #f-c_/d #e #g-a_/b #af #ba #bj #ba #g #g-a_/b #f #f #g-a_/d #ag #bj #ba #ba #h #g-a_/b #f-a_/b #e-c_/d #g-a_/b #af #bb #ba #ba #i #g-a_/d #f-a_/b #e-a_/b #g #af #ba #ba #ba #aj #f-c_/d #f-a_/b #e-c_/d #g-a_/d #af #bj #ba #ba #aa #g-a_/d #f-c_/d #e-c_/d #g-a_/b #af #ba #ba #bb #ab #g #f-a_/d #e-c_/d #g-a_/b #af #bj #ba #ba ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,av]age #g-a_/d #f-a_/b #e-c_/d #g-a_/b #af-a_/d #ba #bj-c_/d #bj-c_/d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,t]m9ology4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t]m9ology4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! description ( a writ+ p]fectly cle>1 a sy/em ( t]m9ology is adopt$ :i* is inv>iable4 ,t is1 ! same t]ms are always employ$ 9 indicat+ ! same p>ts ( a lett]4 ,^! are simple1 & = ! mo/ "p self-explanatory1 s t no ef=t is requir$ to commit !m to memory4 ,e "p ( a lett] has a di/9ctive "n1 s t x w\ld be possible to reproduce a script "* v closely by a v]bal description4 ,! foll[+ are ! t]ms us$ 9 describ+ a lett]3-- ,lett] means ! :ole ( any script "*1 capital or small4 ,= ! sake ( brevity 9 notes & reports capital is writt5 ,cp42 small1 ,sm4 ,arc4--,an arc is ! curve =m$ inside ! top loop or curve1 z 9 f1 m1 h1 o4 ,9 o1 ! inside top half ( ! lett] is ! arc2 ! inside bottom half is ! hook4 ,buckle4--,! buckle is ! sep>ate /roke add$ to su* lett]s z k1 f1 & capitals ,a1 ,f1 ,h4 ,be>d4--,! be>d is ! prelim9>y /roke t (t5 appe>s 9 capital lett]s4 ,body4--,! body ( a lett] is t portion ( x :i* re/s on ! l9e & c\ld be conta9$ 9 a small circle4 ,= example1 9 a small d ! body consi/s ( ! circle & ! f9al upw>d curve or toe4 ,9 a small g ! body is ! circle m9us ! tail4 ,eye is ! small circle =m$ by ! cont9uation ( a /roke z 9 ! %\ld] r4 ,f9als4--,a f9al is ! f9i%+ /roke n c>ri$ beyond ! %ank 9 capitals1 & 9 a few smalls l y1 g1 z4 ,foot4--,! foot ( a lett] is t portion ( x t re/s on ! l9e4 ,small m has ?ree feet1 h has two1 etc4 ,hook4--,! hook is ! inside ( a bottom curve4 ,x is ! opposite ( ! arc4 ,l9k4--,! l9k is t portion ( ! /roke :i* connects two lett]s4 ,brok5 l9k4--,a brok5 l9k is a disconnection 9 ! l9k jo9+ two lett]s4 ,loop4--,a loop is t portion ( a lett] :i* =ms ! top or tail4 ,unloop$ tops & tails are call$ b>r$4 ,= example1 small f has two loops1 top & bottom2 f1 h1 l h "o top loop2 g1 y1 z h "o bottom loop4 ,%ank4--,! %ank ( a lett] is ! pr9cipal long d[n/roke t =ms ! backbone4 ,%\ld]4--,! %\ld] is ! outside ( ! top ( ! curve z se5 9 small m1 n1 o1 h4 ,small m has ?ree %\ld]s1 n two1 h "o4 ,spur4--,! spur is to ! small lett] :at ! be>d is to ! capital4 ,x is ! initial /roke4 ,tick4--,a tick is a small /roke g5]ally at ! beg9n+ ( a lett]1 sometimes at ! end4 ,toe4--,! toe is ! conclud+ upw>d /roke ( a lett]1 z se5 9 small e1 n1 h1 c4 ,:irl4--,! :irl is ! up/roke 9 all loop$ lett]s4 ,x is a cont9uation ( ! spur 9 b1 h1 f1 l1 & is always an up/roke4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,classes ,,( ,,h&writ+4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 diff]5tiation1 h&writ+s are divid$ into ! foll[+ classes4 ,practically e type ( writ+ c be plac$ 9 "o ( !m4 ,v]tical ,h&4--,a v]tical h& is "o 9 :i* ! tops & tails ( lett]s =m z ne>ly z possible a p]p5dicul> ) ! horizontal l9e4 ,! be/ example ( ?is class ( h&writ+ is t kn[n z ! ,civil ,s]vice h&1 famili> to ! g5]al public ?r\gh telegrams & (ficial docum5ts4 ,back ,h& is a h& 9 :i* ! g5]al slope ( ! *>act]s is f "r to left4 ,italian ,h& is ! rev]se ( a back h&1 ! slope be+ at an acute angle f left to "r4 ,x is a /yle fa/ go+ out ( fa%ion1 & is almo/ inv>iably ! h&writ+ us$ by eld]ly ladies4 ,its mo/ pron\nc$ *>act]i/ic is its %>p angles & abs5ce ( curves4 ,op5 ,h&4--,an op5 h& is "o t g5]ally approximates to ! v]tical1 its di/+ui%+ feature be+ ! wide space betwe5 ! lett]s4 ,! be/ example ( x is t kn[n z ! ,cusack /yle ( writ+4 ,clos$ ,h&4--,a clos$ h& is ! opposite ( an op5 h&1 ! lett]s be+ cr[d$ toge!r & g5]ally long & n>r[1 ) ! slope f left to "r4 ,greek ,h&4--,?is is ! "n giv5 to a type ( writ+ t closely approximates to ! pr9t$ "*4 ,_m lett]s1 bo? capital & small1 are =m$ to imitate pr9t1 p>ticul>ly ! capitals ,t1 ,x1 ,y1 ,r1 ,b1 ,d1 & ! smalls e1 f1 g1 h1 j1 k1 p1 r1 t1 v1 w1 x1 y1 z4 ,x is a h& frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( classical s*ol>s1 lit]>y m5 engag$ 9 "w entail+ c>eful rese>*1 & (t5 is an evid5ce ( %ort sight4 ,! ,wavy ,h& is g5]ally v]tical4 ,its *>act]i/ic is an undulat+ s]p5t9e wav9ess4 ,little or no di/9ction is made betwe5 b>r$ or loop$ lett]s4 ,!re are no r\nd$ %\ld]s to ! m & n & ! ^w m9nie w\ld be writt5 by five small u's4 ,9 r\nd-bodi$ lett]s l a1 d1 g1 ! circle is r>ely complet$1 b is left op51 s t small a becomes u1 & small d may be mi/ak5 = x1 ) ! i undott$ & t uncross$4 ,despite its geometrical & caligraphic inaccuracy 9 detail1 ?is h& is g5]ally writt5 ) great regul>ity1 t is1 ! *>act]s1 ?\gh incomplete1 are always uni=m 9 _! irregul>ity4 ,! e is nev] op51 b is an undott$ i1 & n is u1 b :5 ! peculi>ities ( ! writ] become famili> ?is h& is (t5 v legible4 ,flat ,h&4--,a flat h& is a type ( h&writ+ 9 :i* ! *>act]s h an oblate or flatt5$ appe>ance1 ! o1 a1 g1 c41 be+ horizontal ovals1 l ! m9im & breve 9 music4 ,! tails & tops are g5]ally %ort1 ) wide loops4 ,x is ne>ly always a v]tical h&4 ,an ,ecc5tric ,h& is "o t pres5ts v>i\s m>k$ peculi>ities & dep>tures f /&>d rules 9 ! =mation ( c]ta9 lett]s1 & _c be plac$ 9 any recognis$ class1 ?\gh x may approximate to "o m ?an to ano!r4 ,! ,r\nd or ,cl]ical ,h& is a writ+ t pres]ves a close aff9ity = ! r\nd regul> h& ( ! av]age s*ool-boy1 ) ! diff]5ce t :ile ! *>act]s are =m$ on regul> copybook model1 ! h& is writt5 ) consid]able flu5cy & firmness4 ,x is g5]ally only a little out ( ! p]p5dicul>1 slop+ slightly t[>ds ! "r4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,exam9e ,a ,,writ+4 ,! exam9ation ( a writ+ g5]ally consi/s 9 mak+ a c>eful comp>ison betwe5 x & ano!r or o!rs1 ! object be+ to det]m9e :e!r all are by ! same h&4 ,! writ+ :i* is 9 a kn[n h& or z to ! au?or%ip ( :i* !re is no d\bt1 is usually call$ ! ,orig9al1 & is always ref]r$ to by ?is "n4 ,! writ+ :i* has to be comp>$ ) x1 & :i* practically =ms ! subject ( ! enquiry1 is call$ ! ,suspect4 ,! ,suspects %\ld be m>k$ ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 c41 & put away )\t exam9ation until ! ,orig9al has be5 ?or\ghly ma/]$4 ,?is is m important ?an may appe> at fir/ sight1 = ! confus+ effect ( hav+ ! two types ( writ+ 9 ! eye & m9d be=e "o type is made famili> is highly prejudicial4 ,any incl9ation to look at ! ,suspects fir/ %\ld be firmly resi/$4 ,let u assume t ! object ( ! exam9ation is to discov] ! writ] ( an anonym\s lett]--"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t tasks ( ! h&writ+ exp]t4 ,! mat]ial 9 h& is ! anonym\s lett]1 :i* 9 su* a case may be call$ ! ,orig9al1 & half-a-doz5 specim5s ( ! writ+ ( suspect$ p]sons4 ,^! ,suspects are numb]$ f #a to #f1 or m>k$ ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 c41 & put aside until ! ,orig9al has be5 ?or\ghly /udi$4 ,! fir/ ?+ is to exam9e ! pap] & envelope1 not+ its quality1 wat]m>k1 size1 & any feature t may af=d a clue4 ,x is always safe to presume t ! pap] is 9 e respect unlike t commonly us$ by ! writ]1 j z x is equally safe to take x = grant$ t ! writ+ x conta9s w1 s f> z its g5]al appe>ance goes1 be ! rev]se ( ! normal h& ( ! au?or4 ,t is1 if x be a heavy back h&1 ! writ] probably uses a h& approximat+ to ! ,italian1 ?\gh too mu* weight mu/ n be atta*$ to ?is !ory4 ,next1 note ! g5]al /yle ( ! docum5t z a :ole1 :e!r ! m>g9 betwe5 top1 bottom1 & sides is l>ge or small4 ,a writ] :o habitually beg9s at ! top left-h& corn] v ne> to ! edge ( ! pap] w (t5 betray himself by repeat+ ! habit4 ,x is a v common sign ( an economical disposition4 ,note :e!r he cr[ds 8 words & lett]s ne> ! ends ( l9es or leaves a good m>g94 ,cl]ks & ^? engag$ 9 (ficial "w r>ely cr[d _! f9al words1 pref]r+ r to leave a wide space & g on to ! next l9e4 ,note :e!r ! hyph5 is us$ to divide words4 ,_m writ]s nev] divide a ^w1 o!rs d x frequ5tly1 ) or )\t ! hyph54 ,measure ! av]age di/ance betwe5 l9es1 if unrul$ pap] be us$1 & make a note ( ! av]age di/ance4 ,measure ! di/ance betwe5 words & /rike an av]age1 not+ if words are connect$ )\t lift+ ! p54 ,x may be f\nd t ?is jo9+ is only done :5 c]ta9 lett]s =m ! f9al ( ! fir/ ^w jo9$ & ! initial ( ! ^w connect$4 ,look c>efully = su*4 ,note p>ticul>ly ! slope ( ! topp$ & tail$ lett]s4 ,note ! punctuation1 :e!r frequ5t & accurate or o!rwise4 ,det]m9e ! class to :i* ! writ+ belongs4 ,read ! docum5t c>efully1 not+ any peculi>ities ( language1 errors1 or ,am]icanisms 9 spell+1 su* z favor = fav\r1 color = col\r1 c42 ! sub/itution ( z = s 9 su* words z adv]tise1 c4 ,exam9e ) ! glass any words t may h be5 cross$ out or rewritt51 not+ p>ticul>ly lett]s t h be5 m5d$ or t\*$ up4 ,note :e!r ! horizontal l9es h a t5d5cy to slope up or d[n4 ,note p>ticul>ly lett]s ) two or m feet1 l a1 d1 h1 k1 m1 n1 c4 ,x w be f\nd t a c]ta9 regul>ity 9 =mation exi/s 9 mo/ writ+s4 ,if ! a be =m$ l an o1 ! toe n t\*+ ! l9e1 or an n ) ! second foot high up l a be>d$ r1 ^! peculi>ities %\ld be c>efully not$4 ,"s writ]s g to ! o!r extreme1 & c>ry ! second foot bel[ ! l9e1 s t a becomes a small q4 ,too mu* "t _c be devot$ to ?is aspect ( h&writ+1 z x pres5ts features ( :i* ! writ] is probably q unconsci\s1 &1 !re=e1 af=ds valuable evid5ce4 ,next /udy ! topp$ & tail$ lett]s1 not+ :e!r !y are loop$ or b>r$1 t is1 =m$ by a s+le /roke4 ,x w be (t5 f\nd t c]ta9 lett]s are always loop$1 o!rs b>r$4 ,take c>eful note ( su*4 ,if bo? b>r$ & loop$ lett]s appe> to be us$ indiscrim9ately1 c\nt & av]age !m4 ,9 any case1 a *>act]i/ic w be reveal$4 ,exam9e & classify ! loops4 ,note :e!r !y are long or %ort1 r\nd$ or angul>1 wide or n>r[4 ,devote special att5tion to ! arc1 %\ld] & hook4 ,note1 also1 any diff]5ce ( ?ickness betwe5 ! up & d[n /roke2 te/ ! degree ( cle>ness & %>pness ( /roke by means ( ! glass1 & c>efully look = ! s]rat$ or ragg$ edge1 :i* w assi/ 9 det]m9+ ! angle at :i* ! p5 is held4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,alphabet ,,9 ,,detail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,alphabet ,,v>iants4 ,if ! in/ructions s f> giv5 h be5 act$ ^u1 ! /ud5t w h famili>is$ himself ) ! g5]al "* ( ! writ+ "u exam9ation4 ,he %\ld n[ proce$ ) a detail$ exam9ation ( ea* lett]1 beg9n+ ) ! smalls1 & tak+ !m 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,take a %eet ( trac+ pap] & trace ea* small a1 lett+ !m foll[ ea* o!r on ! l9e1 ) ab\t a qu>t] in* ( space betwe5 ea* lett]4 ,dur+ ! process ( trac+1 ! eye mu/ be on ! al]t = peculi>ities1 notably ! r\ndness or o!rwise ( ! circle z a :ole1 ! curve or angle ( ! arc & hook1 ! relative position ( ! toe4 ,note ! %ank1 :e!r loop$ or b>r$1 :e!r ! top ( x is above or bel[ ! body ( ! circle1 :e!r x is v]tical or slop+ f "r or left4 ,hav+ comp>$ all ! a's1 c\nt !m1 & decide :i* =m mo/ frequ5tly recurs4 ,?is may be tak5 z ! normal a ( ! writ]4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal po9ts to be consid]$ 9 exam9+ succe$+ lett]s4 b4--,note ! spur1 its l5g?1 h[ f> up ! %ank x meets x2 :e!r ! %ank is b>r$ or loop$2 ! "* ( ! loop4 ,note p>ticul>ly ! toe1 :i* also =ms ! l9k4 ,?is is a v significant h&-ge/ure4 ,x may be l[ d[n1 mak+ ! b lit]ally li1 or x may be a horizontal b>1 an angle1 or a neat semicircle4 ,its =mation (f]s l>ge scope = v>iation1 & %\ld be v c>efully /udi$4 ,comp>e ! toe ) ! correspond+ /roke 9 f1 o1 v1 w4 ,note :e!r x is jo9$ ) an eye1 & obs]ve its av]age di/ance f ! bottom on base l9e4 c4--,?is lett]1 :5 an initial1 is frequ5tly begun ) a spur1 (t5 ) a dot or tick4 ,:5 connect$ ) a prec$+ lett]1 ! l9k may make ! c into an e4 ,x is sometimes disconnect$ f ! prec$+ lett]4 ,note :e!r ?is is *>act]i/ic4 d4--,apply ! same te/s z 9 exam9+ small a1 not+ :e!r ! %ank is b>r$ or loop$4 e4--,exam9e ! spur 9 initials2 closely obs]ve ! loop4 ,look = any recurr5ce ( ! ,greek e4 ,exam9e & comp>e ! specim5s giv5 9 ! examples4 ,_m writ]s h a habit ( =m+ an e z an i & add+ ! loop4 ,look out = ?is ) assi/ance ( ! glass4 f4--,?is is an important lett]1 giv+ scope = num]\s v>ieties ( =m4 ,exam9e & classify ! loops1 not+ :i* is ! long]--! top or bottom2 :e!r "o or bo? are b>r$4 ,! eye & toe are pregnant ) mat]ial = obs]vation4 ,exam9e ! v>i\s =ms ( ?is lett] giv5 9 ! examples4 g4--,l ! prec$+ lett]1 ?is "o has _m v>ieties ( =m1 & w repay c>eful /udy4 h4--,! *>act]i/ic portion ( ?is lett] is ! hook =m+ its body4 ,note h[ x is jo9$ to ! %ank--:e!r x />ts f ! l9e or high up2 :e!r ! %\ld] is r\nd$ or angul>1 :e!r ! foot t\*es ! l9e or rema9s above x2 :e!r ! %ank is loop$ or b>r$4 i4--,?is is an important lett] because ( ! dot1 :i* is made me*anically4 ,aft] not+ :e!r ! %ank is spurr$ z an initial1 special att5tion mu/ be devot$ to ! dot4 ,dots are ( v>i\s =ms4 ,!y may be a w$ge-%ap$ /roke slop+ 9 any direction1 a horizontal da%1 a t9y circle or semicircle1 a small v1 or a p]fect dot4 ,exam9e !m all ?r\gh ! glass1 & comp>e !m ) ! comma1 :i* (t5 p>takes ( ! same "* z ! dot4 ,note also its relative position to ! %ank1 :e!r v]tical1 to ! "r or left1 & its av]age height & di/ance f ! %ank4 ,mu* may be le>n$ f a c>eful exam9ation ( ! dot1 & its e v>iation & *>act]i/ic %\ld be mo/ c>efully not$ & classifi$4 j is important = ! same reason t makes ! i significant4 ,!re are sev]al =ms ( x1 b ! dott+ (f]s ! mo/ valuable evid5ce4 k4--,?is is ! mo/ significant & valuable ( ! small lett]s1 z x (f]s scope = s mu* orig9ality & irregul>ity 9 its =mation4 ,! *>act]i/ic features ( ! small k lie ma9ly 9 ! body4 ,few writ]s =m a k alike4 ,al?\gh x may belong to ! same class1 ! numb] ( v>iations t c be rung on ! body is surpris+ly l>ge1 rang+ f ! regulation copybook model to ! ecc5tric patt]ns %[n 9 ! examples4 ,special att5tion %\ld be devot$ to ! eye & buckle1 = x is at ?is junction ( ! two /rokes =m+ ! body t mo/ writ]s exhibit _! peculi>ities4 l4--,! same pr9ciples ( exam9ation apply to ?is lett] z to ! small e4 ,note c>efully ! "* ( ! loop & exam9e ! position ( ! spur4 m & n (f] ample mat]ial = exam9ation4 ,z an initial ! fir/ /roke is sometimes exagg]at$1 approximat+ ! lett] to ! capital ,m or ,n4 ,note ! =mation ( ! %\ld]s & _! relative heights & wid?2 also1 by means ( a l9e t\*+ ! tops ( ! %\ld]s1 note c>efully & comp>e ! la/ %\ld] ) ! fir/4 ,?is lett] pres5ts great extremes 9 =mation4 ,! %\ld]s may be high & well r\nd$1 or ev5 horizontal1 or !y may be %>p angles1 turn+ ! m into 91 & ! n into u4 ,note ! di/ance betwe5 ! %anks & obs]ve :e!r x is uni=m4 o4--,?is lett] owes its ma9 importance to its connect+ l9k4 ,note :e!r x is c>ri$ l[ d[n1 mak+ ! lett] l an a1 :e!r x is jo9$ to ! body by an eye1 & if ! toe is curv$ or angul>4 ,note1 also1 ! g5]al con=mation ( ! circul> body & comp>e ! toe ) t 9 b1 f1 v1 & w4 p4--,!re are sev]al =ms ( ?is lett]1 & a writ] :o affects "o ( !m g5]ally repeats x (t54 ,! %ank may be b>r$ or loop$1 :olly or 9 "p1 especially :5 us$ z an initial4 ,! body g5]ally (f]s ample mat]ial = exam9ation4 q is also a lett] ) :i* great lib]ties are tak51 & is ! subject ( sev]al v>iations4 ,"s writ]s make no di/9ction betwe5 g & q1 & ! f9al /roke (t5 supplies ! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( ?is lett]4 r4--,?is important lett] has two =ms--! squ>e1 or ey$1 & ! hook$4 ,_m v>iants are employ$ 9 =m+ x1 z ! specim5s 9 ! examples %[4 ,_m writ]s unconsci\sly =m a habit ( us+ bo? r's1 b ) a c]ta9 degree ( sy/em4 ,= example1 "o may use ! hook r always z a f9al1 & ! ey$ r z an initial4 ,! =mation ( ! eye %\ld be specially /udi$1 ) ! %\ld]1 :i* may be =m$ z a semicircle1 an arc1 a /raight b> or an angul> v4 ,! hook$ r is equally ri* 9 v>y+ =ms1 & ! lett] =ms an int]e/+ /udy4 s4--,?is is a lett] ( su* frequ5t recurr5ce 9 ! ,engli% language t x n unnaturally has become ! subject ( a v>iety ( =ms1 & ?is despite ! fact t its regulation %ape is exce$+ly simple & rudim5t>y4 ,! majority ( writ]s h "o fav\rite =m ( ! lett]1 :i*1 l ! k1 becomes *>act]i/ic4 t4--,?is lett] is important because ( its frequ5t recurr5ce1 & on acc\nt ( ! v>iations ( =m1 ! b> or cross+ be+ ! mo/ fruitful 9 mat]ial = obs]vation4 ,!re are two usual =ms ( ! t1 ! hook$ & cross$1 & ! b>r$1 & !y are equally valuable & *>act]i/ic4 ,! cross+ ( a hook$ t1 l ! dott+ ( an i1 is s me*anical an act t x (t5 reveals important evid5ce4 ,! cross /roke :5 closely exam9$ w be f\nd to pres5t _m v>iations4 ,x may be a f9e horizontal l9e1 a curve1 a heavy %ort da%2 x may be tick$ or dott$ at ei!r end or bo?--9 %ort1 !re is sc>cely an end to ! num]\s =ms ?is important h&-ge/ure may assume4 ,!n its relative position to ! %ank tells mu*4 ,x may be high up1 n t\*+ ! %ank2 l[ d[n1 neatly /ruck at "r angles to ! %ank1 or x may be omitt$ altoge!r4 ,9 "s circum/ances a t is cross$1 9 o!rs left uncross$2 = example1 ! t at ! beg9n+ ( a ^w may be inv>iably uncross$1 b ! f9al t nev]4 ,^! are ! peculi>ities & *>act]i/ics ! /ud5t has to keep a wat*ful eye =4 ,! o!r =m ( ! t is kn[n z ! b> t4 ,x is g5]ally uncross$1 & (t5 ! buckle is an important feature4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! examples w sugge/ ! l9es on :i* ! analysis ( ! lett] t %\ld be conduct$ & at ! same "t reveal ! ri*ness ( mat]ial at ! disposal ( ! /ud5t4 u4--,note :e!r ! two %anks are uni=m1 :e!r ! lett] is spurr$ z an initial4 ,av]age ! di/ance betwe5 ! %anks1 & obs]ve ! con=mation ( ! hook1 :e!r r\nd$ or v-%ap$4 v4--,! important feature ( ?is lett] is ! toe4 ,its =mation mu/ be c>efully not$ z 9 f1 o1 hook$ r & w4 w4--,apply ! same te/ z to u & v4 ,note ! uni=mity or o!rwise ( ! %anks & hooks1 & /udy ! v>i$ =ms giv5 9 ! examples4 x4--,?is lett] l5ds itself to tricks & v>iations1 & few lett]s dep>t m f ! or?odox copybook =m 9 actual practice1 z is %[n 9 ! examples4 y4--,note ! spur & its relative position to ! %ank4 ,note ! tail & its av]age l5g?4 z4--,?is lett] (f]s good mat]ial = /udy & ! detection ( mann]isms4 ,its body is ! mo/ significant "p1 z x is capable ( s _m v>iations4 ,x may be angul> or well curv$2 ! eye may be l>ge or exagg]at$ or m]ely sugge/$4 ,l k & x1 ! =m once adopt$ by a writ] is n usually dep>t$ f to any great ext5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,capitals4 ,ow+ to _! l>ge size & m complex =m ! capital lett]s (f] mu* m mat]ial = te/s ?an ! smalls4 ,!y yield m scope = tricks & ecc5tricity1 ?\gh1 at ! same "t1 _! extra prom95ce1 & ! cle>ness ) :i* _! outl9es /rike ! eye ( ! writ] r5d] x m likely t he w detect gl>+ dep>tures f ! or?odox model4 ,9 o!r words1 a writ] w\ld probably pay m att5tion to accuracy 9 =m+1 & p>ticul>ly 9 copy+1 a capital ?an a small lett]4 ,?is is g5]ally f\nd to be ! case 9 signature =g]ies1 ! capitals be+1 z a rule1 mu* ne>] ! orig9al ?an ! small lett]s4 ,b !re is ?is great advantage 9 fav\r ( ! /ud5t 9 exam9+ capitals--! /rokes be+ m expansive supply a l>g] field & mat]ial = exam9ation4 ,= example1 a ragg$ or diamond /roke 9 a mu* fl\ri%$ capital l ,m1 ,w1 ,r or ,b w\ld be m app>5t ?an ! same k9d ( /roke 9 a small lett]4 ,!re is no ne$ to take ! capital lett]s s]iatim1 z 0 ! case ) ! smalls1 = ! same pr9ciples & rules = exam9ation apply 9 bo? cases4 ,! same c>e is necess>y 9 exam9+ ! arcs1 hooks & %\ld]s ( loops1 ) _! g5]al con=mation4 ,! angle ( slope is m noticeable 9 capitals1 & !y reveal ! *>act]i/ics ( ! writ] m ?an small lett]s4 ,p]sons :o pr(ess to del9eate "* f h&writ+ always pay great att5tion to ! capitals1 d\btless ) good reason1 & z ! result ( long exp]i5ce4 ,an exam9ation w %[ t ab\t t5 capitals c be =m$ ) two disconnect$ /rokes4 ,!y are ,a1 ,b1 ,f1 ,h1 ,k1 ,p1 ,q1 ,r1 ,t & ,x4 ,^! are kn[n z d\ble capitals4 ,^! d\bles %\ld be c>efully look$ =1 & ! frequ5cy1 or o!rwise1 ( _! recurr5ce not$1 z x is probable !y w be f\nd to be ne>ly always us$ "u ! same circum/ances2 t is1 a writ] may h a habit ( beg9n+ ) a d\ble capital :5 possible1 b rev]t to ! s+le =m ( ! same lett] 9 ! body ( ! writ+4 ,ano!r writ] w almo/ inv>iably disconnect ! capitals f ! re/ ( ! ^w1 :ile a ?ird z regul>ly connects !m4 ,"s writ]s affect ! m simple =m1 approximat+ to ! pr9t$ "*4 ,o!rs aga9 indulge 9 inord9ate fl\ri%es1 p>ticul>ly 9 _! signatures4 ,su* writ]s prove easy prey to ! =g]4 ,a feature v easy ( detection 9 capitals is ! diamond4 ,x is =m$ by a sudd5 ?ick5+ ( ! d[n/roke4 ,x is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 ! writ+ ( ^? :o h be5 in/ruct$ 9 ! old-fa%ion$ s*ool1 :]e a di/9ction betwe5 ! heavy d[n/roke & ! light up/roke 0 insi/$ ^u4 ,! diamond habit once =m$ is v difficult to eradicate1 & traces ( x always rema9 9 ! writ+ ( p]sons ?us taught4 ,an important & significant "p ( a capital lett] is ! be>d4 ,x is an automatic trick1 & always repays c>eful exam9ation4 ,x may be a spurr$1 tick$ or dott$ be>d1 b 9 any case ! initial /roke mu/ be c>efully exam9$1 :atev] =m x may assume1 = ! (t-emphasiz$ reason t x belongs s ess5tially to ! clue-provid+ class ( ungu>d$ & unprem$itat$ automatic /rokes t are ov]look$ by ! writ]4 ,v>iations 9 ! =m ( a capital mu/ be not$1 & a record kept1 =1 h[ev] great ! v>iety1 x w be f\nd t "o p>ticul> =m is m us$ ?an ano!r1 & may be reg>d$ z ! normal type ( ! writ]4 ,a peculi>ity ( "s writ]s is ! use ( an enl>g$ =m ( ! small lett] = a capital4 ,! lett]s s made to s]ve a d\ble purpose are g5]ally ,a1 ,c1 ,e1 ,g1 ,m1 ,n1 ,o1 ,p1 ,q1 ,s1 ,u1 ,v & ,w4 ,!y are ref]r$ to z small capitals4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,punctuation4 ,! amp]s& 77 is a symbol t provides excell5t mat]ial = clues to tricks & mann]isms4 ,x v>ies 9 =m f a m]e v-%ap$ tick ( almo/ indet]m9ate "* to an ornate ?+ ( loops & fl\ri%es4 ,x is v sp>+ly employ$ by illit]ate p]sons1 & "s educat$ writ]s avoid its use "u ! impression t1 l ! abbreviation ( words1 x is vulg>4 ,9 a few high-class ladies' s*ools its use is /]nly repress$1 & !re are _m flu5t & habitual writ]s :o nev] employ ?is sign4 ,?is 9 itself supplies a useful clue to *>act]isation4 ,o!rs1 aga91 only employ x 9 su* comb9ations z ,co41 c41 ?\gh ?is latt] abbreviation is1 z (t5 z n1 writt5 etc4 by _m p]sons4 ,! da% 7--7 occurs v l>gely 9 _m writ+s1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ^? ( ladies1 :o reg>d x z a univ]sal punctuation m>k1 & employ x indiscrim9ately z comma & full /op4 ,_m p]sons ( bo? sexes inv>iably make a da% bel[ ! address on an envelope1 us+ x z a k9d ( f9al fl\ri%4 ,a close exam9ation ( ! samples provid$ 9 su* a writ+ w reveal _m valuable idiosyncrasies4 ,x may be a bold1 firm horizontal l9e1 a curve ) a tick at ei!r end1 or bo?2 a wavy l9e or ev5 an upw>d or d[nw>d l9e4 ,note1 also1 ! ragg$ edge1 z x af=ds an important clue to ! /yle ( hold+ ! p54 ,! da% is s ess5tially an unprem$itat$ & me*anically-=m$ h&-ge/ure t x (t5 betrays m ( ! "* ( ! writ] ?an any o!r lett]4 ,cases h be5 kn[n 9 :i* ! writ] ( an anonym\s lett] has successfully conceal$ all 8 *>act]i/ics1 b 9 putt+ ! f9al /roke 9 ! =m ( a da% he has s f> =gott5 himself z to produce1 q unconsci\sly1 :at 0 probably "o ( 8 mo/ pron\nc$ h&-ge/ures1 ?us provid+ a clue :i* l$ to ultimate conviction4 ,punctuation is r>ely a m>k$ feature ( ,engli% h&writ+4 ,x is said t _m ( our lead+ lit]>y m5 practically leave ?is important phase ( _! "w to ! pr9t]'s pro(-read]4 ,an exam9ation ( a hundr$ private lett]s by diff]5t h&s w %[ a m>vell\s sc>city ( punctuation m>ks1 & few correspond5ts use or appe> to "k ! use ( any /op o!r ?an ! comma & full po9t1 ! da% be+ made to d s]vice = all else4 ,! m>k ( int]rogation is fairly (t5 us$1 & its =mation gives scope & mat]ial = c>eful exam9ation4 ,! examples (f] sugge/ions ( ! =m & direction ecc5tricity sometimes takes4 ,! colon & semicolon are v little us$ by av]age writ]s1 & :5 !y are1 x is g5]ally inaccurately1 b ne>ly always "u ! same circum/ances1 :i* %\ld be c>efully not$4 ,! quotation m>ks 7 7 are /ill m r>ely employ$1 & x w be f\nd on exam9ation t mo/ p =m !m wrongly4 ,! accurate /yle is ?is1 1 b z (t5 z n ! initial quotation has ! dot at ! top in/ead ( ! bottom4 ,ano!r almo/ univ]sal omission is t ( ! full po9t aft] initials to a "n1 aft] ,esq41 & 9 ! initials ( po/al di/ricts1 z ,e4,c41 ,w4,c4 ,! address+ ( an envelope af=ds int]e/+ & valuable mat]ial = clues1 = x w g5]ally be f\nd t a writ] :o uses punctuation m>ks at all w d s ) automatic regul>ity "u ! same circum/ances4 ,! %ape & g5]al =mation ( /ops & m>ks mu/ be c>efully exam9$ & classifi$1 = !y belong to ! significant unprem$itat$ class ( h&-ge/ures1 & are1 !re=e1 valuable z clues to peculi>ities4 ,! ,esq4 t g5]ally foll[s a man's "n on a lett] address$ to him p>takes mu* ( ! "* ( a symbol l ! 8 or 61 &1 be+ automatic ?r\gh usage1 is !re=e valuable4 ,mo/ writ]s use a uni=m /yle 9 %ap+ x1 & ! ?ree lett]s t g to make up ! abbreviation are =tunately ( a k9d t l5d !mselves to *>act]isation4 ,notice1 also1 ! position ( ! possessive sign 9 su* words z m5's1 writ]'s4 ,if accurately plac$1 ! writ] may be presum$ to und]/& punctuation1 & w give evid5ce ( x 9 a long writ+4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,pap] ,,& ,,wat]m>ks4 ,! br[ni% t9t ( old age :i* pap] ne$s to help out a fraud is obta9$ 9 v>i\s ways--sometimes by /eep+ 9 a weak solution ( c(fee1 b 9 o!r cases by hold+ x be=e a bright hot fire4 ,?is latt] device is1 =tunately1 n easy ( accompli%m5t1 consid]able c>e1 judgm5t & ev5 luck be+ ne$$ to ensure a satisfactory result4 ,9 our own case we h fail$ p]si/5tly 9 ! attempt1 ! pap] becom+ t9t$ s unequally z to excite rem>k at fir/ sight4 ,all ! old patt]n ( lett] pap] 0 almo/ uni=m 9 size--po/ qu>to1 & ! wat]m>k is inv>iably v di/9ct1 expla9able by ! fact t ! art ( close weav+ ! wire m\ld 0 n !n br\ght to its pres5t /ate ( p]fection4 ,! wat]m>ks are v fairly imitat$ by means ( a po9t$ /ick dipp$ 9 a solution ( sp]maceti & l9se$ oil melt$ 9 wat] & /irr$ till cold2 or1 equal quantities ( turp5t9e & ,canada balsam %ak5 toge!r4 ,! same result may be obta9$ by ! use ( megilp1 a mixture employ$ by arti/s4 ,! detection ( ?is wat]m>k fraud is simple & infallible4 ,if ! suspect$ docum5t be moi/5$ ) lukew>m wat] ! spuri\s wat]m>k disappe>s imm$iately1 b if g5u9e1 x becomes pla9]4 ,! worn & d+y appe>ance insep>able f age 9 a lett] is acc5tuat$ by rubb+ x lightly ) a dirty du/]4 ,! effect is usually obvi\s "u a /rong glass1 ! passage ( ! dirty clo? reveal+ itself 9 m9ute p>allel l9es4 ,v little c>e is ne$$ to di/+ui% betwe5 pap] t has be5 tak5 f books & ! g5u9e lett] pap] ( ! p]iod4 ,to beg9 )1 su* lett]s are always on s+le %eets4 ,9 g5u9e cases1 ! %eet is z (t5 z n a folio ( f\r pages4 ,9 ! majority ( cases ! bogus %eet is ( no recognis$ size4 ,if tak5 f a book l>g] ?an po/ qu>to1 x has _h to be cut to conceal ! te>4 ,?is op]ation has made an irregul> siz$ %eet--too small = po/ qu>to1 too l>ge = ! next size4 ,9 ! g5u9e writ+ pap]1 all f\r edges are usually r\gh l ^? ( a bank note4 ,if ! %eet has be5 ab/ract$ f a book1 "o edge mu/ h be5 cut or trimm$4 ,aga91 su* pap] is ( unequal ?ickness1 ! writ+ pap] ( ! p]iod be+ mu* smoo!r & f9] ?an ! pr9t+ pap]1 :ile 9 p>ts x is almo/ c]ta9 ! ink has run1 z x does on a co>se1 absorb5t pap]4 ,?is is a sure sign t ! pap] is pr9t+ & n writ+4 ,fur!r1 su* pap] is c]ta9 to %[ signs ( we> at ! bottom edges :]e !y h be5 h&l$ & expos$1 :ile t "p ( ! page :i* has be5 close/ to ! inside edge ( ! cov] is g5]ally clean]1 & %[s less sign ( we>4 ,9 _m cases ! impression ( ! book b9d+ is pla9ly visible4 ,a c>eful exam9ation & comp>ison ( a few %eets ( g5u9e lett] pap] ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies ) ! blank leaves f\nd 9 pr9t$ books w reveal diff]5ces s m>k$ t mi/ake is sc>cely possible aft]w>ds4 ,x (t5 occurs t grease m>ks int]rupt ! =g]4 ,kn[+ t he _c write ov] !m1 & t !y are h>dly likely to h exi/$ on ! pap] :5 x 0 new1 & :5 ! lett] 0 suppos$ to be writt51 he avoids !m4 ,! result becomes app>5t 9 unequal spac+ ( words & ev5 lett]s4 ,on "o occasion a really excell5t =g]y1 :i* _h successfully )/ood all ! te/s we _h appli$1 _h its real "* reveal$ by a curi\s ov]sight on ! "p ( ! =g]4 ,x 0 an e>ly sev5te5? c5tury docum5t1 & our att5tion 0 arre/$ by a peculi> uni=m smudgy appe>ance1 su* z results f blott+ ) a h>d1 unabsorb5t1 mu*-worn %eet ( blott+ pap]4 ,at ! p]iod ( ! presum$ date ( ?is docum5t blott+ pap] 0 unkn[n1 writ+s be+ dri$ by means ( a specially prep>$ f9e p[d] call$ p\nce1 s&1 or a p[d] conta9+ f9e cry/als ( metal int5d$ to give an ornam5tal gloss to ! ink4 ,close exam9ation "u ! microscope reveal$ ! tru?4 ,!re 7 no signs ( p\nce or any o!r dry+ p[d]1 ! cry/als ( :i* are usually pla9 to ! unassi/$ eye1 b !re 7 di/9ct signs ( ! fibre ( ! blott+ pap] left 9 ! ink4 ,ano!r =g]y we discov]$ ?r\gh ! pres5ce 9 ! c5tre ( ! %eet ( pap] ( a v fa9t squ>e outl9e :i* enclos$ a slight discol\ration4 ,! %eet _h1 z usual1 be5 remov$ f a book1 & ! squ>e outl9e 0 a fa9t impression ( a book-plate :i* _h be5 affix$ to ! opposite page4 ,! discol\ration 0 caus$ by ! ink on ! book-plate4 ,x %\ld be sup]flu\s to h to rem9d intellig5t & educat$ p]sons t x is necess>y = a collector ( old docum5ts to make himself famili> ) ! peculi>ities1 habits & cu/oms ( ! p]iod 9 ^: lit]>y curiosities he is deal+4 ,yet fact compels ! admission t extraord9>y laxity & ev5 ignorance exi/ on ^! po9ts4 ,we are acqua9t$ ) a collector1 by no means un$ucat$1 :o gave a good price = a lett] purport+ to be by ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 ! inv5tor ( ! m9]s' safety lamp1 enclos$ 9 an envelope4 ,he 0 ignorant ( ! fact t envelopes 7 unkn[n until #ahdj1 ?irty ye>s lat] ?an ! date ( ?is p>ticul> lett]4 ,envelopes suppos$ to h be5 address$ by ,dick5s h be5 (f]$ = sale & pur*as$1 be>+ po/age /amps n 9 circulation at ! p]iod4 ,"o w\ld imag9e t a =g] w\ld pay suffici5t att5tion to 8 mat]ials to be on 8 gu>d aga9/ ! blund] :i* e>n$ ! p]petrator ( ! ,:alley ,w ,=g]y p5al s]vitude4 ,he put =w>d a w dat$ #ahfb1 writt5 on pap] be>+ 9 a pla9 wat]m>k ! date #ahgj6 ,ano!r indiscreet p]son ask$ ! ,c\rt to accept a w writt5 & sign$ ) an anil9e copy+ p5cil1 b dat$ ye>s be=e t in/rum5t _h be5 inv5t$4 ,bo? ! works by ,dr4 ,scott & ,mr4 ,davies1 giv5 9 ! li/1 %[ samples ( wat]m>ks ( ! v>i\s p]iods affect$ by =g]s ( lit]>y docum5ts4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,inks4 ,exam9ation = det]m9+ :e!r a writ+ has be5 done at "o "t1 or add$ to lat]1 necessitates "s acqua9tance ) ! nature & qualities ( ink4 ,9 ! ord9>y case ! assi/ance ( a *emi/ is necess>y1 b an enl>g$ photograph %[s up m9ute diff]5ces ) amaz+ accuracy4 ,9 ! majority ( in/ances alt]ations are made "s "t aft] ! orig9al has be5 writt51 9 :i* case a diff]5ce 9 ! %ade ( ! ink w be p]ceptible1 ev5 to ! unassi/$ eye4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true :5 ! n[ almo/ univ]sal blue-black ink is us$4 ,! p]iod requir$ = an addition to become z black z ! old] writ+ dep5ds v mu* ^u ! "* ( ! pap]4 ,if ?is be smoo? & h>d1 & ! writ+ has n be5 dri$ ) blott+ pap]1 b all[$ to dry naturally & sl[ly1 x w become black mu* quick] ?an if ! pap] be r\gh & ( an absorb5t nature4 ,a fairly reliable te/ is to t\* a ?ick /roke ( ! suspect$ addition ) a drop ( dilut$ muriatic acid--z mu* z w cl+ to ! po9t ( a p94 ,apply ! drop to ! suspect$ addition & to ! old] writ+ at ! same mom5t1 & c>efully wat* ! result4 ,! new] writ+ w become fa9t & wat]y1 ) a blui% t+e almo/ in/antly1 b ! *ange w be sl[] 9 ! case ( ! old] writ+1 tak+ t5 or ev5 tw5ty seconds4 ,! long] ! p]iod requir$ = ! *ange1 ! old] ! writ+4 ,?is same acid te/ is appli$ to prove :e!r a writ+ is 9 ord9>y ink1 or has be5 li?ograph$ or photograph$4 ,if ! two latt]1 ! acid w h no effect4 ,on m ?an "o occasion collectors h pur*as$ z orig9al autographs ( celebrities :i* prov$ to h be5 li?ograph$ or photograph$1 b ! p]sons s deceiv$ h g5]ally be5 inexp]i5c$ amateurs4 ,:5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a writt5 & pr9t$ signature has be5 once notic$ x is h>dly likely t an obs]vant p]son w be deceiv$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 z well to be c>efully on gu>d aga9/ ?is cont+5cy1 = mod]n photography & process pr9t+ h be5 br\ght to su* a degree ( imitative p]fection t x is easy = a n too ke5-ey$ p]son to exp]i5ce great difficulty 9 =m+ an op9ion 9 ! abs5ce ( ! acid te/4 ,=tunately t is infallible4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ t up to ! pres5t no great success has att5d$ ef=ts to det]m9e h[ long an int]val has pass$ betwe5 ! writ+ ( ! orig9al & ! suspect$ addition4 ,broadly speak+1 ! mo/ t ! exp]t c hope to ga9 f an exam9ation ( ink "u ^! circum/ances are h9ts1 clues & sugge/ions r ?an def9ite1 reliable facts4 ,=tunately x (t5 occurs t a sugge/ion s obta9$ proves ( imm5se value to ! tra9$ or c>eful obs]v]1 ?\gh x might convey no conviction to o!rs4 ,z 9 ! case ( ne>ly all d$uctive reason+ ! h&writ+ exp]t becomes s5sitive to slight sugge/ions4 ,if call$ ^u1 z he sometimes is1 to expla9 to o!rs h[ & :y "o ( ^! slight & almo/ imp]ceptible signs fit 9 ) 8 !ory1 he fails4 ,!re=e ! cauti\s exp]t1 l a good judge1 is c>eful 9 giv+ reasons = 8 judgm5t only to cite ^? :i* are self-evid5t4 ,_m an exp]t has made a poor exhibition 9 ! witness-box by fail+ to convey to a jury ! impression produc$ on 8 own m9d by a slight piece ( evid5ce1 ! prop] und]/&+ & int]pretation ( :i* c only be grasp$ by ^? :o h le>n$ h[ to recognize fa9t signs4 ,! process ( *emically te/+ inks = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! po9ts m5tion$ is q simple1 & is di/9ctly int]e/+4 ,9 a v important case ! s]vices ( a qualifi$ *emi/ w probably be requisition$1 b ! co/ ( ! necess>y mat]ial & ! "t requir$ to make oneself pr(ici5t z a capable te/] are s slight t ev5 ! small fee t w\ld be *>g$ by a *emi/ is sc>cely wor? pay+4 ,! mat]ials necess>y are a few te/ tubes1 "s bottles ( lime wat]1 dilut$ muriatic acid1 a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 di/ill$ wat]1 9 ! proportion ( t5 gra9s to ! ounce1 "s camel hair p5cils1 & clean :ite blott+ & litmus pap]4 ,! :ole ne$ n co/ m ?an half-a-cr[n4 ,! me?od ( us+ ^! mat]ials is be/ illu/rat$ by describ+ a te/ (t5 ne$$ by autograph collectors4 ,a v common me?od employ$ by =g]s to give an appe>ance ( age to ! ink us$ 9 spuri\s old docum5ts is to mix ) ord9>y ink1 muriatic acid1 oxalic acid1 or b9oxalate ( pota%4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! col\r+ ag5ts c be detect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 wa%+ ! lett] ) cold wat] w make ! ink become d>k] if acid has be5 us$ to br[n ! ink1 b ! foll[+ te/ w settle ! po9t beyond dispute3 ,) a camel's-hair bru% wa% ! lett] ov] ) w>m wat]4 ,if1 z sometimes happ5s1 a sort ( pa9t or col\r$ indian ink has be5 us$1 ?is w be imm$iately wa%$ away & disappe>1 leav+ a ru/y smudge4 ,if n1 apply ! litmus pap] to ! wett$ ink1 & ! pres5ce ( acid w be %[n 9 ! usual way by ! litmus pap] *ang+ col\r4 ,if g5u9e1 wett+ makes no diff]5ce4 ,next1 p\r a drop or two ( ! wat] f ! writ+ into a te/ tube f (f ! lett]1 add a little di/ill$ wat] & "o or two drops ( ! nitrate ( silv] solution4 ,if muriatic acid has be5 us$ to col\r ! ink1 a ?ick :ite precipitate w be se5 9 ! tube imm$iately4 ,if n1 p\r a few m drops ( ! wat] :i* has be5 wa%$ ov] ! writ+ into a second te/ tube1 add a little di/ill$ wat] & a few drops ( lime wat]4 ,a :ite precipitate w be se5 9 ! tube if ei!r oxalic acid or b9oxalate ( pota% has be5 employ$4 ,9 _m cases x w be suffici5t to place ! tip ( ! tongue to a ?ick /roke4 ,an unmi/akable acid ta/e w be notic$4 ,fur!r & full] p>ticul>s ( ! me?ods resort$ to by =g]s to simulate anci5t docum5ts w be giv5 9 ! *apt] on ,autographs4 ,x is sometimes important to "k :e!r a /roke has be5 made ov] ano!r1 z 9 ! fam\s case 9 :i* ! real issue turn$ on ! "q :e!r an app>5t alt]ation 9 a signature 0 really a p5-m>k made to indicate :]e ! signatory %\ld sign4 ,x 0 obvi\s t if ! m>k 0 made fir/ ! signature w\ld be ov] x2 if1 z 0 sugge/$1 ! m>k 0 add$ 9 an attempt to alt] or t\* up ! signature1 x mu/ h be5 writt5 ov] ! signature4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d an enl>g$ photograph leaves no room = d\bt4 ,! ink is se5 ly+ ov] ! l[] /roke z pla9ly z a lay] ( pa9t 9 a picture c be se5 ov]ly+ ! /roke b5ea?4 ,?is is "o ( ^? app>5tly difficult po9ts :i* become m>vell\sly simple :5 dealt ) 9 a practical mann]4 ,pages might be ne$$ to expla9 :at a v simple exp]im5t w reveal at a glance4 ,take a ^w :i* has be5 writt5 long en\gh = ! ink to h become dry1 & make a /roke across x4 ,= example1 make a lett] t )\t ! b>1 !n1 aft] a lapse ( an h\r or two1 add ! cross b>4 ,:5 ?is is q dry & has become z d>k z ! fir/ m>k1 exam9e x ) a good glass4 ,! ink ( ! add$ b> w be se5 pla9ly ov]lay+ ! v]tical /roke1 b any d\bt c be promptly remov$ by tak+ an enl>g$ photograph4 ,ev5 :5 ! second /roke is add$ :ile ! ink on ! fir/ is /ill wet ! upp] /roke c be di/+ui%$1 ?\gh n s cle>ly z if ! fir/ /roke _h be5 all[$ to dry fir/4 ,by practis+ & exam9+ su* /rokes1 ! /ud5t w soon le>n to di/+ui% important signs :i* leave no d\bt z to :i* /roke 0 fir/ made4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,erasures4 ,! alt]ation ( ! figures & am\nt writt5 on a *eque is g5]ally effect$ by erasure4 ,at "o "t *emicals 7 us$ = ?is purpose1 b =tunately ! mod]n *eque is =g]y-pro( 9 ?is respect4 ,no means are kn[n to *emi/s by :i* ord9>y writ+ c be remov$ f a *eque )\t leav+ a sign too pron\nc$ to escape detection4 ,b ev5 erasure on a *eque is extremely difficult1 & ! exp]i5c$ eye ( ! av]age bank tell] c detect x 9 ! va/ majority ( cases4 ,frauds p]petrat$ by ?is means are v r>e1 & are usually ! result ( gross c>elessness on ! "p ( ! p]son accept+ ! docum5t s alt]$4 ,! m frequ5t =m ( *eque fraud is effect$ by add+ to su* words z six1 sev51 eight & n9e4 ,! addition ( ty & y is all t is necess>y4 ,b ! ord9>ily c>eful bus9ess man nev] leaves suffici5t blank space betwe5 8 words to admit ( ?is addition1 :ile !re are few bank tell]s :o d n c>efully scrut9ise a *eque made out = ^! l>g] am\nts4 ,x may be accept$ z a satisfactory fact t *eque =g]y is n only extremely difficult1 b r>ely successful4 ,great frauds are usually p]petrat$ by means ( o!r in/rum5ts1 su* z bills ( ex*ange1 cr$it notes1 c4 ,an erasure is ! easie/ ?+ to detect if look$ =4 ,to beg9 ) x is only necess>y to hold a scrat*$ docum5t to ! light to h ! alt]ation reveal$4 ,eras+ mu/ ( necessity remove "p ( ! surface ( ! pap] :i* is made noticeably ?9n] at ! spot eras$4 ,9 ne>ly e case ! writ+ t has be5 add$ to ! erasure is blurr$1 ow+ to ! r\gh & absorb5t "* ( ! pap]4 ,exp]t =g]s h devis$ means ( c\nt]act+ ?is by rubb+ 9 "s sub/ance :i* p>tially re/ores ! orig9al smoo?ness & mitigates ! blurr$ appe>ance4 ,b su* devices ought n to be successful = !y are s easily detect$4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! only *ance ! =g] ( an eras$ *eque has lies 9 ! c>elessness ( ! tell]4 ,any cr[d+ ( words & unequal spac+ 9 ! fill+ up ( a *eque ought to excite suspicion & provoke c>eful & clos] scrut9y1 &1 x may be add$1 x g5]ally does4 ,! addition ( lett]s int5d$ to increase ! value ( a numb]1 su* z ! add+ ( ty to six or sev51 is easy ( detection if prop]ly look$ =4 ,x is safe to assume t ! addition has be5 made long aft] ! orig9al ^w 0 writt51 & ! po9t ( junction c be detect$ by ! aid ( a good glass4 ,_h ! ^w be5 orig9ally writt5 sixty1 ! *ances are t !re w\ld be no p]ceptible break betwe5 ! x & ! t4 ,few p]sons write su* %ort words 9 a disconnect$ mann]4 ,on plac+ ! ^w "u an ord9>y glass ! po9t ( junction w be pla9ly app>5t1 & a microscope1 or an enl>g$ photograph1 _c fail to reveal ! fraud4 ,( c\rse ^! latt] te/s w n be possible "u ! ord9>y circum/ances att5d+ ! pay+ out ( a *eque ov] ! c\nt]1 b :5 once ! peculi>ities ( su* alt]ations h be5 /udi$1 x is m>vell\s h[ quick ! eye becomes 9 recogniz+ !m at a glance4 ,erasure 9 writ+s on /\t ?ick pap] is n q s readily notic$ z ^? on ?9 pap] su* z *eques2 b ! same me?ods ( exam9ation w apply--hold+ ! docum5t to ! light1 or level ) & horizontal to ! eye4 ,a v effective application ( ! latt] te/ is to b5d or curve ! pap]1 mak+ an ar*4 ,! b5d+ has a t5d5cy to /ret* & wid5 ! eras$ "p1 & if any smoo?+ sub/ance su* z />* or wax has be5 add$ to re/ore ! gloss ( ! scrap$ portion1 x w usually reveal itself by sep>at+ & com+ away 9 du/ or t9y flakes4 ,?is process may be acc5tuat$ by draw+ ! suspect$ docum5t ov] a rul]1 or1 bett] /ill1 a p5cil1 repeat+ ! motion sev]al times4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,p5cils ,,& ,,/ylographs4 ,x is obvi\s t writ+ execut$ ) a p5cil or ! n[ mu*-us$ /ylograph w diff] 9 _m respects f t p]=m$ by an ord9>y p54 ,x is n too mu* to say t _! use w elim9ate _m features & introduce new ones4 ,?is *ange is ma9ly br\ght ab\t by ! diff]5t way 9 :i* a p5cil or /ylograph is held 9 comp>ison ) a p54 ,!re is a mu* great] s5se ( fre$om4 ,! p5cil c be1 & is1 turn$ & twi/$ 9 ! process ( mak+ a /roke z a p5 _c be1 & ! signs ( ?is fre$om become app>5t 9 a m r\nd$ /roke4 ,ev5 a writ] ^: *>act]s are acutely angul> %[s a t5d5cy to a m graceful outl9e4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is comp>atively r>e to meet a p5cill$ writ+ t is pron\nc$ly angul>4 ,! same rem>ks apply ) only little modification to writ+ produc$ by ! /ylograph1 & = ! same reason--! ease & fre$om ) :i* ! in/rum5t is held4 ,!re is no possibility ( mi/ak+ writ+ produc$ by a /ylograph = t ( an ord9>y /eel nib4 ,! /rokes are absolutely uni=m 9 ?ickness4 ,no nib-=m$ writ+ c be s1 = x is impossible = a writ]1 h[ev] c>eful1 to avoid putt+ pressure on 8 p5 at "s po9t2 & ! op5+ ( ! nib1 h[ev] slight1 mu/ produce an app>5t ?ick5+4 ,!re=e1 recognis+ ^! facts1 ! exp]t is always extremely c>eful 9 giv+ an op9ion ^u a writ+ produc$ by p5cil or /ylo unless he h ample specim5s ( ! writ]'s productions done ) ^! in/rum5ts4 ,at ! same "t1 al?\gh an abs5ce ( *>act]i/ics pres5t 9 p5 writ+ w\ld be noticeable1 ! ma9 features w\ld exi/3 = example1 ! space betwe5 words & lett]s w\ld be ! same2 ! dot ov] ! i w\ld be 9 its cu/om>y position2 ! b> ( ! t w\ld be ( ! same type z h]et(ore4 ,! pr9cipal *anges w\ld be 9 ! direction ( a m uni=m /roke ) a t5d5cy to great] rotundity4 ,p]sons :o habitually employ ! /ylo v frequ5tly develop an unconsci\s habit ( twi/+ ! p5 at c]ta9 po9ts s z to =m a deep1 r\nd$ dot4 ,?is occurs pr9cipally at ! ends ( words & /rokes4 ,a magnify+-glass reveals ?is peculi>ity at once1 &1 :5 discov]$1 notice %\ld be tak5 ( ! circum/ances "u :i* ?is twi/+ is usually done4 ,x w be f\nd1 mo/ probably1 t ! trick is uni=m2 t is1 c]ta9 lett]s or /rokes are mo/ly f9i%$ ) ! dot4 ,!re is a well-kn[n public "* :o = ye>s has employ$ no o!r writ+ in/rum5t b ! /ylo4 ,8 writ+ possesses "o peculi>ity :i* is s habitual t 9 f\r hundr$ examples exam9$ x 0 abs5t 9 only five4 ,he =ms ?is twi/ dot at ! end ( ! la/ lett] at ! end ( e l9e4 ,! inf]5ce & explanation is t1 9 rais+ ! p5 to travel back to ! next l9e1 he twi/s x ) a backw>d motion 9 h>mony ) ! back movem5t4 ,ano!r trick is to make ! same dot 9 words on :i* he appe>s to h halt$ or hesitat$ be=e writ+ ! next4 ,9 e su* case !re is an extra wide space betwe5 ! ^w end$ by a dot & t :i* foll[s4 ,x w\ld appe> z if ! writ] me*anically made ! dot :ile paus+ to *oose ! next ^w4 ,?is is a /rik+ example ( ! unconsci\s h&-ge/ure4 ,some?+ ak9 to x occurs 9 ! h&writ+ ( a fam\s lawy]4 ,"h & !re 9 8 lett]s w be notic$ a fa9t1 slop+1 v]tical /roke1 l a figure #a4 ,^? :o h se5 him write expla9 x ?us4 ,:ile hesitat+ 9 ! *oice ( a ^w he moves 8 p5 up & d[n ov] ! pap]1 & un9t5tionally t\*es x4 ,x is su* slips z ^! :i* (t5 supply ! exp]t ) valuable clues to id5tity4 ,:5 !y occur !y %\ld be c>efully exam9$1 = 9 ! majority ( cases a reason w be f\nd = _! pres5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,anonym\s ,,lett]s ,,& ,,disguis$ ,,h&s4 ,t mis*iev\s & c[>dly =m ( secret attack1 ! anonym\s lett]1 dem&s1 un=tunately1 a l>ge am\nt ( att5tion f ! h&writ+ exp]t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ pleasant rew>ds t c att5d ! consci5ti\s & pa9/ak+ /ud5t ( h&writ+ lies 9 ! k t 8 art may sometimes enable him to br+ to des]v$ puni%m5t ! assass9 ( reputation & dome/ic happ9ess4 ,x is a moot po9t1 :i* has be5 discuss$ by legal au?orities1 z to :e!r ! h&writ+ exp]t is ju/ifi$ 9 t5d]+ evid5ce & op9ions ( a k9d t may be said to belong by "r to ! crim9al inve/igator4 ,by ?is is meant t ! exp]t %\ld n be all[$ to po9t out to a jury su* pieces ( circum/antial evid5ce z ! simil>ity ( ! pap] us$ by ! suspect$ p]son ) o!r f\nd 9 8 possession2 t he ought n to direct att5tion to po/m>ks1 co9cid5ce ( dates1 simil>ity ( ink us$1 ! employm5t ( c]ta9 words & phrases1 & o!r ext]nal & indirect clues t po9t to ! au?or%ip4 ,x is urg$ t ! :ole duty ( ! exp]t is to say :e!r 9 8 op9ion two or m writ+s are by ! same h& or n1 & any expression ( op9ion outside ?is "q is ultra vires4 ,! obvi\s answ] to ?is objection is t x is impossible to limit ! exp]t 9 ! selection ( ^? po9ts :i* appeal to & assi/ him 9 =m+ an op9ion4 ,x is impossible to say :at may or may n sugge/ a valuable clue to a ke5 obs]v]2 & z ! exp]t is (t5 call$ ^u to give reasons = 8 op9ion he is q ju/ifi$ 9 indicat+ ! /eps by :i* he arriv$ at x4 ,^! circum/ances arise m (t5 9 connection ) anonym\s lett]s ?an ) ord9>y signature =g]ies1 = ! field ( exploration & ! mat]ial exam9$ are s mu* l>g]4 ,details become invaluable4 ,! quality & make ( ! pap] us$1 or a peculi> me?od ( fold+ & plac+ x 9 ! envelope may af=d a clue t w put ! exp]t on ! high road to an important discov]y4 ,x is impossible to say h[ or :]e a clue may lurk4 ,! torn edge ( a po/age /amp once suppli$ a h9t t 0 foll[$ up successfully4 ,a smudge on ! envelope1 t mat*$ a simil> "o on a packet ( envelopes 9 ! writ+ case ( a p]son q unsuspect$1 l$ to conviction1 z did a numb] ( an address t 0 cross$ out & rewritt51 ! anonym\s writ] hav+1 by =ce ( habit1 begun ) ! numb] he 0 9 ! habit ( writ+--8 own4 ,9 %ort1 ! exp]t has1 nol5s vol5s1 to assume _m ( ! functions ( ! crime inve/igator 9 deal+ ) app>5t trifles1 & ev5 if !y d n always help him 9 rea*+ 8 goal1 !y provide mat]ial = ex]cis+ ! useful art ( obs]vation4 ,/rictly speak+ ! exp]t %\ld1 p]haps1 ignore all outside sugge/ions z to ! au?or%ip1 & conf9e himself to say+ :e!r or n ! specim5s submitt$ are 9 ! same h&writ+2 b 9 practice ?is w be f\nd extremely difficult1 if n impossible1 = ! /ud5t _c %ut 8 eyes to ! accid5tal clues t inv>iably arise 9 ! exam9ation ( ! evid5ce1 & almo/ be=e he realizes x1 ! mo/ cauti\s exp]t f9ds himself trespass+ ^u gr\nd t by "r %\ld be ! pres]ve ( ! detective4 ,! po9ts rais$ "h may1 h[ev]1 be safely left to be dealt ) by ! judgm5t ( ! /ud5t z !y arise4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( /udy !y w probably n pres5t !mselves ) ! same =ce & frequ5cy z lat] on1 :5 !y w be appreciat$ z provid+ useful private po9t]s = guidance2 & ?\gh at times !y may put ! inexp]i5c$ /ud5t ^u a false sc5t1 he w h no difficulty 9 detect+ 8 error if1 :5 9 d\bt1 he foll[s ! pr9ciples laid d[n = ! comp>ison ( h&writ+4 ,! fir/ /ep to ! exam9ation ( ! anonym\s lett] consi/s 9 procur+ z _m suspects z possible1 :i*1 z be=e advis$1 %\ld be lett]$ or numb]$ & put aside1 until ! orig9al1 :i* 9 ?is case is ! anonym\s lett]1 has be5 /udi$ & ma/]$4 ,! ext]nal evid5ce ( :i* s mu* has already be5 said may or may n be look$ =4 ,next proce$ ) ! exam9ation & comp>ison ( ! writ+s4 ,x is presum$ t ! /ud5t has prep>$ 8 notes ( ! peculi>ities ( ! orig9al2 he has n[ to se>* = !m 9 ! suspects4 ,suppose he beg9s ) ! spurs & be>ds1 hav+ f\nd !m well m>k$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,he w take any "o ( ! suspects & exam9e x = a repetition ( ! same signs4 ,he may foll[ on ) ! re/ ( ! suspects1 tak+ advantage ( 8 memory be+ fre% on ?is po9t1 or he may pref] to exhau/ "o suspect ( all its evid5ces be=e proce$+ ) ano!r2 b practice & exp]i5ce w decide ! be/ c\rse 9 ?is matt]1 & influ5ce ! l9e ( proc$ure4 ,:atev] me?od is pursu$1 all h ! same object--! discov]y ( ! peculi>ities ( ! orig9al 9 "o or m ( ! suspects1 & ! /ud5t w be wise if he foll[ accurately ! c\rse laid d[n 9 ! *apt] on ,h[ to ,exam9e a ,writ+4 ,x is g5]ally safe to take x = grant$ t ! writ+ 9 an anonym\s lett] is disguis$4 ,!re are occasions :5 ! au?or p]suades ano!r p]son to write = him1 b only r>ely2 = ! p]petrator ( a contemptible act is n usually braz5 & indiscreet en\gh to expose himself to o!rs4 ,! same reasons l5d /r5g? to ! presumption t ! writ+ w1 s f> z its g5]al appe>ance goes1 be z mu* ! opposite ( ! au?or's usual /yle z 8 +5uity c make x4 ,! extreme back h& occurs v frequ5tly4 ,x seems to be ! fir/ impulse ( ! anonym\s writ] to avoid ! "r slope4 ,ev5 :5 ! normal h& is a v]tical1 ) a t5d5cy to back h&1 ! extreme left slope is (t5 *os54 ,=tunately1 ! assum$ back h& is "o ( ! mo/ transp>5t ( disguises4 ,if ! /ud5t has practis$ x1 he w n ne$ to be rem9d$ h[ difficult x is = a writ] to conceal 8 mann]isms4 ,by alt]+ ! slope he has only /ret*$ & l5g!n$ 8 outl9es1 & ! exp]t soon le>ns to recognise !m 9 _! new =m4 ,ano!r common disguise is ! illit]ate h&4 ,?is is q z easy ( detection4 ,x is no easi] = ! practis$ & flu5t writ] to reproduce ! %aky1 irregul> outl9es ( ! illit]ate1 ?an x is = ! speak] ( pure & cultur$ ,engli% to imitate ! co>se acc5t ( ! vulg>4 ,h[ev] good ! copy x always breaks d[n e>ly1 & ! sudd5 & unconsci\s firm1 cle> & geometrically accurate /roke reveals ! practis$ writ] b5ea? ! mask4 ,sometimes an accurately plac$ punctuation m>k supplies ! necess>y clue1 = :5 once ! art ( prop] punctuation has be5 acquir$ x becomes almo/ automatic4 ,ev5 exp]i5c$ noveli/s are caught ?is way occasionally4 ,!y w introduce a lett]1 suppos$ to be ! "w ( an illit]ate "*4 ,! gramm> & or?ography sugge/ ! idea1 b ! m difficult details ( punctuation w be att5d$ to1 ev5 to ! apo/rophe t m>ks ! elid$ g 9 su* words z talk9'1 com9'1 c4 ,v difficult & tr\blesome is ! lett] writt5 ?r\gh\t 9 imitation pr9t$ *>act]s4 ,! exp]t has to rely ^u ! curv$ l9es1 accid5tal punctuation m>ks & unprem$itat$ fl\ri%es & h&-ge/ures2 b1 broadly speak+1 su* a lett] is beyond ! skill ( ! exp]t if unaid$ by accid5tal betrayal4 ,if1 z sometimes happ5s1 ! writ] is +5i\s en\gh to adopt an alphabet =m$ completely ( /raight l9es & angles--an easy task--he may boa/ ( hav+ produc$ a detection-pro( writ+2 t is1 if *>act]s =m$ ) ! aid ( a rule c be call$ writ+1 = x defies detection1 because !re are none ( ! signs ess5tial = comp>ison1 & is less easy ( id5tification ?an an incomplete skeleton4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ext]nal clues1 an exp]t w\ld refuse to d m ?an (f] a v gu>d$ op9ion1 & x w\ld be wis] to decl9e to (f] any comm5t :atev]4 ,ano!r trick t has be5 resort$ to by "s p]sons is writ+ ) ! h& con/rict$ by a tight-fitt+ glove4 ,?is produces a v effective disguise2 b if ! /ud5t w practise ) ! same imp$im5t1 he w discov] _m useful rules = guid+ him on ! road to p5etrat+ ?is entanglem5t4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! less control a writ] has ov] 8 p51 ! m likely is he un9t5tionally to rev]t to ^? =ms to :i* he is habituat$1 =1 left by itself1 ! h& /e]s ! m famili> c\rse4 ,disguise1 alt]ation & v>iation on cu/om>y =ms are ! result ( prem$itation4 ,:5 ! m9d is occupi$ m ) ! subject ?an ! =mation ( *>act]s1 ! latt] naturally assume t %ape to :i* ! =ce ( cu/om has b5t !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,=g$ ,,lit]>y ,,autographs4 ,! collection ( autographs1 lett]s1 & docum5ts ( lit]>y & hi/orical int]e/ has = _m ye>s be5 a prom95t feature 9 ! collect+ _w1 b at no "t 0 ! que/ m ke5 or conduct$ on m sy/ematic l9es ?an to-day4 ,! records ( ! lead+ sale rooms (t5 supply matt] = surprise1 ! prices ask$ & obta9$ = r>e & *oice specim5s be+ su* z to excite bo? wond] & amazem5t1 sometimes temp]$ ) scepticism4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n surpris+ t ?is pr(itable & gr[+ m>ket %\ld h attract$ ! fraudul5t1 = ! prizes :5 won are g5]ally ( a sub/antial "*1 & amply repay ! misappli$ ef=t & +5uity dem&$4 ,! success :i* has att5d$ too _m ( ^! frauds may be l>gely acc\nt$ = by ! fact t 9 _m cases ! en?usiasm ( ! collector has outrun 8 caution4 ,_m a man fam\s = 8 a/ut5ess 9 ! pursuit ( 8 ord9>y bus9ess has all[$ himself to fall an easy victim to ! =g]1 ?us exemplify+ ! famili> adage t we are easily p]suad$ to believe :at we want to believe4 ,! record$ /ories ( "s ( ! frauds p]petrat$ ^u ard5t & presumably judici\s collectors read l ! tales told s (t5 ( ! triumph ( ! confid5ce trick/]1 & "o m>vels h[ a p]son ( ord9>y p[] ( obs]vation1 to say no?+ ( exp]i5ce1 c\ld fall a victim to a fraud requir+ little p]ception to detect4 ,! explanation d\btless lies 9 ! direction indicat$--! ard\r ( ! pursuit1 ! pride & joy ( possess+ some?+ t is absolutely unique4 ,! lead+ case--to use an expressive legal t]m--is t kn[n z ! ,vra9-,lucas fraud1 ! pr9cipal victim ( :i* 0 ,mons4 ,*asles1 probably ! greate/ ( mod]n ,fr5* geometricians1 & "o ( ! few =eign savants entitl$ to app5d ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( a ,f4,r4,s4 ( ,engl&4 ,lucas 0 a half-educat$ frequ5t]1 & nom9al read+ /ud5t ( ! great ,p>isian libr>y1 & = "s ye>s _h dealt 9 autographs 9 a small way1 ! specim5s he (f]$ be+ und\bt$ly g5u9e4 ,inspir$ by ! collect+ ard\r & ! app>5t bl9d fai? plac$ 9 him by ,m4 ,*asles1 ,lucas emb>k$ ^u a s]ies ( deceptions s impud5t1 t x is easy to sympa?ise ) ! def5ce put =w>d by 8 advocate at ! trial1 namely1 t ! fraud 0 s transp>5t t x c\ld only be reg>d$ z a freak4 ,9 ! p]iod betwe5 ! ye>s #ahfa & #ahfi1 ,lucas sold to 8 dupe ! enorm\s numb] ( #bg1jjj docum5ts1 e "o a gl>+ fraud4 ,!y compris$ lett]s purport+ to h be5 writt5 by su* improbable au?ors z ,abel>d1 ,alcibiades1 ,alex&] ! ,great to ,ari/otle1 ,cic]o1 ,cleopatra1 ,joan ( ,arc1 ,sappho1 ,anacreon1 ,pl9y1 ,plut>*1 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,diocletian1 ,juv5al1 ,socrates1 ,pompey1 &--mo/ /up5d\s joke ( all--,laz>us aft] 8 resurrection4 ,x is h>d to believe1 & b = ! irrefutable records ( ! ,c\rt1 few w\ld cr$it ! fact t e "o ( ^! lett]s 0 9 ! ,fr5* language6 ,& ! dupe a highly educat$ ma!matician ( ,european repute4 ,9 ! face ( su* incr$ible gullibility "o is dispos$ to reg>d ! s5t5ce ( two ye>s' imprisonm5t & a f9e ( #ejj francs z extravagantly sev]e1 ev5 despite ! fact t ,lucas receiv$ 9 all ov] #adj1jjj francs f ,m4 ,*asles4 ,! ,*att]ton & ,irel& =g]ies are famili> to all educat$ p]sons4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 h>dly come "u ! head ( ! class ( fraud ) :i* ! ord9>y =g] is associat$4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases ! motive ( ! deception 0 n s mu* to make money z a lit]>y reputation4 ,9 bo? cases presumably compet5t judges 7 deceiv$4 ,b ! /&>d by :i* !y gaug$ ! g5u95ess ( ! productions 0 n caligraphic1 b lit]>y4 ,9 nei!r in/ance 0 !re occasion or opportunity = ! h&writ+ exp]t to ex]cise 8 skill1 = ! suffici5t reason t !re exi/$ no mat]ial ) :i* ! writ+s c\ld be comp>$4 ,:at ! lit]>y exp]t _h to d 0 to exam9e & comp>e ! /yle ( ! compositions--a te/ 9 :i* ! idiosyncrasies & pr$ilections ( ! judge play$ a lead+ "p4 ,probably ! greate/1 & = a %ort "t ! mo/ successful autograph fraud p]petrat$ 9 ,great ,brita9 0 t kn[n z ! case ( ! ,rillbank ,,mss41 ! detection & exposure ( :i* 7 ma9ly attributable to "o ( ! au?ors ( ?is "w 7,capt4 ,w4 ,w4 ,caddell74 ,j be=e1 & up till #ahia1 !re 0 9 ,ed9burgh a "y man nam$ ,alex&] ,h[l& ,smi?1 :o claim$ to be ! son ( a reputable ,scotti% law (ficial1 & a desc5dant ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,on ! /r5g? ( 8 presum$ connection ) ! great noveli/1 he _h no difficulty 9 dispos+ (1 to an ,ed9burgh booksell]1 = prices ^: smallness alone %\ld h excit$ suspicion1 lett]s purport+ to be 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,embold5$ by success1 he emb>k$ ^u a :olesale manufacture ( spuri\s lett]s be>+ ! signatures ( ,burns1 ,edmund ,burke1 ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 ,grattan & ,?ack]ay4 ,8 pr9cipal victim 0 an ,ed9burgh *emi/1 ,mr4 ,james ,mack5zie1 :o1 :5 ! fraud 0 n only suspect$1 b prov$1 di/+ui%$ himself by a /ubborn & c\rage\s def5ce ( ! g5u95ess ( ! docum5ts4 ,smi?'s modus op]&i consi/$ 9 pur*as+ l>ge-siz$ volumes ( ! p]iod ( ! subjects ( 8 =g]ies1 & us+ ! blank leaves = ! purpose ( fabricat+ ! lett]s4 ,9 ,may1 #ahia1 a numb] ( alleg$ ,burns' lett]s 7 put up = sale by public auction at ,ed9burgh1 fet*+ ! surpris+ paltry price ( f tw5ty to ?irty %ill+s apiece4 ,x 0 a feature ( all ,smi?'s productions t ! lett]s 7 extremely brief--a feature common to lit]>y =g]ies4 ,! circum/ance :i* fir/ gave rise to suspicion 0 t ! lett]s attribut$ to ,scott1 ,burke1 ,burns1 ,g5]al ,ab]crombie1 ,grattan & ,?ack]ay all began & end$ ) ! same words4 ,^? sign$ by ,sir ,walt] ,scott all began ,i h y\r lett]1 & end$ ,i rema91 a =m ( phraseology ! reput$ writ] nev] us$1 b :i*1 accord+ to ,smi?1 0 common to all ! di/+ui%$ m5 ^: h&writ+ he _h c\nt]feit$ ) consid]able success4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ! p>tial gu>antee provid$ by ! sale ( "s ( ^! docum5ts at a reputable auction room1 ,capta9 ,caddell pur*as$ a p>cel ( alleg$ ,scott lett]s )\t prior inspection4 ,a brief exam9ation disclos$ _! fraudul5t nature1 & ,smi? 0 arre/$4 ,! ,ed9burgh police took ! matt] up1 & ! impo/or 0 convict$ 9 ,june1 #ahic1 & s5t5c$ to eighte5 mon?s' imprisonm5t4 ,?ack]ay & ,dick5s are fav\rite subjects ) mo/ lit]>y =g]s1 ,wa%+ton & ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 runn+ !m v close = fav\rite%ip4 ,am]ican collectors are p>ticul>ly ke5 on procur+ specim5s ( ! la/ two-nam$1 & !re is grave reason to believe t _m fall easy victims4 ,=tunately ! facilities = comp>+ & te/+ ! g5u95ess ( ! autographs ( e di/+ui%$ p]son ^: holographs are mo/ 9 fav\r ) ! =g]1 are num]\s4 ,9 addition to ! spl5did collection ( specim5s extant at ! ,briti% ,museum ,libr>y1 !re are _m facsimiles available4 ,! excell5t "w on ,autograph ,collect+ by ,dr4 ,h5ry ,t4 ,scott 7,upcott ,gill1 ,london7 is indisp5sable to ! collector4 ,x conta9s "s hundr$s ( specim5s1 specially select$ = ! purposes ( comp>ison1 & gives besides _m v valuable rules & h9ts = detect+ ! real f ! %am4 ,dr4 ,scott1 writ+ ( ! autographic lett]s ( 8 di/+ui%$ namesake1 says3 ,( ,sir ,walt] ,scott's autographs x may be obs]v$ 7#a7 ! pap] is g5]ally lett] size1 gilt edg$1 ) a s(t1 firm feel+ to ! t\*1 & an unglaz$ surface4 7#b7 ,! date & resid5ce are plac$ on ! top & "r h&1 ) a good space be=e ! ',my ,de> ,sir1' uni=m m>g9s on ! left side ( ! pap] ( a qu>t] ( an in*1 b on ! "r side no m>g9 at all1 ! writ+ be+ c>ri$ close to ! edge4 ,! fold+ is done ) ! precision ( a man ( bus9ess1 =m+ ! space = ! address into a nice oblong almo/ 9 ! c5tre ( ! %eet1 & ! fir/ l9e ( ! address is writt5 ne>ly 9 ! c5tre ( ! space ) ! rema9d] bel[4 ,! wat]m>ks f\nd on ! pap] are "o ( ! foll[+3 ,valleyfield1 #ahji2 ,c4 ,wilmott1 #ahae2 ,j4 ,dick9son & ,co41 #ahac2 ,j4 ,dick9son1 #ahaf2 ,j4 ,dick9son 7)\t date72 ,j4 ,:atman1 #ahad2 ,j4 ,:atman 7)\t date72 ,turkey ,mill1 #ahai2 ,turkey ,mill 7)\t date72 ,g4 ,c4 ,co41 #ahbh4 ,! pap] us$ by ,burns = 8 correspond5ce 0 always l>ge 9 size1 r\gh 9 surface1 nev] glossy1 & all f\r edges _h ! r\gh edge t is ! peculi>ity ( a ,bank ( ,engl& note4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t 9 ! case ( ! ,a4 ,h4 ,smi? ,burns =g]ies1 suspicion 0 fir/ excit$ by a simple b significant matt]4 ,! pap] conta9$ sev]al worm holes4 ,^! _h be5 c>efully avoid$ by ! writ]1 he kn[+ t if 8 p5 t\*$ !m ! result w\ld be a splutt]+ & spread+ ( ! ink4 ,n[ x is safe to assume t ^! worm holes1 be+ ! effect ( age1 did n exi/ at ! "t ! lett]--if g5u9e--0 writt52 z ! worm did its "w long aft]w>ds1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z a =tunate circum/ance t 9 p]=at+ ! pap] x refra9$ f de/roy+ ! writ+1 c>efully select+ ! wid] spaces t ! poet _h1 ) comm5dable =esight1 left = ! insect's depr$ations4 ,! lett]s ( ,?ack]ay are 9 two /yles ( h&writ+1 ! e>li] slop+ slightly1 ! latt] v]tical1 r\nd1 neat & pr9t-l1 ! capital ,i be+ inv>iably a simple v]tical /roke4 ,8 is ! mo/ neat & uni=mly readable h& ( all ! great lit]>y *>act]s4 ,x is some:at un=tunate t he 0 n any?+ l s uni=m 9 8 *oice ( pap]4 ,lett]s are 9 exi/5ce on an extraord9>y v>iety ( mat]ial1 f a qu>to %eet to a scrap torn f half a %eet ( note pap]4 ,on _m ( ^! lett]s is nei!r address nor date1 b :5 once ! *>act]i/ics ( ! *>m+ h&script h be5 ma/]$1 !y are nev] =gott51 & are recognisable amid ! close/ imitations4 ,!re are extant a numb] ( =g$ ,?ack]ay's4 ,_! di/+ui%+ features are t !y are inv>iably v %ort1 z if ! =g] fe>$ to provide suffici5t matt] to supply mat]ial = comp>ison2 mo/ are on s+le half %eets ( note pap]1 _m on qu>to %eets ( v>y+ texture & quality1 & ! *>act]i/ic v]tical ,i1 ,?ack]ay's trade m>k1 always occurs4 ,x is %aky & (t5 out ( ! p]p5dicul>1 z ! g5u9e r>ely is4 ,9 ! =g]ies we h se5 & suspect to be ! "w ( ,a4 ,h4 ,smi?1 a v significant sign is a sudd5 ?ick5+ ( ! d[n/rokes ( tail$ lett]s l y1 f1 g1 produc+ a t9y diamond-%ap$ excresc5ce 9 ! middle ( ! lett]4 ,! glass reveals t ragg$-edg$ /roke :i* is insep>able f ! writ+ ( ! n]v\s copyi/4 ,x is g5]ally safe to be cauti\s ab\t v %ort lett]s4 ,! =g] well kn[s h[ difficult is ! task ( ma9ta9+ an assum$ "*4 ,j z ! mimic may succe$ 9 reproduc+ ! tone & mann] ( a p]son ) suffici5t clos5ess to deceive ev5 ! mo/ intimate acqua9tances ( ! subject1 yet fail to c>ry ! deception beyond a few words or phrases1 s ! lit]>y =g] inv>iably breaks d[n :5 he attempts to simulate h&writ+ ov] _m s5t5ces4 ,s consci\s is he ( ?is great difficulty t he (t5 avoids x by boldly copy+ "s g5u9e lett]4 ,we h _h (f]$ to u gu>ante$ ,?ack]ay lett]s :i* we imm$iately recognis$ z su*4 ,9 "o p>ticul>ly gl>+ case ! =g] _h copi$ ! orig9al lett] v fairly s f> z ! p5man%ip 0 conc]n$1 b :ile ! orig9al 0 writt5 on a half %eet ( note pap]1 ! =g]y 0 on a diff]5t size pap]1 & ! writ+ across ! l5g? ( ! pap] in/ead ( ! bread?4 ,?is naturally dis>rang$ ! spac+ betwe5 ! words1 :i* 9 all ,?ack]ay's writ+s is a pron\nc$ly regul> feature1 & ?is v>iation 0 9 itself suffici5t to excite suspicion4 ,! popul>ity ( ,dick5s among collectors gr[s /eadily4 ,despite ! fact t he 0 an indu/ri\s correspond5t1 & t a v l>ge numb] ( 8 lett]s appe> f "t to "t 9 ! m>ket1 ! dem& is ev] 9 excess ( ! supply4 ,z a consequ5ce he has suff]$ p]haps m ?an any ( ! lit]>y immortals at ! h&s ( ! =g]4 ,yet x is safe to say t !re %\ld be no writ] s safe f fraudul5t imitation1 = !re is a peculi> di/9ctiv5ess ab\t 8 caligraphic productions t once se5 & not$ %\ld nev] be =gott54 ,specim5s are easily available4 ,! catalogues ( deal]s are con/antly pres5t+ !m1 & mo/ public libr>ies possess examples1 ei!r 9 ! orig9al holograph or 9 "s =m ( reproduction4 ,probably no writ] pres]v$ 8 /yle ) su* little *ange z ,dick5s4 ,8 signature 9 lat] ye>s v>i$ some:at f t ( 8 lit]>y y\?1 b ! body ( 8 h&script reta9$ ?r\gh\t ! same *>act]i/ics4 ,x 0 always a free1 flu5t1 graceful h&1 legible z t ( ,?ack]ay :5 its lead+ peculi>ities h be5 ma/]$1 b less =mal & /udi$ ?an 84 ,x 0 always rem>kably free f corrections or int]l9eations4 ,he wrote ) ! easy fre$om ( ! /5ograph]2 inde$ x is easy to recognise 9 ! delicate gracefully =m$ lett]s ! effect ( ye>s ( tra9+ 9 ! mo/ difficult & exact+ =m ( h&script4 ,p]haps ! lead+ peculi>ities 9 ! ,dick5s holograph are ^!3-- ,! date ( ! mon? is nev] express$ 9 figures1 b always writt5 9 full2 9 fact1 abbreviation 9 any =m he nev] c\nt5anc$4 ,! lett] y1 bo? z a capital & a small lett] is a figure #g except 9 ! affix ly1 :5 ! two lett]s become an f or long /roke s4 ,! lett] t is cross$ by ! firm d[nw>d b>1 :i* ! "* read]s claim z a sign ( great resolution4 ,lett] g is inv>iable 9 =m4 ,capital ,e consi/s ( a d[n/roke ) a b> 9 ! c5tre4 ,! hook ( _m f9al lett]s has a t5d5cy to turn backw>ds4 ,new p>agraphs are m>k$ by beg9n+ ! l9e ab\t an in* f ! left-h& m>g94 ,a v m>k$ peculi>ity noticeable 9 _m lett]s is t ! left-h& m>g9 gradually gr[s wid] z ! l9es approa* ! bottom ( ! page4 ,! n>r[+ is wondr\sly regul>1 a l9e drawn f ! fir/ lett] on ! fir/ l9e to ! correspond+ position on ! la/ w t\* ne>ly e o!r l9e4 ,?is peculi>ity appe>s to h escap$ e =g] ^: "w we h exam9$4 ,if ! signs reli$ ^u by ! read]s ( "* 9 h&writ+ are to be accept$1 self-e/eem 0 a pron\nc$ *>act]i/ic ( ! great noveli/4 ,8 writ+ ab\nds ) ^? subtle symptoms ( ! preval5ce ( t weakness4 ,8 signature is p]haps ! be/ kn[n ( any ) :i* ! ,briti% public are famili>4 ,x is rem>kably uni=m1 & rema9$ precisely ! same f ! "t he adopt$ x aft] ! ,pickwick p]iod until 8 dea?4 ,t :i* he us$ 9 y\? 0 less /rik+1 b none ! less self-consci\s4 ,aft] ! ,pickwick p]iod ,dick5s adopt$ ! use ( blue pap] & blue ink4 ,lett]s 9 black ink1 if undat$1 may safely be attribut$ to ! e>li] p]iod4 ,8 note pap] 0 9 lat] ye>s ( ! regulation note size4 ,! address1 ,gads' ,hill ,place1 ,higham by ,ro*e/]1 ,k5t1 0 9 emboss$ black old ,engli% lett]4 ,8 pap] 0 h&-made1 & ( good quality4 ,! envelopes 7 blue1 ( ! same quality pap]1 b )\t cre/1 monogram or di/9ctive m>k4 ,dick5s' vanity express$ itself 9 ! habit ( frank+ envelopes1 i4e41 by writ+ 8 "n 9 ! left-h& bottom corn]1 aft] ! fa%ion 9 vogue :5 ,pe]s & ,m4,p4's enjoy$ ! privilege ( free po/age4 ,8 lett]s ( ! pre-envelope p]iod--be=e #ahdb--7 on qu>to %eets4 ,^! are exce$+ly r>e4 ,!re is "o feature ab\t autographic =g]y :i* may always be reli$ ^u to assi/ greatly 9 ! "w ( detection4 ,z a g5]al rule !re is suffici5t matt] 9 a lit]>y =g]y to supply ! necess>y mat]ial = comp>ison4 ,x mu/ ( necessity be a copy1 if n ( an exi/+ orig9al1 at lea/ ( ! g5]al /yle4 ,! process ( imitation mu/ be sl[ & cauti\s1 & ! signs rema9 9 %aky1 brok5 l9es1 & a rugg$ness entirely abs5t f ! writ+ ( ! real au?or1 :i* is flu5t & free4 ,ev5 ! %ak9ess ( age noticeable 9 a few di/+ui%$ h&writ+s is diff]5t to ! %ak9ess ( ! =g]'s unc]ta9ty4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,=g$ ,,signatures4 ,! mo/ difficult phase ( ! art ( ! h&writ+ exp]t consi/s 9 ! detection ( =g]y 9 signatures4 ,x w be obvi\s to ! /ud5t :o has foll[$ ! in/ructions & illu/rations already giv5 t ?is difficulty is br\ght ab\t by two pr9cipal causes3 fir/1 by ! paucity ( mat]ial = comp>ison2 secondly1 because ( ! v important fact t a =g]y mu/1 by its nature1 be a good & close copy ( an orig9al4 ,?is means t ! unconsci\s tricks & irregul>ities t (t5 ab\nd 9 a long lett]1 writt5 9 a m or less disguis$ h&1 are almo/ entirely abs5t f a =g$ signature4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! /ud5t mu/ h "s o!r clues & rules to guide him1 = he _c rely ^u ! *ance ( a slip or accid5tal trick occurr+ 9 a signature t conta9s at mo/ p]haps a doz5 lett]s4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! exam9ation ( a suspect$ signature is to ma/] ?or\ghly ! v>i\s *>act]i/ics ( ! g5u9e signature4 ,^! mu/ be /udi$ 9 e possible relation1 & f z _m specim5s z c be obta9$4 ,! magnify+ glass mu/ be 9 con/ant use & ! eye al]t to detect ! angle at :i* ! p5 is habitually held1 ! class ( p5 us$1 & ! degree ( pressure & spe$ employ$4 ,^! la/-nam$ po9ts c only be discov]$ z ! result ( practice & obs]vation1 & ?\gh at fir/ sight x may appe> impossible to =m a correct e/imate ( ! pace at :i* a p5 has travell$1 ! /ud5t w1 if obs]vant1 soon le>n to detect ! diff]5ce betwe5 a swiftly =m$ /roke & "o writt5 ) sl[ness & delib]ation4 ,by mak+ a numb] ( ea* k9d ( /roke & c>efully exam9+ !m ?r\gh a glass1 ! /ud5t w le>n 9 an h\r m ?an c be taught by means ( v]bal description4 ,! /udy ( ! g5u9e signatures mu/ be cont9u$ until e /roke & its peculi>ities are z famili> z ! features ( a well-kn[n face1 = until "o is ?or\ghly impregnat$ ) ! orig9al x w be useless to proce$ ) ! exam9ation ( ! suspects4 ,at fir/ sight ! /ud5t w probably p]ceive v little1 if any1 diff]5ce betwe5 ! orig9al & ! suspect4 ,x w\ld be a v clumsy =g]y if he c\ld4 ,gradually ! po9ts ( dissimil>ity w become cle> to him1 & ) ea* fre% exam9ation !y gr[ pla9]1 until he is surpris$ t !y did n soon] /rike him2 !y are s obvi\s t ! eye _c avoid !m2 !y /& out z pla9ly z ! hidd5 figure1 aft] x has be5 detect$1 9 ! well-kn[n picture puzzles4 ,!re are few faculties capable ( su* rapid & accurate developm5t z t ( obs]vation4 ,?\s&s ( p]sons g ?r\gh life unconsci\s ( ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 common ?+s until ! occasion arises = notic+ !m1 or accid5t =ces !m ^u ! att5tion2 !n !y m>vel t ! ?+ %\ld h escap$ obs]vation4 ,?is is a truism1 no d\bt1 b ! =ce ( e platitude does n always pres5t itself to e "o4 ,! comp>ison ( h&writ+s is s ess5tially a matt] ( cultivat+ ! p[]s ( obs]vation1 t ev5 if turn$ to no m practical acc\nt ?an t ( a hobby its value z a m5tal ex]cise is great4 ,!re are two pr9cipal me?ods by :i* a signature may be =g$3 fir/1 by c>efully copy+ ! orig9al z "o w\ld copy a draw+2 secondly1 by trac+ x4 ,! fir/ process is ref]r$ to z copi$4 ,! =g] w1 mo/ probably1 h practis$ ! signature be=e affix+ x to ! *eque or o!r docum5t1 !reby atta9+ a c]ta9 degree ( flu5cy4 ,b h[ev] well execut$1 close exam9ation ) ! aid ( ! magnify+ glass w reveal ^? signs ( hesitancy & irregul>ity t "o may reasonably expect to f9d 9 a copy4 ,!re is no "p ( a p]son's h&writ+ s flu5t & free z 8 signature4 ,ev5 ! mo/ illit]ate p]sons %[ m fre$om & cont9uity ( outl9e 9 _! signature ?an 9 ! body ( _! writ+4 ,?is is explicable on ! gr\nd ( usage4 ,a writ] may feel a degree ( mom5t>y unc]ta9ty 9 =m+ a ^w t he does n write frequ5tly1 b 8 signature he is m sure ab\t4 ,he /rikes x (f )\t hesitancy1 & 9 ! majority ( cases app5ds "s mean+less fl\ri%1 :i* may be describ$ z a sup]flu\s /roke or /rokes add$ = ! purpose ( ornam5tation1 = add+ di/9ctiv5ess1 or1 9 "s cases1 & p>ticul>ly ) bus9ess m51 ) ! idea t ! fl\ri%es help to secure ! signature f =g]y4 ,su* writ]s w probably be surpris$ to le>n t !re is no =m ( signature s easy to =ge z t involv$ & complicat$ by a maze ( sup]flu\s l9es & mean+less fl\ri%es4 ,! mo/ difficult signature = ! =g] is ! cle>1 pla91 copybook-modell$ autograph4 ,a little ?\ght & exam9ation w make ! reason = ?is cle>4 ,let a signature be envelop$ 9 a web ( curves & fl\ri%es1 mak+ x look l a complicat$ script monogram4 ,! l9es are s num]\s t ! eye _c take !m all 9 at a glance1 &1 if copi$1 any slight irregul>ity or dep>ture f ! orig9al is m likely to pass undetect$ amid ! confus+ network ( int]lac$ l9es4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! signature be simple & free f ! bewild]+ effects ( fl\ri%es1 ! entire autograph lies reveal$1 a cle> & regul> outl9e1 & ! slighte/ v>iation f ! accu/om$ figure /&s out nak$ & pla94 ,mo/ ( ! successful =g]ies w be f\nd to be on signatures ( ! complicat$ ord]4 ,_! app>5t impregnability has tempt$ ! facile p5man to essay ! task ( h>mless imitation2 8 success has surpris$ & flatt]$ him1 & ! easy possibilities ( =g]y op5$ up4 ,m ?an "o =g] has admitt$ t 8 initiatory lessons 7 prompt$ by an innoc5t *all5ge to imitate a p>ticul>ly complicat$ =g]y-pro( signature4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! eye ( ! casual obs]v] takes 9 a ^w z a :ole r ?an 9 detail4 ,?is expla9s :y an au?or c r>ely be tru/$ to correct 8 own pro(s4 ,he kn[s :at ! ^w %\ld be1 & 9 read+ 8 "w 9 pr9t he notices only ! g5]al expect$ effect ( a ^w4 ,x ne$s ! tra9$ eye ( ! pro(-read] to detect ! small c t has tak5 ! place ( ! e1 ! batt]$ l t is masqu]ad+ z an i4 ,s long z ! g5]al outl9e ( ! ^w is n di/ort$ ! wrong lett]s are (t5 pass$2 & x is mu* ! same ) a signature ) :i* "o is fairly famili>4 ,! tra9$ exam9] ( h&writ+1 l ! pro(-read]1 kn[s :at to look =1 & discov]s irregul>ities t w\ld escape ! notice ( ! untra9$ eye4 ,! fir/ "p ( a g5u9e signature t %\ld be exam9$ is ! fl\ri%1 :i* includes all fancy /rokes app5d$ to x1 & any sup]flu\s addition to ! body ( ! lett]s4 ,a close scrut9y ?r\gh ! glass w %[ t ! l9es =m+ ! tail-fl\ri% are g5]ally cle>1 firm & %>p 9 outl9e1 be+ =m$1 n only )\t hesitation1 b ) a da% & decid$ sweep t are /rongly at v>iance ) ! brok51 saw-edg$1 un/eady l9e ( ! copy4 ,x w also g5]ally be f\nd to foll[ an almo/ fix$ rule 9 ! matt] ( its proportionate con=mation3 t is1 suppos+ ! writ] f9i%es up ) a horizontal l9e "u 8 signature1 x w be se51 on av]ag+ a doz5 or s ( !m1 t ! di/ance ( ! l9e f ! feet ( ! lett]s is proportionately uni=m4 ,if ! l9e be begun ) a spur or curv$ inw>d hook1 t feature w be repeat$4 ,! end ( ! fl\ri% or f9al /roke1 at ! po9t :]e ! p5 leaves ! pap]1 %\ld be v c>efully exam9$4 ,"o writ] f9i%es ) an almo/ imp]ceptible dot1 z if ! p5 _h be5 /abb$ into ! pap]2 ano!r f9i%es ) a curve1 ei!r upw>d or d[nw>d2 a ?ird ) a hook turn$ upw>d1 ei!r a curve or an angle2 :ile a f\r? cont9ues ! l9e till x becomes f9] & %>p] to vani%+ po9t4 ,"s writ]s are fond ( conclud+ ) a m or less bold & expansive und]l9e runn+ horizontally ) ! signature4 ,a close exam9ation w %[ a v>iation 9 ! degrees ( ?ickness ( su* a l9e1 :i* %\ld be c>efully not$ & look$ = 9 o!r g5u9e signatures4 ,9 ?is connection x w be f\nd extremely useful & in/ructive to /udy /rokes1 ei!r horizontal or v]tical1 ) a view to discov]+ :e!r !y 7 /ruck f "r to left1 top to bottom1 or vice v]s4 ,! glass w r5d] x easy to detect beg9n+ f end aft] a few failures1 :i*1 by ! way1 %\ld n be all[$ to disc\rage1 = e m9ute devot$ to ! /udy ( h&writ+ is s mu* ga9 9 exp]i5ce1 & repres5ts s mu* m le>n$1 :i* w nev] be =gott54 ,! fl\ri%es t occur on & ab\t ! signature prop] mu/ be treat$ z exagg]at$ loops1 & _! %\ld]s1 arcs1 hooks & toes c>efully measur$ & not$4 ,= ?is purpose an av]age g5u9e signature %\ld be select$ & gaug$1 :i* is done 9 ?is way3 ,place ov] x a %eet ( transf] pap]4 ,) ! scale-rule & a f9e p5cil draw horizontal l9es t w t\* ! tops & bottoms ( ! bodies ( ! lett]s1 l9es t t\* ! tops & bottoms ( ! tail$ & topp$ lett]s1 & v]tical l9es t foll[ ! %anks ( e topp$ or tail$ lett]1 includ+ ! capitals4 ,! gauge1 :5 complet$1 w repres5t a framework fitt+ ! signature1 & its use is tw(old4 ,x helps ! eye to detect ! v>iations 9 ! g5]al cont\r ( ! signature1 &1 :5 plac$ ov] ano!r1 br+s out ! po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,due all[ance mu/ be made = proportion4 ,x is obvi\s t ! di/ance ( lett]s w be great] 9 a signature writt5 l>g] ?an ano!r1 b ! proportionate di/ances w be pres]v$4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! size ( a lett] is n v important1 except t x (f]s m scope = exam9ation4 ,= example1 a loop$ l may be v small or half an in* long2 b1 if made by ! same writ]1 ! proportionate wid? at top1 bottom & middle w be pres]v$1 & comp>e ) ! same measurem5ts 9 ! small] lett]4 ,signatures ( ! same writ] d n (t5 v>y mu* 9 size1 ?\gh !y may be ?ick] or f9] accord+ to ! "* ( ! p5 us$2 b obs]vation w %[ t ! diff]5ce 9 a h&writ+ caus$ by ! use ( diff]5t p5s is mu* m imag9>y ?an real4 ,! trac$ signature is produc$ by plac+ ! pap] ov] ! g5u9e autograph1 hold+ x to ! light1 g5]ally on a %eet ( glass1 & trac+ x ) a f9e po9t4 ,su* =g]ies are (t5 m easily detect$ ?an ! copi$ signature1 = ! reason t signs ( ! trac+ process c g5]ally be f\nd by c>eful exam9ation4 ,! f9e1 h>d po9t us$ to trace ! autograph leaves a smoo? holl[1 :i* c be se5 ?r\gh ! glass on exam9+ ! back ( ! *eque or docum5t4 ,if ! pap] be held 9 a l9e ) ! eye 9 a /rong light1 ! ridge w be m cle>ly p]ceiv$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a m>k made by a h>d po9t & a p5 c be te/$ by exp]im5t4 ,! h>d po9t mu/ ( necessity be press$ ) a degree ( =ce to make ! desir$ impression on ! pap]1 & ! result is a smoo? holl[4 ,b if a p5 be press$ h>d1 x produces two p>allel l9es1 &1 in/ead ( a holl[1 a ridge is =m$ betwe5 ! p>allels4 ,( c\rse1 x w be s slight z to be h>dly p]ceptible1 except ?r\gh a /rong glass1 b x w be !re nev]!less1 & kn[+ :at to look =1 ! exp]t w g5]ally h no difficulty 9 satisfy+ himself :e!r ! =g]y has be5 trac$ or copi$1 a v valuable piece ( evid5ce :5 once settl$1 = x is )9 ! b\nds ( probability t ! g5u9e signature f :i* ! trac+ 0 made may be discov]$4 ,x is possible1 & has (t5 occurr$1 t ! writ] ( ! orig9al may h "s recollection ( hav+ writt5 to ! suspect$ p]son1 or 9 _m ways a clue may be sugge/$4 ,!re is a well-kn[n case ( a =g]y be+ br\ght home to ! p]petrator ?r\gh ! accuracy ( ! trac+4 ,x is a fact easily prov$1 t no man c write a ^w twice1 s exactly1 t if ! two are ov]laid !y fit4 ,if two su* signatures be produc$1 x is safe to assume t "o has be5 trac$ or o!rwise me*anically produc$4 ,9 ! case m5tion$ a signature on a *eque 0 pron\nc$ a =g]y by ! p]son suppos$ to h sign$ x4 ,9 exam9+ specim5s ( ! g5u9e autograph1 ! exp]ts came ^u "o :i*1 :5 plac$ ^u t on ! *eque1 prov$ a p]fect replica1 d[n to ! mo/ m9ute detail1 %[+ beyond "q t x _h be5 us$ to trace ! =g]y f4 ,x 0 fur!r prov$ t ! orig9al _h be5 9 ! possession ( ! suppos$ =g]1 & ! jury 7 ask$ to decide :e!r x 0 probable t a man c\ld reproduce 8 signature 9 exact facsimile aft] a lapse ( "t1 & )\t ! orig9al be=e him4 ,z ! *ances aga9/ su* a cont+5cy are _m millions to "o--a fact ! /ud5t c v]ify--! jury decid$ aga9/ ! =g]4 ,at ! risk ( appe>+ tautological to a tiresome degree x is necess>y to acc5tuate ! fact t ! comp>ison ( h&writ+1 & m p>ticul>ly ( signatures1 is ess5tially dep5d5t on cultivat+ ! faculty ( obs]vation4 ,?is art _c be taught2 x c only be acquir$ by practice & exp]i5ce1 l swimm+ or rid+4 ,! tea*] c at mo/ indicate ! me?od ( /udy & "s ( ! lead+ pr9ciples ( conduct+ an inve/igation4 ,mo/ m5 are n naturally obs]vant1 & ! habit c be be/ fo/]$ by hav+ an object2 b :5 once a p]son has be5 taught :at to look = he almo/ in/9ctively notices details t previ\sly nev] /ruck him4 ,?is is specially true ( ! /udy ( h&writ+4 ,! be/ me?od ( practice t c be adopt$ by ! /ud5t is to beg9 by mak+ a c>eful /udy ( 8 own signature & writ+4 ,he w be surpris$ at ! numb] ( facts hi!rto unsuspect$ t w be reveal$ to him4 ,! value ( us+ 8 own h&writ+ z a subject ( exam9ation lies 9 ?is1 t ! /ud5t c satisfy himself h[ & :y c]ta9 /rokes are made4 ,?is he c only guess at 9 ! writ+ ( o!rs4 ,! prelim9>y ex]cise %\ld consi/ 9 /udy+ ! effect produc$ by ! diff]5t me?ods ( hold+ ! p54 ,! signature supplies excell5t mat]ial = ?is class ( practice4 ,beg9 by hold+ ! p5 ) ! top end po9t$ well t[>ds ! left %\ld]1 9 ! absurd & unnatural position taught by ! old s*ool ( writ+ ma/]s4 ,repeat ! signature ) ! p5 held a trifle less acutely angul>1 & g on till six or eight signatures h be5 writt5 at a decreas+ angle--until ! top ( ! p5hold] po9ts well to ! "r1 produc+ :at is kn[n z a backh&4 ,! effect ( ^! angles mu/ be c>efully not$1 & 9 a %ort "t x w be f\nd possible to arrive at a v accurate op9ion z to h[ ! writ] ( a p>ticul> signature habitually holds 8 p5--an important & valuable piece ( k4 ,! practice %\ld be ext5d$ to long s5t5ces1 & a frequ5t repetition ( all ! lett]s1 capital & small1 ! magnify+ glass be+ always us$ to exam9e ! effect ( ! v>i\s & v>y+ /rokes4 ,9 exam9+ a signature = comp>+ x ) a suspect$ =g]y x %\ld be copi$ v frequ5tly1 z ! clues & sugge/ions ! exp]im5ts w produce are ( mu* great] s]vice ?an w at fir/ appe>1 & ( m practical value ?an pages ( !ory1 z ! h[ & :y w be reveal$ = mu* t w\ld be obscure )\t ?is assi/ance4 ,z exp]i5ce gr[s1 x w n be necess>y to adopt ?is copy+ process s (t51 = ! eye soon becomes al]t at detect+ slight %ades ( diff]5ce 9 /rokes1 & a glance w convey m ?an c\ld be expla9$ 9 _m pages4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,exp]t ,,9 ,,! ,,witness-,,box4 ,:5 ! exp]t has be5 call$ ^u to give an op9ion ^u ! g5u95ess ( writ+s he embodies 8 conclusions 9 a report ( :i* ! foll[+ may be tak5 z a fair example3-- ,to ! ,*ief ( ,police4 ,,sir1 ,,rex v]sus ,,jones4 ,9 accordance ) y\r in/ructions dat$ ---- ,i beg leave to in=m y t ,i h made a c>eful exam9ation ( ! docum5t m>k$ ,a1 & atta*$ h]eto1 & comp>$ x ) ! docum5ts m>k$ ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e & ,f1 also atta*$4 ,i h arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! docum5t ,a 0 writt5 by ! same h& z produc$ ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e & ,f4 ,! ma9 reasons :i* h l$ me to =m ?is op9ion are ^!3-- ,fir/1 al?\gh ! writ+ 9 ,a be>s at fir/ sight no resemblance to t ( ! o!r docum5ts1 ! diff]5ce is only su* z exp]i5ce leads me to expect 9 a writ+ :i* has be5 purposely disguis$1 z ,i believe ?is has be54 ,! writ+ on ! five docum5ts ,b to ,f ,i take to be ! normal h& ( ! au?or1 & t on ,a to be ! same writ]'s h& alt]$ s z to pres5t a diff]5t appe>ance4 ,i w call ! specim5s ,b to ,f ! g5u9e examples1 & ,a ! disguis$4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t ! p]son :o writes an anonym\s lett] g5]ally seeks to disguise 8 h& by dep>t+ z mu* z he deems possible f 8 normal writ+4 ,! usual h& ( ! writ] ( ! g5u9e docum5t is a free r\nd$ h& slop+ upw>ds t[>ds ! "r4 ,! writ+ ( ,a pres5ts exactly ! features ,i w\ld expect to f9d :51 z appe>s to be ! case "h1 ! writ] has adopt$ ! famili> trick ( slop+ 8 writ+ 9 a direction opposite to 8 normal h&4 ,:ile ! result ( ?is *ange is to alt] ! app>5t /yle & g5]al appe>ance ( ! writ+1 ! alt]ation does n ext5d to c]ta9 tricks & *>act]i/ics :i* are pla9ly obvi\s 9 ! g5u9e lett]s & are repeat$ 9 ! anonym\s lett] ,a4 ,! writ+ 9 ! g5u9e lett]s conta9s f\rte5 v di/9ctive peculi>ities1 or tricks ( h&1 :i* ,i f9d repeat$ 9 ! anonym\s lett] ,a4 7,"h describe !m1 z = example47 #a4 ,! figure #d 9 ! dates is always made l ! pr9t =m ( t figure4 #b4 ,! small e is always ( ! ,greek =m4 #c4 ,! small t is always cross$ by a b> ?ick at ! beg9n+1 tap]+ to a po9t1 ) its longe/ "p beh9d ! %ank ( ! t & s on4 ,! v>i\s po9ts ( resemblance are set out 9 detail1 a sep>ate p>agraph = ea*1 & ea* p>agraph numb]$4 ,x is extremely important t a report %\ld be fully descriptive & writt5 9 pla91 non-te*nical language1 easily und]/ood by ! jury1 :o w h to decide :e!r ! resemblance has be5 made out4 ,too _m h&writ+ exp]ts spoil ! effect ( _! evid5ce by employ+ te*nical language & presum+ on ! "p ( ! jury an acqua9tance ) ! me?ods ( comp>+ h&writ+s4 ,d n be satisfi$ by say+ t c]ta9 lett]s resemble ea* o!r4 ,%[ by an enl>g$ diagram h[ & :]e1 indicat+ ! p>ts to :i* att5tion is call$ by arr[s4 ,place ! s+le lett]s to be comp>$ 9 p>allel columns1 head$ ) ! alphabetical lett] di/+ui%+ ! docum5t 9 :i* ! p>ticul> lett] occurs4 ,use foolscap pap]1 & write on "o side ( ! pap] only4 ,! usual me?od ( deal+ ) ! h&writ+ exp]t 9 ! witness-box is %[n 9 ! foll[+ extract f a report ( an actual case4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,b---- 0 call$ by c\nsel = ! prosecution & duly sworn4 ,q4--,y h _h consid]able exp]i5ce 9 exam9+ h&writ+4 ,a4--,ov] tw5ty ye>s4 ,q4--,look at ^! docum5ts4 7,h&s docum5ts to witness47 ,h y se5 & exam9$ ^!8 ,a4--,i h4 ,q4--,h y =m$ any op9ion ^u !m8 ,a4--,i h1 & h prep>$ a report4 ,9 "s cases ! exp]t is all[$ to read 8 report 9 full4 ,9 o!rs he is reque/$ to give a v]bal report1 b if ! po9t be insi/$ ^u1 ! judge g5]ally p]mits ! report to be read1 ei!r by ! exp]t or by c\nsel4 ,a copy ( ! report1 toge!r ) ! docum5ts 9 dispute are !n usually h&$ to ! jury = exam9ation4 ,! exp]t may proce$ to illu/rate 8 po9t ) ! aid ( a blackbo>d & *alk1 b mu* dep5ds ^u ! attitude tak5 by ! judge & c\nsel4 ,"s judges insi/ t ! exp]t %all conf9e himself to express+ 8 op9ion1 leav+ c\nsel to deal ) ! explanation & comp>ison2 o!rs give ! exp]t e opportunity ( %[+ h[ he has arriv$ at 8 op9ions4 ,! exam9ation 9 *ief is usually a v simple matt]4 ,! tr\ble = ! exp]t beg9s :5 c\nsel = ! o!r side gets up to cross-exam9e4 ,9 ne>ly e case ! object ( ! cross-exam9+ c\nsel is to ridicule ! art & get ! exp]t to admit ! possibility ( o!r writ]s possess+ ! same peculi>ities :i* are said to di/+ui% ! lett]s be=e ! ,c\rt4 ,c\nsel's fav\rite trick is to select "s lett] & ask ! exp]t if he is prep>$ to swe> t he has nev] se5 some?+ j l x 9 "s o!r p]son's writ+4 ,! exp]t :o kn[s 8 bus9ess w insi/ on keep+ well to ! front ! b$rock basis ( h&writ+ comp>ison1 :i* is ! application ( ! law ( probability to cumulative evid5ce4 ,x is n a "q :e!r "s o!r p]son may be 9 ! habit ( mak+ a t or a k simil> to ^? cit$ z evid5ces ( common orig91 b :e!r x is probable t two p]sons %\ld make a doz5 or m lett]s 9 precisely ! same way "u simil> conditions & exhibit precisely ! same peculi>ities ( /yle4 ,he %\ld reply ) ! unansw]able po/ulate t millions ( p]sons possess r$ hair1 snub noses1 a sc> on ! face1 blue eyes1 b5t f+]s & a /amm]2 b x is millions to "o aga9/ any two p]sons possess+ all six ( ^? peculi>ities4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 replies ! exp]t may ju/ifiably help 8 own case by repeat+1 :5 opportunity occurs1 su* irrefutable axioms z1 ,no writ] c say (f-h& :at peculi>ities he may exhibit2 t !re are scores ( ways ( dott+ an i1 or cross+ a t1 & t few p]sons "k :i* =m !y mo/ly affect4 ,fifty su* po9ts may be ga!r$ f ?is little volume alone1 :ile acqua9tance ) ! works ( o!r writ]s on caligraphy w supply ample ammunition = meet+ & repell+ ! cu/om>y =m ( attack on ! h&writ+ exp]t4 ,ano!r me?od ( discr$it+ a witness is to rem9d him t exp]ts h diff]$1 ! ,dreyfus case be+ usually cit$4 ,! answ] is obvi\s4 ,fir/ x is ess5tial to be assur$ t ^? exp]ts 7 all compet5t1 = !re are degrees ( compet5cy 9 judg+ h&writ+ z 9 e o!r subject on :i* op9ion may be call$4 ,x is a notori\s fact t 9 ! ,dreyfus case ! mo/ compet5t exp]ts te/ifi$ t ! ,h5ry lett]s 7 =g]ies1 ! au?orities call$ on ! o!r side be+ 9 mo/ cases unkn[n m5 or amateurs ( no /&+4 ,a numb] ( ^! self-/yl$ exp]ts possess$ no o!r qualification ?an presum$ famili>ity ) ! h&writ+ ( ,dreyfus4 ,x is also wor?y ( note t sev]al ( ! exp]ts on bo? sides prov$ mo/ ineffici5t witnesses1 obscur+ _! explanations by ! employm5t ( te*nical phraseology :i* convey$ little mean+ to ! lay m9d4 ,exactitude & regul>ity 9 ! *oice ( ! words us$ 9 describ+ ! p>ts ( lett]s %\ld be /rictly obs]v$ by ! /ud5t4 ,! rules giv5 9 ! *apt] on ,t]m9ology %\ld be ma/]$ & adh]$ to4 ,9 mo/ cases ! t]ms !re appli$ to lett]-analysis w be f\nd to be self-explanatory4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,h&writ+ ,,& ,,expression4 ,no "w deal+ ) ! /udy ( h&writ+ w\ld be complete unless x recognis$ t phase ( x :i* t\*es on ! del9eation ( "* by an exam9ation ( ! caligraphy4 ,t _m valuable clues c be pick$ up by ! exp]t :o applies ! pr9ciples on :i* ! graphologi/ works is indisputable1 nor is x necess>y to accept all ! !ories claim$ z reliable by ^? :o practice ?is int]e/+ bran* ( ! art ( writ+-analysis4 ,!re is no d\bt t _m p]sons h atta9$ a rem>kable degree ( pr(ici5cy 9 d$uc+ f ! h&-ge/ures ( an unkn[n p]son a v accurate e/imate ( 8 or h] "*1 & ?is fact %\ld prove t ! pr9ciples ( ! art ( graphology are bas$ on sci5tific gr\nds1 or at lea/ t ! rules on :i* ! /ud5t works are regul> & n1 z "s sugge/1 m]e guess-"w or co9cid5ce4 ,! eld] d',israeli1 9 8 fasc9at+ "w1 ! ,curiosities ( ,lit]ature1 devotes consid]able space to ! subject4 ,among o!r ?+s1 he says3-- ,assur$ly nature w\ld prompt e individual to h a di/9ct sort ( writ+1 z %e has giv5 a peculi> c\nt5ance1 a voice1 & a mann]4 ,! flexibility ( ! muscles diff]s ) e individual1 & ! h& w foll[ ! direction ( ! ?\ghts1 & ! emotions & ! habits ( ! writ]s4 ,! phlegmatic w portray 8 words ) signs ( lab\r & delib]ation1 :ile ! playful ha/e ( ! volatile w sc>cely sket* !m2 ! slov5ly w blot & efface & scrawl1 :ile ! neat & ord]ly-m9d$ w view !mselves 9 ! pap] be=e _! eyes4 ,! m]*ant's cl]k w n write l ! lawy] or ! poet4 ,ev5 nations are di/+ui%$ by _! writ+2 ! vivacity & v>iabl5ess ( ! ,fr5*man1 & ! delicacy & suppl5ess ( ! ,italian1 are p]ceptibly di/9ct f ! sl[ness & /r5g? ( p5 discov]able 9 ! phlegmatic ,g]man1 ,dane1 & ,sw$e4 ,:5 we are 9 grief we d n write z we %\ld 9 joy4 ,! elegant & correct m9d1 :i* has acquir$ ! =tunate habit ( a fixity ( att5tion1 w write ) sc>cely an erasure on ! page1 z ,f5elon & ,gibbon2 :ile we f9d 9 ,pope's manuscripts ! p]petual /ruggle ( correction1 & ! eag] & rapid int]l9eations /ruck (f 9 heat4 ,lavat]'s notion ( h&writ+ is by no means *im]ical2 nor 0 ,g5]al ,paoli fanciful :5 he told ,mr4 ,nor?cote he _h decid$ on ! "* & disposition ( a man f 8 lett]s & ! h&writ+4 ,long be=e ! days ( ,lavat]1 ,%5/one 9 "o ( 8 lett]s said1 ',i want to see ,mrs4 ,jago's writ+ t ,i may judge ( h] temp]4' ,"o great tru? mu/1 h[ev]1 be conc$$ to ! oppon5ts ( ! physiognomy ( h&writ+4 ,g5]al rules only c be laid d[n4 ,yet ! vital pr9ciple mu/ be true t ! h&writ+ be>s an analogy to ! "* ( ! writ]1 z all volunt>y actions are *>act]i/ic ( ! individual4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr(essor ,foli1 9 8 v useful "w1 ,h&writ+ z an ,index to ,"* 7,london3 ,c4 ,a4 ,pe>son1 ,ltd471 says3 ,! *anges :i* h&writ+ und]goes z maturity is rea*$ prove h[ directly x is influ5c$ by ! n]v\s condition ( ! writ]4 ,! writ+ prop] to *ildhood is l>ge1 r\nd & accompani$ by a lab\r$ p5 movem5t2 :]eas t :i* is normal z manhood or womanhood is atta9$ is small]1 & turn$ (f by a m rapid & flu5t motion ( ! h&4 ,illness1 aga91 affects ! writ+4 ,z ! h& is *>g$ ) m or less ( ! n]ve fluid1 s ! writ+ is /rong] or weak]1 firm] or feebl]1 z ! case may be4 ,?is goes to %[ ! important influ5ce :i* ! n]ve curr5t ex]ts 9 fa%ion+ ! h&writ+4 ,small wond] t our h&writ+ alt]s day by day4 ,yet x does n alt] ei!r4 ,s f> z its g5]al appe>ance is conc]n$ ,i grant x seems to d s4 ,b look at ! really significant po9ts ( ! writ+ writt5 at diff]5t times4 ,give a glance at ! height at :i* ! 'i' is dott$1 ! way 9 :i* ! 't' is b>r$1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! lett]s are1 or are n1 connect$ & f9i%$ (f4 ,^! ?+s w crop up ) un]r+ uni=mity "t aft] "t4 ,y d1 ( c\rse1 get a /udi$ h&writ+ n[ & !n1 j z y sometimes meet ) a =m$ facial expression4 ,b t does n express ! true "*1 simply because ! control ov] ! feel+s or ! p[] ( disguis+ :at is felt is a sali5t po9t 9 ! "*2 & ?is v fact w s]ve to %[ t !re is tru? 9 graphology4 ,t ! p51 :e!r x be a f9e or a broad po9t$ nib1 plays a c]ta9 "p 9 det]m9+ ! ?ickness or ?9ness ( ! /rokes1 ,i am will+ to all[1 b "h aga9 we h no argum5t aga9/ graphology1 = mo/ p h _! fav\rite nib--j z !y pref] "o occupation to ano!r--& ?is is ! "o :i* w be/ s]ve to def9e _! *>act]i/ics4 ,! same ) ! surface ( ! pap] ^u :i* !y write2 "s w select a smoo?1 o!rs a r\gh k9d1 b :atev] t may be :i* is adopt$ ) com=t1 x w be typical ( ! writ]4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! m m>k$ signs ( ! "* !y indicate4 ,= a full] exposition ( _! application x w\ld be well to /udy ! "w ( ,foli1 be=e m5tion$1 & ( ,rosa ,baughan 7,upcott ,gill1 ,london1 #bs4 #f;d471 ) ! s*ol>ly "w ( ,j4 ,crpieux-,ja991 entitl$1 ,h&writ+ & ,expression1 translat$ by ,j4 ,holt ,s*ool+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,g5]al ,*>act]i/ic4--,! f95ess ( an organism w be reveal$ by a f9e light p5/roke4 ,co>se1 l[ natures make heavy blurr$ entangl$ l9es4 ,activity is d5ot$ by ! l5g? ( ! lett]s4 ,:]e x is feeble ! lett]s w be widely spac$ & r\nd$4 ,excitability is %[n by %>p /rokes & /ops4 ,! m acute & irregul> ! p5-/rokes ! great] ! int5sity ( feel+4 ,aggression1 :i* is ! incl9ation to attack1 ! de/ructive =ce1 is indicat$ by ! f9al /rokes ( lett]s & ! cross-b>s ( t's advanc+ well =w>d1 ! dots ( ! i's plac$ well =w>d4 ,9 su* a ^w z "t ! dot w\ld probably be betwe5 ! m & e4 ,! /yle is angul> & well & ev5ly spac$1 altoge!r a =w>d1 g-ahead writ+4 ,economy1 or acquisitiv5ess1 is %[n by ! f9i%+ /rokes be+ turn$ backw>ds1 & inw>ds2 by a cramp$ h&1 a disposition to curtail /rokes1 p>ticul>ly ! end+s ( lett]s1 z if ! exp5diture ( ink 0 begrudg$4 ,secretiv5ess1 or extra caution1 has its sign 9 ! n>r[1 tightly-clos$ =m ( ! body ( ! lett]s a1 d1 g1 o1 q1 ! a & o (t5 be+ m]ely a n>r[ v4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! writ+ is to compression1 ! f9al /rokes be+ v %ort4 ,:5 v m>k$1 ! lett]s dw9dle into an indi/9ct un=m$ condition4 ,! sub/itution ( da%es = punctuation is ano!r symptom4 ,ins9c]ity4--,bew>e ( ! man or woman ^: writ+ is a f9e1 wavy l9e1 upright1 ) %ort1 /umpy & indi/9ct tops & tails1 words runn+ at _! end to an almo/ /raight l9e1 ! lett]s m]ely indicat$4 ,! flatt]1 f9] & m p]p5dicul> ?is writ+1 ! great] ! ins9c]ity4 ,su* a writ] w\ld probably be a polite1 pleas+ & plausible p]son1 b d\ble-fac$ z ,janus4 ,love ( praise1 glory1 ambition are %[n by a t5d5cy to write upw>ds1 ! l9es ( writ+ tr5d+ t[>ds ! "r-h& corn] ( ! pap]4 ,! signature w usually h a curv$ l9e bel[ x1 ) a degree ( fl\ri%4 ,self-e/eem1 to :i* is alli$ conceit & o/5tation1 %[s itself 9 proportion to ! size ( ! writ+1 ! tall] & m fl\ri%$ ! up/rokes & ! long] ! d[n/rokes1 ! great] ! self-ass]tiv5ess4 ,! fl\ri% b5ea? ! signature w be v pron\nc$1 (t5 an elaborate spid]'s web ( int]lac$ l9es4 ,! writ+ is m or less angul> ) ! f9als turn$ backw>ds & inw>ds4 ,w p[] is %[n by firm b>s to ! t1 ) a t5d5cy to desc5d f left to "r1 bludgeon-l d[n/rokes to tail$ lett]s1 writ+ r angul> ?an r\nd$1 & ! f9al /rokes f9i%$ by a heavy pressure4 ,/raight1 firm1 d[nw>d /rokes take ! place ( ! tails to y1 g1 f1 q4 ,sympa?y1 good nature1 k9dness ( he>t are %[n by a fl[+ op5 h&1 ! f9als ( ! lett]s be+ ext5d$ & ?r[n out ) an expansive movem5t4 ,! tail$ lett]s are long & loop$1 & (t5 turn$ up ! "r side ( ! lett]4 ,! lett]s are well ap>t b n necess>ily unconnect$1 & ! /yle is curv$4 ,z a g5]al rule h>d matt]-(-fact natures incl9e to an angul> /yle2 ! arti/ic & s(t] nature affects r\nd$1 gracefully curv$ /rokes1 & avoids /raight p]p5dicul>s or horizontals4 ,con/ructiv5ess1 :i* implies ! ability to comb9e & connect words & phrases1 is %[n by jo9+ ! words toge!r1 sev]al be+ writt5 )\t lift+ ! p5 f ! pap]4 ,! m simple & +5u\s ! me?od ( atta*+ ! words1 ! great] w be ! ability4 ,:5 ?is jo9+ ( words is c>ri$ to extremes1 x may be tak5 z a sign ( good d$uctive judgm5t4 ,obs]vation1 by :i* is impli$ ! ke51 p5etrat+1 inquir+ m9d 7:i* 9 excess becomes curiosity71 is m>k$ by angul>ity ( ! /rokes & f9als2 a small1 g5]ally neat1 h&writ+1 ) ! lett]s disconnect$4 ,punctuation af=ds a v valuable clue to "*-read+1 = reasons set out 9 ! *apt] ,h[ to ,/udy a ,h&writ+4 ,!y are ! mo/ me*anical & unprem$itat$ ( h&-ge/ures1 & are1 !re=e1 ! m valuable4 ,:51 = example1 a dot is ?ick & heavy1 we inf] t ! p5 has be5 driv5 across ! pap] ) a /rong1 decid$ movem5t ( ! h&1 :i* w\ld be consi/5t ) extreme en]gy & w p[]2 :]eas1 :5 ! dot is light & fa9tly indicat$ we may be c]ta9 t only a mod]ate =ce has be5 exp5d$ ^u its production1 :i* w\ld be compatible ) less resi/ance & endurance 9 ! "*4 ,aga91 a dot ^: outl9es 7 blurr$ w\ld %[ a c]ta9 s5su\sness ( "*--/rong passions & a want ( re/ra9t ov] ! l[] prop5sities2 :]eas1 a dot ^: edges 7 %>ply def9$ w\ld tell ( ref9em5t & a loa?+ aga9/ all t 0 co>se or vulg>4 ,c>eful att5tion to punctuation indicates neatness1 ord]1 me?od & love ( arrangem5t2 nor is x necess>y t ! punctuation %\ld be /rictly correct1 = ! art is b imp]fectly ma/]$ by mo/ p1 ev5 ! be/ educat$4 ,/ops t p>take ( ! appe>ance ( a comma indicate a degree ( impetuosity2 well r\nd$ /ops imply calmness & tranquility ( temp]am5t4 ,:5 ! full /ops are fa%ion$ aft] ! =m ( a comma & droop t[>ds ! "r h& !y indicate a t5d5cy to sulk9ess4 ,:5 !y are m]ely angul> we may inf] impati5ce & a pepp]y disposition4 ,fl\ri%es are always indicative ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( ass]tiv5ess4 ,! simpl] ! fl\ri% ! less artificial ?is self-insi/5ce2 ! m elaborate1 ! great] ! desire to seem :at "o is n4 ,,bibliography ,,( ,,h&writ+4 ,mo/ ( ! works 9 ?is li/ relate to t aspect ( ! /udy ( graphology :i* is suppos$ to be> ^u ! manife/ations ( "*4 ,b !re is n "o :i* ! /ud5t ( h&writ+ c af=d to ignore1 s9ce1 ap>t f ! debatable "q ( "* read+1 !y all conta9 num]\s h9ts & obs]vations ( extreme value to ! /ud5t ^: objective is ! acquisition ( aptitude 9 ! m practical art ( detect+ =g]y4 ,,autograph ,,collect+3 ,a practical manual = ,amateurs & ,hi/orical ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,,h5ry ,t4 ,,scott1 ,m4,d4 ,london3 ,upcott ,gill4 ,price #es4 ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,collection ,,( ,,hi/orical ,,docum5ts1 ,,lit]>y ,,mss4 ,,& ,,autograph ,,lett]s1 c4 ,by ,rev4 ,h4 ,t4 ,,scott & ,,samuel ,,davey4 7,out ( pr9t47 ,may be se5 9 ,briti% ,museum & _m public libr>ies4 ,,! ,,autographic ,,mirror3 ,a mon?ly j\rnal n[ defunct1 b procurable at second h&4 ,,h&writ+ ,,& ,,expression4 ,translat$ & edit$ by ,,john ,,holt ,,s*ool+1 f ! ?ird ,fr5* edition ( ,l',escriture et le ,c>act]e1 p> ,j4 ,,cr,,pieux-,,ja994 ,kegan1 ,paul & ,tr5*4 ,,"* ,,indicat$ ,,by ,,h&writ+4 ,by ,,rosa ,,baughan4 ,upcott ,gill4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,h&writ+4 ,by ,,don ,,felix ,,de ,,salamanca4 ,macmillan4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,read ,,"* ,,9 ,,h&writ+4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,fri?4 ,w>d ,lock4 ,price #as4 ,,h&writ+ ,,z ,,an ,,index ,,to ,,"*4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,foli4 ,c4 ,a4 ,pe>son4 ,price #as4 ,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,graphology4 ,by ! ,,abb ,,mi*on4 ,9 ,fr5*2 no ,engli% translation4 ,a valuable "w4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,h&writ+4 ,same ,au?or4 ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,graphologic ,,/udy4 ,same ,au?or4 ,a ,,memoir ,,^u ,,! ,,faulty ,,me?ods ,,us$ ,,by ,,exp]ts ,,9 ,,h&writ+4 ,same ,au?or4 ,a ,,diction>y ,,( ,,! ,,notabilities ,,( ,,france ,,judg$ ,,f ,,! ,,h&writ+4 ,same ,au?or4 ,,! ,,h&writ+ ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,p ,,s9ce ,,! ,,m]ov+ian ,,epo*4 ,same ,au?or4 ,,les ,,my/,,res ,,de ,l',,criture4 ,preface by ,desb>rolles4 ,same ,au?or4 ,,! ,,h&writ+ ,,( ,,junius ,,pr(essionally ,,exam9$ ,,by ,,*abot4 ,edit$ by ! ,hon4 ,e4 ,,twi/leton4 ,john ,murray4 #ahga4 ,?is "w is ! only "o hi!rto publi%$ 9 ,engl& expla9+ ! me?ods ( ! h&writ+ exp]t4 ,mons4 ,*abot1 = _m ye>s ! lead+ ,engli% exp]t1 0 commission$ by ,mr4 ,twi/leton to exam9e ! h&writ+ ( ,junius ) a view to decid+ ! au?or%ip ( ! fam\s lett]s4 ,! result 0 an exhau/ive volume 9 :i* ! process ( h&writ+ analysis is illu/rat$ by ?\s&s ( examples4 ,! conclusion arriv$ at 0 t ! writ] ( ! ,junius lett]s 0 ,sir ,philip ,francis4 ,lit]>y & ,hi/orical ,autograph ,lett]s & ,manuscripts ,pur*as$4 ,,op9ions ,,giv5 ,,z ,,to ,,g5u95ess ,,( ,,docum5ts4 ,,also ,,on ,,suspect$ ,,=g]ies ,,& ,,anonym\s ,,lett]s4 ,,by ,,blackburn ,,caddell1 #ai1 ,,*>lwood ,,place1 ,,london1 ,s4,w4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$ )\t note1 :il/ m significant am5dm5ts h be5 li/$ bel[4 ,page #cg1 'anal9e' am5d$ to anil9e4 ,page #ec1 ',alcebiades' am5d$ to ,alcibiades4 ,page #ef1 'corresp5ce' am5d$ to correspond5ce4 ,page #ef1 'addresss' am5d$ to address4 ,page #fh1 'f\r docum5ts' am5d$ to five docum5ts4 ,page #gh1 ',,m]or+ian' am5d$ to ,,m]ov+ian4