,illu/ration3 ,william ,h>vey ,,! ,,_w',s ,,greate/ ,,books ,,jo9t ,,editors ,,ar?ur ,,mee ,editor & ,f\nd] ( ! ,book ( ,k ,j4,a4 ,,hamm]ton ,editor ( ,h>mswor?'s ,univ]sal ,encyclopa$ia ,,vol4 ,,xv ,,sci5ce ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,wise ,co4 ,table ( ,cont5ts ,,portrait ,,( ,,william ,,h>vey ,frontispiece ,,page ,,bramwell1 ,,john ,,milne ,hypnotism3 ,its ,hi/ory1 ,practice & ,!ory #a ,,buffon1 ,,comte ,,de ,natural ,hi/ory #ab ,,*amb]s1 ,,rob]t ,ve/iges ( ,creation #bb ,,cuvi]1 ,,georges ,! ,surface ( ! ,globe #cc ,,d>w91 ,,*>les ,! ,orig9 ( ,species #dc ,,davy1 ,,sir ,,humphry ,elem5ts ( ,*emical ,philosophy #fd ,,f>aday1 ,,mi*ael ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es 9 ,electricity #ge ,! ,*emical ,hi/ory ( a ,c&le #he ,,=el1 ,,augu/e ,! ,s5ses ( ,insects #ie ,,galileo ,dialogues on ! ,sy/em ( ! ,_w #aje ,,galton1 ,,sir ,,francis ,essays 9 ,eug5ics #aaa ,,haeckel1 ,,ern/ ,! ,evolution ( ,man #abc ,,h>vey1 ,,william ,on ! ,motion ( ! ,he>t & ,blood #acf ,,h]s*el1 ,,sir ,,john ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy #adf ,,humboldt1 ,,alex&] ,,von ,cosmos1 a ,sket* ( ! ,univ]se #aeh ,,hutton1 ,,james ,! ,!ory ( ! ,e>? #agj ,,lam>ck ,zoological ,philosophy #agi ,,lavat]1 ,,johann ,physiogonomical ,fragm5ts #aia ,,liebig1 ,,ju/us ,,von ,animal ,*emi/ry #bjc ,,lyell1 ,,sir ,,*>les ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology #bae ,,maxwell1 ,,james ,,cl]k ,a ,treatise on ,electricity & ,magnetism #bbg ,,met*nik(f1 ,,elie ,! ,nature ( ,man #bch ,! ,prolongation ( ,life #bdf ,,mill]1 ,,hugh ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one #bee ,,newton1 ,,sir ,,isaac ,pr9cipia #bfg ,,ow51 ,,sir ,,ri*>d ,anatomy ( ,v]tebrates #bhj ,,vir*[1 ,,rudolf ,cellul> ,pa?ology #bib 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,complete ,index ( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,greate/ ,,books w be f\nd at ! end ( ,volume ,,xx4 ,ackn[l$gm5t ,ackn[l$gm5t & ?anks = ! use ( ! foll[+ selections are h]e) t5d]$ to ! ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,company1 ,la ,salle1 ,ill41 = ,s5ses ( ,insects1 by ,augu/e ,=el2 to ,g4,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york1 = ,prolongation ( ,human ,life & ,nature ( ,man1 by ,elie ,met*nik(f2 & to ! ,de ,la ,m ,press1 ,london1 = ,hypnotism1 c41 by ,dr4 ,bramwell4 ,sci5ce ,,john ,,milne ,,bramwell ,hypnotism3 ,its ,hi/ory1 ,practice & ,!ory ,john ,milne ,bramwell 0 born 9 ,p]?1 ,scotl&1 ,may #aa1 #aheb4 ,! son ( a physician1 he /udi$ m$ic9e 9 ,ed9burgh1 & aft] obta9+ 8 degree ( ,m4,b41 9 #ahgc1 he settl$ at ,goole1 ,york%ire4 ,fir$ by ! unf9i%$ "w ( ,braid1 ,b]nheim & ,libeault1 he began1 9 #ahhi1 a s]ies ( hypnotic rese>*es1 :i*1 toge!r ) a numb] ( successful exp]im5ts he _h privately conduct$1 creat$ consid]able /ir 9 ! m$ical _w4 ,ab&on+ 8 g5]al practice & settl+ 9 ,london 9 #ahib1 ,dr4 ,bramwell became "o ( ! =emo/ au?orities 9 ! c\ntry on hypnotism z a curative ag5t4 ,8 ,works include _m valuable treatises1 ! mo/ important be+ ,hypnotism3 its ,hi/ory1 ,practice & ,!ory1 publi%$ 9 #aijc1 & "h summ>is$ = ! ,,_w',s ,,greate/ ,,books by ,dr4 ,bramwell himself4 ,i4--,pione]s ( ,hypnotism ,j z *emi/ry arose f al*emy1 a/ronomy f a/rology1 s hypnotism _h its orig9 9 mesm]ism4 ,ph5om5a su* z ,mesm] describ$ _h und\bt$ly be5 obs]v$ f e>ly times1 b to 8 "w1 :i* ext5d$ f #agef to 8 dea?1 9 #ahae1 we owe ! sci5tific int]e/ :i*1 aft] mu* error & self-deception1 f9ally l$ to :at we n[ t]m hypnotism4 ,john ,elliotson 7#agia-ahfh71 ! =emo/ physician ( 8 day1 0 ! lead] ( ! mesm]ic movem5t 9 ,engl&4 ,9 #ahcg1 aft] see+ ,dupotet's "w1 he comm5c$ to exp]im5t at ,univ]sity ,college ,hospital1 & cont9u$1 ) rem>kable success1 until ord]$ to desi/ by ! c\ncil ( ! college4 ,elliotson felt ! insult ke5ly1 indignantly resign$ 8 appo9tm5ts1 & nev] aft]w>ds ent]$ ! hospital he _h done s mu* to e/abli%4 ,despite ! p]si/5t & virul5t attacks ( ! m$ical press1 he cont9u$ 8 mesm]ic rese>*es up to ! "t ( 8 dea?1 sacrific+ fri5ds1 income & reputation to 8 beliefs4 ,! fame ( mesm]ism spread to ,india1 :]e1 9 #ahde1 ,james ,esdaile 7#ahjh-ahei71 a surgeon 9 ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 det]m9$ to inve/igate ! subject4 ,he 0 9 *>ge ( ! ,native ,hospital at ,hooghly1 & successfully mesm]is$ a convict be=e a pa9ful op]ation4 ,enc\rag$ by ?is1 he p]sev]$1 &1 at ! end ( a ye>1 report$ #abj pa9less op]ations to ! gov]nm5t4 ,inve/igations 7 in/itut$1 & ,esdaile 0 plac$ 9 *>ge ( a hospital at ,calcutta1 = ! express purpose ( mesm]ic practice2 he cont9u$ to occupy simil> po/s until he left ,india 9 #ahea4 ,he record$ #bfa pa9less capital op]ations & _m ?\s& m9or ones1 & r$uc$ ! mortality = ! removal ( ! enorm\s tum\rs ( elephantiasis f #ej to #e p] c5t4 ,accord+ to ,elliotson & ,esdaile1 ! ph5om5a ( mesm]ism 7 entirely physical 9 orig94 ,!y 7 suppos$ to be due to ! action ( a vital curative fluid1 or peculi> physical =ce1 :i*1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 c\ld be transmitt$ f "o human be+ to ano!r4 ,?is 0 usually t]m$ ! od1 or odylic1 =ce2 v>i\s inanimate objects1 su* z metals1 cry/als & magnets1 7 suppos$ to possess x1 & to be capable ( induc+ & t]m9at+ ! mesm]ic /ate1 or ( excit+ or arre/+ its ph5om5a4 ,! "n ( ,james ,braid 7#agie-ahfj7 is famili> to all /ud5ts ( hypnotism4 ,braid 0 a ,scotti% surgeon1 practis+ 9 ,man*e/]1 :]e he _h already ga9$ a high reputation z a skilful surgeon1 :51 9 #ahda1 he fir/ began to inve/igate mesm]ism4 ,he successfully demon/rat$ t ! ph5om5a 7 entirely subjective4 ,he publi%$ ,neurypnology1 or ! ,rationale ( ,n]v\s ,sleep1 9 #ahdc1 & inv5t$ ! t]m9ology we n[ use4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by o!r m or less important works1 ( :i* ,i h be5 able to trace =ty-"o1 b all h be5 long out ( pr9t4 ,dur+ ! eighte5 ye>s ,braid devot$ to ! /udy ( hypnotism1 8 views und]w5t _m *anges & modifications4 ,9 8 fir/ !ory1 he expla9$ hypnosis f a physical /&po9t2 9 ! second1 he consid]$ x to be a condition ( involunt>y monoideism & conc5tration1 :ile 8 ?ird !ory diff]$ f bo?4 ,he recognis$ t reason & volition 7 unimpair$1 & t ! att5tion c\ld be simultane\sly direct$ to m po9ts ?an "o4 ,! condition1 !re=e1 0 n "o ( monoideism4 ,he realis$ m & m t ! /ate 0 a consci\s "o1 & t ! losses ( memory :i* foll[$ on wak+ c\ld always be re/or$ 9 subsequ5t hypnoses4 ,f9ally1 he describ$ z d\ble consci\sness ! condition he _h fir/ t]m$ hypnotic1 !n monoidei/ic4 ,braid ma9ta9$ an active int]e/ 9 hypnotism up to 8 dea?1 &1 inde$1 ?ree days be=e x1 s5t 8 la/ ,,ms4 to ,dr4 ,azam1 ( ,bordeaux1 z a m>k ( e/eem & reg>d4 ,sympa!tic notices appe>$ 9 ! press aft] 8 dea?1 all ( :i* bore w>m te/imony to 8 pr(essional "*4 ,al?\gh hypnotic "w practically ceas$ 9 ,engl& at ,braid's dea?1 ! tor* he _h light$ pass$ into ,france4 ,9 #ahfj1 ,dr4 ,a4,a4 ,libeault 7#ahbc-aijj7 began to /udy hypnotism s]i\sly1 & f\r ye>s lat] gave up g5]al practice1 settl$ 9 ,nancy1 & practis$ hypnotism gratuit\sly among ! poor4 ,= tw5ty ye>s 8 lab\rs 7 unrecognis$1 !n ,b]nheim 7"o ( ^: pati5ts ,libeault _h cur$7 came to see him1 & soon became a zeal\s pupil4 ,! fame ( ! ,nancy s*ool spread1 ,libeault's "n became kn[n ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & doctors flock$ to /udy ! new !rapeutic me?od4 ,:ile ,libeault's "w may ju/ly be reg>d$ z a cont9uation ( ,braid's1 !re exi/s little diff]5ce betwe5 ! !ories ( ,*>cot & ! ,salptrire s*ool & ^? ( ! lat] mesm]i/s4 ,,ii4--,!ory ( ,hypnotism ,! foll[+ is a summ>y ( ,braid's late/ !ories3 7#a7 ,hypnosis c\ld n be induc$ by physical means alone4 7#b7 ,hypnotic & s-call$ mesm]ic ph5om5a 7 subjective 9 orig91 & bo? 7 excit$ by direct or by indirect sugge/ion4 7#c7 ,hypnosis 0 *>act]is$ by physical z well z by psy*ical *anges4 7#d7 ,! simultane\s appe>ance ( sev]al ph5om5a 0 recognis$1 & mu* importance 0 atta*$ to ! intellig5t action ( a second>y consci\sness4 7#e7 ,volition 0 unimpair$1 moral s5se increas$1 & sugge/$ crime impossible4 7#f7 ,rapport 0 a purely artificial condition creat$ by sugge/ion4 7#g7 ,! importance ( direct v]bal sugge/ion 0 fully recognis$1 z also ! m5tal influ5ce ( physical me?ods4 ,sugge/ion 0 reg>d$ z ! device us$ = excit+ ! ph5om5a1 & n consid]$ z suffici5t to expla9 !m4 7#h7 ,important diff]5ces exi/$ betwe5 hypnosis & normal sleep4 7#i7 ,hypnotic ph5om5a might be induc$ )\t ! subject hav+ pass$ ?r\gh any condition resembl+ sleep4 7#aj7 ,! m5tally heal?y 7 ! easie/1 ! hy/]ical ! mo/ difficult1 to influ5ce4 ,9 ,engl&1 dur+ ,braid's lifetime1 8 e>li] views 7 l>gely adopt$ by c]ta9 well-kn[n m5 ( sci5ce1 p>ticul>ly by ,pr(essors ,w4,b4 ,c>p5t] & ,j4 ,hughes ,b5nett1 b !y appe> to h kn[n little or no?+ ( 8 late/ !ories4 ,b5nett's description ( ! probable m5tal & physical conditions involv$ 9 ! /ate ,braid describ$ z monoideism is specially wor?y ( note4 ,n only is x int]e/+ 9 itself1 b x s]ves also z a /&>d ( comp>ison ) :i* to measure ! !ories ( lat] obs]v]s1 :o h attempt$ to expla9 hypnosis by c]ebral inhibition1 psy*ical automatism1 or bo? ^! conditions comb9$4 7a7 ,physiological4--,accord+ to ,b5nett1 hypnosis 0 *>act]is$ by alt]ations 9 ! functional activity ( ! n]ve tubes ( ! :ite matt] ( ! c]ebral lobes4 ,he sugge/$ t a c]ta9 proportion ( ^! became p>alys$ ?r\gh cont9u$ monoton\s /imulation2 :ile ! action ( o!rs 0 consequ5tly exalt$4 ,z ^! tubes connect$ ! c]ebral ganglion-cells1 susp5sion ( _! functions 0 assum$ to br+ ) x int]ruption ( ! connection betwe5 ! ganglion-cells4 7b7 ,psy*ical4--,f ! psy*ical side1 he expla9$ ! ph5om5a ( hypnosis by ! action ( pr$om9ant & un*eck$ ideas4 ,^! 7 able to obta9 prom95ce f ! fact t o!r ideas1 :i*1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 w\ld h controll$ _! developm5t1 did n arise1 because ! portion ( ! bra9 ) :i* ! latt] 7 associat$ _h its action tempor>ily susp5d$--i4e41 ! connection betwe5 ! ganglion-cells 0 brok51 ow+ to ! int]rupt$ connection betwe5 ! fibres ( association4 ,?us1 he said1 ! remembrance ( a s5sation c\ld always be call$ up by ! bra92 b1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 f ! ex]cise ( judgm5t1 comp>ison1 & o!r m5tal faculties1 we knew x 0 only a remembrance4 ,:5 ^! faculties 7 exhau/$1 ! sugge/$ idea pr$om9at$1 & ! individual believ$ 9 its reality4 ,?us1 he attribut$ to ! faculties ( ! m9d a c]ta9 p[] ( correct+ ! fallacies :i* ea* ( !m 0 likely to fall into2 j z ! illusions ( "o s5se 7 capable ( be+ detect$ by ! heal?y use ( ! o!r s5ses4 ,!re 7 m5tal & s5sorial illusions1 ! =m] caus$ by pr$om9ant ideas & correct$ by prop] reason+1 ! latt] caus$ by p]v]sion ( "o s5se & correct$ by ! "r application ( ! o!rs4 ,9 hypnosis1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 a sugge/$ idea obta9$ prom95ce & caus$ m5tal & s5sorial illusions1 because ! *eck action--! inhibitory p[]--( c]ta9 high] c5tres _h be5 tempor>ily susp5d$4 ,^! !ories 7 fir/ publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,b5nett 9 #ahea4 ,,iii4--,hypnotic ,induction ,! me?ods by :i* hypnosis is induc$ h be5 class$ z foll[s3 7#a7 physical2 7#b7 psy*ical2 7#c7 ^? ( ! magnetis]s4 ,! mod]n op]ator1 :atev] 8 !ories may be1 borr[s 8 te*nique f ,mesm] & ,libeault ) equal imp>tiality1 & ?us r5d]s classification impossible4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,nancy s*ool1 :ile ass]t+ t ev]y?+ is due to sugge/ion1 d n hesitate to use physical means1 &1 if ^! fail1 ,b]nheim has rec\rse to n>cotics4 ,! foll[+ is n[ my usual me?od3 ,i r>ely beg9 treatm5t ! fir/ "t ,i see a pati5t1 b conf9e myself to mak+ 8 acqua9tance1 he>+ 8 acc\nt ( 8 case1 & asc]ta9+ 8 m5tal attitude ) reg>d to sugge/ion4 ,i usually f9d1 f ! failure ( o!r me?ods ( treatm5t1 t he is m or less sceptical z to ! *ance ( be+ b5efit$4 ,i endeav\r to remove all errone\s ideas1 & refuse to beg9 treatm5t until ! pati5t is satisfi$ ( ! safety & desirability ( ! exp]im5t4 ,i nev] say ,i am c]ta9 ( be+ able to influ5ce him1 b expla9 h[ mu* dep5ds on 8 m5tal attitude & p[] ( c>ry+ out my directions4 ,i fur!r expla9 to ! pati5t t next "t he comes to see me ,i %all ask him to close 8 eyes1 to conc5trate 8 att5tion on "s dr[sy m5tal picture1 & try to turn x away f me4 ,i !n make sugge/ions ( two k9ds3 ! fir/ ref] to ! condition ,i wi% to induce :ile he is actually 9 ! arm*air1 ?us1 ,ea* "t y see me1 y w f9d x easi] to conc5trate y\r att5tion on some?+ re/ful4 ,i d n wi% y to g to sleep1 b if y c get into ! dr[sy condition prec$+ natural sleep1 my sugge/ions are m likely to be respond$ to4 ,i expla9 t ,i d n expect ?is to happ5 at once1 al?\gh x does occur 9 r>e in/ances1 b x is ! repetition ( ! sugge/ions made 9 ?is p>ticul> way :i* br+s ab\t ! result4 ,?us1 f ! v fir/ treatm5t1 ! pati5t is subject$ to two di/9ct processes1 ! object ( "o be+ to induce ! dr[sy1 sugge/ible condition1 t ( ! o!r to cure or relieve disease4 ,i wi% p>ticul>ly to m5tion t al?\gh ,i speak ( hypnotism & hypnosis--& x is almo/ impossible to avoid do+ s--,i r>ely attempt to induce s-call$ hypnosis1 & f9d t pati5ts respond to treatm5t z readily1 & mu* m quickly1 n[ t ,i />t curative sugge/ions & treatm5t simultane\sly1 ?an !y did 9 ! days :5 ,i wait$ until hypnosis 0 induc$ be=e mak+ curative sugge/ions4 ,i h obta9$ good results 9 treat+ all =ms ( hy/]ia1 includ+ gr&e hy/]ie1 neura/h5ia1 c]ta9 =ms ( insanity1 dipsomania & *ronic alcoholism1 morph9omania & o!r drug habits1 vici\s & deg5]ate *ildr51 obsessions1 /amm]+1 *orea1 seasickness1 & all o!r =ms ( functional n]v\s di/urbances4 ,x is impossible to discuss ! diff]5t !ories 9 detail "h1 b ,i w briefly summ>ise ! m important po9ts1 7#a7 ,hypnotism1 z a sci5ce1 re/s on ! recognition ( ! subjective nature ( its ph5om5a4 7#b7 ,! !ories ( ,*>cot & ! ,salptrire s*ool are practically a reproduction ( mesm]ic error4 7#c7 ,libeault & 8 foll[]s combat$ ! views ( ! ,salptrire s*ool & successfully sub/itut$ _! own1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! important po9ts3 7a7 ,hypnosis is a physiological condition1 :i* c be induc$ 9 ! heal?y4 7b7 ,9 ev]yone !re is a t5d5cy to respond to sugge/ion1 b 9 hypnosis ?is condition is artificially increas$4 7c7 ,sugge/ion expla9s all4 ,despite ! fact t ! memb]s ( ! ,nancy s*ool reg>d ! condition z purely physiological & simply an exagg]ation ( ! normal1 !y consid] x1 9 its pr(\nd /ages at all ev5ts1 a =m ( automatism4 ,^! & o!r views ( ! ,nancy s*ool h be5 que/ion$ by sev]al obs]v]s4 ,z ,my]s ju/ly po9t$ out1 al?\gh sugge/ion is ! artifice us$ to excite ! ph5om5a1 x does n create ! condition on :i* !y dep5d4 ,! peculi> /ate :i* enables ! ph5om5a to be evok$ is ! ess5tial ?+1 n ! signal :i* prec$es _! appe>ance4 ,)9 rec5t times ano!r !ory has aris51 :i*1 in/ead ( expla9+ hypnotism by ! arre/$ action ( "s ( ! bra9 c5tres :i* subs]ve normal life1 attempts to d s by ! ar\s+ ( c]ta9 p[]s ov] :i* we normally h little or no control4 ,?is !ory appe>s "u diff]5t names1 ,d\ble ,consci\sness1 ,das ,doppel-,i*1 etc41 & ! pr9ciple on :i* x dep5ds is l>gely admitt$ by sci5ce4 ,william ,james1 = example1 says3 ,9 c]ta9 p]sons1 at lea/1 ! total possible consci\sness may be split into p>ts :i* co-exi/1 b mutually ignore ea* o!r4 ,! cle>e/ /atem5t ( ?is view 0 giv5 by ! late ,fr$]ic ,my]s2 he sugge/$ t ! /ream ( consci\sness 9 :i* we habitually liv$ 0 n our only "o4 ,possibly our habitual consci\sness might be a m]e selection f a multitude ( ?\ghts & s5sations--"s1 at lea/1 equally consci\s ) ^? we empirically knew4 ,no primacy 0 grant$ by ?is !ory to ! ord9>y wak+ self1 except t among pot5tial selves x appe>$ ! fitte/ to meet ! ne$s ( common life4 ,z a rule1 ! wak+ life 0 rememb]$ 9 hypnosis1 & ! hypnotic life =gott5 9 ! wak+ /ate2 ?is de/roy$ any claim ( ! prim>y memory to be ! sole memory4 ,! self bel[ ! ?re%old ( ord9>y consci\sness ,my]s t]m$ ! sublim9al consci\sness1 & ! empirical self ( common exp]i5ce ! supralim9al4 ,he held t to ! sublim9al consci\sness & memory a f> wid] range1 bo? ( physiological & psy*ical activity1 0 op5 ?an to ! supralim9al4 ,! latt] 0 inevitably limit$ by ! ne$ ( conc5tration ^u recollections useful 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 :ile ! =m] includ$ mu* t 0 too rudim5t>y to be reta9$ 9 ! supralim9al memory ( an organism s advanc$ z t ( man4 ,! recollection ( processes n[ p]=m$ automatically & ne$+ no sup]vision1 pass$ out ( ! supralim9al memory1 b might be reta9$ by ! sublim9al4 ,! sublim9al1 or hypnotic1 self c\ld ex]cise ov] ! vaso-motor & circulatory sy/ems a degree ( control unp>allel$ 9 wak+ life4 ,?us1 accord+ to ! ,nancy s*ool1 ! deeply hypnotis$ subject responds automatically to sugge/ion be=e 8 intellectual c5tres h _h "t to br+ _! inhibitory action into play2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! sublim9al consci\sness !ory1 volition & consci\sness are recognis$ to be unimpair$ 9 hypnosis4 ,,iv4--,curative ,value ( ,hypnotism ,! intellig5t action ( ! second>y self may be illu/rat$ by ! execution ( c]ta9 po/-hypnotic acts4 ,?us1 "o ( my pati5ts :o1 at a lat] p]iod1 cons5t$ to become ! subject ( exp]im5t1 develop$ an enorm\sly increas$ p[] ( "t appreciation4 ,if told1 dur+ hypnosis1 = example1 t %e 0 to p]=m "s specific act 9 ! wak+ /ate at ! expiration ( a complicat$ numb] ( m9utes1 z1 = example1 #dj1hbe1 %e g5]ally c>ri$ out ! sugge/ion ) absolute accuracy4 ,9 ?is & simil> exp]im5ts1 ?ree po9ts 7 not$4 7#a7 ,! ari?metical problems 7 f> beyond h] normal p[]s2 7#b7 %e normally possess$ no special faculty = appreciat+ "t2 7#c7 h] wak+ consci\sness reta9$ no recollection ( ! exp]im5tal sugge/ions or ( any?+ else t _h occurr$ dur+ hypnosis4 ,x is difficult to e/imate ! exact value ( sugge/ion 9 connection ) o!r =ms ( treatm5t4 ,!re are "o or two broad facts :i* ought to be kept 9 m9d4 #a4 ,sugge/ion is a bran* ( m$ic9e1 :i* is sometimes comb9$ by ^? :o practise x ) o!r =ms ( treatm5t4 ,?us x is (t5 difficult to say :at proportion ( ! curative results is due to hypnotism & :at to o!r rem$ies4 #b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m cases ( functional n]v\s disord] h recov]$ "u sugge/ive treatm5t aft] ! cont9u$ failure ( o!r me?ods4 ,fur!r1 ! diseases :i* are frequ5tly cur$ are (t5 ^? 9 :i* drugs are ( little or no avail4 ,= example1 :at m$ic9e w\ld "o prescribe = a man 9 good physical heal? :o _h sudd5ly become ! prey ( an obsession8 ,su* pati5ts are r>ely insane2 !y recognise t ! idea :i* torm5ts !m is morbid2 b yet !y are p[]less to get rid ( x4 #c4 ,9 e/imat+ ! results ( sugge/ive treatm5t1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! majority ( cases are extremely unfav\rable ones4 ,z ! value ( sugge/ion & its fre$om f dang] become m fully recognis$1 x w d\btless be employ$ 9 e>li] /ages ( disease4 #d4 ,x %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood t ! object ( all sugge/ive treatm5t ought to be ! developm5t ( ! pati5t's w p[] & control ( 8 own organism4 ,mu* disease w\ld be prev5t$ if we c\ld develop & control moral /ates4 ,,buffon ,natural ,hi/ory ,georges ,l\is ,lecl]c1 creat$ 9 #aggc ,comte de ,buffon1 0 born at ,montb>d1 9 ,france1 on ,septemb] #g1 #agjg4 ,ev9c+ a m>k$ b5t = sci5ce he became1 9 #agci1 director ( ! ,j>d9 du ,roi & ! ,k+'s ,museum 9 ,p>is4 ,he _h long contemplat$ ! prep>ation ( a complete ,hi/ory ( ,nature1 & n[ proce$$ to c>ry out ! "w4 ,! fir/ ?ree volumes ( ! ,hi/oire ,naturelle1 ,gnrale et ,p>ticulire appe>$ 9 #agdi1 & o!r volumes foll[$ at frequ5t int]vals until 8 dea? at ,p>is on ,april #af1 #aghh4 ,buffon's imm5se ent]prise 0 greet$ ) ab\nd+ praise by mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,on ,july #a1 #ageb1 he 0 elect$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy 9 succession to ,languet de ,g]gy1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,s5s1 &1 at 8 reception on ,augu/ #be 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 pron\nc$ ! oration 9 :i* occurr$ ! memorable aphorism1 ,le /yle e/ l'homme mme 7,! /yle is ! v man74 ,buffon also anticipat$ ,?omas ,c>lyle's def9ition ( g5ius 7:i* means ! transc5d5t capacity ( tak+ tr\ble1 fir/ ( all7 by 8 fam\s axiom1 ,le gnie n'e/ autre *ose qu'une gr&e aptitude la pati5ce4 ,scope ( ! ,"w ,buffon plann$ 8 ,natural ,hi/ory on an encyclopa$ic scale4 ,8 po9t ( view 0 unique4 ,natural hi/ory 9 its wide/ s5se1 he tells u1 embraces e object 9 ! visible univ]se4 ,! obvi\s divisions ( ! subject1 !re=e1 are1 fir/1 ! e>?1 ! air1 & ! wat]2 !n ! animals--quadrup$s1 birds1 fi%es1 & s on--inhabit+ ea* ( ^! elem5ts1 to use ! phrase ( 8 day4 ,n[1 ,buffon argu$1 if man 7 requir$ to give "s acc\nt ( ! animals by :i* he 0 surr\nd$1 ( c\rse he w\ld beg9 ) ^? ) :i* he 0 mo/ famili>1 z ! horse1 ! dog1 ! c[4 ,f ^! he w\ld proce$ to ! creatures ) :i* he 0 less famili>1 & f9ally deal--?r\gh ! m$ium ( travell]s' tales & o!r s\rces ( in=mation--) ! d5iz5s ( field1 =e/ & flood 9 =eign l&s4 ,9 simil> fa%ion he w\ld consid] ! plants1 m9]als1 & o!r products ( ,nature1 9 addition to rec\nt+ ! m>vels reveal$ to him by a/ronomy4 ,:atev] its defects on ! sci5tific side1 ,buffon's plan 0 simplicity itself1 & 0 adopt$ l>gely1 if n entirely1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 contempt--real or affect$--= ! sy/ematic me?od ( ! illu/ri\s ,l9nu4 ,hav+ *>t$ 8 c\rse1 ! re/ 0 pla9 sail+4 ,he />ts ) ! physical globe1 discuss+ ! =mation ( ! planets1 ! features ( ! e>?--m\nta9s1 riv]s1 seas1 lakes1 tides1 curr5ts1 w9ds1 volcanoes1 e>?quakes1 isl&s1 & s =?--& ! effects ( ! encroa*m5t & retreat ( ! ocean4 ,animate nature next conc]ns him4 ,aft] comp>+ animals1 plants & m9]als1 he proce$s to /udy man lit]ally f ! cradle to ! grave1 g>ni%+ ! n>rative ) ^? incursions into ! doma9s ( psy*ology1 physiology & hygi5e1 :i*1 8 detractors ins9uat$1 r5d]$ 8 "w specially attractive & popul>4 ,i4--,! ,f\r-,foot$ ,animals ,su* que/ions occupi$ ! fir/ ?ree volumes1 & ! gr\nd 0 n[ cle>$ = ! celebrat$ treatise on ,quadrup$s1 :i* fill$ no few] ?an twelve volumes1 publi%$ at v>i\s dates f #agec 7vol4 iv47 to #agfg 7vol4 xv41 conta9+ ! ,new ,_w monkeys1 indexes1 & ! l74 ,buffon's modus op]&i sav$ him f capital blund]s4 ,?\gh inord9ately va9--,i "k b five great g5iuses1 he once said2 ,newton1 ,bacon1 ,leibniz1 ,montesquieu1 & myself--he 0 q consci\s ( 8 own limitations1 & _h ! common-s5se to entru/ to ,daub5ton ! description ( ! anatomy & o!r te*nical matt]s z to :i* 8 own k 0 comp>atively defective4 ,he res]v$ to himself :at may be call$ ! lit]>y aspect ( 8 !me1 record+ ! place ( ea* animal 9 hi/ory1 & relat+ its habits ) su* gu/o z 8 ornate & gr&iose /yle p]mitt$4 ,aft] a prelim9>y diss]tation on ! nature ( animals1 ,buffon plunges into an acc\nt ( ^? t h be5 dome/icat$ or tam$4 ,pref]5ce ( place is giv5 to ! horse1 & 8 me?od ( treatm5t is curi\sly anticipatory ( mod]n l9es4 ,beg9n+ ) "s notice ( ! horse 9 hi/ory1 he goes on to describe its appe>ance & habits & ! v>ieties ( ! g5us1 end+ 7by ! h& ( ,daub5ton7 ) an acc\nt ( its /ructure & physiology4 ,z evid5ce ( ! pa9s he took to collect au?ority = 8 /atem5ts1 x is ( int]e/ to m5tion t he illu/rates ! runn+ p[]s ( ! ,engli% horse by cit+ ! in/ance ( ,?ornhill1 ! po/ma/] ( ,/ilton1 :o1 9 #agde1 wag]$ he w\ld ride ! di/ance f ,/ilton to ,london ?rice 9 fifte5 consecutive h\rs4 ,sett+ out f ,/ilton1 & us+ eight diff]5t horses1 he accompli%$ 8 task 9 #c h\rs #ea m9utes4 ,9 ! return j\rney he us$ six horses1 & took #c h\rs #eb m9utes4 ,= ! ?ird race he conf9$ 8 *oice ( horses to ^? he _h already ridd51 &1 select+ sev51 a*iev$ ! di/ance 9 #c h\rs #di m9utes4 ,he p]=m$ ! und]tak+ 9 #aa h\rs & #cb m9utes4 ,i d\bt1 comm5ts ,buffon1 :e!r 9 ! ,olympic ,games !re 0 ev] witness$ su* rapid rac+ z t display$ by ,mr4 ,?ornhill4 ,ju/ice hav+ be5 done to x1 ! horse gives place to ! ass1 ox1 %eep1 goat1 pig1 dog1 & cat1 ) :i* he closes ! acc\nt ( ! dome/icat$ animals1 to :i* ?ree volumes are allott$4 ,x is notewor?y t ,buffon frequ5tly1 if n always1 gives ! synonyms ( ! animals' names 9 o!r languages1 & usually supports 8 textual /atem5ts by footnote ref]5ces to 8 au?orities4 ,:5 he comes to ! ,c>nivores--les animaux nuisibles--! defects ( ,buffon's higgl$y-piggl$y plan are almo/ ludicr\sly evid5t1 = fle%-eat]s1 fruit-eat]s1 insect-eat]s1 & gnaw]s rub %\ld]s ) colossal indiff]5ce4 ,d\btless1 h[ev]1 ?is is to u all ! m conspicu\s1 because use & wont h made read]s ( ! pres5t day acqua9t$ ) ! advantages ( classification1 :i* x is b fair to recognise has be5 elaborat$ & p]fect$ s9ce ,buffon's "t4 ,z 8 gigantic task progress$1 ,buffon's difficulties increas$4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( vol4 xii4 7#agfd7 he intimates t1 ) a view to break ! monotony ( a n>rative 9 :i* uni=mity is an unavoidable feature1 he w 9 future1 f "t to "t1 int]rupt ! g5]al description by disc\rses on ,nature & its effects on a gr& scale4 ,?is w1 he naively adds1 enable him to resume ) r5ew$ c\rage 8 acc\nt ( details ! inve/igation ( :i* dem&s ! calme/ pati5ce1 & af=ds no scope = g5ius4 ,,ii4--,! ,birds ,sc>cely _h he f9i%$ ! twelve volumes ( ,quadrup$s :5 ,buffon turn$ to ! ,birds4 ,if ?is section 7 less exact+1 yet x made enorm\s claims ^u 8 att5tion1 & n9e volumes 7 occupi$ be=e ! hi/ory ( ! class 0 conclud$4 ,publication ( ,des ,oiseaux 0 begun 9 #aggj1 & cont9u$ int]mitt5tly until #aghc4 ,b tr\bles dogg$ ! great naturali/4 ,! relations betwe5 him & ,daub5ton _h gr[n acute1 & ! latt]1 unwill+ any long] to put up ) ,buffon's love ( va+lory1 )drew f ! ent]prise to :i* 8 co-op]ation _h imp>t$ s mu* value4 ,s]i\s illness1 also1 & ! dea? ( ,buffon's wife1 caus$ a long susp5sion ( 8 lab\rs1 :i* 71 h[ev]1 light5$ by ! assi/ance ( ,guneau de ,montbli>d4 ,"o /roke ( luck he _h1 :i* no "o w begrudge ! we>y ,titan4 ,james ,bruce1 ( ,k9naird1 on 8 return f ,abyss9ia 9 #aggc1 sp5t "s "t ) ,buffon at 8 *teau 9 ,montb>d1 & plac$ at 8 disposal sev]al ( ! rem>kable discov]ies he _h made dur+ 8 travels4 ,buffon 0 n sl[ to appreciate ?is gods5d4 ,n only did he1 q prop]ly1 make ! mo/ ( ,bruce's dis9t]e/$ help1 b he also express$ ! confid5t hope t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t w\ld comm& ! publication ( ,bruce's preci\s "w4 ,he w5t on to pay a complim5t to ! ,engli%1 & s commit !m to ?is ent]prise4 ,t respectable nation1 he ass]ts1 :i* excels all o!rs 9 discov]y1 c b add to its glory 9 promptly communicat+ to ! _w ! results ( ! excell5t travell]s' rese>*es4 ,/ill unfett]$ by any s*eme ( classification1 ei!r sci5tific or logical1 ,buffon beg9s 8 acc\nt ( ! birds ) ! eagles & owls4 ,to indicate 8 c\rse ?r\gh\t ! va/ class1 x w suffice to "n a few ( ! pr9cipal birds 9 ! ord] 9 :i* he takes !m aft] ! birds ( prey4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! o/ri*1 bu/>d1 game birds1 pigeons1 cr[s1 s++ birds1 humm+ birds1 p>rots1 cuckoos1 swall[s1 woodpeck]s1 t\cans1 k+fi%]s1 /orks1 cranes1 secret>y bird1 h]ons1 ibis1 curlews1 plov]s1 rails1 div+ birds1 pelicans1 cormorants1 geese1 gulls1 & p5gu9s4 ,) ! volume deal+ ) ! pic>ian birds 7woodpeck]s7 ,buffon ann\nces ! )drawal ( ,guneau de ,montbli>d1 & 8 obligations = advice & help to ! ,abb ,bexon 7#agdh-aghd71 ,canon ( ,sa9te ,*apelle 9 ,p>is4 ,,iii4--,supplem5t & ,sequel ,at ! same "t t ! ,birds volumes 7 pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 ,buffon also issu$ p]iodically sev5 volumes ( a supplem5t 7#aggd-aghi71 ! la/ appe>+ po/hum\sly "u ! editor%ip ( ,c\nt ,lacpde4 ,?is consi/$ ( an olla podrida ( all sorts ( pap]s1 su* z w\ld h won ! he>t ( ,*>les ,godfrey ,lel&4 ,! nature ( ! hot*pot* w be und]/ood f a recital ( "s ( its cont5ts1 9 _! *ronological ord]4 ,x op5$ ) an introduction to ! hi/ory ( m9]als1 p>tly !oretical 7conc]n+ light1 heat1 fire1 air1 wat]1 e>?1 & ! law ( attraction71 & p>tly exp]im5tal 7body heat1 heat 9 m9]als1 ! nature ( plat9um1 ! ductility ( iron74 ,!n 7 discuss$ inc&esc5ce1 fusion1 %ips' guns1 ! /r5g? & resi/ance ( wood1 ! pres]vation ( =e/s & reaf=e/ation1 ! cool+ ( ! e>?1 ! temp]ature ( planets1 additional obs]vations on quadrup$s already describ$1 acc\nts ( animals n notic$ be=e1 su* z ! tapir1 quagga1 gnu1 nylghau1 _m antelopes1 ! vicua1 ,cape ant-eat]1 />-nos$ mole1 sea-lion1 & o!rs2 ! probabilities ( life 7a subject on :i* ! au?or plum$ himself71 & 8 essay on ! ,epo*s ( ,nature4 ,nor did ^! concurr5t s]ies ( books exhau/ 8 b\ndless en]gy & +5uity1 = 9 ! five ye>s prec$+ 8 dea? 7#aghc-aghh71 he produc$ 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,m9]als 9 five volumes1 ! la/ ( :i* 0 ma9ly occupi$ ) electricity1 magnetism1 & ! load/one4 ,x is true t ! rese>*es ( mod]n *emi/s h wr\ght havoc ) ,buffon's "w 9 ?is field2 b ?is 0 8 mis=tune r ?an 8 fault1 & leaves unt\*$ ! quantity ( 8 output4 ,buffon invok$ ! aid ( ! arti/ almo/ f ! fir/1 & 8 ,natural ,hi/ory is illu/rat$ by hundr$s ( full-page copp]-plate engrav+s1 & embelli%$ ) num]\s elegant headpiece designs4 ,! figures ( ! animals are mo/ly admirable examples ( portraiture1 ?\gh ! classical backgr\nds l5d a t\* ( ! grotesque to _m ( ! compositions4 ,illu/rations ( anatomy1 physiology1 & o!r features ( a te*nical "* are to be numb]$ by ! score1 & are1 ( c\rse1 indisp5sable 9 su* a "w4 ,! editio pr9ceps is *]i%$ by collectors because ( ! #a1jjh col\r$ plates 7,plan*es ,enlum9es7 9 folio1 ! text itself be+ 9 qu>to1 by ! y\ng] ,daub5ton1 ^: "w 0 spirit$ly engrav$ by ,m>t9et4 ,app>5tly anxi\s to illu/rate "o section exhau/ively r ?an sev]al sections 9 a fragm5t>y mann]1 ! arti/ devot$ himself *iefly to ! birds1 :i* monopolise probably n9e-t5?s ( ! plates1 & to :i* he may also h be5 attract$ by _! gorge\s plumages4 ,z soon z ! lab\r]'s task 0 ov]1 8 sci5tific fri5ds ?\ght ! be/ monum5t :i* !y c\ld raise to 8 memory 0 to complete 8 ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,?is duty 0 dis*>g$ by two m51 :o1 bo? well qualifi$1 work$1 h[ev]1 on indep5d5t l9es4 ,c\nt ,lacpde1 adh]+ to ! =mat ( ! orig9al1 add$ two volumes on ! ,reptiles 7#aghh-aghi71 five on ! ,fi%es 7#agih-ahjc71 & "o on ! ,cetaceans 7#ahjd74 ,sonn9i de ,manonc\rt 7#agea-ahab71 feel+ t ?is edition1 ?\gh extremely h&some1 0 cumb]some1 und]took an entirely new edition 9 octavo4 ,?is 0 begun 9 #agig1 & f9i%$ 9 #ahjh4 ,x occupi$ #abg volumes1 &1 ,lacpde's treatises n be+ available1 ,sonn9i himself dealt ) ! ,fi%es 7?irte5 volumes7 & ,:ales 7"o volume71 ,p4,a4 ,latreille ) ! ,cru/aceans & ,insects 7f\rte5 volumes71 ,d5ys-,mont=t ) ! ,molluscs 7six volumes71 ,f4,m4 ,d&9 ) ! ,reptiles 7eight volumes71 & ,c4,f4 ,brisseau-,mirbel & ,n4 ,jolycl]c ) ! ,plants 7eighte5 volumes74 ,sonn9i's edition con/itut$ ! cope-/one ( ,buffon's "w1 & rema9$ ! be/ edition1 until ! :ole /ructure 0 ?r[n d[n by ! views ( lat] naturali/s1 :o revolutionis$ zoology4 ,,iv4--,place & ,doctr9e ,buffon may ju/ly be acclaim$ z ! fir/ popul>is] ( natural hi/ory4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 unsci5tific 9 8 opposition to sy/ems1 :i*1 9 po9t ( fact1 ess5tially elucidat$ ! important doctr9e t a cont9u\s succession ( =ms runs ?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom4 ,8 recognition ( ?is pr9ciple 01 inde$1 "o ( 8 greate/ s]vices to ! sci5ce4 ,ano!r ( 8 wise g5]alisations 0 t ,nature proce$s by unkn[n gradations1 & consequ5tly _c adapt h]self to =mal analysis1 s9ce %e passes f "o species to ano!r1 & (t5 f "o g5us to ano!r1 by %ades ( diff]5ce s delicate z to be :olly imp]ceptible4 ,9 ,buffon's eyes ,nature is an inf9itely div]sifi$ :ole :i* x is impossible to break up & classify4 ,! animal comb9es all ! p[]s ( ,nature2 ! =ces animat+ x are peculi>ly its own2 x wi%es1 does1 resolves1 works1 & communicates by its s5ses ) ! mo/ di/ant objects4 ,"o's self is a c5tre :]e ev]y?+ agrees1 a po9t :]e all ! univ]se is reflect$1 a _w 9 m9iature4 ,9 natural hi/ory1 accord+ly1 ea* animal or plant ought to h its own biography & description4 ,life1 ,buffon also held1 abides 9 organic molecules4 ,liv+ be+s are made up ( ^! molecules1 :i* exi/ 9 c\ntless numb]s1 :i* may be sep>at$ b _c be de/roy$1 :i* pi]ce into brute matt]1 &1 work+ !re1 develop1 x may be animals1 x may be plants1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! matt] 9 :i* !y are lodg$4 ,^! inde/ructible molecules circulate ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 pass f "o be+ to ano!r1 m9i/] to ! cont9uance ( life1 provide = nutrition & ! gr[? ( ! individual1 & det]m9e ! reproduction ( ! species4 ,buffon fur!r taught t ! quantity & quality ( life pass f l[] to high] /ages--9 ,t5nysonian phrase1 m5 rise on /epp+-/ones ( _! dead selves to high] ?+s--& %[$ ! unity & /ructure ( all be+s1 ( :om man is ! mo/ p]fect type4 ,x has be5 claim$ t ,buffon 9 a measure anticipat$ ,lam>ck & ,d>w94 ,he _h already =ese5 ! mutability ( species1 b _h n succe$$ 9 prov+ x = v>ieties & races4 ,if he ass]t$ t ! species ( dog1 jackal1 wolf & fox 7 d]iv$ f a s+le "o ( ^! species1 t ! horse came f ! zebra1 & s on1 ?is 0 f> f be+ tantam\nt to a demon/ration ( ! doctr9e4 ,9 fact1 he put =w>d ! mutability ( species r z probable !ory ?an z e/abli%$ tru?1 deem+ x ! coroll>y ( 8 views on ! succession & connection ( be+s 9 a cont9u\s s]ies4 ,"s case may be made out = reg>d+ ,buffon z ! f\nd] ( zoogeography2 at all ev5ts he 0 ! e>lie/ to det]m9e ! natural habitat ( ea* species4 ,he believ$ t species *ang$ ) climate1 b t no k9d 0 f\nd ?r\gh\t all ! globe4 ,man alone has ! privilege ( be+ ev]y:]e & always ! same1 because ! human race is "o4 ,! :ite man 7,european or ,caucasian71 ! black man 7,e?iopian71 ! yell[ man 7,mongol71 & ! r$ man 7,am]ican7 are only v>ieties ( ! human species4 ,z ! ,scots express x ) wont$ pi?1 ,we're a' ,jock ,tamson's bairns4 ,z to 8 geological works1 ,buffon exp\nd$ two !ories ( ! =mation ( ! globe4 ,9 8 ,?orie de la ,t]re he support$ ! ,neptuni/s1 :o attribut$ ! ph5om5a ( ! e>? to ! action ( wat]4 ,9 8 ,epoques de la ,nature he amplifi$ ! doctr9es ( ,leibniz1 & laid d[n ! foll[+ propositions3 7#a7 ,! e>? is elevat$ at ! equator & depress$ at ! poles 9 accordance ) ! laws ( gravitation & c5trifugal =ce2 7#b7 x possesses an int]nal heat1 ap>t f t receiv$ f ! sun2 7#c7 its own heat is insuffici5t to ma9ta9 life2 7#d7 ! sub/ances ( :i* ! e>? is compos$ are ( ! nature ( glass1 or c be conv]t$ into glass z ! result ( heat & fusion--t is1 are v]ifiable2 7#e7 ev]y:]e on ! surface1 includ+ m\nta9s1 exi/ enorm\s quantities ( %ells & o!r m>itime rema9s4 ,to ! !ses j enum]at$ ,buffon add$ :at he call$ ! monum5ts1 or :at ,hugh ,mill]1 a c5tury lat]1 m aptly describ$ z ! ,te/imony ( ! ,rocks4 ,f a consid]ation ( all ^! ?+s1 ,buffon at l5g? arriv$ at 8 succession ( ! ,epo*s1 or ,sev5 ,ages ( ,nature1 namely3 7#a7 ! ,age ( fluidity1 or inc&esc5ce1 :5 ! e>? & planets assum$ _! %ape2 7#b7 ! ,age ( cool+1 or consolidation1 :5 ! rocky int]ior ( ! e>? & ! great vitrescible masses at its surface 7 =m$2 7#c7 ! ,age :5 ! wat]s cov]$ ! face ( ! e>?2 7#d7 ! ,age :5 ! wat]s retreat$ & volcanoes became active2 7#e7 ! ,age :5 ! elephant1 hippopotamus1 rh9oc]os1 & o!r giants roam$ ?r\gh ! nor!rn hemisph]e2 7#f7 ! ,age ( ! division ( ! l& into ! va/ areas n[ /yl$ ! ,old & ! ,new ,worlds2 & 7#g7 ! ,age :5 ,man appe>$4 ,,rob]t ,,*amb]s ,ve/iges ( ,creation ,rob]t ,*amb]s 0 born 9 ,peebles1 ,scotl&1 ,july #aj1 #ahjb1 & di$ at ,/4 ,&rews on ,m>* #ag1 #ahga4 ,he 0 p>tn] ) 8 bro!r 9 ! publi%+ firm ( ,w4 ,r4 ,*amb]s1 0 editor ( ,*amb]s's ,j\rnal1 & 0 au?or ( sev]al works :5 he publi%$ anonym\sly1 9 ,octob] #ahdd1 ! "w by :i* 8 "n w always be rememb]$1 ,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation4 ,8 previ\s works1 "s ?irty 9 numb]1 did n deal ) sci5ce1 & 8 lab\r 9 prep>+ 8 ma/]piece 0 comm5surate ) ! c\rage :i* su* an und]tak+ involv$4 ,:5 ! book 0 publi%$1 su* int]e/ & curiosity z to its au?or%ip 7 ar\s$ t we h to g back to ! publication ( ,wav]ley = a p>allel4 ,little else 0 talk$ ab\t 9 sci5tific circles4 ,! "w 0 viol5tly attack$ by _m ho/ile critics1 ,f4,w4 ,newman1 au?or ( an e>ly review1 be+ a conspicu\s exception4 ,9 ! hi/orical introduction to ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 ,d>w9 speaks ( ! brilliant & p[]ful /yle ( ! ,ve/iges1 & says t x did excell5t s]vice 9 ?is c\ntry 9 call+ att5tion to ! subject1 9 remov+ prejudice1 & 9 ?us prep>+ ! gr\nd = ! reception ( analog\s views4 ,d>w9's idea ( selection z ! key to ! hi/ory ( species does n occur 9 ! ,ve/iges1 :i* belongs to ! ,lam>ckian s*ool ( unexam9$ belief 9 ! h]$it>y transmission ( ! effects ( use & disuse4 ,i4--,! ,reign ( ,univ]sal ,law ,! />s are suns1 & we c trace among/ !m ! work+ ( ! laws :i* gov]n our sun & 8 family4 ,9 ^! univ]sal laws we mu/ p]ceive intellig5ce2 some?+ ( :i* ! laws are b z ! expressions ( ! w & p[]4 ,! laws ( ,nature _c be reg>d$ z prim>y or indep5d5t causes ( ! ph5om5a ( ! physical _w4 ,we come1 9 %ort1 to a ,be+ beyond ,nature--its au?or1 its ,god2 inf9ite1 inconceivable1 x may be1 & yet "o :om ^! v laws pres5t to u ) attributes %[+ t our nature is 9 "s way a fa9t & f>-ca/ %ad[ ( ,81 :ile all ! g5tle/ & ! mo/ beautiful ( our emotions lead u to believe t we are z *ildr5 9 ,8 c>e & z vessels 9 ,8 h&4 ,let x !n be und]/ood--& ?is = ! read]'s special att5tion--t :5 natural law is spok5 ( "h1 ref]5ce is made only to ! mode 9 :i* ! ,div9e ,p[] is ex]cis$4 ,x is b ano!r phrase = ! action ( ! ev]-pres5t & su/a9+ ,god4 ,view+ ,nature 9 ?is light1 ! pursuit ( sci5ce is b ! seek+ ( a deep] acqua9tance ) ! ,inf9ite4 ,! endeav\r to expla9 any ev5ts 9 h] hi/ory1 h[ev] gr& or my/]i\s ^! may be1 is only to sit l a *ild at a "m's knee1 & fondly ask ( ! ?+s :i* pass$ be=e we 7 born2 & 9 mode/y & rev]5ce we may ev5 inquire if !re be any trace ( ! orig9 ( t m>vell\s arrangem5t ( ! univ]se :i* is pres5t$ to our notice4 ,9 ?is inquiry we fir/ p]ceive ! univ]se to consi/ ( a b\ndless multitude ( bodies ) va/ empty spaces betwe54 ,we "k ( c]ta9 motions among ^! bodies2 ( o!r & gr&] translations we are beg9n+ to get "s k4 ,besides ?is idea ( locality & movem5t1 we h ! equally c]ta9 "o ( a =m] s(t & m diffus$ /ate ( ! mat]ials ( ^! bodies2 also a tol]ably cle> "o z to gravitation hav+ be5 ! det]m9+ cause ( bo? locality & movem5t4 ,f ^! ideas ! g5]al "o naturally sugge/$ to u is--a =m] /age 9 ! frame ( mat]ial ?+s1 p]haps only a po9t 9 progress f "s o!r1 or a return f "o l ! pres5t--univ]sal space occupi$ ) gasi=m matt]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 ( irregul> con/itution1 s t gravitation caus$ x to break up & ga!r into pat*es1 produc+ at once ! relative localities ( a/ral & sol> sy/ems1 & ! movem5ts :i* !y h s9ce obs]v$1 9 !mselves & ) reg>d to ea* o!r--f ! daily sp9n+ ( s+le bodies on _! own axes1 to ! mazy dances ( va/ families ( orbs1 :i* come to p]iods only 9 millions ( ye>s4 ,h[ gr&1 yet h[ simple ! :ole ( ?is process--= a ,god only to conceive & d1 & yet = man1 aft] all1 to trace out & pond] ^u4 ,truly mu/ we be 9 "s way imm$iate to ! augu/ ,fa!r1 :o c ?9k all ?is1 & s come into ,8 pres5ce & c\ncil1 albeit only to fall pro/rate & mutely adore4 ,n only are ! orbs ( space inextricably connect$ 9 ! mann] :i* has be5 describ$1 b ! con/itution ( ! :ole is uni=m1 = all consi/ ( ! same *emical elem5ts4 ,& n[1 9 our v]sion ( ! romance ( ,nature1 we desc5d f ! consid]ation ( orb-fill$ space & ! "* ( ! univ]sal elem5ts1 to trace ! hi/ory ( our own globe4 ,& we f9d t ?is falls significantly into connection ) ! prim>y ord] ( ?+s sugge/$ by ,laplace's !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em 9 a va/ nebula or fire-mi/1 :i* = ages pa/ has be5 cond5s+ "u ! influ5ce ( gravitation & ! radiation ( its heat4 ,,ii4--,hi/ory ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/ ,:5 we /udy ! e>?'s cru/ we f9d t x consi/s ( lay]s or /rata1 laid d[n 9 succession1 ! e>li] "u ! influ5ce ( heat1 ! lat] "u ! influ5ce ( wat]4 ,^! /rata 9 _! ord] might be describ$ z a record ( ! /ate ( life ^u our planet f an e>ly to a comp>atively rec5t p]iod4 ,x is truly su* a record1 b n "o p]fectly complete4 ,nev]!less1 we f9d a notewor?y & significant sequ5ce4 ,we le>n t !re 0 dry l& long be=e ! occurr5ce ( ! fir/ fossils ( l& plants & animals4 ,9 diff]5t geographical =mations we f9d v>i\s species1 ?\gh sometimes ! same species is f\nd 9 diff]5t =mations1 hav+ surviv$ ! great e>? *anges :i* ! record ( ! rocks indicates4 ,!re is an unbrok5 succession ( animal life f ! beg9n+ to ! pres5t epo*4 ,l[ d[n1 :]e ! records ( life beg91 we f9d an era ( backboneless animals only1 & ! animal =ms !re f\nd1 ?\gh v>i\s1 are all humble 9 _! respective l9es ( gradation4 ,! e>ly fi%es 7 l[1 bo? ) respect to _! class z fi%es1 & ! ord] to :i* !y belong--t ( ! c>tilag9\s or gri/ly fi%es4 ,9 all ! ord]s ( anci5t animals !re is an asc5d+ gradation ( "* f fir/ to la/4 ,fur!r1 !re is a succession f l[ to high types 9 fossil plants1 f ! e>lie/ /rata 9 :i* !y are f\nd to ! highe/4 ,sev]al ( ! mo/ important liv+ species h left no record ( !mselves 9 any =mation beyond :at are1 comp>atively speak+1 mod]n4 ,su* are ! %eep & ! goat1 & su*1 above all1 is our own species4 ,comp>$ ) _m humbl] animals1 man is a be+1 z x 71 ( ye/]day4 ,?us concludes ! wondr\s section ( ! e>?'s hi/ory :i* is told by geology4 ,x takes up our globe at an e>ly /age 9 ! =mation ( its cru/--conducts x ?r\gh :at we h e reason to believe 7 va/ spaces ( "t1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* _m sup]ficial *anges took place1 & vegetable & animal life 0 gradually evolv$--& drops x j at ! po9t :5 man 0 app>5tly ab\t to ent] on ! sc5e4 ,! compilation ( su* a hi/ory1 f mat]ials ( s extraord9>y a "*1 & ! p[]ful nature ( ! evid5ce :i* ^! mat]ials af=d1 are calculat$ to excite our admiration1 & ! result mu/ be all[$ to exalt ! dignity ( sci5ce z a product ( man's indu/ry & 8 reason4 ,x is n[ to be rem>k$ t !re is no?+ 9 ! :ole s]ies ( op]ations display$ 9 inorganic geology :i* may n be acc\nt$ = by ! ag5cy ( ! ord9>y =ces ( ,nature4 ,^? movem5ts ( subt]ranean =ce :i* ?ru/ up m\nta9 ranges & upheav$ cont95ts /& 9 inextricable connection1 on ! "o h&1 ) ! volcanoes :i* are yet bel*+ =? lavas & %ak+ l>ge tracts ( gr\nd1 z1 on ! o!r1 ) ! primitive inc&esc5t /ate ( ! e>?4 ,^? =ces :i* dis9tegrat$ ! e>ly rocks1 ( :i* detritus =m$ new b$s at ! bottom ( ! sea1 are /ill se5 at "w to ! same effect4 ,to br+ ^! tru?s ! m ne>ly be=e u1 x is possible to make a sub/ance resembl+ basalt 9 a furnace2 lime/one & s&/one h bo? be5 =m$ f suitable mat]ials 9 appropriate receptacles2 ! ph5om5a ( cleavage h1 ) ! aid ( electricity1 be5 simulat$ on a small scale1 & by ! same ag5t cry/als are =m$4 ,9 %ort1 ! rem>k :i* 0 made reg>d+ ! indiff]5ce ( ! cosmical laws to ! scale on :i* !y op]at$ is to be repeat$ reg>d+ ! geological4 ,a common furnace w sometimes exemplify ! op]ation ( =ces :i* h produc$ ! ,giant's ,causeway2 & 9 a slop+ pl\gh$ field aft] ra9 we may (t5 obs]ve1 at ! l[] end ( a furr[1 a h&ful ( wa%$ & neatly deposit$ mud or s&1 capable ( s]v+ z an illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* ,nature has produc$ ! deltas ( ! ,nile & ,ganges4 ,9 ! ripple-m>ks on s&y bea*es ( ! pres5t day we see ,nature's exact repetition ( ! op]ations by :i* %e impress$ simil> features on ! s&/ones ( ! c>bonif]\s era4 ,ev5 su* m>ks z w9d-slant$ ra9 w\ld 9 our day produce on tide-des]t$ s&s h be5 read ^u tablets ( ! anci5t /rata4 ,x is ! same ,nature--t is to say1 ,god ?r\gh or 9 ! mann] ( ,nature--work+ ev]y:]e & 9 all "t1 caus+ ! w9d to bl[1 & ! ra9 to fall1 & ! tide to ebb & fl[1 inconceivable ages be=e ! bir? ( our race1 z n[4 ,s also we le>n f ! conif]s ( ^? old ages t !re 7 w9t] & summ] ^u e>?1 be=e any ( u liv$ to lik5 ! "o to all t is g5ial 9 our own nature1 or to say t ! o!r brea!d no airs s unk9d z man's +ratitude4 ,let no "o suppose !re is any necess>y disrespect = ! ,creator 9 ?us trac+ ,8 laws 9 _! m9ute & famili> op]ations4 ,!re is really no true great & small1 gr& & famili>1 9 ,nature4 ,su* only appe> :5 we ?ru/ ourselves 9 z a po9t f :i* to />t 9 judg+4 ,let u pass1 if possible1 beyond imm$iate impressions1 & see all 9 relation to ,cause1 & we %all *a/5$ly admit t ! :ole is alike wor%ipful4 ,! ,creator1 !n1 is se5 to h =m$ our e>?1 & effect$ ^u x a long & complicat$ s]ies ( *anges1 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* we f9d t he conducts ! affairs ( ,nature be=e our liv+ eyes2 t is1 9 ! mann] ( natural law4 ,?is is no ra% or unau?oris$ affirmation4 ,x is :at we d$uce f ! calculation ( a ,newton & a ,laplace on ! "o h&1 & f ! indu/ri\s obs]vation ( facts by a ,mur*ison & a ,lyell on ! o!r4 ,x is a po9t ( /up5d\s importance 9 human k2 "h at once is ! :ole region ( ! inorganic tak5 out ( ! dom9ion ( m>vel1 & plac$ "u an idea ( ,div9e regulation4 ,,iii4--,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>?'s ,life ,mix$ up1 h[ev]1 ) ! geological *anges1 & app>5tly z f9al object connect$ ) ! =mation ( ! globe itself1 !re is ano!r set ( ph5om5a pres5t$ 9 ! c\rse ( our hi/ory--! com+ into exi/5ce1 namely1 ( a long suite ( liv+ ?+s1 vegetable & animal1 t]m9at+ 9 ! families :i* we /ill see occupy+ ! surface4 ,! "q arises3 ,9 :at mann] has ?is set ( ph5om5a orig9at$8 ,c we t\* at & re/ = a mom5t on ! possibility ( plants & animals hav+ likewise be5 produc$ 9 a natural way1 ?us assign+ imm$iate causes ( b "o "* = ev]y?+ reveal$ to our s5sual obs]vation2 or are we at once to reject ?is idea1 & rema9 cont5t1 ei!r to suppose t creative p[] "h act$ 9 a diff]5t way1 or to believe unexam9+ly t ! inquiry is "o beyond our p[]s8 ,tak+ ! la/ "q fir/1 ,i w\ld reply t ,i am extremely lo? to imag9e t !re is any?+ 9 ,nature :i* we %\ld1 = any reason1 refra9 f exam9+4 ,if we c inf] aught f ! pa/ hi/ory ( sci5ce1 x is t ! :ole ( ,nature is a legitimate field = ! ex]cise ( our intellectual faculties2 t !re is a connection betwe5 ?is k & our well-be+2 & t1 if we may judge f ?+s once despair$ ( by our inquir+ reason1 b n[ made cle> & simple1 !re is none ( ,nature's my/]ies :i* we may n hopefully attempt to p5etrate4 ,to rema9 idly cont5t to presume a v>i\s class ( imm$iate causes = organic ,nature seems to me1 on ?is gr\nd1 equally objectionable4 ,) respect to ! o!r "q ! idea has sev]al times aris5 t "s natural c\rse 0 obs]v$ 9 ! production ( organic ?+s1 & ?is ev5 be=e we 7 p]mitt$ to atta9 cle> conclusions reg>d+ inorganic nature4 ,x 0 always set quickly aside z unwor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation4 ,! case is diff]5t n[1 :5 we h admitt$ law 9 ! :ole doma9 ( ! inorganic4 ,o!rwise1 ! absurdities into :i* we %\ld be l$ mu/ /rike e reflect+ m9d4 ,! ,et]nal ,sov]eign arranges a sol> or an a/ral sy/em1 by dispositions imp>t$ primordially to matt]2 he causes1 by ! same means1 va/ oceans to jo9 & cont95ts to rise1 & all ! gr& meteoric ag5cies to proce$ 9 ceaseless alt]nation1 s z to fit ! e>? = a resid5ce ( organic be+s4 ,b :51 9 ! c\rse ( ^! op]ations1 fuci & corals are to be1 = ! fir/ "t1 plac$ 9 ^! oceans1 a *ange 9 8 plan ( adm9i/ration is requir$4 ,x is n easy to say :at is presum$ to be ! mode ( 8 op]ations4 ,! ignorant believe ! v h& ( ,deity to be at "w4 ,among/ ! le>n$1 we he> ( creative fiats1 int]f]5ces1 int]positions ( ! creative en]gy1 all ( !m v obscure phrases1 app>5tly n susceptible ( a sci5tific explanation1 b all t5d+ simply to ?is3 t ! "w 0 done 9 a m>vell\s way1 & n 9 ! way ( ,nature4 ,b we ne$ n assume two totally di/9ct modes ( ! ex]cise ( ! div9e p[]--"o 9 ! c\rse ( inorganic nature & ! o!r 9 intimately connect$ c\rse ( organic nature4 ,inde$1 :5 all ! evid5ce is survey$1 x seems difficult to resi/ ! impression t ve/iges1 at lea/1 are se5 ( ! mann] & me?od ( ! ,creator 9 ?is "p ( ,8 "w4 ,x appe>s to be a case 9 :i* rigid pro( is h>dly to be look$ =4 ,b su* evid5ces z exi/ are rem>kably consi/5t & h>moni\s4 ,! !ory po9t$ to consorts ) ev]y?+ else :i* we h le>n$ accurately reg>d+ ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se4 ,sci5ce has n "o positive affirmation on ! o!r side4 ,inde$1 ! view oppos$ to x is n "o 9 :i* sci5ce is conc]n$2 x appe>s z m]ely "o ( ! prejudices =m$ 9 ! non-age ( our race4 ,= ! hi/ory1 !n1 ( organic nature1 ,i embrace1 n z a prov$ fact1 b z a rational int]pretation ( ?+s z f> z sci5ce has reveal$ !m1 ! idea ( progressive developm5t4 ,we contemplate ! simple/ & mo/ primitive types ( be+ z giv+ bir? to a type sup]ior to x2 ?is aga9 produc+ ! next high]1 & s on to ! highe/4 ,we contemplate1 9 %ort1 a univ]sal ge/ation ( ,nature1 l t ( ! individual be+1 & att5d$ z little by circum/ances ( a miracul\s k9d z ! sil5t advance ( an ord9>y "m f "o week to ano!r ( h] pregnancy4 ,?us simple--aft] ages ( m>vell+--appe>s organic creation1 :ile yet ! :ole ph5om5a are1 9 ano!r po9t ( view1 wond]s ( ! highe/ k9d1 be+ ! und\bt$ results ( ord9ances argu+ ! highe/ attributes ( =esight1 skill & goodness on ! "p ( _! ,div9e ,au?or4 ,if1 f9ally1 we /udy ! m9d ( man1 we f9d t its ,almighty ,au?or has de/9$ x1 l ev]y?+ else1 to be develop$ f inh]5t qualities4 ,?us ! :ole appe>s complete on "o pr9ciple4 ,! masses ( space are =m$ by law2 law makes !m 9 due "t !atres ( exi/5ce = plants & animals2 s5sation1 disposition1 intellect1 are all 9 l mann] su/a9$ 9 action by law4 ,x is mo/ int]e/+ to obs]ve into h[ small a field ! :ole ( ! my/]ies ( ,nature ?us ultimately resolve !mselves4 ,! inorganic has be5 ?\ght to h "o f9al compreh5sive law--gravitation4 ,! organic1 ! o!r great dep>tm5t ( mundane ?+s1 re/s 9 l mann] on "o law1 & t is--developm5t4 ,nor may ev5 ^! be aft] all twa91 b only bran*es ( "o /ill m compreh5sive law1 ! expression ( a unity fl[+ imm$iately f ! ,"o :o is fir/ & la/4 ,,iv4--,! ,future & its ,mean+ ,! "q :e!r ! human race w ev] advance f> beyond its pres5t position 9 intellect & morals is "o :i* has engag$ mu* att5tion4 ,judg+ f ! pa/1 we _c reasonably d\bt t great advances are yet to be made2 b1 if ! pr9ciple ( developm5t be admitt$1 ^! are c]ta91 :atev] may be ! space ( "t requir$ = _! realisation4 ,a progression resembl+ developm5t may be trac$ 9 human nature1 bo? 9 ! individual & 9 l>ge gr\ps ( m54 ,n only s1 b by ! "w ( our ?\ghtful bra9s & busy h&s we modify ext]nal nature 9 a way nev] kn[n be=e4 ,! physical improvem5ts wr\ght by man ^u ! e>?'s surface ,i conceive z at once prep>ations =1 & causes (1 ! possible developm5t ( high] types ( humanity1 be+s less /rong 9 ! impulsive p>ts ( our nature1 m /rong 9 ! reason+ & moral1 m fitt$ = ! delights ( social life1 because society w !n pres5t less to dread & m to love4 ,! hi/ory & con/itution ( ! _w h n[ be5 hypo!tically expla9$1 accord+ to ! be/ lights :i* a humble individual has f\nd )9 ! rea* ( 8 p]ceptive & reason+ faculties4 ,we h se5 a sy/em 9 :i* all is regul>ity & ord]1 & all fl[s f1 & is ob$i5t to1 a div9e code ( laws ( unb5d+ op]ation4 ,we are to und]/& f :at has be5 laid be=e u t man1 ) 8 v>i$ m5tal p[]s & impulses1 is a natural problem ( :i* ! elem5ts c be tak5 cognisance ( by sci5ce1 & t all ! secul> de/9ies ( our race1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 are b evolutions ( a law /atut$ & su/a9$ 9 action by an all-wise ,deity4 ,!re may be a fai? d]iv$ f ?is view ( ,nature suffici5t to su/a9 u "u all s5se ( ! imp]fect happ9ess1 ! calamities1 ! woes & pa9s ( ?is sph]e ( be+4 ,= let u b fully & truly consid] :at a sy/em is "h laid op5 to view & we _c well d\bt t we are 9 ! h&s ( ,"o :o is bo? able & will+ to d u ! mo/ entire ju/ice4 ,surely1 9 su* a fai? we may well re/ at ease1 ev5 ?\gh life %\ld h be5 to u b a protract$ malady4 ,?9k+ ( all ! cont+5cies ( ?is _w z to be 9 "t melt$ into or lo/ 9 "s great] sy/em1 to :i* ! pres5t is only subsidi>y1 let u wait ! end ) pati5ce & be ( good *e]4 ,,georges ,,cuvi] ,! ,surface ( ! ,globe ,georges ,cuvi] 0 born ,aug4 #bd1 #agfi1 at ,montbli>d1 ,france4 ,he _h a brilliant academic c>e] at ,/uttg>t ,academy1 & 9 #agie1 at ! age ( tw5ty-six1 he 0 appo9t$ assi/ant pr(essor ( comp>ative anatomy at ! ,museum d',hi/oire ,naturelle 9 ,p>is1 & 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,national ,in/itute4 ,f ?is date onw>ds to 8 dea? 9 #ahcb1 8 sci5tific indu/ry 0 rem>kable4 ,bo? z zoologi/ & palontologi/ he mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( ! greate/ pione]s ( sci5ce4 ,he fill$ _m important sci5tific po/s1 includ+ ! *air ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ! ,collge de ,france1 & a pr(essor%ip at ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes4 ,9 #ahjh he 0 made memb] ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity2 & 9 #ahad1 ,presid5t ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,public ,in/ruction4 ,9 #ahbf he 0 made gr& (fic] ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r1 & five ye>s lat] 0 made a pe] ( ,france4 ,! ,disc\rs sur les ,rvolutions de la ,surface du ,globe1 publi%$ 9 #ahbe1 is ess5tially a prelim9>y disc\rse to ! au?or's celebrat$ "w1 ,re*]*es sur les ,ossem5s fossiles de ,quadrupdes4 ,x is an endeav\r to trace ! relation%ip betwe5 ! *anges :i* h tak5 place on ! surface ( ! globe & ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 its animal inhabitants1 ) especial ref]5ce to ! evid5ce af=d$ by fossil rema9s ( quadrup$s4 ,x is app>5t1 ,cuvi] writes1 t ! bones ( quadrup$s conduct u1 by v>i\s reason+s1 to m precise results ?an any o!r relics ( organis$ bodies4 ,! two books toge!r may be consid]$ ! fir/ really sci5tific palontology4 ,i4--,effects ( ,geological ,*ange ,my fir/ object w be to %[ h[ ! fossil rema9s ( ! t]re/rial animals are connect$ ) ! !ory ( ! e>?4 ,i %all aft]w>ds expla9 ! pr9ciples by :i* fossil bones may be id5tifi$4 ,i %all give a rapid sket* ( new species discov]$ by ! application ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,i %all !n %[ h[ f> ^! v>ieties may ext5d1 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ! climate & dome/ication4 ,i %all !n conceive myself ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t ! m consid]able diff]5ces :i* ,i h discov]$ are ! results ( v important cata/rophes4 ,aft]w>ds ,i %all expla9 ! peculi> influ5ce :i* my rese>*es %\ld ex]cise on ! receiv$ op9ions conc]n+ ! revolutions ( ! globe4 ,f9ally1 ,i %all exam9e h[ f> ! civil & religi\s hi/ory ( nations accords ) ! results ( obs]vation on ! physical hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,:5 we trav]se ^? f]tile pla9s1 :]e tranquil wat]s *]i%1 z !y fl[1 an abundant vegetation1 & :]e ! soil1 trod by a num]\s p1 adorn$ ) fl\ri%+ villages1 ri* cities1 & sup]b monum5ts1 is nev] di/urb$ save by ! ravages ( w>1 or ! oppression ( p[]1 we c h>dly believe t ,nature has also _h h] int]nal commotions4 ,b our op9ions *ange :5 we dig into ?is app>5tly peaceful soil1 or asc5d its neighbor+ hills4 ,! l[e/ & mo/ level soils are compos$ ( horizontal /rata1 & all conta9 m>9e productions to an innum]able ext5t4 ,! hills to a v consid]able height are compos$ ( simil> /rata & simil> productions4 ,! %ells are sometimes s num]\s z to =m ! entire mass ( ! soil1 & all qu>t]s ( ! globe exhibit ! same ph5om5on4 ,! "t is pa/ :5 ignorance c\ld ma9ta9 t ^! rema9s ( organis$ bodies result$ f ! caprice ( ,nature1 & 7 productions =m$ 9 ! bosom ( ! e>? by its g5]ative p[]s2 = a scrupul\s comp>ison ( ! rema9s %[s n ! slighte/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! fossil %ells & ^? t are n[ f\nd 9 ! ocean4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t !y inhabit$ ! sea1 & t !y 7 deposit$ by ! sea 9 ! places :]e !y are n[ f\nd2 & x foll[s1 too1 t ! sea re/$ 9 ^! places long en\gh to =m regul>1 d5se1 va/ deposits ( aquatic animals4 ,! b$ ( ! sea1 accord+ly1 mu/ h und]gone "s *ange ei!r 9 ext5t or situation4 ,fur!r1 we f9d "u ! horizontal /rata1 incl9$ /rata4 ,?us ! sea1 previ\sly to ! =mation ( ! horizontal /rata1 mu/ h =m$ o!rs1 :i* h be5 brok51 incl9$1 & ov]turn$ by "s unkn[n causes4 ,m ?an ?is1 we f9d t ! fossils v>y ) ! dep? ( ! /rata1 & t ! fossils ( ! deep] & m anci5t /rata exhibit a =mation prop] to !mselves2 & we f9d 9 "s ( ! /rata1 too1 rema9s ( t]re/rial life4 ,! evid5ce is ?us pla9 t ! animal life 9 ! sea has v>i$1 & t p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface h be5 alt]nately dry l& & ocean4 ,! v soil1 :i* t]re/rial animals at pres5t inhabit has a hi/ory ( previ\s animal life1 & !n subm]sion "u ! sea4 ,! reit]at$ irruptions & retreats ( ! sea h n all be5 gradual1 b1 on ! contr>y1 !y h be5 produc$ by sudd5 cata/rophes4 ,! la/ cata/rophe1 :i* inundat$ & aga9 left dry our pres5t cont95ts1 left 9 ! nor!rn c\ntries ! c>casses ( l>ge quadrup$s1 :i* 7 froz51 & :i* are pres]v$ ev5 to ! pres5t day1 ) _! sk91 hair & fle%4 ,_h !y n be5 froz5 ! mom5t !y 7 kill$1 !y mu/ h putrefi$2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! int5se fro/ c\ld n h be5 ! ord9>y climatic condition1 = !y c\ld n h exi/$ at su* l[ temp]atures4 ,9 ! same in/ant1 !n1 9 :i* ^! animals p]i%$ ! climate :i* !y inhabit$ mu/ h und]gone a complete revolution4 ,! ruptures1 ! incl9ations1 ! ov]turn+s ( ! m anci5t /rata1 likewise po9t to sudd5 & viol5t *anges4 ,animal life1 !n1 has be5 frequ5tly di/urb$ on ?is e>? by t]rific cata/rophes4 ,liv+ be+s innum]able h p]i%$4 ,! inhabitants ( ! dry l& h be5 engulf$ by deluges2 & ! t5ants ( ! wat]1 des]t$ by _! elem5t1 h be5 left to p]i% f dr\ght4 ,ev5 anci5t rocks =m$ or deposit$ be=e ! appe>ance ( life on ! e>? %[ signs ( t]rific viol5ce4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ by "s t ! causes n[ at "w alt]+ ! face ( ! _w are suffici5t to acc\nt = all ! *anges ?r\gh :i* x has pass$3 b t is n s4 ,none ( ! ag5ts ,nature n[ employs--ra91 ?aw1 riv]s1 seas1 volcanoes--w\ld h be5 adequate to produce h] anci5t works4 ,to expla9 ! ext]nal cru/ ( ! _w1 we require causes o!r ?an ^? pres5t 9 op]ation1 & a ?\s& extraord9>y !ories h be5 advanc$4 ,?us1 accord+ to "o philosoph]1 ! e>? has receiv$ 9 ! beg9n+ a uni=m light cru/ :i* caus$ ! abysses ( ! ocean1 & 0 brok5 to produce ! ,deluge4 ,ano!r suppos$ ! ,deluge to be caus$ by ! mom5t>y susp5sion ( ! cohesion ( m9]als4 ,ev5 accompli%$ sci5ti/s & philosoph]s h advanc$ impossible & contradictory !ories4 ,all attempts at explanation h be5 /ultifi$ by an ignorance ( ! facts to be expla9$1 or by a p>tial survey ( !m1 & especially by a neglect ( ! evid5ce af=d$ by fossils4 ,h[ 0 x possible n to p]ceive t ! !ory ( ! e>? owes its orig9 to fossils alone8 ,!y alone1 9 tru?1 in=m u ) any c]ta9ty t ! e>? has n always _h ! same cov]+1 s9ce !y c]ta9ly mu/ h liv$ ^u its surface be=e !y 7 buri$ 9 its dep?s4 ,if !re 7 only /rata )\t fossils1 "o might ma9ta9 t ! /rata _h all be5 =m$ toge!r4 ,hi!rto1 9 fact1 philosoph]s h be5 at v>iance on e po9t save "o1 & t is t ! sea has *ang$ its b$2 & h[ c\ld ?is h be5 kn[n except = fossils8 ,f ?is consid]ation ,i 0 l$ to /udy fossils2 & s9ce ! field 0 imm5se ,i 0 oblig$ to specialise 9 "o dep>tm5t ( fossils1 & select$ = /udy ! fossil bones ( quadrup$s4 ,i made ?is selection because only f a /udy ( fossil quadrup$s c "o hope to asc]ta9 ! numb] & p]iods & cont5ts ( irruptions ( ! sea2 & because1 s9ce ! numb] ( quadrup$s is limit$1 & mo/ quadrup$s kn[n1 we h bett] means ( assur+ ourselves if ! fossil rema9s are rema9s ( ext9ct or extant animals4 ,animals su* z ! griff91 ! c>tazonon1 ! unicorn1 nev] liv$1 & !re are probably v few quadrup$s n[ liv+ :i* h n be5 f\nd by man4 ,b ?\gh ! /udy ( fossil quadrup$ be enlight5+1 x has its own special difficulties4 ,"o great difficulty arises f ! fact t x is v r>e to f9d a fossil skeleton approa*+ to a complete /ate4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 !re is a pr9ciple 9 comp>ative anatomy :i* less5s ?is difficulty4 ,e organis$ be+ con/itutes a complete & compact sy/em ) all its p>ts 9 mutual correspond5ce4 ,none ( its p>ts c be *ang$ )\t *ang+ o!r p>ts1 & consequ5tly ea* "p1 tak5 sep>ately1 indicates ! o!rs4 ,?us1 if ! inte/9es ( an animal are made to dige/ raw fle%1 its jaws mu/ be likewise con/ruct$ to dev\r prey1 its claws to seize & te> x1 its tee? to r5d x1 its limbs to ov]take x1 its organs ( s5se to disc]n x af>4 ,aga91 9 ord] to enable ! jaw to seize ) facility1 a c]ta9 =m ( condyle is necess>y1 & ! zygomatic ar* mu/ be well develop$ to give atta*m5t to ! masset] muscle4 ,aga91 ! muscles ( ! neck mu/ be p[]ful1 :5ce results a special =m 9 ! v]tebr & ! occiput1 :]e ! muscles are atta*$4 ,yet aga91 9 ord] t ! claws may be effective1 ! toe-bones mu/ h a c]ta9 =m1 & mu/ h muscles & t5dons di/ribut$ 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,9 a ^w1 ! =m ( ! too? necessitates ! =m ( ! condyle1 ( ! %\ld]-blade1 & ( ! claws1 ( ! femur1 & ( all ! o!r bones1 & all ! o!r bones tak5 sep>ately w give ! too?4 ,9 ?is mann] anyone :o is sci5tifically acqua9t$ ) ! laws ( organic economy may f a fragm5t recon/ruct ! :ole animal4 ,! m>k ( a clov5 ho( is suffici5t to tell ! =m ( ! tee? & jaws & v]tebr & leg-bones & ?igh-bones & pelvis ( ! animal4 ,! lea/ fragm5t ( bone1 ! smalle/ apophysis1 has a det]m9ative "* 9 relation to ! class1 ! ord]1 ! g5us1 & species to :i* x may belong4 ,?is is s true t1 if we h only a s+le extremity ( bone well pres]v$1 we may1 ) application & a skilful use ( analogy & exact comp>ison1 det]m9e all ^? po9ts ) z mu* c]ta9ty z if we 7 9 possession ( ! entire animal4 ,by ! application ( ^! pr9ciples we h id5tifi$ & classifi$ ! fossil rema9s ( m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty mammalia4 ,,ii4--,:at ! ,fossils ,tea* ,an exam9ation ( ! fossils on ! l9es ,i h indicat$ %[s t out ( "o hundr$ & fifty mammif]\s & ovip>\s quadrup$s1 n9ety are unkn[n to pres5t naturali/s1 & t 9 ! old] lay]s su* ovip>\s quadrup$s z ! i*?yosauri & plesiosauri ab\nd4 ,! fossil elephant1 ! rh9oc]os1 ! hippopotamus1 & ! ma/odons are n f\nd 9 ! m anci5t lay]s4 ,9 fact1 ! species :i* appe> ! same z ours are f\nd only 9 sup]ficial deposits4 ,n[1 x _c be held t ! pres5t races ( animals diff] f ! anci5t races m]ely by modifications produc$ by local circum/ances & *ange ( climate--= if species gradually *ang$1 we mu/ f9d traces ( ^! gradual modifications1 & betwe5 ! palo!ria & ! pres5t species we %\ld h discov]$ "s int]m$iate =mation2 b to ! pres5t "t none ( ^! h appe>$4 ,:y h n ! b[els ( ! e>? pres]v$ ! monum5ts ( s rem>kable a g5ealogy unless x be t ! species ( =m] ages 7 z con/ant z our own1 or at lea/ because ! cata/rophe t de/roy$ !m _h n left !m "t to give evid5ce ( ! *anges8 ,fur!r1 an exam9ation ( animals %[s t ?\gh _! sup]ficial *>act]i/ics1 su* z col\r & size1 are *angeable1 yet _! m radical *>act]i/ics d n *ange4 ,ev5 ! artificial bre$+ ( dome/ic animals c produce only a limit$ degree ( v>iation4 ,! maximum v>iation kn[n at ! pres5t "t 9 ! animal k+dom is se5 9 dogs1 b 9 all ! v>ieties ! relations ( ! bones rema9 ! same & ! %ape ( ! tee? und]goes no palpable *ange4 ,i "k t "s naturali/s rely mu* on ! ?\s&s ( ages :i* !y c accumulate ) a /roke ( ! p52 b !re is no?+ :i* proves t "t w effect any m ?an climate & a /ate ( dome/ication4 ,i h endeav\r$ to collect ! mo/ anci5t docum5ts ( ! =ms ( animals4 ,i h exam9$ ! engrav+s ( animals includ+ birds on ! num]\s columns br\ght f ,egypt to ,rome4 ,m4 ,sa9t ,hilaire collect$ all ! mummies ( animals he c\ld obta9 9 ,egypt--cats1 ibises1 birds ( prey1 dogs1 monkeys1 crocodiles1 etc4--& we _c f9d any m diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ^? ( ! pres5t day ?an betwe5 human mummies ( t date & skeletons ( ! pres5t day4 ,!re is no?+1 !n1 9 kn[n facts :i* c support ! op9ion t ! new g5]a discov]$ among fossils--! palo!ria1 anoplo!ria1 megalonyces1 ma/odontes1 pt]odactyli1 i*?yosauri1 etc4--c\ld h be5 ! s\rces ( any animals n[ exi/+1 :i* w\ld diff] only by ! influ5ce ( "t or climate4 ,z yet no human bones h be5 discov]$ 9 ! regul> lay]s ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 s t man probably did n exi/ 9 ! c\ntries :]e fossil bones are f\nd at ! epo* ( ! revolutions :i* buri$ ^! bones1 = !re _c be assign$ any reason :y mank9d %\ld h escap$ su* ov]:elm+ cata/rophes1 or :y human rema9s %\ld n be discov]$4 ,man may h inhabit$ "s conf9$ tract ( c\ntry :i* escap$ ! cata/rophe1 b 8 e/abli%m5t 9 ! c\ntries :]e ! fossil rema9s ( l& animals are f\nd--t is to say1 9 ! greate/ "p ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica--is necess>ily po/]ior n only to ! revolutions :i* cov]$ ^! bones1 b ev5 to ^? :i* h laid op5 ! /rata :i* envelop !m2 :5ce x is cle> t we c draw nei!r f ! bones !mselves nor f ! rocks :i* cov] !m any argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! antiquity ( ! human species 9 ^! diff]5t c\ntries4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 closely exam9+ :at has tak5 place on ! surface ( ! globe1 s9ce x 0 left dry = ! la/ "t1 we cle>ly see t ! la/ revolution1 & consequ5tly ! e/abli%m5t ( pres5t society1 _c be v anci5t4 ,an exam9ation ( ! am\nt ( alluvial matt] deposit$ by riv]s1 ( ! progress ( d[ns1 & ( o!r *anges on ! surface ( ! e>?1 in=ms u cle>ly t ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s did n comm5ce at a v remote p]iod4 ,! hi/ory ( nations confirms ! te/imony ( ! fossils & ( ! rocks4 ,! *ronology ( none ( ! nations ( ! ,we/ c be trac$ unbrok5 f>!r back ?an #c1jjj ye>s4 ,! ,p5tateu*1 ! mo/ anci5t docum5t ! _w possesses1 & all subsequ5t writ+s allude to a univ]sal deluge1 & ! ,p5tateu* & ,v$as & ,*\-k+ date ?is cata/rophe z n m ?an #e1djj ye>s be=e our "t4 ,is x possible t m]e *ance gave a result s /rik+ z to make ! traditional orig9 ( ! ,assyrian1 ,indian1 & ,*9ese mon>*ies agree 9 be+ z remote z #d1jjj or #e1jjj ye>s back8 ,w\ld ! ideas ( nations ) s little int]-communication1 ^: language1 religion1 & laws h no?+ 9 common1 agree on ?is po9t if !y 7 n f\nd$ on tru?8 ,ev5 ! ,am]ican ,indians h _! ,noah or ,deucalion1 l ! ,indians1 ,babylonians1 & ,greeks4 ,x may be said t ! long exi/5ce ( anci5t nations is atte/$ by _! progress 9 a/ronomy4 ,b ?is progress has be5 mu* exagg]at$4 ,b :at w\ld ?is a/ronomy prove ev5 if x 7 m p]fect8 ,h we calculat$ ! progress :i* a sci5ce w\ld make 9 ! bosom ( nations :i* _h no o!r8 ,if among ! multitude ( p]sons solely occupi$ ) a/ronomy1 ev5 !n1 all t ^! p knew might h be5 discov]$ 9 a few c5turies1 :5 only #cjj ye>s int]v5$ betwe5 ,cop]nicus & ,laplace4 ,aga91 x has be5 pret5d$ t ! zodiacal figures on anci5t temples give pro( ( a remote antiquity2 b ! "q is v complicat$1 & !re are z _m op9ions z writ]s1 & c]ta9ly no conclusions aga9/ ! newness ( cont95ts & nations c be bas$ on su* evid5ce4 ,! zodiac itself has be5 consid]$ a pro( ( antiquity1 b ! argum5ts br\ght =w>d are und\bt$ly uns\nd4 ,ev5 if ^! v>i\s a/ronomical pro(s 7 z c]ta9 z !y are unconv9c+1 :at conclusion c\ld we draw aga9/ ! great cata/rophe s indisputably demon/rat$8 ,we %\ld only h ! "r to conclude t a/ronomy 0 among ! sci5ces pres]v$ by ^? p]sons :om ! cata/rophe sp>$4 ,9 conclusion1 if !re be any?+ det]m9$ 9 geology1 x is t ! surface ( our globe has be5 subject$ to a revolution )9 #e1jjj ye>s1 & t ?is revolution buri$ ! c\ntries =m]ly inhabit$ by man & mod]n animals1 & left ! bottom ( ! =m] sea dry z a habitation = ! few individuals x sp>$4 ,consequ5tly1 our pres5t human societies h aris5 s9ce ?is cata/rophe4 ,b ! c\ntries n[ inhabit$ _h be5 inhabit$ be=e1 z fossils %[1 by animals1 if n by mank9d1 & _h be5 ov]:elm$ by a previ\s deluge2 &1 inde$1 judg+ by ! diff]5t ord]s ( animal fossils we f9d1 !y _h p]haps und]gone two or ?ree irruptions ( ! sea4 ,,*>les ,,d>w9 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species ,*>les ,rob]t ,d>w9 0 born at ,%rewsbury1 ,engl&1 ,feb4 #ab1 #ahji1 ( a family di/+ui%$ on bo? sides4 ,ab&on+ m$ic9e = natural hi/ory1 he jo9$ ,h4,m4,s4 ,beagle 9 #ahca on ! five ye>s' voyage1 :i* he describ$ 9 ,! ,voyage ( ! ,beagle1 & to :i* he ref]s 9 ! introduction to 8 ma/]piece4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species conta9+1 9 ! idea ( natural selection1 ! di/9ctive contribution ( ,d>w9 to ! !ory ( organic evolution1 0 publi%$ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahei4 ,9 only "o brief s5t5ce did he !re allude to man1 b twelve ye>s lat] he publi%$ ! ,desc5t ( ,man1 9 :i* ! pr9ciples ( ! e>li] volume f\nd _! logical outcome4 ,9 o!r works ,d>w9 add$ va/ly to our k ( coral reefs1 organic v>iation1 e>?worms1 & ! comp>ative expression ( ! emotions 9 man & animals4 ,d>w9 di$ 9 ignorance ( ! "w ^u v>iation done by 8 great contempor>y1 ,gregor ,m5del1 ^: "w 0 r$iscov]$ 9 #aijj4 ,m5delism necessitates mu* modification ( ,d>w9's "w1 :i*1 h[ev]1 rema9s ! mak] ( ! greate/ epo* 9 ! /udy ( life & ! mo/ important contribution to t /udy ev] made4 ,its immortal au?or di$ on ,april #ai1 #ahhb1 & 0 buri$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,i4--,creation or ,evolution8 ,:5 on bo>d ,h4,m4,s4 ,beagle z naturali/1 ,i 0 mu* /ruck ) c]ta9 facts 9 ! di/ribution ( ! organic be+s inhabit+ ,s\? ,am]ica1 & 9 ! geographical relations ( ! pres5t to ! pa/ inhabitants ( t cont95t4 ,^! facts1 z w be se5 9 ! latt] *apt]s ( ?is volume1 seem$ to ?r[ "s light on ! orig9 ( species--t my/]y ( my/]ies1 z x has be5 call$ by "o ( our greate/ philosoph]s4 ,on my return home1 9 #ahcg1 x occurr$ to me t some?+ might p]haps be made out on ?is "q by pati5tly accumulat+ & reflect+ on all sorts ( facts :i* c\ld possibly h any be>+ on x4 ,aft] five ye>s' "w1 ,i all[$ myself to speculate on ! subject1 & drew up "s %ort notes2 ^! ,i enl>g$ 9 #ahdd into a sket* ( ! conclusions :i* !n seem$ to me probable4 ,f t p]iod to ! pres5t day ,i h /eadily pursu$ ! same object4 ,i hope t ,i may be excus$ = ent]+ on ^! p]sonal details1 z ,i give !m to %[ t ,i h n be5 ha/y 9 com+ to a decision4 ,9 consid]+ ! orig9 ( species1 x is q conceivable t a naturali/1 reflect+ on ! mutual aff9ities ( organic be+s1 on _! embryological relations1 _! geographical di/ribution1 geological succession1 & o!r su* facts1 might come to ! conclusion t species _h n be5 indep5d5tly creat$1 b _h desc5d$1 l v>ieties1 f o!r species4 ,nev]!less1 su* a conclusion1 ev5 if well f\nd$1 w\ld be unsatisfactory1 until x c\ld be %[n h[ ! innum]able species inhabit+ ?is _w h be5 modifi$ s z to acquire t p]fection ( /ructure & co-adaptation :i* ju/ly excites our admiration4 ,naturali/s cont9ually ref] to ext]nal conditions1 su* z climate1 food1 etc41 z ! only possible cause ( v>iation4 ,9 "o limit$ s5se1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 ?is may be true2 b x is prepo/]\s to attribute to m]e ext]nal conditions ! /ructure1 = in/ance1 ( ! woodpeck]1 ) its feet1 tail1 beak1 & tongue1 s admirably adapt$ to cat* insects "u ! b>k ( trees4 ,9 ! case ( ! mi/letoe1 :i* draws its n\ri%m5t f c]ta9 trees1 :i* has se$s t mu/ be transport$ by c]ta9 birds1 & :i* has fl[]s ) sep>ate sexes absolutely requir+ ! ag5cy ( c]ta9 insects to br+ poll5 f "o fl[] to ! o!r1 x is equally prepo/]\s to acc\nt = ! /ructure ( ! p>asite1 ) its relations to sev]al di/9ct organic be+s1 by ! effects ( ext]nal conditions1 or ( habit1 or ( ! volition ( ! plant itself4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( ! highe/ importance to ga9 a cle> insight into ! means ( modification & co-adaptation4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( my obs]vations x seem$ to me probable t a c>eful /udy ( dome/icat$ animals & ( cultivat$ plants w\ld (f] ! be/ *ance ( mak+ out ?is obscure problem4 ,nor h ,i be5 disappo9t$2 9 ?is & 9 all o!r p]plex+ cases ,i h inv>iably f\nd t our k1 imp]fect ?\gh x be1 ( v>iation "u dome/ication1 af=d$ ! be/ & safe/ clue4 ,i may v5ture to express my conviction ( ! high value ( su* /udies1 al?\gh !y h be5 v commonly neglect$ by naturali/s4 ,al?\gh mu* rema9s obscure1 & w long rema9 obscure1 ,i c ent]ta9 no d\bt1 aft] ! mo/ delib]ate /udy & dispassionate judgm5t ( :i* ,i am capable1 t ! view :i* mo/ naturali/s until rec5tly ent]ta9$1 & :i* ,i =m]ly ent]ta9$--namely1 t ea* species has be5 indep5d5tly creat$--is errone\s4 ,i am fully conv9c$ t species are n immutable1 b t ^? belong+ to :at are call$ ! same g5]a are l9eal desc5dants ( "s o!r & g5]ally ext9ct species1 9 ! same mann] z ! ackn[l$g$ v>ieties ( any "o species are ! desc5dants ( t species4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i am also conv9c$ t ,natural ,selection has be5 ! mo/ important1 b n ! exclusive1 means ( modification4 ,,ii4--,v>iation & ,selection ,all liv+ be+s v>y m or less f "o ano!r1 & ?\gh v>iations :i* are n inh]it$ are unimportant = u1 ! numb] & div]sity ( inh]itable deviations ( /ructure1 bo? ^? ( slight & ^? ( consid]able physiological importance1 are endless4 ,no bre$] d\bts h[ /rong is ! t5d5cy to inh]itance2 t l produces l is 8 fundam5tal belief4 ,d\bts h be5 ?r[n on ?is pr9ciple only by !oretical writ]s4 ,:5 any deviation ( /ructure (t5 appe>s1 & we see x 9 ! fa!r & *ild1 we _c tell :e!r x may n be due to ! same cause hav+ act$ on bo?2 b :5 among/ individuals1 app>5tly expos$ to ! same conditions1 any v r>e deviation1 due to "s extraord9>y comb9ation ( circum/ances1 appe>s 9 ! p>5t--say1 once among/ sev]al million individuals--& x re-appe>s 9 ! *ild1 ! m]e doctr9e ( *ances almo/ compels u to attribute its reappe>ance to inh]itance4 ,ev]yone mu/ h he>d ( cases ( alb9ism1 prickly sk91 hairy bodies1 etc41 appe>+ 9 memb]s ( ! same family4 ,if /range & r>e deviations ( /ructure are really inh]it$1 less /range & common] deviations may be freely admitt$ to be inh]itable4 ,p]haps ! correct way ( view+ ! :ole subject w\ld be to look at ! inh]itance ( e "* :atev] z ! rule1 & non-inh]itance z ! anomaly4 ,! laws gov]n+ inh]itance are = ! mo/ "p unkn[n4 ,no "o c say :y ! same peculi>ity 9 diff]5t individuals ( ! same species1 or 9 diff]5t species1 is sometimes inh]it$ & sometimes n s2 :y ! *ild (t5 rev]ts 9 c]ta9 *>act]s to its gr&fa!r or gr&mo!r1 or m remote ance/or2 :y a peculi>ity is (t5 transmitt$ f "o sex to bo? sexes1 or to "o sex alone1 m commonly b n exclusively to ! l sex4 ,! fact ( h]$ity be+ giv51 we h evid5ce d]iv$ f human practice z to ! influ5ce ( selection4 ,!re are l>ge numb]s ( dome/icat$ races ( animals & plants admirably suit$ 9 v>i\s ways to man's use or fancy--adapt$ to ! environm5t ( :i* 8 ne$ & incl9ation are ! mo/ ess5tial con/itu5ts4 ,we _c suppose t all ! bre$s 7 sudd5ly produc$ z p]fect & z useful z we n[ see !m2 inde$1 9 _m cases1 we "k t ?is has n be5 _! hi/ory4 ,! key is man's p[] ( accumulative selection4 ,nature gives successive v>iations2 man adds !m up 9 c]ta9 directions useful to him4 ,9 ?is s5se he may be said to h made = himself useful bre$s4 ,! great p[] ( ?is pr9ciple ( selection is n hypo!tical4 ,x is c]ta9 t sev]al ( our em95t bre$]s h1 ev5 )9 a s+le lifetime1 modifi$ to a l>ge ext5t _! bre$s ( cattle & %eep4 ,:at ,engli% bre$]s h actually effect$ is prov$ by ! enorm\s prices giv5 = animals ) a good p$igree2 & ^! h be5 export$ to almo/ e qu>t] ( ! _w4 ,! same pr9ciples are foll[$ by horticulturi/s1 & we see an a/oni%+ improvem5t 9 _m flori/s' fl[]s1 :5 ! fl[]s ( ! pres5t day are comp>$ ) draw+s made only tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ago4 ,! practice ( selection is f> f be+ a mod]n discov]y4 ,! pr9ciple ( selection ,i f9d di/9ctly giv5 9 an anci5t ,*9ese encyclopdia4 ,explicit rules are laid d[n by "s ( ! ,roman classical writ]s4 ,x is cle> t ! bre$+ ( dome/ic animals 0 c>efully att5d$ to 9 anci5t times1 & is n[ att5d$ to by ! l[e/ savages4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 h be5 a /range fact _h att5tion n be5 paid to bre$+1 = ! inh]itance ( good & bad qualities is s obvi\s4 ,/udy ( ! orig9 ( our dome/ic races ( animals & plants leads to ! foll[+ conclusions4 ,*ang$ conditions ( life are ( ! highe/ possible importance 9 caus+ v>iability1 bo? by act+ directly on ! organisation1 & indirectly by affect+ ! reproductive sy/em4 ,spontane\s v>iation ( unkn[n orig9 plays its "p4 ,"s1 p]haps a great1 effect may be attribut$ to ! increas$ use or disuse ( p>ts4 ,! f9al result is ?us r5d]$ inf9itely complex4 ,9 "s cases ! int]cross+ ( aborig9ally di/9ct species appe>s to h play$ an important "p 9 ! orig9 ( our bre$s4 ,:5 sev]al bre$s h once be5 =m$ 9 any c\ntry1 _! occasional int]cross+1 ) ! aid ( selection1 has1 no d\bt1 l>gely aid$ 9 ! =mation ( new sub-bre$s2 b ! importance ( cross+ has be5 mu* exagg]at$1 bo? 9 reg>d to animals & to ^? plants :i* are propagat$ by se$4 ,ov] all ^! causes ( *ange1 ! accumulative action ( selection1 :e!r appli$ me?odically & quickly1 or unconsci\sly & sl[ly1 b m effici5tly1 seems to h be5 ! pr$om9ant p[]4 ,,iii4--,v>iation ,"u ,nature ,be=e apply+ ^! pr9ciples to organic be+s 9 a /ate ( nature1 we mu/ asc]ta9 :e!r ^! latt] are subject to any v>iation4 ,we f9d v>iation ev]y:]e4 ,individual diff]5ces1 ?\gh ( small int]e/ to ! sy/emati/1 are ( ! highe/ importance = u1 = !y are (t5 inh]it$2 & !y ?us af=d mat]ials = natural selection to act & accumulate1 9 ! same mann] z man accumulates 9 any giv5 direction individual diff]5ces 9 8 dome/icat$ productions4 ,fur!r1 :at we call v>ieties _c really be di/+ui%$ f species 9 ! long run1 a fact :i* we c cle>ly und]/& if species once exi/$ z v>ieties1 & ?us orig9at$4 ,b ! facts are utt]ly inexplicable if species are indep5d5t creations4 ,h[ h all ! exquisite adaptations ( "o "p ( ! body to ano!r "p1 & to ! conditions ( life1 & ( "o organic be+ to ano!r be+1 be5 p]fect$8 ,= ev]y:]e we f9d ^! beautiful adaptations4 ,! answ] is to be f\nd 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,ow+ to ?is /ruggle1 v>iations1 h[ev] slight1 & f :atev] cause proce$+1 if !y be 9 any degree pr(itable to ! individuals ( a species 9 _! inf9itely complex relations to o!r organic be+s & to _! physical conditions ( life1 w t5d to ! pres]vation ( su* individuals1 & w g5]ally be inh]it$ by ! (fspr+4 ,! (fspr+1 also1 w ?us h a bett] *ance ( surviv+1 =1 ( ! _m individuals ( any species :i* are p]iodically born1 b a small numb] c survive4 ,i h call$ ?is pr9ciple1 by :i* ea* slight v>iation1 if useful1 is pres]v$1 by ! t]m ,natural ,selection1 9 ord] to m>k its relation to man's p[] ( selection4 ,b ! expression1 (t5 us$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ( ! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/1 is m accurate4 ,we h se5 t man1 by selection1 c c]ta9ly produce great results1 & c adapt organic be+s to 8 own uses1 ?r\gh ! accumulation ( slight b useful v>iations giv5 to him by ! h& ( ,nature4 ,natural ,selection is a p[] incessantly ready = action1 & is z immeasurably sup]ior to man's feeble ef=ts z ! works ( ,nature are to ^? ( ,art4 ,all organic be+s are expos$ to sev]e competition4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an to admit 9 words ! tru? ( ! univ]sal /ruggle = life1 or m difficult--at lea/1 ,i h f\nd x s--?an con/antly to be> ?is conclusion 9 m9d4 ,yet1 unless x be ?or\ghly engra9$ 9 ! m9d1 ! :ole economy ( ,nature1 ) e fact ( di/ribution1 r>ity1 abundance1 ext9ction1 & v>iation1 w be dimly se5 or q misund]/ood4 ,we behold ! face ( ,nature bright ) gladness2 we (t5 see sup]abundance ( food4 ,we d n see1 or we =get1 t ! birds :i* are idly s++ r\nd u mo/ly live on insects or se$s1 & are ?us con/antly de/roy+ life2 or we =get h[ l>gely ^! song/]s1 or _! eggs1 or _! ne/l+s1 are de/roy$ by birds or bea/s ( prey4 ,we d n always be> 9 m9d t1 ?\gh food may be sup]abundant1 x is n s at all seasons ( ea* recurr+ ye>4 ,a /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! t]m be+ us$ 9 a l>ge1 g5]al1 & metaphorical s5se1 inevitably foll[s f ! high rate at :i* all organic be+s t5d to increase4 ,e be+1 :i* dur+ its natural lifetime produces sev]al eggs or se$s1 mu/ suff] de/ruction dur+ "s p]iod ( its life1 & dur+ "s season or occasional ye>2 o!rwise1 on ! pr9ciple ( geometrical increase1 its numb]s w\ld quickly become s inord9ately great t no c\ntry c\ld support ! product4 ,h5ce1 z m individuals are produc$ ?an c possibly survive1 !re mu/ 9 e case be a /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ei!r "o individual ) ano!r ( ! same species1 or ) ! individuals ( di/9ct species1 or ) ! physical conditions ( life4 ,x is ! doctr9e ( ,mal?us appli$ ) manifold =ce to ! :ole animal & vegetable k+doms2 = 9 ?is case !re c be no artificial increase ( food1 & no prud5tial re/ra9t f m>riage4 ,al?\gh "s species may be n[ increas+1 m or less rapidly1 9 numb]s1 all _c d s1 = ! _w w\ld n hold !m4 ,!re is no exception to ! rule t e organic be+ naturally increases at s high a rate t1 if n de/roy$1 ! e>? w\ld soon be cov]$ by ! prog5y ( a s+le pair4 ,ev5 sl[-bre$+ man has d\bl$ 9 tw5ty-five ye>s1 & at ?is rate1 9 less ?an a ?\s& ye>s1 !re w\ld lit]ally n be /&+-room = 8 prog5y4 ,l9nu has calculat$ t if an annual plant produc$ only two se$s--& !re is no plant s unproductive z ?is--& _! se$l+s next ye> produc$ two1 & s on1 !n 9 tw5ty ye>s !re w\ld be a million plants4 ,! elephant is reckon$ ! sl[e/ bre$] ( all kn[n animals1 & ,i h tak5 "s pa9s to e/imate its probable m9imum rate ( natural increase4 ,x w be safe/ to assume t x beg9s bre$+ :5 ?irty ye>s old1 & goes on bre$+ until n9ety ye>s old1 br++ =? six "y 9 ! int]val1 & surviv+ till "o hundr$ ye>s old4 ,if ?is be s1 aft] a p]iod ( f #gdj to #gej ye>s !re w\ld be ne>ly n9ete5 million elephants alive1 desc5d$ f ! fir/ pair4 ,! causes :i* *eck ! natural t5d5cy ( ea* species to increase are mo/ obscure4 ,eggs or v "y animals seem g5]ally to suff] mo/1 b ?is is n inv>iably ! case4 ,) plants !re is a va/ de/ruction ( se$s4 ,! am\nt ( food = ea* species ( c\rse gives ! extreme limit to :i* ea* c increase2 b v frequ5tly x is n ! obta9+ food1 b ! s]v+ z prey to o!r animals1 :i* det]m9es ! av]age numb] ( a species4 ,climate is important1 & p]iodical seasons ( extreme cold or dr\ght seem to be ! mo/ effective ( all *ecks4 ,! relations ( all animals & plants to ea* o!r 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce are mo/ complex1 & (t5 unexpect$4 ,battle )9 battle mu/ be cont9ually recurr+ ) v>y+ success2 & yet 9 ! long run ! =ces are s nicely balanc$ t ! face ( ,nature rema9s = long p]iods ( "t uni=m1 ?\gh assur$ly ! m]e/ trifle w\ld give ! victory to "o organic be+ ov] ano!r4 ,nev]!less1 s pr(\nd is our ignorance1 & s high our presumption1 t we m>vel :5 we he> ( ! ext9ction ( an organic be+2 & z we d n see ! cause1 we invoke cataclysms to desolate ! _w1 or inv5t laws on ! duration ( ! =ms ( life6 ,! /ruggle = life is mo/ sev]e betwe5 individuals & v>ieties ( ! same species4 ,! competition is mo/ sev]e betwe5 alli$ =ms :i* fill ne>ly ! same place 9 ! economy ( ,nature4 ,b great is our ignorance on ! mutual relations ( all organic be+s4 ,all t we c d is to keep /eadily 9 m9d t ea* organic be+ is /riv+ to increase 9 a geometrical ratio2 t ea* at "s p]iod ( its life1 dur+ "s season ( ! ye>1 dur+ ea* g5]ation or at int]vals1 has to /ruggle = life & to suff] great de/ruction4 ,:5 we reflect on ?is /ruggle1 we may console ourselves ) ! full belief t ! w> ( ,nature is n incessant1 t no fe> is felt1 t dea? is g5]ally prompt1 & t ! vigor\s1 ! heal?y1 & ! happy survive & multiply4 ,,iv4--,! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/ ,h[ w ! /ruggle = exi/5ce act 9 reg>d to v>iation8 ,c ! pr9ciple ( selection1 :i* we h se5 is s pot5t 9 ! h&s ( man1 apply "u ,nature8 ,i ?9k we %all see t x c act mo/ effici5tly4 ,let ! endless numb] ( slight v>iations & individual diff]5ces occurr+ 9 our dome/ic productions1 &1 9 a less] degree1 9 ^? "u ,nature1 be borne 9 m9d1 z well z ! /r5g? ( ! h]$it>y t5d5cy4 ,"u dome/ication1 x may be truly said t ! :ole organisation becomes 9 "s degree pla/ic4 ,b ! v>iability1 :i* we almo/ univ]sally meet ) 9 our dome/ic productions1 is n directly produc$ by man2 he c nei!r orig9ate v>iations nor prev5t _! occurr5ce2 he c only pres]ve & accumulate su* z d occur4 ,un9t5tionally he exposes organic be+s to new & *ang+ conditions ( life1 & v>iability ensues2 b simil> *anges ( condition might & d occur "u ,nature4 ,let x also be borne 9 m9d h[ inf9itely complex & close-fitt+ are ! mutual relations ( all organic be+s to ea* o!r & to _! physical conditions ( life1 & consequ5tly :at inf9itely v>i$ div]sities ( /ructure might be ( use to ea* be+ "u *ang+ conditions ( life4 ,c x1 !n1 be ?\ght improbable1 see+ :at v>iations useful to man h und\bt$ly occurr$1 t o!r v>iations1 useful 9 "s way to ea* be+ 9 ! great complex battle ( life1 %\ld occur 9 ! c\rse ( _m successive g5]ations8 ,if su* d occur1 c we d\bt1 rememb]+ t _m m individuals are born ?an c possibly survive1 t individuals hav+ any advantage ov] o!rs1 w\ld h ! be/ *ance ( surviv+ & ( procreat+ _! k9d8 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may feel sure t any v>iation 9 ! lea/ degree injuri\s w\ld be rigidly de/roy$4 ,?is pres]vation ( fav\rable individual diff]5ces & v>iations1 & ! de/ruction ( ^? :i* are injuri\s1 ,i h call$ ,natural ,selection1 or ! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/4 ,! t]m is too frequ5tly misappreh5d$4 ,v>iations nei!r useful nor injuri\s w\ld n be affect$ by natural selection4 ,x is n ass]t$ t natural selection induces v>iability4 ,x implies only ! pres]vation ( su* v>ieties z arise & are b5eficial to ! be+ "u its conditions ( life4 ,aga91 x has be5 said t ,i speak ( natural selection z an active ,p[] or ,deity2 b :o objects to an au?or speak+ ( ! attraction ( gravity z rul+ ! movem5ts ( ! planets8 ,x is difficult to avoid p]sonify+ ! ^w ,nature2 b ,i mean by ,nature only ! aggregate action & product ( _m natural laws1 & by laws ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts z asc]ta9$ by u4 ,z man c produce1 & c]ta9ly has produc$1 a great result by 8 me?odical & unconsci\s means ( selection1 :at may n natural selection effect8 ,man c act only on ext]nal & visible *>act]s2 ,nature1 if ,i may be all[$ to p]sonify ! natural pres]vation or survival ( ! fitte/1 c>es no?+ = appe>ances1 except 9 s f> z !y are useful to any be+4 ,%e c act on e int]nal organ1 on e %ade ( con/itutional diff]5ce1 on ! :ole ma*9]y ( life4 ,man selects only = 8 own good2 ,nature only = t ( ! be+ :i* %e t5ds4 ,e select$ "* is fully ex]cis$ by h]1 z is impli$ by ! fact ( _! selection4 ,man keeps ! natives ( _m climates 9 ! same c\ntry2 he seldom ex]cises ea* select$ "* 9 "s peculi> & fitt+ mann]2 he fe$s a long & a %ort-beak$ pigeon on ! same food2 he does n ex]cise a long-back$ or long-legg$ quadrup$ 9 any peculi> mann]2 he exposes %eep ) long & %ort wool to ! same climate4 ,man does n all[ ! mo/ vigor\s males to /ruggle = ! females4 ,he does n rigidly de/roy all inf]ior animals1 b protects dur+ ea* v>y+ season1 z f> z lies 9 8 p[]1 all 8 productions4 ,he (t5 beg9s 8 selection by "s half-mon/r\s =m2 or at lea/ by "s modification prom95t en\gh to cat* ! eye or to be pla9ly useful to him4 ,b "u ,nature1 ! slighte/ diff]5ces ( /ructure or con/itution may well turn ! nicely-balanc$ scale 9 ! /ruggle = life1 & s be pres]v$4 ,h[ fleet+ are ! wi%es & ef=ts ( man6 ,h[ %ort 8 "t6 ,&1 consequ5tly1 h[ poor w be 8 results comp>$ ) ^? accumulat$ by ,nature dur+ :ole geological p]iods6 ,c we wond] t ,nature's productions %\ld be f> tru] 9 "* ?an man's productions2 t !y %\ld be inf9itely bett] adapt$ to ! mo/ complex conditions ( life1 & %\ld pla9ly be> ! /amp ( f> high] workman%ip8 ,x may metaphorically be said t natural selection is daily & h\rly scrut9is+1 ?r\gh\t ! _w1 ! slighte/ v>iations2 reject+ ^? t are bad1 pres]v+ & add+ up all t are good2 sil5tly & ins5sibly work+1 :5ev] & :]ev] opportunity (f]s1 at ! improvem5t ( ea* organic be+ 9 relation to its organic & inorganic conditions ( life4 ,we see no?+ ( ^! sl[ *anges 9 progress until ! h& ( "t has m>k$ ! lapse ( ages1 & !n s imp]fect is our view into long-pa/ geological ages t we see only t ! =ms ( life are n[ diff]5t f :at !y =m]ly 74 ,al?\gh natural selection c act only ?r\gh & = ! good ( ea* be+1 yet *>act]s & /ructures1 :i* we are apt to consid] z ( v trifl+ importance1 may ?us be act$ on4 ,natural selection w modify ! /ructure ( ! "y 9 relation to ! p>5t1 & ( ! p>5t 9 relation to ! "y4 ,9 social animals x w adapt ! /ructure ( ea* individual = ! b5efit ( ! :ole community1 if ! community pr(its by ! select$ *ange4 ,:at natural selection _c d is to modify ! /ructure ( "o species1 )\t giv+ x any advantage1 = ! good ( ano!r species2 & ?\gh /atem5ts to ?is effect may be f\nd 9 works ( natural hi/ory1 ,i _c f9d "o case :i* w be> inve/igation4 ,a /ructure us$ only once 9 an animal's life1 if ( high importance to x1 might be modifi$ to any ext5t by natural selection2 = in/ance1 ! great jaws possess$ by c]ta9 insects1 us$ exclusively = op5+ ! cocoon1 or ! h>d tip to ! beak ( unhat*$ birds1 us$ = break+ ! egg4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t ( ! be/ %ort-beak$ tumbl] pigeons a great] numb] p]i% 9 ! egg ?an are able to get out ( x2 s t fanci]s assi/ 9 ! act ( hat*+4 ,n[1 if ,nature _h to make ! beak ( a full-gr[n pigeon v %ort = ! bird's own advantage1 ! process ( modification w\ld be v sl[1 & !re w\ld be simultane\sly ! mo/ rigor\s selection ( all ! "y birds )9 ! egg1 = all ) weak beaks w\ld inevitably p]i%2 or m easily brok5 %ells might be select$1 ! ?ickness ( ! %ell be+ kn[n to v>y l e o!r /ructure4 ,) all be+s !re mu/ be mu* =tuit\s de/ruction1 :i* c h little or no influ5ce on ! c\rse ( natural selection4 ,= in/ance1 a va/ numb] ( eggs or se$s are annually dev\r$1 & ^! c\ld be modifi$ ?r\gh natural selection only if !y v>i$ 9 "s mann] :i* protect$ !m f _! enemies4 ,yet _m ( ^! eggs or se$s w\ld p]haps1 if n de/roy$1 h yield$ individuals bett] adapt$ to _! conditions ( life ?an any ( ^? :i* happ5$ to survive4 ,s1 aga91 a va/ numb] ( mature animals & plants1 :e!r or n !y be ! be/ adapt$ to _! conditions1 mu/ be annually de/roy$ by accid5tal causes1 :i* w\ld n be 9 ! lea/ degree mitigat$ by c]ta9 *anges ( /ructure or con/itution :i* w\ld 9 o!r ways be b5eficial to ! species4 ,b let ! de/ruction ( ! adults be ev] s heavy1 if ! numb] :i* c exi/ 9 any di/rict be n :olly kept d[n by su* causes--or1 aga91 let ! de/ruction ( eggs or se$s be s great t only a hundr$? or a ?\s&? "p are develop$--yet ( ^? :i* d survive1 ! be/ adapt$ individuals1 suppos+ !re is any v>iability 9 a fav\rable direction1 w t5d to propagate _! k9d 9 l>g] numb]s ?an ! less well adapt$4 ,on our !ory ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( l[ly organisms (f]s no difficulty2 = natural selection does n necess>ily include progressive developm5t2 x only takes advantage ( su* v>iations z arise & are b5eficial to ea* creature "u its complex relations ( life4 ,! m]e lapse ( "t by itself does no?+1 ei!r = or aga9/ natural selection4 ,i /ate ?is because x has be5 errone\sly ass]t$ t ! elem5t ( "t has be5 assum$ by me to play an all-important "p 9 modify+ species1 z if all ! =ms ( life 7 necess>ily und]go+ *ange ?r\gh "s innate law4 ,v4--,sexual ,selection ,?is =m ( selection dep5ds1 n on a /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 relation to o!r organic be+s or to ext]nal conditions1 b on a /ruggle betwe5 ! individuals ( "o sex1 g5]ally ! males1 = ! possession ( ! o!r sex4 ,! result is n dea? to ! unsuccessful competitor1 b few or no (fspr+4 ,sexual selection is1 !re=e1 less rigor\s ?an natural selection4 ,g5]ally1 ! mo/ vigor\s males1 ^? :i* are be/ fitt$ = _! places 9 ,nature1 w leave mo/ prog5y4 ,b1 9 _m cases1 victory dep5ds n s mu* on g5]al vig\r z on hav+ special weapons1 conf9$ to ! male sex4 ,a hornless /ag or spurless cock w\ld h a poor *ance ( leav+ num]\s (fspr+4 ,sexual selection1 by always all[+ ! victor to bre$1 might surely give indomitable c\rage1 l5g? to ! spur1 & /r5g? to ! w+ to /rike 9 ! spurr$ leg1 9 ne>ly ! same mann] z does ! brutal cock-fight] by ! c>eful selection ( 8 be/ cocks4 ,h[ l[ 9 ! scale ( ,nature ! law ( battle desc5ds ,i "k n4 ,male alligators h be5 describ$ z fight+1 bell[+1 & :irl+ r\nd1 l ,indians 9 a w>-dance1 = ! possession ( ! females2 male salmons h be5 obs]v$ fight+ all day long2 male /ag-beetles sometimes be> w\nds f ! m&ibles ( o!r males2 ! males ( c]ta9 o!r insects h be5 frequ5tly se5 fight+ = a p>ticul> female :o sits by1 an app>5tly unconc]n$ behold] ( ! /ruggle1 & !n retires ) ! conqu]or4 ,! w> is1 p]haps1 sev]e/ betwe5 ! males ( ! polygam\s animals1 & ^! seem (t5e/ provid$ ) special weapons4 ,! males ( c>nivor\s animals are already well arm$1 ?\gh to !m special means ( def5ce may be giv5 ?r\gh means ( sexual selection1 z ! mane ( ! lion & ! hook$ jaw ( ! salmon4 ,! %ield may be z important = victory z ! sword or spe>4 ,among/ birds1 ! conte/ is (t5 ( a m peaceful "*4 ,all ^? :o h att5d$ to ! subject believe t !re is ! sev]e/ rivalry betwe5 ! males ( _m species to attract1 by s++1 ! females4 ,! rock-?ru% ( ,guiana1 birds ( p>adise1 & "s o!rs1 congregate2 & successive males display ) ! mo/ elaborate c>e1 & %[ (f 9 ! be/ mann]1 _! gorge\s plumage2 !y likewise p]=m /range antics be=e ! females1 :i*1 /&+ by z spectators1 at la/ *oose ! mo/ attractive p>tn]4 ,if man c 9 a %ort "t give beauty & an elegant c>riage to 8 bantams1 accord+ to 8 /&>d ( beauty1 ,i c see no good reason to d\bt t female birds1 by select+1 dur+ ?\s&s ( g5]ations1 ! mo/ melodi\s or beautiful males1 accord+ to _! /&>d ( beauty1 might produce a m>k$ effect4 ,,vi4--,! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce ,"u dome/ication we see mu* v>iability1 caus$1 or at lea/ excit$1 by *ang$ conditions ( life2 b (t5 9 s obscure a mann] t we are tempt$ to consid] ! v>iations z spontane\s4 ,v>iability is gov]n$ by _m complex laws--by correlat$ gr[?1 comp5sation1 ! increas$ use & disuse ( p>ts1 & ! def9ite action ( ! surr\nd+ conditions4 ,!re is mu* difficulty 9 asc]ta9+ h[ l>gely our dome/ic productions h be5 modifi$2 b we may safely inf] t ! am\nt has be5 l>ge1 & t modifications c be inh]it$ = long p]iods4 ,z long z ! conditions ( life rema9 ! same1 we h reason to believe t a modification1 :i* has already be5 inh]it$ = _m g5]ations1 may cont9ue to be inh]it$ = an almo/ inf9ite numb] ( g5]ations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h evid5ce t v>iability1 :5 x has once come into play1 does n cease "u dome/ication = a v long p]iod2 nor d we "k t x ev] ceases1 = new v>ieties are /ill occasionally produc$ by our olde/ dome/icat$ productions4 ,v>iability is n actually caus$ by man2 he only un9t5tionally exposes organic be+s to new conditions ( life1 & !n ,nature acts on ! organisation & causes x to v>y4 ,b man c & does select ! v>iations giv5 to him by ,nature1 & ?us accumulates !m 9 any desir$ mann]4 ,he ?us adapts animals & plants = 8 own b5efit or pleasure4 ,he may d ?is me?odically1 or he may d x unconsci\sly by pres]v+ ! individuals mo/ useful or pleas+ to him )\t an int5tion ( alt]+ ! bre$4 ,x is c]ta9 t he c influ5ce ! "* ( a bre$ by select+1 9 ea* successive g5]ation1 individual diff]5ces s slight z to be inappreciable except by an educat$ eye4 ,?is unconsci\s process ( selection has be5 ! ag5cy 9 ! =mation ( ! mo/ di/9ct & useful dome/ic bre$s4 ,t _m bre$s produc$ by man h to a l>ge ext5t ! "* ( natural species is %[n by ! inextricable d\bts :e!r _m ( !m are v>ieties or aborig9ally di/9ct species4 ,!re is no reason :y ! pr9ciples :i* h act$ s effici5tly "u dome/ication %\ld n h act$ "u ,nature4 ,9 ! survival ( fav\r$ individuals & races1 dur+ ! con/antly recurr5t /ruggle = exi/5ce1 we see a p[]ful & ev]-act+ =m ( selection4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce inevitably foll[s f ! high geometrical ratio ( increase :i* is common to all organic be+s4 ,?is high rate ( increase is prov$ by calculation2 by ! rapid increase ( _m animals & plants dur+ a succession ( peculi> seasons & :5 naturalis$ 9 new c\ntries4 ,m individuals are born ?an c possibly survive4 ,a gra9 9 ! balance may det]m9e :i* individuals %all live & :i* %all die2 :i* v>iety or species %all increase 9 numb]1 & :i* %all decrease1 or f9ally become ext9ct4 ,z ! individuals ( ! same species come 9 all respects into ! close/ competition ) ea* o!r1 ! /ruggle w g5]ally be mo/ sev]e betwe5 !m2 x w be almo/ equally sev]e betwe5 ! v>ieties ( ! same species1 & next 9 sev]ity betwe5 ! species ( ! same g5us4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /ruggle w (t5 be sev]e betwe5 be+s remote 9 ! scale ( ,nature4 ,! slighte/ advantage 9 c]ta9 individuals1 at any age or dur+ any season1 ov] ^? ) :i* !y come into competition1 or bett] adaptation1 9 h[ev] slight a degree1 to ! surr\nd+ physical conditions1 w1 9 ! long run1 turn ! balance4 ,) animals hav+ sep>at$ sexes1 !re w be 9 mo/ cases a /ruggle betwe5 ! males = ! possession ( ! females4 ,! mo/ vigor\s males1 or ^? :i* h mo/ successfully /ruggl$ ) _! conditions ( life1 w g5]ally leave mo/ prog5y4 ,b success w (t5 dep5d on ! males hav+ special weapons1 or means ( def5ce1 or *>ms2 & a slight advantage w lead to victory4 ,z geology pla9ly proclaims t ea* l& has und]gone great physical *anges1 we might h expect$ to f9d t organic be+s h v>i$ "u ,nature 9 ! same way z !y h v>i$ "u dome/ication4 ,& if !re has be5 any v>iability "u ,nature1 x w\ld be an unacc\ntable fact if natural selection _h n come into play4 ,x has (t5 be5 ass]t$1 b ! ass]tion is incapable ( pro(1 t ! am\nt ( v>iation "u ,nature is a /rictly limit$ quantity4 ,man1 ?\gh act+ on ext]nal *>act]s alone1 & (t5 caprici\sly1 c produce )9 a %ort p]iod a great result by add+ up m]e individual diff]5ces 9 8 dome/ic productions2 & ev]yone admits t species pres5t individual diff]5ces4 ,b1 besides su* diff]5ces1 all naturali/s admit t natural v>ieties exi/1 :i* are consid]$ suffici5tly di/9ct to be wor?y ( record 9 sy/ematic works4 ,no "o has drawn any cle> di/9ction betwe5 individual diff]5ces & slight v>ieties1 or betwe5 m pla9ly m>k$ v>ieties & sub-species & species4 ,on sep>ate cont95ts1 & on diff]5t p>ts ( ! same cont95t :5 divid$ by b>ri]s ( any k9d1 :at a multitude ( =ms exi/ :i* "s exp]i5c$ naturali/s rank z v>ieties1 o!rs z geographical races or sub-species1 & o!rs z di/9ct1 ?\gh closely alli$ species6 ,if1 !n1 animals & plants d v>y1 let x be ev] s slightly or sl[ly1 :y %\ld n v>iations or individuals1 diff]5ces :i* are 9 any way b5eficial1 be pres]v$ & accumulat$ ?r\gh natural selection1 or ! survival ( ! fitte/8 ,if man c1 by pati5ce1 select v>iations useful to him1 :y1 "u *ang+ & complex conditions ( life1 %\ld n v>iations useful to ,nature's liv+ products (t5 arise1 & be pres]v$1 or select$8 ,:at limit c be put to ?is p[]1 act+ dur+ long ages & rigidly scrut9is+ ! :ole con/itution1 /ructure1 & habits ( ea* creature--fav\r+ ! good & reject+ ! bad8 ,i c see no limit to ?is p[]1 9 sl[ly & beautifully adapt+ ea* =m to ! mo/ complex relations ( life4 ,9 ! future ,i see op5 fields = f> m important rese>*es4 ,psy*ology w be bas$ on ! f\ndation already well laid by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]--t ( ! necess>y acquirem5t ( ea* m5tal p[] & capacity by gradation4 ,mu* light w be ?r[n on ! orig9 ( man & 8 hi/ory4 ,au?ors ( ! highe/ em95ce seem to be fully satisfi$ ) ! view t ea* species has be5 indep5d5tly creat$4 ,to my m9d x accords bett] ) :at we "k ( ! laws impress$ on matt] by ! ,creator t ! production & ext9ction ( ! pa/ & pres5t inhabitants ( ! _w %\ld h be5 due to second>y causes1 l ^? det]m9+ ! bir? & dea? ( ! individual4 ,:5 ,i view all be+s n z special creations1 b z ! l9eal desc5dants ( "s few be+s :i* liv$ long be=e ! fir/ b$ ( ! ,cambrian sy/em 0 deposit$1 !y seem to me to become ennobl$4 ,judg+ f ! pa/1 we may safely inf] t n "o liv+ species w transmit its unalt]$ lik5ess to a di/ant futurity4 ,( ! species n[ liv+ v few w transmit prog5y ( any k9d to a f> di/ant futurity2 = ! mann] 9 :i* all organic be+s are gr\p$ %[s t ! great] numb] ( species 9 ea* g5us1 & all ! species 9 _m g5]a1 h left no desc5dants1 b h become utt]ly ext9ct4 ,we c s f> take a prophetic glance into futurity z to =etell t x w be ! common & widely-spread species1 belong+ to ! l>g] & dom9ant gr\ps )9 ea* class1 :i* w ultimately prevail & procreate new & dom9ant species4 ,z all ! liv+ =ms ( life are ! l9eal desc5dants ( ^? :i* liv$ long be=e ! ,cambrian epo*1 we may feel c]ta9 t ! ord9>y succession by g5]ation has nev] once be5 brok51 & t no cataclysm has desolat$ ! :ole _w4 ,we may look ) "s confid5ce to a secure future ( great l5g?4 ,z natural selection works solely by & = ! good ( ea* be+1 all corporeal & m5tal end[m5ts w t5d to progress t[>ds p]fection4 ,x is int]e/+ to contemplate a tangl$ bank1 clo!d ) _m plants ( _m k9ds1 ) birds s++ on ! bu%es1 ) v>i\s insects flitt+ ab\t1 & ) worms crawl+ ?r\gh ! damp e>?1 & to reflect t ^! elaborately con/ruct$ =ms1 s diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r 9 s complex a mann]1 h all be5 produc$ by laws act+ ar\nd u4 ,^! laws1 tak5 9 ! l>ge/ s5se1 be+ ,gr[? ) ,reproduction2 ,inh]itance1 :i* is almo/ impli$ by reproduction2 ,v>iability f ! indirect & direct action ( ! conditions ( life1 & f use & disuse2 a ratio ( increase s high z to lead to a /ruggle = life1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 to ,natural ,selection1 entail+ ,div]g5ce ( ,"* & ! ,ext9ction ( less improv$ =ms4 ,?us1 f ! w> ( ,nature1 f fam9e & dea?1 ! mo/ exalt$ object :i* we are capable ( conceiv+1 namely1 ! production ( ! high] animals1 directly foll[s4 ,!re is gr&eur 9 ?is view ( life1 ) its sev]al p[]s1 hav+ be5 orig9ally brea!d by ! ,creator into a few =ms1 or into "o2 & t1 :il/ ?is planet has gone cycl+ on accord+ to ! fix$ law ( gravity1 f s simple a beg9n+ endless =ms mo/ beautiful & mo/ wond]ful h be51 & are be+1 evolv$4 ,,sir ,,humphry ,,davy ,elem5ts ( ,*emical ,philosophy ,humphry ,davy1 ! celebrat$ natural philosoph]1 0 born ,dec4 #ag1 #aggh1 at ,p5zance1 ,engl&4 ,at ! age ( sev5te5 he became an apo!c>y's appr5tice1 & at ! age ( n9ete5 assi/ant at ,dr4 ,b$does's pneumatic in/itution at ,bri/ol4 ,dur+ rese>*es at ! pneumatic in/itution he discov]$ ! physiological effects ( laugh+ gas1 & made s consid]able a reputation z a *emi/ t at ! age ( tw5ty-two he 0 appo9t$ lectur]1 & a ye> lat] pr(essor1 at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,= t5 ye>s1 f #ahjc1 he 0 engag$ 9 agricultural rese>*es1 & 9 #ahac publi%$ 8 ,elem5ts ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry4 ,dur+ ! same decade he conduct$ important inve/igations into ! nature ( *emical comb9ation1 & succe$$ 9 isolat+ ! elem5ts potassium1 sodium1 /rontium1 magnesium1 & *lor9e4 ,9 #ahab he 0 knight$1 & m>ri$ ,mrs4 ,apreece1 ne ,jane ,k]r4 ,9 #ahae he inve/igat$ ! nature ( fire-damp & inv5t$ ! ,davy safety lamp4 ,9 #ahah he receiv$ a b>onetcy1 & two ye>s lat] 0 elect$ ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,on ,may #bi1 #ahbi1 he di$ at ,g5eva4 ,davy's ,elem5ts ( ,*emical ,philosophy1 ( :i* a summ>y is giv5 "h1 0 publi%$ 9 "o volume 9 #ahab1 be+ ! sub/ance ( lectures deliv]$ be=e ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture4 ,i4--,=ms & ,*anges ( ,matt] ,! =ms & appe>ances ( ! be+s & sub/ances ( ! ext]nal _w are almo/ inf9itely v>i\s1 & !y are 9 a /ate ( cont9u$ alt]ation4 ,9 g5]al1 matt] is f\nd 9 f\r =ms1 z 7#a7 solids1 7#b7 fluids1 7#c7 gases1 7#d7 e!real sub/ances4 #a4 ,solids4 ,solids reta9 :atev] me*anical =m is giv5 to !m2 _! p>ts are sep>at$ ) difficulty1 & _c readily be made to unite aft] sep>ation4 ,!y may be ei!r ela/ic or non-ela/ic1 & diff] 9 h>dness1 9 col\r1 9 opacity1 9 d5sity1 9 weight1 &1 if cry/all9e1 9 cry/all9e =m4 #b4 ,fluids4 ,fluids1 :5 9 small masses1 assume ! sph]ical =m2 _! p>ts possess fre$om ( motion2 !y diff] 9 d5sity & t5acity1 9 col\r1 & 9 opacity4 ,!y are usually reg>d$ z incompressible2 at lea/1 a v great me*anical =ce is requir$ to compress !m4 #c4 ,gases4 ,gases exi/ free 9 ! atmosph]e1 b may be conf9$4 ,_! p>ts are highly movable2 !y are compressible & expansible1 & _! volumes are inv]sely z ! weight compress+ !m4 ,all kn[n gases are transp>5t1 & pres5t only two or ?ree v>ieties ( col\r2 !y diff] mat]ially 9 d5sity4 #d4 ,e!real ,sub/ances4 ,e!real sub/ances are kn[n to u only 9 _! /ates ( motion :5 act+ ^u our organs ( s5se1 or ^u o!r matt]1 & are n susceptible ( be+ conf9$4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t !re is su* matt] 9 motion 9 space4 ,e!real matt] diff]s ei!r 9 its nature1 or 9 its affections by motion1 = x produces diff]5t effects2 = in/ance1 radiant heat1 & diff]5t k9ds ( light4 ,all ^! =ms ( matt] are "u ! influ5ce ( active =ces1 su* z gravitation1 cohesion1 heat1 *emical & electrical attraction1 & ^! we mu/ n[ consid]4 #a4 ,gravitation4 ,:5 a /one is ?r[n into ! atmosph]e1 x rapidly desc5ds t[>ds ! e>?4 ,?is is ow+ to gravitation4 ,all ! great bodies 9 ! univ]se are urg$ t[>ds ea* o!r by a simil> =ce4 ,bodies mutually gravitate t[>ds ea* o!r1 b ! small] body proportionately m ?an ! l>g] "o2 h5ce ! p[] ( gravity is said to v>y directly z ! mass4 ,gravitation also v>ies ) di/ance1 & acts inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 #b4 ,cohesion4 ,cohesion is ! =ce :i* pres]ves ! =ms ( solids1 & gives globul>ity to fluids4 ,x is usually said to act only at ! surface ( bodies or by _! imm$iate contact2 b ?is does n seem to be ! case4 ,x c]ta9ly acts ) mu* great] en]gy at small di/ances1 b ! sph]ical =m ( m9ute portions ( fluid matt] c be produc$ only by ! attractions ( all ! p>ts ( :i* !y are compos$1 = ea* o!r2 & mo/ ( ^! attractions mu/ be ex]t$ at s5sible di/ances1 s t gravitation & cohesion may be m]e modifications ( ! same g5]al p[] ( attraction4 #c4 ,heat4 ,:5 a body :i* occasions ! s5sation ( heat on our organs is br\ght into contact ) ano!r body :i* has no su* effect1 ! hot body contracts & loses to a c]ta9 ext5t its p[] ( communicat+ heat2 & ! o!r body exp&s4 ,diff]5t solids & fluids exp& v diff]5tly :5 heat$1 & ! expansive p[] ( liquids1 9 g5]al1 is great] ?an t ( solids4 ,x is evid5t t ! d5sity ( bodies mu/ be dim9i%$ by expansion2 & 9 ! case ( fluids & gases1 ! p>ts ( :i* are mobile1 _m important ph5om5a dep5d ^u ?is circum/ance4 ,= in/ance1 if heat be appli$ to fluids & gases1 ! heat$ p>ts *ange _! places & rise1 & ! curr5ts 9 ! ocean & atmosph]e are due pr9cipally to ?is movem5t4 ,!re are v few exceptions to ! law ( ! expansion ( bodies at ! "t !y become capable ( communicat+ ! s5sation ( heat1 & ^! exceptions seem to dep5d ^u "s *emical *ange 9 ! con/itution ( bodies1 or on _! cry/all9e arrangem5ts4 ,! p[] :i* bodies possess ( communicat+ or receiv+ heat is kn[n z temp]ature1 & ! temp>ature ( a body is said to be high or l[ ) respect to ano!r 9 proportion z x occasions an expansion or contraction ( its p>ts4 ,:5 equal volumes ( diff]5t bodies ( diff]5t temp]atures are suff]$ to rema9 9 contact till !y acquire ! same temp]ature1 x is f\nd t ?is temp]ature is n a mean "o1 z x w\ld be 9 ! case ( equal volumes ( ! same body4 ,?us if a p9t ( quicksilv] at #ajj be mix$ ) a p9t ( wat] at #ej1 ! result+ temp]ature is n #ge1 b #gj2 ! m]cury has lo/ ?irty degrees1 :]eas ! wat] has only ga9$ tw5ty degrees4 ,?is diff]5ce is said to dep5d on ! diff]5t capacities ( bodies = heat4 ,n only d diff]5t bodies v>y 9 _! capacity = heat1 b !y likewise acquire heat ) v diff]5t degrees ( cel]ity4 ,?is la/ diff]5ce dep5ds on ! diff]5t p[] ( bodies = conduct+ heat1 & x w be f\nd t z a rule ! d5se/ bodies1 ) ! lea/ capacity = heat1 are ! be/ conductors4 ,heat1 or ! p[] ( repulsion1 may be consid]$ z ! antagoni/ p[] to ! attraction ( cohesion4 ,?us solids by a c]ta9 increase ( temp]ature become fluids1 & fluids gases2 &1 vice v]s1 by a dim9ution ( temp]ature1 gases become fluids1 & fluids solids4 ,pro(s ( ! conv]sion ( solids1 fluids1 or gases into e!real sub/ances are n di/9ct4 ,heat$ bodies become lum9\s & give (f radiant heat1 :i* affects ! bodies at a di/ance1 & x may !re=e be held t p>ticles are ?r[n (f f heat$ bodies ) great velocity1 :i*1 by act+ on our organs1 produce ! s5sations ( heat or light1 & t _! motion1 communicat$ to ! p>ticles ( o!r bodies1 has ! p[] ( exp&+ !m4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be said t ! radiant matt]s emitt$ by bodies 9 ignition are specific sub/ances1 & t common matt] is n susceptible ( assum+ ?is =m2 or x may be cont5d$ t ! ph5om5a ( radiation d 9 fact1 dep5d ^u motions communicat$ to subtile matt] ev]y:]e exi/+ 9 space4 ,! temp]atures at :i* bodies *ange _! /ates f fluids to solids1 ?\gh 9 g5]al def9ite1 are influ5c$ by a few circum/ances su* z motion & pressure4 ,:5 solids are conv]t$ into fluids1 or fluids into gases1 !re is always a loss ( heat ( temp]ature2 &1 vice v]s1 :5 gases are conv]t$ into fluids1 or fluids into solids1 !re is an increase ( heat ( temp]ature1 & 9 ?is case x is said t lat5t heat is absorb$ or giv5 out4 ,! expansion due to heat has be5 acc\nt$ = by suppos+ a subtile fluid1 or caloric1 capable ( comb9+ ) bodies & ( sep>at+ _! p>ts f ea* o!r1 & ! absorption & lib]ation ( lat5t heat c be expla9$ on ?is pr9ciple4 ,b _m o!r facts are incompatible ) ! !ory4 ,= in/ance1 metal may be kept hot = any l5g? ( "t by friction1 s t if caloric be press$ out x mu/ exi/ 9 an inexhau/ible quantity4 ,delicate exp]im5ts h %[n t bodies1 :5 heat$1 d n increase 9 weight4 ,x seems possible to acc\nt = all ! ph5om5a ( heat1 if x be suppos$ t 9 solids ! p>ticles are 9 a con/ant /ate ( vibratory motion1 ! p>ticles ( ! hotte/ bodies mov+ ) ! greate/ velocity & ?r\gh ! greate/ space2 t 9 fluids & gases ! p>ticles h n only vibratory motion1 b also a motion r\nd _! own axes ) diff]5t velocities1 & t 9 e!real sub/ances ! p>ticles move r\nd _! own axes & sep>ate f ea* o!r1 p5etrat+ 9 "r l9es ?r\gh space4 ,temp]ature may be conceiv$ to dep5d ^u ! velocity ( ! vibrations1 increase ( capacity on ! motion be+ p]=m$ 9 great] space2 & ! dim9ution ( temp]ature dur+ ! conv]sion ( solids into fluids or gases may be expla9$ on ! idea ( ! loss ( vibratory motion 9 consequ5ce ( ! revolution ( p>ticles r\nd _! axes at ! mom5t :5 ! body becomes fluid or a]i=m1 or f ! loss ( rapidity ( vibration 9 consequ5ce ( ! motion ( p>ticles ?r\gh great] space4 #d4 ,*emical ,attraction4 ,oil & wat] w n comb9e2 !y are said to h no *emical attraction or aff9ity = ea* o!r4 ,b if oil & solution ( potassa 9 wat] be mix$1 ! oil & ! solution bl5d & =m a soap2 & !y are said to attract ea* o!r *emically or to h a *emical aff9ity = ea* o!r4 ,x is a g5]al "* ( *emical comb9ation t x *anges ! qualities ( ! bodies4 ,?us1 corrosive & pung5t sub/ances may become mild & ta/eless2 solids may become fluids1 & solids & fluids gases4 ,no body w act *emically ^u ano!r body at any s5sible di/ance2 app>5t contact is necess>y = *emical action4 ,a fre$om ( motion 9 ! p>ts ( ! bodies or a want ( cohesion greatly assi/s action1 & x 0 =m]ly believ$ t bodies _c act *emically ^u ea* o!r unless "o ( !m be fluid or gase\s4 ,diff]5t bodies unite ) diff]5t degrees ( =ce1 & h5ce "o body is capable ( sep>at+ o!rs f c]ta9 ( _! comb9ations1 & 9 consequ5ce mutual decompositions ( diff]5t comp\nds take place4 ,?is has be5 call$ d\ble aff9ity1 or complex *emical aff9ity4 ,z 9 all well-kn[n comp\nds ! proportions ( ! elem5ts are 9 c]ta9 def9ite ratios to ea* o!r1 x is evid5t t ^! ratios may be express$ by numb]s2 & if "o numb] be employ$ to d5ote ! smalle/ quantity 9 :i* a body comb9es1 all o!r quantities ( ! same body w be multiples ( ?is numb]1 & ! smalle/ proportions into :i* ! undecompos$ bodies ent] into union be+ kn[n1 ! con/itution ( ! comp\nds !y =m may be le>nt1 & ! elem5t :i* unites *emically 9 ! smalle/ quantity be+ express$ by unity1 all ! o!r elem5ts may be repres5t$ by ! relations ( _! quantities to unity4 #e4 ,electrical ,attraction4 ,a piece ( dry silk briskly rubb$ aga9/ a w>m plate ( poli%$ fl9t glass acquires ! prop]ty ( adh]+ to ! glass1 & bo? ! silk & ! glass1 if ap>t f ea* o!r1 attract light sub/ances4 ,! bodies are said to be electrically excit$4 ,probably1 all bodies :i* diff] f ea* o!r become electrically excit$ :5 rubb$ & press$ toge!r4 ,! electrical excitem5t seems ( two k9ds4 ,a pi?-ball t\*$ by glass excit$ by silk repels a pi?-ball t\*$ by silk excit$ by metals4 ,electrical excitem5t ( ! same nature z t 9 glass excit$ by silk is kn[n z vitre\s or positive1 & electrical excitem5t ( ! opposite nature is kn[n z res9\s or negative4 ,a rod ( glass t\*$ by an electrifi$ body is electrifi$ only r\nd ! po9t ( contact4 ,a rod ( metal1 on ! contr>y1 susp5d$ on a rod ( glass & br\ght into contact ) an electrical surface1 in/antly becomes electrical ?r\gh\t4 ,! glass is said to be a non-conductor1 or insulat+ sub/ance2 ! metal a conductor4 ,:5 a non-conductor or imp]fect conductor1 provid$ x be a ?9 plate ( matt] plac$ ^u a conductor1 is br\ght 9 contact ) an excit$ electrical body1 ! surface opposite to t ( contact ga9s ! opposite electricity f t ( ! excit$ body1 & if ! plate be remov$ x is f\nd to possess two surfaces 9 opposite /ates4 ,if a conductor be br\ght into ! neighb\rhood ( an excit$ body--! air1 :i* is a non-conductor1 be+ betwe5 !m--t extremity ( ! conductor :i* is opposite to ! excit$ body ga9s ! opposite electricity2 & ! o!r extremity1 if opposite to a body connect$ ) ! gr\nd1 ga9s ! same electricity1 & ! middle po9t is n electrical at all4 ,?is is kn[n z induc$ electricity4 ,! common exhibition ( electrical effects is 9 attractions & repulsions2 b electricity also produces *emical ph5om5a4 ,if a piece ( z9c & copp] 9 contact ) ea* o!r at "o po9t be plac$ 9 contact at o!r po9ts ) ! same portion ( wat]1 ! z9c w corrode1 & attract oxyg5 f ! wat] mu* m rapidly ?an if x _h n be5 9 contact ) ! copp]2 & if sulphuric acid be add$1 globules ( inflammable air are giv5 (f f ! copp]1 ?\gh x is n dissolv$ or act$ ^u4 ,*emical ph5om5a 9 connection ) electrical effects c be %[n ev5 bett] by comb9ations 9 :i* ! electrical effects are increas$ by alt]ations ( diff]5t metals & fluids--! s-call$ voltaic batt]ies4 ,su* are ! decompos+ p[]s ( su* batt]ies t n ev5 insoluble comp\nds are capable ( resi/+ _! en]gy1 = ev5 glass1 sulphate ( b>yta1 fluorsp>1 etc41 are sl[ly act$ ^u1 & ! alkal9e1 e>?y1 or acid matt] c>ri$ to ! poles 9 ! common ord]4 ,! mo/ p[]ful voltaic comb9ations are =m$ by sub/ances t act *emically ) mo/ en]gy ^u ea* o!r1 & su* sub/ances z und]go no *emical *anges 9 ! comb9ation exhibit no electrical p[]s4 ,h5ce x 0 suppos$ t ! electrical p[]s ( metals 7 entirely due to *emical *anges2 b ?is is n ! case1 = contact produces electricity ev5 :5 no *emical *ange c be obs]v$4 ,,ii4--,radiant or ,e!real ,matt] ,:5 simil> !rmomet]s are plac$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! sol> beam1 x is f\nd t diff]5t effects are produc$ 9 ! diff]5tly col\r$ rays4 ,! greate/ heat is exhibit$ 9 ! r$ rays1 ! lea/ 9 ! violet rays2 & 9 a space beyond ! r$ rays1 :]e !re is no visible light1 ! increase ( temp]ature is greate/ ( all4 ,f ^! facts x is evid5t t matt] set 9 motion by ! sun has ! p[] ( produc+ heat )\t light1 & t its rays are less refrangible ?an ! visible rays4 ,! invisible rays t produce heat are capable ( reflection z well z refraction 9 ! same mann] z ! visible rays4 ,rays capable ( produc+ heat ) & )\t light proce$ n only f ! sun1 b also f bodies at ! surface ( ! globe "u peculi> ag5cies or *anges4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a !rmomet] be held ne> an ignit$ body1 x receives an impression connect$ ) an elevation ( temp]ature2 ?is is p>tly produc$ by ! conduct+ p[]s ( ! air1 & p>tly by an impulse :i* is in/antane\sly communicat$1 ev5 to a consid]able di/ance4 ,?is effect is call$ ! radiation ( t]re/rial heat4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! temp]atures ( bodies are affect$ by rays produc+ heat is diff]5t = diff]5t sub/ances1 & is v mu* connect$ ) _! col\rs4 ,! bodies t absorb mo/ light1 & reflect lea/1 are mo/ heat$ :5 expos$ ei!r to sol> or t]re/rial rays4 ,black bodies are1 9 g5]al1 m heat$ ?an r$2 r$ m ?an gre52 gre5 m ?an yell[2 & yell[ m ?an :ite4 ,metals are less heat$ ?an e>?y or /ony bodies1 or ?an animal or vegetable matt]s4 ,poli%$ surfaces are less heat$ ?an r\gh surfaces4 ,! bodies t h _! temp]atures mo/ easily rais$ by heat rays are likewise ^? t are mo/ easily cool$ by _! own radiation1 or t at ! same temp]ature emit mo/ heat-mak+ rays4 ,metals radiate less heat ?an glass1 glass less ?an vegetable sub/ances1 & *>coal has ! highe/ radiat+ p[]s ( any body z yet made ! subject ( exp]im5t4 ,radiant matt] has ! p[] ( produc+ *emical *anges p>tly ?r\gh its heat+ p[]1 & p>tly ?r\gh "s o!r specific & peculi> influ5ce4 ,?us *lor9e & hydrog5 detonate :5 a mixture ( !m is expos$ to ! sol> beams1 ev5 ?\gh ! heat is inadequate to produce detonation4 ,if moi/5$ silv] be expos$ to ! diff]5t rays ( ! sol> spectrum1 x w be f\nd t no effect is produc$ ^u x by ! lea/ refrangible rays :i* occasion heat )\t light2 t a slight discoloration only w be produc$ by ! r$ rays2 t ! effect ( black5+ w be great] t[>ds ! violet end ( ! spectrum2 & t 9 a space beyond ! violet1 :]e !re is no s5sible heat or light1 ! *emical effect w be v di/9ct4 ,!re seem to be rays1 !re=e1 m refrangible ?an ! rays produc+ light & heat4 ,! g5]al facts ( ! refraction & effects ( ! sol> beam (f] an analogy to ! ag5cies ( electricity4 ,9 g5]al1 9 ,nature ! effects ( ! sol> rays are v comp\nd$4 ,heal?y vegetation dep5ds ^u ! pres5ce ( ! sol> beams or ( light1 & :ile ! heat gives fluidity & mobility to ! vegetable juices1 *emical effects are likewise occasion$1 oxyg5 is sep>at$ f !m1 & inflammable comp\nds are =m$4 ,plants depriv$ ( light become :ite & conta9 an excess ( sac*>9e & aque\s p>ticles2 & fl[]s owe ! v>iety ( _! hues to ! influ5ce ( ! sol> beams4 ,ev5 animals require ! pres5ce ( ! rays ( ! sun1 & _! col\rs seem to dep5d ^u ! *emical influ5ce ( ^! rays4 ,two hypo!ses h be5 inv5t$ to acc\nt = ! pr9cipal op]ations ( radiant matt]4 ,9 ! fir/ x is suppos$ t ! univ]se conta9s a highly r>e ela/ic sub/ance1 :i*1 :5 put into a /ate ( undulation1 produces ^? effects on our organs ( sight :i* con/itute ! s5sations ( vision & o!r ph5om5a caus$ by sol> & t]re/rial rays4 ,9 ! second x is conceiv$ t p>ticles are emitt$ f lum9\s or heat-mak+ bodies ) great velocity1 & t !y produce _! effects by communicat+ _! motions to sub/ances1 or by ent]+ into !m & *ang+ _! composition4 ,newton has attempt$ to expla9 ! diff]5t refrangibility ( ! rays ( light by suppos+ !m compos$ ( p>ticles diff]+ 9 size4 ,! same great man has put ! qu]y :e!r light & common matt] are n conv]tible into ea* o!r2 &1 adopt+ ! idea t ! ph5om5a ( s5sible heat dep5d ^u vibrations ( ! p>ticles ( bodies1 supposes t a c]ta9 int5sity ( vibrations may s5d (f p>ticles into free space1 & t p>ticles 9 rapid motion 9 "r l9es1 9 los+ _! own motion1 may communicate a vibratory motion to ! p>ticles ( t]re/rial bodies4 ,,mi*ael ,,f>aday ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es 9 ,electricity ,mi*ael ,f>aday 0 ! son ( a ,york%ire blacksmi?1 & 0 born 9 ,london on ,septemb] #bb1 #agia4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty he became assi/ant to ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 ^: lectures he _h att5d$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,"h he work$ = ! re/ ( 8 labori\s life1 :i* clos$ on ,augu/ #be1 #ahfg4 ,! fame ( ,f>aday1 among ^? ^: /udies qualify !m = a v]dict1 has ris5 /eadily s9ce 8 dea?1 great ?\gh x !n 04 ,8 rese>*es 7 ( truly epo*-mak+ "*1 & he 0 ! undisput$ f\nd] ( ! mod]n sci5ce ( electricity1 :i* is rapidly com+ to dom9ate *emi/ry itself4 ,f>aday excell$ z a lectur]1 & c\ld /& ev5 ! supreme te/ ( lectur+ to *ildr54 ,f>aday's ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es 9 ,electricity is a record ( "s ( ! mo/ brilliant exp]im5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 inve/igations he made discov]ies :i* h _h mom5t\s consequ5ces4 ,8 discov]y ( ! mutual relation ( magnets & ( wires conduct+ electric curr5ts 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! mod]n dynamo & all t x involves2 :ile 8 discov]ies ( electric induction & ( electrolysis 7 ( equal significance4 ,mo/ ( ! rese>*es are too te*nical = epitomisation2 b ^? giv5 are repres5tative ( 8 mann] & me?ods4 ,i4--,atmosph]ic ,magnetism ,x is to me an impossible ?+ to p]ceive t two-n9?s ( ! atmosph]e by weight is a highly magnetic body1 subject to great *anges 9 its magnetic "*1 by v>iations 9 its temp]ature & cond5sation or r>efaction1 )\t be+ p]suad$ t x has mu* to d ) ! v>iable disposition ( ! magnetic =ces ^u ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! e>? is a sph]oidal body consi/+ ( p>amagnetic & diamagnetic sub/ances irregul>ly dispos$ & int]m+l$2 b = ! pres5t ! :ole may be consid]$ a mighty comp\nd magnet4 ,! magnetic =ce ( ?is great magnet is kn[n to u only on ! surface ( ! e>? & wat] ( our planet1 & ! v>iations 9 ! magnetic l9es ( =ce :i* pass 9 or across ?is surface c be measur$ by _! action on small /&>d magnets2 b ^! v>iations are limit$ 9 _! in=mation1 & d n tell u :e!r ! cause is 9 ! air above or ! e>? b5ea?4 ,! l9es ( =ce issue f ! e>? 9 ! nor!rn & s\!rn p>ts & coalesce ) ea* o!r ov] ! equatorial1 z w\ld be ! case 9 a globe hav+ "o or two %ort magnets adju/$ 9 relation to its axis1 & x is probable t ! l9es ( =ce 9 _! circuit\s c\rse may ext5d ?r\gh space to t5s ( ?\s&s ( miles4 ,! l9es proce$ ?r\gh space ) a c]ta9 degree ( facility1 b !re may be v>iations 9 space1 e4g41 v>iations 9 its temp]ature :i* affect its p[] ( transmitt+ ! magnetic influ5ce4 ,betwe5 ! e>? & space1 h[ev]1 is int]pos$ ! atmosph]e1 & at ! bottom ( ! atmosph]e we live4 ,! atmosph]e consi/s ( f\r volumes ( nitrog5 & "o ( oxyg5 uni=mly mix$ & act+ magnetically z a s+le m$ium4 ,! nitrog5 ( ! air is1 z reg>ds ! magnetic =ce1 nei!r p>amagnetic nor diamagnetic1 :e!r d5se or r>e1 or at high or l[ temp]atures4 ,! oxyg5 ( ! air1 on ! o!r h&1 is highly p>amagnetic1 be+1 bulk = bulk1 equival5t to a solution ( protosulphate ( iron1 conta9+ ( ! cry/allis$ salt sev5te5 times ! weight ( ! oxyg54 ,x becomes less p>amagnetic1 volume = volume1 z x is r>efi$1 & app>5tly 9 ! simple proportion ( its r>efaction1 ! temp]ature rema9+ ! same4 ,:5 its temp]ature is rais$--! expansion consequ5t !reon be+ p]mitt$--x loses v greatly its p>amagnetic =ce1 & !re is suffici5t reason to conclude t :5 its temp]ature is l[]$ its p>amagnetic condition is exalt$4 ,^! *>act]s oxyg5 pres]ves ev5 :5 m+l$ ) ! nitrog5 9 ! air4 ,h5ce ! atmosph]e is a highly magnetic m$ium1 & ?is m$ium is *ang$ 9 its magnetic relations by e *ange 9 its d5sity & temp]ature1 & mu/ affect bo? ! int5sity & direction ( ! magnetic =ce emanat+ f ! e>?1 & may acc\nt = ! v>iations :i* we f9d 9 t]re/rial magnetic p[]4 ,we may expect z ! sun leaves u on ! we/ "s magnetic effect correspond5t to t ( ! approa* ( a body ( cold air f ! ea/4 ,aga91 ! innum]able circum/ances t break up m or less any av]age arrangem5t ( ! air temp]atures may be expect$ to give n m]ely diff]5ces 9 ! regul>ity1 direction1 & degree ( magnetic v>iation1 b1 because ( vic9ity1 diff]5ces s l>ge z to be _m times great] ?an ! mean diff]5ce = a giv5 %ort p]iod1 & !y may also cause irregul>ities 9 ! times ( _! occurr5ce4 ,yet aga91 ! atmosph]e dim9i%es 9 d5sity upw>ds1 & ?is dim9ution w affect ! transmission ( ! electric =ce4 ,! result ( ! annual v>iation t may be expect$ f ! magnetic con/itution & condition ( ! atmosph]e seems to me to be ( ! foll[+ k9d4 ,s9ce ! axis ( ! e>?'s rotation is incl9$ #bc #bh' to ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 ! two hemisph]es w become alt]nately w>m] & cool] ?an ea* o!r4 ,! air ( ! cool$ hemisph]e w conduct magnetic influ5ce m freely ?an if 9 ! mean /ate1 & ! l9es ( =ce pass+ ?r\gh x w increase 9 am\nt1 :il/ 9 ! o!r hemisph]e ! w>m$ air w conduct ) less read9ess ?an be=e1 & ! int5sity w dim9i%4 ,9 addition to ?is effect ( temp]ature1 !re ought to be ano!r due to ! increase ( ! pond]able portion ( ! air 9 ! cool$ hemisph]e1 consequ5t on its contraction & ! co9cid5t expansion ( ! air 9 ! w>m] half1 bo? ( :i* circum/ances t5d to increase ! v>iation 9 p[] ( ! two hemisph]es f ! normal /ate4 ,!n1 z ! e>? rolls on its annual j\rney1 t :i* 0 at "o "t ! cool] becomes ! w>m] hemisph]e1 & 9 its turn s9ks z f> bel[ ! av]age magnetic int5sity z x be=e _h /ood above x1 :ile ! o!r hemisph]e *anges its magnetic condition f less to m int5se4 ,,ii4--,electro-,*emical ,action ,! !ory ( def9ite electrolytical or electro-*emical action appe>s to me to t\* imm$iately ^u ! absolute quantity ( electricity belong+ to diff]5t bodies4 ,z soon z we p]ceive t *emical p[]s are def9ite = ea* body1 & t ! electricity :i* we c loos5 f ea* body has def9ite *emical action :i* c be measur$1 we seem to h f\nd ! l9k :i* connects ! proportion ( t we h evolv$ to ! proportion belong+ to ! p>ticles 9 _! natural /ate4 ,n[1 x is wond]ful to obs]ve h[ small a quantity ( a comp\nd body is decompos$ by a c]ta9 quantity ( electricity4 ,"o gra9 ( wat]1 = in/ance1 acidulat$ to facilitate conduction1 w require an electric curr5t to be cont9u$ = ?ree m9utes & ?ree-qu>t]s to effect its decomposition1 & ! curr5t mu/ be p[]ful en\gh to keep a plat9a wire #a_/ajd in* 9 ?ickness r$ hot 9 ! air dur+ ! :ole "t1 & to produce a v brilliant & con/ant /> ( light if int]rupt$ any:]e by *>coal po9ts4 ,x w n be too mu* to say t ?is necess>y quantity ( electricity is equal to a v p[]ful fla% ( lightn+2 & yet :5 x has p]=m$ its full "w ( electrolysis1 x has sep>at$ ! elem5ts ( only a s+le gra9 ( wat]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! relation betwe5 ! conduction ( ! electricity & ! decomposition ( ! wat] is s close t "o _c take place )\t ! o!r4 ,if ! wat] be alt]$ only 9 t degree :i* consi/s 9 its hav+ ! solid in/ead ( ! fluid /ate1 ! conduction is /opp$ & ! decomposition is /opp$ ) x4 ,:e!r ! conduction be consid]$ z dep5d+ ^u ! decomposition or n1 /ill ! relation ( ! two functions is equally intimate4 ,consid]+ ?is close & tw(old relation--namely1 t )\t decomposition transmission ( electricity does n occur1 & t = a giv5 def9ite quantity ( electricity pass$ an equally def9ite & con/ant quantity ( wat] or o!r matt] is decompos$2 consid]+ also t ! ag5t1 :i* is electricity1 is simply employ$ 9 ov]com+ electrical p[]s 9 ! body subject$ to its action1 x seems a probable & almo/ a natural consequ5ce t ! quantity :i* passes is ! equival5t ( t ( ! p>ticles sep>at$2 i4e41 t if ! electrical p[] :i* holds ! elem5ts ( a gra9 ( wat] 9 comb9ation1 or :i* makes a gra9 ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 9 ! "r proportions unite into wat] :5 !y are made to comb9e1 c\ld be ?r[n into a curr5t1 x w\ld exactly equal ! curr5t requir$ = ! sep>ation ( t gra9 ( wat] into its elem5ts aga92 9 o!r words1 t ! electricity :i* decomposes & t :i* is evolv$ by ! decomposition ( a c]ta9 quantity ( matt] are alike4 ,?is view ( ! subject gives an almo/ ov]:elm+ idea ( ! extraord9>y quantity or degree ( electric p[] :i* naturally belongs to ! p>ticles ( matt]1 & ! idea may be illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to ! voltaic pile4 ,! s\rce ( ! electricity 9 ! voltaic in/rum5t is due almo/ entirely to *emical action4 ,sub/ances int]pos$ betwe5 its metals are all electrolytes1 & ! curr5t _c be transmitt$ )\t _! decomposition4 ,if1 n[1 a voltaic tr\gh h its extremities connect$ by a body capable ( be+ decompos$1 su* z wat]1 we %all h a cont9u\s curr5t ?r\gh ! app>atus1 & we may reg>d ! "p :]e ! acid is act+ on ! plates & ! "p :]e ! curr5t is act+ ^u ! wat] z ! reciprocals ( ea* o!r4 ,9 bo? p>ts we h ! two conditions1 insep>able 9 su* bodies z ^!3 ! pass+ ( a curr5t1 & decomposition4 ,9 ! "o case we h decomposition associat$ ) a curr5t2 9 ! o!r1 a curr5t foll[$ by decomposition4 ,let u apply ?is 9 support ( my surmise respect+ ! enorm\s electric p[] ( ea* p>ticle or atom ( matt]4 ,two wires1 "o ( plat9a1 & "o ( z9c1 ea* "o-eighte5? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 plac$ five-sixte5?s ( an in* ap>t1 & imm]s$ to ! dep? ( five-eigh?s ( an in* 9 acid1 consi/+ ( "o drop ( oil ( vitriol & f\r ounces ( di/ill$ wat] at a temp]ature ( ab\t #fj ,fahr5heit1 & connect$ at ! o!r ends by a copp] wire eighte5 feet long1 & "o-eighte5? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 yield$ z mu* electricity 9 little m ?an ?ree seconds ( "t z a ,leyd5 batt]y *>g$ by ?irty turns ( a v l>ge & p[]ful plate electric ma*9e 9 full action4 ,?is quantity1 al?\gh suffici5t if pass$ at once ?r\gh ! head ( a rat or cat to h kill$ x1 z by a fla% ( lightn+1 0 evolv$ by ! mutual action ( s small a portion ( ! z9c wire & wat] 9 contact ) x t ! loss ( weight by ei!r w\ld be inappreciable2 & z to ! wat] :i* c\ld be decompos$ by t curr5t1 x mu/ h be5 ins5sible 9 quantity1 = no trace ( hydrog5 appe>$ ^u ! surface ( ! plat9a dur+ ^! ?ree seconds4 ,x w\ld appe> t #hjj1jjj su* *>ges ( ! ,leyd5 batt]y w\ld be necess>y to decompose a s+le gra9 ( wat]2 or1 if ,i am "r1 to equal ! quantity ( electricity :i* is naturally associat$ ) ! elem5ts ( t gra9 ( wat]1 end[+ !m ) _! mutual *emical aff9ity4 ,?is !ory ( ! def9ite evolution & ! equival5t def9ite action ( electricity beautifully h>monises ! associat$ !ories ( def9ite proportions & electro-*emical aff9ity4 ,accord+ to x1 ! equival5t weights ( bodies are simply ^? quantities ( !m :i* conta9 equal quantities ( electricity1 or h naturally equal electric p[]s1 x be+ ! electricity :i* det]m9es ! equival5t numb]1 because x det]m9es ! comb9+ =ce4 ,or1 if we adopt ! atomic !ory or phraseology1 !n ! atoms ( bodies :i* are equival5t to ea* o!r 9 _! ord9>y *emical action h equal quantities ( electricity naturally associat$ ) !m4 ,i _c refra9 f recall+ "h ! beautiful idea put =?1 ,i believe1 by ,b]zelius 9 8 developm5t ( 8 views ( ! electro-*emical !ory ( aff9ity1 t ! heat & light evolv$ dur+ cases ( p[]ful comb9ation are ! consequ5ce ( ! electric dis*>ge :i* is at ! mom5t tak+ place4 ,! idea is 9 p]fect accordance ) ! view ,i h tak5 ( ! quantity ( electricity associat$ ) ! p>ticles ( matt]4 ,! def9ite production ( electricity 9 association ) its def9ite action proves1 ,i ?9k1 t ! curr5t ( electricity 9 ! voltaic pile is su/a9$ by *emical decomposition1 or1 r1 by *emical action1 & n by contact only4 ,b "h1 z else:]e1 ,i beg to res]ve my op9ion z to ! real action ( contact4 ,admitt+1 h[ev]1 t *emical action is ! s\rce ( electricity1 :at an inf9itely small fraction ( t :i* is active d we obta9 & employ 9 our voltaic batt]ies6 ,z9c & plat9a wires "o-eighte5? ( an in* 9 diamet] & ab\t half an in* long1 dipp$ into dilute sulphuric acid1 s weak t x is n s5sibly s\r to ! tongue1 or sc>cely s5sitive to our mo/ delicate te/ pap]s1 w evolve m electricity 9 "o-tw5tie? ( a m9ute ?an any man w\ld will+ly all[ to pass ?r\gh 8 body at once4 ,! *emical en]gy repres5t$ by ! satisfaction ( ! *emical aff9ities ( a gra9 ( wat] & f\r gra9s ( z9c c evolve electricity equal 9 quantity to t ( a p[]ful ?und]/orm4 ,nor is x m]ely true t ! quantity is active2 x c be direct$--made to p]=m its full equival5t duty4 ,is !re n1 !n1 great reason to believe t1 by a clos] inve/igation ( ! developm5t & action ( ?is subtile ag5t1 we %all be able to increase ! p[] ( our batt]ies1 or to inv5t new in/rum5ts :i* %all a ?\s&fold surpass 9 en]gy ^? we at pres5t possess8 ,,iii4--,! ,gymnotus1 or ,electric ,eel ,wond]ful z are ! laws & ph5om5a ( electricity :5 made evid5t to u 9 inorganic or dead matt]1 _! int]e/ c be> sc>cely any comp>ison ) t :i* atta*es to ! same =ce :5 connect$ ) ! n]v\s sy/em & ) life4 ,! exi/5ce ( animals able to give ! same concussion to ! liv+ sy/em z ! electrical ma*9e1 ! voltaic batt]y1 & ! ?und]/orm be+ made kn[n to u by v>i\s naturali/s1 x became important to id5tify _! electricity ) ! electricity produc$ by man f dead matt]4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,torp$o a fi% belong+ to ! family ( ,electric ,r+s ?is id5tity has be5 fully prov$1 b 9 ! case ( ! ,gymnotus ! pro( has n be5 q complete1 & ,i ?\ght x well to obta9 a specim5 ( ! latt] fi%4 ,a gymnotus be+ obta9$1 ,i conduct$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,besides ! h&s two k9ds ( collectors ( electricity 7 us$--"o ) a copp] disc = contact ) ! fi%1 & ! o!r ) a plate ( copp] b5t into saddle %ape1 s t x might enclose a c]ta9 ext5t ( ! back & sides ( ! fi%4 ,^! conductors1 be+ put ov] ! fi%1 collect$ p[] suffici5t to produce _m electric effects4 ,,%ock4 ,! %ock 0 v p[]ful :5 ! h&s 7 plac$ "o ne> ! head & ! o!r ne> ! tail1 & ! ne>] ! h&s 7 toge!r1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ! less p[]ful 0 ! %ock4 ,! disc conductors convey$ ! %ock v well :5 ! h&s 7 wett$4 ,,galvanomet]4 ,a galvanomet] 0 readily affect$ by us+ ! saddle conductors1 appli$ to ! ant]ior & po/]ior p>ts ( ! gymnotus4 ,a p[]ful dis*>ge ( ! fi% caus$ a deflection ( ?irty or =ty degrees4 ,! deflection 0 con/antly 9 a giv5 direction1 ! electric curr5t be+ always f ! ant]ior "p ( ! animal ?r\gh ! galvanomet] wire to ! po/]ior p>ts4 ,! =m] 71 !re=e1 = ! "t ext]nally positive & ! latt] negative4 ,,mak+ ,a ,,magnet4 ,:5 a little helix conta9+ tw5ty-two feet ( silk$ wire w\nd on a quill 0 put into a circuit1 & an anneal$ /eel ne$le plac$ 9 ! helix1 ! ne$le became a magnet2 & ! direction ( its pol>ity 9 e ca/ indicat$ a curr5t f ! ant]ior to ! po/]ior p>ts ( ! gymnotus4 ,,*emical ,,decomposition4 ,pol> decomposition ( a solution ( iodide ( potassium 0 easily obta9$4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,heat4 ,us+ a ,h>ris' !rmo-electromet]1 we ?\ght we 7 able1 9 "o in/ance1 to obs]ve a feeble elevation ( temp]ature4 ,,sp>k4 ,by suitable app>atus a sp>k 0 obta9$ f\r times4 ,su* 7 ! g5]al electric ph5om5a obta9$ f ! gymnotus1 & on sev]al occasions _m ( ! ph5om5a 7 obta9$ toge!r4 ,?us1 a magnet 0 made1 a galvanomet] deflect$1 &1 p]haps1 a wire heat$ by "o s+le dis*>ge ( ! electric =ce ( ! animal4 ,:5 ! %ock is /rong1 x is l t ( a l>ge ,leyd5 batt]y *>g$ to a l[ degree1 or t ( a good voltaic batt]y (1 p]haps1 "o hundr$ or m pairs ( plates1 ( :i* ! circuit is complet$ = a mom5t only4 ,i endeav\r$ by exp]im5t to =m "s idea ( ! quantity ( electricity1 & came to ! conclusion t a s+le m$ium dis*>ge ( ! fi% is at lea/ equal to ! electricity ( a ,leyd5 batt]y ( fifte5 j>s1 conta9+ #c1ejj squ>e in*es ( glass coat$ on bo? sides1 *>g$ to its highe/ degree4 ,?is conclusion is 9 p]fect accordance ) ! degree ( deflection :i* ! dis*>ge c produce 9 a galvanomet] ne$le1 & also ) ! am\nt ( *emical decomposition produc$ 9 ! electrolys+ exp]im5ts4 ,! gymnotus frequ5tly gives a d\ble & ev5 a triple %ock1 ) sc>cely a s5sible int]val betwe5 ea* dis*>ge4 ,z at ! mom5t ( %ock ! ant]ior p>ts are positive & ! po/]ior negative1 x may be conclud$ t !re is a curr5t f ! =m] to ! latt] ?r\gh e "p ( ! wat] :i* surr\nds ! animal1 to a consid]able di/ance f its body4 ,! %ock :i* is felt1 !re=e1 :5 ! h&s are 9 ! mo/ fav\rable position is ! effect ( a v small portion only ( ! electricity :i* ! animal dis*>ges at ! mom5t1 by f> ! l>ge/ portion pass+ ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ wat]4 ,?is enorm\s ext]nal curr5t mu/ be accompani$ by "s effect )9 ! fi% equival5t to a curr5t1 ! direction ( :i* is f ! tail t[>ds ! head1 & equal to ! sum ( all ^! ext]nal =ces4 ,:e!r ! process ( evolv+ or excit+ ! electricity )9 ! fi% includes ! production ( ! int]nal curr5t1 :i* is n necess>ily s quick & mom5t>y z ! ext]nal "o1 we _c at pres5t say2 b at ! "t ( ! %ock ! animal does n app>5tly feel ! electric s5sation :i* he causes 9 ^? ar\nd him4 ,! gymnotus c /un & kill fi% :i* are 9 v v>i\s relations to its own body4 ,! ext5t ( surface :i* ! fi% t is ab\t to be /ruck (f]s to ! wat] conduct+ ! electricity increases ! effect ( ! %ock1 & ! l>g] ! fi%1 accord+ly1 ! great] mu/ be ! %ock to :i* x w be subject$4 ,! ,*emical ,hi/ory ( a ,c&le ,! ,*emical ,hi/ory ( a ,c&le 0 ! mo/ fam\s c\rse 9 ! long & rem>kable s]ies ( ,*ri/mas lectures1 adapt$ to a juv5ile auditory1 at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 & rema9s a r>ely-approa*$ model ( :at su* lectures %\ld be4 ,!y 7 illu/rat$ by exp]im5ts & specim5s1 b did n dep5d ^u ^! = coh]5ce & int]e/4 ,!y 7 deliv]$ 9 #ahfj-fa1 & h j be5 translat$1 ?\gh all b half-a-c5tury old1 into ,g]man4 ,i4--,c&les & _! ,flames ,!re is n a law "u :i* any "p ( ?is univ]se is gov]n$ t does n come into play 9 ! ph5om5a ( ! *emical hi/ory ( a c&le4 ,!re is no bett] door by :i* y c ent] into ! /udy ( natural philosophy ?an by consid]+ ! physical ph5om5a ( a c&le4 ,& n[1 my boys & girls1 ,i mu/ fir/ tell y ( :at c&les are made4 ,"s are great curiosities4 ,i h "h "s bits ( timb]1 bran*es ( trees p>ticul>ly fam\s = _! burn+4 ,& "h y see a piece ( t v curi\s sub/ance tak5 out ( "s ( ! bogs 9 ,irel&1 call$ c&le-wood--a h>d1 /rong1 excell5t wood1 evid5tly fitt$ = good "w z a resi/] ( =ce1 & yet )al burn+ s well t1 :]e x is f\nd1 !y make spl9t]s ( x1 & tor*es1 s9ce x burns l a c&le1 & gives a v good light inde$4 ,& 9 ?is wood we h "o ( ! mo/ beautiful illu/rations ( ! g5]al nature ( a c&le t ,i c possibly give4 ,! fuel provid$1 ! means ( br++ t fuel to ! place ( *emical action1 ! regul> & gradual supply ( air to t place ( action--heat & light all produc$ by a little piece ( wood ( ?is k9d1 =m+1 9 fact1 a natural c&le4 ,b we mu/ speak ( c&les z !y are 9 comm]ce4 ,"h are a c\ple ( c&les commonly call$ dips4 ,!y are made ( l5g?s ( cotton cut (f1 hung up by a loop1 dipp$ into melt$ tall[1 tak5 out aga9 & cool$2 !n re-dipp$ until !re is an accumulation ( tall[ r\nd ! cotton4 ,h[ev]1 a c&le1 y "k1 is n n[ a greasy ?+ l an ord9>y tall[ c&le1 b a clean ?+2 & y may almo/ scrape (f & pulv]ise ! drops :i* fall f x )\t soil+ any?+4 ,! c&le ,i h 9 my h& is a /e>9e c&le1 made ( /e>9e f tall[4 ,!n "h is a sp]m c&le1 :i* comes f ! purifi$ oil ( ! sp]maceti :ale4 ,"h1 also1 are yell[ beeswax & ref9$ beeswax f :i* c&les are made4 ,"h1 too1 is t curi\s sub/ance call$ p>aff91 & "s p>aff9 c&les made ( p>aff9 obta9$ f ! bogs ( ,irel&4 ,i h "h also a sub/ance br\ght f ,japan1 a sort ( wax :i* a k9d fri5d has s5t me1 & :i* =ms a new mat]ial = ! manufacture ( c&les4 ,n[1 z to ! light ( ! c&le4 ,we w light "o or two1 & set !m at "w 9 ! p]=mance ( _! prop] function4 ,y obs]ve a c&le is a v diff]5t ?+ f a lamp4 ,) a lamp y take a little oil1 fill y\r vessel1 put 9 a little moss1 or "s cotton prep>$ by artificial means1 & !n light ! top ( ! wick4 ,:5 ! flame runs d[n ! cotton to ! oil1 x gets /opp$1 b x goes on burn+ 9 ! "p above4 ,n[1 ,i h no d\bt y w ask1 h[ is x t ! oil1 :i* w n burn ( itself1 gets up to ! top ( ! cotton1 :]e x w burn8 ,we %all pres5tly exam9e t2 b !re is a mu* m wond]ful ?+ ab\t ! burn+ ( a c&le ?an ?is4 ,y h "h a solid sub/ance ) no vessel to conta9 x2 & h[ is x t ?is solid sub/ance c get up to ! place :]e ! flame is8 ,or1 :5 x is made a fluid1 !n h[ is x t x keeps toge!r8 ,?is is a wond]ful ?+ ab\t a c&le4 ,y see1 !n1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 t a beautiful cup is =m$4 ,z ! air comes to ! c&le1 x moves upw>ds by ! =ce ( ! curr5t :i* ! heat ( ! c&le produces1 & x s cools all ! sides ( ! wax1 tall[1 or fuel z to keep ! edge mu* cool] ?an ! "p )92 ! "p )9 melts by ! flame t runs d[n ! wick z f> z x c g be=e x is /opp$1 b ! "p on ! outside does n melt4 ,if ,i made a curr5t 9 "o direction1 my cup w\ld be lopsid$1 & ! fluid w\ld consequ5tly run ov]--= ! same =ce ( gravity :i* holds worlds toge!r1 holds ?is fluid 9 a horizontal position4 ,y see1 !re=e1 t ! cup is =m$ by ?is beautifully regul> asc5d+ curr5t ( air play+ ^u all sides1 :i* keeps ! ext]ior ( ! c&le cool4 ,no fuel w\ld s]ve = a c&le :i* has n ! prop]ty ( giv+ ?is cup1 except su* fuel z ! ,iri% bogwood1 :]e ! mat]ial itself is l a sponge1 & holds its own fuel4 ,y see n[ :y y h su* a bad result if y burn ^? beautiful flut$ c&les1 :i* are irregul>1 int]mitt5t 9 _! %ape1 & _c !re=e h t nicely-=m$ edge to ! cup :i* is ! great beauty 9 a c&le4 ,i hope y w n[ see t ! p]fection ( a process--t is1 its utility--is ! bett] po9t ( beauty ab\t x4 ,x is n ! be/-look+ ?+1 b ! be/-act+ ?+ :i* is ! mo/ advantage\s to u4 ,?is good-look+ c&le is a bad burn+ "o4 ,!re w be a gutt]+ r\nd ab\t x because ( ! irregul>ity ( ! /ream ( air & ! badness ( ! cup :i* is =m$ !reby4 ,y may see "s pretty examples ( ! action ( ! asc5d+ curr5t :5 y h a little gutt] run d[n ! side ( a c&le1 mak+ x ?ick] !re ?an x is else:]e4 ,z ! c&le goes on burn+1 t keeps its place & =ms a little pill> /ick+ up by ! side1 because1 z x rises high] above ! re/ ( ! wax or fuel1 ! air gets bett] r\nd x1 & x is m cool$ & bett] able to resi/ ! action ( ! heat at a little di/ance4 ,n[1 ! greate/ mi/akes & faults ) reg>d to c&les1 z 9 _m o!r ?+s1 (t5 br+ ) !m in/ruction :i* we %\ld n receive if !y _h n occurr$4 ,y w always rememb] t :5ev] a result happ5s1 especially if x be new1 y %\ld say3 ,:at is ! cause8 ,:y does x occur8 ,& y w 9 ! c\rse ( "t f9d out ! reason4 ,!n !re is ano!r po9t ab\t ^! c&les :i* w answ] a "q--t is1 z to ! way 9 :i* ?is fluid gets out ( ! cup1 up to ! wick1 & into ! place ( combu/ion4 ,y "k t ! flames on ^! burn+ wicks 9 c&les made ( beeswax1 /e>9e1 or sp]maceti1 d n run d[n to ! wax or o!r matt]1 & melt x all away1 b keep to _! own "r place4 ,!y are f5c$ (f f ! fluid bel[1 & d n encroa* on ! cup at ! sides4 ,i _c imag9e a m beautiful example ?an ! condition ( adju/m5t "u :i* a c&le makes "o "p subs]ve to ! o!r to ! v end ( its action4 ,a combu/ible ?+ l t1 burn+ away gradually1 nev] be+ intrud$ ^u by ! flame1 is a v beautiful sight2 especially :5 y come to le>n :at a vigor\s ?+ flame is1 :at p[] x has ( de/roy+ ! wax itself :5 x gets hold ( x1 & ( di/urb+ its prop] =m if x come only too ne>4 ,b h[ does ! flame get hold ( ! fuel8 ,!re is a beautiful po9t ab\t t4 ,x is by :at is call$ capill>y attraction t ! fuel is convey$ to ! "p :]e combu/ion goes on1 & is deposit$ !re1 n 9 a c>eless way1 b v beautifully 9 ! v mid/ ( ! c5tre ( action :i* takes place ar\nd x4 ,,ii4--,! ,brightness ( ! ,c&le ,air is absolutely necess>y = combu/ion2 &1 :at is m1 ,i mu/ h y und]/& t fre% air is necess>y1 or else we %\ld be imp]fect 9 our reason+ & our exp]im5ts4 ,"h is a j> ( air4 ,i place x ov] a c&le1 & x burns v nicely 9 x at fir/1 %[+ t :at ,i h said ab\t x is true2 b !re w soon be a *ange4 ,see h[ ! flame is draw+ upw>ds1 pres5tly fad+1 & at la/ go+ out4 ,& go+ out1 :y8 ,n because x wants air m]ely1 = ! j> is z full n[ z x 0 be=e1 b x wants pure1 fre% air4 ,! j> is full ( air1 p>tly *ang$1 p>tly n *ang$2 b x does n conta9 suffici5t ( ! fre% air = combu/ion4 ,suppose ,i take a c&le1 & exam9e t "p ( x :i* appe>s brighte/ to our eyes4 ,:y1 !re ,i get ^! black p>ticles1 :i* are j ! smoke ( ! c&le2 & ?is br+s to m9d t old employm5t :i* ,dean ,swift recomm5d$ to s]vants = _! amusem5t1 namely1 writ+ on ! ceil+ ( a room ) a c&le4 ,b :at is t black sub/ance8 ,:y1 x is ! same c>bon :i* exi/s 9 ! c&le4 ,x evid5tly exi/$ 9 ! c&le1 or else we %\ld n h _h x "h4 ,y w\ld h>dly ?9k t all ^? sub/ances :i* fly ab\t ,london 9 ! =m ( soots & blacks are ! v beauty & life ( ! flame4 ,"h is a piece ( wire gauze :i* w n let ! flame g ?r\gh x1 & ,i ?9k y w see1 almo/ imm$iately1 t1 :5 ,i br+ x l[ en\gh to t\* t "p ( ! flame :i* is o!rwise s bright1 x quells & qu5*es x at once1 & all[s a volume ( smoke to rise up4 ,:5ev] a sub/ance burns )\t assum+ ! vapor\s /ate--:e!r x becomes liquid or rema9s solid--x becomes exce$+ly lum9\s4 ,:at ,i say is applicable to all sub/ances--:e!r !y burn or :e!r !y d n burn--t !y are exce$+ly bright if !y reta9 _! solid /ate :5 heat$1 & t x is to ?is pres5ce ( solid p>ticles 9 ! c&le-flame t x owes its brilliancy4 ,i h "h a piece ( c>bon1 or *>coal1 :i* w burn & give u light exactly 9 ! same mann] z if x 7 burnt z "p ( a c&le4 ,! heat t is 9 ! flame ( a c&le decomposes ! vap\r ( ! wax1 & sets free ! c>bon p>ticles--!y rise up heat$ & gl[+ z ?is n[ gl[s1 & !n ent] into ! air4 ,b ! p>ticles :5 burnt nev] pass (f f a c&le 9 ! =m ( c>bon4 ,!y g (f into ! air z a p]fectly invisible sub/ance1 ab\t :i* we %all "k h]eaft]4 ,is x n beautiful to ?9k t su* a process is go+ on1 & t su* a dirty ?+ z *>coal c become s inc&esc5t8 ,y see1 x comes to ?is--t all bright flames conta9 ^! solid p>ticles2 all ?+s t burn & produce solid p>ticles1 ei!r dur+ ! "t !y are burn+1 z 9 ! c&le1 or imm$iately aft] be+ burnt1 z 9 ! case ( ! gunp[d] & iron-fil+s--all ^! ?+s give u ?is glori\s & beautiful light4 ,,iii4--,! ,products ( ,combu/ion ,we obs]ve t !re are c]ta9 products z ! result ( ! combu/ion ( a c&le1 & t ( ^! products "o portion may be consid]$ z *>coal1 or soot2 t *>coal1 :5 aft]w>ds burnt1 produces "s o!r product--c>bonic acid1 z we %all see2 & x conc]ns u v mu* n[ to asc]ta9 :at yet a ?ird product is4 ,suppose ,i take a c&le & place x "u a j>4 ,y see t ! sides ( ! j> become cl\dy1 & ! light beg9s to burn feebly4 ,x is ! products1 y see1 :i* make ! light s dim1 & ?is is ! same ?+ :i* makes ! sides ( ! j> s opaque4 ,if y g home & take a spoon t has be5 9 ! cold air1 & hold x ov] a c&le--n s z to soot x--y w f9d t x becomes dim1 j z t j> is dim4 ,if y c get a silv] di%1 or some?+ ( t k9d1 y w make ! exp]im5t /ill bett]4 ,x is wat] :i* causes ! dimness1 & we c make x1 )\t difficulty1 assume ! =m ( a liquid4 ,& s we c g on ) almo/ all combu/ible sub/ances1 & we f9d t if !y burn ) a flame1 z a c&le1 !y produce wat]4 ,y may make ^! exp]im5ts y\rselves4 ,! head ( a pok] is a v good ?+ to try )1 & if x rema9s cold long en\gh ov] ! c&le1 y may get wat] cond5s$ 9 drops on x2 or a spoon1 or a ladle1 or any?+ else may be us$1 provid$ x be clean1 & c c>ry (f ! heat1 & s cond5se ! wat]4 ,& n[--to g into ! hi/ory ( ?is wond]ful production ( wat] f combu/ibles1 & by combu/ion--,i mu/ fir/ ( all tell y t ?is wat] may exi/ 9 diff]5t conditions2 & al?\gh y may n[ be acqua9t$ ) all its =ms1 !y /ill require u to give a little att5tion to !m = ! pres5t1 s t we may p]ceive h[ ! wat]1 :il/ x goes ?r\gh its protean *anges1 is entirely & absolutely ! same ?+1 :e!r x is produc$ f a c&le1 by combu/ion1 or f ! riv]s or ocean4 ,fir/ ( all1 wat]1 :5 at ! colde/1 is ice4 ,n[1 we speak ( wat] z wat]2 :e!r x be 9 its solid1 or liquid1 or gase\s /ate1 we speak ( x *emically z wat]4 ,we %all n 9 future be deceiv$1 !re=e1 by any *anges t are produc$ 9 wat]4 ,wat] is ! same ev]y:]e1 :e!r produc$ f ! ocean or f ! flame ( ! c&le4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ?is wat] :i* we get f a c&le8 ,x evid5tly comes1 z to "p ( x1 f ! c&le2 b is x )9 ! c&le be=eh&8 ,no6 ,x is n 9 ! c&le2 & x is n 9 ! air r\nd ab\t ! c&le1 :i* is necess>y = its combu/ion4 ,x is nei!r 9 "o nor ! o!r1 b x comes f _! conjo9t action1 a "p f ! c&le1 a "p f ! air4 ,& ?is we h n[ to trace4 ,if we decompose wat] we c obta9 f x a gas4 ,?is is hydrog5--a body class$ among/ ^? ?+s 9 *emi/ry :i* we call elem5ts1 because we c get no?+ else out ( !m4 ,a c&le is n an elem5t>y body1 because we c get c>bon out ( x2 we c get ?is hydrog5 out ( x1 or at lea/ out ( ! wat] :i* x supplies4 ,& ?is gas has be5 s nam$ hydrog5 because x is t elem5t :i*1 9 association ) ano!r1 g5]ates wat]4 ,hydrog5 gives rise to no sub/ance t c become solid1 ei!r dur+ combu/ion or aft]w>ds1 z a product ( its combu/ion4 ,b :5 x burns x produces wat] only2 & if we take a cold glass & put x ov] ! flame1 x becomes damp1 & y h wat] produc$ imm$iately 9 appreciable quantity1 & no?+ is produc$ by its combu/ion b ! same wat] :i* y h se5 ! flame ( a c&le produce4 ,?is hydrog5 is ! only ?+ 9 ,nature t furni%es wat] z ! sole product ( combu/ion4 ,wat] c be decompos$ by electricity1 & !n we f9d t its o!r con/itu5t is ! gas oxyg5 9 :i*1 z c easily be %[n1 a c&le or a lamp burns mu* m brilliantly ?an x does 9 air1 b produces ! same products z :5 x burns 9 air4 ,we ?us f9d t oxyg5 is a con/itu5t ( ! air1 & by burn+ some?+ 9 ! air we c remove ! oxyg5 !refrom1 leav+ beh9d = our /udy ! nitrog51 :i* con/itutes ab\t f\r-fif?s ( ! air1 ! oxyg5 acc\nt+ = ne>ly all ! re/4 ,! o!r great product ( ! burn+ ( a c&le is c>bonic acid--a gas =m$ by ! union ( ! c>bon ( ! c&le & ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,:5ev] c>bon burns1 :e!r 9 a c&le or 9 a liv+ creature1 x produces c>bonic acid4 ,,iv4--,combu/ion & ,respiration ,n[ ,i mu/ take y to a v int]e/+ "p ( our subject--to ! relation betwe5 ! combu/ion ( a c&le & t liv+ k9d ( combu/ion :i* goes on )9 u4 ,9 e "o ( u !re is a liv+ process ( combu/ion go+ on v simil> to t ( a c&le4 ,= x is n m]ely true 9 a poetical s5se--! relation ( ! life ( man to a tap]4 ,a c&le w burn "s f\r1 five1 six1 or sev5 h\rs4 ,:at1 !n1 mu/ be ! daily am\nt ( c>bon go+ up into ! air 9 ! way ( c>bonic acid8 ,:at a quantity ( c>bon mu/ g f ea* ( u 9 respiration6 ,a man 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs conv]ts z mu* z sev5 ounces ( c>bon into c>bonic acid2 a mil* c[ w conv]t sev5ty ounces1 & a horse sev5ty-n9e ounces1 solely by ! act ( respiration4 ,t is1 ! horse 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs burns sev5ty-n9e ounces ( *>coal1 or c>bon1 9 8 organs ( respiration to supply 8 natural w>m? 9 t "t4 ,all ! w>m-blood$ animals get _! w>m? 9 ?is way1 by ! conv]sion ( c>bon2 n 9 a free /ate1 b 9 a /ate ( comb9ation4 ,& :at an extraord9>y notion ?is gives u ( ! alt]ations go+ out 9 our atmosph]e6 ,z mu* z #e1jjj1jjj p\nds ( c>bonic acid is =m$ by respiration 9 ,london alone 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,& :]e does all ?is g8 ,up into ! air4 ,if ! c>bon _h be5 l lead or iron1 :i*1 9 burn+1 produces a solid sub/ance1 :at w\ld happ58 ,combu/ion w\ld n g on4 ,z *>coal burns1 x becomes a vap\r & passes (f into ! atmosph]e1 :i* is ! great vehicle1 ! great c>ri]1 = convey+ x away to o!r places4 ,!n1 :at becomes ( x8 ,wond]ful is x to f9d t ! *ange produc$ by respiration1 :i* seems s injuri\s to u1 = we _c brea! air twice ov]1 is ! v life & support ( plants & vegetables t gr[ ^u ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,x is ! same also "u ! surface 9 ! great bodies ( wat]1 = fi%es & o!r animals respire ^u ! same pr9ciple1 ?\gh n exactly by contact ) ! op5 air4 ,!y respire by ! oxyg5 :i* is dissolv$ f ! air by ! wat]1 & =m c>bonic acid2 & !y all move ab\t to produce ! "o great "w ( mak+ ! animal & vegetable k+doms subs]vi5t to ea* o!r4 ,all ! plants gr[+ ^u ! surface ( ! e>? absorb c>bon4 ,^! leaves are tak+ up _! c>bon f ! atmosph]e1 to :i* we h giv5 x 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid1 & !y are prosp]+4 ,give !m a pure air l ours1 & !y c\ld n live 9 x2 give !m c>bon ) o!r matt]s1 & !y live & rejoice4 ,s are we made dep5d5t n m]ely ^u our fell[-creatures1 b ^u our fell[-exi/]s1 all ,nature be+ ti$ by ! laws t make "o "p conduce to ! good ( ! o!r4 ,,augu/e ,,=el ,! ,s5ses ( ,insects ,augu/e ,=el1 :o 9 #aiji retir$ f ! ,*air ( ,morbid ,psy*ology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,zri*1 0 born on ,septemb] #a1 #ahdh1 & is "o ( ! greate/ /ud5ts ( ! m9ds & s5ses ( ! l[] animals & mank9d4 ,among 8 mo/ fam\s works are 8 ,hygi5e ( ,n]ves & ,m9d1 8 great treatise on ! :ole problem ( sex 9 human life1 ( :i* a *eap edition entitl$ ,sexual ,e?ics is publi%$1 8 "w on hypnotism1 & 8 num]\s contributions to ! psy*ology ( insects4 ,! *ief /udies ( ?is rem>kable & illu/ri\s /ud5t & ?9k] = _m decades pa/ h be5 ^? ( ! s5ses & m5tal faculties ( insects4 ,he has record$ ! fact t 8 /udy ( ! beehive l$ him to 8 pres5t views z to ! "r con/itution ( ! /ate--views :i* may be describ$ z socialism ) a diff]5ce4 ,8 "w on insects has s]v$ ! /udy ( human psy*ology1 & is 9 itself ! mo/ important contribution to insect psy*ology ev] made by a s+le /ud5t4 ,only )9 ! la/ two ye>s has ! "w ( ,=el1 long fam\s on ! ,european ,cont95t1 begun to be kn[n abroad4 ,i4--,insect ,activity & ,in/9ct ,?is subject is "o ( great int]e/1 z mu* f ! /&po9t ( biology z f t ( comp>ative psy*ology4 ,! v peculi> me*anism ( in/9cts always has its />t+-po9t 9 s5sations4 ,to compreh5d ?is me*anism x is ess5tial to und]/& ?or\ghly ! organs ( s5se & _! special functions4 ,x is fur!r necess>y to /udy ! co-ord9ation :i* exi/s betwe5 ! action ( ! diff]5t s5ses1 & leads to _! intimate connection ) ! functions ( ! n]ve-c5tres1 t is to say1 ) ! specially in/9ctive intellig5ce ( insects4 ,! :ole "q is1 !re=e1 a *apt] ( comp>ative psy*ology1 a *apt] 9 :i* x is necess>y to take c>eful note ( e factor1 to place oneself1 s to speak1 on a level ) ! m9d ( an insect1 &1 above all1 to avoid ! an?ropomorphic errors ) :i* works ^u ! subject are fill$4 ,at ! same "t ! o!r extreme mu/ equally be avoid$--an?ropophobia1 :i* at all co/s desires to see 9 e liv+ organism a ma*9e1 =gett+ t a ma*9e :i* lives1 t is to say1 :i* gr[s1 takes 9 nutrim5t1 & /rikes a balance betwe5 income & exp5diture1 :i*1 9 a ^w1 cont9ually recon/ructs itself1 is n a ma*9e1 b some?+ entirely diff]5t4 ,9 o!r words1 x is necess>y to /e] cle> ( two dang]s4 ,we mu/ avoid 7#a7 id5tify+ ! m9d ( an insect ) our own1 b1 above all1 7#b7 imag9+ t we1 ) :at k we possess1 c recon/ruct ! m9d by our *emical & physical laws4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h to recognise ! fact t ?is m9d1 & ! s5sory functions :i* put x on its gu>d1 are d]iv$1 j z ) our human selves1 f ! primitive protoplasmic life4 ,?is life1 s f> z x is specialis$ 9 ! n]v\s sy/em by n]ve irritability & its connections ) ! muscul> sy/em1 is manife/$ "u two aspects4 ,^! may be lik5$ to two bran*es ( "o trunk4 7a7 ,automatic or in/9ctive activity4 ,?is1 ?\gh p]fect$ by repetition1 is def9itely inh]it$4 ,x is uncontrollable & con/ant 9 effect1 adapt$ to ! circum/ances ( ! special life ( ! race 9 "q4 ,x is ?is curi\s in/9ctive adaptation--:i* is s intellig5t :5 x c>ries out its prop] task1 s /upid & incapable :5 div]t$ to "s o!r purpose--t has deceiv$ s _m sci5ti/s & philosoph]s by its insidi\s analogy ) humanly con/ruct$ ma*9es4 ,b1 automatic z x may appe>1 in/9ct is n inv>iable4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x pres5ts a racial evolution :i* ( itself alone already demon/rates a c]ta9 degree ( pla/icity f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,x pres5ts1 fur!r1 individual v>iations :i* are m di/9ct z x is less deeply fix$ by h]$ity4 ,?us ! div]g5t in/9cts ( two v>ieties1 e4g41 ( insects1 pres5t m individual v>iability & adaptability ?an d ^? in/9cts common to all species ( a g5us4 ,9 %ort1 if we c>efully /udy ! behavi\r ( ea* individual ( a species ( insects ) a develop$ bra9 7z has be5 done by ,p4 ,hub]1 ,lubbock1 ,wasmann1 & myself1 among o!rs1 = bees1 wasps1 & ants71 we are n long 9 f9d+ notewor?y diff]5ces1 especially :5 we put ! in/9ct "u abnormal conditions4 ,we !n =ce ! n]v\s activity ( ^! insects to pres5t a second & pla/ic aspect1 :i* to a l>ge ext5t has be5 hidd5 f u "u _! enorm\sly develop$ in/9ct4 7b7 ,! pla/ic or adaptive activity is by no means1 z has be5 s (t5 sugge/$1 a d]ivative ( in/9ct4 ,x is primitive4 ,x is ev5 ! fundam5tal condition ( ! evolution ( life4 ,! liv+ be+ is di/+ui%$ by its p[] ( adaptation2 ev5 ! amoeba is pla/ic4 ,b 9 ord] t "o individual may adapt itself to a ho/ ( conditions & possibilities1 z is ! case ) ! high] mammals & especially ) man1 ! bra9 requires an enorm\s quantity ( n]ve elem5ts4 ,b ?is is n ! case ) ! fix$ & specialis$ adaptation ( in/9ct4 ,9 second>y automatism1 or habit1 :i* we obs]ve 9 ourselves1 x is easy to /udy h[ ?is activity1 d]iv$ f pla/ic activity1 & ev] becom+ m prompt1 complex1 & sure 7te*nical habits71 necessitates less & less exp5diture ( n]ve ef=t4 ,x is v difficult to und]/& h[ inh]it$ in/9ct1 h]$it>y automatism1 c\ld h orig9at$ f ! pla/ic activities ( our ance/ors4 ,x seems z if a v sl[ selection1 among individuals be/ adapt$ 9 consequ5ce ( =tunate p>5tage1 might p]haps acc\nt = x4 ,to sum up1 e animal possesses two k9ds ( activity 9 v>y+ degrees1 sometimes "o1 sometimes ! o!r pr$om9at+4 ,9 ! l[e/ be+s !y are bo? rudim5t>y4 ,9 insects1 special automatic activity rea*es ! summit ( developm5t & pr$om9ance2 9 man1 on ! contr>y1 ) 8 great bra9 developm5t1 pla/ic activity is elevat$ to an extraord9>y height1 above all by language1 & be=e all by writt5 language1 :i* sub/itutes graphic fixation = second>y automatism1 & all[s ! accumulation outside ! bra9 ( ! k ( pa/ g5]ations1 ?us s]v+ 8 pla/ic activity1 at once ! adapt] & comb9] ( :at ! pa/ has bequea!d to x4 ,accord+ to ! families1 g5]a1 & species ( insects1 ! developm5t ( diff]5t s5ses v>ies extremely4 ,we meet ) mo/ /rik+ contra/s1 & contra/s :i* h n be5 suffici5tly notic$4 ,c]ta9 insects1 dragon-flies1 = in/ance1 live almo/ entirely by means ( sight4 ,o!rs are bl9d1 or almo/ bl9d1 & subsi/ exclusively by smell & ta/e 7insects inhabit+ caves1 mo/ work+ ants74 ,he>+ is well develop$ 9 c]ta9 =ms 7crickets1 locu/s71 b mo/ insects appe> n to he>1 or to he> ) difficulty4 ,despite _! ?ick1 *it9\s skeleton1 almo/ all insects h extremely s5sitive t\*1 especially 9 ! ant5n1 b n conf9$ !reto4 ,x is absolutely necess>y to be> 9 m9d ! m5tal faculties ( insects 9 ord] to judge ) a fair degree ( accuracy h[ !y use _! s5ses4 ,we %all return to t po9t :5 summ+ up4 ,,ii4--,! ,vision ( ,insects ,9 vision we are deal+ ) a c]ta9 def9ite /imulus--light1 ) its two modifications1 col\r & motion4 ,insects h two sets ( organs = vision1 ! facet$ eye & ! s-call$ simple eye1 or ocellus4 ,^! h be5 hi/orically d]iv$ f "o & ! same organ4 ,9 ord] to ex]cise ! function ( sight ! facets ne$ a great] p5cil ( light rays by night ?an by day4 ,to obta9 ! same result we dilate ! pupil4 ,b nocturnal insects are dazzl$ by ! light ( day1 & diurnal insects _c see by night1 = nei!r possess ! faculty ( accommodation4 ,insects are specially able to p]ceive motion1 b !re are only v few insects t c see di/9ctly4 ,= example1 ,i wat*$ "o day a wasp *as+ a fly on ! wall ( a v]&a1 z is ! habit ( ?is insect at ! end ( summ] & 9 ! autumn4 ,%e da%$ viol5tly 9 flight at ! flies sitt+ on ! wall1 :i* mo/ly escap$4 ,%e cont9u$ h] pursuit ) rem>kable p]t9acity1 & succe$$ on sev]al occasions 9 cat*+ a fly1 :i* %e kill$1 mutilat$1 & bore away to h] ne/4 ,ea* "t %e quickly return$ to cont9ue ! hunt4 ,9 "o spot ( ! wall 0 /uck a black nail1 :i* 0 j ! size ( a fly1 & ,i saw ! wasp v frequ5tly deceiv$ by ?is nail1 ^u :i* %e sprang1 leav+ x z soon z %e p]ceiv$ h] error on t\*+ x4 ,nev]!less1 %e made ! same mi/ake ) ! nail %ortly aft]4 ,i h (t5 made simil> obs]vations4 ,we may c]ta9ly conclude t ! wasp saw some?+ ( ! size ( a fly1 b )\t di/+ui%+ ! details2 !re=e %e saw x indi/9ctly4 ,evid5tly a wasp does n only p]ceive motion2 %e also di/+ui%es ! size ( objects4 ,:5 ,i put dead flies on a table to be c>ri$ (f by ano!r wasp1 %e took !m1 "o aft] ano!r1 z well z spid]s & o!r insects ( b little diff]5t size plac$ by _! side4 ,on ! o!r h&1 %e took no notice ( insects mu* l>g] or mu* small] put among ! flies4 ,mo/ entomologi/s h obs]v$ ) :at +5uity & sur5ess dragon-flies di/+ui%1 foll[1 & cat* ! smalle/ insects on ! w+4 ,( all insects1 !y h ! be/ sight4 ,_! enorm\s convex eyes h ! greate/ numb] ( facets4 ,_! numb] has be5 e/imat$ at #ab1jjj1 & ev5 at #ag1jjj4 ,_! a]ial *ases resemble ^? ( ! swall[s4 ,by try+ to cat* !m at ! edge ( a l>ge pond1 "o c easily conv9ce oneself t ! dragon-flies amuse !mselves by mak+ sport ( ! hunt]2 !y w always all[ "o to approa* j ne> en\gh to miss cat*+ !m4 ,x c be se5 to :at degree !y are able to measure ! di/ance & rea* ( _! enemy4 ,x is an absolute fact t dragon-flies1 unless x is cold or 9 ! ev5+1 always manage to fly at j t di/ance at :i* ! /ud5t _c t\* !m2 & !y see p]fectly well :e!r "o is arm$ ) a net or has no?+ b 8 h&s2 "o might ev5 say t !y measure ! l5g? ( ! h&le ( ! net1 = ! possession ( a long h&le is no advantage4 ,!y fly j out ( rea* ( "o's in/rum5t1 :atev] tr\ble "o may give oneself by hid+ x f !m & sudd5ly lung+ z !y fly (f4 ,:oev] wat*es butt]flies & flies w soon see t ^! insects also c measure ! di/ance ( su* objects z are n f> f !m4 ,! males & females ( bees & ants di/+ui% "o ano!r on ! w+4 ,x is r>e = an individual to lose sight ( ! sw>m or to miss :at x pursues fly+4 ,x has be5 prov$ t ! s5se ( smell has no?+ to d ) ?is matt]4 ,?us insects1 ?\gh )\t any p[] ( accommodation = light or di/ance1 are able to p]ceive objects at diff]5t di/ances4 ,x is kn[n t _m insects w bl9dly fly & da% aga9/ a lamp at night1 until !y burn !mselves4 ,x has (t5 be5 wrongly ?\ght t !y are fasc9at$4 ,we ought fir/ to rememb] t natural lights1 conc5trat$ at "o po9t l our artificial lights1 are extremely r>e 9 ,nature4 ,! light ( day1 :i* is ! light ( wild animals1 is n conc5trat$ at "o po9t4 ,insects1 :5 !y are 9 d>kness--und]gr\nd1 b5ea? b>k or leaves--are accu/om$ to rea* ! op5 air1 :]e ! light is ev]y:]e diffus$1 by direct+ !mselves t[>ds ! lum9\s po9t4 ,at night1 :5 !y fly t[>ds a lamp1 !y are evid5tly deceiv$1 & _! small bra9s _c compreh5d ! novelty ( ?is light conc5trat$ at "o spot4 ,consequ5tly1 _! fruitless ef=ts are aga9 & aga9 r5ew$ aga9/ ! flame1 & ! poor innoc5ts end by burn+ !mselves4 ,sev]al dome/ic insects1 :i* h become little by little adapt$ to artificial light 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations1 no long] all[ !mselves to be deceiv$ !reby4 ,?is is ! case ) h\se-flies4 ,bees di/+ui% all col\rs1 & seldom conf\nd any b blue & gre52 :ile wasps sc>cely react to diff]5ces ( col\r1 b note bett] ! %ape ( an object1 & note1 = in/ance1 :]e ! place ( honey is2 s t a *ange ( col\r on ! disc :]eon ! honey is plac$ h>dly upsets !m4 ,fur!r1 wasps h a bett] s5se ( smell ?an bees4 ,! *ief discov]y reg>d+ ! vision ( insects made 9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s is t ( ,lubbock1 :o prov$ t ants p]ceive ! ultra-violet rays ( ! spectrum1 :i* we are unable1 or almo/ unable1 to p]ceive4 ,x has lately be5 prov$ also t _m insects appreciate light by ! sk94 ,!y d n see z cle>ly z we d2 b :5 !y possess well-develop$ comp\nd eyes !y appreciate size1 & m or less di/9ctly ! cont\rs ( objects4 ,ants h a great faculty = recognition1 :i* probably te/ifies to _! vision & visual memory4 ,lubbock obs]v$ ants :i* actually recognis$ ea* o!r aft] m ?an a ye> ( sep>ation4 ,,iii4--,smell1 ,ta/e1 ,he>+1 ,pa9 ,smell is v important 9 insects4 ,x is difficult = u to judge (1 s9ce man is ( all ! v]tebrates except ! :ales1 p]haps1 ! "o 9 :i* ?is s5se is mo/ rudim5t>y4 ,we c evid5tly1 !re=e1 =m only a feeble idea ( ! _w ( k imp>t$ by a smell to a dog1 a mole1 a h$gehog1 or an insect4 ,! in/rum5ts ( smell are ! ant5n4 ,a poor ant )\t ant5n is z lo/ z a bl9d man :o is also deaf & dumb4 ,?is appe>s f its complete social inactivity1 its isolation1 its incapacity to guide itself & to f9d its food4 ,x c1 !re=e1 be boldly suppos$ t ! ant5n & _! p[] ( smell1 z mu* on contact z at a di/ance1 con/itute ! social s5se ( ants1 ! s5se :i* all[s !m to recognise "o ano!r1 to t5d to _! l>v1 & mutually help "o ano!r1 & also ! s5se :i* awak5s _! gre$y appetites1 _! viol5t hatr$ = e be+ =eign to ! colony1 ! s5se :i* pr9cipally guides !m--a little help$ by vision1 especially 9 c]ta9 species--9 ! long & pati5t travels :i* !y h to und]take1 :i* makes !m f9d _! way back1 f9d _! plant-lice1 & all _! o!r means ( subsi/5ce4 ,z ! philosoph] ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has well po9t$ out1 ! visc]al s5sations ( man1 & ^? int]nal s5ses :i*1 l smell1 c only make an impression ( "o k9d z reg>ds space--two simultane\s od\rs c only be appreciat$ by u z a mixture--are precisely ^? by :i* we c ga9 little or no in=mation relative to space4 ,our vision1 on ! contr>y1 :i* localises ! rays f v>i\s di/ant po9ts ( space on v>i\s di/9ct po9ts ( our ret9a at ! same "t1 is our mo/ relational s5se1 t :i* gives u ! mo/ va/ ideas ( space4 ,b ! ant5n ( insects are an olfactory organ turn$ inside out1 prom95t 9 space1 &1 fur!r1 v mobile4 ,?is all[s u to suppose t ! s5se ( smell may be mu* m relational ?an ours1 t ! s5sations !nce d]iv$ give !m ideas ( space & ( direction :i* may be qualitatively diff]5t f ours4 ,ta/e exi/s 9 insects1 & has be5 v widely writt5 on1 b some:at inconclusively4 ,! organs ( ta/e probably are to be f\nd 9 ! jaws & at ! base ( ! tongue4 ,?is s5se c be obs]v$ 9 ants1 bees1 & wasps2 & ev]yone has se5 h[ cat]pill>s especially recognise by ta/e ! plants :i* suit !m4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 on ! he>+ ( insects2 b1 9 my judgm5t1 only crickets & sev]al o!r insects ( t class appe> to p]ceive s\nds4 ,errone\s views h be5 due to confus+ he>+ ) me*anical vibrations4 ,we mu/ n =get t ! specialisation ( ! organ ( he>+ has rea*$ 9 man a delicacy ( detail :i* is evid5tly n f\nd aga9 9 l[] v]tebrates4 ,pa9 is mu* less develop$ 9 insects ?an 9 w>m-blood$ v]tebrates4 ,o!rwise1 "o c\ld n see ei!r an ant1 ) its abdom5 or ant5n cut (f1 gorge itself ) honey2 or a humble-bee1 9 :i* ! ant5n & all ! front ( ! head _h be5 remov$1 g to f9d & pillage fl[]s2 or a spid]1 ! foot ( :i* _h be5 brok51 fe$ imm$iately on ?is1 its own foot1 z ,i myself h se52 or1 f9ally1 a cat]pill>1 w\nd$ at ! tail end1 dev\r itself1 beg9n+ beh9d1 z ,i h obs]v$ m ?an once4 ,,iv4--,insect ,reason & ,passions ,insects reason1 & ! mo/ intellig5t among !m1 ! social hym5opt]a1 especially ! wasps & ants1 ev5 reason mu* m ?an "o is tempt$ to believe :5 "o obs]ves ! regul>ly recurr+ me*anism ( _! in/9cts4 ,to obs]ve & und]/& ^! reason+s well1 x is necess>y to mislead _! in/9ct4 ,fur!r1 "o may rem>k little bur/s ( pla/ic judgm5t1 ( comb9ations--extremely limit$1 x is true--:i*1 9 =c+ !m an in/ant f ! beat5 track ( _! automatism1 help !m to ov]come difficulties1 & to decide betwe5 two dang]s4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( in/9ct & intellig5ce1 or r ( reason1 !re are n1 !re=e1 absolute contra/s betwe5 ! insect1 ! mammal1 & ! man4 ,f9ally1 insects h passions :i* are m or less b\nd up ) _! in/9cts4 ,& ^! passions v>y enorm\sly1 accord+ to ! species4 ,i h not$ ! foll[+ passions or traits ( "* among ants3 *ol]1 hatr$1 devotion1 activity1 p]sev]ance1 & gluttony4 ,i h add$ !reto ! disc\ragem5t :i* is sometimes %[n 9 a /rik+ mann] at ! "t ( a defeat1 & :i* c become real despair2 ! fe> :i* is %[n among ants :5 !y are alone1 :ile x disappe>s :5 !y are num]\s4 ,i c add fur!r ! mom5t>y tem]ity :]eby c]ta9 ants1 kn[+ ! enemy to be weak5$ & disc\rag$1 hurl !mselves alone 9 ! mid/ ( ! black masses ( enemies l>g] ?an !mselves1 hu/l+ !m )\t tak+ ! lea/ fur!r precaution4 ,:5 we /udy ! mann]s ( an insect1 x is necess>y = u to take acc\nt ( its m5tal faculties z well z ( its s5se organs4 ,intellig5t insects make bett] use ( _! s5ses1 especially by comb9+ !m 9 v>i\s ways4 ,x is possible to /udy su* insects 9 _! homes 9 a m v>i$ & m complete mann]1 all[+ great] accuracy ( obs]vations4 ,,galileo ,dialogues on ! ,sy/em ( ! ,_w ,galileo ,galilei1 fam\s z an a/ronom] & z an exp]im5tal physici/1 0 born at ,pisa1 9 ,italy1 ,feb4 #ah1 #aefd4 ,8 tal5ts 7 mo/ multif>i\s & rem>kable2 b 8 ma!matical & me*anical g5ius 0 dom9ant f ! fir/4 ,z a *ild he con/ruct$ me*anical toys1 & z a "y man he made "o ( 8 mo/ important discov]ies1 :i* 0 t ( ! p5dulum z an ag5t 9 ! measurem5t ( "t1 & inv5t$ ! hydro/atic balance1 by :i* ! specific gravity ( solid bodies might be asc]ta9$4 ,at ! age ( #bd a le>n$ treatise on ! c5tre ( gravity ( solids l$ to a lecture%ip at ,pisa ,univ]sity4 ,driv5 f ,pisa by ! enmity ( ,ari/otelians1 he w5t to ,padua ,univ]sity1 :]e he inv5t$ a k9d ( !rmomet]1 a proportional compass1 a microscope1 & a telescope4 ,! la/ inv5tion bore fruit 9 a/ronomical discov]ies1 & 9 #afaj he discov]$ f\r ( ! moons ( ,jupit]4 ,8 promulgation ( ! ,cop]nican doctr9e l$ to r5ew$ attacks by ! ,ari/otelians1 & to c5sure by ! ,inquisition4 7,see ,religion1 vol4 xiii47 ,not)/&+ ?is c5sure1 he publi%$ 9 #afcb 8 ,dialogues on ! ,sy/em ( ! ,_w4 ,! int]locutors 9 ! ,dialogues1 ) ! exception ( ,salviatus1 :o exp\nds ! views ( ! au?or himself1 repres5t two ( ,galileo's e>ly fri5ds4 ,= ! ,dialogues he 0 s5t5c$ by ! ,inquisition to inc>c]ation at its pleasure1 & enjo9$ to recite p5it5tial psalms once a week = ?ree ye>s4 ,8 life !reaft] 0 full ( sorr[1 & 9 #afcg bl9dness add$ to 8 woes2 b ! fire ( 8 g5ius /ill burnt on till 8 dea? on ,janu>y #h1 #afdb4 ,does ! ,e>? ,move ,,salviatus3 ,n[1 let ,simplicius prop\nd ^? d\bts :i* dissuade him f believ+ t ! e>? may move1 z ! o!r planets1 r\nd a fix$ c5tre4 ,,simplicius3 ,! fir/ & greate/ difficulty is t x is impossible bo? to be 9 a c5tre & to be f> f x4 ,if ! e>? move 9 a circle x _c rema9 9 ! c5tre ( ! zodiac2 b ,ari/otle1 ,ptolemy & o!rs h prov$ t x is 9 ! c5tre ( ! zodiac4 ,,salviatus3 ,!re is no "q t ! e>? _c be 9 ! c5tre ( a circle r\nd ^: circumf]5ce x moves4 ,b tell me :at c5tre d y mean8 ,,simplicius3 ,i mean ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 ( ! :ole _w1 ( ! />ry sph]e4 ,,salviatus3 ,no "o has ev] prov$ t ! univ]se is f9ite & figurative2 b grant+ t x is f9ite & sph]ical1 & has !re=e a c5tre1 we h /ill to give reasons :y we %\ld believe t ! e>? is at its c5tre4 ,,simplicius3 ,ari/otle has prov$ 9 a hundr$ ways t ! univ]se is f9ite & sph]ical4 ,,salviatus3 ,ari/otle's pro( t ! univ]se 0 f9ite & sph]ical 0 d]iv$ ess5tially f ! consid]ation t x mov$2 & see+ t c5tre & figure 7 inf]r$ by ,ari/otle f its mobility1 x w be reasonable if we endeav\r to f9d f ! circul> motions ( mundane bodies ! c5tre's prop] place4 ,ari/otle himself came to ! conclusion t all ! cele/ial sph]es revolve r\nd ! e>?1 :i* is plac$ at ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,b tell me1 ,simplicius1 suppos+ ,ari/otle f\nd t "o ( ! two propositions mu/ be false1 & t ei!r ! cele/ial sph]es d n revolve or t ! e>? is n ! c5tre r\nd :i* !y revolve1 :i* proposition w\ld he pref] to give up8 ,,simplicius3 ,i believe t ! ,p]ipatetics---- ,,salviatus3 ,i d n ask ! ,p]ipatetics1 ,i ask ,ari/otle4 ,z = ! ,p]ipatetics1 !y1 z humble vassals ( ,ari/otle1 w\ld d5y all ! exp]im5ts & all ! obs]vations 9 ! _w2 nay1 w\ld also refuse to see !m1 & w\ld say t ! univ]se is z ,ari/otle write?1 & n z ,nature w h x2 =1 depriv$ ( ! %ield ( 8 au?ority1 ) :at d y ?9k !y w\ld appe> 9 ! field8 ,tell me1 !re=e1 :at ,ari/otle himself w\ld d4 ,,simplicius3 ,to tell y ! tru?1 ,i d n "k h[ to decide :i* is ! less] inconv5i5ce4 ,,salviatus3 ,see+ y d n "k1 let u exam9e :i* w\ld be ! m rational *oice1 & let u assume t ,ari/otle w\ld h *os5 s4 ,grant+ ) ,ari/otle t ! univ]se has a sph]ical figure & move? circul>ly r\nd a c5tre1 x is reasonable to believe t ! />ry orbs move r\nd ! c5tre ( ! univ]se or r\nd "s sep>ate c5tre8 ,,simplicius3 ,i w\ld say t x 7 mu* m reasonable to believe t !y move ) ! univ]se r\nd ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,,salviatus3 ,b !y move r\nd ! sun & n r\nd ! e>?2 !re=e ! sun & n ! e>? is ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,,simplicius3 ,:5ce1 !n1 d y argue t x is ! sun & n ! e>? t is ! c5tre ( ! planet>y revolutions8 ,,salviatus3 ,i inf] t ! e>? is n ! c5tre ( ! planet>y revolutions because ! planets are at diff]5t times at v diff]5t di/ances f ! e>?4 ,= in/ance1 ,v5us1 :5 x is f>!/ (f1 is six times m remote f u ?an :5 x is ne>e/1 & ,m>s rises almo/ eight times z high at "o "t z at ano!r4 ,,simplicius3 ,& :at are ! signs t ! planets revolve r\nd ! sun z c5tre8 ,,salviatus3 ,we f9d t ! ?ree sup]ior planets--,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn--are always ne>e/ to ! e>? :5 !y are 9 opposition to ! sun1 & always f>!/ (f :5 !y are 9 conjunction2 & s great is ?is approximation & recession t ,m>s1 :5 ne>1 appe>s v ne>ly sixty times great] ?an :5 remote4 ,v5us & ,m]cury also c]ta9ly revolve r\nd ! sun1 s9ce !y nev] move f> f x1 & appe> n[ above & n[ bel[ x4 ,,sagr$us3 ,i expect t m wond]ful ?+s dep5d on ! annual revolution ?an ^u ! diurnal rotation ( ! e>?4 ,,salviatus3 ,,y d n err !re94 ,! effect ( ! diurnal rotation ( ! e>? is to make ! univ]se seem to rotate 9 ! opposite direction2 b ! annual motion complicates ! p>ticul> motions ( all ! planets4 ,b to return to my proposition4 ,i affirm t ! c5tre ( ! cele/ial convolutions ( ! five planets--,saturn1 ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ,v5us1 & ,m]cury1 & likewise ( ! e>?--is ! sun4 ,z = ! moon1 x goes r\nd ! e>?1 & yet does n cease to g r\nd ! sun ) ! e>?4 ,x be+ true1 !n1 t ! five planets d move ab\t ! sun z a c5tre1 re/ seems ) s mu* m reason to belong to ! said sun ?an to ! e>?1 inasmu* z 9 a movable sph]e x is m reasonable t ! c5tre /& /ill ?an any place remote f ! c5tre4 ,to ! e>?1 !re=e1 may a ye>ly revolution be assign$1 leav+ ! sun at re/4 ,& if t be s1 x foll[s t ! diurnal motion likewise belongs to ! e>?2 = if ! sun /ood /ill & ! e>? did n rotate1 ! ye> w\ld consi/ ( six mon?s ( day & six mon?s ( night4 ,y may consid]1 likewise1 h[1 9 con=mity ) ?is s*eme1 ! precipitate motion ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs is tak5 away f ! univ]se2 & h[ ! fix$ />s1 :i* are s _m suns1 are made1 l our sun1 to enjoy p]petual re/4 ,,sagr$us3 ,! s*eme is simple & satisfactory2 b1 tell me1 h[ is x t ,py?agoras & ,cop]nicus1 :o fir/ br\ght x =w>d1 c\ld make s few conv]ts8 ,,salviatus3 ,if y "k :at frivol\s reasons s]ve to make ! vulg>1 contumaci\s & indispos$ to he>k51 y w\ld n wond] at ! paucity ( conv]ts4 ,! numb] ( ?ick skulls is inf9ite1 & we ne$ nei!r record _! follies nor endeav\r to int]e/ !m 9 subtle & sublime ideas4 ,no demon/rations c enlight5 /upid bra9s4 ,my wond]1 ,sagr$us1 is diff]5t f y\rs4 ,y wond] t s few are believ]s 9 ! ,py?agorean hypo!sis2 ,i wond] t !re are any to embrace x4 ,nor c ,i suffici5tly admire ! sup]-em95ce ( ^? m5's wits t h receiv$ & held x to be true1 & ) ! sprightl9ess ( _! judgm5ts h (f]$ su* viol5ce to _! s5ses t !y h be5 able to pref] t :i* _! reason ass]t$ to t :i* s5sible exp]i5ce manife/$4 ,i _c f9d any b\nds = my admiration h[ t reason 0 able1 9 ,ari/>*us & ,cop]nicus1 to commit su* a rape ^u _! s5ses1 z 9 despite !re( to make h]self mi/ress ( _! cr$ulity4 ,,sagr$us3 ,w !re /ill be /rong opposition to ! ,cop]nican sy/em8 ,,salviatus3 ,und\bt$ly2 = !re are evid5t & s5sible facts to oppose x1 requir+ a s5se m sublime ?an ! common & vulg> s5ses to assi/ reason4 ,,sagr$us3 ,let u1 !n1 jo9 battle ) ^? antagoni/ic facts4 ,,salviatus3 ,i am ready4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,m>s himself *>ges hotly aga9/ ! tru? ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,accord+ to ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 t planet %\ld appe> sixty times z l>ge :5 at its ne>e/ z :5 at its f>!/2 b ?is div]sity ( magnitude is n to be se54 ,! same difficulty is se5 9 ! case ( ,v5us4 ,fur!r1 if ,v5us be d>k1 & %9e only ) reflect$ light1 l ! moon1 x %\ld %[ lun> phases2 b ^! d n appe>4 ,fur!r1 aga91 ! moon prev5ts ! :ole ord] ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em by revolv+ r\nd ! e>? in/ead ( r\nd ! sun4 ,& !re are o!r s]i\s & curi\s difficulties admitt$ by ,cop]nicus himself4 ,b ev5 ! ?ree great difficulties ,i h nam$ are n real4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,m>s & ,v5us d v>y 9 magnitude z requir$ by !ory1 & ,v5us does *ange its %ape exactly l ! moon4 ,,sagr$us3 ,b h[ came ?is to be conceal$ f ,cop]nicus & reveal$ to y8 ,,sir ,,francis ,,galton ,essays 9 ,eug5ics ,sir ,francis ,galton1 born at ,birm+ham1 ,engl&1 9 #ahbb1 0 a gr&son ( ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w94 ,he graduat$ f ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 9 #ahdd4 ,galton travell$ 9 ! nor? ( ,africa1 on ! ,:ite ,nile & 9 ! we/]n portion ( ,s\? ,africa betwe5 #ahdd & #ahej4 ,l 8 immortal c\s91 ,*>les ,d>w91 ,sir ,francis ,galton is a /rik+ in/ance ( a man ( great & spl5did inh]itance1 :o1 also inh]it+ weal?1 devotes x & 8 p[]s to ! cause ( humanity4 ,he publi%$ sev]al books on h]$ity1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 ,h]$it>y ,g5ius4 ,! next ,inquiries into ,human ,faculty1 :i* 0 foll[$ by ,natural ,inh]itance4 ,! ,essays 9 ,eug5ics include all ! mo/ rec5t "w ( ,sir ,francis ,galton s9ce 8 return to ! subject ( eug5ics 9 #aija4 ,?is volume has j be5 publi%$ by ! ,eug5ics ,education ,society1 ( :i* ,sir ,francis ,galton is ! honor>y presid5t4 ,z epitomis$ = ?is "w1 ! ,essays h be5 made to include a /ill lat] /udy by ! au?or1 :i* w be includ$ 9 future editions ( ! book4 ,! epitome has be5 prep>$ by special p]mission ( ! ,eug5ics ,education ,society1 & ^? responsible hope t x w s]ve 9 "s measure to neutralise ! outrage\s1 gross1 & (t5 wilful misrepres5tations ( eug5ics ( :i* _m popul> writ]s are guilty4 ,i4--,! ,aims & ,me?ods ( ,eug5ics ,! foll[+ essays help to %[ some?+ ( ! progress ( eug5ics dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 & to expla9 my own views ^u its aims & me?ods1 :i* (t5 h be51 & /ill sometimes are1 absurdly misrepres5t$4 ,! practice ( eug5ics has already obta9$ a consid]able hold on popul> e/imation1 & is /eadily acquir+ ! /atus ( a practical "q1 & n t ( a m]e vision 9 ,utopia4 ,! p[] by :i* eug5ic re=m mu/ *iefly be effect$ is t ( public op9ion1 :i* is amply /rong en\gh = t purpose :5ev] x %all be r\s$4 ,public op9ion has done z mu* z ?is on _m pa/ occasions & 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 ( :i* mu* evid5ce is giv5 9 ! essay on re/rictions 9 m>riage4 ,x is n[ ord]+ our acts m intimately ?an we are apt to suspect1 because ! dictates ( public op9ion become s ?or\ghly assimilat$ t !y seem to be ! orig9al & individual to ^? :o are guid$ by !m4 ,by comp>+ ! curr5t ideas at widely diff]5t epo*s & "u widely diff]5t civilisations1 we are able to asc]ta9 :at "p ( our convictions is really innate & p]man5t1 & :at "p has be5 acquir$ & is transi5t4 ,x is1 above all ?+s1 ne$ful = ! successful progress ( eug5ics t its advocates %\ld move discreetly & claim no m efficacy on its behalf ?an ! future w ju/ify2 o!rwise a reaction w be ju/ifi$4 ,a great deal ( inve/igation is /ill ne$$ to %[ ! limit ( practical eug5ics1 yet en\gh has be5 already det]m9$ to ju/ify l>ge ef=ts be+ made to in/ruct ! public 9 an au?oritative way1 ) ! results hi!rto obta9$ by s\nd reason+1 appli$ to ! und\bt$ facts ( social exp]i5ce4 ,! ^w eug5ics 0 co9$ & us$ by me 9 my book ,human ,faculty1 publi%$ z long ago z #ahhc4 ,9 x ,i emphasis$ ! ess5tial bro!rhood ( mank9d1 h]$ity be+ to my m9d a v real ?+2 also ! belief t we are born to act1 & n to wait = help l able-bodi$ idl]s1 :9+ = doles4 ,individuals appe> to me z f9ite deta*m5ts f an inf9ite ocean ( be+1 tempor>ily end[$ ) executive p[]s4 ,?is is ! only answ] ,i c give to myself 9 reply to ! p]petually recurr+ que/ions ( :y8 :5ce8 & :i!r8 ,! imm$iate :i!r8 does n seem :olly d>k1 z "s little in=mation may be glean$ conc]n+ ! direction 9 :i* ,nature1 s f> z we "k ( x1 is n[ mov+--namely1 t[>ds ! evolution ( m9d1 body1 & "* 9 increas+ en]gy & co-adaptation4 ,! ideas h long held my fancy t we m5 may be ! *ief1 & p]haps ! only executives on e>?2 t we are deta*$ on active s]vice )1 x may be only illusory1 p[]s ( free-w4 ,also t we are 9 "s way acc\ntable = our success or failure to fur!r c]ta9 obscure ends1 to be guess$ z be/ we c2 t ?\gh our in/ructions are obscure !y are suffici5tly cle> to ju/ify our int]f]5ce ) ! pitiless c\rse ( ,nature :5ev] x seems possible to atta9 ! goal t[>ds :i* x moves by g5tl] & k9dli] ways4 ,!re are _m que/ions :i* mu/ be /udi$ if we are to be guid$ aright t[>ds ! possible improvem5t ( mank9d "u ! exi/+ conditions ( law & s5tim5t4 ,we mu/ /udy human v>iety1 & ! di/ribution ( qualities 9 a nation4 ,we mu/ comp>e ! classification ( a population accord+ to social /atus ) ! classification :i* we w\ld make purely 9 t]ms ( natural quality4 ,we mu/ /udy ) ! utmo/ c>e ! desc5t ( qualities 9 a population1 & ! consequ5ces ( t m>k$ t5d5cy to m>riage )9 ! class :i* di/+ui%es all classes4 ,some?+ is to be le>nt f ! results ( exam9ations 9 univ]sities & colleges4 ,x is desirable to /udy ! degree ( correspond5ce t may exi/ betwe5 promise 9 y\?1 z %[n 9 exam9ations1 & subsequ5t p]=mance4 ,let me add t ,i ?9k ! neglect ( ?is inquiry by ! va/ army ( highly educat$ p]sons :o are connect$ ) ! pres5t huge sy/em ( competitive exam9ation to be gross & unp>donable4 ,until ?is problem is solv$ we _c possibly e/imate ! value ( ! pres5t elaborate sy/em ( exam9ations4 ,,ii4--,re/rictions 9 ,m>riage ,x is necess>y to meet an objection t has be5 repeat$ly urg$ aga9/ ! possible adoption ( any sy/em ( eug5ics1 namely1 t human nature w\ld nev] brook int]f]5ce ) ! fre$om ( m>riage4 ,b ! "q is h[ f> h m>riage re/rictions prov$ effective :5 sanctifi$ by ! religion ( ! "t1 by cu/om1 & by law4 ,i appeal f arm*air criticism to hi/orical facts4 ,x w be f\nd t1 ) scant exceptions1 m>riage cu/oms are bas$ on social exp$i5cy & n on natural in/9cts4 ,?is we le>n :5 we /udy ! fact ( monogamy1 & ! sev]e prohibition ( polygamy1 9 _m times & places1 due n to any natural in/9ct aga9/ ! practice1 b to consid]ation ( ! social well-be+4 ,we f9d ! same :5 we /udy endogamy1 exogamy1 ,au/ralian m>riages1 & ! control ( m>riage by taboo4 ,! in/itution ( m>riage1 z n[ sanctifi$ by religion & safegu>d$ by law 9 ! m highly civilis$ nations1 may n be ideally p]fect1 nor may x be univ]sally accept$ 9 future times1 b x is ! be/ t has hi!rto be5 devis$ = ! p>ties prim>ily conc]n$1 = _! *ildr51 = home life1 & = society4 ,! degree ( k9%ip )9 :i* m>riage is prohibit$ is1 ) "o exception1 q 9 accordance ) mod]n s5tim5t1 ! exception be+ ! disall[al ( m>riage ) ! si/] ( a deceas$ wife1 ! propriety ( :i* is greatly disput$ & ne$ n be discuss$ "h4 ,! m>riage ( a bro!r & si/] w\ld excite a feel+ ( loa?+ among u t seems implant$ by nature1 b :i*1 fur!r inquiry w %[1 has ma9ly aris5 f tradition & cu/om4 ,! evid5ce proves t !re is no in/9ctive repugnance felt univ]sally by man to m>riage )9 ! prohibit$ degrees1 b t its pres5t /r5g? is ma9ly due to :at ,i may call immat]ial consid]ations4 ,x is q conceivable t a non-eug5ic m>riage %\ld h]eaft] excite no less loa?+ ?an t ( a bro!r & si/] w\ld d n[4 ,! dictates ( religion 9 respect to ! opposite duties ( lead+ celibate lives1 & ( cont9u+ families1 h be5 contradictory4 ,9 _m nations x is & has be5 consid]$ a disgrace to be> no *ildr51 & 9 o!r nations celibacy has be5 rais$ to ! rank ( a virtue ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,dur+ ! fifty or s g5]ations t h elaps$ s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! nunn]ies & mona/]ies1 & ! celibate lives ( ,ca?olic prie/s1 h _h va/ social effects1 h[ f> = good & h[ f> = evil ne$ n be discuss$ "h4 ,! po9t ,i wi% to en=ce is ! pot5cy1 n only ( ! religi\s s5se 9 aid+ or det]r+ m>riage1 b m especially ! influ5ce & au?ority ( m9i/]s ( religion 9 en=c+ celibacy4 ,!y h notori\sly us$ x :5 aid has be5 invok$ by memb]s ( ! family on gr\nds t are n religi\s at all1 b m]ely ( family exp$i5cy4 ,?us at "s times & 9 "s ,*ri/ian nations1 e girl :o did n m>ry :ile /ill "y 0 practically compell$ to ent] a nunn]y1 f :i* escape 0 aft]w>ds impossible4 ,x is easy to let ! imag9ation run wild on ! supposition ( a :ole-he>t$ acceptance ( eug5ics z a national religion2 t is1 ( ! ?or\gh conviction by a nation t no wor?i] object exi/s = man ?an ! improvem5t ( 8 own race1 & :5 ef=ts z great z ^? by :i* nunn]ies & mona/]ies 7 end[$ & ma9ta9$ %\ld be direct$ to fulfil an opposite purpose4 ,i w n ent] fur!r into ?is4 ,suffice x to say1 t ! hi/ory ( conv5tual life af=ds abundant evid5ce on a v l>ge scale ( ! p[] ( religi\s au?ority 9 direct+ & )/&+ ! t5d5cies ( human nature t[>ds fre$om 9 m>riage4 ,sev5 diff]5t =ms ( m>riage re/riction may be cit$ to %[ :at is possible4 ,!y are monogamy1 endogamy1 exogamy1 ,au/ralian m>riages1 taboo1 prohibit$ degrees1 & celibacy4 ,x c be %[n "u ea* ( ^! heads h[ p[]ful are ! v>i\s comb9ations ( immat]ial motives ^u m>riage selection1 h[ !y may all become hall[$ by religion1 accept$ z cu/om1 & en=c$ by law4 ,p]sons :o are born "u _! v>i\s rules live "u !m )\t any objection4 ,!y are unconsci\s ( _! re/rictions1 z we are unaw>e ( ! t5sion ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! subs]vi5ce ( civilis$ races to _! sev]al religi\s sup]/itions1 cu/oms1 au?ority1 & ! re/1 is frequ5tly z abject z t ( b>b>ians4 ,! same classes ( motives t direct o!r races direct ours2 s a k ( _! cu/oms helps u to realise ! wide range ( :at we may ourselves h]eaft] adopt1 = reasons z satisfactory to u 9 ^? future times1 z !irs are or 7 to !m at ! "t :5 !y prevail$4 ,,iii4--,eug5ic ,qualities ( ,prim>y ,importance ,! foll[+ is (f]$ z a contribution to ! art ( ju/ly apprais+ ! eug5ic values ( diff]5t qualities4 ,x may fairly be assum$ t ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 inborn traits is requisite be=e a claim to eug5ic rank c be ju/ifi$1 because ^! qualities are ne$$ to br+ out ! full values ( su* special faculties z broadly di/+ui% philosoph]s1 arti/s1 f9anci]s1 soldi]s1 & o!r repres5tative classes4 ,! me?od adopt$ = discov]+ ! qualities 9 "q is to consid] gr\ps ( individuals1 & to comp>e ! qualities t di/+ui% su* gr\ps z fl\ri% or prosp] f o!rs ( ! same k9d t decl9e or decay4 ,?is me?od has ! advantage ( giv+ results m free f ! possibility ( bias ?an ^? d]iv$ f examples ( individual cases4 ,9 :at foll[s ,i %all use ! ^w community 9 its wide/ s5se1 z includ+ any gr\p ( p]sons :o are connect$ by a common int]e/--families1 s*ools1 clubs1 sects1 municipalities1 nations1 & all int]m$iate social units4 ,:atev] qualities increase ! prosp]ity ( mo/ or e "o ( ^!1 w1 z ,i hold1 des]ve a place 9 ! fir/ rank ( eug5ic importance4 ,mo/ ( u h exp]i5ce1 ei!r by direct obs]vation or ?r\gh hi/orical read+1 ( ! work+ ( sev]al communities1 & are capable ( =m+ a correct picture 9 our m9ds ( ! sali5t *>act]i/ics ( ^? t1 on ! "o h&1 are em95tly prosp]\s1 & ( ^? t1 on ! o!r h&1 are z em95tly decad5t4 ,i h little d\bt t ! read] w agree ) me t ! memb]s ( prosp]+ communities are1 z a rule1 conspicu\sly /r5u\s1 & t ^? ( decay+ or decad5t ones are conspicu\sly slack4 ,a prosp]\s community is di/+ui%$ by ! al]tness ( its memb]s1 by _! busy occupations1 by _! tak+ pleasure 9 _! "w1 by _! do+ x ?or\ghly1 & by an hone/ pride 9 _! community z a :ole4 ,! memb]s ( a decay+ community are1 = ! mo/ "p1 languid & indol5t2 _! v ge/ures are dawdl+ & sl\*+1 ! opposite ( sm>t4 ,!y %irk "w :5 !y c d s1 & scamp :at !y und]take4 ,a prosp]\s community is rem>kable = ! v>iety ( ! solid int]e/s 9 :i* "s or o!r ( its memb]s are eag]ly engag$1 b ! que/ions t agitate a decad5t community are = ! mo/ "p ( a frivol\s ord]4 ,prosp]\s communities are also notable = enjoym5t ( life2 = ?\gh _! memb]s mu/ "w h>d 9 ord] to procure ! necess>y luxuries ( an advanc$ civilisation1 !y are end[$ ) s l>ge a /ore ( en]gy t1 :5 _! daily toil is ov]1 en\gh ( x rema9s unexp5d$ to all[ !m to pursue _! special hobbies dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! day4 ,9 a decad5t community ! m5 tire easily1 & soon s9k into drudg]y2 !re is consequ5tly mu* languor among !m1 & little enjoym5t ( life4 ,i h /udi$ ! causes ( civic prosp]ity 9 v>i\s directions & f _m po9ts ( view1 & ! conclusion at :i* ,i h arriv$ is emphatic1 namely1 t *ief among ^? causes is a l>ge capacity = lab\r--m5tal1 bodily1 or bo?--comb9$ ) eag]ness = "w4 ,! c\rse ( evolution 9 animals %[s t ?is view is correct 9 g5]al4 ,! huge liz>ds1 incapable ( rapid action1 unless x be brief 9 duration & associat$ ) long t]ms ( repose1 h be5 supplant$ by birds & mammals possess$ ( p[]s ( long endurance4 ,^! latt] are s con/itut$ z to require "w1 becom+ re/less & suff]+ 9 heal? :5 preclud$ f ex]tion4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 ov]look ! fact t ! influ5ce ( circum/ance on a community is a p[]ful factor 9 rais+ its tone4 ,a cause t cat*es ! popul> feel+ w (t5 r\se a pot5tially capable nation f apa?y into action4 ,a good (fic]1 back$ by adequate supplies ( food & ) funds = ! regul> paym5t ( 8 troops1 w *ange a regim5t ev5 ( ill-develop$ l\ts & hooligans into a fairly sm>t & well-discipl9$ corps4 ,b ) bett] mat]ial z a f\ndation1 ! influ5ce ( a fav\rable environm5t is correspond+ly increas$1 & is less liable to impairm5t :5ev] ! environm5t *anges & becomes less propiti\s4 ,h5ce1 x foll[s t a s\nd m9d & body1 enlight5$1 ,i %\ld add1 ) an intellig5ce above ! av]age1 & comb9$ ) a natural capacity & zeal = "w1 are ess5tial elem5ts 9 eug5ics4 ,= h[ev] fam\s a man may become 9 o!r respects1 he _c1 ,i ?9k1 be ju/ly t]m$ eug5ic if defici5t 9 ! qualities ,i h j nam$4 ,eug5i/s ju/ly claim to be true philan?ropi/s1 or lov]s ( mank9d1 & %\ld be/ir !mselves 9 _! special prov9ce z eag]ly z ! philan?ropi/s1 9 ! curr5t & v re/rict$ mean+ ( t ^w1 h done 9 !irs4 ,!y %\ld int]e/ !mselves 9 su* families ( civic wor? z !y come across1 especially 9 ^? t are l>ge1 mak+ fri5ds bo? ) ! p>5ts & ! *ildr51 & %[+ !mselves dispos$ to help to a reasonable degree1 z opportunity may (f]1 :5ev] help is really ne$ful4 ,!y %\ld comp>e _! own notes ) ^? ( o!rs :o are simil>ly engag$4 ,!y %\ld reg>d su* families z an eag] horticulturi/ reg>ds b$s ( se$l+s ( "s r>e v>iety ( plant1 b ) an en?usiasm ( a f> m patriotic k9d4 ,=1 s9ce x has be5 %[n t ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ! individuals born 9 "o g5]ation provide half ! next g5]ation1 l>ge families t are also eug5ic may prove ( prim>y importance to ! nation & become its mo/ valuable asset4 ,,iv4--,practical ,eug5ics ,! foll[+ are "s views ( my own relat+ to t l>ge prov9ce ( eug5ics :i* is conc]n$ ) fav\r+ ! families ( ^? :o are exceptionally fit = citiz5%ip4 ,consequ5tly1 little or no?+ w "h be said relat+ to :at has be5 well t]m$ by ,dr4 ,saleeby negative eug5ics1 namely1 ! h9drance ( ! m>riages & ! production ( (fspr+ by ! exceptionally unfit4 ,! latt] is unque/ionably ! m press+ subject1 b x w soon be =c$ on ! att5tion ( ! legislature by ! rec5t report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,feeble-m9d$4 ,:atev] s*eme ( action is propos$ = adoption mu/ be nei!r ,utopian nor extravagant1 b accordant ?r\gh\t ) ,briti% s5tim5t & practice4 ,by wor? ,i mean ! civic wor?9ess1 or ! value to ! /ate1 ( a p]son4 ,speak+ only = myself1 if ,i _h to classify p]sons accord+ to wor?1 ,i %\ld consid] ea* ( !m "u ! ?ree heads ( physique1 ability & "*1 subject to ! provision t inf]iority 9 any "o ( ! ?ree %\ld outweigh sup]iority 9 ! o!r two4 ,i rank physique fir/1 because x is n only v valuable 9 itself & alli$ to _m o!r good qualities1 b has ! additional m]it ( be+ easily rat$4 ,ability ,i place second on simil> gr\nds1 & "* ?ird1 ?\gh 9 real importance x /&s fir/ ( all4 ,! p[] ( social op9ion is apt to be und]rat$ r ?an ov]rat$4 ,l ! atmosph]e :i* we brea! & 9 :i* we move1 social op9ion op]ates p[]fully )\t our be+ consci\s ( its weight4 ,ev]yone kn[s t gov]nm5ts1 mann]s1 & beliefs :i* 7 ?\ght to be "r1 decor\s1 & true at "o p]iod h be5 judg$ wrong1 indecor\s1 & false at ano!r2 & t views :i* we h he>d express$ by ^? 9 au?ority ov] u 9 e>ly life t5d to become axiomatic & un*angeable 9 mature life4 ,9 circumscrib$ communities especially1 social approval & disapproval ex]t a pot5t =ce4 ,is x1 !n1 ,i ask1 too mu* to expect t :5 a public op9ion 9 fav\r ( eug5ics has once tak5 sure hold ( su* communities1 ! result w be manife/$ 9 sundry & v effective modes ( action :i* are z yet untri$8 ,speak+ = myself only1 ,i look =w>d to local eug5ic action 9 num]\s directions1 ( :i* ,i w n[ specify "o4 ,x is ! accumulation ( consid]able funds to />t "y c\ples ( wor?y qualities 9 _! m>ri$ life1 & to assi/ !m & _! families at critical times4 ,! *>itable gifts to ^? :o are ! rev]se ( wor?y are enorm\s 9 am\nt4 ,i am n prep>$ to say h[ mu* ( ?is is judici\sly sp5t1 or 9 :at ways1 b m]ely quote ! fact to ju/ify ! inf]5ce t _m p]sons :o are will+ to give freely at ! prompt+ ( a s5tim5t bas$ ^u compassion might be p]suad$ to give l>gely also 9 response to ! m virile desire ( promot+ ! natural gifts & ! national effici5cy ( future g5]ations4 ,v4--,eug5ics z a ,factor 9 ,religion ,eug5ics /r5g!n ! s5se ( social duty 9 s _m important p>ticul>s t ! conclusions d]iv$ f its /udy ought to f9d a welcome home 9 e tol]ant religion4 ,x promotes a f>-sight$ philan?ropy1 ! acceptance ( p>5tage z a s]i\s responsibility1 & a high] conception ( patriotism4 ,! cre$ ( eug5ics is f\nd$ ^u ! idea ( evolution2 n on a passive =m ( x1 b on "o t c1 to "s ext5t1 direct its own c\rse4 ,purely passive1 or :at may be /yl$ me*anical evolution displays ! awe-inspir+ spectacle ( a va/ eddy ( organic turmoil1 orig9at+ we "k n h[1 & travell+ we "k n :i!r4 ,x =ms a cont9u\s :ole1 b x is m\ld$ by bl9d & wa/eful processes--namely1 by an extravagant production ( raw mat]ial & ! ru?less rejection ( all t is sup]flu\s1 ?r\gh ! blund]+ /eps ( trial & error4 ,! condition at ea* successive mom5t ( ?is huge sy/em1 z x issues f ! already quiet pa/ & is ab\t to invade ! /ill undi/urb$ future1 is "o ( viol5t int]nal commotion4 ,its elem5ts are 9 con/ant flux & *ange4 ,evolution is 9 any case a gr& phantasmagoria1 b x assumes an inf9itely m int]e/+ aspect "u ! k t ! intellig5t action ( ! human w is1 9 "s small measure1 capable ( guid+ its c\rse4 ,man has ! p[] ( do+ ?is l>gely s f> z ! evolution ( humanity is conc]n$2 he has already affect$ ! quality & di/ribution ( organic life s widely t ! *anges on ! surface ( ! e>?1 m]ely ?r\gh 8 dis=e/+s & agriculture1 w\ld be recognisable f a di/ance z great z t ( ! moon4 ,z reg>ds ! practical side ( eug5ics1 we ne$ n l+] to reop5 ! un5d+ argum5t :e!r man possesses any creative p[] ( w at all1 or :e!r 8 w is n also pr$et]m9$ by bl9d =ces or by intellig5t ag5cies beh9d ! veil1 & :e!r ! belief t man c act indep5d5tly is m ?an a m]e illusion4 ,eug5ic belief ext5ds ! function ( philan?ropy to future g5]ations2 x r5d]s its action m p]vad+ ?an hi!rto1 by deal+ ) families & societies 9 _! entirety1 & x en=ces ! importance ( ! m>riage cov5ant by direct+ s]i\s att5tion to ! probable quality ( ! future (fspr+4 ,x /]nly =bids all =ms ( s5tim5tal *>ity t are h>mful to ! race1 :ile x eag]ly seeks opportunity = acts ( p]sonal k9dness4 ,x /rongly enc\rages love & int]e/ 9 family & race4 ,9 brief1 eug5ics is a virile cre$1 full ( hopefulness1 & appeal+ to _m ( ! noble/ feel+s ( our nature4 ,,ern/ ,,haeckel ,! ,evolution ( ,man ,ern/ ,haeckel1 :o 0 born 9 ,potsdam1 ,g]many1 ,feb4 #af1 #ahcd1 desc5ds f a long l9e ( lawy]s & politicians4 ,to 8 fa!r's annoyance1 he turn$ to sci5ce1 & graduat$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,aft] a long t\r 9 ,italy 9 #ahei1 dur+ :i* he wav]$ betwe5 art & sci5ce1 he decid$ = zoology1 & made a ma/]ly /udy ( a little-kn[n gr\p ( sea-animalcules1 ! ,radiol>ia4 ,9 #ahfa he began to tea* zoology at ,j5a ,univ]sity4 ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species _h j be5 translat$ into ,g]man1 & he took up ! def5ce ( ,d>w9ism aga9/ almo/ ! :ole ( 8 colleagues4 ,8 fir/ l>ge "w on evolution1 ,g5]al ,morphology1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahff4 ,he has s9ce publi%$ =ty-two di/9ct works4 ,he is n only a ma/] ( zoology1 b has a good comm& ( botany & embryology4 ,haeckel's ,evolution ( ,man 7,an?ropog5ie71 is g5]ally accept$ z be+ 8 mo/ important production4 ,publi%$ 9 #ahgd1 at a "t :5 ! !ory ( natural evolution _h few support]s 9 ,g]many1 ! "w 0 hail$ ) a /orm ( controv]sy1 "o celebrat$ critic decl>+ t x 0 a blot on ! escut*eon ( ,g]many4 ,f ! h&s ( ,engli% sci5ti/s1 h[ev]1 ! treatise receiv$ a w>m welcome4 ,d>w9 said he w\ld probably nev] h writt5 8 ,desc5t ( ,man _h ,haeckel publi%$ 8 "w e>li]4 ,i4--,! ,sci5ce ( ,man ,! natural hi/ory ( mank9d1 or an?ropology1 mu/ always excite ! mo/ lively int]e/1 & no "p ( ! sci5ce is m attractive ?an t :i* deals ) ! "q ( man's orig94 ,9 ord] to /udy ?is ) full pr(it1 we mu/ comb9e ! results ( two sci5ces1 ontog5y 7or embryology7 & phylog5y 7! sci5ce ( evolution74 ,we d ?is because we h n[ discov]$ t ! =ms ?r\gh :i* ! embryo passes 9 its developm5t correspond r\ghly to ! s]ies ( =ms 9 its ance/ral developm5t4 ,! correspond5ce is by no means complete or precise1 s9ce ! embryonic life itself has be5 modifi$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t2 b ! g5]al law is n[ v widely accept$4 ,i h call$ x ! biog5etic law1 & w con/antly appeal to x 9 ! c\rse ( ?is /udy4 ,x is only 9 rec5t times t ! two sci5ces h advanc$ suffici5tly to reveal ! correspond5ce ( ! two s]ies ( =ms4 ,ari/otle provid$ a good f\ndation = embryology1 & made "s int]e/+ discov]ies1 b no progress 0 made 9 ! sci5ce = #b1jjj ye>s aft] him4 ,!n ! ,re=mation br\ght "s lib]ty ( rese>*1 & 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury sev]al works 7 writt5 on embryology4 ,= m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ! sci5ce 0 /ill hamp]$ by ! lack ( good microscopes4 ,x 0 g5]ally believ$ t all ! organs ( ! body exi/$1 pack$ 9 a t9y po9t ( space1 9 ! g]m4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,casp> ,fri$ri* ,wolff discov]$ ! true developm5t2 b 8 "w 0 ignor$1 & x 0 only fifty ye>s lat] t mod]n embryology began to "w on ! "r l9e4 ,k4,e4 von ,ba] made x cle> t ! f]tilis$ ovum divides into a gr\p ( cells1 & t ! v>i\s organs ( ! body are develop$ f ^! lay]s ( cells1 9 ! way ,i %all pres5tly describe4 ,! sci5ce ( phylog5y1 or1 z x is popul>ly call$1 ! evolution ( species1 _h an equally sl[ gr[?4 ,on ! gr\nd ( ! ,mosaic n>rative1 no less ?an 9 view ( ! actual appe>ance ( ! liv+ _w1 ! great naturali/ ,l9n 7#agce7 set up ! dogma ( ! un*angeability ( species4 ,ev5 :5 q diff]5t rema9s ( animals 7 discov]$ by ! advanc+ sci5ce ( geology1 !y 7 =c$ into ! exi/+ n>r[ framework ( sci5ce by ,cuvi]4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell completely undid ! fallaci\s "w ( ,cuvi]1 b 9 ! meantime ! zoologi/s !mselves 7 mov+ t[>d ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,jean ,lam>ck made ! fir/ sy/ematic attempt to exp\nd ! !ory 9 8 ,zoological ,philosophy 7#ahji74 ,he sugge/$ t animals modifi$ _! organs by use or disuse1 & t ! effect ( ?is 0 inh]it$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ^! inh]it$ modifications rea*$ su* a pit* t ! organism fell into a new species4 ,goe! also made "s rem>kable contributions to ! sci5ce ( evolution4 ,b x 0 res]v$ = ,*>les ,d>w9 to w9 an endur+ place 9 sci5ce = ! !ory4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species 7#ahei7 n only su/a9$ x ) a weal? ( positive k :i* ,lam>ck did n comm&1 b x provid$ a m lum9\s explanation 9 ! doctr9e ( natural selection4 ,huxley 7#ahfc7 foll[$ ) an application ( ! law to man1 & 9 #ahff ,i gave a compreh5sive sket* ( its application ?r\gh\t ! :ole animal _w4 ,9 #ahgd ,i publi%$ ! fir/ edition ( ! pres5t "w4 ,! doctr9e ( evolution is n[ a vital "p ( biology1 & we might accept ! evolution ( man z a special d$uction f ! g5]al law4 ,?ree great gr\ps ( evid5ce impose t law on u4 ,! fir/ gr\p consi/s ( ! facts ( palontology1 or ! fossil record ( pa/ animal life4 ,imp]fect z ! record is1 x %[s u a broad div]g5ce ( successively *ang+ types f a simple common root1 & 9 "s cases exhibits ! complete transition f "o type to ano!r4 ,! next docum5t is ! evid5ce ( comp>ative anatomy4 ,?is sci5ce gr\ps ! =ms ( liv+ animals 9 su* a way t we seem to h ! same gradual div]g5ce ( types f simple common ance/ors4 ,9 p>ticul>1 x discov]s c]ta9 rudim5t>y organs 9 ! high] animals1 :i* c only be und]/ood z ! %runk5 relics ( organs t 7 once useful to a remote ance/or4 ,?us1 man has /ill ! rudim5t ( ! ?ird eyelid ( 8 %>k-ance/or4 ,! ?ird docum5t is ! evid5ce ( embryology1 :i* %[s u ! high] organism sub/antially reproduc+1 9 its embryonic developm5t1 ! long s]ies ( ance/ral =ms4 ,,ii4--,man's ,embryonic ,developm5t ,! fir/ /age 9 ! developm5t ( any animal is ! t9y speck ( plasm1 h>dly visible to ! nak$ eye1 :i* we call ! ovum1 or egg-cell4 ,x is a s+le cell1 recall+ ! e>lie/ s+le-cell$ ance/or ( all animals4 ,9 its immature =m x is n unlike c]ta9 microscopic animalcules kn[n z amoeboe4 ,9 its mature =m x is ab\t #a_/abe? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,:5 ! male g]m has bl5d$ ) ! female 9 ! ovum1 ! new cell sl[ly divides into two1 ) a v complicat$ division ( ! mat]ial compos+ its nucleus4 ,! two cells divide into f\r1 ! f\r into eight1 & s on until we h a r\nd clu/] ( cells1 some?+ l a blackb]ry 9 %ape4 ,?is morula1 z ,i h call$ x1 reproduces ! next /age 9 ! developm5t ( life4 ,z all animals pass ?r\gh x1 our biog5etic law =ces u to see 9 x an ance/ral /age2 & 9 po9t ( fact we h animals ( ?is type liv+ 9 ,nature to-day4 ,! r\nd clu/] becomes fill$ ) fluid1 & we h a holl[ sph]e ( cells1 :i* ,i call ! bla/ula4 ,! correspond+ e>ly ance/or ,i "n ! ,bla/a1 & aga9 we f9d examples ( x1 l ! ,volvox ( ! ponds1 9 ,nature to-day4 ,! next /ep is v important4 ,! holl[ sph]e closes 9 on itself1 z :5 an india rubb] ball is press$ into ! =m ( a cup4 ,we h !n a vase-%ap$ body ) two lay]s ( cells1 an inn] & an out]1 & an op5+4 ,! inn] lay] we call ! entod]m1 ! out] ! ectod]m2 & ! primitive m\? is kn[n z ! bla/opore4 ,9 ! high] animals a good deal ( food-yolk is /or$ up 9 ! g]m1 & s ! vase-%ap$ /ructure has be5 flatt5$ & alt]$4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 %[n t all embryos pass ?r\gh ?is /age 7ga/rulation71 & we aga9 inf] ! exi/5ce ( a common ance/or ( t type--! ,ga/ra4 ,! l[e/ gr\p ( _m-cell$ animals--! corals1 jelly-fi%es1 & anemones--are ess5tially ( t /ructure4 ,! embryo n[ consi/s ( two lay]s ( cells1 ! g]m-lay]s1 an inn] & out]4 ,z ! high] embryo develops1 a ?ird lay] ( cells n[ pu%es betwe5 ! two4 ,we may say1 broadly1 t f ?is middle lay] are develop$ mo/ ( ! animal organs ( ! body2 f ! int]nal g]m-lay] is develop$ ! l9+ ( ! alim5t>y canal & its dep5d5t gl&s2 f ! out] lay] are =m$ ! sk9 & ! n]v\s sy/em--:i* develop$ orig9ally 9 ! sk94 ,! embryo ( man & all ! o!r high] animals n[ develops a cavity1 a pair ( p\*es1 by ! fold+ ( ! lay] at ! primitive m\?4 ,sir ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/]1 & ,pr(essor ,balf\r1 & o!r /ud5ts1 trac$ ?is =mation ?r\gh ! :ole embryonic _w1 & we are !re=e aga9 oblig$ to see 9 x a rem9isc5ce ( an ance/ral =m--a primitive worm-l animal1 ( a type we %all see lat]4 ,! next /ep is ! =mation ( ! fir/ trace ( :at w ultimately be ! backbone4 ,x consi/s at fir/ ( a membrane\s tube1 =m$ by ! fold+ ( ! inn] lay] along ! axis ( ! embryo-body4 ,lat] ?is tube w become c>tilage1 & 9 ! high] animals ! c>tilage w give place to bone4 ,! o!r organs ( ! body n[ gradually =m f ! g]m-lay]s1 pr9cipally by ! fold+ ( ! lay]s into tubes4 ,a light area appe>s on ! surface ( ! g]m4 ,a /reak or groove =ms along its axis1 & becomes ! n]ve-cord runn+ along ! back4 ,cube-%ap$ /ructures make _! appe>ance on ei!r side ( x2 ^! prove to be ! rudim5ts ( ! v]tebr--or sep>ate bones ( ! backbone--& gradually close r\nd ! cord4 ,! he>t is at fir/ m]ely a sp9dle-%ap$ enl>gem5t ( ! ma9 v5tral blood-vessel4 ,! nose is at fir/ only a pair ( depressions 9 ! sk9 above ! m\?4 ,:5 ! human embryo is only a qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 x has gill-clefts & gill-ar*es 9 ! ?roat l a fi%1 & no limbs4 ,! he>t--z yet ) only ! simple two-*amb]$ /ructure ( a fi%'s he>t--is up 9 ! ?roat--z 9 ! fi%--& ! pr9cipal art]ies run to ! gill-slits4 ,^! /ructures nev] h any utility 9 man or ! o!r l&-animals1 ?\gh ! embryo always has !m = a "t4 ,!y po9t cle>ly to a fi% ance/or4 ,lat]1 !y break up1 ! limbs spr\t out l blunt f9s at ! sides1 & ! long tail beg9s to decrease4 ,by ! twelf? week ! human frame is p]fectly =m$1 ?\gh less ?an two in*es long4 ,la/ ( all1 x reta9s its resemblance to ! ape4 ,9 ! embryonic app>atus1 too1 man closely resembles ! high] ape4 ,,iii4--,our ,ance/ral ,tree ,! s]ies ( =ms :i* we ?us trace 9 man's embryonic developm5t corresponds to ! ance/ral s]ies :i* we w\ld assign to man on ! evid5ce ( palontology & comp>ative anatomy4 ,at "o "t1 ! trac+ ( ?is ance/ral s]ies enc\nt]$ a v s]i\s *eck4 ,:5 we exam9$ ! gr\ps ( liv+ animals1 we f\nd none t illu/rat$ or expla9$ ! passage f ! non-backbon$--inv]tebrate--to ! backbon$--v]tebrate--animals4 ,?is gap 0 fill$ "s ye>s ago by ! discov]y ( ! lancelet--,amphioxus--& ! "y ( ! sea-squirt--,ascidia4 ,! lancelet has a sl5d] rod ( c>tilage along its back1 & corresponds v closely ) ! ideal ,i h sket*$ ( our primitive backbon$ ance/or4 ,x may be an (f%oot f ! same gr\p4 ,! sea-squirt fur!r illu/rates ! orig9 ( ! backbone1 s9ce x has a simil> rod ( c>tilage 9 its y\?1 & loses x1 by deg5]ation1 9 its maturity4 ,9 ?is way ! *ief difficulty 0 ov]come1 & x 0 possible to sket* ! probable s]ies ( our ance/ors4 ,x mu/ be well und]/ood t n only is ! :ole s]ies conjectural1 b no liv+ animal mu/ be reg>d$ z an ance/ral =m4 ,! p>5tal types h long be5 ext9ct1 & we may1 at ! mo/1 use v cons]vative liv+ types to illu/rate _! nature1 j z1 9 ! matt] ( languages1 ,g]man is n ! p>5t1 b ! c\s9 ( ,anglo-,saxon1 or ,greek ( ,lat94 ,! orig9al p>5tal languages are lo/4 ,b a language l ,sanscrit survives to give u a good idea ( ! type4 ,! law ( evolution is bas$ on su* a mass ( evid5ce t we may ju/ly draw d$uctions f x1 :]e ! direct evid5ce is incomplete4 ,?is is especially necess>y 9 ! e>ly "p ( our ance/ral tree1 because ! fossil record q fails u4 ,= millions ( ye>s ! e>ly s(t-bodi$ animals left no trace 9 ! primitive mud1 :i* "t has h>d5$ into rocks1 & we are re/rict$ to ! evid5ce ( embryology & ( comp>ative zoology4 ,?is suffices to give u a g5]al idea ( ! l9e ( developm5t4 ,9 nature to-day1 "o ( ! l[e/ animal =ms is a t9y speck ( liv+ plasm call$ ! amoeba4 ,we h /ill m elem5t>y =ms1 su* z ! m9ute p>ticles :i* make up ! blui% film on damp rocks1 b !y are ( a vegetal "*1 or bel[ x4 ,!y give u "s idea ( ! v e>lie/ =ms ( life2 m9ute liv+ p>ticles1 ) no organs1 d[n to ! t5-?\s&? "p ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! amoeba repres5ts ! l[e/ animal1 &1 z we saw1 ! ovum 9 _m cases resembles an amoeba4 ,we !re=e take "s su* "o-cell$ creature z our fir/ animal ance/or4 ,tak+ food 9 at all p>ts ( its surface1 hav+ no p]man5t organs ( locomotion1 & reproduc+ by m]ely splitt+ into two1 x exhibits ! l[e/ level ( animal life4 ,! next /ep 9 developm5t w\ld be ! clu/]+ toge!r ( ^! primitive microbes z !y divid$4 ,?is is actually ! /age t comes next 9 ! developm5t ( ! g]m1 & x is ! next /age upw>d 9 ! exi/+ animal _w4 ,we assume t ^! clu/]s ( microbes--or cells1 z we w n[ call !m--b5t inw>d1 z we saw ! embryo d1 & became two-lay]$1 cup-%ap$ organisms1 ) a holl[ int]ior 7primitive /oma*7 & an ap]ture 7primitive m\?74 ,! inn] cells n[ d ! "w ( dige/ion alone2 ! out] cells effect locomotion1 by means ( la%es l o>s1 & are s5sitive4 ,?is is1 9 ! ma91 ! /ructure ( ! next great gr\p ( animals1 ! hydra1 coral1 m$uca1 & anemone4 ,!y h rema9$ at ?is level1 ?\gh !y h develop$1 special organs = /++ _! prey & br++ ! food into _! m\?s4 ,bo? zoology & ! appe>ance ( ! embryo po9t to a worm-l animal z ! next /age4 ,con/ant swimm+ 9 ! wat] w\ld give ! animal a def9ite head1 ) special gr\ps ( n]ve-cells1 a def9ite tail1 & a two-sid$ or ev5ly-balanc$ body4 ,we mean t ^? animals w\ld be fitte/ to live1 & multiply mo/1 :i* develop$ ?is organisation4 ,s5se-organs w\ld n[ appe> 9 ! head1 9 ! =m ( simple depressions1 l9$ ) s5sitive cells1 z !y d 9 ! embryo2 & a clump ( n]ve-cells )9 w\ld repres5t ! primitive bra94 ,9 ! va/ & v>i$ worm-gr\p we f9d illu/rations ( ne>ly e /ep 9 ?is process ( evolution4 ,! highe/ type ( worm-l creature1 ! acorn-head$ worm--,balanoglossus--takes u an important /ep fur!r4 ,x has gill-op5+s = brea?+1 & a cord ( c>tilage d[n its back4 ,we saw t ! human embryo has a gill-app>atus1 & t1 comp>+ ! lancelet & ! sea-squirt1 ! backbone mu/ h begun z a /r+ ( c>tilage-cells4 ,we are n[ on firm] gr\nd1 = !re is no d\bt t all ! high] l&-animals come f a fi% ance/or4 ,! %>k1 "o ( ! mo/ primitive ( fi%es 9 organisation1 probably be/ sugge/s ?is ance/or to u4 ,9 fact1 9 ! embryonic developm5t ( ! human face !re is a cle> sugge/ion ( ! %>k4 ,up to ?is p]iod ! /ory ( evolution _h run its c\rse 9 ! sea4 ,! area ( dry l& 0 n[ increas+1 & c]ta9 ( ! primitive fi%es adapt$ !mselves to liv+ on l&4 ,!y walk$ on _! f9s1 & us$ _! float+-bladd]s--l>ge air-bladd]s 9 ! fi%1 = ris+ 9 ! wat]--to brea! air4 ,we n only h fi%es ( ?is type 9 ,au/ralia to-day1 b we h ! fossil rema9s ( simil> fi%es 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one rocks4 ,f mud-fi% ! amphibian w\ld naturally develop1 z x did 9 ! coal-=e/ p]iod4 ,walk+ on ! f9s w\ld /r5g!n ! ma9 /em1 ! broad paddle w\ld become useless1 & we %\ld get 9 "t ! bony five-to$ limb4 ,we h _m ( ^! giant salam&] =ms 9 ! rocks4 ,! reptile n[ evolv$ f ! amphibian1 & a va/ reptile population spread ov] ! e>?4 ,f "o ( ^! e>ly reptiles ! birds 7 evolv$4 ,geology furni%es ! miss+ l9k betwe5 ! bird & ! reptile 9 ! ,ar*opt]yx1 a bird ) tee?1 claws on its w+s1 & a reptilian tail4 ,f ano!r primitive reptile ! important gr\p ( ! mammals 0 evolv$4 ,we f9d :at seem to be ! transitional types 9 ! rocks ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,! scales gave way to tufts ( hair1 ! he>t evolv$ a f\r? *amb]1 & ?us suppli$ pur] blood 7w>m blood71 ! bra9 pr(it$ by ! ri*] food1 & ! "m began to suckle ! "y4 ,we h /ill a primitive mammal ( ?is type 9 ! duck-mole1 or duck-bill$ platypus 7,orni?orhyncus7 ( ,au/ralia4 ,!re are gr\nds = ?9k+ t ! next /age 0 an opossum-l animal1 & ?is l$ on to ! l[e/ ape-l be+1 ! lemur4 ,judg+ f ! fossil rema9s1 ! black lemur ( ,madagasc> be/ sugge/s ?is ance/or4 ,! apes ( ! ,old & ,new ,worlds n[ div]g$ f ?is level1 & "s bran* ( ! =m] gave rise to ! man-l apes & man4 ,9 bodily /ructure & embryonic developm5t ! l>ge apes come v close to man1 & two rec5t discov]ies h put _! blood-relation%ip beyond "q4 ,"o is t exp]im5ts 9 ! transfusion ( blood %[ t ! blood ( ! man-l ape & man h ! same action on ! blood ( l[] animals4 ,! o!r is t we h discov]$1 9 ,java1 sev]al bones ( a be+ :i* /&s j midway betwe5 ! highe/ liv+ ape & l[e/ liv+ race ( m54 ,?is ape-man 7,pi!can?ropus7 repres5ts ! la/ ( our animal & fir/ ( our human ance/ors4 ,,iv4--,evolution ( ,sep>ate ,organs ,s f>1 we h se5 h[ ! human body z a :ole develops ?r\gh a long s]ies ( ext9ct ance/ors4 ,we may n[ take ! v>i\s sy/ems ( organs "o by "o1 &1 if we are c>eful to consult embryology z well z zoology1 we c trace ! mann] ( _! developm5t4 ,x is1 9 accordance ) our biog5etic law1 ! same 9 ! embryo1 z a rule1 z 9 ! /ory ( pa/ evolution4 ,we take fir/ ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,9 ! l[e/ animals1 z 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! embryo1 !re are no n]ve-cells4 ,9 ! embryo ! n]ve-cells develop f ! out]1 or sk9 lay]1 ( cells4 ,?is1 ?\gh /range z reg>ds ! human n]v\s sy/em1 is a correct pres]vation ( ! primitive seat ( ! n]ves4 ,x 0 ! surface ( ! animal t ne$$ to be s5sitive 9 ! primitive organism4 ,lat]1 :5 def9ite connect+ n]ves 7 =m$1 only special po9ts 9 ! surface1 protect$ by cov]+s :i* did n int]f]e ) ! s5sitiv5ess1 ne$$ to be expos$1 & ! n]ves transmitt$ ! impressions to ! c5tral bra94 ,?is developm5t is f\nd 9 ! animal _w to-day4 ,9 su* animals z ! hydra we f9d ! fir/ crude beg9n+ ( unorganis$ n]ve-cells4 ,9 ! jelly-fi% we f9d n]ve-cells clu/]$ into def9ite s5sitive organs4 ,9 ! l[] worms we h ! beg9n+ ( organs ( smell & vision4 ,!y are at fir/ m]ely bl9d1 s5sitive pits 9 ! sk91 z 9 ! embryo4 ,! e> has a peculi> orig94 ,up to ! fi% level !re is no p[] ( he>+4 ,!re is m]ely a little /one roll+ 9 a s5sitive b$1 to w>n ! animal ( its movem5t f side to side4 ,9 ! high] animals ?is evolves into ! e>4 ,! gl&s ( ! sk9 7sweat1 fat1 te>s1 etc47 appe> at fir/ z blunt1 simple +r[?s4 ,! hair fir/ appe>s 9 tufts1 repres5t+ ! scales1 f und]nea? :i* !y 7 probably evolv$4 ,! ?9 coat ( hair on ! human body to-day is an ance/ral inh]itance4 ,?is is well %[n by ! direction ( ! hairs on ! arm4 ,z on ! ape's arm1 bo? on ! upp] & l[] arm1 !y gr[ t[>d ! elb[4 ,! ape f9ds ?is useful 9 ra91 us+ 8 arms l a ?at*$ ro(1 & on our arm ?is c only be a rem9isc5ce ( ! habits ( an ape ance/or4 ,we h se5 h[ ! sp9al cord fir/ appe>s z a tube 9 ! axis ( ! back1 & ! c>tilag9\s column closes r\nd x4 ,all bone appe>s fir/ z membrane1 !n c>tilage1 & f9ally ossifies4 ,?is is ! ord] bo? 9 pa/ evolution & 9 pres5t embryonic developm5t4 ,! bra9 is at fir/ a bulb\s expansion ( ! sp9al n]ve-cord4 ,x is at fir/ simple1 b gradually1 bo? 9 ! scale ( nature & 9 ! embryo1 divides into five p>ts4 ,"o ( ^! p>ts1 ! c]ebrum1 is ma9ly connect$ ) m5tal life4 ,we f9d x increas+ 9 size1 9 proportion to ! animal's intellig5ce1 until 9 man x comes to cov] ! :ole ( ! bra94 ,:5 we remove x f ! head ( ! mammal1 )\t kill+ ! animal1 we f9d all m5tal life susp5d$1 & ! :ole vitality us$ 9 vegetative functions4 ,9 ! evolution ( ! bony sy/em we f9d ! same correspond5ce ( embryology & evolution4 ,! ma9 column is at fir/ a rod ( c>tilage4 ,9 "t ! sep>ate cubes appe> :i* are to =m ! v]tebr ( ! flexible column4 ,! skull develops 9 ! same way4 ,j z ! bra9 is a specially modifi$ "p ( ! n]ve-rod1 ! skull is only a modifi$ "p ( ! v]tebral column4 ,! bones t compose x are modifi$ v]tebr1 z ,goe! long ago suspect$4 ,! skull ( ! %>k gives u a h9t ( ! way 9 :i* ! modification took place1 & ! =mation ( ! skull 9 ! embryo confirms x4 ,t adult man is devoid ( t prolongation ( ! v]tebral column :i* we call a tail is n a di/9ctive peculi>ity4 ,! high] apes are equally )\t x4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t ! human embryo has a long tail1 mu* long] ?an ! legs1 :5 !y are develop+4 ,at times1 moreov]1 *ildr5 are born ) tails--p]fect tails1 ) n]ves & muscles1 :i* !y move briskly "u emotion1 & ^! h to be amputat$4 ,! developm5t ( ! limb f ! f9 (f]s no s]i\s difficulty to ! o/eologi/4 ,all ! high] animals desc5d f a five-to$ ance/or4 ,! :ale has tak5 aga9 to ! wat]1 & reconv]t$ its limb into a paddle4 ,! bones ( ! front feet /ill rema9 "u ! fle%4 ,animals ( ! horse type h _h ! c5tral toe /r5g!n$1 = runn+ purposes1 at ! exp5se ( ! re/4 ,! s]p5t has lo/ its limbs f disuse1 b 9 ! py?on a rudim5t>y limb-bone is /ill pres]v$4 ,! alim5t>y sy/em1 blood-vessel sy/em1 & reproductive sy/em h be5 evolv$ gradually 9 ! same way4 ,! /oma* is at fir/ ! :ole cavity 9 ! animal4 ,lat] x becomes a /raight1 simple tube1 /r5g!n$ by a gullet 9 front4 ,! liv] is an outgr[? f ?is tube2 ! /oma* prop] is a bulb\s expansion ( its c5tral "p1 lat] provid$ ) a valve4 ,! kidneys are at fir/ simple *annels 9 ! sk9 = dra9age1 !n clos$ tubes1 :i* bran* out m & m1 & !n ga!r into our compact kidneys4 ,we ?us see t ! build+ up ( ! human body f a s+le cell is a sub/antial epitome ( ! long /ory ( evolution1 :i* occupi$ _m millions ( ye>s4 ,we f9d man be>+ 9 8 body to-day traces ( organs :i* 7 useful to a remote ance/or1 b ( no advantage1 & (t5 a s\rce ( mis*ief to himself4 ,we le>n t ! orig9 ( man1 in/ead ( be+ plac$ a few ?\s& ye>s ago1 mu/ be trac$ back to ! po9t :]e1 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 he div]g$ f 8 ape-c\s9s1 ?\gh he reta9s to-day ! pla9e/ traces ( t relation%ip4 ,body & m9d--= ! developm5t ( m9d foll[s ) ! utmo/ precision on ! developm5t ( bra9--he is ! culm9ation ( a long process ( developm5t4 ,8 _s is a =m ( en]gy insep>ably b\nd up ) ! sub/ance ( 8 body4 ,8 evolution has be5 controll$ by ! same et]nal1 iron laws z ! developm5t ( any o!r body--! laws ( h]$ity & adaptation4 ,,william ,,h>vey ,on ! ,motion ( ! ,he>t & ,blood ,william ,h>vey1 ! discov]] ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 0 born at ,folke/one1 ,engl&1 on ,april #a1 #aegh4 ,aft] graduat+ f ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge1 he /udi$ at ,padua1 :]e he _h ! celebrat$ anatomi/1 ,fabricius ( ,aquap5d5te1 = 8 ma/]4 ,9 #afae he 0 elect$ ,lumleian lectur] at ! ,college ( ,physicians1 & ?ree ye>s lat] 0 appo9t$ physician extraord9>y to ,k+ ,james ,i4 ,9 #afbh1 twelve ye>s aft] 8 fir/ /atem5t ( x 9 8 lectures1 he publi%$ at ,frankfurt1 9 ,lat91 ,an ,anatomical ,disquisition on ! ,motion ( ! ,he>t & ,blood1 9 :i* he ma9ta9$ t !re is a circulation ( ! blood4 ,moreov]1 he di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! pulmon>y circulation1 f ! "r side ( ! he>t to ! left ?r\gh ! lungs1 & ! sy/emic circulation f ! left side ( ! he>t to ! "r ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! body4 ,fur!r1 he ma9ta9$ t x 0 ! (fice ( ! he>t to ma9ta9 ?is circulation by its alt]nate dia/ole 7expansion7 & sy/ole 7contraction7 ?r\gh\t life4 ,?is discov]y 01 says ,sir ,john ,simon1 ! mo/ important ev] made 9 physiological sci5ce4 ,x is record$ t aft] 8 publication ( x ,h>vey lo/ mo/ ( 8 practice4 ,h>vey di$ on ,june #c1 #afeg4 ,i4--,motions ( ! ,he>t 9 ,liv+ ,animals ,:5 fir/ ,i gave my m9d to vivisections z a means ( discov]+ ! motions & uses ( ! he>t1 ,i f\nd ! task s truly ardu\s t ,i 0 almo/ tempt$ to ?9k1 ) ,fraca/orius1 t ! motion ( ! he>t 0 only to be compreh5d$ by ,god4 ,= ,i c\ld nei!r rightly p]ceive at fir/ :5 ! sy/ole & :5 ! dia/ole took place1 nor :5 & :]e dilation & contraction occurr$1 by reason ( ! rapidity ( ! motion1 :i*1 9 _m animals1 is accompli%$ 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 com+ & go+ l a fla% ( lightn+4 ,at l5g? x appe>$ t ^! ?+s happ5 toge!r or at ! same in/ant3 ! t5sion ( ! he>t1 ! pulse ( its apex1 :i* is felt ext]nally by its /rik+ aga9/ ! *e/1 ! ?ick5+ ( its walls1 & ! =cible expulsion ( ! blood x conta9s by ! con/riction ( its v5tricles4 ,h5ce ! v opposite ( ! op9ions commonly receiv$ appe>s to be true2 inasmu* z x is g5]ally believ$ t :5 ! he>t /rikes ! brea/ & ! pulse is felt )\t1 ! he>t is dilat$ 9 its v5tricles & is fill$ ) blood4 ,b ! contr>y ( ?is is ! fact2 t is to say1 ! he>t is 9 ! act ( contract+ & be+ empti$4 ,:5ce ! motion1 :i* is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! dia/ole ( ! he>t1 is 9 tru? its sy/ole4 ,& 9 l mann] ! intr9sic motion ( ! he>t is n ! dia/ole b ! sy/ole2 nei!r is x 9 ! dia/ole t ! he>t gr[s firm & t5se1 b 9 ! sy/ole2 = !n alone :5 t5se is x mov$ & made vigor\s4 ,:5 x acts & becomes t5se ! blood is expell$2 :5 x relaxes & s9ks toge!r x receives ! blood 9 ! mann] & wise :i* w by & by be expla9$4 ,f div]s facts x is also manife/1 9 opposition to commonly receiv$ op9ions1 t ! dia/ole ( ! art]ies corresponds ) ! "t ( ! he>t's sy/ole2 & t ! art]ies are fill$ & di/5d$ by ! blood =c$ into !m by ! contraction ( ! v5tricles4 ,x is 9 virtue ( "o & ! same cause1 !re=e1 t all ! art]ies ( ! body pulsate1 viz41 ! contraction ( ! left v5tricle 9 ! same way z ! pulmon>y art]y pulsates by ! contraction ( ! "r v5tricle4 ,i am p]suad$ x w be f\nd t ! motion ( ! he>t is z foll[s4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! auricle contracts & ?r[s ! blood into ! v5tricle1 :i*1 be+ fill$1 ! he>t raises itself /raightway1 makes all its fibres t5se1 contracts ! v5tricles & p]=ms a beat1 by :i* beat x imm$iately s5ds ! blood suppli$ to x by ! auricle into ! art]ies2 ! "r v5tricle s5d+ its *>ge into ! lungs by ! vessel call$ v5a art]iosa1 b :i*1 9 /ructure & function1 & all ?+s else1 is an art]y2 ! left v5tricle s5d+ its *>ge into ! aorta1 & ?r\gh ?is by ! art]ies to ! body at l>ge4 ,! gr& cause ( hesitation & error 9 ?is subject appe>s to me to h be5 ! intimate connection betwe5 ! he>t & ! lungs4 ,:5 m5 saw bo? ! pulmon>y art]y & ! pulmon>y ve9s los+ !mselves 9 ! lungs1 ( c\rse x became a puzzle to !m to "k h[ ! "r v5tricle %\ld di/ribute ! blood to ! body1 or ! left draw x f ! v5 cav4 ,or !y h hesitat$ because !y did n p]ceive ! r\te by :i* ! blood is transf]r$ f ! ve9s to ! art]ies1 9 consequ5ce ( ! intimate connection betwe5 ! he>t & lungs4 ,& t ?is difficulty puzzl$ anatomi/s n a little :5 9 _! dissections !y f\nd ! pulmon>y art]y & left v5tricle full ( black & clott$ blood1 pla9ly appe>s :5 !y felt !mselves compell$ to affirm t ! blood made its way f ! "r to ! left v5tricle by sweat+ ?r\gh ! septum ( ! he>t4 ,_h anatomi/s only be5 z conv]sant ) ! dissection ( ! l[] animals z !y are ) t ( ! human body1 ! matt]s t h hi!rto kept !m 9 p]plexity ( d\bt w\ld1 9 my op9ion1 h met !m fre$ f e k9d ( difficulty4 ,& fir/ 9 fi%es1 9 :i* ! he>t consi/s ( b a s+le v5tricle1 !y hav+ no lungs1 ! ?+ is suffici5tly manife/4 ,"h ! sac1 :i* is situat$ at ! base ( ! he>t1 & is ! "p analog\s to ! auricle 9 man1 pla9ly ?r[s ! blood into ! he>t1 & ! he>t 9 its turn conspicu\sly transmits x by a pipe or art]y1 or vessel analog\s to an art]y2 ^! are facts :i* are confirm$ by simple ocul> exp]im5t4 ,i h se51 f>!r1 t ! same ?+ obta9$ mo/ obvi\sly4 ,& s9ce we f9d t 9 ! great] numb] ( animals1 9 all inde$ at a c]ta9 p]iod ( _! exi/5ce1 ! *annels = ! transmission ( ! blood ?r\gh ! he>t are s conspicu\s1 we h /ill to inquire :]e=e 9 "s creatures--^?1 namely1 t h w>m blood & t h atta9$ to ! adult age1 man among ! numb]--we %\ld n conclude t ! same ?+ is accompli%$ ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! lungs1 :i*1 9 ! embryo1 & at a "t :5 ! functions ( ^! organs is 9 abeyance1 ,nature effects by direct passages1 & :i* inde$ %e seems compell$ to adopt ?r\gh want ( a passage by ! lungs2 or :]e=e x %\ld be bett] 7= ,nature always does t :i* is be/7 t %e %\ld close up ! v>i\s op5 r\tes :i* %e _h =m]ly made use ( 9 ! embryo1 & /ill uses 9 all o!r animals2 n only op5+ up no new app>5t *annels = ! passage ( ! blood !re=e1 b ev5 entirely %utt+ up ^? :i* =m]ly exi/$ 9 ! embryos ( ^? animals t h lungs4 ,= :ile ! lungs are yet 9 a /ate ( inaction1 ,nature uses ! two v5tricles ( ! he>t z if !y =m$ b "o = ! transmission ( ! blood4 ,! condition ( ! embryos ( ^? animals :i* h lungs is ! same z t ( ^? animals :i* h no lungs4 ,?us1 by /udy+ ! /ructure ( ! animals :o are ne>] to & fur!r f ourselves 9 _! modes ( life & 9 ! con/ruction ( _! bodies1 we c prep>e ourselves to und]/& ! nature ( ! pulmon>y circulation 9 ourselves1 & ( ! sy/emic circulation also4 ,,ii4--,sy/emic ,circulation ,:at rema9s to be said is ( s novel & unhe>d ( a "* t ,i n only fe> injury to myself f ! envy ( a few1 b ,i tremble le/ ,i h mank9d at l>ge = my enemies1 s mu* d wont & cu/om t become z ano!r nature1 & doctr9e once s[n t ha? /ruck deep root1 & respect = antiquity1 influ5ce all m54 ,&1 soo? to say1 :5 ,i survey$ my mass ( evid5ce1 :e!r d]iv$ f vivisections & my previ\s reflections on !m1 or f ! v5tricles ( ! he>t & ! vessels t ent] into & issue f !m1 ! symmetry & size ( ^! conduits--= ,nature1 do+ no?+ 9 va91 w\ld nev] h giv5 !m s l>ge a relative size )\t a purpose2 or f ! arrangem5t & intimate /ructure ( ! valves 9 p>ticul> & ( ! _m o!r p>ts ( ! he>t 9 g5]al1 ) _m ?+s besides2 & frequ5tly & s]i\sly be?\ght me & long revolv$ 9 my m9d :at might be ! quantity ( blood :i* 0 transmitt$1 9 h[ %ort a "t its passage might be effect$ & ! l2 & n f9d+ x possible t ?is c\ld be suppli$ by ! juices ( ! +e/$ alim5t )\t ! ve9s on ! "o h& becom+ dra9$1 & ! art]ies on ! o!r gett+ ruptur$ ?r\gh ! excessive *>ge ( blood1 unless ! blood %\ld someh[ f9d its way f ! art]ies into ! ve9s1 & s return to ! "r side ( ! he>t2 :5 ,i say1 ,i survey$ all ?is evid5ce1 ,i began to ?9k :e!r !re might n be a motion z x 7 9 a circle4 ,n[ ?is ,i aft]w>ds f\nd to be true2 & ,i f9ally saw t ! blood1 =c$ by ! action ( ! left v5tricle into ! art]ies1 0 di/ribut$ to ! body at l>ge1 & its sev]al p>ts1 9 ! same mann] z x is s5t ?r\gh ! lungs1 impell$ by ! "r v5tricle into ! pulmon>y art]y2 & t x !n pass$ ?r\gh ! ve9s & along ! v5a cava1 & s r\nd to ! left v5tricle 9 ! mann] already indicat$2 :i* motion we may be all[$ to call circul>1 9 ! same way z ,ari/otle says t ! air & ! ra9 emulate ! circul> motion ( ! sup]ior bodies4 ,= ! moi/ e>?1 w>m$ by ! sun1 evaporates2 ! vap\rs drawn upw>ds are cond5s$1 & desc5d+ 9 ! =m ( ra9 moi/5 ! e>? aga94 ,& by ?is arrangem5t are g5]ations ( liv+ ?+s produc$2 & 9 l mann]1 too1 are tempe/s & meteors eng5d]$ by ! circul> motion ( ! sun4 ,& s 9 all likelihood does x come to pass 9 ! body ?r\gh ! motion ( ! blood4 ,! v>i\s p>ts are n\ri%$1 *]i%$1 quick5$ by ! w>m]1 m p]fect1 vapor\s1 spiritu\s1 &1 z ,i may say1 alim5tive blood2 :i*1 on ! contr>y1 9 contact ) ^! p>ts becomes cool$1 coagulat$1 &1 s to speak1 effete2 :5ce x returns to its sov]eign1 ! he>t1 z if to its s\rce1 or to ! inmo/ home ( ! body1 !re to recov] its /ate ( excell5ce or p]fection4 ,"h x resumes its due fluidity1 & receives an infusion ( natural heat--p[]ful1 f]vid1 a k9d ( treasury ( life--& is impregnat$ ) spirits &1 x might be said1 ) balsam2 & !nce x is aga9 disp]s$4 ,& all ?is dep5ds ^u ! motion & action ( ! he>t4 ,confirmations ( ! ,!ory ,?ree po9ts pres5t !mselves = confirmation1 :i*1 be+ e/abli%$1 ,i conceive t ! tru? ,i cont5d = w foll[ necess>ily & appe> z a ?+ obvi\s to all4 ,! fir/ po9t is ?is4 ,! blood is incessantly transmitt$ by ! action ( ! he>t f ! v5a cava to ! art]ies 9 su* quantity t x _c be suppli$ f ! +e/a1 & 9 su* wise t ! :ole mass mu/ v quickly pass ?r\gh ! organ4 ,let u assume ! quantity ( blood :i* ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t w conta9 :5 di/5d$ to be1 say1 two ounces 79 ! dead body ,i h f\nd x to conta9 upw>ds ( two ounces72 & let u suppose1 z approa*+ ! tru?1 t ! f\r? "p ( its *>ge is ?r[n into ! art]y at ea* contraction4 ,n[1 9 ! c\rse ( half an h\r ! he>t w h made m ?an "o ?\s& beats4 ,multiply+ ! numb] ( dra*ms propell$ by ! numb] ( pulses1 we %all h "o ?\s& half-ounces s5t f ?is organ into ! art]y2 a l>g] quantity ?an is conta9$ 9 ! :ole body4 ,?is tru?1 inde$1 pres5ts itself obvi\sly be=e u :5 we consid] :at happ5s 9 ! dissection ( liv+ animals4 ,! great art]y ne$ n be divid$1 b a v small bran* only 7z ,gal5 ev5 proves 9 reg>d to man71 to h ! :ole ( ! blood 9 ! body1 z well t ( ! ve9s z ( ! art]ies1 dra9$ away 9 ! c\rse ( no long "t--"s half h\r or less4 ,! second po9t is ?is4 ,! blood1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! art]ial pulse1 ent]s1 & is impell$ 9 a cont9u\s1 equable1 & incessant /ream ?r\gh e "p & memb] ( ! body 9 mu* l>g] quantity ?an 7 suffici5t = nutrition1 or ?an ! :ole mass ( fluids c\ld supply4 ,i h "h to cite c]ta9 exp]im5ts4 ,ligatures are ei!r v tight or ( middl+ tightness4 ,a ligature ,i designate z tight1 or p]fect1 :5 x is drawn s close ab\t an extremity t no vessel c be felt pulsat+ beyond x4 ,su* ligatures are employ$ 9 ! removal ( tum\rs2 & 9 ^! cases1 all afflux ( nutrim5t & heat be+ prev5t$ by ! ligature1 we see ! tum\rs dw9dle & die1 & f9ally drop (f4 ,n[ let anyone make an exp]im5t ^u ! arm ( a man1 ei!r us+ su* a fillet z is employ$ 9 bloodlett+1 or grasp+ ! limb tightly ) 8 h&2 let a ligature be ?r[n ab\t ! extremity & drawn z tightly z c be borne4 ,x w fir/ be p]ceiv$ t beyond ! ligature ! art]ies d n pulsate1 :ile above x ! art]y beg9s to rise high] at ea* dia/ole & to swell ) a k9d ( tide z x /rove to break ?r\gh & ov]come ! ob/acle to its curr5t4 ,!n let ! ligature be br\ght to t /ate ( middl+ tightness :i* is us$ 9 ble$+1 & x w be se5 t ! h& & arm w in/antly become deeply suffus$ & ext5d$1 & ! ve9s %[ !mselves tumid & knott$4 ,:i* is z mu* z to say t :5 ! art]ies pulsate ! blood is fl[+ ?r\gh !m1 b :]e !y d n pulsate !y cease f transmitt+ any?+4 ,! ve9s aga9 be+ compress$1 no?+ c fl[ ?r\gh !m2 ! c]ta9 indication ( :i* is t bel[ ! ligature !y are mu* m tumid ?an above x4 ,:5ce is ?is blood8 ,x mu/ ne$s arrive by ! art]ies4 ,= t x _c fl[ 9 by ! ve9s appe>s f ! fact t ! blood _c be =c$ t[>ds ! he>t unless ! ligature be remov$4 ,fur!r1 :5 we see ! ve9s bel[ ! ligature in/antly swell up & become gorg$ :5 f extreme tightness x is some:at relax$1 ! art]ies mean:ile cont9u+ unaffect$1 ?is is an obvi\s indication t ! blood passes f ! art]ies into ! ve9s1 & n f ! ve9s into ! art]ies1 & t !re is ei!r an ana/omosis ( ! two ord]s ( vessels1 or pores 9 ! fle% & solid p>ts g5]ally t are p]meable to ! blood4 ,& n[ we und]/& :]e=e 9 phlebotomy we apply our fillet above ! "p t is punctur$1 n bel[ x4 ,did ! fl[ come f above1 n f bel[1 ! b&age 9 ?is case w\ld n only be ( no s]vice1 b w\ld prove a positive h9drance4 ,& fur!r1 if we calculate h[ _m ounces fl[ ?r\gh "o arm or h[ _m pass 9 tw5ty or ?irty pulsations "u ! m$ium ligature1 we %all p]ceive t a circulation is absolutely necess>y1 see+ t ! quantity _c be suppli$ imm$iately f ! +e/a1 & is va/ly m ?an c be requisite = ! m]e nutrition ( ! p>ts4 ,& ! ?ird po9t to be confirm$ is ?is4 ,t ! ve9s return ?is blood to ! he>t incessantly f all p>ts & memb]s ( ! body4 ,?is position w be made suffici5tly cle> f ! valves :i* are f\nd 9 ! cavities ( ! ve9s !mselves1 f ! uses ( ^!1 & f exp]im5ts cognisable by ! s5ses4 ,! celebrat$ ,hi]onymus ,fabricius1 ( ,aquap5d5te1 fir/ gave repres5tations ( ! valves 9 ! ve9s1 :i* consi/ ( rais$ or loose portions ( ! inn] membranes ( ^! vessels ( extreme delicacy & a sigmoid1 or semi-lun> %ape4 ,_! (fice is by no means expla9$ :5 we are told t x is to h9d] ! blood1 by its weight1 f fl[+ into inf]ior p>ts2 = ! edges ( ! valves 9 ! jugul> ve9s hang d[nw>ds1 & are s contriv$ t !y prev5t ! blood f ris+ upw>ds4 ,! valves1 9 a ^w1 d n inv>iably look upw>ds1 b always t[>ds ! trunks ( ! ve9s--t[>ds ! seat ( ! he>t4 ,!y are solely made & in/itut$ le/1 in/ead ( advanc+ f ! extreme to ! c5tral p>ts ( ! body1 ! blood %\ld r proce$ along ! ve9s f ! c5tre to ! extremities2 b ! delicate valves1 :ile !y readily op5 9 ! "r direction1 entirely prev5t all su* contr>y motion1 be+ s situat$ & arrang$ t if any?+ escapes1 or is less p]fectly ob/ruct$ by ! flaps ( ! "o above1 ! fluid pass+1 z x 71 by ! *9ks betwe5 ! flaps1 x is imm$iately receiv$ on ! convexity ( ! "o b5ea?1 :i* is plac$ transv]sely ) ref]5ce to ! =m]1 & s is effectually h9d]$ f gett+ any f>!r4 ,& ?is ,i h frequ5tly exp]i5c$ 9 my dissections ( ve9s4 ,if ,i attempt$ to pass a probe f ! trunk ( ! ve9s into "o ( ! small] bran*es1 :atev] c>e ,i took ,i f\nd x impossible to introduce x f> any way by reason ( ! valves2 :il/1 on ! contr>y1 x 0 mo/ easy to pu% x along 9 ! opposite direction1 f )\t inw>ds1 or f ! bran*es t[>ds ! trunks & roots4 ,& n[ ,i may be all[$ to give 9 brief my view ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 & to propose x = g5]al adoption4 ,! ,conclusion ,s9ce all ?+s1 bo? argum5t & ocul> demon/ration1 %[ t ! blood passes ?r\gh ! lungs & he>t by ! action ( ! v5tricles2 & is s5t = di/ribution to all p>ts ( ! body1 :]e x makes its way into ! ve9s & pores ( ! fle%2 & !n fl[s by ! ve9s f ! circumf]5ce on e side to ! c5tre1 f ! less] to ! great] ve9s2 & is by !m f9ally dis*>g$ into ! v5a cava & "r auricle ( ! he>t1 & ?is 9 su* a quantity or 9 su* a flux & reflux1 ?i!r by ! art]ies1 hi!r by ! ve9s1 z _c possibly be suppli$ by ! +e/a1 & is mu* great] ?an c be requir$ = m]e purposes ( nutrition2 !re=e1 x is absolutely necess>y to conclude t ! blood 9 ! animal body is impell$ 9 a circle & is 9 a /ate ( ceaseless motion2 & t ?is is ! act1 or function1 :i* ! he>t p]=ms by means ( its pulse1 & t x is ! sole & only end ( ! motion & contraction ( ! he>t4 ,= x w\ld be v difficult to expla9 9 any o!r way to :at purpose all is con/ruct$ & arrang$ z we h se5 x to be4 ,,sir ,,john ,,h]s*el ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy ,sir ,john ,fr$]ick ,william ,h]s*el1 only *ild--&1 z an a/ronom]1 almo/ ! only rival--( ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 0 born at ,sl\gh1 9 ,irel&1 on ,m>* #g1 #agib4 ,at fir/ privately educat$1 9 #ahac he graduat$ f ,/4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 z s5ior wrangl] & fir/ ,smi?'s prizeman4 ,he *ose ! law z 8 pr(ession2 b 9 #ahaf report$ t1 "u 8 fa!r's direction1 he 0 go+ to take up />gaz+4 ,he !n began a re-exam9ation ( 8 fa!r's d\ble />s4 ,9 #ahbe he wrote t he 0 go+ to take nebul "u 8 especial *>ge4 ,he emb>k$ 9 #ahcc ) 8 family = ! ,cape2 & 8 "w at ,feldhaus51 six miles f ,cape ,t[n1 m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( s\!rn sid]eal a/ronomy4 ,! result ( 8 f\r ye>s' "w !re 0 publi%$ 9 #ahdg4 ,f #ahee he devot$ himself at ,coll+wood to ! collection & revival ( 8 fa!r's & 8 own lab\rs4 ,8 ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy1 publi%$ 9 #ahdi1 & f\nd$ on an e>li] ,treatise on ,a/ronomy ( #ahcc1 0 an out/&+ success4 ,h]s*el's long & happy life1 e day ( :i* add$ its %>e to 8 sci5tific s]vices1 came to an end on ,may #aa1 #ahga4 ,i4--,! ,wond]s ( ! ,milky ,way ,!re is no sci5ce :i* draws m l>gely ?an does a/ronomy on t intellectual lib]ality :i* is ready to adopt :atev] is demon/rat$ or conc$e :atev] is r5d]$ highly probable1 h[ev] new & uncommon ! po9ts ( view may be 9 :i* objects ! mo/ famili> may !reby become plac$4 ,almo/ all its conclusions /& 9 op5 & /rik+ contradiction ) ^? ( sup]ficial & vulg> obs]vation1 & ) :at appe>s to ev]yone ! mo/ positive evid5ce ( 8 s5ses4 ,!re is h>dly any?+ :i* sets 9 a /rong] light ! inh]5t p[] ( tru? ov] ! m9d ( man1 :5 oppos$ by no motives ( int]e/ or passion1 ?an ! p]fect read9ess ) :i* all its conclusions are ass5t$ to z soon z _! evid5ce is cle>ly appreh5d$1 & ! t5aci\s hold !y acquire ov] our belief :5 once admitt$4 ,if ! comp>ison ( ! app>5t magnitude ( ! />s ) _! numb] leads to no imm$iately obvi\s conclusion1 x is o!rwise :5 we view !m 9 connection ) _! local di/ribution ov] ! heav5s4 ,if inde$ we conf9e ourselves to ! ?ree or f\r brighte/ classes1 we %all f9d !m di/ribut$ ) a consid]able approa* to imp>tiality ov] ! sph]e2 a m>k$ pref]5ce1 h[ev]1 be+ obs]vable1 especially 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 to a zone or belt pass+ ?r\gh epsilon ,orionis & alpha ,crucis4 ,b if we take 9 ! :ole am\nt visible to ! nak$ eye we %all p]ceive a great increase ( numb]s z we approa* ! bord]s ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,& :5 we come to telescopic magnitudes we f9d !m cr[d$ beyond imag9ation along ! ext5t ( t circle & ( ! bran*es :i* x s5ds (f f x2 s t1 9 fact1 its :ole light is compos$ ( no?+ b />s ( e magnitude f su* z are visible to ! nak$ eye d[n to ! smalle/ po9ts ( light p]ceptible ) ! be/ telescopes4 ,^! ph5om5a agree ) ! supposition t ! />s ( our firmam5t1 in/ead ( be+ scatt]$ indiff]5tly 9 all directions ?r\gh space1 =m a /ratum ( :i* ! ?ickness is small 9 comp>ison ) its l5g? & bread?2 & 9 :i* ! e>? occupies a place some:]e ab\t ! middle ( its ?ickness & ne> ! po9t :]e x subdivides into two pr9cipal lam9 incl9$ at a small angle to ea* o!r4 ,= x is c]ta9 t to an eye s situat$ ! app>5t d5sity ( ! />s1 suppos+ !m pretty equally scatt]$ ?r\gh ! space !y occupy1 w\ld be lea/ 9 ! direction ( ! visual ray p]p5dicul> to ! lam9a1 & greate/ 9 t ( its bread?2 increas+ rapidly 9 pass+ f "o to ! o!r direction1 j z we see a slight haze 9 ! atmosph]e ?ick5+ into a decid$ fog-bank ne> ! horizon by ! rapid increase ( ! m]e l5g? ( ! visual ray4 ,su* is ! view ( ! con/ruction ( ! />ry firmam5t tak5 by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 ^: p[]ful telescopes fir/ effect$ a complete analysis ( ?is wond]ful zone1 & demon/rat$ ! fact ( its entirely consi/+ ( />s4 ,s cr[d$ are !y 9 "s p>ts ( x t by c\nt+ ! />s 9 a s+le field ( 8 telescope he 0 l$ to conclude t #ej1jjj _h pass$ "u 8 review 9 a zone two degrees 9 bread? dur+ a s+le h\r's obs]vation4 ,! imm5se di/ances at :i* ! remot] regions mu/ be situat$ w suffici5tly acc\nt = ! va/ pr$om9ance ( small magnitudes :i* are obs]v$ 9 x4 ,! process ( gaug+ ! heav5s 0 devis$ by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el = ?is purpose4 ,x consi/$ simply 9 c\nt+ ! />s ( all magnitudes :i* occur 9 s+le fields ( view1 ( fifte5 m9utes 9 diamet]1 visible ?r\gh a reflect+ telescope ( #ah in*es ap]ture1 & #bj feet focal l5g?1 ) a magnify+ p[] ( #ahj degrees1 ! po9ts ( obs]vation be+ v num]\s & tak5 indiscrim9ately 9 e "p ( ! surface ( ! sph]e visible 9 our latitudes4 ,on a comp>ison ( _m hundr$ su* gauges1 or local enum]ations1 x appe>s t ! d5sity ( />light 7or ! numb] ( />s exi/+ on an av]age ( sev]al su* enum]ations 9 any "o imm$iate neighb\rhood7 is lea/ 9 ! pole ( ! ,galactic circle i4e41 ! great circle to :i* ! c\rse ( ! ,milky ,way mo/ ne>ly con=ms3 gala milk1 & increases on all sides d[n to ! ,milky ,way itself1 :]e x atta9s its maximum4 ,! progressive rate ( increase 9 proce$+ f ! pole is at fir/ sl[1 b becomes m & m rapid z we approa* ! plane ( t circle1 accord+ to a law f :i* x appe>s t ! mean d5sity ( ! />s 9 ! galactic circle exce$s1 9 a ratio ( v ne>ly #cj to #a1 t 9 its pole1 & 9 a proportion ( m ?an #d to #a t 9 a direction #ae degrees incl9$ to its plane4 ,z we asc5d f ! galactic plane we p]ceive t ! d5sity decreases ) great rapidity4 ,s f> we c p]ceive no flaw 9 ?is reason+ if only x be grant$ 7#a7 t ! level planes are cont9u\s & ( equal d5sity ?r\gh\t2 & 7#b7 t an absolute & def9ite limit is set to telescopic vision1 beyond :i*1 if />s exi/1 !y elude our sight1 & are to u z if !y exi/$ n4 ,x w\ld appe> t1 ) an almo/ exactly simil> law ( app>5t d5sity 9 ! two hemisph]es1 ! s\!rn 7 some:at ri*] 9 />s ?an ! nor!rn1 :i* may arise f our situation n be+ precisely 9 ! middle ( its ?ickness1 b some:at ne>] to its nor!rn surface4 ,,ii4--,p5etrat+ ,inf9ite ,space ,:5 exam9$ ) p[]ful telescopes1 ! con/itution ( ?is wond]ful zone is f\nd to be no less v>i\s ?an its aspect to ! nak$ eye is irregul>4 ,9 "s regions ! />s ( :i* x is compos$ are scatt]$ ) rem>kable uni=mity ov] imm5se tracts1 :ile 9 o!rs ! irregul>ity ( _! di/ribution is q z /rik+1 exhibit+ a rapid succession ( closely clu/]+ ri* pat*es sep>at$ by comp>atively poor int]vals1 & inde$ 9 "s in/ances absolutely d>k & completely void ( any /> ev5 ( ! smalle/ telescopic magnitude4 ,9 "s places n m ?an #dj or #ej />s on an av]age occur 9 a gauge field ( #ae m9utes1 :ile 9 o!rs a simil> av]age gives a result ( #djj or #ejj4 ,nor is less v>iety obs]vable 9 ! "* ( its diff]5t regions 9 respect ( ! magnitude ( ! />s !y exhibit1 & ! proportional numb]s ( ! l>g] & small] magnitudes associat$ toge!r1 ?an 9 respect ( _! aggregate numb]s4 ,9 "s1 = in/ance1 extremely m9ute />s1 ?\gh nev] altoge!r want+1 occur 9 numb]s s mod]ate z to lead u irresi/ibly to ! conclusion t 9 ^! regions we are fairly ?r\gh ! />ry /ratum1 s9ce x is impossible o!rwise 7suppos+ _! light n int]cept$7 t ! numb]s ( ! small] magnitudes %\ld n g on increas+ ad inf9itum4 ,9 su* cases1 moreov]1 ! gr\nd ( ! heav5s1 z se5 betwe5 ! />s1 is = ! mo/ "p p]fectly d>k1 :i* aga9 w\ld n be ! case if innum]able multitudes ( />s1 too m9ute to be individually disc]nible1 exi/$ beyond4 ,9 o!r regions we are pres5t$ ) ! ph5om5on ( an almo/ uni=m degree ( brightness ( ! individual />s1 accompani$ ) a v ev5 di/ribution ( !m ov] ! gr\nd ( ! heav5s1 bo? ! l>g] & small] magnitudes be+ /rik+ly defici5t4 ,9 su* cases x is equally impossible n to p]ceive t we are look+ ?r\gh a %eet ( />s ne>ly ( a size & ( no great ?ickness comp>$ ) ! di/ance :i* sep>ates !m f u4 ,7 x o!rwise we %\ld be driv5 to suppose ! m di/ant />s 7 uni=mly ! l>g]1 s z to comp5sate by _! intr9sic brightness = _! great] di/ance1 a supposition contr>y to all probability4 ,9 o!rs aga91 & t n infrequ5tly1 we are pres5t$ ) a d\ble ph5om5on ( ! same k9d--viz41 a tissue1 z x 71 ( l>ge />s spread ov] ano!r ( v small ones1 ! int]m$iate magnitudes be+ want+1 & ! conclusion "h seems equally evid5t t 9 su* cases we look ?r\gh two sid]eal %eets sep>at$ by a />less int]val4 ,?r\gh\t by f> ! l>g] portion ( ! ext5t ( ! ,milky ,way 9 bo? hemisph]es ! g5]al blackness ( ! gr\nd ( ! heav5s on :i* its />s are project$1 & ! abs5ce ( t innum]able multitude & excessive cr[d+ ( ! smalle/ visible magnitudes1 & ( gl>e produc$ by ! aggregate light ( multitudes too small to affect ! eye s+ly1 :i* ! contr>y supposition w\ld appe> to necessitate1 mu/1 we ?9k1 be consid]$ unequivocal indications t its dim5sions1 9 directions :]e ^? conditions obta91 are n only n inf9ite1 b t ! space-p5etrat+ p[] ( our telescopes suffices fairly to pi]ce ?r\gh & beyond x4 ,x is b "r1 h[ev]1 to w>n our read]s t ?is conclusion has be5 controv]t$1 & t by an au?ority n lightly to be put aside1 on ! gr\nd ( c]ta9 views tak5 by ,olb]s z to a defect ( p]fect transp>5cy 9 ! cele/ial spaces1 9 virtue ( :i* ! light ( ! m di/ant />s is enfeebl$ m ?an 9 proportion to _! di/ance4 ,! ext9ction ( light ?us orig9at+ proce$+ 9 geometrical ratio1 :ile ! di/ance increases 9 ari?metical1 a limit1 x is argu$1 is plac$ to ! space-p5etrat+ p[] ( telescopes f> )9 t :i* di/ance alone1 ap>t f su* obscuration1 w\ld assign4 ,x mu/ suffice "h to obs]ve t ! objection allud$ to1 if applicable to any1 is equally s to e "p ( ! galaxy4 ,we are n at lib]ty to argue t at "o "p ( its circumf]5ce our view is limit$ by ?is sort ( cosmical veil1 :i* ext+ui%es ! small] magnitudes1 cuts (f ! nebul\s light ( di/ant masses1 & closes our view 9 imp5etrable d>kness2 :ile at ano!r we are compell$1 by ! cle>e/ evid5ce telescopes c af=d1 to believe t />-/rewn vi/as lie op51 exhau/+ _! p[]s & /ret*+ out beyond _! utmo/ rea*1 z is prov$ by t v ph5om5on :i* ! exi/5ce ( su* a veil w\ld r5d] impossible--viz41 inf9ite increase ( numb] & dim9ution ( magnitude1 t]m9at+ 9 complete irresolvable nebulosity4 ,su* is1 9 effect1 ! spectacle af=d$ by a v l>ge portion ( ! ,milky ,way 9 t int]e/+ region ne> its po9t ( bifurcation 9 ,scorpio1 :]e1 ?r\gh ! holl[s & deep recesses ( its complicat$ /ructure1 we behold :at has all ! appe>ance ( a wide & indef9itely prolong$ area /rew$ ov] ) discont9u\s masses & cl\ds ( />s1 :i* ! telescope at la/ refuses to analyse4 ,:atev] o!r conclusions we may draw1 ?is mu/ anyh[ be reg>d$ z ! direction ( ! greate/ l9e> ext5sion ( ! gr\nd-plan ( ! galaxy4 ,& x w\ld appe> to foll[ also t 9 ^? regions :]e t zone is cle>ly resolv$ into />s well sep>at$ & se5 project$ on a black gr\nd1 & :]e1 by consequ5ce1 x is c]ta91 if ! =ego+ views be correct1 t we look out beyond !m into space1 ! smalle/ visible />s appe> z su* n by reason ( excessive di/ance1 b ( inf]iority ( size or brightness4 ,,iii4--,v>iable1 ,tempor>y & ,b9>y ,/>s ,:]ev] we c trace ! law ( p]iodicity we are /rongly impress$ ) ! idea ( rotatory or orbitual motion4 ,among ! />s are sev]al :i*1 ?\gh 9 no way di/+ui%able f o!rs by any app>5t *ange ( place1 nor by any diff]5ce ( appe>ance 9 telescopes1 yet und]go a m or less regul> p]iodical increase & dim9ution ( lu/re1 involv+ 9 "o or two cases a complete ext9ction & revival4 ,^! are call$ p]iodic />s4 ,! longe/ kn[n1 & "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable1 is ! /> ,omicron 9 ! con/ellation ,cetus 7sometimes call$ ,mira ,ceti71 :i* 0 fir/ notic$ z v>iable by ,fabricius 9 #aeif4 ,x appe>s ab\t twelve times 9 elev5 ye>s1 rema9s at its greate/ brightness ab\t a =tnight1 be+ !n on "s occasions equal to a l>ge /> ( ! second magnitude1 decreases dur+ ab\t ?ree mon?s1 till x becomes completely invisible to ! nak$ eye1 9 :i* /ate x rema9s ab\t five mon?s1 & cont9ues increas+ dur+ ! rema9d] ( its p]iod4 ,su* is ! g5]al c\rse ( its phases4 ,b ! mean p]iod above assign$ w\ld appe> to be subject to a cyclical fluctuation embrac+ eighty-eight su* p]iods1 & hav+ ! effect ( gradually l5g!n+ & %ort5+ alt]nately ^? int]vals to ! ext5t ( tw5ty-five days "o way & ! o!r4 ,! irregul>ities 9 ! degree ( brightness atta9$ at ! maximum are also p]iodical4 ,su* irregul>ities prep>e u = o!r ph5om5a ( /ell> v>iation :i* h hi!rto be5 r$uc$ to no law ( p]iodicity--! ph5om5a ( tempor>y />s :i* h appe>$ f "t to "t 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! heav5s blaz+ =? ) extraord9>y lu/re1 & aft] rema9+ a:ile1 app>5tly immovable1 h di$ away & left no trace4 ,9 ! ye>s #ide1 #abfd1 & #aegb brilliant />s appe>$ 9 ! region ( ! heav5s betwe5 ,cepheus & ,cassiopeia2 & we may suspect !m1 ) ,goodricke1 to be "o & ! same /> ) a p]iod ( #cab1 or p]haps #aef ye>s4 ,! appe>ance ( ! /> ( #aegb 0 s sudd5 t ,ty*o ,brahe1 a celebrat$ ,dut* a/ronom]1 return+ "o ev5+ f 8 laboratory to 8 dwell+h\se1 0 surpris$ to f9d a gr\p ( c\ntry p gaz+ at a /> :i* he 0 sure did n exi/ half an h\r be=e4 ,?is 0 ! /> 9 "q4 ,x 0 !n z bright z ,sirius1 & cont9u$ to increase till x surpass$ ,jupit] :5 brighte/1 & 0 visible at midday4 ,x began to dim9i% 9 ,decemb] ( ! same ye>1 & 9 ,m>* #aegd _h entirely disappe>$4 ,9 #ahjc x 0 ann\nc$ by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el t !re exi/ sid]eal sy/ems compos$ ( two />s revolv+ ab\t ea* o!r 9 regul> orbits1 & con/itut+ :i* may be call$1 to di/+ui% !m f d\ble />s1 :i* are only optically d\ble1 b9>y />s4 ,t :i* s9ce !n has be5 mo/ assidu\sly wat*$1 & has (f]$ ph5om5a ( ! greate/ int]e/1 is gamma ,virg9is4 ,x is a /> ( ! vulg> ?ird magnitude1 & its compon5t individuals are v ne>ly equal1 &1 z x w\ld seem1 9 "s slight degree v>iable4 ,x has be5 kn[n to consi/ ( two />s s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! di/ance be+ !n betwe5 six & sev5 seconds1 s t any tol]ably good telescope w\ld resolve x4 ,:5 obs]v$ by ,h]s*el 9 #aghj x 0 #e4ff seconds1 & cont9u$ to decrease gradually & regul>ly1 till at l5g?1 9 #ahcf1 ! two />s _h approa*$ s closely z to appe> p]fectly r\nd & s+le "u ! highe/ magnify+ p[] :i* c\ld be appli$ to mo/ excell5t in/rum5ts--! great refractor ( ,pulk[a alone1 ) a magnify+ p[] ( a ?\s&1 cont9u+ to indicate1 by ! w$ge-%ap$ =m ( ! disc ( ! />1 its composite nature4 ,by e/imat+ ! ratio ( its l5g? to its bread?1 & measur+ ! =m]1 ,m4 ,/ruve concludes t at ?is epo* ! di/ance ( ! two />s1 c5tre f c5tre1 might be /at$ at 4#bb seconds4 ,f t "t ! /> aga9 op5$1 & is n[ aga9 a p]fectly easily sep>able />4 ,?is v rem>kable dim9ution1 & subsequ5t increase1 ( di/ance has be5 accompani$ by a correspond+ & equally rem>kable increase & subsequ5t dim9ution ( relative angul> motion4 ,?us 9 #aghc ! app>5t angul> motion h>dly am\nt$ to half a degree p] annum2 :ile 9 #ahcj x _h decreas$ to #e degrees1 9 #ahcd to #bj degrees1 9 #ahce to #dj degrees1 & ab\t ! middle ( #ahcf to upw>ds ( #gj degrees p] annum1 or at ! rate ( a degree 9 five days4 ,?is is 9 entire con=mity ) ! pr9ciples ( dynamics1 :i* e/abli% a necess>y connection betwe5 ! angul> velocity & ! di/ance1 z well 9 ! app>5t z 9 ! real orbit ( "o body revolv+ ab\t ano!r "u ! influ5ce ( mutual attraction2 ! =m] v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! latt]1 9 bo? orbits1 :atev] be ! curve describ$ & :atev] ! law ( ! attractive =ce4 ,x is n ) ! revolutions ( bodies ( a planet>y or comet>y nature r\nd a sol> c5tre t we are conc]n$2 x is t ( sun r\nd sun--ea* p]haps1 at lea/ 9 "s b9>y sy/ems1 :]e ! individuals are v remote & _! p]iod ( revolution v long1 accompani$ by its tra9 ( planets & _! satellites1 closely %r\d$ f our view by ! spl5d\r ( _! respective suns1 & cr[d$ into a space be>+ h>dly a great] proportion to ! enorm\s int]val :i* sep>ates !m ?an ! di/ances ( ! satellites ( our planets f _! prim>ies be> to _! di/ances f ! sun itself4 ,a less di/9ctly *>act]is$ subord9ation w\ld be incompatible ) ! /ability ( _! sy/ems & ) ! planet>y nature ( _! orbits4 ,unless close "u ! protect+ w+ ( _! imm$iate sup]ior1 ! sweep ( _! o!r sun1 9 its p]ihelion passage r\nd _! own1 might c>ry !m (f or :irl !m into orbits utt]ly incompatible ) conditions necess>y = ! exi/5ce ( _! inhabitants4 ,,iv4--,! ,nebul ,x is to ,sir ,william ,h]s*el t we owe ! mo/ complete analysis ( ! great v>iety ( ^? objects :i* are g5]ally class$ z nebul4 ,! great p[] ( 8 telescopes disclos$ ! exi/5ce ( an imm5se numb] ( ^! objects be=e unkn[n1 & %[$ !m to be di/ribut$ ov] ! heav5s n by any means uni=mly1 b ) a m>k$ pref]5ce to a c]ta9 di/rict ext5d+ ov] ! nor!rn pole ( ! galactic circle4 ,9 ?is region1 occupy+ ab\t "o-eigh? ( ! surface ( ! sph]e1 "o-?ird ( ! entire nebul\s cont5ts ( ! heav5s are situat$4 ,! resolvable nebul c1 ( c\rse1 only be consid]$ z clu/]s ei!r too remote1 or consi/+ ( />s intr9sically too fa9t1 to affect u by _! individual light1 unless :]e two or ?ree happ5 to be close en\gh to make a jo9t impression & give ! idea ( a po9t bright] ?an ! re/4 ,!y are almo/ univ]sally r\nd or oval1 _! loose app5dages & irregul>ities ( =m be+1 z x 71 ext+ui%$ by ! di/ance1 & only ! g5]al figure ( ! cond5s$ p>ts be+ disc]nible4 ,x is "u ! appe>ance ( objects ( ?is "* t all ! great] globul> clu/]s exhibit !mselves 9 telescopes ( insuffici5t optical p[] to %[ !m well4 ,! fir/ impression :i* ,halley & o!r e>ly discov]]s ( nebul\s objects receiv$ f _! peculi> aspect 0 t ( a phosphoresc5t vap\r 7l ! matt] ( a comet's tail71 or a gase\s &1 s to speak1 elem5t>y =m ( lum9\s sid]eal matt]4 ,admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( su* a m$ium1 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el 0 l$ to speculate on its gradual subsid5ce & cond5sation1 by ! effect ( its own gravity1 into m or less regul> sph]ical or sph]oidal =ms1 d5s] 7z !y mu/ 9 t case be7 t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,assum+ t 9 ! progress ( ?is subsid5ce local c5tres ( cond5sation subord9ate to ! g5]al t5d5cy w\ld n be want+1 he conceiv$ t 9 ?is way solid nuclei might arise ^: local gravitation /ill fur!r cond5s+1 & s absorb+ ! nebul\s matt] ea* 9 its imm$iate neighb\rhood1 might ultimately become />s1 & ! :ole nebula f9ally take on ! /ate ( a clu/] ( />s4 ,among ! multitude ( nebul reveal$ by 8 telescope e /age ( ?is process might be consid]$ z display$ to our eyes1 & 9 e modification ( =m to :i* ! g5]al pr9ciple might be conceiv$ to apply4 ,! m or less advanc$ /ate ( a nebula t[>ds its segregation into discrete />s1 & ( ^! />s !mselves t[>ds a d5s] /ate ( aggregation r\nd a c5tral nucleus1 w\ld ?us be 9 "s sort an indication ( age4 ,,alex&] ,,von ,,humboldt ,cosmos1 a ,sket* ( ! ,univ]se ,fr$]ick ,h5ry ,alex&] von ,humboldt 0 born 9 ,b]l9 on ,septemb] #ad1 #agfi4 ,9 #aghh he made ! acqua9tance ( ,george ,=/]1 "o ( ,capta9 ,cook's companions1 & geological excursions made ) him 7 ! occasion ( 8 fir/ publications1 a book on ! nature ( basalt4 ,8 "w 9 ! adm9i/ration ( m9es 9 ! pr9cipalities ( ,bayreu? & ,anspa* furni%$ mat]ials = a treatise on fossil flora2 & 9 #ahbg1 :5 he 0 resid+ 9 ,p>is1 he gave to ! _w 8 ,voyage to ! ,equ9octial ,regions ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 :i* embodies ! results ( 8 inve/igations 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,two ye>s lat] he organis$ an exp$ition to ,asiatic ,russia1 *>g+ himself ) all ! sci5tific obs]vations4 ,b 8 pr9cipal int]e/ lay 9 ! accompli%m5t ( t physical description ( ! univ]se = :i* all 8 previ\s /udies _h be5 a prep>ation1 & :i* dur+ ! ye>s #ahde to #ahdh appe>$ "u ! compreh5sive title ( ,cosmos1 or ,sket* ( a ,physical ,description ( ! ,univ]se4 ,humboldt di$ on ,may #f1 #ahei4 ,i4--,! ,physical ,/udy ( ! ,_w ,! natural _w may be oppos$ to ! intellectual1 or nature to art tak+ ! latt] t]m 9 its high] s5se z embrac+ ! manife/ations ( ! intellectual p[] ( man2 b ^! di/9ctions--:i* are indicat$ 9 mo/ cultivat$ languages--mu/ n be suff]$ to lead to su* a sep>ation ( ! doma9 ( physics f t ( ! intellect z w\ld r$uce ! physics ( ! univ]se to a m]e assemblage ( empirical specialities4 ,sci5ce only beg9s = man f ! mom5t :5 8 m9d lays hold ( matt]--:5 he tries to subject ! mass accumulat$ by exp]i5ce to rational comb9ations4 ,sci5ce is m9d appli$ to nature4 ,! ext]nal _w only exi/s = u s f> z we conceive x )9 ourselves1 & z x %apes itself )9 u into ! =m ( a contemplation ( nature4 ,z intellig5ce & language1 ?\ght & ! signs ( ?\ght1 are unit$ by secret & indissoluble l9ks1 s1 & almo/ )\t our be+ consci\s ( x1 ! ext]nal _w & our ideas & feel+s melt into ea* o!r4 ,ext]nal ph5om5a are translat$1 z ,hegel expresses x 9 8 ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 9 our int]nal repres5tation ( !m4 ,! objective _w1 ?\ght by u1 reflect$ 9 u1 is subject$ to ! un*ang+1 necess>y1 & all-condition+ =ms ( our intellectual be+4 ,! activity ( ! m9d ex]ts itself on ! elem5ts furni%$ to x by ! p]ceptions ( ! s5ses4 ,?us1 9 ! y\? ( nations !re manife/s itself 9 ! simple/ intuition ( natural facts1 9 ! fir/ ef=ts made to compreh5d !m1 ! g]m ( ! philosophy ( nature4 ,if ! /udy ( physical ph5om5a be reg>d$ 9 its be>+s n on ! mat]ial wants ( man1 b on 8 g5]al intellectual progress1 its highe/ result is f\nd 9 ! k ( ^? mutual relations :i* l9k toge!r ! g5]al =ces ( nature4 ,x is ! intuitive & intimate p]suasion ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! relations :i* at once enl>ges & elevates our views & enhances our enjoym5t4 ,su* ext5d$ views are ! gr[? ( obs]vation1 ( m$itation1 & ( ! _s ( ! age1 :i* is ev] reflect$ 9 ! op]ations ( ! human m9d :atev] may be _! direction4 ,f ! "t :5 man1 9 int]rogat+ nature1 began to exp]im5t or to produce ph5om5a "u def9ite conditions1 & to collect & record ! fruits ( 8 exp]i5ce--s t inve/igation might no long] be re/rict$ by ! %ort limits ( a s+le life--! philosophy ( nature laid aside ! vague & poetic =ms ) :i* %e _h at fir/ be5 clo!d1 & has adopt$ a m sev]e "*4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce tea*es u h[ inexact & incomplete obs]vations h l$1 ?r\gh false inductions1 to t great numb] ( errone\s physical views :i* h be5 p]petuat$ z popul> prejudices among all classes ( society4 ,?us1 side by side ) a solid & sci5tific k ( ph5om5a1 !re has be5 pres]v$ a sy/em ( pret5d$ results ( obs]vation1 ! m difficult to %ake because x takes no acc\nt ( any ( ! facts by :i* x is ov]turn$4 ,?is empiricism--melan*oly inh]itance ( e>li] times--inv>iably ma9ta9s :atev] axioms x has laid d[n2 x is arrogant1 z is ev]y?+ t is n>r[-m9d$2 :ile true physical philosophy1 f\nd$ on sci5ce1 d\bts because x seeks to inve/igate ?or\ghly--di/+ui%es betwe5 t :i* is c]ta9 & t :i* is simply probable--& lab\rs incessantly to br+ its !ories ne>] to p]fection by ext5d+ ! circle ( obs]vation4 ,?is assemblage ( incomplete dogmas bequea!d f "o c5tury to ano!r1 ?is sy/em ( physics made up ( popul> prejudices1 is n only injuri\s because x p]petuates error ) all ! ob/9acy ( ill-obs]v$ facts1 b also because x h9d]s ! und]/&+ f ris+ to ! level ( great views ( nature4 ,in/ead ( seek+ to discov] ! mean /ate ar\nd :i*1 9 ! mid/ ( app>5t indep5d5ce & irregul>ity1 ! ph5om5a really & inv>iably oscillate1 ?is false sci5ce delights 9 multiply+ app>5t exceptions to ! dom9ion ( fix$ laws1 & seeks1 9 organic =ms & ! ph5om5a ( nature1 o!r m>vels ?an ^? pres5t$ by int]nal progressive developm5t1 & by regul> ord] & succession4 ,ev] dis9cl9$ to recognise 9 ! pres5t ! analogy ( ! pa/1 x is always dispos$ to believe ! ord] ( nature susp5d$ by p]turbations1 ( :i* x places ! seat1 z if by *ance1 sometimes 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 sometimes 9 ! remote regions ( space4 ,,ii4--,! ,inductive ,me?od ,! g5]alisation ( laws :i* 7 fir/ appli$ to small] gr\ps ( ph5om5a advances by successive gradations1 & _! empire is ext5d$1 & _! evid5ce /r5g!n$1 s long z ! reason+ process is direct$ to really analog\s ph5om5a4 ,empirical inve/igation beg9s by s+le p]ceptions1 :i* are aft]w>ds class$ accord+ to _! analogy or dissimil>ity4 ,obs]vation is succe$$ at a mu* lat] epo* by exp]im5t1 9 :i* ph5om5a are made to arise "u conditions previ\sly det]m9$ on by ! exp]im5tali/1 guid$ by prelim9>y hypo!ses1 or a m or less j intuition ( ! connection ( natural objects & =ces4 ,! results obta9$ by obs]vation & exp]im5t lead by ! pa? ( induction & analogy to ! discov]y ( empirical laws1 & ^! successive phases 9 ! application ( human intellect h m>k$ diff]5t epo*s 9 ! life ( nations4 ,x has be5 by adh]+ closely to ?is inductive pa? t ! great mass ( facts has be5 accumulat$ :i* n[ =ms ! solid f\ndation ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,two =ms ( ab/raction gov]n ! :ole ( ?is class ( k--viz41 ! det]m9ation ( quantitative relations1 accord+ to numb] & magnitude2 & relations ( quality1 embrac+ ! specific prop]ties ( het]og5e\s matt]4 ,! fir/ ( ^! =ms1 m accessible to ! ex]cise ( ?\ght1 belongs to ! doma9 ( ma!matics2 ! o!r1 m difficult to seize1 & app>5tly m my/]i\s1 to t ( *emi/ry4 ,9 ord] to submit ph5om5a to calculation1 rec\rse is _h to a hypo!tical con/ruction ( matt] by a comb9ation ( molecules & atoms ^: numb]1 =m1 position1 & pol>ity det]m9e1 modify1 & v>y ! ph5om5a4 ,we are yet v f> f ! "t :5 a reasonable hope c\ld be ent]ta9$ ( r$uc+ all t is p]ceiv$ by our s5ses to ! unity ( a s+le pr9ciple2 b ! p>tial solution ( ! problem--! t5d5cy t[>ds a g5]al compreh5sion ( ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se--does n ! less cont9ue to be ! high & endur+ aim ( all natural inve/igation4 ,,iii4--,di/ribution ( ,matt] 9 ,space ,a physical cosmography1 or picture ( ! univ]se1 %\ld beg91 n ) ! e>?1 b ) ! regions ( space--! di/ribution ( matt] 9 ! univ]se4 ,we see matt] exi/+ 9 space p>tly 9 ! =m ( rotat+ & revolv+ sph]oids1 diff]+ greatly 9 d5sity & magnitude1 & p>tly 9 ! =m ( self-lum9\s vap\r disp]s$ 9 %9+ nebul\s spots or pat*es4 ,! nebul pres5t !mselves to ! eye 9 ! =m ( r\nd1 or nebul\s discs1 ( small app>5t magnitude1 ei!r s+le or 9 pairs1 :i* are sometimes connect$ by a ?read ( light2 :5 _! diamet]s are great] _! =ms v>y--"s are elongat$1 o!rs h sev]al bran*es1 "s are fan-%ap$1 "s annul>1 ! r+ be+ well def9$ & ! int]ior d>k4 ,!y are suppos$ to be und]go+ v>i\s & progressive *anges ( =m1 z cond5sation proce$s ar\nd "o or m nuclei 9 con=mity ) ! laws ( gravitation4 ,betwe5 two & ?ree ?\s& ( su* unresolvable nebul h already be5 c\nt$1 & _! positions det]m9$4 ,if we leave ! consid]ation ( ! att5uat$ vapor\s matt] ( ! immeasurable regions ( space1 :e!r exi/+ 9 a disp]s$ /ate z a cosmical e!r )\t =m or limits1 or 9 ! %ape ( nebul1 & pass to ^? portions ( ! univ]se :i* are cond5s$ into solid sph]es or sph]oids1 we approa* a class ( ph5om5a exclusively designat$ z />s or z ! sid]eal univ]se4 ,"h1 too1 we f9d diff]5t degrees ( solidity or d5sity 9 ! agglom]at$ matt]4 ,if we comp>e ! regions ( space to "o ( ! isl&-/udd$ seas ( our planet1 we may imag9e we see matt] di/ribut$ 9 gr\ps1 :e!r ( unresolvable nebul ( diff]5t ages cond5s$ ar\nd "o or m nuclei1 or 9 clu/]s ( />s1 or 9 />s scatt]$ s+ly4 ,our clu/] ( />s1 or ! isl& 9 space to :i* we belong1 =ms a l5s-%ap$1 flatt5$1 & ev]y:]e deta*$ /ratum1 ^: major axis is e/imat$ at sev5 or eight hundr$1 & its m9or axis at a hundr$ & fifty times1 ! di/ance ( ,sirius4 ,if we assume t ! p>allax ( ,sirius does n exce$ t accurately det]m9$ = ! brighte/ />s 9 ,c5taur 7#j4iabh sec471 x w foll[ t light trav]ses "o di/ance ( ,sirius 9 ?ree ye>s1 :ile n9e ye>s & a qu>t] are requir$ = ! transmission ( ! light ( ! /> #fa ,cygni1 ^: consid]able prop] motion might lead to ! inf]5ce ( great proximity4 ,our clu/] ( />s is a disc ( comp>atively small ?ickness divid$1 at ab\t a ?ird its l5g?1 into two bran*es2 we are suppos$ to be ne> ?is division1 & ne>] to ! region ( ,sirius ?an to t ( ! con/ellation ( ! ,eagle2 almo/ 9 ! middle ( ! />ry /ratum 9 ! direction ( its ?ickness4 ,! place ( our sol> sy/em & ! =m ( ! :ole l5s are inf]r$ f a k9d ( scale--i4e41 f ! diff]5t numb] ( />s se5 9 equal telescopic fields ( view4 ,! great] or less numb] ( />s measures ! relative dep? ( ! /ratum 9 diff]5t directions2 giv+ 9 ea* case1 l ! m>ks on a s\nd+-l9e1 ! comp>ative l5g? ( visual ray requir$ to rea* ! bottom2 or1 m prop]ly1 z above & bel[ d n "h apply1 ! out] limit ( ! sid]eal /ratum4 ,9 ! direction ( ! major axis1 :]e ! great] numb] ( />s are plac$ beh9d ea* o!r1 ! remot] ones appe> closely cr[d$ toge!r1 &1 z x 71 unit$ by a milky radiance1 & pres5t a zone or belt project$ on ! visible cele/ial vault4 ,?is n>r[ belt is divid$ into bran*es2 & its beautiful1 b n uni=m brightness1 is int]rupt$ by "s d>k places4 ,z se5 by u on ! app>5t concave cele/ial sph]e1 x deviates only a few degrees f a great circle1 we be+ ne> ! middle ( ! entire />ry clu/]1 & almo/ 9 ! plane ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,if out planet>y sy/em 7 f> outside ! clu/]1 ! ,milky ,way w\ld appe> to telescopic vision z a r+1 & at a /ill great] di/ance z a resolvable disc-%ap$ nebula4 ,,iv4--,on ,e>? ,hi/ory ,! succession & relative age ( diff]5t geological =mations are trac$ p>tly by ! ord] ( sup]position ( s$im5t>y /rata1 ( metamorphic b$s1 & ( conglom]ates1 b mo/ securely by ! pres5ce ( organic rema9s & _! div]sities ( /ructure4 ,9 ! fossilif]\s /rata are inhum$ ! rema9s ( ! floras & faunas ( pa/ ages4 ,z we desc5d f /ratum to /ratum to /udy ! relations ( sup]position1 we asc5d 9 ! ord] ( "t1 & new worlds ( animal & vegetable exi/5ce pres5t !mselves to ! view4 ,9 our ignorance ( ! laws "u :i* new organic =ms appe> f "t to "t ^u ! surface ( ! globe1 we employ ! expression new creations :5 we desire to ref] to ! hi/orical ph5om5a ( ! v>iations :i* h tak5 place at int]vals 9 ! animals & plants t h inhabit$ ! bas9s ( ! primitive seas & ! uplift$ cont95ts4 ,x has sometimes happ5$ t ext9ct species h be5 pres]v$ entire1 ev5 to ! m9ute/ details ( _! tissues & articulations4 ,9 ! l[] b$s ( ! ,second>y ,p]iod1 ! lias ( ,lyme ,regis1 a sepia has be5 f\nd s wond]fully pres]v$ t a "p ( ! black fluid ) :i* ! animal 0 provid$ myriads ( ye>s ago to conceal itself f its enemies has actually s]v$ at ! pres5t "t to draw its picture4 ,9 o!r cases su* traces alone rema9 z ! impression :i* ! feet ( animals h left on wet s& or mud ov] :i* !y pass$ :5 alive1 or ! rema9s ( _! undige/$ food 7coprolites74 ,! analytical /udy ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms ( ! primitive _w has giv5 rise to two di/9ct bran*es ( sci5ce2 "o purely morphological1 :i* occupies itself 9 natural & physiological descriptions1 & 9 ! endeav\r to fill up f ext9ct =ms ! *asms :i* pres5t !mselves 9 ! s]ies ( exi/+ species2 ! o!r bran*1 m especially geological consid]s ! relations ( ! fossil rema9s to ! sup]position & relative age ( ! s$im5t>y b$s 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,! fir/ long pr$om9at$2 & ! sup]ficial mann] :i* !n prevail$ ( comp>+ fossil & exi/+ species l$ to errors ( :i* traces /ill rema9 9 ! /range d5om9ations :i* 7 giv5 to c]ta9 natural objects4 ,writ]s attempt$ to id5tify all ext9ct =ms ) liv+ species1 z1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! animals ( ! ,new ,_w 7 conf\nd$ by false analogies ) ^? ( ! ,old4 ,9 /udy+ ! relative age ( fossils by ! ord] ( sup]position ( ! /rata 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 important relations h be5 discov]$ betwe5 families & species 7! latt] always few 9 numb]s7 :i* h disappe>$ & ^? :i* are /ill liv+4 ,all obs]vations concur 9 %[+ t ! fossil floras & faunas diff] f ! pres5t animal & vegetable =ms ! m widely 9 proportion z ! s$im5t>y b$s to :i* !y belong are l[]1 or m anci5t4 ,?us great v>iations h successively tak5 place 9 ! g5]al types ( organic life1 & ^! gr& ph5om5a1 :i* 7 fir/ po9t$ out by ,cuvi]1 (f] num]ical relations :i* ,de%ayes & ,lyell h made ! object ( rese>*es by :i* !y h be5 conduct$ to important results1 especially z reg>ds ! num]\s & well-pres]v$ fossils ( ! ,t]ti>y =mation4 ,agassiz1 :o has exam9$ #a1gjj species ( fossil fi%es1 & :o e/imates at #h1jjj ! numb] ( liv+ species :i* h be5 describ$1 or :i* are pres]v$ 9 our collections1 affirms t1 ) ! exception ( "o small fossil fi% peculi> to ! argillace\s geodes ( ,gre5l&1 he has nev] met 9 ! ,transition1 ,second>y1 or ,t]ti>y /rata ) any example ( ?is class specifically id5tical ) any liv+ fi%2 & he adds ! important rem>k t ev5 9 ! l[] ,t]ti>y =mations a ?ird ( ! fossil fi%es ( ! calcaire grossi] & ( ! ,london clay belong to ext9ct families4 ,we h se5 t fi%es1 :i* are ! olde/ v]tebrates1 fir/ appe> 9 ! ,silurian /rata1 & are f\nd 9 all ! succe$+ =mations up to ! birds ( ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod4 ,reptiles beg9 9 l mann] 9 ! magnesian lime/one1 & if we n[ add t ! fir/ mammalia are met ) 9 ,oolite1 ! ,/onefield slate2 & t ! fir/ rema9s ( birds h be5 f\nd 9 ! deposits ( ! cretace\s p]iod1 we %all h indicat$ ! inf]ior limits1 accord+ to our pres5t k1 ( ! f\r great divisions ( ! v]tebrates4 ,9 reg>d to inv]tebrate animals1 we f9d corals & "s %ells associat$ 9 ! olde/ =mations ) v highly organis$ cephalopodes & cru/aceans1 s t widely diff]5t ord]s ( ?is "p ( ! animal k+dom appe> int]m+l$2 !re are1 nev]!less1 _m isolat$ gr\ps belong+ to ! same ord] 9 :i* det]m9ate laws are discov]able4 ,:ole m\nta9s are sometimes f\nd to consi/ ( a s+le species ( fossil goniatites1 trilobites1 or nummulites4 ,:]e diff]5t g5]a are int]m+l$1 !re (t5 exi/s a sy/ematic relation betwe5 ! s]ies ( organic =ms & ! sup]position ( ! =mations2 & x has be5 rem>k$ t ! association ( c]ta9 families & species foll[s a regul> law 9 ! sup]impos$ /rata ( :i* ! :ole con/itutes "o =mation4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! wat]s 9 ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ! globe 7 inhabit$ at ! same epo*s by te/ace\s animals correspond+1 at lea/ 9 g5]ic "*1 ) ,european fossils4 ,/rata def9$ by _! fossil cont5ts1 or by ! fragm5ts ( o!r rocks :i* !y include1 =m a geological horizon by :i* ! geologi/ may recognise 8 position1 & obta9 safe conclusions 9 reg>d to ! id5tity or relative antiquity ( =mations1 ! p]iodical repetition ( c]ta9 /rata--_! p>allelism--or _! entire suppression4 ,if we w\ld ?us compreh5d 9 its greate/ simplicity ! g5]al type ( ! s$5t>y =mations1 we f9d 9 proce$+ successively f bel[ upw>ds3 7#a7 ,! ,transition gr\p1 includ+ ! ,silurian & ,devonian 7,old ,r$ ,s&/one7 sy/ems2 7#b7 ! ,l[] ,trias1 compris+ m\nta9 lime/one1 ! coal measures1 ! l[] new r$ s&/one1 & ! magnesian lime/one2 7#c7 ! ,upp] ,trias1 compos+ ! bunt]1 or v>iegat$ s&/one1 ! mus*elkalk1 & ! ,keup] s&/one2 7#d7 ! ,oolitic1 or ,jurassic s]ies1 includ+ ,lias2 7#e7 ! ,cretace\s s]ies2 7#f7 ! ,t]ti>y gr\p1 z repres5t$ 9 its ?ree /ages by ! calcaire grossi] & o!r b$s ( ! ,p>is bas91 ! lignites1 or br[n coal ( ,g]many1 & ! sub-,ap5n9e gr\p ( ,italy4 ,to ^! succe$ transport$ soils 7alluvium71 conta9+ ! gigantic bones ( anci5t mammalia1 su* z ! ma/odons1 ! d9o!rium1 & ! mega!roid animals1 among :i* is ! mylodon ( ,ow51 an animal upw>ds ( elev5 feet 9 l5g?1 alli$ to ! slo?4 ,associat$ ) ^! ext9ct species are f\nd ! fossil rema9s ( animals /ill liv+3 elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 ox51 horses1 & de]4 ,ne> ,bogota1 at an elevation ( #h1bjj ,fr5* feet above ! level ( ! sea1 !re is a field fill$ ) ! bones ( ma/odon 7,campo de ,gigantes71 9 :i* ,i h _h c>eful excavations made4 ,! bones f\nd on ! table-l&s ( ,mexico belong to ! true elephants ( ext9ct species4 ,! m9or range ( ! ,himalaya1 ! ,sewalik hills1 conta91 besides num]\s ma/odons1 ! siva!rium & ! gigantic l&-tortoise 7,colosso*elys71 m ?an twelve feet 9 l5g? & six 9 height1 z well z rema9s belong+ to /ill exi/+ species ( elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 & giraffes4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t ^! fossils are f\nd 9 a zone :i* enjoys ! tropical climate suppos$ to h prevail$ at ! p]iod ( ! ma/odons4 ,v4--,! ,p]man5ce ( ,sci5ce ,x has sometimes be5 reg>d$ z a disc\rag+ consid]ation t1 :ile works ( lit]ature be+ fa/-root$ 9 ! dep?s ( human feel+1 imag9ation & reason suff] little f ! lapse ( "t1 x is o!rwise ) works :i* treat ( subjects dep5d5t on ! progress ( exp]im5tal k4 ,! improvem5t ( in/rum5ts1 & ! cont9u$ enl>gem5t ( ! field ( obs]vation1 r5d] inve/igations into natural ph5om5a & physical laws liable to become antiquat$1 to lose _! int]e/1 & to cease to be read4 ,let none :o are deeply p5etrat$ ) a true & g5u9e love ( nature1 & ) a lively appreciation ( ! true *>m & dignity ( ! /udy ( h] laws1 ev] view ) disc\ragem5t or regret t :i* is connect$ ) ! enl>gem5t ( ! b\nd>ies ( our k4 ,_m & important portions ( ?is k1 bo? z reg>ds ! ph5om5a ( ! cele/ial spaces & ^? belong+ to our own planet1 are already bas$ on f\ndations too firm to be lightly %ak52 al?\gh 9 o!r portions g5]al laws w d\btless take ! place ( ^? :i* are m limit$ 9 _! application1 new =ces w be discov]$1 & sub/ances consid]$ z simple w be decompos$1 :ile o!rs w become kn[n4 ,,james ,,hutton ,! ,!ory ( ! ,e>? ,james ,hutton1 ! notable ,scot* geologi/1 0 born at ,ed9burgh on ,june #c1 #agbf4 ,9 #agdc he 0 appr5tic$ to a ,writ] to ! ,signet2 b 8 appr5tice%ip 0 ( %ort duration & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he began to /udy m$ic9e at ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity1 & 9 #agdi graduat$ z an ,m4,d4 ,lat] he det]m9$ to /udy agriculture1 & w5t1 9 #ageb1 to live ) a ,norfolk f>m] to le>n practical f>m+4 ,he did n devote himself entirely to agriculture1 b gave a consid]able am\nt ( 8 "t to *emical & geological rese>*es4 ,8 geological rese>*es culm9at$ 9 8 great "w1 ,! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 publi%$ at ,ed9burgh 9 #agie4 ,9 ?is "w he prop\nds ! !ory t ! pres5t cont95ts h be5 =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea by ! precipitation ( ! detritus ( =m] cont95ts1 & t ! precipitate _h be5 h>d5$ by heat & elevat$ above ! sea by ! expansive p[] ( heat4 ,he di$ on ,m>* #bf1 #agig4 ,o!r works are 8 ,!ory ( ,ra91 ,elem5ts ( ,agriculture1 ,natural ,philosophy1 & ,nature ( ,coal4 ,i4--,orig9 & ,consolidation ( ! ,l& ,! solid surface ( ! e>? is ma9ly compos$ ( gravel1 ( calc>e\s1 & argillace\s /rata4 ,s& is sep>at$ by /reams & curr5ts1 gravel is =m$ by ! attrition ( /ones agitat$ 9 wat]1 & argillace\s /rata are deposit$ by wat] conta9+ argillace\s mat]ial4 ,accord+ly1 ! solid e>? w\ld seem to h be5 ma9ly produc$ by wat]1 w9d1 & tides1 & ?is !ory is confirm$ by ! discov]y t all ! masses ( m>ble & lime/one are compos$ ( ! calc>e\s matt] ( m>9e bodies4 ,all ^! mat]ials 71 9 ! fir/ place1 deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & we h to consid]1 fir/ly1 h[ !y 7 consolidat$2 & secondly1 h[ !y came to be dry l&1 elevat$ above ! sea4 ,x is pla9 t consolidation may h be5 effect$ ei!r ?r\gh ! concretion ( sub/ances dissolv$ 9 wat] or ?r\gh fusion by fire4 ,consolidation ?r\gh ! concretion ( sub/ances dissolv$ 9 ! sea is unlikely1 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 !re are /rata1 su* z silice\s matt]1 :i* are insoluble1 & :i* c\ld n !re=e h be5 9 solution2 &1 9 ! second place1 ! appe>ance ( ! /rata is contr>y to ?is supposition4 ,consolidation 0 probably effect$ by heat & fusion4 ,all ! sub/ances 9 ! e>? may be r5d]$ fluid by heat1 & all ! appe>ances 9 ! e>?'s cru/ are consi/5t ) ! consolidation & cry/allisation ( fus$ sub/ances4 ,n only s1 b we f9d r5ts & sep>ations & ve9s 9 ! /rata1 su* z w\ld naturally occur 9 /rata consolidat$ by ! cool+ ( fus$ masses1 & o!r ph5om5a po9t+ to fusion by heat4 ,we may conclude1 !n1 t all ! solid /rata ( ! globe h be5 h>d5$ f a /ate ( fusion4 ,b h[ 7 ^! /rata rais$ up f ! bottom ( ! sea & trans=m$ into dry l&8 ,ev5 z heat 0 ! consolidat+ p[]1 s heat 0 also probably ! elevat+ p[]4 ,! p[] ( heat = ! expansion ( bodies is1 z we "k1 unlimit$1 & ! expansive p[] ( heat 0 c]ta9ly compet5t to raise ! /rata above ! sea4 ,heat 0 c]ta9ly compet5t1 & if we exam9e ! cru/ ( ! e>? we f9d evid5ce t heat 0 us$4 ,if ! /rata cem5t$ by ! heat ( fusion 7 creat$ by ! expansive p[] ( heat act+ f bel[1 we %\ld expect to f9d e species ( fracture1 dislocation1 & contortion 9 ^? bodies1 & e degree ( dep>ture f a horizontal t[>ds a v]tical position4 ,& ?is is j :at we d f9d4 ,f horizontal1 ! /rata are frequ5tly f\nd v]tical2 f cont9u\s1 brok51 & sep>at$ 9 e possible direction2 & f a plane1 b5t & d\bl$4 ,! !ory is confirm$ by an exam9ation ( ! ve9s & fissures ( ! e>? :i* conta9 matt] =eign to ! /rata !y trav]se1 & evid5tly =c$ into !m z a fluid "u great pressure4 ,active volcanoes1 & ext9ct volcanoes1 & ! m>ks ev]y:]e ( volcanic action likewise support ! !ory ( expansion & elevation by heat4 ,a volcano is n made on purpose to fright5 sup]/iti\s p into fits ( piety & devotion2 x is to be consid]$ z a spiracle ( a subt]ranean furnace4 ,su* be+ ! mann] ( ! =mation ( ! cru/ ( ! _w1 c we =m any judgm5t ( its duration & durability8 ,if we c\ld measure ! rate ( ! attrition ( ! pres5t cont95ts1 we might e/imate ! duration ( ! old] cont95ts ^: attrition suppli$ ! mat]ial = ! pres5t dry l&4 ,b z we _c measure ! we>+-away ( ! l&1 we c m]ely /ate g5]ally1 fir/1 t ! pres5t dry l& requir$ an indef9itely long p]iod = its =mation2 second1 t ! previ\s dry l& :i* suppli$ mat]ial = its =mation requir$ equal "t to make2 ?ird1 t !re is at pres5t l& =m+ at ! bottom ( ! sea :i* 9 "t w appe> above ! surface2 f\r?1 t we f9d no ve/ige ( a beg9n+1 or ( an end4 ,granite has 9 its own nature no claim to orig9ality1 = x is f\nd to v>y greatly 9 its composition4 ,b1 fur!r1 x is c]ta9 t granite1 or a species ( ! same k9d ( /one1 is f\nd /ratifi$4 ,x is ! granit feuillete ( ,m4 de ,sauffure1 &1 if ,i mi/ake n1 is call$ gneiss by ! ,g]mans4 ,granite be+ ?us f\nd /ratifi$1 ! masses ( ?is /one _c be all[$ to any "r ( priority ov] ! s*i/us1 its companion 9 ,alp9e c\ntries4 ,lack ( /ratification1 !n1 _c be consid]$ a pro( ( primitive rock4 ,nor c lack ( organiz$ bodies1 su* z %ells1 9 ^! rocks1 be consid]$ a pro(2 = ! traces ( organiz$ bodies may be oblit]at$ by ! _m subsequ5t op]ations ( ! m9]al region4 ,9 any case1 signs ( organiz$ bodies are sometimes f\nd 9 primitive m\nta9s4 ,nor c metallic ve9s1 f\nd pl5tifully 9 primitive m\nta9s1 prove any?+1 = m9]al ve9s are f\nd 9 v>i\s /rata4 ,we ma9ta9 t all ! l& 0 produc$ f fus$ sub/ances elevat$ f ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,b we d n hold t all p>ts ( ! e>? h und]gone exactly simil> & simultane\s vicissitudes2 & 9 respect to ! *anges :i* v>i\s p>ts ( ! l& h und]gone we may di/+ui% betwe5 prim>y & second>y /rata4 ,no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t !re h be5 sev]al repeat$ op]ations ( ! m9]alis+ p[] ex]t$ ^u ! /rata 9 p>ticul> places1 & all ^? m9]al op]ations t5d to consolidation4 ,x is q possible t primitive masses :i* diff] f ! ord9>y /rata ( ! globe h be5 twice subject$ to m9]al op]ations1 hav+ be5 fir/ consolidat$ & rais$ z l&1 & !n subm]g$ 9 ord] to be aga9 fus$ & elevat$4 ,,ii4--,! ,nature ( ,m9]al ,coal ,m9]al1 or fossil1 coal is a species ( /ratum di/+ui%$ by its inflammable & combu/ible nature4 ,we f9d t x diff]s 9 respect to its purity1 & also 9 respect to its inflammability4 ,z is well kn[n1 "s coals h almo/ no e>?y a%1 "s a great deal2 &1 aga91 "s coals burn ) mu* smoke & fire1 :ile o!rs burn l coke4 ,:]e1 !n1 did coal come f1 & h[ c we acc\nt = its diff]5t species8 ,a sub/ance prop] = ! =mation ( coaly matt] is f\nd 9 vegetable bodies4 ,b h[ did x become mix$ ) e>?y matt]8 ,vegetable bodies may be resolv$ into bitum9\s or coaly matt] ei!r by means ( fire or by means ( wat]4 ,bo? may be us$ by nature 9 ! =mation ( coal4 ,by ! =ce ( subt]ranean heat vegetable matt] may h be5 *>r$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & ! oleag9\s1 bitum9\s1 & fulig9\s sub/ances diffus$ ?r\gh ! sea z a result ( ! burn+ may h be5 deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea z coal4 ,fur!r1 ! bitum9\s matt] f ! smoke ( vegetable sub/ances burn$ on l& w\ld ultimately be deposit$ f ! atmosph]e & settle at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,_m ( ! riv]s conta9 9 solution an imm5se quantity ( inflammable vegetable sub/ance1 & ?is is c>ri$ into ! sea1 & precipitat$ !re4 ,f ^! two s\rces1 !n1 ! sea gets bitum9\s mat]ial1 & ?is mat]ial1 cond5s$ & consolidat$ by compression & by heat1 at ! bottom ( ! sea1 w\ld =m a black body ( a mo/ uni=m /ructure1 break+ ) a poli%$ surface1 & burn+ ) m or less smoke or flame 9 proportion z x be di/ill$ less or m by subt]ranean heat4 ,& su* a body exactly repres5ts our pure/ fossil coal1 :i* gives ! mo/ heat & leaves ! lea/ a%4 ,9 "s cases ! bitum9\s mat]ial 9 susp5sion 9 ! sea w\ld be mix$ m or less ) argillace\s1 calc>e\s1 & o!r e>?y sub/ances2 & ^! be+ precipitat$ along ) ! bitum9\s matt] w\ld =m lay]s ( impure coal ) a consid]able am\nt ( a%4 ,b !re is /ill a ?ird s\rce ( coal4 ,vegetable bodies mac]at$ 9 wat]1 & consolidat$ by compression1 =m a body almo/ indi/+ui%able f "s species ( coal1 z is se5 9 peat compress$ "u a great load ( e>?2 & !re c be no d\bt t coal sometimes orig9ates 9 ?is way1 = mu* fossil coal %[s abundance ( vegetable bodies 9 its composition4 ,!re rema9s only to consid] ! *ange 9 ! disposition ( coal /rata4 ,coal /rata1 :i* _h be5 orig9ally 9 a horizontal position1 are n[ f\nd sometimes /&+ erect1 ev5 p]p5dicul>4 ,?is1 also1 is consi/5t ) our !ory ( ! e>?4 ,inde$1 !re is n a sub/ance 9 ! m9]al k+dom 9 :i* ! action ( subt]ranean heat is bett] %[n4 ,^! /rata are evid5tly a deposit ( inflammable sub/ances :i* all come orig9ally f vegetable bodies4 ,9 ?is /age ( _! =mation !y mu/ all conta9 volatile oleag9\s con/itu5ts4 ,b "s coal /rata conta9 no volatile con/itu5ts1 & ! disappe>ance ( ! volatile oleag9\s sub/ances mu/ h be5 produc$ by di/illation1 proce$+ p]haps "u ! re/ra9+ =ce ( imm5se compression4 ,we _c d\bt t su* di/illation does take place 9 ! m9]al regions1 :5 we consid] t 9 mo/ places ( ! e>? we f9d ! evid5t effects ( su* di/illation 9 ! naph?a & petroleum t are con/antly emitt$ along ) wat] 9 c]ta9 spr+s4 ,we h1 !re=e1 suffici5t pro( ( ?is op]ation ( di/illation4 ,,iii4--,! ,dis9tegration & ,dissolution ( ,l& ,:e!r we exam9e ! m\nta9 or ! pla91 :e!r we consid] ! dis9tegration ( ! rocks or ! s(t] /rata ( ! e>?1 :e!r we reg>d ! %ores ( seas or ! c5tral pla9s ( cont95ts1 :e!r we contemplate f]tile l&s or des]ts1 we f9d evid5ce ( a g5]al dissolution & decay ( ! solid surface ( ! globe4 ,e great riv] & deep valley gives evid5ce ( ! attrition ( ! l&4 ,! purpose ( ! dry l& is to su/a9 a sy/em ( plants & animals2 & = ?is purpose a soil is requir$1 & to make a soil ! solid /rata mu/ be crumbl$ d[n4 ,! e>? is no?+ m ?an an indef9ite numb] ( soils & situations suitable = v>i\s animals & plants1 & x mu/ consi/ ( bo? solid rock & t5d] e>?1 ( bo? moi/ & dry di/ricts2 = all ^! are requisite = ! _w we inhabit4 ,b n only is ! solid rock crumbl+ into soil by ! action ( air & wat]1 b ! soil gradually progresses t[>ds ! sea1 & soon] or lat] ! sea mu/ swall[ up ! l&4 ,vegetation & masses ( solid rock ret>d ! seaw>d fl[ ( ! soil2 b !y m]ely ret>d1 !y _c :olly prev5t4 ,9 proportion z ! m\nta9s are dim9i%$1 ! haugh1 or pla91 betwe5 !m gr[s m wide1 & also on a l[] level2 b :ile !re is a riv] runn+ on a pla91 & floods produc$ 9 ! seasons ( ra91 !re is no?+ /able 9 ! con/itution ( ! surface ( ! l&4 ,! !ory ( ! e>? :i* ,i prop\nd is f\nd$ ^u ! great cata/rophes t c happ5 to ! e>?4 ,x supposes /rata rais$ f ! bottom ( ! sea & elevat$ into m\nta9\s cont95ts4 ,b1 betwe5 ! cata/rophes1 x requires no?+ fur!r ?an ! ord9>y ev]yday effects ( air & wat]4 ,e %[] ( ra91 e /ream1 p>ticipates 9 ! dissolution ( ! l&1 & helps to transport to ! sea ! mat]ial = future cont95ts4 ,! prodigi\s wa/e ( ! l& we see 9 places has seem$ to "s to require "s o!r explanation2 b ,i ma9ta9 t ! natural op]ations ( air & wat] w\ld suffice 9 "t to produce ! effects obs]v$4 ,x is true t ! wa/age w\ld be sl[2 b sl[ de/ruction ( rock ) gradual =mation ( soil is j :at is requir$ 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,a _w su/a9+ plants & animals requires cont95ts :i* endure = m ?an a day4 ,if ?is cont95t ( l&1 fir/ collect$ 9 ! sea1 is to rema9 a habitable e>?1 & to resi/ ! mov+ wat]s ( ! globe1 c]ta9 degrees ( solidity or consolidation mu/ be giv5 to t collection ( loose mat]ials2 & c]ta9 degrees ( h>dness mu/ be giv5 to bodies :i* are s(t & incoh]5t1 & consequ5tly s extremely p]i%able 9 ! situation 9 :i* !y are n[ plac$4 ,b1 at ! same "t t ?is e>? mu/ h solidity & h>dness to resi/ ! sudd5 *anges :i* its mov+ fluids w\ld occasion1 x mu/ be made subject to decay & wa/e ^u ! surface expos$ to ! atmosph]e2 = su* an e>? z 7 made incapable ( *ange1 or n subject to decay1 w\ld n af=d t f]tile soil :i* is requir$ 9 ! sy/em ( ?is _w--a soil on :i* dep5ds ! gr[? ( plants & life ( animals--! end ( its int5tion4 ,n[1 we f9d ?is e>? endu$ precisely ) su* degree ( h>dness & consolidation z qualifies x at ! same "t to be a fruitful e>?1 & to ma9ta9 its /ation ) all ! p]man5cy compatible ) ! nature ( ?+s1 :i* are n =m$ to rema9 un*angeable4 ,?us we h a view ( ! mo/ p]fect wisdom 9 ! contrivance ( t con/itution by :i* ! e>? is made to answ]1 9 ! be/ mann] possible1 ! purpose ( its int5tion1 t is1 to ma9ta9 & p]petuate a sy/em ( vegetation1 or ! v>i\s races ( useful plants1 or a sy/em ( liv+ animals1 :i* are 9 _! turn subs]vi5t to a sy/em /ill inf9itely m important--,i mean a sy/em ( intellect4 ,)\t f]tility 9 ! e>?1 _m races ( plants & animals w\ld soon p]i%1 or be ext9ct2 & ) p]man5cy 9 our l& x 7 impossible = ! v>i\s tribes ( plants & animals to be disp]s$ ov] ! surface ( a *ang+ e>?4 ,! fact is t f]tility1 adequate to ! v>i\s ends 9 view1 is f\nd 9 all ! qu>t]s ( ! _w1 or 9 e c\ntry ( ! e>?2 & ! p]man5cy ( our l& is su* z to make x appe> unalt]able to mank9d 9 g5]al & ev5 to impose ^u m5 ( sci5ce1 :o h endeav\r$ to p]suade u t ?is e>? is n to *ange4 ,no?+ b supreme p[] & wisdom c\ld h reconcil$ ^? two opposite ends ( int5tion1 s z bo? to be equally pursu$ 9 ! sy/em ( nature1 & s equally atta9$ z to be imp]ceptible to common obs]vation1 & at ! same "t a prop] object ( ! human und]/&+4 ,,lam>ck ,zoological ,philosophy ,jean ,bapti/e de ,monet1 ,*evali] de ,lam>ck1 0 born 9 ,pic>dy1 ,france1 ,aug4 ,i1 #agdd1 ! cadet ( an anci5t b impov]i%$ h\se4 ,x 0 8 fa!r's desire t he %\ld ent] ! ,*ur*1 b 8 incl9ation 0 = a milit>y life2 & hav+1 at ! age ( sev5te51 jo9$ ! ,fr5* army "u ,de ,broglie1 he _h )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! good =tune s to di/+ui% himself z to w9 8 commission4 ,:5 ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 0 br\ght into exi/5ce 9 #agid he 0 suffici5tly well-kn[n z a naturali/ to be entru/$ ) ! c>e ( ! collections ( inv]tebrates1 compris+ insects1 molluscs1 polyps1 & worms4 ,"h he cont9u$ to lecture until 8 dea? 9 #ahbi4 ,haeckel1 classify+ him 9 ! front rank ) ,goe! & ,d>w91 attributes to him ! imp]i%able glory ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to raise ! !ory ( desc5t to ! rank ( an indep5d5t sci5tific !ory4 ,! =m ( 8 !ory 0 ann\nc$ 9 #ahja1 b 0 n giv5 9 detail to ! _w until #ahji1 by ! publication ( 8 ,zoological ,philosophy 7,philosophie ,zoologique74 ,! ,lam>ckian !ory ( ! h]$it>y transmission ( *>act]s acquir$ by use1 disuse1 etc41 has /ill a foll[+1 ?\gh x is controv]t$ by ! s*ools ( ,d>w9 & ,weissmann4 ,lam>ck di$ on ,decemb] #ah1 #ahbi4 ,i4--,! ,ladd] ( ,life ,if we look backw>ds d[n ! ladd] ( animal =ms we f9d a progressive degradation 9 ! organisation ( ! creatures compris$2 ! organisation ( _! bodies becomes simpl]1 ! numb] ( _! faculties less4 ,?is well-recognis$ fact ?r[s a light ^u ! ord] 9 :i* nature has produc$ ! animals2 b x leaves unexpla9$ ! fact t ?is gradation1 ?\gh su/a9$1 is irregul>4 ,! reason w become cle> if we consid] ! effects produc$ by ! inf9ite div]sity ( conditions 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! globe ^u ! g5]al =m1 ! limbs1 & ! v organisation ( ! animals 9 "q4 ,x w1 9 fact1 be evid5t t ! /ate 9 :i* we f9d all animals is ! product1 on ! "o h&1 ( ! gr[+ composition ( ! organisation :i* t5ds to =m a regul> gradation2 & t1 = ! re/1 x results f a multitude ( circum/ances :i* t5d cont9ually to de/roy ! regul>ity ( ! gradation 9 ! increas+ly composite nature ( ! organism4 ,n t circum/ances c effect any modification directly4 ,b *ang$ circum/ances produce *ang$ wants1 *ang$ wants *ang$ actions4 ,if ! new wants become con/ant ! animals acquire new habits1 :i* are no less con/ant ?an ! wants :i* gave rise to !m4 ,& su* new habits w necessitate ! use ( "o memb] r ?an ano!r1 or ev5 ! cessation ( ! use ( a memb] :i* has lo/ its utility4 ,we w look at "s famili> examples ( ei!r case4 ,among vegetables1 :i* h no actions1 & !re=e no habits prop]ly s call$1 great diff]5ces 9 ! developm5t ( ! p>ts d none ! less arise z a consequ5ce ( *ang$ circum/ances2 & ^! diff]5ces cause ! developm5t ( c]ta9 ( !m1 :ile !y att5uate o!rs & cause !m to disappe>4 ,b all ?is is caus$ by *anges 9 ! nutrition ( ! plant1 9 its absorptions & transpirations1 9 ! quantity ( heat & light1 ( air & moi/ure1 :i* x habitually receives2 &1 la/ly1 by ! sup]iority :i* c]ta9 ( its vital movem5ts may ass]t ov] ! o!rs4 ,!re may arise betwe5 individuals ( ! same species1 ( :i* "s are plac$ 9 fav\rable1 o!rs amid unfav\rable1 conditions1 a diff]5ce :i* by degrees becomes v notable4 ,suppose t circum/ances keep c]ta9 individuals 9 an ill-n\ri%$ or languid /ate4 ,_! int]nal organisation w at l5g? be modifi$1 & ^! individuals w eng5d] (fspr+ :i* w p]petuate ! modifications ?us acquir$1 & ?us w 9 ! end give place to a race q di/9ct f t ( :i* ! individual memb]s come toge!r always "u circum/ances fav\rable to _! developm5t4 ,= in/ance1 if a se$ ( "s mead[ fl[] is c>ri$ to dry & /ony gr\nd1 :]e x is expos$ to ! w9ds & !re g]m9ates1 ! consequ5ce w be t ! plant & its imm$iate (fspr+1 be+ always ill-n\ri%$1 w give rise to a race really diff]5t f t :i* lives 9 ! field2 yet ?is1 none ! less1 w be its prog5itor4 ,! individuals ( ?is race w be dw>f$2 & _! organs1 "s be+ increas$ at ! exp5se ( ! re/1 w %[ di/9ctive proportions4 ,:at nature does 9 a long "t we d e day ourselves4 ,e botani/ kn[s t ! vegetables transplant$ to our g>d5s out ( _! native soil und]go su* *anges z r5d] !m at la/ unrecognisable4 ,consid]1 aga91 ! v>ieties among our dome/ic f[ls & pigeons1 all ( !m br\ght into exi/5ce by be+ rais$ 9 div]se circum/ances & diff]5t c\ntries1 & su* z might be s\ght 9 va9 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,x is matt] ( common k t if we raise a bird 9 a cage1 & keep x !re = five or six ye>s1 x w be unable to fly if re/or$ to lib]ty4 ,!re has1 inde$1 be5 no *ange z yet 9 ! =m ( its memb]s2 b if = a long s]ies ( g5]ations individuals ( ! same race _h be5 kept cag$ = a consid]able "t1 !re is no room = d\bt t ! v =m ( _! limbs w\ld little by little h und]gone notable alt]ation4 ,mu* m w\ld ?is be ! case if _! captivity _h be5 accompani$ by a m>k$ *ange ( climate1 & if ^! individuals _h by degrees accu/om$ !mselves to o!r sorts ( food & to o!r measures = acquir+ x4 ,su* circum/ances1 tak5 con/antly toge!r1 w\ld h =m$ ins5sibly a new & cle>ly d5n$ race4 ,! foll[+ example %[s1 9 reg>d to plants1 h[ ! *ange ( "s important circum/ance may t5d to *ange ! v>i\s p>ts ( ^! liv+ bodies4 ,s long z ! ranunculus aquatilis1 ! wat] butt]cup1 is "u wat] its leaves are all f9ely ind5t$1 & ! divisions are furni%$ ) capill>ies2 b z soon z ! /alk ( ! plant rea*es ! surface ! leaves1 :i* develop 9 ! air1 are broad5$ out1 r\nd$1 & simply lob$4 ,if ! plant manages to spr+ up 9 a soil t is m]ely moi/1 & n cov]$ ) wat]1 ! /ems w be %ort1 & none ( ! leaves w %[ ^! ind5tations & capill>ies4 ,y h !n ! ranunculus h$]aceus1 :i* botani/s reg>d z a di/9ct species4 ,among animals *anges take place m sl[ly1 & x is !re=e m difficult to det]m9e _! cause4 ,! /ronge/ influ5ce1 no d\bt1 is t ( environm5t4 ,places f> ap>t are diff]5t1 &--:i* is too commonly ignor$--a giv5 place *anges its climate & quality ) "t1 ?\gh s sl[ly 9 respect ( human life t we attribute to x p]fect /ability4 ,h5ce x arises t we h n only extreme *anges1 b also %ad[y ones betwe5 ! extremes4 ,ev]y:]e ! ord] ( ?+s *anges s gradually t man _c obs]ve ! *ange directly1 & ! animal tribes 9 e place pres]ve _! habits = a long "t2 :5ce arises ! app>5t con/ancy ( :at we call species--a con/ancy :i* has giv5 bir? 9 u to ! idea t ^! races are z old z nature4 ,b ! surface ( ! habitable globe v>ies 9 nature1 situation1 & climate1 9 e v>iety ( degrees4 ,! naturali/ w p]ceive t j 9 proportion z ! environm5t is notably *ang$ w ! species *ange _! *>act]s4 ,x mu/ always be recognis$3 7#a7 ,t e consid]able & con/ant *ange 9 ! environm5t ( a race ( animals works a real *ange 9 _! wants4 7#b7 ,t e *ange 9 _! wants necessitates new actions to supply !m1 & consequ5tly new habits4 7#c7 ,t e new want call+ = new actions = its satisfaction affects ! animal 9 "o ( two ways4 ,ei!r x has to make m frequ5t use ( "s p>ticul> memb]1 & ?is w develop ! "p & cause x to increase 9 size2 or x mu/ employ new memb]s :i* w gr[ 9 ! animal ins5sibly 9 response to ! inw>d ye>n+ to satisfy ^! wants4 ,& ?is ,i w pres5tly prove f kn[n facts4 ,h[ ! new wants h be5 able to atta9 satisfaction1 & h[ ! new habits h be5 acquir$1 x w be easy to see if reg>d be _h to ! two foll[+ laws1 :i* obs]vation has always confirm$4 ,,fir/ ,,law4--,9 e animal :i* has n arriv$ at ! t]m ( its developm5ts1 ! m frequ5t & su/a9$ use ( any organ /r5g!ns1 develops1 & enl>ges t organ1 & gives x a p[] comm5surate ) ! duration ( ?is employm5t ( x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 con/ant disuse ( su* organ weak5s x by degrees1 causes x to det]iorate1 & progressively dim9i%es its faculties1 s t 9 ! end x disappe>s4 ,,second ,,law4--,all qualities naturally acquir$ by individuals z ! result ( circum/ances to :i* _! race is expos$ = a consid]able "t1 or z a consequ5ce ( a pr$om9ant employm5t or ! disuse ( a c]ta9 organ1 nature pres]ves to individual (fspr+2 provid$ t ! acquir$ modifications are common to ! two sexes1 or1 at lea/1 to bo? p>5ts ( ! individual (fspr+4 ,naturali/s h obs]v$ t ! memb]s ( animals are adapt$ to _! use1 & !nce h conclud$ hi!rto t ! =mation ( ! memb]s has l$ to _! appropriate employm5t4 ,n[1 ?is is an error4 ,= obs]vation pla9ly %[s t1 on ! contr>y1 ! developm5t ( ! memb]s has be5 caus$ by _! ne$ & use2 t ^! h caus$ !m to come into exi/5ce :]e !y 7 want+4 ,b let u exam9e ! facts :i* be> ^u ! effects ( employm5t or disuse ( organs result+ f ! habits :i* a race has be5 compell$ to =m4 ,,ii4--,! ,p5alties ( ,disuse ,p]man5t disuse ( an organ z a consequ5ce ( acquir$ habits gradually impov]i%es x1 & 9 ! end causes x to disappe>1 or ev5 annihilates x altoge!r4 ,?us v]tebrates1 :i*1 9 spite ( innum]able p>ticul> di/9ctions1 are alike 9 ! plan ( _! organisation1 are g5]ally arm$ ) tee?4 ,yet ^? ( !m :i* by circum/ances h acquir$ ! habit ( swall[+ _! prey )\t ma/ication h be5 liable to leave _! tee? undevelop$4 ,consequ5tly1 ! tee? h ei!r rema9$ hidd5 betwe5 ! bony plates ( ! jaws1 or h ev5 be51 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 annihilat$4 ,! :ale 0 suppos$ to h no tee? at all till ,m4 ,ge(frey f\nd !m hidd5 9 ! jaws ( ! foetus4 ,he has also f\nd 9 birds ! groove 9 :i* tee? might be plac$1 b )\t any trace ( ! tee? !mselves4 ,a simil> case to t ( ! :ale is ! ant-eat] 7nyomecophaga71 :i* has long giv5 up ! practice ( ma/ication4 ,eyes 9 ! head are an ess5tial "p ( ! organisation ( v]tebrates4 ,yet ! mole1 :i* habitually makes no use ( ! s5se ( sight1 has eyes s small t !y c h>dly be se52 & ! aspalax1 ^: habits-resemble a mole's1 has totally lo/ its sight1 & %[s b ve/iges ( eyes4 ,s also ! proteus1 :i* inhabits d>k caves "u wat]4 ,9 su* cases1 s9ce ! animals 9 "q belong to a type ( :i* eyes are an ess5tial "p1 x is cle> t ! impov]i%m5t1 & ev5 ! total disappe>ance1 ( ^! organs are ! results ( long cont9u$ disuse4 ,) he>+1 ! case is o!rwise4 ,s\nd trav]ses ev]y?+4 ,!re=e1 :]ev] an animal dwells x may ex]cise ?is faculty4 ,& s no v]tebrate lacks x1 & we nev] f9d x re-appe>+ 9 any ( ! l[] ranges4 ,sight disappe>s1 re-appe>s1 & disappe>s aga91 accord+ z circum/ances d5y or p]mit its ex]cise4 ,f\r legs atta*$ to its skeleton are "p ( ! reptile type2 & s]p5ts1 p>ticul>ly z betwe5 !m & ! fi%es come ! batra*ians--frogs1 etc4--ought to h f\r legs4 ,b s]p5ts1 hav+ acquir$ ! habit ( glid+ along ! gr\nd1 & conceal+ !mselves amid ! grass1 _! bodies1 z a consequ5ce ( con/antly repeat$ ef=ts to l5g!n !mselves out 9 ord] to pass ?r\gh n>r[ passages1 h acquir$ consid]able l5g? ( body :i* is out ( all proportion to _! bread?4 ,n[1 feet w\ld h be5 useless to ^! animals1 & consequ5tly w\ld h rema9$ unemploy$2 = long legs w\ld h int]f]$ ) _! desire to g on _! bellies2 & %ort legs1 be+ limit$ 9 numb] to f\r1 w\ld h be5 incapable ( mov+ _! bodies4 ,?us total disuse among ^! races ( animals has caus$ ! p>ts :i* h fall5 into disuse totally to disappe>4 ,_m insects1 :i* by _! ord] & g5us %\ld h w+s1 lack !m m or less completely = simil> reasons4 ,,iii4--,! ,advantages ( ,use ,! frequ5t use ( an organ1 if con/ant & habitual1 increases its p[]s1 develops x1 & makes x acquire dim5sions & pot5cy su* z are n f\nd among animals :i* use x less4 ,( ?is pr9ciple1 ! web-feet ( "s birds1 ! long legs & neck ( ! /ork1 are examples4 ,simil>ly1 ! elongat$ tongue ( ! ant-eat]1 & ^? ( liz>ds & s]p5ts4 ,su* wants1 & ! su/a9$ ef=ts to satisfy !m1 h also result$ 9 ! displacem5t ( organs4 ,fi%es :i* swim habitually 9 great masses ( wat]1 s9ce !y ne$ to see "r & left ( !m1 h ! eyes "o ^u ei!r side ( ! head4 ,_! bodies1 m or less flat1 accord+ to species1 h _! edges p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! wat]2 & _! eyes are s plac$ z to be "o on ei!r side ( ! flatt5$ body4 ,b ^? ^: habits br+ !m con/antly to ! banks1 especially slop+ banks1 h be5 oblig$ to lie ov] ^u ! flatt5$ surface 9 ord] to approa* m ne>ly4 ,9 ?is position1 9 :i* m light falls on ! upp] ?an on ! "u surface1 & _! att5tion is m p>ticul>ly fix$ ^u :at is go+ on above ?an on :at is go+ on bel[ !m1 ?is want has =c$ "o ( ! eyes to und]go a k9d ( displacem5t1 & to keep ! /range position :i* x occupies 9 ! head ( a sole or a turbot4 ,! situation is n symmetrical because ! mutation is n complete4 ,9 ! case ( ! skate1 h[ev]1 x is complete2 = 9 ^! fi% ! transv]se flatt5+ ( ! body is q horizontal1 no less ?an t ( ! head4 ,& s ! eyes ( a skate are n only plac$ bo? ( !m on ! upp] surface1 b h become symmetrical4 ,s]p5ts ne$ pr9cipally to see ?+s above !m1 &1 9 response to ?is ne$1 ! eyes are plac$ s high up at ! sides ( ! head t !y c see easily :at is above !m on ei!r side1 :ile !y c see 9 front ( !m b a v little di/ance4 ,to comp5sate = ?is1 ! tongue1 ) :i* !y te/ bodies 9 _! l9e ( m>*1 has be5 r5d]$ by ?is habit ?91 long1 & v contractile1 & ev51 9 mo/ species1 has be5 split s z to be able to te/ m ?an "o object at a "t4 ,! same cu/om has result$ simil>ly 9 ! =mation ( an op5+ at ! end ( ! muzzle by :i* ! tongue may be protrud$ )\t any necessity = ! op5+ ( ! jaws4 ,! effect ( use is curi\sly illu/rat$ 9 ! =m & figure ( ! giraffe4 ,?is animal1 ! l>ge/ ( mammals1 is f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa1 :]e ! gr\nd is scor*$ & de/itute ( grass1 & has to br[se on ! foliage ( trees4 ,f ! cont9ual /ret*+ ?us necessitat$ ov] a great space ( "t 9 all ! individuals ( ! race1 x has result$ t ! =e legs h become long] ?an ! h9d legs1 & t ! neck has become s elongat$ t ! giraffe1 )\t /&+ on its h9d legs1 c raise its head to a height ( ne>ly tw5ty feet4 ,obs]vation ( all animals w furni% simil> examples4 ,none1 p]haps1 is m /rik+ ?an t ( ! kang>oo4 ,?is animal1 :i* c>ries its "y 9 an abdom9al p\*1 has acquir$ ! habit ( c>ry+ itself upright ^u its h9d legs & tail1 & ( mov+ f place to place 9 a s]ies ( leaps1 dur+ :i*1 9 ord] n to hurt its little ones1 x pres]ves its upright po/ure4 ,obs]ve ! result4 7#a7 ,its front limbs1 :i* x uses v little1 re/+ on !m only 9 ! in/ant dur+ :i* x quits its erect po/ure1 h nev] acquir$ a developm5t 9 proportion to ! o!r p>ts2 !y h rema9$ ?91 little1 & weak4 7#b7 ,! h9d legs1 almo/ cont9ually 9 action1 :e!r to be> ! weight ( ! :ole body or to execute its leaps1 h1 on ! contr>y1 obta9$ a consid]able developm5t2 !y are v big & v /rong4 7#c7 ,f9ally1 ! tail1 :i* we obs]ve to be actively employ$1 bo? to support ! animal's weight & to execute its pr9cipal movem5ts1 has acquir$ at its base a ?ickness & a /r5g? t are extremely rem>kable4 ,:5 ! w det]m9es an animal to a c]ta9 action1 ! organs conc]n$ are =?) /imulat$ by a fl[ ( subtle fluids1 :i* are ! det]m9+ cause ( organic *anges & developm5ts4 ,& multipli$ repetitions ( su* acts /r5g!n1 ext5d1 & ev5 call into be+ ! organs necess>y to !m4 ,n[1 e *ange 9 an organ :i* has be5 acquir$ by habitual use suffici5t to orig9ate x is reproduc$ 9 ! (fspr+ if x is common to bo? ! individuals :i* h come toge!r = ! reproduction ( _! species4 ,9 ! end1 ?is *ange is propagat$ & passes to all ! individuals :i* come aft] & are submitt$ to ! same conditions1 )\t its be+ necess>y t !y %\ld acquire x 9 ! orig9al mann]4 ,= ! re/1 9 ! union ( disp>ate c\ples1 ! disp>ity is necess>ily oppos$ to ! con/ant propagation ( su* qualities & outw>d =ms4 ,?is is :y man1 :o is expos$ to su* div]sity ( conditions1 does n pres]ve & propagate ! qualities or ! accid5tal defects :i* he has be5 9 ! way ( acquir+4 ,su* peculi>ities w be produc$ only 9 case two individuals :o %>e !m unite2 ^! w produce (fspr+ be>+ simil> *>act]i/ics1 &1 if successive g5]ations re/rict !mselves to simil> unions1 a di/9ct race w !n be =m$4 ,b p]petual int]mixture w cause all *>act]s acquir$ ?r\gh p>ticul> circum/ances to disappe>4 ,if x 7 n = ! di/ances :i* sep>ate ! races ( m51 su* int]mixture w\ld quickly oblit]ate all national di/9ctions4 ,,iv4--,! ,conclusion ,"h1 !n1 is ! conclusion to :i* we h come4 ,x is a fact t e g5us & species ( animal has its *>act]i/ic habits comb9$ ) an organisation p]fectly 9 h>mony ) !m4 ,f ! consid]ation ( ?is fact "o ( two conclusions mu/ foll[1 & t ?\gh nei!r ( !m c be prov$4 7#a7 ,! conclusion admitt$ hi!rto--t nature 7or its ,au?or7 9 creat+ ! animals has =ese5 all ! possible sets ( circum/ances 9 :i* !y w\ld h to live1 has giv5 to ea* species a con/ant organisation1 & has %ap$ its p>ts 9 a det]m9$ & inv>iable way s t e species is compell$ to live 9 ! di/ricts & ! climates :]e x is actually =m$1 & to keep ! habits by :i* x is actually kn[n4 7#b7 ,my own conclusion--t nature has produc$ 9 succession all ! animal species1 beg9n+ ) ! m imp]fect1 or ! simpl]1 & end+ ) ! m p]fect2 t 9 s do+ x has gradually complicat$ _! organisation2 & t ( ^! animals1 disp]s$ ov] ! habitable globe1 e species has acquir$1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! circum/ances amid :i* x is f\nd1 ! habits & modifications ( =m :i* we associate ) x4 ,to prove t ! second ( ^! hypo!ses is unf\nd$1 x w be necess>y1 fir/1 to prove t ! surface ( ! globe nev] v>ies 9 "*1 9 exposure1 situation1 :e!r elevat$ or %elt]$1 climate1 etc42 &1 secondly1 to prove t no "p ( ! animal _w und]goes1 ev5 9 ! c\rse ( long p]iods ( "t1 any modification ?r\gh *ange ( circum/ances1 or z a consequ5ce ( a *ang$ mann] ( life & action4 ,n[1 a s+le fact :i* e/abli%es t an animal1 aft] a long p]iod ( dome/ication1 diff]s f ! wild /ock f :i* x d]ives1 & t among ! v>i\s dome/icat$ memb]s ( a species may be f\nd diff]5ces no less m>k$ betwe5 individuals :i*1 h be5 subject$ to "o use & ^? :i* h be5 subject$ to ano!r1 makes x c]ta9 t ! =m] conclusion is n consi/5t ) ! laws ( nature1 & t ! second is4 ,ev]y?+1 !re=e1 concurs to prove my ass]tion1 to wit--t x is n =m1 :e!r ( ! body or ( ! p>ts1 :i* gives rise to ! habits ( animals & _! mann] ( life2 b t1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! habits1 ! mann] ( liv+1 & all ! o!r circum/ances ( environm5t1 we h ^? ?+s :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t h built up animal bodies ) all _! memb]s4 ,) new =ms new faculties h be5 acquir$1 & little by little nature has come to %ape animals & all liv+ ?+s 9 _! pres5t =ms4 ,,johann ,,lavat] ,physiognomical ,fragm5ts ,johann ,casp> ,lavat]1 ! ,swiss !ologian1 poet1 & physiognomi/1 0 born at ,zri* on ,novemb] #ae1 #agda4 ,he began 8 public life at ! age ( tw5ty-"o z a political re=m]4 ,five ye>s lat] he appe>$ z a poet1 & publi%$ a volume ( poetry :i* 0 v fav\rably receiv$4 ,dur+ ! next five ye>s he produc$ a religi\s "w1 :i* 0 consid]$ h]etical1 al?\gh its my/ic1 religi\s en?usiasm appeal$ to a consid]able audi5ce4 ,8 fame1 h[ev]1 re/s nei!r on 8 poetry nor on 8 !ology1 b on 8 physiognomical /udies1 publi%$ 9 f\r volumes betwe5 #agge-gh "u ! title ,physiognomical ,fragm5ts = ! ,advancem5t ( ,human ,k & ,human ,life 7,physiognomis*e ,fragm5te zur ,befrd]ung des ,m5s*5k5ntniss und ,m5s*5liebe74 ,! book is diffuse & inconsequ5t1 b x conta9s _m %rewd obs]vations ) respect to physiognomy & has _h no little influ5ce on popul> op9ion 9 ?is matt]4 ,lavat] di$ on ,janu>y #b1 #ahja4 ,i4--,! ,tru? ( ,physiognomy ,!re c be no d\bt ( ! tru? ( physiognomy4 ,all c\nt5ances1 all =ms1 all creat$ be+s1 are n only diff]5t f ea* o!r 9 _! classes1 races1 k9ds1 b are also individually di/9ct4 ,x is indisputable t all m5 e/imate all ?+s :atev] by _! ext]nal tempor>y sup]ficies--t is to say1 by _! physiognomy4 ,is n all nature physiognomy1 sup]ficies & cont5ts1 body & _s1 ext]nal effect & int]nal p[]8 ,!re is n a man :o does n judge ( all ?+s t pass ?r\gh 8 h&s by _! physiognomy--!re is n a man :o does n m or less1 ! fir/ "t he is 9 company ) a /rang]1 obs]ve1 e/imate1 comp>e1 judge him accord+ to appe>ances4 ,:5 ea* apple1 ea* apricot1 has a physiognomy peculi> to itself1 %all man1 ! "l ( ! e>?1 h none8 ,man is ! mo/ p]fect ( all e>?ly creatures4 ,9 no o!r creature are s wond]fully unit$ ! animal1 ! intellectual1 & ! moral4 ,& man's organisation peculi>ly di/+ui%es him f all o!r be+s1 & %[s him to be inf9itely sup]ior to all ^? o!r visible organisms by :i* he is surr\nd$4 ,8 head1 especially 8 face1 conv9ces ! accurate obs]v]1 :o is capable ( inve/igat+ tru?1 ( ! greatness & sup]iority ( 8 intellectual qualities4 ,! eye1 ! expression1 ! *eeks1 ! m\?1 ! =ehead1 :e!r consid]$ 9 a /ate ( entire re/1 or dur+ _! innum]able v>ieties ( motion--9 f9e1 :atev] is und]/ood by physiognomy--are ! mo/ expressive1 ! mo/ conv9c+ picture ( int]ior s5sations1 desires1 passions1 w1 & ( all ^? prop]ties :i* s mu* exalt moral above animal life4 ,al?\gh ! physiological1 intellectual1 & moral are unit$ 9 man1 yet x is pla9 t ea* ( ^! has its peculi> /ation :]e x m especially unfolds itself & acts4 ,x is1 beyond contradiction1 evid5t t1 ?\gh physiological or animal life displays itself ?r\gh all ! body1 & especially ?r\gh all ! animal p>ts1 yet x acts m conspicu\sly 9 ! arm1 f ! %\ld] to ! ends ( ! f+]s4 ,x is n less evid5t t intellectual life1 or ! p[]s ( ! und]/&+ & ! m9d1 make !mselves mo/ app>5t 9 ! circumf]5ce & =m ( ! solid p>ts ( ! head1 especially ! =ehead2 ?\gh !y w discov] !mselves to ! att5tive & accurate eye 9 e "p & po9t ( ! human body1 by ! cong5iality & h>mony ( ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,is !re any occasion to prove t ! p[] ( ?9k+ resides n 9 ! foot1 nor 9 ! h&1 nor 9 ! back1 b 9 ! head & its int]nal p>ts8 ,! moral life ( man p>ticul>ly reveals itself 9 ! l9es1 m>ks1 & transitions ( ! c\nt5ance4 ,8 moral p[]s & desires1 8 irritability1 sympa?y1 & antipa?y1 8 facility ( attract+ or repell+ ! objects t surr\nd him--^! are all summ$ up 91 & pa9t$ ^u1 8 c\nt5ance :5 at re/4 ,n only d m5tal & moral traits ev9ce !mselves 9 ! physiognomy1 b also heal? & sickness2 & ,i believe t by repeat$ly exam9+ ! firm p>ts & outl9es ( ! bodies & c\nt5ances ( ! sick1 disease might be diagnos$1 & ev5 t liability to disease might be pr$ict$ 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,! same vital p[]s t make ! he>t beat & ! f+]s move1 ro( ! skull & ar* ! f+]-nails4 ,f ! head to ! back1 f ! %\ld] to ! arm1 f ! arm to ! h&1 f ! h& to ! f+]1 ea* dep5ds on ! o!r1 & all on a det]m9ate effect ( a det]m9ate p[]4 ,?r\gh all nature ea* det]m9ate p[] is productive ( only su* & su* det]m9ate effects4 ,! f+] ( "o body is n adapt$ to ! h& ( ano!r body4 ,! blood 9 ! extremity ( ! f+] has ! "* ( ! blood 9 ! he>t4 ,! same cong5iality is f\nd 9 ! n]ves & 9 ! bones4 ,"o _s lives 9 all4 ,ea* memb] ( ! body1 too1 is 9 proportion to ! :ole ( :i* x is a "p4 ,z f ! l5g? ( ! smalle/ memb]1 ! smalle/ jo9t ( ! f+]1 ! proportion ( ! :ole1 ! l5g? & bread? ( ! body may be f\nd2 s also may ! =m ( ! :ole be f\nd f ! =m ( ea* s+le "p4 ,:5 ! head is long1 all is long2 :5 ! head is r\nd1 all is r\nd2 :5 ! head is squ>e1 all is squ>e4 ,"o =m1 "o m9d1 "o root app]ta9 to all4 ,ea* organis$ body is s mu* a :ole t1 )\t discord1 de/ruction1 or de=mity1 no?+ c be add$ or subtract$4 ,^?1 !re=e1 :o ma9ta9 t conclusion _c be drawn f a "p to ! :ole lab\r "u error1 fail+ to compreh5d ! h>mony ( nature4 ,,ii4--,physiognomy & ! ,features ,! ,=ehead4 ,! =m1 height1 ar*+1 proportion1 obliquity1 & position ( ! skull1 or bone ( ! =ehead1 %[ ! prop5sity ( ?\ght1 p[] ( ?\ght1 & s5sibility ( man4 ,! position1 col\r1 wr9kles1 t5sion ( ! sk9 ( ! =ehead1 %[ ! passions & pres5t /ate ( ! m9d4 ,! bones indicate ! p[]1 ! sk9 ! application ( p[]4 ,i consid] ! outl9e & position ( ! =ehead to be ! mo/ important feature 9 physiognomy4 ,we may divide =eheads into ?ree pr9cipal classes--! retreat+1 ! p]p5dicul>1 & ! project+1 & ea* ( ^! classes has a multitude ( v>iations4 ,a few facts ) respect to =eheads may n[ be giv54 ,! high] ! =ehead1 ! m compreh5sion & ! less activity4 ,! m compress$1 %ort1 & firm ! =ehead1 ! m compression & firmness1 & ! less volatility 9 ! man4 ,! m curv$ & corn]less ! outl9e1 ! m t5d] & flexible ! "*2 & ! m rectil9e>1 ! m p]t9aci\s & sev]e ! "*4 ,p]fect p]p5dicul>ity implies lack ( und]/&+1 b g5tly ar*$ at top1 capacity = cold1 tranquil1 pr(\nd ?\ght4 ,a project+ =ehead indicates imbecility1 immaturity1 weakness1 /upidity4 ,a retreat+ =ehead1 9 g5]al1 d5otes sup]ior imag9ation1 wit1 acut5ess4 ,a =ehead r\nd & prom95t above1 /raight bel[1 &1 on ! :ole1 p]p5dicul>1 %[s mu* und]/&+1 life1 s5sibility1 ard\r4 ,an oblique1 rectil9e> =ehead is ard5t & vigor\s4 ,ar*$ =eheads appe> prop]ly to be fem99e4 ,a =ehead nei!r too p]p5dicul> nor too retreat+1 b a happy mean1 indicates ! po/-p]fect "* ( wisdom4 ,i might also /ate x z an axiom t /raight l9es consid]$ z su*1 & curves consid]$ z su*1 are relat$ z p[] & weakness1 ob/9acy & flexibility1 und]/&+ & s5sation4 ,i h se5 no man ) %>p1 project+ eyebones :o 0 n incl9$ to vigor\s ?9k+ & wise plann+4 ,yet1 ev5 lack+ %>pness1 a head may be excell5t if ! =ehead s9k l a p]p5dicul> wall ^u horizontal eyebr[s1 & be greatly r\nd$ t[>ds ! temples4 ,p]p5dicul> =eheads1 project+ s z n to re/ imm$iately ^u ! nose1 & small1 wr9kl$1 %ort1 & %9+1 indicate little imag9ation1 little und]/&+1 little s5sation4 ,=eheads ) _m angul>1 knotty protub]ances d5ote p]sev]ance & mu* vigor\s1 firm1 h>%1 oppressive1 ard5t activity4 ,x is a sure sign ( a cle>1 s\nd und]/&+ & a good temp]am5t :5 ! pr(ile ( ! =ehead has two proportionate ar*es1 ! l[] ( :i* projects4 ,eyebones ) well-m>k$1 firm ar*es ,i nev] saw b 9 noble & great m54 ,squ>e =eheads ) ext5sive temples & firm eyebones %[ circumspection & /ead9ess ( "*4 ,p]p5dicul> wr9kles1 if natural1 d5ote application & p[]4 ,horizontal wr9kles & ^? brok5 9 ! middle or at ! extremities g5]ally d5ote neglig5ce or want ( p[]4 ,p]p5dicul>1 deep ind5t+s 9 ! =ehead betwe5 ! eyebr[s1 ,i nev] met save 9 m5 ( s\nd und]/&+ & free & noble m9ds1 unless !re 7 "s positively contradictory feature4 ,a blue frontal ve91 9 ! =m ( a ,y1 :5 9 an op51 smoo?1 well-ar*$ =ehead1 ,i h only f\nd 9 m5 ( extraord9>y tal5ts & ( ard5t & g5]\s "*4 ,! foll[+ are ! traits ( a p]fectly beautiful1 intellig5t1 & noble =ehead4 ,9 l5g? x mu/ equal ! nose1 or ! "u "p ( ! face4 ,9 bread? x mu/ be ei!r oval at ! top-l ! =eheads ( mo/ ( ! great m5 ( ,engl&--or ne>ly squ>e4 ,x mu/ be free f unev5ness & wr9kles1 yet be able to wr9kle :5 deep 9 ?\ght1 afflict$ by pa91 or mov$ by indignation4 ,x mu/ retreat above & project b5ea?4 ,! eyebones mu/ be simple1 horizontal1 &1 if se5 f above1 mu/ pres5t a simple curve4 ,!re %\ld be a small cavity 9 ! c5tre1 f above to bel[1 & trav]s+ ! =ehead s z to sep>ate x into f\r divisions p]ceptible 9 a cle> desc5d+ light4 ,! sk9 mu/ be m cle> on ! =ehead ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\nt5ance4 ,=eheads %ort1 wr9kl$1 & knotty1 are incapable ( durable fri5d%ip4 ,be n disc\rag$ ?\gh a fri5d1 an enemy1 a *ild1 or a bro!r transgress1 = s long z he h a good1 well-proportion$1 op5 =ehead !re is /ill hope ( improvem5t4 ,,! ,,eyes ,,& ,,eyebr[s4 ,blue eyes are g5]ally m indicative ( weakness & effem9acy ?an br[n or black4 ,c]ta9ly !re are _m p[]ful m5 ) blue eyes1 b ,i f9d m /r5g?1 manhood1 ?\ght ) br[n4 ,*ol]ic m5 h eyes ( e col\r1 b r br[n or gre5i% ?an blue4 ,a prop5sity to gre5 is an almo/ decisive tok5 ( ard\r1 fire1 & c\rage4 ,wide op5 eyes1 ) ! :ite visible1 ,i h (t5 obs]v$ bo? 9 ! timid & phlegmatic1 & 9 ! c\rage\s & ra%4 ,meet+ eyebr[s 7 suppos$ to be ! m>k ( craft1 b ,i d n believe !m to h ?is significance4 ,angul>1 /rong1 int]rupt$ eyebr[s d5ote fire & productive activity4 ,! ne>] ! eyebr[s to ! eyes1 ! m e>ne/1 deep1 & firm ! "*4 ,eyebr[s remote f ea* o!r d5ote w>m1 op51 quick s5sations4 ,:ite eyebr[s signify weakness2 & d>k br[n1 firmness4 ,! motion ( ! eyebr[s conta9s num]\s expressions1 especially ( ignoble passions4 ,,! ,,nose4 ,i h g5]ally consid]$ ! nose ! f\ndation or abutm5t ( ! bra91 = ^u ?is ! :ole p[] ( ! ar* ( ! =ehead re/s4 ,a beautiful nose w nev] be f\nd accompany+ an ugly c\nt5ance4 ,an ugly p]son may h f9e eyes1 b n a h&some nose4 ,i h nev] se5 a nose ) a broad back1 :e!r ar*$ or rectil9e>1 t did n belong to an extraord9>y man4 ,su* a nose 0 possess$ by ,swift1 ,cs> ,borgia1 ,titian1 etc4 ,small no/rils are usually an indubitable sign ( un5t]pris+ timidity4 ,! op51 brea?+ no/ril is z c]ta9 a tok5 ( s5sibility4 ,,! ,,m\? ,,& ,,lips4 ,! cont5ts ( ! m9d are communicat$ to ! m\?4 ,h[ full ( "* is ! m\?6 ,z are ! lips1 s is ! "*4 ,firm lips1 firm "*2 weak lips1 weak "*4 ,well-def9$1 l>ge1 & proportionate lips1 ! middle l9e ( :i* is equally s]p5t9e on bo? sides1 & easy to be drawn1 are nev] se5 9 a bad1 mean1 common1 false1 vici\s c\nt5ance4 ,a lipless m\?1 resembl+ a s+le l9e1 d5otes coldness1 indu/ry1 a love ( ord]1 precision1 h\se-wif]y1 &1 if x be drawn upw>ds at ! two ends1 affectation1 pret5sion1 vanity1 malice4 ,v fle%y lips h always to cont5d ) s5suality & indol5ce4 ,calm lips1 well clos$1 )\t con/ra9t1 & well del9eat$1 c]ta9ly betok5 consid]ation1 discretion1 & firmness4 ,op5ness ( m\? speaks compla9t1 & clos5ess1 endurance4 ,,! ,,*94 ,f num]\s exp]im5ts1 ,i am conv9c$ t ! project+ *9 ev] d5otes some?+ positive1 & ! retreat+ some?+ negative4 ,! pres5ce or abs5ce ( /r5g? 9 man is (t5 signifi$ by ! *94 ,i h nev] se5 %>p ind5t+s 9 ! middle ( ! *9 save 9 m5 ( cool und]/&+1 unless :5 some?+ evid5tly contradictory appe>$ 9 ! c\nt5ance4 ,! s(t1 fat1 d\ble *9 g5]ally po9ts out ! epicure2 & ! angul> *9 is seldom f\nd save 9 discreet1 well-dispos$1 firm m54 ,flatness ( *9 speaks ! cold & dry2 smallness1 fe>2 & r\ndness1 ) a dimple1 b5evol5ce4 ,,skulls4 ,,h[ mu* may ! anatomi/ see 9 ! m]e skull ( man6 ,h[ mu* m ! physiognomi/6 ,& h[ mu* m /ill ! anatomi/ :o is a physiognomi/6 ,if %[n ! bald head ( ,cs>1 z pa9t$ by ,rub5s or ,titian or ,mi*ael ,angelo1 :at man w\ld fail to notice ! rocky capacity :i* *>act]ises x1 & to realise t m ard\r & en]gy mu/ be expect$ ?an f a smoo?1 r\nd1 flat head8 ,h[ *>act]i/ic is ! skull ( ,*>les ,,xii46 ,h[ diff]5t f ! skull ( 8 biograph] ,voltaire6 ,comp>e ! skull ( ,judas ) ! skull ( ,*ri/1 aft] ,holbe91 & ,i d\bt :e!r anyone w\ld fail to guess :i* is ! skull ( ! wick$ betray] & :i* ! skull ( ! innoc5t betray$4 ,& :o is unacqua9t$ ) ! /atem5t 9 ,h]odotus t x 0 possible on ! field ( battle to di/+ui% ! skulls ( ! effem9ate ,m$es f ! skulls ( ! manly ,p]sians8 ,ea* nation1 inde$1 has its own *>act]i/ic skull4 ,,iii4--,nation1 ,sex1 & ,family ,,national ,,physiognomy4 ,x is und5iable t !re is a national physiognomy z well z national "*4 ,comp>e a negro & an ,engli%man1 a native ( ,lapl& & an ,italian1 a ,fr5*man & an inhabitant ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 ,exam9e _! =ms1 c\nt5ances1 *>act]s1 & m9ds4 ,?is diff]5ce w be easily se51 ?\gh x w sometimes be v difficult to describe x sci5tifically4 ,! foll[+ inf9itely little is :at ,i h hi!rto obs]v$ 9 ! =eign]s ) :om ,i h conv]s$4 ,i am lea/ able to *>act]ise ! ,fr5*1 ,!y h no traits s bold z ! ,engli%1 nor s m9ute z ! ,g]mans4 ,i "k !m *iefly by _! tee? & _! laugh4 ,! ,italians ,i discov] by ! nose1 small eyes1 & project+ *94 ,! ,engli% by _! =eheads & eyebr[s4 ,! ,dut* by ! rotundity ( _! heads & ! weakness ( ! hair4 ,! ,g]mans by ! angles & wr9kles r\nd ! eyes & 9 ! *eeks4 ,! ,russians by ! snub nose & _! light-col\r$ or black hair4 ,i %all n[ say a ^w conc]n+ ,engli%m5 9 p>ticul>4 ,engli%m5 h ! %orte/ & be/-ar*$ =eheads--t is to say1 !y are ar*$ only upw>ds1 &1 t[>ds ! eyebr[s1 ei!r g5tly recl9e or are rectil9e>4 ,!y seldom h po9t$1 usually r\nd1 full noses4 ,_! lips are usually l>ge1 well def9$1 beautifully curv$4 ,_! *9s are r\nd & full4 ,! outl9e ( _! faces is 9 g5]al l>ge1 & !y nev] h ^? num]\s angles & wr9kles by :i* ! ,g]mans are s especially di/+ui%$4 ,_! complexion is fair] ?an t ( ! ,g]mans4 ,all ,engli%wom5 :om ,i h kn[n p]sonally1 or by portrait1 appe> to be compos$ ( m>r[ & n]ve4 ,!y are incl9$ to be tall1 sl5d]1 s(t1 & z di/ant f all t is h>%1 rigor\s1 or /ubborn z heav5 is f e>?4 ,! ,swiss h g5]ally no common physiognomy or national "*1 ! aspect ( fidelity except$4 ,!y are z diff]5t f ea* o!r z nations ! mo/ remote4 ,,! ,,physiognomical ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,sexes4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ mu* m pure1 t5d]1 delicate1 irritable1 affectionate1 flexible1 & pati5t is woman ?an man4 ,! prim>y matt] ( :i* woman is con/itut$ appe>s to acc\nt = ?is diff]5ce4 ,all h] organs are t5d]1 yield+1 easily w\nd$1 s5sible1 & receptive2 !y are made = mat]nity & affection4 ,among a ?\s& wom51 !re is h>dly "o )\t ^! fem99e *>act]i/ics4 ,?is t5d]ness & s5sibility1 ! light texture ( _! fibres & organs1 r5d] !m easy to tempt & to subdue1 & yet _! *>ms are m pot5t ?an ! /r5g? ( man4 ,truly s5sible ( purity1 beauty & symmetry1 woman does n always take "t to reflect on spiritual life1 spiritual dea?1 spiritual corruption4 ,! woman does n ?9k pr(\ndly2 pr(\nd ?\ght is ! pr]ogative ( ! man2 b wom5 feel m4 ,!y rule ) t5d] looks1 te>s1 & sighs1 b n ) passion & ?reats1 unless !y are mon/rosities4 ,!y are capable ( ! sweete/ s5sibility1 ! deepe/ emotion1 ! utmo/ humility1 & ard5t en?usiasm4 ,9 _! faces are signs ( sanctity :i* e man hon\rs4 ,ow+ to _! extreme s5sibility & _! incapacity = accurate inquiry & firm decision1 !y may easily become fanatics4 ,! love ( wom51 /rong z x is1 is v *angeable2 b _! hatr$ is almo/ incurable1 & is only to be ov]come by p]si/5t & artful flatt]y4 ,m5 usually see ?+s z a :ole1 :]eas wom5 take m int]e/ 9 details4 ,wom5 h less physical c\rage ?an m54 ,man he>s ! bur/+ ?und]s1 views ! de/ructive bolt ) s]5e aspect1 & /&s erect amid ! fe>ful maje/y ( ! torr5t4 ,b woman trembles at ! lightn+ & ?und]1 & seeks refuge 9 ! arms ( man4 ,woman is =m$ = pity & religion2 & a woman )\t religion is mon/r\s2 & a woman :o is a free?9k] is m disgu/+ ?an a woman ) a be>d4 ,woman is n a f\ndation on :i* to build4 ,%e is ! gold1 silv]1 preci\s /ones1 wood1 hay1 /ubble--! mat]ials = build+ on ! male f\ndation4 ,%e is ! leav51 or1 m expressly1 %e is oil to ! v9eg> ( man4 ,man s+ly is b half a man1 only half human--a k+ )\t a k+dom4 ,woman mu/ re/ ^u ! man1 & man c be :at he ought to be only 9 conjunction ) ! woman4 ,"s ( ! pr9cipal physiognomical contra/s may be summ>is$ "h4 ,man is ! mo/ firm2 woman ! mo/ flexible4 ,man is ! /raighte/2 woman ! mo/ b5d+4 ,man /&s /eadfa/2 woman g5tly retreats4 ,man surveys & obs]ves2 woman glances & feels4 ,man is s]i\s2 woman is gay4 ,man is ! talle/ & broade/2 woman ! smalle/ & weake/4 ,man is r\gh & h>d2 woman is smoo? & s(t4 ,man is br[n2 woman is fair4 ,! hair ( ! man is /rong & %ort2 ! hair ( woman is pliant & long4 ,man has mo/ /raight l9es2 woman mo/ curv$4 ,! c\nt5ance ( man1 tak5 9 pr(ile1 is n s (t5 p]p5dicul> z t ( woman4 ,,family ,,physiognomy4 ,! resemblance betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5 is v commonly rem>kable4 ,family physiognomical resemblance is z und5iable z national physiognomical resemblance4 ,to d\bt ?is is to d\bt :at is self-evid5t4 ,:5 *ildr51 z !y increase 9 ye>s1 visibly increase 9 _! physical resemblance to _! p>5ts1 we _c d\bt t resemblance 9 "* also increases4 ,h[soev] mu* ! "* ( *ildr5 may seem to diff] f t ( _! p>5ts1 yet ?is diff]5ce w be f\nd to be due to great diff]5ce 9 ext]nal circum/ances4 ,,ju/us ,,von ,,liebig ,animal ,*emi/ry ,b>on ,freih]r ,ju/us von ,liebig1 "o ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s *emi/s ( 8 age1 0 born on ,may #ab1 #ahjc1 at ,d>m/adt1 ,g]many1 ! son ( a drysalt]4 ,x 0 9 8 fa!r's bus9ess t 8 int]e/ 9 *emi/ry fir/ awoke1 & at fifte5 he became an apo!c>y's assi/ant4 ,subsequ5tly1 he w5t to ,erlang51 :]e he took 8 doctorate 9 #ahbb2 & aft]w>ds1 9 ,p>is1 0 admitt$ to ! laboratory ( ,gay-,lussac z a private pupil4 ,9 #ahbd he 0 appo9t$ a tea*] ( *emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,giess5 9 8 native /ate4 ,"h he liv$ = tw5ty-eight ye>s a quiet life ( incessant indu/ry1 :ile 8 fame spread ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,9 #ahde he 0 rais$ to ! h]$it>y rank ( b>on1 & sev5 ye>s lat] 0 appo9t$ by ! ,bav>ian gov]nm5t to ! pr(essor%ip ( *emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,muni*4 ,"h he di$ on ,april #ah1 #ahgc4 ,! treatise on ,animal ,*emi/ry1 or ,organic ,*emi/ry 9 its ,relations to ,physiology & ,pa?ology1 publi%$ 9 #ahdb1 sums up ! results ( ,liebig's inve/igations into ! imm$iate products ( animal life4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to demon/rate t ! only s\rce ( animal heat is t produc$ by ! oxidation ( ! tissues4 ,i4--,*emical ,ne$s ( ,life ,animals1 unlike plants1 require highly organis$ atoms = nutrim5t2 !y c subsi/ only ^u p>ts ( an organism4 ,all p>ts ( ! animal body are produc$ f ! fluid circulat+ )9 its organism4 ,a de/ruction ( ! animal body is con/antly proce$+1 e motion is ! result ( a trans=mation ( its /ructure2 e ?\ght1 e s5sation is accompani$ by a *ange 9 ! composition ( ! sub/ance ( ! bra94 ,food is appli$ ei!r 9 ! increase ( ! mass ( a /ructure 7nutrition7 or 9 ! replacem5t ( a /ructure wa/$ 7reproduction74 ,equally important is ! cont9ual absorption ( oxyg5 f ! atmosph]e4 ,all vital activity results f ! mutual action ( ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e & ! elem5ts ( food4 ,accord+ to ,lavoisi]1 an adult man takes into 8 sy/em e ye> #hbg lb4 ( oxyg51 & yet he does n increase 9 weight4 ,:at1 !n1 becomes ( ?is oxyg58--= no "p ( x is aga9 expir$ z oxyg54 ,! c>bon & hydrog5 ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body h ent]$ into comb9ation ) ! oxyg5 introduc$ ?r\gh ! lungs & ?r\gh ! sk91 & h be5 giv5 out 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid & ! vap\r ( wat]4 ,n[1 an adult inspires #cb-a_/b oz4 ( oxyg5 daily2 ?is w conv]t ! c>bon ( #bd lb4 ( blood 7#hj p] c5t4 wat]7 into c>bonic acid4 ,he mu/1 !re=e1 take z mu* nutrim5t z w supply ! daily loss4 ,&1 9 fact1 x is f\nd t he does s2 = ! av]age am\nt ( c>bon 9 ! daily food ( an adult man is #ad oz41 :i* requires #cg oz4 ( oxyg5 = its conv]sion into c>bonic acid4 ,! am\nt ( food necess>y = ! support ( ! animal body mu/ be 9 direct ratio to ! quantity ( oxyg5 tak5 into ! sy/em4 ,a bird depriv$ ( food dies on ! ?ird day2 :ile a s]p5t1 :i* inspires a m]e trace ( oxyg51 c live )\t food = ?ree mon?s4 ,! numb] ( respirations is less 9 a /ate ( re/ ?an 9 ex]cise1 & ! am\nt ( food necess>y 9 bo? conditions mu/ v>y also4 ,! capacity ( ! *e/ be+ a con/ant quantity1 we inspire ! same volume ( air :e!r at ! pole or at ! equator2 b ! weight ( air1 & consequ5tly ( oxyg51 v>ies ) ! temp]ature4 ,?us1 an adult man takes into ! sy/em daily #df1jjj cubic in*es ( oxyg51 :i*1 if ! temp]ature be #gg ,f41 weighs #cb-a_/b oz41 b :5 ! temp]ature s9ks to freez+-po9t w weigh #ce oz4 ,x is obvi\s1 also1 t 9 an equal numb] ( respirations we consume m oxyg5 at ! level ( ! sea ?an on a m\nta94 ,! quantity ( oxyg5 inspir$ & c>bonic acid expir$ mu/1 !re=e1 v>y ) ! height ( ! b>omet]4 ,9 our climate ! diff]5ce betwe5 summ] & w9t] 9 ! c>bon expir$1 & !re=e necess>y = food1 is z mu* z "o-eigh?4 ,,ii4--,! ,cause ( ,animal ,heat ,n[1 ! mutual action betwe5 ! elem5ts ( food & ! oxyg5 ( ! air is ! s\rce ( animal heat4 ,?is heat is :olly due to ! combu/ion ( ! c>bon & hydrog5 9 ! food consum$4 ,animal heat exi/s only 9 ^? p>ts ( ! body ?r\gh :i* art]ial blood 7& ) x oxyg5 9 solution7 circulates2 hair1 wool1 or fea!rs1 d n possess an elevat$ temp]ature4 ,z animal heat dep5ds ^u respir$ oxyg51 x w v>y accord+ to ! respiratory app>atus ( ! animal4 ,?us ! temp]ature ( a *ild is #ajb ,f41 :ile t ( an adult is #ii-a_/b ,f4 ,t ( birds is high] ?an t ( quadrup$s or t ( fi%es or amphibia1 ^: prop] temp]ature is #c ,f high] ?an ! m$ium 9 :i* !y live4 ,all animals1 /rictly speak+1 are w>m-blood$2 b 9 ^? only :i* possess lungs is _! temp]ature q indep5d5t ( ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,! temp]ature ( ! human body is ! same 9 ! torrid z 9 ! frigid zone2 b ! cold] ! surr\nd+ m$ium ! great] ! quantity ( fuel necess>y to ma9ta9 its heat4 ,! human body may be aptly comp>$ to ! furnace ( a laboratory de/9$ to effect c]ta9 op]ations4 ,x signifies no?+ :at int]m$iate =ms ! food1 or fuel1 ( ! furnace may assume2 x is f9ally conv]t$ into c>bonic acid & wat]4 ,b 9 ord] to su/a9 a fix$ temp]ature 9 ! furnace we mu/ v>y ! quantity ( fuel accord+ to ! ext]nal temp]ature4 ,9 ! animal body ! food is ! fuel2 ) a prop] supply ( oxyg5 we obta9 ! heat giv5 out dur+ its oxidation or combu/ion4 ,9 w9t]1 :5 we take ex]cise 9 a cold atmosph]e1 & :5 consequ5tly ! am\nt ( inspir$ oxyg5 increases1 ! necessity = food conta9+ c>bon & hydrog5 increases 9 ! same ratio2 & by gratify+ ! appetite ?us excit$1 we obta9 ! mo/ effici5t protection aga9/ ! mo/ pi]c+ cold4 ,a />v+ man is soon froz5 to dea?2 & ev]yone kn[s t ! animals ( prey 9 ! ,arctic regions f> exce$ 9 voracity ^? 9 ! torrid zone4 ,9 cold & temp]ate climates1 ! air1 :i* incessantly /rives to consume ! body1 urges man to labori\s ef=ts 9 ord] to furni% ! means ( resi/ance to its action1 :ile 9 hot climates ! necessity ( lab\r to provide food is f> less urg5t4 ,our clo?+ is m]ely ! equival5t = a c]ta9 am\nt ( food4 ,! m w>mly we are clo!d ! less food we require4 ,if 9 hunt+ or fi%+ we 7 expos$ to ! same degree ( cold z ! ,samoy$es we c\ld ) ease consume t5 p\nds ( fle%1 & p]haps half a doz5 tall[ c&les into ! b>ga94 ,! mac>oni ( ! ,italian1 & ! tra9 oil ( ! ,gre5l&] & ! ,russian1 are fitt$ to adm9i/] to _! com=t 9 ! climate 9 :i* !y h be5 born4 ,! :ole process ( respiration appe>s mo/ cle>ly develop$ 9 ! case ( a man expos$ to />vation4 ,currie m5tions ! case ( an individual :o 0 unable to swall[1 & ^: body lo/ #ajj lb4 9 "o mon?4 ,! m fat an animal conta9s ! long] w x be able to exi/ )\t food1 = ! fat w be consum$ be=e ! oxyg5 ( ! air acts ^u ! o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,!re are v>i\s causes by :i* =ce or motion may be produc$4 ,b 9 ! animal body we recognise z ! ultimate cause ( all =ce only "o cause1 ! *emical action :i* ! elem5ts ( ! food & ! oxyg5 ( ! air mutually ex]cise on ea* o!r4 ,! only kn[n ultimate cause ( vital =ce1 ei!r 9 animals or 9 plants1 is a *emical process4 ,if ?is be prev5t$1 ! ph5om5a ( life d n manife/ !mselves1 or !y cease to be recognisable by our s5ses4 ,if ! *emical action be imp$$1 ! vital ph5om5a mu/ take new =ms4 ,! heat evolv$ by ! combu/ion ( c>bon 9 ! body is suffici5t to acc\nt = all ! ph5om5a ( animal heat4 ,! #ad oz4 ( c>bon :i* 9 an adult are daily conv]t$ into c>bonic acid dis5gage a quantity ( heat :i* w\ld conv]t #bd lb4 ( wat]1 at ! temp]ature ( ! body1 into vap\r4 ,& if we assume t ! quantity ( wat] vaporis$ ?r\gh ! sk9 & lungs am\nts to #c lb41 !n we h /ill a l>ge quantity ( heat to su/a9 ! temp]ature ( ! body4 ,,iii4--,! ,*emi/ry ( ,blood-,mak+ ,physiologi/s conceive t ! v>i\s organs 9 ! body h orig9ally be5 =m$ f blood4 ,if ?is be admitt$1 x is obvi\s t ^? sub/ances alone c be consid]$ nutriti\s t are capable ( be+ trans=m$ into blood4 ,:5 blood is all[$ to /&1 x coagulates & sep>ates into a wat]y fluid call$ s]um1 & into ! clot1 :i* consi/s pr9cipally ( fibr9e4 ,^! two bodies conta91 9 all1 sev5 elem5ts1 among :i* sulphur1 phosphorus1 & nitrog5 are f\nd2 !y conta9 also ! e>? ( bones4 ,! s]um holds 9 solution common salt & o!r salts ( pota% & soda1 ( :i* ! acids are c>bonic1 phosphoric1 & sulphuric acids4 ,s]um1 :5 heat$1 coagulates into a :ite mass call$ album54 ,?is sub/ance1 along ) ! fibr9e & a r$ col\r+ matt] 9 :i* iron is a con/itu5t1 con/itute ! globules ( blood4 ,analysis has %[n t fibr9e & album5 are p]fectly id5tical 9 *emical composition4 ,!y may be mutually conv]t$ into ea* o!r4 ,9 ! process ( nutrition bo? may be conv]t$ into muscul> fibre1 & muscul> fibre is capable ( be+ reconv]t$ into blood4 ,all p>ts ( ! animal body :i* =m p>ts ( organs conta9 nitrog54 ,! pr9cipal +r$i5ts ( blood conta9 #ag p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 & !re is no "p ( an active organ t conta9s less ?an #ag p] c5t4 ( ?is elem5t4 ,! nutritive process is simple/ 9 ! case ( ! c>nivora1 = _! nutrim5t is *emically id5tical 9 composition ) _! own tissues4 ,! dige/ive app>atus ( gram9ivor\s animals is less simple1 & _! food conta9s v little nitrog54 ,f :at con/itu5ts ( vegetables is _! blood produc$8 ,*emical rese>*es h %[n t all su* p>ts ( vegetables z c af=d nutrim5t to animals conta9 c]ta9 con/itu5ts :i* are ri* 9 nitrog52 & exp]i5ce proves t animals require = _! nutrition less ( ^! p>ts ( plants 9 proportion z !y ab\nd 9 ! nitrog5is$ con/itu5ts4 ,^! important products are specially abundant 9 ! se$s ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( gra91 & ( peas1 beans1 & l5tils4 ,!y exi/1 h[ev]1 9 all plants1 )\t exception1 & 9 e "p ( plants 9 l>g] or small] quantity4 ,! nitrog5is$ comp\nds ( vegetables are call$ vegetable fibr9e1 vegetable album51 & vegetable case94 ,all o!r nitrog5is$ comp\nds occurr+ 9 plants are ei!r reject$ by animals or else !y occur 9 ! food 9 su* v small proportion t !y _c possibly contribute to ! increase ( mass 9 ! animal body4 ,! *emical analysis ( ^! ?ree sub/ances has l$ to ! int]e/+ result t !y conta9 ! same organic elem5ts1 unit$ 9 ! same proportion by weight2 &--:i* is m rem>kable--t !y are id5tical 9 composition ) ! *ief con/itu5ts ( blood--animal fibr9e & animal album54 ,by id5tity1 be x rem>k$1 is n "h meant m]ely simil>ity1 b t ev5 9 reg>d to ! pres5ce & relative am\nts ( sulphur1 phosphorus1 & phosphate ( lime no diff]5ce c be obs]v$4 ,h[ beautifully simple !n1 by ! aid ( ^! discov]ies1 appe>s ! process ( nutrition 9 animals1 ! =mation ( _! organs1 9 :i* vitality *iefly resides4 ,^? vegetable con/itu5ts :i* are us$ by animals to =m blood conta9 ! ess5tial +r$i5ts ( blood ready =m$4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 vegetables produce 9 _! organism ! blood ( all animals2 = ! c>nivora1 9 consum+ ! blood & fle% ( ! gram9ivora1 consume1 /rictly speak+1 ! vegetable pr9ciples :i* h s]v$ = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! latt]4 ,9 ?is s5se we may say ! animal organism gives to blood only its =m2 &1 fur!r1 t x is incapable ( =m+ blood out ( o!r comp\nds :i* d n conta9 ! *ief +r$i5ts ( t fluid4 ,animal & vegetable life are1 !re=e1 closely relat$1 = ! fir/ sub/ance capable ( af=d+ nutrim5t to animals is ! la/ product ( ! creative en]gy ( vegetables4 ,! seem+ly miracul\s 9 ! nutritive p[] ( vegetables disappe>s 9 a great degree1 = ! production ( ! con/itu5ts ( blood _c appe> m surpris+ ?an ! occurr5ce ( ! pr9cipal +r$i5t ( butt] 9 palm-oil & ( horse-fat & tra9-oil 9 c]ta9 ( ! oily se$s4 ,,iv4--,food ! ,fuel ( ,life ,we h /ill to acc\nt = ! use 9 food ( sub/ances :i* are de/itute ( nitrog5 b are kn[n to be necess>y to animal life4 ,su* sub/ances are />*1 sug>1 gum1 & pect9e4 ,9 all ( ^! we f9d a great excess ( c>bon1 ) oxyg5 & hydrog5 9 ! same proportion z wat]4 ,!y !re=e add an excess ( c>bon to ! nitrog5is$ con/itu5ts ( food1 & !y _c possibly be employ$ 9 ! production ( blood1 because ! nitrog5is$ comp\nds conta9$ 9 ! food already conta9 exactly ! am\nt ( c>bon :i* is requir$ = ! production ( fibr9e & album54 ,n[1 x c be %[n t v little ( ! excess ( ?is c>bon is ev] expell$ 9 ! =m ei!r ( solid or liquid comp\nds2 x mu/ be expell$1 !re=e1 9 ! gase\s /ate4 ,9 %ort1 ^! comp\nds are solely exp5d$ 9 ! production ( animal heat1 be+ conv]t$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! air into c>bonic acid & wat]4 ,! food ( c>nivor\s animals does n conta9 non-nitrog5is$ matt]s1 s t ! c>bon & hydrog5 necess>y = ! production ( animal heat are furni%$ 9 !m f ! wa/e ( _! tissues4 ,! trans=m$ matt]s ( ! organs are obvi\sly unfit = ! fur!r n\ri%m5t ( ! body--t is1 = ! increase or reproduction ( ! mass4 ,!y pass ?r\gh ! absorb5t & lymphatic vessels into ! ve9s1 & _! accumulation 9 ^! w\ld soon put a /op to ! nutritive process 7 x n t ! blood has to pass ?r\gh a filt]+ app>atus1 z x 71 be=e rea*+ ! he>t4 ,! v5\s blood1 be=e return+ to ! he>t1 is made to pass ?r\gh ! liv] & ! kidneys1 :i* sep>ate f x all sub/ances incapable ( contribut+ to nutrition4 ,! new comp\nds conta9+ ! nitrog5 ( ! trans=m$ organs1 be+ utt]ly incapable ( fur!r application 9 ! sy/em1 are expell$ f ! body4 ,^? :i* conta9 ! c>bon ( ! trans=m$ tissues are collect$ 9 ! gall-bladd] z bile1 a comp\nd ( soda :i*1 be+ mix$ ) wat]1 passes ?r\gh ! duod5um & mixes ) *yme4 ,all ! soda ( ! bile1 & n9ety-n9e-hundr$?s ( ! c>bonace\s matt] :i* x conta9s1 reta9 ! capacity ( re-absorption by ! absorb5ts ( ! small & l>ge inte/9es--a capacity :i* has be5 prov$ by direct exp]im5t4 ,! globules ( ! blood1 :i* 9 !mselves c be %[n to take no %>e 9 ! nutritive process1 s]ve to transport ! oxyg5 :i* !y give up 9 _! passage ?r\gh ! capill>y vessels4 ,"h ! curr5t ( oxyg5 meets ) ! c>bonace\s sub/ances ( ! trans=m$ tissues1 & conv]ts _! c>bon into c>bonic acid1 _! hydrog5 into wat]4 ,e portion ( ^! sub/ances :i* escapes ?is process ( oxidation is s5t back into ! circulation 9 ! =m ( bile1 :i* by degrees completely disappe>s4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 ! sy/em ( ! gram9ivora1 ^: food conta9s relatively s small a proportion ( ! con/itu5ts ( blood1 ! process ( metamorphosis 9 exi/+ tissues1 & consequ5tly _! re/oration or reproduction1 mu/ g on f> less rapidly ?an 9 ! c>nivora4 ,o!rwise1 a vegetation a ?\s& times z luxuriant w\ld n suffice = _! su/5ance4 ,sug>1 gum1 & />*1 :i* =m s l>ge a proportion ( _! food1 w\ld !n be no long] necess>y to support life 9 ^! animals1 because 9 t case ! products ( wa/e1 or metamorphosis ( organis$ tissues1 w\ld conta9 en\gh c>bon to support ! respiratory process4 ,:5 ex]cise is d5i$ to gram9ivor\s & omnivor\s animals ?is is tantam\nt to a defici5t supply ( oxyg54 ,! c>bon ( ! food1 n meet+ ) a suffici5t supply ( oxyg5 to consume x1 passes into o!r comp\nds conta9+ a l>ge excess ( c>bon--or1 9 o!r words1 fat is produc$4 ,fat is ?us an abnormal production1 result+ f a disproportion ( c>bon 9 ! food to t ( ! oxyg5 respir$ by ! lungs or absorb$ by ! sk94 ,wild animals 9 a /ate ( nature d n conta9 fat4 ,! production ( fat is always a consequ5ce ( a defici5t supply ( oxyg51 = oxyg5 is absolutely indisp5sable = ! dissipation ( excess ( c>bon 9 ! food4 ,v4--,animal ,life-,*emi/ry ,! sub/ances ( :i* ! food ( man is compos$ may be divid$ into two classes--into nitrog5is$ & non-nitrog5is$4 ,! =m] are capable ( conv]sion into blood1 ! latt] incapable ( ?is trans=mation4 ,out ( ^? sub/ances :i* are adapt$ to ! =mation ( blood are =m$ all ! organis$ tissues4 ,! o!r class ( sub/ances 9 ! normal /ate ( heal? s]ve to support ! process ( respiration4 ,! =m] may be call$ ! pla/ic elem5ts ( nutrition2 ! latt]1 elem5ts ( respiration4 ,among ! =m] we may reckon--vegetable fibr9e1 vegetable album51 vegetable case91 animal fle%1 animal blood4 ,among ! elem5ts ( respiration 9 our food are--fat1 />*1 gum1 cane sug>1 grape-sug>1 sug> ( milk1 pect9e1 bassor9e1 w9e1 be]1 spirits4 ,! nitrog5is$ con/itu5ts ( vegetable food h a composition id5tical ) t ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! blood4 ,no nitrog5is$ comp\nd ! composition ( :i* diff]s f t ( fibr9e1 album51 & case91 is capable ( support+ ! vital process 9 animals4 ,! animal organism und\bt$ly possesses ! p[] ( =m+ f ! con/itu5ts ( its blood ! sub/ance ( its membranes & cellul> tissue1 ( ! n]ves & bra91 ( ! organic "p ( c>tilages & bones4 ,b ! blood mu/ be suppli$ to x ready 9 ev]y?+ b its =m--t is1 9 its *emical composition4 ,if ?is is n done1 a p]iod is put to ! =mation ( blood1 &1 consequ5tly1 to life4 ,! :ole life ( animals consi/s ( a conflict betwe5 *emical =ces & ! vital p[]4 ,9 ! normal /ate ( ! body ( an adult ^! /& 9 equilibrium3 t is1 !re is equilibrium betwe5 ! manife/ations ( ! causes ( wa/e & ! causes ( supply4 ,e me*anical or *emical ag5cy :i* di/urbs ! re/oration ( ?is equilibrium is a cause ( disease4 ,dea? is t condition 9 :i* *emical or me*anical p[]s ga9 ! asc5dancy1 & all resi/ance on ! "p ( ! vital =ce ceases4 ,?is resi/ance nev] entirely dep>ts f liv+ tissues dur+ life4 ,su* defici5cy 9 resi/ance is1 9 fact1 a defici5cy 9 resi/ance to ! action ( ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e4 ,disease occurs :5 ! sum ( vital =ce1 :i* t5ds to neutralise all causes ( di/urbance1 is weak] ?an ! act+ cause ( di/urbance4 ,%\ld !re be =m$ 9 ! diseas$ p>ts1 9 consequ5ce ( ! *ange ( matt]1 f ! elem5ts ( ! blood or ( ! tissue1 new products :i* ! neighb\r+ p>ts _c employ = _! own vital functions2 %\ld ! surr\nd+ p>ts1 moreov]1 be unable to convey ^! products to o!r p>ts :]e !y may und]go trans=mation1 !n ^! new products w suff]1 at ! place :]e !y h be5 =m$1 a process ( decomposition analog\s to putrefaction4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 m$ic9e removes ^! diseas$ conditions by excit+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! diseas$ "p1 or 9 any conv5i5t situation1 an artificial diseas$ /ate 7z by bli/]s71 ?us dim9i%+ by means ( artificial di/urbance ! resi/ance (f]$ to ! ext]nal causes ( *ange 9 ^! p>ts by ! vital =ce4 ,! physician succe$s 9 putt+ an end to ! orig9al diseas$ condition :5 ! di/urbance artificially excit$ 7or ! dim9ution ( resi/ance 9 ano!r "p7 exce$s 9 am\nt ! diseas$ /ate to be ov]come4 ,! accel]at$ *ange ( matt] & ! elevat$ temp]ature 9 ! diseas$ "p %[ t ! resi/ance (f]$ by ! vital =ce to ! action ( oxyg5 is feebl] ?an 9 ! heal?y /ate4 ,b ?is resi/ance only ceases entirely :5 dea? takes place4 ,by ! artificial dim9ution ( resi/ance 9 ano!r "p1 ! resi/ance 9 ! diseas$ organ is n1 inde$1 directly /r5g!n$2 b ! *emical action1 ! cause ( ! *ange ( matt]1 is dim9i%$ 9 ! diseas$ "p1 be+ direct$ to ano!r "p1 :]e ! physician has succe$$ 9 produc+ a /ill m feeble resi/ance to ! *ange ( matt]1 to ! action ( oxyg54 ,,sir ,,*>les ,,lyell ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ! di/+ui%$ geologi/1 0 born at ,k9nordy1 ,=f>%ire1 ,scotl&1 ,nov4 #ad1 #agig4 ,x 0 at ,ox=d t 8 sci5tific int]e/ 0 fir/ ar\s$1 & aft] tak+ an ,m4,a4 degree 9 #ahba he cont9u$ 8 sci5tific /udies1 becom+ an active memb] ( ! ,geological & ,l9nan ,societies ( ,london4 ,9 #ahbf he 0 elect$ a fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 & two ye>s lat] w5t ) ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison on a t\r ( ,europe1 & ga!r$ evid5ce = ! !ory ( geological uni=mity :i* he aft]w>ds promulgat$4 ,9 #ahcj he publi%$ 8 great "w1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology3 ,be+ an ,attempt to ,expla9 ! ,=m] ,*anges ( ! ,e>?'s ,surface by ,ref]5ces to ,causes n[ 9 ,action1 :i* conv]t$ almo/ ! :ole geological _w to ! doctr9e ( uni=mit>ianism1 & may be consid]$ ! f\ndation ( mod]n geology4 ,lyell di$ 9 ,london on ,febru>y #bb1 #ahge4 ,besides 8 great "w1 he also publi%$ ,! ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 ,! ,antiquity ( ,man1 ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ,! ,/ud5t's ,elem5ts ( ,geology4 ,i4--,uni=mity 9 ,geological ,developm5t ,accord+ to ! speculations ( "s writ]s1 !re h be5 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! planet alt]nate p]iods ( tranquillity & convulsion1 ! =m] endur+ = ages1 & resembl+ ! /ate ( ?+s n[ exp]i5c$ by man2 ! o!r brief1 transi5t1 & p>oxysmal1 giv+ rise to new m\nta9s1 seas1 & valleys1 annihilat+ "o set ( organic be+s1 & u%]+ 9 ! creation ( ano!r4 ,^! !ories1 h[ev]1 are n borne out by a fair int]pretation ( geological monum5ts2 b1 on ! contr>y1 nature indicates no su* cataclysms1 b r progressive uni=mity4 ,igne\s rocks h be5 suppos$ to af=d evid5ce ( anci5t p>oxysms ( nature1 b we _c consid] igne\s rocks pro( ( any exceptional p>oxysms4 ,r1 we f9d ourselves compell$ to reg>d igne\s rocks z an aggregate effect ( innum]able eruptions1 ( v>i\s degrees ( viol5ce1 at v>i\s times1 & to consid] m\nta9 *a9s z ! accumulative results ( ^! eruptions4 ,! incumb5t cru/ ( ! e>? is nev] all[$ to atta9 t /r5g? & coh]5ce :i* w\ld be necess>y 9 ord] to all[ ! volcanic =ce to accumulate & =m an explosive *>ge capable ( produc+ a gr& p>oxysmal eruption4 ,! subt]ranean p[]1 on ! contr>y1 displays1 ev5 9 its mo/ en]getic ef=ts1 an int]mitt5t & mitigat$ int5sity4 ,!re are no pro(s t ! igne\s rocks 7 produc$ m abundantly at remote p]iods4 ,nor c we f9d pro( ( cata/rophic discont9uity :5 we exam9e fossil plants & fossil animals4 ,on ! contr>y1 we f9d a progressive developm5t ( organic life at successive geological p]iods4 ,9 ,palozoic /rata ! entire want ( plants ( ! mo/ complex organisation is v /rik+1 = n a s+le dicotyl$on\s angiosp]m has yet be5 f\nd1 & only "o und\bt$ monocotyl$on4 ,9 ,second>y1 or ,mesozoic1 times1 palms & "s o!r monocotyl$ons appe>$2 b n till ! ,upp] ,cretace\s era d we meet ) ! pr9cipal classes & ord]s ( ! vegetable k+dom z n[ kn[n4 ,?r\gh ! ,t]ti>y ages ! =ms 7 p]petually *ang+1 b always becom+ m & m l1 g5]ically & specifically1 to ^? n[ 9 be+4 ,on ! :ole1 !re=e1 we f9d progressive developm5t ( plant life 9 ! c\rse ( ! ages4 ,9 ! case ( animal life1 progression is equally evid5t4 ,palontological rese>* leads to ! conclusion t ! inv]tebrate animals fl\ri%$ be=e ! v]tebrate1 & t 9 ! latt] class fi%1 reptiles1 birds1 & mammalia made _! appe>ance 9 a *ronological ord] analog\s to t 9 :i* !y w\ld be arrang$ zoologically accord+ to an advanc+ scale ( p]fection 9 _! organisation4 ,9 reg>d to ! mammalia !mselves1 !y h be5 divid$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 into f\r sub-classes by ref]5ce to modifications ( _! bra94 ,! two l[e/ are met ) 9 ! ,second>y /rata4 ,! next 9 grade is f\nd 9 ,t]ti>y /rata4 ,& ! highe/ ( all1 ( :i* man is ! sole repres5tative1 has n yet be5 detect$ 9 deposits old] ?an ! ,po/-,t]ti>y4 ,x is true t 9 pass+ f ! old] to ! new] memb]s ( ! ,t]ti>y sy/em we meet ) _m *asms1 b none :i* sep>ate entirely1 by a broad l9e ( dem>cation1 "o /ate ( ! organic _w f ano!r4 ,!re are no signs ( an abrupt t]m9ation ( "o fauna & flora1 & ! />t+ into life ( new & :olly di/9ct =ms4 ,al?\gh we are f> f be+ able to demon/rate geologically an ins5sible transition f ! ,eoc5e to ! ,mioc5e1 or ev5 f ! latt] to ! rec5t fauna1 yet ! m we enl>ge & p]fect our g5]al survey ! m ne>ly d we approximate to su* a cont9u\s s]ies1 & ! m gradually are we conduct$ f times :5 _m ( ! g5]a & ne>ly all ! species 7 ext9ct to ^? 9 :i* sc>cely a s+le species fl\ri%$ :i* we d n "k to exi/ at pres5t4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 too1 t _m gaps 9 animal & floral life 7 due to ord9>y climatic & geological factors4 ,we c\ld1 "u no circum/ances1 expect to meet ) a complete asc5d+ s]ies4 ,! great vicissitudes 9 climate :i* ! e>? und\bt$ly exp]i5c$1 z %[n by geological records1 h be5 held to be !mselves pro( ( sudd5 viol5t revolutions 9 ! life-hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,b all ! great climatic vicissitudes c be acc\nt$ = by ! action ( factors /ill1 9 op]ation--subsid5ces & elevations ( l&1 alt]ations 9 ! relative proportions & position ( l& & wat]1 v>iations 9 ! relative position ( our planet to ! sun & o!r heav5ly bodies4 ,altoge!r1 ! conclusion is inevitable t f ! remote/ p]iod !re has be5 "o uni=m & cont9u\s sy/em ( *ange 9 ! animate & inanimate _w1 & accord+ly e fact collect$ respect+ ! factors at pres5t at "w 9 =m+ & *ang+ ! _w1 af=ds a key to ! int]pretation ( its "p4 ,& ?us1 al?\gh we are m]e soj\rn]s on ! surface ( ! planet1 *a9$ to a m]e po9t 9 space1 endur+ b = a mom5t ( "t1 ! human m9d is enabl$ n only to numb] worlds beyond ! unassi/$ k5 ( mortal eye1 b to trace ! ev5ts ( indef9ite ages be=e ! creation ( our race1 & to p5etrate into ! d>k secrets ( ! ocean & ! he>t ( ! solid globe4 ,,ii4--,*anges 9 ! ,inorganic ,_w n[ 9 ,progress ,! great ag5ts ( *ange 9 ! inorganic _w may be divid$ into two pr9cipal classes--! aque\s & ! igne\s4 ,to ! aque\s belong ra91 riv]s1 spr+s1 curr5ts1 & tides1 & ! action ( fro/ & sn[2 to ! igne\s1 volcanoes & e>?quakes4 ,bo? ^! classes are in/rum5ts ( degradation z well z ( reproduction4 ,b !y may also be reg>d$ z antagoni/ =ces1 s9ce ! aque\s ag5ts are incessantly lab\r+ to r$uce ! inequalities ( ! e>?'s surface to a level2 :ile ! igne\s are equally active 9 re/or+ ! unev5ness ( ! ext]nal cru/1 p>tly by heap+ up new matt] 9 c]ta9 localities1 & p>tly by depress+ "o portion ( ! e>?'s envelope & =c+ out ano!r4 ,we w treat 9 ! fir/ place ( ! aque\s ag5ts4 ,,ra9 ,,& ,,riv]s4 ,:5 "o consid]s t 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w z mu* z #ejj or #fjj in*es ( ra9 may fall annually1 x is easy to believe t ra9 qua ra9 may be a d5ud+ & pla/ic ag5t1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w we f9d evid5ce ( its action 9 e>? pill>s or pyramids4 ,! be/ example ( e>? pill>s is se5 ne> ,botz51 9 ! ,tyrol1 :]e !re are hundr$s ( columns ( indurat$ mud1 v>y+ 9 height f #bj feet to #ajj feet4 ,^! columns are usually capp$ by a s+le /one1 & h be5 sep>at$ by ra9 f ! t]race ( :i* !y once =m$ a "p4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ra9 acts ?r\gh riv]s4 ,! p[] ( riv]s to d5ude & transport is exemplifi$ daily4 ,ev5 a comp>atively small /ream :5 swoll5 by ra9 may move rocks tons 9 weight1 & may transport ?\s&s ( tons ( gravel4 ,! greate/ damage is done :5 riv]s are damm$ by l&slips or by ice4 ,9 #ahah ! ,riv] ,dranse 0 block$ by ice1 & its upp] "p became a lake4 ,9 ! hot season ! b>ri] ( ice gave way1 & ! torr5t swept be=e x rocks1 =e/s1 h\ses1 bridges1 & cultivat$ l&4 ,= ! great] "p ( its c\rse ! flood resembl$ a mov+ mass ( rock & mud r ?an ( wat]4 ,"s fragm5ts ( granite rock ( enorm\s size1 :i* might be comp>$ to h\ses1 7 torn out & borne d[n = a qu>t] ( a mile4 ,! riv]s ( unmelt$ ice call$ ! glaci]s act m sl[ly1 b !y also h ! p[] ( transport+ gravel1 s&1 & b\ld]s to great di/ances1 & ( poli%+ & scor+ _! rocky *annels4 ,iceb]gs1 too1 are pot5t geological ag5ts4 ,_m ( !m are load$ ) #ej1jjj to #ajj1jjj tons ( rock & e>?1 :i* !y may c>ry great di/ances4 ,also 9 _! c\rse !y mu/ break1 & poli%1 & scrat* ! peaks & po9ts ( subm>9e m\nta9s4 ,coa/ ice1 likewise1 may transport rocks & e>?4 ,spr+s also mu/ be consid]$ z geological ag5ts affect+ ! face ( ! globe4 ,b runn+ wat] n only d5udes x1 b also creates l&1 = lakes1 seas1 riv]s are se5 to =m deltas4 ,t ,egypt 0 ! gift ( ! ,nile 0 ! op9ion ( ! ,egyptian prie/s1 & !re c be no d\bt t ! f]tility ( ! alluvial pla9 above ,cairo1 & ! v exi/5ce ( ! delta bel[ t city1 are due to ! action ( t great riv]1 & to its p[] ( transport+ mud f ! int]ior ( ,africa & deposit+ x on its inundat$ pla9s z well z on t space :i* has be5 reclaim$ f ! ,m$it]ranean & conv]t$ into l&4 ,! delta ( ! ,ganges & ,brahmapootra is m ?an d\ble t ( ! ,nile4 ,ev5 l>g] is ! delta ( ! ,mississippi1 :i* has be5 calculat$ to be #ab1cjj squ>e miles 9 area4 ,,tides ,,& ,,curr5ts4 ,! transport+ & de/roy+ & con/ructive p[] ( tides & curr5ts is1 9 _m respects1 analog\s to t ( riv]s1 b ext5ds to wid] areas1 & is1 !re=e1 ( m geological importance4 ,! *ief influ5ce ( ! ocean is ex]t$ at mod]ate dep?s bel[ ! surface on all areas :i* are sl[ly ris+1 or attempt+1 z x 71 to rise above ! sea2 b its influ5ce is also se5 r\nd ! coa/ ( e cont95t & isl&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we %all n[ consid] ! igne\s ag5ts t act on ! e>?'s surface4 ,^! ag5ts are *iefly volcanoes & e>?quakes1 & we f9d t bo? usually occur 9 p>ticul> p>ts ( ! _w4 ,at v>i\s times & at v>i\s places )9 hi/orical times volcanic eruptions & e>?quakes h bo? prov$ _! pot5cy to alt] ! face ( ! e>?4 ,! pr9cipal geological facts & !ories ) reg>d to volcanoes & e>?quakes are z foll[s4 ,! prim>y causes ( ! volcano & ! e>?quake are to a great ext5t ! same1 & connect$ ) ! developm5t ( heat & *emical action at v>i\s dep?s 9 ! int]ior ( ! globe4 ,volcanic heat has be5 suppos$ to be ! result ( ! orig9al high temp]ature ( ! molt5 planet1 & ! planet has be5 suppos$ to lose heat by radiation4 ,rec5t inquiries1 h[ev]1 sugge/ t ! app>5t loss ( heat may arise f ! excessive local developm5t ( volcanic action4 ,:atev] ! orig9al %ape ( our planet1 x mu/ 9 "t h become sph]oidal by ! gradual op]ation ( c5trifugal =ce act+ on yield+ mat]ials br\ght successively )9 its action by aque\s & igne\s causes4 ,! heat 9 m9es & artesian wells increases z we desc5d1 b n 9 uni=m ratio 9 diff]5t regions4 ,increase at a uni=m ratio w\ld imply su* heat 9 ! c5tral nucleus z mu/ in/antly fuse ! cru/4 ,assum+ t !re are good a/ronomical gr\nds = inf]r+ ! orig9al fluidity ( ! planet1 yet su* pri/9e fluidity ne$ n affect ! "q ( volcanic heat1 = ! volcanic action ( successive p]iods belongs to a mu* m mod]n /ate ( ! globe1 & implies ! melt+ ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! solid cru/ "o aft] ! o!r4 ,! suppos$ great en]gy ( ! volcanic =ces 9 ! remot] p]iods is by no means borne out by geological obs]vations on ! quantity ( lava produc$ by s+le eruptions 9 ^? sev]al p]iods4 ,! old notion t ! cry/all9e rocks1 :e!r /ratifi$ or un/ratifi$1 su* z granite & gneiss1 7 produc$ 9 ! l[] p>ts ( ! e>?'s cru/ at ! exp5se ( a c5tral nucleus sl[ly cool+ f a /ate ( fusion by heat has n[ _h to be giv5 up1 n[ t granite is f\nd to be ( all ages1 & n[ t we "k ! metamorphic rocks to be alt]$ s$im5t>y /rata1 imply+ ! d5udation ( a previ\sly solidifi$ cru/4 ,! p[]ful ag5cy ( /eam or aque\s vap\r 9 volcanic eruptions leads u to comp>e its p[] ( propell+ lava to ! surface ) t :i* x ex]ts 9 driv+ wat] up ! pipe ( an ,icel&ic geys]4 ,v>i\s gases also1 r5d]$ liquid by pressure at great dep?s1 may aid 9 caus+ volcanic outbur/s1 & 9 fissur+ & convuls+ ! rocks dur+ e>?quakes4 ,! *emical "* ( ! products ( rec5t eruptions sugge/s t l>ge bodies ( salt wat] ga9 access to ! volcanic foci4 ,al?\gh ?is may n be ! prim>y cause ( volcanic eruptions1 :i* are probably due to ! aque\s vap\r intimately mix$ ) molt5 rock1 yet once ! cru/ is %att]$ ?r\gh1 ! =ce & frequ5cy ( eruptions may dep5d 9 "s measure on ! proximity ( l>ge bodies ( wat]4 ,! p]man5t elevation & subsid5ce ( l& n[ obs]v$1 & :i* may h be5 go+ on ?r\gh pa/ ages1 may be connect$ ) ! expansion & contraction ( p>ts ( ! solid cru/1 "s ( :i* h be5 cool+ f "t to "t1 :ile o!rs h be5 ga9+ heat4 ,9 ! pres]vation ( ! av]age proportion ( l& & sea1 ! igne\s ag5ts ex]t a cons]vative p[]1 re/or+ ! unev5ness ( ! surface :i* ! levell+ p[] ( wat] 9 motion w\ld t5d to de/roy4 ,if ! diamet] ( ! planet rema9s always ! same1 ! d[nw>d movem5ts ( ! cru/ mu/ be some:at 9 excess1 to c\nt]balance ! effects ( volcanoes & m9]al spr+s1 :i* are always eject+ mat]ial s z to raise ! level ( ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,subt]ranean movem5ts1 !re=e1 h[ev] de/ructive !y may be dur+ great e>?quakes1 are ess5tial to ! well-be+ ( ! habitable surface1 & ev5 to ! v exi/5ce ( t]re/rial & aquatic species4 ,,iii4--,*anges ( ! ,organic ,_w n[ 9 ,progress ,9 #ahji ,lam>ck introduc$ ! idea ( transmutation ( species1 sugge/+ t by *anges 9 habitat1 climate1 & mann] ( liv+ "o species may1 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations1 be trans=m$ into a new & di/9ct species4 ,9 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 ! idea rema9$ dormant till 9 #ahdd a "w entitl$ ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation re9=c$ x ) _m new facts4 ,9 ?is "w ! unity ( plan exhibit$ by ! :ole organic creation1 fossil & rec5t1 & ! mutual aff9ities ( all ! diff]5t classes ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 7 decl>$ to be 9 h>mony ) ! idea ( new =ms hav+ proce$$ f old] ones by ! gradually modify+ influ5ce ( environm5t4 ,9 #aheh ! !ory 0 put on a new & s\nd basis by ,wallace & ,d>w91 :o add$ ! conception ( natural selection1 sugge/+ t v>iations 9 species are naturally produc$1 & t ! v>iety fitte/ to survive 9 ! sev]e /ruggle = exi/5ce mu/ survive1 & transmit ! advantage\s v>iation1 imply+ ! gradual evolution ( new species4 ,fur!r1 ,d>w9 %[$ t o!r v>ieties may be p]petuat$ by sexual selection4 ,on inve/igat+ ! geographical di/ribution ( animals & plants we f9d t ! ext5t to :i* ! species ( mammalia1 birds1 insects1 l&%ells1 & plants 7:e!r fl[]+ or cryptogam\s7 agree ) cont95tal species2 or ! degree 9 :i* ^? ( diff]5t isl&s ( ! same gr\p agree ) ea* o!r has an unmi/akable relation to ! kn[n facilities enjoy$ by ea* class ( cross+ ! ocean4 ,su* a relation%ip accords well ) ! !ory ( v>iation & natural selection1 b ) no o!r hypo!sis yet sugge/$ = expla9+ ! orig9 ( species4 ,f :at has be5 said ( ! *anges :i* are always go+ on 9 ! habitable surface ( ! _w1 & ! mann] 9 :i* "s species are con/antly ext5d+ _! range at ! exp5se ( o!rs1 x is evid5t t ! species exi/+ at any p>ticul> p]iod may1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 become ext9ct "o aft] ! o!r4 ,if su*1 !n1 be ! law ( ! organic _w1 if e species is cont9ually los+ "s ( its v>ieties1 & e g5us "s ( its species1 x foll[s t ! transitional l9ks :i* once1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( transmutation1 mu/ h exi/$1 w1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 be miss+4 ,we le>n f geological inve/igations t ?r\gh\t an indef9ite lapse ( ages ! :ole animate creation has be5 decimat$ aga9 & aga94 ,sometimes a s+le repres5tative alone rema9s ( a type once dom9ant1 or ( :i* ! fossil species may be reckon$ by hundr$s4 ,we r>ely f9d t :ole ord]s h disappe>$1 yet ?is is notably ! case 9 ! class ( reptiles1 :i* has lo/ "s ord]s *>act]is$ by a high] organisation ?an any n[ surviv+ 9 t class4 ,c]ta9 g5]a ( plants & animals :i* seem to h be5 :olly want+1 & o!rs :i* 7 feebly repres5t$ 9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 are n[ ri* 9 species1 & appe> to be 9 su* p]fect h>mony ) ! pres5t conditions ( exi/5ce t !y pres5t u ) c\ntless v>ieties1 conf\nd+ ! zoologi/ or botani/ :o und]takes to describe or classify !m4 ,we h only to reflect on ! causes ( ext9ction1 & we at once =esee ! "t :5 ev5 9 ^! g5]a s _m gaps w occur1 s _m transitional =ms w be lo/1 t !re w no long] be any difficulty 9 assign+ def9ite limits to ea* surviv+ species4 ,! bl5d+1 !re=e1 ( "o g5]ic or specific =m into ano!r mu/ be an exception to ! g5]al rule1 :e!r 9 our own "t or 9 any p]iod ( ! pa/1 because ! =ms surviv+ at any giv5 mom5t w h be5 expos$ = a long succession ( antec$5t p]iods to ^? p[]ful causes ( ext9ction :i* are sl[ly b incessantly at "w 9 ! organic & inorganic worlds4 ,!y :o imag9e t1 if ! !ory ( transmutation be true1 we ought to discov] 9 a fossil /ate all ! int]m$iate l9ks by :i* ! mo/ dissimil> types h be5 =m]ly connect$ toge!r1 expect a p]man5ce & complet5ess ( records su* z is nev] f\nd4 ,we d n f9d ev5 t all rec5tly ext9ct plants h left memorials ( _! exi/5ce 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?2 & anci5t ar*ives are c]ta9ly extremely defective4 ,to "o :o is aw>e ( ! extreme imp]fection ( ! geological record1 ! discov]y ( "o or two miss+ l9ks is a fact ( small significance2 b ea* new =m rescu$ f oblivion is an e>ne/ ( ! =m] exi/5ce ( hundr$s ( species1 ! great] "p ( :i* are irrevocably lo/4 ,a some:at s]i\s cause ( disquiet & al>m arises out ( ! suppos$ be>+ ( ?is doctr9e ( ! orig9 ( species by transmutation on ! orig9 ( man1 & 8 place 9 nature4 ,x is cle>ly se5 t !re is su* a close aff9ity1 su* an id5tity 9 all ess5tial po9ts1 9 our corporeal /ructure1 & 9 _m ( our in/9cts & passions ) ^? ( ! l[] animals--t man is s completely subject$ to ! same g5]al laws ( reproduction1 increase1 gr[?1 disease1 & dea?--t if progressive developm5t1 spontane\s v>iation1 & natural selection h = millions ( ye>s direct$ ! *anges ( ! re/ ( ! organic _w1 we _c expect to f9d t ! human race has be5 exempt$ f ! same cont9u\s process ( evolution4 ,su* a ne> bond ( connection betwe5 man & ! re/ ( ! animate creation is reg>d$ by _m z d]ogatory to our dignity4 ,b we h already _h to ex*ange ! pleas+ conceptions indulg$ 9 by poets & !ologians z to ! high position 9 ! scale ( be+ held by our e>ly prog5itors = humble & m l[ly beg9n+s1 ! jo9t lab\rs ( ! geologi/ & ar*ologi/ hav+ left u 9 no d\bt ( ! ignorance & b>b>ism ( ,paloli?ic man4 ,x is well1 too1 to rememb] t ! high place we h rea*$ 9 ! scale ( be+ has be5 ga9$ /ep by /ep1 by a consci5ti\s /udy ( natural ph5om5a1 & by fe>lessly tea*+ ! doctr9es to :i* !y po9t4 ,x is by fai?fully weigh+ evid5ce )\t reg>d to preconceiv$ notions1 by e>ne/ly & pati5tly se>*+ = :at is true1 n :at we wi% to be true1 t we h atta9$ to t dignity1 :i* we may 9 va9 hope to claim ?r\gh ! rank ( an ideal p>5tage4 ,,james ,,cl]k ,,maxwell ,a ,treatise on ,electricity & ,magnetism ,james ,cl]k ,maxwell1 ! fir/ pr(essor ( exp]im5tal physics at ,cambridge1 0 born at ,ed9burgh on ,novemb] #ac1 #ahca1 & be=e he 0 fifte5 0 already fam\s z a writ] ( sci5tific pap]s4 ,9 #ahed he graduat$ at ,cambridge z second wrangl]4 ,two ye>s lat] he became pr(essor ( natural philosophy at ,m>is*al ,college1 ,ab]de54 ,vacat+ 8 *air 9 #ahfj = "o at ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 ,maxwell contribut$ l>gely to sci5tific lit]ature4 ,8 great lifework1 h[ev]1 is 8 fam\s ,treatise on ,electricity & ,magnetism1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgc1 & is1 9 ! words ( a critic1 "o ( ! mo/ spl5did monum5ts ev] rais$ by ! g5ius ( a s+le individual4 ,x 0 9 ?is "w t he con/ruct$ 8 fam\s !ory if electricity 9 :i* action at a di/ance %\ld be replac$ by action ?r\gh a m$ium1 & fir/ enunciat$ ! pr9ciples ( an electro-magnetic !ory ( light :i* has =m$ ! basis ( ne>ly all mod]n physical sci5ce4 ,he di$ on ,novemb] #e1 #ahgi4 ,i4--,! ,nature ( ,electricity ,let a piece ( glass & a piece ( res9 be rubb$ toge!r4 ,!y w be f\nd to attract ea* o!r4 ,if a second piece ( glass be rubb$ ) a second piece ( res91 x w be f\nd t ! two pieces ( glass repel ea* o!r & t ! two pieces ( res9 are also repell$ f "o ano!r1 :ile ea* piece ( glass attracts ea* piece ( res94 ,^! ph5om5a ( attraction & repulsion are call$ electrical ph5om5a1 & ! bodies :i* exhibit !m are said to be electrifi$1 or to be *>g$ ) electricity4 ,bodies may be electrifi$ 9 _m o!r ways1 z well z by friction4 ,:5 bodies n previ\sly electrifi$ are obs]v$ to be act$ on by an electrifi$ body1 x is because !y h become electrifi$ by induction4 ,if a metal vessel be electrifi$ by induction1 & a second metallic body be susp5d$ by silk ?reads ne> x1 & a metal wire be br\ght to t\* simultane\sly ! electrifi$ body & ! second body1 ?is latt] body w be f\nd to be electrifi$4 ,electricity has be5 transf]r$ f "o body to ! o!r by means ( ! wire4 ,!re are _m o!r manife/ations ( electricity1 all ( :i* h be5 m or less /udi$1 & !y lead to ! =mation ( !ories ( its nature1 !ories :i* fit 91 to a great] or less ext5t1 ) ! obs]v$ facts4 ,! electrification ( a body is a physical quantity capable ( measurem5t1 & two or m electrifications c be comb9$ exp]im5tally ) a result ( ! same k9d z :5 two quantities are add$ algebraically4 ,we1 !re=e1 are entitl$ to use language fitt$ to deal ) electrification z a quantity z well z a quality1 & to speak ( any electrifi$ body z *>g$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( positive or negative electricity4 ,:ile admitt+ electricity to ! rank ( a physical quantity1 we mu/ n too ha/ily assume t x is1 or is n1 a sub/ance1 or t x is1 or is n1 a =m ( en]gy1 or t x belongs to any kn[n category ( physical quantities4 ,all t we h prov$ is t x _c be creat$ or annihilat$1 s t if ! total quantity ( electricity )9 a clos$ surface is increas$ or dim9i%$1 ! increase or dim9ution mu/ h pass$ 9 or out ?r\gh ! clos$ surface4 ,?is is true ( matt]1 b x is n true ( heat1 = heat may be increas$ or dim9i%$ )9 a clos$ surface1 )\t pass+ 9 or out ?r\gh ! surface1 by ! trans=mation ( "s =m ( en]gy into heat1 or ( heat into "s o!r =m ( en]gy4 ,x is n true ev5 ( en]gy 9 g5]al if we admit ! imm$iate action ( bodies at a di/ance4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r reason :i* w>rants u 9 ass]t+ t electricity1 z a physical quantity1 synonym\s ) ! total electrification ( a body1 is n1 l heat1 a =m ( en]gy4 ,an electrifi$ sy/em has a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy1 & ?is en]gy c be calculat$4 ,! physical qualities1 electricity & pot5tial1 :5 multipli$ toge!r1 produce ! quantity1 en]gy4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 t electricity & en]gy %\ld be quantities ( ! same category1 = electricity is only "o ( ! factors ( en]gy1 ! o!r factor be+ pot5tial4 ,electricity is treat$ z a sub/ance 9 mo/ !ories ( ! subject1 b z !re are two k9ds ( electrification1 :i*1 be+ comb9$1 annul ea* o!r1 a di/9ction has to be drawn betwe5 free electricity & comb9$ electricity1 = we _c conceive ( two sub/ances annull+ ea* o!r4 ,9 ! two-fluid !ory1 all bodies1 9 _! unelectrifi$ /ate1 are suppos$ to be *>g$ ) equal quantities ( positive & negative electricity4 ,^! quantities are suppos$ to be s great ?an no process ( electrification has ev] yet depriv$ a body ( all ! electricity ( ei!r k9d4 ,! two electricities are call$ fluids because !y are capable ( be+ transf]r$ f "o body to ano!r1 & are1 )9 conduct+ bodies1 extremely mobile4 ,9 ! "o-fluid !ory ev]y?+ is ! same z 9 ! !ory ( two fluids1 except t1 in/ead ( suppos+ ! two sub/ances equal & opposite 9 all respects1 "o ( !m1 g5]ally ! negative "o1 has be5 end[$ ) ! prop]ties & "n ( ord9>y matt]1 :ile ! o!r reta9s ! "n ( ! electric fluid4 ,! p>ticles ( ! fluid are suppos$ to repel ea* o!r accord+ to ! law ( ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance1 & to attract ^? ( matt] accord+ to ! same law4 ,^? ( matt] are suppos$ to repel ea* o!r & attract ^? ( electricity4 ,?is !ory requires u1 h[ev]1 to suppose ! mass ( ! electric fluid s small t no atta9able positive or negative electrification has yet p]ceptibly increas$ or dim9i%$ ! mass or ! weight ( a body1 & x has n yet be5 able to assign suffici5t reasons :y ! positive r ?an ! negative electrification %\ld be suppos$ due to an excess quantity ( electricity4 ,= my own "p1 ,i look = additional light on ! nature ( electricity f a /udy ( :at takes place 9 ! space int]v5+ betwe5 ! electrifi$ bodies4 ,"s ( ! ph5om5a are expla9$ equally by all ! !ories1 :ile o!rs m]ely indicate ! peculi> difficulties ( ea* !ory4 ,we may conceive ! relation into :i* ! electrifi$ bodies are ?r[n1 ei!r z ! result ( ! /ate ( ! int]v5+ m$ium1 or z ! result ( a direct action betwe5 ! electrifi$ bodies at a di/ance4 ,if we adopt ! latt] conception1 we may det]m9e ! law ( ! action1 b we c g no fur!r 9 speculat+ on its cause4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we adopt ! conception ( action ?r\gh a m$ium1 we are l$ to inquire into ! nature ( t action 9 ea* "p ( ! m$ium4 ,if we calculate on ?is hypo!sis ! total en]gy resid+ 9 ! m$ium1 we %all f9d x equal to ! en]gy due to ! electrification ( ! conductors on ! hypo!sis ( direct action at a di/ance4 ,h5ce1 ! two hypo!ses are ma!matically equival5t4 ,on ! hypo!sis t ! me*anical action obs]v$ betwe5 electrifi$ bodies is ex]t$ ?r\gh & by means ( ! m$ium1 z ! action ( "o body on ano!r by means ( ! t5sion ( a rope or ! pressure ( a rod1 we f9d t ! m$ium mu/ be 9 a /ate ( me*anical /ress4 ,! nature ( ! /ress is1 z ,f>aday po9t$ out1 a t5sion along ! l9es ( =ce comb9$ ) an equal pressure 9 all directions at "r angles to ^! l9es4 ,?is di/ribution ( /ress is ! only "o consi/5t ) ! obs]v$ me*anical action on ! electrifi$ bodies1 & also ) ! obs]v$ equilibrium ( ! fluid dielectric :i* surr\nds !m4 ,i h1 !re=e1 assum$ ! actual exi/5ce ( ?is /ate ( /ress4 ,e case ( electrification or dis*>ge may be consid]$ z a motion 9 a clos$ circuit1 su* t at e section ( ! circuit ! same quantity ( electricity crosses 9 ! same "t2 & ?is is ! case1 n only 9 ! voltaic curr5t1 :]e x has always be5 recognis$1 b 9 ^? cases 9 :i* electricity has be5 g5]ally suppos$ to be accumulat$ 9 c]ta9 places4 ,we are ?us l$ to a v rem>kable consequ5ce ( ! !ory :i* we are exam9+1 namely1 t ! motions ( electricity are l ^? ( an incompressible fluid1 s t ! total quantity )9 an imag9>y fix$ clos$ surface rema9s always ! same4 ,! peculi> features ( ! !ory z develop$ 9 ?is book are z foll[s4 ,t ! en]gy ( electrification resides 9 ! dielectric m$ium1 :e!r t m$ium be solid or gase\s1 d5se or r>e1 or ev5 depriv$ ( ord9>y gross matt]1 provid$ t x be /ill capable ( transmitt+ electrical action4 ,t ! en]gy 9 any "p ( ! m$ium is /or$ up 9 ! =m ( a con/ra9t call$ pol>isation1 dep5d5t on ! resultant electromotive =ce 7! diff]5ce ( pot5tials betwe5 two conductors7 at ! place4 ,t electromotive =ce act+ on a dielectric produces :at we call electric displacem5t4 ,t 9 fluid dielectrics ! electric pol>isation is accompani$ by a t5sion 9 ! direction ( ! l9es ( =ce comb9$ ) an equal pressure 9 all directions at "r angles to ! l9es ( =ce4 ,t ! surfaces ( any elem5t>y portion into :i* we may conceive ! volume ( ! dielectric divid$ mu/ be conceiv$ to be electrifi$1 s t ! surface d5sity at any po9t ( ! surface is equal 9 magnitude to ! displacem5t ?r\gh t po9t ( ! surface reckon$ inw>ds4 ,t1 :atev] electricity may be1 ! ph5om5a :i* we h call$ electric displacem5t is a movem5t ( electricity 9 ! same s5se z ! transf]5ce ( a def9ite quantity ( electricity ?r\gh a wire4 ,,ii4--,!ories ( ,magnetism ,c]ta9 bodies--z1 = in/ance1 ! iron ore call$ load/one1 ! e>? itself1 & pieces ( /eel :i* h be5 subject$ to c]ta9 treatm5t--are f\nd to possess ! foll[+ prop]ties1 & are call$ magnets4 ,if a magnet be susp5d$ s z to turn freely ab\t a v]tical axis1 x w 9 g5]al t5d to set itself 9 a c]ta9 azimu?1 &1 if di/urb$ f ?is position1 x w oscillate ab\t x4 ,x is f\nd t ! =ce :i* acts on ! body t5ds to cause a c]ta9 l9e 9 ! body--call$ ! axis ( ! magnet--to become p>allel to a c]ta9 l9e 9 space1 call$ ! direction ( ! magnetic =ce4 ,! ends ( a long ?9 magnet are commonly call$ its poles1 & l poles repel ea* o!r2 :ile unlike poles attract ea* o!r4 ,! repulsion betwe5 ! two magnetic poles is 9 ! /raight l9e jo9+ !m1 & is num]ically equal to ! products ( ! /r5g? ( ! poles divid$ by ! squ>e ( ! di/ance betwe5 !m2 t is1 x v>ies z ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,s9ce ! =m ( ! law ( magnetic action is id5tical ) t ( electric action1 ! same reasons :i* c be giv5 = attribut+ electric ph5om5a to ! action ( "o fluid1 or two fluids c also be us$ 9 fav\r ( ! exi/5ce ( a magnetic matt]1 fluid or o!rwise1 provid$ new laws are introduc$ to acc\nt = ! actual facts4 ,at all p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface1 except "s p>ts ( ! pol> regions1 "o end ( a magnet po9ts 9 a nor!rly direction & ! o!r 9 a s\!rly "o4 ,n[ a b> ( iron held p>allel to ! direction ( ! e>?'s magnetic =ce is f\nd to become magnetic4 ,any piece ( s(t iron plac$ 9 a magnetic field is f\nd to exhibit magnetic prop]ties4 ,^! are ph5om5a ( induc$ magnetism4 ,poisson supposes ! magnetism ( iron to consi/ 9 a sep>ation ( ! magnetic fluids )9 ea* magnetic molecule4 ,web]'s !ory diff]s f ?is 9 assum+ t ! molecules ( ! iron are always magnets1 ev5 be=e ! application ( ! magnetis+ =ce1 b t 9 ord9>y iron ! magnetic axes ( ! molecules are turn$ indiff]5tly 9 e direction1 s t ! iron z a :ole exhibits no magnetic prop]ties2 & ?is !ory agrees v well ) :at is obs]v$4 ,! !ories e/abli% ! fact t magnetisation is a ph5om5on1 n ( l>ge masses ( iron1 b ( molecules2 t is to say1 ( portions ( ! sub/ance s small t we _c by any me*anical me?od cut !m 9 two1 s z to obta9 a nor? pole sep>ate f ! s\? pole4 ,we h arriv$ at no explanation1 h[ev]1 ( ! nature ( a magnetic molecule1 & we h !re=e to consid] ! hypo!sis ( ,ampre--t ! magnetism ( ! molecule is due to an electric curr5t con/antly circulat+ 9 "s clos$ pa? )9 x4 ,ampre conclud$ t if magnetism is to be expla9$ by means ( electric curr5ts1 ^! curr5ts mu/ circulate )9 ! molecules ( ! magnet1 & _c fl[ f "o molecule to ano!r4 ,z we _c exp]im5tally measure ! magnetic action at a po9t )9 ! molecule1 ?is hypo!sis _c be disprov$ 9 ! same way t we c disprove ! hypo!sis ( s5sible curr5ts )9 ! magnet4 ,9 spite ( its app>5t complexity1 ,ampre's !ory greatly ext5ds our ma!matical vision into ! int]ior ( ! molecules4 ,,iii4--,! ,electro-,magnetic ,!ory ( ,light ,we expla9 electro-magnetic ph5om5a by means ( me*anical action transmitt$ f "o body to ano!r by means ( a m$ium occupy+ ! space betwe5 !m4 ,! undulatory !ory ( light also assumes ! exi/5ce ( a m$ium4 ,we h to %[ t ! prop]ties ( ! electro-magnetic m$ium are id5tical ) ^? ( ! lum9if]\s m$ium4 ,to fill all space ) a new m$ium :5ev] any new ph5om5a are to be expla9$ is by no means philosophical1 b if ! /udy ( two diff]5t bran*es ( sci5ce has indep5d5tly sugge/$ ! idea ( a m$ium2 & if ! prop]ties :i* mu/ be attribut$ to ! m$ium 9 ord] to acc\nt = electro-magnetic ph5om5a are ( ! same k9d z ^? :i* we attribute to ! lum9if]\s m$ium 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( light1 ! evid5ce = ! physical exi/5ce ( ! m$ium is consid]ably /r5g!n$4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( emission1 ! transmission ( light en]gy is effect$ by ! actual transf]5ce ( light-corpuscles f ! lum9\s to ! illum9at$ body4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( undulation !re is a mat]ial m$ium :i* fills ! space betwe5 ! two bodies1 & x is by ! action ( contigu\s p>ts ( ?is m$ium t ! en]gy is pass$ on1 f "o portion to ! next1 till x rea*es ! illum9at$ body4 ,! lum9if]\s m$ium is !re=e1 dur+ ! passage ( light ?r\gh x1 a receptacle ( en]gy4 ,?is en]gy is suppos$ to be p>tly pot5tial & p>tly k9etic1 & our !ory agrees ) ! undulatory !ory 9 assum+ ! exi/5ce ( a m$ium capable ( becom+ a receptacle = two =ms ( en]gy4 ,n[1 ! prop]ties ( bodies are capable ( quantitative measurem5t4 ,we !re=e obta9 ! num]ical value ( "s prop]ty ( ! m$ium--su* z ! velocity ) :i* a di/urbance is propagat$ 9 x1 :i* c be calculat$ f exp]im5ts1 & also obs]v$ directly 9 ! case ( light4 ,if x be f\nd t ! velocity ( propagation ( electro-magnetic di/urbance is ! same z ! velocity ( light1 we h /rong reasons = believ+ t light is an electro-magnetic ph5om5on4 ,x is1 9 fact1 f\nd t ! velocity ( light & ! velocity ( propagation ( electro-magnetic di/urbance are quantities ( ! same ord] ( magnitude4 ,nei!r ( !m c be said to h be5 det]m9$ accurately en\gh to say t "o is great] ?an ! o!r4 ,9 ! meantime1 our !ory ass]ts t ! quantities are equal1 & assigns a physical reason = ?is equality1 & x is n contradict$ by ! comp>ison ( ! results1 su* z !y are4 ,lor5z has d$uc$ f ,kir*(f's equations ( electric curr5ts a new set ( equations1 indicat+ t ! di/ribution ( =ce 9 ! electro-magnetic field may be consid]$ z aris+ f ! mutual action ( contigu\s elem5ts1 & t waves1 consi/+ ( transv]se electric curr5ts1 may be propagat$1 ) a velocity comp>able ) t ( light1 9 non-conduct+ m$ia4 ,^! conclusions are simil> to my own1 ?\gh obta9$ by an entirely diff]5t me?od4 ,! mo/ important /ep 9 e/abli%+ a relation betwe5 electric & magnetic ph5om5a & ^? ( light mu/ be ! discov]y ( "s in/ance 9 :i* "o set ( ph5om5a is affect$ by ! o!r4 ,f>aday succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ su* a relation1 & ! exp]im5ts by :i* he did s are describ$ 9 ! n9ete5 s]ies ( 8 ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es4 ,suffice x to /ate "h t he %[$ t 9 ! case ( aray ( plane-pol>is$ light ! effect ( ! magnetic =ce is to turn ! plane ( pol>isation r\nd ! direction ( ! ray z an axis1 ?r\gh a c]ta9 angle4 ,! action ( magnetism on pol>is$ light leads to ! conclusion t 9 a m$ium "u ! action ( a magnetic =ce1 some?+ belong+ to ! same ma!matical class z an angul> velocity1 ^: axis is 9 ! direction ( ! magnetic =ce1 =ms "p ( ! ph5om5on4 ,?is angul> velocity _c be any portion ( ! m$ium ( s5sible dim5sions rotat+ z a :ole4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 conceive ! rotation to be t ( v small portions ( ! m$ium1 ea* rotat+ on its own axis4 ,?is is ! hypo!sis ( molecul> vortices4 ,! displacem5ts ( ! m$ium dur+ ! propagation ( light w produce a di/urbance ( ! vortices1 & ! vortices1 :5 s di/urb$1 may react on ! m$ium s z to affect ! propagation ( ! ray4 ,! !ory propos$ is ( a provisional k9d1 re/+ z x does on unprov$ hypo!ses relat+ to ! nature ( molecul> vortices1 & ! mode 9 :i* !y are affect$ by ! displacem5t ( ! m$ium4 ,,iv4--,action at a ,di/ance ,!re appe>s to be "s prejudice1 or a priori objection1 aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( a m$ium 9 :i* ! ph5om5a ( radiation ( light & heat1 & ! electric actions at a di/ance1 take place4 ,x is true t at "o "t ^? :o speculat$ z to ! cause ( physical ph5om5a 7 9 ! habit ( acc\nt+ = ea* k9d ( action at a di/ance by means ( a special !real fluid1 ^: function & prop]ty x 0 to produce ^! actions4 ,!y fill$ all space ?ree & f\r times ov] ) !rs ( diff]5t k9ds1 ! prop]ties ( :i* consi/$ m]ely to save appe>ances1 s t m rational inquir]s 7 will+ to accept n only ,newton's def9ite law ( attraction at a di/ance1 b ev5 ! dogma ( ,cotes t action at a di/ance is "o ( ! prim>y prop]ties ( matt]1 & t no explanation c be m intelligible ?an ?is fact4 ,h5ce ! undulatory !ory ( light has met ) mu* opposition1 direct$ n aga9/ its failure to expla9 ! ph5om5a1 b aga9/ its assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( a m$ium 9 :i* light is propagat$4 ,! ma!matical expression = electro-dynamic action l$1 9 ! m9d ( ,gauss1 to ! conviction t a !ory ( ! propagation ( electric action w\ld 9 "t be f\nd to be ! v key/one ( electro-dynamics4 ,n[1 we are unable to conceive ( propagation 9 "t1 except ei!r z ! flight ( a mat]ial sub/ance ?r\gh space or z ! propagation ( a condition ( motion or /ress 9 a m$ium already exi/+ 9 space4 ,9 ! !ory ( ,neumann1 ! ma!matical conception call$ pot5tial1 :i* we are unable to conceive z a mat]ial sub/ance1 is suppos$ to be project$ f "o p>ticle to ano!r1 9 a mann] :i* is q indep5d5t ( a m$ium1 & :i*1 z ,neumann has himself po9t$ out1 is extremely diff]5t f t ( ! propagation ( light4 ,9 o!r !ories x w\ld appe> t ! action is suppos$ to be propagat$ 9 a mann] some:at m simil> to t ( light4 ,b 9 all ^! !ories ! "q naturally occurs3 ,if some?+ is transmitt$ f "o p>ticle to ano!r at a di/ance1 :at is its condition aft] x _h left ! "o p>ticle1 & be=e x rea*$ ! o!r8 ,if ?is some?+ is ! pot5tial en]gy ( ! two p>ticles1 z 9 ,neumann's !ory1 h[ are we to conceive ?is en]gy z exi/+ 9 a po9t ( space co9cid+ nei!r ) ! "o p>ticle nor ) ! o!r8 ,9 fact1 :5ev] en]gy is transmitt$ f "o body to ano!r 9 "t1 !re mu/ be a m$ium or sub/ance 9 :i* ! en]gy exi/s aft] x leaves "o body1 & be=e x rea*es ! o!r1 = en]gy1 z ,torricelli rem>k$1 is a qu9tess5ce ( s subtile a nature t x _c be conta9$ 9 any vessel except ! inmo/ sub/ance ( mat]ial ?+s4 ,h5ce all ^! !ories lead to ! conception ( a m$ium 9 :i* ! propagation takes place1 & if we admit ?is m$ium z an hypo!sis1 ,i ?9k we ought to endeav\r to con/ruct a m5tal repres5tation ( all ! details ( its action1 & ?is has be5 my con/ant aim 9 ?is treatise4 ,,elie ,,met*nik(f ,! ,nature ( ,man ,elie ,met*nik(f1 ,sub-,director ( ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute 9 ,p>is1 0 born ,may #ae1 #ahde1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kh>kov1 ,russia1 & has work$ at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute s9ce #ahhh4 ,! great] "p ( ,met*nik(f's "w is conc]n$ ) ! mo/ intimate processes ( ! body1 & notably ! means by :i* x def5ds itself f ! liv+ ag5ts ( disease4 ,he is1 inde$1 ! au?or ( a /&>d treatise entitl$ ,immunity 9 ,infective ,diseases4 ,8 e>ly "w 9 zoology l$ him to /udy ! wat]-flea1 & !nce to discov] t ! :ite cells ( ! human blood oppose1 consume1 & de/roy invad+ microbes4 ,latt]ly1 ,met*nik(f has devot$ himself 9 "s measure to m g5]al & especially philosophical /udies1 ! outcome ( :i* is be/ repres5t$ by ! notable volume on ,! ,nature ( ,man1 :i* 0 publi%$ at ,p>is 9 #aijc4 ,i4--,di%>monies 9 ,nature ,not)/&+ ! real advance made by sci5ce1 x _c be disput$ t a g5]al uneas9ess di/urbs ! :ole _w to-day1 & ! frequ5cy ( suicide is increas$ greatly among civilis$ peoples4 ,yet if sci5ce turns to /udy human nature1 !re may be gr\nds = hope4 ,! ,greeks held human nature & ! human body 9 high e/eem1 & among ! ,romans su* a philosoph] z ,s5eca said1 ,take nature z y\r guide1 = s reason bids y & advises y2 to live happily is to live naturally4 ,9 our own day ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has express$ aga9 ! ,greek ideal1 seek+ ! f\ndation ( morality 9 human nature itself4 ,b x has (t5 be5 taught t human nature is compos$ ( two ho/ile elem5ts1 a body & a s\l4 ,! s\l alone 0 to be hon\r$1 :ile ! body 0 reg>d$ z ! vile s\rce ( evils4 ,?is doctr9e has _h _m disa/r\s consequ5ces1 & x is n surpris+ t 9 consequ5ce ( x celibacy %\ld h be5 reg>d$ z ! ideal /ate4 ,art fell f ! ,greek ideal until ! ,r5aissance1 ) its return to t ideal1 br\ght new vig\r4 ,:5 ! anci5t _s 0 born aga9 its influ5ce rea*$ sci5ce & ev5 religion1 & ! ,re=mation 0 a def5ce ( human nature4 ,! ,lu!ran doctr9es resum$ ! pr9ciple ( a developm5t z complete z possible ( all ! natural p[]s ( man1 & compulsory celibacy 0 aboli%$4 ,! hi/orical div]sity ( op9ion reg>d+ human nature is :at has l$ me to ! attempt to give an exposition ( human nature 9 its /r5g? & 9 its weakness4 ,b1 be=e deal+ ) ! man himself1 we mu/ survey ! l[] =ms ( life4 ,! facts ( ! organis$ _w1 be=e ! appe>nace ( man1 tea* u t ?\gh we f9d *ange & developm5t1 developm5t does n always take a progressive m>*4 ,we are b\nd to believe1 = in/ance1 t ! late/ products ( evolution are n human be+s1 b c]ta9 p>asites :i* live only ^u1 or 91 ! human body4 ,! law 9 nature is n ( con/ant progress1 b ( con/ant t5d5cy t[>ds adaptation4 ,exquisite adaptations1 or h>monies1 9 nature are con/antly met ) 9 ! _w ( liv+ be+s4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 any close inve/igation ( organisation & life reveals t beside _m mo/ p]fect h>monies1 !re are facts :i* prove ! exi/5ce ( incomplete h>mony1 or ev5 absolute di%>mony4 ,rudim5t>y & useless organs are widely di/ribut$4 ,_m insects are exquisitely adapt$ = suck+ ! nect> ( fl[]s2 _m o!rs w\ld wi% to d ! same1 b _! want ( adaptation baffles !m4 ,x is pla9 t an in/9ct1 or any o!r =m ( di%>mony1 lead+ to de/ruction1 _c increase or ev5 endure v long4 ,! p]v]sion ( ! mat]nal in/9ct1 t5d+ to ab&onm5t ( ! "y1 is de/ructive to ! /ock4 ,9 consequ5ce1 individuals affect$ by x d n h ! opportunity ( transmitt+ ! p]v]sion4 ,if all rabbits1 or a majority ( !m1 left _! "y to die ?r\gh neglect1 x is evid5t t ! species w\ld soon die out4 ,on ! contr>y1 mo!rs guid$ by _! in/9ct to n\ri% & fo/] _! (fspr+ w produce a vigor\s g5]ation capable ( transmitt+ ! heal?y mat]nal in/9ct s ess5tial = ! pres]vation ( ! species4 ,= su* a reason h>moni\s *>act]s are m abundant 9 nature ?an injuri\s peculi>ities4 ,! latt]1 because !y are injuri\s to ! individual & to ! species1 _c p]petuate !mselves indef9itely4 ,9 ?is way !re comes ab\t a con/ant selection ( *>act]s4 ,! useful qualities are h&$ d[n & pres]v$1 :ile noxi\s *>act]s p]i% & s disappe>4 ,al?\gh di%>monies t5d to ! de/ruction ( a species1 !y may !mselves disappe> )\t hav+ de/roy$ ! race 9 :i* !y occur4 ,?is cont9u\s process ( natural selection1 :i* (f]s s good an explanation ( ! transmutation & orig9 ( species by means ( pres]vation ( useful & de/ruction ( h>mful *>act]s1 0 discov]$ by ,d>w9 & ,wallace1 & 0 e/abli%$ by ! spl5did rese>*es ( ! =m] ( ^!4 ,long be=e ! appe>ance ( man on ! face ( ! e>?1 !re 7 "s happy be+s well adapt$ to _! environm5t1 & "s unhappy creatures t foll[$ di%>moni\s in/9cts s z to imp]il or to de/roy _! lives4 ,7 su* creatures capable ( reflection & communication1 pla9ly ! =tunate among !m1 su* z or*ids & c]ta9 wasps1 w\ld be on ! side ( ! optimi/s2 !y w\ld decl>e ?is ! be/ ( all possible worlds1 & insi/ t to secure happ9ess x is necess>y only to foll[ natural in/9cts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! di%>moni\s creatures1 ^? ill adapt$ to ! conditions ( life1 w\ld be pessimi/ic philosoph]s4 ,consid] ! case ( ! ladybird1 driv5 by hung] & ) a pref]5ce = honey1 :i* se>*es = x on fl[]s & meets only ) failure1 or ( insects driv5 by _! in/9cts into ! flames1 only to lose _! w+s & _! lives2 su* creatures1 pla9ly1 w\ld express z _! idea ( ! _w t x 0 fa%ion$ abom9ably1 & t exi/5ce 0 a mi/ake4 ,,ii4--,di%>monies 9 ,man ,z = man1 ! creature mo/ int]e/+ to u1 9 :at category does he fall8 ,is he a be+ ^: nature is 9 h>mony ) ! conditions 9 :i* he has to live1 or is he out ( h>mony ) 8 environm5t8 ,a critical exam9ation is ne$$ to answ] ^! que/ions1 & to su* an exam9ation ! pages to foll[ are devot$4 ,sci5ce has prov$ t man is closely ak9 to ! high] monkeys or an?ropoid apes--a fact :i* we mu/ reckon ) if we are to und]/& human nature4 ,! details ( anatomy :i* %[ ! k9%ip betwe5 man & ! apes are num]\s & a/oni%+4 ,all ! facts br\ght to light dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s h support$ ?is tru?1 & no s+le fact has be5 br\ght aga9/ x4 ,q lately x has be5 %[n t !re are rem>kable *>act]s 9 ! blood1 su* t1 ?\gh by c]ta9 te/s ! fluid "p ( human blood c be readily di/+ui%$ f t ( any o!r creature1 ! an?ropoid apes1 & !y alone1 furni% an exception to ?is rule4 ,!re is ?us v]ily a close blood-relation%ip betwe5 ! human species & ! an?ropoid apes4 ,b h[ man arose we d n "k4 ,x is probable t he owes 8 orig9 to a mutation--a sudd5 *ange comp>able ) t :i* ,de ,vries obs]v$ 9 ! case ( ! ev5+ primrose4 ,! new creature possess$ a bra9 ( abnormal size plac$ 9 a spaci\s cranium :i* all[$ a rapid developm5t ( intellectual faculties4 ,?is peculi>ity w\ld be transmitt$ to ! desc5dants1 & z x 0 a v consid]able advantage 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! new race w\ld hold its own1 propagate1 & prevail4 ,al?\gh he is a rec5t arrival on ! e>?1 man has already made great progress1 z comp>$ ) 8 ance/ors ! an?ropoid apes1 & we le>n ! same if we comp>e ! high] & l[] races ( mank9d4 ,yet !re rema9 _m di%>monies 9 ! organisation ( man1 z1 = in/ance1 9 8 dige/ive sy/em4 ,a simple in/ance ( ?is k9d is furni%$ by ! wisdom tee?4 ,! complete abs5ce ( all f\r wisdom tee? has no influ5ce on ma/ication1 & _! pres5ce is v frequ5tly ! s\rce ( illness & dang]4 ,9 man !y are inde$ rudim5t>y organs1 provid+ ano!r pro( ( our simian orig94 ,! v]mi=m app5dix1 s frequ5tly ! cause ( illness & dea?1 is ano!r rudim5t>y organ 9 ! human body1 toge!r ) ! "p ( ! dige/ive canal to :i* x is atta*$4 ,! organ is a v old "p ( ! con/itution ( mammals1 & x is because x has be5 pres]v$ long aft] its function has disappe>$ t we f9d x occurr+ 9 ! body ( man4 ,i believe t n only ! app5dix1 b a v l>ge "p ( ! alim5t>y canal is sup]flu\s1 & worse ?an sup]flu\s4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ( great importance to ! horse1 ! rabbit1 & "s o!r mammals t live exclusively on gra9 & h]bage4 ,! latt] "p ( ! alim5t>y canal1 h[ev]1 mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( ! organs possess$ by man & yet h>mful to 8 heal? & life4 ,x is ! cause ( a s]ies ( mis=tunes4 ,! human /oma* also is ( little value1 & c easily be disp5s$ )1 z surg]y has prov$4 ,x is because we inh]it our alim5t>y canal f creatures ( diff]5t dietetic habits t x is impossible = u to take our nutrim5t 9 ! mo/ p]fect =m4 ,if we 7 only to eat sub/ances t c\ld be almo/ completely absorb$1 s]i\s complications w\ld be produc$4 ,a satisfactory sy/em ( diet has to make all[ance = ?is1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! /ructure ( ! alim5t>y canal has to include 9 ! food bulky & indige/ible mat]ials1 su* z vegetables4 ,la/ly1 x may be not$ t ! in/9ct ( appetite 9 man is l>gely ab]rant4 ,! widespread results ( alcoholism %[ pla9ly ! preval5t exi/5ce 9 man ( a want ( h>mony betwe5 ! in/9ct = *oos+ food & ! in/9ct ( pres]vation4 ,f> /rong] ?an ! social in/9ct1 & f> old]1 is ! love ( life & ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation4 ,devices = ! protection ( life 7 develop$ long be=e ! evolution ( mank9d1 & x is q c]ta9 t animals1 ev5 ^? highe/ 9 ! scale ( life1 are unconsci\s ( ! inevitability ( dea? & ! ultimate fate ( all liv+ ?+s4 ,?is k is a human acquisition4 ,x has long be5 recognis$ t ! old atta* a high] value to life ?an d ! "y4 ,! in/9ctive love ( life & fe> ( dea? are ( importance 9 ! /udy ( human nature1 impossible to ov]-e/imate4 ,! in/9ctive love ( life is pres]v$ 9 ! ag$ 9 its /ronge/ =m4 ,i h c>efully /udi$ ! ag$ to make c]ta9 on ?is po9t4 ,x is a t]rible di%>mony t ! in/9ctive love ( life %\ld manife/ itself s /rongly :5 dea? is felt to be s ne> at h&4 ,h5ce ! religions ( all times h be5 conc]n$ ) ! problem ( dea?4 ,,iii4--,sci5ce ! ,only ,rem$y = ,human ,di%>monies ,9 religion & 9 philosophy ?r\gh\t _! :ole hi/ory we f9d attempts to combat ! ills aris+ f ! di%>monies ( ! human con/itution4 ,anci5t & mod]n philosophies1 l anci5t & mod]n religions1 h conc]n$ !mselves ) ! attempt to rem$y ! ills ( human exi/5ce1 & in/9ctive fe> ( dea? has always ensur$ t great att5tion has be5 paid to ! doctr9e ( immortality4 ,sci5ce1 ! y\nge/ daught] ( k1 has begun to inve/igate ! great problems affect+ humanity4 ,h] fir/ /eps1 tak5 along ! l9es fir/ cle>ly laid d[n by ,bacon1 7 sl[ & halt+4 ,b m$ical sci5ce has lately made great progress1 & has gone v f> to control disease1 especially 9 consequ5ce ( ! "w ( ,pa/eur4 ,x is said t sci5ce has fail$ because1 = in/ance1 tub]culosis p]si/s1 b tub]culosis is propagat$ n because ( ! failure ( sci5ce1 b because ( ! ignorance & /upidity ( ! population4 ,to dim9i% ! spread ( tub]culosis1 ( typhoid fev]1 ( dys5t]y1 & ( _m o!r diseases1 x is necess>y only to foll[ ! rules ( sci5tific hygi5e )\t wait+ = specific rem$ies4 ,sci5ce (f]s u mu* hope also :5 x is direct$ to ! /udy ( old age & ! ph5om5a :i* lead to dea?4 ,man1 :o is ! desc5dant ( "s an?ropoid ape1 has inh]it$ a con/itution adapt$ to an environm5t v diff]5t f t :i* n[ surr\nds him4 ,he is possess$ ( a bra9 v mu* m highly develop$ ?an t ( 8 ance/ors1 & has ent]$ on a new pa? 9 ! evolution ( ! high] organisms4 ,! sudd5 *ange 9 8 natural conditions has br\ght ab\t a l>ge s]ies ( organic di%>monies1 :i* become m & m acutely felt z he becomes m intellig5t & m s5sitive2 & ?us !re has aris5 a numb] ( sorr[s :i* poor humanity has tri$ to relieve by all ! means 9 its p[]4 ,humanity 9 its mis]y has put "q aft] "q to sci5ce1 & has lo/ pati5ce at ! sl[ness ( ! advance ( k4 ,x has decl>$ t ! answ]s already f\nd by sci5ce are futile & ( little int]e/4 ,b sci5ce1 confid5t ( its me?ods1 has quietly cont9u$ to "w4 ,little by little ! answ]s to "s ( ! que/ions t h be5 set h begun to appe>4 ,man1 because ( ! fundam5tal di%>monies 9 8 con/itution1 does n develop normally4 ,! e>li] phases ( 8 developm5t are pass$ ?r\gh ) little tr\ble2 b aft] maturity great] or less] abnormality beg9s1 & ends 9 old age & dea? t are premature & pa?ological4 ,is n ! goal ( exi/5ce ! accompli%m5t ( a complete & physiological cycle 9 :i* occurs a normal old age1 end+ 9 ! loss ( ! in/9ct ( life & ! appe>ance ( ! in/9ct ( dea?8 ,b be=e atta9+ ! normal end1 com+ aft] ! appe>ance ( ! in/9ct ( dea?1 a normal life mu/ be liv$2 a life fill$ all ?r\gh ) ! feel+ t comes f ! accompli%m5t ( function4 ,sci5ce has be5 able to tell u t man1 ! desc5dant ( animals1 has good & evil qualities 9 8 nature1 & t 8 life is made unhappy by ! evil qualities4 ,b ! con/itution ( man is n immutable1 & p]haps x may be *ang$ = ! bett]4 ,morality %\ld be bas$ n on human nature 9 its exi/+ condition1 b on ideal human nature1 z x may be 9 ! future4 ,be=e all ?+s1 x is necess>y to try to am5d ! evolution ( human life1 t is to say1 to trans=m its di%>monies into h>monies4 ,?is task c be und]tak5 only by sci5ce1 & to sci5ce ! opportunity ( accompli%+ x mu/ be giv54 ,be=e x is possible to rea* ! goal mank9d mu/ be p]suad$ t sci5ce is all-p[]ful & t ! deeply-root$ exi/+ sup]/itions are p]nici\s4 ,x w be necess>y to re=m _m cu/oms & _m in/itutions t n[ seem to re/ on endur+ f\ndations4 ,! ab&onm5t ( mu* t is habitual1 & a revolution 9 ! mode ( education1 w require long & pa9ful ef=t4 ,b ! conviction t sci5ce alone is able to r$ress ! di%>monies ( ! human con/itution w lead directly to ! improvem5t ( education & to ! solid>ity ( mank9d4 ,! ,prolongation ( ,life ,pr(essor ,met*nik(f's volume1 on ,! ,prolongation ( ,life3 ,/udies 9 ,optimi/ic ,philosophy1 0 publi%$ 9 #aijg1 & is 9 "s respects ! mo/ orig9al ( 8 works4 ,9 x he c>ries mu* fur!r ! argum5ts & ! /udies to :i* he made brief allusion 9 ,! ,nature ( ,man1 & he lays d[n c]ta9 pr9ciples = ! prolongation ( life :i* h be5 put into practice by a l>ge numb] ( p dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s1 & are /eadily ga9+ m att5tion4 ,s\r milk z an article ( diet appe>s to h a peculi> value 9 arre/+ ! suppos$ s5ile *anges :i* are l>gely due to auto-intoxication or self-poison+4 ,i4--,s5ile ,debility ,:5 we /udy old age 9 man & ! l[] animals1 we obs]ve c]ta9 features common to bo?4 ,b (t5 among v]tebrates !re are f\nd animals ^: bodies )/& ! ravages ( "t mu* bett] ?an t ( man4 ,i ?9k x a fair inf]5ce t s5ility1 t precoci\s s5esc5ce :i* is "o ( ! greate/ sorr[s ( humanity1 is n s pr(\ndly seat$ 9 ! con/itution ( ! high] animals z has g5]ally be5 suppos$4 ,! fir/ facts :i* we mu/ accept are t human be+s :o rea* extreme old age may pres]ve _! m5tal qualities1 not)/&+ s]i\s physical decay1 & t c]ta9 ( ! high] animals c resi/ ! influ5ce ( "t mu* long] ?an is ! case ) man "u pres5t conditions4 ,_m !ories h be5 advanc$ reg>d+ ! cause ( s5ility4 ,x is c]ta9 t _m p>ts ( ! body cont9ue to ?rive & gr[ ev5 9 old age1 z1 = in/ance1 ! nails & hair4 ,b ,i believe t ,i h prov$ t 9 _m p>ts ( ! body1 especially ! high] elem5ts1 su* z n]v\s & muscul> cells1 !re is a de/ruction due to ! activity ( ! :ite cells ( ! blood4 ,i h %[n also t ! blan*+ ( ! hair 9 old age is due to ! activity ( ^! :ite cells1 :i* de/roy ! hair pigm5t4 ,progressive muscul> debility is an accompanim5t ( old age2 physical "w is seldom giv5 to m5 ov] sixty ye>s ( age1 z x is notori\s t !y are less capable ( x4 ,_! muscul> movem5ts are feebl]1 & soon br+ on fatigue2 _! actions are sl[ & pa9ful4 ,ev5 old m5 ^: m5tal vig\r is unimpair$ admit _! muscul> weakness4 ,! physical correlate ( ?is condition is an actual atrophy ( ! muscles1 & has = long be5 kn[n to obs]v]s4 ,i h f\nd t ! cause ( ?is atrophy is ! consumption ( ! muscle fibres by :at ,i call phagocytes1 or eat+ cells1 a c]ta9 k9d ( :ite blood cells4 ,9 ! case ( c]ta9 diseases we f9d symptoms1 :i* look l precoci\s s5ility1 due to ! poison ( ! disease4 ,x is no m]e analogy to suppose t human s5esc5ce is ! result ( a sl[ b *ronic poison+ ( ! organism4 ,su* poisons1 if n completely de/roy$ or got rid (1 weak5 ! tissues1 ! functions ( :i* become alt]$ or enfeebl$ 9 :i* ! latt] h ! advantage4 ,b we mu/ make fur!r /udies be=e we c answ] ! "q :e!r our s5esc5ce c be ameliorat$4 ,! duration ( ! life ( animals v>ies )9 v wide limits4 ,z a g5]al rule1 small animals d n live s long z l>ge ones1 b !re is no absolute relation betwe5 size & longevity1 s9ce p>rots1 rav5s1 & geese live mu* long] ?an _m mammals1 & ?an "s mu* l>g] birds4 ,buffon long ago argu$ t ! total duration ( life bore "s def9ite relation to ! l5g? ( ! p]iod ( gr[?1 b fur!r inquiry %[s t su* a relation _c be e/abli%$4 ,nev]!less1 !re is some?+ intr9sic 9 ea* k9d ( animal :i* sets a def9ite limit to ! l5g? ( ye>s x c atta94 ,! purely physiological conditions :i* det]m9e ?is limit leave room = a consid]able am\nt ( v>iation 9 longevity4 ,duration ( life1 !re=e1 is a "* :i* c be influ5c$ by ! environm5t4 ,! duration ( life 9 mammals is relatively %ort] ?an 9 birds1 & 9 ! s-call$ cold-blood$ v]tebrates4 ,no indication z to ! cause ( ?is diff]5ce c be f\nd else:]e ?an 9 ! organs ( dige/ion4 ,mammals are ! only gr\p ( v]tebrate animals 9 :i* ! l>ge inte/9e is mu* develop$4 ,?is "p ( ! alim5t>y canal is n important1 = x fulfils no notable dige/ive function4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x accommodates among ! inte/9al flora _m microbes :i* damage heal? by poison+ ! body ) _! products4 ,among ! inte/9al flora !re are _m microbes :i* are in(f5sive1 b o!rs are kn[n to h p]nici\s prop]ties1 & auto-intoxication1 or self-poison+1 is ! cause ( ! ill-heal? :i* may be trac$ to _! activity4 ,x is indubitable t ! inte/9al microbes or _! poisons may rea* ! sy/em g5]ally1 & br+ h>m to x4 ,i inf] f ! facts t ! m ! dige/ive tract is *>g$ ) microbes1 ! m x is a s\rce ( h>m capable ( %ort5+ life4 ,z ! l>ge inte/9e n only is t "p ( ! dige/ive tube mo/ ri*ly *>g$ ) microbes1 b is relatively m capaci\s 9 mammals ?an 9 any o!r v]tebrates1 x is a j inf]5ce t ! duration ( life ( mammals has be5 notably %ort5$ z ! result ( *ronic poison+ f an abundant inte/9al flora4 ,:5 we come to /udy ! duration ( human life1 x is impossible to accept ! view t ! high mortality betwe5 ! ages ( sev5ty & sev5ty-five indicates a natural limit to human life4 ,! fact t _m m5 f sev5ty to sev5ty-five ye>s old are well pres]v$1 bo? physically & intellectually1 makes x impossible to reg>d t age z ! natural limit ( human life4 ,philosoph]s su* z ,plato1 poets su* z ,goe! & ,victor ,hugo1 arti/s su* z ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,titian1 & ,franz ,hals1 produc$ "s ( _! mo/ important works :5 !y _h pass$ :at "s reg>d z ! limit ( life4 ,moreov]1 dea?s ( p at t age are r>ely due to s5ile debility4 ,c5t5>ians are really n r>e4 ,9 ,france1 = in/ance1 ne>ly #aej c5t5>ians die e ye>1 & extreme longevity is n limit$ to ! :ite races4 ,wom5 m frequ5tly become c5t5>ians ?an m5--a fact :i* supports ! g5]al proposition t male mortality is always great] ?an t ( ! o!r sex4 ,x has be5 notic$ t mo/ c5t5>ians h be5 p :o 7 poor or 9 humble circum/ances1 & ^: life has be5 extremely simple4 ,x may well be said t great ri*es d n br+ a v long life4 ,pov]ty g5]ally br+s ) x sobriety1 especially 9 old age1 & sobriety is c]ta9ly fav\rable to long life4 ,,ii4--,! ,/udy ( ,natural ,dea? ,x is surpris+ to f9d h[ little sci5ce really kn[s ab\t dea?4 ,by natural dea? ,i mean to d5ote dea? due to ! nature ( ! organism1 & n to disease4 ,we may ask :e!r natural dea? really occurs1 s9ce dea? s frequ5tly comes by accid5t or by disease2 & c]ta9ly ! longevity ( _m plants is amaz+4 ,su* ages z ?ree1 f\r1 & five ?\s& ye>s are attribut$ to ! baobab at ,cape ,v]d1 c]ta9 cypresses1 & ! sequoias ( ,cali=nia4 ,x is pla9 t among ! l[] & high] plants !re are cases :]e natural dea? does n exi/2 &1 fur!r1 s f> z ,i c asc]ta91 x looks z if poisons produc$ by _! own bodies 7 ! cause ( natural dea? among ! high] plants :]e x does occur4 ,9 ! human race cases ( :at may be call$ natural dea? are extremely r>e2 ! dea? ( old p is usually due to infecti\s disease1 p>ticul>ly pneumonia1 or to apoplexy4 ,! close analogy betwe5 natural dea? & sleep supports my view t x is due to an auto-intoxication ( ! organism1 s9ce x is v probable t sleep is due to poison+ by ! products ( organic activity4 ,al?\gh ! duration ( ! life ( man is "o ( ! longe/ among/ mammals1 m5 f9d x too %ort4 ,ought we to li/5 to ! cry ( humanity t life is too %ort1 & t x w be well to prolong x8 ,if ! "q 7 m]ely "o ( prolong+ ! life ( old p1 )\t modify+ old age itself1 ! answ] w\ld be d\btful4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ! prolongation ( life w be associat$ ) ! pres]vation ( intellig5ce & ( ! p[] to "w4 ,:5 we h r$uc$ or aboli%$ su* causes ( precoci\s s5ility z intemp]ance & disease1 x w no long] be necess>y to give p5sions at ! age ( sixty or sev5ty ye>s4 ,! co/ ( support+ ! old1 in/ead ( increas+1 w dim9i% progressively4 ,we mu/ use all our endeavors to all[ m5 to complete _! normal c\rse ( life1 & to make x possible = old m5 to play _! p>ts z advis]s & judges1 end[$ ) _! long exp]i5ce ( life4 ,f "t immemorial sugge/ions h be5 made = ! prolongation ( life4 ,_m elixirs h be5 s\ght & suppos$ to h be5 f\nd1 b g5]al hygi5ic measures h be5 ! mo/ successful 9 prolong+ life & 9 less5+ ! ills ( old age4 ,t is ! tea*+ ( ,sir ,h]man ,web]1 himself ( v great age1 :o advises g5]al hygi5ic pr9ciples1 & especially mod]ation 9 all respects4 ,he advises u to avoid alcohol & o!r /imulants1 z well z n>cotics & soo?+ drugs4 ,c]ta9ly ! prolongation ( life :i* has come to pass 9 rec5t c5turies mu/ be attribut$ to ! advance ( hygi5e2 & if hygi5e 0 able to prolong life :5 little develop$1 z 0 ! case until rec5tly1 we may well believe t ) our great] k a mu* bett] result w be obta9$4 ,,iii4--,! ,use ( ,lactic ,acid ,! g5]al measures ( hygi5e direct$ aga9/ infecti\s diseases play a "p 9 prolong+ ! lives ( old p2 b1 9 addition to ! microbes :i* invade ! body f outside1 !re is a ri* s\rce ( h>m 9 microbes :i* inhabit ! body4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! belong to ! inte/9al flora :i* is abundant & v>i$4 ,n[ ! attempt to de/roy ! inte/9al microbes by ! use ( *emical ag5ts has little *ance ( success1 & ! inte/9e itself may be h>m$ m ?an ! microbes4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we obs]ve ! new-born *ild we f9d t1 :5 suckl$ by its "m1 its inte/9al microbes are v diff]5t & mu* few] ?an if x be f$ ) c[s' milk4 ,i am /rongly conv9c$ t x is advantage\s to protect ourselves by cook+ all k9ds ( food :i*1 l c[s' milk1 are expos$ to ! air4 ,x is well-kn[n t o!r means--z1 = in/ance1 ! use ( lactic acid--w prev5t food outside ! body f go+ bad4 ,n[ z lactic f]m5tation s]ves s well to arre/ putrefaction 9 g5]al1 :y %\ld x n be us$ = ! same purpose )9 ! dige/ive tube8 ,x has be5 cle>ly prov$ t ! microbes :i* produce lactic acid c1 & d1 control ! gr[? ( o!r microbes )9 ! body1 & t ! lactic microbe is s mu* at home 9 ! human body t x is to be f\nd !re sev]al weeks aft] x has be5 swall[$4 ,f "t immemorial human be+s h absorb$ quantities ( lactic microbes by consum+ 9 ! uncook$ condition sub/ances su* z s\r$ milk1 kephir1 sau]kraut1 or salt$ cucumb]s1 :i* h und]gone lactic f]m5tation4 ,by ^! means !y h unkn[+ly less5$ ! evil consequ5ces ( inte/9al putrefaction4 ,! fact t s _m races make s\r$ milk & use x copi\sly is an excell5t te/imony to its usefulness1 & critical inquiry %[s t longevity1 ) few traces ( s5ility1 is conspicu\s among/ peoples :o use s\r milk ext5sively4 ,a read] :o has little k ( su* matt]s may be surpris$ by my recomm5dation to absorb l>ge quantities ( microbes1 z ! g5]al belief is t microbes are all h>mful4 ,?is belief1 h[ev]1 is errone\s4 ,!re are _m useful microbes1 among/ :i* ! lactic bacilli h an hon\rable place4 ,if x be true t our precoci\s & unhappy old age is due to poison+ ( ! tissues1 ! great] "p ( ! poison com+ f ! l>ge inte/9e1 inhabit$ by numb]less microbes1 x is cle> t ag5ts :i* arre/ inte/9al putrefaction mu/ at ! same "t po/pone & ameliorate old age4 ,?is !oretical view is confirm$ by ! collection ( facts reg>d+ races :i* live *iefly on s\r$ milk1 & among/ :i* great ages are common4 ,,iv4--,an ,ideal ,old ,age ,z ,i h %[n 9 ! ,nature ( ,man1 ! human con/itution z x exi/s to-day1 be+ ! result ( a long evolution & conta9+ a l>ge animal elem5t1 _c furni% ! basis ( rational morality4 ,! conception :i* has come d[n f antiquity to mod]n times1 ( a h>moni\s activity ( all ! organs1 is no long] appropriate to mank9d4 ,organs :i* are 9 c\rse ( atrophy mu/ n be re-awak5$1 & _m natural *>act]s :i*1 p]haps1 7 useful 9 ! case ( animals1 mu/ be made to disappe> 9 m54 ,human nature :i*1 l ! con/itutions ( o!r organisms1 is subject to evolution1 mu/ be modifi$ accord+ to a def9ite ideal4 ,j z a g>d5] or /ock-rais] is n cont5t ) ! exi/+ nature ( ! plants & animals ) :i* he is occupi$1 b modifies !m to suit 8 purposes1 s also ! sci5tific philosoph] mu/ n ?9k ( exi/+ human nature z immutable1 b mu/ try to modify x = ! advantage ( mank9d4 ,z bread is ! *ief article 9 ! human food1 attempts to improve c]eals h be5 made = a v long "t1 b 9 ord] to obta9 results mu* k is necess>y4 ,to modify ! nature ( plants1 x is necess>y to und]/& !m well1 & x is necess>y to h an ideal to be aim$ at4 ,9 ! case ( mank9d ! ideal ( human nature1 t[>ds :i* we ought to press1 may be =m$4 ,9 my op9ion ?is ideal is or?obiosis--t is to say1 ! developm5t ( human life1 s t x passes ?r\gh a long p]iod ( old age 9 active & vigor\s heal?1 lead+ to a f9al p]iod 9 :i* !re %all be pres5t a s5se ( satiety ( life1 & a wi% = dea?4 ,j z we mu/ /udy ! nature ( plants be=e try+ to realise our ideal1 s also v>i$ & pr(\nd k is ! fir/ requisite = ! ideal ( moral conduct4 ,x is necess>y n only to "k ! /ructure & functions ( ! human organism1 b to h exact ideas on human life z x is 9 society4 ,sci5tific k is s indisp5sable = moral conduct t ignorance mu/ be plac$ among ! mo/ immoral acts4 ,a "m :o re>s h] *ild 9 defiance ( good hygi5e1 f want ( k1 is act+ immorally t[>ds h] (fspr+1 not)/&+ h] feel+ ( sympa?y4 ,& ?is also is true ( a gov]nm5t :i* rema9s 9 ignorance ( ! laws :i* regulate human life & human society4 ,if ! human race come to adopt ! pr9ciples ( or?obiosis1 a consid]able *ange 9 ! qualities ( m5 ( diff]5t ages w foll[4 ,old age w be po/pon$ s mu* t m5 ( f sixty to sev5ty ye>s ( age w reta9 _! vig\r1 & w n require to ask assi/ance 9 ! fa%ion n[ necess>y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "y m5 ( tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age w no long] be ?\ght mature or ready to fulfil functions s difficult z tak+ a %>e 9 public affairs4 ,! view :i* ,i set =? 9 ! ,nature ( ,man reg>d+ ! dang] :i* comes f ! pres5t int]f]5ce ( "y m5 9 political affairs has s9ce !n be5 confirm$ 9 ! mo/ /rik+ fa%ion4 ,x is easily intelligible t 9 ! new conditions su* mod]n idols z univ]sal suffrage1 public op9ion1 & ! ref]5dum1 9 :i* ! ignorant masses are call$ on to decide que/ions :i* dem& v>i$ & pr(\nd k1 w la/ no long] ?an ! old idols4 ,! progress ( human k w br+ ab\t ! replacem5t ( su* in/itutions by o!rs1 9 :i* appli$ morality w be controll$ by ! really compet5t p]sons4 ,i p]mit myself to suppose t 9 ^! times sci5tific tra9+ w be mu* m g5]al ?an x is j n[1 & t x w occupy ! place :i* x des]ves 9 education & 9 life4 ,our intellig5ce in=ms u t man is capable ( mu*1 &1 !re=e1 we hope t he may be able to modify 8 own nature & trans=m 8 di%>monies into h>monies4 ,x is only human w t c atta9 ?is ideal4 ,,hugh ,,mill] ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ,hugh ,mill] 0 born 9 ,crom>ty1 9 ! ,nor? ( ,scotl&1 ,octob] #aj1 #ahjb4 ,f ! "t he 0 sev5te5 until he 0 ?irty-f\r1 he work$ z a common /one-mason1 al?\gh devot+ 8 leisure h\rs to indep5d5t rese>*es 9 natural hi/ory1 = :i* he =m$ a ta/e e>ly 9 life4 ,he became int]e/$ 9 j\rnalism1 & 0 editor ( ! ,ed9burgh ,witness1 :51 9 #ahdj1 he publi%$ ! cont5ts ( ! volume issu$ a ye> lat] z ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,! book deals ) its au?or's mo/ di/9ctive "w1 namely1 f9d+ fossils t tell mu* ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 & fix+ 9 ! geological scale ! place to :i* ! l>g] b$s ( rema9s f\nd 9 ! sy/em belong4 ,besides be+ a practical & orig9al geologi/1 ,mill] _h a f9e imag9ative p[]1 :i* enabl$ him to recon/ruct ! pa/ f its ru9\s relics4 ,! fact t he un=tunately set himself ! task ( combat+ ! !ory ( evolution1 :i* 0 fa/ ga9+ gr\nd 9 8 day1 %\ld n bl9d u to ! high value ( 8 geological exp]i5ces4 ,! results ( 8 obs]vations provide "s ( ! mo/ cog5t pro(s ( ! !ory he disput$4 ,late 9 life ,mill]'s m9d gave way1 & he put an end to 8 own life on ,decemb] #bd1 #ahef4 ,i4--,a ,/one-mason's ,rese>*es ,my advice to "y work+ m5 desir\s ( bett]+ _! circum/ances1 & add+ to ! am\nt ( _! enjoym5t1 is to seek happ9ess 9 /udy4 ,le>n to make a "r use ( y\r eyes2 ! commone/ ?+s are wor? look+ at--ev5 /ones1 we$s1 & ! mo/ famili> animals4 ,!re are none ( ! intellectual or moral faculties1 ! ex]cise ( :i* does n lead to enjoym5t2 h5ce x is t happ9ess be>s s little ref]5ce to /ation4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago ,i made my fir/ acqua9tance ) a life ( lab\r & re/ra9t4 ,i 0 b a slim1 loose-jo9t$ boy at ! "t1 fond ( ! pretty intangibilities ( romance1 & ( dream+ :5 broad awake2 &1 w(ul *ange6 ,i 0 n[ go+ to "w 9 a qu>ry4 ,i 0 go+ to ex*ange all my day-dreams = ! k9d ( life 9 :i* m5 toil e day t !y may be enabl$ to eat1 & eat e day t !y may be enabl$ to toil6 ,t fir/ day 0 no v =midable beg9n+ ( ! c\rse ( life ,i _h s mu* dread$4 ,to be sure1 my h&s 7 a little sore1 & ,i felt ne>ly z mu* fatigu$ z if ,i _h be5 climb+ among ! rocks2 b ,i _h wr\ght & be5 useful1 & _h yet enjoy$ ! day fully z mu* z usual4 ,i 0 z light ( he>t next morn+ z any ( my bro!r-workm54 ,t night1 aris+ out ( my employm5t1 ,i f\nd ,i _h food en\gh = ?\ght )\t once ?9k+ ( ! unhapp9ess ( a life ( lab\r4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! day ,i pick$ up a nodul> mass ( blue lime/one1 & laid x op5 by a /roke ( ! hamm]4 ,wond]ful to relate1 x conta9$ inside a beautifully f9i%$ piece ( sculpture1 "o ( ! volutes1 app>5tly1 ( an ,ionic capital4 ,0 !re ano!r su* curiosity 9 ! :ole _w8 ,i broke op5 a few o!r nodules ( simil> appe>ance1 & f\nd t !re might be4 ,9 "o ( ^! !re 7 :at seem$ to be scales ( fi%es & ! impressions ( a few m9ute bivalves1 prettily /riat$2 9 ! c5tre ( ano!r !re 0 actually a piece ( decay$ wood4 ,( all nature's riddles ^! seem$ to me to be at once ! mo/ int]e/+ & ! mo/ difficult to exp\nd4 ,i treasur$ !m c>efully up1 & 0 told by "o ( ! workm5 to :om ,i %[$ !m t !re 0 a "p ( ! %ore1 ab\t two miles fur!r to ! we/1 :]e curi\sly %ap$ /ones1 some:at l ! heads ( bo>d+-pikes1 7 occasionally pick$ up1 & t 9 8 fa!r's day ! c\ntry p call$ !m ?und]bolts4 ,our fir/ half-holiday ,i employ$ 9 visit+ ! place :]e ! ?und]bolts _h fall5 s ?ickly1 & f\nd x a ri*] sc5e ( wond] ?an ,i c\ld h fanci$ ev5 9 my dreams4 ,my fir/ ye> ( lab\r came to a close1 & ,i f\nd t ! am\nt ( my happ9ess _h n be5 less ?an 9 ! la/ ( my boyhood4 ,my k _h increas$ 9 m ?an ! ratio ( =m] seasons2 & z ,i _h acquir$ ! skill ( at lea/ ! common me*anic1 ,i _h fitt$ myself = indep5d5ce4 ,my curiosity1 once fully awak5$1 rema9$ awake1 & my opportunities ( gratify+ x h be5 tol]ably ample4 ,i h be5 an explor] ( caves & rav9es1 a loit]] along sea-%ores1 a climb] among rocks1 a lab\r] 9 qu>ries4 ,my pr(ession 0 a w&]+ "o4 ,i rememb] pass+ direct1 on "o occasion1 f ! wild we/]n coa/ ( ,ross-%ire1 :]e ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one leans at a high angle aga9/ ! prevail+ qu>tz ( ! di/rict1 to :]e1 on ! s\!rn skirts ( ,midlo?ian1 ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one rises amid ! coal4 ,i h resid$ "o season on a rais$ bea* ( ! ,moray ,fir?4 ,i h sp5t ! season imm$iately foll[+ amid ! anci5t granite & contort$ s*i/s ( ! c5tral ,highl&s4 ,9 ! nor? ,i h laid op5 by ?\s&s ! %ells & lignites ( ! oolite2 9 ! s\? ,i h dis9t]r$ f _! matrices ( /one or ( %ale ! huge r$s & tree f]ns ( ! c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,i advise ! /one-mason to acqua9t himself ) geology4 ,mu* ( 8 "t mu/ be sp5t amid ! rocks & qu>ries ( widely sep>at$ localities1 & s1 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s he may pass ov] ! :ole geological scale1 & ?is1 too1 ) opportunities ( obs]vation at e /age :i* c be %>$ ) him by only ! g5tleman ( =tune :o devotes 8 :ole "t to /udy4 ,nay1 9 "s respects1 8 advantages are sup]ior to ^? ( ! amateur1 = ! man ^: employm5ts h to be c>ri$ on 9 ! same =mation = mon?s1 p]haps ye>s1 enjoys bett] opportunities ( arriv+ at j conclusions4 ,!re are =mations :i* yield _! organisms sl[ly to ! discov]]1 & ! pro(s :i* e/abli% _! place 9 ! geological scale m t>dily /ill4 ,i 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,ross & ,crom>ty = ne>ly t5 ye>s ere ,i asc]ta9$ t x is ri*ly fossilif]\s2 ,i 0 acqua9t$ ) x = ne>ly t5 ye>s m ere ,i c\ld assign its fossils to _! exact place 9 ! scale4 ,nature is va/ & k limit$1 & no individual ne$ despair ( add+ to ! g5]al fund4 ,,ii4--,bridg+ ,life's ,gaps ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 says a ,scotti% geologi/ 9 a dige/ ( "s rec5t geological discov]ies1 has hi!rto be5 consid]$ z rem>kably b>r5 ( fossils4 ,only a few ye>s h gone by s9ce m5 ( no l[ /&+ 9 ! sci5ce disput$ ! v exi/5ce ( ?is =mation--or sy/em1 r1 = x conta9s at lea/ ?ree di/9ct =mations4 ,!re are "s ( our ,briti% geologi/s :o /ill reg>d x z a sort ( debatable tract1 entitl$ to no indep5d5t /atus1 a sort ( common :i* %\ld be divid$4 ,x w be f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ?is hi!rto neglect$ sy/em yields 9 importance to none ( ! o!rs1 :e!r we take into acc\nt its amaz+ dep?1 ! great ext5t to :i* x is develop$ bo? at home & abroad1 ! int]e/+ l9ks :i* x furni%es 9 ! geological scale1 or ! va/ p]iod ( "t :i* x repres5ts4 ,!re are localities 9 :i* ! dep? ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one fully equals ! elevation ( ,m\nt ,etna ov] ! level ( ! sea1 & 9 :i* x conta9s ?ree di/9ct gr\ps ( organic rema9s1 ! "o ris+ 9 beautiful progression ov] ! o!r4 ,my fir/ /atem5t reg>d+ ! sy/em mu/ be mu* ! rev]se ( ! "o j quot$1 = ! fossils are rem>kably num]\s & 9 a /ate ( high pres]vation4 ,i h a hundr$ solid pro(s by :i* to e/abli% ! tru? ( ! ass]tion )9 less ?an a y>d ( me4 ,half my closet walls are cov]$ ) ! peculi> fossils ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one2 & c]ta9ly a /rang] assemblage ( =ms has r>ely be5 gr\p$ toge!r--creatures ^: v type is lo/1 fanta/ic & unc\?1 :i* puzzle ! naturali/ to assign !m ev5 to _! class2 boat-l animals1 furni%$ ) o>s & a rudd]2 fi%1 plat$ ov]1 l ! tortoise1 above & bel[1 ) a /rong arm\r ( bone1 & furni%$ ) b "o solit>y rudd]-l f92 o!r fi% ) ! membranes ( _! f9s ?ickly cov]$ ) scales2 creatures bri/l+ ov] ) ?orns2 o!rs gli/5+ 9 an enamell$ coat1 z if beautifully japann$2 ! tail 9 e in/ance among ! less equivocal %apes =m$ n equally1 z 9 exi/+ fi%1 on ea* side ! c5tral v]tebral column1 b *iefly on ! l[] side--! column s5d+ out its dim9i%$ v]tebr to ! extreme t]m9ation ( ! f94 ,all ! =ms te/ify ( a remote antiquity4 ,! figures on a ,*9ese vase or an ,egyptian obelisk are sc>ce m unlike :at n[ exi/s 9 nature ?an are ! fossils ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,lam>ck1 on ! /r5g? ( a few /rik+ facts :i* prove t to a c]ta9 ext5t ! in/9cts ( species may be improv$ & height5$1 has conclud$ t !re is a natural progress f ! inf]ior ord]s ( be+ t[>ds ! sup]ior1 & t ! (fspr+ ( creatures l[ 9 ! scale may belong to a diff]5t & nobl] species a few ?\s& ye>s h5ce4 ,nev] 0 !re a fancy s wild & extravagant4 ,! pr9ciple ( adaptation /ill leaves ! vegetable a vegetable1 & ! dog a dog4 ,x is true t x is a law ( nature t ! *a9 ( be+ is 9 "s degree a cont9u\s *a91 & ! v>i\s classes ( exi/5ce %ade into ea* o!r4 ,all ! animal families h _! connect+ l9ks4 ,geology ab\nds ) creatures ( ! int]m$iate class4 ,fi%es seem to h be5 ! ma/] exi/5ces ( two great geological sy/ems1 mayhap ( ?ree1 ere ! age ( reptiles began4 ,n[1 fi%es diff] v mu* among !mselves1 "s rank+ ne>ly z l[ z worms1 "s ne>ly z high z reptiles2 & we f9d 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one s]ies ( l9ks :i* are want+ 9 ! pres5t creation1 & ! abs5ce ( :i* occasions a wide gap betwe5 ! two gr& divisions ( fi%es1 ! bony & ! c>tilag9\s4 ,( all ! organisms ( ! sy/em "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y is ! pt]i*?ys1 or w+$ fi%1 :i* ! writ] _h ! pleasure ( introduc+ to ! acqua9tance ( geologi/s4 ,_h ,lam>ck be5 ! discov]] he w\ld unque/ionably h held t he _h caught a fi% almo/ 9 ! act ( wi%+ itself into a bird4 ,!re are w+s :i* want only fea!rs1 a body :i* seems to h be5 z well adapt$ = pass+ ?r\gh ! air z ?r\gh wat]1 & a tail ) :i* to /e]4 ,my fir/ idea reg>d+ x 0 t ,i _h discov]$ a connect+ l9k-betwe5 ! tortoise & ! fi%4 ,i submitt$ "s ( my specim5s to ,mr4 ,mur*ison1 & !y furni%$ him ) additional data by :i* to con/ruct ! calculations he 0 !n mak+ respect+ fossils1 & !y add$ a new & v s+ul> l9k to ! *a9 ( exi/5ce 9 its relation to human k4 ,agassiz confirm$ ! conclusions ( ,mur*ison 9 almo/ e p>ticul>1 decid+ at once t ! creature mu/ h be5 a fi%4 ,next to ! pt]i*?ys ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ,i %all place its contempor>y ! cocco/eus ( ,agassiz--a fi% :i* 9 "s respects mu/ h resembl$ x4 ,bo? 7 cov]$ ) an arm\r ( ?ickly tub]cl$ bony plates1 & bo? furni%$ ) a v]tebrat$ tail4 ,! cocco/eus seems to h be5 mo/ abundant4 ,ano!r ( ! families ( ! i*?yolites ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one--! cephalaspis--seems almo/ to con/itute a connect+ l9k betwe5 fi%es & cru/aceans4 ,9 ! pres5t creation fi%es are ei!r osse\s or c>tilag9\s1 t is1 ) bony skeletons1 or ) a framework ( ela/ic1 semi-transp>5t animal matt]1 l ! %>k2 & ! i*?yolites ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one unite ^! *>act]i/ics1 resembl+ 9 "s respects ! osse\s & 9 o!rs ! c>tilag9\s tribes4 ,agassiz at once confirm$ my suspicion t ! i*?yolites ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 7 int]m$iate4 ,?\gh x requir$ skill to det]m9e ! place ( ! pt]i*?ys & cocco/eus !re c\ld be no mi/ak+ ! o/eolepis--x mu/ h be5 a fi%1 & a h&some "o1 too4 ,b :ile its head resembl$ ! heads ( ! bony fi%es1 its tail diff]$ 9 no respects f ! tails ( ! c>tilag9\s ones4 ,& s ?r\gh ! discov]y ( ext9ct species ! gaps betwe5 exi/+ species h be5 bridg$4 ,,iii4--,place-,fix+ 9 ! ,dim ,pa/ ,! next /ep 0 to fix ! exact place ( ! i*?yolites 9 ! geological scale1 & ?is ,i 0 enabl$ to d by f9d+ a l>ge & complete b$ 9 situ4 ,its true place is a little m ?an a hundr$ feet above ! top1 & n mu* m ?an a hundr$ y>ds above ! base ( ! great conglom]ate4 ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 9 ,scotl& & 9 ,engl& has its l[]1 middle1 & upp] gr\ps--?ree di/9ct =mations4 ,z ! pt]i*?ys & cocco/eus are ! *>act]i/ic i*?yolites ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ =mation1 s ! cephalaspis di/+ui%es ! middle or coron/one division ( ! sy/em 9 ,engl&4 ,:5 we pass to ! upp] =mation1 we f9d ! holopty*ius ! mo/ *>act]i/ic fossil4 ,^! fossils are f\nd 9 a degree ( entir5ess :i* dep5ds less on _! age ?an on ! nature ( ! rock 9 :i* !y occur4 ,lime/one is ! pres]v+ salt ( ! geological _w1 & ! cons]vative qualities ( ! %ales & /ratifi$ clays ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one are n mu* inf]ior to lime/one itself2 :ile 9 ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ! b$s ( consolidat$ s& are mu* less cons]vative ( organic rema9s4 ,! old] fossils1 !re=e1 c be describ$ almo/ z m9utely z ! exi/5ce ( ! pres5t creation1 :]eas ! new] fossils exi/1 except 9 a few r>e cases1 z fragm5ts1 & dem& ! p[]s ( a ,cuvi] or an ,agassiz to re/ore !m to _! orig9al comb9ations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :ile ! organisms ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ are num]\s & well pres]v$1 ^? ( ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ are mu* great] 9 individual size4 ,9 %ort1 ! fi% ( ! l[] ocean mu/ h rang$ 9 size betwe5 a /ickleback & a cod2 :]eas "s ( ! fi% ( ! ocean ( ! ,upp] ,s&/one 7 cov]$ ) scales z l>ge z oy/] %ells1 & 7 arm$ ) tee? t rivall$ 9 size ^? ( ! crocodile4 ,,iv4--,fi% z ,nature's ,la/ ,^w ,i w n[ attempt to pres5t to ! read] ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one z x exi/$ 9 "t--dur+ ! succe$+ p]iods ( its =mation1 & :5 its exi/5ces liv$ & mov$ z ! d5iz5s ( primeval oceans4 ,we pass f ! cemet]y ) its heaps ( bones to ! anci5t city full ( life & animation 9 all its /reets & dwell+s4 ,be=e we comm5ce our picture1 two great geological p]iods h come to _! close1 & ! floor ( ! widely spread ocean is occupi$ to ! dep? ( _m ?\s& feet by ! rema9s ( bygone exi/5ces4 ,! rocks ( ^! two e>li] p]iods are ^? ( ! ,cambrian & ,silurian gr\ps4 ,! l[]--,cambrian1 repres5tative ( ! fir/ glimm]+ twilight ( be+--mu/ be reg>d$ z a p]iod ( unc]ta9ty4 ,x rema9s = future discov]]s to det]m9e reg>d+ ! %apes ( life t burr[$ 9 its ooze or c>e]$ ?r\gh ! incumb5t wat]s4 ,!re is less d\bt respect+ ! exi/5ces ( ! ,silurian rocks4 ,f\r di/9ct plat=ms ( be+ range 9 x1 ! "o ov] ! o!r1 l ! /ories ( a build+4 ,life ab\nd$ on all ^! plat=ms1 & 9 %apes ! mo/ wond]ful4 ,9 ! p]iod ( ! ,upp] ,silurian fi%1 prop]ly s call$1 & ( a v p]fect organisation1 _h tak5 prec$5ce ( ! cru/acean4 ,^! mo/ anci5t be+s ( _! class 7 c>tilag9\s fi%es1 & !y appe> to h be5 introduc$ by myriads4 ,su* are ! rema9s ( :at seem to h be5 ! fir/ v]tebrata4 ,! hi/ory ( ! p]iod repres5t$ by ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one seems1 9 :at n[ =ms ! nor!rn half ( ,scotl&1 to h op5$ amid confusion & turmoil4 ,! f9ely lam9at$ ,tile/ones ( ,engl& 7 deposit$ evid5tly 9 a calm sea4 ,dur+ ! contempor>y p]iod ! space :i* n[ includes ,orkney1 ,lo*ness1 ,d+wall1 ,gamrie1 & _m a ?\s& squ>e miles besides1 0 ! sc5e ( a %all[ ocean1 p]plex$ by p[]ful curr5ts & agitat$ by waves4 ,a va/ /ratum ( wat]-roll$ pebbles1 v>y+ 9 dep? f a hundr$ feet to a hundr$ y>ds1 rema9s1 9 a ?\s& diff]5t localities1 to te/ify to ! di/urb+ ag5cies ( ?is "t ( commotion1 ?\gh x is difficult to conceive h[ ! bottom ( any sea c\ld h be5 s viol5tly & equally agitat$ = s greatly ext5d$ a space4 ,! p]iod ( ?is %all[ & /ormy ocean pass$1 & ! bottom1 compos$ ( ! id5tical conglom]ate :i* n[ =ms ! summit ( "s ( our l(tie/ m\nta9s1 sank to a dep? s pr(\nd z to be little affect$ by tides & tempe/s4 ,dur+ ?is second p]iod !re took place a va/ deposit ( co>se s&/one /rata1 & ! subsid5ce cont9u$ until fully n9ety feet _h ov]laid ! conglom]ate 9 wat]s p]fectly undi/urb$4 ,& "h we f9d ! fir/ pro( t ?is anci5t ocean lit]ally sw>m$ ) life--t its bottom 0 cov]$ ) m9iature =e/s ( algae1 & its wat]s d>k5$ by imm5se %oals ( fi%4 ,i h se5 ! i*?yolite b$ :]e !y 7 z ?ickly cov]$ ) fossil rema9s z ,i h ev] se5 a fi%+-bank cov]$ ) h]r+s4 ,at ?is p]iod "s t]rible cata/rophe involv$ 9 sudd5 de/ruction ! fi% ( an area at lea/ a hundr$ miles f b\nd>y to b\nd>y1 p]haps mu* m4 ,! same plat=m 9 ,orkney z 9 ,crom>ty is /rewn ?ick ) rema9s :i* exhibit unequivocally ! m>ks ( viol5t dea?4 ,9 :at c\ld x h orig9at$8 ,by :at quiet b pot5t ag5cy ( de/ruction c\ld ! innum]able exi/5ces ( an area p]haps t5 ?\s& miles 9 ext5t be annihilat$ at once1 & yet ! m$ium 9 :i* !y liv$ be left undi/urb$ by its op]ations8 ,! ?\ght has (t5 /ruck me t calc9$ lime1 ca/ out z a%es f "s di/ant crat] & c>ri$ by ! w9ds1 might h be5 ! cause ( ! widely spread de/ruction to :i* ! fossil organisms te/ify4 ,i h se5 ! fi% ( a small tr\t+ /ream1 ov] :i* a bridge 0 9 ! c\rse ( build+1 de/roy$ 9 a s+le h\r1 = a full mile bel[ ! erection1 by a few tr\ghfuls ( lime t fell into ! wat] :5 ! c5tr+ 0 remov$4 ,! p]iod ( dea? pass$1 & ov] ! innum]able dead !re settl$ a s(t muddy s$im5t4 ,= an unkn[n space ( "t1 repres5t$ 9 ! =mation by a deposit ab\t fifty feet 9 ?ickness1 ! wat]s ( ! depopulat$ area seem to h rema9$ devoid ( life4 ,a few scales & plates !n beg9 to appe>4 ,! fi% t _h exi/$ outside ! *asm seem to h gradually ga9$ ^u x z _! numb]s increas$4 ,! "w ( deposition w5t on & s&/one 0 ov]laid by /ratifi$ clay4 ,?is upp] b$ _h also its organisms1 b ! circum/ances 7 less fav\rable to ! pres]vation ( entire i*?yolites ?an ^? 9 :i* ! organisms 7 wrapp$ up 9 _! /ony cov]+s4 ,age foll[$ age1 g5]ations 7 entomb$ 9 ev]-gr[+ depositions4 ,va/ p]iods pass$1 & x seem$ z if ! p[] ( ! ,creator _h rea*$ its extreme limit :5 fi%es _h be5 call$ into exi/5ce1 & our planet 0 de/9$ to be ! dwell+-place ( no nobl] inhabitants4 ,! curta9 rises1 & ! sc5e is new4 ,! myriads ( ! l[] =mation h disappe>$1 & we are surr\nd$ on an upp] plat=m by ! exi/5ces ( a lat] creation4 ,%oals ( cephalaspides1 fea!r$ ) f9s1 sweep pa/4 ,we see ! di/ant gleam ( scales1 t "s ( ! coats glitt] ) enamel1 t o!rs bri/le ov] ) m9ute ?orny po9ts4 ,a huge cru/acean1 ( unc\? proportions1 /alks ov] ! we$y bottoms1 or burr[s 9 ! holl[s ( ! banks4 ,ages & c5turies pass--:o c sum up _! numb]8--= ! dep? ( ?is middle =mation greatly exce$s t ( ! o!r two4 ,! curta9 rises4 ,a la/ day _h at l5g? come to ! p]iod ( ! middle =mation1 & 9 an ocean r\gh5$ by waves & agitat$ by curr5ts we f9d new races ( exi/5ces4 ,we may m>k ! clumsy bulk ( ! ,holopty*ius conspicu\s 9 ! gr\p4 ,! %>k family h _! repres5tative z be=e2 a new v>iety ( ! pt]i*?ys spreads out its spe>-l w+s at e al>m1 l its pr$ecessor ( ! l[] =mation4 ,fi% /ill rema9$ ! lords ( creation1 & _! bulk1 at lea/1 _h become imm5sely m great4 ,we began ) an age ( dw>fs1 we end ) an age ( giants1 :i* is c>ri$ on into ! l[] coal measures4 ,we pursue our hi/ory no fur!r8 ,has ! la/ sc5e 9 ! s]ies aris58 ,cuvi] ask$ ! "q1 hesitat$1 & !n decid$ 9 ! negative1 = he 0 too intimately acqua9t$ ) ! works ( ! ,creator to ?9k ( limit+ ,8 p[]1 & he c\ld anticipate a com+ p]iod 9 :i* man w\ld h to resign 8 po/ ( hon\r to "s nobl] & wis] creature1 ! mon>* ( a bett] & happi] _w4 ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton ,pr9cipia ,sir ,isaac ,newton 0 born at ,wool/horpe1 ,l9coln%ire1 ,engl&1 ,dec4 #be1 #afdb1 ! son ( a small l&$ proprietor4 ,= ! fam\s episode ( ! fall+ apple1 ,voltaire1 :o admirably expla9$ 8 sy/em = 8 c\ntrym51 is responsible4 ,x 0 9 #afhj t ,newton discov]$ h[ to calculate ! orbit ( a body mov+ "u a c5tral =ce1 & %[$ t if ! =ce v>i$ z ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance1 ! orbit w\ld be an ellipse ) ! c5tre ( =ce 9 "o focus4 ,! great discov]y1 :i* made ! writ+ ( 8 ,philosophi ,naturalis ,pr9cipia ,ma!matica possible1 0 t ! attraction betwe5 two sph]es is ! same z x w\ld be if we suppos$ ea* sph]e cond5s$ to a po9t at its c5tre4 ,! book 0 publi%$ z a :ole 9 #afhg4 ,( its au?or x 0 said by ,lagrange t n only 0 he ! greate/ g5ius t ev] exi/$1 b also ! mo/ =tunate1 = we _c f9d m ?an once a sy/em ( ! _w to e/abli%4 ,newton di$ on ,m>* #bj1 #agbg4 ,our design 7writes ,newton 9 8 preface7 n respect+ arts b philosophy1 & our subject n manual b natural p[]s1 we consid] ^? ?+s :i* relate to gravity1 levity1 ela/ic =ce1 ! resi/ance ( fluids & ! l =ces1 :e!r attractive or impulsive2 &1 !re=e1 we (f] ?is "w z ! ma!matical pr9ciples ( philosophy1 = all ! difficulty ( philosophy seems to consi/ 9 ?is--f ! ph5om5a ( motions to inve/igate ! =ces ( nature1 & f ^! =ces to demon/rate ! o!r ph5om5a1 & to ?is end ! g5]al propositions 9 ! fir/ & second book are direct$4 ,9 ! ?ird book1 we give an example ( ?is 9 ! explication ( ! sy/em ( ! _w2 = by ! propositions ma!matically demon/rat$ 9 ! =m] books1 we 9 ! ?ird d]ive f ! cele/ial ph5om5a ! =ces ( gravity ) :i* bodies t5d to ! sun & ! sev]al planets4 ,!n f ^! =ces1 by o!r propositions :i* are also ma!matical1 we d$uce ! motions ( ! planets1 ! comets1 ! moon1 & ! sea4 ,^u ?is subject ,i _h 7he says7 compos$ ! ?ird book 9 a popul> me?od1 t x might be read by _m1 b aft]w>d1 consid]+ t su* z _h n suffici5tly ent]$ into ! pr9ciples c\ld n easily disc]n ! /r5g? ( ! consequ5ces1 nor lay aside ! prejudices to :i* !y _h be5 _m ye>s accu/om$1 !re=e1 to prev5t ! disputes :i* might be rais$ ^u su* acc\nts1 ,i *ose to r$uce ! sub/ance ( ?is book into ! =m ( ,propositions 79 ! ma!matical way74 ,s t ?is ?ird book is compos$ bo? 9 popul> me?od & 9 ! =m ( ma!matical propositions4 ,books ,i & ,,ii ,! pr9ciple ( univ]sal gravitation1 namely1 ,t e p>ticle ( matt] is attract$ by or gravitates to e o!r p>ticle ( matt] ) a =ce inv]sely proportional to ! squ>es ( _! di/ances1 is ! discov]y :i* *>act]ises ! ,pr9cipia4 ,?is pr9ciple ! au?or d$uc$ f ! motion ( ! moon & ! ?ree laws ( ,kepl]2 & ^! laws 9 turn ,newton1 by 8 great] law1 demon/rat$ to be true4 ,f ! fir/ law ( ,kepl]1 namely1 ! proportionality ( ! areas to ! times ( _! description1 ,newton inf]r$ t ! =ce :i* reta9$ ! planet 9 its orbit 0 always direct$ to ! sun4 ,f ! second1 namely1 t e planet moves 9 an ellipse ) ! sun z "o ( foci1 he drew ! m g5]al inf]5ce t ! =ce by :i* ! planet moves r\nd t focus v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( its di/ance !refrom4 ,he demon/rat$ t a planet act$ ^u by su* a =ce c\ld n move 9 any o!r curve ?an a conic section2 & he %[$ :5 ! mov+ body w\ld describe a circul>1 an elliptical1 a p>abolic1 or hyp]bolic orbit4 ,he demon/rat$1 too1 t ?is =ce or attract+1 gravitat+ p[] resid$ 9 ev5 ! lea/ p>ticle2 b t 9 sph]ical masses x op]ates z if conf9$ to _! c5tres1 s t "o sph]e or body w act ^u ano!r sph]e or body ) a =ce directly proportional to ! quantity ( matt] & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance betwe5 _! c5tres1 & t _! velocities ( mutual approa* w be 9 ! inv]se ratio ( _! quantities ( matt]4 ,?us he outl9$ ! univ]sal law4 ,! ,sy/em ( ! ,_w ,x 0 ! anci5t op9ion ( n a few 7writes ,newton 9 ,book ,,iii47 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( philosophy t ! fix$ />s /ood immovable 9 ! highe/ p>ts ( ! _w2 t "u ! fix$ />s ! planets 7 c>ri$ ab\t ! sun2 t ! e>?1 z "o ( ! planets1 describ$ an annual c\rse ab\t ! sun1 :ile1 by a diurnal motion1 x 0 9 ! meantime revolv$ ab\t its own axis2 & t ! sun1 z ! common fire :i* s]v$ to w>m ! :ole1 0 fix$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,x 0 f ! ,egyptians t ! ,greeks d]iv$ _! fir/1 z well z _! s\nde/ notions ( philosophy4 ,x is n to be d5i$ t ,anaxagoras1 ,democritus & o!rs w\ld h x t ! e>? possess$ ! c5tre ( ! _w1 b x 0 agre$ on bo? sides t ! motions ( ! cele/ial bodies 7 p]=m$ 9 spaces altoge!r free & void ( resi/ance4 ,! :im ( solid orbs 0#a ( lat] date1 introduc$ by ,endoxus1 ,calippus & ,ari/otle1 :5 ! anci5t philosophy began to decl9e4 ,z x 0 ! unavoidable consequ5ce ( ! hypo!sis ( solid orbs :ile x prevail$ t ! comets mu/ be ?ru/ d[n bel[ ! moon1 s no soon] _h ! late obs]vations ( a/ronom]s re/or$ ! comets to _! anci5t places 9 ! high] heav5s ?an ^! cele/ial spaces 7 at once cle>$ ( ! encumbrance ( solid orbs1 :i* by ^! obs]vations 7 brok5 to pieces & disc>d$ = ev]4 ,:5ce x 0 t ! planets came to be reta9$ )9 any c]ta9 b\nds 9 ^! free spaces1 & to be drawn (f f ! rectil9e> c\rses1 :i*1 left to !mselves1 !y %\ld h pursu$1 into regul> revolutions 9 curvil9e> orbits1 are que/ions :i* we d n "k h[ ! anci5ts expla9$2 & probably x 0 to give "s sort ( satisfaction to ?is difficulty t solid orbs 7 introduc$4 ,! lat] philosoph]s pret5d to acc\nt = x ei!r by ! action ( c]ta9 vortices1 z ,kepl] & ,desc>tes1 or by "s o!r pr9ciple ( impulse or attraction1 = x is mo/ c]ta9 t ^! effects mu/ proce$ f ! action ( "s =ce or o!r4 ,?is we w call by ! g5]al "n ( a c5tripetal =ce1 z x is a =ce :i* is direct$ to "s c5tre2 &1 z x reg>ds m p>ticul>ly a body 9 t c5tre1 we call x circum-sol>1 circum-t]re/rial1 circum-jovial4 ,c5tre-,seek+ ,=ces ,t by means ( c5tripetal =ces ! planets may be reta9$ 9 c]ta9 orbits we may easily und]/& if we consid] ! motions ( projectiles1 = a /one project$ is by ! pressure ( its own weight =c$ out ( ! rectil9e> pa?1 :i*1 by ! projection alone1 x %\ld h pursu$1 & made to describe a curve l9e 9 ! air2 & ?r\gh t crook$ way is at la/ br\ght d[n to ! gr\nd1 & ! great] ! velocity is ) :i* x is project$ ! fur!r x goes be=e x falls to e>?4 ,we c1 !re=e1 suppose ! velocity to be s increas$ t x w\ld describe an arc ( #a1 #b1 #e1 #aj1 #ajj1 #a1jjj miles be=e x arriv$ at ! e>?1 till1 at la/1 exce$+ ! limits ( ! e>?1 x %\ld pass q by x )\t t\*+ x4 ,& because ! cele/ial motions are sc>cely ret>d$ by ! little or no resi/ance ( ! spaces 9 :i* !y are p]=m$1 to keep up ! p>ity ( cases1 let u suppose ei!r t !re is no air ab\t ! e>? or1 at lea/1 t x is end[$ ) little or no p[] ( resi/+4 ,& s9ce ! areas :i* by ?is motion x describes by a radius drawn to ! c5tre ( ! e>? h previ\sly be5 %[n to be proportional to ! times 9 :i* !y are describ$1 its velocity :5 x returns to ! po9t f :i* x />t$ w be no less ?an at fir/2 &1 reta9+ ! same velocity1 x w describe ! same curve ov] & ov] by ! same law4 ,b if we n[ imag9e bodies to be project$ 9 ! directions ( l9es p>allel to ! horizon f great] heights1 z f #e1 #aj1 #ajj1 #a1jjj or m miles1 or1 r1 z _m semi-diamet]s ( ! e>?1 ^? bodies1 accord+ to _! diff]5t velocity & ! diff]5t =ce ( gravity 9 diff]5t heights1 w describe arcs ei!r conc5tric ) ! e>? or v>i\sly ecc5tric1 & g on revolv+ ?r\gh ! heav5s 9 ^? trajectories j z ! planets d 9 _! orbs4 ,z :5 a /one is project$ obliquely1 ! p]petual deflection !re( t[>ds ! e>? is a pro( ( its gravitation to ! e>? no less c]ta9 ?an its direct desc5t :5 suff]$ to fall freely f re/1 s ! deviation ( bodies mov+ 9 free spaces f rectil9e> pa?s & p]petual deflection !refrom t[>ds any place1 is a sure indication ( ! exi/5ce ( "s =ce :i* f all qu>t]s impels ^? bodies t[>ds t place4 ,t !re are c5tripetal =ces actually direct$ to ! bodies ( ! sun1 ( ! e>?1 & o!r planets1 ,i ?us inf]4 ,! moon revolves ab\t our e>?1 & by radii drawn to its c5tre describes areas ne>ly proportional to ! times 9 :i* !y are describ$1 z is evid5t f its velocity comp>$ ) its app>5t diamet]2 = its motion is sl[] :5 its diamet] is less 7& !re=e its di/ance great]71 & its motion is swift] :5 its diamet] is great]4 ,! revolutions ( ! satellites ( ,jupit] ab\t ! planet are m regul>2 = !y describe circles conc5tric ) ,jupit] by equable motions1 z exactly z our s5ses c di/+ui%4 ,& s ! satellites ( ,saturn are revolv$ ab\t ?is planet ) motions ne>ly circul> & equable1 sc>cely di/urb$ by any ecc5tricity hi!rto obs]v$4 ,t ,v5us & ,m]cury are revolv$ ab\t ! sun is demon/rable f _! moon-l appe>ances4 ,& ,v5us1 ) a motion almo/ uni=m1 describes an orb ne>ly circul> & conc5tric ) ! sun4 ,b ,m]cury1 ) a m ecc5tric motion1 makes rem>kable approa*es to ! sun & goes (f aga9 by turns2 b x is always swift] z x is ne> to ! sun1 & !re=e by a radius drawn to ! sun /ill describes areas proportional to ! times4 ,la/ly1 t ! e>? describes ab\t ! sun1 or ! sun ab\t ! e>?1 by a radius f "o to ! o!r1 areas exactly proportional to ! times is demon/rable f ! app>5t diamet] ( ! sun comp>$ ) its app>5t motion4 ,^! are a/ronomical exp]im5ts2 f :i* x foll[s t !re are c5tripetal =ces actually direct$ to ! c5tres ( ! e>?1 ( ,jupit]1 ( ,saturn1 & ( ! sun4#b ,t ^! =ces decrease 9 ! duplicate proportion ( ! di/ances f ! c5tre ( e planet appe>s by ,cor4 vi41 ,prop4 iv41 ,book ,i4#c = ! p]iodic times ( ! satellites ( ,jupit] are "o to ano!r 9 ! sesquiplicate proportion ( _! di/ances f ! c5tre ( ?is planet4 ,cass9i assures u t ! same proportion is obs]v$ 9 ! circum-,saturnal planets4 ,9 ! circum-sol> planets ,m]cury & ,v5us1 ! same proportional holds ) great accuracy4 ,t ,m>s is revolv$ ab\t ! sun is demon/rat$ f ! phases :i* x %[s & ! proportion ( its app>5t diamet]s2 = f its appe>+ full ne> conjunction ) ! sun & gibb\s 9 its quadratures1#d x is c]ta9 t x travels r\nd ! sun4 ,& s9ce its diamet] appe>s ab\t five times great] :5 9 opposition to ! sun ?an :5 9 conjunction !re)1 & its di/ance f ! e>? is reciprocally z its app>5t diamet]1 t di/ance w be ab\t five times less :5 9 opposition to ?an :5 9 conjunction ) ! sun2 b 9 bo? cases its di/ance f ! sun w be ne>ly ab\t ! same ) ! di/ance :i* is inf]r$ f its gibb\s appe>ance 9 ! quadratures4 ,& z x encompasses ! sun at almo/ equal di/ances1 b 9 respect ( ! e>? is v unequally di/ant1 s by radii drawn to ! sun x describes areas ne>ly uni=m2 b by radii drawn to ! e>? x is sometimes swift1 sometimes /ation>y1 & sometimes retrograde4 ,t ,jupit] 9 a high] orbit ?an ,m>s is likewise revolv$ ab\t ! sun ) a motion ne>ly equable z well 9 di/ance z 9 ! areas describ$1 ,i inf] f ,mr4 ,flam/$'s obs]vations ( ! eclipses ( ! inn]mo/ satellite2 & ! same ?+ may be conclud$ ( ,saturn f 8 satellite by ! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,huygh5s & ,mr4 ,halley4 ,if ,jupit] 0 view$ f ! sun x w\ld nev] appe> retrograde or /ation>y1 z x is se5 sometimes f ! e>?1 b always to g =w>d ) a motion ne>ly uni=m4 ,& f ! v great inequality ( its app>5t geoc5tric motion we inf]--z x has be5 previ\sly %[n t we may inf]--t ! =ce by :i* ,jupit] is turn$ out ( a rectil9e> c\rse & made to revolve 9 an orbit is n direct$ to ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,& ! same argum5t holds good 9 ,m>s & 9 ,saturn4 ,ano!r c5tre ( ^! =ces is1 !re=e1 to be look$ =1 ab\t :i* ! areas describ$ by radii int]v5+ may be equable2 & t ?is is ! sun1 we h prov$ already 9 ,m>s & ,saturn ne>ly1 b accurately en\gh 9 ,jupit]4 ,! di/ances ( ! planets f ! sun come out ! same :e!r1 ) ,ty*o1 we place ! e>? 9 ! c5tre ( ! sy/em1 or ! sun ) ,cop]nicus2 & we h already prov$ t1 ^! di/ances are true 9 ,jupit]4 ,kepl] & ,bullialdus h ) great c>e det]m9$ ! di/ances ( ! planets f ! sun1 & h5ce x is t _! tables agree be/ ) ! heav5s4 ,& 9 all ! planets1 9 ,jupit] & ,m>s1 9 ,saturn & ! e>?1 z well z 9 ,v5us & ,m]cury1 ! cubes ( _! di/ances are z ! squ>es ( _! p]iodic times2 &1 !re=e1 ! c5tripetal circum-sol> =ce ?r\gh\t all ! planet>y regions decreases 9 ! duplicate proportion ( ! di/ances f ! sun4 ,neglect+ ^? little fractions :i* may h aris5 f ins5sible errors ( obs]vation1 we %all always f9d ! said proportion to hold exactly2 = ! di/ances ( ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ! ,e>?1 ,v5us1 & ,m]cury f ! sun1 drawn f ! obs]vations ( a/ronom]s1 are 7,kepl]7 z ! numb]s #iea1jjj1 #eai1fej1 #aeb1cej1 #ajj1jjj1 #gj1jjj1 #ch1hjf2 or 7,bullialdus7 z ! numb]s #ied1aih1 #ebb1ebj1 #aeb1cej1 #ajj1jjj1 #gb1cih1 #ch1ehe2 & f ! p]iodic times !y come out #iec1hjf1 #ebj1aaf1 #aeb1cii1 #ajj1jjj1 #gb1ccc1 #ch1gaj4 ,_! di/ances1 accord+ to ,kepl] & ,bullialdus1 sc>cely diff] by any s5sible quantity1 & :]e !y diff] mo/ ! diff]5ces drawn f ! p]iodic times fall 9 betwe5 !m4 ,e>? z a ,c5tre ,t ! circum-t]re/rial =ce likewise decreases 9 ! duplicate proportion ( ! di/ances1 ,i inf] ?us3 ,! mean di/ance ( ! moon f ! c5tre ( ! e>? is1 we may assume1 sixty semi-diamet]s ( ! e>?2 & its p]iodic "t 9 respect ( ! fix$ />s #bg days #g hr4 #dc m94 ,n[1 x has be5 %[n 9 a previ\s book t a body revolv$ 9 our air1 ne> ! surface ( ! e>? suppos$ at re/1 by means ( a c5tripetal =ce :i* %\ld be to ! same =ce at ! di/ance ( ! moon 9 ! reciprocal duplicate proportion ( ! di/ances f ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 t is1 z #c1fjj to #a1 w\ld 7seclud+ ! resi/ance ( ! air7 complete a revolution 9 #a hr4 #bd m94 #bg sec4 ,suppose ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>? to be #abc1bdi1fjj ,p>is feet1 !n ! same body depriv$ ( its circul> motion & fall+ by ! impulse ( ! same c5tripetal =ce z be=e w\ld 9 "o second ( "t describe #ae-a_/ab ,p>is feet4 ,?is we inf] by a calculus =m$ ^u ,prop4 xxxvi4 7,to det]m9e ! times ( ! desc5t ( a body fall+ f a giv5 place71 & x agrees ) ! results ( ,mr4 ,huygh5s's exp]im5ts ( p5dulums1 by :i* he demon/rat$ t bodies fall+ by all ! c5tripetal =ce ) :i* 7( :atev] nature x is7 !y are impell$ ne> ! surface ( ! e>? d 9 "o second ( "t describe #ae-a_/ab ,p>is feet4 ,b if ! e>? is suppos$ to move1 ! e>? & moon toge!r w be revolv$ ab\t _! common c5tre ( gravity4 ,& ! moon 7by ,prop1 lx47 w 9 ! same p]iodic "t1 #bg days #g hr4 #dc m941 ) ! same circum-t]re/rial =ce dim9i%$ 9 ! duplicate proportion ( ! di/ance1 describe an orbit ^: semi-diamet] is to ! semi-diamet] ( ! =m] orbit1 t is1 to ! sixty semi-diamet]s ( ! e>?1 z ! sum ( bo? ! bodies ( ! e>? & moon to ! fir/ ( two mean proportionals betwe5 ?is sum & ! body ( ! e>?2 t is1 if we suppose ! moon 7on acc\nt ( its mean app>5t diamet] #ca-a_/b m947 to be ab\t #a_/db ( ! e>?1 z #dc to 7#db #dbb7a_/c or z ab\t #abh to #abg4 ,&1 !re=e1 ! semi-diamet] ( ! orbit--t is1 ! di/ance ( ! c5tres ( ! moon & e>?--w 9 ?is case be #fj-a_/b semi-diamet]s ( ! e>?1 almo/ ! same ) t assign$ by ,cop]nicus2 &1 !re=e1 ! duplicate proportion ( ! decrem5t ( ! =ce holds good 9 ?is di/ance4 7,! action ( ! sun is "h disreg>d$ z inconsid]able47 ,?is proportion ( ! decrem5t ( ! =ces is confirm$ f ! ecc5tricity ( ! planets1 & ! v sl[ motion ( _! apsides2 = 9 no o!r proportion1 x has be5 e/abli%$1 c\ld ! circum-sol> planets once 9 e revolution desc5d to _! lea/1 & once asc5d to _! greate/ di/ance f ! sun1 & ! places ( ^? di/ances rema9 immovable4 ,a small error f ! duplicate proportion w\ld produce a motion ( ! apsides consid]able 9 e revolution1 b 9 _m enorm\s4 ,! ,tides ,:ile ! planets are ?us revolv$ 9 orbits ab\t remote c5tres1 9 ! meantime !y make _! sev]al rotations ab\t _! prop] axes3 ! sun 9 #bf days1 ,jupit] 9 #i hr4 #ef m941 ,m>s 9 #bd-b_/c hr41 ,v5us 9 #bc hr41 & 9 l mann] is ! moon revolv$ ab\t its axis 9 #bg days #g hr4 #dc m942 s t ?is diurnal motion is equal to ! mean motion ( ! moon 9 its orbit2 ^u :i* acc\nt ! same face ( ! moon always respects ! c5tre ab\t :i* ?is mean motion is p]=m$--t is1 ! ext]ior focus ( ! moon's orbit ne>ly4 ,by reason ( ! diurnal revolutions ( ! planets ! matt] :i* !y conta9 endeav\rs to rec$e f ! axis ( ?is motion2 & h5ce ! fluid p>ts1 ris+ high] t[>ds ! equator ?an ab\t ! poles1 w\ld lay ! solid p>ts ab\t ! equator "u wat] if ^? p>ts did n rise also2 ^u :i* acc\nt ! planets are some?+ ?ick] ab\t ! equator ?an ab\t ! poles4 ,& f ! diurnal motion & ! attractions ( ! sun & moon our sea ought twice to rise & twice to fall e day1 z well lun> z sol>4 ,b ! two motions :i* ! two lum9>ies raise w n appe> di/+ui%$ b w make a c]ta9 mix$ motion4 ,9 ! conjunction or opposition ( ! lum9>ies _! =ces w be conjo9$ & br+ on ! greate/ flood & ebb4 ,9 ! quadratures ! sun w raise ! wat]s :i* ! moon depresse? & depress ! wat]s :i* ! moon raise?2 & f ! diff]5ce ( _! =ces ! smalle/ ( all tides w foll[4 ,b ! effects ( ! lumni>ies dep5d ^u _! di/ances f ! e>?1 = :5 !y are less di/ant _! effects are great] & :5 m di/ant _! effects are less1 & t 9 ! triplicate proportion ( _! app>5t diamet]s4 ,!re=e x is t ! sun 9 w9t] "t1 be+ !n 9 its p]igee1 has a great] effect1 :e!r add$ to or subtract$ f t ( ! moon1 ?an 9 ! summ] season1 & e mon? ! moon1 :ile 9 ! p]igee raise? high] tides ?an at ! di/ance ( fifte5 days be=e or aft] :5 x is 9 its apogee4 ,! fix$ />s be+ at su* va/ di/ances f "o ano!r1 c nei!r attract ea* o!r s5sibly nor be attract$ by our sun4 ,comets ,!re are ?ree hypo!ses ab\t comets4 ,= "s w h x t !y are g5]at$ & p]i% z (t5 z !y appe> & vani%2 o!rs t !y come f ! regions ( ! fix$ />s1 & are ne> by u 9 _! passage ?r\gh ! sytem ( our planets2 &1 la/ly1 o!rs t !y are bodies p]petually revolv+ ab\t ! sun 9 v ecc5tric orbits4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! comets1 accord+ to _! diff]5t velocities1 w move 9 conic sections ( all sorts2 9 ! second !y w describe hyp]bolas2 & 9 ei!r ( ! two w frequ5t indiff]5tly all qu>t]s ( ! heav5s1 z well ^? ab\t ! poles z ^? t[>ds ! ecliptic2 9 ! ?ird _! motions w be p]=m$ 9 eclipses v ecc5tric & v ne>ly approa*+ to p>abolas4 ,b 7if ! law ( ! planets is obs]v$7 _! orbits w n mu* decl9e f ! plane ( ! ecliptic2 &1 s f> z ,i c\ld hi!rto obs]ve1 ! ?ird case obta9s2 = ! comets d inde$ *iefly frequ5t ! zodiac1 & sc>cely ev] atta9 to a helioc5tric latitude ( #dj degrees4 ,& t !y move 9 orbits v ne>ly p>abolical1 ,i inf] f _! velocity2 = ! velocity ) :i* a p>abola is describ$ is ev]y:]e to ! velocity ) :i* a comet or planet may be revolv$ ab\t ! sun 9 a circle at ! same di/ance 9 ! subduplicate ratio ( #b to #a2 &1 by my computation1 ! velocity ( comets is f\nd to be mu* ab\t ! same4 ,i exam9$ ! ?+ by inf]r+ ne>ly ! velocities f ! di/ances1 & ! di/ances bo? f ! p>allaxes & ! ph5om5a ( ! tails1 & nev] f\nd ! errors ( excess or defect 9 ! velocities great] ?an :at might h aris5 f ! errors 9 ! di/ances collect$ aft] t mann]4 ,,sir ,,ri*>d ,,ow5 ,anatomy ( ,v]tebrates ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow51 ! great naturali/1 0 born ,july #bj1 #ahjd1 at ,lanca/]1 ,engl&1 & receiv$ 8 e>ly education at ! gramm> s*ool ( t t[n4 ,!nce he w5t to ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity4 ,9 #ahbf he 0 admitt$ a memb] ( ! ,engli% ,college ( ,surgeons1 & 9 #ahbi 0 lectur+ at ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,hospital1 ,london1 :]e he _h complet$ 8 /udies4 ,8 ,memoir on ! ,pe>ly ,nautillus1 publi%$ 9 #ahcb1 plac$ him1 says ,huxley1 at a b\nd 9 ! front rank ( anatomical monograph]s1 & = sixty-two ye>s ! fl[ ( 8 contributions to sci5tific lit]ature nev] ceas$4 ,9 #ahef he 0 appo9t$ to take *>ge ( ! natural hi/ory dep>tm5ts ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 & be=e long set =? views z to ! inadequacy ( ! exi/+ accommodation1 :i* l$ ultimately to ! f\ndation ( ! build+s n[ devot$ to ?is purpose 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,ow5 di$ on ,decemb] #ah1 #ahib4 ,8 great book1 ,comp>ative ,anatomy & ,physiology ( ! ,v]tebrates1 0 complet$ 9 #ahfh1 & s9ce ,cuvi]'s ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 is ! mo/ monum5tal treatise on ! subject by any "o man4 ,al?\gh mu* ( ! classification adopt$ by ,ow5 has n be5 accept$ by o!r zoologi/s1 yet ! "w conta9s an imm5se am\nt ( in=mation1 mo/ ( :i* 0 ga9$ f ,ow5's own p]sonal obs]vations & dissections4 ,i4--,biological ,que/ions ( #ahcj ,at ! close ( my /udies at ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 ,p>is1 9 #ahca1 ,i return$ /rongly mov$ to l9es ( rese>* be>+ ^u ! !n prevail+ phases ( ?\ght on "s biological que/ions4 ,! great ma/] 9 ^: dissect+ rooms ,i 0 privileg$ to "w held t species 7 n p]man5t z a fact e/abli%$ inductively on a wide basis ( obs]vation1 by :i* comp>ative o/eology _h be5 creat$4 ,camp] & ,hunt] suspect$ ! species might be transitory2 b ,cuvi]1 9 def9+ ! *>act]s ( 8 anaplo!rium & palo!rium1 etc41 prov$ ! fact4 ,( ! relation ( pa/ to pres5t species1 ,cuvi] _h n an adequate basis = a decid$ op9ion4 ,obs]vation ( *anges 9 ! relative position ( l& & sea sugge/$ to him "o condition ( ! adv5t ( new species on an isl& or cont95t :]e old species _h di$ out4 ,?is view he illu/rates by a hypo!tical case ( su* succession1 b expressly /ates3 ,i d n ass]t t a new creation 0 necess>y to produce ! species n[ exi/+1 b only t !y did n exi/ 9 ! same regions1 & mu/ h come f else:]e4 ,ge(frey ,sa9t ,hilaire oppos$ to ,cuvi]'s inductive treatm5t ( ! "q ! foll[+ expression ( belief3 ,i h no d\bt t exi/+ animals are directly desc5d$ f ! animals ( ! ant$iluvian _w1 b add$1 x is my belief t ! season has n yet arriv$ = a really satisfy+ k ( geology4 ,! ma9 collat]al que/ions argu$ 9 _! debates appe>$ to me to be ! foll[+3 ,unity ( plan or f9al purpose1 z a gov]n+ condition ( organic developm5t8 ,s]ies ( species1 un9t]rupt$ or brok5 by int]vals8 ,ext9ction1 cataclysmal or regulat$8 ,developm5t1 by epig5esis or evolution8 ,prim>y life1 by miracle or second>y law8 ,cuvi] held ! "w ( organisation to be guid$ & gov]n$ by f9al purpose or adaptation4 ,ge(frey d5i$ ! evid5ce ( design & cont5d$ = ! pr9ciple :i* he call$ unity ( composition1 z ! law ( organisation4 ,mo/ ( 8 illu/rations 7 op5 to ! demon/ration ( inaccuracy2 & ! language by :i* disciples ( ! k9dr$ s*ool ( ,s*ell+ illu/rat$ 9 ! animal /ructure ! transc5d5tal idea ( ! :ole 9 e "p seem$ little bett] ?an my/ical j>gon4 ,) ,cuvi]1 answ]able p>ts occurr$ 9 ! zoological scale because !y _h to p]=m simil> functions4 ,z1 h[ev]1 my obs]vations & comp>isons accumulat$1 !y en=c$ a reconsid]ation ( ,cuvi]'s conclusions4 ,to demon/rate ! evid5ce ( ! community ( organisation ,i f\nd ! artifice ( an ar*etype v]tebrate animal ess5tial2 & f ! demon/ration ( its pr9ciple1 :i* ,i !n satisfi$ myself 0 associat$ ) & dom9at$ by t ( adaptation to purpose1 ! /ep 0 inevitable to ! conception ( ! op]ation ( a second>y cause ( ! entire s]ies ( species1 su* cause be+ ! s]vant ( pr$et]m9+ intellig5t w4 ,b besides d]ivation or filiation ano!r pr9ciple influ5c+ organisation became recognisable1 to :i* ,i gave ! "n ( irrelative repetition1 or vegetative repetition4 ,! demon/rat$ con/itution ( ! v]tebrate endoskeleton z a s]ies ( ess5tially simil> segm5ts appe>$ to me to illu/rate ! law ( irrelative repetition4 ,^! results ( inductive rese>* sway$ me 9 reject+ direct or miracul\s creation1 & 9 recognis+ a natural law or second>y cause z op]ative 9 ! production ( species 9 ord]ly succession & progression4 ,,ii4--,succession ( ,species1 ,brok5 or ,l9k$8 ,to ! hypo!sis t exi/+ are modifications ( ext9ct species1 ,cuvi] repli$ t traces ( modification 7 due f ! fossil _w4 ,y ought1 he said1 to be able to %[ ! int]m$iate =ms betwe5 ! palo!rium & exi/+ ho($ quadrup$s4 ,! progress ( palontology s9ce #ahcj has br\ght to light _m miss+ l9ks unkn[n to ! f\nd] ( ! sci5ce4 ,! discov]y ( ! rema9s ( ! hipp>ion suppli$ "o ( ! l9ks requir$ by ,cuvi]1 & x is significant t ! rema9s ( su* ?ree-to$ horses are f\nd only 9 deposits ( t t]ti>y p]iod :i* int]v5e betwe5 ! old] palo!rian "o & ! new] /rata 9 :i* ! mod]n horse fir/ appe>s to h lo/ its lat]al ho(lets4 ,! mol> s]ies ( ! horse includes six l>ge complex gr9d]s individually recognisable by developm5tal *>act]s4 ,! repres5tative ( ! fir/ premol> is m9ute & soon %od4 ,its homologue 9 palo!rium is functionally develop$ & reta9$1 t type-d5tition be+ adh]$ to4 ,9 hipp>ion ?is too? is small] ?an 9 palo!rium1 b functional & p]man5t4 ,! transitory & s+ul>ly small & simple d5ticle 9 ! horse exemplifies ! rudim5t ( an ance/ral /ructure 9 ! same degree z d ! ho(less spl9t-bones2 j z ! spuri\s ho(s dangl+ !refrom 9 hipp>ion are reta9$ rudim5ts ( ! functionally develop$ lat]al ho(s 9 ! broad] foot ( palo!rium4 ,o!r miss+ l9ks ( ?is s]ies ( species h also be5 suppli$4 ,h[ !n is ! orig9 ( ^! int]m$iate gradations to be int]pret$8 ,if ! alt]native--species by miracle or by law--be appli$ to palo!rium1 paloplo!rium1 an*i!rium1 hipp>ion1 equus1 ,i accept ! latt] )\t misgiv+1 & recognise su* law z cont9u\sly op]ative ?r\gh\t t]ti>y "t4 ,9 respect to its law ( op]ation we may suppose ,lam>ck to say1 z ! surface ( ! e>? consolidat$1 ! l>g] & m produc$ mid-ho( ( ! old ?ree-to$ pa*yd]ius took a great] %>e 9 su/a9+ ! animal's weight2 & m blood be+ requir$ to meet ! great] dem& ( ! m active mid-toe1 x grew2 :il/1 ! side-toes1 los+ _! %>e ( n\ri%m5t & becom+ m & m )drawn f use1 %rank--& s on4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 ,i conceive1 w\ld modify ?is by say+ t "s individuals ( palo!rium happ5+ to be born ) a l>g] & long] middle toe1 & ) %ort] & small] side-toes1 su* v>iety 0 bett] adapt$ to prevail+ alt]$ conditions ( ! e>?'s surface ?an ! p>5tal =m2 & s on1 until f9ally ! extreme equ9e modifications ( foot came to be naturally select$4 ,b ! hypo!sis ( appet5cy & volition1 z ( natural selection1 are less applicable1 less intelligible1 9 connection ) ! *anges 9 ! tee?4 ,i mu/ fur!r obs]ve t to say ! palo!rium has graduat$ into equus by natural selection is an explanation ( ! process ( ! same k9d & value z t by :i* ! secretion ( bile 0 attribut$ to ! appet5cy ( ! liv] = ! elem5ts ( bile4 ,"o's surprise is t su* explanatory devices %\ld n h di$ out ) ! ar*eus fab]1 ! nisus =mations1 & o!r self-deceiv+1 _w-beguil+ simulacra ( sci5ce1 ) ! la/ c5tury2 & t a resuscitation %\ld h _h any success 9 ! pres5t4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! facts on :i* any reasonable or intelligible conception c be =m$ ( ! mode ( op]ation ( ! d]ivative law exemplifi$ 9 ! s]ies l9k+ on palo!rium to equus8 ,a v significant "o is ! foll[+4 ,a mod]n horse occasionally comes into ! _w ) ! supplem5t>y ance/ral ho(s4 ,f ,val]ius ,maximus1 :o attributes ! v>iety to ,bucephalus d[nw>ds1 su* polydactyle horses h be5 not$ z mon/]s & m>vels4 ,9 "o ( ! late/ examples1 ! inn] spl9t-bone1 answ]+ to ! second metac>pal ( ! p5tadactyle foot1 support$ phalanges & a t]m9al ho( resembl+ ! correspond+ "o 9 hipp>ion4 ,& ! pair+ ( horses ) ! met]podials be>+1 accord+ to type1 phalanges & ho(s might re/ore ! race ( hipp>ions4 ,n[1 ! fact sugge/+ su* possibility tea*es t ! *ange w\ld be sudd5 & consid]able2 x opposes ! idea t species are transmut$ by m9ute & sl[ degrees4 ,x also %[s t a species might orig9ate indep5d5tly ( ! op]ation ( any ext]nal influ5ce2 t *ange ( /ructure w\ld prec$e t ( use & habit2 t appet5cy1 impulse1 ambi5t m$ium1 =tuit\s fitness ( surr\nd+ circum/ances1 or a p]sonifi$ select+ nature w\ld h _h no %>e 9 ! transmutative act4 ,?us ,i h be5 l$ to recognise species z exemplify+ ! cont9u\s op]ation ( natural law1 or second>y cause2 & t n only successively b progressively2 f ! fir/ embodim5t ( ! v]tebrate idea "u its old i*?yic ve/m5t until x became array$ 9 ! glori\s g>b ( ! human =m4 ,,iii4--,ext9ction--,cataclysmal or ,regulat$ ,if ! species ( palo!re1 paloplo!re1 an*i!re1 hipp>ion1 & horse be sev]ally deem$ due to remotely & successively repeat$ acts ( creation2 ! successive go+ out ( su* species mu/ h be5 z miracul\s z _! com+ 94 ,accord+ly1 9 ,cuvi]'s ,disc\rse on ,revolutions ( ! ,e>?'s ,surface we h a section ( ,pro(s t ^! revolutions h be5 num]\s1 & ano!r ( ,pro(s t ^! revolutions h be5 sudd54 ,b z ! discov]ies ( palontologi/s h suppli$ ! l9ks betwe5 ! species held to h p]i%$ by ! cataclysms1 s ea* successive p>cel ( geological tru? has t5d$ to dissipate ! belief 9 ! unusually sudd5 & viol5t nature ( ! *anges recognisable 9 ! e>?'s surface4 ,9 specially direct+ my att5tion to ?is moot po9t1 :il/ engag$ 9 inve/igations ( fossil rema9s1 ,i 0 l$ to recognise "o cause ( ext9ction z be+ due to defeat 9 ! conte/ :i* ! individual ( ea* species _h to ma9ta9 aga9/ ! surr\nd+ ag5cies :i* might militate aga9/ its exi/5ce4 ,?is pr9ciple has receiv$ a l>ge & mo/ in/ructive accession ( illu/rations f ! lab\rs ( ,*>les ,d>w92 b he aims to apply x n only to ! ext9ction b to ! orig9 ( species4 ,al?\gh ,i fail to recognise pro( ( ! latt] be>+ ( ! battle ( life1 ! concurr5ce ( s mu* evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ext9ction by law is1 9 l measure1 corroborative ( ! tru? ( ! ascription ( ! orig9 ( species to a second>y cause4 ,:at spectacle c be m beautiful ?an t ( ! inhabitants ( ! calm expanse ( wat] ( an atoll encircl$ by its r+ ( coral rock6 ,leav+ locomotive frequ5t]s ( ! calc>i\s bas9 out ( ! "q1 we may ask1 ,0 direct creation aft] ! dy+ out ( its result z a rugose coral repeat$ to con/itute ! succe$+ & sup]s$+ tabulate coral8 ,mu/ we also invoke ! miracul\s p[] to initiate e di/9ct species ( bo? rugosa & tabulata8 ,^! gr& old gr\ps h _h _! day & are utt]ly gone4 ,:5 we endeav\r to conceive or realise su* mode ( orig91 n ( !m only b ( _! manifold successors1 ! miracle1 by ! v multiplication ( its manife/ations1 becomes incr$ible--inconsi/5t ) any wor?y conception ( an all-see+1 all-provid5t ,omnipot5ce4 ,be+ unable to accept ! volitional hypo!sis 7( ,lam>ck7 or ! selective =ce ex]t$ by outw>d circum/ances 7,d>w971 ,i deem an innate t5d5cy to deviate f p>5tal type1 op]at+ ?r\gh p]iods ( adequate duration1 to be ! mo/ probable way ( op]ation ( ! second>y law :]eby species h be5 d]iv$ "o f ano!r4 ,accord+ to my d]ivative hypo!sis a *ange takes place fir/ 9 ! /ructure ( ! animal1 & ?is1 :5 suffici5tly advanc$1 may lead to modifications ( habits4 ,b species owe z little to ! accid5tal concurr5ce ( environ+ circum/ances z kosmos dep5ds ^u a =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms4 ,a purposive r\te ( developm5t & *ange ( correlation & int]-dep5d5ce1 manife/+ intellig5t w1 is z det]m9able 9 ! succession ( races z 9 ! developm5t & organisation ( ! individual4 ,d]ivation holds t e species *anges 9 "t1 by virtue ( inh]5t t5d5cies !reto4 ,natural selection holds t no su* *ange c take place )\t ! influ5ce ( alt]$ ext]nal circum/ances educ+ or elicit+ su* *ange4 ,d]ivation sees among ! effects ( ! innate t5d5cy to *ange1 irrespective ( alt]$ surr\nd+ circum/ances1 a manife/ation ( creative p[] 9 ! v>iety & beauty ( ! results2 &1 9 ! ultimate =?com+ ( a be+ susceptible ( appreciat+ su* beauty1 evid5ce ( ! preorda9+ ( su* relation ( p[] to ! appreciation4 ,natural selection ackn[l$ges t if p[] or beauty1 9 itself1 %\ld be a purpose 9 creation1 x w\ld be absolutely fatal to x z a hypo!sis4 ,natural selection sees gr&eur 9 ! view ( life1 ) its sev]al p[]s1 hav+ be5 orig9ally brea!d by ! ,creator into a few =ms or into "o4 ,d]ivation sees1 !re91 a n>r[ invocation ( a special miracle & an unwor?y limitation ( creative p[]1 ! gr&eur ( :i* is manife/$ daily1 h\rly1 9 call+ into life _m =ms1 by conv]sion ( physical & *emical into vital modes ( =ce1 "u z _m div]sifi$ conditions ( ! requisite elem5ts to be s comb9$4 ,natural selection leaves ! subsequ5t orig9 & succession ( species to ! =tuit\s concurr5ce ( outw>d conditions2 d]ivation recognises a purpose 9 ! def9$ & preorda9$ c\rse1 due to innate capacity or p[] ( *ange1 by :i* homog5e\sly-creat$ protozoa h ris5 to ! high] =ms ( plants & animals4 ,! hypo!sis ( d]ivation re/s ^u conclusions f f\r great s]ies ( inductively e/abli%$ facts1 toge!r ) a probable result ( facts ( a fif? class2 ! hypo!sis ( natural selection tott]s on ! ext5sion ( a conjectural condition explanatory ( ext9ction to ! orig9ation ( species1 inapplicable 9 t ext5sion to ! majority ( organisms1 & n kn[n or obs]v$ to apply to ! orig9 ( any species4 ,,iv4--,epig5esis or ,evolution8 ,! d]ivative orig9 ( species1 !n1 be+ at pres5t ! mo/ admissible "o1 & ! retrospective survey ( su* species %[+ conv]g5ce1 z "t rec$es1 to m simplifi$ or g5]alis$ organisations1 ! result to :i* ! sugge/$ tra9 ( ?\ght inevitably leads is v analog\s 9 ea* in/ance4 ,if to kosmos or ! mundane sy/em h be5 allott$ p[]s equival5t to ! developm5t ( ! sev]al grades ( life1 may n ! demon/rat$ s]ies ( conv]sions ( =ce h also includ$ t into ! vital =m8 ,9 ! la/ c5tury1 physiologi/s 7 divid$ z to ! pr9ciple guid+ ! "w ( organic developm5t4 ,! evolutioni/s cont5d$ t ! new be+ preexi/$ 9 a complete /ate ( =mation1 ne$+ only to be vivifi$ by impregnation 9 ord] to comm5ce ! s]ies ( expansions or dis5cas+s1 culm9at+ 9 ! indep5d5t individual4 ,! epig5esi/s held t bo? ! g]m & its subsequ5t organs 7 built up ( juxtapos$ molecules accord+ to ! op]ation ( a developm5tal =ce1 or nisus =mations4 ,at ! pres5t day ! "q may seem h>dly wor? ! pap] on :i* x is ref]r$ to4 ,nev]!less1 pre-exi/5ce ( g]ms & evolution are logically insep>able f ! idea ( species by prim>y miracul\sly-creat$ individuals4 ,cuvi]1 !re=e1 ma9ta9$ bo? z firmly z did ,hall]4 ,9 ! debates ( #ahcj ,i rema9$ ! ?rall ( t dogma 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( s+le-cell$ organisms :e!r 9 or out ( body4 ,e result ( =mfaction1 ,i believ$1 ) mo/ physiologi/s1 to be ! g5etic outcome ( a pre-exi/+ cell4 ,! fir/ 0 due to miracul\s int]position & susp5sion ( ord9>y laws2 x conta9$ pot5tially all future possible cells4 ,cell-developm5t exemplifi$ evolution ( pre-exi/+ g]ms1 ! prog5y ( ! prim>y cell4 ,!y progagat$ !mselves by self-division1 or by prolif]ation ( m9utes granules or atoms1 :i*1 :5 prop]ly n\ri%$1 aga9 multipli$ by self-division1 & grew to ! lik5ess ( ! p>5t cells4 ,x seems to me m consi/5t ) ! pres5t phase ( dynamical sci5ce & ! obs]v$ graduations ( liv+ ?+s to suppose ! s>code or ! protog5al jelly-speck %\ld be =mable ?r\gh ! concurr5ce ( conditions fav\r+ su* comb9ation ( _! elem5ts1 & involv+ a *ange ( =ce productive ( _! contractions & ext5sions1 molecul> attractions1 & repulsions--& ! s>code has s become1 f ! p]iod :5 its irrelative repetitions result$ 9 ! va/ indef9ite masses ( ! eozoon1 exemplify+ ! e>lie/ process ( =mification or organic cry/allisation--?an t all exi/+ s>codes or protog5es are ! result ( g5etic desc5t f a g]m or cell due to a prim>y act ( miracul\s int]position4 ,i pref]1 :ile indulg+ 9 su* speculations1 to consid] ! v>i\s daily nomog5e\sly develop$ =ms ( protozoal or proti/al jellies1 s>codes1 & s+le-cell$ organisms1 to h be5 z _m roots f :i* ! high] grades h ramifi$ ?an t ! orig9 ( ! :ole organic creation is to be ref]r$1 z ! ,egyptian prie/s did t ( ! univ]se1 to a s+le egg4 ,amb] or /eel1 :5 magnetis$1 seem to ex]cise selection2 !y d n attract all sub/ances alike4 ,a speck ( protog5al jelly or s>code1 if alive1 %[s analog\s relations to c]ta9 sub/ances2 b ! s(t yield+ tissue all[s ! "p next ! attractive matt] to move !reto1 & !n1 by retraction1 to draw su* matt] into ! s>codal mass1 :i* ov]spreads1 dissolves1 & assimilates x4 ,! t]m liv+ 9 ! "o case is correlative ) ! t]m magnetic 9 ! o!r4 ,a man p]ceives ripe fruit2 he /ret*es out 8 h&1 plucks1 ma/icates1 swall[s1 & dige/s x4 ,! "q !n arises :e!r ! diff]5ce betwe5 su* s]ies ( actions 9 ! man & ! attractive & assimilative movem5t ( ! amba be great] or less ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! acts ( ! amba & ! attract+ & reta9+ acts ( ! magnet4 ,! "q1 ,i ?9k1 may be put ) "s confid5ce z to ! quality ( ! ultimate reply :e!r ! ambal ph5om5a are s mu* m diff]5t1 or s ess5tially diff]5t1 f ! magnetic ph5om5a ?an !y are f ! mammalian ph5om5a1 z to necessitate ! invocation ( a special miracle = _! manife/ation4 ,x is analogically conceivable t ! same cause :i* has end[$ ,8 _w ) p[] conv]tible into magnetic1 electric1 !rmotic & o!r =ms or modes ( =ce1 has also add$ ! conditions ( conv]sion into ! vital =ce4 ,f protozoa or proti/a to plants & animals ! graduation is clos] ?an f magnetis$ iron to vitalis$ s>code4 ,f reflex acts ( ! n]v\s sy/em animals rise to s5ti5t & volitional ones4 ,& ) ! asc5t are associat$ bra9-cells progressively increas+ 9 size & complexity4 ,?\ght relates to ! bra9 ( man z does electricity to ! n]v\s batt]y ( ! torp$o2 bo? are =ms ( =ce & ! results ( action ( _! respective organs4 ,ea* s5sation affects a c]ebral fibre1 &1 9 s affect+ x1 gives x ! faculty ( repeat+ ! action1 :]e9 memory consi/s & s5sation 9 a dream4 ,if ! hypo!sis ( an ab/ract entity produces psy*ological ph5om5a by play+ ^u ! bra9 z a musician ^u 8 in/rum5t be reject$1 & ^! ph5om5a be held to be ! result ( c]ebral actions1 an objection is made t ! latt] view is mat]iali/ic & adv]se to ! notion ( an indep5d5t1 indivisible1 immat]ial1 m5tal pr9ciple or s\l4 ,b 9 ! endeav\r to compreh5d cle>ly & expla9 ! functions ( ! comb9ation ( =ces call$ bra91 ! physiologi/ is h9d]$ & tr\bl$ by ! views ( ! nature ( ^? c]ebral =ces :i* ! ne$s ( dogmatic !ology h impos$ on mank9d4 ,h[ long physiologi/s w\ld h ent]ta9$ ! notion ( a life1 or vital pr9ciple1 z a di/9ct entity if fre$ f ?is baneful influ5ce may be que/ion$2 b x c be truly affirm$ t physiology has n[ e/abli%$ & does accept ! tru? ( t /atem5t ( ,locke--! life1 :e!r ( a mat]ial or immat]ial sub/ance1 is n ! sub/ance itself1 b an affection ( x4 ,,rudolf ,,vir*[ ,cellul> ,pa?ology ,rudolf ,vir*[1 ! son ( a small f>m] & %opkeep]1 0 born at ,s*ivelbe91 9 ,pom]ania1 on ,octob] #ac1 #ahba4 ,he graduat$ 9 m$ic9e at ,b]l91 & 0 appo9t$ lectur] at ! ,univ]sity1 b 8 political en?usiasm br\ght him into disfav\r4 ,9 #ahdi he 0 remov$ to ,wurzburg1 :]e he 0 made pr(essor ( pa?ology1 b 9 #ahef he return$ to ,b]l9 z ,pr(essor & ,director ( ! ,pa?ological ,in/itute1 & !re acquir$ _w-wide fame4 ,8 celebrat$ "w1 ,cellul> ,pa?ology z bas$ on ,hi/ology1 publi%$ 9 #ahef1 m>ks a di/9ct epo* 9 ! sci5ce4 ,vir*[ e/abli%$ :at ,"l ,li/] describes z ! true & f]tile doctr9e t e morbid /ructure consi/s ( cells :i* h be5 d]iv$ f pre-exi/+ cells z a prog5y4 ,vir*[ 0 n only di/+ui%$ z a pa?ologi/1 he also ga9$ consid]able fame z an ar*ologi/ & an?ropologi/4 ,dur+ ! w>s ( #ahff & #ahgj-ga1 he equipp$ & drill$ hospital corps & ambulance squads1 & sup]9t5d$ hospital tra9s & ! ,b]l9 milit>y hospital4 ,w> ov]1 he direct$ 8 att5tion to sanitation & ! sewage problems ( ,b]l94 ,vir*[ 0 a volum9\s au?or on a v>iety ( subjects1 p]haps 8 mo/ well-kn[n works be+ ,fam9e ,fev] & ,fre$om ( ,sci5ce4 ,he di$ on ,septemb] #e1 #aijb4 ,! ,cell & ! ,tissues ,! *ief po9t 9 ! application ( ,hi/ology to ,pa?ology is to obta9 recognition ( ! fact t ! cell is really ! ultimate morphological elem5t 9 :i* !re is any manife/ation ( life4 ,9 c]ta9 respects animal cells diff] f vegetable cells2 b 9 ess5tials !y are ! same2 bo? consi/ ( matt] ( a nitrog5\s nature4 ,:5 we exam9e a simple cell1 we f9d we c di/+ui% morphological p>ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we f9d 9 ! cell a r\nd or oval body kn[n z ! nucleus4 ,occasionally ! nucleus is /allate or angul>2 b z a rule1 s long z cells h vital p[]1 ! nucleus ma9ta9s a ne>ly con/ant r\nd or oval %ape4 ,! nucleus 9 its turn1 9 completely develop$ cells1 v con/antly encloses ano!r /ructure )9 itself--! s-call$ nucleolus4 ,) reg>d to ! "q ( vital =m1 x _c be said ( ! nucleolus t x appe>s to be an absolute ess5tial1 & 9 a consid]able numb] ( "y cells x has z yet escap$ detection4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we regul>ly meet ) x 9 fully-develop$1 old] =ms1 & x !re=e seems to m>k a high] degree ( developm5t 9 ! cell4 ,accord+ to ! view :i* 0 put =w>d 9 ! fir/ in/ance by ,s*leid51 & accept$ by ,s*wann1 ! connection betwe5 ! ?ree co-exi/5t cell-con/itu5ts 0 long ?\ght to be ( ?is nature3 t ! nucleolus 0 ! fir/ to %[ itself 9 ! developm5t ( tissues1 by sep>at+ out ( a =mative fluid 7bla/ema1 cyto-bla/ema71 t x quickly atta9$ a c]ta9 size1 t !n f9e granules 7 precipitat$ out ( ! bla/ema & settl$ ar\nd x1 & t ab\t ^! !re cond5s$ a membrane4 ,9 ?is way a nucleus 0 =m$ ab\t :i* new matt] gradually ga!r$1 & 9 due "t produc$ a little membrane4 ,?is !ory ( ! =mation ( ! cell is designat$ ! !ory ( free cell =mation--a !ory :i* has be5 n[ almo/ entirely ab&on$4 ,x is highly probable t ! nucleus plays an extremely important "p )9 ! cell--a "p less connect$ ) ! function & specific (fice ( ! cell1 ?an ) its ma9t5ance & multiplication z a liv+ "p4 ,! specific 7animal7 function is mo/ di/9ctly manife/$ 9 muscles1 n]ves1 & gl& cells1 ! peculi> actions ( :i*--contraction1 s5sation1 & secretion--appe> to be connect$ 9 no direct mann] ) ! nuclei4 ,b ! p]man5cy ( ! cell z an elem5t seems to dep5d on nucleus1 = all cells :i* lose _! nuclei quickly die1 & break up1 & disappe>4 ,e organism1 :e!r vegetable or animal1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a progressive total1 made up ( a l>g] or small] numb] ( simil> or dissimil> cells4 ,j z a tree con/itutes a mass arrang$ 9 a def9ite mann] 9 :i*1 9 e s+le "p1 9 ! leaves z 9 ! root1 9 ! trunk z 9 ! blossom1 cells are discov]$ to be ! ultimate elem5ts1 s x is ) ! =ms ( animal life4 ,e animal pres5ts itself z a sum ( vital unities1 e "o ( :i* manife/s all ! *>act]i/ics ( life4 ,! *>act]i/ics & unity ( life _c be limit$ to any "o p>ticul> spot 9 an organism 7= in/ance1 to ! bra9 ( a man7 b are to be f\nd only 9 ! def9ite1 con/antly recurr+ /ructure1 :i* e individual elem5t displays4 ,a s-call$ individual always repres5ts an arrangem5t ( a social k9d1 9 :i* a numb] ( individual exi/5ces are mutually dep5d5t1 b 9 su* a way t e elem5t has its own special action1 & ev5 ?\gh x d]ive its /imulus to activity f o!r p>ts1 yet alone affects ! actual p]=mance ( its duties4 ,betwe5 cells !re is a great] or less am\nt ( a homog5e\s sub/ance--! int]cellul> sub/ance4 ,accord+ to ,s*wann1 ! int]cellul> sub/ance 0 cyto-bla/ema de/9$ = ! developm5t ( new cells2 ,i believe ?is is n s1 ,i believe t ! int]cellul> sub/ance is dep5d5t 9 a c]ta9 def9ite mann] ^u ! cells1 & t c]ta9 p>ts ( x belong to "o cell & p>ts to ano!r4 ,at v>i\s times1 fibres1 globules1 & elem5t>y granules1 h be5 reg>d$ z hi/ological />t+-po9ts4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 we h e/abli%$ ! g5]al pr9ciple t no developm5t ( any k9d beg9s de novo & t z spontane\s g5]ation is impossible 9 ! case ( entire organisms1 s also x is impossible 9 ! case ( individual p>ts4 ,no cell c build itself up out ( non-cellul> mat]ial4 ,:]e a cell arises1 !re a cell mu/ h previ\sly exi/$ 7omnis cellula e cellula71 j z an animal c spr+ only f an animal1 & a plant only f a plant4 ,no develop$ tissues c be trac$ back to any?+ b a cell4 ,if we wi% to classify tissues1 a v simple division (f]s itself4 ,we h 7a7 tissues :i* consi/ exclusively ( cells1 :]e cell lies close to cell4 7b7 ,tissues 9 :i* ! cells are sep>at$ by a c]ta9 am\nt ( int]cellul> sub/ance4 7c7 ,tissues ( a high or peculi> type1 su* z ! n]v\s & muscul> sy/ems & vessels4 ,an example ( ! fir/ class is se5 9 ! epi!lial tissues4 ,9 ^!1 cell lies close to cell1 ) no?+ betwe54 ,! second class is exemplifi$ 9 ! connective tissues--tissues compos$ ( int]cellul> sub/ance 9 :i* at c]ta9 int]vals cells lie emb$d$4 ,muscles1 n]ves1 & vessels =m a some:at het]og5e\s gr\p4 ,! idea sugge/s itself t we h 9 all ?ree /ructures to deal ) real tubes fill$ ) m or less movable cont5ts4 ,?is view is1 h[ev]1 inadequate1 s9ce we _c reg>d ! blood z analog\s to ! m$ull>y sub/ance ( ! n]ve1 or contractile sub/ance ( a muscul> fasciculus4 ,! elem5ts ( muscle h g5]ally be5 reg>d$ z ! mo/ simple4 ,if we exam9e an ord9>y r$ muscle1 we f9d x to be compos$ ( a numb] ( cyl9drical fibres1 m>k$ ) transv]se & longitud9al /ri4 ,if1 n[1 we add acetic acid1 we discov] also tol]ably l>ge nuclei ) nucleoli4 ,?us we obta9 an appe>ance l an elongat$ cell1 & !re is a t5d5cy to reg>d ! primitive fasciculus z hav+ sprung f a s+le cell4 ,to ?is view ,i am mu* incl9$4 ,pa?ological tissues arise f normal tissues2 & !re is no =m ( morbid gr[? :i* _c 9 its elem5ts be trac$ back to "s model :i* _h previ\sly ma9ta9$ an indep5d5t exi/5ce 9 ! economy4 ,a classification1 also1 ( pa?ological gr[?s may be made on exactly ! same plan z t :i* we h sugge/$ 9 ! case ( ! normal tissues4 ,nutrition1 ,blood1 & ,lymph4 ,pus ,nutritive mat]ial is c>ri$ to ! tissues by ! blood2 b ! mat]ial is accept$ by ! tissues only 9 accordance ) _! requirem5ts = ! mom5t1 & is convey$ to ! individual di/ricts 9 suitable quantities4 ,! muscul> elem5ts ( ! art]ies h ! mo/ important influ5ce ^u ! quantity ( ! blood di/ribut$1 & _! ela/ic elem5ts ensure an equable /ream2 b x is *iefly ! simple homog5e\s membrane ( ! capill>ies t influ5ces ! p]meation ( ! fluids4 ,n all ! peculi>ities1 h[ev]1 9 ! int]*ange ( nutritive mat]ial are to be attribut$ to ! capill>y wall1 = no d\bt !re are *emical aff9ities :i* enable c]ta9 p>ts specially to attract c]ta9 sub/ances f ! blood4 ,we "k1 = example1 t a numb] ( sub/ances are introduc$ into ! body :i* h special aff9ities = ! n]ve tissues1 & t c]ta9 mat]ials are excret$ by c]ta9 organs4 ,we are !re=e compell$ to consid] ! individual elem5ts z active ag5ts ( ! attraction4 ,if ! liv+ elem5t be alt]$ by disease1 !n x loses its p[] ( specific attraction4 ,i d n reg>d ! blood z ! cause ( *ronic dyscrasi2 = ,i d n reg>d ! blood z a p]man5t tissue indep5d5tly reg5]at+ & propagat+ itself1 b z a fluid 9 a /ate ( con/ant dep5d5ce ^u o!r p>ts4 ,i consid] t e dyscrasia is dep5d5t ^u a p]man5t supply ( noxi\s +r$i5ts f c]ta9 s\rces4 ,z a cont9ual +e/ion ( injuri\s food is capable ( vitiat+ ! blood1 9 l mann] p]si/5t disease 9 a def9ite organ is able to furni% ! blood ) a cont9ual supply ( morbid mat]ials4 ,! ess5tial po9t1 !re=e1 is to se>* = ! local s\rces ( ! diff]5t dyscrasi :i* cause disord]s ( ! blood1 = e p]man5t *ange :i* takes place 9 ! condition ( ! circulat+ juices mu/ be d]iv$ f def9ite organs or tissues4 ,! blood conta9s c]ta9 morphological elem5ts4 ,x conta9s a sub/ance1 fibr9e1 :i* appe>s z fibrillac :5 ! blood clots1 & r$ & col\rless blood corpuscles4 ,! r$ blood corpuscles conta9 no nuclei except at c]ta9 p]iods ( ! developm5t ( ! embyro4 ,!y are light] or d>k] r$ accord+ to ! oxyg5 !y conta94 ,:5 treat$ ) conc5trat$ fluids !y %rivel2 :5 treat$ ) dilut$ fluids !y swell4 ,!y are r co9-%ap$1 & :5 a drop ( blood is quiet !y are usually f\nd aggregat$ 9 r[s1 l r\leaux ( money4 ,! col\rless corpuscles are mu* less num]\s ?an ! r$ corpuscles--only "o to #cjj--;b !y are l>g]1 & conta9 nuclei4 ,:5 blood coagulates ! :ite corpuscles s9k m sl[ly & appe> z a light] col\r$ lay] on ! top ( ! clot4 ,pus cells are v l col\rless corpuscles1 & ! relation betwe5 ! two has be5 mu* debat$4 ,a pus cell c be di/+ui%$ f a col\rless blood cell only by its mode ( orig94 ,if x h an orig9 ext]nal to ! blood1 x mu/ be pus2 if x orig9ate 9 ! blood1 x mu/ be consid]$ to be a blood cell4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( its developm5t1 a :ite blood corpuscle is se5 to modify by division2 b 9 fully-develop$ blood su* division is nev] se54 ,x is probable t col\rless :ite corpuscles are giv5 to ! adult blood by ! lymphatic gl&s4 ,e irritation ( a "p :i* is freely connect$ ) lymphatic gl&s increases ! numb] ( col\rless cells 9 ! blood4 ,any excessive increase f ?is s\rce ,i h designat$ leucocytosis4 ,9 ! fir/ mon?s ( ! embryo ! r$ cell multiplies by division4 ,9 adult life ! mode ( its multiplication is unkn[n4 ,!y1 also1 are probably =m$ 9 ! lymphatic gl&s & sple54 ,9 a disease ,i h nam$ leukmia1 ! col\rless blood cells increase 9 numb] enorm\sly4 ,9 su* cases !re is always disease ( ! sple51 & v (t5 ( ! lymphatic gl&s4 ,^! facts c h>dly1 ,i ?9k1 be int]pret$ 9 any o!r mann] ?an by suppos+ t ! sple5 & lymphatic gl&s are intimately conc]n$ 9 ! production ( ! =m$ elem5ts ( ! blood4 ,by pymia is meant pus corpuscles 9 ! blood4 ,b mo/ cases ( s-call$ pymia are really cases 9 :i* !re is an increase ( :ite blood corpuscles1 & x is d\btful :e!r su* a condition z pus 9 ! blood does ev] occur4 ,9 ! extremely r>e cases1 9 :i* pus breaks ?r\gh into ! ve9s1 purul5t +r$i5ts may1 )\t d\bt1 be convey$ into ! blood1 b 9 su* cases ! introduction ( pus occurs = ! mo/ "p b once1 & !re is no p]si/5t pymia4 ,ev5 :5 clots 9 ve9s break d[n & =m matt] l pus1 x w be f\nd t ! matt] is n really pus1 & conta9s no pus cells4 ,*lorosis is a condition 9 :i* !re is a dim9ution ( ! cellul> elem5ts ( ! blood1 due probably to _! defici5t =mation 9 ! sple5 & lymphatic gl&s4 ,! ,vital ,processes & ,_! ,relation to ,disease4 ,inflammation ,! /udy ( ! hi/ology ( ! n]v\s sy/em %[s t 9 all p>ts ( ! body a splitt+ up into a numb] ( small c5tres takes place1 & t n[h]e does a s+le c5tral po9t susceptible ( anatomical demon/ration exi/ f :i* ! op]ations ( ! body are direct$4 ,we f9d 9 ! n]v\s sy/ems def9ite little cells :i* s]ve z c5tres ( motion1 b we d n f9d any s+le ganglion cell 9 :i* alone all movem5t 9 ! end orig9ates4 ,! mo/ v>i\s individual motor app>atuses are connect$ ) ! mo/ v>i\s individual motor ganglion cells4 ,s5sations are c]ta9ly collect$ 9 def9ite ganglion cells4 ,/ill1 among !m1 too1 we d n f9d any s+le ganglion cell :i* c be 9 any way designat$ ! c5tre ( all s5sation1 b we aga9 meet ) a great numb] ( v m9ute c5tres4 ,all ! op]ations :i* h _! s\rce 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 & !re c]ta9ly are a v great numb] ( !m1 d n all[ u to recognise a unity any:]e else ?an 9 our own consci\sness4 ,an anatomical or physiological unity has at lea/ z yet be5 n[h]e demon/rat$4 ,:5 we talk ( life we mean vital activity4 ,n[1 e vital action supposes an excitation or irritation4 ,! irritability ( ! "p is ! crit]ion by :i* we judge :e!r x be alive or n4 ,our notion ( ! dea? ( a "p is bas$ ^u no?+ m or less ?an ?is--t we c no long] detect any irritability 9 x4 ,if we n[ proce$ ) our analysis ( :at is to be includ$ 9 ! notion ( excitability1 we at once discov]1 t ! diff]5t actions :i* c be provok$ by ! influ5ce ( any ext]nal ag5cy are ess5tially ( ?ree k9ds4 ,! result ( an excitation or irritation may1 accord+ to circum/ances1 be ei!r a m]ely functional process1 or a m or less increas$ nutrition ( ! "p1 or a =mative process giv+ rise to a great] or less numb] ( new elem5ts4 ,^! diff]5ces manife/ !mselves m or less di/9ctly accord+ z ! p>ticul> tissues are m or less capable ( respond+ to ! "o or o!r k9ds ( excitation4 ,x c]ta9ly _c be d5i$ t ! processes may n be di/9ctly def9$1 & t betwe5 ! nutritive & =mative processes1 & also betwe5 ! functional & nutritive ones !re are transitional /ages2 /ill1 :5 !y are typically p]=m$1 !re is a v m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 & consid]able diff]5ces 9 ! int]nal *anges und]gone by ! excit$ p>ts4 ,9 inflammation all ?ree irritative processes occur side by side4 ,inde$1 we may frequ5tly see t :5 ! organ itself is made up ( diff]5t p>ts1 "o "p ( ! tissue und]goes functional or nutritive1 ano!r =mative1 *anges4 ,if we consid] :at happ5s 9 a muscle we see t a *emical or traumatic /imulus produces a functional irritation ( ! primitive fasciculi1 ) contraction ( ! muscle foll[$ by nutritive *anges4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! int]/itial connective tissue :i* b9ds ! individual fasciculi ( ! muscle toge!r1 real new =mations are readily produc$1 commonly pus4 ,9 ?is mann] ! ?ree =ms ( irritation may be di/+ui%$ 9 "o "p4 ,! =mative process is always prec$$ by nutritive enl>gem5t due to irritation ( ! "p1 & has no connection ) irritation ( ! n]ves4 ,( c\rse !re may be also an irritation ( ! n]ves1 b ?is1 if we d n take function into acc\nt1 has no causal connection ) ! processes go+ on 9 ! tissue prop]1 b is m]ely a collat]al effect ( ! orig9al di/urbance4 ,besides ^! active processes ( function1 nutrition1 & new =mation1 !re occur passive processes4 ,passive processes are call$ ^? *anges 9 cells :]eby !y ei!r lose a portion ( _! sub/ance1 or are s completely de/roy$1 t a loss ( sub/ance1 a dim9ution ( ! sum total ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! body is produc$4 ,to ?is class belong fatty deg5]ation ( cells1 affection ( art]ies1 calcification1 & ossification ( art]ies1 amyloid deg5]ation1 & s =?4 ,x w n[ be necess>y to consid] inflammation at m l5g?4 ,! !ory ( inflammation has pass$ ?r\gh v>i\s /ages4 ,at fir/ heat 0 consid]$ z its ess5tial & dom9ant feature1 !n r$ness1 !n exudative swell+2 :ile ! speculative neuropa?ologi/s consid] pa9 ! fons et origo ( ! condition4 ,p]sonally1 ,i believe t irritation mu/ be tak5 z ! />t+-po9t 9 ! consid]ation ( inflammation4 ,we _c conceive ( inflammation )\t an irritat+ /imulus1 & ! fir/ "q is1 :at conception we are to =m ( su* a /imulus4 ,an inflammatory /imulus is a /imulus :i* acts ei!r directly or ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! blood ^u ! composition & con/itution ( a "p 9 su* a way z to enable x to attract to itself a l>g] quantity ( matt] ?an usual & to trans=m x accord+ to circum/ances4 ,e =m ( inflammation ) :i* we are acqua9t$ may be expla9$ 9 ?is way4 ,x may be assum$ t inflammation beg9s f ! mom5t t ?is increas$ absorption ( matt]s into ! tissue takes place1 & ! fur!r trans=mation ( ^! matt]s comm5ces4 ,x mu/ be notic$ t hyp]mia is n ! ess5tial feature ( inflammation1 = inflammation occurs 9 non-vascul> z well z 9 vascul> p>ts1 & ! inflammatory processes are practically ! same 9 bo? in/ances4 ,nor is inflammatory exudation ! ess5tial feature ( inflammation4 ,i am ( ! op9ion t !re is no specific inflammatory exudation at all1 b t ! exudation we meet ) is compos$ ess5tially ( ! mat]ial :i* has be5 g5]at$ 9 ! inflam$ "p itself1 ?r\gh ! *ange 9 its condition1 & ( ! transud$ fluid d]iv$ f ! vessels4 ,if1 !re=e1 a "p possess a great numb] ( vessels1 & p>ticul>ly if !y are sup]ficial1 x w be able to furni% an exudation1 s9ce ! fluid :i* transudes f ! blood conveys ! special product ( ! tissue along ) x to ! surface4 ,if ?is is n ! case1 !re w be no exudation1 b ! :ole process w be limit$ to ! occurr5ce 9 ! real sub/ance ( ! tissue ( ! special *anges :i* h be5 induc$ by ! inflammatory /imulus4 ,9 ?is mann]1 two =ms ( inflammation c be di/+ui%$1 ! purely p>5*ymat\s inflammation1 :]e ! process runs its c\rse 9 ! int]ior ( ! tissue1 )\t our be+ able to detect ! pres5ce ( any free fluid :i* has escap$ f ! blood2 & ! secretory 7exudative7 inflammation1 :]e an increas$ escape ( fluid takes place f ! blood1 & conveys ! peculi> p>5*ymat\s matt]s along ) x to ! surface ( ! organs4 ,t !re are two k9ds ( inflammation is %[n by ! fact t !y occur = ! mo/ "p 9 diff]5t organs4 ,e p>5*ymat\s inflammation t5ds to alt] ! hi/ological & functional "* ( an organ4 ,e inflammation ) free exudation g5]ally af=ds a c]ta9 relief to ! p>ts by convey+ away f x a great "p ( ! noxi\s matt]s ) :i* x is clogg$4 ,new ,=mations ,i at pres5t entirely reject ! bla/ema doctr9e 9 its orig9al =m1 & 9 its place ,i put ! doctr9e ( ! cont9u\s developm5t ( tissues out ( "o ano!r4 ,my fir/ d\bts ( ! bla/ema doctr9e date f my rese>*es on tub]cle4 ,i f\nd ! tub]cles nev] exhibit$ a disc]nible exudation2 b always organis$ elem5ts unprec$$ by amorph\s matt]4 ,i also f\nd t ! dis*>ge f scr(ul\s gl&s & f inflam$ lymphatic gl&s is n an exudation capable ( organisation b m]ely dbris1 develop$ f ! ord9>y cells ( ! gl&s4 ,until1 h[ev]1 ! cellul> nature ( ! body _h be5 demon/rat$1 x seem$ necess>y 9 "s in/ances to po/ulate a bla/ema or exudation to acc\nt = c]ta9 new =mations4 ,b ! mom5t ,i c\ld %[ ! univ]sality ( cells--! mom5t ,i c\ld %[ t bone corpuscles 7 real cells1 & t connective tissues conta9$ cells--f t mom5t cellul> mat]ial = ! build+ ( new =mations 0 app>5t4 ,9 fact1 ! m obs]v]s increas$ ! m di/9ctly 0 x %[n t by f> ! great] numb] ( new =mations arise f ! connective tissue4 ,9 almo/ all cases new =mations may be se5 to be =m$ by a process ( ord9>y cell division f previ\sly exi/+ cells4 ,9 "s cases ! cells cont9ue to resemble ! p>5t cells2 9 o!r cases !y become diff]5t4 ,all new =mations built ( cells :i* cont9ue true to ! p>5t type we may call homolog\s new =mations2 :ile ^? :i* dep>t f ! p>5t type or und]go deg5]ative *anges we may designate het]olog\s4 ,9 a n>r[] s5se ( ! ^w het]olog\s new =mations are alone de/ructive4 ,! homolog\s ones may accid5tally become v injuri\s1 b /ill !y d n possess :at c prop]ly be call$ a de/ructive or malignant "*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e k9d ( het]olog\s =mation :5ev] x has n its seat 9 entirely sup]ficial p>ts1 has a c]ta9 degree ( malignity1 & ev5 sup]ficial affections1 ?\gh entirely conf9$ to ! mo/ ext]nal lay]s ( epid]mis1 may gradually ex]cise a v detrim5tal effect4 ,inde$1 suppuration is ( ?is nature1 = suppuration is simply a process ( prolif]ation by means ( :i* cells are produc$ :i* d n acquire t degree ( consolidation or p]man5t connection ) ea* o!r :i* is necess>y = ! exi/5ce ( ! body4 ,pus is n ! solv5t ( cells3 b is itself dissolv$ tissues4 ,a "p becomes s(t & liquefies1 :ile suppurat+1 b x is n ! pus :i* causes ?is s(t5+2 on ! contr>y1 x is ! pus :i* is produc$ z ! result ( ! prolif]ation ( tissues4 ,a suppurative *ange ( ?is nature takes place 9 all het]olog\s new =mations4 ,! =m ( ulc]ation :i* is pres5t$ by canc] 9 its late/ /ages be>s s great a resemblance to suppurative ulc]ation t ! two ?+s h long s9ce be5 comp>$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 suppuration & suppuration lies 9 ! diff]+ duration ( ! life ( diff]5t cells4 ,a canc] cell is capable ( exi/+ long] ?an a pus corpuscle1 & a canc]\s tum\r may la/ = mon?s yet /ill conta9 ! :ole ( its elem5ts intact4 ,we are z yet able 9 ! case ( v few elem5ts to /ate ) absolute c]ta9ty ! av]age l5g? ( _! life4 ,b among all pa?ological new =mations ) fluid int]cellul> sub/ance !re is n a s+le "o :i* is able to pres]ve its exi/5ce = any l5g? ( "t--n a s+le "o ^: elem5ts c become p]man5t con/itu5ts ( ! body1 or exi/ z long z ! individual4 ,! tum\r z a :ole may la/2 b its individual elem5ts p]i%4 ,if we exam9e a tum\r aft] x has exi/$ = p]haps a ye>1 we usually f9d t ! elem5ts fir/ =m$ no long] exi/ 9 ! c5tre2 b t 9 ! c5tre !y are dis9tegrat+1 dissolv$ by fatty *anges4 ,if a tum\r be seat$ on a surface1 x (t5 pres5ts 9 ! c5tre ( its mo/ prom95t "p a navel-l depression1 & ! p>ts "u ?is display a d5se cicatrix :i* no long] be>s ! orig9al "* ( ! new =mation4 ,het]olog\s new =mations mu/ be consid]$ p>asitical 9 _! nature1 s9ce e "o ( _! elem5ts w )draw matt]s f ! body :i* might be us$ = bett] purposes1 & s9ce ev5 its fir/ developm5t implies ! de/ruction ( its p>5t /ructures4 ,9 view ( orig9 ( new =mations x 7 well to create a nom5clature %[+ _! hi/ological basis2 b new names mu/ n be introduc$ too sudd5ly1 & x mu/ be not$ t !re are c]ta9 tum\rs ^: hi/ological p$igree is /ill unc]ta94 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,footnotes3 #a ,azure transp>5t sph]es conceiv$ by ! anci5ts to surr\nd ! e>? "o )9 ano!r1 & to c>ry ! heav5ly bodies 9 _! revolutions4 #b ,book ,i41 ,prop4 i4 ,! areas :i* revolv+ bodies describe by radii drawn to an immovable c5tre ( =ce d lie 9 ! same immovable planes & are proportional to ! times 9 :i* !y are describ$4 ,prop4 ii4 ,e body t moves 9 any curve l9e describ$ 9 a plane & by a radius drawn to a po9t ei!r immovable or mov+ =w>d ) a uni=m rectil9e> motion describes ab\t t po9t areas proportional to ! times is urg$ by a c5tripetal =ce direct$ to t po9t4 ,prop4 iii4 ,e body t1 by a radius drawn to ano!r body1 h[soev] mov$1 describes areas ab\t t c5tre proportional to ! times is urg$ by a =ce comp\nd$ out ( ! c5tripetal =ce t5d+ to t o!r body & ( all ! accel]ative =ce by :i* t o!r body is impell$4 #c ,if ! p]iodic times are 9 ! sesquiplicate ratio ( ! radii1 & !re=e ! velocities reciprocally 9 ! subduplicate ratio ( ! radii1 ! c5tripetal =ces w be 9 ! duplicate ratio ( ! radii inv]sely2 & ! conv]se4 #d i4e41 %[+ convexity :5 9 su* a position z t1 to an obs]v] on ! e>?1 a l9e drawn betwe5 x & ! sun w\ld subt5d an angle ( #ij or !reab\ts4 ,,transcrib] ,,note3 ,v>iant spell+ & punctuation h be5 pres]v$4