99,manhood ,of ,humanity99 ,the ,science and ,art of ,human ,engineering ,by ,alfred ,korzybski ,new ,york ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,company #fha ,fifth ,avenue #aiba ,,contents ,acknowledgement ,preface ,chapter ,i4 ,introduction ,chapter ,,ii4 ,childhood of ,humanity ,chapter ,,iii4 ,classes of ,life ,chapter ,,iv4 ,what ,is ,man8 ,chapter ,v4 ,wealth ,chapter ,,vi4 ,capitalistic ,era ,chapter ,,vii4 ,survival of the ,fittest ,chapter ,,viii4 ,elements ,of ,power ,chapter ,,ix4 ,manhood ,of ,humanity ,chapter ,x4 ,conclusion ,appendix ,i4 ,mathematics ,and ,time-,binding ,appendix ,,ii4 ,biology ,and ,time-,binding ,appendix ,,iii4 ,engineering ,and ,time-,binding ,footnotes ,,acknowledgement ,the author and the publishers acknowledge with gratitude the following permissions to make use of copyright material in this work3 ,messrs4 ,d4 ,c4 ,heath ,company1 for permission to quote from 8,unified ,mathematics10 by ,louis ,c4 ,karpinski1 ,harry ,y4 ,benedict and ,john ,w4 ,calhoun4 ,messrs4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york and ,london1 for permission to quote from 8,organism as a ,whole0 and 8,physiology of the ,brain10 by ,jacques ,loeb4 ,messrs4 ,harper ,brothers1 for permission to quote from 8,from the ,life1 ,imaginary ,portraits of ,some ,distinguished ,americans10 by ,harvey ,o',higgins4 ,messrs4 ,d4 ,appleton ,company1 for permission to quote from 8,corporation ,finance10 by ,e4 ,s4 ,mead4 ,messrs4 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,company1 for permission to quote from 8,forced ,movements10 by ,jacques ,loeb4 ,princeton ,university ,press1 for permission to quote from 8,heredity and ,environment10 by ,edwin ,grant ,conklin4 ,columbia ,university ,press1 for permission to quote from 8,the ,human ,worth of ,rigorous ,thinking10 by ,c4 ,j4 ,keyser4 ,the ,rockefeller ,institute for ,medical ,research1 for permission to quote from ,the ,journal of ,experimental ,medicine1 ,vol4 #bg4 ,the ,new ,school for ,social ,research1 for permission to quote from 8,an ,outline of the ,history of the ,western ,european ,mind10 by ,james ,harvey ,robinson4 ,the ,engineering ,magazine ,company1 for permission to quote from 8,mastering ,power ,production10 by ,walter ,n4 ,polakov4 ,,preface ,this book is primarily a study of ,man and ultimately embraces all the great qualities and problems of ,man4 ,as a study of ,man it takes into consideration all the characteristics which make ,man what he is4 ,if some readers do note the absence of certain expressions familiar to them1 it does not mean that the author does not feel or think as many other people--he does--and very much so2 but in this book an effort has been made to approach the problem of ,man from a scientific-mathematical point of view1 and therefore great pains have been taken not to use words insufficiently defined1 or words with many meanings4 ,the author has done his utmost to use such words as convey only the meaning intended1 and in the case of some words1 such as 8spiritual10 there has been superadded the word 8so-called10 not because the author has any belief or disbelief in such phenomena2 there is no need for beliefs because some such phenomena exist1 no matter what we may think of them or by what name we call them2 but because the word 8spiritual0 is not scientifically defined1 and every individual understands and uses this word in a personal and private way4 ,to be impersonal the author has had to indicate this element by adding 8so-called40 ,i repeat once again that this book is not a 8materialistic0 or a 8spiritualistic0 book--it is a study of 8,man0 and therefore does and should include materialistic as well as spiritual phenomena because only the complex of these phenomena constitutes the complex of ,man4 ,the problem has not been approached from the point of view of any private doctrine or creed1 but from a mathematical1 an engineering1 point of view1 which is impersonal and passionless4 ,it is obvious that to be able to speak about the great affairs of ,man1 his spiritual1 moral1 physical1 economic1 social or political status1 it must first be ascertained what ,man is--what is his real nature and what are the basic laws of his nature4 ,if we succeed in finding the laws of human nature1 all the rest will be a comparatively easy task--the ethical1 social1 economic and political status of ,man should be in accord with the laws of his nature2 then civilization will be a human civilization--a permanent and peaceful one--not before4 ,it is useless to argue if electricity be 8natural0 or 8supernatural10 of 8material0 or of 8spiritual0 origin4 ,as a matter of fact we do not ask these questions in studying electricity2 we endeavor to find out the natural laws governing it and in handling live wires we do not argue or speculate about them--we use rubber gloves1 etc4 ,it will be the same with ,man and the great affairs of ,man--we have1 first of all1 to know what ,man is4 ,though this book has been written with scrupulous care to avoid words or terms of vague meaning--and though it often may seem coldly critical of things metaphysical1 it has not been written with indifference to that great1 perhaps the greatest1 urge of the human heart--the craving for spiritual truth--our yearning for the higher potentialities of that which we call 8mind10 8soul0 and 8spirit0--but it has been written with the deep desire to find the source of these qualities1 their scientific significance and a scientific proof of them1 so that they may be approached and studied by the best minds of the world without the digressions1 and misinterpretations that are caused by the color and the confusion of personal emotions2 and if the book be read with care1 it will be seen that1 though the clarifying definition of the classes of life has been chiefly used in the book for its great carrying power in the practical world1 its greatest help will ultimately be in guiding the investigation1 the right valuation and especially the control and use of the higher human powers4 ,in writing this book ,i have been not only introducing new ideas and new methods of analysis1 but ,i have been using a tongue new to me4 ,the original manuscript was very crude and foreign in form1 and ,i am greatly indebted to various friends for their patient kindness in correcting the many errors of my poor ,english4 ,i am also under great obligations to ,walter ,polakov1 ,doctor of ,engineering1 for his exceedingly helpful suggestions1 not only in giving me a thorough criticism from the point of view of the ,engineer1 but also in devoting his energies to organizing the first 8,time-binding ,club0 where these problems have been discussed and criticized1 with great practical results4 ,to all those who have read and criticized the manuscript or helped otherwise--,professors ,e4 ,h4 ,moore1 ,c4 ,j4 ,keyser1 ,j4 ,h4 ,robinson1 ,burges ,johnson1 ,e4 ,a4 ,ross1 ,a4 ,petrunkevitch2 and ,doctors ,j4 ,grove-,korski1 ,charles ,p4 ,steinmetz1 ,j4 ,p4 ,warbasse2 ,robert ,b4 ,wolf1 ,vice-,president of the ,american ,society of ,mechanical ,engineers2 ,champlain ,l4 ,riley1 ,vice-,president of the ,american ,society of ,heating and ,ventilating ,engineers2 ,miss ,josephine ,osborn2 to the authors1 ,l4 ,brandeis1 ,e4 ,g4 ,conklin1 ,c4 ,j4 ,keyser1 ,j4 ,loeb1 ,e4 ,s4 ,mead1 ,h4 ,o',higgins1 ,w4 ,polakov1 ,j4 ,h4 ,robinson1 ,r4 ,b4 ,wolf1 for their kind permission to quote them1 ,i wish to express my sincere appreciation4 ,i wish also to acknowledge the deepest gratitude to my wife1 formerly ,mira ,edgerly1 who has found in this discovery of the natural law for the human class of life1 the solution of her life long search1 and who1 because of her interest in my work1 has given me incomparably inspiring help and valuable criticism4 ,it is not an exaggeration to state that except for her steady and relentless work and her time1 which saved my time1 this book could not have been produced in such a comparatively short time4 ,mr4 ,walter ,polakov of ,new ,york ,city1 ,industrial ,counsellor and ,industrial ,engineer in ,new ,york ,city1 has kindly consented at my request to act1 with my authority1 as my representative to whom any further queries should be addressed in my absence from ,america4 ,to all other friends who have helped in many personal ways ,i express thankfulness1 as ,i wish also to thank ,john ,macrae1 ,esq41 the ,vice-,president of ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co41 for his unusual attitude toward publishing the book4 ,a4 ,k4 ,january #ag1 #aiba ,new ,york ,city4 ,chapter ,i4 ,introduction4 ,method and ,processes of ,approach to a ,new ,concept of ,life 8,for a while he trampled with impunity on laws human and divine but1 as he was obsessed with the delusion that two and two makes five1 he fell1 at last a victim to the relentless rules of humble ,arithmetic4 8,remember1 ,o stranger1 ,arithmetic is the first of the sciences and the mother of safety40 ,,brandeis4 ,it is the aim of this little book to point the way to a new science and art--the science and art of ,human ,engineering4 ,by ,human ,engineering ,i mean the science and art of directing the energies and capacities of human beings to the advancement of human weal4 ,it need not be argued in these times that the establishment of such a science--the science of human welfare--is an undertaking of immeasurable importance4 ,no one can fail to see that its importance is supreme4 ,it is evident that1 if such a science is to be established it must be founded on ascertained facts--it must accord with what is characteristic of ,man--it must be based upon a just conception of what ,man is--upon a right understanding of ,man's place in the scheme of ,nature4 ,no one need be told how indispensable it is to have true ideas--just concepts--correct notions--of the things with which we humans have to deal2 everyone knows for example1 that to mistake solids for surfaces or lines would wreck the science and art of geometry2 anyone knows that to confuse fractions with whole numbers would wreck the science and art of arithmetic2 everyone knows that to mistake vice for virtue would destroy the foundation of ethics2 everyone knows that to mistake a desert mirage for a lake of fresh water does but lure the fainting traveler to dire disappointment or death4 ,now1 it is perfectly clear that of all the things with which human beings have to deal1 the most important by far is ,man himself--humankind--men1 women and children4 ,it follows that for us human beings nothing else can be quite so important as a clear1 true1 just1 scientific concept of ,man--a right understanding of what we as human beings really are4 ,for it requires no great wisdom1 it needs only a little reflection1 to see that1 if we humans radically misconceive the nature of man--if we regard man as being something which he is not1 whether it be something higher than man or lower--we thereby commit an error so fundamental and far reaching as to produce every manner of confusion and disaster in individual life1 in community life and in the life of the race4 ,the question we have1 therefore1 to consider first of all is fundamentally3 ,what is ,man8 ,what is a man8 ,what is a human being8 ,what is the defining or characteristic mark of humanity8 ,to this question two answers and only two have been given in the course of the ages1 and they are both of them current to-day4 ,one of the answers is biological--man is an animal1 a certain kind of animal2 the other answer is a mixture partly biological and partly mythological or partly biological and partly philosophical--man is a combination or union of animal with something supernatural4 ,an important part of my task will be to show that both of these answers are radically wrong and that1 beyond all things else1 they are primarily responsible for what is dismal in the life and history of humankind4 ,this done1 the question remains3 ,what is ,man8 ,i hope to show clearly and convincingly that the answer is to be found in the patent fact that human beings possess in varying degrees a certain natural faculty or power or capacity which serves at once to give them their appropriate dignity as human beings and to discriminate them1 not only from the minerals and the plants but also from the world of animals1 this peculiar or characteristic human faculty or power or capacity ,i shall call the time-binding faculty or time-binding power or time-binding capacity4 ,what ,i mean by time-binding will be clearly and fully explained in the course of the discussion1 and when it has been made clear1 the question--,what ,is ,man8--will be answered by saying that man is a being naturally endowed with time-binding capacity--that a human being is a time-binder--that men1 women and children constitute the time-binding class of life4 ,there will then remain the great task of indicating and in a measure sketching some of the important ways in which the true conception of man as man will transform our views of human society and the world1 affect our human conduct and give us a growing body of scientific wisdom regarding the welfare of mankind including all posterity4 ,the purpose of this introductory chapter is to consider certain general matters of a preliminary nature--to indicate the spirit of the undertaking--to provide a short course of approach and preparation--to clear the deck1 so to speak1 and make ready for action4 ,there are two ways to slide easily through life3 ,namely1 to believe everything1 or to doubt everything2 both ways save us from thinking4 ,the majority take the line of least resistance1 preferring to have their thinking done for them2 they accept ready-made individual1 private doctrines as their own and follow them more or less blindly4 ,every generation looks upon its own creeds as true and permanent and has a mingled smile of pity and contempt for the prejudices of the past4 ,for two hundred or more generations of our historical past this attitude has been repeated two hundred or more times1 and unless we are very careful our children will have the same attitude toward us4 ,there can be no doubt that humanity belongs to a class of life which to a large extent determines its own destinies1 establishes its own rules of education and conduct1 and thus influences every step we are free to take within the structure of our social system4 ,but the power of human beings to determine their own destinies is limited by natural law1 ,nature's law4 ,it is the counsel of wisdom to discover the laws of nature1 including the laws of human nature1 and then to live in accordance with them4 ,the opposite is folly4 ,a farmer must know the natural laws that govern his wheat1 or corn1 or cow1 as otherwise he will not have satisfactory crops1 or the quality and abundance of milk he desires1 whereas the knowledge of these laws enables him to produce the most favorable conditions for his plants and animals1 and thereby to gain the desired results4 ,humanity must know the natural laws for humans1 otherwise humans will not create the conditions and the customs that regulate human activities which will make it possible for them to have the most favorable circumstances for the fullest human development in life2 which means the release of the maximum natural-creative energy and expression in mental1 moral1 material and spiritual and all the other great fields of human activities1 resulting in happiness in life and in work--collectively and individually--because the conditions of the earning of a livelihood influence and shape all our mental processes and activities1 the quality and the form of human inter-relationship4 ,every human achievement1 be it a scientific discovery1 a picture1 a statue1 a temple1 a home or a bridge1 has to be conceived in the mind first--the plan thought out--before it can be made a reality1 and when anything is to be attempted that involves any number of individuals--methods of coordination have to be considered--the methods which have proven to be the best suited for such undertakings are engineering methods--the engineering of an idea toward a complete realization4 ,every engineer has to know the materials with which he has to work and the natural laws of these materials1 as discovered by observation and experiment and formulated by mathematics and mechanics2 else he can not calculate the forces at his disposal2 he can not compute the resistance of his materials2 he can not determine the capacity and requirements of his power plant2 in short1 he can not make the most profitable use of his resources4 ,lately in all industries and particularly during the late ,world ,war1 which was itself a gigantic industrial process1 another factor manifested itself and proved to be of the utmost importance3 namely1 the human factor1 which is not material but is mental1 moral1 psychological4 ,it has been found that maximum production may be attained when and only when the production is carried on in conformity with certain psychological laws1 roughly determined by the analysis of human nature4 ,except for productive human labor1 our globe is too small to support the human population now upon it4 ,humanity must produce or perish4 ,production is essentially a task for engineers2 it essentially depends upon the discovery and the application of natural laws1 including the laws of human nature4 ,it is1 therefore1 not a task for old fashioned philosophical speculation nor for barren metaphysical reasoning in vacuo2 it is a scientific task and involves the coordination and cooperation of all the sciences4 ,this is why it is an engineering task4 ,for engineering1 rightly understood1 is the coordinated sum-total of human knowledge gathered through the ages1 with mathematics as its chief instrument and guide4 ,human ,engineering will embody the theory and practice--the science and art--of all engineering branches united by a common aim--the understanding and welfare of mankind4 ,here ,i want to make it very clear that mathematics is not what many people think it is2 it is not a system of mere formulas and theorems2 but as beautifully defined by ,professor ,cassius ,j4 ,keyser1 in his book ,the ,human ,worth of ,rigorous ,thinking 7,columbia ,university ,press1 #aiaf71 mathematics is the science of 8,exact thought or rigorous thinking10 and one of its distinctive characteristics is 8precision1 sharpness1 completeness of definitions40 ,this quality alone is sufficient to explain why people generally do not like mathematics and why even some scientists bluntly refuse to have anything to do with problems wherein mathematical reasoning is involved4 ,in the meantime1 mathematical philosophy has very little1 if anything1 to do with mere calculations or with numbers as such or with formulas2 it is a philosophy wherein precise1 sharp and rigorous thinking is essential4 ,those who deliberately refuse to think 8rigorously0--that is mathematically--in connections where such thinking is possible1 commit the sin of preferring the worse to the better2 they deliberately violate the supreme law of intellectual rectitude4 ,here ,i have to make it clear that for the purpose of ,human ,engineering the old concepts of matter1 space and time are sufficient to start with2 they are sufficient in much the same way as they have been sufficient in the old science of mechanics4 ,figuratively speaking ,human ,engineering is a higher order of bridge engineering--it aims at the spanning of a gap in practical life as well as in knowledge4 ,the old meanings of matter1 space and time were good enough to prevent the collapse of a bridge2 the same understanding of space and time as used in this book will protect society and humanity from periodical collapses4 ,the old mechanics lead directly to such a knowledge of the intrinsic laws governing the universe as to suggest the new mechanics4 ,human ,engineering will throw a new light on many old conceptions and will help the study and understanding of matter1 space and time in their relative meanings1 and perhaps will ultimately lead to an understanding of their absolute meanings4 ,philosophy in its old form could exist only in the absence of engineering1 but with engineering in existence and daily more active and far reaching1 the old verbalistic philosophy and metaphysics have lost their reason to exist4 ,they were no more able to understand the 8production0 of the universe and life than they are now able to understand or grapple with 8production0 as a means to provide a happier existence for humanity4 ,they failed because their venerated method of 8speculation0 can not produce1 and its place must be taken by mathematical thinking4 ,mathematical reasoning is displacing metaphysical reasoning4 ,engineering is driving verbalistic philosophy out of existence and humanity gains decidedly thereby4 ,only a few parasites and 8speculators0 will mourn the disappearance of their old companion 8speculation40 ,the world of producers--the predominating majority of human beings--will welcome a philosophy of ordered thought and production4 ,the scientists1 all of them1 have their duties no doubt1 but they do not fully use their education if they do not try to broaden their sense of responsibility toward all mankind instead of closing themselves up in a narrow specialization where they find their pleasure4 ,neither engineers nor other scientific men have any right to prefer their own personal peace to the happiness of mankind2 their place and their duty are in the front line of struggling humanity1 not in the unperturbed ranks of those who keep themselves aloof from life4 ,if they are indifferent1 or discouraged because they feel or think that they know that the situation is hopeless1 it may be proved that undue pessimism is as dangerous a 8religion0 as any other blind creed4 ,indeed there is very little difference in kind between the medieval fanaticism of the 8holy inquisition10 and modern intolerance toward new ideas4 ,all kinds of intellect must get together1 for as long as we presuppose the situation to be hopeless1 the situation will indeed be hopeless4 ,the spirit of ,human ,engineering does not know the word 8hopeless20 for engineers know that wrong methods are alone responsible for disastrous results1 and that every situation can be successfully handled by the use of proper means4 ,the task of engineering science is not only to know but to know how4 ,most of the scientists and engineers do not yet realize that their united judgment would be invincible2 no system or class would care to disregard it4 ,their knowledge is the very force which makes the life of humanity pulsate4 ,if the scientists and the engineers have had no common base upon which to unite1 a common base must be provided4 ,to-day the pressure of life is such that we cannot go forward without their coordinating guidance4 ,but first there must be the desire to act4 ,one aim of this book is to furnish the required stimulus by showing that ,human ,engineering will rescue us from the tangle of private opinions and enable us to deal with all the problems of life and human society upon a scientific basis4 ,if those who know why and how neglect to act1 those who do not know will act1 and the world will continue to flounder4 ,the whole history of mankind and especially the present plight of the world show only too sadly how dangerous and expensive it is to have the world governed by those who do not know4 ,in paying the price of this war1 we have been made to realize that even the private individual can not afford to live wrapped up in his own life and not take his part in public affairs4 ,he must acquire the habit of taking his share of public responsibility4 ,this signifies that a very great deal of very simple work1 all pointing in the direction of a greater work1 must be done in the way of educating1 not engineers and scientific men only1 but the general public to cooperate in establishing the practice of ,human ,engineering in all the affairs of human society and life4 ,in writing this book ,i have had to wrestle with tremendous difficulties in expressing new thoughts and in indicating new methods4 ,the reader who stops to criticize words or expressions because of their more or less happy or unhappy use will miss the whole point of the work4 ,the reading of it should be done with a view to seeing how much can be found in it of what is new and good that may be elaborated further1 and put into better form4 ,this new enterprise is too difficult and too vast for the unaided labor of one man--life is too short4 ,the method used in this book in analysing life phenomena is essentially an engineering method1 and as physics and mechanics always suggest to mathematicians new fields for analysis1 it is not improbable that ,human ,engineering will give mathematicians new and interesting fields for research4 ,the humblest rle of mathematicians in ,human ,engineering may be likened to that of 8,public accountants0 who put in order the affairs of business4 ,in relation to mathematics ,bertrand ,russell has said3 8,logic is the youth of mathematics1 mathematics is the manhood of logic40 ,this brilliant mot of the eminent philosopher of mathematics is no doubt just and is profoundly significant2 the least it can teach us is that it is useless to try to find a dividing line between logic and mathematics1 for no such line exists2 to seek for one serves merely to betray one's ignorance of mathematical philosophy4 ,elsewhere ,mr4 ,russell says3 8,the hope of satisfaction to our more human desires1 the hope of demonstrating that the world has this or that ethical characteristic1 is not one which1 so far as ,i can see1 philosophy can do anything whatever to satisfy40 ,by 8philosophy0 he means mathematical philosophy--a philosophy that is rigorously scientific1 not vaguely speculative4 ,i am entirely unable to agree with him that such a philosophy can make no contribution to ethics4 ,on the contrary1 ,i contend1 and in this book ,i hope to show1 that by mathematical philosophy1 by rigorously scientific thinking1 we can arrive at the true conception of what a human being really is and that in thus discovering the characteristic nature of man we come to the secret and source of ethics4 ,ethics as a science will investigate and explain the essential nature of man and the obligations which the essential nature of man imposes upon human beings4 ,it will be seen that to live righteously1 to live ethically1 is to live in accordance with the laws of human nature2 and when it is clearly seen that man is a natural being1 a part of nature literally1 then it will be seen that the laws of human nature--the only possible rules for ethical conduct--are no more supernatural and no more man-made than is the law of gravitation1 for example1 or any other natural law4 ,it is no cause for wonder that mathematical thinking should lead to such a result2 for ,man is a natural being1 man's mind is a natural agency1 and the results of rigorous thinking1 far from being artificial fictions1 are natural facts--natural revelations of natural law4 ,i hope ,i have not given the impression1 by repeated allusion to mathematical science1 that this book is to be in any technical sense a mathematical treatise4 ,i have merely wished to indicate that the task is conceived and undertaken in the mathematical spirit1 which must be the guiding spirit of ,human ,engineering2 for no thought1 if it be non-mathematical in spirit1 can be trusted1 and1 although mathematicians sometimes make mistakes1 the spirit of mathematics is always right and always sound4 ,whilst ,i do not intend to trouble the reader with any highly technical mathematical arguments1 there are a few simple mathematical considerations which anyone of fair education can understand1 which are of exceedingly great importance for our purpose1 and to which1 therefore1 ,i ask the reader's best attention4 ,one of the ideas is that of an arithmetical progression2 another one is that of a geometrical progression4 ,neither of them involves anything more difficult than the most ordinary arithmetic of the secondary school or the counting house1 but it will be seen that they throw a flood of light upon many of the most important human concerns4 ,because we are human beings we are all of us interested in what we call progress--progress in law1 in government1 in jurisprudence1 in ethics1 in philosophy1 in the natural sciences1 in economics1 in the fine arts1 in the practical arts1 in the production and distribution of wealth1 in all the affairs affecting the welfare of mankind4 ,it is a fact that all these great matters are interdependent and interlocking2 it is therefore a fact of the utmost importance that progress in each of the cardinal matters must keep abreast of progress in the other cardinal matters in order to keep a just equilibrium1 a proper balance1 and so to maintain the integrity and continued prosperity of the whole complex body of our social life2 it is a fact1 a fact of observation1 that in some of the great matters progress proceeds in accordance with one law and one rate of advancement and in others in accordance with a very different law and rate2 it is a fact1 a fact of observation and sad experience1 a fact attested by all history and made evident by reason1 that owing to the widely differing laws and rates of progress in the great essential concerns of humanity1 the balance and equilibrium among the parts is disturbed1 the strain gradually increases until a violent break ensues in the form of social conflicts1 insurrections1 revolutions and war2 it is a fact that the readjustment that follows1 as after an earthquake1 does indeed establish a kind of new equilibrium1 but it is an equilibrium born of violence1 and it is destined to be again disturbed periodically without end1 unless by some science and art of ,human ,engineering progress in all the great matters essential to human weal can be made to proceed in accordance with one and the same law having its validity in the nature of man4 ,taken in combination1 the facts just stated are so extremely important that they deserve to be stated with the utmost emphasis and clarity4 ,to this end ,i beg the reader to consider very carefully and side by side the two following series of numbers4 ,the first one is a simple geometrical progression--denoted by 7,,gp72 the second one is a simple arithmetical progression--denoted by 7,,ap73 ,,gp3 #b1 #d1 #h1 #af1 #cb1 #fd1 #abh1 #bef1 #eab1 #ajbd1 etc42 ,,ap3 #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 #ab1 #ad1 #af1 #ah1 #bj1 etc4 ,for convenience of comparison ,i let them begin with the same number and for simplicity ,i have taken #b for this initial term2 observe that in the 7,,gp7 each term is got from the preceding term by multiplying by #b and that in the 7,,ap7 each term is got from its predecessor by adding #b2 in the first series the multiplier #b is called the common ratio and in the second series the repeatedly added #b is called the common difference2 it is again for the convenience of comparison that ,i have chosen the same number for both common ratio and common difference and for the sake of simplicity that ,i have taken for this number the easy number #b4 ,other choices would be logically just as good4 ,why have ,i introduced these two series8 ,because they serve to illustrate perfectly two widely different laws of progress--two laws representing vastly different rates of growth1 increase1 or advancement4 ,do not fail to observe in this connection the following two facts4 ,one of them is that the magnitude of the terms of any geometric progression whose ratio 7no matter how small7 is #b or more will overtake and surpass the magnitude of the corresponding terms of any arithmetical progression1 no matter how large the common difference of the latter may be4 ,the other fact to be noted is that the greater the ratio of a geometric progression1 the more rapidly do its successive terms increase2 so that the terms of one geometric progression may increase a thousand or a million or a billion times faster than the corresponding terms of another geometric progression4 ,as any geometric progression 7of ratio equal to #b or more71 no matter how slow1 outruns every arithmetic progression1 no matter how fast1 so one geometric progression may be far swifter than another one of the same type4 ,to every one it will be obvious that the two progressions differ in pace2 and that the difference between their corresponding terms becomes increasingly larger and larger the farther we go2 for instance1 the sum of the first six terms of the geometrical progression is #abf1 whereas the sum of the first six terms of the arithmetical progression is only #db1 the difference between the two sums being #hd2 the sum of #h terms is #eaj for the 7,,gp7 and #gb for the 7,,ap71 the difference between these sums 7of only #h terms each7 being #dch1 already much larger than before2 if now we take the sums of the first #aj terms1 they will be #bjdf and #aaj having a difference of #aicf2 etc41 etc4 ,consider now any two matters of great importance for human weal--jurisprudence for example1 and natural science--or any other two major concerns of humanity4 ,it is as plain as the noon-day sun that1 if progress in one of the matters advances according to the law of a geometric progression and the other in accordance with a law of an arithmetical progression1 progress in the former matter will very quickly and ever more and more rapidly outstrip progress in the latter1 so that1 if the two interests involved be interdependent 7as they always are71 a strain is gradually produced in human affairs1 social equilibrium is at length destroyed2 there follows a period of readjustment by means of violence and force4 ,it must not be fancied that the case supposed is merely hypothetical4 ,the whole history of mankind and especially the present condition of the world unite in showing that far from being merely hypothetical1 the case supposed has always been actual and is actual to-day on a vaster scale than ever before4 ,my contention is that while progress in some of the great matters of human concern has been long proceeding in accordance with the law of a rapidly increasing geometric progression1 progress in the other matters of no less importance has advanced only at the rate of an arithmetical progression or at best at the rate of some geometric progression of relatively slow growth4 ,to see it and to understand it we have to pay the small price of a little observation and a little meditation4 ,some technological invention is made1 like that of a steam engine or a printing press1 for example2 or some discovery of scientific method1 like that of analytical geometry or the infinitesimal calculus2 or some discovery of natural law1 like that of falling bodies or the ,newtonian law of gravitation4 ,what happens8 ,what is the effect upon the progress of knowledge and invention8 ,the effect is stimulation4 ,each invention leads to new inventions and each discovery to new discoveries2 invention breeds invention1 science begets science1 the children of knowledge produce their kind in larger and larger families2 the process goes on from decade to decade1 from generation to generation1 and the spectacle we behold is that of advancement in scientific knowledge and technological power according to the law and rate of a rapidly increasing geometric progression or logarithmic function4 ,and now what must we say of the so-called sciences--the pseudo sciences--of ethics and jurisprudence and economics and politics and government8 ,for the answer we have only to open our eyes and behold the world4 ,by virtue of the advancement that has long been going on with ever accelerated logarithmic rapidity in invention1 in mathematics1 in physics1 in chemistry1 in biology1 in astronomy and in applications of them1 time and space and matter have been already conquered to such an extent that our globe1 once so seemingly vast1 has virtually shrunken to the dimensions of an ancient province2 and manifold peoples of divers tongues and traditions and customs and institutions are now constrained to live together as in a single community4 ,there is thus demanded a new ethical wisdom1 a new legal wisdom1 a new economical wisdom1 a new political wisdom1 a new wisdom in the affairs of government4 ,for the new visions our anguished times cry aloud but the only answers are reverberated echoes of the wailing cry mingled with the chattering voices of excited public men who know not what to do4 ,why8 ,what is the explanation8 ,the question is double3 ,why the disease8 ,and why no remedy at hand8 ,the answer is the same for both4 ,and the answer is that the so-called sciences of ethics and jurisprudence and economics and politics and government have not kept pace with the rapid progress made in the other great affairs of man2 they have lagged behind2 it is because of their lagging that the world has come to be in so great distress2 and it is because of their lagging that they have not now the needed wisdom to effect a cure4 ,do you ask why it is that the 8social0 sciences--the so-called sciences of ethics1 etc4--have lagged behind8 ,the answer is not far to seek nor difficult to understand4 ,they have lagged behind1 partly because they have been hampered by the traditions and the habits of a bygone world--they have looked backward instead of forward2 they have lagged behind1 partly because they have depended upon the barren methods of verbalistic philosophy--they have been metaphysical instead of scientific2 they have lagged behind1 partly because they have been often dominated by the lusts of cunning 8politicians0 instead of being led by the wisdom of enlightened statesmen2 they have lagged behind1 partly because they have been predominantly concerned to protect 8vested interests10 upon which they have in the main depended for support2 the fundamental cause1 however1 of their lagging behind is found in the astonishing fact that1 despite their being by their very nature most immediately concerned with the affairs of mankind1 they have not discovered what ,man really is but have from time immemorial falsely regarded human beings either as animals or else as combinations of animals and something supernatural4 ,with these two monstrous conceptions of the essential nature of man ,i shall deal at a later stage of this writing4 ,at present ,i am chiefly concerned to drive home the fact that it is the great disparity between the rapid progress of the natural and technological sciences on the one hand and the slow progress of the metaphysical1 so-called social 8sciences0 on the other hand1 that sooner or later so disturbs the equilibrium of human affairs as to result periodically in those social cataclysms which we call insurrections1 revolutions and wars4 ,the reader should note carefully that such cataclysmic changes--such 8jumps10 as we may call them--such violent readjustments in human affairs and human relationships--are recorded throughout the history of mankind4 ,and ,i would have him see clearly that1 because the disparity which produces them increases as we pass from generation to generation--from term to term of our progressions--the 8jumps0 in question occur not only with increasing violence but with increasing frequency4 ,this highly significant fact may be graphically illustrated in the following figure3 ,a horizontal line1 with numbers #b1 #d1 #h1 #af1 #cb above1 and markings a'1 a1 b1 c1 d in the corresponding locations below4 ,geometric evolution of the natural and technological sciences4--,peaceful progress4 ,a horizontal line1 again marked with numbers #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 but with gaps between #f and 7unprinted7 #g1 #h and 7unprinted7 #i1 #aj and 7unprinted7 #aa4 ,above are markings3 ,a' above #b and ,a above #d2 ,b above #f and ,c above #g2 ,d above #h and ,e above #i2 ,f above #aj and ,g at the far right end4 ,the steady progress areas1 #b to #d1 #g to #h1 #i to #aj1 are marked 8,peaceful01 while the gaps are labeled 8,jump1 ,revolution or ,war40 ,arithmetical evolution of the so-called social 8sciences10 accelerated by violent 8jumps40--,non-peaceful social progress4 a'#b1 #b;a1 ab1 bc1 cd1 represent the geometrical law of progression in the natural and technological sciences 7peaceful evolution74 ,a'#b1 #b;,a1 ,,ab1 ,,cd1 ,,ef1 represent the lagging arithmetical law of progression in the so-called social sciences 7peaceful evolution74 ,both of these during the same periods of time4 ,,bc1 ,,de1 ,,fg1 represent revolutions or wars1 with the aftermath of revolution of ideas--the 8jump0--violent readjustment of ideas to facts--forced by events4 ab1 bc1 cd1 and ,,ab1 ,,cd1 ,,ef1 take the same amount of time1 but the second progression being much slower than the first one1 the 8jumps0 or revolutions occur at shorter intervals as time goes on and thus more frequently force us to coordinate our ideas to facts4 ,periods of peace or seeming peace alternate more and more frequently with periods of violence2 the mentioned disparity of progress in peaceful times is the hatching seed of future violence47#a7 ,as a matter of fact these few mathematical considerations can hardly be called mathematics or mathematical philosophy2 nevertheless1 without bringing attention to these very simple mathematical ideas we should not be able to proceed any further than in the past4 ,our life problems have always been 8solved0 by verbalists and rhetorical metaphysicians who cleverly played with vague words and who always ignored the supremely important matter of dimensions because they were ignorant of it4 ,there was no possible way to arrive at an agreement on the significance of words1 or even the understanding of them4 ,let us take1 for instance1 such words as 8good0 or 8bad0 or 8truth20 volumes upon volumes have been written about them2 no one has reached any result universally acceptable2 the effect has been to multiply warring schools of philosophy--sectarians and partisans4 ,in the meantime something corresponding to each of the terms 8good10 8bad10 8truth0 exists as matter of fact2 but what that something is still awaits scientific determination4 ,if only these three words could be scientifically defined1 philosophy1 law1 ethics and psychology would cease to be 8private theories0 or verbalism and they would advance to the rank and dignity of sciences4 ,here ,i may quote a characteristic of life as expressed by one of the 8heroes0 of my esteemed friend ,harvey ,o',higgins1 in his book1 ,from the ,life1 ,imaginary ,portraits of ,some ,distinguished ,americans 7,harper1 ,n4 ,y474 8,warren never philosophized2 he handled facts as an artisan handles his tools2 but if he had philosophized1 his theory of life would probably have been something like this3 #8,there is no justice1 there is no morality1 in nature or in natural laws2 justice and morality are laws only of human society4 ,but society1 natural life1 and all civilization are subject in their larger aspects to natural laws--which contradict morality and outrage justice--and the statesman has to move with those laws and direct his people in accordance with them1 despite the lesser by-laws of morality and justice4' 0 ,if such are the creeds of 8distinguished people0 anywhere1 what better can we expect than that which we see in the history of humanity8 ,but the fact that the old philosophy1 law1 ethics1 psychology1 politics and sociology could not solve the practical problems of humanity1 is not any reason whatsoever why we should despair4 ,the problems can be solved4 ,to follow the reasoning of this book1 it is not necessary to be a highly trained specialist2 the only qualifications required are candor1 an open mind1 freedom from blinding prejudice1 thoughtfulness1 a real desire for truth1 and enough common sense to understand that to talk of adding three quarts of milk to three-quarters of a mile is to talk nonsense4 ,chapter ,,ii4 ,childhood of ,humanity ,the conclusion of the ,world ,war is the closing of the period of the childhood of humanity4 ,this childhood1 as any childhood1 can be characterized as devoid of any real understanding of values1 as is that of a child who uses a priceless chronometer to crack nuts4 ,this childhood has been unduly long1 but happily we are near to the end of it1 for humanity1 shaken by this war1 is coming to its senses and must soon enter its manhood1 a period of great achievements and rewards in the new and real sense of values dawning upon us4 ,the sacred dead will not have died for naught2 the 8red wine of youth10 the wanton waste of life1 has shown us the price of life1 and we will have to keep our oath to make the future worthy of their sweat and blood4 ,early ideas are not necessarily true ideas4 ,there are different kinds of interpretations of history and different schools of philosophy4 ,all of them have contributed something to human progress1 but none of them has been able to give the world a basic philosophy embracing the whole progress of science and establishing the life of man upon the abiding foundation of ,fact4 ,our life is bound to develop according to evident or else concealed laws of nature4 ,the evident laws of nature were the inspiration of genuine science in its cradle2 and their interpretations or misinterpretations have from the earliest times formed systems of law1 of ethics1 and of philosophy4 ,human intellect1 be it that of an individual or that of the race1 forms conclusions which have to be often revised before they correspond approximately to facts4 ,what we call progress consists in coordinating ideas with realities4 ,the ,world ,war has taught something to everybody4 ,it was indeed a great reality2 it accustomed us to think in terms of reality and not in those of phantom speculation4 ,some unmistakable truths were revealed4 ,facts and force were the things that counted4 ,power had to be produced to destroy hostile power2 it was found that the old political and economic systems were not adequate to the task put upon them4 ,the world had to create new economic conditions2 it was obliged to supplement the old systems with special boards for food1 coal1 railroads1 shipping1 labor1 etc4 ,the ,world ,war emergency compelled the nations to organize for producing greater power in order to conquer power already great4 ,if there is anything which this war has proved1 it is the fact that the most important asset a nation or an individual can have1 is the ability 8to do things40 8,in ,flanders ,fields the poppies blow 44410 that is too true2 they blow and they are strong and red4 ,but the purpose of this writing is not the celebration of poetry1 but the elucidation and right use of facts4 ,normally1 thousands of rabbits and guinea pigs are used and killed1 in scientific laboratories1 for experiments which yield great and tangible benefits to humanity4 ,this war butchered millions of people and ruined the health and lives of tens of millions4 ,is this climax of the pre-war civilization to be passed unnoticed1 except for the poetry and the manuring of the battle fields1 that the 8poppies blow0 stronger and better fed8 ,or is the death of ten men on the battle field to be of as much worth in knowledge gained as is the life of one rabbit killed for experiment8 ,is the great sacrifice worth analysing8 ,there can be only one answer--yes4 ,but1 if truth be desired1 the analysis must be scientific4 ,in science1 8opinions0 are tolerated when and only when facts are lacking4 ,in this case1 we have all the facts necessary4 ,we have only to collect them and analyse them1 rejecting mere 8opinions0 as cheap and unworthy4 ,such as understand this lesson will know how to act for the benefit of all4 ,at present the future of mankind is dark4 8,stop1 look1 and listen0--the prudent caution at railroad crossings--must be amended to read 8stop1 look1 listen1 and ,,think02 not for the saving of a few lives in railroad accidents1 but for the preservation of the life of humanity4 ,living organisms1 of the lower and simpler types1 in which the differentiation and the integration of the vital organs have not been carried far1 can move about for a considerable time after being deprived of the appliances by which the life force is accumulated and transferred1 but higher organisms are instantly killed by the removal of such appliances1 or even by the injury of minor parts of them2 even more easily destroyed are the more advanced and complicated social organizations4 ,the first question is3 what are to be the scientific methods that will eliminate diverse opinions and creeds from an analysis of facts and ensure correct deductions based upon them8 ,a short survey of facts concerning civilization will help to point the way4 ,humanity1 in its cradle1 did not have science2 it had only the faculties of observation and speculation4 ,in the early days there was much speculative thinking1 but it was without any sufficient basis of facts4 ,theology and philosophy flourished2 their speculations were often very clever1 but all their primitive notions about facts--such as the structure of the heavens1 the form of the earth1 mechanical principles1 meteorological or physiological phenomena--were almost all of them wrong4 ,what is history8 ,what is its significance for humanity8 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,robinson gives us a precise answer3 8,man's abject dependence on the past gives rise to the continuity of history4 ,our convictions1 opinions1 prejudices1 intellectual tastes2 our knowledge1 our methods of learning and of applying for information we owe1 with slight exceptions1 to the past--often to the remote past4 ,history is an expansion of memory1 and like memory it alone can explain the present and in this lies its most unmistakable value407#b7 ,the savage regards every striking phenomenon or group of phenomena as caused by some personal agent1 and from remotest antiquity the mode of thinking has changed only as fast as the relations among phenomena have been established47#c7 ,human nature was always asking 8why08 and not being able to answer why1 they found their answer through another factor 8who40 ,the unknown was called1 ,gods or ,god4 ,but with the progress of science the 8why0 became more and more evident1 and the question came to be 8how40 ,from the early days of humanity1 dogmatic theology1 law1 ethics1 and science in its infancy1 were the monopolies of one class and the source of their power47#d7 ,the first to break this power were the exact sciences4 ,they progressed too rapidly to be bound and limited by obscure old writings and prejudices2 life and realities were their domain4 ,science brushed aside all sophistry and became a reality4 ,ethics is too fundamentally important a factor in civilization to depend upon a theological or a legal excuse2 ethics must conform to the natural laws of human nature4 ,laws1 legal ideas1 date from the beginning of civilization4 ,legal speculation was wonderfully developed in parallel lines with theology and philosophy before the natural and exact sciences came into existence4 ,law was always made by the few and in general for the purpose of preserving the 8existing order10 or for the reestablishment of the old order and the punishment of the offenders against it4 ,dogmatic theology is1 by its very nature1 unchangeable4 ,the same can be said in regard to the spirit of the law4 ,law was and is to protect the past and present status of society and1 by its very essence1 must be very conservative1 if not reactionary4 ,theology and law are both of them static by their nature47#e7 ,philosophy1 law and ethics1 to be effective in a dynamic world must be dynamic2 they must be made vital enough to keep pace with the progress of life and science4 ,in recent civilization ethics1 because controlled by theology and law1 which are static1 could not duly influence the dynamic1 revolutionary progress of technic and the steadily changing conditions of life2 and so we witness a tremendous downfall of morals in politics and business4 ,life progresses faster than our ideas1 and so medieval ideas1 methods and judgments are constantly applied to the conditions and problems of modern life4 ,this discrepancy between facts and ideas is greatly responsible for the dividing of modern society into different warring classes1 which do not understand each other4 ,medieval legalism and medieval morals--the basis of the old social structure--being by their nature conservative1 reactionary1 opposed to change1 and thus becoming more and more unable to support the mighty social burden of the modern world1 must be adjudged responsible in a large measure for the circumstances which made the ,world ,war inevitable4 ,under the flash of explosives some of the workings of those antiquated ideas were exposed or crushed4 ,the ,world ,war has profoundly changed economic conditions and made it necessary to erect new standards of values4 ,we are forced to realize that evolution by transformation is a cosmic process and that reaction1 though it may retard it1 can not entirely stop it47#f7 ,the idea that organic species are results of special creation has no scientific standard whatever4 ,there is not one fact tending to prove special or separate creation2 the evidence1 which is overwhelming1 is all of it on the other side4 ,the hypothesis of special creation is a mere fossil of the past4 ,evolution is the only theory which is in harmony with facts and with all branches of science3 life is dynamic1 not static4 ,philosophy1 as defined by ,fichte1 is the 8science of sciences40 ,its aim was to solve the problems of the world4 ,in the past1 when all exact sciences were in their infancy1 philosophy had to be purely speculative1 with little or no regard to realities4 ,but if we regard philosophy as a ,mother science1 divided into many branches1 we find that those branches have grown so large and various1 that the ,mother science looks like a hen with her little ducklings paddling in a pond1 far beyond her reach2 she is unable to follow her growing hatchlings4 ,in the meantime1 the progress of life and science goes on1 irrespective of the cackling of metaphysics4 ,philosophy does not fulfill her initial aim to bring the results of experimental and exact sciences together and to solve world problems4 ,through endless1 scientific specialization scientific branches multiply1 and for want of coordination the great world-problems suffer4 ,this failure of philosophy to fulfill her boasted mission of scientific coordination is responsible for the chaos in the world of general thought4 ,the world has no collective or organized higher ideals and aims1 nor even fixed general purposes4 ,life is an accidental game of private or collective ambitions and greeds47#g7 ,systematic study of chemical and physical phenomena has been carried on for many generations and these two sciences now include3 7#a7 knowledge of an enormous number of facts2 7#b7 a large body of natural laws2 7#c7 many fertile working hypotheses respecting the causes and regularities of natural phenomena2 and finally 7#d7 many helpful theories held subject to correction by further testing of the hypotheses giving rise to them4 ,when a subject is spoken of as a science1 it is understood to include all of the above mentioned parts4 ,facts alone do not constitute a science any more than a pile of stones constitutes a house1 not even do facts and laws alone2 there must be facts1 hypotheses1 theories and laws before the subject is entitled to the rank of a science4 ,the primal function of a science is to enable us to anticipate the future in the field to which it relates4 ,judged by this standard1 neither philosophy nor its kindred--the so-called social sciences--have in the past been very effective4 ,there was1 for example1 no official warning of the coming of the ,world ,war--the greatest of catastrophes4 ,the future was not anticipated because political philosophers did not possess the necessary basis of knowledge4 ,to be just we must admit that philosophy has been but little aided financially because it is commonly regarded as unnecessary4 ,the technical branches of science have been strongly backed and generally supported by those to whom they have brought direct profit2 and so they have had better opportunities for development4 ,ethics in the stifling grip of myth and legalism is not convincing enough to exercise controlling influence4 ,such is the situation in which we find ourselves4 ,being still in our childhood and thinking like savages1 we looked upon the ,world ,war as a personal creation of a 8war-lord10 because those interested in it told us so4 ,we neglected to use our common sense and look deeper into its origins2 to perform for ourselves the duty which political philosophy did not perform for us--the duty of thinking in terms of facts and not in terms of metaphysical speculations4 ,knowledge of facts would have told us that the war lords were only the representatives of the ruling classes4 ,a system of social and economic order built exclusively on selfishness1 greed1 8survival of the fittest10 and ruthless competition1 must cease to exist1 or exist by means of war4 ,the representatives of this system determined to continue to exist1 and so war was the consequence4 ,the ruling classes carried the whole system under which they lived to its logical conclusion and natural issue1 which is 8grab what you can40 ,this motto is not peculiar to any one country2 it is the motto of our whole civilization and is the inevitable outcome of our stupid philosophy regarding the characteristic nature of man and the proper potentialities of human life4 ,where are we to find the true doctrines8 ,where the true philosophy8 ,if we go back over the history of civilization1 we find that in all 8sciences10 except the exact ones1 private opinions and theories have shaped our beliefs1 colored our mental processes and controlled our destinies2 we see1 for example1 pessimism opposed to optimism1 materialism to spiritualism1 realism to idealism1 capitalism to socialism1 and so on endlessly4 ,each of the disputatious systems has a large number of followers and each faction looks upon the others as deprived of truth1 common sense and knowledge4 ,all of them play with the words 8natural law0 which they ignorantly presume to have as the basis and content of their own particular doctrine4 ,it is the same in the realm of religions2 there are approximately #bia million ,confucianists1 or ,taoists1 #bfa million ,roman ,catholics1 #baa million ,mohammedans1 #bji million ,hindus1 #agg million ,protestants1 #aeg million ,animists1 #acg million ,buddhists1 #aae million ,orthodox ,christians--to speak only of the most important religions4 ,each group1 and they are rather large groups1 believes its theory or its faith to be infallible and all the others to be false4 ,bacon seems a bit remote1 but the idols and medieval fetishes which he so masterfully describes are equally venerated to-day4 7,novum ,organum1 by ,francis ,bacon47 #cd4 8,four species of idols beset the human mind1 to which 7for distinction's sake7 we have assigned names1 calling the first ,idols of the ,tribe1 the second ,idols of the ,den1 the third ,idols of the ,market1 the fourth ,idols of the ,theatre4 #dj4 8,the information of notions and axioms on the foundation of true induction is the only fitting remedy by which we can ward off and expel these idols4 ,it is1 however1 of great service to point them out2 for the doctrine of idols bears the same relation to the interpretation of nature as that of the confutation of sophisms does to common logic4 #da4 8,the idols of the tribe are inherent in human nature and the very tribe or race of man2 for man's sense is falsely asserted to be the standard of things2 on the contrary1 all the perceptions both of the senses and the mind bear reference to man and not to the ,universe1 and the human mind resembles these uneven mirrors which impart their own properties to different objects1 from which rays are emitted and distort and disfigure them4 #db4 8,the idols of the den are those of each individual2 for everybody 7in addition to the errors common to the race of man7 has his own individual den or cavern1 which intercepts and corrupts the light of nature1 either from his own peculiar and singular disposition1 or from his education and intercourse with others1 or from his reading1 and the authority acquired by those whom he reverences and admires1 or from the different impressions produced on the mind1 as it happens to be preoccupied and predisposed1 or equable and tranquil1 and the like2 so that the spirit of man 7according to its several dispositions71 is variable1 confused1 and1 as it were1 actuated by chance2 and ,heraclitus said well that men search for knowledge in lesser worlds1 and not in the greater or common world4 #dc4 8,there are also idols formed by the reciprocal intercourse and society of man with man1 which we call idols of the market1 from the commerce and association of men with each other2 for men converse by means of language1 but words are formed at the will of the generality1 and there arises from a bad and unapt formation of words a wonderful obstruction to the mind4 ,nor can the definitions and explanations with which learned men are wont to guard and protect themselves in some instances afford a complete remedy--words still manifestly force the understanding1 throw everything into confusion1 and lead mankind into vain and innumerable controversies and fallacies4 #dd4 8,lastly1 there are idols which have crept into men's minds from the various dogmas of peculiar systems of philosophy1 and also from the perverted rules of demonstration1 and these we denominate idols of the theatre3 for we regard all the systems of philosophy hitherto received or imagined1 as so many plays brought out and performed1 creating fictitious and theatrical worlds4 ,nor do we speak only of the present systems1 or of the philosophy and sects of the ancients1 since numerous other plays of a similar nature can be still composed and made to agree with each other1 the causes of the most opposite errors being generally the same4 ,nor1 again1 do we allude merely to general systems1 but also to many elements and axioms of sciences which have become inveterate by tradition1 implicit credence1 and neglect407#h7 ,metaphysical speculation and its swarming progeny of blind and selfish political philosophies1 private opinions1 private 8truths10 and private doctrines1 sectarian opinions1 sectarian 8truths0 and sectarian doctrines1 querulous1 confused and blind--such is characteristic of the childhood of humanity4 ,the period of humanity's manhood will1 ,i doubt not1 be a scientific period--a period that will witness the gradual extension of scientific method to all the interests of mankind--a period in which man will discover the essential nature of man and establish1 at length1 the science and art of directing human energies and human capacities to the advancement of human weal in accordance with the laws of human nature4 ,chapter ,,iii4 ,classes of ,life ,the problems to be dealt with in this chapter are not easy1 but they are exceedingly important4 ,to classify phenomena correctly1 they must be correctly analysed and clearly defined4 ,for the sake of clearness ,i will use the simplest illustrations and1 avoiding as much as possible the difficulties of technical terms1 will use language easily to be understood by every one4 ,in some cases the words will indeed have a technical meaning and it will be necessary to exercise great care against the danger of giving false impressions2 for clear ideas are essential to sound thinking4 ,as a matter of fact our common daily speech is ill adapted for the precise expression of thought2 even so-called 8scientific0 language is often too vague for the purpose and requires further refining4 ,some may say that it is useless and unnecessary to lay so much stress on correct thinking and precise expression2 that it has no practical value2 for they say that 8business0 language is good enough to 8talk business10 or to put 8something over0 the other fellow4 ,but a little explanation will show that precision is often of the greatest importance4 ,humanity is a peculiar class of life which1 in some degree1 determines its own destinies2 therefore in practical life words and ideas become facts--facts1 moreover1 which bring about important practical consequences4 ,for instance1 many millions of human beings have defined a stroke of lightning as being the 8punishment of ,god0 of evil men2 other millions have defined it as a 8natural1 casual1 periodical phenomenon02 yet other millions have defined it as an 8electric spark40 ,what has been the result of these 8non-important0 definitions in practical life8 ,in the case of the first definition1 when lightning struck a house1 the population naturally made no attempt to save the house or anything in it1 because to do so would be against the 8definition0 which proclaims the phenomenon to be a 8punishment for evil10 any attempt to prevent or check the destruction would be an impious act2 the sinner would be guilty of 8resisting the supreme law0 and would deserve to be punished by death4 ,now in the second instance1 a stricken building is treated just as any tree overturned by storm2 the people save what they can and try to extinguish the fire4 ,in both instances1 the behavior of the populace is the same in one respect2 if caught in the open by a storm they take refuge under a tree--a means of safety involving maximum danger but the people do not know it4 ,now in the third instance1 in which the population have a scientifically correct definition of lightning1 they provide their houses with lightning rods2 and if they are caught by a storm in the open they neither run nor hide under a tree2 but when the storm is directly over their heads1 they put themselves in a position of minimum exposure by lying flat on the ground until the storm has passed4 ,such examples could be given without end1 but there is another example of sufficient vital importance to be given here1 as it has to do with our conception of the social and economic system1 and the state4 ,if our institutions are considered 8,god-given0--sacred and therefore static--every reformer or advocate of change should be treated as a criminal or 8a danger to the existing order0 and hanged or at least put in jail for life4 ,but now1 if our institutions are 8man made10 imperfect and often foolish1 and subject to change all the time steadily and dynamically in obedience to some known or unknown law2 then of course all reactionaries would be a 8danger to the natural order0 and they should be treated the same way4 ,the importance of definitions can be seen in all other fields of practical life2 definitions create conditions4 ,to know the world in which we live1 we have to analyse facts by help of such facts as we know in daily practice and such facts as are established in scientific laboratories where men do not jump to conclusions4 ,in some places it will be necessary to make statements that will have to await full justification at a later stage of the discussion4 ,this will be necessary to indicate the trend of the analysis4 ,the aim of the analysis is to give us just conceptions1 correct definitions1 and true propositions4 ,the process is slow1 progressive1 and endless4 ,the problems are infinitely many1 and it is necessary to select4 ,fortunately the solution of a few leads automatically to the solution of many others4 ,some of the greatest and most far-reaching scientific discoveries have been nothing else than a few correct definitions1 a few just concepts and a few true propositions4 ,such1 for example1 was the work of ,euclid1 ,newton and ,leibnitz--a few correct definitions1 a few just concepts1 a few true propositions2 but these have been extended and multiplied1 sometimes by men of creative genius1 and often almost automatically by men of merely good sense and fair talent4 ,the matter of definition1 ,i have said1 is very important4 ,i am not now speaking of nominal definitions1 which for convenience merely give names to known objects4 ,i am speaking of such definitions of phenomena as result from correct analysis of the phenomena4 ,nominal definitions are mere conveniences and are neither true nor false2 but analytic definitions are definitive propositions and are true or else false4 ,let us dwell upon the matter a little more4 ,in the illustration of the definitions of lightning1 there were three2 the first was the most mistaken and its application brought the most harm2 the second was less incorrect and the practical results less bad2 the third under the present conditions of our knowledge1 was the 8true one0 and it brought the maximum benefit4 ,this lightning illustration suggests the important idea of relative truth and relative falsehood--the idea1 that is1 of degrees of truth and degrees of falsehood4 ,a definition may be neither absolutely true nor absolutely false2 but of two definitions of the same thing1 one of them may be truer or falser than the other4 ,if1 for illustration's sake1 we call the first 8truth0 ,a1 7alpha #a71 the second one ,a#b 7alpha #b71 the third one ,a#c 7alpha #c71 we may suppose that a genius appears who has the faculty to surpass all the other relative truths ,a#a1 ,a#b1 ,a#c1 444 ,an and gives us an absolute or final truth1 ,,valid ,,in ,,infinity 7,ainfinity7 say a final definition1 that lightning is so 444 and so 4441 a kind of energy which flows1 let us say1 through a glass tube filled with charcoal4 ,then of course this definition would immediately make obvious what use could be made of it4 ,we could erect glass towers filled with charcoal and so secure an unlimited flow of available free energy and our whole life would be affected in an untold degree4 ,this example explains the importance of correct definitions4 ,but to take another example3 there is such a thing as a phenomenon called the 8color0 red4 ,imagine how it might be defined4 ,a reactionary would call it a 8,bolshevik0 7,a#a72 a ,bolshevik would say 8,my color0 7,a#b72 a color-blind person would say 8such a thing does not exist0 7,a#c72 a ,daltonist would say 8that is green0 7,a#d72 a metaphysician would say 8that is the soul of whiskey0 7,a#e72 an historian would say 8that is the color of the ink with which human history has been written0 7,a#f72 an uneducated person would say 8that is the color of blood0 7,a#g72 the modern scientist would say 8it is the light of such and such wave length0 7,a#h74 ,if this last definition be 8valid in infinity0 or not we do not know1 but it is1 nevertheless1 a 8scientific truth0 in the present condition of our knowledge4 ,this final but unknown 8truth valid in infinity0 is somehow perceived or felt by us as an ideal1 for in countless years of observation we have formed a series of less and less false1 more and more nearly true 8ideas0 about the phenomenon4 ,the 8ideas0 are reflexes of the phenomenon1 reflected in our midst as in a mirror2 the reflexes may be distorted1 as in a convex or concave mirror1 but they suggest an ideal reflex valid in infinity4 ,it is of the utmost importance to realize that the words which are used to express the ideas and the ideals are ,,the ,,materialization of the ideas and ideal2 it is only by words that we are enabled to give to other human beings an exact or nearly exact impression which we have had of the phenomenon4 ,it may be helpful to illustrate this process by an example4 ,let us suppose that a man makes an experiment of doing his own portrait from a mirror1 which may be plane1 concave or convex4 ,if he looks into a plane mirror1 he will see his true likeness2 even so1 if he be a poor designer1 he will draw the likeness badly4 ,let us suppose that the man has beautiful features but because the drawing is very poor1 it will not convey the impression that the features of the original were beautiful4 ,if this poor designer were to look into and work from a concave or convex mirror1 the drawing of his likeness would have practically no resemblance to his original features4 ,for correct analysis and true definitions of the cardinal classes of life in our world it is necessary to have some just ideas about dimensions or dimensionality4 ,the ,britannica gives us some help in this connection4 ,i will explain briefly by an example4 ,measurable entities of different kinds can not be compared directly4 ,each one must be measured in terms of a unit of its own kind4 ,a line can have only length and therefore is of one dimension3 a surface has length and width and is therefore said to have two dimensions2 a volume has length1 width and thickness and is1 therefore1 said to have three dimensions4 ,if we take1 for example1 a volume--say a cube--we see that the cube has surfaces and lines and points1 but a volume is not a surface nor a line nor a point4 ,just these dimensional differences have an enormous unrealized importance in practical life1 as in the case of taking a line of five units of length and building upon it a square1 the measure of this square 7surface7 will not be #e1 it will be #be2 and the #be will not be #be linear units but #be square or surface units4 ,if upon this square we build a cube1 this cube will have neither #e nor #be for its measure2 it will have #abe1 and this number will not be so many units of length nor of surface but so many solid or cubic units4 ,it is as plain as a pike staff that1 if we confused dimensions when computing lengths and areas and volumes1 we would wreck all the architectural and engineering structures of the world1 and at the same time show ourselves stupider than block-heads4 ,to analyse the classes of life we have to consider two very different kinds of phenomena3 the one embraced under the collective name--,inorganic chemistry--the other under the collective name--,organic chemistry1 or the chemistry of hydro-carbons4 ,these divisions are made because of the peculiar properties of the elements chiefly involved in the second class4 ,the properties of matter are so distributed among the elements that three of them--,oxygen1 ,hydrogen1 and ,carbon--possess an ensemble of unique characteristics4 ,the number of reactions in inorganic chemistry are relatively few1 but in organic chemistry--in the chemistry of these three elements the number of different compounds is practically unlimited4 ,up to #aiaj1 we knew of more than #gi elements of which the whole number of reactions amounted to only a few hundreds1 but among the remaining three elements--,carbon1 ,hydrogen and ,oxygen--the reactions were known to be practically unlimited in number and possibilities2 this fact must have very far reaching consequences4 ,as far as energies are concerned1 we have to take them as nature reveals them to us4 ,here more than ever1 mathematical thinking is essential and will help enormously4 ,the reactions in inorganic chemistry always involve the phenomenon of heat1 sometimes light1 and in some instances an unusual energy is produced called electricity4 ,until now1 the radioactive elements represent a group too insufficiently known for an enlargement here upon this subject4 ,the organic compounds being unlimited in number and possibilities and with their unique characteristics1 represent of course1 a different class of phenomena1 but being1 at the same time1 chemical they include the basic chemical phenomena involved in all chemical reactions1 but being unique in many other respects1 they also have an infinitely vast field of unique characteristics4 ,among the energetic phenomena of organic chemistry1 besides the few mentioned above there are ,,new ,,and ,,unique energetic phenomena occurring in this dimension4 ,of these phenomena1 mention may be made of the phenomenon 8life10 the phenomenon of the 8instincts0 and of the 8mind0 in general4 ,these energetic phenomena are unique for the unique chemistry of the three unique elements4 ,it is obvious that this 8uniqueness0 is the reason why these phenomena must be classified as belonging to or having a higher dimensionality than belongs to the phenomena of inorganic chemistry just as the uniqueness of the properties of a volume as compared with surface properties depends upon the fact that a volume has a higher dimensionality than a surface4 ,just as this difference of dimensions makes the whole difference between the geometry of volumes and the geometry of surfaces1 the difference between the two chemistries involves a difference of dimensionality4 ,the higher energies of the chemistries of the higher dimensionality are very difficult to define2 my descriptions are no better than the description of life given by ,professor ,wilhelm ,roux1 in his ,der ,kampf der ,teile im ,organismus1 ,leipzig1 #ahha1 which are equally unsatisfactory4 ,in want of a better1 ,i quote him4 ,he defines a living being as a natural object which possesses the following nine characteristic autonomous activities3 ,autonomous change1 ,autonomous excretion1 ,autonomous ingestion1 ,autonomous assimilation1 ,autonomous growth1 ,autonomous movement1 ,autonomous multiplication1 ,autonomous transmission of hereditary characteristics and ,autonomous development4 ,the words 8,autonomous activities0 are important because they hint at the dimensional differences of these energies4 ,but a better word should be found to define the dimensional differences between the activities found in inorganic chemistry and those found in organic chemistry4 ,we see it is a mistake to speak about 8life0 in a crystal1 in the same sense in which we use the word life to name the curious ,,autonomous phenomenon of ,,organic ,,chemistry1 ,,which ,,is ,,of ,,another ,,dimension than the activities in inorganic chemistry4 ,for the so-called life in the crystals--the not ,,autonomous 7or anautonomous7 activities of crystals--another word than life should be found4 ,in the theory of crystals the term life is purely rhetorical3 its use there is very injurious to sound science4 ,these old ideas of 8life0 in crystals are profoundly unscientific and serve as one of the best examples of the frequent confusion or intermixing of dimensions--a confusion due to unmathematical1 logically incorrect ways of thinking4 ,if crystals 8live10 then volumes are surfaces1 and #abe cubic units#be square units--absurdities belonging to the 8childhood of humanity40 8,crystals can grow in a proper solution1 and can regenerate their form in such a solution when broken or injured2 it is even possible to prevent or retard the formation of crystals in a supersaturated solution by preventing #8germs' in the air from getting into the solution1 an observation which was later utilized by ,schroeder and ,pasteur in their experiments on spontaneous generation4 ,however1 the analogies between a living organism and a crystal are merely superficial and it is by pointing out the fundamental differences between the behavior of crystals and that of living organisms that we can best understand the specific difference between non-living and living matter4 ,it is true that a crystal can grow1 but it will do so only in a supersaturated solution of its own substance4 ,just the reverse is true for living organisms4 ,in order to make bacteria or the cells of our body grow1 solutions of the split products of the substances composing them and not the substances themselves must be available to the cells2 second1 these solutions must not be supersaturated1 on the contrary1 they must be dilute2 and third1 growth leads in living organisms to cell division as soon as the mass of the cell reaches a certain limit4 ,this process of cell division can not be claimed even metaphorically to exist in a crystal4 ,a correct appreciation of these facts will give us an insight into the specific difference between non-living and living matter4 ,the formation of living matter consists in the synthesis of the proteins1 nucleins1 fats1 and carbohydrates of the cells1 from split products4444 8,the essential difference between living and non-living matter consists then in this3 the living cell synthesizes its own complicated specific material from indifferent or non-specific simple compounds of the surrounding medium1 while the crystal simply adds the molecules found in its supersaturated solution4 ,this synthetic power of transforming small #8building stones' into the complicated compounds specific for each organism is the #8secret of life' or rather one of the secrets of life40 7,the ,organism as a ,whole1 by ,jacques ,loeb47 ,it will be explained later that one of the energetic phenomena of organic chemistry--the 8mind10 which is one of the energies characteristic of this class of phenomena1 is 8autonomous10 is 8self-propelling0 and true to its dimensionality4 ,if we analyse the classes of life1 we readily find that there are three cardinal classes which are radically distinct in function4 ,a short analysis will disclose to us that1 though minerals have various activities1 they are not 8living40 ,the plants have a very definite and well known function--the transformation of solar energy into organic chemical energy4 ,they are a class of life which appropriates one kind of energy1 converts it into another kind and stores it up2 in that sense they are a kind of storage battery for the solar energy2 and so ,i define ,,the ,,plants ,,as ,,the ,,chemistry-,,binding class of life4 ,the animals use the highly dynamic products of the chemistry-binding class--the plants--as food1 and those products--the results of plant-transformation--undergo in animals a further transformation into yet higher forms2 and the animals are correspondingly a more dynamic class of life2 their energy is kinetic2 they have a remarkable freedom and power which the plants do not possess--,i mean the freedom and faculty to move about in space2 and so ,i define ,,animals ,,as ,,the ,,space-,,binding ,,class ,,of ,,life4 ,and now what shall we say of human beings8 ,what is to be our definition of ,man8 ,like the animals1 human beings do indeed possess the space-binding capacity but1 over and above that1 human beings possess a most remarkable capacity which is entirely peculiar to them--,i mean the capacity to summarise1 digest and appropriate the labors and experiences of the past2 ,i mean the capacity to use the fruits of past labors and experiences as intellectual or spiritual capital for developments in the present2 ,i mean the capacity to employ as instruments of increasing power the accumulated achievements of the all-precious lives of the past generations spent in trial and error1 trial and success2 ,i mean the capacity of human beings to conduct their lives in the ever increasing light of inherited wisdom2 ,i mean the capacity in virtue of which man is at once the heritor of the by-gone ages and the trustee of posterity4 ,and because humanity is just this magnificent natural agency by which the past lives in the present and the present for the future1 ,i define ,,humanity1 in the universal tongue of mathematics and mechanics1 to be the ,,time-,,binding ,,class ,,of ,,life4 ,these definitions of the cardinal classes of life are1 it will be noted1 obtained from direct observation2 they are so simple and so important that ,i cannot over-emphasize the necessity of grasping them and most especially the definition of ,man4 ,for these simple definitions and especially that of ,humanity will profoundly transform the whole conception of human life in every field of interest and activity2 and1 what is more important than all1 the definition of ,man will give us a starting point for discovering the natural laws of human nature--of the human class of life4 ,the definitions of the classes of life represent the different classes as distinct in respect to dimensionality2 and this is extremely important for no measure or rule of one class can be applied to the other1 without making grave mistakes4 ,for example1 to treat a human being as an animal--as a mere space-binder--because humans have certain animal propensities1 is an error of the same type and grossness as to treat a cube as a surface because it has surface properties4 ,it is absolutely essential to grasp that fact if we are ever to have a science of human nature4 ,we can represent the different classes of life in three life coordinates4 ,the minerals1 with their inorganic activities would be the ,zero 7#j7 dimension of 8life0--that is the lifeless class--here represented by the point ,m4 ,the plants1 with their 8autonomous0 growth1 to be represented by the ,,one ,,dimensional line ,,mp4 ,the animals1 with their 8autonomous0 capacity to grow and to be active in space by the ,,two ,,dimensional plane ,,pam4 ,the humans1 with their 8autonomous0 capacity to grow1 to be active in space ,,and ,,to ,,be ,,active ,,in ,,time1 by the ,,three ,,dimensional region ,,maph4 ,a drawing1 like labeling the axes of a three-dimensional space4 ,at the center is 87,minerals7 ,m04 ,at the top of the ,z axis is 8,h 7,humans704 ,at the end of the ,x axis is 8,p 7,plants704 ,at the end of the ,y axis is 8,a 7,animals704 ,such diagrammatic illustrations must not be taken too literally2 they are like figures of speech--helpful if understood--harmful if not understood4 ,the reader should reflect upon the simple idea of dimensions until he sees clearly that the idea is not merely a thing of interest or of convenience1 but is absolutely essential as a means of discriminating the cardinal classes of life from one another and of conceiving each class to be what it is instead of mixing it confusedly with something radically different4 ,it will greatly help the reader if he will retire to the quiet of his cloister and there meditate about as follows4 ,a line has one dimension2 a plane has two2 a plane contains lines and so it has line properties--one-dimensional properties--but it has other properties--two-dimensional properties--and it is these that are peculiar to it1 give it its own character1 and make it what it is--a plane and not a line4 ,so animals have some plant properties--they grow1 for example--but animals have other properties--autonomous mobility1 for example1--properties of higher dimensionality or type--and it is these that make animals animals and not plants4 ,just so1 human beings have certain animal properties--autonomous mobility1 for example1 or physical appetites--but humans have other properties or propensities--ethical sense1 for example1 logical sense1 inventiveness1 progressiveness--properties or propensities of higher dimensionality1 level1 or type--and it is these propensities and powers that make human beings human and not animal4 ,when and only when this fact is clearly seen and keenly realized1 there will begin the science of man--the science and art of human nature--for then and only then we shall begin to escape from the age-long untold immeasurable evils that come from regarding and treating human beings as animals1 as mere binders of space1 and we may look forward to an ethics1 a jurisprudence and economics1 a governance--a science and art of human life and society--based upon the laws of human nature because based upon the just conception of humanity as the time-binding class of life1 creators and improvers of good1 destined to endless advancement1 in accord with the potencies of ,human ,nature47#i7 ,humanity is still in its childhood2 we have 8bound0 so little time in the course of the centuries1 which are so brief in the scheme of the universe4 ,at the bottom of every human activity1 historical fact or trend of civilization1 there lies some doctrine or conception of so-called 8truth40 ,apples had fallen from trees for ages1 but without any important results in the economy of humanity4 ,the fact that a fallen apple hit ,newton1 led to the discovery of the theory of gravitation2 this changed our whole world conception1 our sciences and our activities2 it powerfully stimulated the development of all the branches of natural and technological knowledge4 ,even in the event of the ,newtonian laws being proved to be not quite correct1 they have served a great purpose in enabling us to understand natural phenomena in a sufficiently approximate way to make it possible to build up modern technology and to develop our physical science to the point where it was necessary and possible to make a correction of the ,newtonian laws4 ,a similar organic change in our conception of human life and its phenomena is involved in the foregoing definitions of the classes of life2 they will replace basic errors with scientific truths of fundamental importance2 they will form the basis for scientific development of a permanent civilization in place of the periodically convulsive so-called civilizations of the past and present4 ,to know the cause of evil and error is to find the cure4 ,chapter ,,iv4 ,what ,is ,man8 ,man has ever been the greatest puzzle to man4 ,there are many and important reasons for this fact4 ,as the subject of this book is not a theoretical1 academic study of man1 of which too many have already been written1 ,i will not recount the reasons1 but will confine myself to the more pressing matters of the task in hand1 which is that of pointing the way to the science and art of ,human ,engineering4 ,the two facts which have to be dealt with first1 are the two which have most retarded human progress3 7#a7 there has never been a true definition of man nor a just conception of his rle in the curious drama of the world2 in consequence of which there has never been a proper principle or starting point for a science of humanity4 ,it has never been realized that man is a being of a dimension or type different from that of animals and the characteristic nature of man has not been understood2 7#b7 man has always been regarded either as an animal or as a supernatural phenomenon4 ,the facts are that man is not supernatural but is literally a part of nature and that human beings are not animals4 ,we have seen that the animals are truly characterized by their autonomous mobility--their space-binding capacity--animals are space-binders4 ,we have seen that human beings are characterized by their creative power1 by the power to make the past live in the present and the present for the future1 by their capacity to bind time--human beings are time-binders4 ,these concepts are basic and impersonal2 arrived at mathematically1 they are mathematically correct4 ,it does not matter at all how the first man1 the first time-binder1 was produced2 the fact remains that he was somewhere1 somehow produced4 ,to know anything that is to-day of fundamental interest about man1 we have to analyse man in three coordinates--in three capacities2 namely1 his chemistry1 his activities in space1 and especially his activities in time2 whereas in the study of animals we have to consider only two factors3 their chemistry and their activities in space4 ,let us imagine that the aboriginal--original human specimen was one of two brother apes1 ,a and ,b2 they were alike in every respect2 both were animal space-binders2 but something strange happened to ,b2 he became the first time-binder1 a human4 ,no matter how1 this 8something0 made the change in him that lifted him to a higher dimension2 it is enough that in some-wise1 over and above his animal capacity for binding space1 there was superadded the marvelous new capacity for binding-time4 ,he had thus a new faculty1 he belonged to a new dimension2 but1 of course1 he did not realize it2 and because he had this new capacity he was able to analyze his brother 8,a02 he observed 8,a is my brother2 he is an animal2 but he is my brother2 therefore1 ,i ,,am ,,an ,,animal40 ,this fatal first conclusion1 reached by false analogy1 by neglecting a fact1 has been the chief source of human woe for half a million years and it still survives4 ,the time-binding capacity1 first manifest in ,b1 increased more and more1 with the days and each generation1 until in the course of centuries man felt himself increasingly somehow different from the animal1 but he could not explain4 ,he said to himself1 8,if ,i am an animal there is also in me something higher1 a spark of some thing supernatural40 ,with this conclusion he estranged himself1 as something apart from nature1 and formulated the impasse1 which put him in a cul-de-sac of a double life4 ,he was neither true to the 8supernatural0 which he could not know and therefore1 could not emulate1 nor was he true to the 8animal0 which he scorned4 ,having put himself outside the 8natural laws10 he was not really true to any law and condemned himself to a life of hypocrisy1 and established speculative1 artificial1 unnatural laws4 8,how blind our familiar assumptions make us6 ,among the animals1 man1 at least1 has long been wont to regard himself as a being quite apart from and not as part of the cosmos round about him4 ,from this he has detached himself in thought1 he has estranged and objectified the world1 and lost the sense that he is of it4 ,and this age-long habit and point of view1 which has fashioned his life and controlled his thought1 lending its characteristic mark and color to his whole philosophy and art and learning1 is still maintained1 partly because of its convenience1 no doubt1 and partly by force of inertia and sheer conservatism1 in the very teeth of the strongest probabilities of biological science4 ,probably no other single hypothesis has less to recommend it1 and yet no other so completely dominates the human mind40 7,cassius ,j4 ,keyser1 loc4 cit47 ,and this monstrous conception is current to-day3 millions still look upon man as a mixture of animal and something supernatural4 ,there is no doubt that the engineering of human society is a difficult and complicated problem of tremendous ethical responsibility1 for it involves the welfare of mankind throughout an unending succession of generations4 ,the science of ,human ,engineering can not be built upon false conceptions of human nature4 ,it can not be built on the conception of man as a kind of animal2 it can not be built on the conception of man as a mixture of natural and supernatural4 ,it must be built upon the conception of man as being at once natural and higher in dimensionality than the animals4 ,it must be built upon the scientific conception of mankind as characterized by their time-binding capacity and function4 ,this conception radically alters our whole view of human life1 human society1 and the world4 ,it must be obvious to any one that time-binding is the only natural criterion and standard for the time-binding class of life4 ,this mighty term--time-binding--when comprehended1 will be found to embrace the ,,whole of the natural laws1 the natural ethics1 the natural philosophy1 the natural sociology1 the natural economics1 the natural governance1 to be brought into the education of time-binders2 then really peaceful and progressive civilization1 without periodical collapses and violent readjustments1 will commence2 not before4 ,everything which is really 8time-binding0 is in the ,,human ,,dimension2 therefore1 it will represent every quality that is implied in such words as--good1 just1 right1 beautiful2 while everything that is merely space-binding will be classified as 8animal0 and be thus assessed at its proper value4 ,those ignorant 8masters of our destinies0 who regard humans as animals or as monstrous hybrids of natural and supernatural must be dethroned by scientific education4 ,humans can be literally poisoned by false ideas and false teachings4 ,many people have a just horror at the thought of putting poison into tea or coffee1 but seem unable to realize that1 when they teach false ideas and false doctrines1 they are poisoning the time-binding capacity of their fellow men and women4 ,one has to stop and think6 ,there is nothing mystical about the fact that ideas and words are energies which powerfully affect the physico-chemical base of our time-binding activities4 ,humans are thus made untrue to 8human nature40 ,hypnotism is a known fact4 ,it has been proved that a man can be so hypnotized that in a certain time which has been suggested to him1 he will murder or commit arson or theft2 that1 under hypnotic influence1 the personal morale of the individual has only a small influence upon his conduct2 the subject obeys the hypnotic suggestions1 no matter how immoral they are4 ,the conception of man as a mixture of animal and supernatural has for ages kept human beings under the deadly spell of the suggestion that1 animal selfishness and animal greediness are their essential character1 and the spell has operated to suppress their ,,real ,,human ,,nature and to prevent it from expressing itself naturally and freely4 ,on the other hand1 when human beings are educated to a lively realization that they are by nature time-binding creatures1 then they will spontaneously live in accordance with their time-binding nature1 which1 as ,i have said1 is the source and support of the highest ideals4 ,what is achieved in blaming a man for being selfish and greedy if he acts under the influence of a social environment and education which teach him that he is an animal and that selfishness and greediness are of the essence of his nature8 ,even so eminent a philosopher and psychologist as ,spencer tells us3 8,of self-evident truths so dealt with1 the one which here concerns us is that a creature must live before it can act 444 ,ethics has to recognize the truth that egoism comes before altruism40 ,this is true for ,,animals1 because animals die out from lack of food when their natural supply of it is insufficient because they have ,,not ,,the ,,capacity ,,to ,,produce ,,artificially4 ,but it is not true for the ,,human ,,dimension4 ,why not8 ,because humans through their time-binding capacity are first of all creators and so their number is not controlled by the supply of unaided nature1 but only by men's artificial productivity1 which is ,,the ,,materialization ,,of ,,their ,,time-,,binding ,,capacity ,man1 therefore1 by the very intrinsic character of his being1 ,,must ,,act ,,first1 ,,in ,,order ,,to ,,be ,,able ,,to ,,live 7through the action of parents--or society7 which is not the case with animals4 ,the misunderstanding of this simple truth is largely accountable for the evil of our ethical and economic systems or lack of systems4 ,as a matter of fact1 if humanity were to live in complete accord with the animal conception of man1 artificial production--time-binding production--would cease and ninety per cent of mankind would perish by starvation4 ,it is just because human beings are not animals but are time-binders--not mere finders but creators of food and shelter--that they are able to live in such vast numbers4 ,here even the blind must see the effect of higher dimensionality1 and this effect becomes in turn the cause of other effects which produce still others1 and so on in an endless chain4 ,,we ,,live ,,because ,,we ,,produce1 ,,because ,,we ,,are ,,acting ,,in ,,time ,,and ,,are ,,not ,,merely ,,acting ,,in ,,space--,,because ,,man ,,is ,,not ,a ,,kind ,,of ,,animal4 ,it is all so simple1 if only we apply a little sound logic in our thinking about human nature and human affairs4 ,if human ethics are to be human1 are to be in the human dimension1 the postulates of ethics must be changed2 ,,for ,,humanity ,,in ,,order ,,to ,,live ,,must ,,act ,,first2 the laws of ethics--the laws of right living--are natural laws--laws of human nature--laws having their whole source and sanction in the time-binding capacity and time-binding activity peculiar to man4 ,human excellence is excellence in time-binding1 and must be measured and rewarded by time-binding standards of worth4 ,humanity1 in order to live1 must produce creatively and therefore must be guided by applied science1 by technology2 and this means that the so-called social sciences of ethics1 jurisprudence1 psychology1 economics1 sociology1 politics1 and government must be emancipated from medieval metaphysics2 they must be made scientific2 they must be technologized2 they must be made to progress and to function in the proper dimension--the human dimension and not that of animals3 they must be made time-binding sciences4 ,can this be done8 ,i have no doubt that it can4 ,for what is human life after all8 ,to a general in the battlefield1 human life is a factor which1 if properly used1 can destroy the enemy4 ,to an engineer human life is an equivalent to energy1 or a capacity to do work1 mental or muscular1 and the moment something is found to be a source of energy and to have the capacity of doing work1 the first thing to do1 from the engineer's point of view1 is to analyse the generator with a view to discovering how best to conserve it1 to improve it1 and bring it to the level of maximum productivity4 ,human beings are very complicated energy-producing batteries differing widely in quality and magnitude of productive power4 ,experience has shown that these batteries are1 first of all1 chemical batteries producing a mysterious energy4 ,if these batteries are not supplied periodically with a more or less constant quantity of some chemical elements called food and air1 the batteries will cease to function--they will die4 ,in the examination of the structure of these batteries we find that the chemical base is very much accentuated all through the structure4 ,this chemical generator is divided into branches each of which has a very different rle which it must perform in harmony with all the others4 ,the mechanical parts of the structure are built in conformity to the rules of mechanics and are automatically furnished with lubrication and with chemical supplies for automatically renewing worn-out parts4 ,the chemical processes not only deposit particles of mass for the structure of the generator but produce some very powerful unknown kinds of energies or vibrations which make all the chemical parts function2 we find also a mysterious apparatus with a complex of wires which we call brain glands1 and nerves2 and1 finally1 these human batteries have the remarkable capacity of reproduction4 ,these functions are familiar to everybody4 ,from the knowledge of other physical1 mechanical and chemical phenomena of nature1 we must come to the conclusion1 that this human battery is the most perfect example of a complex engine2 it has all the peculiarities of a chemical battery combined with a generator of a peculiar energy called life2 above all1 it has mental or spiritual capacities2 it is thus equipped with both mental and mechanical means for producing work4 ,the parts and functions of this marvelous engine have been the subject of a vast amount of research in various special branches of science4 ,a very noteworthy fact is that both the physical work and the mental work of this human engine are always accompanied by both physical and chemical changes in the structure of its machinery--corresponding to the wear and tear of non-living engines4 ,it also presents certain sexual and spiritual phenomena that have a striking likeness to certain phenomena1 especially wireless phenomena1 to electricity and to radium4 ,this human engine-battery is of unusual strength1 durability and perfection2 and yet it is very liable to damage and even wreckage1 if not properly used4 ,the controlling factors are very delicate and so the engine is very capricious4 ,very special training and understanding are necessary for its control4 ,the reader may wish to ask3 ,what is the essence of the time-binding power of ,man8 ,talk of essences is metaphysical--it is not scientific4 ,let me explain by an example4 ,what is electricity8 ,the scientific answer is3 electricity is that which exhibits such and such phenomena4 ,electricity means nothing but a certain group of phenomena called electric4 ,we are studying electricity when we are studying those phenomena4 ,thus it is in physics--there is no talk of essences4 ,so1 too1 in ,human ,engineering--we shall not talk of the essence of time-binding but only of the phenomena and the laws thereof4 ,what has led to the development of electric appliances is knowledge of electrical phenomena--not metaphysical talk about the electrical essence4 ,and what will lead to the science and art of ,human ,engineering is knowledge of time-binding phenomena--not vain babble about an essence of time-binding power4 ,there is no mystery about the word time-binding4 ,some descriptive term was necessary to indicate that human capacity which discriminates human beings from animals and marks man as man4 ,for that use--the appropriateness of the term time-binding becomes more and more manifest upon reflection4 ,what are the conditions of life upon this earth8 ,is there war or peace in daily life8 ,all living beings require food2 they multiply in a geometrical ratio2 and so the natural productivity of the soil becomes increasingly inadequate4 ,the tendency to increase in geometrical ratio is true of all life--vegetable1 animal and human1 but the tendency is checked by various counteracting influences1 natural and artificial4 ,a short time ago these checks had so operated to annul the law of increase as almost to stop the growth of human population4 ,it is only by the time-binding capacity of man--by scientific progress and technological invention--that the checks have been overcome4 ,and so in the last century the population of ,europe increased more than it had increased in several centuries before4 ,impoverished soil1 excessive heat or cold1 excessive moisture1 the lack of rain-fall1 and many other factors are hostile to life4 ,it is evident1 therefore1 that human life must especially struggle for existence2 it must carry on a perpetual contest for self preservation4 ,it seems obvious that1 if there is perpetual war in every-day life1 war methods must be applied4 ,we have just passed through a tremendous world-wide military war and we developed special ways of producing power to overcome the enemy4 ,we were thus driven to discover some of the hidden sources of power and all of our old habits and ideas were bent toward military methods and military technology4 ,the war of every-day life against hostile elements is war for the subjugation of physical nature and not for the conquest of people4 ,it is a war carried on by the time-binding power of men pitted against natural obstacles1 and its progressive triumph means progressive advancement in human weal4 ,the lesson of the ,world ,war should not be missed through failure to analyse it4 ,when nations war with nations1 the normal daily war of millions and millions of individuals to subjugate natural resources to human uses is interrupted1 and the slow-gathered fruits of measureless toil are destroyed4 ,but peaceful war1 war for the conquest of nature1 involves the use of methods of technology and1 what is even more important1 technological philosophy1 law and ethics4 ,what ,i want to emphasize in this little book1 is the need of a thoroughgoing revision of our ideas2 and the revision must be made by engineering minds in order that our ideas may be made to match facts4 ,if we are ill1 we consult a physician or a surgeon1 not a charlatan4 ,we must learn that1 when there is trouble with the producing power of the world1 we have to consult an engineer1 an expert on power4 ,politicians1 diplomats1 and lawyers do not understand the problem4 ,what ,i am advocating is that we must learn to ask those who know how to produce things1 instead of asking those whose profession is to fight for the division of things produced by nature or by other human beings4 ,as a matter of fact our civilization has been for a long time disorganized to the point of disease4 ,lately through the whirl of changing conditions1 due to the great release of power in the new-born giant technology1 the disorganization has become acute4 ,the sick seldom know the cure for themselves4 ,if the cure is to be enduring1 we have to go to the source1 and this can be done only by men familiar1 not only with effects but also with the causes4 ,money is not the wealth of a nation1 but production is wealth2 so ordered production is the main object for humanity4 ,but to have the maximum of production1 it is necessary to have production put on a sound basis4 ,no mere preaching of brotherly love1 or class hatred1 will produce one single brick for the building of the future temple of human victory--the temple of human civilization4 ,ordered production demands analysis of basic facts4 ,this era is essentially an industrial era4 ,to produce we have to have3 7#a7 raw material or soil2 7#b7 instruments for production--tools and machines2 and 7#c7 the application of power4 ,the three requirements may be briefly characterized and appraised as follows3 7#a7 ,raw material and soil are products of nature2 humanity simply took them and had the use of them for nothing1 because it is impossible to call a prayer of thanksgiving 7if any7 addressed to a 8creator0 as payment to gods or men4 ,but raw material and soil1 in the conditions in which nature produces them1 are of very little immediate benefit to humanity1 because unfilled soil produces very little food for humans1 and raw material such as wood1 coal1 oil1 iron1 copper1 etc41 are completely useless to humanity until after human work is applied to them4 ,it is necessary to cut a tree for the making of timber2 it is necessary to excavate the minerals1 and even then1 only by applying further human work is it possible to make them available for any human use4 ,so1 it is obvious that even raw materials in the form in which nature has produced them1 are mostly of no value and unavailable for use1 unless reproduced through the process of 8human creative production40 ,therefore1 we may well conclude that 8raw material0 must be divided into two very distinct classes3 7a7 raw material as produced by nature--nature's free gift--which in its original form and place has practically no use-value2 and 7b7 raw material reproduced by man's mental and muscular activities1 by his 8time-binding0 capacities4 ,raw materials of the second class have an enormous use-value2 indeed they make the existence of humanity possible4 ,as to the second requirement for production1 namely3 7#b7 ,tools and machines1 it is obvious that 8tools and machines0 are made of raw material by human work1 mental and muscular4 ,and1 finally3 7#c7 ,the application of power4 ,different sources of natural energy and power are known4 ,the most important available source of energy for this globe is the sun--the heat of the sun4 ,this solar heat is the origin of water power1 of wind power1 and of the power bound up in coal1 of the chemistry1 growth and transforming agency of plants47#aj7 ,all foods which the animals as well as the humans use are1 already1 the result of the solar energy transformed into what may be called chemical energy4 ,transformation of energies is building up of life4 ,it is to be clearly seen that the only source of energy which can be directly appropriated and used by man or animal is vegetable food found in the wilderness2 no other sources of power are available for direct use2 they have first to be mastered and directed by human brain4 ,the same is true in regard to the getting of animal food1 the creation of a water- or windmill1 or a steam engine1 or the art of using a team of horses1 or a bushel of wheat2 these are not available except by the use of the human 8time-binding0 power4 ,this short survey of facts1 known to everybody1 brings us to the conclusion that all problems of production come ultimately to the analysis of 7#a7 ,natural resources of raw material and natural energy1 freely supplied by nature1 which1 as we have seen1 in the form as produced by nature alone1 have very little or no value for humanity2 7#b7 ,the activity of the human brain 7because human muscles are always directed by the brain7 which gives value to the otherwise useless raw materials and energies4 ,hence1 to understand the processes of production1 it is essential to realize that humanity is able to survive only by virtue of the capacity of humans to exploit natural resources--to convert the products of nature into forms available for human needs4 ,if humanity had only the capacity of apes1 depending exclusively on wild fruits and the like1 they would be confined to those comparatively small regions of the globe where the climate and the fertility of the soil are specially favorable4 ,but in the case supposed1 humans would not be humans1 they would not be time-binders--they would be animals--mere space-binders4 ,there are other facts which must be kept constantly in mind4 ,one of them is that1 in the world in which we live1 there are natural laws of inorganic as well as organic phenomena4 ,another of the facts is1 as before said1 that the human class of life has the peculiar capacity of establishing the social laws and customs which regulate and influence its destinies1 which help or hinder the processes of production upon which the lives and happiness of mankind essentially and fundamentally depend4 ,it must not be lost sight of in this connection that the human class of life is a part and a product of nature1 and that1 therefore1 there must be fundamental laws which are natural for this class of life4 ,a stone obeys the natural laws of stones2 a liquid conforms to the natural law of liquids2 a plant1 to the natural laws of plants2 an animal1 to the natural laws of animals2 it follows inevitably that there must be natural laws for humans4 ,but here the problem becomes more complicated2 for the stone1 the plant and the animal do not possess the intellectual power to create and initiate and so must blindly obey the laws that are natural for them2 they are not free to determine their own destinies4 ,not so with man2 man has the capacity and he can1 through ignorance or neglect or mal-intent1 deviate from1 or misinterpret1 the natural laws for the human class of life4 ,just therein lies the secret and the source of human chaos and woe--a fact of such tremendous importance that it cannot be over-emphasized and it seems impossible to evade it longer4 ,to discover the nature of ,man and the laws of that nature1 marks the summit of human enterprises4 ,for to solve this problem is to open the way to everything which can be of importance to humanity--to human welfare and happiness4 ,the great problem has been felt as a powerful impulse throughout the ages of human striving1 for in all times it has been evident to thinkers that upon the right solution of the problem must forever depend the welfare of mankind4 ,many 8solutions0 have been offered2 and1 though they have differed widely1 they agree in one respect--they have had a common fate--the fate of being false4 ,what has been the trouble8 ,the trouble has been1 in every instance1 a radical misconception of what a human being really is4 ,the problem is to discover the natural laws of the human class of life4 ,all the 8solutions0 offered in the course of history and those which are current to-day are of two and only two kinds--zoological and mythological4 ,the zoological solutions are those which grow out of the false conception according to which human beings are animals2 if humans are animals1 the laws of human nature are the laws of animal nature2 and so the social 8sciences0 of ethics1 law1 politics1 economics1 government become nothing but branches of zoology2 as sciences1 they are the studies of animal life2 as arts1 they are the arts of managing and controlling animals2 according to this zoological philosophy1 human wisdom about human beings is animal wisdom about animals4 ,the mythological 8solutions0 are those which start with the monstrous conception according to which human beings have no proper place in nature but are mixtures of natural and supernatural--unions or combinations of animality and divinity4 ,such 8solutions0 contain no conception of natural law2 scientifically judged1 they are mythological absurdities--muddle-headed chattering of crude and irresponsible metaphysics--well-meaning no doubt1 but silly1 and deadly in their effects upon the interests of mankind1 vitiating ethics1 law1 economics1 politics and government4 ,such have been and still are the regnant philosophies of human nature4 ,what is the remedy8 ,how are the laws of human nature to be discovered8 ,it is evident that the enterprise1 like all other scientific enterprises1 must be based upon and guided by realities4 ,it is essential to realize that the great1 central1 dominant1 all-embracing reality is the reality of human nature4 ,if we misconceive this fundamental matter1 the enterprise must fail2 that is both logically clear and clear in the sad light of history2 but if we conceive it aright1 we may confidently expect the enterprise to prosper4 ,that is why1 in the chapter on 8,the ,classes of ,life10 ,i have laid so much stress on the absolute necessity of conceiving ,man as being what he really is1 and not something else4 ,and we have discovered what man is3 we have discovered that man is characterized by the capacity or power to bind time1 and so we have defined humanity as the time-binding class of life4 ,that concept is fundamental4 ,it contains the germ of the science and art of ,human ,engineering4 ,the problem of discovering and applying the 8laws of human nature0 is the problem of discovering and applying to the conduct of life the laws of time-binding--of time-binding activity--of time-binding energy4 ,this fact must be firmly seized and kept steadily in mind4 ,energy1 we have noted1 is the capacity to do work4 ,in human economy work may be 7#a7 useful or 7#b7 neutral or 7#c7 harmful4 ,these words have no significance except in human economy4 ,the energy of the human intellect is a time-binding energy1 for it is able to direct1 to use1 to transform other energies4 ,this time-binding energy is of higher rank--of higher dimensionality--than the other natural energies which it directs1 controls1 uses1 and transforms4 ,this higher energy--which is commonly called the mental or spiritual power of man--is time-binding because it makes past achievements live in the present and present activities in time-to-come4 ,it is an energy that initiates2 it is an energy that creates2 it is an energy that can understand the past and foretell the future--it is both historian and prophet2 it is an energy that loads abstract time--the vehicle of events--with an ever-increasing burden of intellectual achievements1 of spiritual wealth1 destined for the civilization of posterity4 ,and what is the natural law of the increase8 ,what is the natural law of human advancements in all great matters of human concern8 ,the question is of utmost importance both theoretically and practically1 for the law--whatever it be--is a natural law--a law of human nature--a law of the time-binding energy of man4 ,what is the law8 ,we have already noted the law of arithmetical progression and the law of geometric progression2 we have seen the immense difference between them2 and we have seen that the natural law of human progress in each and every cardinal matter is a law like that of a rapidly increasing geometric progression4 ,in other words1 the natural law of human progress--the natural law of amelioration in human affairs--the fundamental law of human nature--the basic law of the time-binding energy peculiar to man--is a ,logarithmic law--a law of logarithmic increase4 ,i beg the reader not to let the term bewilder him but to make it his own4 ,it is easy to understand2 and its significance is mighty and everlasting4 ,even its mathematical formulation can be understood by boys and girls4 ,let us see how the formulation looks4 ,suppose ,,pr to denote the amount of progress made in some important field by a given generation--which we may call the 8first0 generation2 where ,r denotes the common ratio--the ratio of improvement--that is1 the number by which the progress of one generation must be multiplied to give the amount of progress made by the next generation2 then the amount of progress made by the second generation will be ,,pr#b2 that made by the third generation will be ,,pr#c2 and so on2 now denote by ,t the number of generations1 counting the first one and all that follow in endless succession4 ,then the following series will show the law of human progress in the chosen field3 ,,pr1 ,,pr#b1 ,,pr#c1 ,,pr#d1 ,,pr#e1 4441 ,,pr,t1 ,,pr,t#a1 4442 notice how it goes2 the first generation ends with ,,pr2 the second generation starts with ,,pr1 adds ,,pr#b1 and ends with ,,pr ,,pr#b2 the third generation starts with ,,pr ,,pr#b1 adds ,,pr#c and ends with ,,pr ,,pr#b ,,pr#c2 and so on and on2 the gain made in the ,tth generation is ,,pr,t2 the total gain made in ,t generations is ,,pr ,,pr#b ,,pr#c 444 ,,pr,t2 this total gain is given by the formula1 ,total gain in ,t generations 7,r ,r-#a7 7,,prt-,p74 ,if we take ,r to be #b 7which is a very small ratio1 requiring the progress of each generation to be merely double that of the preceding one7 and if we take ,t to be 7say7 #aj1 then we see that the progress made by the single #ajth generation is ,p #baj1 which is #ajbd times the progress made in the 8first0 generation2 and we readily compute that the total gain in #aj generations is #bjdf times the progress made in the 8first0 generation4 ,moreover1 to gain a just sense of the impressiveness of this law1 the reader must reflect upon the fact that it operates1 not merely on one field1 but in all fields of human interest4 8,operates in all fields0 ,i have just now said2 as a matter of fact1 as before pointed out1 it does not so operate now in all fields nor has it ever done so4 ,my point is that it will so operate when we once acquire sense enough to let it do so4 ,that sense we shall have when and only when we discover that by nature we are time-binders and that the effectiveness of our time-binding capacity is not only a function of time but is1 as ,i have explained1 a logarithmic or exponential function of time--a function in which time 7,t7 enters as an exponent1 as in the expression ,,pr,t1 so that we humans are1 unlike animals1 naturally qualified not only to progress1 but to progress more and more rapidly1 with an always accelerating acceleration1 as the generations pass4 ,this great fact is to be at once the basis1 the regulator and guide in the science and art of ,human ,engineering4 ,whatever squares with that law of time-binding human energy1 is right and makes for human weal2 whatever contravenes it1 is wrong and makes for human woe4 ,and so ,i repeat that the world will have uninterrupted1 peaceful progress when and only when the so-called social 8sciences0--the life-regulating 8sciences0 of ethics1 law1 philosophy1 economics1 religion1 politics1 and government--are technologized2 when and only when they are made genuinely scientific in spirit and method2 for then and only then will they advance1 like the natural1 mathematical and technological sciences1 in conformity to the fundamental exponential law of the time-binding nature of man2 then and then only1 by the equal pace of progress in all cardinal matters1 the equilibrium of social institutions will remain stable and social cataclysms cease4 ,chapter ,v4 ,wealth ,i beg the reader to allow me to begin this chapter with a word of warning4 ,the reader is aware that ,criticism--by which ,i mean ,thought--may be any one of three kinds3 it may be purely destructive2 it may be purely constructive2 or it may be both destructive and constructive at the same time4 ,purely destructive criticism is sometimes highly useful4 ,if an old idea or a system of old ideas be false and therefore harmful1 it is a genuine service to attack it and destroy it even if nothing be offered to take its place1 just as it is good to destroy a rattlesnake lurking by a human pathway1 even if one does not offer a substitute for the snake4 ,but1 however useful destructive criticism may be1 it is not an easy service to render2 for old ideas1 however false and harmful1 are protected alike by habit and by the inborn conservatism of many minds4 ,now1 habit indeed is exceedingly useful--even indispensable to the effective conduct of life--for it enables us to do many useful things automatically and therefore easily1 without conscious thinking1 and thus to save our mental energy for other work2 but for the same reason1 habit is often very harmful2 it makes us protect false ideas automatically1 and so when the destructive critic endeavors to destroy such ideas by reasoning with us1 he finds that he is trying to reason with automats--with machines4 ,such is the chief difficulty encountered by destructive criticism4 ,on the other hand1 purely constructive criticism--purely constructive thought--consists in introducing new ideas of a kind that do not clash1 or do not seem to clash1 with old ones4 ,is such criticism or thought easy8 ,far from it4 ,it has difficulties of its own4 ,these are of two varieties3 the difficulty of showing people who are content with their present stock of old ideas that the new ones are interesting or important2 and the great difficulty of making new ideas clear and intelligible1 for the art of being clear and perfectly intelligible is very1 very hard to acquire and to practise4 ,the third kind of criticism--the third kind of thought--the kind that is at once both destructive and constructive--has a double aim--that of destroying old ideas that are false and that of replacing them with new ideas that are true2 and so the third kind of criticism or thought is the most difficult of all1 for it has to overcome both the difficulty of destructive criticism and that of constructive thought4 ,the reader1 therefore1 if he will be good enough to reflect a little upon the matter1 can not fail to appreciate the tremendous difficulties which beset the writing of this little book1 for he must perceive1 not only that the work belongs to the third kind of critical thought1 but--what is much more--the errors it aims to destroy are fundamental1 world-wide and old1 while the true ideas it seeks to substitute for them are fundamental and new4 ,this great difficulty1 felt at every stage of this writing1 is1 for a reason to be presently explained1 greatly enhanced and felt with especial keenness in the present chapter4 ,i therefore beg the reader to give me here very special cooperation--the cooperation of open-mindedness1 candor and critical attention4 ,it is essential to keep in mind the nature of our enterprise as a whole1 which is that of pointing the way to the science and art of ,human ,engineering and laying the foundations thereof2 we have seen ,human ,engineering1 when developed1 is to be the science and art of so directing human energies and capacities as to make them contribute most effectively to the advancement of human welfare2 we have seen that this science and art must have its basis in a true conception of human nature--a just conception of what ,man really is and of his natural place in the complex of the world2 we have seen that the ages-old and still current conceptions of man--zoological and mythological conceptions1 according to which human beings are either animals or else hybrids of animals and gods--are mainly responsible for the dismal things in human history2 we have seen that man1 far from being an animal or a compound of natural and supernatural1 is a perfectly natural being characterized by a certain capacity or power--the capacity or power to bind time2 we have seen that humanity is1 therefore1 to be rightly conceived and scientifically defined as the time-binding class of life2 we have seen that1 therefore1 the laws of time-binding energies and time-binding phenomena are the laws of human nature2 we have seen that this conception of man--which must be the basic concept1 the fundamental principle and the perpetual guide and regulator of ,human ,engineering--is bound to work a profound transformation in all our views on human affairs and1 in particular1 must radically alter the so-called social 8sciences0--the life-regulating 8sciences0 of ethics1 sociology1 economics1 politics and government--advancing them from their present estate of pseudo sciences to the level of genuine sciences and technologizing them for the effective service of mankind4 ,i call them 8life-regulating10 not because they play a more important part in human affairs than do the genuine sciences of mathematics1 physics1 chemistry1 astronomy and biology1 for they are not more important than these1 but because they are1 so to say1 closer1 more immediate and more obvious in their influence and effects4 ,these life-regulating sciences are1 of course1 not independent2 they depend ultimately upon the genuine sciences for much of their power and ought to go to them for light and guidance2 but what ,i mean here by saying they are not independent is that they are dependent upon each other1 interpenetrating and interlocking in innumerable ways4 ,to show in detail how the so-called sciences will have to be transformed to make them accord with the right conception of man and qualify them for their proper business will eventually require a large volume or indeed volumes4 ,in this introductory work ,i cannot deal fully with one of those 8sciences0 nor in suitable outline with each of them separately4 ,i must be content here to deal1 very briefly1 with one of them by way of illustration and suggestion4 ,which one shall it be8 ,now among these life-regulating 8sciences0 there is one specially marked by the importance of its subject1 by its central relation to the others and by its prominence in the public mind4 ,i mean ,economics--the 8dismal science0 of ,political ,economy4 ,for that reason ,i have chosen to deal with economics4 ,in the present chapter ,i shall discuss three of its principal terms--,wealth1 ,capital and ,money--with a view to showing that the current meanings and interpretations of these familiar terms must be very greatly deepened1 enlarged and elevated if they are to accord with facts and laws of human nature and if the so-called 8science0 which employs them is to become a genuine science properly qualified to be a branch of ,human ,engineering4 ,it is to be shown that the meanings currently attached by political economists and others to the terms in question belong to what ,i have called the period of humanity's childhood2 and it is to be shown that the new meanings which the terms must receive belong to the period of humanity's manhood4 ,it will be seen that the new meanings differ so radically from the old ones as to make it desirable for the sake of clarity to give the new meanings new names4 ,but this1 however scientifically desirable1 is impracticable because the old terms--wealth1 capital1 money--are so deeply imbedded in the speech of the world4 ,and here comes into view the very special difficulty alluded to above and which led me to request the reader's special cooperation in this chapter4 ,the difficulty is not merely that of destroying old ideas that are false2 it is not merely that of replacing them with true ideas that are new2 it is that of causing people habitually to associate meanings that are new and true with terms associated so long1 so universally1 so uniformly with meanings that are false4 ,the secret of philosophy1 said ,leibnitz1 is to treat familiar things as unfamiliar4 ,by the secret of 8philosophy0 ,leibnitz meant the secret of what we call science4 ,let us apply this wholesome maxim in our present study2 let us1 in so far as we can1 regard the familiar terms--wealth1 capital and money--as unfamiliar2 let us deal with them afresh2 let us examine openmindedly the facts--the phenomena--to which the terms relate and ascertain scientifically the significance the terms must have in a genuine science of human economy4 ,examine 8the facts0 ,i say--examine 8the phenomena0--for bending facts to theories is a vital danger1 while bending theories to facts is essential to science and the peaceful progress of society4 ,human beings have always had some sense of values--some perception or cognition of values4 ,in order to express or measure values1 it was necessary to introduce units of measure1 or units of exchange4 ,people began to measure values by means of agricultural and other products1 such as cattle1 for example4 ,the ,latin word for cattle was pecus1 and the word pecunia1 which came to signify money1 accounts for the meaning of our familiar word pecuniary4 ,the earliest units for measuring became unsuited to the increasing needs of growing trade1 8business10 or traffic4 ,finally a unit called money was adopted in which the base was the value of some weight of gold4 ,thus we see that money came to mean simply the accepted unit for measuring1 representing and expressing values of and in wealth4 ,but what is wealth8 ,i have said that the old conceptions of wealth1 capital and money--the conceptions that are still current throughout the world--belong to the period of humanity's childhood--they are childish conceptions4 ,i have said that they must be replaced by scientific conceptions--by conceptions fit for humanity's manhood4 ,the change that must be made in our conceptions of the great terms is tremendous4 ,it is necessary to analyse the current conceptions of wealth1 capital1 and money--the childish conceptions of them--in order to reveal their falseness1 stupidity and folly4 ,to do this we must enter the field of ,political ,economy--a field beset with peculiar difficulties and dangers4 ,all the ,furies of private interests are involved4 ,one gains the impression that there is little or no real desire to gain a true conception--a scientific conception--of wealth4 ,everybody seems to prefer an emotional definition--a definition that suits his personal love of wealth or his hatred of it4 ,many definitions of wealth1 capital and money are to be found in modern books of political economy--definitions and books belonging to humanity's childhood4 ,for the purpose of this writing they all of them look alike--they sufficiently agree--they are all of them childish4 ,mill1 for example1 tells us that wealth consists of 8useful or agreeable things which possess exchangeable value40 ,of capital one of the simplest definitions is this3 8,capital is that part of wealth which is devoted to obtaining further wealth40 7,alfred ,marshall1 ,economics of ,industry47 ,walker 7in his ,money1 ,trade and ,industry7 defines money as follows3 8,money is that which passes freely from hand to hand throughout the community in final discharge of debts and full payment for commodities1 being accepted equally without reference to the character or credit of the person who offers it1 and without the intention of the person who receives it to consume it1 or to enjoy it1 or apply it to any other use than1 in turn1 to tender it to others in discharge of debts or full payment for commodities40 ,political economy has many different schools of thought and methods of classification4 ,its reasonings are mainly speculative1 metaphysical1 and legalistic2 its ethics is zoological ethics1 based on the zoological conception of man as an animal4 ,the elements of natural logic and natural ethics are absent4 ,the sophisticated ideas about the subject of political economy1 bluntly do not correspond to facts4 ,our primitive forefather in the jungle would have died from hunger1 cold1 heat1 blood poisoning or the attacks of wild animals1 if he had not used his brain and muscles to take some stone or a piece of wood to knock down fruit from trees1 to kill an animal1 so as to use his hide for clothes and his meat for food1 or to break wood and trees for a shelter and to make some weapons for defense and hunting4 8,in the first stone which he 7the savage7 flings at the wild animal he pursues1 in the first stick that he seizes to strike down the fruit which hangs above his reach1 we see the appropriation of one article for the purpose of aiding in the acquisition of another and thus we discover the origin of capital40 7,r4 ,torrens1 ,an ,essay on the ,production of ,wealth47 ,our primitive forefather's first acquaintance with fire was probably through lightning2 he discovered1 probably by chance1 the possibility of making fire by rubbing together two pieces of wood and by striking together two pieces of stone2 he established one of the first facts in technology2 he felt the warm effect of fire and also the good effect of broiling his food by finding some roasted animals in a fire4 ,thus nature revealed to him one of its great gifts1 the stored-up energy of the sun in vegetation and its primitive beneficial use4 ,he was already a time-binding being2 evolution had brought him to that level4 ,being a product of nature1 he was reflecting those natural laws that belong to his class of life2 he had ceased to be static--he had become dynamic--progressiveness had got into his blood--he was above the estate of animals4 ,we also observe that primitive man produced commodities1 acquired experiences1 made observations1 and that some of the produced commodities had a use-value for other people and remained good for use1 even after his death4 ,the produced commodities were composed of raw material1 freely supplied by nature1 combined with some mental work which gave him the conception of how to make and to use the object1 and some work on his part which finally shaped the thing2 all of this mental and manual work consumed an amount of time4 ,it is obvious that all of these elements are indispensable to produce anything of any value1 or of any use-value4 ,his child not only directly received some of the use-values produced by him1 but was initiated into all of his experiences and observations4 7,as we know1 power1 as defined in mechanics1 means the ratio of work done to the time used in doing it47 ,all those things are time-binding phenomena produced by the time-binding capacity of man2 but man has not known that this capacity was his defining mark4 ,we must notice the strange fact that1 from the engineering point of view1 humanity1 though very developed in some ways1 is childishly undeveloped in others4 ,humanity has some conceptions about dimensions and talks of the world in which we live as having three dimensions2 yet even in its wildest imagination it can not picture tangibly a fourth dimension2 nay1 humanity has not learned to grasp the real meanings of things that are basic or fundamental4 ,all of our conceptions are relative and comparative2 all of them are based upon matters which we do not yet understand2 for example1 we talk of time1 space1 electricity1 gravity1 and so on1 but no one has been able to define them in terms of the data of sensation2 nevertheless--and it is a fact of the greatest importance--we learn how to use many things which we do not fully understand and are not yet able to define4 ,in political economy the meagreness of our understanding is especially remarkable2 we have not yet grasped the obvious fact--a fact of immeasurable import for all of the social sciences--that with little exception the wealth and capital possessed by a given generation are not produced by its own toil but are the inherited fruit of dead men's toil--a free gift of the past4 ,we have yet to learn and apply the lesson that not only our material wealth and capital but our science and art and learning and wisdom--all that goes to constitute our civilization--were produced1 not by our own labor1 but by the time-binding energies of past generations4 ,primitive man used natural laws without knowing them or understanding them1 but he was able to cause nature to express itself1 by finding a way to release nature's stored up energy4 ,through the work of his brain and its direction in the use of his muscles1 he found that some of his appliances were not good2 he made better ones1 and thus slowly at first1 the progress of humanity went on4 ,i will not enlarge upon the history of the evolution of civilization because it is told in many books4 ,in the earliest times the religious1 philosophical1 legal and ethical systems had not been invented4 ,the morale at that time was a natural morale4 ,humans knew that they did not create nature4 ,they did not feel it 8proper0 to 8expropriate the creator0 and legalistically appropriate the earth and its treasure for themselves4 ,they felt1 in their unsophisticated morale1 that being called into existence they had a natural right to exist and to use freely the gifts of nature in the preservation of their life2 and that is what they did4 ,after the death of a man1 some of the objects produced by him still survived1 such as weapons1 fishing or hunting instruments1 or the caves adapted for living2 a baby had to be nourished for some years by its parents or it would have died4 ,those facts had important consequences2 objects made by someone for some particular use could be used by someone else1 even after the death of one or more successive users2 again the experiences acquired by one member of a family or a group of people were taught by example or precept to others of the same generation and to the next generation4 ,such simple facts are the corner stones of our whole civilization and they are the direct result of the ,,human ,,capacity ,,of ,,time-,,binding4 ,the world to-day is full of controversy about wealth1 capital1 and money1 and because humanity1 through its peculiar time-binding power1 binds this element 8time0 in an ever larger and larger degree1 the controversy becomes more and more acute4 ,civilization as a process is the process of binding time2 progress is made by the fact that each generation adds to the material and spiritual wealth which it inherits4 ,past achievements--the fruit of bygone time--thus live in the present1 are augmented in the present1 and transmitted to the future2 the process goes on2 time1 the essential element1 is so involved that1 though it increases arithmetically1 its fruit1 civilization1 advances geometrically4 ,but there is another peculiarity in wealth and money3 ,if a wooden or iron 8inch0 be allowed to rot or rust quietly on some shelf1 this 8inch0 does not represent anything besides this piece of wood or iron4 ,but if we take the ,,mental value of an inch1 this unit of one of the measures of space1 and use it1 with other quantities1 in the contemplation of the skies for the solving of an astronomical problem1 it gives a prophetic answer that1 in a certain place there is a star2 this star1 may be for years looked for in vain4 ,was it that the calculation was wrong8 ,no1 for after further search with telescopes of greater power1 the star is found and the calculation thus verified4 ,it is obvious that the 8unit0--inch--has no value by itself1 but is very precious as a unit for measuring the phenomenon of length1 which it perfectly represents1 and that is why it was introduced4 ,it is exactly the same with money if the term be rightly understood4 ,understood aright1 money1 being the measure and representative of wealth1 is in the main1 the measure and the representative of dead men's toil2 for1 rightly understood1 wealth is almost entirely the product of the labor of by-gone generations4 ,this product1 we have seen1 involves the element of time as the chief factor4 ,and so we discover how money1 properly understood1 is connected with time--the main function of money is to measure and represent the accumulated products of the labor of past generations4 ,hoarded money is like an iron 8inch0 upon a shelf--a useless lump2 but when used as a measure and representative of wealth rightly understood1 money renders invaluable service1 for it then serves to measure and represent the living fruit of dead men's toil4 ,for this reason1 it is useless to argue who is the more important1 the capitalist who has legal possession of most of the material fruit of dead men's toil1 or the laborer who has legal possession of but little of it4 ,in the laborer1 we do not now really look for his physical muscular labor ,,alone2 for this is replaced by mechanical or animal power as soon as it can be4 ,what we do need from labor1 and what we will always need1 is his ,,brain--,,his ,,time-,,binding ,,power4 ,the population of the world may be divided into different classes2 if the classes are not here enumerated in the customary way1 it is because it is necessary to classify human beings1 as nearly as possible according to their 8power-value40 ,there is no assertion that this is an ideal classification1 but if someone is moved to exclaim--8what a foolish1 unscientific division60--,i will answer by saying3 8,i grant that the division is foolish and unscientific2 but ,,it ,,is ,,the ,,only ,,division ,,which ,,corresponds ,,to ,,facts ,,in ,,life1 and it is not the writer's fault4 ,by this #8foolishness' some good may be accomplished40 ,from an engineer's point of view humanity is apparently to be divided into three classes2 7#a7 the intellectuals2 7#b7 the rich2 and 7#c7 the poor4 ,this division would seem to be contrary to all the rules of logic1 but it corresponds to facts4 ,of course some individuals belong to two of the classes or even to all three of them1 an after-war product1 but essentially1 they belong to the one class in proportion to the characteristic which is the most marked in their life2 that is1 in the sense of social classes--,,based ,,on ,,magnitude ,,of ,,values4 7#a7 ,the intellectuals are the men and women who possess the knowledge produced by the labor of by-gone generations but do not possess the material wealth thus produced4 ,in mastering and using this inheritance of knowledge1 they are exercising their time-binding energies and making the labor of the dead live in the present and for the future4 7#b7 ,the rich are those who have possession and control of most of the material wealth produced by the toil of bygone generations--wealth that is dead unless animated and transformed by the time-binding labor of the living4 7#c7 ,the poor are those who have neither the knowledge possessed by the intellectuals nor the material wealth possessed by the rich and who1 moreover1 because nearly all their efforts1 under present conditions1 are limited to the struggle for mere existence1 have little or no opportunity to exercise their time-binding capacity4 ,let us now try to ascertain the rle of the time-binding class of life as a whole4 ,we have by necessity1 to go back to the beginning--back to the savage4 ,we have seen what were the conditions of his work and progress2 we saw that for each successful achievement he often had to wrestle with a very large number of unsuccessful achievements1 and his lifetime being so limited1 the total of his successful achievements was very limited1 so that he was able to give to his child only a few useful objects and the sum of his experience4 ,generally speaking1 each successor did not start his life at the point where his father started2 he started somewhere near where his father left off4 ,his father gave1 say1 fifty years to discover two truths in nature and succeeded in making two or three simple objects2 but the son does not need to give fifty years to discover and create the same achievements1 and so he has time to achieve something new4 ,he thus adds his own achievements to those of his father in tools and experience2 this is the mathematical equivalent of adding his parent's years of life to his own4 ,his mother's work and experience are of course included--the name father and son being only used representatively4 ,this stupendous fact is the definitive mark of humanity--the power to roll up continuously the ever-increasing achievements of generation after generation endlessly4 ,we have seen that this time-binding power is an exponential power or function of time4 ,time flows on1 increasing in arithmetical progression1 adding generation unto generation2 but the results of human energies working in time do not go on arithmetically2 they pile up or roll up more and more rapidly1 augmenting in accordance with the law of a more and more rapidly increasing geometric progression4 ,the typical term of the progression is ,,pr,t where ,,pr denotes the ending progress made in the generation with which we agree to start our reckoning1 ,r denotes the ratio increase1 and ,t denotes the number of generations after the chosen 8start40 ,the quantity1 ,,pr,t of progress made in the ,tth generation contains ,t as an exponent1 and so the quantity1 varying as time ,t passes1 is called an exponential function of the time4 ,nature is the source of all energy4 ,plants1 the lowest form of life1 have a definite rle to perform in the economy of nature4 ,their function is the forming of albuminoids and other substances for higher purposes4 ,all of their nitrates are high-explosives1 or low explosives1 but explosives anyway4 ,they are powerful sources of some new energy4 ,animal life uses these 8explosives0 as food and is correspondingly more dynamic1 but in animal life time does not play the rle it plays in human life4 ,animals are limited by death permanently4 ,if animals make any progress from generation to generation1 it is so small as to be negligible4 ,a beaver1 for example1 is a remarkable builder of dams1 but he does not progress in the way of inventions or further development4 ,a beaver dam is always a beaver dam4 ,finally humanity1 the highest known class of life1 has time-binding capacity as its characteristic1 its discriminant1 its peculiar and definitive mark4 ,it is an unrealized fact that in this higher class of life1 the law of organic growth develops into the law of energy-growth--the mind--the time-binding energy--an increasing exponential function of time4 ,that fact is of basic importance for the science and art of ,human ,engineering4 ,in mechanics we have the well-known formula 7#a7 ,work ,time ,power4 ,we have seen that1 in accordance with the law of geometric progression1 ,,pr,t represents the progress made--the work done--in the ,tth generation 7,t being counted from some generation taken as starting point of reckoning72 this progress1 achievement1 or work1 being done in one generation1 we have by 7#a7 7#b7 7 ,work ,,prt 7 _/ 7 ,time #a7 ,power1 that is1 ,,pr,t ,power2 this means that the number ,,pr,t1 which measures the work done in a given generation1 is also the measure of the power that does the work4 ,now1 the total work1 ,w1 done in the ,t generations is 7#c7 ,w ,,pr#a ,,pr#b ,,pr#c 444 ,,pr,t2 that is1 7#d7 ,w ,r 7,r-#a7 7,,pr,t - ,p7 ,it should be noticed that by 7#b7 this expression for ,w may also be regarded as the sum of ,t different powers ,,pr1 ,,pr#b1 etc41 each working during one and only one generation2 if we divided this sum by ,t1 the quotient would be a power that would have to act through ,t generations to produce ,w4 ,the reader should not fail to notice very carefully that the expression 7#d7 for ,w is an expression for the total progress made--the total work done--the total wealth produced--in the course of ,t generations and he should especially note how the expression involves the exponential function of time 7,t71 namely ,,pr,t4 ,the formula makes mathematically evident the time-binding capacity characteristic of the human class of life4 ,properly understood1 wealth consists of the fruits or products of this time-binding capacity of man4 ,animals do not produce wealth2 it is produced by ,man and only ,man4 ,the foregoing basic formulation should lead to further similar developments throwing much light upon the process of civilization and serving to eliminate private opinion from the conduct of human affairs4 7,in this writing it is not important to look deeper into these proposed series4 ,the fact remains that ,p1 as well as ,r1 are peculiarly increasing series of a geometrical character--the precise form will be developed in another writing47 ,human achievements and progress1 because cumulative1 are knocking out the barriers of time4 ,this fact is the vital and dynamic difference between animal life and human life4 ,as plants gather in and store up solar energy into sheaves for the use and growth of animal and man--so humans are gathering and binding the knowledge of past centuries into sheaves for the use and development of generations yet unborn4 ,we have seen that the term wealth1 rightly understood1 means the fruit of the time-binding work of humanity4 ,wealth is of two kinds3 one is material2 the other is knowledge4 ,both kinds have use-value4 ,the first kind perishes--the commodities composing it deteriorate and become useless4 ,the other is permanent in character2 it is imperishable2 it may be lost or forgotten but it does not wear out4 ,the one is limited in time2 the other1 unlimited in time2 the former ,i call ,,potential ,,use-,,value2 the latter1 ,,kinetic ,,use-,,value4 ,analysis will justify the names4 ,the energy of a body which is due to its position1 is called potential energy4 ,the energy of a body which is due to its motion1 is called kinetic energy4 ,here the material use-value has value through its position1 shape and so forth2 it is immobile if not used1 and has not the capacity to progress4 ,mental use-values are not static but permanently dynamic2 one thought1 one discovery1 is the impulse to others2 they follow the law of an increasing potential function of time4 7,see app4 ,,ii47 ,this is why these names correspond to the two names of the two mentioned classes of energy4 ,here ,i must return to the current conceptions of wealth and capital1 before cited4 8,wealth10 we are told1 8is any useful or agreeable thing which possesses exchangeable value40 ,and we are told that 8,capital is that part of wealth which is devoted to obtaining further wealth40 ,i have said that such conceptions--such definitions--of wealth and capital are childish--they belong to the period of humanity's childhood4 ,that they are indeed childish conceptions the reader can not fail to see if he will reflect upon them and especially if he will compare them with the scientific conception according to which wealth consists of those things--whether they be material commodities or forms of knowledge and understanding--that have been produced by the time-binding energies of humanity1 and according to which nearly all the wealth of the world at any given time is the accumulated fruit of the toil of past generations--the living work of the dead4 ,it seems unnecessary to warn the reader against confusing the 8making0 of money by hook or crook1 by trick or trade1 with the creating of wealth1 by the product of labor4 ,in calling the old conceptions childish1 ,i do not mean that they contain no element of truth whatever2 ,i mean that they are shallow1 scientifically or spiritually meagre1 narrow in their vision1 wrong in their accent2 ,i especially mean that they are dumb1 because they are blind1 regarding the central matter that wealth is the natural offspring of ,time and ,human ,toil4 ,the old conceptions do indeed imply that wealth and capital involve both potential and kinetic use-values1 and in so far they are right4 ,but how do such use-values arise8 ,the potential use-values in wealth are created by human work operating in time upon raw material given by nature4 ,the use-values are produced by time-taking transformations of the raw materials2 these transformations are wrought by human brain labor and human muscular labor directed by the human brain acting in time4 ,the kinetic use-values of wealth are also created by human toil--mainly by the intellectual labor of observation1 experimentation1 imagination1 deduction and invention1 all consuming the precious time of short human lives4 ,it is obvious that in the creation of use-values whether potential or kinetic1 the element of time enters as an absolutely essential factor4 ,the fundamental importance of time as a factor in the production of wealth--the fact that wealth and the use-values of wealth are literally the natural offspring of the spiritual union of time with toil--has been completely overlooked1 not only by the economics1 but by the ethics1 the jurisprudence and the other branches of speculative reasoning1 throughout the long period of humanity's childhood4 ,in the course of the ages there has indeed been much 8talk0 about time1 but there has been no recognition of the basic significance of time as essential in the conception and in the very constitution of human values4 ,it is often said that 8,time is ,money02 the statement is often false2 but the proposition that ,money is ,time is always true4 ,it is always true in the profound sense that ,money is the measure and symbol of ,wealth--the product of ,time and ,toil--the crystallization of the time-binding human capacity4 ,,it ,,is ,,thus ,,true ,,that ,,money ,,is ,a ,,very ,,precious ,,thing1 ,,the ,,measure ,,and ,,symbol ,,of ,,work--,,in ,,part ,,the ,,work ,,of ,,the ,,living ,,but1 ,,in ,,the ,,main1 ,,the ,,living ,,work ,,of ,,the ,,dead4 ,nature's laws are supreme2 we cannot change them2 we can deviate from them for a while1 but the end is evil4 ,that is the lesson we must learn from the history of ,humanity's childhood4 ,false conceptions of ,man--ignorance of the laws of human nature--have given us unscientific economies1 unscientific ethics1 unscientific law1 unscientific politics1 unscientific government4 ,these have made human history the history of social cataclysms--insurrections1 wars1 revolutions--sad tokens not so much of human lust as of human ignorance of the laws of human nature4 ,there is but one remedy1 one hope--a science and art of ,human ,engineering based upon the just conception of humanity as the time-binding class of life and conforming to the laws of nature including the laws of human nature4 ,chapter ,,vi4 ,capitalistic ,era ,the immortal work done by ,descartes1 ,newton and ,leibnitz was to discover powerful methods for mathematics--the only fit language for expressing the laws of nature4 ,human ,engineering will be the science by which the great social problems will be solved4 ,for the first time since the first day of man1 humanity will really understand its own nature and status2 and will learn to direct scientifically the living and the non-living forces for construction1 avoiding unnecessary destruction and waste4 ,it may seem strange but it is true that the time-binding exponential powers1 called humans1 do not die--their bodies die but their achievements live forever--a permanent source of power4 ,all of our precious possessions--science1 acquired by experience1 accumulated wealth in all fields of life--are kinetic and potential use-values created and left by by-gone generations2 they are humanity's treasures produced mainly in the past1 and conserved for our use1 by that peculiar function or power of man for the binding of time4 ,that the natural trend of life and the progress of the development of this treasury is so often checked1 turned from its natural course1 or set back1 is due to ignorance of human nature1 to metaphysical speculation and sophistry4 ,those who1 with or without intention1 keep the rate of humanity's mental advancement down to that of an arithmetic progression are the real enemies of society2 for they keep the life-regulating 8sciences0 and institutions far behind the gallop of life itself4 ,the consequence is periodic social violence--wars and revolutions4 ,let us carry the analysis of potential and kinetic use-values a little further4 ,all potential use-values left to us by the dead are temporal and differ in utility4 ,many potential use-values are found in museums and have very limited value to-day in practical life4 ,on the other hand some roads or water-ways built by the ancients have use-value to-day2 and an almost endless list of modern potential use-values have or will have use-values for a long time to come1 such as buildings1 improved lands1 railroad tracks1 certain machines or tools2 the use-value of some such items of material wealth will last for more than one generation4 ,kinetic use-values are permanent in their character1 for1 though they may become antiquated1 they yet serve as the foundation for the developments that supersede them1 and so they continue to live in that to which they lead4 ,i would draw attention at this point to one of the most important kinetic and potential use-values produced by humanity--the invention of the steam engine4 ,through this invention1 humanity has been able to avail itself1 not only of the living fruits of dead men's toil1 but also of the inconceivably vast amounts of solar energy and time bound up in the growth of vegetable life and conserved for use in the form of coal and other fuels of vegetable origin4 ,this invention has revolutionized our life in countless directions4 ,to be brief1 ,i will analyse only the most salient effects4 ,human ,engineering has never existed except in the most embryonic form4 ,in remote antiquity the conception and knowledge of natural law was wholly absent or exceedingly vague4 ,before the invention of the steam engine1 people depended mainly upon human powers--that is1 upon 8living powers0--the powers of living men1 and the living fruits of the labor of the dead4 ,even then there were manifold complications4 ,the invention of the steam engine released for human use a new power of tremendous magnitude--the stored-up power of solar energy and ages of time4 ,but we must not fail to note carefully that we to-day are enabled to use this immense new power of bound-up solar energy and time by a human invention1 a product of the dead4 ,the full significance of the last statement requires reflection4 ,the now dead inventor of the steam engine could not have produced his ingenious invention except by using the living powers of other dead men--except by using the material and spiritual or mental wealth created by those who had gone before4 ,in the inventor's intellectual equipment there was actively present the kinetic use-value of 8bound-up-time10 enabling him to discover the laws of heat1 water1 and steam2 and he employed both the potential and kinetic use-values of mechanical instruments1 methods of work1 and scientific knowledge of his time and generation--use-values of wealth created by the genius and toil of by-gone generations4 ,this invention was not produced1 let us say #fjjj years ago1 because civilization was not then sufficiently advanced3 mathematically considered1 the production of this great use-value had to await all the accumulated work of six thousand years of human ingenuity and human labor4 ,so1 if we choose1 the steam engine may be considered a kinetic use-value in which the factor of time is equal to something like #fjjj years1 or let us say roughly #bjj generations4 ,it is obvious that1 in one life time1 even a genius of the highest order1 could not1 in aboriginal conditions1 have invented and built a steam engine1 when everything1 even iron1 was unknown4 ,of course if the same inventor could have had a life of several thousands of years and could have consecutively followed up all the processes1 unhampered by the prejudices of those days1 and been able to make all of these inventions by himself1 he would represent in himself all the progress of civilization4 ,by this illustration we see the profound meaning of the words--the living powers of the dead2 we see the grave importance in human life of the factor ,,time2 we behold the significance of the time-binding capacity of man4 ,the steam engine is to be seen anew1 as in the main the accumulated production of dead-men's work4 ,the life of one generation is short1 and were it not for our human capacity to inherit the material and spiritual fruit of dead men's toil1 to augment it a little in the brief span of our own lives1 and to transmit it to posterity1 the process of civilization would not be possible and our present estate would be that of aboriginal man4 ,civilization is a creature1 its creator is the time-binding power of man4 ,animals have it not1 because they belong to a lower type or dimension of life4 ,sophistry avails nothing here2 a child1 left in the woods1 would be and remain a savage1 matching his wits with gorillas4 ,he becomes a civilized man only by the accumulation of1 and acquaintance with dead men's work2 for then and only then can he start where the preceding generation left off4 ,this capacity is peculiar to men2 the fact can not be repeated too often4 ,it is untrue to say that ,a started his life aided exclusively by the achievements of 7say7 his father1 for his father's achievements depended on the achievements of his immediate predecessors2 and so on all the way back through the life of humanity4 ,this fact1 of supreme ethical importance1 applies to all of us2 none of us may speak or act as if the material or spiritual wealth we have were produced by us2 for1 if we be not stupid1 we must see that what we call our wealth1 our civilization1 everything we use or enjoy1 is in the main the product of the labor of men now dead1 some of them slaves1 some of them 8owners0 of slaves4 ,the metal spoon or the knife which we use daily is a product of the work of many generations1 including those who discovered the metal and the use of it1 and the utility of the spoon4 ,and here arises a most important question3 ,since the wealth of the world is in the main the free gift of the past--the fruit of the labor of the dead--to whom does it of right belong8 ,the question can not be evaded4 ,is the existing monopoly of the great inherited treasures produced by dead men's toil a normal and natural evolution8 ,or is it an artificial status imposed by the few upon the many8 ,such is the crux of the modern controversy4 ,it is generally known that the invention of the steam engine and other combustion engines which release sun-power for mechanical use1 has revolutionized the economic system2 for the building of engines in the scale of modern needs1 it is necessary to concentrate a great number of living men in one place1 to build factories1 to set up machines used in producing the engines1 and all this requires the use of vast amounts of money4 ,that is why this era is called the capitalistic era4 ,but it is necessary to stop here and analyse the factors of value in the engine to be made and in the money used for the purpose of making use of the stored-up energies of the sun4 ,we have found that the major part of the engine and all factors connected with its production are the combined power of dead men's labor4 ,we have found that wealth or capital and its symbol1 money1 are also1 in the main1 the bound-up power of dead men's labor2 so that the only way to obtain the benefit in the release of sun-power1 is by using the product of the toil of the dead4 ,it is further obvious that only the men or organizations that are able to concentrate the largest amounts of money1 representing the work of the dead1 can have the fullest use of the stored-up energies of time and the ancient sun4 ,thus the monopoly of the stored-up energies of the sun arises from monopolizing the accumulated fruits of dead men's toil4 ,these problems will1 in the future1 be the concern of the science and art of ,human ,engineering4 ,let us glance briefly at the problems from another angle4 ,the power developed in the combustion of one pound of coal is theoretically equal to #aa1ehj1jjj foot pounds4 ,but by our imperfect methods of utilization1 not more than #a1ejj1jjj foot pounds are made available4 ,this is about the amount of physical power exerted by a man of ordinary strength during a day's work4 ,hence #cjj pounds of coal will represent the labor of a man for a year4 ,the current production of coal in the world is about #ejj1jjj1jjj tons 7#aijf74 ,if we suppose that only half of this coal goes for mechanical use1 this will give us approximately the number as #a1fjj1jjj1jjj man-powers that are producers but not consumers4 ,let us take a still broader view of resources2 we have approximately #a1fjj1jjj1jjj living human beings 7all censuses available between #aijb and #aijf72 a wealth of approximately #ceg1jjj1jjj1jjj 7,social ,progress1 #aijf1 page #bba7 which in our analysis is dead men's work2 and sun-power equal1 in work1 to the work of our whole living population1 or equal to #a1fjj1jjj1jjj sun man-powers4 ,taking1 for simplicity's sake1 #ce4gj as the average living expenses per annum for each one of the world's population1 we will have3 7#a7 #a1fjj1jjj1jjj living men4 7#b7 #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj living man-powers of the dead4 7#c7 #a1fjj1jjj1jjj sun man-powers4 ,such classification needs a reflection3 man is intrinsically an increasing exponential power and always produces two use-values--the potential and the kinetic4 ,all living men have in some degree this type of power2 they are able to direct and use basic powers4 ,so we see that this world is really populated to-day by three different populations1 all of them dynamic and active3 to wit1 #a1fjj1jjj1jjj living men2 #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj living man-powers of the dead2 #a1fjj1jjj1jjj sun man-powers4 ,thus it is obvious beyond any argument1 that this additional producing but not consuming population1 has been produced mainly by the work of all our past generations4 ,it is said 8mainly0 because1 if we were the first generation1 we would be just aboriginal savages having nothing and progressing very slowly4 ,the reason why we progress very rapidly1 in this stage of civilization1 is explained very clearly by the mathematical law of a geometrical progression1 with an ever increasing number of terms1 the magnitude of the terms increasing more rapidly all the time47#aa7 ,this fact is the reason why the old unscientific and artificial social system requires and must undergo profound transformation4 ,human progress1 in many directions1 is so far advanced that social institutions can not much longer continue to lag so far behind4 ,static ethics1 static jurisprudence1 static economics1 and the rest must become dynamic2 if they do not continue to progress peacefully in accordance with the law of the progress of science1 they will be forced by violent readjustments1 recurring with ever increasing frequency4 ,here we have a problem of very high importance and enormous magnitude4 ,to serve #a1fjj1jjj1jjj living men1 we have #aa1fjj1jjj1jjj dead man-powers and all the sun man-powers--,,seven ,,servants ,,to ,,each ,,living ,,man1 ,,woman ,,and ,,child included4 ,it looks like the millennium4 ,it would be so if we but used all this power in a constructive way1 eliminating waste and controversy and all those factors which hamper production and progress4 ,the present economic system does not realize even the beginning of the magnitude of this truth and the tremendous results which are to be achieved through the adjustment of it4 ,the problem will be solved by ,human ,engineering1 for this will establish the right understanding of values and will show how to manage world problems scientifically2 it will give a scientific foundation to ,political ,economy and transform so-called 8scientific shop management0 into genuine 8scientific world management407#ab7 ,there is a chasm between 8,capital0 and 8,labor10 but nature does not know 8,capital0 or 8,labor0 at all4 ,nature knows only matter1 energy1 8space10 8time10 potential and kinetic use-values1 forces in all their direct and indirect expression1 the energies of living men1 living powers of dead men1 and the bound-up powers of ,time and the ancient ,sun4 ,nature made man an increasing exponential function of time1 a time-binder1 a power able to transform and direct basic powers4 ,sometimes we hypocritically like to delude ourselves1 if our delusions are agreeable--and profitable4 ,we call human work 8manual labor0 and we pretend that we need the laborer for his muscular service1 but when we thus speak1 we are thoughtless1 stupid1 or insincere4 ,what we look for in the worker is his control of his muscles2 mechanical work is or can be replaced almost entirely by machinery4 ,what we will never be able to replace by machinery is a ,man1 because man belongs to the level of a dimension above machinery4 ,engine-power1 sun man-power1 and capital--mainly the work of the dead--are inanimate2 they become productive only when quickened by the time-binding energies of living men and women4 ,then only are the results proportional to the ever growing magnitude of exponential power4 ,in nature's economy the time-binders are the intelligent forces4 ,there is none else known to us1 and from the engineer's point of view1 ,edison and the simplest laborer1 ,smith or ,jones1 are basically the same2 their powers or capacities are exponential1 and1 though differing in degree1 are the same in kind4 ,this may seem optimistic but all engineers are optimists4 ,they deal only with fact and truth4 ,if they make mistakes1 if their bridges break down1 then1 no matter how clever their sophistry1 they are adjudged criminal4 ,like severity must be made the rule and practice toward all those who control the institutions and great affairs of human society4 ,periodical break-downs must be prevented4 ,the engineers of human society must be held responsible1 as the bridge engineer is held to-day4 ,things are often simpler than they appear at the first glance4 ,there may be fire and plenty of coal in a stove1 yet no heat2 the fire does not burn well2 an engineer will remove the natural causes of obstruction of the natural process2 even such a simple thing as the removal of ashes may solve the problem4 ,it seems simple enough4 ,the truth is often clear and simple1 if only it be not obscured and complicated by sophistry4 8,capitalistic0 reasoning and 8,socialistic0 reasoning--,nature does not know such things4 ,nature has only one 8reasoning0 in all its functions4 ,our falsifying of nature's laws makes the controversy4 ,socialism exists as an ism because ,capitalism exists as an ism2 the clash is only an expression of the eternal law of action and reaction4 ,we are living in a world of wealth1 a world enriched by many generations of dead men's toil2 between the lust of the one to keep and the lust of others to get1 there is little to choose2 such contentions of lust against lust are sub-human--animalistic2 such ethics is zoological ethics--the righteousness of tooth and claw2 below the human dimensions of life1 utterly unworthy of the creative energy--the time-binding capacity--of humanity4 ,socialism feels keenly and sees dimly that human affairs are not conducted in conformity with natural laws4 ,capitalism neither sees it nor keenly feels it4 ,neither the one nor the other stops to investigate natural laws--nature's laws--laws of human nature--scientifically4 ,they both of them use the same speculative methods in their arguments1 and there can be no issue4 ,against one old-fashioned1 speculative argument1 there is always a speculative answer4 ,they both speak about the truth1 but their methods can not find the truth nor their language express it4 ,they speak of 8justice10 8right0 and so forth1 not knowing that their conceptions of those terms are based on a wrong understanding of values4 ,there is one and but one remedy1 and that remedy consists in applying scientific method to the study of the subject4 ,sound reasoning1 once introduced1 will overrun humanity as the fields turn green in the spring2 it will eliminate the waste of energy in controversies2 it will attract all forces toward construction and the exploitation of nature for the common weal4 ,there are capitalists and capitalists2 there are socialists and socialists4 ,among the capitalists there are those who want wealth--mainly the fruit of dead men's toil--for themselves4 ,among the socialists there are those--the orthodox socialists--who seek to disperse it4 ,the former do not perceive that the product of the labor of the dead is itself dead if not quickened by the energies of living men4 ,the orthodox socialists do not perceive the tremendous benefits that accrue to mankind from the accumulation of wealth1 if rightly used4 ,whether we be capitalists or socialists or neither1 we must learn that to prey upon the treasury left by the dead is to live1 not the life of a human being1 but that of a ghoul4 ,legalistic title--documentary ownership--does not alter the fact4 ,neither does lust for the same4 ,when we have acquired the just conception of what a human being is we shall get away from the ,roman conception according to which a human being is instrumentum vocale2 an animal1 instrumentum semivocale3 and a tool1 instrumentum mutum4 ,to regard human beings as tools--as instruments--for the use of other human beings is not only unscientific but it is repugnant1 stupid and short sighted4 ,tools are made by man but have not the autonomy of their maker--they have not man's time-binding capacity for initiation1 for self-direction1 and self-improvement ,in their own nature1 tools1 instruments1 machines belong to a dimension far lower than that of man4 ,talk of dimensions or dimensionality is by no means theoretical rubbish4 ,the right understanding of dimensions is of life-and-death importance in practical life4 ,the intermixing of dimensions leads to wrong conclusions in our thought and wrong conclusions lead to disasters4 ,consider the classes of life as representing three dimensions 7as explained in an earlier chapter71 then human production belongs essentially to the human or as ,i call it the third dimension4 ,with the base of 7say7 #e1 we produce in the third dimension a result of #abe units1 and so when humans are paid but #be units in accordance with the standards of the second dimension 7that of animals71 humanity is deprived of the benefit of #ajj units of produced wealth4 ,that is an illustration of what a part dimensions play in practical life4 ,the reflective reader may analyse for himself what effect these same rules would have1 if expressed and applied in the human 8time-binding0 dimension1 time being the supreme test4 ,the following table gives the visual shock3 #ast ,dimension #bnd ,dimension #crd ,dimension #e #be #abe #aj #ajj #a1jjj #ajj #aj1jjj #a1jjj1jjj #a1jjj #a1jjj1jjj #a1jjj1jjj1jjj ,this explains why the intermixing of dimensions is the source of tremendous evil4 ,who can now assert that the problem of dimensions is one only of theory8 ,it is not even a question of limitation of mind1 but it becomes a question of limitation of eyesight1 not to be able to see the overwhelming differences between the laws of development of the first1 second1 and the third dimension4 ,dollars1 or pounds sterling1 or other units of money follow the same rules3 the strength and in fact the source of power of modern capitalism1 is found in just this difference in dimensions--in the difference between what is given and what is taken1 in the difference between what is earned and what is 8made40 ,the problem of dimensions is1 therefore1 a key which unlocks the secrets of the power of capitalism and opens the door to a new civilization where the understanding of dimensions will establish order out of the chaos4 ,we have seen that kinetic and potential use-values1 produced mainly by the dead1 are bound up in wealth1 which is measured and symbolized by money4 ,this being true1 it is obvious that money is a measure and symbol of power1 of work done1 of bound-up time4 ,the space-binding animal standard of miscivilization has brought us to an impasse--a blind alley--for the simple physical reason that there is no more space to 8bind40 ,practically all the habitable lands1 and practically all the natural resources1 are already divided among private legalistic owners4 ,what hope is there for the ever increasing population8 ,but we have these #a1fjj1jjj1jjj living men2 #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj living man-powers of the dead2 and #a1fjj1jjj1jjj sun man-powers3 that is indeed a tremendous power to ,,produce ,,wealth ,,for ,,all1 ,,if ,,wisely ,,directed1 but to-day it is ignorantly and shamefully misdirected1 because human beings are not treated in accordance with their nature as the time-binding class of life4 ,much more is to be gained in exploiting nature aimfully1 all the time1 with a full mobilization of our living1 dead1 and sun-powers1 than by exploiting man all the time and nature occasionally4 ,selfishness and ignorance--is it these that prevent full mobilization of the producing powers of the world8 ,such as contribute most to human progress and human enlightenment--men like ,gutenberg1 ,copernicus1 ,newton1 ,leibnitz1 ,watts1 ,franklin1 ,mendeleieff1 ,pasteur1 ,sklodowska-,curie1 ,edison1 ,steinmetz1 ,loeb1 ,dewey1 ,keyser1 ,whitehead1 ,russell1 ,poincar1 ,william ,benjamin ,smith1 ,gibbs1 ,einstein1 and many others--consume no more bread than the simplest of their fellow mortals4 ,indeed such men are often in want4 ,how many a genius has perished inarticulate because unable to stand the strain of social conditions where animal standards prevail and 8survival of the fittest0 means1 not survival of the 8fittest in time-binding capacity10 but survival of the strongest in ruthlessness and guile--in space-binding competition6 ,wealth is produced by those who work with hand or brain and by no others4 ,the great mass of the wealth of the world has been thus produced by generations that have gone4 ,we know that the greatest wealth producers--immeasurably the greatest--have been and are scientific men1 discoverers and inventors4 ,if an invention1 in the course of a few years after it is made1 must become public property1 then the wealth produced by the use of the invention should also become public property in the course of a like period of years after it is thus produced4 ,against this proposition no sophistry can avail4 ,one of the greatest powers of modern times is the ,press2 it commands the resources of space and time2 it affects in a thousand subtle ways the form of our thoughts4 ,it controls the exchange of news throughout the world4 ,unfortunately the press is often controlled by exploiters of the 8living powers of the dead10 and so what is presented as news is frequently so limited1 colored and distorted by selfish interests as to be falsehood in the guise of truth4 ,honest1 independent papers are frequently starved by selfish conspirators and forced to close down4 ,thus the press1 which is itself the product in the main of dead men's toil1 is made a means for the deception and exploitation of the living4 ,indeed the bitter words of ,voltaire seem to be too true3 8,since ,god created man in his own image1 how often has man endeavored to render similar service to ,god40 ,those who want to use such 8,god-like0 powers to rule the world are modern ,neros1 who in their wickedness and folly fancy themselves divine4 ,to deceive1 and through deception1 to exploit1 rob and subjugate living men and women1 and to do it by prostituting the living powers created by the dead1 is the work1 ,i will not say of men1 but of mad men1 greedy1 ignorant and blind4 ,what is the remedy8 ,revolution8 ,revolution is also mad4 ,the only remedy is enlightenment--knowledge1 knowledge of nature1 knowledge of human nature1 scientific education1 science applied to all the affairs of man--the science and art of ,human ,engineering4 ,chapter ,,vii4 ,survival of the ,fittest ,humanity is a dynamic affair1 nay1 the most dynamic known1 because it is able to transform and direct basic powers4 ,where power is produced there must be an issue for it4 ,power must perforce express itself in some form4 ,electricity produced in the skies comes down in an often disastrous manner4 ,electricity1 produced aimfully1 runs our railroads2 just so the enormous power produced by humanity must be used aimfully1 in a constructive way or it will burst into insurrections1 revolutions and wars4 ,hitherto we have been guided by those bottomless sciences having only mythological ideas of power--by ideas moulded by personal ambitions1 personal interests1 or downright ignorance4 ,periodically we have had all the evils of the lack of a common aim and scientific guidance4 ,power has been held by the 8,god-given0 or the 8cleverest02 seldom has the power been given to the 8fittest0 in the sense of the most capable 8to do40 ,those who speak of the 8survival of the fittest10 as in the ,darwinian theory of animals1 bark an animal language4 ,this rule1 being natural only in the life of plants and animals and appropriate only to the lower forms of physical life1 cannot1 except with profound change of meaning1 be applied to the time-binding class of life1 without disaster4 ,the modern vast accumulation of wealth for private purposes1 justifies itself by using the argument of the 8survival of the fittest40 ,very well1 where there is a 8survival10 there must be victims2 where there are victims1 there has been fighting4 ,is this what the users of this argument mean8 ,like the ,kaiser1 they talk peace and make war4 ,this method of doing things is not in any way new4 ,the world has been accustomed to it for a very long while4 ,personally ,i believe that most of the masters of speculative semi-sciences1 such as economics1 law1 ethics1 politics and government are honest in their beliefs and speculations4 ,simply the right man believes in the wrong thing2 if shown the right way out of the mess he will cease to hamper progress2 he will be of the greatest value to the new world built by ,human ,engineers1 where human capacities1 exponential functions of time1 will operate naturally2 where economy1 law1 ethics1 politics and government will be dynamic1 not static4 ,there is a world of difference between these two words4 ,the immediate object of this writing is to show the way to directing the time-binding powers of mankind for the benefit of all4 ,human technology1 as an art and science1 does not yet exist2 some basic principles were required as a foundation for such a science4 ,especially was it necessary to establish a human standard1 and thus make it certain and clear that 8space-binders0--the members of the animal world--are 8outside of the human law0--outside the natural laws for the human class of life4 ,present civilization is a very complicated affair2 although many of our social problems are very badly managed1 sudden changes could not be made without endangering the welfare and life of all classes of society4 ,in the meantime1 changes must be made because the world can not proceed much longer under pre-war conditions2 they have been too well exposed by facts for humanity to allow itself to be blindly led again4 ,in the ,world ,war humanity passed through a tremendous trial and for those years was under the strain of an extensive mobilization campaign4 ,the necessity of increasing power was manifest2 the importance of a common base or aim became equally manifest4 ,in this case the base1 the common aim1 was found in 8war patriotism40 ,this common base enabled all the states to add up individual powers and build maximum efficiency into a collective power4 ,this expression is used1 not only as a social truth1 but as a known mathematical truth4 ,those high ideals1 which were given 8,urbi et orbi0 in thousands of speeches and in millions of propaganda papers1 had a much greater educational importance and influence than most people are aware of4 ,people have been awakened and have acquired the taste for those higher purposes which in the past were available only for the few4 ,many old worn-out idols1 ideas and ideals have fallen2 but what is going to take their place8 ,we witness an unrest which will not be eliminated until something essential is done to adjust it4 ,calm often betokens a coming storm4 ,the coming storm is not the work of any 8bad man10 but it is the inevitable consequence of a 8bad system40 ,it is dangerous to hide our heads in the sand1 like an ostrich1 and fancy we are safe4 8,survival of the fittest0 in the commonly used animal sense is not a theory or principle for a 8time-binding0 being4 ,this theory is only for the physical bodies of animals2 its effect upon humanity is sinister and degrading 7see ,app4 ,,ii74 ,we see the principle at work all about us in criminal exploitation and profiteering4 ,as a matter of fact1 the ages-long application of this animal principle to human affairs has degraded the whole human morale in an inconceivably far-reaching way4 ,personal greed and selfishness are brazenly owned as principles of conduct4 ,we shrug our shoulders in acquiescence and proclaim greed and selfishness to be the very core of human nature1 take it all for granted1 and let it pass at that4 ,we have gone so far in our degradation that the prophet of capitalistic principles1 ,adam ,smith1 in his famous ,wealth of ,nations1 arrives at the laws of wealth1 not from the phenomena of wealth nor from statistical statements1 but from the phenomena of selfishness--a fact which shows how far-reaching in its dire influence upon all humanity is the theory that human beings are 8animals40 ,of course the effect is very disastrous4 ,the preceding chapters have shown that the theory is false2 it is false1 not only because of its unhappy effects1 but it belies the characteristic nature of man4 ,human nature1 this time-binding power1 not only has the peculiar capacity for perpetual progress1 but it has1 over and above all animal propensities1 certain qualities constituting it a distinctive dimension or type of life4 ,not only our whole collective life proves a love for higher ideals1 but even our dead give us the rich heritage1 material and spiritual1 of all their toils4 ,there is nothing mystical about it2 to call ,,such a class a naturally selfish class is not only nonsensical but monstrous4 ,this capacity for higher ideals does not originate in some 8supernatural0 outside factor2 it is not of extraneous origin1 it is the expression of the time-binding element which we inherently possess1 independently of our 8will02 it is an inborn capacity--a gift of nature4 ,we simply are made this way and not in any other4 ,there is indeed a fine sense in which we can1 if we choose1 apply the expression--survival of the fittest--to the activity of the time-binding energies of man4 ,having the peculiar capacity to survive in our deeds1 we have an inclination to use it and we survive in the deeds of our creation2 and so there is brought about the 8survival in time0 of higher and higher ideals4 ,the moment we consider ,man in his proper dimension--active in ,,time--these things become simple1 stupendous1 and beautiful4 8,note the radical character of the transformation to be effected4 ,the world shall no longer be beheld as an alien thing1 beheld by eyes that are not its own4 ,conception of the whole and by the whole shall embrace us as part1 really1 literally1 consciously1 as the latest term1 it may be1 of an advancing sequence of developments1 as occupying the highest rank perhaps in the ever-ascending hierarchy of being1 but1 at all events1 as emerged and still emerging natura naturata from some propensive source within4 ,i grant that the change in point of view is hard to make--old habits1 like walls of rock1 tending to confine the tides of consciousness within their accustomed channels--but it can be made and1 by assiduous effort1 in the course of time1 maintained4 ,suppose it done4 ,by that reunion1 the whole regains1 while the part retains1 the consciousness the latter purloined4444 ,in the whole universe of events1 none is more wonderful than the birth of wonder1 none more curious than the nascence of curiosity itself1 nothing to compare with the dawning of consciousness in the ancient dark and the gradual extension of psychic life and illumination throughout a cosmos that before had only been4 ,an eternity of blindly acting1 transforming1 unconscious existence1 assuming at length1 through the birth of sense and intellect1 without loss or break of continuity1 the abiding form of fleeting time40 7,c4 ,j4 ,keyser1 loc4 cit47 ,it must be emphasized that the development of higher ideals is due to the natural capacity of humanity2 the impulse is simply time-binding impulse4 ,as we have seen1 by analysing the functions of the different classes of life1 every class of life has an impulse to exercise its peculiar capacity or function4 ,nitrogen resists compound combinations and if found in such combinations it breaks away as quickly as ever it can4 ,birds have wings--they fly4 ,animals have feet--they run4 ,man has the capacity of time-binding--he binds time4 ,it does not matter whether we understand the very 8essence0 of the phenomenon or not1 any more than we understand the 8essence0 of electricity or any other 8essence40 ,life shows that man has time-binding capacity as a natural gift and is naturally impelled to use it4 ,one of the best examples is procreation4 ,conception is a completely incomprehensible phenomenon in its 8essence10 nevertheless1 having the capacity to procreate we use it without bothering about its 8essence40 ,indeed neither life nor science bothers about 8essences0--they leave 8essences0 to metaphysics1 which is neither life nor science4 ,it is sufficient for our purpose that idealization is in fact a natural process of time-binding human energy4 ,and however imperfect ethics has been owing to the prevalence of animal standards1 such merits as our ethics has had witness to the natural presence of 8idealization0 in time-binding human life4 8,it is thus evident that ideals are not things to gush over or to sigh and sentimentalize about2 they are not what would be left if that which is hard in reality were taken away2 ideals are themselves the very flint of reality1 beautiful no doubt and precious1 without which there would be neither dignity nor hope nor light2 but their aspect is not sentimental and soft2 it is hard1 cold1 intellectual1 logical1 austere4 ,idealization consists in the conception or the intuition of ideals and in the pursuit of them4 ,and ideals1 ,i have said1 are of two kinds4 ,let us make the distinction clearer4 ,every sort of human activity--shoeing horses1 abdominal surgery1 or painting profiles--admits of a peculiar type of excellence4 ,no sort of activity can escape from its own type but within its type it admits of indefinite improvement4 ,for each type there is an ideal--a dream of perfection--an unattainable limit of an endless sequence of potential ameliorations within the type and on its level4 ,the dreams of such unattainable perfections are as countless as the types of excellence to which they respectively belong and they together constitute the familiar world of our human ideals4 ,to share in it--to feel the lure of perfection in one or more types of excellence1 however lowly--is to be human2 not to feel it is to be sub-human4 ,but this common kind of idealization1 though it is very important and very precious1 does not produce the great events in the life of mankind4 ,these are produced by the kind of idealization that corresponds to what we have called in the mathematical prototype1 limit-begotten generalization--a kind of idealization that is peculiar to creative genius and that1 not content to pursue ideals within established types of excellences1 creates new types thereof in science1 in art1 in philosophy1 in letters1 in ethics1 in education1 in social order1 in all the fields and forms of the spiritual life of man40 7,quoted from the manuscript of the forthcoming book1 ,mathematical ,philosophy1 by ,cassius ,j4 ,keyser47 8,survival of the fittest0 has a different form for different classes of life4 ,applying animal standards to time-binding beings is like applying inches to measuring weight4 ,as a matter or fact1 we cannot raise one class to a higher class1 unless we add an entirely new function to the former2 we can only improve their lower status2 but if we apply the reverse method1 we can degrade human standards to animal standards4 ,animal standards belong to a class of life whose capacity is not an exponential function of ,time4 ,there is nothing theological or sentimental in this fact2 it is a purely mathematical truth4 ,it is fatal to apply the 8survival of the fittest0 theory in the same sense to two radically different classes of life4 ,the 8survival of the fittest0 for animals--for space-binders--is survival in space1 which means fighting and other brutal forms of struggle2 on the other hand1 8survival of the fittest0 for human beings as such--that is1 for time-binders--is survival in time1 which means intellectual or spiritual competition1 struggle for excellence1 for making the best survive4 ,the-fittest-in-time--those who make the best survive--are those who do the most in producing values for all mankind including posterity4 ,this is the scientific base for natural ethics1 and ethics from which there can be no side-stepping1 or escape4 ,therefore time-binders can not use 8animal0 logic without degrading themselves from their proper status as human beings--their status as established by nature4 8,animal0 logic leads to 8animal0 ethics and 8animal0 economics2 it leads inevitably to a brutalized industrial system in which cunning contrives to rob the living of the fruit of the dead4 ,human logic points to human ethics and human economics2 it will lead to a humanized industrial system in which competition will be competition in science1 in art1 in justice3 a competition and struggle for the attainment of excellence in human life4 ,the time-binding capacity1 which manifests itself in drawing from the ,,past1 through the ,,present for the ,,future gives human beings the means of attaining a precious kind of immortality2 it enables them to fulfill the law of their own class of life and to survive everlastingly in the fruits of their toil1 a perpetual blessing to endless generations of the children of men4 ,this is the truth we instinctively recognize when we call a great man 8immortal40 ,we mean that he has done deeds that survive in time for the perpetual weal of mankind4 ,human logic--mathematical logic1 the logic natural for man--will thus show us that 8good0 and 8just0 and 8right0 are to have their significance defined and understood entirely in terms of human nature4 ,human nature--not animal nature--is to be the basis and guide of ,human ,engineering4 ,thus based and guided1 ,human ,engineering will eliminate 8wild-cat schemers10 gamblers and 8politicians40 ,it will put an end to industrial violence1 strikes1 insurrections1 war and revolutions4 ,the present system of social life is largely built upon misconceptions or misrepresentations4 ,for all work we need the human brain1 the human time-binding power1 yet we continue to call it 8hand-labor0 and treat it as such4 ,even in mechanical science1 in the use of the term 8horse-power10 we are incorrect in this expression4 ,how does this 8horse0 look in reality8 ,let us analyse this 8horse40 ,all science1 all mechanical appliances have been produced by 8man0 and man alone4 ,everything we possess is the production of either dead men's or living men's work4 ,the enslavement of the solar man-power is purely a human invention in theory and practice4 ,everything we have is evidently therefore a time-binding product4 ,what perfect nonsense to call a purely human achievement the equivalent of so much 8horse-power06 ,of course it does not matter mathematically what name we give to a unit of power2 we may call it a ,zeus or a ,zebra2 but there is a very vicious implication in using the name of an animal to denote a purely human product4 ,everything in our civilization was produced by ,,man2 it seems only reasonable that this unit of power which is the direct product of ,man's work1 should be correctly named after him4 ,the educational effect would be wholesome and tremendous4 ,the human value in work would be thus emphasized again and again1 and respect for human work would be taught1 from the beginning in the schools4 ,this 8horse-power0 unit causes us to forget the human part in it and it degrades human work to the level of a commodity4 ,this is an example of the degrading influence of wrong conceptions and wrong language4 ,i said 8educational0 because even our subconscious mind is affected by this4 7,see ,app4 ,,ii47 ,human ,engineering will not interfere with any scientific research2 on the contrary1 it will promote it in many ways4 ,grown-ups1 it is to be hoped1 will stop the nonsense of intermixing dimensions1 for which we chastise children4 ,it is the same kind of blundering as when we intermix phenomena--measuring 8,god0 by human standards1 or human beings by animal standards4 ,the relationship1 if any1 between these phenomena or the overlapping of different classes1 is interesting and important2 but in studying such relationships of classes1 it is fatal to mix the classes2 for example1 if we are studying the relations between surfaces and solids1 it is fatal to mistake solids for surfaces2 just so1 too1 if we stupidly confuse humans with animals4 ,in the reality of life1 we are interested only in the values of the function of the phenomena by themselves and to arrive at right conclusions we have to use units appropriate to the phenomena4 ,the intermixing of units gives us a wrong conception of the values of each phenomenon2 the results of our calculations are wrong and the outcome is a misconception of the process of human life4 ,the fact once realized1 we will cease applying animal measures to man2 even theology will abandon the monstrous habit4 ,animal units and standards are to be applied to animals1 human standards to man1 8,divine0 standards to 8,god40 ,in the dark ages1 with the complete innocence or misunderstanding of science1 the 8why0 of things was explained by the 8who0 of things2 therein investigation culminated2 man was regarded as homo sapiens and homo sapiens animal spark of supernatural2 this monstrous formula was accepted as a final truth--as an answer to the question3 ,what is ,man8 ,this type of answer became in the hands of church and state a powerful instrument for keeping the people in subjection4 ,the tendency of the masses to let others think for them is not really a natural characteristic--quite the opposite4 ,the habit of not thinking for one's self is the result of thousands of years of subjection4 ,those in authority1 in general1 used their ingenuity to keep the people from thinking4 ,the most vital reason why many humans appear to be1 and are often called1 8stupid10 is that they have been spoken to in a language of speculation which they instinctively dislike and distrust2 thus there arose the proverb that speech was made to conceal the truth4 ,it is no wonder that they appear 8stupid10 the wonder is that they are not more 8stupid40 ,the truth is that they will be found to be far less stupid when addressed in the natural language of ascertainable fact4 ,my whole theory is based upon1 and is in harmony with1 the natural feelings of man4 ,the conceptions ,i introduce are based on human nature4 ,natural language--so different from the speech of metaphysical speculation--will lead to mutual understanding and the disappearance of warring factions4 8,discrimination1 as the proverb rightly teaches1 is the beginning of mind4 ,the first psychic product of that initial psychic act is numerical3 to discriminate is to produce two1 the simplest possible example of multiplicity4 ,the discovery1 or better the invention1 better still the production1 best of all the creation1 of multiplicity with its correlate of number1 is1 therefore1 the most primitive achievement or manifestation of mind4444 ,let us1 then1 trust the arithmetic instinct as fundamental and1 for instruments of thought that shall not fail1 repair at once to the domain of number40 7,c4 ,j4 ,keyser1 ,loc4 ,cit47 ,the thinking few knew the power there is in 8thinking02 they wanted to have it and to keep the advantage of it for themselves2 witness the late introduction of public schools4 ,belief in the inferiority of the masses became the unwritten law of the 8privileged classes02 it was forced upon1 rubbed into1 the subconscious mind of the masses by church and state alike1 and was humbly and dumbly accepted by the 8lower orders0 as their 8destiny40 ,ignorance was proclaimed as a bliss4 ,as time went on1 this 8coefficient of ignorance0 became so useful to some people and some classes of people that no effort was spared to keep the world in ignorance4 ,it gave a legalistic excuse to imprison1 burn and hang people for expressing an opinion which the ruling classes did not like4 ,the elimination from church1 from school1 from universities1 of any teacher1 any professor or any minister who dared to exemplify or encourage fearless investigation and freedom of speech became very common4 ,it is less common in our generation1 but there remains much to win in the way of freedom4 ,freedom1 rightly understood1 is the aim of ,human ,engineering4 ,but freedom is not license1 it is not licentiousness4 ,freedom consists in lawful living--in living in accord with the laws of human nature--in accord with the natural laws of ,man4 ,a plant is free when it is not prevented from living and growing according to the natural laws of plant life2 an animal is free when it is not prevented from living according to the natural laws of animal life2 human beings are free when and only when they are not prevented from living in accord with the natural laws of human life4 ,i say 8when not prevented10 for human beings will live naturally and1 therefore1 in freedom1 when they are not prevented from thus living by ignorance of what human nature is and by artificial social systems established1 maintained1 and protected by such ignorance4 ,human freedom consists in exercising the time-binding energies of man in accordance with the natural laws of such natural energies4 ,human freedom is thus the aim of ,human ,engineering because ,human ,engineering is to be the science of human nature and the art of conducting human affairs in accordance with the laws of human nature4 ,survival of the fittest1 where fittest means strongest1 is a natural law for brutes1 for animals1 for the class of mere space-binders4 ,survival of the fittest1 where fittest means best in science and art and wisdom1 is a natural law for mankind1 the time-binding class of life4 ,chapter ,,viii4 ,elements ,of ,power ,in the ,world ,war ,germany displayed tremendous power4 ,restraining our emotions as much as possible1 let us endeavor to analyse that power with mathematical dispassionateness4 ,why did ,germany display more power than any other single nation8 ,because in the establishment of her 8ethics10 her political system1 and her economic structure1 ,germany availed herself1 in larger measure than any other nation1 of scientific achievements and scientific methods4 ,it is a very common1 very erroneous1 and very harmful belief that war was created solely by a 8war-lord40 ,every idea or movement doubtless originates with somebody but back of such 8originations0 or initiations there are favoring conditions1 forces and impulsions4 ,the stage is set by life and the ages2 the actor enters and the show begins4 ,in the instance in question1 the stage was set by our whole modern system of civilization4 ,the war lords were the 8,deus ex machina0--the show was a real one--a tragedy4 ,the true origin of this war must be looked for in the economic field4 ,our economic system is the very complicated result of all our creeds1 philosophies and social customs4 ,it is therefore impossible to understand the working of the economic forces without understanding the foundation upon which this system of forces is based4 ,a short list of works on the subject is given at the end of this book4 ,a plain statement here will be enough4 ,germany was committed to a policy of indefinite industrial expansion4 ,this artificial expansion had reached its limits4 ,germany was on the verge of bankruptcy4 ,only a victorious war could avoid a national catastrophe2 she played her last card1 and lost despite her gigantic power1 the greatest ever displayed by any nation4 ,the leading ,european states were not able to overpower her for a long time4 ,this writing is not intended as an apology for ,germany1 much less to praise her or her war lords4 ,german purposes were nationally narrow and nationally selfish to the root2 her methods were inhuman but ,germany displayed power2 and without the understanding of power1 ,human ,engineering is impossible4 ,it is possibly a fault of the writer's military training1 but it seems to him that the 8,general ,staff0 point of view has as much claim to consideration as any other among the many different interpretations of history--perhaps it has more4 ,it is not the primary aim of the general staff to 8fight10 very far from it4 ,their primary aim is 8victory0 and all the better if victory be possible without a fight4 ,strategy1 brain-work1 intelligence1 knowledge of facts--these are the chief weapons2 brutal fighting is only a last resort4 ,it is highly important to bear that in mind4 ,soldiers and engineers do not argue--they act4 ,germany affords the first example of a philosophy or a society having for its main purpose the generating of power to 8do things40 ,it seems only reasonable and intelligent to analyse the history of the war from the engineer's point of view1 which1 in this case1 happens to coincide with the military point of view4 ,it must be clearly understood that the modern general staff1 or military1 point of view has very little or nothing to do with the romance or poetry of war4 ,war to-day is a grim business--but 8business0 before all else4 ,it has to mobilize all the resources of a nation and generate power to the limit of its capacity4 ,the conduct of war to-day is a technological affair--its methods have to be engineering methods4 ,to crush an obstacle1 there is need of a giant hammer1 and the more mass that can be given it and the greater the force put behind it1 the more deadly will be the blow4 ,prior to the ,world ,war technology had not been mobilized on so vast a scale nor confronted with a task so gigantic4 ,mobilized technology has revealed and demonstrated the fact that it is possible to generate almost unlimited power and has shown the way to do it2 at the same time it has demonstrated the measureless potency of engineering and our utter helplessness without it4 ,technology is comparatively a new science2 by some it is called a 8semi-science0 because it deals primarily with the application of science to practical issues4 ,but when it became necessary 8to do things10 an engineer had to be called2 the general staff had to adopt his view1 and all other practices and traditions were bent to his ideas4 ,i have already repeatedly pointed out that the progress of technology proceeds according to a law like that of a rapidly increasing geometrical progression1 and ,i have stressed the danger of inattention to any phenomena1 force or movement that conforms to such a law4 ,we have only to recollect the story of the simple but very greedy farmer who was very happy to make a contract with a laborer for a month's work1 paying him only one cent the first day1 twice as much the second1 twice for the third1 and so on to the end4 ,behold6 ,the bill for the month ran into millions of dollars and the farmer was ruined4 ,such is the deadly secret of the geometrical progression4 ,violent readjustments await any society whose ethics1 jurisprudence and the like do not keep pace with the developments of engineering4 ,engineers are the wizards who1 using the results of scientific research1 can subjugate or release the concealed powers of nature4 ,the supreme factor is the use of the mind--the exponential function of time--the time-binding energy of man4 ,from that we have to take our start because that is the source of human power4 ,the ,german philosophy1 as a whole1 has its definite place in the history of philosophy2 and the first thing to consider are those philosophic writers who directly and indirectly have contributed to the building up of ,german power4 ,hegel greatly affected the building up of the ,german mind--strange as it may seem2 but ,hegel was greatly under the influence of the work of ,fichte1 and ,fichte in turn under that of ,spinoza4 ,all of them were1 in a way1 mathematicians in their methods and philosophy1 as much as they could be in their time4 ,i said 8strange10 because it is significant that the mathematical part of their philosophy was just the part which built up the ,german power4 ,but if we look into it1 it is not strange4 ,it had to be so1 because mathematical and mechanical methods are the only ones by which power can be understood and built4 ,hegel in #ahje lectured on history of philosophy1 pure mathematics and natural law4 ,it would be hard to find a better combination for a philosophy of power4 ,that is precisely what this philosophy was4 ,it influenced not only ,german philosophy but even ,german theology1 and through these channels it sank deep into the national consciousness4 ,it affected every phase of life4 ,an immense cult of disciples arose4 ,each one added something to that philosophy of power4 ,one of the most brilliant representatives of this movement is ,professor ,oswald1 who in his ,monist ,sermons gave the famous advice3 8,do not waste energy but give it value40 ,the ,german understanding of the great value of technology directly applied that principle to their philosophy1 law1 ethics1 politics1 and so on4 ,with increase of population1 the problem of the ,state becomes more and more pressing4 ,there are many theories about the state4 ,for the purpose of the moment it is important to realize that a state is the governing center of an accumulation of human beings--of time-binding powers--increasing exponential functions of time4 ,these powers1 though the same in kind1 differ in degree and in respect of individuality4 ,if they are to be united so as to constitute a whole1 they must be given a common aim2 they must1 so to speak1 be reduced to a common base2 if they be respectively ,xm1 ,yn1 ,zp1 and so on1 we can not unite them and compute the whole by adding the exponents2 but if we give them a common base--a common aim or purpose--then we can readily represent the magnitudes of the whole constituted by them2 if we take ,x to be their common aim or base1 then1 if ,y a,x1 ,z b,x1 and so on1 we shall have3 ,xm ,yn ,zp 444 ,xm an ,xn bp ,xp 444 7an bp 4447,xmnp 444 ,the last expression1 where the parenthetical coefficient is the product of individualities1 serves to represent the united powers of all in terms of ,x1 the common base1 purpose or aim4 ,let us look at the matter in another way4 ,one mechanical 8horse-power0 is less than the power of one living horse4 ,one living horse can do more work than one mechanical horse-power1 but in using more than one living horse at one time we get less work than by using the same number of mechanical horse-powers2 the reason is very obvious4 ,the mechanical horse-powers are the same in kind1 equal1 and constant1 but living horses differ in character1 they are not equal1 and each one is a variable4 ,hence mechanical horse-powers can be added or multiplied arithmetically1 but the powers of living horses can not1 except very roughly2 the living horses of a team interfere with each other2 they do not pull together1 as we say1 and energy is lost4 ,the ,german mathematical philosophy or theory of the state did not express itself in just this way1 but the foregoing gives a clue to it4 ,germany united the powers of living men and women and children2 it gave them a common base2 it gave them one common 8social0 mood and aim2 they all became consolidated in service of that which is called the ,state2 they studied and taught for the ,state2 they worked1 lived and died for the ,state3 the ,state was their idol1 ,king and ,god4 ,such was the aim of ,german philosophy1 theology1 law and science4 ,the establishment of ,,one ,,aim for all was the decisive factor4 ,it is obvious that if we want to inspire #fj ,millions of individuals with one aim1 this aim can not be private or personal4 ,it must be a higher aim1 collective1 general1 impersonal1 in some way uniting and including all personal aims4 ,i shall call it simply a collective aim4 ,but collective aims may differ profoundly in kind2 out of personal or egoistic aims there grows a series of collective aims1 increasing in generality1 such as3 7#a7 ,family aims2 7#b7 association1 congregation1 club aims2 7#c7 class or professional aims2 7#d7 national or race aims2 and finally 7#e7 ,,human ,,aims--the natural aims for the time-binding class of life4 ,the fatal error of ,german political philosophy was an error of aim--her aim was too low--too narrow--the welfare of a state instead of the welfare of ,humanity4 ,in the case of ,germany1 the national aim was equivalent to the state aim4 ,german philosophy made the 8state0 equivalent to the 8good0 and equivalent to 8power40 ,of course such philosophy influenced the whole national life in every detail2 in consequence ,germany proclaimed herself the first nation of the world1 and this soon evolved into a plan for the conquest of the world4 ,the ,german ,general ,staff as an institution had1 par excellence1 as its aim and first object1 8power10 8concentration of power0 and 8efficiency40 ,it took the leadership in all branches of life and industry4 ,militarism and industrialism are almost synonymous from the mechanical point of view2 they are both of them power4 ,they both have to use the same scientific methods and in the present conditions of the world they are dependent upon each other1 for war cannot be waged without strong industries4 ,here we have to face the fact that geometrically progressing industry can not live without new markets1 which under present conditions have been largely acquired1 directly or indirectly1 by the power of the army2 and this has been the case with ,germany4 ,if we curse ,germany for being a 8military nation0 we can1 with no less justice1 curse her for being a completely 8industrialized nation40 ,if we add to that her nationally selfish and narrow national aim1 we will readily understand this 8world peach40 ,those who have tasted it know something of its sweetness4 ,there is no need to go into further details4 ,special books give us all the data4 ,that which is of interest is the impersonal fact that what was the strength and power of ,germany is the best possible illustration we have had of what science and a sort of mathematical philosophy are able to accomplish1 even when directed1 not to the welfare of ,humanity1 but to that of a relatively small group of people4 ,the above-cited political philosophies had a very pronounced effect upon ,marx4 ,one of the branches of socialism is the so-called state socialism4 ,state socialists1 as the name indicates1 believe that the state should assume the most important functions in society4 ,it is obvious that in monarchical countries where 8god-given0 rulers represent the state1 such a theory is not unwelcome1 as it gives the rulers an opportunity to show a sort of 8advanced liberalism10 which serves to strengthen their power4 ,the astute ,bismarck can not be suspected of being a progressionist in the modern sense but1 being a product of ,german culture and philosophy1 all his ideals were those of a strong state4 ,he was a proclaimed advocate of state socialism4 ,since #ahgi at least1 ,bismarck was considered almost the leading spirit of paternal state socialism4 ,he was a believer and promoter of the close relation of the state and the railways1 keeping always in view a thorough nationalization which he finally accomplished4 ,this fact eliminated from ,german public life all that phase of corruption which private ownership of railroads brings in any country1 the railroad being the very life of any country4 ,to sum up3 ,germany applied the most scientific methods to build up her national power2 she understood the elements of 8power10 for they were disclosed to her by her science and her philosophy4 ,she applied technological methods in every part of her civil life1 and thus built her gigantic power4 ,her industrial life followed the military way2 her military strength was built on industrial power4 ,and so the vicious circle4 ,germany adopted a collective aim instead of a personal individualistic aim1 and because of this broader aim1 she was able to mobilize and to keep mobilized all her moral1 political and industrial forces for long years before the war4 ,the direct effect of this system of continuous mobilization was over-production4 ,for this she desperately needed new markets4 ,the cheapest and quickest way to acquire them1 if they were not to be grabbed otherwise1 was to conquer them by a victorious war4 ,her plans progressed according to the program1 all except the victory in the battle fields4 ,this war was a calamity of unprecedented magnitude for the world and it is our duty to study it dispassionately and learn the lesson of it1 if we do not want to be moral accomplices of this great modern crime1 by letting the world drift into an even worse catastrophe4 ,we have to arouse ourselves from our inertia and go to the bottom of this problem and analyse it ruthlessly1 no matter whether the analysis be pleasant or not4 ,we must value everyone of our 8ten sacred dead0 at least as much as we value one rabbit killed in scientific laboratories1 and take the lesson to heart or be prepared for a repetition of world slaughter4 ,if ,human ,engineering had been established long ago our social system would have been different1 our civilization would have been much higher1 this war would have been avoided4 ,we do not need to delude ourselves4 ,the ,world ,war was the result of badly balanced social and economic forces4 ,the world needs other 8balances of power0 than such as are devised by lawyers and politicians1 by single-selfish or group-selfish interests4 ,humanity is reaching out for a science and art of human guidance based upon a right understanding of human nature4 ,chapter ,,ix4 ,manhood ,of ,humanity ,in a previous chapter ,i have said that the ,world ,war marks the end of one vast period in the life of humankind and marks the beginning of another4 ,it marks the end of ,humanity's ,childhood and the beginning of ,humanity's ,manhood4 ,our human ,past is a mighty fact of our world4 ,many facts are unstable1 impermanent1 and evanescent--they are here to-day1 and to-morrow they are gone4 ,not so with the great fact of our human ,past4 ,our past abides4 8,it is permanent4 ,it can be counted on4 ,it is nearly eternal as the race of man4 ,out of that past we have come4 ,into it we are constantly returning4 ,meanwhile1 it is of the utmost importance to our lives4 ,it contains the roots of all we are1 and of all we have of wisdom1 of science1 of philosophy1 of art1 of jurisprudence1 of customs and institutions4 ,it contains the record or ruins of all the experiments that man has made during a quarter or a half million years in the art of living in this world40 7,keyser1 ,human ,worth of ,rigorous ,thinking47 ,in our relation to the past there are three wide-open ways in which one may be a fool4 ,one of the ways is the way of ignoring the past--the way of remaining blankly ignorant of the human past as the animals are blankly ignorant of their past and so of drifting through life as animals do1 without reference to the experience of bygone generations4 ,fools of this type may be called drifting fools or ,drifters4 ,another way to be a fool--a very alluring way--is that of falsifying the past by idealizing it--by stupidly disregarding its vices1 misery1 ignorance1 slothfulness1 and folly1 and stupidly magnifying its virtues1 happiness1 knowledge1 achievements and wisdom2 it is the way of the self-complacent--the way of those who1 being comfortably situated and prosperous1 are opposed to change2 the past1 they say1 was wise for it produced the present and the present is good--let us alone4 ,fools of this type may be called idolatrous fools1 worshiping the ,past2 or static fools1 contented with the ,present2 or cowardly fools1 opposed to change1 fearful of the ,future4 ,a third way to be a fool--which is also alluring--is the opposite of the foregoing2 it is the way of those who falsify the past by stupidly and contemptuously disregarding its virtues1 its happiness1 its knowledge1 its great achievements1 and its wisdom1 and by stupidly or dishonestly magnifying its vices1 its misery1 its ignorance1 its great slothfulness1 and its folly2 it is apt to be the way of the woeful1 the unprosperous1 the desperate--especially the way of such as find escape from the bore of routine life in the excitements of unrest1 turbulence1 and change2 the past1 they say1 was all wrong1 for it produced the present and the present is thoroughly bad--let us destroy it1 root and branch4 ,fools of this type may be called scorning fools1 ,scorners of the ,past2 or destroying fools1 ,destroyers of the ,present2 or dynamic fools1 ,revelers in the excitements of ,change4 ,such are the children of folly3 7#a7 ,drifting fools--ignorers of the past--disregarders of race experience--thoughtless floaters on the shifting currents of human affairs2 7#b7 ,static fools--idealizers of the past--complacent lovers of the present--enemies of change--fearful of the future2 7#c7 ,dynamic fools--scorners of the past--haters of the present--destroyers of the works of the dead--most modest of fools1 each of them saying3 8,what ought to be begins with ,me2 ,i will make the world a paradise2 but my genius must be free2 now it is hampered by the existing #8order'--the bungling work of the past2 ,i will destroy it2 ,i will start with chaos2 we need light--the ,sun casts shadows--,i will begin by blotting out the ,sun2 then the world will be full of glory--the light of my genius40 ,in striking contrast with that three-fold division of ,folly1 the counsel of ,wisdom is one1 and it is one with the sober counsel of ,common ,sense4 ,what is that counsel8 ,what is the united counsel of wisdom and common sense respecting the past8 ,the answer is easy and easy to understand4 ,the counsel is this3 ,do not ignore the past but study it--study it diligently as being the mightiest factor among the great factors of our human world2 endeavor to view the past justly1 to contemplate it as it was and is1 to see it whole--to see it in true perspective--magnifying neither its good nor its evil1 neither its knowledge nor its ignorance1 neither its enterprise nor its slothfulness1 neither its achievements nor its failures2 as the salient facts are ascertained1 endeavor to account for them1 to find their causes1 their favoring conditions1 to explain the facts to understand them1 applying always the question ,why8 ,centuries of centuries of cruel superstition--,why8 ,centuries of centuries of almost complete ignorance of natural law--,why8 ,centuries of centuries of monstrous misconceptions of human nature--,why8 ,measureless creations1 wastings and destructions of wealth--,why8 ,endless rolling cycles of enterprise1 stagnation1 and decay--,why8 ,interminable alterations of peace and war1 enslavements and emancipations--,why8 ,age after age of world-wide worship of man-made gods1 silly1 savage1 enthroned by myth and magic1 celebrated and supported by poetry and the wayward speculations of ignorant sages--,why8 ,age upon age of world-wide slow developments of useful inventions1 craftsmanship1 commerce1 and art--,why8 ,ages of dark impulsive groping before the slow discovery of reason1 followed by centuries of belief in the sufficiency of ratiocination unaided by systematic observation and experiment--,why8 ,at length the dawn of scientific method and science1 the growth of natural knowledge1 immeasurable expansion of the universe in ,time and in ,space1 belief in the lawfulness of ,nature1 rapidly increasing subjugation of natural forces to human control1 growing faith in the limitless progressibility of human knowledge and in the limitless perfectibility of human welfare--,why8 ,the widely diverse peoples of the world constrained by scientific progress to live together as in one community upon a greatly shrunken and rapidly shrinking planet1 the unpreparedness of existing ethics1 law1 philosophy1 economics1 politics and government to meet the exigencies thus arising--,why8 ,such ,i take to be the counsel of wisdom--the simple wisdom of sober common sense4 ,to ascertain the salient facts of our immense human past and then to explain them in terms of their causes and conditions is not an easy task4 ,it is an exceedingly difficult one1 requiring the labor of many men1 of many generations2 but it must be performed2 for it is only in proportion as we learn to know the great facts of our human past and their causes that we are enabled to understand our human present1 for the present is the child of the past2 and it is only in proportion as we thus learn to understand the present that we can face the future with confidence and competence4 ,past1 ,present1 ,future--these can not be understood singly and separately--they are welded together indissolubly as one4 ,the period of humanity's childhood has been long--#cjj1jjj to #ejj1jjj years1 according to the witness of human relics1 ruins and records of the caves and the rocks--a stretch of time too vast for our imaginations to grasp4 ,of that immense succession of ages1 except a minute fraction of it including our own time1 we have1 properly speaking1 no history2 we have only a rude1 dim1 broken outline4 ,herodotus1 whom we call 8the father of history0 proper1 lived less than #bejj years ago4 ,what is #bejj years compared with the whole backward stretch of human time8 ,we have to say that the father of human history lived but yesterday--a virtual contemporary of those now living4 ,our humankind groped upon this globe for probably #djj1jjj years before the writing of what we call history had even begun4 ,if we regard history as a kind of racial memory1 what must we say of our race's memory8 ,it is like that of a man of #bj years whose recollection extends back less than #c months or like that of a man of #fj years whose recollection fails to reach any event of the first #ei years of his life4 ,owing to the work of geologists1 paleontologists1 ethnologists and their co-workers1 the history of prehistoric man will grow1 just as we know to-day more about the life of mankind in the time of ,herodotus than ,herodotus himself knew4 ,meanwhile we must try to make the best use of such historical knowledge of man as we now possess4 ,even if the story of humanity's childhood were fully recorded in the libraries of the world1 it would not be possible in this brief writing to recount the story in even the most summary fashion4 ,except the tale of recent years1 the story is known as ,i have said1 only in outline1 rude1 dim and broken1 but for the present purpose this will suffice4 ,countless multitudes of details are lost--most of them doubtless forever4 ,but we need not despair4 ,the really great facts of our racial childhood--the massive1 dominant1 outstanding facts--are sufficiently clear for our guidance in the present enterprise4 ,and what do we know8 ,we know that the period of our human childhood has been inconceivably long2 we know that in the far distant time1 the first specimens of humankind--the initial members of the time-binding race of man--were absolutely without human knowledge of the hostile world in which they found themselves2 we know that they had no conception of what they themselves were2 we know that they had neither speech nor art nor philosophy nor religion nor science nor tools nor human history nor human tradition2 we know1 though we to-day can hardly imagine it1 that their sole equipment for initiating the career of the human race was that peculiar faculty which made them human--the capacity of man for binding time2 we know that they actually did that work of initiation1 without any guidance or example1 maxim or precedent2 and we know that they were able to do it just because the power of initiation--the power to originate--is a time-binding power4 ,what else do we know of the earliest part of humanity's childhood8 ,we know that in that far-distant age1 our ancestors--being1 not animals1 but human creatures--not only began to live in the human dimension of life--forever above the level of animals--but continued therein1 taking not only the first step1 but the second1 the third1 and so on indefinitely2 we know1 in other words1 that they were progressive creatures1 that they made advancement2 we know that their progress was natural to them--as natural as swimming is to fishes or as flying is to birds--for both the impulse and the ability to progress--to make improvement--to do greater things by help of things already done--are of the very nature of the time-binding capacity which makes humans human4 ,we know that time-binding capacity--the capacity for accumulating racial experience1 enlarging it1 and transmitting it for future expansion--is the peculiar power1 the characteristic energy1 the definitive nature1 the defining mark1 of man2 we know that the mental power1 the time-binding capacity1 of our pre-historic ancestors1 was the same in kind as our own1 if not in degree2 we know that it is natural for this capacity1 the highest known agency of ,nature1 to produce ideas1 inventions1 insights1 doctrines1 knowledge and other forms of wealth2 we know that progress in what we call civilization1 which is nothing but progress in the production and right use of material and spiritual wealth1 has been possible and actual simply and solely because the products of time-binding work not only survive1 but naturally tend to propagate their kind--ideas begetting ideas1 inventions leading to other inventions1 knowledge breeding knowledge2 we therefore1 know that the amount of progress which a single generation can make1 if it have an adequate supply of raw material and be unhampered by hostile circumstances1 depends1 not only upon its native capacity for binding time1 but also--and this is of the utmost importance--upon the total progress made by preceding generations--upon the inherited fruit1 that is1 of the time-binding toil of the dead2 accordingly we know that the amount of progress a single generation can thus make is what mathematicians call an increasing function of time1 and not only an increasing function but an increasing exponential function of time--a function like ,,pr,t1 as already explained2 we know1 too1 that the total progress which ,t successive generations can thus make is3 ,r_/,r-#a7,,pr,t-,p7 which is also an increasing exponential function of time2 we know from the differential calculus that these functions--which represent natural laws1 laws of human nature1 laws of the time-binding energies of man--are very remarkable functions--not only do they increase with time but their rates of increase are also exponential functions of time and so the rates of increase themselves increase at rates which are1 again1 exponential functions1 and so on and on without limit2 that1 ,i say1 is a marvelous fact1 and it is for us a fact of immeasurable significance2 for it means that the time-binding power of man is such that1 if it be allowed to operate naturally1 civilization--the production and right use of material and spiritual wealth--will not only grow towards infinity 7as mathematicians say71 but will thus grow with a swiftness which is not constant but which itself grows towards infinity with a swiftness which1 again1 is not constant but increases according to the same law1 and so on indefinitely4 ,we thus see1 if we will only retire to our cloisters and contemplate it1 that the proper life of man as man is not life-in-space like that of animals1 but is life-in-time2 we thus see that in distinctively human life1 in the life of man as man1 the past is present and the dead survive destined to greet and to bless the unborn generations3 time1 bound-up time1 is literally of the core and substance of civilization4 ,so it has been since the beginning of man4 ,we know that the total progress made in the long course of humanity's childhood1 though it is absolutely great1 is relatively small2 we know that1 compared with no-civilization1 our present civilization is vast and rich in many ways2 we know1 however1 that1 if the time-binding energies of humanity had been always permitted to operate unhampered by hostile circumstances1 they would long ere now have produced a state of civilization compared with which our present estate would seem mean1 meagre1 savage4 ,for we know that those peculiar energies--the civilization-producing energies of man--far from being always permitted to operate according to the laws of their nature1 have never been permitted so to operate1 but have always been hampered and are hampered to-day by hostile circumstances4 ,and1 if we reflect1 we may know well enough what the enemies--the hostile circumstances--have been and are4 ,we know that in the beginning of humanity's childhood--in its babyhood1 so to speak--there was1 as already said1 no capital whatever to start with--no material wealth--no spiritual wealth in the form of knowledge of the world or the nature of man--no existing fruit of dead men's toil--no bound-up time--nothing but wild and raw material1 whose very location1 properties and potencies had all to be discovered2 even now1 because we have inherited so much bound-up time and because our imaginations have been so little disciplined to understand realities1 we can scarcely picture to ourselves the actual conditions of that far-off time of humanity's babyhood2 still less do we realize that present civilization has hardly begun to be that of enlightened men4 ,we know1 moreover1 that the time-binding energies of our remote ancestors were hampered and baulked1 in a measure too vast for our imaginations1 by immense geologic and climatic changes1 both sudden and secular1 unforeseen and irresistible--by earthquake and storm1 by age-long seasons of flood and frost and heat and drought1 not only destroying both natural resources and the slowly accumulated products of by-gone generations but often extinguishing the people themselves with the centers and abodes of struggling civilization4 ,of all the hostile circumstances1 of all the causes which throughout the long period of humanity's childhood have operated to keep civilization and human welfare from progressing in full accord with the natural laws of the time-binding energies of man1 the most potent cause and most disastrous1 a cause still everywhere in operation1 remains to be mentioned4 ,i mean human ignorance4 ,i do not mean ignorance of physical facts and the laws of physical nature for this latter ignorance is in large measure the effect of the cause ,i have in mind4 ,the ignorance ,i mean is far more fundamental and far more potent4 ,i mean human ignorance of ,human ,nature--,i mean man's ignorance of what ,man is--,i mean false conceptions of the rightful place of man in the scheme of life and the order of the world4 ,what the false conceptions are ,i have already pointed out4 ,they are two4 ,one of them is the conception according to which human beings are animals4 ,the other one is the conception according to which human beings have no place in ,nature but are hybrids of natural and supernatural1 animals combined with something 8divine40 ,both of them are characteristic of humanity's childhood2 both of them are erroneous1 and both of them have done infinite harm in a thousand ways4 ,whose is the fault8 ,in a deep sense1 it is the fault of none4 ,man started with no capital--on knowledge--with nothing but his physical strength and the natural stirring within of the capacity for binding time2 and so he had to grope4 ,it is not strange that he was puzzled by himself4 ,it is not strange that he thought himself an animal2 for he has animal propensities as a cube has surfaces1 and his animal propensities were so obtrusive1 so very evident to physical sense--he was born1 grew1 had legs and hair1 ate1 ran1 slept1 died--all just like animals--while his distinctive mark1 his time-binding capacity1 was subtle2 it was spiritual2 it was not a visible organ but an invisible function2 it was the energy called intellect or mind1 which the physical senses do not perceive2 and so ,i say it is not strange--it is indeed very sad and very pathetic--but it is not to be wondered at that human beings have falsely believed themselves to be animals4 ,so1 too1 of the rival belief--the belief that humans are neither natural nor supernatural but are both at once1 at once brutal and divine1 hybrid offspring of beast and god4 ,the belief is monstrous1 it is very pathetic and very sad1 but its origin is easy to understand2 once invented1 it became a powerful instrument for evil men1 for impostors1 but it was not invented by them2 it was only an erroneous result of an honest effort to understand and to explain4 ,for the obvious facts created a real puzzle to be explained3 ,on the one hand1 men1 women and children--animal-hunting and animal-hunted human beings--certainly resembled animals physically in a hundred unmistakable ways2 on the other hand1 it became more and more evident that the same animal-resembling human beings could do many things which animals never did and could not do4 ,here was a puzzle1 a mystery4 ,time-binding curiosity demanded an explanation4 ,what was it to be8 ,natural science had not yet arisen2 critical conception--conception that avoids the mixing of dimensions--was in the state of feeble infancy4 ,it is easy to understand what the answer had to be--childish and mythical2 and so it was--humans are neither animals nor gods1 neither natural nor supernatural1 they are both at once1 a mixture1 a mysterious union of animal with something 8divine40 ,such1 then1 are the two rival answers which1 in the long dark1 groping course of humanity's childhood1 human beings have given to the most important of all questions--the question3 ,what is ,man8 ,i have said that the answers1 no matter how sincere1 no matter how honestly arrived at1 are erroneous1 false to fact1 and monstrous4 ,i have said1 and ,i repeat1 that the misconceptions involved in them have done more throughout the by-gone centuries1 and are doing more to-day1 than all other hindering causes1 to hamper and thwart the natural activity of the time-binding energies of man and thus to retard the natural progress of civilization4 ,it is not merely our privilege1 it is our high and solemn duty1 to examine them4 ,to perform the great duty is not an easy task4 ,the misconceptions in question have come down to us from remote antiquity2 they have not come down singly1 separately1 clean-cut1 clear and well-defined2 they have come entangled in the complicated mesh of traditional opinions and creeds that constitute the vulgar 8philosophy0--the mental fog--of our time4 ,if we are to perform the duty of examining them we have first of all to draw them forth1 to disengage them from our inherited tangle of beliefs and frame them in suitable words2 we have next to bring ourselves to realize vividly and keenly that the conceptions1 thus disentangled and framed1 are in fact1 whether they be true or false1 at the very heart of the social philosophy of the world2 we have in the third place to detect the fundamental character of the blunder involved in them--to see clearly and coldly wherein they are wrong and why they are ruinous2 we have1 finally1 to trace1 if we can1 their deadly effects both in the course of human history and in the present status of our human world4 ,the task of disengaging the two monstrous misconceptions from the tangled skein of inherited beliefs and framing them in words1 ,i have already repeatedly performed4 ,let us keep the results in mind4 ,here they are in their nakedness3 7#a7 ,human beings--men1 women1 and children--are animals 7and so they are natural73 7#b7 human beings are neither natural nor supernatural1 neither wholly animal nor wholly 8divine10 but are both natural and supernatural at once--a sort of mysterious hybrid compound of brute and gods4 ,the second part of our task--which is the reader's task as much as mine--is not so easy2 and the reason is evident4 ,it is this3 ,the false creeds in question--the fatal misconceptions they involve--are so familiar to us--they have been so long and so deeply imbedded in our thought and speech and ways of life--we have been so thoroughly bred in them by home and school and church and state--that we habitually and unconsciously take them for granted and have to be virtually stung into an awareness of the fact that we do actually hold them and that they do actually reign to-day throughout the world and have so reigned from time immemorial4 ,we have1 therefore1 to shake ourselves awake1 to prick ourselves into a realization of the truth4 ,i assume that the reader is at once hard-headed1 rational1 ,i mean1 and interested in the welfare of mankind4 ,if he is not1 he will not be a 8reader0 of this book4 ,he1 therefore1 knows that the third task--the task of detecting and exposing the fundamental error of the misconceptions in question--is a task of the utmost importance4 ,what is that error8 ,it is1 ,i have said1 an error in logic4 ,but logical errors are not all alike--they are of many kinds4 ,what is the 8kind0 of this one8 ,it is the kind that consists in what mathematicians call 8confusion of types10 or 8mixing of dimensions40 ,the answer can not be made too clear nor too emphatic1 for its importance in the criticism of all our thinking is great beyond measure4 ,there are millions of examples that help to make the matter clear4 ,i will again employ the simplest of them--one so simple that a child can understand it4 ,it is a mathematical example1 as it ought to be1 for the whole question of logical types1 or dimensions1 is a mathematical one4 ,i beg the reader not to shy at1 or run away from1 the mere word mathematical1 for1 although most of us have but little mathematical knowledge1 we all of us have the mathematical spirit1 for else we should not be human--we are all of us mathematicians at heart4 ,let us1 then1 proceed confidently and at once to our simple example4 ,here is a surface1 say a plane surface4 ,it has length and breadth--and so it has1 we say1 two dimensions2 next consider a solid1 say a cube4 ,it has length1 breadth and thickness--and so it has1 we say1 three dimensions4 ,now we notice that the cube has surfaces and so has certain surface properties4 ,do we1 therefore1 say that a solid is a surface8 ,that the cube is a member of the class of surfaces8 ,if we did1 we should be fools--type-confusing fools--dimension-mixing fools4 ,that is evident4 ,or suppose we notice that solids have certain surface properties and certain properties that surfaces do not have2 and suppose we say the surface properties of solids are natural but the other properties are so mysterious that they must be 8supernatural0 or somehow 8divine02 and suppose we then say that solids are unions1 mixtures1 compounds or hybrids of surfaces and something divine or supernatural2 is it not evident that1 if we did that1 we should be again blundering like fools8 ,type-confusing fools8 ,dimension-mixing fools8 ,that such would be the case any one can see4 ,let us now consider animals and human beings1 and let us look squarely and candidly at the facts4 ,to get a start1 think for a moment of plants4 ,plants are living things2 they take1 transform and appropriate the energies of sun1 soil1 and air1 but they have not the autonomous power to move about in space2 we may say that plants constitute the lowest order or class or type or dimension of life--the dimension one2 plants1 we see are binders of the basic energies of the world4 ,what of animals8 ,like the plants1 animals1 too1 take in1 transform and appropriate the energies of sun1 soil and air1 though in large part they take them in forms already prepared by the plants themselves2 but1 unlike the plants1 animals possess the autonomous power to move about in space--to creep or crawl or run or swim or fly--it is thus evident that1 compared with plants1 animals belong to a higher order1 or higher class1 or higher type1 or higher dimension of life2 we may therefore say that the type of animal life is a type of two dimensions--a two-dimensional type2 ,i have called them space-binders because they are distinguished1 or marked1 by their autonomous power to move about in space1 to abandon one place and occupy another and so to appropriate the natural fruits of many localities2 the life of animals is thus a life-in-space in a sense evidently not applicable to plants4 ,and now what shall we say of ,man8 ,like the animals1 human beings have indeed the power of mobility--the autonomous power to move--the capacity for binding space1 and it is obvious that1 if they possessed no capacity of higher order1 men1 women and children would indeed be animals4 ,but what are the facts8 ,the facts1 if we will but note them and reflect upon them1 are such as to show us that the chasm separating human nature from animal nature is even wider and deeper than the chasm between animal life and the life of plants4 ,for man improves1 animals do not2 man progresses1 animals do not2 man invents more and more complicated tools1 animals do not2 man is a creator of material and spiritual wealth1 animals are not2 man is a builder of civilization1 animals are not2 man makes the past live in the present and the present in the future1 animals do not2 man is thus a binder of time1 animals are not4 ,in the light of such considerations1 if only we will attend to their mighty significance1 it is as clear as anything can be or can become1 that the life of man--the time-binder--is as radically distinct from that of animals--mere space-binders--as animal life is distinct from that of plants or as the nature of a solid is distinct from that of a surface1 or that of a surface from that of a line4 ,it is1 therefore1 perfectly manifest that1 when we regard human beings as animals or as mixtures of animal nature with something mysteriously supernatural1 we are guilty of the same kind of blunder as if we regarded animals as plants or as plants touched by 8divinity0--the same kind of blunder as that of regarding a solid as a surface or as a surface miraculously transfigured by some mysterious influence from outside the universe of space4 ,it is thus evident that our guilt in the matter is the guilt of a blunder that is fundamental--a confusing of types1 a mixing of dimensions4 ,nothing can be more disastrous4 ,for what are the consequences of that kind of error8 ,let the reader reflect4 ,he knows that1 if our ancestors had committed that kind of error regarding lines and surfaces and solids1 there would to-day be no science of geometry2 and he knows that1 if there were no geometry1 there would be no architecture in the world1 no surveying1 no railroads1 no astronomy1 no charting of the seas1 no steamships1 no engineering1 nothing whatever of the now familiar world-wide affairs made possible by the scientific conquest of space4 ,i say again1 let the reader reflect2 for if he does not1 he will here miss the gravity of a most momentous truth4 ,he readily sees1 in the case supposed1 how very appalling the consequences would have been if1 throughout the period of humanity's childhood1 there had occurred a certain confusion of types1 a certain mixing of dimensions1 and he is enabled to see it just because1 happily1 the blunder was not made or1 if made1 was not persisted in1 for1 if it had been made and persisted in1 then the great and now familiar things of which it would have deprived the world would not be here2 we should not now be able even to imagine them1 and so we could not now compute even roughly the tremendous magnitude of the blunder's disastrous consequences4 ,let the reader not deviate nor falter nor stagger here2 let him shoulder the burden of the mighty argument and bear it to the goal4 ,he easily perceives the truly appalling consequences that would have inevitably followed from the error of confusing types--the error of mixing dimensions--in the matter of lines and surfaces and solids1 if that error had been committed and persisted in throughout the centuries2 he can perceive those consequences just because the error was not made and hence the great things of which 7had the blunder been made7 it would have deprived the world are here1 so that he can say3 8,behold those splendid things--the science of geometry and its manifold applications everywhere shining in human affairs--imagine all of them gone1 imagine the world if they had never been1 and you will have a measure of the consequences that would have followed violation of the law of types1 the law of dimensions1 in the matter of lines1 surfaces and solids40 ,but1 now1 in regard to the exactly similar error respecting the nature of man1 the situation is reversed2 for this blunder1 unlike the other one1 is not merely hypothetical2 we have seen that it was actually committed and has been actually persisted in from time immemorial2 not merely for years or for decades or for centuries but for centuries of centuries including our own day1 it has lain athwart the course of human progress2 age after age it has hampered and baulked the natural activity of the time-binding energies--the civilization-producing energies--of humanity4 ,how are we to estimate its consequences8 ,let the reader keep in mind that the error is fundamental--a type-confusing blunder 7like that supposed regarding geometric entities72 let him reflect1 moreover1 that it affects1 not merely one of our human concerns1 but all of them1 since it is an error regarding the center of them all--regarding the very nature of man himself2 and he will know1 as well as anything can be known1 that the consequences of the ages-old blunder have been and are very momentous and very terrible4 ,their measure is indeed beyond our power2 we cannot describe them adequately1 we cannot delineate their proportions1 for we cannot truly imagine them2 and the reason is plain3 it is that those advancements of civilization1 those augmentations of material and spiritual wealth1 all of the glorious achievements of which the tragic blunder has deprived the world1 are none of them here2 they have not been produced2 and so we cannot say1 as in the other case3 8,look upon these splendid treasures of bound-up time1 imagine them taken away1 and your sense of the appalling loss will give you the measure required40 ,it is evident that the glories of which the misconceptions of human nature have deprived manhood must long remain1 perhaps forever1 in the sad realm of dreams regarding great and noble things that might have been4 ,i have said that the duty of examining the misconceptions imposes upon us four obligations4 ,three of these we have performed3 we have disengaged the beliefs in question from the complicated tangle of opinions in which they have come down to us from remote antiquity2 we have recognized the necessity and the duty of virtually stinging ourselves into an awareness of the fact that we have actually held them for true and that from time immemorial they have poured their virus into the heart of ethics1 economics1 politics and government throughout the world2 we have seen not only that the beliefs are false but that their falseness is due to a blunder of the most fundamental kind--the blunder of mixing dimensions or confusing types4 ,as already said1 the fourth one of the mentioned tasks is that of tracing1 if we can1 the blunder's deadly effects both in human history and in the present status of the world4 ,we have just reached the conclusion that this task cannot be fully performed2 for there can be no doubt1 as we have seen1 that1 if the blunder had not been committed and persisted in1 the world would now possess a civilization so far advanced1 so rich in the spiritual fruits of time and toil1 as to be utterly beyond our present power to conceive or imagine it4 ,but1 though we cannot perform the task fully1 our plight is far from hopeless4 ,the ,world ,war has goaded us into thinking as we never thought before4 ,it has constrained us to think of realities and especially to think of the supreme reality--the reality of ,man4 ,that is why the great ,catastrophe marks the close of humanity's childhood4 ,the period has been long and the manner of its end is memorable forever--a sudden1 flaming1 world-wide cataclysmic demonstration of fundamental ignorance--human ignorance of human nature4 ,it is just that tragic demonstration1 brutal as an earthquake1 pitiless as fate or famine1 that gives us ground for future hope4 ,it has forced us to think of realities and it is thought of reality that will heal the world4 ,and so ,i say that these days1 despite their fear and gloom1 are the beginning of a new order in human affairs--the order of permanent peace and swift advancement of human weal4 ,for we know at length what human beings are1 and the knowledge can be taught to men and women and children by home and school and church and press throughout the world2 we know at length1 and we can teach the world1 that man is neither an animal nor a miraculous mixture of angel and beast2 we know at length1 and we can teach1 that1 throughout the centuries1 these monstrous misconceptions have made countless millions mourn and that they are doing so to-day1 for1 though we cannot compute the good of which they have deprived mankind1 we can trace the dark ramifications of their positive evil in a thousand ways2 we know at length1 and we can teach1 that man1 though he is not an animal1 is a natural being1 having a definite place1 a rank of his own1 in the hierarchy of natural life2 we know at length1 and we can teach the world1 that what is characteristic of the human class of life--that which makes us human--is the power to create material and spiritual wealth--to beget the light of reasoned understanding--to produce civilization--it is the unique capacity of man for binding time1 uniting past1 present and future in a single growing reality charged at once with the surviving creations of the dead1 with the productive labor of the living1 with the rights and hopes of the yet unborn2 we know at length1 and we can teach1 that the natural rate of human progress is the rate of a swiftly increasing exponential function of time2 we know1 and we can teach1 that what is good in present civilization--all that is precious in it1 sacred and holy--is the fruit of the time-binding toil struggling blindly through the ages against the perpetual barrier of human ignorance of human nature2 we know at length1 we can teach1 and the world will understand1 that in proportion as we rid our ethics and social philosophy of monstrous misrepresentations of human nature1 the time-binding energies of humanity will advance civilization in accordance with their natural law ,,pr,t1 the forward-leaping function of time4 ,such knowledge and such teaching will inaugurate the period of humanity's manhood4 ,it can be made an endless period of rapid developments in ,true civilization4 ,all the developments must grow out of the true conception of human beings as constituting the time-binding class of life1 and so the work must begin with a campaign of education wide enough to embrace the world4 ,the cooperation of all educational agencies--the home1 the school1 the church1 the press--must be enlisted to make known the fundamental truth concerning the nature of man so that it shall become the guiding light and habit of men1 women1 and children everywhere4 ,gradual indeed but profound will be the transformations wrought in all the affairs of mankind1 but especially and first of all in the so-called arts and sciences of ethics1 economics1 politics and government4 ,the ethics of humanity's manhood will be neither 8animal0 ethics nor 8supernatural0 ethics4 ,it will be a natural ethics based upon a knowledge of the laws of human nature4 ,it will not be a branch of zoology1 the ethics of tooth and claw1 the ethics of profiteering1 the ethics of space-binding beasts fighting for 8a place in the sun40 ,it will be a branch of humanology1 a branch of ,human ,engineering2 it will be a time-binding ethics1 the ethics of the entirely natural civilization-producing energies of humanity4 ,whatever accords with the natural activity of those energies will be right and good2 whatever does not1 will be wrong and bad4 8,survival of the fittest0 in the sense of the strongest is a space-binding standard1 the ethical standard of beasts2 in the ethics of humanity's manhood survival of the fittest will mean survival of the best in competitions for excellence1 and excellence will mean time-binding excellence--excellence in the production and right use of material and spiritual wealth--excellence in science1 in art1 in wisdom1 in justice1 in promoting the weal and protecting the rights both of the living and of the unborn4 ,the ethics that arose in the dark period of humanity's childhood from the conception of human beings as mysterious unions of animality and divinity gave birth to two repulsive species of traffic--traffic in men regarded as animals1 fit to be slaves1 and traffic in the 8supernatural10 in the sale of indulgences in one form or another and the 8divine wisdom0 of ignorant priests4 ,it is needless to say that in the natural ethics of humanity's manhood those species of commerce will not be found4 ,and what shall we say in particular of economics1 of 8industry10 8business as usual10 and the 8finance0 of 8normalcy08 ,there lies before me an established handbook of ,corporation ,finance1 by ,mr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,mead1 ,ph4,d4 7,appleton1 ,n4 ,y471 whose purpose is not that of adverse criticism but is that of showing the generally accepted 8sound0 bases for prosperous business4 ,i can hardly do better than to ask the reader to ponder a few extracts from that work1 showing the established1 and amazing theories1 for then ,i have only to say that in the period of humanity's manhood the moral blindness of such 8principles10 their space-binding spirit of calculating selfishness and greed1 will be regarded with utter loathing as slavery is regarded to-day4 ,behold the picture3 8,since the bondholder is solely interested in the security of his principal1 and regular payment of his interest1 and since both security and interest depend upon the permanence of income1 other things being equal the companies with the most stable earnings or a market 444 furnish the best security for bonds4 ,stability of earnings depends upon 7#a7 the possession of a monopoly4444 ,monopoly is exclusive or dominant control over a market4 ,the more complete this control1 the more valuable is the monopoly4 ,the advantage of monopoly lies in the fact that the prices of services or commodities are controlled by the producers 7meaning owners--,author71 rather than by the consumer4444 ,monopolies are of various origins4 ,the most familiar are 7#a7 franchises1 the right to use public property for private purposes1 for example1 the furnishing of light1 water and transportation1 7#b7 control of sources of raw material 444 1 7#c7 patents1 444 7#d7 high cost of duplicating plant4444 ,in manufacturing industries1 for example1 those enterprises which produce raw materials and the necessities of life have a more stable demand4444 ,railroads furnish perhaps the best basis of bond issue because of the stability of the demand for the transportation service 444 the high cost of duplicating the railroad plant1 444 enables them to fix their rates on freight and passenger traffic4444 ,the security of the creditors is here the profitableness of the business which is carried on in the factory4 ,furthermore1 a business is not an aggregate of physical property but consists of physical property--buildings1 boilers1 machine tools--plus an industrial opportunity1 plus the organization and ability to operate business40 7,italics indicated by the author47 ,there we see the animal standards in their studied perfection4 ,comment would be superfluous4 ,in the period of humanity's manhood1 the so-called 8science0 of economics1 the 8dismal science0 of political economy1 will become a genuine science based upon the laws of the time-binding energies of humanity2 it will become the light of ,human ,engineering--promoter1 guardian1 and guide of human weal4 ,for it will discover1 and will teach that a human life1 a time-binding life1 is not merely a civilized life but a civilizing life2 it will know and will teach that a civilizing life is a life devoted to the production of potential and kinetic use-values--to the creation1 that is1 of material and spiritual wealth2 it will know and will teach that wealth--both material and spiritual wealth--is a natural phenomenon--offspring of the marriage of ,time and human ,toil2 it will know and will teach that the wealth in the world at any given moment is almost wholly the inherited fruit of time and the labor of the dead2 and so it will ask3 ,to whom does the inheritance rightly belong8 ,does it of right belong to ,smith and ,brown8 ,if so1 why8 ,or does it of right belong to man--to humanity8 ,if so1 why8 ,and what does 8humanity0 include8 ,only the living1 who are relatively few8 ,or both the living and unborn8 ,the ,economics of humanity's manhood will not only ask these questions but it will answer them and answer them aright4 ,in seeking the answers1 it will discover some obvious truths and many old words will acquire new meanings consistent with the time-binding nature of man4 ,it will discover and will teach that the time-binders of a given generation are posterity and ancestry at once--posterity of the dead1 ancestry of all the generations to come2 it will discover and will teach that in this time-binding double relationship uniting past and future in a single living growing ,reality1 are to be found the obligations of time-binding ethics and the seat of its authority2 economics will know and will teach that human posterity--time-binding posterity--can not inherit the fruits of time and dead men's toil as animals inherit the wild fruits of the earth1 to fight about them and to devour them1 but only as trustees for the generations to come2 it will know and will teach that capitalistic lust to keep for ,,self and 8proletarian0 lust to get for ,,self are both of them space-binding lust--animal lust--beneath the level of time-binding life4 ,the economics of humanity's manhood will know and will teach that the characteristic energies of man as man are by nature civilizing energies1 wealth-producing energies1 time-binding energies1 the peaceful energies of inventive mind1 of growing knowledge and understanding and skill and light2 it will know and will teach that these energies of existing men united with one billion six hundred million available 8sun-man0 powers united with the ten billion living 8man-powers of the dead10 if they be not wasted by ignorance and selfishness1 by conflict and competition characteristic of beasts1 are more than sufficient to produce a high order of increasing prosperity everywhere throughout the world2 in the period of its manhood economics will discover and will teach that to produce world prosperity1 cooperation--not the fighting of man against man--but the peaceful cooperation of all is both necessary and sufficient2 it will know and will teach that such cooperation demands scientific leadership and a common aim2 it will know1 however1 and will teach1 for the lesson of ,germany is plain1 that scientific knowledge and a common aim are not alone sufficient2 it will know and teach and all will understand that the common aim1 the unifying principle1 the basis of cooperation1 cannot be the welfare of a family nor that of a province or a state or a race1 but must be the welfare of all mankind1 the prosperity of humanity1 the weal of the world--the peaceful production of ,wealth without the destruction of ,war4 ,in humanity's manhood1 patriotism--the love of country--will not perish--far from it--it will grow to embrace the world1 for your country and mine will be the world4 ,your 8state0 and mine will be the ,human ,state--a ,cooperative ,commonwealth of ,man--a democracy in fact and not merely in name4 ,it will be a natural organic embodiment of the civilizing energies--the wealth-producing energies--characteristic of the human class of life4 ,its larger affairs will be guided by the science and art of ,human ,engineering--not by ignorant and grafting 8politicians0--but by scientific men1 by honest men who know4 ,is it a dream8 ,it is a dream1 but the dream will come true4 ,it is a scientific dream and science will make it a living reality4 ,how is the thing to be done8 ,no one can foresee all the details1 but in general outline the process is clear4 ,violence is to be avoided4 ,there must be a period of transition--a period of adjustment4 ,a natural first step would probably be the establishment of a new institution which might be called a ,dynamic ,department--,department of ,coordination or a ,department of ,cooperation--the name is of little importance1 but it would be the nucleus of the new civilization4 ,its functions would be those of encouraging1 helping and protecting the people in such cooperative enterprises as agriculture1 manufactures1 finance1 and distribution4 ,the ,department of ,cooperation should include various sections1 which might be as follows3 7#a7 ,the ,section of ,mathematical ,sociology or ,humanology3 composed of at least one sociologist1 one biologist1 one mechanical engineer1 and one mathematician4 ,their work would be the development of human engineering and mathematical sociology or humanology2 promoting the progress of science2 providing and supervising instruction in the theory of values and the rudiments of humanology for elementary schools and the public at large4 ,the members of the section would be selected by the appropriate scientific societies for a term fixed by the selectors4 7#b7 ,the ,section of ,mathematical ,legislation3 composed of 7say7 one lawyer1 one mathematician1 one mechanical engineer1 selected as above4 ,their task would be to recommend legislation1 to provide means for eliminating 8,legalism0 from the theory and practice of law1 and to bring jurisprudence into accord with the laws of time-binding human nature and the changing needs of human society4 ,their legislative proposals1 if ratified in a joint session of sections 7#a7 and 7#b71 would then be recommended to the appropriate legislative bodies4 7#c7 ,the ,educational ,section3 composed of two or three teachers1 one sociologist1 one mechanical engineer1 one mathematician1 selected as above4 ,they would elaborate educational projects and revise school methods and books2 their decisions being subject to the approval of the joint session of sections 7#a71 7#b71 and 7#c74 7#d7 ,the ,cooperative ,section3 composed of mechanical engineers1 chemical engineers1 production engineers1 expert bookkeepers1 accountants1 business managers1 lawyers and other specialists in their respective lines4 ,this section would be an 8,industrial ,red ,cross0 7,charles ,ferguson7 giving expert advice when asked for by any cooperative society4 7#e7 ,the ,cooperative ,banking ,section3 composed of financial experts1 sociologists1 and mathematicians2 its task being to help with expert advice new cooperative people's banks4 7#f7 ,the ,promoters' ,section3 composed of engineers whose duty would be to study all of the latest scientific facts1 collect data1 and elaborate plans4 ,those plans would be published1 and no private person1 but only cooperative societies1 would be permitted by law to use them4 ,the department would also study and give advice respecting the general conditions of the market and the needs in the various lines of production4 ,this section would regulate the duplication of production4 7#g7 ,the ,farming ,section3 composed of specialists in scientific and cooperative agriculture4 7#h7 ,the ,foreign ,section3 for inter-cooperative foreign relations4 7#i7 ,the ,commercial ,section4 7#aj7 ,the ,news ,section3 to edit a large daily paper giving true1 uncolored news with a special supplement relating to progress in the work of ,human ,engineering4 ,this paper would give daily news about the whole cooperative movement1 markets1 etc41 etc4 ,all men selected to the places for this work should be the very best men in the nation4 ,they should be well paid to enable them to give their full energy and time to their duties4 ,all the selections for this work should be made in the same manner as mentioned above--through proven merits not clever oratory4 ,such appointments should be considered the highest honor that a country can offer to its citizens4 ,every selection should be a demonstration that the person selected was a person of the highest attainments in the field of his work4 ,the outline of this plan is vague2 it aims merely at being suggestive4 ,its principal purpose is to accentuate the imperative necessity of establishing a national time-binding agency--a ,dynamic ,department for stimulating1 guiding and guarding the civilizing energies1 the wealth producing energies1 the time-binding energies1 in virtue of which human beings are human4 ,for then and only then human welfare1 unretarded by monstrous misconceptions of human nature1 by vicious ethics1 vicious economics and vicious politics1 will advance peacefully1 continuously1 and rapidly1 under the leadership of human engineering1 happily and without fear1 in accord with the exponential law--the natural law--of the time-binding energies of ,man4 ,chapter ,x4 ,conclusion 8,in ,europe we know that an age is dying4 ,here it would be easy to miss the signs of coming changes1 but ,i have little doubt that it will come4 ,a realization of the aimlessness of life lived to labor and to die1 having achieved nothing but avoidance of starvation1 and the birth of children also doomed to the weary treadmill1 has seized the minds of millions40 ,sir ,auckland ,geddes1 ,british ,ambassador to the ,u4 ,s4 #aibj4 ,in conclusion let me say very briefly1 as ,i said in the beginning1 that this little book has aimed to be only a sketch4 ,the ,problem of ,life is old4 ,i have endeavored to approach it afresh1 with a new method1 in a new spirit1 from a new point of view4 ,the literature of the subject is vast4 ,it displays great knowledge and skill4 ,much of it is fitted to inform and to inspire such as really read with a genuine desire to understand4 ,its weakness is due to the absence of a true conception of what human beings are4 ,that is what ,i miss in it and it is that lack of fundamental and central thought that ,i have striven to supply4 ,if ,i have succeeded in that1 ,i have no fear--all else will follow quickly1 inevitably1 as a matter of course4 ,for a fundamental conception1 once it is formed and expressed1 has a strange power--the power of enlisting the thought and cooperation of many minds4 ,and no conception can have greater power in our human world than a true conception of the nature of ,man4 ,for that most important of truths the times are ripe2 the world is filled with the saddest of memories1 with gloom1 forebodings and fear4 ,without the truth in this matter1 there can be no rational hope--history must go on in its dismal course2 but with the truth1 there is not only hope but certitude that the old order has passed and that humanity's manhood dates from the present day4 ,that ,i have here presented the truth in this matter--the true conception of the human class of life--,i have personally no doubt2 and ,i have no doubt that that conception is to be the base1 the guide1 the source of light1 of a new civilization4 ,whether ,i am mistaken or not1 time will decide4 ,i feel as ,buckle felt in writing his ,history of ,civilization3 8,whether or not ,i have effected anything of real value 444 is a question for competent judges to decide4 ,of this1 at least1 ,i feel certain1 that whatever imperfections may be observed1 the fault consists1 not in the method proposed1 but in the extreme difficulty of any single man putting into full operation all the parts of so vast a scheme4 ,it is on this point1 and on this alone1 that ,i feel the need of great indulgence4 ,but1 as to the plan itself1 ,i have no misgivings4 ,of defects in its execution ,i am not unconscious4 ,i can only plead the immensity of the subject1 the shortness of a single life and the imperfection of every single enterprise4 ,i1 therefore1 wish this work to be estimated1 not according to the finish of its separate parts1 but according to the way in which those parts have been fused into a complete and symmetrical whole4 ,this1 in an undertaking of such novelty and magnitude1 ,i have a right to expect1 and ,i would moreover1 add1 that if the reader has met with opinions adverse to his own1 he should remember1 that his views are1 perhaps1 the same as those which ,i too once held1 and which ,i have abandoned1 because1 after a wider range of study1 ,i found them unsupported by solid proof1 subversive of the interest of ,man1 and fatal to the progress of his knowledge4 ,to examine the notions in which we have been educated1 and to turn aside from those which will not bear the test1 is a task so painful1 that they who shrink from the sufferings should pause before they reproach those by whom the suffering is undergone4444 ,conclusions arrived at in this way are not to be overturned by stating that they endanger some other conclusions2 nor can they be even affected by allegation against their supposed tendency4 ,the principles which ,i advocate are based upon distinct arguments supported by well ascertained facts4 ,the only points1 therefore1 to be ascertained1 are1 whether the arguments are fair1 and whether the facts are certain4 ,if these two conditions have been obeyed1 the principles follow by an inevitable inference40 ,and why have ,i sought throughout to follow the spirit of mathematics8 ,because ,i have been dealing with ideas and have desired1 above all things else1 to be right and clear4 ,ideas have a character of their own--they are right or wrong independently of our hopes and passions and will4 ,in the connection of ideas there is an unbreakable thread of destiny4 ,that is why in his ,mathematical ,philosophy ,professor ,keyser has truly said3 8,mathematics is the study of ,fate--not fate in a physical sense1 but in the sense of the binding thread that connects thought with thought and conclusions with their premises4 ,where1 then1 is our freedom8 ,what do you love8 ,painting8 ,poetry8 ,music8 ,the muses are their fates4 ,whoso loves them is free4 ,logic is the muse of ,thought40 ,no doubt mathematics is truly impersonal in method2 too impersonal maybe to please the sentimentalists before they take the time to think2 mathematical analysis of life phenomena elevates our point of view above passion1 above selfishness in any form1 and1 therefore1 it is the only method which can tell us genuine truths about ourselves4 ,spinosa even in the #agth ,century had well realized this fact and although imperfect in many ways1 his was an effort in the right direction and this quoted conclusion may well be a conclusion for ourselves in the #bjth century3 8,the truth might forever have remained hid from the human race1 if mathematics1 which looks not to the final cause of figures1 but to their essential nature and the properties involved in it1 had not set another type of knowledge before them4444 ,when ,i turned my mind to this subject1 ,i did not propose to myself any novel or strange aim1 but simply to demonstrate by certain and indubitable reason1 those things which agree best with practice4 ,and in order that ,i might enquire into the matters of the science with the same freedom of mind with which we are wont to treat lines and surfaces in mathematics2 ,i determined not to laugh or to weep over the actions of men1 but simply to understand them2 and to contemplate their affections and passions1 such as love1 hate1 anger1 envy1 arrogance1 pity and all other disturbances of soul not as vices of human nature1 but as properties pertaining to it in the same way as heat1 cold1 storm1 thunder pertain to the nature of the atmosphere4 ,for these1 though troublesome1 are yet necessary1 and have certain causes through which we may come to understand them1 and thus1 by contemplating them in their truth1 gain for our minds much joy as by the knowledge of things that are pleasing to the senses40 ,if only this little book will initiate the scientific study of ,man1 ,i shall be happy2 for then we may confidently expect a science and art that will know how to direct the energies of man to the advancement of human weal4 ,what else8 ,many topics have not even been broached4 ,time-binding energy--what may it not achieve in course of the aeons to come8 ,what light may it not yet throw upon such fundamental phenomena as ,space1 ,time1 ,infinity1 and so on8 ,what1 if any1 are the limits of ,time-binding8 ,in it are somehow involved all the higher functions of mind4 ,is ,time identical with ,intelligence8 ,is either of them the other's cause8 ,is ,time in the ,cosmos or is the latter in the former8 ,is the ,cosmos intelligent8 ,many no doubt and marvelous are the fields which the scientific study of man will open for research4 ,appendix ,i4 ,mathematics ,and ,time-,binding ,the purpose of this appendix is to give an expression of some new ideas which evolve directly out of the fact that humans are time-binders and which may serve as suggestions for the foundation of scientific psychology4 ,the problem is of exceeding difficulty to give expression to in any form and therefore much more difficult to express in any exact or correct form1 and so ,i beg the reader's patience in regard to the language because some of the ideas are in themselves correct and sometimes very suggestive in spite of the language used4 ,i am particularly interested that mathematicians1 physicists and metaphysicians should read it carefully1 forgive me the form1 and look into the suggestions1 because scientific psychology if such a science is to exist1 would by necessity have to be a branch of physics4 ,i particularly beg the mathematicians and physicists not to discard this appendix with too hasty a judgment of 8,oh6 metaphysics10 and also the metaphysicians not to do the same with an equally hasty judgment 8,oh6 mathematics40 ,i hope that if this appendix is sympathetically understood1 mathematicians and physicists will be moved to investigate the problem4 ,if mathematicians and physicists would be more tolerant toward metaphysics and if metaphysicians would be moved to study mathematics1 both would find tremendous fields to work in4 ,some scientists are very pedantic and therefore intolerant in their pedantry and they may say 8the fellow should learn first how to express himself and then ask our attention40 ,my answer is that the problems involved are too pressing1 too vital1 too fundamental for humankind1 to permit me to delay for perhaps long years before ,i shall be able to present the subject in a correct and satisfactory form1 and also that the problems involved cover too vast a field for a single man to work it conclusively4 ,it seems best to give the new ideas to the public in a suggestive form so that many people may be led to work on them more fully4 ,the old word 8metaphysics0 is an illegitimate child of ignorance and an unnecessary word in the scientific study of nature4 ,every phenomenon of nature can be classed and studied in physics or chemistry or mathematics2 the problem1 therefore1 is not in any way supernatural or superphysical1 but belongs rather to an unknown or an undeveloped branch of physics4 ,the problem1 therefore1 may be not that of some new science1 but rather that of a new branch of mathematics1 or physics1 or chemistry1 etc41 or all combined4 ,it is pathetic that only after many aeons of human existence the dimensionality of man has been discovered and his proper status in nature has been given by the definition of 8time-binder40 ,the old metaphysics1 in spite of its being far from exact1 accomplished a great deal4 ,what prevented metaphysics from achieving more was its use of unmathematical method1 or1 to be more explicit1 its failure to understand the importance of dimensions4 ,metaphysics used words and conceptions of multi-dimensional meanings which of necessity resulted in hopeless confusion1 in 8a talking0 about words1 in mere verbalism4 ,an example will serve to make this clear4 ,if we were to speak of a cow1 a man1 an automobile1 and a locomotive as 8pullers10 and if we were not to use any other names in connection with them1 what would happen8 ,if we characterized these things or beings1 by one common characteristic1 namely1 8to pull10 havoc would be introduced into our conceptions and in practical life2 we would try to milk an automobile or we would try to extract gasoline from a cow1 or look for a screw in a man1 or we would speculate about any or all of these things4 ,too obviously nonsensical--but exactly the same thing happens1 in a much more subtle way1 when we use such words as 8life in a crystal0 or 8memory in animals02 we are thus mentally making a mistake no less nonsensical than the talk of 8milking an automobile0 would be4 ,laymen are baffled by the word dimension4 ,they imagine that dimensions are applicable only to space1 which is three dimensional1 but they are mistaken2 a moving object is four-dimensional--that is1 it has three dimensions as any object at rest1 but1 when the object is moving1 a fourth dimension is necessary to give its position at any one instant4 ,we see1 therefore1 that a moving body has four dimensions1 and so on4 ,as a matter of fact1 scientific psychology will very much need mathematics1 but a special humanized mathematics4 ,can this be produced8 ,it seems to me that it can4 ,it is a well known fact that experimental sciences bring us to face facts which require further theoretical elaboration2 in this way experimental sciences are a permanent source of inspiration to mathematicians because new facts bring about the need of new methods of analysis4 ,in this book a new and experimental fact has been disclosed and analysed4 ,it is the fact that humanity is a time-binding class of life where the time-binding capacity or the time-binding ,,energy is the highest function of humanity1 including all the so-called mental1 spiritual1 will1 etc41 powers4 ,in using the words mental1 spiritual1 and will powers1 ,i deliberately accept and use them in the popular1 ordinary sense without further analysing them4 ,once the word and concept ,time enters1 the ground for analysis and reasoning at once becomes very slippery4 ,mathematicians1 physicists1 etc41 may feel that the expression is just a 8well adapted one10 and they may not be very much inclined to look closer into it or attentively to analyse it4 ,theologians and metaphysicians probably will speculate a great deal about it vaguely1 with undefined terms and incoherent ideas with incoherent results2 which will not lead us toward a scientific or true solution1 but will keep us away from the discovery of truth4 ,in the meantime two facts remain facts3 namely1 mathematicians and physicists have almost all agreed with ,minkowski 8that space by itself and time by itself1 are mere shadows1 and only a kind of blend of the two exists in its own right40 ,the other fact--psychological fact--is that time exists psychologically by itself1 undefined and not understood4 ,one chief difficulty is always that humans have to sit in judgment upon their own case4 ,the psychological time as such1 is our own human time2 scientific time as such1 is also our own human time4 ,which one of them is the best concept--which one more nearly corresponds to the truth about 8time08 ,what is time 7if any7 anyway8 ,until now we have gone from 8,cosmos0 to 8,bios10 from 8,bios0 to 8,logos10 now we are confronted with the fact that 8,logos0--,intelligence--and ,time-binding are dangerously near to akin to each other1 or may be identical4 ,do we in this way approach or go back to 8,cosmos08 ,such are the crucial questions which arise out of this new concept of ,man4 ,one fact must be borne in mind1 that 8the principles of dynamics appeared first to us1 as experimental truths2 but we have been obliged to use them as definitions4 ,it is by definition that force is equal to the product of mass by acceleration1 or that action is equal to reaction40 7,the ,foundation of ,science1 by ,henri ,poincar72 and mathematics also has its whole foundation in a few axioms1 8self evident10 but psychological facts4 ,it must be noted that the time-binding energy--the higher or highest energies of man 7one of its branches anyway1 for sake of discrimination let us call it 8,m07 when it works properly1 that is1 mathematically1 does not work psychologically but works ,,abstractly3 the higher the abstraction the less there is of the psychological element and the more there is1 so to say1 of the pure1 impersonal time-binding energy 7,m74 ,the definition of a man as a time-binder--a definition based on facts--suggests many reflections4 ,one of them is the possibility that one of the functions of the time-binding energy in its pure form1 in the highest abstraction 7,m71 works automatically--machine-like1 as it were1 shaping correctly the product of its activity1 but whether truly is another matter4 ,mathematics does not presume that its conclusions are true1 but it does assert that its conclusions are correct2 that is the inestimable value of mathematics4 ,this becomes a very comprehensive fact if we approach and analyse the mathematical processes as some branch 7,m7 of the time-binding process1 which they are2 then this process at once becomes impersonal and cosmic1 because of the time-binding involved in it1 no matter what time is 7if there is such a thing as time74 ,is the succession of cosmos1 bios1 logos1 time-binding taking us right back to cosmos again8 ,now if we put psychological axioms into the time-binding apparatus1 it will thrash out the results correctly1 but whether the results are true is another question4 ,to be able to talk about these problems ,i have to introduce three new definitions1 which are introduced only for practical purposes4 ,it may happen that after some rewording these definitions may become scientific4 ,i will try to define 8truth0 and for this purpose ,i will divide the concept 8truth0 into three types3 7#a7 ,psychological1 or private1 or relative truth1 by which ,i will mean such conceptions of the truth as any one person possesses1 but different from other types of truth 7#a1 #b1 444 n7 7#b7 ,scientific truth 7s71 by which ,i will mean a psychological truth when it is approved by the time-binding faculties or apparatus in the present stage of our development4 ,this scientific truth represents the 8bound-up-time0 in our present knowledge2 and finally1 7#c7 ,the absolute truth1 which will be the final definition of a phenomenon based upon the final knowledge of primal causation valid in infinity4 ,for simplicity's sake ,i will use the signs #a1 #b1 444 n for the 8psychological10 8private10 or 8relative0 truths1 between which1 for the moment1 ,i will not discriminate4 s#a1 s#b1 444 sn1 will be used for scientific truths1 and finally infinity for the absolute truth valid in infinity4 ,to make it easier to explain1 ,i will illustrate the suggestions by an example4 ,let us suppose that the human time-binding capacities or energies in the organic chemistry correspond to radium in the inorganic chemistry2 being of course of different dimensions and of absolutely different character4 ,it may happen1 for it probably is so1 that the complex time-binding energy has many different stages of development and different kinds of 8rays0 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 444 ,m4444 ,let us suppose that the so-called mental capacities are the ,m rays of the time-binding energy2 the 8spiritual0 capacities1 the ,a rays2 the 8will0 powers1 the ,b rays2 and so on4 ,psychological truths will then be a function of all rays together1 namely ,a ,b ,c 444 ,m 444 or f 7,a ,b ,c 444 ,m 44471 the character of any 8truth0 in question will largely depend upon which of these elements prevail4 ,if it were possible to isolate completely from the other rays the 8mental0 process--the 8logos0--the ,m rays--and have a complete abstraction 7which in the present could only be in mathematics71 then the work of ,m could be compared to the work of an impersonal machine which always gives the same correctly shaped product no matter what is the material put into it4 ,it is a fact that mathematics is correct--impersonal--passionless4 ,again1 as a matter of fact1 all the basic axioms which underlie mathematics are psychological axioms2 therefore it may happen that these axioms are not of the infinity type but are of the f 7,a ,b ,c 4447 personal type and this may be why mathematics cannot account for psychological facts4 ,if psychology is to be an exact science it must be mathematical in principle4 ,and1 therefore1 mathematics must find a way to embrace psychology4 ,here ,i will endeavor to outline a way in which this can be done4 ,to express it correctly is more than difficult3 ,i beg the mathematical reader to tolerate the form and look for the sense or even the feelings in what ,i attempt to express4 ,to make it less shocking to the ear of the pure mathematician1 ,i will use for the 8infinitesimals0 the words 8very small numbers10 for the 8finite0 the words 8normal numbers0 and for the 8transfinite0 the words 8very great numbers40 ,instead of using the word 8number0 ,i will sometimes use the word 8magnitude0 and under the word 8infinity0 ,i will understand the meaning as 8limitless40 ,the base of the whole of mathematics or rather the starting point of mathematics was 8psychological truths10 axioms concerning normal numbers1 and magnitudes that were tangible for the senses4 ,here to my mind is to be found the kernel of the whole trouble4 ,the base of mathematics was f 7,a ,b ,c 444 ,m 44472 the work1 or the development1 of mathematics is f 7,m72 this is the reason for the 8ghosts0 in the background of mathematics4 ,the f 7,m7 evolved from this f 7,a ,b ,c 444 ,m 4447 base a wonderful abstract theory absolutely correct for the normal1 the very small1 and for the very great numbers4 ,but the rules which govern the small numbers1 the normal1 or psychological numbers1 and the great numbers1 are not the same4 ,as a matter of fact1 in the meantime1 the physical world1 the psychological world1 is composed exclusively of very great numbers and of very small magnitudes 7atoms1 electrons1 etc474 ,it seems to me that1 if we want really to understand the world and man1 we shall have to start from the beginning1 from #j1 then take the next very small number as the first finite or 8normal number02 then the old finites or the normal numbers would become very great numbers and the old very-great numbers would become the very great of the second order and so on4 ,such transposed mathematics would become psychological and philosophic mathematics and mathematical philosophy would become philosophic mathematics4 ,the immediate and most vital effect would be1 that the start would be made not somewhere in the middle of the magnitudes but from the beginning1 or from the limit 8zero10 from the 8#j0--;from the intrinsic 8to be or not to be0--and the next to it would be the very first small magnitude1 the physical and therefore psychological continuum 7,i use the words physical continuum in the way ,poincar used them7 would become a mathematical continuum in this new philosophic mathematics4 ,this new branch of philosophic1 psychological mathematics would be absolutely rigorous1 correct and true in addition to which1 maybe1 it would change or enlarge and make humanly tangible for the layman1 the concept of numbers1 continuum1 infinity1 space1 time and so on4 ,such a mathematics would be the mathematics for the time-binding psychology4 ,mathematical philosophy is the highest philosophy in existence2 nevertheless1 it could be changed to a still higher order in the way indicated here and become philosophic or psychological mathematics4 ,this new science1 of course1 would not change the ordinary mathematics for ordinary purposes4 ,it would be a special mathematics for the study of ,man dealing only with the 8natural finites0 7the old infinitesimals7 and great numbers of different orders 7including the normal numbers71 but starting from a real1 common base--from #j1 and next to it very small number1 which is a common tangible base for psychological as well as analytical truths4 ,this new philosophic mathematics would eliminate the concept of 8infinitesimals0 as such1 which is an artificial concept and is not as a concept an element of ,nature4 ,the so-called infinitesimals are ,nature's real1 natural finites4 ,in mathematics the infinitesimals were an analytical--an 8,m0--time-binding--necessity1 because of our starting point4 ,i repeat once again that this transposition of our starting point would not affect the normal mathematics for normal purposes2 it would build rather a new philosophic mathematics rigorously correct where analytical facts would be also psychological facts4 ,this new mathematics would not only give correct results but also true results4 ,keeping in mind both conceptions of time1 the scientific time and the psychological time1 we may see that the human capacity of 8,time-binding0 is a very practical one and that this time-binding faculty is a functional name and definition for what we broadly mean by human 8intelligence02 which makes it obvious that time 7in any understanding of the term7 is somehow very closely related to intelligence--the mental and spiritual activities of man4 ,all we know about 8time0 will explain to us a great deal about ,man1 and all we know about ,man will explain to us a great deal about time1 if we consider facts alone4 ,the 8ghosts0 in the background will rapidly vanish and become intelligible facts for philosophic mathematics4 ,the most vital importance1 nevertheless1 is that taking zero as the limit and the next to it very small magnitude for the real starting point1 it will give us a mathematical science from a natural base where correct formulas will be also true formulas and will correspond to psychological truths4 ,we have found that man is an exponential function where time enters as an exponent4 ,if we compare the formula for organic growth yekt1 with the formula 8,p ,r,t10 we see that they are of the same type and the law of organic growth applies to the human time-binding energy4 ,we see1 too1 that the time-binding energy is also 8alive0 and multiplying in larger and larger families4 ,the formula for the decomposing of radium is the same--only the exponent is negative instead of positive4 ,this fact is indeed very curious and suggestive4 ,procreation1 the organic growth1 is also some function of time4 ,i call 8time-linking0 for the sake of difference4 ,whether the energy of procreation or that of 8time-linking0 can be accounted for in units of chemical energy taken up in food1 ,i do not know4 ,not so with the mind--this 8time-binding10 higher exponential energy1 8able to direct basic powers40 ,if we analyse this energy1 free from any speculation1 we will find that this higher energy which is somehow directly connected with 8time0--no matter what time is--is able to produce1 by transformation or by drawing on other sources of energy1 new energies unknown to nature4 ,thus the solar energy transformed into coal is1 for instance1 transformed into the energy of the drive of a piston1 or the rotary energy in a steam engine1 and so on4 ,it is obvious that no amount of chemical energy in food can account for such an energy as the time-binding energy4 ,there is only one supposition left1 namely1 that the time-binding apparatus has a source for its tremendous energy in the transformation of organic atoms1 and--what is very characteristic--the results are time-binding energies4 ,this supposition is almost a certainty because it seems to be the only possible supposition to account for that energy4 ,this supposition1 which seems to be the only supposition1 would bring us to face striking facts1 namely1 the transformation of organic atoms1 which means a direct drawing upon the cosmic energy2 and this cosmic energy--time--and intelligence are somehow connected--if not indeed equivalent4 ,happily these things can be verified in scientific laboratories4 ,radium was discovered only a few years ago and is still very scarce1 but the results for science and life are already tremendous because scientific methods were applied in the understanding and use of it4 ,we did not use any zoological or theological methods1 but just direct1 correct and scientific methods4 ,there is no scarcity in 8human radium10 but1 to my knowledge1 physicists have never attempted to study this energy from that point of view4 ,i am confident that1 if once they start1 there will be results in which all the so-called 8supernatural1 spiritual1 psychic0 phenomena1 such as are not fakes1 will become scientifically understood and will be consciously utilized4 ,now they are mostly wasted or only played with4 ,it may happen that the science of ,man--as the science of time-binding--will disclose to us the inner and final secrets--the final truth--of nature1 valid in infinity4 ,it is very difficult to give in such a book as this an adequate list of the literature which may help to orient the reader in a general way in the great advance science has made in the last few years4 ,this book is a pioneer book in its own way1 and so there are no books dealing directly with its subject4 ,there are two branches of science and one art which are fundamental for the further development of the subject2 these two sciences are 7#a7 ,mathematical philosophy and 7#b7 ,scientific biology1 the art is the art of creative engineering4 ,in mathematical philosophy there are to my knowledge only four great mathematical writers who treat the subject as a distinct science4 ,they are two ,english scientists1 ,bertrand ,russell and ,a4 ,n4 ,whitehead2 one ,frenchman1 ,henri ,poincar 7deceased72 and one ,american1 ,professor ,c4 ,j4 ,keyser4 ,messrs4 ,russell and ,whitehead approach the problems from a purely logical point of view and therein lies the peculiar value of their work4 ,henri ,poincar was a physicist 7as well as a mathematician7 and1 therefore1 approaches the problems somewhat from a physicist's point of view1 a circumstance giving his philosophy its particular value4 ,professor ,keyser approaches the problems from both the logical and the warmly human points of view2 in this is the great human and practical value of his work4 ,these four scientists are unique in their respective elaborations and elucidations of mathematical philosophy4 ,it is not for me to advise the reader what selections to make1 for if a thorough knowledge of the subject is desired the reader should read all these books1 but not all readers are willing to make that effort toward clear thinking 7which in the meantime will remain of the highest importance in science74 ,some readers will wish to select for themselves and to facilitate their selection ,i will lay out a 8,menu0 of this intellectual feast by giving in some cases the chapter heads4 ,for many temporary reasons ,i was not able1 before going into print1 to give a fuller list of the writings of those four unique men2 but there is no stroke of their pen but which should be read with great attention--besides which there is a very valuable literature about their work4 7#a7 ,the purely mathematical foundation3 ,,russell1 ,,bertrand4 8,the ,principles of ,mathematics40 ,cambridge ,university1 #aijc4 7,i am not giving any selections from the contents of this book because this book should1 without doubt1 be read by every one interested in mathematical philosophy47 8,the ,problems of ,philosophy40 ,h4 ,holt ,co41 ,n4 ,y41 #aiab4 8,our ,knowledge of the ,external ,world1 as a ,field for ,scientific ,method in ,philosophy40 ,chicago1 #aiad4 8,introduction to ,mathematical ,philosophy40 ,macmillan1 ,n4 ,y4 ,selection from contents3 ,definition of number4 ,the ,definition of order4 ,kinds of relations4 ,infinite cardinal numbers4 ,infinite series and ordinals4 ,limits and continuity4 ,the axiom of infinity and logical types4 ,classes4 ,mathematics and logic4 8,mysticism and ,logic40 ,longmans ,green ,co4 #aiai4 ,n4 ,y4 ,selection from contents3 ,mathematics and the metaphysicians4 ,on scientific method in philosophy4 ,the ultimate constituents of matter4 ,on the notion of cause4 ,,whitehead1 ,,alfred ,n4 8,an ,introduction to ,mathematics40 ,henry ,holt ,co4 #aiaa4 ,n4 ,y4 8,the ,organization of ,thought ,educational and ,scientific40 ,london1 #aiag4 ,selections from contents3 ,the principles of mathematics in relation to elementary teaching4 ,the organization of thought4 ,the anatomy of some scientific ideas4 ,space1 time1 and relativity4 8,an ,enquiry ,concerning the ,principles of ,natural ,knowledge40 ,cambridge1 #aiai4 ,selection from contents3 ,the traditions of science4 ,the data of science4 ,the method of extensive abstraction4 ,the theory of objects4 8,the ,concept of ,nature40 ,cambridge1 #aibj4 ,selection from contents3 ,nature and thought4 ,time4 ,the method of extensive abstraction4 ,space and motion4 ,objects4 ,the ultimate physical concepts4 8,principia ,mathematica40 ,by ,a4 ,n4 ,whitehead and ,bertrand ,russell4 ,cambridge1 #aiaj-aiac4 ,this monumental work stands alone4 8,as a work of constructive criticism it has never been surpassed4 ,to every one and especially to philosophers and men of natural science1 it is an amazing revelation of how the familiar terms with which they deal plunge their roots far into the darkness beneath the surface of common sense4 ,it is a noble monument to the critical spirit of science and to the idealism of our time40 8,human ,worth of ,rigorous ,thinking40 ,c4 ,j4 ,keyser4 7#b7 ,the physicist's point of view3 ,,poincar1 ,,henri4 8,the ,foundations of ,science40 ,the ,science ,press1 ,n4 ,y41 #aiac4 ,selection from contents3 ,science and hypothesis4 ,number and magnitude4 ,space4 ,force4 ,nature4 ,,ii4 ,the value of science4 ,the mathematical sciences4 ,the physical sciences4 ,the objective value of science4 ,,iii4 ,science and method4 ,science and the scientist4 ,mathematical reasoning4 ,the new mechanics4 ,astronomic science4 7#c7 ,the human1 civilizing1 practical life1 point of view3 ,,keyser1 ,,cassius ,j4 8,science and ,religion3 ,the ,rational and the ,super-rational40 ,the ,yale ,university ,press4 8,the ,new ,infinity and the ,old ,theology40 ,the ,yale ,university ,press4 8,the ,human ,worth of ,rigorous ,thinking40 ,essays and ,addresses4 ,columbia ,university ,press1 #aiaf4 ,selection from contents3 ,the human worth of rigorous thinking4 ,the human significance of mathematics4 ,the walls of the world2 or concerning the figure and the dimensions of the ,universe of space4 ,the universe and beyond4 ,the existence of the hypercosmic4 ,the axiom of infinity3 ,a new presupposition of thought4 ,research in ,american ,universities4 ,mathematical productivity in the ,united ,states4 8,mathematical ,philosophy1 the ,study of ,fate and ,freedom4 ,lectures for ,educated ,laymen40 ,forthcoming ,book4 ,selection from contents of general interest3 ,the mathematical obligations of philosophy4 ,humanistic and industrial education4 ,logic the muse of thought4 ,radiant aspects of an over-world4--,verifiers and falsifiers4 ,significance and nonsense4--,distinction of logical and psychological4 ,a diamond test of harmony4--,distinction of doctrine and method4--,theoretical and practical doubt4--,mathematical philosophy in the rle of critic4 ,a world uncriticised--the garden of the devil4 8,supersimian0 ,wisdom4 ,autonomous truth and autonomous falsehood4 ,other ,varieties of truth and untruth4 ,mathematics as the study of fate and freedom4 ,the prototype of reasoned discourse often disguised as in the ,declaration of ,independence1 the ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 the ,origin of ,species1 the ,sermon on the ,mount4--,nature of mathematical transformation4 ,no transformation1 no thinking4 ,transformation law essentially psychological1 ,relation function and transformation as three aspects of one thing4 ,its study1 the common enterprise of science4 ,the static and the dynamic worlds4 ,the problem of time and kindred problems4 ,importation of time and suppression of time as the classic devices of sciences4--,the nature of invariance4 ,the ages-old problem of permanence and change4 ,the quest of what abides in a fluctuant world as the binding thread of human history4 ,the tie of comradeship among the enterprises of human spirit4--,the concept of a group4 ,the notion simply exemplified in many fields1 is 8,mind0 a group4 ,the philosophy of the cosmic year4--,limits and limit processes omnipresent as ideals and idealization1 in all thought and human aspiration4 ,ideals the flint of reality4--,mathematical infinity1 its dynamic and static aspects4 ,need of history of the ,imperious concept4 ,the rle of infinity in a mighty poem4--,meaning of dimensionality4 ,distinction of imagination and conception4 ,logical existence and sensuous existence4 ,open avenues to unimaginable worlds4--,the theory of logical types4 ,a supreme application of it to definition of man1 and the science of human welfare4--,the psychology of mathematics and the mathematics of psychology4 ,both of them in their infancy4 ,consequent retardation of science4 ,the symmetry of thought4 ,the asymmetry of imagination4--,science and engineering4 ,science as engineering in preparation4 ,engineering as science in action4 ,mathematics the guide of the engineer4 ,engineering the guide of humanity4 ,humanity the civilizing or ,time-,binding class of life4 ,qualities essential to engineering leadership4 ,the ethics of the art4 ,the engineer as educator1 as scientist1 as philosopher1 as psychologist1 as economist1 as statesman1 as mathematical thinker--as a ,man4 ,appendix ,,ii4 ,biology ,and ,time-,binding ,the life of one man is short1 and to very few is it given to achieve much in their lifetime4 ,extensive achievements are made almost entirely by many men taking up the work done by a discoverer4 ,in such a case1 we arrive at a complete 8truth10 not by the production of one man but by a chain of men1 but the initial discovery not only has to be produced but correctly defined before it can be used and that is the important point to be made4 ,what we do not realize is the tremendous amount of mental work that is lost by an incorrect use of words4 ,human thought--that unique1 subtle and yet most energetic phenomenon of nature--is in the main wantonly wasted1 because we do not use1 or take pains to use1 suitable language2 at the same time1 false definitions lead to consequences not merely wasteful but positively harmful4 ,when ideas and facts are falsely defined1 they tend to bring us to false conclusions1 and false conclusions lead us in wrong directions1 and life and knowledge greatly suffer in consequence4 ,our progress is not a well ordered pursuit after truth1 as pure chance plays too large a part in it4 ,until lately1 logic was supposed to be the science of correct thinking1 but modern thought has progressed so far that the old logic is not able to handle the great accumulated volume--the great complicated mass of existing ideas and facts--and so we are forced to look for another instrument much more expedient and powerful4 ,there is no need to establish a new science to replace logic2 we simply have to look closer into the sciences at hand and realize the fact1 which was with us all the time1 namely1 that mathematics and mathematical reasoning is nothing else than the true logic of nature--nature's universal tongue--the one means of expression that is the same for all peoples4 ,this is not a play on words1 it is a fact which1 after investigation1 everybody must admit4 ,everybody who wants to think logically must think mathematically or give up any pretense of correct thinking--there is no escape and all who refuse to investigate the justice of this statement put themselves outside the pale of logically thinking people4 ,the application of rigorous thinking to life will even revolutionize scientific methods by the introduction of right definitions1 correct classifications1 just language1 and so will lead to trustworthy results4 ,very probably all our doctrines and creeds will have to be revised2 some rejected1 some rectified1 some broadened2 bringing about unanimity of all sciences and thus greatly increasing their effectiveness in the pursuit of truth4 ,this application of mathematics to life will even revolutionize mathematics itself4 ,in ,app4 ,i it is suggested tentatively how this may be accomplished4 ,as the seemingly ultimate and highest experimentally known energy is the human time-binding energy1 this new concept may lead to a change in our present concepts of matter1 space and time1 in much the same way as the discovery of radium has affected them4 ,this problem can be solved only by scientific experiments with the time-binding energy4 ,in many1 even in most1 of the cases1 the analysis of these phenomena presents great technical difficulty1 but why confuse our minds by being afraid of1 or being a slave of words8 ,if instead of calling wine wine1 we called it by its chemical formula1 would this1 in any way1 change the quality of wine8 ,of course not4 ,all the 8qualities0 will remain because they are facts1 and cannot be altered by words4 ,a most pathetic picture of the havoc and chaos which wrong use of words brings into life and science is exhibited in all fields of thought by the endless and bitter fighting over words not well defined4 ,mathematics has been able to make its most stupendous achievements because of its method of exact analysis of the continuum1 dimensions1 classes1 relations1 functions1 transfinite numbers1 etc41 and also of space and time4 ,hitherto1 not all of these conceptions in their sharply defined form have had direct application to our daily life or to our world conception4 ,the thoughts expressed in ,app4 ,i may suggest this 8missing link0--connecting mathematics more intimately with life4 ,modern science knows that all energies can be somehow transformed from one kind to another and that all of them represent one type of energetic phenomena1 no matter what is the origin of each4 ,for example1 a galvanic or chemical battery produces the same kind of electricity as the mechanical process of friction or the interaction of cosmic laws as in the dynamo4 ,in some instances1 when our systems are suitably adjusted1 the transformations are reversible1 that is1 the energy results in a chemical process--an accumulator2 the chemical process results in electricity--the galvanic battery2 motion results in electricity--the dynamo2 electricity results in motion--the electric motor2 etc4 ,we know all energies are somehow related to each other1 in that their transformation is possible4 ,the effects produced by the same type of energy are absolutely the same--no matter what its origin4 ,the marvel of an electric lamp is the same marvel1 whether the origin of the electricity be chemical1 mechanical or cosmic as in the dynamo4 ,the experiments in scientific biology have proved this to be true in living organisms and just this is the tremendous importance of the discoveries in scientific biology4 ,light and other energies react on organisms in the same way as the chemical reactions and these phenomena are reversible4 ,more than that1 living complex organisms have been produced which grew to maturity through a chemical or mechanical treatment of the egg1 and this has been accomplished in the infancy of scientific biology6 7,see ,the ,organisms as a ,whole1 by ,jacques ,loeb47 ,all phenomena in nature are natural and should be approached as such4 ,the human mind is at least an energy which can direct other energies2 it is incorrect and misleading to call it supernatural4 ,it is of course true that we do not fully understand the nature of the human mind and we shall learn to understand it when and only when we acquire sense enough to recognize it as natural4 ,if we persist in saying and believing that the 8spiritual evidences cannot be explained on a material base10 this statement should be equally applicable to electricity or radium4 ,if this statement is false for these phenomena1 it is equally false for the mind or the so-called spiritual and will powers4 ,the scientific understanding of these phenomena will not 8degrade0 these phenomena1 because that cannot be done4 ,facts remain facts and no scientific explanation of a phenomenon can lower or degrade that which is a fact4 ,electricity is electricity and nothing else1 no matter what its origin2 human time-binding energies 7embracing all faculties7 are the highest of the known energies--equally magnificent and astonishing--no matter what the base2 and the scientific understanding of them will only add to our respect for them and for ourselves2 it will unmistakably help us to develop them indefinitely by mathematical analysis4 ,the base is not the phenomenon--sulphuric acid and zinc are not electricity2 time-binding energies are not a pound of beefsteak1 although a pound of beefsteak may help to save life and be therefore instrumental in the production of a poem or of a sonata2 but by no means can a beefsteak be taken for either of them4 ,i have attempted1 with some measure of success ,i trust1 to solve these problems in science and life2 the results are astonishing1 as they lead us to a much higher and more embracing ethics than society has ever had4 ,by this analysis ,i prove that the understanding of this most stupendous but ,,natural phenomenon of human life brings us to the scientifical source of ethics and ,i prove that the so-called 8highest ideals of humanity0 have nothing of 8sentimentalism0 or of the 8supernatural0 in them1 but are exclusively the fulfilment of the natural laws for the human class of life4 ,the recognition of the fact that the phenomena of the human mind are natural and as such conform to natural law has the further advantage over the 8supernatural0 attitude in that we can no more evade a law of human nature than the law of gravity2 in other words1 human ethics will have the validity of natural law4 ,with the supernatural attitude1 it was simple enough to avoid the issues of life1 by a simple statement--8,i do not believe0--and that was enough to break all bonds and be free from the 8supernatural morale0--but to get away from the 8natural morale0 and remain ,,human is ,,impossible4 ,whereas1 with an artificially formulated morale it was easy enough to break away by a simple mental speculation1 and feel perfectly satisfied as long as one escaped the jail2 with a morale made clear that it is a ,,natural ,,law for the human class of life1 the curtain of sophistry and speculation is removed and everyone who breaks away from the ,,natural ,,laws ,,for ,,humans1 ,,will ,,know ,,by ,,himself1 ,,that ,,he ,,is ,,outside ,,the ,,law--,,for ,,humans4 ,engineers are not metaphysicians1 their field is not one of clever argument but one of proved facts2 their work is not to befog the air with cloudy expressions or sophistry1 but to create2 their method is scientific and their tool is mathematics4 ,it is known that in remote antiquity1 in some temples electrical phenomena were known and were used to keep the ignorant masses in awe and obedience4 ,shall we follow the methods used by those magicians or shall we squarely face facts8 ,shall we look upon life1 and the usually so-called mental1 spiritual phenomena1 etc41 as supernatural1 simply because we do not understand them8 ,it seems evident that everything which exists in nature1 is natural1 no matter how simple or complicated a phenomenon it is2 and on no occasion can the so-called 8supernatural0 be anything else than a completely natural law1 though it may1 at the moment1 be above or beyond our present understanding4 ,the attitude of mind which admits the supernatural blinds and frustrates any analysis or any attempt at analysis4 ,the unprejudiced analysis of the so-called 8supernatural0 does not alter any part of the strange and high functions of it4 ,the phenomena of the human time-binding energy are and will remain the most precious1 subtle and highest of known functions1 no matter what the origin4 ,facts may not be denied or falsified if analysis is to arrive at correct conclusions4 ,the high dimensionality of the human mind1 the so-called spiritual and will powers1 are facts and must be accepted as such4 ,it is about time to establish an exact science to deal with them4 ,the problems of animal life were approached without prejudice1 no supernatural 8spark0 was bothering us in our analysis--an animal was an animal and nothing else--we did not intermix dimensions1 therefore we see that the 8social structure0 of the animals on a farm never breaks down as they are managed on a scientific base with an understanding of their proper standards4 ,animals to-day live more happily than man4 ,we don't allow animals to practice the 8survival of the fittest10 or 8competition10 which is far too destructive4 ,our present social system imposes these disastrous methods upon man alone1 and the result is that the hideous proverb 8,homo homini lupus0 has become true4 ,in modern science facts are not wanting1 we have first but to know them4 ,if we take1 for example1 sulphuric acid and zinc and make what we call a galvanic battery1 we see that from two chemical substances a third--a salt--is made in addition to which we have a peculiar energy produced called electricity4 ,who does not know the marvelous properties of this phenomenon8 ,scientific biology has made tremendous progress lately2 engineers cannot afford to ignore the facts established in laboratory researches4 ,the problem of 8life0 and of other energies1 hitherto considered 8supernatural10 is well in hand1 and proves to be none the less astonishing though entirely natural4 ,a number of scientists all over the world are working at this problem and the scientific facts which they have established1 and which cannot now be denied1 belong to-day to the realm of practical life4 ,engineers1 of course1 have to know these facts2 mathematicians have to establish correct dimensions in the study of all the sciences and people will have to study mathematical philosophy2 only then can the process of integration in any phase of thought be made without mistakes4 ,there is no escape from that1 if truth is what we really want4 ,but here one objection may be raised1 an objection which for some is a serious one indeed2 namely1 what will take the place of the old philosophy1 law and ethics1 if human life is nothing else than a physico-chemical process8 ,to quote ,doctor ,jacques ,loeb from his ,mechanistic ,conception of ,life3 8,if on the basis of a serious survey1 this question 7that all life phenomena can be unequivocally explained in physico-chemical terms--,author7 can be answered in the affirmative1 our social and ethical life will have to be put on a scientific basis and our rules of conduct must be brought into harmony with the results of scientific biology4 ,not only is the mechanistic conception of life compatible with ethics1 it seems the only conception of life which can lead to an understanding of the source of ethics40 ,i hope to have proved in this book that scientific ethics is based on natural laws for the human class of life2 that it is based on the experimentally proved fact that ,man is a ,time-binder1 naturally active as such in time2 and that this concept or definition of ,man is rigorously scientific and accounts for the highest functions of man--the highest of the mental and spiritual perfections--without the need of any 8supernatural0 hypothesis4 ,scientific biology proves the fact that life and all of its phenomena are the results of some special physico-chemical processes1 which manifest themselves in some peculiar energies1 of which the human mind is the highest known form4 ,these processes are known to be reversible1 in that some of these peculiar energies cause physico-chemical changes in their own base2 the process involved ,i propose to call biolysis1 as ,i propose to call biolyte the substances produced4 ,these phenomena have a parallel analogy in inorganic chemistry--in electricity--the difference being only in the scale or dimension4 ,when an electric current is passed through a special battery called an accumulator or reversible battery1 chemical changes occur1 in that new compounds are formed which possess a reversible capacity2 namely1 in reproducing the former materials--that is1 electricity is generated4 ,this process of forming chemical substances by the passing of an electrical current is called electrolysis and the product so produced is called electrolyte4 ,at the same time it is a known fact that organic chemistry is infinitely more complicated and variable than inorganic chemistry4 ,the energy produced by the reactions of some organic chemical groups are1 therefore1 of a more complicated character and of another dimension4 ,one of these energies of organic chemistry which lately has come into the scope of scientific analysis is called life--its physico-chemical base is the protoplasm1 which result ,i call the 8time-linking0 capacity or energy4 ,this name is important for the consequences it will bring about later on4 ,the time-binding capacity or energy of man 7no matter what time is--if it is71 which is unique to man1 is a most subtle complex2 it is the highest known energy and probably has many subdivisions4 ,ears are sensitive to the vibration of the air4 ,eyes are sensitive to the more subtle vibrations of light2 in a similar way1 the time-binding apparatus is sensitive to the most subtle energies2 besides which it has the capacity to register not only all of our sensations but also the time-binding energies of other people2 and it apparently has the capacity to register the energies of the universe4 ,here again we see the same continuity of phenomena2 the protoplasm as a complex organic physico-chemical unit which has the peculiarity to 8live10 to grow and multiply 8autonomously0 and this same autonomous peculiarity applies to the time-binding energy2 it grows and multiplies 8autonomously0 in its own dimension4 ,the time-binding energy is a complex radiating energy somewhat like the emanations of radium and it probably also has many different subdivisions4 ,note that the transformation of the atom or the transformation of radio-active substances after passing different stages1 is not complete but probably ends in lead1 whereas the transformation which occurs in the production of the time-binding energy probably is complete or nearly complete and is that which ,i call the time-binding energy4 7,see ,app4 ,i47 ,all the higher characteristics of man which it is customary to call the 8mental1 spiritual and will powers10 etc41 are embraced in this exact definition of energy--in the capacity of time-binding4 ,a diagram will better explain the continuity1 evolution and mechanism of this time-binding energy4 ,a series of circles1 connected by lines1 the leftmost circle being ,c#a1 then next ,c#b1 and so on to ,c#g4 ,the first is connected to the second by line ,t#a1 the second to the third by ,t#b1 etc4 ,each circle after the first has within it an energy indication1 ,e#a1 ,e#b1 etc4 ,biology and ,time-,binding4 ,c#a is the physico-chemical base 7for simplicity ,i represent the whole complex as one base7 of the human time-binding energy4 ,t#a is the thought produced by a physico-chemical process 7corresponding1 for illustration's sake only1 to electricity produced by a galvanic battery74 ,the thought ,t#a in turn produces a physico-chemical effect ,e#a on the base ,c#a 7corresponding for the same reason to electrolysis and electrolyte in electricity74 ,c#a and ,e#a combined1 or ,c#b produces ,t#b which again in turn affects the base and produces a physico-chemical effect ,e#b1 this new combination produces the energy ,t#c1 and so on 444 theoretically without limits1 as long as there is any source of energy upon which this special energy can draw4 ,this theory which ,i call the 8spiral theory0 represents a suggestive working mechanism of the time-binding energy and is in accord with the latest scientific discoveries4 ,it explains the processes of all the mental and so-called spiritual energies which have been such a puzzle to humanity1 and it also explains other phenomena which1 until now1 have had no scientific explanation whatever4 ,the animals are not time-binding1 they have not the capacity of the 8spiral02 therefore1 they have not autonomous progress4 ,at the same time1 it will be obvious that if we teach humans false ideas1 we affect their time-binding capacities and energies very seriously1 by affecting in a wrong way the physico-chemical base4 ,this energy is so peculiar that it embraces1 if ,i may use the old expression1 the highest ideals 7when the time-binding energy is unobstructed and is allowed to work normally71 and also the most criminal ideas 7when the time-binding energy is obstructed by false teachings and in consequence works abnormally74 ,we cannot make animals moral or immoral because they have not this time-binding capacity4 ,whereas human progress can be very seriously affected by false ideas2 in other words1 the biolyte of false teachings in the animal dimension must be very different from the biolyte of true ideas in the human dimension4 ,nature or nature's laws happily cannot be completely deviated from or violated--the time-binding energy cannot be completely suppressed in the time-binding class of life4 ,the false teachings that we are animals and essentially brutal and selfish can1 of course1 degrade human nature not only down to the animal level but lower still4 ,happily now science can explain and prove how fundamentally fiendish in effect are these teachings in the life and progress of human beings4 ,it will be a shock to those who teach1 preach and practice animal standards and in the same breath contradict themselves in any talking about 8immortality0 and 8salvation02 a little thought makes it perfectly clear that 8animal standards0 and 8salvation0 or 8immortality0 simply exclude each other4 ,with the natural law of time-binding realized1 the way is open to entering scientifically upon the problem of immortality4 ,the time-binding energies as well as 8life0 follow the same type of exponential function4 8,the constant synthesis then of specific material from simple compounds of a non-specific character is the chief feature by which living matter differs from non-living matter4444 ,this problem of synthesis leads to the assumption of immortality of the living cell1 since there is no a priori reason why this synthesis should ever come to a standstill of its own accord as long as enough food is available and the proper outside physical conditions are guaranteed4444 ,the idea that the body cells are naturally immortal and die only if exposed to extreme injuries such as prolonged lack of oxygen or too high a temperature helps to make one problem more intelligible4 ,the medical student1 who for the first time realizes that life depends upon that one organ1 the heart1 doing its duty incessantly for the seventy years or so allotted to man1 is amazed at the precariousness of our existence4 ,it seems indeed uncanny that so delicate a mechanism should function so regularly for so many years4 ,the mysticism connected with this and other phenomena of adaptation would disappear if we would be certain that all cells are really immortal and that the fact which demands an explanation is not the continued activity but the cessation of activity in death4 ,thus we see that the idea of the immortality of the body cell if it can be generalized may be destined to become one of the main supports for a complete physico-chemical analysis of life phenomena since it makes the durability of organisms intelligible44440 7,the ,organism as a ,whole1 by ,jacques ,loeb47 ,the outlook for those who live and profess selfish1 greedy1 8space-binding animal standards0 is not very promising as disclosed by the 8spiral10 but unhappily we cannot help them2 only time-binding--only fulfilling the natural laws for humans--can give them the full benefit of their natural capacities by which they will be able to raise themselves above animals and their fate4 ,the results obtained in scientific biological researches are growing very rapidly and every advance in their knowledge proves this theory to be true4 ,if they differ in a few instances it is not because the principles of this theory are wrong1 but because they intermix dimensions and use words not sufficiently defined which always results in confusion and the checking of the progress of science4 ,most of the problems touched upon in this appendix from a mathematical point of view are based upon laboratory facts4 ,we have only to collect them and there is little need of imagination to see their general bearing4 ,since we have discovered the fact that ,man is a time-binder 7no matter what time is7 and have introduced the sense of dimensionality into the study of life phenomena in general1 a great many facts which were not clear before become very clear now4 ,i wrote this book on a farm without any books at hand and ,i had been out of touch with the progress of science for the five years spent in the war service and war duties4 ,my friend ,dr4 ,grove-,korski1 formerly at ,berkeley ,university1 drew my attention particularly to the books of ,dr4 ,jacques ,loeb4 ,i found there a treasury of laboratory facts which illustrate as nothing better could1 the correctness of my theory4 ,i found with deep satisfaction that the new 8scientific biology0 is scientific because it has used mathematical methods with notable regard to dimensionality--they do not 8milk an automobile40 ,for the mathematician and the engineer1 the 8tropism theory of animal conduct10 founded by ,dr4 ,j4 ,loeb1 is of the greatest interest1 because this is a theory which analyses the functions and reactions of an organism as a whole and therefore there is no chance for confusion of ideas or the intermixing of dimensions4 8,physiologists have long been in the habit of studying not the reactions of the whole organism but the reactions of isolated segments2 the so-called reflexes4 ,while it may seem justifiable to construct the reactions of the organism as a whole from the individual reflexes1 such an attempt is in reality doomed to failure1 since the reactions produced in an isolated element cannot be counted upon to occur when the same element is part of the whole1 on account of the mutual inhibitions which the different parts of the organism produce upon each other when in organic connection2 and it is1 therefore1 impossible to express the conduct of a whole animal as the algebraic sum of the reflexes of its isolated segments4444 ,it would1 therefore1 be a misconception to speak of tropism as of reflexes1 since tropisms are reactions of the organism as a whole1 while reflexes are reactions of isolated segments4 ,reflexes and tropisms agree1 however1 in one respect1 inasmuch as both are obviously of a purely physico-chemical character40 ,forced ,movements--,tropism and ,animal ,conduct4 ,by ,jacques ,loeb4 ,i will quote here only a very few passages1 but these books are of such importance that every mathematician and engineer should read them4 ,they are1 if ,i may say so1 a 8mathematical biology0--the survey of a life long study of 8tropisms10 which is the name given to express 8forced movements0 in organisms4 ,they give the quintessence of laboratory experiments as to what are the effects of different energies such as light 7heliotropism71 electricity 7galvanotropism71 gravity 7geotropism71 etc41 in their reaction and influence upon the movements and actions of living organisms4 ,these experiments are conclusive and the conclusions arrived at cannot be overlooked or evaded4 ,the tremendous practical results of such scientific methods are based upon two principles1 namely3 that1 7#a7 the scientists must think mathematically1 their studies of the phenomena must be in 8systems0 as a complex whole1 and they must not intermix dimensions2 7#b7 they must see the danger and not be afraid of old words with wrong meanings1 but must use clear and rigorous thinking to eliminate the prejudices in science--the poison of metaphysical speculating with words1 or verbalism4 ,these books give ample proofs of how misleading and obscuring are the words used and how basically wrong are the conclusions arrived at by such scientists as still persist in using the anthropomorphic or teleological methods of analysis4 ,if a sceptical or doubtful reader is interested to see an ample proof of how deadly is the effect which an incorrect or unmathematical manner of thinking brings into science and life--he also may be referred to these books4 ,the following quotations prove biologically that man is of a totally different dimension--a totally different being than an animal4 ,from ,dr4 ,conklin ,i quote only from his ,heredity and ,environment and to save a repetition of the title of the book1 ,i will indicate the quotations by using only his name4 7,all italics are indicated by ,a4 ,k47 8,it would be of the greatest importance to show directly that the homologous proteins of different species are different4 ,this has been done for hemoglobins of the blood by ,reichert and ,brown1 who have shown by crystallographic measurements that the hemoglobins of any species are definite substances for that species4444 ,the following sentences by ,reichert and ,brown seem to indicate that this may be true for the crystals of hemoglobin4 #8,the hemoglobins of any species are different substances for that species4 ,but upon comparing the corresponding substances hemoglobins in different species of a genus it is generally found that they differ the one from the other to a greater or less degree2 the differences being such that when complete crystallographic data are available the different species can be distinguished by these differences in their hemoglobins'4444 ,the facts thus far reported imply the suggestion that heredity of the genus is determined by the proteins of a definite constitution differing from the proteins of other genera4 ,this constitution of the proteins would therefore be responsible for the genus heredity4 ,the different species of a genus have all the same genus proteins1 but the proteins of each species of the same genus are apparently different again in chemical constitution and hence they may give rise to the specific biological or immunity reactions40 ,the ,organism as a ,whole1 by ,jacques ,loeb4 8,all peculiarities which are characteristic of a race1 species1 genus1 order1 class and phylum are of course inherited1 otherwise there would be no constant characteristics of these groups and no possibility of classifying organisms4 ,the chief characters of every living thing are unalterably fixed by heredity4 ,men do not gather grapes of thorns nor figs of thistles4 ,every living thing produces off-spring after its own kind1 ,men1 horses1 cattle2 birds1 reptiles1 fishes2 insects1 mollusks1 worms2 polyps1 sponges1 micro-organisms1--all of the million known species of animals and plants differ from one another because of inherited peculiarities1 because they have come from different kinds of germ cells40 ,conklin4 8,the entire organism consisting of structures and functions1 body and mind1 develops out of the germ1 and the organization of the germ determines all the possibilities of development of the mind no less than of the body1 though the actual realization of any possibility is dependent also upon environmental stimuli40444 ,conklin4 8,the development of the mind parallels that of the body2 whatever the ultimate relation of the mind and body may be1 there can be no reasonable doubt that the two develop together from the germ4 ,it is a curious fact that many people who are seriously disturbed by scientific teaching as to the evolution or gradual development of the human race accept with equanimity the universal observation as to the development of the human individual1--mind as well as body4 ,the animal ancestry of the race is surely no more disturbing to philosophical or religious beliefs than the germinal origin of the individual1 and yet the latter is a fact of universal observation which cannot be relegated to the domain of hypothesis or theory1 and which can not be successfully denied4444 ,now we know that the child comes from the germ cells which are not made by the bodies of the parents but have arisen by the division of the antecedent germ cell4 ,every cell comes from a pre-existing cell by a process of division1 and every germ cell comes from a pre-existing germ cell4 ,consequently it is not possible to hold1 that the body generates germ cells1 nor that the soul generates souls4 ,the only possible scientific position is that the mind or soul as well as the body develops from the germ4 8,no fact in human experience is more certain than that the mind develops by gradual and natural processes from a simple condition which can scarcely be called mind at all2 no fact in human experience is fraught with greater practical and philosophical significance than this1 and yet no fact is more generally disregarded40 ,conklin4 8,doubtless the elements of which consciousness develops are present in the germ cells1 in the same sense that the elements of the other psychic processes or of the organs of the body are there present2 not as a miniature of the adult condition1 but rather in the form of elements or factors1 which by long series of combinations and transformations1 due to interactions with one another and with the environment1 give rise to the fully developed condition4444 ,it is an interesting fact that in man1 and in several other animals which may be assumed to have a sense of identity1 the nerve cells1 especially those of the brain1 cease dividing at an early age1 and these identical cells persist throughout the remainder of life40444 8,the hen does not produce the egg1 but the egg produces the hen and also other eggs4 ,individual traits are not transmitted from the hen to the egg1 but they develop out of germinal factors which are carried along from cell to cell1 and from generation to generation44440 8,the germ is the undeveloped organism which forms the bond between successive generations2 the person is the developed organism which arises from the germ under the influence of environmental conditions1 the person develops and dies in each generation2 the germ-plasm is the continuous stream of living substance which connects all generations4 ,the person nourishes and protects the germ1 and in this sense the person is merely the carrier of the germ-plasm1 the mortal trustee of an immortal substance40 ,conklin4 ,this is what ,i call 8time-linking40 7,author47 8,through intelligence and social cooperation he is able to control environment for particular ends1 in a manner quite impossible in other organisms4444 ,other animals develop much more rapidly than man but that development sooner comes to an end4 ,the children of lower races of man develop more rapidly than those of higher races but in such cases they also cease to develop at an earlier age4 ,the prolongation of the period of infancy and of immaturity in the human race greatly increases the importance of environment and training as factors of development40 ,conklin4 ,another sidelight given on the 8,spiral theory40 7,author47 8,in education also we are strangely blind to proper aims and methods4 ,any education is bad which leads to the formation of habits of idleness1 carelessness1 failure1 instead of habits of industry1 thoroughness and success4 ,any religious or social institution is bad which leads to habits of pious make-believe1 insincerity1 slavish regard for authority and disregard for evidence1 instead of habits of sincerity1 open-mindedness and independence44440 8,all that man now is he has come to be without conscious human guidance4 ,if evolution has progressed from the amoeba to man without human interference1 if the great progress from ape-like men to the most highly civilized races has taken place without conscious human control1 the question may well be asked3 ,is it possible to improve on the natural method of evolution8 ,it may not be possible to improve on the method of evolution and yet by intelligent action it may be possible to facilitate that method4 ,man can not change a single law of nature but he can put himself into such relations to natural laws that he can profit by them40 ,conklin4 ,this proves the great importance of ,,knowing ,,the ,,natural ,,laws for the human class of life1 and making natural time-binding impulses conscious1 for then only will the spiral give a logarithmical accumulation of the right kind1 otherwise the biolyte will be 8animal0 in substance as well as in effect4 ,here it is immaterial how the first 8time-binder0 was produced2 the fact that he is of another dimension is of the greatest importance4 8,from sands to stars1 from the immensity of the universe to the minuteness of the electron1 in living things no less than in lifeless ones1 science recognizes everywhere the inevitable sequence of cause and effect1 the universality of natural processes1 the reign of natural law4 ,man also is a part of ,nature1 a part of the great mechanism of the universe1 and all that he is and does is limited and prescribed by laws of nature4 ,every human being comes into existence by a process of development1 every step of which is determined by antecedent causes4444 ,our anatomical1 physiological1 psychological possibilities were predetermined in the germ cells from which we came44440 ,conklin4 ,this shows the importance of keeping the study of humans in their own dimensionality1 and also the importance of finding the ,,impersonal ,,natural ,,laws for the human class of life4 ,now it can be realized that all the so-called human ideals are none else than the ever growing fulfillment of the ,,natural 8,,time-,,binding0 ,,laws4 ,this understanding will enable man to discover new 8time-binding0 laws for their conduct1 their business relations1 their state1 which will not be a contradiction of the real1 ,,natural ,,laws but will be in accord with them2 then and only then human progress will have a chance to develop peacefully4 8,adult characteristics are potential and not actual in the germ1 and their actual appearance depends upon many complicated reactions of the germinal units with one another and with the environment4 ,in short1 our actual personalities are not predetermined in the germ cells1 but our possible personalities are4444 ,the influence of environment upon the minds and morals of men is especially great4 ,to a large extent our habits1 words1 thoughts2 our aspirations1 ideals1 satisfactions2 our responsibility1 morality1 religion are the results of the environment and education of our early years44440 8,owing to this vastly greater power of memory1 reflection and inhibition man is much freer than any other animal4 ,animals which learn little from experience have little freedom and the more they learn the freer they become44440 ,conklin4 ,it may be added here that the 8spiral theory0 explains how our reactions can be accelerated and elaborated by ourselves1 and how truly we are the masters of our destinies4 8,because we can find no place in our philosophy and logic for self determination shall we cease to be scientists and close our eyes to the evidence8 ,the first duty of science is to appeal to fact and to settle later with logic and philosophy44440 ,conklin4 ,there will be no difficulty in the settlement of facts with the new philosophy of 8,human ,engineering40 8,the analysis of instinct from a purely physiological point of view ultimately furnishes the data for a scientific ethics4 ,human happiness is based upon the possibility of a natural and harmonious satisfaction of the instincts4444 ,it is rather remarkable that we should still be under the influence of an ethics which considers the human instincts in themselves low and their gratification vicious4 ,that such an ethics must have had a comforting effect upon the orientals1 whose instincts were inhibited or warped through the combined effects of an enervating climate1 despotism and miserable economic conditions is intelligible1 and it is perhaps due to a continuation of the unsatisfactory economic conditions that this ethics still prevails to some extent4444 ,lawyers1 criminologists and philosophers frequently imagine that only want makes man work4 ,this is an erroneous view4 ,we are instinctively forced to be active in the same way as ants or bees4 ,the instinct of workmanship would be the greatest source of happiness if it were not for the fact that our present social and economic organization allows only a few to satisfy this instinct4 ,robert ,mayer has pointed out that any successful display or setting free of energy is a source of pleasure to us4 ,this is the reason why the satisfaction of the instinct of workmanship is of such importance in the economy of life1 for the play and learning of the child1 as well as for the scientists or commercial work of the man4444 ,we can vary at will the instincts of animals4 ,a number of marine animals 444 go away from the light1 can be forced to go to light in two ways1 first by lowering the temperature and second by increasing the concentration of the sea water1 whereby the cells of the animals lose water4 ,this instinct can be again reversed by raising the temperature or by lowering the concentration of the sea water4 ,i have found repeatedly that by the same conditions by which phenomena of growth and organization can be controlled the instincts are controlled also4 ,this indicates that there is a common basis for both classes of life phenomena4 ,this common base is the physical and chemical character of the mixture of substances which we call protoplasm4444 ,the greatest happiness in life can be obtained only if all instincts1 that of workmanship included1 can be maintained at a certain optimal intensity4 ,but while it is certain that the individual can ruin or diminish the value of its life by a onesided development of its instincts1 e4g41 dissipation1 it is at the same time true that the economic and social conditions can ruin or diminish the value of life for a great number of individuals4 ,it is no doubt true that in our present social and economic conditions more than ninety per cent of human beings lead an existence whose value is far below what it should be4 ,they are compelled by want to sacrifice a number of instincts especially the most valuable among them1 that of workmanship1 in order to save the lowest and most imperative1 that of eating4 ,if those who amass immense fortunes could possibly intensify their lives with their abundance1 it might perhaps be rational to let many suffer in order to have a few cases of true happiness4 ,but for an increase of happiness only that amount of money is of service which can be used for the harmonious development and satisfaction of inherited instincts4 ,for this1 comparatively little is necessary4 ,the rest is of no more use to a man than the surplus of oxygen in the atmosphere4 ,as a matter of fact1 the only true satisfaction a multimillionaire can possibly get from increasing his fortunes1 is the satisfaction of the instinct of workmanship or the pleasure that is connected with a successful display of energy4 ,the scientist gets this satisfaction without diminishing the value of life of his fellow being1 and the same should be true for the business man4444 ,although we recognize no metaphysical free-will1 we do not deny personal responsibility4 ,we can fill the memory of the young generation with such associations as will prevent wrong doing or dissipation4444 ,cruelty in the penal code and the tendency to exaggerate punishment are sure signs of a low civilization and of an imperfect educational system4444 ,it seems to me that we can no more expect to unravel the mechanism of associative memory by histological or morphological methods than we can expect to unravel the dynamics of electrical phenomena by microscopic study of cross-sections through a telegraph wire or by counting and locating the telephone connections in a big city4 ,if we are anxious to develop a dynamic of the various life-phenomena1 we must remember that the colloidal substances are the machines which produce the life phenomena1 but the physics of these substances is still a science of the future4444 ,physiology gives us no answer to the latter question4 ,the idea of specific energy has always been regarded as the terminus for the investigation of the sense organs4 ,mach expressed the opinion that chemical conditions lie at the foundation of sensation in general44440 ,comparative ,physiology of the ,brain1 by ,jacques ,loeb4 ,here it may be added that the 8,instinct of ,workmanship0 in the animal class1 becomes in the time-binding class of life the instinct of creation1 and is nothing else than the expression of the natural impulse of the 8,time-binding0 energy4 ,in the present social and economic system very few have a possibility to satisfy this instinct2 scientific management is or may be satisfying the animal instinct of workmanship1 but it is not satisfactory to the instinct of creation4 8,time-binding0 in its last analysis is creation and only such a social and economic system as will satisfy this want--this natural impulse--will satisfy ,humans--the 8,time-binders0--and will bring about their fullest growth in work and happiness4 8,,laws ,,of ,,growth0 7from ,unified ,mathematics1 by ,louis ,c4 ,karpinski1 ,ph4,d474 8,compound interest function4--,the function ,s ,p7#a i7n is of fundamental importance in other fields than in finance4 ,thus the growth of timber of a large forest tract may be expressed as a function of this kind1 the assumption being that in a large tract the rate of growth may be taken as uniform from year to year4 ,in the case of bacteria growing under ideal conditions in a culture1 i4e4 with unlimited food supplied1 the increase in the number of bacteria per second is proportional to the number of bacteria present at the beginning of that second4 ,any function in which the rate of change or rate of growth at any instant t is directly proportional to the value of the function at the instant t obeys what has been termed the #8law of organic growth1' and may be expressed by the equation1 y cekt1 wherein c and k are constants determined by the physical facts involved1 and e is a constant of nature analogous to 4 ,the constant k is the proportionality constant and is negative when the quantity in question decreases2 c is commonly positive2 e #b4agh4444 8,the values of the function of x1 cekx1 increase according to the terms of a geometrical progression as the variable x increases in arithmetical progression4444 8,the most immediate application of a function in which the growth is proportional to the function itself is to the air4 ,the decrease in the pressure of the air at the distance h above the earth's surface is proportional to h4 8,the expression ,p #gfj e-h_/#giij gives the numerical value of the pressure in millimeters of mercury for h measured in meters4 ,the negative exponent indicates that the pressure decreases as h increases4 ,in inches as units of length of the mercury column1 h in feet1 ,p #bi4ib;e-h_/#bfbjj ,this is known as ,halley's law4 8,the growth of bean plants within limited intervals and the growth of children1 again between quite restricted limits1 follow approximately the law of organic growth4 ,radium in decomposing follows the same law2 the rate of decrease at any instant being proportional to the quantity4 ,in the case of vibrating bodies1 like a pendulum1 the rate of decrease of the amplitude follows this law2 similarly in the case of a noise dying down and in certain electrical phenomena1 the rate of decrease is proportional at any instant to the value of the function at the instant4444 8,the ,curve of ,healing of a ,wound4--,closely allied to the formulas expressing the law of organic growth1 y ekt1 and the law of #8organic decay1' y e-kt1 is a recently discovered law which connects algebraically by an equation and graphically by a curve1 the surface-area of a wound1 with time expressed in days1 measured from the time when the wound is aseptic or sterile4 ,when this aseptic condition is reached1 by washing and flushing continually with antiseptic solutions1 two observations at an interval commonly of four days give the #8index of the individual1' and this index1 and the two measurements of area of the wound-surface1 enable the physician-scientist to determine the normal progress of the wound-surface1 the expected decrease in area1 for this wound-surface of this individual4 ,the area of the wound is traced carefully on transparent paper1 and then computed by using a mathematical machine1 called a planimeter1 which measures areas4 8,the areas of the wound are plotted as ordinates with the respective times of observation measured in days as abscissas4 ,after each observation and computation of area the point so obtained is plotted to the same axes as the graph which gives the ideal or prophetic curve of healing4 8,when the observed area is found markedly greater than that determined by the ideal curve1 the indication is that there is still infection in the wound4444 ,a rather surprising and unexplained situation occurs frequently when the wound-surface heals more rapidly than the ideal curve would indicate2 in this event secondary ulcers develop which bring the curve back to normal4444 8,this application of mathematics to medicine is largely due to ,dr4 ,alexis ,carrel of the ,rockefeller ,institute of ,medical ,research4 ,he noted that the larger the wound-surface1 the more rapidly it healed1 and that the rate of healing seemed to be proportional to the area4 ,this proportionality constant is not the same for all values of the surface or we would have an equation of the form1 ,s ,s#a;e-kt in which ,s1 is the area at the time that the wound is rendered sterile and observations to be plotted really begin4444 8,the data given are taken from the ,journal of ,experimental ,medicine1 reprints kindly furnished by ,major ,george ,a4 ,stewart of the ,rockefeller ,institute4 ,the diagrams are reproduced from the issue of ,feb4 #a1 #aiah1 pp4 #aga and #agb1 article by ,dr4 ,t4 ,tuffier and ,r4 ,desmarres1 ,auxiliary ,hospital #ge1 ,paris4444 ,a graph1 showing the progress of healing of a surface wound of the right leg of a #ca-year-old patient4 ,it shows that as time passes1 the wounded area decreases4 ,progress of healing of a surface wound of the right leg1 patient's age #ca years4 8,,wave ,,motion4 ,general4--,in nature there are two types of recurrent motion1 somewhat closely connected mathematically1 in which repetition of motion occurs at regular intervals4 8,one type of this motion1 in cycles as we may say1 repeats the motion in one place1 and is in a sense stationary4 ,the tuning fork in motion moves through the same space again and again2 a similar movement is the motion of a vibrating string4 ,of this stationary type may be mentioned the heartbeats1 the pulse1 the respiration1 the tides1 and the rotation of a wheel about its axis4 8,the second type of recurrent motion transmits or carries the vibratory impulse over an extent of space as well as time4 ,the waves of the sea are of this character4 ,sound waves1 electrical vibrations or waves1 and radiant energy vibrations are transmitted by a process similar to that by which the waves of the sea are carried4 8,both of these types of motion are representable mathematically by equations involving a sequence of trigonometric functions4 ,to the fundamental and basic function involved1 y sin x1 we will direct our attention in the next section and to simple applications in other sections of this chapter4444 8,sound ,waves4--,if a tuning fork for note lower ,c is set to vibrating1 the free bar makes #abi complete1 back-and-forth1 vibrations in one second4 ,by attaching a fine point to the end of the bar and moving under this bar at a uniform rate1 as it vibrates1 a smoke-blackened paper1 a sinusoidal curve is traced on the paper4 ,our curve is traced by a bar vibrating #ej times in #a second4 ,a graph1 showing a wavy line4 8,tuning fork vibrations recorded on smoked paper40 ,tuning fork vibrations recorded on smoked paper4 8,corresponding to each movement of the vibrating rod there is a movement of the air4 ,as the bar moves to the right it compresses the layer of air to its right and that compression is immediately communicated to the layer of air to the right2 as the bar moves back and to the left1 the pressure on the adjacent air is released and a rarefaction takes place4 ,in #a_/ej of #a second you have the air adjacent to the rod compressed1 back to normal1 and rarefied2 during this time the neighboring air is affected and the compression is communicated a distance which is the wave length of this given sound wave4 ,in #a second this disturbance is transmitted #aajj feet at #dd ,fahrenheit4 ,the wave length for this sound wave then is #aajj_/ej #bb feet4 8,the wave length is commonly designated by 4 ,if ,v is the velocity1 and t the time of one vibration1 ,vt40 ,a graph1 showing five wavy lines1 labeled 8a01 8ou01 8r01 8,e01 and 8a04 8,vibration records produced by the voice3 #8a' as in #8ate'2 #8ou' as in #8about'2 #8r' in #8relay'2 #8e' in #8be'2 and #8a' in #8father'4 ,the tuning fork record1 frequency #ej per second1 gives the vibration frequencies40 8,vibration records produced by the voice3 #8a' as in #8ate'2 #8ou' as in #8about'2 #8r' in #8relay'2 #8e' in #8be'2 and #8a' in #8father'4 ,the tuning fork record1 frequency #ej per second1 gives the vibration frequencies40 ,this last drawing may help to visualize the fact in what manner wrong expressions and untrue teachings hamper the true progress of humanity4 ,every word has its energy and produces some physico-chemical effects in the time-binding apparatus in accord with the idea which we associate with the sound of the word4 ,if we teach ideas which are untrue1 then the physico-chemical effects produced are not proper--in other words the human mind does ,,not ,,work ,,properly1 that is1 it does not work naturally or normally or true to the human dimension4 ,there is every reason why the standards in our civilization are so low1 because we have 8poisoned10 in a literal sense of the word1 our minds with the physico-chemical effects of wrong ideas4 ,this correct ,,natural ,,approach to the 8,time-binding0 energies will make it obvious how unmeasured is the importance of the manner in which we handle this subtle mechanism1 as the poisoning with wrong ideas or with careless or incorrect words does not in any way differ in consequences from poisoning with any other stupor-producing or wrongly stimulating poison4 ,monographs on ,experimental ,biology and ,physiology ,,loeb1 ,j43 8,comparative ,physiology of the ,brain and ,comparative ,psychology40 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 ,,loeb1 ,j43 8,studies in ,general ,physiology40 ,chicago1 #aije4 ,,loeb1 ,j43 8,the ,dynamics of ,living ,matter40 ,new ,york1 #aijf4 ,,loeb1 ,j43 8,the ,mechanistic ,conception of ,life40 ,chicago1 #aiab4 ,selection from contents3 ,i4 ,the ,mechanistic ,conception of ,life4 ,,ii4 ,the ,significance of ,tropisms for ,psychology4 ,,iii4 ,some ,fundamental ,facts and ,conceptions concerning the ,comparative ,physiology of the ,central ,nervous ,system4 ,,iv4 ,pattern ,adaptation of ,fishes and the ,mechanism of ,vision4 ,v4 ,on ,some ,facts and ,principles of ,physiological ,morphology4 ,,vi4 ,on the ,nature of the ,process of ,fertilization4 ,,vii4 ,on the ,nature of ,formative ,stipulation 7,artificial ,parthenogenesis74 ,,viii4 ,the ,prevention of the ,death of the ,egg through the ,act of ,fertilization4 ,,ix4 ,the ,rle of ,salts in the ,preservation of ,life4 ,x4 ,experimental ,study of the ,influence of ,environment on ,animals4 ,,loeb1 ,j43 ,the ,organism as a ,whole4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,new ,york1 #aiaf4 ,selection from contents3 ,i4 ,introductory ,remarks4 ,,ii4 ,the ,specific ,difference between ,living and ,dead ,matter and the ,question of the ,origin of ,life4 ,,iii4 ,the ,chemical ,basis of ,genus and ,species3 #a4 ,the ,incompatibility of ,species not ,closely ,related4 #b4 ,the ,chemical basis of ,genus and ,species and of ,species ,specificity4 ,,iv4 ,specificity in ,fertilization4 ,v4 ,artificial ,parthenogenesis4 ,,vi4 ,determinism in the ,formation of an ,organism from an ,egg4 ,,vii4 ,regeneration4 ,,viii4 ,determination of ,sex1 ,secondary ,sexual ,characters and ,sexual ,instincts3 #a4 ,the ,cytological ,basis of ,sex ,determination4 #b4 ,the ,physiological ,basis of ,sex ,determination4 ,,ix4 ,mendelian ,heredity and its ,mechanism4 ,x4 ,animal ,instincts and ,tropisms4 ,,xi4 ,the ,influence of ,environment4 ,,xii4 ,adaptation to ,environment4 ,,xiii4 ,evolution4 ,,xiv4 ,death and ,dissolution of the ,organism4 ,,loeb1 ,j43 8,forced ,movements1 ,tropisms1 and ,animal ,conduct40 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott1 ,philadelphia1 #aiah4 ,selection from contents3 ,i4 ,introduction4 ,,ii4 ,the ,symmetry ,relations of the ,animal ,body as the ,starting ,point for the ,theory of ,animal ,conduct4 ,,iii4 ,forced ,movements4 ,,iv4 ,galvanotropism4 ,v4 ,heliotropism4 ,the ,influence of ,one ,source of ,light4 #a4 ,general ,facts4 #b4 ,direct ,proof of the ,muscle ,tension ,theory of ,heliotropism in ,motile ,animals4 #c4 ,heliotropism of ,unicellular ,organisms4 #d4 ,heliotropism of ,sessile ,animals4 ,,vi4 ,an ,artificial ,heliotropic ,machine4 ,,vii4 ,asymmetrical ,animals4 ,,viii4 ,two ,sources of ,light of ,different ,intensity4 ,,ix4 ,the ,validity of the ,bunsen-,roscoe ,law for the ,heliotropic ,reactions of ,animals and ,plants4 ,x4 ,the ,effect of ,rapid ,changes in ,intensity of ,light4 ,,xi4 ,the ,relative ,heliotropic ,efficiency of ,light of ,different ,wave ,lengths4 ,,xii4 ,change in the ,sense of ,heliotropism4 ,,xiii4 ,geotropism4 ,,xiv4 ,forced ,movements ,caused by ,moving ,retina ,images3 ,rheotropism3 ,anemotropism4 ,,xv4 ,stereotropism4 ,,xvi4 ,chemotropism4 ,,xvii4 ,thermotropism4 ,,xviii4 ,instincts4 ,,xix4 ,memory ,images and ,tropisms4 ,a list of #eed books on this subject1 in which any reader interested will find a vast storehouse of exact knowledge in this line4 ,author4 ,,conklin1 ,,edwin ,,grant3 8,heredity and ,environment in the ,development of ,men40 ,princeton ,university ,press1 #aiae4 ,selection from contents3 ,i4 ,facts and ,factors of ,development4 ,introduction4 ,a4 ,phenomena of ,development4 ,b4 ,factors of ,development4 ,,ii4 ,cellular ,basis of ,heredity and ,development4 ,a4 ,introductory4 ,b4 ,the ,germ ,cells4 ,c4 ,the ,mechanism of ,heredity4 ,d4 ,the ,mechanism of ,development4 ,,iii4 ,phenomena of ,inheritance4 ,a4 ,observations on ,inheritance4 ,b4 ,statistical ,study of ,inheritance4 ,c4 ,experimental ,study of ,inheritance4 ,,iv4 ,influence of ,environment4 ,a4 ,relative ,importance of ,heredity and ,environment4 ,b4 ,experimental ,modifications of ,development4 ,c4 ,functional ,activity as a ,factor of ,development4 ,d4 ,inheritance or ,non-inheritance of ,acquired ,characters4 ,e4 ,applications to ,human ,development3 ,euthenics4 ,v4 ,control of ,heredity3 ,eugenics4 ,a4 ,domesticated ,animals and ,cultivated ,plants4 ,b4 ,control of ,human ,heredity4 ,,vi4 ,genetics and ,ethics4 ,glossary of books on this subject2 for those who desire to be more fully acquainted with the subjects of heredity and development4 ,author4 ,,morgan1 ,t4 ,h41 8,physical ,basis of ,heredity40 ,,east1 ,e4 ,m41 and ,,jones1 ,d4 ,f41 8,inbreeding and ,outbreeding10 etc4 ,,parker1 ,g4 ,h41 8,the ,elementary ,nervous ,system40 ,,harvey1 ,e4 ,n41 8,the ,nature of ,animal ,light40 ,appendix ,,iii4 ,engineering ,and ,time-,binding ,the ,arts of ,engineering1 by their very nature1 are derived from the work of dead men and destined to serve not only the present but the future4 ,they are freer than any other human activity from the errors of intermixing dimensions and from the fallacy of belief in individualistic accomplishment and pride4 ,the simple steel structure of a bridge1 familiar to us in every day life1 is a clear reminder to us all of the arts of ,hephstus and the bound-up knowledge of countless generations of smiths and mechanics1 metallurgists and chemists1 mathematicians and builders1 teachers and engineers who toiled for many thousands of years to make possible the riveted steel beams which are the elements of modern structure4 ,these structures do not collapse unless the natural laws for their construction are transgressed2 which seldom happens--for no one is entrusted with the work unless he has bound up in his knowledge the accumulated experience of the past2 yet the transgressors of these natural laws are punished with all the severity of the common law4 ,when a bridge is opened and tested1 the written laws in some countries and the unwritten in others1 and the pride and the sense of responsibility of the designer and builder of the bridge demand that he1 the creator of the bridge1 be the first to enter it and the last to leave it2 and should the bridge collapse1 he has to take the immediate consequences of his neglect of the time-binding laws4 ,rarely are the affairs of engineering done with the entirely selfish motive of merely acquiring immediate selfish gain1 for even when this could be traced--this unworthy thought disappears in the halo of the glory of the accomplishment4 ,mr4 ,eiffel did not erect his tower to haunt ,paris with the sight of a steel skeleton towering over the city of daring thoughts4 ,his tower stands to-day as a mechanical proof of mathematical formulas proving the possibility of erecting tall1 self-supporting structures and thereby serving future humanity4 ,the ,time-binding capacity of humans creates and formulates new values for the service of mankind4 ,again1 no student of the ,arts of ,engineering could ever forget himself to the point of claiming his accomplishments1 no matter how marvelous1 all to himself4 ,no wondrous discovery of modern electricity1 not even the talking from one hemisphere to another1 is rightly the accomplishment of any one man1 for the origin of the discovery can be traced at least as far back as the days of that barefooted shepherd boy ,magnus1 who first observed the phenomena of magnetism4 ,in an attempt to trace and evaluate the time-binding faculties manifested in the ,arts of ,engineering1 one is at once astonished1 and bewildered1 at the confusion and contradictions unrealized in the mass of evidence1 and how pathetic and deplorable is the sight of hundreds of thousands of workers in the field of engineering toil and creation who unconsciously submit to the degradation1 in silent consent1 of seeing their marvelous collective achievements chained to space-binding aims4 ,upon the completion of this book ,i was astonished that there are such a small number of engineers who have the intuitive feeling of the greatness of the assets at their command and of the gravity of their liabilities concerning affairs of humanity4 ,i was eager to have my book read and analysed by a few leading engineers4 ,the late ,h4 ,l4 ,gantt being no more with us1 ,i then turned to ,walter ,n4 ,polakov1 ,doctor of ,engineering2 ,industrial ,counselor2 ,chairman of ,committee on ,service and ,information1 ,fuels ,section1 ,a4,s4,m4,e41 and ,robert ,b4 ,wolf1 ,vice-,president of ,a4,s4,m4,e4 ,in them ,i found1 to the full1 a very sympathetic understanding and my esteem grew as ,i became more intimately acquainted with the character of their work and their accomplishments4 ,both have done a most remarkable work in their respective lines4 ,it will not be an exaggeration to say that their work1 together with the work of the late ,h4 ,l4 ,gantt and ,charles ,p4 ,steinmetz1 may be considered as the first--to my knowledge--corner-stones of the science and art of ,human ,engineering1 and form the first few volumes and writings for the ,new ,library of the ,manhood of ,humanity4 ,these books and pamphlets are based on facts analysed scientifically1 marking the parting of the way of engineering thought from the past subjection to speculative fetishes4 ,of all the pure and applied sciences1 engineering alone has the distinction of being the first to have the correct insight into the human problem4 ,the task of engineers was to convert knowledge--brain work--8bound-up time0--into daily bread by means of conserving time and effort4 ,this concept is naught else but the working out of the imperfect formulation of the time-binding principle4 ,it was inevitable1 therefore1 that some engineers had already beaten the path in the right direction4 ,how straight and how far this sense of dimensionality has led some of them in their practical work may be seen from the work of ,walter ,n4 ,polakov1 in his ,mastering ,power ,production1 ,engineering ,magazine1 ,n4 ,y41 #aiba4 8,it was not my intention to compile a text book on power engineering2 it was rather my care to avoid the treatment of any technical subject which could be found elsewhere in engineering literature2 but ,i could not avoid trespassing in the adjoining fields of psychology and economics1 for without familiarity with these sciences the mastery of power production is a futile attempt4 8,i do not hold that the principles upon which the method is laid out are subject to choice or opinions1 for they are based on facts4 ,yet work of this character cannot be complete1 or examples may be illy chosen1 for it deals with living and constantly reshaping relations and applies to things in process of development4 8,if this work and its underlying idea will facilitate the solving of some of the problems now in the course of rapid evolution in our industrial relations1 ,i shall feel that my own and my readers' time have not been altogether lost40 ,indeed the readers' time will not be lost4 ,this book gives an engineering1 scientific--in the meantime practical--analysis of all human problems4 ,it is a deep and practical treatise on all great questions concerning modern industrialism and so-called economic problems and is a foundation for a new scientific industrial philosophy4 ,another very clear outline of the ,principles of ,industrial ,philosophy was given by ,mr4 ,polakov in his paper presented at the annual meeting of the ,american ,society of ,mechanical ,engineers1 ,december #g-aj1 #aibj4 ,anyone who has anything to do with industrial or economic problems cannot afford to overlook the important and fundamental work in this book4 ,it is obvious that a scientific knowledge of facts1 is of the greatest importance for anyone who cares to approach any problem in a serious way4 ,statistics which are up-to-date are therefore of primary importance4 ,i had the privilege of reading the manuscript of ,quo ,vadis ,america1 the forthcoming book of ,mr4 ,polakov1 where a most valuable statistical picture of facts in modern ,america is given and the astonishing conclusions which are to be drawn therefrom4 ,i can only regret that in ,europe we have not such a knowledge written down concerning ,european conditions4 ,if more such books had been written and read by the public1 many crises and catastrophes would have been avoided4 ,the outstanding contribution of ,mr4 ,robert ,b4 ,wolf to engineering was made in his study of physiology1 biology1 psychology and philosophy as applied to engineering4 8,if anyone wishes to inquire into the forces which have led up to the individual development of mankind1 he will find himself at once plunged into the realm of psychology and mental philosophy4 ,i can heartily recommend such a course as immensely profitable and of practical value4 8,the five important facts1 however1 that have to do with the subject in hand are3 8#ast4 ,that the human body is such a wonderful organization because it is the product of the forces of creation1 acting through millions of years of evolution4 8#bnd4 ,that its capacity for progress depends upon the maintenance of the unity resulting from this creative evolution and upon a conscious recognition of this unity4 8#c;d4 ,that this unity would not have been possible without the development of the nervous system4 8#dth4 ,that the conscious intelligent progress made by mankind could not have reached its present level until in the process of evolution a mechanism had been built up in the nervous system itself capable of recording the various impressions which the senses are constantly receiving4 8#eth4 ,that the recording of past events1 with the power of consciously recalling them for the solution of problems immediately confronting it1 is absolutely essential to its development4 8,now1 what ,i want to point out is that inasmuch as man's progress depends upon the perfect co-ordination of his forces to produce unity of action1 we have no right to expect an industrial organization to make progress which it must do as a unit without the establishment of a conscious co-ordinating mechanism similar to the nervous system in the human body40 ,individuality in ,industry4 ,by ,robert ,b4 ,wolf4 ,doctor ,charles ,p4 ,steinmetz has given in his ,america and the ,new ,epoch a most correct engineering picture of the political situation in the world1 with a fine characterization of the psychological peculiarities of the different races4 ,although this book was written in #aiaf1 that is1 before the end of the ,world ,war1 it will be of permanent value2 because of its deep psychological analysis of the peoples and their institutions which ultimately shape the development of any nation and which do not change with victory or defeat4 8,my tribute to the memory of ,gantt will be1 not only the homage of a friend and admirer1 but the proof that his philosophy is scientifically true4 ,a rigorous proof is necessary1 because the word #8service' belongs to that category of words1 the meaning of which can be completely reversed by the verb1 be it #8give' or #8take4' ,gantt took #8rendering service' as an axiom2 my observation1 shared with many others1 is that our civilization had quite another axiom1 #8we preach give1 we practice take4' ,the problem which interested me1 was how to find a way out of this contradiction that would be irrefutable4 ,if one of them is true and natural law for humans1 then the other is not2 if our words are true1 then our deeds are not true1 or if our deeds are true then the words are camouflage4 ,i found the solution1 by applying mathematically rigorous thinking4 ,mathematics1 with its exact concept of dimensions1 gave me the method4 ,the method we use in studying phenomena is analysis1 or speaking mathematically1 differentiation4 ,i soon found1 that the methods of differentiation are mostly correct1 but our synthesis1 or process of integration made by the use of metaphysics was faulty4 ,the differentiation correctly lowered the dimensions1 but our faulty integration did not restore the original dimensions4 ,the investigation had to be made from the beginning1 by defining the phenomena of life1 in a specific way1 which would not permit of any blunders in dimensions4 8,i defined the classes of life by emphasizing their incontestable1 dimensional characteristics3 plants are #8,chemistry-binding1' animals are #8,space-binding1' ,humans are #8,time-binding' classes of life4 8,these definitions have the peculiarity that they make it obvious1 that3 #a4 ,the classes of life have different dimensions1 and that the intermixing of dimensions1 as in mathematics it makes a correct solution impossible1 so in life1 the results of such elementary mistakes1 produce tragic consequences4 8#b4 ,the old formula on which our civilization is built1 ,,human equal ,,animal plus or multiplied by ,,spark ,,of ,,divinity is basically and elementarily wrong1 and is mathematical nonsense1 which is identical to such an absurdity as x square inches equal y linear inches plus or multiplied by z cubic inches4 8#c4 ,a basically wrong formula on which our civilization rests1 is the cause of all the periodical collapses1 wars and revolutions4 8#d4 ,the old system was built on animal #8space-binding' standards1 and human #8time-binding' impulses were1 all the time1 in rebellion4 8#e4 ,as the theory of gravitation and the calculus made engineers and mathematicians masters of inanimate nature1 so these tangible and incontestable definitions give them a positive base which will enable them to approach and solve human living problems1 by establishing the mathematical fact that man is man1 not an animal4 8#f4 ,all of those who are blinded by traditions and refuse to investigate1 or to know these mathematical truths1 are a danger to humanity in directly helping to obscure issues1 and in helping to maintain the faulty structure which1 as in the past1 is bound to collapse again and again in the future4 8#g4 ,the duty of mathematically thinking people is to throw such light on this problem as will stop the stupid1 or willfully destructive1 and show whether they are working for1 or against1 mankind4 8#h4 ,for the #8time-binding' class of life1 it is obvious then that in this dimension1 #8time-binding' is the natural law1 and1 if understood and analysed1 it is the highest human aim4 8#i4 ,such #8natural laws' as #8survival of the fittest' for animals1 which is the #8survival of the fittest in space1' result in fight1 or the survival of the strongest2 whereas such a law to be a ,,natural ,,law ,,for ,,humans1 must be in the human dimension which obviously would be the #8,survival of the fittest in ,,time1' resulting in the survival of the best4 8#aj4 ,all known facts must be brought to the light1 to be summed up1 and correlated by mathematicians and engineers with the strictest attention to dimensionality4 8#aa4 ,all of our ideas have to be revised2 the animal #8space-binding' standards must be rejected as dangerous and destructive1 must be replaced by #8time-binding' standards1 which will correspond to the natural impulses and ,,natural ,,laws for humans4 8#ab4 ,the minds of mathematicians and engineers are by education the first to see the far reaching importance of the facts disclosed by these definitions1 and just this realization will bring about the readjustment of values in life to a human dimension1 wherein pending revolutions and wars could be turned into evolution1 destruction into construction1 discord into accord of a common aim4 8,we are the masters of our own destinies1 the responsibility is ours to correct the mistakes of our ancestors and to establish a scientific philosophy1 scientifically true laws1 scientifically true ethics1 and a scientific sociology1 which will form one unified science of man and his function in the universe1 a science which ,i propose to call #8,human ,engineering4' ,gantt's methods would be the first practical application toward this end4 8,gantt's concept of rendering service is scientifically true because it is #8time-binding1' and therefore true for the human class of life and in human dimension4 ,this is why ,gantt's concepts have counted for so much and will survive #8,,in ,,time4' 0 ,discussion by ,alfred ,korzybski of ,mr4 ,w4 ,n4 ,polakov's paper 8,principles of ,industrial ,philosophy0 presented at the ,annual ,meeting of ,the ,american ,society of ,mechanical ,engineers1 ,new ,york1 ,december #g-aj1 #aibj4 ,,literature ,,gantt1 ,h4 ,l43 8,work1 ,wages1 and ,profits40 ,the ,engineering ,magazine ,co41 #aiac4 ,n4 ,y4 8,industrial ,leadership40 ,yale ,university ,press4 #aiaf4 8,organizing for ,work40 ,harcourt1 ,brace ,howe1 #aiai4 ,n4 ,y4 ,selection from ,contents3 ,the ,engineer as the ,industrial ,leader4 ,economics and ,democracy4 ,democracy in ,production4 ,democracy in the ,shop4 ,democracy in ,management4 8,the ,religion of ,democracy40 ,,polakov1 ,,walter ,n43 8,mastering ,power ,production40 ,the ,engineering ,magazine ,co4 #aiba4 ,n4 ,y4 ,selection from ,contents3 ,the ,descent of the ,principle of ,production for ,use4 ,the ,power ,industry as an ,economic ,factor4 ,mastering ,labor ,problems4 7,conditions7 ,autonomous ,co-operation4 ,aims of ,labor4 ,right to be ,lazy and the ,right to a ,job4 ,qualification of ,men4 ,the ,working ,day4 ,fatigue4 ,,universal ,,labor 7,corresponding exactly to ,time-binding--,author74 ,the ,position of an ,engineer4 ,mastering ,labor ,problems4 ,compensation4 ,the ,social ,aspect4 ,the ,economic ,aspect4 ,the ,basis of ,wages4 ,incentive ,payments4 ,profit ,sharing4 ,premium ,places4 ,rewarding ,individual ,efforts4 ,two-rate wages4 ,energy as a ,commodity4 8,principles of ,industrial ,philosophy40 ,presented at the ,annual ,meeting of the ,a4 ,s4 of ,m4 ,e41 ,december1 #aibj4 8,equipment and ,machinery40 ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,association ,press4 #aiba4 ,n4 ,y4 8,organization and ,management40 ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,association ,press4 #aiba4 ,n4 ,y4 8,quo ,vadis ,america80 ,in preparation4 ,,steinmetz1 ,,charles ,p43 8,america and the ,new ,epoch40 ,harper ,brothers4 #aiaf4 ,n4 ,y4 ,selection from ,contents3 ,the ,individualistic ,era3 ,from ,competition to ,co-operation4 ,england in the ,individualistic ,era4 ,germany in the ,individualistic ,era4 ,the ,other ,european ,nations in the ,individualistic ,era4 ,america in the ,individualistic ,era4 ,evolution3 ,industrial ,government4 8,incentive and ,initiative40 ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,association ,press4 #aiba4 ,n4 ,y4 ,,wolf1 ,,robert ,b43 ,pamphlets4 8,individuality in ,industry40 ,bulletin of the ,society to promote the ,science of ,management4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #d4 ,august1 #aiae4 8,the ,creative ,workman40 ,technical ,association of the ,pulp and ,paper ,industry4 #aiah4 ,n4 ,y4 8,non-,financial ,incentives40 ,presented at the ,annual ,meeting of the ,a4 ,s4 of ,m4 ,e4 ,december1 #aiah4 ,n4 ,y4 8,modern ,industry and the ,individual40 ,a4 ,w4 ,shaw ,co4 #aiai4 ,n4 ,y4 8,securing the ,initiative of the ,workman40 ,american ,economic ,association4 #aiai4 ,n4 ,y4 8,creative ,spirit in ,industry40 ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,association ,press4 #aiba4 ,n4 ,y4 ,,miscellaneous ,,list ,,of ,,books ,,von ,,bernhardi1 ,general ,f43 8,germany and the ,next ,war40 ,e4 ,arnold1 ,london4 #aiab4 ,,brandeis1 ,,louis3 8,other ,people's ,money and ,how the ,bankers ,use it40 ,f4 ,a4 ,stokes1 ,n4 ,y4 #aiad4 ,,thomas ,,farrow and ,,walter ,,crotch3 8,the ,coming ,trade ,war40 ,chapman ,hall1 ,london4 #aiaf4 ,,hueffer1 ,,ford ,,maddox3 8,when ,blood is ,their ,argument40 ,hodder ,stoughton4 #aiae4 ,n4 ,y4 ,,hauser1 ,,henry3 8,germany's ,commercial ,grip on the ,world1 ,her ,business ,methods ,explained40 ,e4 ,nash ,co41 ,london4 #aiag4 ,,laughlin1 ,j4 ,l43 8,credit of the ,nations40 ,scribner's ,sons1 ,n4 ,y4 #aiah4 ,,maetzu1 ,,ramiro ,,de3 8,authority1 ,liberty and ,function in the ,light of ,war40 ,geo4 ,allen and ,unwin4 ,,delaisi1 ,,francis3 ,french ,opinion1 8,the ,inevitable ,war40 ,small1 ,maynard ,co41 ,boston4 #aiae4 ,,neilson1 ,,francis3 ,english ,opinion1 8,how ,diplomats ,make ,war40 ,b4 ,w4 ,huebsch4 #aiaf4 ,,by ,a ,,german 7,german ,opinion74 8,j',accuse60 ,hodder ,stoughton1 ,london4 #aiae4 ,,footnotes #a ,to digress a bit1 it may be interesting to add1 that population and the need of people increase in a geometrical progression2 and also that the growth of individuals is limited by the fact1 that they have to absorb their food through surfaces which as growth goes on increase only as squares1 while the bodies to be fed1 being volumes1 increase in size as cubes increase1 as the cubes of the same base grow faster than the squares1 #bb #d1 #bc #h1 #cb #i1 #cc #bg1 and so on1 it is obvious1 that in the infancy of an organism only a part of the food goes to maintain life1 the larger part goes for growth2 when the organism becomes larger1 the absorbing surfaces1 growing proportionally to the square1 the food is spent to build the mass of the volume of the body and is spent proportionally to the cube4 ,suppose our organism has grown to a size twice as large1 its absorbing capacity has become four times larger1 its volume eight times larger4 ,in case of #c times1 the difference will be #i and #bg4 ,it is obvious that at some point1 all the absorbed food will be used to maintain life and none will be left for growth1 and this last process will stop4 ,this is another example which explains how the theory of dimensions is vitally important in life and shows why it is absolutely essential to take account of dimensions in the study of life problems4 #b ,an ,outline of the ,history of the ,western ,european ,mind1 by ,james ,harvey ,robinson4 ,the ,new ,school for ,social ,research1 ,new ,york1 #aiai4 ,this little volume gives condensed statements1 as in a nutshell1 of the historical developments of the human mind and contains a long list of the most substantial modern books on historical questions4 ,all the further historical quotations will be taken from this exceptionally valuable little book1 and for convenience they will simply be marked by his initials--,j4 ,h4 ,r4 #c 7,j4 ,h4 ,r47 8,late appearance of a definite theory of progress4 ,excessive conservatism of primitive peoples4 ,the ,greeks speculated on the origin of things1 but they did not have a conception of the possibility of indefinite progress 444 ,progress of man from the earliest time till the opening of the #agth century almost altogether unconscious4444 ,fundamental weakness of ,hellenic learning4 ,it was an imposing collection of speculation1 opinions1 and guesses1 which1 however brilliant and ingenious they might be1 were based on a very slight body of exact knowledge1 and failed to recognize the fundamental necessity of painful scientific research1 aided by apparatus4 ,there was no steady accumulation of knowledge to offset the growing emotional distrust of reason4444 ,unfulfilled promise of ,hellenistic science4 ,influence of slavery in checking the development of science4444 ,the deficiencies of ,medieval culture4 ,all the weaknesses of the ,hellenic reasoning1 combined with those of the ,christian ,fathers1 underlay what appeared to be a most logically elaborated and definitive system of thought4 ,defects of the university education4444 ,little history of ,natural science1 in our sense of the word1 taught in the universities4444 ,copernicus1 #8,de ,revolutionibus ,orbium ,coelestium4' ,libri ,,vi1 #aedc4444 ,copernicus' own introduction acknowledges his debt to ancient philosophers4 ,still believed in fixed ,starry ,sphere4 ,his discovery had little immediate effect on prevailing notions4 ,giordano ,bruno 7#aedh-afjj7 made it his chief business to think out and set forth in ,latin and ,italian the implications of the discovery of ,copernicus4444 ,bruno burned by the ,inquisition at ,rome4444 ,keppler 7#aega-afcj7 and his discovery of the elliptical orbits of the planets4 ,galileo 7#aefd-afdb74 ,his telescope speedily improved so as to magnify #cb diameters4 ,his attitude toward the ,copernican theory1 which was condemned by ,roman ,inquisition #afaf4444 ,galileo's chief discoveries were in physics and mechanics4 ,isaac ,newton 7#afdb-agbg7 proved that the laws of falling bodies apply to the heavens4 ,this made a deep impression and finally the newer conceptions of the universe began to be popularized4444 ,lord ,bacon 7#aefa-afbf71 the #8,buccinator' of experimental and applied modern science4444 ,his lively appreciation of the existing obstacles to scientific advance2 the idols of the tribe1 cave1 market-place1 and theatre4444 ,necessity of escaping from the scholastic methods of #8tumbling up and down in our reasons and conceits1' and studying the world about us4 ,undreamed of achievements possible if only the right method of research be followed 444 the distrust of ancient authority4444 ,descartes 7#aeif-afej71 444 he proposed to reach the truth through analysis and clear ideas1 on the assumption that ,god will not deceive4444 ,his fundamental interest in mathematics4444 ,his claim to originality and his rejection of all authority4444 ,obstacles to scientific advance2 the universities still dominated by ,aristotle2 the theological faculties2 the censorship of the press exercised by both church and state2 4440 #d 7,j4 ,h4 ,r47 8,phases of religious complex4 #8,religious1' a vague and comprehensive term applied to3 7#a7 certain classes of emotions 7awe1 dependence1 self-distrust1 aspirations1 etc472 7#b7 ,conduct1 which may take the form of distinctive religious acts 7ceremonies1 sacrifices1 prayers1 #8good works'7 or the observance of what in primitive conditions are recognized as #8taboos'2 7#c7 ,priestly1 or ecclesiastical organizations2 7#d7 ,beliefs about supernatural beings and man's relations to them3 the latter may take the form of revelation and be reduced to creeds and become the subject of elaborate theological speculations4 8,association of religion with the supernatural2 religion has always had for its primary object the attainment of a satisfactory adjustment to1 or a successful control over1 the supernatural4444 ,the cultural mind viewed as the product of a long and hazardous process of accumulation4444 ,spontaneous generation of superstitions4 ,prevalence of symbolism1 mana1 animism1 magic1 fetishism1 totemism2 the taboo 7cf4 our modern idea of #8principle'71 the sacred1 clean and unclean2 #8dream logic'--spontaneous rationalizing or #8jumping at conclusions'2444 ,the #afth book of the ,theodosian ,code contains edicts relating to the ,church issued by the ,roman ,emperors during the #dth and #eth centuries4 ,they make it a crime to disagree with the ,church2 they provide harsh penalties for heretical teaching and writing1 and grant privileges to the orthodox clergy 7exemptions from regular taxes and benefit of the clergy74444 ,christianity becomes a monopoly defended by the state4444 ,psychological power and attraction in the elaborate symbolism and ritual of the church4444 ,allegory put an end to all literary criticism4444 ,flourishing of the miraculous2 any unusual or startling occurrence attributed to the intervention of either ,god or the ,devil4444 ,older conceptions of disease as caused by the ,devil4444 ,our legal expression #8act of ,god' confined to unforseeable natural disasters4 ,how with a growing appreciation for natural law and a chastened taste in wonders1 miracles have tended to become a source of intellectual distress and bewilderment4444 ,protestants shared with ,roman ,catholics the horror of #8rationalists' and #8free-thinkers4' ,the leaders of both parties agreed in hampering and denouncing scientific discoveries4444 ,witchcraft in its modern form emerges clearly in the #aeth century4444 ,great prevalence of witchcraft during the #afth and #agth centuries in ,protestant and ,catholic countries1 alike4444 ,trial of those suspected of sorcery4 ,tortures to force confession4 ,the witches' mark4 ,penalties1 burning alive1 strangling1 hanging4 ,tens of thousands of innocent persons perished4444 ,those who tried to discredit witchcraft denounced as #8,sadducees' and atheists4444 ,the psychology of intolerance4 ,fear1 vested interests1 the comfortable nature of the traditional and the habitual4 ,the painful appropriation of new ideas4444 ,the intolerance of the ,catholic ,church3 a natural result of its state-like organization and claims4444 ,its doctrine of exclusive salvation and its conception of heresy both sanctioned by the state4 ,doubt and error regarded as sinful4444 ,beginnings of censorship of the press after the invention of printing1 licensing of ecclesiastical and civil authorities4444 ,protestants of #afth century accept the theory of intolerance40 #e 7,j4 ,h4 ,r47 8,the ,socio-psychological foundations of conservatism3 ,primitive natural reverence for the familiar and habitual greatly reenforced by religion and law4 ,natural conservatism of all professions4 ,those who suffer most from existing institutions commonly1 helplessly accept the situation as inevitable4 ,position of the conservative2 he urges the impossibility of altering #8human nature' and warns against the disasters of revolution4 ,conservatism in the light of history3 ,history would seem to discredit conservatism completely as a working principle in view of the past achievements of mankind in the recent past and the possibilities which opened before us4444 ,futility of the appeal of the conservative to human nature as an obstacle to progress4444 ,culture can not be transmitted hereditarily but can be accumulated through education and modified indefinitely40 #f 7,j4 ,h4 ,r47 8,formulation and establishment of the evolutionary hypothesis4 ,discovery of the great age of the earth2 444 gradual development of the evolutionary theory4444 ,darwin's #8,origin of the ,species1' #ahei4 ,herbert ,spencer 7#ahbj-aijc74444 ,haeckel 7#ahcd-aiai7 and others clarify1 defend and popularize the new doctrine4 ,subsequent development of the evolutionary doctrine by ,mendel1 ,weisman1 ,de,vries and others4 ,weakening of the special creation theory by other evidence such as archeology and biblical criticism4 ,the significance of the doctrine for intellectual history4 ,character of the opposition to the evolutionary theory4 ,popular confusion of #8,darwinism' with #8evolution4' ,revolutionary effects of the new point of view4 ,does away with conception of fixed species 7,platonic ideas7 that had previously dominated speculation4 ,the genetic method adopted in all the organic sciences1 including the newer social sciences4 ,problem of adjusting history to the discoveries of the past #ej years4 ,bearing of evolution on the theory of progress4 ,organic evolution and social evolution40 #g 7,j4 ,h4 ,r47 8,the ,deists and philosophers destroy the older theological anthropology and reassert the dignity of man2 the growth of criticism and liberalism has made the analysis of social institutions somewhat less dangerous2 the general growth of knowledge has reacted in a stimulating way upon the sciences of society2 the great increase in the number1 complexity and intensity of social problems has proved a strong incentive to social science2 ,the ,darwinian hypothesis has rendered preposterous any conception of a wholly static social system4 ,however1 the modern social sciences in our capitalistic order meet much the same resistance from the #8vested interests' that theological radicalism encountered in the ,middle ,ages1 and social science has in no way approached the objectivity and progressiveness of present day natural science4444 ,grave effects of vested rights in hampering experiments and readjustments4444 ,obstacles to readjustment presented by consecrated traditions4444 ,influence of modern commercialism in the inordinate development of organization and regimentation in our present educational system4 ,psychological disadvantages of our conventional examination system4 ,as yet our education has not been brought into close relation with prevailing conditions of our ever increasing knowledge4444 ,excellent aims and small achievements of sociology in practical results4 7,because of absolute lack of any scientific base4 ,author47 ,general nature of the problem of social reform3 psychological problems involved in social reform movements3 violent resistance of the group to that criticism of the existing institutions1 which must precede any effective social reform44440 #h 7,j4 ,h4 ,r47 8,during the past two centuries the application of the scientific discoveries to daily life has revolutionized our methods of supplying our economic needs1 our social and intellectual life1 and the whole range of the relations of mankind4 ,the impulse of invention1 iron1 coal1 and steam essential to the development of machinery on a large scale2 machinery has in turn begotten the modern factory with its vast organized labor1 the modern city and finally1 our well nigh perfect means of rapid human inter-communication4 ,the tremendous increase in the production of wealth and the growing interdependence of nations has opened up a vast range of speculation in regard to the betterment of mankind to the abolition or reduction of poverty1 ignorance1 disease1 and war4444 ,man advances from a tool-using to a machine-controlling animal4 ,the rise of the factory system2 the concentration and localization of industry2 increased division of labor and specialization of industrial processes4 ,the great increase in the volume of capital and in the extent of investments2 the separation of capital and labor and the growth of impersonal economic relationship4 ,problems of capital and labor2 unemployment and the labor of women and children2 labor organizations4 ,increased productivity and the expansion of commerce4 ,industrial processes become dynamic and everchanging--a complete reversal of the old stability1 repetition and isolation40 #i ,it may be contended by some that animals have been making 8progress0 or some may say that animals also 8bind-time40 ,this use of words would again become mere verbalism1 a mere talking about words--mere speculation having nothing to do with facts or with correct thinking1 in which there is no intermixing of dimensions4 ,the peculiar faculty belonging exclusively to humans which ,i designate as 8time-binding0 ,i have clearly defined as an exponential function of time in the following chapter4 ,if people are pleased to talk about the 8progress0 of animals1 they can hardly fail to see clearly that it differs both in function and in type or dimension from what is rightly meant by human progress2 human time-binding capacity lies in an entirely different dimension from that of animals4 ,so1 if any persons wish to talk of animal 8progress0 or animal 8time-binding10 they should invent a suitable word for it to save them from the blunder of confusing types or mixing dimensions4 ,this mathematical discrimination between classes1 types1 dimensions is of the utmost importance in the natural sciences1 because of the transmutation of species4 ,to adjust the ,darwin theory to dimensionality is a somewhat more difficult problem2 it involves the concept of the 8continuum02 but with the modern theory of de ,vries1 these things are self evident4 ,if animals really progress1 which is doubtful because they are an older form of life than humans and they have not shown any noticeable progress to the knowledge of man1 their progress is so small in comparison with man's that it may be said1 in mathematical terms1 to be negligible as an infinitesimal of higher order4 #aj ,it must be remembered here that our world is1 first of all1 a dynamic conglomeration of matter and energy1 which to-day1 as well as in the first period of primitive organic life1 took and takes different known and unknown forms4 ,one of these forms of energy is the chemical energy1 with its tendency to combinations and exchanges4 ,different elements act in different ways4 ,the history of the earth and its life is simply the history of different chemical periods1 with different transformations of energy4 ,a strange fact is to be noticed about nitrogen4 ,nitrogen chemically has an exceptional inertness toward most other substances1 but once it is a component part of a substance1 almost all of these combinations are a very powerful source of energy1 and all of them have a very strong effect upon organic life4 ,nitric acid acts through oxidation1 the substances are burned up by the oxygen given off from the acid4 ,nitric acid occurs in nature1 in a combination called nitrates4 ,from the soil the nitrates pass into the plant4 ,nitrite of amyl acts upon our organs in a most violent and spasmodic way4 ,nitrous oxide is the so-called laughing gas4 ,alkaloids are compounds of a vegetable origin1 generally of complex composition and capable of producing marked effects upon animals4 ,they all contain nitrogen4 ,explosives which are a chemical means of storing tremendous amounts of energy1 are mostly of some nitrogenous compound4 ,albumen is an organic compound of great importance in life1 which1 besides being the characteristic ingredient in the white of an egg1 abounds in the serum of the blood and forms an important part of the muscles and brain4 ,albuminoids play the most vital rle in plant life and are an extensive class of organic bodies found in plants and animals1 as they are found to form the chief constituents of blood1 nerves4 ,all albuminoids found in animals are produced by the processes fulfilled in plants4 ,their exact constitution is not known2 analysis shows that they contain approximately3 ,carbon #ej-ee1 ,hydrogen #f4i-g4e1 ,nitrogen #ae-ai1 ,oxygen #bj-bd1 ,sulphur #j4c-b4j4 ,venous blood contains in #ajj volumes3 ,nitrogen1 #ac2 ,carbonic ,acid1 #ga4f2 ,oxygen1 #ae4c4 ,arterial blood3 ,nitrogen1 #ad4e2 ,carbonic ,acid1 #fb4c2 ,oxygen1 #bc4b4 8,nitrogenous compounds in general1 are extremely prone to decomposition2 their decomposition often involving a sudden and great evolution of force4 ,we see that substances classed as ferments 444 are all nitrogenous 444 and we see that even in organisms and parts of organisms where the activities are least1 such changes as do take place are initiated by a substance containing nitrogen4444 ,we see that organic matter is so constituted that small incidental actions are capable of initiating great reaction and liberating large quantities of power4444 ,the seed of a plant contains nitrogenous substances in a far higher ratio than the rest of the plant2 and the seed differs from the rest of the plant in its ability to initiate 444 extensive vital changes--the changes constituting germination4 ,similarly in the bodies of animals 444 in every living vegetal cell there is a certain part that contains nitrogen4 ,this part initiates these changes which constitute the development of the cell4444 ,it is a curious and significant fact that1 in technology1 we not only utilize the same principle of initiating extensive changes among comparatively stable compounds by the help of compounds much less stable1 but we employ for the purpose compounds of the same general class4 ,our modern method of firing a gun is to place in close proximity with the gunpowder which we choose to decompose or explode1 a small portion of fulminating powder1 which is decomposed or exploded with extreme facility1 and which on decomposing1 communicates the consequent molecular disturbances to the less easily decomposed gunpowder4 ,when we ask what this fulminating powder is composed of1 we find that it is a nitrogenous salt40--,spencer4 #aa ,of course1 the geometric progression does not represent precisely the law of human progression2 it is here employed because it is familiar and serves1 better perhaps than any other simple mathematical means1 to show roughly how human progress goes on4 ,the essential elements of a progression are the first term ,p and the ratio ,r and the number of the terms ,t2 in the human progression ,,pr#a1 ,,pr#b1 ,,pr#c1 444 ,,pr,t1 ,p is the starting status of the first generation1 ,r is the peculiar capacity of humans to bind time and is a free gift and law of nature1 which it would be folly not to recognize and accept as such1 ,t is time1 or number of generations4 ,it is obvious that the magnitude1 ,,pr,t1 is entirely dependent on the magnitudes of ,,pr1 and ,t4 ,the existence of ,r and ,t is independent of humans1 ,r being a law of nature1 ,t a gift of nature1 ,p the starting status of the initial generation4 ,with ,p #j or ,r #j ,,there ,,would ,,be ,,no ,,progress or progression at all2 each term in the case of human progression is mainly dependent upon the time and the work done by the dead4 ,the existence of ,r and ,t is entirely beyond human control4 ,humans can control only the ,,magnitude of those elements by education4 ,here comes the tremendous responsibility of education4 ,it is not necessary to use much imagination to see that if humanity had always been rightly educated1 science would have long ago discovered the natural forces and laws essential to human welfare1 and human misery would to-day be relatively small4 #ab ,see ,appendix ,,iii4