,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,god ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,religions by ,f4 ,b4 ,,jevons1 ,,litt4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,durham ,cambridge3 at ! ,univ]sity ,press #aiac ,fir/ ,edition1 #aiaj ,repr9t$ #aiaa1 #aiac ,) ! exception ( ! coat ( arms at ! foot1 ! design on ! title page is a reproduction ( "o us$ by ! e>lie/ kn[n ,cambridge pr9t]1 ,john ,sib]*1 #aeba ,,preface ,9 ,! ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce ! late ,pr(essor ,william ,james has said 7p4 #dfe73 ',! religi\s ph5om5on1 /udi$ z an inn] fact1 & ap>t f ecclesia/ical or !ological complications1 has %[n itself to consi/ ev]y:]e1 & at all its /ages1 9 ! consci\sness :i* individuals h ( an int]c\rse betwe5 !mselves & high] p[]s ) :i* !y feel !mselves to be relat$4 ,?is int]c\rse is realis$ at ! "t z be+ bo? active & mutual4' ,! book n[ be=e ! read] deals ) ! religi\s ph5om5on1 /udi$ z an inn] fact1 9 ! e>li] /ages ( religion4 ,by '! ,idea ( ,god' may be meant ei!r ! consci\sness :i* individuals h ( high] p[]s1 ) :i* !y feel !mselves to be relat$1 or ! words 9 :i* !y1 or o!rs1 seek to express t consci\sness4 ,^? words may be an expression1 t is to say an int]pretation or a mis9t]pretation1 ( t consci\sness4 ,b ! words are n ! consci\sness3 ! feel+1 )\t :i* ! consci\sness does n exi/1 may be abs5t :5 ! words are spok5 or he>d4 ,x is h[ev] ?r\gh ! words t we h to approa* ! feel+ & ! consci\sness ( o!rs1 & to det]m9e :e!r & h[ f> ! feel+ & ! consci\sness s approa*$ are simil> 9 all individuals ev]y:]e & at all /ages4 ,f4 ,b4 ,,jevons4 ,,hatfield ,,hall1 ,,durham4 ,octob]1 #aiaj ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,bibliography ix ,i4 ,,introduction #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,god ,,9 ,,my?ology #cj ,,iii4 ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,god ,,9 ,,wor%ip #fj ,,iv4 ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,god ,,9 ,,pray] #ajc ,v4 ,,! ,,idea ,,& ,,be+ ,,( ,,god #aeb ,,index #afg ,,bibliography ,all51 ,grant4 ,! ,evolution ( ! ,idea ( ,god4 ,london1 #ahig4 ,an?ropology & ! ,classics4 ,ox=d1 #aijh4 ,ba/ian1 ,a4 ,volks- und ,m5s*5kunde4 ,b]l91 #ahhh4 ,b\sset1 ,w4 ,:at is ,religion8 7,engli% ,translation74 ,london1 #aijg4 ,crawley1 ,a4,e4 ,! ,idea ( ! ,s\l4 ,london1 #aiji4 ,fossey1 ,c4 ,la ,magie ,assyri5ne4 ,p>is1 #aijb4 ,fraz]1 ,j4,g4 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip4 ,london1 #ahie4 ---- ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh4 ,london1 #aijj4 ---- ,psy*e's ,task4 ,london1 #aiji4 ,g>dn]1 ,p4 ,mod]nity & ! ,*ur*es4 ,london1 #aiji4 ,hobh\se1 ,l4,t4 ,morals 9 ,evolution4 ,london1 #aijf4 ,hoeffd+1 ,h4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,religion 7,engli% ,translation74 ,london1 #aijf4 ,hollis1 ,a4,c4 ,! ,masai4 ,ox=d1 #aije4 ---- ,! ,n&i4 ,ox=d1 #aiji4 ,james1 ,w4 ,! ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,ja/r[1 ,m4 ,jun4 ,/udy ( ,religion4 ,london1 #aija4 ,jevons1 ,f4,b4 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion4 ,london1 #ahif4 ---- ,religion 9 ,evolution4 ,london1 #aijf4 ---- ,/udy ( ,comp>ative ,religion4 ,london1 #aijh4 ,lang1 ,a4 ,magic & ,religion4 ,london1 #aija4 ---- ,! ,mak+ ( ,religion4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,mack5zie1 ,w4,d4 ,! ,f9al ,fai?4 ,london1 #aiaj4 ,m>ett1 ,r4,r4 ,! ,?re%old ( ,religion4 ,london1 #aiji4 ,mit*ell1 ,h4,b4 ,talks on ,religion4 ,london1 #aijh4 ,nassau1 ,r4,h4 ,feti*ism 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,london1 #aijd4 ,p>k]1 ,k4,l4 ,! ,euahlayi ,tribe4 ,london1 #aije4 ,saussaye1 ,p4,d4,c4 de la4 ,religionsges*i*te4 ,freiburg i4 ,b41 #ahhi4 ,s*a>s*midt1 ,c4 ,die ,religion4 ,leipzig1 #aijg4 ,?ompson1 ,r4,c4 ,semitic ,magic4 ,london1 #aijh4 ,tisdall ,w4 ,/ ,c4 ,comp>ative ,religion4 ,london1 #aiji4 ,transactions ( ! ,?ird ,int]national ,congress ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions4 ,ox=d1 #aijh4 ,tylor1 ,e4,b4 ,primitive ,culture4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,e4 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas4 ,london1 #aijf4 ,wundt1 ,w4 ,voelk]psy*ologie4 ,leipzig1 #aijd-f4 ,i ,,introduction ,e *ild t is born is born ( a community & into a community1 :i* exi/$ be=e 8 bir? & w cont9ue to exi/ aft] 8 dea?4 ,he le>ns to speak ! language :i* ! community spoke be=e he 0 born1 & :i* ! community w cont9ue to speak aft] he has gone4 ,9 le>n+ ! language he acquires n only words b ideas2 & ! words & ideas he acquires1 ! ?\ghts he ?9ks & ! words 9 :i* he utt]s !m1 are ^? ( ! community f :i* he le>nt !m1 :i* taught !m be=e he 0 born & w g on tea*+ !m aft] he is dead4 ,he n only le>ns to speak ! words & ?9k ! ideas1 to reproduce ! mode ( ?\ght1 z he does ! =m ( spee*1 ( ! circumambi5t community3 he is taught & le>ns to act z ^? ar\nd him d--z ! community has done & w t5d to d4 ,! community--! n>r[] community ( ! family1 fir/1 &1 aft]w>ds1 ! wid] community to :i* ! family belongs--tea*es him h[ he ought to speak1 :at he ought to ?9k1 & h[ he ought to act4 ,! consci\sness ( ! *ild reproduces ! consci\sness ( ! community to :i* he belongs--! common consci\sness1 :i* exi/$ be=e him & w cont9ue to exi/ aft] him4 ,! common consci\sness is n only ! s\rce f :i* ! individual gets 8 mode ( spee*1 ?\ght & action1 b ! c\rt ( appeal :i* decides :at is fact4 ,if a "q is rais$ :e!r ! result ( a sci5tific exp]im5t is :at x is alleg$ by ! orig9al mak] ( ! exp]im5t to be1 ! appeal is to ! common consci\sness3 any "o :o *ooses to make ! exp]im5t 9 ! way describ$ w f9d ! result to be ( ! k9d alleg$2 if ev]yone else1 on exp]im5t1 f9ds x to be s1 x is e/abli%$ z a fact ( common consci\sness2 if no "o else f9ds x to be s1 ! alleg$ discov]y is n a fact b an errone\s inf]5ce4 ,n[1 x is n m]ely ) reg>d to ext]nal facts or facts appreh5d$ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 t ! common consci\sness is accept$ z ! c\rt ( appeal4 ,! allegation may be t an emotion1 ( a specifi$ k9d--al>m or fe>1 wond] or awe--is1 9 specifi$ circum/ances1 exp]i5c$ z a fact ( ! common consci\sness4 ,or a body ( m5 may h a common purpose1 or a common idea1 z well z an emotion (1 say1 common al>m4 ,if ! purpose1 idea or emotion1 be common to !m & exp]i5c$ by all ( !m1 x is a fact ( _! common consci\sness4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 ! case ( any alleg$ b disput$ discov]y 9 sci5ce1 ! common consci\sness is ! c\rt ( appeal :i* decides ! facts1 & det]m9es :e!r :at an individual ?9ks he has discov]$ 9 8 consci\sness is really a fact ( ! common consci\sness4 ,! idea ( p[]s sup]ior to man1 ! emotion ( awe or rev]5ce1 :i* goes ) ! idea1 & ! purpose ( communicat+ ) ! p[] 9 "q are facts1 n peculi> to ?is or t individual consci\sness1 b facts ( ! common consci\sness ( all mank9d4 ,! *ild up to a c]ta9 age has no consci\sness ( self3 ! abs5ce ( self-consci\sness is "o ( ! *>ms ( *ildr54 ,! *ild imitates its eld]s1 :o speak ( him & to him by 8 "n4 ,he speaks ( himself 9 ! ?ird p]son & n 9 ! fir/ p]son s+ul>1 & designates himself by 8 prop] "n & n by means ( ! p]sonal pron\n ',i'2 ev5tually ! *ild acquires ! use & to "s ext5t le>ns ! mean+ ( ! fir/ p]sonal pron\n2 t is1 if ! language ( ! community to :i* he belongs has develop$ s f> z to h produc$ su* a pron\n4 ,= !re 0 a p]iod 9 ! evolution ( spee* :51 z yet1 a fir/ p]sonal pron\n _h n be5 evolv$2 & t1 probably1 = ! simple reason t ! idea :i* x d5otes 0 z unkn[n to ! community z x is to ! *ild ^: abs5ce ( self-consci\sness is s pleas+4 ,= a p]iod1 ! l5g? ( :i* may h be5 millions ( ye>s1 ! common consci\sness1 ! consci\sness ( ! community1 did n discov] or discrim9ate1 9 language or 9 ?\ght1 ! exi/5ce ( ! individual self4 ,! importance ( ?is consid]ation lies 9 its be>+ ^u ! "q1 9 :at =m ! idea ( p[]s sup]ior to man disclos$ itself 9 ! common consci\sness at t p]iod4 ,x is held by _m /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( religion t feti%ism prec$$ poly!ism 9 ! hi/ory ( religion2 & x is und\bt$ t poly!ism fl\ri%$ at ! exp5se ( feti%ism4 ,b :at is exactly ! diff]5ce betwe5 feti%ism & poly!ism8 ,no "o n[ any long] holds t a feti% is reg>d$1 by believ]s 9 feti%1 z a mat]ial object & no?+ m3 ev]yone recognises t ! mat]ial object to :i* ! t]m is appli$ is reg>d$ z ! habitation ( a spiritual be+4 ,! mat]ial object 9 "q is to ! feti% :at ! idol ( a god is to a god4 ,if ! mat]ial object1 ?r\gh :i*1 or 9 :i*1 ! feti%-_s manife/s itself1 be>s no resemblance to human =m1 nei!r d ! e>lie/ /ocks or blocks 9 :i* gods manife/ !mselves be> any resemblance to human =m4 ,su* un%ap$ /ocks d n ( !mselves tell u :e!r !y are feti%es or gods to _! wor%ipp]s4 ,! te/ by :i* ! /ud5t ( ! sci5ce ( religion det]m9es ! "q is a v simple "o3 x is1 :o wor%ips ! object 9 "q8 ,if ! object is ! private prop]ty ( "s individual1 x is feti%2 if x is wor%ipp$ by ! community z a :ole1 x1 or r ! _s :i* manife/s itself !re91 is a god ( ! community4 ,! functions ( ! two be+s diff] accord+ly3 ! god receives ! pray]s ( ! community & has p[] to grant !m2 ! feti% has p[] to grant ! wi%es ( ! individual :o owns x4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is diff]5ce 9 function is t z ! wi%es ( ! individual may be inconsi/5t ) ! welf>e ( o!r memb]s ( ! community2 z ! feti% may be1 & actually is1 us$ to procure injury & dea? to o!r memb]s ( ! community2 a feti% is anti-social & a dang] to ! community1 :]eas a god ( ! community is !re expressly z a refuge & a help = ! community4 ,! feti% fulfils ! desires ( ! individual1 ! self2 ! god li/5s to ! pray]s ( ! community4 ,let u n[ return to t /age 9 ! evolution ( ! community :51 z yet1 nei!r ! language nor ! ?\ght ( ! community _h discov]$ or discrim9at$ ! exi/5ce ( ! individual self4 ,if at t /age !re 0 9 ! common consci\sness any idea1 h[ev] dim or confus$1 ( p[]s sup]ior to man2 if t idea 0 accompani$ or col\r$ by any emotion1 :e!r ( fe> or awe or rev]5ce2 if t emotion prompt$ action ( any k9d2 !n1 su* p[]s 7 n conceiv$ to be feti%es1 = ! function ( a feti% is to fulfil ! desires ( an individual self2 & until ! exi/5ce ( ! individual self is realis$1 !re is no function = a feti% to p]=m4 ,x may well be t ! gradual developm5t ( self-consci\sness1 & ! sl[ /eps by :i* language help$ to br+ =? ! idea ( self1 7 f ! fir/1 & ?r\gh\t1 accompani$ by ! gradual developm5t ( ! idea ( feti%ism4 ,b ! v developm5t ( ! idea ( a p[] :i* c\ld fulfil ! desires ( self1 z di/+ui%$ f1 & (t5 oppos$ to1 ! int]e/s ( ! community1 w\ld /imulate ! gr[? ( ! idea ( a p[] ^: special & p>ticul> function 0 to t5d ! int]e/s ( ! community z a :ole4 ,?us ! idea ( a feti% & ! idea ( a god c\ld only p]si/ on condition ( becom+ m & m inconsi/5t )1 & contradictory (1 "o ano!r4 ,if ! l9es foll[$ by ! two ideas />t$ f ! same po9t1 x 0 only to div]ge ! m1 ! fur!r !y 7 pursu$4 ,& ! t5d5cy ( feti%ism to disappe> f ! lat] & high] /ages ( religion is suffici5t to %[ t x did n af=d an adequate or satisfactory expression ( ! idea conta9$ 9 ! common consci\sness ( "s p[] or be+ great] ?an man4 ,t idea is con/antly /riv+1 ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( religion1 to f9d or give expression to itself2 x is con/antly discov]+ t su* expressions z x has f\nd = itself d x wrong2 & x is con/antly ?r[+1 or 9 ! process ( ?r[+1 su* expressions aside4 ,feti%ism 0 ?r[n aside soon] ?an poly!ism3 = x 0 an expression n only inadequate b contradictory to ! idea t gave x bir?4 ,! emotions ( fe> & suspicion1 ) :i* ! community reg>d$ feti%es1 7 emotions diff]5t f ! awe or rev]5ce ) :i* ! community approa*$ its gods4 ,:at practically provokes & /imulates ! individual's dawn+ consci\sness ( himself1 or ! community's consci\sness ( ! individual z 9 a way di/9ct f itself1 is ! da% betwe5 ! desires1 wi%es1 int]e/s ( ! "o1 & ! desires1 wi%es & int]e/s ( ! o!r4 ,b ?\gh ! int]e/s ( ! "o are sometimes at v>iance ) ^? ( ! o!r1 /ill 9 "s cases1 also1 ! int]e/s ( ! individual--ev5 ?\gh !y be purely individual int]e/s--are n inconsi/5t ) ^? ( ! community2 & 9 mo/ cases !y are id5tical ) !m--! individual promotes 8 own int]e/s by s]v+ ^? ( ! community1 & promotes ^? ( ! community by s]v+ 8 own4 ,9 a ^w1 ! int]e/s ( ! "o are n s cle>ly & pla9ly cut (f f ^? ( ! o!r1 t ! individual c always be condemn$ = seek+ to gratify 8 self-int]e/s or 8 own p]sonal desires4 ,t is presumably "o reason :y feti%ism is s wide-spread & s long-liv$ 9 ,we/]n ,africa1 = in/ance3 ?\gh feti%es may be us$ = anti-social purposes1 !y may be & are also us$ = purposes :i* if selfi% are n1 or are n felt to be1 anti-social4 ,! individual own] ( a feti% does n feel t 8 own]%ip does or ought to cut him (f f memb]%ip ( ! community4 ,& s long z su* feel+ is common1 s long an indecisive /ruggle betwe5 gods & feti%es cont9ues4 ,n[ ?is same cause--! impossibility ( condemn+ ! individual = seek+ to promote 8 own int]e/s--w be f\nd on exam9ation to be op]ative else:]e1 viz4 9 magic4 ,! relation ( magic to religion is z mu* a matt] ( d\bt & dispute z is t ( feti%ism to religion4 ,& ,i propose to treat magic 9 mu* ! same way z ,i h treat$ feti%ism4 ,! ju/ification :i* ,i (f] = s do+ is to be f\nd 9 ! p>allel or analogy t may be drawn betwe5 !m4 ,! di/9ction :i* comes to be drawn )9 ! common consci\sness betwe5 ! self & ! community manife/s itself obvi\sly 9 ! fact t ! int]e/s & desires ( ! individual are felt to be diff]5t1 & yet n to be diff]5t1 f ^? ( ! community2 & s !y are felt to be1 yet n to be1 condemnable f ! po9t ( view ( ! common consci\sness4 ,n[1 ?is is precisely ! judgm5t :i* is pass$ ^u magic1 :]ev] x is cultivat$4 ,x is condemnable1 x is view$ ) suspicion1 fe> & condemnation2 & yet x is also & at ! same "t view$ & practis$ ) g5]al approval4 ,x may be us$ on behalf ( ! community & = ! good ( ! community1 & ) public approval1 z x is :5 x is us$ to make ! ra9 :i* ! community ne$s4 ,x may be view$ ) tol]ation1 z x is :5 x is believ$ to b5efit an individual )\t entail+ injury on ! community4 ,b x is visit$ ) condemnation1 & p]haps ) puni%m5t1 :5 x is employ$ = purposes1 su* z murd]1 :i* ! common consci\sness condemns4 ,accord+ly ! p]son :o has ! p[] to "w ! m>vels compreh5d$ "u ! "n ( magic is view$ ) condemnation1 tol]ation or approval1 accord+ z he uses 8 p[] = purposes :i* ! common consci\sness condemns1 tol]ates or approves4 ,! p[] :i* su* a p]son ex]ts is p[] p]sonal to him2 & yet x is 9 a way a p[] great] & o!r ?an himself1 = he has x n always "u 8 control or comm&3 :e!r he uses x = ! b5efit ( ! community or = ! injury ( "s individual1 he _c c\nt on its always com+ (f4 ,& ?is fact is n )\t its influ5ce & consequ5ces4 ,if he is endeav\r+ to use x = ! injury ( "s p]son1 he w expla9 8 failure z due to "s error he has committ$ 9 ! modus op]&i1 or to ! c\nt]-op]ations ( "s rival4 ,b if he is endeav\r+ to ex]cise x = ! b5efit ( ! community1 failure makes o!rs d\btful :e!r he has ! p[] to act on behalf ( ! community2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 a successful issue makes x cle> t he has ! p[]1 & places him1 9 ! op9ion bo? ( ! community & ( himself1 9 an exceptional position3 8 p[] is inde$ 9 a way p]sonal to himself1 b x is also great] & o!r ?an himself4 ,8 s5se ( x1 & ! community's s5se ( x1 is re9=c$ & augm5t$ by ! approval ( ! common consci\sness1 & by ! feel+ t a p[]1 9 h>mony ) ! common consci\sness & ! community's desires1 is work+ 9 him & ?r\gh him4 ,?is p[]1 ?us ex]cis$1 ( work+ m>vels = ! common good is obvi\sly m closely analog\s to t ( a prophet work+ miracles1 ?an x is to t ( ! wit* work+ injury or dea?4 ,&1 9 ! same way t ,i h already sugge/$ t gods & feti%es may h be5 evolv$ f a prior indet]m9ate concept1 :i* 0 nei!r b might become ei!r2 s ,i w\ld n[ sugge/ t miracles are n magic1 nor is magic miracles1 b t ! two h be5 diff]5tiat$ f a common s\rce4 ,& if ! poly!i/ic gods1 :i* are to be f\nd :]e feti%ism is believ$ 91 pres5t u ) a v l[ /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! idea ( a 'p]fect p]sonality1' s too ! sort ( miracles :i* are believ$ 91 :]e ! belief 9 magic fl\ri%es1 pres5t u ) a v l[ /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! idea ( an almighty ,god4 ,axe-heads t float mu/ h belong$ orig9ally to su* a l[ /age2 & rods t turn into s]p5ts 7 ! prop]ty ( ! 'magicians ( ,egypt' z well z ( ,a>on4 ,! common s\rce1 !n1 f :i* fl[s ! p[] ( work+ m>vels = ! community's good1 or ( work+ magic 9 ! int]e/ ( "o individual memb] & p]haps to ! injury ( ano!r1 is a p]sonal p[]1 :i* 9 itself--t is to say1 ap>t f ! int5tion ) :i* x is us$ & ap>t f ! consequ5ces :i* ensue--is nei!r comm5dable nor condemnable f ! community's po9t ( view2 & :i* consequ5tly c nei!r be condemn$ nor comm5d$ by ! common consci\sness1 until ! diff]5ce betwe5 self & ! community has become manife/1 & ! possibility ( a div]g5ce betwe5 ! int]e/s ( self or alt] & ^? ( ! community has be5 realis$4 ,fur!r1 ?is p[]1 9 :i*ev] way x comes to be ex]cis$1 m>ks a /rong individuality2 & may be ! fir/1 z x is c]ta9ly a mo/ /rik+1 manife/ation ( ! fact ( individuality3 x m>ks (f1 at once1 ! individual possess+ su* p[] f ! re/ ( ! community4 ,& ! common consci\sness is puzzl$ by ! app>ition4 ,j z x tol]ates feti%es ?\gh x disapproves ( !m & is afraid ( !m1 s x tol]ates ! magician1 ?\gh x is afraid ( him & does n cordially approve ( him1 ev5 :5 he b5efits an individual cli5t )\t injur+ ! community4 ,b ?\gh ! man ( p[] may use1 & app>5tly mo/ (t5 does use1 8 p[]1 9 ! int]e/ ( "s individual & to ! detrim5t ( ! community2 & ?\gh x is ?is condemnable use :i* is ev]y:]e mo/ conspicu\s1 & probably e>lie/ develop$2 /ill !re is no reason :y he %\ld n use1 & z a matt] ( fact he sometimes does use1 8 p[] on behalf ( ! community to promote ! food-supply ( ! community or to produce ! ra9 :i* is desir$4 ,9 ?is case1 !n1 ! individual1 hav+ a p[] :i* o!rs h n1 is n at v>iance ) ! community b 9 h>mony ) ! common consci\sness1 & becomes an organ by :i* x acts4 ,:51 !n1 ! belief 9 gods1 hav+ ! int]e/s ( ! community at he>t1 pres5ts itself or develops )9 ! common consci\sness1 ! individual :o has ! p[] on behalf ( ! community to make ra9 or increase ! food supply is m>k$ out by ! belief ( ! community--or x may be by ! commun+s ( 8 own he>t--z specially relat$ to ! gods4 ,h5ce we f9d1 9 ! l[ /ages ( ! evolution ( religion1 ! proce$+s1 by :i* ! man ( p[] _h made ra9 = ! community or increas$ ! food-supply1 ei!r incorporat$ into ! ritual ( ! gods1 or surviv+ traditionally z incid5ts 9 ! life ( a prophet1 e4g4 ! ra9-mak+ ( ,elijah4 ,9 ! same way !re=e z ,i h sugge/$ t ! resemblances betwe5 gods & feti%es are to be expla9$ by ! !ory t ! two g back to a common s\rce1 & t nei!r is develop$ f ! o!r1 s ,i sugge/ t ! resemblances betwe5 ! conception ( prophet & t ( magician po9t n to ! priority ( ei!r to ! o!r1 b to ! d]ivation or evolution ( bo? f a prior & less det]m9ate concept4 ,j z a feti% is a mat]ial ?+1 & some?+ m1 s a magician is a man & some?+ m4 ,j z a god is an idol & some?+ m1 s a prophet or prie/ is a man & some?+ m4 ,! feti% is a mat]ial ?+ :i* manife/s a p[] t o!r ?+s d n exhibit2 & ! magician is a man possess+ a p[] :i* o!r m5 h n4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! magician & ! prophet or prie/ is ! same z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! feti% & ! god4 ,x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 t :i* subs]ves ! wi%es ( ! individual1 :i* may be1 & (t5 are1 anti-social1 & t :i* fur!rs ! int]e/s ( ! community4 ,( ?is diff]5ce ea* *ild :o is born into ! community le>ns f 8 eld]s3 x is "p ( ! common consci\sness ( ! community4 ,& x c\ld n become a fact ( ! common consci\sness until ! exi/5ce ( self became recognis$ 9 ?\ght & express$ 9 language4 ,) t recognition ( diff]5ce1 or possible diff]5ce1 betwe5 ! individual & ! community1 betwe5 ! desires ( ! "o & ! welf>e ( ! o!r1 came ! recognition ( a diff]5ce betwe5 feti% & god1 betwe5 magician & prie/4 ,! p[] ex]cis$ by ei!r 0 great] ?an t ( man2 b ! p[] manife/$ 9 ! "o 0 ex]cis$ ) a view to ! good ( ! community2 9 ! case ( ! o!r1 n4 ,?us1 f ! beg9n+1 gods 7 n m]ely be+s ex]cis+ p[] great] ?an t ( man1 b be+s ex]cis+ _! p[] = ! good ( man4 ,x is z su* t1 f ! beg9n+ to ! end1 !y h figur$ bo? 9 ! common consci\sness ( ! community1 & 9 ! consci\sness ( e memb] born into ! community4 ,!y h figur$ 9 bo?2 &1 because !y h figur$ bo? 9 ! individual consci\sness & ! common consci\sness1 !y h1 f ! beg9n+1 be5 some?+ pres5t to bo?1 some?+ at once )9 ! individual & )\t4 ,b z ! *ild recognises objects long be=e he becomes aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( himself1 s man1 9 8 infancy1 s\ght ?is p[] or be+ 9 ! ext]nal _w long be=e he look$ = x )9 himself4 ,x is because man look$ = ?is be+ or p[] 9 ! ext]nal _w t he f\nd1 or ?\ght he f\nd1 x !re4 ,he look$ = x & f\nd x1 9 ! same way z to ?is day ! ,african negro f9ds a feti%4 ,a negro f\nd a /one & took x = 8 feti%1 z ,pr(essor ,tylor relates1 z foll[s3--',he 0 once go+ out on important bus9ess1 b cross+ ! ?re%old he trod on ?is /one & hurt himself4 ,ha6 ha6 ?\ght he1 art ?\ !re8 ,s he took ! /one1 & x help$ him ?r\gh 8 und]tak+ = days4' ,s too :5 ! community's att5tion is arre/$ by some?+ 9 ! ext]nal _w1 "s natural ph5om5on :i* is m>vell\s 9 _! eyes1 _! attitude ( m9d1 ! attitude ( ! common consci\sness1 translat$ into words is3 ',ha6 ha6 art ?\ !re8' ,?is attitude ( m9d is "o ( expectancy3 man f9ds a be+1 possess$ ( great] p[] ?an man's1 because he is ready to f9d x & expect+ x4 ,s /rong is ?is expectancy1 s ready is man to f9d ?is be+1 sup]ior to man1 t he f9ds x :]ev] he goes1 :]ev] he looks4 ,!re is probably no natural ph5om5on :atev] t has n some:]e1 at "s "t1 provok$ ! "q or ! reflection ',art ?\ !re8' ,& x is because man has tak5 ^u himself to answ] ! "q1 & to say3 ',?\ art !re1 9 ! great & /rong w9d :i* r5ds ! m\nta9s2 or1 9 ! e>?quake2 or1 9 ! fire' t poly!ism has aris54 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 we %\ld r use ! ^w 'polydaemonism' ?an 'poly!ism4' ,by a god is usually meant a be+ :o has come to possess a prop] "n2 &1 probably1 a _s is wor%ipp$ = "s consid]able "t1 be=e ! appellative1 by :i* he is address$1 loses its orig9al mean+1 & comes to be ! prop] "n by :i* he1 & he alone1 is address$4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! /age 9 :i* spirits )\t prop] names are wor%ipp$ seems to be m primitive ?an t 9 :i* ! be+ wor%ipp$ is a god1 hav+ a prop] "n ( 8 own4 ,& ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two /ages ( polydaemonism & poly!ism is n m]ely limit$ to ! fact t ! be+s wor%ipp$ h prop] names 9 ! lat] /age1 & _h none 9 ! e>li]4 ,a developm5t or a diff]5ce 9 language implies a developm5t or diff]5ce 9 ?\ght4 ,if ! be+ or _s wor%ipp$ has come to be designat$ by a prop] "n1 he has lo/ mu* ( ! vagu5ess t *>act]ises a nameless _s1 & he has come to be mu* m def9ite & mu* m p]sonal4 ,inde$1 a *ange mu* m s9i/]1 f ! religi\s po9t ( view1 is wr\ght1 :5 ! transition f polydaemonism to poly!ism is accompli%$4 ,9 ! /age ( human evolution kn[n z animism1 ev]y?+ :i* acts--or is suppos$ to act--is suppos$ to be1 l man himself1 a p]son4 ,b ?\gh1 9 ! animi/ic /age1 all p[]s are conceiv$ by man z be+ p]sons1 !y are n all conceiv$ z hav+ human =m3 !y may be animals1 & h animal =ms2 or birds1 & h bird-=m2 !y may be trees1 cl\ds1 /reams1 ! w9d1 ! e>?quake or ! fire4 ,9 "s1 or r 9 all1 ( ^!1 man has at "s "t f\nd ! be+ or ! p[]1 great] ?an man1 ( :om he has at all times be5 9 que/1 ) ! enquiry1 address$ to ea* 9 turn1 ',art ?\ !re8' ,! =m ( ! "q1 ! use ( ! p]sonal pron\n1 %[s t he is seek+ = a p]son4 ,& /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( religion are g5]ally agre$ t man1 ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( religion1 has be5 seek+ = a p[] or be+ sup]ior to man & great] ?an he4 ,x is !re=e a p]sonal p[] & a p]sonal be+ t man has be5 9 se>* (1 ?r\gh\t 8 religi\s hi/ory4 ,he has pu%$ 8 se>* 9 _m directions--(t5 simultane\sly 9 diff]5t directions2 &1 he has ab&on$ "o l9e ( enquiry aft] ano!r1 because he has f\nd t x did n lead him :i!r he w\ld be4 ,?us1 z we h se51 he pu%$ =w>d1 at ! same "t1 9 ! direction ( feti%ism & ( poly!ism1 or r ( polydaemonism2 b feti%ism fail$ to br+ him satisfaction1 or r fail$ to satisfy ! common consci\sness1 ! consci\sness ( ! community1 because x prov$ on trial to subs]ve ! wi%es--! anti-social wi%es--( ! individual1 & n ! int]e/s ( ! community4 ,! be+s or p[]s t man look$ to f9d & :i* he suppos$ he f\nd1 :e!r z feti%es 9 ?is or t object1 or z daemons 9 ! sky1 ! fire or ! w9d1 9 bea/ or bird or tree1 7 tak5 to be p]sonal be+s & p]sonal p[]s1 be>+ ! same relation to t 9 :i*1 or ?r\gh :i*1 !y manife/$ !mselves1 z man be>s to 8 body4 ,!y d n seem to h be5 conceiv$ z be+ m51 or ! s\ls ( m5 :i* manife/$ !mselves 9 animals or trees4 ,at ! "t :5 polydaemonism has1 z yet1 n become poly!ism1 ! p]sonal be+s1 wor%ipp$ 9 ?is or t ext]nal =m1 h n z yet be5 an?ropomorphis$4 ,inde$1 ! process :i* con/itutes ! *ange f polydaemonism to poly!ism consi/s 9 ! process1 or r is ! process1 by :i* ! spirits1 ! p]sonal be+s1 wor%ipp$ 9 tree1 or sky1 or cl\d1 or w9d1 or fire came gradually to be an?ropomorphis$--to be inve/$ ) human p>ts & passions & to be address$ l human be+s ) prop] names4 ,b :5 an?ropomorphic poly!ism is ?us pu%$ to its extreme logical conclusions1 its t5d5cy is to collapse 9 ! same way1 & = ! same reasons1 z feti%ism1 be=e x1 _h collaps$4 ,:at man _h be5 9 se>* (1 f ! beg9n+1 & 0 /ill 9 se>* (1 0 "s p]sonal be+ or p[]1 high] ?an & sup]ior to man4 ,:at an?ropomorphic poly!ism pres5t$ him )1 9 ! up%ot1 0 ) be+s1 n sup]ior1 b1 9 "s or _m cases1 und5iably inf]ior to man4 ,z su* !y c\ld n !nce=? be wor%ipp$4 ,9 ,europe _! wor%ip 0 ov]?r[n by ,*ri/ianity4 ,b1 on reflection1 x seems cle> n only t1 z su*1 !y c\ld n !nce=? be wor%ipp$2 b t1 z su*1 !y nev] _h be5 wor%ipp$4 ,9 ! consci\sness ( ! community1 ! object ( wor%ip _h always be51 f ! beg9n+1 "s p]sonal be+ sup]ior to man4 ,! apo/le ( ,*ri/ianity might ju/ifiably speak to poly!i/s ( ! ,god ':om ye ignorantly wor%ip4' ,x is true1 & x is important to notice1 t ! sacrifices & ! rites & c]emonies1 :i* toge!r made up ! s]vice ( wor%ip1 _h be5 consci\sly & int5tionally r5d]$ to deities repres5t$ 9 human =m2 &1 9 ?is s5se1 an?ropomorphic deities _h be5 wor%ipp$4 ,b1 if wor%ip is some?+ o!r ?an sacrifice & rite & c]emony1 !n ! object ( wor%ip--! p]sonal be+1 great] ?an man--pres5t$ to ! common consci\sness1 is some?+ o!r ?an ! an?ropomorphic be+1 inf]ior 9 mu* to man1 ( :om poets speak 9 my?ology & :om arti/s repres5t 9 bodily %ape4 ,j z feti%ism develop$ & p]si/$1 because x did conta91 ?\gh x p]v]t$1 "o elem5t ( religi\s tru?--! accessibility ( ! p[] wor%ipp$ to ! wor%ipp]--s too an?ropomorphism1 not)/&+ ! consequ5ces to :i*1 9 my?ology1 x l$1 did conta91 or r1 0 bas$ on1 "o elem5t ( tru?1 viz4 t ! div9e is p]sonal1 z well z ! human4 ,its error 0 to set up1 z div9e p]sonalities1 a numb] ( reproductions or reflections ( human p]sonality4 ,x leads to ! conclusion1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 t ! div9e p]sonality is b a %ad[ ( ! human p]sonality1 enl>g$ & project$1 s to speak1 ^u ! cl\ds1 b always betray+1 9 "s way or o!r1 ! fact t x is b ! %ad[1 magnifi$ or di/ort$1 ( man4 ,x excludes ! possibility t ! div9e p]sonality1 pres5t to ! common consci\sness z ! object ( wor%ip1 may be no reproduction ( ! human p]sonality1 b a reality to :i* ! human p]sonality has ! p[] ( approximat+4 ,be ?is z x may1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 say+1 inde$ we are compell$ to recognise1 t 9 my?ology1 all ! _w ov]1 we see a process ( reflection at "w1 by :i* ! be+s1 orig9ally appreh5d$ z sup]ior to man1 come fir/ to be an?ropomorphis$1 t is to be appreh5d$ z hav+ ! p>ts & passions ( m51 & !n1 consequ5tly1 to be se5 to be no bett] ?an m54 ,?is discov]y x is :i* 9 ! long run proves fatal to an?ropomorphism4 ,we h se51 above1 ! reason :y feti%ism becomes ev5tually di/a/eful to ! common consci\sness3 ! be+s1 sup]ior to man1 :i* are wor%ipp$ by ! community1 are wor%ipp$ z hav+ ! int]e/s ( ! community 9 _! *>ge1 & z hav+ ! good ( ! community at he>t2 :]eas a feti% is s\ght & f\nd by ! individual1 to advance 8 private int]e/s1 ev5 to ! co/ & loss ( o!r individuals & ( ! community at l>ge4 ,?us1 f ! e>lie/ p]iod at :i* be+s1 sup]ior to man1 are diff]5tiat$ into gods & feti%es1 gods are accept$ by ! common consci\sness z be+s :o ma9ta9 ! good ( ! community & puni% ^? :o infr+e x2 :ile feti%es become be+s :o assi/ individual memb]s to infr+e ! cu/om>y morality ( ! tribe4 ,?us1 f ! fir/1 ! be+s1 ( :om ! community is consci\s z sup]ior to man1 are be+s1 hav+ 9 *>ge1 fir/1 ! cu/om>y morality ( ! tribe2 &1 aft]w>ds1 ! consci\s morality ( ! community4 ,?is conception1 x 01 ( ! gods1 z gu>dians ( morality & ( ! common good1 t condemn$ feti%ism2 & ?is conception x 01 :i* 0 to prove ev5tually ! condemnation ( poly!ism4 ,a multitude ( be+s--ev5 ?\gh !y be div9e be+s--means a multitude1 t is a div]sity1 ( ideas4 ,div]sity ( ideas1 diff]5ce ( op9ion1 is :at is impli$ by e my?ology :i* tells ( disputes & w>s betwe5 ! gods4 ,e god1 :o ?us disput$ & f\ght ) o!r gods1 mu/ h felt t he _h "r on 8 side1 or else h f\ght = ! sake ( fight+4 ,consequ5tly ! gods ( poly!ism are ei!r de/itute ( morality1 or divid$ 9 op9ion z to :at is "r4 ,9 nei!r case1 !re=e1 are ! gods1 ( :om my?ology tells1 ! be+s1 sup]ior to man1 :o1 f ! beg9n+1 7 pres5t 9 ! common consci\sness to be wor%ipp$4 ,f ! outset1 ! object ( ! community's wor%ip _h be5 conceiv$ z a moral p[]4 ,if1 !n1 ! _m gods ( poly!ism 7 ei!r de/itute or disreg>dful ( morality1 !y c\ld n be ! moral p[] ( :i* ! common consci\sness _h be5 dimly aw>e3 t moral p[]1 t moral p]sonality1 mu/ be o!r ?an !y4 ,z ! moral consci\sness ( ! community discrim9at$ feti%es f gods & t5d$ to rule out feti%es f ! sph]e ( religion2 s too1 ev5tually1 ! moral consci\sness ( ! community came to be (f5d$ by ! incompatibility betwe5 ! moral ideal & ! conception ( a multitude ( gods at v>iance ) ea* o!r4 ,if ! common consci\sness 0 sl[ 9 com+ to recognise ! unity ( ! ,godhead--& x 0 sl[] 9 "s p ?an 9 o!rs--! unity 0 logically impli$1 f ! beg9n+1 9 ! conception ( a p]sonal p[]1 great] & high] ?an man1 & hav+ ! good ( ! community at he>t4 ,! hi/ory ( religion is1 9 effect1 f "o po9t ( view1 ! /ory ( ! process by :i* ?is conception1 h[ev] dim1 blurr$ or vague1 at fir/1 t5ds to become cl>ifi$ & self-consi/5t4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n ! only po9t ( view f :i* ! hi/ory ( religion c1 or ought to be1 reg>d$4 ,s long z we look at x f t po9t ( view1 we %all be 9 dang] ( see+ no?+ 9 ! hi/ory ( religion b an intellectual process1 & no?+ 9 religion itself b a m5tal conception4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r elem5t 9 religion1 z is g5]ally recognis$2 & t an emotional elem5t1 z is usually admitt$4 ,:at h[ev] is ! nature ( t emotion1 is a "q on :i* !re has always be5 div]sity ( op9ion4 ,! be+s1 :o figur$ 9 ! common consci\sness z gods1 7 appreh5d$ by ! common consci\sness z p[]s sup]ior to man2 & c]ta9ly z p[]s capable ( inflict+ suff]+ on ! community4 ,z su*1 !n1 !y mu/ h be5 approa*$ ) an emotion ( ! nature ( rev]5ce1 awe or fe>4 ,! important1 ! det]m9+1 fact1 h[ev]1 is t !y 7 approa*$4 ,! emotion1 !re=e1 :i* prompt$ ! community to approa* !m1 is at any rate di/+ui%able f ! m]e fright :i* w\ld h kept ! community z f> away f ^! p[]s z possible4 ,! emotion :i* prompt$ approa* c\ld n h be5 fe>1 pure & simple4 ,x mu/ h be5 m 9 ! nature ( awe or rev]5ce2 bo? ( :i* feel+s are cle>ly di/+ui%able f fe>4 ,?us1 we may fe> disease or disgrace2 b ! fe> we feel c>ries ) x nei!r awe nor rev]5ce4 ,aga91 awe is an inhibitive feel+1 x is a feel+ :i*--z 9 ! case ( ! awe-/ruck p]son--r prev5ts ?an promotes action or movem5t4 ,& ! det]m9+ fact ab\t ! religi\s emotion is t x 0 ! emotion ) :i* ! community approa*$ its gods4 ,t emotion is n[1 & probably always 01 rev]5tial 9 "*4 ,! occasion1 on :i* a community approa*es its gods1 (t5 is1 & d\btless (t5 01 a "t :5 mis=tune _h befall5 ! community4 ,! mis=tune 0 view$ z a visitation ( ! god's wra? ^u 8 community2 & fe>--t 'fe> ( ! ,"l1 :i* is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom'--d\btless play$ a l>ge "p 9 ! complex emotion :i* /irr$ ! community1 n to run away b to approa* ! god = ! purpose ( appeas+ 8 wra?4 ,9 ! complexity ( an emotion :i* l$ to action ( ?is k9d1 we mu/ recognise n m]ely fe> b "s tru/ & confid5ce--s mu*1 at lea/1 z prev5t$ ! p]son :o exp]i5c$ x f runn+ away simply4 ,! emotion is n too complex = man1 9 h[ev] primitive a /age ( developm5t3 x is n m complex ?an t :i* br+s a dog to 8 ma/]1 ?\gh x kn[s x is go+ to be ?ra%$4 ,t "s tru/ & confid5ce is indisp5sable 9 ! complex feel+ ) :i* a community approa*es its gods1 = ! purpose ( appeas+ _! wra?--/ill m1 = besee*+ fav\rs f !m--seems indisputable4 ,b we mu/ n exagg]ate x4 ,:]ev] !re are gods at all1 !y are reg>d$ by ! community z be+s :o c be approa*$3 s mu* confid5ce1 at lea/1 is plac$ 9 !m by ! community t believes 9 !m4 ,ev5 if !y are (f5d$ & wra?ful1 ! community is confid5t t !y c be appeas$3 ! community places s mu* tru/ 9 !m4 ,inde$ its tru/ goes ev5 fur!r3 x is sure t !y d n take (f5ce )\t reasonable gr\nds4 ,if !y display wra? aga9/ ! community & s5d calamity ^u x1 x is1 & 9 ! op9ion ( ! community1 c only be1 because "s memb] ( ! community has done t :i* he %\ld n h done4 ,! gods may be1 on occasion1 wra?ful2 b !y are j4 ,!y are f ! beg9n+ moral be+s--accord+ to su* /&>d ( morality z ! community possesses--& x is brea*es ( ! tribe's cu/om>y morality t _! wra? is direct$ aga9/4 ,!y are1 f ! beg9n+1 & = long aft]w>ds 9 ! hi/ory ( religion1 /rict to m>k :at is amiss1 &1 9 t s5se1 !y are jeal\s gods4 ,& ?is aspect ( ! ,godhead x is :i* fills ! l>g] "p ( ! field ( religi\s consci\sness1 n only 9 ! case ( peoples :o h fail$ to recognise ! unity ( ! ,godhead1 b ev5 9 ! case ( a p l ! ,jews1 :o did recognise x4 ,! o!r aspect ( ! ,godhead1 z ! ,god1 n m]ely ( m]cy & =giv5ess1 b ( love1 0 an aspect fully reveal$ 9 ,*ri/ianity alone1 ( all ! religions 9 ! _w4 ,b ! love ,god displays to all 8 *ildr51 to ! prodigal son z well z to o!rs1 is n a m]e attribute assign$ to ,him4 ,x is n a m]e quality ) :i* "o religion may inve/ ,him1 & ( :i* ano!r religion1 ) equal "r1 may dive/ ,him4 ,! idea ( ,god does n consi/ m]ely ( attributes & qualities1 s t1 if y /rip (f all ! attributes & qualities1 no?+ is left1 & ! idea is %[n to be )\t cont5t1 mean+ or reality4 ,! ,godhead has be51 9 ! common consci\sness1 f ! beg9n+1 a be+1 a p]sonal be+1 great] ?an man2 & x is z su* t ,he has manife/$ ,himself 9 ! common consci\sness1 f ! beg9n+ until ! pres5t day4 ,to ?is p]sonality1 z to o!rs1 attributes & qualities may be falsely ascrib$1 :i* are inconsi/5t ) "o ano!r & are none ( ,84 ,"s ( ! attributes ?us falsely ascrib$ may be discov]$1 9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( religion1 to h be5 falsely ascrib$2 & !y w !n be set aside4 ,?us1 feti%ism ascrib$1 or s\ght to ascribe1 to ! ,godhead1 ! quality ( will+ness to promote ev5 ! anti-social desires ( ! own] ( ! feti%4 ,& feti%ism exfoliat$1 or peel$ (f f ! religi\s organism4 ,an?ropomorphism1 :i* ascrib$ to ! div9e p]sonality ! p>ts & passions ( man1 along ) a p[] great] ?an man's to violate morality1 is gradually dropp$1 z its inconsi/5cy ) ! idea ( ,god comes gradually to be recognis$ & loa!d4 ,s too ) poly!ism3 a pan!on :i* is divid$ aga9/ itself _c /&4 ,?us1 feti%ism1 an?ropomorphism & poly!ism ascribe qualities to ! ,godhead1 :i* are %[n to be attributes assign$ to ! ,godhead & impos$ ^u x f )\t1 = ev5tually !y are f\nd by exp]i5ce to be incompatible ) ! idea ( ,god z x is reveal$ 9 ! common consci\sness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! process ( ! hi/ory ( religion1 ! process ( ! manife/ation or revelation ( ! ,godhead1 does n proce$ solely by ?is negative me?od1 or me?od ( exclusion4 ,if an attribute1 su* z t ( human =m1 or ( complicity 9 anti-social purposes1 is ascrib$1 by an?ropomorphism or feti%ism1 to ! div9e p]sonality1 & is ev5tually felt by ! common consci\sness to be incompatible ) ! idea ( ,god1 ! result is n m]ely t ! attribute 9 "q drops (f1 & leaves ! idea ( ! div9e p]sonality exactly :]e x 01 & :at x 01 be=e ! attribute _h be5 foi/$ on x4 ,! incompatibility ( ! quality1 falsely ascrib$ or assign$1 becomes--if1 & :51 x does become--manife/ & intol]able1 j 9 proportion z ! idea ( ,god1 :i* has always be5 pres5t1 h[ev] vaguely & ill-def9$1 9 ! common consci\sness1 comes to manife/ itself m def9itely4 ,! attribution1 to ! div9e p]sonality1 ( qualities1 :i* are ev5tually f\nd incompatible ) x1 may prove ! occasion ( ! m precise & def9ite manife/ation2 we may say t action implies reaction1 & s false ideas provoke true ones1 b ! false ideas d n create ! new ones4 ,! false ideas may /imulate clos] att5tion to ! actual facts ( ! common consci\sness & ?us may /imulate ! =mation ( tru] ideas ab\t !m1 by lead+ to a conc5tration ( att5tion ^u ! actual facts4 ,b x is f ?is clos] att5tion1 ?is conc5tration ( att5tion1 t ! new] & tru] k comes1 & n f ! false ideas4 ,:at we speak (1 f "o po9t ( view1 z clos] att5tion to ! facts ( ! common consci\sness1 may1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 be spok5 ( z an increas+ manife/ation1 or a cle>] revelation1 ( ! div9e p]sonality1 reveal$ or manife/$ to ! common consci\sness4 ,^? are two views1 or two po9ts ( view1 ( "o & ! same process4 ,b :i*ev] view we take ( x1 ! process does n proce$ solely by ! negative me?od ( exclusion3 x is a process :i* results 9 ! unfold+ & disclosure1 n m]ely ( :at is 9 ! common consci\sness1 at any giv5 mom5t1 b ( :at is impli$ 9 ! div9e p]sonality reveal$ to ! common consci\sness4 ,if we *oose to speak ( ?is unfold+ or disclosure z evolution1 ! process1 :i* ! hi/ory ( religion und]takes to set =?1 w be ! evolution ( ! idea ( ,god4 ,b1 9 t case1 ! process :i* we designate by ! "n ( evolution1 w be a process ( disclosure & revelation4 ,disclosure implies t !re is some?+ to disclose2 revelation1 t !re is some?+ to be reveal$ to ! common consci\sness--! pres5ce ( ! ,godhead1 ( div9e p]sonality4 ,,ii ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,god ,,9 ,,my?ology ,! idea ( ,god is to be f\nd1 x w be g5]ally admitt$1 n only 9 mono!i/ic religions1 b 9 poly!i/ic religions also2 &1 z poly!isms h develop$ out ( polydaemonism1 t is to say1 z ! p]sonal be+s or p[]s ( polydaemonism h1 9 c\rse ( "t1 come to possess prop] names & a p]sonal hi/ory1 "s idea ( div9e p]sonality mu/ be admitt$ to be pres5t 9 polydaemonism z well z 9 poly!ism2 &1 9 ! same way1 "s idea ( a p]sonality great] ?an human may be tak5 to lie at ! back ( bo? polydaemonism & feti%ism4 ,if we wi% to und]/& :at ideas are 9 a man's m9d1 we may inf] !m f ! words t he speaks & f ! way 9 :i* he acts4 ,! mo/ natural & ! mo/ obvi\s c\rse is to />t f :at he says4 ,& t is ! c\rse :i* 0 foll[$ by /ud5ts ( ! hi/ory ( religion1 :5 !y desir$ to asc]ta9 :at idea exactly man has _h ( 8 gods4 ,!y _h rec\rse1 = ! in=mation !y want$1 to my?ology4 ,lat] on1 inde$1 !y proce$$ to enquire into :at man did1 into ! ritual :i* he obs]v$ 9 approa*+ 8 gods2 &1 9 ! next *apt]1 we w foll[ !m 9 t enquiry4 ,b 9 ?is *apt] we h to ask :at light my?ology ?r[s ^u ! idea man has _h ( 8 gods4 ,be=e do+ s1 h[ev]1 we _c b notice t my?ology & poly!ism g toge!r4 ,feti%ism does n produce any my?ology4 ,d\btless1 ! own] ( a feti% :i* acts kn[s & c tell ( ! wond]ful ?+s x has done4 ,b ^? anecdotes d n get tak5 up into ! common /ock ( k2 nor are !y h&$ d[n by ! common consci\sness to all succe$+ g5]ations ( ! community4 ,my?ology1 l language1 is ! "w1 & is a possession1 ( ! common consci\sness4 ,polydaemonism1 l feti%ism1 does n produce my?ology2 b1 = a diff]5t reason4 ,! be+s wor%ipp$ 9 ! p]iod ( polydaemonism are be+s :o h n yet come to possess p]sonal names1 & consequ5tly _c well h a p]sonal hi/ory atta*$ to !m4 ,! difficulty is n inde$ an absolute impossibility4 ,tales c be told1 & at a c]ta9 /age 9 ! hi/ory ( fiction1 especially 9 ! pre-hi/oric /age1 tales are told1 9 :i* ! h]o has no prop] "n3 ! p]iod is 'once ^u a "t1' & ! h]o is 'a man' simplicit]4 ,b my?s are n told ab\t 'a god' simplicit]4 ,9 my?ology ! h]o ( ! my? is n 'a god1' 9 ! s5se ( any god y l1 b ?is p>ticul>1 specifi$ god4 ,& ! reason is cle>4 ,9 fiction ! arti/ creates ! h]o z well z ! tale2 & ! primitive tell] ( tales did n f9d x always necess>y to inv5t a "n = ! h]o he creat$4 ,! h]o c\ld1 & did1 get along = "s "t )\t any prop] "n4 ,b ) my?ology ! case is diff]5t4 ,! p]sonal be+1 sup]ior to man1 ( :om ! my? is told1 is n ! creation ( ! tell] ( ! tale3 he is a be+ kn[n by ! community to exi/4 ,he _c !re=e1 :5 he is ! h]o ( a my?1 be describ$ z 'a god--any god y l4' ,nor is ! my? a tale :i* c\ld be told ( any god :atev]3 if a my? is a tale1 at any rate x is a tale :i* c be told ( none o!r god b ?is4 ,inde$1 a my? is n a tale3 x is an incid5t--or /r+ ( incid5ts--9 ! p]sonal hi/ory ( a p>ticul> p]son1 or be+1 sup]ior to man4 ,x is !n z polydaemonism passes into poly!ism1 z ! be+s ( ! "o come to acquire p]sonal names & p]sonal hi/ory1 & s to become ! gods ( ! o!r1 t my?ology arises4 ,x is "u poly!ism t my?ology rea*es its mo/ luxuriant gr[?2 & :5 poly!ism disappe>s1 my?ology t5ds to disappe> ) x4 ,?us1 ! light :i* my?ology may be expect$ to ?r[ on ! idea ( ,god is "o1 :i*1 h[ev] x may illum9e ! poly!i/ic idea ( ,god1 w n be f\nd to %9e f> beyond ! area ( poly!ism4 ,my?s !n are n>ratives1 9 :i* ! do+s ( "s god or gods are relat$4 ,& ^? gods exi/$ 9 ! belief ( ! community1 be=e tales 7 told1 or c\ld be told1 ab\t !m4 ,my?s !re=e are ! outcome ( reflection--( reflection ab\t ! gods & _! relations to "o ano!r1 or to m51 or to ! _w4 ,my?ology is n ! s\rce ( man's belief ( ! gods4 ,man did n beg9 by tell+ tales ab\t be+s :om he knew to be ! creations ( 8 own imag9ation1 & !n gradually fall into ! error ( suppos+ !m to be1 aft] all1 n creatures ( 8 own imag9ation b real be+s4 ,my?ology is n ev5 ! s\rce ( man's belief 9 a plurality ( gods3 man f\nd gods ev]y:]e1 9 e ext]nal object or ph5om5on1 because he 0 look+ = ,god ev]y:]e1 & to e object1 9 turn1 he address$ ! "q1 ',art ?\ !re8' ,my?ology 0 n ! s\rce ( poly!ism4 ,poly!ism 0 ! s\rce ( my?ology4 ,my?s pres]ve to u ! reflections :i* m5 h made ab\t _! gods2 & reflection1 on any subject1 _c take place until ! ?+ is !re to be reflect$ ^u4 ,! result ( prolong$ reflection may be1 inde$ mu/ be1 to modify ! ideas f :i* we />t$1 = ! bett]--or1 x may be1 = ! worse4 ,b1 ev5 s1 ! result ( reflection is n to create ! ideas f :i* x />t$4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 x becomes impossible to accept ! !ory1 put =w>d by ,max ,muell]1 t my?ology is due to 'disease ( language4' ,accord+ to 8 !ory1 simple /atem5ts 7 made ( su* ord9>y1 natural processes z ^? ( ! ris+1 or ! sett+1 ( ! sun4 ,!n1 by disease ( language1 ! mean+ ( ! words or epi!ts1 by :i* ! sun or ! dawn 71 at ! beg9n+1 designat$ or describ$1 pass$ out ( m9d4 ,! epi!ts !n came to be reg>d$ z prop] names2 & s ! p1 among/ :i* ^! simple /atem5ts 7 orig9ally made1 f\nd itself ev5tually 9 possession ( a numb] ( tales told ( p]sons possess+ prop] names & do+ m>vell\s ?+s4 ,?us1 ,max ,muell]'s !ory n only acc\nt$ = ! orig9 ( tales told ab\t ! gods3 x also expla9$ ! orig9 ( ! gods1 ab\t :om ! tales 7 told4 ,x is a !ory ( ! orig91 n m]ely ( my?ology1 b also ( poly!ism4 ,?us1 ev5 on ,max ,muell]'s !ory1 my?ology is ! outcome ( reflection--( reflection ^u ! do+s & behavi\r ( ! sun1 ! cl\ds1 w9d1 fire etc4 ,b1 on 8 !ory1 ! sun1 moon etc41 7 n1 at fir/1 reg>d$ z p]sons1 at all3 x 0 m]ely ow+ to 'disease ( language' t !y came to be s reg>d$4 ,only if we make ?is orig9al assumption1 c we accept ! conclusions d$uc$ f x2 & no /ud5t n[ accepts ! assumption3 x is "o :i* is =bidd5 by ! well-e/abli%$ facts ( animism4 ,sun1 moon1 w9d & fire1 ev]y?+ t acts1 or is suppos$ to act1 is reg>d$ by e>ly man z animat$ by p]sonal p[]4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ext]nal objects1 to :i* man turn$ ) 8 "q1 ',art ?\ !re8' 7 reg>d$ by him1 f ! beg9n+1 z animat$ by p]sonal p[]1 ! !ory t !y 7 n s reg>d$ falls to ! gr\nd2 &1 consequ5tly1 we _c accept x z acc\nt+ = ! orig9 ( poly!ism4 ,d\btless1 dur+ ! "t ( its vogue1 ,max ,muell]'s !ory 0 accept$ precisely because x did pr(ess to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( poly!ism1 & because x d5i$ poly!ism any religi\s value or mean+ :atev]4 ,on ! !ory1 poly!ism did n orig9ate f any religi\s s5tim5t :atev]1 b f a disease ( language4 ,& ?is 0 a view :i* naturally comm5d$ itself to ^? :o 7 ready to say & believe t poly!ism is n religion at all4 ,b ! consequ5ces ( say+ ?is are su* z to make any sci5ce ( religion1 or inde$ any hi/ory ( religion1 impossible4 ,:]e ! idea ( ,god is to be f\nd1 !re "s religion exi/s2 & to say t1 9 poly!ism1 no idea ( ,god c be f\nd1 is out ( ! "q4 ,if !n poly!ism is a /age 9 ! hi/ory ( religi\s belief1 we h to consid] x 9 relation to ! o!r /ages ( religi\s belief1 :i* prec$$ or foll[$ x4 ,we h to relate ! idea ( ,god1 z x appe>$ 9 poly!ism1 ) ! idea z x appe>$ 9 o!r /ages ( belief4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 we mu/ fir/ discov] :at ! poly!i/ic idea ( ,god is2 & = t purpose we mu/ turn1 at any rate at fir/1 to ! my?s :i* embody ! reflections ( poly!i/s ^u ! attributes & actions ( ! ,godhead1 or ( ^? be+s1 sup]ior to man1 ^: exi/5ce 0 accept$ by ! common consci\sness4 ,x may be t ! reflections ^u ! idea ( ,god1 :i* are embodi$ 9 my?ology1 h s t5d$ to degrade ! idea ( ,god1 t religi\s advance ^u ! l9es ( poly!ism became impossible1 j z ! conception ( ,god z a be+ :o w\ld promote ! anti-social wi%es ( an individual1 r5d]$ religi\s advance ^u ! l9es ( feti%ism impossible4 ,9 t case1 religion w\ld =sake ! l9e ( poly!ism1 z x _h previ\sly ab&on$ t ( feti%ism4 ,a c]ta9 presumption t my?s t5d to ! degradation ( religion is creat$ by ! m]e use ( ! t]m 'my?ology4' ,x has come to be a dyslogi/ic t]m1 p>tly because all my?s are lies1 b /ill m because "s ( !m are ignoble lies4 ,x becomes necess>y1 !re=e1 to rem9d ourselves t1 ?\gh we see !m to be untrue1 !y 7 n reg>d$ z untrue by ^? :o believ$ 9 !m2 & t _m ( !m 7 n ignoble4 ,aes*ylus & ,sophocles are witnesses1 n to be disbeliev$1 on ^! po9ts4 ,9 _! writ+s we h ! reflections ( poly!i/s ^u ! actions & attributes ( ! gods4 ,b ! reflections made by ,aes*ylus & ,sophocles1 & _! treatm5t ( ! my?s1 mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! my?s1 :i* !y f\nd to h&1 j z ! v diff]5t treatm5t & reflection1 :i* ! my?s receiv$ f ,euripides1 mu/ be di/+ui%$ f !m4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! treatm5t1 :i* ! my?s met ) f ! trag$ians1 is to be di/+ui%$ f ! my?s1 z !y 7 curr5t among ! community be=e & aft] ! plays 7 p]=m$4 ,! writ+s ( ! trag$ians %[ :at might be made ( ! my?s by great poets4 ,!y d n %[ :at ! my?s 7 9 ! common consci\sness t made !m4 ,& ! hi/ory ( my?ology aft] ! "t ( ! ?ree great trag$ians makes x cle> en\gh t ev5 s noble a writ] z ,aes*ylus c\ld n imp>t to my?ology any direction o!r ?an t det]m9$ = x by ! conditions "u :i* x orig9at$1 develop$ & ran its c\rse4 ,my?ology is ! "w & ! product ( ! common consci\sness4 ,! g5]ation exi/+ at any "t receives x f prec$+ g5]ations2 civilis$ g5]ations f b>b>\s1 & b>b>\s g5]ations f _! savage pr$ecessors4 ,if x gr[s 9 ! process ( transmission1 & s reflects to "s ext5t ! *anges :i* take place 9 ! common consci\sness1 x *anges b little 9 "*4 ,! common consci\sness itself *anges ) exce$+ sl[ness2 x reta9s :at x has receiv$ ) a cons]vatism l t ( *ildr5's m9ds2 &1 :at x adds mu/1 f ! nature ( ! case1 be modell$ on t :i* x has receiv$1 & be ( a piece ) x4 ,b1 ?\gh ! common consci\sness *anges b sl[ly1 x does *ange3 ) ! *ange f savag]y to civilisation !re goes moral developm5t4 ,"s ( ! my?s1 :i* are re-told f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 may be capable ( becom+ civilis$ & moralis$ 9 proportion z d ^? :o tell !m2 b "s are n4 ,^! latt] are incid5ts 9 ! p]sonal hi/ory ( ! gods1 :i*1 if told at all1 c only be told1 z !y _h be5 told f ! beg9n+1 9 all _! repulsiv5ess4 ,!y survive1 9 virtue ( ! t5acity & cons]vatism ( ! common consci\sness2 &1 z survivals1 !y te/ify to ! moral developm5t :i* has tak5 place 9 ! v community :i* cons]ves !m4 ,by !m ! eye ( mod]n sci5ce measures ! developm5t & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! /age ( society :i* orig9ally produc$ !m & ! /age :i* beg9s to be tr\bl$ by !m4 ,!y are valuable = ! purposes ( mod]n sci5ce because !y are evid5ce ( ! cont9uity ) :i* ! lat] /ages h develop$ f ! e>li]2 &1 also1 because !y are ! fir/ outw>d indications ( ! discov]y :i* 0 ev5tually to be made1 ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 my?ology & religion--a diff]5ce :i* exi/$ f ! beg9n+ ( my?ology1 & all ?r\gh its gr[?1 ?\gh x exi/$ 9 ! sph]e ( feel+ long be=e x f\nd expression = itself 9 words4 ,! c\rse ( hi/ory has %[n1 z a matt] ( fact1 t ^! repulsive & disgu/+ my?s c\ld n be root$ out )\t uproot+ ! :ole sy/em ( my?ology4 ,b ! c\rse ( hi/ory has also %[n t religion c\ld cont9ue to exi/ aft] ! de/ruction ( my?ology1 z x _h done be=e its bir?4 ,b1 ( ?is ! g5]ations to :om my?s _h be5 transmitt$ & = :om my?ology 0 ! accept$ belief1 c\ld n be aw>e4 ,9 _! eyes ! attempt to discr$it "s my?s appe>$ to involve--z x did really involve--! ov]?r[ ( ! :ole sy/em ( my?ology4 ,if !y ?\ght--z !y und\bt$ly did ?9k--t ! de/ruction ( my?ology 0 ! same ?+ z ! de/ruction ( religion1 _! error 0 "o ( a class ( errors into :i* ! human m9d is at no "t exempt f fall+4 ,& !y _h ?is fur!r excuse1 t ! de/ruction ( my?ology did logically & necess>ily imply ! de/ruction ( poly!ism4 ,poly!ism & my?ology 7 complem5t>y p>ts ( _! idea ( ! ,godhead4 ,demon/rations !re=e ( ! inconsi/5cy & immorality involv$ 9 _! idea 7 purely negative & de/ructive2 & !y 71 accord+ly1 unavail+ until a high] idea ( ! unity ( ! ,godhead 0 =?com+4 ,until t "t1 poly!ism & my?ology /ruggl$ on4 ,!y 7 burd5$1 &1 z "t w5t on1 !y 7 ov]burd5$1 ) ! weight ( ! repulsive my?s :i* c\ld n be d5i$ & dis[n$1 b c\ld only be ?ru/ out ( sight z f>1 & z long1 z possible4 ,^! my?s1 h[ev] (f5sive !y became 9 ! long run to ! consci5ce ( ! community1 71 9 _! orig91 n>ratives :i* 7 n (f5sive to ! common consci\sness1 = ! simple reason t !y 7 ! "w ( ! common consci\sness1 approv$ by x & transmitt$ = ages "u ! seal ( its approval4 ,if !y 7 n (f5sive to ! common consci\sness at ! "t :5 !y orig9at$1 & only became s lat]1 ! reason is t ! morality ( ! community 0 less develop$ at ! "t ( _! orig9 ?an x came to be subsequ5tly4 ,if !y became (f5sive1 x 0 because ! morality ( ! community t5d$ to advance1 :ile !y rema9$ :at !y _h always be54 ,x may1 p]haps1 be ask$1 :y ! morality ( ! community %\ld t5d to *ange1 & ! my?s ( ! community %\ld n8 ,! reason seems to be t my?s are le>n$ by ! *ild 9 ! nurs]y1 & morality is le>n$ by ! man 9 ! _w4 ,! family is a small] community ?an ! village community1 ! city1 or ! /ate2 & ! small] ! community1 ! m t5aci\s x is ( its cu/oms & traditions4 ,! toys ( ,a!nian *ildr51 :i* h be5 discov]$1 are1 all1 ! toys :i* *ildr5 cont9ue to use to ?is day4 ,9 ! ,iliad *ildr5 built s&-ca/les on ! sea-%ore z !y d n[2 & ! little *ild tugg$ at its "m's dress !n z n[4 ,*ildr5 !n z n[ w\ld insi/ t ! tales told to !m %\ld always be told exactly z !y 7 fir/ told4 ,( ! discrepancy betwe5 ! morality exhibit$ by ! h]oes ( nurs]y-tales & t practis$ by ! gr[n-up _w ! *ild has no k1 = ! suffici5t reason t he is n z yet "o ( ! gr[n-up _w4 ,:5 he ent]s ! gr[n-up _w1 he may le>n ! diff]5ce2 b he c only ent] ! gr[n-up _w1 if !re is "o = him to ent]2 &1 9 ! *ildhood ( man1 !re is none :i* he c ent]1 = ! adults !mselves1 ?\gh ( l>g] gr[?1 are *ildr5 /ill 9 m9d4 ,cu/om & tradition rule ! adult community !n z absolutely z !y rule ! *ild community4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 ! adult community may break ! bonds ( cu/om & tradition2 b ! community :i* consi/s ( *ildr5 treasures !m & h&s !m on4 ,)9 ! tribe1 !nce=?1 !re are two communities1 t ( ! adults & t ( ! *ildr54 ,! "o community is z cont9u\s ) itself z ! o!r2 b ! *ildr5's community is highly cons]vative ( :at x has receiv$ & ( :at x h&s on--& t = ! simple reason t *ildr5 w be *ildr5 /ill4 ,x is ?is homog5eity ( ! *ildr5's community :i* enables x to pres]ve its cu/oms1 traditions & beliefs4 ,& z long z ! community ( adults is homog5e\s1 x also dep>ts b little f ! cu/oms1 traditions & beliefs1 :i* x has inh]it$ f ! same s\rce z ! *ildr5's community has inh]it$ !m4 ,! two communities1 ! *ildr5's & ! adults'1 orig9ate & develop )9 ! l>g] community ( ! tribe4 ,!y diff]5tiate1 at fir/1 ) exce$+ sl[ness2 ! *ildr5's community *anges m sl[ly ev5 ?an ! adults'--its weapons cont9ue to be ! b[ & arr[1 long aft] adults h disc>d$ !m2 & ! bull-ro>] cont9ues sacr$ 9 its eyes to a p]iod :5 ! adult community has n only disc>d$ its use b =gott5 its mean+4 ,9 its tales & my?s x may pres]ve ! memory ( a /age ( morality :i* ! adult community has outgr[n1 & has left beh9d z f> x has left beh9d ! bull-ro>] or ! b[ & arr[4 ,& ! /age ( morality1 ( :i* x pres]ves ! memory1 is "o f :i* ! adult community 9 pa/ "t em]g$4 ,hav+ em]g$1 inde$1 x f\nd itself1 ev5tually1 :5 made to look back1 compell$ to condemn t :i* x look$ back ^u4 ,:at1 !n1 7 ^! my?s1 ) :i* ! moralis$ community might f9d itself confront$8 ,!y 7 tales :i* orig9at$ 9 ! m9d ( ! community :5 x 0 yet immature4 ,!y pres]ve to u ! reflections ( ! immature m9d ab\t ! gods & :at !y did4 ,& x is because ! m9ds1 :i* made ^! reflections1 7 immature1 t ! my?s :i* embodi$ or express$ ^! reflections1 7 su* z might be accept$ by immature m9ds1 b 7 ev5tually f\nd intol]able by m mature m9ds4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be said--& x may be said ) ju/ice--t ! reflections ev5 ( ! immature m9d are n all1 ( necessity1 errone\s1 = x is f !m t ! :ole ( mod]n k has be5 evolv$ or develop$1 j z ! /eam-pl\gh may be trac$ back to ! primitive digg+-/ick3 reflection ^u any?+ may lead to bett] k ( ! ?+1 z well z to false notions ab\t x4 ,b ! nations1 :i* h outgr[n my?ology1 h ca/ x aside because 9 ! long run !y became conv9c$ t ! notions x embodi$ 7 false notions4 ,& !y rea*$ t conclusion on ?is po9t 9 ! same way & = ! same reason z !y rea*$ ! same conclusion 9 o!r matt]s2 = !re is only "o way4 ,!re is only "o way & "o te/ by :i* x is possible to det]m9e :e!r ! inf]5ces we h drawn ab\t a ?+ are true or false1 & t is ! te/ ( exp]i5ce4 ,t alone c settle ! "q :e!r ! ?+ actually does or does n act 9 ! way1 or display ! qualities alleg$4 ,if x proves 9 our exp]i5ce to act 9 ! way1 or to display ! qualities1 :i* our reflection l$ u to surmise1 !n our conception ( ! ?+ is bo? correct$ & enl>g$1 t is to say1 ! ?+ proves to be bo? m & o!r ?an x 0 at fir/ suppos$ to be4 ,if exp]i5ce %[s t x is n :at we surmis$1 does n act 9 ! way or display ! qualities our reflection l$ u to expect1 !n1 z ! conclusions we rea*$ are wrong1 our reflections 7 on a wrong l9e1 & mu/ h />t$ f a false conception or an imp]fect idea ( ! ?+4 ,x is collision ( ?is k9d betwe5 ! conclusions ( my?ology & ! idea ( ! gods1 z ! gu>dians ( morality1 t r\ses suspicion 9 a community1 /ill poly!i/ic1 fir/ t ! conclusions embodi$ 9 my?ology are on a wrong l9e1 & next t !y mu/ h />t$ f a false conception or imp]fect idea ( ! ,godhead4 ,by its fruits is ! error f\nd to be error--by ! immorality :i* x ascribes to ! v gods ^: function x is to gu>d morality4 ,my?ology is ! process ( reflection :i* leads to conclusions ev5tually disc>d$ z false1 demon/rably false to anyone :o comp>$ !m ) ! idea ( ! ,godhead :i* he _h 9 8 own s\l4 ,my?ology work$ out ! consequ5ces ( ! assumption t x is to ! ext]nal _w we mu/ look = ! div9e p]sonality ( ^: pres5ce 9 ! common consci\sness1 ! community has at all times1 be51 ev5 ?\gh dimly1 aw>e4 ,d\bts z to ! tru? ( my?s 7 fir/ ar\s$ by ! inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! my?s told & ! ju/ice & morality :i* _h be5 f ! beg9n+ ! v ess5ce ( div9e p]sonality4 ,! d\bts arose 9 ! m9ds & he>ts ( individual ?9k]s2 &1 if ^? individuals _h be5 ! only memb]s ( ! community :o conceiv$ ju/ice & morality to be ess5tial qualities ( ! div9e p]sonality1 !n x w\ld h be5 necess>y = su* ?9k]s fir/ to conv]t ! community to t view4 ,n[1 "o ( ! consequ5ces ( ! preval5ce ( my?ology is t ! community1 among/ :om x fl\ri%es1 comes to be1 if n d\btful1 !n at times =getful1 ( ! fact t ! gods ( ! community are moral be+s & ! gu>dians ( morality4 ,t fact _h to be dismiss$ f att5tion1 = ! "t be+1 :5ev] c]ta9 my?s 7 relat$4 ,&1 ! m frequ5tly a fact is dismiss$ f att5tion1 ! less likely x is to reappe> on ! surface ( consci\sness4 ,?us1 ! l>g] ! "p play$ by my?ology 9 ! field ( ! common consci\sness1 ! great] its t5d5cy to drive out f att5tion ^? moral qualities :i* 7 ( ! ess5ce ( div9e p]sonality4 ,b1 h[ev] l>ge ! "p play$ by my?ology1 & h[ev] great its t5d5cy to oblit]ate ! moral qualities ( ! gods1 x r>ely1 if inde$ ev]1 entirely oblit]ates !m f ! field ( ! common consci\sness4 ,consequ5tly1 ! individual ?9k]s1 :o become pa9fully aw>e ( ! contra/ & opposition betwe5 ! morality1 :i* is ess5tial to a div9e p]sonality1 & ! immorality ascrib$ to ! gods 9 "s my?s1 h n to deal ) a community :i* d5ies t ! gods h any morality :atev]1 b ) a community :i* is ready to admit ! morality ( ! gods1 :5ev] its att5tion is call$ !reto4 ,?us1 ?\gh x may be t x is 9 ?is or t individual t ! inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! moral qualities1 :i* belong to ! gods1 & ! immoral actions :i* my?ology ascribes to ! gods1 fir/ manife/s itself1 to 8 di/ress & di/urbance1 /ill :at has happ5$ 9 8 case happ5s 9 ! case ( "s1 & may happ5 9 ! case ( all1 o!r memb]s ( ! community4 ,! inconsi/5cy !n comes to exi/ n m]ely = ! individual b = ! common consci\sness4 ,x 0 ! immorality ( my?ology :i* fir/ drew ! att5tion ( believ]s 9 poly!ism to ! inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! goodness1 :i* 0 felt to be ( ! ess5ce ( ! div9e nature1 & ! vil5ess1 :i* 0 imput$ to !m 9 "s my?s2 b x is ! irrationality & absurdity ( my?ology t seems1 to ! mod]n m9d1 to be its mo/ uni=m *>act]i/ic4 ,s long z ! only my?ology t 0 /udi$ 0 ! my?ology ( ,indo-,european peoples1 x 0 assum$1 )\t "q1 t ! my?s c\ld n really be1 or orig9ally h be51 irrational & absurd3 !y mu/ conceal1 "u _! seem+ absurdity & outw>dly irrational appe>ance1 "s tru?4 ,!y mu/ h _h1 orig9ally1 "s esot]ic mean+4 ,!y mu/ h convey$--allegorically1 inde$--"s pr(\nd tru?s1 kn[n or reveal$ to sages ( old1 :i* x 0 ! bus9ess ( mod]n /ud5ts to re-discov] 9 my?ology4 ,& accord+ly pr(\nd tru?s--sci5tific1 cosmographic1 a/ronomical1 geographical1 philosophic or religi\s--7 discov]$4 ,!re 0 no k :i* ! e>ly ance/ors ( ! human race 7 n suppos$ to h possess$1 & _! desc5dants to h =gott54 ,b1 :5 x came to be discov]$1 & accept$1 t ! ance/ors ( ! ,indo-,european peoples _h once be5 savages1 & t savages1 all ! _w ov]1 possess$ my?s1 x became impossible to ma9ta9 t su* savages possess$ 9 _! my?ologies treasures ( tru? ei!r sci5tific or religi\s4 ,my?s h no esot]ic mean+4 ,obvi\sly we mu/ take !m to be :at we f9d !m to be among/ pres5t-day savages1 t is1 absurd & irrational /ories1 ) no secret mean+ beh9d !m4 ,yet x is difficult1 inde$ impossible1 to accept ?is z ! la/ ^w on ! subject4 ,! /ories are reject$ by u1 because !y are pat5tly absurd & irrational4 ,b ! savage does n reject !m3 he accepts !m4 ,& he c\ld n accept & believe !m1 if he1 z well z we1 f\nd !m irrational & absurd4 ,9 a ^w1 x is ! same ) ! irrationality z x is ) ! immorality ( my?ology3 my?s are ! "w & ! product ( ! common consci\sness4 ,z su*1 my?s _c be view$ z irrational by ! common consci\sness 9 :i* !y orig9at$1 & by :i* !y 7 accept$ & transmitt$1 any m ?an !y 7 reg>d$ z immoral4 ,obvi\sly1 ! common consci\sness :i* produces my?ology _c pron\nce ! my?s1 :5 x produces !m1 & accepts !m1 absurd4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are rational1 9 its eyes1 & accord+ to its level ( und]/&+1 h[ev] absurd ! gr[? ( k may ev5tually %[ !m to be4 ,my?s1 !n1 9 _! orig91 are told & he>d1 n>rat$ & accept$1 z rational & intelligible4 ,z n>rat$1 !y are n>ratives3 c we say t !y are any?+ m8 or are !y tales told simply = ! pleasure ( tell+8 ,tales ( ?is latt] k9d1 pure fiction1 are to be f\nd :]ev] man is4 ,b1 we h already se5 "s po9ts 9 :i* my?s diff] f tales ( ?is k9d3 9 fiction ! arti/ creates 8 h]o1 b 9 my?s ! be+ sup]ior to man1 ( :om ! /ory is told is n ! creation ( ! tell] ( ! tale2 he is a be+ kn[n to ! community to exi/4 ,ano!r po9t ( diff]5ce is t a my? belongs to ! god ( :om x is told & _c prop]ly be told ( any o!r god4 ,^! are two respects 9 :i* ! imag9ation is limit$1 two po9ts on :i*1 9 ! case ( my?s1 ! creative imag9ation is1 s to speak1 nail$ d[n4 ,is x subject to any fur!r re/riction 9 ! case ( my?s8 ,grant$ t an adv5ture1 :5 once x has be5 set d[n to "o god1 may n be set d[n to ano!r1 is ! creative imag9ation free1 9 ! case ( my?ology1 z x is 9 ! case ( pure fiction1 to inv5t ! incid5ts & adv5tures1 :i* ev5tually--9 a lexicon ( my?ology--g to make up ! biography ( ! god8 ,! fre$om1 x appe>s1 is ( a /rictly limit$ "*4 ,x is an induction1 z wide z ! _w--be+ bas$ on my?ologies f all p>ts ( ! _w--t my?s are aetiological1 t _! purpose is to give ! reason ( ?+s1 to expla9 ! orig9 ( fire1 agriculture1 civilisation1 ! _w--( any?+1 9 fact1 t to ! savage seems to require explanation4 ,9 ! animi/ic p]iod1 man f\nd gods ev]y:]e because ev]y:]e he 0 look+ = gods4 ,to e object t arre/$ 8 att5tion1 9 ! ext]nal _w1 he put1 or might put1 ! "q1 ',art ?\ !re8' ,e happ5+ t arre/$ ! att5tion ( a :ole community1 & provok$ f ! common consci\sness ! affirmation1 ',?\ art !re1' 01 by t affirmation1 accept$ z ! do+ ( a god4 ,b nei!r at ?is /age1 nor = long aft]1 is !re any my?4 ,! be+1 ^: pres5ce is ?us affirm$1 has at fir/ no "n3 8 p]sonality is ( ! fa9te/1 8 individuality1 ! vague/4 ,my?ology does n beg9 until ! "q is put1 ',:y has ! god done ?is ?+8' ,a my? consi/s1 or orig9ally consi/$1 ( ! reason :i* 0 f\nd & adopt$ by ! common consci\sness z ! reason :y ! god did :at he did d4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t my?s are aetiological4 ,! imag9ation :i* produces !m is1 9 a s5se1 a 'sci5tific imag9ation4' ,x works )9 limits4 ,! data on :i* x works are t ?is ?+ 0 done1 or is done1 by ?is god2 & ! problem set to ! my?ological imag9ation is1 ',:y did he1 or does he1 d x8' ,! /ories :i* 7 inv5t$ to answ] ?is "q con/itut$ my?ology2 & ! fact t my?s 7 inv5t$ = ! purpose ( answ]+ ?is "q di/+ui%es !m f /ories 9 ! inv5tion ( :i* ! imag9ation 0 n subject to re/riction1 0 n ti$ d[n to ?is god & to ?is action ( 81 & 0 n limit$ to ! sole task ( imag9+ an answ] to ! "q1 ',:y did he d x8' ,all my?s are n>ratives1 b n all n>ratives are my?s4 ,"s n>ratives h m5 alone = _! h]oes4 ,!y are imag9ative b n my?ological4 ,"s n>ratives are ab\t gods & :at !y did4 ,_! purpose is to expla9 :y ! gods did :at !y did d1 & ^? n>ratives are my?ological4 ,x may1 p]haps1 seem t ! imag9ation ( e>ly man w\ld f ! fir/ be set to "w to inv5t my?s 9 answ] to ! "q1 ',:y did ! god d ?is ?+8' ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 man c get on = a long "t )\t my?ology4 ,a /rik+ in/ance ( ?is is af=d$ by ! di indigites ( ,italy4 ,ov] ev]y?+ man did1 or suff]$1 f 8 bir? to 8 dea?1 "o ( ^! gods or goddesses presid$4 ,! ,deus ,vagitanus op5$ ! lips ( ! new-born infant :5 x utt]$ its fir/ cry2 ! ,dea ,ossipago made ! gr[+ *ild's bones /\t & /rong2 ! ,deus ,locutius made x speak cle>ly2 ! goddess ,viriplaca re/or$ h>mony betwe5 husb& & wife :o _h qu>rell$2 ! ,dea ,orbona clos$ a man's eyes at dea?4 ,^! di indigites _h %r9es & receiv$ sacrifices4 ,!y 7 di/+ui%$ into gods & goddesses4 ,_! names 7 prop] names1 ?\gh !y are b words descriptive ( ! function :i* ! deity p]=m$ or presid$ ov]4 ,yet ?\gh ^! di indigites are gods1 p]sonal gods1 to :om pray] & sacrifice are (f]$1 !y h no my?ology atta*$ to !m2 no my?s are told ab\t !m4 ,! fact ?us =c$ on our notice by ! di indigites ( ,rome %\ld be en\gh to w>n u t my?ology does n ( necessity spr+ up1 z an imm$iate consequ5ce ( ! wor%ip ( ! gods4 ,x may ev5 sugge/ a reason :y my?ology mu/ be a second>y1 r ?an a prim>y consequ5ce ( wor%ip4 ,! ,romans 7 practical1 & s are savages3 if !y ask$ ! "q1 ',:y did ?is god d ?is ?+8' !y ask$ x 9 no _s ( speculation b = a practical1 common-s5se reason3 because !y did n want ?is ?+ done aga94 ,& !y (f]$ sacrifices to ! god or goddess1 ) t end 9 view4 ,! ?+s ) reg>d to :i* ! savage community fir/ asks ! "q1 ',:y did ! god d x8' are ?+s disa/r\s to ! community--plague or fam9e4 ,! answ] to ! "q is really impli$ by ! t]ms 9 :i* ! "q is /at$3 ! community1 or "s memb] ( ! community has transgress$2 he mu/ be discov]$ & puni%$4 ,s long & s f> z ! "q is ?us put & ?us answ]$1 !re is little room = my?ology to gr[ 94 ,& x did n gr[ r\nd ! di indigites 9 ,italy1 or r\nd correspond+ deities 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,b ! "q1 ',:y did ! god d x8' is susceptible1 on reflection1 ( ano!r k9d ( answ]4 ,& f m9ds ( a m reflective ca/ ?an ! ,roman1 x receiv$ answ] 9 ! =m ( my?ology1 ( aetiological my?s4 ,my?ology is ! "w ( reflection3 x is :5 ! community has "t & incl9ation to reflect ^u its gods & _! do+s t my?ology arises 9 ! common consci\sness4 ,= ev]y?+ :i* happ5s to him1 e>ly man has "o explanation1 if ! ?+ is su* z seems to him to require explanation1 & ! explanation is t ?is ?+ is ! do+ ( "s god4 ,if ! ?+ t arre/s att5tion is "s disa/]1 :i* calls = rem$y1 ! community approa*es ! god ) pray] & sacrifice2 its object is practical1 n speculative2 & no my? arises4 ,b if ! ?+ t arre/s att5tion is n "o :i* calls = action1 on ! "p ( ! community1 b "o :i* /imulates curiosity & provokes reflection1 !n ! reflective answ] to ! "q1 :y has ?is ?+ be5 done by :atev] god t did x1 is a my?4 ,?us ! mood1 or /ate ( m9d1 9 :i* my?ology orig9ates is cle>ly diff]5t f t 9 :i* ! community approa*es its (f5d$ gods = ! purpose ( appeas+ !m4 ,! purpose 9 ! latt] case is atonem5t & reconciliation4 ,! /ate ( m9d 9 ! =m] case is "o ( enquiry4 ,! emotion1 ( m+l$ fe> & hope1 :i* con/itutes ! "o /ate ( m9d1 is cle>ly diff]5t f ! _s ( enquiry :i* *>act]ises & con/itutes ! o!r /ate ( m9d4 ,! "o mood is und5iably religi\s2 ! o!r1 n s4 ,9 ! "o mood1 ! community feels itself to be 9 ! pres5ce ( its gods2 9 ! o!r x is reflect+ & enquir+ ab\t !m4 ,9 ! "o case ! community appe>s be=e its god2 9 ! o!r x is reflectively us+ its idea ( god1 = ! purpose ( expla9+ ?+s t call = explanation4 ,b ! idea ( ,god1 :5 us$ 9 ?is way1 = ! purpose ( expla9+ ?+s by means ( my?s1 is modifi$ by ! use x is put to4 ,x is n m]ely t ev]y?+ :i* happ5s is expla9$1 if x requires explanation1 z ! do+ ( "s god2 b ! motives :i* e>ly man ascrib$1 9 8 my?ological mom5ts1 to ! gods--motives :i* only undevelop$ man c\ld h ascrib$ to !m--became "p ( ! idea ( ,god on :i* my?ology work$ & ) :i* my?s _h to d4 ,! idea ( god ?us gradually develop$ 9 poly!i/ic my?s1 ! accumulat$ reflections ( savage1 b>b>\s & semi-b>b>\s ance/ors1 t5ds ev5tually to provoke reaction4 ,b :y8 ,n m]ely because ! my?s are immoral & irrational4 ,b because ( ! ess5tial impiety ( imput+ immoral & irrational acts to ! div9e p]sonality4 ,pla9ly1 !n1 ^? ?9k]s & writ]s :o 7 pa9fully impress$ by su* impiety1 :o 7 acutely consci\s t div9e p]sonality 0 irreconcilable ) immorality & irrationality1 _h "s o!r idea ( ,god ?an ! my?ological4 ,we may g fur!r3 we may safely say t ! av]age man w\ld n h be5 p]turb$1 z he 01 by ,socrates1 = in/ance1 _h he1 also1 n f\nd )9 him "s o!r idea ( ,god ?an ! my?ological4 ,& we c und]/&1 to "s ext5t1 h[ ?is %\ld be1 if we call to m9d t1 ?\gh my?ology gr[s & luxuriates1 /ill ! wor%ip ( ! gods goes on4 ,t is to say1 ! community1 ?r\gh x all1 cont9ues to approa* its gods1 = ! purpose1 & ) ! emotion ( m+l$ fe> & hope1 ) :i* x _h always come into ! pres5ce ( its gods4 ,x is ! irreconcilability ( ! mood ( emotion1 :i* is ess5tially religi\s1 ) ! my?ological mode ( reflective ?\ght1 :i* is n1 t t5ds to br+ ab\t ! religi\s reaction aga9/ my?ology4 ,x is n h[ev] until ! div]g5ce betwe5 religion & my?ology has become consid]able t ! irreconcilability becomes manife/4 ,& x is 9 ! exp]i5ce ( "s individual1 & n 9 ! common consci\sness1 t ?is irreconcilability is fir/ discov]$4 ,t discov]y x is :i* makes ! discov]] realise t x is n m]ely :5 he comes be=e ! pres5ce ( 8 gods 9 _! temples1 b t1 :5ev] 8 he>t rises on ! tide ( m+l$ fe>1 hope & ?anksgiv+1 he comes into ! pres5ce ( 8 ,god4 ,hav+ s\ght = ! div9e p]sonality 9 all ! ext]nal objects ( ! _w ar\nd him 9 ! end he le>ns1 :at 0 ! tru? f ! beg9n+1--t x is 9 8 he>t he has access to 8 ,god4 ,! belief 9 gods does n ( necessity result 9 a my?ology4 ,! in/ance ( ! di indigites ( ,italy is !re to %[ t x is no inevitable result4 ,b my?ology1 :]ev] x is f\nd1 is ( itself suffici5t pro( t gods are1 or h be51 believ$ 92 x is ! outcome ( reflection & enquiry ab\t ! gods1 :om ! community approa*es1 ) m+l$ feel+s ( hope & fe>1 & wor%ips ) sacrifice & pray]4 ,n[1 a my?ology1 or p]haps we %\ld r say fragm5ts ( a my?ology1 may cont9ue to exi/ z survivals1 long aft] belief 9 ! gods1 ( :om ! my?s 7 orig9ally told1 has *ang$1 or ev5 pass$ away entirely4 ,su* traces ( gods de?ron$ are to be f\nd 9 ! folk-lore ( mo/ ,*ri/ian peoples4 ,inde$1 n only are traces ( bygone my?ology to be f\nd 9 ,*ri/5dom2 b rites & cu/oms1 :i* once =m$ "p ( ! wor%ip ( n[ =gott5 gods2 or x may be t only ! names ( ! gods survive unrecognis$1 z 9 ! names ( ! days ( ! week4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* survivals 9 ,europe is kn[n2 _! hi/ory has be5 trac$2 _! orig9 is und\bt$4 ,:51 !n1 9 o!r qu>t]s ( ! globe ?an ,europe1 among/ peoples :i* are z old z any ,european p1 ?\gh !y h no record$ hi/ory1 we f9d fragm5ts ( my?ology1 or ( ritual1 or m]e names ( gods1 )\t ! my?s & ! ritual :i* atta* else:]e to gods1 ! presumption is t "h too we h to deal ) survivals ( a sy/em ( wor%ip & my?ology1 :i* once exi/$1 & has n[ gone to pieces1 leav+ b ^! pieces ( wreckage beh9d4 ,?us1 among/ ! ,au/ralian black-fell[s we f9d my?s ab\t gods :o n[ receive no wor%ip4 ,b !y nev] c\ld h become gods unless !y _h be5 wor%ipp$ at "s "t2 !y c\ld n h acquir$ ! prop]1 p]sonal names by :i* !y are designat$ 9 ^! surviv+ my?s1 if !y _h n be5 wor%ipp$ long en\gh = ! words :i* designate !m to become prop] names1 i4e4 names d5ot+ no o!r p]son ?an ! "o designat$ by !m4 ,among/ o!r backw>d peoples ( ! e>? we f9d ! names ( gods surviv+1 n only ) no wor%ip b no my?s atta*$ to !m2 & ! inf]5ce pla9ly is t1 z !y are /ill rememb]$ to be gods1 !y once 7 objects ( wor%ip c]ta9ly1 & probably once 7 subjects ( my?ology4 ,& if1 ( a bygone religi\s sy/em all t rema9s is 9 "o place "s fragm5ts ( my?ology1 & 9 ano!r no?+ b ! m]e names ( ! gods1 !n x is no?+ a/oni%+ if else:]e all t we f9d is "s fragm5t ( wor%ip1 "s rite1 :i* cont9ues to be practis$1 = its own sake1 ev5 ?\gh all memory ( ! gods 9 ^: wor%ip x orig9at$ has disappe>$ f ! common consci\sness--a disappe>ance :i* w\ld be ! easi] if ! gods wor%ipp$ _h acquir$ no names1 or names z little p]sonal z ^? ( ! di indigites4 ,ritual ( ?is k9d1 n associat$ ) ! names ( any gods1 is f\nd among/ ! ,au/ralian tribes1 & may be ! wreckage ( a sy/em gone to pieces4 ,"h1 too1 !re is opportunity aga91 = ! same error z t into :i* /ud5ts ( my?ology once fell be=e1 :5 !y f\nd1 or ?\ght !y f\nd1 9 my?ology1 pr(\nd tru?s1 kn[n or reveal$ to sages ( old4 ,! survivals m5tion$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph may be int]pret$ z survivals ( a prior mono!ism or a primitive revelation4 ,b if !y are survivals1 at all1 !n !y are survivals f a p]iod :5 ! ance/ors ( ! pres5t-day ,africans or ,au/ralian black-fell[s 7 9 an e>li] /age ( social developm5t--9 an e>li] /age ev5 ( l+ui/ic developm5t & ( ! ?\ght :i* develops ) language--?an _! desc5dants are n[4 ,ev5 9 t e>li] /age ( developm5t1 h[ev]1 man s\ght = ,god4 ,if he ?\ght1 mi/ak5ly1 to f9d ,him 9 ?is or t ext]nal object1 he 0 n wrong 9 ! conviction t und]lay 8 se>*--! conviction t ,god is at no "t af> (f f any "o ( u4 ,,iii ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,god ,,9 ,,wor%ip ,we h f\nd my?ology ( b little use 9 our se>* aft] ! idea ( ,god2 & ! reason1 z we h sugge/$1 is t my?-mak+ is a reflective process1 a process 9 :i* ! m9d reflects ^u ! idea1 & !re=e a process :i* _c be set up unless ! idea is already pres5t1 or1 r we %\ld say1 has already be5 pres5t$4 ,:5 x has be5 pres5t$1 x c become food = reflection1 b n until !n4 ,if !n we wi% to discov] :]e & :5 x is ?us imm$iately pres5t$1 let u look = x 9 wor%ip4 ,if x is giv5 prim>ily 9 ! mom5t ( wor%ip1 x may be reproduc$ 9 a second>y /age z a matt] = reflection4 ,n[1 9 wor%ip--provid$ t x be exp]i5c$ z a reality1 & n p]=m$ z a conv5tionality--! community's purpose is to approa* its ,god3 let u come be=e ! ,"l & ent] ,8 c\rts ) praise1 are words :i* repres5t fairly ! ?\ght & feel+ :i*1 on ord9>y occasions1 ! man :o goes to wor%ip--really--exp]i5ces1 :e!r he be poly!i/ or mono!i/4 ,i h spok5 ( '! mom5t ( wor%ip1' b wor%ip is1 ( c\rse1 a habit3 if x is n a habit1 x ceases to be at all1 9 any effective s5se4 ,& x is a habit ( ! community1 ( ! common consci\sness1 :i* is cont9u\s ?r\gh ! ages1 ev5 ?\gh x sl[ly *anges2 & :i*1 z cont9u\s1 is cons]vative & t5aci\s4 ,ev5 :5 x has become mono!i/ic1 x may cont9ue to speak ( ! "o ,god z 'a great god above all o!r gods1' 9 t]ms :i* are survivals ( an e>li] /age ( belief4 ,su* expressions are l ! cl\ds :i*1 ?\gh !y are lift+1 /ill l+] r\nd ! m\nta9 top3 !y are "p ( ! vap\r :i* _h previ\sly obscur$ f view ! reality :i* 0 !re1 & _c be %ak5 at any "t4 ,wor%ip may include words spok51 hymns ( praise & pray]2 b x includes also ?+s done1 acts p]=m$1 ritual4 ,x is ^! acts t are ! facts f :i* we h n[ to />t1 9 ord] to inf] :at we c f !m z to ! idea ( ,god :i* prompt$ !m4 ,!re is an inf9ite div]sity 9 ^! facts ( ritual1 j z ! gods ( poly!ism are inf9ite 9 numb] & k9d4 ,b if !re is div]sity1 !re is also unity4 ,greatly z ! gods ( poly!ism diff] f "o ano!r1 !y are at lea/ be+s wor%ipp$--& wor%ipp$ by ! community4 ,greatly z rituals v>y 9 _! detail1 !y are all ritual3 all are wor%ip1 &1 all1 ! wor%ip r5d]$ by ! community to its gods4 ,& !re c be no d\bt z to _! object or ! purpose ) :i* ! community practises !m3 t purpose is1 at lea/1 to br+ ! community into ! pres5ce ( its ,"l4 ,we may safely say t !re c be no wor%ip unless !re is a community wor%ipp+ & a be+ :i* is wor%ipp$4 ,nor c !re be any d\bt z to ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! two4 ,! community b[ d[n & wor%ip3 t is ! attitude ( ! congregation4 ,nor c !re be any d\bt z to ! relation :i* ! god be>s1 9 ! common consci\sness1 to 8 wor%ipp]s3 he is b\nd to !m by special ties--f him !y expect ! help :i* !y h receiv$ 9 ages pa/4 ,!y h fai? 9 him--else !y w\ld n wor%ip him--fai? t he w be :at he has be5 9 ! pa/1 a v help 9 "t ( tr\ble4 ,! m]e fact t !y seek to come be=e him is a confession ( ! fai? t is 9 !m1 ! fai? t !y are 9 ! pres5ce ( _! ,god & h access to ,him4 ,h[ev] primitive1 t is rudim5t>y1 ! wor%ip may be2 h[ev] l[ 9 ! scale ( developm5t ! wor%ipp]s may be2 h[ev] dim _! idea ( ,god & h[ev] confus$ & contradictory ! reflections !y may make ab\t ,him1 x is 9 t fai? t !y wor%ip4 ,s mu* is impli$ by wor%ip--by ! m]e fact t ! wor%ipp]s are ga!r$ toge!r = wor%ip4 ,if we are to f9d any clue :i* may give u uni=m guidance ?r\gh ! inf9ite v>iety 9 ! details ( ! innum]able rituals t are1 or h be51 foll[$ 9 ! _w1 we mu/ look to f9d x 9 ! purpose = :i* ! wor%ipp]s ga!r toge!r4 ,b1 if we wi% to be guid$ by objective facts r ?an by ha/y1 a priori assumptions1 we mu/ beg9 by consult+ ! facts3 we mu/ enquire :e!r ! details ( ! diff]5t rituals pres5t no?+ b div]sity1 or :e!r !re is any respect 9 :i* !y %[ lik5ess or uni=mity4 ,!re is "o po9t 9 :i* !y resemble "o ano!r2 &1 :at is m1 t po9t is ! lead+ feature 9 all ( !m2 !y all c5tre r\nd sacrifice4 ,x is ) sacrifice1 or by means ( sacrifice1 t _! gods are approa*$ by all m51 beg9n+ ev5 ) ! jungle-dwell]s ( ,*ota ,nagpur1 :o sacrifice f[ls & (f] victims1 = ! purpose ( conciliat+ ! p[]s t s5d jungle-fev] & murra94 ,! sacrificial rite is ! occasion on :i*1 & a means by :i*1 ! wor%ipp] is br\ght into t clos] relation ) 8 god1 :i* he w\ld n seek1 if he did n--= :atev] reason--desire x4 ,z be>+ on ! idea ( ,god1 ! spiritual import1 & ! practical importance1 ( ! sacrificial rite is t he :o p>takes 9 x c only p>take ( x s f> z he recognises t ,god is no private idea ( 8 own1 exi/+ only 9 8 notion1 b is objectively real4 ,! jungle-dwell] ( ,*ota ,nagpur may h no "n = ! be+ to :om1 at ! appo9t$ season & 9 ! appo9t$ place1 he sacrifices f[ls2 b1 z we h se51 ! gods only come to h prop]1 p]sonal names 9 sl[ c\rse ( "t4 ,he may be incapable ( giv+ any acc\nt1 compreh5sible to ! civilis$ enquir]1 ( ! idea :i* he has ( ! be+ to :om he (f]s sacrifice3 m accompli%$ !ologians ?an he h fail$ to def9e ,god4 ,b ( ! reality ( ! be+ :om he seeks to approa* he has no d\bt4 ,x is n ! case t ! reality ( t be+1 by :omsoev] wor%ipp$1 is an assumption :i* mu/ be made1 or a hypo!sis t mu/ be po/ulat$1 = ! sake ( provid+ a logical ju/ification ( wor%ip4 ,! simple fact is t ! religi\s consci\sness is ! consci\sness ( ,god z real1 j z ! common consci\sness is ! consci\sness ( ?+s z real4 ,to repres5t ! reality ( ei!r z some?+ t is n exp]i5c$ b inf]r$ is to say t we h no exp]i5ce ( reality1 & !re=e h no real gr\nds = inf]5ce4 ,we f9d x pref]able to hold t we h imm$iate consci\sness ( ! real1 to "s ext5t1 & t by inf]5ce we may be br\ght1 to a l>g] ext5t1 into imm$iate consci\sness ( ! real4 ,( ! reality ( ,him1 :om ev5 ! jungle-dwell] ( ,*ota ,nagpur seeks to approa*1 x is only possible to d\bt on gr\nds :i* seek to d5y ! ultimate validity ( ! common consci\sness on any po9t4 ,) ! inf]5ces :i* m5 h drawn ab\t t reality1 & ! ideas ^? inf]5ces h l$ to1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,:at exactly ^? ideas are1 or h be51 we h1 m or less1 to guess at1 f su* facts z ! sci5ce ( religion furni%es4 ,"o su* set ( facts is compris$ "u ! t]m1 wor%ip2 & ( t set ! lead+ fact ev]y:]e is ! rite ( sacrifice4 ,by means ( x we may reasonably expect to p5etrate to "s ( ! ideas :i* ! wor%ipp]s _h ( ! gods :om !y wor%ipp$4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 !re is consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion1 betwe5 /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( religion1 z to ! idea :i* und]lies sacrifice4 ,"o fact f :i* we may />t is t x is ) sacrifice t ! community draws ne> to ! god x wi%es to approa*4 ,! outw>d1 physical fact1 ! visible set ( actions1 is t ! body ( wor%ipp]s proce$1 ) _! oblation1 to ! place 9 :i* ! god manife/s himself & is to be f\nd4 ,! inf]5ce :i* foll[s is t1 correspond+ to ?is s]ies ( outw>d actions1 !re is an int]nal conviction 9 ! he>ts & m9ds ( ! wor%ipp]s3 !y w\ld n g to ! place1 unless !y felt t1 9 s do+1 !y 7 draw+ ne> to _! god4 ,9 ?us draw+ ne>1 bo? physically & spiritually1 !y take ) !m some?+ mat]ial4 ,& ?is !y w\ld n d1 unless tak+ ! mat]ial ?+ express$1 9 "s way1 _! m5tal attitude1 or r _! religi\s attitude4 ,! attitude ?us express$ mu/ be "p (1 or impli$ by1 ! desire to approa* ! god bo? physically & spiritually4 ,! fact t !y c>ry ) !m "s mat]ial ?+1 expresses 9 ge/ure-language--su* z is us$ by explor]s t[>ds natives ^: spee* is unkn[n to !m--! desire t actuates !m4 ,& ?us mu* may be safely inf]r$1 viz4 t ! desire is1 at any rate1 to prepossess fav\rably ! p]son approa*$4 ,?us man approa*es1 be>+ ) him some?+ int5d$ to please ! god t he draws ne>4 ,b ?\gh t is "p ( 8 int5tion1 x is n ! :ole4 ,8 desire is t ! god %all be pleas$ n m]ely ) ! (f]+ b ) him4 ,:at he br+s--8 oblation--is b a means to t end4 ,:y he wi%es ! god to be pleas$ ) him1 we %all h to enquire h]eaft]4 ,?us f>1 h[ev]1 we see t t is ! wi% & is ! purpose intimat$ by ! fact t he br+s some?+ mat]ial ) him4 ,x seems cle> also t ! some?+ mat]ial1 ) :i* ! community draws ne> to its god1 ne$ only be some?+ :i* is conceiv$ to be pleas+ to ! god4 ,all t is necess>y is t x %\ld express1 or symbolise1 ! feel+ ) :i* ! community draws ne>4 ,s long z x does ?is1 its function is dis*>g$4 ,:at x is ( importance to notice1 & :at is apt to be =gott51 is ! feel+ :i* und]lies ! outw>d act1 & )\t :i* ! action1 ! rite1 w\ld n be p]=m$4 ,! feel+ is ! desire ( ! wor%ipp] to comm5d himself4 ,if we take ?is po9t ( view1 !n ! di/9ction1 :i* is sometimes drawn betwe5 (f]+s & sacrifice1 ne$ n mislead u4 ,! di/9ction is t ! t]m 'sacrifice' is to be us$ only ( t :i* is consum$1 or de/roy$1 9 ! s]vice2 :ile ! t]m '(f]+' is to be us$ only ( :at is n de/roy$4 ,& ! reason = draw+1 or seek+ to draw1 ! di/9ction1 seems to be t ! de/ruction1 or consumption1 ( ! mat]ial ?+1 9 ! s]vice1 is requir$ to prove t ! (f]+ is accept$4 ,b1 ?\gh ?is pro( may h come1 9 "s cases1 to be expect$1 z %[+ t ! community 0 "r 9 believ+ t ! (f]+ w\ld be acceptable2 ! fact rema9s t ! wor%ipp]s w\ld n />t out ) ! (f]+ 9 _! h&s1 unless !y ?\ght1 to beg9 )1 t x 0 acceptable4 ,!y w\ld n draw ne> to ! god1 ) an (f]+ ab\t ! acceptability ( :i* !y 7 9 d\bt4 ,any?+ !re=e :i* !y conceiv$ to be acceptable w\ld suffice to indicate _! desire to please1 & w\ld s]ve to comm5d !m4 ,& ! desire to d t :i* is pleas+ to _! god is !re f ! beg9n+1 z ! condition on :i* alone !y c ent] 8 pres5ce4 ,neglect ( ?is fact may lead u to limit unduly ! pot5tialities conta9$ 9 ! rite ( sacrifice1 f ! beg9n+4 ,! rite did1 und\bt$ly1 9 ! long c\rse ( "t1 come 9 "s communities to be reg>d$ & practis$ 9 a _s little bett] ?an comm]cial4 ,sacrifices came to be reg>d$ z gifts1 or pres5ts1 made to ! god1 on ! und]/&+ t d ut des4 ,comm]ce itself1 :5 analys$1 is no?+ b ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( giv+ to get4 ,all t is necess>y1 9 ord] to r$uce religion to comm]cial pr9ciples1 is t ! paym5t ( v[s made %\ld be cont+5t on ! deliv]y ( ! goods /ipulat$ =2 t ! ?+ (f]$ %\ld be reg>d$ z paym5t2 t ! god's fav\r %\ld be consid]$ capable ( be+ b\ght4 ,x is h[ev] 9 communities :i* h "s aptitude = comm]ce & h develop$ x1 t religion is ?us int]pret$ & practis$4 ,if we g back to ! p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( a race :5 comm]ce is z yet unkn[n1 we rea* a /ate ( ?+s :5 ! possibility ( ?us comm]cialis+ wor%ip 01 z yet1 undevelop$4 ,at t e>ly p]iod1 z 9 all p]iods1 ( ! hi/ory ( religion1 ! desire ( ! wor%ipp]s 0 to be pleas+1 & to d t :i* 0 pleas+1 to him :om !y wor%ipp$2 & ! (f]+s !y took ) !m :5 !y approa*$ 8 pres5ce 7 int5d$ to be ! outw>d & visible sign ( _! desire4 ,b 9 "s1 or ev5 9 _m1 cases1 !y came ev5tually to rely on ! sign or symbol r ?an on ! desire :i* x signifi$2 & t is a dang] :i* con/antly dogs all ritual4 ,att5tion is conc5trat$ r on ! rite ?an on ! spiritual process1 :i* und]lies x1 & ( :i* ! rite is b ! expression2 & !n x becomes possible to give a false int]pretation to ! mean+ ( ! rite4 ,9 ! case ( ! (f]+s1 :i* are made 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( ! hi/ory ( religion1 ! false int]pretation1 :i* comes 9 "s cases to be put ^u !m by ^? :o make ! (f]+s1 has be5 adopt$ by "s /ud5ts ( ! hi/ory ( religion1 z ! true explanation1 ! real mean+ & ! orig9al purpose ( (f]+s & sacrifice4 ,?is !ory--! ,gift-!ory ( sacrifice--requires u to believe t religion c\ld be comm]cialis$ be=e comm]ce 0 kn[n2 t religion consi/s1 or orig9ally consi/$1 n 9 do+ t :i* is pleas+ 9 ! sight ( ,god1 b 9 brib+ ! gods2 t ! relatively late mis9t]pretation is ! orig9al & true mean+ ( ! rite2 9 a ^w1 t !re 0 no religion 9 ! e>lie/ manife/ation ( religion4 ,b x is precisely ?is la/ cont5tion :i* is fatal to ! ,gift-!ory4 ,n only is x a self-contradiction 9 t]ms1 b x d5ies ! v possibility ( religi\s evolution4 ,evolution is a process & a cont9u\s process3 !re is an unbrok5 cont9uity betwe5 ! e>lie/ & ! late/ ( its /ages4 ,if !re 0 no religion :atev] 9 ! e>lie/ /ages1 nei!r c !re be any 9 ! late/4 ,& t is :y ^? :o hold religion to be an absurdity are apt to adopt ! ,gift-!ory3 ! ,gift-!ory implies a degrad+ absurdity f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! evolution>y process--an unbrok5 cont9uity ( absurdity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may hold by ! pla9 tru? t !re mu/ h be5 religion 9 ! e>lie/ manife/ations ( religion1 & t brib+ a god is n1 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 religi\s4 ,9 t case1 we %all also hold t ! (f]+s :i* h always be5 "p ( ! e>lie/ religi\s ritual 7 int5d$ z ! outw>d & visible sign or symbol ( ! community's desire to d t :i* 0 pleas+ to _! god2 & t x is only 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 & z ! consequ5ce ( mis9t]pretation1 t ! (f]+s come to be reg>d$ z gifts made = ! purpose ( brib+ ! gods or ( pur*as+ :at !y h to be/[4 ,?us1 j z1 9 ! evolution ( religion1 feti%ism 0 diff]5tiat$ f poly!ism1 & 0 ca/ aside--:]e x 0 ca/ aside--z incompatible ) ! dem&s ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 s too ! mak+ ( gifts to ! gods1 = ! purpose ( pur*as+ _! fav\r1 came to be diff]5tiat$ f ! s]vice :i* ,god requires4 ,! endeav\r to expla9 ! hi/ory & purpose ( sacrifice by means ( ! ,gift-!ory alone has ! fur!r disadvantage t x requires u to close our eyes to o!r features ( ! sacrificial rite1 =1 if we turn to !m1 we %all f9d x impossible to reg>d ! ,gift-!ory z af=d+ a complete & exhau/ive acc\nt ( all t !re 0 9 ! rite f ! beg9n+4 ,inde$1 s important are ^! o!r features1 t1 z we h se51 "s /ud5ts w\ld ma9ta9 t ! only rite :i* c be prop]ly t]m$ sacrificial is "o :i* pres5ts ^! features4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! t]m sacrifice c only be us$ ( some?+ t is consum$ or de/roy$ 9 ! s]vice2 :ile ! t]m (f]+ is re/rict$ to ?+s :i* are n de/roy$4 ,b1 f ?is po9t ( view1 we mu/ hold t sacrifices1 to be sacrifices 9 ! specific mu/ n m]ely be de/roy$ or consum$1 = !n any?+ t c\ld be de/roy$ by fire w\ld be capable ( becom+ a burnt-(f]+2 & ! burn+ w\ld simply prove t ! (f]+ 0 acceptable--a pro( :i* may 9 "s cases h be5 requir$ to make assurance d\bly sure1 b :i* 0 really sup]flu\s1 inasmu* z no "o :o desires 8 (f]+ to be accept$ w make an (f]+ :i* he ?9ks to be unacceptable4 ,sacrifices1 to be sacrifices 9 ! specific s5se ?us put ^u ! ^w1 we mu/ hold to be ?+s :i* by _! v nature are m>k$ out to be consum$3 !y mu/ be articles ( food4 ,b ev5 ) ?is qualification1 sacrifices are n satisfactorily di/+ui%$ f (f]+s1 = a food-(f]+ is an (f]+1 & dis*>ges ! function ( a sacrifice1 provid$ t x is (f]$4 ,t x %\ld actually be consum$ is nei!r univ]sally nor necess>ily requir$4 ,t x is (t5 consum$ 9 ! s]vice is a fact :i* br+s u to a new & diff]5t feature ( ! sacrificial rite4 ,let u !n consid] x4 ,?us f>1 look+ at ! rite on its outw>d side1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! spectator1 we h se5 t ! wor%ipp]s1 c>ry+ ) !m some?+ mat]ial1 draw ne> to ! place :]e ! god manife/s himself4 ,f ?is s]ies ( actions & ge/ures1 we h inf]r$ ! belief ( ! wor%ipp]s to be t !y are draw+ ne> to _! god bo? physically & spiritually4 ,we h inf]r$ t ! mat]ial oblation is int5d$ by ! wor%ipp]s z ! outw>d & visible sign ( _! wi% to comm5d !mselves to ! god4 ,we h n[ to notice :at has be5 impli$ ?r\gh\t1 t ! wor%ipp]s d n draw ne> to ! god )\t a reason1 or seek to comm5d !mselves to him )\t a purpose4 ,& if we consult ! facts once m1 we %all f9d t ! occasions1 on :i* ! god is ?us approa*$1 are g5]ally occasions ( di/ress1 exp]i5c$ or appreh5d$4 ,! feel+s ) :i* ! community draws ne> are comp\nd$ ( ! fe>1 occasion$ by ! di/ress or dang]1 & ! hope & confid5ce t x w be remov$ or av]t$ by ! /ep :i* !y are tak+4 ,"p ( _! idea ( ! god is t he c & w remove ! pres5t1 or av]t ! com+1 calamity2 o!rwise !y w\ld n seek to approa* him4 ,b "p also ( _! idea is t !y h done some?+ to provoke him1 o!rwise calamity w\ld n h come ^u !m4 ,?us1 :5 ! wor%ipp]s seek to come into ! pres5ce ( _! god1 !y are seek+ him ) ! feel+ t he is e/rang$ f !m1 & !y approa* him ) some?+ 9 _! h&s to symbolise _! desire to please him1 & to re/ore ! relation :i* ord9>ily subsi/s betwe5 a god & 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,hav+ deposit$ ! (f]+ !y br+1 & hav+ pr(f]$ ! petition !y came to make1 !y retire satisfi$ t all n[ is well4 ,! rite is n[ 9 all its ess5tial features complete4 ,b ?\gh complete1 z an organism 9 ! e>ly /ages ( its hi/ory may be complete1 x has1 l ! organism1 ! p[] ( gr[?2 & x gr[s4 ,! conviction ) :i* ! community ends ! rite is ! joyful conviction t ! tr\ble is ov]-pa/4 ,! joy :i* ! community feels (t5 expresses itself 9 fea/ & song2 & :]e ! (f]+s are1 z !y mo/ commonly are1 food-(f]+s or animal-sacrifice1 ! fea/ may come to be reg>d$ z "o at :i* ! god himself is pres5t & ( :i* he p>takes along ) 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,! joy1 :i* expresses itself 9 fea/ & song1 may1 h[ev]1 n make itself felt until ! pray] ( ! community has be5 fulfill$ & ! calamity has pass$ away2 & !n ! fea/ comes to be ( ! nature ( a joyful ?ank-(f]+4 ,b x is probably only 9 "o or o!r ( ^! two cases t ! (f]+ comes to be consum$ 9 ! s]vice ( fea/ & song4 ,& al?\gh ! rite may & does gr[ 9 ?is way1 /ill ?is developm5t ( x--'eat+ ) ! god'--is r pot5tially ?an actually pres5t 9 ! e>lie/ =m ( ! rite4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 sacrificial meals or fea/s are n "p ( ! ritual ( approa*3 !y belong to ! t]m9ation ( ! c]emony4 ,!y m>k ! fact ( reconciliation2 !y are an expression ( ! conviction t fri5dly relations are re/or$4 ,! sacrificial meal !n is accord+ly n a means by :i* reconciliation is effect$1 b ! outw>d expression ( ! conviction t ! end has be5 atta9$2 &1 z express+1 x has ! =ce ( confirm+1 ! conviction4 ,:]e ! sacrificial rite gr[s to compreh5d a sacrificial fea/ or meal1 !re ! food-(f]+ or sacrifice is consum$ 9 ! s]vice4 ,b ! rite does n always develop ?us2 & ev5 )\t ?is developm5t x dis*>ges its prop] function4 ,be=e ?is developm5t1 x is on occasions ( di/ress t ! god is approa*$ by ! community1 9 ! conviction t ! community has (f5d$1 & ) ! object ( purg+ ! community & remov+ ! di/ress1 ( appeas+ ! god & re/or+ good relations4 ,yet ev5 at ?is /age ! object ( ! community is to be at "o ) its god--at-"o-m5t & communion s f> are s\ght4 ,!re is impli$ ! fai? t he1 ! community's god1 _c possibly be = ev] ali5at$ & w n utt]ly =sake !m1 ev5 ?\gh he be e/rang$ = ! "t4 ,d\btless ! fea/1 :i* 9 "s cases came to cr[n ! sacrificial rite1 may1 :]e x 0 practis$ among/ peoples :o believ$ t p]sons p>tak+ ( common food became unit$ by a common bond1 h come to be reg>d$ z con/itut+ a fre% bond & a m intimate communion betwe5 ! god & 8 wor%ipp]s :o alike p>took ( ! sacrificial meal4 ,b ?is belief is probably f> f be+1 or hav+ be51 univ]sal2 & x is unnecess>y to assume t ?is belief mu/ h exi/$1 :]ev] we f9d ! accompli%m5t ( ! sacrificial rite accompani$ by rejoic+4 ,! p]=mance ( ! sacrificial rite is prompt$ by ! desire to re/ore ! normal relation betwe5 ! community & its god4 ,x is c>ri$ out 9 ! conviction t ! god is will+ to return to ! normal relation2 :5 x has be5 p]=m$1 ! community is reliev$ & rejoices1 :e!r ! rejoic+ does or does n take =m 9 a fea/2 & ! ess5ce ( ! rejoic+ is ! conviction t all n[ is well1 a conviction :i* arises f ! p]=mance ( ! sacrificial rite & n f ! meal :i* may or may n foll[ x4 ,:]e ! in/itution ( ! sacrificial fea/ did gr[ up1 ! natural t5d5cy w\ld be = x to become ! mo/ important feature 9 ! :ole rite4 ,! orig9al & ! fundam5tal purpose ( ! rite 0 to reconcile ! god & 8 wor%ipp]s & to make !m at "o3 ! fea/1 !re=e1 :i* m>k$ ! accompli%m5t ( ! v purpose ( ! rite1 w\ld come to be reg>d$ z ! object ( ! rite4 ,9 t1 h[ev]1 !re is no?+ m ?an ! %ift+ =w>d ( ! c5tre ( religi\s int]e/ f ! sacrifice to ! fea/3 !re is no?+ 9 x to *ange ! "* or conception ( ! fea/4 ,yet1 9 ! case ( "s peoples1 its "* & conception did *ange 9 a rem>kable way4 ,9 ! case ( "s peoples1 we f9d t ! fea/ is n an occasion ( 'eat+ ) ! god' b :at has be5 crudely call$ 'eat+ ! god4' ,?is conception exi/$1 z is g5]ally agre$1 beyond ! possibility ( d\bt1 9 ,mexico among/ ! ,aztecs1 & p]haps--?\gh n beyond ! possibility ( d\bt--else:]e4 ,! ,aztecs 7 a b>b>\s or semi-civilis$ p1 ) a long hi/ory beh9d !m4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* ! belief & practice 9 "q exi/$ & _h gr[n up among/ !m are cle> en\gh4 ,! ,aztecs wor%ipp$ deities1 & among/ ^? deities 7 plants & vegetables1 su* z maize4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 n any "o individual specim5 t !y wor%ipp$3 x 0 ! _s1 ! maize-"m1 :o manife/$ h]self 9 e maize-plant1 b 0 n id5tical ) any "o4 ,at ! same "t1 ?\gh !y wor%ipp$ ! _s1 or species1 !y grew & cultivat$ ! individual plants1 z furni%+ !m ) food4 ,?us !y 7 9 ! position ( eat+ z food ! plant1 ! body1 9 :i* 0 manife/$ ! _s :om !y wor%ipp$4 ,9 ?is !re 0 an outw>d resemblance to ! ,*ri/ian rite ( communion1 :i* c\ld n fail to attract ! att5tion ( ! ,spani% prie/s at ! "t ( ! conque/ ( ,mexico1 b :i* has probably be5 unconsci\sly magnifi$ by !m4 ,!y naturally int]pret$ ! ,aztec c]emony 9 t]ms ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! _s ( ! translation probably diff]s accord+ly f ! _s ( ! orig9al4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! new phase ( ! sacrificial--inde$1 9 ?is connection1 we may say ! sacram5tal--rite :i* 0 f\nd 9 ,mexico1 & to indicate ! mann] 9 :i* x probably orig9at$4 ,! (f]+s e>lie/ made to ! gods 7 n necess>ily1 b 7 probably1 food-(f]+s1 animal or vegetable2 & z we are n 9 a position to affirm t !re 0 any re/riction ^u ! k9d ( food (f]$1 x seems advisable to assume t any k9d ( food might be (f]$ to any k9d ( god4 ,! int5tion ( (f]+s seems to be to indicate m]ely t ! wor%ipp]s desire to be pleas+ 9 ! sight ( ! god :om !y wi% to approa*4 ,at ?is1 ! simple/ & e>lie/ /age ( ! rite1 ! sacrificial fea/ has n yet come into exi/5ce3 x is en\gh if ! food is (f]$ to ! god2 x is n necess>y t x %\ld be eat51 or t any portion ( x %\ld be eat51 by ! community4 ,!re is evid5ce en\gh to w>rant u 9 believ+ t g5]ally !re 0 an av]sion to eat+ ! god's portion4 ,if ! wor%ipp]s ate any portion1 !y c]ta9ly w\ld n eat & did n eat1 until aft] ! god _h done s4 ,at ?is /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! rite1 ! (f]+s are occasional1 & are n made at /at$1 recurr+1 seasons4 ,! reason = believ+ ?is is t x is on occasions ( al>m & di/ress t ! community seeks to draw ne> its god4 ,b ?\gh x is 9 al>m t ! community draws nigh1 x draws nigh 9 confid5ce t ! god c be appeas$ & is will+ to be appeas$4 ,x is "p ( ! community's idea ( its god t he has ! p[] to puni%2 t he does n ex]cise 8 p[] )\t reason2 & t1 z he is p[]ful1 s also he is j to 8 wor%ipp]s1 & m]ciful4 ,b ?\gh occasional (f]+s1 & sacrifices made 9 tr\ble to gods :o are conceiv$ to be a v help 9 "t ( tr\ble1 cont9ue to be made1 until a relatively late p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( religion1 we also f9d t !re are recurr+ sacrifices1 annually made4 ,at ^! annual c]emonies1 ! (f]+s are food-(f]+s4 ,:]e ! food-(f]+s are (f]+s ( vegetable food1 !y are made at h>ve/ "t4 ,!y are made on ! occasion ( h>ve/2 & t !y %\ld be s made is probably no accid5t or =tuit\s co9cid5ce4 ,at ! regul>ly recurr+ season ( h>ve/1 ! community adh]es to ! cu/om1 already =m$1 ( n p>tak+ ( ! food :i* x (f]s to its god1 until a portion has be5 (f]$ to ! god4 ,! cu/om1 l o!r cu/oms1 t5ds to become obligatory3 ! wor%ipp]s1 t is to say ! community1 may n eat1 until ! (f]+ has be5 made & accept$4 ,!n1 inde$1 ! wor%ipp]s may eat1 solemnly1 9 ! pres5ce ( _! god4 ,! eat+ becomes a solemn fea/ ( ?anksgiv+4 ,! god1 aft] :om !y eat1 & to :om !y r5d] ?anks1 becomes ! god :o gives !m to eat4 ,:at is ?us true ( edible plants--:e!r wild or dome/icat$--may also hold true to "s ext5t ( animal life1 :]e any?+ l a 'close "t' comes to be obs]v$4 ,z sacrificial c]emonies come to be1 ?us1 annually recurr+ rites1 a correspond+ developm5t takes place 9 ! community's idea ( its god4 ,s long z ! sacrificial c]emony 0 an irregul>ly recurr+ rite1 ! p]=mance ( :i* 0 prompt$ by ! occurr5ce1 or ! ?reat1 ( disa/]1 s long x 0 ! wra? ( ! god :i* fill$ ! =e-gr\nd1 s to speak1 ( ! religi\s consci\sness2 ?\gh beh9d x lay ! conviction ( 8 ju/ice & 8 m]cy4 ,b :5 ! c]emony becomes "o ( annual wor%ip1 a regul>ly recurr+ occasion on :i* ! wor%ipp]s recognise t x is ! god1 to :om ! fir/-fruits belong1 :o gives ! wor%ipp]s ! h>ve/1 !n ! community's idea ( its god is correspond+ly develop$4 ,! occasion ( ! sacrificial rite is no long] "o ( al>m & di/ress2 x is no long] ! wra? ( ! god1 b 8 goodness z ! giv] ( good gifts1 t t5ds to em]ge 9 ! =e-gr\nd ( ! religi\s consci\sness4 ,h>ve/ rites t5d to become fea/s ( ?anksgiv+ & ?ank-(f]+s2 & s1 by contra/ ) ^! joy\s fe/ivals1 ! occasional sacrifices1 :i* cont9ue to be (f]$ 9 times ( di/ress1 t5d to assume1 m & m1 ! "* ( s9-(f]+s or guilt-(f]+s4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 n[ to notice a consequ5ce :i* ensues ^u ! community's cu/om ( n eat+ until aft] ! fir/-fruits h be5 (f]$ to ! god4 ,n only is a habit or cu/om h>d to break1 simply because x is a habit2 b1 :5 ! habit is ! habit ( a :ole community1 ! individual :o presumes to violate x is visit$ by ! disapproval & ! condemnation ( ! :ole community4 ,:5 !n ! cu/om has e/abli%$ itself ( ab/a9+ f eat+1 until ! fir/-fruits h be5 (f]$ to ! god1 any violation ( ! cu/om is condemn$ by ! community z a :ole4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is t ! fruit or ! animal t5ds to be reg>d$ by ! community z sacr$ to ! god1 & n to be m$dl$ ) until aft] ! fir/-fruits h be5 (f]$ to him4 ,! plant or animal becomes sacr$ to ! god because ! community has (f]$ x to him1 & int5ds to (f] x to him1 & does (f] x to him annually4 ,n[ x is n a necess>y & inevitable consequ5ce t an animal or plant1 :i* has come to be sacr$1 %\ld become div9e4 ,b :]e we f9d div9e animals or animal gods--div9e corn or corn-goddesses--we are entitl$ to consid] ?is z "o way 9 :i* !y may h come to be reg>d$ z div9e1 because sacr$1 & z deities1 because div9e4 ,:5 we f9d ! div9e plant or animal con/itut+ ! sacrifice1 & furni%+ =? ! sacrificial meal1 !re is a possibility t x 0 9 ?is way & by ?is process t ! plant or animal came to be1 fir/1 sacr$1 !n div9e1 & f9ally ! deity1 to :om x 0 (f]$4 ,9 _m cases1 c]ta9ly1 ?is la/ /age 0 nev] rea*$4 ,& we may conjecture a reason :y x 0 n rea*$4 ,:e!r x c\ld be rea*$ w\ld dep5d l>gely on ! degree ( individuality1 :i* ! god1 to :om ! (f]+ 0 made1 _h rea*$4 ,a god :o possesses a prop]1 p]sonal "n1 mu/ h a long hi/ory beh9d him1 = a p]sonal "n is an epi!t ! mean+ ( :i* comes 9 c\rse ( "t to be =gott54 ,if its mean+ has come to be entirely =gott51 ! god is !reby %[n n only to h a long hi/ory beh9d him b to h acquir$ a high degree ( individuality & p]sonality1 :i* w n be alt]$ or modifi$ by ! (f]+s :i* are made to him4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! be+ or p[] wor%ipp$ is1 z ) ! jungle-dwell]s ( ,*ota ,nagpur1 /ill nameless1 8 p]sonality & individuality mu/ be ( ! vague/2 &1 9 t case1 !re is ! probability t ! plant or animal (f]$ to him may become sacr$ to him2 &1 hav+ become sacr$1 may become div9e4 ,! animal or plant may become t 9 :i* ! nameless be+ manife/s himself4 ,! corn or maize is (f]$ to ! nameless deity2 ! deity is ! be+ to :om ! corn or maize is habitually (f]$2 & !n becomes ! corn-deity or maize-deity1 ! "m ( ! maize or ! corn-goddess4 ,l ! di indigites ( ,italy1 ^! vegetation-goddesses are address$ by names :i*1 ?\gh p]=m+ ! function ( p]sonal names & enabl+ ! wor%ipp]s to make appeals to ! deities p]sonally1 are /ill ( p]fectly transp>5t mean+4 ,bo? pres5t to u t /age 9 ! evolution ( a deity1 9 :i* z yet ! mean+ ( 8 "n /ill survives2 9 :i* 8 "n has n yet become a fully p]sonal "n2 & 9 :i* he has n yet atta9$ to full p]sonality & complete individuality4 ,?is want ( complete individuality c h>dly be dissociat$ f ano!r fact :i* goes ) x4 ,t fact is t ! deity is to be f\nd 9 any plant ( ! species sacr$ to him1 or 9 any animal ( ! species sacr$ to him1 b is n suppos$ to be f\nd only 9 ! p>ticul> plant or animal :i* is (f]$ on "o p>ticul> occasion4 ,if ! corn-goddess is pres5t1 or manife/s h]self1 9 "o p>ticul> %eaf ( corn1 at h] h>ve/ fe/ival ?is ye>1 /ill %e did manife/ h]self la/ ye>1 & w manife/ h]self next ye>1 9 ano!r4 ,! deity1 t is to say1 is ! species2 & ! species1 & no individual specim5 !re(1 is ! deity4 ,t is ! reason :i* prev5ts1 or t5ds to prev5t1 deities ( ?is k9d f atta9+ complete individuality4 ,?is want ( complete individuality & ( full p]sonality x is :i* *>act]ises totems4 ,! totem1 also1 is a be+ :o1 if he manife/s himself 9 ?is p>ticul> animal1 :i* is sla91 has also manife/$ himself & w manife/ himself 9 o!r animals ( ! same species3 b he is n id5tical ) any p>ticul> individual specim54 ,n only is ! individuality ( ! totem ?us incomplete1 b 9 _m in/ances ! "n ( ! species has n begun to *ange into a prop] p]sonal "n = ! totem1 z ',c]es' or ',*icomecoatl' or ',xilon5' h *ang$ into prop] names ( p]sonal deities4 ,:e!r we are or are n to reg>d ! totem z a god1 at any rate1 view$ z a be+ 9 ! process ( acquir+ individuality1 he seems to be acquir+ x 9 ! same way1 & by ! same process1 z corn-goddesses & maize-mo!rs acquir$ !irs1 & to pres5t to our eyes a /age ( gr[? ?r\gh :i* ^! vegetation-deities !mselves h pass$4 ,!y also at "o "t _h n yet acquir$ ! p]sonal names by :i* !y aft]w>ds came to be address$4 ,!y 71 ?\gh nameless1 ! be+s pres5t 9 any & e %eaf ( corn or maize1 ?\gh n cab9$ & conf9$ to any "o %eaf or any numb] ( %eaves4 ,& ^! be+s h x 9 !m to become--= !y did become--deities4 ,! process by :i* & ! p]iod at :i* !y may h become deities we h already sugge/$3 ! p]iod is ! /age at :i* (f]+s1 orig9ally made at irregul> times ( di/ress1 become annual (f]+s1 made at ! "t ( h>ve/2 ! process is ! process by :i* :at is cu/om>y becomes obligatory4 ,! (f]+s at h>ve/ "t1 f cu/om>y1 become obligatory4 ,t :i* is (f]$1 is !reby sacr$2 ! v int5tion to (f] x1 ?is ye> 9 ! same way z x 0 (f]$ la/ ye>1 suffices to make x sacr$1 be=e x is (f]$4 ,?us1 ! :ole species1 :e!r plant or animal1 becomes sacr$1 to ! deity to :om x is (f]$3 x is 84 ,& if he be z vague & %ad[y z ! p[] or be+ to :om ! jungle-dwell]s ( ,*ota ,nagpur make _! (f]+s at /at$ seasons1 !n he may be look$ = & f\nd 9 ! plant or animal species :i* is 84 ,! h>ve/ is 8 alone1 until ! fir/-fruits are (f]$4 ,he makes ! plants to gr[3 if !y fail1 x is to him ! community prays4 ,if !y ?rive1 x is because he is1 ?\gh n id5tical ) !m1 yet 9 a way pres5t 9 !m1 & is n to be di/+ui%$ f ! be+ :o n only manife/s himself 9 e individual plant or animal ( ! species1 ?\gh n id5tical ) any "o1 b is call$ by ! "n ( ! species4 ,:e!r we are to see 9 totems1 z !y occur 9 ,au/ralia1 be+s 9 ! /age ?r\gh :i* vegetation deities presumably pass$1 be=e !y became corn-goddesses & mo!rs ( ! maize1 is a "q1 ! answ] to :i* dep5ds ^u our int]pretation ( ! c]emonies 9 :i* !y figure4 ,x is difficult1 at lea/1 to dissociate ^? c]emonies f ! ritual ( fir/-fruits4 ,! community may n eat ( ! animal or plant1 at ! appropriate season1 until ! head-man has solemnly & sp>+ly p>tak5 ( x4 ,ab\t ! solemnity ( ! c]emonial & ! rev]5ce ( ^? :o p]=m x1 !re is no d\bt4 ,b1 :]eas 9 ! ritual ( fir/-fruits else:]e1 ! fir/-fruits are1 beyond possibility ( d\bt or mi/ake1 (f]$ to a god1 a p]sonal god1 hav+ a prop] "n1 9 ,au/ralia !re is no satisfactory evid5ce to %[ t ! (f]+s are suppos$1 by ^? :o make !m1 to be made to any god2 or t ! totem-_s1 if x is di/+ui%$ f ! totem-species1 is reg>d$ z a god4 ,!re has accord+ly be5 a t5d5cy on ! "p ( /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( religion to d5y to totemism any place 9 ! evolution ( religion1 & ev5 to reg>d ! ,au/ralian black-fell[s z exemplify+1 )9 ! region ( our obs]vation1 a pre-religi\s p]iod 9 ! process ( human evolution4 ,?is latt] view may safely be dismiss$ z unt5able1 :e!r we d or d n believe totemism to h a religi\s side4 ,!re is suffici5t my?ology1 /ill exi/+ among/ ! ,au/ralian tribes1 to %[ t ! belief 9 gods survives among/ !m1 ev5 ?\gh1 z seems to be ! case1 no wor%ip n[ atta*es to ! gods1 ) p]sonal names1 :o figure 9 ! my?s4 ,t my?s survive1 :5 wor%ip has ceas$2 & t ! names ( gods l+] on1 ev5 :5 my?s are no long] told ( !m1 are features to be se5 9 ! decay ( religi\s sy/ems1 all ! _w ov]1 & n 9 ,au/ralia alone4 ,! fact t ^! features are to be f\nd 9 ,au/ralia po9ts to a consid]ation :i* hi!rto has g5]ally be5 ov]look$1 or n suffici5tly weigh$4 ,x is t 9 ,au/ralia we are 9 ! mid/ ( g5]al religi\s decay1 & are n witness+ ! bir? ( religion nor 9 ! pres5ce ( a pre-religi\s p]iod4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! wor%ip ( ! gods1 :o figure 9 ! my?s1 has ceas$1 b _! names live on4 ,& f ?is po9t ( view1 ! names ( ! be+s wor%ipp$1 9 ! totemi/ic fir/-fruits c]emonies1 h disappe>$1 ?\gh ! c]emonies are elaborate1 solemn1 rev]5t1 complicat$ & prolong$2 & religion has be5 swall[$ up 9 ritual4 ,ev5 among/ ! ,aztecs1 :o _h rea*$ a /age ( social developm5t1 b>b>\s or semi-civilis$1 f> beyond any?+ atta9$ by ! ,au/ralian tribes1 ! degree ( p]sonality & individuality rea*$ by ! vegetation deities 0 n su* t ^? deities _h /rictly prop] names3 ! deity ( ! maize 0 /ill only '! maize-"m4' ,among/ ! ,au/ralians1 :o are s f> bel[ ! level rea*$ 9 ,mexico1 ! be+s wor%ipp$ at ! fir/-fruits c]emonies may well h be5 z nameless z ! be+s wor%ipp$ by ! jungle-dwell]s ( ,*ota ,nagpur4 ,ar\nd ^! nameless be+s1 a ritual1 simple 9 its orig91 b luxuriant 9 its gr[?1 has develop$1 ov]%ad[+ & obscur+ !m f our view1 s t we1 & p]haps ! wor%ipp]s1 _c see ! god = ! ritual4 ,9 ,mexico ! vegetation-goddesses /ruggl$ = exi/5ce among/ a cr[d ( m develop$ deities1 j z 9 ,italy ! di indigites compet$1 at a disadvantage1 ) ! great gods ( ! /ate4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! great] gods ( ! my?s seem to h giv5 way be=e--or to--! spread ( totemism4 ,:]e gods are wor%ipp$ = ! b5efits expect$ f !m1 be+s :o h 9 *>ge ! food-supply ( ! community w be wor%ipp$ n only annually at ! season ( ! fir/-fruits1 b ) great] zeal & m cont9u\s devotion ?an c be display$ t[>ds ! old] gods :o are wor%ipp$ only at irregul> p]iods4 ,n only does ! exi/5ce ( my?ology 9 ,au/ralia indicate t ! gods :o figure 9 ! my?s 7 once wor%ipp$1 ?\gh wor%ip n[ no long] is r5d]$ to !m2 b ! totemi/ic c]emonies by _! v nature %[ t !y are a lat] developm5t ( ! sacrificial rite4 ,! simple/ =m ( ! rite is t 9 :i* ! community draw ne> to _! god1 be>+ ) !m (f]+s1 acceptable to ! god3 x is at a lat] /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! rite t ! (f]+s1 hav+ be5 accept$ by ! god1 are consum$ by ! community1 z is ! case ) ! totem animals & plants4 ,at its e>lie/ /age1 aga91 ! rite is p]=m$1 at irregul> p]iods1 on occasions ( di/ress3 x is only at a m advanc$ /age t ! rite is p]=m$ at fix$1 annual p]iods1 z 9 ,au/ralia4 ,& ?is *ange ( p]iodicity is pla9ly connect$ ) ! gr[? ( ! conviction t ! annual fir/-fruits belong to ! gods--a conviction spr++ f ! belief t !y are annually accept$ by ! god1 a belief :i* 9 its turn implies a prior belief t !y are acceptable4 ,9 o!r words1 ! c5tre ( religi\s int]e/ at fir/ lies 9 approa*+ ! god1 t is 9 ! desire to re/ore ! normal /ate ( relations1 :i* calamity %[s to h be5 di/urb$4 ,b 9 ! end1 religi\s int]e/ is conc5trat$ on1 & express$ by1 ! fea/ :i* t]m9ates ! c]emony & m>ks ! fact t ! reconciliation is effect$4 ,:at is at fir/ accept$ by ! god at ! fea/ comes to be reg>d$ z belong+ to him & sacr$ to him3 ! wor%ipp]s may n t\* x until a portion ( x1 ! fir/-fruits1 has be5 accept$ by him4 ,?us ! rite :i* indicates & m>ks 8 acceptance becomes m ?an ev] ! c5tre ( religi\s int]e/4 ,! rite may ?us become ( m importance ?an ! god1 z 9 ,au/ralia seems to be ! case2 = ! p]=mance ( ! rite is indisp5sable if ! community is to be admitt$ to eat ( ! h>ve/4 ,:5 ?is po9t ( view has be5 rea*$1 :5 ! p]=mance ( ! rite is ! indisp5sable ?+1 ! rite t5ds to be reg>d$ z magical4 ,if ?is is :at has happ5$ 9 ! case ( ! ,au/ralian rite1 x is b :at t5ds to happ51 :]ev] ritual fl\ri%es at ! exp5se ( religion4 ,if x 7 necess>y to assume t only among/ ! ,au/ralian black-fell[s1 & nev] else:]e1 did a rite1 orig9ally religi\s1 t5d to become magical1 !n x w\ld be a priori unlikely1 9 ! extreme1 t ?is happ5$ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,b inasmu* z ?is t5d5cy is innate 9 ritual1 x is r likely t 9 ,au/ralia ! t5d5cy has run its c\rse1 z x has done else:]e1 9 ,india1 = example1 :]e1 also1 ! sacrificial rite has become magical4 ,:e!r a rite1 orig9ally religi\s1 w become assimilat$ to magic1 dep5ds v mu* on ! ext5t to :i* ! community believes 9 magic4 ,! m ! community believes 9 magic1 ! m ready x w be to put a magical int]pretation on its religi\s rites4 ,b ! fact t1 9 ! l[] communities1 religion is always 9 dang] ( s9k+ into magic1 does n prove t religion spr+s f magic & is b "o k9d ( magic4 ,t view1 once held by "s /ud5ts1 is n[ g5]ally ab&on$4 ,x am\nts simply to say+ once m t 9 ! e>lie/ manife/ations ( religion !re 0 no religion1 & t religion is n[1 :at x 0 9 ! beg9n+--no?+ b magic4 ,if t position is ab&on$1 !n religi\s rites are1 9 _! v nature1 & f _! v orig91 diff]5t f magical rites4 ,religi\s rites are1 fir/1 rites ( approa*1 :]eby ! community draws nigh to its god2 &1 aft]w>ds1 rites ( sacram5tal meals :]eby ! community celebrates its reconciliation & enjoys communion ) its god4 ,^? meals are typically cases ( 'eat+ ) ! god1' celebrat$ on ! occasion ( fir/-fruits1 & bas$ on ! conviction1 :i* has sl[ly gr[n up1 t '! e>? is ! ,"l's1 & ! fulness !re(4' ,meals1 su* z 7 f\nd 9 ,mexico1 & h left _! traces 9 ,au/ralia1 9 :i* ! fruit or ! animal t 0 (f]$ _h come to be reg>d$ z /&+ 9 ! same relation to ! god z an individual does to ! species1 are meals hav+ ! same orig9 z ^? 9 :i* ! community eats ) its god1 b foll[+ a diff]5t l9e ( evolution4 ,! object ( ! sacrificial rite is fir/ to re/ore & !n to ma9ta9 good relations betwe5 ! community & its god4 ,pu%$ to its logical conclusion1 or r p]haps we %\ld say1 pu%$ back to ! premisses requir$ = its logical demon/ration1 ! v idea ( r5ew+ or re/or+ relations implies an orig9al und]/&+ betwe5 ! community & its god2 & implies t x is ! community's dep>ture f ?is und]/&+ :i* has involv$ x 9 ! disa/]1 f :i* x desires to escape1 & to secure escape f :i*1 x approa*es its god1 ) desire to r5ew & re/ore ! normal relations4 ,! idea t if intellig5t be+s d some?+ cu/om>ily1 !y mu/ d s because once !y ent]$ into a contract1 compact or cov5ant to d s1 is "o :i* 9 ,plato's "t manife/$ itself 9 ! !ory ( a social compact1 to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( morality1 & :i* 9 ,japan 0 record$ 9 ! t5? c5tury ,a4,d4 z acc\nt+ = ! fact t c]ta9 sacrifices 7 (f]$ to ! gods4 ,?us 9 ! f\r? ritual ( '! ,way ( ! ,gods'--t is ,%9to--x is expla9$ t ! ,spirits ( ! ,/orm took ! ,japanese to be _! p1 & ! p ( ,japan took ! ,spirits ( ! ,/orm to be gods ( !irs4 ,9 pursuance ( t cov5ant1 ! spirits on _! "p und]took to be ,gods ( ! ,w9ds & to rip5 & bless ! h>ve/1 :ile ! p on _! "p und]took to f\nd a temple to _! new gods2 & t is :y ! p are n[ wor%ipp+ !m4 ,x 01 accord+ to ! acc\nt giv5 9 ! f\r? ritual1 ! gods !mselves :o dictat$ ! conditions on :i* !y 7 will+ to take ! ,japanese to be _! p1 & fix$ ! t]ms ( ! cov5ant4 ,s too 9 ! acc\nt giv5 9 ! six? *apt] ( ,exodus1 x 0 ,jehovah himself :o dictat$ to ,moses ! t]ms ( ! cov5ant :i* he 0 will+ to make ) ! *ildr5 ( ,israel3 ',i w take y to me = a p1 & ,i w be to y a ,god4' ,9 ,japan x 0 to ! ,emp]or1 z high prie/1 t ! t]ms ( ! cov5ant 7 dictat$1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! temple 0 built & ! wor%ip in/itut$4 ,! tra9 ( ?\ght is q cle> & logically consi/5t4 ,if ! gods ( ! ,w9ds 7 to be tru/$--z !y 7 unque/ionably tru/$--x mu/ be because !y _h made a cov5ant ) ! p1 & w\ld be fai?ful to x1 if ! p 74 ,! direct /atem5t1 9 pla91 intelligible words1 9 ! f\r? ritual1 t a cov5ant ( ?is k9d _h actually be5 ent]$ into1 0 b a /atem5t ( :at is impli$ by ! v idea1 & 9 ! v act1 ( (f]+ sacrifices4 ,& sacrifices _h ( c\rse be5 (f]$ 9 ,japan long be=e ! t5? c5tury3 !y 7 (f]$1 & long _h be5 (f]$ annually to ! gods ( ! ,h>ve/4 ,probably !y _h be5 (f]$ to ! gods ( ! ,/orms long be=e !y 7 (f]$ to ! gods ( ! ,w9ds2 & ! proc$ure n>rat$ 9 ! f\r? ritual records ! trans=mation ( ! occasional & irregul> sacrifices1 made to ! w9ds :5 !y ?reat5$ ! h>ve/ ) damage1 into annual sacrifices1 made e ye> z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,?us1 we h an example ( ! way 9 :i* ! old] sacrifices1 made orig9ally only 9 times ( disa/]1 come to be assimilat$ to ! m rec5t sacrifices1 :i* f _! nature & orig91 are (f]$ regul>ly e ye>4 ,n only is !re a natural t5d5cy 9 man to assimilate ?+s :i* admit ( assimilation & c be br\ght "u "o rule2 b also x is advisable to av]t calamity r ?an to wait = x1 &1 :5 x has happ5$1 to d some?+4 ,x w\ld !re=e be desirable f ?is po9t ( view to r5d] regul> wor%ip to deities :o c s5d disa/]2 & ?us to induce !m to ab/a9 f s5d+ x4 ,9 ! f\r? ,%9to ritual ! gods ( ! ,w9ds are repres5t$ z initiat+ ! contract & prescrib+ its t]ms4 ,b 9 ! fir/ ritual1 :i* is conc]n$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! gods ( ! ,h>ve/1 x is ! community :i* is repres5t$ z tak+ ! fir/ /ep1 & z und]tak+ t1 if ! gods grant an abundant h>ve/1 ! p w1 ?r\gh _! high prie/1 ! ,emp]or1 make a ?ank-(f]+1 9 ! %ape ( fir/-fruits1 to ! gods ( ! ,h>ve/4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 no m an hi/orical acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* ! gods ( ! ,h>ve/ actually came to be wor%ipp$1 ?an is ! acc\nt :i* ! f\r? ,%9to ritual gives ( ! way ! gods ( ! ,w9ds came to be wor%ipp$4 ,9 bo? cases ! wor%ip exi/$1 & sacrifices _h be5 made1 z a matt] ( cu/om1 long be=e any ne$ 0 felt to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! cu/om4 ,z soon z ! ne$ 0 felt1 ! explanation 0 =?com+3 if ! community _h made ^! sacrifices1 = z long back z ! memory ( man c\ld run1 & if ! gods _h grant$ good h>ve/s 9 consequ5ce1 x mu/ h be5 9 consequ5ce ( an agreem5t ent]$ into by bo? p>ties2 & !re=e a cov5ant _h be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 !m1 on "s pa/ occasion1 :i* soon became hi/orical4 ,?is hi/ory ( ! orig9 & mean+ ( sacrifice has an obvi\s aff9ity ) ! gift-!ory ( sacrifice4 ,bo? 9 ! gift-!ory & ! cov5ant-!ory1 ! t]ms ( ! transaction are t s mu* bless+ %all be =?com+ = s mu* s]vice1 or s mu* sacrifice = s mu* bless+4 ,! po9t ( view is comm]cial2 ! obligation is legal2 if ! t]ms are /rictly kept on ! "o "p1 !n !y are /rictly b9d+ on ! o!r4 ,! cov5ant-!ory1 l ! gift-!ory1 is ev5tually discov]$ by spiritual exp]i5ce1 if pu%$ f> en\gh1 to be a false int]pretation ( ! relations exi/+ betwe5 god & man4 ,be+ an int]pretation1 x is an outcome ( reflection--( reflection ^u ! fact t1 9 ! "t ( tr\ble1 man turns to 8 gods1 & t1 9 return+ to !m1 he escapes f 8 tr\ble4 ,on t fact all sy/ems ( wor%ip are bas$1 f t fact all sy/ems ( wor%ip />t4 ,if1 z is ! case1 !y />t 9 diff]5t directions & div]ge f "o ano!r1 x is because m51 9 ! process ( reflect+ ^u t fact1 come to put diff]5t int]pretations ^u x4 ,& s f> z !y ev5tually come to feel t any int]pretation is a mis9t]pretation1 !y d s because !y f9d t x is n1 z !y _h be5 taught to believe1 a correct int]pretation b a mis9t]pretation ( ! fact3 !re is f\nd 9 ! exp]i5ce ( return+ to ,god1 some?+ ) :i* ! mis9t]pretation is irreconcilable2 &1 :5 ! mis9t]pretation is disp]s$1 l a vap\r1 ! vision ( ,god1 ! idea ( ,god1 %9es =? ! m brightly4 ,"o su* mis9t]pretation is ! reflection t ! fav\r ( ! gods c be b\ght by gifts4 ,ano!r is ! reflection t ! gods sell _! fav\rs1 on ! t]ms ( a cov5ant agre$ ^u betwe5 !m & man4 ,ano!r is t t :i* is (f]$ is sacr$1 & t t :i* is sacr$ is div9e--t ! god is himself ! (f]+ :i* is made to him4 ,9 all sy/ems ( wor%ip man n only turns to 8 gods b does s 9 ! conviction t he is return+1 or try+ to return1 to !m--try+ to return to !m1 because !y h be5 e/rang$1 & access to !m is !re=e difficult4 ,accord+ly1 he draws ne> to !m1 be>+ 9 8 h&s some?+ int5d$ to express 8 desire to return to !m4 ,! mat]ial1 ext]nal symbol ( 8 desire--! oblation1 (f]+ or sacrifice :i* he br+s ) him because x expresses 8 desire--is t on :i* at fir/ 8 att5tion c5tres4 ,& because 8 att5tion c5tres on x1 ! rite ( sacrifice1 ! outw>d c]emony1 develops 9 ways already describ$4 ,! object ( ! rite is to procure access to ! god2 & ! great] ! ext5t to :i* att5tion is conc5trat$ on ! "r way ( p]=m+ ! ext]nal acts & ! outw>d c]emony1 ! less att5tion is be/[$ ^u ! inw>d purpose :i* accompanies ! outw>d actions1 & = ! sake ( :i* ^? ext]nal actions are p]=m$4 ,z ! object ( ! rite is to procure access1 x seems to foll[ t ! prop] p]=mance ( ! rite w ensure ! access desir$4 ,! reason :y access is s\ght1 at all1 is ! belief--aris+ on occasions :5 calamity visits ! community--t ! god has be5 e/rang$1 & ! fai? t he may yet become reconcil$ to 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,! reason :y 8 wra? desc5ds1 9 ! %ape ( calamities1 ^u ! community1 is t ! community1 9 ! p]son ( "o ( its memb]s1 has (f5d$ ! god1 by break+ ! cu/om ( ! community 9 "s way4 ,= ?is reason--9 ?is belief & fai?--access is s\ght1 by means ( ! sacrificial rite2 & ! purpose ( ! rite is assum$ to be realis$ by ! p]=mance ( ! c]emonies1 9 :i* ! outw>d rite consi/s4 ,! mean+ & ! value ( ! outw>d c]emonies consi/s 9 ! desire = reconciliation :i* expresses itself 9 ! acts p]=m$2 & ! m]e p]=mance ( ! acts t5ds ( itself to relieve ! desire4 ,t is :y ! cov5ant-!ory ( sacrifice ga9s acceptance3 x repres5ts--x is an (ficial repres5tation--t p]=mance ( ! sacrificial c]emony is all t is requir$1 by ! t]ms ( ! agreem5t1 to obta9 reconciliation & to effect atonem5t4 ,b ! repres5tation is f\nd to be a misrepres5tation3 ! desire = reconciliation & atonem5t is n to be satisfi$ by outw>d c]emonies1 b by he>k5+ & ob$i5ce4 ',to obey is bett] ?an sacrifice & to he>k5 ?an ! fat ( rams4' ,sacrifice rema9s ! outw>d rite1 b x is pron\nc$ to h value only s f> z x is an expression ( ! _s ( ob$i5ce4 ,oblations are va9 unless ! p]son :o (f]s !m is *ang$ 9 he>t1 unless !re is an inw>d1 spiritual process1 ( :i* ! ext]nal c]emony is an expression4 ,?\gh ?is 0 an int]pretation ( ! mean+ ( ! sacrificial rite :i* 0 incompatible ) ! cov5ant-!ory & :i* 0 ev5tually fatal to x1 x 0 at once a return to ! orig9al object ( ! rite & a disclosure ( its mean+4 ,"s su* int]nal1 spiritual process is impli$ by sacrifice f ! beg9n+1 = x is a pla9 impossibility to suppose t 9 ! beg9n+ x consi/$ ( m]e ext]nal actions :i* _h absolutely no mean+ :atev]1 = ^? :o p]=m$ !m2 & x is equally impossible to ma9ta9 t su* mean+ z !y _h 0 n a religi\s mean+4 ,! hi/ory ( religion is ! hi/ory ( ! process by :i* ! import ( t mean+ rises to ! surface ( cle> consci\sness1 & is gradually reveal$4 ,b5ea? ! c]emony & ! outw>d rite !re 0 always a moral & religi\s process--moral because x 0 ! community ( fell[-wor%ipp]s :o (f]$ ! sacrifice1 on occasions ( a brea* ( ! cu/om1 t is ( ! cu/om>y morality1 ( ! tribe2 religi\s because x 0 to _! god t !y (f]$ x4 ,! v purpose ) :i* ! community (f]$ x 0 to purge itself ( ! (f5ce committ$ by "o ( its memb]s4 ,! condition prec$5t1 on :i* alone sacrifice c\ld be (f]$1 0 t ! (f5ce 0 rep5t$ (4 ,f ! beg9n+ sacrifice impli$ rep5tance & 0 impossible )\t x4 ,b x suffic$ if ! community rep5t$ & puni%$ ! transgressor3 8 rep5tance h[ev] 0 n necess>y--all t 0 necess>y 0 8 puni%m5t4 ,! re-int]pretation ( ! sacrificial rite by ! prophets ( ,israel 0 t until !re 0 he>k5+ & ob$i5ce !re c\ld be no?+ b an outw>d p]=mance ( ! rite4 ,! revelation made by ,*ri/ 0 t e man may take "p 9 ! supreme act ( wor%ip1 if he has fir/ become reconcil$ to 8 bro!r1 if he has fir/ rep5t$ 8 own (f5ces1 f love = ,god & 8 fell[-man4 ,! old cov5ant made ! fav\r ( ,god conditional on ! receipt ( sacrificial (f]+s4 ,! new cov5ant removes t limit1 & all o!rs1 f ,god's love to 8 *ildr53 x is inf9ite love4 ,x is n conditional or limit$2 conditional on man's lov+ ,god1 or limit$ to ^? :o love ,him4 ,o!rwise ! new cov5ant w\ld be ( ! same nature z ! old4 ,b love asks = love2 ! great] love = ! great] love2 inf9ite love = ! greate/ man is capable (4 ,& x is h>d = a man to resi/ love2 impossible inde$ 9 ! end3 all m5 come "u & into ! new cov5ant1 9 :i* !re is inf9ite love on ! "o side1 & love t may gr[ inf9itely on ! o!r4 ,if x is to gr[1 h[ev]1 x is 9 a new life t x mu/ gr[3 a life ( sacrifice1 a life 9 :i* he :o comes "u ! new cov5ant is himself ! (f]+ & ! 'lively sacrifice4' ,! wor%ipp]'s idea ( ,god necess>ily det]m9es ! _s 9 :i* he wor%ips4 ,! idea ( ,god z a ,god ( love is diff]5t f ! idea ( ,him z a ,god ( ju/ice1 :o ju/ly requires he>k5+ & ob$i5ce4 ,! idea ( ,god z a ,god :o dem&s ob$i5ce & is n to be put (f ) va9 oblations is diff]5t f t ( a ,god to :om1 by ! t]ms ( a cov5ant1 (f]+s are to be made 9 return = b5efits receiv$4 ,b ea* & all ( ^! ideas imply ! exi/5ce1 9 ! individual consci\sness1 & 9 ! common consci\sness1 ( ! desire to draw ne> to ,god1 & ( ! ne$ ( draw+ nigh4 ,:]ev] t ne$ & t desire are felt1 !re religion is2 & ! ne$ & ! desire are "p ( ! common consci\sness ( mank9d4 ,f ! beg9n+ !y h always express$ or symbolis$ !mselves 9 outw>d acts or rites4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! human race is te/imony t rites are indisp5sable1 9 ! same way & = ! same reason t language is indisp5sable to ?\ght4 ,?\ght w\ld n develop 7 !re no spee*1 :]eby ?\ght c\ld be %>p5$ on ?\ght4 ,nor has religion ev]1 any:]e1 develop$ )\t rites4 ,!y1 l language1 are ! "w ( ! community1 collectively2 & !y are a mode ( expression :i* is1 l language1 intelligible to ! community1 because ! community expresses itself 9 ?is way1 & because ea* memb] ( ! community f9ds t o!r memb]s h ?\ghts l 81 & ! same desire to draw ne> to a ,be+ ^: exi/5ce !y d\bt n1 h[ev] vaguely !y conceive ,him1 or h[ev] contradictorily !y int]pret ,8 be+4 ,b1 if language is indisp5sable to ?\ght1 & a means :]eby we become consci\s ( ea* o!r's ?\ght1 language is n ?\ght4 ,nor are rites1 & outw>d acts1 religion--indisp5sable ?\gh !y be to x4 ,!y are an expression ( x4 ,!y mu/ be an inadequate expression2 & !y are always liable to mis9t]pretation1 ev5 by "s ( ^? :o p]=m !m4 ,! hi/ory ( religion conta9s ! record ( ! mis9t]pretations ( ! rite ( sacrifice4 ,b x also records ! progressive correction ( ^? mis9t]pretations1 & ! process :]eby ! mean+ implicit 9 ! rite f ! beg9n+ has be5 made manife/ 9 ! end4 ,! ne$ & ! desire to draw nigh to ! god ( ! community are felt 9 ! e>lie/ ( ages on occasions :5 calamity befalls ! community4 ,! calamity is int]pret$ z s5t by ! god2 & ! god is conceiv$ to h be5 provok$ by an (f5ce ( :i* "s memb] ( ! community _h be5 guilty4 ,we may say1 !re=e1 t f ! beg9n+ !re has be5 pres5t 9 ! common consci\sness a s5se ( s9 & ! desire to make atonem5t4 ,psy*ologically x seems cle> t at ! pres5t day1 9 ! case ( ! individual1 p]sonal religion fir/ manife/s itself usually 9 ! consci\sness ( s94 ,& :at is true 9 ! psy*ology ( ! individual may be expect$ )9 limits to hold true 9 ! psy*ology ( ! common consci\sness4 ,b ?\gh we may say t1 9 ! beg9n+1 x 0 by ! occurr5ce ( public calamity t ! community became consci\s t s9 _h be5 committ$1 /ill x is also true to say t ! community felt t x 0 by "s "o ( its memb]s1 r ?an by ! community1 t ! (f5ce _h be5 committ$1 = :i* ! community 0 responsible4 ,x 0 ! responsibility1 r ?an ! (f5ce1 :i* 0 prom95t 9 ! common consci\sness--z inde$ t5ds to be ! case ) ! individual also4 ,b ! fact t ! (f5ce _h be5 committ$1 n by ! community1 b by "s "o memb] ( ! community1 d\btless help$ to give ! community ! confid5ce )\t :i* its attitude t[>ds ! (f5d$ p[] w\ld h be5 simply "o ( fe>4 ,_h ! feel+ be5 "o ( fe>1 pure & unmix$1 ! movem5t ( ! community c\ld n h be5 t[>ds ! (f5d$ be+4 ,b religion manife/s itself f ! beg9n+ 9 ! action ( draw+ ne> to ! god4 ,! fact t ! (f5ce 0 ! de$ ( "s "o memb]1 & n ( ! community z a :ole1 d\btless help$ to give ! community ! confid5ce1 )\t :i* its attitude t[>ds ! (f5d$ p[] w\ld h be5 simply "o ( fe>4 ,b x also t5d$ necess>ily to make religion an affair ( ! community r ?an a p]sonal ne$3 s9 _h inde$ be5 committ$1 b n by ^? :o drew ne> to ! god = ! purpose ( mak+ ! atonem5t4 ,!y 7 n ! (f5d]s4 ,! community admitt$ its responsibility1 inde$1 b x f\nd "o ( its memb]s guilty4 ,we may1 !re=e1 fairly say t p]sonal religion _h at ?is "t sc>cely begun to em]ge4 ,& ! reason :y ?is 0 s is q cle>3 x is t 9 ! infancy ( ! race1 z 9 ! infancy ( ! individual1 p]sonal self-consci\sness is z yet undevelop$4 ,& x is only z p]sonal self-consci\sness develops t p]sonal religion becomes possible4 ,we mu/ n h[ev] f ?is inf] t p]sonal religion is a necess>y1 or1 at any rate1 an imm$iate consequ5ce ( ! developm5t ( self-consci\sness4 ,9 anci5t ,greece "o manife/ation--& 9 ! religi\s doma9 ! fir/ manife/ation--( ! individual's consci\sness ( himself 0 ! gr[? ( 'my/]ies4' ,individuals volunt>ily ent]$ ^! associations3 !y 7 n born into !m z !y 7 into ! /ate & ! /ate-wor%ip4 ,& !y ent]$ !m = ! sake ( individual purification & 9 ! hope ( p]sonal immortality4 ,! desire = salvation1 = individual salvation1 is manife/4 ,b x 0 9 rites & c]emonies t ! my/ae put _! tru/1 & 9 ! fact t !y 7 initiat$ t !y f\nd _! confid5ce--s long z !y c\ld keep x4 ,! traditional conviction ( ! efficacy ( ritual 0 un%ak53 &1 s long z m5 believ$ 9 ! efficacy ( rites1 ! "q1 ',:at %all ,i d to be sav$8' admitt$ ( no p]man5tly satisfactory answ]4 ,! only answ] t has be5 f\nd p]man5tly satisfy+ to ! p]sonal ne$ ( religion is "o :i* goes beyond rites & c]emonies3 x is t a man %all love 8 neighb\r & 8 ,god4 ,b 9 ?us becom+ p]sonal1 religion involv$ man's fell[-m5 z mu* z himself4 ,9 becom+ p]sonal ?us1 religion became1 !reby1 m ?an ev] be=e1 ! relation ( ! community to its ,god4 ,! relation h[ev] is no long] t ! community admits ! transgressions ( "s "o ( its memb]s3 x prays = ! =giv5ess ( 'our trespasses'2 & ?\gh x prays = ea* ( its memb]s1 /ill x is ! community t prays & wor%ips & comes be=e its ,god1 z x has done f ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,x is ) rites ( wor%ip t ! community1 at any p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( religion1 draws nigh to its god2 = its inw>d purpose _c b reveal itself 9 "s outw>d manife/ation4 ,inde$ x seeks to manife/ itself z naturally & z necess>ily z ?\ght f\nd expression = itself 9 ! languages x has creat$2 &1 ?\gh ! re-action ( =ms ( wor%ip ^u religion sometimes results1 l ! re-action ( language ^u ?\ght1 9 mislead+ confusion1 /ill1 = ! mo/ "p1 language does s]ve to express m or less cle>ly--inde$ we may say m & m cle>ly--t :i* we h x 9 u to utt]4 ,z !re are m =ms ( spee* ?an "o1 s !re are m =ms ( religion ?an "o2 & z ! language ( savages :o c c\nt no high] ?an ?ree is inadequate = ! purposes ( ! high] ma!matics1 s ! religion ( man 9 ! l[] /ages ( 8 developm5t is inadequate1 comp>$ ) t ( ! high] /ages4 ,nev]!less ! civilis$ man c come to und]/& ! savage's =m ( spee*2 & x w\ld be /range to say t ! savage's =m ( spee*1 or t 8 =m ( religion1 is un9telligible nons5se4 ,beh9d ! v>ieties ( spee* & ( religion !re is t 9 ! _s ( man :i* is seek+ to express itself & :i* is intelligible to all1 because x is 9 all4 ,?\gh few ( u und]/& any b civilis$ languages1 we feel no difficulty 9 believ+ t savage languages n m]ely are intelligible b mu/ h sprung f ! same s\rce z our own1 ?\gh f> inf]ior to x = e purpose t language is employ$ to subs]ve4 ,! _m diff]5t =ms ( religion are all attempts--successful 9 z _m v v>i\s degrees z language itself--to give expression to ! idea ( ,god4 ,,iv ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,god ,,9 ,,pray] ,! "q may p]haps be rais$1 :e!r x is necess>y = u to travel beyond wor%ip1 9 ord] to discov] :at 01 9 e>ly religions1 or is n[1 ! idea ( ,god1 z x pres5ts itself to ! wor%ipp]4 ,! answ] to ! "q w dep5d p>tly on :at we consid] ! ess5ce ( religion to be4 ,if we take ! view1 :i* is held by "s writ]s ( au?ority on ! hi/ory ( religion1 t ! ess5ce ( religion is adoration1 !n inde$ we nei!r ne$ nor c travel fur!r1 = we %all hold t wor%ip is adoration1 & adoration1 wor%ip4 ,to exclude adoration1 to say t adoration does n1 or %\ld n1 =m any "p ( wor%ip1 seems alike contr>y to ! v mean+ ( ! ^w 'wor%ip' & to be at v>iance ) a l>ge & important body ( ! facts record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,! c\rts ( a god are cu/om>ily ent]$ ) ! praise :i* is ! outw>d expression ( ! feel+ ( adoration ) :i* ! wor%ipp]s spiritually gaze ^u ! might & maje/y ( ! god :om !y approa*4 ,he is to !m a great god1 above all o!r gods4 ,ev5 to poly!i/s1 ! god :o is wor%ipp$ at ! mom5t1 is1 at t mom5t1 "o ?an :om !re is no "o1 & n\ght1 great]1 quo nihil maius4 ,a god :o %\ld n be wor%ipp$ ?us--a god :o 0 n ! object ( adoration--w\ld n be wor?y ( ! "n1 & w\ld h>dly be call$ a god4 ,s /rongly is ?is felt t ev5 writ]s :o incl9e to reg>d religion z an illusion1 def9e gods z be+s conceiv$ to be sup]ior to man4 ,! degree ( respect1 ris+ to adoration1 w v>y directly ) ! degree ( sup]iority attribut$ to !m2 b n ev5 9 ! case ( a feti%1 s long z x is wor%ipp$1 is ! respect1 :i* is ! g]m ( adoration1 :olly want+4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( gods1 on :om1 on occasion1 insult is put1 x is precisely 9 mom5ts :5 _! sup]iority is 9 d\bt t ! wor%ip ( adoration is mom5t>ily want+4 ,wor%ip )\t adoration is wor%ip only 9 "n1 or r is no wor%ip at all4 ,only ) adoration c wor%ip beg93 'hall[$ be ,?y "n' expresses ! emotion ) :i* all wor%ip beg9s1 ev5 :]e ! emotion has n yet f\nd ! words 9 :i* to express itself4 ,x is because ! emotion is !re1 p5t up & seek+ escape1 t x c travel along ! words1 & make !m some?+ m ?an a succession ( syllables & s\nds4 ,if !n x is on ! w+s ( adoration t ! s\l has at all times /riv5 to rise to heav5 to f9d its ,god1 ev5 ?\gh x flutt]s b a little height & soon falls aga9 to ! gr\nd1 !n we mu/ admit t f ! beg9n+ !re has be5 a my/ical elem5t1 or a t5d5cy to my/icism1 9 religion4 ,9 ! l[e/1 & probably 9 ! e>lie/1 /ages ( ! evolution ( religion1 ?is t5d5cy is mo/ manife/ 9 individual memb]s ( ! community1 :o are subject to 'possession1' ec/asy1 trance & visions1 & are believ$1 bo? by !mselves & o!rs1 to be 9 especial communion ) _! god4 ,?is is ! e>lie/ manife/ation ( ! fact t religion1 besides be+ a social act & a matt] 9 :i* ! community is conc]n$1 is also "o :i* may pr(\ndly affect ! individual s\l4 ,b 9 ^! cases x is ! exceptional s\l :i* is alone affect$--! se] ( visions1 ! prophet4 ,& x is n necess>ily 9 connection ) ! ord9>y wor%ip1 or cu/om>y sacrifice1 t su* in/ances ( my/ic communion ) ! gods are manife/$4 ,= ! developm5t ( ! my/ical t5d5cy ( wor%ip & sacrifice1 we mu/ look1 n to ! l[e/1 or to ! e>lie/1 /ages ( religi\s evolution1 b to a lat] /age 9 ! evolution ( ! sacrificial meal4 ,x is :]e1 z 9 anci5t ,mexico1 ! plant1 or animal1 :i* furni%es =? ! sacrificial meal1 is 9 "s way reg>d$ z1 or id5tifi$ )1 ! body ( ! deity wor%ipp$1 t ! rite ( sacrifice is t+$ ) my/icism & t all p>tak]s ( ! meal1 & n "s exceptional individuals1 are felt to be br\ght into "s my/ic communion ) ! god :om !y adore4 ,9 ^! cases1 adoration is wor%ip2 & wor%ip is adoration--& little m4 ,judg+ !m by _! fruits1 we _c say t ! ,mexican rites1 or ev5 ! ,greek my/]ies1 enc\rage u to believe t adoration is all t is requir$ to make wor%ip :at ! he>t ( man div9es t x %\ld be4 ,d\btless1 ?is is due 9 "p to ! fact t ! idea ( ,god 0 s imp]fectly disclos$ to ! poly!i/s ( ,mexico & ,greece4 ,let u n !re=e use ,greece & ,mexico z examples = ! disp>agem5t ( my/icism or = ! depreciation ( man's t5d5cy to seek communion ) ! ,highe/4 ,let u r appeal at once to ! reason :i* makes my/icism1 ( itself1 inadequate to satisfy all ! ne$s ( man4 ,! reason simply is t man is n m]ely a contemplative b an active be+4 ,if action 7 ali5 to 8 nature1 !n man might be satisfi$ to gaze1 & m]ely gaze1 on ,god4 ,b man is active & n m]ely contemplative4 ,we mu/ !re=e ei!r hold t religion1 be+ 9 its ess5ce adoration & no?+ m1 has no function to p]=m1 or sph]e to fill1 9 ! practical life ( man2 or else1 if we hold t x does1 or %\ld1 affect ! practice ( 8 life1 we mu/ admit t1 ?\gh religion implies adoration always1 x _c prop]ly be fulfill$ 9 quietism1 b mu/ be> its fruit 9 :at man does1 or 9 ! way he does x4 ,! be+ or be+s :om man wor%ips are1 inde$1 ! object ( adoration1 an object quo nihil maius2 b !y are some?+ m4 ,to !m are address$ man's pray]s4 ,x is va9 to pret5d t pray]1 ev5 ! simple petition = our daily bread1 is n religi\s4 ,x may p]haps be argu$ t pray] is n ess5tial to religion2 t x has n always =m$ "p ( religion2 & t x is incompatible ) t acquiesc5ce 9 ! w ( ,god1 & t p]fect adoration ( ,god1 :i* is religion 9 its pure/ & mo/ p]fect s5se4 ,:e!r !re is 9 fact any incompatibility betwe5 ! petition = deliv]ance f evil1 & ! aspiration t ,god's w may be done on e>?1 is a "q on :i* we ne$ n ent] "h4 ,b ! /atem5t t pray] has n always =m$ "p ( religion is "o :i* x %\ld be possible to br+ to ! te/ ( fact4 ,9 ! lit]ature ( ! sci5ce ( religion1 ! pray]s ( ! l[] races ( mank9d h n be5 record$ to any great ext5t by ^? :o h _h ! be/ opportunities ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) !m1 if & s f> z !y actually exi/4 ,?is is probably due 9 "p to _! seem+ too obvi\s & too trivial to des]ve be+ put on record4 ,x may possibly 9 "s cases be due to ! retic5ce ! savage obs]ves t[>ds ! :ite man1 on matt]s too sacr$ to be reveal$4 ,! error ( omission1 s f> z x c be rem$i$ h5ce=?1 w probably be repair$1 n[ t savage beliefs are com+ to be exam9$ & record$ on ! spot by sci5tific /ud5ts 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce4 ,& ! retic5ce ( ! savage promises to avail him b little3 ! comp>ative me?od has ?r[n a flood ( light on 8 mo/ sacr$ my/]ies4 ,!re may h[ev] be ano!r reason :y ! pray]s ( ! l[] races h n be5 record$ to any great ext5t3 !y may n h be5 record$ = ! simple reason t !y may n h be5 utt]$4 ,! nature & ! occasion ( ! rite ) :i* ! god is approa*$ may be su* z to make words sup]flu\s3 ! purpose ( ! c]emony may f9d adequate expression 9 ! acts p]=m$1 & may require no words to make x cle>4 ,if a community approa*es its god ) sacrifice or (f]+1 9 "t ( sore di/ress1 x approa*es him ) full conviction t he und]/&s ! circum/ances & ! purpose ( _! com+4 ,words ( d$ication--'?is to !e' is a =mula actually 9 use--may be necess>y1 b no?+ m4 ,inde$1 ! ,au/ralian tribes1 9 rites analog\s to h>ve/-(f]+s1 use no spok5 words at all4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 imag9e t ! rites are1 or 9 _! orig9 71 absolutely )\t mean+ or purpose4 ,we mu/ int]pret !m on ! analogy ( simil> rites else:]e1 ! purpose ( :i* is express$ n m]ely1 z 9 ,au/ralia1 by ge/ure-language1 b is re9=c$ by ! spok5 ^w4 ,inde$1 we may1 p]haps1 g ev5 fur!r1 & believe t z ge/ure-language 0 e>li] ?an spee*1 s ! e>lie/ rites 7 conduct$ :olly by means ( ritual acts or ge/ures2 & t x 0 only 9 c\rse ( "t1 & z a consequ5ce ( ! developm5t ( language1 t v]bal =mulae came to be us$ to give full] expression to ! emotions :i* prompt$ ! rites4 ,if !n we _h m]ely to acc\nt = cases 9 :i* pray] does n happ5 to h be5 record$ z a con/itu5t "p ( ! rite ( wor%ip1 we %\ld n be w>rant$ 9 inf]r+ t pray] 0 really abs5t4 ,! presumption w\ld r be t ei!r ! records are faulty1 or t pray]1 ev5 ?\gh n utt]$ 9 ^w1 yet play$ its "p4 ,! gr\nd = ! presumption is f\nd 9 ! nature ( ! occasions on :i* ! gods are approa*$ 9 ! l[] /ages ( religion4 ,^? occasions are ei!r exceptional or regul>ly recurr+4 ,! exceptional occasions are ^? on :i* ! community is ?reat5$1 or afflict$1 ) calamity2 & on su* occasions1 :e!r spok5 words ( pray] happ5 to h be5 record$ by our in=mants1 or n1 x is beyond d\bt t ! purpose ( ! community is to escape ! calamity1 & t ! attitude ( m9d 9 :i* ! god is approa*$ is "o ( supplication or pray]4 ,! regul>ly recurr+ occasions are ^? ( se$-"t & h>ve/1 or fir/-fruits4 ,! c]emonies at se$-"t obvi\sly admit ( ! presumption1 ev5 if !re be no spok5 pray]s to prove x1 t !y too h a petition>y purpose2 :ile ! record$ in/ances ( ! pray]s put up at h>ve/ "t1 & on ! occasion ( ! (f]+ ( fir/-fruits1 suffice to %[ t ?anksgiv+ is made along ) pray]s = cont9u$ prosp]ity4 ,x is h[ev] n m]ely on ! gr\nd ( ! abs5ce ( record$ pray]s t x is ma9ta9$ t !re 0 a /age 9 ! evolution ( religion :5 pray] 0 unpractis$ & unkn[n4 ,x is ! pres5ce & ! use ( spells :i* is suppos$ to %[ t !re may h be5 a "t :5 pray] 0 z yet unkn[n1 & t ! process ( developm5t 0 a progress f spell to pray]4 ,on ?is !ory1 spells1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 & 9 accordance ) _! own law ( gr[?1 become pray]s4 ,! nature & op]ation ( ?is law1 x may be difficult or impossible n[ = u to obs]ve4 ,! process took place 9 ! night ( "t & is !re=e n op5 to our obs]vation4 ,b t ! process1 by :i* ! "o becomes ! o!r1 is a possible process1 is p]haps %[n by ! fact t we c witness = ourselves pray] rev]t+ or ca/+ back to spell4 ,:]ev] pray]s become 'va9 repetitions1' x is obvi\s t !y are conceiv$ to act 9 ! same way z ! savage believes spells to act3 ! m]e utt]ance ( ! =mula has ! same magical p[]1 z mak+ ! sign ( ! cross1 to av]t sup]natural dang]4 ,if pray]s ?us ca/ back to spells1 x may reasonably be presum$ t x is because pray] is 9 its orig9 b spell4 ,x is because oxyg5 & hydrog51 comb9$1 produce wat]1 t wat] c be resolv$ into oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,?is !ory1 :5 exam9$1 seems to imply t spell & pray]1 s f> f be+ diff]5t & incompatible ?+s1 are "o & ! same ?+3 se5 f "o po9t ( view1 & 9 "o set ( surr\nd+s1 x is spell2 se5 f ano!r po9t ( view1 & 9 o!r surr\nd+s1 x is pray]4 ,! po9t ( view & ! circum/ances may *ange1 b ! ?+ itself rema9s ! same always4 ,:at !n is ! ?+ itself1 :i*1 :e!r x pres5ts itself z pray] or z spell1 /ill always rema9s ! same8 ,x is1 & c only be1 desire4 ,9 spell & pray] alike ! common1 op]ative elem5t pres5t is desire4 ,desire may issue 9 spell or pray]2 b 7 !re no desires1 !re w\ld be nei!r pray] nor spell4 ,t we may admit4 ,b1 !n1 we may1 or r mu/ g fur!r3 if !re 7 no desire1 nei!r w\ld !re be any action1 :atev]1 p]=m$ by man4 ,m5's actions1 h[ev]1 diff] endlessly f "o ano!r4 ,!y diff] p>tly because m5's desires1 !mselves1 diff]2 & p>tly because ! means !y adopt to satisfy !m diff] also4 ,x w\ld be va9 to say t diff]5t means _c be adopt$ = atta9+ "o & ! same end4 ,equally va9 w\ld x be to say t ! v>i\s means may n diff] f "o ano!r1 to ! po9t ( incompatibility4 ,if !n we reg>d pray] & spell z alike means :i* h be5 employ$ by man = ! purpose ( realis+ 8 desires1 we are yet at lib]ty to ma9ta9 t pray] & spell are diff]5t & incompatible4 ,t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 pray] & spell--a diff]5ce at any rate great en\gh to all[ ! two words to be us$ 9 contradi/9ction to "o ano!r--is cle> en\gh4 ,! c>d9al di/9ction betwe5 ! two is also cle>3 a spell takes effect 9 virtue ( ! p[] resid5t 9 ! =mula itself or 9 ! p]son :o utt]s x2 :ile a pray] is an appeal to a p]sonal p[]1 or to a p[] p]sonal en\gh to be able to li/5 to ! appeal1 & to und]/& x1 & to grant x1 if s x seems good4 ,t ?is diff]5ce obta9s betwe5 pray] & spell w n be d5i$ by any /ud5t ( ! sci5ce ( religion4 ,b if ?is diff]5ce is admitt$1 z admitt$ x mu/ be1 x is pla9 t pray] & spell are t]ms :i* apply to two diff]5t moods or /ates ( m9d4 ,desire is impli$ by ea* alike3 7 !re no desire1 !re w\ld be nei!r pray] nor spell4 ,b1 :]eas pray] is an appeal to "s "o :o has ! p[] to grant "o's desire1 spell is ! ex]cise ( p[] :i* "o possesses oneself1 or has at "o's comm&4 ,t ! two moods are diff]5t1 & are incompatible ) "o ano!r1 is cle> ^u ! face ( x3 to beg = a ?+ z a m]cy or a gift is q diff]5t f comm&+ t ! ?+ be done4 ,! :ole attitude ( m9d assum$ 9 ! "o case is diff]5t f t assum$ 9 ! o!r4 ,x is possible1 inde$1 to pass f ! "o attitude to ! o!r4 ,b x is impossible to say t ! "o attitude is ! o!r4 ,x is correct to say t ! "o attitude may foll[ ! o!r4 ,b x is to be misl$ by language to say t ! "o attitude becomes ! o!r4 ,x is possible = "o & ! same man to fluctuate betwe5 ! two attitudes1 to alt]nate betwe5 !m--possible1 ?\gh inconsi/5t4 ,! *ild1 or ev5 t l>g] *ild1 ! man1 may beg & scold1 almo/ 9 ! same brea?4 ,! savage1 z is well kn[n1 w treat 8 feti% 9 ! same inconsequ5tial way4 ,t x is inconsequ5tial is a fact2 b x is a fact :i*1 if le>n$1 is b v sl[ly le>n$4 ,! process by :i* x is le>n$ is "p ( ! evolution ( religion2 & x is a process 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! idea ( ,god t5ds to dis5gage itself f ! confusion ( ?\ght & ! confusion ( feel+1 9 :i* x is at fir/ en%r\d$4 ,we1 inde$1 at ! pres5t day1 may see1 or at any rate feel1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 magic & religion1 betwe5 spell & pray]4 ,& we may imag9e t ! diff]5ce1 because real1 has always be5 se5 or felt1 z we see & feel x4 ,b1 if we s imag9e1 we are mi/ak54 ,! diff]5ce 0 n felt s /rongly1 or se5 s def9itely1 z to make x impossible to ascribe magic to ,moses1 or ra9-mak+ to ,elijah4 ,9 /ill e>li] ages1 ! diff]5ce 0 /ill m blurr$4 ,! two ?+s 7 n discrim9at$ z we n[ discrim9ate !m3 !y 7 n felt !n1 z !y are felt n[ to be inconsi/5t & incompatible4 ,x 0 ! lik5ess betwe5 ! two t fill$ ! field ( m5tal vision1 orig9ally4 ,:e!r a man makes a petition or a comm&1 ! fact is t he wants some?+2 &1 ) 8 att5tion c5tr$ on t fact1 he may be b little aw>e1 z ! *ild is little1 if at all1 aw>e1 t he passes1 or is guilty ( unreasonable inconsi/5cy 9 pass+1 f ! "o mood to ! o!r1 & back aga94 ,x is 9 ! c\rse ( "t & z a consequ5ce ( m5tal gr[? t he becomes aw>e ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two moods4 ,if we insi/ on ma9ta9+ t1 because spell & pray] are ess5tially diff]5t1 m5 h at all times be5 fully consci\s ( ! diff]5ce1 we make x fundam5tally impossible to expla9 ! gr[? ( religion1 or to admit t x c h any gr[?4 ,j z1 on ! argum5t advanc$ 9 our fir/ *apt]1 gods & feti%es h gradually be5 diff]5tiat$ f "s conception1 prior to !m1 & indet]m9ate2 j z magician & prie/1 ev5tually di/+ui%$1 7 orig9ally undi/+ui%$1 = a man ( p[] 0 pot5tially bo? & might become ei!r2 s spell & pray] h come to be diff]5tiat$1 to be recognis$ z diff]5t & fundam5tally antagoni/ic1 ?\gh orig9ally ! two categories 7 confus$4 ,! !ory t spell prec$$ pray] & became pray]1 or t magic develop$ into religion1 f9ds z little support 9 ! facts af=d$ by ! sci5ce ( religion1 z ! conv]se !ory ( a primitive revelation & a p>adisaical /ate 9 :i* religion alone 0 kn[n4 ,= :at is f\nd 9 "o /age ( evolution ! capacity mu/ h exi/$ 9 e>li] /ages2 & if bo? pray] & spell1 bo? magic & religion1 are f\nd1 ! capacity = bo? mu/ h pre-exi/$4 ,& in/ead ( seek+ to d5y ei!r1 9 ! int]e/s ( a pre-conceiv$ !ory1 we mu/ recognise bo? pot5tialities1 9 ! int]e/ ( tru?4 ,j z man spoke1 = c\ntless ?\s&s ( ye>s1 be=e he _h any idea ( ! pr9ciples on :i* he spoke1 ( ! laws ( spee* or ( ! gramm> ( 8 language2 j z he reason$1 long be=e he made ! reason+ process matt] ( reflection1 & r$uc$ x to ! laws ( logic2 s f ! beg9n+ he 0 religi\s ?\gh he _h no m idea t !re 7 pr9ciples ( religion1 ?an t !re 7 pr9ciples ( gramm> or laws ( correct ?\ght4 ',fir/ pr9ciples ( e k9d h _! influ5ce1 & inde$ op]ate l>gely & p[]fully1 long be=e !y come to ! surface ( human ?\ght & are articulately exp\nd$' 7,f]ri]3 ,in/itute ( ,metaphysics1 p4 #ac74 ,b ?is is n to say t primitive man argu$1 or ?\ght1 ) nev] an error1 or spoke ) nev] a mi/ake1 until by "s cata/rophe he 0 expell$ f "s p>adise ( gramm>ians & logicians4 ,?\gh correct reason+ 0 logical be=e ! "t ( ,ari/otle1 & correct spee* grammatical be=e ! "t ( ,dionysius ,?rax2 !re 0 be=e1 z !re has be5 s9ce1 pl5ty bo? ( bad logic & bad gramm>4 ,b t is v diff]5t f say+ t1 9 ! beg9n+1 all reason+ 0 uns\nd1 or all spee* ungrammatical4 ,to say s1 w\ld be z unmean+ & z absurd z to say t primitive man's e action 0 immoral1 & 8 habitual /ate "o ( pure1 unmitigat$ wick$ness4 ,if ! assumption ( a primitive p>adise is unworkable1 nei!r w ! assumption ( a primitive inf]no act1 :e!r x is = ! evolution ( ! gramm> ( language or morality1 or ( logic or religion1 t we wi% to acc\nt4 ,x is to ask too mu*1 to ask u to believe t 9 ! beg9n+ !re 0 only wrong-do+ & no "r1 only error & no correctness ( ?\ght or spee*1 only spell & no pray]4 ,& if bo? h be5 always1 z !y are n[1 pres5t1 !re mu/ also always h be5 a t5d5cy 9 t :i* has prevail$ to conqu]4 ,we may say t1 9 ! process ( evolution1 man becomes aw>e ( diff]5ces to :i* at fir/ he gave b little att5tion2 &1 s f> z he becomes consci\s ( !m1 he sets aside :at is illogical1 immoral1 or irreligi\s1 because he is satisfi$ x is illogical1 immoral1 or irreligi\s1 & = no o!r reason4 ,! !ory t spell prec$$ pray] 9 ! evolution ( religion proce$s ^u a misconception ( ! process ( evolution4 ,at "o "t x 0 assum$ & accept$ )\t "q t ! vegetable & animal k+doms1 & all _! v>i\s species1 7 successive /ages ( "o process ( evolution2 & t ! process proce$$ on "o l9e & "o alone4 ,on ! analogy ( ! evolution ( liv+ be+s1 z ?us und]/ood1 all t rema9$1 :5 ! !ory ( evolution came to be appli$ to ! v>i\s =ms ( ?\ght & feel+1 0 to arrange !m also 9 "o l9e2 & t1 x 0 assum$1 w\ld be ! l9e :i* ! evolution ( religion _h foll[$4 ,on ?is assumption1 ei!r magic mu/ be prior to religion1 or religion prior to magic2 &1 on ! pr9ciple t priority mu/ be assign$ to ! less wor?y1 x foll[$ t magic mu/ h prec$$ religion4 ,x w sc>cely be disput$ t x 0 on ! analogy ( :at 0 believ$ to be ! c\rse ( evolution1 9 ! case ( vegetable & animal life1 t ! fir/ attempts to frame a !ory ( ! evolution ( religion proce$$1 ) ! result t gods 7 assum$ to h be5 evolv$ out ( feti%es1 religion out ( magic1 & pray] out ( spell4 ,to disprove ?is1 x is n necess>y to reject ! !ory ( evolution1 or to ma9ta9 t evolution 9 religion proce$s on l9es :olly diff]5t f ^? x foll[s else:]e4 ,all t is necess>y is to und]/& ! !ory ( ! evolution ( ! =ms ( life1 z t !ory is held by naturali/s n[2 & to und]/& ! l9es :i* ! evolution ( life is n[ held to h foll[$4 ,! process ( evolution is no long] held to h foll[$ "o l9e alone1 or to h describ$ b "o s+le trajectory l t ( a cannon-ball fir$ f a cannon4 ,! process ( evolution is1 & has be5 f ! beg9n+1 disp]sive4 ,to borr[ ,m4 ,b]gson's simile1 ! process ( evolution is n l t ( a cannon-ball :i* foll[$ "o l9e1 b l t ( a %ell1 :i* bur/ into fragm5ts ! mom5t x 0 fir$ (f2 & ^! fragm5ts be+1 z x 71 !mselves %ells1 9 _! turn bur/ into o!r fragm5ts1 !mselves 9 _! turn de/9$ to bur/1 & s on ?r\gh\t ! :ole process4 ,! v l9es1 on :i* ! process ( evolution has mov$1 %[ ! process to be disp]sive4 ,if we repres5t ! l9e by :i* man has ris5 f ! simple/ =ms ( life or protoplasm by an upright l9e2 & ! l9e by :i* ! l[e/ =ms ( life1 su* z "s ( ! =am9if]a1 h cont9u$ on _! l[ level1 by a horizontal l9e />t+ f ! bottom ( ! upright l9e1 !n we h two l9es =m+ a "r angle4 ,"o repres5ts ! l9e ( man's evolution1 ! o!r t ( ! =am9if]a4 ,betwe5 ^! two l9es y may ins]t z _m o!r l9es z necess>y4 ,t l9e :i* is mo/ ne>ly upright w repres5t ! evolution ( ! highe/ =m ( v]tebrate1 except man2 ! next1 ! next highe/2 & s on till y come to ! l9es repres5t+ ! inv]tebrates2 & s on till y come to ! l9es :i* are gett+ ne>] & ne>] to ! horizontal4 ,?us y w h a :ole %eaf ( l9es1 all radiat+ inde$ f "o common po9t1 b all nev]!less disp]s+ 9 diff]5t directions4 ,! ru% ( life1 ! elan de la vie1 is ?us disp]sive2 & if we are to int]pret ! evolution ( m5tal on ! analogy ( physical life1 we %all f9d1 ,m4 ,b]gson says1 no?+ 9 ! latt] :i* compels u to assume ei!r t intellig5ce is develop$ in/9ct1 or t in/9ct is degrad$ intellig5ce4 ,if t be s1 !n1 we may say1 nei!r is !re any?+ to w>rant u 9 assum+ ei!r t religion is develop$ magic1 or magic degrad$ religion4 ,spell is n degrad$ pray]1 nor is pray] a sup]ior =m ( spell3 nei!r does become or c become ! o!r1 ?\gh man may oscillate1 ) great rapidity1 betwe5 ! two1 & = long may cont9ue s to oscillate4 ,! two moods 7 f ! beg9n+ diff]5t1 ?\gh man = long did n cle>ly discrim9ate betwe5 ! two4 ,! disp]sive =ce ( evolution h[ev] t5ds to sep>ate !m m & m widely1 until ev5tually oscillation ceases1 if x does n become impossible4 ,! disp]sive =ce ( evolution manife/s itself 9 ! p[] ( discrim9ation :]eby man becomes aw>e ( diff]5ces to :i*1 9 ! fir/ confusion ( ?\ght1 he paid little att5tion2 & ultimately may become consci\s ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( reason1 morality or religion1 z normative pr9ciples1 9 accordance ) :i* he feels t he %\ld act1 ?\gh he has n always act$1 & does n always act 9 accordance ) !m4 ,9 ! beg9n+ !re is confusion ( feel+ & confusion ( ?\ght bo? z to ! qu>t] to :i* pray] is address$ & z to ! nature ( ! petitions :i* %\ld be pr(f]$4 ,b we %\ld be mi/ak51 if f ! confusion we 7 to inf] t !re 0 no pr9ciple und]ly+ ! confusion4 ,we %\ld be mi/ak51 7 we to say t pray]1 if address$ to poly!i/ic gods1 is n pray]2 or t pray]1 if address$ to a feti%1 is n pray]4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! be+ to :om pray] is (f]$ is misconceiv$ & misrepres5t$ by poly!ism & feti%ism2 & ! misconception is due to want ( discrim9ation & spiritual insight4 ,b failure to obs]ve is no pro( ei!r t ! p[] ( obs]vation is want+ or t !re is no?+ to be obs]v$4 ,! be+ to :om pray] is (f]$ may be v diff]5t f ! conception :i* ! p]son pray+ has ( him1 & may yet be real4 ,petitions1 !n1 put up to poly!i/ic gods1 or ev5 to feti%es1 may /ill be pray]s4 ,b petitions may be put up1 n only to poly!i/ic gods1 or to feti%es1 b ev5 to ! "o god ( ! mono!i/1 :i* nev] %\ld be put up4 ',( ?y goodness1 slay m9e enemies1' is1 9 =m1 pray]3 x is a desire1 a petition to a god1 imply+ recognition ( ! sup]iority ( ! div9e p[]1 imply+ adoration ev54 ,b ev5tually x comes to be condemn$ z an impossible pray]3 spiritually x is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,if h[ev] we say t x is n1 & nev] 01 pray]2 & t only by confusion ( ?\ght 0 x ev] consid]$ s1 we may be told t1 z a simple matt] ( actual fact1 x is an actual pray] t 0 actually put up4 ,t x ought n--f ! po9t ( view ( a lat] /age 9 ! developm5t ( religion--to h be5 put up1 may be admitt$2 b t x 0 a pray] actually put up1 _c be d5i$4 ,to ?is ! reply seems to be t x is ) pray] z x is ) argum5t3 a fallacy is a fallacy1 j z mu* be=e x is detect$ z aft]w>ds4 ,! fact t x is n detect$ does n make x a s\nd argum5t2 /ill less does x prove ei!r t !re are n[ no pr9ciples ( correct reason+ or t !re 7 none !n2 x only %[s t !re 01 on ?is po9t1 confusion ( ?\ght4 ,s too we may admit--we h no *oice b to admit--t !re are spiritual fallacies1 z well z fallacies ( logic4 ,( su* are ! petitions :i* are 9 =m pray]s1 j z logical fallacies are1 9 =m1 argum5ts4 ,!y may be address$ to ! be+ wor%ipp$1 z fallacies are address$ to ! reason2 & ev5tually _! fallaci\s nature may become evid5t ev5 to ! reason ( man4 ,b x is only by ! evolution ( pray]1 t is by ! disclosure ( its true nature1 t petitions ( ! k9d 9 "q come to be recognis$ & condemn$ z spiritual fallacies4 ,! petition] :o puts up su* petitions is inde$ unconsci\s ( 8 error1 b he errs1 = all t1 j z ! p]son :o uses a fallaci\s argum5t may be himself ! victim ( 8 fallacy3 b he errs none ! less because he is deceiv$ himself4 ,!re are normative pr9ciples ( pray] z well z ! normative pr9ciples ( ?\ght2 & bo? op]ate 'long be=e !y come to ! surface ( human ?\ght & are articulately exp\nd$4' ,x is 9 ?9k+ t ! normative pr9ciples ( ?\ght em]ge4 ,b x is by no means ! case t !y come to ! surface ( e man's ?\ght4 ,s too x is 9 pray] t ! normative pr9ciples ( pray] em]ge2 yet m5 require tea*+ h[ to pray4 ,"s petitions are p]missible1 "s n4 ,if !n !re are normative pr9ciples ( pray]1 j z !re are ( action1 ?\ght & spee*2 if !re are petitions :i* are n p]missible1 & :i* are n & nev] c be pray]s1 ?\gh by a spiritual fallacy1 analog\s to logical fallacies1 !y may be ?\ght to be pray]s1 :at is x t decides ! nature ( an admissible petition8 ,x seems to be ! conception ( ! be+ to :om ! petition is address$4 ,?us x is t pray] ?r[s light on ! idea ( ,god4 ,f ! pray]s (f]$ we c inf] ! nature ( ! idea4 ,! confusion ( admissible & inadmissible petitions po9ts to confus$ appreh5sion ( ! idea ( ,god4 ,x is n m]ely imp]fect appreh5sion b confus$ appreh5sion4 ,9 poly!ism ! confusion betrays itself1 because x leads to collision ) ! pr9ciples ( morality3 ( ! gods :o make w> ^u "o ano!r1 ea* mu/ be suppos$ to hold himself 9 ! "r2 !re=e ei!r "s gods d n "k :at is "r1 or !re is no "r to be kn[n ev5 by ! gods4 ,f ?is confusion ! only mode ( escape1 :i* is satisfactory bo? to religion & to morality1 is to recognise t ! unity ( morality & ! unity ( ! godhead mutually imply "o ano!r4 ,b s long z a plurality ( gods1 ) a %ift+ /&>d ( morality1 is believ$ 91 ! di/9ction betwe5 admissible & inadmissible petitions _c be firmly or correctly drawn4 ,a tribal god is petition$ to slay ! tribe's enemies1 because he is conceiv$ z ! god ( ! tribe & n ! god ( its enemies4 ,if ! decl>ation1 t ',i am ?y s]vant1' is affirm$ ) emphasis on ! fir/ p]sonal pron\n1 s z to imply t o!rs are no s]vants ( ?9e1 ! implication is t ?y s]vants' enemies are ?y enemies2 :]eas if !re is1 = all m51 "o ,god only1 !n all m5 are 8 s]vants1 & n "o p]son1 or "o tribe1 alone4 ,! conception ( ,god z ! god ( "o tribe alone is an imp]fect & confus$ appreh5sion ( ! idea ( ,god4 ,b x is less s ?an is ! conception ( a god z belong+ to "o individual own]1 z a feti% does4 ,to a feti% ! di/9ctive1 ?\gh n ! only1 pray] (f]$1 precisely is ',slay m9e enemies'2 & !re9 x is t lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 a feti% & a god ( ! community4 ,! diff]5ce is ! same 9 k9d z t betwe5 a tribal god & ! ,god ( all mank9d4 ,! feti% & ! tribal god are bo? inadequate ideas ( ,god2 & ! inadequacy implies confusion--! confusion ( conceiv+ t ! god is !re only to subs]ve ! desires & to d ! w ( ! individual wor%ipp] or body ( wor%ipp]s4 ,escape f ?is confusion is to "s ext5t secur$ by ! fact t pray]s to ! community's god are (f]$ by ! community al\d1 9 public & z "p ( ! public wor%ip2 &1 consequ5tly1 ) ! object ( secur+ ! fulfilm5t ( ! desires ( ! community z a community4 ,! bless+ on ! community is1 at ?is /age1 ! only bless+ 9 :i* ! individual c prop]ly %>e1 & ! only "o = :i* he c pray to ! god ( ! community4 ,?us ! nature ( ! petitions1 & ! qu>t] to :i* p]missible petitions c be address$1 are det]m9$ by ! fact t pray] is an (fice und]tak5 by ! community z a community4 ,if ! desires :i* an individual ent]ta9s are su* z w\ld be repudiat$ by ! community1 because injuri\s to ! community1 !y _c be pref]r$1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! community1 to ! god ( ! community2 & ?us p]missible petitions beg9 to be diff]5tiat$ f ^? :i* are imp]missible--a normative pr9ciple ( pray] em]ges1 & ! idea ( ,god beg9s to take m def9ite =m1 or to em]ge some:at f ! mi/ :i* at fir/ envelop$ x4 ,b ?\gh p]missible petitions be di/+ui%$ f petitions :i* are imp]missible1 x by no means foll[s t imp]missible petitions cease to be put up4 ,:at actually happ5s is t s9ce ! community does n1 & _c1 all[ petitions1 conceiv$ to be injuri\s to itself1 to be put up to its god1 !y are put up privately to a feti%2 or1 to put ! matt] m correctly1 a be+ or p[] n id5tifi$ ) ! welf>e ( ! community is s\ght 9 su* cases2 & ! be+ s f\nd is kn[n to ! sci5ce ( religion z a feti%4 ,b ?\gh a feti% diff]s f a god1 inasmu* z ! feti% w1 & a god w n1 injure a memb] ( ! tribe1 ! di/9ction is n cle>-cut4 ,!re are ?+s :i* bo? alike may be pray$ to d3 bo? may be bes\ght to d good to ! individual :o addresses !m4 ,to ?is protective mimicry ! feti% owes 9 "p its p[] ( survival4 ,= ! same reason spell & magic contrive to cont9ue _! exi/5ce side by side ) religion & pray]4 ,:at conduces to ?is result is t at fir/ ! god ( ! community is conceiv$ z li/5+ to ! pray]s ( ! community r ?an ( ! individual3 f ! beg9n+ x is "p ( ! idea ( ,god t ,he c>es = all ,8 wor%ipp]s alike4 ,?is conviction1 to be c>ri$ out to its full consequ5ces1 bo? logical & spiritual1 requires t ea* individual wor%ipp] %\ld =get himself1 %\ld r5\nce 8 p>ticul> incl9ations1 %\ld ab&on himself & long to d n 8 own w b t ( ,god4 ,b be=e self c be consci\sly ab&on$1 ! consci\sness ( self mu/ be realis$4 ,be=e self-w c be surr5d]$1 its exi/5ce mu/ be realis$4 ,& self-consci\sness1 ! recognition ( ! exi/5ce ( ! w & ! reality ( ! self1 comes relatively late bo? 9 ! hi/ory ( ! community & 9 ! p]sonal hi/ory ( ! individual4 ,at fir/ ! exi/5ce ( ! individual w & ! individual self is n recognis$ by ! community & is n provid$ = 9 ! community's wor%ip & pray]s4 ,x is ! community1 z a community1 & n z s _m individual wor%ipp]s1 (f]+ sep>ate pray]s1 t fir/ approa*es ! community's god4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! individual wor%ipp]1 z an individual is n d5i$1 x is simply unkn[n1 or r n realis$ by ! community4 ,b its /irr+s are felt 9 ! individual himself3 he is consci\s ( desires :i* are o!r ?an ^? ( ! community1 & ! fulfilm5t ( :i* =ms no "p ( ! community's pray]s to ! community's god4 ,8 self-consci\sness1 8 consci\sness ( himself z contra/$ ) ! community1 is fo/]$ by ! gr[? ( su* desires4 ,= ! fulfilm5t ( "s ( !m1 ^? :i* are manife/ly anti-social1 he mu/ turn to 8 feti%1 or rely ^u ! p[] ( magic4 ,ev5 = ! fulfilm5t ( ^? ( 8 desires :i* are n felt to be anti-social1 b :i* f9d no place 9 ! pray]s ( ! community1 he mu/ rely on "s o!r p[] ?an t ( ! god ( ! community2 & x is 9 spells1 !re=e1 t he cont9ues to tru/ = ! fulfilm5t ( ^! innoc5t desires1 inasmu* z ! pray]s ( ! community d n include !m4 ,! exi/5ce1 9 ! individual1 ( desires1 o!r ?an ^? ( ! community1 wakes ! individual to "s consci\sness ( 8 individual exi/5ce4 ,! ef=t to secure ! fulfilm5t ( ^? desires increases /ill fur!r 8 self-consci\sness1 = he resorts to p[]s :i* are n ex]cis$ solely 9 ! int]e/s ( ! community1 z are ! p[]s ( ! community's god4 ,b 8 increas+ self-consci\sness _c & does n fail to modify 8 "* & action z a wor%ipp] ( ! community's gods4 ,x modifies 8 relation to ! community's gods 9 ?is s5se1 viz4 t he appe>s be=e !m n m]ely z a memb] ( ! community undi/+ui%$ f o!r memb]s1 b z an individual consci\s to "s ext5t ( 8 individuality4 ,he cont9ues to take "p 9 ! wor%ip ( ! gods1 b he comes to x consci\s ( wi%es ( 8 own :i* may become petitions to ! god1 s f> z !y are n felt to be inconsi/5t ) ! good ( ! community4 ,( ?is /age we h ample evid5ce af=d$ by ! cunei=m inscriptions ( ,assyria4 ,spells employ$ to ! hurt ( any wor%ipp] ( ! gods are spells aga9/ :i* ! wor%ipp] may prop]ly appeal to ! gods = protection4 ,a god is ess5tially ! protector ( 8 wor%ipp]s1 & he protects ea* z well z all ( !m4 ,ea* ( !m may !re=e appeal to him = protection4 ,b ?\gh any "o ( !m may s appeal1 x is app>5tly only 9 c\rse ( "t t individual petitions ( ?is k9d come to be put up to ! gods4 ,& ! evid5ce ( ! cunei=m inscriptions is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ & in/ructive on ! way 9 :i* ?is came ab\t4 ,9 ! ',maklu' tablets we f9d t ! writ]s ( ! tablets are1 or anticipate t !y may be1 ! victims ( spells4 ,! inscriptions !mselves may be reg>d$1 & by "s au?orities are describ$1 z c\nt]-*>ms or c\nt]-spells4 ,!y d 9 fact include1 ?\gh !y _c be said to consi/ (1 c\nt]-spells4 ,_! typical feature is t !y include "s su* phrase z1 ',:oev] ?\ art1 ,o wit*1 ,i b9d ?y h&s beh9d !e1' or ',may ! magic ?\ ha/ made recoil ^u ?yself4' ,if ! victim is be+ turn$ yell[ by sickness1 ! c\nt]-spell is ',o wit*1 l ! circlet ( ?is seal1 may ?y face gr[ yell[ & gre54' ,! c]emonies ) :i* ^! c\nt]-spells 7 p]=m$ are indicat$ by ! words1 & !y are c]emonies ( ! same k9d z ^? ) :i* spells are p]=m$3 !y are symbolic actions1 t is to say1 actions :i* express by ge/ure ! same mean+ & int5tion z are express$ by ! words4 ,?us1 f ! words3 ',z ! wat] trickle? away f 8 body ,s may ! pe/il5ce 9 8 body trickle away1' x is obvi\s t ?is c\nt]-spell accompani$ a c]emonial rite ( ! k9d indicat$ by ! words4 ,z an image ( ! p]son to be bewit*$ 0 us$ by ! work]s ( magic1 s an image ( h] ':o ha? bewit*$ me' is us$ by ! work] ( ! c\nt]-spell1 ) ! words3 ',may h] spell be wreck$1 & ^u h] ,& ^u h] image may x recoil4' ,if1 n[1 su* words1 & ! symbolical actions :i* are describ$ & impli$1 7 all t ^! ,maklu tablets conta9$1 x might be argu$ t ^! c\nt]-spells 7 pure pieces ( magic4 ,! argum5t w\ld n inde$ be conclusive1 because ?\gh ! s5t5ces are 9 ! optative mood1 !re w\ld be no?+ to %[ on :at1 or on :om1 ! speak] reli$ = ! fulfilm5t ( 8 wi%4 ,b z x happ5s1 x is *>act]i/ic ( ^! ,maklu tablets t !y are all address$ to ! gods by "n1 e4g4 ',may ! great gods remove ! spell f my body1' or ',o flam+ ,fire-god1 mighty son ( ,anu6 judge ?\ my case & grant me a decision6 ,burn up ! sorc]]s & sorc]ess6' ,x is ! gods t are pray$ to t ! ^w ( ! sorc]ess '%all turn back to h] own m\?2 may ! gods ( might smite h] 9 h] magic2 may ! magic :i* %e has work$ be crumbl$ l salt4' ,?us ^! ,maklu petitions are n c\nt]-spells1 z at fir/ sight !y may appe>2 nor are !y prop]ly to be treat$ z be+ !mselves spells = ! purpose ( c\nt]act+ magic4 ,!y are 9 =m & 9 fact pray]s to ! gods 'to undo ! spell' & 'to =ce back ! words' ( ! wit* into h] own m\?4 ,b ?\gh 9 ! =m 9 :i* ^! ,maklu petitions are pres]v$ to u1 !y appe> z pray]s to ! gods1 & n z spells1 or c\nt]-spells2 x is true1 & important to notice1 t1 9 "s cases1 ! s5t5ces 9 ! optative mood seem q deta*able f ! invocation ( ! gods4 ,^? s5t5ces may app>5tly h /ood1 at "o "t1 q well by !mselves1 & ap>t f any invocation ( ! gods2 t is to say1 !y may orig9ally h be5 spells or c\nt]-spells1 & only subsequ5tly h be5 incorporat$ into pray]s address$ to ! gods4 ,let u !n assume t ?is 0 ! case ) "s ( ^! ,maklu petitions1 & let u consid] :at is impli$ :5 we make ! assumption4 ,:at is impli$ is t !re are "s wi%es1 = in/ance ^? embodi$ 9 ^! ,maklu petitions1 :i* may be realis$ by means ( spells1 or may q appropriately be pref]r$ to ! gods ( ! community4 ,su* are wi%es = ! well-be+ ( ! individual wor%ipp] & = ! defeat ( evil-do]s :o w\ld d or are do+ him wrong4 ,:5 x is recognis$ t individuals--z well z ! community--may come ) _! pla9ts be=e ! gods ( ! community1 ! functions ( ^? gods become enl>g$1 = !y are ext5d$ to include ! protection ( individual memb]s ( ! community1 z well z ! protection ( ! community1 z su*2 & ! functions ( ! community's gods are ?us ext5d$ & enl>g$1 because ! memb]s ( ! community h become1 9 "s degree1 individuals consci\s ( _! individuality4 ,! importance1 = ! sci5ce ( religion1 ( ?is developm5t ( self-consci\sness is t ! consci\sness ( self mu/ be realis$ be=e self c consci\sly be ab&on$1 t is be=e self-w c be consci\sly surr5d]$4 ,z is %[n by ! ,maklu petitions1 !re may come1 9 ! c\rse ( ! evolution ( religion1 a /age 9 :i* x is recognis$ t ! individual wor%ipp] may petition ! gods = deliv]ance f ! evil :i* afflicts !m4 ,& ! petitions us$ appe> 9 "s cases1 z we h se51 to h be5 adopt$ into ! ritual ( ! gods1 ^w = ^w z !y 7 f\nd already 9 exi/5ce4 ,if !n !y 71 bo? 9 ! words 9 :i* !y 7 express$1 & 9 ! purpose :i* !y s\ght to a*ieve1 su* t !y c\ld be tak5 up1 z !y 7 & )\t *ange1 into ! ritual ( ! community's gods1 x w\ld seem t1 ev5 be=e !y 7 s tak5 up1 !y c\ld n h be5 :olly1 if at all1 ali5 to ! _s ( religion4 ,:at m>ks !m z religi\s1 9 ! cunei=m inscriptions1 is _! context3 x %[s t ! p[]1 reli$ on = ! accompli%m5t ( ! desires express$ 9 ^! petitions1 0 ! p[] ( ! gods4 ,remove ! context1 & x becomes a matt] ( ambiguity1 :e!r ! wi% is suppos$1 by ^? :o utt] x1 to dep5d = its realisation on "s p[]1 possess$ & ex]cis$ by ^? :o express ! wi%1 or :e!r x is suppos$ to dep5d on ! good w ( "s be+ vaguely conceiv$1 & n address$ by "n4 ,b if ev5tually ! wi%1 & ! words 9 :i* x 0 express$1 are tak5 up into ! wor%ip ( ! gods1 !re seems a balance ( probability t ! wi% 0 f ! beg9n+ r 9 ! nature ( religion ?an ( magic1 r a petition ?an a comm&2 ?\gh ! categories 7 n at fir/ discrim9at$1 & !re 0 at fir/ no cle> vision ( ! qu>t] f :i* fulfilm5t ( ! wi% 0 hop$ =4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 optative s5t5ces1 s5t5ces :i* express ! wi%es ( him :o pron\nces !m1 may1 9 ! beg9n+1 well h be5 ambigu\s1 because !re 01 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o utt]$ !m1 no cle> conception ( ! qu>t] to :i* !y 7 address$3 ! idea ( ,god may h be5 vague to ! extreme ( vagu5ess4 ,"s ( ^! optative s5t5ces h[ev]1 7 su* t ! community z a :ole c\ld jo9 9 !m2 & !y 7 pot5tially1 & became actually1 pray]s to ! god ( ! community4 ,! be+ to :om ! community1 z a :ole1 c\ld pray1 0 !reby display$ z ! god ( ! community4 ,! idea ( ,god became1 s f>1 some:at less vague1 some:at m %>ply def9$4 ,optative s5t5ces1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! community c\ld n jo91 9 :i* no "o b ! p]son :o fram$ !m c\ld take "p1 c\ld n be address$ to ! god ( ! community4 ,! idea ( ,god ?us 0 def9$ negatively3 !re 7 wi%es :i* c\ld n be communicat$ to him--^? :i* 7 repugnant to ! well-be+ ( ! community4 ,! pray]s ( savages1 t is ( ! m5 :o are probably /ill ne>e/ to ! circum/ances & condition ( primitive man1 furni% ! mat]ial f :i* we c be/ inf] :at 0 ! idea ( ,god :i* 0 pres5t 9 _! consci\sness at ^? mom5ts :5 x 0 mo/ vividly pres5t to !m4 ,9 view ( ! inf9ite numb] & v>iety ( ! =ms ( religion & religi\s belief1 no?+ w\ld seem1 a priori1 m reasonable ?an to expect an equally inf9ite numb] ( v>i\s & contradictory ideas4 ,especially %\ld ?is seem a reasonable expectation to ^? :o consid] ! idea ( ,god to be fundam5tally1 & ( its v nature1 impossible & unt5able4 ,& s long z we look at ! attempts :i* h be5 made1 by means ( reflection ^u ! idea1 to body x =?1 we h ! evid5ce ( all ! my?ologies to %[ ! inf9ite v>iety ( mon/rosities1 :i* reflection on ! idea has be5 capable ( produc+4 ,if !n we /op !re1 our a priori expectation ( savage & irrational inconsi/5cy is fulfill$ to abundance & to loa?some excess4 ,b to /op !re is to /op %ort1 & to accept ! speculations ( ! savage :5 he is reflect+ on 8 exp]i5ce1 in/ead ( pu%+ =w>d to discov] = ourselves1 if we may1 :at 8 exp]i5ce actually 04 ,to discov] t1 we _c be cont5t to pause = ev] on 8 reflections4 ,we mu/ pu% back to ! mom5t ( 8 exp]i5ce1 t is to ! mom5ts :5 he is 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 gods & is address+ !m4 ,^? are ! mom5ts 9 :i* he prays & 9 :i* he has no d\bt t he is 9 communion ) 8 gods4 ,x is1 !n1 f 8 pray]s t we mu/ seek to inf] :at idea he has ( ! gods to :om he prays4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we take 8 pray]s z ! evid5ce f :i* to inf] 8 idea ( ,god1 in/ead ( ! luxuriant ov]gr[? ( speculative my?ology1 we f9d ev]y:]e a b>e simplicity1 & ev]y:]e sub/antial id5tity4 ,if ?is is contr>y to our expectation & at fir/ seems /range1 let u be> 9 m9d t ! sci5ce ( morals (f]s a p>allel1 9 ?is respect1 to ! sci5ce ( religion4 ,at "o "t x 01 unconsci\sly b none ! less decid$ly1 assum$ t savages _h a multiplicity ( irrational & disgu/+ cu/oms b no morals4 ,! idea t !re c\ld be a sub/antial id5tity betwe5 ! moral rules ( diff]5t savage races1 & ev5 betwe5 _! moral rules & ours1 0 an idea t simply 0 n ent]ta9$4 ,nev]!less1 x 0 a fact1 ?\gh unnotic$2 & n[ x is a fact :i*1 ?anks to ,dr ,we/]m>ck1 is plac$ beyond dispute4 ',:51' he says1 'we exam9e ! moral rules ( uncivilis$ races we f9d t !y 9 a v l>ge measure resemble ^? preval5t among nations ( culture4' ,! human _s ?r\gh\t ! process ( its evolution is1 9 tru?1 "o2 ! und]ly+ unity :i* manife/s itself ?r\gh\t ! evolution ( morality is to be f\nd also 9 ! evolution ( religion2 & x is f ! pray]s ( man t we c inf] x4 ,! fir/ & fundam5tal article ( belief impli$ by ! (f]+ ( pray]s is t ! be+ to :om !y are (f]$--h[ev] vaguely he may be conceiv$--is believ$ to be accessible to man4 ,man's cry c rea* ,him4 ,n only does x rea* ,him b1 x is believ$1 ,he w li/5 to x2 & x is ( ,8 v nature t ,he is dispos$ to li/5 fav\rably to x4 ,b1 ?\gh ,he w li/51 x is only to pray]s (f]$ 9 ! "r _s t ,he w li/54 ,! e>lie/ pray]s (f]$ are 9 all probability ^? :i* ! community s5ds up 9 "t ( tr\ble2 & !y mu/ be (f]$ 9 ! _s ( rep5tance4 ,x is ) ! conviction t !y h (f5d$ t ! community fir/ turns to ! be+ wor%ipp$1 by :om !y hope to be deliv]$ f ! evil :i* is ^u !m1 & by :om !y pray to be =giv54 ,next1 ! (f]+ ( pray] implies ! belief t ! be+ address$1 n m]ely und]/&s ! pray]s (f]$1 b has ! p[] to grant !m4 ,z hav+ n only ! p[]1 b also ! w s to d1 he is approa*$ n only ) fe> b also ) hope4 ,no approa* w\ld or c\ld be made1 if no?+ c\ld be hop$ f x2 & no?+ c\ld be hop$1 unless ! be+ approa*$ 7 believ$ to h ! p[] to grant ! pray]4 ,! v fact t approa* is made %[s t ! be+ is at ! mom5t believ$ to be "o ) :om x re/s to grant or refuse ! supplication1 "o ?an :om no o!r is1 9 ?is respect at lea/1 m p[]ful1 quo nihil maius4 ,b pray]s (f]$ 9 "t ( tr\ble1 ?\gh !y be1 or if !y be1 ! e>lie/1 are n ! only pray]s t are (f]$ by e>ly man4 ,man's wi%es are n1 & nev] 71 limit$3 escape f calamity is n1 & nev] has be51 ! only ?+ = :i* man is capable ( wi%+4 ,x c]ta9ly is n ! only ?+ = :i* he has be5 capable ( pray+4 ,ev5 e>ly man wi%es = mat]ial bless+s3 ! k9dly fruits ( ! e>? & 8 daily food are ?+s = :i* he n only works b also prays4 ,! negro on ! ,gold ,coa/ prays = 8 daily rice & yams1 ! ,zulu = cattle & = corn1 ! ,samoan = abundant food1 ! ,f9no-,ugrian = ra9 to make 8 crops gr[2 ! ,p]uvian pray$ = heal? & prosp]ity4 ,& :5 man has atta9$ 8 wi%1 :5 8 pray]s h be5 grant$1 he does n always =get to r5d] ?anks to ! god :o li/5$ to 8 pray]4 ',?ank y1 gods'2 says ! ,basuto1 'give u bread to-morr[ also4' ,:e!r ! pray] be = food1 or = deliv]ance f calamity1 ! natural t5d5cy is = gratitude & ?anks to foll[1 :5 ! pray] has be5 fulfill$2 & ! m5tal attitude1 or mood ( feel+1 is !n no long] "o ( hope or fe>1 b ( ?ankfulness & praise4 ,x is 9 its ess5ce1 pot5tially &1 to v>y+ degrees1 actually1 ! mood ( v5]ation & adoration4 ',my lips %all praise !e1 ,s w ,i bless !e :ile ,i live3 ,i w lift up my h&s 9 ?y "n1 ,& my m\? %all praise !e ) joyful lips4' ,f ! pray]s t are (f]$ 9 e>ly1 if n primitive1 religions we may draw ) safety "s conclusions z to ! idea1 :i* ! wor%ipp]s _h be=e _! m9ds1 ( ! be+ to :om !y believ$ !y _h access 9 pray]4 ,he 0 a be+ accessible 9 pray]2 & he _h x 9 8 p[]1 &1 if prop]ly approa*$1 9 8 w1 to deliv] ! community f mat]ial & ext]nal evils4 ,! _s 9 :i* he 0 to be prop]ly approa*$ 0 "o ( confession & rep5tance ( (f5ces committ$ aga9/ him3 ! calamities :i* fell ^u ! community 7 conceiv$ to h fall5 ju/ly4 ,he 0 n conceiv$ to be (f5d$ )\t a cause4 ,d\btless ! causes ( (f5ce1 l ! puni%m5ts ) :i* !y 7 visit$1 7 ext]nal & visible1 9 ! s5se t !y c\ld be discov]$ & made pla9 to all :o 7 conc]n$ to recognise !m4 ,! (f5ces 7 actions :i* n only provok$ ! wra? ( ! god1 b 7 condemn$ by ! community4 ,!y includ$ (f5ces :i* 7 purely =mal & ext]nal2 &1 9 ! case ( "s peoples1 ! numb] ( su* (f5ces probably increas$ r ?an dim9i%$ z "t w5t on4 ,! ,surpu tablets ( ! cunei=m inscriptions1 :i* are direct$ t[>ds ! removal ( ! mamit1 ! ban or taboo1 consequ5t ^u su* (f5ces1 are an example ( ?is4 ,adult]y1 murd] & !ft are includ$ among/ ! (f5ces1 b ! tablets include hundr$s ( o!r (f5ces1 :i* are purely c]emonial1 & :i* probably took a long "t to rea* ! luxuriant gr[? !y h atta9$ 9 ! tablets4 ,= c]emonial (f5ces a c]emonial purification 0 felt to suffice4 ,b !re 7 o!rs :i*1 z ! ,babylonian ,p5it5tial ,psalms te/ify1 7 felt to g deep] & to be s9s1 p]sonal s9s ( ! wor%ipp] aga9/ 8 ,god4 ,! p5it5t exclaims3 ',"l1 my s9s are _m1 great are my misde$s4' ,! _s1 9 :i* he approa*es 8 ,god1 is express$ 9 ! words3 ',i ?y s]vant1 full ( sighs1 call ^u !e4 ,l ! doves d ,i moan1 ,i am o'ercome ) sigh+1 ,) lam5tation & groan+ my _s is d[nca/4' ,8 pray] is t 8 trespasses may be =giv53 ',r5d my s9s1 l a g>m5t6 ,my ,god1 my s9s are unto sev5 times sev54 ,=give my iniquities4' ,& 8 hope is 9 ,god3 ',oh1 ,"l1 ?y s]vant1 ca/ him n away1 ,! s9s :i* ,i h committ$1 trans=m by ?y grace6' ,! attitude ( m9d1 ! relation 9 :i* ! wor%ipp] f9ds himself to /& t[>ds 8 ,god1 is ! same z t reveal$ 9 ! ,psalm ( ,david3 ',wa% me ?r\ghly f m9e iniquity1 ,& cleanse me f my s94 ,= ,i ackn[l$ge my transgressions3 ,& my s9 is ev] be=e me4 ,aga9/ !e1 !e only1 h ,i s9n$4 ,ca/ me n away f ?y pres5ce4' ,! e>lie/ pray]s (f]$ by any community probably 71 z we h already se51 ^? :i* 7 s5t up 9 "t ( tr\ble & inspir$ by ! conviction t ! community's god _h be5 ju/ly (f5d$4 ,! psalms1 f :i* quotations h j be5 giv51 %[ ! same idea ( ,god1 conceiv$ to h be5 ju/ly (f5d$ by ! transgressions ( 8 s]vants4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is t1 9 ! lat] pray]s1 ! individual self-consci\sness has come to realise t ! individual z well z ! community exi/s2 t ! individual1 z well z ! community1 is guilty ( trespasses2 & t ! individual1 z well z ! community1 ne$s =giv5ess4 ,t is to say1 ! idea ( ,god has tak5 m def9ite %ape3 ,god has be5 reveal$ to ! individual wor%ipp] to be ',my ,god'2 ! wor%ipp] to be ',?y s]vant'2 & :at is fe>$ is n m]ely t ! wor%ipp] %\ld be exclud$ f ! community1 b t he %\ld be ca/ away f communion ) ,god4 ,! communion1 aspir$ to1 is h[ev] /ill su* communion z may exi/ betwe5 a s]vant & 8 ma/]4 ,mat]ial & ext]nal bless+s1 fur!r1 are1 toge!r ) deliv]ance f mat]ial & ext]nal evil1 /ill ! pr9cipal subjects ( pray] 9 ! ,psalms bo? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ( ! cunei=m inscriptions2 &1 s f> z ?is is ! case1 ! wor%ipp]'s pray] is t 8 individual w may be done1 & x is because he has receiv$ mat]ial & ext]nal bless+s1 because 8 w has be5 done1 t 8 joyful lips praise & bless ! ,"l4 ,t is to say1 ! idea ( ,god1 impli$ by su* pray] & praise1 is t ,he is a be+ :o may help man to ! fulfilm5t ( man's desires & to ! realisation ( man's w4 ,! assumption requir$ to ju/ify ?is conception is t 9 man1 man's w alone is op]ative1 & nev] ,god's4 ,?is assumption has its analogy 9 ! fact1 already notic$1 t 9 ! beg9n+ ! individual is n self-consci\s1 or aw>e ( ! individuality ( 8 own exi/5ce4 ,:5 ! individual's self-consci\sness is ?us b little1 if at all1 manife/$1 x is ! community1 z a community1 :i* approa*es its god & is felt to be responsible = ! transgressions :i* h (f5d$ him4 ,z self-consci\sness comes to manife/ itself1 m & m1 ! s5se ( p]sonal transgression & individual responsibility becomes m & m /rong4 ,if n[ we suppose t at ?is po9t ! evolution1 or unfold+1 ( ! self ceases1 & t ! :ole ( its cont5ts is n[ reveal$1 we %all hold t1 9 man1 man's w alone c op]ate1 & nev] ,god's4 ,x is inde$ at ?is po9t t non-,*ri/ian religions /op1 if !y get s f>4 ,! idea ( ,god z a be+ ^: w is to be done1 & n man's1 is a di/9ctively ,*ri/ian idea4 ,! petition1 :i*1 z f> z ! sci5ce ( religion enables u to judge1 0 ! fir/ petition made by man1 0 = deliv]ance f evil4 ,! next1 9 hi/orical ord]1 0 = =giv5ess ( s9s2 &1 !n1 :5 society _h come to be settl$ on an agricultural basis & dep5d5t on ! h>ve/1 pray] 0 (f]$ = daily bread4 ,9 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ! ord] ( ^! petitions is exactly rev]s$4 ,a fre% basis1 or premiss1 = !m1 is suppli$4 ,!y are /ill petitions prop] to put =w>d1 if put =w>d 9 ! consci\sness ( a fact1 hi!rto n reveal$--t man may d n 8 own w b ! w ( ,our ,fa!r1 :o is 9 heav54 ,pray] is ?us1 at ! end1 :at x 0 at ! beg9n+1 ! pray] ( a community4 ,b :]eas at ! beg9n+ ! community 0 ! n>r[ & exclusive community ( ! family or tribe1 at ! end x is a community :i* may include all mank9d4 ,?us1 ! idea ( ,god has increas$ 9 its ext5sion4 ,9 its int5sion1 s to speak1 x has deep5$3 ,god is disclos$ n z ! ma/] & k+ ( 8 subjects & s]vants1 b z ! ,fa!r 9 heav5 ( 8 *ildr5 on e>?4 ,x has h[ev] n m]ely deep5$1 x has be5 trans=m$1 or r x is to be approa*$ 9 a diff]5t mood1 & !re=e is reveal$ 9 a new aspect3 :]eas 9 ! beg9n+ ! body ( wor%ipp]s1 :e!r x approa*$ its god ) pray] = deliv]ance f calamities or = mat]ial bless+s1 approa*$ him 9 ord] t _! desires might be fulfill$2 9 ! end ! wor%ipp] is taught t approa* is possible only on r5unciation ( 8 own desires & on acceptance ( ,god's w4 ,! c5tre ( religion is transpos$3 x is no long] man & 8 desires r\nd :i* religion is to revolve4 ,! w ( ,god is to be ! c5tre1 to :i* man is no long] to gravitate unconsci\sly b to :i* he is delib]ately to det]m9e himself4 ,z 9 ! sol> sy/em ! =ce ( gravity is b "o1 s 9 ! spiritual sy/em t :i* holds all spiritual be+s toge!r is ! love :i* proce$s f ,god to 8 creatures & may increas+ly proce$ f !m to ,him4 ,x is ! sub/itution ( ! love ( ,god = ! desires ( man :i* makes ! new heav5 & ! new e>?4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( evolution ! important fact is t ?is new aspect ( ! idea ( ,god is n some?+ m]ely sup]pos$ ^u ! old3 if x 7 simply sup]pos$1 x w\ld n be evolv$4 ,nei!r is ! disclosure1 to ! s\l1 ( ,god z love1 evolv$ f ! conception ( ,him z ! be+ f :om m5 may seek ! fulfilm5t ( _! desires4 ,to int]pret ! process ( religi\s evolution 9 ?is way w\ld be to mis9t]pret x1 9 exactly ! same way z if we 7 to suppose t1 only :5 ! evolution ( vegetable life _h be5 c>ri$ out to ! full 9 all its =ms1 did ! evolution ( animal life beg94 ,animals are n vegetables c>ri$ to a r high] /age ( evolution1 any m ?an vegetables are animals :i* h relaps$ to a l[] /age4 ,if !n we are to apply ! !ory ( evolution to spiritual life1 z well z to bodily life1 we mu/ apply x 9 ! same way4 ,we mu/ reg>d ! v>i\s =ms1 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 z foll[+ diff]5t l9es1 & t5d+ 9 diff]5t directions f a common c5tre1 r ?an z diff]5t & successive sections ( "o & ! same l9e4 ,spell no m becomes pray] ?an vegetables become animals4 ,impell$ by ! =ce ( calamity to look 9 "o direction--t ( deliv]ance f pe/il5ce or fam9e--e>ly man saw1 9 ! idea ( ,god1 a refuge 9 "t ( tr\ble4 ,mov$ at a lat] "t by ! feel+ ( gratitude1 man f\nd 9 ! idea ( ,god an object ( v5]ation2 & !n int]pret$ 8 relation z t ( a s]vant to 8 "l4 ,:i*ev] way ?is int]pretation 0 pu%$--:e!r to mean t ! s]vant 0 to d ?+s pleas+ to 8 "l1 9 ord] to ga9 ! fulfilm5t ( 8 own desires2 or to imply t 8 transgressions /ood ev] betwe5 him & 8 (f5d$ ma/]--fur!r advance 9 t direction 0 impossible4 ,a new direction1 & !re=e a fre% po9t ( dep>ture1 0 necess>y4 ,x 0 =?com+ 9 ! ,*ri/ian idea ( ,god z ! heav5ly ,fa!r4 ,t idea :5 reveal$ is se5 to h be5 :at 0 po/ulat$ b nev] atta9$ by religion 9 its e>li] /ages4 ,! petitions = our daily bread1 = =giv5ess ( s9s1 & = deliv]y f evil1 _h z _! basis1 9 pre-,*ri/ian religions1 man's desire4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity ^? petitions are pref]r$ 9 ! conviction t ! mak+ ( !m is 9 accordance ) ,god's w & ! grant+ ( !m 9 accordance ) ,8 love2 & t conviction is a normative pr9ciple ( pray]4 ,v ,,! ,,idea ,,& ,,be+ ,,( ,,god ,m5 ?\ght1 spoke & act$ = long ages be=e !y began to reflect on ! ways 9 :i* !y did s2 &1 :5 !y did beg9 to reflect1 x 0 long be=e !y discov]$ ! pr9ciples on :i* !y ?\ght1 spoke & act$1 or recognis$ !m z ! pr9ciples on :i* man mu/ speak1 if he is to speak intelligibly2 on :i*1 z laws ( ?\ght1 he mu/ ?9k1 if he is to ?9k correctly2 & on :i*1 z laws ( morality1 he mu/ act1 if he is to act z he %\ld act4 ,b ?\gh _m ?\s&s ( ye>s elaps$ be=e he recognis$ ^! laws1 !y 71 all ! "t1 ! laws on :i* he _h to ?9k1 speak & act1 & did actually ?9k1 speak & act1 s f> z he did s correctly4 ,:51 !n1 we speak ( ! evolution ( ?\ght1 spee* & action1 we _c mean t ! laws ( ?\ght1 = in/ance1 7 9 ! beg9n+ diff]5t f :at !y are n[1 & only gradually came to be :at !y are at pres5t4 ,t w\ld be j ! same z say+ t ! law ( gravitation did n op]ate 9 ! way describ$ by ,newton until ,newton =mulat$ ! law4 ,! fact is t sci5ce has its evolution1 j z ?\ght1 spee* & action h4 ,man gradually & ) mu* ef=t discov]s laws ( sci5ce1 z he discov]s ! laws ( ?\ght1 spee* & action4 ,9 nei!r case does he make ! laws2 all t he does 9 ei!r case is to come to recognise t !y are !re4 ,b ! recognition is a process1 a sl[ process1 att5d$ by _m mi/akes & set-backs4 ,& ?is sl[ process ( ! gradual recognition or discov]y ( fundam5tal laws1 or fir/ pr9ciples1 is ! process 9 :i* ! evolution ( sci5ce1 z well z ! evolution ( ?\ght1 spee* & action1 consi/s4 ,x is ! process by :i* ! laws t are at ! bottom ( man's ?\ght1 spee* & action1 & are fundam5tal to !m1 t5d to rise to ! surface ( consci\sness4 ,x is 9 ?is same process t ! evolution ( religion consi/s4 ,x is ! sl[ process1 ! gradual recognition1 ( ! fundam5tal idea ( religion--! idea ( ,god--:i* t5ds to rise to ! surface ( ! religi\s consci\sness4 ,j z laws ( ?\ght1 spee* & action are impli$ by ! v conception ( "r ?\ght or spee* or action1 s ! idea ( ,god is impli$ by ! m]e conception ( religion4 ,x is impli$ always2 x is implicit f ! v beg9n+4 ,x is disclos$ gradually & imp]fectly4 ,! process ( disclosure1 :i* is ! evolution ( ! idea1 may1 9 _m in/ances1 be arre/$ at a /age ( v e>ly imp]fection1 by causes :i* make fur!r developm5t 9 t direction impossible2 & !n1 if fur!r progress is to be made1 a fre% movem5t1 9 a fre% direction mu/ be made4 ,j z m5 d n always ?9k correctly1 or act rightly1 ?\gh !y t5d1 9 diff]5t degrees1 to d s2 s too1 9 religion1 nei!r d !y always move 9 ! "r direction1 ev5 if !y move at all4 ,!y may ev5 det]iorate1 at times1 9 religion1 z1 at times1 !y det]iorate 9 morality4 ,b x is n necess>y to inf] f ?is und\bt$ fact t !re are no pr9ciples ( ei!r morality or religion4 ,we are n l$ to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! laws ( logic or ( gramm>1 because !y are frequ5tly disreg>d$ by ourselves & o!rs4 ,! pr9ciples1 or r "s p>ticul> pr9ciple1 ( morality may be absolutely misconceiv$ by a community1 at "s /age ( its hi/ory1 9 su* a way t actions ( a c]ta9 k9d are n condemn$ by x4 ,! inconsi/5cy ( judgm5t & feel+1 ?us display$1 is n ! less inconsi/5t because x is almo/1 if n entirely1 unconsci\s4 ,9 ! same way a community may fail to recognise a pr9ciple ( religion1 or may mis9t]pret ! idea ( ,god2 /ill ! fact t !y mis9t]pret x is pro( t !y h x--if !y _h x n1 !y c\ld n int]pret x 9 diff]5t ways4 ,& ! diff]5t int]pretations are ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* its evolution is c>ri$ =w>d4 ,its evolution is n 9 "o cont9u\s l9e1 b is radiative f "o common c5tre1 & is disp]sive4 ,t is ! reason :y ! orig9ators ( religi\s movem5ts1 & ! f\nd]s ( religions1 consid] !mselves to be re/or+ an old /ate ( ?+s1 r ?an initiat+ a new "o2 to be return+ to ! old religion1 r ?an />t+ a new religion4 ,b 9 po9t ( fact !y are n rev]t+ to a bygone /age 9 ! hi/ory ( religion2 !y are />t+ afre% f ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( religion4 ,f ! c5tral idea ( religion1 ! idea ( ,god1 !y move 9 a direction diff]5t f any hi!rto foll[$4 ,mono!ism may 9 ord] ( "t foll[ ^u poly!ism1 b x is n poly!ism "u ano!r "n1 any m ?an pray] is spell "u ano!r "n4 ,x is some?+ v diff]5t3 x is ! negation ( poly!ism1 n ano!r =m ( x4 ,x /rikes at ! roots ( poly!ism2 & x does s because x goes back n to poly!ism b to t f :i* poly!ism spr+s1 ! idea ( ,god2 & />ts f x 9 a direction :i* leads to a v diff]5t manife/ation ( ! idea ( ,god4 ,& if mono!ism displaces poly!ism1 x does s because x is f\nd by exp]i5ce to be ! m fai?ful int]pretation ( t idea ( ,god :i* ev5 ! poly!i/ has 9 8 s\l4 ,9 ! same way1 & = ! same reasons1 poly!ism is n feti%ism "u ano!r "n4 ,! gods ( a community are n ! feti%es ( individuals4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is n a m]e diff]5ce ( "n4 ,poly!ism may1 or may n1 foll[1 9 ord] ( "t1 ^u feti%ism2 b poly!ism is n m]ely a =m ( feti%ism4 ,! two are diff]5t1 & l>gely inconsi/5t1 int]pretations1 or mis9t]pretations1 ( ! same fundam5tal idea ( ,god4 ,!y move 9 diff]5t directions1 & are felt by ! communities 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 to t5d 9 ! direction ( v diff]5t ends--! "o to ! good ( ! community1 ! o!r1 9 its mo/ *>act]i/ic manife/ations1 to ! injury ( ! community4 ,9 feti%ism & poly!ism we see ! radiative1 disp]sive1 =ce ( evolution manife/+ itself1 j z 9 poly!ism & mono!ism4 ,! diff]5t l9es ( evolution radiate 9 diff]5t directions1 b ^? l9es1 all po9t to a common c5tre ( disp]sion--! idea ( ,god4 ,b feti%ism1 poly!ism & mono!ism are n diff]5t & successive /ages ( "o l9e ( evolution1 foll[+ ! same direction4 ,!y are l9es ( diff]5t l5g?s1 mov+ 9 diff]5t directions1 ?\gh spr++ f a common c5tre--! s\l ( man4 ,x is because !y h a common c5tre1 t man1 :i*ev] l9e he has foll[$1 c fall back ^u x & />t afre%4 ,! fact t m5 fall victims to logical fallacies does n %ake our fai? 9 ! validity ( ! pr9ciples ( reason2 nor does ! fact t false reason+ ab\nds ! m1 ! l[] we desc5d 9 ! scale ( humanity1 lead u to believe t ! pr9ciples ( reason are invalid & non-exi/5t !re4 ,/ill less d we believe t1 because immature m9ds reason (t5 incorrectly1 !re=e correct reason+ is = all m5 an impossibility & a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,& ^! consid]ations apply 9 j ! same way to ! pr9ciples ( religion & ! idea ( ,god1 z to ! pr9ciples ( reason4 ,yet we are sometimes invit$ to believe t ! exi/5ce ( religi\s fallacies1 or fallaci\s religions1 is ( itself en\gh to prove t !re is no validity 9 ! pr9ciples ( religion1 no reality 9 ! idea ( ,god2 t because ! uncultur$ races ( mank9d are ! victims ( error 9 religion1 !re is 9 religion no tru? at all3 ! religion ( civilis$ mank9d consi/s b ( ! errors ( ! savage disguis$ 9 civilis$ g>b4 ,s f> z ?is view is suppos$ to be ! outcome ( ! /udy ( ! evolution ( religion1 x is due probably to ! conception ( evolution f :i* x proce$s4 ,x proce$s on ! assumption t ! process ( evolution exhibits ! cont9uity ( "o & ! same cont9u\s l9e4 ,x ignores ! radiative1 disp]sive movem5t ( evolution 9 diff]5t l9es2 & ov]looks ! fact t new =ms ( religion are all re-bir?s1 r5aissances1 & spr+ n f "o ano!r1 b f ! s\l ( man1 9 :i* is f\nd ! idea ( ,god4 ,x fur!r assumes n m]ely t !re are errors b t !re is no tru? :atev] 9 ! l[e/1 or ! e>lie/1 =ms ( religion2 & t !re=e nei!r is !re any tru? 9 ! highe/4 ,b ?is assumption1 if appli$ to ! pr9ciples ( ?\ght1 spee* or action1 w\ld equally prove ?\ght to be irrational1 spee* un9telligible1 moral action absurd2 & evolution w\ld be ! process by :i* ?is fundam5tal irrationality1 un9telligibility & absurdity 0 work$ out4 ,ei!r ?is is ! conclusion1 or "s means mu/ be s\ght :]eby to di/+ui% ! evolution ( religion f ! evolution ( ?\ght1 spee* & morals1 & to %[ t--:]eas 9 ! case ( ! latt]1 evolution is ! process 9 :i* ! pr9ciples :]eon man %\ld ?9k1 speak & act1 t5d to manife/ !mselves ) increas+ cle>ness--9 ! case ( religion1 !re is no su* progressive revelation1 & no fir/ pr9ciple1 or fundam5tal idea1 :i* all =ms ( religion seek to express4 ,b any attempt to %[ ?is is hopeless3 ! sci5ce ( religion is engag$ ?r\gh\t 9 asc]ta9+ & comp>+ ! ideas :i* ! v>i\s races ( m5 h _h ( _! gods2 & 9 trac+ ! evolution ( ! idea ( ,god4 ,! sci5ce ( religion1 h[ev]1 x may be said1 is conc]n$ exclusively ) ! evolution1 & n 9 ! lea/ ) ! value or validity1 ( ! idea4 ,b nei!r1 we mu/ rememb]1 is x conc]n$ to dispute its value or to d5y its validity2 & no man c help draw+ 8 own conclusions f ! e/abli%$ fact t ! idea is to be f\nd :]ev] man is to be f\nd4 ,if1 h[ev]1 by ! idea ( ,god we mean simply an intellectual idea1 m]ely a v]bal proposition1 we %all be 9 dang] ( draw+ errone\s conclusions4 ,! hi/orian ( religion1 9 discuss+ ! idea ( ,god1 its manife/ations & its evolution1 is b\nd to express himself 9 words1 & to r$uce :at he has to say to a s]ies ( v]bal propositions4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 is m natural ?an to imag9e t ! idea ( ,god is a v]bal1 intellectual proposition2 & no?+ is m mislead+4 ,if we />t f ?is mislead+ notion1 !n1 z words are b words1 we may be l$ to imag9e t ! idea ( ,god is no?+ m or o!r ?an ! words3 x is m]e words4 ,if h[ev] ?is conclusion is1 = any reason1 displeas+ to u1 & if we /ick to ! premiss t ! idea ( ,god is a v]bal proposition1 !n we %all naturally draw a di/9ction betwe5 ! idea ( ,god & ! be+ ( ,god2 &1 hav+ ?us fix$ a great gulf betwe5 ! idea & ! be+ ( ,god1 we %all be fac$ ) ! difficulty ( cross+ x4 ,we may !n feel x to be n m]ely difficult b impossible to get logically to ! o!r side ( ! gulf2 t is to say1 we %all conclude t ! be+ ( ,god is an inf]5ce1 b an inf]5ce :i* nev] c be logically v]ifi$3 ! inf]5ce may be a correct or an incorrect inf]5ce1 b we _c possibly "k :i* x is4 ,f ! idea ( ,god we c nev] logically inf] ,8 be+4 ,s9ce !n no logic w c>ry u ov] ! *asm we h fix$ betwe5 ! idea & ! be+ ( ,god1 if we are to cross x1 we mu/ jump x3 we mu/ take ! leap ( fai?1 we mu/ believe ! passage possible1 j because x is impossible4 ,& ^? :o take ! leap1 d l& safely--we h _! own te/imony to t--z safely z1 9 ,k+ ,le>1 ,gl\ce/] leaps f ! cliff ( ,dov]2 & !y well may ',?9k t ! cle>e/ gods1 :o make !m hon\rs ,( m5's impossibilities1 h pres]v'd !m4' ,b1 9 ,gl\ce/]'s case1 !re 0 no cliff & no abyss2 &1 9 our case1 x may be well to enquire :e!r ! great gulf betwe5 ! idea & ! be+ ( ,god has any m reality ?an t d[n :i* ,gl\ce/]1 precipitat+1 flung himself4 ,! premiss1 t ! idea ( ,god is a m]e v]bal proposition1 may be a premiss z imag9>y z t f :i* ,gl\ce/] leap$4 ,if ! idea ( ,god is m]ely a proposition 9 words1 & if words are b words1 !n ! gulf betwe5 idea & be+ is real4 ,if ! be+ ( ,god is an inf]5ce f ! idea ( ,god1 x is m]ely an inf]5ce1 & an inf]5ce ( no logical value4 ,& ! same rem>k holds equally true1 if we apply x to ! case ( any f9ite p]sonal be+3 if ! be+ ( our neighb\rs 7 an inf]5ce f ! idea we h =m$ ( !m1 x also w\ld be an inf]5ce ( no logical value4 ,b1 =tunately1 _! be+ does n dep5d on ! idea we h =m$ ( !m3 x p>tially reveals itself to u 9 our idea ( !m1 & p>tially is obscur$ by x4 ,x is a fact ( our exp]i5ce1 or a fact exp]i5c$ by u4 ,we int]pret x1 & to "s ext5t mis9t]pret x1 z we d all o!r facts4 ,if ?is p>tly true1 & p>tly false1 int]pretation is :at we mean by ! ^w 'idea1' !n x is ! idea :i* is an inf]5ce f ! be+ ( our neighb\r--an inf]5ce :i* c be *eck$ by clos] acqua9tance--b we d n fir/ h ! idea ( him1 & !n wond] :e!r a be+1 correspond+ m or less to ! idea1 exi/s4 ,if we _h ! idea ( our fell[-be+s fir/--be=e we _h exp]i5ce ( !m--if x 7 f ! edge ( ! idea t we _h to leap1 we might reasonably d\bt :e!r to fl+ ourselves into su* a logical1 or r into su* an illogical1 abyss4 ,b x is f _! be+ z an exp]i5c$ fact1 t we />t2 & ) ! int5tion ( con/ruct+ f x z logical an idea z lies )9 our p[]4 ,:at is inf]5ce is n ! be+ b ! idea1 s f> z ! idea is ?us con/ruct$4 ,! idea1 ?us con/ruct$1 may be con/ruct$ correctly1 or incorrectly4 ,:e!r x is con/ruct$ correctly or incorrectly is det]m9$ by fur!r exp]i5ce4 ,:at is important to notice is fir/ t x is only by fur!r exp]i5ce1 p]sonal exp]i5ce1 t we c det]m9e h[ f> ! con/ruction we h put ^u x is or is n correct2 &1 next1 t s f> z ! con/ruction we h put ^u x is correct1 t is to say is confirm$ by actual exp]i5ce1 x is !reby %[n to be n inf]5ce--ev5 ?\gh x 0 rea*$ by a process ( inf]5ce--b fact4 ,! process ( inf]5ce may be comp>$ to a pa? by :i* we /ruggle up ! face ( a cliff3 x is ! pa? by :i* we get !re1 b x is n ! firm gr\nd on :i* ev5tually we re/4 ,! pa? is n t :i* upholds ! cliff2 nor is ! inf]5ce t on :i* ! be+ ( ,god re/s4 ,! be+ ( ,god is n some?+ inf]r$ b some?+ exp]i5c$4 ,x is by exp]i5ce--! exp]i5ce ( ourselves or o!rs--t we f9d out :e!r :at by inf]5ce we 7 l$ to expect is really some?+ ( :i* we c--if we w--h exp]i5ce4 ,& t :i* is exp]i5c$ ceases1 ! mom5t x is exp]i5c$1 to be inf]5tial4 ,! exp]i5ce is fact3 ! /atem5t ( x 9 words is tru?4 ,b ap>t f ! exp]i5ce1 ! words 9 :i* x is /at$ are b words2 &1 )\t ! exp]i5ce1 ! words mu/ rema9 = ev] words & no?+ m ?an words4 ,if !n by ! idea ( ,god we mean ! words1 9 :i* x is 7inadequately7 /at$1 & no?+ m1 ! idea ( ,god is sep>at$ by an impassable gulf f ! be+ ( ,god4 ,fur!r1 if we admit t ! idea is1 by its v nature1 & by ! v facts ( ! case1 ess5tially diff]5t f ! be+ ( ,god1 !n x is ( little use to cont9ue to ma9ta9 t ! be+ ( ,god is a fact ( human exp]i5ce4 ,9 t case1 ! suppos$ fact ( exp]i5ce is r$uc$ to some?+ ( :i* we nei!r h1 nor c h1 any idea1 or consci\sness1 :atev]4 ,x !reby ceases to be a fact ( exp]i5ce at all4 ,& x is precisely on ?is assumption t ! be+ ( ,god is d5i$ to be a fact ( exp]i5ce--! assumption t be+ & idea are sep>at$ f "o ano!r by an impassable gulf3 ! idea we c be consci\s (1 b ( ,8 be+ we c h no exp]i5ce4 ,we mu/ !re=e ask n :e!r ?is gulf is impassable1 b :e!r x exi/s at all1 or is ( ! same imag9>y nature z t to :i* ,gl\ce/] 0 l$ by ,edg>4 ,t !re may be be+s1 ( :om we h no idea1 is a proposition :i* x is impossible to disprove4 ,su* be+s w\ld be ex hypo!si no "p ( our exp]i5ce2 & if ,god 7 su* a be+1 man w\ld h no exp]i5ce ( ,him4 ,&1 hav+ no exp]i5ce ( ,him1 man c\ld h no idea ( ,him4 ,b ! exp]i5ce man has1 ( ^? be+s :om he kn[s1 is an exp]i5ce 9 :i* idea & be+ are giv5 toge!r4 ,ev5 if 9 ?\ght we att5d to "o r ?an to ! o!r ( ! two aspects1 ! idea is /ill ! idea ( ! be+2 & ! be+ is /ill ! be+ ( ! idea4 ,s f> f !re be+ an impassable gulf betwe5 ! two1 ! two are insep>able1 9 ! mom5t ( actual exp]i5ce4 ,x is 9 mom5ts ( reflection t !y appe> sep>able & sep>ate1 = ! memory rema9s1 :5 ! actual exp]i5ce has ceas$4 ,we h !n only to call ! memory ! idea1 & !n ! idea1 9 ?is use ( ! ^w1 is z ess5tially diff]5t f t ( :i* x is said to be ! idea1 z ! memory ( a be+ or ?+ is f ! be+ or ?+ itself4 ,if we put ! memory into words1 & pron\nce ^? words to ano!r1 we communicate to him :at we rememb] ( our exp]i5ce 7modifi$--p]haps transmogrifi$--by our reflections ^u x7 b we d n communicate ! actual exp]i5ce1 simply because we _c4 ,:at we communicate may lead him to actual exp]i5ce = himself2 b x is n itself ! exp]i5ce4 ,! memory may give rise1 9 ourselves or 9 o!rs to :om we communicate1 to expectation & anticipation2 & ! expectation is ! m likely to be realis$1 ! less ! memory has be5 transmogrifi$ by reflection4 ,b1 bo? ! memory & ! anticipation are cle>ly diff]5t f actual exp]i5ce4 ,x is only :5 !y are confus$ ) "o aspect ( ! actual exp]i5ce--t :i* we h call$ ! idea--t ! idea is suppos$ to be deta*able f ! be+ ( :om we h actual exp]i5ce4 ,! idea is "p ( ! exp]i5ce2 ! memory obvi\sly is n4 ,if !n x be said t ! be+ ( ,god is always an inf]5ce & is nev] any?+ m1 ! reply is t ! be+ ( any?+ :atev] t is rememb]$ or expect$ is1 9 ! mom5t ( memory or ( anticipation1 inf]5tial2 b1 9 ! mom5t ( actual exp]i5ce1 x is n inf]r$--x is exp]i5c$4 ,& :at is exp]i5c$ is1 & f ! beg9n+ has always be51 9 religions ( ! l[] z well z ( ! high] culture1 at once ! be+ & ! idea ( ,god4 ,,index ,a>on1 #aa ,adoration1 #ajh ff41 #abf1 #add ,aes*ylus1 #cg ,aetiological my?s1 #ej1 #ec ,africans1 #ei ,allegory1 #dg ,animism1 #ag1 #ce1 #ej ,an?ropomorphism1 #ah ff41 #bg ,anti-social "* ( feti%ism1 #h1 #ad ,anu1 #acf ,ari/otle1 #aba ,assyria1 #acd ff4 ,atonem5t1 #ed1 #ge ,au/ralians1 #eg1 #eh1 #ei1 #hf-hi1 #aac1 #aad ,awe1 #bd ,axe-heads1 #aa ,aztecs1 #gg1 #gh1 #hh ,babylonian psalms1 #ade ,basutos1 #adc ,be+1 & idea1 #afa ff4 ,b]gson1 #abc1 #abe ,black-fell[s1 #eg ,b[1 & arr[1 #db ,bull-ro>]1 #db ,burnt-(f]+s1 #gb ,calamity1 #gc1 #ig1 #ajc ,c]es1 #hd ,*icomecoatl1 #hd ,*ild 7!71 & ! community1 #a1 #ad ,*ild 7!71 & self-consci\sness1 #c ,*ildr51 _! toys1 #da2 & tales1 #da2 community (1 #db ,*ota ,nagpur1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe1 #hc1 #he1 #hh ,*ri/1 #ajj ,*ri/ianity1 #ai1 #bf1 #eg1 #adh1 #aea ,comm]ce1 #fi ,common consci\sness1 capable ( emotion & purpose1 #b1 #c1 #ad2 ! s\rce & ! crit]ion ( ! individual's spee*1 ?\ght & action1 #b1 #c2 its attitude t[>ds magic1 #i ff41 #ah2 & tales1 #ca2 & my?ology1 #cg1 #ch1 #dh ,communion 7,*ri/ian71 #gg ,communion1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #adg ,corn-deities1 #hb ff4 ,c\nt]-spells1 #acd ff4 ,cov5ant1 ! old & ! new1 #ajj ,cov5ant-!ory1 #ib ff41 #ih ff4 ,cunei=m inscriptions1 #acd ff41 #adg ,cu/om1 #da1 #db1 #ih ,desire 7& pray]71 #aah ff4 ,desires1 ( individual & community1 #g1 #h1 #i ,digg+-/ick1 #dc ,di indigites1 #ea-ec1 #ef1 #eh1 #hc1 #hh ,dionysius ,?rax1 #aba ,disease ( language1 #cc1 #cd ,dog1 & ma/]1 #be ,d ut des1 #fh ,eat+ ) ! god1 #gd1 #gg1 #ia ,ec/asy1 #aaj ,elijah1 #ac1 #aai ,emotion1 #b1 #c1 #g1 #bc1 #ed1 #ee ,emp]or1 ( ,japan1 #ic1 #ie ,euripides1 #cg ,europe1 #eg ,evolution1 & revelation1 #bi1 #abb1 #aej1 #aeb ff4 ,exodus1 #ic ,expectation1 #afd ,exp]i5ce1 #dd1 #afa ff4 ,fai?1 #fb ,fallacies1 #abg1 #abh1 #aeg ,fe>1 #be1 #ajc ,fea/1 sacrificial1 #gd ff4 ,f]ri]1 #aba ,feti%ism1 #d-h1 #ac-ae1 #bj1 #ba1 #bg1 #cj1 #ca1 #cf1 #abj1 #abc1 #abf1 #abi-aca1 #aef ,fiction1 #ca1 #cb ,f9no-,ugrians1 #adc ,fire-god1 #acf ,fir/-fruits1 #hj ff41 #ij1 #aae ,folk-lore1 #eg ,food-(f]+s1 #gb1 #gh1 #hi ,food-supply1 #ab1 #ac ,=am9if]a1 #abd ,=ms1 ( spee* & ( religion1 #ajf ,ge/ure-language1 #ff1 #aad ,gift-!ory1 #fh ff41 #ie ,gl\ce/]1 #afj ,godhead1 unity (1 #bc2 a p]sonal be+1 #bf ,gods1 #d-f1 #h1 #ab1 #ad1 #af1 #ba1 #bb1 #be1 #bf1 #dd ,gold-coa/1 #adc ,gramm>1 #aba ,gravitation1 #aec ,greece1 #ajd1 #aaa ,h>ve/-gods1 #id ff4 ,h>ve/-(f]+s1 #aad1 #aae ,h>ve/-rites1 #ha1 #he ,h]o1 ( tales1 #cj2 ( my?s1 #ca ,hi/ory ( religion1 #bc1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj ,idea1 & be+1 #afa ff4 ,idol1 & feti%1 #d1 #ac ,iliad1 #da ,imag9ation1 9 tales & my?s1 #di1 #ej1 #ea ,immorality1 ( my?ology1 #dg ,immortality1 #aje ,individual 7!71 #d1 #ad1 #acb ff4 ,indo-,europeans1 #dg1 #dh ,inf]5ce1 #afb ff4 ,israel1 #ic1 #ajj ,italy1 #ea1 #ef ,japan1 #ib ff4 ,jehovah1 #ic ,jews1 #bf ,k+ ,le>1 #aef ff4 ,language1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #ajg ,law1 #aec ff4 ,locutius1 #eb ,logic1 #aba ,love1 #bf1 #ajj1 #aje1 #aej ,magic1 #h f41 #i1 #aj1 #aa f41 #ab1 #ia1 #aaf1 #aai1 #abj1 #abc1 #abe1 #acc ff4 ,maize-"m1 #gg1 #hh ,maklu tablets1 #acd ff4 ,mamit1 #ade ,max ,muell]1 #cc1 #cd ,meal1 sacrificial1 #gd ff4 ,memory1 #afd ,mexico1 #gg1 #gh1 #hh1 #ia1 #aaj1 #aaa ,miracles1 #aj ff4 ,mono!ism1 #eh1 #fa1 #aee ,moods1 #aai ,morality1 #ba1 #bb1 #be1 #bf1 #da1 #dd-df1 #abe1 #ada ff41 #aed ,moses1 #ic1 #aai ,my/]ies1 #ajd ff41 #aaa ,my/icism1 #aaj ,my?s1 #bj-bb1 #cj ff41 #ci1 #dj1 #dc1 #dg1 #dh-eb1 #ee-eh1 #fj ,names1 #af1 #eb1 #eg1 #fd1 #hb ff4 ,n>ratives1 & my?s1 #cc1 #dj1 #di1 #ea ,negroes1 #ae ,nurs]y-tales1 #da ,ob$i5ce1 #ih1 #ajj1 #aja ,oblations1 #fe1 #ff1 #gc1 #ig1 #ih ,(f]+s1 #fg ff41 #he ff4 ,optative s5t5ces1 #aci ff4 ,orbona1 #eb ,orig91 ( gods & ( my?ology1 #cd ,ossipago1 #ea ,p5it5tial ,psalms1 #ade1 #adg ,p]sonality1 #c1 #d1 #aa1 #ag1 #bj1 #bh1 #bi1 #de1 #ed1 #ee1 #hb1 #hc1 #hf ,p]uvians1 #adc ,petitions1 #abf1 #abh1 #acj ff4 ,plague1 #eb ,plato1 #ib ,polydaemonism1 #af ff42 *ange to poly!ism1 #ah1 #cj2 & my?ology1 #ca1 #cb ,poly!ism1 #d1 #g1 #af1 #ah1 #bb1 #cj-cb1 #ce1 #cf1 #dj1 #fa1 #aee ,possession1 #aaj ,p[]1 man (1 #ab ff4 ,pray]1 #ajh ff4 ,prie/s1 #abj ,pr9ciples1 #aba1 #abc1 #abh1 #aec ff4 ,prophet & magician1 #aj ff4 ,protoplasm1 #abd ,psalms ( ,david1 #adf1 #adg ,quietism1 #aab ,ra9-mak+1 #i1 #ab1 #ac1 #aai ,reconciliation1 #ih ,reflection1 #cc1 #cf1 #ec-ef1 #fj1 #if ,religion1 #h ff41 #ce1 #ci1 #ed-ef1 #ajd ff4 ,revelation1 #bi1 #eh ,rev]5ce1 #bd ,ritual1 #ca1 #eg1 #fa-fc1 #aja ff41 #aad ,romans1 !1 #eb1 #ec ,sacrifice1 #eb1 #fc1 #fd1 #fg ff41 #gb1 #gc1 #gi ff41 #he1 #ig ff4 ,salvation1 #aje ,samoans1 #adc ,se>*1 = ,god1 #ei ,se$-"t1 #aae ,self1 #c1 #d1 #g1 #ajd1 #acb ff41 #acg1 #adh ,self-r5unciation1 #adi ,%9to1 #ib ff4 ,sign 7( ! cross71 #aaf ,s91 #ajc1 #ajd1 #ade ff4 ,socrates1 #ee ,sophocles1 #cg ,species1 #hc ff41 #ia1 #ib ,spee*1 #c1 #aba1 #aec ff4 ,spells1 #aae ff41 #acd ff41 #aej1 #aea ,survivals1 #ch1 #ef1 #eg1 #eh1 #ei ,taboo1 #ade ,tales1 & my?s1 #ca-cc1 #di1 #ea ,totems1 #hd ff4 ,tylor1 ,pr(essor1 #ae ,vagitanus1 #ea ,vegetation-deities1 #ha ff4 ,v5]ation1 #aea ,viriplaca1 #eb ,wat]1 #ace ,way ( ! ,gods1 #ib ff4 ,we/]n ,africa1 #h1 #ae ,w1 ( ,god1 #adi ff4 ,w9d1 spirits (1 #ic ff4 ,wit*es1 #acd ff4 ,wor%ip1 #ai1 #ee1 #eg1 #eh1 #fj-fc ,xilon51 #hd ,zulus1 #adc ,,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4