99,manhood ,( ,humanity99 ,! ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,human ,eng9e]+ ,by ,alfr$ ,korzybski ,new ,york ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,company #fha ,fif? ,av5ue #aiba ,,cont5ts ,ackn[l$gem5t ,preface ,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,*ildhood ( ,humanity ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,classes ( ,life ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,:at ,is ,man8 ,*apt] ,v4 ,weal? ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,capitali/ic ,era ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,survival ( ! ,fitte/ ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,elem5ts ,( ,p[] ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,manhood ,( ,humanity ,*apt] ,x4 ,conclusion ,app5dix ,i4 ,ma!matics ,& ,"t-,b9d+ ,app5dix ,,ii4 ,biology ,& ,"t-,b9d+ ,app5dix ,,iii4 ,eng9e]+ ,& ,"t-,b9d+ ,footnotes ,,ackn[l$gem5t ,! au?or & ! publi%]s ackn[l$ge ) gratitude ! foll[+ p]missions to make use ( copyright mat]ial 9 ?is "w3 ,messrs4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,company1 = p]mission to quote f 8,unifi$ ,ma!matics10 by ,l\is ,c4 ,k>p9ski1 ,h>ry ,y4 ,b5$ict & ,john ,w4 ,calh\n4 ,messrs4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york & ,london1 = p]mission to quote f 8,organism z a ,:ole0 & 8,physiology ( ! ,bra910 by ,jacques ,loeb4 ,messrs4 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 = p]mission to quote f 8,f ! ,life1 ,imag9>y ,portraits ( ,"s ,di/+ui%$ ,am]icans10 by ,h>vey ,o',higg9s4 ,messrs4 ,d4 ,appleton ,company1 = p]mission to quote f 8,corporation ,f9ance10 by ,e4 ,s4 ,mead4 ,messrs4 ,j4 ,b4 ,lipp9cott ,company1 = p]mission to quote f 8,=c$ ,movem5ts10 by ,jacques ,loeb4 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity ,press1 = p]mission to quote f 8,h]$ity & ,environm5t10 by ,edw9 ,grant ,conkl94 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 = p]mission to quote f 8,! ,human ,wor? ( ,rigor\s ,?9k+10 by ,c4 ,j4 ,keys]4 ,! ,rockefell] ,in/itute = ,m$ical ,rese>*1 = p]mission to quote f ,! ,j\rnal ( ,exp]im5tal ,m$ic9e1 ,vol4 #bg4 ,! ,new ,s*ool = ,social ,rese>*1 = p]mission to quote f 8,an ,outl9e ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,we/]n ,european ,m9d10 by ,james ,h>vey ,rob9son4 ,! ,eng9e]+ ,magaz9e ,company1 = p]mission to quote f 8,ma/]+ ,p[] ,production10 by ,walt] ,n4 ,polakov4 ,,preface ,?is book is prim>ily a /udy ( ,man & ultimately embraces all ! great qualities & problems ( ,man4 ,z a /udy ( ,man x takes into consid]ation all ! *>act]i/ics :i* make ,man :at he is4 ,if "s read]s d note ! abs5ce ( c]ta9 expressions famili> to !m1 x does n mean t ! au?or does n feel or ?9k z _m o!r p--he does--& v mu* s2 b 9 ?is book an ef=t has be5 made to approa* ! problem ( ,man f a sci5tific-ma!matical po9t ( view1 & !re=e great pa9s h be5 tak5 n to use words insuffici5tly def9$1 or words ) _m mean+s4 ,! au?or has done 8 utmo/ to use su* words z convey only ! mean+ int5d$1 & 9 ! case ( "s words1 su* z 8spiritual10 !re has be5 sup]add$ ! ^w 8s-call$10 n because ! au?or has any belief or disbelief 9 su* ph5om5a2 !re is no ne$ = beliefs because "s su* ph5om5a exi/1 no matt] :at we may ?9k ( !m or by :at "n we call !m2 b because ! ^w 8spiritual0 is n sci5tifically def9$1 & e individual und]/&s & uses ?is ^w 9 a p]sonal & private way4 ,to be imp]sonal ! au?or has _h to indicate ?is elem5t by add+ 8s-call$40 ,i repeat once aga9 t ?is book is n a 8mat]iali/ic0 or a 8spirituali/ic0 book--x is a /udy ( 8,man0 & !re=e does & %\ld include mat]iali/ic z well z spiritual ph5om5a because only ! complex ( ^! ph5om5a con/itutes ! complex ( ,man4 ,! problem has n be5 approa*$ f ! po9t ( view ( any private doctr9e or cre$1 b f a ma!matical1 an eng9e]+1 po9t ( view1 :i* is imp]sonal & passionless4 ,x is obvi\s t to be able to speak ab\t ! great affairs ( ,man1 8 spiritual1 moral1 physical1 economic1 social or political /atus1 x mu/ fir/ be asc]ta9$ :at ,man is--:at is 8 real nature & :at are ! basic laws ( 8 nature4 ,if we succe$ 9 f9d+ ! laws ( human nature1 all ! re/ w be a comp>atively easy task--! e?ical1 social1 economic & political /atus ( ,man %\ld be 9 accord ) ! laws ( 8 nature2 !n civilization w be a human civilization--a p]man5t & peaceful "o--n be=e4 ,x is useless to argue if electricity be 8natural0 or 8sup]natural10 ( 8mat]ial0 or ( 8spiritual0 orig94 ,z a matt] ( fact we d n ask ^! que/ions 9 /udy+ electricity2 we endeavor to f9d out ! natural laws gov]n+ x & 9 h&l+ live wires we d n argue or speculate ab\t !m--we use rubb] gloves1 etc4 ,x w be ! same ) ,man & ! great affairs ( ,man--we h1 fir/ ( all1 to "k :at ,man is4 ,?\gh ?is book has be5 writt5 ) scrupul\s c>e to avoid words or t]ms ( vague mean+--& ?\gh x (t5 may seem coldly critical ( ?+s metaphysical1 x has n be5 writt5 ) indiff]5ce to t great1 p]haps ! greate/1 urge ( ! human he>t--! crav+ = spiritual tru?--our ye>n+ = ! high] pot5tialities ( t :i* we call 8m9d10 8s\l0 & 8_s0--b x has be5 writt5 ) ! deep desire to f9d ! s\rce ( ^! qualities1 _! sci5tific significance & a sci5tific pro( ( !m1 s t !y may be approa*$ & /udi$ by ! be/ m9ds ( ! _w )\t ! digressions1 & mis9t]pretations t are caus$ by ! color & ! confusion ( p]sonal emotions2 & if ! book be read ) c>e1 x w be se5 t1 ?\gh ! cl>ify+ def9ition ( ! classes ( life has be5 *iefly us$ 9 ! book = its great c>ry+ p[] 9 ! practical _w1 its greate/ help w ultimately be 9 guid+ ! inve/igation1 ! "r valuation & especially ! control & use ( ! high] human p[]s4 ,9 writ+ ?is book ,i h be5 n only introduc+ new ideas & new me?ods ( analysis1 b ,i h be5 us+ a tongue new to me4 ,! orig9al manuscript 0 v crude & =eign 9 =m1 & ,i am greatly indebt$ to v>i\s fri5ds = _! pati5t k9dness 9 correct+ ! _m errors ( my poor ,engli%4 ,i am also "u great obligations to ,walt] ,polakov1 ,doctor ( ,eng9e]+1 = 8 exce$+ly helpful sugge/ions1 n only 9 giv+ me a ?or\gh criticism f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,eng9e]1 b also 9 devot+ 8 en]gies to organiz+ ! fir/ 8,"t-b9d+ ,club0 :]e ^! problems h be5 discuss$ & criticiz$1 ) great practical results4 ,to all ^? :o h read & criticiz$ ! manuscript or help$ o!rwise--,pr(essors ,e4 ,h4 ,moore1 ,c4 ,j4 ,keys]1 ,j4 ,h4 ,rob9son1 ,burges ,johnson1 ,e4 ,a4 ,ross1 ,a4 ,petrunkevit*2 & ,doctors ,j4 ,grove-,korski1 ,*>les ,p4 ,/e9metz1 ,j4 ,p4 ,w>basse2 ,rob]t ,b4 ,wolf1 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s2 ,*ampla9 ,l4 ,riley1 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,heat+ & ,v5tilat+ ,eng9e]s2 ,miss ,joseph9e ,osborn2 to ! au?ors1 ,l4 ,br&eis1 ,e4 ,g4 ,conkl91 ,c4 ,j4 ,keys]1 ,j4 ,loeb1 ,e4 ,s4 ,mead1 ,h4 ,o',higg9s1 ,w4 ,polakov1 ,j4 ,h4 ,rob9son1 ,r4 ,b4 ,wolf1 = _! k9d p]mission to quote !m1 ,i wi% to express my s9c]e appreciation4 ,i wi% also to ackn[l$ge ! deepe/ gratitude to my wife1 =m]ly ,mira ,edg]ly1 :o has f\nd 9 ?is discov]y ( ! natural law = ! human class ( life1 ! solution ( h] life long se>*1 & :o1 because ( h] int]e/ 9 my "w1 has giv5 me incomp>ably inspir+ help & valuable criticism4 ,x is n an exagg]ation to /ate t except = h] /eady & rel5tless "w & h] "t1 :i* sav$ my "t1 ?is book c\ld n h be5 produc$ 9 su* a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,mr4 ,walt] ,polakov ( ,new ,york ,city1 ,indu/rial ,c\nsellor & ,indu/rial ,eng9e] 9 ,new ,york ,city1 has k9dly cons5t$ at my reque/ to act1 ) my au?ority1 z my repres5tative to :om any fur!r qu]ies %\ld be address$ 9 my abs5ce f ,am]ica4 ,to all o!r fri5ds :o h help$ 9 _m p]sonal ways ,i express ?ankfulness1 z ,i wi% also to ?ank ,john ,macrae1 ,esq41 ! ,vice-,presid5t ( ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co41 = 8 unusual attitude t[>d publi%+ ! book4 ,a4 ,k4 ,janu>y #ag1 #aiba ,new ,york ,city4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction4 ,me?od & ,processes ( ,approa* to a ,new ,concept ( ,life 8,= a :ile he trampl$ ) impunity on laws human & div9e b1 z he 0 obsess$ ) ! delusion t two & two makes five1 he fell1 at la/ a victim to ! rel5tless rules ( humble ,ari?metic4 8,rememb]1 ,o /rang]1 ,ari?metic is ! fir/ ( ! sci5ces & ! "m ( safety40 ,,br&eis4 ,x is ! aim ( ?is little book to po9t ! way to a new sci5ce & art--! sci5ce & art ( ,human ,eng9e]+4 ,by ,human ,eng9e]+ ,i mean ! sci5ce & art ( direct+ ! en]gies & capacities ( human be+s to ! advancem5t ( human weal4 ,x ne$ n be argu$ 9 ^! times t ! e/abli%m5t ( su* a sci5ce--! sci5ce ( human welf>e--is an und]tak+ ( immeasurable importance4 ,no "o c fail to see t its importance is supreme4 ,x is evid5t t1 if su* a sci5ce is to be e/abli%$ x mu/ be f\nd$ on asc]ta9$ facts--x mu/ accord ) :at is *>act]i/ic ( ,man--x mu/ be bas$ ^u a j conception ( :at ,man is--^u a "r und]/&+ ( ,man's place 9 ! s*eme ( ,nature4 ,no "o ne$ be told h[ indisp5sable x is to h true ideas--j concepts--correct notions--( ! ?+s ) :i* we humans h to deal2 ev]yone kn[s = example1 t to mi/ake solids = surfaces or l9es w\ld wreck ! sci5ce & art ( geometry2 anyone kn[s t to confuse fractions ) :ole numb]s w\ld wreck ! sci5ce & art ( ari?metic2 ev]yone kn[s t to mi/ake vice = virtue w\ld de/roy ! f\ndation ( e?ics2 ev]yone kn[s t to mi/ake a des]t mirage = a lake ( fre% wat] does b lure ! fa9t+ travel] to dire disappo9tm5t or dea?4 ,n[1 x is p]fectly cle> t ( all ! ?+s ) :i* human be+s h to deal1 ! mo/ important by f> is ,man himself--humank9d--m51 wom5 & *ildr54 ,x foll[s t = u human be+s no?+ else c be q s important z a cle>1 true1 j1 sci5tific concept ( ,man--a "r und]/&+ ( :at we z human be+s really are4 ,= x requires no great wisdom1 x ne$s only a little reflection1 to see t1 if we humans radically misconceive ! nature ( man--if we reg>d man z be+ some?+ :i* he is n1 :e!r x be some?+ high] ?an man or l[]--we !reby commit an error s fundam5tal & f> rea*+ z to produce e mann] ( confusion & disa/] 9 individual life1 9 community life & 9 ! life ( ! race4 ,! "q we h1 !re=e1 to consid] fir/ ( all is fundam5tally3 ,:at is ,man8 ,:at is a man8 ,:at is a human be+8 ,:at is ! def9+ or *>act]i/ic m>k ( humanity8 ,to ?is "q two answ]s & only two h be5 giv5 9 ! c\rse ( ! ages1 & !y are bo? ( !m curr5t to-day4 ,"o ( ! answ]s is biological--man is an animal1 a c]ta9 k9d ( animal2 ! o!r answ] is a mixture p>tly biological & p>tly my?ological or p>tly biological & p>tly philosophical--man is a comb9ation or union ( animal ) some?+ sup]natural4 ,an important "p ( my task w be to %[ t bo? ( ^! answ]s are radically wrong & t1 beyond all ?+s else1 !y are prim>ily responsible = :at is dismal 9 ! life & hi/ory ( humank9d4 ,?is done1 ! "q rema9s3 ,:at is ,man8 ,i hope to %[ cle>ly & conv9c+ly t ! answ] is to be f\nd 9 ! pat5t fact t human be+s possess 9 v>y+ degrees a c]ta9 natural faculty or p[] or capacity :i* s]ves at once to give !m _! appropriate dignity z human be+s & to discrim9ate !m1 n only f ! m9]als & ! plants b also f ! _w ( animals1 ?is peculi> or *>act]i/ic human faculty or p[] or capacity ,i %all call ! "t-b9d+ faculty or "t-b9d+ p[] or "t-b9d+ capacity4 ,:at ,i mean by "t-b9d+ w be cle>ly & fully expla9$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! discussion1 & :5 x has be5 made cle>1 ! "q--,:at ,is ,man8--w be answ]$ by say+ t man is a be+ naturally end[$ ) "t-b9d+ capacity--t a human be+ is a "t-b9d]--t m51 wom5 & *ildr5 con/itute ! "t-b9d+ class ( life4 ,!re w !n rema9 ! great task ( indicat+ & 9 a measure sket*+ "s ( ! important ways 9 :i* ! true conception ( man z man w trans=m our views ( human society & ! _w1 affect our human conduct & give u a gr[+ body ( sci5tific wisdom reg>d+ ! welf>e ( mank9d includ+ all po/]ity4 ,! purpose ( ?is introductory *apt] is to consid] c]ta9 g5]al matt]s ( a prelim9>y nature--to indicate ! _s ( ! und]tak+--to provide a %ort c\rse ( approa* & prep>ation--to cle> ! deck1 s to speak1 & make ready = action4 ,!re are two ways to slide easily ?r\gh life3 ,namely1 to believe ev]y?+1 or to d\bt ev]y?+2 bo? ways save u f ?9k+4 ,! majority take ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 pref]r+ to h _! ?9k+ done = !m2 !y accept ready-made individual1 private doctr9es z _! own & foll[ !m m or less bl9dly4 ,e g5]ation looks ^u its own cre$s z true & p]man5t & has a m+l$ smile ( pity & contempt = ! prejudices ( ! pa/4 ,= two hundr$ or m g5]ations ( our hi/orical pa/ ?is attitude has be5 repeat$ two hundr$ or m times1 & unless we are v c>eful our *ildr5 w h ! same attitude t[>d u4 ,!re c be no d\bt t humanity belongs to a class ( life :i* to a l>ge ext5t det]m9es its own de/9ies1 e/abli%es its own rules ( education & conduct1 & ?us influ5ces e /ep we are free to take )9 ! /ructure ( our social sy/em4 ,b ! p[] ( human be+s to det]m9e _! own de/9ies is limit$ by natural law1 ,nature's law4 ,x is ! c\nsel ( wisdom to discov] ! laws ( nature1 includ+ ! laws ( human nature1 & !n to live 9 accordance ) !m4 ,! opposite is folly4 ,a f>m] mu/ "k ! natural laws t gov]n 8 :eat1 or corn1 or c[1 z o!rwise he w n h satisfactory crops1 or ! quality & abundance ( milk he desires1 :]eas ! k ( ^! laws enables him to produce ! mo/ favorable conditions = 8 plants & animals1 & !reby to ga9 ! desir$ results4 ,humanity mu/ "k ! natural laws = humans1 o!rwise humans w n create ! conditions & ! cu/oms t regulate human activities :i* w make x possible = !m to h ! mo/ favorable circum/ances = ! fulle/ human developm5t 9 life2 :i* means ! release ( ! maximum natural-creative en]gy & expression 9 m5tal1 moral1 mat]ial & spiritual & all ! o!r great fields ( human activities1 result+ 9 happ9ess 9 life & 9 "w--collectively & individually--because ! conditions ( ! e>n+ ( a livelihood influ5ce & %ape all our m5tal processes & activities1 ! quality & ! =m ( human int]-relation%ip4 ,e human a*ievem5t1 be x a sci5tific discov]y1 a picture1 a /atue1 a temple1 a home or a bridge1 has to be conceiv$ 9 ! m9d fir/--! plan ?\ght out--be=e x c be made a reality1 & :5 any?+ is to be attempt$ t involves any numb] ( individuals--me?ods ( coord9ation h to be consid]$--! me?ods :i* h prov5 to be ! be/ suit$ = su* und]tak+s are eng9e]+ me?ods--! eng9e]+ ( an idea t[>d a complete realization4 ,e eng9e] has to "k ! mat]ials ) :i* he has to "w & ! natural laws ( ^! mat]ials1 z discov]$ by obs]vation & exp]im5t & =mulat$ by ma!matics & me*anics2 else he c n calculate ! =ces at 8 disposal2 he c n compute ! resi/ance ( 8 mat]ials2 he c n det]m9e ! capacity & requirem5ts ( 8 p[] plant2 9 %ort1 he c n make ! mo/ pr(itable use ( 8 res\rces4 ,lately 9 all indu/ries & p>ticul>ly dur+ ! late ,_w ,w>1 :i* 0 itself a gigantic indu/rial process1 ano!r factor manife/$ itself & prov$ to be ( ! utmo/ importance3 namely1 ! human factor1 :i* is n mat]ial b is m5tal1 moral1 psy*ological4 ,x has be5 f\nd t maximum production may be atta9$ :5 & only :5 ! production is c>ri$ on 9 con=mity ) c]ta9 psy*ological laws1 r\ghly det]m9$ by ! analysis ( human nature4 ,except = productive human labor1 our globe is too small to support ! human population n[ ^u x4 ,humanity mu/ produce or p]i%4 ,production is ess5tially a task = eng9e]s2 x ess5tially dep5ds ^u ! discov]y & ! application ( natural laws1 includ+ ! laws ( human nature4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n a task = old fa%ion$ philosophical speculation nor = b>r5 metaphysical reason+ 9 vacuo2 x is a sci5tific task & involves ! coord9ation & coop]ation ( all ! sci5ces4 ,?is is :y x is an eng9e]+ task4 ,= eng9e]+1 rightly und]/ood1 is ! coord9at$ sum-total ( human k ga!r$ ?r\gh ! ages1 ) ma!matics z its *ief in/rum5t & guide4 ,human ,eng9e]+ w embody ! !ory & practice--! sci5ce & art--( all eng9e]+ bran*es unit$ by a common aim--! und]/&+ & welf>e ( mank9d4 ,"h ,i want to make x v cle> t ma!matics is n :at _m p ?9k x is2 x is n a sy/em ( m]e =mulas & !orems2 b z beautifully def9$ by ,pr(essor ,cassius ,j4 ,keys]1 9 8 book ,! ,human ,wor? ( ,rigor\s ,?9k+ 7,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiaf71 ma!matics is ! sci5ce ( 8,exact ?\ght or rigor\s ?9k+10 & "o ( its di/9ctive *>act]i/ics is 8precision1 %>pness1 complet5ess ( def9itions40 ,?is quality alone is suffici5t to expla9 :y p g5]ally d n l ma!matics & :y ev5 "s sci5ti/s bluntly refuse to h any?+ to d ) problems :]e9 ma!matical reason+ is involv$4 ,9 ! meantime1 ma!matical philosophy has v little1 if any?+1 to d ) m]e calculations or ) numb]s z su* or ) =mulas2 x is a philosophy :]e9 precise1 %>p & rigor\s ?9k+ is ess5tial4 ,^? :o delib]ately refuse to ?9k 8rigor\sly0--t is ma!matically--9 connections :]e su* ?9k+ is possible1 commit ! s9 ( pref]r+ ! worse to ! bett]2 !y delib]ately violate ! supreme law ( intellectual rectitude4 ,"h ,i h to make x cle> t = ! purpose ( ,human ,eng9e]+ ! old concepts ( matt]1 space & "t are suffici5t to />t )2 !y are suffici5t 9 mu* ! same way z !y h be5 suffici5t 9 ! old sci5ce ( me*anics4 ,figuratively speak+ ,human ,eng9e]+ is a high] ord] ( bridge eng9e]+--x aims at ! spann+ ( a gap 9 practical life z well z 9 k4 ,! old mean+s ( matt]1 space & "t 7 good en\gh to prev5t ! collapse ( a bridge2 ! same und]/&+ ( space & "t z us$ 9 ?is book w protect society & humanity f p]iodical collapses4 ,! old me*anics lead directly to su* a k ( ! intr9sic laws gov]n+ ! univ]se z to sugge/ ! new me*anics4 ,human ,eng9e]+ w ?r[ a new light on _m old conceptions & w help ! /udy & und]/&+ ( matt]1 space & "t 9 _! relative mean+s1 & p]haps w ultimately lead to an und]/&+ ( _! absolute mean+s4 ,philosophy 9 its old =m c\ld exi/ only 9 ! abs5ce ( eng9e]+1 b ) eng9e]+ 9 exi/5ce & daily m active & f> rea*+1 ! old v]bali/ic philosophy & metaphysics h lo/ _! reason to exi/4 ,!y 7 no m able to und]/& ! 8production0 ( ! univ]se & life ?an !y are n[ able to und]/& or grapple ) 8production0 z a means to provide a happi] exi/5ce = humanity4 ,!y fail$ because _! v5]at$ me?od ( 8speculation0 c n produce1 & its place mu/ be tak5 by ma!matical ?9k+4 ,ma!matical reason+ is displac+ metaphysical reason+4 ,eng9e]+ is driv+ v]bali/ic philosophy out ( exi/5ce & humanity ga9s decid$ly !reby4 ,only a few p>asites & 8speculators0 w m\rn ! disappe>ance ( _! old companion 8speculation40 ,! _w ( produc]s--! pr$om9at+ majority ( human be+s--w welcome a philosophy ( ord]$ ?\ght & production4 ,! sci5ti/s1 all ( !m1 h _! duties no d\bt1 b !y d n fully use _! education if !y d n try to broad5 _! s5se ( responsibility t[>d all mank9d in/ead ( clos+ !mselves up 9 a n>r[ specialization :]e !y f9d _! pleasure4 ,nei!r eng9e]s nor o!r sci5tific m5 h any "r to pref] _! own p]sonal peace to ! happ9ess ( mank9d2 _! place & _! duty are 9 ! front l9e ( /ruggl+ humanity1 n 9 ! unp]turb$ ranks ( ^? :o keep !mselves alo( f life4 ,if !y are indiff]5t1 or disc\rag$ because !y feel or ?9k t !y "k t ! situation is hopeless1 x may be prov$ t undue pessimism is z dang]\s a 8religion0 z any o!r bl9d cre$4 ,inde$ !re is v little diff]5ce 9 k9d betwe5 ! m$ieval fanaticism ( ! 8holy inquisition10 & mod]n intol]ance t[>d new ideas4 ,all k9ds ( intellect mu/ get toge!r1 = z long z we presuppose ! situation to be hopeless1 ! situation w inde$ be hopeless4 ,! _s ( ,human ,eng9e]+ does n "k ! ^w 8hopeless20 = eng9e]s "k t wrong me?ods are alone responsible = disa/r\s results1 & t e situation c be successfully h&l$ by ! use ( prop] means4 ,! task ( eng9e]+ sci5ce is n only to "k b to "k h[4 ,mo/ ( ! sci5ti/s & eng9e]s d n yet realize t _! unit$ judgm5t w\ld be inv9cible2 no sy/em or class w\ld c>e to disreg>d x4 ,_! k is ! v =ce :i* makes ! life ( humanity pulsate4 ,if ! sci5ti/s & ! eng9e]s h _h no common base ^u :i* to unite1 a common base mu/ be provid$4 ,to-day ! pressure ( life is su* t we _c g =w>d )\t _! coord9at+ guidance4 ,b fir/ !re mu/ be ! desire to act4 ,"o aim ( ?is book is to furni% ! requir$ /imulus by %[+ t ,human ,eng9e]+ w rescue u f ! tangle ( private op9ions & enable u to deal ) all ! problems ( life & human society ^u a sci5tific basis4 ,if ^? :o "k :y & h[ neglect to act1 ^? :o d n "k w act1 & ! _w w cont9ue to fl\nd]4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( mank9d & especially ! pres5t plight ( ! _w %[ only too sadly h[ dang]\s & exp5sive x is to h ! _w gov]n$ by ^? :o d n "k4 ,9 pay+ ! price ( ?is w>1 we h be5 made to realize t ev5 ! private individual c n af=d to live wrapp$ up 9 8 own life & n take 8 "p 9 public affairs4 ,he mu/ acquire ! habit ( tak+ 8 %>e ( public responsibility4 ,?is signifies t a v great deal ( v simple "w1 all po9t+ 9 ! direction ( a great] "w1 mu/ be done 9 ! way ( educat+1 n eng9e]s & sci5tific m5 only1 b ! g5]al public to coop]ate 9 e/abli%+ ! practice ( ,human ,eng9e]+ 9 all ! affairs ( human society & life4 ,9 writ+ ?is book ,i h _h to wre/le ) trem5d\s difficulties 9 express+ new ?\ghts & 9 indicat+ new me?ods4 ,! read] :o /ops to criticize words or expressions because ( _! m or less happy or unhappy use w miss ! :ole po9t ( ! "w4 ,! read+ ( x %\ld be done ) a view to see+ h[ mu* c be f\nd 9 x ( :at is new & good t may be elaborat$ fur!r1 & put into bett] =m4 ,?is new ent]prise is too difficult & too va/ = ! unaid$ labor ( "o man--life is too %ort4 ,! me?od us$ 9 ?is book 9 analys+ life ph5om5a is ess5tially an eng9e]+ me?od1 & z physics & me*anics always sugge/ to ma!maticians new fields = analysis1 x is n improbable t ,human ,eng9e]+ w give ma!maticians new & int]e/+ fields = rese>*4 ,! humble/ rle ( ma!maticians 9 ,human ,eng9e]+ may be lik5$ to t ( 8,public acc\ntants0 :o put 9 ord] ! affairs ( bus9ess4 ,9 relation to ma!matics ,b]tr& ,russell has said3 8,logic is ! y\? ( ma!matics1 ma!matics is ! manhood ( logic40 ,?is brilliant mot ( ! em95t philosoph] ( ma!matics is no d\bt j & is pr(\ndly significant2 ! lea/ x c tea* u is t x is useless to try to f9d a divid+ l9e betwe5 logic & ma!matics1 = no su* l9e exi/s2 to seek = "o s]ves m]ely to betray "o's ignorance ( ma!matical philosophy4 ,else:]e ,mr4 ,russell says3 8,! hope ( satisfaction to our m human desires1 ! hope ( demon/rat+ t ! _w has ?is or t e?ical *>act]i/ic1 is n "o :i*1 s f> z ,i c see1 philosophy c d any?+ :atev] to satisfy40 ,by 8philosophy0 he means ma!matical philosophy--a philosophy t is rigor\sly sci5tific1 n vaguely speculative4 ,i am entirely unable to agree ) him t su* a philosophy c make no contribution to e?ics4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i cont5d1 & 9 ?is book ,i hope to %[1 t by ma!matical philosophy1 by rigor\sly sci5tific ?9k+1 we c arrive at ! true conception ( :at a human be+ really is & t 9 ?us discov]+ ! *>act]i/ic nature ( man we come to ! secret & s\rce ( e?ics4 ,e?ics z a sci5ce w inve/igate & expla9 ! ess5tial nature ( man & ! obligations :i* ! ess5tial nature ( man imposes ^u human be+s4 ,x w be se5 t to live righte\sly1 to live e?ically1 is to live 9 accordance ) ! laws ( human nature2 & :5 x is cle>ly se5 t man is a natural be+1 a "p ( nature lit]ally1 !n x w be se5 t ! laws ( human nature--! only possible rules = e?ical conduct--are no m sup]natural & no m man-made ?an is ! law ( gravitation1 = example1 or any o!r natural law4 ,x is no cause = wond] t ma!matical ?9k+ %\ld lead to su* a result2 = ,man is a natural be+1 man's m9d is a natural ag5cy1 & ! results ( rigor\s ?9k+1 f> f be+ artificial fictions1 are natural facts--natural revelations ( natural law4 ,i hope ,i h n giv5 ! impression1 by repeat$ allusion to ma!matical sci5ce1 t ?is book is to be 9 any te*nical s5se a ma!matical treatise4 ,i h m]ely wi%$ to indicate t ! task is conceiv$ & und]tak5 9 ! ma!matical _s1 :i* mu/ be ! guid+ _s ( ,human ,eng9e]+2 = no ?\ght1 if x be non-ma!matical 9 _s1 c be tru/$1 &1 al?\gh ma!maticians sometimes make mi/akes1 ! _s ( ma!matics is always "r & always s\nd4 ,:il/ ,i d n int5d to tr\ble ! read] ) any highly te*nical ma!matical argum5ts1 !re are a few simple ma!matical consid]ations :i* anyone ( fair education c und]/&1 :i* are ( exce$+ly great importance = our purpose1 & to :i*1 !re=e1 ,i ask ! read]'s be/ att5tion4 ,"o ( ! ideas is t ( an ari?metical progression2 ano!r "o is t ( a geometrical progression4 ,nei!r ( !m involves any?+ m difficult ?an ! mo/ ord9>y ari?metic ( ! second>y s*ool or ! c\nt+ h\se1 b x w be se5 t !y ?r[ a flood ( light ^u _m ( ! mo/ important human conc]ns4 ,because we are human be+s we are all ( u int]e/$ 9 :at we call progress--progress 9 law1 9 gov]nm5t1 9 jurisprud5ce1 9 e?ics1 9 philosophy1 9 ! natural sci5ces1 9 economics1 9 ! f9e arts1 9 ! practical arts1 9 ! production & di/ribution ( weal?1 9 all ! affairs affect+ ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,x is a fact t all ^! great matt]s are int]dep5d5t & int]lock+2 x is !re=e a fact ( ! utmo/ importance t progress 9 ea* ( ! c>d9al matt]s mu/ keep abrea/ ( progress 9 ! o!r c>d9al matt]s 9 ord] to keep a j equilibrium1 a prop] balance1 & s to ma9ta9 ! integrity & cont9u$ prosp]ity ( ! :ole complex body ( our social life2 x is a fact1 a fact ( obs]vation1 t 9 "s ( ! great matt]s progress proce$s 9 accordance ) "o law & "o rate ( advancem5t & 9 o!rs 9 accordance ) a v diff]5t law & rate2 x is a fact1 a fact ( obs]vation & sad exp]i5ce1 a fact atte/$ by all hi/ory & made evid5t by reason1 t ow+ to ! widely diff]+ laws & rates ( progress 9 ! great ess5tial conc]ns ( humanity1 ! balance & equilibrium among ! p>ts is di/urb$1 ! /ra9 gradually increases until a viol5t break ensues 9 ! =m ( social conflicts1 insurrections1 revolutions & w>2 x is a fact t ! readju/m5t t foll[s1 z aft] an e>?quake1 does inde$ e/abli% a k9d ( new equilibrium1 b x is an equilibrium born ( viol5ce1 & x is de/9$ to be aga9 di/urb$ p]iodically )\t end1 unless by "s sci5ce & art ( ,human ,eng9e]+ progress 9 all ! great matt]s ess5tial to human weal c be made to proce$ 9 accordance ) "o & ! same law hav+ its validity 9 ! nature ( man4 ,tak5 9 comb9ation1 ! facts j /at$ are s extremely important t !y des]ve to be /at$ ) ! utmo/ emphasis & cl>ity4 ,to ?is end ,i beg ! read] to consid] v c>efully & side by side ! two foll[+ s]ies ( numb]s4 ,! fir/ "o is a simple geometrical progression--d5ot$ by 7,,gp72 ! second "o is a simple ari?metical progression--d5ot$ by 7,,ap73 ,,gp3 #b1 #d1 #h1 #af1 #cb1 #fd1 #abh1 #bef1 #eab1 #ajbd1 etc42 ,,ap3 #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 #ab1 #ad1 #af1 #ah1 #bj1 etc4 ,= conv5i5ce ( comp>ison ,i let !m beg9 ) ! same numb] & = simplicity ,i h tak5 #b = ?is initial t]m2 obs]ve t 9 ! 7,,gp7 ea* t]m is got f ! prec$+ t]m by multiply+ by #b & t 9 ! 7,,ap7 ea* t]m is got f its pr$ecessor by add+ #b2 9 ! fir/ s]ies ! multipli] #b is call$ ! common ratio & 9 ! second s]ies ! repeat$ly add$ #b is call$ ! common diff]5ce2 x is aga9 = ! conv5i5ce ( comp>ison t ,i h *os5 ! same numb] = bo? common ratio & common diff]5ce & = ! sake ( simplicity t ,i h tak5 = ?is numb] ! easy numb] #b4 ,o!r *oices w\ld be logically j z good4 ,:y h ,i introduc$ ^! two s]ies8 ,because !y s]ve to illu/rate p]fectly two widely diff]5t laws ( progress--two laws repres5t+ va/ly diff]5t rates ( gr[?1 increase1 or advancem5t4 ,d n fail to obs]ve 9 ?is connection ! foll[+ two facts4 ,"o ( !m is t ! magnitude ( ! t]ms ( any geometric progression ^: ratio 7no matt] h[ small7 is #b or m w ov]take & surpass ! magnitude ( ! correspond+ t]ms ( any ari?metical progression1 no matt] h[ l>ge ! common diff]5ce ( ! latt] may be4 ,! o!r fact to be not$ is t ! great] ! ratio ( a geometric progression1 ! m rapidly d its successive t]ms increase2 s t ! t]ms ( "o geometric progression may increase a ?\s& or a million or a billion times fa/] ?an ! correspond+ t]ms ( ano!r geometric progression4 ,z any geometric progression 7( ratio equal to #b or m71 no matt] h[ sl[1 outruns e ari?metic progression1 no matt] h[ fa/1 s "o geometric progression may be f> swift] ?an ano!r "o ( ! same type4 ,to e "o x w be obvi\s t ! two progressions diff] 9 pace2 & t ! diff]5ce betwe5 _! correspond+ t]ms becomes increas+ly l>g] & l>g] ! f>!r we g2 = in/ance1 ! sum ( ! fir/ six t]ms ( ! geometrical progression is #abf1 :]eas ! sum ( ! fir/ six t]ms ( ! ari?metical progression is only #db1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sums be+ #hd2 ! sum ( #h t]ms is #eaj = ! 7,,gp7 & #gb = ! 7,,ap71 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! sums 7( only #h t]ms ea*7 be+ #dch1 already mu* l>g] ?an be=e2 if n[ we take ! sums ( ! fir/ #aj t]ms1 !y w be #bjdf & #aaj hav+ a diff]5ce ( #aicf2 etc41 etc4 ,consid] n[ any two matt]s ( great importance = human weal--jurisprud5ce = example1 & natural sci5ce--or any o!r two major conc]ns ( humanity4 ,x is z pla9 z ! noon-day sun t1 if progress 9 "o ( ! matt]s advances accord+ to ! law ( a geometric progression & ! o!r 9 accordance ) a law ( an ari?metical progression1 progress 9 ! =m] matt] w v quickly & ev] m & m rapidly out/rip progress 9 ! latt]1 s t1 if ! two int]e/s involv$ be int]dep5d5t 7z !y always are71 a /ra9 is gradually produc$ 9 human affairs1 social equilibrium is at l5g? de/roy$2 !re foll[s a p]iod ( readju/m5t by means ( viol5ce & =ce4 ,x mu/ n be fanci$ t ! case suppos$ is m]ely hypo!tical4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( mank9d & especially ! pres5t condition ( ! _w unite 9 %[+ t f> f be+ m]ely hypo!tical1 ! case suppos$ has always be5 actual & is actual to-day on a va/] scale ?an ev] be=e4 ,my cont5tion is t :ile progress 9 "s ( ! great matt]s ( human conc]n has be5 long proce$+ 9 accordance ) ! law ( a rapidly increas+ geometric progression1 progress 9 ! o!r matt]s ( no less importance has advanc$ only at ! rate ( an ari?metical progression or at be/ at ! rate ( "s geometric progression ( relatively sl[ gr[?4 ,to see x & to und]/& x we h to pay ! small price ( a little obs]vation & a little m$itation4 ,"s te*nological inv5tion is made1 l t ( a /eam eng9e or a pr9t+ press1 = example2 or "s discov]y ( sci5tific me?od1 l t ( analytical geometry or ! inf9itesimal calculus2 or "s discov]y ( natural law1 l t ( fall+ bodies or ! ,newtonian law ( gravitation4 ,:at happ5s8 ,:at is ! effect ^u ! progress ( k & inv5tion8 ,! effect is /imulation4 ,ea* inv5tion leads to new inv5tions & ea* discov]y to new discov]ies2 inv5tion bre$s inv5tion1 sci5ce begets sci5ce1 ! *ildr5 ( k produce _! k9d 9 l>g] & l>g] families2 ! process goes on f decade to decade1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & ! spectacle we behold is t ( advancem5t 9 sci5tific k & te*nological p[] accord+ to ! law & rate ( a rapidly increas+ geometric progression or log>i?mic function4 ,& n[ :at mu/ we say ( ! s-call$ sci5ces--! pseudo sci5ces--( e?ics & jurisprud5ce & economics & politics & gov]nm5t8 ,= ! answ] we h only to op5 our eyes & behold ! _w4 ,by virtue ( ! advancem5t t has long be5 go+ on ) ev] accel]at$ log>i?mic rapidity 9 inv5tion1 9 ma!matics1 9 physics1 9 *emi/ry1 9 biology1 9 a/ronomy & 9 applications ( !m1 "t & space & matt] h be5 already conqu]$ to su* an ext5t t our globe1 once s seem+ly va/1 has virtually %runk5 to ! dim5sions ( an anci5t prov9ce2 & manifold peoples ( div]s tongues & traditions & cu/oms & in/itutions are n[ con/ra9$ to live toge!r z 9 a s+le community4 ,!re is ?us dem&$ a new e?ical wisdom1 a new legal wisdom1 a new economical wisdom1 a new political wisdom1 a new wisdom 9 ! affairs ( gov]nm5t4 ,= ! new visions our angui%$ times cry al\d b ! only answ]s are rev]b]at$ e*oes ( ! wail+ cry m+l$ ) ! *att]+ voices ( excit$ public m5 :o "k n :at to d4 ,:y8 ,:at is ! explanation8 ,! "q is d\ble3 ,:y ! disease8 ,& :y no rem$y at h&8 ,! answ] is ! same = bo?4 ,& ! answ] is t ! s-call$ sci5ces ( e?ics & jurisprud5ce & economics & politics & gov]nm5t h n kept pace ) ! rapid progress made 9 ! o!r great affairs ( man2 !y h lagg$ beh9d2 x is because ( _! lagg+ t ! _w has come to be 9 s great di/ress2 & x is because ( _! lagg+ t !y h n n[ ! ne$$ wisdom to effect a cure4 ,d y ask :y x is t ! 8social0 sci5ces--! s-call$ sci5ces ( e?ics1 etc4--h lagg$ beh9d8 ,! answ] is n f> to seek nor difficult to und]/&4 ,!y h lagg$ beh9d1 p>tly because !y h be5 hamp]$ by ! traditions & ! habits ( a bygone _w--!y h look$ backw>d in/ead ( =w>d2 !y h lagg$ beh9d1 p>tly because !y h dep5d$ ^u ! b>r5 me?ods ( v]bali/ic philosophy--!y h be5 metaphysical in/ead ( sci5tific2 !y h lagg$ beh9d1 p>tly because !y h be5 (t5 dom9at$ by ! lu/s ( cunn+ 8politicians0 in/ead ( be+ l$ by ! wisdom ( enlight5$ /atesm52 !y h lagg$ beh9d1 p>tly because !y h be5 pr$om9antly conc]n$ to protect 8ve/$ int]e/s10 ^u :i* !y h 9 ! ma9 dep5d$ = support2 ! fundam5tal cause1 h[ev]1 ( _! lagg+ beh9d is f\nd 9 ! a/oni%+ fact t1 despite _! be+ by _! v nature mo/ imm$iately conc]n$ ) ! affairs ( mank9d1 !y h n discov]$ :at ,man really is b h f "t immemorial falsely reg>d$ human be+s ei!r z animals or else z comb9ations ( animals & some?+ sup]natural4 ,) ^! two mon/r\s conceptions ( ! ess5tial nature ( man ,i %all deal at a lat] /age ( ?is writ+4 ,at pres5t ,i am *iefly conc]n$ to drive home ! fact t x is ! great disp>ity betwe5 ! rapid progress ( ! natural & te*nological sci5ces on ! "o h& & ! sl[ progress ( ! metaphysical1 s-call$ social 8sci5ces0 on ! o!r h&1 t soon] or lat] s di/urbs ! equilibrium ( human affairs z to result p]iodically 9 ^? social cataclysms :i* we call insurrections1 revolutions & w>s4 ,! read] %\ld note c>efully t su* cataclysmic *anges--su* 8jumps10 z we may call !m--su* viol5t readju/m5ts 9 human affairs & human relation%ips--are record$ ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,& ,i w\ld h him see cle>ly t1 because ! disp>ity :i* produces !m increases z we pass f g5]ation to g5]ation--f t]m to t]m ( our progressions--! 8jumps0 9 "q occur n only ) increas+ viol5ce b ) increas+ frequ5cy4 ,?is highly significant fact may be graphically illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ figure3 ,a horizontal l9e1 ) numb]s #b1 #d1 #h1 #af1 #cb above1 & m>k+s a'1 a1 b1 c1 d 9 ! correspond+ locations bel[4 ,geometric evolution ( ! natural & te*nological sci5ces4--,peaceful progress4 ,a horizontal l9e1 aga9 m>k$ ) numb]s #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 b ) gaps betwe5 #f & 7unpr9t$7 #g1 #h & 7unpr9t$7 #i1 #aj & 7unpr9t$7 #aa4 ,above are m>k+s3 ,a' above #b & ,a above #d2 ,b above #f & ,c above #g2 ,d above #h & ,e above #i2 ,f above #aj & ,g at ! f> "r end4 ,! /eady progress areas1 #b to #d1 #g to #h1 #i to #aj1 are m>k$ 8,peaceful01 :ile ! gaps are label$ 8,jump1 ,revolution or ,w>40 ,ari?metical evolution ( ! s-call$ social 8sci5ces10 accel]at$ by viol5t 8jumps40--,non-peaceful social progress4 a'#b1 #b;a1 ab1 bc1 cd1 repres5t ! geometrical law ( progression 9 ! natural & te*nological sci5ces 7peaceful evolution74 ,a'#b1 #b;,a1 ,,ab1 ,,cd1 ,,ef1 repres5t ! lagg+ ari?metical law ( progression 9 ! s-call$ social sci5ces 7peaceful evolution74 ,bo? ( ^! dur+ ! same p]iods ( "t4 ,,bc1 ,,de1 ,,fg1 repres5t revolutions or w>s1 ) ! aft]ma? ( revolution ( ideas--! 8jump0--viol5t readju/m5t ( ideas to facts--=c$ by ev5ts4 ab1 bc1 cd1 & ,,ab1 ,,cd1 ,,ef1 take ! same am\nt ( "t1 b ! second progression be+ mu* sl[] ?an ! fir/ "o1 ! 8jumps0 or revolutions occur at %ort] int]vals z "t goes on & ?us m frequ5tly =ce u to coord9ate our ideas to facts4 ,p]iods ( peace or seem+ peace alt]nate m & m frequ5tly ) p]iods ( viol5ce2 ! m5tion$ disp>ity ( progress 9 peaceful times is ! hat*+ se$ ( future viol5ce47#a7 ,z a matt] ( fact ^! few ma!matical consid]ations c h>dly be call$ ma!matics or ma!matical philosophy2 nev]!less1 )\t br++ att5tion to ^! v simple ma!matical ideas we %\ld n be able to proce$ any fur!r ?an 9 ! pa/4 ,our life problems h always be5 8solv$0 by v]bali/s & rhetorical metaphysicians :o clev]ly play$ ) vague words & :o always ignor$ ! supremely important matt] ( dim5sions because !y 7 ignorant ( x4 ,!re 0 no possible way to arrive at an agreem5t on ! significance ( words1 or ev5 ! und]/&+ ( !m4 ,let u take1 = in/ance1 su* words z 8good0 or 8bad0 or 8tru?20 volumes ^u volumes h be5 writt5 ab\t !m2 no "o has rea*$ any result univ]sally acceptable2 ! effect has be5 to multiply w>r+ s*ools ( philosophy--sect>ians & p>tisans4 ,9 ! meantime some?+ correspond+ to ea* ( ! t]ms 8good10 8bad10 8tru?0 exi/s z matt] ( fact2 b :at t some?+ is /ill awaits sci5tific det]m9ation4 ,if only ^! ?ree words c\ld be sci5tifically def9$1 philosophy1 law1 e?ics & psy*ology w\ld cease to be 8private !ories0 or v]balism & !y w\ld advance to ! rank & dignity ( sci5ces4 ,"h ,i may quote a *>act]i/ic ( life z express$ by "o ( ! 8h]oes0 ( my e/eem$ fri5d ,h>vey ,o',higg9s1 9 8 book1 ,f ! ,life1 ,imag9>y ,portraits ( ,"s ,di/+ui%$ ,am]icans 7,h>p]1 ,n4 ,y474 8,w>r5 nev] philosophiz$2 he h&l$ facts z an artisan h&les 8 tools2 b if he _h philosophiz$1 8 !ory ( life w\ld probably h be5 some?+ l ?is3 #8,!re is no ju/ice1 !re is no morality1 9 nature or 9 natural laws2 ju/ice & morality are laws only ( human society4 ,b society1 natural life1 & all civilization are subject 9 _! l>g] aspects to natural laws--:i* contradict morality & outrage ju/ice--& ! /atesman has to move ) ^? laws & direct 8 p 9 accordance ) !m1 despite ! less] by-laws ( morality & ju/ice4' 0 ,if su* are ! cre$s ( 8di/+ui%$ p0 any:]e1 :at bett] c we expect ?an t :i* we see 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity8 ,b ! fact t ! old philosophy1 law1 e?ics1 psy*ology1 politics & sociology c\ld n solve ! practical problems ( humanity1 is n any reason :atsoev] :y we %\ld despair4 ,! problems c be solv$4 ,to foll[ ! reason+ ( ?is book1 x is n necess>y to be a highly tra9$ speciali/2 ! only qualifications requir$ are c&or1 an op5 m9d1 fre$om f bl9d+ prejudice1 ?\ghtfulness1 a real desire = tru?1 & en\gh common s5se to und]/& t to talk ( add+ ?ree qu>ts ( milk to ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile is to talk nons5se4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,*ildhood ( ,humanity ,! conclusion ( ! ,_w ,w> is ! clos+ ( ! p]iod ( ! *ildhood ( humanity4 ,?is *ildhood1 z any *ildhood1 c be *>act]iz$ z devoid ( any real und]/&+ ( values1 z is t ( a *ild :o uses a priceless *ronomet] to crack nuts4 ,?is *ildhood has be5 unduly long1 b happily we are ne> to ! end ( x1 = humanity1 %ak5 by ?is w>1 is com+ to its s5ses & mu/ soon ent] its manhood1 a p]iod ( great a*ievem5ts & rew>ds 9 ! new & real s5se ( values dawn+ ^u u4 ,! sacr$ dead w n h di$ = naught2 ! 8r$ w9e ( y\?10 ! wanton wa/e ( life1 has %[n u ! price ( life1 & we w h to keep our oa? to make ! future wor?y ( _! sweat & blood4 ,e>ly ideas are n necess>ily true ideas4 ,!re are diff]5t k9ds ( int]pretations ( hi/ory & diff]5t s*ools ( philosophy4 ,all ( !m h contribut$ some?+ to human progress1 b none ( !m has be5 able to give ! _w a basic philosophy embrac+ ! :ole progress ( sci5ce & e/abli%+ ! life ( man ^u ! abid+ f\ndation ( ,fact4 ,our life is b\nd to develop accord+ to evid5t or else conceal$ laws ( nature4 ,! evid5t laws ( nature 7 ! inspiration ( g5u9e sci5ce 9 its cradle2 & _! int]pretations or mis9t]pretations h f ! e>lie/ times =m$ sy/ems ( law1 ( e?ics1 & ( philosophy4 ,human intellect1 be x t ( an individual or t ( ! race1 =ms conclusions :i* h to be (t5 revis$ be=e !y correspond approximately to facts4 ,:at we call progress consi/s 9 coord9at+ ideas ) realities4 ,! ,_w ,w> has taught some?+ to ev]ybody4 ,x 0 inde$ a great reality2 x accu/om$ u to ?9k 9 t]ms ( reality & n 9 ^? ( phantom speculation4 ,"s unmi/akable tru?s 7 reveal$4 ,facts & =ce 7 ! ?+s t c\nt$4 ,p[] _h to be produc$ to de/roy ho/ile p[]2 x 0 f\nd t ! old political & economic sy/ems 7 n adequate to ! task put ^u !m4 ,! _w _h to create new economic conditions2 x 0 oblig$ to supplem5t ! old sy/ems ) special bo>ds = food1 coal1 railroads1 %ipp+1 labor1 etc4 ,! ,_w ,w> em]g5cy compell$ ! nations to organize = produc+ great] p[] 9 ord] to conqu] p[] already great4 ,if !re is any?+ :i* ?is w> has prov$1 x is ! fact t ! mo/ important asset a nation or an individual c h1 is ! ability 8to d ?+s40 8,9 ,fl&]s ,fields ! poppies bl[ 44410 t is too true2 !y bl[ & !y are /rong & r$4 ,b ! purpose ( ?is writ+ is n ! celebration ( poetry1 b ! elucidation & "r use ( facts4 ,normally1 ?\s&s ( rabbits & gu9ea pigs are us$ & kill$1 9 sci5tific laboratories1 = exp]im5ts :i* yield great & tangible b5efits to humanity4 ,?is w> but*]$ millions ( p & ru9$ ! heal? & lives ( t5s ( millions4 ,is ?is climax ( ! pre-w> civilization to be pass$ unnotic$1 except = ! poetry & ! manur+ ( ! battle fields1 t ! 8poppies bl[0 /rong] & bett] f$8 ,or is ! dea? ( t5 m5 on ! battle field to be ( z mu* wor? 9 k ga9$ z is ! life ( "o rabbit kill$ = exp]im5t8 ,is ! great sacrifice wor? analys+8 ,!re c be only "o answ]--yes4 ,b1 if tru? be desir$1 ! analysis mu/ be sci5tific4 ,9 sci5ce1 8op9ions0 are tol]at$ :5 & only :5 facts are lack+4 ,9 ?is case1 we h all ! facts necess>y4 ,we h only to collect !m & analyse !m1 reject+ m]e 8op9ions0 z *eap & unwor?y4 ,su* z und]/& ?is lesson w "k h[ to act = ! b5efit ( all4 ,at pres5t ! future ( mank9d is d>k4 8,/op1 look1 & li/50--! prud5t caution at railroad cross+s--mu/ be am5d$ to read 8/op1 look1 li/51 & ,,?9k02 n = ! sav+ ( a few lives 9 railroad accid5ts1 b = ! pres]vation ( ! life ( humanity4 ,liv+ organisms1 ( ! l[] & simpl] types1 9 :i* ! diff]5tiation & ! integration ( ! vital organs h n be5 c>ri$ f>1 c move ab\t = a consid]able "t aft] be+ depriv$ ( ! appliances by :i* ! life =ce is accumulat$ & transf]r$1 b high] organisms are in/antly kill$ by ! removal ( su* appliances1 or ev5 by ! injury ( m9or p>ts ( !m2 ev5 m easily de/roy$ are ! m advanc$ & complicat$ social organizations4 ,! fir/ "q is3 :at are to be ! sci5tific me?ods t w elim9ate div]se op9ions & cre$s f an analysis ( facts & ensure correct d$uctions bas$ ^u !m8 ,a %ort survey ( facts conc]n+ civilization w help to po9t ! way4 ,humanity1 9 its cradle1 did n h sci5ce2 x _h only ! faculties ( obs]vation & speculation4 ,9 ! e>ly days !re 0 mu* speculative ?9k+1 b x 0 )\t any suffici5t basis ( facts4 ,!ology & philosophy fl\ri%$2 _! speculations 7 (t5 v clev]1 b all _! primitive notions ab\t facts--su* z ! /ructure ( ! heav5s1 ! =m ( ! e>?1 me*anical pr9ciples1 meteorological or physiological ph5om5a--7 almo/ all ( !m wrong4 ,:at is hi/ory8 ,:at is its significance = humanity8 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,rob9son gives u a precise answ]3 8,man's abject dep5d5ce on ! pa/ gives rise to ! cont9uity ( hi/ory4 ,our convictions1 op9ions1 prejudices1 intellectual ta/es2 our k1 our me?ods ( le>n+ & ( apply+ = in=mation we owe1 ) slight exceptions1 to ! pa/--(t5 to ! remote pa/4 ,hi/ory is an expansion ( memory1 & l memory x alone c expla9 ! pres5t & 9 ?is lies its mo/ unmi/akable value407#b7 ,! savage reg>ds e /rik+ ph5om5on or gr\p ( ph5om5a z caus$ by "s p]sonal ag5t1 & f remote/ antiquity ! mode ( ?9k+ has *ang$ only z fa/ z ! relations among ph5om5a h be5 e/abli%$47#c7 ,human nature 0 always ask+ 8:y08 & n be+ able to answ] :y1 !y f\nd _! answ] ?r\gh ano!r factor 8:o40 ,! unkn[n 0 call$1 ,gods or ,god4 ,b ) ! progress ( sci5ce ! 8:y0 became m & m evid5t1 & ! "q came to be 8h[40 ,f ! e>ly days ( humanity1 dogmatic !ology1 law1 e?ics1 & sci5ce 9 its infancy1 7 ! monopolies ( "o class & ! s\rce ( _! p[]47#d7 ,! fir/ to break ?is p[] 7 ! exact sci5ces4 ,!y progress$ too rapidly to be b\nd & limit$ by obscure old writ+s & prejudices2 life & realities 7 _! doma94 ,sci5ce bru%$ aside all sophi/ry & became a reality4 ,e?ics is too fundam5tally important a factor 9 civilization to dep5d ^u a !ological or a legal excuse2 e?ics mu/ con=m to ! natural laws ( human nature4 ,laws1 legal ideas1 date f ! beg9n+ ( civilization4 ,legal speculation 0 wond]fully develop$ 9 p>allel l9es ) !ology & philosophy be=e ! natural & exact sci5ces came into exi/5ce4 ,law 0 always made by ! few & 9 g5]al = ! purpose ( pres]v+ ! 8exi/+ ord]10 or = ! ree/abli%m5t ( ! old ord] & ! puni%m5t ( ! (f5d]s aga9/ x4 ,dogmatic !ology is1 by its v nature1 un*angeable4 ,! same c be said 9 reg>d to ! _s ( ! law4 ,law 0 & is to protect ! pa/ & pres5t /atus ( society &1 by its v ess5ce1 mu/ be v cons]vative1 if n reaction>y4 ,!ology & law are bo? ( !m /atic by _! nature47#e7 ,philosophy1 law & e?ics1 to be effective 9 a dynamic _w mu/ be dynamic2 !y mu/ be made vital en\gh to keep pace ) ! progress ( life & sci5ce4 ,9 rec5t civilization e?ics1 because controll$ by !ology & law1 :i* are /atic1 c\ld n duly influ5ce ! dynamic1 revolution>y progress ( te*nic & ! /eadily *ang+ conditions ( life2 & s we witness a trem5d\s d[nfall ( morals 9 politics & bus9ess4 ,life progresses fa/] ?an our ideas1 & s m$ieval ideas1 me?ods & judgm5ts are con/antly appli$ to ! conditions & problems ( mod]n life4 ,?is discrepancy betwe5 facts & ideas is greatly responsible = ! divid+ ( mod]n society into diff]5t w>r+ classes1 :i* d n und]/& ea* o!r4 ,m$ieval legalism & m$ieval morals--! basis ( ! old social /ructure--be+ by _! nature cons]vative1 reaction>y1 oppos$ to *ange1 & ?us becom+ m & m unable to support ! mighty social burd5 ( ! mod]n _w1 mu/ be adjudg$ responsible 9 a l>ge measure = ! circum/ances :i* made ! ,_w ,w> inevitable4 ,"u ! fla% ( explosives "s ( ! work+s ( ^? antiquat$ ideas 7 expos$ or cru%$4 ,! ,_w ,w> has pr(\ndly *ang$ economic conditions & made x necess>y to erect new /&>ds ( values4 ,we are =c$ to realize t evolution by trans=mation is a cosmic process & t reaction1 ?\gh x may ret>d x1 c n entirely /op x47#f7 ,! idea t organic species are results ( special creation has no sci5tific /&>d :atev]4 ,!re is n "o fact t5d+ to prove special or sep>ate creation2 ! evid5ce1 :i* is ov]:elm+1 is all ( x on ! o!r side4 ,! hypo!sis ( special creation is a m]e fossil ( ! pa/4 ,evolution is ! only !ory :i* is 9 h>mony ) facts & ) all bran*es ( sci5ce3 life is dynamic1 n /atic4 ,philosophy1 z def9$ by ,fi*te1 is ! 8sci5ce ( sci5ces40 ,its aim 0 to solve ! problems ( ! _w4 ,9 ! pa/1 :5 all exact sci5ces 7 9 _! infancy1 philosophy _h to be purely speculative1 ) little or no reg>d to realities4 ,b if we reg>d philosophy z a ,"m sci5ce1 divid$ into _m bran*es1 we f9d t ^? bran*es h gr[n s l>ge & v>i\s1 t ! ,"m sci5ce looks l a h5 ) h] little duckl+s paddl+ 9 a pond1 f> beyond h] rea*2 %e is unable to foll[ h] gr[+ hat*l+s4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! progress ( life & sci5ce goes on1 irrespective ( ! cackl+ ( metaphysics4 ,philosophy does n fulfill h] initial aim to br+ ! results ( exp]im5tal & exact sci5ces toge!r & to solve _w problems4 ,?r\gh endless1 sci5tific specialization sci5tific bran*es multiply1 & = want ( coord9ation ! great _w-problems suff]4 ,?is failure ( philosophy to fulfill h] boa/$ mission ( sci5tific coord9ation is responsible = ! *aos 9 ! _w ( g5]al ?\ght4 ,! _w has no collective or organiz$ high] ideals & aims1 nor ev5 fix$ g5]al purposes4 ,life is an accid5tal game ( private or collective ambitions & gre$s47#g7 ,sy/ematic /udy ( *emical & physical ph5om5a has be5 c>ri$ on = _m g5]ations & ^! two sci5ces n[ include3 7#a7 k ( an enorm\s numb] ( facts2 7#b7 a l>ge body ( natural laws2 7#c7 _m f]tile work+ hypo!ses respect+ ! causes & regul>ities ( natural ph5om5a2 & f9ally 7#d7 _m helpful !ories held subject to correction by fur!r te/+ ( ! hypo!ses giv+ rise to !m4 ,:5 a subject is spok5 ( z a sci5ce1 x is und]/ood to include all ( ! above m5tion$ p>ts4 ,facts alone d n con/itute a sci5ce any m ?an a pile ( /ones con/itutes a h\se1 n ev5 d facts & laws alone2 !re mu/ be facts1 hypo!ses1 !ories & laws be=e ! subject is entitl$ to ! rank ( a sci5ce4 ,! primal function ( a sci5ce is to enable u to anticipate ! future 9 ! field to :i* x relates4 ,judg$ by ?is /&>d1 nei!r philosophy nor its k9dr$--! s-call$ social sci5ces--h 9 ! pa/ be5 v effective4 ,!re 01 = example1 no (ficial w>n+ ( ! com+ ( ! ,_w ,w>--! greate/ ( cata/rophes4 ,! future 0 n anticipat$ because political philosoph]s did n possess ! necess>y basis ( k4 ,to be j we mu/ admit t philosophy has be5 b little aid$ f9ancially because x is commonly reg>d$ z unnecess>y4 ,! te*nical bran*es ( sci5ce h be5 /rongly back$ & g5]ally support$ by ^? to :om !y h br\ght direct pr(it2 & s !y h _h bett] opportunities = developm5t4 ,e?ics 9 ! /ifl+ grip ( my? & legalism is n conv9c+ en\gh to ex]cise controll+ influ5ce4 ,su* is ! situation 9 :i* we f9d ourselves4 ,be+ /ill 9 our *ildhood & ?9k+ l savages1 we look$ ^u ! ,_w ,w> z a p]sonal creation ( a 8w>-"l10 because ^? int]e/$ 9 x told u s4 ,we neglect$ to use our common s5se & look deep] into its orig9s2 to p]=m = ourselves ! duty :i* political philosophy did n p]=m = u--! duty ( ?9k+ 9 t]ms ( facts & n 9 t]ms ( metaphysical speculations4 ,k ( facts w\ld h told u t ! w> lords 7 only ! repres5tatives ( ! rul+ classes4 ,a sy/em ( social & economic ord] built exclusively on selfi%ness1 gre$1 8survival ( ! fitte/10 & ru?less competition1 mu/ cease to exi/1 or exi/ by means ( w>4 ,! repres5tatives ( ?is sy/em det]m9$ to cont9ue to exi/1 & s w> 0 ! consequ5ce4 ,! rul+ classes c>ri$ ! :ole sy/em "u :i* !y liv$ to its logical conclusion & natural issue1 :i* is 8grab :at y c40 ,?is motto is n peculi> to any "o c\ntry2 x is ! motto ( our :ole civilization & is ! inevitable outcome ( our /upid philosophy reg>d+ ! *>act]i/ic nature ( man & ! prop] pot5tialities ( human life4 ,:]e are we to f9d ! true doctr9es8 ,:]e ! true philosophy8 ,if we g back ov] ! hi/ory ( civilization1 we f9d t 9 all 8sci5ces10 except ! exact ones1 private op9ions & !ories h %ap$ our beliefs1 color$ our m5tal processes & controll$ our de/9ies2 we see1 = example1 pessimism oppos$ to optimism1 mat]ialism to spiritualism1 realism to idealism1 capitalism to socialism1 & s on endlessly4 ,ea* ( ! disputati\s sy/ems has a l>ge numb] ( foll[]s & ea* faction looks ^u ! o!rs z depriv$ ( tru?1 common s5se & k4 ,all ( !m play ) ! words 8natural law0 :i* !y ignorantly presume to h z ! basis & cont5t ( _! own p>ticul> doctr9e4 ,x is ! same 9 ! realm ( religions2 !re are approximately #bia million ,confuciani/s1 or ,taoi/s1 #bfa million ,roman ,ca?olics1 #baa million ,mohamm$ans1 #bji million ,h9dus1 #agg million ,prote/ants1 #aeg million ,animi/s1 #acg million ,buddhi/s1 #aae million ,or?odox ,*ri/ians--to speak only ( ! mo/ important religions4 ,ea* gr\p1 & !y are r l>ge gr\ps1 believes its !ory or its fai? to be infallible & all ! o!rs to be false4 ,bacon seems a bit remote1 b ! idols & m$ieval feti%es :i* he s ma/]fully describes are equally v5]at$ to-day4 7,novum ,organum1 by ,francis ,bacon47 #cd4 8,f\r species ( idols beset ! human m9d1 to :i* 7= di/9ction's sake7 we h assign$ names1 call+ ! fir/ ,idols ( ! ,tribe1 ! second ,idols ( ! ,d51 ! ?ird ,idols ( ! ,m>ket1 ! f\r? ,idols ( ! ,!atre4 #dj4 8,! in=mation ( notions & axioms on ! f\ndation ( true induction is ! only fitt+ rem$y by :i* we c w>d (f & expel ^! idols4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( great s]vice to po9t !m out2 = ! doctr9e ( idols be>s ! same relation to ! int]pretation ( nature z t ( ! confutation ( sophisms does to common logic4 #da4 8,! idols ( ! tribe are inh]5t 9 human nature & ! v tribe or race ( man2 = man's s5se is falsely ass]t$ to be ! /&>d ( ?+s2 on ! contr>y1 all ! p]ceptions bo? ( ! s5ses & ! m9d be> ref]5ce to man & n to ! ,univ]se1 & ! human m9d resembles ^! unev5 mirrors :i* imp>t _! own prop]ties to diff]5t objects1 f :i* rays are emitt$ & di/ort & disfigure !m4 #db4 8,! idols ( ! d5 are ^? ( ea* individual2 = ev]ybody 79 addition to ! errors common to ! race ( man7 has 8 own individual d5 or cav]n1 :i* int]cepts & corrupts ! light ( nature1 ei!r f 8 own peculi> & s+ul> disposition1 or f 8 education & int]c\rse ) o!rs1 or f 8 read+1 & ! au?ority acquir$ by ^? :om he rev]5ces & admires1 or f ! diff]5t impressions produc$ on ! m9d1 z x happ5s to be preoccupi$ & pr$ispos$1 or equable & tranquil1 & ! l2 s t ! _s ( man 7accord+ to its sev]al dispositions71 is v>iable1 confus$1 &1 z x 71 actuat$ by *ance2 & ,h]aclitus said well t m5 se>* = k 9 less] worlds1 & n 9 ! great] or common _w4 #dc4 8,!re are also idols =m$ by ! reciprocal int]c\rse & society ( man ) man1 :i* we call idols ( ! m>ket1 f ! comm]ce & association ( m5 ) ea* o!r2 = m5 conv]se by means ( language1 b words are =m$ at ! w ( ! g5]ality1 & !re arises f a bad & unapt =mation ( words a wond]ful ob/ruction to ! m9d4 ,nor c ! def9itions & explanations ) :i* le>n$ m5 are wont to gu>d & protect !mselves 9 "s in/ances af=d a complete rem$y--words /ill manife/ly =ce ! und]/&+1 ?r[ ev]y?+ into confusion1 & lead mank9d into va9 & innum]able controv]sies & fallacies4 #dd4 8,la/ly1 !re are idols :i* h crept into m5's m9ds f ! v>i\s dogmas ( peculi> sy/ems ( philosophy1 & also f ! p]v]t$ rules ( demon/ration1 & ^! we d5om9ate idols ( ! !atre3 = we reg>d all ! sy/ems ( philosophy hi!rto receiv$ or imag9$1 z s _m plays br\ght out & p]=m$1 creat+ fictiti\s & !atrical worlds4 ,nor d we speak only ( ! pres5t sy/ems1 or ( ! philosophy & sects ( ! anci5ts1 s9ce num]\s o!r plays ( a simil> nature c be /ill compos$ & made to agree ) ea* o!r1 ! causes ( ! mo/ opposite errors be+ g5]ally ! same4 ,nor1 aga91 d we allude m]ely to g5]al sy/ems1 b also to _m elem5ts & axioms ( sci5ces :i* h become invet]ate by tradition1 implicit cr$5ce1 & neglect407#h7 ,metaphysical speculation & its sw>m+ prog5y ( bl9d & selfi% political philosophies1 private op9ions1 private 8tru?s10 & private doctr9es1 sect>ian op9ions1 sect>ian 8tru?s0 & sect>ian doctr9es1 qu]ul\s1 confus$ & bl9d--su* is *>act]i/ic ( ! *ildhood ( humanity4 ,! p]iod ( humanity's manhood w1 ,i d\bt n1 be a sci5tific p]iod--a p]iod t w witness ! gradual ext5sion ( sci5tific me?od to all ! int]e/s ( mank9d--a p]iod 9 :i* man w discov] ! ess5tial nature ( man & e/abli%1 at l5g?1 ! sci5ce & art ( direct+ human en]gies & human capacities to ! advancem5t ( human weal 9 accordance ) ! laws ( human nature4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,classes ( ,life ,! problems to be dealt ) 9 ?is *apt] are n easy1 b !y are exce$+ly important4 ,to classify ph5om5a correctly1 !y mu/ be correctly analys$ & cle>ly def9$4 ,= ! sake ( cle>ness ,i w use ! simple/ illu/rations &1 avoid+ z mu* z possible ! difficulties ( te*nical t]ms1 w use language easily to be und]/ood by e "o4 ,9 "s cases ! words w inde$ h a te*nical mean+ & x w be necess>y to ex]cise great c>e aga9/ ! dang] ( giv+ false impressions2 = cle> ideas are ess5tial to s\nd ?9k+4 ,z a matt] ( fact our common daily spee* is ill adapt$ = ! precise expression ( ?\ght2 ev5 s-call$ 8sci5tific0 language is (t5 too vague = ! purpose & requires fur!r ref9+4 ,"s may say t x is useless & unnecess>y to lay s mu* /ress on correct ?9k+ & precise expression2 t x has no practical value2 = !y say t 8bus9ess0 language is good en\gh to 8talk bus9ess10 or to put 8some?+ ov]0 ! o!r fell[4 ,b a little explanation w %[ t precision is (t5 ( ! greate/ importance4 ,humanity is a peculi> class ( life :i*1 9 "s degree1 det]m9es its own de/9ies2 !re=e 9 practical life words & ideas become facts--facts1 moreov]1 :i* br+ ab\t important practical consequ5ces4 ,= in/ance1 _m millions ( human be+s h def9$ a /roke ( lightn+ z be+ ! 8puni%m5t ( ,god0 ( evil m52 o!r millions h def9$ x z a 8natural1 casual1 p]iodical ph5om5on02 yet o!r millions h def9$ x z an 8electric sp>k40 ,:at has be5 ! result ( ^! 8non-important0 def9itions 9 practical life8 ,9 ! case ( ! fir/ def9ition1 :5 lightn+ /ruck a h\se1 ! population naturally made no attempt to save ! h\se or any?+ 9 x1 because to d s w\ld be aga9/ ! 8def9ition0 :i* proclaims ! ph5om5on to be a 8puni%m5t = evil10 any attempt to prev5t or *eck ! de/ruction w\ld be an impi\s act2 ! s9n] w\ld be guilty ( 8resi/+ ! supreme law0 & w\ld des]ve to be puni%$ by dea?4 ,n[ 9 ! second in/ance1 a /rick5 build+ is treat$ j z any tree ov]turn$ by /orm2 ! p save :at !y c & try to ext+ui% ! fire4 ,9 bo? in/ances1 ! behavior ( ! populace is ! same 9 "o respect2 if caught 9 ! op5 by a /orm !y take refuge "u a tree--a means ( safety involv+ maximum dang] b ! p d n "k x4 ,n[ 9 ! ?ird in/ance1 9 :i* ! population h a sci5tifically correct def9ition ( lightn+1 !y provide _! h\ses ) lightn+ rods2 & if !y are caught by a /orm 9 ! op5 !y nei!r run nor hide "u a tree2 b :5 ! /orm is directly ov] _! heads1 !y put !mselves 9 a position ( m9imum exposure by ly+ flat on ! gr\nd until ! /orm has pass$4 ,su* examples c\ld be giv5 )\t end1 b !re is ano!r example ( suffici5t vital importance to be giv5 "h1 z x has to d ) our conception ( ! social & economic sy/em1 & ! /ate4 ,if our in/itutions are consid]$ 8,god-giv50--sacr$ & !re=e /atic--e re=m] or advocate ( *ange %\ld be treat$ z a crim9al or 8a dang] to ! exi/+ ord]0 & hang$ or at lea/ put 9 jail = life4 ,b n[1 if our in/itutions are 8man made10 imp]fect & (t5 fooli%1 & subject to *ange all ! "t /eadily & dynamically 9 ob$i5ce to "s kn[n or unkn[n law2 !n ( c\rse all reaction>ies w\ld be a 8dang] to ! natural ord]0 & !y %\ld be treat$ ! same way4 ,! importance ( def9itions c be se5 9 all o!r fields ( practical life2 def9itions create conditions4 ,to "k ! _w 9 :i* we live1 we h to analyse facts by help ( su* facts z we "k 9 daily practice & su* facts z are e/abli%$ 9 sci5tific laboratories :]e m5 d n jump to conclusions4 ,9 "s places x w be necess>y to make /atem5ts t w h to await full ju/ification at a lat] /age ( ! discussion4 ,?is w be necess>y to indicate ! tr5d ( ! analysis4 ,! aim ( ! analysis is to give u j conceptions1 correct def9itions1 & true propositions4 ,! process is sl[1 progressive1 & endless4 ,! problems are inf9itely _m1 & x is necess>y to select4 ,=tunately ! solution ( a few leads automatically to ! solution ( _m o!rs4 ,"s ( ! greate/ & mo/ f>-rea*+ sci5tific discov]ies h be5 no?+ else ?an a few correct def9itions1 a few j concepts & a few true propositions4 ,su*1 = example1 0 ! "w ( ,euclid1 ,newton & ,leibnitz--a few correct def9itions1 a few j concepts1 a few true propositions2 b ^! h be5 ext5d$ & multipli$1 sometimes by m5 ( creative g5ius1 & (t5 almo/ automatically by m5 ( m]ely good s5se & fair tal5t4 ,! matt] ( def9ition1 ,i h said1 is v important4 ,i am n n[ speak+ ( nom9al def9itions1 :i* = conv5i5ce m]ely give names to kn[n objects4 ,i am speak+ ( su* def9itions ( ph5om5a z result f correct analysis ( ! ph5om5a4 ,nom9al def9itions are m]e conv5i5ces & are nei!r true nor false2 b analytic def9itions are def9itive propositions & are true or else false4 ,let u dwell ^u ! matt] a little m4 ,9 ! illu/ration ( ! def9itions ( lightn+1 !re 7 ?ree2 ! fir/ 0 ! mo/ mi/ak5 & its application br\ght ! mo/ h>m2 ! second 0 less incorrect & ! practical results less bad2 ! ?ird "u ! pres5t conditions ( our k1 0 ! 8true "o0 & x br\ght ! maximum b5efit4 ,?is lightn+ illu/ration sugge/s ! important idea ( relative tru? & relative falsehood--! idea1 t is1 ( degrees ( tru? & degrees ( falsehood4 ,a def9ition may be nei!r absolutely true nor absolutely false2 b ( two def9itions ( ! same ?+1 "o ( !m may be tru] or fals] ?an ! o!r4 ,if1 = illu/ration's sake1 we call ! fir/ 8tru?0 ,a1 7alpha #a71 ! second "o ,a#b 7alpha #b71 ! ?ird "o ,a#c 7alpha #c71 we may suppose t a g5ius appe>s :o has ! faculty to surpass all ! o!r relative tru?s ,a#a1 ,a#b1 ,a#c1 444 ,an & gives u an absolute or f9al tru?1 ,,valid ,,9 ,,inf9ity 7,ainf9ity7 say a f9al def9ition1 t lightn+ is s 444 & s 4441 a k9d ( en]gy :i* fl[s1 let u say1 ?r\gh a glass tube fill$ ) *>coal4 ,!n ( c\rse ?is def9ition w\ld imm$iately make obvi\s :at use c\ld be made ( x4 ,we c\ld erect glass t[]s fill$ ) *>coal & s secure an unlimit$ fl[ ( available free en]gy & our :ole life w\ld be affect$ 9 an untold degree4 ,?is example expla9s ! importance ( correct def9itions4 ,b to take ano!r example3 !re is su* a ?+ z a ph5om5on call$ ! 8color0 r$4 ,imag9e h[ x might be def9$4 ,a reaction>y w\ld call x a 8,bol%evik0 7,a#a72 a ,bol%evik w\ld say 8,my color0 7,a#b72 a color-bl9d p]son w\ld say 8su* a ?+ does n exi/0 7,a#c72 a ,daltoni/ w\ld say 8t is gre50 7,a#d72 a metaphysician w\ld say 8t is ! s\l ( :iskey0 7,a#e72 an hi/orian w\ld say 8t is ! color ( ! ink ) :i* human hi/ory has be5 writt50 7,a#f72 an un$ucat$ p]son w\ld say 8t is ! color ( blood0 7,a#g72 ! mod]n sci5ti/ w\ld say 8x is ! light ( su* & su* wave l5g?0 7,a#h74 ,if ?is la/ def9ition be 8valid 9 inf9ity0 or n we d n "k1 b x is1 nev]!less1 a 8sci5tific tru?0 9 ! pres5t condition ( our k4 ,?is f9al b unkn[n 8tru? valid 9 inf9ity0 is someh[ p]ceiv$ or felt by u z an ideal1 = 9 c\ntless ye>s ( obs]vation we h =m$ a s]ies ( less & less false1 m & m ne>ly true 8ideas0 ab\t ! ph5om5on4 ,! 8ideas0 are reflexes ( ! ph5om5on1 reflect$ 9 our mid/ z 9 a mirror2 ! reflexes may be di/ort$1 z 9 a convex or concave mirror1 b !y sugge/ an ideal reflex valid 9 inf9ity4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance to realize t ! words :i* are us$ to express ! ideas & ! ideals are ,,! ,,mat]ialization ( ! ideas & ideal2 x is only by words t we are enabl$ to give to o!r human be+s an exact or ne>ly exact impression :i* we h _h ( ! ph5om5on4 ,x may be helpful to illu/rate ?is process by an example4 ,let u suppose t a man makes an exp]im5t ( do+ 8 own portrait f a mirror1 :i* may be plane1 concave or convex4 ,if he looks into a plane mirror1 he w see 8 true lik5ess2 ev5 s1 if he be a poor design]1 he w draw ! lik5ess badly4 ,let u suppose t ! man has beautiful features b because ! draw+ is v poor1 x w n convey ! impression t ! features ( ! orig9al 7 beautiful4 ,if ?is poor design] 7 to look into & "w f a concave or convex mirror1 ! draw+ ( 8 lik5ess w\ld h practically no resemblance to 8 orig9al features4 ,= correct analysis & true def9itions ( ! c>d9al classes ( life 9 our _w x is necess>y to h "s j ideas ab\t dim5sions or dim5sionality4 ,! ,britannica gives u "s help 9 ?is connection4 ,i w expla9 briefly by an example4 ,measurable entities ( diff]5t k9ds c n be comp>$ directly4 ,ea* "o mu/ be measur$ 9 t]ms ( a unit ( its own k9d4 ,a l9e c h only l5g? & !re=e is ( "o dim5sion3 a surface has l5g? & wid? & is !re=e said to h two dim5sions2 a volume has l5g?1 wid? & ?ickness & is1 !re=e1 said to h ?ree dim5sions4 ,if we take1 = example1 a volume--say a cube--we see t ! cube has surfaces & l9es & po9ts1 b a volume is n a surface nor a l9e nor a po9t4 ,j ^! dim5sional diff]5ces h an enorm\s unrealiz$ importance 9 practical life1 z 9 ! case ( tak+ a l9e ( five units ( l5g? & build+ ^u x a squ>e1 ! measure ( ?is squ>e 7surface7 w n be #e1 x w be #be2 & ! #be w n be #be l9e> units b #be squ>e or surface units4 ,if ^u ?is squ>e we build a cube1 ?is cube w h nei!r #e nor #be = its measure2 x w h #abe1 & ?is numb] w n be s _m units ( l5g? nor ( surface b s _m solid or cubic units4 ,x is z pla9 z a pike /aff t1 if we confus$ dim5sions :5 comput+ l5g?s & areas & volumes1 we w\ld wreck all ! ar*itectural & eng9e]+ /ructures ( ! _w1 & at ! same "t %[ ourselves /upid] ?an block-heads4 ,to analyse ! classes ( life we h to consid] two v diff]5t k9ds ( ph5om5a3 ! "o embrac$ "u ! collective "n--,inorganic *emi/ry--! o!r "u ! collective "n--,organic *emi/ry1 or ! *emi/ry ( hydro-c>bons4 ,^! divisions are made because ( ! peculi> prop]ties ( ! elem5ts *iefly involv$ 9 ! second class4 ,! prop]ties ( matt] are s di/ribut$ among ! elem5ts t ?ree ( !m--,oxyg51 ,hydrog51 & ,c>bon--possess an ensemble ( unique *>act]i/ics4 ,! numb] ( reactions 9 inorganic *emi/ry are relatively few1 b 9 organic *emi/ry--9 ! *emi/ry ( ^! ?ree elem5ts ! numb] ( diff]5t comp\nds is practically unlimit$4 ,up to #aiaj1 we knew ( m ?an #gi elem5ts ( :i* ! :ole numb] ( reactions am\nt$ to only a few hundr$s1 b among ! rema9+ ?ree elem5ts--,c>bon1 ,hydrog5 & ,oxyg5--! reactions 7 kn[n to be practically unlimit$ 9 numb] & possibilities2 ?is fact mu/ h v f> rea*+ consequ5ces4 ,z f> z en]gies are conc]n$1 we h to take !m z nature reveals !m to u4 ,"h m ?an ev]1 ma!matical ?9k+ is ess5tial & w help enorm\sly4 ,! reactions 9 inorganic *emi/ry always involve ! ph5om5on ( heat1 sometimes light1 & 9 "s in/ances an unusual en]gy is produc$ call$ electricity4 ,until n[1 ! radioactive elem5ts repres5t a gr\p too insuffici5tly kn[n = an enl>gem5t "h ^u ?is subject4 ,! organic comp\nds be+ unlimit$ 9 numb] & possibilities & ) _! unique *>act]i/ics1 repres5t ( c\rse1 a diff]5t class ( ph5om5a1 b be+1 at ! same "t1 *emical !y include ! basic *emical ph5om5a involv$ 9 all *emical reactions1 b be+ unique 9 _m o!r respects1 !y also h an inf9itely va/ field ( unique *>act]i/ics4 ,among ! en]getic ph5om5a ( organic *emi/ry1 besides ! few m5tion$ above !re are ,,new ,,& ,,unique en]getic ph5om5a occurr+ 9 ?is dim5sion4 ,( ^! ph5om5a1 m5tion may be made ( ! ph5om5on 8life10 ! ph5om5on ( ! 8in/9cts0 & ( ! 8m9d0 9 g5]al4 ,^! en]getic ph5om5a are unique = ! unique *emi/ry ( ! ?ree unique elem5ts4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is 8uniqu5ess0 is ! reason :y ^! ph5om5a mu/ be classifi$ z belong+ to or hav+ a high] dim5sionality ?an belongs to ! ph5om5a ( inorganic *emi/ry j z ! uniqu5ess ( ! prop]ties ( a volume z comp>$ ) surface prop]ties dep5ds ^u ! fact t a volume has a high] dim5sionality ?an a surface4 ,j z ?is diff]5ce ( dim5sions makes ! :ole diff]5ce betwe5 ! geometry ( volumes & ! geometry ( surfaces1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two *emi/ries involves a diff]5ce ( dim5sionality4 ,! high] en]gies ( ! *emi/ries ( ! high] dim5sionality are v difficult to def9e2 my descriptions are no bett] ?an ! description ( life giv5 by ,pr(essor ,wilhelm ,r\x1 9 8 ,d] ,kampf d] ,teile im ,organismus1 ,leipzig1 #ahha1 :i* are equally unsatisfactory4 ,9 want ( a bett]1 ,i quote him4 ,he def9es a liv+ be+ z a natural object :i* possesses ! foll[+ n9e *>act]i/ic autonom\s activities3 ,autonom\s *ange1 ,autonom\s excretion1 ,autonom\s +e/ion1 ,autonom\s assimilation1 ,autonom\s gr[?1 ,autonom\s movem5t1 ,autonom\s multiplication1 ,autonom\s transmission ( h]$it>y *>act]i/ics & ,autonom\s developm5t4 ,! words 8,autonom\s activities0 are important because !y h9t at ! dim5sional diff]5ces ( ^! en]gies4 ,b a bett] ^w %\ld be f\nd to def9e ! dim5sional diff]5ces betwe5 ! activities f\nd 9 inorganic *emi/ry & ^? f\nd 9 organic *emi/ry4 ,we see x is a mi/ake to speak ab\t 8life0 9 a cry/al1 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* we use ! ^w life to "n ! curi\s ,,autonom\s ph5om5on ( ,,organic ,,*emi/ry1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,( ,,ano!r ,,dim5sion ?an ! activities 9 inorganic *emi/ry4 ,= ! s-call$ life 9 ! cry/als--! n ,,autonom\s 7or anautonom\s7 activities ( cry/als--ano!r ^w ?an life %\ld be f\nd4 ,9 ! !ory ( cry/als ! t]m life is purely rhetorical3 its use !re is v injuri\s to s\nd sci5ce4 ,^! old ideas ( 8life0 9 cry/als are pr(\ndly unsci5tific & s]ve z "o ( ! be/ examples ( ! frequ5t confusion or int]mix+ ( dim5sions--a confusion due to unma!matical1 logically incorrect ways ( ?9k+4 ,if cry/als 8live10 !n volumes are surfaces1 & #abe cubic units#be squ>e units--absurdities belong+ to ! 8*ildhood ( humanity40 8,cry/als c gr[ 9 a prop] solution1 & c reg5]ate _! =m 9 su* a solution :5 brok5 or injur$2 x is ev5 possible to prev5t or ret>d ! =mation ( cry/als 9 a sup]saturat$ solution by prev5t+ #8g]ms' 9 ! air f gett+ into ! solution1 an obs]vation :i* 0 lat] utiliz$ by ,s*ro$] & ,pa/eur 9 _! exp]im5ts on spontane\s g5]ation4 ,h[ev]1 ! analogies betwe5 a liv+ organism & a cry/al are m]ely sup]ficial & x is by po9t+ out ! fundam5tal diff]5ces betwe5 ! behavior ( cry/als & t ( liv+ organisms t we c be/ und]/& ! specific diff]5ce betwe5 non-liv+ & liv+ matt]4 ,x is true t a cry/al c gr[1 b x w d s only 9 a sup]saturat$ solution ( its own sub/ance4 ,j ! rev]se is true = liv+ organisms4 ,9 ord] to make bact]ia or ! cells ( our body gr[1 solutions ( ! split products ( ! sub/ances compos+ !m & n ! sub/ances !mselves mu/ be available to ! cells2 second1 ^! solutions mu/ n be sup]saturat$1 on ! contr>y1 !y mu/ be dilute2 & ?ird1 gr[? leads 9 liv+ organisms to cell division z soon z ! mass ( ! cell rea*es a c]ta9 limit4 ,?is process ( cell division c n be claim$ ev5 metaphorically to exi/ 9 a cry/al4 ,a correct appreciation ( ^! facts w give u an insight into ! specific diff]5ce betwe5 non-liv+ & liv+ matt]4 ,! =mation ( liv+ matt] consi/s 9 ! syn!sis ( ! prote9s1 nucle9s1 fats1 & c>bohydrates ( ! cells1 f split products4444 8,! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 liv+ & non-liv+ matt] consi/s !n 9 ?is3 ! liv+ cell syn!sizes its own complicat$ specific mat]ial f indiff]5t or non-specific simple comp\nds ( ! surr\nd+ m$ium1 :ile ! cry/al simply adds ! molecules f\nd 9 its sup]saturat$ solution4 ,?is syn!tic p[] ( trans=m+ small #8build+ /ones' into ! complicat$ comp\nds specific = ea* organism is ! #8secret ( life' or r "o ( ! secrets ( life40 7,! ,organism z a ,:ole1 by ,jacques ,loeb47 ,x w be expla9$ lat] t "o ( ! en]getic ph5om5a ( organic *emi/ry--! 8m9d10 :i* is "o ( ! en]gies *>act]i/ic ( ?is class ( ph5om5a1 is 8autonom\s10 is 8self-propell+0 & true to its dim5sionality4 ,if we analyse ! classes ( life1 we readily f9d t !re are ?ree c>d9al classes :i* are radically di/9ct 9 function4 ,a %ort analysis w disclose to u t1 ?\gh m9]als h v>i\s activities1 !y are n 8liv+40 ,! plants h a v def9ite & well kn[n function--! trans=mation ( sol> en]gy into organic *emical en]gy4 ,!y are a class ( life :i* appropriates "o k9d ( en]gy1 conv]ts x into ano!r k9d & /ores x up2 9 t s5se !y are a k9d ( /orage batt]y = ! sol> en]gy2 & s ,i def9e ,,! ,,plants ,,z ,,! ,,*emi/ry-,,b9d+ class ( life4 ,! animals use ! highly dynamic products ( ! *emi/ry-b9d+ class--! plants--z food1 & ^? products--! results ( plant-trans=mation--und]go 9 animals a fur!r trans=mation into yet high] =ms2 & ! animals are correspond+ly a m dynamic class ( life2 _! en]gy is k9etic2 !y h a rem>kable fre$om & p[] :i* ! plants d n possess--,i mean ! fre$om & faculty to move ab\t 9 space2 & s ,i def9e ,,animals ,,z ,,! ,,space-,,b9d+ ,,class ,,( ,,life4 ,& n[ :at %all we say ( human be+s8 ,:at is to be our def9ition ( ,man8 ,l ! animals1 human be+s d inde$ possess ! space-b9d+ capacity b1 ov] & above t1 human be+s possess a mo/ rem>kable capacity :i* is entirely peculi> to !m--,i mean ! capacity to summ>ise1 dige/ & appropriate ! labors & exp]i5ces ( ! pa/2 ,i mean ! capacity to use ! fruits ( pa/ labors & exp]i5ces z intellectual or spiritual capital = developm5ts 9 ! pres5t2 ,i mean ! capacity to employ z in/rum5ts ( increas+ p[] ! accumulat$ a*ievem5ts ( ! all-preci\s lives ( ! pa/ g5]ations sp5t 9 trial & error1 trial & success2 ,i mean ! capacity ( human be+s to conduct _! lives 9 ! ev] increas+ light ( inh]it$ wisdom2 ,i mean ! capacity 9 virtue ( :i* man is at once ! h]itor ( ! by-gone ages & ! tru/ee ( po/]ity4 ,& because humanity is j ?is magnific5t natural ag5cy by :i* ! pa/ lives 9 ! pres5t & ! pres5t = ! future1 ,i def9e ,,humanity1 9 ! univ]sal tongue ( ma!matics & me*anics1 to be ! ,,"t-,,b9d+ ,,class ,,( ,,life4 ,^! def9itions ( ! c>d9al classes ( life are1 x w be not$1 obta9$ f direct obs]vation2 !y are s simple & s important t ,i _c ov]-emphasize ! necessity ( grasp+ !m & mo/ especially ! def9ition ( ,man4 ,= ^! simple def9itions & especially t ( ,humanity w pr(\ndly trans=m ! :ole conception ( human life 9 e field ( int]e/ & activity2 &1 :at is m important ?an all1 ! def9ition ( ,man w give u a />t+ po9t = discov]+ ! natural laws ( human nature--( ! human class ( life4 ,! def9itions ( ! classes ( life repres5t ! diff]5t classes z di/9ct 9 respect to dim5sionality2 & ?is is extremely important = no measure or rule ( "o class c be appli$ to ! o!r1 )\t mak+ grave mi/akes4 ,= example1 to treat a human be+ z an animal--z a m]e space-b9d]--because humans h c]ta9 animal prop5sities1 is an error ( ! same type & grossness z to treat a cube z a surface because x has surface prop]ties4 ,x is absolutely ess5tial to grasp t fact if we are ev] to h a sci5ce ( human nature4 ,we c repres5t ! diff]5t classes ( life 9 ?ree life coord9ates4 ,! m9]als1 ) _! inorganic activities w\ld be ! ,z]o 7#j7 dim5sion ( 8life0--t is ! lifeless class--"h repres5t$ by ! po9t ,m4 ,! plants1 ) _! 8autonom\s0 gr[?1 to be repres5t$ by ! ,,"o ,,dim5sional l9e ,,mp4 ,! animals1 ) _! 8autonom\s0 capacity to gr[ & to be active 9 space by ! ,,two ,,dim5sional plane ,,pam4 ,! humans1 ) _! 8autonom\s0 capacity to gr[1 to be active 9 space ,,& ,,to ,,be ,,active ,,9 ,,"t1 by ! ,,?ree ,,dim5sional region ,,maph4 ,a draw+1 l label+ ! axes ( a ?ree-dim5sional space4 ,at ! c5t] is 87,m9]als7 ,m04 ,at ! top ( ! ,z axis is 8,h 7,humans704 ,at ! end ( ! ,x axis is 8,p 7,plants704 ,at ! end ( ! ,y axis is 8,a 7,animals704 ,su* diagrammatic illu/rations mu/ n be tak5 too lit]ally2 !y are l figures ( spee*--helpful if und]/ood--h>mful if n und]/ood4 ,! read] %\ld reflect ^u ! simple idea ( dim5sions until he sees cle>ly t ! idea is n m]ely a ?+ ( int]e/ or ( conv5i5ce1 b is absolutely ess5tial z a means ( discrim9at+ ! c>d9al classes ( life f "o ano!r & ( conceiv+ ea* class to be :at x is in/ead ( mix+ x confus$ly ) some?+ radically diff]5t4 ,x w greatly help ! read] if he w retire to ! quiet ( 8 cloi/] & !re m$itate ab\t z foll[s4 ,a l9e has "o dim5sion2 a plane has two2 a plane conta9s l9es & s x has l9e prop]ties--"o-dim5sional prop]ties--b x has o!r prop]ties--two-dim5sional prop]ties--& x is ^! t are peculi> to x1 give x its own "*1 & make x :at x is--a plane & n a l9e4 ,s animals h "s plant prop]ties--!y gr[1 = example--b animals h o!r prop]ties--autonom\s mobility1 = example1--prop]ties ( high] dim5sionality or type--& x is ^! t make animals animals & n plants4 ,j s1 human be+s h c]ta9 animal prop]ties--autonom\s mobility1 = example1 or physical appetites--b humans h o!r prop]ties or prop5sities--e?ical s5se1 = example1 logical s5se1 inv5tiv5ess1 progressiv5ess--prop]ties or prop5sities ( high] dim5sionality1 level1 or type--& x is ^! prop5sities & p[]s t make human be+s human & n animal4 ,:5 & only :5 ?is fact is cle>ly se5 & ke5ly realiz$1 !re w beg9 ! sci5ce ( man--! sci5ce & art ( human nature--= !n & only !n we %all beg9 to escape f ! age-long untold immeasurable evils t come f reg>d+ & treat+ human be+s z animals1 z m]e b9d]s ( space1 & we may look =w>d to an e?ics1 a jurisprud5ce & economics1 a gov]nance--a sci5ce & art ( human life & society--bas$ ^u ! laws ( human nature because bas$ ^u ! j conception ( humanity z ! "t-b9d+ class ( life1 creators & improv]s ( good1 de/9$ to endless advancem5t1 9 accord ) ! pot5cies ( ,human ,nature47#i7 ,humanity is /ill 9 its *ildhood2 we h 8b\nd0 s little "t 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies1 :i* are s brief 9 ! s*eme ( ! univ]se4 ,at ! bottom ( e human activity1 hi/orical fact or tr5d ( civilization1 !re lies "s doctr9e or conception ( s-call$ 8tru?40 ,apples _h fall5 f trees = ages1 b )\t any important results 9 ! economy ( humanity4 ,! fact t a fall5 apple hit ,newton1 l$ to ! discov]y ( ! !ory ( gravitation2 ?is *ang$ our :ole _w conception1 our sci5ces & our activities2 x p[]fully /imulat$ ! developm5t ( all ! bran*es ( natural & te*nological k4 ,ev5 9 ! ev5t ( ! ,newtonian laws be+ prov$ to be n q correct1 !y h s]v$ a great purpose 9 enabl+ u to und]/& natural ph5om5a 9 a suffici5tly approximate way to make x possible to build up mod]n te*nology & to develop our physical sci5ce to ! po9t :]e x 0 necess>y & possible to make a correction ( ! ,newtonian laws4 ,a simil> organic *ange 9 our conception ( human life & its ph5om5a is involv$ 9 ! =ego+ def9itions ( ! classes ( life2 !y w replace basic errors ) sci5tific tru?s ( fundam5tal importance2 !y w =m ! basis = sci5tific developm5t ( a p]man5t civilization 9 place ( ! p]iodically convulsive s-call$ civilizations ( ! pa/ & pres5t4 ,to "k ! cause ( evil & error is to f9d ! cure4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,:at ,is ,man8 ,man has ev] be5 ! greate/ puzzle to man4 ,!re are _m & important reasons = ?is fact4 ,z ! subject ( ?is book is n a !oretical1 academic /udy ( man1 ( :i* too _m h already be5 writt51 ,i w n rec\nt ! reasons1 b w conf9e myself to ! m press+ matt]s ( ! task 9 h&1 :i* is t ( po9t+ ! way to ! sci5ce & art ( ,human ,eng9e]+4 ,! two facts :i* h to be dealt ) fir/1 are ! two :i* h mo/ ret>d$ human progress3 7#a7 !re has nev] be5 a true def9ition ( man nor a j conception ( 8 rle 9 ! curi\s drama ( ! _w2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !re has nev] be5 a prop] pr9ciple or />t+ po9t = a sci5ce ( humanity4 ,x has nev] be5 realiz$ t man is a be+ ( a dim5sion or type diff]5t f t ( animals & ! *>act]i/ic nature ( man has n be5 und]/ood2 7#b7 man has always be5 reg>d$ ei!r z an animal or z a sup]natural ph5om5on4 ,! facts are t man is n sup]natural b is lit]ally a "p ( nature & t human be+s are n animals4 ,we h se5 t ! animals are truly *>act]iz$ by _! autonom\s mobility--_! space-b9d+ capacity--animals are space-b9d]s4 ,we h se5 t human be+s are *>act]iz$ by _! creative p[]1 by ! p[] to make ! pa/ live 9 ! pres5t & ! pres5t = ! future1 by _! capacity to b9d "t--human be+s are "t-b9d]s4 ,^! concepts are basic & imp]sonal2 arriv$ at ma!matically1 !y are ma!matically correct4 ,x does n matt] at all h[ ! fir/ man1 ! fir/ "t-b9d]1 0 produc$2 ! fact rema9s t he 0 some:]e1 someh[ produc$4 ,to "k any?+ t is to-day ( fundam5tal int]e/ ab\t man1 we h to analyse man 9 ?ree coord9ates--9 ?ree capacities2 namely1 8 *emi/ry1 8 activities 9 space1 & especially 8 activities 9 "t2 :]eas 9 ! /udy ( animals we h to consid] only two factors3 _! *emi/ry & _! activities 9 space4 ,let u imag9e t ! aborig9al--orig9al human specim5 0 "o ( two bro!r apes1 ,a & ,b2 !y 7 alike 9 e respect2 bo? 7 animal space-b9d]s2 b some?+ /range happ5$ to ,b2 he became ! fir/ "t-b9d]1 a human4 ,no matt] h[1 ?is 8some?+0 made ! *ange 9 him t lift$ him to a high] dim5sion2 x is en\gh t 9 "s-wise1 ov] & above 8 animal capacity = b9d+ space1 !re 0 sup]add$ ! m>vel\s new capacity = b9d+-"t4 ,he _h ?us a new faculty1 he belong$ to a new dim5sion2 b1 ( c\rse1 he did n realize x2 & because he _h ?is new capacity he 0 able to analyze 8 bro!r 8,a02 he obs]v$ 8,a is my bro!r2 he is an animal2 b he is my bro!r2 !re=e1 ,i ,,am ,,an ,,animal40 ,?is fatal fir/ conclusion1 rea*$ by false analogy1 by neglect+ a fact1 has be5 ! *ief s\rce ( human woe = half a million ye>s & x /ill survives4 ,! "t-b9d+ capacity1 fir/ manife/ 9 ,b1 increas$ m & m1 ) ! days & ea* g5]ation1 until 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies man felt himself increas+ly someh[ diff]5t f ! animal1 b he c\ld n expla94 ,he said to himself1 8,if ,i am an animal !re is also 9 me some?+ high]1 a sp>k ( "s ?+ sup]natural40 ,) ?is conclusion he e/rang$ himself1 z some?+ ap>t f nature1 & =mulat$ ! impasse1 :i* put him 9 a cul-de-sac ( a d\ble life4 ,he 0 nei!r true to ! 8sup]natural0 :i* he c\ld n "k & !re=e1 c\ld n emulate1 nor 0 he true to ! 8animal0 :i* he scorn$4 ,hav+ put himself outside ! 8natural laws10 he 0 n really true to any law & condemn$ himself to a life ( hypocrisy1 & e/abli%$ speculative1 artificial1 unnatural laws4 8,h[ bl9d our famili> assumptions make u6 ,among ! animals1 man1 at lea/1 has long be5 wont to reg>d himself z a be+ q ap>t f & n z "p ( ! cosmos r\nd ab\t him4 ,f ?is he has deta*$ himself 9 ?\ght1 he has e/rang$ & objectifi$ ! _w1 & lo/ ! s5se t he is ( x4 ,& ?is age-long habit & po9t ( view1 :i* has fa%ion$ 8 life & controll$ 8 ?\ght1 l5d+ its *>act]i/ic m>k & color to 8 :ole philosophy & art & le>n+1 is /ill ma9ta9$1 p>tly because ( its conv5i5ce1 no d\bt1 & p>tly by =ce ( in]tia & %e] cons]vatism1 9 ! v tee? ( ! /ronge/ probabilities ( biological sci5ce4 ,probably no o!r s+le hypo!sis has less to recomm5d x1 & yet no o!r s completely dom9ates ! human m9d40 7,cassius ,j4 ,keys]1 loc4 cit47 ,& ?is mon/r\s conception is curr5t to-day3 millions /ill look ^u man z a mixture ( animal & some?+ sup]natural4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! eng9e]+ ( human society is a difficult & complicat$ problem ( trem5d\s e?ical responsibility1 = x involves ! welf>e ( mank9d ?r\gh\t an un5d+ succession ( g5]ations4 ,! sci5ce ( ,human ,eng9e]+ c n be built ^u false conceptions ( human nature4 ,x c n be built on ! conception ( man z a k9d ( animal2 x c n be built on ! conception ( man z a mixture ( natural & sup]natural4 ,x mu/ be built ^u ! conception ( man z be+ at once natural & high] 9 dim5sionality ?an ! animals4 ,x mu/ be built ^u ! sci5tific conception ( mank9d z *>act]iz$ by _! "t-b9d+ capacity & function4 ,?is conception radically alt]s our :ole view ( human life1 human society1 & ! _w4 ,x mu/ be obvi\s to any "o t "t-b9d+ is ! only natural crit]ion & /&>d = ! "t-b9d+ class ( life4 ,?is mighty t]m--"t-b9d+--:5 compreh5d$1 w be f\nd to embrace ! ,,:ole ( ! natural laws1 ! natural e?ics1 ! natural philosophy1 ! natural sociology1 ! natural economics1 ! natural gov]nance1 to be br\ght into ! education ( "t-b9d]s2 !n really peaceful & progressive civilization1 )\t p]iodical collapses & viol5t readju/m5ts1 w comm5ce2 n be=e4 ,ev]y?+ :i* is really 8"t-b9d+0 is 9 ! ,,human ,,dim5sion2 !re=e1 x w repres5t e quality t is impli$ 9 su* words z--good1 j1 "r1 beautiful2 :ile ev]y?+ t is m]ely space-b9d+ w be classifi$ z 8animal0 & be ?us assess$ at its prop] value4 ,^? ignorant 8ma/]s ( our de/9ies0 :o reg>d humans z animals or z mon/r\s hybrids ( natural & sup]natural mu/ be de?ron$ by sci5tific education4 ,humans c be lit]ally poison$ by false ideas & false tea*+s4 ,_m p h a j horror at ! ?\ght ( putt+ poison into tea or c(fee1 b seem unable to realize t1 :5 !y tea* false ideas & false doctr9es1 !y are poison+ ! "t-b9d+ capacity ( _! fell[ m5 & wom54 ,"o has to /op & ?9k6 ,!re is no?+ my/ical ab\t ! fact t ideas & words are en]gies :i* p[]fully affect ! physico-*emical base ( our "t-b9d+ activities4 ,humans are ?us made untrue to 8human nature40 ,hypnotism is a kn[n fact4 ,x has be5 prov$ t a man c be s hypnotiz$ t 9 a c]ta9 "t :i* has be5 sugge/$ to him1 he w murd] or commit arson or !ft2 t1 "u hypnotic influ5ce1 ! p]sonal morale ( ! individual has only a small influ5ce ^u 8 conduct2 ! subject obeys ! hypnotic sugge/ions1 no matt] h[ immoral !y are4 ,! conception ( man z a mixture ( animal & sup]natural has = ages kept human be+s "u ! deadly spell ( ! sugge/ion t1 animal selfi%ness & animal gre$9ess are _! ess5tial "*1 & ! spell has op]at$ to suppress _! ,,real ,,human ,,nature & to prev5t x f express+ itself naturally & freely4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 human be+s are educat$ to a lively realization t !y are by nature "t-b9d+ creatures1 !n !y w spontane\sly live 9 accordance ) _! "t-b9d+ nature1 :i*1 z ,i h said1 is ! s\rce & support ( ! highe/ ideals4 ,:at is a*iev$ 9 blam+ a man = be+ selfi% & gre$y if he acts "u ! influ5ce ( a social environm5t & education :i* tea* him t he is an animal & t selfi%ness & gre$9ess are ( ! ess5ce ( 8 nature8 ,ev5 s em95t a philosoph] & psy*ologi/ z ,sp5c] tells u3 8,( self-evid5t tru?s s dealt )1 ! "o :i* "h conc]ns u is t a creature mu/ live be=e x c act 444 ,e?ics has to recognize ! tru? t egoism comes be=e altruism40 ,?is is true = ,,animals1 because animals die out f lack ( food :5 _! natural supply ( x is insuffici5t because !y h ,,n ,,! ,,capacity ,,to ,,produce ,,artificially4 ,b x is n true = ! ,,human ,,dim5sion4 ,:y n8 ,because humans ?r\gh _! "t-b9d+ capacity are fir/ ( all creators & s _! numb] is n controll$ by ! supply ( unaid$ nature1 b only by m5's artificial productivity1 :i* is ,,! ,,mat]ialization ,,( ,,_! ,,"t-,,b9d+ ,,capacity ,man1 !re=e1 by ! v intr9sic "* ( 8 be+1 ,,mu/ ,,act ,,fir/1 ,,9 ,,ord] ,,to ,,be ,,able ,,to ,,live 7?r\gh ! action ( p>5ts--or society7 :i* is n ! case ) animals4 ,! misund]/&+ ( ?is simple tru? is l>gely acc\ntable = ! evil ( our e?ical & economic sy/ems or lack ( sy/ems4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 if humanity 7 to live 9 complete accord ) ! animal conception ( man1 artificial production--"t-b9d+ production--w\ld cease & n9ety p] c5t ( mank9d w\ld p]i% by />vation4 ,x is j because human be+s are n animals b are "t-b9d]s--n m]e f9d]s b creators ( food & %elt]--t !y are able to live 9 su* va/ numb]s4 ,"h ev5 ! bl9d mu/ see ! effect ( high] dim5sionality1 & ?is effect becomes 9 turn ! cause ( o!r effects :i* produce /ill o!rs1 & s on 9 an endless *a94 ,,we ,,live ,,because ,,we ,,produce1 ,,because ,,we ,,are ,,act+ ,,9 ,,"t ,,& ,,are ,,n ,,m]ely ,,act+ ,,9 ,,space--,,because ,,man ,,is ,,n ,a ,,k9d ,,( ,,animal4 ,x is all s simple1 if only we apply a little s\nd logic 9 our ?9k+ ab\t human nature & human affairs4 ,if human e?ics are to be human1 are to be 9 ! human dim5sion1 ! po/ulates ( e?ics mu/ be *ang$2 ,,= ,,humanity ,,9 ,,ord] ,,to ,,live ,,mu/ ,,act ,,fir/2 ! laws ( e?ics--! laws ( "r liv+--are natural laws--laws ( human nature--laws hav+ _! :ole s\rce & sanction 9 ! "t-b9d+ capacity & "t-b9d+ activity peculi> to man4 ,human excell5ce is excell5ce 9 "t-b9d+1 & mu/ be measur$ & rew>d$ by "t-b9d+ /&>ds ( wor?4 ,humanity1 9 ord] to live1 mu/ produce creatively & !re=e mu/ be guid$ by appli$ sci5ce1 by te*nology2 & ?is means t ! s-call$ social sci5ces ( e?ics1 jurisprud5ce1 psy*ology1 economics1 sociology1 politics1 & gov]nm5t mu/ be emancipat$ f m$ieval metaphysics2 !y mu/ be made sci5tific2 !y mu/ be te*nologiz$2 !y mu/ be made to progress & to function 9 ! prop] dim5sion--! human dim5sion & n t ( animals3 !y mu/ be made "t-b9d+ sci5ces4 ,c ?is be done8 ,i h no d\bt t x c4 ,= :at is human life aft] all8 ,to a g5]al 9 ! battlefield1 human life is a factor :i*1 if prop]ly us$1 c de/roy ! enemy4 ,to an eng9e] human life is an equival5t to en]gy1 or a capacity to d "w1 m5tal or muscul>1 & ! mom5t some?+ is f\nd to be a s\rce ( en]gy & to h ! capacity ( do+ "w1 ! fir/ ?+ to d1 f ! eng9e]'s po9t ( view1 is to analyse ! g5]ator ) a view to discov]+ h[ be/ to cons]ve x1 to improve x1 & br+ x to ! level ( maximum productivity4 ,human be+s are v complicat$ en]gy-produc+ batt]ies diff]+ widely 9 quality & magnitude ( productive p[]4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ^! batt]ies are1 fir/ ( all1 *emical batt]ies produc+ a my/]i\s en]gy4 ,if ^! batt]ies are n suppli$ p]iodically ) a m or less con/ant quantity ( "s *emical elem5ts call$ food & air1 ! batt]ies w cease to function--!y w die4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( ! /ructure ( ^! batt]ies we f9d t ! *emical base is v mu* acc5tuat$ all ?r\gh ! /ructure4 ,?is *emical g5]ator is divid$ into bran*es ea* ( :i* has a v diff]5t rle :i* x mu/ p]=m 9 h>mony ) all ! o!rs4 ,! me*anical p>ts ( ! /ructure are built 9 con=mity to ! rules ( me*anics & are automatically furni%$ ) lubrication & ) *emical supplies = automatically r5ew+ worn-out p>ts4 ,! *emical processes n only deposit p>ticles ( mass = ! /ructure ( ! g5]ator b produce "s v p[]ful unkn[n k9ds ( en]gies or vibrations :i* make all ! *emical p>ts function2 we f9d also a my/]i\s app>atus ) a complex ( wires :i* we call bra9 gl&s1 & n]ves2 &1 f9ally1 ^! human batt]ies h ! rem>kable capacity ( reproduction4 ,^! functions are famili> to ev]ybody4 ,f ! k ( o!r physical1 me*anical & *emical ph5om5a ( nature1 we mu/ come to ! conclusion1 t ?is human batt]y is ! mo/ p]fect example ( a complex eng9e2 x has all ! peculi>ities ( a *emical batt]y comb9$ ) a g5]ator ( a peculi> en]gy call$ life2 above all1 x has m5tal or spiritual capacities2 x is ?us equipp$ ) bo? m5tal & me*anical means = produc+ "w4 ,! p>ts & functions ( ?is m>vel\s eng9e h be5 ! subject ( a va/ am\nt ( rese>* 9 v>i\s special bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,a v notewor?y fact is t bo? ! physical "w & ! m5tal "w ( ?is human eng9e are always accompani$ by bo? physical & *emical *anges 9 ! /ructure ( its ma*9]y--correspond+ to ! we> & te> ( non-liv+ eng9es4 ,x also pres5ts c]ta9 sexual & spiritual ph5om5a t h a /rik+ lik5ess to c]ta9 ph5om5a1 especially wireless ph5om5a1 to electricity & to radium4 ,?is human eng9e-batt]y is ( unusual /r5g?1 durability & p]fection2 & yet x is v liable to damage & ev5 wreckage1 if n prop]ly us$4 ,! controll+ factors are v delicate & s ! eng9e is v caprici\s4 ,v special tra9+ & und]/&+ are necess>y = its control4 ,! read] may wi% to ask3 ,:at is ! ess5ce ( ! "t-b9d+ p[] ( ,man8 ,talk ( ess5ces is metaphysical--x is n sci5tific4 ,let me expla9 by an example4 ,:at is electricity8 ,! sci5tific answ] is3 electricity is t :i* exhibits su* & su* ph5om5a4 ,electricity means no?+ b a c]ta9 gr\p ( ph5om5a call$ electric4 ,we are /udy+ electricity :5 we are /udy+ ^? ph5om5a4 ,?us x is 9 physics--!re is no talk ( ess5ces4 ,s1 too1 9 ,human ,eng9e]+--we %all n talk ( ! ess5ce ( "t-b9d+ b only ( ! ph5om5a & ! laws !re(4 ,:at has l$ to ! developm5t ( electric appliances is k ( electrical ph5om5a--n metaphysical talk ab\t ! electrical ess5ce4 ,& :at w lead to ! sci5ce & art ( ,human ,eng9e]+ is k ( "t-b9d+ ph5om5a--n va9 babble ab\t an ess5ce ( "t-b9d+ p[]4 ,!re is no my/]y ab\t ! ^w "t-b9d+4 ,"s descriptive t]m 0 necess>y to indicate t human capacity :i* discrim9ates human be+s f animals & m>ks man z man4 ,= t use--! appropriat5ess ( ! t]m "t-b9d+ becomes m & m manife/ ^u reflection4 ,:at are ! conditions ( life ^u ?is e>?8 ,is !re w> or peace 9 daily life8 ,all liv+ be+s require food2 !y multiply 9 a geometrical ratio2 & s ! natural productivity ( ! soil becomes increas+ly inadequate4 ,! t5d5cy to increase 9 geometrical ratio is true ( all life--vegetable1 animal & human1 b ! t5d5cy is *eck$ by v>i\s c\nt]act+ influ5ces1 natural & artificial4 ,a %ort "t ago ^! *ecks _h s op]at$ to annul ! law ( increase z almo/ to /op ! gr[? ( human population4 ,x is only by ! "t-b9d+ capacity ( man--by sci5tific progress & te*nological inv5tion--t ! *ecks h be5 ov]come4 ,& s 9 ! la/ c5tury ! population ( ,europe increas$ m ?an x _h increas$ 9 sev]al c5turies be=e4 ,impov]i%$ soil1 excessive heat or cold1 excessive moi/ure1 ! lack ( ra9-fall1 & _m o!r factors are ho/ile to life4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t human life mu/ especially /ruggle = exi/5ce2 x mu/ c>ry on a p]petual conte/ = self pres]vation4 ,x seems obvi\s t1 if !re is p]petual w> 9 e-day life1 w> me?ods mu/ be appli$4 ,we h j pass$ ?r\gh a trem5d\s _w-wide milit>y w> & we develop$ special ways ( produc+ p[] to ov]come ! enemy4 ,we 7 ?us driv5 to discov] "s ( ! hidd5 s\rces ( p[] & all ( our old habits & ideas 7 b5t t[>d milit>y me?ods & milit>y te*nology4 ,! w> ( e-day life aga9/ ho/ile elem5ts is w> = ! subjugation ( physical nature & n = ! conque/ ( p4 ,x is a w> c>ri$ on by ! "t-b9d+ p[] ( m5 pitt$ aga9/ natural ob/acles1 & its progressive triumph means progressive advancem5t 9 human weal4 ,! lesson ( ! ,_w ,w> %\ld n be miss$ ?r\gh failure to analyse x4 ,:5 nations w> ) nations1 ! normal daily w> ( millions & millions ( individuals to subjugate natural res\rces to human uses is int]rupt$1 & ! sl[-ga!r$ fruits ( measureless toil are de/roy$4 ,b peaceful w>1 w> = ! conque/ ( nature1 involves ! use ( me?ods ( te*nology &1 :at is ev5 m important1 te*nological philosophy1 law & e?ics4 ,:at ,i want to emphasize 9 ?is little book1 is ! ne$ ( a ?or\ghgo+ revision ( our ideas2 & ! revision mu/ be made by eng9e]+ m9ds 9 ord] t our ideas may be made to mat* facts4 ,if we are ill1 we consult a physician or a surgeon1 n a *>latan4 ,we mu/ le>n t1 :5 !re is tr\ble ) ! produc+ p[] ( ! _w1 we h to consult an eng9e]1 an exp]t on p[]4 ,politicians1 diplomats1 & lawy]s d n und]/& ! problem4 ,:at ,i am advocat+ is t we mu/ le>n to ask ^? :o "k h[ to produce ?+s1 in/ead ( ask+ ^? ^: pr(ession is to fight = ! division ( ?+s produc$ by nature or by o!r human be+s4 ,z a matt] ( fact our civilization has be5 = a long "t disorganiz$ to ! po9t ( disease4 ,lately ?r\gh ! :irl ( *ang+ conditions1 due to ! great release ( p[] 9 ! new-born giant te*nology1 ! disorganization has become acute4 ,! sick seldom "k ! cure = !mselves4 ,if ! cure is to be endur+1 we h to g to ! s\rce1 & ?is c be done only by m5 famili>1 n only ) effects b also ) ! causes4 ,money is n ! weal? ( a nation1 b production is weal?2 s ord]$ production is ! ma9 object = humanity4 ,b to h ! maximum ( production1 x is necess>y to h production put on a s\nd basis4 ,no m]e prea*+ ( bro!rly love1 or class hatr$1 w produce "o s+le brick = ! build+ ( ! future temple ( human victory--! temple ( human civilization4 ,ord]$ production dem&s analysis ( basic facts4 ,?is era is ess5tially an indu/rial era4 ,to produce we h to h3 7#a7 raw mat]ial or soil2 7#b7 in/rum5ts = production--tools & ma*9es2 & 7#c7 ! application ( p[]4 ,! ?ree requirem5ts may be briefly *>act]iz$ & apprais$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,raw mat]ial & soil are products ( nature2 humanity simply took !m & _h ! use ( !m = no?+1 because x is impossible to call a pray] ( ?anksgiv+ 7if any7 address$ to a 8creator0 z paym5t to gods or m54 ,b raw mat]ial & soil1 9 ! conditions 9 :i* nature produces !m1 are ( v little imm$iate b5efit to humanity1 because unfill$ soil produces v little food = humans1 & raw mat]ial su* z wood1 coal1 oil1 iron1 copp]1 etc41 are completely useless to humanity until aft] human "w is appli$ to !m4 ,x is necess>y to cut a tree = ! mak+ ( timb]2 x is necess>y to excavate ! m9]als1 & ev5 !n1 only by apply+ fur!r human "w is x possible to make !m available = any human use4 ,s1 x is obvi\s t ev5 raw mat]ials 9 ! =m 9 :i* nature has produc$ !m1 are mo/ly ( no value & unavailable = use1 unless reproduc$ ?r\gh ! process ( 8human creative production40 ,!re=e1 we may well conclude t 8raw mat]ial0 mu/ be divid$ into two v di/9ct classes3 7a7 raw mat]ial z produc$ by nature--nature's free gift--:i* 9 its orig9al =m & place has practically no use-value2 & 7b7 raw mat]ial reproduc$ by man's m5tal & muscul> activities1 by 8 8"t-b9d+0 capacities4 ,raw mat]ials ( ! second class h an enorm\s use-value2 inde$ !y make ! exi/5ce ( humanity possible4 ,z to ! second requirem5t = production1 namely3 7#b7 ,tools & ma*9es1 x is obvi\s t 8tools & ma*9es0 are made ( raw mat]ial by human "w1 m5tal & muscul>4 ,&1 f9ally3 7#c7 ,! application ( p[]4 ,diff]5t s\rces ( natural en]gy & p[] are kn[n4 ,! mo/ important available s\rce ( en]gy = ?is globe is ! sun--! heat ( ! sun4 ,?is sol> heat is ! orig9 ( wat] p[]1 ( w9d p[]1 & ( ! p[] b\nd up 9 coal1 ( ! *emi/ry1 gr[? & trans=m+ ag5cy ( plants47#aj7 ,all foods :i* ! animals z well z ! humans use are1 already1 ! result ( ! sol> en]gy trans=m$ into :at may be call$ *emical en]gy4 ,trans=mation ( en]gies is build+ up ( life4 ,x is to be cle>ly se5 t ! only s\rce ( en]gy :i* c be directly appropriat$ & us$ by man or animal is vegetable food f\nd 9 ! wild]ness2 no o!r s\rces ( p[] are available = direct use2 !y h fir/ to be ma/]$ & direct$ by human bra94 ,! same is true 9 reg>d to ! gett+ ( animal food1 ! creation ( a wat]- or w9dmill1 or a /eam eng9e1 or ! art ( us+ a team ( horses1 or a bu%el ( :eat2 ^! are n available except by ! use ( ! human 8"t-b9d+0 p[]4 ,?is %ort survey ( facts1 kn[n to ev]ybody1 br+s u to ! conclusion t all problems ( production come ultimately to ! analysis ( 7#a7 ,natural res\rces ( raw mat]ial & natural en]gy1 freely suppli$ by nature1 :i*1 z we h se51 9 ! =m z produc$ by nature alone1 h v little or no value = humanity2 7#b7 ,! activity ( ! human bra9 7because human muscles are always direct$ by ! bra97 :i* gives value to ! o!rwise useless raw mat]ials & en]gies4 ,h5ce1 to und]/& ! processes ( production1 x is ess5tial to realize t humanity is able to survive only by virtue ( ! capacity ( humans to exploit natural res\rces--to conv]t ! products ( nature into =ms available = human ne$s4 ,if humanity _h only ! capacity ( apes1 dep5d+ exclusively on wild fruits & ! l1 !y w\ld be conf9$ to ^? comp>atively small regions ( ! globe :]e ! climate & ! f]tility ( ! soil are specially favorable4 ,b 9 ! case suppos$1 humans w\ld n be humans1 !y w\ld n be "t-b9d]s--!y w\ld be animals--m]e space-b9d]s4 ,!re are o!r facts :i* mu/ be kept con/antly 9 m9d4 ,"o ( !m is t1 9 ! _w 9 :i* we live1 !re are natural laws ( inorganic z well z organic ph5om5a4 ,ano!r ( ! facts is1 z be=e said1 t ! human class ( life has ! peculi> capacity ( e/abli%+ ! social laws & cu/oms :i* regulate & influ5ce its de/9ies1 :i* help or h9d] ! processes ( production ^u :i* ! lives & happ9ess ( mank9d ess5tially & fundam5tally dep5d4 ,x mu/ n be lo/ sight ( 9 ?is connection t ! human class ( life is a "p & a product ( nature1 & t1 !re=e1 !re mu/ be fundam5tal laws :i* are natural = ?is class ( life4 ,a /one obeys ! natural laws ( /ones2 a liquid con=ms to ! natural law ( liquids2 a plant1 to ! natural laws ( plants2 an animal1 to ! natural laws ( animals2 x foll[s inevitably t !re mu/ be natural laws = humans4 ,b "h ! problem becomes m complicat$2 = ! /one1 ! plant & ! animal d n possess ! intellectual p[] to create & initiate & s mu/ bl9dly obey ! laws t are natural = !m2 !y are n free to det]m9e _! own de/9ies4 ,n s ) man2 man has ! capacity & he c1 ?r\gh ignorance or neglect or mal-int5t1 deviate f1 or mis9t]pret1 ! natural laws = ! human class ( life4 ,j !re9 lies ! secret & ! s\rce ( human *aos & woe--a fact ( su* trem5d\s importance t x _c be ov]-emphasiz$ & x seems impossible to evade x long]4 ,to discov] ! nature ( ,man & ! laws ( t nature1 m>ks ! summit ( human ent]prises4 ,= to solve ?is problem is to op5 ! way to ev]y?+ :i* c be ( importance to humanity--to human welf>e & happ9ess4 ,! great problem has be5 felt z a p[]ful impulse ?r\gh\t ! ages ( human /riv+1 = 9 all times x has be5 evid5t to ?9k]s t ^u ! "r solution ( ! problem mu/ =ev] dep5d ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,_m 8solutions0 h be5 (f]$2 &1 ?\gh !y h diff]$ widely1 !y agree 9 "o respect--!y h _h a common fate--! fate ( be+ false4 ,:at has be5 ! tr\ble8 ,! tr\ble has be51 9 e in/ance1 a radical misconception ( :at a human be+ really is4 ,! problem is to discov] ! natural laws ( ! human class ( life4 ,all ! 8solutions0 (f]$ 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory & ^? :i* are curr5t to-day are ( two & only two k9ds--zoological & my?ological4 ,! zoological solutions are ^? :i* gr[ out ( ! false conception accord+ to :i* human be+s are animals2 if humans are animals1 ! laws ( human nature are ! laws ( animal nature2 & s ! social 8sci5ces0 ( e?ics1 law1 politics1 economics1 gov]nm5t become no?+ b bran*es ( zoology2 z sci5ces1 !y are ! /udies ( animal life2 z arts1 !y are ! arts ( manag+ & controll+ animals2 accord+ to ?is zoological philosophy1 human wisdom ab\t human be+s is animal wisdom ab\t animals4 ,! my?ological 8solutions0 are ^? :i* />t ) ! mon/r\s conception accord+ to :i* human be+s h no prop] place 9 nature b are mixtures ( natural & sup]natural--unions or comb9ations ( animality & div9ity4 ,su* 8solutions0 conta9 no conception ( natural law2 sci5tifically judg$1 !y are my?ological absurdities--muddle-head$ *att]+ ( crude & irresponsible metaphysics--well-mean+ no d\bt1 b silly1 & deadly 9 _! effects ^u ! int]e/s ( mank9d1 vitiat+ e?ics1 law1 economics1 politics & gov]nm5t4 ,su* h be5 & /ill are ! regnant philosophies ( human nature4 ,:at is ! rem$y8 ,h[ are ! laws ( human nature to be discov]$8 ,x is evid5t t ! ent]prise1 l all o!r sci5tific ent]prises1 mu/ be bas$ ^u & guid$ by realities4 ,x is ess5tial to realize t ! great1 c5tral1 dom9ant1 all-embrac+ reality is ! reality ( human nature4 ,if we misconceive ?is fundam5tal matt]1 ! ent]prise mu/ fail2 t is bo? logically cle> & cle> 9 ! sad light ( hi/ory2 b if we conceive x aright1 we may confid5tly expect ! ent]prise to prosp]4 ,t is :y1 9 ! *apt] on 8,! ,classes ( ,life10 ,i h laid s mu* /ress on ! absolute necessity ( conceiv+ ,man z be+ :at he really is1 & n some?+ else4 ,& we h discov]$ :at man is3 we h discov]$ t man is *>act]iz$ by ! capacity or p[] to b9d "t1 & s we h def9$ humanity z ! "t-b9d+ class ( life4 ,t concept is fundam5tal4 ,x conta9s ! g]m ( ! sci5ce & art ( ,human ,eng9e]+4 ,! problem ( discov]+ & apply+ ! 8laws ( human nature0 is ! problem ( discov]+ & apply+ to ! conduct ( life ! laws ( "t-b9d+--( "t-b9d+ activity--( "t-b9d+ en]gy4 ,?is fact mu/ be firmly seiz$ & kept /eadily 9 m9d4 ,en]gy1 we h not$1 is ! capacity to d "w4 ,9 human economy "w may be 7#a7 useful or 7#b7 neutral or 7#c7 h>mful4 ,^! words h no significance except 9 human economy4 ,! en]gy ( ! human intellect is a "t-b9d+ en]gy1 = x is able to direct1 to use1 to trans=m o!r en]gies4 ,?is "t-b9d+ en]gy is ( high] rank--( high] dim5sionality--?an ! o!r natural en]gies :i* x directs1 controls1 uses1 & trans=ms4 ,?is high] en]gy--:i* is commonly call$ ! m5tal or spiritual p[] ( man--is "t-b9d+ because x makes pa/ a*ievem5ts live 9 ! pres5t & pres5t activities 9 "t-to-come4 ,x is an en]gy t initiates2 x is an en]gy t creates2 x is an en]gy t c und]/& ! pa/ & =etell ! future--x is bo? hi/orian & prophet2 x is an en]gy t loads ab/ract "t--! vehicle ( ev5ts--) an ev]-increas+ burd5 ( intellectual a*ievem5ts1 ( spiritual weal?1 de/9$ = ! civilization ( po/]ity4 ,& :at is ! natural law ( ! increase8 ,:at is ! natural law ( human advancem5ts 9 all great matt]s ( human conc]n8 ,! "q is ( utmo/ importance bo? !oretically & practically1 = ! law--:atev] x be--is a natural law--a law ( human nature--a law ( ! "t-b9d+ en]gy ( man4 ,:at is ! law8 ,we h already not$ ! law ( ari?metical progression & ! law ( geometric progression2 we h se5 ! imm5se diff]5ce betwe5 !m2 & we h se5 t ! natural law ( human progress 9 ea* & e c>d9al matt] is a law l t ( a rapidly increas+ geometric progression4 ,9 o!r words1 ! natural law ( human progress--! natural law ( amelioration 9 human affairs--! fundam5tal law ( human nature--! basic law ( ! "t-b9d+ en]gy peculi> to man--is a ,log>i?mic law--a law ( log>i?mic increase4 ,i beg ! read] n to let ! t]m bewild] him b to make x 8 own4 ,x is easy to und]/&2 & its significance is mighty & ev]la/+4 ,ev5 its ma!matical =mulation c be und]/ood by boys & girls4 ,let u see h[ ! =mulation looks4 ,suppose ,,pr to d5ote ! am\nt ( progress made 9 "s important field by a giv5 g5]ation--:i* we may call ! 8fir/0 g5]ation2 :]e ,r d5otes ! common ratio--! ratio ( improvem5t--t is1 ! numb] by :i* ! progress ( "o g5]ation mu/ be multipli$ to give ! am\nt ( progress made by ! next g5]ation2 !n ! am\nt ( progress made by ! second g5]ation w be ,,pr#b2 t made by ! ?ird g5]ation w be ,,pr#c2 & s on2 n[ d5ote by ,t ! numb] ( g5]ations1 c\nt+ ! fir/ "o & all t foll[ 9 endless succession4 ,!n ! foll[+ s]ies w %[ ! law ( human progress 9 ! *os5 field3 ,,pr1 ,,pr#b1 ,,pr#c1 ,,pr#d1 ,,pr#e1 4441 ,,pr,t1 ,,pr,t#a1 4442 notice h[ x goes2 ! fir/ g5]ation ends ) ,,pr2 ! second g5]ation />ts ) ,,pr1 adds ,,pr#b1 & ends ) ,,pr ,,pr#b2 ! ?ird g5]ation />ts ) ,,pr ,,pr#b1 adds ,,pr#c & ends ) ,,pr ,,pr#b ,,pr#c2 & s on & on2 ! ga9 made 9 ! ,t? g5]ation is ,,pr,t2 ! total ga9 made 9 ,t g5]ations is ,,pr ,,pr#b ,,pr#c 444 ,,pr,t2 ?is total ga9 is giv5 by ! =mula1 ,total ga9 9 ,t g5]ations 7,r ,r-#a7 7,,prt-,p74 ,if we take ,r to be #b 7:i* is a v small ratio1 requir+ ! progress ( ea* g5]ation to be m]ely d\ble t ( ! prec$+ "o7 & if we take ,t to be 7say7 #aj1 !n we see t ! progress made by ! s+le #aj? g5]ation is ,p #baj1 :i* is #ajbd times ! progress made 9 ! 8fir/0 g5]ation2 & we readily compute t ! total ga9 9 #aj g5]ations is #bjdf times ! progress made 9 ! 8fir/0 g5]ation4 ,moreov]1 to ga9 a j s5se ( ! impressiv5ess ( ?is law1 ! read] mu/ reflect ^u ! fact t x op]ates1 n m]ely on "o field1 b 9 all fields ( human int]e/4 8,op]ates 9 all fields0 ,i h j n[ said2 z a matt] ( fact1 z be=e po9t$ out1 x does n s op]ate n[ 9 all fields nor has x ev] done s4 ,my po9t is t x w s op]ate :5 we once acquire s5se en\gh to let x d s4 ,t s5se we %all h :5 & only :5 we discov] t by nature we are "t-b9d]s & t ! effectiv5ess ( our "t-b9d+ capacity is n only a function ( "t b is1 z ,i h expla9$1 a log>i?mic or expon5tial function ( "t--a function 9 :i* "t 7,t7 ent]s z an expon5t1 z 9 ! expression ,,pr,t1 s t we humans are1 unlike animals1 naturally qualifi$ n only to progress1 b to progress m & m rapidly1 ) an always accel]at+ accel]ation1 z ! g5]ations pass4 ,?is great fact is to be at once ! basis1 ! regulator & guide 9 ! sci5ce & art ( ,human ,eng9e]+4 ,:atev] squ>es ) t law ( "t-b9d+ human en]gy1 is "r & makes = human weal2 :atev] contrav5es x1 is wrong & makes = human woe4 ,& s ,i repeat t ! _w w h un9t]rupt$1 peaceful progress :5 & only :5 ! s-call$ social 8sci5ces0--! life-regulat+ 8sci5ces0 ( e?ics1 law1 philosophy1 economics1 religion1 politics1 & gov]nm5t--are te*nologiz$2 :5 & only :5 !y are made g5u9ely sci5tific 9 _s & me?od2 = !n & only !n w !y advance1 l ! natural1 ma!matical & te*nological sci5ces1 9 con=mity to ! fundam5tal expon5tial law ( ! "t-b9d+ nature ( man2 !n & !n only1 by ! equal pace ( progress 9 all c>d9al matt]s1 ! equilibrium ( social in/itutions w rema9 /able & social cataclysms cease4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,weal? ,i beg ! read] to all[ me to beg9 ?is *apt] ) a ^w ( w>n+4 ,! read] is aw>e t ,criticism--by :i* ,i mean ,?\ght--may be any "o ( ?ree k9ds3 x may be purely de/ructive2 x may be purely con/ructive2 or x may be bo? de/ructive & con/ructive at ! same "t4 ,purely de/ructive criticism is sometimes highly useful4 ,if an old idea or a sy/em ( old ideas be false & !re=e h>mful1 x is a g5u9e s]vice to attack x & de/roy x ev5 if no?+ be (f]$ to take its place1 j z x is good to de/roy a rattlesnake lurk+ by a human pa?way1 ev5 if "o does n (f] a sub/itute = ! snake4 ,b1 h[ev] useful de/ructive criticism may be1 x is n an easy s]vice to r5d]2 = old ideas1 h[ev] false & h>mful1 are protect$ alike by habit & by ! inborn cons]vatism ( _m m9ds4 ,n[1 habit inde$ is exce$+ly useful--ev5 indisp5sable to ! effective conduct ( life--= x enables u to d _m useful ?+s automatically & !re=e easily1 )\t consci\s ?9k+1 & ?us to save our m5tal en]gy = o!r "w2 b = ! same reason1 habit is (t5 v h>mful2 x makes u protect false ideas automatically1 & s :5 ! de/ructive critic endeavors to de/roy su* ideas by reason+ ) u1 he f9ds t he is try+ to reason ) automats--) ma*9es4 ,su* is ! *ief difficulty enc\nt]$ by de/ructive criticism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 purely con/ructive criticism--purely con/ructive ?\ght--consi/s 9 introduc+ new ideas ( a k9d t d n cla%1 or d n seem to cla%1 ) old ones4 ,is su* criticism or ?\ght easy8 ,f> f x4 ,x has difficulties ( its own4 ,^! are ( two v>ieties3 ! difficulty ( %[+ p :o are cont5t ) _! pres5t /ock ( old ideas t ! new ones are int]e/+ or important2 & ! great difficulty ( mak+ new ideas cle> & intelligible1 = ! art ( be+ cle> & p]fectly intelligible is v1 v h>d to acquire & to practise4 ,! ?ird k9d ( criticism--! ?ird k9d ( ?\ght--! k9d t is at once bo? de/ructive & con/ructive--has a d\ble aim--t ( de/roy+ old ideas t are false & t ( replac+ !m ) new ideas t are true2 & s ! ?ird k9d ( criticism or ?\ght is ! mo/ difficult ( all1 = x has to ov]come bo? ! difficulty ( de/ructive criticism & t ( con/ructive ?\ght4 ,! read]1 !re=e1 if he w be good en\gh to reflect a little ^u ! matt]1 c n fail to appreciate ! trem5d\s difficulties :i* beset ! writ+ ( ?is little book1 = he mu/ p]ceive1 n only t ! "w belongs to ! ?ird k9d ( critical ?\ght1 b--:at is mu* m--! errors x aims to de/roy are fundam5tal1 _w-wide & old1 :ile ! true ideas x seeks to sub/itute = !m are fundam5tal & new4 ,?is great difficulty1 felt at e /age ( ?is writ+1 is1 = a reason to be pres5tly expla9$1 greatly enhanc$ & felt ) especial ke5ness 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,i !re=e beg ! read] to give me "h v special coop]ation--! coop]ation ( op5-m9d$ness1 c&or & critical att5tion4 ,x is ess5tial to keep 9 m9d ! nature ( our ent]prise z a :ole1 :i* is t ( po9t+ ! way to ! sci5ce & art ( ,human ,eng9e]+ & lay+ ! f\ndations !re(2 we h se5 ,human ,eng9e]+1 :5 develop$1 is to be ! sci5ce & art ( s direct+ human en]gies & capacities z to make !m contribute mo/ effectively to ! advancem5t ( human welf>e2 we h se5 t ?is sci5ce & art mu/ h its basis 9 a true conception ( human nature--a j conception ( :at ,man really is & ( 8 natural place 9 ! complex ( ! _w2 we h se5 t ! ages-old & /ill curr5t conceptions ( man--zoological & my?ological conceptions1 accord+ to :i* human be+s are ei!r animals or else hybrids ( animals & gods--are ma9ly responsible = ! dismal ?+s 9 human hi/ory2 we h se5 t man1 f> f be+ an animal or a comp\nd ( natural & sup]natural1 is a p]fectly natural be+ *>act]iz$ by a c]ta9 capacity or p[]--! capacity or p[] to b9d "t2 we h se5 t humanity is1 !re=e1 to be rightly conceiv$ & sci5tifically def9$ z ! "t-b9d+ class ( life2 we h se5 t1 !re=e1 ! laws ( "t-b9d+ en]gies & "t-b9d+ ph5om5a are ! laws ( human nature2 we h se5 t ?is conception ( man--:i* mu/ be ! basic concept1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple & ! p]petual guide & regulator ( ,human ,eng9e]+--is b\nd to "w a pr(\nd trans=mation 9 all our views on human affairs &1 9 p>ticul>1 mu/ radically alt] ! s-call$ social 8sci5ces0--! life-regulat+ 8sci5ces0 ( e?ics1 sociology1 economics1 politics & gov]nm5t--advanc+ !m f _! pres5t e/ate ( pseudo sci5ces to ! level ( g5u9e sci5ces & te*nologiz+ !m = ! effective s]vice ( mank9d4 ,i call !m 8life-regulat+10 n because !y play a m important "p 9 human affairs ?an d ! g5u9e sci5ces ( ma!matics1 physics1 *emi/ry1 a/ronomy & biology1 = !y are n m important ?an ^!1 b because !y are1 s to say1 clos]1 m imm$iate & m obvi\s 9 _! influ5ce & effects4 ,^! life-regulat+ sci5ces are1 ( c\rse1 n indep5d5t2 !y dep5d ultimately ^u ! g5u9e sci5ces = mu* ( _! p[] & ought to g to !m = light & guidance2 b :at ,i mean "h by say+ !y are n indep5d5t is t !y are dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r1 int]p5etrat+ & int]lock+ 9 innum]able ways4 ,to %[ 9 detail h[ ! s-call$ sci5ces w h to be trans=m$ to make !m accord ) ! "r conception ( man & qualify !m = _! prop] bus9ess w ev5tually require a l>ge volume or inde$ volumes4 ,9 ?is introductory "w ,i _c deal fully ) "o ( ^? 8sci5ces0 nor 9 suitable outl9e ) ea* ( !m sep>ately4 ,i mu/ be cont5t "h to deal1 v briefly1 ) "o ( !m by way ( illu/ration & sugge/ion4 ,:i* "o %all x be8 ,n[ among ^! life-regulat+ 8sci5ces0 !re is "o specially m>k$ by ! importance ( its subject1 by its c5tral relation to ! o!rs & by its prom95ce 9 ! public m9d4 ,i mean ,economics--! 8dismal sci5ce0 ( ,political ,economy4 ,= t reason ,i h *os5 to deal ) economics4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] ,i %all discuss ?ree ( its pr9cipal t]ms--,weal?1 ,capital & ,money--) a view to %[+ t ! curr5t mean+s & int]pretations ( ^! famili> t]ms mu/ be v greatly deep5$1 enl>g$ & elevat$ if !y are to accord ) facts & laws ( human nature & if ! s-call$ 8sci5ce0 :i* employs !m is to become a g5u9e sci5ce prop]ly qualifi$ to be a bran* ( ,human ,eng9e]+4 ,x is to be %[n t ! mean+s curr5tly atta*$ by political economi/s & o!rs to ! t]ms 9 "q belong to :at ,i h call$ ! p]iod ( humanity's *ildhood2 & x is to be %[n t ! new mean+s :i* ! t]ms mu/ receive belong to ! p]iod ( humanity's manhood4 ,x w be se5 t ! new mean+s diff] s radically f ! old ones z to make x desirable = ! sake ( cl>ity to give ! new mean+s new names4 ,b ?is1 h[ev] sci5tifically desirable1 is impracticable because ! old t]ms--weal?1 capital1 money--are s deeply imb$d$ 9 ! spee* ( ! _w4 ,& "h comes into view ! v special difficulty allud$ to above & :i* l$ me to reque/ ! read]'s special coop]ation 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! difficulty is n m]ely t ( de/roy+ old ideas t are false2 x is n m]ely t ( replac+ !m ) true ideas t are new2 x is t ( caus+ p habitually to associate mean+s t are new & true ) t]ms associat$ s long1 s univ]sally1 s uni=mly ) mean+s t are false4 ,! secret ( philosophy1 said ,leibnitz1 is to treat famili> ?+s z unfamili>4 ,by ! secret ( 8philosophy0 ,leibnitz meant ! secret ( :at we call sci5ce4 ,let u apply ?is :olesome maxim 9 our pres5t /udy2 let u1 9 s f> z we c1 reg>d ! famili> t]ms--weal?1 capital & money--z unfamili>2 let u deal ) !m afre%2 let u exam9e op5m9d$ly ! facts--! ph5om5a--to :i* ! t]ms relate & asc]ta9 sci5tifically ! significance ! t]ms mu/ h 9 a g5u9e sci5ce ( human economy4 ,exam9e 8! facts0 ,i say--exam9e 8! ph5om5a0--= b5d+ facts to !ories is a vital dang]1 :ile b5d+ !ories to facts is ess5tial to sci5ce & ! peaceful progress ( society4 ,human be+s h always _h "s s5se ( values--"s p]ception or cognition ( values4 ,9 ord] to express or measure values1 x 0 necess>y to introduce units ( measure1 or units ( ex*ange4 ,p began to measure values by means ( agricultural & o!r products1 su* z cattle1 = example4 ,! ,lat9 ^w = cattle 0 pecus1 & ! ^w pecunia1 :i* came to signify money1 acc\nts = ! mean+ ( our famili> ^w pecuni>y4 ,! e>lie/ units = measur+ became unsuit$ to ! increas+ ne$s ( gr[+ trade1 8bus9ess10 or traffic4 ,f9ally a unit call$ money 0 adopt$ 9 :i* ! base 0 ! value ( "s weight ( gold4 ,?us we see t money came to mean simply ! accept$ unit = measur+1 repres5t+ & express+ values ( & 9 weal?4 ,b :at is weal?8 ,i h said t ! old conceptions ( weal?1 capital & money--! conceptions t are /ill curr5t ?r\gh\t ! _w--belong to ! p]iod ( humanity's *ildhood--!y are *ildi% conceptions4 ,i h said t !y mu/ be replac$ by sci5tific conceptions--by conceptions fit = humanity's manhood4 ,! *ange t mu/ be made 9 our conceptions ( ! great t]ms is trem5d\s4 ,x is necess>y to analyse ! curr5t conceptions ( weal?1 capital1 & money--! *ildi% conceptions ( !m--9 ord] to reveal _! fals5ess1 /upidity & folly4 ,to d ?is we mu/ ent] ! field ( ,political ,economy--a field beset ) peculi> difficulties & dang]s4 ,all ! ,furies ( private int]e/s are involv$4 ,"o ga9s ! impression t !re is little or no real desire to ga9 a true conception--a sci5tific conception--( weal?4 ,ev]ybody seems to pref] an emotional def9ition--a def9ition t suits 8 p]sonal love ( weal? or 8 hatr$ ( x4 ,_m def9itions ( weal?1 capital & money are to be f\nd 9 mod]n books ( political economy--def9itions & books belong+ to humanity's *ildhood4 ,= ! purpose ( ?is writ+ !y all ( !m look alike--!y suffici5tly agree--!y are all ( !m *ildi%4 ,mill1 = example1 tells u t weal? consi/s ( 8useful or agreeable ?+s :i* possess ex*angeable value40 ,( capital "o ( ! simple/ def9itions is ?is3 8,capital is t "p ( weal? :i* is devot$ to obta9+ fur!r weal?40 7,alfr$ ,m>%all1 ,economics ( ,indu/ry47 ,walk] 79 8 ,money1 ,trade & ,indu/ry7 def9es money z foll[s3 8,money is t :i* passes freely f h& to h& ?r\gh\t ! community 9 f9al dis*>ge ( debts & full paym5t = commodities1 be+ accept$ equally )\t ref]5ce to ! "* or cr$it ( ! p]son :o (f]s x1 & )\t ! int5tion ( ! p]son :o receives x to consume x1 or to enjoy x1 or apply x to any o!r use ?an1 9 turn1 to t5d] x to o!rs 9 dis*>ge ( debts or full paym5t = commodities40 ,political economy has _m diff]5t s*ools ( ?\ght & me?ods ( classification4 ,its reason+s are ma9ly speculative1 metaphysical1 & legali/ic2 its e?ics is zoological e?ics1 bas$ on ! zoological conception ( man z an animal4 ,! elem5ts ( natural logic & natural e?ics are abs5t4 ,! sophi/icat$ ideas ab\t ! subject ( political economy1 bluntly d n correspond to facts4 ,our primitive =efa!r 9 ! jungle w\ld h di$ f hung]1 cold1 heat1 blood poison+ or ! attacks ( wild animals1 if he _h n us$ 8 bra9 & muscles to take "s /one or a piece ( wood to knock d[n fruit f trees1 to kill an animal1 s z to use 8 hide = clo!s & 8 meat = food1 or to break wood & trees = a %elt] & to make "s weapons = def5se & hunt+4 8,9 ! fir/ /one :i* he 7! savage7 fl+s at ! wild animal he pursues1 9 ! fir/ /ick t he seizes to /rike d[n ! fruit :i* hangs above 8 rea*1 we see ! appropriation ( "o article = ! purpose ( aid+ 9 ! acquisition ( ano!r & ?us we discov] ! orig9 ( capital40 7,r4 ,torr5s1 ,an ,essay on ! ,production ( ,weal?47 ,our primitive =efa!r's fir/ acqua9tance ) fire 0 probably ?r\gh lightn+2 he discov]$1 probably by *ance1 ! possibility ( mak+ fire by rubb+ toge!r two pieces ( wood & by /rik+ toge!r two pieces ( /one2 he e/abli%$ "o ( ! fir/ facts 9 te*nology2 he felt ! w>m effect ( fire & also ! good effect ( broil+ 8 food by f9d+ "s roa/$ animals 9 a fire4 ,?us nature reveal$ to him "o ( its great gifts1 ! /or$-up en]gy ( ! sun 9 vegetation & its primitive b5eficial use4 ,he 0 already a "t-b9d+ be+2 evolution _h br\ght him to t level4 ,be+ a product ( nature1 he 0 reflect+ ^? natural laws t belong to 8 class ( life2 he _h ceas$ to be /atic--he _h become dynamic--progressiv5ess _h got into 8 blood--he 0 above ! e/ate ( animals4 ,we also obs]ve t primitive man produc$ commodities1 acquir$ exp]i5ces1 made obs]vations1 & t "s ( ! produc$ commodities _h a use-value = o!r p & rema9$ good = use1 ev5 aft] 8 dea?4 ,! produc$ commodities 7 compos$ ( raw mat]ial1 freely suppli$ by nature1 comb9$ ) "s m5tal "w :i* gave him ! conception ( h[ to make & to use ! object1 & "s "w on 8 "p :i* f9ally %ap$ ! ?+2 all ( ?is m5tal & manual "w consum$ an am\nt ( "t4 ,x is obvi\s t all ( ^! elem5ts are indisp5sable to produce any?+ ( any value1 or ( any use-value4 ,8 *ild n only directly receiv$ "s ( ! use-values produc$ by him1 b 0 initiat$ into all ( 8 exp]i5ces & obs]vations4 7,z we "k1 p[]1 z def9$ 9 me*anics1 means ! ratio ( "w done to ! "t us$ 9 do+ x47 ,all ^? ?+s are "t-b9d+ ph5om5a produc$ by ! "t-b9d+ capacity ( man2 b man has n kn[n t ?is capacity 0 8 def9+ m>k4 ,we mu/ notice ! /range fact t1 f ! eng9e]+ po9t ( view1 humanity1 ?\gh v develop$ 9 "s ways1 is *ildi%ly undevelop$ 9 o!rs4 ,humanity has "s conceptions ab\t dim5sions & talks ( ! _w 9 :i* we live z hav+ ?ree dim5sions2 yet ev5 9 its wilde/ imag9ation x c n picture tangibly a f\r? dim5sion2 nay1 humanity has n le>n$ to grasp ! real mean+s ( ?+s t are basic or fundam5tal4 ,all ( our conceptions are relative & comp>ative2 all ( !m are bas$ ^u matt]s :i* we d n yet und]/&2 = example1 we talk ( "t1 space1 electricity1 gravity1 & s on1 b no "o has be5 able to def9e !m 9 t]ms ( ! data ( s5sation2 nev]!less--& x is a fact ( ! greate/ importance--we le>n h[ to use _m ?+s :i* we d n fully und]/& & are n yet able to def9e4 ,9 political economy ! meagr5ess ( our und]/&+ is especially rem>kable2 we h n yet grasp$ ! obvi\s fact--a fact ( immeasurable import = all ( ! social sci5ces--t ) little exception ! weal? & capital possess$ by a giv5 g5]ation are n produc$ by its own toil b are ! inh]it$ fruit ( dead m5's toil--a free gift ( ! pa/4 ,we h yet to le>n & apply ! lesson t n only our mat]ial weal? & capital b our sci5ce & art & le>n+ & wisdom--all t goes to con/itute our civilization--7 produc$1 n by our own labor1 b by ! "t-b9d+ en]gies ( pa/ g5]ations4 ,primitive man us$ natural laws )\t kn[+ !m or und]/&+ !m1 b he 0 able to cause nature to express itself1 by f9d+ a way to release nature's /or$ up en]gy4 ,?r\gh ! "w ( 8 bra9 & its direction 9 ! use ( 8 muscles1 he f\nd t "s ( 8 appliances 7 n good2 he made bett] ones1 & ?us sl[ly at fir/1 ! progress ( humanity w5t on4 ,i w n enl>ge ^u ! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( civilization because x is told 9 _m books4 ,9 ! e>lie/ times ! religi\s1 philosophical1 legal & e?ical sy/ems _h n be5 inv5t$4 ,! morale at t "t 0 a natural morale4 ,humans knew t !y did n create nature4 ,!y did n feel x 8prop]0 to 8expropriate ! creator0 & legali/ically appropriate ! e>? & its treasure = !mselves4 ,!y felt1 9 _! unsophi/icat$ morale1 t be+ call$ into exi/5ce !y _h a natural "r to exi/ & to use freely ! gifts ( nature 9 ! pres]vation ( _! life2 & t is :at !y did4 ,aft] ! dea? ( a man1 "s ( ! objects produc$ by him /ill surviv$1 su* z weapons1 fi%+ or hunt+ in/rum5ts1 or ! caves adapt$ = liv+2 a baby _h to be n\ri%$ = "s ye>s by its p>5ts or x w\ld h di$4 ,^? facts _h important consequ5ces2 objects made by someone = "s p>ticul> use c\ld be us$ by someone else1 ev5 aft] ! dea? ( "o or m successive us]s2 aga9 ! exp]i5ces acquir$ by "o memb] ( a family or a gr\p ( p 7 taught by example or precept to o!rs ( ! same g5]ation & to ! next g5]ation4 ,su* simple facts are ! corn] /ones ( our :ole civilization & !y are ! direct result ( ! ,,human ,,capacity ,,( ,,"t-,,b9d+4 ,! _w to-day is full ( controv]sy ab\t weal?1 capital1 & money1 & because humanity1 ?r\gh its peculi> "t-b9d+ p[]1 b9ds ?is elem5t 8"t0 9 an ev] l>g] & l>g] degree1 ! controv]sy becomes m & m acute4 ,civilization z a process is ! process ( b9d+ "t2 progress is made by ! fact t ea* g5]ation adds to ! mat]ial & spiritual weal? :i* x inh]its4 ,pa/ a*ievem5ts--! fruit ( bygone "t--?us live 9 ! pres5t1 are augm5t$ 9 ! pres5t1 & transmitt$ to ! future2 ! process goes on2 "t1 ! ess5tial elem5t1 is s involv$ t1 ?\gh x increases ari?metically1 its fruit1 civilization1 advances geometrically4 ,b !re is ano!r peculi>ity 9 weal? & money3 ,if a wood5 or iron 8in*0 be all[$ to rot or ru/ quietly on "s %elf1 ?is 8in*0 does n repres5t any?+ besides ?is piece ( wood or iron4 ,b if we take ! ,,m5tal value ( an in*1 ?is unit ( "o ( ! measures ( space1 & use x1 ) o!r quantities1 9 ! contemplation ( ! skies = ! solv+ ( an a/ronomical problem1 x gives a prophetic answ] t1 9 a c]ta9 place !re is a />2 ?is />1 may be = ye>s look$ = 9 va94 ,0 x t ! calculation 0 wrong8 ,no1 = aft] fur!r se>* ) telescopes ( great] p[]1 ! /> is f\nd & ! calculation ?us v]ifi$4 ,x is obvi\s t ! 8unit0--in*--has no value by itself1 b is v preci\s z a unit = measur+ ! ph5om5on ( l5g?1 :i* x p]fectly repres5ts1 & t is :y x 0 introduc$4 ,x is exactly ! same ) money if ! t]m be rightly und]/ood4 ,und]/ood aright1 money1 be+ ! measure & repres5tative ( weal?1 is 9 ! ma91 ! measure & ! repres5tative ( dead m5's toil2 =1 rightly und]/ood1 weal? is almo/ entirely ! product ( ! labor ( by-gone g5]ations4 ,?is product1 we h se51 involves ! elem5t ( "t z ! *ief factor4 ,& s we discov] h[ money1 prop]ly und]/ood1 is connect$ ) "t--! ma9 function ( money is to measure & repres5t ! accumulat$ products ( ! labor ( pa/ g5]ations4 ,ho>d$ money is l an iron 8in*0 ^u a %elf--a useless lump2 b :5 us$ z a measure & repres5tative ( weal? rightly und]/ood1 money r5d]s invaluable s]vice1 = x !n s]ves to measure & repres5t ! liv+ fruit ( dead m5's toil4 ,= ?is reason1 x is useless to argue :o is ! m important1 ! capitali/ :o has legal possession ( mo/ ( ! mat]ial fruit ( dead m5's toil1 or ! labor] :o has legal possession ( b little ( x4 ,9 ! labor]1 we d n n[ really look = 8 physical muscul> labor ,,alone2 = ?is is replac$ by me*anical or animal p[] z soon z x c be4 ,:at we d ne$ f labor1 & :at we w always ne$1 is 8 ,,bra9--,,8 ,,"t-,,b9d+ ,,p[]4 ,! population ( ! _w may be divid$ into diff]5t classes2 if ! classes are n "h enum]at$ 9 ! cu/om>y way1 x is because x is necess>y to classify human be+s1 z ne>ly z possible accord+ to _! 8p[]-value40 ,!re is no ass]tion t ?is is an ideal classification1 b if someone is mov$ to exclaim--8:at a fooli%1 unsci5tific division60--,i w answ] by say+3 8,i grant t ! division is fooli% & unsci5tific2 b ,,x ,,is ,,! ,,only ,,division ,,:i* ,,corresponds ,,to ,,facts ,,9 ,,life1 & x is n ! writ]'s fault4 ,by ?is #8fooli%ness' "s good may be accompli%$40 ,f an eng9e]'s po9t ( view humanity is app>5tly to be divid$ into ?ree classes2 7#a7 ! intellectuals2 7#b7 ! ri*2 & 7#c7 ! poor4 ,?is division w\ld seem to be contr>y to all ! rules ( logic1 b x corresponds to facts4 ,( c\rse "s individuals belong to two ( ! classes or ev5 to all ?ree ( !m1 an aft]-w> product1 b ess5tially1 !y belong to ! "o class 9 proportion to ! *>act]i/ic :i* is ! mo/ m>k$ 9 _! life2 t is1 9 ! s5se ( social classes--,,bas$ ,,on ,,magnitude ,,( ,,values4 7#a7 ,! intellectuals are ! m5 & wom5 :o possess ! k produc$ by ! labor ( by-gone g5]ations b d n possess ! mat]ial weal? ?us produc$4 ,9 ma/]+ & us+ ?is inh]itance ( k1 !y are ex]cis+ _! "t-b9d+ en]gies & mak+ ! labor ( ! dead live 9 ! pres5t & = ! future4 7#b7 ,! ri* are ^? :o h possession & control ( mo/ ( ! mat]ial weal? produc$ by ! toil ( bygone g5]ations--weal? t is dead unless animat$ & trans=m$ by ! "t-b9d+ labor ( ! liv+4 7#c7 ,! poor are ^? :o h nei!r ! k possess$ by ! intellectuals nor ! mat]ial weal? possess$ by ! ri* & :o1 moreov]1 because ne>ly all _! ef=ts1 "u pres5t conditions1 are limit$ to ! /ruggle = m]e exi/5ce1 h little or no opportunity to ex]cise _! "t-b9d+ capacity4 ,let u n[ try to asc]ta9 ! rle ( ! "t-b9d+ class ( life z a :ole4 ,we h by necessity1 to g back to ! beg9n+--back to ! savage4 ,we h se5 :at 7 ! conditions ( 8 "w & progress2 we saw t = ea* successful a*ievem5t he (t5 _h to wre/le ) a v l>ge numb] ( unsuccessful a*ievem5ts1 & 8 lifetime be+ s limit$1 ! total ( 8 successful a*ievem5ts 0 v limit$1 s t he 0 able to give to 8 *ild only a few useful objects & ! sum ( 8 exp]i5ce4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ea* successor did n />t 8 life at ! po9t :]e 8 fa!r />t$2 he />t$ some:]e ne> :]e 8 fa!r left (f4 ,8 fa!r gave1 say1 fifty ye>s to discov] two tru?s 9 nature & succe$$ 9 mak+ two or ?ree simple objects2 b ! son does n ne$ to give fifty ye>s to discov] & create ! same a*ievem5ts1 & s he has "t to a*ieve some?+ new4 ,he ?us adds 8 own a*ievem5ts to ^? ( 8 fa!r 9 tools & exp]i5ce2 ?is is ! ma!matical equival5t ( add+ 8 p>5t's ye>s ( life to 8 own4 ,8 "m's "w & exp]i5ce are ( c\rse includ$--! "n fa!r & son be+ only us$ repres5tatively4 ,?is /up5d\s fact is ! def9itive m>k ( humanity--! p[] to roll up cont9u\sly ! ev]-increas+ a*ievem5ts ( g5]ation aft] g5]ation endlessly4 ,we h se5 t ?is "t-b9d+ p[] is an expon5tial p[] or function ( "t4 ,"t fl[s on1 increas+ 9 ari?metical progression1 add+ g5]ation unto g5]ation2 b ! results ( human en]gies work+ 9 "t d n g on ari?metically2 !y pile up or roll up m & m rapidly1 augm5t+ 9 accordance ) ! law ( a m & m rapidly increas+ geometric progression4 ,! typical t]m ( ! progression is ,,pr,t :]e ,,pr d5otes ! end+ progress made 9 ! g5]ation ) :i* we agree to />t our reckon+1 ,r d5otes ! ratio increase1 & ,t d5otes ! numb] ( g5]ations aft] ! *os5 8/>t40 ,! quantity1 ,,pr,t ( progress made 9 ! ,t? g5]ation conta9s ,t z an expon5t1 & s ! quantity1 v>y+ z "t ,t passes1 is call$ an expon5tial function ( ! "t4 ,nature is ! s\rce ( all en]gy4 ,plants1 ! l[e/ =m ( life1 h a def9ite rle to p]=m 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,_! function is ! =m+ ( album9oids & o!r sub/ances = high] purposes4 ,all ( _! nitrates are high-explosives1 or l[ explosives1 b explosives anyway4 ,!y are p[]ful s\rces ( "s new en]gy4 ,animal life uses ^! 8explosives0 z food & is correspond+ly m dynamic1 b 9 animal life "t does n play ! rle x plays 9 human life4 ,animals are limit$ by dea? p]man5tly4 ,if animals make any progress f g5]ation to g5]ation1 x is s small z to be negligible4 ,a beav]1 = example1 is a rem>kable build] ( dams1 b he does n progress 9 ! way ( inv5tions or fur!r developm5t4 ,a beav] dam is always a beav] dam4 ,f9ally humanity1 ! highe/ kn[n class ( life1 has "t-b9d+ capacity z its *>act]i/ic1 its discrim9ant1 its peculi> & def9itive m>k4 ,x is an unrealiz$ fact t 9 ?is high] class ( life1 ! law ( organic gr[? develops into ! law ( en]gy-gr[?--! m9d--! "t-b9d+ en]gy--an increas+ expon5tial function ( "t4 ,t fact is ( basic importance = ! sci5ce & art ( ,human ,eng9e]+4 ,9 me*anics we h ! well-kn[n =mula 7#a7 ,"w ,"t ,p[]4 ,we h se5 t1 9 accordance ) ! law ( geometric progression1 ,,pr,t repres5ts ! progress made--! "w done--9 ! ,t? g5]ation 7,t be+ c\nt$ f "s g5]ation tak5 z />t+ po9t ( reckon+72 ?is progress1 a*ievem5t1 or "w1 be+ done 9 "o g5]ation1 we h by 7#a7 7#b7 7 ,"w ,,prt 7 _/ 7 ,"t #a7 ,p[]1 t is1 ,,pr,t ,p[]2 ?is means t ! numb] ,,pr,t1 :i* measures ! "w done 9 a giv5 g5]ation1 is also ! measure ( ! p[] t does ! "w4 ,n[1 ! total "w1 ,w1 done 9 ! ,t g5]ations is 7#c7 ,w ,,pr#a ,,pr#b ,,pr#c 444 ,,pr,t2 t is1 7#d7 ,w ,r 7,r-#a7 7,,pr,t - ,p7 ,x %\ld be notic$ t by 7#b7 ?is expression = ,w may also be reg>d$ z ! sum ( ,t diff]5t p[]s ,,pr1 ,,pr#b1 etc41 ea* work+ dur+ "o & only "o g5]ation2 if we divid$ ?is sum by ,t1 ! quoti5t w\ld be a p[] t w\ld h to act ?r\gh ,t g5]ations to produce ,w4 ,! read] %\ld n fail to notice v c>efully t ! expression 7#d7 = ,w is an expression = ! total progress made--! total "w done--! total weal? produc$--9 ! c\rse ( ,t g5]ations & he %\ld especially note h[ ! expression involves ! expon5tial function ( "t 7,t71 namely ,,pr,t4 ,! =mula makes ma!matically evid5t ! "t-b9d+ capacity *>act]i/ic ( ! human class ( life4 ,prop]ly und]/ood1 weal? consi/s ( ! fruits or products ( ?is "t-b9d+ capacity ( man4 ,animals d n produce weal?2 x is produc$ by ,man & only ,man4 ,! =ego+ basic =mulation %\ld lead to fur!r simil> developm5ts ?r[+ mu* light ^u ! process ( civilization & s]v+ to elim9ate private op9ion f ! conduct ( human affairs4 7,9 ?is writ+ x is n important to look deep] into ^! propos$ s]ies4 ,! fact rema9s t ,p1 z well z ,r1 are peculi>ly increas+ s]ies ( a geometrical "*--! precise =m w be develop$ 9 ano!r writ+47 ,human a*ievem5ts & progress1 because cumulative1 are knock+ out ! b>ri]s ( "t4 ,?is fact is ! vital & dynamic diff]5ce betwe5 animal life & human life4 ,z plants ga!r 9 & /ore up sol> en]gy into %eaves = ! use & gr[? ( animal & man--s humans are ga!r+ & b9d+ ! k ( pa/ c5turies into %eaves = ! use & developm5t ( g5]ations yet unborn4 ,we h se5 t ! t]m weal?1 rightly und]/ood1 means ! fruit ( ! "t-b9d+ "w ( humanity4 ,weal? is ( two k9ds3 "o is mat]ial2 ! o!r is k4 ,bo? k9ds h use-value4 ,! fir/ k9d p]i%es--! commodities compos+ x det]iorate & become useless4 ,! o!r is p]man5t 9 "*2 x is imp]i%able2 x may be lo/ or =gott5 b x does n we> out4 ,! "o is limit$ 9 "t2 ! o!r1 unlimit$ 9 "t2 ! =m] ,i call ,,pot5tial ,,use-,,value2 ! latt]1 ,,k9etic ,,use-,,value4 ,analysis w ju/ify ! names4 ,! en]gy ( a body :i* is due to its position1 is call$ pot5tial en]gy4 ,! en]gy ( a body :i* is due to its motion1 is call$ k9etic en]gy4 ,"h ! mat]ial use-value has value ?r\gh its position1 %ape & s =?2 x is immobile if n us$1 & has n ! capacity to progress4 ,m5tal use-values are n /atic b p]man5tly dynamic2 "o ?\ght1 "o discov]y1 is ! impulse to o!rs2 !y foll[ ! law ( an increas+ pot5tial function ( "t4 7,see app4 ,,ii47 ,?is is :y ^! names correspond to ! two names ( ! two m5tion$ classes ( en]gy4 ,"h ,i mu/ return to ! curr5t conceptions ( weal? & capital1 be=e cit$4 8,weal?10 we are told1 8is any useful or agreeable ?+ :i* possesses ex*angeable value40 ,& we are told t 8,capital is t "p ( weal? :i* is devot$ to obta9+ fur!r weal?40 ,i h said t su* conceptions--su* def9itions--( weal? & capital are *ildi%--!y belong to ! p]iod ( humanity's *ildhood4 ,t !y are inde$ *ildi% conceptions ! read] c n fail to see if he w reflect ^u !m & especially if he w comp>e !m ) ! sci5tific conception accord+ to :i* weal? consi/s ( ^? ?+s--:e!r !y be mat]ial commodities or =ms ( k & und]/&+--t h be5 produc$ by ! "t-b9d+ en]gies ( humanity1 & accord+ to :i* ne>ly all ! weal? ( ! _w at any giv5 "t is ! accumulat$ fruit ( ! toil ( pa/ g5]ations--! liv+ "w ( ! dead4 ,x seems unnecess>y to w>n ! read] aga9/ confus+ ! 8mak+0 ( money by hook or crook1 by trick or trade1 ) ! creat+ ( weal?1 by ! product ( labor4 ,9 call+ ! old conceptions *ildi%1 ,i d n mean t !y conta9 no elem5t ( tru? :atev]2 ,i mean t !y are %all[1 sci5tifically or spiritually meagre1 n>r[ 9 _! vision1 wrong 9 _! acc5t2 ,i especially mean t !y are dumb1 because !y are bl9d1 reg>d+ ! c5tral matt] t weal? is ! natural (fspr+ ( ,"t & ,human ,toil4 ,! old conceptions d inde$ imply t weal? & capital involve bo? pot5tial & k9etic use-values1 & 9 s f> !y are "r4 ,b h[ d su* use-values arise8 ,! pot5tial use-values 9 weal? are creat$ by human "w op]at+ 9 "t ^u raw mat]ial giv5 by nature4 ,! use-values are produc$ by "t-tak+ trans=mations ( ! raw mat]ials2 ^! trans=mations are wr\ght by human bra9 labor & human muscul> labor direct$ by ! human bra9 act+ 9 "t4 ,! k9etic use-values ( weal? are also creat$ by human toil--ma9ly by ! intellectual labor ( obs]vation1 exp]im5tation1 imag9ation1 d$uction & inv5tion1 all consum+ ! preci\s "t ( %ort human lives4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 ! creation ( use-values :e!r pot5tial or k9etic1 ! elem5t ( "t ent]s z an absolutely ess5tial factor4 ,! fundam5tal importance ( "t z a factor 9 ! production ( weal?--! fact t weal? & ! use-values ( weal? are lit]ally ! natural (fspr+ ( ! spiritual union ( "t ) toil--has be5 completely ov]look$1 n only by ! economics1 b by ! e?ics1 ! jurisprud5ce & ! o!r bran*es ( speculative reason+1 ?r\gh\t ! long p]iod ( humanity's *ildhood4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! ages !re has inde$ be5 mu* 8talk0 ab\t "t1 b !re has be5 no recognition ( ! basic significance ( "t z ess5tial 9 ! conception & 9 ! v con/itution ( human values4 ,x is (t5 said t 8,"t is ,money02 ! /atem5t is (t5 false2 b ! proposition t ,money is ,"t is always true4 ,x is always true 9 ! pr(\nd s5se t ,money is ! measure & symbol ( ,weal?--! product ( ,"t & ,toil--! cry/allization ( ! "t-b9d+ human capacity4 ,,x ,,is ,,?us ,,true ,,t ,,money ,,is ,a ,,v ,,preci\s ,,?+1 ,,! ,,measure ,,& ,,symbol ,,( ,,"w--,,9 ,,"p ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,liv+ ,,b1 ,,9 ,,! ,,ma91 ,,! ,,liv+ ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,dead4 ,nature's laws are supreme2 we _c *ange !m2 we c deviate f !m = a :ile1 b ! end is evil4 ,t is ! lesson we mu/ le>n f ! hi/ory ( ,humanity's *ildhood4 ,false conceptions ( ,man--ignorance ( ! laws ( human nature--h giv5 u unsci5tific economies1 unsci5tific e?ics1 unsci5tific law1 unsci5tific politics1 unsci5tific gov]nm5t4 ,^! h made human hi/ory ! hi/ory ( social cataclysms--insurrections1 w>s1 revolutions--sad tok5s n s mu* ( human lu/ z ( human ignorance ( ! laws ( human nature4 ,!re is b "o rem$y1 "o hope--a sci5ce & art ( ,human ,eng9e]+ bas$ ^u ! j conception ( humanity z ! "t-b9d+ class ( life & con=m+ to ! laws ( nature includ+ ! laws ( human nature4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,capitali/ic ,era ,! immortal "w done by ,desc>tes1 ,newton & ,leibnitz 0 to discov] p[]ful me?ods = ma!matics--! only fit language = express+ ! laws ( nature4 ,human ,eng9e]+ w be ! sci5ce by :i* ! great social problems w be solv$4 ,= ! fir/ "t s9ce ! fir/ day ( man1 humanity w really und]/& its own nature & /atus2 & w le>n to direct sci5tifically ! liv+ & ! non-liv+ =ces = con/ruction1 avoid+ unnecess>y de/ruction & wa/e4 ,x may seem /range b x is true t ! "t-b9d+ expon5tial p[]s1 call$ humans1 d n die--_! bodies die b _! a*ievem5ts live =ev]--a p]man5t s\rce ( p[]4 ,all ( our preci\s possessions--sci5ce1 acquir$ by exp]i5ce1 accumulat$ weal? 9 all fields ( life--are k9etic & pot5tial use-values creat$ & left by by-gone g5]ations2 !y are humanity's treasures produc$ ma9ly 9 ! pa/1 & cons]v$ = our use1 by t peculi> function or p[] ( man = ! b9d+ ( "t4 ,t ! natural tr5d ( life & ! progress ( ! developm5t ( ?is treasury is s (t5 *eck$1 turn$ f its natural c\rse1 or set back1 is due to ignorance ( human nature1 to metaphysical speculation & sophi/ry4 ,^? :o1 ) or )\t int5tion1 keep ! rate ( humanity's m5tal advancem5t d[n to t ( an ari?metic progression are ! real enemies ( society2 = !y keep ! life-regulat+ 8sci5ces0 & in/itutions f> beh9d ! gallop ( life itself4 ,! consequ5ce is p]iodic social viol5ce--w>s & revolutions4 ,let u c>ry ! analysis ( pot5tial & k9etic use-values a little fur!r4 ,all pot5tial use-values left to u by ! dead are temporal & diff] 9 utility4 ,_m pot5tial use-values are f\nd 9 museums & h v limit$ value to-day 9 practical life4 ,on ! o!r h& "s roads or wat]-ways built by ! anci5ts h use-value to-day2 & an almo/ endless li/ ( mod]n pot5tial use-values h or w h use-values = a long "t to come1 su* z build+s1 improv$ l&s1 railroad tracks1 c]ta9 ma*9es or tools2 ! use-value ( "s su* items ( mat]ial weal? w la/ = m ?an "o g5]ation4 ,k9etic use-values are p]man5t 9 _! "*1 =1 ?\gh !y may become antiquat$1 !y yet s]ve z ! f\ndation = ! developm5ts t sup]s$e !m1 & s !y cont9ue to live 9 t to :i* !y lead4 ,i w\ld draw att5tion at ?is po9t to "o ( ! mo/ important k9etic & pot5tial use-values produc$ by humanity--! inv5tion ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,?r\gh ?is inv5tion1 humanity has be5 able to avail itself1 n only ( ! liv+ fruits ( dead m5's toil1 b also ( ! inconceivably va/ am\nts ( sol> en]gy & "t b\nd up 9 ! gr[? ( vegetable life & cons]v$ = use 9 ! =m ( coal & o!r fuels ( vegetable orig94 ,?is inv5tion has revolutioniz$ our life 9 c\ntless directions4 ,to be brief1 ,i w analyse only ! mo/ sali5t effects4 ,human ,eng9e]+ has nev] exi/$ except 9 ! mo/ embryonic =m4 ,9 remote antiquity ! conception & k ( natural law 0 :olly abs5t or exce$+ly vague4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( ! /eam eng9e1 p dep5d$ ma9ly ^u human p[]s--t is1 ^u 8liv+ p[]s0--! p[]s ( liv+ m51 & ! liv+ fruits ( ! labor ( ! dead4 ,ev5 !n !re 7 manifold complications4 ,! inv5tion ( ! /eam eng9e releas$ = human use a new p[] ( trem5d\s magnitude--! /or$-up p[] ( sol> en]gy & ages ( "t4 ,b we mu/ n fail to note c>efully t we to-day are enabl$ to use ?is imm5se new p[] ( b\nd-up sol> en]gy & "t by a human inv5tion1 a product ( ! dead4 ,! full significance ( ! la/ /atem5t requires reflection4 ,! n[ dead inv5tor ( ! /eam eng9e c\ld n h produc$ 8 +5i\s inv5tion except by us+ ! liv+ p[]s ( o!r dead m5--except by us+ ! mat]ial & spiritual or m5tal weal? creat$ by ^? :o _h gone be=e4 ,9 ! inv5tor's intellectual equipm5t !re 0 actively pres5t ! k9etic use-value ( 8b\nd-up-"t10 enabl+ him to discov] ! laws ( heat1 wat]1 & /eam2 & he employ$ bo? ! pot5tial & k9etic use-values ( me*anical in/rum5ts1 me?ods ( "w1 & sci5tific k ( 8 "t & g5]ation--use-values ( weal? creat$ by ! g5ius & toil ( by-gone g5]ations4 ,?is inv5tion 0 n produc$1 let u say #fjjj ye>s ago1 because civilization 0 n !n suffici5tly advanc$3 ma!matically consid]$1 ! production ( ?is great use-value _h to await all ! accumulat$ "w ( six ?\s& ye>s ( human +5uity & human labor4 ,s1 if we *oose1 ! /eam eng9e may be consid]$ a k9etic use-value 9 :i* ! factor ( "t is equal to some?+ l #fjjj ye>s1 or let u say r\ghly #bjj g5]ations4 ,x is obvi\s t1 9 "o life "t1 ev5 a g5ius ( ! highe/ ord]1 c\ld n1 9 aborig9al conditions1 h inv5t$ & built a /eam eng9e1 :5 ev]y?+1 ev5 iron1 0 unkn[n4 ,( c\rse if ! same inv5tor c\ld h _h a life ( sev]al ?\s&s ( ye>s & c\ld h consecutively foll[$ up all ! processes1 unhamp]$ by ! prejudices ( ^? days1 & be5 able to make all ( ^! inv5tions by himself1 he w\ld repres5t 9 himself all ! progress ( civilization4 ,by ?is illu/ration we see ! pr(\nd mean+ ( ! words--! liv+ p[]s ( ! dead2 we see ! grave importance 9 human life ( ! factor ,,"t2 we behold ! significance ( ! "t-b9d+ capacity ( man4 ,! /eam eng9e is to be se5 anew1 z 9 ! ma9 ! accumulat$ production ( dead-m5's "w4 ,! life ( "o g5]ation is %ort1 & 7 x n = our human capacity to inh]it ! mat]ial & spiritual fruit ( dead m5's toil1 to augm5t x a little 9 ! brief span ( our own lives1 & to transmit x to po/]ity1 ! process ( civilization w\ld n be possible & our pres5t e/ate w\ld be t ( aborig9al man4 ,civilization is a creature1 its creator is ! "t-b9d+ p[] ( man4 ,animals h x n1 because !y belong to a l[] type or dim5sion ( life4 ,sophi/ry avails no?+ "h2 a *ild1 left 9 ! woods1 w\ld be & rema9 a savage1 mat*+ 8 wits ) gorillas4 ,he becomes a civiliz$ man only by ! accumulation (1 & acqua9tance ) dead m5's "w2 = !n & only !n c he />t :]e ! prec$+ g5]ation left (f4 ,?is capacity is peculi> to m52 ! fact c n be repeat$ too (t54 ,x is untrue to say t ,a />t$ 8 life aid$ exclusively by ! a*ievem5ts ( 7say7 8 fa!r1 = 8 fa!r's a*ievem5ts dep5d$ on ! a*ievem5ts ( 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors2 & s on all ! way back ?r\gh ! life ( humanity4 ,?is fact1 ( supreme e?ical importance1 applies to all ( u2 none ( u may speak or act z if ! mat]ial or spiritual weal? we h 7 produc$ by u2 =1 if we be n /upid1 we mu/ see t :at we call our weal?1 our civilization1 ev]y?+ we use or enjoy1 is 9 ! ma9 ! product ( ! labor ( m5 n[ dead1 "s ( !m slaves1 "s ( !m 8own]s0 ( slaves4 ,! metal spoon or ! knife :i* we use daily is a product ( ! "w ( _m g5]ations1 includ+ ^? :o discov]$ ! metal & ! use ( x1 & ! utility ( ! spoon4 ,& "h arises a mo/ important "q3 ,s9ce ! weal? ( ! _w is 9 ! ma9 ! free gift ( ! pa/--! fruit ( ! labor ( ! dead--to :om does x ( "r belong8 ,! "q c n be evad$4 ,is ! exi/+ monopoly ( ! great inh]it$ treasures produc$ by dead m5's toil a normal & natural evolution8 ,or is x an artificial /atus impos$ by ! few ^u ! _m8 ,su* is ! crux ( ! mod]n controv]sy4 ,x is g5]ally kn[n t ! inv5tion ( ! /eam eng9e & o!r combu/ion eng9es :i* release sun-p[] = me*anical use1 has revolutioniz$ ! economic sy/em2 = ! build+ ( eng9es 9 ! scale ( mod]n ne$s1 x is necess>y to conc5trate a great numb] ( liv+ m5 9 "o place1 to build factories1 to set up ma*9es us$ 9 produc+ ! eng9es1 & all ?is requires ! use ( va/ am\nts ( money4 ,t is :y ?is era is call$ ! capitali/ic era4 ,b x is necess>y to /op "h & analyse ! factors ( value 9 ! eng9e to be made & 9 ! money us$ = ! purpose ( mak+ use ( ! /or$-up en]gies ( ! sun4 ,we h f\nd t ! major "p ( ! eng9e & all factors connect$ ) its production are ! comb9$ p[] ( dead m5's labor4 ,we h f\nd t weal? or capital & its symbol1 money1 are also1 9 ! ma91 ! b\nd-up p[] ( dead m5's labor2 s t ! only way to obta9 ! b5efit 9 ! release ( sun-p[]1 is by us+ ! product ( ! toil ( ! dead4 ,x is fur!r obvi\s t only ! m5 or organizations t are able to conc5trate ! l>ge/ am\nts ( money1 repres5t+ ! "w ( ! dead1 c h ! fulle/ use ( ! /or$-up en]gies ( "t & ! anci5t sun4 ,?us ! monopoly ( ! /or$-up en]gies ( ! sun arises f monopoliz+ ! accumulat$ fruits ( dead m5's toil4 ,^! problems w1 9 ! future1 be ! conc]n ( ! sci5ce & art ( ,human ,eng9e]+4 ,let u glance briefly at ! problems f ano!r angle4 ,! p[] develop$ 9 ! combu/ion ( "o p\nd ( coal is !oretically equal to #aa1ehj1jjj foot p\nds4 ,b by our imp]fect me?ods ( utilization1 n m ?an #a1ejj1jjj foot p\nds are made available4 ,?is is ab\t ! am\nt ( physical p[] ex]t$ by a man ( ord9>y /r5g? dur+ a day's "w4 ,h5ce #cjj p\nds ( coal w repres5t ! labor ( a man = a ye>4 ,! curr5t production ( coal 9 ! _w is ab\t #ejj1jjj1jjj tons 7#aijf74 ,if we suppose t only half ( ?is coal goes = me*anical use1 ?is w give u approximately ! numb] z #a1fjj1jjj1jjj man-p[]s t are produc]s b n consum]s4 ,let u take a /ill broad] view ( res\rces2 we h approximately #a1fjj1jjj1jjj liv+ human be+s 7all c5suses available betwe5 #aijb & #aijf72 a weal? ( approximately #ceg1jjj1jjj1jjj 7,social ,progress1 #aijf1 page #bba7 :i* 9 our analysis is dead m5's "w2 & sun-p[] equal1 9 "w1 to ! "w ( our :ole liv+ population1 or equal to #a1fjj1jjj1jjj sun man-p[]s4 ,tak+1 = simplicity's sake1 #ce4gj z ! av]age liv+ exp5ses p] annum = ea* "o ( ! _w's population1 we w h3 7#a7 #a1fjj1jjj1jjj liv+ m54 7#b7 #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj liv+ man-p[]s ( ! dead4 7#c7 #a1fjj1jjj1jjj sun man-p[]s4 ,su* classification ne$s a reflection3 man is intr9sically an increas+ expon5tial p[] & always produces two use-values--! pot5tial & ! k9etic4 ,all liv+ m5 h 9 "s degree ?is type ( p[]2 !y are able to direct & use basic p[]s4 ,s we see t ?is _w is really populat$ to-day by ?ree diff]5t populations1 all ( !m dynamic & active3 to wit1 #a1fjj1jjj1jjj liv+ m52 #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj liv+ man-p[]s ( ! dead2 #a1fjj1jjj1jjj sun man-p[]s4 ,?us x is obvi\s beyond any argum5t1 t ?is additional produc+ b n consum+ population1 has be5 produc$ ma9ly by ! "w ( all our pa/ g5]ations4 ,x is said 8ma9ly0 because1 if we 7 ! fir/ g5]ation1 we w\ld be j aborig9al savages hav+ no?+ & progress+ v sl[ly4 ,! reason :y we progress v rapidly1 9 ?is /age ( civilization1 is expla9$ v cle>ly by ! ma!matical law ( a geometrical progression1 ) an ev] increas+ numb] ( t]ms1 ! magnitude ( ! t]ms increas+ m rapidly all ! "t47#aa7 ,?is fact is ! reason :y ! old unsci5tific & artificial social sy/em requires & mu/ und]go pr(\nd trans=mation4 ,human progress1 9 _m directions1 is s f> advanc$ t social in/itutions c n mu* long] cont9ue to lag s f> beh9d4 ,/atic e?ics1 /atic jurisprud5ce1 /atic economics1 & ! re/ mu/ become dynamic2 if !y d n cont9ue to progress peacefully 9 accordance ) ! law ( ! progress ( sci5ce1 !y w be =c$ by viol5t readju/m5ts1 recurr+ ) ev] increas+ frequ5cy4 ,"h we h a problem ( v high importance & enorm\s magnitude4 ,to s]ve #a1fjj1jjj1jjj liv+ m51 we h #aa1fjj1jjj1jjj dead man-p[]s & all ! sun man-p[]s--,,sev5 ,,s]vants ,,to ,,ea* ,,liv+ ,,man1 ,,woman ,,& ,,*ild includ$4 ,x looks l ! mill5nium4 ,x w\ld be s if we b us$ all ?is p[] 9 a con/ructive way1 elim9at+ wa/e & controv]sy & all ^? factors :i* hamp] production & progress4 ,! pres5t economic sy/em does n realize ev5 ! beg9n+ ( ! magnitude ( ?is tru? & ! trem5d\s results :i* are to be a*iev$ ?r\gh ! adju/m5t ( x4 ,! problem w be solv$ by ,human ,eng9e]+1 = ?is w e/abli% ! "r und]/&+ ( values & w %[ h[ to manage _w problems sci5tifically2 x w give a sci5tific f\ndation to ,political ,economy & trans=m s-call$ 8sci5tific %op managem5t0 into g5u9e 8sci5tific _w managem5t407#ab7 ,!re is a *asm betwe5 8,capital0 & 8,labor10 b nature does n "k 8,capital0 or 8,labor0 at all4 ,nature kn[s only matt]1 en]gy1 8space10 8"t10 pot5tial & k9etic use-values1 =ces 9 all _! direct & indirect expression1 ! en]gies ( liv+ m51 liv+ p[]s ( dead m51 & ! b\nd-up p[]s ( ,"t & ! anci5t ,sun4 ,nature made man an increas+ expon5tial function ( "t1 a "t-b9d]1 a p[] able to trans=m & direct basic p[]s4 ,sometimes we hypocritically l to delude ourselves1 if our delusions are agreeable--& pr(itable4 ,we call human "w 8manual labor0 & we pret5d t we ne$ ! labor] = 8 muscul> s]vice1 b :5 we ?us speak1 we are ?\ghtless1 /upid1 or ins9c]e4 ,:at we look = 9 ! work] is 8 control ( 8 muscles2 me*anical "w is or c be replac$ almo/ entirely by ma*9]y4 ,:at we w nev] be able to replace by ma*9]y is a ,man1 because man belongs to ! level ( a dim5sion above ma*9]y4 ,eng9e-p[]1 sun man-p[]1 & capital--ma9ly ! "w ( ! dead--are inanimate2 !y become productive only :5 quick5$ by ! "t-b9d+ en]gies ( liv+ m5 & wom54 ,!n only are ! results proportional to ! ev] gr[+ magnitude ( expon5tial p[]4 ,9 nature's economy ! "t-b9d]s are ! intellig5t =ces4 ,!re is none else kn[n to u1 & f ! eng9e]'s po9t ( view1 ,edison & ! simple/ labor]1 ,smi? or ,jones1 are basically ! same2 _! p[]s or capacities are expon5tial1 &1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 degree1 are ! same 9 k9d4 ,?is may seem optimi/ic b all eng9e]s are optimi/s4 ,!y deal only ) fact & tru?4 ,if !y make mi/akes1 if _! bridges break d[n1 !n1 no matt] h[ clev] _! sophi/ry1 !y are adjudg$ crim9al4 ,l sev]ity mu/ be made ! rule & practice t[>d all ^? :o control ! in/itutions & great affairs ( human society4 ,p]iodical break-d[ns mu/ be prev5t$4 ,! eng9e]s ( human society mu/ be held responsible1 z ! bridge eng9e] is held to-day4 ,?+s are (t5 simpl] ?an !y appe> at ! fir/ glance4 ,!re may be fire & pl5ty ( coal 9 a /ove1 yet no heat2 ! fire does n burn well2 an eng9e] w remove ! natural causes ( ob/ruction ( ! natural process2 ev5 su* a simple ?+ z ! removal ( a%es may solve ! problem4 ,x seems simple en\gh4 ,! tru? is (t5 cle> & simple1 if only x be n obscur$ & complicat$ by sophi/ry4 8,capitali/ic0 reason+ & 8,sociali/ic0 reason+--,nature does n "k su* ?+s4 ,nature has only "o 8reason+0 9 all its functions4 ,our falsify+ ( nature's laws makes ! controv]sy4 ,socialism exi/s z an ism because ,capitalism exi/s z an ism2 ! cla% is only an expression ( ! et]nal law ( action & reaction4 ,we are liv+ 9 a _w ( weal?1 a _w enri*$ by _m g5]ations ( dead m5's toil2 betwe5 ! lu/ ( ! "o to keep & ! lu/ ( o!rs to get1 !re is little to *oose2 su* cont5tions ( lu/ aga9/ lu/ are sub-human--animali/ic2 su* e?ics is zoological e?ics--! righte\sness ( too? & claw2 bel[ ! human dim5sions ( life1 utt]ly unwor?y ( ! creative en]gy--! "t-b9d+ capacity--( humanity4 ,socialism feels ke5ly & sees dimly t human affairs are n conduct$ 9 con=mity ) natural laws4 ,capitalism nei!r sees x nor ke5ly feels x4 ,nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r /ops to inve/igate natural laws--nature's laws--laws ( human nature--sci5tifically4 ,!y bo? ( !m use ! same speculative me?ods 9 _! argum5ts1 & !re c be no issue4 ,aga9/ "o old-fa%ion$1 speculative argum5t1 !re is always a speculative answ]4 ,!y bo? speak ab\t ! tru?1 b _! me?ods c n f9d ! tru? nor _! language express x4 ,!y speak ( 8ju/ice10 8"r0 & s =?1 n kn[+ t _! conceptions ( ^? t]ms are bas$ on a wrong und]/&+ ( values4 ,!re is "o & b "o rem$y1 & t rem$y consi/s 9 apply+ sci5tific me?od to ! /udy ( ! subject4 ,s\nd reason+1 once introduc$1 w ov]run humanity z ! fields turn gre5 9 ! spr+2 x w elim9ate ! wa/e ( en]gy 9 controv]sies2 x w attract all =ces t[>d con/ruction & ! exploitation ( nature = ! common weal4 ,!re are capitali/s & capitali/s2 !re are sociali/s & sociali/s4 ,among ! capitali/s !re are ^? :o want weal?--ma9ly ! fruit ( dead m5's toil--= !mselves4 ,among ! sociali/s !re are ^?--! or?odox sociali/s--:o seek to disp]se x4 ,! =m] d n p]ceive t ! product ( ! labor ( ! dead is itself dead if n quick5$ by ! en]gies ( liv+ m54 ,! or?odox sociali/s d n p]ceive ! trem5d\s b5efits t accrue to mank9d f ! accumulation ( weal?1 if rightly us$4 ,:e!r we be capitali/s or sociali/s or nei!r1 we mu/ le>n t to prey ^u ! treasury left by ! dead is to live1 n ! life ( a human be+1 b t ( a gh\l4 ,legali/ic title--docum5t>y own]%ip--does n alt] ! fact4 ,nei!r does lu/ = ! same4 ,:5 we h acquir$ ! j conception ( :at a human be+ is we %all get away f ! ,roman conception accord+ to :i* a human be+ is in/rum5tum vocale2 an animal1 in/rum5tum semivocale3 & a tool1 in/rum5tum mutum4 ,to reg>d human be+s z tools--z in/rum5ts--= ! use ( o!r human be+s is n only unsci5tific b x is repugnant1 /upid & %ort sight$4 ,tools are made by man b h n ! autonomy ( _! mak]--!y h n man's "t-b9d+ capacity = initiation1 = self-direction1 & self-improvem5t ,9 _! own nature1 tools1 in/rum5ts1 ma*9es belong to a dim5sion f> l[] ?an t ( man4 ,talk ( dim5sions or dim5sionality is by no means !oretical rubbi%4 ,! "r und]/&+ ( dim5sions is ( life-&-dea? importance 9 practical life4 ,! int]mix+ ( dim5sions leads to wrong conclusions 9 our ?\ght & wrong conclusions lead to disa/]s4 ,consid] ! classes ( life z repres5t+ ?ree dim5sions 7z expla9$ 9 an e>li] *apt]71 !n human production belongs ess5tially to ! human or z ,i call x ! ?ird dim5sion4 ,) ! base ( 7say7 #e1 we produce 9 ! ?ird dim5sion a result ( #abe units1 & s :5 humans are paid b #be units 9 accordance ) ! /&>ds ( ! second dim5sion 7t ( animals71 humanity is depriv$ ( ! b5efit ( #ajj units ( produc$ weal?4 ,t is an illu/ration ( :at a "p dim5sions play 9 practical life4 ,! reflective read] may analyse = himself :at effect ^! same rules w\ld h1 if express$ & appli$ 9 ! human 8"t-b9d+0 dim5sion1 "t be+ ! supreme te/4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! visual %ock3 #a/ ,dim5sion #bnd ,dim5sion #crd ,dim5sion #e #be #abe #aj #ajj #a1jjj #ajj #aj1jjj #a1jjj1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj1jjj #a1jjj1jjj1jjj ,?is expla9s :y ! int]mix+ ( dim5sions is ! s\rce ( trem5d\s evil4 ,:o c n[ ass]t t ! problem ( dim5sions is "o only ( !ory8 ,x is n ev5 a "q ( limitation ( m9d1 b x becomes a "q ( limitation ( eyesight1 n to be able to see ! ov]:elm+ diff]5ces betwe5 ! laws ( developm5t ( ! fir/1 second1 & ! ?ird dim5sion4 ,doll>s1 or p\nds /]l+1 or o!r units ( money foll[ ! same rules3 ! /r5g? & 9 fact ! s\rce ( p[] ( mod]n capitalism1 is f\nd 9 j ?is diff]5ce 9 dim5sions--9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at is giv5 & :at is tak51 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at is e>n$ & :at is 8made40 ,! problem ( dim5sions is1 !re=e1 a key :i* unlocks ! secrets ( ! p[] ( capitalism & op5s ! door to a new civilization :]e ! und]/&+ ( dim5sions w e/abli% ord] out ( ! *aos4 ,we h se5 t k9etic & pot5tial use-values1 produc$ ma9ly by ! dead1 are b\nd up 9 weal?1 :i* is measur$ & symboliz$ by money4 ,?is be+ true1 x is obvi\s t money is a measure & symbol ( p[]1 ( "w done1 ( b\nd-up "t4 ,! space-b9d+ animal /&>d ( miscivilization has br\ght u to an impasse--a bl9d alley--= ! simple physical reason t !re is no m space to 8b9d40 ,practically all ! habitable l&s1 & practically all ! natural res\rces1 are already divid$ among private legali/ic own]s4 ,:at hope is !re = ! ev] increas+ population8 ,b we h ^! #a1fjj1jjj1jjj liv+ m52 #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj liv+ man-p[]s ( ! dead2 & #a1fjj1jjj1jjj sun man-p[]s3 t is inde$ a trem5d\s p[] to ,,produce ,,weal? ,,= ,,all1 ,,if ,,wisely ,,direct$1 b to-day x is ignorantly & %amefully misdirect$1 because human be+s are n treat$ 9 accordance ) _! nature z ! "t-b9d+ class ( life4 ,mu* m is to be ga9$ 9 exploit+ nature aimfully1 all ! "t1 ) a full mobilization ( our liv+1 dead1 & sun-p[]s1 ?an by exploit+ man all ! "t & nature occasionally4 ,selfi%ness & ignorance--is x ^! t prev5t full mobilization ( ! produc+ p[]s ( ! _w8 ,su* z contribute mo/ to human progress & human enlight5m5t--m5 l ,gut5b]g1 ,cop]nicus1 ,newton1 ,leibnitz1 ,watts1 ,frankl91 ,m5deleieff1 ,pa/eur1 ,sklod[ska-,curie1 ,edison1 ,/e9metz1 ,loeb1 ,dewey1 ,keys]1 ,:itehead1 ,russell1 ,po9c>1 ,william ,b5jam9 ,smi?1 ,gibbs1 ,e9/e91 & _m o!rs--consume no m bread ?an ! simple/ ( _! fell[ mortals4 ,inde$ su* m5 are (t5 9 want4 ,h[ _m a g5ius has p]i%$ in>ticulate because unable to /& ! /ra9 ( social conditions :]e animal /&>ds prevail & 8survival ( ! fitte/0 means1 n survival ( ! 8fitte/ 9 "t-b9d+ capacity10 b survival ( ! /ronge/ 9 ru?lessness & guile--9 space-b9d+ competition6 ,weal? is produc$ by ^? :o "w ) h& or bra9 & by no o!rs4 ,! great mass ( ! weal? ( ! _w has be5 ?us produc$ by g5]ations t h gone4 ,we "k t ! greate/ weal? produc]s--immeasurably ! greate/--h be5 & are sci5tific m51 discov]]s & inv5tors4 ,if an inv5tion1 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s aft] x is made1 mu/ become public prop]ty1 !n ! weal? produc$ by ! use ( ! inv5tion %\ld also become public prop]ty 9 ! c\rse ( a l p]iod ( ye>s aft] x is ?us produc$4 ,aga9/ ?is proposition no sophi/ry c avail4 ,"o ( ! greate/ p[]s ( mod]n times is ! ,press2 x comm&s ! res\rces ( space & "t2 x affects 9 a ?\s& subtle ways ! =m ( our ?\ghts4 ,x controls ! ex*ange ( news ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,un=tunately ! press is (t5 controll$ by exploit]s ( ! 8liv+ p[]s ( ! dead10 & s :at is pres5t$ z news is frequ5tly s limit$1 color$ & di/ort$ by selfi% int]e/s z to be falsehood 9 ! guise ( tru?4 ,hone/1 indep5d5t pap]s are frequ5tly />v$ by selfi% conspirators & =c$ to close d[n4 ,?us ! press1 :i* is itself ! product 9 ! ma9 ( dead m5's toil1 is made a means = ! deception & exploitation ( ! liv+4 ,inde$ ! bitt] words ( ,voltaire seem to be too true3 8,s9ce ,god creat$ man 9 8 own image1 h[ (t5 has man endeavor$ to r5d] simil> s]vice to ,god40 ,^? :o want to use su* 8,god-l0 p[]s to rule ! _w are mod]n ,n]os1 :o 9 _! wick$ness & folly fancy !mselves div9e4 ,to deceive1 & ?r\gh deception1 to exploit1 rob & subjugate liv+ m5 & wom51 & to d x by pro/itut+ ! liv+ p[]s creat$ by ! dead1 is ! "w1 ,i w n say ( m51 b ( mad m51 gre$y1 ignorant & bl9d4 ,:at is ! rem$y8 ,revolution8 ,revolution is also mad4 ,! only rem$y is enlight5m5t--k1 k ( nature1 k ( human nature1 sci5tific education1 sci5ce appli$ to all ! affairs ( man--! sci5ce & art ( ,human ,eng9e]+4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,survival ( ! ,fitte/ ,humanity is a dynamic affair1 nay1 ! mo/ dynamic kn[n1 because x is able to trans=m & direct basic p[]s4 ,:]e p[] is produc$ !re mu/ be an issue = x4 ,p[] mu/ p]=ce express itself 9 "s =m4 ,electricity produc$ 9 ! skies comes d[n 9 an (t5 disa/r\s mann]4 ,electricity1 produc$ aimfully1 runs our railroads2 j s ! enorm\s p[] produc$ by humanity mu/ be us$ aimfully1 9 a con/ructive way or x w bur/ into insurrections1 revolutions & w>s4 ,hi!rto we h be5 guid$ by ^? bottomless sci5ces hav+ only my?ological ideas ( p[]--by ideas m\ld$ by p]sonal ambitions1 p]sonal int]e/s1 or d[nright ignorance4 ,p]iodically we h _h all ! evils ( ! lack ( a common aim & sci5tific guidance4 ,p[] has be5 held by ! 8,god-giv50 or ! 8clev]e/02 seldom has ! p[] be5 giv5 to ! 8fitte/0 9 ! s5se ( ! mo/ capable 8to d40 ,^? :o speak ( ! 8survival ( ! fitte/10 z 9 ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( animals1 b>k an animal language4 ,?is rule1 be+ natural only 9 ! life ( plants & animals & appropriate only to ! l[] =ms ( physical life1 _c1 except ) pr(\nd *ange ( mean+1 be appli$ to ! "t-b9d+ class ( life1 )\t disa/]4 ,! mod]n va/ accumulation ( weal? = private purposes1 ju/ifies itself by us+ ! argum5t ( ! 8survival ( ! fitte/40 ,v well1 :]e !re is a 8survival10 !re mu/ be victims2 :]e !re are victims1 !re has be5 fight+4 ,is ?is :at ! us]s ( ?is argum5t mean8 ,l ! ,kais]1 !y talk peace & make w>4 ,?is me?od ( do+ ?+s is n 9 any way new4 ,! _w has be5 accu/om$ to x = a v long :ile4 ,p]sonally ,i believe t mo/ ( ! ma/]s ( speculative semi-sci5ces1 su* z economics1 law1 e?ics1 politics & gov]nm5t are hone/ 9 _! beliefs & speculations4 ,simply ! "r man believes 9 ! wrong ?+2 if %[n ! "r way out ( ! mess he w cease to hamp] progress2 he w be ( ! greate/ value to ! new _w built by ,human ,eng9e]s1 :]e human capacities1 expon5tial functions ( "t1 w op]ate naturally2 :]e economy1 law1 e?ics1 politics & gov]nm5t w be dynamic1 n /atic4 ,!re is a _w ( diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two words4 ,! imm$iate object ( ?is writ+ is to %[ ! way to direct+ ! "t-b9d+ p[]s ( mank9d = ! b5efit ( all4 ,human te*nology1 z an art & sci5ce1 does n yet exi/2 "s basic pr9ciples 7 requir$ z a f\ndation = su* a sci5ce4 ,especially 0 x necess>y to e/abli% a human /&>d1 & ?us make x c]ta9 & cle> t 8space-b9d]s0--! memb]s ( ! animal _w--are 8outside ( ! human law0--outside ! natural laws = ! human class ( life4 ,pres5t civilization is a v complicat$ affair2 al?\gh _m ( our social problems are v badly manag$1 sudd5 *anges c\ld n be made )\t endang]+ ! welf>e & life ( all classes ( society4 ,9 ! meantime1 *anges mu/ be made because ! _w c n proce$ mu* long] "u pre-w> conditions2 !y h be5 too well expos$ by facts = humanity to all[ itself to be bl9dly l$ aga94 ,9 ! ,_w ,w> humanity pass$ ?r\gh a trem5d\s trial & = ^? ye>s 0 "u ! /ra9 ( an ext5sive mobilization campaign4 ,! necessity ( increas+ p[] 0 manife/2 ! importance ( a common base or aim became equally manife/4 ,9 ?is case ! base1 ! common aim1 0 f\nd 9 8w> patriotism40 ,?is common base enabl$ all ! /ates to add up individual p[]s & build maximum effici5cy into a collective p[]4 ,?is expression is us$1 n only z a social tru?1 b z a kn[n ma!matical tru?4 ,^? high ideals1 :i* 7 giv5 8,urbi et orbi0 9 ?\s&s ( spee*es & 9 millions ( propag&a pap]s1 _h a mu* great] educational importance & influ5ce ?an mo/ p are aw>e (4 ,p h be5 awak5$ & h acquir$ ! ta/e = ^? high] purposes :i* 9 ! pa/ 7 available only = ! few4 ,_m old worn-out idols1 ideas & ideals h fall52 b :at is go+ to take _! place8 ,we witness an unre/ :i* w n be elim9at$ until some?+ ess5tial is done to adju/ x4 ,calm (t5 betok5s a com+ /orm4 ,! com+ /orm is n ! "w ( any 8bad man10 b x is ! inevitable consequ5ce ( a 8bad sy/em40 ,x is dang]\s to hide our heads 9 ! s&1 l an o/ri*1 & fancy we are safe4 8,survival ( ! fitte/0 9 ! commonly us$ animal s5se is n a !ory or pr9ciple = a 8"t-b9d+0 be+4 ,?is !ory is only = ! physical bodies ( animals2 its effect ^u humanity is s9i/] & degrad+ 7see ,app4 ,,ii74 ,we see ! pr9ciple at "w all ab\t u 9 crim9al exploitation & pr(ite]+4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ages-long application ( ?is animal pr9ciple to human affairs has degrad$ ! :ole human morale 9 an inconceivably f>-rea*+ way4 ,p]sonal gre$ & selfi%ness are braz5ly own$ z pr9ciples ( conduct4 ,we %rug our %\ld]s 9 acquiesc5ce & proclaim gre$ & selfi%ness to be ! v core ( human nature1 take x all = grant$1 & let x pass at t4 ,we h gone s f> 9 our degradation t ! prophet ( capitali/ic pr9ciples1 ,adam ,smi?1 9 8 fam\s ,weal? ( ,nations1 arrives at ! laws ( weal?1 n f ! ph5om5a ( weal? nor f /ati/ical /atem5ts1 b f ! ph5om5a ( selfi%ness--a fact :i* %[s h[ f>-rea*+ 9 its dire influ5ce ^u all humanity is ! !ory t human be+s are 8animals40 ,( c\rse ! effect is v disa/r\s4 ,! prec$+ *apt]s h %[n t ! !ory is false2 x is false1 n only because ( its unhappy effects1 b x belies ! *>act]i/ic nature ( man4 ,human nature1 ?is "t-b9d+ p[]1 n only has ! peculi> capacity = p]petual progress1 b x has1 ov] & above all animal prop5sities1 c]ta9 qualities con/itut+ x a di/9ctive dim5sion or type ( life4 ,n only our :ole collective life proves a love = high] ideals1 b ev5 our dead give u ! ri* h]itage1 mat]ial & spiritual1 ( all _! toils4 ,!re is no?+ my/ical ab\t x2 to call ,,su* a class a naturally selfi% class is n only nons5sical b mon/r\s4 ,?is capacity = high] ideals does n orig9ate 9 "s 8sup]natural0 outside factor2 x is n ( extrane\s orig91 x is ! expression ( ! "t-b9d+ elem5t :i* we inh]5tly possess1 indep5d5tly ( our 8w02 x is an inborn capacity--a gift ( nature4 ,we simply are made ?is way & n 9 any o!r4 ,!re is inde$ a f9e s5se 9 :i* we c1 if we *oose1 apply ! expression--survival ( ! fitte/--to ! activity ( ! "t-b9d+ en]gies ( man4 ,hav+ ! peculi> capacity to survive 9 our de$s1 we h an incl9ation to use x & we survive 9 ! de$s ( our creation2 & s !re is br\ght ab\t ! 8survival 9 "t0 ( high] & high] ideals4 ,! mom5t we consid] ,man 9 8 prop] dim5sion--active 9 ,,"t--^! ?+s become simple1 /up5d\s1 & beautiful4 8,note ! radical "* ( ! trans=mation to be effect$4 ,! _w %all no long] be beheld z an ali5 ?+1 beheld by eyes t are n its own4 ,conception ( ! :ole & by ! :ole %all embrace u z "p1 really1 lit]ally1 consci\sly1 z ! late/ t]m1 x may be1 ( an advanc+ sequ5ce ( developm5ts1 z occupy+ ! highe/ rank p]haps 9 ! ev]-asc5d+ hi]>*y ( be+1 b1 at all ev5ts1 z em]g$ & /ill em]g+ natura naturata f "s prop5sive s\rce )94 ,i grant t ! *ange 9 po9t ( view is h>d to make--old habits1 l walls ( rock1 t5d+ to conf9e ! tides ( consci\sness )9 _! accu/om$ *annels--b x c be made &1 by assidu\s ef=t1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ma9ta9$4 ,suppose x done4 ,by t reunion1 ! :ole rega9s1 :ile ! "p reta9s1 ! consci\sness ! latt] purlo9$4444 ,9 ! :ole univ]se ( ev5ts1 none is m wond]ful ?an ! bir? ( wond]1 none m curi\s ?an ! nasc5ce ( curiosity itself1 no?+ to comp>e ) ! dawn+ ( consci\sness 9 ! anci5t d>k & ! gradual ext5sion ( psy*ic life & illum9ation ?r\gh\t a cosmos t be=e _h only be54 ,an et]nity ( bl9dly act+1 trans=m+1 unconsci\s exi/5ce1 assum+ at l5g?1 ?r\gh ! bir? ( s5se & intellect1 )\t loss or break ( cont9uity1 ! abid+ =m ( fleet+ "t40 7,c4 ,j4 ,keys]1 loc4 cit47 ,x mu/ be emphasiz$ t ! developm5t ( high] ideals is due to ! natural capacity ( humanity2 ! impulse is simply "t-b9d+ impulse4 ,z we h se51 by analys+ ! functions ( ! diff]5t classes ( life1 e class ( life has an impulse to ex]cise its peculi> capacity or function4 ,nitrog5 resi/s comp\nd comb9ations & if f\nd 9 su* comb9ations x breaks away z quickly z ev] x c4 ,birds h w+s--!y fly4 ,animals h feet--!y run4 ,man has ! capacity ( "t-b9d+--he b9ds "t4 ,x does n matt] :e!r we und]/& ! v 8ess5ce0 ( ! ph5om5on or n1 any m ?an we und]/& ! 8ess5ce0 ( electricity or any o!r 8ess5ce40 ,life %[s t man has "t-b9d+ capacity z a natural gift & is naturally impell$ to use x4 ,"o ( ! be/ examples is procreation4 ,conception is a completely incompreh5sible ph5om5on 9 its 8ess5ce10 nev]!less1 hav+ ! capacity to procreate we use x )\t bo!r+ ab\t its 8ess5ce40 ,inde$ nei!r life nor sci5ce bo!rs ab\t 8ess5ces0--!y leave 8ess5ces0 to metaphysics1 :i* is nei!r life nor sci5ce4 ,x is suffici5t = our purpose t idealization is 9 fact a natural process ( "t-b9d+ human en]gy4 ,& h[ev] imp]fect e?ics has be5 ow+ to ! preval5ce ( animal /&>ds1 su* m]its z our e?ics has _h witness to ! natural pres5ce ( 8idealization0 9 "t-b9d+ human life4 8,x is ?us evid5t t ideals are n ?+s to gu% ov] or to sigh & s5tim5talize ab\t2 !y are n :at w\ld be left if t :i* is h>d 9 reality 7 tak5 away2 ideals are !mselves ! v fl9t ( reality1 beautiful no d\bt & preci\s1 )\t :i* !re w\ld be nei!r dignity nor hope nor light2 b _! aspect is n s5tim5tal & s(t2 x is h>d1 cold1 intellectual1 logical1 au/]e4 ,idealization consi/s 9 ! conception or ! intuition ( ideals & 9 ! pursuit ( !m4 ,& ideals1 ,i h said1 are ( two k9ds4 ,let u make ! di/9ction cle>]4 ,e sort ( human activity--%oe+ horses1 abdom9al surg]y1 or pa9t+ pr(iles--admits ( a peculi> type ( excell5ce4 ,no sort ( activity c escape f its own type b )9 its type x admits ( indef9ite improvem5t4 ,= ea* type !re is an ideal--a dream ( p]fection--an unatta9able limit ( an endless sequ5ce ( pot5tial ameliorations )9 ! type & on its level4 ,! dreams ( su* unatta9able p]fections are z c\ntless z ! types ( excell5ce to :i* !y respectively belong & !y toge!r con/itute ! famili> _w ( our human ideals4 ,to %>e 9 x--to feel ! lure ( p]fection 9 "o or m types ( excell5ce1 h[ev] l[ly--is to be human2 n to feel x is to be sub-human4 ,b ?is common k9d ( idealization1 ?\gh x is v important & v preci\s1 does n produce ! great ev5ts 9 ! life ( mank9d4 ,^! are produc$ by ! k9d ( idealization t corresponds to :at we h call$ 9 ! ma!matical prototype1 limit-begott5 g5]alization--a k9d ( idealization t is peculi> to creative g5ius & t1 n cont5t to pursue ideals )9 e/abli%$ types ( excell5ces1 creates new types !re( 9 sci5ce1 9 art1 9 philosophy1 9 lett]s1 9 e?ics1 9 education1 9 social ord]1 9 all ! fields & =ms ( ! spiritual life ( man40 7,quot$ f ! manuscript ( ! =?com+ book1 ,ma!matical ,philosophy1 by ,cassius ,j4 ,keys]47 8,survival ( ! fitte/0 has a diff]5t =m = diff]5t classes ( life4 ,apply+ animal /&>ds to "t-b9d+ be+s is l apply+ in*es to measur+ weight4 ,z a matt] or fact1 we _c raise "o class to a high] class1 unless we add an entirely new function to ! =m]2 we c only improve _! l[] /atus2 b if we apply ! rev]se me?od1 we c degrade human /&>ds to animal /&>ds4 ,animal /&>ds belong to a class ( life ^: capacity is n an expon5tial function ( ,"t4 ,!re is no?+ !ological or s5tim5tal 9 ?is fact2 x is a purely ma!matical tru?4 ,x is fatal to apply ! 8survival ( ! fitte/0 !ory 9 ! same s5se to two radically diff]5t classes ( life4 ,! 8survival ( ! fitte/0 = animals--= space-b9d]s--is survival 9 space1 :i* means fight+ & o!r brutal =ms ( /ruggle2 on ! o!r h&1 8survival ( ! fitte/0 = human be+s z su*--t is1 = "t-b9d]s--is survival 9 "t1 :i* means intellectual or spiritual competition1 /ruggle = excell5ce1 = mak+ ! be/ survive4 ,!-fitte/-9-"t--^? :o make ! be/ survive--are ^? :o d ! mo/ 9 produc+ values = all mank9d includ+ po/]ity4 ,?is is ! sci5tific base = natural e?ics1 & e?ics f :i* !re c be no side-/epp+1 or escape4 ,!re=e "t-b9d]s c n use 8animal0 logic )\t degrad+ !mselves f _! prop] /atus z human be+s--_! /atus z e/abli%$ by nature4 8,animal0 logic leads to 8animal0 e?ics & 8animal0 economics2 x leads inevitably to a brutaliz$ indu/rial sy/em 9 :i* cunn+ contrives to rob ! liv+ ( ! fruit ( ! dead4 ,human logic po9ts to human e?ics & human economics2 x w lead to a humaniz$ indu/rial sy/em 9 :i* competition w be competition 9 sci5ce1 9 art1 9 ju/ice3 a competition & /ruggle = ! atta9m5t ( excell5ce 9 human life4 ,! "t-b9d+ capacity1 :i* manife/s itself 9 draw+ f ! ,,pa/1 ?r\gh ! ,,pres5t = ! ,,future gives human be+s ! means ( atta9+ a preci\s k9d ( immortality2 x enables !m to fulfill ! law ( _! own class ( life & to survive ev]la/+ly 9 ! fruits ( _! toil1 a p]petual bless+ to endless g5]ations ( ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,?is is ! tru? we in/9ctively recognize :5 we call a great man 8immortal40 ,we mean t he has done de$s t survive 9 "t = ! p]petual weal ( mank9d4 ,human logic--ma!matical logic1 ! logic natural = man--w ?us %[ u t 8good0 & 8j0 & 8"r0 are to h _! significance def9$ & und]/ood entirely 9 t]ms ( human nature4 ,human nature--n animal nature--is to be ! basis & guide ( ,human ,eng9e]+4 ,?us bas$ & guid$1 ,human ,eng9e]+ w elim9ate 8wild-cat s*em]s10 gambl]s & 8politicians40 ,x w put an end to indu/rial viol5ce1 /rikes1 insurrections1 w> & revolutions4 ,! pres5t sy/em ( social life is l>gely built ^u misconceptions or misrepres5tations4 ,= all "w we ne$ ! human bra91 ! human "t-b9d+ p[]1 yet we cont9ue to call x 8h&-labor0 & treat x z su*4 ,ev5 9 me*anical sci5ce1 9 ! use ( ! t]m 8horse-p[]10 we are incorrect 9 ?is expression4 ,h[ does ?is 8horse0 look 9 reality8 ,let u analyse ?is 8horse40 ,all sci5ce1 all me*anical appliances h be5 produc$ by 8man0 & man alone4 ,ev]y?+ we possess is ! production ( ei!r dead m5's or liv+ m5's "w4 ,! enslavem5t ( ! sol> man-p[] is purely a human inv5tion 9 !ory & practice4 ,ev]y?+ we h is evid5tly !re=e a "t-b9d+ product4 ,:at p]fect nons5se to call a purely human a*ievem5t ! equival5t ( s mu* 8horse-p[]06 ,( c\rse x does n matt] ma!matically :at "n we give to a unit ( p[]2 we may call x a ,zeus or a ,zebra2 b !re is a v vici\s implication 9 us+ ! "n ( an animal to d5ote a purely human product4 ,ev]y?+ 9 our civilization 0 produc$ by ,,man2 x seems only reasonable t ?is unit ( p[] :i* is ! direct product ( ,man's "w1 %\ld be correctly nam$ aft] him4 ,! educational effect w\ld be :olesome & trem5d\s4 ,! human value 9 "w w\ld be ?us emphasiz$ aga9 & aga91 & respect = human "w w\ld be taught1 f ! beg9n+ 9 ! s*ools4 ,?is 8horse-p[]0 unit causes u to =get ! human "p 9 x & x degrades human "w to ! level ( a commodity4 ,?is is an example ( ! degrad+ influ5ce ( wrong conceptions & wrong language4 ,i said 8educational0 because ev5 our subconsci\s m9d is affect$ by ?is4 7,see ,app4 ,,ii47 ,human ,eng9e]+ w n int]f]e ) any sci5tific rese>*2 on ! contr>y1 x w promote x 9 _m ways4 ,gr[n-ups1 x is to be hop$1 w /op ! nons5se ( int]mix+ dim5sions1 = :i* we *a/ise *ildr54 ,x is ! same k9d ( blund]+ z :5 we int]mix ph5om5a--measur+ 8,god0 by human /&>ds1 or human be+s by animal /&>ds4 ,! relation%ip1 if any1 betwe5 ^! ph5om5a or ! ov]lapp+ ( diff]5t classes1 is int]e/+ & important2 b 9 /udy+ su* relation%ips ( classes1 x is fatal to mix ! classes2 = example1 if we are /udy+ ! relations betwe5 surfaces & solids1 x is fatal to mi/ake solids = surfaces2 j s1 too1 if we /upidly confuse humans ) animals4 ,9 ! reality ( life1 we are int]e/$ only 9 ! values ( ! function ( ! ph5om5a by !mselves & to arrive at "r conclusions we h to use units appropriate to ! ph5om5a4 ,! int]mix+ ( units gives u a wrong conception ( ! values ( ea* ph5om5on2 ! results ( our calculations are wrong & ! outcome is a misconception ( ! process ( human life4 ,! fact once realiz$1 we w cease apply+ animal measures to man2 ev5 !ology w ab&on ! mon/r\s habit4 ,animal units & /&>ds are to be appli$ to animals1 human /&>ds to man1 8,div9e0 /&>ds to 8,god40 ,9 ! d>k ages1 ) ! complete innoc5ce or misund]/&+ ( sci5ce1 ! 8:y0 ( ?+s 0 expla9$ by ! 8:o0 ( ?+s2 !re9 inve/igation culm9at$2 man 0 reg>d$ z homo sapi5s & homo sapi5s animal sp>k ( sup]natural2 ?is mon/r\s =mula 0 accept$ z a f9al tru?--z an answ] to ! "q3 ,:at is ,man8 ,?is type ( answ] became 9 ! h&s ( *ur* & /ate a p[]ful in/rum5t = keep+ ! p 9 subjection4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! masses to let o!rs ?9k = !m is n really a natural *>act]i/ic--q ! opposite4 ,! habit ( n ?9k+ = "o's self is ! result ( ?\s&s ( ye>s ( subjection4 ,^? 9 au?ority1 9 g5]al1 us$ _! +5uity to keep ! p f ?9k+4 ,! mo/ vital reason :y _m humans appe> to be1 & are (t5 call$1 8/upid10 is t !y h be5 spok5 to 9 a language ( speculation :i* !y in/9ctively dislike & di/ru/2 ?us !re arose ! prov]b t spee* 0 made to conceal ! tru?4 ,x is no wond] t !y appe> 8/upid10 ! wond] is t !y are n m 8/upid40 ,! tru? is t !y w be f\nd to be f> less /upid :5 address$ 9 ! natural language ( asc]ta9able fact4 ,my :ole !ory is bas$ ^u1 & is 9 h>mony )1 ! natural feel+s ( man4 ,! conceptions ,i introduce are bas$ on human nature4 ,natural language--s diff]5t f ! spee* ( metaphysical speculation--w lead to mutual und]/&+ & ! disappe>ance ( w>r+ factions4 8,discrim9ation1 z ! prov]b rightly tea*es1 is ! beg9n+ ( m9d4 ,! fir/ psy*ic product ( t initial psy*ic act is num]ical3 to discrim9ate is to produce two1 ! simple/ possible example ( multiplicity4 ,! discov]y1 or bett] ! inv5tion1 bett] /ill ! production1 be/ ( all ! creation1 ( multiplicity ) its correlate ( numb]1 is1 !re=e1 ! mo/ primitive a*ievem5t or manife/ation ( m9d4444 ,let u1 !n1 tru/ ! ari?metic in/9ct z fundam5tal &1 = in/rum5ts ( ?\ght t %all n fail1 repair at once to ! doma9 ( numb]40 7,c4 ,j4 ,keys]1 ,loc4 ,cit47 ,! ?9k+ few knew ! p[] !re is 9 8?9k+02 !y want$ to h x & to keep ! advantage ( x = !mselves2 witness ! late introduction ( public s*ools4 ,belief 9 ! inf]iority ( ! masses became ! unwritt5 law ( ! 8privileg$ classes02 x 0 =c$ ^u1 rubb$ into1 ! subconsci\s m9d ( ! masses by *ur* & /ate alike1 & 0 humbly & dumbly accept$ by ! 8l[] ord]s0 z _! 8de/9y40 ,ignorance 0 proclaim$ z a bliss4 ,z "t w5t on1 ?is 8coeffici5t ( ignorance0 became s useful to "s p & "s classes ( p t no ef=t 0 sp>$ to keep ! _w 9 ignorance4 ,x gave a legali/ic excuse to imprison1 burn & hang p = express+ an op9ion :i* ! rul+ classes did n l4 ,! elim9ation f *ur*1 f s*ool1 f univ]sities1 ( any tea*]1 any pr(essor or any m9i/] :o d>$ to exemplify or enc\rage fe>less inve/igation & fre$om ( spee* became v common4 ,x is less common 9 our g5]ation1 b !re rema9s mu* to w9 9 ! way ( fre$om4 ,fre$om1 rightly und]/ood1 is ! aim ( ,human ,eng9e]+4 ,b fre$om is n lic5se1 x is n lic5ti\sness4 ,fre$om consi/s 9 lawful liv+--9 liv+ 9 accord ) ! laws ( human nature--9 accord ) ! natural laws ( ,man4 ,a plant is free :5 x is n prev5t$ f liv+ & gr[+ accord+ to ! natural laws ( plant life2 an animal is free :5 x is n prev5t$ f liv+ accord+ to ! natural laws ( animal life2 human be+s are free :5 & only :5 !y are n prev5t$ f liv+ 9 accord ) ! natural laws ( human life4 ,i say 8:5 n prev5t$10 = human be+s w live naturally &1 !re=e1 9 fre$om1 :5 !y are n prev5t$ f ?us liv+ by ignorance ( :at human nature is & by artificial social sy/ems e/abli%$1 ma9ta9$1 & protect$ by su* ignorance4 ,human fre$om consi/s 9 ex]cis+ ! "t-b9d+ en]gies ( man 9 accordance ) ! natural laws ( su* natural en]gies4 ,human fre$om is ?us ! aim ( ,human ,eng9e]+ because ,human ,eng9e]+ is to be ! sci5ce ( human nature & ! art ( conduct+ human affairs 9 accordance ) ! laws ( human nature4 ,survival ( ! fitte/1 :]e fitte/ means /ronge/1 is a natural law = brutes1 = animals1 = ! class ( m]e space-b9d]s4 ,survival ( ! fitte/1 :]e fitte/ means be/ 9 sci5ce & art & wisdom1 is a natural law = mank9d1 ! "t-b9d+ class ( life4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,elem5ts ,( ,p[] ,9 ! ,_w ,w> ,g]many display$ trem5d\s p[]4 ,re/ra9+ our emotions z mu* z possible1 let u endeavor to analyse t p[] ) ma!matical dispassionat5ess4 ,:y did ,g]many display m p[] ?an any o!r s+le nation8 ,because 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( h] 8e?ics10 h] political sy/em1 & h] economic /ructure1 ,g]many avail$ h]self1 9 l>g] measure ?an any o!r nation1 ( sci5tific a*ievem5ts & sci5tific me?ods4 ,x is a v common1 v errone\s1 & v h>mful belief t w> 0 creat$ solely by a 8w>-"l40 ,e idea or movem5t d\btless orig9ates ) somebody b back ( su* 8orig9ations0 or initiations !re are favor+ conditions1 =ces & impulsions4 ,! /age is set by life & ! ages2 ! actor ent]s & ! %[ beg9s4 ,9 ! in/ance 9 "q1 ! /age 0 set by our :ole mod]n sy/em ( civilization4 ,! w> lords 7 ! 8,deus ex ma*9a0--! %[ 0 a real "o--a trag$y4 ,! true orig9 ( ?is w> mu/ be look$ = 9 ! economic field4 ,our economic sy/em is ! v complicat$ result ( all our cre$s1 philosophies & social cu/oms4 ,x is !re=e impossible to und]/& ! work+ ( ! economic =ces )\t und]/&+ ! f\ndation ^u :i* ?is sy/em ( =ces is bas$4 ,a %ort li/ ( works on ! subject is giv5 at ! end ( ?is book4 ,a pla9 /atem5t "h w be en\gh4 ,g]many 0 committ$ to a policy ( indef9ite indu/rial expansion4 ,?is artificial expansion _h rea*$ its limits4 ,g]many 0 on ! v]ge ( bankruptcy4 ,only a victori\s w> c\ld avoid a national cata/rophe2 %e play$ h] la/ c>d1 & lo/ despite h] gigantic p[]1 ! greate/ ev] display$ by any nation4 ,! lead+ ,european /ates 7 n able to ov]p[] h] = a long "t4 ,?is writ+ is n int5d$ z an apology = ,g]many1 mu* less to praise h] or h] w> lords4 ,g]man purposes 7 nationally n>r[ & nationally selfi% to ! root2 h] me?ods 7 inhuman b ,g]many display$ p[]2 & )\t ! und]/&+ ( p[]1 ,human ,eng9e]+ is impossible4 ,x is possibly a fault ( ! writ]'s milit>y tra9+1 b x seems to him t ! 8,g5]al ,/aff0 po9t ( view has z mu* claim to consid]ation z any o!r among ! _m diff]5t int]pretations ( hi/ory--p]haps x has m4 ,x is n ! prim>y aim ( ! g5]al /aff to 8fight10 v f> f x4 ,_! prim>y aim is 8victory0 & all ! bett] if victory be possible )\t a fight4 ,/rategy1 bra9-"w1 intellig5ce1 k ( facts--^! are ! *ief weapons2 brutal fight+ is only a la/ resort4 ,x is highly important to be> t 9 m9d4 ,soldi]s & eng9e]s d n argue--!y act4 ,g]many af=ds ! fir/ example ( a philosophy or a society hav+ = its ma9 purpose ! g5]at+ ( p[] to 8d ?+s40 ,x seems only reasonable & intellig5t to analyse ! hi/ory ( ! w> f ! eng9e]'s po9t ( view1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 happ5s to co9cide ) ! milit>y po9t ( view4 ,x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t ! mod]n g5]al /aff1 or milit>y1 po9t ( view has v little or no?+ to d ) ! romance or poetry ( w>4 ,w> to-day is a grim bus9ess--b 8bus9ess0 be=e all else4 ,x has to mobilize all ! res\rces ( a nation & g5]ate p[] to ! limit ( its capacity4 ,! conduct ( w> to-day is a te*nological affair--its me?ods h to be eng9e]+ me?ods4 ,to cru% an ob/acle1 !re is ne$ ( a giant hamm]1 & ! m mass t c be giv5 x & ! great] ! =ce put beh9d x1 ! m deadly w be ! bl[4 ,prior to ! ,_w ,w> te*nology _h n be5 mobiliz$ on s va/ a scale nor confront$ ) a task s gigantic4 ,mobiliz$ te*nology has reveal$ & demon/rat$ ! fact t x is possible to g5]ate almo/ unlimit$ p[] & has %[n ! way to d x2 at ! same "t x has demon/rat$ ! measureless pot5cy ( eng9e]+ & our utt] helplessness )\t x4 ,te*nology is comp>atively a new sci5ce2 by "s x is call$ a 8semi-sci5ce0 because x deals prim>ily ) ! application ( sci5ce to practical issues4 ,b :5 x became necess>y 8to d ?+s10 an eng9e] _h to be call$2 ! g5]al /aff _h to adopt 8 view1 & all o!r practices & traditions 7 b5t to 8 ideas4 ,i h already repeat$ly po9t$ out t ! progress ( te*nology proce$s accord+ to a law l t ( a rapidly increas+ geometrical progression1 & ,i h /ress$ ! dang] ( inatt5tion to any ph5om5a1 =ce or movem5t t con=ms to su* a law4 ,we h only to recollect ! /ory ( ! simple b v gre$y f>m] :o 0 v happy to make a contract ) a labor] = a mon?'s "w1 pay+ him only "o c5t ! fir/ day1 twice z mu* ! second1 twice = ! ?ird1 & s on to ! end4 ,behold6 ,! bill = ! mon? ran into millions ( doll>s & ! f>m] 0 ru9$4 ,su* is ! deadly secret ( ! geometrical progression4 ,viol5t readju/m5ts await any society ^: e?ics1 jurisprud5ce & ! l d n keep pace ) ! developm5ts ( eng9e]+4 ,eng9e]s are ! wiz>ds :o1 us+ ! results ( sci5tific rese>*1 c subjugate or release ! conceal$ p[]s ( nature4 ,! supreme factor is ! use ( ! m9d--! expon5tial function ( "t--! "t-b9d+ en]gy ( man4 ,f t we h to take our />t because t is ! s\rce ( human p[]4 ,! ,g]man philosophy1 z a :ole1 has its def9ite place 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy2 & ! fir/ ?+ to consid] are ^? philosophic writ]s :o directly & indirectly h contribut$ to ! build+ up ( ,g]man p[]4 ,hegel greatly affect$ ! build+ up ( ! ,g]man m9d--/range z x may seem2 b ,hegel 0 greatly "u ! influ5ce ( ! "w ( ,fi*te1 & ,fi*te 9 turn "u t ( ,sp9oza4 ,all ( !m 71 9 a way1 ma!maticians 9 _! me?ods & philosophy1 z mu* z !y c\ld be 9 _! "t4 ,i said 8/range10 because x is significant t ! ma!matical "p ( _! philosophy 0 j ! "p :i* built up ! ,g]man p[]4 ,b if we look into x1 x is n /range4 ,x _h to be s1 because ma!matical & me*anical me?ods are ! only ones by :i* p[] c be und]/ood & built4 ,hegel 9 #ahje lectur$ on hi/ory ( philosophy1 pure ma!matics & natural law4 ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d a bett] comb9ation = a philosophy ( p[]4 ,t is precisely :at ?is philosophy 04 ,x influ5c$ n only ,g]man philosophy b ev5 ,g]man !ology1 & ?r\gh ^! *annels x sank deep into ! national consci\sness4 ,x affect$ e phase ( life4 ,an imm5se cult ( disciples arose4 ,ea* "o add$ some?+ to t philosophy ( p[]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ brilliant repres5tatives ( ?is movem5t is ,pr(essor ,oswald1 :o 9 8 ,moni/ ,s]mons gave ! fam\s advice3 8,d n wa/e en]gy b give x value40 ,! ,g]man und]/&+ ( ! great value ( te*nology directly appli$ t pr9ciple to _! philosophy1 law1 e?ics1 politics1 & s on4 ,) increase ( population1 ! problem ( ! ,/ate becomes m & m press+4 ,!re are _m !ories ab\t ! /ate4 ,= ! purpose ( ! mom5t x is important to realize t a /ate is ! gov]n+ c5t] ( an accumulation ( human be+s--( "t-b9d+ p[]s--increas+ expon5tial functions ( "t4 ,^! p[]s1 ?\gh ! same 9 k9d1 diff] 9 degree & 9 respect ( individuality4 ,if !y are to be unit$ s z to con/itute a :ole1 !y mu/ be giv5 a common aim2 !y mu/1 s to speak1 be r$uc$ to a common base2 if !y be respectively ,xm1 ,yn1 ,zp1 & s on1 we c n unite !m & compute ! :ole by add+ ! expon5ts2 b if we give !m a common base--a common aim or purpose--!n we c readily repres5t ! magnitudes ( ! :ole con/itut$ by !m2 if we take ,x to be _! common aim or base1 !n1 if ,y a,x1 ,z b,x1 & s on1 we %all h3 ,xm ,yn ,zp 444 ,xm an ,xn bp ,xp 444 7an bp 4447,xmnp 444 ,! la/ expression1 :]e ! p>5!tical coeffici5t is ! product ( individualities1 s]ves to repres5t ! unit$ p[]s ( all 9 t]ms ( ,x1 ! common base1 purpose or aim4 ,let u look at ! matt] 9 ano!r way4 ,"o me*anical 8horse-p[]0 is less ?an ! p[] ( "o liv+ horse4 ,"o liv+ horse c d m "w ?an "o me*anical horse-p[]1 b 9 us+ m ?an "o liv+ horse at "o "t we get less "w ?an by us+ ! same numb] ( me*anical horse-p[]s2 ! reason is v obvi\s4 ,! me*anical horse-p[]s are ! same 9 k9d1 equal1 & con/ant1 b liv+ horses diff] 9 "*1 !y are n equal1 & ea* "o is a v>iable4 ,h5ce me*anical horse-p[]s c be add$ or multipli$ ari?metically1 b ! p[]s ( liv+ horses c n1 except v r\ghly2 ! liv+ horses ( a team int]f]e ) ea* o!r2 !y d n pull toge!r1 z we say1 & en]gy is lo/4 ,! ,g]man ma!matical philosophy or !ory ( ! /ate did n express itself 9 j ?is way1 b ! =ego+ gives a clue to x4 ,g]many unit$ ! p[]s ( liv+ m5 & wom5 & *ildr52 x gave !m a common base2 x gave !m "o common 8social0 mood & aim2 !y all became consolidat$ 9 s]vice ( t :i* is call$ ! ,/ate2 !y /udi$ & taught = ! ,/ate2 !y work$1 liv$ & di$ = ! ,/ate3 ! ,/ate 0 _! idol1 ,k+ & ,god4 ,su* 0 ! aim ( ,g]man philosophy1 !ology1 law & sci5ce4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ,,"o ,,aim = all 0 ! decisive factor4 ,x is obvi\s t if we want to inspire #fj ,millions ( individuals ) "o aim1 ?is aim c n be private or p]sonal4 ,x mu/ be a high] aim1 collective1 g5]al1 imp]sonal1 9 "s way unit+ & includ+ all p]sonal aims4 ,i %all call x simply a collective aim4 ,b collective aims may diff] pr(\ndly 9 k9d2 out ( p]sonal or egoi/ic aims !re gr[s a s]ies ( collective aims1 increas+ 9 g5]ality1 su* z3 7#a7 ,family aims2 7#b7 association1 congregation1 club aims2 7#c7 class or pr(essional aims2 7#d7 national or race aims2 & f9ally 7#e7 ,,human ,,aims--! natural aims = ! "t-b9d+ class ( life4 ,! fatal error ( ,g]man political philosophy 0 an error ( aim--h] aim 0 too l[--too n>r[--! welf>e ( a /ate in/ead ( ! welf>e ( ,humanity4 ,9 ! case ( ,g]many1 ! national aim 0 equival5t to ! /ate aim4 ,g]man philosophy made ! 8/ate0 equival5t to ! 8good0 & equival5t to 8p[]40 ,( c\rse su* philosophy influ5c$ ! :ole national life 9 e detail2 9 consequ5ce ,g]many proclaim$ h]self ! fir/ nation ( ! _w1 & ?is soon evolv$ into a plan = ! conque/ ( ! _w4 ,! ,g]man ,g5]al ,/aff z an in/itution _h1 p> excell5ce1 z its aim & fir/ object1 8p[]10 8conc5tration ( p[]0 & 8effici5cy40 ,x took ! lead]%ip 9 all bran*es ( life & indu/ry4 ,milit>ism & indu/rialism are almo/ synonym\s f ! me*anical po9t ( view2 !y are bo? ( !m p[]4 ,!y bo? h to use ! same sci5tific me?ods & 9 ! pres5t conditions ( ! _w !y are dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r1 = w> _c be wag$ )\t /rong indu/ries4 ,"h we h to face ! fact t geometrically progress+ indu/ry c n live )\t new m>kets1 :i* "u pres5t conditions h be5 l>gely acquir$1 directly or indirectly1 by ! p[] ( ! army2 & ?is has be5 ! case ) ,g]many4 ,if we curse ,g]many = be+ a 8milit>y nation0 we c1 ) no less ju/ice1 curse h] = be+ a completely 8indu/rializ$ nation40 ,if we add to t h] nationally selfi% & n>r[ national aim1 we w readily und]/& ?is 8_w pea*40 ,^? :o h ta/$ x "k some?+ ( its sweetness4 ,!re is no ne$ to g into fur!r details4 ,special books give u all ! data4 ,t :i* is ( int]e/ is ! imp]sonal fact t :at 0 ! /r5g? & p[] ( ,g]many is ! be/ possible illu/ration we h _h ( :at sci5ce & a sort ( ma!matical philosophy are able to accompli%1 ev5 :5 direct$1 n to ! welf>e ( ,humanity1 b to t ( a relatively small gr\p ( p4 ,! above-cit$ political philosophies _h a v pron\nc$ effect ^u ,m>x4 ,"o ( ! bran*es ( socialism is ! s-call$ /ate socialism4 ,/ate sociali/s1 z ! "n indicates1 believe t ! /ate %\ld assume ! mo/ important functions 9 society4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 mon>*ical c\ntries :]e 8god-giv50 rul]s repres5t ! /ate1 su* a !ory is n unwelcome1 z x gives ! rul]s an opportunity to %[ a sort ( 8advanc$ lib]alism10 :i* s]ves to /r5g!n _! p[]4 ,! a/ute ,bism>ck c n be suspect$ ( be+ a progressioni/ 9 ! mod]n s5se b1 be+ a product ( ,g]man culture & philosophy1 all 8 ideals 7 ^? ( a /rong /ate4 ,he 0 a proclaim$ advocate ( /ate socialism4 ,s9ce #ahgi at lea/1 ,bism>ck 0 consid]$ almo/ ! lead+ _s ( pat]nal /ate socialism4 ,he 0 a believ] & promot] ( ! close relation ( ! /ate & ! railways1 keep+ always 9 view a ?or\gh nationalization :i* he f9ally accompli%$4 ,?is fact elim9at$ f ,g]man public life all t phase ( corruption :i* private own]%ip ( railroads br+s 9 any c\ntry1 ! railroad be+ ! v life ( any c\ntry4 ,to sum up3 ,g]many appli$ ! mo/ sci5tific me?ods to build up h] national p[]2 %e und]/ood ! elem5ts ( 8p[]10 = !y 7 disclos$ to h] by h] sci5ce & h] philosophy4 ,%e appli$ te*nological me?ods 9 e "p ( h] civil life1 & ?us built h] gigantic p[]4 ,h] indu/rial life foll[$ ! milit>y way2 h] milit>y /r5g? 0 built on indu/rial p[]4 ,& s ! vici\s circle4 ,g]many adopt$ a collective aim in/ead ( a p]sonal individuali/ic aim1 & because ( ?is broad] aim1 %e 0 able to mobilize & to keep mobiliz$ all h] moral1 political & indu/rial =ces = long ye>s be=e ! w>4 ,! direct effect ( ?is sy/em ( cont9u\s mobilization 0 ov]-production4 ,= ?is %e desp]ately ne$$ new m>kets4 ,! *eape/ & quicke/ way to acquire !m1 if !y 7 n to be grabb$ o!rwise1 0 to conqu] !m by a victori\s w>4 ,h] plans progress$ accord+ to ! program1 all except ! victory 9 ! battle fields4 ,?is w> 0 a calamity ( unprec$5t$ magnitude = ! _w & x is our duty to /udy x dispassionately & le>n ! lesson ( x1 if we d n want to be moral accomplices ( ?is great mod]n crime1 by lett+ ! _w drift into an ev5 worse cata/rophe4 ,we h to ar\se ourselves f our in]tia & g to ! bottom ( ?is problem & analyse x ru?lessly1 no matt] :e!r ! analysis be pleasant or n4 ,we mu/ value ev]yone ( our 8t5 sacr$ dead0 at lea/ z mu* z we value "o rabbit kill$ 9 sci5tific laboratories1 & take ! lesson to he>t or be prep>$ = a repetition ( _w slaught]4 ,if ,human ,eng9e]+ _h be5 e/abli%$ long ago our social sy/em w\ld h be5 diff]5t1 our civilization w\ld h be5 mu* high]1 ?is w> w\ld h be5 avoid$4 ,we d n ne$ to delude ourselves4 ,! ,_w ,w> 0 ! result ( badly balanc$ social & economic =ces4 ,! _w ne$s o!r 8balances ( p[]0 ?an su* z are devis$ by lawy]s & politicians1 by s+le-selfi% or gr\p-selfi% int]e/s4 ,humanity is rea*+ out = a sci5ce & art ( human guidance bas$ ^u a "r und]/&+ ( human nature4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,manhood ,( ,humanity ,9 a previ\s *apt] ,i h said t ! ,_w ,w> m>ks ! end ( "o va/ p]iod 9 ! life ( humank9d & m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ano!r4 ,x m>ks ! end ( ,humanity's ,*ildhood & ! beg9n+ ( ,humanity's ,manhood4 ,our human ,pa/ is a mighty fact ( our _w4 ,_m facts are un/able1 imp]man5t1 & evanesc5t--!y are "h to-day1 & to-morr[ !y are gone4 ,n s ) ! great fact ( our human ,pa/4 ,our pa/ abides4 8,x is p]man5t4 ,x c be c\nt$ on4 ,x is ne>ly et]nal z ! race ( man4 ,out ( t pa/ we h come4 ,into x we are con/antly return+4 ,mean:ile1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance to our lives4 ,x conta9s ! roots ( all we are1 & ( all we h ( wisdom1 ( sci5ce1 ( philosophy1 ( art1 ( jurisprud5ce1 ( cu/oms & in/itutions4 ,x conta9s ! record or ru9s ( all ! exp]im5ts t man has made dur+ a qu>t] or a half million ye>s 9 ! art ( liv+ 9 ?is _w40 7,keys]1 ,human ,wor? ( ,rigor\s ,?9k+47 ,9 our relation to ! pa/ !re are ?ree wide-op5 ways 9 :i* "o may be a fool4 ,"o ( ! ways is ! way ( ignor+ ! pa/--! way ( rema9+ blankly ignorant ( ! human pa/ z ! animals are blankly ignorant ( _! pa/ & s ( drift+ ?r\gh life z animals d1 )\t ref]5ce to ! exp]i5ce ( bygone g5]ations4 ,fools ( ?is type may be call$ drift+ fools or ,drift]s4 ,ano!r way to be a fool--a v allur+ way--is t ( falsify+ ! pa/ by idealiz+ x--by /upidly disreg>d+ its vices1 mis]y1 ignorance1 slo?fulness1 & folly1 & /upidly magnify+ its virtues1 happ9ess1 k1 a*ievem5ts & wisdom2 x is ! way ( ! self-complac5t--! way ( ^? :o1 be+ com=tably situat$ & prosp]\s1 are oppos$ to *ange2 ! pa/1 !y say1 0 wise = x produc$ ! pres5t & ! pres5t is good--let u alone4 ,fools ( ?is type may be call$ idolatr\s fools1 wor%ip+ ! ,pa/2 or /atic fools1 cont5t$ ) ! ,pres5t2 or c[>dly fools1 oppos$ to *ange1 fe>ful ( ! ,future4 ,a ?ird way to be a fool--:i* is also allur+--is ! opposite ( ! =ego+2 x is ! way ( ^? :o falsify ! pa/ by /upidly & contemptu\sly disreg>d+ its virtues1 its happ9ess1 its k1 its great a*ievem5ts1 & its wisdom1 & by /upidly or di%one/ly magnify+ its vices1 its mis]y1 its ignorance1 its great slo?fulness1 & its folly2 x is apt to be ! way ( ! woeful1 ! unprosp]\s1 ! desp]ate--especially ! way ( su* z f9d escape f ! bore ( r\t9e life 9 ! excitem5ts ( unre/1 turbul5ce1 & *ange2 ! pa/1 !y say1 0 all wrong1 = x produc$ ! pres5t & ! pres5t is ?or\ghly bad--let u de/roy x1 root & bran*4 ,fools ( ?is type may be call$ scorn+ fools1 ,scorn]s ( ! ,pa/2 or de/roy+ fools1 ,de/roy]s ( ! ,pres5t2 or dynamic fools1 ,revel]s 9 ! excitem5ts ( ,*ange4 ,su* are ! *ildr5 ( folly3 7#a7 ,drift+ fools--ignor]s ( ! pa/--disreg>d]s ( race exp]i5ce--?\ghtless float]s on ! %ift+ curr5ts ( human affairs2 7#b7 ,/atic fools--idealiz]s ( ! pa/--complac5t lov]s ( ! pres5t--enemies ( *ange--fe>ful ( ! future2 7#c7 ,dynamic fools--scorn]s ( ! pa/--hat]s ( ! pres5t--de/roy]s ( ! works ( ! dead--mo/ mode/ ( fools1 ea* ( !m say+3 8,:at ought to be beg9s ) ,me2 ,i w make ! _w a p>adise2 b my g5ius mu/ be free2 n[ x is hamp]$ by ! exi/+ #8ord]'--! bungl+ "w ( ! pa/2 ,i w de/roy x2 ,i w />t ) *aos2 we ne$ light--! ,sun ca/s %ad[s--,i w beg9 by blott+ out ! ,sun2 !n ! _w w be full ( glory--! light ( my g5ius40 ,9 /rik+ contra/ ) t ?ree-fold division ( ,folly1 ! c\nsel ( ,wisdom is "o1 & x is "o ) ! sob] c\nsel ( ,common ,s5se4 ,:at is t c\nsel8 ,:at is ! unit$ c\nsel ( wisdom & common s5se respect+ ! pa/8 ,! answ] is easy & easy to und]/&4 ,! c\nsel is ?is3 ,d n ignore ! pa/ b /udy x--/udy x dilig5tly z be+ ! mightie/ factor among ! great factors ( our human _w2 endeavor to view ! pa/ ju/ly1 to contemplate x z x 0 & is1 to see x :ole--to see x 9 true p]spective--magnify+ nei!r its good nor its evil1 nei!r its k nor its ignorance1 nei!r its ent]prise nor its slo?fulness1 nei!r its a*ievem5ts nor its failures2 z ! sali5t facts are asc]ta9$1 endeavor to acc\nt = !m1 to f9d _! causes1 _! favor+ conditions1 to expla9 ! facts to und]/& !m1 apply+ always ! "q ,:y8 ,c5turies ( c5turies ( cruel sup]/ition--,:y8 ,c5turies ( c5turies ( almo/ complete ignorance ( natural law--,:y8 ,c5turies ( c5turies ( mon/r\s misconceptions ( human nature--,:y8 ,measureless creations1 wa/+s & de/ructions ( weal?--,:y8 ,endless roll+ cycles ( ent]prise1 /agnation1 & decay--,:y8 ,int]m9able alt]ations ( peace & w>1 enslavem5ts & emancipations--,:y8 ,age aft] age ( _w-wide wor%ip ( man-made gods1 silly1 savage1 en?ron$ by my? & magic1 celebrat$ & support$ by poetry & ! wayw>d speculations ( ignorant sages--,:y8 ,age ^u age ( _w-wide sl[ developm5ts ( useful inv5tions1 craftsman%ip1 comm]ce1 & art--,:y8 ,ages ( d>k impulsive grop+ be=e ! sl[ discov]y ( reason1 foll[$ by c5turies ( belief 9 ! suffici5cy ( ratioc9ation unaid$ by sy/ematic obs]vation & exp]im5t--,:y8 ,at l5g? ! dawn ( sci5tific me?od & sci5ce1 ! gr[? ( natural k1 immeasurable expansion ( ! univ]se 9 ,"t & 9 ,space1 belief 9 ! lawfulness ( ,nature1 rapidly increas+ subjugation ( natural =ces to human control1 gr[+ fai? 9 ! limitless progressibility ( human k & 9 ! limitless p]fectibility ( human welf>e--,:y8 ,! widely div]se peoples ( ! _w con/ra9$ by sci5tific progress to live toge!r z 9 "o community ^u a greatly %runk5 & rapidly %r9k+ planet1 ! unprep>$ness ( exi/+ e?ics1 law1 philosophy1 economics1 politics & gov]nm5t to meet ! exig5cies ?us aris+--,:y8 ,su* ,i take to be ! c\nsel ( wisdom--! simple wisdom ( sob] common s5se4 ,to asc]ta9 ! sali5t facts ( our imm5se human pa/ & !n to expla9 !m 9 t]ms ( _! causes & conditions is n an easy task4 ,x is an exce$+ly difficult "o1 requir+ ! labor ( _m m51 ( _m g5]ations2 b x mu/ be p]=m$2 = x is only 9 proportion z we le>n to "k ! great facts ( our human pa/ & _! causes t we are enabl$ to und]/& our human pres5t1 = ! pres5t is ! *ild ( ! pa/2 & x is only 9 proportion z we ?us le>n to und]/& ! pres5t t we c face ! future ) confid5ce & compet5ce4 ,pa/1 ,pres5t1 ,future--^! c n be und]/ood s+ly & sep>ately--!y are weld$ toge!r indissolubly z "o4 ,! p]iod ( humanity's *ildhood has be5 long--#cjj1jjj to #ejj1jjj ye>s1 accord+ to ! witness ( human relics1 ru9s & records ( ! caves & ! rocks--a /ret* ( "t too va/ = our imag9ations to grasp4 ,( t imm5se succession ( ages1 except a m9ute fraction ( x includ+ our own "t1 we h1 prop]ly speak+1 no hi/ory2 we h only a rude1 dim1 brok5 outl9e4 ,h]odotus1 :om we call 8! fa!r ( hi/ory0 prop]1 liv$ less ?an #bejj ye>s ago4 ,:at is #bejj ye>s comp>$ ) ! :ole backw>d /ret* ( human "t8 ,we h to say t ! fa!r ( human hi/ory liv$ b ye/]day--a virtual contempor>y ( ^? n[ liv+4 ,our humank9d grop$ ^u ?is globe = probably #djj1jjj ye>s be=e ! writ+ ( :at we call hi/ory _h ev5 begun4 ,if we reg>d hi/ory z a k9d ( racial memory1 :at mu/ we say ( our race's memory8 ,x is l t ( a man ( #bj ye>s ^: recollection ext5ds back less ?an #c mon?s or l t ( a man ( #fj ye>s ^: recollection fails to rea* any ev5t ( ! fir/ #ei ye>s ( 8 life4 ,ow+ to ! "w ( geologi/s1 paleontologi/s1 e?nologi/s & _! co-work]s1 ! hi/ory ( prehi/oric man w gr[1 j z we "k to-day m ab\t ! life ( mank9d 9 ! "t ( ,h]odotus ?an ,h]odotus himself knew4 ,mean:ile we mu/ try to make ! be/ use ( su* hi/orical k ( man z we n[ possess4 ,ev5 if ! /ory ( humanity's *ildhood 7 fully record$ 9 ! libr>ies ( ! _w1 x w\ld n be possible 9 ?is brief writ+ to rec\nt ! /ory 9 ev5 ! mo/ summ>y fa%ion4 ,except ! tale ( rec5t ye>s1 ! /ory is kn[n z ,i h said1 only 9 outl9e1 rude1 dim & brok51 b = ! pres5t purpose ?is w suffice4 ,c\ntless multitudes ( details are lo/--mo/ ( !m d\btless =ev]4 ,b we ne$ n despair4 ,! really great facts ( our racial *ildhood--! massive1 dom9ant1 out/&+ facts--are suffici5tly cle> = our guidance 9 ! pres5t ent]prise4 ,& :at d we "k8 ,we "k t ! p]iod ( our human *ildhood has be5 inconceivably long2 we "k t 9 ! f> di/ant "t1 ! fir/ specim5s ( humank9d--! initial memb]s ( ! "t-b9d+ race ( man--7 absolutely )\t human k ( ! ho/ile _w 9 :i* !y f\nd !mselves2 we "k t !y _h no conception ( :at !y !mselves 72 we "k t !y _h nei!r spee* nor art nor philosophy nor religion nor sci5ce nor tools nor human hi/ory nor human tradition2 we "k1 ?\gh we to-day c h>dly imag9e x1 t _! sole equipm5t = initiat+ ! c>e] ( ! human race 0 t peculi> faculty :i* made !m human--! capacity ( man = b9d+ "t2 we "k t !y actually did t "w ( initiation1 )\t any guidance or example1 maxim or prec$5t2 & we "k t !y 7 able to d x j because ! p[] ( initiation--! p[] to orig9ate--is a "t-b9d+ p[]4 ,:at else d we "k ( ! e>lie/ "p ( humanity's *ildhood8 ,we "k t 9 t f>-di/ant age1 our ance/ors--be+1 n animals1 b human creatures--n only began to live 9 ! human dim5sion ( life--=ev] above ! level ( animals--b cont9u$ !re91 tak+ n only ! fir/ /ep1 b ! second1 ! ?ird1 & s on indef9itely2 we "k1 9 o!r words1 t !y 7 progressive creatures1 t !y made advancem5t2 we "k t _! progress 0 natural to !m--z natural z swimm+ is to fi%es or z fly+ is to birds--= bo? ! impulse & ! ability to progress--to make improvem5t--to d great] ?+s by help ( ?+s already done--are ( ! v nature ( ! "t-b9d+ capacity :i* makes humans human4 ,we "k t "t-b9d+ capacity--! capacity = accumulat+ racial exp]i5ce1 enl>g+ x1 & transmitt+ x = future expansion--is ! peculi> p[]1 ! *>act]i/ic en]gy1 ! def9itive nature1 ! def9+ m>k1 ( man2 we "k t ! m5tal p[]1 ! "t-b9d+ capacity1 ( our pre-hi/oric ance/ors1 0 ! same 9 k9d z our own1 if n 9 degree2 we "k t x is natural = ?is capacity1 ! highe/ kn[n ag5cy ( ,nature1 to produce ideas1 inv5tions1 insights1 doctr9es1 k & o!r =ms ( weal?2 we "k t progress 9 :at we call civilization1 :i* is no?+ b progress 9 ! production & "r use ( mat]ial & spiritual weal?1 has be5 possible & actual simply & solely because ! products ( "t-b9d+ "w n only survive1 b naturally t5d to propagate _! k9d--ideas begett+ ideas1 inv5tions lead+ to o!r inv5tions1 k bre$+ k2 we !re=e1 "k t ! am\nt ( progress :i* a s+le g5]ation c make1 if x h an adequate supply ( raw mat]ial & be unhamp]$ by ho/ile circum/ances1 dep5ds1 n only ^u its native capacity = b9d+ "t1 b also--& ?is is ( ! utmo/ importance--^u ! total progress made by prec$+ g5]ations--^u ! inh]it$ fruit1 t is1 ( ! "t-b9d+ toil ( ! dead2 accord+ly we "k t ! am\nt ( progress a s+le g5]ation c ?us make is :at ma!maticians call an increas+ function ( "t1 & n only an increas+ function b an increas+ expon5tial function ( "t--a function l ,,pr,t1 z already expla9$2 we "k1 too1 t ! total progress :i* ,t successive g5]ations c ?us make is3 ,r_/,r-#a7,,pr,t-,p7 :i* is also an increas+ expon5tial function ( "t2 we "k f ! diff]5tial calculus t ^! functions--:i* repres5t natural laws1 laws ( human nature1 laws ( ! "t-b9d+ en]gies ( man--are v rem>kable functions--n only d !y increase ) "t b _! rates ( increase are also expon5tial functions ( "t & s ! rates ( increase !mselves increase at rates :i* are1 aga91 expon5tial functions1 & s on & on )\t limit2 t1 ,i say1 is a m>vel\s fact1 & x is = u a fact ( immeasurable significance2 = x means t ! "t-b9d+ p[] ( man is su* t1 if x be all[$ to op]ate naturally1 civilization--! production & "r use ( mat]ial & spiritual weal?--w n only gr[ t[>ds inf9ity 7z ma!maticians say71 b w ?us gr[ ) a swiftness :i* is n con/ant b :i* itself gr[s t[>ds inf9ity ) a swiftness :i*1 aga91 is n con/ant b increases accord+ to ! same law1 & s on indef9itely4 ,we ?us see1 if we w only retire to our cloi/]s & contemplate x1 t ! prop] life ( man z man is n life-9-space l t ( animals1 b is life-9-"t2 we ?us see t 9 di/9ctively human life1 9 ! life ( man z man1 ! pa/ is pres5t & ! dead survive de/9$ to greet & to bless ! unborn g5]ations3 "t1 b\nd-up "t1 is lit]ally ( ! core & sub/ance ( civilization4 ,s x has be5 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( man4 ,we "k t ! total progress made 9 ! long c\rse ( humanity's *ildhood1 ?\gh x is absolutely great1 is relatively small2 we "k t1 comp>$ ) no-civilization1 our pres5t civilization is va/ & ri* 9 _m ways2 we "k1 h[ev]1 t1 if ! "t-b9d+ en]gies ( humanity _h be5 always p]mitt$ to op]ate unhamp]$ by ho/ile circum/ances1 !y w\ld long ere n[ h produc$ a /ate ( civilization comp>$ ) :i* our pres5t e/ate w\ld seem mean1 meagre1 savage4 ,= we "k t ^? peculi> en]gies--! civilization-produc+ en]gies ( man--f> f be+ always p]mitt$ to op]ate accord+ to ! laws ( _! nature1 h nev] be5 p]mitt$ s to op]ate1 b h always be5 hamp]$ & are hamp]$ to-day by ho/ile circum/ances4 ,&1 if we reflect1 we may "k well en\gh :at ! enemies--! ho/ile circum/ances--h be5 & are4 ,we "k t 9 ! beg9n+ ( humanity's *ildhood--9 its babyhood1 s to speak--!re 01 z already said1 no capital :atev] to />t )--no mat]ial weal?--no spiritual weal? 9 ! =m ( k ( ! _w or ! nature ( man--no exi/+ fruit ( dead m5's toil--no b\nd-up "t--no?+ b wild & raw mat]ial1 ^: v location1 prop]ties & pot5cies _h all to be discov]$2 ev5 n[1 because we h inh]it$ s mu* b\nd-up "t & because our imag9ations h be5 s little discipl9$ to und]/& realities1 we c sc>cely picture to ourselves ! actual conditions ( t f>-(f "t ( humanity's babyhood2 /ill less d we realize t pres5t civilization has h>dly begun to be t ( enlight5$ m54 ,we "k1 moreov]1 t ! "t-b9d+ en]gies ( our remote ance/ors 7 hamp]$ & baulk$1 9 a measure too va/ = our imag9ations1 by imm5se geologic & climatic *anges1 bo? sudd5 & secul>1 un=ese5 & irresi/ible--by e>?quake & /orm1 by age-long seasons ( flood & fro/ & heat & dr\ght1 n only de/roy+ bo? natural res\rces & ! sl[ly accumulat$ products ( by-gone g5]ations b (t5 ext+ui%+ ! p !mselves ) ! c5t]s & abodes ( /ruggl+ civilization4 ,( all ! ho/ile circum/ances1 ( all ! causes :i* ?r\gh\t ! long p]iod ( humanity's *ildhood h op]at$ to keep civilization & human welf>e f progress+ 9 full accord ) ! natural laws ( ! "t-b9d+ en]gies ( man1 ! mo/ pot5t cause & mo/ disa/r\s1 a cause /ill ev]y:]e 9 op]ation1 rema9s to be m5tion$4 ,i mean human ignorance4 ,i d n mean ignorance ( physical facts & ! laws ( physical nature = ?is latt] ignorance is 9 l>ge measure ! effect ( ! cause ,i h 9 m9d4 ,! ignorance ,i mean is f> m fundam5tal & f> m pot5t4 ,i mean human ignorance ( ,human ,nature--,i mean man's ignorance ( :at ,man is--,i mean false conceptions ( ! rightful place ( man 9 ! s*eme ( life & ! ord] ( ! _w4 ,:at ! false conceptions are ,i h already po9t$ out4 ,!y are two4 ,"o ( !m is ! conception accord+ to :i* human be+s are animals4 ,! o!r "o is ! conception accord+ to :i* human be+s h no place 9 ,nature b are hybrids ( natural & sup]natural1 animals comb9$ ) some?+ 8div9e40 ,bo? ( !m are *>act]i/ic ( humanity's *ildhood2 bo? ( !m are errone\s1 & bo? ( !m h done inf9ite h>m 9 a ?\s& ways4 ,^: is ! fault8 ,9 a deep s5se1 x is ! fault ( none4 ,man />t$ ) no capital--on k--) no?+ b 8 physical /r5g? & ! natural /irr+ )9 ( ! capacity = b9d+ "t2 & s he _h to grope4 ,x is n /range t he 0 puzzl$ by himself4 ,x is n /range t he ?\ght himself an animal2 = he has animal prop5sities z a cube has surfaces1 & 8 animal prop5sities 7 s obtrusive1 s v evid5t to physical s5se--he 0 born1 grew1 _h legs & hair1 ate1 ran1 slept1 di$--all j l animals--:ile 8 di/9ctive m>k1 8 "t-b9d+ capacity1 0 subtle2 x 0 spiritual2 x 0 n a visible organ b an invisible function2 x 0 ! en]gy call$ intellect or m9d1 :i* ! physical s5ses d n p]ceive2 & s ,i say x is n /range--x is inde$ v sad & v pa!tic--b x is n to be wond]$ at t human be+s h falsely believ$ !mselves to be animals4 ,s1 too1 ( ! rival belief--! belief t humans are nei!r natural nor sup]natural b are bo? at once1 at once brutal & div9e1 hybrid (fspr+ ( bea/ & god4 ,! belief is mon/r\s1 x is v pa!tic & v sad1 b its orig9 is easy to und]/&2 once inv5t$1 x became a p[]ful in/rum5t = evil m51 = impo/ors1 b x 0 n inv5t$ by !m2 x 0 only an errone\s result ( an hone/ ef=t to und]/& & to expla94 ,= ! obvi\s facts creat$ a real puzzle to be expla9$3 ,on ! "o h&1 m51 wom5 & *ildr5--animal-hunt+ & animal-hunt$ human be+s--c]ta9ly resembl$ animals physically 9 a hundr$ unmi/akable ways2 on ! o!r h&1 x became m & m evid5t t ! same animal-resembl+ human be+s c\ld d _m ?+s :i* animals nev] did & c\ld n d4 ,"h 0 a puzzle1 a my/]y4 ,"t-b9d+ curiosity dem&$ an explanation4 ,:at 0 x to be8 ,natural sci5ce _h n yet aris52 critical conception--conception t avoids ! mix+ ( dim5sions--0 9 ! /ate ( feeble infancy4 ,x is easy to und]/& :at ! answ] _h to be--*ildi% & my?ical2 & s x 0--humans are nei!r animals nor gods1 nei!r natural nor sup]natural1 !y are bo? at once1 a mixture1 a my/]i\s union ( animal ) some?+ 8div9e40 ,su*1 !n1 are ! two rival answ]s :i*1 9 ! long d>k1 grop+ c\rse ( humanity's *ildhood1 human be+s h giv5 to ! mo/ important ( all que/ions--! "q3 ,:at is ,man8 ,i h said t ! answ]s1 no matt] h[ s9c]e1 no matt] h[ hone/ly arriv$ at1 are errone\s1 false to fact1 & mon/r\s4 ,i h said1 & ,i repeat1 t ! misconceptions involv$ 9 !m h done m ?r\gh\t ! by-gone c5turies1 & are do+ m to-day1 ?an all o!r h9d]+ causes1 to hamp] & ?w>t ! natural activity ( ! "t-b9d+ en]gies ( man & ?us to ret>d ! natural progress ( civilization4 ,x is n m]ely our privilege1 x is our high & solemn duty1 to exam9e !m4 ,to p]=m ! great duty is n an easy task4 ,! misconceptions 9 "q h come d[n to u f remote antiquity2 !y h n come d[n s+ly1 sep>ately1 clean-cut1 cle> & well-def9$2 !y h come entangl$ 9 ! complicat$ me% ( traditional op9ions & cre$s t con/itute ! vulg> 8philosophy0--! m5tal fog--( our "t4 ,if we are to p]=m ! duty ( exam9+ !m we h fir/ ( all to draw !m =?1 to dis5gage !m f our inh]it$ tangle ( beliefs & frame !m 9 suitable words2 we h next to br+ ourselves to realize vividly & ke5ly t ! conceptions1 ?us dis5tangl$ & fram$1 are 9 fact1 :e!r !y be true or false1 at ! v he>t ( ! social philosophy ( ! _w2 we h 9 ! ?ird place to detect ! fundam5tal "* ( ! blund] involv$ 9 !m--to see cle>ly & coldly :]e9 !y are wrong & :y !y are ru9\s2 we h1 f9ally1 to trace1 if we c1 _! deadly effects bo? 9 ! c\rse ( human hi/ory & 9 ! pres5t /atus ( our human _w4 ,! task ( dis5gag+ ! two mon/r\s misconceptions f ! tangl$ ske9 ( inh]it$ beliefs & fram+ !m 9 words1 ,i h already repeat$ly p]=m$4 ,let u keep ! results 9 m9d4 ,"h !y are 9 _! nak$ness3 7#a7 ,human be+s--m51 wom51 & *ildr5--are animals 7& s !y are natural73 7#b7 human be+s are nei!r natural nor sup]natural1 nei!r :olly animal nor :olly 8div9e10 b are bo? natural & sup]natural at once--a sort ( my/]i\s hybrid comp\nd ( brute & gods4 ,! second "p ( our task--:i* is ! read]'s task z mu* z m9e--is n s easy2 & ! reason is evid5t4 ,x is ?is3 ,! false cre$s 9 "q--! fatal misconceptions !y involve--are s famili> to u--!y h be5 s long & s deeply imb$d$ 9 our ?\ght & spee* & ways ( life--we h be5 s ?or\ghly br$ 9 !m by home & s*ool & *ur* & /ate--t we habitually & unconsci\sly take !m = grant$ & h to be virtually /ung into an aw>5ess ( ! fact t we d actually hold !m & t !y d actually reign to-day ?r\gh\t ! _w & h s reign$ f "t immemorial4 ,we h1 !re=e1 to %ake ourselves awake1 to prick ourselves into a realization ( ! tru?4 ,i assume t ! read] is at once h>d-head$1 rational1 ,i mean1 & int]e/$ 9 ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,if he is n1 he w n be a 8read]0 ( ?is book4 ,he1 !re=e1 kn[s t ! ?ird task--! task ( detect+ & expos+ ! fundam5tal error ( ! misconceptions 9 "q--is a task ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,:at is t error8 ,x is1 ,i h said1 an error 9 logic4 ,b logical errors are n all alike--!y are ( _m k9ds4 ,:at is ! 8k9d0 ( ?is "o8 ,x is ! k9d t consi/s 9 :at ma!maticians call 8confusion ( types10 or 8mix+ ( dim5sions40 ,! answ] c n be made too cle> nor too emphatic1 = its importance 9 ! criticism ( all our ?9k+ is great beyond measure4 ,!re are millions ( examples t help to make ! matt] cle>4 ,i w aga9 employ ! simple/ ( !m--"o s simple t a *ild c und]/& x4 ,x is a ma!matical example1 z x ought to be1 = ! :ole "q ( logical types1 or dim5sions1 is a ma!matical "o4 ,i beg ! read] n to %y at1 or run away f1 ! m]e ^w ma!matical1 =1 al?\gh mo/ ( u h b little ma!matical k1 we all ( u h ! ma!matical _s1 = else we %\ld n be human--we are all ( u ma!maticians at he>t4 ,let u1 !n1 proce$ confid5tly & at once to our simple example4 ,"h is a surface1 say a plane surface4 ,x has l5g? & bread?--& s x has1 we say1 two dim5sions2 next consid] a solid1 say a cube4 ,x has l5g?1 bread? & ?ickness--& s x has1 we say1 ?ree dim5sions4 ,n[ we notice t ! cube has surfaces & s has c]ta9 surface prop]ties4 ,d we1 !re=e1 say t a solid is a surface8 ,t ! cube is a memb] ( ! class ( surfaces8 ,if we did1 we %\ld be fools--type-confus+ fools--dim5sion-mix+ fools4 ,t is evid5t4 ,or suppose we notice t solids h c]ta9 surface prop]ties & c]ta9 prop]ties t surfaces d n h2 & suppose we say ! surface prop]ties ( solids are natural b ! o!r prop]ties are s my/]i\s t !y mu/ be 8sup]natural0 or someh[ 8div9e02 & suppose we !n say t solids are unions1 mixtures1 comp\nds or hybrids ( surfaces & some?+ div9e or sup]natural2 is x n evid5t t1 if we did t1 we %\ld be aga9 blund]+ l fools8 ,type-confus+ fools8 ,dim5sion-mix+ fools8 ,t su* w\ld be ! case any "o c see4 ,let u n[ consid] animals & human be+s1 & let u look squ>ely & c&idly at ! facts4 ,to get a />t1 ?9k = a mom5t ( plants4 ,plants are liv+ ?+s2 !y take1 trans=m & appropriate ! en]gies ( sun1 soil1 & air1 b !y h n ! autonom\s p[] to move ab\t 9 space2 we may say t plants con/itute ! l[e/ ord] or class or type or dim5sion ( life--! dim5sion "o2 plants1 we see are b9d]s ( ! basic en]gies ( ! _w4 ,:at ( animals8 ,l ! plants1 animals1 too1 take 91 trans=m & appropriate ! en]gies ( sun1 soil & air1 ?\gh 9 l>ge "p !y take !m 9 =ms already prep>$ by ! plants !mselves2 b1 unlike ! plants1 animals possess ! autonom\s p[] to move ab\t 9 space--to creep or crawl or run or swim or fly--x is ?us evid5t t1 comp>$ ) plants1 animals belong to a high] ord]1 or high] class1 or high] type1 or high] dim5sion ( life2 we may !re=e say t ! type ( animal life is a type ( two dim5sions--a two-dim5sional type2 ,i h call$ !m space-b9d]s because !y are di/+ui%$1 or m>k$1 by _! autonom\s p[] to move ab\t 9 space1 to ab&on "o place & occupy ano!r & s to appropriate ! natural fruits ( _m localities2 ! life ( animals is ?us a life-9-space 9 a s5se evid5tly n applicable to plants4 ,& n[ :at %all we say ( ,man8 ,l ! animals1 human be+s h inde$ ! p[] ( mobility--! autonom\s p[] to move--! capacity = b9d+ space1 & x is obvi\s t1 if !y possess$ no capacity ( high] ord]1 m51 wom5 & *ildr5 w\ld inde$ be animals4 ,b :at are ! facts8 ,! facts1 if we w b note !m & reflect ^u !m1 are su* z to %[ u t ! *asm sep>at+ human nature f animal nature is ev5 wid] & deep] ?an ! *asm betwe5 animal life & ! life ( plants4 ,= man improves1 animals d n2 man progresses1 animals d n2 man inv5ts m & m complicat$ tools1 animals d n2 man is a creator ( mat]ial & spiritual weal?1 animals are n2 man is a build] ( civilization1 animals are n2 man makes ! pa/ live 9 ! pres5t & ! pres5t 9 ! future1 animals d n2 man is ?us a b9d] ( "t1 animals are n4 ,9 ! light ( su* consid]ations1 if only we w att5d to _! mighty significance1 x is z cle> z any?+ c be or c become1 t ! life ( man--! "t-b9d]--is z radically di/9ct f t ( animals--m]e space-b9d]s--z animal life is di/9ct f t ( plants or z ! nature ( a solid is di/9ct f t ( a surface1 or t ( a surface f t ( a l9e4 ,x is1 !re=e1 p]fectly manife/ t1 :5 we reg>d human be+s z animals or z mixtures ( animal nature ) some?+ my/]i\sly sup]natural1 we are guilty ( ! same k9d ( blund] z if we reg>d$ animals z plants or z plants t\*$ by 8div9ity0--! same k9d ( blund] z t ( reg>d+ a solid z a surface or z a surface miracul\sly transfigur$ by "s my/]i\s influ5ce f outside ! univ]se ( space4 ,x is ?us evid5t t our guilt 9 ! matt] is ! guilt ( a blund] t is fundam5tal--a confus+ ( types1 a mix+ ( dim5sions4 ,no?+ c be m disa/r\s4 ,= :at are ! consequ5ces ( t k9d ( error8 ,let ! read] reflect4 ,he kn[s t1 if our ance/ors _h committ$ t k9d ( error reg>d+ l9es & surfaces & solids1 !re w\ld to-day be no sci5ce ( geometry2 & he kn[s t1 if !re 7 no geometry1 !re w\ld be no ar*itecture 9 ! _w1 no survey+1 no railroads1 no a/ronomy1 no *>t+ ( ! seas1 no /eam%ips1 no eng9e]+1 no?+ :atev] ( ! n[ famili> _w-wide affairs made possible by ! sci5tific conque/ ( space4 ,i say aga91 let ! read] reflect2 = if he does n1 he w "h miss ! gravity ( a mo/ mom5t\s tru?4 ,he readily sees1 9 ! case suppos$1 h[ v appall+ ! consequ5ces w\ld h be5 if1 ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( humanity's *ildhood1 !re _h occurr$ a c]ta9 confusion ( types1 a c]ta9 mix+ ( dim5sions1 & he is enabl$ to see x j because1 happily1 ! blund] 0 n made or1 if made1 0 n p]si/$ 91 =1 if x _h be5 made & p]si/$ 91 !n ! great & n[ famili> ?+s ( :i* x w\ld h depriv$ ! _w w\ld n be "h2 we %\ld n n[ be able ev5 to imag9e !m1 & s we c\ld n n[ compute ev5 r\ghly ! trem5d\s magnitude ( ! blund]'s disa/r\s consequ5ces4 ,let ! read] n deviate nor falt] nor /agg] "h2 let him %\ld] ! burd5 ( ! mighty argum5t & be> x to ! goal4 ,he easily p]ceives ! truly appall+ consequ5ces t w\ld h inevitably foll[$ f ! error ( confus+ types--! error ( mix+ dim5sions--9 ! matt] ( l9es & surfaces & solids1 if t error _h be5 committ$ & p]si/$ 9 ?r\gh\t ! c5turies2 he c p]ceive ^? consequ5ces j because ! error 0 n made & h5ce ! great ?+s ( :i* 7_h ! blund] be5 made7 x w\ld h depriv$ ! _w are "h1 s t he c say3 8,behold ^? spl5did ?+s--! sci5ce ( geometry & its manifold applications ev]y:]e %9+ 9 human affairs--imag9e all ( !m gone1 imag9e ! _w if !y _h nev] be51 & y w h a measure ( ! consequ5ces t w\ld h foll[$ violation ( ! law ( types1 ! law ( dim5sions1 9 ! matt] ( l9es1 surfaces & solids40 ,b1 n[1 9 reg>d to ! exactly simil> error respect+ ! nature ( man1 ! situation is rev]s$2 = ?is blund]1 unlike ! o!r "o1 is n m]ely hypo!tical2 we h se5 t x 0 actually committ$ & has be5 actually p]si/$ 9 f "t immemorial2 n m]ely = ye>s or = decades or = c5turies b = c5turies ( c5turies includ+ our own day1 x has la9 a?w>t ! c\rse ( human progress2 age aft] age x has hamp]$ & baulk$ ! natural activity ( ! "t-b9d+ en]gies--! civilization-produc+ en]gies--( humanity4 ,h[ are we to e/imate its consequ5ces8 ,let ! read] keep 9 m9d t ! error is fundam5tal--a type-confus+ blund] 7l t suppos$ reg>d+ geometric entities72 let him reflect1 moreov]1 t x affects1 n m]ely "o ( our human conc]ns1 b all ( !m1 s9ce x is an error reg>d+ ! c5t] ( !m all--reg>d+ ! v nature ( man himself2 & he w "k1 z well z any?+ c be kn[n1 t ! consequ5ces ( ! ages-old blund] h be5 & are v mom5t\s & v t]rible4 ,_! measure is inde$ beyond our p[]2 we _c describe !m adequately1 we _c del9eate _! proportions1 = we _c truly imag9e !m2 & ! reason is pla93 x is t ^? advancem5ts ( civilization1 ^? augm5tations ( mat]ial & spiritual weal?1 all ( ! glori\s a*ievem5ts ( :i* ! tragic blund] has depriv$ ! _w1 are none ( !m "h2 !y h n be5 produc$2 & s we _c say1 z 9 ! o!r case3 8,look ^u ^! spl5did treasures ( b\nd-up "t1 imag9e !m tak5 away1 & y\r s5se ( ! appall+ loss w give y ! measure requir$40 ,x is evid5t t ! glories ( :i* ! misconceptions ( human nature h depriv$ manhood mu/ long rema91 p]haps =ev]1 9 ! sad realm ( dreams reg>d+ great & noble ?+s t might h be54 ,i h said t ! duty ( exam9+ ! misconceptions imposes ^u u f\r obligations4 ,?ree ( ^! we h p]=m$3 we h dis5gag$ ! beliefs 9 "q f ! complicat$ tangle ( op9ions 9 :i* !y h come d[n to u f remote antiquity2 we h recogniz$ ! necessity & ! duty ( virtually /++ ourselves into an aw>5ess ( ! fact t we h actually held !m = true & t f "t immemorial !y h p\r$ _! virus into ! he>t ( e?ics1 economics1 politics & gov]nm5t ?r\gh\t ! _w2 we h se5 n only t ! beliefs are false b t _! fals5ess is due to a blund] ( ! mo/ fundam5tal k9d--! blund] ( mix+ dim5sions or confus+ types4 ,z already said1 ! f\r? "o ( ! m5tion$ tasks is t ( trac+1 if we c1 ! blund]'s deadly effects bo? 9 human hi/ory & 9 ! pres5t /atus ( ! _w4 ,we h j rea*$ ! conclusion t ?is task _c be fully p]=m$2 = !re c be no d\bt1 z we h se51 t1 if ! blund] _h n be5 committ$ & p]si/$ 91 ! _w w\ld n[ possess a civilization s f> advanc$1 s ri* 9 ! spiritual fruits ( "t & toil1 z to be utt]ly beyond our pres5t p[] to conceive or imag9e x4 ,b1 ?\gh we _c p]=m ! task fully1 our plight is f> f hopeless4 ,! ,_w ,w> has goad$ u into ?9k+ z we nev] ?\ght be=e4 ,x has con/ra9$ u to ?9k ( realities & especially to ?9k ( ! supreme reality--! reality ( ,man4 ,t is :y ! great ,cata/rophe m>ks ! close ( humanity's *ildhood4 ,! p]iod has be5 long & ! mann] ( its end is memorable =ev]--a sudd51 flam+1 _w-wide cataclysmic demon/ration ( fundam5tal ignorance--human ignorance ( human nature4 ,x is j t tragic demon/ration1 brutal z an e>?quake1 pitiless z fate or fam9e1 t gives u gr\nd = future hope4 ,x has =c$ u to ?9k ( realities & x is ?\ght ( reality t w heal ! _w4 ,& s ,i say t ^! days1 despite _! fe> & gloom1 are ! beg9n+ ( a new ord] 9 human affairs--! ord] ( p]man5t peace & swift advancem5t ( human weal4 ,= we "k at l5g? :at human be+s are1 & ! k c be taught to m5 & wom5 & *ildr5 by home & s*ool & *ur* & press ?r\gh\t ! _w2 we "k at l5g?1 & we c tea* ! _w1 t man is nei!r an animal nor a miracul\s mixture ( angel & bea/2 we "k at l5g?1 & we c tea*1 t1 ?r\gh\t ! c5turies1 ^! mon/r\s misconceptions h made c\ntless millions m\rn & t !y are do+ s to-day1 =1 ?\gh we _c compute ! good ( :i* !y h depriv$ mank9d1 we c trace ! d>k ramifications ( _! positive evil 9 a ?\s& ways2 we "k at l5g?1 & we c tea*1 t man1 ?\gh he is n an animal1 is a natural be+1 hav+ a def9ite place1 a rank ( 8 own1 9 ! hi]>*y ( natural life2 we "k at l5g?1 & we c tea* ! _w1 t :at is *>act]i/ic ( ! human class ( life--t :i* makes u human--is ! p[] to create mat]ial & spiritual weal?--to beget ! light ( reason$ und]/&+--to produce civilization--x is ! unique capacity ( man = b9d+ "t1 unit+ pa/1 pres5t & future 9 a s+le gr[+ reality *>g$ at once ) ! surviv+ creations ( ! dead1 ) ! productive labor ( ! liv+1 ) ! rights & hopes ( ! yet unborn2 we "k at l5g?1 & we c tea*1 t ! natural rate ( human progress is ! rate ( a swiftly increas+ expon5tial function ( "t2 we "k1 & we c tea*1 t :at is good 9 pres5t civilization--all t is preci\s 9 x1 sacr$ & holy--is ! fruit ( ! "t-b9d+ toil /ruggl+ bl9dly ?r\gh ! ages aga9/ ! p]petual b>ri] ( human ignorance ( human nature2 we "k at l5g?1 we c tea*1 & ! _w w und]/&1 t 9 proportion z we rid our e?ics & social philosophy ( mon/r\s misrepres5tations ( human nature1 ! "t-b9d+ en]gies ( humanity w advance civilization 9 accordance ) _! natural law ,,pr,t1 ! =w>d-leap+ function ( "t4 ,su* k & su* tea*+ w inaugurate ! p]iod ( humanity's manhood4 ,x c be made an endless p]iod ( rapid developm5ts 9 ,true civilization4 ,all ! developm5ts mu/ gr[ out ( ! true conception ( human be+s z con/itut+ ! "t-b9d+ class ( life1 & s ! "w mu/ beg9 ) a campaign ( education wide en\gh to embrace ! _w4 ,! coop]ation ( all educational ag5cies--! home1 ! s*ool1 ! *ur*1 ! press--mu/ be enli/$ to make kn[n ! fundam5tal tru? conc]n+ ! nature ( man s t x %all become ! guid+ light & habit ( m51 wom51 & *ildr5 ev]y:]e4 ,gradual inde$ b pr(\nd w be ! trans=mations wr\ght 9 all ! affairs ( mank9d1 b especially & fir/ ( all 9 ! s-call$ arts & sci5ces ( e?ics1 economics1 politics & gov]nm5t4 ,! e?ics ( humanity's manhood w be nei!r 8animal0 e?ics nor 8sup]natural0 e?ics4 ,x w be a natural e?ics bas$ ^u a k ( ! laws ( human nature4 ,x w n be a bran* ( zoology1 ! e?ics ( too? & claw1 ! e?ics ( pr(ite]+1 ! e?ics ( space-b9d+ bea/s fight+ = 8a place 9 ! sun40 ,x w be a bran* ( humanology1 a bran* ( ,human ,eng9e]+2 x w be a "t-b9d+ e?ics1 ! e?ics ( ! entirely natural civilization-produc+ en]gies ( humanity4 ,:atev] accords ) ! natural activity ( ^? en]gies w be "r & good2 :atev] does n1 w be wrong & bad4 8,survival ( ! fitte/0 9 ! s5se ( ! /ronge/ is a space-b9d+ /&>d1 ! e?ical /&>d ( bea/s2 9 ! e?ics ( humanity's manhood survival ( ! fitte/ w mean survival ( ! be/ 9 competitions = excell5ce1 & excell5ce w mean "t-b9d+ excell5ce--excell5ce 9 ! production & "r use ( mat]ial & spiritual weal?--excell5ce 9 sci5ce1 9 art1 9 wisdom1 9 ju/ice1 9 promot+ ! weal & protect+ ! rights bo? ( ! liv+ & ( ! unborn4 ,! e?ics t arose 9 ! d>k p]iod ( humanity's *ildhood f ! conception ( human be+s z my/]i\s unions ( animality & div9ity gave bir? to two repulsive species ( traffic--traffic 9 m5 reg>d$ z animals1 fit to be slaves1 & traffic 9 ! 8sup]natural10 9 ! sale ( indulg5ces 9 "o =m or ano!r & ! 8div9e wisdom0 ( ignorant prie/s4 ,x is ne$less to say t 9 ! natural e?ics ( humanity's manhood ^? species ( comm]ce w n be f\nd4 ,& :at %all we say 9 p>ticul> ( economics1 ( 8indu/ry10 8bus9ess z usual10 & ! 8f9ance0 ( 8normalcy08 ,!re lies be=e me an e/abli%$ h&book ( ,corporation ,f9ance1 by ,mr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,mead1 ,ph4,d4 7,appleton1 ,n4 ,y471 ^: purpose is n t ( adv]se criticism b is t ( %[+ ! g5]ally accept$ 8s\nd0 bases = prosp]\s bus9ess4 ,i c h>dly d bett] ?an to ask ! read] to pond] a few extracts f t "w1 %[+ ! e/abli%$1 & amaz+ !ories1 = !n ,i h only to say t 9 ! p]iod ( humanity's manhood ! moral bl9dness ( su* 8pr9ciples10 _! space-b9d+ _s ( calculat+ selfi%ness & gre$1 w be reg>d$ ) utt] loa?+ z slav]y is reg>d$ to-day4 ,behold ! picture3 8,s9ce ! bondhold] is solely int]e/$ 9 ! security ( 8 pr9cipal1 & regul> paym5t ( 8 int]e/1 & s9ce bo? security & int]e/ dep5d ^u ! p]man5ce ( income1 o!r ?+s be+ equal ! companies ) ! mo/ /able e>n+s or a m>ket 444 furni% ! be/ security = bonds4 ,/ability ( e>n+s dep5ds ^u 7#a7 ! possession ( a monopoly4444 ,monopoly is exclusive or dom9ant control ov] a m>ket4 ,! m complete ?is control1 ! m valuable is ! monopoly4 ,! advantage ( monopoly lies 9 ! fact t ! prices ( s]vices or commodities are controll$ by ! produc]s 7mean+ own]s--,au?or71 r ?an by ! consum]4444 ,monopolies are ( v>i\s orig9s4 ,! mo/ famili> are 7#a7 fran*ises1 ! "r to use public prop]ty = private purposes1 = example1 ! furni%+ ( light1 wat] & transportation1 7#b7 control ( s\rces ( raw mat]ial 444 1 7#c7 pat5ts1 444 7#d7 high co/ ( duplicat+ plant4444 ,9 manufactur+ indu/ries1 = example1 ^? ent]prises :i* produce raw mat]ials & ! necessities ( life h a m /able dem&4444 ,railroads furni% p]haps ! be/ basis ( bond issue because ( ! /ability ( ! dem& = ! transportation s]vice 444 ! high co/ ( duplicat+ ! railroad plant1 444 enables !m to fix _! rates on freight & pass5g] traffic4444 ,! security ( ! cr$itors is "h ! pr(itabl5ess ( ! bus9ess :i* is c>ri$ on 9 ! factory4 ,fur!rmore1 a bus9ess is n an aggregate ( physical prop]ty b consi/s ( physical prop]ty--build+s1 boil]s1 ma*9e tools--plus an indu/rial opportunity1 plus ! organization & ability to op]ate bus9ess40 7,italics indicat$ by ! au?or47 ,!re we see ! animal /&>ds 9 _! /udi$ p]fection4 ,comm5t w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,9 ! p]iod ( humanity's manhood1 ! s-call$ 8sci5ce0 ( economics1 ! 8dismal sci5ce0 ( political economy1 w become a g5u9e sci5ce bas$ ^u ! laws ( ! "t-b9d+ en]gies ( humanity2 x w become ! light ( ,human ,eng9e]+--promot]1 gu>dian1 & guide ( human weal4 ,= x w discov]1 & w tea* t a human life1 a "t-b9d+ life1 is n m]ely a civiliz$ life b a civiliz+ life2 x w "k & w tea* t a civiliz+ life is a life devot$ to ! production ( pot5tial & k9etic use-values--to ! creation1 t is1 ( mat]ial & spiritual weal?2 x w "k & w tea* t weal?--bo? mat]ial & spiritual weal?--is a natural ph5om5on--(fspr+ ( ! m>riage ( ,"t & human ,toil2 x w "k & w tea* t ! weal? 9 ! _w at any giv5 mom5t is almo/ :olly ! inh]it$ fruit ( "t & ! labor ( ! dead2 & s x w ask3 ,to :om does ! inh]itance rightly belong8 ,does x ( "r belong to ,smi? & ,br[n8 ,if s1 :y8 ,or does x ( "r belong to man--to humanity8 ,if s1 :y8 ,& :at does 8humanity0 include8 ,only ! liv+1 :o are relatively few8 ,or bo? ! liv+ & unborn8 ,! ,economics ( humanity's manhood w n only ask ^! que/ions b x w answ] !m & answ] !m aright4 ,9 seek+ ! answ]s1 x w discov] "s obvi\s tru?s & _m old words w acquire new mean+s consi/5t ) ! "t-b9d+ nature ( man4 ,x w discov] & w tea* t ! "t-b9d]s ( a giv5 g5]ation are po/]ity & ance/ry at once--po/]ity ( ! dead1 ance/ry ( all ! g5]ations to come2 x w discov] & w tea* t 9 ?is "t-b9d+ d\ble relation%ip unit+ pa/ & future 9 a s+le liv+ gr[+ ,reality1 are to be f\nd ! obligations ( "t-b9d+ e?ics & ! seat ( its au?ority2 economics w "k & w tea* t human po/]ity--"t-b9d+ po/]ity--c n inh]it ! fruits ( "t & dead m5's toil z animals inh]it ! wild fruits ( ! e>?1 to fight ab\t !m & to dev\r !m1 b only z tru/ees = ! g5]ations to come2 x w "k & w tea* t capitali/ic lu/ to keep = ,,self & 8prolet>ian0 lu/ to get = ,,self are bo? ( !m space-b9d+ lu/--animal lu/--b5ea? ! level ( "t-b9d+ life4 ,! economics ( humanity's manhood w "k & w tea* t ! *>act]i/ic en]gies ( man z man are by nature civiliz+ en]gies1 weal?-produc+ en]gies1 "t-b9d+ en]gies1 ! peaceful en]gies ( inv5tive m9d1 ( gr[+ k & und]/&+ & skill & light2 x w "k & w tea* t ^! en]gies ( exi/+ m5 unit$ ) "o billion six hundr$ million available 8sun-man0 p[]s unit$ ) ! t5 billion liv+ 8man-p[]s ( ! dead10 if !y be n wa/$ by ignorance & selfi%ness1 by conflict & competition *>act]i/ic ( bea/s1 are m ?an suffici5t to produce a high ord] ( increas+ prosp]ity ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! _w2 9 ! p]iod ( its manhood economics w discov] & w tea* t to produce _w prosp]ity1 coop]ation--n ! fight+ ( man aga9/ man--b ! peaceful coop]ation ( all is bo? necess>y & suffici5t2 x w "k & w tea* t su* coop]ation dem&s sci5tific lead]%ip & a common aim2 x w "k1 h[ev]1 & w tea*1 = ! lesson ( ,g]many is pla91 t sci5tific k & a common aim are n alone suffici5t2 x w "k & tea* & all w und]/& t ! common aim1 ! unify+ pr9ciple1 ! basis ( coop]ation1 _c be ! welf>e ( a family nor t ( a prov9ce or a /ate or a race1 b mu/ be ! welf>e ( all mank9d1 ! prosp]ity ( humanity1 ! weal ( ! _w--! peaceful production ( ,weal? )\t ! de/ruction ( ,w>4 ,9 humanity's manhood1 patriotism--! love ( c\ntry--w n p]i%--f> f x--x w gr[ to embrace ! _w1 = y\r c\ntry & m9e w be ! _w4 ,y\r 8/ate0 & m9e w be ! ,human ,/ate--a ,coop]ative ,commonweal? ( ,man--a democracy 9 fact & n m]ely 9 "n4 ,x w be a natural organic embodim5t ( ! civiliz+ en]gies--! weal?-produc+ en]gies--*>act]i/ic ( ! human class ( life4 ,its l>g] affairs w be guid$ by ! sci5ce & art ( ,human ,eng9e]+--n by ignorant & graft+ 8politicians0--b by sci5tific m51 by hone/ m5 :o "k4 ,is x a dream8 ,x is a dream1 b ! dream w come true4 ,x is a sci5tific dream & sci5ce w make x a liv+ reality4 ,h[ is ! ?+ to be done8 ,no "o c =esee all ! details1 b 9 g5]al outl9e ! process is cle>4 ,viol5ce is to be avoid$4 ,!re mu/ be a p]iod ( transition--a p]iod ( adju/m5t4 ,a natural fir/ /ep w\ld probably be ! e/abli%m5t ( a new in/itution :i* might be call$ a ,dynamic ,dep>tm5t--,dep>tm5t ( ,coord9ation or a ,dep>tm5t ( ,coop]ation--! "n is ( little importance1 b x w\ld be ! nucleus ( ! new civilization4 ,its functions w\ld be ^? ( enc\rag+1 help+ & protect+ ! p 9 su* coop]ative ent]prises z agriculture1 manufactures1 f9ance1 & di/ribution4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,coop]ation %\ld include v>i\s sections1 :i* might be z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! ,section ( ,ma!matical ,sociology or ,humanology3 compos$ ( at lea/ "o sociologi/1 "o biologi/1 "o me*anical eng9e]1 & "o ma!matician4 ,_! "w w\ld be ! developm5t ( human eng9e]+ & ma!matical sociology or humanology2 promot+ ! progress ( sci5ce2 provid+ & sup]vis+ in/ruction 9 ! !ory ( values & ! rudim5ts ( humanology = elem5t>y s*ools & ! public at l>ge4 ,! memb]s ( ! section w\ld be select$ by ! appropriate sci5tific societies = a t]m fix$ by ! selectors4 7#b7 ,! ,section ( ,ma!matical ,legislation3 compos$ ( 7say7 "o lawy]1 "o ma!matician1 "o me*anical eng9e]1 select$ z above4 ,_! task w\ld be to recomm5d legislation1 to provide means = elim9at+ 8,legalism0 f ! !ory & practice ( law1 & to br+ jurisprud5ce into accord ) ! laws ( "t-b9d+ human nature & ! *ang+ ne$s ( human society4 ,_! legislative proposals1 if ratifi$ 9 a jo9t session ( sections 7#a7 & 7#b71 w\ld !n be recomm5d$ to ! appropriate legislative bodies4 7#c7 ,! ,educational ,section3 compos$ ( two or ?ree tea*]s1 "o sociologi/1 "o me*anical eng9e]1 "o ma!matician1 select$ z above4 ,!y w\ld elaborate educational projects & revise s*ool me?ods & books2 _! decisions be+ subject to ! approval ( ! jo9t session ( sections 7#a71 7#b71 & 7#c74 7#d7 ,! ,coop]ative ,section3 compos$ ( me*anical eng9e]s1 *emical eng9e]s1 production eng9e]s1 exp]t bookkeep]s1 acc\ntants1 bus9ess manag]s1 lawy]s & o!r speciali/s 9 _! respective l9es4 ,?is section w\ld be an 8,indu/rial ,r$ ,cross0 7,*>les ,f]guson7 giv+ exp]t advice :5 ask$ = by any coop]ative society4 7#e7 ,! ,coop]ative ,bank+ ,section3 compos$ ( f9ancial exp]ts1 sociologi/s1 & ma!maticians2 its task be+ to help ) exp]t advice new coop]ative p's banks4 7#f7 ,! ,promot]s' ,section3 compos$ ( eng9e]s ^: duty w\ld be to /udy all ( ! late/ sci5tific facts1 collect data1 & elaborate plans4 ,^? plans w\ld be publi%$1 & no private p]son1 b only coop]ative societies1 w\ld be p]mitt$ by law to use !m4 ,! dep>tm5t w\ld also /udy & give advice respect+ ! g5]al conditions ( ! m>ket & ! ne$s 9 ! v>i\s l9es ( production4 ,?is section w\ld regulate ! duplication ( production4 7#g7 ,! ,f>m+ ,section3 compos$ ( speciali/s 9 sci5tific & coop]ative agriculture4 7#h7 ,! ,=eign ,section3 = int]-coop]ative =eign relations4 7#i7 ,! ,comm]cial ,section4 7#aj7 ,! ,news ,section3 to edit a l>ge daily pap] giv+ true1 uncolor$ news ) a special supplem5t relat+ to progress 9 ! "w ( ,human ,eng9e]+4 ,?is pap] w\ld give daily news ab\t ! :ole coop]ative movem5t1 m>kets1 etc41 etc4 ,all m5 select$ to ! places = ?is "w %\ld be ! v be/ m5 9 ! nation4 ,!y %\ld be well paid to enable !m to give _! full en]gy & "t to _! duties4 ,all ! selections = ?is "w %\ld be made 9 ! same mann] z m5tion$ above--?r\gh prov5 m]its n clev] oratory4 ,su* appo9tm5ts %\ld be consid]$ ! highe/ honor t a c\ntry c (f] to its citiz5s4 ,e selection %\ld be a demon/ration t ! p]son select$ 0 a p]son ( ! highe/ atta9m5ts 9 ! field ( 8 "w4 ,! outl9e ( ?is plan is vague2 x aims m]ely at be+ sugge/ive4 ,its pr9cipal purpose is to acc5tuate ! imp]ative necessity ( e/abli%+ a national "t-b9d+ ag5cy--a ,dynamic ,dep>tm5t = /imulat+1 guid+ & gu>d+ ! civiliz+ en]gies1 ! weal? produc+ en]gies1 ! "t-b9d+ en]gies1 9 virtue ( :i* human be+s are human4 ,= !n & only !n human welf>e1 unret>d$ by mon/r\s misconceptions ( human nature1 by vici\s e?ics1 vici\s economics & vici\s politics1 w advance peacefully1 cont9u\sly1 & rapidly1 "u ! lead]%ip ( human eng9e]+1 happily & )\t fe>1 9 accord ) ! expon5tial law--! natural law--( ! "t-b9d+ en]gies ( ,man4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,conclusion 8,9 ,europe we "k t an age is dy+4 ,"h x w\ld be easy to miss ! signs ( com+ *anges1 b ,i h little d\bt t x w come4 ,a realization ( ! aimlessness ( life liv$ to labor & to die1 hav+ a*iev$ no?+ b avoidance ( />vation1 & ! bir? ( *ildr5 also doom$ to ! we>y treadmill1 has seiz$ ! m9ds ( millions40 ,sir ,auckl& ,g$des1 ,briti% ,ambassador to ! ,u4 ,s4 #aibj4 ,9 conclusion let me say v briefly1 z ,i said 9 ! beg9n+1 t ?is little book has aim$ to be only a sket*4 ,! ,problem ( ,life is old4 ,i h endeavor$ to approa* x afre%1 ) a new me?od1 9 a new _s1 f a new po9t ( view4 ,! lit]ature ( ! subject is va/4 ,x displays great k & skill4 ,mu* ( x is fitt$ to in=m & to inspire su* z really read ) a g5u9e desire to und]/&4 ,its weakness is due to ! abs5ce ( a true conception ( :at human be+s are4 ,t is :at ,i miss 9 x & x is t lack ( fundam5tal & c5tral ?\ght t ,i h /riv5 to supply4 ,if ,i h succe$$ 9 t1 ,i h no fe>--all else w foll[ quickly1 inevitably1 z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,= a fundam5tal conception1 once x is =m$ & express$1 has a /range p[]--! p[] ( enli/+ ! ?\ght & coop]ation ( _m m9ds4 ,& no conception c h great] p[] 9 our human _w ?an a true conception ( ! nature ( ,man4 ,= t mo/ important ( tru?s ! times are ripe2 ! _w is fill$ ) ! sadde/ ( memories1 ) gloom1 =ebod+s & fe>4 ,)\t ! tru? 9 ?is matt]1 !re c be no rational hope--hi/ory mu/ g on 9 its dismal c\rse2 b ) ! tru?1 !re is n only hope b c]titude t ! old ord] has pass$ & t humanity's manhood dates f ! pres5t day4 ,t ,i h "h pres5t$ ! tru? 9 ?is matt]--! true conception ( ! human class ( life--,i h p]sonally no d\bt2 & ,i h no d\bt t t conception is to be ! base1 ! guide1 ! s\rce ( light1 ( a new civilization4 ,:e!r ,i am mi/ak5 or n1 "t w decide4 ,i feel z ,buckle felt 9 writ+ 8 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization3 8,:e!r or n ,i h effect$ any?+ ( real value 444 is a "q = compet5t judges to decide4 ,( ?is1 at lea/1 ,i feel c]ta91 t :atev] imp]fections may be obs]v$1 ! fault consi/s1 n 9 ! me?od propos$1 b 9 ! extreme difficulty ( any s+le man putt+ into full op]ation all ! p>ts ( s va/ a s*eme4 ,x is on ?is po9t1 & on ?is alone1 t ,i feel ! ne$ ( great indulg5ce4 ,b1 z to ! plan itself1 ,i h no misgiv+s4 ,( defects 9 its execution ,i am n unconsci\s4 ,i c only plead ! imm5sity ( ! subject1 ! %ortness ( a s+le life & ! imp]fection ( e s+le ent]prise4 ,i1 !re=e1 wi% ?is "w to be e/imat$1 n accord+ to ! f9i% ( its sep>ate p>ts1 b accord+ to ! way 9 :i* ^? p>ts h be5 fus$ into a complete & symmetrical :ole4 ,?is1 9 an und]tak+ ( su* novelty & magnitude1 ,i h a "r to expect1 & ,i w\ld moreov]1 add1 t if ! read] has met ) op9ions adv]se to 8 own1 he %\ld rememb]1 t 8 views are1 p]haps1 ! same z ^? :i* ,i too once held1 & :i* ,i h ab&on$1 because1 aft] a wid] range ( /udy1 ,i f\nd !m unsupport$ by solid pro(1 subv]sive ( ! int]e/ ( ,man1 & fatal to ! progress ( 8 k4 ,to exam9e ! notions 9 :i* we h be5 educat$1 & to turn aside f ^? :i* w n be> ! te/1 is a task s pa9ful1 t !y :o %r9k f ! suff]+s %\ld pause be=e !y reproa* ^? by :om ! suff]+ is und]gone4444 ,conclusions arriv$ at 9 ?is way are n to be ov]turn$ by /at+ t !y endang] "s o!r conclusions2 nor c !y be ev5 affect$ by allegation aga9/ _! suppos$ t5d5cy4 ,! pr9ciples :i* ,i advocate are bas$ ^u di/9ct argum5ts support$ by well asc]ta9$ facts4 ,! only po9ts1 !re=e1 to be asc]ta9$1 are1 :e!r ! argum5ts are fair1 & :e!r ! facts are c]ta94 ,if ^! two conditions h be5 obey$1 ! pr9ciples foll[ by an inevitable inf]5ce40 ,& :y h ,i s\ght ?r\gh\t to foll[ ! _s ( ma!matics8 ,because ,i h be5 deal+ ) ideas & h desir$1 above all ?+s else1 to be "r & cle>4 ,ideas h a "* ( _! own--!y are "r or wrong indep5d5tly ( our hopes & passions & w4 ,9 ! connection ( ideas !re is an unbreakable ?read ( de/9y4 ,t is :y 9 8 ,ma!matical ,philosophy ,pr(essor ,keys] has truly said3 8,ma!matics is ! /udy ( ,fate--n fate 9 a physical s5se1 b 9 ! s5se ( ! b9d+ ?read t connects ?\ght ) ?\ght & conclusions ) _! premises4 ,:]e1 !n1 is our fre$om8 ,:at d y love8 ,pa9t+8 ,poetry8 ,music8 ,! muses are _! fates4 ,:oso loves !m is free4 ,logic is ! muse ( ,?\ght40 ,no d\bt ma!matics is truly imp]sonal 9 me?od2 too imp]sonal maybe to please ! s5tim5tali/s be=e !y take ! "t to ?9k2 ma!matical analysis ( life ph5om5a elevates our po9t ( view above passion1 above selfi%ness 9 any =m1 &1 !re=e1 x is ! only me?od :i* c tell u g5u9e tru?s ab\t ourselves4 ,sp9osa ev5 9 ! #ag? ,c5tury _h well realiz$ ?is fact & al?\gh imp]fect 9 _m ways1 8 0 an ef=t 9 ! "r direction & ?is quot$ conclusion may well be a conclusion = ourselves 9 ! #bj? c5tury3 8,! tru? might =ev] h rema9$ hid f ! human race1 if ma!matics1 :i* looks n to ! f9al cause ( figures1 b to _! ess5tial nature & ! prop]ties involv$ 9 x1 _h n set ano!r type ( k be=e !m4444 ,:5 ,i turn$ my m9d to ?is subject1 ,i did n propose to myself any novel or /range aim1 b simply to demon/rate by c]ta9 & indubitable reason1 ^? ?+s :i* agree be/ ) practice4 ,& 9 ord] t ,i might enquire into ! matt]s ( ! sci5ce ) ! same fre$om ( m9d ) :i* we are wont to treat l9es & surfaces 9 ma!matics2 ,i det]m9$ n to laugh or to weep ov] ! actions ( m51 b simply to und]/& !m2 & to contemplate _! affections & passions1 su* z love1 hate1 ang]1 envy1 arrogance1 pity & all o!r di/urbances ( s\l n z vices ( human nature1 b z prop]ties p]ta9+ to x 9 ! same way z heat1 cold1 /orm1 ?und] p]ta9 to ! nature ( ! atmosph]e4 ,= ^!1 ?\gh tr\blesome1 are yet necess>y1 & h c]ta9 causes ?r\gh :i* we may come to und]/& !m1 & ?us1 by contemplat+ !m 9 _! tru?1 ga9 = our m9ds mu* joy z by ! k ( ?+s t are pleas+ to ! s5ses40 ,if only ?is little book w initiate ! sci5tific /udy ( ,man1 ,i %all be happy2 = !n we may confid5tly expect a sci5ce & art t w "k h[ to direct ! en]gies ( man to ! advancem5t ( human weal4 ,:at else8 ,_m topics h n ev5 be5 broa*$4 ,"t-b9d+ en]gy--:at may x n a*ieve 9 c\rse ( ! aeons to come8 ,:at light may x n yet ?r[ ^u su* fundam5tal ph5om5a z ,space1 ,"t1 ,inf9ity1 & s on8 ,:at1 if any1 are ! limits ( ,"t-b9d+8 ,9 x are someh[ involv$ all ! high] functions ( m9d4 ,is ,"t id5tical ) ,intellig5ce8 ,is ei!r ( !m ! o!r's cause8 ,is ,"t 9 ! ,cosmos or is ! latt] 9 ! =m]8 ,is ! ,cosmos intellig5t8 ,_m no d\bt & m>vel\s are ! fields :i* ! sci5tific /udy ( man w op5 = rese>*4 ,app5dix ,i4 ,ma!matics ,& ,"t-,b9d+ ,! purpose ( ?is app5dix is to give an expression ( "s new ideas :i* evolve directly out ( ! fact t humans are "t-b9d]s & :i* may s]ve z sugge/ions = ! f\ndation ( sci5tific psy*ology4 ,! problem is ( exce$+ difficulty to give expression to 9 any =m & !re=e mu* m difficult to express 9 any exact or correct =m1 & s ,i beg ! read]'s pati5ce 9 reg>d to ! language because "s ( ! ideas are 9 !mselves correct & sometimes v sugge/ive 9 spite ( ! language us$4 ,i am p>ticul>ly int]e/$ t ma!maticians1 physici/s & metaphysicians %\ld read x c>efully1 =give me ! =m1 & look into ! sugge/ions1 because sci5tific psy*ology if su* a sci5ce is to exi/1 w\ld by necessity h to be a bran* ( physics4 ,i p>ticul>ly beg ! ma!maticians & physici/s n to disc>d ?is app5dix ) too ha/y a judgm5t ( 8,oh6 metaphysics10 & also ! metaphysicians n to d ! same ) an equally ha/y judgm5t 8,oh6 ma!matics40 ,i hope t if ?is app5dix is sympa!tically und]/ood1 ma!maticians & physici/s w be mov$ to inve/igate ! problem4 ,if ma!maticians & physici/s w\ld be m tol]ant t[>d metaphysics & if metaphysicians w\ld be mov$ to /udy ma!matics1 bo? w\ld f9d trem5d\s fields to "w 94 ,"s sci5ti/s are v p$antic & !re=e intol]ant 9 _! p$antry & !y may say 8! fell[ %\ld le>n fir/ h[ to express himself & !n ask our att5tion40 ,my answ] is t ! problems involv$ are too press+1 too vital1 too fundam5tal = humank9d1 to p]mit me to delay = p]haps long ye>s be=e ,i %all be able to pres5t ! subject 9 a correct & satisfactory =m1 & also t ! problems involv$ cov] too va/ a field = a s+le man to "w x conclusively4 ,x seems be/ to give ! new ideas to ! public 9 a sugge/ive =m s t _m p may be l$ to "w on !m m fully4 ,! old ^w 8metaphysics0 is an illegitimate *ild ( ignorance & an unnecess>y ^w 9 ! sci5tific /udy ( nature4 ,e ph5om5on ( nature c be class$ & /udi$ 9 physics or *emi/ry or ma!matics2 ! problem1 !re=e1 is n 9 any way sup]natural or sup]physical1 b belongs r to an unkn[n or an undevelop$ bran* ( physics4 ,! problem1 !re=e1 may be n t ( "s new sci5ce1 b r t ( a new bran* ( ma!matics1 or physics1 or *emi/ry1 etc41 or all comb9$4 ,x is pa!tic t only aft] _m aeons ( human exi/5ce ! dim5sionality ( man has be5 discov]$ & 8 prop] /atus 9 nature has be5 giv5 by ! def9ition ( 8"t-b9d]40 ,! old metaphysics1 9 spite ( its be+ f> f exact1 accompli%$ a great deal4 ,:at prev5t$ metaphysics f a*iev+ m 0 its use ( unma!matical me?od1 or1 to be m explicit1 its failure to und]/& ! importance ( dim5sions4 ,metaphysics us$ words & conceptions ( multi-dim5sional mean+s :i* ( necessity result$ 9 hopeless confusion1 9 8a talk+0 ab\t words1 9 m]e v]balism4 ,an example w s]ve to make ?is cle>4 ,if we 7 to speak ( a c[1 a man1 an automobile1 & a locomotive z 8pull]s10 & if we 7 n to use any o!r names 9 connection ) !m1 :at w\ld happ58 ,if we *>act]iz$ ^! ?+s or be+s1 by "o common *>act]i/ic1 namely1 8to pull10 havoc w\ld be introduc$ into our conceptions & 9 practical life2 we w\ld try to milk an automobile or we w\ld try to extract gasol9e f a c[1 or look = a screw 9 a man1 or we w\ld speculate ab\t any or all ( ^! ?+s4 ,too obvi\sly nons5sical--b exactly ! same ?+ happ5s1 9 a mu* m subtle way1 :5 we use su* words z 8life 9 a cry/al0 or 8memory 9 animals02 we are ?us m5tally mak+ a mi/ake no less nons5sical ?an ! talk ( 8milk+ an automobile0 w\ld be4 ,laym5 are baffl$ by ! ^w dim5sion4 ,!y imag9e t dim5sions are applicable only to space1 :i* is ?ree dim5sional1 b !y are mi/ak52 a mov+ object is f\r-dim5sional--t is1 x has ?ree dim5sions z any object at re/1 b1 :5 ! object is mov+1 a f\r? dim5sion is necess>y to give its position at any "o in/ant4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t a mov+ body has f\r dim5sions1 & s on4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 sci5tific psy*ology w v mu* ne$ ma!matics1 b a special humaniz$ ma!matics4 ,c ?is be produc$8 ,x seems to me t x c4 ,x is a well kn[n fact t exp]im5tal sci5ces br+ u to face facts :i* require fur!r !oretical elaboration2 9 ?is way exp]im5tal sci5ces are a p]man5t s\rce ( inspiration to ma!maticians because new facts br+ ab\t ! ne$ ( new me?ods ( analysis4 ,9 ?is book a new & exp]im5tal fact has be5 disclos$ & analys$4 ,x is ! fact t humanity is a "t-b9d+ class ( life :]e ! "t-b9d+ capacity or ! "t-b9d+ ,,en]gy is ! highe/ function ( humanity1 includ+ all ! s-call$ m5tal1 spiritual1 w1 etc41 p[]s4 ,9 us+ ! words m5tal1 spiritual1 & w p[]s1 ,i delib]ately accept & use !m 9 ! popul>1 ord9>y s5se )\t fur!r analys+ !m4 ,once ! ^w & concept ,"t ent]s1 ! gr\nd = analysis & reason+ at once becomes v slipp]y4 ,ma!maticians1 physici/s1 etc41 may feel t ! expression is j a 8well adapt$ "o10 & !y may n be v mu* incl9$ to look clos] into x or att5tively to analyse x4 ,!ologians & metaphysicians probably w speculate a great deal ab\t x vaguely1 ) undef9$ t]ms & incoh]5t ideas ) incoh]5t results2 :i* w n lead u t[>d a sci5tific or true solution1 b w keep u away f ! discov]y ( tru?4 ,9 ! meantime two facts rema9 facts3 namely1 ma!maticians & physici/s h almo/ all agre$ ) ,m9k[ski 8t space by itself & "t by itself1 are m]e %ad[s1 & only a k9d ( bl5d ( ! two exi/s 9 its own "r40 ,! o!r fact--psy*ological fact--is t "t exi/s psy*ologically by itself1 undef9$ & n und]/ood4 ,"o *ief difficulty is always t humans h to sit 9 judgm5t ^u _! own case4 ,! psy*ological "t z su*1 is our own human "t2 sci5tific "t z su*1 is also our own human "t4 ,:i* "o ( !m is ! be/ concept--:i* "o m ne>ly corresponds to ! tru? ab\t 8"t08 ,:at is "t 7if any7 anyway8 ,until n[ we h gone f 8,cosmos0 to 8,bios10 f 8,bios0 to 8,logos10 n[ we are confront$ ) ! fact t 8,logos0--,intellig5ce--& ,"t-b9d+ are dang]\sly ne> to ak9 to ea* o!r1 or may be id5tical4 ,d we 9 ?is way approa* or g back to 8,cosmos08 ,su* are ! crucial que/ions :i* arise out ( ?is new concept ( ,man4 ,"o fact mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 t 8! pr9ciples ( dynamics appe>$ fir/ to u1 z exp]im5tal tru?s2 b we h be5 oblig$ to use !m z def9itions4 ,x is by def9ition t =ce is equal to ! product ( mass by accel]ation1 or t action is equal to reaction40 7,! ,f\ndation ( ,sci5ce1 by ,h5ri ,po9c>72 & ma!matics also has its :ole f\ndation 9 a few axioms1 8self evid5t10 b psy*ological facts4 ,x mu/ be not$ t ! "t-b9d+ en]gy--! high] or highe/ en]gies ( man 7"o ( its bran*es anyway1 = sake ( discrim9ation let u call x 8,m07 :5 x works prop]ly1 t is1 ma!matically1 does n "w psy*ologically b works ,,ab/ractly3 ! high] ! ab/raction ! less !re is ( ! psy*ological elem5t & ! m !re is1 s to say1 ( ! pure1 imp]sonal "t-b9d+ en]gy 7,m74 ,! def9ition ( a man z a "t-b9d]--a def9ition bas$ on facts--sugge/s _m reflections4 ,"o ( !m is ! possibility t "o ( ! functions ( ! "t-b9d+ en]gy 9 its pure =m1 9 ! highe/ ab/raction 7,m71 works automatically--ma*9e-l1 z x 71 %ap+ correctly ! product ( its activity1 b :e!r truly is ano!r matt]4 ,ma!matics does n presume t its conclusions are true1 b x does ass]t t its conclusions are correct2 t is ! ine/imable value ( ma!matics4 ,?is becomes a v compreh5sive fact if we approa* & analyse ! ma!matical processes z "s bran* 7,m7 ( ! "t-b9d+ process1 :i* !y are2 !n ?is process at once becomes imp]sonal & cosmic1 because ( ! "t-b9d+ involv$ 9 x1 no matt] :at "t is 7if !re is su* a ?+ z "t74 ,is ! succession ( cosmos1 bios1 logos1 "t-b9d+ tak+ u "r back to cosmos aga98 ,n[ if we put psy*ological axioms into ! "t-b9d+ app>atus1 x w ?ra% out ! results correctly1 b :e!r ! results are true is ano!r "q4 ,to be able to talk ab\t ^! problems ,i h to introduce ?ree new def9itions1 :i* are introduc$ only = practical purposes4 ,x may happ5 t aft] "s reword+ ^! def9itions may become sci5tific4 ,i w try to def9e 8tru?0 & = ?is purpose ,i w divide ! concept 8tru?0 into ?ree types3 7#a7 ,psy*ological1 or private1 or relative tru?1 by :i* ,i w mean su* conceptions ( ! tru? z any "o p]son possesses1 b diff]5t f o!r types ( tru? 7#a1 #b1 444 n7 7#b7 ,sci5tific tru? 7s71 by :i* ,i w mean a psy*ological tru? :5 x is approv$ by ! "t-b9d+ faculties or app>atus 9 ! pres5t /age ( our developm5t4 ,?is sci5tific tru? repres5ts ! 8b\nd-up-"t0 9 our pres5t k2 & f9ally1 7#c7 ,! absolute tru?1 :i* w be ! f9al def9ition ( a ph5om5on bas$ ^u ! f9al k ( primal causation valid 9 inf9ity4 ,= simplicity's sake ,i w use ! signs #a1 #b1 444 n = ! 8psy*ological10 8private10 or 8relative0 tru?s1 betwe5 :i*1 = ! mom5t1 ,i w n discrim9ate4 s#a1 s#b1 444 sn1 w be us$ = sci5tific tru?s1 & f9ally inf9ity = ! absolute tru? valid 9 inf9ity4 ,to make x easi] to expla91 ,i w illu/rate ! sugge/ions by an example4 ,let u suppose t ! human "t-b9d+ capacities or en]gies 9 ! organic *emi/ry correspond to radium 9 ! inorganic *emi/ry2 be+ ( c\rse ( diff]5t dim5sions & ( absolutely diff]5t "*4 ,x may happ51 = x probably is s1 t ! complex "t-b9d+ en]gy has _m diff]5t /ages ( developm5t & diff]5t k9ds ( 8rays0 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 444 ,m4444 ,let u suppose t ! s-call$ m5tal capacities are ! ,m rays ( ! "t-b9d+ en]gy2 ! 8spiritual0 capacities1 ! ,a rays2 ! 8w0 p[]s1 ! ,b rays2 & s on4 ,psy*ological tru?s w !n be a function ( all rays toge!r1 namely ,a ,b ,c 444 ,m 444 or f 7,a ,b ,c 444 ,m 44471 ! "* ( any 8tru?0 9 "q w l>gely dep5d ^u :i* ( ^! elem5ts prevail4 ,if x 7 possible to isolate completely f ! o!r rays ! 8m5tal0 process--! 8logos0--! ,m rays--& h a complete ab/raction 7:i* 9 ! pres5t c\ld only be 9 ma!matics71 !n ! "w ( ,m c\ld be comp>$ to ! "w ( an imp]sonal ma*9e :i* always gives ! same correctly %ap$ product no matt] :at is ! mat]ial put into x4 ,x is a fact t ma!matics is correct--imp]sonal--passionless4 ,aga91 z a matt] ( fact1 all ! basic axioms :i* und]lie ma!matics are psy*ological axioms2 !re=e x may happ5 t ^! axioms are n ( ! inf9ity type b are ( ! f 7,a ,b ,c 4447 p]sonal type & ?is may be :y ma!matics _c acc\nt = psy*ological facts4 ,if psy*ology is to be an exact sci5ce x mu/ be ma!matical 9 pr9ciple4 ,&1 !re=e1 ma!matics mu/ f9d a way to embrace psy*ology4 ,"h ,i w endeavor to outl9e a way 9 :i* ?is c be done4 ,to express x correctly is m ?an difficult3 ,i beg ! ma!matical read] to tol]ate ! =m & look = ! s5se or ev5 ! feel+s 9 :at ,i attempt to express4 ,to make x less %ock+ to ! e> ( ! pure ma!matician1 ,i w use = ! 8inf9itesimals0 ! words 8v small numb]s10 = ! 8f9ite0 ! words 8normal numb]s0 & = ! 8transf9ite0 ! words 8v great numb]s40 ,in/ead ( us+ ! ^w 8numb]0 ,i w sometimes use ! ^w 8magnitude0 & "u ! ^w 8inf9ity0 ,i w und]/& ! mean+ z 8limitless40 ,! base ( ! :ole ( ma!matics or r ! />t+ po9t ( ma!matics 0 8psy*ological tru?s10 axioms conc]n+ normal numb]s1 & magnitudes t 7 tangible = ! s5ses4 ,"h to my m9d is to be f\nd ! k]nel ( ! :ole tr\ble4 ,! base ( ma!matics 0 f 7,a ,b ,c 444 ,m 44472 ! "w1 or ! developm5t1 ( ma!matics is f 7,m72 ?is is ! reason = ! 8gho/s0 9 ! backgr\nd ( ma!matics4 ,! f 7,m7 evolv$ f ?is f 7,a ,b ,c 444 ,m 4447 base a wond]ful ab/ract !ory absolutely correct = ! normal1 ! v small1 & = ! v great numb]s4 ,b ! rules :i* gov]n ! small numb]s1 ! normal1 or psy*ological numb]s1 & ! great numb]s1 are n ! same4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 9 ! meantime1 ! physical _w1 ! psy*ological _w1 is compos$ exclusively ( v great numb]s & ( v small magnitudes 7atoms1 electrons1 etc474 ,x seems to me t1 if we want really to und]/& ! _w & man1 we %all h to />t f ! beg9n+1 f #j1 !n take ! next v small numb] z ! fir/ f9ite or 8normal numb]02 !n ! old f9ites or ! normal numb]s w\ld become v great numb]s & ! old v-great numb]s w\ld become ! v great ( ! second ord] & s on4 ,su* transpos$ ma!matics w\ld become psy*ological & philosophic ma!matics & ma!matical philosophy w\ld become philosophic ma!matics4 ,! imm$iate & mo/ vital effect w\ld be1 t ! />t w\ld be made n some:]e 9 ! middle ( ! magnitudes b f ! beg9n+1 or f ! limit 8z]o10 f ! 8#j0--;f ! intr9sic 8to be or n to be0--& ! next to x w\ld be ! v fir/ small magnitude1 ! physical & !re=e psy*ological cont9uum 7,i use ! words physical cont9uum 9 ! way ,po9c> us$ !m7 w\ld become a ma!matical cont9uum 9 ?is new philosophic ma!matics4 ,?is new bran* ( philosophic1 psy*ological ma!matics w\ld be absolutely rigor\s1 correct & true 9 addition to :i*1 maybe1 x w\ld *ange or enl>ge & make humanly tangible = ! layman1 ! concept ( numb]s1 cont9uum1 inf9ity1 space1 "t & s on4 ,su* a ma!matics w\ld be ! ma!matics = ! "t-b9d+ psy*ology4 ,ma!matical philosophy is ! highe/ philosophy 9 exi/5ce2 nev]!less1 x c\ld be *ang$ to a /ill high] ord] 9 ! way indicat$ "h & become philosophic or psy*ological ma!matics4 ,?is new sci5ce1 ( c\rse1 w\ld n *ange ! ord9>y ma!matics = ord9>y purposes4 ,x w\ld be a special ma!matics = ! /udy ( ,man deal+ only ) ! 8natural f9ites0 7! old inf9itesimals7 & great numb]s ( diff]5t ord]s 7includ+ ! normal numb]s71 b />t+ f a real1 common base--f #j1 & next to x v small numb]1 :i* is a common tangible base = psy*ological z well z analytical tru?s4 ,?is new philosophic ma!matics w\ld elim9ate ! concept ( 8inf9itesimals0 z su*1 :i* is an artificial concept & is n z a concept an elem5t ( ,nature4 ,! s-call$ inf9itesimals are ,nature's real1 natural f9ites4 ,9 ma!matics ! inf9itesimals 7 an analytical--an 8,m0--"t-b9d+--necessity1 because ( our />t+ po9t4 ,i repeat once aga9 t ?is transposition ( our />t+ po9t w\ld n affect ! normal ma!matics = normal purposes2 x w\ld build r a new philosophic ma!matics rigor\sly correct :]e analytical facts w\ld be also psy*ological facts4 ,?is new ma!matics w\ld n only give correct results b also true results4 ,keep+ 9 m9d bo? conceptions ( "t1 ! sci5tific "t & ! psy*ological "t1 we may see t ! human capacity ( 8,"t-b9d+0 is a v practical "o & t ?is "t-b9d+ faculty is a functional "n & def9ition = :at we broadly mean by human 8intellig5ce02 :i* makes x obvi\s t "t 79 any und]/&+ ( ! t]m7 is someh[ v closely relat$ to intellig5ce--! m5tal & spiritual activities ( man4 ,all we "k ab\t 8"t0 w expla9 to u a great deal ab\t ,man1 & all we "k ab\t ,man w expla9 to u a great deal ab\t "t1 if we consid] facts alone4 ,! 8gho/s0 9 ! backgr\nd w rapidly vani% & become intelligible facts = philosophic ma!matics4 ,! mo/ vital importance1 nev]!less1 is t tak+ z]o z ! limit & ! next to x v small magnitude = ! real />t+ po9t1 x w give u a ma!matical sci5ce f a natural base :]e correct =mulas w be also true =mulas & w correspond to psy*ological tru?s4 ,we h f\nd t man is an expon5tial function :]e "t ent]s z an expon5t4 ,if we comp>e ! =mula = organic gr[? yekt1 ) ! =mula 8,p ,r,t10 we see t !y are ( ! same type & ! law ( organic gr[? applies to ! human "t-b9d+ en]gy4 ,we see1 too1 t ! "t-b9d+ en]gy is also 8alive0 & multiply+ 9 l>g] & l>g] families4 ,! =mula = ! decompos+ ( radium is ! same--only ! expon5t is negative in/ead ( positive4 ,?is fact is inde$ v curi\s & sugge/ive4 ,procreation1 ! organic gr[?1 is also "s function ( "t4 ,i call 8"t-l9k+0 = ! sake ( diff]5ce4 ,:e!r ! en]gy ( procreation or t ( 8"t-l9k+0 c be acc\nt$ = 9 units ( *emical en]gy tak5 up 9 food1 ,i d n "k4 ,n s ) ! m9d--?is 8"t-b9d+10 high] expon5tial en]gy1 8able to direct basic p[]s40 ,if we analyse ?is en]gy1 free f any speculation1 we w f9d t ?is high] en]gy :i* is someh[ directly connect$ ) 8"t0--no matt] :at "t is--is able to produce1 by trans=mation or by draw+ on o!r s\rces ( en]gy1 new en]gies unkn[n to nature4 ,?us ! sol> en]gy trans=m$ into coal is1 = in/ance1 trans=m$ into ! en]gy ( ! drive ( a pi/on1 or ! rot>y en]gy 9 a /eam eng9e1 & s on4 ,x is obvi\s t no am\nt ( *emical en]gy 9 food c acc\nt = su* an en]gy z ! "t-b9d+ en]gy4 ,!re is only "o supposition left1 namely1 t ! "t-b9d+ app>atus has a s\rce = its trem5d\s en]gy 9 ! trans=mation ( organic atoms1 &--:at is v *>act]i/ic--! results are "t-b9d+ en]gies4 ,?is supposition is almo/ a c]ta9ty because x seems to be ! only possible supposition to acc\nt = t en]gy4 ,?is supposition1 :i* seems to be ! only supposition1 w\ld br+ u to face /rik+ facts1 namely1 ! trans=mation ( organic atoms1 :i* means a direct draw+ ^u ! cosmic en]gy2 & ?is cosmic en]gy--"t--& intellig5ce are someh[ connect$--if n inde$ equival5t4 ,happily ^! ?+s c be v]ifi$ 9 sci5tific laboratories4 ,radium 0 discov]$ only a few ye>s ago & is /ill v sc>ce1 b ! results = sci5ce & life are already trem5d\s because sci5tific me?ods 7 appli$ 9 ! und]/&+ & use ( x4 ,we did n use any zoological or !ological me?ods1 b j direct1 correct & sci5tific me?ods4 ,!re is no sc>city 9 8human radium10 b1 to my k1 physici/s h nev] attempt$ to /udy ?is en]gy f t po9t ( view4 ,i am confid5t t1 if once !y />t1 !re w be results 9 :i* all ! s-call$ 8sup]natural1 spiritual1 psy*ic0 ph5om5a1 su* z are n fakes1 w become sci5tifically und]/ood & w be consci\sly utiliz$4 ,n[ !y are mo/ly wa/$ or only play$ )4 ,x may happ5 t ! sci5ce ( ,man--z ! sci5ce ( "t-b9d+--w disclose to u ! inn] & f9al secrets--! f9al tru?--( nature1 valid 9 inf9ity4 ,x is v difficult to give 9 su* a book z ?is an adequate li/ ( ! lit]ature :i* may help to ori5t ! read] 9 a g5]al way 9 ! great advance sci5ce has made 9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,?is book is a pione] book 9 its own way1 & s !re are no books deal+ directly ) its subject4 ,!re are two bran*es ( sci5ce & "o art :i* are fundam5tal = ! fur!r developm5t ( ! subject2 ^! two sci5ces are 7#a7 ,ma!matical philosophy & 7#b7 ,sci5tific biology1 ! art is ! art ( creative eng9e]+4 ,9 ma!matical philosophy !re are to my k only f\r great ma!matical writ]s :o treat ! subject z a di/9ct sci5ce4 ,!y are two ,engli% sci5ti/s1 ,b]tr& ,russell & ,a4 ,n4 ,:itehead2 "o ,fr5*man1 ,h5ri ,po9c> 7deceas$72 & "o ,am]ican1 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,j4 ,keys]4 ,messrs4 ,russell & ,:itehead approa* ! problems f a purely logical po9t ( view & !re9 lies ! peculi> value ( _! "w4 ,h5ri ,po9c> 0 a physici/ 7z well z a ma!matician7 &1 !re=e1 approa*es ! problems some:at f a physici/'s po9t ( view1 a circum/ance giv+ 8 philosophy its p>ticul> value4 ,pr(essor ,keys] approa*es ! problems f bo? ! logical & ! w>mly human po9ts ( view2 9 ?is is ! great human & practical value ( 8 "w4 ,^! f\r sci5ti/s are unique 9 _! respective elaborations & elucidations ( ma!matical philosophy4 ,x is n = me to advise ! read] :at selections to make1 = if a ?or\gh k ( ! subject is desir$ ! read] %\ld read all ^! books1 b n all read]s are will+ to make t ef=t t[>d cle> ?9k+ 7:i* 9 ! meantime w rema9 ( ! highe/ importance 9 sci5ce74 ,"s read]s w wi% to select = !mselves & to facilitate _! selection ,i w lay out a 8,m5u0 ( ?is intellectual fea/ by giv+ 9 "s cases ! *apt] heads4 ,= _m tempor>y reasons ,i 0 n able1 be=e go+ into pr9t1 to give a full] li/ ( ! writ+s ( ^? f\r unique m52 b !re is no /roke ( _! p5 b :i* %\ld be read ) great att5tion--besides :i* !re is a v valuable lit]ature ab\t _! "w4 7#a7 ,! purely ma!matical f\ndation3 ,,russell1 ,,b]tr&4 8,! ,pr9ciples ( ,ma!matics40 ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 #aijc4 7,i am n giv+ any selections f ! cont5ts ( ?is book because ?is book %\ld1 )\t d\bt1 be read by e "o int]e/$ 9 ma!matical philosophy47 8,! ,problems ( ,philosophy40 ,h4 ,holt ,co41 ,n4 ,y41 #aiab4 8,our ,k ( ! ,ext]nal ,_w1 z a ,field = ,sci5tific ,me?od 9 ,philosophy40 ,*icago1 #aiad4 8,introduction to ,ma!matical ,philosophy40 ,macmillan1 ,n4 ,y4 ,selection f cont5ts3 ,def9ition ( numb]4 ,! ,def9ition ( ord]4 ,k9ds ( relations4 ,inf9ite c>d9al numb]s4 ,inf9ite s]ies & ord9als4 ,limits & cont9uity4 ,! axiom ( inf9ity & logical types4 ,classes4 ,ma!matics & logic4 8,my/icism & ,logic40 ,longmans ,gre5 ,co4 #aiai4 ,n4 ,y4 ,selection f cont5ts3 ,ma!matics & ! metaphysicians4 ,on sci5tific me?od 9 philosophy4 ,! ultimate con/itu5ts ( matt]4 ,on ! notion ( cause4 ,,:itehead1 ,,alfr$ ,n4 8,an ,introduction to ,ma!matics40 ,h5ry ,holt ,co4 #aiaa4 ,n4 ,y4 8,! ,organization ( ,?\ght ,educational & ,sci5tific40 ,london1 #aiag4 ,selections f cont5ts3 ,! pr9ciples ( ma!matics 9 relation to elem5t>y tea*+4 ,! organization ( ?\ght4 ,! anatomy ( "s sci5tific ideas4 ,space1 "t1 & relativity4 8,an ,enquiry ,conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,k40 ,cambridge1 #aiai4 ,selection f cont5ts3 ,! traditions ( sci5ce4 ,! data ( sci5ce4 ,! me?od ( ext5sive ab/raction4 ,! !ory ( objects4 8,! ,concept ( ,nature40 ,cambridge1 #aibj4 ,selection f cont5ts3 ,nature & ?\ght4 ,"t4 ,! me?od ( ext5sive ab/raction4 ,space & motion4 ,objects4 ,! ultimate physical concepts4 8,pr9cipia ,ma!matica40 ,by ,a4 ,n4 ,:itehead & ,b]tr& ,russell4 ,cambridge1 #aiaj-aiac4 ,?is monum5tal "w /&s alone4 8,z a "w ( con/ructive criticism x has nev] be5 surpass$4 ,to e "o & especially to philosoph]s & m5 ( natural sci5ce1 x is an amaz+ revelation ( h[ ! famili> t]ms ) :i* !y deal plunge _! roots f> into ! d>kness b5ea? ! surface ( common s5se4 ,x is a noble monum5t to ! critical _s ( sci5ce & to ! idealism ( our "t40 8,human ,wor? ( ,rigor\s ,?9k+40 ,c4 ,j4 ,keys]4 7#b7 ,! physici/'s po9t ( view3 ,,po9c>1 ,,h5ri4 8,! ,f\ndations ( ,sci5ce40 ,! ,sci5ce ,press1 ,n4 ,y41 #aiac4 ,selection f cont5ts3 ,sci5ce & hypo!sis4 ,numb] & magnitude4 ,space4 ,=ce4 ,nature4 ,,ii4 ,! value ( sci5ce4 ,! ma!matical sci5ces4 ,! physical sci5ces4 ,! objective value ( sci5ce4 ,,iii4 ,sci5ce & me?od4 ,sci5ce & ! sci5ti/4 ,ma!matical reason+4 ,! new me*anics4 ,a/ronomic sci5ce4 7#c7 ,! human1 civiliz+1 practical life1 po9t ( view3 ,,keys]1 ,,cassius ,j4 8,sci5ce & ,religion3 ,! ,rational & ! ,sup]-rational40 ,! ,yale ,univ]sity ,press4 8,! ,new ,inf9ity & ! ,old ,!ology40 ,! ,yale ,univ]sity ,press4 8,! ,human ,wor? ( ,rigor\s ,?9k+40 ,essays & ,addresses4 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiaf4 ,selection f cont5ts3 ,! human wor? ( rigor\s ?9k+4 ,! human significance ( ma!matics4 ,! walls ( ! _w2 or conc]n+ ! figure & ! dim5sions ( ! ,univ]se ( space4 ,! univ]se & beyond4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! hyp]cosmic4 ,! axiom ( inf9ity3 ,a new presupposition ( ?\ght4 ,rese>* 9 ,am]ican ,univ]sities4 ,ma!matical productivity 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 8,ma!matical ,philosophy1 ! ,/udy ( ,fate & ,fre$om4 ,lectures = ,educat$ ,laym540 ,=?com+ ,book4 ,selection f cont5ts ( g5]al int]e/3 ,! ma!matical obligations ( philosophy4 ,humani/ic & indu/rial education4 ,logic ! muse ( ?\ght4 ,radiant aspects ( an ov]-_w4--,v]ifi]s & falsifi]s4 ,significance & nons5se4--,di/9ction ( logical & psy*ological4 ,a diamond te/ ( h>mony4--,di/9ction ( doctr9e & me?od4--,!oretical & practical d\bt4--,ma!matical philosophy 9 ! rle ( critic4 ,a _w uncriticis$--! g>d5 ( ! devil4 8,sup]simian0 ,wisdom4 ,autonom\s tru? & autonom\s falsehood4 ,o!r ,v>ieties ( tru? & untru?4 ,ma!matics z ! /udy ( fate & fre$om4 ,! prototype ( reason$ disc\rse (t5 disguis$ z 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4--,nature ( ma!matical trans=mation4 ,no trans=mation1 no ?9k+4 ,trans=mation law ess5tially psy*ological1 ,relation function & trans=mation z ?ree aspects ( "o ?+4 ,its /udy1 ! common ent]prise ( sci5ce4 ,! /atic & ! dynamic worlds4 ,! problem ( "t & k9dr$ problems4 ,importation ( "t & suppression ( "t z ! classic devices ( sci5ces4--,! nature ( inv>iance4 ,! ages-old problem ( p]man5ce & *ange4 ,! que/ ( :at abides 9 a fluctuant _w z ! b9d+ ?read ( human hi/ory4 ,! tie ( comrade%ip among ! ent]prises ( human _s4--,! concept ( a gr\p4 ,! notion simply exemplifi$ 9 _m fields1 is 8,m9d0 a gr\p4 ,! philosophy ( ! cosmic ye>4--,limits & limit processes omnipres5t z ideals & idealization1 9 all ?\ght & human aspiration4 ,ideals ! fl9t ( reality4--,ma!matical inf9ity1 its dynamic & /atic aspects4 ,ne$ ( hi/ory ( ! ,imp]i\s concept4 ,! rle ( inf9ity 9 a mighty poem4--,mean+ ( dim5sionality4 ,di/9ction ( imag9ation & conception4 ,logical exi/5ce & s5su\s exi/5ce4 ,op5 av5ues to unimag9able worlds4--,! !ory ( logical types4 ,a supreme application ( x to def9ition ( man1 & ! sci5ce ( human welf>e4--,! psy*ology ( ma!matics & ! ma!matics ( psy*ology4 ,bo? ( !m 9 _! infancy4 ,consequ5t ret>dation ( sci5ce4 ,! symmetry ( ?\ght4 ,! asymmetry ( imag9ation4--,sci5ce & eng9e]+4 ,sci5ce z eng9e]+ 9 prep>ation4 ,eng9e]+ z sci5ce 9 action4 ,ma!matics ! guide ( ! eng9e]4 ,eng9e]+ ! guide ( humanity4 ,humanity ! civiliz+ or ,"t-,b9d+ class ( life4 ,qualities ess5tial to eng9e]+ lead]%ip4 ,! e?ics ( ! art4 ,! eng9e] z educator1 z sci5ti/1 z philosoph]1 z psy*ologi/1 z economi/1 z /atesman1 z ma!matical ?9k]--z a ,man4 ,app5dix ,,ii4 ,biology ,& ,"t-,b9d+ ,! life ( "o man is %ort1 & to v few is x giv5 to a*ieve mu* 9 _! lifetime4 ,ext5sive a*ievem5ts are made almo/ entirely by _m m5 tak+ up ! "w done by a discov]]4 ,9 su* a case1 we arrive at a complete 8tru?10 n by ! production ( "o man b by a *a9 ( m51 b ! initial discov]y n only has to be produc$ b correctly def9$ be=e x c be us$ & t is ! important po9t to be made4 ,:at we d n realize is ! trem5d\s am\nt ( m5tal "w t is lo/ by an incorrect use ( words4 ,human ?\ght--t unique1 subtle & yet mo/ en]getic ph5om5on ( nature--is 9 ! ma9 wantonly wa/$1 because we d n use1 or take pa9s to use1 suitable language2 at ! same "t1 false def9itions lead to consequ5ces n m]ely wa/eful b positively h>mful4 ,:5 ideas & facts are falsely def9$1 !y t5d to br+ u to false conclusions1 & false conclusions lead u 9 wrong directions1 & life & k greatly suff] 9 consequ5ce4 ,our progress is n a well ord]$ pursuit aft] tru?1 z pure *ance plays too l>ge a "p 9 x4 ,until lately1 logic 0 suppos$ to be ! sci5ce ( correct ?9k+1 b mod]n ?\ght has progress$ s f> t ! old logic is n able to h&le ! great accumulat$ volume--! great complicat$ mass ( exi/+ ideas & facts--& s we are =c$ to look = ano!r in/rum5t mu* m exp$i5t & p[]ful4 ,!re is no ne$ to e/abli% a new sci5ce to replace logic2 we simply h to look clos] into ! sci5ces at h& & realize ! fact1 :i* 0 ) u all ! "t1 namely1 t ma!matics & ma!matical reason+ is no?+ else ?an ! true logic ( nature--nature's univ]sal tongue--! "o means ( expression t is ! same = all peoples4 ,?is is n a play on words1 x is a fact :i*1 aft] inve/igation1 ev]ybody mu/ admit4 ,ev]ybody :o wants to ?9k logically mu/ ?9k ma!matically or give up any pret5se ( correct ?9k+--!re is no escape & all :o refuse to inve/igate ! ju/ice ( ?is /atem5t put !mselves outside ! pale ( logically ?9k+ p4 ,! application ( rigor\s ?9k+ to life w ev5 revolutionize sci5tific me?ods by ! introduction ( "r def9itions1 correct classifications1 j language1 & s w lead to tru/wor?y results4 ,v probably all our doctr9es & cre$s w h to be revis$2 "s reject$1 "s rectifi$1 "s broad5$2 br++ ab\t unanimity ( all sci5ces & ?us greatly increas+ _! effectiv5ess 9 ! pursuit ( tru?4 ,?is application ( ma!matics to life w ev5 revolutionize ma!matics itself4 ,9 ,app4 ,i x is sugge/$ t5tatively h[ ?is may be accompli%$4 ,z ! seem+ly ultimate & highe/ exp]im5tally kn[n en]gy is ! human "t-b9d+ en]gy1 ?is new concept may lead to a *ange 9 our pres5t concepts ( matt]1 space & "t1 9 mu* ! same way z ! discov]y ( radium has affect$ !m4 ,?is problem c be solv$ only by sci5tific exp]im5ts ) ! "t-b9d+ en]gy4 ,9 _m1 ev5 9 mo/1 ( ! cases1 ! analysis ( ^! ph5om5a pres5ts great te*nical difficulty1 b :y confuse our m9ds by be+ afraid (1 or be+ a slave ( words8 ,if in/ead ( call+ w9e w9e1 we call$ x by its *emical =mula1 w\ld ?is1 9 any way1 *ange ! quality ( w9e8 ,( c\rse n4 ,all ! 8qualities0 w rema9 because !y are facts1 & _c be alt]$ by words4 ,a mo/ pa!tic picture ( ! havoc & *aos :i* wrong use ( words br+s into life & sci5ce is exhibit$ 9 all fields ( ?\ght by ! endless & bitt] fight+ ov] words n well def9$4 ,ma!matics has be5 able to make its mo/ /up5d\s a*ievem5ts because ( its me?od ( exact analysis ( ! cont9uum1 dim5sions1 classes1 relations1 functions1 transf9ite numb]s1 etc41 & also ( space & "t4 ,hi!rto1 n all ( ^! conceptions 9 _! %>ply def9$ =m h _h direct application to our daily life or to our _w conception4 ,! ?\ghts express$ 9 ,app4 ,i may sugge/ ?is 8miss+ l9k0--connect+ ma!matics m intimately ) life4 ,mod]n sci5ce kn[s t all en]gies c be someh[ trans=m$ f "o k9d to ano!r & t all ( !m repres5t "o type ( en]getic ph5om5a1 no matt] :at is ! orig9 ( ea*4 ,= example1 a galvanic or *emical batt]y produces ! same k9d ( electricity z ! me*anical process ( friction or ! int]action ( cosmic laws z 9 ! dynamo4 ,9 "s in/ances1 :5 our sy/ems are suitably adju/$1 ! trans=mations are rev]sible1 t is1 ! en]gy results 9 a *emical process--an accumulator2 ! *emical process results 9 electricity--! galvanic batt]y2 motion results 9 electricity--! dynamo2 electricity results 9 motion--! electric motor2 etc4 ,we "k all en]gies are someh[ relat$ to ea* o!r1 9 t _! trans=mation is possible4 ,! effects produc$ by ! same type ( en]gy are absolutely ! same--no matt] :at its orig94 ,! m>vel ( an electric lamp is ! same m>vel1 :e!r ! orig9 ( ! electricity be *emical1 me*anical or cosmic z 9 ! dynamo4 ,! exp]im5ts 9 sci5tific biology h prov$ ?is to be true 9 liv+ organisms & j ?is is ! trem5d\s importance ( ! discov]ies 9 sci5tific biology4 ,light & o!r en]gies react on organisms 9 ! same way z ! *emical reactions & ^! ph5om5a are rev]sible4 ,m ?an t1 liv+ complex organisms h be5 produc$ :i* grew to maturity ?r\gh a *emical or me*anical treatm5t ( ! egg1 & ?is has be5 accompli%$ 9 ! infancy ( sci5tific biology6 7,see ,! ,organisms z a ,:ole1 by ,jacques ,loeb47 ,all ph5om5a 9 nature are natural & %\ld be approa*$ z su*4 ,! human m9d is at lea/ an en]gy :i* c direct o!r en]gies2 x is incorrect & mislead+ to call x sup]natural4 ,x is ( c\rse true t we d n fully und]/& ! nature ( ! human m9d & we %all le>n to und]/& x :5 & only :5 we acquire s5se en\gh to recognize x z natural4 ,if we p]si/ 9 say+ & believ+ t ! 8spiritual evid5ces _c be expla9$ on a mat]ial base10 ?is /atem5t %\ld be equally applicable to electricity or radium4 ,if ?is /atem5t is false = ^! ph5om5a1 x is equally false = ! m9d or ! s-call$ spiritual & w p[]s4 ,! sci5tific und]/&+ ( ^! ph5om5a w n 8degrade0 ^! ph5om5a1 because t _c be done4 ,facts rema9 facts & no sci5tific explanation ( a ph5om5on c l[] or degrade t :i* is a fact4 ,electricity is electricity & no?+ else1 no matt] :at its orig92 human "t-b9d+ en]gies 7embrac+ all faculties7 are ! highe/ ( ! kn[n en]gies--equally magnific5t & a/oni%+--no matt] :at ! base2 & ! sci5tific und]/&+ ( !m w only add to our respect = !m & = ourselves2 x w unmi/akably help u to develop !m indef9itely by ma!matical analysis4 ,! base is n ! ph5om5on--sulphuric acid & z9c are n electricity2 "t-b9d+ en]gies are n a p\nd ( beef/eak1 al?\gh a p\nd ( beef/eak may help to save life & be !re=e in/rum5tal 9 ! production ( a poem or ( a sonata2 b by no means c a beef/eak be tak5 = ei!r ( !m4 ,i h attempt$1 ) "s measure ( success ,i tru/1 to solve ^! problems 9 sci5ce & life2 ! results are a/oni%+1 z !y lead u to a mu* high] & m embrac+ e?ics ?an society has ev] _h4 ,by ?is analysis ,i prove t ! und]/&+ ( ?is mo/ /up5d\s b ,,natural ph5om5on ( human life br+s u to ! sci5tifical s\rce ( e?ics & ,i prove t ! s-call$ 8highe/ ideals ( humanity0 h no?+ ( 8s5tim5talism0 or ( ! 8sup]natural0 9 !m1 b are exclusively ! fulfilm5t ( ! natural laws = ! human class ( life4 ,! recognition ( ! fact t ! ph5om5a ( ! human m9d are natural & z su* con=m to natural law has ! fur!r advantage ov] ! 8sup]natural0 attitude 9 t we c no m evade a law ( human nature ?an ! law ( gravity2 9 o!r words1 human e?ics w h ! validity ( natural law4 ,) ! sup]natural attitude1 x 0 simple en\gh to avoid ! issues ( life1 by a simple /atem5t--8,i d n believe0--& t 0 en\gh to break all bonds & be free f ! 8sup]natural morale0--b to get away f ! 8natural morale0 & rema9 ,,human is ,,impossible4 ,:]eas1 ) an artificially =mulat$ morale x 0 easy en\gh to break away by a simple m5tal speculation1 & feel p]fectly satisfi$ z long z "o escap$ ! jail2 ) a morale made cle> t x is a ,,natural ,,law = ! human class ( life1 ! curta9 ( sophi/ry & speculation is remov$ & ev]yone :o breaks away f ! ,,natural ,,laws ,,= ,,humans1 ,,w ,,"k ,,by ,,himself1 ,,t ,,he ,,is ,,outside ,,! ,,law--,,= ,,humans4 ,eng9e]s are n metaphysicians1 _! field is n "o ( clev] argum5t b "o ( prov$ facts2 _! "w is n to befog ! air ) cl\dy expressions or sophi/ry1 b to create2 _! me?od is sci5tific & _! tool is ma!matics4 ,x is kn[n t 9 remote antiquity1 9 "s temples electrical ph5om5a 7 kn[n & 7 us$ to keep ! ignorant masses 9 awe & ob$i5ce4 ,%all we foll[ ! me?ods us$ by ^? magicians or %all we squ>ely face facts8 ,%all we look ^u life1 & ! usually s-call$ m5tal1 spiritual ph5om5a1 etc41 z sup]natural1 simply because we d n und]/& !m8 ,x seems evid5t t ev]y?+ :i* exi/s 9 nature1 is natural1 no matt] h[ simple or complicat$ a ph5om5on x is2 & on no occasion c ! s-call$ 8sup]natural0 be any?+ else ?an a completely natural law1 ?\gh x may1 at ! mom5t1 be above or beyond our pres5t und]/&+4 ,! attitude ( m9d :i* admits ! sup]natural bl9ds & fru/rates any analysis or any attempt at analysis4 ,! unprejudic$ analysis ( ! s-call$ 8sup]natural0 does n alt] any "p ( ! /range & high functions ( x4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! human "t-b9d+ en]gy are & w rema9 ! mo/ preci\s1 subtle & highe/ ( kn[n functions1 no matt] :at ! orig94 ,facts may n be d5i$ or falsifi$ if analysis is to arrive at correct conclusions4 ,! high dim5sionality ( ! human m9d1 ! s-call$ spiritual & w p[]s1 are facts & mu/ be accept$ z su*4 ,x is ab\t "t to e/abli% an exact sci5ce to deal ) !m4 ,! problems ( animal life 7 approa*$ )\t prejudice1 no sup]natural 8sp>k0 0 bo!r+ u 9 our analysis--an animal 0 an animal & no?+ else--we did n int]mix dim5sions1 !re=e we see t ! 8social /ructure0 ( ! animals on a f>m nev] breaks d[n z !y are manag$ on a sci5tific base ) an und]/&+ ( _! prop] /&>ds4 ,animals to-day live m happily ?an man4 ,we don't all[ animals to practice ! 8survival ( ! fitte/10 or 8competition10 :i* is f> too de/ructive4 ,our pres5t social sy/em imposes ^! disa/r\s me?ods ^u man alone1 & ! result is t ! hide\s prov]b 8,homo hom9i lupus0 has become true4 ,9 mod]n sci5ce facts are n want+1 we h fir/ b to "k !m4 ,if we take1 = example1 sulphuric acid & z9c & make :at we call a galvanic batt]y1 we see t f two *emical sub/ances a ?ird--a salt--is made 9 addition to :i* we h a peculi> en]gy produc$ call$ electricity4 ,:o does n "k ! m>vel\s prop]ties ( ?is ph5om5on8 ,sci5tific biology has made trem5d\s progress lately2 eng9e]s _c af=d to ignore ! facts e/abli%$ 9 laboratory rese>*es4 ,! problem ( 8life0 & ( o!r en]gies1 hi!rto consid]$ 8sup]natural10 is well 9 h&1 & proves to be none ! less a/oni%+ ?\gh entirely natural4 ,a numb] ( sci5ti/s all ov] ! _w are work+ at ?is problem & ! sci5tific facts :i* !y h e/abli%$1 & :i* _c n[ be d5i$1 belong to-day to ! realm ( practical life4 ,eng9e]s1 ( c\rse1 h to "k ^! facts2 ma!maticians h to e/abli% correct dim5sions 9 ! /udy ( all ! sci5ces & p w h to /udy ma!matical philosophy2 only !n c ! process ( integration 9 any phase ( ?\ght be made )\t mi/akes4 ,!re is no escape f t1 if tru? is :at we really want4 ,b "h "o objection may be rais$1 an objection :i* = "s is a s]i\s "o inde$2 namely1 :at w take ! place ( ! old philosophy1 law & e?ics1 if human life is no?+ else ?an a physico-*emical process8 ,to quote ,doctor ,jacques ,loeb f 8 ,me*ani/ic ,conception ( ,life3 8,if on ! basis ( a s]i\s survey1 ?is "q 7t all life ph5om5a c be unequivocally expla9$ 9 physico-*emical t]ms--,au?or7 c be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 our social & e?ical life w h to be put on a sci5tific basis & our rules ( conduct mu/ be br\ght into h>mony ) ! results ( sci5tific biology4 ,n only is ! me*ani/ic conception ( life compatible ) e?ics1 x seems ! only conception ( life :i* c lead to an und]/&+ ( ! s\rce ( e?ics40 ,i hope to h prov$ 9 ?is book t sci5tific e?ics is bas$ on natural laws = ! human class ( life2 t x is bas$ on ! exp]im5tally prov$ fact t ,man is a ,"t-b9d]1 naturally active z su* 9 "t2 & t ?is concept or def9ition ( ,man is rigor\sly sci5tific & acc\nts = ! highe/ functions ( man--! highe/ ( ! m5tal & spiritual p]fections--)\t ! ne$ ( any 8sup]natural0 hypo!sis4 ,sci5tific biology proves ! fact t life & all ( its ph5om5a are ! results ( "s special physico-*emical processes1 :i* manife/ !mselves 9 "s peculi> en]gies1 ( :i* ! human m9d is ! highe/ kn[n =m4 ,^! processes are kn[n to be rev]sible1 9 t "s ( ^! peculi> en]gies cause physico-*emical *anges 9 _! own base2 ! process involv$ ,i propose to call biolysis1 z ,i propose to call biolyte ! sub/ances produc$4 ,^! ph5om5a h a p>allel analogy 9 inorganic *emi/ry--9 electricity--! diff]5ce be+ only 9 ! scale or dim5sion4 ,:5 an electric curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh a special batt]y call$ an accumulator or rev]sible batt]y1 *emical *anges occur1 9 t new comp\nds are =m$ :i* possess a rev]sible capacity2 namely1 9 reproduc+ ! =m] mat]ials--t is1 electricity is g5]at$4 ,?is process ( =m+ *emical sub/ances by ! pass+ ( an electrical curr5t is call$ electrolysis & ! product s produc$ is call$ electrolyte4 ,at ! same "t x is a kn[n fact t organic *emi/ry is inf9itely m complicat$ & v>iable ?an inorganic *emi/ry4 ,! en]gy produc$ by ! reactions ( "s organic *emical gr\ps are1 !re=e1 ( a m complicat$ "* & ( ano!r dim5sion4 ,"o ( ^! en]gies ( organic *emi/ry :i* lately has come into ! scope ( sci5tific analysis is call$ life--its physico-*emical base is ! protoplasm1 :i* result ,i call ! 8"t-l9k+0 capacity or en]gy4 ,?is "n is important = ! consequ5ces x w br+ ab\t lat] on4 ,! "t-b9d+ capacity or en]gy ( man 7no matt] :at "t is--if x is71 :i* is unique to man1 is a mo/ subtle complex2 x is ! highe/ kn[n en]gy & probably has _m subdivisions4 ,e>s are s5sitive to ! vibration ( ! air4 ,eyes are s5sitive to ! m subtle vibrations ( light2 9 a simil> way1 ! "t-b9d+ app>atus is s5sitive to ! mo/ subtle en]gies2 besides :i* x has ! capacity to regi/] n only all ( our s5sations b also ! "t-b9d+ en]gies ( o!r p2 & x app>5tly has ! capacity to regi/] ! en]gies ( ! univ]se4 ,"h aga9 we see ! same cont9uity ( ph5om5a2 ! protoplasm z a complex organic physico-*emical unit :i* has ! peculi>ity to 8live10 to gr[ & multiply 8autonom\sly0 & ?is same autonom\s peculi>ity applies to ! "t-b9d+ en]gy2 x gr[s & multiplies 8autonom\sly0 9 its own dim5sion4 ,! "t-b9d+ en]gy is a complex radiat+ en]gy some:at l ! emanations ( radium & x probably also has _m diff]5t subdivisions4 ,note t ! trans=mation ( ! atom or ! trans=mation ( radio-active sub/ances aft] pass+ diff]5t /ages1 is n complete b probably ends 9 lead1 :]eas ! trans=mation :i* occurs 9 ! production ( ! "t-b9d+ en]gy probably is complete or ne>ly complete & is t :i* ,i call ! "t-b9d+ en]gy4 7,see ,app4 ,i47 ,all ! high] *>act]i/ics ( man :i* x is cu/om>y to call ! 8m5tal1 spiritual & w p[]s10 etc41 are embrac$ 9 ?is exact def9ition ( en]gy--9 ! capacity ( "t-b9d+4 ,a diagram w bett] expla9 ! cont9uity1 evolution & me*anism ( ?is "t-b9d+ en]gy4 ,a s]ies ( circles1 connect$ by l9es1 ! leftmo/ circle be+ ,c#a1 !n next ,c#b1 & s on to ,c#g4 ,! fir/ is connect$ to ! second by l9e ,t#a1 ! second to ! ?ird by ,t#b1 etc4 ,ea* circle aft] ! fir/ has )9 x an en]gy indication1 ,e#a1 ,e#b1 etc4 ,biology & ,"t-,b9d+4 ,c#a is ! physico-*emical base 7= simplicity ,i repres5t ! :ole complex z "o base7 ( ! human "t-b9d+ en]gy4 ,t#a is ! ?\ght produc$ by a physico-*emical process 7correspond+1 = illu/ration's sake only1 to electricity produc$ by a galvanic batt]y74 ,! ?\ght ,t#a 9 turn produces a physico-*emical effect ,e#a on ! base ,c#a 7correspond+ = ! same reason to electrolysis & electrolyte 9 electricity74 ,c#a & ,e#a comb9$1 or ,c#b produces ,t#b :i* aga9 9 turn affects ! base & produces a physico-*emical effect ,e#b1 ?is new comb9ation produces ! en]gy ,t#c1 & s on 444 !oretically )\t limits1 z long z !re is any s\rce ( en]gy ^u :i* ?is special en]gy c draw4 ,?is !ory :i* ,i call ! 8spiral !ory0 repres5ts a sugge/ive work+ me*anism ( ! "t-b9d+ en]gy & is 9 accord ) ! late/ sci5tific discov]ies4 ,x expla9s ! processes ( all ! m5tal & s-call$ spiritual en]gies :i* h be5 su* a puzzle to humanity1 & x also expla9s o!r ph5om5a :i*1 until n[1 h _h no sci5tific explanation :atev]4 ,! animals are n "t-b9d+1 !y h n ! capacity ( ! 8spiral02 !re=e1 !y h n autonom\s progress4 ,at ! same "t1 x w be obvi\s t if we tea* humans false ideas1 we affect _! "t-b9d+ capacities & en]gies v s]i\sly1 by affect+ 9 a wrong way ! physico-*emical base4 ,?is en]gy is s peculi> t x embraces1 if ,i may use ! old expression1 ! highe/ ideals 7:5 ! "t-b9d+ en]gy is unob/ruct$ & is all[$ to "w normally71 & also ! mo/ crim9al ideas 7:5 ! "t-b9d+ en]gy is ob/ruct$ by false tea*+s & 9 consequ5ce works abnormally74 ,we _c make animals moral or immoral because !y h n ?is "t-b9d+ capacity4 ,:]eas human progress c be v s]i\sly affect$ by false ideas2 9 o!r words1 ! biolyte ( false tea*+s 9 ! animal dim5sion mu/ be v diff]5t f ! biolyte ( true ideas 9 ! human dim5sion4 ,nature or nature's laws happily _c be completely deviat$ f or violat$--! "t-b9d+ en]gy _c be completely suppress$ 9 ! "t-b9d+ class ( life4 ,! false tea*+s t we are animals & ess5tially brutal & selfi% c1 ( c\rse1 degrade human nature n only d[n to ! animal level b l[] /ill4 ,happily n[ sci5ce c expla9 & prove h[ fundam5tally fi5di% 9 effect are ^! tea*+s 9 ! life & progress ( human be+s4 ,x w be a %ock to ^? :o tea*1 prea* & practice animal /&>ds & 9 ! same brea? contradict !mselves 9 any talk+ ab\t 8immortality0 & 8salvation02 a little ?\ght makes x p]fectly cle> t 8animal /&>ds0 & 8salvation0 or 8immortality0 simply exclude ea* o!r4 ,) ! natural law ( "t-b9d+ realiz$1 ! way is op5 to ent]+ sci5tifically ^u ! problem ( immortality4 ,! "t-b9d+ en]gies z well z 8life0 foll[ ! same type ( expon5tial function4 8,! con/ant syn!sis !n ( specific mat]ial f simple comp\nds ( a non-specific "* is ! *ief feature by :i* liv+ matt] diff]s f non-liv+ matt]4444 ,?is problem ( syn!sis leads to ! assumption ( immortality ( ! liv+ cell1 s9ce !re is no a priori reason :y ?is syn!sis %\ld ev] come to a /&/ill ( its own accord z long z en\gh food is available & ! prop] outside physical conditions are gu>ante$4444 ,! idea t ! body cells are naturally immortal & die only if expos$ to extreme injuries su* z prolong$ lack ( oxyg5 or too high a temp]ature helps to make "o problem m intelligible4 ,! m$ical /ud5t1 :o = ! fir/ "t realizes t life dep5ds ^u t "o organ1 ! he>t1 do+ its duty incessantly = ! sev5ty ye>s or s allott$ to man1 is amaz$ at ! prec>i\sness ( our exi/5ce4 ,x seems inde$ uncanny t s delicate a me*anism %\ld function s regul>ly = s _m ye>s4 ,! my/icism connect$ ) ?is & o!r ph5om5a ( adaptation w\ld disappe> if we w\ld be c]ta9 t all cells are really immortal & t ! fact :i* dem&s an explanation is n ! cont9u$ activity b ! cessation ( activity 9 dea?4 ,?us we see t ! idea ( ! immortality ( ! body cell if x c be g5]aliz$ may be de/9$ to become "o ( ! ma9 supports = a complete physico-*emical analysis ( life ph5om5a s9ce x makes ! durability ( organisms intelligible44440 7,! ,organism z a ,:ole1 by ,jacques ,loeb47 ,! outlook = ^? :o live & pr(ess selfi%1 gre$y1 8space-b9d+ animal /&>ds0 is n v promis+ z disclos$ by ! 8spiral10 b unhappily we _c help !m2 only "t-b9d+--only fulfill+ ! natural laws = humans--c give !m ! full b5efit ( _! natural capacities by :i* !y w be able to raise !mselves above animals & _! fate4 ,! results obta9$ 9 sci5tific biological rese>*es are gr[+ v rapidly & e advance 9 _! k proves ?is !ory to be true4 ,if !y diff] 9 a few in/ances x is n because ! pr9ciples ( ?is !ory are wrong1 b because !y int]mix dim5sions & use words n suffici5tly def9$ :i* always results 9 confusion & ! *eck+ ( ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,mo/ ( ! problems t\*$ ^u 9 ?is app5dix f a ma!matical po9t ( view are bas$ ^u laboratory facts4 ,we h only to collect !m & !re is little ne$ ( imag9ation to see _! g5]al be>+4 ,s9ce we h discov]$ ! fact t ,man is a "t-b9d] 7no matt] :at "t is7 & h introduc$ ! s5se ( dim5sionality into ! /udy ( life ph5om5a 9 g5]al1 a great _m facts :i* 7 n cle> be=e become v cle> n[4 ,i wrote ?is book on a f>m )\t any books at h& & ,i _h be5 out ( t\* ) ! progress ( sci5ce = ! five ye>s sp5t 9 ! w> s]vice & w> duties4 ,my fri5d ,dr4 ,grove-,korski1 =m]ly at ,b]keley ,univ]sity1 drew my att5tion p>ticul>ly to ! books ( ,dr4 ,jacques ,loeb4 ,i f\nd !re a treasury ( laboratory facts :i* illu/rate z no?+ bett] c\ld1 ! correctness ( my !ory4 ,i f\nd ) deep satisfaction t ! new 8sci5tific biology0 is sci5tific because x has us$ ma!matical me?ods ) notable reg>d to dim5sionality--!y d n 8milk an automobile40 ,= ! ma!matician & ! eng9e]1 ! 8tropism !ory ( animal conduct10 f\nd$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,loeb1 is ( ! greate/ int]e/1 because ?is is a !ory :i* analyses ! functions & reactions ( an organism z a :ole & !re=e !re is no *ance = confusion ( ideas or ! int]mix+ ( dim5sions4 8,physiologi/s h long be5 9 ! habit ( /udy+ n ! reactions ( ! :ole organism b ! reactions ( isolat$ segm5ts2 ! s-call$ reflexes4 ,:ile x may seem ju/ifiable to con/ruct ! reactions ( ! organism z a :ole f ! individual reflexes1 su* an attempt is 9 reality doom$ to failure1 s9ce ! reactions produc$ 9 an isolat$ elem5t _c be c\nt$ ^u to occur :5 ! same elem5t is "p ( ! :ole1 on acc\nt ( ! mutual inhibitions :i* ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! organism produce ^u ea* o!r :5 9 organic connection2 & x is1 !re=e1 impossible to express ! conduct ( a :ole animal z ! algebraic sum ( ! reflexes ( its isolat$ segm5ts4444 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be a misconception to speak ( tropism z ( reflexes1 s9ce tropisms are reactions ( ! organism z a :ole1 :ile reflexes are reactions ( isolat$ segm5ts4 ,reflexes & tropisms agree1 h[ev]1 9 "o respect1 inasmu* z bo? are obvi\sly ( a purely physico-*emical "*40 ,=c$ ,movem5ts--,tropism & ,animal ,conduct4 ,by ,jacques ,loeb4 ,i w quote "h only a v few passages1 b ^! books are ( su* importance t e ma!matician & eng9e] %\ld read !m4 ,!y are1 if ,i may say s1 a 8ma!matical biology0--! survey ( a life long /udy ( 8tropisms10 :i* is ! "n giv5 to express 8=c$ movem5ts0 9 organisms4 ,!y give ! qu9tess5ce ( laboratory exp]im5ts z to :at are ! effects ( diff]5t en]gies su* z light 7heliotropism71 electricity 7galvanotropism71 gravity 7geotropism71 etc41 9 _! reaction & influ5ce ^u ! movem5ts & actions ( liv+ organisms4 ,^! exp]im5ts are conclusive & ! conclusions arriv$ at _c be ov]look$ or evad$4 ,! trem5d\s practical results ( su* sci5tific me?ods are bas$ ^u two pr9ciples1 namely3 t1 7#a7 ! sci5ti/s mu/ ?9k ma!matically1 _! /udies ( ! ph5om5a mu/ be 9 8sy/ems0 z a complex :ole1 & !y mu/ n int]mix dim5sions2 7#b7 !y mu/ see ! dang] & n be afraid ( old words ) wrong mean+s1 b mu/ use cle> & rigor\s ?9k+ to elim9ate ! prejudices 9 sci5ce--! poison ( metaphysical speculat+ ) words1 or v]balism4 ,^! books give ample pro(s ( h[ mislead+ & obscur+ are ! words us$ & h[ basically wrong are ! conclusions arriv$ at by su* sci5ti/s z /ill p]si/ 9 us+ ! an?ropomorphic or teleological me?ods ( analysis4 ,if a sceptical or d\btful read] is int]e/$ to see an ample pro( ( h[ deadly is ! effect :i* an incorrect or unma!matical mann] ( ?9k+ br+s into sci5ce & life--he also may be ref]r$ to ^! books4 ,! foll[+ quotations prove biologically t man is ( a totally diff]5t dim5sion--a totally diff]5t be+ ?an an animal4 ,f ,dr4 ,conkl9 ,i quote only f 8 ,h]$ity & ,environm5t & to save a repetition ( ! title ( ! book1 ,i w indicate ! quotations by us+ only 8 "n4 7,all italics are indicat$ by ,a4 ,k47 8,x w\ld be ( ! greate/ importance to %[ directly t ! homolog\s prote9s ( diff]5t species are diff]5t4 ,?is has be5 done = hemoglob9s ( ! blood by ,rei*]t & ,br[n1 :o h %[n by cry/allographic measurem5ts t ! hemoglob9s ( any species are def9ite sub/ances = t species4444 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces by ,rei*]t & ,br[n seem to indicate t ?is may be true = ! cry/als ( hemoglob94 #8,! hemoglob9s ( any species are diff]5t sub/ances = t species4 ,b ^u comp>+ ! correspond+ sub/ances hemoglob9s 9 diff]5t species ( a g5us x is g5]ally f\nd t !y diff] ! "o f ! o!r to a great] or less degree2 ! diff]5ces be+ su* t :5 complete cry/allographic data are available ! diff]5t species c be di/+ui%$ by ^! diff]5ces 9 _! hemoglob9s'4444 ,! facts ?us f> report$ imply ! sugge/ion t h]$ity ( ! g5us is det]m9$ by ! prote9s ( a def9ite con/itution diff]+ f ! prote9s ( o!r g5]a4 ,?is con/itution ( ! prote9s w\ld !re=e be responsible = ! g5us h]$ity4 ,! diff]5t species ( a g5us h all ! same g5us prote9s1 b ! prote9s ( ea* species ( ! same g5us are app>5tly diff]5t aga9 9 *emical con/itution & h5ce !y may give rise to ! specific biological or immunity reactions40 ,! ,organism z a ,:ole1 by ,jacques ,loeb4 8,all peculi>ities :i* are *>act]i/ic ( a race1 species1 g5us1 ord]1 class & phylum are ( c\rse inh]it$1 o!rwise !re w\ld be no con/ant *>act]i/ics ( ^! gr\ps & no possibility ( classify+ organisms4 ,! *ief *>act]s ( e liv+ ?+ are unalt]ably fix$ by h]$ity4 ,m5 d n ga!r grapes ( ?orns nor figs ( ?i/les4 ,e liv+ ?+ produces (f-spr+ aft] its own k9d1 ,m51 horses1 cattle2 birds1 reptiles1 fi%es2 insects1 mollusks1 worms2 polyps1 sponges1 micro-organisms1--all ( ! million kn[n species ( animals & plants diff] f "o ano!r because ( inh]it$ peculi>ities1 because !y h come f diff]5t k9ds ( g]m cells40 ,conkl94 8,! entire organism consi/+ ( /ructures & functions1 body & m9d1 develops out ( ! g]m1 & ! organization ( ! g]m det]m9es all ! possibilities ( developm5t ( ! m9d no less ?an ( ! body1 ?\gh ! actual realization ( any possibility is dep5d5t also ^u environm5tal /imuli40444 ,conkl94 8,! developm5t ( ! m9d p>allels t ( ! body2 :atev] ! ultimate relation ( ! m9d & body may be1 !re c be no reasonable d\bt t ! two develop toge!r f ! g]m4 ,x is a curi\s fact t _m p :o are s]i\sly di/urb$ by sci5tific tea*+ z to ! evolution or gradual developm5t ( ! human race accept ) equanimity ! univ]sal obs]vation z to ! developm5t ( ! human individual1--m9d z well z body4 ,! animal ance/ry ( ! race is surely no m di/urb+ to philosophical or religi\s beliefs ?an ! g]m9al orig9 ( ! individual1 & yet ! latt] is a fact ( univ]sal obs]vation :i* _c be relegat$ to ! doma9 ( hypo!sis or !ory1 & :i* c n be successfully d5i$4444 ,n[ we "k t ! *ild comes f ! g]m cells :i* are n made by ! bodies ( ! p>5ts b h aris5 by ! division ( ! antec$5t g]m cell4 ,e cell comes f a pre-exi/+ cell by a process ( division1 & e g]m cell comes f a pre-exi/+ g]m cell4 ,consequ5tly x is n possible to hold1 t ! body g5]ates g]m cells1 nor t ! s\l g5]ates s\ls4 ,! only possible sci5tific position is t ! m9d or s\l z well z ! body develops f ! g]m4 8,no fact 9 human exp]i5ce is m c]ta9 ?an t ! m9d develops by gradual & natural processes f a simple condition :i* c sc>cely be call$ m9d at all2 no fact 9 human exp]i5ce is fraught ) great] practical & philosophical significance ?an ?is1 & yet no fact is m g5]ally disreg>d$40 ,conkl94 8,d\btless ! elem5ts ( :i* consci\sness develops are pres5t 9 ! g]m cells1 9 ! same s5se t ! elem5ts ( ! o!r psy*ic processes or ( ! organs ( ! body are !re pres5t2 n z a m9iature ( ! adult condition1 b r 9 ! =m ( elem5ts or factors1 :i* by long s]ies ( comb9ations & trans=mations1 due to int]actions ) "o ano!r & ) ! environm5t1 give rise to ! fully develop$ condition4444 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t 9 man1 & 9 sev]al o!r animals :i* may be assum$ to h a s5se ( id5tity1 ! n]ve cells1 especially ^? ( ! bra91 cease divid+ at an e>ly age1 & ^! id5tical cells p]si/ ?r\gh\t ! rema9d] ( life40444 8,! h5 does n produce ! egg1 b ! egg produces ! h5 & also o!r eggs4 ,individual traits are n transmitt$ f ! h5 to ! egg1 b !y develop out ( g]m9al factors :i* are c>ri$ along f cell to cell1 & f g5]ation to g5]ation44440 8,! g]m is ! undevelop$ organism :i* =ms ! bond betwe5 successive g5]ations2 ! p]son is ! develop$ organism :i* arises f ! g]m "u ! influ5ce ( environm5tal conditions1 ! p]son develops & dies 9 ea* g5]ation2 ! g]m-plasm is ! cont9u\s /ream ( liv+ sub/ance :i* connects all g5]ations4 ,! p]son n\ri%es & protects ! g]m1 & 9 ?is s5se ! p]son is m]ely ! c>ri] ( ! g]m-plasm1 ! mortal tru/ee ( an immortal sub/ance40 ,conkl94 ,?is is :at ,i call 8"t-l9k+40 7,au?or47 8,?r\gh intellig5ce & social coop]ation he is able to control environm5t = p>ticul> ends1 9 a mann] q impossible 9 o!r organisms4444 ,o!r animals develop mu* m rapidly ?an man b t developm5t soon] comes to an end4 ,! *ildr5 ( l[] races ( man develop m rapidly ?an ^? ( high] races b 9 su* cases !y also cease to develop at an e>li] age4 ,! prolongation ( ! p]iod ( infancy & ( immaturity 9 ! human race greatly increases ! importance ( environm5t & tra9+ z factors ( developm5t40 ,conkl94 ,ano!r sidelight giv5 on ! 8,spiral !ory40 7,au?or47 8,9 education also we are /rangely bl9d to prop] aims & me?ods4 ,any education is bad :i* leads to ! =mation ( habits ( idl5ess1 c>elessness1 failure1 in/ead ( habits ( indu/ry1 ?or\ghness & success4 ,any religi\s or social in/itution is bad :i* leads to habits ( pi\s make-believe1 ins9c]ity1 slavi% reg>d = au?ority & disreg>d = evid5ce1 in/ead ( habits ( s9c]ity1 op5-m9d$ness & indep5d5ce44440 8,all t man n[ is he has come to be )\t consci\s human guidance4 ,if evolution has progress$ f ! amoeba to man )\t human int]f]5ce1 if ! great progress f ape-l m5 to ! mo/ highly civiliz$ races has tak5 place )\t consci\s human control1 ! "q may well be ask$3 ,is x possible to improve on ! natural me?od ( evolution8 ,x may n be possible to improve on ! me?od ( evolution & yet by intellig5t action x may be possible to facilitate t me?od4 ,man c n *ange a s+le law ( nature b he c put himself into su* relations to natural laws t he c pr(it by !m40 ,conkl94 ,?is proves ! great importance ( ,,kn[+ ,,! ,,natural ,,laws = ! human class ( life1 & mak+ natural "t-b9d+ impulses consci\s1 = !n only w ! spiral give a log>i?mical accumulation ( ! "r k9d1 o!rwise ! biolyte w be 8animal0 9 sub/ance z well z 9 effect4 ,"h x is immat]ial h[ ! fir/ 8"t-b9d]0 0 produc$2 ! fact t he is ( ano!r dim5sion is ( ! greate/ importance4 8,f s&s to />s1 f ! imm5sity ( ! univ]se to ! m9ut5ess ( ! electron1 9 liv+ ?+s no less ?an 9 lifeless ones1 sci5ce recognizes ev]y:]e ! inevitable sequ5ce ( cause & effect1 ! univ]sality ( natural processes1 ! reign ( natural law4 ,man also is a "p ( ,nature1 a "p ( ! great me*anism ( ! univ]se1 & all t he is & does is limit$ & prescrib$ by laws ( nature4 ,e human be+ comes into exi/5ce by a process ( developm5t1 e /ep ( :i* is det]m9$ by antec$5t causes4444 ,our anatomical1 physiological1 psy*ological possibilities 7 pr$et]m9$ 9 ! g]m cells f :i* we came44440 ,conkl94 ,?is %[s ! importance ( keep+ ! /udy ( humans 9 _! own dim5sionality1 & also ! importance ( f9d+ ! ,,imp]sonal ,,natural ,,laws = ! human class ( life4 ,n[ x c be realiz$ t all ! s-call$ human ideals are none else ?an ! ev] gr[+ fulfillm5t ( ! ,,natural 8,,"t-,,b9d+0 ,,laws4 ,?is und]/&+ w enable man to discov] new 8"t-b9d+0 laws = _! conduct1 _! bus9ess relations1 _! /ate1 :i* w n be a contradiction ( ! real1 ,,natural ,,laws b w be 9 accord ) !m2 !n & only !n human progress w h a *ance to develop peacefully4 8,adult *>act]i/ics are pot5tial & n actual 9 ! g]m1 & _! actual appe>ance dep5ds ^u _m complicat$ reactions ( ! g]m9al units ) "o ano!r & ) ! environm5t4 ,9 %ort1 our actual p]sonalities are n pr$et]m9$ 9 ! g]m cells1 b our possible p]sonalities are4444 ,! influ5ce ( environm5t ^u ! m9ds & morals ( m5 is especially great4 ,to a l>ge ext5t our habits1 words1 ?\ghts2 our aspirations1 ideals1 satisfactions2 our responsibility1 morality1 religion are ! results ( ! environm5t & education ( our e>ly ye>s44440 8,ow+ to ?is va/ly great] p[] ( memory1 reflection & inhibition man is mu* fre] ?an any o!r animal4 ,animals :i* le>n little f exp]i5ce h little fre$om & ! m !y le>n ! fre] !y become44440 ,conkl94 ,x may be add$ "h t ! 8spiral !ory0 expla9s h[ our reactions c be accel]at$ & elaborat$ by ourselves1 & h[ truly we are ! ma/]s ( our de/9ies4 8,because we c f9d no place 9 our philosophy & logic = self det]m9ation %all we cease to be sci5ti/s & close our eyes to ! evid5ce8 ,! fir/ duty ( sci5ce is to appeal to fact & to settle lat] ) logic & philosophy44440 ,conkl94 ,!re w be no difficulty 9 ! settlem5t ( facts ) ! new philosophy ( 8,human ,eng9e]+40 8,! analysis ( in/9ct f a purely physiological po9t ( view ultimately furni%es ! data = a sci5tific e?ics4 ,human happ9ess is bas$ ^u ! possibility ( a natural & h>moni\s satisfaction ( ! in/9cts4444 ,x is r rem>kable t we %\ld /ill be "u ! influ5ce ( an e?ics :i* consid]s ! human in/9cts 9 !mselves l[ & _! gratification vici\s4 ,t su* an e?ics mu/ h _h a com=t+ effect ^u ! ori5tals1 ^: in/9cts 7 inhibit$ or w>p$ ?r\gh ! comb9$ effects ( an en]vat+ climate1 despotism & mis]able economic conditions is intelligible1 & x is p]haps due to a cont9uation ( ! unsatisfactory economic conditions t ?is e?ics /ill prevails to "s ext5t4444 ,lawy]s1 crim9ologi/s & philosoph]s frequ5tly imag9e t only want makes man "w4 ,?is is an errone\s view4 ,we are in/9ctively =c$ to be active 9 ! same way z ants or bees4 ,! in/9ct ( workman%ip w\ld be ! greate/ s\rce ( happ9ess if x 7 n = ! fact t our pres5t social & economic organization all[s only a few to satisfy ?is in/9ct4 ,rob]t ,may] has po9t$ out t any successful display or sett+ free ( en]gy is a s\rce ( pleasure to u4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! satisfaction ( ! in/9ct ( workman%ip is ( su* importance 9 ! economy ( life1 = ! play & le>n+ ( ! *ild1 z well z = ! sci5ti/s or comm]cial "w ( ! man4444 ,we c v>y at w ! in/9cts ( animals4 ,a numb] ( m>9e animals 444 g away f ! light1 c be =c$ to g to light 9 two ways1 fir/ by l[]+ ! temp]ature & second by increas+ ! conc5tration ( ! sea wat]1 :]eby ! cells ( ! animals lose wat]4 ,?is in/9ct c be aga9 rev]s$ by rais+ ! temp]ature or by l[]+ ! conc5tration ( ! sea wat]4 ,i h f\nd repeat$ly t by ! same conditions by :i* ph5om5a ( gr[? & organization c be controll$ ! in/9cts are controll$ also4 ,?is indicates t !re is a common basis = bo? classes ( life ph5om5a4 ,?is common base is ! physical & *emical "* ( ! mixture ( sub/ances :i* we call protoplasm4444 ,! greate/ happ9ess 9 life c be obta9$ only if all in/9cts1 t ( workman%ip includ$1 c be ma9ta9$ at a c]ta9 optimal int5sity4 ,b :ile x is c]ta9 t ! individual c ru9 or dim9i% ! value ( its life by a onesid$ developm5t ( its in/9cts1 e4g41 dissipation1 x is at ! same "t true t ! economic & social conditions c ru9 or dim9i% ! value ( life = a great numb] ( individuals4 ,x is no d\bt true t 9 our pres5t social & economic conditions m ?an n9ety p] c5t ( human be+s lead an exi/5ce ^: value is f> bel[ :at x %\ld be4 ,!y are compell$ by want to sacrifice a numb] ( in/9cts especially ! mo/ valuable among !m1 t ( workman%ip1 9 ord] to save ! l[e/ & mo/ imp]ative1 t ( eat+4 ,if ^? :o amass imm5se =tunes c\ld possibly int5sify _! lives ) _! abundance1 x might p]haps be rational to let _m suff] 9 ord] to h a few cases ( true happ9ess4 ,b = an increase ( happ9ess only t am\nt ( money is ( s]vice :i* c be us$ = ! h>moni\s developm5t & satisfaction ( inh]it$ in/9cts4 ,= ?is1 comp>atively little is necess>y4 ,! re/ is ( no m use to a man ?an ! surplus ( oxyg5 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! only true satisfaction a multimillionaire c possibly get f increas+ 8 =tunes1 is ! satisfaction ( ! in/9ct ( workman%ip or ! pleasure t is connect$ ) a successful display ( en]gy4 ,! sci5ti/ gets ?is satisfaction )\t dim9i%+ ! value ( life ( 8 fell[ be+1 & ! same %\ld be true = ! bus9ess man4444 ,al?\gh we recognize no metaphysical free-w1 we d n d5y p]sonal responsibility4 ,we c fill ! memory ( ! "y g5]ation ) su* associations z w prev5t wrong do+ or dissipation4444 ,cruelty 9 ! p5al code & ! t5d5cy to exagg]ate puni%m5t are sure signs ( a l[ civilization & ( an imp]fect educational sy/em4444 ,x seems to me t we c no m expect to unravel ! me*anism ( associative memory by hi/ological or morphological me?ods ?an we c expect to unravel ! dynamics ( electrical ph5om5a by microscopic /udy ( cross-sections ?r\gh a telegraph wire or by c\nt+ & locat+ ! telephone connections 9 a big city4 ,if we are anxi\s to develop a dynamic ( ! v>i\s life-ph5om5a1 we mu/ rememb] t ! colloidal sub/ances are ! ma*9es :i* produce ! life ph5om5a1 b ! physics ( ^! sub/ances is /ill a sci5ce ( ! future4444 ,physiology gives u no answ] to ! latt] "q4 ,! idea ( specific en]gy has always be5 reg>d$ z ! t]m9us = ! inve/igation ( ! s5se organs4 ,ma* express$ ! op9ion t *emical conditions lie at ! f\ndation ( s5sation 9 g5]al44440 ,comp>ative ,physiology ( ! ,bra91 by ,jacques ,loeb4 ,"h x may be add$ t ! 8,in/9ct ( ,workman%ip0 9 ! animal class1 becomes 9 ! "t-b9d+ class ( life ! in/9ct ( creation1 & is no?+ else ?an ! expression ( ! natural impulse ( ! 8,"t-b9d+0 en]gy4 ,9 ! pres5t social & economic sy/em v few h a possibility to satisfy ?is in/9ct2 sci5tific managem5t is or may be satisfy+ ! animal in/9ct ( workman%ip1 b x is n satisfactory to ! in/9ct ( creation4 8,"t-b9d+0 9 its la/ analysis is creation & only su* a social & economic sy/em z w satisfy ?is want--?is natural impulse--w satisfy ,humans--! 8,"t-b9d]s0--& w br+ ab\t _! fulle/ gr[? 9 "w & happ9ess4 8,,laws ,,( ,,gr[?0 7f ,unifi$ ,ma!matics1 by ,l\is ,c4 ,k>p9ski1 ,ph4,d474 8,comp\nd int]e/ function4--,! function ,s ,p7#a i7n is ( fundam5tal importance 9 o!r fields ?an 9 f9ance4 ,?us ! gr[? ( timb] ( a l>ge =e/ tract may be express$ z a function ( ?is k9d1 ! assumption be+ t 9 a l>ge tract ! rate ( gr[? may be tak5 z uni=m f ye> to ye>4 ,9 ! case ( bact]ia gr[+ "u ideal conditions 9 a culture1 i4e4 ) unlimit$ food suppli$1 ! increase 9 ! numb] ( bact]ia p] second is proportional to ! numb] ( bact]ia pres5t at ! beg9n+ ( t second4 ,any function 9 :i* ! rate ( *ange or rate ( gr[? at any in/ant t is directly proportional to ! value ( ! function at ! in/ant t obeys :at has be5 t]m$ ! #8law ( organic gr[?1' & may be express$ by ! equation1 y cekt1 :]e9 c & k are con/ants det]m9$ by ! physical facts involv$1 & e is a con/ant ( nature analog\s to 4 ,! con/ant k is ! proportionality con/ant & is negative :5 ! quantity 9 "q decreases2 c is commonly positive2 e #b4agh4444 8,! values ( ! function ( x1 cekx1 increase accord+ to ! t]ms ( a geometrical progression z ! v>iable x increases 9 ari?metical progression4444 8,! mo/ imm$iate application ( a function 9 :i* ! gr[? is proportional to ! function itself is to ! air4 ,! decrease 9 ! pressure ( ! air at ! di/ance h above ! e>?'s surface is proportional to h4 8,! expression ,p #gfj e-h_/#giij gives ! num]ical value ( ! pressure 9 millimet]s ( m]cury = h measur$ 9 met]s4 ,! negative expon5t indicates t ! pressure decreases z h increases4 ,9 in*es z units ( l5g? ( ! m]cury column1 h 9 feet1 ,p #bi4ib;e-h_/#bfbjj ,?is is kn[n z ,halley's law4 8,! gr[? ( bean plants )9 limit$ int]vals & ! gr[? ( *ildr51 aga9 betwe5 q re/rict$ limits1 foll[ approximately ! law ( organic gr[?4 ,radium 9 decompos+ foll[s ! same law2 ! rate ( decrease at any in/ant be+ proportional to ! quantity4 ,9 ! case ( vibrat+ bodies1 l a p5dulum1 ! rate ( decrease ( ! amplitude foll[s ?is law2 simil>ly 9 ! case ( a noise dy+ d[n & 9 c]ta9 electrical ph5om5a1 ! rate ( decrease is proportional at any in/ant to ! value ( ! function at ! in/ant4444 8,! ,curve ( ,heal+ ( a ,w\nd4--,closely alli$ to ! =mulas express+ ! law ( organic gr[?1 y ekt1 & ! law ( #8organic decay1' y e-kt1 is a rec5tly discov]$ law :i* connects algebraically by an equation & graphically by a curve1 ! surface-area ( a w\nd1 ) "t express$ 9 days1 measur$ f ! "t :5 ! w\nd is aseptic or /]ile4 ,:5 ?is aseptic condition is rea*$1 by wa%+ & flu%+ cont9ually ) antiseptic solutions1 two obs]vations at an int]val commonly ( f\r days give ! #8index ( ! individual1' & ?is index1 & ! two measurem5ts ( area ( ! w\nd-surface1 enable ! physician-sci5ti/ to det]m9e ! normal progress ( ! w\nd-surface1 ! expect$ decrease 9 area1 = ?is w\nd-surface ( ?is individual4 ,! area ( ! w\nd is trac$ c>efully on transp>5t pap]1 & !n comput$ by us+ a ma!matical ma*9e1 call$ a planimet]1 :i* measures areas4 8,! areas ( ! w\nd are plott$ z ord9ates ) ! respective times ( obs]vation measur$ 9 days z abscissas4 ,aft] ea* obs]vation & computation ( area ! po9t s obta9$ is plott$ to ! same axes z ! graph :i* gives ! ideal or prophetic curve ( heal+4 8,:5 ! obs]v$ area is f\nd m>k$ly great] ?an t det]m9$ by ! ideal curve1 ! indication is t !re is /ill infection 9 ! w\nd4444 ,a r surpris+ & unexpla9$ situation occurs frequ5tly :5 ! w\nd-surface heals m rapidly ?an ! ideal curve w\ld indicate2 9 ?is ev5t second>y ulc]s develop :i* br+ ! curve back to normal4444 8,?is application ( ma!matics to m$ic9e is l>gely due to ,dr4 ,alexis ,c>rel ( ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute ( ,m$ical ,rese>*4 ,he not$ t ! l>g] ! w\nd-surface1 ! m rapidly x heal$1 & t ! rate ( heal+ seem$ to be proportional to ! area4 ,?is proportionality con/ant is n ! same = all values ( ! surface or we w\ld h an equation ( ! =m1 ,s ,s#a;e-kt 9 :i* ,s1 is ! area at ! "t t ! w\nd is r5d]$ /]ile & obs]vations to be plott$ really beg94444 8,! data giv5 are tak5 f ! ,j\rnal ( ,exp]im5tal ,m$ic9e1 repr9ts k9dly furni%$ by ,major ,george ,a4 ,/ew>t ( ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute4 ,! diagrams are reproduc$ f ! issue ( ,feb4 #a1 #aiah1 pp4 #aga & #agb1 article by ,dr4 ,t4 ,tuffi] & ,r4 ,desm>res1 ,auxili>y ,hospital #ge1 ,p>is4444 ,a graph1 %[+ ! progress ( heal+ ( a surface w\nd ( ! "r leg ( a #ca-ye>-old pati5t4 ,x %[s t z "t passes1 ! w\nd$ area decreases4 ,progress ( heal+ ( a surface w\nd ( ! "r leg1 pati5t's age #ca ye>s4 8,,wave ,,motion4 ,g5]al4--,9 nature !re are two types ( recurr5t motion1 some:at closely connect$ ma!matically1 9 :i* repetition ( motion occurs at regul> int]vals4 8,"o type ( ?is motion1 9 cycles z we may say1 repeats ! motion 9 "o place1 & is 9 a s5se /ation>y4 ,! tun+ =k 9 motion moves ?r\gh ! same space aga9 & aga92 a simil> movem5t is ! motion ( a vibrat+ /r+4 ,( ?is /ation>y type may be m5tion$ ! he>tbeats1 ! pulse1 ! respiration1 ! tides1 & ! rotation ( a :eel ab\t its axis4 8,! second type ( recurr5t motion transmits or c>ries ! vibratory impulse ov] an ext5t ( space z well z "t4 ,! waves ( ! sea are ( ?is "*4 ,s\nd waves1 electrical vibrations or waves1 & radiant en]gy vibrations are transmitt$ by a process simil> to t by :i* ! waves ( ! sea are c>ri$4 8,bo? ( ^! types ( motion are repres5table ma!matically by equations involv+ a sequ5ce ( trigonometric functions4 ,to ! fundam5tal & basic function involv$1 y s9 x1 we w direct our att5tion 9 ! next section & to simple applications 9 o!r sections ( ?is *apt]4444 8,s\nd ,waves4--,if a tun+ =k = note l[] ,c is set to vibrat+1 ! free b> makes #abi complete1 back-&-=?1 vibrations 9 "o second4 ,by atta*+ a f9e po9t to ! end ( ! b> & mov+ "u ?is b> at a uni=m rate1 z x vibrates1 a smoke-black5$ pap]1 a s9usoidal curve is trac$ on ! pap]4 ,our curve is trac$ by a b> vibrat+ #ej times 9 #a second4 ,a graph1 %[+ a wavy l9e4 8,tun+ =k vibrations record$ on smok$ pap]40 ,tun+ =k vibrations record$ on smok$ pap]4 8,correspond+ to ea* movem5t ( ! vibrat+ rod !re is a movem5t ( ! air4 ,z ! b> moves to ! "r x compresses ! lay] ( air to its "r & t compression is imm$iately communicat$ to ! lay] ( air to ! "r2 z ! b> moves back & to ! left1 ! pressure on ! adjac5t air is releas$ & a r>efaction takes place4 ,9 #a_/ej ( #a second y h ! air adjac5t to ! rod compress$1 back to normal1 & r>efi$2 dur+ ?is "t ! neighbor+ air is affect$ & ! compression is communicat$ a di/ance :i* is ! wave l5g? ( ?is giv5 s\nd wave4 ,9 #a second ?is di/urbance is transmitt$ #aajj feet at #dd ,fahr5heit4 ,! wave l5g? = ?is s\nd wave !n is #aajj_/ej #bb feet4 8,! wave l5g? is commonly designat$ by 4 ,if ,v is ! velocity1 & t ! "t ( "o vibration1 ,vt40 ,a graph1 %[+ five wavy l9es1 label$ 8a01 8ou01 8r01 8,e01 & 8a04 8,vibration records produc$ by ! voice3 #8a' z 9 #8ate'2 #8ou' z 9 #8ab\t'2 #8r' 9 #8relay'2 #8e' 9 #8be'2 & #8a' 9 #8fa!r'4 ,! tun+ =k record1 frequ5cy #ej p] second1 gives ! vibration frequ5cies40 8,vibration records produc$ by ! voice3 #8a' z 9 #8ate'2 #8ou' z 9 #8ab\t'2 #8r' 9 #8relay'2 #8e' 9 #8be'2 & #8a' 9 #8fa!r'4 ,! tun+ =k record1 frequ5cy #ej p] second1 gives ! vibration frequ5cies40 ,?is la/ draw+ may help to visualize ! fact 9 :at mann] wrong expressions & untrue tea*+s hamp] ! true progress ( humanity4 ,e ^w has its en]gy & produces "s physico-*emical effects 9 ! "t-b9d+ app>atus 9 accord ) ! idea :i* we associate ) ! s\nd ( ! ^w4 ,if we tea* ideas :i* are untrue1 !n ! physico-*emical effects produc$ are n prop]--9 o!r words ! human m9d does ,,n ,,"w ,,prop]ly1 t is1 x does n "w naturally or normally or true to ! human dim5sion4 ,!re is e reason :y ! /&>ds 9 our civilization are s l[1 because we h 8poison$10 9 a lit]al s5se ( ! ^w1 our m9ds ) ! physico-*emical effects ( wrong ideas4 ,?is correct ,,natural ,,approa* to ! 8,"t-b9d+0 en]gies w make x obvi\s h[ unmeasur$ is ! importance ( ! mann] 9 :i* we h&le ?is subtle me*anism1 z ! poison+ ) wrong ideas or ) c>eless or incorrect words does n 9 any way diff] 9 consequ5ces f poison+ ) any o!r /upor-produc+ or wrongly /imulat+ poison4 ,monographs on ,exp]im5tal ,biology & ,physiology ,,loeb1 ,j43 8,comp>ative ,physiology ( ! ,bra9 & ,comp>ative ,psy*ology40 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 ,,loeb1 ,j43 8,/udies 9 ,g5]al ,physiology40 ,*icago1 #aije4 ,,loeb1 ,j43 8,! ,dynamics ( ,liv+ ,matt]40 ,new ,york1 #aijf4 ,,loeb1 ,j43 8,! ,me*ani/ic ,conception ( ,life40 ,*icago1 #aiab4 ,selection f cont5ts3 ,i4 ,! ,me*ani/ic ,conception ( ,life4 ,,ii4 ,! ,significance ( ,tropisms = ,psy*ology4 ,,iii4 ,"s ,fundam5tal ,facts & ,conceptions conc]n+ ! ,comp>ative ,physiology ( ! ,c5tral ,n]v\s ,sy/em4 ,,iv4 ,patt]n ,adaptation ( ,fi%es & ! ,me*anism ( ,vision4 ,v4 ,on ,"s ,facts & ,pr9ciples ( ,physiological ,morphology4 ,,vi4 ,on ! ,nature ( ! ,process ( ,f]tilization4 ,,vii4 ,on ! ,nature ( ,=mative ,/ipulation 7,artificial ,p>!nog5esis74 ,,viii4 ,! ,prev5tion ( ! ,dea? ( ! ,egg ?r\gh ! ,act ( ,f]tilization4 ,,ix4 ,! ,rle ( ,salts 9 ! ,pres]vation ( ,life4 ,x4 ,exp]im5tal ,/udy ( ! ,influ5ce ( ,environm5t on ,animals4 ,,loeb1 ,j43 ,! ,organism z a ,:ole4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,new ,york1 #aiaf4 ,selection f cont5ts3 ,i4 ,introductory ,rem>ks4 ,,ii4 ,! ,specific ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,liv+ & ,dead ,matt] & ! ,"q ( ! ,orig9 ( ,life4 ,,iii4 ,! ,*emical ,basis ( ,g5us & ,species3 #a4 ,! ,incompatibility ( ,species n ,closely ,relat$4 #b4 ,! ,*emical basis ( ,g5us & ,species & ( ,species ,specificity4 ,,iv4 ,specificity 9 ,f]tilization4 ,v4 ,artificial ,p>!nog5esis4 ,,vi4 ,det]m9ism 9 ! ,=mation ( an ,organism f an ,egg4 ,,vii4 ,reg5]ation4 ,,viii4 ,det]m9ation ( ,sex1 ,second>y ,sexual ,*>act]s & ,sexual ,in/9cts3 #a4 ,! ,cytological ,basis ( ,sex ,det]m9ation4 #b4 ,! ,physiological ,basis ( ,sex ,det]m9ation4 ,,ix4 ,m5delian ,h]$ity & its ,me*anism4 ,x4 ,animal ,in/9cts & ,tropisms4 ,,xi4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,environm5t4 ,,xii4 ,adaptation to ,environm5t4 ,,xiii4 ,evolution4 ,,xiv4 ,dea? & ,dissolution ( ! ,organism4 ,,loeb1 ,j43 8,=c$ ,movem5ts1 ,tropisms1 & ,animal ,conduct40 ,j4 ,b4 ,lipp9cott1 ,philadelphia1 #aiah4 ,selection f cont5ts3 ,i4 ,introduction4 ,,ii4 ,! ,symmetry ,relations ( ! ,animal ,body z ! ,/>t+ ,po9t = ! ,!ory ( ,animal ,conduct4 ,,iii4 ,=c$ ,movem5ts4 ,,iv4 ,galvanotropism4 ,v4 ,heliotropism4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,"o ,s\rce ( ,light4 #a4 ,g5]al ,facts4 #b4 ,direct ,pro( ( ! ,muscle ,t5sion ,!ory ( ,heliotropism 9 ,motile ,animals4 #c4 ,heliotropism ( ,unicellul> ,organisms4 #d4 ,heliotropism ( ,sessile ,animals4 ,,vi4 ,an ,artificial ,heliotropic ,ma*9e4 ,,vii4 ,asymmetrical ,animals4 ,,viii4 ,two ,s\rces ( ,light ( ,diff]5t ,int5sity4 ,,ix4 ,! ,validity ( ! ,buns5-,roscoe ,law = ! ,heliotropic ,reactions ( ,animals & ,plants4 ,x4 ,! ,effect ( ,rapid ,*anges 9 ,int5sity ( ,light4 ,,xi4 ,! ,relative ,heliotropic ,effici5cy ( ,light ( ,diff]5t ,wave ,l5g?s4 ,,xii4 ,*ange 9 ! ,s5se ( ,heliotropism4 ,,xiii4 ,geotropism4 ,,xiv4 ,=c$ ,movem5ts ,caus$ by ,mov+ ,ret9a ,images3 ,rheotropism3 ,anemotropism4 ,,xv4 ,/]eotropism4 ,,xvi4 ,*emotropism4 ,,xvii4 ,!rmotropism4 ,,xviii4 ,in/9cts4 ,,xix4 ,memory ,images & ,tropisms4 ,a li/ ( #eed books on ?is subject1 9 :i* any read] int]e/$ w f9d a va/ /oreh\se ( exact k 9 ?is l9e4 ,au?or4 ,,conkl91 ,,edw9 ,,grant3 8,h]$ity & ,environm5t 9 ! ,developm5t ( ,m540 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiae4 ,selection f cont5ts3 ,i4 ,facts & ,factors ( ,developm5t4 ,introduction4 ,a4 ,ph5om5a ( ,developm5t4 ,b4 ,factors ( ,developm5t4 ,,ii4 ,cellul> ,basis ( ,h]$ity & ,developm5t4 ,a4 ,introductory4 ,b4 ,! ,g]m ,cells4 ,c4 ,! ,me*anism ( ,h]$ity4 ,d4 ,! ,me*anism ( ,developm5t4 ,,iii4 ,ph5om5a ( ,inh]itance4 ,a4 ,obs]vations on ,inh]itance4 ,b4 ,/ati/ical ,/udy ( ,inh]itance4 ,c4 ,exp]im5tal ,/udy ( ,inh]itance4 ,,iv4 ,influ5ce ( ,environm5t4 ,a4 ,relative ,importance ( ,h]$ity & ,environm5t4 ,b4 ,exp]im5tal ,modifications ( ,developm5t4 ,c4 ,functional ,activity z a ,factor ( ,developm5t4 ,d4 ,inh]itance or ,non-inh]itance ( ,acquir$ ,*>act]s4 ,e4 ,applications to ,human ,developm5t3 ,eu!nics4 ,v4 ,control ( ,h]$ity3 ,eug5ics4 ,a4 ,dome/icat$ ,animals & ,cultivat$ ,plants4 ,b4 ,control ( ,human ,h]$ity4 ,,vi4 ,g5etics & ,e?ics4 ,gloss>y ( books on ?is subject2 = ^? :o desire to be m fully acqua9t$ ) ! subjects ( h]$ity & developm5t4 ,au?or4 ,,morgan1 ,t4 ,h41 8,physical ,basis ( ,h]$ity40 ,,ea/1 ,e4 ,m41 & ,,jones1 ,d4 ,f41 8,inbre$+ & ,outbre$+10 etc4 ,,p>k]1 ,g4 ,h41 8,! ,elem5t>y ,n]v\s ,sy/em40 ,,h>vey1 ,e4 ,n41 8,! ,nature ( ,animal ,light40 ,app5dix ,,iii4 ,eng9e]+ ,& ,"t-,b9d+ ,! ,arts ( ,eng9e]+1 by _! v nature1 are d]iv$ f ! "w ( dead m5 & de/9$ to s]ve n only ! pres5t b ! future4 ,!y are fre] ?an any o!r human activity f ! errors ( int]mix+ dim5sions & f ! fallacy ( belief 9 individuali/ic accompli%m5t & pride4 ,! simple /eel /ructure ( a bridge1 famili> to u 9 e day life1 is a cle> rem9d] to u all ( ! arts ( ,heph/us & ! b\nd-up k ( c\ntless g5]ations ( smi?s & me*anics1 metallurgi/s & *emi/s1 ma!maticians & build]s1 tea*]s & eng9e]s :o toil$ = _m ?\s&s ( ye>s to make possible ! rivet$ /eel beams :i* are ! elem5ts ( mod]n /ructure4 ,^! /ructures d n collapse unless ! natural laws = _! con/ruction are transgress$2 :i* seldom happ5s--= no "o is entru/$ ) ! "w unless he has b\nd up 9 8 k ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( ! pa/2 yet ! transgressors ( ^! natural laws are puni%$ ) all ! sev]ity ( ! common law4 ,:5 a bridge is op5$ & te/$1 ! writt5 laws 9 "s c\ntries & ! unwritt5 9 o!rs1 & ! pride & ! s5se ( responsibility ( ! design] & build] ( ! bridge dem& t he1 ! creator ( ! bridge1 be ! fir/ to ent] x & ! la/ to leave x2 & %\ld ! bridge collapse1 he has to take ! imm$iate consequ5ces ( 8 neglect ( ! "t-b9d+ laws4 ,r>ely are ! affairs ( eng9e]+ done ) ! entirely selfi% motive ( m]ely acquir+ imm$iate selfi% ga91 = ev5 :5 ?is c\ld be trac$--?is unwor?y ?\ght disappe>s 9 ! halo ( ! glory ( ! accompli%m5t4 ,mr4 ,eiffel did n erect 8 t[] to haunt ,p>is ) ! sight ( a /eel skeleton t[]+ ov] ! city ( d>+ ?\ghts4 ,8 t[] /&s to-day z a me*anical pro( ( ma!matical =mulas prov+ ! possibility ( erect+ tall1 self-support+ /ructures & !reby s]v+ future humanity4 ,! ,"t-b9d+ capacity ( humans creates & =mulates new values = ! s]vice ( mank9d4 ,aga91 no /ud5t ( ! ,arts ( ,eng9e]+ c\ld ev] =get himself to ! po9t ( claim+ 8 accompli%m5ts1 no matt] h[ m>vel\s1 all to himself4 ,no wondr\s discov]y ( mod]n electricity1 n ev5 ! talk+ f "o hemisph]e to ano!r1 is rightly ! accompli%m5t ( any "o man1 = ! orig9 ( ! discov]y c be trac$ at lea/ z f> back z ! days ( t b>efoot$ %eph]d boy ,magnus1 :o fir/ obs]v$ ! ph5om5a ( magnetism4 ,9 an attempt to trace & evaluate ! "t-b9d+ faculties manife/$ 9 ! ,arts ( ,eng9e]+1 "o is at once a/oni%$1 & bewild]$1 at ! confusion & contradictions unrealiz$ 9 ! mass ( evid5ce1 & h[ pa!tic & deplorable is ! sight ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( work]s 9 ! field ( eng9e]+ toil & creation :o unconsci\sly submit to ! degradation1 9 sil5t cons5t1 ( see+ _! m>vel\s collective a*ievem5ts *a9$ to space-b9d+ aims4 ,^u ! completion ( ?is book ,i 0 a/oni%$ t !re are su* a small numb] ( eng9e]s :o h ! intuitive feel+ ( ! greatness ( ! assets at _! comm& & ( ! gravity ( _! liabilities conc]n+ affairs ( humanity4 ,i 0 eag] to h my book read & analys$ by a few lead+ eng9e]s4 ,! late ,h4 ,l4 ,gantt be+ no m ) u1 ,i !n turn$ to ,walt] ,n4 ,polakov1 ,doctor ( ,eng9e]+2 ,indu/rial ,c\nselor2 ,*airman ( ,committee on ,s]vice & ,in=mation1 ,fuels ,section1 ,a4,s4,m4,e41 & ,rob]t ,b4 ,wolf1 ,vice-,presid5t ( ,a4,s4,m4,e4 ,9 !m ,i f\nd1 to ! full1 a v sympa!tic und]/&+ & my e/eem grew z ,i became m intimately acqua9t$ ) ! "* ( _! "w & _! accompli%m5ts4 ,bo? h done a mo/ rem>kable "w 9 _! respective l9es4 ,x w n be an exagg]ation to say t _! "w1 toge!r ) ! "w ( ! late ,h4 ,l4 ,gantt & ,*>les ,p4 ,/e9metz1 may be consid]$ z ! fir/--to my k--corn]-/ones ( ! sci5ce & art ( ,human ,eng9e]+1 & =m ! fir/ few volumes & writ+s = ! ,new ,libr>y ( ! ,manhood ( ,humanity4 ,^! books & pamphlets are bas$ on facts analys$ sci5tifically1 m>k+ ! p>t+ ( ! way ( eng9e]+ ?\ght f ! pa/ subjection to speculative feti%es4 ,( all ! pure & appli$ sci5ces1 eng9e]+ alone has ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ to h ! correct insight into ! human problem4 ,! task ( eng9e]s 0 to conv]t k--bra9 "w--8b\nd-up "t0--into daily bread by means ( cons]v+ "t & ef=t4 ,?is concept is naught else b ! work+ out ( ! imp]fect =mulation ( ! "t-b9d+ pr9ciple4 ,x 0 inevitable1 !re=e1 t "s eng9e]s _h already beat5 ! pa? 9 ! "r direction4 ,h[ /raight & h[ f> ?is s5se ( dim5sionality has l$ "s ( !m 9 _! practical "w may be se5 f ! "w ( ,walt] ,n4 ,polakov1 9 8 ,ma/]+ ,p[] ,production1 ,eng9e]+ ,magaz9e1 ,n4 ,y41 #aiba4 8,x 0 n my int5tion to compile a text book on p[] eng9e]+2 x 0 r my c>e to avoid ! treatm5t ( any te*nical subject :i* c\ld be f\nd else:]e 9 eng9e]+ lit]ature2 b ,i c\ld n avoid trespass+ 9 ! adjo9+ fields ( psy*ology & economics1 = )\t famili>ity ) ^! sci5ces ! ma/]y ( p[] production is a futile attempt4 8,i d n hold t ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! me?od is laid out are subject to *oice or op9ions1 = !y are bas$ on facts4 ,yet "w ( ?is "* _c be complete1 or examples may be illy *os51 = x deals ) liv+ & con/antly re%ap+ relations & applies to ?+s 9 process ( developm5t4 8,if ?is "w & its und]ly+ idea w facilitate ! solv+ ( "s ( ! problems n[ 9 ! c\rse ( rapid evolution 9 our indu/rial relations1 ,i %all feel t my own & my read]s' "t h n be5 altoge!r lo/40 ,inde$ ! read]s' "t w n be lo/4 ,?is book gives an eng9e]+1 sci5tific--9 ! meantime practical--analysis ( all human problems4 ,x is a deep & practical treatise on all great que/ions conc]n+ mod]n indu/rialism & s-call$ economic problems & is a f\ndation = a new sci5tific indu/rial philosophy4 ,ano!r v cle> outl9e ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,indu/rial ,philosophy 0 giv5 by ,mr4 ,polakov 9 8 pap] pres5t$ at ! annual meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 ,decemb] #g-aj1 #aibj4 ,anyone :o has any?+ to d ) indu/rial or economic problems _c af=d to ov]look ! important & fundam5tal "w 9 ?is book4 ,x is obvi\s t a sci5tific k ( facts1 is ( ! greate/ importance = anyone :o c>es to approa* any problem 9 a s]i\s way4 ,/ati/ics :i* are up-to-date are !re=e ( prim>y importance4 ,i _h ! privilege ( read+ ! manuscript ( ,quo ,vadis ,am]ica1 ! =?com+ book ( ,mr4 ,polakov1 :]e a mo/ valuable /ati/ical picture ( facts 9 mod]n ,am]ica is giv5 & ! a/oni%+ conclusions :i* are to be drawn !refrom4 ,i c only regret t 9 ,europe we h n su* a k writt5 d[n conc]n+ ,european conditions4 ,if m su* books _h be5 writt5 & read by ! public1 _m crises & cata/rophes w\ld h be5 avoid$4 ,! out/&+ contribution ( ,mr4 ,rob]t ,b4 ,wolf to eng9e]+ 0 made 9 8 /udy ( physiology1 biology1 psy*ology & philosophy z appli$ to eng9e]+4 8,if anyone wi%es to inquire into ! =ces :i* h l$ up to ! individual developm5t ( mank9d1 he w f9d himself at once plung$ into ! realm ( psy*ology & m5tal philosophy4 ,i c he>tily recomm5d su* a c\rse z imm5sely pr(itable & ( practical value4 8,! five important facts1 h[ev]1 t h to d ) ! subject 9 h& are3 8#a/4 ,t ! human body is su* a wond]ful organization because x is ! product ( ! =ces ( creation1 act+ ?r\gh millions ( ye>s ( evolution4 8#bnd4 ,t its capacity = progress dep5ds ^u ! ma9t5ance ( ! unity result+ f ?is creative evolution & ^u a consci\s recognition ( ?is unity4 8#c;d4 ,t ?is unity w\ld n h be5 possible )\t ! developm5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 8#d?4 ,t ! consci\s intellig5t progress made by mank9d c\ld n h rea*$ its pres5t level until 9 ! process ( evolution a me*anism _h be5 built up 9 ! n]v\s sy/em itself capable ( record+ ! v>i\s impressions :i* ! s5ses are con/antly receiv+4 8#e?4 ,t ! record+ ( pa/ ev5ts1 ) ! p[] ( consci\sly recall+ !m = ! solution ( problems imm$iately confront+ x1 is absolutely ess5tial to its developm5t4 8,n[1 :at ,i want to po9t out is t inasmu* z man's progress dep5ds ^u ! p]fect co-ord9ation ( 8 =ces to produce unity ( action1 we h no "r to expect an indu/rial organization to make progress :i* x mu/ d z a unit )\t ! e/abli%m5t ( a consci\s co-ord9at+ me*anism simil> to ! n]v\s sy/em 9 ! human body40 ,individuality 9 ,indu/ry4 ,by ,rob]t ,b4 ,wolf4 ,doctor ,*>les ,p4 ,/e9metz has giv5 9 8 ,am]ica & ! ,new ,epo* a mo/ correct eng9e]+ picture ( ! political situation 9 ! _w1 ) a f9e *>act]ization ( ! psy*ological peculi>ities ( ! diff]5t races4 ,al?\gh ?is book 0 writt5 9 #aiaf1 t is1 be=e ! end ( ! ,_w ,w>1 x w be ( p]man5t value2 because ( its deep psy*ological analysis ( ! peoples & _! in/itutions :i* ultimately %ape ! developm5t ( any nation & :i* d n *ange ) victory or defeat4 8,my tribute to ! memory ( ,gantt w be1 n only ! homage ( a fri5d & admir]1 b ! pro( t 8 philosophy is sci5tifically true4 ,a rigor\s pro( is necess>y1 because ! ^w #8s]vice' belongs to t category ( words1 ! mean+ ( :i* c be completely rev]s$ by ! v]b1 be x #8give' or #8take4' ,gantt took #8r5d]+ s]vice' z an axiom2 my obs]vation1 %>$ ) _m o!rs1 is t our civilization _h q ano!r axiom1 #8we prea* give1 we practice take4' ,! problem :i* int]e/$ me1 0 h[ to f9d a way out ( ?is contradiction t w\ld be irrefutable4 ,if "o ( !m is true & natural law = humans1 !n ! o!r is n2 if our words are true1 !n our de$s are n true1 or if our de$s are true !n ! words are cam\flage4 ,i f\nd ! solution1 by apply+ ma!matically rigor\s ?9k+4 ,ma!matics1 ) its exact concept ( dim5sions1 gave me ! me?od4 ,! me?od we use 9 /udy+ ph5om5a is analysis1 or speak+ ma!matically1 diff]5tiation4 ,i soon f\nd1 t ! me?ods ( diff]5tiation are mo/ly correct1 b our syn!sis1 or process ( integration made by ! use ( metaphysics 0 faulty4 ,! diff]5tiation correctly l[]$ ! dim5sions1 b our faulty integration did n re/ore ! orig9al dim5sions4 ,! inve/igation _h to be made f ! beg9n+1 by def9+ ! ph5om5a ( life1 9 a specific way1 :i* w\ld n p]mit ( any blund]s 9 dim5sions4 8,i def9$ ! classes ( life by emphasiz+ _! inconte/able1 dim5sional *>act]i/ics3 plants are #8,*emi/ry-b9d+1' animals are #8,space-b9d+1' ,humans are #8,"t-b9d+' classes ( life4 8,^! def9itions h ! peculi>ity t !y make x obvi\s1 t3 #a4 ,! classes ( life h diff]5t dim5sions1 & t ! int]mix+ ( dim5sions1 z 9 ma!matics x makes a correct solution impossible1 s 9 life1 ! results ( su* elem5t>y mi/akes1 produce tragic consequ5ces4 8#b4 ,! old =mula on :i* our civilization is built1 ,,human equal ,,animal plus or multipli$ by ,,sp>k ,,( ,,div9ity is basically & elem5t>ily wrong1 & is ma!matical nons5se1 :i* is id5tical to su* an absurdity z x squ>e in*es equal y l9e> in*es plus or multipli$ by z cubic in*es4 8#c4 ,a basically wrong =mula on :i* our civilization re/s1 is ! cause ( all ! p]iodical collapses1 w>s & revolutions4 8#d4 ,! old sy/em 0 built on animal #8space-b9d+' /&>ds1 & human #8"t-b9d+' impulses 71 all ! "t1 9 rebellion4 8#e4 ,z ! !ory ( gravitation & ! calculus made eng9e]s & ma!maticians ma/]s ( inanimate nature1 s ^! tangible & inconte/able def9itions give !m a positive base :i* w enable !m to approa* & solve human liv+ problems1 by e/abli%+ ! ma!matical fact t man is man1 n an animal4 8#f4 ,all ( ^? :o are bl9d$ by traditions & refuse to inve/igate1 or to "k ^! ma!matical tru?s1 are a dang] to humanity 9 directly help+ to obscure issues1 & 9 help+ to ma9ta9 ! faulty /ructure :i*1 z 9 ! pa/1 is b\nd to collapse aga9 & aga9 9 ! future4 8#g4 ,! duty ( ma!matically ?9k+ p is to ?r[ su* light on ?is problem z w /op ! /upid1 or willfully de/ructive1 & %[ :e!r !y are work+ =1 or aga9/1 mank9d4 8#h4 ,= ! #8"t-b9d+' class ( life1 x is obvi\s !n t 9 ?is dim5sion1 #8"t-b9d+' is ! natural law1 &1 if und]/ood & analys$1 x is ! highe/ human aim4 8#i4 ,su* #8natural laws' z #8survival ( ! fitte/' = animals1 :i* is ! #8survival ( ! fitte/ 9 space1' result 9 fight1 or ! survival ( ! /ronge/2 :]eas su* a law to be a ,,natural ,,law ,,= ,,humans1 mu/ be 9 ! human dim5sion :i* obvi\sly w\ld be ! #8,survival ( ! fitte/ 9 ,,"t1' result+ 9 ! survival ( ! be/4 8#aj4 ,all kn[n facts mu/ be br\ght to ! light1 to be summ$ up1 & correlat$ by ma!maticians & eng9e]s ) ! /ricte/ att5tion to dim5sionality4 8#aa4 ,all ( our ideas h to be revis$2 ! animal #8space-b9d+' /&>ds mu/ be reject$ z dang]\s & de/ructive1 mu/ be replac$ by #8"t-b9d+' /&>ds1 :i* w correspond to ! natural impulses & ,,natural ,,laws = humans4 8#ab4 ,! m9ds ( ma!maticians & eng9e]s are by education ! fir/ to see ! f> rea*+ importance ( ! facts disclos$ by ^! def9itions1 & j ?is realization w br+ ab\t ! readju/m5t ( values 9 life to a human dim5sion1 :]e9 p5d+ revolutions & w>s c\ld be turn$ into evolution1 de/ruction into con/ruction1 discord into accord ( a common aim4 8,we are ! ma/]s ( our own de/9ies1 ! responsibility is ours to correct ! mi/akes ( our ance/ors & to e/abli% a sci5tific philosophy1 sci5tifically true laws1 sci5tifically true e?ics1 & a sci5tific sociology1 :i* w =m "o unifi$ sci5ce ( man & 8 function 9 ! univ]se1 a sci5ce :i* ,i propose to call #8,human ,eng9e]+4' ,gantt's me?ods w\ld be ! fir/ practical application t[>d ?is end4 8,gantt's concept ( r5d]+ s]vice is sci5tifically true because x is #8"t-b9d+1' & !re=e true = ! human class ( life & 9 human dim5sion4 ,?is is :y ,gantt's concepts h c\nt$ = s mu* & w survive #8,,9 ,,"t4' 0 ,discussion by ,alfr$ ,korzybski ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,n4 ,polakov's pap] 8,pr9ciples ( ,indu/rial ,philosophy0 pres5t$ at ! ,annual ,meet+ ( ,! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 ,new ,york1 ,decemb] #g-aj1 #aibj4 ,,lit]ature ,,gantt1 ,h4 ,l43 8,"w1 ,wages1 & ,pr(its40 ,! ,eng9e]+ ,magaz9e ,co41 #aiac4 ,n4 ,y4 8,indu/rial ,lead]%ip40 ,yale ,univ]sity ,press4 #aiaf4 8,organiz+ = ,"w40 ,h>c\rt1 ,brace ,h[e1 #aiai4 ,n4 ,y4 ,selection f ,cont5ts3 ,! ,eng9e] z ! ,indu/rial ,lead]4 ,economics & ,democracy4 ,democracy 9 ,production4 ,democracy 9 ! ,%op4 ,democracy 9 ,managem5t4 8,! ,religion ( ,democracy40 ,,polakov1 ,,walt] ,n43 8,ma/]+ ,p[] ,production40 ,! ,eng9e]+ ,magaz9e ,co4 #aiba4 ,n4 ,y4 ,selection f ,cont5ts3 ,! ,desc5t ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,production = ,use4 ,! ,p[] ,indu/ry z an ,economic ,factor4 ,ma/]+ ,labor ,problems4 7,conditions7 ,autonom\s ,co-op]ation4 ,aims ( ,labor4 ,"r to be ,lazy & ! ,"r to a ,job4 ,qualification ( ,m54 ,! ,work+ ,day4 ,fatigue4 ,,univ]sal ,,labor 7,correspond+ exactly to ,"t-b9d+--,au?or74 ,! ,position ( an ,eng9e]4 ,ma/]+ ,labor ,problems4 ,comp5sation4 ,! ,social ,aspect4 ,! ,economic ,aspect4 ,! ,basis ( ,wages4 ,inc5tive ,paym5ts4 ,pr(it ,%>+4 ,premium ,places4 ,rew>d+ ,individual ,ef=ts4 ,two-rate wages4 ,en]gy z a ,commodity4 8,pr9ciples ( ,indu/rial ,philosophy40 ,pres5t$ at ! ,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,a4 ,s4 ( ,m4 ,e41 ,decemb]1 #aibj4 8,equipm5t & ,ma*9]y40 ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,association ,press4 #aiba4 ,n4 ,y4 8,organization & ,managem5t40 ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,association ,press4 #aiba4 ,n4 ,y4 8,quo ,vadis ,am]ica80 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,/e9metz1 ,,*>les ,p43 8,am]ica & ! ,new ,epo*40 ,h>p] ,bro!rs4 #aiaf4 ,n4 ,y4 ,selection f ,cont5ts3 ,! ,individuali/ic ,era3 ,f ,competition to ,co-op]ation4 ,engl& 9 ! ,individuali/ic ,era4 ,g]many 9 ! ,individuali/ic ,era4 ,! ,o!r ,european ,nations 9 ! ,individuali/ic ,era4 ,am]ica 9 ! ,individuali/ic ,era4 ,evolution3 ,indu/rial ,gov]nm5t4 8,inc5tive & ,initiative40 ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,association ,press4 #aiba4 ,n4 ,y4 ,,wolf1 ,,rob]t ,b43 ,pamphlets4 8,individuality 9 ,indu/ry40 ,bullet9 ( ! ,society to promote ! ,sci5ce ( ,managem5t4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #d4 ,augu/1 #aiae4 8,! ,creative ,workman40 ,te*nical ,association ( ! ,pulp & ,pap] ,indu/ry4 #aiah4 ,n4 ,y4 8,non-,f9ancial ,inc5tives40 ,pres5t$ at ! ,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,a4 ,s4 ( ,m4 ,e4 ,decemb]1 #aiah4 ,n4 ,y4 8,mod]n ,indu/ry & ! ,individual40 ,a4 ,w4 ,%aw ,co4 #aiai4 ,n4 ,y4 8,secur+ ! ,initiative ( ! ,workman40 ,am]ican ,economic ,association4 #aiai4 ,n4 ,y4 8,creative ,_s 9 ,indu/ry40 ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,association ,press4 #aiba4 ,n4 ,y4 ,,miscellane\s ,,li/ ,,( ,,books ,,von ,,b]nh>di1 ,g5]al ,f43 8,g]many & ! ,next ,w>40 ,e4 ,arnold1 ,london4 #aiab4 ,,br&eis1 ,,l\is3 8,o!r ,p's ,money & ,h[ ! ,bank]s ,use x40 ,f4 ,a4 ,/okes1 ,n4 ,y4 #aiad4 ,,?omas ,,f>r[ & ,,walt] ,,crot*3 8,! ,com+ ,trade ,w>40 ,*apman ,hall1 ,london4 #aiaf4 ,,hueff]1 ,,=d ,,maddox3 8,:5 ,blood is ,_! ,argum5t40 ,hodd] ,/\ghton4 #aiae4 ,n4 ,y4 ,,haus]1 ,,h5ry3 8,g]many's ,comm]cial ,grip on ! ,_w1 ,h] ,bus9ess ,me?ods ,expla9$40 ,e4 ,na% ,co41 ,london4 #aiag4 ,,laughl91 ,j4 ,l43 8,cr$it ( ! ,nations40 ,scribn]'s ,sons1 ,n4 ,y4 #aiah4 ,,maetzu1 ,,ramiro ,,de3 8,au?ority1 ,lib]ty & ,function 9 ! ,light ( ,w>40 ,geo4 ,all5 & ,unw94 ,,delaisi1 ,,francis3 ,fr5* ,op9ion1 8,! ,inevitable ,w>40 ,small1 ,mayn>d ,co41 ,bo/on4 #aiae4 ,,neilson1 ,,francis3 ,engli% ,op9ion1 8,h[ ,diplomats ,make ,w>40 ,b4 ,w4 ,huebs*4 #aiaf4 ,,by ,a ,,g]man 7,g]man ,op9ion74 8,j',accuse60 ,hodd] ,/\ghton1 ,london4 #aiae4 ,,footnotes #a ,to digress a bit1 x may be int]e/+ to add1 t population & ! ne$ ( p increase 9 a geometrical progression2 & also t ! gr[? ( individuals is limit$ by ! fact1 t !y h to absorb _! food ?r\gh surfaces :i* z gr[? goes on increase only z squ>es1 :ile ! bodies to be f$1 be+ volumes1 increase 9 size z cubes increase1 z ! cubes ( ! same base gr[ fa/] ?an ! squ>es1 #bb #d1 #bc #h1 #cb #i1 #cc #bg1 & s on1 x is obvi\s1 t 9 ! infancy ( an organism only a "p ( ! food goes to ma9ta9 life1 ! l>g] "p goes = gr[?2 :5 ! organism becomes l>g]1 ! absorb+ surfaces1 gr[+ proportionally to ! squ>e1 ! food is sp5t to build ! mass ( ! volume ( ! body & is sp5t proportionally to ! cube4 ,suppose our organism has gr[n to a size twice z l>ge1 its absorb+ capacity has become f\r times l>g]1 its volume eight times l>g]4 ,9 case ( #c times1 ! diff]5ce w be #i & #bg4 ,x is obvi\s t at "s po9t1 all ! absorb$ food w be us$ to ma9ta9 life & none w be left = gr[?1 & ?is la/ process w /op4 ,?is is ano!r example :i* expla9s h[ ! !ory ( dim5sions is vitally important 9 life & %[s :y x is absolutely ess5tial to take acc\nt ( dim5sions 9 ! /udy ( life problems4 #b ,an ,outl9e ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,we/]n ,european ,m9d1 by ,james ,h>vey ,rob9son4 ,! ,new ,s*ool = ,social ,rese>*1 ,new ,york1 #aiai4 ,?is little volume gives cond5s$ /atem5ts1 z 9 a nut%ell1 ( ! hi/orical developm5ts ( ! human m9d & conta9s a long li/ ( ! mo/ sub/antial mod]n books on hi/orical que/ions4 ,all ! fur!r hi/orical quotations w be tak5 f ?is exceptionally valuable little book1 & = conv5i5ce !y w simply be m>k$ by 8 initials--,j4 ,h4 ,r4 #c 7,j4 ,h4 ,r47 8,late appe>ance ( a def9ite !ory ( progress4 ,excessive cons]vatism ( primitive peoples4 ,! ,greeks speculat$ on ! orig9 ( ?+s1 b !y did n h a conception ( ! possibility ( indef9ite progress 444 ,progress ( man f ! e>lie/ "t till ! op5+ ( ! #ag? c5tury almo/ altoge!r unconsci\s4444 ,fundam5tal weakness ( ,hell5ic le>n+4 ,x 0 an impos+ collection ( speculation1 op9ions1 & guesses1 :i*1 h[ev] brilliant & +5i\s !y might be1 7 bas$ on a v slight body ( exact k1 & fail$ to recognize ! fundam5tal necessity ( pa9ful sci5tific rese>*1 aid$ by app>atus4 ,!re 0 no /eady accumulation ( k to (fset ! gr[+ emotional di/ru/ ( reason4444 ,unfulfill$ promise ( ,hell5i/ic sci5ce4 ,influ5ce ( slav]y 9 *eck+ ! developm5t ( sci5ce4444 ,! defici5cies ( ,m$ieval culture4 ,all ! weaknesses ( ! ,hell5ic reason+1 comb9$ ) ^? ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 und]lay :at appe>$ to be a mo/ logically elaborat$ & def9itive sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,defects ( ! univ]sity education4444 ,little hi/ory ( ,natural sci5ce1 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 taught 9 ! univ]sities4444 ,cop]nicus1 #8,de ,revolutionibus ,orbium ,coele/ium4' ,libri ,,vi1 #aedc4444 ,cop]nicus' own introduction ackn[l$ges 8 debt to anci5t philosoph]s4 ,/ill believ$ 9 fix$ ,/>ry ,sph]e4 ,8 discov]y _h little imm$iate effect on prevail+ notions4 ,giordano ,bruno 7#aedh-afjj7 made x 8 *ief bus9ess to ?9k out & set =? 9 ,lat9 & ,italian ! implications ( ! discov]y ( ,cop]nicus4444 ,bruno burn$ by ! ,inquisition at ,rome4444 ,keppl] 7#aega-afcj7 & 8 discov]y ( ! elliptical orbits ( ! planets4 ,galileo 7#aefd-afdb74 ,8 telescope spe$ily improv$ s z to magnify #cb diamet]s4 ,8 attitude t[>d ! ,cop]nican !ory1 :i* 0 condemn$ by ,roman ,inquisition #afaf4444 ,galileo's *ief discov]ies 7 9 physics & me*anics4 ,isaac ,newton 7#afdb-agbg7 prov$ t ! laws ( fall+ bodies apply to ! heav5s4 ,?is made a deep impression & f9ally ! new] conceptions ( ! univ]se began to be popul>iz$4444 ,"l ,bacon 7#aefa-afbf71 ! #8,bucc9ator' ( exp]im5tal & appli$ mod]n sci5ce4444 ,8 lively appreciation ( ! exi/+ ob/acles to sci5tific advance2 ! idols ( ! tribe1 cave1 m>ket-place1 & !atre4444 ,necessity ( escap+ f ! s*ola/ic me?ods ( #8tumbl+ up & d[n 9 our reasons & conceits1' & /udy+ ! _w ab\t u4 ,undream$ ( a*ievem5ts possible if only ! "r me?od ( rese>* be foll[$ 444 ! di/ru/ ( anci5t au?ority4444 ,desc>tes 7#aeif-afej71 444 he propos$ to rea* ! tru? ?r\gh analysis & cle> ideas1 on ! assumption t ,god w n deceive4444 ,8 fundam5tal int]e/ 9 ma!matics4444 ,8 claim to orig9ality & 8 rejection ( all au?ority4444 ,ob/acles to sci5tific advance2 ! univ]sities /ill dom9at$ by ,ari/otle2 ! !ological faculties2 ! c5sor%ip ( ! press ex]cis$ by bo? *ur* & /ate2 4440 #d 7,j4 ,h4 ,r47 8,phases ( religi\s complex4 #8,religi\s1' a vague & compreh5sive t]m appli$ to3 7#a7 c]ta9 classes ( emotions 7awe1 dep5d5ce1 self-di/ru/1 aspirations1 etc472 7#b7 ,conduct1 :i* may take ! =m ( di/9ctive religi\s acts 7c]emonies1 sacrifices1 pray]s1 #8good works'7 or ! obs]vance ( :at 9 primitive conditions are recogniz$ z #8taboos'2 7#c7 ,prie/ly1 or ecclesia/ical organizations2 7#d7 ,beliefs ab\t sup]natural be+s & man's relations to !m3 ! latt] may take ! =m ( revelation & be r$uc$ to cre$s & become ! subject ( elaborate !ological speculations4 8,association ( religion ) ! sup]natural2 religion has always _h = its prim>y object ! atta9m5t ( a satisfactory adju/m5t to1 or a successful control ov]1 ! sup]natural4444 ,! cultural m9d view$ z ! product ( a long & haz>d\s process ( accumulation4444 ,spontane\s g5]ation ( sup]/itions4 ,preval5ce ( symbolism1 mana1 animism1 magic1 feti%ism1 totemism2 ! taboo 7cf4 our mod]n idea ( #8pr9ciple'71 ! sacr$1 clean & unclean2 #8dream logic'--spontane\s rationaliz+ or #8jump+ at conclusions'2444 ,! #af? book ( ! ,!odosian ,code conta9s edicts relat+ to ! ,*ur* issu$ by ! ,roman ,emp]ors dur+ ! #d? & #e? c5turies4 ,!y make x a crime to disagree ) ! ,*ur*2 !y provide h>% p5alties = h]etical tea*+ & writ+1 & grant privileges to ! or?odox cl]gy 7exemptions f regul> taxes & b5efit ( ! cl]gy74444 ,*ri/ianity becomes a monopoly def5d$ by ! /ate4444 ,psy*ological p[] & attraction 9 ! elaborate symbolism & ritual ( ! *ur*4444 ,allegory put an end to all lit]>y criticism4444 ,fl\ri%+ ( ! miracul\s2 any unusual or />tl+ occurr5ce attribut$ to ! int]v5tion ( ei!r ,god or ! ,devil4444 ,old] conceptions ( disease z caus$ by ! ,devil4444 ,our legal expression #8act ( ,god' conf9$ to un=seeable natural disa/]s4 ,h[ ) a gr[+ appreciation = natural law & a *a/5$ ta/e 9 wond]s1 miracles h t5d$ to become a s\rce ( intellectual di/ress & bewild]m5t4444 ,prote/ants %>$ ) ,roman ,ca?olics ! horror ( #8rationali/s' & #8free-?9k]s4' ,! lead]s ( bo? p>ties agre$ 9 hamp]+ & d5\nc+ sci5tific discov]ies4444 ,wit*craft 9 its mod]n =m em]ges cle>ly 9 ! #ae? c5tury4444 ,great preval5ce ( wit*craft dur+ ! #af? & #ag? c5turies 9 ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic c\ntries1 alike4444 ,trial ( ^? suspect$ ( sorc]y4 ,tortures to =ce confession4 ,! wit*es' m>k4 ,p5alties1 burn+ alive1 /rangl+1 hang+4 ,t5s ( ?\s&s ( innoc5t p]sons p]i%$4444 ,^? :o tri$ to discr$it wit*craft d5\nc$ z #8,sadducees' & a!i/s4444 ,! psy*ology ( intol]ance4 ,fe>1 ve/$ int]e/s1 ! com=table nature ( ! traditional & ! habitual4 ,! pa9ful appropriation ( new ideas4444 ,! intol]ance ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*3 a natural result ( its /ate-l organization & claims4444 ,its doctr9e ( exclusive salvation & its conception ( h]esy bo? sanction$ by ! /ate4 ,d\bt & error reg>d$ z s9ful4444 ,beg9n+s ( c5sor%ip ( ! press aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 lic5s+ ( ecclesia/ical & civil au?orities4444 ,prote/ants ( #af? c5tury accept ! !ory ( intol]ance40 #e 7,j4 ,h4 ,r47 8,! ,socio-psy*ological f\ndations ( cons]vatism3 ,primitive natural rev]5ce = ! famili> & habitual greatly re5=c$ by religion & law4 ,natural cons]vatism ( all pr(essions4 ,^? :o suff] mo/ f exi/+ in/itutions commonly1 helplessly accept ! situation z inevitable4 ,position ( ! cons]vative2 he urges ! impossibility ( alt]+ #8human nature' & w>ns aga9/ ! disa/]s ( revolution4 ,cons]vatism 9 ! light ( hi/ory3 ,hi/ory w\ld seem to discr$it cons]vatism completely z a work+ pr9ciple 9 view ( ! pa/ a*ievem5ts ( mank9d 9 ! rec5t pa/ & ! possibilities :i* op5$ be=e u4444 ,futility ( ! appeal ( ! cons]vative to human nature z an ob/acle to progress4444 ,culture c n be transmitt$ h]$it>ily b c be accumulat$ ?r\gh education & modifi$ indef9itely40 #f 7,j4 ,h4 ,r47 8,=mulation & e/abli%m5t ( ! evolution>y hypo!sis4 ,discov]y ( ! great age ( ! e>?2 444 gradual developm5t ( ! evolution>y !ory4444 ,d>w9's #8,orig9 ( ! ,species1' #ahei4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 7#ahbj-aijc74444 ,haeckel 7#ahcd-aiai7 & o!rs cl>ify1 def5d & popul>ize ! new doctr9e4 ,subsequ5t developm5t ( ! evolution>y doctr9e by ,m5del1 ,weisman1 ,de,vries & o!rs4 ,weak5+ ( ! special creation !ory by o!r evid5ce su* z ar*eology & biblical criticism4 ,! significance ( ! doctr9e = intellectual hi/ory4 ,"* ( ! opposition to ! evolution>y !ory4 ,popul> confusion ( #8,d>w9ism' ) #8evolution4' ,revolution>y effects ( ! new po9t ( view4 ,does away ) conception ( fix$ species 7,platonic ideas7 t _h previ\sly dom9at$ speculation4 ,! g5etic me?od adopt$ 9 all ! organic sci5ces1 includ+ ! new] social sci5ces4 ,problem ( adju/+ hi/ory to ! discov]ies ( ! pa/ #ej ye>s4 ,be>+ ( evolution on ! !ory ( progress4 ,organic evolution & social evolution40 #g 7,j4 ,h4 ,r47 8,! ,dei/s & philosoph]s de/roy ! old] !ological an?ropology & reass]t ! dignity ( man2 ! gr[? ( criticism & lib]alism has made ! analysis ( social in/itutions some:at less dang]\s2 ! g5]al gr[? ( k has react$ 9 a /imulat+ way ^u ! sci5ces ( society2 ! great increase 9 ! numb]1 complexity & int5sity ( social problems has prov$ a /rong inc5tive to social sci5ce2 ,! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis has r5d]$ prepo/]\s any conception ( a :olly /atic social sy/em4 ,h[ev]1 ! mod]n social sci5ces 9 our capitali/ic ord] meet mu* ! same resi/ance f ! #8ve/$ int]e/s' t !ological radicalism enc\nt]$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & social sci5ce has 9 no way approa*$ ! objectivity & progressiv5ess ( pres5t day natural sci5ce4444 ,grave effects ( ve/$ rights 9 hamp]+ exp]im5ts & readju/m5ts4444 ,ob/acles to readju/m5t pres5t$ by consecrat$ traditions4444 ,influ5ce ( mod]n comm]cialism 9 ! inord9ate developm5t ( organization & regim5tation 9 our pres5t educational sy/em4 ,psy*ological disadvantages ( our conv5tional exam9ation sy/em4 ,z yet our education has n be5 br\ght into close relation ) prevail+ conditions ( our ev] increas+ k4444 ,excell5t aims & small a*ievem5ts ( sociology 9 practical results4 7,because ( absolute lack ( any sci5tific base4 ,au?or47 ,g5]al nature ( ! problem ( social re=m3 psy*ological problems involv$ 9 social re=m movem5ts3 viol5t resi/ance ( ! gr\p to t criticism ( ! exi/+ in/itutions1 :i* mu/ prec$e any effective social re=m44440 #h 7,j4 ,h4 ,r47 8,dur+ ! pa/ two c5turies ! application ( ! sci5tific discov]ies to daily life has revolutioniz$ our me?ods ( supply+ our economic ne$s1 our social & intellectual life1 & ! :ole range ( ! relations ( mank9d4 ,! impulse ( inv5tion1 iron1 coal1 & /eam ess5tial to ! developm5t ( ma*9]y on a l>ge scale2 ma*9]y has 9 turn begott5 ! mod]n factory ) its va/ organiz$ labor1 ! mod]n city & f9ally1 our well nigh p]fect means ( rapid human int]-communication4 ,! trem5d\s increase 9 ! production ( weal? & ! gr[+ int]dep5d5ce ( nations has op5$ up a va/ range ( speculation 9 reg>d to ! bett]m5t ( mank9d to ! abolition or r$uction ( pov]ty1 ignorance1 disease1 & w>4444 ,man advances f a tool-us+ to a ma*9e-controll+ animal4 ,! rise ( ! factory sy/em2 ! conc5tration & localization ( indu/ry2 increas$ division ( labor & specialization ( indu/rial processes4 ,! great increase 9 ! volume ( capital & 9 ! ext5t ( inve/m5ts2 ! sep>ation ( capital & labor & ! gr[? ( imp]sonal economic relation%ip4 ,problems ( capital & labor2 unemploym5t & ! labor ( wom5 & *ildr52 labor organizations4 ,increas$ productivity & ! expansion ( comm]ce4 ,indu/rial processes become dynamic & ev]*ang+--a complete rev]sal ( ! old /ability1 repetition & isolation40 #i ,x may be cont5d$ by "s t animals h be5 mak+ 8progress0 or "s may say t animals also 8b9d-"t40 ,?is use ( words w\ld aga9 become m]e v]balism1 a m]e talk+ ab\t words--m]e speculation hav+ no?+ to d ) facts or ) correct ?9k+1 9 :i* !re is no int]mix+ ( dim5sions4 ,! peculi> faculty belong+ exclusively to humans :i* ,i designate z 8"t-b9d+0 ,i h cle>ly def9$ z an expon5tial function ( "t 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,if p are pleas$ to talk ab\t ! 8progress0 ( animals1 !y c h>dly fail to see cle>ly t x diff]s bo? 9 function & 9 type or dim5sion f :at is rightly meant by human progress2 human "t-b9d+ capacity lies 9 an entirely diff]5t dim5sion f t ( animals4 ,s1 if any p]sons wi% to talk ( animal 8progress0 or animal 8"t-b9d+10 !y %\ld inv5t a suitable ^w = x to save !m f ! blund] ( confus+ types or mix+ dim5sions4 ,?is ma!matical discrim9ation betwe5 classes1 types1 dim5sions is ( ! utmo/ importance 9 ! natural sci5ces1 because ( ! transmutation ( species4 ,to adju/ ! ,d>w9 !ory to dim5sionality is a some:at m difficult problem2 x involves ! concept ( ! 8cont9uum02 b ) ! mod]n !ory ( de ,vries1 ^! ?+s are self evid5t4 ,if animals really progress1 :i* is d\btful because !y are an old] =m ( life ?an humans & !y h n %[n any noticeable progress to ! k ( man1 _! progress is s small 9 comp>ison ) man's t x may be said1 9 ma!matical t]ms1 to be negligible z an inf9itesimal ( high] ord]4 #aj ,x mu/ be rememb]$ "h t our _w is1 fir/ ( all1 a dynamic conglom]ation ( matt] & en]gy1 :i* to-day1 z well z 9 ! fir/ p]iod ( primitive organic life1 took & takes diff]5t kn[n & unkn[n =ms4 ,"o ( ^! =ms ( en]gy is ! *emical en]gy1 ) its t5d5cy to comb9ations & ex*anges4 ,diff]5t elem5ts act 9 diff]5t ways4 ,! hi/ory ( ! e>? & its life is simply ! hi/ory ( diff]5t *emical p]iods1 ) diff]5t trans=mations ( en]gy4 ,a /range fact is to be notic$ ab\t nitrog54 ,nitrog5 *emically has an exceptional in]tness t[>d mo/ o!r sub/ances1 b once x is a compon5t "p ( a sub/ance1 almo/ all ( ^! comb9ations are a v p[]ful s\rce ( en]gy1 & all ( !m h a v /rong effect ^u organic life4 ,nitric acid acts ?r\gh oxidation1 ! sub/ances are burn$ up by ! oxyg5 giv5 (f f ! acid4 ,nitric acid occurs 9 nature1 9 a comb9ation call$ nitrates4 ,f ! soil ! nitrates pass into ! plant4 ,nitrite ( amyl acts ^u our organs 9 a mo/ viol5t & spasmodic way4 ,nitr\s oxide is ! s-call$ laugh+ gas4 ,alkaloids are comp\nds ( a vegetable orig91 g5]ally ( complex composition & capable ( produc+ m>k$ effects ^u animals4 ,!y all conta9 nitrog54 ,explosives :i* are a *emical means ( /or+ trem5d\s am\nts ( en]gy1 are mo/ly ( "s nitrog5\s comp\nd4 ,album5 is an organic comp\nd ( great importance 9 life1 :i*1 besides be+ ! *>act]i/ic +r$i5t 9 ! :ite ( an egg1 ab\nds 9 ! s]um ( ! blood & =ms an important "p ( ! muscles & bra94 ,album9oids play ! mo/ vital rle 9 plant life & are an ext5sive class ( organic bodies f\nd 9 plants & animals1 z !y are f\nd to =m ! *ief con/itu5ts ( blood1 n]ves4 ,all album9oids f\nd 9 animals are produc$ by ! processes fulfill$ 9 plants4 ,_! exact con/itution is n kn[n2 analysis %[s t !y conta9 approximately3 ,c>bon #ej-ee1 ,hydrog5 #f4i-g4e1 ,nitrog5 #ae-ai1 ,oxyg5 #bj-bd1 ,sulphur #j4c-b4j4 ,v5\s blood conta9s 9 #ajj volumes3 ,nitrog51 #ac2 ,c>bonic ,acid1 #ga4f2 ,oxyg51 #ae4c4 ,art]ial blood3 ,nitrog51 #ad4e2 ,c>bonic ,acid1 #fb4c2 ,oxyg51 #bc4b4 8,nitrog5\s comp\nds 9 g5]al1 are extremely prone to decomposition2 _! decomposition (t5 involv+ a sudd5 & great evolution ( =ce4 ,we see t sub/ances class$ z f]m5ts 444 are all nitrog5\s 444 & we see t ev5 9 organisms & p>ts ( organisms :]e ! activities are lea/1 su* *anges z d take place are initiat$ by a sub/ance conta9+ nitrog54444 ,we see t organic matt] is s con/itut$ t small incid5tal actions are capable ( initiat+ great reaction & lib]at+ l>ge quantities ( p[]4444 ,! se$ ( a plant conta9s nitrog5\s sub/ances 9 a f> high] ratio ?an ! re/ ( ! plant2 & ! se$ diff]s f ! re/ ( ! plant 9 its ability to initiate 444 ext5sive vital *anges--! *anges con/itut+ g]m9ation4 ,simil>ly 9 ! bodies ( animals 444 9 e liv+ vegetal cell !re is a c]ta9 "p t conta9s nitrog54 ,?is "p initiates ^! *anges :i* con/itute ! developm5t ( ! cell4444 ,x is a curi\s & significant fact t1 9 te*nology1 we n only utilize ! same pr9ciple ( initiat+ ext5sive *anges among comp>atively /able comp\nds by ! help ( comp\nds mu* less /able1 b we employ = ! purpose comp\nds ( ! same g5]al class4 ,our mod]n me?od ( fir+ a gun is to place 9 close proximity ) ! gunp[d] :i* we *oose to decompose or explode1 a small portion ( fulm9at+ p[d]1 :i* is decompos$ or explod$ ) extreme facility1 & :i* on decompos+1 communicates ! consequ5t molecul> di/urbances to ! less easily decompos$ gunp[d]4 ,:5 we ask :at ?is fulm9at+ p[d] is compos$ (1 we f9d t x is a nitrog5\s salt40--,sp5c]4 #aa ,( c\rse1 ! geometric progression does n repres5t precisely ! law ( human progression2 x is "h employ$ because x is famili> & s]ves1 bett] p]haps ?an any o!r simple ma!matical means1 to %[ r\ghly h[ human progress goes on4 ,! ess5tial elem5ts ( a progression are ! fir/ t]m ,p & ! ratio ,r & ! numb] ( ! t]ms ,t2 9 ! human progression ,,pr#a1 ,,pr#b1 ,,pr#c1 444 ,,pr,t1 ,p is ! />t+ /atus ( ! fir/ g5]ation1 ,r is ! peculi> capacity ( humans to b9d "t & is a free gift & law ( nature1 :i* x w\ld be folly n to recognize & accept z su*1 ,t is "t1 or numb] ( g5]ations4 ,x is obvi\s t ! magnitude1 ,,pr,t1 is entirely dep5d5t on ! magnitudes ( ,,pr1 & ,t4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,r & ,t is indep5d5t ( humans1 ,r be+ a law ( nature1 ,t a gift ( nature1 ,p ! />t+ /atus ( ! initial g5]ation4 ,) ,p #j or ,r #j ,,!re ,,w\ld ,,be ,,no ,,progress or progression at all2 ea* t]m 9 ! case ( human progression is ma9ly dep5d5t ^u ! "t & ! "w done by ! dead4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,r & ,t is entirely beyond human control4 ,humans c control only ! ,,magnitude ( ^? elem5ts by education4 ,"h comes ! trem5d\s responsibility ( education4 ,x is n necess>y to use mu* imag9ation to see t if humanity _h always be5 rightly educat$1 sci5ce w\ld h long ago discov]$ ! natural =ces & laws ess5tial to human welf>e1 & human mis]y w\ld to-day be relatively small4 #ab ,see ,app5dix ,,iii4