,,introduction ,,( ,,! ,,locomotive     
,,safety ,,truck  by ,john ,h4 ,:ite    
,pap] #bd pages #aag-aca1 f             
,,contributions ,,f ,,! ,,museum ,,(    
,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology  ,,unit$       
,,/ates ,,national ,,museum ,bullet9    
#bbh  ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ,wa%+ton1 
,d4,c41 #aifa     ,contributions f ,!   
,museum ( ,hi/ory & ,te*nology3 ,pap]   
#bd  ,introduction ( ,! ,locomotive     
,safety ,truck  ,john ,h4 ,:ite         
,,introduction ,,(   ,,! ,,locomotive   
,,safety ,,truck    ,john ,h4 ,:ite     
,pione] railroad+ 0 dang]\s4 ,) increas$
 spe$ & d5sity     ( traffic came an    
increase 9 cata/rophic wrecks t =c$     
op]ators to take he$ = ! safety ( _!    
pass5g]s &     freight4 ,?is safety 0   
pa9fully a*iev$ ?r\gh ! sl[ process     
( improv+ equipm5t "p by "p4            
,ant$at+ su* spectacul> po/-,civil ,w>  
advances z ! /eel     rail1 automatic   
c\pl]1 & airbrake1 0 ! inv5tion ( !     
safety truck = locomotives4 ,int5d$ to  
lead ! bobb+1 weav+     locomotive ar\nd

 curves on ! r\gh track ( ! e>ly roads1 
x     did mu* to r$uce ! all too num]\s 
d]ailm5ts t 7 a     major cause (       
accid5ts4      ,! ,au?or3 ,john ,h4     
,:ite1 is associate curator1 9 *>ge ( l&
     transportation1 9 ! ,smi?sonian    
,in/itution's ,museum ( ,hi/ory     &   
,te*nology1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,national     
,museum4     ,am]ican railroads ( ! e>ly
 #ai? c5tury 7 *eaply & ha/ily built4   
,!y 7 *>act]iz$ by inf]ior roadb$s1 /eep
 grades1 %>p curves1 & r\gh track4 ,9   
spr+1 poor dra9age & lack ( balla/ might
 cause ! track to s9k into ! soggy      
roadb$ & produc$ an un/able pa?4 ,9 w9t]
 ?is same roadb$ c\ld freeze into a h>d 
& unyield+ pavem5t on :i* ! roll+ /ock 0
 p\nd$ to pieces4  ,9 ^? pione]+ times !
 dem& = new roads left little capital to
 improve or exp& exi/+ l9es2 !re=e      
equipm5t 0 ne$$ t c\ld accommodate      
itself to ! exi/+ op]at+ conditions4  ,!
 fir/ locomotives us$ 9 ?is c\ntry _h   
be5 import$ f ,engl&4 ,design$ =        
well-balla/$ track ) l>ge-radius curves 

& g5tle gradi5ts1 !y all too frequ5tly  
left ! rails1 & ! unsuitability ( !     
ess5tially rigid ,briti% design soon    
became app>5t4  ,! *all5ge pos$ by !    
,am]ican roadb$ 0 met by ,am]ican       
me*anics4 ,by ! mid-#ahcj's a di/9ctive 
,am]ican locomotive _h evolv$ t might   
be/ be describ$ by ! ^w flexible4 ,!    
basic features ( its runn+ ge> 7 a b>   
frame & equaliz+ lev]s to provide       
v]tical relief & a lead+ truck to       
provide lat]al relief4 ,( ^! devices !  
truck 0 probably ! mo/ important1 & m   
readily ?an any "o compon5t di/+ui%$ !  
,am]ican runn+ ge> f t us$ by ! ,briti% 
be=e #ahfj4  ,illu/ration3 ,,figure     
#a4--;,design draw+ %[+ ! #d-:eel lead+ 
truck1 develop$ 9 #ahca by ,john ,b4    
,j]vis1 appli$ to ! ,bro!r ,jona?an4    
,?is locomotive1 "o ( ! e>lie/ to use a 
lead+ truck1 0 built 9 ,june #ahcb by ! 
,we/ ,po9t ,f\ndry ,association = !     
,mohawk & ,hudson ,rail ,road4 ,! truck 
is atta*$ to ! locomotive frame by a    
c5t] p91 b ! =w>d weight ( ! locomotive 

is c>ri$ by a roll] :i* be>s on ! frame 
( ! truck4 7,smi?sonian photo #cfgaf-;a7
  ,x 0 ,john ,b4 ,j]vis :o is g5]ally   
cr$it$ ) fir/ apply+ ! truck to !       
locomotive4 ,8 design1 %[n 9 figure #a1 
0 develop$ 9 #ahca-cb4 ,its m]its       
quickly became app>5t1 & by #ahce x _h  
be5 univ]sally recogniz$ 9 ?is c\ntry4  
,! truck successfully l$ ! locomotive   
ar\nd %>p curves1 ! resultant #c-po9t   
susp5sion enabl$ ! ma*9e to trav]se ev5 
! r\ghe/ ( tracks1 &1 altoge!r1 ! design
 did f> less damage to ! lightly built  
,u4,s4 l9es ?an did ! rigid1 import$    
eng9es4#a  ,! truck frame1 fabricat$ f  
iron /raps & ca/+s1 0 atta*$ to !       
locomotive by a p9 ar\nd :i* x might    
rotate4 ,at fir/ ! weight 0 receiv$ by  
roll]s or *af+ pads m\nt$ on ! side     
beams ( ! truck4 ,h[ev]1 ! friction ( ^!
 be>+ surfaces & _! location at a       
consid]able di/ance f ! c5t] p9 comb9$  
to re/rict ! free movem5t ( ! truck4 ,by
 ! e>ly #ahej's ! po9t ( be>+ 0         
transf]r$ to ! c5t] plate1 produc+ a    

truck t turn$ m freely4#b  ,illu/ration3
 ,,figure #b4--,! #d-:eel ,bissell truck
 z %[n 9 ! draw+ = ,briti% pat5t #abgc1 
issu$ ,may #e1 #aheg4  ,illu/ration3    
,a--,truck frame   ,b--,equaliz+ lev]   
,c--,locomotive frame   ,d--,d\ble      
incl9e plane      7,c5t]+ device7       
,e--,truck bol/]   ,f--,swivel p9       
7,pivot po9t7           ,drawn by ,j4   
,h4 ,:ite4 ,june1 #aifj  ,,figure       
#c4--,typical #d-:eel ,bissell ,safety  
truck ( #ahfj4 ,?is draw+ is bas$ on    
plate #fi ( ,alex&] ,l4 ,holley's1      
,am]ican & ,european ,railway ,practice 
9 ! ,economical ,g5]ation ( ,/eam1 ,new 
,york1 #ahfa4 7,smi?sonian photo #dfidf7
  ,= s+le axle eng9es ?is simple =m (   
truck 0 entirely satisfactory1 b x prov$
 less satisfactory = #d- & #f-;c\pl$    
ma*9es4 ,also1 z tra9 spe$s increas$1 s 
did ! numb] ( d]ailm5ts4 ,_m ( ^! c\ld  
be trac$ to ! inability ( ! eng9e to    
negotiate curves at spe$4 ,levi         
,bissell1 a ,new ,york inv5tor :o       
inve/igat$ ?is problem 9 ! #ahej's1     

correctly analyz$ ! difficulty4 ,he     
obs]v$ t :5 ! eng9e 0 proce$+ on /raight
 tracks ! lead+ truck t5d$ to oscillate 
& *att] ab\t ! c5t] p91 & he not$ t x 0 
?is action t imp>t$ a fe>ful pit*+      
motion to ! locomotive at spe$4 ,!      
d]ailm5ts 7 trac$ to ! action ( ! truck 
z ! eng9e ent]$ a curve4  ,?is action c 
be m easily und]/ood f ref]5ce to       
,bissell's pat5t draw+ 9 figure #b4 ,=  
example1 let u say t an #h-:eel eng9e1  
fitt$ ) a c5t]-sw+ truck1 ent]s a "r-h& 
curve4 ,! left truck :eels be> h>d aga9/
 ! left rail4 ,! driv]s jam obliquely   
across ! track1 ) ! "r front & left re> 
:eels gr9d+ into ! rails4 ,z a result1 !
 locomotive t5ds to leave ! track 9 !   
direction ( ! arr[ %[n on ! figure      
7bottom draw+74 ,x w be not$ t ! truck  
c5t] p9tle is 9 fact ! fulcrum = ?is    
lev]age4 ,"u su* /ra9 ! truck :eels are 
p>ticul>ly likely to leave ! rails :5 !y
 enc\nt] an ob/ruction4 ,once d]ail$1 ! 
truck w\ld !n sp9 ar\nd on ! deadly c5t]
 p91 ?r[+ ! locomotive ov]4  ,9 effect1 

!n1 ! c5t] p9 ( ! conv5tional truck     
ext5d$ ! rigid :eelbase ( ! eng9e1 &    
caus$ ! truck to act mu* z w\ld a s+le  
set ( lead+ :eels fitt$ rigidly to !    
eng9e frame f> ahead ( ! front driv+    
:eels4 ,bissell propos$ to correct !    
faults ( ! conv5tional truck by fitt+ ! 
locomotives ) 8 inv5tion1 ! fir/        
practical safety truck to be pat5t$4    
,s9ce ! prim>y requirem5ts 7 to keep !  
lead+ :eel axles at "r angles to ! rails
 :e!r on a /raight or curv$ track1 & to 
all[ ! driv+ axles to rema9 p>allel1 or 
ne>ly s1 to ! radial l9e ( ! curve1 he  
mov$ ! c5t] p9 to a po9t beh9d ! truck &
 j 9 front ( ! =w>d driv+ axle4 ,?is    
%ort5$ ! :eelbase ( ! eng9e & remov$ !  
dang] ( ! p9tle s]v+ z a fulcrum betwe5 
! truck & ! driv+ :eels1 ?us all[+ !m to
 assume a com=table position on a curve4
  ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #d4--;,a       
#d-:eel safety truck fitt$ ) ,a4 ,f4    
,smi?'s sw+-bol/] c5t]+ device4 ,built  
by ! ,h9kley ,locomotive ,works4 ,f     
,gu/avus ,weiss5born1 ,am]ican          

,locomotive ,eng9e]+ & ,railway         
,me*anism1 ,new ,york1 #ahga1 pl4 #hh4  
,s9ce ! truck c\ld assume ! correct     
angle :5 ent]+ curves1 x 0 claim$ 9 !   
pat5t specification t1 unless all f\r   
:eels 7 simultane\sly lift$ (f ! track1 
! truck c\ld pass ov] q a consid]able   
ob/ruction4#c ,bissell fur!r claim$3    
,9 runn+ on ei!r a /raight or curv$     
track "o ( ! truck     :eels (t5 breaks 
(f1 & ! truck swivels ar\nd on its c5t] 
p9 9 consequ5ce1 & ?r[s ! eng9e (f !    
track1 b ) my     device "o :eel1 or ev5
 ! two :eels on ! opposite sides        
diagonally ( ! truck might break (f &   
/ill ! truck w\ld     n run (f1 because 
its position is set & x has no axis (   
motion ar\nd :i* x c\ld sw+4444  ,! o!r 
problem ,bissell wi%$ to correct 0 !    
oscillation & *att] ( ! lead+ truck4    
,?is 0 accompli%$ by a simple c5t]+     
device 9 ! =m ( a pair ( ,v-%ap$ d\ble  
incl9e planes 7,d on fig4 #c7 situat$ at
 ! c5t] ( ! truck frame 7,a74 ,! l[]    
planes ( ! pair 7 fa/5$ to ! truck frame

 & ! upp]1 ca/ 9 ! =m ( a bridge1 7     
atta*$ to ! locomotive frame 7,c7 by a  
c5t] plate4 ,b :ile ! portion ( !       
locomotive's weight assign$ to ! lead+  
:eels 0 borne at ! c5t] ( ! truck1 z 9 !
 conv5tional design1 ! c5t] plate 0 no  
long] ! po9t ( rotation4 ,on a /raight  
track ! ,v's w\ld be at _! bottom       
position & ?us prev5t ! truck f         
vibrat+4#d ,:5 ! locomotive ent]$ a     
curve ! planes all[$ its =w>d weight to 
be> cont9u\sly on all f\r :eels1 & at ! 
same "t controll$ any exagg]at$ sw+     
caus$ by c5trifugal =ce4  ,! c5t]+      
device is ?us expla9$ 9 ! pat5t         
specification 7figure numb]s are        
omitt$73      ,i !re=e obviate ?is      
difficulty ! oscillation ( ! truck      
by provid+ two incl9$ planes 444 =m$    
d\ble z %[n & (     an angle proportion$
 to ! weight ( ! =w>d "p ( !            
locomotive & ! velocity ( ! same4444 ,! 
position ( !     incl9es is su* t !     
blocks ,v's re/ 9 ! l[e/ "p (     !     
d\ble incl9es :5 ! eng9e is on a /raight

 track1 & on     com+ onto a curve !    
in]tia ( ! eng9e 444 is exp5d$ 9     go+
 up ! incl9es1 z ! truck moves lat]ally 
t[>d ! inn]     "p ( ! curve2 & on com+ 
onto a /raight l9e ! blocks1     desc5d 
to ! bottom ( ! incl9es & ! eng9e is    
prev5t$     f acquir+ a sidewise or     
oscillat+ motion4  ,illu/ration3        
,,figure #e4--;,detail draw+ ( !        
radius-b> truck1 pat5t$ by ,william ,s4 
,hudson 9 #ahfd1 z appli$ to ! ,new     
,j]sey ,railroad & ,transportation      
,company ,no4 #dd4 ,f ,gu/avus          
,weiss5born1 ,am]ican ,locomotive       
,eng9e]+ & ,railway ,me*anism1 ,new     
,york1 #ahga1 pl4 #h4  ,bissell appli$ =
 a ,u4,s4 pat5t on ,april #bc1 #aheg4 ,8
 petition 0 initially d5i$4 ,a we>y     
debate ( sev]al mon?s duration foll[$   
betwe5 ! pat5t exam9] & ,bissell's      
attorneys4  ,dur+ ?is "t ,bissell 0 busy
 promot+ ! application ( 8 truck ev5    
?\gh he _h no pat5t = protection4 ,9    
,may ( #aheg he %[$ a work+ model ( 8   
improvem5t to ,gilb]t ,m4 ,milligan1    

secret>y ( ! ,c5tral ,railroad ,company 
( ,new ,j]sey4#e ,samuel ,l4 ,moore1    
ma/] me*anic ( t railroad1 also inspect$
 ! model4 ,bo? 7 s impress$ t x 0 decid$
 to fit ! device to ! locomotive        
,lebanon1 :i* at ! "t 0 und]go+ repairs 
at ! road's ,elizabe? ,port1 ,new       
,j]sey1 %ops4#f ,al?\gh ! eng9e 0 less  
?an #ah mon?s old1 h] tires 7 badly worn
 & %e oscillat$ at high spe$4  ,e>ly 9  
,june ( t ye> a s]ies ( te/s 7 held ) ! 
,lebanon4 ,moore said ( ^! trials3#g    
,aft] ! said inv5tion ( ,bissell _h be5 
appli$ ! eng9e 0     run out onto a     
curve :i* %e turn$ app>5tly ) ne>ly z   
mu*     facility z %e w\ld travel on a  
/raight l9e1 & ! =w>d     "p ( ! eng9e  
rose on ! incl9es z ! truck ent]$ !     
curve & rema9$ fix$ :ile runn+ ar\nd    
said curve & !n     resum$ its =m]      
position on ent]+ a /raight track1 & !  
trial 0 pron\nc$ by all :o saw x z mo/  
satisfactory1 ev5 by     ^? :o be=e     
pron\nc$ t x w\ld be a failure4      ,at
 a subsequ5t trial "u a full pressure ( 

/eam & a velocity     ( ab\t ?irty miles
 p] h\r ! ent]+ & leav+ ! curve     0   
equally satisfactory1 ! same be+        
accurately obs]v$ by a     man locat$ on
 ! c[ cat*]4      444 ,! eng9e 0 run at 
its greate/ possible velocity at lea/   
=ty miles p] h\r on a /raight track & ! 
previ\s %ak+     ( ! head oscillation 0 
f\nd to be entirely ov]come1 &     !    
eng9e run z /eadily z a c> w\ld h       
done4444      ,at "o ( ! trials a b> (  
iron #c_/d x #d in*es 0 spik$ d[n       
across "o ( ! rails diagonally ( !      
track1 444 & !     employees ( ! company
 took ! precaution to fill 9 ar\nd !    
track to facilitate gett+ ! eng9e back  
aga91 suppos+ %e     mu/ jump (f2 h[ev] 
on pass+ ov] sl[ly %e /ill kept !       
track & ! spe$ 0 increas$ until %e pass$
 ov] said b> 444     :ile "u a          
consid]able spe$4  ,messrs4 ,moore &    
,milligan he>tily endors$ ! truck z a   
complete success4 ,milligan pr$ict$ t#h 
! "t is n f> di/ant :5 locomotives w be 
consid]$ incomplete & comp>atively      

unsafe )\t ?is improvem5t p>ticul>ly on 
roads :i* h _m curves4  ,illu/ration3   
,,figure #f4--,! ,new ,j]sey ,railroad &
 ,transportation ,company ,no4 #ab1     
built 9 #ahfh1 0 equipp$ ) ! radius b>  
truck1 a modification by ,william ,s4   
,hudson ( ! orig9al ,bissell truck4 ,!  
,g5]al ,d>cy & sev]al o!r eng9es built  
at ! ,j]sey ,city %ops ( ! road1 "u !   
direction ( ,john ,headd51 7 fitt$ ) !  
,hudson truck4 ,note t ! radius b> is   
connect$ to ! truck frame j beh9d ! re> 
lead+ :eels4 7,smi?sonian photo         
#dfhjf-l7  ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,commission]   
,*>les ,mason 0 s impress$ by ! evid5ce 
( ! ,new ,j]sey trials1 re9=c$ by !     
argum5ts ( ,bissell's attorneys1 t he   
agre$ to grant a ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t4#i 
,x 0 issu$ z no4 #agiac on ,augu/ #d1   
#aheg1 & reissu$ ,octob] #ah1 #ahfd z   
no4 #agid4 ,briti% pat5t #abgc _h be5   
issu$ e>li] 7,may #e1 #aheg71 & pat5ts 7
 also secur$ 9 ,france1 ,belgium1       
,au/ria1 & ,russia4  ,! ,rog]s          
,locomotive ,works 9 #aheh 0 "o ( !     

e>lie/ build]s to apply ! improv$ truck4
 ,by #ahfj !y _h fitt$ _m ( _! eng9es ) 
x & 7 endors+ ! device to prospective   
cu/om]s4  ,9 ! same ye> ! ,am]ican      
,railway ,review not$ t ! truck 0 9     
ext5sive use1 /at+3#aj      444 !       
advantages ( ! arrangem5t are s obvi\s &
 its results     s well e/abli%$ by     
practice 9 ?is c\ntry & ,europe t a     
treatise on its pr9ciples w h>dly be    
ne$$4      ,x is no long] an exp]im5t2 &
 ! e>li] x is appli$ to all     eng9es1 
! bett] ! runn+ & repair acc\nts w look4
  ,! success ( ,bissell's inv5tion      
prompt$ o!rs to p]fect safety trucks =  
locomotives4 ,alba ,f4 ,smi? came =w>d 9
 #ahfb ) ! simple sub/itution ( sw+ l9ks
 7fig4 #d7 = ! incl9e planes4#aa ,a     
sw+-bol/] truck _h be5 develop$ #bj ye>s
 e>li] = use on railroad c>s1#ab & :ile 
,smi? recogniz$ ?is 9 8 pat5t1 he bas$ 8
 claim on ! specific application ( !    
idea to locomotive trucks4 ,t ! sw+ l9ks
 succe$$ ! incl9e planes z a c5t]+      
device 0 ma9ly because !y 7 *eap] &     

simpl] to con/ruct1 & n1 z has be5      
claim$1 t ! ,v's wore out quickly4#ac   
,illu/ration3 ,,figure #g4--;,bissell's 
#b-:eel truck ( #aheh z %[n by ! draw+ =
 ,briti% pat5t #bgea1 issu$ ,decemb] #a1
 #aheh4  ,smi?'s sw+-bol/] truck1 ) !   
he>t p5dant l9k1 a lat] ref9em5t1 became
 ! dom9at+ =m ( c5t]+ devices & 0 us$   
well into ?is c5tury4 ,x 0 to be sup]s$$
 9 m rec5t ye>s by ! con/ant resi/ance &
 ge> roll] c5t]+ devices :i*1 l         
,bissell's inv5tion1 dep5d$ on ! d\ble  
incl9e plane pr9ciple4  ,! ,briti%-born 
eng9e] ,william ,s4 ,hudson1 sup]9t5d5t 
( ! ,rog]s ,works & an e>ly propon5t ( !
 ,bissell truck1 9 #ahfd obta9$ a       
pat5t#ad = improv+ ,bissell's safety    
truck4 ,hudson cont5d$ t s9ce ! ,bissell
 arrangem5t _h a fix$ pivot po9t x c\ld 
trav]se only "o giv5 radius accurately4 
,he propos$ to replace ! fix$ pivot ) a 
radius b> 7see fig4 #e7 "o end ( :i* 0  
atta*$ to ! locomotive "u ! smoke-box & 
! o!r to re> ( ! truck frame1 at ! same 
po9t ( atta*m5t z 9 ! ,bissell plan4    

,?us1 accord+ to ,hudson1 ! pivot po9t  
c\ld move lat]ally s t ! truck might m  
easily accommodate itself to a curve (  
any radius4 ,he fur!r claim$ t a bett]  
di/ribution ( weight 0 effect$ & t ! use
 ( ! radius b> reliev$ ! c5t] be>+ ca/+ 
( mu* ( ! /ra9 ( propell+ ! truck4      
,illu/ration3 ,,figure #h4--;,a #b-:eel 
,bissell truck in/all$ on ! ,p5nsylvania
 ,railroad's ,no4 #ia4 ,?is eng9e       
orig9ally an #j-h-j ,w9ans ,camel built 
9 ,febru>y #ahed1 0 rebuilt by ,john ,p4
 ,laird 9 #ahfg1 at :i* "t ! ,bissell   
truck 0 add$4 ,note t ,hudson equaliz+  
lev] 0 n us$4 7,smi?sonian photo        
#dfhjf-k7  ,! ,briti% j\rnal ,eng9e]+1 9
 an article o!rwise fri5dly to !        
inv5tor1 express$ "s skepticism z to !  
real m]it ( ,hudson's inv5tion4#ae      
,if ,mr4 ,hudson's truck1 444 be exam9$1
 x w be se5 t !     radius l9k s]ves no 
o!r purpose ?an t ( c>ry+ ! truck       
along ) ! eng9e1 & ?is c\ld obvi\sly be 
equally done by     ! pivot or c5tral p9
 ( ! truck itself4  ,x is probable t few

 build]s o!r ?an ,rog]s made use ( !    
,hudson radial l9k4#af ,"o ( ^! 0 ,john 
,headd51 ^: ,g5]al ,d>cy1 %[n 9 figure  
#f1 0 fitt$ ) ! ,hudson truck4  ,?us1 by
 #ahfj !re _h be5 p]fect$ & adopt$ a    
successful #d-:eel safety truck =       
#d-d-j's & #d-f-j's us$ 9 g5]al mix$ &  
pass5g] s]vice4 ,b z ! decade advanc$1 !
 ne$ grew = heavy freight eng9es t c\ld 
be safely run at spe$4 ,)\t a pilot     
truck1 ! lead+ driv+ axle ( ! freight   
eng9e 0 g5]ally ov]load$4 ,:ile !       
application ( a #d-:eel truck r$uc$ ?is 
front-end ov]load & p]mitt$ fa/] runn+ x
 mat]ially r$uc$ ! traction ( ! driv]s  
by be>+ too great a portion ( ! total   
weight4 ,?is loss ( traction 0 ( c\rse  
highly undesirable & g5]ally disqualifi$
 ! use ( #d-:eel trucks = freight       
eng9es4 ,:at 0 ne$$ 0 a truck :i* w\ld  
guide ! #j-f-j's & #j-h-j's ar\nd curves
 & yet leave ! great] portion ( ! weight
 on ! driv]s4 ,! #b-:eel1 or pony1 truck
 met ^! requirem5ts4#ag  ,illu/ration3  
,,figure #i4--,runn+ ge> & truck design$

 by ,john ,l4 ,:et/one1 z %[n 9 ! draw+ 
= ,u4,s4 pat5t #bghej1 issu$ ,april #aj1
 #ahfj4  ,levi ,bissell produc$ ! basic 
pat5t = su* a truck 9 #aheg4 ,z]ah      
,colburn 9 ,septemb] ( t ye> _h sugge/$ 
to ,bissell t he develop a #b-:eel      
truck4 ,su* a device1 he believ$1 w\ld  
be well receiv$ 9 ,brita94#ah ,he 0 q   
correct1 z w %ortly be se54  ,9 ne>ly e 
respect ,bissell's #b-:eel truck 7see   
fig4 #g7 foll[$ ! idea ( ! orig9al pat5t
 = ! #d-:eel truck1 :i* he claim$ z !   
basis = ! pres5t inv5tion4 ,! p9tle 0   
locat$ beh9d ! truck axle1 ne> ! front  
driv+-:eel axle1 & ! weight 0 c>ri$ by  
incl9e planes t also s]v$ z ! c5t]+     
device4  ,a /udy ( ! pat5t draw+ 9      
figure #g reveals sev]al int]e/+ po9ts4 
,note t ! ,v's1 & ?us ! po9t ( be>+1 are
 slightly 9 front ( ! c5t] l9e ( ! truck
 axle4 ,x 0 sugge/$ 9 ! pat5t           
specification t ! ,v's might be plac$ to
 ! front1 re>1 or directly ov] ! axle1 b
 9 mo/ actual applications !y 7 plac$   
directly ov] ! axle4 ,note also t !     

locomotive %[n on ! figure is obvi\sly a
 /&>d high-:eel ,am]ican type :i* has   
suff]$ ! r awkw>d sub/itution ( a pony  
truck = its regul> #d-:eel arrangem5t4  
,x is probable t few if any ,am]ican    
types 7 s rebuilt4  ,bissell 0 grant$   
,u4,s4 pat5t #baicf on ,novemb] #b1     
#aheh4 ,briti% pat5t #bgea 0 issu$ = !  
same device on ,decemb] #a1 #aheh4 ,a   
few mon?s lat]1 9 ! summ] ( #ahei1      
s]vice te/s ( ,bissell's new truck began
 9 ,engl&4  ,fir/ kn[n use ( ! truck 0  
on ! ,briti% ,ea/]n ,c\nties ,railway   
,no4 #bdh1 a rigid-frame #b-d-j built by
 ,kitson 9 #ahee4 ,! lead+ :eels ( !    
eng9e1 z orig9ally con/ruct$1 7 atta*$  
to ! frame 9 ! same mann] z ! driv]s &  
?us _h no lat]al fre$om4 ,= ! te/ !     
front p$e/als1 :i* held ! j\rnal boxes (
 ! lead+ :eels1 7 cut (f & a ,bissell   
pony truck 0 sub/itut$4 ,ab\t a ye> lat]
 ,alex&] ,l4 ,holley report$ on !       
success ( ! te/4#ai ,! #bdh _h op]at$   
#ag1ejj miles1 at spe$s up to #ej       
m4p4h41 safely & satisfactorily4 ,!     

eng9e n only rode m /eadily b %[$ a     
rem>kable r$uction 9 flange we>4 ,! road
 0 s pleas$ t by #ahff !y _h equipp$ #ba
 locomotives ) ,bissell trucks4#bj      
,sev]al o!r ,briti% l9es foll[$ !       
example ( ! ,ea/]n ,c\nties ,railway4   
,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aj4--,!         
,hudson-,bissell truck p]mitt$ !        
introduction ( ,mogul & ,consolidation  
type freight locomotives4 ,?is draw+ %[s
 a typical in/allation = a              
,consolidation ( ! #ahhj's4 ,item ,a is 
! equaliz+ lev] :i* connects ! truck to 
! spr+s ( ! front driv+ :eels4 ,f       
figures #hia-c 9 ,j4 ,g4 ,a4 ,mey]1     
,mod]n ,locomotive ,con/ruction1 ,new   
,york1 ,john ,wiley1 #aijd1 p4 #edc4    
,at fir/ ,bissell's #b-:eel truck       
receiv$ wid] application 9 ,europe ?an 9
 ?is c\ntry1 because mo/ ,am]ican roads1
 despite ! int]e/ 9 develop+ heavi]     
freight locomotives1 cont9u$ to dep5d ^u
 ! #d-d-j z a dual-purpose ma*9e4 ,x 0 n
 until aft] #ahgj1 :5 ,mogul &          
,consolidation types appe>$ 9 great]    

numb]s1 t ! #b-:eel truck became common 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,! fir/ use1 kn[n to
 ! writ]1 ( ! ,bissell pony 9 ?is c\ntry
 occurr$ 9 ,novemb] or ,decemb] ( #ahei 
on ! ,memphis & ,*>le/on ,railroad4 ,d4 
,h4 ,feg]1 ma/] me*anic ( ! railroad    
report$1 eight mon?s lat]1 t s9ce !     
locomotive _h be5 fitt$ ) ! ,bissell    
truck %e has nev] left ! rail & previ\s 
to h] hav+ ?is truck %e 0 (f ! rail     
almo/ daily4#ba ,9 ! same report ,feg]  
/at$ t he plann$ to re-equip ano!r      
locomotive 9 ! same mann]4              
,illu/ration3    ,,an?racite ,,coal     
,,burn+ ,,freight ,,locomotive   ,,rog]s
 ,,locomotive  ,,ma*9e ,,works  ,,figure
 #aa4--,! ,new ,j]sey ,railroad &       
,transportation ,company ,no4 #cf1 built
 by ! ,rog]s ,locomotive & ,ma*9e ,works
 9 #ahfc1 0 "o ( ! fir/ locomotives to  
be equipp$ by ?is firm ) a #b-:eel      
,bissell truck4 7,smi?sonian photo      
#dfhjf-m7  ,! ,baldw9 ,locomotive ,works
 9 ,decemb] #ahfj built a gr\p ( r      
awkw>d look+ #b-f-j's = ! ,l\isville &  

,na%ville ,railroad4 ,equipp$ ) ,bissell
 trucks1 ^! 7 und\bt$ly among ! v fir/  
new locomotives to be s built4 ,! fir/  
consolidation type 0 built by ,baldw9 9 
#ahff2 x 0 equipp$ ) a #b-:eel ,bissell 
safety truck4  ,! ,rog]s ,locomotive &  
,ma*9e ,works & ! ,new ,j]sey           
,locomotive & ,ma*9e ,works1 bo? (      
,pat]son1 ,new ,j]sey1 9 ! e>ly #ahfj's 
began build+ ,moguls2 ^! are kn[n to h  
_h ,bissell trucks4 ,o!r build]s foll[$ 
_! example1 s t by ! #ahgj's #b-:eel    
trucks _h become relatively common4  ,x 
%\ld be not$ t ! #b-:eel truck 0 n an   
absolute success until x 0 equaliz$ ) ! 
front driv+ axle4 ,?is arrangem5t 0     
p]fect$ 9 #ahfd by ,william ,s4 ,hudson1
 b be=e describ+ 8 inv5tion x w be      
helpful to discuss sev]al e>li] attempts
 to equalize pony trucks ) ! driv]s4  ,9
 #aheg ,john ,p4 ,laird1 !n ma/] me*anic
 ( ! ,m>ietta & ,c9c9nati ,railroad1    
rebuilt an old ,niles #h-:eel] into a   
curi\s #b-f-j on :i* only ! two re>     
driv+ :eels 7 c\pl$4 ,! front driv] 0   

driv5 by a *a9 & sprocket1 & ! pilot    
:eels 7 equaliz$ ) ! front driv+ axle4  
,! success or failure ( ! arrangem5t has
 n be5 def9itely det]m9$1 b :atev] !    
outcome1 ,laird cont9u$ 8 exp]im5ts :5  
he became sup]9t5d5t ( motive p[] = !   
,p5nsylvania ,railroad 9 #ahfb4 ,he     
ab&on$ ! *a9 drive = a m conv5tional    
arrangem5t ( side rods1 b ! truck & 8   
plan ( equalization 7 mu* ! same z t    
tri$ e>li]4 ,laird us$ two equaliz+     
lev]s1 atta*$ at "o end to ! front spr+ 
hang]s & at ! o!r to ! truck1 b 9 a way 
to all[ ! truck to sw+ horizontally4 ,! 
fulcrum = ea* lev] 0 m\nt$ on ! und]side
 ( ! front frame rail4 ,a numb] ( old   
#h-:eel ,baldw9 flexible-beam eng9es &  
sev]al ,w9ans' ,camels 7 rebuilt 9 ?is  
way4 ,"o ( ^! is %[n 9 figure #h4       
,laird1 h[ev]1 ev5tually became         
dissatisfi$ ) 8 arrangem5t & re-equipp$ 
! eng9es ) ,bissell trucks4             
,illu/ration3    ,,locomotive ,,eng9e   
,,safety ,,truck ,,co4   ,,( ,,new      
,,york4    ,proprietors ( ! foll[+      

,lett]s ,pat5t grant$ to ,levi ,bissell1
   ,aug4 #d1 #aheg1 ,nov4 #b1 #aheh     
7ext5d$ ,nov4 #b1 #ahgb72 ,a4 ,w4 ,smi?1
   ,feb4 #aa1 #ahfb2 ,d4 ,r4 ,pratt4    
,oct4 #af1 #ahfj2 ,w4 ,s4 ,hudson1      
,april #e1   #ah;digits miss+ & ,may    
#aj1 #ahfd4    ,,draw+s ,,furni%$ ,,&   
,,lic5ses ,,grant$ ,,on ,,application4  
,a4 ,f4 ,,smi?1 ,presid5t4     ,m4 ,f4  
,,moore1 ,sec'y & ,ag5t   ,,alb]t       
,,bridges4 ,treas4         ,no #df      
,cortl&t /4 ,n4 ,y4  ,,figure           
#ab4--,notice ( ! ,locomotive ,safety   
,truck ,company li/+ ! pat5ts held by x4
 ,f ,railroad ,gazette1 ,m>* #c1 #ahgf4 
,john ,l4 ,:et/one on ,april #aj1 #ahfj1
 obta9$ ,u4,s4 pat5t #bghej1 :i* /rik+ly
 anticipat$ ! plan ,hudson 0 to develop 
f\r ye>s lat]4#bb ,:et/one did n use a  
,bissell truck & 0 9 fact m conc]n$ 9   
reliev+ ! excess weight1 (t5 a #ej      
ov]load1 f ! front axle ( #j-f-j        
locomotives & 9 di/ribut+ a portion ( t 
weight to a pony truck4 ,8 arrangem5t   
may be readily und]/ood f ! pat5t draw+ 

9 figure #i4 ,probably ! be/ features ( 
! design 0 ! transv]se ,h-beam t        
connect$ ! spr+ hang]s to ! truck frame1
 :i* 9 ?is case also s]v$ z ! equaliz+  
lev] 7note t ! ball ,c acts z !         
fulcrum74  ,hudson made use ( ?is same  
device b 9 a m practical mann]4 ,he f\nd
 t :ile ! ,bissell pony truck c\ld      
satisfactorily adju/ itself lat]ally &  
c\ld lead ! locomotive ar\nd curves1 x  
c\ld n h&le ! v>y+ loads impos$ ^u x by 
! r\gh trackage typical ( ,am]ican      
railroads4 ,at "o mom5t an undue am\nt (
 weight w\ld fall ^u ! truck because !  
driv]s 7 ov] a depression 9 ! roadb$4   
,?is condition ov]load$ ! truck's spr+s 
& also result$ 9 a mom5t>y loss (       
adhesion1 caus+ ! driv]s to slip4       
,conv]sely1 :5 ! truck hit a depression 
too mu* weight 0 ?ru/ ^u ! driv+ :eels1 
& brok5 spr+s or o!r damage might       
result4  ,hudson's +5i\s rem$y to ?is   
problem 0 simple & /raight=w>d 7see fig4
 #aj74 ,a heavy equaliz+ lev] t connect$
 ! truck to ! spr+s ( ! front driv+     

:eels 0 plac$ on ! longitud9al c5t]l9e (
 ! locomotive1 ) ! fulcrum "u ! cyl9d]  
saddle4 ,?us ! truck & front driv]      
react$ toge!r to all ! inequalities &   
%ocks (f]$ by ! roadb$4  ,9 ,octob] (   
#ahfc1 "u ,hudson's direction1 two      
#b-f-j's equipp$ ) ,bissell trucks 7    
built at ! ,rog]s ,works = ! ,new ,j]sey
 ,railroad & ,transportation ,company4  
,probably "s fault 0 f\nd ) ! susp5sion 
( ^! ma*9es1 numb]$ #ce & #cf1 = ! next 
#b-f-j1 numb]$ #ci1 built = ! ,new      
,j]sey road 0 equipp$ ) ,hudson's       
equaliz]4 ,?is eng9e1 complet$ 9 ,janu>y
 #ahfe1 is believ$ to be ! fir/ ,mogul s
 equipp$4#bc  ,! ,locomotive ,eng9e     
,safety ,truck ,company 7see fig4 #aa7 0
 =m$ 9 ! #ahgj's1 ) ,a4 ,f4 ,smi? z     
presid5t1 to exploit ! pat5ts (         
,bissell1 ,smi?1 & ,hudson4 ,= sev]al   
ye>s notices appe>$ 9 ! columns ( !     
,railroad ,gazette report+ suits by !   
,company aga9/ v>i\s railroads &        
locomotive build]s = unau?oriz$ use ( _!
 pat5ts4 ,! ,gazette ( ,may #bi1 #ahge1 

c>ries a prote/ ( ! ,company aga9/ !    
,man*e/] ,locomotive ,works = unlic5s$  
use ( ,smi?'s pat5t ( #ahfb4 ,9 ! issue 
( ,augu/ #bh1 #ahge1 is report$ !       
,company's success 9 e/abli%+ ! validity
 ( ,smi?'s pat5t3      ,"s important    
settlem5ts = ! use ( ! pat5t h lately   
be5 made ) ! company1 "o ( !m be+ ) !   
,we/]n     ,railroad ,association1 ^:   
headqu>t]s are at ,*icago1 :i*          
includes ! pr9cipal we/]n roads4 ,?r\gh 
?is ! company     receives its royalty  
on sev]al hundr$ locomotives4   ,,9     
,,summ>y  ,x c be /at$ t ,hudson's      
modification ( ! ,bissell truck is (    
unque/ion$ importance1 = )\t !          
introduction ( ! equaliz] x is d\btful  
if ! #b-:eel pony truck w\ld h be5 a    
complete success on ,am]ican railroads4 
,bissell's #d-:eel truck 0 ext5sively   
employ$1 b x did n enjoy ! univ]sal     
popul>ity ( ! #b-:eel truck1 & 9 !      
#ahhj's 0 eclips$ by o!r =ms ( #d-:eel  
safety trucks4 ,! ,hudson-,bissell pony 
truck1 h[ev]1 surviv$ 9 its basic =m to 

rec5t times1 :51 9 ! late #aidj's & e>ly
 #aiej's1 ! la/ /eam locomotives 7      
con/ruct$ 9 ?is c\ntry4      #a4        
,?ree-po9t susp5sion 9 a #d-b-j 0 easily
 ga9$--! c5t]       plate ( ! truck & ! 
two be>+s ( ! driv+ :eel axle4       ,on
 a #d-d-j ! c5t] plate s]v$ z "o po9t1  
:ile ! fulcrum       ( ea* equaliz+ lev]
 s]v$ z ! o!r two po9ts1 ?us            
provid+ ! desirable & highly /able      
#c-po9t susp5sion4     #b4 ,am]ican     
,railroad ,j\rnal1 #ahec1 vol4 #i1 p4   
#dbg4     #c4 ,connect+ bo? truck axles 
) an equaliz+ lev] s t !y       act$ 9  
sympa?y ) ea* o!r also did mu* to prev5t
       d]ailm5ts on r\gh trackage4      
#d4 ,bissell /ates 9 ! pat5t            
specification t incl9$ planes       _h  
be5 previ\sly appli$ to railroad c>     
trucks4 ,8 claim       re/$ on !        
application ( ?is device to locomotive  
trucks4     #e4 ,f a sworn /atem5t ( ,g4
 ,m4 ,milligan dat$ ,july #b1 #aheg4    
,?is       along ) lett]s1 petitions1   
receipts1 & o!r su* mat]ial       quot$ 

9 ?is discussion are f ! ,pat5t ,(fice  
pap]s h\s$       9 ! ,national ,ar*ives1
 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 7h]eaft] ref]r$ to    
z ,pat5t ,(fice pap]s74     #f4 ,!      
,lebanon 0 a #d-d-j1 us$ 9 freight      
s]vice1 t _h be5       built by ! ,new  
,j]sey ,locomotive & ,ma*9e ,company 9  
,decemb]       #ahee4     #g4 ,lett]    
dat$ ,july #b1 #aheg1 f ,s4 ,l4 ,moore  
7,pat5t ,(fice pap]s74     #h4 ,/atem5t 
cit$ 9 footnote #e4     #i4 ,lett] dat$ 
,july #aa1 #aheg1 ,*>les ,mason to ,levi
 ,bissell 7,pat5t       ,(fice pap]s74  
#aj4 ,am]ican ,railway ,review1 ,febru>y
 #i1 #ahfj1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ga4    #aa4    
,u4,s4 pat5t #cdcgg1 ,febru>y #aa1      
#ahfb4    #ab4 ,dav5port  ,bridges1 c>  
build]s ( ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 9  
#ahda1 obta9$ a ,u4,s4 pat5t = a        
sw+-beam truck4    #ac4 ,gu/avus        
,weiss5born 9 8 au?oritative ,am]ican   
,locomotive       ,eng9e]+ & ,railway   
,me*anism 7,new ,york1 #ahga1 p4 #aca71 
/at$ t :5 9 use ! ,v's soon acquir$ a   
poli%$ surface       :i* seem$ to defy  

we>4    #ad4 ,u4,s4 pat5t #dbffb1 ,may  
#aj1 #ahfd4    #ae4 ,eng9e]+1 ,july #ab1
 #ahfg1 vol4 #d1 p4 #bi4    #af4 ,john  
,headd51 ma/] me*anic ( ! ,new ,j]sey   
,railroad &       ,transportation       
,company1 built at ! road's ,j]sey ,city
 %ops       sev]al locomotives equipp$ )
 ,hudson's v>iety ( ! ,bissell          
truck4 ,headd51 ^u ! dea? ( ,hudson1    
succe$$ him 9 #ahha z       sup]9t5d5t (
 ! ,rog] ,works4    #ag4 ,x is believ$ t
 ,h>rison1 ,w9ans & ,ea/wick made "o ( !
       fir/ uses ( a #b-:eel radial     
truck on a #b-f-j built at !            
,alex&rovsky ,ars5al1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 9 
#ahdd-df4 ,! success or       exact     
p>ticul>s ( ^! ma*9es is unkn[n4 ,see   
,john ,jahn1       ,die ,dampflokomotive
 9 ,entwicklungsges*i*tli*] ,d>/ellung  
,ihres ,gesamtaufbaues1 ,b]l91 #aibd1 p4
 #bci2 ,ri*>d ,e4 ,peunoy]1             
,messrs4 ,h>rison1 ,w9ans  ,ea/wick1 ,/4
 ,pet]sburg1 ,russia1       ,railway &  
,locomotive ,hi/orical ,society ,bullet9
 no4 #dg1       ,septemb] #aich1 p4 #df2

 & ,joseph ,h>rison1 ,jr41 ,!           
,locomotive       ,eng9e1 &             
,philadelphia's ,%>e 9 its ,e>ly        
,improvem5ts1       ,philadelphia1      
#ahgb1 p4 #eb4    #ah4 ,z]ah ,colburn1  
,locomotive ,eng9e]+ & ! ,me*anism (    
,railways1 4441 ,london1 #ahga1 p4 #ii4 
,z]ah ,colburn 7#ahcb-ahgj7 0       "o (
 ! be/ in=m$ & mo/ vocal au?orities on  
#ai?-c5tury       ,am]ican locomotive   
con/ruction4 ,he n only design$ advanc$ 
ma*9es :ile work+ at ! ,new ,j]sey      
,locomotive ,works b also       advocat$
 _m re=ms 9 locomotive design4 ,he      
publi%$ !       ,railroad ,advocate 9   
,new ,york ,city = sev]al ye>s4 ,9 #aheh
 he       became editor ( ,! ,eng9e] & 9
 #ahff f\nd$ ! te*nical       j\rnal    
,eng9e]+4    #ai4 ,am]ican ,railway     
,review1 ,june #h1 #ahfj1 vol4 #b1 p4   
#cib4 ,holley       0 a well kn[n       
au?ority on locomotive eng9e]+ & !      
au?or ( sev]al books on ! subject4      
#bj4 ,eng9e]+ ,may #aa1 #ahff1 vol4 #a1 
p4 #cac4 ,by ?is "t 7#ahff71       !    

,ea/]n ,c\nties ,railway _h become "p ( 
! ,great ,ea/]n       sy/em4    #ba4    
,am]ican ,railway ,review ,july #bf1    
#ahfj1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ch4    #bb4 ,:et/one
 0 *ief design] = ,niles  ,co41 a       
,c9c9nati       locomotive build]4 ,8   
inv5tion app>5tly did n receive a       
te/1 s9ce ! company clos$ %ortly be=e ! 
pat5t 0       grant$4 ,no o!r build]    
seem$ int]e/$4    #bc4 ,paul ,t4 ,w>n]1 
,mogul ,type ,locomotives1 ,railway &   
,locomotive       ,hi/orical ,society   
,bullet9 no4 #ajj1 ,april #aiei4        
,u4,s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aifa
  ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 
,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton
 #be1 ,d4,c4--,price #bj c5ts