,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture    
7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7           
,"r ,use ( ,lime ,9 ,soil ,improvem5t   
,by ,,alva ,,agee     ,illu/ration3     
,apply+ ,lime     ,secret>y ,new ,j]sey 
,/ate ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture    ,=m]ly
 director ( agricultural ext5sion 9 !   
,p5nsylvania ,/ate   ,college & ,new    
,j]sey ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture4   
,illu/rat$    ,,new ,,york   ,,orange   
,,judd ,,company    ,,london   ,,kegan  
,,paul1 ,,tr5*1 ,,trubn]  ,,co41        
,,limit$    #aiai    ,copyright #aiai1  
by   ,,orange ,,judd ,,company    ,all  
,rights ,res]v$    ,pr9t$ 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,,cont5ts     ,,*apt]                   
,,page     #a4 ,,introduction           
#a     #b4 ,,! ,,lime ,,9 ,,soils       
#d     #c4 ,,s\r ,,soils                
#aj     #d4 ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,acidity    
#ae     #e4 ,,te/s ,,= ,,acidity        
#bj     #f4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,lime         
#bd     #g4 ,,def9itions                
#bh     #h4 ,,gr\nd ,,lime/one          

#cc     #i4 ,,/or+ ,,lime ,,9 ,,! ,,soil
                                        
#ch     #aj4 ,,fre% ,,burn$ ,,lime      
#dd     #aa4 ,,burn+ ,,lime             
#di     #ab4 ,,lime ,,hydrate           
#ec     #ac4 ,,o!r ,,=ms ,,( ,,lime     
#eg     #ad4 ,,magnesian ,,lime         
#fd     #ae4 ,,:at ,,%all ,,"o ,,buy8   
#fh     #af4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,application 
#gh     #ag4 ,,am\nt ,,( ,,lime ,,p]    
,,acre                                  
#hb     #ah4 ,,special ,,crop ,,dem&s   
#hf        ,,illu/rations     ,apply+   
,lime      ,frontispiece     ,,fac+     
,,page     ,i4 ,clov] & ,timo?y         
,unf]tiliz$ at ! ,p5nsylvania           
,exp]im5t ,/ation ,yield$ #b1dfj        
p\nds p] acre                           
#aj     ,,ii4 ,clov] & ,timo?y )        
,f]tiliz] alone at    ! ,p5nsylvania    
,exp]im5t ,/ation ,yield$    #c1ijj     
p\nds p] acre                           
#aa     ,,iii4 ,clov] & ,timo?y ) ,lime 
alone at !    ,p5nsylvania ,exp]im5t    
,/ation ,yield$    #d1ijj p\nds p] acre 

#ad     ,,iv4 ,clov] & ,timo?y )        
,f]tiliz] & ,lime    at ! ,p5nsylvania  
,exp]im5t ,/ation    yield$ #f1bij p\nds
 p] acre                                
#ae     ,v4 ,lim$ & ,unlim$ ,ends ( a   
,plot at !    ,ohio ,exp]im5t ,/ation   
#af     ,,vi4 ,effect ( ,f9ely ,pulv]iz$
 ,lime/one on ,clov]    9 a ,soil hav+ a
 ,lime ,requirem5t (    #e1bjj ,p\nds ( 
,lime/one p] ,acre1 at !    ,p5nsylvania
 ,exp]im5t ,/ation                      
#ag     ,,vii4 ,lime ,favors ,clov] at !
 ,ohio ,exp]im5t    ,/ation             
#bd     ,,viii4 ,lime ,affects ,gr[? (  
,corn at ! ,ohio ,exp]im5t    ,/ation   
#be     ,,ix4 ,an ,indiana ,lime/one    
,qu>ry                                  
#cb     ,x4 ,a ,lime/one ,plant         
#cc    7,c\rtesy ( ! ,mi*igan ,lime/one 
,company47     ,,xi4 ,a ,lime/one       
,pulv]iz] = ,f>m ,use                   
#ch    7,c\rtesy ( ! ,jeffrey           
,manufactur+ ,company1    ,columbus1    
,ohio47     ,,xii4 ,a ,lime ,pulv] 9    
,op]ation                               

#ci    7,c\rtesy ( ! ,jeffrey           
,manufactur+ ,company47     ,,xiii4     
,lay+ ,f\ndation = a ,lime ,/ack at !   
,p5nsylvania ,exp]im5t ,/ation          
#dh     ,,xiv4 ,a ,/ack ne>ly ,complet$ 
at ! ,p5nsylvania    ,exp]im5t ,/ation  
#di     ,,xv4 ,effect ( ,excessive ,use 
( ,burn$ ,lime )\t    ,manure at !      
,p5nsylvania ,exp]im5t    ,/ation       
#eb     ,,xvi4 ,a ,hydrat$ ,lime ,plant 
#ec    7,c\rtesy ( ! ,palm] ,lime &     
,cem5t ,company1    ,york1 ,pa47        
,,xvii4 ,fill+ ! ,lime ,spread] at !    
,ohio ,exp]im5t    ,/ation              
#gh     ,,xviii4 ,lime ,di/ributors     
#gi     ,,xix4 ,rem>kable ,effect (     
,lime on ,sweet ,clov] at    ! ,ohio    
,exp]im5t ,/ation                       
#hf     ,,xx4 ,sweet ,clov] ,?rives ,:5 
,lime & ,manure    are ,suppli$1 ,ohio  
,exp]im5t ,/ation                       
#hg          99       99       99       
99       99   ,,*apt] #a  ,,introduction
   ,!re is mu* 9 ! action ( lime 9 !    
soil t is n kn[n1 b all t we really ne$ 

to "k is simple & easily compreh5d$4 ,! 
purpose ( ?is little book is to set d[n 
! ?+s t we ne$ to "k 9 ord] t we may    
make & keep our l& fri5dly to plant life
 s f> z lime is necess>ily conc]n$ ) su*
 an und]tak+4 ,intellig5t m5 l to reason
 matt]s out = !mselves s f> z           
practicable1 tak+ ! facts & te/+ !m 9 _!
 own ?9k+ by "s tru? !y h ga9$ 9 _! own 
exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 & !n _!          
convictions /ay by !m & are act$ ^u4 ,! 
:ole /ory ( ! "r use ( lime on l& is s  
simple & reasonable1 :5 we /ick only to 
! practical side1 t we %\ld easily      
escape ! confusion ( ?\ght t seems to /&
 9 ! way ( action4 ,! exp]im5t /ations h
 be5 te/+ ! value ( lime applications to
 acid soils1 & ! gov]nm5t has be5 f9d+ t
 ! great] "p ( our f>m+ l&s is defici5t 
9 lime4 ,t5s ( ?\s&s ( f>m]s h confirm$ 
! results ( ! /ations t ! application ( 
lime is ess5tial to pr(itable crop      
production on _! f>ms4 ,! confusion is  
due to "s results ( ! misuse ( lime be=e
 ! ne$s ( soils 7 und]/ood1 & to !      

v>iety ( =ms 9 :i* lime comes to u & ! r
 conflict+ claims made = ^! v>i\s =ms4  
,x is un=tunate & unnecess>y4  ,! soil  
is a great *emical laboratory1 b exact k
 ( all its processes d\btless w\ld enri*
 ! f>m]'s vocabul>y m ?an 8 pocketbook4 
,we are conc]n$ 9 kn[+ t lime's field ( 
usefulness is broad 9 t x is an ess5tial
 plant food & provides ! active means ( 
keep+ ! fe$+ gr\nd ( plants 9 sanit>y   
condition4 ,we want to "k h[ x comes    
ab\t t our soils are defici5t 9 lime1 & 
h[ we may det]m9e ! fact t !y are       
defici5t4 ,we wi% to "k ! relative      
values ( ! v>i\s =ms ( lime & h[ we may 
*oose 9 ! int]e/ ( our soil & our       
pocketbook4 ,! "t & me?od ( application 
are important consid]ations to u4 ,!re  
are _m details ( k1 x is true1 & yet all
 fit into a rational s*eme t %[s itself 
to be simple en\gh :5 ! facts arrange   
!mselves 9 an ord]ly way 9 our m9ds4    
,lime _c take ! place ( nitrog51 nor    
phosphorus1 nor any o!r ( ! ess5tial    
plant foods4 ,x is n a sub/itute = any  

o!r ess5tial factor 9 plant gr[?4 ,x    
w\ld be folly to try to dep5d ^u lime z 
a sole s\rce ( soil f]tility4 ,on ! o!r 
h&1 we h le>n$ v def9itely )9 ! la/     
qu>t] ( a c5tury t x is fooli% to dep5d 
^u comm]cial f]tiliz]s & tillage & good 
se$s = full production ( mo/ crops f    
great areas ( our f>m+ c\ntry t h a m>k$
 lime defici5cy4 ,! obvi\s ne$ ( our    
soils is ! ri* organic matt] t clov] &  
grass sods c\ld furni%1 & _! fundam5tal 
ne$ is lime4 ,mo/ f>ms _c possibly make 
full returns to _! own]s until ! l&'s   
hung] = lime has be5 met4 ,! only "q is 
t reg>d+ ! be/ way ( meet+ x4           
,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,! ,,lime ,,9 ,,soils    
,lime/one ,l&4 ,soil analyses are       
s]viceable only )9 c]ta9 limits1 & 9 !  
case ( ! normal soils t comprise ! v    
great "p ( ! entire humid region ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates ! practical man gives     
little he$ to :at special analyses might
 %[ him :5 decid+ ^u ! pur*ase ( a f>m4 
,he does "k1 h[ev]1 t a lime/one soil   
has great natural /r5g?1 & recov]s f    

mi/reatm5t m readily ?an l& l[ 9 lime4  
,x has /ay+ p[]s1 & is dep5dable1 unless
 ?r\gh natural processes ! lime lea*es  
out or loses availability4 ,all lime/one
 areas h ga9$ reputation = !mselves z   
produc]s ( gra9 & grass4  ,o!r ,calc>e\s
 ,soils4 ,x is n only ! lime/one areas t
 /& high 9 e/eem4 ,!re are types ( soil 
) e v>y+ p]c5tage ( lime d[n to cle> s& 
or to peat1 & "s ( ! types are f9ely    
calc>e\s1 conta9+ su* a high p]c5tage ( 
lime t no?+ m c\ld be desir$4  ,! actual
 p]c5tage is n ! det]m9+ factor1 a clay 
soil ne$+ great] ri*ness 9 ?is mat]ial  
?an a loam1 & a s&y soil giv+ a good    
acc\nt ( itself ) an ev5 less total     
cont5t ( lime1 b 9 its way ! p>ticul>   
soil type mu/ be well suppli$ by nature 
) lime if its trees & o!r vegetation be>
 evid5ces ( its /r5g? & good            
agricultural value4  ,natural           
,defici5cy4 ,x is int]e/+ to note !     
diff]5ces 9 evid5ces ( prosp]ity t are  
associat$ ) lime p]c5tages4 ,! areas t  
are able to produce ! vegetation        

*>act]i/ic ( calc>e\s soils are obvi\sly
 ! mo/ prosp]\s4 ,! decid$ly            
lime-defici5t sections1 adv]tis+ _! /ate
 by ! k9d ( orig9al timb]1 & lat] by    
unfri5dl9ess to ! clov]s1 d n attract   
buy]s except ?r\gh relatively l[ prices 
= f>ms4 ,su* areas are ext5sive & h well
 m>k$ b\nd>ies 9 places4  ,x does n     
foll[ t e f>m 9 su* lime/one valleys z !
 ,%5&oah1 ,cumb]l&1 & ,lebanon1 or 9 !  
great corn belt hav+ a naturally        
calc>e\s soil1 is prosp]\s1 or t a      
multitude ( own]s ( su* lime-defici5t   
areas z ! belt 9 a portion ( s\!rn ,new 
,york & nor!rn ,p5nsylvania1 or ! s&/one
 & %ale regions ( _m /ates1 h n ov]mat*$
 natural conditions ) f9e skill4 ,we    
treat only ( av]ages :5 say+ t a lime   
c\ntry %[s a prosp]ity 9 its f>m build+s
 & g5]al appe>ance t does n come        
naturally & easily to any lime-defici5t 
t]ritory4 ,9 ! latt] a man r[s aga9/ !  
curr5t1 & if live/ock f>m+ is n employ$ 
to furni% manure1 & if ! manure is n    
supplem5t$ by tillage & dra9age to      

secure a]ation1 or if lime is n appli$1 
! l& rea*es su* a degree ( acidity t x  
loses ! p[] to yield any pr(it4         
,nature's ,%ort ,supply4 ,! total area (
 lime-defici5t soil is l>ge1 compris+   
c]ta9ly mu* m ?an half ( all ! l& ea/ ( 
! semi-arid belt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no 
small "p ( ?is area 0 n defici5t at "o  
"t1 z ! nature ( ! orig9al timb]        
indicates1 & x is well )9 ! k (         
practical m5 t l& :i* once produc$ !    
walnut & a% & %ellb>k hickory c be      
br\ght back to productivity ) reasonable
 ease aft] v h>d usage4 ,x has a good   
inh]itance4 ,x is a disconc]t+ fact 9   
our ,am]ican agriculture t1 f]tile z our
 c\ntry is z a :ole1 v great areas 7 s  
defici5t 9 lime be=e !y came "u man's   
control t ! *e/nut1 p9e1 & ! oaks ( mean
 gr[? 7 fully at home4 ,! gradation f l[
 lime cont5t to high1 & its relation to 
soil type1 give u all sorts ( mixtures (
 lime-lov+ & acid-resi/ant v>ieties (   
trees 9 orig9al =e/s1 b our agriculture 
is hamp]$ by ! high p]c5tage ( l& = :i* 

nature made no great provision ( lime1 &
 on ?is l& f>m+ lags4  ,effect (        
,irrational ,f>m+4 ,int]e/ 9 lim+ might 
well h be5 due to ! am5dm5t ( all ?is   
soil1 b ! rational use ( lime t has be5 
! subject ( mu* /udy 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a  
c5tury conc]ns *iefly great areas t     
probably c\ld h be5 kept 9 alkal9e      
condition & fri5dly to ! clov]s = a long
 "t despite a %ort natural supply z     
comp>$ ) ! cont5t ( our lime/one l&s4 ,!
 success ( individual f>m]s 9 areas n[  
admitt$ly acid z a :ole is conv9c+ on   
?is po9t4 ,nature tries con/antly to    
cure ! ills ( h] soil ?r\gh ! addition (
 vegetable matt]4 ,an excess ( wat] or a
 defici5cy is aton$ = 9 a degree by !   
leaves & rott$ wood ( h] =e/s4 ,a]ation 
is kept possible4 ,! lime 9 ! product ( 
! soil goes back to x4 ,a sy/em ( f>m+ t
 involves ! application ( manure1 ?or\gh
 tillage1 dra9age :]e ne$$1 & ! free use
 ( sods 9 "s way1 has kept portions ( ^!
 non-calc>e\s soils out ( ! di/9ctly    
acid class4 ,clov] gr[s satisfactorily1 

grass sods are heavy1 & !re is no acute 
lime problem4 ,su* f>ms are relatively  
few 9 ! great /ret*es ( l& n[ class$ z  
acid soil1 & probably ! mo/ ( ! lime t  
is be+ appli$ goes only on gr\nd t once 
0 suffici5tly alkal9e to gr[ ! clov]s4  
,! loss ( organic matt] ?r\gh failure to
 use ! be/ me?ods ( f>m+ is responsible 
= no small "p ( ! widespread ne$ ( lime 
today4 ,?is subtracts no?+ f ! urg5cy ( 
its use to re/ore a condition favor+    
clov] & grass sods1 b x does tea* a     
lesson ( ! highe/ value4 ,! day (       
de/ructive soil acidity c be ret>d$ by  
good f>m+1 b 9 ! long run ! inevitable  
losses ( lime f mo/ soils mu/ be met by 
applications4  ,lime/one ,soils4 ,!     
old-"t practice ( mak+ heavy            
applications ( fre% burn$ lime to /iff  
lime/one soils to make !m friable1 & to 
make _! plant food available1 l$ to     
disuse ( all lime 9 "s sections on      
acc\nt ( ! exhau/ion t foll[$ dep5d5ce  
^u ^! l>ge am\nts z a manure4 ,que]ly   
en\gh1 ^! orig9al lime/one soils h      

latt]ly be5 go+ into ! acid class ?r\gh 
loss ( _! di/9ctive elem5ts1 & !y1 too1 
h become dep5d5t ^u means = ! correction
 ( acidity4     ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,s\r    
,,soils   ,loss ( ,lime4 ,nature made ! 
value ( l& z a produc] ( food utt]ly    
dep5d5t ^u ! activity ( lime1 & at !    
same "t gave x "s p[] to %irk its "w4 ,9
 a normal soil is a p]c5tage ( lime t   
came f ! dis9tegration ( rock ( ! region
 or 0 transport$ by action ( wat] on a  
huge scale4 ,possibly r>ely w\ld x be 9 
insuffici5t am\nt to keep a soil 9 a    
condition fri5dly to plant life1 & to   
fe$ ! plant1 if x /ay$ :]e nature plac$ 
x & kept 9 =m available = ! ne$s x 0    
int5d$ to meet4 ,!re is l& t always 0   
notably defici5t 9 ?is mat]ial1 & !re is
 l& t 0 kn[n 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! _w's   
agriculture to be s\r1 b ! tr\bles ( our
 pres5t day 9 ! case ( ! f>m+ c\ntry 9 !
 humid region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is less 
due to any natural absolute %ortage ?an 
to comb9ation t de/roys value & to      
escape by action ( wat]4  ,illu/ration3 

,clov] & ,timo?y ,unf]tiliz$ at !       
,p5nsylvania ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,yield$  
#bdfj ,p\nds p] ,acre  ,illu/ration3    
,clov] & ,timo?y ) ,f]tiliz] alone at ! 
,p5nsylvania ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,yield$  
#cijj ,p\nds p] ,acre  ,preval5ce (     
,acidity4 ,! results ( exp]im5t /ation &
 f>m te/s are conclusive t ! soils ( !  
great] "p ( all ! humid region ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates %[ lime defici5cy4 ,=m]ly1
 acidity 0 associat$ 9 our m9ds ) wet1  
l[-ly+ l&1 b )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s we h   
le>n$ t x prevails 9 light sea%ore s&s  
along ! ,atlantic %ore1 9 clays1 loams &
 %ales /ret*+ to ! ,appala*ian sy/em (  
m\nta9s1 on top ( m\nta9 ranges & across
 foo?ills to our c5tral /ates1 & ?r\gh  
!m 9 /ret*es to ! semi-arid l&s ( ! we/4
 ,:ile n all ?is l& has fall5 into !    
lime-defici5t class1 & ! great "p ( "s  
/ates rema9s alkal9e1 ! t5d5cy t[>d     
acidity is cont9u\s4  ,crop production 9
 great portions ( ! ,mississippi valley 
is re/rict$ by lack ( lime 9 ! soil1 &  
"s /ates to ! ea/w>d h "o-half to       

n9e-t5?s ( _! acreage too l[ 9 lime = ! 
be/ results4 ,calc>e\s soils h be5 los+ 
_! di/9ctive feature1 & ! imm5se areas (
 l& naturally l[ 9 lime h rema9$ hamp]$ 
9 ability to make full returns = labor1 
f]tiliz] & se$4 ,x is ?is situation t   
br+s ! "r use ( lime on l& to ! front z 
a matt] ( fundam5tal importance to !    
f>m]4  ,causes ( ,soil ,acidity4 ,if any
 discussion ( ! causes ( soil acidity   
w\ld delay a decision to apply lime :]e 
ne$$1 ! "t giv5 to su* discussion w\ld  
be worse ?an wa/$4 ,x is mu* m important
 to be able to detect ! pres5ce ( h>mful
 acids & to neutralize !m ?an x is to "k
 :y ! soil %\ld be 9 su* plight t x c\ld
 n supply ! requir$ lime & _h become    
dep5d5t ^u its own] = assi/ance4 ,on !  
o!r h&1 "s ( u f9d x difficult to accept
 a fact )\t see+ a reason = x1 & we may 
d well to consid] sev]al causes t may be
 at "w to put a soil out ( ! alkal9e    
class4  ,lea*+4 ,"o cause t appe>s      
obvi\s & easy ( acceptance is lea*+4 ,9 
! case ( "o ,p5nsylvania f>m1 ly+ 9 a   

lime/one valley1 ! lime _h be5 wa%$ out 
by action ( wat] s freely t cav]ns =m$  
"u ! surface1 & a te/ %[$ a m>k$        
defici5cy 9 ! top soil4 ,?is l& ceas$ to
 gr[ clov]1 & planta9 & sorrel ab\nd$4  
,?is case1 :i* is n an isolat$ "o1 %[$  
an unusually rapid loss1 b we always    
expect to f9d ! wat] f wells & spr+s 9 a
 lime/one c\ntry /rongly impregnat$ )   
lime4 ,dra9age wat]s conta9 x4 ,! draft 
by action ( wat] is cont9u\s1 & 9 "s    
types c\ld easily acc\nt = suffici5t    
loss to *ange ! nature ( ! soil4 ,we may
 place undue emphasis ^u ?is factor1 z  
o!r causes are at "w1 b lea*+ is a lead+
 s\rce ( loss4  ,*emical ,comp\nds4 ,a  
s]i\s cause ( lime exhau/ion t is be+   
/udi$ by soil *emi/s is ! pres5ce (     
comp\nds 9 ! soil t comb9e ) ! lime &   
rob x ( ability to s]ve ! soil :5 new   
acids =m4 ,! practical f>m] accepts !   
/atem5ts ( ! *emi/s on ?is po9t1 &      
probably w\ld n h 8 int]e/s s]v$ by any 
exact k ( ! nature ( ^! ag5ts4  ,decay+ 
,vegetation4 ,a cause ( acid conditions 

t is widely kn[n & accept$1 & t may     
!re=e /& out 9 our ?9k+ ) undue         
prom95ce1 is connect$ ) ! decay ( gre5  
vegetable matt] 9 ! soil4 ,_m ( u h se5 
fields r5d]$ tempor>ily unproductive by 
! pl[+ d[n ( a mass ( immature plants 9 
midsumm]4 ,all organic matt]1 inde$1 9  
its decay makes a draft ^u ! lime cont5t
 ( ! soil 9 :i* x may be buri$4         
,removal 9 ,crops4 ,lime is tak5 out (  
l& by plants1 & ! loss is a consid]able 
item1 b our int]e/ is 9 ! =m ( lime t c 
correct soil acidity1 & we "k t comp\nds
 ( lime t are wor?less = ?is purpose may
 be ! *ief s\rce ( ! lime 9 our crops4  
,a det]m9ation ( ! lime 9 ! a% ( a crop 
does n give data ( mu* practical value4 
,illu/ration3 ,clov] & ,timo?y ) ,lime  
,alone at ! ,p5nsylvania ,exp]im5t      
,/ation ,yield$ #dijj ,p\nds p] ,acre   
,illu/ration3 ,clov] & ,timo?y )        
,f]tiliz] & ,lime at ! ,p5nsylvania     
,exp]im5t ,/ation ,yield$ #fbij ,p\nds  
p] ,acre     ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,evid5ces   
,,( ,,acidity   ,"* ( ,vegetation4 ,! "*

 ( ! orig9al =e/s is det]m9$ mu* by !   
lime-cont5t1 & ! practical man1 :5 buy+ 
a f>m1 rates its productive p[] by !    
k9ds ( timb] x has produc$4 ,! black    
walnut1 a%1 %ellb>k hickory1 black &    
:ite oak1 /urdily gr[n1 evid5ce a soil  
ri* 9 lime1 :ile ! p9es1 small blackjack
 & po/ oaks1 & ! *e/nut are at home 9   
non-calc>e\s soils4 ,! latt] class ( l&s
 ga9s no?+ 9 lime z "t passes1 & ! timb]
 cont9ues to be a sure index1 b 9 ! =m] 
class ! surface soil may h lo/ en\gh    
lime to limit crop production mat]ially 
:ile ! trees cont9ue to f9d 9 ! subsoil 
all t !y ne$4 ,x does n foll[ t ! l& has
 gone d[n 9 value to ! naturally        
lime-defici5t class1 b its p[] to       
produce is impair$1 & w rema9 s until   
!re has be5 re/oration ( its orig9al    
alkal9e /ate4  ,sorrel & ,planta94 ,we  
det]m9e q surely ! /ate ( ! soil by     
obs]vance ( ! vegetation t roots 9 !    
surface soil & ! imm$iate subsoil4      
,sorrel is a plant popul>ly associat$ ) 
soil acidity1 b ?is is n ?r\gh any      

dislike = lime4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ gr[+ 9
 ! edge ( a heap4 ,its pres5ce sugge/s  
acidity because x c ?rive 9 a s\r soil t
 w n produce plants ( value :i* on ev5  
t]ms c\ld cr[d ! sorrel out4 ,!re is    
con/ant competition among plants = food 
& wat] & space1 & "s ( our wor/ we$s are
 n /rong competitors ( clov] & grass :]e
 soil conditions are n unfavorable to ! 
latt]4  ,blue grass1 ! clov]s & timo?y  
give a good acc\nt ( !mselves 9 a conte/
 ) sorrel & planta9 :]e lime is         
abundant4 ,?is does n mean t ! se$s ( ^!
 we$s may n be s num]\s t an application
 ( lime _c cause ! clov] & grasses      
imm$iately to take ! gr\nd to !         
exclusion ( o!r plants1 b x is true t ! 
cr[d+ process w cont9ue until ! "t comes
 9 ! crop rotation t ^! we$s cease to be
 fe>$1 & clean sods c be made4 ,x is !  
abs5ce ( lime t p]mits su* we$s to      
ma9ta9 _! reputation = good fight+      
qualities4   ,illu/ration3 ,lim$ &      
,unlim$ ,ends ( a ,plot at ! ,ohio      
,exp]im5t ,/ation  ,illu/ration3 ,effect

 ( ,f9ely ,pulv]is$ ,lime/one on ,clov] 
9 a ,soil ,hav+ a ,lime ,requirem5t (   
#ebjj ,p\nds ( ,lime/one p] ,acre at !  
,p5nsylvania ,exp]im5t ,/ation  ,!      
,clov]s4 ,r$ clov] c make gr[? 9 "s     
soils t h a lime defici5cy4 ,if all o!r 
conditions are favorable1 ! lime        
requirem5t may exce$ "o-half a ton p]   
acre ( fre% burn$ lime & n affect !     
clov] adv]sely1 b f>m exp]i5ce ?r\gh\t !
 c\ntry has demon/rat$ t :5 soil acidity
 is only slight & clov] gr[s )          
difficulty1 an application r>ely fails  
to favor ! clov] 9 a m>k$ degree4       
,exp]i5ce has taught ! l& own]s to fe>  
soil acidity :5 r$ clov] does n ?rive   
:]e =m]ly x made good gr[?4  ,!         
preval5ce ( alsike clov] 9 a f>m+ region
 is indicative ( lack ( lime4 ,?is clov]
 ?rives 9 a calc>e\s soil1 b is m       
indiff]5t to a small lime supply ?an is 
! r$ clov]4 ,z r$ clov] se$+s beg9 to   
fail1 ! alsike ga9s 9 popul>ity1 & :]e a
 soil is decid$ly s\r ! alsike is mo/ 9 
evid5ce4 ,! latt] has less value to !   

f>m]1 root+ ne>] ! surface ( ! soil1 &  
mak+ less gr[? ( top1 b x has ga9$ 9    
favor ) f>m]s z soil acidity has        
increas$4  ,! ,grasses4 ,timo?y is m    
resi/ant to acidity ?an r$ clov]1 b (t5 
fails to make a heavy sod :]e !         
defici5cy 9 lime is m>k$4 ,rhode ,isl&  
,b5t1 kn[n z r$top1 is less exact+1 &   
:]e x ?rives to ! exclusion ( timo?y1 or
 is 9 evid5ce 9 grass l&s1 ! inf]5ce is 
fairly safe t a te/ w\ld %[ t ! soil is 
s\r4  ,:5 ,production ,decreases4 ,x is 
n a matt] ( any mom5t to ! own] ( a     
productive soil :e!r or n 8 soil w\ld   
give an acid or an alkal9e reaction "u  
te/4 ,returns f 8 labor are             
satisfactory4 ,"s l& 9 ?is class is n   
/rictly alkal9e4 ,! man mo/ int]e/$ 9 ! 
effects ( lime applications is ! "o :o  
is n satisfi$ ) yields4 ,! te/s =       
acidity h be5 s _m ?r\gh\t our ea/]n &  
c5tral /ates t ! own] ( l& :i* is n     
productive has reason = ! presumption t 
its p]c5tage ( lime is too l[4 ,!re is  
dang] ( error1 & a sci5tific te/ is     

sur]1 b 9 mo/ cases ! l& :i* has be5    
r$uc$ f a f]tile to an unproductive /ate
 has lo/ its alkal9e nature4  ,naturally
 ,?9 ,soils4 ,nature may be prodigal 9  
supplies ( ne>ly all ! elem5ts ( plant  
food to l& & yet skimp its supply (     
lime1 b naturally poor soils are q      
surely 9 ! acid class4 ,! exceptions 9  
our humid region are n ext5sive4 ,:5    
improvem5t is plann$ =1 involv+         
additions ( organic matt] & plant food1 
! application ( lime to correct acidity 
is ! fir/ requirem5t4 ,if su* l& c\ld be
 giv5 ! *>act]i/ics ( a lime/one soil s 
f> only z ! lime factor is conc]n$1 !   
build+ up ( f]tility w\ld be relatively 
easy4 ,lim+ mu/ =m ! f\ndation ( a new  
ord] ( ?+s4 ,! ability to gr[ ! clov]s &
 to furni% ri* vegetable matt] to !     
soil1 :i* naturally is poor 9 humus1    
re/s ^u lime application fir/1 & !n ^u  
any supply ( plant food t may cont9ue to
 be lack+4     ,,*apt] ,v  ,,te/s ,,=   
,,acidity   ,! ,litmus ,pap] ,te/4 ,a   
me?od ( te/+ soils = acidity1 :i* has   

be5 9 use = _m ye>s1 is ! simple litmus 
pap] me?od4 ,because ( its simplicity & 
fair degree ( accuracy1 ! litmus pap]   
te/ is /ill us$ to a consid]able ext5t 9
 e/imat+ ! degree ( acidity ( c]ta9     
soils4 ,! be/ mann] ( us+ litmus is to  
place a /rip ( ! blue pap] 9 ! bottom ( 
a glass sauc]1 cov]+ x ) filt] pap] or  
o!r pap] :i* is neutral--t is1 pap] :i* 
is nei!r acid nor alkal9e4  ,a small    
quantity ( ! soil to be te/$ is moi/5$ )
 ra9 or di/ill$ wat] & plac$ on ?is     
pap]4 ,if ! acid is pres5t ! blue pap] w
 be *ang$ to a r$di% color1 v>y+ 9      
int5sity accord+ to ! degree ( acidity 9
 ! soil4 ,two objections to ! use (     
litmus pap] are to be not$3 ,"o ( ^! is 
t ! r$ color may be produc$ by c>bonic  
acid gas )\t a trace ( m p[]ful acids   
be+ pres5t1 & ?is may give a wrong      
impression to ! op]ator4 ,ano!r         
objection to ! use ( litmus is t !      
degree ( acidity is n accurately        
indicat$1 & !re=e ! f>m] is sometimes at
 a loss to "k j h[ mu* lime %\ld be     

appli$ to make soil conditions favorable
 = gr[+ crops4  ,a ,m ,accurate ,me?od4 
,)9 ! la/ few ye>s improv$ me?ods =     
det]m9+ ! pres5ce ( acidity 9 soil h be5
 develop$4 ,"s ( ^! are suitable only = 
! *emi/ ) 8 complete laboratory         
equipm5t1 :ile o!rs are m simple & c be 
us$ by anyone will+ to ex]cise          
reasonable c>e4  ,"o ( ! simple/ & mo/  
accurate te/s to date is t devis$ by    
,pr(essor ,e4 ,truog ( ! agricultural   
exp]im5t /ation ( ! ,univ]sity (        
,wiscons94 ,?is te/ n only detects      
positively ! pres5ce ( soil acidity1 b  
also gives def9ite in=mation z to !     
degree ( acidity4 ,! te/ is bas$ ^u !   
pr9ciple t :5 z9c sulfid comes 9 contact
 ) ! acid1 hydrog5 sulfid gas is =m$1 & 
:5 ?is gas comes 9 contact ) lead       
acetate1 lead sulfid1 a black *emical1  
is =m$4  ,! me?od ( mak+ ?is te/ is     
simple1 & consi/s 9 plac+ a measur$     
quantity ( soil 9 a flask1 to :i* is    
add$ a solution compos$ ( #bj calcium   
*lorid & #b z9c sulfid4 ,! mixture (    

soil & *emical solution is heat$ to !   
boil+ po9t by means ( an alcohol lamp1 &
 ! boil+ cont9u$ = a m9ute = ! purpose (
 driv+ (f ! c>bonic acid gas1 :i* is    
lib]at$ fir/4 ,! boil+ is cont9u$ & a   
piece ( moi/5$ pap]1 previ\sly          
impregnat$ ) lead acetate1 is plac$ ov] 
! m\? ( ! flask4 ,if ! soil conta9s     
acid1 a *emical reaction occurs betwe5 x
 & z9c sulfid1 & hydrog5 sulfid gas is  
lib]at$4 ,! quantity ( acidity 9 ! soil 
det]m9es ! quantity ( gas :i* comes 9   
contact ) ! lead acetate pap]1 & ?is    
det]m9es ! dep? ( color produc$ on !    
pap]4 ,a slight br[ni% color indicates !
 pres5ce ( v little acidity1 :ile an    
int5se black signifies ! pres5ce (      
injuri\s am\nts ( acidity4 ,!re are     
v>i\s degrees ( coloration betwe5 ^! two
 extremes1 & ea* gives an accurate      
indication z to ! quantity ( lime       
requir$ to correct ! acidity4  ,?is te/ 
is simple & inexp5sive1 & at ! pres5t "t
 mo/ c\nty ag5t (fices are equipp$ ) ?is
 app>atus or a simil> "o = te/+ soils = 

f>m]s4 ,"s new] me?ods are be+ devis$1 &
 d\btless ?is me?od w be improv$ ^u z "t
 passes1 b ! ,truog te/ has qualities ( 
accuracy & simplicity :i* w always make 
x valuable4     ,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,s\rces  
,,( ,,lime   ,nature's ,provision4      
,soils are compos$ ( pulv]iz$ /one &    
organic matt]4 ,mu* ( ! orig9al /one    
conta9$ little lime1 & ! human race w\ld
 become ne>ly helpless if !re 7 no /ores
 ( supply 9 ! =m ( lime/one1 *alk1 m>l1 
etc4 ,! day w\ld come :5 ! surface soil 
c\ld n produce our /aple crops if its   
loss ( lime cont9u$1 & a means (        
repl5i%+ ! /ock 7 n at h&4 ,! huge      
deposits ( lime/one t h n be5           
dis9tegrat$ by processes ( wea!r+ are   
assurance t ! soil's ne$ c be met =ev]4 
,! calcium & magnesium 9 ! /one are 9   
*emical comb9ation ) c>bonic acid =m+   
c>bonates1 & !re is an additional       
mixture ( o!r e>?y mat]ial t 0 deposit$ 
by ! wat] :5 ! /one 0 be+ =m$1 b mu*    
lime/one possesses an excell5t degree ( 
purity4  ,illu/ration3 ,lime ,favors    

,clov] at ! ,ohio ,exp]im5t ,/ation     
,illu/ration3 ,lime ,affects ,gr[? (    
,corn at ! ,ohio ,exp]im5t ,/ation      
,confusion ,respect+ ,=ms4 ,9 ! public  
m9d !re is mu* confusion respect+ !     
s\rces & =ms ( lime mo/ to be desir$4   
,wood a%es appeal$ to p1 especially 9 an
 e>ly day 9 our agriculture1 p>tly      
because ! a%es 7 s univ]sally pres5t t  
te/s _h be5 made volunt>ily & o!rwise 9 
millions ( in/ances4 ,! value ( su* te/s
 _h be5 obscur$ by ! fact t ! a%es      
conta9$ pota%1 & mu* ( ! cr$it ( any    
good effect 0 attribut$ to t fact4 ,x   
has be5 g5]ally kn[n1 h[ev]1 t lime 9   
peculi>ly effective =m is 9 wood a%es1 &
 ! favor 9 :i* a%es h be5 held re/$ n a 
little ^u ! curi\s pref]5ce = an organic
 s\rce ( all soil am5dm5ts4 ,?is is se5 
9 ! case ( direct f]tiliz]s4  ,deal]s'  
,int]e/s4 ,! d\bts reg>d+ ! wisdom (    
select+ any "o =m ( lime = ! bett]m5t ( 
soil conditions h be5 promot$ v         
naturally by ! conflict+ int]e/s ( m5 :o
 w\ld furni% ! supply4 ,"s deal]s 9 fre%

 burn$ lime h ass]t$ t x 0 folly to     
expect any appreciable result f ! use ( 
unburn$ lime/one4 ,! manufactur] ( gr\nd
 lime/one has po9t$ out ! possibility ( 
injur+ a soil by ! use ( cau/ic lime1 & 
(t5times has s emphasiz$ 8 po9t t f>m]s 
h become unwill+ to apply fre% or       
wat]-slak$ lime to _! l&4 ,manufactur]s 
( hydrat$ lime 9 "s in/ances h made a   
confus$ situation worse by insi/+ ^u !  
claim t !re 0 a f]tiliz+ quality 9 _!   
goods4 ,"s deal]s 9 lime m>ls h be5     
unwill+ to h ! value ( _! goods rat$    
accord+ to ! cont5t ( c>bonate ( lime1 &
 h emphasiz$ ! value ( f9e division ( ! 
p>ticles & ! abs5ce ( any cau/ic        
prop]ties4 ,! pres5ce ( %ells1 evid5c+  
an organic s\rce ( ! mat]ial1 has help$ 
9 ! appeal to buy]s4  ,! rightful place 
( magnesia1 & ! possible dang] ( injury 
f its use1 h be5 a fruitful cause (     
p]plexity1 mak+ price p] ton only a     
second>y consid]ation to ! man want+ to 
supply 8 soil's ne$s4  ,sci5ti/s'       
,failure to ,agree4 ,x is only fair to  

say t mu* ( ! d\bt & indecision on ! "p 
( ! public is directly attributable to !
 conflict+ /atem5ts ( our sci5ti/s4 ,x  
%\ld be borne 9 m9d t c>eful            
inve/igation 9 respect to ! relative    
values ( ! v>i\s =ms & s\rces ( lime has
 be5 conf9$ l>gely to ! %ort p]iod ( "t 
t has elaps$ s9ce recognition ( ! lime  
defici5cy ( our c\ntry's soils4 ,our    
agricultural lit]ature conta9$ little   
ab\t soil acidity #bj ye>s ago1 & our   
exp]im5t /ation te/s af=d only          
relatively rec5t results4 ,"s k ( s\r   
soils & ! efficacy ( lime 9 _! am5dm5t  
is ne>ly z old z ! hi/ory ( agriculture1
 x is true1 b answ]s to ! que/ions      
upp]mo/ 9 ! m9ds ( m5 want+ to apply    
lime to l& h be5 s\ght only )9 rec5t    
ye>s4 ,! v>iation 9 soil types1 & 9     
s\rces ( lime1 & 9 preconceiv$ ideas (  
m5 draw+ conclusions f incomplete data  
may easily acc\nt = failure ( our soil  
sci5ti/s to be 9 ! close agreem5t 9     
/atem5t t w\ld remove all confusion 9 ! 
public m9d4 ,h[ev]1 ! agreem5t respect+ 

! facts is becom+ bett] assur$ ) e add$ 
ye> ( inve/igation1 z a /udy ( /ation   
bullet9s %[s4     ,,*apt] ,,vii         
,,def9itions   ,te*nical ,t]ms4 ,!      
practical man uses a great numb] (      
te*nical t]ms 9 8 own field ( labor1 &  
(t5 fails to recognize ! fact t !y are  
te*nical1 & may be puzzl+ to _m o!r p4  
,he uses su* t]ms = ! sake ( accuracy1  
desir+ to express to 8 fell[-workm5     
exactly :at he means4 ,! f>m]1 /ockman1 
c>p5t]1 bank]--all h comm& ( su* t]ms1 &
 ne$ !m1 b ! *emi/ :o1 9 a way1 mu/ come
 ev5 ne>] to accuracy 9 expression1 f9ds
 t _m p :o want 8 assi/ance d n c>e to  
ma/] & use any ( 8 t]ms4 ,failure to d s
 compels misund]/&+4 ,anyone :o is      
int]e/$ 9 ! "r use ( lime %\ld be will+ 
to add a few ( ! *emi/s' te*nical t]ms  
to ! scores 9 8 own l9e ( "w t he uses  
con/antly1 & ?us let ! :ole matt] ( lim+
 l& come to appe> m simple to him4      
,acqua9tance ) a few t]ms is necess>y to
 any und]/&+ ( /atem5ts ( analyses ^u   
:i* pur*ase %\ld be made4  ,an ,elem5t  

is a sub/ance t _c be divid$ into simpl]
 sub/ances4 ,! numb] ( elem5ts necess>y 
to ! gr[? ( plants is small1 & ( ?is    
numb] calcium is "o & magnesium is      
ano!r4  ,comp\nds4 ,we d n f9d ^!       
elem5ts m]ely mix$ ) o!r elem5ts to =m a
 soil4 ,!y unite 9 def9ite proportions  
by weight to =m *emical comp\nds4 ,z    
conditions *ange1 _m ( ^! comp\nds      
und]go *ange1 giv+ up "o elem5t1 or gr\p
 ( elem5ts1 & unit+ ) ano!r elem5t or   
gr\p f a diff]5t comp\nd4 ,heat1 moi/ure
 & ! action ( bact]ia are factors 9     
promot+ ! *anges4 ,!re is no m re/less  
activity ?an may be f\nd among ! elem5ts
 compos+ a productive soil4  ,calcium is
 an elem5t :i* w unite ) oxyg5 & c>bon  
dioxide to =m a comp\nd kn[n z calcium  
c>bonate4 ,! *emi/'s symbol = calcium is
 ,ca4  ,calcium ,oxide is a comp\nd left
 aft] ! burn+ ( lime/one1 & is kn[n z   
fre% burn$ lime1 or quick lime4 ,its    
=mula is ,ca,o4 ,x conta9s1 :5 pure1 #dj
 p>ts ( calcium & #af p>ts oxyg5 by     
weight4  ,c>bon ,dioxide is a comp\nd ^:

 =mula is ,,co#b4  ,calcium ,c>bonate1  
kn[n also z c>bonate ( lime1 has a      
def9ite composition1 conta9+1 :5 pure1  
#ef p>ts ,ca,o & #dd p>ts ,,co#b4 ,x is 
kn[n to ! *emi/ z ,ca,c,o#c1 & =ms      
practically all ( v pure lime/ones4     
,impure lime/ones conta9 "s e>?y        
mat]ials t became mix$ ) ! lime c>bonate
 :5 ! rock 0 be+ =m$4  ,calcium         
,hydroxide is a comp\nd made by p]mitt+ 
calcium oxide to comb9e ) wat]1 & is    
kn[n z lime hydrate4 ,x conta9s #ef p>ts
 by weight ,ca,o & #ah p>ts wat]1 & has 
! =mula ,ca7,,oh7#b4  ,magnesium is an  
elem5t1 & is f\nd 9 magnesium c>bonate1 
a comp\nd t is effective 9 correct+ soil
 acidity4  ,magnesian ,lime/one4        
,magnesium c>bonate is usually f\nd 9   
comb9ation ) calcium c>bonate1 & :5 ab\t
 #dg p] c5t ( ! total c>bonates is      
magnesium c>bonate1 ! lime/one is kn[n z
 dolomite4  ,gr\nd ,lime/one is ! /one  
pulv]iz$ s t x c be di/ribut$4 ,x is    
c>bonate ( lime 7,ca,c,o#c71 or a       
comb9ation ( calcium & magnesium        

c>bonate1 & 9 a way has a "r to be      
designat$ z lime1 b su* use leads to    
confusion4  ,fre% ,burn$ ,lime4 ,calcium
 oxide 7,ca,o7 =m]ly 0 accurately       
designat$ z lime1 b ! words fre% burn$  
are (t5 prefix$ to prev5t confusion )   
lime c>bonate or ! hydrate4 ,x is kn[n z
 lump lime1 cau/ic lime & /one lime4    
,gr\nd or ,pulv]iz$ ,lime4 ,fre% burn$  
lime may be gr\nd f9e1 s t x c be spread
 on l& )\t slak+4 ,?is product %\ld n be
 confus$ ) gr\nd lime/one or hydrat$    
lime4 ,fre% gr\nd lime is wor? ne>ly    
twice z mu* p] ton z gr\nd lime/one1 b  
"s ( ! product on ! m>ket is f> f pure4 
,!re is opportunity to gr9d up unburn$ &
 wa/e mat]ial ) ! cau/ic lime1 & ?is =m 
( lime usually conta9s "s hydrat$       
mat]ial4  ,hydrat$ ,lime is ! comp\nd   
=m$ by ! action ( wat] or /eam on fre%  
burn$ lime4  ,air-,slak$ ,lime is a     
comp\nd =m$ by ! action ( c>bon dioxide 
f ! air on hydrat$ lime1 & its =mula is 
,ca,c,o#c1 :i* is t ( pure lime/one4    
,illu/ration3 ,an ,indiana ,lime/one    

,qu>ry  ,illu/ration3 ,a ,lime/one      
,plant 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,mi*igan ,lime/one 
,company7     ,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,gr\nd   
,,lime/one   ,v>iation 9 ,quality4      
,lime/ones v>y widely 9 purity4 ,!y 7   
=m$ "u wat]1 & clay & s& 7 laid d[n ) ! 
lime 9 su* quantity 9 "s cases t !      
result+ /one is n wor? h&l+ = soil      
improvem5t4 ,a /one t is practically all
 c>bonate ( calcium1 or a comb9ation (  
calcium & magnesium1 is want$ because x 
is ^! two elem5ts t give value to !     
mat]ial4 ,if a poor /one is us$1 too mu*
 wa/e matt] mu/ be h&l$4 ,tw5ty-five p] 
c5t m gr\nd lime/one ( #hj purity mu/ be
 appli$ ?an w\ld be requir$ 9 ! case (  
an absolutely pure lime/one4 ,any /one  
above #ij pure 9 c>bonate ( lime &      
magnesia is rat$ z good1 b ! be/ /one   
runs f #if to #ii4  ,lime/ones v>y      
greatly 9 ability to resi/              
dis9tegration1 & ?is v>iation is a big  
factor 9 det]m9+ ! agricultural value ( 
gr\nd lime/one t has n be5 r$uc$ to a   
f9e p[d]4 ,p>ticles ( a h>d lime/one may

 lie in]t 9 ! soil = _m ye>s4 ,h>dness  
also affects ! co/ ( gr9d+4  ,a ,matt] (
 ,di/ribution4 ,nature has us$ v>i\s    
ag5cies 9 r$uc+ lime/one = ! mak+ (     
soils4 ,! /one conta9$ its lime 9       
c>bonate =m1 & :5 r$uc$ to good physical
 condition = di/ribution x help$ to make
 highly productive l&4 ,we "k t lime    
c>bonate does ! ne$$ "w 9 ! soil s f> z 
correction ( acidity is conc]n$1 b 9 !  
=m ( blocks ( lime/one x has no p>ticul>
 value to ! l&4 ,burn+ & slak+ af=d$ to 
man a natural means ( putt+ x into =m = 
di/ribution1 & x is only )9 rec5t ye>s t
 ! pulv]ization ( lime/one = l& has     
become a bus9ess ( consid]able          
magnitude4 ,! gr\nd lime/one us$ on l&  
cont9ues to be 9 "p a by-product ( !    
prep>ation ( lime/one = ! manufacture ( 
/eel1 glass1 etc41 & ! mak+ ( roads1 !  
f9e du/ be+ scre5$ out = agricultural   
purposes4 ,^! s\rces ( supply are v     
inadequate1 & too remote f mu* l& t     
requires treatm5t4 ,l>ge plants h be5   
e/abli%$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry = !    

purpose ( cru%+ lime/one = use on l&1 & 
q rec5tly l[-pric$ pulv]iz]s = f>m use h
 come ^u ! m>ket & are meet+ a wide ne$4
  ,l[-,pric$ ,pulv]iz]s4 ,a s]i\s       
drawback to ! lim+ ( l& is !            
transportation *>ge t mu/ be paid :]e no
 available /one c be f\nd 9 ! region4   
,great areas d h "s b$s t %\ld be us$1 &
 a l[-pric$ ma*9e = pulv]iz+ x is !     
solution ( ! problem4 ,su* a ma*9e mu/  
be durable1 h ability to cru% ! /one to 
! desir$ f95ess & be (f]$ at a price t  
does n seem prohibitive to a f>m] :o    
w\ld meet ! dem&s ( a small f>m+        
community4 ,9 ?is way freight *>ges are 
escap$1 & a long & co/ly haul f a       
railway po9t is made unnecess>y4 ,!     
lime/one ( ! locality w be made         
available m & m by means ( ?is type (   
ma*9e1 & ! inducem5t to correct !       
acidity ( soils w be giv5 to t5s ( ?\s&s
 ( l&-own]s :o w\ld n f9d x feasible to 
pay freight & c>tage on supplies com+ a 
long di/ance4 ,!re %\ld be a m>ket _m   
times great] ?an n[ exi/s = ! product ( 

all l>ge plants1 :ile ! numb] ( small   
pulv]iz]s multiplies rapidly4 ,! v l>ge 
areas t h no lime/one at h& mu/ cont9ue 
to buy f manufactur]s equipp$ to supply 
!m1 & f>m]s )9 a zone ( small freight   
*>ges %\ld be able to buy f su*         
manufactur]s m *eaply ?an !y c\ld       
pulv]ize /one on _! own f>ms4  ,an      
individual1 or a gr\p ( f>m]s1 w buy a  
ma*9e = pulv]iz+ lime/one at a co/ ( a  
few hundr$ doll>s :5 co/ly equipm5t w\ld
 be out ( ! "q4 ,if he has a b$ (       
lime/one ( fair quality1 & ! soil ( !   
region is lack+ 9 lime1 an effici5t     
gr9d] or pulv]iz] solves ! problem &    
makes prosp]ity possible to ! region4   
,)9 ! la/ few ye>s mu* headway has be5  
made 9 p]fect+ su* ma*9es1 & _!         
manufactur]s h !m on ! m>ket4 ,any type 
%\ld be b\ght only aft] a te/ t %[s     
capacity p] h\r & degree ( f95ess ( !   
product4 ,z a high degree ( f95ess is at
 ! exp5se ( p[] or "t1 & z !            
transportation *>ge on ! product to !   
f>m is small1 !re is no requirem5t = !  

f95ess want$ 9 a high-pric$ article t   
mu/ be us$ sp>+ly4  ,! aim %\ld be to   
/ore 9 ! soil = a t]m ( ye>s1 & ! co>se 
portion is pref]able to ! f9e = ?is     
purpose because x w n lea* out4 ,! heavy
 application w furni% en\gh f9e /uff to 
take c>e ( pres5t acidity4 ,if ne>ly all
 ! product ( su* a pulv]iz] w pass ?r\gh
 a #aj-me% scre51 & ! am\nt appli$ is   
d\ble t ( v f9e lime/one1 x %\ld give   
imm$iate results & cont9ue effective    
ne>ly twice z long z ! half am\nt ( f9] 
mat]ial4 ,!re c\ld h>dly be a practical 
solution ( ! lim+ problem = _m regions  
)\t ! developm5t ( su* devices = prep>+ 
lime/one = di/ribution1 & x is a matt] (
 congratulation t "s manufactur]s h     
awak5$ to ! m>ket possibilities our     
c\ntry af=ds4     ,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,/or+  
,,lime ,,9 ,,! ,,soil   ,lib]al ,use (  
,lime/one4 ,l& nev] does its be/ :5     
skimp$ 9 any way4 ,z we raise ! p]c5tage
 ( c>bonate ( lime 9 l& t naturally is  
defici5t1 we give increas+ ability to   
su* l& to take on "s ( ! desirable      

*>act]i/ics ( a lime/one soil4 ,x is    
poor bus9ess to be mak+ a h&-to-m\?     
fight aga9/ a /ate ( actual acidity     
unless ! co/ ( m lib]al treatm5t is     
prohibitive4 ,! mo/ satisfactory lim+ is
 done :]e ! exp5se is light en\gh to    
ju/ify ! free use ( mat]ial4 ,:5 ?is is 
! case1 extreme f95ess ( all ! /one is  
undesirable4 ,!re is ! add$ co/ due to  
su* f95ess & no ga9 if ! f9] portion is 
suffici5t to correct ! acidity1 & !     
co>s] p>ticles dis9tegrate z rapidly z  
ne$$ 9 lat] ye>s4  ,loss by ,lea*+4     
,ano!r valid argum5t aga9/ extreme      
f95ess ( ! /one us$ 9 lib]al            
applications is ! dang] ( loss by lea*+4
 ,soils are s v>iable 9 _! ability to   
hold :at may be giv5 !m t x is idle to  
(f] any e/imate on ?is po9t4 ,! am\nt ( 
lime f\nd 9 ! dra9age wat]s ( lime/one  
l& tea*es no lesson ( value = o!r l&1 ! 
excessive loss 9 ! =m] case be+ due     
(t5times to erosion t creates *annels   
?r\gh ! subsoil1 ?r\gh :i* soil & lime  
pass4  ,illu/ration3 ,a ,lime/one       

,pulv]iz] = ,f>m ,use 7,c\rtesy ( !     
,jeffrey ,manufactur+ ,company1         
,columbus1 ,ohio7  ,illu/ration3 ,a     
,lime ,pulv] 9 ,op]ation 7,c\rtesy ( !  
,jeffrey ,manufactur+ ,company7  ,b we d
 "k ! t5d5cy ( lime to get away1 & ! use
 ( sev]al tons ( f9e /one p] acre may   
easily be foll[$ by loss 9 _m types (   
soil4 ,x is :olly reasonable to believe 
t "s portion ( su* an application %\ld  
be co>se en\gh to /ay :]e put until ne$$
 by exhau/ion ( ! f9] portion4 ,x is ^u 
?is !ory t co>s] mat]ial (t5 is pref]r$ 
to ! v f9e/4  ,:at ,degree ( ,f95ess8   
,assum+ t ! f>m] is 9 a position to /ore
 "s c>bonate ( lime 9 8 l& = future use1
 giv+ ! soil an alkal9e "* = five or #aj
 ye>s1 ! degree ( f95ess ( ! /one is    
important1 p>tly because !re w be di/9ct
 loss by lea*+ f _m types ( soils if all
 ! mat]ial is f9e z du/1 & specially    
because less f9ely pulv]iz$ mat]ial c be
 suppli$ him at a l[] price p] ton4 ,mu*
 by-product 9 ! manufacture ( co>se     
lime/one = o!r purposes conta9s a       

consid]able p]c5tage ( mat]ial t w\ld n 
pass ?r\gh a #fj-1 or #dj-1 or #aj-me%  
scre51 b x does conta9 a big p]c5tage ( 
imm$iately available lime1 & a m        
complete pulv]ization ( ?is by-product  
w\ld add greatly to its co/4  ,x is q   
possible t a ton ( su* /one may be b\ght
 at a price t w\ld cov] ! value only ( !
 f9e portion1 e/imat$ on ! basis ( !    
prevail+ price ( f9ely gr\nd mat]ial1 ! 
co>se mat]ial be+ obta9$ )\t any co/ at 
all4 ,x is ?is situation1 or an approa* 
to x1 t leads "s au?orities to become   
/r5u\s advocates ( ! use ( co>sely      
pulv]iz$ /one4 ,! advice is "r = ^? :o  
are 9 a position to accept x4 ,if !     
money available = lim+ an acre ( l& c   
buy all ! f9e /one ne$$ = ! pres5t & "s 
co>s] /one mix$ ) x = lat] use by !     
soil1 ! pur*ase is mu* m rational ?an ! 
inve/m5t ( ! same am\nt ( money 9 v f9e 
/one t has no admixture ( co>s] mat]ial4
 ,if ! inve/m5t 9 ! =m] case is l>g] ?an
 9 ! latt]1 x cont9ues to be good       
bus9ess up to a c]ta9 po9t1 & ! room =  

"s unc]ta9ty is wide en\gh to provide = 
mu* diff]5ce 9 judgm5t4  ,quality ( !   
,/one4 ,ano!r factor ( unc]ta9ty is !   
h>dness ( ! /one4 ,a lime/one may h su* 
fl9ty *>act]i/ics t a piece b>ely able  
to pass ?r\gh a #aj-me% scre5 w n       
dis9tegrate 9 ! soil = ye>s1 & !re are  
o!r types ( lime/one t g into pieces    
rapidly4 ,! v>iation 9 quality ( /one   
acc\nts = no little diff]5ce 9 op9ion t 
is bas$ ^u limit$ obs]vation4  ,us+     
,"o's ,judgm5t4 ,x is evid5t t no h>d & 
fa/ rule respect+ f95ess may be laid    
d[n1 & yet a r def9ite basis = judgm5t  
is ne$$4 ,!re is mu* good exp]i5ce to   
ju/ify ! requirem5t t :5 all gr\nd lime 
is high-pric$ 9 any section = any       
reason1 & ! am\nt appli$ p] acre is     
!reby re/rict$1 ! mat]ial %\ld be able  
to pass ?r\gh a scre5 hav+ #fj wires to 
! l9e> in*1 & t ! great] "p %\ld be mu* 
f9]4 ,usually "s "p ( su* /one w pass   
?r\gh a #bjj-me% scre54 ,:5 a lime/one  
on ! m>ket w n meet ?is te/1 "s         
concession 9 price %\ld be expect$4 ,if 

! /one is n v fl9ty1 a #dj-me% scre5 may
 be reg>d$ z af=d+ a reasonably         
satisfactory te/4  ,an increas+ p]c5tage
 ( co>s] mat]ial makes necess>y an      
increase 9 am\nt to meet ! lime         
defici5cy1 & a di/9ct concession 9 price
 is to be expect$ :5 a #aj-me% scre5 is 
us$ 9 te/+4 ,at ! same "t a c>eful buy] 
w use a #fj-me% scre5 to det]m9e !      
p]c5tage t probably has availability = !
 imm$iate future4 ,a co>sely gr\nd      
article1 conta9+ any consid]able        
p]c5tage t w n pass ?r\gh a #aj-me%     
scre51 mu/ sell at a price ju/ify+ an   
application suffici5t to meet ! ne$ ( ! 
soil = a long t]m ( ye>s1 z ! great] "p 
has no imm$iate availability1 & only a  
heavy application c provide a good      
supply = imm$iate ne$4  ,new ,york ,/ate
 ,exp]i5ce4 ,a bullet9 ( ! ,new ,york   
agricultural exp]im5t /ation1 publi%$   
e>ly 9 #aiag1 calls att5tion to ! rapid 
increase 9 dem& = gr\nd lime/one 9 ,new 
,york4 ,)9 ! la/ five ye>s ! numb] (    
gr9d+ plants )9 ! /ate _h increas$ f "o 

to #ef1 & m ?an a doz5 outside plants   
are %ipp+ ext5sively into ! /ate4 ,!    
bullet9 says3 ,f>m]s :o h _h exp]i5ce ) 
! use ( gr\nd lime/one are z a rule     
satisfi$ ) only a reasonable degree (   
f95ess1 & are able to judge ! mat]ial by
 inspection4 ,:5 lime/one is gr\nd s !  
entire product w pass a #aj-me% 7or #b  
mm47 sieve1 ! great] "p ( x w be f9] ?an
 a #dj-me% 7or #a_/b mm47 sieve4444 ,!re
 are n[ 9 op]ation 9 ?is ,/ate m ?an a  
doz5 small portable community gr9d]s2 !y
 are do+ mu* to help solve ! gr\nd      
lime/one problem & _! use is rapidly    
increas+4 ,9 ! practical op]ation ( ^!  
ma*9es !y gr9d only to m$ium f95ess 7#b 
mm474 ,to insi/ ^u extreme f95ess is to 
disc\rage _! use4  ,?is ,/ate exp]im5t  
/ation is only "o ( _m sci5tific        
au?orities approv+ ! use ( lime/one     
r$uc$ only to su* f95ess t x w pass     
?r\gh a #aj-me% scre51 ! co/ ( ! gr9d+  
be+ suffici5tly small to p]mit heavy    
applications4     ,,*apt] ,x  ,,fre%    
,,burn$ ,,lime   ,an ,old ,practice4 ,! 

b5eficial effect ( cau/ic lime on l& is 
m5tion$ 9 "s anci5t writ+s4 ,burn+ &    
slak+ af=d$ ! only kn[n me?od ( r$uc+   
/one = use 9 s\r soils4 ,lime 9 ?is =m n
 only is an effective ag5t = correct+   
soil acidity1 b x improves ! physical   
condition ( t\gh & intractable clays1   
r5d]+ !m m friable & easy ( tillage4    
,cau/ic lime also r5d]s ! organic matt] 
9 ! soil m quickly available1 an        
increase 9 yield quickly foll[+ an      
application4 ,^! ?ree effects ( burn$   
lime br\ght x into favor1 & a rational  
use w\ld h cont9u$ x 9 favor4           
,irrational ,use4 ,! ability ( cau/ic   
lime to improve ! physical condition (  
l& & to make in]t plant food available  
has l$ _m f>m]s to treat x z a sub/itute
 = manure1 sods & comm]cial f]tiliz]s4  
,immod]ate use gave increas$ crop yields
 = a "t1 & ! inf]5ce 0 easy t lime c\ld 
displace ! old s\rces ( plant food      
supplies4 ,x became ! cu/om 9 "s regions
 to apply #bjj to #cjj bu%els p] acre to
 /iff lime/one soils t _h no lime       

defici5cy1 z a te/ = acidity w\ld h %[n4
 ,! lime n only made "s m9]al plant     
available1 b x attack$ ! organic matt] (
 ! soil1 mak+ x ready = imm$iate use &  
leav+ ! l& defici5t 9 humus4 ,:]ev]     
/able manure & clov] sods 7 n freely    
us$1 ! heavy application ( cau/ic lime 0
 foll[$ ultimately by decl9e 9          
productive p[]4 ,su* practice has come  
"u ! condemnation ( p :o h n se5 t ! ill
 results h no relation to ! rational use
 ( lime4  ,:at ,lime ,is4 ,!re is       
abundant evid5ce t pulv]iz$ lime/one1 or
 lime m>l1 or oy/]%ell1 or any o!r =m ( 
c>bonate ( lime1 corrects soil acidity &
 helps to make a soil productive4 ,x is 
good1 no matt] :e!r nature mix$ ! lime  
c>bonate ) clay1 etc41 to make a *oice  
lime/one soil1 or man appli$ x4 ,fre%   
burn$ lime is only ! /one aft] "s       
wor?less matt] has be5 driv5 (f by use (
 heat4 ,! lime/one1 c>bonate ( lime1 is 
repres5t$ by ! =mula ,ca,c,o#c4 ,:5 heat
 is appli$ "u "r conditions ! c>bon     
dioxide1 ,,co#b1 is driv5 (f1 & !re     

rema9s ,ca,o1 :i* is calcium oxide1     
call$ fre% burn$ lime4  ,if !re 7 #ajj  
p\nds ( ! /one1 & x 0 absolutely pure1  
#dd p\nds w\ld escape 9 =m ( ! c>bon    
dioxide1 :i* _h no value1 & #ef p\nds   
w\ld rema94 ,! #ef p\nds calcium oxide1 
or fre% burn$ lime1 h ! same p[] to     
correct acidity z ?is same mat]ial _h :5
 x 0 b\nd up 9 ! #ajj p\nds ( lime/one4 
,! #dd p\nds 7 driv5 (f by heat1 :ile if
 ! lime/one _h n be5 burn$ ! #dd w\ld h 
sep>at$ f ! #ef p\nds 9 an acid soil1   
leav+ ! actual lime to d ! ne$$ "w (    
correct+ acidity4  ,affect+ ,physical   
,condition4 ,:ile burn+ ! /one does n   
affect ! ability to correct acidity1 x  
does increase ! p[] to make a /iff soil 
friable & to b9d a s&y soil4 ,no "o may 
say h[ mu* ?is p[] to influ5ce soil     
texture is increas$1 b x is m>k$1 & :5  
improv$ physical condition is ! *ief    
reason = apply+ lime1 !re is no "q t    
fre% burn$ mat]ial is to be pref]r$ to  
pulv]iz$ /one or m>l1 or any o!r        
c>bonate =m4 ,a light application is n  

m>k$ly effective 9 ?is respect1 & ! *ief
 use = ?is purpose has be5 9 lime/one   
areas t may n h _h any lime defici5cy1 b
 did h a /iff soil4 ,! pres5ce ( ! /one 
9 great quantity = burn+ on ! f>m made  
heavy applications possible4  ,us+ ,up  
,organic ,matt]4 ,! pres5ce ( c>bonate (
 lime 9 ! =m ( pulv]iz$ lime/one or m>l 
favors ! dis9tegration ( any organic    
matt]1 b ! action is s sl[ t x may n be 
obs]v$4 ,:ile ! use ( lime/one 9 manure 
piles is inadvisable = ?is reason1 !    
loss is n comp>able to t result+ f mix+ 
cau/ic lime ) manure4 ,! cau/ic lime 9 a
 soil ha/5s decay ( vegetable matt] 9 a 
degree impossible to ! lime/one or m>l4 
,irrational use ( ! =m] has produc$ su* 
de/ructive action 9 _m in/ances t !     
failure to add manure or heavy sods = a 
long t]m ( ye>s has l$ to heavy decl9e 9
 produc+ p[]4  ,we are naturally s lack+
 9 judicial temp] t op9ion has swung    
viol5tly f favor to disfavor4 ,z mo/    
soils ne$ organic matt]1 we seize ^u !  
?\ght t any?+ evid5tly incl9$ to use x  

up is an evil4 ,! purpose ( tillage is 9
 no small degree to br+ ab\t            
dis9tegration & result+ exhau/ion (     
vegetable matt]4 ,! latt] is a /oreh\se 
( plant food1 & "s ( x is ne$$ to fe$ ! 
crop desir$4 ,tillage is no m to be     
comm5d$ = ?is purpose ?an a quantity (  
lime equival5t 9 p[] to d ! ne$$ "w4    
,except+ ! case ( raw soils ri* 9 !     
rema9s ( plants1 mo/ l& h>dly ne$s lime 
= ?is purpose1 x may be1 ! tillage      
requir$ = mak+ a se$ b$ ret5tive (      
moi/ure & = control ( we$s be+          
effective1 b ! po9t is emphasiz$ t !    
dis9tegration ( organic matt] into      
available plant food is "o ( ! *ief aims
 ( a good f>m]4 ,x is only ! excessive  
use ( cau/ic lime t causes loss4  ,! use
 ( cau/ic lime 9 suffici5t am\nt to     
correct all acidity1 & ! use ( su*      
mat]ial to free plant food 9 humus      
suffici5tly to produce heavy sods1 are j
 z good f>m practices z dra9age & !     
application ( manure4  ,illu/ration3    
,lay+ ,f\ndation = a ,lime ,/ack at !   

,p5nsylvania ,exp]im5t ,/ation          
,illu/ration3 ,a ,/ack ,ne>ly ,complet$ 
at ! ,p5nsylvania ,exp]im5t ,/ation     
,,*apt] ,,xi  ,,burn+ ,,lime   ,me?ods (
 ,burn+4 ,lime/one conta9s ! calcium &  
magnesium t mu/ be ! *ief s\rce ( supply
 ( ,am]ican soils1 ?\gh m>ls1 a%es1     
etc41 h _! place4 ,! burn+ ( ! /one has 
be5 ! lead+ means ( br++ x to a         
condition ( availability to ! soil1     
except+1 ( c\rse1 ! va/ "w (            
dis9tegration c>ri$ on ?r\gh all ! ages 
by nature4 ,pulv]ization ( ! rock by    
ma*9]y = use on l& is rec5t4  ,! devices
 = burn+ are v>i\s1 a mod]n lime plant  
conta9+ imm5se kilns1 cyl9drical 9 =m1 !
 /one be+ f$ into !m at ! top           
cont9u\sly1 & ! lime remov$ at ! bottom4
 ,a l>ge "p ( ! lime t is sold = use on 
l& is made 9 plants ( ?is k9d4 ,"s is   
burn$ 9 kilns ( *eap con/ruction1 b a   
travel] ?r\gh a lime/one c\ntry f9ds few
 su* kilns n[ 9 use4  ,! ,f>m ,lime     
,heap4 ,a common me?od ( produc+ lime = 
f>m use has be51 & cont9ues to be1 a    

simple & inexp5sive "o1 involv+ ! use   
only ( wood1 coal & lime/one1 ) e>? z a 
cov]+4 ,dr4 ,wm4 ,fre>1 *emi/ ( !       
,p5nsylvania /ation1 9 ,bullet9 #bfa ( !
 ,p5nsylvania dep>tm5t ( agriculture1   
describes a me?od ( burn+ lime on ! f>m 
z foll[s3 ,a conv5i5t oblong piece (    
gr\nd is cle>$1 & level$ if ne$ be1 to  
secure a fit plat=m4 ,^u ?is level is   
plac$ a lay] or two ( good cord wood1   
bett] well season$1 arrang$ 9 su* mann] 
z to af=d horizontal draught passages   
into ! int]ior ( ! heap4 ,betwe5 ! *9ks 
9 ! cord wood1 %av+s1 /raw or o!r light 
k9dl+ is plac$4 ,! /one hav+ be5 r$uc$  
to ! size ( a d\ble fi/1 sometimes n s  
small1 is laid ^u ! cord wood1 c>e be+  
tak5 to leave *9ks betwe5 ! /ones j z   
betwe5 ! bricks 9 a brick kiln4 ,x is   
pref]r$ t ?is lay] ( /one %\ld n exce$  
six to t5 in*es 9 ?ickness4  ,9 "s      
cases1 tempor>y wood5 flues1 fill$ )    
/raw1 are erect$1 ei!r "o at ! c5t] or1 
if ! heap is elliptical1 "o ne> ea* end1
 & ! /one & coal are built up ar\nd !m2 

?us1 :5 !y are burn$ out1 a *imney or   
two is secur$1 :i* may be damp$ by      
pieces ( /one or sod4 ,^u ?is fir/ lay] 
( /one is spread a lay] ( coal1 & ^u t a
 ?ick] lay] ( /one 7#ab in*es71 & s on1 
coal & /one alt]nat+ until ! heap is    
topp$ ) small] /one4 ,! l>ge/ /ones %\ld
 be plac$ ne> ! top ( ! heap1 b n ne> ! 
outside1 s t !y may be expos$ to !      
highe/ heat4 ,! proportion ( coal is    
dim9i%$ 9 ! upp] lay]s1 ! ef=t be+ to   
di/ribute "o-half ( ! total coal employ$
 9 ! two l[] lay]s1 s z to secure !     
highe/ economy possible 9 ! use ( !     
fuel4  ,fire is !n k9dl$ 9 ! /raw or    
%av+s2 :5 ! flames h communicat$        
!mselves to ! cord wood & l[]mo/ lay] ( 
coal1 & tongues ( flame %oot out f !    
crevices 9 ! sides ( ! heap1 e>?1       
previ\sly loos5$ by a few turns ( ! pl[ 
ab\t ! heap1 is rapidly spread ov] !    
entire heap1 ?us damp+ ! drafts & ret>d+
 ! combu/ion4 ,/eam & smoke sl[ly escape
 dur+ ! fir/ h\rs1 b lat] ! entire heap1
 includ+ ! out] cov]+ ( e>?1 is heat$ to

 a dull r$ gl[4 ,! burn+ goes on sl[ly =
 sev]al days1 ! int]ior (t5 be+ hot =   
sev]al weeks4 ,:5 ! l[] portion ( ! heap
 has rea*$ an advanc$ /age ( calc9ation1
 a portion ( ! out] lay] ( lime         
sometimes slips d[n2 if s1 a fre% cov]+ 
( e>? mu/ promptly be appli$ at ! expos$
 po9t2 o!rwise x w s]ve z a v5t = !     
heat1 & ! top & o!r sides w fail ( prop]
 calc9ation4  ,illu/ration3 ,effect (   
,excessive ,use ( ,burn$ ,lime ,)\t     
,manure at ! ,p5nsylvania ,exp]im5t     
,/ation  ,illu/ration3 ,a ,hydrat$ ,lime
 ,plant  7,c\rtesy ( ! ,palm] ,lime &   
,cem5t ,company1 ,york1 ,pa47           
,,*apt] ,,xii  ,,lime ,,hydrate   ,slak+
 ,lime4 ,! usual means ( r$uc+ fre%     
burn$ /one lime to a condition t makes  
ev5 di/ribution ^u l& possible is by    
slak+4 ,a few ye>s ago consid]able ef=t 
0 made to create a m>ket = lime pulv]iz$
 by ma*9]y1 b ! difficulty 9 exclud+ !  
moi/ure ( ! air s t packages w\ld n bur/
 has be5 9 ! way ( develop+ a m>ket4    
,slak+1 by ! addition ( wat] to ! fre%  

burn$ lime1 is ! common me?od ( gett+ ! 
requir$ physical condition4 ,:5 ! slak+ 
is done on ! f>m1 ! cu/om has be5 to    
di/ribute ! lime 9 small piles 9 !      
field1 plac+ ! piles at su* conv5i5t    
di/ance ap>t t ! lime1 aft] slak+1 c\ld 
be spread easily ) a %ovel4  ,! wat] =  
slak+ comes f ra9s1 or f moi/ure 9 ! air
 & e>?4 ,! me?od is wa/eful & c be      
ju/ifi$1 if ev]1 only :]e f>m-burn$ lime
 co/s little p] ton1 & ! nature ( ! soil
 is su* t a relatively heavy application
 c be safely made4 ,! di/ribution is    
necess>ily unev51 & if ! requir$ am\nt  
goes ^u all ! surface1 a great excess is
 sure to g ^u a portion ( x4 ,v (t5 an  
excess ( wat] puddles mu* ( ! lime 9 !  
pile1 & lumps may be se5 ly+ 9          
ineffective =m 9 ! soil = ye>s4 ,!      
practice is responsible = mu* ( !       
excessive application t br\ght ! use (  
cau/ic lime into disrepute4  ,slak+ 9   
,l>ge ,heaps4 ,a pref]able me?od is to  
put ! lime 9 flat heaps ( l>ge size &   
ab\t f\r feet deep1 s t wat] may be     

appli$ or advantage be tak5 ( ra9fall4  
,! value ( ! lime is s great t "o c well
 af=d to draw wat] & apply ) a hose s t 
! quantity c be controll$ ) exactness4  
,:5 fre% burn$ lime is p]fectly slak$1  
ea* #ef p\nds ( pure lime becomes #gd   
p\nds ( hydrat$ lime1 wat] furni%+ !    
add$ weight4  ,hydrat$ ,lime on !       
,m>ket4 ,a popul> =m ( lime on ! m>ket  
is ! hydrate4 ,manufactur]s fir/ burn ! 
/one1 & 9 ! case ( a pure lime/one !y   
drive (f #dd p\nds ( ea* #ajj p\nds ( ! 
weight 9 burn+4 ,!n1 !y comb9e en\gh    
wat] ) ! lime to *ange x to hydrate =m1 
& t adds #ah p\nds weight4 ,x is run    
?r\gh a sieve to remove any co>se       
mat]ial1 & !n pack$ 9 bags :i* help to  
exclude ! air4 ,! small packages 9 :i* x
 comes ^u ! m>ket make h&l+ easy1 & ?is 
helps to br+ x into dem&4 ,its good     
physical condition makes ev5 di/ribution
 possible1 & ?us p]mits maximum         
effectiv5ess to be obta9$4 ,x is only   
slak$ lime1 id5tical 9 composition &    
value ) lime ( ! same purity slak$ on ! 

f>m1 b "s deal]s h be5 able to create ! 
impression t x has "s add$ quality &    
peculi> p[]4 ,?is does no cr$it to !    
public intellig5ce1 b ! hung] ( soils = 
lime is s great t inve/m5t at a price   
:olly out ( proportion to ! price (     
f>m-slak$ lime has r>ely fail$ to yield 
"s pr(it4  ,degree ( ,purity4 ,x is     
always a reasonable assumption t hydrat$
 lime has be5 made f /one ( a good      
degree ( purity4 ,a local /one1 burn$ on
 ! f>m1 may be ( l[ grade1 b no man (   
bus9ess judgm5t w\ld erect a co/ly plant
 = burn+ & hydrat+ lime :]e ! purity ( !
 /one w\ld n af=d a good adv]tisem5t 9  
itself4  ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d v little  
hydrat$ lime on ! m>ket t has n _h      
suffici5t exposure to ! air to become   
*ang$ 9 "s "p to an air-slak$ condition1
 or has _h refuse mix$ ) x4 ,air-slak$  
lime is n wor? z mu* p] ton z ! hydrate 
because x _c correct z mu* soil acidity1
 & ! p]c5tage ( ! =m] _c be det]m9$ by !
 buy]4 ,its pres5ce may n be due to any 
wrong-do+ ( ! manufactur]1 &1 on ! o!r  

h&1 ! increase 9 weight t att5ds        
air-slak+ may be welcom$ 9 "s degree by 
a di%one/ manufactur] be=e ! goods are  
%ipp$4 ,! difficulty 9 prev5t+ hydrat$  
lime f add+ to its weight by becom+     
air-slak$ is a po9t to be tak5 into     
consid]ation4  ,! p]c5tages ( air-slak$ 
mat]ial 9 hydrat$ limes are widely      
v>iable1 & no manufactur] c /&>dize 8   
product on ! m>ket surely = ! b5efit ( !
 f>m]4 ,9 "s in/ances ! product is      
adult]at$ ) refuse mat]ial 9 f9ely      
pulv]iz$ condition4     ,,*apt] ,,xiii  
,,o!r ,,=ms ,,( ,,lime   ,air-,slak$    
,lime4 ,a pure lime/one is a c>bonate1 &
 ! *emical =mula is ,ca,c,o#c4 ,:5 x is 
burn$1 ! c>bon dioxide 7,,co#b7 is driv5
 (f1 leav+ ,ca,o1 :i* is calcium oxide1 
call$ fre% burn$ lime4 ,9 ?is process   
#dd p\nds ( a /one weigh+ #ajj p\nds    
passes into ! air1 & !re rema9 #ef p\nds
 ( lime4 ,:5 x air-slakes1 x takes back 
! c>bon dioxide f ! air1 & ! new product
 becomes ,ca,c,o#c1 or c>bonate ( lime1 
& rega9s its orig9al weight ( #ajj      

p\nds4 ,?is is :at w\ld happ5 if !      
process 7 complete1 & x is ne>ly s :5 ! 
exposure to ! air is z p]fect z         
possible4  ,fifty-six p\nds ( valuable  
mat]ial are 9 ! #ajj p\nds ( air-slak$  
lime1 j z is ! case ) lime/one1 & !re is
 no diff]5ce 9 effectiv5ess except 9 s  
f> z ! air-slak$ mat]ial is absolutely  
f9e & available1 :ile mo/ pulv]iz$      
lime/one is less s4 ,9 mak+ pur*ase =   
use ( l& ! buy] _c af=d to make any     
appreciable diff]5ce 9 price 9 favor (  
air-slak$ lime1 z comp>$ ) a f9e /one4  
,air-,slak+ a ,sl[ ,process4 ,lime      
*anges to an air-slak$ condition sl[ly  
unless x has full exposure4 ,old heaps w
 rema9 9 hydrate =m = _m ye>s1 except+ !
 outside coat1 :i* excludes ! air4      
,complete air-slak+ w\ld n r$uce ability
 to correct soil acidity1 ! total am\nt 
( calcium & magnesium rema9+ con/ant1 b 
weight w\ld be add$ 9 ! slak+1 & !re=e !
 value p] ton w\ld be r$uc$4 ,! sl[ness 
) :i* air-slak+ proce$s gives reason to 
expect t any bulk ( old lime may conta9 

a consid]able p]c5tage ( ! hydrate1 &   
!re=e h great] /r5g? ?an a true c>bonate
 l lime/one4 ,?is is a consid]ation (   
value to a buy]4  ,agricultural ,lime4  
,"s manufactur]s h f\nd 9 ! dem& = lime 
by f>m]s an opportunity ( dispos+ ( mu* 
mat]ial t w\ld n be satisfactory to     
manufactur]s & build]s4 ,9 "s cases ?is 
s-call$ agricultural lime is sold at a  
price t is n beyond value1 b x v>ies mu*
 9 its cont5t ( pure lime4 ,if ! unburn$
 cores ( kilns are gr\nd up1 ! mat]ial  
simply reta9s ! value ( unburn$ /one4   
,any air-slak$ mat]ial put into x has l 
value4 ,=k+s1 gr\nd up1 h less value1 & 
sometimes no value at all4 ,"s bett]    
mat]ial may g into ?is mixture t is giv5
 ! "n agricultural lime1 & ! product _c 
be /&>diz$ or h a valuation giv5 x t    
w\ld be true = ano!r lot4  ,"s          
manufactur]s are m>ket+ limes ( fair    
values "u ?is designation1 b ! values   
*ange z ! mat]ial *anges4 ,!re are o!r  
manufactur]s :o are putt+ poor /uff on !
 m>ket4 ,unless "o kn[s ! manufactur] & 

8 processes1 he %\ld n pay a great deal 
= agricultural lime4 ,x is mu* bett] to 
buy a high-grade lime or lime/one t is m
 ne>ly con/ant 9 composition4 ,:5 ! ^w  
agricultural is "p ( ! br&1 !re is      
assurance t ! p]c5tage ( wa/e /uff 9 x  
is relatively high4 ,unless "o kn[s to !
 contr>y1 he %\ld assume t a ton ( f9ely
 pulv]iz$ lime/one is wor? m p] ton ?an 
agricultural lime4  ,m>l4 ,m>ls v>y 9   
composition1 z lime/ones d1 b !re are   
b$s ( *alky m>l t conta9 v little clay &
 s& & are ne>ly a pure c>bonate4 ,x is  
only m>ls ( high degree ( purity t c be 
put on ! m>ket ) pr(it1 b b$s ( less    
pure m>l furni% dress+s = f>ms ( !      
locality 9 _m sections ( ! c\ntry4 ,"s (
 ^! inf]ior m>ls h _h s mu* clay & s&   
mix$ ) ! lime c>bonate t dress+s mu/ be 
heavy4 ,! be/ lime m>ls provide excell5t
 mat]ial = ! correction ( soil acidity1 
! actual value p] ton be+ practically ! 
same z t ( ! f9e/ pulv]iz$ lime/one4 ,"s
 deal]s 9 m>l make extravagant claims = 
_! goods1 b any f>m] may easily put ^!  

claims to ! te/ & le>n t he %\ld n      
expect m ?an a fairly good c>bonate (   
lime c d4  ,m>l improves ! physical     
condition ( /iff soils only :5 us$ 9    
l>ge am\nt p] acre1 & ?is is true ( any 
c>bonate =m1 su* z lime/one4 ,little    
effect ^u physical condition %\ld be    
expect$ f ! light application usually   
giv5 :5 m>l is pur*as$ & transport$ "s  
di/ance to ! f>m4 ,! *alk m>l on ! m>ket
 is us$ to correct soil acidity1 & at ! 
be/ x is wor? only :at good lime        
c>bonate is wor?4 ,x has no hidd5       
virtues1 & _c take ! place ( f]tiliz]s4 
,x is an excell5t means ( meet+ !       
lime-requirem5t ( l& :5 b\ght "r1 & its 
f9e division makes x di/9ctly sup]ior to
 co>se /one4  ,!re %\ld be no confusion 
( a lime m>l ) ! s-call$ gre5 s& m>l4 ,!
 latt] is l[ 9 lime1 & may be acid1 !   
value ( ! m>l be+ 9 a consid]able       
p]c5tage ( plant food conta9$4  ,oy/]   
,%ell4 ,gr\nd oy/] %ell is a good s\rce 
( c>bonate ( lime4 ,! p]c5tage falls    
bel[ t ( lime/one1 b 9 addition !re is a

 little nitrog5 & phosphoric acid4 ,an  
analysis ( a good quality ( oy/] %ell1 z
 f\nd on ! m>ket1 w %[ #ij c>bonate (   
lime4  ,burn$ oy/] %ell has some?+ ne> !
 same composition z lime made f /one1 b 
x goes back to hydrate & air-slak$ =ms  
rapidly4 ,!re is no l>ge am\nt ( burn$  
%ell lime on ! m>ket1 ! mat]ial kn[n z  
%ell lime be+ ! gr\nd %ell1 or lime     
c>bonate4  ,wood ,a%es4 ,a l>ge supply (
 lime 9 excell5t =m 0 af=d$ by h>dwood  
a%es1 b ?is product has ceas$ to h any  
important value to our agriculture4 ,!  
*ief supply on ! m>ket is l[ 9 quality1 
conta9+ moi/ure & dirt 9 consid]able    
am\nt1 ! =m ( lime be+ *ang$ f an oxide 
to ! hydrate & c>bonate4  ,gas ,lime4   
,pr(4 ,e4 ,b4 ,voorhees1 9 ,fir/        
,pr9ciples ( ,agriculture1 says3 ,gas   
lime is also frequ5tly us$ z manure2 9  
gas works1 quicklime is us$ = remov+ !  
impurities f ! gas4 ,gas lime1 !re=e1   
v>ies consid]ably 9 composition1 &      
consi/s really ( a mixture ( slak$ lime1
 or calcium hydrate1 & c>bonate ( lime1 

toge!r ) sulfites & sulfides ( lime4 ,^!
 la/ are injuri\s to "y plant life1 &   
gas lime %\ld be appli$ long be=e ! crop
 is plant$1 or at lea/ expos$ to ! air  
"s "t be=e its application4 ,! action ( 
air conv]ts ! poison\s sub/ances 9 x    
into non-injuri\s products4 ,gas lime   
conta9s on an av]age #dj ( calcium      
oxide1 & usually a small p]c5tage (     
nitrog54  ,lime ,aft] ,magnesium        
,removal4 ,a by-product 9 ! removal (   
magnesium f a magnesian lime/one is an  
excell5t mat]ial = correction ( soil    
acidity1 on acc\nt ( its physical       
condition4 ,its exposure to ! air causes
 mu* ( ! hydrate to *ange to an         
air-slak$ =m1 & its value p] ton lies   
some:]e betwe5 t ( v f9ely pulv]iz$     
lime/one & hydrat$ lime4     ,,*apt]    
,,xiv  ,,magnesian ,,lime   ,magnesium4 
,z an elem5t ( plant food1 magnesium is 
z ess5tial z calcium4 ,x lea*es out ( ! 
soil less readily1 & !re may be ev5 less
 ne$ ( its application z a plant food1  
?\gh ! ne$ ( calcium applications = ?is 

purpose is assum$ to be small4 ,9 !     
correction ( soil acidity magnesium is m
 effective ?an calcium1 #hd p\nds ( !   
c>bonate be+ equal to #ajj p\nds (      
calcium c>bonate4 ,x is a curi\s fact1  
h[ev]1 t !re is widespread fe> (        
magnesium z a soil am5dm5t4 ,?is is n   
traceable to any consid]able exp]i5ce by
 practical f>m]s t inspires caution 9   
its use1 al?\gh imm5se quantities (     
magnesian lime/one & lime h be5 us$4    
,nei!r is x due to any weight ( evid5ce 
aga9/ x 9 ! exp]i5ce or tea*+s ( soil   
*emi/s & exp]im5ts4 ,! facts ( ! case   
appe> to be z foll[s3  #a4 ,an          
inve/igator f\nd 9 8 laboratory t a     
plant gr[+ 9 a wat] solution 0 injur$ :5
 magnesium 0 add$1 & t ! injury 0 *eck$ 
:5 calcium 9 equal am\nt 0 add$ to !    
wat]4 ,! !ory 0 work$ out t a soil %\ld 
n conta9 a great] total am\nt (         
magnesium ?an ( calcium1 & z ! soil's   
supply ( calcium t5ds to lea* out m     
readily ?an ! supply ( magnesium1 x 0   
be/ to use a high-calcium lime4 ,if ?is 

discov]y ( ! laboratory _h be5 c>ri$    
into ! field1 its significance w\ld h   
dw9dl$ to z]o 9 ! case ( normal soils1 &
 a lot ( exploitation w\ld h be5 r5d]$  
impossible4 ,z x 01 ! discussion w5t    
m]rily along until x occurr$ to "s "o to
 te/ ! matt] 9 ! soils :]e plants gr[1 &
 "o w\ld n[ he> little ( x if comm]cial 
int]e/s 7 n at /ake4  #b4 ,v mu* ( our  
lime/one supply is high 9 magnesium1 &  
"s m5 :o h lime/one v l[ 9 magnesium &  
high 9 calcium h done a good /roke (    
bus9ess = !mselves by deep5+ ! public's 
impression1 due to laboratory te/s )    
wat] cultures1 t magnesium 9 lime is    
injuri\s4  #c4 ,_m p knew lime1 b _h no 
k ( magnesia1 & if x 0 an impurity l    
clay or s&1 cutt+ d[n value p] ton1 & if
 x 0 worse because h>mful1 !y want$ none
 ( x4  ,! ,fact's ,importance4 ,if e f>m
 c\ld get its supply ( pure calcium lime
 z *eaply z x c h magnesian lime1 ! tru?
 respect+ ! value ( ! latt] w\ld h small
 agricultural importance1 b z a great   
bulk ( f>m & comm]cial supplies ( lime  

is magnesian1 f9ancial injury has be5   
done consum]s :o h paid m ?an %\ld h be5
 paid = relatively pure calcium lime &  
lime/one1 be+ afraid to use goods ^:    
cont5t ( magnesium 0 n small4 ,x is poor
 policy to use ei!r k9d ( burn$ lime 9  
great excess1 b :5 rationally us$ on all
 soils except s&y ones1 !re is no       
pref]5ce to be ex]cis$ t c be bas$ ^u   
p]=mance4 ,a magnesian lime corrects z  
mu* acidity z a high calcium lime1 & a  
little m1 & its use is to be recomm5d$  
if !re is any advantage 9 ! matt] (     
price1 except 9 ! case ( di/9ctly s&y   
soils4  ,magnesian ,lime/one4 ,lead+    
sci5ti/s mak+ te/s ( lime/one = normal  
soils1 use magnesian lime/one freely4   
,!y recomm5d its use to f>m]s :]ev] !re 
is advantage 9 po9t ( price4 ,! advice  
is safe t ! lime/one ( a giv5 f95ess    
%\ld be *os5 ^: total p]c5tage (        
c>bonates ( calcium & magnesium is !    
highe/4 ,! example ( ^! sci5ti/s1 buy+  
pulv]iz$ lime/one = agricultural        
colleges & exp]im5t f>ms1 & = _! own    

f>ms1 %\ld loos5 ! curi\s hold t ! e>ly 
w>n+s ( a laboratory exp]im5t] took ^u  
public imag9ation4 ,! f>m] %\ld buy     
lime/one on a basis ( ability to correct
 soil acidity1 & make ea* doll> d ! mo/ 
possible t[>d t end4  ,mo/ lime/ones    
conta9 "s p]c5tage ( magnesium1 & 9 !   
case ( a pure dolomite ov] #de c>bonate 
is pres5t 9 comb9ation ) calcium        
c>bonate4 ,a /one ri* 9 magnesium slakes
 less readily ?an "o high 9 calcium1 &  
!re=e is pref]r$ by manufactur]s %ipp+  
pulv]iz$ burnt lime to rea* its         
de/9ation be=e slak+4     ,,*apt] ,,xv  
,,:at ,,%all ,,"o ,,buy8   ,relative    
,values4 ,! relative /r5g?s ( ! v>i\s   
mat]ials conta9+ lime may be kn[n & yet 
d\bt cont9ue respect+ ! *oice to be     
made4 ,! conflict+ claims ( deal]s1 &   
inaccurate d$uctions f a s+le te/ made  
by "s individual1 aid ! confusion4 ,if  
!re 7 always ! s+le purpose ( correct+  
soil acidity1 & if !re 7 ! same ease (  
application 9 case ( all ! mat]ials1 !  
*oice w\ld pres5t mu* less difficulty4  

,not)/&+ ?is1 mo/ l& n[ has a lime      
requirem5t1 or w h "o z lea*+1 crop     
removal & *emical *ange )9 ! soil       
cont9ue1 & ! puzzle is no worse ?an a   
score ( o!rs t pres5t !mselves          
cont9u\sly 9 f>m+4  ,de/roy+ ,acids4 ,! 
co/ ( lim+ to improve ! physical        
condition ( l& is prohibitive = mo/ f>ms
 remote f supplies ( /one t c be burn$ &
 put ^u ! l& at a l[ price p] ton4 ,:]e 
/one is at h&1 & soils are intractable1 
lime burn$ on ! f>m %\ld be us$4 ,"s    
slight b5efit to a /iff soil may be     
obta9$ f ! light application t is deem$ 
practicable :]e all =ms are co/ly1 b ?is
 b5efit is n usually m>k$ 9 case ( an   
application ( a ton or less ( burn$     
lime4 ,x is a safe /atem5t t mo/ buy]s (
 lime 9 "s =m or o!r w pr(it *iefly     
?r\gh ! correction ( soil acidity &     
promotion ( bact]ial life4 ,?is r5d]s ! 
situation m simple z any c>bonate1      
hydrate or oxide ( lime w accompli% ^!  
purposes4  ,composition4 ,! fir/        
consid]ation is ! actual cont5t (       

calcium & magnesium4 ,a gu>ante$        
analysis is ! only safe basis ( pur*ase4
 ,! un/able nature ( fre% burn$ &       
hydrat$ =ms makes an exact /atem5t (    
p]c5tages impossible = goods n :olly    
fre%1 b at lea/ ! purity ( ! orig9al    
lime/one c be judg$4  ,equival5ts4 ,"o  
ton ( fre% burn$ lime1 made f pure /one1
 is equival5t to #bfdj p\nds ( !        
hydrate1 & to #cegj p\nds ( pulv]iz$    
lime/one or ( air-slak$ lime4 ,x is easy
 to c>ry 9 m9d ! proportions express$ by
 #a1 #a-a_/c & #a-c_/d4 ,if !re 7 no o!r
 consid]ations1 su* z conv5i5ce 9 h&l+1 
ev5ness ( di/ribution1 etc41 to take    
into acc\nt1 "o ton ( fre% burn$ lime1  
"o & a ?ird tons hydrat$ & "o &         
?ree-qu>t]s tons f9ely pulv]iz$ lime/one
 w\ld h ! same value :5 deliv]$ 9 !     
field4 ,lime fully air-slak$1 high-grade
 m>l1 & f9ely pulv]iz$ lime/one w\ld h !
 same value1 ton = ton4  ,ev5           
,di/ribution4 ,! value ( ev5 di/ribution
 is n easily ov]e/imat$4 ,if lime 9     
prop] am\nt does n g into ea* squ>e foot

 ( an acid soil1 "s ( ! soil w rema9 s\r
 unless mix+ is done by implem5ts (     
tillage4 ,lime is diffus$ lat]ally ?r\gh
 ! soil 9 a v slight degree4 ,if a /rip 
( s\r l& is protect$ by canvas1 s t no  
du/ f lime appli$ to uncov]$ l& c bl[ ^u
 x1 a se$+ to clov] w %[ t plants a few 
in*es f ! edge ( ! lim$ area w fail to  
/>t ?riftily & may die be=e _! roots    
rea* ! lime4 ,full effectiv5ess ( an    
application is possible only ?r\gh ev5  
di/ribution4  ,us+ ,lump ,lime4 ,lump   
lime1 slak$ on ! f>m1 is difficult to   
apply satisfactorily4 ,spread+ ) a %ovel
 f small heaps is bad practice1 & :5 !  
lime is slak$ 9 a l>ge heap1 x _c be    
h&l$ z well z pulv]iz$ /one or comm]cial
 hydrat$ lime4 ,! latt] two are 9       
condition = application by means ( a    
lime di/ributor1 or ev5 a f]tiliz]      
atta*m5t ( a gra9 drill4 ,! f>m-slak$   
lime conta9s impurities t int]f]e )     
di/ribution4  ,an ,e/imate4 ,x is always
 haz>d\s to attempt an e/imate ( co/ (  
labor )\t kn[+ ! p>ticul> f>m           

conditions1 b ! exp5se & discom=t att5d+
 ! slak+ & use ( lime b\ght 9 lump /ate 
ju/ify a will+ness to pay z mu* = a ton 
( hydrat$ lime z lump lime w\ld co/1    
al?\gh ! =m] has only ?ree-f\r?s z mu*  
/r5g? z ! latt]4 ,"s f>m]s pay ne>ly    
twice z mu* = ! hydrat$1 p>tly to escape
 ! inconv5i5ce & p>tly because !y hope t
 ! extraord9>y claims = sup]iority made 
by "s deal]s may prove true4 ,!y %\ld "k
 t x is only fre% burn$ lime slak$1 b   
incl9e to cr$it a claim t special       
treatm5t enhances value 9 "s my/]i\s    
way4  ,comp>+ lump lime ) f9ely pulv]iz$
 lime/one1 ! factors ( exp5se & discom=t
 & f9al lack ( p]fect di/ribution ( !   
=m] rema9 important4 ,! /one is         
relatively easy to h&le1 be+ slightly   
granul> & pass+ ?r\gh a di/ributor )\t  
tr\ble4 ,! fact t x is n cau/ic1 l !    
hydrat$1 is 9 its favor4 ,:5 ev]y?+ is  
tak5 into acc\nt1 "o is ju/ifi$ 9 us+   
lime/one or air-slak$ lime at a co/ p]  
ton ?ree-f\r?s z great z t ( lump lime4 
,x is to be borne 9 m9d t 9 ^! e/imates 

! co/ p] ton is n t at ! factory or at  
"o's own railway /ation1 b on ! f>m4 ,! 
freight & c>tage to ! f>m are bas$ on   
weight ( mat]ial1 & m mat]ial p] acre is
 requir$ :5 ! wor?less portion has n be5
 driv5 (f by burn+4 ,if "o mu/ use "o & 
?ree-qu>t]s tons ( lime/one to h !      
equival5t ( "o ton ( fre% burn$ lime1 x 
is evid5t t ! co/ ( freight & c>tage ( !
 wor?less portion might make co/        
prohibitive if di/ances 7 v great4 ,f>ms
 ly+ a long di/ance f a railway /ation  
may easily f9d t fre% burn$ lime is !   
only =m ( lime !y c af=d4 ,! basis =    
correct e/imate is co/ deliv]$ 9 !      
field4  ,/orage4 ,"o advantage possess$ 
by ! lime/one is ease ( /orage4 ,!re is 
no inconv5i5ce or loss4 ,! /one may be  
ord]$ at any "t ( ! ye> :5 teams are    
lea/ busy ^u o!r "w1 & x c be held till 
want$4 ,9 ?is way ! co/ ( c>tage to !   
f>m may be kept relatively l[1 & !      
mat]ial is at h& :5 want$1 reg>dless (  
ru% ( "w or delays ( railroads4 ,?is    
advantage is p>tial c\nt]balance to !   

co/ ( freight on ! wor?less portion (   
unburn$ /one4  ,valu+ ,lime/one4 ,!     
e/imates1 s f> z labor & conv5i5ce are  
conc]n$1 are m]ely sugge/ive1 & re/ ^u !
 presumption t ! /one is satisfactorily 
f9e4 ,x has be5 urg$ 9 ano!r *apt] t    
imm$iate effectiv5ess is det]m9$ by     
f95ess1 b z a work+ basis we assum$ t :5
 all ! /one w\ld pass ?r\gh a scre5 hav+
 sixty wires to ! in* x w\ld give !     
desir$ results4 ,! co>se/ portion w\ld n
 be available at once1 b :5 an          
application is heavy en\gh to s]ve = a  
ye> or m1 we h en\gh v f9e mat]ial 9 su*
 a grade ( /one to meet imm$iate ne$4   
,:5 e/imat+ values ( su* a grade & co>s]
 grades1 ! am\nt p] acre to be us$ is a 
factor4 ,! co>se is unsatisfactory if ! 
price is n l[ en\gh to p]mit an         
application suffici5t = a consid]able   
t]m ( ye>s1 s t x w conta9 all ! f9e    
mat]ial ne$$ at once4 ,9 t case ! co>s] 
mat]ial may be expect$ to meet lat] ne$1
 & may be ev5 m desirable = su* purpose1
 z x w\ld n be subject to lea*+4  ,co>se

 gr9d+ co/s mu* less ?an f9e gr9d+1 & x 
is ! result+ l[ price t p]mits ! heavy  
application4 ,z /one v>ies 9 h>dness &  
ability ( ! small p>ticles to )/&       
dis9tegrat+ =ces 9 ! soil1 an e/imate ( 
! diff]5ce 9 price betwe5 a #fj-me%     
lime/one & a #aj-me% "o c\ld n s]ve z a 
safe guide4 ,! buy] %\ld "k ! p]c5tages 
( a lime/one pass+ ?r\gh scre5s ( v>i\s 
sizes be=e he makes a pur*ase1 & %\ld   
dem& "p ( ! sav+ 9 co/ ( production t   
att5ds co>se gr9d+4  ,oy/] ,%ell4 ,gr\nd
 oy/] %ell %\ld be giv5 ab\t ! same     
valuation z lime/one4 ,x is a lime      
c>bonate1 & ! p]c5tage ( wor?less       
mat]ial 9 x v>ies some:at ,x is co>sely 
gr\nd1 b ! l>ge pieces dis9tegrate 9 !  
soil mu* m rapidly ?an lime/one w\ld d4 
,x conta9s a little nitrog5 & phosphoric
 acid1 p>tially available1 z an (fset to
 co>s5ess & "s lack ( purity1 z comp>$ )
 ! highe/ grade ( f9e /one4 ,x is       
pr(itable to buy oy/] %ell at lime/one  
prices if us$ lib]ally en\gh to furni% a
 supply = a t]m ( ye>s4 ,! oxide1 or    

burn$ %ell lime1 w\ld be ne>ly !        
equival5t ( burn$ /one if x did n *ange 
to hydrate & air-slak$ =ms s rapidly t x
 r>ely is on ! m>ket 9 ! full /r5g? (   
fre% burn$ lime4  ,h>dwood ,a%es4 ,z a  
s\rce ( lime1 a%es h become f> too      
exp5sive4 ,! composition ( a%es on !    
m>ket is widely v>iable1 dirt & moi/ure 
(t5 acc\nt+ = mu* ( ! weight4 ,! lime 9 
fre% burn$ a%es is peculi>ly effective1 
be+ f9ely divid$ & 9 oxide =m1 b ! a%es 
on ! m>ket h mu* ( ! lime wat]-slak$ &  
air-slak$4 ,unless analysis is made at  
"t ( pur*ase1 a buy] %\ld n e/imate !   
cont5t ( lime 9 a ton at a value great] 
?an assign$ to "o-half ( a ton (        
lime/one4 ,! additional value ( ! a%es1 
due to ! pota% cont5t1 is :olly ano!r   
consid]ation4  ,m>l4 ,no m %\ld be paid 
= a ton ( good *alk m>l ?an an equal    
weight ( f9e lime/one w\ld co/4 ,ea* is 
a good c>bonate ( lime1 ) ! same        
capacity = de/ruction ( acids4          
,agricultural ,lime4 ,?is v>iable       
product %\ld n be b\ght unless actual   

composition is kn[n1 or ! co/ is z l[ z 
t ( pulv]iz$ lime/one1 & ev5 !n x may be
 a bad pur*ase1 ! me?ods ( ! manufactur]
 be+ ! det]m9+ factor4 ,if su* lime is  
*iefly a dump+ place = l[-grade /one &  
=k+s1 x has small agricultural value4   
,l& ,pla/]4 ,! soil wants lime 9        
c>bonate =m4 ,! oxide & hydrate *ange to
 c>bonate1 & !re=e are good4 ,l& pla/]  
is a sulphate1 & its t5d5cy is to make a
 soil s\r4 ,x %\ld n be consid]$ z a    
means ( correct+ soil acidity4  ,basic  
,slag4 ,! am\nt ( effective lime 9 basic
 slag1 z made by mod]n me?ods1 is s     
small t its value is ne>ly negligible4  
,basic slag is a good s\rce (           
phosphorus1 & 9 addition has a t5d5cy   
t[>d correction ( soil acidity1 b su*   
t5d5cy has little ca% value = l& t      
requires a consid]able dress+ ( lime to 
furni% a base ) :i* soil acids may      
comb9e4  ,an expression ( op9ion 0      
obta9$ rec5tly f "s lead+ soil *emi/s ( 
?is c\ntry1 & ^u su* expression we base 
! e/imate t :5 pulv]iz$ lime/one co/s   

?ree doll>s a ton1 ! value ( ! lime 9 a 
ton ( basic slag %\ld n be plac$ high]  
?an #ej c5ts1 & "s *emi/s believe t !   
lime cont5t is entirely negligible z an 
ag5t 9 soil am5dm5t4  ,lime 9 ,o!r      
,f]tiliz]s4 ,! dem& = lime is lead+ "s  
m5 to /ate a lime cont5t = _! goods t is
 design$ to mislead4 ,su* lime is n 9 a 
=m to comb9e ) soil acids1 & is z       
valueless z ! v l>ge am\nt ( lime 9 acid
 soils t is 9 comp\nds hav+ no p[] to   
affect free acids4     ,,*apt] ,,xvi    
,,me?ods ,,( ,,application   ,a         
,controll+ ,pr9ciple4 ,! *ief purpose ( 
lim+ l& is to provide a base ) :i* acid 
may comb9e1 s t ! soil may be fri5dly to
 plant life4 ,lime has little p[] to    
di/ribute itself ?r\gh a soil1 & h>mful 
acid may rema9 only a few in*es di/ant f
 ! po9t :]e lime has be5 plac$4 ,9 a    
g5]al way1 ! t5d5cy ( lime is d[nw>d1   
especially :5 ! application at ! surface
 is heavy4 ,economical use dem&s ev5    
di/ribution ?r\gh ! soil s t a suffici5t
 am\nt is 9 e "p4 ,means to t end are   

good means ( di/ribution4  ,spread+ on  
,grass4 ,:]e lime is burn$ on ! f>m1 &  
little acc\nt ( labor is tak51 x has be5
 a common cu/om to spread ! lime on     
grass sods ! ye> previ\s to break+ ! sod
 = corn1 us+ #ajj to #cjj bu%els p]     
acre4 ,ra9s c>ri$ "s ( ! lime ?r\gh !   
soil1 & ! increas$ yields = a few ye>s 7
 due to ! improv$ physical condition ( a
 /iff soil t a heavy application (      
cau/ic lime produces1 & to !            
dis9tegration ( organic matt] & to *ange
 9 comp\nds ( m9]al plant food4 ,!      
practice is rightly go+ into disrepute1 
be+ wa/eful & h>mful4  ,illu/ration3    
,fill+ ! ,lime ,spread] at ! ,ohio      
,exp]im5t ,/ation  ,illu/ration3 ,lime  
,di/ributors  ,! small] application (   
any =m ( lime to correct soil acidity   
may be made on grass l& t %\ld n be     
pl[$1 b ! full effectiv5ess ( an        
application is n secur$ 9 top-dress+s4  
,if ! l& is "u a crop rotation1 x is    
bett] practice n to apply ! lime on     
grass1 b to def] application until ! sod

 has be5 brok51 :5 ! lime c be          
intimately mix$ ) ! soil by use ( h>r[s4
 ,x is ! rule t x %\ld g on pl[$ l&1 &  
%\ld be mix$ ) ! soil be=e ra9 puddles  
x4 ,9 no case %\ld x be pl[$ d[n4  ,:5  
clov] or alfalfa %[s a lime defici5cy1 x
 is advisable to make an application1   
ei!r 9 ! spr+ or aft] a cutt+1 obta9+   
:atev] degree ( effectiv5ess may be     
possible to ?is way1 b ! fact rema9s t  
full return f an application is secur$  
only aft] intimate mixture ) ! soil     
p>ticles4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if l& ne$s lime1
 & !re is n "t or labor = ! application 
:5 ! soil c be /irr$1 x is f> bett] to  
apply on ! surface dur+ any idle "t ?an 
to leave ! soil defici5t 9 lime4        
,di/ributors4 ,! mo/ satisfactory means 
( di/ribution is a ma*9e made = !       
purpose4 ,a numb] ( good di/ributors are
 on ! m>ket4 ,!y are design$ to h&le a  
l>ge quantity ( mat]ial aft] ! fa%ion ( 
a f]tiliz] di/ributor ord9>ily atta*$ to
 a gra9 drill4 ,a ,v-%ap$ box1 ) op5+s  
at ! bottom1 & a device to regulate !   

quantity p] acre1 enables ! workman to  
cov] ! surface ( ! gr\nd ) an ev5 coat1 
& ! mix+ ) ! soil is done by h>r[s4     
,light applications c be made ) a drill 
hav+ a f]tiliz] atta*m5t4 ,"s makes (   
drill h mu* m capacity ?an o!rs4        
,granul> lime1 su* z lime/one1 is h&l$ m
 satisfactorily ?an a fl\ry slak$ lime4 
,f>m-,slak$ ,lime4 ,lime slak$ on ! f>m 
mu/ cont9ue to be a lead+ s\rce ( supply
 to l&4 ,if !re is /one on ! f>m1 &     
labor 9 ! w9t] is available1 x is n a   
co/ly s\rce ( supply4 ,! *ief drawback  
to ! use ( f>m-slak$ lime is !          
difficulty 9 secur+ ev5 di/ribution4 ,! 
loss f spread+ ) %ovels f small piles   
slak$ 9 ! field is heavy4 ,! quantity p]
 acre mu/ be l>ge to insure suffici5t   
mat]ial = e squ>e foot ( surface4 ,!    
lime slak$ 9 a l>ge heap c be put ?r\gh 
di/ributors only aft] scre5+ to remove  
pieces ( /one1 unless !y are made ) a   
scre5+ device1 & ! cau/ic "* & fl\ry    
condition make h&l+ disagreeable1 b no  
o!r me?od is z economical :5 lime is    

high 9 price4  ,use ( ! ,manure         
,spread]4 ,! next be/ device is ! manure
 spread]4 ,! makes on ! m>ket v>y 9     
ability to d satisfactory "w ) lime1 &  
none does ev5 "w ) a small quantity p]  
acre4 ,an addition to ! bulk to be h&l$ 
by plac+ a lay] ( o!r mat]ial 9 !       
spread] be=e fill+ ) lime helps1 b "s   
spread]s d fair "w 9 spread+ z little z 
#cjjj p\nds ( slak$ lime p] acre1 &     
c]ta9ly f> bett] "w ?an usually is done 
) %ovels f a wagon4     ,,*apt] ,,xvii  
,,am\nt ,,( ,,lime ,,p] ,,acre   ,soils 
,v>y 9 ,requirem5t4 ,!re is always !    
insi/5t "q respect+ ! am\nt ( lime t    
%\ld be us$ on a p>ticul> field4        
,usually no def9ite reply c be safely   
made4 ,! requirem5t ( ! pres5t1 &       
probably ( ! next few ye>s1 %\ld be met 
by "o application4 ,! exi/+ degree (    
acidity is an unkn[n quantity until a   
c>eful te/ has be5 made4 ,!re are soils 
s s\r t sev]al tons ( fre% burn$ lime p]
 acre w\ld only meet pres5t requirem5t1 
& !re are soils s s\ndly alkal9e t !y   

ne$ none at all4 ,?is unc]ta9ty reg>d+  
am\nt requir$ is responsible = mu*      
failure to d any?+1 ev5 :5 "s acidity is
 indicat$ by g5]al appe>ance4  ,a ,work+
 ,basis4 ,if l& has once be5 productive 
& 9 lat] ye>s clov] has ceas$ to gr[ &  
grass sods are ?91 !re is a /rong       
probability t lim+ w pay1 & ! exp]i5ce (
 f>m]s on normal soils1 & ! te/s (      
exp]im5t /ations1 ju/ify ! e/imate t two
 tons ( f9e /one1 or "o & a qu>t] tons (
 fre% burn$ lime p] acre1 c be us$ )    
pr(it4 ,?is am\nt probably w p]mit      
f]tiliz]s & tillage to make _! full     
return 9 heavy sods t w provide humus4  
,x is a reasonable expectation t !      
application w s]ve ?r\gh a crop rotation
 ( f\r or five ye>s4  ,if ! soil 0 n v  
s\r1 ! second application at ! end ( f\r
 or five ye>s may be r$uc$ some:at1 &   
ev5 a ton ( /one giv5 once 9 ! crop     
rotation may fully meet ! requirem5t4   
,9 ! case ( ! normal soil t has ceas$ to
 gr[ clov]1 & does gr[ plants t are     
acid-resi/ant1 x is bett] practice to   

secure a relatively l[-pric$ supply (   
co>sely pulv]iz$ /one & apply ?ree or   
f\r tons p] acre1 & ?us l5g!n ! int]val 
betwe5 applications to eight or #aj     
ye>s4 ,! f9e mat]ial 9 ! heavy          
application w take c>e ( pres5t ne$1 & !
 co>s] p>ticles w dis9tegrate lat] on4  
,! quantities sugge/$ may n be ! mo/    
economical = ! read]1 b _! use _c be    
att5d$ by loss if a soil is s\r1 & !re  
is reason to believe t x is mu* bett] to
 use su* quantities )\t "q ?an to def]  
lim+ = a ye> 9 ! hope t "s m def9ite k (
 a p>ticul> field's ne$s may be secur$4 
,small ,am\nts ,p] ,acre4 ,!re is mu*   
exp]i5ce z a basis = ! claim t a few    
hundr$ p\nds ( burn$ lime p] acre may h 
m>k$ results4 ,fields t indicat$ an     
actual lime requirem5t ( a ton ( fre%   
lime p] acre h _h a te/ ( #ejj p\nds p] 
acre made 9 /rips1 & ! clov] lat] on 0 s
 sup]ior to t :i* 0 /ruggl+ to live 9 ! 
untreat$ portion t ! light application  
appe>$ almo/ to be adequate4 ,9 su* l&  
!re _c be full bact]ial activity or     

cont9u+ fri5dl9ess to plants unless !   
ne$ is met fully4 ,a l>g] application   
w\ld h paid bett]4 ,x is ! soil ri* 9   
lime t c make ! be/ response to tillage 
& f]tilization4  ,a ,heavy ,soil4 ,:5   
burn$ lime is n high 9 price1 an        
application ( two tons p] acre may be m 
pr(itable ?an a small] "o4 ,a heavy soil
 ne$s to be ri*] 9 lime ?an a light "o =
 be/ results1 & physical condition also 
is improv$ by ! l>g] quantity4 ,a       
correspond+ly heavy coat ( /one w give q
 satisfactory results1 b effect ^u !    
texture ( ! soil is less m>k$4  ,s&y    
,soils4 ,x is inadvisable to apply any  
l>ge quantity ( cau/ic lime to a light  
soil4 ,su* a soil does n ne$ z high a   
p]c5tage 9 x z a heavy soil requires =  
good results1 & cau/ic lime c easily    
injure physical condition4 ,lime/one is 
safe = use1 & is to be advis$ = all q   
s&y l&4 ,acidity r>ely runs high 9 a    
light soil1 & ! op9ion is haz>d$ "h t "o
 ton ( /one p] acre meets ! ne$s ( a    
light soil ab\t z surely z two tons     

supply a heavy soil4 ,9 case ( ea* type 
( soil !re are wide exceptions1 & yet ^!
 e/imates =m a basis = ! judgm5t ( !    
individual f>m]4     ,,*apt] ,,viii     
,,special ,,crop ,,dem&s   ,lime-,lov+  
,crops4 ,!re are plants :i* are         
acid-resi/ant1 giv+ a good return =     
f]tilization & c>e :5 ! soil is s\r4    
,!re are a few k9ds ( cultivat$ plants t
 seem to pref] an acid soil1 & to res5t 
lime applications4 ,mo/ /aple crops     
pref] an alkal9e soil1 or at lea/ "o t  
has no l>ge requirem5t1 & !re are plants
 t ?rive be/ only 9 l& ri* 9 lime4 ,n   
all su* plants require m z a compon5t "p
 ( _! /ructure1 b d h a high p]c5tage 9 
_! a%4  ,lim+ = ,alfalfa4 ,:5 all o!r   
conditions are "r1 alfalfa ?rives or    
fails accord+ z a soil is ri* 9 lime or 
is di/9ctly defici5t4 ,x is entirely    
possible to get fair yields ( ?is legume
 = a %ort "t f l& t is n fully alkal9e1 
b full yields & ability to la/ = a t]m (
 ye>s dep5d ^u a lib]al lime supply4    
,alfalfa is at home only 9 a naturally  

calc>e\s soil1 or "o t has be5 giv5 "s (
 ! *>act]i/ics ( su* l& by free use (   
lime4 ,9 ! case ( neutral or slightly   
acid gr\nd x is good practice to mix f\r
 tons ( lime/one p] acre ?or\ghly ) !   
soil4 ,su* treatm5t gives great]        
p]man5ce to ! se$+1 enabl+ ! plants to  
compete successfully ) ! wild grasses & 
o!r we$s t are ! *ief ob/acle to success
 9 ! humid climate ( our ,mississippi   
valley & ea/]n /ates4 ,:5 ?is am\nt (   
/one is us$1 ! f9e/ grade may n be      
pref]r$ to mat]ial hav+ a consid]able   
p]c5tage ( slightly co>s] gra9s4        
,illu/ration3 ,rem>kable ,effect ( ,lime
 on ,sweet ,clov] at ! ,ohio ,exp]im5t  
,/ation  ,illu/ration3 ,sweet ,clov]    
,?rives ,:5 ,lime & ,manure ,are        
,suppli$1 ,ohio ,exp]im5t ,/ation  ,r$  
,clov]4 ,:5 l& is 9 excell5t til?1 x may
 gr[ r$ clov] satisfactorily :ile %[+ a 
decid$ lime defici5cy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mu*
 slightly acid l& fails to gr[ clov]1 & 
an application ( lime is foll[$ by heavy
 gr[?s4 ,r$ clov] is mo/ at home 9      

calc>e\s soils1 & lack ( lime is a lead+
 cause ( clov] failure 9 ?is c\ntry4    
,o!r causes may be important ones 9 !   
abs5ce ( lime & be ov]come :5 x is      
pres5t4  ,alsike ,clov]4 ,mo/ legumes l 
lime1 & alsike clov] is n an exception1 
b is f> m acid-resi/ant ?an ! r$4 ,x is 
less valuable1 bo? = soil improvem5t & =
 =age1 hav+ an inf]ior root sy/em1 b has
 prov$ a boon to f>m]s 9 areas t h be5  
los+ ! p[] to gr[ r$ clov]4 ,! cu/om (  
mix+ r$ & alsike se$ has become         
widespread1 & di/9ctly acid soils are   
m>k$ 9 ! clov] fl[]+ season by !        
pr(usion ( ! di/9ctive alsike bloom to !
 exclusion ( ! r$4 ,:ile !re is         
acid-resi/ant p[]1 ?is clov] responds to
 lim+4  ,crimson ,clov]4 ,among         
lime-lov+ plants crimson clov] has a    
rightful place1 b x makes fairly good   
gr[? :]e ! lack ( lime is m>k$4         
,bluegrass4 ,! heavie/ bluegrass sods   
are f\nd :]e lime is abundant 9 ! soil4 
,?is mo/ valuable pa/ure grass may )/& !
 encroa*m5ts ( we$s = a long "t :5 lime 

is n abundant1 if plant food is n 9     
scant supply1 b dep5dable sods ( ?is    
grass are made only 9 an alkal9e soil4  
,heavy lim+ ( an acid soil pays :5 a    
se$+ to p]man5t pa/ure is made1 & old   
sods on l& unfit = tillage may be giv5 a
 new life by a dress+4  ,crops ,favor$  
by ,lime4 ,ne>ly all /aple f>m crops    
respond to applications giv5 acid soils4
 ,corn1 oats1 timo?y1 potatoes & _m o!r 
crops h consid]able p[] ( resi/ance to  
acids1 b give increas$ yields :5 lime is
 pres5t4 ,lim+ is n recomm5d$ = potatoes
 because x furni%es conditions favorable
 to a disease :i* attacks ?is crop4 ,:5 
clov] is want$ 9 a crop rotation )      
potatoes1 x is advisable to apply ! lime
 imm$iately aft] ! potato crop has be5  
gr[n1 & to use lime/one r ?an burn$     
lime4 ,mo/ k9ds ( vegetables ?rive be/ 9
 an alkal9e soil4     ,,index      ,page
     ,air-slak$ lime1 composition &     
relative value (1 #ca1 #eg              
,agricultural lime1 composition &       
relative value (1 #eh1 #gf     ,am\nt ( 

lime p] acre1 #hb     ,basic slag1 #gf  
,burn+ lime1 me?ods (1 #di     ,calcium1
 #bi      c>bonate1 #cj      hydroxide1 
#cj      oxide1 #bi     ,c>bon dioxide1 
#cj     ,causes ( soil acidity1 #aj1    
#ab1 #ac1 #ad     ,cau/ic lime affects  
physical condition1 #dd1 #df      acts  
on humus1 #dd1 #dg      frees in]t plant
 food1 #dd      comp>$ ) lime/one1 #de  
irrational use (1 #dd      may injure a 
s&y soil1 #ff1 #he      "r use (1 #dh   
,cau/ic magnesian lime on s&y l&1 #ff   
,*emical *anges produce acidity1 #ac    
,clov]1 #ag1 #ai1 #hg     ,composition (
 lime/one1 #bd1 #cj1 #ca1 #df           
,di/ribution ( lime1 #gj1 #gh           
,di/ributors1 #hj1 #ha     ,dolomite1   
#cj1 #fg     ,equival5ts 9 value1 #fi   
,ext5t ( soil acidity1 #f1 #aa          
,f95ess ( lime/one1 #ci1 #gc     ,fre>1 
,dr4 ,wm41 #ej     ,fre% burn$ lime1 #dd
      composition & relative value (1   
#bi1 #ca1 #de1 #fi1 #ga     ,gas lime1  
#fb     ,gr\nd lime/one1 composition &  
relative value (1 #cj1 #cc1 #fi1 #gb    

,hydrat$ lime1 composition & relative   
value ( #cj1 #ca1 #ec1 #ga              
,indications ( soil acidity1 #e1 #ae1   
#ag1 #ah     ,irrational use ( lime1 #i1
 #dd     ,l& pla/]1 #gf     ,lea*+1 #ab1
 #ch     ,lime = alfalfa1 #hf           
alsike clov]1 #hg      bluegrass1 #hh   
crimson clov]1 #hh      potatoes1 #hi   
r$ clov]1 #hg      mo/ /aple crops1 #hh 
9 f]tiliz]s1 #gg      is un/able1 #aj   
necess>y cont5t v>iable1 #e      on s&y 
soils1 #he     ,lime/one burn$ to effect
 di/ribution1 #cd      l&1 value (1 #d1 
#f      v>ies 9 composition1 #cc        
,litmus pap] te/1 #bj     ,l[-pric$     
pulv]iz]s1 #ce     ,lump lime & hydrate 
comp>$1 #ga      lime/one comp>$1 #gb   
,magnesian lime1 #fd      lime/one1 #ff 
,magnesium1 #cj1 #fd     ,m>l1          
composition & relative value (1 #ei1 #gf
     ,new ,york exp]im5t /ation1 #db    
,old heaps ( burn$ lime1 #eh     ,oy/]  
%ells1 composition & relative value (1  
#fa1 #ge     ,r$top1 #ah     ,relative  
values ( lime1 #fh1 #ga1 #gb            

,removal ( lime 9 crops1 #ad     ,slak+ 
lime1 #ec     ,small applications may   
pay1 #hd     ,soil acidity1 cause (1    
#aj1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad      ext5t (1 #f1 #aa
      indications (1 #e1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah  
te/s =1 #bj1 #ba     ,soils v>y 9 lime  
requirem5t1 #hb     ,sorrel & planta91  
#ae     ,spread+ f>m-burn$ lime1 #gj1   
#hj     ,/or+ lime 9 ! soil1 #ch        
,/or+ lime/one1 #gc     ,s\rce ( lime1  
z3      agricultural lime1 #eh1 #gf     
air-slak$ lime1 #ca1 #eg      fre%-burn$
 lime1 #bi1 #ca1 #dd      gas lime1 #fb 
gr\nd lime1 #ca      gr\nd lime/one1    
#cj1 #cc      hydrat$ or slak$ lime1    
#ca1 #ec      magnesian lime/one1 #cj   
m>l1 #ei      oy/] %ells1 #fa1 #ge      
wood a%es1 #fa1 #ge     ,s\rce ( lime 9 
soils1 #aj1 #bd     ,te*nical t]ms1 #bh 
,te/s = soil acidity1 #bj1 #ba     ,?9  
soils usually acid1 #ah     ,timb] z an 
index1 #g1 #ae     ,timo?y1 #ag1 #hh    
,truog1 ,pr(4 ,e41 #ba     ,truog te/1  
#ba     ,value ( lime aft] magnesium    
removal1 #fb     ,voorhees1 ,dr4 ,e4    

,b41 #fb     ,w>d+ (f soil acidity1 #g  
,:5 production decreases1 #ah     ,wood 
a%es1 composition & relative value (1   
#be1 #fa1 #ge