file 0 produc$ f images produc$ by ,core ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture 7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7 ,illu/ration3 ,,prize ,,ye>l+ ,,%ort-,,horn ,,bull1 ,,victor ,,emmanuel1 ,,! ,,prop]ty ,,( ,,"l ,,talbot ,,de ,,malahide1 ,0 aw>d$ ! ,fir/ ,prize 9 8 ,section 7!re be+ sixte5 competitors71 at ! ,%[ ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 held at ,belfa/1 9 ,augu/1 #ahfa4 ,calv$ ,june #bd1 #ahfj2 sire1 ,pr9ce ,duke ! ,second 7#af1gca72 dam1 ,turfoida1 by ,e>l ( ,dubl9 7#aj1agh72 gd41 ,ros9a1 by ,gray ,fri> 7#i1agb72 ggd41 ,h9da1 by ,little ,john 7#d1bcb74 ,,! ,,/ock-,,fe$]',s ,,manual4 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,food ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,bre$+ ,,& ,,fe$+ ,,( ,,live ,,/ock4 ,,by ,,*>les ,a4 ,,cam]on1 ,ph4,d41 ,m4,d41 ,lic5tiate ( ! ,k+ & ,que5's ,college ( ,physicians 9 ,irel&2 ,honor>y ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,agricultural ,society2 ,memb] ( ! ,agricultural ,society ( ,belgium2 ,pr(essor ( ,hygi5e or ,political ,m$ic9e 9 ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons2 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry & ,natural ,philosophy 9 ,/eev5s' ,hospital & ,m$ical ,college2 ,lectur] on ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,l$wi* ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e2 ,analy/ to ! ,city ( ,dubl92 ,*emi/ to ! ,c\nty ( ,kild>e ,agricultural ,society1 ! ,que5's ,c\nty ,agricultural ,society1 c42 ,memb] ( ! ,int]national ,jury ( ! ,p>is ,exhibition1 #ahfg2 ,editor ( ! ,agricultural ,review2 "o ( ! ,editors ( ! ,iri% ,f>m]'s ,gazette2 ,au?or ( ! ,*emi/ry ( ,agriculture1 ,sug> & ! ,sug> ,duties1 c4 c4 ,,london ,,& ,,new ,,york3 ,,cassell1 ,,pett]1 ,,& ,,galp94 #ahfh4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,,london ,,cassell1 ,,pett]1 ,,& ,,galp91 ,,belle ,,sauvage ,,works1 ,,ludgate ,,hill1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,pages ,,are ,d$icat$ ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,honorable ,,! ,,"l ,,talbot ,,de ,,malahide1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 c4 c4 c41 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,enlight5$ ,,& ,,lib]al ,,promot]s ,,( ,,agricultural ,,improvem5ts4 ,,! ,,au?or ,,is ,,"u ,,_m ,,obligations ,,to ,,8 ,,lord%ip1 ,,= ,,:i* ,,he ,,c ,,make ,,no ,,return ,,save ,,?is ,,public ,,ackn[l$gm5t ,,( ,,8 ,,indebt$ness4 ,,preface4 ,"s pap]s on ! ,*emi/ry ( ,food1 read be=e ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,irel& & ! ,a?y ,f>m]s' ,club1 & a few articles on ! ,managem5t ( ,live ,/ock1 publi%$ 9 ! ,weekly ,agricultural ,review1 con/itute ! basis ( ?is ,"w4 ,x describes ! nature ( ! food us$ by ! dome/icat$ animals1 expla9s ! composition ( ! animal tissues1 & treats g5]ally ^u ! important subject ( nutrition4 ,! mo/ rec5t analyses ( all ! k9ds ( food usually consum$ by ! animals ( ! f>m are fully /at$2 & ! nutritive values ( ^? sub/ances are 9 mo/ in/ances giv54 ,"s in=mation is af=d$ relative to ! bre$s & bre$+ ( live /ock2 & a division ( ! ,"w is :olly devot$ to ! consid]ation ( ! economic production ( meat1 milk1 & butt]4 ,)9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ! processes ( *emical analysis h be5 s mu* improv$1 t ! composition ( organic bodies is n[ det]m9$ ) great accuracy4 ,! analyses ( foods made f tw5ty to fifty ye>s ago1 possess n[ b little value4 ,9 ?is ,"w ! analyses ( vegetables quot$ are *iefly ^? rec5tly p]=m$ by ! di/+ui%$ ,scot* *emi/1 ,dr4 ,?omas ,&]son1 & by ,dr4 ,voelck]4 ,! ,au?or believes t 9 no o!r ,"w ( mod]ate size are !re s _m analyses ( food sub/ances giv51 & v5tures to hope t ! success ( ?is ,"w may fully ju/ify ! belief t a h&y book conta9+ su* in=mation z t above m5tion$1 is mu* requir$ by /ock fe$]s4 #ajb1 ,l[] ,baggot ,/reet1 ,dubl91 ,april1 #ahfh4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction3 ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture--,agricultural ,/ati/ics--,imports ( ,live ,/ock #a ,,"p ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,gr[? ,,& ,,composition ,,( ,,animals4 ,,section ,i4 ,,animal ,,& ,,vegetable ,,life4 ,functions ( ,plants4 ,animal ,life4--,,section ,,ii4 ,,composition ,,( ,,organic ,,sub/ances4 ,elem5ts ( ,organic ,bodies4 ,proximate ,composition ( ,organic ,sub/ances4--,,section ,,iii4 ,,use ,,( ,,fat ,,9 ,,! ,,animal ,,economy4 ,fatty ,food necess>y 9 ,cold ,climates4 ,fat ,equival5ts4--,,section ,,iv4 ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,an ,,animal ,,& ,,t ,,( ,,its ,,food4 ,tables ( ,exp]im5tal ,results4--,,section ,v4 ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,quantity ,,( ,,food ,,consum$ ,,by ,,an ,,animal ,,& ,,! ,,increase ,,( ,,its ,,weight1 ,,or ,,( ,,! ,,am\nt ,,( ,,its ,,"w4 ,weights ( ,foods necess>y to su/a9 a ,man's ,life = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,value ( ,manure4 #h ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,bre$+ ,,& ,,bre$s ,,( ,,/ock4 ,,section ,i4 ,,! ,,bre$+ ,,( ,,/ock4--,,section ,,ii4 ,,! ,,bre$s ,,( ,,/ock4 ,! ,=m ( ,animals4 ,bre$s ( ! ,ox4 ,%or?orns4 ,devons4 ,h]e=ds4 ,ayr%ires4 ,poll$ ,cattle4 ,kyloes4 ,long-horn$4 ,k]rys4 ,ald]neys4 ,%eep4 ,! ,leice/]4 ,l9coln4 ,cotswold4 ,*eviot4 ,s\?d[n4 ,%rop%ire4 ,blackfac$4 ,bre$s ( ! ,pig4 ,b]k%ire4 ,york%ire4 ,bre$s ( ! ,horse4 ,clydesdales4 ,suffolk ,pun*4 ,hunt]s & ,rac]s4 #dg ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,on ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,live ,,/ock4 ,,section ,i4 ,,! ,,ox4 ,bre$+ ,c[s4 ,w9t]+ ( ,"y ,/ock4 ,%elt] ( ,/ock4 ,mil* ,c[s4 ,/all ,fe$+4 ,co/ ( ,ma9ta9+ ,animals4 ,cook+ & ,bruis+ ,food4 ,value = ,fe$+ ,purposes ( v>i\s ,foods4 ,b$d+ ,cattle4--,,section ,,ii4 ,,! ,,%eep4 ,bre$+ ,ewes4 ,yean+4 ,re>+ ( ,lambs4 ,%eep ,fe$+4 ,%eep ,dips4--,,section ,,iii4 ,,! ,,pig4 ,"y ,pigs4 ,/ore ,pigs4 ,fatt5+ ,pigs4--,,section ,,iv4 ,,! ,,horse4 ,foals4 ,diet>ies = ! ,horse4 #gd ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,meat1 ,,milk1 ,,& ,,butt]4 ,,section ,i4 ,,meat4 ,quality ( ,meat4 ,is v ,fat ,meat ,un:olesome8 ,diseas$ ,meat4--,,section ,,ii4 ,,milk4 ,composition ( ,milk ( ,diff]5t ,animals4 ,yield ( ,milk4 ,pres]v$ ,milk4--,,section ,,iii4 ,,butt]4 ,hi/ory ( ,butt]4 ,iri% ,butt]4 ,composition ( ,butt]4 ,! ,butt] ,manufacture4 #aab ,,"p ,v4 ,,on ,,! ,,composition ,,& ,,value ,,( ,,vegetable ,,foods4 ,,section ,i4 ,,! ,,money ,,value ,,( ,,food ,,sub/ances4--,,section ,,ii4 ,,proximate ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,vegetables4 ,/>*4 ,sug>4 ,inul94 ,gum4 ,pect94 ,cellulose4 ,oils & ,fats4 ,/e>94 ,m>g>94 ,ole94 ,palmit94 ,album54 ,fibr94 ,legum94--,,section ,,iii4 ,,gre5 ,,food4 ,! ,grasses4 ,s*ro$] ,brome4 ,tussac ,grass4 ,! ,clov]s4 ,legum9\s ,plants--,vet*1 ,sa9fo91 c4 ,! ,yell[ ,lup9e4 ,rib ,grass ,planta94 ,ergot 9 ,grasses4 ,holcus ,sac*>atus4 ,gre5 ,rye4 ,buck:eat4 ,rape4 ,mu/>d4 ,comfrey4 ,*icory4 ,y>r[4 ,melons & ,m>r[s4 ,cabbage4 ,furze4--,,section ,,iv4 ,,/raw ,,& ,,hay4 ,/raw4 ,&]son's1 ,voelck]'s1 & ,cam]on's ,analyses ( ,/raws4 ,fe$+ ,exp]im5ts ) ,/raw4 ,relative ,values ( ,/raw & ,oil-cake4 ,hay4 ,composition ( ! ,hay ( diff]5t ,grasses4 ,ov]-rip5+ ( ,hay4 ,damag$ ,hay & ,/raw4--,,section ,v4 ,,roots ,,& ,,tub]s4 ,turnips4 ,sw$i%4 ,:ite ,globe4 ,ab]de5 ,yell[4 ,purple-top4 ,norfolk ,bell4 ,grey/one4 ,turnip ,tops4 ,analyses ( ,turnips4 ,mangel ,wurtzel4 ,*emi/ry ( ! ,mangel4 ,/ripp+ ,leaves (f ! ,mangel4 ,beet-root4 ,p>snip4 ,c>rot4 ,kohl-rabi4 ,analyses ( ,kohl-rabi4 ,radi%4 ,! ,radi% z a ,field ,crop4 ,composition ( ,radi%4 ,j]usalem ,arti*oke3 ,advantages ( ,cultivat+ x4 ,analysis ( ,j]usalem ,arti*oke4 ,potato3 ,analyses ( six v>ieties4 ,fe$+ ,value ( ,potatoes4--,,section ,,vi4 ,,se$s4 ,:eat4 ,analyses ( ,:eat1 ,fl\r1 ,bran1 & ,husks4 ,ov]-rip5+ ( ,gra94 ,:eat a ,co/ly ,food4 ,analyses ( ,b>ley1 ,oat ,gra91 ,indian ,corn1 ,rye1 ,rice1 ,rice-du/1 & ,buck:eat4 ,malt$ ,corn4 ,voelck]'s ,analyses ( ,malt & ,b>ley4 ,exp]im5ts ( ,?ompson1 ,lawes1 c41 ) ,malt4 ,malt ,comb+s4 ,legum9\s ,se$s4 ,beans4 ,composition ( ,common ,beans1 ,=eign ,beans1 ,peas4 ,l5tils & ,w9t] ,t>es4 ,oil ,se$s4 ,rape ,se$s4 ,exp]im5ts ) ,rapese$4 ,flax ,bolls4 ,composition ( ,l9se$1 ,rape-se$1 ,hemp-se$1 & ,cotton-se$4 ,f5ugreek ,se$4--,,section ,,vii4 ,,oil-,,cakes ,,& ,,o!r ,,artificial ,,foods4 ,composition ( ,l9se$1 ,rape-se$1 ,cotton-se$1 & ,poppy-se$ ,cake4 ,l9se$-cake4 ,adult]ation ( ,l9se$-cake4 ,rape-cake4 ,fe$+ ,exp]im5ts ) ,rape-cake4 ,adult]ations ( ,rape-cake4 ,cotton-se$ ,cake4 ,analyses ( ,decorticat$ ,cotton-se$ ,cake4 ,palm-nut ,meal3 its ,composition & ,nutritive ,prop]ties4 ,locu/1 or ,c>ob ,bean3 its ,composition4 ,dates4 ,brew]s' ,dregs & ,di/ill]y ,wa%4 ,molasses & ,treacle4--,,section ,,viii4 ,,condim5tal ,,food4 ,lawes' ,exp]im5ts ) ,?orley's ,food4 ,analyses ( ,condim5tal ,food4 ,=mula = a ,tonic ,food4--,,section ,,ix4 ,,tables ,,( ,,! ,,analyses ,,( ,,! ,,a%es ,,( ,,plants4 #adg ,,app5dix4 ,,agricultural ,,/ati/ics4 ,numb]s ( ,live ,/ock 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,value ( ! ,agriculture ,products ( ,great ,brita94 #bed ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,food4 ,,introduction4 ,:5 ,virgil compos$ 8 immortal ,bucolics1 & ,v>ro indit$ 8 pr(\nd ,essays on ,agriculture1 ! inhabitants ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s 7 almo/ completely ignorant ( ! art ( cultivat+ ! soil4 ,! rude spoils torn f ! c>casses ( savage animals protect$ ! bodies ( _! h>dly less savage victors2 & ! produce ( ! *ase s]v$ almo/ exclusively to n\ri% ! h>dy frames ( ! anci5t ,celtic hunt]s4 ,9 e>ly ages wild bea/s ab\nd$ 9 ! num]\s & ext5sive =e/s ( ,brita9 & ,irel&2 b m5 7 few1 = ! conditions "u :i* ! ma9t5ance ( a d5se population is possible did n !n exi/4 ,z civilisation progress$1 m5 rapidly multipli$1 & ! dem& = food increas$4 ,! pursuit ( game became m]ely ! pa/ime ( ! ri*2 & tame %eep & ox5 furni%$ meat to ! l[ly z well z to ! great4 ,nor 7 ! fruits ( ! e>? neglect$2 = dur+ ! latt] days ( ! dom9ion ( ! ,romans1 ,engl& rais$ l>ge quantities ( corn4 ,gradually ! food ( ! p1 :i* at fir/ 0 almo/ purely animal1 became *iefly vegetable4 ,! %eph]ds1 :o _h supplant$ ! hunt]s1 became less num]\s ?an ! till]s ( l&2 & ! era ( tillage husb&ry began4 ,at pres5t ! great mass ( ! rural population ( ^! c\ntries subsi/ almo/ exclusively ^u vegetable alim5t--a diet :i* pov]ty1 & n incl9ation1 prescribes = !m4 ,7 ! fle% ( animals ! /aple food ( ! ,briti% peasantry1 _! numb]s w\ld n be ne>ly s l>ge z !y n[ are1 = a giv5 area ( l& is capable ( su/a9+ a f> l>g] numb] ( veget>ians ?an ( meat eat]s4 ,! ,*9ese are by no means av]se to animal food1 b !y are s num]\s1 t !y are 9 g5]al oblig$ to cont5t !mselves on a purely vegetable diet4 ,9 ! manufactur+ di/ricts ( ,great ,brita91 !re are sev]al millions ( p ^: condition 9 relation to food is some:at diff]5t f t ( ! small f>m] & agricultural labor]4 ,! artizans employ$ 9 our great indu/ries are comp>atively well paid = _! toil2 & ! results ( _! labor place )9 _! rea* a fair %>e ( animal food4 ,?is section ( ! population is rapidly increas+1 & consequ5tly is daily augm5t+ ! dem& = meat4 ,! rural population is c]ta9ly n increas+2 r ! rev]se4 ,less manual labor is n[ exp5d$ 9 ! op]ations ( agriculture1 & ev5 horses are retir+ be=e ! advance ( ! /eam pl\gh4 ,! only great purely vegetable-fe$+ class is dim9i%+1 & ! upp]1 ! middle1 & ! artizan classes--! beef & mutton eat+ sections ( society--are rapidly increas+4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t we are ?reat5$ ) a revival ( ! pa/oral age1 & t 9 "o way1 at lea/1 we are return+ to ! condition ( our ance/ors1 ^: /aple food consi/$ ( beef1 mutton1 & pork4 ,& "h two que/ions arise4 ,h[ long %all we be able to supply ! increas+ dem& = meat8 ,h[ long %all we be able to compete ) ! =eign fe$]s8 ,^! are mom5t\s qu]ies = ! ,briti% f>m]1 & ,i tru/ !y may be solv$ 9 a satisfactory mann]4 ,at any "t dur+ ! pres5t c5tury ! =eign or colonial gr[] ( :eat c\ld h und]sold ! ,briti% produc] ( t article1 7 ! latt] n protect$ by a t>iff2 b cattle c\ld n1 z a g5]al rule1 be import$ into ,great ,brita9 at a *eap] rate ?an !y c\ld be produc$ at home4 ,7 !re no corn import$1 x is c]ta9 t ! price ( bread w\ld be great] ?an x is n[1 ev5 if ! gra9 h>ve/s _h be5 bett] ?an !y h be5 = "s ye>s pa/4 ,a bad c]eal h>ve/ 9 ,engl& raises ! price ( fl\r1 b only to a small & /rictly limit$ ext5t1 because1 practically1 !re is no limit to ! am\nt ( bread-/uffs procurable f abroad4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 ! turnip crop fails1 or t excessive dr\ght greatly curtails ! yield ( grass1 ! price ( meat & butt] increases greatly1 & is b slightly modifi$ by ! importation ( =eign /ock4 ,hi!rto ! difficulty ( transit has be5 s great t we h only d]iv$ supplies ( live /ock f c\ntries situat$ at a %ort di/ance1 su* z ,hol/e9 & ,holl&4 ,va/ h]ds ( cattle are f$ ) b little exp5se 9 ,am]ica1 & myriads ( %eep are ma9ta9$ *eaply 9 ,au/ralia2 b ! imm5se di/ances :i* int]v5e betwe5 our c\ntry & ^? remote & sp>sely populat$ regions h1 hi!rto1 prev5t$ ! sup]abundant supply ( animal food produc$ !re9 f be+ available to ! teem+ population ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 any *eap mode ( convey+ live /ock1 or ev5 _! fle%1 f ^? & simil>ly circum/anc$ c\ntries be devis$1 x might r5d] ! production ( meat 9 ,brita9 a f> less pr(itable occupation ?an x is n[4 ,t we are increas+ ! area f :5ce we draw our supplies ( live /ock is evid5t f ! fact1 t )9 ! la/ two ye>s enorm\s numb]s ( horn$ /ock h be5 import$ f ,spa94 ,9 t ext5sive c\ntry !re are noble bre$s ( ! ox2 & x w\ld appe> t v l>ge numb]s ( animals c\ld be annually export$1 )\t depriv+ ! inhabitants ( a due supply ( bov9e meat4 ,z ,spa9 is n v di/ant1 x is likely t ?is traffic w be increas$1 & t 9 a %ort "t we %all be z well suppli$ ) ,spani% beef z we are n[ provid$ ) ,fr5* fl\r4 ,meat is at pres5t de>1 & is likely to cont9ue s = "s "t2 b /ill x is evid5t t1 soon] or lat]1 ! ,briti% fe$]s w come into ke5 competition ) ! =eign produc] ( meat1 & t ! price ( _! commodity w consequ5tly fall4 ,! m]e probability ( su* a /ate ( ?+s1 7 !re no o!r reason1 %\ld induce ! fe$] to devote increas$ att5tion to ! improvem5t ( 8 /ock1 & to discov] m economical me?ods ( fe$+ !m4 ,!re is /ill mu* to be le>n$ relative to ! precise nutritive values ( ! v>i\s fe$+ /uffs4 ,! prop] modes ( cook+1 or o!rwise prep>+1 food1 are /ill to be satisfactorily det]m9$2 & !re are _m v important que/ions 9 relation to ! bre$+ ( /ock yet unansw]$4 ,x is b fair to admit t ! f>m] is e>ne/ly endeav\r+ to improve 8 art1 & t he is will+1 nay anxi\s1 to obta9 ! co-op]ation ( sci5tific m51 9 ord] to increase 8 k ( ! !ory z well z ! practice ( 8 anci5t call+4 ,inde$1 he n only admits ! utility ( sci5ce 9 agriculture1 b (t5 places an undue degree ( value ^u ! !ories ( ! *emi/1 ( ! botani/1 & ( ! geologi/4 ,?is is enc\rag+ to ! m5 ( sci5ce2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y mu/ admit t by f> ! great] portion ( ! sum ( human k has be5 d]iv$ f ! exp]i5ce & obs]vation ( m5 utt]ly unacqua9t$ ) sci5ce1 9 ! ord9>y signification ( t t]m4 ,?is portion ( our k is also1 9 its practical application1 ! mo/ valuable4 ,9 ! mo/ important bran* ( indu/ry--agriculture--! labors ( ! purely sci5tific man h z yet borne b scant fruit2 :il/ ! unaid$ ef=ts ( ! husb&man h reclaim$ f /]ility ext5sive tracts1 & caus$ !m to blossom z ! rose4 ,t practical m5 %\ld h done s mu*1 & sci5tific m5 s little1 = agriculture1 may easily be expla9$4 ,c\ntless millions ( m51 dur+ _m ?\s&s ( ye>s1 h incessantly be5 occupi$ 9 improv+ ! processes ( me*anical agriculture1 :i*1 z an art1 has consequ5tly be5 br\ght to a high degree ( p]fection3 b sci5tific agriculture is a creation ( almo/ our own "t1 & ! numb] ( its cultivators is1 & always has be51 v small2 all its !ories _c1 !re=e1 ju/ly claim t degree ( confid5ce :i*1 z a rule1 is only repos$ 9 ! op9ions f\nd$ on ! exp]i5ce ( practical work]s 9 ! field & 9 ! fe$+-h\se4 ,/ill1 ! f>m] has d]iv$ a great am\nt ( useful in=mation f ! *emi/ & physiologi/2 & !y alone c expla9 to him ! causes ( ! v>i\s ph5om5a :i* ! diff]5t bran*es ( 8 art pres5t4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 x 0 ! fa%ion ( ! man ( sci5ce to look d[n ) contempt1 f ! l(ty p$e/al on :i* he plac$ himself1 ^u ! lessons ( practical exp]i5ce read to him by ! cultivator ( ! soil2 :il/ at ! same "t ! f>m] treat$ z fooli% vision>ies ^? :o appli$ ! tea*+s ( sci5ce to ! improvem5t ( _! art4 ,b ?is "t has happily pass$ away4 ,! sci5tific man no long] despises ! k ( ! m]e f>m]s1 b turns to good acc\nt ! in=mation d]ivable f _! exp]i5ce2 :il/ ! f>m]1 on ! o!r side1 has ceas$ to speak 9 contemptu\s t]ms ( m]e book le>n+4 ,x is to ?is happy comb9ation ( ! !ori/ ) ! practical man t ! rec5t rem>kable advance 9 agriculture is *iefly due2 & to x we may confid5tly look = improvem5t 9 ! economic production ( meat & butt]1 & = ! enl>gem5t ( our k ( ! relative value ( food sub/ances4 ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,live ,,/ock ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,& ,,irel&4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,enum]at$1 #ahff4 ---------------------------------- ,cattle4 ,%eep4 ,pigs4 --------------------------------- ,engl& #c1cjg1jcd #ae1abd1eda #b1jff1bii ,wales #eda1dja #a1ffh1ffc #aia1fjd ,isl&s #ag1gjj #eg1fhe #bb1hhg ,scotl& #icg1daa #e1bee1jgg #bai1gaf ,irel& #c1dic1dad #c1fhh1gdb #a1bii1hic ---------------------------------- ,total #h1caf1ifj #be1gid1gjh #c1hjj1cii ---------------------------------------- --- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,e/imat$1 #ahfe4 ---------------------------------- ,cattle4 ,%eep4 ,pigs4 ---------------------------------- ,engl& #c1dbb1afe #ah1fia1jhh #b1cfc1gbd ,wales ---- ---- ---- ,isl&s ---- ---- ---- ,scotl& #igd1dcg #e1fhc1afh #adf1ced ,irel& #c1dic1dad #c1fhh1gdb #a1bii1hic ---------------------------------- ,total #g1hij1jaf #bh1jfb1iih #c1hji1iga ---------------------------------------- --- ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,population ,,& ,,numb] ,,( ,,live ,,/ock ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom ,,& ,,v>i\s ,,=eign ,,c\ntries1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,late/ ,,returns4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,date (,population ,cattle4 ,c\ntries4 ,returnsaccord+ ---------------------------- ,%eep4 ,pigs4 ( ,liveto ,late/ ,c[s4 ,o!r ,total4 ,/ock4 ,returns4 ,cattle4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,unit$ ,k+dom#ahfe-ffbi1jgj1icbc1bhf1cjhe1jcj1f eb #h1caf1ifjbe1gie1gjh #c1hjb1cii ,russia #ahei-fcgd1aci1cid 444 444 #be1ddd1jjjde1acj1hjjaj1jig1jjj ,d5m>k ,prop] #ahfa #a1ffb1gcd #gef1hcd #cfa1idj #a1aah1ggd #a1gea1iej #cjj1ibh ,sleswig #ahfa #dba1dhf #bag1gea #agb1bej #cij1jja #cfb1bai #hg1hfg ,hol/e9 #ahfa #efa1hca #aih1caj #ib1jfb #bij1cgb #afe1cdd #hb1cih ,sw$5 #ahfj #c1hei1gbha1aab1idd #hjc1gad #a1iaf1feh #a1fdd1aef #deg1iha ,prussia #ahfb #ah1dia1bbjc1chb1gjcb1bea1gig #e1fcd1ejjag1dbh1jag #b1gji1gji ,hanov] #ahfa #a1hhj1jgj 444 444 #idi1agi #b1baa1ibg #eed1jef ,saxony #ahfa #b1bbe1bdj #daa1efc #bbf1hig #fch1dfj #cga1ihf #bgj1dfb ,wurtemburg #ahfa #a1gbj1gjh #dff1geh #dij1dad #ieg1agb #fhc1hdb #baf1ife ,gr& ,du*y ( ,bad5 #ahfa #a1dbi1aii #cdh1dah #bgc1jfh #fba1dhf #agg1cbb #cjg1aih ,hesse #ahfc #hec1cae #ahg1ddb #abi1baa #caf1fec #bca1ghg #aie1eif ,nassau #ahfd #dfh1caa #aaf1dba #hd1bbd #bjj1fde #aeb1ehd #fe1igi ,meckl5b4 ,s*w]9 #aheg #eci1beh #aig1fbb #fi1bae #bff1hcg #a1aih1dej #aeg1ebb ,old5burg #aheb #bgi1fcg 444 444 #bai1hdc #bie1cbb #hg1ccf ,holl& #ahfd #c1fah1dei #idc1bad #cij1fgc #a1ccc1hhg #icj1acf #bid1fcf ,belgium #ahef #d1ebi1dfa 444 444 #a1beg1fdi #ehc1dhe #deh1dah ,france #ahfb #cg1chf1cace1gha1dfeh1dae1hiead1aig1cfjc c1bha1eib #e1bdf1djc ,spa9 #ahfe #ae1feh1eca 444 444 #b1ijd1eihbb1jed1ifg #d1bfd1hag ,au/ria #ahfc #cf1bfg1fdhf1cec1jhfg1ijd1jcjad1beg1aafa f1ifd1bcf #h1aea1fjh ,bav>ia #ahfc #d1hjg1ddja1ecj1fbfa1fee1cef #c1ahe1hhb #b1jeh1fch #ibf1ebb ,unit$ ,/ates #ahfj #ca1dde1jhjh1gbh1hfbh1ahb1hacaf1iaa1dgeb c1cag1gefcb1eee1bfg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,,numb]s ,,( ,,! ,,live ,,/ock ,,import$ ,,into ,,great ,,brita9 ,,dur+ ,,! ,,elev5 ,,mon?s ,,end$ #ca/ ,,novemb]1 #ahfg4 ,bullocks1 bulls1 & c[s #aej1eah ,calves #bj1gbj ,%eep & lambs #ejd1ead ,pigs #de1eff -------- #gba1cah ,,am\nt ,,( ,,animal ,,food ,,import$ ,,dur+ ,,same ,,p]iod4 ,bacon & hams cwts4 #deb1acb ,salt beef #afc1fch ,salt pork #abc1beg ,butt] #a1jjj1jie ,l>d #bac1eii ,*eese #gih1bfg ,eggs #cgc1jdb1jjj ,i am indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,f]guson1 ,*ief ( ! ,vet]9>y ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,iri% ,privy ,c\ncil ,(fice1 = ! foll[+ /atem5t3-- ,,return ,,( ,,horn$ ,,cattle ,,export$ ,,f ,,! ,,sev]al ,,iri% ,,ports ,,at ,,:i* ,,vet]9>y ,,inspectors ,,h ,,be5 ,,appo9t$1 ,,& ,,c]tifi$ ,,z ,,free ,,f ,,disease1 ,,f ,,! #ah? ,,( ,,novemb]1 #ahff1 ,,to ,,! #af? ,,( ,,novemb]1 #ahfg 7#eb ,,weeks74 ,fat ,/ock #ahg1dhc ,/ore ,/ock #cag1cca ,bre$+ & ,dairy ,/ock #cf1eii -------- ,total #eda1dac ,,"p ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,gr[? ,,& ,,composition ,,( ,,animals4 ,,section ,i4 ,,animal ,,& ,,vegetable ,,life4 ,functions ( ,plants4--,x is ! prim>y function ( plants to conv]t ! inorganic matt] ( ! soil & air into organis$ /ructures ( a highly complex nature4 ,! food ( plants is purely m9]al1 & consi/s *iefly ( wat]1 c>bonic acid1 & ammonia4 ,wat] is compos$ ( ! elem5ts oxyg5 & hydrog52 c>bonic acid is a comp\nd ( oxyg5 & c>bon2 & ammonia is =m$ ( hydrog5 & nitrog54 ,^! f\r sub/ances are t]m$ ! organic elem5ts1 because !y =m by f> ! l>g] portion--sometimes ! :ole--( organic bodies4 ,! combu/ible portion ( plants & animals is compos$ ( ! organic elem5ts2 ! incombu/ible "p is made up ( potassium1 sodium1 & ! v>i\s o!r elem5ts enum]at$ 9 ano!r page4 ,! organic elem5ts are furni%$ *iefly by ! atmosph]e1 & ! incombu/ible matt]s are suppli$ by ! soil4 ,wat] 9 ! /ate ( vapor =ms1 accord+ to ! temp]ature & o!r conditions ( ! atmosph]e1 f a half p] c5t4 to f\r & a half p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( t fluid--ab\t #a4be p] c5t4 be+ ! av]age2 c>bonic acid exi/s 9 x to ! ext5t ( #a_/bjjj?2 & ammonia =ms a m9ute portion ( x--accord+ to ,dr4 ,angus ,smi?1 "o gra9 weight 9 #dab4db cubic feet ( air 7( a t[n71 or #j4jjjdec p] c5t4 ,x is rem>kable t ! mo/ abundant con/itu5ts ( atmosph]ic air--oxyg5 & nitrog5--are n assimilable by plants1 al?\gh ^! elem5ts ent] l>gely into ! composition ( vegetable sub/ances4 ,9 ! soil1 also1 ! "p :i* m9i/]s to ! wants ( vegetables is relatively q insignificant 9 am\nt4 ,plants are un5d[$ ) organs ( locomotion1 _! food mu/ !re=e be )9 easy rea*4 ,e breeze wafts gase\s nutrim5t to _! exp&$ leaves1 & _! rootlets ramify ?r\gh\t ! soil 9 se>* ( appropriate m9]al alim5t4 ,b no matt] h[ abundant1 or h[ev] easy ( rea* may be ! food ( plants1 ! vegetable organism is incapable ( p>tak+ ( x unless "u ! influ5ce ( light4 ,expos$ to ?is pot5t /imulus1 ! plant collects ! gase\s c>bonic acid & ! vapor\s wat]1 solidifies !m1 decomposes !m1 & comb9es _! elem5ts into new & organis$ =ms4 ,9 effect+ ^! *anges--9 conf]r+ vitality ^u ! atoms ( lifeless matt]--! plant acts m]ely z ! me*anism1 ! light is ! =ce4 ,z ! "w p]=m$ by ! /eam-eng9e is proportionate to ! am\nt ( =ce develop$ by ! combu/ion ( ! fuel b5ea? its boil]1 s is ! rapidity ( ! elaboration ( organic sub/ances by plants proportionate to ! am\nt ( sunlight to :i* !y are expos$4 ,x is an axiom t matt] is inde/ructible2 we may alt] its =m z (t5 z we please1 b we _c de/roy a p>ticle ( x4 ,x is ! same ) =ce3 we may conv]t "o k9d ( x into ano!r--heat into light1 or magnetism into electricity--b our p[] ends !re2 we c only cause =ce1 or motion1 to pass f "o ( its conditions to ano!r1 b its quantity c nev] be dim9i%$ by ! p[] ( man4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,cons]vation ( ! ,=ces gives u a cle> explanation ( ! fact t animals c obta9 _! food only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,plants are /ation>y me*anisms2 !y h no ne$ to develop motive p[]1 z animals h1 9 mov+ !mselves f place to place4 ,_! temp]ature is1 we may say1 ! same z t ( ! m$ium 9 :i* !y exi/4 ,su* be+s z plants d n1 !re=e1 require ! exp5diture ( =ce to ma9ta9 _! vitality2 on ! contr>y1 _! me*anisms are1 = a b5efic5t purpose1 con/ruct$ = ! accumulation ( =ce4 ,! gr[+ plant absorbs1 toge!r ) c>bonic acid1 wat]1 & ammonia1 a proportionate am\nt ( light1 heat1 & ! v>i\s o!r subtile =ces :i* h _! abid+ place 9 ! sun-beam-- ,t gold5 *a91 ,^: /rong embrace holds heav5 & e>? & ma94 ,co-incid5tally ) ! conv]sion ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! food ( plants into organis$ /ructures--album51 fibre1 & su* l sub/ances--! light1 & ! heat1 & ! v>i\s o!r =ces likewise suff] a *ange4 ,al?\gh ! precise nature ( ! new =ce into :i* !y are conv]t$ is /ill a my/]y--"o1 too1 :i* may nev] be reveal$ to u--/ill we "k suffici5t ( x to satisfy u t x c only exi/ 9 connection ) organic or organis$ /ructures4 ,x is ow+ to its pres5ce t ! elem5ts ( ^! /ructures 7! natural /ate ( :i* is m9]al7 are b\nd toge!r 9 :at may be aptly designat$ a con/ra9$ /ate2 or1 z ,liebig aptly expresses x1 l ! matt] 9 a b5t spr+4 ,s long z ! organic /ructure reta9s its =m1 x w be a res]voir ( lat5t =ce--:i* w manife/ itself 9 "s =m dur+ ! recoil ( ! atoms ( ! matt] =m+ ! /ructure to _! orig9al m9]al1 or /atical condition3 s ! b5t spr+1 :5 ! pressure is remov$1 returns to its orig9al /raight =m4 ,animal ,life4--,! *ief manife/ation ( ! life ( a plant is ! accumulation ( =ce2 v diff]5t are ! functions ( animal life4 ,x is only by ! cont9u\s exp5diture ( =ce t ! vitality ( animals is pres]v$2 ! heat ( a man's body1 8 p[] ( locomotion1 ! p]=mance ( 8 daily toil1 ev5 8 v faculty ( ?\ght1 are all dep5d5t ^u1 & to a great ext5t proportionate to1 ! am\nt ( organis$ matt] disorganis$ 9 8 body4 ,x is by ! conv]sion ( ?is organis$ matt] into its orig9al m9]al /ate ( wat]1 c>bonic acid1 & ammonia1 t ! =ce orig9ally exp5d$ 9 arrang+1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( plants1 its atoms1 is aga9 re/or$1 *iefly 9 ! =m ( heat & animal motive p[]4 ,animals1 z a class1 are completely dep5d5t ^u vegetables = _! exi/5ce4 ,!re is e reason to believe t ! mo/ l[ly organis$ be+s 9 ! scale ( animal life1 ev5 ^? ( s simple a /ructure z to h be5 long reg>d$ z vegetables or z plant-animals1 are incapable ( organis+ m9]al matt]4 ,! s-call$ vegetative life ( animals--= ,i believe ! t]m to be exce$+ly inexact--is appli$ to _! gr[?1 t is1 to ! increase 9 _! weight4 ,?is increase takes place by _! p[] ( reorganis+1 or ( assimilat+ to ! nature ( _! own organisms1 c]ta9 ( ! sub/ances elaborat$ by plants1 & de/9$ to become food = animals4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,composition ,,( ,,organic ,,sub/ances4 ,elem5ts ( ,organic ,bodies4--,! numb] ( di/9ct k9ds ( sub/ances--ea* di/+ui%able f all ! o!rs by ! peculi>ity ( its prop]ties1 tak5 z a :ole--is exce$+ly great1 yet all ^! sub/ances are resolvable into a v small numb] ( bodies4 ,z an illu/ration1 ,i %all take a well-kn[n sub/ance1 common gre5 copp]as1 or1 z ! *emi/s t]m x1 protosulphate ( iron4 ,by submitt+ ?is comp\nd to ! process t]m$ *emical analysis1 two o!r k9ds ( matt] may be obta9$ f x1 namely1 oxide ( iron & oil ( vitrol1 or sulphuric acid4 ,if we cont9u$ ?is process--if we submitt$ ! acid & ! oxide to analysis--we c\ld sep>ate ! =m] into sulphur & oxyg51 & ! latt] into iron & oxyg54 ,n[1 by ^! means we c\ld demon/rate ! comp\nd nature ( copp]as2 we c\ld prove t x 0 proximately compos$ ( sulphuric acid & oxide ( iron2 &1 ultimately1 ( iron1 sulphur1 & oxyg54 ,iron1 sulphur1 & oxyg51 are elem5t>y1 or simple bodies4 ,!y _c be decompos$2 !y _c be analys$4 ,torture !m z we w 9 our crucibles2 expose !m z we please to ! highe/ temp]ature ( a w9d furnace1 or to ! m int5se heat evolv$ by a p[]ful galvanic batt]y2 subject !m to ! influ5ce ( any ag5t1 or =ce1 or process we may *oose1 & /ill !y w yield no?+ b iron1 sulphur1 & oxyg53 h5ce ^! undecomposable bodies are reg>d$ z elem5ts1 or simple sub/ances4 ,s f> z our k ext5ds1 !re are ab\t sixty-six ( ^! undecomposable bodies1 ( :i* ab\t "o half occurs 9 b exce$+ly m9ute quantities1 & a consid]able numb] ( ! o!rs exi/s 9 comp>atively small am\nts4 ,z by f> ! great] proportion ( comp\nds is made up ( two or m ( ab\t a doz5 elem5t>y bodies1 x w\ld at fir/ sight appe> z if ! di/9ct k9ds ( comp\nds :i* exi/1 or :i* may be call$ into exi/5ce by ! *emi/1 mu/ be limit$ to1 at mo/1 a realisable numb]2 b ! fact is !re is no practical limit to ! v>iety ( sub/ances :i* may be artificially =m$4 ,e diff]5ce 9 ! mode ( ! arrangem5t ( ! con/itu5t atoms ( a comp\nd1 causes its metamorphosis into ano!r k9d ( sub/ance4 ,to prove t ! numb] ( ^! *anges is b\nd$ by no n>r[ limits1 ,i ne$ b ref] to ! rules ( ,p]mutation1 :i* demon/rate t twelve lett]s ( ! alphabet may be arrang$ 9 no few] ?an #dgi1jjj1jjj diff]5t ways4#a ,! elem5ts are ! lett]s ( ,nature's alphabet1 _! comp\nds are ! words ( ! language ( ,creation4 ,! comb9ations ( s\nds & ( signs :i* express ! ideas & s5sations ( man may be limit$ to millions2 b numb]less are ! hi]oglyphs by :i* ! ,div9e wisdom & b5efic5ce is inscrib$ on ! pages ( ! magnific5t volume ( ,nature4 ,( ! sixty-six elem5t>y bodies1 n m ?an a doz5 occur commonly 9 animal & vegetable sub/ances2 ^! are ,oxyg51 ,hydrog51 ,nitrog51 ,c>bon1 ,sulphur1 ,phosphorus1 ,*lor9e1 ,silicium1 ,potassium1 ,sodium1 ,calcium1 ,magnesium1 & ,iron4 ,9 addition to ^!1 ,iod9e1 & sometimes ,brom9e1 are f\nd 9 plants :i* gr[ 9 or ne> ! sea2 & ! =m] elem5t has also be5 detect$ 9 "s ( ! l[] animals1 & 9 l& plants4 ,manganese1 ,li?ium1 ,caesium1 ,rubidium1 & a few o!rs ( ! simple bodies1 occasionally occur 9 plants & animals1 b ,i believe _! pres5ce !re9 is always accid5tal4 ,proximate ,composition ( ,animal ,sub/ances4--,! diff]5ces betwe5 vegetable & animal sub/ances are (t5 m app>5t ?an real4 ,inde$ _m ( ! m important ( ^! sub/ances are almo/ id5tical 9 composition4 ,! album5 :i* coagulates :5 ! juices ( vegetables are boil$1 is id5tical ) ! album5 ( ! :ite ( eggs2 ! fibr9e ( :eat is 9 no respect *emically diff]5t f ! fibr9e1 or clot1 ( ! blood2 &1 la/ly1 ! legum9e1 or vegetable case9e1 ( peas is almo/ indi/+ui%able f ! curd ( milk1 or animal case9e4 ,b n only has *emical rese>* demon/rat$ ! id5tity ( ! album51 fibr9e1 & case9e ( vegetables ) ?ree ( ! m important con/itu5ts ( animals1 x has gone a /ep fur!r1 & prov$ t !y diff] f ea* o!r 9 b a few unimportant respects4 ,!y are unque/ionably conv]tible into ea* o!r#b )9 ! animal organism2 & _! functions1 z elem5ts ( nutrition1 are almo/1 if n q1 id5tical4 ,exclusive ( ! blood1 :i* conta9s ! elem5ts ( e "p ( ! body1 ! animal organism is compos$ ( ?ree di/9ct classes ( sub/ances--namely1 nitrog5\s1 non-nitrog5\s1 & m9]al4 ,all ( ^! con/itu5ts1 or sub/ances capable ( be+ conv]t$ into !m1 mu/ exi/ 9 ! food4 ,c]ta9 articles1 = example1 milk1 conta9s all ( !m2 b 9 o!rs1 = in/ance1 butt]1 only "o ( ^! sub/ances is f\nd4 ,! nitrog5\s "p ( ! body embraces ! muscles1 or lean fle%1 ! gelat9e ( ! bones1 & ! sk9 & its app5dages--su* z hair & horns2 ! non-nitrog5\s con/itu5ts are its fat & oil2 & its m9]al matt] is f\nd *iefly 9 ! bony framework4 ,^! con/itu5ts are n1 h[ev]1 isolat$3 ! m9]al matt]1 no d\bt1 accumulates 9 c]ta9 p>ts1 b 9 small quantities x is f\nd 9 e portion ( ! body2 & al?\gh ! fat =ms a di/9ct tissue1 ! muscles ( ! leane/ animal are nev] free f a s5sible proportion ( x4 ,album51 fibr9e1 & case9e are ! pr9cipal nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( food1 & z !y are employ$ 9 ! rep>ation ( ! nitrog5\s tissues ( ! animal body1 !y h be5 t]m$ fle%-=m]s4 ,! fat & oil ( animals are d]iv$ ei!r f vegetable oil & fat1 or f "s su* sub/ance z />* or sug>4 ,! con/itu5ts ( food :i* =m fat are t]m$ fat-=m]s1 & sometimes heat-giv]s or respiratory elem5ts1 f ! notion t _! sl[ combu/ion 9 ! animal body is ! *ief cause ( its high temp]ature4 ,! m9]al elem5ts ( ! body are furni%$ pr9cipally by ! v>ieties ( food :i* conta9 nitrog54 ,! :ey ( milk is ri* 9 !m2 b !y d n exi/ 9 pure butt]1 9 />*1 or 9 sug>4 ,fat is a mu* m abundant con/itu5t ( ! animal body ?an is g5]ally suppos$1 ,t ?is sub/ance %\ld con/itute ! great] portion ( ! weight ( an obese pig seems probable en\gh2 b few are aw>e t ev5 9 a lean %eep !re is #ej p] c5t4 m fat ?an lean4 ,= a v accurate k ( ! relative proportions ( ! fatty1 nitrog5\s1 & m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! c>casses ( animals us$ z human food1 we are indebt$ to ,messrs4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t4 ,be=e ^! inve/igators turn$ _! att5tion to ?is subject1 x _h sc>cely attract$ ! notice ( sci5tific m52 b a notion appe>s to h be5 curr5t1 among/ non-sci5tific p1 at lea/1 t 9 all1 save ! fatte/ animals1 ! lean fle% greatly prepond]at$ ov] ! fat4 ,t ?is idea 0 unsu/a9$ by a f\ndation ( fact1 has be5 cle>ly prov$ by ! results ( an inve/igation#c und]tak5 a few ye>s ago by ,messrs4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t--an inve/igation :i* ,i _c avoid *>act]is+ z "o ( ! mo/ labori\s & app>5tly tru/wor?y on record4 ,! m]e /atem5t ( ! results ( ?is inquiry occupies #ahg pages ( "o ( ! huge volumes ( ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society--a fact :i* be/ indicates ! imm5sity ( ! lab\r :i* ^! g5tlem5 impos$ ^u !mselves1 & :i*1 indep5d5tly ( _! o!r & num]\s contributions to sci5tific agriculture1 entitles _! names to mo/ hon\rable m5tion 9 ! annals ( sci5ce4 ,i %all n[ briefly adv]t to a few ( ! m important facts e/abli%$ by ,lawes & ,gilb]t4 ,f a l>ge numb] ( ox51 %eep1 & pigs1 on :i* fe$+ exp]im5ts 7 be+ conduct$1 t5 individuals 7 select$4 ,^! 71 a fat calf1 a half-fat ox1 a mod]ately fat ox1 a fat lamb1 a /ore %eep1 a half-fat old %eep1 a fat %eep1 a v fat %eep1 a /ore pig1 & a fat pig4 ,^! animals 7 kill$1 & ! diff]5t organs & p>ts ( _! bodies 7 sep>ately weigh$ & analys$4 ,! results 71 t1 ) ! exception ( ! calf1 all ! animals conta9$1 respectively1 m fat ?an lean4 ,! fat ox & ! fat lamb conta9$ ea* ?ree times z mu* fat z lean fle%1 & ! proportion ( ! fatty matt]s to ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( ! c>cass ( ! v fat %eep 0 z #d to #a4 ,9 ! pig ! fat greatly prepond]at$ ov] ! lean2 ! /ore pig conta9+ ?ree times z mu*1 & ! fat pig five times z mu* fat z lean4 ,t "p ( ! animal :i* is consum$ z food by man1 is t]m$ ! c>cass by ! but*]1 & conta9s by f> ! great] portion ( ! fat ( ! animal4 ,! (fal1 9 ! language ( ! but*]1 con/itutes ^? p>ts :i* are n commonly consum$ z human food1 at lea/ by ! well-to-d classes4 ,9 calves1 ox51 lambs1 & %eep1 ! (fal embraces ! sk91 ! feet1 & ! head1 & all ! int]nal organs1 except+ ! kidneys & _! fatty envelope4 ,! (fal ( ! pig is made up ( all ! int]nal organs1 except+ ! kidneys & kidney fat4 ,x is ! relative proportion ( fat 9 ! c>casses analys$ by ,lawes & ,gilb]t t ,i h /at$2 b z ! nitrog5\s matt]s occur 9 greate/ quantity 9 ! (fal1 x is necess>y t ! relative proportions ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! body1 tak5 z a :ole1 %\ld be consid]$4 ,on an av]age1 !n1 x w be f\nd t a fat fully-gr[n animal w conta9 #di p] c5t4 ( wat]1 #cc p] c5t4 ( dry fat1 #ac p] c5t4 ( dry nitrog5\s matt]--muscles sep>at$ f fat1 hide1 c4--& #c p] c5t4 ( m9]al matt]4 ,9 a lean animal ! av]age proportions ( ! v>i\s con/itu5ts w be #ed p] c5t4 ( wat]1 #be-a_/b p] c5t4 dry fat1 #ag p] c5t4 ( dry nitrog5\s sub/ances1 & #c-a_/b p] c5t4 ( m9]al matt]4 ,9 ! foll[+ table ^! proportions are set =?4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,t5 ,,animals--,,%[+ ,,! ,,p]-,,c5tages ,,( ,,m9]al ,,matt]1 ,,dry ,,nitrog5\s ,,comp\nds1 ,,fat1 ,,total ,,dry ,,sub/ance1 ,,& ,,wat]4 #a/4 ,9 ,fre% ,c>cass4 #bnd4 ,9 ,fre% ,(fal 7equal ,sum ( ,p>ts1 exclud+ ,cont5ts ( ,/oma*s & ,inte/9es74 #crd4 ,9 ,entire ,animal 7,fa/$ ,live-weight1 includ+ !re=e ! weight ( ,cont5ts ( ,/oma*s & ,inte/9es74 ---------------------------------------- - ,,key3 ,a4--,m9]al matt]4 ,b4--,dry nitrog5\s comp\nds4 ,c4--,fat4 ,d4--,dry sub/ance4 ,e4--,wat]4 ,f4--,cont5ts ( visc]a4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,p] c5t4 9 ,c>cass4 ,,description ------------------------------------- ,,( ,,animal4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,fat calf #d4dh #af4f #af4f #cg4g #fb4c ,half-fat ox #e4ef #ag4h #bb4f #df4j #ed4j ,fat ox #d4ef #ae4j #cd4h #ed4d #de4f ,fat lamb #c4fc #aj4i #cf4i #ea4d #dh4f ,/ore %eep #d4cf #ad4e #bc4h #db4g #eg4c ,half-fat old %eep #d4ac #ad4i #ca4c #ej4c #di4g ,fat %eep #c4de #aa4e #de4d #fj4c #ci4g ,extra fat %eep #b4gg #i4a #ee4a #fg4j #cc4j ,/ore pig #b4eg #ad4j #bh4a #dd4g #ee4c ,fat pig #a4dj #aj4e #di4e #fa4d #ch4f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,means ( all #c4fi #ac4e #cd4d #ea4f #dh4d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,means ( #h ( ! half-fat1 fat1 & v fat animals #c4ge #ac4c #cf4e #ec4f #df4d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,means ( #f ( ! fat1 & v fat animals #c4ch #ab4c #ci4g #ee4d #dd4f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,p] c5t4 9 ,(fal4 ,description ------------------------------------- ( ,animal4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,fat calf #c4da #ag4a #ad4f #ce4a #fd4i ,half-fat ox #d4je #bj4f #ae4g #dj4d #ei4f ,fat ox #c4dj #ag4e #bf4c #dg4b #eb4h ,fat lamb #b4de #ah4i #bj4a #da4e #eh4e ,/ore %eep #b4ai #ah4j #af4a #cf4c #fc4g ,half-fat old %eep #b4gb #ag4g #ah4e #ch4i #fa4a ,fat %eep #b4cb #af4a #bf4d #dd4h #ee4b ,extra fat %eep #c4fd #af4h #cd4e #ed4i #de4a ,/ore pig #c4jg #ad4j #ae4j #cb4a #fg4i ,fat pig #b4ig #ad4h #bb4h #dj4f #ei4d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,means ( all #c4jb #ag4b #ba4j #da4b #eh4h ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,means ( #h ( ! half-fat1 fat1 & v fat animals #c4ab #ag4d #bb4d #db4i #eg4a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,means ( #f ( ! fat1 & v fat animals #c4jc #af4i #bd4a #dd4j #ef4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,p] c5t4 9 ,entire ,animal4 ,description ------------------------------------ ( ,animal4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,f4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,fat calf #c4hj #ae4b #ad4h #cc4h #c4ag #fc4h ,half-fat ox #d4ff #af4f #ai4a #dj4c #h4ai #ea4e ,fat ox #c4ib #ad4e #cj4a #dh4e #e4ih #de4e ,fat lamb #b4id #ab4c #bh4e #dc4g #h4ed #dg4h ,/ore %eep #c4af #ad4h #ah4g #cf4g #f4jj #eg4c ,half-fat old %eep #c4ag #ad4j #bc4e #dj4g #i4je #ej4b ,fat %eep #b4ha #ab4b #ce4f #ej4f #f4jb #dc4d ,extra fat %eep #b4ij #aj4i #de4h #ei4f #e4ah #ce4b ,/ore pig #b4fg #ac4g #bc4c #ci4g #e4bb #ee4a ,fat pig #a4fe #aj4i #db4b #ed4g #c4ig #da4c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,means ( all #c4ag #ac4e #bh4b #dd4i #f4ac #di4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,means ( #h ( ! half-fat1 fat1 & v fat animals #c4bc #ac4c #bi4i #df4d #f4bf #dg4c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,means ( #f ( ! fat1 & v fat animals #c4jj #ab4g #cb4h #dh4e #e4dh #df4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,section ,,iii4 ,,use ,,( ,,fat ,,9 ,,! ,,animal ,,economy4 ,z fat =ms s l>ge a portion ( ! body1 x is evid5t t ! "p x plays 9 ! animal economy mu/ be a mo/ important "o4 ,! g5]al op9ion :i* prevails among/ sci5tific m5 z to its physiological functions 0 orig9at$ by ! celebrat$ ,liebig4 ,accord+ to 8 !ory1 ! food ( animals includes two di/9ct k9ds ( sub/ances--pla/ic#d & non-pla/ic4 ,! pla/ic mat]ials are compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 nitrog51 & a little sulphur & phosphorus4 ,album51 fibr9e1 & case9 are pla/ic elem5ts ( nutrition2 !y =m ! lean fle%1 or muscles1 ! membranes1 & c>tilages1 ! gelat9e ( ! bones1 ! sk91 ! hair1 &1 9 %ort1 e "p ( ! body :i* conta9s nitrog54 ,! non-pla/ic elem5ts ( nutrition include fat1 oil1 />*1 sug>1 gum1 & c]ta9 con/itu5ts ( fruits1 su* z pect9e4 ,all non-pla/ic sub/ances--& ( ea* k9d !re are num]\s v>ieties--are capable ( conv]sion1 9 ! animal me*anism1 into fat & oil4 ,! non-pla/ic food sub/ances d n conta9 nitrog51 h5ce !y are commonly t]m$ non-nitrog5\s elem5ts4 ,! oily & fatty matt]s conta9 a l>ge proportion ( c>bon1 _! next mo/ abundant compon5t is hydrog51 & !y conta9 b little oxyg54 ,unlike ! pla/ic elem5ts1 !y are--except ! fats ( ! bra9 & n]v\s tissue--altoge!r de/itute ( sulphur & phosphorus4 ,! />*y1 sac*>9e1 & gummy sub/ances are compos$ ( ! same elem5ts z ! fatty bodies1 b !y conta9 a high] proportion ( oxyg54 ,accord+ to ,liebig1 fat is us$ 9 ! animal economy z a s\rce ( int]nal heat4 ,we all "k t x is a mo/ combu/ible body1 & t dur+ its inflammation ! mo/ int5se heat is develop$4 ,x is less evid5t1 b n less true1 t heat is evolv$ dur+ its sl[ oxidation1 or decay4 ,! m rapidly a body burns1 ! great] is ! am\nt ( heat evolv$ by x 9 a giv5 "t2 b ! total am\nt ( heat develop$ by a specific weight ( ! body is ! same1 :e!r ! combu/ion takes place rapidly or sl[ly4 ,an exp]im5t p]=m$ ) phosphorus illu/rates ! case p]fectly4 ,if we burn$ two pieces ( equal weight1 ! "o 9 oxyg51 ! o!r 9 atmosph]ic air1 we %\ld f9d t ! =m] w\ld emit a light five times z brilliant z t evolv$ by ! latt]1 = ! simple reason t its combu/ion w\ld be five times z rapid4 ,! :ite1 vapor-l matt] into :i* phosphorus is conv]t$ by its combu/ion1 is t]m$ phosphoric acid4 ,x is compos$ ( phosphorus & oxyg54 ,9 =m+ an ounce ( ?is comp\nd1 by ! direct oxidation1 or combu/ion ( phosphorus1 ! am\nt ( =ce1 ei!r z heat1 or z heat & light1 evolv$ is precisely ! same1 :e!r ! "t exp5d$ 9 ! process be a m9ute or a mon?4#e ,if1 9 ! exp]im5t ,i h describ$1 we 7 to sub/itute two pieces ( fat = ! fragm5ts ( phosphorus1 ! results w\ld be precisely simil>4 ,! fat burn$ 9 oxyg5 gas w\ld emit int5se light & heat2 b ! total am\nt ( ^! =ces evolv$ w\ld be nei!r great] nor less ?an t develop$ dur+ ! sl[] & !re=e less brilliant combu/ion ( ! fat 9 ord9>y atmosph]ic air4 ,n[1 z we c demon/rate t an ounce ( fat w emit a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat1 if burn$ )9 a m9ute ( "t1 & t nei!r a l>g] nor a small] am\nt w be develop$ if ! combu/ion ( ! fat ext5d ov] a p]iod ( five m9utes1 ,i ?9k we may fairly assume t ! am\nt ( heat evolv$ by ! complete oxidation ( a specific quantity ( fat is con/ant "u all conditions1 except1 z ,i h already expla9$1 at high temp]atures1 :5 a portion ( ! heat is conv]t$ into light4 ,9 ! animal organism fat is burn$4 ,! process ( combu/ion no d\bt is a v sl[ "o1 b /ill ! total am\nt ( heat evolv$ is j ! same z if ! fat 7 consum$ 9 a furnace4 ,:5 ! fat con/itut+ a c&le is burn$1 :at becomes ( x8 ,its elem5ts1 c>bon & hydrog5 7we may disreg>d its small am\nt ( oxyg57 comb9e ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & =m c>bonic acid gas & wat]4 ,:at becomes ( ! fat consum$ )9 ! animal body8 ,x also is conv]t$ into c>bonic acid gas & wat]4 ,x is n difficult to prove ^! /atem5ts to be facts4 ,a c&le w n burn 9 atmosph]ic air :i* has be5 depriv$ ( its oxyg51 because !re is no sub/ance pres5t ) :i* ! elem5ts ( ! tap] c comb9e1 consequ5tly ! process ( combu/ion _c g on4 ,n[1 a man may 9 "o respect be comp>$ ) ?is tap]4 ,he is p>tly made up ( fat2 t fat is consum$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & ! heat develop$ !reby keeps ! body w>m4 ,9 ! process ( respiration oxyg5 is introduc$ into ! lungs1 & f !nce1 by means ( ! blood vessels1 is convey$ ?r\gh\t e "p ( ! body4 ,9 "s way1 at pres5t n ?or\ghly und]/ood1 ! elem5ts ( ! fat comb9e ) ! oxyg51 & are conv]t$ into c>bonic acid gas & wat]1 :i* are exhal$ f ! lungs & f ! surface ( ! body4 ,fat is a con/itu5t ( bo? animals & plants4 ,! animal d]ives a portion ( its fat directly f ! vegetable2 b x possesses ! p[] ( =m+ ?is sub/ance f o!r organic bodies1 su*1 = example1 z />*4 ,plants elaborate fat directly f ! m9]als--c>bonic acid gas1 & wat]4 ,i h already expla9$ t ! gr[? ( plants is1 caet]is p>ibus1 directly proportionate to ! am\nt ( sunlight to :i* !y are expos$4 ,n less c]ta9ly is ! =ce :i* con/itutes ! sun-beam exp5d$ 9 gr\p+ m9]al atoms into organic =ms1 ?an is ! heat :i* conv]ts wat] into /eam4 ,b 9 nei!r case is ! =ce de/roy$4 ,:5 ! vapor\s /eam is cond5s$ into ! liquid wat]1 all ! heat is re/or$1 & becomes palpable4 ,by ! ultimate decomposition ( vegetable sub/ances all ! =ce exp5d$ on _! production is lib]at$1 &1 9 "s =m1 becomes manife/4 ,:5 ! fat =m$ 9 ! me*anisms ( plants is decompos$ 9 ! animal organism1 two results foll[3--,! atoms ( ! fat are re-conv]t$ to _! orig9al m9]al1 or /atical conditions ( c>bonic acid gas & wat]2 & ! =ce :i* ma9ta9$ !m 9 _! organic /ate is set free z heat1 & its equival5t1 motive p[]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ useful in/rum5ts :i* ! +5uity ( man has devis$1 is ! ,!rmomet]4 ,x is s famili>ly kn[n t ,i ne$ n describe x4 ,?is in/rum5t does n enable u to e/imate ! actual quantity ( heat conta9$ 9 a sub/ance1 b x indicates ! proportion ( t subtile elem5t :i* is s5sible--t is recognisable by ! s5se ( t\*4 ,! dusky ,h9du1 clad 9 8 s+le cotton g>m5t1 & ! ,lapl&] 9 8 suit ( fur1 are plac$ "u ! mo/ opposite conditions 9 relation to ! heat ( ! sun--! ,indian is expos$ dur+ ! :ole ye> to ,sol's mo/ ard5t beams1 :il/ b a scant %>e ( its g5ial rays goes to w>m ! body ( ! ,lapl&]4 ,n[1 if we plac$ ! bulb ( a !rmomet] b5ea? ! tongue ( a ,h9du1 we w\ld f9d ! m]cury to /& at #ih degrees on ,fahr5heit's scale1 & if we repeat$ ! exp]im5t on a ,lapl&]1 we w\ld obta9 an id5tical result4 ,num]\s exp]im5ts ( ?is nature h be5 made on individuals 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w1 & ! results h prov$ t ! temp]ature ( ! blood ( man is #ih degrees ,fahr5heit1 :e!r he be 9 ,india or at ,nova ,zembla1 on ! /eppes ( ,russia1 or ! elevat$ plateaus ( ,am]ica4 ,?is inv>iability#f ( ! temp]ature ( ! bodies ( m5 & ( all o!r w>m-blood$ animals1 appe>s ! m wond]ful :5 x x is consid]$ t ! range ( ! temp]ature ( ! m$ium 9 :i* !y exi/ exce$s #bjj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,9 ,india1 ! m]cury 9 ! !rmomet] has be5 obs]v$ to /& at #ade degrees 9 ! direct sunlight1 & at #abj degrees 9 ! %ade4 ,9 high latitudes ! temp]ature is sometimes s l[ z #ajj degrees bel[ z]o4 ,a ,russian army1 9 an exp$ition to ,*9a1 9 #ahci1 0 expos$ = sev]al successive days to a temp]ature ( #db degrees bel[ z]o1 & suff]$ sev]ely 9 consequ5ce4 ,! facts :i* ,i h cit$ cle>ly prove t ! animal body possesses ! p[] ( g5]at+1 or1 to speak m correctly1 lib]at+ heat1 ei!r f portions ( its own me*anism or f sub/ances plac$ )9 t me*anism4 ,at "o "t x 0 ! g5]al belief among/ physiologi/s t "o portion ( ! food consum$ by an animal 0 employ$ 9 repair+ ! wa/e ( its body1 & ! rema9+ "p 0 burn$ z fuel1 evolv+ heat j 9 ! same way z if x _h be5 consum$ 9 a furnace4 ,x 0 ?is !ory t l$ to ! classification ( food into fle%-=m]s1 & heat-giv]s4 ,x is n[ d\bt$ if any portion ( ! food be really burn$ 9 ?is way2 & ,i1 = "o1 ?9k x f> m probable t1 be=e its conv]sion into c>bonic acid gas & wat] 7:]eby1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 x develops ! heat :i* keeps ! body w>m71 x fir/ becomes assimilat$1 t is1 becomes an integral "p ( ! animal body--blood1 fat1 muscle4 ,p]haps we w\ld be ne>] ! tru? if we 7 to assume t heat is evolv$ dur+ ! decomposition ( bo? ! nitrog5\s & fatty con/itu5ts ( ! body4 ,! con/antly recurr+ contractions ( ! muscles mu/ alone be a s\rce ( mu* heat4 ,! developm5t ( animal motive p[] is said to be /rictly proportionate to ! am\nt ( muscul> tissue decompos$4 ,z ! nitrog5 ( ! latt] is almo/ completely excret$ "u ! =m ( urea1 ! quantity ( ! latt] daily elim9at$ f ! body ( an animal is a measure ( ! decompos$ muscul> tissue1 & consequ5tly ( ! am\nt ( muscul> p[] g5]at$ 9 ! animal organism4#g ,! correspond5ce betwe5 ! am\nt ( ! motive p[] ( an animal1 & ! quantity ( effete nitrog5 excret$ f ! body1 is limit$ to labor+ m5 & to ! l[] animals4 ,/range z x may appe>1 x is an incontrov]tible fact t m5 ^: pursuits require ! con/ant ex]cise ( ! intellectual faculties--lawy]s1 writ]s1 /atesm51 /ud5ts1 sci5tific m51 & o!r bra9-work]s--excrete m urea ?an d m5 engag$ 9 ! mo/ physically labori\s occupations4 ,an activity ( ?\ghts & ideas involves a correspond+ de/ruction ( ! tissues1 & ^! require1 = _! rep>ation1 ! consumption ( food4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a physical mean+ = ! common expression--food = ?\ght4 ,t ! am\nt ( heat develop$ 9 ! animal organism1 is proportionate to ! quantity ( fatty matt]s 7or ( sub/ances capable ( =m+ !m7 suppli$ to x 9 ! %ape ( food1 is a proposition :i* admits ( easy demon/ration4 ,! natives ( w>m regions d n require ! g5]ation ( mu* heat )9 _! bodies1 because ! temp]ature ( ! m$ium 9 :i* !y exi/ is g5]ally z high z1 or high] ?an1 t ( _! blood4 ,b z !y mu/ consume food = ! purpose ( repair+ ! wa/e ( _! nitrog5\s tissues1 & z e k9d ( food conta9s heat-produc+ elem5ts1 an excess ( heat is develop$ )9 _! bodies1 :i*1 if all[$ to accumulate1 w\ld spe$ily produce fatal results4 ,! means by :i* nature removes ?is sup]abundant heat are admirably simple1 z inde$ all its contrivances are4 ,! sk9 is p]meat$ ) millions ( pores1 & ?r\gh ^! op5+s a l>ge quantity ( vapor is giv5 (f1 & c>ries ) x ! surplus heat4 ,! pores are ! orifices ( m9ute convolut$ tubes :i* lie b5ea? ! sk91 & :5 /raight5$ measure ea* ab\t ! t5? ( an in*1 or1 accord+ to a writ] 9 ! ,briti% & ,=eign ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,review 7#ahei1 page #cdi71 ! "o-fifte5? ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,accord+ to ,erasmus ,wilson1 ! numb] ( ^! tubes :i* op5 into e squ>e in* ( ! surface ( ! body is #b1hjj4 ,! total numb] ( squ>e in*es on ! surface ( an av]age siz$ man is #b1ejj1 consequ5tly ! surface ( 8 body is dra9$ by n less ?an tw5ty-eight miles ( tub+1 furni%$ ) #g1jjj1jjj op5+s4 ,! cool+ ( ! body1 by ! evaporation ( wat] f x1 admits ( explanation by well-kn[n natural laws4 ,wat]1 9 ! /ate ( vapor1 occupies a space #a1gjj fold great] ?an x does 9 its liquid condition4 ,x is heat :i* causes its vapor\s =m1 b x ceases to be heat :5 x has accompli%$ ?is *ange 9 ! condition ( ! liquid2 =1 suff]+ itself an alt]ation1 x passes into ano!r =m ( =ce--me*anical1 or motive p[]4 ,! heat g5]at$ )9 ! body is absorb$ by ! liquid wat]1 ! conv]sion ( ! latt] into vapor foll[s1 & bo? ! heat & ! wat]1 9 _! alt]$ =ms1 escape ?r\gh ! pores4 ,fatty food necess>y 9 cold climates4--,z a grave objection aga9/ ! *emical !ory ( heat1 x has be5 urg$ t rice--! pabulum ( hundr$s ( millions ( ! inhabitants ( tropical regions--conta9s an exce$+ly high proportion ( heat-giv+ sub/ances4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 great d\bt z to rice ev] =m+ ! exclusive food ( ^? p1 )\t _! heal? be+ impair$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! defici5cy 9 t sub/ance ( ! pla/ic elem5ts ( nutrition4 ,inde$ ,i believe x is a great mi/ake to ass]t t ! natives ( ,india live almo/ exclusively on rice4 ,?is article1 no d\bt1 =ms a l>ge proportion ( _! food1 b x is supplem5t$ ) pulse 7! produce ( legum9\s plants71 :i* is ri* 9 fle%-=m+ mat]ials1 also ) dri$ fi%1 butt]1 & v>i\s k9ds ( vegetable & animal food ri* 9 nitrog54 ,! innutriti\s nature ( rice is cle>ly %[n by its *emical composition1 & s l>ge a quantity ( x mu/ ! ,h9du consume 9 ord] to repair ! wa/e ( 8 body1 t 8 /oma* sometimes acquires prodigi\s dim5sions2 h5ce ! t]m pot-belli$1 s (t5 appli$ to ! ,indian ryot4 ,i d\bt v mu*1 h[ev]1 if ! /oma* ( ! ,h9du1 l>ge z x is1 c\ld accommodate a quantity ( rice1 ! combu/ion ( :i* w\ld produce a v excessive developm5t ( heat4 ,?is sub/ance1 :5 cook$1 conta9s a high proportion ( wat]1 ! evaporation ( :i* c>ries (f a l>ge am\nt ( ! heat g5]at$ by ! combu/ion ( its respiratory con/itu5ts4 ,! am\nt ( motive p[] develop$ by ! ,h9du is small z comp>$ ) t :i* ! ,european is capable ( ex]t+2 h5ce he has less necessity = a highly nitrog5\s diet4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t ! food ( ! natives ( tropical climates conta9s suffici5t nitrog5\s matt]s to effectually build up & keep 9 repair _! bodies2 x also appe>s cle> to me t ! am\nt ( heat develop$ 9 _! bodies is n excessive1 & t x is readily dispos$ ( 9 conv]t+ ! wat]1 :i* ent]s s l>gely into _! diet1 into vapor4 ,! proportion ( pla/ic to non-pla/ic elem5ts 9 ! diet ( ! ,h9du & ( ! well-f$ ,european1 is probably z foll[s3-- ,nitrog5\s4 ,non-nitrog5\s 7calculat$ z />*47 ,h9du #a to #i ,european #a to #h ,?is /atem5t does n q correspond ) ,liebig's1 :o e/imates ! proportion ( nitrog5\s to non-nitrog5\s sub/ances 9 rice z #aj to #abc1 9 beef z t5 to sev5te51 & 9 veal z t5 to "o4 ,! results ( ,lawes & ,gilb]t's inve/igations1 already allud$ to1 h1 h[ev]1 dispell$ ! illusion t ! pla/ic con/itu5ts ( fle% exce$ its non-pla/ic4 ,9 ! potato1 :i* at "o "t con/itut$ m ( ! food ( ! ,iri% peasantry ?an rice does t ( ! ,h9du1 ! proportion ( pla/ic to non-pla/ic mat]ials is z #aj to #aaj4 ,! results ( "s analyses ( ! food gra9s consum$ 9 ! ,presid5cy ( ,madras1 made by ,pr(essor ,may]1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,madras1 cle>ly prove t ! food ( ! inhabitants ( t "p ( ,india is ( a f> m highly nitrog5\s "* ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,t ! ,h9du1 :o subsi/s exclusively on rice1 exhibits all ! symptoms ( defici5t nutrition1 is a fact to :i* num]\s compet5t obs]v]s h te/ifi$4 ,a slight consid]ation ( ! facts :i* ,i h m5tion$ leads to ! conclusion t ! food ( ! inhabitants ( v cold regions is requir$ to produce a l>ge am\nt ( heat4 ,melons1 rice1 & o!r wat]y vegetable productions1 h[ev] delici\s to ! palate ( ! ,h9du1 w\ld be reject$ ) disgu/ by ! ,esquimaux1 :il/ ! tra9 oil1 blubb]1 & putrid seal's fle% :i* ! *ildr5 ( ! icy ,nor? consid] highly palatable1 w\ld excite ! loa?+ ( ! ,ea/ ,indian4 ,on ?is subject ,i may appositely quote ! foll[+ rem>ks by ,dr4 ,kane1 ! ,arctic explor]3--,our j\rneys h taught u ! wisdom ( ! ,esquimaux appetite1 & !re are few among u :o d n reli% a slice ( raw blubb]1 or a *unk ( froz5 walrus beef4 ,! liv] ( a walrus 7awuktanuk71 eat5 ) little slices ( 8 fat--( a v]ity x is a delici\s morsel4 ,fire w\ld seem to spoil ! curt1 pi?y expression ( vitality :i* belongs to its uncook$ juices4 ,*>les ,lamb's roa/ pig 0 no?+ to awuktanuk4 ,i wond] t raw beef is n eat5 at home4 ,depriv$ ( extrane\s fibre1 x is nei!r indige/ible nor difficult to ma/icate4 ,) acids & condim5ts1 x makes a salad :i* an educat$ palate _c help reli%+2 & z a p[]ful & cond5s$ heat-mak+ & anti-scorbutic food1 x has no rival4 ,i make ?is la/ broad ass]tion aft] c>efully consid]+ its tru?4 ,! natives ( ,s\? ,gre5l& prep>e !mselves = a long j\rney1 by a c\rse ( froz5 seal4 ,at ,upp] ,navik !y d ! same ) ! n>:al1 :i* is ?\ght m heat-mak+ ?an ! seal2 :ile ! be>1 to use _! own expression1 is '/rong] travel ?an all4' ,9 ,smi?'s ,s\nd1 :]e ! use ( raw meat seems almo/ inevitable f ! modes ( liv+ ( ! p1 walrus holds ! fir/ rank4 ,c]ta9ly ?is pa*yd]m 7,cetacean87 ^: f9ely cond5s$ tissue & delicately p]meat+ fat 7oh6 call x n blubb]7 assimilate x to ! ox1 is beyond all o!rs1 & is ! be/ fuel a man c swall[4 ,! ga/ronomic capabilities ( ! ,esquimaux & ( o!r nor!rn races1 & _! fondness = fatty food1 are exhibit$ 9 a suffici5tly /rong light 9 ! foll[+ /atem5ts3-- ,capta9 ,p>ry weigh$ & pres5t$ to an ,esquimaux lad ! foll[+ articles3-- lb4 oz4 ,froz5 seahorse fle% #d #d ,wild seahorse fle% #d #d ,bread & bread du/ #a #ab ,ri* gravy s\p #a #d ,wat] #aj #j ,/rong grog #a tumbl]4 ,raw spirits #c w9e glasses4 ,?is l>ge quantity ( food1 :i* ! lad did n consid] excessive1 0 consum$ by him )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,accord+ to ,capta9 ,co*rane a re9de] suffices b = "o repa/ = ?ree ,yakutis1 & five ( !m w dev\r at a sitt+ a calf weigh+ #bjj lbs4 ,mr4 ,hoop]1 "o ( ! (fic]s ( ! ,plov]1 9 8 n>rative ( _! resid5ce on ! %ores ( ,arctic ,am]ica1 /ates t "o ( ! ladies :o visit$ !m 0 pres5t$1 z a je/1 ) a small tall[ c&le1 call$ a purs]'s dip4 ,x 01 not)/&+1 a v pleasant joke to ! damsel1 :o delib]ately mun*$ x up ) evid5t reli%1 & f9ally drew ! wick betwe5 h] set tee? to clean (f any rema9+ morsels ( fat4 ,! p>tiality = c]ta9 k9ds ( food1 & disgu/ at o!r v>ieties1 :i* p>ticul> races ( m5 exhibit1 is an in/9ct :i* !y _c avoid obey+4 ,in/ead ( excit+ our disgu/1 z x too frequ5tly does1 x %\ld exalt our admiration ( ! inf9ite wisdom ( ! ,creator1 :o by simply adapt+ man's desire = p>ticul> k9ds ( food to ! ext]nal conditions "u :i* he is plac$1 enables him to occupy & subdue ! e>? f ! ,equator to ! ,poles4 ,! food ( human be+s & ( ! l[] animals :o inhabit cold c\ntries is ne>ly exclusively compos$ ( animal sub/ances4 ,! fle%1 fat1 & oil ( animals occupy less space ?an d ! correspond+ elem5ts ( vegetables2 consequ5tly ! nutrim5t !y af=d is m conc5trat$1 & a l>g] quantity c be /[$ away )\t inconv5i5ce 9 ! /oma*4 ,! heat-=m+ con/itu5ts ( ^! sub/ances con/itute n only ! *ief "p ( _! bulk1 b !y are also capable ( evolv+ a great] am\nt ( heat ?an any o!r ( ! respiratory elem5ts4 ,"o p\nd ( dry fat w develop z mu* heat z two & a half p\nds ( dry />*1 & ! fatte/ fle% includes f\r times z mu* pla/ic mat]ials z rice4 ,! diet ( p all ov] ! _w1 unless "u circum/ances :i* prev5t ! gratification ( ! natural appetite1 e/abli%es ! intimate relation :i* subsi/s betwe5 cold & food4 ,! appetite ( man is at a m9imum at ! ,equator1 & at a maximum )9 ! ,arctic circle4 ,! /atem5ts z to ! voracity ( ,hott5tots & ,bosjesmans1 record$ 9 ! n>ratives ( travell]s1 d n 9 ! slighte/ degree affect ! g5]al rule t m is eat5 9 cold climates ?an 9 hot regions4 ,^! are m]e records ( gluttony1 & x w\ld n be difficult to f9d p>allel cases 9 our own c\ntry4 ,gluttony is an abnormal appetite1 & ! great] "p ( ! food dev\r$ "u its unnatural1 & g5]ally unheal?y /imulus is n appli$ to ! wants ( ! body4 ,! bodies ( animals are heat$ masses ( matt]1 & are subject to ! ord9>y laws ( radiation4 ,e sub/ance radiates its heat1 & receives 9 return a portion ( t emitt$ f surr\nd+ bodies4 ,if two bodies ( unequal temp]ature be plac$ ne> ea* o!r1 ! w>m] ( ! two w radiate a portion ( its heat to ! cold]1 & w receive "s ( ! heat ( ! latt] 9 return2 b z ! w>m] body w emit m heat ?an x w receive1 ! result w be1 t aft] a "t1 ! l5g? ( :i* w dep5d on ! nature ( ! bodies1 bo? w acquire ! same temp]ature4 ,9 v w>m climates ! bodies ( animals d]ive f ! sun1 & f ! heat$ bodies surr\nd+ !m1 m heat ?an !y give 9 return2 & 7 x n = _! int]nal cool+ app>atus1 :i* ,i h describ$1 ! heat s absorb$ w\ld prove fatal4 ,9 e climate1 on ! contr>y1 :]e ! temp]ature is l[] ?an #ih deg41 or blood heat1 ! bodies ( animals lose m heat by radiation ?an !y receive by ! same means4 ,! philosophy ( ! clo?+ ( m5 & ! %elt]+ ( ! l[] animals is n[ evid5t4 ,x is n only necess>y t heat %\ld be develop$ )9 ! body1 b also t its wa/eful exp5diture %\ld be prev5t$4 ,! latt] is effect$ by int]pos+ betwe5 ! w>m body & ! cold air "s sub/ances 7su* z fur or wool7 :i* d n readily p]mit ! transmission ( heat--non-conductors z !y are t]m$4 ,! close d[n ( ! eid] duck is de/9$ to protect its bosom f ! *ill+ influ5ce ( ! icy wat]s ( ! ,nor? ,pol> ,sea1 & ! quadrup$s ( ! dre>y ,arctic ,circle are %elt]$ by ?ick fur cov]+s f ! pi]c+ bla/s ( its long w9t]4 ,fat ,equival5ts4--,:il/ x is q c]ta9 t nei!r n]ves nor muscles c be elaborat$ exclusively out ( fat1 />*1 sug>1 or any o!r non-nitrog5\s sub/ance1 x is almo/ equally cle> t fat may be =m$ out ( nitrog5\s tissue4 ,! quantity ( fat1 h[ev]1 :i* is produc$ 9 ! animal me*anism1 f purely nitrog5\s food appe>s to be relatively v small4 ,no animal is capable ( subsi/+ solely on muscle-=m+ mat]ials1 no matt] h[ abundantly suppli$4 ,! food ( ! ,c>nivora conta9s a l>ge proportion ( fat1 & ! nutrim5t ( ! ,h]bivora is l>gely made up ( />* & o!r fat-=m]s4 ,dogs1 geese1 & o!r animals f$ exclusively ^u album5 or :ite ( egg rapidly decreas$ 9 weight1 & aft] pres5t+ all ! symptoms ( />vation1 di$ 9 ?ree or f\r weeks4#h ,! fat ( ! bodies ( ! ,c>nivora is almo/ entirely =m$--& probably ) little if any alt]ation--f ! fatty con/itu5ts ( _! food4 ,h]bivor\s animals1 on ! contr>y1 d]ive ne>ly all _! fat f />*1 sug>1 gum1 cellulose1 & o!r non-nitrog5\s1 b n fatty1 mat]ials4 ,al?\gh />* is conv]tible into fat1 x is n to be und]/ood t a p\nd weight ( "o ( ^! bodies is equival5t to an equal quantity ( ! o!r4 ,dur+ ! conv]sion ( />* into fat1 ! great] numb] ( its con/itu5t atoms is conv]t$ into wat] & c>bonic acid gas4 ,! great] numb] ( ! m important metamorphoses ( organis$ matt]1 :i* take place 9 ! animal organum1 is ! result ( ei!r oxidation or f]m5tation3 9 ! conv]sion ( />* or sug> into fat or oil1 bo? ( ^! processes1 x is /at$1 take place2 a portion ( ! hydrog5 is conv]t$ by oxidation into wat]1 & by f]m5tation c>bonic acid gas is =m$1 :i* removes bo? oxyg5 & c>bon4 ,p]haps 9 ! =mation ( fat f]m5tation is alone employ$--a portion ( ! oxyg5 be+ remov$ z wat]1 & ano!r portion z c>bonic acid4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! ultimate composition ( />* & fat is1 t ! latt] conta9s a mu* l>g] proportion ( hydrog5 & c>bon4 ,! k ( ! exact quantity ( />* requir$ = ! =mation ( a giv5 am\nt ( fat is ( importance 9 enabl+ u to e/imate ! relative fe$+ value ( bo? sub/ances4 ,c]ta9 difficulties /& 9 ! way ( our acquir+ an accurate k on ?is po9t4 ,n only are !re sev]al di/9ct k9ds ( fat1 b ! precise =mula1 or atomic con/itution ( ea*1 is z yet veil$ 9 d\bt4 ,!re are ?ree fats :i* occur 9 man & ! dome/icat$ animals1 & 9 vegetables4 ,^! are /e>9e1 m>g>9e1 & ole9e4 ,! relative proportions ( ^! v>y 9 ea* animal3 ?us1 9 man & 9 ! goose m>g>9e is ! mo/ abundant fat1 :il/ ole9e#i exi/s 9 ! pig 9 a great] proportion ?an 9 man1 ! %eep1 or ! ox4 ,! composition ( ! animal fats does n1 h[ev]1 v>y mu*2 & ?is fact1 toge!r ) o!r consid]ations1 h l$ *emi/s to assume t two-&-a-half p>ts ( />* are requir$ = ! production ( "o "p ( ! mix$ fats ( ! diff]5t animals4 ,grape sug> & ! pect9e bodies--sub/ances :i* =m a l>ge proportion ( ! food ( ! ,h]bivora--conta9 m oxyg5 & hydrog5 ?an exi/ 9 />*1 &1 consequ5tly1 are n capable ( =m+ s l>ge an am\nt ( fat z an equal weight ( />*4 ,we may assume1 !n1 t #b4ej p>ts ( />*1 #b4ge p>ts ( sug>1 or #c p>ts ( ! pect9e bodies1 are equival5t to #a "p ( fat4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,an ,,animal ,,& ,,t ,,( ,,its ,,food4 ,i h already /at$ t ! results ( ! admirable inve/igations ( ,lawes & ,gilb]t prove t ! non-nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( ! c>casses ( ox51 %eep1 & pigs exce$ 9 weight _! nitrog5\s elem5ts4 ,?is fact is sugge/ive ( _m important que/ions4 ,:at relation is !re betwe5 ! composition ( an animal & t ( its food8 ,%\ld an animal ^: body conta9s ?ree times z mu* fat z lean fle%1 be suppli$ ) food conta9+ ?ree times z mu* fat-=m]s z fle%-=m]s8 ,to ^! que/ions !re is "s difficulty 9 reply+4 ,!re is a relation%ip betwe5 ! composition ( ! body ( an animal & t ( its food2 b ! relation%ip v>ies s greatly t x is impossible to det]m9e ) any degree ( accuracy ! quantity ( fat-=m]s :i* is requir$ to produce a giv5 weight ( fat 9 animals1 tak5 9 globo4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we deal ) a p>ticul> animal plac$ "u c]ta9 conditions1 x is !n possible to asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( fat :i* a giv5 weight ( non-pla/ic food w produce4 ,= ! great] "p ( our k on ?is po9t1 z on s _m o!rs1 9 ! fe$+ ( /ock1 we are indebt$ to ,lawes & ,gilb]t4 ,9 ! case ( %eep f$ ^u fatt5+ food ^! inquir]s f\nd t e #ajj lbs4 ( dry#aj non-nitrog5\s sub/ances consum$ by !m produc$1 on an av]age1 an increase ( #aj lbs4 9 ! weight ( _! fat4 ,9 ! case ( pigs1 also1 suppli$ ) food1 ! proportion ( non-nitrog5\s matt]s appropriat$ to ! animal's increase 0 d\ble t s appli$ 9 ! bodies ( ! %eep4 ,z ! food suppli$ to ^! animals conta9$ b a v small proportion ( ready-=m$ fat1 x 0 inf]r$ t f\r-fif?s ( ! fat ( ! increase 0 d]iv$ f ! sug>1 />*1 cellulose1 & pect9e bodies4 ,^! tables exhibit 9 a cond5s$ =m ! results ( "o ( ! elaborate s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 relation to ?is po9t c>ri$ out by ,lawes & ,gilb]t3-- ,,e/imat$ ,,am\nt ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,con/itu5ts ,,/or$ ,,up ,,9 ,,increase1 ,,= #ajj ,,p>ts ,,( ,,ea* ,,consum$ ,,9 ,,food ,,by ,,fatt5+ ,,%eep4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,key3 ,a4--,no4 ( ,animals4 ,b4--,m9]al matt] 7a%74#aa ,c4--,nitrog5\s comp\nds 7dry74 ,d4--,non-nitrog5\s sub/ance4 ,e4--,total dry sub/ance4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,am\nt ( ea* ,class 9 ,increase = #ajj ( ! same ,,g5]al ,,p>ticul>s ,,( ,,! ,,exp]im5ts4 consum$ 9 ,food4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,description ( ,fatt5+ ,food4 --------------------- ,giv5 ,giv5 9 limit$ ad ,,bre$4 ,a4,duration4 quantity4 libitum4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,class ,i4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- wks4 dys4,oilcake & ,sw$i% clov] *aff4turnips4 ,cotswolds #df #ai #e #c4ihd4dcaa4fi4fj ,leice/]s #dj #bj #j #c4aec4ciab4ji4dh ,cross-br$ we!rs #dj #bj #j #c4bdc4fjaa4fi4ca ,cross-br$ ewes #dj #bj #j #c4bec4fjaa4hi4dj ,hants ,d[ns #dj #bf #j #c4djd4bhaj4ch4di ,sussex ,d[ns #dj #bf #j #c4cjd4afaj4ch4dd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,means #c4cic4iaaa4ci4ab ,class ,,iii4--7,s]ies #a47 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,sw$i% turnips4 ,hants ,d[ns #e #ac #f ,oilcake4 #d4afd4jaaa4ai4cc #e #ac #f ,oats4 #e4gcg4jgaj4ji4de #e #ac #f ,clov] *aff4 #c4ihg4dd #i4jh4di ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,means #d4fbf4agaj4ji4ji ,class ,,iv4--7,s]ies #b47 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,clov] *aff4 ,hants ,d[ns #e #ai #a ,oilcake4 #a4fib4bj #f4ce4jg #e #ai #a ,l9se$4 #a4hab4cb #f4be4ai #e #ai #a ,b>ley4 #a4geb4hb #e4ge4jj #e #ai #a ,malt4 #a4dfb4ag #e4cd4fa ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,means #a4fhb4ch #e4id4ig ,class ,v4--7,s]ies #d47 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,mangolds ,hants ,d[ns #d #aj #j ,b>ley gr\nd #c4hje4fe #i4hh4ia #e #aj #j ,malt1 gr\nd1 #d4jdf4ahaj4di4di malt du/4 #d #aj #j ,b>ley gr\nd #c4gbf4ce #h4ih4bh & /eep$4 #d #aj #j ,malt1 gr\nd #b4ied4cd #i4ch4bc & /eep$1 malt du/4 #e #aj #j ,malt1 gr\nd1 #c4dfe4df #i4ah4be malt du/4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,means #c4eie4fj #i4eh4fc ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,means ( all #c4bgd4da #i4dh4jf ,,e/imat$ ,,am\nt ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,con/itu5ts ,,/or$ ,,up ,,9 ,,increase1 ,,= #ajj ,,( ,,ea* ,,consum$ ,,9 ,,food1 ,,by ,,fatt5+ ,,pigs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,key3 ,a4--,no4 ( ,animals4 ,b4--,m9]al matt] 7a%74 ,c4--,nitrog5\s comp\nds 7dry74 ,d4--,non-nitrog5\s sub/ance4 ,e4--,total dry sub/ance4 ,f4--,fat4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,am\nt ( ea* ,class 9 ,increase = ,,g5]al ,,p>ticul>s ,,( ,,! ,,exp]im5ts4 #ajj ( ! same consum$ 9 ,food4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,description ( ,fatt5+ ,food4 --------------------------------------- ,giv5 9 ,giv5 ,a4,durationlimit$ quantities4 ad libitum4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ,f4 ,! ,analys$ ,fat ,pig4#ab ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ weeks #a #aj ,mixture ( bran #a1 bean & l5til-meal #b4ff #g4gfag4fad4idje #b1 & b>ley-meal #c p>ts1 ad libitum ,s]ies ,i4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #c #h ,none4 ,bean l5til-meal4#j4fh #d4hhbe4cag4efba #c ,indian-meal4 #a4hf #f4cibc4gag4idgg #c ,indian-meal & bran #j4cc #e4jbba4aaf4acfb #c ,none4 ,indian meal4 #b4ji #i4bhbj4iah4fcjj #c ,bean & l5til-meal #j4ii #i4ahbj4iah4dcbd #c ,bran4 #b4ceab4ajbj4cah4gcjj #c ,bean1 l5til-meal1 #b4gaaj4jcba4cah4ecjg & bran4 ------------------- #c ,bean1 l5til-meal1 ,indian-meal1 bran1 #j4bb #e4feba4aaf4hcfb ad libitum4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,means #j4gd #g4hbba4hag4hchb ,s]ies ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #c #h ,none4 ,bean l5til-meal4#c4bj #c4abbf4eah4bhja #c ,b>ley-meal4 #j4af #d4feai4bad4gege #c ,bran4 #j4af #c4iiba4bae4bedg #c ,b>ley-meal & bran #j4ge #d4egbj4aae4fead #c ,none4 ,b>ley-meal4 #j4efaj4jiah4eaf4iegd #c ,bean & l5til-meal #j4ec #f4egba4aag4efbj #c ,bran4 #j4di #i4giah4iaf4iejf #c ,bean1 l5til-meal1 #d4cc #d4dibb4gah4jegh & bran4 ------------------- #f ,mixture ( bran #a1 b>ley-meal #b1 & #j4bg #e4febj4daf4adie bean l5til-meal #c p>ts1 ad libitum4 #f ,mixture ( bran #a1 bean l5til-meal #b1 #a4eh #h4ajba4aag4feae b>ley-meal #c p>ts1 ad libitum4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,means #j4ei #f4ajba4jaf4gegb ,s]ies ,,iii4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #d #h ,dri$ ,cod ,fi%4 ,bran ,indian-meal #a4jf #e4jfbd4cah4acae 7equal p>ts74 #d ,indian-meal4 #j4bf #h4afbe4fbj4iceb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,means #j4ff #f4fabd4iai4eccc ,s]ies ,,iv4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #c #aj ,l5til-meal bran4 ,sug>4 #c4jg #i4cjai4daf4i #c ,/>*4 #c4ah #i4cfai4daf4i #c ,sug> />*4 #d4jfaj4ghag4gaf4a ------------------- #c ,l5tils1 bran1 sug>1 />*1 ad libitum#d4hj #i4ifah4gaf4e ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,means #c4gh #i4heah4haf4f ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,means ( all #j4eh #g4cdba4bag4cdgb ,! l>g] appropriation ( ! non-nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( its food by ! pig1 z comp>$ ) ! %eep1 mu/ n be attribut$ solely to its great] t5d5cy to fatt51 b p>tly to ! f> m dige/ible nature ( ! food suppli$ to x4 ,,section ,v4 ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,quantity ,,( ,,food ,,consum$ ,,by ,,an ,,animal1 ,,& ,,! ,,increase ,,9 ,,its ,,weight1 ,,or ,,( ,,! ,,am\nt ,,( ,,its ,,"w4 ,! manife/ations ( t wondr\s & my/]i\s pr9ciple1 life1 are completely dep5d5t ^u ! decomposition ( organis$ matt]4 ,n an ef=t ( ! m9d1 n a motion ( ! body1 c be accompli%$ )\t involv+ ! de/ruction ( a portion ( ! tissues4 ,9 a g5]al s5se we may reg>d ! fat ( ! animal to be its /ore ( fuel1 & its lean fle% to be ! s\rce ( its motive p[]4 ,z ! evolution ( heat )9 ! body is proportionate to ! quantity ( fat consum$1 s also is ! am\nt ( =ce develop$ 9 ! animal me*anism 9 a direct ratio to ! proportion ( fle% decompos$4 ,! quantity ( fat burn$ 9 ! body is e/imat$ by ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid gas expir$ f ! lungs & p]spir$ ?r\gh ! sk92 ! proportion ( fle% disorganis$ is asc]ta9$ by ! quantity ( urea elim9at$ 9 ! liquid ege/a4 ,! am\nt ( urea excret$ daily by a man is influ5c$ by ! activity ( 8 m9d1 z well z by t ( 8 body4 ,a man engag$ 9 physical labor we>s out m ( 8 body ?an "o :o does no "w2 & a man occupi$ 9 a pursuit involv+ int5se m5tal application1 consumes a great] proportion ( 8 tissue ?an ! man :o works only ) 8 body4#ac ,9 ea* ( ^! cases1 !re is a diff]5t am\nt ( tissue disorganis$1 & consequ5tly a dem& = diff]5t am\nts ( food1 ) :i* to repair ! wa/e4 ,b all ! food consum$ by a man is n devot$ to ! rep>ation ( ! tissue worn out 9 ! op]ations ( ?9k+ & work+4 ,a human be+ ^: m9d is a p]fect blank1 & :o p]=ms no bodily "w1 excretes a l>ge quantity ( urea1 ! repres5tative ( an equival5t am\nt ( worn-out fle%4 ,9 fact ! great] "p ( ! food consum$ by a man s]ves m]ely to su/a9 ! functions ( ! body--! circulation ( ! blood--! action ( ! he>t--! movem5ts ( ! muscles conc]n$ 9 respiration--9 a ^w1 ! v>i\s motions ( ! body :i* are indep5d5t ( ! w4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,haughton1 ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! food ( a work+ man ( #aej lbs4 weight1 are us$ 9 m]ely keep+ him alive1 ! rema9+ f\r? is exp5d$ 9 ! production ( me*anical =ce1 con/itut+ 8 daily toil4 ,9 ! nutrition ( ! l[] animals1 z 9 t ( man1 ! am\nt ( food made use ( by a p>ticul> individual dep5ds ^u its age1 its weight1 ! am\nt ( "w x p]=ms1 & probably its temp]4 ,z ?ree-f\r?s ( ! weight ( ! food ( a labor+ man are exp5d$ 9 m]ely keep+ him alive1 x is obvi\s t ! )hold+ ( ! rema9+ f\r? w\ld r5d] him incapable ( work+4 ,an am\nt ( food :i* adequately ma9ta9s ! vital & me*anical p[]s ( ?ree m51 s]ves m]ely to keep f\r alive4 ,x is ! same ) ! horse1 ! ox1 & e o!r animal useful to man3 ea* makes use ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( food1 = its own purposes2 all t is consum$ beyond t is appli$ = ! b5efit ( its own]4 ,let u take ! case ( two ( our mo/ useful quadrup$s--! horse & ! ox4 ,! horse is us$ z an imm$iate s\rce ( motive p[]4 ,= ?is purpose food is suppli$ to x1 ! great] portion ( :i* is consum$ 9 keep+ ! animal alive1 & ! re/ = ! developm5t ( its motive p[]4 ,abundance ( food is z necess>y to ! natural me*anism1 ! horse1 z fuel is to ! artificial me*anism1 ! /eam-eng9e4 ,9 ea* case ! am\nt ( =ce develop$ is1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 proportionate to ! quantity ( vegetable or alt]$ vegetable matt] consum$4 ,! great] portion ( ! ox's food is also consum$ 9 keep+ its body alive1 & ! re/1 in/ead ( be+ exp5d$ 9 ! developm5t ( motive p[]1 accumulates z surplus /ores ( fle%1 :i* 9 due "t are appli$ to ! purpose ( repair+ ! organisms ( m54 ,x is evid5t !n1 t ! great] suff]] f ! defici5t supply ( food to animals is _! own]4 ,t !y _c be taught to fa/ is a fact :i* does n appe> v pat5t to "s m9ds4 ,! man :o s\ght by gradually r$uc+ ! daily quantum ( 8 horse's prov5d] to accu/om x to "w )\t eat+1 0 ju/ly puni%$ = 8 ignorant cruelty4 ,! day be=e ! horse's all[ance 0 to be r$uc$ to pure wat]1 & :5 its own]'s hope appe>$ c]ta9 ( spe$y realisation1 ! animal di$4 ,!re are m5 :o act almo/ z fooli%ly z ! p>simoni\s horse own] 9 ?is fable did2 & :o are z prop]ly puni%$ z he 04 ,su* m5 are to be f\nd 9 ! f>m]s :o ov]/ock _! %eep pa/ures1 & ^: lean k9e are ! laugh+ /ock ( _! m intellig5t neighb\rs4 ,! weight ( a work+ full-gr[n horse does n v>y f day to day1 z ! weight ( its ege/a is equal to t ( its food4 ,! desid]atum 9 ! case ( ! work+ animal is t its food %\ld be z ?or\ghly decompos$ z possible1 & ! =ce p5t up 9 x lib]at$ )9 ! animal's body3 z an ox1 on ! contr>y1 increases 9 weight f day to day1 x is desirable t z little z possible ( its food %\ld be disorganis$4 ,! wa/eful exp5diture ( ! animal's fat may be obviat$ by %elt]1 & ! application ( artificial heat3 ! ret>dation ( ! de/ruction ( its fle% is ev5 m "u our control2 =1 z active muscul> ex]tion involves ! decomposition ( tissue1 we h m]ely to dim9i% ! activity ( ! motions :i* cause ?is wa/e4 ,?is1 9 practice1 is effect$ by /all-fe$+4 ,conf9$ )9 ! n>r[ b\nd>ies ( ! /all1 ! muscul> action ( ! animal is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 or limit$ to ^? uncontrollable actions :i* are conditions 9 ! ma9t5ance ( animal life4 ,! proportion ( ! food ( ox51 %eep1 & pigs1 :i* is consum$ 9 ma9ta9+ _! vital functions1 has n be5 accurately asc]ta9$2 probably1 z 9 ! case ( man1 x is /rictly proportionate to ! animal's weight4 ,we c det]m9e ! am\nt ( pla/ic food consum$ by an animal dur+ a giv5 p]iod3 we c asc]ta9 ! increase 7if any7 9 ! weight ( its body2 & f9ally1 we c weigh & analyse its ege/a4 ,) ^! data x is comp>atively easy to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( food :i* produc$ ! increase 9 ! animal's weight2 b !y d n enable u to det]m9e ! am\nt exp5d$ 9 keep+ x alive1 because ! ege/a might be l>gely made up ( unappropriat$ food--organis$ matt] :i* _h done no "w 9 ! animal body4 ,:5 we come to "k ! precise quantity ( nitrog51 9 a purely1 or ne>ly pure1 m9]al =m#ad excret$ by an animal1 !n we %all be 9 a position to e/imate ! proportion ( its food exp5d$ 9 su/a9+ ! ess5tial vital processes :i* cont9u\sly g on 9 its body4 ,b al?\gh we are 9 ignorance z to ! precise quantity ( fle%-=m]s exp5d$ 9 keep+ ! animal alive1 we "k pretty accurately ! am\nt :i* is consum$ 9 produc+ a giv5 weight ( its fle%1 or r 9 caus+ a c]ta9 increase 9 its weight4 ,?is k is ! result ( num]\s inve/igations1 ( :i* by f> ! mo/ valuable are ^? ( ,lawes & ,gilb]t4 ,^! exp]im5t]s f\nd t fatt5+ pigs /or$ up ab\t #g-a_/b p] c5t4 ( ! pla/ic mat]ials ( _! food1 :il/ %eep accumulat$ some:at less ?an #e p] c5t4 ,t is1 #ib-a_/b out ( e #ajj lbs4 weight ( ! nitrog5\s food ( ! pig1 & #ie out ( e #ajj lbs4 ( t ( ! %eep1 are elim9at$ 9 ! excretions ( ^? animals4 ,x appe>s f ! results ( ,lawes & ,gilb]t's exp]im5ts1 t pigs /ore up 9 _! increase ab\t #bj p] c5t41 %eep #ab p] c5t41 & ox5 #h p] c5t4 ( _! 7dry7 food4 ,! relative increase ( ! fatty1 nitrog5\s1 & m9]al con/itu5ts :il/ fatt5+1 are %[n 9 ?is table4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,e/imat$ p] c5t4 9 ,increase :il/ ,fatt5+4 ,,cases4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,m9]al ,nitrog5\s matt] matt] ,fat 7dry74 ,total dry 7a%74 7dry74 sub/ance4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,av]age ( #ih ox5 #a4dg #g4fi #ff4b #ge4d ,av]age ( #cdh %eep #a4hj #g4ac #gj4d #gi4ec ,av]age ( #hj pigs #j4dd #f4dd #ga4e #gh4dj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! quantity ( food consum$ daily by an animal is1 z might be expect$1 proportionate to ! weight ( its body4 ,! pig consumes1 = e #ajj lbs4 ( its weight1 f #bf to #cj lbs4 ( food1 ! %eep #ae lbs41 & ! ox #ab to #ac lbs4 ,^! figures & ! /atem5ts :i* ,i h made relative to ! proportions ( fat & pla/ic elem5ts 9 ! animals' bodies1 apply to !m 9 _! fatt5+ /ate1 & :5 ! food is ( a highly nutriti\s "*4 ,! calf & ! "y pig w make use--to cause _! increase--( a l>g] portion ( nitrog5\s matt]s4 ,! %eep1 h[ev]1 be+ e>ly br\ght to maturity1 w1 ev5 :5 v "y1 /ore up ! pla/ic & non-pla/ic con/itu5ts ( its food1 9 ne>ly ! same relative proportions t ,i h m5tion$4 ,z x is ! food tak5 into ! body t produces heat & motion1 x might at fir/ sight appe> an easy matt] to det]m9e ! am\nt ( heat or ( motion :i* a giv5 weight ( a p>ticul> k9d ( food is capable ( produc+ )9 ! animal me*anism4 ,b ?is p]=mance is n s easy a task z x appe>s to be4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all ( ! food may n be p]fectly oxidis$1 ?\gh ?or\ghly disorganis$ )9 ! body2 secondly1 z animals r>ely subsi/ on "o k9d ( food1 x is difficult1 :5 !y are suppli$ ) mix$ alim5ts1 to det]m9e :i* ( !m is ! mo/ p]fectly decompos$4 ,b ?\gh ! difficulties :i* ,i h m5tion$1 & _m o!rs1 r5d] ! task ( det]m9+ ! nutritive values ( food sub/ances difficult1 ! problem is by no means insoluble1 &1 9 fact1 is 9 a fair way ( be+ solv$4 ,pr(essor ,frankl&1 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ! numb] ( ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e = ,septemb]1 #ahff1 det]m9es ! relative alim5tal value ( foods by asc]ta9+ ! quantity ( heat evolv$ by ea* :5 burn$ 9 oxyg5 gas4 ,f ! results ( ^! rese>*es he has con/ruct$ a table1 %[+ ! am\nt ( food necess>y to keep a man alive = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! foll[+ figures1 :i* ,i select f ?is table1 are ( int]e/ to ! /ock-fe$]3-- ,weight necess>y to su/a9 a man's life = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,k9ds ( ,food4 ,ounces4 ,potatoes #ac4d ,apples #bj4g ,oatmeal #c4d ,fl\r #c4e ,pea ,meal #c4e ,bread #f4d ,milk #ba4b ,c>rots #be4f ,cabbage #ca4h ,butt] #a4h ,lump ,sug> #c4i ,^! figures %[ ! relative calefaci5t1 or heat-produc+ p[]s ( ! diff]5t foods nam$ outside ! body2 b !re is "s d\bt z to _! hav+ ! same relative values :5 burn$ )9 ! body4 ,! woody fibre ( ! c>rots & cabbages is v combu/ible 9 ! coal furnace1 b x is v d\btful if m ?an #bj or #cj p] c5t4 ( ?is sub/ance is ev] burn$ 9 ! animal furnace4 ,h[ev]1 su* inquiries z ^? c>ri$ out by ,frankl& possess great value2 & tables con/ruct$ ^u _! results _c fail to be useful 9 ! draw+ up ( diet>y scales1 :e!r = man or = ! inf]ior animals4 ,i may "h rem>k1 t 9 my op9ion ! nutritive value ( food admits ( be+ v accurately det]m9$ by ! adoption ( ! foll[+ me?od3-- #a4 ,! animal exp]im5t$ ^u to be suppli$ daily ) a weigh$ quantity ( food1 ! composition & calefaci5t value ( :i* _h be5 accurately det]m9$4 #b4 ,! gases1 vapors1 & liquid & solid ege/a ?r[n (f f its body to be collect$1 analys$1 & ! calefaci5t#ae value ( ! combu/ible portion ( !m to be det]m9$4 #c4 ,! increase 7if any7 ( ! weight ( ! animal to be asc]ta9$4 #d4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! am\nt ( heat evolvable by ! foods be=e be+ consum$1 & t actually obta9$ by ! combu/ion ( ! ege/a into :i* !y 7 ultimately conv]t$1 w\ld be ! am\nt actually set free & r5d]$ available )9 ! body4 ,! calculations w\ld be some:at affect$ by an increase 9 ! weight ( ! animal's body2 b x w\ld n be difficult to keep ! weight /ation>y1 or ne>ly s1 & !re are o!r ways ( gett+ ov] su* a difficulty4 ,an exp]im5t su* z ?is w\ld be a co/ly "o1 & c\ld n be prop]ly conduct$ unless by ! aid ( an app>atus simil> to t employ$ by ,pett5k(] 9 8 exp]im5ts on respiration4 ,?is app>atus1 :i* 0 made at ! exp5se ( ! ,k+ ( ,bav>ia1 co/ ne>ly ,l#fjj4 ,value ( ,manure4--,x is a complication 9 ! "q ( ! economic fe$+ ( ! f>m animals t ! value ( _! manure mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,( ! ?ree classes ( food con/itu5ts1 two--! m9]al & nitrog5\s--are recov]able 9 ! animal's body & manure2 ! non-nitrog5\s is p>tly recov]able 9 ! fat4 ,i %all take ! case ( a %eep1 :i* w consume weekly p] #ajj lbs4 ( its weight1 #ab lbs4 ( fat-=m]s1 & #c lbs4 ( fle%-=m]s4 ,twelve p] c5t4 ( ! fat-=m]s w be reta9$ 9 ! increase1 b ! re/ w be exp5d$ 9 keep+ ! animal w>m1 & ! products ( its combu/ion--c>bonic acid & wat]--w be useless to ! f>m]4 ,x is1 !re=e1 desirable to dim9i% z mu* z possible ! combu/ion ( fatty matt] 9 ! animal's body2 & ?is is effect$1 z ,i h already expla9$1 by keep+ x 9 a w>m place4 ,( ! fle%-=m+ sub/ance only five p] c5t4 is reta9$ 9 ! increase1 ! re/ is p>tly consum$ 9 c>ry+ on ! movem5ts ( ! animal--p>tly expell$ f its body unalt]$1 or b slightly alt]$1 9 composition4 ,! solid excrem5t ( ! animal conta9s all ! undige/$ food2 b ( ?is only ! m9]al & nitrog5\s con/itu5ts are valuable z manure4 ,! nitrog5 ( ! pla/ic mat]ials :i* are exp5d$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! functions ( ! body is elim9at$ f ! lungs1 ?r\gh ! sk91 & by ! kidneys--p]haps also1 b c]ta9ly only to a small ext5t1 by ! rectum4 ,! food consum$ by an animal is dispos$ ( 9 ! foll[+ way3--,a portion passes un*ang$1 or b slightly alt]$1 ?r\gh ! body2 ano!r "p is assimilat$ & subsequ5tly disorganis$ & eject$2 ! re/ is conv]t$ into ! c>cass ( ! animal at ! "t ( its dea?4 ,! undige/$ food & alim5t :i* _h und]gone conv]sion into fle% & o!r tissues1 & subsequ5t disorganisation1 con/itute ! excrem5ts1 or manure1 ( ! animal4 ,! ri*] 9 nitrog5 & phosphoric acid ! food is1 ! m valuable w be ! manure2 s t ! money value ( a fe$+ /uff is n det]m9able m]ely by ! am\nt ( fle% :i* x makes1 b also1 & to a great ext5t1 by ! value ( ! manure into :i* x is ultimately conv]t$4 ,corn & oil-cakes are p[]ful f]tilis]s ( ! soil2 b ! ?ree pr9ciples :i* con/itute _! manurial value--namely1 nitrog5 7ammonia71 phosphoric acid1 & pota%--are pur*asable at f> l[] prices 9 guano & o!r manures4 ,nev]!less1 _m f>m]s believe t ! mo/ economical way to produce good manure is to fe$ _! /ock ) conc5trat$ alim5t1 9 ord] to greatly increase ! value ( _! excreta4 ,!y consid] t a p\nd's wor? ( oil-cake1 or ( corn1 w produce at lea/ a p\nd's wor? ( meat1 & t ! manure w be _h = no?+1 or1 r1 w be ! pr(it ( ! bus9ess4 ,! ri*] food is 9 nitrog5 & phosphoric acid1 ! m valuable w be ! manure x yields4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t if two k9ds ( fe$+ /uff produce equal am\nts ( meat1 t ! pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to t :i* conta9s ! m nitrog5 & phosphoric acid4 ,mr4 ,lawes1 :o has ?r[n light ^u ?is po9t1 z well z ^u s _m o!rs1 has made c>eful e/imates ( ! value ( ! manure produc$ f diff]5t foods4 ,!y are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,,table ,%[+ ! e/imat$ value ( ! manure obta9$ on ! consumption ( "o ton ( diff]5t articles ( food2 ea* suppos$ to be ( good quality ( its k9d4 ,e/imat$ ,money ,value ,description ( ,food4 ( ! ,manure f ,"o ,ton ( ea* ,food4 #a4 ,decorticat$ cotton-se$ cake ,l#f #aj #j #b4 ,rape-cake #d #ah #j #c4 ,l9se$-cake #d #ab #j #d4 ,malt-du/ #d #e #j #e4 ,l5tils #c #ag #j #f4 ,l9se$ #c #ac #j #g4 ,t>es #c #ac #f #h4 ,beans #c #ac #f #i4 ,peas #c #b #f #aj4 ,locu/ beans #a #b #f787 #aa4 ,oats #a #ad #f #ab4 ,:eat #a #ac #j #ac4 ,indian corn #a #aa #f #ad4 ,malt #a #aa #f #ae4 ,b>ley #a #i #f #af4 ,clov]-hay #b #e #j #ag4 ,mead[-hay #a #aj #j #ah4 ,oat-/raw #j #ac #f #ai4 ,:eat-/raw #j #ab #f #bj4 ,b>ley-/raw #j #aj #f #ba4 ,potatoes #j #g #j #bb4 ,mangolds #j #e #j #bc4 ,sw$i% turnips #j #d #c #bd4 ,common turnips #j #d #j #be4 ,c>rots #j #d #j ,all ! sal9e matt] conta9$ 9 ! food is ei!r conv]t$ into fle%1 or is recov]able 9 ! =m ( manure1 b a portion ( its nitrog5 appe>s to be lo/ by respiration & p]spiration4 ,reiset /ates t #ajj p>ts ( ! nitrog5 ( food giv5 to %eep ^u :i* he exp]im5t$1 7 dispos$ ( z foll[s3-- ,recov]$ 9 ! excreta #eh4c ,recov]$ 9 ! meat1 tall[1 & sk9 #ac4g ,lo/ 9 respiration #bh4j ------ #ajj4jj ,haughton's exp]im5ts1 p]=m$ ^u m51 gave results :i* prov$ t no portion ( ! nitrog5 ( _! food 0 lo/ by p]spiration or by respiration4 ,b>ral1 on ! contr>y1 ass]ts t nitrog5 is giv5 (f f ! bodies ( bo? man & ! inf]ior animals4 ,b\ss+ault /ates t horses1 %eep1 & pigs exhale nitrog54 ,a c[1 giv+ milk1 on :i* he _h exp]im5t$1 lo/ #ae p] c5t4 ( ! nitrog5 ( its food by p]spiration4 ,! am\nt ( nitrog5 :i* ,reiset /ates t %eep exhale is exce$+ly great1 & x is difficult to reconcile 8 results ) ^? obta9$ by ,voit1 ,bis*(f1 ,regnault1 ,pett5k(]1 & ,haughton4 ,( c\rse1 m5 & %eep are widely diff]5t animals2 b /ill x is unlikely t all ! nitrog5 ( ! food ( man %\ld be recov]able 9 8 ege/a1 :il/ ne>ly a ?ird ( ! nitrog5 ( ! food ( ! %eep %\ld be dissipat$ z gas4 ,i ?9k fur!r exp]im5ts are necess>y be=e ?is po9t c be reg>d$ z settl$2 & x is probable t x w yet be f\nd t all1 or ne>ly all1 ( ! nitrog5 ( ! food ( animals is recov]able 9 _! ege/a4 ,reg>d+1 !n1 an animal z a me*anism by :i* meat is to be manufactur$1 five economic po9ts 9 relation to x dem& ! fe$]'s att5tion3 ^! are--! fir/ co/ ( ! me*anism1 ! exp5se ( ma9ta9+ ! me*anism 9 work+ ord]1 ! price ( ! raw mat]ials int5d$ = conv]sion into meat1 ! value ( ! meat1 & ! value ( ! manure4 ,9 proportion to ! att5tion giv5 to ^! po9ts1 w be ! fe$]'s pr(its2 b !y are1 to "s ext5t1 affect$ by ! climatic1 geographic1 & o!r conditions "u :i* ! f>m is plac$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,if ! elem5ts 7 only capable ( comb9+ ) ea* o!r 9 simple ratios1 ! numb] ( _! comb9ations w\ld be z limit$ z t ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet2 b z "o1 two1 or m atoms ( oxyg5 c comb9e ) "o1 two1 or m atoms ( o!r elem5ts1 we c assign no limits to ! numb] ( possible comb9ations4 ,!re are hundr$s ( di/9ct sub/ances =m$ ( b two elem5ts1 namely1 hydrog5 & c>bon4 ,footnote #b3 ,9 a pap] by ,pr(essor ,sullivan1 ( ,dubl91 ! conv]sion ( "o ( ^! sub/ances into ano!r outside ! animal me*anism1 is almo/ incontrov]tibly prov$4 ,footnote #c3 ,exp]im5tal ,inquiry into ! ,composition ( "s ( ! ,animals ,f$ & ,slaught]$ z ,human ,food4 ,by ,john ,b5net ,lawes1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,c4,s41 & ,joseph ,h5ry ,gilb]t1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,"p ,,ii41 #ahfj4 ,footnote #d3 ,f ! ,greek plasso1 to =m4 ,pla/ic mat]ials are sometimes t]m$ =mative elem5ts2 bo? t]ms imply ! belief t !y are capable ( giv+ %ape1 or =m1 n only to !mselves1 b also to o!r k9ds ( matt] n possess$ ( =mative p[]4 ,footnote #e3 ,! sl[ conv]sion ( phosphorus into phosphoric acid takes place 9 ! animal organism2 its gradual oxidation 9 ! op5 air gives rise only to an imp]fectly oxidis$ body--phosphor\s acid4 ,b ! latt] fact does n invalidate ! g5]al proposition1 t ! heat emitt$ by a sub/ance und]go+ ! process ( oxidation is proportionate to ! am\nt ( oxyg5 ) :i* x comb9es1 & is n influ5c$ by ! l5g? ( "t occupi$ by ! process1 fur!r ?an ?is1 t if ! oxidation be v rapidly effect$1 a portion ( ! heat w be conv]t$ into an equival5t am\nt ( light4 ,footnote #f3 ,?is /atem5t is n absolutely correct1 b ! range ( v>iation is conf9$ )9 su* n>r[ limits z to be q insignificant4 ,footnote #g3 ,d\bt has rec5tly be5 ?r[n on ! tru? ( ?is belief by ,frankl&1 ,fick1 & ,wislic5us4 ,footnote #h3 ,! results ( ,savory's exp]im5ts on rats appe> to prove t animals c live on food de/itute ( fat1 sug>1 />*1 or any o!r fat-=m+ sub/ance4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t animals c\ld h>dly ?rive on purely nitrog5\s food4 ,! conclusions :i* c]ta9 late writ]s1 :o object to ,liebig's !ory ( animal heat1 h d$uc$ f ,savory's inve/igations1 appe> to me to be q unf\nd$4 ,footnote #i3 ,s t]m$ because x is ! basis ( ! common oils2 ! fluid portion ( fat is compos$ ( ole9e4 ,footnote #aj3 ,! t]m dry is appli$ to ! solid con/itu5ts ( ! food4 ,?us1 a pig f$ ) #ajj lbs4 ( potatoes w\ld be said to h be5 suppli$ ) #be lbs4 ( dry potatoes1 because wat] =ms #ge p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ^? tub]s4 ,footnote #aa3 ,! am\nts ( m9]al matt] are too high1 ow+ to ! adv5titi\s matt]s 7dirt7 reta9$ by ! wool4 ,footnote #ab3 ,?is pig 0 completely analys$ by ,lawes & ,gilb]t4 ,footnote #ac3 ,! results ( rec5t & accurately conduct$ inve/igations prove t m5 engag$ 9 occupations requir+ ! highe/ ex]cise ( ! intellectual faculties1 require m nutriti\s food1 & ev5 a great] quantity ( nutrim5t1 ?an ! h>de/ work$ labor]s1 su* z pavi\rs1 & navvies4 ,i h be5 assur$ by an ext5sive manufactur]1 t on promot+ 8 workm5 to situations ( great] responsibility b less physically labori\s ?an ^? previ\sly fill$ by !m1 he f\nd t !y requir$ m food & t1 too1 ( a bett] quality4 ,?is *ange 9 _! appetite 0 n ! result ( increas$ wages1 :i* 9 mo/ cases rema9$ ! same--! decrease 9 ! am\nt ( lab\r exact$ be+ consid]$ 9 mo/ cases a suffici5t equival5t = ! increas$ responsibility ?r[n ^u !m4 ,footnote #ad3 ,z ammonia1 urea1 uric acid1 or hippuric acid2 all ( :i* are ne>ly or p]fectly m9]alis$ sub/ances4 ,footnote #ae3 ,! excrem5ts ( animals are capable ( evolv+1 by combu/ion1 enorm\s am\nts ( heat4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,bre$+ ,,& ,,bre$s ,,( ,,/ock4 ,,section ,i4 ,,! ,,bre$+ ,,( ,,/ock4 ,cross ,bre$+4--,= _m ye>s pa/ fe$]s h zeal\sly occupi$ !mselves 9 ! improvem5t ( _! /ock1 & ! result ( _! labors is obs]vable 9 ! m>k$ sup]iority ( ! bre$s ( ! pres5t day ov] _! ance/ors 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,! improvem5t ( animals design$ z food = man is effect$ by keep+ !m on a lib]al diet>y1 by select+ only ! be/ individuals = sires & dams1 & by comb9+ ! excell5cies ( two or m v>ieties ( a species 9 "o bre$4 ,a species consi/s ( a numb] ( animals :i* exhibit s _m po9ts ( resemblance1 t !y are reg>d$ by ! great majority ( naturali/s to be ! desc5dants ( a s+le pair4 ,if we except ! believ]s 9 ! hypo!ses relative to ! orig9 ( exi/+ v>ieties ( animals & plants1 prop\nd$ by ,lam>ck1 ,d>w91 & o!r naturali/s ( ! advanc$ s*ool1 !re is a g5]al belief 9 ! immutability ( species4 ,! individuals ( an exi/+ species1 say dogs1 c nev] acquire ! peculi> features ( ano!r species2 nor c _! desc5dants1 if we except hybrids1 ev] become animals 9 :i* ! *>act]i/ics ( ! dog tribe are irrecognisable4 ,by v>i\s influ5ces1 su* z1 = example1 diff]5ces 9 food & climate1 & dome/ication1 a species may be split into v>ieties1 or bre$s1 all ( :i*1 h[ev]1 reta9 ! m important *>act]i/ics ( ! primordial type4 ,!re appe>s to be no limit to ! v>ieties ( dogs1 yet "o c p]ceive by a glance t !re is no specific diff]5ce betwe5 ! huge ,mont ,/4 ,b]n>d dog & ! dim9utive poodle1 or betwe5 ! sp>se greyh\nd & ! burly ma/iff4 ,all ! v>ieties ( our dome/ic f[l h be5 trac$ to a common orig9--! wild ,indian f[l 7,gallus bankiva74 ,ev5 ,d>w9 admits t all ! exi/+ k9ds ( horses are1 9 all probability1 ! desc5dants ( an orig9al /ock2 & x is g5]ally agre$ t ! scores ( v>ieties ( pigeons own a common ance/or 9 ! rock pigeon 7,columba livia74 ,z c]ta9 individuals are gr\p$ by naturali/s into species1 s p>ticul> species1 :i* 9 habits & g5]al appe>ance resemble ea* o!r1 are arrang$ "u ! head ( g5us4 ,! horse1 ! ass1 & ! zebra are =m$ on ne>ly ! same anatomical plan2 !y are !re=e class$ toge!r1 & designat$ ! g5us ,equus1 a t]m d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w equus1 a horse--t animal be+ reg>d$ z ! type1 or p]fect memb] ( ! gr\p4 ,?us ! horse1 9 ! nom5clature ( ! naturali/1 is t]m$ ,equus caballus2 ! ass1 ,equus as9us2 & ! zebra1 ,equus zebra4 ,by a fur!r ext5sion ( ?is pr9ciple ( classification1 v closely alli$ g5]a are unit$ "u ! t]m ( family4 ,! diff]5t v>ieties ( ! same species bre$1 z might be anticipat$1 freely toge!r2 b x frequ5tly happ5s t two individuals ( diff]5t species pair1 & produce an animal :i* inh]its "s ( ! prop]ties ( ea* ( its prog5itors4 ,^! half-bre$s are t]m$ hybrids1 or mules1 & we h famili> examples ( !m 9 ! common mule & ! j5net4 ,z a g5]al rule1 animals exhibit a dis9cl9ation to bre$ ) o!r ?an memb]s ( _! own species2 & al?\gh ! int]f]5ce ( man may ov]come ?is natural repugnance1 he c only effect ! fruitful congress ( individuals belong+ to closely alli$ species1 be+ memb]s ( ! same g5us4 ,hybrids 9 ! g5us ,equus are v common4 ,a cross has be5 produc$ betwe5 ! he-goat & ! ewe2 ! camel & ! drom$>y h br$ toge!r2 & ,buffon succe$$ 9 produc+ a hybrid 9 :i* ?ree animals 7 repres5t$--namely1 ! bison1 ! zebu1 & ! ox4 ,on ! o!r h&1 attempts to effect a cross betwe5 animals belong+ to diff]5t families h g5]ally fail$2 nor is x at all probable t a cross w ev] be produc$ betwe5 ! pig & ! %eep1 betwe5 ! horse & ! c[1 or1 mo/ unlikely ( all1 betwe5 ! dog & ! cat4 ,x is ! g5]al belief t hybrids are /]ile1 or1 at lea/1 t !y are incapable ( propagation int] se4 ,?is may be true ) respect to ! hybrids ( species n v closely alli$2 b t !re are exceptions to ! rule is q cle> f ,r\x's exp]im5ts ) h>es & rabbits4 ,?is g5tleman1 :o is1 or 01 ! presid5t ( a ,fr5* agricultural society1 b :o makes no pr(ession ( sci5tific k1 has succe$$1 aft] sev]al failures1 9 produc+ a fruitful cross betwe5 ! rabbit & ! h>e4 ,?is hybrid has receiv$ ! "n ( leporide 7f ! ,lat9 lepor9us1 p]ta9+ to a h>e71 & x is diff]5t f =m] crosses1 9 be+ five p>ts h>e1 & ?ree p>ts rabbit4 ,m4 ,r\x has br$ ?is hybrid dur+ ! la/ eighte5 ye>s1 & has n obs]v$ ! slighte/ appe>ance ( decay ( race manife/ itself up to ! pres5t1 s t1 = all practical purposes1 ! leporide may be reg>d$ z an addition to ! di/9ct species ( animals4 ,! leporide fatt5s rapidly1 & ) b little exp5diture ( food4 ,sold at ! age ( f\r mon?s1 x realises1 9 ,france1 a price f\r times great] ?an t comm&$ by a rabbit ( ! same age2 & at a ye> old x weighs on an av]age t5 p\nds1 & sometimes z mu* z sixte5 p\nds4 ,x bre$s at f\r mon?s1 cont9ues ?irty days 9 ge/ation1 & ye>ly produces five or six litt]s ( f five to eight "y4 ,to produce ?is hybrid is by no means difficult4 ,a lev]et1 j old en\gh to disp5se ) ! mat]nal nutrim5t1 %\ld be plac$ ) a few doe rabbits ( 8 own age1 ap>t f o!r animals4 ,he w soon become famili> ) ! does1 & :5 !y atta9 ! age ( pub]ty1 all ! rabbits save "o or two %\ld be remov$4 ,spe$ily ^? left ) ! h>e w become ) "y1 ^u :i* !y %\ld be remov$1 & replac$ by o!rs4 ,aft] ?is ! h>e %\ld be kept 9 a hut* by himself1 & a doe left ) him at night only4 ,z ! h>e is naturally a v %y animal1 x w only bre$ :5 p]fect quietness prevails4 ,! half-br$ produc$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance %\ld n[ be put to ! h>e1 & a cross1 ?ree p>ts h>e1 & "o "p rabbit1 obta9$4 ,! p]man5t bre$ %\ld !n be obta9$ by cross+ ! quadroon doe leporide1 if ,i may use ! t]m1 ) ! half-br$ buck4 ,i h direct$ att5tion to ! production ( ! leporide because ,i believe t ! problems 9 relation to x1 :i* h be5 solv$ by ,m4 ,r\x1 h an important be>+ ^u ! bre$+ ( animals ( great] importance ?an h>es & rabbits4 ,"h we f9d a race ( animals produc$ by ! fusion ( two species1 :i* naturally exi/ 9 a /ate ( mutual enmity1 & :i* diff] 9 _m important respects4 ,! h>e & ! rabbit are respectively ( b little value z food1 at lea/ !y are ( no importance to ! fe$]2 yet a cross betwe5 !m turns out to be an excell5t meat-produc+ animal1 :i* may be re>$ ) consid]able pr(it to ! fe$]4 ,x is ?us cle>ly %[n t two k9ds ( animals1 nei!r ( :i* is ( great utility1 may give rise to an excell5t cross1 if _! blood1 s to speak1 be bl5d$ 9 prop] proportions4 ,a half-br$ animal may be less valuable ?an its p>5ts1 b a quadroon may greatly excel its prog5itors4 ,! goat & %eep are s closely relat$ t !y are class$ by naturali/s "u "o head--,capridae4 ,"s k9ds ( %eep h hair l goats1 & c]ta9 v>ieties ( goats h fleeces t closely resemble ^? on ! %eep4 ,!re are %eep ) horns1 & goats )\t ^? /rik+ app5dages4 ,! ,cape ( ,good ,hope goat might easily be mi/ak5 = a %eep4 ,x w\ld seem1 judg+ by ! results ( ,r\x's exp]im5ts1 t !re is no great difficulty 9 ! way ( obta9+ a cross betwe5 ! %eep & ! goat4 ,i d n mean an ord9>y half-bre$1 b a prolific hybrid simil> to ! leporide4 ,( c\rse1 x is impossible1 a priori1 to say :e!r or n su* a hybrid race1 suppos+ x produceable1 w\ld be valuable2 b z goats c f9d a subsi/5ce on m\nta9s :]e %eep w\ld />ve1 x is possible t an animal1 ess5tially a %eep1 b ) a /reak ( goat blood 9 x1 c\ld be pr(itably kept on v poor upl&s4 ,:e!r a race ( :at we might t]m caprides be =m$ or n we h d]iv$ mo/ sugge/ive in=mation f ,m4 ,r\x's exp]im5ts1 :i* ,i hope may be turn$ to acc\nt 9 :at is by f> ! mo/ important field ( enquiry1 ! judici\s cross+ ( v>ieties ( ! same species4 ,x is a quae/io vexata :e!r or n ! p>5ts g5]ally ex]cise diff]5t influ5ces ^u ! %ape & size ( _! (fspr+4 ,mr4 ,spoon] supports ! supposition--a v popul> "o--t ! sire gives %ape to ! ext]nal organs1 :il/ ! dam affects ! int]nal organisation4 ,i h consid]able d\bt z to ! probability ( ?is !ory4 ,! *ildr5 :o spr+ f ! union ( a :ite man ) a negress possess physical & intellectual qualities :i* are ne>ly if n q ! mean ( _! p>5ts2 b ! (fspr+ ( p>5ts1 bo? ( ! same race--be x ,caucasian1 ,mongolian1 or ,indian--frequ5tly con=m1 intellectually & corporeally1 to ei!r ( _! prog5itors4 ,?us1 ( ! *ildr5 ( a tall1 ?91 d>k man1 & a %ort1 fat1 fair woman1 "s w be l _! fa!r1 & ! o!rs w resemble _! "m1 or1 p]haps1 all may take aft] ei!r p>5t4 ,sometimes a *ild appe>s to be 9 e respect unlike its p>5ts1 & occasionally ! lik5ess ( an ance/or appe>s 9 a desc5dant1 9 :om no resemblance to 8 imm$iate prog5itors c be detect$4 ,x is highly probable t bo? p>5ts ex]cise1 "u mo/ circum/ances1 a jo9t influ5ce ^u ! qualities ( _! (fspr+1 b t "o ( !m may produce s mu* great] an effect t ! influ5ce ( ! o!r is n recognisable1 except p]haps to a v close obs]v]4 ,b ,i d\bt v mu* t any p>ticul> organ ( ! (fspr+ is1 z a rule1 m liable to ! influ5ce ( ! sire ?an ( ! dam1 or vice v]sa2 & ! bre$] :o believes t ! sire alone is conc]n$ 9 m\ld+ ! ext]nal =m ( ! (fspr+1 & :o consequ5tly pays no att5tion to ?is po9t 9 ! dam1 w (t5 f9d himself out 9 8 reckon+s4 ,9 ord] to be c]ta9 ( a satisfactory result1 ! dam %\ld 9 e respect be equal to ! sire4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ?is is n always ! case1 = z sires are s few z comp>$ ) ! numb] ( dams1 ! greate/ ef=ts h be5 direct$ t[>ds ! improvem5t ( ! =m]4 ,!re is1 or ought to be1 a famili> maxim ) bre$]s1 t l begets l1 or ! lik5ess ( an ance/or4 ,?is is a wise saw1 ( :i* !re are _m mod]n in/ances3 ! excell5cies or defects ( sire or dam are c]ta9 to be transmitt$ ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations1 ?\gh !y may n appe> 9 all4 ,z a g5]al rule1 good animals w produce a good1 & defective animals a defective1 (fspr+1 b x sometimes happ5s t a bull or c[1 ( ! be/ blood1 is decid$ly inf]ior1 :il/ really good animals are occasionally ! produce ( p>5ts ( l[ degree4 ,if ! defects or excell5cies ( animals 7 in]adicable !re w\ld be no ne$ = ! sci5ce ( bre$+2 b by ! cont9ual selection ( only ! mo/ sup]ior animals = bre$+ purposes ! defects ( a species gradually disappe>1 & ! good qualities are alone transmitt$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 animals t are us$ z food = man are to "s ext5t 9 an abnormal condition1 ! po9ts :i* may be excell5cies 9 t /ate1 w\ld n h be5 su* 9 ! orig9al condition ( ! animal4 ,we f9d1 !re=e1 t ! improv$ bre$s ( ox5 & %eep exhibit "s t5d5cy to rev]t to _! orig9al condition1 & x is only by close att5tion to ! diet1 bre$+1 & g5]al managem5t ( ^! animals t ?is t5d5cy c be successfully resi/$4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 an animal ( ev5 ! be/ bre$ w return to nature1 or w acquire "s undesirable quality2 su* an animal %\ld be reject$ = bre$+ purposes1 = its defects w\ld 9 all probability be transmitt$ to its desc5dants1 ne> or remote4 ,a case1 :i* admirably illu/rates ?is po9t1 is record$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahac1 & x is suffici5tly int]e/+ to be m5tion$ "h3-- ,se? ,wright1 :o possess$ a small f>m on ! ,*>les ,riv]1 ab\t sixte5 miles f ,bo/on1 _h a small flock1 consi/+ ( fifte5 ewes & "o ram4 ,"o ( ^! ewes1 9 #agia1 produc$ a s+ul>-%ap$ male lamb4 ,wright 0 advis$ to kill 8 =m] ram & keep ?is new "o 9 place ( x2 ! consequ5ce 01 ! =mation ( a new bre$ ( %eep1 :i* gradually spread ov] a consid]able "p ( ,new ,engl&1 b ! introduction ( ! ,m]9o has ne>ly de/roy$ !m aga94 ,?is new v>iety 0 call$ ! ,ott]1 or ,ankon bre$4 ,!y are rem>kable = ! %ortness ( _! legs1 & ! crook$ness ( _! =elegs1 l an elb[4 ,!y are mu* m feeble & mu* small] ?an ! common %eep1 & less able to break ov] l[ f5ces2 & ?is 0 ! reason ( _! be+ cont9u$ & propagat$4 ,"h we h an in/ance ( an animal propagat+ a defect ?r\gh a great numb] ( desc5dants1 ?\gh x _h n acquir$ x f its own ance/ors4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable t occasionally a male desc5dant ( ?is %ort-legg$ ram possess$ consid]ably long] organs ( locomotion ?an ! f\nd] ( 8 bre$2 &1 consequ5tly1 if select$ = bre$+ purposes might become ! f\nd] ( a long-legg$ v>iety1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 a c\ple ( pairs ( %ort-legs w\ld occasionally pres5t !mselves4 ,i h a notion t ! high] animals are 9 ! scale ( be+1 ! great] is _! t5d5cy to transmit _! acquir$ good or bad habits to _! po/]ity4 ,dogs are1 p]haps1 ! mo/ intellig5t ( ! inf]ior animals1 & x is well kn[n t !y transmit to _! (fspr+ _! acquir$ z well z _! natural habits4 ,i d\bt v mu* t ^? mo/ /upid ( creatures1 gu9ea-pigs1 possess ?is prop]ty 9 any s5sible degree2 or1 inde$1 t l ! can9e tribe1 !y c be readily made to acquire artificial peculi>ities3 b !re once fl\ri%$ a le>n$ pig1 & x w\ld be wor? inquir+ :e!r or n its desc5dants1 l ! desc5dants ( ! tra9$ sett]1 & po9t]1 7 at all b5efit$ by ! education ( _! ance/or4 ,i %all conclude ?is "p ( my subject 9 ! words ( ,pr(essor ,tann]3 ,9 all cases :]e ! bre$ has be5 c>efully pres]v$ pure1 great b5efit w result f do+ s4 ,! "* ( a bre$ becomes m & m conc5trat$ & confirm$ 9 a p$igree animal1 & ?is "* is r5d]$ m fully h]$it>y 9 proportion to ! numb] ( g5]ations ?r\gh :i* x has be5 transmitt$4 ,by ! aid ( p$igree1 purity ( blood may be insur$1 & a sy/ematic plan adopt$ by :i* we c p]petuate di/9ct families1 & !reby obta9 a *ange ( blood )\t its be+ a cross4 ,x is evid5t t any "o adopt+ a sy/ematic arrangem5t w be able to d ?is m effectually ?an ano!r )\t ?is aid4 ,?is is ! m important :5 ! numb] ( families is small1 z is ! case ) ,devons & ,h]e=ds1 especially ! =m]4 ,! individual animals f :i* ! ,devons are desc5d$ are v limit$ 9 numb]1 & 9 a few h&s2 b1 ) "s hon\rable exceptions1 little att5tion is giv5 to ?is po9t4 ,! importance is r5d]$ evid5t by ! decreas+ size ( ! bre$1 ! numb] ( b>r5 heif]s1 & ! increas$ delicacy ( con/itution %[n 9 ! /ock ( _m bre$]s ( t di/rict :o are n p>ticul> 9 ?is respect4 ,! contra/ betwe5 su* h]ds1 & ^? 9 :i* m c>e & judgm5t are ex]cis$1 r5d]s ! advantages ( att5tion to p$igree v evid5t2 = "h ! /r5g? ( con/itution is reta9$1 toge!r ) _m ( ! advantages ( ?is valuable bre$4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,! ,,bre$s ,,( ,,/ock4 ,! nature ( ! animal det]m9es1 z ,i h already /at$1 ! proportion ( its food c>ri$ (f 9 its increase2 b ?is po9t is also greatly influ5c$ by its v>iety1 or bre$4 ,c]ta9 bre$s :i* h = a long p]iod be5 kept on bulky food1 & oblig$ to roam 9 que/ ( x1 appe> to h acquir$ a normal t5d5cy to leanness4 ,no d\bt1 if !y 7 suppli$ ) highly nutriti\s food = _m successive g5]ations1 ^! bre$s might ev5tually exhibit z great a t5d5cy to fatt5 z !y n[ d to rema9 9 a lean condition4 ,z x is1 ! horn$ cattle ( ,k]ry1 ,wales1 & "s o!r regions1 r>ely become fat1 no matt] h[ abundantly !y may be suppli$ ) fatt5+ food4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,h]e=ds1 b m especially ! ,%or?orns1 exhibit a natural disposition to obesity1 & su* animals alone %\ld be /all-f$4 ,x is notewor?y t animals :i* are naturally dispos$ to yield abundance ( milk are (t5 ! be/ adapt$ = fatt5+2 b x w\ld appe> t ! cont9u\s use ( highly fatt5+ food1 & ! obs]vance ( ! v>i\s o!r conditions 9 ! =c+ sy/em1 dim9i% ! activity ( ! lacteal secretion1 & increase ! t5d5cy to fatness 9 ! races ( ! bov9e tribe4 ,! ,%or?orns 7 at "o "t fam\s = _! milk+ capabilities1 b latt]ly _! galactophoric reputation has greatly decl9$4 ,/ill ,i am dispos$ to believe1 t if "s ( ^? animals 7 plac$ "u conditions favorable to ! improvem5t ( dairy /ock1 h]ds ( ,%or?orn mil* c[s c\ld be obta9$ :i* w\ld vie 9 _! own l9e ) ! fam\s fat-dispos$ ox5 ( ! same bre$4 ,9 %eep ! t5d5cy to e>ly maturity & to fatt5 is greatly influ5c$ by ! bre$4 ,! ,leice/]1 ev5 :5 kept on inf]ior pa/ure1 fatt5s s rapidly t 9 eighte5 mon?s x is fit = ! but*]2 :il/ ! ,m]9o1 ?\gh suppli$ ) excell5t h]bage1 mu/ be pres]v$ = ne>ly f\r ye>s be=e x is ready = ! %ambles4 ,! cross+ ( good h]ds has result$ 9 ! developm5t ( num]\s v>ieties1 all rem>kable = _! aptitude to fatt5 & to arrive e>ly at maturity4 ,! ,leice/]--itself suppos$ to be a cross--has greatly improv$ ! ,l9coln1 & ! ,hamp%ire & ,s\?d[n h produc$ an excell5t cross4 ,( c\rse1 ea* bre$ & cross has its admir]s2 inde$1 ! diff]5ces ( op9ion :i* prevail 9 relation to ! relative m]its ( ! ,l9coln & ! ,leice/]--! ,s\?d[n & ! ,%rop%ir$[n--! ,dorset & ! ,som]set--occasionally culm9ate into newspap] controv]sies ( an exce$+ly asc]b "*4 ,!re is no d\bt b t p>ticul> bre$s ( %eep ?rive 9 localities & "u conditions :i* are inimical to o!r v>ieties2 b /ill x is equally evid5t t1 caet]is p>ibus1 "o k9d ( %eep w /ore up 9 its increase a l>g] proportion ( its food ?an ano!r k9d1 & w arrive e>li] at maturity4 ,x is ! k ( ?is fact :i* has l$ to ! great e/imation 9 :i* are held "s half-doz5 out ( ! num]\s bre$s & cross-bre$s ( t animal4 ,9 #ahfa an int]e/+ exp]im5t 0 made by ! ,p>l+ton ,f>m]s' ,club ) ! object ( te/+ ! relative m]its ( sev]al v>ieties ( %eep4 ,! results are %[n 9 ! tables3-- ,,table ,i4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,live ,weight ( ,six ,we!rs ,weights ga9$ :5 ,%orn1 #bf? ,febru>y1 #ahfb4 dur+ ! "t ( --------------------------- ,fe$+ f ! ,weight ( ,mutton :5 #aa? ,novemb]1 #ahfa1 ,description ( ,slaught]$4 to #ad? ,febru>y1 #ahfb4 ,class ( ,%eep4 --------------------------------------- ,weight,weight,weight ( ( ( ,9 ,live ,9 ,9 ,tall[ ,wool4,pelts4,weight4,mutton4 ,wool4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- /4 lb4/4 lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4/4 lb4/4 lb4lb4 oz4 ,cross f ! ,teeswat] #he #c #ec #a #ajf #dc #he #ac #g #h #f #ad #e ,nor? ,%eep #hc #ab #ec #ab #ifdc-a_/b #hc #ab #aa #h #c #ad #h ,l9colns #ib #a #ei #ab #aje #ff #ajc #af #a #aj #g #bb #j ,s\? ,d[ns #ga #j #dg #g #ig-a_/d #bhfe-c_/d #aa #ac #h #j #i #e ,%rop%ire ,d[ns #he #f #ec #a #ajcdb-a_/b #ia #ae #aa #i #ab #ad #c ,leice/]s #hj #i #ec #d #ij-a_/b #ddgh-a_/b #ad #aj #i #aj #ad #aa ,cotswolds #gf #e #dg #f #gi #ed #ij #ab #f #g #aa #ah #j ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,table ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,value ( ! prec$+ ,food ,description ,mutton & ,wool s ga9$4 consum$ ( ,%eep4 ---------------------------------------- --- dur+ ,price ( ! ,mutton4 ,price ( ! ,wool4 "t ( ,fe$+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,swd4 ,lnd4 p4 lb4 p4 lb4 ,tnp4 ,cke4 ------- ------- ---------- d4 ,l s4 d4 d4 ,l s4 d4 /4 lb4 ,teeswat]1 ,cross #f #b #ai #j #ah #a #a #f #igh #cjj ,nor? ,%rop%ire #f #b #ag #f #ag-a_/b #a #a #a-c_/d #iad #cjj ,l9coln%ire#af #e-c_/d #c #aj #e-a_/d #ah #a #ac #j #icf #cfc ,s\?d[ns #f-a_/b #c #j #h #ag #j #ac #b-a_/b #fhd #cjj ,%rop%ire #f-a_/d #c #aa #aj-a_/b #ag-a_/b #a #j #g-c_/d #ibd #cjj ,leice/] #e-c_/d #c #e #b #ah #a #b #j #hgg #cjj ,cotswolds #f #b #ad #f #ah #a #g #j #ibf #cjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,value ( ! ,value ( ,food ,food1 ,calculat+ ,value ( d$uct$ f ,value ,description ,turnips at #fs4 ! ,mutton ( ,mutton & ,wool1 ( ,%eep4 #h;d41 & ,cake at & ,wool4 %[+ real value ( ,l#aj #ajs4 p] ton4 ! diff]5t %eep4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,l s4 d4 ,l s4 d4 ,l s4 d4 ,teeswat]1 ,cross #c #h #aj-a_/b #d #j #f #j #aa #g ,nor? ,%rop%ire #c #f #b-a_/b #c #ah #g-c_/d #j #ab #e ,l9coln%ire#af #c #ac #j-a_/d #e #c #e-a_/d #a #aj #e ,s\?d[ns #b #af #g-a_/b #c #ac #aj-a_/b #j #ag #c ,%rop%ire #c #f #g-c_/d #d #ab #f-a_/d #a #e #aj ,leice/] #c #d #h #d #g #b #a #b #f ,cotswolds #c #f #h-a_/b #d #a #f #j #ad #i-a_/b ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,^! results1 tak5 ) ! cu/om>y gra9 ( salt1 tell well = ! improv$ ,l9coln2 !y also cle>ly %[ ! aptitude to fatt51 )\t mu* loss 9 (fal1 ( ! ,leice/]2#ag & !y comm5d to ! lov] ( good mutton ! ,%rop%ire & ,s\?-,d[ns4 ,9 ! sixte5? volume ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&1 ,mr4 ,lawes gives "s valuable in=mation relative to ! comp>ative fatt5+ qualities ( diff]5t bre$s ( %eep4 ,! foll[+ table1 on ?is au?or's au?ority1 %[s ! av]age food consum$ 9 produc+ #ajj lbs4 increase 9 live weight3-- ,bre$4 ,oil ,cake4 ,clov]4 ,sw$es4 ,sussex #big-a_/d #bhe-a_/b #c4hce-c_/d ,hamp%ire #bia-a_/b #bfa-a_/d #c4iff-c_/d ,cross-br$ ,we!rs #bfd-a_/b #bea-c_/d #c4gbe-a_/d ,d4 ,ewes #bfc-a_/b #bej-a_/d #c4fga ,leice/]s #bfc-c_/d #bea-a_/d #c4gfa ,cotswolds #bec-a_/b #baf-c_/d #c4eeg-a_/b ,"s bre$s are pr(itably kept 9 c]ta9 localities1 :]e o!r k9ds w\ld n pay s well3 = example1 ! ,devons1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,smi?1 are bett] adapt$ ?an l>g] bre$s = conv]t+ ! produce ( cold & hilly pa/ures into meat4 ,x is rem>kable t ne>ly all ! be/ exi/+ bre$s ( ox5 & %eep are crosses4 ,major ,rudd /ates t ! dam ( ,hubback1 ! fam\s f\nd] ( pure improv$ ,%or?orns1 ow$ h] prop5sity to fatt5 to an admixture ( ,kyloe blood1 & also t ! sire ( ,hubback _h a /a9 ( ,ald]ney1 or ,norm&y blood4 ,al?\gh ! ,rudd acc\nt ( ! ance/ry ( ,hubback is n accept$ by all ! hi/orians ( ?is spl5did bre$ ( cattle1 !re is no d\bt b t ! bre$ owes its orig9 z mu* to judici\s cross+ z to c>eful selection ( sires & dams4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be imag9$ t !re are no good pure races ( /ock4 ,!re is a p]fectly pure1 b n[ sc>ce1 tribe ( ,k]ry ox51 admirably adapt$ to poor upl&s4 ,! excell5t ,s\?d[n %eep1 ?\gh 9 e respect imm5sely sup]ior to _! ance/ors 9 ! la/ c5tury1 h n atta9$ to _! pres5t sup]ior /ate by cross+4 ,! high value plac$ by bre$]s ^u good sires & dams 9 ! approv$ bre$s ( /ock is %[n by ! l>ge sums :i* !y frequ5tly realise at sales1 or :5 ! =m] are let out = s]vice4 ,bakewell receiv$ 9 "o season = ! use ( a ram #djj gu9eas ea* f two bre$]s1 & !y did n reta9 ! animal dur+ ! :ole season4 ,sev]al hundr$ gu9eas h lately be5 m ?an once paid = a celebrat$ tup4 ,colonel ,t[neley's ,%or?orn bull1 ,ma/] ,butt]fly1 01 n long s9ce1 dispos$ ( to an ,au/ralian buy] = ,l#a1bfj4 ,at ! sale ( ,mr4 ,bates's /ock 9 #ahej1 a /ock ( ,%or?orns1 includ+ calves1 br\ght on ! av]age ,l#aaf #es4 p] head4 ,at ! ,e>l ,ducie's sale 9 #aheb1 a ?ree ye> old c[--,du*ess--realis$ #gjj gu9eas4 ,! color ( an animal is1 to "s ext5t1 a crit]ion ( ! purity ( its bre$4 ,roan is a fav\rite hue ) ! bre$]s ( ,%or?orns4 ,!re h be5 celebrat$ sires & dams ( t bre$ p]fectly :ite2 b t color1 or r abs5ce ( color1 is n[ some:at unpopul>1 p>tly f ! idea t x is a sign ( weakness ( con/itution--a notion = :i* !re appe>s to me to be no f\ndation 9 fact4 ,! slighte/ spot ( black1 or ev5 a v d>k %ade1 is reg>d$ to be a blemi% ( ! mo/ s]i\s k9d :5 obs]v$ on ! pelt ( a ,%or?orn4 ,! ,h]e=ds are p>tly :ite1 p>tly r$2 ! ,devon possesses 9 g5]al a deep r$ hue2 ! ,suffolks are usually ( a dun or fa9t r$di% t9t2 ! ,ayr%ires are commonly spott$ :ite & r$2 & ! ,k]rys are se5 9 e %ade betwe5 a jet black & a deep r$4 ,uni=mity 9 color w\ld be mo/ desirable 9 ! case ( ea* v>iety1 & ?is object c\ld easily be atta9$ if bre$]s devot$ "s att5tion to x4 ,! ,=m ( ,animals4--,! functions ( an animal are arrang$ by ,bi*at1 an em95t physiologi/1 into two classes--^? relat+ to its nutrition1 & ^? exhibit$ by its muscul> & m5tal sy/ems4 ,! fir/ class ( functions comprise ! vegetative1 or organic life ( ! animal1 & ! second class con/itute its relative life4 ,adopt+ ?is arrangem5t1 we may say1 !n1 t ^? animals 9 :i* ! vegetative life is f> m en]getic ?an ! relative life are be/ suit$ = ! purposes ( ! fe$]4 ,9 tig]s1 wolves1 & dogs ! relative life pr$om9ates ov] ! vegetative2 ! muscles are almo/ con/antly 9 a high degree ( t5sion1 & ! processes ( nutrition are 9 con/ant requisition to supply ! wa/e ( muscle4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ox51 %eep1 & pigs1 at lea/ :5 9 a /ate ( dome/icity1 ! muscles are n highly develop$2 !y d n l>gely tax ! vegetative processes1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! sub/ances elaborat$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! vegetative life rapidly increase4 ,! =m ( an animal is !re=e ma9ly det]m9$ by ! activity ( its relative life4 ,9 a greyh\nd1 ! n]v\s p[] ( :i* is highly develop$1 ! muscles are l>ge & well-knit1 ! /oma*1 int5d$ = ! reception ( conc5trat$ nutrim5t only1 is small1 & ! lungs are exce$+ly capaci\s4 ,9 su* an animal ! arrangem5ts = ! rapid exp5diture ( n]v\s p[] mu/ be p]fect4 ,x is n m]ely necess>y t its muscles %\ld be l>ge & p[]ful1 its lungs mu/ also admit ( deep inspirations ( oxyg51 :]eby ! motive p[] wield$ by ^! muscles may be rapidly g5]at$4 ,n[1 an animal exactly opposite 9 organisation to ! greyh\nd w\ld1 accord+ to !ory1 be j ! k9d to select = ! production ( meat4 ,! greyh\nd & ! horse exp5d all _! food 9 ! production ( motive p[]2 ! ox & ! %eep1 be+ end[$ ) b a feeble muscul> organisation1 use a small] proportion ( _! food = c>ry+ on ! functions ( _! relative life1 consequ5tly1 ! weight ( _! bodies is augm5t$ by ! surplus nutrim5t4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t an animal ( a lymphatic temp]am5t1 an indol5t disposition1 a l[ degree ( n]v\s p[]1 & a t5d5cy to rapid gr[?1 is ! beau ideal ( a meat-manufactur+ ma*9e4 ,n[1 z ! l>g] ! lungs ( an animal are1 ! great] is its capacity = burn+1 or consum+ its tissues1 "o might suppose t small lungs w\ld be a desid]atum 9 an ox1 or o!r animal de/9$ = ! %ambles4 ,?is appe>s to be ,liebig's op9ion1 = 9 "o ( 8 books he /ates t a n>r[ *e/ 7small lungs7 is consid]$ by exp]i5c$ agriculturi/s a sure sign1 9 pigs1 = example1 ( easy fatt5+2 & ! same rem>k applies to c[s1 9 ref]5ce to ! produce ( milk--t is1 ( butt]4 ,on ?is subject ,pr(essor ,tann] makes ! foll[+ rem>ks1 9 8 excell5t ,essay on ,bre$+ & ,re>+ ,cattle3#ah--;,9 our high-br$ animals we f9d a small liv] & a small lung1 accompani$ ) a g5tle & peaceful disposition4 ,n[1 ^! conditions1 :i* are s desirable = produc+ fat1 are equally favorable = yield+ butt]4 ,! dim9i%$ organs economise ! consumption ( ! c>bonace\s matt]s 9 ! blood1 h5ce1 m rema9s = conv]sion into fat1 b equally prep>$ = yield+ cream1 if ! t5d5cy ( ! animal is equally favorable to ! same4 ,"o w\ld imag9e1 f ! =ego+ passage1 t ,mr4 ,tann] & ,b>on ,liebig co9cid$ 9 believ+ small lungs necess>y to rapid fatt5+2 b 9 ano!r "p ( 8 essay1 ,tann] ?us describes "o ( ! po9ts indicative ( a t5d5cy to fatt5 e>ly3--,! *e/ %\ld be bold & prom95t1 wide & deep1 furni%$ ) a deep b n co>se dewlap4 ,on comp>+ ! two passages :i* ,i h quot$ f ,tann]'s essay1 a contradiction is app>5t4 ,mr4 ,b[ly1 ,major ,rudd1 & o!r em95t bre$]s & fe$]s1 appe> to reg>d a capaci\s *e/ z ! be/ sign ( a fatt5+ prop]ty :i* an animal c\ld %[4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t h record$ ! weights ( ! visc]a ( a numb] ( animals :i*1 ?\gh suppli$ ) equal quantities ( ! same k9d ( food1 atta9$ to diff]5t degrees ( fatness4 ,on c>efully scrut9is+ ^! records1 ,i fail$ to p]ceive any con/ant relation betwe5 ! weight ( _! lungs & _! t5d5cy to fatt5 rapidly4 ,"s animals ) l>ge lungs conv]t$ a l>g] proportion ( _! food into meat ?an o!rs ) small] respiratory organs1 & vice v]sa4 ,9 a /ate ( nature1 !re is no d\bt b t ! lungs ( ! ox & ( ! %eep are mod]ately l>ge2 & x is evid5t t 9 _! case1 z well z 9 t ( man1 ov]-fe$+ & conf9em5t t5d to dim9i% _! muscul> en]gy1 &1 ( c\rse1 to decrease ! capacity ( ! lungs4 ,t su* a practice does n t5d to ! improvem5t ( ! heal? ( an animal is p]fectly evid5t1 b !n ! p]fect ox ( nature is v diff]5t f ! p]fect ox ( man4 ,! latt] is a wide dep>ture f ! orig9al type ( its species3 any m>k$ developm5t ( its n]v\s sy/em is undesirable2 & x is valuable 9 proportion z its purely vegetative functions are mo/ /rongly manife/$4 ,a "y bullock1 !re=e1 ( ?is k9d w\ld1 no d\bt1 be ! mo/ economical k9d to re>1 provid$ t x 0 p]fectly heal?y1 & capable ( assimilat+ ! lib]al am\nt ( food suppli$ to x4 ,b x r>ely happ5s t a "y animal ) a weakly *e/ turns out o!r ?an a scr(ul\s or o!rwise diseas$ adult4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ,i am dispos$ to believe t :il/ naturally small-lung$ species may be m prone to fatt5 ?an l>ge-*e/$ ones1 x is n ! case t small-*e/$ individuals fatt5 m rapidly ?an l>g] lung$ individuals ( ! same k9d4 ,! conditions "u :i* ox51 %eep1 & pigs h be5 s long ma9ta9$ 9 civilis$ c\ntries1 mu/ h dim9i%$ ! capacity ( _! *e/s 9 relation to o!r p>ts ( _! bodies2 & x may be fairly d\bt$ if any good c\ld result by r$uc+ to /ill small] dim5sions ^? mo/ important organs4 ,probably ! lungs & he>ts ( ! improv$ bre$s ( /ock are already too small1 & t x is only ! individuals :i* are lea/ affect$ 9 ?is respect t answ] to ,mr4 ,b[ly's description ( a fat-dispos$ bea/4 ,:e!r or n small lungs are desirable 9 a bullock or mil* c[1 x is c]ta9 t a ram or a bull %\ld be possess$ ( a capaci\s *e/1 = o!rwise he w h b little vig\r1 & w be likely to produce a weakly (fspr+4 ,a sire %\ld be a p]fectly develop$ animal 9 e respect--s\nd lungs & he>t1 & n ov] fat4 ,x is suffici5t t x belongs to a good fatt5+ bre$2 b to produce (fspr+ ) a t5d5cy to fatness & e>ly maturity1 x is n necess>y t ! sire %\ld himself be obese4 ,x is to be regrett$ t s _m sires ( ! ,%or?orns & o!r improv$ v>ieties %\ld be us$ = bre$+ purposes1 :5 _! he>ts & lungs h become1 by ov]-fe$+ ! animals1 unfitt$ = ! prop] dis*>ge ( _! function4 ,! prog5y ( su* sires mu/ naturally inh]it ! acquir$ ta9t ( _! diseas$ prog5itors1 & prove weakly & unheal?y animals4 ,) respect to ! g5]al outl9e /ructure ( a bull1 he %\ld h a small1 well-set head1 r\nd$ ribs1 /raight legs1 small bones1 & s\nd int]nal organs4 ,! foll[+ are consid]$ to be ! be/ po9ts 9 a ,%or?orn bull3--,a %ort & mod]ately small head1 ) tap]+ muzzle & broad =ehead1 furni%$ ) %ort1 :ite1 curv$1 graceful look+ horns2 bright1 yet mild1 l>ge eyes1 plac$ 9 prom95t orbits2 dilat$ no/rils1 & fle%-color$ nose1 & long1 ?9 e>s4 ,! neck %\ld be broad1 deep1 & muscul>1 slop+ 9 a graceful l9e f ! %\ld] to ! head4 ,! *e/ %\ld be wide1 deep1 project+1 b level 9 front4 ,! %\ld]s %\ld be oblique1 ! blades well set 9 t[>ds ! ribs4 ,! =elegs %\ld be /\t1 muscul> above ! knee1 & sl5d] bel[ x2 ! h9d legs %\ld be sl5d] to ! hock1 & f !nce increase 9 ?ickness to ! buttocks1 :i* %\ld be well develop$4 ,! c>cass %\ld be well r\nd$ at ea* side1 b level on ! back & on ! belly4 ,!re %\ld be no holl[s betwe5 ! %\ld] & ! ribs1 ! l9e f ! highe/ "p ( ! %\ld] to ! ins]tion ( ! tail %\ld be a p]fect level4 ,! flank %\ld be full1 ! lo9s broad1 & ! tail f9ely =m$ & only p>tially cov]$ ) hair4 ,! sk9 is a prime po9t3 x mu/ be cov]$ ) hair ( a roan1 or o!r fa%ionable color1 & communicate to ! h& ( ! exp]i5c$ feel]1 a peculi> s5sation1 :i* x is impossible to describe4 ,) reg>d to ?is po9t1 ,i _c d bett] ?an quote ! words ( an exp]i5c$ h&l]3-- ,a nice or good judge ( cattle or %eep1 ) a slight t\* ( ! f+]s ^u ! fatt+ po9ts ( ! animal--viz41 ! hips1 rump1 ribs1 flanks1 brea/1 twi/1 %\ld] score1 c4 w "k imm$iately :e!r x w make fat or n1 & 9 :i* "p x w be ! fatte/4 ,i h (t5 wi%$ to convey 9 language t idea or s5sation we acquire by ! t\* or feel ( our f+]s1 :i* enables u to =m a judgm5t :5 we are h&l+ an animal int5d$ to be fatt$1 b ,i h z (t5 f\nd myself unequal to t wi%4 ,x is v easy to "k :]e an animal is fatte/ :i* is already made fat1 because we c evid5tly feel a sub/ance or quantity ( fat--all ^? p>ts :i* are d5om9at$ ! fatt+ po9ts2 b ! difficulty is to expla9 h[ we "k or di/+ui% animals1 9 a lean /ate1 :i* w make fat & :i* w n--or r1 :i* w make fat 9 su* po9ts or p>ts1 & n 9 o!rs--:i* a p]son ( judgm5t 79 practice7 c tell1 z x 71 in/antane\sly4 ,i say 9 practice1 because ,i believe t ! be/ judges out ( practice are n able to judge ) precision--at lea/1 ,i am n4 ,we say ?is bea/ t\*es nicely ^u its ribs1 hips1 c41 c41 because we f9d a mell[1 pleasant feel on ^? p>ts2 b we d n say s(t1 because !re are "s ( ?is same sort ( animals :i* h a s(t1 loose h&le1 ( :i* we d n approve1 because1 ?\gh s(t & loose1 h n ! mell[ feel above m5tion$4 ,= ?\gh !y bo? h&le s(t & loose1 yet we "k t ! "o w make fat & ! o!r w n2 & 9 ?is lies ! difficulty ( ! explanation4 ,we cle>ly f9d a p>ticul> k9dl9ess or pleasantness 9 ! feel ( ! "o mu* sup]ior to ! o!r1 by :i* we imm$iately conclude t ?is w make fat1 & ! o!r n s fat2 & 9 ?is a p]son ( judgm5t1 & 9 practice1 is v seldom mi/ak54 ,9 _m respects ! good po9ts 9 a ,%or?orn c[ resemble ^? 9 ! male ( t bre$1 b 9 o!rs !re is consid]able diff]5ce4 ,z ,i h describ$ 9 prose ! excell5cies :i* a bull %\ld possess1 ,i w n[ give a poetical summ>y ( ! good po9ts ( a c[ ( t bre$1 extract$ f ! ,j\rnal ( ,agriculture1 & compos$ evid5tly by an excell5t bre$] & poet1 ,mr4 ,c>r3-- ,! foll[+ features con/itute1 ,i tr[1 ,! beau ideal ( a %ort-horn c[3-- ,frame massive1 r\nd1 deep-b>rell'd1 & /raight-back'd2 ,h9d qu>t]s level1 l5g?y1 & well pack'd2 ,?ighs wide1 fle%'d inw>ds1 plumb almo/ to hock2 ,twi/ deep1 conjo9+ ?ighs 9 "o squ>e block2 ,lo9 broad & flat1 ?ick fle%'d1 & free f dip2 ,back ribs well home1 ar*'d ev5 ) ! hip2 ,hips flu% ) back1 s(t-cu%ion'd1 n too wide2 ,flanks full & deep1 well =w>d on ! side2 ,=e ribs well-fle%'d1 & r\nd$ l a drum2 ,=e flanks t ev5 ) ! elb[ come2 ,crop b>rell'd flu% ) %\ld]s & ) side2 ,gir? l>ge & r\nd--n deep alone1 b wide2 ,%\ld]s slop$ back1 ?ick cov]'d wide at *9e2 ,po9ts snug1 well-fle%'d1 to dew-lap tap]+ f9e2 ,neck ve9 fill'd up to well-clo!d %\ld]-po9t2 ,arm full above1 turn'd 9 at elb[-jo9t2 ,legs %ort & /raight1 f9e bon$ 'nea? hock & knee2 ,belly cyl9drical1 f droop+ free2 ,*e/ wide betwe5 ! legs1 ) d[nw>d sweep2 ,brisket r\nd1 massive1 prom95t1 & deep2 ,neck f9e at head1 fa/ ?ick5+ t[>ds its base2 ,head small1 scope wide1 f9e muzzle & di%'d face2 ,eyes prom95t & bright1 yet s(t & mild2 ,horns waxy1 cle>1 ( m$ium size1 unfil$2 ,tail f9e1 neat hung1 rectangul> ) back2 ,hide s(t1 sub/antial1 yield+1 b n slack2 ,hair furry1 f9e1 ?ick set1 ( col\r sm>t2 ,udd] well =w>d1 ) teats wide ap>t4 ,^! po9ts proportion'd well delight ! eye ,( grazi]1 dairyman1 & pass]-by2 ,& ^! to m fa/idi\s m9ds convey ,appe>ance /yli%1 fem99e1 & gay4 ,bre$s ( ! ,ox4--,! ,%or?orn$ cattle are n[ g5]ally reg>d$ z ! mo/ valuable bre$ 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,!y are ! desc5dants ( a %ort-horn$ bre$ ( cattle :i* exi/$ = c5turies 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,engl&4 ,!y 7 n held 9 mu* e/imation1 _! fle% be+ co>se2 b ! c[s ( ?is bre$ yield$ abundance ( milk4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ?is bre$1 x is said1 0 greatly improv$ by a l>ge infusion ( blood f ,dut* ,%or?orns3 b x is v d\btful t any su* ev5t took place1 = dur+ t p]iod ! importation ( cattle into ,great ,brita9 0 prohibit$ by v /r+5t laws4 ,! pres5t race ( ,%or?orns owe mo/ ( _! valuable qualities to ! bro!rs1 ,*>les & ,rob]t ,coll+1 ( ! c\nty ( ,durham4 ,! =m] 0 ! m successful bre$]1 & e/abli%$ ! celebrat$ bre$ ( ,ketton ,%or?orns4 ,8 :ole process appe>s to h consi/$ 9 ! c>eful selection ( p>5ts1 & 9 close bre$+4 ,he mu/1 h[ev]1 h be5 an admirable judge ( ! good po9ts ( ! ox1 = beg9n+ ) animals n wor? m on an av]age ?an ,l#aj ea*1 he produc$ 9 less ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury a /ock wor? on ! av]age ,l#aej ea*4 ,! mo/ fam\s bull ( ,*>les ,coll+'s 0 ,comet4 ,! sale ( ?is animal realis$ ! h&some sum ( #a1jjj gu9eas4 ,! bull ,hubback is said by _m writ]s to h be5 ! great improv] ( ,%or?orn blood4 ,he 0 b\ght by ,rob]t ,coll+ = ! trifl+ sum ( ,l#h2 b al?\gh ?is animal 0 kept by bo? ,coll+s = ?ree ye>s1 !re is good reason to believe t !y made b little use ( him4 ,x w\ld appe>1 inde$1 t to ! c[s fir/ us$ by ! ,coll+s--,lady ,mayn>d1 & "y ,/rawb]ry--_m ( ! good qualities ( ?is bre$ are traceable4 ,%or?orns are n[ to be f\nd 9 almo/ e "p ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 capable ( ma9ta9+ heavy /ock4 ,9 ,irel& ! bre$ has be5 greatly improv$1 & x is gradually supplant+ mo/ ( ! o!r v>ieties4 ,%or?orn males h a %ort1 wide head1 cov]$ v (t5 ) %ort curly hair2 ! muzzle is tap]2 ! e> r long & n>r[2 ! eye l>ge1 & bright1 & mild4 ,! %ape is symmetrical1 ! c>cass deep1 ! back level1 ribs spread+ out widely1 & ! limbs f9e4 ,! color is a mixture ( r$ & :ite1 sometimes a ri* roan4 ,! females are n s l>ge 9 ! head1 :i* tap]s m1 & ! neck is mu* ?9n]4 ,! ,,devons are n s l>ge z ! ,%or?orns4 ,_! %ape is symmetrical2 f9e head1 horns ( m$ium size1 (t5 tap]+ gracefully2 ri* r$ or orange r$ color2 =e-qu>t]s r oblique4 ,! meat ( ?is bre$ is mu* e/eem$3 !y yield excell5t milk1 b 9 r limit$ quantity2 & ! bullocks answ] ! pl\gh mu* bett] ?an _m o!r k9ds d4 ,^! animals arrive e>ly at maturity4 ,! ,,h]e=ds are a r small-bon$ bre$2 _! horns are m$ium siz$1 /raight or slightly curv$ upw>ds2 _! color is d>k r$2 neat %\ld]s1 ?9 ?ighs1 & wide sirlo94 ,!y fatt5 well1 b are n g5]ally kept on dairy f>ms4 ,9 _m respects !y resemble ! ,devons4 ,! ,,ayr%ires h a tap]+ head1 f9e neck1 & l>ge1 bony1 b n co>se c>cass2 flat ribs2 %ort & r ugly horns2 _! sk9 is s(t1 & cov]$ ) hair1 :i* is usually r$ & :ite 9 spots4 ,! ,ayr%ire c[s are invaluable = dairy purposes4 ,! ,,poll$ ,,angus1 ,,poll$ ,,ab]de5s1 & ,,poll$ ,,gall[ays are v l>ge cattle1 ) big heads1 unfurni%$ ) horns4 ,_! color is 9 g5]al a decid$ black1 b occasionally x exhibits a mixture ( black & :ite4 ,_! fle% is 9 g5]al n ( ! be/ quality1 b "s ( _! crosses ) ,%or?orns yield excell5t meat1 & at an e>ly age1 too4 ,! ,,kyloes are a bre$ peculi> to ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&4 ,!y are r r\gh1 b v picturesque animals1 cov]$ ) long1 %aggy hair4 ,_! horns are r long1 & curve upw>ds4 ,_! hair is diff]5tly color$--r$1 yell[1 dun1 & black1 ! latt] be+ ! prevail+ hue4 ,no v>iety ( ! ox yields a sweet] meat ?an ! ,kyloes1 & o!r m\nta9 bre$s ( ^! c\ntries4 ,! animals1 h[ev]1 arrive sl[ly to maturity1 & 9 ?is respect !re is great room = improvem5t4 ,^! m\nta9-br$ animals are n[ transf]r$ 9 l>ge numb]s to l[l& tillage f>ms1 :]e ! fatt5+ process is m exp$iti\sly p]=m$4 ,!re are excell5t crosses betwe5 ,%or?orn bulls & ,highl& c[s4 ,,longhorn$ ,,cattle are rapidly advanc+ t[>ds ext9ction4 ,at "o "t !y 7 ! *ief bre$ kept by mo/ f>m]s4 ,9 g5]al !y may be reg>d$ z an inf]ior v>iety1 be+ sl[ fe$]s1 & produc+ r co>se beef4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 capable ( great improvem5t1 z in/anc$ 9 ! case ( ,bakewell's celebrat$ ,longhorn h]ds4 ,! ,,k]rys are a dim9utive bre$1 peculi> to ,irel&4 ,!y h small heads1 f9e necks1 f9e horns ( m$ium l5g?1 & curv$ upw>ds ne> _! summits4 ,!y h a s(t sk92 ! hair is g5]ally black1 int]sp]s$ ) a few :ite /reaks2 sometimes _! color is r$1 & occasionally br[n4 ,!y are a v h>dy race1 be+ indig5\s to m\nta9s4 ,_! fle% is v good1 m especially if ! animals h be5 kept on fatt5+ food4 ,! ,k]rys are good mil* c[s4 ,! ,,ald]neys are a small race ( ox5 ) de]-l faces4 ,!y exhibit v>i\s %ades ( r$1 :ite1 br[n1 & roan4 ,no c[s yield bett] milk1 or l>g] quantities ( t fluid4 ,%eep4--,! diff]5t bre$s ( %eep are classifi$ "u ?ree heads--viz41 ,long-wooll$1 ,%ort-wooll$1 & ,middle-wooll$4 ,! ,,leice/] is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ celebrat$ bre$ ( %eep re>$ 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,x 0 imm5sely improv$ by ,bakewell ab\t a c5tury ago1 & ! bre$ is (t5 t]m$ ! ,di%ley1 aft] ! "n ( ,bakewell's resid5ce4 ,?is %eep has a wide1 clean head1 broad =ehead1 f9e eyes1 long1 ?9 e>s1 ?ick neck1 r\nd body1 deep *e/1 /raight1 broad back1 high ribs1 & muscul> ?ighs4 ,! wool is long1 v ?ick1 & f9e4 ,at f fifte5 to eighte5 mon?s old1 ! ,leice/] weighs f #be to #cj lbs4 p] qu>t]2 b a fat animal (t5 weighs f #ch to #dj lbs4 p] qu>t]4 ,! fleece weighs f #f to #h lbs4 ,?is bre$ is well adapt$ = ,irel&4 ,x is re>$ on v poor l&3 b 9 ord] to ma9ta9 its good quality1 ?is %eep requires abundance ( food1 & also good %elt] dur+ ! w9t]4 ,! ,,l9coln is di/+ui%$ = its l>ge bones & /rong muscles4 ,orig9ally a gaunt & ugly animal1 x has ( late ye>s be5 mu* improv$4 ,inde$1 ! prices lately realis$ by ,l9coln %eep are extremely high4 ,! ,l9coln has a long1 :ite face1 long body1 & ?ick legs4 ,! wool is long1 ?ick1 & mod]ately f9e4 ,! fle% ( ! ,l9coln is lean1 ow+ to its great muscul> developm5t4 ,at fifte5 mon?s old x yields ab\t #cj lbs4 weight p] qu>t]4 ,x is said t a ,l9coln we!r has atta9$ ! weight ( #cjd-a_/b lbs4 ,! av]age weight ( ! wool ( a hogget is #i-a_/b lbs4 ,! ,,cotswold bre$ arose 9 ! ,cotswold hills1 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,9 ?is v>iety ! skeleton is l>ge1 ! *e/ capaci\s1 ! back broad & /raight1 & ! ribs well ar*$4 ,x has good qu>t]s1 & a f9ely-ar*$ neck4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by a l>ge tuft ( wool--=e-top1 on ! =ehead4 ,x fatt5s e>ly1 & produces ab\t #be lbs4 p] qu>t] :5 fifte5 mon?s old1 & #dj lbs4 :5 two ye>s old4 ,! wool is r co>se2 its yield is ab\t #h lbs4 ,! ,,*eviot has a long body1 long face1 long legs1 & long e>s4 ,! *e/ projects slightly1 & is r n>r[4 ,! =ehead is b>e ( wool2 ! legs & face are :ite1 sometimes approa*+ to a dun %ade4 ,weight f #gj to #hj lbs42 weight ( fleece1 f #c to #d lbs4 ,! wool is ( excell5t quality1 & is us$ l>gely 9 ! manufacture ( twe$s4 ,! ,*eviot is a m\nta9 %eep1 &1 z might be expect$1 its fle% is well flavor$4 ,!re are sev]al crosses ( ! ,*eviot ) ! ,leice/]1 ! ,s\?d[n1 & ! ,%rop%ire4 ,! ,,s\?d[n is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! be/ bre$ = wool re>$ 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,x is indig5\s to ! *alk hills ( ,k5t1 ,sussex1 ,hamp%ire1 & ,dorset%ire4 ,x has a small head2 its back is broad & /raight2 ! ribs spr+ out at ne>ly "r angles f ! v]tebrae4 ,x is r light 9 ! =e-qu>t]s1 & full 9 ! h9d qu>t]s4 ,its *e/ is pretty deep2 its face & legs are grey or br[n4 ,! wool ( ! ,s\?d[n is %ort1 & extremely f9e2 ! fleece weighs ab\t #c lbs4 ,?is %eep arrives e>ly at maturity4 ,x weighs at #ae mon?s old ab\t #hj lbs4 ,! fle% is v well flavor$4 ,,! ,,%rop%ire is said to comb9e 9 itself ! good qualities ( ! ,s\?d[n1 ! ,cotswold1 & ! ,leice/]4 ,x resembles ! ,s\?d[n m ?an any o!r bre$1 hav+ ! same grey1 or br[ni% grey hue1 & a simil> %ape4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 l>g] ?an ! ,s\?d[n1 & yields a l>g] quantity ( wool4 ,?is bre$ is becom+ a great favorite 9 bo? ,engl& & ,irel&4 ,! ,,black-,,fac$ %eep is peculi> to ,scotl&4 ,x is equipp$ ) horns1 has a bold long face1 & possesses a tuft ( wool on its =ehead2 its limbs are /rong1 & its body is some:at long4 ,! wool ( ?is bre$ is v co>se1 ! fleece weighs ab\t #c-a_/b lbs4 ,! av]age weight ( ?is %eep is #ge lbs41 ! quality ( ! mutton is excell5t1 b x is long be=e x becomes matur$4 ,!re are sev]al o!r bre$s ( ! %eep1 b !y are ( f> less importance ?an ^? :i* ,i h describ$4 ,bre$s ( ! ,pig4--,!re are sev]al bre$s ( ?is useful animal1 ( :i* ^? kn[n z ,,b]k%ire & ,,york%ire appe> to be ! greate/ favorites4 ,! ,b]k%ire is black or dusky br[n1 v r>ely r$di% br[n4 ,x has a v small head4 ,its sides are extremely deep1 & its legs v %ort4 ,!re are sev]al sub-v>ieties ( ! ,york%ire4 ,?is bre$ is :ite1 has a compact body1 & v broad sides4 ,! head is v small1 some:at l t ( ! ,b]k%ire4 ,bo? ,b]k%ire & ,york%ire pigs atta9 to ! enorm\s weight ( #a1jjj lbs4 ,! old ,iri% rac] pig is ! lea/ pr(itable k9d to keep1 b =tunately x is1 z a pure bre$1 ne>ly ext9ct4 ,bre$s ( ! ,horse4--,!re are a great _m bre$s ( horses4 ,! ,%etl& pony is s small1 t _m specim5s are no l>g] ?an a ,newf\ndl& dog2 on ! o!r h&1 ,clydesdale horses sometimes atta9 to almo/ elephant9e proportions4 ,!re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! bull-l ,suffolk ,pun* & ! greyh\nd-l rac]4 ,! ,engli% & ,iri% rac] is said to owe its orig9 to a cross betwe5 ! old ,engli% light-legg$ bre$ & ! ,arabian4 ,! mo/ valuable k9d ( c>riage horse is ! jo9t product ( ! draught-horse & ! rac]4 ,! dray-horse ( ^! c\ntries has a l>ge %>e ( ,flemi% blood 9 him4 ,! be/ horses = agricultural purposes are unque/ionably ! ,,clydesdale & ! ,,suffolk ,,pun*4 ,! latt] is p]haps to be pref]r$ 9 mo/ in/ances1 especially on light l&s4 ,v light & feeble horses are ! mo/ exp5sive v>iety on almo/ any k9d ( f>m2 = :il/ !y consume ne>ly z mu* food z ! mo/ p[]ful animals1 & are !re=e ne>ly z co/ly1 !y are incapable ( effectively p]=m+ _! "w4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! f>m horses us$ by ! small f>m]s ( ,irel& are totally unsuit$ = tillage purposes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no ne$ to employ horses equal 9 size to ! pond]\s creatures t draw brew]s' c>ts4 ,mod]ate siz$ horses1 ) well r\nd$1 compact bodies1 & muscul> b n too heavy limbs1 are ! k9d be/ adapt$ = f>m purposes4 ,9 ,irel&1 :]e !re are n few] ?an #fjj1jjj horses1 a consid]able infusion ( blood f ,clydesdales & ,suffolk ,pun*es is mu* requir$4 ,hunt]s & ,rac]s4--,!re is a /rong t5d5cy 9 ! human m9d to look ) a regretful feel+ to ! pa/1 & to comp>e x to ! disadvantage ( ! pres5t4 ,x is a g5]al belief ) mo/ p t ! old "t 0 ! be/ "t2 t ! seasons 7 m g5ial =m]ly2 t provisions 7 *eap] & m abundant2 t m5 7 tall]1 & /\t]1 & heal?i]2 t1 9 a ^w1 ev]y?+ 0 bett] 9 ! days ( yore ?an x is n[1 & t deg5]acy & effet5ess are ! prevail+ *>act]i/ics ( our age4 ,philosoph]s1 /ati/s1 & political economi/s tell u t all ?is regret = ! good old "t is mis-sp5t sympa?y2 = t we are 9 e respect sup]ior--9 physique1 heal?1 morals1 & weal?--to our ance/ors4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i r incl9e myself to ?is com=table philosophy2 b we mu/ admit t we h n progress$ 9 all ?+s s9ce ! times ( our fa!rs4 ,9 a "w entitl$ ,a ,comp>ative ,view ( ! ,=m & ,"* ( ! ,engli% ,rac] & ,saddle ,horse dur+ ! ,la/ & ,pres5t ,c5turies1 publi%$ by ,hookham1 ( ,old ,bond ,/reet1 ,london1 x is prov$ v cle>ly t ! ,engli% race-horse has sadly deg5]at$4 ,! au?or v prop]ly traces ! cause ( its decay to ! av>ice ( ! turfites3 !y look ^u ! noble animal z a m]e gambl+ ma*9e2 & !y sacrifice all its o!r qualities to ! excessive developm5t ( t "o :i* is likely to put money 9 _! pockets4 ,=m]ly1 g5tlem5 kept horses = _! own sakes--= _! admiration & enjoym5t ( "o ( ! mo/ beautiful1 docile1 & useful ( animals4 ,!y 7 incessant 9 _! ef=ts to develop into p]fection all ! really valuable po9ts 9 ! animal2 & ! result 01 t ! ,engli% & ,iri% rac] ( ! la/ c5tury 0 unmat*$ = /r5g?1 spe$1 & endurance4 ,models ( ?is spl5did race ( horses are seldom to be f\nd at ! pres5t "t2 b !re are1 p]haps1 sport+ m5 liv+ :o saw !m 9 ! celebrat$ ,mambr9o1 ,sweet ,bri>1 & ,sweet ,william4 ,^? horses possess$ compact bodies1 capaci\s lungs1 /rong lo9s1 l>ge jo9ts1 & enorm\s masses ( muscul> tissue on ! %\ld]-blades & arms4 ,!y 7 good weight-c>ry+ hunt]s z well z rac]s1 & !y c\ld c>ry eight /ones ov] a six miles heat1 or twelve /ones ov] a f\r miles "o4 ,! ,iri% horses1 at lea/1 7 capable ( safely c>ry+ ?irte5 /ones ov] :at w\ld n[ be consid]$ a v ugly dit*1 & c\ld get ov] a long /eeple*ase 9 a /yle :i* w\ld a/oni% ! own]s ( ! mod]n we$s4 ,s9ce ! di/ance to be trav]s$ by compet+ horses has be5 r$uc$ f ! old-fa%ion$ ?ree heats ( f\r miles ea* to a s+le run ( a mile or two1 & also s9ce ! weight impos$ ^u ! animals has be5 r$uc$ to six or sev5 /ones1 f t5 to twelve1 ! anatomical /ructure ( ! race-horse has und]gone a rem>kable & s]i\s alt]ation4 ,! back has become v long1 ! sides flat1 ! lo9s weak1 ! limbs long & v ?92 & ?is alt]ation 9 /ructure has be5 att5d$ by weakness ( con/itution & a rem>kable t5d5cy to disease4 ,! mod]n horse has atta9$ to a rem>kable degree ( rapidity ( locomotion1 b x has be5 at ! exp5se ( its vigor1 endurance1 & heal?2 x c run ) great velocity = a %ort di/ance1 b 9 a f\r-mile heat1 & m\nt$ by a man ( av]age weight1 a m$iocre horse ( ! /yle ( ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury w\ld come to ! po/ long be=e ! w9n] ( ! la/ ,/4 ,leg]4 ,! decay ( ! bre$ ( horses 9 ?is c\ntry is a s]i\s matt]1 & ! att5tion ( all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! pres]vation ( ?is animal %\ld be e>ne/ly & promptly direct$ t[>ds discov]+ ! means ( reg5]ation4 ,my rem>ks are direct$ t[>ds rac]s & hunt]s4 ,! quality ( spe$ :i* !y possess has be5 develop$ to an ext5t :i* is incompatible ) ! developm5t ( equally ess5tial prop]ties4 ,enc\ragem5t %\ld be giv5 to ! production ( weight-c>ry+ hunt]s2 /eeple-*as+ %\ld be re/or$ to its old /ate1 :5 only a p[]ful horse _h a *ance ( success4 ,! quality ( spe$ %\ld be promot$ 9 ! animal up to a c]ta9 po9t2 b :5 ! developm5t ( ?is attribute beg9s to cause a loss ( /r5g? & endurance1 x is high "t to *eck x4 ,!re are a few horses at pres5t :i* are /rong & mod]ately fa/3 :y %\ld n /eeple-*as+ be ( ! k9d :i* w\ld call ?is /yle ( animal into competition8 ,only a we$ c n[ ent] ) any probability ( success at a race ( ?is k9d2 & :5 he has won x1 ( :at use is he z a good hunt]8 ,:at we want are good1 /\t1 heal?y horses1 capable ( c>ry+1 9 good /yle1 twelve /ones weight ov] a r\gh c\ntry2 & ! object ( /eeple-*as+ %\ld be ! production ( su* a race ( horses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #ag3 ,improv$ by ,leice/] blood4 ,footnote #ah3 ,! object ( ! fir/ bre$]s ( ! ,leice/] 0 to produce a %eep :i* w\ld yield a great c>cass1 & small (fal weight4 ,s f> z ! results ( ^! exp]im5ts g1 ,i ?9k ! idea ( ! f\nd] ( ?is bre$ has be5 realis$4 ,footnote #ai3 ,transactions ( ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society ( ,scotl&1 = ,july1 #ahfj4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,on ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,live ,,/ock4 ,,section ,i4 ,,! ,,ox4 ,bre$+ ,c[s4--,! p]iod ( ge/ation 9 ! c[ is ab\t n9e mon?s4 ,! e>lie/ "t at :i* x is at all safe to bre$ f ^! animals is :5 !y are "o ye> & eight mon?s old4 ,%or?orns bre$ e>ly1 :il/ ! m\nta9 v>ieties are seldom 9 calf be=e !y are ?ree ye>s old4 ,! practice ( v e>ly bre$+1 ?\gh approv$ ( by "s ext5sive re>]s ( /ock1 is n to be comm5d$ = s\nd physiological reasons4 ,c[s calve at all times ( ! ye>2 b ! mo/ favorable "t is ne> ! end ( w9t]1 or 9 e>ly spr+4 ,! c[s %\ld at ?is "t be 9 fair condition--nei!r too fat nor too lean4 ,p>turition %\ld take place 9 a roomy1 cov]$ place1 provid$ ) abundance ( clean litt]4 ,if su* a place be n available1 a nice paddock close to ! h\se mu/ answ]4 ,aft] hav+ giv5 bir? to ! calf1 ! c[ %\ld receive an oatmeal dr9k1 or "s w>m & nutriti\s ma%1 & aft]w>ds be lib]ally f$4 ,! c[ is usually all[$ to run dry f\r or five weeks be=e calv+3 ?is p]iod %\ld n be curtail$2 on ! contr>y1 x w\ld be bett] to ext5d x to six weeks1 s z n to all[ h] condition to become too poor4 ,! ,w9t]+ ( ,"y ,/ock4--,!re are c]ta9 localities :]e9 ! re>+ ( "y /ock is "o ( ! easie/ tasks :i* devolve ^u ! f>m]4 ,well-dra9$ & %ady fields1 yield+ abundance ( s\nd h]bage1 & ?r\gh :i* /reams ( pure wat] unceas+ly fl[1 are j ! prop] locale = economically fe$+ "y animals4 ,b !re are di/ricts 9 :i* ^? favorable conditions d n exi/2 yet !y are n bett] adapt$ to o!r uses4 ,x is only ! fe$]s ( "y /ock 9 wet1 moory1 s&y1 or undra9$1 heavy soils :o really h cause = anxiety & incessant wat*fulness4 ,9 re>+ a calf ! great object is to cause a rapid & un9t]rupt$ increase 9 ! weight ( its body4 ,at fir/ ! food ( ! animal %\ld be furni%$ solely f ! mat]nal f\nts2 b at an e>ly /age ( its exi/5ce--ab\t ! ?ird or f\r? week--o!r food may :olly1 or 9 "p1 be sub/itut$ = ! natural alim5t4 ,x is important t no great int]val %\ld elapse betwe5 ! h\rs ( fe$+4 ,! dige/ive app>atus ( ! "y animal is small1 & its p[]s ( assimilation are v en]getic4 ,! food ) :i* x is suppli$ %\ld1 !re=e1 be giv5 9 mod]ate quantities1 & v frequ5tly4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 :at takes place :5 ! calf is all[$ free access to its dam2 = ! in/ant x feels a desire = alim5t1 ! supply is at once available4 ,( c\rse1 !re may be objections to ?is plan on ! score ( economy2 b z a g5]al rule1 too mu* lib]ality _c be ex]cis$ 9 fe$+ gr[+ animals2 & !re is no?+ m c]ta9 ?an t ! calf :i* is illib]ally f$ w nev] be develop$ into a valuable1 matur$ animal4 ,:5 c>efully t5d$ f _! bir?1 com=tably h\s$ 9 w9t]1 & abundantly suppli$ ) nutriti\s food1 x is sometimes wond]ful ! rapid progress :i* "y /ock make4 ,mr4 ,wright m5tions a rem>kable case ( e>ly maturity1 :i* occurr$ 9 8 own h]d4 ,a "y /e]1 "o ye> old1 exhibit$ all ! developm5t ( an animal twice its age4 ,?is bullock _h be5 suckl$ = ?ree mon?s1 :]eby x _h n only kept its calf-fle%1 b ga9$ & reta9$ a /ep 9 advance4 ,its weight :5 only a ye> old 0 no less ?an #ej /ones2 & z ! price ( beef at ! "t 0 #hs4 #i;d4 p] /one1 live weight1 ! c>cass ( ! animal 0 wor? ,l#ba #ags4 #f;d4 ,mr4 ,wright (f]s ?is fact z a sugge/ive "o to ^? f>m]s :o ?9k ( br++ up _! calves on old milk1 or :o w\ld o!rwise /9t _! gr[?4 ,suppos+1 !n1 t we h "y /ock :i* _h be5 lib]ally treat$ :5 9 _! baby /ate1 h[ are we to mo/ economically ma9ta9 !m ?r\gh\t ! w9t]8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y %\ld be kept 9 w>m %$s1 & well %elt]$ f bo? ra9 & w9d4 ,"s au?orities cont5d t ex]cise is necess>y to "y /ock1 & d5y t a prop] developm5t ( ! muscles 7lean fle%7 c take place if !y are coop$ up l fatt5+ turkeys dur+ ! w9t]4 ,!re is "s tru? 9 ?is op9ion2 & if ! animals be design$ = bre$+ or dairy purposes1 _! fre$om ( motion %\ld only be p>tially re/ra9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !y be int5d$ = an e>ly introduction to ! %ambles1 ! less ex]cise !y get ! great] w be ! pr(it on _! keep4 ,i h kn[n cases :]e animals 7 closely h\s$ = sev5 mon?s1 & yet _! heal? did n appe> to suff] 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,9 fact1 s pr$om9ant are ! vegetative functions ( ! rum9ants ov] _! n]v\s attributes1 t ! only ess5tial conditions ( _! exi/5ce are adequate supplies ( good air & food4 ,t ! heal? ( ^! animals does occasionally suff] :5 ! motions ( _! bodies are r$uc$ to a m9imum is q true2 b 9 mo/ ( ^! in/ances ! real cause is1 n ! want ( ex]cise1 b ! want ( pure air4 ,! greate/ c>e %\ld1 !re=e1 be tak5 9 ! v5tilation ( ! places :]e /ock1 :e!r old or "y1 are kept2 & no economy ( space or heat w comp5sate = ! want ( :olesome air4 ,"u ! fallaci\s idea t exposure to cold r5d]s "y /ock h>dy1 _m f>m]s turn !m out to eat /raw 9 ! op5 fields 9 fro/y wea!r4 ,treatm5t ( ?is k9d1 in/ead ( be+ productive ( good1 almo/ inv>iably lays ! f\ndation ( disease1 :i* w manife/ itself at "s /age ( ! animal's gr[?4 ,!re are a few favor$ localities1 su* z ^? to :i* ,i h already allud$1 :]e ye>l+s may be occasionally all[$ a turn ?r\gh ! fields 9 w9t]2 b on cold clays1 wet moors1 & s&y soils ! "y /ock %\ld nev] be p]mitt$ to leave _! %$s or c\rts f ! "t !y are h\s$ till late 9 ! spr+4 ,"y /ock are be/ f$ on good mead[ hay & turnips1 ) a mod]ate supplem5t ( oil-cake2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is exp5sive fe$+ 9 _m f>ms1 & a little fill+-9 may be done ) *eap] or m easily obta9able /uffs4 ,a mixture ( cut *aff1 ) pulp$ mangels1 is a good sub/itute = ! m co/ly hay2 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( animals int5d$ = bre$+ or = ! dairy4 ,! roots %\ld be pulp$1 & all[$ to rema9 until1 ow+ to a slight f]m5tation1 !y become w>m4 ,?is *ange takes place 9 f tw5ty-f\r h\rs to sixty h\rs1 accord+ to ! temp]ature2 b ! f]m5tation %\ld n be c>ri$ f>!r ?an ! e>lie/ /age4 ,! heat$ pulp %\ld !n be ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! *aff1 & ! comp\nd1 aft] an h\r or two1 w be ready = use4 ,a little *opp$ hay--no matt] if inf]ior or slightly mildew$--may be sub/itut$ = ! *aff1 & turnips employ$ in/ead ( ! mangels1 b ! latt] are ! m desirable roots4 ,until lately1 ! use ( oil-cake 0 conf9$ to fatt5+ animals1 b latt]ly x is freely giv5 to calves1 ev5 :5 !y are only a mon? old2 & !re is no d\bt b t x is a suitable & economical food = /ore /ock4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 sometimes giv5 9 excess3 f half a p\nd to two & a half p\nds daily w be suffici5t = animals "u "o ye>2 & ?is addition to _! food w be f\nd to ex]cise a b5eficial influ5ce on !m :5 !y are plac$ 9 /alls = f9i%+4 ,! exp]i5ce ( sev]al em95t bre$]s has prov$ t fatt5+ bea/s1 :i* _h 9 _! y\? a supply ( oil-cake1 or its equival5t1 inv>iably /ore up a l>g] portion ( _! food ?an ^? :i* _h be5 re>$ on hay & roots only4 ,mr4 ,george ,/od>t1 ( ,cult]cull51 an ,ab]de5%ire f>m]1 describes1 9 ! ,iri% ,f>m]'s ,gazette1 8 me?od ( re>+ calves3-- ,i occupy 7says ,mr4 ,/od>t7 a f>m ( #chj acres4 ,i usually re> tw5ty-f\r calves ye>ly1 & buy 9 sixte5 "o-ye>-olds4 ,i g5]ally bre$ f cross c[s 7! same z m5tion$ above71 s]v$ by a pure ,%or?orn bull4 ,:5 ! calves are dropp$ ,i put two calves to suck "o c[ = six mon?s4 ,9 autumn1 spr+ calves are put into ! h\se ^u turnips & /raw1 ) ab\t #a lb4 ( oil-cake p] day to ea*1 until !y are put out to grass 9 spr+ foll[+1 at :i* "t !y are "o ye> old4 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 !y h grass 9 summ]1 & at ! approa* ( w9t] !y are aga9 h\s$ ^u turnips & /raw1 :i* br+ !m to be two ye>s old 9 spr+4 ,n[ !y are s5t out to ! be/ grass1 & aga9 br\ght into ! h\se at ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb]1 & f$ on turnips & /raw until ! end ( ,novemb] or middle ( ,decemb]1 :5 !y usually fet* f ,l#be to ,l#cb a-head4 ,?is ye> 7#ahfd71 h[ev]1 !y w av]age ,l#cb4 a-head4 ,be=e sell+ ,i give ea* #c-a_/b lbs4 ( oil-cake p] day = six weeks1 & dur+ ?is "t !y h sw$e turnips2 at o!r times yell[4 ,we give z mu* turnips at all times z !y c eat4 ,mr4 ,b[ick1 9 8 excell5t pap] on ! re>+ ( calves1 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 gives ! foll[+ in=mation on ?is subject3-- ,we consid] x desirable to all[ ! calf to rema9 ) its dam = ! fir/ ?ree or f\r days aft] calv+4 ,n mu* tr\ble is g5]ally exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ x to take to ! pail4 ,we f9d x bett] to miss ! ev5+'s meal1 & next morn+ a v little att5tion induces ! majority ( !m to p>take ( :at is set be=e !m4 ,at mo/ ! guidance ( ! f+]s may be want$ = ! fir/ meal or two4 ,z reg>ds ! quantity ( milk :i* is ne$ful to keep a mod]ately br$ ,%or?orn calf 9 a ?riv+ condition1 we h f\nd ! foll[+ all[ance to come pretty ne> ! m>k1 al?\gh ! appetite ( calves v>ies1 bo? 9 individuals & at diff]5t times ) ! same animal3-- #a/ week ) ! dam2 or #d qu>ts p] day1 at two meals4 #bnd to #d? week1 #e to #f qu>ts p] day1 at two meals4 #d? to #f? week1 #f to #g qu>ts p] day1 at two meals4 ,& ! quantity ne$ n1 dur+ ! ensu+ six weeks 7aft] :i* x is wean$71 exce$ a c\ple ( gallons p] day4 ,?is implies t ! calf is f$ ^u new milk only1 & t no o!r fe$+ liquids are employ$4 ,b1 9 addition to ! above1 ! calf w1 t[>ds ! f\r? week1 beg9 to eat a little gre5 hay2 & 9 a week or two lat]1 "s slic$ roots1 or meal1 or f9ely cru%$ cake1 mix$ ) hay-*aff2 &1 if really good1 cr$itable bea/s are want$--su* z w realise ,l#be a-head f ! but*] :5 turn$ two & a half ye>s old--a little cake or meal 9 _! e>ly days w be f\nd a desirable inve/m5t4 ,9 fact1 we d\bt n b #a lb4 ( cake p] day to ! calf w make z mu* fle% z triple ! quantity ( cake at any p]iod ( aft] life4 ,z reg>ds meal1 if t is giv5 ) ! *aff1 we pref] oatmeal1 or b>ley-meal1 or :eat5 fl\r1 b n ! meal ( beans or pease4 ,o!rs may see x diff]5tly1 b we believe beans to be too heat+ = any class ( "y /ock4 ,= roots1 ! be/ we "k ( is ! c>rot1 grat$ & mix$ ) ! *aff1 or slic$ ?9 ) a knife & giv5 alone4 ,x is also1 ( all roots1 ! "o :i* we f9d !m mo/ fond (1 & :i* !y w mo/ readily take to4 ,z soon z !y c eat !m freely1 an imm$iate r$uction 9 ! supply ( milk may be made4 ,9 mo/ articles x holds good 9 ! end t ! be/ is ! *eape/4 ,s ) ! re>+ ( calves2 ! be/ class ( food1 or t above ref]r$ to1 is f\nd to give ! greate/ ultimate satisfaction4 ,b practically ! "q (t5 is1 h[ to re> good calves ) comp>atively little new milk1 a condition :i* circum/ances (t5 r5d] almo/ imp]ative2 = :]e dairy produce1 9 any o!r =m1 is ! *ief object1 ! calves /& 9 a second>y position1 & are treat$ accord+ly4 ,b let u ask :e!r y _c re> good /ock "u su* circum/ances also8 ,we believe t ?is may be1 & (t5 is done4 ,we manage to turn out f tw5ty-five to ?irty calves annually--su* z w pass mu/] any:]e--& nev] use at any "o "t m ?an six gallons ( new milk daily4 ,= ?is purpose1 z well z to obta9 a regul> supply ( milk = o!r purposes1 ! calves are all[$ to come at diff]5t p]iods1 ext5d+ f ,octob] to ,may4 ,h5ce ! calf-h\se has g5]ally a succession ( occupants ?r\gh\t ! season2 & z "o lot are ready to be remov$1 & plac$ loose 9 a small hovel1 ) y>d atta*$1 o!rs fill _! places4 ,we beg9 ) new milk f ! pail1 :i* is cont9u$ = a =tnight aft] leav+ ! c[4 ,!n skim-milk--boil$1 & all[$ to cool to ! natural w>m?--is sub/itut$ to ! ext5t ( "o-?ird ( ! all[ance4 ,9 ano!r week ! new milk is r$uc$ to half1 & at ! same "t1 n be=e1 boil$ l9se$ is add$ to ! mess4#bj ,z soon z !y take freely to ?is food1 ! new milk may be replac$ ) t f ! dairy1 & ! calf is enc\rag$ to indulge 9 a few slic$ c>rots & ! o!r dry foods nam$4 ,mr4 ,murray1 ( ,ov]/one1 ?us /ates ! exp5se ( re>+ ! calf until x is two ye>s old1 :51 aft] ! wean+ process is complet$1 x is turn$ out to grass3-- ,dur+ ! summ] !y h ! run ( a grass paddock dur+ ! day1 b return regul>ly to _! y>ds at night2 ! foll[+ w9t] !y are kept 9 l>g] y>ds1 & :i* conta9 a great] numb] ( animals4 ,_! bill ( f>e = ?is w9t] is #b lbs4 ( oil-cake1 half a bu%el ( cut roots1 ) cut *aff ad libitum4 ,! *aff has a small quantity ( fl\r or poll>d mix$ ) x1 is moi/5$ ) wat]1 & ! :ole mass turn$ ov]2 ?is is done ! day previ\s to us+ x4 ,by ?is means !y eat ! *aff ) m reli%1 & moi/5+ x prev5ts ! fl\r be+ wa/$4 ,!y are put to grass ! foll[+ summ]1 g5]ally f ! #ae? to ! #bj? ( ,may1 or z soon z ! pa/ures are 9 a /ate to receive !m2 !y rema9 !re on second-rate l& till ab\t ! end ( ,octob]1 :5 !y are br\ght home & ti$ up 9 ! /alls4 ,! daily all[ance is !n #d lbs4 l9se$-cake1 #d lbs4 fl\r--#c_/d bean1 #a_/d b>ley--#a bu%el ( cut roots ) cut *aff2 ! fl\r & *aff is mix$ z already describ$4 ,at ab\t ! end ( ,decemb] ! quantity ( cake is increas$ to #h lbs41 & ! fl\r to #f lbs42 ?is !y cont9ue to receive till !y are sold to ! but*] dur+ ! mon?s ( ,m>* & ,april1 :5 !y weigh1 on an av]age1 #ij /ones ( #h lbs4 p] bullock1 & "u two ye>s & six mon?s old4 ,at ?is season ( ! ye> beef g5]ally makes #es4 p] /one--we (t5 make #is4--b tak+ t z an av]age w\ld make ! value ( ea* bea/ ,l#bb #ajs4 ,! co/ ( keep+ to ?is age w be z foll[s3-- ,l s4 d4 ,"o calf #b #j #j ,milk1 c41 n9e weeks #a #e #j ,cake1 grass1 c41 =ty-?ree weeks1 at #as4 #f;d4 #c #d #f ,second ye>1 ,novemb] till ,may1 cake1 fl\r1 roots1 c41 #bs4 #f;d4 p] week1 = tw5ty-six weeks #c #e #j ,may till ,novemb]1 grass1 tw5ty-six weeks1 at #bs4 #f;d4 #c #e #j ,?ird ye>1 ,novemb] till ,april1 tw5ty weeks1 at #hs4 #h #j #j --------- ,l#bj #ai #f ,:i* leaves a ga9 to ea* animal ( ,l#a #ajs4 #f;d41 besides ! manure4 ,%elt] ( ,/ock4--,! great dim9ution ( temp]ature1 & ! fall+ (f 9 ! supply ( h]bage1 t are co9cid5t ) ! close ( ! autumn1 r5d] x necess>y to remove our cattle f ! op5 fields1 & provide !m ) "s sort ( %elt] dur+ ! w9t] mon?s & e>ly "p ( ! spr+4 ,! p>ticul> p]iod at :i* ?is *ange ( qu>t]s takes place ( c\rse v>ies1 & is1 9 fact1 altoge!r dep5d5t ^u ! "* ( ! season4 ,!re are "s ye>s 9 :i* !re is1 s to speak1 a k9d ( relapse ( ! summ]1 ,novemb] be+ bright & w>m1 in/ead (1 z is usually ! case1 cold & foggy4 ,9 su* a ye> !re is "s h]bage to be pick$ up until ! v end ( ,decemb]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! latt] "p ( ,octob] is (t5 v wet1 & ,octob] fro/s are by no means uncommon4 ,tempe/u\s1 bit+ w9ds 9 ,novemb]1 or torr5ts ( ra91 or bo?1 tell sev]ely ^u ! poor animals 9 ! fields1 ev5 :]e !re is abundance ( h]bage2 & h5ce1 %\ld su* wea!r take place at ! latt] "p ( ,octob]1 ! true economy w\ld be to remove ! animals at once to %elt]$ places4 ,no?+ l[]s ! temp]ature ( ! surface s rapidly z a cold w9d4 ,capta9 ,p>ry1 "o ( ! explor]s ( ! ,arctic regions1 /ates t 8 m51 :5 well clo!d1 suff]$ no inconv5i5ce on exposure to ! l[ temp]ature ( #ee degrees bel[ z]o1 provid$ ! air 0 p]fectly calm2 b ! slighte/ breeze1 :5 ! air 0 at ?is temp]ature1 caus$ ! pa9ful s5sation produc$ by int5se cold4 ,i c\ld adduce ! exp]i5ce ( _m practical m5 9 favor ( ! plan ( af=d+ %elt] to animals1 b m especially to ^? kept 9 situations mu* expos$ to w9ds4 ,mr4 ,nesbit relates a case be>+ on ?is po9t3--,a f>m] 9 ,dorset%ire put up tw5ty or ?irty %eep1 "u ! protection ( a s]ies ( upright d\ble hurdles l9$ ) /raw1 hav+ z a sort ( ro(1 or lean-to1 a s+le hurdle1 also l9$ ) /raw4 ,a l numb] ( %eep1 ( ! same weight1 7 f$ 9 ! op5 field1 )\t %elt] ( any k9d4 ,ea* set 0 f$ ) turnips ad libitum4 ,! result 01 t ^? )\t %elt] increas$ 9 weight #a lb4 p] week = ea* %eep1 :il/ ^? "u %elt]1 al?\gh !y consum$ less food1 increas$ respectively #c lbs4 p] week4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! latt] "p ( ,octob]1 or e>ly 9 ,novemb]1 is ! "t = ! removal ( live /ock f ! pa/ures to ! %elt] ( ! f>m/ead4 ,9 ,engl& & ,scotl& ! transf]5ce is seldom delay$ aft] ^! dates2 b 9 ,irel& x is no uncommon ?+ to see ! animals graz+ v mu* lat] 9 ! ye>--a circum/ance :i* ! lat5ess & mildness ( our climate acc\nt =4 ,b :atev] ! date may be1 ! importance ( su* %elt] is univ]sally recognis$1 ev5 by ^? :o mo/ neglect x & are lea/ acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples ^u :i* its necessity dep5ds4 ,! m important ( ^! pr9ciples h already be5 expla9$1 b !y may be "h summ>is$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( w>m? is an indisp5sable condition = ! ma9t5ance ( ! life ( animals4 #b4 ,! int]nal heat ( ! bodies ( animals is suppli$ by ! *emical comb9ation :i* takes place betwe5 ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]ic air :i* !y inspire & c]ta9 ( ! con/itu5ts 7c>bon & hydrog57 ( ! food :i* !y consume1 or1 to speak m accurately1 ( ! tissues ( _! bodies1 :i* are =m$ out ( _! food4 ,x is v mu* 9 ! same way 9 :i* our h\ses are heat$ by ! burn+ ( coal1 turf1 or wood 9 _! fire-places1 s9ce ! heat d]iv$ 9 ! latt] case is obta9$ f a simil> s\rce z 9 ! =m] "o--namely1 by ! union ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air ) ! c>bon & hydrog5 ( ! fuel4 ,! only real diff]5ce betwe5 ! two k9ds ( combu/ion is1 t 9 respiration ! process is conduct$ ) an extreme degree ( sl[ness1 :il/ 9 ! ord9>y fire ! comb9ations take place rapidly1 & ! heat be+ evolv$ 9 a mu* %ort] "t is proportionately ! m int5se4 #c4 ,! temp]ature ( ! ext]nal p>ts ( ! animal body v>ies ) ! nature & quantity ( ! food suppli$ to x1 & also dep5ds ^u ! /ate ( ! wea!r & ! "* ( ! protection af=d$ to x4 ,! cold] ! air1 ! great] w be ! quantity ( food requir$1 & ! m complete ! %elt]4 ,9 o!r words1 a dim9ution ( temp]ature1 no matt] h[ caus$1 w necessitate an increas$ am\nt ( food & m p]fect %elt]1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 at ! prop] degree ( heat ! fluids ( ! body4 ,x is only ! ext]nal p>ts ( ! body t become cold3 s long z ! animal is 9 heal? its blood always ma9ta9s ! same degree ( temp]ature2 b 9 cold wea!r ! blood is subject$ to a great] cool+ p[] ?an x is 9 w>m wea!r1 & ?is cool+ p[] x c only resi/ by tax+ m ext5sively ! heat-produc+ res\rces ( ! body4 #d4 ,exposure to wet1 ev5 9 w>m wea!r1 w t5d to r$uce ! temp]ature ( ! body1 s9ce ! conv]sion ( wat] into vapor c only be effect$ at ! exp5se ( heat1 :i* heat mu/ be 9 great "p extract$ f ! body ( ! animal itself4 #e4 ,no possible increase ( food1 h[ev] nutriti\s x may be1 c suffice to keep up ! due w>m? & heal?y condition ( ! animal frame 9 w9t]1 if %elt] f cold & ra9 be n simultane\sly effect$4 ,on ! contr>y1 an animal well protect$ f ! w9t] bla/s w require mu* less food ?an if x 7 plac$ 9 an expos$ position4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t ! am\nt ( food :i* an animal expos$ to great cold consumes to ma9ta9 ! temp]ature ( its body w\ld1 "u opposite conditions1 be /or$ up 9 ! =m ( p]man5t increase--beef or mutton = ! but*]1 9 fact4 ,! fat-=m+ con/itu5ts ( ! food ( /ock are 9 no case conv]t$ into p]man5t fat1 except :5 !y exce$ 9 quantity ! am\nt requir$ to keep up ! int]nal heat ( ! animal2 b :5 ?is is con/antly r$uc$ by exposure to a w9try temp]ature1 ! food becomes insuffici5t = ev5 t purpose1 no matt] h[ mu* alim5t is giv54 ,:at1 !n1 mu/ n be ! condition ( ! un=tunate animals ^: fate x is to be ! prop]ty ( a f>m] :o nei!r %elt]s !m f ! wea!r nor provides !m ) a suffici5t quantity ( n\ri%+ food6 ,mil* ,c[s4--,:5 dairy-f>m+ is conduct$ on pure pa/ures1 ! c[s are altoge!r dep5d5t ^u ! grasses2 & 9 w9t]1 ! animals suff] mu* f sc>city ( food4 ,?is is ! v wor/ sy/em ( c[-keep+1 b x is preval5t among/ _m small f>m]s 9 ,irel&1 & is to be met ) ev5 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,i am /rongly ( op9ion t x w\ld be f> m economical to keep c[s 7& o!r cattle7 altoge!r 9 ! h\se1 & fe$ !m ) cut grass1 ?an to all[ !m to rema9 out altoge!r 9 ! field4 ,!re are sev]al disadvantages result+ f ! depa/ur+ ( c[s4 ,9 ! w>m wea!r1 ! animals are greatly annoy$ by ! attacks ( flies3 !re is a consid]able wa/e ( muscle1 caus$ by ! movem5ts ( ! animals :il/ 9 se>* ( _! food2 & ! excrem5ts ( ! animals & _! footm>ks injure a l>ge portion ( ! grass4 ,x may be some:at tr\blesome & exp5sive to cut ! grass1 & convey x f ! field to ! h\se2 b ! labor & ! co/ w be m ?an repaid by ! greatly-increas$ yield ( food4 ,a grass-field1 m[$1 w produce f #bj to #cj p] c5t4 m food ?an x w\ld if x 7 trampl$ ^u & soil$ by cattle4 ,ex]cise = an h\r or two 9 ! cool ( ! ev5+1 or e>ly 9 ! morn+ 7dur+ ! hot wea!r71 w be q suffici5t to keep ! animals 9 heal?4 ,?is may be tak5 9 a field1 bett] 9 a paddock1 be/ ( all 9 a roomy y>d4 ,:5 cattle are suppli$ ) cut grass1 or clov]1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to give x to !m :5 v wet1 = o!rwise !re is dang] ( ! excessively moi/ h]bage produc+ ! hoove4 ,nei!r %\ld l>ge quantities ( ! gre5 food be giv5 to !m--! supply %\ld be little & (t54 ,%\ld ! food be too succul5t1 ! addition ( a little /raw w correct its laxative effects4 ,:5 ! /ock is ab\t pass+ f ! w9t] keep to summ] food1 ! transition %\ld be gradual2 a well-made comp\nd ( /raw or hay ) grass 7natural or artificial7 is mu* reli%$ by c[s4 ,a supply ( good wat] is absolutely necess>y2 b suffici5t att5tion to ?is important po9t is seldom giv54 ,cook$ food is well adapt$ = mil* c[s4 ,mangels1 kohl-rabi1 & cabbages are ea* ( !m bett] food ?an turnips1 z ! latt] is apt to imp>t a disagreeable flav\r to ! butt]4 ,?ree fe$s 9 ! day is a suffici5t numb] = c[s4 ,! fir/ meal %\ld be e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & may consi/ ( roots1 mix$ ) /raw or hay4 ,"s fe$]s pref] us+ dry fodd]1 or cook$ food ( "s k9d1 & n raw roots4 ,! second meal is giv5 at mid-day1 & ! ?ird 9 ! ev5+4 ,! daily all[ance ( roots v>ies f #b to #h /ones1 dep5d+ ^u ! quantities ( o!r foods us$4 ,mr4 ,horsfall's diet is z foll[s3--,hay1 #i lbs42 rape-cake1 #f lbs42 malt-combs1 #a lb42 bran1 #a lb42 roots1 #bh lbs4 ,^! sub/ances are mix$ & cook$1 & ! animals receive !m 9 a w>m /ate4 ,9 addition to ?is food1 ,mr4 ,horsfall's c[s get bean-meal--a c[ 9 full milk #b lbs41 o!rs f #a_/b lb4 to #a-a_/b lbs42 co/ p] week p] c[1 #hs4 #g;d4#ba ,mr4 ,alcock1 ( ,skipton1 fe$s 8 c[s z foll[s3--,raw mangels1 #bj lbs42 c>ob beans1 #c lbs42 bran & malt-combs1 #a-c_/d lbs42 bean-meal1 #c-a_/b lbs42 rape-cake1 #c lbs42 p] diem4 ,a /eam$ mixture ( :eat & bean /raws & %ells ( oats ad libitum4 ,oats1 to ! ext5t ( #b or #c lbs4 daily1 are an excell5t food = c[s4 ,an important po9t 9 dairy economics is ! fe$+ ( ! c[s at regul> int]vals4 ,if ! usual "t = ! fe$ be all[$ to pass1 ! animals are almo/ c]ta9 to become v uneasy--to worry2 & e fe$] kn[s1 or ought to "k1 t a frett+ bea/ w nei!r fatt5 nor yield milk satisfactorily4 ,! c[-h\se ought to be kept z clean z possible2 & ! excreta1 !re=e1 %\ld be remov$ sev]al times a day4 ,mr4 ,h>vey1 ( ,glasg[1 has probably "o ( ! l>ge/ dairies 9 ! _w4 ,8 c[ byres1 #ef y>ds long1 & f #ab to #bd feet wide--accord+ z "o or two r[s ( c[s are to be accommodat$--/& closely pack$1 ! :ole surface ( ! gr\nd be+ ?us cov]$ by a k9d ( ro(4 ,f #ijj to #a1jjj c[s are con/antly 9 milk4 ,!y are f$ dur+ w9t] p>tly on /eam$ turnips 7#g tons be+ /eam$ daily 9 ord] to give "o meal daily to #ijj c[s71 p>tly on co>se hay1 ( :i*1 z ( /raw1 !y get betwe5 #bj & #cj lbs4 a day ea*4 ,!y are also f$ on draff1 ( :i* !y receive half a bu%el daily ea*2 on ,indian corn meal1 ( :i* !y h #c lbs4 daily ea*2 & on pot-ale1 ( :i* !y receive ?ree times a day ne>ly z mu* z !y w consume1 i4e41 f #f to #aj gallons daily4 ,dur+ ! summ] !y are let out1 a byreful at a "t1 = half a day to grass1 & on com+ 9 receive _! sp5t malt & /ill liquor1 & hay 9 addition4 ,!y are manag$1 clean$1 & f$ by two m5 to ea* byre hold+ ab\t #ajj c[s4 ,! milk+ is done ?ree times a day1 by wom5 :o take *>ge ( #ac c[s 9 full milk1 or d\ble t numb] 9 half milk1 apiece4 ,betwe5 #d & #e o'clock a4m4 7tak+ ! w9t] managem5t71 ! byres are clean$ out1 & ! c[s receive a big %ovelful ( draff apiece1 & half _! /eam$ turnips & meal1 & a half /\pful1 7probably #b gallons7 ( pot-ale4 ,!y are milk$ v e>ly4 ,at #g !y receive _! fodd]-/raw or hay4 ,at #aj !y get a full /\pful 7probably #c or #d gallons7 ( pot-ale4 ,!y are milk$ at noon4 ,at #b p4m41 or !reab\ts1 !y are fodd]$ aga91 & at #d p4m4 receive ! same food z at ! morn+ meal4 ,!y are aga9 milk$ at #e to #f1 clean$ out & left till morn+4 ,! av]age produce is /at$ to be #b gallons a day p] c[4 ,mrs4 ,scott1 ( ,week/on1 ,peebles1 :o keeps "o ( ! be/ manag$ dairy f>ms 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ?us conducts h] op]ations 9 ! w9t]3--,at #f o'clock 9 ! morn+ ! c[s are well wip$ or scrubb$1 h _! b$d+ remov$1 & receive ea* ab\t #d or #e lbs4 ( /raw4 ,at #h o'clock ! c[s are milk$1 & ,mrs4 ,scott exam9es ea* to asc]ta9 :e!r or n ! milk-maid has left any fluid 9 ! udd]--& woe betide ! c>eless maid if h] "w has be5 c>elessly done6 ,at #aj o'clock a b>r[ful ( turnips is divid$ among/ ?ree c[s1 & :5 ^! roots are n available1 a quantity ( peas or bean meal1 ) a p9t ( cold wat]1 takes _! place4 ,at #a o'clock ! c[s are all[$ out to be wat]$1 & dur+ _! abs5ce f ! byre x is ?or\ghly cleans$ & v5tilat$4 ,:5 ! /ate ( ! wea!r prev5ts ! c[s f be+ turn$ out1 !y receive twice a day a h&ful ( oatmeal diffus$ ?r\gh\t ?ree p9ts ( wat]--a h&ful ( salt be+ giv5 9 ! fir/ ( ^! dr9ks4 ,:5 ! c[s return to ! byre1 !y receive ea* ab\t #d or #e lbs4 ( /raw1 & at #d or #e o'clock an ev5+ meal ( turnips equal to _! morn+ fe$4 ,at #h o'clock a w9dl+ ( mead[ hay is giv5 to ea* pair ( c[s1 ! quantity be+ always regulat$ accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ea* c[4 ,! c[s ^u calv+ receive1 9 addition to ?is all[ance ( hay1 half a pailful ( boil$ turnips1 mix$ ) a qu>t ( peas or bean-meal4 ,?is mess is giv5 9 a lukew>m /ate4 ,mrs4 ,scott's sy/em may be ?us epitomis$3 ,regul>ity 9 fe$+2 suffici5t b n excessive food2 regul>ity 9 milk+2 & m9ute att5tion to cleanl9ess & v5tilation4 ,/all-fe$+4--,:at becomes ( ! #ij p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! non-nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( ! food ( ! %eep1 & ( ! #hj p] c5t4 ( t ( ! nutrim5t ( ! pig1 :i* !y consume b d n /ore up8 ,i h already p>tly answ]$ ?is "q4 ,?is portion ( ! food is *iefly exp5d$ 9 ! production ( ! heat ) :i* ! high temp]ature ( ! animal's body is ma9ta9$4 ,"p ( x1 no d\bt1 passes un*ang$ ?r\gh its body1 ei!r ow+ to its indige/ibility1 or to its be+ giv5 9 excess4 ,! quantity ( non-nitrog5\s matt]s consum$ by a man is influ5c$ greatly by ! temp]ature ( ! air :i* he habitually brea!s1 & by ! nature ( ! artificial cov]+ ( 8 body2 !re may be o!r conditions at pres5t unkn[n to u1 b ^! are among/ ! *ief ones4 ,n[1 z !re is suffici5t reason to lead u to believe t ! consumption ( c>bonace\s food by ! l[] animals is influ5c$ 9 ! same way by ! temp]ature ( ! m$ium 9 :i* !y exi/1 ! "q naturally sugge/s itself1 w\ld x n be *eap] to ma9ta9 ! heat ( ! animal by burn+ ! c>bon ( *eap coal or turf outside its body1 ?an by consum+ ! c>bon ( co/ly fat )9 x8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is n s simple z at fir/ sight x appe>s to be4 ,we mu/ n consid] t1 because #aj lbs4 weight ( c>bon1 z coal1 co/s b a p5ny1 :il/ an equal weight ( ! same elem5t 9 />* co/s tw5ty p5ce1 heat may be furni%$ to a fatt5+ animal tw5ty times *eap] by ! combu/ion ( coal ?an by t ( />*4 ,no d\bt ! am\nt ( heat evolv$ by ! conv]sion ( a p\nd-weight ( c>bon into c>bonic acid is ! same1 :e!r x be a con/itu5t ( />* or ( coal2 b ! application ( ! heat s produc$ is less "u our control 9 ! latt] case4 ,all ! heat evolv$ dur+ ! combu/ion ( ! />* )9 ! animal's body is made use (2 :il/ a v l>ge proportion ( t develop$ by ! combu/ion ( coal 9 a furnace _c 9 practice be appli$ to ! purpose ( heat+ ! animal's body4 ,x is only ! h&iwork ( ! ,creator :i* is p]fect1 & no ma*9e con/ruct$ by ! skill ( man1 = ! direction ( =ce1 c rival t wondr\s heat-produc+1 =ce-direct+ me*anism--! animal organism4 ,accord+ to ,dumas1 ! combu/ion ( ab\t #b-a_/b lbs4 ( c>bon 9 a /eam-eng9e is requir$ to g5]ate suffici5t =ce to convey a man f ! level ( ! sea to ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc2 b a man w asc5d ! m\nta9 9 two days1 & burn 9 8 me*anism only half a p\nd ( c>bon4 ,!re is no ma*9e 9 :i* heat & =ce are m completely made available ?an ! animal organism2 & 7 x n--?anks to ! influ5ce ( ant$iluvian sun%9e--t ! c>bon ( fuel 9 ^! c\ntries is s v mu* *eap] ?an ! c>bon ( food1 !re is no d\bt b t ! *eape/ mode ( keep+ an animal w>m w\ld be to all[ x to burn its c>bon )9 its body4 ,z ! matt] /&s1 h[ev]1 !re is no "q z to ! advisability ( keep+ fatt5+ animals 9 a w>m place4 ,if ! temp]ature ( ! /all be equal to t ( ! animal's body !re w be less food consum$ 9 ! increase ( its fat2 because less ( ! fat-=m+ mat]ials w be exp5d$ 9 ! production ( heat4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !re=e1 heat is an equival5t to food1 b only )9 c]ta9 limits2 because heat is develop$ 9 l>ge quantity )9 ! animal body indep5d5tly ( ! temp]ature ( ! air4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no object to be atta9$ by hav+ ! /alls heat$ beyond #gj or #hj degrees4 ,inde$1 x is to be que/ion$ :e!r or n /alls artificially heat$ are ev] prop]ly v5tilat$4 ,if !y be n1 ! heal? ( ! animal w suff]1 & its appetite--s ess5tial a po9t 9 fatt5+ /ock--w become impair$4 ,we may conclude--fir/ly1 t animals1 :5 fatt5+1 %\ld be kept at a temp]ature n "u #gj degrees nor above #ij degrees ,fahr5heit2 secondly1 t ! mode ( heat+ mu/ be su* t !re is z little wa/eful combu/ion ( fuel z is possible "u ! circum/ances2 &1 la/ly1 t no motives ( economy ( fuel %\ld prev5t ! fe$+ places f be+ ?or\ghly v5tilat$4 ,/all-fe$+ is n s ext5sively c>ri$ on 9 ,irel& z x is 9 ,great ,brita94 ,!re is a g5]al impression t x does n pay 9 ! =m] c\ntry2 b if su* be ! case1 x is simply ow+ to ! want ( skill on ! "p ( ! ,iri% fe$]s4 ,! cattle int5d$ = /all-fe$+ %\ld be remov$ 7if out7 f ! field 9 ,octob]1 & put into ! h\se1 or c\rt1 or crib1 or hammel1 z ! case may be4 ,!y are f$ ^u roots1 /raw1 hay1 gra91 & artificial food4 ,! greate/ skill is requir$ 9 _! treatm5t4 ,x is a nice po9t to det]m9e :i* foods are ! mo/ economical1 & also to asc]ta9 9 :at foods excessive proportions ( c]ta9 nutritive elem5ts exi/4 ,suffici5t food %\ld be giv52 b any approa* to wa/e %\ld be avoid$4 ,?ree fe$s a day are usually giv51 & %\ld be suppli$ at ! same h\rs ea* day4 ,= ab\t two weeks ! animals are furni%$ ) :ite turnips ad libitum2 b aft] ! expiration ( t "t !y receive ,sw$i% turnips1 /raw1 & gra91 or oil-cake4 ,late 9 ! season mangels w replace turnips4 ,almo/ e ext5sive fe$] n[ uses oil-cakes 9 l>ge quantities2 b :5 oats are l[ 9 price1 !y w 9 g5]al be f\nd a *eap equival5t = a l>ge proportion ( ! oil-cake4 ,diff]5t fe$]s h diff]5t diet>ies1 & ! nature ( ! alim5ts suppli$ to fatt5+ /ock dep5ds v mu* ^u ! m>ket prices ( food-/uffs1 & ! locality 9 :i* ! fe$+-h\se is situat$4 ,! foll[+ diet>ies are b examples ( ! me?ods ( fe$+ adopt$ 9 diff]5t di/ricts & by diff]5t p]sons3-- ,mr4 ,mc,combie1 ( ,tillyf\r1 fatt5s f #cjj to #djj bea/s annually1 & obta9$ = !m 9 #ahfa ,l#ce p] head4 ,he nev] exce$s #d lbs4 ( oil-cake p] diem1 nor #b lbs4 ( bruis$ oats1 = ea* bea/4 ,he gives z mu* turnip & /raw z !y c consume4 ,he realises ,l#ab p] acre 9 fe$+ on ,ab]de5 & ,sw$i% turnips4 ,= fatt+ cattle1 says ,mr4 ,edmonds1 ( ,cir5ce/]1 ,i %\ld recomm5d two p>ts hay & "o "p /raw1 or 9 =w>d animals ?ree p>ts hay & "o "p /raw cut 9 *aff4 ,^? ( av]age size w eat some:]e ab\t five bu%els p] day1 ) #d lbs4 to #e lbs4 oil-cake1 & half a peck ( mix$ meal1 b>ley & peas1 or beans1 &1 if *eap1 a proportion ( :eat also1 to be increas$ to "o peck p] day 9 a mon? or six weeks aft] !y h come to /all1 ! oil-cake & meal to be boil$ 9 wat] = half-an-h\r or ?ree-qu>t]s1 & ?r[n 9 ! =m ( ri* s\p ov] ! *aff1 & well mix$1 to :i* add a little salt4 ,colonel ,m',d\all1 ( ,logan1 ,wigton%ire1 gives #c lbs4 ( bean-meal & #c lbs4 ( cut /raw cook$ toge!r1 & #hd lbs4 ( ,sw$i% turnips4 ,accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,messrs4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 an ox weigh+ #a1djj lbs4 ought to ga9 #bj lbs4 weekly :5 f$ "u cov] ) #h lbs4 ( cru%$ oil-cake1 #ac lbs4 ( *opp$ clov] hay1 & #dg lbs4 ( turnips4 ,! *emical con/itu5ts 79 a dri$ /ate7 ( ?is all[ance are z foll[s3-- ,ounces4 ,fat-=m]s1 or heat giv]s #bcb ,fle%-=m]s #ee ,m9]al matt] #bi ,co/ ( ,ma9ta9+ ,animals4--,! animal me*anism1 :i* exhibits ! lea/ t5d5cy to fatt51 is ! mo/ co/ly to keep 9 repair1 9 relation to ! "w p]=m$ by x4 ,if1 = example1 a %eep /ore up 9 its increase "o-fif? ( its food1 !n ! rema9+ f\r-fif?s are exp5d$ 9 pres]v+ x alive1 & _! co/ repres5ts1 s to speak1 ! exp5se ( pres]v+ ! animal's body 9 repair4 ,if ano!r %eep /ore up only "o-t5? ( its food1 !n ! co/ ( its ma9t5ance may be said to be d\ble t ( ! animal :i* reta9s ! l>g] proportion ( its nutrim5t 9 ! =m ( fle%4 ,( c\rse 9 bo? cases ! value ( ! manure w to a great ext5t comp5sate = ! co/ ( ! food exp5d$ 9 m]ely keep+ ! animal alive2 b t does n affect ! proposition1 t ! less food exp5d$ by an animal 9 c>ry+ on its vital functions ! m valuable is x z a meat-manufactur+ ma*9e4 ,f ! mom5t x is br\ght into ! _w until x is ripe = ! %ambles1 an animal %\ld /eadily increase 9 weight3 e week t x does n /ore up a portion ( its food 9 p]man5t increase is ! loss ( a week's food to ! fe$]2 = all ! fodd] consum$ dur+ t "t by ! animal is1 s to speak1 devot$ to its own private purposes4 ,%eep ov]cr[d$ on pa/ures1 mil* c[s on %ort commons1 calves kept on bulky innutriti\s food1 are all s _m s\rces ( positive loss to ! fe$]--& z _m pro(s t he :o aspires to be a successful produc] ( meat1 mu/1 9 "o respect at lea/1 be a dev\t believ] 9 ! doctr9e ( ,progressive ,developm5t4 ,cook+ & ,bruis+ ,food4--,! cook+1 or ! o!rwise prep>+1 ( ! food ( ! dome/icat$ animals is a subject :i* until rec5tly 0 completely ignor$ by ! va/ majority ( /ock fe$]s4 ,x is n[1 h[ev]1 beg9n+ to attract a fair am\nt ( att5tion2 & no d\bt ere long ! be/ modes ( treat+ ! food ( cattle w be discov]$4 ,z might be expect$ f our limit$ exp]i5ce ( ! subject1 !re exi/s consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion relative to ! prop] me?od ( cook+ cattle food2 & !re are _m v ext5sive fe$]s :o object to ! plan altoge!r1 & cont5d t z ! food ( ! inf]ior animals is naturally suppli$ to !m 9 a raw condition1 x w\ld be q unnatural to give x to !m 9 a cook$ /ate4 ,:atev] diff]5ce ( op9ion !re may be ) reg>d to ! propriety ( cook+ ! food ( /ock1 we believe !re ought n to be a d\bt z to ! desirability ( me*anically treat+ ! h>d] k9ds ( fe$+ /uff4 ,x is q evid5t t a horse f$ ^u h>d gra9s ( oats & wiry fibres ( uncut hay or /raw mu/ exp5d no inconsid]able proportion ( 8 motive p[] 9 ! process ( ma/ication4 ,aft] a h>d day's "w ( eight or t5 h\rs he has be=e him ! labori\s task ( r$uc+ to a pulp f #ab lbs4 to #bj lbs4 weight ( exce$+ly h>d & t\gh vegetable matt]2 & z ?is op]ation is c>ri$ on dur+ ! h\rs :i* %\ld be devot$ to re/1 ! repose ( ! animal is to "s ext5t int]f]$ )4 ,inde$1 x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t a horse1 aft] a h>d day's "w1 is too tir$ to *ew 8 food prop]ly2 he consequ5tly bolts 8 oats1 a l>ge proportion ( :i*1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 passes un*ang$ ?r\gh ! animal's body4 ,9 ord] to r5d] fully effective ! motive p[] ( ! horse1 x is absolutely necess>y to pay att5tion to ! condition1 z well z to ! quantity & quality ( 8 nutrim5t4 ,! =ce wa/$ by a horse 9 ! comm9ution ( 8 food1 :5 compos$ ( :ole oats & uncut hay & /raw1 _c1 at ! l[e/ e/imate1 be less ?an t :i* he exp5ds 9 an h\r ( ord9>y "w1 su* z1 = example1 9 pl\gh+4 ,! prep>ation ( 8 food by means ( wat] or /eam p[]1 or ev5 by animal motive p[]1 w\ld economise by at lea/ #ej p] c5t4 ! labor exp5d$ 9 its ma/ication2 & ?is w\ld be equival5t to ne>ly half a day's "w 9 ea* week1 &1 consequ5tly1 a cle> ga9 ( s mu* labor to ! own] ( ! animal4 ,9 ! pres5t "t ( wat]-p[] & /eam-p[] corn-mills1 "o man is able to gr9d ! fl\r necess>y = ! support ( sev]al ?\s& m52 9 e>ly ages ! labor ( "o p]son 9 ! gr9d+ ( :eat s]v$ b to supply ! wants ( tw5ty o!rs4 ,9 bo? cases ma*9]y 0 employ$ = r$uc+ ! gra9 to fl\r2 b 9 ! "o case1 ! me*anisms employ$ 7 m ?an a hundr$ times m effective ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,b ev5 ! mo/ imp]fect fl\r mill is by f> a m economical sy/em ( comm9ut+ corn ?an ! jaws ( animals2 & if e man 7 oblig$1 z ! horse is1 to gr9d 8 corn by means ( 8 tee? alone1 he w\ld f9d 8 p[]s = ! p]=mance ( o!r k9ds ( labor consid]ably less5$4 ,x has be5 urg$ z an objection to ! use ( bruis$ oats by horses1 t !y ex]cise 9 t /ate a laxative influ5ce ^u ! animal's b[els4 ,i d\bt v mu* t su* is frequ5tly ! case1 :5 ! animal is f$ only ^u oats & hay & /raw2 b ev5 if ! oats produce su* an effect1 ! addition ( a small proportion ( beans--! b9d+ prop]ties ( :i* are well kn[n--w obviate ! disadvantage4 ,! desirability ( me*anically act+ ^u s(t food is n s app>5t z ! necessity = ! bruis+ ( oats is4 ,roots are s easily ma/icable t if !y are r5d]$ m s !re is dang] ( _! be+ s ha/ily swall[$ z to escape ?or\gh insalivation1 :i* is s necess>y to ensure p]fect dige/ion4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ?is dang]1 p]haps ! be/ way w\ld be to give pulp$ mangels & turnips mix$ ) cut /raw2 a mixture :i* c\ld n easily be bolt$4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,lawr5ce1 ( ,cir5ce/]1 :o is a great advocate = ! cook+ ( food1 & has frequ5tly publi%$ 8 exp]i5ce ( ! b5efits d]ivable !refrom1 ?us describes 8 me?od ( comb9+ pulp$ roots ) dry fodd]3-- ,we f9d t1 tak+ a score ( bullocks toge!r fatt5+1 !y consume p] head p] diem ?ree bu%els ( *aff1 mix$ ) j half a cwt4 ( pulp$ roots1 exclusive ( cakes ( corn2 t is to say1 r m ?an two bu%els ( *aff are mix$ ) ! roots1 & giv5 at two fe$s1 morn+ & ev5+1 & ! rema9d] is giv5 ) ! cake1 c41 at ! middle-day fe$1 ?us3--,we use ! /eam+ app>atus ( ,/anley1 ( ,pet]bor\gh1 consi/+ ( a boil] 9 ! c5tre1 9 :i* ! /eam is g5]at$1 & :i* is connect$ by a pipe on ! left h& ) a l>ge galvanis$ iron receptacle = /eam+ food = pigs1 & on ! "r ) a l>ge wood5 tub1 l9$ ) copp]1 9 :i* ! cake1 mix$ ) wat]1 is made into a ?ick s\p4 ,adjo9+ ?is is a slate tank1 ( suffici5t size to conta9 "o fe$ = ! entire lot ( bullocks fe$+4 ,into ?is tank is laid *aff ) a ?ree-gra9$ =k1 & press$ d[n firmly2 & ?is process is repeat$ until ! slate tank is full1 :5 x is cov]$ d[n = an h\r or two be=e fe$+ "t4 ,! s\p is !n f\nd entirely absorb$ by ! *aff1 :i* has become s(t5$ & prep>$ = ready dige/ion4 ,mr4 ,wright1 ne> ,dunb>1 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( an exp]im5t ) pulp$ roots & /raw & oil-cake4 ,x appe>s to prove ! sup]iority ( mix$ foods ov] ! same foods consum$ sep>ately3-- ,two lots ( ye>-old cattle 7 f$2 ! "o 9 ! usual way--slic$ turnips & /raw1 ad libitum--! o!rs ) ! m9c$ turnips1 mix$ ) cut /raw4 ,! fir/ lot consum$ daily #hd lbs4 slic$ turnips1 #a lb4 oil-cake1 #a lb4 rape-cake1 #a_/b lb4 bean-meal1 brok5 small & mix$ ) a little salt1 & :at /raw !y lik$4 ,! second lot ate1 ea*1 daily1 #ej lbs4 m9c$ turnips1 #a lb4 oil-cake1 #a lb4 rape-cake1 #a_/b lb4 bean-meal1 & a little salt1 ! :ole be+ mix$ ) d\ble ! bulk ( cut /raw or :eat *aff4 ,9 spr+1 ! lot ( cattle :i* _h ! mix$ food 7 9 good condition1 & equally well gr[n z o!rs1 ?\gh !y _h consum$ 9 five mon?s two tons less ( roots apiece4 ,! report] does n advise ! m9c+ process to be comm5c$ :5 cattle are v =w>d 9 condition1 z any *ange ( food requires a c]ta9 "t to accu/om ! animals to x1 & 9 ! meantime fat cattle are apt to fall (f 9 condition4 ,x ought to be begun :5 !y are "y & lean4 ,mr4 ,duckham1 ( ,bay%am ,c\rt1 ,ross1 ,h]e=d%ire1 says3-- ,! advantages ( pulp+ roots = cattle are--#a/1 ,economy ( food2 = ! roots be+ pulp$ & mix$ ) ! *aff1 ei!r f ?re%+ or cut hay or /raw1 ! :ole is consum$ )\t wa/e1 ! animals n be+ able to sep>ate ! *aff f ! pulp$ roots1 z is ! case :5 ! roots are m]ely slic$ by ! common cutt]1 nei!r d !y wa/e ! fodd] z :5 giv5 )\t be+ cut4 #b4 ,! use ( ord9>y hay or /raw4 ,aft] be+ mix$ ) ! pulp = ab\t twelve h\rs1 f]m5tation comm5ces1 & ?is soon r5d]s ! mo/ m\ldy hay palatable1 & animals eat ) avidity t :i* !y w\ld o!rwise reject4 ,?is f]m5tation s(t5s ! /raw1 makes x m palatable1 & puts x 9 a /ate to assimilate m readily ) ! o!r food4 ,9 ?is respect ,i ?9k ! pulp] ( great value1 p>ticul>ly ^u corn f>ms :]e l>ge crops ( /raw are gr[n1 & :]e !re is a limit$ acreage ( pa/ure1 z by its use ! pa/ures may be graz$1 ! exp5sive process ( haymak+ r$uc$1 &1 consequ5tly1 an increas$ numb] ( cattle kept4 ,i keep "o-?ird m1 giv+ ! "y /ock a small quantity ( oil-cake1 :i* ,i mix ) ! *aff1 c4 #c4 ,*ok+ is utt]ly impossible1 & ,i h only _h "o case ( hoove 9 ?ree ye>s1 & t occurr$ :5 ! mixture _h n f]m5t$4 #d4 ,!re is an advantage 9 mix+ ! meal ) ! *aff & pulp$ roots = fatt5+ animals1 z !reby !y _c sep>ate x1 & ! moi/ure f ! f]m5tation s(t5s ! meal & ensures its ?or\gh dige/ion1 :]eas1 :5 giv5 9 a dry /ate )\t any mixture1 frequ5tly a great portion passes away 9 ! manure4 ,on ! value ( ! process = a graz+ f>m ) b a small quantity ( pl\gh-l&1 ,mr4 ,corn]1 ( ,woodl&s1 ,hol=d1 ,bridgewat]1 ?us speaks3-- ,my plan is1 fir/ comm5c+ ) ! graz+ bea/s1 to cut ab\t an equal quantity ( hay & /raw & mix ) a suffici5t quantity ( roots 7mo/ly mangel7 to well moi/5 ! *aff2 & z ! bea/s advance 9 condition1 ,i less5 ! /raw & increase ! hay1 & 9 _! fur!r progress ,i mix--9 addition to all hay1 *aff1 & roots--f #f to #aj lb4 p] day to ea* bullock ( b>ley & bean-meal1 accord+ to its size--& ,i h !m l>ge sometimes4 ,i sold la/ week = ! ,london m>ket a lot ( ,devon ox5 ( v prime quality1 av]ag+ 9 weight upw>ds ( #ajj /one imp]ial ea*4 ,= my horses1 c[s1 ye>l+s1 & ox5--! latt] to be kept 9 a ?riv+ condition1 & turn$ to grass1 & kept ?r\gh ! summ] = ,*ri/mas1 #ahfj--;,i cut ne>ly all /raw1 ) a v small quantity ( hay1 & ?is ! (fal ( ! rick4 ,^! also h z _m pulp$ roots z w moi/5 ! *aff1 except ! horses1 & to !m ,i give1 along ) bruis$ oats1 j en\gh roots to keep _! b[els 9 a prop] condition4 ,to ! two or ?ree-ye>-old bea/s ,i give "s long /raw & a "p *aff1 & ! (fal 7if any7 ( ! food ( ! above lots ( /ock4 ,my f>m is b a small "o--"u #bjj acres4 ,my pr$ecessor always m[$ ne>ly all ! pa/ures = hay1 :i* is ab\t half ! f>m1 & ) ?is sc>cely ev] graz$ any bea/s1 & kept b v few %eep4 ,s9ce my occupation ,i sc>cely ev] exce$ t5 acres ( mead[ ) "o field ( se$s = hay4 ,i keep f #bej to #cjj l>ge-size ,leice/] %eep1 & graze f #bj to #be l>ge-size bea/s a ye>1 ) o!r bre$+ /ock 9 proportion4 ,i consid] ! pulp+ ( roots is bett] = fatt+ pigs ?an any?+ else4 ,my plan is to h a l>ge two-hog%ead vat z ne> ! pulp+ ma*9e z possible1 s z to fill x ) a malt %ovel z x comes f ! ma*9e2 at ! same "t ,i keep a lad spr9kl+ meal 7ei!r b>ley or ,indian corn7 ) ! roots2 & ?is is all done 9 fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes4 ,x is !n ready = use1 to be c>ri$ to ! pigs 9 ! /alls alongside ! fatt+ bea/s4 ,i nev] c\ld fatt5 a pig ) pr(it until ,i us$ pulp$ roots4 ,al?\gh ! practice ( cook+ food has be5 advocat$ by sev]al em95t fe$]s1 x has be5 condemn$ by o!rs4 ,mr4 ,lawes is n favorable to ! cook+ ( food unless :5 x is sc>ce4 ,! results ( ,colonel ,m',d\all's exp]im5ts g to prove t cattle c be m economically kept ^u a mixture ( raw & cook$ foods ?an ^u ei!r raw or cook$ fodd] giv5 sep>ately4 ,"o meal ( cook$ food & two fe$s ( raw turnips gave bett] results ?an ?ree fe$s ( raw turnips2 :il/ two cook$ fe$s & a raw "o result$ 9 a loss4 ,! f]m5tation ( food1 if n ! be/1 is c]ta9ly ! *eape/ mode ( prep>+ x4 ,if ! process be n pu%$ too f> ! loss ( nutrim5t su/a9$ is inconsid]able4 ,:5 a mixture ( /raw & roots is f]m5t$1 ! h>d fibres ( ! latt] are1 to a great ext5t1 brok5 up1 & ! nutri5t p>ticles :i* !y envelop are fully expos$ to ! action ( ! solv5t juices ( ! /oma*4 ,a great advantage 9 cook+ or f]m5t+ food is t ! mo/ rubbi%y mat]ials c be us$ up4 ,inde$1 z a g5]al rule1 ! bett] s(t food is1 ! less ! necessity = cook+ x2 b wa%$ out hay & h>d1 ov]-rip5$ /raw are ( b little value1 except :5 cook$ & giv5 9 comb9ation ) "s agreeably-flavor$ sub/ance4 ,,value ,,= ,,fe$+ ,,purposes ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,foods4#bb ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,key3 ,a4--,/>*1 ,sug>1 c4 ,b4--,oil1 ,/>*1 c41 comput$ z ,oil4 ,c4--,weight4 ,d4--,value4 ,e4--,value ( ,nitrog51 ,phosphoric ,acid1 & ,pota%4 ,f4--,d$uct ,nitrog5 = p]spiration4 ,g4--,net ,value = ,manure4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,co/4 #ajj ,,lbs4 ,,conta94 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,mat]ial4 ,nitrog54 ,p] ,p] #ajj ------------- ton4 lbs4 ,oil4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,l s4 d4 s4 d4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 d4 ,mead[-hay #d #j #j #c #g #b4fh #ci4ge #bd4fc #a4dh #aj4fb ,:eat-/raw #a #ae #j #a #g #j4ej #cb4j #ah4ej #j4db #c4j ,sw$i% ,turnips #d #aj #j #d #j #b4j #fj4j #ce4j #b4dj #ag4bh ,oil-cake #i #f #h #h #d #ab4j #ch4j #cc4j #e4j #cf4j ,beans #i #f #h #h #d #b4j #db4j #be4cj #d4de #cb4j ,indian ,meal #i #f #h #h #d #g4j #fj4j #dj4j #b4be #af4bj ,c>ob1 or ,locu/ ,bean #i #f #h #h #d #f4gf #eg4j #ce4j #j4fd #c4ge ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #ajj ,,lbs4 ,,conta94 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,mat]ial4 ,phosphoric ,pota%4 ,acid4 ------------------------ ,c4 ,d4 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ,f4 ,g4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- lbs4 d4 lbs4 d4 s4 d4 d4 s4 d4 ,mead[-hay #j4ij #a4ce #a4ej #d4ej #a #d-a_/b #b-a_/ab #a #b-a_/d ,:eat-/raw #j4ad #j4ba #j4fe #b4af #j #e #a_/b #j #e ,sw$i% ,turnips #j4hj #a4bj #b4be #f4ge #b #a-a_/d #c-a_/b #a #i-c_/d ,oil-cake #b4be #c4cg #a4ge #e4be #c #h-a_/b #g-a_/d #c #a-c_/d ,beans #j4hf #a4bi #a4aa #c4cc #c #j-a_/b #f-a_/b #b #f ,indian ,meal #j4ai #j4bh #j4ag #j4ea #a #e #c-a_/d #a #a-c_/d ,c>ob1 or ,no analysis ,locu/ ,bean ( a%4 say #e-c_/d -- #j #e ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,b$d+ ,cattle4--,in/ead ( wa/+ /raw 9 b$d+ cattle1 x w\ld be mu* bett] to pass x ?r\gh _! bodies4 ,if /raw mu/ be us$ = litt]1 let x be employ$ z economically z possible4 ,good sub/itutes1 :olly or 9 "p1 = /raw b$d+ may be f\nd 9 sawdu/1 a%es1 tan & f]ns4 ,leaves ( trees if procurable 9 quantity con/itute an excell5t litt]4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,! ,,%eep4 ,! managem5t ( %eep v>ies greatly--dep5d+ ^u ! bre$s ( ! animal1 ! localities 9 :i* !y are re>$ & fatt5$1 & v>i\s economic conditions4 ,! tupp+ season v>ies ( c\rse ) ! c\ntry3 9 ,irel& x comm5ces ab\t ! middle ( ,septemb] & la/s = two mon?s2 9 ,engl& & p>ts ( ,scotl&1 ! season is ab\t a mon? e>li]4 ,! be/ k9ds ( %eep admit ( be+ v e>ly put to bre$4 ,bo? ram & ewe are ready = ?is purpose :5 ab\t fifte5 mon?s old4 ,"o ram is suffici5t = ab\t #hj ewes4 ,! bre$+ flock %\ld be 9 a s\nd1 heal?y condition1 & ! ram ought to be z ne> p]fection z possible4 ,! condition ( ! sire ought to be good1 b at ! same "t x is n desirable to h him ov] fat4 ,! m /rik+ indications ( good heal? 9 ! %eep are dry eyes1 r$ gums1 s\nd tee?1 smoo?1 oily sk91 & regul> rum9ation4 ,! color ( ! excreta %\ld be natural4 ,bre$+ ,ewes4--,aft] ! tupp+ season1 :i* g5]ally la/s = a mon?1 ! %eep are usually put on a pa/ure1 :i* ne$ n be v ri*4 ,9 cold situations ample %elt] %\ld be af=d$ to ! bre$+ flocks2 & 9 sev]e wea!r !y %\ld1 if possible1 be remov$ to %$s4 ,:5 sn[ cov]s ! gr\nd1 ! animals mu/ be suppli$ ) turnips1 or cook$ food ( "s k9d4 ,at su* "t a little oil-cake w be f\nd v useful4 ,yean+4--,9 ,m>* ! yean+ season sets 92 & z ?is "t approa*es1 ! food ( ! animals %\ld be improv$1 & ! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 ( !m4 ,! %eph]d %\ld be unceas+ 9 8 wat*fulness1 frequ5tly exam9+ e individual animal4 ,! lamb+1 if possible1 ought to take place 9 %$s1 or "s cov]$ place4 ,re>+ ( ,lambs4--,delicate lambs require great c>e4 ,v weak ones (t5 require to be h& f$4 ,%\ld a "m die1 h] (fspr+ may be plac$ ) ano!r ewe2 on ! o!r h&1 %\ld a lamb p]i%1 its "m may be appo9t$ to re> "o ( ano!r ewe's tw9s 7if su* be available74 ,! ram lambs1 n int5d$ = bre$+ purposes1 are subject$ to a necess>y mutilation :5 !y are ab\t ?ree weeks old4 ,if ?is op]ation be p]=m$ lat]1 !re is great dang] t fatal inflammatory action may set 92 on ! o!r h&1 a lamb mu* y\ng] ?an ?ree weeks is h>dly /rong en\gh to be> ! pa9 ( ! op]ation4 ,! tails ( ! lambs are %ort5$ ab\t ! same "t2 b x w\ld be bett] 9 ! case ( ! rams n to p]=m bo? op]ations on ! same day4 ,^! op]ations are be/ p]=m$ dur+ moi/ or cl\dy wea!r2 if !y mu/ be done on fro/y or /ormy days1 ! lambs %\ld be kept "u %elt] = two or ?ree days1 z o!rwise ! cold might induce inflammation4 ,! lambs rema9 ) _! mo!rs = ab\t f\r mon?s1 aft] :i* !y are wean$1 & put ^u a good pa/ure4 ,:5 ! h]bage is poor1 oil-cake1 say #a_/d lb4 daily1 or "s o!r nutriti\s food1 %\ld be us$ to supplem5t x4 ,dur+ ! summ] & "p ( ! autumn ! "y /ock1 z a rule1 subsi/ ^u grass2 b _m flock-ma/]s give !m o!r k9ds ( food 9 addition4 ,z w9t] approa*es1 ! "y %eep on tillage f>ms receive s(t turnips1 & sometimes a little hay or /raw4 ,! all[ance ( oil-cake may be increas$ to #a_/b lb41 or if corn be *eap1 x may be sub/itut$ = ! oil-cake4 ,aft] ,*ri/mas ,sw$i% turnips are us$4 ,mr4 ,me*i gives ! foll[+ in=mation on ! subject ( re>+ lambs dur+ a season :5 roots are sc>ce3-- ,two hundr$ lambs1 :i* co/ #bbs4 #f;d4 ea* on ,septemb] #ab?1 7 kept on leas & /ubble until ,novemb] #crd1 !n on turnips until ,decemb] #ai?1 :5 fifty ( !m 7 draft$ to ano!r flock gett+ a little cotton-cake4 ,on ! #crd ( ,febru>y fatt+ comm5c$ ) l9se$-cake 9 addition to cut ,sw$es4 ,on ! #g? ( ,april ! fifty tegs 7 put on rye ) mangels1 & !y 7 sold on ! #d? ( ,may at #fas4 ea*4 ,! rema9+ #aej lambs 7 w9t]$ z /ores at little co/1 on inf]ior turnips uncut2 !y 7 put on rye f ,m>* #h? till ,may #d?1 :5 !y 7 valu$ at #dhs4 ea*4 ,! di/rict j ref]r$ to became s exhau/$ ( its /ock1 t at "s ( ! lat] fairs ! numb] ( lambs & ( ewes exhibit$ 0 less ?an "o-f\r? ( ! av]age4 ,b 9 ,essex1 on six adjo9+ f>ms1 includ+ t f :i* ,i write1 ! numb] ( %eep w9t]$ has be5 great] ?an ^! heavy l&s ev] c>ri$ be=e4 ,?is has be5 effect$ by ! ext5sion ( a sy/em ( managem5t (t5 practis$ on heavy l&1 t ( ek+ out a scanty supply ( gre5 food by a lib]al all[ance ( /raw1 *aff1 & gra92 :i* happily 7 good 9 quality1 z well z pl5tiful & l[ 9 price 9 #ahfd4 ,by ^! means we 7 enabl$ la/ w9t] to keep #a1ejj %eep on ab\t #fej acres ( arable1 & #cej acres ( dry upl& pa/ure--*iefly p>k surr\nd+ a mansion4 ,! arable l& does n v well be> fold+ 9 w9t]1 z a prep>ation = spr+ corn4 ,nei!r climate nor soil are favorable to turnips1 & not)/&+ our ef=ts 9 assi/+ ,nature1 our crops ( turnips1 rape1 or ,sw$es1 are nev] fir/-rate1 & sometimes v bad4 ,/rong /ubbles1 good beans1 clov]-se$1 & mangel1 are ! specialities ( ! locality1 & !y indicate heavy l&1 corn-gr[+1 & y>d-fe$+4 ,%eep h be5 g5]ally conspicu\s by _! abs5ce1 ?\gh ev5 ! heavy-l& f>m] is glad to w9t] a y>d ( !m in/ead ( cattle1 t he may keep "s1 at lea/1 ( ! /ock t pays be/4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahfd our root crops consi/$ ( "s :ite turnips & rape1 eat5 by ! ewes 9 ,septemb]1 & ( a v bad crop ( mangel1 ! :ole ( :i* 0 res]v$ = ! ewes at lamb+-"t4 ,9 ?is pr$icam5t we w9t]$ ab\t #a1jjj half-br$ lambs1 m ?an #djj ewes1 & "s fatt+ %eep4 ,all1 except ! fatt+ %eep1 7 fold$ on ! /ubbles1 & all[$ a daily run on ! p>k ( ab\t an h\r = ea* flock4 ,! fre%e/ grass 0 res]v$ = ! ewes1 & a v meagre bite rema9$ = ! lambs2 9 fact1 except = a few weeks 9 autumn1 ! p>ks af=d$ !m little or no?+ except ex]cise & wat]4 ,! flocks 7 divid$ betwe5 ?ree sep>ate f>ms1 & _! food 0 prep>$ at ! respective home/eads4 ,! treatm5t 0 9 e respect simil>2 we %all !re=e only notice 9 detail ! managem5t at "o f>m4 ,! foll[+ details are tak5 f our ,live ,/ock ,book3-- ,,extracts ,,f ,,/ock ,,book4 ,lambs4 ,paym5ts4 ,rem>ks4 ,novemb] #d?1 #ahfd4 ,l s4 d4 #ceb lambs1 co/ at date1 #cjs4 #i-a_/b;d4 ea* #edb #b #c 7a7 ,co/ ( keep+ #bd weeks to ,april #ba1 #ahfe3-- 7b7 ,corn & cake1 z p] gran>y book #bde #af #i 7c7 ,cutt+ #be tons ( *aff1 at #fs4 #g #ac #j 7d7 ,gr9d+ #if qrs4 #f b%ls4 ( corn1 at #i;d4 #c #ab #f ,att5dance1 at #ais4 #aj;d4 p] week #bc #af #j 7e7 ,horse labor1 at #fs4 p] week #g #d #j ,coal1 #cs4 #b;d4 p] week #c #af #j 7f7 ,use ( #ba tr\ghs1 at #c;d4 ea* p] mon? #a #aa #f 7g7 ,use ( #ahj hurdles1 at #a;d4 ea* p] mon? #d #aj #j #a-a_/b cwt4 ( rock salt #j #d #f ,l#hdj #f #f ,rem>ks4 7a7 ,total co/ ( keep+ #ceb lambs = #bd weeks1 ,l#bih #ds4 #c;d4 7b7 ,co/ p] head1 #afs4 #aa;d4 7c7 ,co/1 food only1 #ads4 #aa;d4 7d7 ,value ( ! manure1 reckon$ at "o-fif? ! co/ ( ! corn & cake1 ,l#di #cs4 #d;d4 7e7 ,co/ ( ! lambs1 p] head1 ,l#b #gs4 #h;d4 7f7 ,value ( manure1 p] head1 #bs4 #aj;d4 7g7 ,no *>ge made = ! /raw-*aff eat5 on ! l&4 ,! tegs w\ld probably h be5 sold at a pr(it 9 ,april2 !y 71 h[ev]1 put on grass & clov]1 & 7 fatt5$ 9 ! summ]4 ,septemb] #bi?4--#ceb lambs 9 ! p>ks1 on a little cotton-cake & "s oats1 until ,novemb] #d?1 :5 !y 7 fold$ on a :eat /ubble4 ,gave !m #e bu%els ( meal daily1 mix$ ) #dfh lb4 ( /raw *aff4 ,co/ #c-a_/b;d4 ea* p] week = meal4 ,decemb] #bj?4--,increas$ ! food to #f-a_/b bu%els ( meal & #a bu%el ( oil-cake4 ,decemb] #ah?4-- lb4 #b-c_/d bu%els ( maize cru%$ & boil$ #adc #d-a_/b bu%els ( mix$ meal #bjj #a bu%el ( oil-cake #ej --- #cic ,co/ #e-a_/b;d4 p] week = corn & cake2 *aff1 #b-a_/d lb4 ea*1 betwe5 ^! & ! ewes1 ! lambs eat+ r less ?an #b lb4 ea*4 ,eight p\nds ( rock-salt lick$ up by ! #ceb lambs p] week4 ,janu>y #bcrd4--,! food 0 increas$ to #g-a_/b bu%els ( meal1 #b bu%els ( oil-cake1 & #b bu%els ( rape-cake4 ,mixture ( ,corn4 ,:eat #d p>ts4 ,b>ley #d ,oats #b ,maize #d ,co/ p] /one 7#ad lb47 s4 d4 ,:eat #a #j ,b>ley #j #aj ,oats #a #j ,maize #j #aj ,oil-cake #a #d-a_/d ,rape-cake #j #i ,%eep ,fe$+4--,9 ,irel& %eep are (t5 exclusively f$ on grass2 b 9 mo/ cases ! addition ( o!r food is desirable1 & m especially is x necess>y dur+ w9t]4 ,:5 conf9$ to roots1 %eep1 on an av]age1 consume ab\t #bf lbs4 daily1 unless :5 "u %elt]1 :i* dim9i%es ! quantity by f five to t5 p] c5t4 ,"s %eep on :i* ,dr4 ,voelck] exp]im5t$ 7 f$ z foll[s3-- lbs4 ounces4 ,mangel wurtzel #ai #h ,*opp$ clov] hay #a #c_/aj ,l9se$ cake #j #d-h_/ajj -------------- ,total #bj #ae-ch_/ajj ,on ?is diet f\r %eep 7 ma9ta9$ f ! #bbnd ( ,m>* until ! #aj? ( ,may1 a p]iod ( =ty-sev5 days4 ,! weights 7 z foll[s3-- #bbnd ,m>4 #aj? ,may4 ,ga94 ,no4 #a #aec #agj-a_/b #ag-a_/b ,no4 #b #acd #aea-a_/b #ag-a_/b ,no4 #c #agj #ahg #ag-a_/b ,no4 #d #acf #aee #ai ,?is exp]im5t %[s t ! %eep c increase 9 weight on a daily all[ance ( food1 mu* less ?an is usually giv5 to !m2 b x w be f\nd t gr[+ %eep w usually consume a great] quantity ( food ?an t us$ by ,dr4 ,voelck]'s fatt5+ animals4 ,%eep wa%+ is p]=m$ be=e ! animal is %orn4 ,x is a process :i* %\ld nev] be neglect$1 z dirty wool is c]ta9 to br+ a less price ?an ! same quality w\ld if clean4 ,aft] be+ wa%$1 %eep %\ld be kept 9 dry pa/ure = ab\t t5 days 9 ord] to all[ ! loss ( yolk remov$ by ! wa%+ to be repair$2 !y w !n be 9 prop] condition = ! %e>]4 ,%eep ,dips are us$ = ! purpose ( remov+ p>asites f ! animal's sk94 ,!y (t5 conta9 ars5ic1 or bi*loride ( m]cury 7corrosive sublimate71 :i* are v objectionable +r$i5ts4 ,! glyc]9e %eep dip1 prep>$ by ,messrs4 ,h5drick & ,gu]91 ( ,london1 is a safe mixture1 z x is free f m9]al poisons1 :il/ ! t> sub/ances :i* x includes1 act z a p[]ful cleans] ( ! sk91 )\t injuri\sly affect+ ! yolk ( ! wool4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,! ,,pig4 ,9 ! bre$+ ( pigs1 z 9 ! bre$+ ( o!r k9ds ( /ock1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 9 ! selection ( bo? sire & dam4 ,a good pig %\ld h a small head1 %ort nose1 plump *eek1 a compact body1 %ort neck1 & ?9 b v hairy sk91 & %ort legs4 ,! black bre$ is consid]$ to be m h>dy ?an ! :ite2 & pure--all black or all :ite--colors z a rule indicate ! pure/ blood4 ,! s[ %\ld n be br$ f until %e is a ye> old1 & ! bo> especially %\ld n be employ$ at an e>li] age4 ,al?\gh "o bo> is sometimes left ) =ty pigs & ev5 a great] numb]1 he w n be able to s]ve m ?an a doz5 ab\t ! same "t1 if vigor\s prog5y be expect$4 ,! s['s regul> p]iod ( ge/ation is #aac days2 %e c h two litt]s a ye>1 & 9 ea* !re are f five to f\rte5 "y4 ,mod]ate siz$ litt]s are ! be/1 ! "y ( v num]\s ones be+ (t5 weakly4 ,! be/ "t to re> "y pigs is dur+ ! w>m or mild p>ts ( ! ye>4 ,dur+ ge/ation ! s[ %\ld be lib]ally f$1 b n ) excessive am\nts4 ,! food at ?is "t %\ld r excel 9 quality ?an 9 quantity2 b s soon z %e beg9s to nurse1 h] all[ance mu/ be increas$1 & may be r5d]$ m /imulat+4 ,= a week or s be=e f>r[+1 ! s[ ought to be kept alone4 ,its /y %\ld n be too small--n less ?an #h or #aj feet squ>e--= pigs require good air 9 abundance z well z o!r animals4 ,! /raw us$ = litt] %\ld nei!r be too abundant nor too long2 9 ! latt] case "s ( ! "y might be cov]$ by x1 & escap+ ! notice ( ! s[1 might unconsci\sly be cru%$ by ! latt]4 ,if ! "y are v feeble1 x may become necess>y to h&-fe$ !m4 ,"s s[s eat _! "y3 & :5 !y h ?is habit1 ! bett] plan is to cease bre$+ f !m2 = x appe>s to be incurable4 ,aft] p>turition "s bran & liquid or semi-liquid food %\ld be giv5 to ! s[4 ,"y ,pigs subsi/ exclusively on _! "m's milk b = a %ort "t4 ,9 two or ?ree weeks !y may receive skimm$ or butt]-milk f ! dairy4 ,at a mon? old su* ( !m z are n design$ = bre$+ purposes may be subject$ to ! usual mutilations2 & at f five to six weeks old ! "y are wean$1 & conv]t$ into /ores4 ,/ore ,pigs1 :5 "y1 are be/ f$ ^u skimm$ milk1 oatmeal1 & potatoes1 9 a cook$ /ate4 ,:5 !y are approa*+ ?ree mon?s old1 !y may be suppli$ ) raw food1 if ! wea!r be w>m2 b 9 w9t]1 cook$ & w>m food w be f\nd ! m economical4 ,cabbages1 roots1 potatoes1 & all k9ds ( gra9 t are *eap are us$ 9 pig fe$+4 ,! numb] ( meals v>ies f six or sev5 9 ! case ( v "y animals1 to ?ree 9 ! case ( ^? ne>ly ready = fatt5+4 ,/ore pigs %\ld be all[$ a few h\rs' ex]cise daily 9 a paddock1 or field1 or at lea/ 9 a l>ge y>d4 ,! diet>ies ( /ore pigs v>y greatly1 = ^! animals be+ omnivor\s readily eat almo/ e k9d ( food4 ,mr4 ,baldw91 ( ,br$on ,h\se1 ne> ,birm+ham1 an ext5sive pig bre$]1 gave 79 #ahfb7 /ores ! foll[+ all[ance3--,at ?ree mon?s old1 a qu>t ( peas1 ,egyptian beans1 or ,indian corn4 ,he consid]$ ,engli% beans to be too heat+ = "y pigs4 ,! animals 7 all[$ ! run ( a grass field4 ,on ?is diet ! /ores 7 kept until !y 7 eight mon?s old 7increas+ at ! av]age rate ( five p\nds p] week71 aft] :i* !y 7 all[$ an extra half-p9t ( corn4 ,he calculat$ ! weekly co/ z foll[s3--,dry food1 #as42 grass1 #b;d42 man's "t1 #a;d42 total1 #as4 #c;d4 ,^! results yield$ a pr(it ( #as4 p] week p] pig1 pork be+ at ! "t #f;d4 p] lb4 ,"s fe$]s give "y /ore pigs half-a-p9t ( peas1 mix$ ) pulp$ mangel1 & ! quantum ( peas is gradually increas$ to "o p9t p] diem4 ,all k9ds ( food-refuse f ! h\se are welcom$ by ! pig4 ,sk9s1 dripp+1 damag$ potatoes1 cabbage1 c41 may be giv5 to !m2 b !y %\ld n be altoge!r sub/itut$ = ! ord9>y food-/uffs4 ,coal-du/1 c9d]s1 mort> rubbi%1 & simil> sub/ances are (t5 swall[$ by pigs1 & sometimes ev5 giv5 to !m by ! fe$]4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ,lawes & ,gilb]t f\nd t sup]phosphate ( lime 0 a useful addition to ! food ( pigs4 ,a little salt %\ld inv>iably be giv51 m especially if mangels 7:i* are ri* 9 salt7 d n ent] into ! animals' diet>y4 ,fatt5+ ,pigs4--,= "s "t be=e /ore pigs are put up to be fatt5$1 ! quality & quantity ( _! food %\ld be increas$1 = x is n economy to put a r lean animal sudd5ly ^u a v fatt5+ diet4 ,! /y %\ld be well suppli$ ) clean litt]1 & %\ld be d>k5$4 ,?ree fe$s p] diem w be a suffici5t numb]1 & ! rema9s 7if any7 ( "o %\ld be remov$ f ! tr\gh be=e ! fre% fe$ is put into x4 ,! fe$+ tr\gh 7:i* %\ld be made ( iron7 %\ld be s con/ruct$ t ! animals _c place _! =e feet 9 x4 ,! pig is naturally a clean animal1 & !re=e x %\ld be wa%$ occasionally1 z !re is e reason to believe t su* a proc$ure w t5d to promote ! animal's heal?4 ,x %\ld be suppli$ ) clean wat]4 ,9 ,/eph5's ,book ( ! ,f>m1 x is /at$ t two pecks ( /eam$ potatoes1 & #i lbs4 ( b>ley-meal1 giv5 e day to a pig weigh+ f #bd to #bh /ones1 w fatt5 x p]fectly 9 n9e weeks4 ,b>ley-meal is l>gely us$ 9 ,engl& z food = pigs4 ,x is giv5 g5]ally 9 ! =m ( a ?9 pa/e1 & 9 l>ge quantities4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t f\nd t #a cwt4 ( b>ley-meal giv5 to pigs increas$ _! weight by #bb-a_/b lbs4 ,indian meal is fully equal1 if x is n sup]ior to b>ley-meal1 z food = pigs2 & = ?is purpose x is f> m ext5sively employ$ 9 ,irel&4 ,e k9d ( gra9 giv5 to pigs %\ld be gr\nd & cook$4 ,9 ,scotl& pigs are (t5 fatt5$ solely on f #bh to #ce lbs4 ( b>ley-meal weekly1 & mangels or turnips ad libitum4 ,poll>d is a good food = pigs1 be+ ri* 9 muscle-=m+ mat]ials2 x is a good addition to v fatty or />*y food4 ,a mixture ( poll>d & palm-nut meal is an excell5t fatt5+ food4 ,potatoes are n[ s de>1 t !y are seldom--unless ! v wor/ & diseas$ k9ds--us$ 9 pig fe$+4 ,!y %\ld nev] be giv5 raw4 ,! m inf]ior fe$+-/uffs %\ld be us$ up fir/ 9 ! fatt5+ ( pigs1 & ! m valuable & conc5trat$ k9ds dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! process4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,! ,,horse4 ,! horse is subject to _m diseases1 n a few ( :i* arise f ! defective /ate ( 8 /able4 ,! be/ k9ds ( /ables are l>ge & l(ty1 well v5tilat$ & dra9$1 smoo?ly pav$1 & well provid$ ) means = admitt+ ! direct sunlight4 ,! walls %\ld be :itewa%$ occasionally1 & = dis9fect+ & g5]al sanit>y purposes1 f\r ounces ( *loride ( lime 7blea*+ p[d]7 mix$ ) ea* bucket ( :itewa%1 w be f\nd extremely useful4 ,f>m horses are kept 9 /alls1 :i* %\ld n be less ?an six feet wide1 & 7exclusive ( rack & r]e passage7 #aj feet long4 ,= hunt]s & ?or\gh-br$s1 loose boxes are n[ g5]ally us$4 ,! m>e comm5ces to bre$ at f\r ye>s1 & ! p]iod ( ge/ation is #cdj days4 ,%e may be work$ until )9 a =tnight ( ! "t at :i* p>turition is expect$ to occur4 ,aft] foal+1 ! m>e %\ld be turn$ into a grass field 7unless ! wea!r is sev]e7 & kept !re idly = ?ree or f\r weeks4 ,foals are kept ) _! mo!rs until !y are ab\t five or six mon?s old3 aft] wean+1 _! food mu/ be t5d] & nutriti\s--well bruis$ oats1 cut hay1 bean or oatmeal ma%es2 c>rots are v suitable4 ,work+ horses are f$ *iefly ^u oats & hay1 :i* und\bt$ly are ! be/ foods = ^! animals1 bo? be+ ri* 9 muscle-=m+ mat]ials4 ,bruis$ oats are f> m economical ?an ! :ole gra9s3 & if ! animals eat too rapidly1 t habit is easily ov]come by mix+ *opp$ /raw or hay ) ! gra94 ,accord+ to ,playfair1 a horse n work+ c subsi/ & rema9 9 fair condition on a daily all[ance ( #ab lbs4 ( hay & #e lbs4 ( oats4 ,accord+ to ! same au?ority1 a work+ horse %\ld receive #ad lbs4 ( hay1 #ab lbs4 ( oats1 & #b lbs4 ( beans4 ,beans are a v conc5trat$ food1 ri* 9 fle%-=m]s1 & are1 !re=e1 well adapt$ = su/a9+ h>d-work+ horses4 ,!y are r b9d+2 b ?is prop]ty is easily neutralis$ by comb9+ ! beans ) "s laxative food4 ,turnips1 c>rots1 furze1 & v>i\s o!r foods are giv5 to ! horse1 (t5 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! foll[+ are "s among ! _m diet>ies on :i* ?is animal is kept3-- ,pr(essor ,l['s =mula is1 #cj to #ce lbs4 ( a mixture ( equal p>ts ( *opp$ /raw1 *opp$ hay1 bruis$ gra91 & /eam$ potatoes4 ,! daily rations ( horses ( ! ,london ,omnibus ,company1 are #af lbs4 ( bruis$ oats1 #g-a_/b lbs4 ( cut hay1 & #b-a_/b lbs4 ( *opp$ /raw4 ,/age coa*-horses 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates receive daily ab\t #ai lbs4 ( ,indian meal & #ac lbs4 ( cut hay4 ,mr4 ,rob]tson1 ( ,cl&eboye1 ne> ,belfa/1 gives ! foll[+ in=mation on ! subject ( horse-keep+3-- ,! ye> we divide into ?ree p]iods--,octob]1 ,novemb] to ,may inclusive1 ,june to ,septemb] inclusive4 ,dur+ ! fir/ p]iod1 ! horses get ab\t #ah lb4 ( *aff & #ab lb4 ( cru%$ oats & beans2 #aj-a_/b oats & #a-a_/b beans p] head p] day4 ,dur+ ! second p]iod !y get ab\t #ae lb4 ( hay *aff1 #ab lb4 ( cru%$ oats & beans1 & ab\t #c gallons ( boil$ turnips p] head p] day4 ,dur+ ! ?ird p]iod !y 7 turn$ out to graze dur+ ! night4 ,9 ! day "t1 :il/ 9 ! /able1 ea* animal is all[$ ab\t #ej lb4 ( cut clov]1 & ab\t #ab lb4 ( cru%$ oats & beans p] day4 ,! fe$+ is all "u ! *>ge ( "o p]son4 ,he uses 8 own discretion 9 fe$+ ! animals1 ?\gh he is n all[$ to exce$ ! quantities nam$4 ,! horses to :i* ,i allude are ! same on :i* ! exp]im5ts comm5c$ two ye>s ago--six c>t horses1 "o c>t pony1 & "o rid+ horse4 ,f ,sept4 #a1 #ahfe1 to & includ+ ,augu/ #ca1 #ahff1 ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ ^! horses 9 good work+ condition2 keep+ ! c>ts1 h>ness1 c41 9 repair2 %oe+1 c41 0 z foll[s3-- ,oats1 #ad tons1 at #afs4 p] cwt4 ,l#aab #j #j ,beans1 #b tons1 at #ahs4 p] cwt4 #ah #j #j ,hay1 #ac tons1 at #cjs4 p] ton #ai #aj #j ,gre5 ,clov] #ae #j #j ,turnips #e #j #j ,night graz+ #ah #j #j ,eng9e1 cutt+ *aff1 cru%+ oats1 c4 #g #d #j ,att5dance #bf #j #j ,blacksmi? #ab #j #j ,saddl] #ab #j #j ,c>p5t] #aj #j #j ,five p] c5t4 int]e/ on value1 ,l#aaj #e #aj #j ,depreciation 9 value #aj p] c5t4 #aa #j #j ------------ ,l#bga #d #j ,d$uct co/ ( rid+ horse #ce #j #j ------------ ,l#bcf #d #j ,l#cc #aas4 #aj;d4 p] head2 if we suppose ! available work+ days to be #cjj1 all[+ #ac = wet days1 holidays1 c41 ! daily co/ w be #bs4 #b-a_/b;d42 to ?is if we add #as4 #h;d41 ! wages ( ! driv]1 we %all h a total ( #cs4 #aj-a_/b;d4 z ! co/ ( a horse1 c>t1 & driv] p] day4 ,i w\ld only add1 9 conclusion1 t ! horses are kept 9 good work+ condition2 &1 z a pro( ( _! good heal? "u ?is sy/em1 ,i may /ate t dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s we h n _h occasion to require ! s]vices ( a vet]9>y surgeon4 ,mu/y hay or /raw %\ld n be giv5 to horses4 ,furze is said to be a heat+ food2 b x is v nutriti\s1 & :5 "y1 may be giv5 z "p ( ! food ( ! horse4 ,boil$ turnips & mangels are (t5 giv5 9 w9t]2 b !y are n suffici5tly nutriti\s to con/itute a sub/antial portion ( ! animal's diet4 ,oil-cake is occasionally giv5 to horses2 b seldom 9 l>g] quantities ?an #a-a_/b lbs4 p] diem4 ,on ! :ole1 exp]i5ce is 9 favor ( occasionally giv+ cook$ food to horses2 & ! practice meets ) ! full approval ( ! vet]9>ian4 ,to mo/ k9ds ( food = horses1 ! addition ( "o or two ounces ( salt is necess>y4 ,9 ! ,agricultural ,gazette = ,novemb] #be1 #ahfe1 ! foll[+ in/ructive tables are giv53-- ,,/able ,,fe$+ ,,dur+ ,,autumn4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,"n & ,address ,clov]1 ,weekly ,no4 ( ,au?orities4 ,hay4 ,oats4 ,beans4 c4 ,co/4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- lb4 lb4 lb4 s4 d4 #a ,w4 ,gat]1 ,botley #afh #fc99 #cb99 444 #ab #j #b ,w4 ,c4 ,spoon] #aab #hd #bd 444 #aa #j #c ,t4 ,aitk51 ,spald+4 444 #cg-a_/b 444 ad lib4 #g #f8 #d 444 #cg-a_/b #ce ad lib4 #aj ,o8 #e ,t4 ,p4 ,dods1 ,hexham4 444 #aje 444 ad lib4 #aj #f8 #f ad lib4 #aje 444 444 #aj #f8 ,/raw #g ,a4 ,ru/on1 ,i4 ( ,ely4 ad lib4 #hd #aj ad lib4 #i #j #a_/b #a_/b ,bran4 #a_/c bu%4 #h ,a4 ,simpson1 ,beauly #afh #gj #ad #bd lb4 #aj #j ,/raw4 #i ,h4 ,j4 ,wilson1 ,mansfield 444 #eb-a_/b 444 ad lib4 #g #c8 #aj #db #hg-a_/b 444 ad lib4 #i #j ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,9 ?is table ! a/]isk 7997 means t ! gra9 is cru%$ or gr\nd4 ,,/able ,,fe$+ ,,dur+ ,,w9t]4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,no4,"n & ,address4 ,hay4 ,oats4 ,beans4 ,roots4 ,sundries4,/raw4,weekly ,co/4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 s4 d4 #a ,pr(essor ,l[ --,elem5ts ( ,potatoes ,agriculture #ef99 #ef99 444 #ef 444 #ef99 #f #f #b ,h4 ,/eph5s --,book ( ! ,turnips ,f>m #aab #ce 444 #aab 444 444 #f #j #c ,j4 ,gibson1 ,woolmet ,potatoes --,h4 ,soc4 #ahej 444 #hd 444 #bag #bag #aab #i #j #d --,b9nie1 ,b>ley ad ,seaton 444 #gj99 #bh99 #bdc #db lib4 #aa #f #e --,?omson1 ad ,hang+side 444 #hd #ad #ccf #ad lib4 #i #f #f ,w4 ,c4 ,spoon]1 ,ag4 ,soc4 ,j\rn4 vol4 ix4 444 #fc 444 #db 444 #aif #d #i #g ,t4 ,aitk51 ad ad ,spald+1 lib4 lib4 ,l9coln%ire 7#b_/c7 #cg #ce 444 444 7#a_/c7 #i #j #h ,g4 ,w4 ,bak]1 ,woburn1 ,b$=d%ire 444 #fj99 #bj99 444 444 444 #i #h #i ,r4 ,bak]1 ,writtle1 ,essex #gj #db 444 444 444 #adj #e #j #aj ,j4 ,coleman1 ad ,cir5ce/] 444 #hd #af 444 444 lib4 #g #c #aa ,t4 ,p4 ,dods1 ad ,hexham 444 #ie 444 #ef 444 lib4 #h #j #ab ,j4 ,cobban1 ,l9se$ ad ,:itfield #hd99 #fj99 444 444 #c-a_/b lib499 #g #c #ac ,s4 ,druce1 jun41 ,sw$es #b ,en%am #aab #eb 444 #gj 444 bu499 #g #j ad ad #ad ,c4 ,h[>d1 lib4 lib4 ,bidd5ham 7#b_/c7 #eb #ag #hd 444 #a_/c99 #h #f8 #ae ,j4 ,j4 ,me*i1 ,m4,wurzel ad ,tiptree4 #di99 #gj99 444 #baj 444 lib499 #g #f #af ,w4 ,j4 ,pope1 ad ,bridport #b99 #hd 444 444 444 lib4 #i #j8 #ag ,s4 ,ri*1 ,didm>ton1 ,gra9s ad ,gl\ce/]%ire #afh #fc 444 444 #b bu%4 lib4 #aj #h #ah ,h4 ,e4 ,sadl]1 ,lavant1 ,sussex #adj #hd 444 444 444 444 #i #i #ai ,j4 ,morton1 ,c>rots ad ,:itfield ,f>m 444 #abf 444 #cej 444 lib4 #aj #i #bj ,e4 ,h4 ,s&=d1 ,bran ad ,dov] #ef #db 444 444 #ab lib4 #e #f #ba ,a4 ,simpson1 ,tail ,corn ad ,beauly1 ,n4,b4 444 #di #g #aje #ba lib499 #e #f #bb ,h4 ,j4 ,wilson1 ,bran ad ,mansfield #db #eb-a_/b 444 444 #ba lib4 #f #f8 #bc ,f4 ,s[]by1 ,aylesby1 ,nor? ad ,l9coln%ire #aab #bh ,cut ,oat ,%eaf4 444 lib499 #h #j8 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,:]e an a/]isk 7997 is atta*$ to any item1 x is to be und]/ood t ! corn has be5 bruis$ or gr\nd1 or ! hay or /raw has be5 cut into *aff4 ,:]e a dagg] 77 is app5d$1 ! article s m>k$ has be5 boil$ or /eam$4 ,a m>k ( int]rogation 787 indicates t ! result s m>k$ is unc]ta91 ow+ to "s indef9it5ess 9 ! acc\nt giv54 ,on fe$+ horses ) pulp$ roots1 ,mr4 ,slat]1 ( ,we/on ,colville1 ,cambridge%ire1 says3-- ,i give all my c>t horses a bu%el p] day ( pulp$ mangel1 mix$ ) /raw & corn-*aff4 ,i beg9 9 ,septemb]1 & cont9ue us+ !m all w9t] & until late 9 ! summ]1 ne>ly1 if n q1 all ! ye> r\nd1 beg9n+1 h[ev]1 ) small] quantities1 ab\t a peck1 & !n half a bu%el1 ! fir/ week or two1 z too _m ( ! "y-gr[+ mangel w\ld n suit ! /ock4 ,i believe pulp$ mangels1 ) *aff1 are ! be/1 *eape/1 & mo/ heal?y food horses c eat4 ,i always f9d my horses miss !m :5 ,i h none1 late 9 ! summ]4 ,i give !m fre% gr\nd e day4 ,"y /ore bea/s1 colts1 c41 d well ) !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #bj3 ,five p\nds ( l9se$ w make ab\t sev5 gallons ( gruel1 & suffice = five good-siz$ calves2 consid]able all[ance mu/1 h[ev]1 be made = diff]5ces ( quality 9 ! l9se$1 t f ,india n be+ gelat9\s en\gh1 & !re=e boil+ h>d1 in/ead ( com+ d[n k9dly4 ,footnote #ba3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 vol4 xxxix4 ,footnote #bb3 ,f ,mr4 ,horsfall's ,essay on ,dairy ,managem5t1 9 ,j\rnal ( ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 vol4 xviii41 "p i4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,meat1 ,,milk1 ,,& ,,butt]4 ,,section ,i4 ,,meat4 ,no "o ought to feel a great] int]e/ 9 ! subject ( meat 9 all its bran*es ?an ! /ock fe$]4 ,j 9 proportion z ?is k9d ( food is agreeable to ! ta/e1 easily dige/ible1 & ri* 9 nutrim5t1 w ! dem& = x increase4 ,! quality ( meat is1 9 fact1 a prim>y consid]ation ) ! produc] ( t article2 & he ^: beef & mutton are ! mo/ t5d] & ! be/ flavor$ w make ! mo/ pr(it4 ,quality ( ,meat4--,! fle% ( h]bivor\s animals is compos$ ( muscul> & adipose 7fatty7 tissues4 ,! muscles consi/ ( bundles ( ela/ic fibres 7fibr9e71 enclos$ 9 an album9\s tissue =m$ ( little vessels1 t]m$ cells1 & intimately comm+l$ ) wat]1 & a mixture ( album9\s1 fatty1 & sal9e matt]s4 ,! leane/ fle% 7muscles7 conta9s fat1 b ! latt] accumulates 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body--(t5 to su* an ext5t z to s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! functions ( life4 ,! r$ color ( fle% is due to a r l>ge proportion ( blood1 :i* x conta9s 9 m9ute vessels2 & ! slight acidity ( its juice is ow+ to ! pres5ce ( inos9ic acid1 & probably ( sev]al o!r acids4 ,! agreeable od\r ( meat1 :5 x is subject$ to ! process ( cook+1 is develop$ f a complex sub/ance t]m$ osmazome4#bc ,?is con/itu5t v>ies 9 nature & quantity 9 ! diff]5t animals--h5ce ! v>iety 9 flavor & od\r ( _! fle%--& its am\nt increases ) ! age ( ! animal4 ,! album5 ( ! muscles1 & _! fatty & sal9e con/itu5ts1 are dige/ible2 b x is g5]ally believ$ t ! ela/ic fibres1 & ! horny cellul> tissue :i* b9ds !m into bundles1 are n assimilable4 ,x is m c]ta9 t ! cry/all9e sub/ances f\nd 9 fle%1 su* z1 = example1 kreat9e1 are incapable ( m9i/]+ to ! nutrition ( animals4 ,! composition ( fle% v>ies v mu*--t ( a v obese pig conta9+ m ?an half its weight ( fat1 :il/ 9 "s specim5s ( j]k$ beef1 import$ f ,monte ,video1 sc>cely #e p] c5t4 ( t sub/ance 0 f\nd4 ,! fle% ( a fat ox has on an av]age ! foll[+ composition3-- ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #de ,fatty sub/ances #ce ,lean fle%1 or muscle #ae ,m9]al matt]s #e --- ,total #ajj ,i h exam9$ = ,dr4 ,morgan sev]al specim5s ( ! corn$ beef rec5tly prep>$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 by ,morgan's process4 ,! foll[+ 7 ! av]age results ( ?ree analyses3-- ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #dj ,fatty matt]s #ba ,lean1 or muscul> fle% #bg ,m9]al matt]s 7*iefly common salt7 #ab --- ,total #ajj ,x may n "h be out ( place to direct att5tion to ! composition ( a k9d ( animal food ext5sively pur*as$ by ! poor] classes1 & kn[n "u ! t]m ( sl9k veal4 ,x is ! fle% ( calves t are kill$ on ! fir/ day ( _! exi/5ce1 & also1 ,i h reason to believe1 t ( v immature animals--( calves t h nev] brea!d4 ,! fle% is ( a v loose texture naturally1 & is /ill fur!r puff$ out by air1 :i* is usually suppli$ f ! lungs ( ! op]ator4 ,?is k9d ( meat1 ?\gh reg>d$ z a delicacy by "s p1 is n held 9 mu* e/imation1 o!rwise its price w\ld be high] ?an x is4 ,x is at pres5t sold at ab\t #d;d4 or #e;d4 p] p\nd1 sometimes ev5 at a l[] rate4 ,ap>t f ! disgu/+ process ( bl[+ veal1 s g5]ally adopt$1 ! use ( ?is food is extremely objectionable1 ow+ to its great t5d5cy to produce di>rhoea4 ,to ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion e physician :o has /udi$ ! subject ( dietetics c te/ify4 ,i h analys$ a specim5 ( x 7pur*as$ f a p]son :o admitt$ t x 0 "p ( a calf a day old71 & obta9$ ! foll[+ results3-- #ajj p>ts conta9-- ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #gb4be ,fat #f4ag ,lean fle% #ah4df ,m9]al matt] #c4ab ------ ,total #ajj4jj ,i believe t a l>ge portion ( ! lean fle% is indige/ible2 & altoge!r ,i may safely say ( ?is k9d ( meat t x is1 especially dur+ ! preval5ce ( *ol]a1 an unsafe article ( diet4 ,( c\rse ^! obs]vations d n apply to f$ veal1 ! only k9d :i* respectable but*]s1 z a rule1 (f] = sale4 ,"y meat is ri*] 9 soluble album5 & poor] 9 fibr9e & fat ?an ! matur$ fle% ( ! same animal4 ,! fle% ( ! goat conta9s hircic acid1 :i* r5d]s x almo/ uneatable1 b ?is sub/ance is ei!r altoge!r abs5t f1 or pres5t b 9 m9ute proportion 91 ! well-flavor$ meat ( ! kid4 ,! fle% ( game conta9s abundance ( osmazome1 a sub/ance :i* is some:at defici5t 9 t ( ! dome/ic f[l4 ,ow+ to ! m>k$ individuality :i* man exhibits 9 ! selection ( 8 food1 & to ! intimate relation%ip subsi/+ betwe5 food & ! organism x n\ri%es1 x is impossible to arrange ! alim5tal sub/ances 9 ! /rict ord] ( _! nutritive values4 ,y c br+ a horse to ! wat]1 b y _c compel him to dr9k x2 y c swall[ any k9d ( food y please1 b y _c =ce y\r /oma* to dige/ x4 ,x is1 !re=e1 va9 to tell a man t a c]ta9 k9d ( food is %[n by *emical analysis to be nutriti\s1 :5 8 /oma* tells him unmi/akeably t x is poison\s1 & refuses to dige/ x4 ,9 ! matt] ( dietetics ,nature is a saf] guide ?an ! *emi/4 ,_m sub/ances1 :5 view$ only 9 ! light %$ ^u !m by *emical analysis1 appe> to be ri* 9 ! elem5ts ( nutrition1 yet :5 !y are introduc$ into ! /oma*s ( c]ta9 individuals1 !y dis>range ! dige/ive organs1 & sometimes cause ! :ole sy/em to g out ( ord]4 ,e day we see exemplifi$ ! tru? ( ! prov]b1 t "o man's meat is ano!r man's poison4 ,!re are p]sons :o reli% & readily dige/ fat pork1 & yet !y _c eat a s+le egg ) impunity2 o!rs enjoy & easily assimilate eggs1 b _! /oma*s _c tol]ate a p>ticle ( fat bacon4 ,x is n m]ely ! composition ( an alim5t & its adaptability to ! organism :i* det]m9e its nutritive value--its dige/ibility & flavor are po9ts :i* affect x4 ,!re are few p 9 ^! c\ntries :o are dispos$ to qu>rel ) beef2 b no "o w\ld pref] ! leg ( an eld]ly mil* c[ to ! sirlo9 ( a well-f$ ?ree-ye>-old bullock3 yet if our selection 7 to be det]m9$ by ! analysis ( ! two k9ds ( beef1 we w\ld be j z likely to pref] ! "o z ! o!r4 ,no d\bt ! relative t5d]ness ( meats may be asc]ta9$ by exp]im5ts conduct$ outside ! body2 b t5d]ness is n 9 e case synonym\s ) easy dige/ibility4 ,veal conta9s m soluble album51 & is1 consequ5tly1 f> m t5d] ?an beef2 yet1 z e "o kn[s1 x is less dige/ible4 ,x is curi\s t maturity r5d]s ! fle% ( "s animals m dige/ible1 & t ( o!rs less dige/ible4 ,flavor has some?+ to d ) ^! diff]5ces4 ,beef is ri*] ?an veal 9 ! agreeably flavor\s osmazome1 & ! fle% ( ! kid is de/itute ( ! disagreeable od\r ( ! fully-develop$ goat4 ,! sup]iority ( wild-f[l ov] ! dome/icat$ birds is solely ow+ to ! f9] flavor ( _! fle%4 ,! habits ( animals1 & ! nature ( _! food1 affect ! quality ( _! fle%4 ,ex]cise increases ! am\nt ( osmazome1 & consequ5tly r5d]s ! meat m savory4 ,! mutton ( ,wickl[1 ,wales1 & o!r m\nta9\s regions is rem>kably sweet1 because ! animals t furni% x are almo/ z nimble z goats1 & skip f crag to crag 9 que/ ( _! food4 ,! fatty mutton1 ) pale muscle1 :i* is s abundant 9 our m>kets1 is furni%$ by v "y animals =c$ prematurely into full developm5t4 ,^? animals h abundance ( food plac$ )9 easy rea*2 _! muscul> activity is next to nil1 & ! result is1 t _! fle% conta9s less ?an its natural proportion ( savory +r$i5ts4 ,x is ! same ) all o!r animals4 ,! fle% ( ! tame rabbit is v insipid1 :il/ t ( ! wild v>iety is well flavor$4 ,wild f[ls coop$ up1 & rapidly fatt5$1 lose _! *>act]i/ic flavor2 & :5 ! dome/icat$ birds become wild _! fle% becomes less fatty1 & acquires all ! peculi>ities ( game4 ,ducks1 :e!r wild or tame1 ord9>ily yield goodly meat2 b ! fle% ( "s ( ^? t fe$ on fi% smacks /rongly ( cod-liv] oil4 ,birds :i* subsi/ p>tly on aromatic b]ries assimilate ! od\r z well z ! nutrim5t ( _! food4 ,! fle% ( gr\se has v commonly a slight flavor ( hea!r4 ,fo/] /ates t 9 ,tahiti pigs are f$ ^u fruit1 :i* r5d]s _! fat v bl& & _! fle% l veal4 ,animals subject$ to c]ta9 k9ds ( mutilation fatt5 m rapidly ?an !y d 9 _! natural /ate4 ,capons increase 9 weight m rapidly ?an cocks1 p\l>ds ?an h5s1 bullocks ?an bulls1 & c[s depriv$ ( _! ov>ies ?an p]fect c[s4 ,:y x is t ! fle% ( mutilat$ animals %\ld be fatt] & m t5d] ?an t ( :ole animals1 we "k n2 we only "k t su* is ! fact4 ,! hunt+ ( animals r5d]s _! fle% m t5d]2 ! cause assign$ is1 t ! great ex]tion ( ! muscles liquefies _! fibr9e1 :i* is ! t\ghe/ ( _! con/itu5ts4 ,! meat ( animals br\ght v e>ly to maturity is seldom s valuable z ! naturally develop$ article4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t /ate t portions ( a %eep t _h be5 fatt5$ ^u /eep$ b>ley & mangels1 & :i* gave a v rapid increase1 yield$ sev]al p] c5t4 less ( cook$ meat1 & lo/ m1 bo? 9 dripp+ & by ! evaporation ( wat]1 ?an ! correspond+ portions ( a %eep :i* _h be5 f$ ^u dry b>ley & mangels1 & :i* gave only ab\t half ! am\nt ( gross increase )9 ! same p]iod ( "t4 ,al?\gh ! dige/ibility & flavor ( meat 7& ( e o!r k9d ( food7 affect its nutritive value1 ^! po9ts are 9 g5]al ( f> less importance ?an its composition4 ,potatoes are n s nutriti\s z peas1 because !y conta9 a small] am\nt ( fat & fle%-=m]s2 b !y are m dige/ible4 ,fi% conta9s less solid matt] ?an fle%1 & is less nutriti\s1 yet a cut ( turbot w be1 9 g5]al1 m easily dige/$ ?an an equal weight ( old beef4 ,! fact is1 t dige/ibility & flavor are only ( great importance to dyspeptic p]sons4 ,9 ! heal?y dige/ive organs a p\nd weight ( 7dry7 food ( inf]ior flavor & sl[ dige/ibility w be j z useful z ! same weight ( well-flavor$ & easily assimilable alim5t1 provid$ all o!r conditions be alike4 ,if ! food be eat5 ) a reli%1 & tol]at$ by ! /oma*1 its dige/ibility w n1 except 9 extreme cases1 affect 9 a v s5sible degree its nutritiv5ess4 ,7 "o "q 9 animal nutrition satisfactorily answ]$1 x w\ld !n be comp>atively easy to arrange alim5ts 9 ! ord] ( _! nutritive value4 ,t "q is--,:at are ! prop] relative proportions ( ! fat-=m+ & fle%-=m+ con/itu5ts ( our food8 ,x is con/antly urg$1 t ! food ( ! ,iri% peasantry conta9s an excess ( ! fat-=m+ mat]ials 9 relation to ! muscle-=m+ sub/ances2 & ! rem$y sugge/$ is1 t _! /aple article ( food--potatoes--%\ld be supplem5t$ ) fle%1 peas1 & su* l sub/ances1 9 :i*1 x is suppos$1 ! elem5ts ( nutrition are m fairly balanc$4 ,9 potatoes1 ! proportion ( fat-=m]s 7calculat$ z fat7 is ab\t five times z mu* z t ( ! fle%-=m]s2 b ^! pr9ciples exi/ 9 ! same relative proportions 9 ! fat bacon ) :i* ! potato-eat] loves to supplem5t 8 bulky food4 ,9 bread we f9d ! proportion ( fat-=m]s to be only #b-a_/b times z mu* z t ( ! fle%-=m]s1 :il/1 accord+ to ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 ! edible portion ( ! c>cass ( a fat %eep conta9s #f-a_/b times z mu* fat z nitrog5\s 7fle%-=m+7 comp\nds4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t meat su* z1 = example1 ! beef rec5tly import$ f ,monte ,video1 f :i* ! fatty elem5ts ( nutrition are almo/ completely abs5t1 _c be a suitable adjunct to a f>9ace\s food4 ,!re is evid5ce to prove t 9 ! animal food consum$ by ! population ( ^! c\ntries1 ! proportion ( fatty to nitrog5\s matt]s is great] ?an 9 ! se$s ( c]eal & legum9\s plants1 & b little less ?an 9 potatoes4 ,x w\ld appe> to be unque/ionable1 say ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 !re=e1 t ! influ5ce ( our /aple animal foods1 to supplem5t our o!rwise ma9ly f>9ace\s diet1 is1 on ! l>ge scale1 to r$uce1 & n to increase1 ! relation ( ! assum$ fle%-=m+ mat]ial to ! m peculi>ly respiratory & fat-=m+ capacity1 s to speak1 ( ! food consum$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 too1 t ! fat =m]s are ready =m$ 9 animal food1 :]eas !y exi/ *iefly 9 ! =m ( />*1 gum1 sug>1 & su*-l sub/ances 9 vegetables4 ,accord+ to !ory1 #b-a_/b p>ts ( />* are equival5t to1 i4e41 conv]tible into1 #a "p ( fat2 b x is n c]ta9 :e!r ! =ce :i* effects ?is *ange is d]ivable f ! #b-a_/b p>ts ( />*1 or f ! de/ruction ( tissue1 or ( ano!r portion ( food4 ,if !re be a tax on ! sy/em 9 ord] to conv]t />* into fat1 x is evid5t t #b-a_/b p>ts ( />*1 ?\gh conv]tible into1 are n equival5t 9 nutritive value to "o "p ( fat4 ,x is q c]ta9 t millions ( heal?y1 vigor\s m5 h subsi/$ = ye>s exclusively on potatoes2 b x is no less cle> t a diet ( meat & potatoes enables ! labor] to "w h>d] & long] ?an if 8 food 7 compos$ solely ( potatoes4 ,b we h se5 t ! relation betwe5 ! fle%-=m+ & fat-=m+ elem5ts is ne>ly ! same 9 bo? potatoes & meat2 s t ! sup]iority ( a meat or mix$ diet _c be *iefly ow+1 contr>y to ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion1 to a great] abundance ( fle%-=m+ mat]ials4 ,z ! proportion ( fle%-=m]s to fat-=m]s is s mu* great] 9 :eat5 or oat5 bread ?an 9 potatoes1 & z peas & o!r vegetables ri* 9 nitrog5\s comp\nds are practically f\nd to be an excell5t supplem5t to potatoes1 x is probable t ! latt] may be some:at relatively defici5t 9 fle%-=m+ capacity4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 all probability ! great bulk ( a potato diet1 & its total want ( ready =m$ fat1 t r5d] ! addition to x ( animal food s v desirable4 ,! conc5trat$ /ate 9 :i* ! +r$i5ts ( fle% exi/1 ! intimate way 9 :i* !y are int]mix$1 _! agreeable flavor1 & _! 79 g5]al7 ready & almo/ complete dige/ibility1 appe> to be ! pr9cipal po9ts 9 :i* a meat diet excels a vegetable regim54 ,!re may be o!rs1 :i*1 ?\gh less evid5t1 are1 p]haps1 ( equal importance4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! g5]al exp]i5ce ( mank9d te/ifies to ! sup]iority ( a mix$ animal & vegetable diet ov] a purely vegetable "o4 ,is v ,fat ,meat :olesome8--,! enorm\s & rapidly increas+ dem& = meat :i* *>act]ises ! food m>kets ( ^! days1 has react$ 9 a rem>kable mann] ^u ! nature ( ! animals t supply x4 ,=m]ly ! animals t furni%$ pork1 mutton1 & beef1 7 all[$ to atta9 ! age ( ?ree ye>s old & upw>ds be=e !y 7 consid]$ to be ripe = ! but*]2 b n[ %eep & pigs are p]fectly matur$ at ! e>ly age ( "o ye>1 & two-ye>-old ox5 furni% a l>ge quota ( ! roa/ beef ( old ,engl&4 ,! s-call$ improvem5t ( /ock is simply ! =c+ ( !m into an unnatural degree ( fatness at an e>ly age2 & ?is end is atta9$ by dext]\s selection & cross+ ( bre$s1 by avoidance ( cold1 by dim9i%+ z mu* z possible _! muscul> activity1 & la/ly1 & *iefly1 by ov]-fe$+ !m ) conc5trat$ alim5ts4 ,e "o kn[s t a man s obese z to be unable to walk _c be 9 a heal?y /ate2 yet _m fe$]s ( /ock look ^u ! mon/r\sly fat bulls & c[s ( cattle %[ prize celebrity z normal types ( ! bov9e tribe4 ,x requires b little argum5t to refute s fallaci\s a notion4 ,no d\bt x is desirable to enc\rage ! bre$+ ( ^? v>ieties ( animals :i* exhibit ! greate/ disposition to fatt51 & to arrive e>ly at maturity2 b ! =c+ ( individual animals into an unnatural /ate ( obesity1 except = purely exp]im5tal purposes1 is a practice :i* _c be too /rongly deprecat$4 ,if bre$]s cont5t$ !mselves ) h&+ ov] to ! but*] _! huge liv+ blocks ( fat1 ! matt] w\ld n p]haps be v s]i\s2 b1 un=tunately1 x is too (t5 ! practice to turn !m to acc\nt z sires & dams4 ,7 ,i a judge at a cattle %[1 ,i c]ta9ly %\ld disqualify e extremely fat animal ent]$ = competition among/ ! bre$+ /ock4 ,unless p>5ts are heal?y & vigor\s1 _! prog5y are almo/ c]ta9 to be unheal?y & weakly2 & x is inconceivable t an extremely obese bull & an unnaturally fat c[ c\ld be ! prog5itors ( heal?y (fspr+4 ,we %\ld by all means improve our live /ock2 b we %\ld be c>eful n to ov]do ! ?+4 ,if we mu/ h gaily-deck$ pond]\s bulls & c[s at our fat cattle exhibitions1 let u condemn to spe$y immolation ^? unhappy victims to a mo/ absurd fa%ion2 b 9 ! "n ( common s5se let u leave ! p]petuation ( ! species to individuals 9 a normal /ate1 ^: muscles are n replac$ by fat1 ^: he>ts are n hyp]trophi$1 & ^: lungs are capable ( effectively p]=m+ ! function ( respiration4 ,mr4 ,gant1 9 a small volume#bd devot$ :olly to ! subject1 describes ! s]i\s functional & /ructural dis>rangem5ts :i* ov]-fe$+ produces 9 /ock4 ,he f\nd ! he>t ( a "o-ye> old ,s\?d[n we!r1 fatt5$ accord+ to ! high-pressure sy/em1 to be little m ?an a mass ( fat4 ,9 sev]al o!r "y1 b s-call$ matur$ %eep1 he f\nd m or less fatty deg5]ation ( ! he>t1 & ext5sively spread disease ( ! liv] & ( ! lungs4 ,a f\r-ye> old ,devon heif]1 exhibit$ by ! late ,pr9ce ,consort at a ,smi?field %[1 0 f\nd to be 9 a highly diseas$ /ate4 ,x 0 slaught]$1 & ( c\rse its fle% sold at a high price z prize beef1 b its int]nal organs came into ,mr4 ,gant's possession4 ,! sub/ance ( bo? v5tricles ( ! he>t _h und]gone all b complete conv]sion into fat2 "o ( its muscles 0 brok5 up1 & _m ( ! fibres ( ! o!rs 7 ruptur$4 ,9 ano!r animal ! muscul> fibres ( ! he>t _h giv5 way to s great an ext5t t if ! ?9 l9+ membrane 7endoc>dium7 _h bur/1 dea? w\ld h in/antly ensu$4 ,! slighte/ ex]tion 0 likely to cause ?is cata/rophe2 b1 =tunately en\gh 9 ?is case1 ! animal 0 n capable ( ex]tion1 = ?\gh "u ?ree ye>s ( age1 x weigh$ upw>ds ( #bjj /ones3 ?is animal _h receiv$ = "s "t be=e its exhibition1 ! lib]al all[ance ( #ba lbs4 ( oil-cake 7besides o!r food7 p] diem4 ,a p5 ( ?ree pigs1 says ,mr4 ,gant1 belong+ to 8 ,royal ,highness ! ,pr9ce ,consort1 happ5$ to be plac$ 9 a favorable light = obs]vation1 & ,i p>ticul>ly notic$ _! condition4 ,!y lay helpless on _! sides1 ) _! noses propp$ up aga9/ ea* o!r's backs1 z if endeav\r+ to brea! m easily1 b _! respiration 0 l\d1 suffocat+1 & at long int]vals4 ,!n y he>d a %ort cat*+ snore1 :i* %ook ! :ole body ( ! animal1 & pass$ ) ! motion ( a wave ov] its fat surface1 :i*1 moreov]1 felt cold4 ,i ?\ght h[ mu* ! he>t "u su* circum/ances mu/ be labor+ to propel ! blood ?r\gh ! lungs & ?r\gh\t ! body4 ,! gold m$al pigs ( ,mr4 ,morel& 7 9 a simil> condition1 if any?+1 worse2 = !y snor$ & gasp$ = brea?1 _! m\?s be+ op5$1 z well z _! no/rils dilat$1 at ea* inspiration4 ,f a pig we only expect a grunt1 b n a snore4 ,^! animals1 only twelve mon?s & t5 days old1 7 m>k$ 'improv$ ,*ilton bre$4' ,!y1 ) _! fell[s j m5tion$1 ( elev5 mon?s & tw5ty-?ree days1 _h e>ly come to grief4 ,?ree pigs ( ! black bre$ 7 9 a simil> /ate1 at sev5 mon?s ?ree weeks & five days1 yet su* animals '! judges highly comm5d$4' ,dr4 ,br9ton d5ies ! accuracy ( sev]al ( ,mr4 ,gant's /atem5ts relative to ! /ructural *anges 9 ! muscles ( obese animals2 b ,i d n ?9k t he has succe$$ 9 disprov+ ! pr9cipal ass]tions made by ! latt]4 ,!re is conclusive evid5ce to prove t "o ( ! effects ( ! pres5t mode ( fatt5+ bea/s is disease ( ! int]nal organs ( ! animals2 b x is by no means c]ta9 t ! fle% ( ^? diseas$ animals is z un:olesome food z "s writ]s ass]t x to be4 ,! fle% ( an ov]-fatt5$ animal diff]s f t ( a lean1 or mod]ately fat "o1 9 conta9+ an exce$+ly high proportion ( fat2 b x has n be5 prov$ t ! fat ( prize animals diff]s f ! fat ( lean k9e1 or t x is less :olesome or nutriti\s4 ,be ! fle% ( ^? exce$+ly fat animals un:olesome or n1 !re are ?\s&s1 ay1 millions ( p]sons1 to :om its greasy quality r5d]s x peculi>ly acceptable2 & z = ^? :o dislike fat--!y d n usually inve/ _! money 9 ! fle% ( prize %eep or ox54 ,at ! same "t1 x mu/ n be und]/ood t all1 or ev5 a l>ge proportion ( fully matur$ /ock is 9 a diseas$ /ate2 ?\gh 9 mo/ ( !m ! vital & muscul> p[]s are und\bt$ly exce$+ly l[4 ,!re is no d\bt b t %eep & ox51 f ?ree to five ye>s old1 mod]ately fat1 & fairly ex]cis+ _! locomotive p[]s1 furni% ! mo/ savory1 &1 p]haps1 ! mo/ nutriti\s meat3 b if su* 7 ! only k9d ( meat 9 dem&1 x may be fairly d\bt$ t ! supply w\ld be equal to x4 ,! produce ( meat 9 ^! c\ntries has be5 rapidly increas+ = _m ye>s pa/2 & ! weight ( meat annually suppli$ f a giv5 area ( l& is n[ f #hj to #ajj p] c5t4 great] ?an x furni%$ ?irty or =ty ye>s ago4 ,x is *iefly by means ( ! s-call$ =c+ sy/em t ! produce ( meat has be5 s consid]ably increas$4 ,if ?is sy/em 7 ab&on$1 ! production w\ld be greatly dim9i%$1 & ! consequ5tly high price ( ! article w\ld place x beyond ! rea* ( ! masses ( ! population4 ,besides1 x has n be5 prov$ t ! fle% ( ! animals br\ght e>ly to maturity is mu* inf]ior1 except some:at 9 flavor1 to ! meat ( ?ree-ye>-old bea/s4 ,!re is1 no d\bt1 pl5ty ( un:olesome meat (f]$ = sale1 b x is t ( animals :i* 7 affect$ by diseases z likely to attack ! "y z ! old4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 we may say ( ! improv$ sy/em ( fatt5+ /ock1 t x produces a maximum am\nt ( meat on a giv5 area ( l&2 t ! meat s produc$ is1 except 9 r>e cases1 p]fectly :olesome2 t x is capable ( supply+ ! +r$i5t--fat--:i* is almo/ :olly abs5t f a vegetable diet2 &1 f9ally1 t x places animal food )9 ! rea* ( ! work+ classes4 ,diseas$ ,meat4--,! losses occasion$ to /ock[n]s by ! diseases ( live /ock are f> great] ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t 9 ! six ye>s end+ #ahfj1 ! value ( ! horn$ /ock lo/ by disease am\nt$ to ,l#be1icd1fej4 ,pleuro-pneumonia 0 ! *ief cause ( ^! losses4 ,exclusive ( ! enorm\s losses occasion$ by ! ravages ( ! r9d]pe/1 ! annual loss by disease 9 live /ock 9 ^! c\ntries = "s ye>s pa/ _c be mu* "u ,l#f1jjj1jjj /]l+4 ,:e!r x is ow+ to ! some:at abnormal condition "u :i* ! dome/icat$ animals are plac$1 or to causes :i* op]ate ^u !m :5 9 a /ate ( nature1 x is c]ta9 t !y are rem>kably prone to disease4 ,x is extremely difficult to get a horse six ye>s old t is n a ro>] or a :i/l]1 or weak on 8 p9s1 or 9 "s way or o!r uns\nd4 ,ox51 %eep1 & pigs h almo/ z _m maladies afflict+ !m z human fle% is heir to1 not)/&+ ! %ort p]iod ( life :i* !y are p]mitt$ to enjoy4 ,x is a v s]i\s "q :e!r or n ! fle% ( animals t h be5 kill$ :ile !y are 9 a diseas$ condition is injuri\s to heal?4 ,! op9ions on ?is po9t are conflict+1 b ! majority ( m$ical m5 believe t ! fle% ( diseas$ animals is n :olesome4 ,!re are c]ta9 maladies :i* obvi\sly r5d] meat unsaleable1 by caus+ a s5sible alt]ation 9 its quality4 ,= example1 blackleg 9 cattle & measles 9 ! porc9e tribe r5d] ! fle% ( ^! animals1 z a g5]al rule1 unm>ketable1 or ne>ly s4 ,b !re are v s]i\s diseases--(t5 prov+ rapidly fatal--:i*1 :il/ s]i\sly affect+ c]ta9 int]nal organs1 d n palpably det]iorate ! quality ( ! fle%4 ,9 su* cases are we to rely ^u ! evid5ce ( our m]e s5ses 9 judg+ ( ! :olesom5ess ( ! meat8 ,if we f9d beef possess+ a good color & od\r1 & firm to ! t\*1 & appe>+ to be 9 e respect heal?y fle%1 are we "u su* circum/ances to take x = grant$ t x mu/ be heal?y8 ,?is is a v important "q1 involv+ z x does ! int]e/s ( bo? ! produc]s & consum]s ( animal food4 ,if ! fle% ( all diseas$ animals be un:olesome1 a v l>ge numb] ( ox5 n[ sold :il/ labor+ "u pleuro-pneumonia %\ld n be s5t into ! m>ket4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be a heavy loss to ! /ock[n]1 b a /ill heavi] "o to ! meat consum]2 because1 if !re 7 few] animals = sale1 ! price ( meat w\ld asc5d1 9 ob$i5ce to ! law ( supply & dem&4 ,! :ole "q is1 !n1 well wor?y ( be+ consid]$ 9 ! mo/ c>eful1 unbiass$1 & sci5tific mann]2 = at pres5t x is 9 a /ate :i* is ! rev]se ( be+ satisfactory4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! animals conduct$ to ! %ambles is 9 a diseas$ condition4 ,pr(essor ,gamgee e/imates x at no less ?an "o-fif?4 ,dr4 ,le!by1 food analy/ to ! ,corporation ( ,london1 condemns weekly ab\t #b1jjj p\nds weight ( fle%2 b z 8 jurisdiction is limit$ to ! ,city1 :i* conta9s a population ( only ab\t #aad1jjj1 ! #b1jjj p\nds ( diseas$ meat are probably only ab\t #a-cj? ( ! quantity expos$ = sale )9 ! :ole area ( ! metropolis4 ,mak+ an e/imate ( ! mo/ mod]ate k9d1 we may assume t #cj1jjj p\nds weight ( bad meat are weekly (f]$ = sale 9 ,london--?ree million p\nds weight annually4 ,_m p]sons h be5 affect$ ) dys5t]y & *ol]aic symptoms aft] p>tak+ ( but*]'s meat ( app>5tly ! mo/ heal?y k9d4 ,! meat has (t5 be5 subject$ to m9ute *emical & microscopical exam9ation1 b no poison has be5 discov]$4 ,b ^! cases are becom+ s frequ5t t !y are excit+ uneas9ess1 & dem& an exhau/ive inve/igation4 ,! unskilful p]sons :o (ficiate 9 ! capacity ( cl]ks ( ! m>ket & inspectors ( meat c only judge ( ! quality ( fle% t is obvi\sly inf]ior to ! eye1 nose1 or t\*2 b are !re n cases :]e ! fle% may appe> to be good1 & yet conta9 "s subtle malign pr9ciple8 ,x is an asc]ta9$ fact t "y or sl9k veal v frequ5tly gives rise to di>rhoea1 m especially :5 t disease is epidemic4 ,dr4 ,p>kes1 9 8 celebrat$ "w on ,hygi5e1 page #afb 7second edition71 /ates t ! fle% ( ! pig sometimes produc$ di>rhoea--a fact ,i h _h occasion to notice 9 a regim5t 9 ,india1 & :i* has (t5 be5 notic$ by o!rs4 ,! fle% is1 probably1 affect$ by ! un:olesome g>bage on :i* ! pig fe$s4 ,m5s*ell /ates t #dd p]sons 7 afflict$ ) an?rax aft] eat+ ! fle% ( ox5 affect$ ) c>buncul> fev]4 ,dr4 ,ke/]51 9 ! ,m$ical ,times = ,m>*1 #ahfd1 m5tions a case :]e twelve p]sons 7 affect$ ) *ol]aic symptoms aft] ! use ( pork n obvi\sly diseas$4 ,at ,newt[n>ds1 c\nty ( ,d[n1 sev]al p]sons di$ aft] eat+ veal 9 :i* no poison\s matt] ( any k9d c\ld be detect$4 ,"o in/ance has come "u my own notice :]e a man1 two dogs1 & a pig di$ aft] eat+ ! fle% ( an animal kill$ :il/ suff]+ f spl5ic apoplexy4 ,sev]al but*]s h lo/ _! lives 9 consequ5ce ( ! blood ( diseas$ animals be+ all[$ to come 9 contact ) abrasions or rec5tly receiv$ w\nds on _! arms4 ,! fle% ( ov]-driv5 animals is /at$ by ,pr(essor ,gamgee to produce a mo/ s]i\s sk9 disease1 al?\gh ! meat appe>$ to be p]fectly heal?y4 ,! ,belgian ,academy ( ,m$ic9e has decid$ t ! fle% ( animals suff]+ f c>buncul> fev] is un:olesome1 & its sale 9 t c\ntry is prohibit$4 ,_m p]sons h di$ 9 ,g]many & a few 9 ,engl& f a disease produc$ by eat+ pork conta9+ a small int]nal p>asite t]m$ tri*9a spiralis4 ,i h rec5tly met ) a case ( tri*9iasis 9 ! human subject4 ,! body ( ! un=tunate p]son--:o _h be5 an inmate ( ! ,s\? ,dubl9 ,union ,workh\se--0 f\nd to conta9 ?\s&s ( ! tri*9ae4 ,9 ,icel& a l>ge proportion ( ! population suff]s f a p>asitic disease traceable to ! use ( ! fle% ( %eep & cattle 9 :i* flukes ab\nd4 ,pleuro-pneumonia is 9 ?is c\ntry ! disease :i* mo/ frequ5tly affects ! ox4 ,x is probable t ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( ^! animals sold 9 ,dubl9 are m or less affect$ by ?is malady4 ,!re are two =ms ( pleuro-pneumonia--! sporadic1 or indig5\s1 & ! =eign1 or contagi\s4 ,x is ! latt] =m :i* has become ! sc\rge ( ! ox tribe 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?\gh unkn[n "h until ! ye> #ahda1 :5 x appe>$ z an epizooetic1 & c>ri$ (f va/ numb]s ( animals4 ,! contagi\s pleuro-pneumonia is an extremely sev]e inflammatory disease1 & is produc$--n 9 ! same way t common pleuro-pneumonia is1 by exposure to excessive cold1 c4--b by a blood poison receiv$ f an infect$ animal4 ,9 ! conge/ive /age ( ! disease !re is no /ructural alt]ation 9 ! organs ( ! animal1 & if well bl$ its fle% might 7probably7 be safely eat52 b :5 a l>ge portion ( ! lungs becomes solidifi$1 & r5d]$ incapable ( purify+ ! blood1 is x n d\btful1 to say ! lea/1 t ! blood or fle% is p]fectly :olesome8 ,! blood1 dur+ ! life ( ! animal1 is 9 a /ate ( f]m5tation2 !re is extreme fev]1 & ! animal pres5ts all ! *>act]i/ic symptoms ( acute disease4 ,on be+ kill$1 ! fle%1 if ! disease be ( a =tnight's duration1 w usually be extremely d>k1 b 9 a less advanc$ /age ( ! malady ! fle% w g5]ally pres5t a heal?y appe>ance4 ,is x really s8 ,t is ! "q :i* sci5ce has to det]m9e4 ,go+ ^u a broad pr9ciple1 ,i c h>dly conceive t s s]i\s a disease z pleuro-pneumonia does n injuri\sly affect ! quality ( ! fle%4 ,x is no argum5t to say t ?\s&s consume su* fle%1 & yet enjoy good heal?4 ,millions ( p dr9k wat] & brea! air t are extremely impure1 & yet !y d n spe$ily die4 ,x is "o ?+ to be poison\s1 ano!r to be un:olesome4 ,! fle% ( animals kill$ :il/ suff]+ f lung di/emp] is n directly poison\s1 b :o c prove t x is n1 l bad wat]1 un:olesome8 ,z analy/ to ! city ( ,dubl91 ,i am almo/ daily call$ ^u to inspect meat suspect$ to be un:olesome2 & ,i h always condemn$ z be+ unfit = human food3-- #a4 ,animals slaught]$ at ! "t ( br++ =? _! "y4 #b4 ,ox5 affect$ ) pleuro-pneumonia1 :5 pus is pres5t 9 ! lungs1 or ! fle% obvi\sly affect$2 animals suff]+ f murra91 black-qu>t]1 & ! diff]5t =ms ( an?rax4 #c4 ,animals 9 an anaemic1 or wa/$ condition4 #d4 ,meat 9 a /ate ( putrefaction4 ,dur+ ! pres5t ye> ab\t #bj1jjj p\nds weight ( meat h be5 seiz$ & condemn$ 9 ! city ( ,dubl94 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,milk4 ,milk is a peculi> fluid secret$ by ! females ( all animals belong+ to ! class ,mammalia2 &1 be+ design$ = ! n\ri%m5t ( _! (fspr+1 conta9s all ! con/itu5ts :i* ent] into ! composition ( ! animal body4 ,! milk ( diff]5t animals v>ies v mu* 9 color1 ta/e1 & nutritive value4 ,t ( ! c[ is a little heavi] ?an wat]--its specific gravity be+1 on ! av]age1 ab\t #a4jcj1 wat] be+ #a4jjj4 ,x is compos$ ( ?ree con/itu5ts--namely1 butt]1 curd1 & :ey--ea* ( :i* is also compos$ ( a numb] ( sub/ances4 ,^! ?ree con/itu5ts are ( unequal weight1 or specific gravity1 & _! sep>ation is ! *ief process c>ri$ on 9 ! dairy4 ,! butt] is ! lighte/ & ! curd is ! heavie/ con/itu5t4 ,! foll[+ table repres5ts ! composition ( ! milk ( diff]5t animals3-- ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,milk ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,animals4 #a1jjj ,,p>ts ,,conta9-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,specific ,gravity1 ,wat]4 ,solid ,*eesy ,sug>4,butt]4,m9]al or ,+r$i5ts4 ,matt]4 ,matt]4 ,d5sity4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,woman #ajcb4fg #hhi4jh #aaj4ib #ci4cj #dc4fh #bf4ff #a4cj ,c[ #ajcj #hfd4bj #ace4hj #dh4hj #dg4gj #ca4cj #f4jj ,goat #ajcc4ec #hdd4ij #aee4aj #ce4ad #cf4ia #ef4hg #f4ah ,ewe #ajdj4ih #hcb4cb #afg4fh #fi4gh #ci4dc #ea4ca #g4af ,m>e #ajcc4gd #ijd4cj #ie4gj #cc4ce #cb4gf #bd4cf #e4bc ,ass #ajcd4eg #hij4ab #aji4hh #ce4fe #ej4df #ah4ec #e4bd ,bit* #ajda4fb #ggb4jh #bbg4ib #aaf4hh #ae4bi #hg4ie #g4hj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,milk exam9$ ?r\gh a microscope is a colorless fluid1 conta9+ a l>ge numb] ( little vesicles1 or bags1 fill$ ) butt]--a mixture ( oily & fatty matt]s4 ,:5 ! milk /&s = "s "t1 ! globules1 be+ light] ?an ! o!r con/itu5ts1 asc5d to ! top1 &1 mix$ ) a c]ta9 proportion ( milk1 are remov$ z cream4 ,! curd is t]m$ 9 sci5tific p>lance case91 & is 9 fre% milk 9 a /ate ( solution--t is to say1 is dissolv$ 9 milk 9 ! same way t we dissolve sug> 9 wat]4 ,:5 milk becomes s\r1 ei!r naturally or by ! addition ( r5net1 x c no long] hold case9 9 solution1 & ! curd consequ5tly sep>ates4 ,case9 is ! sub/ance :i* =ms ! basis ( *eese4 ,! sub/ance t rema9s aft] ! removal ( ! butt] & *eese is call$ s]um1 or :ey1 & is compos$ ( a sweeti% sub/ance t]m$ sug> ( milk1 & c]ta9 sal9e bodies1 t]m$ ! a%1 dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,! butt] & ! sug> ( milk are employ$ 9 ! animal economy 9 ! production ( fat1 & are :at h be5 /yl$ by physiologi/s heat-produc]s & fat-=m]s4 ,! case9 resembles ! glut5 ( :eat 9 composition2 x belongs to ! class ( food sub/ances t]m$ fle%-=m]s4 ,! a%1 or m9]al "p ( ! milk1 is *iefly employ$ 9 =m+ ! bones ( ! "y animals x is de/9$ to n\ri%4 ,! quality ( milk is influ5c$ by ! quantity & quality ( ! food giv5 to ! animal4 ,! milk ( c[s f$ on di/ill]y wa%1 turnip1 & mangel tops1 co>se h]bage1 & o!r k9ds ( inf]ior food1 is always ( inf]ior quality4 ,h5ce x is ( great importance t dairy /ock be kept 9 good old pa/ures 9 summ]1 & f$ on ,sw$i% turnips1 mangel-wurtzel1 & oil-cake dur+ w9t]4 ,x is true economy to supply dairy c[s ) abundance ( nutriti\s food2 & x %\ld be con/antly borne 9 m9d t ! milk f two well-f$ c[s w give m butt] ?an c be obta9$ f ! produce ( ?ree badly-f$ animals4 ,! butt] is ! con/itu5t ( milk :i* is mo/ affect$ by ! nature & am\nt ( ! animal's food2 & butt] is precisely ! article :i* is ( ! greate/ importance to ! ,iri% dairy f>m]1 z ! quantity ( *eese prep>$ 9 ?is c\ntry is inconsid]able4 ,:51 !re=e1 x is f\nd t a c[ pa/ur$ on inf]ior l&1 or badly f$ 9 ! byre1 yields a l>ge supply ( milk ( a high specific quantity 7:i*1 h[ev]1 is r>ely ! case71 x mu/ n be conclud$ t ! result is satisfactory2 = if su* milk be te/$ by ! lactomet] x w c]ta9ly be f\nd want+ 9 butt]4 ,! av]age composition ( ,engli% milk1 accord+ to ,way1 is3-- ,wat] #hg4jb ,butt] #c4bc ,case9 #d4dh ,sug> ( milk #d4fg ,a% #j4fj ------ #ajj4jj ,9 sev]al analyses ( milk publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,voelck]1 ! highe/ proportion ( butt] is /at$ to be #g4fb4 ,9 t ( c[s kept on poor & ov]-/ock$ pa/ures less ?an #b p] c5t4 0 f\nd4 ,i h exam9$ 9 my capacity ( ,food ,analy/ to ! ,city ( ,dubl9 sev]al hundr$ samples ( milk1 9 n "o ( :i* h ,i f\nd ! proportion ( butt] to am\nt to m ?an #e4f p] c5t4 ,9 no sample did ,i f9d a high] p]-c5tage ( solid matt] ?an #ac4ae1 or 7:5 pure7 l[] ?an #ab4jh4 ,! quality ( ! food ( ! mil* c[ ex]cises a great influ5ce on ! quality & yield ( h] milk4 ,alim5ts ri* 9 fat & sug> favor ! production ( butt]1 & augm5t ! supply ( milk4 ,locu/-beans1 malt1 & molasses are good milk-produc+ foods2 b ! *ief condition 9 ! production ( milk ri* 9 butt] is simply t ! animals :i* yield x mu/ be f$ ) abundance ( nutriti\s food4 ,nor mu/ x be suppos$ t ! ri*ness ( milk is due to ! smallness ( ! yield1 = :5ev] ! quality ( ! secretion is inf]ior1 x is almo/ c]ta9 to be defici5t 9 quantity4 ,^? c[s :i* give ! ri*e/ milk1 g5]ally yield ! l>ge/ quantity4 ,yield ( ,milk4--,accord+ to ,b\ss+ault1 a c[ daily yields on ! av]age #aj4d p>ts ( milk p] #a1jjj p>ts ( h] weight4 ,morton1 9 8 ,cyclopa$ia ( ,agriculture1 p4 #fba1 /ates t ,mr4 ,"y1 a ,scot* dairy keep]1 obta9$ #fhj gallons p] c[ p] annum4 ,voelck] f\nd t "s common dairy /ock gave ea* ( !m fifty-two p9ts ( milk p] diem1 :il/ ?ree p$igree c[s yield$ respectively =ty-n9e p9ts4 ,pr(essor ,wilson gives ! foll[+ in=mation on ?is po9t3-- ,our pr9cipal dairy bre$s are ! ,ayr%ire1 ! ,*annel ,isl&s1 ! ,%ort-horn1 ! ,suffolk1 & ! ,k]ry4 ,"s publi%$ returns ( two dairies ( ,ayr%ire c[s give ! annual milk produce p] c[ at #fej & #fcb gallons respectively4 ,?ree returns ( dairies1 consi/+ :olly ( ,%ort-horns1 %[ a produce ( #edj gallons1 #fcj gallons1 & #gfe gallons respectively1 or an av]age ( #fbe gallons p] annum = ea* c[4 ,9 two dairies1 :]e half-br$ ,%ort-horns 7 kept1 ! yield 0 #haj & #hff gallons respectively = ea* c[4 ,9 f\r dairies 9 ,irel&1 :]e pure ,k]rys & crosses ) ,%ort-horns & ,ayr%ires 7 kept1 ! annual produce p] c[ 0 return$ at #ejj gallons1 #fjj gallons1 #fge gallons1 & #gdj gallons respectively2 or an av]age1 on ! f\r dairies1 ( #fcj gallons p] annum = ea* c[4 ,a dairy ( pure ,k]rys gave an av]age ( #dhh gallons p] c[1 & ano!r ( ! l>g] ,iri% bre$ gave an av]age ( #ehc gallons p] head p] annum4 ,9 ! great ,london dairies1 n[ well-nigh ext+ui%$ by ! ravages ( ! cattle disease1 ^! returns are greatly exce$$4 ,! c[s kept are l>ge fram$ ,%ort-horns & ,york%ire crosses1 :i*1 by good fe$+1 br+ ! returns to ne>ly #a1jjj gallons p] annum = ea* c[ kept4 ,! cu/om 9 ^! e/abli%m5ts is to dispose ( a c[ directly h] milk falls bel[ two gallons a-day1 & buy ano!r 9 h] place4 ,! foll[+ milk return ( "o ( our be/ manag$ dairy f>ms 7,froce/] ,c\rt7 %[s ! relative produce ( c[s 9 ! successive ye>s ( _! milk+4 ,! fir/ lot 0 b\ght 9 at two-ye>s old2 all ! o!rs at ?ree ye>s3-- ,no4 ( ,c[s4 ,ye> ( ,milk4 ,produce p] head4 #h #a/ #cag gals4 #ae #a/ #dgb #ad #bnd #cec #ae #crd #faf #bj #d? #ffe #ah #e? #fce #i #f? #gjh #ae ,old #fea ,! maximum reliable milk produce t we h record$ 0 t ( a s+le c[ belong+ to ! keep] ( ! gaol at ,lewes1 ! details ( :i* 7 au!nticat$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture4 ,9 eight consecutive ye>s %e gave #i1gbj gallons1 or at ! rate ( m ?an #a1baj gallons p] annum4 ,9 "o ye> %e milk$ #cbh days1 & gave #a1bcj gallons1 :i* yield$ #edj lbs4 ( butt]1 or at ! rate ( #a lb4 ( butt] to #bb-c_/d lb4 ( milk4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! pres5t ye> 7#ahff7 a return 0 publi%$ ( ! produce ( a c[ 9 a ,v]mont 7,u4,s47 dairy1 :i* 0 /at$ to h giv51 9 ! previ\s ye>1 a butt] yield ( #ejd lbs41 at ! rate ( #a lb4 ( butt] to #bj lbs4 ( milk4#be ,pres]v$ ,milk4--,v>i\s plans h be5 propos$ to r5d] milk m portable1 & to pres]ve x sweet = days & ev5 mon?s4 ,mr4 ,bord5 ( ,connecticut1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 prep>es a conc5trat$ milk by boil+ ! fluid d[n 9 vacuo1 at a temp]ature "u #adj deg4 ,fahr5heit1 mix+ ! result+ solid ) sug>1 & rapidly plac+ ! comp\nd 9 t9s1 :i* are !n h]metically seal$4 ,x is said t solidifi$ milk prep>$ by ?is process rema9s sweet = _m mon?s4 ,9 ,france1 solidifi$ & conc5trat$ milk are l>gely prep>$2 & x is c]ta9 t ,london & o!r l>ge t[ns w yet be suppli$ ) milk r5d]$ portable & m /able1 by ! removal ( a l>ge proportion ( its wat]4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,irel& pure milk c\ld be b\ght at f #g;d4 to #h;d4 p] gallon4 ,i d n despair to see factories e/abli%$ 9 su* places = ! manufacture ( pres]v$ milk z a sub/itute = ! de> & impure fluid sold "u ! "n ( milk 9 ,london & o!r l>ge cities4 ,x is /at$ t solidifi$ milk prep>$ 9 ,switz]l& is n[ sold 9 ,london4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,butt]4 ,hi/ory ( ,butt]4--,! v g5]al use ( butt] z an article ( food is demon/rat$ by ! famili> say+--,we %\ld n qu>rel ) our bread & butt]2 yet ?is article1 n[ s commonly us$ ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,europe1 0 ei!r unkn[n or b imp]fectly kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,9 ! ,engli% translation ( ! ,holy ,scriptures ! ^w butt] does c]ta9ly frequ5tly occur2 b ! ,hebrew orig9al is *amea1 :i*1 accord+ to ! mo/ em95t ,biblical critics1 signifies cream1 or ?ick1 s\r milk4 ,9 ! #bj? *apt] ( ,job ! foll[+ passage occurs3--,he %all n see ! riv]s1 ! floods1 ! brooks ( honey & butt]4 ,n[1 we c conceive /reams ( ?9 cream1 b we _c imag9e a riv] ( butt]4 ,! olde/ m5tion ( butt] is f\nd 9 ! works ( ,h]odotus4 ,9 ! description ( ! ,scy?ians giv5 by ?is anci5t au?or1 ref]5ce is made to _! practice ( viol5tly %ak+ ! milk ( _! m>es1 = ! purpose ( caus+ a solid fatty matt] to asc5d to its surface1 :i*1 :5 remov$ f ! milk1 !y consid]$ a delici\s article ( food4 ,hippocrates1 :o wrote a little lat] ?an ,h]odotus1 describes1 b 9 cle>] language1 ! manufacture ( butt] by ! ,scy?ians2 he also alludes to ! prep>ation ( *eese by ! same p4 ,! ^w1 butt]1 does n occur 9 any ( ,ari/otle's writ+s1 & al?\gh m5tion is made ( x 9 ! works ( ,anax&rides1 ,plut>*1 & ,a,elian1 x is evid5t t !y consid]$ x only 9 ! light ( a curi\s sub/ance1 employ$ p>tly z an article ( food1 p>tly z a m$ic9al salve1 by c]ta9 b>b>\s nations4 ,ab\t ! second or ?ird c5tury1 butt] 0 b little kn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans1 & !re is no reason to believe t x 0 ev] g5]ally us$ z an article ( food by ! classic nations ( antiquity2 x is notewor?y1 t ! inhabitants ( ! s\? ( ,europe ev5 at ! pres5t "t use butt] 9 v small quantities1 :i*1 inde$1 is (t5 sold = m$ic9al purposes 9 ! apo!c>ies' %ops 9 ,italy1 ,spa91 & ,portugal4 ,f ! =ego+ /atem5ts x is evid5t t ! butt] manufacture c lay no claim to a classic orig92 b t x took its rise 9 ! c\ntries ( savage1 ( semi-civilis$1 & b>b>\s nations4 ,x is probable t ! ,greeks 7 made acqua9t$ ) butt] by ! ,?racians1 ,phrygians1 & ,scy?ians2 & t ! k ( ?is sub/ance 0 convey$ to ,rome by visitors f ,g]many4 ,dur+ ! middle ages ! practice ( butt]-mak+ spread ?r\gh\t ,nor!rn1 ,c5tral1 & ,we/]n ,europe2 b 9 _m p>ts ! commodity 0 v sc>ce & highly valu$1 not)/&+ its be+ almo/1 if n q1 9 a semi-fluid /ate1 in/ead ( possess+ ! firm consi/5ce ( ! butt] ( ! pres5t day4 ,iri% ,butt]4--,butt] is produc$ 9 su* l>ge quantities 9 ,irel& t1 aft] ! home dem& has be5 suppli$1 !re rema9s a l>ge excess--s consid]able1 inde$1 z to con/itute "o ( ! m important ( our few comm]cial /aples4 ,! precise quantity ( butt] :i*1 dur+ late ye>s1 has be5 annually export$ f ,irel& is unkn[n4 ,! great] "p ( ! commodity is s5t to trans-,*annel ports2 &1 !re be+ no duty on butt] 9 ! cross-,*annel trade s9ce #ahbf1 we h no means ( accurately e/imat+ ! am\nt ( our exports to ,great ,brita94 ,if1 h[ev]1 we ref] to ! /ati/ics ( our comm]ce = ! p]iod beg9n+ 9 #aghg1 & end+ 9 #ahbf1 we %all f9d t ! exportation ( butt] 0 enorm\s1 & t a l>ge proportion ( t commodity consum$ by ! army & navy 0 suppli$ f ! dairies ( ,irel&4 ,dur+ ! ?ree ye>s end$ on ! #e? ( ,janu>y1 #ahbf1 ! av]age annual am\nt ( butt] export$ 0 z foll[s3-- cwts4 ,to ,great ,brita9 #dda1bbf ,to =eign c\ntries #ea1fcg ,( late ye>s ! exportation to =eign & colonial c\ntries has fall5 (f2 /ill ! export trade is v consid]able1 probably am\nt+ to #dej1jjj cwts4 p] annum4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahfg1 ! imports ( =eign butt] into ,great ,brita9 am\nt$ to #a1adb1bfb cwts4 ,i h quot$ ! above /ati/ics = ! purpose ( demon/rat+ ! great importance ( ! butt] trade to ?is c\ntry4 ,n only is a l>ge proportion ( ! agricultural community pecuni>ily int]e/$ 9 ! production ( ?is article1 b ! exportation is ! *ief cause ( ! comm]cial prosp]ity ( a city1 :i*1 9 po9t ( population1 ranks ?ird 9 ! k+dom4 ,if butt]1 !n1 be an article ( s mu* importance1 x is obvi\s t ! greate/ c>e %\ld be tak5 9 its prep>ation1 & t ! ef=ts ( bo? sci5tific & practical m5 %\ld be direct$ t[>ds ! be/ mode ( improv+ its quality4 ,if ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! production ( butt] 7 ?or\ghly und]/ood1 & g5]ally kn[n1 ,i believe t su* t]ms z seconds1 ?irds1 & f\r?s1 w\ld spe$ily fall into disuse2 t !re w\ld be only "o k9d ( butt] s5t into ! m>ket2 & t ! article w\ld always be ( ! be/ quality1 9 o!r words1 fir/s4 ,composition ( ,butt]4--,! composition & quality ( butt] dep5d to a great ext5t ^u ! condition ( ! milk or cream f :i* x is prep>$1 & on ! skill & cleanl9ess ( ! dairy-maid4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( fatty & oily matt]s1 b x is always f\nd 9 comb9ation ) case9 7*eesy matt]7 & wat]4 ,! foll[+ analyses1 made by ,mr4 ,way1 late consult+ *emi/ to ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&1 %[s its composition3-- ,,+r$i5ts ,,p] ,,c5t4 #a4 #b4 #c4 ,fatty matt]s #hb4gj #gi4fg #gi4ab ,case9 #b4de #c4ch #c4cg ,wat] #ad4he #af4ie #ag4ea ,no4 #a analysis %[s ! composition ( a specim5 obta9$ f ! well-kn[n ,mr4 ,horsfall's dairy4 ,x 0 made f raw cream4 ,! o!r specim5s 7 ! produce ( a ,devon%ire dairy1 & 7 prep>$ f scald$ cream4 ,9 sev]al specim5s ( well-made & unsalt$ ,iri% butt] :i* ,i h analys$1 ,i f\nd ! proportion ( case9 or *eesy matt] nev] to exce$ #a p] c5t41 :il/ 9 ! analysis above /at$ ! c5tesimal am\nt is on ! av]age m ?an #c p] c5t4 ,! fatty matt] is compos$ ( two sub/ances--"o1 a solid1 t]m$ m>g>92 ! o!r fluid1 & /yl$ by *emi/s ela9e4 ,! solid fat is id5tical 9 composition ) ! solid fat ( ! human body4 ,! ela9e is peculi> to milk1 b x diff]s v slightly f ole91 or fluid fat4 ,! relative proportions ( ! fluid & solid fats v>y ) ! seasons4 ,accord+ to ,braconnot1 ! solid fat =ms 9 summ] #dj p] c5t4 ( ! butt]1 b 9 w9t] ! proportion rises to #fe4 ,?is decrease 9 ! proportion ( ! liquid fat 9 w9t] is ! cause ( ! great] h>dness ( ! butt] 9 t season1 :i* is (t5 incorrectly attribut$ solely to ! cold4 ,! *eesy & acid matt]s conta9$ 9 butt] are by no means ess5tial2 on ! contr>y1 if x 7 q free f !m1 x might be reta9$ ) little or no salt = a v long p]iod )\t becom+ rancid4 ,! *eesy matt] conta9s nitrog52 & ne>ly all ! sub/ances into :i* ?is elem5t ent]s z a con/itu5t are rem>kably prone to decomposition4 ,yea/1 & f]m5ts ( e k9d--gunp[d]1 fulm9at+ silv]1 *loride ( nitrog5--& almo/ e explosive comp\nd1 conta9 ?is elem5t4 ,! *eesy matt] is a v nitrog5\s body1 & 9 pres5ce ( air & moi/ure n only rapidly decomposes1 or decays1 itself1 b induces by m]e contact a l /ate ( decomposition 9 o!r sub/ances--su*1 = in/ance1 z fat1 sug>1 & />*1 :i* naturally h no t5d5cy to *ange _! /ate4 ,be>+ ! =ego+ facts 9 m9d1 x is obvi\s t ! *ief precautions to be obs]v$ 9 ! manufacture ( butt] are3--,fir/ly1 to sep>ate to z great an ext5t z practicable ! case9 f ! butt]2 &1 secondly1 z 9 practice a small portion ( ! curd rema9s 9 ! butt]1 to prev5t x f und]go+ any *ange--at lea/ = a prolong$ p]iod4 ,h[ ^! desid]ata may be/ be accompli%$ ,i %all n[ proce$ to po9t out4 ,! ,butt] ,manufacture4--,! !ory ( ! process ( *urn+ is v simple4 ,by viol5tly agitat+ ! milk or cream ! little vesicles1 or bags conta9+ ! butt]1 are brok51 &1 ! fatty matt] adh]+1 lumps ( butt] are =m$4 ,! op]ation ( *urn+ also introduces atmosph]ic air into ! milk1 :i*1 aid$ by ! high temp]ature to :i* ! fluid is rais$1 conv]ts a portion ( ! sweet sug> ( milk into ! s\r lactic acid4 ,by ! alt]ation produc$ 9 ?is way 9 ! composition ( ! milk1 x is no long] capable ( hold+ ! case9 9 solution1 & ! curd !re=e sep>ates4 ,! *urn & o!r vessels 9 :i* ! milk is plac$ _c be kept too clean4 ,no am\nt ( labor be/[$ on ! scald+ & scrubb+ ( ! vessels is excessive4 ,:5 wood is ! mat]ial us$ 9 ! milk-pans ! utmo/ c>e %\ld be tak5 9 clean+ !m1 z ! por\s nature ( ! mat]ial favors ! ret5tion ( small quantities ( ! milk4 ,a simple wa%+ w n suffice to clean su* vessels4 ,!y mu/ be ?or\ghly scrubb$ & aft]w>ds well scald$ ) boil+ wat]4 ,t9 pans are pref]able to wood5 ones1 z !y are m easily clean$1 b 9 _! turn !y are inf]ior to glass vessels1 :i* ought to sup]s$e e o!r k9d4 ,e>!nw>e1 lead1 & z9c pans are 9 r frequ5t use4 ,! la/-m5tion$ mat]ial is easily act$ ^u by ! lactic acid ( ! s\r milk1 & is1 !re=e1 objectionable4 ,x is a matt] ( great importance t ! dairy %\ld n be situat$ ne> a pig-/ye1 sew]1 or wat]-closet1 ! effluvia f :i* w\ld be likely to ta9t ! milk4 ,x is surpris+ h[ small a quantity ( putresc5t matt] is suffici5t to ta9t a :ole *urn ( milk2 & z x has be5 demon/rat$ t ! almo/ inappreciable emanations f a cesspool are capable ( conf]r+ a bad flavor on milk1 x is 9 ! highe/ degree important to remove f ! *urn & milk-pail e trace ( ! s\r milk4 ,i g fur!r1 x is ev5 desirable t no "o ^: h&s h a t5d5cy to p]spire %\ld be all[$ to manipulate 9 ! dairy2 & x %\ld be con/antly borne 9 m9d t ! dairy-maid's f+]s & hot wat] %\ld be on ! mo/ intimate visit+ t]ms4 ,butt] is made ei!r f cream--s\r & sweet--or f :ole milk :i* has /ood suffici5tly long to become di/9ctly s\r4 ,x is ass]t$ by "s mak]s t butt] prep>$ f :ole milk1 or f scald$ cream1 conta9s a l>ge proportion ( curd4 ,if ?is be true--:i* ,i greatly d\bt--x is a s]i\s matt]1 = su* butt] w\ld spe$ily become rancid 9 consequ5ce ( ! case9 act+ z a f]m5t4 ,i believe t exp]i5ce po9ts to an exactly opposite conclusion4 ,f ! results ( c>eful inquiries ,i feel no hesitation 9 ass]t+ t ! butt] %\ld n be made f ! cream1 b f ! :ole milk4 ,:5 made f ! cream alone x is mu* m likely to acquire a bad ta/e1 & is g5]ally want+ 9 keep+ qualities4 ,i h no d\bt b t 9 ! process ( *urn+ ! :ole milk !re is a l>ge am\nt ( lactic acid =m$1 & a mu* high] temp]ature atta9$1 ?an 9 ! *urn+ ( cream2 consequ5tly1 ! sep>ation ( case\s matt] mu/ be m p]fectly effect$ 9 ! =m] ?an 9 ! latt] case4 ,x is a mi/ake to ?9k t !re is v little case9 9 cream3 out ( #g or #h lbs4 ( ?ick cream only a c\ple ( p\nds ( butt] are obta9able2 ! re/ is made up ( wat]1 case91 & sug> ( milk4 ,! yield ( butt] is great] :5 ! :ole milk is *urn$ ?an :5 ! cream alone is op]at$ ^u1 &1 :at is ( great importance1 ! quality ( ! butt] is uni=m dur+ ! :ole ye>4 ,! labor ( *urn+ :ole milk is1 ( c\rse1 mu* great] ?an if ! cream alone 7 employ$1 b ! increas$ yield & unv>y+ quality ( ! butt] m ?an comp5sate = ! extra exp5diture ( labor4 ,! prop] temp]ature ( ! milk or cream is a po9t ( great practical importance4 ,if ! fluid be too w>m or too cold ! butt]y p>ticles w only by great tr\ble be made to coh]e2 & ! quality ( ! butt] is almo/ c]ta9 to be inf]ior4 ,:5 ! :ole milk is op]at$ on1 ! temp]ature %\ld be f #ee to #fj degs4 ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]2 & if cream be employ$ ! temp]ature %\ld nev] exce$ #ee degs4 nor be l[] ?an #ej degs4 ,h5ce x foll[s t 9 summ] ! dairy %\ld be kept cool]1 & 9 w9t] w>m]1 ?an ! atmosph]e4 ,! temp]ature ( milk is rais$ or l[]$ z may be f\nd necess>y1 by ! addition ( hot or cold wat]--9 p]=m+ :i* op]ations prop]ly1 a good !rmomet] is indisp5sable2 "o %\ld always be kept 9 ! dairy1 & %\ld be s con/ruct$ z to admit ( be+ plung$ into ! milk4 ,9 "s dairies ! wat]1 in/ead ( be+ mix$ ) ! milk1 is put into a tub 9 :i* ! *urn is plac$4 ,!re is a good k9d ( *urn1 :i* consi/s ( two cyl9d]s1 ! "o )9 ! o!r--! int]val betwe5 !m be+ int5d$ = ! reception ( hot or cold wat]4 ,! influ5ce ( temp]ature ^u ! production ( butt] has be5 plac$ beyond all d\bt by num]\s c>efully-conduct$ exp]im5ts4 ,mr4 ,horsfall1 a celebrat$ dairy f>m]1 9 discuss+ ?is "q1 sums up z foll[s3--,by a s]ies ( c>efully-conduct$ exp]im5ts at v>y+ temp]atures1 ,i am ( op9ion t a correct scale ( ! comp>ative yield ( butt] at diff]5t temp]atures might be arriv$ at2 z ?us3 ,f a v l[ degree ( temp]ature little or no butt]2 f a temp]ature ( ab\t #ch degs41 #af oz4 f #af qu>ts ( milk2 ditto1 #de degs41 #ba oz4 f #af qu>ts ( milk2 ditto1 #ee degs41 #bf to #bg oz4 f #af qu>ts ( milk4 ,?is is a high] yield ( butt] ?an1 ,i suspect1 mo/ dairym5 get3 b ,mr4 ,horsfall's c[s be+ ( ! be/ k9d = milk+1 & well f$1 ! milk is1 ( c\rse1 ri* 9 butt]2 & 8 exp]im5ts prove t ev5 ! ri*e/ milk w n ?r[ up its butt] unless at a c]ta9 temp]ature4 ,9 ! *urn+ ( cream ! motion %\ld be sl[ at fir/ until ! cream is ?or\ghly brok5 up4 ,9 *urn+ milk ! agitation %\ld nei!r be viol5t nor irregul>2 ab\t #dj or #ej motions ( ! plung] or bo>d p] m9ute w be suffici5t4 ,9 /eam-work$ *urns ! motion is (t5 excessively rapid1 & ! sep>ation ( ! butt] is effect$ 9 a few m9utes2 b ! article obta9$ 9 ?is ha/y way v quickly becomes rancid1 & mu/ be dispos$ ( at once4 ,an h\r's *urn+ ( s\r cream appe>s 9 g5]al to produce good butt]4 ,sweet cream & :ole milk require a long] p]iod--! latt] ab\t #c h\rs--b 9 any case prolong$ *urn+ is c]ta91 by incorporat+ *eesy matt] ) ! butt]1 to produce an inf]ior article4 ,sweet milk becomes s\r1 evolves a consid]able quantity ( gas dur+ *urn+1 & its temp]ature asc5ds f\r or five degrees4 ,oxyg5 is unque/ionably absorb$1 & x is probable t a portion ( ! sug> ( milk is conv]t$ into acid products4 ,i h already /at$ t ev5 ! mo/ c>efully prep>$ butt] conta9s a small proportion ( case9 & sug> ( milk4 ,?is case9 is ! good g5ius ( ! *eese-mak]1 b ! evil g5ius ( ! butt] manufactur]4 ,h[8 ,9 ?is way3--,:5 butt] conta9+ a notable proportion ( case9 & sug> ( milk is expos$ to ! air1 ! foll[+ *anges take place3 ! case9 passes into a /ate ( f]m5tation1 & act+ ^u ! sug> ( milk1 conv]ts x1 fir/ly into ! bad-flavor$ lactic acid1 & secondly into ! bad odor\s butyric1 capric1 & caproic acids4 ,! fir/ ( ^! comp\nds 9 a /ate ( purity emits an odor resembl+ a mixture ( v9eg> & rancid butt]2 ! second possesses an odor resembl+ t ( a goat--h5ce ! "n capric2 ! ?ird has an odor l t ( p]spiration4 ,9 addition to ^! acids1 !re is ano!r simultane\sly g5]at$--! caprylic1 b x does n unpleasantly affect ! olfactory n]ve4 ,! case9 also injuri\sly affects ! fatty con/itu5ts ( ! butt]2 "u its influ5ce !y absorb oxyg5 f ! air1 & become conv]t$ into /rong-smell+ comp\nds4 ,! wa%+ ( butt] is int5d$ to free x f ! case9 & unalt]$ cream1 & ! m p]fectly x is fre$ f ^? impurities ! bett] w be its flavor1 & ! long] x w rema9 )\t becom+ rancid4 ,"s p believe t too mu* wat] injures ! quality & less5s ! quantity ( butt]4 ,x _c d ! =m]1 because ! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( butt] are totally insoluble 9 wat]2 x may d ! latt]1 b1 if x d1 s mu* ! bett]1 because ! loss ( weight repres5ts ! am\nt ( impurities--milk1 sug> ( milk1 c4--remov$4 ,i h already rem>k$ t butt] is s susceptible ( ta9t t ev5 a p]spir+ h& is suffici5t to spoil x2 naturally cool h&s %\ld alone be all[$ to come 9 contact ) ?is delicate commodity1 & ! h&s %\ld be made ?or\ghly clean by repeat$ wa%+s ) w>m wat] & oatmeal--! use ( soap 9 ! lavatory ( ! dairymaid be+ highly objectionable4 ,wood5 spades are n[ be+ commonly made use ( 9 manipulat+ ! butt]1 & !re is no good reason :y !y %\ld n come into univ]sal use4 ,! yield ( butt] p] c[ is subject to great v>iation4 ,"s bre$s ( ! animal are rem>kable z milk]s2 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! ,ald]neys & ,k]rys--inde$1 ,i may say all ! small v>ieties ( ! bov9e race4 ,!re are in/ances ( c[s yield+ upw>ds ( tw5ty p\nds ( butt] p] week1 b ^! are extraord9>y cases4 ,9 ,holl& a good c[ w produce1 dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 m ?an #ahj lbs4 ( butt]4 ,9 ^! c\ntries ,i ?9k ! av]age annual yield ( a c[ is n m ?an #agj lbs4 ,x sometimes happ5s t c[s yield a l>ge quantity ( milk & a small am\nt ( butt]1 b x f> m frequ5tly occurs t ! c[ :i* gives mo/ milk also yields mo/ butt]4 ,an e/imate ( ! am\nt ( butt] conta9$ 9 milk may be made by det]m9+ ! am\nt ( cream4 ,?is may be effect$ by means ( an in/rum5t t]m$ a lactomet]1 :i* is simply a glass tube ab\t five in*es long1 & graduat$ into a hundr$ p>ts4 ,! specim5 to be exam9$ is p\r$ into ?is tube up to z]o or #j1 & all[$ to /& = twelve h\rs 9 summ] & sixte5 or eighte5 9 w9t]4 ,at ! end ( t "t ! cream w h ris5 to ! top1 & its p]-c5tage may be easily se54 ,9 good milk ! cream w g5]ally ext5d #aa to #ae degrees d[n f #j4 ,?is in/rum5t1 al?\gh v useful1 is n reliable 9 e case1 especially 9 detect+ ! adult]ation ( milk4 ,i h already /at$ t ! complete sep>ation ( ! butt] f ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! milk is nev] accompli%$ 9 ! dairy4 ,n[ al?\gh ! proportion ( curd 9 ! butt] is v small--r>ely m ?an two p] c5t4 & (t5 n a f\r? ( "o p] c5t4--yet x is m ?an suffici5t1 "u a c]ta9 condition1 to cause ! butt] to become spe$ily rancid4 ,t condition is simply contact ) ! air4 ,if ! curd1 be=e x becomes dry & firm1 is subject$ to ! influ5ce ( ! air1 x rapidly passes into a /ate ( f]m5tation1 :i* is v soon communicat$ to ! fatty & sac*>9e con/itu5ts ( ! butt] 7sub/ances n spontane\sly liable to sudd5 *anges 9 composition7 & ^? peculi> comp\nds--su*1 = example1 z butyric & capric acids1 are g5]at$1 :i* conf] ^u rancid butt] its *>act]i/ic & v disagreeable odor & flavor4 ,! f]m5tation ( ! curd is prev5t$ by incorporat+ common salt ) ! butt]1 & by prev5t+1 s f> z possible1 ! access ( air to ! vessels 9 :i* ! article is plac$4 ,if fre% butt] be plac$ 9 wat]--:i* app>5tly protects x f ! influ5ce ( ! air--x w soon become rancid4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t wat] always conta9s air1 :i* diff]s 9 composition1 ?\gh d]iv$1 f ! atmosph]e1 by be+ v ri* 9 oxyg54 ,n[1 x is precisely ?is oxyg5 :i* effects ^? undesirable *anges 9 ! case91 or curd1 to :i* ,i h s repeat$ly ref]r$2 h5ce its pres5ce 9 a conc5trat$ /ate 9 wat] causes t fluid to produce an injuri\s effect on ! butt] plac$ 9 x4 ,a saturat$ solution ( salt conta9s v little air1 &1 s long z ! curd is imm]s$ !re91 x und]goes no *ange4 ,! salt1 too1 acts z a decid$ pres]vative2 = al?\gh x 0 long consid]$ to be capable ( pres]v+ animal matt]s1 m]ely by virtue ( its prop]ty ( absorb+ wat] f !m 7! pres5ce ( wat] be+ a condition 9 ! decomposition ( organic matt]71 x has lately be5 %[n to possess v antiseptic prop]ties4 ,! mix+ ( ! salt ) ! butt] is effect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,! butt]1 aft] be+ well wa%$1 9 ord] to free x f ! butt]-milk1 is spread out 9 a tub1 & ! salt %ak5 ov] x2 ! butt] is !n turn$ ov] on ! salt by ! l[] "p ( ! palm ( ! h&1 & rubb$ d[n until a uni=m mixture is atta9$4 ,a good plan 9 salt+ is to mix 9 only "o half ( ! quantity ( salt1 make up ! butt] 9 lumps1 & set !m aside until ! foll[+ day2 a quantity ( milk is c]ta9 to exude1 :i* is to be p\r$ (f1 & !n ! re/ ( ! salt may be incorporat$ ) ! butt]4 ,accord+ to butt]-mak]s1 ! quality ( ! article is greatly dep5d5t on ! quality ( ! salt us$ 9 pres]v+ x4 ,i ?9k !re is a good deal ( tru? 9 ?is belief1 & ,i !re=e recomm5d t only ! v be/ & drie/ salt %\ld be us$ 9 ! dairy4 ,common salt is ess5tially compos$ ( ! sub/ance t]m$ by *emi/s *loride ( sodium1 b x (t5 conta9s o!r sal9e matt]s 7*loride ( magnesium1 c471 "s ( :i* h a t5d5cy to absorb moi/ure f ! air1 & to dissolve 9 ! wat] s obta9$4 ,^! salts are t]m$ deliquesc5t1 f ! ,lat9 deliqu]e1 to melt d[n4 ,:51 !re=e1 common salt becomes damp by m]e exposure to ! air1 x is to be inf]r$ t x conta9s impurities :i*1 z !y possess a v bitt] ta/e1 w\ld1 if mix$ ) butt]1 conf] a bad flavor ^u x4 ,! impurities ( salt may be almo/ completely remov$ by plac+ ab\t a /one weight ( x 9 any conv5i5t vessel1 p\r+ ov] x a qu>t ( boil+ wat]1 & mix+ ?or\ghly ! fluid & solid4 ,9 an h\r or two ! :ole is to be ?r[n ^u a filt] made ( calico1 :5 ! wat] w pass ?r\gh ! filt]1 c>ry+ ) x all ! impurities1 & ! purifi$ salt1 9 f9e cry/als1 w rema9 ^u ! filt]4 ,! solution ne$ n be ?r[n away3 boil$ d[n to dryness x may be giv5 z salt to cattle2 or1 if add$ 9 solution to ! dung-heap1 x w augm5t ! f]tilis+ p[] ( t manure4 ,! proportion ( salt us$ 9 pres]v+ butt] v>ies greatly4 ,:5 ! butt] is int5d$ = imm$iate use1 ,i believe a qu>t] ( an ounce ( salt to ! p\nd is q suffici5t2 b :5 design$ = ! m>ket1 ab\t half an ounce ( salt to ! p\nd ( butt] w be suffici5t4 ,iri% butt] at "o "t comm&$ ! highe/ price 9 ! home & =eign m>kets1 b latt]ly x has fall5 greatly 9 public e/imation2 inde$1 at ! pres5t mom5t ! price ( ,iri% butt] at ,london is ne>ly tw5ty %ill+s p] cwt4 "u t ( ! ,dut* article4 ,x is really pa9ful to be oblig$ to admit t ! ,iri% f>m] is solely to blame = ?is rem>kable depreciation 9 ! value ( "o ( our be/ agricultural /aples4 ,9 a ^w1 by ! /upid 7& rec5t7 practice ( putt+ into butt] f\r times ! quantity ( salt necess>y to its pres]vation1 ! ,iri% dairy f>m]s--or at lea/ ! great majority ( !m--h completely ru9$ ! reputation ( ,iri% butt] 9 ^? v m>kets 9 :i*1 at "o "t1 ! ,cork br& on a firk9 0 suffici5t to dispose ( its cont5ts at ! v highe/ price4 ,x is a great mi/ake to ?9k t ! great] ! quantity ( salt :i* c be incorporat$ ) ! butt]1 ! great] w be ! pr(it to ! produc]4 ,no d\bt1 e p\nd ( salt sold z a con/itu5t ( butt] realises a pr(it ( two ?\s& p] c5t42 b !n ! addition ( e p\nd ( t sub/ance1 aft] a c]ta9 quantity1 to ! cwt4 ( butt] depreciates ! value ( ! latt] to su* an ext5t z to f> m ?an neutralise ! ga9 on ! sale ( salt at ! price ( butt]4 ,9 ! c\nty ( ,c>l[1 less salt is us$ 9 pres]v+ butt] ?an is ! case 9 ! c\nty ( ,cork & ! adjac5t c\nties2 ! price1 !re=e1 :i* ! ,c>l[ commodity comm&s 9 ! ,london m>ket is high] ?an t ( ! ,cork butt]3 b 9 e "p ( ,irel& ! proportion ( salt add$ to ! butt] is excessive4 ,! results ( ! analyses ( butt] suppli$ to ! ,london m>ket1 made by ! ,lancet ,analytical ,commission1 %[$ t ! proportion ( salt v>i$ f #j4cj to #h4bd p] c5t4 ,! l>ge/ proportion ( salt f\nd 9 fre% butt] 0 #b4ba & ! lea/ #j4cj4 ,9 salt butt] ! highe/ proportion ( salt 0 #h4bd & ! l[e/ #a4ec4 ,! butt] :i* conta9$ mo/ salt 0 also g5]ally l>gely adult]at$ ) wat]4 ,inde$1 9 sev]al samples ! am\nt ( ?is con/itu5t rea*$ s high z ne>ly #cj p] c5t4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an ! incorporation ( wat] ) salt butt]4 ,! butt] is melt$1 & :il/ cool+ ! salt & wat] are add$1 & ! mixture kept con/antly /irr$ until q cold4 ,9 ?is way ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 ( wat] may be add$ to butt]2 b ( c\rse ! quality ( ! article w be ( ! v wor/ k9d4 ,a correspond5t ( ! ,lancet /ates t1 on awak5+ ab\t ?ree o'clock 9 ! morn+ at ! h\se 9 :i* he 0 lodg+1 he p]ceiv$ a light bel[ ! door ( 8 room2 & appreh5d+ a fire1 he hurri$ d[n /airs1 & 0 n a little surpris$ to discov] ! :ole family engag$ 9 manipulat+ butt]4 ,he 0 in=m$ 9 a jocose way t !y 7 mak+ ,epp+ butt]6 ,= ?is purpose !y us$ inf]ior ,iri% butt]1 :i*1 by repeat$ wa%+s1 0 fre$ f its excessive am\nt ( salt2 aft] :i* x 0 frequ5tly ba!d 9 sweet milk1 ! addition ( a little sug> be+ ! conclud+ /roke 9 ! process4 ,?is sweet fre% butt] f ,epp+ 0 sold at a pr(it ( #ajj p] c5t4 ,our dairy f>m]s might take a h9t f ?is anecdote4 ,does x n prove t ! m]e removal ( ! salt add$ to ,iri% butt] d\bles ! value ( ! article8 ,x is z necess>y to pay att5tion to ! pack+ ( butt] z x is to its salt+4 ,if old firk9s be employ$1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 9 clean+ !m1 & if ! /aves be loose1 ! firk9s %\ld be /eep$ 9 hot wat]1 9 ord] to cause ! wood to swell1 & !reby to br+ ! edges ( ! /aves into close contact4 ,new firk9s (t5 communicate a disagreeable od\r to ! butt]4 ,9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ ?is1 x is ! practice 9 _m p>ts to fill ! firk9s ) v moi/ g>d5 m\ld1 :i*1 aft] ! lapse ( a few days1 is ?r[n out1 & ! firk9 ?or\ghly scrubb$ ) hot wat]1 r9s$ ) ! same fluid 9 a cold /ate1 & f9ally rubb$ ) salt1 j be=e be+ us$4 ,9 pack+ ! butt]1 ! *ief object to be kept 9 view is ! exclusion ( air4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 ! lumps ( butt] %\ld be press$ firmly toge!r1 & also aga9/ ! bottom & sides ( ! vessel4 ,:5 ! products ( sev]al *urn+s are plac$ 9 ! same firk91 ! surface ( ea* *urn+ %\ld be furr[$1 s t ! next lay] may be mix$ ) x4 ,a firk9 %\ld nev] be fill$ 9 a s+le op]ation4 ,ab\t six in*es ( butt] ( ea* *urn+ w be q suffici5t1 & 9 a l>ge dairy two or m firk9s c be gradually b simultane\sly fill$4 ,i /rongly recomm5d ! removal ( ! pickle j> f ! dairy4 ,:5 ! lay]s ( butt] h be5 c>ri$ up to )9 an in* or s ( ! top ( ! firk91 ! space betwe5 ! surface ( ! butt] & ! edge ( ! vessel %\ld be fill$ ) f9e dry salt1 in/ead ( pickle4 ,a common mi/ake made is ! hold+ ov] = too long a "t ( ! butt]3 ! soon] ?is article c be dispos$ ( ! bett]1 = x nev] improves by age4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #bc3 ,f two ,greek words1 signify+ od\r & s\p4 ,footnote #bd3 ,a ,new ,inquiry1 fully illu/rat$ by col\r$ engrav+s ( ! he>t1 lungs1 c41 ( ! ,diseas$ ,prize ,cattle lately exhibit$ at ! ,smi?field ,cattle ,club1 #aheg4 ,by ,fr$]ick ,james ,gant1 ,m4,r4,c4,s4 ,london1 #aheh4 ,footnote #be3 ,pr(essor ,john ,wilson's ,report ( ! ,agricultural ,exhibition1 ,a>huus1 #ahfg4 ,,"p ,v4 ,,on ,,! ,,composition ,,& ,,nutritive ,,value ,,( ,,vegetable ,,foods4 ,,section ,i4 ,,! ,,money ,,value ,,( ,,food ,,sub/ances4 ,! fle%-=m+ pr9ciples ( food are1 z ,i h already /at$1 almo/ id5tical ) ! pr9cipal nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( animals4 ,unlike ! non-pla/ic sub/ances1 !y are conv]tible into ea* o!r ) little1 if any1 loss ei!r ( matt] or ( =ce4 ,n _m ye>s s9ce x 0 ! fa%ion to e/imate ! nutritive value ( a food-sub/ance by its proportion ( nitrog52 b ?is me?od--n yet q ab&on$--0 bas$ on errone\s views1 & yield$ results v f> f ! tru?4 ,no d\bt all ! m conc5trat$ & valuable k9ds ( food are ri* 9 nitrog5\s pr9ciples2 b !re are o!r v>ieties1 ! nutritive value ( :i* is v l[1 & yet _! proportion ( nitrog5 is v high4 ,?is po9t requires explanation4 ,bo? ! pla/ic & ! non-pla/ic mat]ials ( food exi/ 9 two di/9ct /ates--9 "o ( :i* !y are easily dige/ible1 & 9 ! o!r ei!r altoge!r unassimilable or s ne>ly s z to be almo/ useless4 ,?us1 = example1 ! cellul> tissue ( plants1 :5 newly =m$1 is to a great ext5t dige/ible1 :il/ ! old woody fibre is ne>ly1 if n q1 incapable ( assimilation4 ,gelat9e1 :i* 9 raw bones is easily dige/$ 9 ! /oma*s ( ! c>nivora1 loses a l>ge proportion ( its nutritive value on be+ subject$ to ! action ( /eam4 ,aga91 a portion ( ! nitrog5 ( "y succul5t plants is 9 a =m n suffici5tly organic to admit ( its be+ assimilat$ to ! animal body4 ,b1 indep5d5tly ( ^! /rong objections to ! me?od ( e/imat+ ! nutritive value ( food by its p]-c5tage ( fle%-=m]s1 !re are _m o!r reasons :i* z cle>ly prove ! fallacy ( ?is rule4 ,if we 71 = in/ance1 to e/imate ! value ( album5 accord+ to ! tables ( food equival5ts :i* 7 con/ruct$ "s ye>s ago by ,b\ss+ault & o!r *emi/s1 we w\ld f9d "o p\nd weight ( x to be equival5t to f\r p\nds weight ( oil-cake1 or to twelve p\nds weight ( hay2 yet1 x is a fact t a horse w\ld spe$ily die if conf9$ to a purely album9\s diet1 :]eas hay is capable ( support+ ! animal's life = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 f :at ,i h /at$1 t nei!r ! am\nt ( fle%-=m]s1 nor ( fat-=m]s1 conta9$ 9 a giv5 quantity ( a sub/ance is a measure ( its nutritive value2 nev]!less x w\ld be incorrect to inf] f ?is t ! num]\s analyses ( fe$+ sub/ances :i* h be5 made are valueless4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i am dispos$ to believe t ! composition ( ^! sub/ances1 :5 correctly /at$ by ! *emi/1 enables ! physiologi/ to det]m9e pretty accurately _! relative alim5t>y value4 ,!ory is c]ta9ly aga9/ ! assumption t food is valuable 9 proportion to its cont5t ( nitrog52 nor has practice less /rongly disprov$ its tru?4 ,an illu/ration drawn f ! nutrition ( plants w make ?is matt] m app>5t4 ,e intellig5t agriculturi/ kn[s t guano conta9s nitrog5 & phosphoric acid2 bo? sub/ances are indisp5sable to ! developm5t ( plants1 & !re=e x w\ld be incorrect to e/imate ! manurial value ( ! guano 9 proportion to ! quantity ( nitrog5 x 0 capable ( yield+4 ,if ! value ( manures 7 det]m9$ only by _! p]-c5tage ( nitrog5--a mode by :i* c]ta9 *emi/s /ill e/imate ! nutritive value ( food--!n wooll5 rags w\ld be wor? m ?an bones1 & bones w\ld be m valuable ?an sup]phosphate ( lime4 ,! tru? is1 t ! analysis ( fe$+ /uffs & manures is sometimes ( little value if ! condition 9 :i* ! con/itu5ts ( ^! sub/ances exi/ be undet]m9$4 ,= example1 ! analysis ( "o manure may %[ x to conta9 #dj p] c5t4 ( phosphate ( lime1 & ?ree p] c5t4 ( ammonia1 :il/1 accord+ to analysis1 ano!r f]tilis] may include #bj p] c5t4 ( phosphate ( lime1 & two p] c5t4 ( ammonia4 ,view$ by ?is light solely1 ! fir/ manure w\ld be consid]$ ! m valuable ( ! two1 :]eas x might1 9 reality1 be v mu* inf]ior4 ,if ! phosphate ( lime 9 ! manure1 conta9+ #dj p] c5t4 ( t body1 7 d]iv$ f coprolites or apatite1 & its ammonia f horns1 ! =m] w\ld be wor? little or no?+1 & ! latt]1 by reason ( its exce$+ly sl[ evolution f ! horns1 w\ld possess a v l[ value4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! phosphate ( lime1 9 ! manure comp>atively poor 9 phosphate1 7 a con/itu5t ( bones1 & its ammonia ready =m$ 7say z sulphate ( ammonia71 !n1 its value1 bo? comm]cial & manurial1 w\ld be f> great] ?an ! o!r4 ,9 e/imat+ ! money value ( an article ( food1 we %\ld omit su* consid]ations z ! relative adju/m5t ( its fle%-=m]s & fat-=m]s1 & its suitability to p>ticul> k9ds ( animals1 z well z to animals 9 a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t4 ,! manure suppli$ to plants conta9s sev]al elem5ts indisp5sable to vegetable nutrition2 &1 al?\gh ! agriculturi/ mo/ commonly pur*ases all ^! elem5ts comb9$ 9 ! "o article1 /ill he frequ5tly buys ea* +r$i5t sep>ately4 ,ammonia is "o ( ^! pr9ciples1 &1 :e!r x be b\ght p] se1 or z a con/itu5t ( a comp\nd manure1 ! price x comm&s is inv>iable4 ,?is pr9ciple %\ld prevail 9 ! pur*ase ( food3 ea* con/itu5t ( :i* %\ld h a c]ta9 value plac$ ^u x2 & ! sums ( all ! values ( ! con/itu5ts w\ld !n be ! value ( ! article ( food tak5 z a :ole4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 practical difficulties 9 ! way :i* prev5t ?is me?od ( valuation f giv+ m ?an approximatively correct results2 b are !re n precisely simil> difficulties 9 ! way ( ! correct e/imation ( ! value ( a manure accord+ to its analysis8 ,!re are sev]al con/itu5ts ( food1 ! money value ( :i* is easily det]m9able3 ^! are sug>1 />*1 & fat4 ,no matt] :at sub/ance !y are f\nd 91 ! nutritive value ( ea* v>ies only )9 v n>r[ limits4 ,! value ( cellulose & woody fibre is n s easily asc]ta9$1 z x v>ies ) ! age & nature ( ! vegetable /ructure 9 :i* ^! pr9ciples occur4 ,!re is little d\bt b t ! cellulose & fibre ( "y grass1 clov]1 & o!r succul5t plants1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 dige/ible2 & we %\ld n be f> a/ray if we 7 to assume t f\r p\nds weight ( s(t fibre & cellulose are equival5t to ?ree p\nds weight ( />*4 ,z to old h>d fibre1 we are n 9 a position to say :e!r or n x possesses any nutrim5tal value wor? tak+ into acc\nt4 ,! e/imation ( ! value ( ! fle%-=m+ mat]ials is f> m difficult ?an t ( sug>1 />*1 pect9e comp\nds1 & fat4 ,! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( food mu/ be 9 a highly elaborat$ /ate be=e !y are capable ( be+ assimilat$4 ,9 se$s--9 :i* vegetable sub/ances atta9 _! highe/ degree ( developm5t--!y probably exi/ 9 ! mo/ dige/ible =m1 :il/ mu* ( ! nitrog5 f\nd 9 ! /ems & leaves ( succul5t plants1 is ei!r 9 a purely m9]al /ate1 or 9 s l[ a degree ( elaboration z to be unavailable = ! purpose ( nutrition4 ,b ev5 pla/ic mat]ials1 9 a high degree ( organisation1 pres5t _m po9ts ( diff]5ce1 :i* greatly affect _! relative alim5tal value2 = example1 _m ( !m are naturally associat$ ) sub/ances possess+ a disagreeable flavor3 & z _! sep>ation f ^! sub/ances is (t5 practically impossible1 ! animal t consumes bo? w n assimilate ! pla/ic matt]s s well z if !y 7 end[$ ) a pleasant flavor4 ,9 se$s & o!r p]fectly matur$ vegetable /ructures1 ! fle%-=m]s may exi/ 9 diff]5t degrees ( availability4 ,! nitrog5 ( ! te/a1 or cov]+ ( ! se$s1 w h>dly be s assimilable z t :i* exi/s 9 _! cotyl$ons4 ,! solubility ( ! fle%-=m]s--provid$ !y be highly elaborat$--is a v good crit]ion ( _! nutritive p[]4 ,9 l9se$ ! muscle-=m+ sub/ances are m soluble ?an 9 l9se$-cake--! heat :i* is g5]ally employ$ 9 ! extraction ( oil f l9se$ r5d]+ ! pla/ic mat]ials ( ! resultant cake less soluble1 & dim9i%+ !reby _! dige/ibility1 z practice has prov$4 ,f ! consid]ations :i* ,i h n[ ent]$ into1 x is obvi\s t ! *emical analysis ( food sub/ances z g5]ally p]=m$1 ?\gh ( great utility1 does n af=d /rictly accurate in=mation z to _! comm]cial value1 & /ill less reliable 9 relation to _! nutritive p[]4 ,at ! same "t1 !y z cle>ly e/abli% ! feasibility ( analyses be+ made :]eby ! money value ( fe$+-/uffs may be e/imat$ ) tol]able exactitude4 ,let ! *emi/ det]m9e ! pres5ce & relative am\nts ( ! +r$i5ts ( food-sub/ances1 &--if x be possible s to d ) a degree ( exactness t w\ld r5d] ! results useful--place on ea* a money value4 ,?is done1 let ! physiologi/ & ! fe$] comb9e ! food 9 su* proportions z !y may f9d be/ adapt$ to ! nature1 age1 & condition ( ! animal to be f$4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! m>ket price ( fe$+ /uffs is n1 9 consequ5ce ( our defective k1 /rictly det]m9$ by _! nutritive value1 = if su* 7 ! case1 ! fe$] w\ld m]ely h to adapt ea* to ! nature & condition ( 8 /ock4 ,ev5 among/ practical m5 !re prevails1 un=tunately1 great div]sity ( op9ion z to ! relative nutritive value ( ! great] numb] ( food sub/ances2 & ,i am q c]ta9 t _m ( ^! comm& high] prices ?an o!rs :i* 9 no respect are inf]ior4 ,x w\ld lead me too f> f my imm$iate subject 7 ,i to ent] m9utely into ! consid]ation ( su* que/ions z--:e!r an acre ( grass yields m or less nutrim5t ?an an acre ( turnips8 ,i %all m]ely describe ! composition & prop]ties ( grass & ( turnips1 & ( ! v>i\s o!r important food sub/ances1 & comp>e _! nutritive p[]1 s f> z comp>isons are admissible2 b ,i %all say b little on ! subject ( ! v>i\s economic & o!r conditions :i* affect ! production ( =age plants4 ,:5 ,i %all h describ$ ! *emical nature & physical condition ( ! v>i\s articles ( food1 & ! results ( actual fe$+ exp]im5ts made ) !m1 ! fe$] w !n be 9 a position to det]m9e :i* are ! mo/ economical to produce or to pur*ase4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,proximate ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,vegetables4 ,! sac*>9e1 or amylace\s sub/ances con/itute ! mo/ abundant ( ! proximate con/itu5ts ( plants4 ,!y are compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg54 ,i %all briefly describe ! m important memb]s ( ?is gr\p ( sub/ances1 namely1 />*1 sug>1 inul91 gum1 pect91 & cellulose4 ,/>*1 or fecula1 occurs l>gely 9 dicotyl$on\s se$s1 peas1 c41 & /ill m abundantly 9 c]ta9 monocotyl$on\s se$s1 su* z :eat & b>ley4 ,x con/itutes ! great bulk ( _m tub]s & roots--= example1 ! potato & tapioca4 ,x consi/s ( flatt5$ ovate granules1 :i* v>y 9 size accord+ to ! plant4 ,9 ! beetroot !y are #a_/cejj ( an in* 9 diamet]1 :il/ 9 t\s les mois !y are ne>ly #a_/bjj ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,mo/ ( ! />* granules are m>k$ by a s]ies ( conc5tric r+s4 ,/>* is heavi] ?an wat]1 & is insoluble 9 t fluid :5 cold2 nei!r is x dissolv$ by alcohol or e!r4 ,:5 heat$ 9 wat] hav+ a temp]ature ( at lea/ #adj deg4 ,fahr5heit1 x increases greatly 9 volume1 & acquires a gelat9\s consi/5ce4 ,:5 ! wat] is all[$ to cool1 a portion ( ! />* becomes insoluble1 :il/ ano!r portion rema9s 9 solution2 ! latt] =m ( />* is sometimes t]m$ amid91 f ! ,fr5* ^w = />*1 amidon4 ,:5 dry />* is heat$ to #djj deg4 ,fahr41 x is conv]t$1 )\t any *ange 9 its composition1 into a soluble gum-l sub/ance1 t]m$ dextr91 or ,briti% gum4 ,on be+ boil$ 9 dilut$ sulphuric acid x is conv]t$ into a k9d ( sug>2 & ! same effect is produc$ by f]m5tation--= example1 9 ! g]m9ation ( se$s4 ,fre% rice conta9s #hb1 :eat #fj1 & potatoes #bj p] c5t4 ( />*4 ,?is sub/ance con/itutes a nutriti\s & easily dige/ible food1 b alone _c support life4 ,arr[root is only a pure =m ( />*4 ,sug> occurs less abundantly 9 plants ?an />*4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( ?is sub/ance1 ( :i* ! k9ds t]m$ cane sug> 7sucrose7 & grape sug> 7glucose71 are only ( importance to agriculturi/s4 ,! =m] ent]s l>gely into ! composition ( ! sug>-cane1 ! beetroot1 ! sug>-maple1 ! sorgho grass1 pumpk9s1 c>rots1 & a great v>iety ( o!r plants4 ,grape sug> is f\nd 9 fruits1 especially :5 dri$--rais9s & figs--9 malt$ corn1 & 9 honey4 ,9 ! sug>-cane !re is #ah p] c5t41 & 9 ! beetroot #aj p] c5t4 ( sug>4 ,cane sug>1 :5 pure1 consi/s ( m9ute transp>5t cry/als4 ,x is #a-f_/aj heavi] ?an wat]1 & is soluble 9 "o-?ird ( its weight ( t fluid4 ,by long-cont9u$ boil+ 9 wat] x is *ang$ into uncry/allizable sug>1 or treacle1 by :i* its flavor is alt]$1 b its sweet5+ p[] increas$4 ,grape sug> cry/allizes 9 v small cubes1 ( inf]ior color z comp>$ ) cane sug> cry/als4 ,x dissolves 9 its own weight ( wat]1 be+ ?ree times less soluble ?an sucrose4 ,9 sweet5+ p[] "o "p ( cane sug> is equal to #b-a_/b p>ts ( grape sug>2 b !re is probably little if any diff]5ce1 betwe5 ! nutritive p[] ( ! two sub/ances4 ,inul9 is a sub/ance some:at resembl+ />*4 ,x does n occur 9 l>ge quantities4 ,x is met ) 9 ! roots ( ! d&elion1 *icory1 & _m o!r plants4 ,gum is an abundant con/itu5t ( plants4 ,! k9d t]m$ gum arabic1 s l>gely employ$ 9 ! arts1 is a v pure v>iety ( ?is sub/ance4 ,common gums are said to be ess5tially compos$ ( a v weak acid--gummic1 or arabic acid--unit$ ) lime & pota%4 ,! solution ( gum is v slightly acid1 & has a mucilag9\s1 ropy consi/5ce3 x is almo/ ta/eless4 ,mucilage1 or bassor91 is simply a modifi$ =m ( gum1 :i*1 ?\gh insoluble 9 wat]1 =ms a gelat9\s mixture ) t fluid4 ,x exudes f c]ta9 trees--! *]ry = example--& exi/s l>gely 9 l9se$ & o!r se$s4 ,gums are nutriti\s foods1 b x is probable t !y are n equal 9 alim5tal p[] to equal weights ( />* or sug>4 ,vegetable jelly1 or pect91 is almo/ univ]sally diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! vegetable k+dom4 ,x is ow+ to its pres5ce t ! juices ( _m fruits & roots possess ! prop]ty ( gelat9iz+4 ,x is soluble 9 wat]1 b prolong$ boil+ de/roys its visc\s prop]ty4 ,pectose is a modification ( pect92 x is insoluble 9 wat]4 ,accord+ to ,fremy1 ! h>dness ( gre5 fruits is due to ! pres5ce ( pectose2 :i* is also f\nd 9 ! cellul> tissue ( turnips1 c>rots1 & v>i\s o!r roots4 ,cellulose is a fibr\s or cellul> tissue1 alli$ 9 composition to />*4 ,x is ! mo/ abundant con/itu5t ( plants1 & =ms ! v gr\nd-"w ( ! vegetable me*anism4 ,l951 cotton1 & ! pi? ( ! eld] & o!r trees are ne>ly pure =ms ( cellulose4 ,ligne\s1 or woody tissue 7lign97 is indurat$ cellulose1 h>d5$ by age4 ,x is almo/ id5tical 9 composition ) cellulose4 ,pure cellulose is :ite1 colorless1 ta/eless1 insoluble 9 wat]1 oil1 alcohol1 or e!r4 ,x is heavi] ?an wat]4 ,sulphuric acid is capable ( conv]t+ x into grape1 or />* sug>4 ,9 its fre% & succul5t /ate cellulose is dige/ible & nutriti\s2 b 9 ! =m ( ligne\s tissue x opposes a v great resi/ance to ! action ( ! dige/ive fluids4 ,dige/ible cellulose is probably equal 9 nutritive p[] to />*4 ,oils & fats occur abundantly 9 vegetables1 m p>ticul>ly 9 _! se$s4 ,9 ! se$s ( _m crucif]\s plants ! proportion ( fat & oil exce$s #ce p] c5t4 ,! oils & fats t]m$ fix$ are ^? :i* possess ! greate/ int]e/ to agriculturi/s2 ! volatile oils be+ ^? :i* conf] on c]ta9 plants _! fragrant od\r4 ,!re are a great v>iety ( vegetable oils1 b ! proximate con/itu5ts ( mo/ ( !m are *iefly /e>91 m>g>91 ole91 & palmit94 ,/e>9 is a :ite cry/all9e sub/ance1 sp>+ly soluble 9 alcohol & e!r1 b insoluble 9 wat]4 ,!re are two or ?ree modifications ( ?is sub/ance1 b !y d n ess5tially diff] f ea* o!r4 ,! melt+ po9t v>ies f #acj deg4 to #afj deg4 ,fahr4 ,/e>9 is ! mo/ abundant ( ! fats4 ,m>g>9 pres5ts ! appe>ance ( pe>ly scales4 ,x is ! solid fat pres5t 9 olive oil1 & x is also met ) 9 a great v>iety ( fats & oils4 ,x melts at #aaf deg4 ,fahr4 ,ole9 is ! fluid con/itu5t ( oils & fatty sub/ances4 ,x resi/s an extreme degree ( cold1 )\t solidify+4 ,!re are sev]al modifications ( ?is body--! ole9 ( olive oil be+ some:at diff]5t f t ( ca/or oil2 ! ole9 ( l9se$ is sometimes t]m$ l9oli54 ,palmit94--,?is fat occurs 9 _m plants1 b z x makes up ! great bulk ( palm oil1 x has be5 t]m$ palmit94 ,x is :ite1 & may be obta9$ 9 fea!ry-l masses4 ,its melt+ po9t v>ies f #aad deg4 to #ade deg41 !re be+1 accord+ to ,duffy1 ?ree modifications ( ?is sub/ance4 ,! fats & oils are light] ?an wat]4 ,!y conta9 f> m c>bon & hydrog51 & less oxyg51 ?an are f\nd 9 ! sug>s & />*es4 ,!y all consi/ ( acids 7/e>ic1 palmitic1 c47 unit$ ) glyc]9e4 ,on be+ boil$ ) pota% or soda1 ! latt] take ! place ( ! glyc]9e1 :i* is set free1 & a soap is produc$4 ,! fatty acids /rongly resemble ! fats4 ,9 nutritive p[]1 "o "p ( fat is equal to #b-a_/b p>ts ( />* or sug>4 ,! ,album9\s sub/ances conta91 9 addition to ! elem5ts f\nd 9 />*1 nitrog51 sulphur1 & phosphorus4 ,album51 fibr91 & legum9 con/itute ! ?ree important memb]s ( ! ,nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( plants4 ,album5 is an uncry/allizable sub/ance4 ,x is soluble 9 wat]1 unless :5 heat$ to #adj deg4 ,fahr41 at :i* temp]ature x coagulates1 i4e41 becomes solid & insoluble4 ,! glut5 ( :eat is compos$ *iefly ( album51 & ( bodies closely alli$ to t sub/ance4 ,fibr91 :5 dri$1 is a h>d1 horny1 yell[1 solid body4 ,x conta9s a little m oxyg5 ?an is f\nd 9 album54 ,?is sub/ance is be/ kn[n z a con/itu5t ( animals1 & x does n appe> to be abundant 9 plants4 ,! portion ( ! glut5 ( :eat-fl\r1 :i* is insoluble 9 boil+ alcohol1 is consid]$ by ,liebig & ,dumas to be coagulat$ fibr94 ,9 ! se$s ( legum9\s & a few o!r k9ds ( plants l>ge quantities ( a sub/ance t]m$ legum9 are f\nd4 ,x resembles ! case91 or *eesy +r$i5t ( milk2 inde$1 "s *emi/s consid] x to be id5tical 9 composition ) t sub/ance4 ,:5 pure1 x is pe>ly :ite1 insoluble 9 boil+ wat]1 b soluble 9 cold wat] & 9 v9eg>4 ,! sal9e matt]s f\nd 9 plants are always associat$ ) ! album9\s bodies2 ! latt]1 !re=e1 =m ! bones z well z ! muscles ( animals4 ,a great _m sub/ances are f\nd 9 plants1 su* z wax1 mannite1 extractive matt]1 citric1 malic1 & o!r acids1 ( ! nutritive value ( :i* v little is kn[n4 ,! sub/ances describ$ 9 ?is section con/itute1 h[ev]1 at lea/ #ie p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! vegetable matt]s us$ z food by live /ock4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,gre5 ,,food4 ,! ,grasses4--,m ?an "o-half ! area ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& is "u pa/ure2 ! grasses1 !re=e1 con/itute ! mo/ important & abundant food us$ by live /ock4 ,! composition ( ! natural & artificial grasses is greatly influ5c$ by ! nature ( ! soil on :i* !y are gr[n1 & by ! climatic conditions "u :i* !y are develop$4 ,_m ( !m are almo/ wor?less1 :il/ o!rs possess a high nutritive value4 ,among/ ! mo/ useful natural grasses may be enum]at$ ,italian rye-grass1 ,mead[ b>ley1 ,annual ,mead[-grass1 ,cre/$ dog/ail-grass1 ,cocksfoot-grass1 ,timo?y or ,mead[ cat/ail-grass1 & ,sweet v]nal-grass4 ,among/ grasses ( m$ium quality ,i may m5tion common ,oatlike-grass1 ,mead[ foxtail grass1 ,smoo? & r\gh /alk$ ,mead[-grass1 & ,wat]:orl-grass4 ,!re are v _m grasses :i* are almo/ completely innutriti\s1 & :i* ought1 "u no circum/ances1 to be tol]at$1 al?\gh too (t5 !y make up ! great bulk ( ! h]bage ( badly-manag$ mead[s & pa/ures4 ,su* grasses are1 ! ,mead[ s(t-grass1 ,creep+ s(t-grass1 ,false brome-grass1 & ,upright brome-grass4 ,! r\gh-/alk$ ,mead[-grass1 ?\gh spok5 favorably ( by "s f>m]s1 is h>dly wor?y ( cultivation1 & ! same may be said ( _m ( ! grasses :i* h a place 9 our mead[s & pa/ures4 7,see ,analyses ( ,natural ,grasses 9 a ,fre% ,/ate1 by ,dr4 ,voelck]1 on next page47 ,! ,s*ra$] brome is a p]5nial lately introduc$ into ,france4 ,x is describ$ z an exce$+ly valuable =age crop1 & "o :i* is admirably adapt$ = ! fe$+ ( dairy c[s4 ,x w\ld be desirable to give x a trial 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,! composition 7:i* is v peculi>7 ( ?is plant is /at$ to be z foll[s1 :5 dry3-- ,,analysis ,,( ,,s*ra$] ,,brome ,,hay4 ,wat] #af4bha ,nitrog5\s matt]s #bc4ddc ,fat #c4cch ,/>* gum1 c4 #bb4edi ,cellulose 7fibre7 #ai4hdc ,a%es #ad4edf ------- ,total #ajj4jjj ,,analyses ,,( ,,natural ,,grasses ,,9 ,a ,,fre% ,,/ate1 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,voelck]4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,,key3 ,a4--,wat]4 ,b4--,album9\s or ,fle%-=m+ ,pr9ciples4 ,c4--,fatty ,matt]s4 ,d4--,respiratory ,pr9ciples3 ,/>*1 ,gum1 ,sug>4 ,e4--,woody ,fibre4 ,f4--,m9]al ,matt] or ,a%4 ,g4--,date ( ,collection4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ,f4 ,g4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,an?oxan?um odoratum-- ,sweet-sc5t$ v]nal grass #hj4ce #b4jj 4#fg #h4ed #g4ae #a4bd,may #be ,alopecurus prat5sis-- ,mead[ foxtail grass #hj4bj #b4dd 4#eb #h4ei #f4gj #a4ee;,june #a ,arrh5a!rum av5aceum-- ,common oat-l grass #gb4fe #c4ed 4#hg #aa4ba #i4cg #b4cf;,july #ag ,av5a flavesc5s-- ,yell[ oat-l grass #fj4dj #b4if #a4jd #ah4ff #ad4bb #b4gb;,june #bi ,av5a pubesc5s-- ,d[ny oat-grass #fa4ej #c4jg 4#ib #ai4af #ac4cd #b4ja;,july #aa ,briza m$ia-- ,common quak+ grass #ea4he #b4ic #a4de #bb4fj #ag4jj #d4ag;,june #bi ,bromus erectus-- ,upright brome grass #ei4eg #c4gh #a4ce #cc4ai #b4aa #bc ,bromus mollis-- ,s(t brome grass #gf4fb #d4je 4#dg #i4jd #h4df #a4cf ,may #h ,cynosurus cri/atus-- ,cre/$ dog/ail grass #fb4gc #d4ac #a4cb #ai4fd #i4hj #b4ch;,june #ba ,dactylus glom]ata-- ,cocksfoot grass #gj4jj #d4jf 4#id #ac4cj #aj4aa #a4ed #ac ,ditto1 se$s ripe #eb4egaj4ic 4#gd #ab4fa #bj4ed #b4fa;,july #ai ,fe/uca duriuscula-- ,h>d fescue grass #fi4cc #c4gj #a4jb #ab4df #aa4hc #a4ff;,june #ac ,holcus lanatus-- ,s(t mead[ grass #fi4gj #c4di #a4jb #aa4ib #aa4id #a4ic #bi ,hordeum prat5se-- ,mead[ b>ley #eh4he #d4ei 4#id #bj4je #ac4jc #b4ed;,july #aa ,lolium p]5ne-- ,d>nel grass #ga4dc #c4cg 4#ia #ab4jh #aj4jf #b4ae;,june #h ,lolium italicum-- ,italian rye-grass #ge4fa #b4de 4#hj #ad4aa #d4hb #b4ba #ac ,phleum prat5se-- ,mead[ cat/ail grass #eg4ba #d4hf #a4ej #bb4he #aa4cb #b4bf ,poa annua-- ,annual mead[ grass #gi4ad #b4dg 4#ga #aj4gi #f4cj 4#ei ,may #bh ,poa prat5sis-- ,smoo?-/alk$ mead[ grass#fg4ad #c4da 4#hf #ad4ae #ab4di #a4ie;,june #aa ,poa trivialis-- ,r\gh-/alk$ ditto #gc4fj #b4eh 4#ig #aj4ed #aj4aa #b4bj #ah ,grass f wat] mead[ #hg4eh #c4bb 4#ha #c4ih #c4ac #a4bh;,apr4 #cj ,ditto1 second crop #gd4ec #b4gh 4#eb #aa4ag #h4gf #b4bd;,june #bf ,annual rye-grass #fi4jj #b4if 4#fi #ab4hi #ab4dg #a4ii #h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,mo/ ( ! grasses "h m5tion$ 7 analys$ :5 9 fl[]4 ,tussac ,grass 7,dactylis caespitus7 is recomm5d$ z an excell5t plant to gr[ on v poor1 wet1 or mossy soils4#bf ,x is an ev]gre5 grass1 some:at resembl+ coltsfoot4 ,x is reli%$ by cattle4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,tussac ,,grass ,,by ,,john/one4 ,l[] "p4 ,upp] "p4 ,wat] #hf4ji #ge4ag ,fle%-=m]s #b4dg #d4gi ,sug>1 gum1 c4 #d4fb #f4ha ,woody fibre 7) a little album57 #e4fh #aa4hf ,a% #a4ad #a4cg ------ ------ ,total #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,! artificial grasses embrace ! clov]s1 vet*es1 luc]ne1 & a few o!r plants1 "s ( :i* are seldom cultivat$4 ,,analyses ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,clov]1 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,&]son4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,key3 ,a4--,wat]4 ,b4--,dry ,sub/ances4 ,c4--,a%4 ,d4--,nitrog5is$ ,sub/ances4 ,e4--,a%4 ,f4--,nitrog5is$ ,matt]s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,p]-c5tage 9 ! ,p]-c5tage ,fre% ,clov]4 9 ,dry ,clov]4 ---------------------------------------- ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ,f4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,r$ clov]-- ,trifolium prat5se3 #a4 ,f ,engli% se$ #he4cj #ad4gj #a4cj #b4ca #h4ij #ae4hg #b4 ,f ,g]man se$ 7f ! ,rh9e7 #ha4fh #ah4cb #a4di #b4ha #h4ae #ae4ej #c4 ,f ,fr5* se$ #hc4ea #af4di #a4ie #b4be #aa4hb #ac4ef #d4 ,f ,am]ican se$ #gi4ih #ba4jb #a4eh #b4hg #h4je 444 #e4 ,f ,dut* se$ 444 444 444 444 #h4hb #ab4dc ,c[grass-- ,trifolium m$ium3#bg ,v>iety1 ,duke ( ,norfolk #gg4ci #bb4fa #b4gc #b4be #ab4ji #aj4ai common #ha4gf #ah4bd #a4ib #c4ai #aj4ec #ad4cg ,crimson clov]1 ,trifolium inc>natum3 ,f ,fr5* se$ #hb4ef #ag4dd #a4hh #c4be #aj4ha #ah4ef ,yell[ clov]-- ,m$icago lupul9a3 ,f ,engli% se$ #gg4ch #bb4fb #b4jb #c4ej #h4ie #ae4dd ,f ,fr5* se$ #gh4fj #ba4dj #a4ge #b4id #h4ah #ac4fi ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,clov] is v ri* 9 fle%-=m+ & heat-produc+ sub/ances4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( ?is plant1 ( :i* ! ,alsike ,clov] appe>s to be ! mo/ valuable1 z x conta9s a high proportion ( organic matt] & gives ! l>ge/ acreable produce4 ,! nature ( ! soil influ5ces1 to a great ext5t1 ! composition ( ?is plant3 ?is no d\bt acc\nts = ! some:at discrepant result ( ! analyses ( x made by ,way1 ,voelck]1 & ,&]son4 ,! composition ( ! ,vet*1 ,sa9fo91 & ,luc]ne1 resembles v closely t ( ! ,clov]3 inde$1 x appe>s to me t all ^! legum9\s plants are ne>ly equally valuable z gre5 =age1 b t ! be/ adapt$ = hay is ! ,clov]4 ,9 ! foll[+ table ! composition ( ^! plants is %[n3-- ,,analyses ,,( ,,clov]1 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,voelck]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,r$ ,:ite ,yell[ ,alsike4 ,bokh>a ,clov]4,clov]4,clov]4 ,clov]4 ,clov]4 --------------------------------------- ,wat] #hj4fd #hc4fe #gg4eg #gf4fg #ha4cj ,soluble 9 ,wat]-- a4 ,organic sub/ances #f4ce #d4ih #h4bf #d4ia #f4hj b4 ,inorganic sub/ances #a4ee #a4ac #a4dj #a4cc #a4ed ,insoluble 9 wat]-- a4 ,impure vegetable fibre #aa4jd #i4hj #ab4ag #af4cf #aj4ja b4 ,inorganic matt]s 7a%7 #j4db #j4dd #j4fj #j4gc #j4ce --------------------------------------- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,analyses ,,( ,,luc]ne1 ,,sa9fo91 ,,& ,,vet*4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,luc]ne4 ,sa9fo94 ,vet*4 ----------------------------- ,wat] #gc4da #gg4cb #hb4af ,soluble 9 ,wat] a4 ,organic sub/ances #i4dc #h4jj #f4jg b4 ,inorganic sub/ances #b4cc #a4bj #a4jg ,insoluble 9 wat] a4 ,impure vegetable fibre #ad4jh #ab4ie #aj4bc b4 ,inorganic matt]s 7a%7 #j4ge #j4ec #j4dg ----------------------------- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,! artificial grasses are1 on ! :ole1 m nutriti\s ?an ! natural grasses2 b ,i %\ld expla9 t ! analyses ( ! natural grasses :i* ,i h quot$ ref] to ^? plants 9 :at may be almo/ t]m$ _! wild /ate3 "u ! influ5ce ( good cultivation--:5 irrigat$ or top-dress$ ) abundance ( appropriate manure--_! analyses w\ld indicate a high] nutritive value4 ,! grasses1 & m especially ! s-call$ artificial grasses1 are m nutriti\s & dige/ible :5 "y4 ,9 old clov] ! proportion ( insoluble woody fibre is (t5 s consid]able z to greatly detract f ! alim5tal value ( ! plant4 ,! ,l5tils1 ! ,birdsfoot1 ! ,trefoil1 & ! ,melilot are legum9\s plants :i* occasionally are f\nd z con/itu5ts ( =age crops4 ,l5tils are ext5sively cultivat$ on ! ,cont95t1 & are ! only k9d ( ^! plants ! *emi/ry ( :i* has be5 at all /udi$4 ,! /raw conta9s #g p] c5t4 ( fle%-=m]s4 ,! ,yell[ ,lup9e is cultivat$ r ext5sively 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,belgium1 p>tly = fe$+ purposes1 p>tly to furni% a gre5 manure4 ,its se$s con/itute a nutriti\s article ( food = man1 & its /ems & leaves are giv5 to cattle4 ,an attempt 0 made a few ye>s ago to introduce its cultivation1 z a field crop1 into ,engl&1 & v satisfactory results att5d$ ! fir/ trials made ) x4 ,mr4 ,kimb]1 :o has cultivat$ ?is crop1 /ates t x is likely to prove valuable on light s&y soils1 :]e ! ord9>y gre5 fodd] crops are n easily cultivat$4 ,! produce p] acre obta9$ 9 ,mr4 ,kimb]'s trial 0 ab\t n9ete5 tons4 ,cattle & %eep reli% ! ,yell[ ,lup9e1 b accord+ to ,mr4 ,kimb]1 pigs reject x4 ,pr(essor ,voelck] exam9$ ?is plant1 & f\nd t x resembl$ 9 composition ! ord9>y artificial grasses1 except 9 "o respect1 namely1 a rem>kable defici5cy 9 sug>4 ,altoge!r1 x is n s ri* 9 nutrim5t z any ( ! commonly cultivat$ legum9\s plants2 b z x c be cultivat$ on a v poor soil1 & gives a good return1 x is probable t ! ,yell[ ,lup9e w yet become a common crop 9 ,brita94 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! results ( ,dr4 ,voelck]'s analysis4 ,,composition ,,( ,,yell[ ,,lup9es 7,,cut ,,d[n ,,9 ,a ,,gre5 ,,/ate74 ,9 natural /ate4 ,dri$ at #bab deg4,f4 ,wat] #hi4bj ,oil 4#cg #c4db 99 ,soluble album9\s comp\nds #a4cg #ab4fh ,soluble m9]al 7sal9e7 sub/ances 4#fa #e4fd ,insoluble album9\s comp\nds #a4ja #i4ce ,sug>1 gum1 bitt] extractive matt]1 & dige/ible fibre #c4if #cf4fh ,indige/ible woody fibre 7cellulose7 #c4bi #cj4dh ,insoluble m9]al matt]s 4#ai #a4ge ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#bb #b4jc ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#af #a4dh ,rib grass planta9 7,plantago lanceolata7 is "o ( ^? plants1 ! value ( :i* = =age purposes is que/ionable4 ,_m p]sons believe x to be a useful food4 ,its composition1 :i* looks favorable1 is z foll[s3-- ,wat] #hd4gh ,album9\s matt]s #b4ah ,fatty matt]s #j4ef ,/>*1 gum1 c4 #f4jh ,woody fibre #e4aj ,m9]al matt] #a4cj ,! grasses1 natural & artificial1 are occasionally affect$ by a =midable & well-kn[n fungus1 ! ergot4 ,italian rye-grass is ! mo/ liable to ! ravages ( ?is pe/1 & !re are on record sev]al cases 9 :i* ergott$ rye-grass prov$ fatal to ! animal f$ ^u x4 ,clov] & ! v>i\s legum9\s plants appe> m liable to ! ergot disease ?an ! natural grasses 7except rye-grass71 b ,i h on sev]al occasions notic$ ?is fungus on ! spikelets ( ,hordeum prat5se1 ,fe/uca prat5se1 & ,bromus erectus4 ,x has also be5 notic$ t rye-grass rapidly develop$ "u ! influ5ce ( liquid manure is s rank t "y animals f$ ^u x are poison\sly affect$4 ,ald]man ,me*i /ates t 9 ,july1 #ahfd1 t5 out ( 8 ?irty ,%or?orn calves di$ 9 consequ5ce ( eat+ ! heads ( ,italian rye-grass1 & t ! survivors' heal? 0 s]i\sly injur$4 ,he 0 also un=tunate ) 8 lambs1 :i*1 dur+ ! same mon?1 7 fold$ on ,italian rye-grass4 ,f\r days ago1 writes ! ,ald]man1 x 0 sewag$1 hav+ be5 prior to ! =m] gr[? also guano$4 ,9 f\r days x _h gr[n f f\r to five in*es1 0 ( an int5se gre51 & pron\nc$ to be1 by %>p practical m51 j ! food = lambs4 ,well1 we put on our lambs1 tak+ c>e to d s 9 ! ev5+s aft] !y _h be5 well f$4 ,my bailiff accompani$ !m1 &1 )9 five m9utes1 turn+ accid5tally r\nd1 he saw two ( ! lambs ) _! heads 9 ! air /agg]+ 7/oma* /agg]s x is call$7 & fro?+ at ! m\?4 ,he imm$iately saw ! mis*ief1 remov$ ! lambs1 & on _! way back to a b>e fold "s ( !m vomit$ ! ,italian rye-grass t !y _h j eat51 accompani$ by fro?y slime2 o!rs br\ght x up dur+ ! night4 ,"s ( !m trembl$1 gap$1 & %[$ all ! same symptoms t my calves _h done1 su* z rapid pulse1 c4 ,two or ?ree ( !m are r que] to-day4 ,i hope t ,pr(essor ,simmonds or "s capable p]son w tell u h[ ?is is8 ,if we m[ ?is grass1 br+ x home1 & cut x into *aff1 all :i* t5ds to heat or dry x1 x becomes :olesome food4 ,! same rem>ks apply 9 degree to v succul5t t>es4 ,if ! ,italian grass is br\ght home & giv5 long & q fre% to ! calves1 x w kill !m4 ,x does n appe> to injure old ewes z x does lambs or %e>l+s4 ,! dry wea!r has some?+ to d ) x4 ,9 wet wea!r ! evil is mu* dim9i%$1 or disappe>s4 ,x is probable t ! juice ( ?is poison\s h]bage 0 extremely ri* 9 matt]s only semi-organis$1 & p]haps ab\nd$ 9 ! crude sub/ances f :i* ! vegetable tissues are elaborat$4 ,su* rank grass z ?is 0 %\ld n be us$ until x has atta9$ to a tol]ably develop$ /ate3 9 mature plants ! juices conta9 m highly organis$ matt]s ?an are f\nd 9 "y vegetables4 ,! ,sorghuo1 or ,holcus ,sac*>atus4--,?is plant1 introduc$ to ! notice ( ! ,briti% f>m] b a few ye>s ago1 is only gr[n 9 ^! c\ntries 9 small quantities4 ,x is v ri* 9 sug>1 & cattle reli% x greatly4 ,its composition1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,voelck]1 is z foll[s3-- ,wat] #ha4hj ,album9\s matt]s #a4ec ,insoluble ditto #j4ff ,sug> #e4he ,wax & fatty matt] #b4ee ,mucilage1 pect91 & dige/ible matt]s #b4ei ,indige/ible woody fibre #d4jc ,m9]al matt] #j4ii ------ #ajj4jj ,! plants ref]r$ to 9 ! above analysis 7 cut 9 ,septemb]4 ,x is f\nd t ! composition ( ! plant is v diff]5t at diff]5t seasons4 ,gre5 ,rye is employ$ z a =age crop1 = :i* purpose x is well adapt$4 ,x is ab\t equal 9 nutritive p[] to clov]4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,voelck] its composition is z foll[s3-- ,wat] #ge4dbc ,fle%-=m]s #b4gje ,fatty matt] #j4hib ,gum1 pect91 sug>1 c4 #i4acd ,woody-fibre #aj4dhh ,m9]al matt] #a4ceh ------- #ajj4jjj ,buck:eat is occasionally cut 9 a gre5 /ate & us$ z food = /ock4 ,its composition1 accord+ to ,e9h( & ,crome1 is z foll[s3-- ,wat] #hb4e ,nitrog5\s comp\nds #j4b ,extractive matt]s #b4f ,/>*1 c4 #d4g ,cellulose #aj4j ----- #ajj4j ,rape is "o ( our mo/ valuable plants = /ock fe$+4 ,two v>ieties are cultivat$ 9 ^! c\ntries--! summ] rape 7,brassica ,campe/ris oleif]a7 & w9t] rape 7,brassica rapus74 ,! great utility ( rape arises f ! circum/ance ( its be+ g5]ally obta9$ z a /ol5 crop2 = o!rwise x is n q equal to o!r plants t might be sub/itut$ = x--cabbages1 c4 ,?is plant is v ri* 9 oily matt]s1 & has be5 f\nd well adapt$ bo? = ! fe$+ ( cattle & ! fatt5+ ( %eep4 ,its composition1 accord+ to ,voelck]1 is %[n 9 ?is table3-- ,,composition ,,( ,,gre5 ,,rape4 ,wat] #hg4jej ,fle%-=m]s #c4acc ,fatty matt]s #j4fdi ,o!r respiratory sub/ances #d4jjj ,woody fibre #c4efj ,m9]al matt] 7a%7 #a4fjh ------- #ajj4jjj ,) respect to ! value ( rape = ! fe$+ ( /ock 9 spr+1 ,mr4 ,rham makes ! foll[+ rem>ks3-- ,if ! crop is v =w>d x may be slightly f$ (f1 b 9 g5]al x is be/ to let x rema9 unt\*$ till spr+4 ,9 ! end ( ,m>* & ! beg9n+ ( ,april x w be a great help to ! ewes & lambs4 ,x w produce excell5t food till x beg9s to be 9 fl[]1 :5 x %\ld imm$iately be pl\gh$ up4 ,! gr\nd w be f\nd greatly recruit$ by ?is crop1 :i* has tak5 no?+ f x1 & has add$ mu* by ! dung & ur9e ( ! %eep4 ,:atev] be ! succe$+ crop1 x _c fail to be productive2 & if ! l& is n clean1 ! f>m] mu/ h neglect$ ! d\ble opportunity ( de/roy+ we$s 9 ! prec$+ summ]1 & 9 ! e>ly "p ( spr+4 ,if ! rape is f$ (f 9 "t1 x may be succe$$ by b>ley or oats1 ) clov] or grass se$s1 or potatoes1 if ! soil is n too wet4 ,?us no crop w be lo/1 & ! rape w h be5 a cle> addition to ! produce ( ! l&4 ,any crop :i* is tak5 (f ! l& 9 a gre5 /ate1 especially if x be f$ (f ) %eep1 may be repeat$ )\t risk ( failure1 provid$ ! l& be prop]ly till$2 b :]e cole or rape h produc$ se$1 !y _c be pr(itably s[n 9 less ?an five or six ye>s aft] on ! same l&4 ,! cultivation ( rape or cole = spr+ food _c be too /rongly recomm5d$ to ! f>m]s ( heavy clay soils4 ,! ,mu/>d ,plant is occasionally us$ z food = %eep1 = :i* purpose its composition %[s x to be well adapt$4 ,voelck]'s analysis proves x to be v ri*1 relatively1 9 muscle-=m+ elem5ts & 9 m9]al matt]s2 x might1 !re=e be ) advantage comb9$ ) food relatively defici5t 9 ^! pr9ciples4 ,,composition ,,( ,,fre% ,,mu/>d4 ,wat] #hf4cj ,album9\s matt]s #b4hg ,non-nitrog5\s matt]s 7gum1 sug>1 oil1 c47 #d4dj ,woody fibre #d4ci ,a% #b4jd ------ #ajj4jj ,! ,prickly ,comfrey has be5 recomm5d$ z a good =age plant4 ,x yields an abundant crop--or r crops1 = x may be cut sev]al times 9 ! ye>4 ,! plant is a h&some "o1 & x might comb9e ! useful ) ! ornam5tal if x 7 cultivat$ on demesne or villa f>ms4 ,dr4 ,voelck] /ates its composition to be z foll[s3-- ,wat] #hh4djj ,fle%-=m+ sub/ances #b4gab ,heat & fat-produc+ matt]s #f4hih ,a% #a4iij ------- #ajj4jjj ,*icory is us$ z a =age crop on ! ,cont95t1 & ,pr(essor ,john ,wilson surmises t x may yet be g5]ally cultivat$ = ?is purpose 9 ,great ,brita94 ,at pres5t x is r>ely gr[n except = ! sake ( its roots1 :i* are us$ z p>tial sub/itutes =1 or adult]ants (1 c(fee4 ,,composition ,,( ,,*icory1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,&]son4 ,fre% roots4 ,fre% leaves4 ,wat] #hj4eh #ij4id ,nitrog5\s matt]s #a4gb #a4ja ,non-nitrog5\s sub/ances #af4ci #f4fc ,a% #a4ca #a4db ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,y>r[ 7,a*illaea millefolium7 is usually reg>d$ z a we$1 b %eep are v fond ( x1 & :5 !y c get x1 nev] fail to eat x gre$ily4 ,x possesses a/r+5t prop]ties4 ,"s writ]s h recomm5d$ x z a good crop = w>r5s & s&s4 ,its composition1 accord+ to ,way1 is z foll[s3-- ,,dri$ ,,y>r[4 ,album9\s matt] #aj4cd ,fatty matt]s #b4ea ,/>*1 gum1 c4 #de4df ,woody fibre #cb4fi ,m9]al matt] #i4jj ------ #ajj4jj ,melons & ,m>r[s h be5 us$1 b to a v limit$ ext5t1 z food = /ock4 ,mr4 ,blundell advocates _! use 9 seasons ( dr\ght4 ,he /ates t he has obta9$ m ?an =ty tons p] acre ( bo? melons & m>r[s4 ,!y are reli%$ by horses1 ox51 %eep1 & pigs4 ,mr4 ,blundell's advocacy has n be5 att5d$ ) mu* success1 b x w\ld be desirable to give ^! vegetables a fur!r trial4 ,dr4 ,voelck]'s analysis ( ! cattle melon %[s t x conta9s3-- ,wat] #ib4ih ,album9\s matt]s #a4ec ,oil 4#gc ,sug>1 gum1 c4 #b4ea ,fibre #a4fe ,a% 4#fj ------ #ajj4jj ,! ,cabbage4--,! composition ( ! ,drumhead ,cabbage has be5 /udi$ by ,dr4 ,&]son4 ,he f\nd a l>g] proportion ( nutrim5t 9 ! out] leaves ?an 9 ! he>t1 & asc]ta9$ t ! "y plants 7 ri*] 9 nutrim5t ?an ^? m advanc$ 9 age4 ,8 results %[ ! desirability ( cultivat+ ! op5-leav$1 r ?an ! compact v>ieties ( ?is plant4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,cabbage4--,,by ,,dr4 ,,&]son4 ,out] leaves4 ,he>t leaves4 ,wat] #ia4jh #id4dh ,comp\nds conta9+ nitrog5 #a4fc #j4id ,comp\nds de/itute ( nitrog51 su* z gum1 sug>1 fibre1 c4 #e4jf #d4jh ,a% 7m9]al matt]7 #b4bc #j4ej ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,accord+ to ,fromb]g1 ! composition ( ! :ole plant is z foll[s3-- ,wat] #ic4dj ,nitrog5\s1 or fle%-=m+ comp\nds #a4ge ,non-nitrog5\s sub/ances su* z gum1 sug>1 c4 #d4je ,m9]al matt] #j4hj ------ #ajj4jj ,dr4 ,voelck]1 :o has m rec5tly analys$ ! cattle cabbage1 furni%es u ) ! foll[+ details ( its composition3-- ,,composition ,,( ,,cabbage ,,leaves 7,,outside ,,gre5 ,,leaves74 ,wat] #hc4gb ,dry matt] #af4bh ------ #ajj4jj ,! fre% & ! dry matt] consi/$ (3-- ,fre% ,dry matt]4 ,matt]4 ,p] c5t4 99 ,prote9 comp\nds #a4fe #aj4ai ,non-nitrog5\s matt] #ac4ch #hb4aj ,m9]al matt] #a4be #g4ga ----- ------ #af4bh #ajj4jj 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#bf #a4fc ,9 ! foll[+ table ! results ( a m elaborate analysis ( ! he>t & inn] leaves are %[n3-- ,,composition ,,( ,,he>t ,,& ,,inn] ,,leaves4 ,9 natural /ate4 ,dry4 ,wat] #hi4db ,oil 4#jh 4#ge 99 ,soluble prote9 comp\nds #a4ai #aa4bd ,sug>1 dige/ible fibres1 c4 #g4ja #ff4be ,soluble m9]al matt] 4#gc #f4hi ,insoluble prote9 comp\nds 4#ca #b4ic ,woody fibre #a4ad #aj4gg ,insoluble m9]al matt] 4#ab #a4ag ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#ai #a4gi ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#je 4#dg ,if ,i 7 ask$ :at plant ,i consid]$ ! mo/ valuable = =age1 ,i c]ta9ly %\ld pron\nce an op9ion 9 favor ( cabbage4 ,?is crop yields a mu* great] return ?an t af=d$ by ! ,sw$i% turnip1 & x is ri*] 9 nutritive matt]4 ,cabbages are gre$ily eat5 by %eep & cattle1 & ! butt] ( c[s f$ ^u !m is q free f ! disagreeable flavor :i* x s (t5 possesses :5 ! food ( ! animal is *iefly compos$ ( turnips4 ,if ! cabbage admitt$ ( /or+1 no m valuable crop c\ld be cultivat$ z food = /ock4 ,mr4 ,john ,m',l>51 ( ,in*ture1 ,scotl&1 gives 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,highl& ,agricultural ,society ( ,scotl& = #aheg1 a report on ! fe$+ value ( cabbage1 :i* is highly favorable to t plant3-- ,on ! #a/ ,decemb]1 #ahee 7says ! report]71 two lots ( ,leice/] we!rs1 br$ on ! f>m1 & previ\sly f$ alike1 ea* lot conta9+ t5 %eep1 7 select$ = ! trial by compet5t judges1 & weigh$4 ,bo? lots 7 put into a field ( well-%elt]$ old lea1 hav+ a division betwe5 !m4 ,all ! food 0 cut & giv5 !m 9 tr\ghs1 ?ree times a day4 ,!y _h also a con/ant supply ( hay 9 racks4 ,at ! end ( ! trial1 on ! #a/ ( ,m>*1 #ahef1 ! %eep 7 all re-weigh$1 s5t to ! ,ed9burgh m>ket1 & sold same day1 b 9 _! sep>ate lots4 ,z ,i _h no opportunity ( gett+ ! dead weights1 ,i reque/$ ,mr4 ,swan1 ! salesman1 to give 8 op9ion on _! respective qualities4 ,?is 0 to ! effect t no diff]5ce exi/$ 9 _! m>ket value1 b t ! %eep f$ on turnips w\ld turn out ! be/ quality ( mutton1 ) mo/ pr(it = ! but*]4 ,bo? lots 7 sold at ! same price1 viz41 #ebs4 #f;d4 ,dur+ ! ?ree mon?s ( trial1 we f\nd t ea* lot consum$ ab\t ! same weight ( food--viz41 #h tons #ac cwt4 #dg lb4 ( cabbage1 be+ at ! rate ( #ba-a_/c lbs4 p] day = ea* %eep1 & #h tons #aj cwt4 #g lb4 ,sw$es1 be+ at ! rate ( #bj-i_/aj lb4 p] day4 ,x w be se51 by ref]r+ to ! table 7see next page71 t 9 ?is trial ! ,sw$e has prov$ ( high] value = fe$+ purposes ?an ! cabbage1 mak+ #aa /4 #d lb4 ( ga9 9 weight1 :il/ ! cabbage made #aj /4 #i lb4 ,at ! same "t1 #c cwt4 #dj lb4 less food 7 consum$2 & tak+ ! mutton ga9$ at #f;d4 p] lb41 ! ,sw$es consum$ become wor? #is4 #c-a_/d;d4 p] ton1 :ile ! ga9 on ! cabbage1 at ! same rate1 makes !m wor? #hs4 #g;d4 p] ton4 ,b f ! great additional weight ( ! "o crop gr[n ov] ! o!r1 ! balance1 at ! prices1 c41 m5tion$1 is 9 favor ( ! cabbage by ,l#a #aes4 #aa-c_/d;d4 p] acre4 ,^! results c]ta9ly speak /rongly 9 favor ( ! cabbage2 b ! weight ( ! acreable crop ( cabbages /at$ 9 ! table appe>s to be unusually great4 ,s heavy a crop is r>ely obta9$4 ,furze 7,gorse1 or ,:9s74--,not)/&+ ! natural hi/orical k ( ,goldsmi?1 8 poetical description ( ! furze is f> f accurate4 ,?is plant1 in/ead ( be+ unpr(itably gay1 des]ves to rank among/ ! mo/ valuable vegetables cultivat$ = ! use ( ! dome/ic animals4 ,x gr[s & fl\ri%es "u conditions :i* mo/ injuri\sly affect almo/ e o!r k9d ( fodd] & gre5 crop4 ,prolong$ dr\ght 9 spr+ & e>ly summ] n unfrequ5tly r5d]s ! hay crop a scanty "o2 :ile autumn & w9t] fro/s *ange ! nutrim5t ( ! mangels & turnips into decay+ & un:olesome matt]4 ,"u su* circum/ances z ^!1 ! ma9t5ance ( cattle 9 good condition is v exp5sive1 unless 9 places :]e a supply ( furze is available4 ,?is plant is r improv$ ?an o!rwise by exposure to a temp]ature :i* w\ld spe$ily de/roy a mangel or a turnip2 &1 al?\gh x ?rives be/ :5 abundantly suppli$ ) ra91 x c survive an exce$+ly prolong$ dr\ght )\t su/a9+ mu* injury4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,( ,,weight ,,gr[n ,,on ,,an ,,acre ,,( ,,cabbage ,,& ,,an ,,acre ,,( ,,sw$es1 ,,& ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,ea* ,,= ,,fe$+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,no4 ,weight ,weight ,value ( ,total ,weight ,( ( ( ,ga9 ( ,food ,value ,%eep ,k9ds ,t5 ,t5 tak+ consum$ ( ,food ,9 ( ,%eep1 ,%eep1 ,ga94 ,mutton 9 consum$ ,ea* ,food4 #a/ ,dec41#a/ ,m>41 at #f;d4 ,?ree ,mon?s p] ,lot4 #ahee4 #ahef4 p] lb4 by ea* lot4 ,ton4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- /4 lb4 /4 lb4 /4 lb4 ,l s4 d4tons4 cwt4 lb4s4 d4 #aj ,cabbage #ij #aj #aja #e #aj #i #c #ad #f #h #ac #dg #h #g #aj ,sw$es #hi #c #ajj #g #aa #d #c #ai #j #h #aj #g #i #c-a_/d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,no4 ,total ,( ,weight ,value ,extra ,free ,balance ,%eep ,k9ds p] ( ea* ,co/ on ,value 9 favor ,9 ( ,acre ,crop ea* ,crop ( ea* ( ,ea* ,food4 ( ea* p] ,acre4 p] ,acre4 ,crop ,cabbage ,lot4 ,crop4 p] ,acre4 p] ,acre4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- tons4 cwt4 ,l s4 d4 ,l s4 d4 ,l s4 d4 ,l s4 d4 #aj ,cabbage #db #ad #ah #f #f #d #aj #aa #ac #ae #g #a #ae #aa-c_/d #aj ,sw$es #bf #ab #ab #f #g-a_/d #j #g #j #aa #ai #g-a_/d ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,! furze is a memb] ( ! family ,legum9osae1 :i* includes s _m useful plants1 su* z1 = example1 ! pea1 ! bean1 & ! clov]s4 ,!re are ?ree v>ieties ( x met ) 9 ?is c\ntry--namely1 ! common furze1 ,ulex europaeus1 ! dw>f furze1 ,ulex nanus1 & ! ,iri%1 or upright furze1 ,ulex /rictus4 ,! common furze is a h>dy %rub1 & gr[s luxuriantly at an elevation f> high] ?an ! limits ( c]eal cultivation4 ,x fl\ri%es on any k9d ( soil :i* is mod]ately dry1 & heavy crops may easily be rais$ on upl&s almo/ incapable ( produc+ grass4 ,! dw>f furze is nev] cultivat$1 b z x gr[s at a /ill great] elevation1 & on a poor] soil ?an ! l>g] v>ieties1 x might be pr(itably cultivat$ on v high upl&s4 ,! ,iri% furze yields a s(t] & less prickly food ?an ! o!r k9ds1 b z x does n usually be> se$1 & mu/ !re=e be propagat$ by cutt+s1 its cultivation has hi!rto be5 limit$ to b a few localities4 ,! produce ( an acre ( furze appe>s to be at lea/ equal to t ( an acre ( good mead[4 ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,t[ns5d ( ,aghada1 c\nty ( ,cork--! mo/ zeal\s & successful advocate = ! cultivation ( ?is plant--in=m$ me t he _h obta9$ s mu* z #ad tons p] acre2 a fact :i* proves t ! furze is a plant :i* is well des]v+ ( ! att5tion ( ! f>m]4 ,furze is an excell5t food = e k9d ( /ock4 ,cattle1 al?\gh !y may at fir/ appe> n to reli% its prickly %oots1 soon acquire a fondness = x4 ,i h kn[n sev]al in/ances ( h]ds be+ f$ almo/ if n entirely on ! bruis$ plant1 & to keep 9 good condition4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,murphy1 ( ,cork1 /at$ t on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,b\lg]1 ne> ,mall[1 ?irty-five c[s 7 f$ on cru%$ furze1 :i* !y dev\r$ voraci\sly4 ,ea* animal receiv$ daily f f\r to six /ones ( ! cru%$ plant1 to :i* 7 add$ a little turnip pulp & a small quantity ( oats4 ,! milk & butt] yield$ by ^! c[s 7 consid]$ excell5t4 ,9 a lett] address$ to me by a v intellig5t fe$]1 ,mr4 ,john ,wal%1#bh ( ,/$alt1 c\nty ( ,dubl91 ! foll[+ rem>ks 9 relation to ?is subject are made3-- ,i _h lately an opportunity ( see+ a h]d ( cattle ( ab\t sixty head1 ( :i* tw5ty _h be5 f$ ) furze prep>$ ) my ma*9e = ab\t six weeks be=e be+ put out to grass4 ,! condition ( ^! 0 s sup]ior t ,i po9t$ out e "o ( !m1 "o aft] ! o!r1 out ( ! h]d4 ,! own] ( ! cattle _h made ! same obs]vation2 x 0 new to him b n to me4 ,furze is seldom giv5 to %eep or pigs1 b ,i believe t x might ) advantage ent] into ! diet>y ( ^? animals4 ,"s ( my fri5ds :o h lately tri$ x ) pigs report favorably z to its effects4 ,horses p>tly f$ ^u ?is plant keep 9 good condition2 x is usually giv5 to !m cut m]ely into l5g?s ( half an in* or an in*1 b x w\ld be bett] to give x to !m f9ely bruis$4 ,a horse dur+ ! night w eat a mu* l>g] quantity ( co>sely cut furze ?an ( ! well bruis$ article1 because he is oblig$ to exp5d a great deal ( muscul> p[] 9 bruis+ ! furze1 & mu/1 consequ5tly1 use an additional quantity ( ! food to make up = ! correspond+ wa/e ( tissue4 ,until q rec5tly1 ! *emi/ry ( ! furze 0 v little /udi$4 ,! analysis ( ?is plant made _m ye>s ago by ,spr5gel gave results :i*1 9 ! pres5t advanc$ condition ( agricultural *emi/ry1 are q valueless4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,john/on m]ely det]m9$ its am\nt ( wat]1 organic matt]1 & a%4 ,i believe ,i 0 ! fir/ to make a complete inve/igation into ! composition ( ?is plant accord+ to ! me?ods ( mod]n *emical analysis4 ,i made two exam9ations4 ,! fir/ 0 ( %oots cut on ! #be? ,april1 #ahfj1 on ! l&s ( ,mr4 ,wal% ( ,/$alt1 ne> ,balbriggan1 9 ! c\nty ( ,dubl94 ,! %oots 71 9 great "p1 compos$ ( t ye>'s gr[?1 ) a small proportion ( ! %oots ( ! previ\s ye>4 ,!y 7 v moi/1 & _! sp9es1 or ?orns1 7 r s(t4 ,_! c5tesimal composition 0 z foll[s3-- ,wat] #gh4je ,nitrog5\s1 or fle%-=m+ pr9ciples #b4ah ,fat-=m+ pr9ciples 7oil1 />*1 sug>1 gum1 c47 #h4bj ,woody fibre #aj4ag ,m9]al matt] 7a%7 #a4dj ------ #ajj4jj ,! second analysis 0 made ( furze cut on ! #ae? ,augu/1 #ahfb4 ,! foll[+ 7 ! results obta9$3-- ,wat] #gb4jj ,nitrog5\s1 or fle%-=m+ pr9ciples #c4ba ,oil #a4ah ,o!r fat-=m+ pr9ciples 7/>*1 gum1 c47 #h4bj ,woody fibre #ac4cc ,m9]al matt] #b4jh ------ #ajj4jj ,! specim5 0 all[$ to lie = a few days 9 a dry room1 s t x lo/ a little wat] :il/ 9 my possession1 be=e x 0 subject$ to analysis4 ,! sample cut 9 ,augu/ conta9$ a l>g] am\nt ( nutrim5t ?an ! specim5 analys$ 9 ! spr+2 b its con/itu5ts appe>$ to be mu* less soluble 9 wat]1 & !re=e1 less dige/ible4 ,pr(essor ,bly?1 ( ! ,que5's ,college1 ,cork1 has m rec5tly made a v elaborate analysis ( furze1 gr[n 9 ! c\nty ( ,cork1 :i* gave results /ill m favorable to ! plant ?an ^? arriv$ at by me--probably because ! specim5s furni%$ to him 7 dri] ?an m9e4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,fre% ,,furze1 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,bly?4 #ajj p>ts conta93-- ,matt]s readily soluble 9 wat] & easily dige/$4 99 ,album9\s1 or fle%-=m+ comp\nds #a4fh ,fat & heat-produc+1 or respiratory elem5ts1 viz41 sug>1 gum1 c4 c4 #g4hc ,a% #j4hc ----- ,total matt]s soluble 9 wat] #aj4cd 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 #j4bfe ,matt]s insoluble 9 wat]4 ,oil #b4ad ,album9\s1 or fle%-produc+ comp\nds #b4hc ,fat & heat-produc+1 or respiratory elem5ts #a4jj ,woody fibre #bh4hj ,a% #c4bc ----- ,total matt]s insoluble 9 wat] #ch4jj ,wat]1 expell$ at #bab #ea4ej ----- #ii4dh ,total nitrog5 9 plant #j4ga ,total album9\s1 or fle%-produc+ comp\nds #d4ea ,total respiratory1 or heat & fat-produc+ comp\nds #h4hc ,total a% #d4jf ,! a% conta9s 9 #ajj p>ts3-- ,pota% #bj4jj ,phosphoric acid #h4gb ,conta9+ nitrog5 #j4dde ,if ! l>ge p]-c5tage ( wat] be d$uct$1 ! dry1 nutritive matt]s c !n be m readily comp>$ ) ! am\nt ( ! same sub/ances 9 o!r fe$+ articles3-- ,composition ( #ajj p>ts ( furze dri$ at #bab deg44 ,matt]s soluble 9 wat] 9 ! dry furze4 99 ,album9\s comp\nds #c4dg ,respiratory elem5ts #af4ae ,a% #a4ga ------ ,total matt]s soluble 9 wat] #ba4cc 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 #j4edf ,matt]s insoluble 9 wat] 9 ! dry furze4 ,oil #d4da ,album9\s comp\nds #e4hd ,respiratory elem5ts #b4jf ,woody fibre #ei4ch ,a% #f4ff ------ ,total matt]s insoluble 9 wat] #gh4ce ----- #ii4fh ,total nitrog5 9 dry furze #a4df ,total album9\s comp\nds #i4ac ,total respiratory elem5ts #ah4bj ,total a% #h4cf ,conta9+ nitrog5 #j4iag ,composition ( a% p] c5t4 ,pota% #bj4jj ,phosphoric ,acid4 #h4gb ,! results ( ^! analyses %[ t dry furze conta9s an am\nt ( nutrim5t equal to t f\nd 9 dry grass4 ,! nature ( its composition resembles1 z might be expect$1 t ( its alli$ plants1 vet*es1 c41 & !re=e x exce$s ! grasses 9 its am\nt ( ready =m$ fatty matt]4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,/raw ,,& ,,hay4 ,/raw4--,at ! pres5t "t1 :5 ! att5tion ( ! f>m] is becom+ m & m devot$ to ! production ( meat1 x is v desirable t 8 k ( ! exact nutritive value ( ! v>i\s fe$+ sub/ances %\ld be m ext5sive ?an x is4 ,no d\bt1 mo/ fe$]s are practically acqua9t$ ) ! relative value ( corn & oil-cake--( ,sw$i% turnips & :ite turnips2 b _! k ( ! food equival5ts ( _m o!r sub/ances is /ill v defective4 ,= example1 e f>m] is n aw>e t ,indian corn is a m economical food ?an beans = fatt5+ cattle1 & less s = bea/s ( bur!n4 ,locu/-beans1 oat-du/1 malt-comb+s1 & _m o!r articles1 occasionally consum$ by /ock1 h n1 z yet1 det]m9ate places assign$ to !m 9 ! fe$]'s scale ( food equival5ts4 ,! po9ts involv$ 9 ! economic fe$+ ( /ock are n q s simple z "s f>m]s1 m especially ^? ( ! amateur class1 appe> to believe4 ,!re are _m fe$]s :o sell _! half-f9i%$ cattle at a pr(it1 & yet !y _c1 )\t loss1 conv]t _! /ock into ^? obese mon/]s :i* are s mu* admir$ at agricultural %[s4 ,! complete fatt5+ ( cattle is a los+ bus9ess ) "s fe$]s1 & a pr(itable "o ) o!rs4 ,/all-fe$+ is a bran* ( rural economy :i*1 p]haps m ?an any o!r1 requires ! comb9ation ( sci5ce ) practice2 yet h[ few fe$]s are !re :o h ! slighte/ k ( ! composition ( food sub/ances1 or :o are agre$ z to ! fe$+ value1 absolute or relative1 ( ev5 su* well-kn[n mat]ials z oil-cake1 /raw1 or oats6 ,x is ?us se5 h[ inexact are ! equival5ts :i* are und]/ood to be e/abli%$ = ! diff]5t foods us$ = ! ma9t5ance ( ! animals4 ,x is equally pla91 :5 we reflect on ! diff]5t me?ods pursu$ = ! pres]vation ( ! animals1 t we are /ill f> f hav+ atta9$ t p]fection t[>ds :i* our ef=ts t5d4 ,visit "o hundr$ f>ms1 tak5 by *ance 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & y w f9d 9 ea*1 me?ods directly opposite--a totally peculi> mann] ( manag+ ! /alls2 y w see1 9 %ort1 t ! conditions ( food1 ( treatm5t1 & ( hygi5e1 rema9 n und]/ood 9 sev5-eigh?s ( rural f>ms4#bi ,! /raws ( ! c]eal & legum9\s plants are a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! errone\s op9ions & practices :i* prevail among/ agriculturi/s ) respect to p>ticul> bran*es ( _! call+4 ,! ,g]man f>m]s reg>d /raw z ! mo/ valuable con/itu5t ( home-made f]tilis]s1 & _! leases 9 g5]al prohibit _! sell+ (f ! /raw produc$ on _! f>ms4 ,yet *emical analysis has cle>ly prov$ t ! manurial value ( /raw is p]fectly insignificant1 & t1 z a con/itu5t ( /able manure1 x is *iefly useful z an absorb5t ( ! liquid ege/a ( ! animals litt]$ ^u x4 ,z food = /ock1 /raw 0 at "o "t reg>d$ by our f>m]s z almo/ p]fectly innutriti\s2 "s ev5 w5t s f> z to decl>e t x possess$ no nutrim5t :atev]1 & ev5 ^? :o us$ x1 did s m ) ! view ( correct+ ! too wat]y nature ( turnips1 ?an ) ! expectation ( its be+ assimilat$ to ! animal body4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s1 h[ev]1 /raw has be5 l>gely employ$ by sev]al ( ! mo/ intellig5t & successful fe$]s 9 ,engl&1 :o report s favorably ^u x z an economical fe$+ /uff1 t x has ris5 consid]ably 9 ! e/imation ( a l>ge section ( ! agricultural public4 ,n[1 ev5 )\t adopt+ ! v high op9ion :i* ,me*i & ,horsfall ent]ta9 relative to ! nutritive p[] ( /raw1 ,i am altoge!r dispos$ to disagree ) ^? :o affirm t its application %\ld be re/rict$ to manurial purposes4 ,unless "u circum/ances :]e !re is an urg5t dem& = /raw z litt]1 t article %\ld be us$ z food = /ock1 = :i* purpose x w be f\nd1 if ( good quality1 & giv5 9 a prop] /ate1 a mo/ economical k9d ( dry fodd]--equal1 if n sup]ior to hay1 :5 ! prices ( bo? articles are consid]$4 ,! composition ( /raw is v diff]5t f t ( gra94 ,! =m] conta9s no />*1 b x includes an exce$+ly high proportion ( woody fibre2 ! latt] is 9 great "p compos$ ( />*1 & conta9s b an insignificant am\nt ( woody fibre4 ,dr4 ,voelck]1 ! consult+ *emi/ to ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&1 & ,dr4 ,&]son1 *emi/ to ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society ( ,scotl&1 h made a l>ge numb] ( analyses ( ! /raws ( ! c]eal & legum9\s plants1 ! results ( :i* are ( ! highe/ int]e/ to ! agriculturi/4 ,9 ! foll[+ tables ! m important results ( ^! inve/igations are giv53-- ,,analyses ,,( ,,/raw1 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,voelck]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,no4 #c4 ,no4 #d4 ,no4 #e4 ,:eat1 ,:eat1 ,b>ley1 ,b>ley1 ,oat1 j ripe ov] dead n too cut & well ripe4 ripe4 ripe4 gre54 h>ve/$4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,wat] #ac4cc #i4ag #ae4bj #ag4ej #af4jj ,album51 & o!r prote9 comp\nds3-- a4 ,soluble 9 wat] #a4bh #j4jf #j4fh #e4ea #e4gc b4 ,insoluble 9 wat] #a4fe #b4jf #c4ge _/ #b4ih ,oil #a4gd #j4fe #a4cf #a4ag #a4eg ,sug>1 mucilage1 extractive matt]s1 c4 7soluble 9 wat]7 #d4bf #c4df #b4bd #af4jd ,dige/ible woody fibre & cellulose #ai4dj #e4ig #ga4dd #bf4cd ,indige/ible #hb4bf _/ fibre c4 #ed4ac _/ #ff4ed _/ #bd4hf ,inorganic matt]3-- a4 ,soluble #a4ac #a4bi #b4hh #e4gf #d4eb b4 ,insoluble #c4jh #a4je #j4ch _/ #j4id ---------------------------------------- -- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,no4 #f4 ,no4 #g4 ,no4 #h4 ,no4 #i4 ,no4 #aj4 ,oat1 cut ,oat1 ,bean4 ,pea4 ,flax :5 ov] ,*aff4 fairly ripe4 ripe4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,wat] #af4jj #af4jj #ai4dj #af4jb #ad4fj ,album51 & o!r prote9 comp\nds3-- a4 ,soluble 9 wat] #b4fb #a4bi #a4ea #c4if #d4ge b4 ,insoluble 9 wat] #a4df #b4cf #a4he #e4ij _/ ,oil #a4je #a4be #a4jb #b4cd #b4hb ,sug>1 mucilage1 extractive matt]s1 c4 7soluble 9 wat]7 #aj4eg #c4ai #d4ah #h4cb #h4gb ,dige/ible woody fibre & cellulose #cj4ag #bg4ge #b4ge #ag4gd #ah4ef ,indige/ible fibre c4 #ca4gh #da4hb #fe4eh #db4gi #dc4ab ,inorganic matt]3-- a4 ,soluble #c4fd #b4bf #b4ca #b4gb #d4jg b4 ,insoluble #b4ga #d4jh #a4dj #b4ba #c4cf ---------------------------------------- -- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- 444 ,?is table conta9s 9 a cond5s$ =m all ! results ( ,voelck]'s analyses ( ! /raws :i* are giv5 9 8 pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&1 vol4 xxii41 "p #b4 #ahfb4 ,nos4 #e1 #f1 & #g 7 analys$ %ortly aft] be+ cut1 :5 !y conta9$ a high proportion ( wat]4 ,!y h1 !re=e1 be5 calculat$ to conta9 #af p] c5t4 ( moi/ure s z to arrive at accurate relative results4 ,,analyses ,,( ,,/raw1 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,&]son4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,:eat ,b>ley ,:eat f f ,b>ley f f ,ea/ ,lo?ian4 ,k5t4 ,ea/ ,lo?ian4 ,k5t4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,wat] #aj4fb #aj4ic #aa4ae #aa4dd #aa4ae #aa4aj ,fle%-=m]s-- ,soluble #j4hf #j4cg #a4cg #a4db #j4ci #j4ff ,insoluble #j4ea #a4ab #a4jj #a4ed #a4ab #a4ih ,oil #j4hj #a4jj #a4ej #j4ig #j4hh #a4je ,respiratory elem5ts-- ,soluble #b4fh #f4fh #e4bf #c4bb #f4aa #d4ef ,insoluble #dd4hh #cf4dc #ch4gi #ce4ef #ch4ch #bg4ie ,woody fibre #cb4hh #cd4gh #ce4ja #da4cd #cf4fb #dg4ec ,a% #f4bj #h4jd #f4cb #d4ba #e4fb #d4he ---------------------------------------- --------- #ii4dc #ii4ce #ajj4dj #ii4gj #ajj4bg #ii4fh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,oat ,oat f ,oat ,s&y ,oat f #hej feet ,oat f f f ,sea above ,mellhill1 ,k5t ,ea/ ,lo?ian4 level ,sea level1,in*ture1 7,:ite ,ea/ ,ea/ ,scotl&4 "o ,lo?ian4 ,lo?ian4 side47 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,wat] #aa4gj #aj4ie #ab4fj #aa4bh #aa4gj #aj4ee ,fle%-=m]s-- ,soluble #j4dj #a4jc #j4fg #j4ib #j4ie #j4cc ,insoluble #j4ic #j4dc #j4ch #j4ci #a4ba #j4cc ,oil #a4de #j4gg #a4be #a4cf #a4fj #a4jj ,respiratory elem5ts-- ,soluble #aj4ab #f4ij #g4af #g4db #ab4ja #f4bc ,insoluble #cc4eb #cd4gg #bd4bh #bi4ee #bc4ce #cj4ie ,woody fibre #ce4cf #ch4gc #dh4di #dd4dj #de4bg #dg4dj ,a% #f4cf #f4bh #e4aa #e4jg #c4ie #c4fb ---------------------------------------- --------- #ii4hd #ii4hf #ii4id #ajj4ci #ajj4ad #ajj4da ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 444 ,?is table is compil$ f ,dr4 ,&]son's pap] 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society ( ,scotl& = ,m>*1 #ahfb4 ,_m v important conclusions are d$ucible f ! facts record$ 9 ^! valuable tables4 ,we le>n f !m t /raw is m nutriti\s :5 x is cut 9 ! ripe /ate ?an :5 x is p]mitt$ to ov]-rip51 & t gre5 /raw conta9s a f> great] am\nt ( nutrim5t ?an is f\nd ev5 9 ! ripe article4 ,x appe>s also t ! lea/ nutriti\s k9d ( /raw equals ! be/ v>iety ( turnips 9 its am\nt ( fle%-=m+ pr9ciples1 & greatly exce$s !m 9 its proportion ( fat-=m+ elem5ts4 ,we fur!r le>n t 9 g5]al ! diff]5t k9ds ( /raw w be f\nd to /& 9 ! foll[+ ord]1 ! mo/ nutriti\s occupy+ ! highe/1 & ! lea/ nutriti\s ! l[e/ place3-- #a4 ,pea-haulm4 #b4 ,oat-/raw4 #c4 ,bean-/raw ) ! pods4 #d4 ,b>ley-/raw4 #e4 ,:eat-/raw4 #f4 ,bean-/alks )\t ! pods4 ,x is a matt] to be regrett$ t we possess s little accurate k ( ! *emical composition ( ! plants cultivat$ 9 ,irel&4 ,no d\bt ! analyses ( ,engli% gr[n :eat1 beans1 mangels1 & o!r plants1 s]ve to give u a g5]al idea ( ! nature ( ^? vegetables :5 produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b ?is k9d ( in=mation1 ?\gh v important1 mu/ necess>ily be defective1 z diff]5ces 9 climate modify--(t5 to a consid]able ext5t--! composition ( almo/ e vegetable4 ,?us1 ! results ( ,&]son's analyses prove ,scot* oats to be sup]ior1 z a fe$+ /uff1 to ,scot* b>ley1 :il/1 accord+ to ,voelck] & ! exp]i5ce ( mo/ ,engli% fe$]s1 ! b>ley ( p>ts ( ,engl& is sup]ior to its oats4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t :il/ ! results ( ! analyses ( /raw1 made by ,voelck] & ,&]son are ( great int]e/ to ! ,iri% f>m]1 !y w\ld be /ill m important to him _h ! /raw to :i* !y relate be5 ! produce ( ,iri% soil4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to enable ! ,iri% f>m] to =m a correct e/imate ( ! value ( 8 /raw1 we %\ld put him 9 possession ( a m p]fect k ( its composition ?an t :i* is d]ivable f ! inve/igations to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 ,! /raws ( ! c]eals--:i* alone are us$ "h to any ext5t--%\ld be analys$ z c>efully & z frequ5tly z ^? ( ,great ,brita9 h be52 & if su* 7 done1 ,i h no d\bt b t ! results w\ld indicate a decid$ diff]5ce 9 composition betwe5 ! produce ( ! two c\ntries4 ,"s "t ago ,i ent]$ ^u :at1 at ! "t1 ,i _h int5d$ %\ld be a complete inve/igation into ! composition ( ,iri% /raws2 b :i* want ( "t prev5t$ me f mak+ m ?an a p>tial "o4 ,! results are giv5 9 ! foll[+ tables3-- ,,analyses ,,( ,,iri% ,,oat-,,/raw4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,no4 #a4 ,obta9$ 9 ! ,dubl9 ,m>ket4 ,f ,co4---------------------------- ,wickl[4 ,no4 #b4 ,no4 #c4 ,no4 #d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,wat] #ad4jj #ad4jj #ad4jj #ad4jj ,fle%-=m+ pr9ciples-- a4 ,soluble 9 wat] #d4jh #b4jb #b4jd #a4df b4 ,insoluble 9 wat] #b4ji #c4af #c4jj #b4bc ,oil #a4hd #a4dj #a4bf #a4jj ,sug>1 gum1 & o!r fat-=m+ matt]s #ac4gi #ab4fg #aj4ah #aa4af ,woody fibre #ei4if #fa4gi #fe4de #fe4bi ,m9]al matt] #d4bd #d4if #d4jg #d4hf ------------------------------------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,all ! specim5s ( oats1 ! analyses ( :i* are giv5 9 ! prec$+ table1 are assum$ to conta9 #ad p] c5t4 ( wat]1 9 ord] ! m correctly to comp>e _! nutritive value4 ,no4 #a conta9$ #ah4bc p] c5t4 ( wat]2 ,no4 #b1 #ab4ij2 ,no4 #c1 #ab4gd2 & ,no4 #d1 #ab4jh4 ,oat /raw1 be=e its removal f ! field1 (t5 conta9s ne>ly half its weight ( wat]2 b aft] be+ = "s "t /ack$1 ! proportion ( moi/ure r>ely exce$s #ad p] c5t4 ,,analyses ,,( ,,iri% ,,:eat-,,/raw4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4,no4 #c4 ,gre51 ,obta9$ 9 ! ,dubl9 *ang+ ,m>kets4 to ,ov] yell[4 ,ripe4 ,ripe4 ----------------------- ,c\nty ,c\nty ,c\nty ,kild>e4,dubl94,dubl94 ,no4 #d4 ,no4 #e4 ,no4 #f4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,wat] #ac4jj #ac4ae #ab4ad #aj4hh #aa4bb #ab4ab ,fle%-=m+ pr9ciples-- a4 ,soluble 9 wat] #a4be #j4ih #j4dd #j4jf #j4db #j4cj b4 ,insoluble 9 wat] #a4bf #a4dj #a4da #a4ij #a4jj #a4gf ,oil #a4bb #a4ac #a4ad #j4ij #a4ag #a4jh ,sug>1 gum1 & o!r fat-=m+ matt]s #d4ah #c4ih #c4hh #d4jh #c4hi #d4cj ,woody fibre #ge4hd #gf4ag #gg4gf #gh4fg #gi4ah #gg4ae ,m9]al matt] 7a%7 #c4be #c4ai #c4bc #c4ea #c4ab #c4bi ---------------------------------------- --- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! results ( ^! analyses are some:at diff]5t f ^? arriv$ at by ,voelck] & ,&]son4 ,!y %[ t prop]ly h>ve/$ ,iri% oat & :eat /raws are f> m valuable ?an ^? ( ,scotl&1 & some:at less nutritive ?an ^? produc$ 9 ,engl&4 ,!y also %[ t :eat-/raw is all[$ to ov]-rip51 by :i* a v l>ge proportion ( its nutritive pr9ciples is elim9at$ & altoge!r lo/1 & a consid]able "p ( ! rema9d] conv]t$ into an insoluble1 & !re=e less easily dige/ible /ate4 ,nor is !re any advantage to ! gra9 ga9$ by all[+ x to rema9 uncut aft] ! upp] portion ( ! /em has *ang$ f a gre5 to a yell[i% color2 on ! contr>y1 x also loses a portion--(t5 a v consid]able "o--( its nitrog5\s1 or fle%-=m+ con/itu5ts4 ,x has be5 cle>ly prov$ t :eat cut :5 gre51 yields a great] am\nt ( gra91 & ( a bett] quality too1 ?an :5 x is all[$ to rip5 fully2 yet1 h[ (t5 d we n see fields ( :eat 9 ?is c\ntry all[$ to rema9 unreap$ = _m days1 & ev5 weeks1 aft] ! crop has atta9$ to its full developm5t6 ,! oat-/raw obta9$ 9 ! ,dubl9 ,m>ket prov$ less valuable ?an ! gre5 /raw :i* ,i select$ myself f a field ( oats2 b ! discrepancy betwe5 !m 0 f> less ?an betwe5 ! ne>ly ripe :eat-/raw & ! /raw ( t plant pur*as$ 9 ,dubl94 ,dur+ visits :i* ,i h paid 9 h>ve/-"t to ! ,nor? ( ,irel&1 ,i notic$ t ! oats 7 g5]ally cut :il/ gre51 :]eas :eat 0 almo/ inv>iably left /&+ = at lea/ a week aft] its p]fect maturation1 probably = ! foll[+ reasons3--,fir/ly1 because oats are m liable to %$ _! se$2 secondly1 because !re is a great] bread? ( t crop to be reap$1 :i* necessitates an e>ly beg9n+2 &1 la/ly1 because mo/ f>m]s "k t ov]-ripe oat-/raw is wor? b little = fe$+ purposes1 z comp>$ ) ! gre5i%-yell[ article4 ,z comp>$ ) :ite turnips1 ! nutritive value ( oat-/raw /&s v high1 = :il/ ! =m] conta9s b little m ?an #a p] c5t4 ( fle%-=m]s1 & less ?an #e p] c5t4 ( fat-=m]s1 ! latt] includes ab\t #d p] c5t4 ( fle%-=m]s1 & #ac p] c5t4 ( fat-=m]s4 ,aga91 :il/ ! am\nt ( woody fibre 9 turnips is only ab\t #c p] c5t41 t sub/ance con/itutes no less ?an #fj p] c5t4 ( oat-/raw4 ,9 comp>ison ) hay--tak+ into consid]ation ! prices ( bo? articles--oat-/raw also /&s high1 z w be se5 by comp>+ ! foll[+ analyses ( common mead[ hay ) t ( prop]ly h>ve/$ /raw3-- ,mead[ ,hay4 ,oat ,/raw4 ,wat] #ad4fa #ad4jj ,fle%-=m+ con/itu5ts #h4dd #f4ag ,respiratory & fatty matt]s #dc4fc #ae4fc ,woody fibre #bg4af #ei4if ,m9]al matt] 7a%7 #f4af #d4bd ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,woody fibre is z abundant a con/itu5t ( ! /raw ( ! c]eals z />* is ( _! se$s1 & if ! two sub/ances 7 equally dige/ible1 /raw w\ld be a v valuable food--sup]ior ev5 to ! potato4 ,at "o "t x 0 ! g5]al belief t woody fibre 0 incapable ( contribut+ 9 ! slighte/ degree to ! nutrition ( animals1 b ! results ( rec5t inve/igations prove t x is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 dige/ible4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahei two ,g]man *emi/s1 ,/oeckh>dt & ,sussdorf1 made a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ) ! view ( asc]ta9+ :e!r or n ! cellulose#cj ( ! food ( ! %eep is assimilat$ by t animal4 ,! results ( ?is inquiry are ( importance1 see+ t !y cle>ly prove t ev5 ! h>de/ k9d ( cellulose--scl]og51 9 fact--is capable ( be+ assimilat$ by ! ,rum9ants4 ,! animals select$ 7 two we!rs1 ag$ respectively five & six ye>s4 ,!y 7 f$--fir/ly1 ^u hay alone2 secondly1 ^u hay & rye-/raw2 ?irdly ^u hay & ! sawdu/ ( popl> wood1 :i* _h be5 exhau/$ ) lye 7to induce ! %eep to eat ! sawdu/1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to mix ?r\gh x "s rye-bran & a little salt72 f\r?ly1 hay & p9e-wood sawdu/1 to :i* 0 add$ bran & salt2 fif?ly1 spruce sawdu/1 bran & salt2 six?ly1 hay1 pulp ( l95 rags 7f ! pap]-mak]71 & bran4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ on f ,july till ,novemb]1 except+ a %ort "t1 dur+ :i* ! animals 7 turn$ out on pa/ure-l&1 to recov] f ! injuri\s effects ( ! fif? s]ies ( exp]im5ts--produc$ probably by ! res9 ( ! spruce4 ,! animals1 toge!r ) _! food1 dr9k1 & ege/a1 7 weigh$ daily4 ,! am\nt ( cellulose 9 ! food 0 det]m9$1 & ! proportion ( t sub/ance 9 ! ege/a 0 also asc]ta9$2 & z !re 0 a consid]able discrepancy betwe5 ! two am\nts1 x 0 evid5t t ! diff]5ce repres5t$ ! weight ( ! cellulose assimilat$ by ! animals4 ,9 ?is way x 0 asc]ta9$ t f #fj to #gj p] c5t4 ( ! cellulose ( hay1 #dj to #fj p] c5t4 ( ! cellulose ( /raw1 #de to #ej p] c5t4 ( ! cellulose ( ! popl> wood1 #cj to #dj p] c5t4 ( ! cellulose ( ! p9e1 & #hj p] c5t4 ( ! cellulose ( ! pap] pulp 0 dige/$4 ,9 /at+ ! results ( 8 analyses ( ! /raws1 ,pr(essor ,voelck] sets d[n z dige/ible t portion ( ! cellulose :i* he f\nd to be soluble 9 dilute acids & alkal9e solutions2 b he admits t ! solv5ts 9 ! /oma* might dissolve a l>g] am\nt4 ,! results ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,/oeckh>dt & ,sussdorf prove t #hj p] c5t4 ( ! cellulose ( pap] 7! alt]$ fibre ( flax7 is assimilable1 & x is1 !re=e1 n unreasonable to inf] t ! cellulose ( a m palatable sub/ance ?an pap] might be altoge!r dige/ible4 ,! facts :i* ,i h adduc$ cle>ly prove t ! /raws ( ! c]eals possess a f> high] nutritive p[] ?an is commonly ascrib$ to !m2 t :5 prop]ly h>ve/$ !y conta9 f #bj to #dj p] c5t4 ( und\bt$ nutrim5t2 & la/ly1 t x is highly probable t _! s-call$ indige/ible woody fibre is to a great ext5t assimilable4 ,! composition ( cellulose is ne>ly1 if n q1 id5tical ) t ( />*1 & x may !re=e be assum$ to be equal 9 nutritive p[] to t sub/ance--t is1 x w1 if assimilat$1 be conv]t$ into f\r-t5?s ( its weight ( fat4 ,n[ z cellulose =ms f six-t5?s to eight-t5?s ( ! weight ( /raws1 x is evid5t t if ! :ole ( ?is sub/ance 7 dige/ible1 /raws w\ld be an exce$+ly valuable fatt5+ food4 ,:5 /raw 9 an unprep>$ /ate is consum$1 !re is no d\bt b t a l>ge proportion ( its cellulose rema9s unappropriat$--nay m1 x is equally c]ta9 t ! h>d woody fibre protects1 by envelop+ !m1 ! soluble & easily dige/ible con/itu5ts ( ! /raw f ! action ( ! ga/ric juice4 ,i w\ld1 !re=e1 recomm5d t /raw %\ld be ei!r cook$ or f]m5t$ be=e be+ made use (2 9 ei!r ( ^! /ates its con/itu5ts are f> m dige/ible ?an :5 ! /raw is m]ely cut1 or ev5 :5 x is 9 ! =m ( *aff4 ,an excell5t mode ( treat+ /raw is to r$uce x to *aff1 subject x to ! action ( /eam1 & mix x ) roots & oil-cake or corn4 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce1 ( ,cir5ce/]1 "o ( ! mo/ intellig5t agriculturi/s 9 ,engl&1 cooks 8 *aff1 :i* he l>gely employs1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,we f9d t1 tak+ a score ( bullocks toge!r fatt5+1 !y consume1 p] head p] diem1 #c bu%els ( *aff mix$ ) j half a hundr$-weight ( pulp$ roots1 exclusive ( cake or corn2 t is to say1 r m ?an #b bu%els ( *aff are mix$ ) ! roots1 & giv5 at two fe$s1 morn+ & ev5+1 & ! rema9d] is giv5 ) ! cake1 c41 at ! middle day fe$1 ?us3--,we use ! /eam+ app>atus ( ,/anley1 ( ,pet]bor\gh1 consi/+ ( a boil] 9 ! c5tre1 9 :i* ! /eam is g5]at$1 & :i* is connect$ by a pipe on ! left h& ) a l>ge galvanis$ iron receptacle = /eam+ food = pigs1 & on ! "r ) a l>ge wood5 tub l9$ ) copp]1 9 :i* ! cake1 mix$ ) wat]1 is made into a ?ick s\p4 ,adjo9+ ?is is a slate tank ( suffici5t size to conta9 "o fe$ = ! entire lot ( bullocks fe$+4 ,into ?is tank is laid *aff1 ab\t "o foot deep1 ^u :i* a few ladles ( s\p are ?r[n 9 a boil+ /ate2 ?is is ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! *aff ) a ?ree-gra9$ =k1 & press$ d[n firm2 & ?is process is repeat$ until ! slate tank is full1 :5 x is cov]$ d[n = an h\r or two be=e fe$+ "t4 ,! s\p is !n f\nd entirely absorb$ by ! *aff1 :i* has become s(t5$1 & prep>$ = ready dige/ion4 ,a *eap plan is to mix ! /raw ) slic$ roots1 moi/5 ! mass ) wat]1 & all[ x to rema9 until a slight f]m5tation has set 94 ,?is process effectually s(t5s & dis9tegrates1 s to speak1 ! woody fibre1 & sets free ! /ores ( nutriti\s matt]s :i* x envelopes4 ,"s f>m]s :o hold /raw 9 high e/imation1 pref] giv+ x j z x comes f ! field2 !y base ?is practice on ! belief t ,rum9ants require a bulky & solid food1 & t _! dige/ive p[]s are q suffici5t to effect ! solution ( all ! useful con/itu5ts ( ! /raw4 ,x may be q true t cattle1 z ass]t$1 c extract m nutrim5t out ( /raw ?an horses c1 b t m]ely proves ! great] p[] ( _! dige/ive organs4 ,no d\bt ! food ( ! ,rum9ants %\ld be bulky2 b ,i am q sure t cook$ or f]m5t$ /raw is suffici5tly s to satisfy ! desire ( ^? animals = quantity 9 _! food4 ,s f> z ,i c le>n1 all ! c>efully conduct$ fe$+ exp]im5ts to te/ ! value ( /raw :i* h be5 made1 h yield$ results highly favorable to t article4 ,mr4 ,blundell1 9 a pap] on ,! ,use & ,abuse ( ,/raw1 read be=e ! ,botley 7,hamp%ire7 ,f>m]'s ,club1 /ates t 9 8 exp]i5ce he f\nd /raw to be m economical ?an its equival5t ( roots or oil-cake1 9 ! fe$+ ( all k9ds ( cattle3-- ,i f9d 7says ,mr4 ,blundell7 t dairy c[s1 9 ! w9t] mon?s1 if f$ on l>ge quantities ( roots1 p>ticul>ly mangels & c>rots1 w refuse to eat /raw almo/ entirely1 & become v lean2 b !y w always eat a full portion ( sweet1 well-h>ve/$ /raw1 :5 !y get a small & mod]ate all[ance ( roots1 say1 = an ord9>y-siz$ c[1 #ae lbs4 ( mangel ?ree times p] day1 ! roots be+ giv5 :ole1 j 9 ! /ate !y come f ! /ore heap4 ,aga91 calves & ye>l+s be+ f$ ) roots 9 ! same way1 w eat a l>ge quantity ( /raw1 & :5 !y h be5 kept "u cov] ,i h _h !m 9 fir/-rate condition = _m ye>s pa/4 ,also1 9 fatt5+ bea/s1 :5 !y get a fair all[ance ( roots1 say #fe to #gj lbs4 p] day1 ) f #c to #d lbs4 ( cake or meal 9 admixture1 !y w eat /raw ) great avidity1 & d well ^u x1 & make a pr(it4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 (t5 ! case t bullocks receive #ajj lbs41 or upw>ds1 ( roots p] day1 ) a l>ge quantity ( cake or meal1 (t5 #aj or #ab lbs4 p] day2 !y w n !n look at /raw1 & are oblig$ to be f$ ) hay4 ,! co/ price ( ^! quantities & k9ds ( food /&s s high t ! animals d n yield a pr(it2 = al?\gh !y may make meat a little fa/]1 yet ! proportionate increase is no?+ comp>$ to ! increas$ co/ ( ! fe$+ mat]ials us$4 ,mr4 ,blundell gives u also ! tabulat$ results ( "o ( 8 exp]im5ts1 :i* prove t by ! use ( /raw !re is to be obta9$ some?+ m ?an manure by ! fe$+ ( /ock3-- ,,co/ ,,( ,,fe$+ ,,an ,,ox ,,p] ,,week ,,) ,,/raw1 ,,etc41 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,mr4 ,,blundell4 s4 d4 #d lbs4 ( oil-cake p] day1 or #ch lbs4 p] week1 at ,l#aj p] ton #b #f #fd lbs4 ( roots ditto1 or #d cwt4 ditto1 at #acs4 #d;d4 ditto #b #h #bj lbs4 ( /raw fe$+1 or #a-a_/d cwt4 ditto1 at #cjs4 ditto #a #aj-a_/b #bj lbs4 ( /raw litt]1 or #a-a_/d cwt4 ditto1 at #aes4 ditto #j #aa ,att5dance1 c41 p] week #j #a ---------- #h #j-a_/b ,d$uct value ( manure1 p] week #a #c-a_/b ---------- #f #i ,increas$ value ( ox p] week #aj #j ,d$uct co/ ( fe$+ #f #i ---------- #c #c ,if we n[ turn to ! /udy ( ! composition ( /raw reg>d$ f an economic po9t ( view1 we %all f9d t ! !oretical d$uctions !refrom h>monise ) ! results ( actual fe$+ exp]im5ts4 ,let u assume t #ajj p>ts ( oat-/raw conta9 on an av]age-- #a "p ( oil1 #d p>ts ( fle%-=m]s1 #aj p>ts ( sug>1 gum1 & o!r fat-=m]s1 & #cj p>ts ( dige/ible fibre2 & if ! price ( ! /raw be #cjs4 p] ton1 we %all h at t co/ ! foll[+ quantities ( dige/ible sub/ances3-- ,,"o ,,ton ,,( ,,oat-,,/raw1 ,,at #cjs41 ,,conta9s3-- lbs4 #ca ,oil #bb4d ,fle%-=m+ pr9ciples #hi4f ,sug>1 gum1 & o!r fat-=m+ sub/ances #bbd4j ,dige/ible fibre #fgb4j ------- #a1jjh4j #cb ,total am\nt ( fat-=m]s1 calculat$ z />* #ieb4j ,add fle%-=m]s #hi4f ------- ,total am\nt ( nutritive matt] #a1jda4f ,we %all n[ comp>e ?is table ) a simil> "o 9 relation to ! composition ( l9se$ cake1 :i* w place ! great] comp>ative value ( /raw 9 a cle>] light4 ,a fair sample ( l9se$-cake conta9s1 c5tesimally-- ,fle%-=m]s #bf ,oil #ab ,gum1 mucilage1 sug>1 c4 #cd ,woody fibre #f ,,"o ,,ton ,,( ,,l9se$ ,,cake1 ,,at ,l#aa1 ,,conta9s3-- lbs4 ,fle%-=m+ pr9ciples #ehb4d ,oil #bfh4h ,gum1 sug>1 & o!r fat-=m]s #gfa4f ,woody fibre #gd4d ------- #a1fhg4b ,total am\nt ( fat-=m]s1 calculat$ z />* #a1ejh4j ,add fle%-=m]s #ehb4d ------- ,total am\nt ( nutrim5t #b1jij4d ,^! comp>isons are v in/ructive & important4 ,we le>n f !m t we pay ,l#aa = #b1jjj lbs4 ( nutrim5t1 :5 we pur*ase a ton ( l9se$-cake1 :]eas1 :5 we inve/ #cjs4 9 a ton ( /raw1 we receive #a1jjj lbs4 ( dige/ible alim5t4 ,x _c be said t ,i h /ra9$ any po9ts 9 fav\r ( ! /raw2 on ! contr>y1 ,i believe t :5 t article is cut 9 prop] season & well h>ve/$1 its composition w be f\nd f> sup]ior to t detail$ 9 ! comp>ative analysis4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 too1 t ,i take no acc\nt ( ! #cj p] c5t4 ( ! s-call$ indige/ible woody fibre :i* /raw conta9s1 & :i*1 ,i believe1 is p>tly assimilable "u ord9>y circum/ances1 & c\ld be r5d]$ ne>ly altoge!r dige/ible by prop] treatm5t2 on ! o!r h&1 ,i h assum$ t ! woody fibre ( ! oil-cake is completely dige/ible1 al?\gh ,i believe x is 9 reality less s ?an ! fibre ( /raw4 ,x is an important po9t 9 ! composition ( oil-cakes1 t !y conta9 a l>ge proportion ( ready-=m$ fatty matt]s :i* c1 ) b little alt]ation1 be at once transmut$ into animal fat4 ,!re are "s individuals ( ! g5us ,homo to ^: /oma*s fat1 p] se1 is intol]able2 nev]!less1 z a g5]al rule1 fatty sub/ances ex]cise a favorable influ5ce 9 ! process ( dige/ion1 &1 ei!r 9 a sep>ate /ate1 or intimately comm+l$ ) o!r alim5ts1 con/itute a l>ge proportion ( ! food ( man4 ,dige/ion 9 ! l[] animals is1 no d\bt1 simil>ly promot$ by mix+ ) ! alim5ts :i* are to be subject$ to t process1 a due proportion ( oily or fatty matt]4 ,/raw is relatively defici5t 9 ! fle%-=m+ pr9ciples1 & ab\nds 9 ! fat-=m+ elem5ts--( :i*1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ valuable1 oil1 is ! lea/ abundant4 ,n[1 if we add to /raw a due proportion ( "s sub/ance v ri* 9 fle%-=m]s & oil1 ! comp\nd w possess 9 nicely adju/$ proportions all ! elem5ts ( nutrition4 ,p]haps ! be/ k9d ( food :i* we c\ld employ = ?is purpose is l9se$ meal4 ,x conta9s ab\t #bd p] c5t4 ( fle%-=m]s1 #ce p] c5t4 ( a v bl& oil1 & #bd p] c5t4 ( gum1 sug>1 & mucilage4 ,l9se$-cake may be sub/itut$ = l9se$-meal2 b ! meal1 ?\gh its co/ is #ae p] c5t4 great]1 is1 ,i believe1 r ! bett] article ( ! two4 ,its fle%-=m]s are m soluble1 & its oil ?rice m abundant & f> m palatable ?an ! same pr9ciples 9 mo/ samples ( oil-cake4 ,an important po9t1 too1 is1 t l9se$1 unlike l9se$-cake1 is n liable to adult]ation4 ,z l9se$ possesses laxative prop]ties x _c be l>gely employ$2 ! addition1 h[ev]1 ( bean-meal--! b9d+ t5d5cy ( :i* is well kn[n--to a diet p>tly compos$ ( l9se$ w neutralise1 s to speak1 ! relax+ influ5ce ( ! oily se$4 ,if oil-cakes be us$ z an adjunct to /raw1 rape-cake w be f\nd m economical ?an l9se$-cake4 ,if x be free f mu/>d1 well /eam$1 & flavor$ ) a little treacle1 or a small quantity ( locu/-beans1 x w be readily consum$1 & ev5 reli%$1 by dairy & fatt5+ /ock4 ,hay4--,!re is no food sub/ance m v>iable or m complex ?an hay1 = "u t t]m are includ$1 n only mixtures ( grasses1 b also ( legum9\s plants--clov]1 = example4 ,! h]bage ( no two mead[s is exactly alike2 & ! composition ( ! mead[ plants is s greatly modifi$ by diff]5ces ( climate1 soil1 & mode ( culture1 t we h no?+ to excite our wond] 9 ! extreme v>iability ( hay4 ,! composition ( ! hay made f clov]1 luc]ne1 & v>i\s o!r k9ds ( artificial grasses1 is %[n 9 ! table--:i* is bas$ on ! results ( ,way's analyses3-- ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,hay ,,( ,,artificial ,,grasses4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,,key3 ,a4--,fle%-=m+ ,sub/ances4 ,b4--,fatty ,matt]s4 ,c4--,respiratory ,sub/ances4 ,d4--,woody ,fibre4 ,e4--,a%4 ,f4--,wat]4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ,f4 -------------------------------------- ,trifolium prat5se-- ,r$ clov] #ah4gi #c4jf #cg4jf #af4df #g4ig #af4f ,trifolium prat5se p]5ne-- ,purple clov] #ae4ih #c4da #ce4ce #ba4fc #f4if ,trifolium inc>natum-- ,crimson clov] #ac4hc #c4aa #ca4be #bf4ii #h4ae ,trifolium m$ium-- ,c[grass #bj4bg #b4ig #cj4cj #bj4ab #i4fg ,d41 second specim5 #ae4fd #c4ih #da4ch #ae4gj #f4fd ,trifolium procumb5s-- ,hop trefoil #ag4jg #c4hi #cf4ee #ah4hh #f4id ,trifolium rep5s-- ,:ite trefoil #ae4fc #c4fe #cc4cg #bb4aa #h4eg ,vicia sativa-- ,common ,vet* #ai4fh #b4ee #cb4hg #bb4hb #e4db ,vicia sepium-- ,bu% vet* #ai4bc #b4dj #bg4fb #be4hg #h4ba ,onobry*is sativa-- ,sa9fo9 #ae4ch #b4ea #ch4cj #bj4ei #f4ef ,m$icago sativa-- ,luc]ne #aj4fc #b4cj #cc4dg #bh4ea #h4db ,m$icago lupul9a-- ,yell[ clov] #bj4ej #c4ch #bg4gf #bb4ff #i4jc ,plantago lanceolata-- ,rib grass #aa4ia #c4jf #cc4eh #bg4ef #g4bc ,pot]ium sanguisorba-- ,burnet #ac4if #c4cd #ci4ej #ai4hi #f4fd ,a*illea millefolium-- ,millefoil #h4fb #b4ji #cg4hh #bg4bd #g4ej -------------------------------------- ,mean #ae4ha #c4ah #cd4db #bb4dg #g4ei #af4f ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,v _m analyses ( hay h be5 made by ,briti% & ,cont95tal *emi/s1 ! results ( :i* are ( great int]e/ to ! agriculturi/4 ,! composition ( ! natural & artificial grasses1 :i* is %[n 9 ! tables giv5 9 pages #aeh-i w1 if we r$uce _! p]-c5tage ( wat] to #af1 give u an approximation to ! composition ( hay4 ,if ! h]bage1 too1 be s[n 9 ! prop] "t1 & ! hay-mak+ process be skilfully conduct$1 !re w be b little diff]5ce1 except 9 ! am\nt ( wat]1 betwe5 ! plants 9 _! fre% & dry /ate2 b ow+ to inopportune wet wea!r1 & c>elessness 9 manipulation1 excell5t h]bage is n unfrequ5tly conv]t$ into inf]ior hay4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,voelck]1 ! av]age composition ( mead[-hay1 z d$uc$ f ! results ( tw5ty-five analyses1 is z foll[s3-- ,wat] #ad4fa ,fle%-=m+ con/itu5ts #h4dd ,respiratory & fatty matt]s #dc4fc ,woody fibre #bg4af ,m9]al matt] 7a%7 #f4af ------ #ajj4jj ,dr4 ,&]son's analysis ( mead[-hay1 "o ye> old1 & ( inf]ior quality1 gave ! foll[+ results3-- ,wat] #ac4ac ,fle%-=m+ matt]s #d4jj ,non-nitrog5\s sub/ances #gg4fa ,m9]al matt] #e4bf ------ #ajj4jj ,! results ( ! inve/igations ( ,way prove t ! h]bage ( wat]-grass mead[s is m nutriti\s ?an t ( dry mead[s--results p]fectly h>moni\s ) ! exp]i5ce ( practical m54 ,x is a some:at g5]al belief1 t ! aft]ma?1 or second cutt+1 is less nutriti\s ?an ! fir/ cutt+2 b !re appe>s to be no *emical diff]5ce betwe5 ! two crops1 provid$ !y be sav$ "u equally favorable conditions4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,&]son1 ! composition ( clov]-hay ( ! second cutt+ is z foll[s3-- ,wat] #af4hd ,fle%-=m+ pr9ciples #ac4eb ,non-nitrog5\s matt]s #fd4dc ,m9]al matt] 7a%7 #e4ba ------ #ajj4jj ,i h already %[n ! importance ( reap+ 9 prop] season--n less necess>y is x to m[ be=e ! plants rip5 fully1 & ev5 be=e !y fl[]4 ,! results ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,/oeckh>dt1 ,hellreigel1 & ,wolff1 9 relation to ?is po9t1 are v int]e/+1 & are well wor?y ( reproduction "h4 ,,results ,,( ,s,t,oe,c,k,h,a,r,d,t',s ,,& ,,hellreigel',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,/em4 ,leaves4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,hay4 ,hay4 ,wat] -------------- ,wat] -------------- 9 ,fle%- 9 ,fle%- ,fre% =m+ ,a%4 ,fre% =m+ ,a%4 ,plant4,matt]s4 ,plant4,matt]s4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,clov] cut on ! #d? ,june1 q "y #hb4hj #ac4af #i4ga #hc4ej #bg4ag #i4db #bcrd ready = cutt+ #ha4gb #ab4gb #i4jj #hb4fh #bg4fi #i4jj #i? ,july1 beg9n+ to fl[] #hb4da #ab4dj #f4ab #gg4gg #ae4hc #aj4df #bi? ,july1 full fl[] #gh4cj #i4bh #d4fc #gj4hj #ai4bj #i4eh #ba/ ,augu/1 ripe #fi4dj #f4ge #d4hb #fe4gj #ah4id #ab4cc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,results ,,( ,,wolff',s ,,exp]im5t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,r$ ,clov]4 ,alsike ,clov]4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,beg9n+ ,full ,beg9n+ ,full to fl[]1 fl[]1 to fl[]1 fl[]1 #aa? ,june4 #be? ,june4 #bcrd ,june4 #bi? ,june4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,fre%4 ,hay4 ,fre%4 ,hay4 ,fre%4 ,hay4 ,fre%4 ,hay4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- pct4 pct4 pct4 pct4 pct4 pct4 pct4 pct4 ,wat] #hc4jg #af4ff #gf4da #aj4ff #hf4ih #af4ff #hb4fj #af4ff ,a% #a4dc #g4jd #a4fg #e4ij #a4ab #g4ag #a4de #f4id ,woody fibre #d4bd #bj4hg #h4hh #cg4cg #c4gi #bd4bf #e4aa #bd4dg ,nutritive sub/ances #aa4bf #ee4dc #ac4jd #df4jg #h4aa #ea4ia #aj4hd #ea4ic ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,dur+ ! op]ation ( conv]t+ ! grass--natural or artificial--into hay1 !re is m or less loss ( nutritive matt] su/a9$ by f]m5tation1 ! disp]sion ( ! small] leaves by ! w9d1 & o!r ag5cies4 ,b ?is unavoidable loss is trivial :5 comp>$ ) ! prodigi\s wa/e su/a9$1 9 ,irel& at lea/1 by all[+ ! hay to rema9 too long 9 cocks 9 ! field4 ,)9 ! la/ ?ree or f\r ye>s1 says ,mr4 ,baldw91 ( ! ,glasnev9 ,alb]t ,model ,f>m1 we h made agricultural t\rs ?r\gh tw5ty-five ( ! ?irty-two c\nties ( ,irel&2 & f c>eful consid]ation ( ! subject1 & hav+ 9 "s in/ances us$ a tape-l9e & weigh+-ma*9e to assi/ our judgm5t1 we h come to ! conclusion t "o-tw5tie? ( ! hay-crop ( ,irel& is p]mitt$ to rot 9 field-cocks4 ,! portion on ! gr\nd1 z well z t on ! outside ( ! cocks1 is too (t5 only fit = manure4 ,& ! loss ( aft]ma?1 & ( ! subsequ5t ye>'s crop 7if hay or pa/ure71 suff]s to ! ext5t ( f sixp5ce to "o %ill+ p] acre4 ,if we unite all ^! s\rces1 ! loss su/a9$ annually 9 ?is c\ntry is some?+ s]i\s to contemplate4 ,on an av]age1 = all ,irel&1 x is n "u #bj p] c5t41 or a fif? ( ! actual value ( ! crop4 ,?is is a />tl+ /atem5t2 b ,i d n believe x to be an exagg]ation ( ! actual /ate ( ?+s4 ,damag$ ,hay & ,/raw4--,damag$ corn & potatoes1 s mu* injur$ z to be unfit = human food1 are g5]ally giv51 & ) app>5tly good results1 to ! inf]ior animals4 ,! meat manufactur+ ma*9es1 z ! edible v>ieties ( ! dome/icat$ animals are n[ g5]ally t]m$1 are n v da9ty 9 _! *oice ( food2 & vegetable sub/ances :i* w\ld excite ! disgu/ ( ! lords ( ! creation are r5d]$ nutriti\s & agreeable by be+ reorganis$ 9 ! me*anisms ( ox51 %eep1 & pigs4 ,n[1 al?\gh x is pretty g5]ally kn[n t mu/y corn & diseas$ potatoes =m good fe$+ /uffs1 x is n s pat5t :e!r or n ! natural food ( /ock1 su* z hay & /raw 9 a diseas$ /ate1 is prop] food = ^? animals4 ,?is "q is wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,fir/ly1 ,i %all describe ! nature ( ! diseases :i* mo/ frequ5tly affect fodd]2 ^! are1 mildew & m\ld4 ,^! diseases are produc$ by ! ravages ( m9ute & v l[ =ms ( vegetable life1 t]m$ by ! botani/s epiphytical fungi4 ,! mildew 7,pucc9ia gram9is7 g5]ally attacks ! grasses :5 !y are gr[+1 & is m frequ5tly met ) on ri* & heavily manur$ soils4 ,9 localities :]e heavy night-fogs & dews are ( common occurr5ce1 ?is pe/ (t5 de/roys :ole crops4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 light1 s&y1 & well-dra9$ soils1 & 9 w>m & dry di/ricts1 ! mildew is a r>e visitant4 ,! blue m\ld 7,asp]gillis glaucus7 attacks hay & /raw 9 ! /ack or rick1 & )\t any reg>d to _! orig9--no matt] :e!r !y 7 ! produce ( ! wette/ or ! drye/1 ! w>me/ or ! colde/ ( soils4 ,! *ief condition 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! blue m\ld is excessive moi/ure4 ,if ! hay or /raw be too gre5 & succul5t :5 put up1 or if ra9 get at !m 9 ! rick1 ! m\ld is v likely to make its appe>ance1 & ! well-kn[n odor t]m$ mu/y w spe$ily be develop$4 ,nei!r ! mildew nor ! m\ld c1 /rictly speak+1 be reg>d$ z p>asites1 su* z1 = example1 ! flax-dodd]1 :i* fe$s ^u ! heal?y juices ( ! plant to :i* x is atta*$4 ,x appe>s to me t ! tissues & juices ( ! fodd]-plants decay fir/1 & !n ! m\ld or ! mildew appe>s & fe$s ^u ! decompos+ matt]4 ,n[1 z ^! vegetables belong to a poison\s class ( fungi1 x is m ?an probable t !y conv]t ! decompos+ sub/ance ( ! /raw or hay into un:olesome1 if n poison\s matt]2 & x is n unlikely b t ! disagreeable odor :i* !y evolve is design$ by nature z a sign to ! l[] animals n to p>take ( m\ldy food4 ,!re is no d\bt b t mo/ animals w in/9ctively reject fodd] 9 ?is /ate2 & ! "q arises1 ought ?is od\r to be de/roy$ or disguis$1 9 ord] to induce ! animals to eat ! damag$ /uff8 ,! exp]i5ce ( mo/ fe$]s :o h l>gely consum$ m\ldy prov5d] is1 t al?\gh cattle may be induc$ to eat x1 !y nev] ?rive ^u su* /uff if x =m a heavy item 9 _! diet4 ,! reason ( ?is is obvi\s4 ,! nitrog5\s portion ( ! /raw is t :i* is *iefly assimilat$ by ! fungi4 ,& z ?is con/itu5t is ! "o :i* contributes to ! =mation ( muscle1 & is naturally extremely defici5t 9 /raw & hay--m p>ticul>ly ! =m]--x foll[s t ! animals f$ ^u m\ldy fodd] _c elaborate x into lean fle% 7muscle74 ,9 ! case ( "y /ock1 m\ldy fodd] is altoge!r inadmissible1 = ^! animals require abundance ( fle%-=m+ mat]ials--precisely ^? :i* ! fungi almo/ completely remove f ! diseas$ fodd]4 ,z l>ge quantities ( m\ldy or mildew$ prov5d] are at ! pres5t mom5t to be f\nd 9 _m f>m/eads1 & z !y are unsaleable1 & mu/ !re=e be made use ( 9 "s way at home1 x is well to consid] ! be/ way to dispose ( !m4 ,9 ! case ( /raw1 ! great] portion w be requir$ = litt]1 & if ! :ole ( ! damag$ article c be dispos$ ( 9 ?is way s mu* ! bett]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re is m ?an is necess>y = ! b$d+ ( ! /ock1 x may be us$ 9 conjunction ) s\nd fodd]1 b always 9 a cook$ /ate4 ,! great] "p1 if n ! :ole1 ( ! diseas$ nitrog5\s "p ( ! /raw is soluble 9 w>m wat]1 s t if ! fodd] be well /eam$ ! poison\s matt] w be elim9at$ to su* an ext5t z to leave ! article almo/ z :olesome z good /raw1 b n s nutriti\s4 ,! /raw cleans$ 9 ?is way w be v defici5t 9 fle%-=m+1 ?\gh n 9 fat-=m+ p[]1 & ?is fact %\ld be duly consid]$ :5 ! o!r items ( ! animal's food are be+ weigh$ out4 ,beans1 malt-combs1 & l9se$-cake are ri* 9 muscle-=m+ pr9ciples1 & are consequ5tly suitable adjuncts to damag$ fodd]2 b ! latt] %\ld nev] con/itute ! /aple food1 or be giv5 unmix$ ) "s sweet prov5d]4 ,:5 ! fodd] is consid]ably damag$ x becomes1 aft] /eam+1 ne>ly z ta/eless z sawdu/4 ,to ?is k9d ( /uff ! addition ( a small am\nt ( "s flavor\s mat]ial is v useful4 ,= damag$ hay1 ,mr4 ,b[ick recomm5ds ! foll[+ mixture3-- ,f5ugreek 7p[d]$7 #aab p>ts4 ,pim5to #d ,anise$ #d ,c>aways #d ,cumm9 #b ,a p9* ( ?is comp\nd w r5d] agreeably-flavor$ ! mo/ insipid k9ds ( fodd]4 ,mr4 ,b[ick /ates t he _h f$ l>ge numb]s ( bullocks on damag$ hay1 flavor$ ) ?is comp\nd1 & t _! heal? 0 n !reby injur$ 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,,section ,v4 ,,roots ,,& ,,tub]s4 ,! important "p :i* ! s-call$ root crops play 9 ! mod]n sy/ems ( agriculture1 has secur$ = !m a l>ge %>e ( ! att5tion ( ! *emi/1 s t our k ( _! composition & relative nutritive value is v ext5sive4 ,z comp>$ ) mo/ o!r articles ( food1 ! roots1 z !y are popul>ly call$1 ( potatoes1 turnips1 mangels1 c>rots1 & su* l plants1 conta9 a high proportion ( wat]1 & are n v nutriti\s2 inde$1 ) ! exception ( ! potato1 none ( !m conta9 #bj p] c5t4 ( solid matt]1 & "s n m ?an five p] c5t4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 easily produc$ 9 great quantities1 :i* comp5sates = _! l[ nutritive value4 ,i %all consid] ea* ( ! m important roots sep>ately4 ,! ,turnip4--,!re are num]\s v>ieties ( ?is plant1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r 9 ! relative proportions & total am\nt ( _! con/itu5ts1 & ev5 9 diff]5t individuals ( ! same v>iety !re is consid]able v>iation 9 composition2 h5ce ! difficulty :i* has be5 felt by ^? :o h endeavor$ to assign to ?is plant its relative nutritive value4 ,f ! av]age results ( a great numb] ( exp]im5ts1 conduct$ bo? 9 ! laboratory & ! fe$+-h\se1 x is conclud$ t turnips are ! mo/ inf]ior roots produc$ 9 ! field4 ,! ,sw$i% turnips are ! mo/ valuable k9d3 !y conta9 a high] proportion ( solid matt] ?an ! o!r v>ieties1 & !y are firm] & /ore bett]4 ,! av]age composition ( five v>ieties ( turnips1 z d$uc$ f ! results ( ! analyses ( ,&]son & ,voelck]1 is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,,analyses ,,( ,,turnips4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,sw$i% ,:ite ,ab]de5,purpletop,norfolk ,turnip4 ,globe4,yell[s4,yell[s4 ,bell4 -------------------------------------- ,wat] #hi4dfj #ij4dcj #ij4egh #ia4bjj #ib4bhj ,album9\s1 or fle%-=m+ sub/ances #a4ddc #a4adc #a4hjb #a4aag #a4gcg ,non-nitrog5\s1 or fat-=m+ sub/ances 7fat1 gum1 sug>1 c47 #e4icb #e4deg #d4fbb #d4dcf #b4ifb ,woody fibre #b4edb #b4cdb #b4cdi #b4fjg #b4jjj ,m9]al matt] 7a%7 #j4fbc #j4fbh #j4fdi #j4fdj #a4jba -------------------------------------- #ajj4jjjajj4jjj #ajj4jjj #ajj4jjj #ajj4jjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! ,grey/one ,turnip is a v>iety :i* has only q rec5tly be5 introduc$4 ,x is /at$ to be an uncommonly productive crop1 usually yield+ returns f #cj to #ej p] c5t4 great] ?an ^? obta9$ f o!r v>ieties ( ! turnip4 ,! composition ( ! ,grey/one turnip appe>s to be inf]ior1 s t probably x is n1 aft] all1 a m economical plant ?an ! ord9>y k9ds ( turnips4 ,,dr4 ,,&]son',s ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,grey/one ,,turnip4 ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,gr[n on ,clay4 ,gr[n on ,s&4 ,wat] #ic4hd #id4ab ,oil #j4bf #j4cd ,soluble album9\s matt]s #j4ce #j4ef ,insoluble ditto #j4bj #j4ah ,soluble respiratory matt]s #b4ii #b4cb ,insoluble ditto 7*iefly fibre7 #a4gc #a4he ,a% #j4fc #j4fc ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,x 0 at "o "t ! fa%ion--n yet become q obsolete--to reg>d ! proportion ( nitrog5 9 ! turnip z ! measure ( ! nutritive value ( ! bulb2 b ! fallacy ( ?is op9ion has be5 %[n by sev]al late inve/igators1 & m p>ticul>ly by ! results ( "o ( ! num]\s s]ies ( fe$+ exp]im5ts conduct$ by ,mr4 ,lawes4 ,_m bulbs exce$+ly ri* 9 nitrog5 are v defici5t 9 nutritive p[]--p>tly f a defici5cy 9 ! o!r elem5ts ( nutrition--p>tly because mo/ ( _! nitrog5 is 9 s l[ a degree ( elaboration z to be incapable ( assimilation by animals4 ,! value ( a food-sub/ance does n m]ely dep5d ^u ! am\nt & ! relative proportion ( its con/itu5ts1 b also1 & to a v great ext5t1 ^u _! easy assimilability4 ,!re is b little d\bt t ! nutritive matt]s conta9$ 9 ! ,sw$i% turnip :5 ! bulb is fre% are v crude4 ,by /or+1 c]ta9 *emical *anges take place 9 ! bulb1 :i* r5d] x m nutriti\s & palatable4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! non-nitrog5\s matt]s exi/ 9 ! fre% root z pect92 b ?is sub/ance1 if ! bulb be pres]v$ = a c\ple ( mon?s1 becomes 9 great "p conv]t$ into sug>1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ palatable & fatt5+ +r$i5ts ( cattle-food4 ,by /or+1 too1 ! bulbs lose a portion ( _! excessive am\nt ( wat]1 & become less bulky1 :i* is unque/ionably a desid]atum4 ,^! facts sugge/ ! necessity = cultivat+ ! e>li] v>ieties ( ! turnip1 = x may be fairly d\bt$ if a late-gr[n crop1 left = consumption 9 ! field1 ev]1 ev5 "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances1 atta9s its p]fect developm5t4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ n be =gott5 t turnips fully matur$ 9 ! field r det]iorate ?an o!rwise aft] a few weeks' /orage4 ,_m agriculturi/s consid] t !re is a /rict relation betwe5 ! specific gravity1 or comp>ative weight ( ! bulb1 & its nutritive value2 o!rs believe t a v l>ge turnip mu/ necess>ily be inf]ior 9 fe$+ qualities to a small "o2 :il/ n a few ma9ta9 t nei!r its size nor its specific gravity is an indication ( its fe$+ qualities4 ,dr4 ,&]son1 :o has specially inve/igat$ a portion ( ?is subject1 /ates t ! specific gravity ( ! :ole turnip _c be accept$ z indicat+ its real nutritive value1 ! proportion ( air 9 ! cells be+ ! det]m9+ elem5t 9 su* results2 t !re is no con/ant relation betwe5 ! specific gravity (1 & ! nitrog5 comp\nds 91 ! bulb2 & t su* relation does exi/ betwe5 ! specific gravity ( ! express$ juice & ! nitrog5 comp\nds & solid con/itu5ts4 ,dr4 ,&]son all[s1 h[ev]1 t ! be/ v>ieties ( ! turnip h ! highe/ specific gravity2 :i* admission--c\pl$ ) ! fact admitt$ by all exp]im5t]s t ! heavy roots /ore be/--lead me to adopt ! op9ions ( ^? :o consid] great specific gravity z "o ( ! favorable indications ( its nutritive value4 ,) respect to size1 ,i pref] bulbs ( mod]ate dim5sions2 ! mon/]s t w9 ! prizes at our agricultural %[s--& :i*1 9 g5]al1 are =c$--are inf]ior 9 fe$+ qualities1 are always spongy1 & almo/ inv>iably rot :5 /or$4 ,! composition ( ! turnip is influ5c$ n only by ! nature ( ! soil on :i* x is gr[n1 b also by t ( ! manure appli$ to x4 ,! mo/ reliable au?orities are agre$ t turnips rais$ on ,p]uvian guano are wat]y1 & d n keep well2 b t ) a mixture ( ,p]uvian guano & sup]phosphate ( lime1 ) phospho-guano1 or ) f>my>d manure supplem5t$ ) a mod]ate am\nt ( guano1 ! mo/ nutriti\s & firm bulbs are produc$4 ,turnip-tops h be5 analys$ by ,voelck]1 ) ! foll[+ results3-- ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,p>ts ,,conta9-- ,:ite4 ,sw$i%4 ,wat] #ia4bhd #hh4cfg ,nitrog5 comp\nds #b4def #b4jhg ,non-nitrog5\s matt]s 7gum1 sug>1 c47 #j4fdh #a4fab ,ditto1 z woody fibre #d4jib #e4fch ,m9]al matt] #a4ebj #b4bif ------- ------- #ajj4jjj #ajj4jjj ,^! figures app>5tly %[ t ! tops ( turnips are m valuable ?an _! bulbs2 b1 9 ! abs5ce ( any fe$+ exp]im5ts made to det]m9e ! po9t1 we believe !y are less s1 z a v l>ge proportion ( ! solid matt] 9 ! tops ( turnips is 9 too l[ a degree ( elaboration to be assimilable4 ,_! high proportions ( nitrog5 & m9]al matt] con/itute !m1 h[ev]1 a v useful manure--ne>ly twice z valuable z ! bulbs2 ?is fact %\ld be borne 9 m9d :5 turnips are sold (f ! l&4 ,! ,mangel-wurtzel is "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( our gre5 crops4 ,its root is m nutriti\s ?an ! turnip1 occupy+ a position 9 ! scale ( food equival5ts midway betwe5 t bulb & ! p>snip4 ,mangels1 :5 fre%1 possess a some:at acrid ta/e1 & act z a laxative :5 giv5 to /ock2 b aft] a few mon?s' /or+ !y become sweet & palatable1 & _! sc\r+ prop]ty completely disappe>s4 ,al?\gh ! mangel is "o ( ! mo/ nutriti\s articles ( food :i* c be giv5 to cattle1 yet x is /at$ on ! be/ au?ority t %eep d n ?rive ^u x4 ,voelck]1 :o has inve/igat$ ?is subject1 in=ms u t a lot ( %eep :i* he f$ on a limit$ quantity ( hay & an unlimit$ quantity ( mangels1 did n1 dur+ a p]iod ( f\r mon?s1 increase 9 weight1 :il/ ano!r lot ( %eep suppli$ ) a small quantity ( hay1 & ,sw$i% turnips ad libitum increas$ on an av]age #b-a_/b lbs4 weekly4 ,i believe ! exp]i5ce ( ! great] numb] ( fe$]s agrees ) ! results ( ,dr4 ,voelck]'s exp]im5t4 ,! *emi/ry ( ! mangel-wurtzel has be5 ?or\ghly /udi$ by ,way & ,og/on1 ,fromb]g1 ,wolff1 ,&]son1 & ,voelck]4 ,accord+ to ! la/-nam$ *emi/1 its av]age composition is z foll[s3-- ,wat] #hg4gh ,fle%-=m+ matt]s #a4ed ,sug> #f4aj ,gum1 pect91 c4 #b4ej ,woody fibre #a4ab ,m9]al matt] 7a%7 #j4if ------ #ajj4jj ,x is difficult to accurately det]m9e by a comp>ative trial ! relative fe$+ prop]ties ( mangels & turnips1 = ! =m] are only 9 a fit /ate to be giv5 to ! animals :5 ! latt] are det]iorat+4 ,h[ev]1 by comp>+ ! composition ( ! two sub/ances1 & ! results obta9$ f num]\s fe$+ exp]im5ts1 x w\ld appe>1 t on ! av]age #ge lbs4 weight ( mangels are equal to #ajj lbs4 weight ( turnips4 ,( ! diff]5t v>ieties ( ! mangel ! long yell[ appe>s to be ! mo/ nutriti\s1 & ! long r$ ! lea/ s4 ,! leaves ( ! mangel--"s ( :i* are occasionally pull$ & us$ = fe$+ purposes1 dur+ ! gr[? ( ! bulb--are an excell5t fe$+ sub/ance3 _! composition indicates a nutritive value b little inf]ior to t ( ! root2 b z _! con/itu5ts _c be 9 a highly elaborat$ condition1 x is probable !y are n m ?an equal to half _! weight ( ! bulbs4 ,"o que/io vexata ( ! _m :i* at pres5t occupy ! att5tion ( ! agricultural _w is1 :e!r or n ! leaves ( mangels may be remov$ ) advantage dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! developm5t ( ! plants4 ,?is practice prevail$ r ext5sively a few ye>s s9ce1 b latt]ly x has fall5 some:at into disuse4 ,^? :o adopt ?is plan urge1 z its advantages1 t a l>ge quantity ( food is obta9$ at a "t :5 x is urg5tly ne$$1 & t in/ead ( ! removal ( ! leaves ex]cis+ an injuri\s influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ! roots1 ! latt] are actually increas$ 9 size4 ,9 #ahei an exp]im5tal inve/igation 0 c>ri$ out at ! ,glasnev9 ,model ,f>m1 ) ! view ( ?r[+ new light on ! "q4 ,! outside leaves 7 v gradually remov$ on diff]5t occasions--f ! #ab? ,augu/ to ! #ae? ,octob]4 ,9 ?is way five tons ( leaves p] /atute acre 7 remov$1 & subsequ5tly made use ( = fe$+ purposes4 ,! exp]im5t 0 conduct$ on a field ( f\r acres1 ( :i* ! produce ( #ab drills1 ea* #bjj y>ds 9 l5g?1 0 left unt\*$4 ,! result 0 t ! produce ( ! roots ( ! unt\*$ plants 0 only #dj tons #h cwt4 #f qrs4 p] acre1 :il/ ! roots ( ! plants :i* _h be5 p>tly d5ud$ ( _! leaves weigh$ at ! rate ( #de tons #a cwt4 ,?is exp]im5t af=d$ results :i* are app>5tly favorable to ! practice ( /ripp+ ! leaves2 b x is to be regrett$ t x 0 n r5d]$ m complete by an analysis ( ! roots1 z a great bulk ( roots does n necess>ily imply a great weight ( dry food1 & x is j possible1 ?\gh n v probable1 t ! roots ( ! /ripp$ mangels conta9$ a l>g] proportion ( wat] ?an ^? ( ! unt\*$ plants4 ,! results ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,buckman1 & ( ,pr(essor ,wolff1 ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,college at ,hoh5heim1 are at direct v>iance ) ^? obta9$ at ,glasnev94 ,bo? ( ^! exp]im5t]s f\nd t ! removal ( ! leaves occasion$ a dim9ution 9 ! produce ( ! roots to ! am\nt ( #bj p] c5t4 ,nor 0 ?is ! only loss1 = x 0 f\nd by ! ,g]man pr(essor t ! roots ( ! unt\*$ plants possess$ a f> high] nutritive value ?an ^? ( ! /ripp$ mangels4 ,:5 doctors diff]1 :o is to decide8 ,"h we h high au?orities 9 ! agricultural _w at direct v>iance on a matt] ( fact4 ,! names ( ,buckman & ,wolff are a suffici5t gu>antee t ! exp]im5tal results :i* !y ann\nce are tru/wor?y1 & ,i c te/ify1 f obs]vation1 t no field exp]im5ts c\ld be m c>efully conduct$ ?an ^? c>ri$ out at ! ,alb]t ,model ,f>m4 ,we c only1 !n1 "u ! circum/ances1 admit t bo? ,mr4 ,boyle1 on ! "o side1 & ,pr(essors ,buckman & ,wolff on ! o!r1 are correct 9 _! /atem5ts ( fact2 b z x is evid5t bo? _c be "r 9 ! g5]al inf]5ces !refrom1 x is desirable t ! subject %\ld be /ill fur!r inve/igat$1 & ! tru? be plac$ beyond d\bt4 ,x is a "q :i* appe>s s simple t "o is at a loss to acc\nt = ! discrepant op9ions 9 relation to x :i* prevail4 ,let no?+ induce ! gr[]s1 says ,mr4 ,paget1 9 a pap] on ! cultivation ( ! mangel1 to /rip ! leaves f ! plant be=e tak+ up ! root4 ,a s]ies ( c>eful exp]im5ts has conv9c$ me t by s do+ we borr[ food at a mo/ usuri\s int]e/4 ,al?\gh1 says ,mr4 ,boyle1 ! practice ( /ripp+ has be5 foll[$ = _m ye>s on ! f>m )\t any p]ceptible injury to ! crop1 ^! results1 %[+ s consid]able an addition to ! crop f tak+ (f ! leaves1 7 h>dly anticipat$4 ,x c]ta9ly does appe> some:at at v>iance ) our notion ( ! functions ( ! leaves ( plants1 t _! p>tial removal c\ld possibly cause an increase 9 ! weight ( ! roots2 b grant+ su* to be ! fact1 x is n altoge!r !oretically inexplicable4 ,we "k t highly nitrog5\s manure has a t5d5cy to increase ! developm5t ( ! leaves ( turnips at ! exp5se ( ! roots4 ,g>d5]s1 too1 n unfrequ5tly remove "s ( ! buds f _! fruit trees1 le/ ! excessive developm5t ( foliage %\ld ret>d or *eck ! gr[? ( ! fruit4 ,!oretically an excessive developm5t ( ! leaves ( ! mangel may be inimical to ! gr[? ( ! root4 ,probably1 too1 x may be urg$1 ! out] leaves1 :i* soon become p>tially disorganis$ & incapable ( elaborat+ m9]al matt] into vegetable products1 prev5t ! access ( light to ! m vigor\s inn] leaves4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i may say ( ?is subject t x is wor?y ( fur!r elucidation2 & ,i w\ld sugge/ to my read]s1 & m especially to ! manag]s ( ! v>i\s model f>ms1 ! desirability ( fully te/+ ! matt]4 ,! ,:ite ,beet is a cong5] ( ! mangel4 ,x is l>gely gr[n on ! cont95t z a sug>-produc+ plant1 b is seldom cultivat$ 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,x produces ab\t #ae tons ( roots p] acre1 & its roots on ! av]age conta9-- ,wat] #hc4j ,sug> #aj4j ,fle%-=m]s #b4e ,fat-=m]s #a4e ,fibre #b4j ,a% #a4j ----- #ajj4j ,?is plant is des]v+ ( m ext5sive gr[? 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! ,p>snip is1 aft] ! potato1 ! mo/ valuable ( roots4 ,x diff]s f ! turnip & ! mangel 9 conta9+ a high proportion ( />*1 & b little sug>2 & its fle%-=m+ con/itu5ts are l>gely made up ( case91 in/ead (1 z 9 ! case ( ! turnip1 album54 ,! av]age composition ( ! p>snip is z foll[s3-- ,wat] #hb4jj ,fle%-=m+ pr9ciples #a4cj ,fat-=m]s 7/>*1 sug>1 c47 #g4ge ,woody fibre #h4jj ,m9]al matt] 7a%7 #j4ie ------ #ajj4jj ,! p>snip is ext5sively gr[n 9 _m =eign c\ntries1 on acc\nt ( its valuable fe$+ prop]ties4 ,z a field-crop x is b little cultivat$ 9 ,great ,brita91 & its use is--if we except ! table--almo/ re/rict$ to pigs4 ,its food equival5t is ab\t d\ble t ( ! turnip2 t is1 "o p\nd ( p>snips is equal to two p\nds ( turnips4 ,! ,c>rot be>s a close resemblance to ! p>snip1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 x diff]s1 conta9+ no />*1 & be+ some:at inf]ior 9 nutritive value4 ,accord+ to ,voelck]1 its av]age composition is z foll[s3-- ,wat] #hh4ej ,fle%-=m]s #j4fj ,fat-=m]s 7includ+ woody fibre7 #aj4ah ,m9]al matt] 7a%7 #j4gb ------ #ajj4jj ,z c>rots conta9 a high proportion ( fat-=m+ matt]s1 & a l[ p]-c5tage ( fle%-=m+ sub/ances1 !y are bett] adapt$ = fatt5+ purposes4 ,dairy /ock gre$ily eat !m2 & !y are giv5 ) great advantage to horses out ( condition4 ,kohl-,rabi4--,?is plant1 ?\gh e>ly introduc$ into ! agriculture ( ^! c\ntries1 has made b little progress 9 ! e/imation ( ! f>m]4 ,x belongs to ! ord] & g5us :i* include ! turnip1 b diff]s widely f t plant 9 its mode ( gr[?4 ,its bulb--:i* is =m$ by an enorm\s developm5t ( ! ov]gr\nd /em--is1 accord+ to "s au?orities1 less liable ?an ! turnip to injury f fro/4 ,x is subject to no diseases1 save anbury & clubb+2 &1 ow+ to its position above ! soil1 x c be readily eat5 (f by %eep4 ,! bulbs /ore bett] ?an ,sw$es1 &1 accord+ to "s f>m]s1 keep ev5 bett] ?an mangels4 ,) respect to ! flavor ( ?is bulb1 !re is "s diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,pr(essor ,wilson1 ( ,ed9burgh1 quotes sev]al em95t fe$]s to prove t :e!r 9 ! fold = %eep1 9 ! y>d = cattle1 or 9 ! /ables = horses1 x w g5]ally be pref]r$ to ! o!r descriptions ( homegr[n keep4 ,mr4 ,baldw91 on ! contr>y1 /ates t al?\gh good food = %eep1 x is too h>d-fle%$ = old ewes1 & t c>rots are bett] food = horses1 & ,sw$i% turnips = cattle4 ,an accurately conduct$ comp>ative trial to te/ ! nutritive value ( ! ,kohl-rabi1 0 conduct$ at ! ,glasnev9 ,model ,f>m1 "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,baldw94 ,! exp]im5t 0 comm5c$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahfc4 ,f\r ox5 7 select$1 & divid$ into two lots4 ,nos4 #a & #b 7,lot #a7 7 f$ on ,kohl-rabi1 oil-cake1 & hay1 & ,nos4 #c & #d 7,lot #b7 on ,sw$i% turnips1 oil-cake1 & hay4 ,z ! animals suppli$ ) ! ,kohl-rabi did n appe> to reli% x1 & z x 0 desirable to gradually accu/om !m to ! *ange ( food1 ! exp]im5t did n really comm5ce till ! #ab? ,janu>y4 ,on t date ! weights ( ! animals 7 z foll[s3-- cwt4 /4 cwt4 /4 ,lot #a4 ,no4 #a4 #aj #a ,lot #b4 ,no4 #c4 #g #e ,no4 #b4 #g #d ,no4 #d4 #aj #b ------- ------- #ag #e #ag #g ,! lots1 !re=e1 c\nt]pois$ ea* o!r pretty fairly4 ,f ! #ab? to ! #bh? ,janu>y !y receiv$ ! foll[+ quantities ( food p] diem3-- #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 ,roots /ones #g-a_/b #f #f #g-a_/b ,oil cake p\nds #d-a_/b #c #c #d-a_/b ,hay p\nds #aj-a_/b #aj-a_/b #aj-a_/b #aj-a_/b ,! animals f$ ^u ! ,kohl-rabi ev9c$ f ! fir/ a dis9cl9ation to x1 b !y nev]!less ate x be=e _! meal ( oil-cake 0 suppli$ to !m4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #bh? ,janu>y !y 7 put ^u ! diet>y %[n 9 ! table1 & :i* induc$ !m to eat ! ,kohl-rabi m quickly4 #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 ,at #f4cj a4m4 ,roots1 ,/ones #c #b-a_/b #b-a_/b #c-a_/b ,cake1 lbs4 #a-a_/b #a #a #a ,at #ab4cj a4m4 ,roots1 ,/ones #c #b-a_/b #b-a_/b #c-a_/b ,cake1 lbs4 #a-a_/b #a #a #a ,at #f4cj p4m4 ,roots1 ,/ones #c #b-a_/b #b-a_/b #c-a_/b ,cake1 lbs4 #a-a_/b #a #a #a ,at #i4cj p4m4 ,hay1 lbs4 #g #g #g #g ,on ! #aa? ,febru>y ! cattle 7 aga9 weigh$1 :5 _! increase 0 f\nd to be z foll[s3-- ,weight on ,weight on ,increase 9 ,jan4 #ab4 ,feb4 #aa4 #cj days4 cwt4 /4 cwt4 /4 /4 #a ,lot #a1 f$ on ,kohl-rabi1 #aj #a #aj #d #c #b c4 #g #d #g #f #b --- ,total #e #c ,lot #b1 f$ on ,sw$es1 #g #e #h #c #f #d c4 #aj #b #aj #g-a_/d #e-a_/b ------ ,total #aa-a_/b ,! results ( ?is exp]im5t %[ t ! animals f$ ^u ,sw$i% turnips1 hay1 & oil-cake1 increas$ 9 weight at a rate m ?an #ajj p] c5t4 great] ?an ! lot suppli$ ) equal quantities ( ,kohl-rabi1 hay1 & oil-cake4 ,! sup]iority ( ! ,sw$i% turnips 0 r5d]$ m evid5t by ! results ( subsequ5t exp]im5ts4 ,nos4 #a & #d 7 n tri$ aft] ! #aa? ,febru>y2 b ,nos4 #b & #c 7 kept "u exp]im5t4 ,no4 #b 0 put on ,sw$es1 & ,no4 #c on mangel-wurtzel1 & aft] an int]val ( a =tnight ,no4 #b _h increas$ mu* m ?an !y _h done on ,kohl-rabi4 ,specim5s ( ! ,kohl-rabi & ,sw$i% turnips employ$ 9 ?is exp]im5t 7 submitt$ to me = analysis by ,mr4 ,baldw91 & yield$ ! foll[+ results3-- ,sw$i% ,kohl-rabi4 ,turnip4 ,wat] #hg4fb #hh4hd ,nitrog5\s1 or fle%-=m+ pr9ciples #b4bd #a4ff ,non-nitrog5\s1 or fat-=m+ pr9ciples #g4gh #f4jg ,woody fibre #a4cd #b4gc ,m9]al matt] 7a%7 #a4bb #j4gj ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,^! results %[ a slight sup]iority ( ! ,kohl-rabi ov] ! ,sw$i% turnip2 ! great diff]5ce 9 _! nutritive p[]1 z %[n by ,mr4 ,baldw9's exp]im5tal results1 mu/ !re=e be due to ! sup]ior flavor & dige/ibility ( ! turnip4 ,dr4 ,&]son's analysis ( ,kohl-rabi af=d$ results m favorable to ! highly nutritive "* assign$ by "s fe$]s to t bulb ?an ^? arriv$ at by me4 ,! bulbs1 x %\ld h[ev] be rem>k$1 7 gr[n1 no d\bt ) great c>e1 by ,messrs4 ,lawson & ,son1 ! well-kn[n se$sm53-- ,,analysis ,,( ,,kohl-,,rabi1 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,&]son4 ,bulbs4 ,tops4 ,wat] #hf4gd #hf4fh ,fle%-=m+ pr9ciples #b4ge #b4cg ,fat-=m+ pr9ciples #h4fb #h4bi ,woody fibre #j4gg #a4ba ,m9]al matt] #a4ab #a4de ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,! ,radi% is a plant :i* des]ves a place among/ our field crops1 ?\gh hi!rto its cultivation has be5 re/rict$ to ! g>d54 ,at "o "t its leaves 7 boil$ & eat51 b 9 ^! latt] days !y are subject$ to nei!r ( ^! processes4 ,! root1 h[ev]1 9 its raw /ate1 is1 z e "o is aw>e1 consid]$ "o ( ! da9ties ( ! table4 ,_m ( ^? :o devote !mselves to ! important /udy ( dietetics1 consid] ! use ( raw vegetables to be objectionable2 b be _! objections gr\ndless1 or ! rev]se1 x is c]ta9 t a vegetable :i*1 l ! radi%1 may be eat5 raw ) app>5tly good results1 _c be o!rwise ?an a good article ( food :5 cook$4 ,i once tri$ ! exp]im5t ( eat+ matur$ radi%es1 n z a salad1 b cook$ l any o!r boil$ vegetable1 & ,i mu/ say t ,i f\nd _! flavor r agreeable ?an o!rwise4 ,boil$ radi%es--roots & tops--=m excell5t fe$+ = pigs4 ,h[ c\ld x be o!rwise8 = :at is good = ! family ( man mu/ surely be a luxury to ! sw9e tribe4 ,i h kn[n horses to eat radi%es gre$ily1 & ,i am c]ta9 t !y w\ld prove acceptable to all ! animals ( ! f>m4 ,b x may be ask$1 :y x is t ,i recomm5d ! use ( radi%es z food = /ock1 :5 !re are already s _m m nutriti\s roots at our disposal--turnips1 mangels1 & potatoes4 ,simply = ?is reason3--,betwe5 ! dep>ture ( ! roots & ! adv5t ( ! grasses1 !re is a k9d ( int]regnum4#cc ,n[ we want a good tub]\s1 bulb\s1 or tap-root$ plant to fill up ?is int]regnum4 ,su* a plant we h 9 ! radi%4 ,! root is c]ta9ly a small "o1 b !n x gr[s s rapidly t a good supply c be _h )9 ?irty days f ! s[+ ( ! se$1 & a crop c be matur$ be=e ! "t = s[+ turnips4 ,two crops may be easily obta9$ f l& "u potatoes--"o be=e ! tops cov] ! gr\nd1 ! o!r aft] ! tub]s h be5 dug out4 ,! yield ( radi%es1 judg+ f ! produce 9 ! g>d51 w\ld be at lea/ six tons ( roots & ?ree tons ( tops4 ,i w\ld sugge/1 !n1 t ! radi% %\ld at once get a fair *ance z a /ol5 crop4 ,if x succe$ z su*1 x w n be ! fir/ gift ( ! g>d5] to ! husb&man4 ,0 n ! mangel-wurtzel once kn[n only z ! produce ( ! g>d58 ,! composition ( ! radi% indicates a nutritive value less ?an t ( ! :ite turnip4 ,i h analys$ bo? ! root & ! tops1 & obta9$ ! foll[+ results3-- ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,radi%4 ,root4 ,tops4 ,wat] #ie4ji #id4cj ,fle%-=m+ pr9ciples #j4eb #j4ge ,fat-=m]s 7/>*1 gum1 fat1 c47 #a4jf #a4af ,woody fibre #b4bb #b4cf ,m9]al matt] 7a%7 #a4aa #a4dc ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,! ,j]usalem ,arti*oke has long be5 cultivat$ z a field-crop on ! ,cont95t1 & 9 c]ta9 localities ! bread? occupi$ by x is v consid]able4 ,! ,fr5* t]m ! tub]\s root ( ?is plant poitre de t]re1 or top9 amb\r2 & al?\gh !y expose x = sale 9 ! m>kets1 x is n mu* reli%$ by our lively neighb\rs1 :o are s rem>kable = _! cuis9i]e4 ,z food = cattle1 h[ev]1 ! ,fr5* agricultural writ]s /ate x to be excell5t4 ,x is mu* reli%$ by horses1 dairy c[s1 & pigs2 /ore horn$-/ock also eat x :5 season$ ) a little salt1 & appe> to enjoy x amaz+ly :5 p]mitt$ to pull up ! roots f ! soil4 ,! gre5 tops are also giv5 to %eep & cattle1 &1 x is /at$1 are readily eat5 by ^? animals4 ,! ,j]usalem arti*oke 7,helian?us ,tub]oses7 diff]s f its half namesake1 ! common arti*oke1 & resembles ! potato 9 be+ valuable *iefly = its tub]s4 ,x is p]5nial1 & atta9s on ! ,cont95t a height v>y+ f #g to #aj feet4 ,9 ?is c\ntry its dim5sions are less4 ,! /em is erect1 ?ick1 co>se1 & cov]$ ) hairs4 ,x is a native ( ,mexico1 & al?\gh introduc$ #bjj ye>s ago into ,europe1 x c h>dly be said to be acclimatis$1 s9ce x v seldom fl[]s1 & nev] develops se$4 ,! plant is !re=e propagat$ by cutt+s f its tub]s1 ea* conta9+ "o or two eyes2 or if ! tub]s be v small1 :i* is (t5 ! case1 a :ole "o is plant$4 ,! tub]s possess great vitality1 & rema9 9 ! gr\nd dur+ ! mo/ sev]e fro/s1 )\t su/a9+ ! slighte/ injury4 ,= ?is reason x is usual to devote a corn] ( ! g>d5 to ! cultivation ( ! ,j]usalem arti*oke2 =1 no matt] h[ completely ! crop may appe> to h be5 remov$ f ! soil1 portions ( ! tub]s w rema9 & %oot up into plants dur+ ! foll[+ season4 ,?is peculi>ity ( ! plant x is likely may prove an ob/acle to its hav+ a place assign$ to x 9 ! rotation sy/em4 ,! "q n[ pres5ts itself--,:at are ! peculi> advantages :i* ! crop possesses :i* %\ld comm5d x to ! notice ( ! ,briti% f>m]8 ,i %all try to answ] ! "q4 #a/4 ,no gre5 crop 7except furze7 c be gr[n 9 s great a v>iety ( soils2 except m>%y or wet l&s1 !re is no soil 9 :i* x refuses to gr[4 #bnd4 ,x does n suff] f disease1 is v little affect$ by ! ravages ( insects1 is completely beyond ! influ5ce ( cold1 & may rema9 ei!r above or bel[ gr\nd = a long "t )\t und]go+ any injuri\s *anges 9 composition4 #crd4 ,x gives a good return1 :5 we consid] t x requires v little manure1 & b little labor 9 its managem5t4 ,at ,be*elbronn1 ! f>m ( ! celebrat$ ,b\ss+ault1 ! av]age yield is ne>ly elev5 tons p] acre1 b occasionally ov] f\rte5 tons is obta9$4 ,donoil1 a f>m] ( ,baili]e1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,haut-loire1 /ates t he f$ %eep exclusively on ! tops & tub]s ( ?is plant1 & t he e/imat$ 8 pr(its at ,l#bc p] hect>e 7,l#i #cs4 #d;d4 p] acre74 ,! soil 0 v inf]ior4 ,donoil t]ms x ?ird-rate1 & x does n appe> to h be5 manur$ ev5 once dur+ ! fifte5 ye>s x 0 "u ,j]usalem arti*oke4 ,i fe> our artificial manure manufactur]s w h>dly look ) a favorable eye on ! adv5t ( a crop into our agriculture :i* c get on s well )\t ! int]v5tion ( any f]tilis+ ag5ts4 ,inde$1 sev]al ( ! ,fr5* writ]s /ate t little or no manure is necess>y = ?is plant4 ,b ?is c h>dly be ! case2 = x is evid5t t a crop :i*1 accord+ to ,way & ,og/on1 removes #ce lbs4 ( m9]al matt] p] ton f ! soil1 or ?ree times z mu* pota% z turnips d1 mu/ c]ta9ly be greatly b5efit$ by ! application ( manure4 ,& ,i h no d\bt b t ! ,j]usalem arti*oke1 if well manur$ & gr[n 9 mod]ately f]tile soil1 w\ld produce a mu* heavi] crop ?an our ,cont95tal neighbors appe> to get f x4 #d?4 ,! ,j]usalem arti*oke may be cultivat$ ) advantage 9 places :]e ord9>y root-crops ei!r fail or ?rive badly4 ,9 su* cases ! gr\nd %\ld be p]man5tly devot$ to ?is crop4 ,kade gives an in/ance :]e a piece ( indiff]5t gr\nd _h = ?irty-?ree ye>s produc$ heavy crops ( ?is plant1 al?\gh dur+ t "t nei!r manure nor labor _h be5 appli$ to x4 ,9 ,irel& ! potato has be5 gr[n "u simil> circum/ances4 ,! nutritive con/itu5ts ( tub]s ( ! ,j]usalem arti*oke be> a close resemblance 9 e respect1 save "o1 to ^? ( ! potato4 ,bo? conta9 ab\t #ge p] c5t4 ( wat]1 ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( fle%-=m+ sub/ances1 & #bj p] c5t4 ( non-nitrog5\s1 or fat-=m+ & heat-giv+ elem5ts4 ,9 "o respect !re is a great diff]5ce--namely1 t sug> makes up f #h to #ab p] c5t4 ( ! ,j]usalem arti*oke1 :il/ !re is b a small proportion ( t sub/ance 9 ! potato4 ,! l>ge quantity ( sug> conta9$ 9 ?is root is no d\bt ! cause ( its rem>kable keep+ prop]ties 9 w9t]1 & x also readily acc\nts = ! avidity ) :i* mo/ ( ! dome/icat$ animals eat x4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ,i ?9k t ! facts ,i h br\ght =w>d relative to ! advantages :i* ! ,j]usalem arti*oke pres5ts z a f>m crop1 ju/ify ! recomm5dation t x %\ld get a fair trial f ! ,briti% f>m]1 :o is n[ s mu* int]e/$ 9 ! production ( suitable =age = /ock4 ,,composition ,,( 7,,dry7 ,,j]usalem ,,arti*oke ,album9\s matt]s #d4f ,fatty matt]s #j4d ,/>*1 gum1 c4 #ai4h ,sug> #fi4e ,fibre & a% #e4g ----- #ajj4j ,! ,potato1 reg>d$ f e po9t ( view1 is by f> ! mo/ important ( ! plants :i* are cultivat$ = ! sake ( _! roots4 ,its tub]s =m ! *ief--almo/ sole--pabulum ( _m millions ( m51 ent] m or less into ! diet>y ( mo/ civilis$ peoples1 & con/itute a l>ge proportion ( ! food ( ! dome/icat$ animals4 ,! great importance ( ?is plant1 aris+ f its enorm\s consumption1 has caus$ its composition to be v m9utely /udi$ by _m ,briti%1 ,cont95tal1 & ,am]ican *emi/s4 ,) respect to its nutritive prop]ties1 ! lea/ favorable results 7 obta9$ by ! ,am]ican *emi/s1 ,h>dy & ,h5ry1 & ! mo/ by ! ,european *emi/s4 ,! fle%-=m+ pr9ciples v>y f #a p] c5t41 z f\nd by ,h>dy1 to #b4da p] c5t41 ! mean results ( ! analyses ( ,krock] & ,hors=d4 ,! proportion ( />* 9 diff]5t v>ieties ( ! potato also v>ies1 b n to ! same degree z ! nitrog5\s pr9ciples4 ,9 new potatoes1 only #e p] c5t4 has be5 f\nd2 9 a%-leav$ kidneys1 #i4ej p] c5t42 & 9 diff]5t k9ds ( cups1 f #ae to #bd p] c5t4 ,! am\nt ( />* is also influ5c$ by ! soil1 ! manure1 ! climate1 & ! v>i\s o!r conditions "u :i* ! plant is develop$4 ,! proportion ( />* increases dur+ ! gr[?1 & dim9i%es dur+ ! /orage ( ! tub]s4 ,dr4 ,&]son is ! mo/ rec5t inve/igator into ! composition ( ! potato2 ! *ief results ( 8 inquiries are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,potato ,,by ,,dr4 ,,&]son4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,reg5ts4,dalmahoys4,sk]ry-blues4,:ite ,orkney ,flukes4 ,rocks4 ,r$s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,wat] #gf4cb #ge4ia #gf4fj #ge4ic #gh4eg #gd4da ,/>* #ab4ba #ab4eh #aa4gi #ab4gg #aj4he #ab4ee ,sug>1 c4 #b4ge #b4ic #c4ji #b4ag #b4gh #b4hi ,fle%-=m]s soluble #b4af #b4aj #a4ij #a4hh #a4dh #a4ih insoluble #j4ba #j4ae #j4af #j4bd #j4ba #j4bj ,fibre #e4ec #e4ba #e4da #e4ee #e4ic #f4ga ,a% #j4hh #j4ha #j4id #a4jd #j4ih #j4ih ---------------------------------------- ------------ #ajj4jf #ii4fi #ii4hi #ii4eh #ajj4hj #ii4gb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! potato is relatively defici5t 9 fle%-=m+ matt]s1 & conta9s ! respiratory elem5ts 9 exce$+ly high proportions2 h5ce x is well adapt$ = fatt5+ purposes1 & 9 ?is respect is equal to d\ble its weight ( ! be/ k9d ( turnips4 ,:5 us$ z food = man1 x %\ld be supplem5t$ by "s m fatty or nitrog5\s sub/ance--su*1 = example1 z fle%1 oatmeal1 or peas4 ,butt]milk1 a fluid :i* is ri* 9 nitrog51 is an excell5t supplem5t to potatoes1 & comp5sates to a great ext5t = ! defici5cy ( ^? tub]s 9 muscle-=m+ matt]s4 ,if1 !n1 ! potato is de/9$ to reta9 its place z ! national escul5t ( ! ,iri%1 ,i tru/ _! national bev]age may be--s f> at lea/ z ! masses ( ! p are conc]n$--butt]milk1 & n :iskey4 ,potatoes s f> diseas$ z to be unsuit$ = use z food = man1 may be giv5 ) advantage to /ock4 ,!y may be us$ ei!r 9 a raw or uncook$ /ate1 b ! latt] is ! pref]able =m4 ,%eep d n l !m at fir/1 b on be+ depriv$ ( turnips !y acquire a ta/e = !m2 on a daily all[ance1 compos$ ( #a lb4 ( oil-cake or corn1 & an unlimit$ quantity ( potatoes1 !y fatt5 rapidly4 ,cattle ?rive well on a diet compos$ ( equal p>ts ( turnips & diseas$ potatoes1 & d n require oil-cake4 ,! ev5+ fe$ ( horses may advantage\sly be compos$ ( potatoes & turnips4 ,if raw1 ! potatoes %\ld be giv5 9 a v limit$ quantity--f\r or five p\nds2 9 ! cook$ /ate1 h[ev]1 !y may be giv5 9 abundance1 b ! animals %\ld n1 aft] _! meal1 be p]mitt$ to dr9k wat] = "s h\rs4 ,z a fe$+ sub/ance1 diseas$ potatoes1 unless !y be v mu* injur$1 are equal to twice _! weight ( :ite turnips2 x is c]ta9 t !y d n injure ! heal? or impair ! condition ( ! animals :i* fe$ ^u !m4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,se$s4 ,9 se$s ! elem5ts ( nutrition exi/ n only 9 ! mo/ highly elaborat$1 b also 9 ! mo/ conc5trat$ /ate2 h5ce _! nutritive value is great] ?an t ( any o!r class ( food sub/ances4 ,:eat ,gra9 is ! mo/ valuable ( se$s1 z x conta9s1 9 admirably adju/$ proportions1 ! bone1 ! fat1 & ! muscle-=m+ pr9ciples4 ,9 ! =m ( bread1 x has be51 n inaptly1 t]m$ ! /aff ( life1 = no o!r gra9 is s well adapt$1 p] se1 = ! su/5ance ( man2 & _m millions ( human be+s subsi/ almo/ exclusively on x4 ,! l[] animals are 9 g5]al f$ ^u ! gra9 ( oats1 ( b>ley1 & ( ! legum9\s plants1 & ! use ( :eat is almo/ completely re/rict$ to ! human family4 ,:eat gra91 by ! processes ( gr9d+ & sift+1 is resolvable into two di/9ct p>ts--bran & fl\r4 ,9 tw5ty-f\r analyses made by ,b\ss+ault1 ! proportion ( ! bran 0 f #ac4b to #ch4e p] c5t4 & t ( ! fl\r f #fa4e to #hf4h p] c5t4 ,! fl\ry "p is ( v complex /ructure2 x includes />*1 glut51 album51 oil1 gum1 gummo-gelat9\s matt]1 sug>1#cd & v>i\s sal9e matt]s4 ,! glut5 & album5 con/itute ! nitrog5\s1 or fle%-=m+ pr9ciples ( fl\r1 & make up f #af to #bj p] c5t4 ( t sub/ance2 ! non-nitrog5\s1 or fat-=m+ elem5ts1 su* z />* & gum1 =m f #gd to #hb p] c5t4 ,accord+ to ,pay51 ! proportion ( glut5 dim9i%es t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! se$1 f :i* x foll[s t ! "p ( ! gra9 ne>e/ ! husk is ! mo/ nutriti\s--s f> at lea/ z muscle-mak+ is conc]n$4 ,! desire on ! "p ( ! public = v :ite bread has l$ to ! f9e dress+ ( ,:eat-gra91 & consequ5tly to ! sep>ation f t sub/ance ( a v l>ge proportion ( "o ( its mo/ nutriti\s con/itu5ts4 ,crude glut5 may be obta9$ by knead+ ! d\gh ( fl\r 9 a musl9 bag "u a small curr5t ( wat]2 ! />*1 or fecula1 & ! gum1 are c>ri$ away by ! wat]1 & ! glut5 9 an impure =m rema9s z an ela/ic visc\s sub/ance1 :i* on dry+ becomes h>d & brittle4 ,x is to ! glut5 ( fl\r t its prop]ty ( panification1 or bread-mak+1 is due4 ,on ! addition ( a f]m5t1 a portion ( ! />* is conv]t$ into sug> & c>bonic acid gas1 & ! latt] causes ! glut5 to exp& into ! little cells1 or vesicles1 :i* conf] ^u bak$ bread its light1 spongy texture4 ,,analyses ,,( ,,:eat4 #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 ,:ole ,gra94 ,fl\r4 ,bran4 ,husk4 ,wat] #ae4jj #ad4j #ac #ac4i ,fle%-=m]s #ab4jj #aa4j #ad #ad4i ,fat-=m]s #fh4ej #gc4e #ee #ee4h ,woody fibre #b4ge #j4g #ab #i4g ,m9]al matt] #a4ge #j4h #f #e4g ------ ----- --- ----- #ajj4jj #ajj4j #ajj #ajj4j ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c4--,! mean results ( a great numb] ( analyses4 ,no4 #d4--;,by ,,millon4 ,ov]-rip5+ ( ,gra94--,! f9al act ( vegetation is ! production ( se$1 aft] ! p]=mance ( :i* function _m plants1 hav+ accompli%$ _! de/9$ purpose1 p]i%4 ,! grasses 7:i* include ! c]eals7 are annuals1 or plants :i* h b a ye>'s exi/5ce1 consequ5tly _! developm5t ceases s soon z !y h produc$ _! se$4 ,:5 :eat1 oats1 & ! o!r c]eals1 atta9 to ?is f9al po9t 9 _! gr[?1 ! circulation ( _! sap ceases1 _! color *anges f gre5 to yell[1 & !y und]go c]ta9 *anges :i* de/roy _! p[] ( assimilat+ m9]al matt]1 & consequ5tly r5d] !m no long] capable ( increas+ _! weight4 ,! prop] "t = cutt+ :eat & ! o!r c]eals is imm$iately aft] _! gra9 has be5 fully matur$4 ,:5 ! gre5 color ( ! /raw j bel[ ! e>s *anges to yell[1 ! gra91 be x ripe or unripe at ! "t1 _c aft]w>ds be m fully develop$4 ,?is is r5d]$ impossible 9 consequ5ce ( ! disorganisation ( ! upp] "p ( ! /em--indicat$ by1 b n ! result (1 its alt]$ hue--:i* cuts (f ! supply ( sap to ! e>s1 & ! latt] d n possess ! p[] ( absorb+ nutrim5t f ! air4 ,:5 ! vital processes :i* are incessantly go+ on 9 ! gr[+ plants are br\ght to a close1 ! purely *emical =ces come into op]ation4 ,if ! se$ be p]fectly matur$ & all[$ to rema9 unga!r$1 x is attack$ 9 wet wea!r by ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 a portion ( its c>bon is burn$ (f1 "s ( its />* is conv]t$ into sug>1 & 9 extreme cases x g]m9ates & becomes malty4 ,b n only is ! se$ liable to injury f ! elem5ts2 x is also expos$ to ! ravages ( ! fea!r$ tribe1 & no matt] h[ well a field ( corn may be wat*$1 or h[ great ! numb] ( sc>ecr[s erect$ 9 x1 !re is always a c]ta9 diurnal loss1 occasion$ by ! ravages ( birds4 ,x is n only necess>y t ripe corn %\ld be cut z soon z possible1 b x is sometimes desirable to reap x be=e x becomes fully matur$4 ,:5 ! gra9 is int5d$ = consumption z food1 ! less bran x conta9s ! bett]4 ,n[ ! bran1 z is well kn[n1 =ms ! integum5t1 or cov]+ ( ! vital con/itu5ts ( ! se$2 & x is ! la/ "p ( ! organ to be p]fect$4 ,! gr[? ( ! se$ = sev]al days be=e its p]fect developm5t1 is conf9$ to ! te/a or cov]+4 ,n[ z ?is is ! lea/ valuable "p ( ! article1 its increase is matt] ( b little mom5t2 & :5 x is excessive x r5d]s ! gra9 less valuable 9 ! eyes ( ! mill]4 ,t ! cutt+ ( ! gra9 be=e x is p]fectly ripe is att5d$ ) a good result1 is cle>ly prov$ by ! results ( an exp]im5t record$ 9 ,john/on's ,agricultural ,*emi/ry4 ,a crop ( :eat 0 select$2 "o-?ird 0 cut tw5ty days be=e x 0 ripe2 ano!r ?ird t5 days aft]w>ds2 & ! rema9+ portion :5 its gra9 _h be5 fully matur$4 ,! relative produce 9 gra9 ( ! ?ree portions tak51 z /at$ above1 0 z #a1 #a4cbe1 & #a4bfj4 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! relative proportions ( _! con/itu5ts3-- ,9 #ajj p>ts ( ! gra9 cut at #bj days4 #aj days4 ,dead ripe4 ,fl\r #gd4g #gi4a #gb4b ,%>ps #g4b #e4e #aa4j ,bran #ag4e #ac4b #af4j ---- ---- ---- #ii4d #ig4h #ii4b ,! fl\r conta9$ glut5 #i4c #i4i #i4f ,! results ( ?is exp]im5t1 & ( ! g5]al exp]i5ce ( intellig5t gr[]s1 %[ t gra9 cut a week or t5 days be=e x is p]fectly ripe conta9s m fl\r1 & ( a bett] quality1 too1 ?an is f\nd 9 ei!r ripe or v unripe se$4 ,b ?is is n ! only advantage1 = ! /raw ( ! gre51 or r ( ! gre5i%-yell[ corn1 is fully twice z valuable = fe$+ purposes z t ( ! ov]-ripe c]eals4 ,!re is an extraord9>y decrease 9 ! am\nt ( ! album9\s con/itu5ts ( ! /ems ( ! c]eals dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree weeks ( _! maturation1 & z !re is n a correspond+ increase ( ^? mat]ials 9 ! se$1 !y mu/ be evolv$ 9 "s =m or o!r f ! plants4 ,!re c be only "o object atta9$ by all[+ ! se$ to fully rip5 itself1 & t is ! insurance ( its m p]fect adaptability to ! purpose ( reproduction4 ,:5 ! te/a is ?ick x be/ protects ! g]m ( ! future plant enclos$ 9 x f ! ord9>y atmosph]ic influ5ces until x is plac$ "u ! prop] conditions = its g]m9ation4 ,:eat1 a co/ly food4--,x occasionally happ5s t ! :eat h>ve/ is s abundant1 t _m fe$]s give l>ge quantities ( ?is gra9 to _! /ock4 ,n[1 z ,indian corn is at lea/ #be p] c5t4 *eap] ?an :eat1 ev5 :5 ! price ( ! latt] is at its m9imum1 ,i believe t x is always m economical to sell ! :eat rais$ on ! f>m1 & to pur*ase ) ! proce$s ( its sale an equival5t ( ,indian corn1 :i* is a m fatt5+ k9d ( food4 ,bran is1 ) p]haps ! exception ( malt-du/1 ! mo/ nutriti\s ( ! refuse portions ( gra9s4 ,x is usually giv5 to horses1 & ow+ to its high proportion ( nitrog51 is1 p]haps1 bett] exp5d$ 9 ! bodies ( ^? h>d-work+ animals1 ?an 9 ^? ( pigs & c[s--animals t occasionally come 9 = a %>e ( ?is valuable fe$+-/uff4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t bran commonly acts z a slight laxative1 & t x is less dige/ible ?an fl\r1 a l>ge portion ( x usually pass+ ?r\gh ! animal's body un*ang$4 ,?is drawback to ! use ( bran may be obviat$ by ei!r cook+ or f]m5t+ ! article1 or by comb9+ x ) beans or "s o!r k9d ( b9d+ food4 ,,av]age ,,analyses ,,( ,,gra94 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,indian ,rye ,buck- ,b>ley4 ,b]e4,oats4,oatmeal4 ,corn4,rice47,iri%74:eat4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,wat] #af4j #ad4be #ad4j #ac4jj #ad4e #ad4j #af4j #ad4ai ,fle%-=m]s #aj4e #aj4aj #aa4e #af4jj #aj4j #e4c #i4j #h4eh ,fat-=m]s #fg4j #fd4fj #fd4e #fh4jj #fi4j #gh4e #ff4j #ea4ia ,woody fibre #c4e #i4jc #g4j #a4ge #e4j #b4e #h4j #bc4ab ,m9]al matt] #c4j #b4jb #c4j #a4be #a4e #j4g #a4j #b4bj ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ajj4j #ajj4jjajj4j #ajj4jj #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,b>ley is inf]ior 9 composition to :eat4 ,z a fe$+ /uff1 ! ,engli% f>m]s assign to x a high]1 & ! ,scot* f>m]s a l[]1 place ?an oats1 :i*1 p]haps1 m]ely proves t 9 ,scotl& ! oat ?rives bett] ?an ! b>ley1 & 9 ,engl& ! b>ley bett] ?an ! oat4 ,b>ley-meal is ext5sively us$ by ! ,engli% fe$]s1 & ) excell5t results4 ,:]e b>ley-du/ c be obta9$ x is a f> *eap] fe$+ /uff ?an ! meal4 ,b>ley husks %\ld nev] be giv5 to animals unless 9 a cook$ or f]m5t$ /ate4 ,oat ,gra9 is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ valuable ( ! conc5trat$ foods :i* are giv5 to fatt5+ /ock4 ,:5 x is *eap x w be f\nd a m economical fe$+ /uff ?an l9se$-cake1 &1 unlike t sub/ance1 c be us$ )\t ! fe> ( adult]ation4 ,oats are equal to :eat 9 _! am\nt ( fle%-=m+ matt]s2 b _! v high proportion ( indige/ible woody fibre detracts f _! nutritive value4 ,oat-meal is m nutriti\s ?an :eat-meal2 & oat-fl\r1 especially if f9ely dress$1 greatly excels :eat-fl\r 9 its nutrim5tal prop]ties1 because1 unlike ! latt]1 ! f9] x is ! great] is its am\nt ( fle%-=m]s4 ,bread made ( oat-fl\r is v heavy1 & is f> less palatable ?an ! bread ( :eat4 ,oat-meal has be5 f\nd to conta9 ne>ly #bj p] c5t4 ( nitrog5\s matt]s4 ,! :ite oat is m nutriti\s ?an ! black1 & ! greate/ am\nt ( alim5t is f\nd 9 ! gra9 :i* has n be5 all[$ to ov]-rip5 9 ! field4 ,oat husk is v inf]ior to ! bran ( :eat4 ,topp+s are seldom wor? ! price at :i* !y are sold4 ,indian ,corn has be5 highly extoll$ z a fatt5+ food = /ock1 & its *emical composition w\ld seem to ju/ify ! high op9ion :i* practical m5 h =m$ ( its relative nutritive value4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! fe$+ ( horses on ,indian corn & hay has be5 f\nd v successful2 b 9 ^! c\ntries oats w be f\nd a m economical food4 ,= fatt5+ purposes ,indian corn appe>s exce$+ly well adapt$1 z x conta9s m ready-=m$ fat--#d4e p] c5t4--?an is f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! o!r gra9s1 &1 on an av]age1 #gj p] c5t4 ( />*4 ,pigs ?rive well on ?is gra94 ,! ,galatz r\nd yell[ gra9 is some:at sup]ior to ! ,am]ican flat yell[ se$4 ,rye is n ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 b on ! ,cont95t x is rais$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,europe x =ms a consid]able proportion ( ! food ( bo? man & ! dome/icat$ animals4 ,9 ,holl& x is commonly consum$ by horses1 b 9 ,engl& !re has always be5 a prejudice aga9/ ! use ( ?is gra9 z food = ! equ9e tribe4 ,x has be5 highly recomm5d$ = dairy /ock1 five p\nds ( rye-meal1 ) a suffici5cy ( cut /raw1 con/itut+1 x is /at$1 a diet>y on :i* c[s yield a maximum supply ( milk4 ,iri%-gr[n rye conta9s less />*1 & m fle%-=m]s & oil1 ?an ! ,black ,sea gra94 ,rice1 al?\gh x =ms ! *ief pabulum ( ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! human family1 is ! lea/ nutriti\s ( ! common food gra9s4 ,rice-du/1 an article obta9$ 9 clean+ rice = ,european consumption1 is said to promote ! fl[ ( milk :5 giv5 to c[s4 ,x is sold 9 l>ge quantities 9 ,liv]pool1 :]e1 accord+ to ,voelck]1 x (t5 comm&s a high] price ?an x is wor?4 ,buck:eat is *iefly us$ z a food = game & p\ltry4 ,malt$ ,corn4--,dur+ a late session ( ,p>liam5t a ,bill 0 pass$ to exempt f duty malt int5d$ to be us$ z food = cattle4 ,z fe$]s may n[ become _! own malt/]s1 x may be ( "s use to !m to h "h a resume ( ?is ,bill3-- #a4 ,any p]son giv+ security & tak+ out a lic5ce may make malt 9 a malt-h\se approv$ by ! ,excise = ! purpose2 & all malt s made & mix$ ) l9se$-cake or l9se$-meal z direct$1 %all be free f duty4 #b4 ,! security requir$ is a bond to ,h] ,maje/y1 ) sureties to ! satisfaction ( ! ,excise1 n to take f any su* malt-h\se any malt except duly mix$ ) mat]ial prescrib$ by ! ,act4 #c4 ,! malt-h\se mu/ be prop]ly nam$ ^u its door4 #d4 ,all malt made 9 x %all be deposit$ 9 a /ore-room1 & %all be convey$ to & f ! room ^u su* notice z ! (fic] ( ,excise %all appo9t4 #e4 ,! malt/] %all provide secure rooms 9 8 malt-h\se1 to be approv$ 9 writ+ by ! sup]visor1 = gr9d+ ! malt made by him 9 su* malt-h\se1 & mix+ & /or+ ! same :5 mix$2 & all su* rooms %all be prop]ly secur$ & kept lock$ by ! prop] (fic] ( ,excise4 #f4 ,all malt be=e removal f ! malt-h\se %all be gr\nd & ?or\ghly mix$ ) "o-t5? "p at lea/ ( its weight ( gr\nd l9se$-cake or l9se$-meal1 & gr\nd to su* a degree ( f95ess & 9 su* mann] z ! commission]s %all approve1 & mix$ toge!r 9 a quantity n less ?an =ty bu%els at a "t 9 ! pres5ce ( an (fic] ( ,excise4 #g4 ,! malt/] %all keep acc\nt ( ! quantity ( all malt mix$ z a=esaid :i* he %all f "t to "t s5d out or deliv] f 8 malt-h\se1 ) ! dates & addresses ( ! p]son = :om su* mix$ malt %all be s s5t or deliv]$4 #h4 ,if any p]son %all attempt to sep>ate any malt f any mat]ial ) :i* ! same %all h be5 mix$ z a=esaid1 or %all use ?is malt = ! brew+ ( be] or di/ill+ ( spirits1 he %all =feit ! sum ( ,l#bjj4 #i & #aj4 ,! p5alties ( exi/+ ,acts are recit$4 #aa4 ,?is ,act %all cont9ue & be 9 =ce = five ye>s4 ,"s samples ( malt & b>ley exam9$ 9 ,may1 #ahfe1 by ,dr4 ,voelck] = ! ,c5tral ,anti-,malt ,tax ,association1 af=d$ ! foll[+ results3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,b>ley ,malt m>k$ m>k$ ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #e4 ,no4 #g4 ,no4 #i4,no4 #ad4,no4 #af4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,moi/ure #aa4gf #h4gb #g4dc #g4gf #h4ce #g4jf ,sug> #c4ge #d4bi #e4dh #g4he #i4df #i4hf ,/>* & dextr9e #gj4dj #ga4jc #fi4gj #fg4eg #fg4ec #fg4fg 99 ,album9\s comp\nds 7fle%-=m+ matt]s7 #g4ge #h4dd #h4ha #i4cg #h4fj #h4ca ,woody fibre 7cellul>7 #d4df #e4bb #f4ch #e4ch #d4ad #e4aa ,m9]al matt] 7a%7 #a4hh #b4cj #b4bj #b4jg #a4ib #a4ii ---------------------------------------- -- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 #a4bd #a4ce #a4da #a4ej #a4ch #a4cc ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,a great deal has be5 said & writt5 9 favor ( malt z a fe$+ /uff1 b ,i greatly d\bt its alleg$ decid$ sup]iority ov] b>ley2 & until ! results ( accurately conduct$ comp>ative exp]im5ts made ) ^? articles inconte/ably prove t sup]iority1 ,i ?9k x is some:at a wa/e ( nutrim5t to conv]t b>ley into malt = fe$+ purposes4 ,! g5tlem5 :o v]bally1 or 9 writ+1 ref] s favorably to malt1 ackn[l$ge1 ) "o or two exceptions1 t _! exp]i5ce ( ! article is limit$4 ,mr4 ,john ,hudson1 ( ,br&on1 /ates t he made a comp>ative exp]im5t1 ! results ( :i* prov$ ! sup]iority ( malt4 ,b1 9 fact1 ! only prop]ly-conduct$ exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! relative values ( malt & b>ley 7 ^? made "s ye>s ago by ,dr4 ,?ompson1 ( ,glasg[1 by ! direction ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & ^? rec5tly p]=m$ by ,mr4 ,lawes1 bo? produc+ results unfavorable to ! malt4 ,! issue ( ,dr4 ,?ompson's inve/igations prov$ t mil* c[s f$ on b>ley yield$ m milk & butt] ?an :5 suppli$ ) an equal weight ( malt4 ,i d n d5y ! probability t malt1 ow+ to its agreeable flavor & easy solubility1 may be a some:at bett] fe$+ /uff ?an b>ley2 & t1 weight = weight1 x may produce a some:at great] increase 9 ! weight ( ! animals f$ ^u x3 b al?\gh a p\nd-weight ( malt may be bett] ?an a p\nd-weight ( b>ley1 ,i am q satisfi$ t a p\nd's wor? ( b>ley w put up m fle% ?an a p\nd's wor? ( malt4 ,b>ley-se$s consi/ ( wat]1 />*1 nitrog5\s sub/ances--su* z glut5 & album5--fatty sub/ances1 & sal9e matt]4 ,! am\nt ( />* is consid]able1 be+ sometimes ab\t #gj p] c5t4 ,9 ! process ( malt+ 7:i* is simply ! g]m9ation ( ! se$ "u peculi> conditions71 a portion ( ! />* is conv]t$ into sug> & gum1 ! gra9 increases 9 size & becomes friable :5 dri$1 & ! int]nal /ructure ( ! se$ is completely brok5 up4 ,dur+ ^! *anges a p>tial decomposition ( ! solid matt] ( ! se$s takes place1 & a l>ge am\nt ( nutrim5t is dissipat$1 *iefly 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,f ! results ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! malt/]1 & ( special exp]im5ts made by sci5tific m51 x w\ld appe> t a ton ( b>ley w produce only #af cwt4 ( malt4 ,all[ance mu/1 h[ev]1 be made = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! am\nt ( wat] conta9$ 9 b>ley & 9 malt1 ! latt] be+ mu* dri]4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,e4 ,hold51 ! c5tesimal loss su/a9$ 9 malt+ may be /at$ ?us3-- ,wat] #f4jj ,organic matt] #ab4eb ,sal9e matt] #j4dh ------ #ajj4jj ,dr4 ,?ompson#ce sets d[n ! loss ( nutrim5t 7exclusive ( t occasion$ by kiln-dry+71 z foll[s3-- ,c>ri$ (f by ! /eep #a4e ,dissipat$ on ! floor #c4j ,roots sep>at$ by clean+ #c4j ,wa/e #j4e --- #h4j ,we may say1 !n1 t by ! malt+ ( b>ley we lose at lea/ #b-a_/b cwt4 ( solid nutrim5t out ( e ton ( ! article1 & ?is loss falls heavie/ on ! nitrog5\s1 or fle%-=m+ con/itu5ts ( ! gra94 ,:5 !re are add$ to ?is loss ! exp5se ( c>t+ ! gra9 to & f ! malt-h\se1 & ! malt/]'s *>ge = op]at+ ^u x 7,i presume 9 ?is case t ! fe$] is n 8 own malt/]71 x w be f\nd t two tons ( malt w co/ ! f>m] ne>ly z mu* z ?ree tons ( b>ley2 & he w !n h to solve ! problem--,:e!r or n malt is #dj or #ej p] c5t4 m valuable z a fe$+-/uff ?an b>ley4 ,! diff]5ce 9 value betwe5 b>ley & malt is g5]ally #ads4 p] b>rel2 b x is sometimes m or less1 accord+ to ! supply & dem&4 ,b>ley1 well malt$1 w lose on ! av]age #be p] c5t4 ( its weight1 ! loss dep5d+1 to "s ext5t1 ^u ! degree to :i* ! process is c>ri$1 & on ! g]m9at+ prop]ties ( ! b>ley4 ,b>ley malt$ = roa/]s ought n to lose m ?an #ba p] c5t4 ( its orig9al weight--#ec lbs4 to ! b>rel4 ,! heavi] ! b>ley ! less x loses 9 malt+2 a b>rel ( #bbd lbs41 & value f #aes4 to #afs41 ought to produce a b>rel ( malt ( #aif lbs41 value #bis4 to #cjs4 ,if we d$uct f ! co/ ( a b>rel ( malt ! am\nt ( duty at pres5t levyable ^u x1 ! price ( ! article w be /ill ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 great] ?an t ( an equal weight ( b>ley4 ,! *eap] b>ley is ! great] w be ! relative co/ ( malt4 ,! malt/]'s *>ge = conv]t+ a b>rel ( b>ley into malt is ab\t #ds42 s t if ! price ( ! gra9 be s l[ z #abs4 p] b>rel1 :i* x sometimes is1 ! co/ ( malt+ x w\ld am\nt to #cc p] c5t4 ( its price4 ,!n1 ! dim9ution 9 ! weight (1 & ! co/ ( c>t+ ! gra91 mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt2 & :5 ! :ole exp5se att5dant ^u ! process ( malt+ is asc]ta9$1 x w be f\nd t ,i h n exagg]at$ 9 /at+ t a ton ( malt co/s z mu* z a ton & a half ( b>ley4 ,if ! consum] ( malt g]m9ate ! se$s himself1 he may probably1 if he require l>ge quantities ( ! article1 produce x at a some:at *eap] rate ?an if he b\ght x f ! malt/]2 b few p]sons :o h ! slighte/ k ( ! vexati\s re/rictions ( ! ,inl& ,rev5ue au?orities w\ld be likely to place 8 premises "u ! espionage ( an excise (fic]4 ,z ! sup]iority ( malt ov] b>ley 7if su* be really ! case7 mu/ be *iefly due to ! loos5ess ( its texture1 :i* all[s ! juices ( ! /oma* to act readily ^u x1 b>ley 9 a cook$ /ate might be f\nd q z nutriti\s3 ,x w\ld n be fair to in/itute comp>isons betwe5 d5se h>d b>ley-se$s & ! easily soluble malt$ gra9s4 ,dur+ ! cook+ ( b>ley a portion ( ! />* is *ang$ into sug>1 b 9 ?is case ) only an inappreciable wa/e ( nutrim5t4 ,:5 ! cook+ process is cont9u$ = a few h\rs1 a consid]able am\nt ( sug> is =m$1 & ! b>ley acquires a v sweet flavor4 ,:5 ! malt = cattle "q 0 "u discussion1 ,i made a little exp]im5t 9 relation to x1 ! results ( :i* are p]haps ( suffici5t int]e/ to m5tion3--,two p\nds weight ( b>ley-meal 7 moi/5$ ) w>m wat]2 aft] /&+ = ?ree h\rs m wat] 0 add$1 & suffici5t heat appli$ to cause ! fluid to boil4 ,aft] fifte5 m9utes' ebullition1 a few ounces ( ! pa/y-l mass :i* 0 produc$ 7 remov$1 ?or\ghly dri$1 & on be+ submitt$ to analysis yield$ six p] c5t4 ( sug>4 ,! addition ( a small quantity ( malt to b>ley und]go+ ! process ( cook+ w rapidly conv]t ! />* into sug>4 ,b>ley is naturally a well-flavor$ gra91 & all k9ds ( /ock eat x ) avidity4 ,x may be r5d]$ /ill m agreeable if prop]ly cook$1 & ?is process w1 by dis9tegrat+ its h>d1 fibr\s /ructure1 set free its /ores ( nutrim5t4 ,i incl9e /rongly to ! op9ion t b>ley1 :5 well boil$1 is almo/1 if n q1 z dige/ible z malt4 ,a s]i\s disadvantage 9 ! use ( malt is1 t x mu/ be consum$1 x is said1 9 comb9ation ) #aj p] c5t4 ( its weight ( l9se$-meal or cake4 ,n[1 malt is a v laxative food1 & s is l9se$2 & if ! diet ( /ock 7 l>gely made up ( ^! articles ! animals w\ld1 soon] or lat]1 suff] f di>rhoea4 ,9 su* case1 !n1 ! addition ( bean-meal1 or ( "s o!r b9d+ food1 w\ld become necess>y1 & ! comp\nd ( malt1 l9se$1 & bean-meal !reby =m$ w\ld c]ta9ly prove any?+ b an economical diet4 ,malt ,combs4--,i %\ld m5tion t a portion ( ! nutrim5t :i* ! b>ley loses 9 malt+ passes into ! radicles1 or "y roots1 :i* project f ! se$s1 & are te*nically kn[n by ! t]m combs1 comb+s1 or du/4 ,at pres5t ^! combs are sep>at$ f ! malt1 b if ! latt] be int5d$ = fe$+ purposes ?is sep>ation is unnecess>y1 & 9 su* case ! b>ley w n be s mu* det]iorat$4 ,! combs1 :i* con/itute ab\t #d p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! malt1 are sometimes employ$ z a fe$+ /uff4 ,i h made an analysis ( malt-comb+s = ! ,c\nty ( ,kild>e ,agricultural ,society1 & h obta9$ ! foll[+ results3-- #ajj ,,p>ts ,,conta9$-- ,wat] #h4db 99 ,fle%-=m+ 7album9\s7 sub/ances #ba4ej ,dige/ible fat-=m+ sub/ances 7/>*1 sug>1 gum1 c47 #ec4dg ,indige/ible woody fibre #h4eg ,sal9e matt] 7a%7 #h4jd ------ #ajj4jj 99 ,yield+ nitrog5 #c4dd ,conta9+ pota% #a4ce ,conta9+ phosphoric acid #a4gd ,?is article 0 sold z a manure at ,l#c #fs4 p] ton--a sum = :i* x 0 n good value2 b z a fe$+ sub/ance x 0 probably wor? ,l#d or ,l#e p] ton4 ,its composition indicates a high nutritive p[]2 b x is probable t its nitrog5\s matt]s are p>tly 9 a l[ degree ( elaboration1 :i* greatly detracts f its alim5tal value4 ,9 conclusion1 !n1 ,i w\ld urge ! foll[+ po9ts ^u ! att5tion ( ! f>m]3-- #a/4 ,be=e us+ malt = fe$+ purposes1 wait until y le>n ! g5]al results ( ! exp]i5ce ( o!r f>m]s ) t article4 ,! manufacture ( malt = fe$+ purposes is rapidly on ! decl9e1 in/ead (1 z _h be5 anticipat$1 on ! increase4 #bnd4 ,%\ld y exp]im5t ) b>ley & malt1 use equal money's wor? ( ea*1 & employ ! b>ley 9 a cook$ /ate4 #crd4 ,use malt-comb+s z a fe$+ /uff1 & n z a manure4 ,!y are good value = at lea/ ,l#c #ajs4 p] ton4 #d?4 ,be> 9 m9d t a ton ( b>ley conta9s m sal9e matt] ?an an equal weight ( malt2 consequ5tly1 t /ock f$ ^u b>ley w produce a manure ri*] 9 pota% & phosphates ?an ^? suppli$ ) malt4 ,legum9\s ,se$s4--,! se$s ( ! bean1 ( ! pea1 & ( sev]al o!r legum9\s plants1 are l>gely made use ( z food = bo? man & ! dome/icat$ animals4 ,!y all closely resemble ea* o!r 9 composition1 b 9 t respect diff] consid]ably f ! gra9s ( ! ,c]ealiae1 = :il/ ! latt] conta9 on an av]age #ab p] c5t4 ( fle%-=m]s1 beans & peas conta9 #bd p] c5t4 ,! fle%-=m+ con/itu5t ( ! legum9\s se$s is n glut51 z 9 ! gra9 ( ! c]eals1 b a sub/ance t]m$ legum91 :i* s closely resembles ! *eesy matt] ( milk t x has also receiv$ ! "n ( vegetable case94 ,inde$1 ! ,*9ese make a factiti\s *eese out ( peas1 :i* x is difficult to discrim9ate f ! article ( animal orig94 ,beans are us$ z fatt5+ food = cattle1 = :i* purpose !y %\ld be gr\nd into meal1 z o!rwise a l>ge proportion ( _! sub/ance w\ld pass ?r\gh ! animal's body un*ang$4 ,x is n good economy to give a fatt5+ bullock m ?an #c or #d lbs4 weight p] diem2 a l>g] proportion is apt to induce con/ipation4 ,! v small proportion ( ready-=m$ fat1 ! mod]ate am\nt ( />*1 & ! exce$+ly high p]-c5tage ( fle%-=m]s :i* beans conta91 prove t !y are bett] adapt$ z food = bea/s ( bur!n ?an = ! fatt5+ ( /ock4 ,oats1 ,indian corn1 or oil-cake1 w be f\nd to produce a great] increase ( meat ?an equal money's wor? ( beans or peas1 & ,i w\ld !re=e recomm5d ! re/riction ( legum9\s se$s1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 to horses & bulls4 ,x has be5 /at$1 on good au?ority1 t :5 oats are giv5 :ole to horses1 a l>ge proportion passes un*ang$ ?r\gh ! animal's body1 b t on ! addition ( beans1 ! oats are ?or\ghly dige/$4 ,,composition ,,( ,,legum9\s ,,se$s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,common,=eign ,peas4,l5tils4 ,w9t] ,beans4 ,beans4 ,t>es 7=eign74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,wat] #ac4j #ad4e #ad4j #ac4j #ae4e ,fle%-=m]s #be4e #bc4j #bc4e #bd4j #bf4e ,fat-=m]s #dh4e #dh4g #ej4j #ej4e #dg4e ,woody fibre #aj4j #aj4j #aj4j #aj4j #i4j ,m9]al matt] #c4j #c4h #b4e #b4e #a4e ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,oil ,se$s4--,! se$s ( a great v>iety ( plants1 su* z ! flax1 hemp1 rape1 mu/>d1 cotton1 & sunfl[]1 are exce$+ly ri* 9 oil1 "s ( !m conta9+ ne>ly half _! weight ( t sub/ance4 ,( ^! oil-se$s !re are _m :i* might ) advantage be employ$ z fatt5+1 food1 al?\gh "o only--l9se$--has come into g5]al use = t purpose4 ,rape-se$s closely resemble l9se$s 9 composition1 b !y are consid]ably *eap]4 ,!y conta9 an acrid sub/ance1 b ! l>ge proportion ( oil ) :i* x is associat$ almo/ completely disguises its unpleasant flavor4 ,l9se$ is "o ( ! mo/ valuable k9ds ( food :i* c\ld be giv5 to fatt5+ animals4 ,its exce$+ly high proportion ( ready-=m$ fatty matt]1 ! great comp>ative solubility ( its con/itu5ts1 & its mild & agreeable flavor1 con/itute x an article sup]ior to l9se$ cake4 ,! laxative prop]ties ( l9se$ are v decid$2 x %\ld !re=e be giv5 only 9 mod]ate quantities4 ,z peas & beans ex]cise1 z ,i h already /at$1 a relax+ influ5ce ^u ! b[els1 a mixture ( l9se$ & peas or beans w\ld be an excell5t comp\nd1 ! laxative influ5ce ( ! "o be+ correct$ by ! b9d+ t5d5cy ( ! o!r4 ,l9se$ be+ "o ( ! mo/ conc5trat$ fe$+ /uffs 9 use1 x w be f\nd an excell5t addition to bulky food1 su* z *aff & turnips4 ,l9se$ oil has be5 us$ z a fatt5+ food1 b !re is no?+ to be ga9$ by express+ se$s = ! purpose ( us+ _! oil z a fe$+ mat]ial4 ,:5 hay is sc>ce1 & /raw abundant1 ! latt] may be made almo/ z nutriti\s z ! =m] by mix+ x ) l9se$1 & /eam+ ! comp\nd4 ,a /one ( l9se$ & two cwt4 ( oat-/raw *aff1 :5 prop]ly cook$1 con/itute a mo/ economical & nutriti\s food4 ,mr4 ,horne1 :o exp]im5t$ ) l9se$ two or ?ree ye>s ago1 obta9$ results highly favorable to ! nutritive value ( t article4 ,six bullocks 7 select$1 & ea* animal plac$ 9 a sep>ate box4 ,!y 7 f$ ) cut roots--at fir/ ,sw$es1 !n mangels & ,sw$es1 & la/ly1 mangels alone3 9 addition1 !re 7 suppli$ to ea* #f lbs4 r\gh mead[-hay r$uc$ to *aff1 & #e lbs4 oil-cake1 or value to t am\nt4 ,!y 7 divid$ into ?ree lots1 two 9 ea*4 ,lot #a _h #e lbs4 oil-cake = ea* animal2 lot #b1 b>ley & :eat-meal1 equal 9 value to ! #e lbs4 oil-cake2 & lot #c1 an equal money's wor? ( bruis$ l9se$4 ,! oil-cake co/ ,l#aj #afs4 p] ton1 ! mixture ( b>ley & :eat ,l#h #aes4 p] ton1 & ! bruis$ l9se$ ,l#ac p] ton4 ,! exp]im5t la/$ #aab days1 & at its close ! results1 :i* prov$ v favorable to ! bruis$ l9se$1 7 z foll[s3-- ,increase 9 live weight4 ,lot #a4 ,oil-cake #fcg lbs4 ,lot #b4 ,:eat & b>ley-meal #ffg lbs4 ,lot #c4 ,bruis$ l9se$ #gah lbs4 ,dur+ ! #aab days ea* bullock consum$ #e cwt4 oil-cake 7or an equival5t am\nt ( l9se$ or :eat & b>ley71 #f cwt4 hay1 & #ij cwt4 ( roots4 ,! av]age increase 9 ea* animal's weight 0 #ccg lbs4 #bbd lbs4 dead weight4 ,! economic features ( ?is exp]im5t are be/ %[n 9 ! foll[+ figures3-- ,,food ,,consum$4 ,l s4 d4 #e cwt4 oil-cake1 at #ajs4 #f;d4 p] cwt4 #b #ab #f #f cwt4 hay1 at #cs4 p] cwt4 #j #ah #j #af weeks' att5dance1 at #f;d4 p] week #j #h #j --------- ,l#c #ah #f --------- ,ga9$ #af /ones p] week1 at #hs4 p] /one #f #h #j --------- ,balance to pay = #ij cwt4 ( roots #b #i #f ,! manure obta9$ af=d$ a good pr(it4 ,! se$-pods1 or1 z !y are t]m$1 ! bolls ( ! flax1 h be5 recomm5d$ z an excell5t fe$+ /uff4 ,!y are n s nutriti\s z l9se$1 b !y are *eap]1 & :5 produc$ on ! f>m mu/ be an economical food4 ,mr4 ,*>ley1 an intellig5t /ock-fe$] 9 ! c\nty ( ,antrim1 & an em95t au?ority 9 e subject 9 relation to flax1 /rongly recomm5ds ! use ( flax-bolls4 ,he says3-- ,! co/ ( rippl+ is consid]able2 b ,i believe1 = e ,l#a exp5d$1 on an av]age a return is realis$ ( ,l#b1 p>ticul>ly on a f>m/ead :]e _m horses & cattle are regul>ly kept4 ,! flax-bolls conta9 mu* m n\ri%m5t ?an ! l9se$-cake f :i* ! oil has1 ( c\rse1 be5 express$1 & !y =m a mo/ valuable addition to ! w>m food prep>$ dur+ w9t] = ! animals j nam$4 ,i believe !y h also a highly b5eficial effect 9 w>d+ (f int]nal disease1 ow+1 no d\bt1 to ! soo?+ & slightly purgative prop]ties ( ! oil conta9$ 9 ! se$4 ,! *ange made 9 ! appe>ance ( ! animals receiv+ "s ( ! bolls 9 _! /eam$ food is v app>5t aft] a few weeks' trial2 & ! smoo?ness & sleekness ( _! %9+ coats pla9ly %[ ! b5efit d]iv$4 ,is x n surpris+1 ) ?is fact be=e our eyes1 t _m agriculturi/s--inde$1 ,i fe> ! majority--p]si/ 9 ! old-fa%ion$ sy/em ( tak+ ! flax to a wat]+-place ) its valuable freight ( se$ unremov$1 & plunge ! %eaves "u wat]1 los+ !reby1 9 ! mo/ wanton mann]1 ri* fe$+ mat]ials1 wor? f ,l#a to ,l#c p] /atute acre8 ,9 ! foll[+ table1 ! composition ( all ! m important oil-se$s is giv53-- ,,composition ,,( ,,oil-,,se$s1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,dr4 ,,&]son4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,cotton-se$ ,l9se$4 ,rape-se$4,hemp-se$47decorticat$74 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,wat] #g4ej #g4ac #f4dg #f4eg ,oil #cd4jj #cf4ha #ca4hd #ca4bd ,album9\s comp\nds 7,fle%-=m]s7 #bd4dd #ba4ej #bb4fj #ca4hf ,gum1 mucilage1 sug>1 c4 #ah4gc #ad4ab #cj4gc #cb4gb ,woody-fibre _/ #f4hf _/ #g4cj ,m9]al matt] 7a%7 #c4cc #h4ig #f4cg #h4ia ---------------------------------------- ---- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,f5ugreek-se$ is us$ v ext5sively 9 ! prep>ation ( ,condim5tal food4 ,x is (t5 giv5 to horses out ( condition4 ,%eep h be5 lib]ally suppli$ ) ?is food1 :i*1 h[ev]1 x is /at$1 communicates a disagreeable flavor to ! mutton4 ,x conta9s1 accord+ to ,voelck]1 ! foll[+3-- ,wat] #aa4iid ,fle%-=m]s #bf4ffe ,/>*1 gum1 & pect9 #cg4aaa ,sug> #b4bbj ,fatty & oily matt]s #h4cbj ,woody fibre #aj4hbj ,inorganic matt] #b4hgj ------- #ajj4jjj ,,section ,,vii4 ,,oil-,,cakes1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,artificial ,,foods4 ,oil-se$s1 on be+ subject$ to consid]able pressure1 "p ) a l>ge proportion ( _! oil1 ! rema9+ "p ( t fluid1 toge!r ) ! v>i\s o!r +r$i5ts ( ! se$s1 con/itute ! sub/ances s well kn[n to agriculturi/s "u ! "n ( oil-cakes4 ,^! cakes conta9 a l>g] proportion ( ready-=m$ fatty matt] ?an is f\nd 9 any o!r fe$+ /uff1 & an am\nt ( fle%-=m+ pr9ciples f> great] ?an t yield$ by corn1 or ev5 by beans2 ! manure1 too1 :i* is produc$ by ! cattle f$ ^u "s ( !m1 is (t5 good value = ne>ly half ! sum exp5d$ on ! food4 ,! pr9cipal k9ds ( oil-cake employ$ = fe$+ purposes are ! foll[+3--,l9se$-cake1 ,rape-cake1 & cotton-se$ cake4 ,poppy cake is n mu* 9 use4 ,_! av]age composition1 d$uc$ f ! results ( num]\s analyses made by ,voelck]1 ,&]son1 & myself1 are %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,,av]age ,,composition ,,( ,,oil-,,cakes4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,l9se$ ,decorticat$ ,cake1 ,rape ,cottonse$ ,poppy ,engli%4 ,cake4 ,cake4 ,cake4 ---------------------------------- ,wat] #ab #aa #i #ab ,fle%-=m+ pr9ciples #bh #cj #ch #cb ,oil #aj #aa #ac #f ,gum1 mucilage1 c4 #cd #cj #bc #cj ,woody fibre #aj #aj #i #i ,m9]al matt] 7a%7 #f #h #h #a ---------------------------------- #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,l9se$ ,cake4--,)9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury great att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! fe$+ ( /ock1 & ! effects are obs]vable 9 ! improv$ quality & greatly increas$ weight ( ! animals4 ,9 ! ye> #ahci ! av]age weight ( ! horn$ bea/s f ,irel& sold 9 ! ,london m>ket 0 only #fej lbs41 :]eas at ! pres5t "t _! av]age weight is ab\t #gdj lbs4 ,?is rem>kable advance 9 ! production ( meat is 9 great "p due to ! cattle be+ m lib]ally suppli$ ) food1 & t1 too1 ( a m conc5trat$ nature4 ,! practice ( fe$+ animals de/9$ = ! %ambles exclusively on roots conta9+ #ij & ev5 #ie p] c5t4 ( wat]1 :i* once prevail$ s g5]ally 9 ?is c\ntry1 is n[ limit$ to ! f>m/eads ( a few old-fa%ion$ fe$]s2 & ! necessity = ! admixture ( highly-nutriti\s alim5t ) ! bulky sub/ances :i* =m ! /aple food ( /ock is almo/ univ]sally recognis$4 ,( conc5trat$ foods us$ = fatt5+ /ock1 none /&s high] 9 ! e/imation ( ! f>m] ?an l9se$-cake1 al?\gh x appe>s to me t ! price ( ! article is some:at too high 9 relation to its am\nt ( nutrim5t1 & t corn1 if its price be mod]ate1 is a m economical food4 ,/raw1 turnips1 & mangels =m ! bone & s9ew ( ! animals1 & enable !m to c>ry on ! vital op]ations :i* are ess5tial to _! exi/5ce4 ,oil-cake & simil> foods are supplem5tal1 & contribute directly to ! animal's increase1 s t _! nutritive value appe>s to be great] ?an x really is4 ,if an animal 7 f$ exclusively ^u oil-cake1 ! great] "p ( x w\ld be appropriat$ to ! rep>ation ( ! wa/e ( ! body1 & ! re/ w\ld be conv]t$ into p]man5t fle%--! animal's increase4 ,! addition ( /raw w\ld produce a /ill fur!r increase 9 ! animal's weight--an increase :i* w\ld be directly proportionate to ! am\nt ( /raw consum$4 ,?us x w be se5 t1 :atev] ! /aple food may be1 x w h to su/a9 ! life ( ! animal1 & w be pr9cipally exp5d$ = t purpose1 :]eas ! supplem5tal food w be *iefly1 if n entirely1 made use ( 9 increas+ ! weight ( fle%4 ,to me x appe>s manife/ly incorrect to consid]1 z fe$]s practically d1 ! value ( l9se$-cake to be sev5 or eight times great] ?an t ( oat-/raw1 & tw5ty times great] ?an t ( roots4 ,let u assume ! case ( an animal f$ ^u roots1 /raw1 & oil-cake4 ,sev5ty-five p] c5t4 ( its food1 say1 is exp5d$ 9 repair+ ! wa/e ( its body1 & #be p] c5t4 is /or$ up 9 its increase4 ,n[1 if ! ?ree k9ds ( food contribut$ proportionately to ! rep>ation ( ! body & to its increase1 ! roots & /raw w\ld be f\nd to possess a f> high] nutritive value1 9 relation to ! oil-cake1 ?an is usually ascrib$ to !m4 ,b x may be ask$ :y /raw1 if x be relatively a mu* m economical fe$+ /uff ?an oil-cake1 is n employ$ to ! complete exclusion ( ! latt]4 ,i h already giv5 an answ] to su* a "q1 namely1 t animals ?rive bett] on a diet compos$ p>tly ( bulky1 p>tly ( conc5trat$ alim5ts4 ,?is mu*1 h[ev]1 is c]ta91 t animals c be pr(itably f$ ^u roots & /raw1 :il/ x is equally c]ta9 t to fe$ !m ^u oil-cake alone 7assum+ !m to ?rive ^u su* a diet7 w\ld entail a v heavy loss ^u ! fe$]4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be admitt$ t ! oil ( ! l9se$-cake ex]cises 9 all probability a b5eficial influ5ce on ! dige/ion ( ! animal1 s t ! nutritive value ( ! article may be some:at high] ?an its m]e composition w\ld indicate4 ,! quantity ( oil-cake giv5 to fatt5+ /ock v>ies f #b lbs4 to #ad lbs4 p] diem4 ,i believe !re is no great] mi/ake made by fe$]s ?an t ( giv+ excessive quantities ( ?is sub/ance to /ock4 ,if _! object 9 s do+ be to enri* _! manure-heap1 !y w\ld f9d x f> m economical to add ! cake directly to ! manure--or r ( add+ rape-cake to x1 = ?is v>iety ( cake is fully z valuable = manurial purposes z ! l9se$-cake1 & is ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 *eap]4 ,a l>g] quantity ( oil-cake ?an #g lbs4 daily %\ld n be giv5 to ev5 ! l>ge/-siz$ mil* c[s or fatt5+ bullocks4 ,if a l>g] am\nt be employ$1 x w pass un*ang$ ?r\gh ! animal's body4 ,"y cattle may ) advantage be suppli$ ) f #a to #c lbs41 accord+ to _! size1 & f #a_/b to #a lb4 w be a suffici5t quantity = %eep4 ,intellig5t fe$]s h rem>k$1 t cattle :i* _h be5 always suppli$ ) a mod]ate all[ance ( ?is food fatt5$ m readily ^u x1 dur+ _! f9i%+ /age1 ?an did /ock :i* _h n be5 accu/om$ to its use4 ,adult]ation ( ,l9se$ ,cake4--,! great drawback to ! use ( l9se$-cake is ! liability ( ! article to be adult]at$4 ,! sophi/ication is sometimes ( a h>mless nature1 if we except its injuri\s effect on ! f>m]'s pocket2 b n unfrequ5tly ! sub/ances add$ to ! cakes possess prop]ties :i* completely unfit !m to be us$ z food4 ,among/ ! injuri\s sub/ances f\nd 9 l9se$ & l9se$-cake ,i may m5tion ! se$s ( ! purg+-flax1 d>nel1 spurry1 corn-cockle1 curcus-beans1 & ca/or-oil beans4 ,sev]al ( ^! se$s are highly dra/ic purgatives1 & !y h be5 kn[n to cause int5se inflammation ( ! b[els ( animals f$ ^u oil-cake1 ( :i* !y compos$ b a small proportion4 ,among/ ! adult]ations ( l9se$-cake1 :i* l[] its nutritive value )\t imp>t+ to x any injuri\s prop]ties1 are ! se$s ( ! c]eals & ! grasses1 bran1 & flax-/raw4 ,little black se$s belong+ to v>i\s species ( ,polygonum1 are v (t5 pres5t 9 ev5 good cakes2 !y are v indige/ible1 b o!rwise are n injuri\s4 ,rape-cake is /at$ to be occasionally us$ z adult]ant ( ! m co/ly l9se$1 b ,i h nev] met ) an admixture ( ! two articles4 ,! only way 9 :i* a correct e/imate ( ! value ( l9se$-cake c be arriv$ at is by a comb9$ microscopical & *emical analysis2 b z ! fe$] is n always dispos$ to incur ! co/ ( ?is process1 he %\ld make himself acqua9t$ ) ! *>act]i/ic ( ! g5u9e cake1 9 ord] to be able to discrim9ate1 z f> z possible1 betwe5 x & ! sophi/icat$ article4 ,i w indicate a few ( ! m prom95t features ( cake ( excell5t quality1 & po9t out a few simple & easily-p]=m$ te/s1 :i* may s]ve to detect ! exi/5ce ( gross adult]ation4 ,good cake is h>d1 ( a r$di%-br[n color1 uni=m 9 appe>ance1 & possesses a r pleasant flavor & od\r4 ,! adult]at$ cake is commonly ( a greyi% hue1 & has a disagreeable od\r4 ,a weigh$ quantity ( ! cake--say #ajj gra9s--9 ! /ate ( p[d] %\ld be =m$ into a pa/e ) an ounce ( wat]2 if x be good1 ! pa/e w be light color$1 mod]ately /iff1 & end[$ ) a pleasant od\r & flavor4 ,if ! pa/e be ?91 ! pres5ce ( bran1 or ( grass se$s1 is probable4 ,! latt] are easily se5 ?r\gh a magnify+-glass2 inde$1 mo/ ( !m are readily recognisable by ! unassi/$ eye3 !y may1 !re=e1 be pick$ out1 & _! weight det]m9$4 ,s&--a frequ5t adult]ant--may be detect$ by mix+ a small weigh$ quantity ( ! p[d]$ cake ) ab\t twelve times its weight ( wat]1 all[+ ! mixture to /& = half an h\r1 & collect+ & weigh+ ! s& :i* w be f\nd at ! bottom ( ! vessel employ$4 ,if !re be bran pres5t x w be f\nd ly+ on ! s&1 & its /ructure is suffici5tly di/9ct to admit ( its detection by a m]e glance4 ,!re are a great v>iety ( l9se$-cakes 9 ! m>ket1 ( :i* ! home-made article is ! be/4 ,on ! ,cont95t ! oil-se$s are subject$ to ! action ( heat 9 ord] to obta9 f !m a great] yield ( oil4 ,_! cakes1 !re=e1 conta9 less oil1 & _! fle%-=m+ pr9ciples are less soluble1 9 comp>ison ) ,briti% l9se$-cake4 ,next to our home-made oil-cakes1 ! ,am]ican is ! be/4 ,inde$1 ,i h met ) "s ,am]ican cakes :i* 7 equal to ! be/ ,engli%4 ,rape ,cake4--,! use ( rape-cake 0 limit$ almo/ completely to ! f]tilis+ ( ! soil until ! late ,mr4 ,pusey1 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ! t5? volume ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&1 advocat$ its employm5t z a sub/itute = ! m co/ly l9se$-cake4 ,! recomm5dation ( ?is di/+ui%$ agriculturi/ has n be5 disreg>d$2 & s9ce 8 "t ! use ( ?is cake z a fe$+ /uff has be5 /eadily on ! increase1 & at ! pres5t "t its annual consumption is n f> %ort ( #ej1jjj tons4 ,9 relation to ! nutritive value ( rape-cake !re exi/s consid]able div]sity ( op9ion4 ,c]ta9 fe$]s ass]t t animals f$ ^u x g out ( condition2 o!rs1 :il/ admitt+ t /ock ?rive ^u x1 ma9ta9 ! economic sup]iority ( l9se$-cake2 :il/ a ?ird set believe rape-cake to be ! mo/ economical ( fe$+-/uffs4 ,h[ are we to acc\nt = ^! great diff]5ces ( op9ion--n among/ !ori/s1 be x obs]v$1 b among/ practical m58 ,x is n difficult to expla9 !m away satisfactorily4 ,rape-cake & l9se$-cake are ab\t equally ri* 9 muscle & fat-=m+ pr9ciples2 &1 suppos+ bo? to be equally well-flavor$1 !re c be no d\bt b t "o is j z n\ri%+ z ! o!r4 ,b x s happ5s t a l>ge proportion ( ! rape-cake :i* comes into ! ,briti% m>ket possesses a flavor :i* r5d]s x v disagreeable to animals4 ,"o v>iety--namely1 ! ,ea/ ,indian--is almo/ poison\s1 :il/ ! v be/ k9d is slightly inf]ior to l9se$-cake4 ,n[1 if an exp]im5t ) a v inf]ior k9d ( rape-cake & a good v>iety ( l9se$-cake 7 tri$1 :o c d\bt b t ! results w\ld be v unfavorable to ! =m] article8 ,mr4 ,callan1#cf ( ,ra?f>nham1 c\nty ,dubl92 ,mr4 ,bird1#cg ( ,r5ton ,b>ns1 & "s o!r fe$]s1 :o f\nd rape-cake to be worse ?an useless1 exp]im5t$1 9 all probability1 ) an adult]at$ article1 = !y d n appe> to h _h ! cake analys$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? ^: exp]i5ce ) rape-cake has prov$ favorable1 mu/ h employ$ ! article 9 a g5u9e /ate1 fre%1 & mod]ately well-flavor$4 ,x is notewor?y t among/ ! advocates = ! use ( rape-cake z a sub/itute--p>tly or entirely--= ! m co/ly l9se$-cake1 are to be f\nd ! mo/ successful fe$]s 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,horsfall1 ,me*i1 ,lawr5ce1 ,bond1 ,hope1 & _m o!r fe$]s ( equal celebrity1 h assign$ to rape-cake ! highe/ place1 9 an economic po9t ( view1 among/ ! conc5trat$ fe$+ /uffs4 ,mr4 ,me*i says3--,i inv>iably give to all my animals z mu* rape-cake z !y *oose to eat1 h[ev] abundant _! roots or gre5 food may be4 ,x pays 9 _m ways1 & n to d ?is is a great pecuni>y mi/ake4 ,ev5 :5 f$ on gre5 rape1 !y w eat rape-cake abundantly4 ,my cattle are n[ "u cov]1 eat+ ! /eam$ *aff1 rape-cake1 malt-combs1 & bran1 all mix$ toge!r 9 /rict accordance ) ! proportions nam$ by ,mr4 ,horsfall 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 vol4 xviii41 p4 #aej1ch :i* ,i f9d by f> ! mo/ pr(itable mode ( fe$+ bullocks & c[s4 ,mr4 ,hope1 ( ,ed9burgh1 /ates t rape-cake is ! be/ sub/itute = turnips1 & t1 except+ cases :]e spuri\s k9ds _h be5 us$1 he nev] knew bullocks or mil* c[s to refuse x4 ,?is g5tleman /ates t x is be/ giv5 9 comb9ation ) locu/-beans1 or a mixture ( locu/-beans & ,indian corn2 & sugge/s ! proportions set d[n 9 ! tables z ! be/ adapt$ = lean cattle2 b ,i ?9k ab\t two-?irds ( ! quantities w\ld be q suffici5t4 ,fe$ p] week4 ,p] week4 lbs4 s4 d4 ,rape-cake at ,l#e #aes4 p] ton #h #b #aj-a_/b ,d4 d4 #aj #c #g ,mixture ( two-?irds rape-cake & "o-?ird locu/-beans ,l#f #h #c #j ,d4 d4 #aj #c #i ,rape-cake1 locu/-beans1 & ,indian ,corn 9 equal proportions #h #c #b-a_/b ,d4 d4 #aj #c #aa-a_/d ,an intellig5t ,scot* dairy f>m] be>s ! foll[+ te/imony 9 favor ( ?is cake3-- ,i h tri$ pease-meal1 bean-meal1 oat-meal1 & l9se$-cake1 & aft] c>efully not+ ! results1 ,i consid] rape-cake1 weight = weight1 at lea/ equal to any ( !m = mil* c[s2 & if ,i give ! same money value = ea*1 ,i get at lea/ "o-?ird m produce1 & ! butt] is always ( a v sup]ior quality4 ,two ye>s ago1 ,i took "s ( my be/ oats 7#da lbs4 p] bu%el71 & gr\nd !m = ! c[s1 & al?\gh ,i 0 at ab\t "o-?ird m exp5se1 ,i lo/ fully "o-?ird ( ! produce t ,i _h by us+ rape-cake4 ,i always dissolve x by p\r+ boil+ wat] on x1 & give ea* c[ #f lbs4 daily4 ,i h tri$ a l>g] quantity1 & f\nd ,i 0 fully repaid = ! extra exp5se4 ,i g5]ally use x ! mo/ ( ! summ]1 b always dur+ ! spr+ mon?s4 ,a numb] ( my neighb\rs :o h tri$ x all agree t x is ! be/ & *eape/ fe$ = mil* c[s !y h us$4--,nor? ,briti% ,agriculturi/1 ,ed9burgh1 ,febru>y #bi1 #ahfj4 ,! be/ k9ds ( rape-cake come f ,g]many & ,d5m>k4 ,:5 nei!r too old nor too fre%1 & ( a pale-gre5 color1 ^! =eign cakes are tol]ably well-flavor$1 & are b slightly inf]ior to good l9se$-cake4 ,mo/ v>ieties ( ?is cake1 h[ev]1 conta9 a small proportion ( acrid matt]1 :i* (t5 r5d]s !m m or less di/a/eful to /ock1 m p>ticul>ly to cattle4 ,?is sub/ance may be r5d]$ q innocu\s by /eam+ or boil+ ! cake2 ei!r ( ^! processes w also1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,lawr5ce1 de/roy ! disagreeable flavor :i* mu/>d-se$--a frequ5t adult]ant ( rape-cake--conf]s ^u t article4 ,molasses or treacle is an excell5t adjunct to ! cake1 z x s]ves 9 a great measure to correct its some:at unpleasant flavor4 ,c>ob1 or locu/-beans1 answ]1 p]haps bett]1 ! same purpose4 ,x is bett]1 z a g5]al rule1 to give less rape-cake ?an l9se$-cake1 unless ! pale-gre5 k9d to :i* ,i h ref]r$ is obta9able2 t v>iety may be l>gely employ$4 ,! animals %\ld be gradually accu/om$ to its use4 ,at fir/1 9 ! case ( bullocks1 !y %\ld get only #a lb4 p] diem1 & ! quantity %\ld be gradually increas$ to ab\t #d lbs42 b ,i w\ld n advise1 "u any circum/ances1 a l>g] daily all[ance ?an #e lbs4 ,giv5 9 mod]ate am\nts1 x w1 suppos+ x to be ( fair quality1 be f\nd to give a bett] return 9 meat ?an almo/ any o!r k9d ( conc5trat$ food2 &1 :at is ( great importance1 x w n injuri\sly affect ! animal's heal?4 ,our exp]i5ce ( ! use ( rape-cake1 says ,mr4 ,lawr5ce1 ?us us$ 7cook$71 ext5ds ov] a p]iod ( t5 ye>s ( fe$+ f #bj to #bd bullocks annually4 ,we h n _h a s+le dea? dur+ t p]iod1 & ! animals h be5 rem>kably free f any k9d ( ailm5t4 ,rape-cake ( good quality possesses a d>k-gre5 color 7! gre5] ! bett]71 & :5 brok5 exhibits a mottl$ aspect--yell[i% & d>k-br[n spots4 ,sometimes a tol]ably good specim5 has a br[ni% color2 b ! ,g]man & ,dani% cakes are always ( a gre5i% hue4 ,! odor is /rong] ?an t ( l9se$-cake1 & diff]s b little f t ( rape-oil4 ,! only s]i\s adult]ation ( rape-cake is ! addition to x ( mu/>d-se$--sometimes accid5tally--less frequ5tly1 z ,i believe1 int5tionally4 ,?is sophi/ication admits ( easy detection4 ,scrape into small p>ticles ab\t half an ounce ( ! cake1 add six times its weight ( wat]1 =m ! solid & liquid into a pa/e1 & all[ ! mixture to /& = a few h\rs4 ,if ! cake conta9 mu/>d ! *>act]i/ic odor ( t sub/ance w be evolv$1 & its int5sity w af=d a r\gh indication ( ! am\nt ( ! adult]ant4 ,z "s specim5s ( g5u9e rape-cake possess a some:at pung5t odor1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to conf\nd x ) t ( mu/>d2 b1 inde$1 x is n difficult to discrim9ate ! latt]4 ,! pa/e ( rape-cake :i* conta9s an injuri\s proportion ( mu/>d1 has a v pung5t flavor4 ,rape-cake improves some:at if kept = say six mon?s2 b old cake is worse ?an ! fre% article4 ,cottonse$ ,cake is "o ( ! mo/ valuable fe$+ /uffs t h come into use ( late ye>s4 ,its *emical composition %[s x to be ab\t equal to t ( ! be/ l9se$-cake1 & z its price is mu* l[] ?an t ( ! latt]1 x may be fairly consid]$ a m economical food4 ,^! rem>ks apply only to ! %ell$1 or decorticat$ se$-cake1 = ! article prep>$ f ! :ole se$ is ( v inf]ior composition1 & %\ld nev] be employ$4 ,! use ( ! cake made f ! :ole se$ has prov$ fatal 9 _m in/ances1 n f its possess+ any poison\s quality1 b 9 consequ5ce ( its h>d1 indige/ible husk1 accumulat+ 91 & inflam+1 ! animal's b[els4 ,! composition ( ?is cake v>ies some:at4 ,! foll[+ analysis ( a sample f "o ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 import$ by ,messrs4 ,g4 ,seagrave & ,co41 ( ,liv]pool1 0 made by me3-- ,,composition ,,( ,,decorticat$ ,,cotton-,,se$ ,,cake4 ,wat] #h4bj ,oil #aj4af ,album9\s1 or fle%-=m+ pr9ciples #dj4be ,gum1 sug>1 c4 #ba4aj ,fibre #i4bc ,a% 7m9]al matt]7 #aa4jf ------ #ajj4jj ,9 "s specim5s s mu* z #af p] c5t4 ( oil has be5 f\nd4 ,! pur*as] ( cotton-se$ cake %\ld be c]ta9 t x is n old & m\ldy1 :i* is frequ5tly ! case4 ,! rec5tly prep>$ cake has a v yell[ color1 :i* becomes fa9t] z ! cake becomes old]4 ,fre%ness is a v desirable quality 9 ne>ly e k9d ( cake4 ,i h kn[n animals to h a great] reli% =1 & ?rive bett] ^u1 home-made l9se$-cake ?an ^u cake ( =eign manufacture ( sup]ior composition1 b ( great] age4 ,palm-nut ,meal1 or ,cake is a v valuable fatt5+ food4 ,x is extremely ri* 9 ready-=m$ fatty matt]s1 b at ! same "t x is n v defici5t 9 album9\s sub/ances4 ,its /rong flavor is r a drawback to its use 9 ! case ( all ! f>m animals1 except pigs4 ,?is difficulty may1 h[ev]1 be got ov] by us+ ! cake 9 mod]ate quantities1 & by comb9+ x ) o!r food possess$ ( a good flavor4 ,reports ( practical trials made ) ?is food appe> to h almo/ uni=mly giv5 v favorable results4 ,?is food is only ?ree or f\r ye>s 9 use4 ,! fir/ samples t came into my h& 7 ri*] 9 fatty matt]s ?an ^? :i* ,i h rec5tly exam9$4 ,! av]age results ( eight analyses made f #ahfd to #ahff 7 z foll[s3-- #ajj ,,p>ts ,,conta9$-- ,wat] #g4dh ,album9\s matt]s #ag4bf ,fatty sub/ances #ba4ei ,gum1 sug>1 c4 #cb4ad ,fibre #ag4ah ,m9]al matt] #d4ce ------ #ajj4jj ,?is ye> ,i h n f\nd m ?an #ag p] c5t4 ( fat 9 any sample ( palm-nut cake4 ,"o specim5 :i* ,i analys$ = ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,alex&]1 se$ m]*ant1 ( ,dubl91 _h ! foll[+ composition3-- ,wat] #i4bd ,album9\s matt]s #ai4bh ,fatty matt]s #i4cf ,gum1 />*1 fibre1 c4 #ec4bb ,m9]al matt]s #h4ij ------ #ajj4jj ,b al?\gh inf]ior samples are occasionally met )1 ,i may say ( palm-nut cake t on ! :ole x is a food :i* des]ves to be l>gely us$1 & :i* at its pres5t price is ! mo/ economical s\rce ( fat4 ,to mil*-c[s & fatt5+ cattle ab\t #c lbs4 p] diem may be giv52 #a_/d lb4 w be suffici5t = "y %eep1 :il/ pigs may be v lib]ally suppli$ ) ?is food4 ,! ,locu/1 or ,c>ob ,bean1 is n[ l>gely us$ by ! /ock-fe$]4 ,x is extremely ri* 9 sug>1 & is !re=e an excell5t fatt5+ & milk-produc+ food4 ,x is us$ l>gely 9 ! prep>ation ( ! sweet k9ds ( artificial food = cattle4 ,x is n well adapt$ = "y animals1 ow+ to its defici5cy ( album9\s matt]s4 ,! foll[+ analysis %[s ! av]age composition ( ?is food3-- ,wat] #ad ,sug> #ej ,album9\s matt]s #h ,oil #a ,gum1 c4 #bj ,woody fibre #e ,a% #b --- #ajj ,dates h be5 us$1 b only 9 v small quantities1 z cattle food4 ,_! composition is n con/ant1 "s samples be+ greatly inf]ior 9 nutritive p[] to o!rs2 !y are ri* 9 sug>1 & if !y 7 obta9$ 9 suffici5t quantities !y might1 l c>ob-beans1 come into g5]al use ) ! /ock-fe$]4 ,!y conta9 ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( fle%-=m]s1 #aj p] c5t4 ( fat-=m]s 7*iefly sug>71 & #b p] c5t4 ( m9]al matt]4 ,di/ill]y & brew]y dregs 7or wa%7 are *iefly us$ by dairym54 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,&]son1 an imp]ial gallon 7#gjj1jjj gra9s7 ( di/ill]y wa% 7f a di/ill]y ne> ,ed9burgh7 conta9$ #d1acj gra9s ( organic matt]1 & #bgf gra9s ( m9]al sub/ances4 ,he consid]s t #ae gallons ( ?is /uff 7 equal 9 nutritive mat]ials to #ajj p\nds ( turnips4 ,! foll[+ is ! c5tesimal composition ( brew]y wa%3-- ,wat] #ge4he ,album9\s matt]s #j4fb ,gummy matt]s #a4jf ,o!r organic matt] 7husks1 c47 #ba4bh ,m9]al matt]s #a4ai ------ #ajj4jj ,molasses con/itute a v fatt5+ food1 sometimes1 b n (t51 giv5 to /ock4 ,treacle & molasses are compos$ ( non-cry/allisable sug>1 cane-sug>1 wat]1 & sal9e & o!r impurities4 ,! composition ( av]age specim5s ( molasses1 z import$1 is z foll[s3-- ,cane-sug> #ej ,non-cry/allisable sug> & grape-sug> #be ,wat]1 sal9e matt]1 & organic impurities #be --- #ajj ,if admitt$ duty free1 molasses w\ld be a mu* m economical food ?an x n[ is1 b at its pres5t price x mu/ be reg>d$ z a m]e flavor+ food4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,cooke ,burr\ghs1 a ,we/ ,suffolk fe$]1 :o us$ treacle 9 #ahfd1 gives ! foll[+ mode ( mix+ x ) o!r food3-- ,my plan has be5 7& is /ill c>ri$ on7 to give to ea* bullock p] day 7divid$ into ?ree meals7 "o p9t ( treacle dissolv$ 9 two gallons ( wat]1 & spr9kl$1 by means ( a g>d5 wat]-pot1 ov] f\r bu%els ( cut *aff 7two-?irds /raw & "o-?ird hay7 among/ :i* a qu>t] ( a peck ( meal 7b>ley & :eat7 is mix$1 ! animals also hav+ free access to wat]4 ,! co/ ( ! treacle & meal toge!r is ab\t #cs4 p] bullock p] week4 ,my bullocks 7two-ye> old ,%or?orns7 h gr[n & ?riv$ ^u ! above diet to my utmo/ satisfaction2 & ev5 dur+ ! pres5t dry & w>m wea!r !y ev9ce no l+]+ aft] roots or grass4 ,i am well aw>e t ! use ( treacle = neat /ock is no new discov]y ( my own1 z ,i le>nt ! sy/em :ile on a visit to a fri5d 9 ,norfolk1 :]e "s grazi]s h us$ x 9 comb9ation ) roots dur+ _m ye>s pa/4 ,p]haps flax-se$ 7l9se$7 boil$ into a jelly & us$ 9 a simil> way1 may be a m pr(itable sub/itute = roots ?an treacle2 b ! prep>ation ( x is att5d$ ) m exp5se & tr\ble4 ,,section ,,viii4 ,,condim5tal ,,food4 ,al?\gh e f>m] may n h us$1 !re are few :o h n he>d ( ,?orley's ,condim5tal ,food = ,cattle4 ,?is no/rum is a comp\nd ( "s ( ! ord9>y foods ) c]ta9 well-kn[n aromatic & c>m9ative sub/ances4 ,x possesses a v agreeable flavor1 & x is !re=e mu* reli%$ by horses1 & inde$ by e k9d ( /ock4 ,! price ( ?is comp\nd 0 at fir/ s mu* z ,l#fj p] ton2 b ow+ to competition1 & p]haps to ! attacks made ^u ! enorm\sly high price ( ?is article1 x is n[ to be obta9$ at prices v>y+ f ,l#ab to ,l#bd p] ton4 ,! inv5tor ( condim5tal food1 & ! num]\s fabricators ( t comp\nd1 claim = x m]its ( no ord9>y nature4 ,its use1 !y ass]t1 n only ma9ta9s ! animals f$ ^u x 9 excell5t heal?1 b x also ex]cises s rem>kable an action ^u ! adipose tissues t fat accumulates to an imm5se ext5t4 ,moreov]1 x is said t an animal suppli$ ) a v mod]ate daily modicum ( ?is wond]ful comp\nd1 w consume less ( its ord9>y food1 ?\gh rapidly becom+ fat4 ,n[1 if ^! ass]tions 7 p]fectly1 or ev5 approximatively1 true1 ,mr4 ,?orley w\ld be well des]v+ ( a ni*e 9 ! temple ( fame1 & /ock-fe$]s w\ld ev] reg>d him z a b5efactor to 8 own & ! bov9e species2 b ,i fe> t ,mr4 ,?orley's imag9ation out/ripp$ 8 reason :5 he describ$ 9 su* gl[+ t]ms ! wond]ful virtues ( 8 tonic food4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,lawes1 ( ,ro?am/ead1 ?an :om !re is no m accurate exp]im5t] 9 agricultural practice1 /ates t he made _m c>eful trials ) ,?orley's food1 & t he nev] f\nd x to ex]cise ! slighte/ influ5ce ^u ! nutrition ( ! animals f$ ^u x4 ,9 8 report ^u ?is subject1 ,mr4 ,lawes1 aft] describ+ ! exp]im5ts :i* he made1 sums up z foll[s3-- ,!re is no?+ !re=e 9 ! above results to recomm5d ! use ( ,?orley's condim5t ) inf]ior fatt5+ food1 to ^? :o fe$ pigs = pr(it4 ,9 fact1 ! foll[+ balance-%eet ( ! exp]im5t %[s t1 9 fatt5+ = twelve weeks1 !re 0 a balance ( ,l#a #ajs4 #aa;d4 9 favor ( ! lot f$ )\t ,?orley's food1 not)/&+ t "o ( ! pigs 9 t lot did badly ?r\gh\t ! exp]im5t1 z above /at$4 ,,lot #a4--,,) ,,b>ley-,,meal ,,& ,,bran4 ,l s4 d4 #d pigs b\ght 9 at #das4 #f;d4 ea* #h #f #j #a1hfj-c_/d lbs4 b>ley1 at #cgs4 #f;d4 p] qu>t] ( #daf lbs41 includ+ gr9d+ #h #g #h-c_/d #a1jbd-c_/d lbs4 bran at #es4 #f;d4 p] cwt4 #b #aj #c-c_/d ------------ #ai #d #j-a_/b #hh /one #e lbs4 ( pork sold at #ds4 #d;d4 p] /one1 s9k+ ! (fal #ai #d #j-a_/b ,,lot #b4--,,) ,,b>ley-,,meal1 ,,bran1 ,,& ,,?orley',s ,,food4 ,l s4 d4 #d pigs b\ght 9 at #das4 #f;d4 ea* #h #f #j #a1hfb-c_/d lbs4 b>ley1 at #cgs4 #f;d4 p] qu>t] ( #daf lbs41 includ+ gr9d+ #h #g #aj-a_/d #a1jbj-c_/d lbs4 bran at #es4 #f;d4 p] cwt4 #b #aj #a-a_/b #aje lbs4 ,?orley's food at #djs4 p] cwt4 #a #ag #f ------------ #ba #a #e-c_/d #ij /one #a lb4 pork sold at #ds4 #d;d4 p] /one1 s9k+ ! (fal #ai #aj #f-a_/b ------------ #a #aj #aa-a_/d ,! results ( ^! exp]im5ts ) pigs1 9 :i* ,?orley's condim5t 0 us$ ) inf]ior fatt5+ food1 may be summ$ up z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! addition ( ,?orley's condim5tal food increas$ ! am\nt ( food consum$ by a giv5 weight ( animal )9 a giv5 "t4 #b4 ,:5 ,?orley's condim5t 0 giv5 x requir$ m food to produce a giv5 am\nt ( increase 9 live-weight4 #c4 ,9 fatt5+ = twelve weeks !re 0 a diff]5ce ( ,l#a #ajs4 #aa;d4 on ! lot ( #d pigs 9 favor ( b>ley-meal & bran alone1 ov] b>ley-meal1 bran1 & ,?orley's food 9 addition4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&1 held "s "t ago1 ! subject ( ! nutrim5tal value ( condim5tal cattle food 0 discuss$4 ,z !re is sc>cely any k9d ( quack]y1 f _s manife/ations to ,holl[ay's pills1 t has n got its believ]s1 !re 71 z might h be5 anticipat$1 "s voices rais$ at ?is meet+ 9 favor ( ,?orley's food2 b ! s5se ( ! meet+ 0 decid$ly aga9/ x4 ,pr(essor ,simonds pron\nc$ x to be wor?less4 ,al?\gh ! great] numb] ( equ9e proprietors & fe$]s ( /ock are too s5sible to ?r[ _! money away 9 ! pur*ase ( ^? co/ly foods1 /ill !re are by no means an insignificant numb] :o employ x1 "u ! idea t x pres]ves ! heal? ( ! animals2 ^! /uffs are also highly appreciat$ by _m grooms & h]ds4 ,n[1 = ! in=mation ( all believ]s1 ,i may /ate t !re is no my/]y :atev] 9 ! nature ( condim5tal cattle foods4 ,!y consi/ 9 sub/ance ( su* matt]s z l9se$-cake1 ,indian corn1 rice1 bean-meal1 locu/-beans1 & malt-comb+s4 ,^! sub/ances are flavor$ by ! addition ( turm]ic-root1 g+]1 cori&]-se$1 c>raway-se$1 f5ugreek-se$1 anise$1 liquorice1 & simil> sub/ances4 ,9 addition to ! nutritive & flavor\s articles employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( ^! foods1 purely m$ic9al sub/ances are also made use ( ) ! idea t !y w\ld prove useful 9 ma9ta9+ ! heal? & /imulat+ ! appetite ( ! animals4 ,^! m$ic9al +r$i5ts con/itute b a small proportion ( ! comp\nd1 al?\gh !y add consid]ably to ! co/ ( manufacture4 ,! foll[+ is a =mula = a condim5tal food1 :i* 9 e respect w be f\nd fully equal1 if n sup]ior1 to ! ord9>y high-pric$ articles4 cwt4 qrs4 lbs4 ,l9se$-meal1 or cake #g #j #j ,locu/ beans 7gr\nd7 #h #j #j ,indian corn #d #a #j ,p[d]$ turm]ic #j #a #d ,g+] #j #j #c ,f5ugreek-se$ #j #j #b ,g5tian #j #j #aj ,cream ( t>t> #j #j #b ,sulphur #j #j #bj ,common salt #j #j #aj ,cori&]-se$ #j #j #e ----------------- ,"o ton4 ,a ton ( condim5tal food manufactur$ accord+ to ?is =mula w co/ only ab\t ! same am\nt z an equal weight ( l9se$1 & w produce an effect fully equal to t ( ! food :i* at "o "t 0 sold at ,l#fj p] ton4 ,:atev] may be ! m$ic9al virtues ( ^! foods1 or h[ev] appropriate ! t]m condim5tal :i* has be5 appli$ to !m1 x is q c]ta9 t _! :ilom designation conc5trat$ 0 a misnom]4 ,_! composition %[s t !y possess a degree ( nutritive p[] consid]ably bel[ t ( l9se$-cake1 & b little1 if at all1 sup]ior to t ( ,indian corn4 ,! foll[+ analytical /atem5t1 :i* ,i publi%$ "s ye>s ago1 w give an insight into ! nature ( ^! articles3-- ,,analyses ,,( ,,condim5tal ,,food4 ,?orley's4 ,bradley's4 ,wat] #ab4jj #ab4ji ,nitrog5\s1 or fle%-=m+ pr9ciples #ad4ib #aj4cf ,oil #f4jh #e4hj ,gum1 sug>1 mucilage1 c4 #ef4hf #fj4ba ,woody fibre #e4df #e4cb ,m9]al matt] 7a%7 #d4fh #f4bb ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,z a ton ( l9se$-cake conta9s a great] am\nt ( nutrim5t ?an an equal quantity ( condim5tal food1 ! latt] %\ld be cle>ly prov$ to possess v valuable specific virtues1 9 ord] to induce ! fe$] to use x ext5sively4 ,cattle & horses out ( condition may be b5efit$ by its c>m9ative & tonic prop]ties2 b if !y are1 x surely mu/ be a bad practice to fe$ heal?y animals ^u a sub/ance :i* is a rem$y 9 disease4 ,x is ass]t$1 & probably ) "s degree ( tru?1 t :5 da9ty1 ov]-f$ /ock loa! _! food1 !y are induc$ to eat gre$ily by mix+ ! condim5tal ) _! ord9>y food4 ,if su* really be ! case1 let ! fe$] comp\nd ! article himself1 & effect !reby a sav+ ( p]haps #ej or #hj p] c5t4 9 ! co/ ( x4 ,a good condim5tal food1 ri* 9 actual nutrim5t1 & pleasantly flavor$1 is no d\bt a comp\nd :i* might be us$ ) advantage2 b x %\ld be sold at a mod]ate & fair price4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #bf3 ,see ,transactions ( ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society ( ,scotl& = #aheb4 ,footnote #bg3 ,zig-zag clov]1 or ,m>l grass8 ,c[grass is ,trifolium prat5se p]5ne4 ,footnote #bh3 ,?is g5tleman has inv5t$ an exce$+ly simple b effective furze-bruis]1 :i* ,i hope soon to see 9 g5]al use4 ,footnote #bi3 ,h4 ,le ,docte1 9 ,j\rnal de la ,societe ,c5trale d',agriculture de ,belgique4 ,footnote #cj3 ,cellulose is ! t]m appli$ to ! *emical sub/ance :i* =ms woody fibre4 ,! latt] is made up ( v m9ute sp9dle-%ap$ tubes4 ,9 "y & succul5t plants ^! tubes are (t5 l9$ ) lay]s ( s(t cellulose4 ,9 _m plants--su* z trees--9 a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t1 ! sub/ance l9+ ! cells is v h>d1 & is t]m$ lign91 or scl]og54 ,?is sub/ance is m]ely a modification ( cellulose2 & bo? resemble 9 composition sug> & />* s closely t1 by heat+ !m ) sulphuric acid1 !y may be conv]t$ into sug>4 ,footnote #ca3 ,"o "p ( oil is equal to #b-a_/b p>ts ( />*--t is1 #b-a_/b p>ts ( />* are exp5d$ 9 ! production ( #a "p ( fat4 ,footnote #cb3 ,no diff]5ce is "h assum$ betwe5 ! nutritive value ( sug> & />*4 ,footnote #cc3 ,unless :5 ,kohl-rabi is cultivat$1 = ! bulbs ( ?is plant may be pres]v$ 9 good condition up to ,june4 ,i h advocat$ ! cultivation ( ! radi% z a food crop 9 ! ,agricultural ,review = #ahfa4 ,footnote #cd3 ,accord+ to "s *emi/s1 sug> does n exi/ 9 ripe gra91 b is produc$ 9 x1 dur+ ! process ( analysis1 by ! action ( ! re-ag5ts employ$ & ! influ5ce ( ! air4 ,footnote #ce3 ,report to ,gov]nm5t on fe$+ cattle ) ,malt1 #ahdd4 ,footnote #cf3 ,mon?ly ,agricultural ,review1 ,dubl91 ,febru>y1 #ahei4 ,footnote #cg3 ,transactions ( ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society ( ,scotl&1 ,octob]1 #aheh4 ,footnote #ch3 #c lbs4 ( rape-cake1 #c_/d lb4 malt combs1 #c_/d lb4 bran1 /eam$ toge!r ) a suffici5t quantity ( /raw4 ,,section ,,ix4--,,analyses ,,( ,,! ,,a%es ,,( ,,plants4 7,extract$ f ! ,au?or's ,*emi/ry ( ,agriculture47 ,^? numb]s m>k$ ) an a/]isk ref] to #ajj p>ts ( ! sub/ance 9 its natural or undri$ /ate2 ! rema9+ numb]s ref] to #ajj p>ts :5 dri$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,flax4 -------------- ,:ite ,rape ,peas4 ,kidney ,turnip ,se$4 ,/alk4 ,se$4 ,beans4 ,se$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,pota% #be4ah #cd4if #cb4ee #dc4ji #cf4hc #ba4ia ,soda 444 444 #b4ea 444 #ah4dj #a4bc ,lime #ab4ia #ae4hg #i4de #d4gg #g4ge #ag4dj ,magnesia #aa4ci #c4fh #af4bc #h4jf #f4cc #h4gd ,sesquioxide ( ,iron #j4fb #d4hd #j4ch 444 #b4bd #a4ie ,manganese 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,sulphuric ,acid #j4ec #d4ii #a4dc #j4dd #c4if #g4aj ,muriatic ,acid #j4aa 444 444 #a4if 444 444 ,c>bonic ,acid #b4bj #ac4ci 444 444 444 #j4hb ,phosphoric ,acid #de4ie #h4dh #ce4ii #dj4ef #aa4fj #dj4ag ,silica #a4aa #e4fj #a4df #j4gi #d4ji #j4fg ,*loride ( ,potassium 444 #g4fe 444 444 444 444 ,*loride ( ,sodium 444 #j4ed 444 444 #b4hj 444 ---------------------------------------- -- ,total #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ii4fg #ajj4jj #ii4ii ,p]-c5tage ( ,a% #d4ea #e4jj #c4je #e4ba #j4fh #c4ih 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,turnip ,mangel ,bulb ,cucumb]4 ,wurtzel,potatoes ,hop 7,sw$e74 ,se$4 7tub]s74,fl[]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,pota% #ci4hb #dg4eb #af4jh #ce4ae #ai4da ,soda #aj4hf 444 #f4hf #e4gg #j4gj ,lime #ab4ge #f4ca #ac4db #b4ad #ad4ae ,magnesia #d4fh #d4bf #ae4bb #b4fi #e4cd ,sesquioxide ( ,iron #j4hi 444 #j4dj #a4gi #b4da ,manganese 444 444 444 444 444 ,sulphuric ,acid #ac4ae #d4fj #c4fd #c4bi #h4bh ,muriatic ,acid #c4fh 444 444 444 #b4bf ,c>bonic ,acid 444 444 #ac4he #ag4ad #aa4ja ,phosphoric ,acid #f4fi #ah4jc #ac4ce #bj4gj #ad4fd ,silica #g4je #g4ab #a4hf #c4jj #ah4ef ,*loride ( ,potassium 444 #d4ai 444 #a4hd 444 ,*loride ( ,sodium 444 #i4jf #ae4cj #f4di #b4ie ---------------------------------------- --- ,total #ii4eg #ajj4ji #ii4ih #ajj4jj #ii4ga ,p]-c5tage ( ,a% #g4fj #j4fc #f4eh #f4je 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! numb] m>k$ ) an a/]isk ref]s to #ajj p>ts ( ! sub/ance 9 its natural or undri$ /ate2 ! rema9+ numb]s ref] to #ajj p>ts :5 dri$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,husks ,rye4 ,cauli- ,hopeton ,potato ( ------------- fl[]s4,oats ,oats4 ,potato,gra94,/raw4 7,gra9747,gra974,oats4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,pota% #cd4ci #bj4fe #b4bc #ca4gf #ag4cf #ca4ef ,soda #ad4gi 444 _/ #h4ig #d4de #j4ca ,lime #b4if #aj4bh #e4cb #d4cj #b4ib #i4jf ,magnesia #b4ch #g4hb #h4fi #b4ce #aj4ac #b4da ,sesquioxide ( ,iron #a4fi #c4he #j4hh #j4cb #j4hb #a4cf ,manganese 444 #j4db 444 444 444 444 ,sulphuric ,acid #aa4af 444 444 #d4cj #a4df #j4hc ,muriatic ,acid 444 444 444 444 444 #j4df ,c>bonic ,acid 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,phosphoric ,acid #bg4he #ej4dd #di4ai #j4ff #dg4bi #c4hb ,silica #a4ib #d4dj #a4hg #gd4ah #j4ag #fd4ej ,*loride ( ,potassium 444 #a4jc 444 444 444 444 ,*loride ( ,sodium #b4hf 444 #j4ce #b4ci 444 444 ---------------------------------------- -- ,total #ajj4jj #ih4hi #ig4hf #ii4gjajj4jjajj4aa ,p]-c5tage ( ,a% #j4ga #b4bb #b4cj #b4fj 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,grasses 79 fl[]74 ,hay4 --------------------------------------- ,bromus ,lolium ,annual ,av5a erectus4p]5ne4,ryegrass4flavesceus4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,pota% #bj4hj #bj4cc #bd4fg #bh4ii #cf4jf ,soda #aj4he 444 444 #j4hg #j4gc ,lime #h4bd #aj4ch #i4fd #f4hb #g4ih ,magnesia #d4ja #d4ii #b4he #b4ei #c4jg ,sesquioxide ( ,iron #a4hc #j4bf #j4ba #j4bh #b4dj ,manganese 444 444 444 444 444 ,sulphuric ,acid #b4aa #e4df #e4bj #c4de #d4jj ,muriatic ,acid 444 444 444 444 444 ,c>bonic ,acid #j4fh #j4ee #j4di 444 444 ,phosphoric ,acid #ae4dc #g4ec #h4gc #aj4jg #i4ca ,silica #cj4ja #ch4dh #bg4ac #da4gi #ce4bj ,*loride ( ,potassium 444 #aj4fc #ac4hj 444 444 ,*loride ( ,sodium #e4ji #a4ch #g4be #e4aa #a4be ---------------------------------------- --- ,total #ii4je #ii4ii #ii4ig #ii4ig #ajj4jj ,p]-c5tage ( ,a% #e4ba #g4ed #f4de #e4bj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,^? numb]s m>k$ ) an a/]isk ref] to #ajj p>ts ( ! sub/ance 9 its natural or undri$ /ate2 ! rema9+ numb]s ref] to #ajj p>ts :5 dri$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,kohl-rabi1 f ,broccoli4 ,c[ ,cabbage4 *alk soil4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,root4 ,leaves4,leaves4,/alk4 ,leaves4 ,tub]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,pota% #dg4af #bb4aj #dj4hf #dj4ic #i4ca #cf4bg ,soda 444 #g4ee #b4dc #d4je 444 #b4hd ,lime #d4gj #bh4dd #ae4ja #aj4fa #cj4ca #aj4bj ,magnesia #c4ic #c4dc #b4ci #c4he #c4fb #b4cf ,sesquioxide ( ,iron 444 444 #j4gg #j4da #e4ej #j4ch ,manganese 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,sulphuric ,acid #aj4ce #af4aj #g4bg #aa4aa #aj4fc #aa4dc ,muriatic ,acid 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,c>bonic ,acid 444 444 #af4fh #f4cc #h4ig #aj4bd ,phosphoric ,acid #be4hc #ai4ha #ab4eb #ai4eg #i4dc #ac4df ,silica #a4ha #b4hc #a4ff #a4jd #i4eg #j4hb ,*loride ( ,potassium #f4bb 444 444 444 #e4ii 444 ,*loride ( ,sodium a trace 444 444 #b4jh #f4ff #aa4ij ---------------------------------------- -- ,total #ajj4jj #ajj4bf #ii4ii #ii4ih #ii4ii #ii4ij ,p]-c5tage ( ,a% #a4ja #a4gj #j4gj #a4bd #ah4ed #h4ji 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,:eat ,:eat4 ,b>ley4 7,gra974 --------------------------------- ,gra94 ,/raw4 ,gra94 ,/raw4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,pota% #bi4ea #be4ib #aj4gh #cb4jb #ad4cg ,soda #aj4fa 444 444 #a4ba #j4bh ,lime #j4ii #c4hj #b4dd #c4ci #h4ej ,magnesia #aj4fj #ab4bg #c4bc #aj4ii #a4gj ,sesquioxide ( ,iron 444 #a4ab #j4ed #j4ae #j4bj ,manganese 444 444 444 444 444 ,sulphuric ,acid #j4ji 444 #a4gg 444 #b4bb ,muriatic ,acid 444 444 444 444 444 ,c>bonic ,acid 444 #d4dc #f4ja #j4dh #a4be ,phosphoric ,acid #dg4ee #dc4dd #c4fi #bi4ib #d4bb ,silica #j4aa #g4af #fd4hd #ba4ab #fb4hi ,*loride ( ,potassium 444 #a4jc #c4if 444 444 ,*loride ( ,sodium #j4ed 444 #j4db #j4gb #d4cg ---------------------------------------- --- ,total #ajj4jj #ii4ag #ii4fh #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,p]-c5tage ( ,a% #b4cb #a4fde #e4beb #b4bb #e4di ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,app5dix4 ,:il/ ?is ,"w 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 a valuable ,report on ,agricultural ,/ati/ics 0 issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,! foll[+ /ati/ics1 collect$ f ?is ,report1 are "h giv51 because !y modify ! /atem5ts made 9 page #e3-- ,,population1 ,,area1 ,,acreage ,,"u ,,crops1 ,,etc41 ,,& ,,numb] ,,( ,,live ,,/ock1 ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom ,,9 #ahfg4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,engl&4 ,wales4 ,scotl&4 ,irel&4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,population 7#ahff7 #bj1bgf1did #a1ahg1ajc #c1acf1jeg #e1ega1iga ---------------------------------------- ----- ,area 79 ,/atute ,acres7 #cb1eij1cig #d1gcd1dhf #ai1fci1cgg #bj1cbb1fda ---------------------------------------- ----- ,"u ,corn ,crops #g1cii1cdg #eba1djd #a1cfd1jbi #b1aae1acg ,gre5 ,crops #b1fia1gcd #ach1chg #ffh1jdb #a1dcb1beb ,b>e ,fall[ #gec1baj #hf1beg #hc1jia #bf1aia ,grass--,clov]1 c41 #b1dgh1aag #cjj1gef #a1baa1aja #a1feh1dea ,"u ,rotation ,p]man5t ,pa/ure1 n brok5 up 9 ,rotation#ci #i1ede1fge #a1dgb1cei #a1jec1bhe #aj1jeg1jgb ---------------------------------------- ----- ,p]-c5tage ( ,acreage3#dj-- ,"u ,corn ,crops #cb4c #bj4g #ca4a #ac4f ,gre5 ,crops #aa4g #e4e #ae4c #i4b ,b>e ,fall[ #c4c #c4d #a4i 4#b ,grass--,clov]1 c41 "u ,rotation #aj4h #aa4i #bg4g #aj4g ,p]man5t ,pa/ure#da #da4f #eh4e #bd4j #fd4g ---------------------------------------- ----- ,numb] ( ,cattle #c1dfi1jbf #edd1ech #igi1dgj #c1gjb1cgh ( ,%eep #ai1gih1ccg #b1bbg1afa #f1hic1fjc #d1hbf1jae ( ,pigs #b1edh1gee #bbi1iag #ahh1cjg #a1bcc1hic ---------------------------------------- ----- ,numb] ( ,live ,/ock to e #ajj ,acres "u ,crops1 ,fall[1 & ,grass3-- ,cattle #ae4a #ba4f #bb4d #bc4h ,%eep #hf4c #hh4d #aeg4d #ca4a ,pigs #aa4a #i4a #d4c #g4i ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,*annel ,isl&s4 ,isle ( ---------------------- ,total = ,man4 ,gu]nsey1 ,unit$ ,j]sey4 c4 ,k+dom ---------------------------------------- ----- ,population 7#ahff7 #eb1dfi #ee1fac #ce1cfe #cj1cae1jgb ---------------------------------------- ----- ,area 79 ,/atute ,acres7 #ahj1jjj #bh1gag #ag1ifg #gg1eac1ehe ---------------------------------------- ----- ,"u ,corn ,crops #bg1jci #b1hbg #b1aeg #aa1dca1idj ,gre5 ,crops #ab1fgj #e1fcf #c1jge #d1iea1gif ,b>e ,fall[ #a1iij #b1eej #gji #iec1iih ,grass--,clov]1 c41 #bf1hhd #c1bej #hgd #e1fgi1dcc ,"u ,rotation ,p]man5t ,pa/ure1 n brok5 up 9 ,rotation#ci #ae1iae #f1jib #f1adc #bb1aef1eda ---------------------------------------- ----- ,p]-c5tage ( ,acreage3#dj-- ,"u ,corn ,crops #cb4j #ac4i #af4g #be4a ,gre5 ,crops #ae4j #bg4f #bc4g #aj4i ,b>e ,fall[ #b4d #ab4e #e4e #b4a ,grass--,clov]1 c41 "u ,rotation #ca4h #af4j #f4g #ab4d ,p]man5t ,pa/ure#da #ah4h #cj4j #dg4d #dh4g ---------------------------------------- ----- ,numb] ( ,cattle #ah1fgb #aj1jha #g1cjh #h1gca1dgc ( ,%eep #gj1ieh #ebi #a1cdh #cc1hag1iea ( ,pigs #g1gjf #e1hjd #f1gah #d1bba1ajj ---------------------------------------- ----- ,numb] ( ,live ,/ock to e #ajj ,acres "u ,crops1 ,fall[1 & ,grass3-- ,cattle #bb4a #di4e #ef4d #ai4b ,%eep #hd4j #b4f #aj4d #gd4c ,pigs #i4a #bh4e #ea4h #i4c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #ci3 ,exclusive ( hea? or m\nta9 l&4 ,footnote #dj3 ,! p]-c5tage ( acreage is exclusive ( ,hops 9 ,great ,brita91 & ,flax 9 ,irel&4 ,footnote #da3 ,includ+ "u ,flax1 #bec1aje acres4