,! ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ( ! ,,airplane    ,! 
,,dayton-,,wright ,,airplane ,,co4      
,,dayton ,,ohio     ,! ,wright ,bro!rs' 
,a]oplane  ,by ,orville & ,wilbur       
,wright   ,?\gh ! subject ( a]ial       
navigation is g5]ally consid]$ new1 x   
has occupi$ ! m9ds ( m5 m or less f !   
e>lie/ ages4 ,our p]sonal int]e/ 9 x    
dates f our *ildhood days4 ,late 9 !    
autumn ( #ahgh our fa!r came into ! h\se
 "o ev5+ ) "s object p>tly conceal$ 9 8 
h&s1 & be=e we c\ld see :at x 01 he     
toss$ x into ! air4 ,in/ead ( fall+ to !
 floor1 z we expect$1 x flew across !   
room1 till x /ruck ! ceil+1 :]e x       
flutt]$ a:ile1 & f9ally sank to ! floor4
 ,x 0 a little toy1 kn[n to sci5ti/s z a
 helicopt]e1 b :i* we1 ) sublime        
disreg>d = sci5ce1 at once dubb$ a bat4 
,x 0 a light frame ( cork & bamboo1     
cov]$ ) pap]1 :i* =m$ two screws1 driv5 
9 opposite directions by rubb] b&s "u   
torsion4 ,a toy s delicate la/$ only a  
%ort "t 9 ! h&s ( small boys1 b its     
memory 0 abid+4  ,sev]al ye>s lat] we   

began build+ ^! helicopt]es = ourselves1
 mak+ ea* "o l>g] ?an t prec$+4 ,b1 to  
our a/oni%m5t1 we f\nd t ! l>g] ! bat ! 
less x flew4 ,we did n "k t a ma*9e hav+
 only twice ! l9e> dim5sions ( ano!r    
w\ld require eight times ! p[]4 ,we     
f9ally became disc\rag$1 & return$ to   
kite-fly+1 a sport to :i* we _h devot$ s
 mu* att5tion t we 7 reg>d$ z exp]ts4 ,b
 z we became old] we _h to give up ?is  
fasc9at+ sport z unbecom+ to boys ( our 
ages4  ,x 0 n till ! news ( ! sad dea? (
 ,lili5?al rea*$ ,am]ica 9 ! summ] (    
#ahif t we aga9 gave m ?an pass+        
att5tion to ! subject ( fly+4 ,we !n    
/udi$ ) great int]e/ ,*anute's ,progress
 9 ,fly+ ,ma*9es1 ,langley's ,exp]im5ts 
9 ,a]odynamics1 ! ,a]onautical ,annuals 
( #aije1 #aijf1 & #aijg1 & sev]al       
pamphlets publi%$ by ! ,smi?sonian      
,in/itution1 especially articles by     
,lili5?al & extracts f ,m\ill>d's       
,empire ( ! ,air4 ,! l>g] works gave u a
 good und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ! fly+       
problem1 & ! difficulties 9 pa/ attempts

 to solve x1 :ile ,m\ill>d & ,lili5?al1 
! great mission>ies ( ! fly+ cause1     
infect$ u ) _! own unqu5*able en?usiasm1
 & trans=m$ idle curiosity into ! active
 zeal ( work]s4  ,9 ! field ( aviation  
!re 7 two s*ools4 ,! fir/1 repres5t$ by 
su* m5 z ,pr(essor ,langley & ,sir      
,hiram ,maxim1 gave *ief att5tion to p[]
 flight2 ! second1 repres5t$ by         
,lili5?al1 ,m\ill>d1 & ,*anute1 to so>+ 
flight4 ,our sympa?ies 7 ) ! latt]      
s*ool1 p>tly f impati5ce at ! wa/eful   
extravagance ( m\nt+ delicate & co/ly   
ma*9]y on w+s :i* no "o knew h[ to      
manage1 & p>tly1 no d\bt1 f !           
extraord9>y *>m & en?usiasm ) :i* !     
apo/les ( so>+ flight set =? ! beauties 
( sail+ ?r\gh ! air on fix$ w+s1 d]iv+ !
 motive p[] f ! w9d itself4  ,! balanc+ 
( a fly] may seem1 at fir/ ?\ght1 to be 
a v simple matt]1 yet almo/ e exp]im5t] 
_h f\nd 9 ?is "o po9t :i* he c\ld n     
satisfactorily ma/]4 ,_m diff]5t me?ods 
7 tri$4 ,"s exp]im5t]s plac$ ! c5t] (   
gravity f> bel[ ! w+s1 9 ! belief t !   

weight w\ld naturally seek to rema9 at !
 l[e/ po9t4 ,x is true1 t1 l ! p5dulum1 
x t5d$ to seek ! l[e/ po9t2 b also1 l ! 
p5dulum1 x t5d$ to oscillate 9 a mann]  
de/ructive ( all /ability4 ,a m         
satisfactory sy/em1 especially = lat]al 
balance1 0 t ( arrang+ ! w+s 9 ! %ape ( 
a broad ,v1 to =m a dih$ral angle1 ) !  
c5t] l[ & ! w+-tips elevat$4 ,9 !ory ?is
 0 an automatic sy/em1 b 9 practice x _h
 two s]i\s defects3 fir/1 x t5d$ to keep
 ! ma*9e oscillat+2 & second1 its       
usefulness 0 re/rict$ to calm air4  ,9 a
 slightly modifi$ =m ! same sy/em 0     
appli$ to ! =e-&-aft balance4 ,! ma9    
a]oplane 0 set at a positive angle1 & a 
horizontal tail at a negative angle1    
:ile ! c5t] ( gravity 0 plac$ f> =w>d4  
,z 9 ! case ( lat]al control1 !re 0 a   
t5d5cy to con/ant undulation1 & ! v =ces
 :i* caus$ a re/oration ( balance 9     
calms caus$ a di/urbance ( ! balance 9  
w9ds4 ,not)/&+ ! kn[n limitations ( ?is 
pr9ciple1 x _h be5 embodi$ 9 almo/ e    
prom95t fly+ ma*9e :i* _h be5 built4    

,aft] consid]+ ! practical effect ( !   
dih$ral pr9ciple1 we rea*$ ! conclusion 
t a fly] f\nd$ ^u x might be ( int]e/ f 
a sci5tific po9t ( view1 b c\ld be ( no 
value 9 a practical way4 ,we !re=e      
resolv$ to try a fundam5tally diff]5t   
pr9ciple4 ,we w\ld arrange ! ma*9e s t x
 w\ld n t5d to "r itself4 ,we w\ld make 
x z in]t z possible to ! effects ( *ange
 ( direction or spe$1 & ?us r$uce !     
effects ( w9d-gu/s to a m9imum4 ,we w\ld
 d ?is 9 ! =e-&-aft /ability by giv+ !  
a]oplanes a peculi> %ape2 & 9 ! lat]al  
balance by ar*+ ! surfaces f tip to tip1
 j ! rev]se ( :at our pr$ecessors _h    
done4 ,!n by "s suitable contrivance1   
actuat$ by ! op]ator1 =ces %\ld be      
br\ght into play to regulate ! balance4 
,lili5?al & ,*anute _h guid$ & balanc$  
_! ma*9es1 by %ift+ ! weight ( !        
op]ator's body4 ,b ?is me?od seem$ to u 
incapable ( expansion to meet l>ge      
conditions1 because ! weight to be mov$ 
& ! di/ance ( possible motion 7 limit$1 
:ile ! di/urb+ =ces /eadily increas$1   

bo? ) w+ area & ) w9d velocity4 ,9 ord] 
to meet ! ne$s ( l>ge ma*9es1 we wi%$ to
 employ "s sy/em :]eby ! op]ator c\ld   
v>y at w ! incl9ation ( diff]5t p>ts ( !
 w+s1 & ?us obta9 f ! w9d =ces to re/ore
 ! balance :i* ! w9d itself _h di/urb$4 
,?is c\ld easily be done by us+ w+s     
capable ( be+ w>p$1 & by supplem5t>y    
adju/able surfaces 9 ! %ape ( rudd]s4 ,z
 ! =ces obta9able = control w\ld        
necess>ily increase 9 ! same ratio z !  
di/urb+ =ces1 ! me?od seem$ capable (   
expansion to an almo/ unlimit$ ext5t4 ,a
 happy device 0 discov]$ :]eby !        
app>5tly rigid sy/em ( sup]pos$         
surfaces1 inv5t$ by ,w5ham1 & improv$ by
 ,/r+fell[ & ,*anute1 c\ld be w>p$ 9 a  
mo/ unexpect$ way1 s t ! a]oplanes c\ld 
be pres5t$ on ! "r & left sides at      
diff]5t angles to ! w9d4 ,?is1 ) an     
adju/able1 horizontal front rudd]1 =m$ !
 ma9 feature ( our fir/ glid]4  ,! p]iod
 f #ahhe to #aijj 0 "o ( unexampl$      
activity 9 a]onautics1 & = a "t !re 0   
high hope t ! age ( fly+ 0 at h&4 ,b    

,maxim1 aft] sp5d+ #ajj1jjj1 ab&on$ !   
"w2 ! ,ad] ma*9e1 built at ! exp5se ( ! 
,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 0 a failure2 ,lili5?al 
& ,pil*] 7 kill$ 9 exp]im5ts2 & ,*anute 
& _m o!rs1 f "o cause or ano!r1 _h      
relax$ _! ef=ts1 ?\gh x subsequ5tly     
became kn[n t ,pr(essor ,langley 0 /ill 
secretly at "w on a ma*9e = ! ,unit$    
,/ates ,gov]nm5t4 ,! public1 disc\rag$  
by ! failures & trag$ies j witness$1    
consid]$ flight beyond ! rea* ( man1 &  
class$ its adh]5ts ) ! inv5tors (       
p]petual motion4  ,we began our active  
exp]im5ts at ! close ( ?is p]iod1 9     
,octob]1 #aijj1 at ,kitty ,hawk1 ,nor?  
,c>ol9a4 ,our ma*9e 0 design$ to be fl[n
 z a kite1 ) a man on bo>d1 9 w9ds f #ae
 to #bj miles an h\r4 ,b1 ^u trial1 x 0 
f\nd t mu* /rong] w9ds 7 requir$ to lift
 x4 ,suitable w9ds n be+ pl5tiful1 we   
f\nd x necess>y1 9 ord] to te/ ! new    
balanc+ sy/em1 to fly ! ma*9e z a kite  
)\t a man on bo>d1 op]at+ ! lev]s ?r\gh 
cords f ! gr\nd4 ,?is did n give !      
practice anticipat$1 b x inspir$        

confid5ce 9 ! new sy/em ( balance4  ,9 !
 summ] ( #aija we became p]sonally      
acqua9t$ ) ,mr4 ,*anute4 ,:5 he le>n$ t 
we 7 int]e/$ 9 fly+ z a sport1 & n ) any
 expectation ( recov]+ ! money we 7     
exp5d+ on x1 he gave u mu* enc\ragem5t4 
,at our invitation1 he sp5t sev]al weeks
 ) u at our camp at ,kill ,devil ,hill1 
f\r miles s\? ( ,kitty ,hawk1 dur+ our  
exp]im5ts ( t & ! two succe$+ ye>s4 ,he 
also witness$ "o flight ( ! p[] ma*9e   
ne> ,dayton1 ,ohio1 9 ,octob]1 #aijd4   
,! ma*9e ( #aija 0 built ) ! %ape (     
surface us$ by ,lili5?al1 curv$ f front 
to re> l ! segm5t ( a p>abola1 ) a      
curvature #a_/ab ! dep? ( its cord2 b to
 make d\bly sure t x w\ld h suffici5t   
lift+ capacity :5 fl[n z a kite 9 #ae or
 #bj-mile w9ds1 we increas$ ! area f    
#afe squ>e feet1 us$ 9 #aijj1 to #cjh   
squ>e feet--a size mu* l>g] ?an         
,lili5?al1 ,pil*]1 or ,*anute _h deem$  
safe4 ,^u trial1 h[ev]1 ! lift+ capacity
 aga9 fell v f> %ort ( calculation1 s t 
! idea ( secur+ practice :ile fly+ z a  

kite _h to be ab&on$4 ,mr4 ,*anute1 :o  
witness$ ! exp]im5ts1 told u t ! tr\ble 
0 n due to poor con/ruction ( ! ma*9e4  
,we saw only "o o!r explanation--t !    
tables ( air-pressures 9 g5]al use 7    
incorrect4  ,illu/ration  ,we !n turn$  
to glid+--coa/+ d[nhill on ! air--z !   
only me?od ( gett+ ! desir$ practice 9  
balanc+ a ma*9e4 ,aft] a few m9utes'    
practice we 7 able to make glides ( ov] 
#cjj feet1 & 9 a few days 7 safely      
op]at+ 9 #bg-mile w9ds4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts 
we met ) sev]al unexpect$ ph5om5a4 ,we  
f\nd t1 contr>y to ! tea*+s ( ! books1 !
 c5t] ( pressure on a curv$ surface     
travel$ backw>d :5 ! surface 0 incl9$1  
at small angles1 m & m edgewise to !    
w9d4 ,we also discov]$ t 9 free flight1 
:5 ! w+ on "o side ( ! ma*9e 0 pres5t$  
to ! w9d at a great] angle ?an ! "o on !
 o!r side1 ! w+ ) ! great] angle        
desc5d$1 & ! ma*9e turn$ 9 a direction j
 ! rev]se ( :at we 7 l$ to expect :5    
fly+ ! ma*9e z a kite4 ,! l>g] angle    
gave m resi/ance to =w>d motion1 & r$uc$

 ! spe$ ( ! w+ on t side4 ,! decrease 9 
spe$ m ?an c\nt]balanc$ ! effect ( !    
l>g] angle4 ,! addition ( a fix$ v]tical
 vane 9 ! re> increas$ ! tr\ble1 & made 
! ma*9e absolutely dang]\s4 ,x 0 "s "t  
be=e a rem$y 0 discov]$4 ,?is consi/$ ( 
movable rudd]s work+ 9 conjunction ) !  
twi/+ ( ! w+s4 ,! details ( ?is         
arrangem5t are giv5 9 specifications    
publi%$ sev]al ye>s ago4  ,! exp]im5ts (
 #aija 7 f> f enc\rag+4 ,al?\gh ,mr4    
,*anute assur$ u t1 bo? 9 control & 9   
weight c>ri$ p] horse-p[]1 ! results    
obta9$ 7 bett] ?an ^? ( any ( our       
pr$ecessors1 yet we saw t ! calculations
 ^u :i* all fly+ ma*9es _h be5 bas$ 7   
unreliable1 & t all 7 simply grop+ 9 !  
d>k4 ,hav+ set out ) absolute fai? 9 !  
exi/+ sci5tific data1 we 7 driv5 to d\bt
 "o ?+ aft] ano!r1 till f9ally1 aft] two
 ye>s ( exp]im5t1 we ca/ x all aside1 & 
decid$ to rely entirely ^u our own      
inve/igations4 ,tru? & error 7 ev]y:]e s
 intimately mix$ z to be undi/+ui%able4 
,nev]!less1 ! "t exp5d$ 9 prelim9>y /udy

 ( books 0 n missp5t1 = !y gave u a good
 g5]al und]/&+ ( ! subject1 & enabl$ u  
at ! outset to avoid ef=t 9 _m          
directions 9 :i* results w\ld h be5     
hopeless4  ,! /&>d measurem5ts (        
w9d-pressures is ! =ce produc$ by a     
curr5t ( air ( "o mile p] h\r velocity  
/rik+ squ>e aga9/ a plane ( "o squ>e    
foot area4 ,! practical difficulties (  
obta9+ an exact measurem5t ( ?is =ce h  
be5 great4 ,! measurem5ts by diff]5t    
recogniz$ au?orities v>y #ej p] c5t4 ,:5
 ?is simple/ ( measurem5ts pres5ts s    
great difficulties1 :at %all be said ( !
 tr\bles enc\nt]$ by ^? :o attempt to   
f9d ! pressure at ea* angle z ! plane is
 incl9$ m & m edgewise to ! w9d8 ,9 !   
eighte5? c5tury ! ,fr5* ,academy prep>$ 
tables giv+ su* in=mation1 & at a lat]  
date ! ,a]onautical ,society ( ,great   
,brita9 made simil> exp]im5ts4 ,_m      
p]sons likewise publi%$ measurem5ts &   
=mulas2 b ! results 7 s discordant t    
,pr(essor ,langley und]took a new s]ies 
( measurem5ts1 ! results ( :i* =m !     

basis ( 8 celebrat$ "w1 ,exp]im5ts 9    
,a]odynamics4 ,yet a critical exam9ation
 ( ! data ^u :i* he bas$ 8 conclusions z
 to ! pressures at small angles %[s     
results s v>i\s z to make _m ( 8        
conclusions little bett] ?an guesswork4 
,to "w intellig5tly1 "o ne$s to "k !    
effects ( a multitude ( v>iations t c\ld
 be incorporat$ 9 ! surfaces ( fly+     
ma*9es4 ,! pressures on squ>es are      
diff]5t f ^? on rectangles1 circles1    
triangles1 or ellipses2 ar*$ surfaces   
diff] f planes1 & v>y among !mselves    
accord+ to ! dep? ( curvature2 true arcs
 diff] f p>abolas1 & ! latt] diff] among
 !mselves2 ?ick surfaces diff] f ?91 &  
surfaces ?ick] 9 "o place ?an ano!r v>y 
9 pressure :5 ! positions ( maximum     
?ickness are diff]5t2 "s surfaces are   
mo/ effici5t at "o angle1 o!rs at o!r   
angles4 ,! %ape ( ! edge also makes a   
diff]5ce1 s t ?\s&s ( comb9ations are   
possible 9 s simple a ?+ z a w+4  ,we _h
 tak5 up a]onautics m]ely z a sport4 ,we
 reluctantly ent]$ ^u ! sci5tific side (

 x4 ,b we soon f\nd ! "w s fasc9at+ t we
 7 drawn into x deep] & deep]4 ,two te/+
 ma*9es 7 built1 :i* we believ$ w\ld    
avoid ! errors to :i* ! measurem5ts (   
o!rs _h be5 subject4 ,aft] mak+         
prelim9>y measurem5ts on a great numb] (
 diff]5t-%ap$ surfaces1 to secure a     
g5]al und]/&+ ( ! subject1 we began     
sy/ematic measurem5ts ( /&>d surfaces1 s
 v>i$ 9 design z to br+ out ! und]ly+   
causes ( diff]5ces not$ 9 _! pressures4 
,measurem5ts 7 tabulat$ on ne>ly #ej (  
^! at all angles f z]o to #de degrees at
 int]vals ( #b-a_/b degrees4            
,measurem5ts 7 also secur$ %[+ ! effects
 on ea* o!r :5 surfaces are sup]pos$1 or
 :5 !y foll[ "o ano!r4  ,"s /range      
results 7 obta9$4 ,"o surface1 ) a heavy
 roll at ! front edge1 %[$ ! same lift =
 all angles f #g-a_/b to #de degrees4 ,a
 squ>e plane1 contr>y to ! measurem5ts (
 all our pr$ecessors1 gave a great]     
pressure at #cj degrees ?an at #de      
degrees4 ,?is seem$ s anomal\s t we 7   
almo/ ready to d\bt our own measurem5ts1

 :5 a simple te/ 0 sugge/$4 ,a          
wea!r-vane1 ) two planes atta*$ to !    
po9t] at an angle ( #hj degrees ) ea*   
o!r1 0 made4 ,accord+ to our tables1 su*
 a vane w\ld be 9 un/able equilibrium :5
 po9t+ directly into ! w9d2 = if by     
*ance ! w9d %\ld happ5 to /rike "o plane
 at #ci degrees & ! o!r at #da degrees1 
! plane ) ! small] angle w\ld h ! great]
 pressure1 & ! po9t] w\ld be turn$ /ill 
f>!r out ( ! c\rse ( ! w9d until ! two  
vanes aga9 secur$ equal pressures1 :i*  
w\ld be at approximately #cj & #ej      
degrees4 ,b ! vane p]=m$ 9 ?is v mann]4 
,fur!r corroboration ( ! tables 0 obta9$
 9 exp]im5ts ) ! new glid] at ,kill     
,devil ,hill ! next season4  ,9         
,septemb] & ,octob]1 #aijb1 ne>ly #a1jjj
 glid+ flights 7 made1 sev]al ( :i*     
cov]$ di/ances ( ov] #fjj feet4 ,"s1    
made aga9/ a w9d ( #cf miles an h\r1    
gave pro( ( ! effectiv5ess ( ! devices =
 control4 ,) ?is ma*9e1 9 ! autumn (    
#aijc1 we made a numb] ( flights 9 :i*  
we rema9$ 9 ! air = ov] a m9ute1 (t5    

so>+ = a consid]able "t 9 "o spot1 )\t  
any desc5t at all4 ,little wond] t our  
unsci5tific assi/ant %\ld ?9k ! only ?+ 
ne$$ to keep x indef9itely 9 ! air w\ld 
be a coat ( fea!rs to make x light6  ,) 
accurate data = mak+ calculations1 & a  
sy/em ( balance effective 9 w9ds z well 
z 9 calms1 we 7 n[ 9 a position1 we     
?\ght1 to build a successful p[]-fly]4  
,! fir/ designs provid$ = a total weight
 ( #fjj lbs41 includ+ ! op]ator & an    
eight horse-p[] motor4 ,b1 ^u           
completion1 ! motor gave m p[] ?an _h   
be5 e/imat$1 & ?is all[$ #aej lbs4 to be
 add$ = /r5g!n+ ! w+s & o!r p>ts4  ,our 
tables made ! design+ ( ! w+s an easy   
matt]1 & z screw-propell]s are simply   
w+s travel+ 9 a spiral c\rse1 we        
anticipat$ no tr\ble f ?is s\rce4 ,we _h
 ?\ght ( gett+ ! !ory ( ! screw-propell]
 f ! m>9e eng9e]s1 & !n1 by apply+ our  
tables ( air-pressures to _! =mulas1 (  
design+ air-propell]s suitable = our    
purpose4 ,b s f> z we c\ld le>n1 ! m>9e 
eng9e]s possess$ only empirical =mulas1 

& ! exact action ( ! screw-propell]1    
aft] a c5tury ( use1 0 /ill v obscure4  
,z we 7 n 9 a position to und]take a    
long s]ies ( practical exp]im5ts to     
discov] a propell] suitable = our ma*9e1
 x seem$ necess>y to obta9 su* a ?or\gh 
und]/&+ ( ! !ory ( its reactions z w\ld 
enable u to design !m f calculations    
alone4 ,:at at fir/ seem$ a problem     
became m complex ! long] we /udi$ x4 ,) 
! ma*9e mov+ =w>d1 ! air fly+ backw>d1 !
 propell]s turn+ sidewise1 & no?+ /&+   
/ill1 x seem$ impossible to f9d a       
/>t+-po9t f :i* to trace ! v>i\s        
simultane\s reactions4 ,contemplation ( 
x 0 confus+4 ,aft] long argum5ts we (t5 
f\nd ourselves 9 ! ludicr\s position (  
ea* hav+ be5 conv]t$ to ! o!r's side1 ) 
no m agreem5t ?an :5 ! discussion began4
  ,illu/ration  ,x 0 n till sev]al mon?s
 _h pass$1 & e phase ( ! problem _h be5 
?ra%$ ov] & ov]1 t ! v>i\s reactions    
began to untangle !mselves4 ,:5 once a  
cle> und]/&+ _h be5 obta9$ !re 0 no     
difficulty 9 design+ suitable propell]s1

 ) prop] diamet]1 pit*1 & area ( blade1 
to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! fly]4 ,high   
effici5cy 9 a screw-propell] is n       
dep5d5t ^u any p>ticul> or peculi> %ape2
 & !re is no su* ?+ z a be/ screw4 ,a   
propell] giv+ a high dynamic effici5cy  
:5 us$ ^u "o ma*9e may be almo/ wor?less
 :5 us$ ^u ano!r4 ,! propell] %\ld 9 e  
case be design$ to meet ! p>ticul>      
conditions ( ! ma*9e to :i* x is to be  
appli$4 ,our fir/ propell]s1 built      
entirely f calculation1 gave 9 useful "w
 #ff p] c5t4 ( ! p[] exp5d$4 ,?is 0 ab\t
 "o-?ird m ?an _h be5 secur$ by ,maxim  
or ,langley4  ,! fir/ flights ) ! p[]   
ma*9e 7 made on ,decemb] #ag1 #aijc4    
,only five p]sons besides ourselves 7   
pres5t4 ,^! 7 ,messrs4 ,john ,t4        
,daniels1 ,w4 ,s4 ,d\gh1 & ,a4 ,d4      
,e!ridge1 ( ! ,kill ,devil ,life-,sav+  
,/ation2 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,br9kley1 (       
,manteo2 & ,mr4 ,john ,w>d1 ( ,naghead4 
,al?\gh a g5]al invitation _h be5 ext5d$
 to ! p liv+ )9 five or six miles1 n _m 
7 will+ to face ! rigors ( a cold       

,decemb] w9d 9 ord] to see1 z !y no d\bt
 ?\ght1 ano!r fly+ ma*9e n fly4 ,! fir/ 
flight la/$ only #ab seconds1 a flight v
 mode/ comp>$ ) t ( birds1 b x 01       
nev]!less1 ! fir/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w 9   
:i* a ma*9e c>ry+ a man _h rais$ itself 
by its own p[] into ! air 9 free flight1
 _h sail$ =w>d on a level c\rse )\t     
r$uction ( spe$1 & _h f9ally l&$ )\t be+
 wreck$4 ,! second & ?ird flights 7 a   
little long]1 & ! f\r? la/$ #ei seconds1
 cov]+ a di/ance ( #heb feet ov] ! gr\nd
 aga9/ a #bj-mile w9d4  ,aft] ! la/     
flight ! ma*9e 0 c>ri$ back to camp &   
set d[n 9 :at 0 ?\ght to be a safe      
place4 ,b a few m9utes lat]1 :ile we 7  
engag$ 9 conv]sation ab\t ! flights1 a  
sudd5 gu/ ( w9d /ruck ! ma*9e1 & />t$ to
 turn x ov]4 ,all made a ru% to /op x1 b
 we 7 too late4 ,mr4 ,daniels1 a giant 9
 /ature & /r5g?1 0 lift$ (f 8 feet1 &   
fall+ inside1 betwe5 ! surfaces1 0 %ak5 
ab\t l a rattle 9 a box z ! ma*9e roll$ 
ov] & ov]4 ,he f9ally fell out ^u ! s& )
 no?+ worse ?an pa9ful bruises1 b !     

damage to ! ma*9e caus$ a discont9uance 
( exp]im5ts4  ,9 ! spr+ ( #aijd1 ?r\gh !
 k9dness ( ,mr4 ,torr5ce ,huffman1 (    
,dayton1 ,ohio1 we 7 p]mitt$ to erect a 
%$1 & to cont9ue exp]im5ts1 on :at is   
kn[n z ! ,huffman ,prairie1 at ,simms   
,/ation1 eight miles ea/ ( ,dayton4 ,!  
new ma*9e 0 heavi] & /rong]1 b simil> to
 ! "o fl[n at ,kill ,devil ,hill4 ,:5 x 
0 ready = its fir/ trial e newspap] 9   
,dayton 0 notifi$1 & ab\t a doz5        
repres5tatives ( ! ,press 7 pres5t4 ,our
 only reque/ 0 t no pictures be tak51 & 
t ! reports be uns5sational1 s z n to   
attract cr[ds to our exp]im5t gr\nds4   
,!re 7 probably #ej p]sons altoge!r on !
 gr\nd4 ,:5 prep>ations _h be5 complet$ 
a w9d ( only ?ree or f\r miles 0        
bl[+--insuffici5t = />t+ on s %ort a    
track--b s9ce _m _h come a long way to  
see ! ma*9e 9 action1 an attempt 0 made4
 ,to add to ! o!r difficulty1 ! eng9e   
refus$ to "w prop]ly4 ,! ma*9e1 aft]    
runn+ ! l5g? ( ! track1 slid (f ! end   
)\t ris+ into ! air at all4 ,sev]al ( ! 

newspap] m5 return$ ! next day1 b 7 aga9
 disappo9t$4 ,! eng9e p]=m$ badly1 &    
aft] a glide ( only #fj feet1 ! ma*9e   
came to ! gr\nd4 ,fur!r trial 0 po/pon$ 
till ! motor c\ld be put 9 bett] runn+  
condition4 ,! report]s _h n[1 no d\bt1  
lo/ confid5ce 9 ! ma*9e1 ?\gh _!        
reports1 9 k9dness1 conceal$ x4 ,lat]1  
:5 !y he>d t we 7 mak+ flights ( sev]al 
m9utes' duration1 kn[+ t long] flights  
_h be5 made ) air%ips1 & n kn[+ any     
ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 air%ips & fly+ 
ma*9es1 !y 7 b little int]e/$4  ,we _h n
 be5 fly+ long 9 #aijd be=e we f\nd t ! 
problem ( equilibrium _h n z yet be5    
entirely solv$4 ,sometimes1 9 mak+ a    
circle1 ! ma*9e w\ld turn ov] sidewise  
despite any?+ ! op]ator c\ld d1 al?\gh1 
"u ! same conditions 9 ord9>y /raight   
flight1 x c\ld h be5 right$ 9 an in/ant4
 ,9 "o flight1 9 #aije1 :ile circl+     
ar\nd a honey locu/ tree at a height (  
ab\t #ej feet1 ! ma*9e sudd5ly began to 
turn up on "o w+1 & took a c\rse t[>d ! 
tree4 ,! op]ator1 n reli%+ ! idea ( l&+ 

9 a ?orn-tree1 attempt$ to rea* ! gr\nd4
 ,! left w+1 h[ev]1 /ruck ! tree at a   
height ( #aj or #ab feet f ! gr\nd &    
c>ri$ away sev]al bran*es2 b ! flight1  
:i* _h already cov]$ a di/ance ( six    
miles1 0 cont9u$ to ! />t+-po9t4  ,!    
causes ( ^! tr\bles--too te*nical =     
explanation "h--7 n entirely ov]come    
till ! end ( ,septemb]1 #aije4 ,!       
flights !n rapidly increas$ 9 l5g?1 till
 exp]im5ts 7 discont9u$ aft] ,octob] #e1
 on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( p attract$ to !  
field4 ,al?\gh made on a gr\nd op5 on e 
side1 & bord]$ on two sides by          
mu*-travel$ ?or\ghf>es1 ) electric c>s  
pass+ e h\r1 & se5 by all ! p liv+ 9 !  
neighborhood = miles ar\nd1 & by sev]al 
hundr$ o!rs1 yet ^! flights h be5 made  
by "s newspap]s ! subject ( a great     
my/]y4  ,a practical fly] hav+ be5      
f9ally realiz$1 we sp5t ! ye>s #aijf &  
#aijg 9 con/ruct+ new ma*9es & 9 bus9ess
 negotiations4 ,x 0 n till ,may ( ?is   
ye> t exp]im5ts 7discont9u$ 9 ,octob]1  
#aije7 7 resum$ at ,kill ,devil ,hill1  

,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! rec5t flights 7 made  
to te/ ! ability ( our ma*9e to meet !  
requirem5ts ( a contract ) ! ,unit$     
,/ates ,gov]nm5t to furni% a fly]       
capable ( c>ry+ two m5 & suffici5t fuel 
supplies = a flight ( #abe miles1 ) a   
spe$ ( #dj miles an h\r4 ,! ma*9e us$ 9 
^! te/s 0 ! same "o ) :i* ! flights 7   
made at ,simms ,/ation 9 #aije1 ?\gh    
sev]al *anges _h be5 made to meet pres5t
 requirem5ts4 ,! op]ator assum$ a sitt+ 
position1 in/ead ( ly+ prone1 z 9 #aije1
 & a seat 0 add$ = a pass5g]4 ,a l>g]   
motor 0 in/all$1 & radiators & gasol9e  
res]voirs ( l>g] capacity replac$ ^?    
previ\sly us$4 ,no attempt 0 made to    
make high or long flights4  ,9 ord] to  
%[ ! g5]al read] ! way 9 :i* ! ma*9e    
op]ates1 let u fancy ourselves ready = !
 />t4 ,! ma*9e is plac$ ^u a s+le-rail  
track fac+ ! w9d1 & is securely fa/5$ ) 
a cable4 ,! eng9e is put 9 motion1 & !  
propell]s 9 ! re> :ir4 ,y take y\r seat 
at ! c5t] ( ! ma*9e beside ! op]ator4   
,he slips ! cable1 & y %oot =w>d4 ,an   

assi/ant :o has be5 hold+ ! ma*9e 9     
balance on ! rail />ts =w>d ) y1 b be=e 
y h gone #ej feet ! spe$ is too great = 
him1 & he lets g4 ,be=e rea*+ ! end ( ! 
track ! op]ator moves ! front rudd]1 & !
 ma*9e lifts f ! rail l a kite support$ 
by ! pressure ( ! air und]nea? x4 ,!    
gr\nd "u y is at fir/ a p]fect blur1 b z
 y rise ! objects become cle>]4 ,at a   
height ( #ajj feet y feel h>dly any     
motion at all1 except = ! w9d :i* /rikes
 y\r face4 ,if y did n take ! precaution
 to fa/5 y\r hat be=e />t+1 y h probably
 lo/ x by ?is "t4 ,! op]ator moves a    
lev]3 ! "r w+ rises1 & ! ma*9e sw+s ab\t
 to ! left4 ,y make a v %ort turn1 yet y
 d n feel ! s5sation ( be+ ?r[n f y\r   
seat1 s (t5 exp]i5c$ 9 automobile &     
railway travel4 ,y f9d y\rself fac+ t[>d
 ! po9t f :i* y />t$4 ,! objects on !   
gr\nd n[ seem to be mov+ at mu* high]   
spe$1 ?\gh y p]ceive no *ange 9 !       
pressure ( ! w9d on y\r face4 ,y "k !n t
 y are travel+ ) ! w9d4 ,:5 y ne> !     
/>t+-po9t ! op]ator /ops ! motor :ile   

/ill high 9 ! air4 ,! ma*9e coa/s d[n at
 an oblique angle to ! gr\nd1 & aft]    
slid+ #ej or #ajj feet1 comes to re/4   
,al?\gh ! ma*9e (t5 l&s :5 travel+ at a 
spe$ ( a mile a m9ute1 y feel no %ock   
:atev]1 & _c1 9 fact1 tell ! exact mom5t
 at :i* x fir/ t\*$ ! gr\nd4 ,! motor   
close beside y kept up an almo/ deaf5+  
ro> dur+ ! :ole flight1 yet 9 y\r       
excitem5t y did n notice x till x /opp$6
  ,our exp]im5ts h be5 conduct$ entirely
 at our own exp5se4 ,9 ! beg9n+ we _h no
 ?\ght ( recov]+ :at we 7 exp5d+1 :i* 0 
n great1 & 0 limit$ to :at we c\ld af=d 
9 recreation4 ,lat]1 :5 a successful    
flight _h be5 made ) a motor1 we gave up
 ! bus9ess 9 :i* we 7 engag$1 to devote 
our entire "t & capital to ! developm5t 
( a ma*9e = practical uses4 ,z soon z   
our condition is su* t con/ant att5tion 
to bus9ess is n requir$1 we expect to   
prep>e = publication ! results ( our    
laboratory exp]im5ts1 :i* alone made an 
e>ly solution ( ! fly+ problem possible4
     ,h[ ,we ,made ! ,fir/ ,flight  ,by 

,orville ,wright   ,! flights ( ! #aijb 
glid] _h demon/rat$ ! effici5cy ( our   
sy/em ( ma9ta9+ equilibrium1 & also !   
accuracy ( ! laboratory "w ^u :i* !     
design ( ! glid] 0 bas$4 ,we !n felt t  
we 7 prep>$ to calculate 9 advance !    
p]=mance ( ma*9es ) a degree ( accuracy 
t _h nev] be5 possible ) ! data & tables
 possess$ by our pr$ecessors4 ,be=e     
leav+ camp 9 #aijb we 7 already at "w on
 ! g5]al design ( a new ma*9e :i* we    
propos$ to propel ) a motor4            
,imm$iately ^u our return to ,dayton1 we
 wrote to a numb] ( automobile & motor  
build]s1 /at+ ! purpose = :i* we desir$ 
a motor1 & ask+ :e!r !y c\ld furni% "o t
 w\ld develop eight brake-horsep[]1 ) a 
weight complete n exce$+ #bjj p\nds4    
,mo/ ( ! companies answ]$ t !y 7 too    
busy ) _! regul> bus9ess to und]take !  
build+ ( su* a motor = u2 b "o company  
repli$ t !y _h motors rat$ at #h        
horse-p[]1 accord+ to ! ,fr5* sy/em (   
rat+s1 :i* weigh$ only #ace p\nds1 & t  
if we ?\ght ?is motor w\ld develop en\gh

 p[] = our purpose !y w\ld be glad to   
sell u "o4 ,aft] an exam9ation ( !      
p>ticul>s ( ?is motor1 f :i* we le>n$ t 
x _h b a s+le cyl9d] ( #d-;in* bore &   
#e-;in* /roke1 we 7 afraid x 0 mu*      
ov]-rat$4 ,unless ! motor w\ld develop a
 full #h brake-horsep[]1 x w\ld be      
useless = our purpose4  ,f9ally we      
decid$ to und]take ! build+ ( ! motor   
ourselves4 ,we e/imat$ t we c\ld make "o
 ( f\r cyl9d]s ) #d-;in* bore & #d-;in* 
/roke1 weigh+ n ov] two hundr$ p\nds1   
includ+ all accessories4 ,our only      
exp]i5ce up to t "t 9 ! build+ ( gasol9e
 motors _h be5 9 ! con/ruction ( an     
air-cool$ motor1 #e-;in* bore & #g-;in* 
/roke1 :i* 0 us$ to run ! ma*9]y ( our  
small work%op4 ,to be c]ta9 t f\r       
cyl9d]s ( ! size we _h adopt$ 7#d x #d7 
w\ld develop ! necess>y #h horse-p[]1 we
 fir/ fitt$ !m 9 a tempor>y frame (     
simple & *eap con/ruction4 ,9 j six     
weeks f ! "t ! design 0 />t$1 we _h !   
motor on ! block te/+ its p[]4 ,!       
ability to d ?is s quickly 0 l>gely due 

to ! en?usia/ic & effici5t s]vices (    
,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,taylor1 :o did all ! ma*9e
 "w 9 our %op = ! fir/ z well z !       
succe$+ exp]im5tal ma*9es4 ,!re 0 no    
provision = lubricat+ ei!r cyl9d]s or   
be>+s :ile ?is motor 0 runn+4 ,= t      
reason x 0 n possible to run x m ?an a  
m9ute or two at a "t4 ,9 ^! %ort te/s ! 
motor develop$ ab\t n9e horse-p[]4 ,we 7
 !n satisfi$ t1 ) prop] lubrication &   
bett] adju/m5ts1 a little m p[] c\ld be 
expect$4 ,! completion ( ! motor accord+
 to draw+ 01 !re=e1 proce$$ ) at once4  
,illu/ration  ,:ile ,mr4 ,taylor 0      
engag$ ) ?is "w1 ,wilbur & ,i 7 busy 9  
complet+ ! design ( ! ma*9e itself4 ,!  
prelim9>y te/s ( ! motor hav+ conv9c$ u 
t m ?an #h horse-p[] w\ld be secur$1 we 
felt free to add en\gh weight to build a
 m sub/antial ma*9e ?an we _h orig9ally 
contemplat$4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,= two reasons we 
decid$ to use two propell]s4 ,9 ! fir/  
place we c\ld1 by ! use ( two propell]s1
 secure a reaction aga9/ a great]       

quantity ( air1 & at ! same "t use a    
l>g] pit* angle ?an 0 possible ) "o     
propell]2 & 9 ! second place by hav+ !  
propell]s turn 9 opposite directions1 ! 
gyroscopic action ( "o w\ld neutralize t
 ( ! o!r4 ,! me?od we adopt$ ( driv+ !  
propell]s 9 opposite directions by means
 ( *a9s is n[ too well kn[n to ne$      
description "h4 ,we decid$ to place !   
motor to "o side ( ! man1 s t 9 case ( a
 plunge headfir/1 ! motor c\ld n fall ^u
 him4 ,9 our glid+ exp]im5ts we _h _h a 
numb] ( exp]i5ces 9 :i* we _h l&$ ^u "o 
w+1 b ! cru%+ ( ! w+ _h absorb$ ! %ock1 
s t we 7 n uneasy ab\t ! motor 9 case ( 
a l&+ ( t k9d4 ,to provide aga9/ ! ma*9e
 roll+ ov] =w>d 9 l&+1 we design$ skids 
l sl$ runn]s1 ext5d+ out 9 front ( ! ma9
 surfaces4 ,o!rwise ! g5]al con/ruction 
& op]ation ( ! ma*9e 0 to be simil> to t
 ( ! #aijb glid]4  ,:5 ! motor 0        
complet$ & te/$1 we f\nd t x w\ld       
develop #af horse-p[] = a few seconds1 b
 t ! p[] rapidly dropp$ till1 at ! end (
 a m9ute1 x 0 only #ab horse-p[]4       

,ignorant ( :at a motor ( ?is size ought
 to develop1 we 7 greatly pleas$ ) its  
p]=mance4 ,m exp]i5ce %[$ u t we did n  
get "o-half ( ! p[] we %\ld h _h4  ,)   
#ab horse-p[] at our comm&1 we consid]$ 
t we c\ld p]mit ! weight ( ! ma*9e )    
op]ator to rise to #gej or #hjj p\nds1 &
 /ill h z mu* surplus p[] z we _h       
orig9ally all[$ = 9 ! fir/ e/imate (    
#eej p\nds4  ,be=e leav+ = our camp at  
,kitty ,hawk we te/$ ! *a9 drive = !    
propell]s 9 our %op at ,dayton1 & f\nd x
 satisfactory4 ,we f\nd1 h[ev]1 t our   
fir/ propell] %afts1 :i* 7 con/ruct$ (  
heavy gauge /eel tub+1 7 n /rong en\gh  
to /& ! %ocks receiv$ f a gasol9e motor 
) light fly :eel1 al?\gh !y w\ld h be5  
able to transmit ?ree or f\r times ! p[]
 uni=mly appli$4 ,we !re=e built a new  
set ( %afts ( heavi] tub+1 :i* we te/$ &
 ?\ght to be abundantly /rong4  ,we left
 ,dayton1 ,septemb] #bc1 & arriv$ at our
 camp at ,kill ,devil ,hill on ,friday1 
! #be?4 ,we f\nd !re provisions & tools1
 :i* _h be5 %ipp$ by freight sev]al     

weeks 9 advance4 ,! build+1 erect$ 9    
#aija & enl>g$ 9 #aijb1 0 f\nd to h be5 
bl[n by a /orm f its f\ndation po/s a   
few mon?s previ\sly4 ,:ile we 7 await+ !
 arrival ( ! %ipm5t ( ma*9]y & p>ts f   
,dayton1 we 7 busy putt+ ! old build+ 9 
repair1 & erect+ a new build+ to s]ve z 
a work%op = assembl+ & h\s+ ! new ma*9e4
  ,j z ! build+ 0 be+ complet$1 ! p>ts &
 mat]ial = ! ma*9es arriv$ simultane\sly
 ) "o ( ! wor/ /orms t _h visit$ ,kitty 
,hawk 9 ye>s4 ,! /orm came on sudd5ly1  
bl[+ #cj to #dj miles an h\r4 ,x        
increas$ dur+ ! night1 & ! next day 0   
bl[+ ov] #ge miles an h\r4 ,9 ord] to   
save ! t>-pap] ro(1 we decid$ x w\ld be 
necess>y to get out 9 ?is w9d & nail d[n
 m securely c]ta9 p>ts t 7 especially   
expos$4 ,:5 ,i asc5d$ ! ladd] & rea*$ ! 
edge ( ! ro(1 ! w9d caught "u my l>ge   
coat1 blew x up ar\nd my head & b\nd my 
arms till ,i 0 p]fectly helpless4       
,wilbur came to my assi/ance & held d[n 
my coat :ile ,i tri$ to drive ! nails4  
,b ! w9d 0 s /rong ,i c\ld n guide !    

hamm] & succe$$ 9 /rik+ my f+]s z (t5 z 
! nails4  ,! next ?ree weeks 7 sp5t 9   
sett+ ! motor-ma*9e toge!r4 ,on days ) m
 favorable w9ds we ga9$ additional      
exp]i5ce 9 h&l+ a fly] by glid+ ) !     
#aijb ma*9e1 :i* we _h f\nd 9 pretty    
fair condition 9 ! old build+1 :]e we _h
 left x ! ye> be=e4  ,mr4 ,*anute & ,dr4
 ,spratt1 :o _h be5 gue/s 9 our camp 9  
#aija & #aijb1 sp5t "s "t ) u1 b nei!r  
"o 0 able to rema9 to see ! te/ ( !     
motor-ma*9e1 on acc\nt ( ! delays caus$ 
by tr\ble :i* develop$ 9 ! propell]     
%afts4  ,:ile ,mr4 ,*anute 0 ) u1 a good
 deal ( "t 0 sp5t 9 discussion ( !      
ma!matical calculations ^u :i* we _h    
bas$ our ma*9e4 ,he in=m$ u t1 9 design+
 ma*9]y1 ab\t #bj p] c5t4 0 usually     
all[$ = ! loss 9 ! transmission ( p[]4  
,z we _h all[$ only #e p] c5t41 a figure
 we _h arriv$ at by "s crude measurem5ts
 ( ! friction ( "o ( ! *a9s :5 c>ry+    
only a v light load1 we 7 mu* al>m$4 ,m 
?an ! :ole surplus 9 p[] all[$ 9 our    
calculations w\ld1 accord+ to ,mr4      

,*anute's e/imate1 be consum$ 9 friction
 9 ! driv+ *a9s4 ,aft] ,mr4 ,*anute's   
dep>ture1 we susp5d$ "o ( ! drive *a9s  
ov] a sprocket1 hang+ bags ( s& on ei!r 
side ( ! sprocket ( a weight            
approximately equal to ! pull t w\ld be 
ex]t$ on ! *a9s :5 driv+ ! propell]s4   
,by measur+ ! extra am\nt ( weight ne$$ 
on "o side to lift ! weight on ! o!r1 we
 calculat$ ! loss 9 transmission4 ,?is  
indicat$ t ! loss ( p[] f ?is s\rce w\ld
 be only #e p] c5t41 z we orig9ally     
e/imat$4 ,b :ile we c\ld see no s]i\s   
error 9 ?is me?od ( det]m9+ ! loss1 we 7
 v uneasy until we _h a *ance to run !  
propell]s ) ! motor to see :e!r we c\ld 
get ! e/imat$ numb] ( turns4  ,! fir/   
run ( ! motor on ! ma*9e develop$ a flaw
 9 "o ( ! propell] %afts :i* _h n be5   
discov]$ 9 ! te/ at ,dayton4 ,! %afts 7 
s5t at once to ,dayton = repair1 & 7 n  
receiv$ aga9 until ,novemb] #bj1 hav+   
be5 gone two weeks4 ,we imm$iately put  
!m 9 ! ma*9e & made ano!r te/4 ,a new   
tr\ble develop$4 ,! sprockets :i* 7     

screw$ on ! %afts1 & lock$ ) nuts (     
opposite ?read1 p]si/$ 9 com+ loose4    
,aft] _m futile attempts to get !m fa/1 
we _h to give x up = t day1 & w5t to b$ 
mu* disc\rag$4 ,h[ev]1 aft] a night's   
re/1 we got up ! next morn+ 9 bett]     
spirits & resolv$ to try aga94  ,:ile 9 
! bicycle bus9ess we _h become well     
acqua9t$ ) ! use ( h>d tire cem5t =     
fa/5+ tires on ! rims4 ,we _h once us$ x
 successfully 9 repair+ a /op wat* aft] 
sev]al wat*smi?s _h told u x c\ld n be  
repair$4 ,if tire cem5t 0 good = fa/5+ !
 h&s on a /op wat*1 :y %\ld x n be good 
= fa/5+ ! sprockets on ! propell] %aft (
 a fly+ ma*9e8 ,we decid$ to try x4 ,we 
heat$ ! %afts & sprockets1 melt$ cem5t  
into ! ?reads1 & screw$ !m toge!r aga94 
,?is tr\ble 0 ov]4 ,! sprockets /ay$    
fa/4  ,j z ! ma*9e 0 ready = te/ bad    
wea!r set 94 ,x _h be5 disagreeably cold
 = sev]al weeks1 s cold t we c\ld       
sc>cely "w on ! ma*9e = "s days4 ,b n[  
we began to h ra9 & sn[1 & a w9d ( #be  
to #cj miles blew = sev]al days f !     

nor?4 ,:ile we 7 be+ delay$ by ! wea!r  
we arrang$ a me*anism to measure        
automatically ! duration ( a flight f ! 
"t ! ma*9e />t$ to move =w>d to ! "t x  
/opp$1 ! di/ance travel$ ?r\gh ! air 9 t
 "t1 & ! numb] ( revolutions made by !  
motor & propell]4 ,a /op wat* took ! "t2
 an anemomet] measur$ ! air travel$     
?r\gh2 & a c\nt] took ! numb] (         
revolutions made by ! propell]s4 ,!     
wat*1 anemomet] & revolution c\nt] 7 all
 automatically />t$ & /opp$             
simultane\sly4 ,f data ?us obta9$ we    
expect$ to prove or disprove ! accuracy 
( our propell] calculations4  ,on       
,novemb] #bh1 :ile giv+ ! motor a run   
indoors1 we ?\ght we aga9 saw some?+    
wrong ) "o ( ! propell] %afts4 ,on /opp+
 ! motor we discov]$ t "o ( ! tubul>    
%afts _h crack$6  ,illu/ration          
,imm$iate prep>ation 0 made = return+ to
 ,dayton to build ano!r set ( %afts4 ,we
 decid$ to ab&on ! use ( tubes1 z !y did
 n af=d en\gh spr+ to take up ! %ocks ( 
premature or miss$ explosions ( ! motor4

 ,solid tool-/eel %afts ( small] diamet]
 ?an ! tubes previ\sly us$ 7 decid$ ^u4 
,^! w\ld all[ a c]ta9 am\nt ( spr+4 ,!  
tubul> %afts 7 _m times /rong] ?an w\ld 
h be5 necess>y to transmit ! p[] ( our  
motor if ! /ra9s ^u !m _h be5 uni=m4 ,b 
! l>ge holl[ %afts _h no spr+ 9 !m to   
absorb ! unequal /ra9s4  ,wilbur rema9$ 
9 camp :ile ,i w5t to get ! new %afts4  
,i did n get back to camp aga9 till     
,friday1 ! #aa? ( ,decemb]4 ,saturday   
aft]noon ! ma*9e 0 aga9 ready = trial1 b
 ! w9d 0 s light a />t c\ld n h be5 made
 f level gr\nd ) ! run ( only sixty feet
 p]mitt$ by our monorail track4 ,nor 0  
!re en\gh "t be=e d>k to take ! ma*9e to
 "o ( ! hills1 :]e1 by plac+ ! track on 
a /eep incl9e1 suffici5t spe$ c\ld be   
secur$ = />t+ 9 calm air4  ,monday1     
,decemb] #ad1 0 a beautiful day1 b !re 0
 n en\gh w9d to enable a />t to be made 
f ! level gr\nd ab\t camp4 ,we !re=e    
decid$ to attempt a flight f ! side ( ! 
big ,kill ,devil ,hill4 ,we _h arrang$ )
 ! memb]s ( ! ,kill ,devil ,hill ,life  

,sav+ ,/ation1 :i* 0 locat$ a little ov]
 a mile f our camp1 to in=m !m :5 we 7  
ready to make ! fir/ trial ( ! ma*9e4   
,we 7 soon jo9$ by ,j4 ,t4 ,daniels1    
,rob]t ,we/cott1 ,?omas ,bea*em1 ,w4 ,s4
 ,d\gh & ,uncle ,b5ny ,o',neal1 ( !     
/ation1 :o help$ u get ! ma*9e to !     
hill1 a qu>t] mile away4 ,we laid !     
track #aej feet up ! side ( ! hill on a 
#i-;degree slope4 ,) ! slope ( ! track1 
! ?ru/ ( ! propell]s & ! ma*9e />t+     
directly into ! w9d1 we did n anticipate
 any tr\ble 9 gett+ up fly+ spe$ on !   
#fj-;foot monorail track4 ,b we did n   
feel c]ta9 ! op]ator c\ld keep ! ma*9e  
balanc$ on ! track4  ,:5 ! ma*9e _h be5 
fa/5$ ) a wire to ! track1 s t x c\ld n 
/>t until releas$ by ! op]ator1 & !     
motor _h be5 run to make sure t x 0 9   
condition1 we toss$ up a co9 to decide  
:o %\ld h ! fir/ trial4 ,wilbur won4 ,i 
took a position at "o ( ! w+s1 int5d+ to
 help balance ! ma*9e z x ran d[n !     
track4 ,b :5 ! re/ra9+ wire 0 slipp$1 ! 
ma*9e />t$ (f s quickly ,i c\ld /ay ) x 

only a few feet4 ,aft] a #ce to         
#dj-;foot run x lift$ f ! rail4 ,b x 0  
all[$ to turn up too mu*4 ,x climb$ a   
few feet1 /all$1 & !n settl$ to ! gr\nd 
ne> ! foot ( ! hill1 #aje feet bel[4 ,my
 /op wat* %[$ t x _h be5 9 ! air j      
#c-a_/b seconds4 ,9 l&+ ! left w+ t\*$  
fir/4 ,! ma*9e swung ar\nd1 dug ! skids 
into ! s& & broke "o ( !m4 ,sev]al o!r  
p>ts 7 also brok51 b ! damage to ! ma*9e
 0 n s]i\s4 ,:ile ! te/ _h %[n no?+ z to
 :e!r ! p[] ( ! motor 0 suffici5t to    
keep ! ma*9e up1 s9ce ! l&+ 0 made _m   
feet bel[ ! />t+ po9t1 ! exp]im5t _h    
demon/rat$ t ! me?od adopt$ = laun*+ !  
ma*9e 0 a safe & practical "o4 ,on !    
:ole1 we 7 mu* pleas$4  ,two days 7     
consum$ 9 mak+ repairs1 & ! ma*9e 0 n   
ready aga9 till late 9 ! aft]noon ( !   
#af?4 ,:ile we _h x out on ! track 9    
front ( ! build+1 mak+ ! f9al adju/m5ts1
 a /rang] came along4 ,aft] look+ at !  
ma*9e a few seconds he inquir$ :at x 04 
,:5 we told him x 0 a fly+ ma*9e he ask$
 :e!r we int5d$ to fly x4 ,we said we   

did1 z soon z we _h a suitable w9d4 ,he 
look$ at x sev]al m9utes long] & !n1    
wi%+ to be c\rte\s1 rem>k$ t x look$ z  
if x w\ld fly1 if x _h a suitable w9d4  
,we 7 mu* amus$1 =1 no d\bt1 he _h 9 m9d
 ! rec5t #ge-mile gale :5 he repeat$ our
 words1 a suitable w9d6  ,dur+ ! night (
 ,decemb] #af1 #aijc1 a /rong cold w9d  
blew f ! nor?4 ,:5 we arose on ! morn+ (
 ! #ag?1 ! puddles ( wat]1 :i* _h be5   
/&+ ab\t camp s9ce ! rec5t ra9s1 7 cov]$
 ) ice4 ,! w9d _h a velocity ( #aj to   
#ab met]s p] second 7#bb to #bg miles an
 h\r74 ,we ?\ght x w\ld die d[n be=e    
long1 & s rema9$ indoors ! e>ly "p ( !  
morn+4 ,b :5 t5 o'clock arriv$1 & ! w9d 
0 z brisk z ev]1 we decid$ t we _h bett]
 get ! ma*9e out & attempt a flight4 ,we
 hung out ! signal = ! m5 ( ! life sav+ 
/ation4 ,we ?\ght t by fac+ ! fly] into 
a /rong w9d1 !re ought to be no tr\ble 9
 laun*+ x f ! level gr\nd ab\t camp4 ,we
 realiz$ ! difficulties ( fly+ 9 s high 
a w9d1 b e/imat$ t ! add$ dang]s 9      
flight w\ld be p>tly comp5sat$ = by !   

sl[] spe$ 9 l&+4  ,we laid ! track on a 
smoo? /ret* ( gr\nd ab\t "o hundr$ feet 
nor? ( ! new build+4 ,! bit+ cold w9d   
made "w difficult1 & we _h to w>m up    
frequ5tly 9 our liv+ room1 :]e we _h a  
good fire 9 an improvis$ /ove made ( a  
l>ge c>bide c4 ,by ! "t all 0 ready1 ,j4
 ,t4 ,daniels1 ,w4 ,s4 ,d\gh & ,a4 ,d4  
,e!ridge1 memb]s ( ! ,kill ,devil ,life 
,sav+ ,/ation2 ,w4 ,c4 ,br9kley1 (      
,manteo1 & ,johnny ,moore1 a boy f      
,nag's ,head1 _h arriv$4  ,we _h a      
,ri*>ds h& anemomet] ) :i* we measur$ ! 
velocity ( ! w9d4 ,measurem5ts made j   
be=e />t+ ! fir/ flight %[$ velocities (
 #aa to #ab met]s p] second1 or #bd to  
#bg miles p] h\r4 ,measurem5ts made j   
be=e ! la/ flight gave betwe5 #i & #aj  
met]s p] second4 ,"o made j aft] %[$ a  
little ov] #h met]s4 ,! records ( !     
,gov]nm5t ,wea!r ,bureau at ,kitty ,hawk
 gave ! velocity ( ! w9d betwe5 ! h\rs (
 #aj3cj & #ab o'clock1 ! "t dur+ :i* !  
f\r flights 7 made1 z av]ag+ #bg miles  
at ! "t ( ! fir/ flight & #bd miles at !

 "t ( ! la/4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,wilbur1 hav+ us$ 
8 turn 9 ! unsuccessful attempt on !    
#ad?1 ! "r to ! fir/ trial n[ belong$ to
 me4 ,aft] runn+ ! motor a few m9utes to
 heat x up1 ,i releas$ ! wire t held !  
ma*9e to ! track1 & ! ma*9e />t$ =w>d   
into ! w9d4 ,wilbur ran at ! side ( !   
ma*9e1 hold+ ! w+ to balance x on !     
track4 ,unlike ! />t on ! #ad?1 made 9 a
 calm1 ! ma*9e1 fac+ a #bg-mile w9d1    
/>t$ v sl[ly4 ,wilbur 0 able to /ay ) x 
till x lift$ f ! track aft] a =ty-foot  
run4 ,"o ( ! life sav+ m5 snapp$ ! cam]a
 = u1 tak+ a picture j z ! ma*9e _h     
rea*$ ! end ( ! track & _h ris5 to a    
height ( ab\t two feet4 ,! sl[ =w>d spe$
 ( ! ma*9e ov] ! gr\nd is cle>ly %[n 9 !
 picture by ,wilbur's attitude4 ,he /ay$
 along beside ! ma*9e )\t any ef=t4  ,! 
c\rse ( ! flight up & d[n 0 exce$+ly    
erratic1 p>tly due to ! irregul>ity ( ! 
air1 & p>tly to lack ( exp]i5ce 9 h&l+  
?is ma*9e4 ,! control ( ! front rudd] 0 
difficult on acc\nt ( its be+ balanc$   

too ne> ! c5t]4 ,?is gave x a t5d5cy to 
turn itself :5 />t$2 s t x turn$ too f> 
on "o side & !n too f> on ! o!r4 ,z a   
result ! ma*9e w\ld rise sudd5ly to ab\t
 t5 feet1 & !n z sudd5ly d>t = ! gr\nd4 
,a sudd5 d>t :5 a little ov] a hundr$   
feet f ! end ( ! track1 or a little ov] 
#abj feet f ! po9t at :i* x rose into ! 
air1 end$ ! flight4 ,z ! velocity ( !   
w9d 0 ov] #ce feet p] second & ! spe$ ( 
! ma*9e aga9/ ?is w9d t5 feet p] second1
 ! spe$ ( ! ma*9e relative to ! air 0   
ov] #de feet p] second1 & ! l5g? ( !    
flight 0 equival5t to a flight ( #edj   
feet made 9 calm air4 ,?is flight la/$  
only #ab seconds1 b x 0 nev]!less ! fir/
 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w 9 :i* a ma*9e c>ry+ a
 man _h rais$ itself by its own p[] into
 ! air 9 full flight1 _h sail$ =w>d )\t 
r$uction ( spe$1 & _h f9ally l&$ at a   
po9t z high z t f :i* x />t$4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,at tw5ty m9utes aft] elev5 ,wilbur />t$
 on ! second flight4 ,! c\rse ( ?is     
flight 0 mu* l t ( ! fir/1 v mu* up &   

d[n4 ,! spe$ ov] ! gr\nd 0 some:at fa/] 
?an t ( ! fir/ flight1 due to ! less]   
w9d4 ,! duration ( ! flight 0 less ?an a
 second long] ?an ! fir/1 b ! di/ance   
cov]$ 0 ab\t sev5ty-five feet great]4   
,tw5ty m9utes lat] ! ?ird flight />t$4  
,?is "o 0 /eadi] ?an ! fir/ "o an h\r   
be=e4 ,i 0 proce$+ along pretty well :5 
a sudd5 gu/ f ! "r lift$ ! ma*9e up     
twelve to fifte5 feet & turn$ x up      
sidewise 9 an al>m+ mann]4 ,x began     
slid+ (f to ! left4 ,i w>p$ ! w+s to try
 to recov] ! lat]al balance & at ! same 
"t po9t$ ! ma*9e d[n to rea* ! gr\nd z  
quickly z possible4 ,! lat]al control 0 
m effective ?an ,i _h imag9$ & be=e ,i  
rea*$ ! gr\nd ! "r w+ 0 l[] ?an ! left &
 /ruck fir/4 ,! "t ( ?is flight 0 fifte5
 seconds & ! di/ance ov] ! gr\nd a      
little ov] #bjj feet4  ,wilbur />t$ !   
f\r? & la/ flight at j #ab o'clock4 ,!  
fir/ few hundr$ feet 7 up & d[n z be=e1 
b by ! "t ?ree hundr$ feet _h be5 cov]$1
 ! ma*9e 0 "u mu* bett] control4 ,!     
c\rse = ! next f\r or five hundr$ feet  

_h b little undulation4 ,h[ev]1 :5 out  
ab\t eight hundr$ feet ! ma*9e began    
pit*+ aga91 &1 9 "o ( its />ts d[nw>d1  
/ruck ! gr\nd4 ,! di/ance ov] ! gr\nd 0 
measur$ & f\nd to be #heb feet2 ! "t ( !
 flight #ei seconds4 ,! frame support+ !
 front rudd] 0 badly brok51 b ! ma9 "p (
 ! ma*9e 0 n injur$ at all4 ,we e/imat$ 
t ! ma*9e c\ld be put 9 condition =     
flight aga9 9 a day or two4  ,:ile we 7 
/&+ ab\t discuss+ ?is la/ flight1 a     
sudd5 /rong gu/ ( w9d /ruck ! ma*9e &   
began to turn x ov]4 ,ev]ybody made a   
ru% = x4 ,wilbur1 :o 0 at "o end1 seiz$ 
x 9 front1 ,mr4 ,daniels & ,i1 :o 7     
beh9d1 tri$ to /op x by hold+ to ! re>  
uprights4 ,all our ef=ts 7 va94 ,! ma*9e
 roll$ ov] & ov]4 ,daniels1 :o _h reta9$
 8 grip1 0 c>ri$ along ) x1 & 0 ?r[n    
ab\t head ov] heels inside ( ! ma*9e4   
,=tunately he 0 n s]i\sly injur$1 ?\gh  
badly bruis$ 9 fall+ ab\t aga9/ ! motor1
 *a9 guides1 etc4 ,! ribs 9 ! surfaces (
 ! ma*9e 7 brok51 ! motor injur$ & ! *a9
 guides badly b5t1 s t all possibility (

 fur!r flights ) x = t ye> 7 at an end4 
,illu/ration     ,"s ,a]onautical       
,exp]im5ts  ,by ,wilbur ,wright   ,!    
difficulties :i* ob/ruct ! pa?way to    
success 9 fly+ ma*9e con/ruction are (  
?ree g5]al classes3 7#a7 ,^? :i* relate 
to ! con/ruction ( ! su/a9+ w+s4 7#b7   
,^? :i* relate to ! g5]ation &          
application ( ! p[] requir$ to drive !  
ma*9e ?r\gh ! air4 7#c7 ,^? relat+ to ! 
balanc+ & /e]+ ( ! ma*9e aft] x is      
actually 9 flight4 ,( ^! difficulties   
two are already to a c]ta9 ext5t solv$4 
,m5 already "k h[ to con/ruct w+s or    
a]oplanes :i*1 :5 driv5 ?r\gh air at    
suffici5t spe$1 w n only su/a9 ! weight 
( ! w+s !mselves1 b also t ( ! eng9e1 & 
( ! eng9e] z well4 ,m5 also "k h[ to    
build eng9es & screws ( suffici5t       
lightness & p[] to drive ^! planes at   
su/a9+ spe$4 ,z long ago z #ahic a ma*9e
 weigh+ #h1jjj lbs4 demon/rat$ its p[]  
bo? to lift itself f ! gr\nd & to ma9ta9
 a spe$ ( f #cj to #dj miles p] h\r2 b x
 came to grief 9 an accid5tal free      

flight1 ow+ to ! inability ( ! op]ators 
to balance & /e] x prop]ly4 ,?is        
inability to balance & /e] /ill         
confronts /ud5ts ( ! fly+ problem1      
al?\gh ne>ly t5 ye>s h pass$4 ,:5 ?is "o
 feature has be5 work$ out ! age ( fly+ 
ma*9es w h arriv$1 = all o!r            
difficulties are ( m9or importance4  ,! 
p]son :o m]ely wat*es ! flight ( a bird 
ga!rs ! impression t ! bird has no?+ to 
?9k ( b ! flapp+ ( its w+s4 ,z a matt] (
 fact1 ?is is a v small "p ( its m5tal  
lab\r4 ,ev5 to m5tion all ! ?+s ! bird  
mu/ con/antly keep 9 m9d 9 ord] to fly  
securely ?r\gh ! air w\ld take a v      
consid]able treatise4 ,if ,i take a     
piece ( pap]1 & aft] plac+ x p>allel ) !
 gr\nd1 quickly let x fall1 x w n settle
 /eadily d[n z a /aid1 s5sible piece (  
pap] ought to d1 b x insi/s on contrav5+
 e recogniz$ rule ( decorum1 turn+ ov] &
 d>t+ hi!r & ?i!r 9 ! mo/ erratic mann]1
 mu* aft] ! /yle ( an untra9$ horse4    
,yet ?is is ! /yle ( /e$ t m5 mu/ le>n  
to manage be=e fly+ c become an ev]yday 

sport4 ,! bird has le>n$ ?is art (      
equilibrium1 & le>n$ x s ?or\ghly t its 
skill is n app>5t to our sight4 ,we only
 le>n to appreciate x :5 we try to      
imitate x4 ,n[1 !re are two ways ( le>n+
 h[ to ride a fracti\s horse3 "o is to  
get on him & le>n by actual practice h[ 
ea* motion & trick may be be/ met2 ! o!r
 is to sit on a f5ce & wat* ! bea/      
a:ile1 & !n retire to ! h\se & at       
leisure figure out ! be/ way ( ov]com+ 8
 jumps & kicks4 ,! latt] sy/em is !     
safe/2 b ! =m]1 on ! :ole1 turns out !  
l>g] proportion ( good rid]s4 ,x is v   
mu* ! same 9 le>n+ to ride a fly+ ma*9e2
 if y are look+ = p]fect safety y w d   
well to sit on a f5ce & wat* ! birds2 b 
if y really wi% to le>n y mu/ m\nt a    
ma*9e & become acqua9t$ ) its tricks by 
actual trial4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,my own active    
int]e/ 9 a]onautical problems dates back
 to ! dea? ( ,lili5?al 9 #ahif4 ,! brief
 notice ( 8 dea? :i* appe>$ 9 !         
telegraphic news at t "t ar\s$ a passive

 int]e/ :i* _h exi/$ f my *ildhood1 & l$
 me to take d[n f ! %elves ( our home   
libr>y a book on ,animal ,me*anism1 by  
,pr(4 ,m>ey1 :i* ,i _h already read     
sev]al times4 ,f ?is ,i 0 l$ to read m  
mod]n works1 & z my bro!r soon became   
equally int]e/$ ) myself1 we soon pass$ 
f ! read+ to ! ?9k+1 & f9ally to ! work+
 /age4 ,x seem$ to u t ! ma9 reason :y !
 problem _h rema9$ s long unsolv$ 0 t no
 "o _h be5 able to obta9 any adequate   
practice4 ,we figur$ t ,lili5?al 9 five 
ye>s ( "t _h sp5t only ab\t five h\rs 9 
actual glid+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,! wond] 0 n t
 he _h done s little1 b t he _h         
accompli%$ s mu*4 ,x w\ld n be consid]$ 
at all safe = a bicycle rid] to attempt 
to ride ?r\gh a cr[d$ city /reet aft]   
only five h\rs' practice1 spread out 9  
bits ( t5 seconds ea* ov] a p]iod ( five
 ye>s2 yet ,lili5?al ) ?is brief        
practice 0 rem>kably successful 9 meet+ 
! fluctuations & eddies ( w9d gu/s4 ,we 
?\ght t if "s me?od c\ld be f\nd by :i* 
x w\ld be possible to practice by ! h\r 

in/ead ( by ! second !re w\ld be hope ( 
advanc+ ! solution ( a v difficult      
problem4 ,x seem$ feasible to d ?is by  
build+ a ma*9e :i* w\ld be su/a9$ at a  
spe$ ( #ah miles p] h\r1 & !n f9d+ a    
locality :]e w9ds ( ?is velocity 7      
common4 ,) ^! conditions a rope atta*$  
to ! ma*9e to keep x f float+ backw>d   
w\ld answ] v ne>ly ! same purpose z a   
propell] driv5 by a motor1 & x w\ld be  
possible to practice by ! h\r1 & )\t any
 s]i\s dang]1 z x w\ld n be necess>y to 
rise f> f ! gr\nd1 & ! ma*9e w\ld n h   
any =w>d motion at all4 ,we f\nd1       
accord+ to ! accept$ tables ( air       
pressures on curv$ surfaces1 t a ma*9e  
spread+ #bjj squ>e feet ( w+ surface    
w\ld be suffici5t = our purpose1 & t    
places c\ld easily be f\nd along !      
,atlantic coa/ :]e w9ds ( #af to #be    
miles 7 n at all uncommon4 ,:5 ! w9ds 7 
l[ x 0 our plan to glide f ! tops ( s&  
hills1 & :5 !y 7 suffici5tly /rong to   
use a rope = our motor & fly ov] "o     
spot4 ,our next "w 0 to draw up ! plan =

 a suitable ma*9e4 ,aft] mu* /udy we    
f9ally conclud$ t tails 7 a s\rce (     
tr\ble r ?an ( assi/ance1 & !re=e we    
decid$ to disp5se ) !m altoge!r4 ,x     
seem$ reasonable t if ! body ( ! op]ator
 c\ld be plac$ 9 a horizontal position  
in/ead ( ! upright1 z 9 ! ma*9es (      
,lili5?al1 ,pil*] & ,*anute1 ! w9d      
resi/ance c\ld be v mat]ially r$uc$1    
s9ce only "o squ>e foot in/ead ( five   
w\ld be expos$4 ,z a full half-horse-p[]
 c\ld be sav$ by ?is *ange1 we arrang$  
to try at lea/ ! horizontal position4   
,!n ! me?od ( control us$ by ,lili5?al1 
:i* consi/$ 9 %ift+ ! body1 did n seem q
 z quick or effective z ! case requir$2 
s1 aft] long /udy1 we contriv$ a sy/em  
consi/+ ( two l>ge surfaces on ! ,*anute
 d\ble-deck plan1 & a small] surface    
plac$ a %ort di/ance 9 front ( ! ma9    
surfaces 9 su* a position t ! action ( !
 w9d ^u x w\ld c\nt]balance ! effect ( !
 travel ( ! c5t] ( pressure on ! ma9    
surfaces4 ,?us *anges 9 ! direction &   
velocity ( ! w9d w\ld h little di/urb+  

effect1 & ! op]ator w\ld be requir$ to  
att5d only to ! /e]+ ( ! ma*9e1 :i* 0 to
 be effect$ by curv+ ! =w>d surface up  
or d[n4 ,! lat]al equilibrium & ! /e]+  
to "r or left 0 to be atta9$ by a       
peculi> torsion ( ! ma9 surfaces1 :i* 0 
equival5t to pres5t+ "o end ( ! w+s at a
 great] angle ?an ! o!r4 ,9 ! ma9 frame 
a few *anges 7 also made 9 ! details (  
con/ruction & truss+ employ$ by ,mr4    
,*anute4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! 73 7#a7  
,! mov+ ( ! =w>d ma9 cross-piece ( !    
frame to ! extreme front edge2 7#b7 !   
encas+ 9 ! clo? ( all cross-pieces &    
ribs ( ! surfaces2 7#c7 a re>rangem5t ( 
! wires us$ 9 truss+ ! two surfaces     
toge!r1 :i* r5d]$ x possible to tight5  
all ! wires by simply %ort5+ two ( !m4  
,illu/ration  ,) ^! plans we proce$$ 9 !
 summ] ( #aijj to ,kitty ,hawk1 ,nor?   
,c>ol9a1 a little settlem5t locat$ on ! 
/rip ( l& t sep>ates ,albem>le ,s\nd f !
 ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,ow+ to !            
impossibility ( obta9+ suitable mat]ial 
= a #bjj-squ>e-foot ma*9e1 we 7 compell$

 to make x only #afe squ>e feet 9 area1 
:i*1 accord+ to ! ,lili5?al tables1 w\ld
 be support$ at an angle ( ?ree degrees 
9 a w9d ( ab\t #ba miles p] h\r4 ,on ! v
 day t ! ma*9e 0 complet$ ! w9d blew f  
#be to #cj miles p] h\r1 & we took x out
 = a trial z a kite4 ,we f\nd t :ile x 0
 support$ ) a man on x 9 a w9d ( ab\t   
#be miles1 its angle 0 mu* ne>] #bj     
degrees ?an ?ree degrees4 ,ev5 9 gu/s ( 
#cj miles ! angle ( incid5ce did n get z
 l[ z ?ree degrees1 al?\gh ! w9d at ?is 
spe$ has m ?an twice ! lift+ p[] ( a    
#ba-mile w9d4 ,z w9ds ( #cj miles p] h\r
 are n pl5tiful on cle> days1 x 0 at    
once evid5t t our plan ( practic+ by !  
h\r1 day aft] day1 w\ld h to be po/pon$4
 ,our sy/em ( twi/+ ! surfaces to       
regulate ! lat]al balance 0 tri$ & f\nd 
to be mu* m effective ?an %ift+ !       
op]ator's body4 ,on subsequ5t days1 :5 !
 w9d 0 too light to support ! ma*9e ) a 
man on x1 we te/$ x z a kite1 work+ !   
rudd]s by cords rea*+ to ! gr\nd4 ,!    
results 7 v satisfactory1 yet we 7 well 

aw>e t ?is me?od ( te/+ is nev] :olly   
conv9c+ until ! results are confirm$ by 
actual glid+ exp]i5ce4  ,we !n turn$ our
 att5tion to mak+ a s]ies ( actual      
measurem5ts ( ! lift & drift ( ! ma*9e  
"u v>i\s loads4 ,s f> z we 7 aw>e1 ?is  
_h nev] previ\sly be5 done ) any        
full-size ma*9e4 ,! results obta9$ 7 mo/
 a/oni%+1 = x appe>$ t ! total          
horizontal pull ( ! ma*9e1 :ile su/a9+ a
 weight ( #eb lbs41 0 only #h4e lbs41   
:i* 0 less ?an _h previ\sly be5 e/imat$ 
= head resi/ance ( ! fram+ alone4 ,mak+ 
all[ance = ! weight c>ri$1 x appe>$ t ! 
head resi/ance ( ! fram+ 0 b little m   
?an #ej p] c5t4 ( ! am\nt :i* ,mr4      
,*anute _h e/imat$ z ! head resi/ance ( 
! fram+ ( 8 ma*9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x      
appe>$ sadly defici5t 9 lift+ p[] z     
comp>$ ) ! calculat$ lift ( curv$       
surfaces ( its size4 ,?is defici5cy we  
suppos$ might be due to "o or m ( !     
foll[+ causes3--7#a7 ,t ! dep? ( !      
curvature ( our surfaces 0 insuffici5t1 
be+ only ab\t "o 9 #bb1 in/ead ( "o 9   

#ab4 7#b7 ,t ! clo? us$ 9 our w+s 0 n   
suffici5tly air-tight4 7#c7 ,t !        
,lili5?al tables might !mselves be      
some:at 9 error4 ,we decid$ to arrange  
our ma*9e = ! foll[+ ye> s t ! dep? ( ! 
curvature ( its surfaces c\ld be v>i$ at
 w & its cov]+ air-pro($4  ,our att5tion
 0 next turn$ to glid+1 b no hill       
suitable = ! purpose c\ld be f\nd ne>   
our camp at ,kitty ,hawk4 ,?is compell$ 
u to take ! ma*9e to a po9t f\r miles   
s\?1 :]e ! ,kill ,devil s& hill rises f 
! flat s& to a height ( m ?an #ajj feet4
 ,its ma9 slope is t[>d ! nor!a/1 & has 
an incl9ation ( #aj degrees4 ,on ! day (
 our arrival ! w9d blew ab\t #be miles  
an h\r1 & z we _h _h no exp]i5ce at all 
9 glid+1 we deem$ x unsafe to attempt to
 leave ! gr\nd4 ,b on ! day foll[+1 !   
w9d hav+ subsid$ to #ad miles p] h\r1 we
 made ab\t a doz5 glides4 ,x _h be5 !   
orig9al int5tion t ! op]ator %\ld run ) 
! ma*9e to obta9 initial velocity1 &    
assume ! horizontal position only aft] !
 ma*9e 0 9 free flight4 ,:5 x came "t to

 l& he 0 to resume ! upright position & 
alight on 8 feet1 aft] ! /yle ( previ\s 
glid+ exp]im5ts4 ,b 9 actual trial we   
f\nd x mu* bett] to employ ! help ( two 
assi/ants 9 />t+1 :i* ! peculi> =m ( our
 ma*9e enabl$ u readily to d2 & 9 l&+ we
 f\nd t x 0 entirely practicable to l&  
:ile /ill recl9+ 9 a horizontal position
 ^u ! ma*9e4 ,al?\gh ! l&+s 7 made :ile 
mov+ at spe$s ( m ?an #bj miles an h\r1 
nei!r ma*9e nor op]ator suff]$ any      
injury4 ,! slope ( ! hill 0 #i4e deg41  
or a drop ( "o foot 9 six4 ,we f\nd t   
aft] atta9+ a spe$ ( ab\t #be to #cj    
miles ) ref]5ce to ! w9d1 or #aj to #ae 
miles ov] ! gr\nd1 ! ma*9e n only glid$ 
p>allel to ! slope ( ! hill1 b greatly  
increas$ its spe$1 ?us indicat+ its     
ability to glide on a some:at less angle
 ?an #i4e deg41 :5 we %\ld feel x safe  
to rise high] f ! surface4 ,! control ( 
! ma*9e prov$ ev5 bett] ?an we _h d>$ to
 expect1 respond+ quickly to ! slighte/ 
motion ( ! rudd]4 ,) ^! glides our      
exp]im5ts = ! ye> #aijj clos$4 ,al?\gh !

 h\rs & h\rs ( practice we _h hop$ to   
obta9 f9ally dw9dl$ d[n to ab\t two     
m9utes1 we 7 v mu* pleas$ ) ! g5]al     
results ( ! trip1 =1 sett+ out z we did 
) almo/ revolution>y !ories on _m po9ts 
& an entirely untri$ =m ( ma*9e1 we     
consid]$ x q a po9t to be able to return
 )\t hav+ our pet !ories completely     
knock$ on ! head by ! h>d logic (       
exp]i5ce1 & our own bra9s da%$ out 9 !  
b>ga94 ,ev]y?+ seem$ to u to confirm !  
correctness ( our orig9al op9ions--7#a7 
t practice is ! key to ! secret ( fly+2 
7#b7 t x is practicable to assume !     
horizontal position2 7#c7 t a small]    
surface set at a negative angle 9 front 
( ! ma9 be>+ surfaces1 or w+s1 w l>gely 
c\nt]act ! effect ( ! =e-&-aft travel ( 
! c5t] ( pressure2 7#d7 t /e]+ up & d[n 
c be atta9$ ) a rudd] )\t mov+ !        
position ( ! op]ator's body2 7#e7 t     
twi/+ ! w+s s z to pres5t _! ends to !  
w9d at diff]5t angles is a m prompt &   
effici5t way ( ma9ta9+ lat]al           
equilibrium ?an t employ$ 9 %ift+ ! body

 ( ! op]ator ( ! ma*9e4  ,:5 ! "t came  
to design our new ma*9e = #aija we      
decid$ to make x exactly l ! previ\s    
ma*9e 9 !ory & me?od ( op]ation4 ,b z ! 
=m] ma*9e 0 n able to support ! weight (
 ! op]ator :5 fl[n z a kite1 except 9 v 
high w9ds & at v l>ge angles ( incid5ce1
 we decid$ to increase its lift+ p[]4   
,accord+ly1 ! curvature ( ! surfaces 0  
increas$ to "o 9 #ab1 to con=m to ! %ape
 on :i* ,lili5?al's table 0 bas$1 & to  
be on ! safe side we decid$ also to     
increase ! area ( ! ma*9e f #afe squ>e  
feet to #cjh squ>e feet1 al?\gh s l>ge a
 ma*9e _h nev] be=e be5 deem$           
controllable4 ,! ,lili5?al ma*9e _h an  
area ( #aea squ>e feet2 t ( ,pil*]1 #afe
 squ>e feet2 & ! ,*anute d\ble-deck]1   
#acd squ>e feet4 ,z our sy/em ( control 
consi/$ 9 a manipulation ( ! surfaces   
!mselves in/ead ( %ift+ ! op]ator's     
body1 we hop$ t ! new ma*9e w\ld be     
controllable1 not)/&+ its great size4   
,accord+ to calculations1 x w\ld obta9  
support 9 a w9d ( #ag miles p] h\r ) an 

angle ( incid5ce ( only ?ree degrees4   
,illu/ration  ,our exp]i5ce ( ! previ\s 
ye> hav+ %[n ! necessity ( a suitable   
build+ = h\s+ ! ma*9e1 we erect$ a *eap 
frame build+1 #af feet wide1 #be feet   
long1 & #g feet high at ! eaves4 ,z our 
ma*9e 0 #bb feet wide1 #ad feet long    
7includ+ ! rudd]71 & ab\t #f feet high1 
x 0 n necess>y to take ! ma*9e ap>t 9   
any way 9 ord] to h\se x4 ,bo? ends ( ! 
build+1 except ! gable p>ts1 7 made into
 doors :i* h+$ above1 s t :5 op5$ !y =m$
 an awn+ at ea* end & left an entrance !
 full wid? ( ! build+4 ,we w5t into camp
 ab\t ! middle ( ,july1 & 7 soon jo9$ by
 ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,huffak]1 ( ,t5nessee1 an 
exp]i5c$ a]onautical inve/igator 9 !    
employ ( ,mr4 ,*anute1 by :om 8 s]vices 
7 k9dly loan$1 & by ,dr4 ,a4 ,g4        
,spratt1 ( ,p5nsylvania1 a "y man :o has
 made "s valuable inve/igations ( !     
prop]ties ( v>i\sly curv$ surfaces & !  
travel ( ! c5t] ( pressure !reon4 ,e>ly 
9 ,augu/ ,mr4 ,*anute came d[n f ,*icago
 to witness our exp]im5ts1 & sp5t a week

 9 camp ) u4 ,^! g5tlem51 ) my bro!r &  
myself1 =m$ our camp+ p>ty1 b 9 addition
 we _h 9 _m ( our exp]im5ts ! valuable  
assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,tate & ,mr4   
,dan ,tate1 ( ,kitty ,hawk4         99  
99       99       99       99  ,x _h be5
 our int5tion :5 build+ ! ma*9e to d mo/
 ( ! exp]im5t+ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,:5 ! 
w9d blew #ag miles an h\r1 or m1 we w\ld
 atta* a rope to ! ma*9e & let x rise z 
a kite ) ! op]ator ^u x4 ,:5 x %\ld rea*
 a prop] height ! op]ator w\ld ca/ (f ! 
rope & glide d[n to ! gr\nd j z f ! top 
( a hill4 ,9 ?is way we w\ld be sav$ !  
tr\ble ( c>ry+ ! ma*9e uphill aft] ea*  
glide1 & c\ld make at lea/ #aj glides 9 
! "t requir$ = "o 9 ! o!r way4 ,b :5 we 
came to try x we f\nd t a w9d ( #ag     
miles1 z measur$ by ,ri*>ds' anemomet]1 
in/ead ( su/a9+ ! ma*9e ) its op]ator1 a
 total weight ( #bdj lbs41 at an angle (
 incid5ce ( ?ree degrees1 9 reality w\ld
 n su/a9 ! ma*9e alone--#ajj lbs4--at   
?is angle4 ,its lift+ capacity seem$    
sc>cely "o-?ird ( ! calculat$ am\nt4 ,9 

ord] to make sure t ?is 0 n due to !    
porosity ( ! clo?1 we con/ruct$ two     
small exp]im5tal surfaces ( equal size1 
"o ( :i* 0 air-pro($ & ! o!r left 9 its 
natural /ate2 b we c\ld detect no       
diff]5ce 9 _! lift+ p[]s4 ,= a "t we 7  
l$ to suspect t ! lift ( curv$ surfaces 
little exce$$ t ( planes ( ! same size1 
b fur!r inve/igation & exp]im5t l$ to ! 
op9ion t 7#a7 ! anemomet] us$ by u      
ov]-record$ ! true velocity ( ! w9d by  
ne>ly #ae p] c5t42 7#b7 t ! well-kn[n   
,smeaton coeffici5t ( 4#jje ,v#b = ! w9d
 pressure at #ij degrees is probably too
 great by at lea/ #bj p] c5t42 7#c7 t   
,lili5?al's e/imate t ! pressure on a   
curv$ surface hav+ an angle ( incid5ce (
 ?ree degrees equals 4#ede ( ! pressure 
at #ij degrees is too l>ge1 be+ ne>ly   
#ej p] c5t4 great] ?an v rec5t exp]im5ts
 ( our own ) a special pressure te/+    
ma*9e indicate2 7#d7 t ! sup]position ( 
! surfaces some:at r$uc$ ! lift p] squ>e
 foot1 z comp>$ ) a s+le surface ( equal
 area4  ,illu/ration  ,9 glid+          

exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 ! am\nt ( lift is (   
less relative importance ?an ! ratio (  
lift to drift1 z ?is alone decides !    
angle ( glid+ desc5t4 ,9 a plane !      
pressure is always p]p5dicul> to !      
surface1 & ! ratio ( lift to drift is   
!re=e ! same z t ( ! cos9e to ! s9e ( ! 
angle ( incid5ce4 ,b 9 curv$ surfaces a 
v rem>kable situation is f\nd4 ,!       
pressure1 in/ead ( be+ uni=mly normal to
 ! *ord ( ! arc1 is usually incl9$      
consid]ably 9 front ( ! p]p5dicul>4 ,!  
result is t ! lift is great] & ! drift  
less ?an if ! pressure 7 normal4 ,:ile  
our measurem5ts diff] consid]ably f ^? (
 ,lili5?al1 ,lili5?al 0 ! fir/ to       
discov] ?is exce$+ly important fact1 :i*
 is fully set =? 9 8 book1 ,bird ,flight
 ! ,basis ( ! ,fly+ ,art1 b ow+ to "s   
errors 9 ! me?ods he us$ 9 mak+         
measurem5ts1 "q 0 rais$ by o!r          
inve/igators n only z to ! accuracy ( 8 
figures1 b ev5 z to ! exi/5ce ( any     
tang5tial =ce at all4 ,our exp]im5ts    
confirm ! exi/5ce ( ?is =ce4 ,at ,kitty 

,hawk we sp5t mu* "t 9 measur+ !        
horizontal pressure on our unload$ ma*9e
 at v>i\s angles ( incid5ce4 ,we f\nd t 
at #ac degrees ! horizontal pressure 0  
ab\t #bc lbs4 ,?is includ$ n only !     
drift prop]1 or horizontal compon5t ( ! 
pressure on ! side ( ! surface1 b also !
 head resi/ance ( ! fram+ z well4 ,!    
weight ( ! ma*9e at ! "t ( ?is te/ 0    
ab\t #ajh lbs4 ,n[1 if ! pressure _h be5
 normal to ! *ord ( ! surface1 ! drift  
prop] w\ld h be5 to ! lift 7#ajh lbs47 z
 ! s9e ( #ac degrees is to ! cos9e ( #ac
 degrees1 or 74#bb x #ajh7 _/ 4#ig  #bd 
lbs42 b ?is slightly exce$s ! total pull
 ( #bc lbs4 on our scales4 ,!re=e1 x is 
evid5t t ! av]age pressure on ! surface1
 in/ead ( be+ normal to ! *ord1 0 s f>  
incl9$ t[>d ! front t all ! head        
resi/ance ( fram+ & wires us$ 9 !       
con/ruction 0 m ?an ov]come4 ,9 a w9d ( 
#ad miles p] h\r resi/ance is by no     
means a negligible factor1 s t tang5tial
 is evid5tly a =ce ( consid]able value4 
,9 a high] w9d1 :i* su/a9$ ! ma*9e at an

 angle ( #aj degrees1 ! pull on ! scales
 0 #ah lbs4 ,) ! pressure normal to !   
*ord ! drift prop] w\ld h be5 74#ag x   
#ih7 _/ 4#ih  #ag lbs41 s t1 al?\gh !   
high] w9d velocity mu/ h caus$ an       
increase 9 ! head resi/ance1 ! tang5tial
 =ce /ill came )9 "o p\nd ( ov]com+ x4  
,aft] our return f ,kitty ,hawk we began
 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts to accurately      
det]m9e ! am\nt & direction ( ! pressure
 produc$ on curv$ surfaces :5 act$ ^u by
 w9ds at ! v>i\s angles f z]o to #ij    
degrees4 ,^! exp]im5ts are n yet        
conclud$1 b 9 g5]al !y support ,lili5?al
 9 ! claim t ! curves give pressures m  
favorable 9 am\nt & direction ?an       
planes2 b we f9d m>k$ diff]5ces 9 !     
exact values1 especially at angles bel[ 
#aj degrees4 ,we 7 unable to obta9      
direct measurem5ts ( ! horizontal       
pressures ( ! ma*9e ) ! op]ator on bo>d1
 b by comp>+ ! di/ance travel$ 9 glid+ )
 ! v]tical fall1 x 0 easily calculat$ t 
at a spe$ ( #bd miles p] h\r ! total    
horizontal resi/ance ( our ma*9e :5 be>+

 ! op]ator1 am\nt$ to #dj lbs41 :i* is  
equival5t to ab\t #b-a_/c horse-p[]4 ,x 
mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t a motor      
develop+ ?is p[] w\ld be suffici5t to   
drive a man-be>+ ma*9e4 ,! extra weight 
( ! motor w\ld require ei!r a l>g]      
ma*9e1 high] spe$1 or a great] angle (  
incid5ce 9 ord] to support x1 & !re=e m 
p[]4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t an eng9e (
 six horse-p[]1 weigh+ #ajj lbs41 w\ld  
answ] ! purpose4 ,su* an eng9e is       
entirely practicable4 ,inde$1 work+     
motors ( "o-half ?is weight p] horse-p[]
 7#i lbs4 p] horse-p[]7 h be5 con/ruct$ 
by sev]al diff]5t build]s4 ,increas+ !  
spe$ ( our ma*9e f #bd to #cc miles p]  
h\r r$uc$ ! total horizontal pressure f 
#dj to ab\t #ce lbs4 ,?is 0 q an        
advantage 9 glid+1 z x made x possible  
to sail ab\t #ae p] c5t4 fur!r ) a giv5 
drop4 ,h[ev]1 x w\ld be ( little or no  
advantage 9 r$uc+ ! size ( ! motor 9 a  
p[]-driv5 ma*9e1 because ! less5$ ?ru/  
w\ld be c\nt]balanc$ by ! increas$ spe$ 
p] m9ute4 ,"s ye>s ago ,pr(essor        

,langley call$ att5tion to ! great      
economy ( ?ru/ :i* might be obta9$ by   
us+ v high spe$s1 & f ?is _m 7 l$ to    
suppose t high spe$ 0 ess5tial to       
success 9 a motor-driv5 ma*9e4 ,b !     
economy to :i* ,pr(essor ,langley call$ 
att5tion 0 9 foot-p\nds p] mile (       
travel1 n 9 foot-p\nds p] m9ute4 ,x is !
 foot-p\nds p] m9ute t fixes ! size ( ! 
motor4 ,! probability is t ! fir/ fly+  
ma*9es w h a relatively l[ spe$1 p]haps 
n mu* exce$+ #bj miles p] h\r1 b !      
problem ( increas+ ! spe$ w be mu*      
simpl] 9 "s respects ?an t ( increas+ ! 
spe$ ( a /eamboat2 =1 :]eas 9 ! latt]   
case ! size ( ! eng9e mu/ increase z !  
cube ( ! spe$1 9 ! fly+ ma*9e1 until    
extremely high spe$s are rea*$1 !       
capacity ( ! motor increases 9 less ?an 
simple ratio2 & !re is ev5 a decrease 9 
! fuel consumption p] mile ( travel4 ,9 
o!r words1 to d\ble ! spe$ ( a /eam%ip  
7& ! same is true ( ! balloon type (    
air%ip7 eight times ! eng9e & boil]     
capacity w\ld be requir$1 & f\r times ! 

fuel consumption p] mile ( travel2 :ile 
a fly+ ma*9e w\ld require eng9es ( less 
?an d\ble ! size1 & !re w\ld be an      
actual decrease 9 ! fuel consumption p] 
mile ( travel4 ,b look+ at ! matt]      
conv]sely1 ! great disadvantage ( ! fly+
 ma*9e is app>5t2 = 9 ! latt] no flight 
at all is possible unless ! proportion (
 horse-p[] to fly+ capacity is v high2 b
 on ! o!r h& a /eam%ip is a me*anical   
success if its ratio ( horse-p[] to     
tonnage is insignificant4 ,a fly+ ma*9e 
t w\ld fly at a spe$ ( #ej miles an h\r 
) eng9es ( #a1jjj horse-p[] w\ld n be   
upheld by its w+s at all at a spe$ (    
less ?an #be miles an h\r1 & no?+ less  
?an #ejj horse-p[] c\ld drive x at ?is  
spe$4 ,b a boat :i* c\ld make #dj miles 
p] h\r ) eng9es ( #a1jjj horse-p[] w\ld 
/ill move f\r miles an h\r ev5 if !     
eng9es 7 r$uc$ to "o horse-p[]4 ,!      
problems ( l& & wat] travel 7 solv$ 9 ! 
n9ete5? c5tury1 because x 0 possible to 
beg9 ) small a*ievem5ts & gradually "w  
up to our pres5t success4 ,! fly+       

problem 0 left ov] to ! tw5tie? c5tury1 
because 9 ?is case ! art mu/ be highly  
develop$ be=e any flight ( any          
consid]able duration at all c be obta9$4
  ,illu/ration  ,h[ev]1 !re is ano!r way
 ( fly+ :i* requires no artificial      
motor1 & _m work]s believe t success w  
fir/ come by ?is road4 ,i ref] to ! so>+
 flight1 by :i* ! ma*9e is p]man5tly    
su/a9$ 9 ! air by ! same means t are    
employ$ by so>+ birds4 ,!y spread _! w+s
 to ! w9d1 & sail by ! h\r1 ) no        
p]ceptible ex]tion beyond t requir$ to  
balance & /e] !mselves4 ,:at su/a9s !m  
is n def9itely kn[n1 ?\gh x is almo/    
c]ta9 t x is a ris+ curr5t ( air4 ,b    
:e!r x be a ris+ curr5t or some?+ else1 
x is z well able to support a fly+ ma*9e
 z a bird1 if man once le>ns ! art (    
utiliz+ x4 ,9 glid+ exp]im5ts x has long
 be5 kn[n t ! rate ( v]tical desc5t is v
 mu* ret>d$1 & ! duration ( ! flight    
greatly prolong$1 if a /rong w9d bl[s up
 ! face ( ! hill p>allel to its surface4
 ,our ma*9e1 :5 glid+ 9 /ill air1 has a 

rate ( v]tical desc5t ( ne>ly six feet  
p] second1 :ile 9 a w9d bl[+ #bf miles  
p] h\r up a /eep hill we made glides 9  
:i* ! rate ( desc5t 0 less ?an two feet 
p] second4 ,& dur+ ! l>g] "p ( ?is "t1  
:ile ! ma*9e rema9$ exactly 9 ! ris+    
curr5t1 !re 0 no desc5t at all1 b ev5 a 
slight rise4 ,if ! op]ator _h _h        
suffici5t skill to keep himself f pass+ 
beyond ! ris+ curr5t he w\ld h be5      
su/a9$ indef9itely at a high] po9t ?an t
 f :i* he />t$4         99       99     
99       99       99  ,illu/ration  ,9  
look+ ov] our exp]im5ts ( ! pa/ two     
ye>s1 ) models & full-size ma*9es1 !    
foll[+ po9ts /& out ) cle>ness3--  #a4  
,t ! lift+ p[] ( a l>ge ma*9e1 held     
/ation>y 9 a w9d at a small di/ance f ! 
e>?1 is mu* less ?an ! ,lili5?al table &
 our own laboratory exp]im5ts w\ld lead 
u to expect4 ,:5 ! ma*9e is mov$ ?r\gh !
 air1 z 9 glid+1 ! discrepancy seems mu*
 less m>k$4  #b4 ,t ! ratio ( drift to  
lift 9 well-balanc$ surfaces is less at 
angles ( incid5ce ( five degrees to #ab 

degrees ?an at an angle ( ?ree degrees4 
#c4 ,t 9 ar*$ surfaces ! c5t] ( pressure
 at #ij degrees is ne> ! c5t] ( !       
surface1 b moves sl[ly =w>d z ! angle   
becomes less1 till a critical angle v>y+
 ) ! %ape & dep? ( ! curve is rea*$1    
aft] :i* x moves rapidly t[>d ! re> till
 ! angle ( no lift is f\nd4  #d4 ,t )   
simil> conditions l>ge surfaces may be  
controll$ ) n mu* great] difficulty ?an 
small ones1 if ! control is effect$ by  
manipulation ( ! surfaces !mselves1 r   
?an by a movem5t ( ! body ( ! op]ator4  
#e4 ,t ! head resi/ances ( ! fram+ c be 
br\ght to a po9t mu* bel[ t usually     
e/imat$ z necess>y4  #f4 ,t tails1 bo?  
v]tical & horizontal1 may ) safety be   
elim9at$ 9 glid+ & o!r fly+ exp]im5ts4  
#g4 ,t a horizontal position ( !        
op]ator's body may be assum$ )\t        
excessive dang]1 & ?us ! head resi/ance 
r$uc$ to ab\t "o-fif? t ( ! upright     
position4  #h4 ,t a pair ( sup]pos$1 or 
t&em1 surfaces has less lift 9          
proportion to drift ?an ei!r surface    

sep>ately1 ev5 aft] mak+ all[ance =     
weight & head resi/ance ( ! connections4
  ,illu/ration                          
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,transcrib]'s ,note3                    
,on page #ae3                           
,wilbur1 :o 0 at "o end1 seiz$ x 9      
front1 ,mr4 ,daniels & ,i1   :o 7 beh9d1
 tri$ to /op x beh9d1 tri$ to /op x by  
hold+ to ! re> uprights4                
has be5 *ang$ to                        
,wilbur1 :o 0 at "o end1 seiz$ x 9      
front1 ,mr4 ,daniels & ,i1   :o 7 beh9d1
 tri$ to /op x by hold+ to ! re>        
uprights4                               
,on page #ba3                           
,lili5?al 0 ! fir/ to discov] ?is       
exce$+ly ?\gh our     measurem5ts diff] 
consid]ably f ^? ( ,lili5?al4 ,:ile     
important fact1 :i* is fully set =? 9 8 
book1 ,bird          ,flight ! ,basis ( 
! ,fly+ ,art1 b ow+ to "s errors 9     !
 me?ods he us$ 9 mak+ measurem5ts1 "q 0 
rais$      by o!r inve/igators n only z 

to ! accuracy ( 8            figures1 b 
ev5 z to ! exi/5ce ( any tang5tial =ce  
at     all4 ,our exp]im5ts confirm !    
exi/5ce ( ?is =ce1 at ,kitty   ,hawk we 
sp5t mu* "t 9 measur+ ! horizontal      
pressure on      our unload$ ma*9e at   
v>i\s angles ( incid5ce4                
has be5 *ang$ to                        
,:ile our measurem5ts diff] consid]ably 
f ^? (             ,lili5?al1 ,lili5?al 
0 ! fir/ to discov] ?is exce$+ly        
important fact1 :i* is fully set =? 9 8 
book1 ,bird          ,flight ! ,basis ( 
! ,fly+ ,art1 b ow+ to "s errors 9     !
 me?ods he us$ 9 mak+ measurem5ts1 "q 0 
rais$      by o!r inve/igators n only z 
to ! accuracy ( 8            figures1 b 
ev5 z to ! exi/5ce ( any tang5tial =ce  
at     all4 ,our exp]im5ts confirm !    
exi/5ce ( ?is =ce4 ,at         ,kitty   
,hawk we sp5t mu* "t 9 measur+ !        
horizontal            pressure on our   
unload$ ma*9e at v>i\s angles (         
incid5ce4                               
----------------------------------------

--------------------------