,,!ism ,,or ,,a!ism ,,! ,,great ,,alt]native ,by ,,*apman ,,coh5 ,,! ,,pione] ,,press1 #fa1 ,f>r+don ,/reet1 ----,e4,c4#d---- #aiba4 ,cont5ts4 ,"p ,i4 ,,an ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,!ism4 ,,page ,*apt] ,i4 ,:at is ,god8 #i ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,idea ( ,god #bj ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,h we a ,religi\s ,s5se8 #cg ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,argum5t f ,exi/5ce #di ,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,argum5t f ,causation #ei ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,argum5t f ,design #fi ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,di%>monies ( ,nature #he ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,god & ,evolution #id ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,problem ( ,pa9 #aaj ,"p ,,ii4 ,,sub/itutes ,,= ,,a!ism4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,a ,"q ( ,prejudice #aca ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,:at is ,a!ism8 #ach ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,sp5c] & ! ,unkn[able #aea ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,agno/icism #afi ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,a!ism & ,morals #aha ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,a!ism ,inevitable #aid ,,preface4 ,%r\d$ 9 ! cloak ( philosophy1 ! "q ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god cont9ues to attract att5tion1 &1 ,i may add1 to comm& m respect ?an x des]ves4 ,= x is only by a subt]fuge t x assumes ! rank ( philosophy4 ,god ent]s into philosophy only :5 x is beg9n+ to lose ca/e 9 its prop] home1 & !n 9 its new environm5t x und]goes su* a trans=mation z to conta9 v little lik5ess to its =m]1 & prop]1 self4 ,x dis[ns its p>5tage & claims ano!r orig91 &1 l s _m g5ealogi/s devis+ p$igrees = ! p>v5u1 c]ta9 philosoph]s attempt to map out = ! newcom] an ance/ry to :i* he c e/abli% no valid claim4 ,no?+ w\ld1 inde$1 surprise ! ance/or m ?an to be br\ght face to face ) 8 desc5dant4 ,he w\ld n be m a/oni%$ ?an w\ld ! anci5t ,eohippus on meet+ ) a mod]n dray-horse4 ,9 an?ropology or hi/ory ! idea ( ,god may fairly claim a place1 b x has no place 9 philosophy on any s5sible mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is transf]5ce ( ! idea ( ,god to ! sph]e ( philosophy is ! curi\s position t ! ,god 9 :i* p believe is n ! ,god ^: exi/5ce is made ! product ( an argum5t1 & ! ,god ( ! argum5t is n ! ,god ( belief4 ,! !ory & ! fact h no m lik5ess to ea* o!r ?an a *e/nut horse has to a horse-*e/nut4 ,a fallacy is p]petuat$ by appeal+ to a fact1 b ! fact imm$iately discr$its ! fallacy by dis[n+ x 9 practice4 ,! gr\nds ^u :i* ! belief 9 ,god is suppos$ to re/1 ! reason+ f :i* x spr+s1 are se5 to foll[ ! belief in/ead ( prec$+ x4 ,! roots are 9 ! air1 & on clos] inspection are se5 to be artificial adornm5ts1 s _m imitations t h be5 hung !re = ! purpose ( impos+ on ne>-sight$ or c>eless obs]v]s4 ,! purpose ( ! foll[+ pages is to make cle> ! nature ( ?is alliance & to expose ! real "* ( :at we are ask$ to wor%ip4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 _m on ^: e>s any am\nt ( reason+ w fall )\t effect4 ,to t class ?is book w n appeal2 x may be que/ion$ :e!r _m w ev5 read x4 ,!y w g on pr(ess+ ! belief !y h always pr(ess$1 & tak+ pride 9 ! fact t !y h an intellect :i* is sup]ior to pro(1 & :i* disda9s evid5ce :5 x runs contr>y to my belief4 ,o!rs w1 ,i expect1 compla9 t ! treatm5t ( s solemn a subject is n rev]5t en\gh4 ,b :y any subject %\ld be treat$ rev]5tly1 z a condition ( exam9ation1 is m ?an ,i h ev] be5 able to discov]4 ,x is ask+ ! inquir] to comm5ce 8 inve/igation ) a half-promise to f9d some?+ good 9 :at he is ab\t to exam9e4 ,:e!r a ?+ is wor?y ( rev]5ce or n is a conclusion t mu/ foll[ inve/igation1 n prec$e x4 ,& "o does n obs]ve any p>ticul> rev]5ce %[n by ! religi\s p]son t[>ds ^? beliefs 9 :i* he does n happ5 to believe4 ,b !re are "s :o w read ?\ghtfully an exam9ation ( s old a subject z ,!ism1 & x is to ^? t ^! pages are address$4 ,"o _c hope to say any?+ t is /rik+ly new on s well worn a subject z ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 b !re are _m :o w read an old subject :5 pres5t$ 9 a new "w1 & ev5 !n !re is also ! possibility ( pres5t+ an old topic 9 a slightly new =m4 ,& ,i ?9k ^! w f9d ! ma9 l9es ( ! def5ce set up by ! ,goddite dealt ) 9 a mann] t %\ld at lea/ make ! po9t at issue cle>4 ,f9ally1 x is "o aim ( ?is book to press home ! po9t t ! logical issue is betwe5 ,!ism & ,a!ism4 ,t !re is no logical halt+ place betwe5 ! two1 & t any attempt to call a halt is little m ?an a concession to a desire = m5tal or social conv5i5ce1 seems to me z cle> z any?+ c well be4 ,& !re is really no?+ ga9$1 ultimately1 by ! halt4 ,dis9cl9ation on ! "p ( ! non-,!i/ to pu% ! issue to its logical conclusion is treat$ by ! ,!i/ z inability to d s1 & is us$ z an argum5t 9 support ( 8 own belief4 ,9 matt]s ( ! intellect1 compromise is almo/ always a dang]\s policy4 ,x he>t5s "o's enemies & di%e>t5s "o's fri5ds4 ,& !re is really no adequate reason :y ^? :o h giv5 up belief 9 deity %\ld cont9ue to treat ?is ma/] sup]/ition ( ! ages z ?\gh x 7 "o ( our mo/ valuable inh]itances1 to be surr5d]$ ) l[]$ heads & s9k+ he>ts4 ,we :o "k bo? sides "k t 9 giv+ up ! belief 9 deity we h lo/ no?+ ( value1 no?+ t ne$ cause u a s+le regret4 ,& on t po9t we c]ta9ly c speak ) au?ority2 = we h be5 :]e ! ,!i/ is1 he has n be5 :]e we are4 ,_m ( u "k q well all t is meant by ! fe> & trembl+ ) :i* ! believ] looks ^u a _w )\t ,god4 ,& we "k h[ idle ! fe> is--z idle z a *ild's fe> ( ! d>k4 ,:at ! _w is l ) ,god1 !re is all ! exp]i5ce ( hi/ory to in=m u2 & x w\ld inde$ be /range if love & bro!rhood1 arm$ ) ! weapons t sci5ce has giv5 u1 c\ld n produce a bett] human society ?an has ev] exi/$ "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,gods4 ,"p ,i4 ,,an ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,!ism4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,:at ,,is ,,god8 ,soon aft] t fam\s ,a!i/1 ,*>les ,bradlaugh1 ent]$ ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 x is said t a fell[ memb] approa*$ him ) ! rem>k1 ,good ,god1 ,bradlaugh1 :at does x matt] :e!r !re is a ,god or n8 ,bradlaugh's answ] is n record$1 b "o is impell$ to op5 ! pres5t exam9ation ( ! belief 9 ,god1 by putt+ ! same "q 9 ano!r =m4 ,is ! belief 9 ,god1 z we are s (t5 assur$1 "o ( ! mo/ important que/ions t c engage ! att5tion ( man8 ,"u c]ta9 conditions "o c conceive a rational answ] 9 ! affirmative4 ,:]e ! m5tal & social conditions are su* t m5 s]i\sly believe ! incid5ce ( natural =ces on mank9d to be det]m9$ by ! direct action ( ,god1 "o c appreciate "r belief conc]n+ him be+ treat$ z ( fir/ rate importance4 ,9 su* circum/ances wrong ideas are ! equival5t ( disa/]4 ,b we are n 9 t condition to-day4 ,x is1 inde$1 common gr\nd ) all educat$ m5 & wom5 t natural happ5+s are indep5d5t ( div9e control to at lea/ ! ext5t t natural =ces affect all alike1 & )\t ! lea/ ref]5ce to religi\s beliefs4 ,fire burns & wat] dr[ns1 foods su/a9 & poisons kill1 no matt] :at our op9ions on !ology may be4 ,9 an e>?quake or a w> !re is no obs]vable relation betwe5 casualties & religi\s op9ions4 ,we are1 9 fact1 told by !ologians t x is folly to expect t !re %\ld be4 ,a p>ticul> provid5ce is no long] 9 fa%ion2 ,god1 we are told1 works only ?r\gh g5]al laws1 & t is only ano!r way ( say+ t our op9ions ab\t ,god h no direct or obs]vable influ5ce on our well-be+4 ,x is a tacit admission t human welf>e dep5ds ^u our k & manipulation ( ! =ces by :i* we are surr\nd$4 ,!re may be a ,god beh9d ^! =ces1 b t nei!r det]m9es ! ext5t ( our k ( !m or our p[] to manipulate !m4 ,! belief 9 ,god becomes a matt] (1 at be/1 second>y importance1 & q probably ( no importance :atev]4 ,b if t be s :y bo!r ab\t ! belief8 ,is t n a reason = leav+ x alone & turn+ our att5tion to o!r matt]s8 ,! answ] to t is t ! belief 9 ,god is n ( s deta*$ a "* z ?is advice assumes4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ages ! belief 9 ,god has acquir$ associations t give x ! "* ( a highly ob/ructive =ce4 ,x has become s entangl$ ) inculcat$ notions ( "r & wrong t x is ev]y:]e us$ z a buttress = in/itutions :i* h ei!r outgr[n _! utility1 or are 9 ne$ ( s]i\s modification 9 ! int]e/s ( ! race4 ,! opposition enc\nt]$ 9 any attempt to deal ) m>riage1 divorce1 or education1 are examples ( ! way 9 :i* religi\s ideas are p]mitt$ to int]f]e ) subjects t %\ld be treat$ solely f ! /&po9t ( social utility4 ,! c\rse ( human developm5t has be5 su* t religion has hi!rto occupi$ a comm&+ position 9 relation to social laws & cu/oms1 ) ! result t x is (t5 f\nd difficult to improve ei!r until ! ob/ructive influ5ce ( religi\s beliefs has be5 dealt )4 ,x is n1 !n1 because ,i believe ! "q ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god to be ( intr9sic importance t an exam9ation ( its validity is "h und]tak54 ,its importance to-day is ( a purely cont+5t "*4 ,! valid gr\nd = n[ discuss+ its tru? is t x is at pres5t all[$ to ob/ruct ! practical conduct ( life4 ,& "u simil> circum/ances x w\ld be important to inve/igate ! hi/orical accuracy ( ,old ,"m ,hubb>d or ,jack & ! ,bean/alk4 ,any belief1 no matt] :at its nature1 mu/ be dealt ) z a fact ( "s social importance1 s long z x is believ$ by l>ge numb]s to be ess5tial to ! "r ord]+ ( life4 ,:e!r true or false1 beliefs are facts--m5tal & social facts1 & ! s*eme ( ?+s :i* leaves !m out ( acc\nt is mak+ a blund] ( ! mo/ s]i\s k9d4 ,c]ta9ly1 conditions 7 nev] be=e s fav\rable = ! deliv]y ( a consid]$ judgm5t on ! "q ( ! belief 9 ,god4 ,on ! "o side we h f natural sci5ce an acc\nt ( ! univ]se :i* rules ! op]ations ( deity out ( c\rt4 ,& on ! o!r side we h a k ( ! mode ( orig9 ( ! belief :i* %\ld leave u 9 no d\bt z to its real value4 ,we hope to %[ lat] t ! "q ( orig9 is really decisive2 t 9 rea*+ conclusions conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! god-idea we are pass+ judgm5t z to its value4 ,t ! ma/]s ( ?is =m ( inve/igation h n usually1 & 9 s _m words1 pu%$ _! rese>*es to _! logical conclusions is no reason :y we %\ld refra9 f do+ s4 ,facts are 9 !mselves ( no great value4 ,x is ! conclusions to :i* !y po9t t are ! important ?+s4 ,if ! conclusions to :i* we ref] are s\nd1 !n ! :ole basis ( !ism crumbles away4 ,if we are to reg>d ! god-idea z an evolution :i* began 9 misund]/&+s ( nature t 7 root$ 9 ! ignorance ( primitive man1 x w\ld seem cle> t no matt] h[ ref9$ or develop$ ! idea may become1 x c re/ on no o!r or s\nd] basis ?an t :i* is pres5t$ to u 9 ! psy*ology ( primitive man4 ,ea* /age ( !i/ic belief gr[s out ( ! prec$+ /age1 & if x c be %[n t ! beg9n+ ( ?is evolution arose 9 a huge blund] ,i q fail to see h[ any subsequ5t developm5t c conv]t ?is unmi/akable blund] into a demon/rable tru?4 ,to take a case 9 po9t4 ,:5 x 0 %[n t s f> z wit*craft re/$ on obs]v$ facts ^! c\ld be expla9$ on gr\nds o!r ?an ^? ( ! malevol5t activities ( c]ta9 old wom51 ! belief 9 wit*craft 0 n purifi$1 nei!r did x advance to any s-call$ high] /age2 x 0 simply ab&on$ z a useless & mis*iev\s explanation ( facts t c\ld be o!rwise acc\nt$ =4 ,are we logically ju/ifi$ 9 deal+ ) ! belief 9 ,god on any o!r pr9ciple8 ,we _c logically disc>d ! _w ( ! savage & /ill reta9 8 int]pretation ( x4 ,if ! gr\nds ^u :i* ! savage con/ruct$ 8 !ory ( ! _w1 & f :i* grew all ! gho/s & gods ) :i* he believ$ himself to be surr\nd$1 if ^! gr\nds are false1 h[ c we /ill keep 9 sub/ance to conclusions t are admitt$ly bas$ on false premises8 ,we c say ) tol]able c]ta9ty t _h primitive man kn[n :at we "k ab\t nature ! gods w\ld nev] h be5 born4 ,civilis$ man does n discov] gods1 he disc>ds !m4 ,x 0 a pr(\nd rem>k ( ,feurba*'s1 t religion is ultimately an?ropology1 & x is an?ropology t gives to all =ms ( !ism ! dea? bl[4 ,9 our own "t1 at lea/1 x is n difficult to see t ! ^w ,god reta9s its influ5ce ) _m because ( ! indef9ite mann] 9 :i* x is us$4 ,x is nev] easy to say :at a p]son has 9 8 m9d :5 he uses ! ^w4 ,9 mo/ cases "o w\ld be safe 9 say+ t no?+ at all is meant4 ,x is j "o ( ^? bless$ words :]e ! com=t felt 9 _! use is proportionate to ! lack ( def9ite mean+ t accompanies !m4 ,a frank confession ( ignorance is some?+ t mo/ p he>tily dislike1 & :]e problems are p]si/5t & difficult ( solution :at mo/ p are 9 se>* ( is a n>cotic4 ,t ,god is "o ( ! mo/ popul> ( n>cotics w be d5i$ by none :o /udy ! psy*ology ( ! av]age man or woman4 ,:5 n us$ z a n>cotic1 ,god is br\ght into an argum5t z ?\gh x /ood = a t]m :i* c>ri$ a well def9$ & well und]/ood mean+4 ,9 "w aft] "w deal+ ) !ism "o looks 9 va9 = "s def9ition ( ,god4 ,all t "o c d is to ga!r ! au?or's mean+ f ! c\rse ( 8 argum5t1 & t is n always an easy task4 ,! tru? is1 ( c\rse1 t in/ead ( ! ^w c>ry+ ) x a g5]ally und]/ood mean+ !re is no ^w t is m loosely us$ or :i* c>ries a great] v>iety ( mean+s4 ,its connotations are endless1 & range f ! aggressively man-l deity ( ! primitive savage up--or d[n--to ! ab/ract =ce ( ! ma!matical physici/ & ! %ad[y ,absolute ( ! !ologis+ metaphysician4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is to f9d commonly t :ile x is "o k9d ( a god t is be+ set up 9 argum5t1 x is really ano!r god t is be+ def5d$ & ev5 believ$ 94 ,:5 we f9d p talk+ ( ent]+ into communion ) ,god1 or pray+ to ,god1 x is q c]ta9 !y d n conceive him z a m]e ma!matical ab/raction1 or z a m]e symbol ( an unkn[n =ce4 ,x is impossible to conceive any sane man or woman extract+ com=t f pray+ or talk+ to a god :o c\ld n ?9k1 or feel1 or he>4 ,& if he possesses qualities t ! religi\s attitude implies1 we end[ him ) all ! attributes ( p]sonality1 &1 be x not$1 ( human p]sonality4 ,ei!r "o ,god is believ$ 9 9 fact :ile ano!r is e/abli%$ 9 !ory1 or an elaborate argum5t is pres5t$ :i* s]ves no o!r purpose ?an a disguise = ! fact t !re is no g5u9e belief left4 ,an example ( ! mislead+ way 9 :i* words are us$ is suppli$ by ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge1 :o = a man ( sci5ce %[s an amaz+ capacity = mak+ use ( unsci5tific language4 ,9 8 ,man & ! ,univ]se1 discuss+ ! attributes ( deity1 he says1 ,let no wor?y attribute be d5i$ to ! deity4 ,9 an?ropomorphism !re are _m errors1 b !re is "o tru?4 ,:atev] wor?y attributes belong to man1 be x p]sonality or any o!r1 its exi/5ce 9 ! univ]se is !reby admitt$2 x belongs to ! all4 ,putt+ on "o side ! fallacy involv$ 9 speak+ ( attributes z ?\gh !y 7 good or bad 9 !mselves1 "o wond]s :y ,sir ,oliv] limits ?is inf]5ce to ! wor?y attributes8 ,unwor?y attributes are z real z wor?y ones4 ,if hone/y exi/s s does di%one/y4 ,k9dness is z real z cruelty4 ,& if we mu/ cr$it ! deity ) possess+ all ! good attributes1 to :om mu/ we cr$it ! bad ones8 ,a little lat] ,sir ,oliv] does admit t we mu/ cr$it ! deity ) ! bad attributes also1 b adds t !y are dy+ out4 ,b z !y are "p ( ! deity1 _! decay mu/ mean t ! deity is also und]go+ a process ( *ange1 ( education1 & is z mu* subject to ! law ( gr[? z we are4 ,surely t is n :at p mean :5 !y speak ab\t ,god4 ,a god :o is only a "p ( ! cosmic process ceases to be a god 9 any reasonable s5se ( ! t]m4 ,pr(essor ,mellone1 9 8 ,god & ! ,_w1 says t ! ^w ,god becomes a "n = ! inf9ite sy/em ( law reg>d$ z a :ole 7p4 #abb74 ,if t 7 really all t 0 meant by ! ^w ! matt] w\ld n be wor? discuss+4 ,god z a symbol ( a g5]alisation is a m]e "n1 & z su* is z good z any o!r "n4 ,b1 aga91 x is pla9 t p mean m ?an t :5 !y speak ab\t ,god4 ,if ,god is a "n = univ]sal law1 let any really religi\s man try ! plan ( sub/itut+ 9 8 pray]s & 9 8 ?\ghts ! phrase ,univ]sal ,law = ,god1 & !n see h[ long he w reta9 8 religion4 ,z ,mr4 ,balf\r po9ts out 7,!ism & ,humanism1 p4 #bj71 ! god ( religion & ! god ( philosophy repres5t two di/9ct be+s1 & x is h>d to see h[ ! two c be fus$ into "o4 ,! pla9 tru? is t x is impossible to n[ make ! exi/5ce ( ! god ( religion reasonable1 & ! plan adopt$ is t ( argu+ = ! exi/5ce ( some?+ ab\t :i* !re is (t5 no dispute1 & !n introduc+ z ! product ( ! argum5t some?+ t has nev] be5 argu$ = at all4 ,x is ! philosophic analogue ( ! hat & omelette trick4 ,9 ?is connection "s well consid]$ words ( ,sir ,james ,fraz] are well wor? not+4 ,he says3-- ,by a god ,i und]/& a sup]human & sup]natural be+1 ( a spiritual & p]sonal nature1 :o controls ! _w or "s "p ( x on ! :ole = good1 & :o is end[$ ) intellectual faculties1 moral feel+s1 & active p[]s1 :i* we c only conceive on ! analogy ( human faculties1 feel+s1 & activities1 ?\gh we are b\nd to suppose t 9 ! div9e nature !y exi/ 9 an inf9itely high] degree1 ?an ! correspond+ faculties1 feel+s1 & activities ( man4 ,9 %ort1 by a ,god ,i mean a b5efic5t sup]natural _s1 ! rul] ( ! _w or ( "s "p ( x1 :o resembles man 9 nature ?\gh he excels him 9 k1 goodness1 & p[]4 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ord9>y man speaks ( a ,god1 & ,i believe t he is "r 9 s do+4 ,i am aw>e t x has be5 n unusual1 especially ( late ye>s1 to apply ! "n ( ,god to v diff]5t conceptions1 to empty x ( all implications ( p]sonality1 & to r$uce x to signify+ some?+ v l>ge & v vague1 su* z ! ,inf9ite or ! ,absolute 7:atev] ^! h>d words may signify7 ! great ,fir/ ,cause1 ! ,univ]sal ,sub/ance1 ! /ream ( t5d5cy by :i* all ?+s seek to fulfil ! law ( _! be+1 & s =?4 ,n[1 )\t express+ op9ion z to ! tru? or falsehood ( ! views impli$ by su* applications ( ! "n ( ,god1 ,i _c b reg>d !m z illegitimate ext5sions ( ! t]m1 9 %ort1 an abuse ( language1 & ,i v5ture to prote/ aga9/ x 9 ! int]e/1 n only ( v]bal accuracy1 b ( cle> ?9k+1 because x is apt to conceal f ourselves & o!rs a real & v important *ange ( ?\ght2 9 p>ticul> x may lead _m to imag9e t ! p]sons :o use ! "n ( ,god 9 "o or o!r ( ^! ext5d$ s5ses reta9 !ological op9ions :i* !y may 9 fact h long ab&on$4 ,?us ! misuse ( ! "n ( ,god may resemble ! /ratagem 9 w> ( putt+ up dummies to make an enemy imag9e t a =t is /ill held long aft] x has be5 ab&on$ by ! g>rison4 7,! ,belief 9 ,immortality2 pp4 #i-aj4 ,vol4 ,i474 ,?is expression ( op9ion f an au?oritative qu>t] is v mu* ne$$4 ,! fe> ( public op9ion display$ by _m advanc$ ?9k]s is 9 ?is c\ntry "o ( ! greate/ ob/acles to rapid advance4 ,x is simply deplorable to obs]ve ! tr\ble tak5 by "s to co9 new names1 or ! illegitimate use made ( old ones1 = no o!r discov]able reason ?an t ( disguis+ f ! _w ! fact t ! or?odox beliefs are no long] held4 ,! ne$ ( to-day is n s mu* lib]al ?\ght z /rong & c\rage\s ?\ght2 & "o w\ld *e]fully h& back to or?odoxy a fairly l>ge p>cel ( a c]ta9 type ( h]etical ?9k] 9 ex*ange = a s+le "o :o us$ pla9 language to express cle> convictions4 ,:at is x t ! mass ( believ]s h 9 _! m9ds :5 !y speak ( ,god8 ,!re c be no d\bt b t :at ! pla9 man has always und]/ood by ,god is a p]son4 ,e book ( religi\s devotion implies ?is2 e pray] t is (f]$ takes x = grant$ t someone w li/51 & probably grant ! petition4 ,god is p]sonal1 ,god is j1 ,god is b5efic5t1 ,god is intellig5t1 ^! are conceptions t are b\nd up ) all ! religions ( ! _w1 & )\t :i* !y w\ld lack bo? significance & value4 ,a v acute !i/ic writ]1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,mallock1 puts ?is q pla9ly :5 he says t ! ,god ( !ism is repres5t$ z reveal+ himself 9 ! univ]se1 fir/ly1 z ! m9d :i* animates & moves ev]y?+1 secondly1 z a purpos+ m9d :i* is inf9itely wise & p[]ful1 & has creat$ a p]fect univ]se ) a view to "s p]fect end2 & la/ly1 z an e?ical m9d :i* out ( all ! ?+s creat$ by x1 has select$ m5 z ! object ( a pref]5tial love4 ,a p]sonality :i* ?9ks & wills & loves & hates4 ,t is :at mank9d 9 ! mass h always meant by ',god4' ,inde$1 any o!r k9d ( ,god is inconceivable4 ,:atev] may be ! metaphysical subtleties employ$1 we come ultimately to t4 ,x is ?is1 ! old] & ! vital conception t is be+ f\ght =4 ,! argum5ts = any o!r k9d ( exi/5ce are m]e subt]fuges4 ,! pleas = an ,absolute or an ,uncondition$ are only us$ to buttress ! old] conception1 & nev] till ! old] "o has lo/ its =ce4 ,! uncondition$ ,god is argu$ = only t x may s]ve z ! basis = ! belief 9 a p]sonal "o4 ,:at is prov$ is n :at is ask$ =2 :at is ask$ = is n :at is prov$4 ,no wond] t s em95t a writ] z ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley feels con/ra9$ to give ^! v]bali/ic ?imble rigg]s a sm>t rap ov] ! knuckles1 z 9 ! foll[+ passage3-- ,mo/ ( ^? :o insi/ on ! p]sonality ( ,god are intellectually di%one/4 ,!y desire "o conclusion1 &1 to rea* x1 !y argue = ano!r4 ,b ! second1 if prov$1 is q diff]5t1 & answ]s _! purpose only because !y obscure x & conf\nd x ) ! fir/4444 ,! deity !y want1 is1 ( c\rse1 f9ite1 a p]son mu* l !mselves1 ) ?\ghts & feel+s limit$ & mutable 9 ! process ( "t4444 ,& = _! purpose1 :at is n ?is is really no?+4 7,appe>ance & ,reality2 p4 #ecb74 ,& x is really :at p mean by ,god t is decisive4 ,x is n at all a "q ( :at !y might be made to mean1 or :at !y ought to mean4 ,x is :olly a matt] ( :at !y d mean4 ,& to say t :at p int5d to affirm 9 an expression ( belief is n true1 is to say t ! belief itself is false4 ,if ! ,god ,i believe 9 is a delusion1 !n my ,god ceases to exi/4 ,true1 ,i may if ,i ?9k x wor? :ile acquire ano!r "o1 b t w n revive ! fir/4 ,x is :at p believe t is ! important "q1 n :at "s +5i\s speculator may succe$ 9 mak+ ! belief /& =4 ,hone/ly to be ( s]vice to !ism ! ,god e/abli%$ mu/ be a p]son4 ,to be intelligible1 hav+ reg>d to ! hi/orical developm5ts ( religion1 ! ,god prov$ mu/ be a p]son4 ,! relation dem&$ by religion betwe5 man & ,god mu/ be ( a p]sonal "*4 ,no man c love a pure ab/raction2 he might z reasonably fall 9 love ) a triangle or pr(ess devotion to ! equator4 ,! ,god ( religion mu/ be a p]son1 & x is precisely t1 z a controll+ =ce ( ! univ]se1 9 :i* mod]n ?\ght f9ds x m & m difficult to believe1 & :i* mod]n sci5ce decisively rejects4 ,& 9 reject+ ?is ! dea? bl[ is giv5 to ^? religi\s ideas1 :i* h[ev] disguis$ f9d _! orig9 9 ! fe>-/rick5 ignorance ( ! primitive savage4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,god4 ,! alleg$ univ]sality ( ! belief 9 ,god is only inf]5tially an argum5t = its tru?4 ,! inf]5ce is t if m5 h ev]y:]e develop$ a p>ticul> belief1 ?is g5]al agreem5t c\ld only h be5 rea*$ z a consequ5ce ( a g5]al exp]i5ce4 ,a univ]sal effect implies a univ]sal cause4 ,s put ! argum5t seems impressive4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! /atem5t is "o long tissue ( fallacies & unw>rant$ assumptions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ev5 admitt+ ! univ]sal pressure ( c]ta9 facts1 x by no means foll[s t ! !i/ic int]pretation ( ^? facts is ! only "o admissible4 ,!re is no exception to ! fact t m5 h ev]y:]e come to ! conclusion t ! e>? 0 flat1 & yet a wid] & tru] k prov$ t univ]sal belief to be q false4 ,! fact ( a c]ta9 belief be+ univ]sal only w>rants ! assumption t ! belief itself has a cause1 b x tells u no?+ :atev] conc]n+ its tru?fulness4 ,! tru? "h is t ! argum5t f univ]sality dates its orig9 f a /age ( human culture suitable to ! god idea itself1 a /age :5 v little 0 kn[n conc]n+ ! work+s ( ! m9d or ! laws ( m5tal developm5t4 ,o!rwise x w\ld h be5 se5 t all ! univ]sality ( a belief really proves is ! univ]sality ( ! human m9d--& t means t1 giv5 an organism ( a c]ta9 k9d1 x w react 9 sub/antially an id5tical mann] to ! same /imuli4 ,?us x is n surpris+ to f9d t z ! human organism is ev]y:]e fundam5tally alike1 x has ev]y:]e come to ! same conclusions 9 face ( ! same set ( conditions4 ,a man reacts to ! univ]se 9 "o way1 & a jelly fi% 9 ano!r way4 ,& univ]sality is z true ( ! reactions ( ! latt] z x is ( ^? ( ! =m]4 ,& ?is means t a delusion may be z widespread z tru?1 a false inf]5ce may ga9 z g5]al an acceptance z a true "o4 ,:at belief has be5 m g5]al ?an ! belief 9 wit*es1 fairies1 & ! l8 ,b we see 9 ! preval5ce ( ^! & simil> beliefs1 n a presumption ( _! tru?1 b only ! gr\nds = a se>* aft] ! conditions1 social & psy*ological1 :i* gave !m bir?4 ,! tru? is t ! conditions :i* give rise to ! belief 9 gods are f\nd 9 all ages1 & no "o w\ld be m surpris$ ?an ! ,a!i/ to f9d x o!rwise4 ,b "h1 precisely z 9 ! case ( good & bad spirits1 ! vital "q is n t p h ev]y:]e believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( sup]natural be+s1#a b an und]/&+ ( ! conditions f :i* ! beliefs !mselves h gr[n4 ,t alone c det]m9e :e!r 9 /udy+ ! god idea we are /udy+ ! acquisition ( a tru? or ! gr[? ( a fallacy4 ,next1 :ile x may be grant$1 at lea/ provisionally1 t ! belief 9 sup]natural be+s is univ]sal1 aga9/ t has to be set ! fact t ! :ole t5d5cy ( social developm5t is to n>r[ ! range ( ! belief1 to re/rict ! scope ( its au?ority1 & to s att5uate x t x becomes ( no value precisely :]e x is suppos$ to be ( mo/ use4 ,! belief 9 ,god is lea/ que/ion$ :]e civilisation is l[e/2 x is call$ into ! mo/ s]i\s "q :]e civilisation is mo/ advanc$4 ,to-day ! belief 9 ,god is only univ]sal 9 ! s5se t "s repres5tatives ( x are to be f\nd 9 all societies4 ,! majority may /ill pr(ess to h x1 b x has ceas$ to be univ]sal 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m4 ,nor w x be disput$ t ! numb] ( conv9c$ disbeliev]s is ev]y:]e on ! increase4 ,! fact is ev]y:]e lam5t$ by ! (ficial expon5ts ( religion4 ,all t we c say is t ! belief 9 ,god is univ]sal--) ^? :o believe 9 him4 ,& ev5 "h univ]sality ( belief is only secur$ by _! refra9+ f discuss+ precisely :at x is !y mean by ,god1 & :at x is !y believe 94 ,!re is agreem5t 9 obscurity1 ea* "o dread+ to see cle>ly ! features ( 8 assum$ fri5d = fe> he %\ld recognise ! face ( an enemy4 ,f9ally1 ! suspici\s feature mu/ be po9t$ out t ! belief 9 ,god owes its exi/5ce1 n to ! tra9$ & educat$ obs]vation ( civilis$ times1 b to ! uncritical reflection ( ! primitive m9d4 ,x has its orig9 !re1 & x w\ld inde$ be rem>kable if1 :ile 9 almo/ e o!r direction ! primitive m9d %[$ itself to be hopelessly wrong1 9 its int]pretation ( ! _w 9 ?is p>ticul> respect x has prov$ itself to be altoge!r "r4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is primitive assumption is go+ ! way ( ! o!rs1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t x is pass+ ?r\gh m phases ?an "s4 ,b ! decay is pla9 to all save ^? :o refuse to see4 ,! process ( ref9em5t _c g on = ev]4 ,9 o!r matt]s k passes f a nebul\s & indef9ite /age to a precise & def9ite "o4 ,9 ! case ( !ism x pursues an opposite c\rse4 ,f ! v def9ite god1 or gods1 ( primitive mank9d we advance to ! vague & indef9ite god ( ! mod]n !i/--a ,god :o1 app>5tly1 means no?+ & does no?+1 & at mo/ /&s z a symbol = our irremovable ignorance4 ,cle>ly ?is process _c g on = ev]4 ,! "w ( att5uation mu/ /op at "s po9t4 ,& "o may safely pr$ict t j z ! advance ( sci5tific k has tak5 ov] "o dep>tm5t aft] ano!r t 0 =m]ly reg>d$ z )9 ! prov9ce ( religion1 s "o day x w be borne 9 ^u all t an hypo!sis su* z t ( !ism1 :i* does no?+ & expla9s no?+1 may be pr(itably disp5s$ )4 ,:at really rema9s = discussion is a problem ( socio-psy*ology4 ,t is1 we h to det]m9e ! conditions ( orig9 ( s widespread a belief1 b :i* we believe to be false4 ,! mat]ials = answ]+ ?is "q are n[ at our comm&1 & :atev] diff]5ces ( op9ion !re may be conc]n+ ! /ages ( developm5t1 !re is v little conc]n+ _! ess5tial "*4 ,& x is n )\t significance t ?is "q ( orig9 is "o t ! pres5t-day apologi/s ( !ism seem pretty unanim\s 9 leav+ sev]ely alone4 ,let u comm5ce ) ! fact t religion is some?+ t is acquir$4 ,e "w on ! orig9 ( religion assumes x1 & all inve/igation w>rants ! assumption4 ,! "q at issue is ! mode ( acquisition4 ,& "h "o ^w ( caution is advisable4 ,! wide range ( religi\s ideas & _! exi/5ce at a v l[ culture /age1 precludes ! assumption t religi\s ideas are g5]at$ 9 ! same consci\s way z are sci5tific !ories4 ,ev5 ) ! mod]n m9d our conclusions conc]n+ _m ( ! affairs ( life are =m$ 9 a semi-consci\s mann]4 ,mo/ frequ5tly !y are g5]at$ subconsci\sly1 & are only consci\sly =mulat$ "u pressure ( circum/ances4 ,& if we are to und]/& religion aright we mu/ be on our gu>d aga9/ attribut+ to primitive mank9d a degree ( sci5tific curiosity & reflective p[] to :i* x c lay no claim4 ,we h to all[ = :at "o writ] well calls physiological ?\ght1 ?\ght1 t is1 :i* rises subconsci\sly & has its orig9 9 ! pressure ( insi/5t exp]i5ce4 ,a compreh5sive survey ( religi\s beliefs %[ t !re are only two ?+s t c be said to be common to !m all4 ,!y diff] 9 tea*+s1 9 _! conceptions ( deity1 & 9 modes ( wor%ip4 ,b all religions agree 9 believ+ 9 "s k9d ( gho/ly exi/5ce & 9 a cont9u$ life beyond ! grave4 ,i use ! expression1 gho/ly exi/5ce1 because we c really trace ! idea ( ,god backw>d until we lose ! def9ite figure 9 a v g5]al conception1 mu* z a/ronom]s h taught u to lose a def9ite _w 9 ! primitive fire-mi/4 ,s :5 we get beyond ! culture /age at :i* we meet ) ! def9ite man-l ,god1 we enc\nt] an indef9ite ?\ght /age at :i* we c dimly m>k ! exi/5ce ( a frame ( m9d t 0 to give bir? to ! m concrete conception4 ,! mo/ g5]al t]m = ! belief 9 ! v>i\s ord]s ( gods ?us becomes ! belief 9 invisible1 sup]-mat]ial be+s1 l1 & yet sup]ior to man4 ,x is = ?is reason t ,pr(essor ,tylor's def9ition ( religion z ! belief 9 spiritual be+s--s long z we d n use ! t]m spiritual 9 its mod]n s5se--seems to me ! moat satisfactory def9ition yet (f]$4 ,x is ! "o po9t on :i* all religions agree1 & = ?is reason may be reg>d$ z _! ess5tial feature4 ,?is tak5 = grant$1 our next po9t ( enquiry is1 ,:at 0 !re 9 ! conditions ( primitive life t w\ld give rise to a belief 9 ?is sup]-mat]ial1 or 9 mod]n language1 spiritual exi/5ce8 ,n[ !re are at lea/ two sets ( exp]i5ces t seem adequate to ! requir$ explanation4 ,! "o is normal1 ! o!r abnormal4 ,! fir/ is connect$ directly ) ! univ]sal exp]i5ce ( dreams4 ,! savage is1 z ,tylor says1 a sev]ely practical p]son4 ,he believes :at he sees &1 "o may add1 he sees :at he believes4 ,kn[+ no?+ ( ! di/9ction we draw betwe5 a fact & an illusion1 ignorant ( ! functions1 or ev5 ! exi/5ce ( a n]v\s sy/em1 ! dreams ( a savage are to him z real z 8 wak+ exp]i5ces4 ,he does n say ,i dream$ ,i saw ,s-,s1 b l ! ,biblical *>act]s he says1 ,i saw ,s-,s 9 a dream4 ,! two =ms ( expression c>ry all ! diff]5ce betwe5 fact & fancy4 ,"o ?+ is !re=e obvi\s to ! savage m9d--some?+ escapes f ! body1 travels ab\t1 & returns4 ,su* a conviction does n repres5t ! conclusions ( a g5ius speculat+ ^u ! mean+ ( unexpla9$ facts4 ,x is a conviction /eadily built up by ! pressure ( unv>y+ exp]i5ce1 z /eadily z is ! conviction t fire burns or t wat] is wet4 ,! v univ]sality ( ! belief is pro( t x _h "s su* sub-consci\s orig94 ,a second class ( exp]i5ces lead to ! same conclusion4 ,9 tempor>y loss ( consci\sness ! savage aga9 sees pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( a d\ble4 ,) epilepsy or insanity !re is (f]$ decisive pro( t "s _s has tak5 possession ( ! individual's body4 ,ev5 9 civilis$ c\ntries ?is belief 0 widely held h>dly m ?an a c5tury ago4 ,& bo? ^! classes ( exp]i5ce are en=c$ by ! belief t ! %ad[ ( a man1 an e*o1 a reflection se5 9 wat]1 etc41 are all real ?+s4 ,! pro(s t ! belief 9 a s\l does orig9ate 9 ?is way are n[ s pl5tiful t exact ref]5ces are ne$less4 ,exam9ation ( primitive religi\s beliefs all ov] ! _w yield ! "o result1 )\t !re be+ any evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,primitive philosophy does n /op "h4 ,man dreams ( ?+s z well z ( p]sons1 & a g5]al ext5sion ( ! belief 9 a gho/ or d\ble is made until x cov]s almo/ ev]y?+4 ,z ,tylor says1 ! doctr9e ( s\ls is work$ out ) rem>kable bread? & consi/5cy4 ,! s\ls ( animals are recognis$ by a natural ext5sion f ! !ory ( human s\ls2 ! s\ls ( trees & plants foll[ 9 "s vague p>tial way2 & ! s\ls ( inanimate objects exp& ! category to ! extreme/ b\nd>y4 ,! reason+ ( ! primitive m9d is ?us1 giv5 its limitations & uns\nd premises1 uncompromis+ly logical4 ,"o c trace ! processes ( reason+ m easily ?an is ! case ) mod]n man because x is less di/urb$ by cross-curr5ts ( acquir$ k & conflict+ int]e/s4 ,i am giv+ b ! b>e/ outl9e ( a va/ subject because ,i am desir\s ( keep+ ! att5tion ( ! read] on :at ,i believe to be ! ma9 issue4 ,= t reason ,i am n discuss+ :e!r animism--! vitalis+ ( inanimate objects--has an indep5d5t orig91 or :e!r x is a m]e ext5sion ( ! gho/ !ory4 ,ei!r !ory does n affect my ma9 position1 :i* is t ! idea ( ,god is d]iv$ f ! ignorance ( primitive humanity1 & has no o!r au?ority ?an a misund]/&+ ( natural facts4 ,on t po9t ! agreem5t among all s*ools ( an?ropologi/s is n[ v g5]al4 ,p]sonally1 h[ev]1 ,i d n believe t m5 w\ld ev] h giv5 a s\l to trees or o!r natural objects unless !y _h fir/ giv5 !m to liv+ be+s1 & _h ?us famili>is$ !mselves ) ! conception ( a d\ble4 ,at pres5t1 ?\gh1 we are on ! track ( ! gods4 ,! belief t e human be+1 & ne>ly e object1 possesses a s\l1 ends 9 surr\nd+ man ) a cl\d ( spirits aga9/ :i* he has to be always on 8 gu>d4 ,! g5]al situation is well put by ,miss ,k+sley1 :o gives a picture ( ! ,we/ ,african t may well /& = ! savage _w 9 g5]al4 ,ev]y?+ happ5s by ! action ( spirits4 ,! ?+ he does himself is done by ! _s )9 act+ on 8 body1 ! matt] ) :i* t _s is associat$4 ,ev]y?+ t is done by o!r ?+s is done by _! _s associat$ ) _! p>ticul> mass ( matt]4444 ,! native w po9t out to y a lightn+ /rick5 tree & tell y its _s has be5 kill$4 ,he w tell y1 :5 ! e>!n cook+ pot is brok51 x has lo/ its _s4 ,if 8 weapon fail$ him1 x is because he has /ol5 or made its _s sick by means ( 8 influ5ce on o!r spirits ( ! same class4444 ,9 e action ( 8 life he %[s y h[ he lives ) a great1 p[]ful _s _w ar\nd him4 ,y see him be=e runn+ out to hunt or fight rubb+ /uff 9 8 weapon to /r5g!n ! _s t is 9 x2 tell+ x ! :ile :at c>e he has tak5 ( x2 runn+ ?r\gh a li/ ( :at he _h giv5 x be=e1 ?\gh ^! ?+s _h be5 h>d to give2 & begg+ x1 9 ! h\r ( 8 dire necessity1 n to fail him4444 ,y see him b5d+ ov] ! face ( ! riv]1 talk+ to its _s ) prop] incantations1 ask+ x :5 x meets an enemy to upset 8 canoe & de/roy him 444 or1 z ,i h myself se5 9 ,congo ,francaise1 to take d[n ) x1 away f 8 village1 ! pe/il5ce ( ! spott$ dea?4 7,we/ ,african ,/udies2 pp4 #cid-e74 ,:5 ,feurba* said t ! realm ( memory 0 ! _w ( s\ls1 he express$ a pr(\nd tru? 9 a /rik+ mann]4 ,x is dreams1 swoons1 catalepsy1 ) _! alli$ /ates :i* sugge/ ! exi/5ce ( a d\ble or gho/4 ,ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( ! mass ( evid5ce f all qu>t]s 9 support ( ?is1 ! fact ( ! gho/ always be+ pictur$ z id5tical 9 clo?+ & figure ) ! dead man w\ld be almo/ en\gh to demon/rate its dream orig94 ,into t aspect ( ! matt]1 h[ev]1 we d n n[ int5d to ent]4 ,we are n[ only conc]n$ ) ! be>+ ( ! gho/ !ory on ! orig9 ( ,god4 ,ano!r /ep or two & we %all h rea*$ t po9t4 ,believ+ himself surr\nd$ on all sides by a _w ( gho/s ! great conc]n ( ! savage is to escape _! ill-w or to secure _! fav\r4 ,affection & fe>--fe> t ! gho/1 if 8 wants are neglect$1 w wreak v5geance ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( disease1 fam9e1 or accid5t--leads ins5sibly to ! gho/s ( "o's relations becom+ objects ( v5]ation1 propitiation1 & petition4 ,all gho/s receive "s att5tion = a c]ta9 "t aft] dea?1 b naturally special & su/a9$ hon\rs are res]v$ = ! heads ( families1#b & = su* z h be5 di/+ui%$ = v>i\s qualities dur+ life4 ,9 ?is way ance/or wor%ip becomes "o ( ! mo/ g5]al =ms ( religi\s obs]vances1 & ! gradual developm5t ( ! great man or ! deceas$ ance/or into a deity foll[s by easy /ages4 ,! pr9ciples ( ance/or wor%ip1 to aga9 cite ! indisp5sible ,tylor1 are n difficult to und]/&3-- ,!y pla9ly keep up ! social relations ( ! liv+ _w4 ,! dead ance/or1 n[ pass$ into a deity1 simply goes on protect+3 8 own family & receiv+ suit & s]vice f !m z ( old2 ! dead *ief /ill wat*es ov] 8 own tribe1 /ill holds 8 au?ority by help+ fri5ds & h>m+ enemies1 /ill rew>ds ! "r & %>ply puni%es ! wrong4 ,t ?is deification ( ance/ors & ( dead m5 actually takes place is indisputable4 ,! ,my?ologies ( ,greece & ,rome (f] num]\s examples1 & ! deification ( ! ,roman ,emp]ors became ! regul> rule4 ,num]\s examples to ! same end are suppli$ f ,india by ,mr4 ,w4 ,crookes & ,sir ,a4 ,c4 ,lyall4 ,t ?is way ( hon\r+ ! dead is n limit$ to natives is %[n by ! fam\s case ( ,g5]al ,ni*olson1 :o actually receiv$ ! hon\r ( deification dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,anyone :o c>es to consult ^? /oreh\ses ( in=mation1 ,sp5c]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology 7,vol4 ,i471 ,tylor's ,primitive ,culture1 & ,fraz]'s ,gold5 ,b\gh w f9d ! :ole god-mak+ process set =? ) a weal? ( illu/ration t c h>dly fail to c>ry conviction4 ,f9ally1 9 ! case ( ,japan & ,*9a we h liv+ examples ( an organis$ sy/em ( religion bas$ ^u ! deification ( ance/ors4#c ,x w make x easi] to und]/& ! evolution ( ! god f ! gho/ if we be> 9 m9d t ) primitive man ! gods are conceiv$ nei!r z indep5d5t exi/5ces nor z creators4 ,ev5 immortality is n ass]t$ ( !m4 ,! mod]n notions ( deity1 l>gely due to ! attempt to accommodate ! idea ( god to c]ta9 metaphysical & philosophical conceptions1 are s int]m+l$ ) ! primitive idea1 t !re is always ! dang] ( read+ into ! primitive intellig5ce m ?an 0 ev] !re4 ,! consequ5ce is t by confus+ ! two s5ses ( ! ^w _m f9d x difficult to realise h[ "o has gr[n out ( ! o!r4 ,su* ideas z ^? ( creation & indep5d5ce are q =eign to ! primitive m9d4 ,savages are l *ildr5 9 ?is respect2 _! int]e/ 9 ?+s is prim>ily ( a practical "*4 ,a *ild does n beg9 by ask+ h[ a ?+ came to be2 x asks :at x is = or :at x does4 ,s ! prime conc]n ( ! savage is1 :at are c]ta9 ?+s =8 :at w !y d8 are !y injuri\s or b5eficial8 ,x is because ( ?is practical turn ( m9d t s mu* att5tion is paid to ! gho/1 hav+ once accept$ its exi/5ce z a fact4 ,! sup]iority ( ! gods d n consi/ 9 _! sub/antial diff]5ce f himself1 b 9 ! great] p[] = good or evil conf]r$ ^u !m by _! invisible exi/5ce4 ,creation is a conception t does n arise until ! capacity = philosophical speculation has develop$4 ,!n reflection sets to "w2 ! nature ( ! god und]goes modification1 & ! long process ( accommodat+ primitive religi\s beliefs to lat] k comm5ces1 ! end ( :i* we h n yet se54 ,! process ( read+ mod]n speculations into ! religion ( ! savage leads to "s curi\s results1 "o ( :i* we _c =be> m5tion+4 ,9 8 little "w on ,animism ,mr4 ,edw>d ,clodd1 aft] trac+ ! fundam5tal ideas ( religion to primitive delusion1 says3-- ,h]e9 7i4e41 9 dream & visions7 are to be f\nd ! suffic+ mat]ials = a belief 9 an entity 9 ! body1 b n ( x1 :i* c dep>t & return at w1 & :i* man ev]y:]e has m or less vaguely envisag$ z 8 d\ble or o!r self4444 ,! di/9ction betwe5 s\l & body1 :i* expla9$ to man 8 own actions1 0 ! key to ! actions ( animate & inanimate ?+s4 ,a p]sonal life & w controll$ !m4 ,?is 0 obvi\sly br\ght home to him m =cibly 9 ! actions ( liv+ ?+s1 s9ce ^! s closely resembl$ 8 own t he saw no diff]5ce betwe5 !mselves & him4 ,n 9 ?is matt] alone h ! intuitions ( ! savage f\nd _! confirmation 9 ! discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce4444 ,ignorant ( ! reflection ( s\nd1 h[ else c\ld he acc\nt = ! e*oes flung back f ! hillside8 ,ignorant ( ! law ( ! int]ruption ( light1 h[ else c\ld he expla9 ! advanc+ & retreat+ %ad[s8 ,9 "s s5se !y mu/ be alive2 an inf]5ce support$ by mod]n sci5ce4 ,! italics 9 ! above passages are m9e1 & !y s]ve to illu/rate h[ c]ta9 writ]s manage to introduce q mislead+ conceptions to _! read]s4 ,x almo/ causes "o to cease wond]+ at ! p]si/5ce ( religion :5 "o f9ds a writ] accept+ ! results ( an?ropological rese>*1 & at ! same "t claim+ t savage intuitions are confirm$ by mod]n sci5ce4 ,if t be true1 !n all t ,mr4 ,clodd has previ\sly writt5 mu/ be dismiss$ z untrue4 ,! /atem5t is1 h[ev]1 q inaccurate4 ,! inf]5ce drawn by ! savage is n support$ by mod]n sci5ce4 ,nei!r on ! exi/5ce ( a s\l nor on ! exi/5ce ( a god1 nor on ! nature ( disease1 nor on ! causes ( physical or psy*ical /ates has sci5ce confirm$ ! intuitions 7:atev] t conv5i5tly cl\dy ^w may mean7 ( ! primitive savage4 ,! acquisition ( correct views w\ld inde$ be an easy ?+ if !y c\ld be ga9$ by ! intuitions ( an untaught savage4 ,! ass]tion t 9 "s s5se natural =ces mu/ be alive 7z ?\gh !re c be any real s5se 9 a t]m except ! "r s5se71 & t ?is inf]5ce is support$ by mod]n physics1 is an illu/ration ( t play+ ) words :i* is fatal to exact ?\ght4 ,! only s5se 9 :i* ! expression is us$ 9 physics is t ( active1 & bo? active & alive owe _! vogue to ! necessity = controv]t+ ! old] view t natural =ces are in]t or dead & ne$ "s ext]nal =ce to produce any?+4 ,x is a m]e figure ( spee*2 ! evil is :5 x is tak5 & us$ z an exact expression ( sci5tific fact4 ,let a read] ( ,mr4 ,clodd ask himself :e!r ! life he ?9ks ( :5 he speaks ( =ces be+ alive is animal life1 & he w at once see ! absurdity ( ! /atem5t4 ,& if he does n mean animal life1 :at life does he mean8 ,putt+ on "o side all su* attempts at accommodation1 we may safely say t giv5 ! orig9 ( religion 9 ! mann] indicat$1 "o may trace--at lea/ 9 outl9e--! developm5t ( religion f ! primitive gho/ wor%ip up to ! rituals & beliefs ( curr5t cre$s4 ,i d n mean by ?is t all religi\s beliefs & practices spr+ directly f gho/ wor%ip4 ,once religion is e/abli%$1 & ! my?-mak+ capacity let loose1 additions are made t are due to all sorts ( causes4 ,! ,romans & ,greeks1 = example1 seem to h creat$ a numb] ( deities out ( pure ab/ractions--gods ( peace1 ( w>1 ( =tune1 & s =?4 ,:y p>ticul> deities 7 inv5t$1 & h[ !y became atta*$ to p>ticul> gr\ps ( ph5om5a1 are que/ions t x is (t5 impossible to answ] ) any great degree ( c]ta9ty1 b :y !re %\ld be any gods at all is a "q t c be answ]$1 ,i ?9k1 on ! l9es above indicat$4 ,! way 9 :i* ! primitive gho/ wor%ip probably pav$ ! way = "s ( ! doctr9es ( ! high] religions may be se5 on tak+ a /ory su* z ! dea? & resurrection ( ! ,gospel ,jesus4 ,9 8 treatise on ,! ,attis ,mr4 ,grant ,all5 made ! +5i\s sugge/ion t ! great] f]tility ( ! gr\nd on & ne> ! grave1 ow+ to ! food plac$ !re to fe$ ! gho/1 w\ld produce 9 ! savage m9d ! conviction t ?is increas$ f]tility 0 due to ! b5efic5t activity ( ! d\ble ( ! dead man4 ,reason+ f ?is basis1 x w\ld be a simple conclusion t ! production1 or lack1 ( crops 0 ev]y:]e due to ! action ( good or evil spirits4 ,9 ! next place1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t x is ! act ( dy+ :i* raises ! human be+ to ! level ( a gu>dian _s or god2 & f ?is to ! production ( a god by c]emonial kill+ w\ld be a natural & an easy /ep4 ,9 ?is la/ respect1 at lea/1 we are ^u ! firm gr\nd ( fact1 & n on t ( m]e !ory4 ,if a read] w take ! tr\ble to p]use ! num]\s examples collect$ by ,tylor 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 ,primitive ,culture1 & ^? provid$ by ,fraz] 9 ! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 he w f9d ! evid5ce = ?is ov]:elm+4 ,examples ( ! practice ( kill+ a human be+ & bury+ 8 body "u ! f\ndations ( a ca/le or a bridge are v common1 & ! mod]n cu/om ( bury+ co9s "u a f\ndation-/one is a h>mless & int]e/+ survival ( ?is cu/om4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,africa a boy & girl are buri$ :]e a village is to be e/abli%$4 ,9 ,polynesia ! c5tral pill> ( a temple 0 plac$ on ! body ( a human victim4 ,9 ,scotl& !re is ! leg5d t ,/4 ,columba buri$ ! body ( ,/4 ,oran "u 8 mona/]y to make ! build+ secure4 ,any c\ntry w supply /ories ( a simil> k9d4 ,f9ally1 we h ! amus+ /ory ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,sir ,ri*>d ,burton n>r[ly escap$ deification4 ,explor+ 9 ,afghani/an 9 ! disguise ( a ,mohamm$an fakir1 he receiv$ a fri5dly h9t t he w\ld d well to get (f )\t delay4 ,he express$ surprise1 z ! p seem$ v fond ( him4 ,t1 x 0 expla9$1 0 ! cause ( ! tr\ble4 ,!y ?\ght s mu* ( him !y int5d$ to kill him1 & ?us reta9 s excell5t a man ) !m = ev]4 ,:5 ,tylor wrote1 ! preval5t impression 0 t ?is kill+ ( human be+s 0 due to a desire to appease ! spirits ( ! place4 ,lat] inve/igation %[$ t in/ead ( a sacrifice x 0 a creation4 ,! purpose 0 to create a local god :o w\ld wat* ov] ! build+ or settlem5t4 ,god-mak+ 0 ?us %[n to be a univ]sal practice4 ,our next /ep mu/ be tak5 9 ! company ( ,sir ,james ,fraz]4 ,on all-f\rs ) ! practice ( creat+ a gu>dian deity = a build+ is t ( mak+ a simil> gu>dian = crops & vegetation4 ,! details ( ?is practice are int]e/+1 b !y ne$ n n[ deta9 u4 ,x is en\gh t ! practice exi/$1 &1 z ,fraz] %[s1 0 an annual practice4 ,ye> by ye> ! god 0 kill$ 9 ord] t ! se$ might rip5 & ! h>ve/ be secur$4 ,9 "s cases ! body 0 cut up & pieces buri$ 9 ! fields2 9 o!r cases x 0 burn$ & ! a%es scatt]$ ov] ! gr\nd4 ,gradually ! ritual becomes m elaborate1 b ! c5tral idea rema9s intact t ( a human be+ conv]t$ into a god by be+ kill$1 a man sacrific$ = ! b5efit ( ! tribe4 ,9 ! light ( ^! rese>*es ! ,new ,te/am5t /ory becomes only a m rec5t v]sion ( a widespread savage sup]/ition4 ,! "t ( ! sacrifice1 ! symbolism1 ! practices all prove ?is4 ,! crucifi$ ,savi\r1 9 hon\r ( :om all ! ,*ri/ian ca!drals & *ur*es ( ! _w are built1 is only ano!r late survival ( ! god-mak+ practice ( primitive savag]y4 ,! gods are1 !n1 ultimately deifi$ gho/s4 ,!y are born ( mis9t]pret$ subjective & objective exp]i5ces4 ,?is is among ! sure/ & mo/ firmly e/abli%$ results ( mod]n inve/igation4 ,x matt]s n :at modifications lat] k may dem&2 x w only mean a *ange ( =m1 n ( sub/ance4 ,on any sci5tific !ory we are b\nd to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! gods 9 t]ms ( human error4 ,& no subsequ5t developm5t c alt] its "*4 ,we may trace ! v>i\s /ages ( a univ]sal delusion1 b no?+ c conv]t a delusion into a reality4 ,x is n[ univ]sally recognis$ t ! primitive notions ( gods repres5t false conclusions f misund]/ood facts4 ,no "o n[ believes t ! visions se5 dur+ sleep are pro(s ( a w&]+ d\ble4 ,no "o believes t x is necess>y to supply ! gho/ ( ! dead ) food1 or ) weapons1 or ) wives4 ,we d n believe t ! w9d1 ! />s1 ! wat]s are alive or are capable ( be+ influ5c$ by our petitions4 ,all ! ph5om5a ^u :i* ! god idea 0 orig9ally built are n[ kn[n to be susceptible to a radically diff]5t explanation4 ,& if ?is is s1 :at o!r f\ndations h we on :i* to build a belief 9 ,god8 ,!re is none4 ,!re is only "o plausible reason = ! belief 9 ,god1 & t is ! reason advanc$ by ! savage4 ,:5 we get beyond t we are n deal+ ) reasons = hold+ ! belief1 b only ) excuses = reta9+ x4 ,un=tunately1 ?\s&s are famili> ) ! excuses1 & only a few ) ! reasons4 ,7 x o!rwise a great deal ( :at foll[s ne$ nev] h be5 writt54 ,,footnotes3 #a ,bo? ! words sup]natural & ,god are "h us$ some:at loosely4 ,9 fact ! conception ( ! sup]natural arises gradually1 & z a consequ5ce ( develop+ k :i*1 s to speak1 splits ! univ]se into two4 ,s also ) ! belief 9 ,god4 ,!re is cle>ly an e>li] =m 9 :i* !re exi/s a k9d ( m5tal plasma f :i* ! m def9ite conception ( ,god is subsequ5tly =m$4 ,on ?is topic ! read] may consult ,! ,?re%old ( ,religion1 by ,r4 ,r4 ,m>ett1 #aiad4 #b ,= ! importance ( ?is 9 ! hi/ory ( religion see ,fu/el de ,c\langes' ,! ,anci5t ,city4 #c ,! p]petuation ( ?is e>li] /age ( religion 9 ,*9a & ,japan appe>s to make ! transition to ,free-?\ght easi] ?an 9 c\ntries :]e religion has "u-gone a m advanc$ evolution4 ,9 bo? ! c\ntries nam$1 ! bett] m9ds f9d x q easy to treat _! religion z m]ely ! respect paid to ance/ors1 & ?us dive/ x ( ! sup]natural elem5t4 ,9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries !re is also ! attempt to re/ate beliefs 9 t]ms ( curr5t morality & sociology1 b ! transition is m difficult4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,h ,,we ,a ,,religi\s ,,s5se8 ,9 all discussions ( !ism !re is "o po9t t is usually ov]look$4 ,?is is t !ism is 9 ! nature ( a hypo!sis4 ,&1 l e hypo!sis1 its value is proportionate to ! ext5t to :i* x (f]s a satisfactory explanation ( ! facts ) :i* x pr(esses to deal4 ,if x c (f] no explanation its value is nil4 ,if its explanation is only p>tial1 its value w be det]m9$ by ! degree to :i* x c claim sup]iority ov] any o!r hypo!sis t is be=e u4 ,b e hypo!sis implies two ?+s4 ,!re is a gr\p ( ?+s to be expla9$1 & !re is ! hypo!sis itself t is (f]$ 9 explanation4 ,9 ! h>mony ( ! two1 & 9 ! possibility ( v]ification1 lies ! only pro( ( tru? t c be (f]$4 ,if ?is be grant$ x at once disposes ( ! plea t a conviction ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god spr+s f "s special quality ( ! m9d :i* enables man to arrive at a conclusion 9 a mann] diff]5t f ! way 9 :i* conclusions conc]n+ o!r subjects are rea*$4 ,intuition z a me?od ( discov]+ tru? is pure delusion4 ,all t c be rationally meant by su* a ^w z intuition is summ>is$ exp]i5ce4 ,:5 we speak ( kn[+ a ?+ intuitively1 all t we c mean is t1 exp]i5ce hav+ furni%$ u ) a suffici5t guidance1 we are able to rea* a conclusion s rapidly t we _c foll[ ! /eps ( ! m5tal process involv$4 ,t ?is is s is se5 9 ! fact t our intuitions always foll[ ! l9e ( our exp]i5ce4 ,a /ockbrok] may intuitively =esee a rise or fall ( ! m>ket1 b 8 intuition w fail him :5 consid]+ ! possibilities ( a *emical composition4 ,to say t a man kn[s a ?+ by intuition is only "o way ( say+ t he does n "k h[ he kn[s x--t is1 he is unable to trace ! /ages ( 8 own m5tal op]ations4 ,& 9 ?is s5se intuition is univ]sal4 ,x belongs z mu* to ! cook+ ( a dumpl+ z x does to ! belief 9 deity4 ,b x is evid5t t :5 ! !i/ talks ( intuition1 :at he has 9 m9d is some?+ v diff]5t f ?is4 ,he is ?9k+ ( "s special quality ( m9d t op]ates indep5d5tly ( exp]i5ce1 ei!r racial or individual4 ,& ?is simply does n exi/4 ,9 religion man is nev] putt+ into op]ation qualities ( m9d diff]5t f ^? he employs 9 o!r directions4 ,:e!r we call a /ate ( m9d religi\s or n is det]m9$1 n by ! m5tal processes involv$1 b by ! object to :i* x is direct$4 ,hatr$ & love1 ang]1 pleasure1 awe1 curiosity1 rev]5ce1 ev5 wor%ip1 are exactly ! same :e!r direct$ t[>ds ,god or t[>ds any?+ else4 ,human qualities are fundam5tally id5tical1 & may be express$ 9 relation to all sorts ( objects4 ,! attempt to m>k religion (f f ! re/ ( life1 to be approa*$ by special me?ods & 9 a special frame ( m9d1 takes _m =ms1 & x may be illu/rat$ by ! mann] 9 :i* x is dealt ) by ,pr(essor ,ar?ur ,?omson4 ,9 a little "w entitl$ ,an ,introduction to ,sci5ce1 & specially int5d$ = g5]al consumption1 he rem>ks1 z a piece ( advice to 8 read]s3-- ,we w\ld rem9d ourselves & our read]s t ! :ole subject %\ld be treat$ ) rev]5ce & sympa?y1 = x is h>dly possible to exagg]ate ! augu/ role ( religion 9 human life4 ,:atev] be our views1 we mu/ recognise t j z ! great ma!maticians & metaphysicians repres5t ! ari/ocracy ( ! human intellect1 s ! great religi\s g5iuses repres5t ! ari/ocracy ( human emotion4 ,& 9 ?is connection x is probably useful to be> 9 m9d t 9 all discussions ab\t religi\s ideas or feel+s we %\ld ourselves be 9 an exalt$ mood1 & yet ) a compell+ s5se ( our own limitations1 & ( ! va/ness & my/]i\sness ( ! _w4 ,if ,pr(essor ,?omson _h be5 writ+ on ,frames ( ,m9d ,fatal to ,sci5tific ,inve/igation he c\ld h>dly h *os5 a bett] illu/ration ( 8 !sis4 ,"o may safely say t anyone :o />t$ an exam9ation ( religion 9 ?is _s1 & ma9ta9$ x ?r\gh\t 8 exam9ation1 w\ld p]=m some?+ little %ort ( a miracle did he rea* a s\nd conclusion4 ,a feel+ ( sympa?y may pass1 b :y rev]5ce8 ,rev]5ce is a v complex /ate1 b x c]ta9ly includes respect & a c]ta9 measure ( affection4 ,& h[ is "o to rationally h respect or affection = any?+ be=e "o has asc]ta9$ t !y are des]v+ ( ei!r8 ,is anyone :o happ5s to believe t religion is n wor?y ( rev]5ce to be rul$ out z be+ unfit to express an op9ion8 ,cle>ly1 on ?is rule1 ei!r we compel a man to sacrifice 8 s5se ( self-respect be=e we w all[ him to be he>d1 or we pack ! jury ) p]sons :o confess to h rea*$ a decision be=e !y h he>d ! evid5ce4 ,x w\ld almo/ seem f ! expression t :ile exam9+ religion we %\ld be 9 an exalt$ mood t ,pr(essor ,?omson has 9 view ! la/ cont+5cy4 ,= by an exalt$ mood we c only und]/& a religi\s mood--t is1 we mu/ believe 9 religion be=e we exam9e x1 o!rwise our exam9ation is pr(anity4 ,well1 t is j ! cry ( ! prie/ 9 all ages4 ,& :ile x is s\nd religion1 !re is no "q ( its be+ %ock+ sci5ce4 ,ev5 ! m]e feel+ ( exaltation is n to be enc\rag$ dur+ a sci5tific inve/igation4 ,"o c und]/& ,kepl] :5 he _h discov]$ ! true laws ( planet>y motion1 or ,newton :5 he embrac$ 9 "o magnific5t g5]alisation ! fall ( a /one & ! revolution ( a planet1 exp]i5c+ a feel+ ( exaltation2 b exaltation mu/ foll[1 n prec$e1 ! conclusion4 ,at any rate1 !re are few sci5tific tea*]s :o w\ld enc\rage su* a feel+ dur+ inve/igation4 ,leav+ = a mom5t ! "q ( religi\s g5iuses be+ ! ari/ocrats ( human emotion1 we may take ! same writ]'s view ( ! limitations ( sci5ce1 ?us provid+ an op5+ = ! intrusion ( religion4 ,?is is giv5 9 ! =m ( a criticism ( ! foll[+ well-kn[n passage f ,huxley3-- ,if ! fundam5tal proposition ( evolution is true1 namely1 t ! entire _w1 animate & inanimate1 is ! result ( ! mutual int]action1 accord+ to def9ite laws1 ( =ces possess$ by ! molecules :i* made up ! primitive nebulosity ( ! univ]se2 !n x is no less c]ta9 t ! pres5t actual _w repos$ pot5tially 9 ! cosmic vap\r1 & t an intellig5ce1 if great en\gh1 c\ld f 8 k ( ! prop]ties ( ! molecules ( t vap\r h pr$ict$ ! /ate ( ! fauna 9 ,great ,brita9 9 #ahhh ) z mu* c]titude z we say :at w happ5 to ! vap\r ( our brea? on a cold day 9 w9t]4 ,n[1 if ! pr9ciple ( evolution be accept$1 ! tru? ( ,huxley's /atem5t appe>s to be self-evid5t4 ,x may be t no intellig5ce capable ( mak+ su* a calculation w ev] exi/1 b ! ab/ract possibility rema9s4 ,pr(essor ,?omson calls x a v /rong & confid5t /atem5t1 :i* illu/rates ! ne$ = philosophical criticism4 ,8 criticism ( ,huxley's /atem5t is bas$ on two gr\nds4 ,^! are3 7#a7 ,no complete physico-*emical description has ev] be5 giv5 ( any di/9ctively vital activity2 & 7#b7 ! physical description ( ?+s _c cov] biological ph5om5a1 nor c ! biological description cov] m5tal & moral ph5om5a4 ,!re is1 he says1 ,! physical ord] ( nature--! inorganic _w--:]e me*anism reigns supreme4 7#b7 ,!re is ! vital ord] ( nature--! _w ( organisms--:]e me*anism proves insuffici5t4 7#c7 ,!re is ! physical ord] ( nature--! _w ( m9d--:]e me*anism is irrelevant4 ,?us !re are ?ree fundam5tal sci5ces--,physics1 ,biology1 & ,psy*ology--ea* ) *>act]i/ic que/ions1 categories & =mulae4 ,n[1 h[ev] e>ne/ly ,huxley's /atem5t calls = criticism1 x is cle> to u t no?+ useful 9 t direction is (f]$ by ,pr(4 ,?omson4 ,x is q pla9 t ! ab/ract possibility ( su* a calculation z t nam$ by ,huxley c nev] be rul$ out by sci5ce1 s9ce su* a conception lies at ! root ( all sci5tific ?9k+4 ,aft] all1 want ( k only proves--want ( k2 & ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge w\ld w>n ,pr(4 ,?omson ( ! extreme dang] ( re/+ an argum5t on ! ignorance ( sci5ce at any p>ticul> "t4#d ,i note ?is /atem5t ( ,pr(essor ,?omson's *iefly because x illu/rates a v common me?od ( deal+ ) ! me*ani/ic or non-!i/ic view ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ?is matt] ,pr(essor ,?omson may claim ! companion%ip ( ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge1 :o says1 ,mat]ialism is appropriate to ! mat]ial _w1 n z a philosophy1 b z a work+ cre$1 z a proximate1 an imm$iate =mula = guid+ rese>*4 ,ev]y?+ beyond t belongs to ano!r region1 & mu/ be rea*$ by o!r me?ods4 ,to expla9 ! psy*ical 9 t]ms ( physics & *emi/ry is simply impossible4444 ,! extreme s*ool ( biologi/s 444 ought to say1 if !y 7 consi/5t1 !re is no?+ b physics & *emi/ry at "w any:]e4 ,) bo? ^! writ]s !re is ! common assumption t ! me*ani/ assumes !re is a physical & *emical explanation ( all ph5om5a4 ,& ! assumption is false4 ,!re is a /ory ( a well-kn[n lectur] on physiology :o comm5c$ an address on ! /oma* by rem>k+ t t organ _h be5 call$ ?is1 t1 & ! o!r1 b ! "o ?+ he wi%$ 8 /ud5ts to be> 9 m9d 0 t x 0 a /oma*4 ,s ! me*ani/1 :ile firmly believ+ t !re is an asc5d+ unity 9 all natural ph5om5a1 is nev] silly en\gh to d5y t liv+ ?+s are alive1 or t ?9k+ be+s ?9k4 ,b unless ,pr(essor ,?omson does impute ?is to ! me*ani/1 we q fail to see ! relevance 8 ass]tion t !re are ?ree dep>tm5ts1 physics1 biology1 & psy*ology1 ea* ) its *>act]i/ic que/ions1 categories1 & =mulae4 ,( c\rse1 !re are1 & equally1 ( c\rse1 physical laws w n cov] biological facts2 nor w biological laws cov] psy*ological ones4 ,?is is n due to any occult cause1 b to ! simple fact t z ea* gr\p ( ph5om5a has its *>act]i/ic features1 ea* set ( laws are fram$ to cov] ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by t gr\p4 ,o!rwise !re w\ld be no ne$ ( ^! special laws4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ p>alys+ is ! effect ( ! !i/ic obsession on ! m9ds ( ev5 sci5tific m51 s9ce x leads !m to ignore :at is really a basic consid]ation 9 sci5tific me?od4 ,p]haps a ^w or two m on ?is topic is advisable4 ,if x is p]missible to arrange natural ph5om5a 9 a s]ial ord]1 we may place !m 9 succession z physical1 *emical1 biological1 & psy*ological4 ,b ^! names repres5t no m ?an descriptions ( c]ta9 features t are to ! gr\p common1 o!rwise ! gr\p+ w\ld be useless & impossible4 ,& x is "p ( ! bus9ess ( sci5ce to frame laws--descriptions--( ph5om5a su* z w enable u to express _! *>act]i/ic features 9 a brief =mula4 ,x is1 !re=e1 q true to say t y _c express vital ph5om5a 9 t]ms ( physics or *emi/ry4 ,& no mat]iali/ :o took ! tr\ble to und]/& mat]ialism1 in/ead ( tak+ a /atem5t ( :at x is f an anti-mat]iali/1 ev] ?\ght o!rwise4 ,ea* specific gr\p ( ph5om5a c only be cov]$ by laws t belong to t gr\p1 & :i* 7 fram$ = t express purpose4 ,a psy*ological fact c no m be express$ 9 t]ms ( *emi/ry ?an a physical fact c be express$ 9 t]ms ( biology4 ,^! tru?s are z pla9 to ! me*ani/ z !y are to ! vitali/4 ,m5tal life1 ! sci5tific categories1 are real to all2 ! only "q at issue is t ( _! orig94 ,to expla9 is to make intelligible1 & 9 t s5se all sci5tific explanation consi/s 9 ! e/abli%+ ( equival5ts4 ,:5 we say t ,a1 ,b1 ,c are ! factors ( ,d1 we h ass]t$ ,d is ! equival5t ( ,a1 ,b1 ,c--plus1 ( c\rse1 all t results f ! comb9ation ( ! factors4 ,:5 we say t we h expla9$ ! =mation ( wat] by %[+ x to be ! product ( ,h4#b4,o4 we h %[n t :e!r we say wat] or use ! *emical =mula we are mak+ id5tical /atem5ts4 ,if we are work+ out a problem 9 dynamics we meet ) exactly ! same pr9ciple4 ,we mu/ prove t ! resultant acc\nts = all ! =ces 9 op]ation at ! "t4 ,n[1 all t ! me*ani/ claims is t x is extremely probable t "o day ! sci5ti/ w be able to "w out ! exact physico-*emical conditions t are ! equival5ts ( biological ph5om5a1 &1 9 turn1 ! physico-*emical-biological conditions t are ! equival5ts ( psy*ological ph5om5a4 ,v consid]able progress has already be5 made 9 ?is direction1 &1 z ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge says1 !re are probably v few sci5tific m5 :o w\ld d5y ! likelihood ( ?is be+ done4 ,b ?is does n d5y ! exi/5ce ( diff]5ces betwe5 ^! gr\ps ( ph5om5a2 nei!r does x ass]t t we c describe ! *>act]i/ic features ( "o gr\p 9 t]ms t belong to ano!r gr\p4 ,once a gr\p ( ph5om5a1 biological1 or *emical is !re1 we mu/ h special =mulae to describe !m1 o!rwise !re w\ld be no ne$ = ^! divisions4 ,x is admitt$ t ! e>? 0 at "o "t de/itute ( life2 x is also admitt$ t !re are =ms ( life de/itute ( ^? features :i* we call m9d4 ,&1 :atev] be _! mode ( orig91 once introduc$ !y mu/ be dealt ) 9 special t]ms4 ,psy*ological facts mu/ be express$ 9 t]ms ( psy*ology1 biological facts 9 t]ms ( biology1 & *emical facts 9 t]ms ( *emi/ry4 ,y may give ! *emical & physical equival5t ( a sunset4 ,t is "o aspect4 ,y may also give ! psy*ological explanation ( ! emotion ( man on behold+ x4 ,t is ano!r aspect4 ,b y _c express ! psy*ological fact 9 t]ms ( *emi/ry because x belongs to q ano!r category4 ,a psy*ological fact1 z su*1 is ultimate4 ,s is a *emical or a biological fact4 ,if by analysis y r$uce ! psy*ological fact to its *emical & biological equival5ts1 its "* z a psy*ological fact is de/roy$4 ,t is ! product ( ! syn!sis1 & to seek 9 analysis = :at only exi/s 9 syn!sis1 is surely to altoge!r misund]/& ! _s ( sci5tific me?od4 ,! curi\s ?+ is t a m]e layman %\ld h to correct m5 ( sci5ce on ?is matt]4 ,we c n[ return to ,pr(4 ,?omson's attempt to claim = religion a special place 9 ! sph]e ( emotion4 ,he claims1 9 ! passage already cit$1 t z ! great ma!maticians & metaphysicians repres5t ! ari/ocracy ( human intellect s ! great religi\s g5iuses repres5t ! ari/ocracy ( human emotion4 ,!re is no?+ new 9 ?is claim1 nei!r is !re any evid5ce ( its tru?4 ,col]idge's dictum t ! prop] anti!sis to religion is poetry is op5 to s]i\s objection1 b !re is m to be said = x ?an may be said = ! anti!sis set up by ,pr(4 ,?omson4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 religi\s g5iuses h (t5 pursu$ _! "w ) z mu* att5tion to sci5tific precision z 0 possible1 & h prid$ !mselves t !y made no appeal to m]e emotion4 ,ju/ification by emotion has only be5 attempt$ :5 o!r means ( secur+ conviction has fail$4 ,& ! appeal to emotion has become popul> = v obvi\s reasons4 ,x enables ! ord9>y !ologian to feel a com=table sup]iority ov] a ,sp5c] or a ,d>w94 ,x enables m$iocrities to enjoy ! feel+ ( be+ wise )\t ! tr\ble ( acquir+ wisdom4 ,x enables inh]it$ prejudices to rank z reason$ convictions4 ,&1 9 addition1 !re is no?+ t _c be conv5i5tly prov$ or disprov$ by su* a me?od4 ,9 :atev] =m ! di/9ction is met ) x h>b\rs a fallacy4 ,intellectual activity is n & _c be divorc$ f emotion4 ,!re are /ates ( m9d 9 :i* feel+ pr$om9ates1 & !re are o!rs 9 :i* reason pr$om9ates4 ,b all intellectual /ates involve a feel+ elem5t4 ,! (t5-made rem>k t feel+ & intellect are 9 conflict is true only 9 ! s5se t ultimately c]ta9 intellectual /ates1 plus _! associat$ feel+s1 are 9 conflict ) o!r intellectual /ates plus _! associat$ feel+s4 ,to realise ?is "o ne$ only consid] ! %e] pleasure t results f ! rapid sweep ( ! m9d ?r\gh a l5g?y *a9 ( reason+1 & ! positive pa9 t ensues :5 ! t]ms ( a proposition baffles compreh5sion4 ,! =ce ( ?is is admitt$ by ,pr(4 ,?omson 9 ! rem>k t man at ! limit ( 8 endeav\r has fall5 back on religion4 ,q s2 t is ! pa9ful feel+s evok$ by an intellectual failure h ?r[n a c]ta9 type ( m9d back on religion4 ,9 ?is !y h act$ l "o :o flies to a drug = relief f a pa9 he lacks ! c\rage to be>4 ,!y take a n>cotic :51 (t5 en\gh1 ! real ne$ is = a /imulant4 ,9 sob] tru? religion is no m necess>ily connect$ ) ! emotions ?an are o!r subjects ( inve/igation4 ,^? :o h made ! pursuit ( cold sci5tific tru? _! life's "w h %[n e :it z mu* ard\r & passion z ^? :o h giv5 _! life to religion4 ,! picture ( man sacrific+ himself 9 ! cause ( religion is easily mat*$ by a ,vesalius haunt+ ! *>nel h\ses ( ,europe1 & risk+ ! mo/ loa?some diseases 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,! abid+ passion = tru? 9 a "* su* z t ( ,rog] ,bacon or ,bruno easily mat*es ! en?usiasm ( ! mission>y monk4 ,! passion & ! en?usiasm = sci5ce is less adv]tis$ ?an ! passion & ! en?usiasm = religion1 b x is q z real1 & c]ta9ly n less valuable4 ,! /ate ( m9d ( ,kepl] on discov]+ ! laws ( planet>y motion 0 h>dly less ec/atic ?an t ( a religi\s vision>y describ+ 8 s5se ( spiritual communion4 ,only 9 ! case ( ! sci5ti/1 x is emotion guid$ by reason1 n reason *eck$ & p>tly ?rottl$ by emotion4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,mat!w ,arnold def9$ religion z morality t\*$ ) emotion1 he sub/itut$ a fallacy = a def9ition4 ,prim>ily religion is z mu* a conviction z is ! ,cop]nican sy/em ( a/ronomy4 ,x exi/s fir/ z an idea2 x only exi/s z an emotion at a lat] /age4 ,!re is really no su* ?+ z a religi\s emotion1 !re are only emotions connect$ ) religion4 ,orig9ally all religion is 9 ! nature ( an inf]5ce f obs]v$ or exp]i5c$ facts4 ,?is inf]5ce may n be ( ! elaborate k9d t we associate ) mod]n sci5tific "w1 b x is !re4 ,! inf]5ce is an illogical "o1 b "u ! conditions inevitable4 ,& be+ an inf]5ce religion is n prim>ily an emotion b a conviction1 & x mu/ /& or fall by its intellectual tru/wor?9ess4 ,x seems1 inde$1 little less ?an a truism to say t unless m5 fir/ ( all believ$ some?+ ab\t religion !y c\ld nev] h emotions conc]n+ x4 ,hope & fe> may col\r our convictions1 !y may prev5t ! =mation ( correct op9ions1 b !y orig9ate 9 connection ) a belief 9 e case4 ,& an emotion1 if x be a heal?ful "o1 mu/ be ultimately capable ( intellectual ju/ification4 ,:5 ?is _c be done1 :5 we h m]e emotion plead$ z a gr\nd = reject+ rational exam9ation1 we h irrationalism driv5 to its la/ dit*4 ,,footnote3 #d ,! pres5t p[]lessness ( sci5ce to expla9 or orig9ate life is a conv5i5t weapon :]e) to fell a pseudo-sci5tific antagoni/ :o is dogmatis+ too l\dly out ( b\nds2 b x is n p]fectly secure z a p]man5t support4444 ,life 9 its ultimate elem5ts & on its mat]ial side is su* a simple ?+1 x is b a slight ext5sion ( kn[n *emical & physical =ces4444 ,i appreh5d t !re is n a biologi/ b believes 7p]haps q errone\sly7 t soon] or lat] ! discov]y w be made1 & t a cell dis*>g+ all ! ess5tial functions ( life w be con/ruct$ out ( inorganic mat]ial4 7,man & ! ,univ]se1 ,*ap4 ,i474 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,argum5t ,,f ,,exi/5ce4 ,:at1 n[1 are ! facts ^u :i* ! mod]n believ] 9 deity pr(esses to base 8 belief & :at are ! argum5ts us$ to def5d ! position tak5 up8 ,premis+ t ! reasons advanc$ = ! belief 9 deity are m 9 ! nature ( excuses ?an aught else1 we may take fir/ ( all ! argum5t d]iv$ f ! m]e exi/5ce ( ! univ]se1 ) ! alleg$ impossibility ( conceiv+ x z self-exi/5t4 ,along ) t !re may also be tak5 z a v>iant ( ! argum5t f exi/5ce1 ! alleg$ impossibility ( a natural ord] t %\ld result f ! inh]5t prop]ties ( natural =ces4 ,n[ x is at lea/ pla9 t :atev] difficulty !re is 9 ?9k+ ( ! univ]se z ei!r self-exi/+ or self-adju/+ is 9 no degree less5$ by assum+ a ,god z ! orig9ator & su/a9] ( ! :ole4 ,! mo/ t x does is to move ! difficulty back a /ep1 & :ile ) _m out ( sight out ( m9d is z true ( _! attitude t[>ds m5tal problems z x is t[>ds ! m ord9>y ?+s ( life1 ! policy c h>dly be comm5d$ 9 s]i\s intellectual discussions4 ,x is n a bit easi] to ?9k ( self-exi/5ce or self-direction 9 connection ) a god ?an x is 9 connection ) ! univ]se4 ,& if we mu/ re/ ultimately ) an insoluble difficulty1 x is surely bett] to /op ) ! exi/5ce we "k r ?an to introduce a second exi/5ce :i* = all we "k may be q my?ical4 ,x is no reply to say t ! idea ( ,god involves self-exi/5ce4 ,x does no?+ ( ! k9d1 or at lea/ x c d s only by our mak+ yet ano!r assumption t is z unju/ifiable z ! previ\s "o4 ,if ,god is a p]sonality1 we h no conception ( a p]sonality t is self-exi/5t4 ,! only p]sonality t we "k is ! human p]sonality1 & t is c]ta9ly d]iv$4 ,our :ole k ( human p]sonality is t ( some?+ :i* is d]iv$ f pre-exi/+ p]sonalities1 ea* ( :i* is a c5tre ( d]iv$ influ5ces4 ,( p]sonality z ei!r ! cause or ! comm5cem5t ( a s]ies we h n ! slighte/ conception4 ,& ! man :o says he has c nev] h c>efully exam9$ ! cont5ts ( 8 own m9d4 ,! tru? is t ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( ! univ]se provides no gr\nd = argum5t 9 fav\r ( ei!r ,a!ism or ,!ism4 ,exi/5ce is a common datum = all4 ,"s exi/5ce mu/ be assum$ 9 all argum5t s9ce all argum5t implies some?+ t is to be discuss$ & expla9$4 ,& = t v reason we c (f] no explanation ( exi/5ce itself1 s9ce all explanation means ! m]g+ ( "o class ( facts 9 a l>g] class4 ,! l>ge/ class ( facts we h is t :i* is includ$ 9 ! t]m univ]se1 & we _c expla9 t by assum+ ano!r exi/5ce--,god--ab\t :i* we "k no?+4 ,to expla9 ! unkn[n by ! kn[n is an intelligible proc$ure4 ,to expla9 ! kn[n by ! unkn[n is to =sake all intellectual sanity4 ,?us e difficulty t surr\nds ! conception ( ! univ]se z an ultimate fact1 surr\nds ! exi/5ce ( ,god z an ultimate fact4 ,y _c get rid ( a difficulty by giv+ x ano!r "n4 ,& :e!r we call ultimate exi/5ce ,god1 or matt]1 or sub/ance1 is ( no vital importance to anyone :o keeps 8 m9d on ! real issue t has to be decid$4 ,if ! "q1 ,:at is ! cause ( exi/5ce8 be a legitimate "o1 x applies no less to ! exi/5ce ( ,god ?an x does to ! exi/5ce ( matt]1 or =ce1 or sub/ance4 ,all t we ga9 is ano!r problem :i* we add to ! problems we already possess4 ,we increase our burd5 )\t enl>g+ our compreh5sion4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is said t we ne$ an all embrac+ =mula t w make our conception ( ! univ]se coh]5t1 x may be repli$ t we h t 9 su* a conception z ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,& x is surely bett] to keep to a =mula t does at lea/ "w1 ?an to devise "o t is altoge!r useless4 ,! inh]5t weakness ( ! !i/ic conception w be be/ se5 by tak+ an or?odox pres5tation ( ! argum5t "u consid]ation4 ,9 8 well-kn[n "w on ,!ism1 ,pr(essor ,fl9t says t grant+ all ! atoms ( matt] to be et]nal1 grant t all ! prop]ties & =ces1 :i* ) ! smalle/ degree ( plausibility c be claim$ = !m to be et]nal & inde/ructible1 & x is /ill beyond expression improbable t ^! atoms1 ) ^! =ces1 if un>rang$1 uncomb9$1 unutilis$ by a presid+ m9d1 w\ld give rise to any?+ entitl$ to be call$ a univ]se4 ,x is millions to "o t !y w\ld nev] produce ! simple/ ( ! regul> arrangem5ts :i* we compreh5d "u ! designation ( c\rse ( nature4 7,!ism2 pp4 #ajg-h47 ,n[ ?is is an admirably cle> & t]se /atem5t ( an argum5t :i* is (t5 pres5t$ 9 s v]bose a mann] t its real nature is1 to a consid]able ext5t1 disguis$4 ,b 9 ?is case1 cle>ness ( /atem5t makes = ease ( refutation1 z w be se54 ,=1 in/ead ( ! /atem5t be+1 z ! writ] seems to ?9k1 almo/ self-evid5tly true1 x is almo/ obtrusively false4 ,in/ead ( its be+ millions to "o1 giv5 matt] & =ce ) all _! pres5t prop]ties1 aga9/ ! pres5t arrangem5t ( ?+s occurr+1 x is inconceivable1 assum+ t no?+ b ! atoms & _! prop]ties exi/1 t any o!r arrangem5t ?an ! pres5t "o %\ld h result$4 ,= ! pres5t natural ord] is n some?+ t is1 s to speak1 sep>able f our conception ( natural =ces1 x is some?+ t has gr[n out ( & is ! expression ( ! idea ( nature4 ,?us1 giv5 a prop] und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciple ( gravitation1 & x is impossible to conceive an unsupport$ /one n fall+ to ! gr\nd4 ,giv5 a prop] conception ( ! prop]ties ( ! con/itu5ts ( a *emical comp\nd1 & we c only conceive "o result z possible4 ,9 all cases our conception ( :at mu/ occur foll[s f ! nature ( ! =ces !mselves4 ,?is is necess>ily ! case s9ce ! conception ( ! ultimate prop]ties ( matt] has be5 built up by ! obs]vation ( ! actual results4 ,& "o simply _c conceive an alt]ation 9 ^! results )\t ?9k+ ( "s alt]ation or modification ( ! causes ( :i* !y are ! expression4 ,:at is true ( ! "p is true ( ! :ole4 ,! pres5t /ructure ( ! _w /&s z ! inevitable outcome ( ! play ( natural =ces4 ,?is is bo? ! expression ( an actual fact & a condition ( coh]5t ?\ght4 ,uni=mity ( results f uni=mity ( conditions is a pre-requisite to sane ?9k+4 ,9 reality1 ! expression millions to "o is no m ?an an appeal to man's awe 9 fac+ a /up5d\s me*anism1 & 8 feel+ ( impot5ce :5 deal+ ) s complex a subject z ! evolution ( a _w4 ,x c only mean t to a c]ta9 /ate ( k x seems millions to "o aga9/ ! pres5t ord] result+4 ,b to a c]ta9 /ate ( k x w\ld seem millions to "o aga9/ s fluid a ?+ z wat] ev] becom+ solid4 ,to o!rs x is a commonplace ?+ & a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! prop]ties ( wat] itself4 ,to a savage x w\ld be millions to "o aga9/ a cl\d ( fire mi/ ev] becom+ a _w ) a highly div]sifi$ fauna & flora4 ,to a sci5ti/ !re is no?+ m 9 x ?an antec$5t & consequ5t4 ,su* expressions z its be+ millions to "o aga9/ c]ta9 ?+s happ5+ is nev] really m ?an an appeal to ignorance2 x means only t our k is n great en\gh to p]mit our trac+ ! successive /ages ( ! evolution be=e u4 ,once ! sci5tific conception ( ! univ]se is grasp$1 ! m>vel is n t ! pres5t ord] exi/s1 ! m>vel w\ld be t any o!r ord] %\ld be1 or t any radical alt]ation 9 x %\ld occur4 ,& !re really is no ne$ to ?r[ ! :ole univ]se at ! head ( ! sceptic4 ,t is an attempt to ov]come him ) %e] weight4 ,intr9sically !re is no?+ m m>vell\s 9 ! evolution ( a habitable globe f ! primitive nebula1 ?an !re is 9 ! fact t an unsupport$ /one always falls to ! gr\nd4 ,x is only our famili>ity ) ! "o exp]i5ce & our lack ( k conc]n+ ! o!r t gives u ! condition ( wond] 9 ! "o case & lack ( x 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ! light ( mod]n k ord] is1 z ,w4 ,h4 ,mallock says1 a physical platitude1 n a div9e p>adox4 ,moreov]1 if ! odds are a million to "o aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ! pres5t arrangem5t exi/+1 ! odds w\ld be equally great aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( any o!r arrangem5t4 ,& z ! odds are equally great aga9/ all--see+ t "s arrangem5t mu/ exi/--!re c be no logical value 9 us+ ! argum5t aga9/ "o arrangem5t 9 p>ticul>4 ,! same "q1 ,:y ?is arrangem5t & none o!r8 might arise 9 any case4 ,f9ally1 ! absurdity ( argu+ t ! ord] ( nature compels a belief 9 deity may be se5 by realis+ ! fact t our conception ( ord] is itself ! product ( ! exp]i5c$ sequ5ce :i* con/itutes ! ord] 9 "q4 ,our ideas ( ord] are n indep5d5t ( ! _w1 !y are its product--an expression ( ! relation betwe5 organism & environm5t4 ,giv5 a diff]5t organism1 ) diff]5t s5se organs1 & ! _w w\ld appe> diff]5t4 ,on ! o!r h& ! :ole /ructure ( man is ! result ( ! exi/+ conditions4 ,assume ! ord] to be *ang$1 & ! human organism--presum+ x /ill to exi/1 w und]go correspond+ modifications4 ,x w\ld n f9d less ord] or less beauty1 ! ord] & ! beauty w\ld simply be f\nd 9 ano!r direction4 ,&1 presumably1 ! !i/ w\ld /ill po9t to ! exi/5ce ( t ord] z cle> pro( ( a design+ intellig5ce4 ,some?+ ne$s to be said "h on a m rec5t =m ( ! argum5t f ! ord] ( nature ?an ! "o we h be5 discuss+4 ,!re is no vital di/9ction betwe5 ! old & ! new =m1 b a v>iation 9 t]ms seems to produce on "s m9ds a conviction ( newness--itself a pro( t ! nature ( ! old =m _h nev] be5 fully realis$4 ,?is new =m is t bas$ ^u :at is call$ ,directivity4 ,recognis+ t x is no long] possible to successfully dispute ! sci5tific proposition t ! /ate ( ! univ]se at any "o mom5t mu/ be tak5 z ! result ( all ! conditions !n prevail+1 &1 !re=e1 x is to ! op]ation ( ! ultimate prop]ties ( matt]1 =ce1 e!r1--or :atev] "n we *oose to give to ! sub/ance ( ! univ]se--x is argu$ t we nev]!less require "s direct+ =ce :i* w set1 & keep ! univ]se on its pres5t track4 ,b !re is really no?+ 9 ?is beyond ! n[ famili> appeal to human impot5ce4 ,we d n "k1 ,we _c see1 are q excell5t reasons = say+ no?+ at all1 b ! v wor/ gr\nd on :i* to make positive /atem5ts1 or on :i* to base positive beliefs4 ,! only condition t w\ld ju/ify our mak+ human ignorance a gr\nd on :i* to make /atem5ts ( ! k9d nam$ w\ld be t we _h demon/rably exhau/$ ! possibilities ( natural =ces1 & no fur!r developm5ts 7 possible 9 ?is direction4 ,f> f ?is be+ ! case !re is n a s+le man ( sci5ce :o w\ld diss5t f ! /atem5t t we are only ^u ! ?re%old ( a k ( _! possibilities4 ,& ?is assumption ( direction is unconv9c+1 if n suicidal 9 "*4 ,assum+ t direction may h occurr$1 ! fact ( direction adds no?+ to ! qualities or possibilities ( exi/5ce1 any m ?an ! directivity ( a *emi/ adds to ! possibilities ( c]ta9 elem5ts :5 he br+s !m into comb9ation4 ,unless ! possibilities ( ! comp\nd 7 already 9 ! elem5ts guidance w\ld be useless4 ,&1 9 ! same way1 unless ! capacity = produc+ ! univ]se we see already exi/$ 9 ! atoms !mselves1 no am\nt ( direction c\ld h produc$ x4 ,god simply takes ! place ( ! *emi/ br++ c]ta9 *emical elem5ts 91 ( ! eng9e] guid+ c]ta9 =ces along a p>ticul> *annel4 ,b no new capacity is creat$1 & all t is done by ei!r ! *emi/ or ! eng9e] might occur )\t _! int]f]5ce4 ,o!rwise x c\ld n occur at all4 ,n[ !re is no d5y+ t natural =ces d produce ! ph5om5a ar\nd u4 ,t is und5iable4 ,& :e!r !re be a god or n ?is fact rema9s q unaffect$4 ,all t ,god c d is to set up c]ta9 comb9ations4 ,b ?is does n exclude ! possibility ( ?is comb9ation tak+ place )\t ! op]ation ( deity4 ,9 fact1 x implies x4 ,ei!r1 !n1 natural =ces possess ! capacity to produce ! univ]se z we see x1 or !y d n4 ,if !y d n1 !n x is impossible = u to conceive 9 :at way ev5 deity c\ld produce x4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y h ?is capacity1 ! argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( deity loses its =ce1 & ! !i/ is b\nd to admit t all t he claims z due to ! action ( deity might h happ5$ )\t him4 ,! !i/s own argum5t1 if logically pursu$ ends 9 dive/+ x ( all co]cive value4 ,x is curi\s t ! !i/ %\ld fail to see t a mu* /rong] argum5t = ! op]ation ( deity w\ld h be5 ( a negative "*1 to h prov$ t 9 "s way ,god manife/$ an inhibitive influ5ce & ?us prev5t$ c]ta9 ?+s occurr+ :i* w\ld h transpir$ b = 8 int]f]5ce4 ,regul>ity1 or ord] is1 z we h se51 ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! p]si/5ce ( =ce4 ,& s long z natural =ces cont9ue to express !mselves 9 ! way 9 :i* exp]i5ce has l$ u to expect !re is no ne$ = u to ?9k ( any?+ beyond4 ,! pr9ciple ( in]tia is ) u "h1 = if x be true t =ce w p]si/ 9 a giv5 direction unless deflect$ f its c\rse by "s o!r =ce1 x mu/ be equally true t all =ces w "w out a giv5 consequ5ce unless !y are deflect$ f _! c\rse by ! op]ation ( "s sup]ior =ce4 ,n[ if x 7 possible = ! !i/ to %[ t 9 c]ta9 cases ! normal consequ5ces ( kn[n =ces did n transpire1 & t ! ab]ration c\ld n be acc\nt$ = by ! op]ation ( any o!r conceivable =ce1 x might be argu$ ) "s degree ( plausibility t !re exi/s a controll+ p[] beyond :i* answ]s to ,god4 ,t might af=d a plausible case = directivity4 ,b to insi/ ^u ! preval5ce ( natural ord] w n help ! case = !ism4 ,x w r emb>rass x4 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 impress all ^? ^: conception ( sci5tific me?od is poor--& sometimes "o ?9ks t ?is is all t is delib]ately aim$ at--b x w n affect anyone else4 ,to ! in=m$ m9d x w appe> t ! ,goddite is weak5+ 8 case ) e /ep he takes 9 ! direction ( :at he app>5tly believes to be a demon/ration ( its logical invuln]ability4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,argum5t ,,f ,,causation4 ,! argum5t f causation may logically foll[ t f exi/5ce1 ( :i* x may be reg>d$ z a "p4 ,x is pres5t$ "u v>i\s =ms1 & :5 /at$ 9 a p]suasive mann]1 is next to ! argum5t f design1 probably z popul> z any4 ,! pr9cipal reason = ?is is1 ,i ?9k1 t v few p are conc]n$ ) ?9k+ out exactly :at is meant by causation1 & ! proposition t e ev5t mu/ h a cause1 w9s a ready ass5t1 & :5 foll[$ by ! ass]tion t !re=e ! univ]se mu/ h _h a cause1 :i* is ,god1 ! reason+1 or r ! p>ody ( reason+1 appeals to _m4 ,!re is a %[ ( reason & logic1 b little m4 ,q unque/ionably a great deals dep5ds ^u :at is meant by causation1 & /ill m ^u ! use made ( ! law ( causation by !i/s4 ,?us we h se5 x urg$ aga9/ ,mat]iali/s t neural activity _c be ! equival5t ( ?\ght because !y d n resemble ea* o!r4 ,& 9 ano!r direction we meet ) ! same idea 9 ! ass]tion t ! cause mu/ be equal to ! effect1 by :i* x is app>5tly meant t ! cause mu/ be simil> to ! effect1 & t unless we c disc]n 9 ! cause ! same qualities manife/$ by ! effect1 we h n e/abli%$ ! fact ( causation at all4 ,! complete & p]fect answ] to ?is la/ view is t ! qualities manife/ 9 an effect nev] are manife/ 9 ! cause1 7 x s x w\ld be impossible to di/+ui% "o f ! o!r4 ,! !i/ is1 z is (t5 ! case1 say+ "o ?+ & mean+ ano!r4 ,:at he says is t ! cause mu/ be adequate to ! effect4 ,!re is no dispute "h4 ,b :at he proce$s to argue is t ! effect mu/ be disc]nible 9 ! cause1 :i* is a diff]5t /atem5t altoge!r4 ,:5 he says t an effect _c be great] ?an its cause1 :at he means is t an effect _c be diff]5t f its cause1 :i* is d[nright nons5se4 ,he asks1 ,h[ c t :i* has n life produce life8 z ?\gh ! "q 7 on all f\rs ) ! necessity = a man to possess tw5ty %ill+s be=e he c give *ange = a sov]eign4 ,( c\rse1 ! reply to all ?is is t ! factors :i* :5 comb9$ produce an effect always give some?+ ( :i* :5 uncomb9$ !y %[ no trace4 ,!re is no trace2 ( sweetness 9 ! con/itu5ts ( sug> ( lead1 or ( blu5ess 9 ! con/itu5ts ( blue vitriol4 ,9 n a s+le case1 if we are to foll[ ! logic ( ! !i/1 is !re a cause adequate to produce an effect1 if we are to foll[ ! reason+ ( "s !i/s2 9 ea* case we %\ld h to assume "s occult ag5t z responsible = ! result4 ,9 reality & 9 /rict sci5tific tru?1 x is ( ! v ess5ce ( causation t !re %all be pres5t 9 ! effect "s quality or qualities t are n pres5t 9 ! cause4 ,& all ! confusion may be elim9at$ if !re is borne 9 m9d ! simple & s+le consid]ation t 9 /udy+ an effect x is ! qualities ( a comb9ation ) :i* we are prop]ly conc]n$4 ,& to expect to f9d 9 analysis t :i* is ! product ( syn!sis is 9 ! highe/ degree absurd4 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge 9 8 little "w on ,life & ,matt] prop]ly corrects ! fallacy ) :i* ,i h be5 deal+1 & po9ts out t prop]ties c be possess$ by an aggregate or an assemblage ( p>ticles1 :i* 9 ! p>ticles !mselves did n 9 ! slighte/ degree exi/4 ,b 9 8 desire to f9d a basis = 8 !ism imm$iately falls into an error 9 an opposite direction4 ,we are on safe gr\nd1 he says1 9 ass]t+ t :atev] is 9 a "p mu/ be 9 ! :ole4 ,?is is true if x is meant t z ! :ole conta9s ! "p1 ! "p is 9 ! :ole4 ,b 9 t s5se ! /atem5t 0 h>dly wor? ! mak+4 ,:at 8 argum5t dem&s is ! mean+ t z man is possess$ ( m9d1 & z man is "p ( nature1 !re=e nature1 z a :ole1 manife/s m9d4 ,& t is n true4 ,m9d may be a special manife/ation ( a special arrangem5t ( =ces1 & only occurr+ "u special conditions4 ,:at ,sir ,oliv] says1 !n1 is t ! prop]ties ( a "p are 9 ! :ole1 because ! "p is includ$ 9 :ole4 ,:at he implies1 & )\t ?is implication 8 argum5t is mean+less1 is t ! prop]ties ( a "p belong to all p>ts ( ! :ole4 ,& t is a /atem5t s grotesquely untrue t ,i suspect ,sir ,oliv] w\ld be ! fir/ to dis[n ! pla9 implications ( 8 own argum5t4 ,& "h is ,sir ,oliv]'s illu/ration ( 8 argum5t3-- ! fact an apple has pips legitimises ! ass]tion t an apple tree has pips 444 b x w\ld be a *ildi% misund]/&+ to expect to f9d actual pips 9 ! trunk ( a tree4 ,n[1 :y %\ld ! fact t an apple has pips legitimise ! /atem5t t an apple tree has pips1 any m ?an x legitimises ! /atem5t t ! soil f :i* x spr+s has pips8 ,& if ! tree has n actual pips1 9 :at s5se does x possess !m8 ,if ! reply is t x possesses !m pot5tially1 "o may meet t ) ! rejo9d] t pot5tially pips1 & ev]y?+ else1 includ+ ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge1 7 conta9$ 9 ! primitive nebulae4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! apple tree does n conta9 pips ei!r actually or pot5tially4 ,9 8 *ampion%ip ( !ism our sci5ti/ =gets 8 sci5ce4 ,:at ! apple tree possesses is ! capacity = build+ up a fruit ) pips ) ! aid ( mat]ial extract$ f ! soil b5ea? & f ! air ar\nd4 ,^! pips are no m 9 ! tree ?an !y are 9 ! air or ! soil--n ev5 z a figure ( spee*4 ,"o might1 f any po9t ( view1 z reasonably look = ! col\r & %ape & smell ( an apple 9 ! tree z to look = ! pips4 ,! prop]ties ( ! tree is really "o ( ! factors 9 ! production ( a result4 ,sir ,oliv] makes ! mi/ake ( writ+ z ?\gh ! tree 0 ! only factor 9 ! problem4 ,?is is n ! place 9 :i* to ent] on an exhau/ive inquiry z to ! nature ( causation4 ,x is en\gh to po9t out t ! :ole !i/ic fallacy re/s "h on ! assumption t we are deal+ ) two ?+s1 :5 z a matt] ( fact we are deal+ ) only "o4 ,cause & effect are n two sep>ate ?+s1 !y are ! same ?+ view$ "u two diff]5t aspects4 ,:51 = example1 ,i ask = ! cause ( gunp[d] & am told t x is sulphur1 *>coal1 & nitre1 or = a cause ( sulphuric acid & am giv5 sulphide ( iron & oxyg51 x is cle> t consid]$ sep>ately ^! +r$i5ts are n causes at all4 ,:e!r *>coal & sulphur w become "p ( ! cause ( gunp[d] or n w dep5d ^u ! pres5ce ( ! ?ird ag5t2 :e!r sulphide ( iron w rank z "p ( ! cause ( sulphuric acid w dep5d ^u ! pres5ce ( oxyg54 ,9 e case x is ! assemblage ( appropriate factors t con/itute a real cause4 ,b giv5 ! factors1 gunp[d] does n foll[ _! assemblage1 x is _! assemblage t is express$ by ! result4 ,!re is no succession 9 "t1 ! result is in/antane\s ) ! assemblage ( ! factors4 ,! effect is ! regi/ration1 s to speak1 ( ! comb9ation ( ! factors4 ,n[ if :at has be5 said be admitt$ z correct ! argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( ,god z bas$ ^u ! fact ( causation breaks d[n completely4 ,if cause & effect are ! expressions ( a relation1 & if !y are n two ?+s1 b only "o1 "u two aspects1 cause be+ ! "n = ! relat$ p[]s ( ! factors1 & effect ! "n = _! assemblage1 to talk1 z does ! !i/1 ( work+ back along ! *a9 ( causes until we rea* ,god1 is nons5se4 ,ev5 if we c\ld a*ieve ?is feat ( regression1 we c\ld n rea* by ?is means a ,god di/9ct f ! univ]se4 ,=1 z discov]+ ! cause ( any effect means no m ?an analys+ an effect into its factors1 ! problem w\ld ultimately be t ( deal+ ) ! "q ( h[ some?+ already exi/+ trans=m$ itself into ! exi/+ univ]se4 ,a =m ( a v d\btful ,pan!ism might be rea*$ 9 ?is way1 b n !ism4 ,b "h a fre% difficulty pres5ts itself to ! !i/4 ,a cause1 z ,i h po9t$ out1 mu/ consi/ ( at lea/ two factors or two =ces4 ,?is is absolutely indisp5sable4 ,b assum+ t we h got back to a po9t prior to ! exi/5ce ( ! univ]se1 we h on ! !i/ic !ory1 n two factors1 b only "o4 ,! ess5tial condition = an act ( causation is lack+4 ,a s+le factor c\ld only repeat itself4 ,by ?is me?od ! !i/ might rea* ,god4 ,b hav+ got !re1 !re he w\ld rema94 ,he is left ) ,god & no?+ else1 & ) no possibility ( rea*+ any?+ else4 ,we l& 9 ! same dilemma if we pursue ano!r road4 ,philosoph]s ( c]ta9 s*ools place exi/5ce 9 two categories4 ,!re is ! _w ( appe>ance 7ph5om5a71 & !re is ! _w ( reality or sub/ance 7n\m5a74 ,we "k ph5om5a & _! laws1 !y say1 b no m4 ,we d n "k1 & _c "k1 ,sub/ance 9 itself2 & ! !i/ promptly adds t ?is unkn[n sub/ance is b ano!r "n = ,god4 ,! philosoph] also w>ns u aga9/ apply+ ! laws ( ! ph5om5al _w to n\m5a1 rem9d+ u t :at we call laws ( nature h be5 devis$ to expla9 ! _w z x pres5ts itself to our consci\sness4 ,& to ?is we h ! !ological analogue 9 ! w>n+ n to measure ! inf9ite by ! f9ite or to judge ,god by human /&>ds4 ,n[ grant+ all ?is1 let u see h[ ! argum5t /&s4 ,! laws ( ph5om5a belong exclusively to ! ph5om5al _w4 ,_! application & _! validity are re/rict$ to ! _w ( ph5om5a4 ,:5 we leave ?is region we are 9 a sph]e to :i* !y are q inapplicable4 ,:at1 !n1 c be meant by speak+ ( ,god z a ,fir/ ,cause8 ,cause is a ph5om5al t]m1 x expresses ! relations betwe5 ph5om5a1 & x has no mean+ :5 appli$ to ?is assum$ & unkn[n reality4 ,we are 9 ! position ( "o :o is try+ to use a col\r scale 9 a _w :]e vision does n exi/4 ,! !i/ is try+1 9 a simil> way1 to use ! conception ( cause1 :i* is creat$ to express ! relations betwe5 ph5om5a1 9 a _w :]e ph5om5a h no exi/5ce4 ,?us1 :5 ! !i/1 to use 8 own words1 has trac$ back an effect to a cause1 & ?is to a prior cause1 & s on1 till he has rea*$ a ,fir/ ,cause1 :at happ5s8 ,simply ?is4 ,at ! end ( ! *a9 ( ph5om5a ! !i/ makes a mighty jump & ga9s ! n\m5on4 ,b betwe5 ?is & ! ph5om5on he c e/abli% no relation :atev]4 ,x _c be a cause ( ph5om5a because on 8 own %[+ causation is a ph5om5al ?+4 ,he has work$ back along ! *a9 ( causation1 disc>d+ l9k aft] l9k on 8 j\rney4 ,f9ally1 he rea*es ,god & disc>ds ! lot4 ,& "h he is left cl++ ) no intelligible way ( gett+ back aga94 ,if on ! o!r h&1 he relates ,god to ph5om5a he has fail$ to get :at he requires4 ,he has m]ely add$ "o m l9k to 8 *a9 ( ph5om5a1 & ! fir/ cause rema9s z f> (f z ev]4 ,= if ,god is n relat$ to ph5om5a he ceases to be a cause ( ph5om5a 9 ! only s5se 9 :i* he is ( use to ! !i/ic hypo!sis4 ,fur!r1 "o may ask1 ,:y travel back along ! *a9 ( causation to discov] ,god8 ,:at is ga9$ by travell+ along an inf9ite s]ies1 & say+ sudd5ly1 ,at ?is po9t ,i espy ,god4 ,confess$ly we may trace back ph5om5a z f> z we w )\t f9d+ ourselves a /ep ne>] a comm5cem5t4 ,all we get is a trans=mation ( pre-exi/+ mat]ial into new =ms4 ,consequ5tly all ! evid5ce t exi/s at ! mom5t we cease our j\rney exi/$ :5 we began x4 ,9 %ort1 if ,god c be %[n to be ! effici5t cause ( ph5om5a any:]e1 he c be %[n to be ! cause ev]y:]e1 & ! pro( may be produc$ ?r\gh ph5om5a imm$iately at h& z well z f ^? remov$ f u by an indef9ite numb] ( /ages4 ,! evid5ce becomes nei!r /rong] nor m relevant by be+ put f>!r back4 ,pro( is n l w9e1 its quality does n improve ) age4 ,to say t we mu/ pause some:]e may be true1 b t is only rem9d+ u t bo? human "t & human en]gy are limit$4 ,b x is c]ta9ly fooli% to fir/ ( all induce m5tal exhau/ion1 & !n use x z ! equival5t ( a positive & valuable discov]y4 ,& ev5 ?\gh by "s undiscov]$ me?od we _h rea*$ t metaphysical nightm>e a cause ( all ph5om5a1 & 9 defiance ( all intelligibility _h *ri/5$ x a ,fir/ ,cause1 h[ w\ld t satisfy ! causal crav+8 ,pr(essor ,campbell ,fras] v prop]ly says t ! old =m ( ea* new ph5om5on z mu* ne$s explanation z ! new =m itself did1 & ?is ne$ is c]ta9ly nei!r satisfi$ nor de/roy$ by ref]r+ "o =m ( exi/5ce to ano!r4 ,if ,a4 is expla9$ by ,b4 we are driv5 to expla9 ,b4 by ,c41 & s on indef9itely4 ,or if we c /op ) ,a4 or ,b4 !n ! causal crav+ is n s p]si/5t z 0 suppos$1 & man c re/ cont5t )9 ! limit ( recognis$ limitations4 ,= :at ,pr(essor ,fras] calls an absolutely orig9at+ cause is only su* s long z we h n rea*$ x4 ,we are satisfi$ ) an imag9>y ,b4 z an explanation ( ! actual ,a4 s long z ,b4 does n come )9 our grasp4 ,s soon z x has become ! orig9at+ cause ( ! ph5om5on 9 h& we are (f on a fur!r se>*4 ,fir/ has no o!r intelligible s5se or mean+ ?an ?is4 ,fir/ 9 relation to a giv5 clu/] ( ph5om5on we may grant2 ,fir/ 9 ! s5se ( call+ = no fur!r explanation is d[nright !ological lunacy4 ,an et]nal ,fir/ cause c\ld only be su* 9 relation to an et]nal effect4 ,& 9 t case x c\ld n be prior to ! effect s9ce ! effect is only ! exi/+ factors comb9$4 ,causation _c c>ry u beyond ph5om5a s9ce x has no mean+ ap>t f ph5om5a4 ,! notion t because e ph5om5on has a cause !re=e !re mu/ be a cause = ph5om5a z a :ole--mean+ by ?is = ! sum total ( ph5om5a--is :olly absurd4 ,x is n s\nd sci5ce1 x is n good philosophy1 x is n ev5 commons5se4 ,x is simply nons5se :i* is giv5 an air ( dignity because x is clo!d 9 philosophic language4 ,y _c rise f ph5om5a to ! !i/'s ,god2 fir/1 because1 z ,i h said1 cause & effect are names = ! relation t is se5 to exi/ betwe5 "o ph5om5on & ano!r1 & ! !i/ is seek+ aft] some?+ t is above all relations4 ,to po/ulate some?+ t is n ph5om5a z ! cause ( ph5om5a1 is l discuss+ ! possibility ( a bird's flight & dismiss+ ! possibility ( an atmosph]e4 ,secondly1 causation c give no clue to a ,god because ! se>* = causes is a se>* = ! conditions "u :i* ph5om5a occur4 ,& :5 we h describ$ ^! conditions we h fulfill$ all ! conditions requir$ to e/abli% an act ( causation4 ,! !i/1 9 %ort1 comm5ces ) a wrong conception ( causation4 ,he proce$s by apply+ to "o sph]e language & pr9ciples f ano!r1 & to :i* !y c h no possible application1 & :]e !y h no intelligibility4 ,& hav+ completely confus$ ! issue1 he ends ) a conclusion :i*1 ev5 on 8 own %[+1 has no logical relation to ! premises laid d[n4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,argum5t ,,f ,,design4 ,kant call$ ! argum5t f design ! olde/1 ! cle>e/1 & ! mo/ adapt$ to ! ord9>y human reason1 ( all ! argum5ts advanc$ on behalf ( ! belief 9 ,god4 ,kant's dictum1 x w be obs]v$1 omits all op9ion z to its quality1 & 8 own criticism ( x left x a sorry wreck4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill treat$ x f> m respectfully1 & comm5c$ 8 exam9ation ( x ) ! flatt]+ introduction1 ,we n[ at la/ rea* an argum5t ( a really sci5tific "*1 &1 al?\gh he did n f9d ! argum5t conv9c+1 gave x a mo/ respectful dismissal4 ,! purpose ( ! pres5t *apt] is to %[ t ! argum5t f design 9 nature is 9 ! la/ degree unsci5tific1 t ! analogy x seeks to e/abli% is a false "o1 t x is completely & hopelessly irrelevant to ! po9t at issue1 & t "o might grant ne>ly all x asks =1 & ev5 !n %[ t x does n prove :at x sets out to prove4 ,t su* an argum5t %\ld h1 & = s long1 ex]t$ s mu* influ5ce ov] ! human m9d1 gives "o any?+ b a flatt]+ impression ( ! p[] ( reason 9 human affairs4 ,true x is t ( late ye>s ! argum5t f design has felt ! influ5ce ( ! gr[? ( ! idea ( evolution1 & ! *ampions ( !ism h us$ x ) mu* great] caution1 & "u an obvi\s s5se t x no long] wield$ its old au?ority4 ,! fact t ?is is s =ms a comm5t>y on ! /atem5t s (t5 made t man's crav+ = an ultimate cause leads to ! belief 9 ,god4 ,! tru? be+ t man--! av]age man--only seeks = an explanation ( imm$iate happ5+s4 ,once ! imm$iate ?+ be=e him is expla9$ 8 curiosity is allay$4 ,! av]age man lives m5tally f h& to m\?1 & tr\bles z little ab\t ultimate explanations z he does ab\t ! exhau/ion ( ! coal supply4 ,x is a po9t ( "s significance t ! p]ception ( design 9 nature1 z ) ! belief 9 deity1 is1 if "o may use ! expression1 pre-sci5tific 9 po9t ( orig94 ,:at ,i mean by t is t x orig9ates at a "t :5 no o!r explanation ( ! orig9 ( natural adaptations exi/$4 ,x did n e/abli% itself z "o ( sev]al rival explanations & 9 virtue ( its own /r5g?4 ,x 0 e/abli%$ simply because no o!r explanation 0 at ! "t conceivable4 ,& s soon z ano!r explanation1 su* z t ( natural selection1 0 plac$ be=e ! _w1 ! orig9 ( adaptations z a product ( an extra-natural design+ intellig5ce became to mo/ educat$ m9ds simply impossible4 ,! p]ception ( design 9 nature 01 z a matt] ( fact1 no m ?an a special illu/ration ( ! animi/ic frame ( m9d :i* reads vitality into all natural happ5+s4 ,x is impossible to f9d 9 ! /atem5t t p>ticul> adaptations 9 nature are design$ any?+ m sci5tific ?an "o c f9d 9 ! belief t ra9 is ! product ( a heav5ly ra9-c[1 or t fla%es ( lightn+ are spe>s ?r[n by compet+ heav5ly w>riors4 ,x is ! language only t diff]s 9 ! two cases4 ,! frame ( m9d indicat$ 9 ! two cases are id5tical4 ,! attractiv5ess ( ! argum5t f design lies 9 its ne>ness to h& & 9 its appeal to facts1 comb9$ ) ! impossibility ( v]ification4 ,t nature is full ( /range & curi\s examples ( adaptation is cle> to all1 al?\gh ! significance ( ^! adaptations are by no means s cle>4 ,moreov]1 a v casual /udy ( ^! cases %[ t !y are bett] calculat$ to dazzle ?an to conv9ce4 ,! pres5tation ( a numb] ( m or less elaborate facts ( adaptation1 foll[$ ) ! rem>k t we are unable to see h[ su* cases c\ld h be5 br\ght ab\t 9 ! abs5ce ( a design+ intellig5ce1 is1 at be/1 an appeal to human weakness & ignorance4 ,! rev]se ( su* a position is t if we _h complete k ( ! causes at "w1 ! assumption ( design might be f\nd to be q unnecess>y4 ,we _c see is only ! equival5t ( we d n "k1 & t is a %ock+ly bad basis on :i* to build an argum5t4 ,:51 !re=e1 an em95t electrician l ,pr(essor ,flem+ says1 ,we h ov]:elm+ pro( t 9 ! manufacture ( ! inf9ite numb] ( sub/ances made 9 ,nature's laboratory !re mu/ be at all /ages "s directivity1 ?is c only mean t ,pr(essor ,flem+ _c see ! way 9 :i* ^! sub/ances are made4 ,x does n mean t he sees h[ !y are made4 ,& 9 say+ ?is he is 9 no bett] position ?an 0 ,kepl]1 :o aft] describ+ ! true laws ( planet>y motion1 :5 he came to ! "q ( :y ! planets %\ld describe ^! motions fell back on ! !ory ( ,angelic intellig5ces z ! cause4 ,! true explanation came ) ! physics ( ,galileo & ,newton1 & ) t1 f>ewell to ! angelic directivity4 ,! only reason = ,kepl]'s angels 0 8 ignorance ( ! causes ( planet>y motion4 ,! only reason :y ,pr(essor ,flem+ says t ! atoms h to be guid$ into c]ta9 positions to build up ! complex molecules is t he is unable to isolate ?is assum$ directive =ce & to %[ x 9 op]ation2 he is l a mod]n ,kepl] fac$ ) some?+ ! cause ( :i* he doesn't "k1 & lugg+ 9 ,god to save fur!r tr\ble4 ,x is an assumption ( k :]e no k exi/s4 ,god is always :at ,sp9oza call$ x1 ! asylum ( ignorance4 ,:5 causes are unkn[n ,god is br\ght =w>d4 ,:5 causes are kn[n ,god retires into ! backgr\nd4 ,god is n an explanation1 x is a n>cotic4 ,! argum5t f design re/s ^u ! exi/5ce 9 nature ( adaptations ei!r g5]al or special4 ,& q obvi\sly ! value ( evid5ce d]iv$ f adaptations w be det]m9$ by ! exi/5ce ( non-adaptations4 ,if1 t is1 x c be %[n t a c]ta9 assemblage ( =ces produce adaptation1 :ile 9 ano!r in/ance !y fail to produce x1 x w\ld !n be logical to argue t ! diff]5ce 0 due to ! directive p[] be+ )drawn 9 ! latt] case4 ,b t z we "k is nev] ! case4 ,:at we see is always ! same conditions produc+ ! same effects4 ,we are nev] able to say1 ,"h are natural =ces work+ m9us a direct+ intellig5ce1 & "h is an assemblage ( ! same =ces work+ plus ! addition ( a direct+ intellig5ce4 ,if we c\ld d t we %\ld be able to attribute ! diff]5ce to ! new factor4 ,b ?is we are nev] able to d4 ,& x is an elem5t>y pr9ciple ( sci5tific me?od t be=e we c ass]t ! exi/5ce ( a di/9ct =ce or factor1 ! possibility ( isolation mu/ be %[n4 ,adaptation c1 !n1 only be demon/rat$ by non-adaptation4 ,& non-adaptation 9 nature simply does n exi/1 except 9 relation to an ideal end creat$ by ourselves4 ,surpris+ z ?is may appe> to "s1 exam9ation %[s x to be no m ?an a truism1 & t grant$1 ! :ole /r5g? ( ! argum5t f adaptation1 :e!r 9 ! inorganic or ! organic _w1 disappe>s4 ,to see ! matt] ! m cle>ly1 let u drop = a "t ! ^w adaptation & sub/itute ! ^w process4 ,= t aft] all is :at nature pres5ts u )4 ,we see processes & we see results4 ,x is because we create an end = ^! processes t we class !m z well or ill adapt$ to a*ieve x4 ,we make a gun1 & say x is ill or well made z x %oots well or ill4 ,b :e!r x c>ries /raight or n ! relation ( ! %oot+ to ! con/ruction ( ! gun rema9s ! same4 ,judg+ ! gun m]ely f its con/ruction1 ! product answ]s completely to ! comb9ation ( its p>ts4 ,con/ruct$ 9 "o way ! gun _c b %oot /raight4 ,con/ruct$ 9 ano!r way ! gun _c b %oot crook$ly4 ,& ! only reason we h = call+ "o good & ! o!r bad is t we desire a p>ticul> result4 ,b ! goodness or badness has no?+ to d ) ! ?+ itself4 ,its adaptation to ! end produc$ is z p]fect 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,x c\ld produce no o!r result ?an ! "o t actually em]ges )\t an alt]ation 9 ! means employ$4 ,a ?+ is :at x is because x is ! comb9ation ( all ! =ces t produce x4 ,& to ask u to m>vel at ! result ( a process1 :5 ! "o is ! product ( ! o!r is l ask+ u to express our surprise t twice two equal f\r4 ,twice two equal f\r because f\r is ! sum ( ! factors1 & no "o dreams ( prais+ ,god because !y don't sometimes make f\r & a half4 ,! argum5t f adaptations 9 nature is1 :5 exam9$1 j ab\t z impressive z ! reason+ ( ! curate :o saw ! h& ( ,provid5ce 9 ! fact t dea? came at ! end ( life in/ead ( 9 ! middle ( x4 ,adaptation is n1 !n1 a s+ul> fact 9 nature1 b a univ]sal "o4 ,x is ev]y:]e1 9 ! case ( dea? z 9 t ( life4 ,x is ! same 9 ! case ( a *ild born a m>vel ( heal? & beauty z 9 t ( "o born de=m$ & diseas$4 ,!re is no?+ else b adaptations ( means to ends 9 nature1 h[ev] displeas+ "s ( !m may be to u4 ,! h>mony :i* ! !i/ p]ceives 9 nature is n ! expression ( plan1 x is ! inevitable outcome ( ! prop]ties ( exi/5ce4 ,giv5 matt] & =ce1 & x requires no directive intellig5ce to produce ! exi/+ ord]1 x w\ld inde$ require a ,god to prev5t its occurr5ce4 ,x is ! same if we take ! case ( animal life alone4 ,to say t animal life is adapt$ to its environm5t1 & to say t animal life exi/s1 is to say ! same ?+ 9 two ways4 ,:e!r animal =ms are fa%ion$ by div9e intellig5ce or n1 ! fact ( adaptation rema9s2 = adaptation is ! ess5tial condition ( exi/5ce4 ,& z adaptation is ! condition ( exi/5ce1 x foll[s t an animal's feel+s1 /ructure1 & functions w be develop$ 9 accordance ) ! nature ( ! environm5t4 ,if ! conditions ( exi/5ce 7 diff]5t f :at !y are animal life w\ld %[ correspond+ modifications4 ,b all ! same we %\ld obs]ve ! same correspond5ce betwe5 animal life & its surr\nd+s4 ,"h1 aga91 we h a fact trans=m$1 )\t ! slighte/ w>ranty1 into a purpose4 ,n[1 if ! !i/ c\ld prove t out ( a numb] ( equally possible l9es ( developm5t liv+ be+s %[ "o fix$ =m1 & t aga9/ ! compulsion ( environm5tal =ces1 he w\ld d some?+ to prove ! probability ( "s sort ( guidance4 ,b t we "k _c be done4 ,! =ms ( life are inf9ite 9 numb]4 ,!y v>y )9 all possible limits2 & always 9 t]ms ( environm5tal conditions4 ,9 brief1 :at is said to occur ) ,god1 c be %[n to be inevitable )\t him4 ,god 9 nature is a :olly gratuit\s hypo!sis4 ,lat] x w be se5 t ! :ole basis ( ! argum5t f design is fallaci\s2 t x proce$s along altoge!r wrong l9es1 & t ! f9al objection to x is t x is completely irrelevant to ! po9t at issue4 ,= ! mom5t1 h[ev]1 we proce$ ) a criticism ( ! argum5t z usually /at$4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t :at ! !i/ desires to rea* is a ,creator1 b x is obvi\s t ?is plea c nev] give u m ?an a m]e design] work+ on mat]ials t already exi/4 ,( necessity design implies two ?+s1 difficulties to be ov]come1 & skill or wisdom 9 ov]com+ !m4 ,design is an und]/&able ?+ 9 connection ) man1 because man is always occupi$ 9 ov]com+ ! resi/ance ( =ces t exi/ q indep5d5tly ( him1 & :i* op]ate )\t ref]5ce to 8 ne$s or desires4 ,b x w\ld be absurd to assume design on ! "p ( "o = :om difficulties _h no exi/5ce1 or on ! "p ( "o :o himself creat$ ! =ces t _h to be ov]come1 & end[$ !m ) all ! prop]ties :i* made ! "w ( design necess>y4 ,grant+ ! relevance ( ! data ^u :i* ! belief 9 design re/s1 "o c\ld only assume1 ) ,mill1 t ! au?or ( ! ,cosmos work$ "u limitations2 t he 0 oblig$ to adapt himself to conditions indep5d5t ( 8 w1 & to atta9 8 ends by su* arrangem5ts z ^! conditions admitt$ (4 ,9 ! next place1 ! argum5t = design is an argum5t f analogy1 & an analogy c by its v nature nev] give a complete demon/ration4 ,x c nev] (f] m ?an a probability1 m or less conv9c+ z ! analogy is m ( less complete4 ,b 9 ! case "u consid]ation ! analogy is consid]ably less r ?an m4 ,paley's classical illu/ration--tak5 almo/ v]batim f ,malebran*e1 b z old o!rwise z ! days ( ,greek philosophy1 :]e a /atute took its place--0 t ( a wat*4 ,& ! conclusion 0 drawn t z ! p>ts ( a wat* be> obvi\s m>ks ( hav+ be5 made ) a view to a p>ticul> end1 s ! animal /ructure & ! univ]se z a :ole be> simil> m>ks ( hav+ be5 design$4 ,x is true t ( late ye>s ! ,paleyan =m ( ! argum5t has be5 disav[$ by mo/ s*ol>ly advocates ( !ism1 b z !y imm$iately proce$ to make use ( argum5ts t are sub/antially id5tical ) x1 ! repudiation does n seem ( great consequ5ce4 ,x rem9ds "o ( a gov]nm5t t is compell$ by ! =ce ( public op9ion to op5ly repudiate "o ( its (ficials1 & hav+ remov$ him f ! (fice 9 :i* ! misdemean\r 0 committ$1 imm$iately appo9ts him to "o ( an increas$ dignity & ) a l>g] sal>y4 ,?us1 we h ,pr(essor ,fiske say+ t ,paley's simile ( a wat* is no long] applicable to su* a _w z ?is 7,idea ( ,god2 p4 #aca71 & ,pr(4 ,sorley tell+ u t ! age ( ,paley & ( ! ,bridgewat] ,treatises is pa/ 7,moral ,values & ! ,idea ( ,god2 p4 #cbg71 & ,mr4 ,balf\r repudiat+ ,paley z hav+ be5 rul$ out ( c\rt by ,d>w9ism 7,humanism & ,!ism1 *apt] ,,ii474 ,b z ,fiske puts ! fl[] 9 ! place ( ! wat*1 ,sorley1 ! moral nature ( man1 & ,balf\r1 ! conditions ( animal life1 x is n q cle> :y if ! ,paleyan argum5t is invalid1 ! new =m is any m intellectually respectable4 ,! ess5ce ( ! ,paleyan argum5t 0 ! ass]tion ( a m9d beh9d ph5om5a1 ! work+s ( :i* c\ld be se5 9 ! =ms ( animal life4 ,& :e!r we f9d t pro( 9 ! gr[? ( a fl[]1 or 9 ! moral s5se ( man1 or 9 ! creation ( natural conditions t impel ! developm5t ( life along a c]ta9 road1 ! di/9ction is n vital4 ,we are /ill f9d+ pro(s ( ,god 9 ! /ructure ( ! _w 7:]e o!rwise1 inde$1 are we to f9d x87 & we are /ill dep5d+ on ! suppos$ lik5ess betwe5 ! works ( human intellig5ce & natural products4 ,& t analogy is :olly false4 ,! argum5t f design aims at prov+ t all ?+s are made by a creative intellig5ce4 ,x is n m]ely animals t are design$2 !y are select$ z no m ?an /rik+ individual examples ( a g5]al tru?4 ,ev]y?+1 if !ism be true1 mu/ be ultimately due to manufacture4 ,b ! :ole significance ( ! ,paleyan argum5t f design is t beh9d ! manufactur$ article :i* we recognise z su*1 !re are o!r articles or o!r ?+s t are n manufactur$4 ,! travell]1 says ,paley1 :o comes across a wat* recognises 9 ! relation ( its p>ts evid5ces ( workman%ip4 ,b he does n see 9 ! break+ ( a wave on ! %ore1 or 9 ! pil+ up ( s& 9 ! des]t1 or 9 a pebble on ! bea*1 ! same tok5s ( workman%ip4 ,9 ! v act ( attempt+ to prove t "s ?+s are made1 ! !i/ is compell$ to assume t all ?+s are n made4 ,he c only ga9 a victory at ! price ( confess+ a defeat4 ,b is !re any real analogy betwe5 ! works ( man & ! univ]se at l>ge8 ,let u take a famili> example4 ,x is1 we are told 9 a v famili> illu/ration1 z absurd to imag9e t ! _w z x exi/s is ! "w ( unguid$ natural =ces1 z x w\ld be to believe t ! r[s ( lett]s 9 a compositor's /ick _h ( _! own conta9$ =ce arrang$ !mselves 9 intelligible s5t5ces4 ,! absurdity ( ! la/ supposition is admitt$1 b :y is t s8 ,obvi\sly because we h ! previ\s k t ! type itself is a manufactur$ ?+1 & t its arrangem5t 9 ord]ly s5t5ces is ! "w ( intellig5t m54 ,?us1 :at occurs :5 we come across a p>ticul> example ( type sett+ is t we comp>e our pres5t exp]i5ce ) o!r exp]i5ces & recognise x z belong+ to a p>ticul> class4 ,s ) ! wat*4 ,! only reason we h = believ+ t a wat* is made is t ( our previ\s k t su* ?+s are made4 ,! pres5t judgm5t is bas$ ^u pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,b ! case ( animal =ms1 & /ill m ! univ]se at l>ge1 (f]s no su* analogy4 ,we "k no?+ ( _w mak]s nor ( animal mak]s4 ,we h no previ\s exp]i5ce to g ^u1 nor h we any ?+s ( a simil> k9d1 kn[n to be made1 ) :i* we c comp>e !m4 ,in/ead ( ! po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ! two ?+s be+ s num]\s z to compel belief1 !y agree 9 "o p>ticul> only1 t ( exi/5ce4 ,at mo/ all we are left ) is ! palpably absurd position t because man selects & adju/s means to a giv5 end1 !re=e any comb9ation ( =ces 9 nature :i* produce a c]ta9 result mu/ also be ! expression ( consci\s int5tion4 ,"s app>5t =ce ev5 to ?is flimsy conclusion might be giv5 if nature c\ld be said to be work+ t[>ds a giv5 end4 ,b we d n f9d ?is4 ,:at we see is a multitude ( =ces at "w1 ! action ( ea* ( :i* (t5 results 9 ! negation ( ! o!r4 ,put on "o side ! l>g]1 b n ! lea/ pregnant fact t animal life is only ma9ta9$ 9 ! face ( num]\s ag5cies1 inorganic & organic1 t are app>5tly b5t ^u its de/ruction2 put on "o side also ! fact t multitudes ( p>asites--z mu* ! result ( design z any o!r =m ( life--are con/antly prey+ ^u & de/roy+ =ms ( life high] ?an !mselves1 & !re /ill rema9 myriads ( facts altoge!r inconsi/5t & completely irreconcilable ) ! hypo!sis ( a creative intellig5ce %ap+ ! c\rse ( affairs to a giv5 end4 ,to take only "o illu/ration ( ?is4 ,:at is to be said ( ! myriads ( animals t are born into ! _w only to p]i% be=e rea*+ an age at :i* !y c play _! "p 9 ! p]petuation ( ! species8 ,are we to believe t ! same deity :o fa%ion$ ^! =ms ( life creat$ at ! same "t a numb] ( =ces t 7 c]ta9 to de/roy !m8 ,cle>ly we are b\nd to assume1 ei!r t ?is hypo!tical ,be+ pursues a numb] ( mutually de/ructive plans1 or t !re are a numb] ( design]s at "w & at w> ) ea* o!r1 or t none at all exi/4 ,if we are to judge nature f ! /&po9t ( human intellig5ce1 !n we mu/ logically decide t x is full ( wa/e1 full ( bungl+1 full ( plans t come to no?+1 ( ends t are nev] realis$1 ( pa9 & mis]y t might h be5 avoid$ by ! ex]cise ( almo/ ord9>y intellig5ce4 ,!re are few animals conc]n+ :i* a compet5t anatomi/ or physiologi/ c\ld n sugge/ "s improvem5t 9 _! con/ruction by :i* _! functions might be m effici5tly p]=m$4 ,nor does x seem q impossible to h s adju/$ natural =ces t ! developm5t ( life might h be5 accompli%$ )\t ! pres5t enorm\s wa/e ( mat]ial4 ,x is almo/ /upid to ask1 z did ! late ,dr4 ,m>t9eau1 :at "r h we to judge ! _w f a purely humani/ic po9t ( view4 ,! :ole argum5t f design is bas$ ^u a humani/ic po9t ( view4 ,! ,a!i/ is only call+ ! att5tion ( ! !i/ to ! consequ5ces ( 8 own argum5t4 ,i leave = a lat] *apt]1 ! moral aspect ( ! design argum5t4 ,i am at pres5t conc]n$ ) its purely logical pres5tation4 ,& ! cr[n+ *>ge "h is n t x is inconclusive1 n t x falls %ort1 z ,mill ?\ght1 ( a complete analogy1 ! decisive rejection ( x is bas$ ^u ! fact t x is absolutely irrelevant4 ,! argum5t has no be>+ on ! issue2 ! evid5ce has no relation to ! case4 ,:at is ! ess5ce ( ! argum5t f design8 ,x is bas$ ^u c]ta9 adaptations t are obs]v$ to exi/4 ,b adaptation is1 z we h %[n1 a univ]sal quality ( exi/5ce4 ,x exi/s 9 e case1 & no m 9 "o case ?an 9 ano!r4 ,& :5 ! !i/ says t because c]ta9 ?+s "w toge!r !re=e god arrang$ x1 an apt qu]y is1 ,h[ d y "k8 ,"o may ev5 say1 ,grant+ !re is a ,god1 h[ d y "k t :at is 0 actually design$ by him8 ,x is no use reply+ t ! way ?+s "w toge!r prove design1 = ?+s always "w toge!r4 ,!y _c d o!rwise4 ,any gr\p ( =ces "w toge!r to produce a giv5 result4 ,t is "p ( ! univ]sal fact ( adaptation :i* ! !i/ holds up z ?\gh x 7 a div9e miracle in/ead (1 z ,mallock says1 a physical platitude4 ,let u take an illu/ration f ev]yday life4 ,a man tries 8 h& at build+ a bicycle4 ,:5 x is f9i%$ ! :eels are n true1 ! frame is un/eady1 ! :ole ?+ is ready to fall to pieces & is absolutely unrideable4 ,is any "o w>rant$ 9 decl>+ t because ! p>ts h all be5 br\ght toge!r by me !re=e ! result+ ma*9e 0 an act ( design8 ,cle>ly n4 ,:at ,i design$ 0 a ma*9e p]fect aft] its k9d4 ,:at appe>$ 0 ! mis]able /ructure t is be=e u4 ,on ! o!r h& t ma*9e ) all its imp]fections might h be5 design$ by me4 ,i might1 = "s purpose delib]ately h int5d$ to make a ma*9e t w\ld n c>ry a rid]4 ,& :5 w\ld anyone be logically ju/ifi$ 9 say+ :i* ( ! two k9ds ( ma*9es express my design8 ,cle>ly1 only :5 he _h a k ( my int5tion4 ,ap>t f a k ( an int5tion prec$+ an act ! inf]5ce ( design is unw>rantable4 ,n[1 assum+ ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 & :o /&s 9 ! same relation to ! _w t ,i d to ! ma*9e1 h[ c anyone "k t ! _w z x is expresses design any m ?an did my home-made bicycle8 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 ! =m]1 :at is ne$$ to ju/ify ! assumption ( design is a k ( int5tion4 ,"o mu/ "k :at ! assum$ mak] int5d$ & !n see h[ f> ! actual result realises x4 ,design1 9 %ort1 al?\gh x may be express$ 9 a physical =m is n a physical ?+1 b a psy*ic fact4 ,y _c by exam9+ physical processes & results rea* design4 ,y _c />t ) a mat]ial fact & rea* int5tion4 ,y mu/ beg9 ) int5tion & comp>e x ) ! physical result4 ,?+s may be z !y are :e!r design is involv$ or n4 ,x is only by a k ( int5tion1 & a comp>ison ( t ) ! fact be=e u t we c be c]ta9 ( design4 ,pro( ( design is n f\nd 9 ! capacity ( c]ta9 clu/]s ( circum/ances or =ces to realise a p>ticul> result1 b 9 a k t !y correspond ) an int5tion :i* we "k to h exi/$ be=e ! result occurs4 ,to w>rant a logical belief 9 design 9 nature ?ree ?+s are ess5tial4 ,fir/1 "o mu/ assume t a ,god exi/s4 ,second1 "o mu/ take x = grant$ t "o has a k ( ! int5tion 9 ! m9d ( ! deity be=e ! alleg$ design$ ?+ is br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,f9ally1 "o mu/ be able to comp>e ! result ) ! int5tion & demon/rate _! agreem5t4 ,b ! impossibility ( kn[+ ! fir/ two ?+s is app>5t4 ,& )\t ! fir/ two ! ?ird is ( no value :atev]4 ,= we h no means ( rea*+ ! fir/ except ?r\gh ! ?ird4 ,& until we get to ! fir/ we _c make use ( ! ?ird4 ,we are ?us 9 a hopeless impasse4 ,no exam9ation ( nature c lead back to ,god because we lack ! necess>y />t+ po9t4 ,all ! volumes t h be5 writt51 & all ! s]mons t h be5 prea*$ depict+ ! wisdom ( organic /ructures are s mu* wa/e ( pap] & brea?4 ,!y prove no?+1 & c prove no?+4 ,!y assume at ! beg9n+ all !y require at ! end4 ,_! ,god is n some?+ rea*$ by way ( inf]5ce1 x is some?+ assum$ at ! v outset4 ,:at ! !i/ does at e /ep ( 8 reason+ is to read 8 own feel+s & desires into nature4 ,! design he talks s glibly ab\t is 9 him1 n outside ( him4 ,z well might a maggot 9 a *eese argue t ! _w 0 design$ = him because ! agreem5t betwe5 8 /ructure & x are s h>moni\s4 ,9 relation to _! surr\nd+s man & ! maggot are 9 ! same position4 ,& 9 ! economy ( nature man is ( no m consequ5ce ?an ! maggot4 ,!re is a m complex syn!sis ( =ces "h ?an !re1 a m subtle exhibition ( nature's inf9ite capacity = evolv+ fre% =ms ( life1 & t is all4 ,x is man himself :o pa9ts a di/ort$ picture ( himself on ! surface ( ?+s1 :o reads 8 own passions & desires into nature1 & !n admires a m>vel creat$ by himself4 ,to he :o correctly visualises ! process ( ! evolution ( deity1 ! exi/5ce ( ,god is h>dly to-day a "q = discussion4 ,!re is a discussion only ( ! hi/ory ( ! belief1 & 9 t is f\nd its /ronge/ condemnation4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,di%>monies ,,( ,,nature4 ,x has already be5 indicat$ t x is n really necess>y1 9 ord] to prove design1 to e/abli% ! fact t ! design is p]fect or t x exhibits complete goodness4 ,x is en\gh t !re be design4 ,its moral quality or value is q ano!r "q4 ,nev]!less1 x w be z well to deal ) ?is latt] aspect ( ! subject1 & to see :at k9d ( plan x is t nature does exhibit1 ev5 assum+ ! exi/5ce ( "s design4 ,n[ x is evid5t t if !re be design 9 nature1 & if ! design is ! expression ( a s+le supreme m9d "o quality ( t plan %\ld be unity4 ,! products %\ld1 s to speak1 dovetail into ea* o!r 9 su* a way t !y "w toge!r1 & ev5 h>monise ) ea* o!r4 ,b ?is is1 notori\sly1 n ! case4 ,if f "o po9t ( view !re is a c]ta9 h>mony ?r\gh\t ! _w ( liv+ be+s 9 virtue ( :i* life is pres]v$1 x is at lea/ equally true t f ano!r po9t ( view ! h>mony is "o ( de/ruction4 ,& 9 ! end dea? w9s4 ,soon] or lat] dea? ov]takes all =ms ( life1 :ile 9 ! gr& total ( liv+ be+s born into ! _w1 a f> l>g] numb] p]i% ?an c rea* maturity4 ,wa/$ ef=t is ! milde/ judgm5t t c be pass$ ^u ^! abortive attempts4 ,& n only does dea? ev5tually w9 9 ! case ( ea* individual1 & aga9/ :i* may be set ! consid]ation t 9 ! economy ( nature dea? plays a "p 9 ! developm5t ( life1 b ev5tually dea? w1 if we are to tru/ sci5ce1 reap a sweep+ & univ]sal triumph by ! consummation ( t]re/rial conditions t w r5d] ! ma9t5ance ( life impossible4 ,or1 aga91 ! relations ( species are cle>ly n :at we h a "r to expect 9 ! work+ out ( a reasonably wise & b5evol5t plan4 ,x is a g5]al tru? t1 ) ! exception ( a few in/ances1 *iefly connect$ ) ! relations exi/+ betwe5 insects & fl[]s1 ! developm5t ( "o species 9 relation to ano!r is n t ( mutual helpfulness4 ,! g5]al rule "h is t ( mutual injury4 ,! c>nivora prey on ! h]bivora & ^u ea* o!r2 & ! h]bivora cru% ea* o!r by me?ods t are z effective z ! me?od ( direct attack4 ,any v>iation is good provid$ x be ( advantage to its possessor4 ,& ! good ( ! "o k9d may mean ! de/ruction ( ano!r ord]4 ,all ! exquisite design %[n 9 ! developm5t ( ! f9] feel+s ( man1 & ^u :i* !i/ic s5tim5tali/s love to dwell1 may be se5 9 ! /ructure ( ^? p>asites :i* de/roy man & br+ 8 f9] feel+s to naught4 ,! late ,!odore ,roosevelt says ( ! ,brazilian =e/s3-- ,9 ^! =e/s ! multitude ( insects t bite1 /+1 dev\r1 & prey on o!r creatures1 (t5 ) accompanim5ts ( atroci\s suff]+1 passes belief4 ,! v pa!tic my?s ( b5efic5t nature c\ld n deceive ev5 ! lea/ wise be+ if he once saw ! iron cruelty ( life 9 ! tropics4 ,( c\rse1 nature--9 common p>lance a :olly inaccurate t]m1 by ! way1 especially :5 us$ to express a s+le entity--is entirely ru?less1 no less s z reg>ds types ?an z reg>ds individuals1 & entirely indiff]5t to good or evil1 & works out h] ends or no ends ) utt] disreg>d ( pa9 & woe 7,cit$ by ,e4 ,d4 ,fawcett 9 ,! ,_w z ,imag9ation2 pp4 #ega-b74 ,& ,mr4 ,c>ve? ,reade expresses ! same ?+ 9 a m elaborate summ+ up3-- ,! m]ciless "* ( organic evolution appe>s to u1 fir/1 9 reckless propagation & ! consequ5t de/ruction4 ,e species is z prolific z x c be compatibly ) ! developm5t ( its individuals2 & ! dea?s t ensue f inanition1 disease1 viol5ce1 pres5t a /upefy+ sc5e4 ,! be/ "o c say = x is t1 z life rises 9 ! organic scale1 ! dea? rate decl9es4 ,yet ev5 man /ill suff]s outrage\sly by viol5ce1 disease1 inanition2 ! notion t ,mal?us's ,law no long] holds ( civilis$ man is a fooli% delusion4 ,b m s9i/] ?an ! direct de/ruction ( life is ! spectacle ( innum]able species pr(it+ by a life1 p>asitic or pr$atory1 at ! exp5se ( o!rs4 ,! p>asites refute ! vulg> prejudice t evolution is by ! measure ( man1 progressive2 adaptation is indiff]5t to bett] or worse1 except z to ea* species1 t its (fspr+ %all survive by atrophy & degradation4 ,! pr$atory species fl\ri% z if 9 d]ision ( moral maxims2 we see t ?\gh human morality is natural to man1 x is f> f express+ ! :ole ( ,nature4 ,animals1 at fir/ indi/+ui%able vegetables1 dev\r !m & enjoy a f> ri*] life4 ,animals t eat o!r animals are ne>ly always sup]ior n only 9 /r5g?1 grace & agility b 9 intellig5ce4 ,!re are exceptions to ?is rule2 "s snakes eat monkeys 7?ank+ ,provid5ce71 & ! elephant is cont5t ) foliage2 b comp>e cats & wolves ) ! ungulates t make a fir/ concoction ( h]bs = _! sake4 ,x is true t our monkey k9 are *iefly frugivor\s2 = x may be plausibly argu$ t man 0 fir/ diff]5tiat$ by becom+ def9itely c>nivor\s1 a sociable hunt]1 z x 71 a wolf-ape4 ,h5ce ! advantage ( long] legs1 ! use ( weapons1 ! upright gait & deft] h&s to use & make weapons1 m /rategic bra9s1 tribal organisation1 & h5ce lib]ation f ! tropical =e/1 & citiz5%ip ( ! _w4 ,! great] "p ( 8 subsequ5t hi/ory is equally un$ify+3 hav+ made ! _w 8 prey1 he says t ,god made ! _w to t end1 & ^? :o h prey$ ^u _! fell[s1 & enslav$ !m1 & fl\ri%$ ^u x1 h decl>$ t to h be5 ! int5tion ( nature4 7,! ,metaphysics ( ,nature2 pp4 #cdd-e74 ,a p]petual pull+ d[n & build+ up1 & ! build+ altoge!r dep5d5t ^u ! demolition4 ,! tig] built ) ta/es & capacities = cat*+ ! gazelle3 ! gazelle built ) capacities t enable x to escape ! tig]4 ,!re is no evid5ce "h ( ! exi/5ce ( a s+le m9d work+ out an intellig5t plan4 ,at mo/ we h ei!r ! pro( = a numb] ( w>r+ p[]s1 ea* "o /riv+ to de/roy :at ! o!r is /riv+ to create1 or a s+le m9d t has delib]ately fa%ion$ ?+s s t ea* "p may "w = ! de/ruction ( ! o!r "p1 ! :ole to pres5tly end 9 a gr& cata/rophe4 ,b t is n all4 ,if we limit our att5tion to man1 c x be said t we f9d 9 ! human /ructure :at we might reasonably expect to f9d if man be inde$ ! cr[n ( ! div9e plan1 ! ev5t to :i*1 = untold ages1 all ?+s 7 design$ly t5d+8 ,:at we actually d f9d is t ! /ructure ( man1 physically & m5tally1 is su* z to altoge!r negative ! notion ( complete or h>moni\s adju/m5t to environm5t4 ,t ! human has )9 x a l>ge numb] ( ve/igial /ructures--"s sci5ti/s place x z high z "o hundr$ & sev5ty--is n[ well kn[n1 & =ms at ! same "t "o ( ! evid5ces ( evolution & an impea*m5t ( ! !i/ic !ory4 ,!re is only ne$ to in/ance n[ ! v]mi=m app5dage1 :i* =ms ! seat ( app5dicitis1 ! wisdom tee?1 ( v little use1 & "o ( ! mo/ fruitful ( causes ( disease ( ! tee?1 ! hair :i* cov]s ! human body1 n[ ( no use :atev]1 except to =m a lodgm5t = microbes1 & s makes ! acquisition ( disease ! m c]ta94 ,9 addition to ! numb] ( rudim5t>y organs t actually enc\rage disease--,met*nik(f c\nts among ^! ! l>g] inte/9e--! body is full ( rudim5t>y muscles & /ructures t :5 n positively h>mful1 impose a tax on ! organism = :i* no correspond+ s]vice is p]=m$4 ,! mean+ & significance ( ^! /ructures are1 h[ev]1 s well recognis$ t "o ne$ n dwell ^u _! exi/5ce4 ,n s well kn[n is ! complem5t>y fact t j z 9 8 physical /ructure man be>s evid5ce ( 8 em]g5ce f l[] =ms ( life1 :i* result 9 a c]ta9 degree ( di%>mony betwe5 him & an ideal environm5t1 s 9 8 psy*ic life 8 in/9cts & feel+s are (t5 su* z to prev5t t ideal adaptation :i* s _m desire4 ,! e>li] conception ( optimi/ic evolutioni/s t ! in/9cts ( man 71 ?r\gh ! op]ation ( natural selection1 conv]t$ into b5efic5t guides is q faulty4 ,9 itself ?is 0 probably a survival ( ! !ism :i* tri$ to prove t ?is 0 ! be/ ( all possible worlds1 & :i* l$ evolutioni/s to try & prove t _! !ory 0 also e?ically desirable4 ,at any rate1 ! !ory ( ! :olly b5efic5t nature ( human in/9cts is n t5able4 ,our in/9cts are inh]it$ f our animal ance/ors2 !y 7 br\ght to fruition "u conditions diff]5t 9 =m f ^? :i* obta9 ) human be+s1 ) ! result t :e!r an in/9ct is helpful or ! contr>y dep5ds l>gely ^u ! educational quality ( ! environm5t1 & ev5 !n inh]it$ t5d5cies may be s /rong z to make !m a s\rce ( dang] to ! community r ?an ( b5efit4 ,x is not$1 = example1 t a deal ( :at may be call$ crime1 or at lea/ lawlessness1 is ! result ( an individual be+ born ) t5d5cies develop$ 9 a way t fits him = an environm5t ( c5turies ago1 r ?an an environm5t ( to-day4 ,v _m ( our national h]oes ( a few c5turies ago w\ld rank z crim9als to-day1 j z _m ( our crim9als to-day w\ld1 _h !y be5 born a few c5turies s9ce1 h be5 h&$ d[n to u z examples ( *ivalry or ( national h]oism4 ,in/ead ( :at "o may call ! natural end[m5ts ( man po9t+ t[>ds a m civilis$ =m ( life1 !y po9t to a less civilis$ =m1 :ile x is ! artificially or socially induc$ feel+s & ideas t po9t to a bett] future4 ,?us1 if we take ! primitive or brute feel+ ( retaliation we f9d x assum+ ! =m ( w>4 ,& )\t discuss+ ! value ( w> 9 ! pa/1 or ev5 its admissibility 9 special circum/ances 9 ! pres5t1 ,i d n ?9k x w be s]i\sly disput$ t ! great ne$ ( ! pres5t is to transf] t feel+ f ! l[] level ( brute =ce to ! high] "o ( adv5ture 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce & human bett]m5t4 ,"h x is n ! exi/5ce ( a l(ty god-giv5 end[m5t t puts man out ( h>mony ) 8 environm5t2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 ! op]ation ( an e>li] =m ( feel+ manife/ation :i* ret>ds ! com+ ( a bett] day4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 n a s+le quality ( human nature t c be said to act ) in]rancy4 ,! baby seizes objects indiscrim9ately & puts !m 9 its m\?4 ,! man fall+ into ! wat] does ! v ?+ he %\ld n d--?r[s up 8 arms4 ,int5se cold lulls to somnol5cy1 in/ead ( r\s+ to activity4 ,! love ( *ildr51 on :i* ! pres]vation ( ! race dep5ds1 is abs5t ) _m2 :ile ) o!rs ! sexual in/9ct und]goes /range & morbid manife/ations4 ,a complete li/ ( ^! di%>monies w\ld fill a volume--inde$1 ,met*nik(f1 9 8 ,nature ( ,man1 has fill$ half a volume ) describ+ "s ( ! in/ances ( physiological di%>mony1 & !n has n exhau/$ ! li/4 ,x w\ld inde$ seem z if nature1 ) its me?od ( nev] creat+ a new organ or /ructure1 b only trans=m+ & utilis+ an old "o1 _h atta*$ a p5alty to e successful attempt to rise above a c]ta9 level4 ,if man w walk upright %e sees to x t 8 do+ s %all involve a great liability to h]nia4 ,if he w live 9 cities1 %e has ready ! ravage ( consumption4 ,if he w use clo?+ %e makes him c>ry r\nd a coat+ ( useless hair z a me?od ( trapp+ disease microbes4 ,s soon z "o disease is conqu]$ ano!r is discov]$4 ,pleasures h _! rev]se side 9 pa9s1 & to "s pa9s ! pleasures be> a small relation1 be+ *iefly ( ! "* ( ! pa9s be+ abs5t4 ,z a social animal man is only imp]fectly adapt$ to ! /ate1 !re go+ on a con/ant w>f>e betwe5 8 egoi/ic & altrui/ic impulses4 ,9 fact1 x w\ld c]ta9ly be an arguable proposition1 if we all[ int5tion 9 nature1 to say t man 0 int5d$ to rema9 at ! animal level1 & t1 hav+ s f> defeat$ nature's int5tion1 he is dogg$ by a disappo9t$ creator1 & made to pay ! fulle/ price t c be exact$ = e /ep ( progress a*iev$4 ,( c\rse1 ( pro( ( design 9 nature !re is positively none4 ,design1 z ,i h said1 is n a natural fact1 b a purely human con/ruction4 ,b1 if admitt$1 x is a two edg$ weapon4 ,=1 if assum$ any:]e1 x mu/ be assum$ to exi/ ev]y:]e4 ,& design+ intellig5ce mu/ be made responsible = ! :ole s*eme4 ,b ?is ! mo/ extravagant piety refuses to d4 ,ei!r we h ! primitive !ory ( a devil :o divides ) ,god ! responsibility = ! /ate ( ! _w1 or we h ! plea t evil may be only good disguis$1 or good 9 ! mak+1 or x is argu$ t we h to contemplate ! plan z a :ole1 & mu/ wait = "s future /ate to pass judgm5t4 ,& :i*ev] view we take1 !re is ! impli$ admission t ! plan ( creation z we "k x _c be h>monis$ ) ! !ory ( ,god t mod]n !ism places be=e u4 ,& in/ead ( man be+ ! miracle ( p]fection t an e>li] g5]ation saw 9 8 /ructure1 we "k t ! human /ructure is su* t1 giv5 ! p[] to create1 sci5ce c\ld really fa%ion1 9 ! light ( its pres5t k1 a bett] organism4 ,f9ally1 di%>mony is impli$ 9 & necessitat$ by ! v fact ( progress4 ,progress means a bett] adju/m5t1 & ! discom=t ( maladju/m5t is ! spur to improvem5t4 ,a p]fect equilibrium is z impossible z p]petual motion1 & x is only ) a p]fect equilibrium t *ange1 :i* is ! condition ( progress1 w\ld cease4 ,! ceaseless desire = some?+ bett] is1 !re=e1 9 itself an impea*m5t ( ?+s z !y are4 ,x is an indication ( !re be+ some?+ want+1 ( ! exi/5ce ( a want ( complete h>mony betwe5 man & 8 surr\nd+s4 ,nor is ! case ( ! !i/ bett]$ if he retorts t )\t ! s5se ( imp]fection or ( dissatisfaction !re w\ld be no su* ?+ z a consci\s /riv+ aft] improvem5t4 ,t may be admitt$1 b t is only prov+ t p]fection c nev] be a*iev$1 & t ev5 9 ?is la/ resort ,god has s design$ ?+s z to make a mock ( man at ! end4 ,! want ( complete h>mony t is se5 9 ! physical /ructure ( man is c>ri$ ov] into 8 m5tal life4 ,if !ism be true man is mock$ by a mirage4 ,& ! k is made ! m depress+ by ! belief t ! plan is n accid5tal1 x is n a product ( ! work+ ( non-consci\s =ces1 x is ! preorda9$ outcome ( a plan t 0 delib]ately resolv$ on by a be+ ) full p[] to devise "s ?+ wis] & bett]4 ,at ! side ( t1 any !ory ( ?+s is1 by comp>ison1 hopeful & inspir+4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,god ,,& ,,evolution4 ,!re is no logical connection betwe5 :at is call$ ! ,moral gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se & ! belief 9 ,god1 b x mu/ be confess$ t ! criticism ( ! belief f ! po9t ( view ( moral feel+ is ( consid]able importance4 ,?is is 9 itself a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! reaction ( social developm5ts on religi\s beliefs4 ,= !re is orig9ally no connection betwe5 morality & ! belief 9 ,god4 ,man does n believe 9 ! gods because !y are moral1 b because !y are !re4 ,if !y are1 to 8 m9d1 good1 t is s mu* ! bett]4 ,b :e!r !y are good or bad !y h to be fac$ z facts4 ,! gods1 9 %ort belong to ! region ( belief1 :ile morality belongs to t ( practice4 ,x is 9 ! nature ( morality t x %\ld be implicit 9 practice long be=e x is explicit 9 !ory4 ,morality belongs to ! gr\p & is root$ 9 c]ta9 impulses t are a product ( ! ess5tial conditions ( gr\p life4 ,x is z reflection awak5s t m5 are l$ to speculate ^u ! nature & orig9 ( ! moral feel+s4 ,morality1 :e!r 9 practice or 9 !ory1 is ?us bas$ ^u :at is4 ,on ! o!r h&1 religion1 :e!r x be true or false1 is 9 ! nature ( a discov]y4 ,h[ev] crude or un9=m$ ! ?9k+1 ! belief 9 ,god mu/ be reg>d$ z ! product ( reflection4 ,! situation is n unfairly describ$ by ,dr4 ,ja/r[3-- ,! v>i\s rites practic$ by primitive society 9 ord] to w>d (f evils1 or to secure ! protection ( dread$ p[]s or spirits1 are bas$ prim>ily on logical consid]ations4 ,if a c]ta9 /one is reg>d$ z sacr$1 x is probably because x is associat$ ) "s mis=tune1 or "s unusual piece ( good luck4 ,someone sitt+ on ! /one may h di$2 or on sleep+ on x may h se5 a rem>kable vision1 :i* 0 foll[$ by a signal victory ov] a dang]\s foe4444 ,9 all ?is1 h[ev]1 e?ical consid]ations are rem>kable = _! abs5ce4444 ,tak+ aga9 s common a belief among all peoples z ! influ5ce = good or evil ex]t$ by ! dead ^u ! liv+ & ! num]\s practices to :i* x gives rise 444 x w be difficult to discov] 9 ^! beliefs ! fa9te/ sugge/ion ( any e?ical influ5ce4 ,x is n ! good b ! p[]ful spirits t are invok$2 an appeal to !m is n made by %[+ !m examples ( k9dness1 ju/ice1 or noble de$s1 b by bribes1 flatt]ies1 & ?reats4 7,! ,/udy ( ,religion2 ,*4 ,,vi474 ,s we h ,tylor also endors+ ?is op9ion by rem>k+ t1 ,! popul> idea t ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se is an ess5tial t5et ( natural religion simply falls to ! gr\nd4 ,savage animism is almo/ devoid ( t e?ical elem5t :i*1 to ! educat$1 mod]n m9d1 is ! v ma9spr+ ( religion4 ,& ,h(fd+ says t1 ,9 ! l[e/ =ms ( x ) :i* we are acqua9t$ religion _c be said to h any e?ical significance4 ,! gods appe> z p[]s on :i* man is dep5d5t1 b n z patt]ns ( conduct or adm9i/rators ( an e?ical _w ord]4444 ,n till m5 h discov]$ e?ical problems 9 practical life & h develop$ an e?ical feel+ 444 c ! figures ( ! gods assume an e?ical "*4 7,philosophy ( ,religion2 pp4 #cbc-d74 ,x is q unnecess>y to multiply evid5ce1 ! tru? ( ! matt] w\ld seem obvi\s4 ,"o _c conceive man actually ascrib+ e?ical qualities to 8 gods be=e he becomes suffici5tly develop$ to =mulate moral rules = 8 own guidance1 & to create moral laws = 8 fell[ man4 ,! moralisation ( ! gods w !n foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,& !reaft] we c pla9ly obs]ve ! op]ation ( ! moral s5se on ! belief 9 god1 & ^u ! recognition ( crude p[]4 ,man really modifies 8 gods 9 t]ms ( ! ideal human be+4 ,paul's picture ( a god :o uses man z ! pott] uses 8 clay c\ld nev] fl\ri% 9 a society :i* believ$ 9 ! rights ( man4 ,& s soon z t conception developes s soon does man beg9 to revise 8 conception ( god4 ,s ) almo/ e great *ange 9 ! =m ( gov]nm5t or 9 ! notions ( "r & wrong4 ,9 a slave /ate1 ,god fav\rs slav]y4 ,:5 slav]y gives place to ano!r =m ( lab\r ! gods are equally vigor\s 9 its condemnation4 ,! hi/ory ( ! belief 9 wit* burn+1 h]esy hunt+1 et]nal damnation1 etc41 all illu/rate ! same po9t--religi\s tea*+s are all modifi$ & moralis$ 9 accordance ) ! *ang+ moral conceptions ( mank9d4 ,x is n ! gods :o moralise man1 x is man :o moralises ! gods4 ,! gods h _! beg9n+s z m]e p[]s4 ,!y are fe>$ because !y are1 n = ! moral value ( :at !y are4 ,social developm5t does all ! re/4 ,b ) t developm5t ! feel+ ( helplessness1 ( weakness1 decays & !re arises ! dem& t if god is to be wor%ipp$ he mu/ prove wor?y ( x4 ,! conviction arises v gradually1 b x is !re1 & x becomes a p[]ful solv5t ( religi\s ideas4 ,m]ely to gov]n is n en\gh1 ,god mu/ gov]n well1 & 9 t]ms ( :at we h come to und]/& by ! ^w ,ju/ice4 ,& to ! m9ds ( millions ( mod]ns1 :5 tri$ by t te/ ! idea ( god breaks d[n4 ,t !re is a god :o rules ! univ]se is "o "q2 t he rules x well & 9 accord ) :at is und]/ood :5 we talk ( morality1 is q ano!r4 ,! two que/ions are q di/9ct s9ce ! fir/ might be true & ! second false4 ,we h already se5 h[ sl5d] are ! gr\nds = believ+ 9 ! fir/2 we h n[ to %[ t ! reasons = believ+ 9 ! second are q z unsatisfactory4 ,!ism has be5 def9$ z consi/+ 9 ! belief 9 a ,god :o is wise1 p[]ful1 & lov+1 & :o has select$ man z ! object ( 8 pref]5tial c>e1 & to ?is may be add$ ! /atem5t t mo/ mod]n !i/s w\ld ext5d t c>e to ! :ole ( s5ti5t life4 ,god's c>e mu/ be ov] all 8 creatures1 & al?\gh ?is c>e may be subs]vi5t to "s wide & f>-see+ plan1 !re mu/ be no?+ t looks l obvi\s c>elessness or crim9al neglect4 ,to :at conclusion d ! facts po9t :5 !y are exam9$ 9 ! light ( mod]n k8 ,does ! _w supply u ) ! k9d ( picture t "o w\ld expect to see if x 7 really presid$ ov] by div9e love "u ! guidance ( div9e wisdom1 & back$ by div9e p[]8 ,! pro( t x does n is %[n 9 ! almo/ endless attempts made to h>monise ! _w z x is ) ! _w z !ory w\ld h x be4 ,& a !ory t ne$s s mu* def5d+1 expla9+1 & qualify+ mu/ h some?+ radically weak ab\t x4 ,t !re is evil 9 ! _w all admit1 t x (f]s prima facie objection to ! !i/ic hypo!sis is confess$ by ! _m attempts made to fit 9 ?is evil ) ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 to prove t x works 9 "s my/]i\s way = "s l>g] good1 or t its pres5ce _c be disp5s$ ) pr(itably4 ,! "q ( :y ! _w is z x is ) a god su* z we are told exi/s1 is1 z ,canon ,gre5 says1 ! really vital "q1 = x t\*es ! v he>t ( religion4 7,! ,problem ( ,evil2 p4 #df47 ,h[1 !n1 does ! ,!i/ deal ) x8 ,broadly1 two me?ods are adopt$4 ,9 ! "o case we are pres5t$ ) ! ord] ( ! _w1 or ! c\rse ( evolution1 z indicative ( a b5efic5t s*eme4 ,?is claims to freely adopt all t sci5ce has to say conc]n+ ! developm5t ( life & to prove t ?is is 9 h>mony ) ! legitimate dem&s ( ! moral s5se4 ,! second is ! m or?odox way1 & tak+ ! _w z x is1 claims t pa9 & suff]+ play a discipl9>y & educational "p 9 ! life ( ! individual4 ,we w take ^! 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,:5 deal+ ) ! argum5t f design little 0 said conc]n+ ! evolution>y explanation ( ! special adaptations t meet u 9 ! animal _w4 ,x 0 ?\ght bett] to fix att5tion on ! purely logical value ( ! argum5t pres5t$4 ,x is n[ necess>y to look a little clos] at ! e?ical implications ( ! evolution>y process4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t all life involves a special degree ( adaptation betwe5 an organism & its environm5t4 ,de/roy t adju/m5t & life ceases to exi/4 ,h[ is t adju/m5t secur$8 ,! answ] ( ! pre-,d>w9ian 0 t x repres5t$ a delib]ate design on ! "p ( ,god4 ,aga9/ ?is ,d>w9ism prop\nds a !ory ( automatic or me*anical adju/m5t :i* makes ! call+ 9 ( deity altoge!r gratuit\s4 ,& x rema9s gratuit\s1 no matt] h[ f> ! scope ( ! !ory ( natural selection may be modifi$4 ,b giv5 ! cont9u\s v>iations :i* we "k to exi/ ) all k9ds ( life1 giv5 any sort ( competition betwe5 animals z to :i* %all live1 giv5 ev5 a degree ( adaptation bel[ :i* an animal _c fall & live1 & x is at once pla9 t ! bett] adaptations w live & ! poor] adapt$ w be elim9at$4 ,?is process is analog\s to t by :i* man has manag$ to bre$ s _m v>ieties ( dome/icat$ animals & plants1 "s ( ! v>ieties pres5t+ s m>k$ a diff]5ce f ! orig9al type t if f\nd 9 a /ate ( nature !y w\ld (t5 be class$ z a di/9ct species4 ,man selects ! v>iation t pleases him1 elim9ates or segregates ! type t does n1 & by foll[+ up ! process ev5tually produces a di/9ct & fix$ v>iation4 ,x 0 because ( ! lik5ess ( :at goes on 9 ! case ( ! bre$] to :at we see actually go+ on 9 nature t ,d>w9 us$ ! phrase ,natural ,selection z descriptive ( ! process4 ,x 0 n an exact phrase1 & x 0 n meant to be exact4 ,= "o ?+--a v important ?+1 :ile a bre$] selects1 nature elim9ates4 ,man's action1 9 relation to ! type pres]v$1 is positive4 ,nature's attitude 9 relation to ! type pres]v$ is negative4 ,?is is a v important di/9ction2 & x is "o t is fatal to ! claims ( !ism4 ,= if x po9ts to a plan 9 nature x po9ts to "o t aims at kill+ (f all t c be kill$1 & only sp>+ ^? :o are able to protect !mselves aga9/ its attack4 ,& "o is left wond]+ at ! type ( m9d :i* c see goodness & wisdom 9 a plan t goes1 on g5]ation1 aft] g5]ation manufactur+ an inf]ior or defective type 9 enorm\s numb]s 9 ord] t a few sup]ior specim5s may be f\nd1 ^! 9 _! turn to become inf]ior by ! arrival ( "s o!r specim5s a little m =tunate 9 _! end[m5t4 ,"o h>dly kn[s at :i* to m>vel ! mo/--at ! clums9ess ( ! plan1 or at ! brutality ( ! design4 ,x 0 soon realis$ t ! old argum5t f design 0 no long] possible4 ,b if "o c only get f> en\gh away f ! possibility ( pro( or dispro( !re is always a *ance = ! ,goddite4 ,s x 0 argu$ t inasmu* z natural selection meant ! em]g5ce ( a high] type1 & z !re 0 no room = design )9 ! process1 might n ! process itself be an expression ( design8 ,!re might /ill be room = :at ,huxley1 ) "o ( ^? fooli% concessions to e/abli%$ op9ion :i* is ! bane ( ,engli% ?\ght1 call$ ! wid] teleology4 ,?is 0 a teleology :i* plac$ a design+ m9d at ! back ( ! evolution>y process1 & arrang+ x ) a view to a preconceiv$ end4 ,! process !n becomes1 to use ,sp5c]'s phrase1 a b5efic5t "o1 s9ce x elim9ates ! poor] specim5s & leaves ! bett] ones to p]petuate ! species4 ,we are ?us ask$ to imag9e a div9e wisdom select+ ! bett] & de/roy+ ! inf]ior mu* z an omnisci5t ,eug5i/ might de/roy at bir? all human be+s ( an undesirable type4 ,! weakness ( ! !sis lies prim>ily 9 ! fact t 9 ! case ( ! bre$] he has to take ! animal z he f9ds x1 subject to ! play ( =ces1 ! *>act]i/ics ( :i* are det]m9$ = him4 ,he has to make ! be/ ( ! situation4 ,9 ! case ( ! deity he creates ! animals ) :i* he is assum$ to be exp]im5t+1 he creates ! =ces ) all _! qualities1 & ?us det]m9es ! nature ( ! situation4 ,q c]ta9ly no bre$] w\ld wa/e 8 "t 9 bre$+ ov] a numb] ( g5]ations if he c\ld secure ! desir$ type at once4 ,! :ole ( ! argum5t ( ! advocate ( ! wid] teleology is t ,god want$ ! high] type4 ,b if t is s :y did he n produce x at once8 ,:at useful purpose c\ld be s]v$ by produc+ at ! end ( a l5g?y & murd]\s process :at might j z well h be5 secur$ at ! beg9n+8 ,x is n wisdom b unadult]at$ /upidity to take ?\s&s ( ye>s secur+ :at might h be5 z well done 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye4 ,!re is1 9 %ort1 no ju/ification 9 ! creation ( a process s long z ! end at :i* ! process is aim+ c be rea*$ by a less tortu\s me?od4 ,z ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,s*ill] says3-- ,s long z we are deal+ ) f9ite factors1 ! function ( pa9 & ! nature ( evil c be m or less und]/ood1 b z soon z x is suppos$ to display ! work+ ( an inf9ite p[] ev]y?+ becomes :olly un9telligible4 ,we c no long] console ourselves ) ! hope t good becomes ! f9al goal ( ill1 we c no long] fancy t imp]fection s]ves any second>y purpose 9 ! economy ( ! univ]se4 ,a process by :i* evil becomes good is un9telligible z ! action ( a truly inf9ite p[] :i* c atta9 its end )\t a process2 x is absurd to ascribe imp]fection z a second>y result to a p[] :i* c atta9 all its aims )\t evil4 ,h5ce ! _w process1 & ! intellig5t purpose we fancy we detect 9 x mu/ be illusory4444 ,god c h no purpose1 & ! _w _c be 9 process4444 ,if ! _w is ! product ( an inf9ite p[] x is utt]ly unkn[able1 because its process & its nature w\ld be alike unnecess>y & unacc\ntable4 7,riddles ( ! ,sph9x2 pp4 #cah-ai74 ,besides1 z ,i h already po9t$ out1 9 ! process z x meets u 9 nature !re is n a selection = pres]vation1 b a selection = kill+4 ,) ! bre$] pres]vation is prim>y4 ,x is ( no value to him to kill1 x is ! pres]vation ( a desir$ type t is all important4 ,9 nature1 s f> z we c see1 ! :ole aim is to de/roy4 ,x is n ! fitte/ t are pres]v$ s mu* z x is ! unfitte/ t are kill$4 ,! fitte/ are left alive = no o!r app>5t reason ?an t nature is unable to kill !m4 ,! tru? ( ?is is se5 9 ! fact t :]e !re is no dea? !re is no evolution ( a high] type4 ,9 ! case ( diseases t kill !re is a gradual developm5t ( an immune type--:i* introduces ! p>adox t ! heal?ie/ diseases f :i* a race may suff] are ^? t are mo/ deadly4 ,:]e a disease does n kill !re is no developm5t aga9/ x4 ,x is ! w9n[+ fan ( dea? t makes = ! developm5t ( animal life4 ,& ! correct picture ( nature--if we mu/ picture an intellig5ce beh9d x--w\ld be t ( an intellig5ce aim+ at kill+ all1 & only fail+ 9 its purpose because ! natural end[m5t ( "s plac$ !m beyond its p[]4 ,&1 )\t exam9+ ! "q begg+ ^w high]1 x may be said t natural selection does n make = ! uni=m cov]+ ( ! e>? ) repres5tatives ( high] types4 ,if 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w ! high] h replac$ ! l[] types1 else:]e ! l[] h replac$ ! high]4 ,natural selection1 9 fact1 works )\t ref]5ce to :e!r ! =m :i* survives is high] or l[]4 ,all t matt]s is adaptation4 ,! g]m ( mal>ia r5d]s :ole tracts ( ! e>? un9habitable to ^? :om we consid] repres5tative ( ! high] culture4 ,9 o!r p>ts an alt]ation ( ! ra9fall may cru% out a civilisation1 & leave a h&ful ( nomadic tribes z ! sole d5iz5s ( l&s :]e once a l(ty civilisation fl\ri%$4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( nature !re is nev] ! slighte/ indication t =ces op]ate ) ! slighte/ ref]5ce to :at we are accu/om$ to consid] ! high] int]e/s ( ! race4 ,moreov]1 f ! /&po9t ( an apologetic !ism1 we are entitl$ to ask precisely :at is meant by ?is ju/ification ( ! evolution>y process 9 t]ms ( ! production ( a high] type4 ,! ju/ification ( a pa9ful or a co/ly exp]i5ce by an individual is two-fold4 ,fir/1 x is ! only way1 p]haps1 9 :i* c]ta9 ?+s may be le>n$ or accompli%$1 &1 second1 x is ! individual :o passes ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce :o b5efits !reby4 ,b suppose a p]son ent]$ on a c\rse ( tra9+ ) ! absolute c]ta9ty t he w\ld nev] survive x4 ,%\ld we be ju/ifi$ 9 =c+ ! c\rse on him8 ,cle>ly n4 ,! :ole w\ld be reg>d$ z a wa/$ ef=t & z an exhibition ( gratuit\s cruelty4 ,n[ :5 we look closely at ?is evolution>y process1 :o is x t b5efits !reby8 ,9 a vague way we speak ( ! race b5efit+4 ,b ! race is made up ( individuals1 & :ile x may be said ! individual b5efits f ! exp]i5ce ?r\gh :i* ! race has pass$1 x _c be tru?fully said t he is ! bett] because he has ga9$ f exp]i5ce4 ,he does n pass ?r\gh ! discipl9e1 he simply regi/]s1 s to speak1 ! result4 ,&1 !re=e1 s f> z he is conc]n$1 he is exactly 9 ! position t ! fir/ man w\ld h be5 _h he possess$ ! end[m5t1 social1 & individual1 :i* ! pres5t man has4 ,!re is no great] fallacy ?an t conta9$ 9 ! common say+ t man le>ns ?r\gh exp]i5ce4 ,individually1 s f> z civilisation is conc]n$1 t is n true4 ,7 x true1 civilisation w\ld be impossible4 ,if ea* man _h to />t :]e our primitive ance/ors />t$1 & le>n f exp]i5ce1 we %\ld end :]e ! fir/ g5]ation ( socialis$ human be+s end$1 & ! g5]ations ( m5 w\ld repres5t an endless s]ies ( fir/ /eps to :i* !re w\ld be no second ones4 ,:at ! individual le>ns f exp]i5ce is v little & w\ld nev] s]ve to lift him f out ! ranks ( savag]y4 ,:at he le>ns f ! exp]i5ce ( ! race is mu*1 & gives ! :ole di/9ction betwe5 ! civilis$ man & ! savage4 ,x is ! discipl9e ( ! race1 t exp]i5ce :i* meets ea* ( u 9 ! =m ( traditions1 c\nsels1 in/itutions1 etc41 f :i* we get ! really vital lessons ( life4 ,b if t is s ! attempt$ ju/ification ( natural processes on ! gr\nd t ,god design$ !m z !y are s t man might le>n f exp]i5ce breaks d[n4 ,! individual does n s le>n1 b is pres5t$ ) ! products ( ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs1 & :i* he accepts 9 ! va/ majority ( cases )\t ev5 putt+ x to ! te/4 ,&1 !re=e1 ! me?od by :i* man le>ns 0 op5 f ! />t4 ,_h !re be5 "s man :o c\ld h told u g5]ations ago all t has be5 sl[ly discov]$ s9ce1 we %\ld all h be5 ! bett] = x1 & we %\ld h le>n$ !n exactly z we h le>n$ s9ce4 ,& if ,god 0 really anxi\s to tea* u1 :at possible objection c\ld !re be to 8 tea*+ u 9 "s su* way8 ,9 o!r words1 h[ c we ju/ify ! process if ! result is possible by any o!r me?od8 ,! /&po9t ( ! !i/ is t ,god develops ! species 9 ord] to b5efit ! individual4 ,b ! ord] is t ! individual is sacrific$ to b5efit ! species--s f> z any b5efit c be trac$4 ,= x mu/ be not$ t x is n ! individual :o has pass$ ?r\gh all ! suff]+1 :o has liv$ ?r\gh ! ye>s ( semi-animal life1 or ?r\gh ! ye>s ( tyranny1 t f9ally em]ges /r5g!n$ & triumphant4 ,x is a diff]5t individual altoge!r4 ,! greate/ b5efit is secur$ by ^? :o come late/1 & :o h done ! lea/ to secure x4 ,! rew>d be>s no relation to ! p]sonal des]t4 ,& at ! end :at happ5s8 ,if we are to be guid$ by ! lessons ( sci5ce1 we mu/ believe t "o day ! human race w cease to exi/1 j z c]ta9ly z "o day x began to exi/4 ,& :at are we to ?9k ( ! almighty wisdom & goodness :i* is responsible = all8 ,an almighty intellig5ce designs a process to produce a p]fect animal ?r\gh ! suff]+s ( myriads ( o!r animals4 ,x takes ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( g5]ations to complete ! process1 & meantime e ye> is br++ ! :ole plan ne>] to ext9ction4 ,div9e wisdom6 ,any?+ ne>] complete /upidity & futility x w\ld be difficult to conceive4 ,i "k t at ?is po9t x w be said t ,i am leav+ out ( acc\nt ! future life1 & t ! /ory ( human gr[? is to be cont9u$ else:]e4 ,b t w c]ta9ly n meet all t has be5 said above4 ,& x is a curi\s mann] ( meet+ an objection bas$ ^u ! only phase ( exi/5ce t we "k ) assurance to tell u t our indictm5t w receive a complete refutation 9 ano!r /ate ( exi/5ce ( :i* we "k no?+ at all4 ,! reply is 9 itself an admission ( ! tru? ( ! *>ges4 ,if life admitt$ ( a moral ju/ification "h !re w\ld be no ne$ to appeal to "s o!r life 9 :i* ^! blemi%es are made good4 ,if "s o!r life is ne$$ to correct ! moral abnormalities ( ?is "o1 !n ! indictm5t ( ! ,a!i/ is ju/ifi$4 ,& "o is left aga9 wond]+ :y1 if almighty intellig5ce c\ld make all ?+s /raight 9 ! next _w1 :y ! same intellig5ce c\ld n h made ! necess>y corrections 9 ?is "o4 ,! tru? is t ! ,god ( ! evolution>y process is z mu* a my? z is ! god ( special creation4 ,he has all ! blemi%es ( ! o!r "o--"o /ep remov$4 ,! ,paleyan ,god _h at lea/ ! m]it ( com+ to close grips ) 8 "w4 ,! evolution>y "o %ields himself beh9d ! fact t ! "w is done by 8 ag5ts1 & !n x is f\nd t he creat$ ! ag5ts = ?is special "w & all t !y d is ! product ( ! qualities ) :i* he end[$ !m4 ,if any?+ ! evolution>y deity is m objectionable ?an ! old] "o4 ,& if !i/s w exam9e nature c&idly & ) an op5 m9d1 !y w see t x is s4 ,i d n "k t anyone has drawn a m tru?ful picture ( natural processes z !y appe> f ! po9t ( view ( be+ ! product ( a div9e intellig5ce ?an has ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,mallock1 & 8 picture is ! m deadly z com+ f a *ampion ( !ism4 ,if1 he says1 !i/s w look ! facts ( ! univ]se /eadily 9 ! face3 ,:at !y w see w a/oni% !m4 ,!y w see t if !re is any?+ at ! back ( ?is va/ process1 ) a consci\sness & a purpose 9 any way resembl+ our own--a be+ :o kn[s :at he wants & is do+ 8 be/ to get x--he is in/ead ( a holy & all-wise ,god1 a scatt]-bra9$1 semi-p[]ful1 semi-impot5t mon/]4 ,!y w recognise z cle>ly z !y ev] did ! old famili> facts :i* seem$ to !m evid5ces ( ,god's wisdom1 love1 & goodness2 b !y w f9d t ^! facts1 :5 tak5 9 connection ) ! o!rs1 only supply u ) a /&>d 9 ! nature ( ?is ,be+ himself by :i* mo/ ( 8 acts are exhibit$ to u z ^? ( a crim9al madman4 ,if he _h be5 bl9d1 he _h n s92 b if we ma9ta9 t he c see1 !n 8 s9 rema9s4 ,habitually a bungl] z he is1 & call\s :5 n actively cruel1 we are =c$ to reg>d him1 :5 he seems to exhibit b5evol5ce1 z n div9ely b5evol5t1 b m]ely weak & caprici\s1 l a boy :o fondles a kitt5 & ! next mom5t sets a dog at x1 & n only does 8 moral "* fall f him bit by bit b 8 dignity disappe>s also4 ,! ord]ly processes ( ! />s & ! l>g] ph5om5a ( nature are sugge/ive ( no?+ s mu* z a we>isome ,c\rt c]emonial surr\nd+ a k+ :o is unable to und]/& or to break away f x2 :il/ ! ?und] & :irlw9d1 :i* h f "t immemorial be5 accept$ z special revelations ( 8 awful p[] & maje/y1 sugge/1 if !y sugge/ any?+ ( a p]sonal "* at all1 m]ely "s blackgu>dly l>rik9 kick+ 8 heels 9 ! cl\ds1 n p]haps b5t on mis*ief1 b indiff]5t to ! fact t he is caus+ x4444 ,! tru? is1 if we consid] ! univ]se z a :ole1 x fails to sugge/ a consci\s & purposive ,god at all2 & x fails to d s n because ! processes ( evolution z su* preclude ! idea t a ,god might h made use ( !m = a def9ite purpose1 b because :5 we come to consid] ^! processes 9 detail1 & view !m 9 ! light ( ! only purposes !y sugge/1 we f9d !m to be su* t a ,god :o c\ld delib]ately h be5 guilty ( !m w\ld be a ,god too absurd1 too mon/r\s1 too mad to be cr$ible4 7,religion z a ,cr$ible ,doctr9e2 pp4 #agf-h74 ,z we h already se51 ! attempt to f9d a plan 9 ! processes ( evolution breaks d[n hopelessly4 ,on analysis1 ! suppos$ plan turns out to be no?+ m ?an a p]ception ( "s sort ( regul>ity1 & z regul>ity is an inescapable condition ( exi/5ce1 all t x proves is exi/5ce4 ,on t po9t !re is no dispute4 ,& ! moral ju/ification ( ! cosmic process :ile intellectually indef5sible1 adds an elem5t ( moral repulsion4 ,t ! process z we "k x is morally repugnant is %[n by ! appeal to ! future1 ! reque/ to susp5d judgm5t till su* "t z ! plan is complet$1 :5 x is hop$ t ! end w ju/ify ! means4 ,god1 x is tru/$1 w ju/ify himself 9 ! future4 ,b 9 8 anxiety to impress ^u u ! fact t ,god has a moral future ! !i/ =gets t he has _h a pa/1 & t pa/ is a black "o4 ,! unc\nt$ g5]ations ( suff]+ 9 ! pa/ is n to be comp5sat$ by a probable happ9ess 9 ! future4 ,! myriads ( organisms t h liv$ incomplete lives1 & end$ !m 9 dea?s ( suff]+ are n cancell$ by ! probability t at "s "t1 /ill 9 ! future1 a comp>atively small numb] w lead lives ( happ9ess4 ,! record is !re1 !re is blood ^u ! h&1 & n all ! apologies ( a self-convict$ animism c ev] wipe x clean4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,pa94 ,! problem ( h[ to h>monise ! exi/5ce ( a ,god z believ]s picture him to be ) a _w su* z exp]i5ce discloses1 is z old z !ology4 ,& ! problem w disappe> only :5 !ology is giv5 up z an aggregate ( "q begg+ words & gratuit\s hypo!ses bas$ ^u a f\ndation ( primitive ignorance & inh]it$ delusion4 ,= ! majority ( ^? que/ions t are prop]ly call$ !ological are n ( ! necess>y ord]4 ,que/ions su* z ^? connect$ ) ! mutations ( matt]1 ! developm5t ( life1 ! gr[? ( society1 or ! nature & cla% ( human passions _c be evad$4 ,!y are pres5t 9 ! facts !mselves4 ,b ! problems ( !ology are self-creat$2 !y arise out ( c]ta9 beliefs1 & h no exi/5ce ap>t f ^? beliefs4 ,!y are ! jo9t product ( beliefs :i* are :olly useless1 9 conflict ) facts ) :i* !y _c be squ>$4 ,:at is kn[n z ,! ,problem ( ,evil is an apt illu/ration ( ! tru? ( :at has be5 said4 ,"h !re is creat$ a problem :i* is n alone q gratuit\s1 b x succe$s 9 inv]t+ ! real "q at issue4 ,= unless we accept ! _w z ! product ( a good & wise ,god1 !re is no problem ( evil = u to expla94 ,! problem ( evil is1 giv5 su* a deity1 h[ to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( evil1 or1 if x exi/s1 h[ acc\nt = its cont9uance4 ,! problem is creat$ by ! !ory4 ,dismiss ! !ory & no problem is left4 ,& x is 9 l9e ) :at is done 9 o!r directions1 t1 hav+ creat$ ! difficulty1 ! !i/ %\ld pres5t x to ! non-!i/ z "o ( ! que/ions t he mu/ answ]4 ,9 reality !re is no problem ( evil 9 connection ) e?ics4 ,! e?ical problem is n ! exi/5ce ( evil1 b ! em]g5ce ( good2 n1 t is1 :y d m5 d wrong1 b :y d !y d "r4 ,t life %\ld cease to be is n at all wond]ful1 b t ) s _m pot5tial dang]s ar\nd ! organism1 ! actions ( liv+ be+s %\ld become s automatically adapt$ to _! surr\nd+s z to %un ! actions :i* de/roy life1 & p]=m su* actions z ma9ta9 x--at lea/1 to su* an ext5t z secures ! pres]vation ( ! species--may well ar\se surprise & give bir? to enquiry4 ,s ) ! "q ( evil & suff]+ 9 ! _w4 ,t ^! exi/ is und5iable1 b ! enquiry !y sugge/ is only on all f\rs ) ! enquiry sugge/$ by any o!r natural fact1 :ile ! e?ical problem c5tres1 n ar\nd ! exi/5ce ( wrong action1 b ar\nd ! em]g5ce ( "r conduct4 ,x is ! evolution ( happ9ess t =ms ! k]nel ( ! e?ical problem1 n ! evolution ( pa94 ,! e>li] =m ( ! ,*ri/ian apologetic took ! =m ( a duali/ic !ory ( ! _w4 ,!re 7 two p[]s1 ,god & ! devil1 & betwe5 !m !y %>$ ! responsibility = all good & evil4 ,s f>1 good4 ,b ?is 0 cle>ly sav+ ! goodness ( ,god at ! exp5se ( 8 omnipot5ce4 ,moreov]1 if ,god 0 to be ?\ght ( z ! creator ( ! univ]se1 ! !ory1 z ,mill said1 paid him ! d\btful complim5t ( mak+ him ! creator ( ,satan1 &1 !re=e1 ! creator ( evil once remov$4 ,or1 if n1 ,god & ! devil 7 left z rival mon>*s qu>rell+ ov] a t]ritory t appe>$ to exi/ ap>t f & indep5d5t ( ei!r4 ,b n[adays ! devil has gone out ( fa%ion4 ,v few ( ! cl]gy ev] m5tion him1 & al?\gh an attempt 0 made to re9/ate him "s ye>s ago by ! au?or ( ,evil & ,evolution1 ! endeav\r 0 a failure4 ,& b]eft ( ! conv5i5t scapegoat1 ! devil1 ! pres5t day !i/ is compell$ to attempt an apology = evil t w appeal to natural & v]ifiable facts = confirmation1 or :i* mu/1 at lea/1 n be 9 conflict ) !m4 ,if !ism is to /&1 a place & a mean+ mu/ be f\nd = ! evil 9 ! _w1 & f\nd 9 su* a way t x ei!r relieves ,god ( ! responsibility = its exi/5ce or its be+ c be %[n to h>monise ) 8 assum$ "*4 ,x is no long] possible to fall back on ,paul's position t ! pott] is at lib]ty to doom "o pot to hon\r & ! o!r to di%on\r4 ,! moral responsibility = ! k9d ( pots he turns out _c be s easily evad$4 ,z ,pr(essor ,sorley says1 ,if e?ical !ism is to /&1 ! evil 9 ! _w _c be ref]r$ to ,god 9 ! same way z ! good is ref]r$ to him4 ,someh[1 he mu/ be reliev$ ( ! responsibility = its exi/5ce1 or a purpose = x mu/ be f\nd4 ,n[1 curi\sly en\gh1 mod]n !i/s hov] betwe5 ! two positions4 ,pr(essor ,sorley1 repres5t+ "o position1 says t ! only way to avoid ref]r+ evil to ,god is by ! po/ulate ( human fre$om4 7,moral ,values & ! ,idea ( ,god1 p4 #dfi47 ,?is is also ! way out adopt$ by ,canon ,gre5 9 ,! ,problem ( ,evil1 & x turns ^u a m]e play on words4 ,?us1 ,canon ,gre5 says t !re is "o ?+ ,god c\ld n d4 ,he c\ld n =ce him to be good1 i4e41 to *oose virtue freely1 = ! idea ( =c+ a free be+ to *oose involves a contradiction4 ,& ,pr(essor ,sorley says m elaborately t ?+s occur 9 ! univ]se :i* are n due to ,god's w1 al?\gh !y mu/ h happ5$ ) 8 p]mission 444 a high] range ( p[] & p]fection is %[n 9 ! creation ( free be+s ?an 9 ! creation ( be+s ^: e ?\ght & action are pre-det]m9$ by _! ,creator1 & :ile he admits !re is limitations to man's p[] ( *oice1 he holds t !re is "o =m ( *oice t is always !re1 & t is ! *oice ( good & evil4 7,moral ,values & ! ,idea ( ,god1 pp4 #dfi-gj47 ,9 all ?is "o c see little m ?an v]bal confusion4 ,to comm5ce ) ,canon ,gre51 :i* w also cov] mu* t ,pr(4 ,sorley says on ! same po9t4 ,:5 we are told man mu/ *oose virtue freely 9 ord] t :at he does %all p>take ( ! "* ( morality1 x is pla9 t he is us+ ! ^w =c$ 9 two s5ses4 ,9 ! "o s5se =ce may mean no m ?an a det]m9ant4 ,?us we may say t our sympa?ies =ce u to act 9 su* & su* a way4 ,or ! religi\s man may say t ! love ( ,god =ces him to act 9 su* & su* a mann]4 ,=ce "h means any consid]ation t w lead to action1 & no "o c object to its use 9 ?is s5se4 ,a second mean+ ( =ce is t ( compulsion f )\t1 z :5 a /rong man gets hold ( a weak "o & by ex]tion ( physical /r5g? compels him to d some?+ t he is dis9cl9$ to d1 or :5 "o =ces ano!r by ?reat ( puni%m5t4 ,9 ?is latt] s5se no "o dreams ( h>monis+ =ce ) moral action4 ,nei!r law nor common s5se does s4 ,b compulsion 9 ! s5se ( "o's actions be+ =c$ by a m5tal or moral disposition no "o outside an asylum w\ld dispute4 ,& :at ,canon ,gre5 does is to ask u to reject ! idea ( a moral action be+ =c$1 9 ! s5se ( ext]nal compulsion1 & !n uses x 9 ! s5se ( an abs5ce ( dispositions t w lead to c]ta9 c\rses ( conduct4 ,x is probable t ! ,canon w\ld reject ?is int]pretation ( 8 /atem5t1 b if x does n mean ?is1 !n 8 argum5t is un9telligible4 ,= if x is admitt$ t :at man does is ! product ( 8 m5tal or moral dispositions1 9 o!r words1 ( 8 nature1 & if1 z is und5iable1 ! nature ) :i* he fronts ! _w is ! product ( h]$ity & environm5t1 he w\ld no m be =c$ to d good _h ,god giv5 him impulses /rong en\gh to ov]come all t5d5cy to evil ?an he is n[ :5 8 impulses come to him f 8 ance/ors & 8 g5]al social h]$ity4 ,all t is impli$ 9 a moral act is free *oice4 ,b *oice is free1 n :5 x is indep5d5t ( organic prompt+s2 t is absurd2 b :5 ^? organic prompt+s are all[$ to f9d expression4 ,!re is no o!r rational mean+ to *oice ?an ?is4 ,*oice does n tell u h[ x is det]m9$1 on t po9t x c say no?+1 any m ?an a *ild c say :y x *ooses sug> 9 pref]5ce to cay5ne pepp]4 ,its *oice1 we say1 is det]m9$ by its ta/e4 ,& its ta/e is det]m9$ by--8 ,to answ] t "q we mu/ call 9 ! *emi/ & ! physiologi/1 & !y probably w tell u :y our *oice moves 9 "o direction r ?an 9 ano!r4 ,:5 m5 l ,canon ,gre5 talk ( ! morality ( an action be+ dep5d5t ^u our *oice betwe5 "r & wrong1 :at !y probably h 9 _! m9ds is ! p]ception ( "r & wrong4 ,= we may p]ceive ! possibility ( "o c\rse :ile we are p]=m+ ano!r4 ,b ! p[] ( *oice is cle>ly limit$4 ,a man _c *oose to be a ma!matician1 h[ev] mu* he may see ! desirability ( becom+ "o4 ,& _m a man may 9 ! moral sph]e see ! advisability ( 8 be+ diff]5t 9 "* f :at he is1 b may altoge!r lack ! capacity ( becom+ su*4 ,& ! p[] ( *oice diff]s n only ) ea* individual1 b ) ! same individual at diff]5t times4 ,f9ally1 ! m fix$ ! "* ( ! individual ! less consci\s he is ( *oice1 or ( a s5se ( fre$om to d diff]5tly f :at he actually does1 & z ?is applies ) equal =ce to "*1 :e!r x be good or bad1 we rea*1 f9ally1 ! suicidal position t ! m fundam5tally moral a man becomes1 ! less moral he is4#e ,n[ see+ t all our educational processes aim at mak+ ! good "*1 s to speak1 automatic1 t is1 to q fill ! m9d ) wor?y motives & wise p[] ( *oice1 & see+ also t a "* is good s f> z ?is is done1 w "s "o expla9 9 :at way moral "* w\ld h suff]$ _h ,god s made man t he w\ld h _h intellig5ce en\gh to always *oose ! good & reject ! bad8 ,=1 be x not$1 ! apology put =w>d = ! pres5t /ate ( affairs is t man is 9 a /ate ( probation1 he is pass+ ?r\gh a c\rse ( moral discipl9e1 & x is ess5tial t he %\ld exp]i5ce ! possibility to d wrong1 & ev5 to occasionally d ! wrong4 ,& ! end ( ! process ( tuition is1 :at8 ,! production ( a p]fect be+ 9 :om !re %all n be a pron5ess to d wrong1 to ^: purifi$ moral nature wrong do+ %all be q =eign4 ,t is to say t we are to rea* z a result ( ?is long r\ndab\t process1 ) all its wa/e & bungl+1 j :at might h be5 e/abli%$ at ! beg9n+4 ,= ei!r ! p]fect moral be+ is )\t ! quality :i* we h j be5 assur$ is ess5tial to morality1 or ! :ole argum5t is r$uc$ to nons5se4 ,= x is impossible to assume t ! bad man *ooses to be bad ) a full p]ception ( ! consequ5ces ( 8 actions1 & at ! same "t ) ! p[] to d o!rwise4 ,we all agree t ! "r *oice is ultimately a wise *oice1 & t if we c\ld all trace out ! consequ5ces ( all we d1 we %\ld realise t x 0 to our real int]e/ to act rightly4 ,& if t is admitt$1 x foll[s t ! *oice to d evil is ! product ( %ort-sight$ness1 or ( "s defect ( temp]am5t :i* prev5ts our /&+ up aga9/ ! temptations ( ! mom5t4 ,& our e?ical education is ma9ly direct$ to mak+ good ?is defect 9 our make up4 ,b suppose t am\nt ( wisdom or /r5g? _h be5 an end[m5t ( our nature f ! outset1 is !re any conceivable way 9 :i* we %\ld h be5 ! worse = x8 ,= ev5 z x is !re are "s p :o d make a fairly wise & "r *oice1 & ^: high-wat] m>k ( excell5ce is n rea*$ ?r\gh ! crime & folly ( ! revival meet+ conv]t4 ,are !y ! worse because !y h nev] yield$ to evil8 ,is ! naturally good man really a less wor?y "* ?an ! "o ^: comp>ative goodness is only rea*$ ?r\gh & aft] a l5g?y c\rse ( evil liv+8 ,& if n1 9 :at way w\ld ! race h be5 wors5$ _h we all be5 z =tunately circum/anc$8 ,if x 0 really ,god's purpose to h a race ( m5 & wom5 :o %\ld be bo? good & wise1 x rema9s = ! !i/ to %[ 9 :at way ! plan w\ld n h be5 z well s]v$ by mak+ !m at once ) a suffici5cy ( intellig5ce to act 9 ! real int]e/s ( !mselves & ( all ar\nd !m4 ,com+ clos] to e>? ! !i/ attempts to f9d a ju/ification = ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s by f9d+ a use = pa9 & suff]+ 9 _! educational influ5ce on human nature1 & 9 ! impossibility ( alt]+ = ! bett] ! consequ5ces ( natural law4 ,! real "q at issue1 says "o ( ! mo/ eloqu5t ( mod]n !i/s1 ! late ,dr4 ,m>t9eau1 is :e!r ! laws ( :i* compla9t is made "w su* h>m t !y ought nev] to h be5 enact$2 or :e!r1 9 spite ( occasional disa/]s 9 _! pa?1 ! s5ti5t exi/5ce ( :i* !y are ! conditions has 9 its hi/ory a va/ excess ( bless+4 7,/udy ( ,religion ,,ii41 p4 #ia47 ,& ,canon ,gre51 :o uses "s ( ,dr4 ,m>t9eau's ideas )\t ! latt]'s eloqu5ce or p[] ( reason+1 asks1 ,if ,god 7 to say1 ',y condemn me = ?is suff]+6 ,well1 take my creative p[] & re-create ! _w to please y\rself & to suit y\r own s5se ( ju/ice & m]cy' c\ld we ?9k out a _w t %\ld be bett] ?an ?is "o8 7,problem ( ,evil1 p4 #dh47 ,n[ bo? ^! me?ods ( rais+ ! "q--& !y are repres5tative ( a :ole gr\p--s]ve b to confuse ! issue4 ,= no "o d5ies t "s b5efit may result f ! pres5t cosmical /ructure4 ,b t does n t\* ! compla9t t ! /ructure is n su* z fits 9 ) ! exi/5ce ( a presid+ intellig5ce su* z !ism asks u to accept4 ,& ! "q ( ,canon ,gre5's :e!r we c\ld turn out a bett] univ]se ?an ! "o t actually exi/s1 is wide ( ! m>k also4 ,if ,i pur*ase a motor c> z ! "w ( a g5ius 9 c>-build+1 & f9d :5 ,i get my pur*ase home t x _c be made to run1 x does n de/roy ! ju/ice ( my compla9t to ask :e!r ,i c\ld build a bett] "o or n4 ,! important ?+ is t ! c> is n :at x %\ld be1 & judg+ by ! product ! build] is n :at he is repres5t$ to be ei!r4 ,dr4 ,m>t9eau 0 f> too ke5 a controv]siali/ to adopt ,canon ,gre5's fooli% retort1 b he does seek to p>ry ! =ce ( ! a!i/ criticism by say+ t ,god if once he commits 8 w to any det]m9ate me?od1 & = ! realisation ( 8 ends selects & in/itutes a s*eme ( in/rum5tal rules1 he !reby %uts ! door on a ?\s& ?+s t might h be5 done be=e4 7,/udy1 p4 #he74 ,to t "o may reply1 s mu* ! worse = 8 judgm5t2 :ile if ! fact ( 8 hav+ once adopt$ a det]m9ate me?od caus$ him to resolve to /ick to x1 9 spite ( its consequ5ces 9 practice1 & irrespective ( ! b5eficial results t might h foll[$ its modification1 we c only regret t ! deity 0 n acqua9t$ ) ,em]son's op9ion t a fooli% consi/5cy is ! bugbe> ( little m9ds4 ,ev5 :at is said to be ! greate/ m9d ( all might easily h b5efit$ f ! w>n+4 ,canon ,gre5 tries ano!r l9e ( reply1 :i* is n 9 ! lea/ m conv9c+4 ,he pictures to u a fa!r :o1 by misappropriat+ tru/ funds1 br+s disgrace to ! :ole ( 8 family4 ,! "m is driv5 to despair & dr9k4 ,! si/] dies = want ( food1 ! bro!r f9ds 8 c>e] ru9$4 ,! disa/] is complete1 & ,canon ,gre5 says x is inevitable because we _c h a _w 9 :i* ! relations ( p>5ts & *ildr5 exi/ )\t hav+ !m suff] f ea* o!r's faults4 ,s f> z ! pres5t _w goes t is true4 ,b x is c]ta9ly a /range reply to ! compla9t t an arrangem5t is unju/ to say t z ! inju/ice results f ! arrangem5t1 !re=e1 we h no cause = compla9t4 ,& t we are unable to make a bett] _w is beside ! m>k4 ,betwe5 ! p]ception ( an inju/ice1 & ! ability to remove x !re is a _w ( diff]5ce1 & al?\gh we may be unable to rem$y ! defect ! defect rema9s4 ,b1 inde$1 human nature does try to produce a _w 9 :i* su* happ5+s z ^? depict$ %all ei!r n occur or _! consequ5ces %all be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,we d n hang a son = 8 p>5ts' crime1 nor d humane p blame *ildr5 = ! %ortcom+s ( _! p>5ts4 ,to "s ext5t we try to correct ! consequ5ces t foll[1 & ev5 ?\gh ! endeav\r be futile1 t is 9 itself an indictm5t ( ! exi/+ ord]4 ,man does at lea/ try to correct ! inju/ices 8 ,god is said to h creat$4 ,x is ov]look$ also t ! evils :i* foll[ f wrong actions are n conf9$ to ^? imm$iately connect$1 & :o may conceivably h _! res5tm5t to "s ext5t dull$1 if n less5$1 by t fact4 ,p 9 no way connect$1 & :o c h no p]ception ( ! cause ( _! suff]+1 :o are unconsci\s ( ev]y?+1 save ! "o fact t !y are suff]+1 feel its consequ5ces4 ,:5 a great w> spreads deva/ation all ov] ! _w1 c x be said t any useful purpose is s]v$ by ! suff]+s ( millions :o are n 9 ! slighte/ degree aw>e ( ! cause ( _! agony8 ,:5 a %ady f9ancial op]ation br+s an innoc5t man to ru91 & effects all ! consequ5ces :i* ,canon ,gre5 imag9es result+ f ! default+ p>5t1 h[ c x be said t ! cata/rophe admits ( e?ical ju/ification8 ,9 _m cases ! ?\ght ( ! injury exp]i5c$ acts itself z a fre% cause ( degradation4 ,x creates a rankl+ & a bitt]ness :i* depresses & inhibits ! p[] to /ruggle1 unless x be ! desire to /ruggle = rev5ge aga9/ a condition ( ?+s ( :i* ! evil results are only too app>5t4 ,p are n m]ely puni%$ = ! evil !y d2 !y are puni%$ = ! evil t o!rs d1 & ! puni%m5t1 s f> z we c see1 be>s no obs]vable relation to ! wrong done4 ,!re is no e?ical relation betwe5 actions & consequ5ces4 ,n alone is ! incid5ce ( an action dep5d5t ^u p]sonal qualities--"s w suff] m f hav+ accid5tally told an untru? ?an o!rs w suff] f hav+ committ$ gross & delib]ate fraud--b nature is absolutely c>eless ( :e!r :at ,i d is motiv$ by good or bad int5tions4 ,if ,i get a wett+ ?r\gh go+ out to help "s "o 9 di/ress1 ! consequ5ces w be exactly ! same z ?\gh ,i _h got wet go+ out to commit a burgl>y or a murd]4 ,& :5 ,dr4 ,m>t9eau talks ( ! natural p5alties = guilt1 & adds t s9 be+ !re1 x w\ld be simply mon/r\s t !re %\ld be no suff]+ & w\ld fully ju/ify ! despair :i* n[ raises its sickly cry ( compla9t aga9/ ! retributory wret*$ness ( human transgression 7,/udy ,,ii41 p4 #ajf71 ! reply is t !re are no su* ?+s z natural p5alties = guilt4 ,!re are only consequ5ces ( actions1 & !y are ! same :atev] be ! moral quality ( ! actions p]=m$4 ,9 ! same way t nature may 9 ! c\rse ( an e>?quake de/roy ! homes ( a doz5 wor?y families & leave a gambl+ hell unt\*$1 s x w 9 o!r directions puni% :]e a man1 f good int5tions1 places himself 9 ! pa? ( puni%m5t1 & refra9 f afflict+ "o ^: selfi%ness or gre$ has gu>d$ him aga9/ attack4 ,!re are natural consequ5ces ( actions1 !re are no natural p5alties = guilt1 & !re are no natural rew>ds = innoc5ce4 ,rew>ds & p5alties are ! creation ( man1 & x is only 9 ! =m ( a figure ( spee* t we c apply !m to nature4 ,x is equally idle to speak ( pa9 z a =m ( discipl9e4 ,pr(essor ,sorley says t if ! pa9 9 ! _w c be turn$ to ! increase ( goodness1 !n its exi/5ce (f]s no insup]able objection to ! e?ical view ( reality4 ,s ,dr4 ,m>t9eau says t suff]+ is ! moral discipl9e ?r\gh :i* our nature arrives at its true elevation4 ,x is ne$less to multiply quotations2 su* /atem5ts are ! commonplaces ( !i/ic controv]sy1 & almo/ any book t "o c>es to pick up w supply fur!r illu/rations1 if !y be requir$4 ,none c reject !m1 because no !i/ c af=d to c&idly admit t ! _w we "k (f]s no ju/ification = 8 belief4 ,! belief 9 ! goodness ( ,god1 z ,canon ,gre5 says1 is a belief t is absolutely fundam5tal to all religion1 & if ! facts z we see !m d n support ! belief1 "s apology mu/ be f\nd t w m>ry ! !ory to ! fact4 ,nev]!less1 ! belief 9 ! discipl9>y p[] ( pa9 or suff]+ is1 if n q illusory1 s ne>ly s t x is useless = ! purpose = :i* x is br\ght =w>d4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x does n require v pr(\nd /udy to see t :atev] are ! lessons taught by suff]+ !y are seldom proportionate to ! conduct :i* cause !m1 nor d ^? :o suff] reap ! alleg$ discipl9>y b5efit ( _! suff]+4 ,let u take a common case4 ,a "m goes out & leaves a *ild ne> an ungu>d$ fire4 ,! "m returns to f9d ! *ild burn$ to dea?4 ,:]e is ! discipl9e "h8 ,c]ta9ly ! *ild _c h ga9$ any4 ,b !re is1 ( c\rse1 ! "m4 ,! "m has le>n$ su* a lesson t %e w nev] =get x1 & w nev] aga9 commit ! same blund]4 ,!re we h x4 ,a *ild is all[$ to die by a hide\sly cruel dea? 9 ord] t a "m may le>n a lesson 9 c>efulness4 ,x is good to le>n f o!r s\rces t ,god's ways are n our ways4 ,a man :o tri$ to imitate !m1 & :o burn$ "o ( 8 *ildr5 9 ord] to tea* its "m h[ to look aft] ! re/1 w\ld soon f9d himself 9 ! crim9al c\rt1 or 9 an asylum4 ,b :at w\ld be insanity or crim9al cruelty 9 ! case ( man1 becomes1 9 ! alembic ( religi\s apologetic1 goodness & wisdom 9 ,god4 ,! !ory t x is ! function ( pa9 to elevate & to discipl9e is simply n true4 ,"o has only to look to see t 9 c\ntless cases ! effect ( pa9 is disa/]4 ,! _w's be/ "w is n born ( pa9 b ( pleasure4 ,!re is no pa9 & no suff]+1 !re is h>dly ev5 toil1 9 ! "w ( a g5ius4 ,9 all ! high] walks ( music1 ( art1 ( lit]ature1 ! "w is p]fect 9 proportion z ! work] f9ds himself 9 agreeable & pleasant surr\nd+s4 ,& :at is true ( ! high] aspect ( art is true also ( life 9 g5]al4 ,life may be liv$ 9 spite ( pa91 z good "w may be done 9 spite ( disc\rag+ circum/ances1 b "o might z well talk ( a plant fl\ri%+ because ( poor soil1 or %>p fro/s1 z to speak ( life becom+ bett] because ( pa94 ,! normal function ( pa9 is to depress1 t ( pleasure is to height54 ,z ,sp5c] said1 e pa9 l[]s ! tide ( life2 e pleasure raises ! tide ( life4 ,x is "o ( ! commone/ ( sights to see ^? suff]+ f illness becom+ m self-c5tr$1 less c>eful ( o!rs1 & to see ! dis9tegrat+ consequ5ces ( disease on "*4 ,"h & !re "o may f9d a "* t has _h its r\gh edges smoo!d d[n by suff]+1 b = e case ( t k9d "o may f9d a score ( an opposite ord]4 ,x is n ! und]f$1 badly clo!d1 neglect$ *ild t is likely to make ! be/ citiz51 b ! "o t has ! be/ *ance ( develop+ itself 9 heal?y surr\nd+s4 ,& x is a curi\s comm5t>y1 if x 7 true1 to argue t a good & wise ,god s arrang$ ?+s t pa9 & suff]+1 ev5 undes]v$ suff]+1 %\ld be ! ma9 way = ! developm5t ( "*4 ,a /range b n uncommon argum5t is us$ by ,canon ,gre5 9 deal+ ) ! suff]+ incid5tal to ! v>i\s disa/]s t ov]take mank9d f "t to "t4 ,suff]+1 he says1 has a c]ta9 elem5t ( m>tyrdom ab\t x4 ,ev5 evils due to human gre$ & c>elessness br+ "s b5efit 9 _! tra94 ,?us1 apropos ( ! ,titanic disa/]3-- ,e su* disa/] t5ds to produce "s improvem5t = future g5]ations4 ,%ip[n]s are =c$ to supply m boats1 wireless in/alm5t is requir$ on all %ips2 ! idle ri* are l$ to ?9k less ( sav+ useless "t & m ( sav+ lives1 _! own & ^? ( m5 9 ! /okeholds4 ,9 a s5se ^? :o p]i% may be said to be unwill+ m>tyrs :o by _! dea?s pur*ase "s advantage = o!rs4 ,x w be said t x is a great price to pay = a small advantage1 & "o :i* might h be5 *eaply ga9$ 9 "s o!r ways4 ,t is s4 ,b s too ! ways ( nature are cruel4 ,s _m se$s mu/ be s[n1 s _m "y animals or birds or fi%es born1 s _m mu/ be trampl$ out ( exi/5ce1 t only ! be/ may survive4 7,problem ( ,evil2 pp4 #afc-d74 ,t c]ta9ly puts all ! own]s ( slum prop]ty1 all ! grasp+ %ip[n]s1 all ^? :o batt5 & fatt5 on o!r p's welf>e 9 a mo/ fav\rable light4 ,we h be5 ?9k+ !m almo/ crim9als :5 !y 7 9 reality public b5efactors4 ,!y lead to _m improvem5ts1 & ev5 ?\gh ! improvem5ts come too late to b5efit ^? :o suff] f ! evils1 yet !y d come--sometimes4 ,c]ta9ly x might give "s com=t if ! suff]]s knew :at x 0 !y 7 be+ sacrific$ =1 & t o!rs w\ld be b5efit$ by _! dea?4 ,b !y d n1 & we are !re=e b\nd to conclude t :atev] satisfaction is felt is by ^? :o survive4 ,:5 a ,titanic s9ks x mu/ be ! p on %ore :o see ! elem5t ( goodness 9 x s9ce x makes travell+ easi] = !m4 ,& ! k9dness develop$ 9 "o :o c excuse ! brutalities ( nature because x br+s "s b5efit to himself is ( a r />tl+ nature4 ,! fundam5tal fault 9 all reason+ ( ?is ord] lies 9 ! assumption t pa9 ceases to be pa9 if x c be %[n to br+ good to "s "o4 ,b t x n s4 ,pleasure & pa9 are n quantitative ?+s1 increm5ts ( :i* c be c>ri$ on f g5]ation to g5]ation & a balance /ruck at ! end1 mu* z "o /rikes a balance betwe5 ! pr(its & losses ( a ye>'s trad+4 ,all suff]+ & all enjoym5t are ( necessity p]sonal4 ,suff]+ is n increas$ by ext5d+ x ov] a million in/ances4 ,!re 0 n m pa9 because a l>g] numb] happ5$ to be be kill$ 9 ! ,european w> ?an are kill$ 9 a bord]l& skirmi%4 ,!re 7 a l>g] numb] ( p involv$ 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r1 b t is all4 ,multiply+ ! numb] ( cases makes a great] appeal to a sluggi% imag9ation1 b x adds no?+ sub/antial to ! fact4 ,feel+1 :e!r x be pleasant or pa9ful1 is a matt] ( individual exp]i5ce1 & t be+ s x is n ! numb] ( p :o suff] ?r\gh no fault ( _! own1 &1 s f> z "o c see1 )\t any b5efit proportionate to ! suff]+ exp]i5c$1 b ! fact ( !re be+ ?is suff]+ at all4 ,t is ! po9t ! !i/ mu/ face2 x is ! "o po9t he sy/ematically avoids4 ,ano!r =m ( ! same argum5t meets u 9 ! famili> plea t bodily pa9 s\nds ! al>m bell ( disease 9 "t = its removal4 ,9 "s s5se x may be admitt$ t a pa9ful feel+1 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 does act z a w>n+ t p]si/5ce w lead to disa/]4 ,b x is n univ]sally true 9 ! s5se & 9 ! degree t is ne$$ to ju/ify ! argum5t1 & x is a w>n+ out ( all proportion to ! dang] fac$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 pa9 _c be a w>n+ aga9/ disease1 x c only be an indication ( its pres5ce4 ,x does n w>n u aga9/ ! dang]s ( a contemplat$ c\rse ( conduct1 nor c x tell u :at conduct has l$ to ! pa9 exp]i5c$4 ,& 9 ! case ( contagi\s diseases1 :at am\nt ( w>n+ is !re giv58 ,9 "s case ! victim is /rick5 & is dead 9 s %ort a "t z n to "k ) :at x is he has be5 afflict$1 & c]ta9ly )\t any *ance ( be+ w>n$4 ,:at w>n+ is !re 9 ! case ( a viol5t poison8 ,or :at relation is !re betwe5 pa9s felt & dang]s run8 ,! mo/ dang]\s diseases may h pa9less beg9n+s1 & be well root$ 9 ! sy/em be=e ! victim is driv5 by discom=t to seek m$ical advice4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a corn or a too?a*e1 nei!r ( !m v deadly ailm5ts1 create pa9 out ( all proportion to _! gravity4 ,& if we take ! case ( excessive cold we h "h an in/ance :]e in/ead ( pa9 act+ z a w>n+1 ! dang] j acts z an anae/hetic4 ,! victim is oppress$ by dr[s9ess1 s9ks into ins5sibility1 f9ally dea?4 ,"h x is n ! approa* ( dea? t is pa9ful1 b ! return to life1 ! pa9 ( re/or+ circulation be+ v sev]e inde$4 ,fe>1 :i* may be class$ z a species ( pa91 appe>s to act1 9 ! majority ( in/ances1 z an enemy1 r ?an z a fri5d to ! animal exp]i5c+ x4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,mosso po9ts out t 9 ! animal organism !re exi/s a numb] ( h>mful reactions t increase 9 numb] ! grav] ! p]il becomes4 ,we h all read ( ! fasc9ation ( ! bird by ! s]p5t1 & !re are o!r animals t 9 ! pres5ce ( an enemy become s palsi$ ) fe> z to become incapable ( def5ce1 ev5 t ( flight4 ,& ) man x is n z ! dang] becomes mo/ acute t 8 n]ves become /eadi] & 8 c\rage firm]4 ,! opposite is probably m (t5 ! case4 ,9 all ^! cases x is z ?\gh nature _h lur$ ! animal or man into a position ( grave dang]1 & !n does its be/ to dive/ him ( adequate means ( def5ce aga9/ x4 ,common s5se revolts aga9/ ! doctr9e t pa9 is a good ?+1 & ! fact ( ?is is ev]y:]e se5 9 ! attempt ( man to get rid ( x4 ,no "o tru/s x z a sure w>n+ aga9/ disease1 no "o turns to x z a means ( purify+ "*4 ,all ^! pleas are ! m]e platitudes ( a religi\s apologetic try+ to h>monise a primitive !ory ( ?+s ) a l>g] k & a m develop$ moral s5se4 ,pa9 & suff]+ 9 ! _w rema9 facts :e!r we believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a ,god or n1 b we are at lea/ fre$ f ! p>alys+ horror ( ! belief t all ! suff]+ & pa9 9 nature is "p ( a plan4 ,if man realis$ all t t belief involv$ x might inde$ rob 8 m9d ( all /r5g? to /ruggle aga9/ ! =ces t make = 8 de/ruction4 ,=tunately no race ( p c\ld act ^u ! logical implications ( ! !i/ic !ory & ma9ta9 its exi/5ce4 ,9 practice1 z well z 9 !ory1 !ism has _h to come to t]ms ) facts4 ,& n[ ! s]ies ( adju/m5ts h almo/ rea*$ _! end4 ,! belief 9 ,god has be5 trac$ to its orig91 & we "k x to h issu$ 9 an altoge!r discr$it$ view ( ! _w & ( man4 ,we "k t man does n discov] ,god1 he inv5ts him1 & an inv5tion is prop]ly disc>d$ :5 a bett] in/rum5t is =?com+4 ,to-day ! hypo!sis ( ,god /&s 9 j ! same relation to ! bett] life ( to-day z ! fire drill ( ! savage does to ! mod]n me?od ( obta9+ a light4 ,! belief 9 ,god may cont9ue a:ile 9 virtue ( ! lack ( intellig5ce ( "s1 ( ! c>elessness ( o!rs1 & ( ! cons]vative "* ( ! mass4 ,b no am\nt ( apologis+ c make up = ! abs5ce ( g5u9e k1 nor c ! fl[ ( ! f9e/ eloqu5ce d aught b clo! 9 regal raim5t ! body ( a corpse4 ,,footnote3 #e ,i h discuss$ ?is "q at l5g? 9 my ,det]m9ism or ,free ,w4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,,sub/itutes ,,= ,,a!ism4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,a ,,"q ,,( ,,prejudice4 ,x af=ds "s gr\nd = surprise t !re %\ld be s great a res5tm5t %[n aga9/ religi\s disbelief 9 g5]al & aga9/ ,a!ism 9 p>ticul>4 ,we h "h m ?an ! m]e rejection ( a !ory or view ( life4 ,!re is a c]ta9 emotional res5tm5t1 a %r9k+ f ! "o :o is guilty ( disbelief1 su* z is n expla9able on ord9>y gr\nds4 ,! attitude is ridicul\s1 s ridicul\s t _m :o adopt x are a%am$ to op5ly ackn[l$ge x1 b x is !re1 & its exi/5ce calls = explanation4 ,we believe ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! peculi> hi/ory ( ! god-idea comb9$ ) primitive !ories ( social life4 ,l _m frames ( m9d t p]si/ 9 civilis$ society1 ?is attitude t[>ds disbelief has its roots 9 a conception ( ! _w t has be5 g5]ally disc>d$ & 9 social conditions t h ceas$ to exi/ among civilis$ p4 ,to beg9 )1 we h ! fact t religion dom9ates ! life ( primitive man to a degree t is almo/ inconceivable to ! mod]n m9d4 ,! ang] ( ! tribal gods has to be always reckon$ )4 ,:at !y desire mu/ be done1 :at !y d n desire mu/ be avoid$4 ,9 ! next place !re exi/s a v /rong s5se ( collective responsibility4 ,:at "o memb] ( a tribe does ! :ole ( ! tribe is responsible =1 bo? to ! memb]s ( o!r tribes & to ! gods4 ,we see a survival ( ?is 9 ! rev]sion to a m primitive /ate ( ?+s t takes place dur+ a w>4 ,9 "s circum/ances hatr$ ( ! :ole ( a p ) :om a nation is at w> becomes a duty1 & all are responsible = ! (f5ces ( ea*4 ,s 9 primitive times an (f5ce aga9/ ! gods became an act ( treason aga9/ ! tribe4 ,x might expose ! :ole ( ! tribe to disa/]4 ,x is n1 x mu/ be not$1 t primitive man is fond ( ! gods1 or jeal\s ( _! hon\r2 he is n any m fond ( !m ?an is ! mod]n citiz5 ( ! tax-collector4 ,& no "o w ev] really und]/& ! "q ( religion until he rids himself ( ! notion t primitive man sp5ds 8 "t look+ = gods or t he is happy 9 _! company4 ,he is simply afraid t a s+le unruly memb] may get ! :ole tribe into a s]i\s difficulty4 ,! savage is sev]ely practical2 8 conduct re/s ^u gr\nds (1 to him1 ! mo/ obvi\s utility1 & 8 treatm5t ( ! h]etic leaves little to be desir$ on ! score ( effectiv5ess4 ,! unbeliev] is a dang]\s p]son1 & he is promptly suppress$4 ,! fir/ h]etic di$ a m>tyr to ! tribe2 ! la/ h]etic w die a m>tyr to ! race4 ,primitive conditions die out1 b primitive feel+s l+]1 & al?\gh 9 !ory we h rea*$ ! /age ( believ+ t ea* p]son mu/ be> ! consequ5ces ( 8 own religi\s op9ions1 ! deeply root$ dislike to ! man :o rejects ! rule ( ! gods rema9s4 ,hi/orically we h also to reckon ) ! op]ations ( an int]e/$ prie/hood1 b leav+ t on "o side z a second>y developm5t x w\ld seem t "o mu/ trace to "s su* cause z ! "o above indicat$ ! deep & widespread dislike to su* a t]m z a!ism1 ev5 by _m :o to all int5ts & purposes are a!i/ 9 _! op9ion4 ,c]ta9ly 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e compromise is m fa%ionable ?an 9 _m o!r places1 ! dislike to ! ^w is p>tly due to its uncompromis+ "*4 ,x is cle> cut & def9ite4 ,its connotations _c be misund]/ood by any "o :o takes ! ^w 9 its lit]al mean+4 ,! ,!i/ is "o :o believes 9 a p]sonal ,god4 ,! ,a!i/ is "o :o is )\t belief 9 a p]sonal ,god4 ,! mean+ is cle>1 & ! impli$ m5tal attitude is pla94 ,x is oppos$ to !ism1 & has no significance ap>t f ,!ism4 ,&1 z w be se51 :5 non-!i/s qu>rel ) x1 x is only because x is mis-/at$ or misund]/ood4 ,b mo/ p dislike cle> cut t]ms4 ,!y pref] to exi/ 9 an atmosph]e ( m5tal ambiguity & intellectual fog :i* blurs outl9es & obscures diff]5ces4 ,unbeliev] is pref]able to "s1 sceptic--presumably because ( its age & philosophical associations1 is a great] fav\rite1 & ,agno/ic is m belov$ ?an ei!r--! latt] has inde$ be5 press$ into ! s]vice ( a m or less nebul\s religion4 ,z x is said1 ,we are all ,sociali/s n[adays1 s x is said t we are unbeliev]s or ,agno/ics n[adays4 ,b no "o says we are all ,a!i/s n[adays4 ,timidity c f9d no use = a ^w ( t "*4 ,( c\rse1 if a man believes t "s ^w o!r ?an ,a!ism be/ describes 8 /ate ( m9d1 he has a p]fect "r to select ! "o t seems fitte/4 ,b :5 "o f9ds non-!i/s repudiat+ ! "n ( ,a!i/ ) z mu* moral indignation z ?\gh !y _h be5 accus$ ( %oplift+1 "o _c help ! suspicion t ! heat display$ is n unconnect$ ) "s lurk+ fe> ( ! respectabilities4 ,x does seem t :ile _m may h outgr[n all fe> ( ! ,god ( or?odoxy1 ! fe> ( ! god ( social pressure rema9s4 ,s f> z ! ,!i/ is conc]n$ x is q und]/&able t 8 objection to ,a!ism %\ld involve a c]ta9 moral elem5t4 ,t w\ld result f :at has already be5 said conc]n+ ! cause ( ! fe> ( h]esy4 ,/ill "o w\ld h ?\ght t 9 ^! days x w\ld require a p]son ( almo/ abnormal /upidity to assume t disbelief 9 ,god has its roots 9 a defective moral "*4 ,! facts w\ld w>rant a q opposite conclusion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! rejection ( any well-e/abli%$ belief argues a degree ( indep5d5ce ( m9d t is1 un=tunately1 n common4 ,! ord9>y m9d foll[s ! common r\te4 ,x is ! extraord9>y m9d t /rikes out f ! beat5 pa?4 ,! h]etic1 :e!r 9 politics or 9 religion1 may be wrong1 b !re is always ) him ! gu>antee ( a c]ta9 measure ( m5tal /r5g? t is n1 on ! face ( ! matt]1 pres5t ) "o :o foll[s ! or?odox pa?4 ,& t 9 itself repres5ts a type ( m9d ( no little social value4 ,moreov]1 ,i = "o1 am q ready to ass]t t1 class = class1 ! ,free?9k] does repres5t a type ( m9d consid]ably above ! av]age4 ,t ?is is n m g5]ally recognis$ is due to ! policy ( ! religi\s advocate 9 contra/+ ! un$ucat$ ,free?9k] ) ! educat$ believ]4 ,secondly1 x /rikes "o z almo/ insane to assume t 9 a ,*ri/ian c\ntry ,a!ism %\ld be pr(ess$ z a cloak or z an excuse = misconduct4 ,!y :o talk 9 ?is /ra9 greatly und]value ! accommodat+ p[] ( religion4 ,is !re a s+le =m ( rascality kn[n to man = :i* religion has n be5 able to provide a sanction8 ,if !re is ,i h fail$ to come across x4 ,! use ( religion made by tyranny 9 all ages & 9 all c\ntries is pro( ( h[ accommodat+ x is to man's passions & int]e/s4 ,! picture ( ! dy+ murd]] meet+ 8 end1 fill$ ) ! consolation ( religion1 & c]ta9 ( 8 spe$y salvation1 conta9s a lesson t all may read if !y w4 ,error !re may be 9 any case :]e op9ion is conc]n$1 b pr(ession ( an op9ion t paves ! way = suspicion & p]secution provides a prima facie gu>antee ( hone/y t _c be furni%$ by ! advocacy ( "o t /&s high 9 ! public fav\r4 ,= aught ,i "k to ! contr>y1 e "o ( ,engl&'s ,bi%ops may be q hone/ m54 ,b !re c be no c]ta9ty ab\t x s long z ! pr(ession c>ries ) x all x does4 ,! dice are load$ 9 fav\r ( conviction4 ,b ! man :o faces social o/racism1 & ev5 loss ( lib]ty 9 def5ce ( an op9ion1 is giv+ a ho/age to tru? su* z none o!r c give4 ,?is association ( h]esy ) a defective moral "* is a v old game4 ,x has be5 play$ by all religions1 &1 x mu/ be admitt$1 ) consid]able success4 ,writ+ 9 ! second c5tury ,lucian %[s u ! same policy at "w 9 8 day4 ,9 "o ( 8 dialogues1 :5 ! ,a!i/ has refut$ "o aft] ano!r ! !i/ic argum5ts ( 8 oppon5t1 ! def5d] ( ! gods turns on 8 oppon5t )-- ,y god robb+1 %abby1 villa9\s1 infam\s1 halt]-sick vagabond6 ,does n ev]ybody "k t y\r fa!r 0 a tatt]demalion1 & y\r "m no bett] ?an %e %\ld be8 t y murd]$ y\r bro!r & are guilty ( o!r execrable crimes8 ,y lewd1 ly+1 rascally1 abom9able v>let4 ,t type ( disputant is /ill ) u1 & is /ill support+ 8 beliefs ) ! same tactics4 ,& x is successful ) "s4 ,!re is a c]ta9 snobbi%ness 9 human nature t makes x seek ! association ( well-kn[n names & %un all ( ^? ) an unfa%ionable reputation4 ,to obs]ve ! way 9 :i* "s p w introduce into _! conv]sation1 spee*es1 or writ+s1 ! names ( well-kn[n m51 is a revelation ( ?is m5tal snobb]y4 ,& ! moral equival5t ( ?is is ! fe> ( be+ f\nd 9 ! company ( an op9ion t has be5 br&$ z immoral4 ,su* p h all ! fe> ( an unpopul> op9ion t a savage has ( a tribal taboo--x is1 9 fact1 a survival ( ! same _s t gave ! tribal taboo its =ce4 ,x is1 ?us1 n a v difficult matt] to w>n p (f an undesirable op9ion4 ,samuel ,taylor ,col]idge relates h[ ! cl]gy rais$ ! cry ( ,a!ism aga9/ him1 al?\gh he _h nev] advanc$ fur!r ?an ,deism4 ,& x is to 8 cr$it t 9 ref]r+ to ?is *>ge he said3-- ,little d ^! m5 "k :at ,a!ism is4 ,n "o man 9 a ?\s& has ei!r /r5g? ( m9d or goodness ( he>t to be an ,a!i/4 ,i repeat x4 ,n "o man 9 a ?\s& has ei!r /r5g? ( m9d or goodness ( he>t to be an ,a!i/4 ,& we h also ! (t-quot$ te/imony ( ! late ,pr(essor ,tyndall3-- ,x is my com=t to "k t !re are among/ u _m :om ! gladiators ( pulpit w\ld call ,a!i/s & ,mat]iali/s1 ^: lives1 nev]!less1 z te/$ by any accessible /&>d ( morality w\ld contra/ m ?an fav\rably ) ! lives ( ^? :o seek to /amp !m ) ?is (f5sive br&4 ,:5 ,i say (f5sive1 ,i ref] m]ely to ! int5tion ( ^? :o use su* t]ms1 & n because ,a!ism or ,mat]ialism1 :5 comp>$ ) _m ( ! notions v5tilat$ 9 ! columns ( religi\s newspap]s has any p>ticul> (f5siv5ess to me4 ,if ,i wi% to f9d m5 :o are scrupul\s 9 _! adh]5ce to engagem5ts1 ^: words are _! bond1 & to :om moral %ift9ess ( any k9d is subjectively unkn[n1 if ,i want$ a lov+ fa!r1 a fai?ful husb&1 an hon\rable neighb\r1 & a j citiz51 ,i w\ld seek him among ! b& ( ,a!i/s to :i* ,i ref]4 ,i h kn[n "s ( ! mo/ pron\nc$ among/ !m1 n only 9 life1 b 9 dea?--see+ !m approa*+ ) op5 eyes ! inexorable goal1 ) no dread ( a hangman's :ip1 ) no hope ( a heav5ly cr[n1 & /ill z m9dful ( _! duties1 z if _! et]nal future dep5d$ ^u _! late/ de$s4 ,/ill ! moral cry is too useful ) ! cr[d to lead to ! conviction t any?+ "o c\ld say w\ld lead to its disuse4 ,9 ! dialogue ( ,lucian's to :i* we h ref]r$1 & aft] ! !i/ has be5 refut$ by ! ,a!i/1 ,h]mes consoles ! *ief deity1 ,zeus1 by tell+ him t ev5 ?\gh a few may h be5 won ov] by ! argum5ts ( ! ,a!i/1 ! va/ majority1 ! :ole mass ( un$ucat$ ,greeks & ! ,b>b>ians ev]y:]e1 /ill rema9 firm 9 _! fai?4 ,& al?\gh ,zeus replies t he w\ld pref] "o s5sible man to a ?\s& fools1 :5 a case dep5ds ^u ! adh]5ce ( ! relatively fooli%1 numb]s w always br+ "s consolation to ! *ampions ( an intellectually di/ress$ cre$4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,:at ,,is ,,a!ism8 ,betwe5 ,a!ism & ,!ism !re is no logical halt+ place4 ,b !re are1 un=tunately1 _m illogical ones4 ,few possess ! capacity = pu%+ _! ideas to a logical conclusion1 & "s position is f9ally discov]$ :i* has ! weakness ( bo? extremes ) ! /r5g? ( nei!r4 ,) _m !re is vague talk ( a ,p[] manife/$ 9 ! univ]se1 & by giv+ ?is ! dignity ( capital lett]s x is evid5tly hop$ t e!r p w recognise x z an equival5t = ,god4 ,b p[]1 ) or )\t capitals1 is n ,god4 ,x is n ! exi/5ce ( a ,p[] t =ms ! k]nel ( ! dispute betwe5 ! ,!i/ & ! ,a!i/1 b :at t p[] is l4 ,! issue arises on ! po9t ( :e!r x is p]sonal or n4 ,t x is1 is :at ! religi\s man believes4 ,z ,mr4 ,balf\r says1 :5 ! pla9 man speaks ( ,god he means a ,god :om m5 c love1 to :om m5 c pray1 :o takes sides1 :o has purposes & pref]5ces1 ^: attributes1 h[ev] conceiv$1 leaves ! possibility ( a p]sonal relation betwe5 ,himself & ^? :om he has creat$4 7,!ism & ,humanism1 p4 #ba47 ,:at ! g5u9e believ] has 9 view is n ! wor?less ab/raction ( a rationalis$ metaphysic1 b ! p]sonal be+ ( hi/oric !ology4 ,x is n[ my purpose to take a few ( ^! sub/itutes = ,a!ism by ! aid ( :i* "s p]sons seek to m>k !mselves (f f a decl>$ & reason$ unbelief4 ,z out/&+ examples ( ?is "o may take two m5 ( no less em95ce ?an ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,bo? ( ^! m5 h r5d]$ great s]vice to advanc$ ?\ght1 b bo? h only succe$$ 9 repudiat+ ,a!ism by mis/at+ & misrepres5t+ x4 ,9 addition to ! s]vice t ,sp5c] unwitt+ly r5d]$ ! curr5t religion by 8 use ( ! ,unkn[able 7) :i* we deal fully lat]71 a fur!r help 0 giv5 by 8 de/ruction ( an ,a!ism t _h no exi/5ce4 ,?is rem>kable p]=mance w be f\nd 9 ! fir/ "p ( 8 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples4 ,respect+ ! orig9 ( ! univ]se1 he tells u1 !re are ?ree intelligible propositions--al?\gh nei!r ( ^!1 on 8 own %[+1 is intelligible4 ,we may ass]t t x is self-exi/5t1 t x is self-creat$1 or t x is creat$ by an ext]nal ag5cy4 ,all ?ree propositions1 he proce$s to %[1 are equally inconceivable4 ,! noticeable ?+ ab\t ! p]=mance is t ,a!ism is id5tifi$ ) ! proposition t ! univ]se is self-exi/5t4 ,a v slight acqua9tance ) ! writ+s ( repres5tative ,a!i/s w\ld h %[n ,mr4 ,sp5c] t ! orig9 ( ! univ]se is "o ( ^? que/ions on :i* ,a!ism has wisely be5 sil5t1 & x has also insi/$ t all attempts to deal ) su* a "q c only result 9 a mean+less /r+ ( words4 ,to ! ,a!i/1 ! univ]se--! sum ( exi/5ce--is a fact t no am\nt ( reason+ c get beh9d or beyond4 ,to ?9k ( ! univ]se z a :ole is an impossibility2 :ile to talk ( its orig9 is to assume1 fir/1 t x did orig9ate1 &1 second1 t we h "s means by :i* we c transc5d all ! kn[n limits ( ! human m9d4 ,! ,a!i/ c say1 & has said1 ) ,mr4 ,sp5c] himself--^: f9al /atem5t ( ,agno/icism diff]s 9 no mat]ial respect f ,a!ism1 t 9 discuss+ ! orig9 ( ! univ]se1 we c only succe$ 9 multiply+ impossibilities ( ?\ght by e attempt we make to expla9 its exi/5ce4 ,no "o has po9t$ out m cle>ly ?an ,mr4 ,sp5c] t inf9ity is n a conception1 b ! negation ( "o4 ,! pity is t he did n realise t 9 tak+ up ?is position he 0 on exactly ! same level ( criticism t ,a!i/s h pursu$4 ,= !m ! univ]se is an ultimate fact2 all t we c d is to m>k ! ceaseless *anges always go+ on ar\nd u1 & to develope our capacity = modify+ _! action 9 ! int]e/s ( human welf>e4 ,f>!r ?an ?is our k does n & _c g2 & x may be add$ t ev5 ?\gh our k c\ld g beyond ! _w ( ph5om5a1 su* k w\ld n be ( ! slighte/ possible value4 ,x may also be po9t$ out t1 j z x is n true t ,a!ism attempts to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! univ]se1 s x is unfair to tie ! ,a!i/ d[n to any p>ticul> !ory ( cosmic evolution4 ,z a m5tal attitude ,a!ism is q indep5d5t ( any !ory ( cosmic work+1 s long z t !ory does n involve an appeal to deity4 ,z we %all see1 ,a!ism1 f ! po9t ( view bo? ( hi/ory & etymology1 /&s = ! negation ( !ism1 & its f9al ju/ification mu/ be f\nd 9 ! unt5ability ( ! !i/ic position4 ,rightly en\gh x may be argu$ t ! acceptance ( ,a!ism implies a c]ta9 g5]al m5tal attitude t[>ds bo? cosmic & social que/ions1 b ! ,a!i/1 z su*1 is no m committ$ to a special sci5tific !ory ?an he is committ$ to a special !ory ( gov]nm5t4 ,( c\rse1 x is conv5i5t = ! ,!i/ to fir/ ( all saddle 8 oppon5t ) a set ( social or sci5tific beliefs1 & !n to assume t 9 attack+ ^? beliefs he is demoli%+ ,a!ism1 b x is none ! less fight+ on a false issue4 ,all t ,a!ism necess>ily involves is t all =ms ( ,!ism are logically unt5able1 & consequ5tly ! only effective me?od ( de/roy+ ,a!ism is to e/abli% its opposite4 ,pr(essor ,huxley's treatm5t ( ,a!ism proce$s on simil> l9es to t already dealt )1 b is m elaborate 9 "*4 ,discuss+ ! nature ( 8 own op9ions he repudiates all sympa?y ) ,a!ism1 because3 ! problem ( ! ultimate cause ( exi/5ce is "o :i* seems to me to be hopelessly out ( rea* ( my poor p[]s4 ,( all ! s5seless babble ,i h ev] _h occasion to read1 ! demon/rations ( ^? philosoph]s :o und]take to tell u ab\t ! nature ( ,god w\ld be ! wor/1 if !y 7 n surpass$ by ! /ill great] absurdities ( ! philosoph]s :o try to prove !re is no ,god4 7,on ! ,hypo!sis ! ,animals are ,automata47 ,& on ano!r occasion1 reply+ to a correspond5t1 he expresses ! op9ion t ,a!ism is1 on philosophical gr\nds1 unt5able1 t !re is no evid5ce ( ! god ( ! !ologians is true en\gh1 b /rictly sci5tific reason+ c take u no fur!r4 ,:5 we "k no?+ we c nei!r affirm nor d5y ) propriety4 7,life & ,lett]s1 p4 #afb47 ,"h1 aga91 we h ! common error t ,a!ism seeks 9 "s way to expla9 ! ultimate cause ( exi/5ce4 ,& ?is 9 spite ( cont9u\s disclaim]s t all se>* = a fir/ cause1 or = a cause ( exi/5ce is midsumm] madness4 ,! fault "h1 we suspect1 is t bo? writ]s took _! /atem5t ( ,a!ism1 n f ,a!i/ic writ]s b f _! oppon5ts4 ,b x is none ! less surpris+ t x 0 n recognis$ t bo? a fir/ cause & an ultimate cause ( exi/5ce1 are1 /rictly speak+1 !i/ic que/ions4 ,i d n mean t ^! que/ions may n sugge/ !mselves to non-!i/s1 b t :5 !y are rais$ cle>ly & def9itely !y are se5 to belong to a class ( que/ions to :i* no rational answ] is possible4 ,to ! ,!i/1 h[ev]1 ! que/ions arise f 8 prim>y assumptions4 ,8 !ory is "o ( f9al causes2 8 deity is po/ulat$ z ! cause ( exi/5ce1 & he _c give up ! que/ions z hopeless )\t admitt+ 8 position to be indef5sible4 ,x is q usual = ! !i/ to prop\nd problems :i* only arise on 8 own assumptions1 & !n call ^u 8 oppon5ts = answ]s to !m1 b !re is no ju/ification :atev] = non-!i/s play+ ! same game4 ,a!ism has no?+ to d ) f9al causes1 & !re=e is n conc]n$ ) def5d+ its illogicalities4 ,!ism is a doctr9e ( f9al causes1 & 9 argu+ t x is absurd to express an op9ion ^u ! subject ,pr(essor ,huxley 0 add+ a good reason 9 support ( ! position he believ$ himself to be de/roy+4 ,huxley's o!r objection to ,a!ism is t x p]petuates ! absurdity ( try+ to prove !re is no ,god4 ,h[ f> is t true8 ,or 9 :at s5se is x true8 ,! dang] 9 all discussion on ?is po9t lies 9 our tak+ x = grant$ t ,god conveys a def9ite & id5tical mean+ to all p4 ,b ?is is v f> f be+ ! case4 ,:at anyone means by ,god x is impossible to say until "s fur!r description has be5 giv54 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 & n until !n1 ,god may become ! subject ( affirmation or d5ial4 ,until !n we are play+ ) empty words4 ,by itself ,god means no?+4 ,x (f]s ! possibility ( nei!r negation nor affirmation4 ,n[ ,pr(essor ,huxley w\ld h readily admitt$ t ! tru? ( a proposition may be d5i$ :5ev] its t]ms involve a contradiction4 ,& ! gr\nd ( ?is is ! %e] impossibility ( br++ ! t]ms toge!r 9 ?\ght4 ,t a circle may be squ>e1 or t p>allel l9es may enclose a space1 are propositions ! tru? ( :i* may be d5i$ (fh&4 ,! gr\nd ( ?is is t ! conception ( squ>5ess & circul>ity1 ( /raight l9es & an enclos$ space are mutually de/ructive1 !y cancel ea* o!r4 ,& s f> z ,a!ism may be said to involve ! d5ial ( p>ticul> gods t d5ial is bas$ ^u precisely simil> gr\nds4 ,:5 def9$ x is se5 t ! attributes ( ?is def9$ god cancel ea* o!r z effectually z squ>5ess rules out ! idea ( a circle2 ei!r ?is or !y are simply un?9kable4 ,y _c h an inf9ite p]sonality any m ?an y c h a six-sid$ octagon1 nor c y posit an inf9ite p]sonality )\t dive/+ ! t]ms ( all mean+4 ,x may also be not$ 9 pass+ t bo? ! !i/ & ! ,agno/ic actually d d5y ! exi/5ce ( p>ticul> gods )\t ! lea/ hesitation4 ,no rational ,agno/ic w\ld hesitate to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ,jupit]1 ,javeh1 ,allah1 or ,brahma4 ,no ,*ri/ian w\ld hesitate to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! gods ( a tribe ( savages4 ,ev5 believ]s 9 ! curr5t !ology h evolv$ beyond ! /age ( ! primitive ,*ri/ians1 :o accept$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,pagan deities ) ! proviso t !y 7 demons4 ,& x is a m]e v]bal quibble to say t ^! p m]ely d5y ea* o!r's conception ( deity4 ,ea* man's conception ( god is 8 god1 & to say t no be+ answ]+ to t conception exi/s is to say t 8 god does n exi/1 & 9 relation to ! god d5i$ ! d5i] is 9 exactly ! position 9 :i* he places ! ,a!i/4 ,s f> !n ! ,a!ism ( ea* is j a "q ( degree or ( relation4 ,s f> z ,a!ism involves ! d5ial ( deity ! foll[] ( "o religion is an ,a!i/ 9 relation to ! foll[]s ( e o!r religion4 ,ea* religion--among civilis$ p--is a!i/ic f ! /&po9t ( ! foll[]s ( o!r gods4 ,! affirmation ( "o god involves ! d5ial ( o!r gods4 ,?is w\ld really seem to be ! hi/orical significance ( ! t]m4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 call$ a!i/s by ! ,pagans1 & "s ( !m accept$ x )\t demur4 ,at a lat] date ,sp9oza1 ,voltaire1 ,pa9e1 & o!rs 7 call$ a!i/s1 & ! epi!t has lo/ its =ce to-day only because ! evolution ( ?\ght has brok5 d[n _m religi\s b>ri]s1 & is rapidly divid+ p into two gr\ps--^? :o believe 9 "s god & :o believe 9 none at all4 ,n[ all t ,a!ism--consci\s & reflective ,a!ism--does is to c>ry a /ep fur!r ! re/rict$ d5ial ( ! ord9>y religioni/4 ,! ,*ri/ian !i/ d5ies e god b 8 own4 ,! ,a!i/1 see+ no m evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian deity ?an = ! exi/5ce ( any ( ! deities disc>d$ by ! ,*ri/ian1 see+1 fur!r1 t !re are exactly ! same contradictions involv$ 9 assum+ ! exi/5ce ( any "o ( ! _w's deities1 places ! ,*ri/ian deity on ! li/ z among ^? gods 9 ^: exi/5ce he does n believe1 & ^: exi/5ce1 s f> z x is def9$1 may be logically d5i$4 ,! really di/+ui%+ feature ( philosophic ,a!ism is its compreh5siv5ess1 ! rank+ ( all kn[n deities1 big & little1 anci5t & mod]n1 savage & civilis$1 gross & subtle1 ^u ! same level4 ,hi/orically1 we see !m all orig9at+ 9 ! same conditions1 pass+ ?r\gh sub/antially ! same phases ( developm5t1 f9ally to meet ) ! same fate z civilisation developes4 ,9 ?is respect ,a!ism has to be consid]$ 9 its hi/oric developm5ts4 ,x beg9s1 z we h se5 9 ! rejection ( a p>ticul> god1 9 fav\r ( "s o!r deity4 ,x is only at a v mu* lat] /age t ! :ole idea ( god is subject$ to exam9ation & analysis 9 su* a way z to lead to ! rejection ( ! conception ( god z a :ole4 ,b ) t aspect ( ! subject we %all be conc]n$ lat]4 ,b does ,a!ism d5y ! exi/5ce ( any possible god8 ,?is "q might admit ( a simple answ] if "o only knew precisely :at x meant4 ,x is easy en\gh to und]/& :at is meant by ,god s long z we keep to any or all ( ! gods ( ! _w's religions4 ,b :at is meant by god /&+ alone & undef9$8 ,hi/orically ,god means a deity believ$ 9 by "s p1 "s :]e1 at "s "t4 ,& if we put on "o side ^! p>ticul> gods we h no?+ left t c be ei!r affirm$ or d5i$4 ,god 9 ! ab/ract is n a real exi/5ce any m ?an tree 9 ! ab/ract is a real exi/5ce4 ,!re is a p9e tree1 a pe> tree1 an apple tree1 etc41 b !re is & c be no tree ap>t f "s p>ticul> tree4 ,s ) god4 ,!re are p>ticul> gods1 b if we d away ) ^!1 we h no god left z a sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,god !n becomes a m]e ^w convey+ no mean+ :atev]4 ,a!ism does n d5y ! exi/5ce ( a god = ! same reason t x does n d5y ! exi/5ce ( ,abracadabra--bo? t]ms mean z mu*1 or z little4 ,& x is m ?an absurd = p :o h reject$ !ism to cont9ue us+ ! ^w god z ?\gh x _h a q def9ite mean+ ap>t f ! gods ( ! v>i\s !ologies4 ,we h ,pr(essor ,huxley admitt+ t !re is no evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! god ( ! !ologians1 & we imag9e t he w\ld h met ! affirmation ( _! exi/5ce ) a flat contradiction4 ,at any rate he w\ld h be5 q ju/ifi$ 9 do+ s4 ,b :5 he ass]ts1 ) a %[ ( logical precision1 b 9 reality ) great loos5ess1 t x is prepo/]\s to ass]t t !re is no god because he _c be su* z we ?9k him to be1 he is us+ language = :i* no precise mean+ c be f\nd4 ,to be intelligible1 ! s5t5ce implies t we h "s conception answ]+ to ! t]ms us$1 & ?is1 z we h po9t$ out ) almo/ we>isome insi/5ce1 is n ! case4 ,x is n a case ( say+ to ! !i/1 ,i fully und]/& y\r hypo!sis1 b z at pres5t ,i d n see en\gh evid5ce to conv9ce me ( its tru? or to demon/rate its error ,i mu/ susp5d judgm5t4 ,we d n und]/& x4 ,& :5 we seek to we discov] t ! t]ms ( ! proposition we are ask$ to accept refuse to be br\ght toge!r )9 ! compass ( a s+le conception4 ,susp5d$ judgm5t :]e ! subject "u discussion is und]/&able is "r & prop]1 b x is q out ( place1 & inde$ _c exi/1 :]e ! proposition be=e u is void ( mean+4 ,9 su* circum/ances susp5d$ judgm5t is absurd1 & x may be add$ t ! affirmation or negation ( su* a proposition is absurd likewise4 ,only "o o!r ^w ne$ be said on ?is po9t4 ,x may be urg$ t educat$ believ]s mean by ,god n ! an?ropomorphic deity ( ! !ologies1 b a p]sonal intellig5ce controll+ ?+s4 ,b ?is is really n less an?ropomorphic ?an ! =m 9 :i* ! god idea meets u 9 ! popul> !ologies4 ,its an?ropomorphism is only1 to unobs]vant m9ds1 less app>5t4 ,! conception ( an intellig5t1 p]sonal be+ controll+ nature is n fundam5tally less objectionable ?an ! frankly man-l be+ ( ! e>ly !ologies4 ,intellig5ce1 z we "k x 7& to talk ( an intellig5ce t is unlike ! intellig5ce we "k is absurd7 is z mu* a *>act]i/ic ( human1 or animal1 organisation1 z arms & legs are4 ,m9d1 aft] all1 is only kn[n to u z a function ( an organism4 ,t x is m ?an ?is1 or o!r ?an ?is1 is a pure assumption4 ,& to dive/ ,god ( all physical p>ts1 :ile reta9+ 8 functions1 is %e] nons5se4 ,!re is ! p]sonal intellig5ce ( ,smi?1 or ,br[n1 or ,rob9son1 b x is absurd to wipe out all ! p>ticul> ,smi?s1 & ,br[ns1 & ,rob9sons1 & !n talk z ?\gh _! qualities cont9ue 9 exi/5ce4 ,s ) ,god4 ,if we reject all ! gods ( ! !ologies "o aft] ano!r1 :at god h we left to talk ab\t8 ,all we h left is ! memory ( a delusion4 ,x is equally fallaci\s to talk ( ,god z an equival5t ( =ce 9 ! ab/ract1 or z ! equival5t ( "s non-intellig5t =ce4 ,?is is n :at p ev] meant1 or mean1 by god4 ,:at religi\s folk believe 91 :at !y pray to1 is a p]son :o c he> !m1 & :o c d ?+s4 ,a god only dimly appreh5d$ may be tol]at$1 b = h[ long w fai? cont9ue to wor%ip an exi/5ce t c nei!r d nor he> nor sympa?ise8 ,!re is a limit to ev5 religi\s folly4 ,& ev5 a savage only wor%ips /icks & /ones aft] he end[s !m ) life & intellig5ce4 ,f9ally1 if !re is "o ?+ cle> to ! mod]n m9d x is t sci5ce has no room 9 its !ory ( ?+s = an ov]-rul+ intellig5ce4 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge well sums up ! attitude ( sci5ce 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3--,or?odox sci5ce %[s u a self-conta9$ & self-suffici5t univ]se1 n 9 t\* ) any?+ above or beyond itself--! g5]al tr5d & outl9e ( x kn[n--no?+ sup]natural or miracul\s1 no int]v5tion ( be+s o!r ?an ourselves1 be+ conceiv$ possible4 7,man & ! ,univ]se1 p4 #ad1 ,popul> ed47 ,p]sonally1 we "q :e!r !re are any sci5ti/s ( repute :o really believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal intellig5ce above or beyond nature4 ,"s may make pr(essions to ! contr>y1 b x w usually be f\nd t ! qualifications introduc$ rob _! pr(essions ( all value4 ,c]ta9ly _! tea*+ is de/itute ( any su* conception4 ,mod]n sci5tific ?\ght leaves no room = ! op]ations ( deity4 ,! miracul\s is g5]ally disc>d$4 ,response to pray] is :ittl$ d[n to a species ( self-delusion1 to be valu$ on acc\nt ( its subjective influ5ce only4 ,! sci5tific !ory ( ?+s1 incomplete z x may be 9 _m ( its details1 leaves no room = ! op]ations ( a god4 ,n alone does x leave no room = a god1 b if ! sci5tific conception ( ! _w is to /&1 !n x w\ld be necess>y to repeat ,bakun9e's mot1 & to say1 ,if !re 7 a god x w\ld be necess>y to de/roy him4 ,y simply _c h at "o & ! same "t a univ]se 9 :i* all t occurs is ! consequ5ce ( calculable & inde/ructible =ces1 ! op]ations ( :i* c be =ese5 & reli$ ^u1 & a univ]se controll$ by a self-det]m9+ deity1 capable ( modify+ ! action ( ^! same =ces4 ,y may h "o or ! o!r1 b x is %e] lunacy to imag9e t y c h bo?4 ,ei!r uni=mity ) inv>iable causation1 or a _w 9 :i* e sci5tific calculation mu/ be prefac$ ) ! ,d4,v4 ( a pray] meet+4 ,& ! ,a!i/1 :o accepts ! pr9ciples ( mod]n sci5ce1 says1 n m]ely t he is )\t a belief 9 god1 b t he fails to see any necessity = 8 exi/5ce1 or any?+ = him to d if he did exi/4 ,he passes ! gods ( ! _w 9 review & categorically dismisses ea* "o z a my?4 ,9 do+ ?is he has ! concurr5ce ( all !i/s 9 disc>d+ e god save "o--8 own4 ,! ,a!i/ simply applies ! same rule to ea*1 & metes out ! same judgm5t to all4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,sp5c] ,,& ,,! ,,unkn[able4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! use made by religioni/s ( ,sp5c]'s ,unkn[able4 ,?is !ory 0 n )\t its =]unn]s1 & 9 ,engl& 0 already 9 ! field 9 ! tea*+s ( ,hamilton & ,mansel4 ,sp5c] gave x a /ill great] vogue4 ,z he pres5t$ x1 x came be=e ! _w ) all ! pre/ige atta*+ to its association ) "o ( ! mo/ compreh5sive ( mod]n ?9k]s1 & "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial 9 ! s*ools ( evolution>y philosophy4 ,x 0 also connect$ ) a _w !ory t claim$ to be /rictly sci5tific 9 its "*4 ,x became n only a fa%ion 9 c]ta9 circles1 x f\nd$ a s*ool1 & ga9$ num]\s foll[]s 9 ! religi\s _w4 ,its au?or prop\nd$ x z a basis on :i* to reconcile religion & sci5ce1 & _m 7 ready to accept x z su*4 ,pr9t$ 9 all ! glory ( capital lett]s1 appe>+ sometimes z ,! ,ultimate ,reality1 sometimes z ! ,uncondition$1 sometimes z an ,inf9ite & ,et]nal ,en]gy1 x 0 equally impressive "u all its =ms4 ,x provid$ j t solemn k9d ( =mula t ! religi\s m9d is accu/om$ to he>1 & if x 0 z mean+less z ! ,a?anasian ,cre$1 is 01 = t reason1 q z satisfy+4 ,x gave all ! com=t ( a religi\s confession ( fai?1 & x has be5 ! p>5t ( a :ole ho/ ( m rec5t apologies = ,god4 ,9 itself ! ,unkn[able 0 h>mless en\gh4 ,its philosophic value is n great1 its sci5tific utility is nil4 ,to say t ev]y?+ proce$s f an ,ultimate ,reality is n v helpful1 & to foll[ on ) ! decl>ation t we "k no?+ ab\t x1 & t x w\ld be ( no use to u if we did1 does n s\nd v enc\rag+4 ,x rem9ds "o ( ! description ( ! horse t _h only two faults--"o t x 0 h>d to cat*1 & ! o!r t x 0 no good :5 x 0 caught4 ,we repeat ) all solemnity ! =mula t all ?+s proce$ f an inf9ite & et]nal en]gy1 & t ?is is ! ,ultimate ,reality1 & !n f9d t 9 relation to any & e "q we are precisely :]e we 74 ,its acceptance 9 c]ta9 religi\s circles1 & its use lat]1 may be tak5 z evid5ce ( ! fact t :at ! pi\s m9d longs = is n s5se b satisfaction4 ,/ill !re rema9s cause = wond] t ?is ,unkn[able %\ld ev] h be5 tak5 z af=d+ f\ndation = ! belief 9 deity4 ,! mo/ extreme mat]iali/ or ,a!i/ ne$ n be 9 ! slighte/ degree disconc]t$ on be+ told ?+s proce$ f an ,inf9ite & ,et]nal ,en]gy4 ,x is only :at ! ,a!i/ has said1 m9us ! capital lett]s4 ,he has affirm$ 8 conviction1 t all ph5om5a result f ! p]mutations ( matt] & =ce1 :i* are et]nal because no "t limit c be plac$ to _! op]ations4 ,& y d n add any?+ mat]ial to ! /atem5t by pr9t+ x 9 capital lett]s4 ,t ! ,sp5c]ian ab/raction %\ld h be5 tak5 z a sub/itute = deity proves h[ desp]ate ! situation is4 ,dr[n+ m5 clut* at /raws1 & a dis9tegrat+ deity hopes to r5ew 8 /r5g? by ! lavi% use ( capital lett]s4 ,=1 aft] all1 :at ! !i/ ne$s is1 n an et]nal en]gy1 b a p]sonality4 ,an inscrutable exi/5ce w n d4 ,!re is no dispute t some?+ exi/s4 ,!re is no qu>rel ov] m]e exi/5ce4 ,x is ) ! nature ( :at exi/s & ! mode ( its op]ation t ! issue arises4 ,! !i/ ne$s a special k9d ( en]gy1 a special =m ( exi/5ce1 a special k9d ( reality if 8 case is to be e/abli%$4 ,x w n d = ,mr4 ,sp5c] to assure him t ?is ,ultimate ,reality is high] ?an p]sonal4 ,h[ ,mr4 ,sp5c] kn[s t some?+1 ! nature ( :i* is unkn[n1 is high] ?an some?+ else1 is m ?an "o c tell4 ,b t does n matt]4 ,high] or l[]1 x is all ! same4 ,ei!r way x is diff]5t f p]sonal1 & if x is diff]5t x is n ! same1 x is n p]sonal4 ,:atev] o!r qualities ?is ,ultimate ,reality has or lacks1 x mu/ h t "o if x is to be ( use to ! !i/4 ,& to say t x is high] ?an p]sonal is to say t x is n p]sonal at all1 & to repeat 9 a r\ndab\t mann] :at ! ,a!i/ has be5 say+ all ! "t4 ,:at n[ is ,sp5c]'s !ory ( an ultimate reality t mu/ = ev] rema9 unkn[able8 ,foll[+ a l9e ( ?\ght t _h be5 /eadily ga9+ gr\nd s9ce ,hume--al?\gh mu* old] ?an ,hume--,sp5c] holds t 9 f9al analysis all our k is a k ( m5tal /ates & _! relations4 ,beyond ?is we "k no?+1 & c nev] "k any?+4 ,nev]!less1 :ile we _c "k any?+ beyond consci\sness1 ! conditions ( ?9k+ oblige u to assume t some?+ exi/s z ! cause ( our /ates ( m9d4 ,j z black implies some?+ t is n black1 h>d some?+ t is n h>d1 s we mu/ conceive1 z aga9/ ! condition$1 relative exi/5ce ( our consci\s /ates1 an uncondition$1 absolute exi/5ce z _! cause4 ,x is ?is assum$1 b completely unkn[n cause ( our consci\s /ates1 & ( all else1 t ,sp5c] di/+ui%es z ! ,unkn[able1 ! ,uncondition$1 ! ,absolute1 etc41 & :i* appe>s to h br\ght s mu* consolation to h>d-press$ !i/s4 ,i h no int5tion ( discuss+ "h ! philosophic value ( ! ,unkn[able4 ,b "o may say1 9 pass+1 t ev5 f t po9t ( view ,sp5c] is untrue to 8 own ,agno/icism 9 speak+ ( ! ,uncondition$ z ! cause ( ph5om5a4 ,= causation is a category ( ! condition$1 x belongs to ! _w we "k4 ,x is n some?+ t exi/s beyond consci\sness1 x is some?+ t is suppli$ by consci\sness & :i* possesses validity only )9 ! _w ( ph5om5a4 ,on ,sp5c]'s own !ory ( relativity a cause only exi/s 9 relation to an effect4 ,de/roy ! "o & y de/roy ! o!r4 ,?us1 if ! ,unkn[able is a cause ( ph5om5a x ceases to be ! uncondition$ & becomes "p ( ! ph5om5al ord]4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is n "p ( ! ph5om5al sequ5ce1 x _c /& to ph5om5a 9 a g5u9e casual relation4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only fair to po9t out t betwe5 ! ,unkn[able & ! evolution>y philosophy ( ,sp5c] ! only connection betwe5 !m is t !y are bo? 9 ! same "w4 ,9 all probability x is an unconsci\s survival ( ,sp5c]'s e>li] !ism1 :i* 0 active at ! "t ! ,syn!tic ,philosophy 0 orig9ally plann$1 b :i* became m & m att5uat$ z ,sp5c] grew old]1 & disappe>s entirely f ! m important volumes ( ! s]ies4 ,& b = ! help x has be5 suppos$ to give ! belief 9 god1 ! ,unkn[able w\ld only h rank$ z a h>mless speculation ( no value to anyone or to any?+4 ,?is is sub/antially admitt$ 9 a po/script to ! #ahii edition ( ,fir/ ,pr9ciples4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! section entitl$ ,! ,unkn[able1 he says3-- ,! read] is n call$ on to judge respect+ any ( ! argum5ts or conclusions conta9$ 9 ! =ego+ five *apt]s & 9 ! above p>agraphs4 ,! subjects on :i* we are ab\t to ent] are indep5d5t ( ! subjects ?us f> discuss$2 & he may reject any or all ( t :i* has gone be=e :ile leav+ himself free to accept any or all ( t :i* is n[ to come4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,unkn[able is a pure ab/raction1 hav+ no organic connection ) ! ,syn!tic ,philosophy1 or inde$ ) any philosophy ( value4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s w>n+ to 8 read]s seems to q ju/ify ,mr4 ,bradley's r cau/ic comm5t1 ,i d n wi% to be irrev]5t1 b ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s attitude t[>ds 8 ,unkn[able /rikes me z a pleasantry1 ! po9t ( :i* lies 9 its unconsci\sness4 ,x seems a proposal to take some?+ = ,god simply & solely because we d n "k :at ! devil x c be4 7,note to p4 #abh ( ,appe>ance & ,reality47 ,! curi\s ?+ is t ,mr4 ,sp5c] really (f]s 8 read]s two !ories ( ! nature ( religion4 ,"o is conta9$ 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 & s f> z x traces all religi\s ideas to ! delusions & illusions ( ! primitive savage is sub/antially t held by all mod]n an?ropologi/s4 ,! o!r is conta9$ 9 8 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 & ! two !ories1 l p>allel l9es1 nev] meet4 ,?\gh born 9 ! same bra9 !y are q di/9ct1 & ev5 contradictory4 ,! sub/ance ( ?is second !ory may be summ>is$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! conditions ( human ?\ght compel ! recognition ( an unkn[able reality ( :i* all ph5om5a are ! expression4 #b4 ,! function ( religion1 f ! e>lie/ "t1 has be5 ! ass]tion ( ! exi/5ce ( an unkn[able reality1 & to keep alive a consci\sness ( ! insoluble my/]y surr\nd+ x4 #c4 ,! function ( sci5ce is to deal ) ! kn[n & ! kn[able1 ) all t is pres5t$ 9 exp]i5ce1 ) ! _w ( ph5om5a exclusively4 #d4 ,religion hav+ = its subject matt] ! unkn[n & unkn[able1 :ile sci5ce has = its subject matt] ! kn[n & ! kn[able1 religion & sci5ce are n antagoni/ic1 b complem5t>y4 ,conflicts only arise :5 "o trespasses on ! o!r's dep>tm5t1 & a recognition ( ! true l9e ( dem>cation effectually reconciles ^! hi!rto ho/ile =ces4 ,a v obvi\s criticism ( numb] "o is 9 affirm+ a consci\sness ( an ,unkn[able1 its quality ( unkn[abl5ess is annihilat$4 ,exi/5ce c only be pr$icat$ ( t :i* affects consci\sness 9 "s mann]2 & s f> z ,i h ! slighte/ appreh5sion or consci\sness ( any?+ exi/+1 to t ext5t x ceases to be ! unkn[able4 ,our k ( x may be imp]fect or altoge!r errone\s2 we may feel x impossible t we %\ld ev] rightly und]/& x2 b s f> z we ?9k ab\t x we are b\nd to assimilate x to ! be/ ( our k1 ev5 ?\gh x be only "u ! category ( =ce4 ,9 brief1 unkn[abl5ess is n a prop]ty or quality by :i* a ?+ may be appreh5d$2 x is a "n = complete m5tal vacuity4 ,x does n ref] to ! ?+ itself1 x ref]s only to u4 ,x is a pure negation :i* ,sp5c]1 by %e] v]bal play conv]ts into a quasi-positive conception4 ,a consci\sness ( ?+s unkn[n c nev] be m ?an a consci\sness ( ignorance4 ,!re is only "o way to prove ! exi/5ce ( an unkn[able1 & t is to "k no?+ ab\t x--n ev5 to "k t !re is some?+ ab\t :i* we "k no?+4 ,b1 says ,sp5c]1 to say t we _c "k ! absolute is1 by implication1 to affirm t !re is an absolute4 ,c]ta9ly1 if we take an infirmity ( language to be ! equival5t ( a necessity ( exi/5ce1 n o!rwise4 ,:5 ,i say t we _c "k a f\r-sid$ triangle ,i d n affirm by implication t a f\r-sid$ triangle exi/s4 ,i am ass]t+ t ! phrase1 a f\r-sid$ triangle1 involves conceptions t _c be br\ght toge!r 9 consci\sness1 & s dismiss x z be+ )\t mean+4 ,! tru? is t e "o ( ,sp5c]'s attempts to prove ! exi/5ce ( an unkn[able turns out on exam9ation to be no m ?an a pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( an unkn[n1 & ?is is n disput$ at any "t or by anyone4 ,?us1 aft] be+ told t a kn[n _c be ?\ght ( ap>t f an unkn[n1 we are in=m$3-- ,positive k does n1 & nev] c1 fill ! :ole region ( possible ?\ght4 ,at ! utmo/ rea* ( discov]y !re arises1 & mu/ ev] arise1 ! "q1 ,:at lies beyond8 ,z x is impossible to ?9k ( a limit to space s z to exclude ! idea ( space ly+ outside t limit1 s we _c conceive ( any explanation pr(\nd en\gh to exclude ! "q1 ,:at is ! explanation ( ! explanation8 ,) ?is we c all agree1 b x does n br+ u any ne>] an unkn[able4 ,x is p]fectly true t ?\ght c nev] be compreh5sive en\gh to exhau/ ! possibilities ( exi/5ce1 s9ce x is ( ! ess5ce ( ?9k+ to limit & def9e4 ,b x is a %e] impossibility to ?9k ( :at lies beyond ! b\nd>y ( our k z unkn[able1 s f> z we ?9k ( x at all1 we mu/ conceive x z ! unkn[n b possibly kn[able4 ,! unkn[n c only be ?\ght ( ?us because x is only z x is1 by assumption1 br\ght into l9e ) :at is already kn[n t x c be ?\ght ab\t at all4 ,we are compell$ to ?9k ( :at lies beyond ! limits ( our actual k 9 ! same way z a travell] ?9ks ( ! fauna & flora ( an untravell$ c\ntry4 ,! new region may pres5t _m new features1 b until actual obs]vation has tak5 place1 ^! new features w only be ?\ght ( z m or less unusual comb9ations ( kn[n animal & vegetable life4 ,!y are sub/antially id5tical ) :at is already kn[n4 ,no /rang] notion ev] occurr$ to a great ?9k] ?an t religion & sci5ce repres5t p>allel & di/9ct l9es ( developm5t1 ea* hav+ its own sph]e ( op]ation4 ,x is all ! m rem>kable :5 we rememb] t ) ,sp5c] religion means all religion1 pa/ & pres5t1 civilis$ & savage4 ,& no "o is m precise 9 po9t+ out h[ all religi\s ideas f9d _! beg9n+s 9 ! conditions ( primitive life4 ,& t be+ ! case1 "o wond]s :e!r we are to picture primitive man z a pr(\nd metaphysical philosoph]1 speculat+ on t :i* lies beh9d ph5om5a1 contemplat+ an insoluble ,my/]y1 & pay+ homage to an ,ultimate ,reality8 ,no?+ c\ld be m absurd4 ,?9k+ beg9s 9 concrete images1 n 9 ab/ractions4 ,we h only to note ! developm5t ( intellig5ce 9 *ildr5 to realise ?is4 ,& primitive man1 n be+ a my/ic nor a metaphysician1 bases 8 religion1 n ^u a reality t transc5ds exp]i5ce1 b ^u a presum$ fact1 & :at is to him ! be/ kn[n ( all facts4 ,& ev5 ) mod]n m5 x may safely be said t !y wor%ip ,god = :at !y believe !y "k ab\t him1 n because !y believe him to be unkn[n & unkn[able4 ,sp5c] himself may be cit$ 9 support ( ?is4 ,9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 :]e ! ,unkn[able plays no "p :atev]1 he concludes aft] an elaborate survey ( ! facts1 t ! imag9ation ( primitive man is rem9isc5t1 n con/ructive2 8 p[] ( ?\ght is feeble1 he is )\t ! quick curiosity ( civilis$ man1 !re is an abs5ce ( ! conception ( causation1 he accepts ?+s z !y appe>1 )\t any vivid desire to inquire into _! real nature or _! connection ) o!r ev5ts1 & is )\t ab/ract ideas4 ,cle>ly1 "h is n a v promis+ subject f :i* to d]ive ev5 ! g]m ( ! idea ( a ,reality transc5d+ exp]i5ce4 ,sp5c] also1 & q prop]ly1 insi/s t religi\s ideas are1 "u ! condition ( _! orig91 national ideas2 t we mu/ accept ! tru? t ! laws ( ?\ght are ev]y:]e ! same1 & t1 giv5 ! data z kn[n to primitive man1 ! inf]5ce drawn by him is a reasonable inf]5ce4 ,) ?is we agree1 b x gives ! dea? bl[ to ! previ\s /atem5t z to ! ess5tial nature ( religion1 & its ess5tial diff]5tiation f sci5ce4 ,= giv5 ! con/itution ( ! primitive m9d1 its ignorance ( causation & g5]al lack ( k1 religion comm5ces n 9 "s se>* aft] an et]nal reality1 b 9 a natural misund]/&+ ( obs]v$ facts4 ,primitive religion is j a reason$ misund]/&+ ( ph5om5a t 9 lat]1 & bett] in=m$ ages1 are giv5 an altoge!r diff]5t explanation4 ,t ?is is s1 ,sp5c] himself makes pla94 ,= he %[s1 /ep by /ep1 h[ ! exp]i5ce ( dreams1 e*oes1 %ad[s1 etc41 comb9e to produce ! belief 9 unse5 ag5cies diff]+ 9 no ess5tial f man save t ( possess+ great] p[] & 9 be+ invisible4 ,f dreams & o!r subjective exp]i5ces he d]ives ! idea ( a d\ble1 f dea? t ( a gho/4 ,h5ce ! c]emonies r\nd ! grave1 & ! att5tion paid to ! d\ble ( ! dead man1 :i* subsequ5tly developes into ance/or wor%ip4 ,! same tra9 ( ?\ght gives a d\ble to objects o!r ?an human be+s4 ,h5ce ,animism1 ,totemism1 & _! num]\s subsidi>y developm5ts4 ,sp5c] insi/s1 n only t all religions h a natural g5esis1 b also t beh9d sup]natural be+s ( all ord]s !re has be5 9 e case a human p]sonality--9 o!r words1 e god is develop$ f a gho/1 ance/or wor%ip is ! root ( e religion4 ,to ?is he w admit no exception1 & ref]r+ to ! ,jewi% religion1 he asks contemptu\sly3-- ,mu/ we recognise a s+le exception to ! g5]al tru? ?us f> v]ifi$ ev]y:]e8 ,:ile among all races 9 all regions1 f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ! pres5t1 ! conceptions ( deities h be5 naturally evolv$ 9 ! way %[n1 mu/ we conclude t a small clan ( ! ,semitic race _h giv5 to x sup]naturally a conception :i*1 ?\gh sup]ficially l ! re/1 0 9 sub/ance absolutely unlike !m4 ,& 9 ab\t half a doz5 pages he %[s conclusively t ! ,biblical ,god _h exactly a simil> orig9 to o!r gods4 ,n[ if ?is acc\nt ( religi\s orig9s means any?+ at all 7& 9 spite ( diff]5ces betwe5 an?ropologi/s x is 9 sub/ance ! acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( religion giv5 by all7 x means t in/ead ( religion & sci5ce mov+ along p>allel l9es1 religion is simply primitive sci5ce4 ,religion & sci5ce1 z a v able !i/ic writ] says1 t\* & oppose ea* o!r z rival me?ods ( expla9+1 n solely or ma9ly ! life & nature ( man1 b ! univ]se tak5 z a :ole1 man =m+ a "p ( x4 7,w4 ,h4 ,mallock1 ,religion z a ,cr$ible ,doctr9e1 p4 ii47 ,bo? are conc]n$ ) ! same facts1 & _! respective claims to consid]ation dep5d entirely on _! ability to expla9 ! facts4 ,= ! reasons giv5 by ,sp5c]1 man's e>lie/ int]pretation ( ?+s is inevitably vitali/ic4 ,gho/s--! primitive protoplasm f :i* ! gods are made--are assum$1 & once assum$ dom9ate ! savage intellig5ce4 ,fe> comb9es ) ignorance to resi/ any conception t w wre/ p[] f ! h&s ( ^! extra-natural ag5ts1 ,nature's haughty lords1 rule all1 & _! dyna/y is ! h>de/ ( all to ov]?r[4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( all opposition ! me*anical !ory ( ?+s develops1 & 9 develop+ e/abli%es a cle> division betwe5 ! two conceptions ( nature4 ,b ! l9e ( dem>cation is n t /at$ by ,sp5c]4 ,religion no m ass]ts ! exi/5ce ( an ,unkn[n ,v]ity1 ?an x ass]ts a f\r? dim5sion ( space4 ,nor is sci5ce conc]n$ ) d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( some?+ ( :i* we "k no?+1 & c nev] "k any?+4 ,! ess5tial feature ( religion is t x (f]s a vitali/ic explanation ( ! _w z aga9/ ! me*anical explanation (f]$ by sci5ce4 ,& 9 ?is religion /&s = ! e>li] z aga9/ ! lat] expression ( human k4 ,x is ! et]nal *ampion ( savage ?\ght aga9/ civilis$ intellig5ce4 ,its :ole significance lies 9 ! p]si/5ce ( animi/ic modes ( ?9k+ "u civilis$ conditions4 ,?is conclusion1 be x obs]v$1 is "o t is q borne out by ,sp5c]'s own explanation ( ! nature ( religion4 ,nor d we "k ( a m rem>kable in/ance ( a front rank ?9k] prop\nd+ 9 "o "p ( 8 "w a !ory be>+ no relation :atev] to ! rema9+ portion1 & 9 addition disprov+ 8 own !ory at e po9t4 ,sp5c]'s reconciliation ( sci5ce & religion1 :i* 9 "o =m or ano!r is cont9ually 9 evid5ce1 is only "o degree less rem>kable ?an ! fact ( its be+ accept$ by s _m religioni/s z satisfactory4 ,foll[+ ! l9e ( 8 unt5able !ory t religion & sci5ce pursue p>allel l9es1 he po9ts out t ! ag5t :i* has effect$ ! purification 7( religion7 has be5 sci5ce4 ,t is1 ! gr[? ( ! me*anical !ory has driv5 back ! vitali/ic "o4 ,?is is purification only 9 ! s5se t a default+ ca%i] purifies ! firm he robs4 ,z fact or exp]i5ce proves t c]ta9 famili> *anges always happ5 9 ! same sequ5ce1 !re beg9s to fade f ! m9d ! conception ( a special p]sonality to ^: v>iable w !y 7 be=e ascrib$4 ,?is process ( annexation is1 says ,sp5c]1 sci5ce tea*+ religion its true function4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 sci5ce has giv5 religion no in/ruction1 x has m]ely issu$ prohibitions4 ,x has w>n$ religion t !re are c]ta9 ?+s x mu/ n m$dle )1 c]ta9 dep>tm5ts on :i* x mu/ n encroa*4 ,9 ?is way religion has be5 =c$ f>!r & f>!r back1 until x is left ) :at8 ,n ) any?+ t c be kn[n1 or is kn[n2 x is left supreme 9 ! k+dom ( n[h]e1 rul+ ov] an empire ( no?+ at all4 ,& s long z religion /rives = a m tangible possession s long mu/ !re be a conflict betwe5 sci5ce & religion4 ,b--z ! limits ( possible cognition are e/abli%$1 ! causes ( possible conflict w dim9i%4 ,& a p]man5t peace w be rea*$ :5 sci5ce becomes fully conv9c$ t its explanations are proximate & relative2 :ile religion becomes fully conv9c$ t ! my/]y x contemplates is ultimate & absolute4 ,s1 :5 sci5ce has monopolis$ ! entire field ( human k1 actual & possible1 & :5 religion is satisfi$ t x kn[s no?+1 & nev] c "k any?+ ( ! object ( its wor%ip1 t x c (f] no?+ 9 ! %ape ( c\nsel or advice1 b t its function is to sit 9 owl-l solemnity1 contemplat+ no?+1 mean:ile (f]+ man an et]nal conundrum t he mu/ ev]la/+ly give up1 !n1 & n till !n1 !re w be peace betwe5 sci5ce & religion4 ,& ?is is call$ a reconciliation4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] f9ds two combatants engag$ 9 deadly conflict1 he murd]s "o & (f]s ! o!r ! corpse1 ) ! hope t n[ !y w live peacefully toge!r4 ,! sci5ti/ is ask$ to be cont5t ) all !re is4 ,! religi\s man is ask$ to f9d com=t 9 ! reflection t sci5ce mu/ ev5tually monopolise ! entire field ( k1 b t1 9 return1 religion w be left free to "w 9 an unkn[able region1 to occupy itself ) an unkn[able object1 & to et]nally cry all is my/]y 9 an am5d$ philosophic v]sion ( ! ,a?anasian ,cre$4 ,z a piece ( hum\r ?is is sup]b4 ,s also is ! foll[+3 ,sci5ce has be5 oblig$ to ab&on ! attempt to include )9 ! b\nd>ies ( k t :i* _c be kn[n1 & s has yield$ up to religion t :i* ( "r belong$ to x4 ,capital6 ,sci5ce gives up to religion t :i* _c be kn[n1 & z x does n "k :at x is1 t _c be kn[n1 x surr5d]s to religion absolute vacuity z ! prop] sph]e = its op]ations4 ,& ev5 ?is is accompani$ ) ! proviso t if x happ5s to h made a mi/ake1 ! c$$ t]ritory w be at once reclaim$4 ,sci5ce w\ld c]ta9ly be v9dictive if aft] hav+ murd]$ religion x decl9$ to live peaceably ) its corpse4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 sci5ce & religion is1 9 tru?1 nei!r fundam5tal nor orig9al4 ,x is "o t arises gradually 9 ! hi/ory ( m5tal developm5t4 ,&1 !re=e1 :5 a man su* z ,pr(essor ,ar?ur ,?omson describes religion z be+ conc]n$ ) ! recognition ( ! exi/5ce ( an indep5d5t spiritual reality1 ! reply is t religion comm5ces z j an explanation ( nature 9 t]ms ( ! !n exi/+ k & culture4 ,religion is j a crude =m ( sci5ce4 ,! sep>ation ( ! _w into a religi\s & a sci5tific sph]e arises :5 ! religi\s int]pretation ( natural happ5+s gets discr$it$ by advanc+ k4 ,if "o takes su* an illu/ration z t ( wit*craft ! nature ( ! process is cle>4 ,fir/ we h ! int]pretation ( c]ta9 =ms ( dem5tia & delusion 9 t]ms ( religion4 ,lat] we h ! same facts int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( positive k & ! religi\s explanation is reject$4 ,& t1 9 a s5t5ce is ! :ole hi/ory ( religion1 once we h cle>$ away ! v]biage ) :i* ! subject is surr\nd$4 ,! tru? ( :at has j be5 said is (t5 obscur$ by un9telligible talk ( gr[? 9 religion4 ,x is claim$ t we acquire tru] views ( deity1 & a process ( gr[? is ass]t$ analog\s to t :i* meets u 9 k 9 g5]al4 ,let u see :at tru? !re is 9 ?is4 ,9 ord9>y in/ances :5 we speak ( gr[? we imply "o ( ?ree ?+s4 ,ei!r !re is increase 9 size1 or !re is an enl>gem5t ( function1 or !re is an increase 9 k4 ,s long z we keep to ^! pla9 mean+s ( gr[? !re c be no confusion4 ,b none ( ^! mean+s fit ! case ( religion4 ,c]ta9ly !re has be5 no increase 9 ! size ( religion--x does n1 t is1 cov] a l>g] area4 ,on ! contr>y x is cont9ually be+ w>n$ (f m & m t]ritory4 ,x becomes m & m a negligible quantity4 ,"o ne$ n g back to primitive times to prove ?is1 any c\ntry w supply in/ances4 ,! displacem5t ( religi\s by o!r consid]ations is obs]vable on all sides4 ,!re has c]ta9ly be5 no gr[? 9 ! functions ex]cis$ by religion4 ,its function z law-giv] 9 ! physical _w is n[ def9itely ab&on$1 & all x asks is t sci5ce w let x alone4 ,9 e?ics & sociology x /ill ma9ta9s a prec>i\s k9d ( an exi/5ce1 b x no long] claims supreme p[]4 ,x is cont5t to urge its utility z a s\rce ( inspiration1 to rank z "o among a numb] ( o!r =ces t are frankly secul> 9 nature4 ,f9ally !re has be5 no gr[? 9 ! %ape ( an ext5sion ( k ( ! object ( religi\s belief4 ,( ! nature ( deity we "k no m ?an did our e>lie/ ance/ors4 ,9 e>li] g5]ations ! nature ( ,god1 8 aims & int5tions1 7 discuss$ ) ! same degree ( confid5ce t "o n[ sees display$ 9 discuss+ s*emes ( sanitation4 ,! mod]n believ] is n[ m anxi\s to impress ^u ! _w h[ little he kn[s ab\t ,god1 or h[ little x is possible = him to "k4 ,?is is n surpris+ except 9 ! fact t x is call$ religi\s gr[?4 ,& if ?is be a sign ( gr[? "o wond]s :at w\ld be consid]$ indications ( decay4 ,hi/orically religi\s life pres5ts u1 n ) a process ( gr[?1 b "o ( %r9kage4 ,to r$uce ! gods f _m to few1 & f a few to "o is n gr[?4 ,to limit ! functions ( deity f ^? ( a direct1 p>ticul>1 & univ]sal "*1 to an indirect1 g5]al =m is n gr[?4 ,to ref9e ! idea ( a p]sonal deity until x becomes t ( a m]e ab/ract =ce1 is n gr[?4 ,all ^! are s _m modifications ( ! religi\s idea "u pressure ( advanc+ k--s _m attempts to /ate religion 9 su* a way t x c conflict ) no?+ we "k to be true because x answ]s to no?+ ( :i* we are c]ta94 ,! idea ( ,god1 ! idea ( religion1 does n beg9 9 a my/]y or 9 "s ab/ract conception1 b 9 an assum$ k ( c]ta9 concrete facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,man believes 9 ! gods because ( :at he ?9ks he kn[s ab\t !m1 n because ( :at he does n "k4 ,! talk ( a my/]y is ! j>gon ( a prie/hood :i* f9ds x pr(itable to keep ! lay m9d at a di/ance4 ,increas$ emphasis is plac$ on my/]y because religi\s tea*]s are alive to ! dang] ( bas+ _! beliefs ^u matt]s t c be br\ght to ! te/ ( exp]i5ce4 ,my/]y mong]+ is n ! beg9n+ ( religion1 b a sign ( its approa*+ demise4 ,my/icism1 too1 is no m ?an a cov] = a sanctu>y t has be5 empti$ ( all wor?y ( respect4 ,b if religion is to really live1 x mu/ h "s k1 no matt] h[ little or h[ imp]fect1 ( ! subject ) :i* x pr(esses to deal4 ,a religion t does n possess ?is1 b is compell$ to h& ov] ! :ole ( life to secul> sci5ce1 signs its own dea? w>rant4 ,x commits suicide to save itself f execution4 ,& z p realise ?is !y turn to cle>-ey$ sci5ce = guidance1 leav+ religion to su* repres5tatives ( primitive animism z /ill survive 9 a civilis$ community4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,agno/icism4 ,! prim>y difficulty 9 deal+ ) ,agno/icism is its elusive "*4 ,x is a ^w ( v>i\s & vague mean+s1 & _m ( ^? :o use x seem to h no great anxiety to fix its mean+ ) any degree ( precision4 ,x is us$ n[ 9 a philosophic & n[ 9 a religi\s s5se1 & its use 9 ! "o connection is ju/ifi$ by its use 9 ano!r4 ,x has become1 9 ! half c5tury ( its exi/5ce1 z indef9ite z religion1 & ab\t z enlight5+4 ,on ! "o side x appe>s z a c\nsel ( m5tal integrity ) :i* ev]yone w agree1 & on ! o!r1 ! religi\s side1 x w v>y f a =m t is id5tical1 ) t mu*-dread$ ,a!ism1 to a religi\s or rev]5t ,agno/icism t rem9ds "o--m5tally & morally--( ,me?odism m9us its cre$4 ,inde$1 to say t a man is an ,agno/ic n[adays tells "o no m ?an call+ a man religi\s indicates to :i* "o ( ! _w's sects he gives 8 adh]5ce4 ,! only aspect ( ,agno/icism t we are "h vitally conc]n$ ) is its relation to religion1 or specifically ) ! god-idea4 ,b x w be necess>y to say a ^w1 9 pass+1 on at lea/ "o o!r phase4 ,& fir/ z to ! orig9 ( ! t]m4 ,! cr$it = ! fir/ use ( ! t]m has always be5 giv5 to ! late ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,hutton says t ,huxley fir/ sugge/$ ! ^w at a meet+ ( fri5ds 9 ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,james ,kn[les 9 #ahfi4 ,pr(essor ,huxley says t he delib]ately adopt$ x because1 ,:5 ,i rea*$ intellectual maturity & began to ask myself :e!r ,i 0 an a!i/1 a !i/1 or a pan!i/2 a mat]iali/1 or an ideali/1 a ,*ri/ian1 or a free?9k]1 ,i f\nd t ! m ,i le>n$ & reflect$ ! less ready 0 ! answ]1 until at la/ ,i came to ! conclusion t ,i _h nei!r art nor "p ) any ( ^! d5om9ations except ! la/4444 ,s ,i took ?\ght & inv5t$ :at ,i conceiv$ to be ! appropriate title ( 'agno/ic4' ,& he goes on to expla9 t ! t]m 0 us$ z anti!tical to ! gno/ic ( ,*ur* hi/ory :o knew all ab\t ?+s ( :i* ,huxley felt himself 9 ignorance4 ,to all ( :i* "o may say t ,huxley appe>s to h giv5 himself a lot ( ne$less tr\ble4 ,9 philosophy !re 0 ! t]m ,sceptic1 & 9 relation to religion ! t]m ,a!i/ 0 ready to h&4 ,! latt] t]m c]ta9ly cov]$ all t ,huxley meant by ,agno/icism z appli$ to ! god-idea4 ,! pla91 & p]haps brutal tru?1 is t ,huxley 0 j illu/rat+ ! fatal t5d5cy ( ,engli% public m5 to seek = a label t w m>k !m (f f an unfa%ionable h]esy ev5 m cle>ly ?an x sep>ates !m f a crumbl+ or?odoxy4 ,x is c]ta9ly sugge/ive to f9d1 9 ?is connection1 a ,fr5* writ] ( di/9ction1 ,m4 ,emile ,b\tmy1 po9t+ out t 9 ,france1 ,sp5c]1 ,mill1 & ,huxley w\ld all h be5 pr(ess$ a!i/s4 7,! ,engli% ,p1 p4 #dd47 ,b ,france is ,france1 & has always possess$ ! c\rage to foll[ ideas to _! logical conclusion4 ,:5 x comes to a def9ition ( ,agno/icism ,pr(essor ,huxley's position becomes /ill m difficult ( und]/&+4 ,agno/icism1 he says1 is a me?od ! ess5ce ( :i* may be express$ 9 a s+le pr9ciple4 ,positively ! pr9ciple may be express$2 9 matt]s ( ! intellect foll[ y\r reason s f> z x w take y )\t reg>d to any o!r consid]ation4 ,& negatively2 9 matt]s ( ! intellect1 d n pret5d t conclusions are c]ta9 :i* are n demon/rat$ or demon/rable4 ,s f> z ?is goes we h "h p]fectly s\nd advice4 ,b :y call x ,agno/icism8 ,x is no m ?an ! p]fectly s\nd advice t we mu/ be hone/ 9 our inve/igations1 & make no claim to c]ta9ty :]e ! conditions ( c]ta9ty d n exi/4 ,b we h no m "r to call ?is ,agno/icism ?an we h to give ! multiplication table a sect>ian or p>ty label4 ,nor d we believe = a mom5t t :at ,huxley _h 9 view1 or :at o!r agno/ics h 9 view1 is no m ?an a c\nsel ( intellectual p]fection4 ,:at is really at issue "h is "o's attitude ( m9d 9 relation to ! belief 9 ,god4 ,x is 9 pret5d+ to "k ab\t ,god t ! !i/ f9ds himself at issue ) ! ,agno/ic1 & x is to m>k himself (f f ! !i/ t ! ,agno/ic gives himself a special label4 ,& ! tr\ble ( ! ,agno/ic is t s soon z he beg9s to ju/ify 8 position1 ei!r he /ates ! a!i/ic case or he fails altoge!r to make 8 case good4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 "o o!r topic on :i* agno/icism may be pr(ess$1 & t is 9 connection ) ! "q ( :at is kn[n z ! problem ( exi/5ce4 ,we may pr(ess our belief 9 ! reality ( an ext]nal _w1 b d5y t any k ( x is possible4 ,"h we ass]t t :at sub/ance1 or reality1 or ?+ 9 itself1 is we d n "k & _c "k4 ,b :ile _m attempts are made "u ! "n ( ! ,absolute1 etc41 to id5tify ?is ) ,god1 x is really no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! belief or disbelief 9 an ext]nal reality is a problem 9 philosophy1 x has no g5u9e connection ) !ology4 ,to id5tify ! two is a m]e dialectical subt]fuge4 ,m]e exi/5ce is an ultimate fact t mu/ be accept$ by all4 ,x is only on ! "q ( its nature t controv]sy c arise4 ,:atev] may be claim$ on behalf ( ,agno/icism1 x c]ta9ly _c be claim$ t x c>ries a cle> & a def9ite mean+4 ,z we h se51 ,pr(essor ,huxley us$ ! ^w to indicate ! fact t he 0 )\t k ( c]ta9 ?+s4 ,b :at ?+s8 ,to answ] t we h to g beyond ! ^w itself--t is1 we h to def9e ! def9ition4 ,z x /&s we may pr(ess agno/icism 9 relation to any?+ f ! prospects ( a g5]al election )9 a giv5 p]iod to ! "q ( :e!r ,m>s is inhabit$ or n4 ,if1 !n1 x is said t :at is impli$ is t ! ,agno/ic is )\t a k ( ,god1 or )\t a belief 9 ,god1 ! reply is t is exactly ! position ( ! ,a!i/4 ,& !re 0 no ne$ :atev] to co9 a new ^w1 if all t 0 want$ 0 to express ! a!i/ic position4 ,/ill less ju/ifiable 0 x to proce$ to mis9t]pret ,a!ism 9 ord] to ju/ify a dep>ture t ne$ nev] h be5 made4 ,"o _c at ?is po9t =be> a ^w on ,mr4--aft]w>ds ,sir--,leslie ,/eph5's curi\s ju/ification ( 8 *oice ( ! ^w ,agno/icism4 ,aft] ! enlight5+ rem>k t ! ^w ,a!i/ c>ries ) x an unpleasant connotation1 he says3-- ,dogmatic ,a!ism--! doctr9e t !re is no ,god1 :atev] may be meant by ,god--is to say ! lea/ ( x a r>e phase ( op9ion4 ,! ^w ,agno/icism1 on ! o!r h&1 seems to imply a fairly accurate appreciation ( a =m ( cre$ already common & daily spread+4 ,! ,agno/ic is "o :o ass]ts--:at no "o d5ies--t !re are limits to human intellig5ce4 7,an ,agno/ic's ,apology2 p4 #a74 ,& he !n goes on to ass]t t ! subject matt] ( !ology lies beyond ^! limits4 ,n[ putt+ on "o side ?is p]v]sion ( ! mean+ ( ,a!ism1 0 x really wor? :ile to co9 a new ^w to affirm :at no "o d5ies8 ,!i/s d n d5y ! limitations ( k1 on ! contr>y1 !y are always affirm+ x4 ,nei!r d all !i/s d5y t ,god is unkn[able4 ,t has be5 affirm$ by !m ov] & ov] aga94 ,:at !y h claim$ is t ,god is appreh5d$ r ?an kn[n1 & !y affirm 8 exi/5ce on mu* ! same gr\nds t o!rs ass]t ! real exi/5ce ( an ext]nal _w4 ,pr(essor ,fl9t's comm5ts on ,/eph5's p]=mance are q to ! po9t1 & ! m notewor?y z com+ f a cl]gyman4 ,he says3 ,! ^w ,a!i/ is a ?or\ghly hone/1 unambigu\s t]m4 ,x means "o :o does n believe 9 ,god1 & x means nei!r m nor less4 ,x implies nei!r blame nor approval1 nei!r des]t ( puni%m5t nor ( rew>d4 ,if a purely dogmatic ,a!ism be a r>e phase ( op9ion critical ,a!ism is a v common "o1 & !re is also a =m ( ,a!ism :i* is pr(ess$ly sceptical or agno/ic1 b (t5 9 reality dogmatic or gno/ic4 7,agno/icism2 p4 #fi74 ,! m c>efully "o exam9es ! reasons giv5 = ! pref]5ce = ! ^w ,agno/icism1 ! cle>] x becomes t ! real motive is n ! wi% to obta9 m5tal cl>ity1 b ! desire to avoid association ) a t]m t c>ries1 religi\sly1 disagreeable associations4 ,! c>e tak5 by s _m :o call !mselves ,agno/ics to expla9 to ! religi\s _w t !y are n a!i/s1 is almo/ en\gh to prove ?is4 ,inde$1 ! position is well summ$ up by ,mr4 ,john ,m4 ,rob]tson3-- ,! be/ argum5t = ! use ( ! "n ,agno/ic is simply t ! ^w ,a!i/ has be5 s long cov]$ ) all mann] ( ignorant calumny t x is exp$i5t to use a new t]m :i* ?\gh 9 "s respects faulty1 has a fair />t1 & w 9 "t h a recognis$ mean+4 ,! case1 s /at$1 is reasonable2 b !re is ! p] contra t :atev] ! motive ) :i* ! "n is us$1 x is n[ tack$ to half a doz5 conflict+ =ms ( doctr9e1 v>y+ loosely betwe5 ,!ism & ,pan!ism4 ,! "n ( ,a!i/ escapes t drawback4 ,its unpopul>ity has sav$ x f half-he>t$ & half-m9d$ patronage4 ,s t1 on ! be/ %[+1 we are to take ,agno/ic on ! pr(ess$ gr\nd t x is m exact ?an ,a!ism1 b on ! real gr\nd t x is less unpopul>1 wait+ mean:ile = ! "t :5 x %all h become m exact ?an x is by becom+ accept$ 9 ! same s5se z ! ,a!ism t has previ\sly be5 reject$4 ,c\rage & /raight=w>dness saves a lot ( tr\ble4 ,mr4 ,bailey ,saund]s 7,que/ ( ,fai?1 p4 #g7 calls agno/icism a plea on behalf ( susp5d$ judgm5t1 & ?is is a fav\rite expression4 ,x gives "o an air ( imp>tiality1 ) ! com=t+ reflection t x w please ! socially /rong] side4 ,b susp5d$ judgm5t on :at8 ,to hold "o's judgm5t 9 susp5se implies t we h at lea/ a workable compreh5sion ( ! subject 9 dispute1 & t judgm5t is susp5d$ because ! evid5ce produc$ is n adequate to comm& decision4 ,b is t ! case "h8 ,does ! ,agno/ic claim t ! evid5ce produc$ by ! !i/ is m]ely inadequate1 or t x is irrelevant8 ,surely he holds ! latt] position4 ,& if t is ! case1 !n he does n susp5d judgm5t1 = ! simple reason t !re is no case made out conc]n+ :i* judgm5t is to be susp5d$4 ,!re is simply no case be=e ! c\rt4 ,= ! ,agno/ic1 no m ?an ! ,a!i/1 c atta* no intelligible mean+ to ,god4 ,he mu/ h x def9$ to und]/& x1 & :5 x is def9$ he rejects x )\t c]emony4 ,& x is q obvi\s t :5 an ,agno/ic says1 ,i "k no?+ ab\t ,god1 he means m ?an t2 o!rwise x w\ld n be wor? ! say+4 ,he really means t no "o else kn[s ei!r4 ,he ass]ts t a k ( god is impossible to anyone1 because x does n pres5t ! possibility ( be+ kn[n4 ,god1 /&+ alone is a mean+less ^w1 & h[ c "o susp5d judgm5t conc]n+ ! tru? ( an un9telligible proposition8 ,= "h are ! pla9 facts ( ! situation4 ,if we ask ! ,agno/ic :e!r he susp5ds judgm5t conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( ! gods ( any savage peoples1 ! reply is 9 ! negative4 ,if we put ! same "q conc]n+ ! god ( ! ,bible1 or ( ! ,mohamm$an1 or ( any o!r ( ! _w's !ologies we receive ! same answ]4 ,!re is no?+ "h to susp5d judgm5t ab\t1 ! *>act]s & qualities ( ! gods be+ su* t !re admits ( no d\bt z to _! imag9>y "*4 ,or if x is said t ! ,agno/ic1 :ile dismiss+ ! gods ( ! v>i\s !ologies1 savage & civilis$1 z be+ impossible1 susp5ds judgm5t z to ! exi/5ce ( a supreme m9d1 or ( a creative intellig5ce1 ! reply is t "o _c susp5d judgm5t z to ! possible exi/5ce ( an inconceivability4 ,= m9d mu/ be m9d1 z we "k x4 ,& x is a d[nright absurdity to speak ( ! possible exi/5ce ( a m9d :ile dive/+ x ( all ! qualities t *>act]ise m9d z we "k x4 ,really betwe5 ! /atem5t t ,a4 does n exi/1 & ! affirmation t ,a4 does exi/1 b diff]s 9 e conceivable p>ticul> f all kn[n ,a4's !re is no diff]5ce :atev]4 ,we are d5y+ its exi/5ce 9 ! v act ( affirm+ x4 ,fur!r1 we q agree ) ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,s*ill] 7,riddles ( ! ,sph9x1 pp4 #ag-ai7 t 9 practice su* susp5se ( judgm5t is impossible4 ,we susp5d our judgm5t z to :e!r we %all die to-morr[ or at "s indef9ite future date1 & = t reason we make our arrangem5ts 9 view ( ei!r cont+5cy4 ,we susp5d judgm5t z to ! hone/y ( an employee1 & our attitude t[>ds him is gov]n$ by t fact4 ,& s ) ! "q ( a god4 ,9 "o way or ano!r we are b\nd to indicate our judgm5t on ! subject4 ,we mu/ act ei!r z ?\gh we believe 9 ! possibility or 9 ! impossibility ( div9e int]f]5ce4 ,if ! m5tal hesitancy ( ! respectable ,agno/ic 7 accompani$ by a correspond+ timidity 9 action life w\ld be impossible4 ,a less common plea on behalf ( ,agno/icism1 b "o on :i* a ^w mu/ be said1 is t ! agno/ic attitude is m rev]5tial ?an t ( a!ism4 ,b :y 9 ! "n ( all t is reasonable %\ld "o pr(ess rev]5ce t[>ds some?+ ( :i* "o kn[s no?+8 ,rev]5ce1 to be intelligible1 mu/ be direct$ t[>ds an intellig5t object1 & we mu/ h gr\nds = believ+ x to be wor?y ( rev]5ce4 ,rev]5ce t[>ds our fell[ creatures is a reasonable en\gh s5tim5t1 b :at is !re reasonable 9 an expression ( rev]5ce t[>ds some?+ t c only be ?\ght (--& ev5 ?is is unw>rant$--z a =ce8 ,! tru? is t ?is expression ( rev]5ce is no m ?an ! flick]+ survival ( religion4 ,numb]s h rea*$ ! /age at :i* !y c p]ceive ! unreasonable nature ( religi\s beliefs1 b !y h n yet manag$ to a*ieve lib]ation f ! traditional emotional attitude t[>ds ^! beliefs4 ,9 o!r words1 ! developm5t ( ! emotional & ! intellectual sides ( _! nature h be5 unequal1 & = ^! ! ,unkn[able has simply s]v$ z a peg on :i* to hang religi\s feel+s t h be5 robb$ ( all intellectual support4 ,! semi-religi\s ,agno/ic ?us repres5ts a transition =m1 int]e/+ en\gh to all :o obs]ve h[ curi\sly decay+ types /rive to p]petuate !mselves1 b :i* is b\nd to disappe> 9 ! process ( intellectual evolution4 ,f9ally1 "o w\ld l f ! ,agno/ic "s au?oritative ann\ncem5t z to 8 position 9 relation to :at is kn[n conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! god-idea4 ,s f> z pr(ess$ !i/s are conc]n$ "o expects ?is to be ignor$4 ,on ! "p ( non-!i/s "o expects a m logical attitude4 ,9 ?is case x is common gr\nd ) ! ,a!i/ & ! ,agno/ic t ! idea ( god owes its beg9n+s to ! ignorance ( primitive man4 ,we "k ! facts on :i* ?is idea 0 bas$1 & we "k t all ^! are n[ diff]5tly expla9$4 ,! belief t !re is a god gov]n+ nature is j "o ( ^? blund]s made by primitive man1 & is on all f\rs ) ! num]\s o!r blund]s he makes conc]n+ himself & ! _w ar\nd him4 ,kn[+ ?is1 & accept+ ?is1 believ+ t god spr+s f ! same set ( conditions t gave rise to fairies & spirits ( v>i\s k9ds1 "o w\ld l to "k on :at gr\nd ! ,agno/ic def9itely rejects ! gr\nds on :i* ! idea ( god is bas$1 :ile pr(ess+ a /ate ( susp5d$ judgm5t ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ! object creat$ by ?is primitive blund]4 ,x is c]ta9ly surpris+ to f9d ^? :o accept ! natural orig9 ( ! god-idea1 :5 !y come to deal ) curr5t religion talk z ?\gh x 7 m]ely a "q ( ! inconclusiv5ess ( religi\s argum5ts4 ,x is no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! f9al reply to ! argum5ts set =? on behalf ( ,!ism is1 n t !y are inconclusive1 b t !y are absolutely irrelevant to ! "q at issue4 ,we _c rema9 undecid$ because !re is no?+ to rema9 undecid$ ab\t4 ,we "k t ! idea ( god is pure my?1 & 0 nev] any?+ b my?4 ,a belief t began 9 error1 & :i* has no o!r basis ?an error1 _c by any possible argum5t be conv]t$ into a tru?4 ,! old "q 01 ,c man by se>*+ f9d out ,god8 ,! mod]n answ] is an emphatic affirmative4 ,sub/antially we h by se>*+ f\nd out ,god4 ,we "k ! orig9 & hi/ory ( "o ( ! greate/ delusions t ev] possess$ ! human m9d4 ,god has be5 f\nd out4 ,analytically & syn!tically we und]/& ! god-idea z previ\s g5]ations c\ld n und]/& x4 ,x has be5 expla9$2 & ! logical consequ5ce ( ! explanation is--,a!ism4 ,ultimately1 !n1 we come to ?is3 7#a7 ,! ,agno/icism t conc]ns itself ) a confession ( ignorance conc]n+ ! nature ( exi/5ce1 has no necess>y connection ) religion1 & is only made to h su* by a confusion ( two di/9ct ?+s4 7#b7 ,! plea ( a susp5d$ judgm5t is invalid1 s9ce !re is no?+ ab\t :i* "o c susp5d a decision4 7#c7 ,! ,agno/icism t pr(esses a semi-religi\s feel+ ( rev]5ce t[>ds ! ,unkn[able is fundam5tally ^u all f\rs ) ! religi\s feel+s ( ! ord9>y believ]4 ,wor%ipp+ ! ,unkn[able is m ridicul\s ?an wor%ipp+ ,huxley's wild]ness ( apes4 ,! apes might take "s intellig5t int]e/ 9 ! antics ( _! devotees2 b to pr9t our hypo/atis$ ignorance 9 capital lett]s & !n pr(ess a feel+ ( v5]ation = x is z ridicul\s a proce$+ z ! _w has se54 ,aft] all1 an absurdity is nev] q s grotesque z :5 x is trick$ out 9 sci5tific phrases & p>ad$ z ! outcome ( pr(\nd philosophic ?9k+4 7#d7 ,! only ,agno/icism t seems capable ( ju/ify+ itself is an ,agno/icism t is indi/+ui%able f ,a!ism4 ,to aga9 cite ,pr(essor ,fl9t1 ,a!i/ means "o :o does n believe 9 ,god1 & x means nei!r m nor less4 ,! ,agno/ic is also "o :o is )\t belief 9 a god1 e argum5t he uses to ju/ify 8 position is & has be5 us$ z a ju/ification ( ,a!ism4 ,a!i/ is really a ?or\ghly hone/1 unambigu\s t]m1 x admits ( no palt]+ & ( no evasion1 & ! ne$ ( ! _w1 n[ z ev]1 is = cle>-cut issues & unambigu\s spee*4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,a!ism ,,& ,,morals4 ,look+ at ! _w z x is "o _c =be> a mild wond] at ! fe>s express$ at ! probable consequ5ces to morals ( a g5]al acceptance ( ,a!ism4 ,"o w\ld h ?\ght t ! _w w\ld n run a v great dang] ( becom+ worse on t acc\nt1 & t1 see+ ! way 9 :i* all =ms ( rascality h fl\ri%$1 & /ill ma9ta9 !mselves1 )\t 9 ! lea/ di/urb+ p's religi\s convictions1 "o might ev5 feel incl9$ to risk a *ange 9 ! hopes ( improvem5t4 ,ma9ly1 inde$1 "o might say t ^? :o are affect$ by religi\s belief are su* z c v well d )\t x1 :ile ^? :o /& 9 urg5t ne$ ( moral improvem5t seldom %[ t _! religi\s belief has any v b5eficial effect on _! conduct4 ,yet no?+ is m common ?an to f9d ! !i/1 :5 driv5 (f all o!r gr\nds ( def5ce1 prote/+ aga9/ a delib]ate propag&a ( ,a!ism on ! gr\nd ( its probable h>mful consequ5ces to morals4 ,?is1 n because ^? :o h publicly pr(ess$ ,a!ism are op5 to ! *>ge ( loose liv+1 b on acc\nt ( ^? :o at pres5t believe 9 religion1 & ^: loss ( belief w\ld possibly upset _! moral equilibrium4 ,x is a curi\s position = a !i/ to take up1 s9ce x implies t :ile ! ,a!i/ z we "k him %[s no det]ioration ( "* 9 consequ5ce ( 8 loss ( belief1 we _c be s c]ta9 ( ! pres5t believ]s 9 deity4 ,!y are =m$ ( poor] clay1 & once conv9c$ t !re is no ,god ) :om !y h to reckon1 !re is no tell+ :at w happ54 ,s we are urg$ to let well alone1 & leave believ]s ) _! illusions le/ _! loss %\ld pres5t u ) a v unpleasant reality4 ,?is fe> is express$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b 9 "o way or ano!r x is tol]ably common4 ,! foll[+ :i* rea*$ me f a well kn[n man ( lett]s probably puts ! argum5t z fairly & z temp]ately z x c be put1 & !re=e 9 deal+ ) t ,i _c be accus$ ( tak+ ! !i/ at an unfair advantage4 ,8 conclusions are summ>is$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 7,! summ>y is ! au?or's1 n m9e47 7#a7 ,! dec5ti% code ( morals :i* prevails 9 ?is tw5tie? c5tury is ! outcome ( all ! human ages4 ,f ! v fir/1 ev]y:]e & all ! "t1 x has1 & cont9ues to be1 inextricably int]tw9$ & influ5c$ by ,!i/ic beliefs1 ev5 :5 & :]e su* beliefs h be5 ! crude/ & mo/ debas$ =m ( poly!ism4 7#b7 ,! e?ical atmosph]e 9 :i* we n[ live1 aft] hav+ _h su* an orig9 & hi/ory1 rema9s /rongly & frankly p]vad$ by religion ( a ,!i/ic type4 ,a!i/1 ,agno/ic1 & ,!i/ alike h to live 9 ?is atmosph]e1 & consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 are subject to its influ5ce4 7#c7 ,ev5 if we c\ld set up a :olly secul> code ( morals1 d]iv$ entirely f ! exig5cies (1 tribal1 communal1 & national life1 ,i take x t su* a code w\ld be inadequate to =m ! type ( individual "* we mo/ admire1 & :i* acts "u a s5se ( ought r ?an ( mu/4 ,! latt] is (t5 ! m]e dem& ( greg>i\s or individual com=t & conv5i5ce2 ! =m] may be q oppos$ to ! incl9ations ( ! individual1 & yet br+ into play irksome b ennobl+ spr+s ( action :i* a purely secul> code _c t\*4 ,n[ ^! /atem5ts put ! case = ! !i/ z mod]ately & z well z x c be put1 & ,i ?9k t !y are wor?y ( a little c>eful exam9ation4 ,x may be obs]v$ t !re is no ins9uation t ,a!i/s are actually worse ?an o!r p1 only ! fe> t 9 ! abs5ce ( "s =m ( !ism ! high] e?ical motive _c be r\s$1 & t !re=e "* w suff]4 ,well1 we are none ( u free f ! contagion ( our environm5t1 & ! mo/ p[]ful influ5ces are (t5 en\gh ^? t x w\ld be difficult to specify 9 any giv5 in/ance4 ,x is n only t ! influ5ce ( ! high] memb]s ( society affect ! l[]4 ,! l[] is n )\t its influ5ce on ! high]4 ,b ! "q "h is n really :e!r we are all expos$ to ! g5]al influ5ce ( ! gr\p to :i* we belong1 t1 ,i ?9k1 is und5iable1 ! real "q at issue is :e!r ! det]m9+ influ5ce on conduct is !i/ic or n4 ,& ,i ?9k x w be f\nd t :ile ! "o ?+ is ass]t$ x is ! o!r t is prov54 ,s f> z ! fir/ proposition is conc]n$ x may be tak5 = grant$ t our pres5t /ate is ! product ( all pa/ evolution1 & t 9 ! c\rse ( t evolution !i/ic beliefs h be5 closely--n inextricably--connect$ ) morals4 ,b ?is is n alone true ( morality1 x is true ( e bran* ( human ?\ght & ( e aspect ( human life4 ,art1 sci5ce1 lit]ature1 h all be5 closely connect$ ) religi\s beliefs4 ,necess>ily s4 ,e>ly human hi/ory is sp5t "u ! %ad[ ( sup]/ition1 & its dom9at+ influ5ce affects ! =m ( e aspect ( life4 ,b z ! c\rse ( developm5t has be5 to sep>ate ! ess5tial f ! non-ess5tial & to place mo/ ( ea* dep>tm5t ( life on a self-support+ basis1 x w\ld n seem an unreasonable conclusion t e?ics w foll[ ! same l9es4 ,9 fact1 x is foll[+ ! same l9es4 ,!re are few educat$ p n[adays :o w\ld claim t morality _c exi/ ap>t f religion1 !y are cont5t to say1 z my correspond5t does1 t 9 ! abs5ce ( religion belief ! high] aspects ( morality w suff]4 ,our morality1 we are told1 is ! outcome ( all ! human ages4 ,i g fur!r ?an t & ass]t t x is ! outcome ( all ! human & ( all ! animal ages4 ,!re is no break 9 nature1 & to ! evolutioni/ ! developm5t ( ! human f ! animal is pla94 ,& x %\ld sc>cely ne$ po9t+ out n[adays t ne>ly e "o ( ! fundam5tal qualities ( man c be se5 9 g]m 9 ! animal _w4 ,i only emphasise ! po9t "h because x is s (t5 =gott5 t morality is fundam5tally ! expression ( ^? conditions "u :i* associat$ life is f\nd possible & pr(itable1 & t s f> z any quality is decl>$ to be moral its ju/ification & mean+ mu/ be f\nd 9 t direction4 ,! "q ( inc5tive we w come to lat]2 = ! mom5t x is en\gh to insi/ ^u ! fact t morality is fa%ion$1 9 its fundam5tals1 ) ref]5ce to facts1 n ) ref]5ce to speculative beliefs4 ,beliefs may influ5ce morality = a:ile1 b ! p]si/5t op]ation ( social selection secures a g5]al con=mity betwe5 conduct & ! conditions ^u :i* life dep5ds4 ,t is ! fundam5tal fact to be rememb]$ 9 all discussions ( morality1 al?\gh x is ! fact t is mo/ (t5 ignor$4 ,ultimately life det]m9es moral tea*+1 x is n moral tea*+ t det]m9es life4 ,life n alone det]m9es morality1 b x det]m9es religion z well4 ,:at else is ! mean+ ( all ^? disc>d$ =ms ( religi\s belief1 ^? bodies ( dead gods1 t meet ! /ud5t ( hi/ory z ! rema9s ( ext9ct animals meet ! geologi/ 9 8 unravelm5t ( ! /ory ( ! e>?'s vicissitudes8 ,!y are ! result ( a lack ( adaptation to new conditions to :i* !y c\ld n accommodate !mselves4 ,once ! gods lord$ x ov] man z ! gigantic d9osaur lord$ x 9 8 day ov] less] animals4 ,& 9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 a *ange 9 ! environm5t br\ght ab\t _! doom4 ,natural selection det]m9es ! survival ( religions z ( animal =ms1 & a religion to survive mu/ become increas+ly utilit>ian 9 "*1 c]ta9ly !re is a po9t beyond :i* ! opposite t5d5cy _c be c>ri$4 ,assume1 = example1 t a religion exi/$ ( a grossly anti-social "*1 "o t tea*es doctr9es t are subv]sive ( ! g5]al social well-be+4 ,"o ( two ?+s mu/ result4 ,if ! religion is /rong en\gh to en=ce its tea*+ ! society x dom9ates w disappe>1 & ! religion w die out ) x4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x _c en=ce its tea*+1 or c get x accept$ only 9 a modifi$ =m1 !n ei!r ! religion disappe>s 9 its orig9al =m1 or x is modifi$ to get itself e/abli%$4 ,to live1 religion mu/ e/abli% "s sort ( h>mony betwe5 its tea*+s & ! conditions ( life4 ,x may ret>d ! developm5t ( life1 b x mu/ n ret>d to ! po9t ( de/ruction4 ,?is is all t is really involv$ 9 :at is call$ ! purification ( religi\s tea*+4 ,9 reality !re is no su* ?+4 ,! purification is a modification1 & x is modifi$ 9 ord] t x may become acceptable to ! society 9 :i* x is exi/+4 ,! ascetic epidemic1 ! v>i\s disgu/+ sects t h sprung into exi/5ce f "t to "t dur+ ! c\rse ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 h all di$ out f ?is cause4 ,z ) ! individual1 s ) society1 ! =ces ( :i* we are consci\s g5]ally move ^u ! surface4 ,( ! und]ly+ ones we are mo/ly unaw>e4 ,! tru? is1 !n1 t beh9d all our consci\sly elaborat$ !ories ( life !re are op]ative ! unconsci\s or sub-consci\s =ces ( evolution4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a c]ta9 area ( conduct 9 :i* speculative op9ions play _! "p1 & :]e actions may be arbitr>ily class$ z good or bad4 ,b ?is area is1 ( necessity1 limit$1 & = ! reasons t h be5 giv5 above4 ,prop]ly und]/ood morality is n some?+ v ab/ract1 b some?+ t is v concrete4 ,! und]ly+ reason = morality is always ! same1 & we are compell$ to h>k back to x = ju/ification4 ,& no rejection ( religion c alt] ! basis ^u :i* morality re/s4 ,! proposition t ,a!i/1 ,agno/ic1 & ,!i/ brea! ! same atmosph]e & are affect$ by ! same influ5ces is1 !re=e1 "o t is two-edg$4 ,if our intellectual atmosph]e is saturat$ ) religi\s influ5ces1 x is also saturat$ ) social influ5ces ( a mu* m fundam5tal "*1 & :i* h be5 p]petually correct+ religi\s extravagances4 ,& x is at lea/ op5 to ! ,a!i/ to retort t we h to ?ank ?is circum/ance t religi\s beliefs h n be5 m injuri\s ?an has be5 actually ! case4 ,if1 = example1 ! ascetic epidemic ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian c5turies _h increas$ 9 =ce & _h cont9u$ op]ative1 ,european society w\ld h disappe>$4 ,t ?is 0 n ! case 0 due to ! /r5g? ( ! sexual & social in/9cts1 aga9/ :i* religion 0 unable to ma9ta9 its hold4 ,9 ! *ange ( op9ion ov] ! bett] way to sp5d ,sunday1 or 9 ! decay ( ! doctr9e ( et]nal damnation1 we h ! same po9t illu/rat$4 ,"r ?r\gh hi/ory x has be5 ! social in/9cts t h act$ z a corrective to religi\s extravagance4 ,& x is wor? not+ t ) ! exception ( a little ga9 f ! practice ( casui/ry1 religions h contribut$ no?+ t[>ds ! build+ up ( a sci5ce ( e?ics4 ,on ! contr>y x has be5 a v pot5t cause ( confusion & ob/ruction4 ,fictiti\s vices & virtues h be5 creat$ & ! real moral problem lo/ sight (4 ,x gave ! _w ! morality ( ! prison cell1 in/ead ( ! tonic ( ! rational life4 ,& x 0 inde$ =tunate = ! race t conduct 0 n ultimately dep5d5t ^u a mass ( tea*+s t _h _! orig9 9 ! bra9s ( savages1 & 7 br\ght to maturity dur+ ! d>ke/ p]iod ( ,european civilisation4 ,9 deal+ ) ! two fir/ propositions ,i h1 by implication1 answ]$ ! ?ird--namely1 t a :olly secul> au!ntic code ( morals w\ld be inadequate to =m ! highe/ type ( "*2 x might supply a mu/1 b x c\ld n supply an ought4 ,! fir/ & obvi\s reply to an objection ( ?is k9d is t our work+ code ( morals is secul> already4 ,9 life1 if we obs]ve )\t prejudice1 x is n difficult to see t "o's neighb\rs1 fri5ds1 social class1 etc41 h f> m =ce 9 %ap+ conduct ?an speculative !ories4 ,9 its wide/ s5se natural selection det]m9es :at actions %all be decl>$ to be moral4 ,( ?is we may take ! univ]sal feel+ aga9/ homicide4 ,?is is b an expression ( ! tru? t social life w\ld be impossible 7 x o!rwise4 ,& :5 we pass f ! g5]al to ! special we meet ) mu* ! same pr9ciple op]at+ 9 society4 ,! av]age burgl> pursues 8 call+ ) no special s5se ( its wrongness1 al?\gh he may h a ke5 s5se ( its dang]s4 ,b :ile burgl+ ) a fairly easy consci5ce1 he does fl9* at break+ ! code ( hon\r set up by 8 fell[-burgl>s4 ,& at ! o!r extreme we h ! g5tleman ) 8 code ( hon\r :i* =bids him n to pay a gambl+ debt1 b takes no c\nt ( keep+ a poor tradesman out ( 8 money4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases ! det]m9+ factor is n !ory b fact1 & ! fact "h is association ) our fell[ c\ntrym5 or ) a special social class4 ,morality1 9 %ort1 is social or no?+4 ,moral laws are mean+less ap>t f social life4 ,e moral comm& implies ! exi/5ce ( a social m$ium1 & x is no m ?an a /udy 9 hi/ory to see h[ ?is social m$ium has be5 cont9u\sly %ap+ & re%ap+ human nature4 ,! det]m9ation "h is n consci\s1 b x is real1 h[ev] mu* disguis$ x may be by v>i\s =ms or !ories4 ,& :5 we realise ?is1 x is no m ?an a truism to say t a *ange 9 religi\s belief c no m de/roy morality ?an a *ange 9 gov]nm5t c de/roy society4 ,b 9 say+ t ! ess5ce ( morality is unreason+ ,i d n mean t x is unreasonable4 ,all ,i mean is t x c receive a reasonable ju/ification1 & t no matt] h[ l(ty ! developm5t x has its basis 9 ! fundam5tal conditions ( associat$ animal & human life4 ,we may surr\nd ! subject ) a vague & attractive ideali/ic v]balism1 b we come back to ?is z a />t+ po9t4 ,! love ( family1 ) all its att5dant values1 re/s ^u ! fact ( crude sexual desire1 ref9$1 ( c\rse1 dur+ ! pass+ ( _m g5]ations1 b dep5d5t ^u x all ! same4 ,remove ! sexual desire & ! family feel+s are inexplicable4 ,?us1 ! reason = ! exi/5ce ( ! sexual in/9ct is race pres]vation1 b ! end has be5 a*iev$ 9 a q unreason+ mann]4 ,9 ! animal _w at l>ge !re is c]ta9ly no consci\s desire = ! production ( (fspr+1 nor is !re ) ! mass ( human be+s4 ,!re is ! desire to gratify an impulse1 & v little m4 ,& = ! /r5g!n+ ( an in/9ct !re ne$ n be1 nor is !re1 any consci\sness ( its social value4 ,all t is necess>y is t x %all be useful4 ,natural selection att5ds to ! re/4 ,?is w1 ,i ?9k1 supply an answ] to ! cont5tion t secul> e?ics c supply a mu/1 b n an ought2 t is1 x may %[ t an individual %\ld act 9 accordance ) 8 incl9ations1 b 9 cases :]e ^! cla% ) ! social well be+1 x c supply no reason :y ! =m] %\ld give way to ! latt]4 ,! argum5t re/s ^u a dual confusion4 ,fir/1 ! moral ought is no m ?an an organis$ & consci\s =m ( mu/1 & n some?+ di/9ct f x4 ,"o may te/ ! matt] by tak+ a case4 ,a man says1 ,i ought s to "w z to promote ! g5]al welf>e ( society4 ,if we seek to f9d ! s\rce ( ?is feel+ we come ultimately ^u ! feel+ ( tribal solid>ity 9 virtue ( :i* c]ta9 tribes survive 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,x is greg>i\sness /ruggl+ into consci\sness4 ,! moral ought is an idealis$ =m ( ! primitive tribal mu/4 ,& ! mu/ ( primitive life is enc\rag$ & develop$ because x is "o ( ! conditions ( survival4 ,! second po9t ( confusion is bas$ ^u a suppos$ opposition betwe5 individual incl9ations & an ideal conception ( duty4 ,t ! two are (t51 z a matt] ( fact1 9 conflict1 mu/ be admitt$4 ,& ! cause is t :ile our incl9ations repres5t a h]itage f ! pa/1 our ideals are a projection into ! future4 ,b ! cont5tion is bas$ ^u _! suppos$ p]man5t ho/ility1 & t ne$ n be tak5 = grant$4 ,= ! :ole c\rse ( social evolution t5ds to br+ ab\t a sub/antial id5tification ( p]sonal & social well-be+4 ,m & m z ! race develops x is be+ recognis$ t !re is no real individual life ap>t f social life1 ( :i* x is ! creation & ! expression4 ,su* antagonism z exi/s is ! inevitable result ( a conflict betwe5 an organism & its adaptation to a *ang+ environm5t4 ,& f ?is po9t ( view ! :ole gr[? ( man is 9 ! nature ( an expansion ( 8 sympa?ies & s5se ( duty ov] an ev]-wid5+ area4 ,! primitive egoism ( ! tribal individual is ext5d$ to ! nation1 t ( ! nation to ! empire1 & !nce to ! :ole ( humanity4 ,!re is no de/ruction or d5ial ( self 9 su* cases1 x is a developm5t ( ! s5se ( self ov] an enl>g+ area4 ,f9ally1 if a secul> code ( morals w n suffice1 x is %e] rhetoric to say t religion is p[]ful en\gh to op]ate :]e naturalism fails4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 a civilis$ community religi\s appeals t5d to become secul> appeals 9 disguise4 ,on ! admission ( ,*ri/ian advocates ! two mo/ p[]ful appeals t c be made are on ! "o h&1 9 ! "n ( ! fa!rhood ( god1 & on ! o!r1 ! conception ( ! ,"m & ! ,*ild4 ,& :at are ^! b appeals to ! secul> & social feel+s ( man 9 ! "n ( religion8 ,x may be grant$ t ,a!ism 9 its appeals to mank9d (t5 fails1 b 9 ?is respect is x any worse (f ?an religion8 ,:y1 "o ( ! /&+ compla9ts ( religi\s prea*]s 9 all ages is t _! message falls s frequ5tly on deaf e>s4 ,!re is no m c]ta9ty t ! religi\s appeal w meet ) success1 ?an !re is t any o!r appeal w be successful4 ,& !re is ! unque/ionable fact t morality has become /rong] z ! p[] ( religion has weak5$4 ,! high] qualities h ass]t$ !mselves dur+ a p]iod ( religi\s dis9tegration1 & ! /ud5t ( morals sees 9 ?is a promise ( a fur!r developm5t 9 ! future4 ,& to all prophecies z to ! effects ( ,a!ism on ! morality ( ! future !re is ! apt reply t !y are prophecies & no?+ else4 ,& 9 ?is respect x is dang]\s = ! ,*ri/ian !i/ to appeal to hi/ory4 ,= :ile ! consequ5ces ( ,a!ism c be no m ?an a =eca/1 :i* may or may n be ju/ifi$1 ! record ( ,*ri/ianity is be=e ! _w4 ,& we "k t ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian !ism 0 /ronge/1 0 ! p]iod :5 ! intellectual life ( civilis$ man 0 at its l[e/1 morality at its weake/1 & ! g5]al outlook mo/ hopeless4 ,religi\s control gave u h]esy hunts1 & ,jew hunts1 burn+s = wit*craft1 & magic 9 ! place ( m$ic9e4 ,x gave u ! ,inquisition & ! auto da fe1 ! fires ( ,smi?field & ! night ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew4 ,x gave u ! w> ( sects & x help$ p[]fully to e/abli% ! sect ( w>4 ,x gave u life )\t happ9ess1 & dea? cloak$ ) t]ror4 ,! ,*ri/ian record is be=e u1 & x is su* t e ,*ur* blames ! o!rs = its exi/5ce4 ,q z c]ta9ly we _c po9t to a society t has be5 dom9at$ by ,free?9k+ ideas1 b we c po9t to _! exi/5ce 9 all ages1 & c %[ t all progress is due to _! pres5ce4 ,we c %[ t progressive ideas h orig9at$ ) ! lea/1 & h be5 oppos$ by ! mo/ religi\s sections ( society4 ,:at religion has done = ! _w we "k2 :at free?\ght w d we c only guess4 ,b we are confid5t t z hone/y is possible )\t ! falsity ( religion1 z duty may be done ) no o!r inc5tive ?an its visible consequ5ces on ! p ar\nd u1 s life may be liv$ 9 hon\r & clos$ 9 peace ) no o!r inspiration ?an comes f ! contemplation ( ! human /ream f :i* we em]ge & into :i* we f9ally g4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,a!ism ,,inevitable4 ,betwe5 ,!ism & ,a!ism ! logical m9d may halt1 b x _c re/ = long1 & 9 ! end ! logic ( fact works its way4 ,compromise1 :ile x may delay ! end )\t prev5t+ its inevitability1 is q out ( place 9 matt]s ( ! intellect4 ,9 ! _w ( practice compromise is (t5 unavoidable1 b 9 t ( ideas ! sole conc]n %\ld be = tru?4 ,:5 ,:ately said t ! man :o comm5c$ by lov+ ,*ri/ianity m ?an tru? w\ld cont9ue by lov+ 8 own sect m ?an any o!r1 & end by lov+ himself m ?an all1 he plac$ 8 f+] on ! great moral dang] ( compromise :]e op9ion is conc]n$4 ,x beg9s1 o/5sibly1 by consid]+ ! respect due to an oppon5t's case1 x cont9ues by sacrific+ ! respect t is due "o's own1 & x ends by giv+ a new s5se ( value to ! v op9ion x aims at de/roy+4 ,no qu>t] is ! only s\nd rule 9 intellectual w>f>e1 :]e to take prison]s is only "o degree less di%on\r+ ?an to be tak5 captive oneself4 ,& ! value ( an op9ion is nev] :olly 9 ! op9ion itself4 ,no small "p ( its wor? is d]iv$ f ! way 9 :i* x is held1 & ! importance :i* is plac$ ^u x4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,tylor said t ! deepe/ ( all divisions 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght 0 t :i* divid$ ,animism f ,mat]ialism1 he 0 say+ :at ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to say1 9 ano!r mann]1 9 ! =ego+ pages4 ,a!ism & sup]naturalism are fundam5tal divisions 9 human ?\ght1 & divisions t connote an irreconcilable antagonism4 ,! t]ms n only m>k a division1 !y are ! badges ( a movem5t1 ! indication ( a pilgrimage4 ,dr4 ,tylor's own "w & ! "w ( 8 fell[ lab\r]s tell ! /ory 9 detail1 & al?\gh no "o is 9 a position to write f9is to x1 !re is no d\bt z to :at its end w be4 ,& ! mann] ( ! pilgrimage is q pla94 ,! />t+ po9t is ! creation by ! befogg$ ignorance ( primitive man ( t welt] ( gho/s & gods :i* make s mu* ( e>ly exi/5ce a v]itable nightm>e4 ,! j\rney comm5ces 9 a _w 9 :i* ! sup]natural is omnipres5t1 9 :i* man's *ief endeav\rs is giv5 to w9 ! good w or av]t ! ang] ( ! gho/s & gods to :om he has himself giv5 be+4 ,& ! end1 ! la/ /age ( ! pilgrimage1 is a _w 9 :i* me*anical op]ations take ! place ( disembodi$ intellig5ces1 or ( sup]natural p[]s4 ,f a _w 9 :i* ! gods are ev]y?+ & d ev]y?+ to a _w 9 :i* ! gods are no?+ & d no?+4 ,! /ory ( t transition is ! record ( "o ( ! greate/ revolutions t has happ5$ 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,its real greatness & f>-rea*+ significance is n always adequately recognis$1 ev5 by ^? :o welcome x gladly4 ,inde$1 ! n>r[] int]e/s t suff] f ?is revolution are m ke5ly alive to its importance ?an are ^? :o b5efit f its consummation4 ,t is1 p]haps1 :at "o ought to expect f ! kn[n c\rse ( human hi/ory4 ,= hi/ory w\ld n be :at x is1 nor w\ld re=ms be s difficult ( accompli%m5t 7 x n possible to p]suade ! slave t 8 s]vitude gu>ds him f ! v evils x p]petuates4 ,incid5tally ! nature ( t revolution has be5 indicat$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,b a m connect$ view w =m a fitt+ close to ?is "w4 ,no?+ m ?an ! b>e/ ( outl9es c be attempt$1 b su* z x is x may s]ve to illu/rate ! tru? t ,a!ism is m ?an ! speculative philosophy ( a few1 t x is 9 sob] tru? ! logical outcome ( m5tal gr[?4 ,s f> z any phase ( human life c be call$ inevitable ,a!ism may lay claim to be+ inescapable4 ,all m5tal gr[? c be se5 lead+ to x1 j z we c see "o /age ( social developm5t giv+ a logical />t+ po9t = ano!r /age1 & :i* c\ld h be5 =etold _h our k ( all ! =ces 9 op]ation be5 precise en\gh4 ,a!ism is1 s to speak1 implicit 9 ! gr[? ( k2 its complete expression is ! consummation ( a process t began ) ! fir/ que/ion+s ( religion4 ,& ! completion ( ! process means ! dea? ( sup]naturalism 9 all its =ms4 ,religion1 x has already be5 said1 is some?+ t is acquir$1 & al?\gh t s\nds little bett] ?an a commonplace1 yet reflection proves x to conta9 an important tru?4 ,= x is 9 ! nature ( ! acquisition t its significance lies4 ,:atev] be ! e>lie/ /ages ( religion x is at all ev5ts cle> t its e>lie/ =m is 9 ! nature ( a hypo!sis1 ev5 ?\gh only ( ! semi-consci\s k9d t exi/s :5 man is br\ght into t\* ) "s new & ov]p[]+ exp]i5ce4 ,religi\s ideas are put =? 9 explanation ( some?+4 ,b all explanation :e!r by savage or civilis$ man1 mu/ be 9 t]ms ( exi/+ k4 ,no o!r me?od is possible4 ,we mu/ expla9 ! unkn[n 9 t]ms ( ! kn[n1 & our explanation w be ! m elaborate & ! ne>] ! tru? z our k ( ! nature ( ! =ces are ! m exact & ext5sive4 ,a k ( ! laws ( cond5sation & evaporation enables a mod]n to give an explanation ( ! mean+ ( a %[] ( ra9 t is simply impossible to man 9 an e>li] /age ( culture4 ,9 e case ! facts are ! same1 & 9 ea* case ! explanation giv5 dep5ds ^u ! k acquir$4 ,n[ "o radical di/9ction betwe5 an e>ly & a mod]n explanation ( ! _w is t :]eas ! =m] moves f )9 outw>d1 ! latt] moves f )\t inw>d4 ,uncivilis$ man expla9s ! _w by himself2 civilis$ man expla9s himself by ! _w4 ,! savage describes ! _w 9 t]ms ( 8 own feel+s & passions1 ! sci5ti/ reg>ds human qualities z result+ f ! relation :i* man holds to ! =ces ar\nd him4 ,! process1 :ile pres5t+ a radical diff]5ce 9 =m1 is yet fundam5tally "o 9 ess5ce4 ,ignorant ( all t we connote by su* an expression z natural =ces1 :atev] explanation is (f]$ by ! savage is necess>ily 9 t]ms ( ! only =ce ) :i* he is acqua9t$4 ,b x happ5s t ! only =ces :i* he !n fancies he und]/&s are ^? repres5t$ by 8 own organisation4 ,:at he is consci\s ( do+ is prompt$ by 8 own w & intellig5ce4 ,he hurts :5 he is angry1 he rew>ds :5 he is pleas$1 & he makes ! same assumption reg>d+ ! ?+s ar\nd him4 ,s f> z he expla9s nature he vitalises x4 ,vital =ce becomes ! symbol ( all =ce4 ,& ?is result expresses a m5tal law t is univ]sally op]ative4 ,! civilis$ m9d diff]s f ! savage m9d n because ! bra9 functions diff]5tly 9 ! two cases1 b solely 9 consequ5ce ( ! wid] & tru] k ( ! causes ( natural ph5om5a :i* civilis$ man possesses4 ,we arrive at diff]5t conclusions because we />t f diff]5t premises4 ,inevitably1 !re=e1 ! fir/ attempt ( man to deal ) nature takes ! =m ( assum+ ! op]ation ( a numb] ( p]sonal intellig5ces4 ,natural objects are alive1 & ev]y?+ t happ5s to man1 f ! cradle to ! grave1 is ?\ght ( z be+ ei!r alive or controll$ by liv+ be+s4 ,! _w is fill$ ) a cr[d ( gho/ly be+s ex]cis+ m or less discordant functions4 ,aga9/ ?is riot ( gods ! conception ( natural law developes b sl[ly4 ,q ap>t f ! natural in]tia ( ! human m9d1 ! fact ( que/ion+ ! p[] ( ^! assum$ be+s involves to ! primitive m9d an elem5t ( grave dang]4 ,all sorts ( ?+s may happ5 if ! gods are (f5d$1 & 9 self-def5ce ! tribe feels b\nd to suppress ! critic ( religion & ( religi\s ideas4 ,b once ! /ep is tak51 ! area ov] :i* ! gods rule is to t ext5t re/rict$1 & ) t /ep ,a!ism may be said to be born4 ,:at ,lange said 9 ! op5+ s5t5ces ( 8 classic ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism1 t ,mat]ialism is z old z philosophy1 b n old]1 may be said ) equal tru? ( ,a!ism4 ,t1 too1 is z old z philosophy1 s9ce x beg9s ) man's attempts to break away f t primitive int]pretation ( nature :i* sees 9 all ph5om5a ! action ( p]sonal intellig5ces4 ,x is ( no importance 9 :i* bran* ( k ! dep>ture 0 made1 :i*ev] dep>tm5t "o takes ! process c be se5 at "w4 ,a/ronomy appe>s to h be5 ! bran* ( k 9 :i* ! p[]s ( ! gods 7 e>lie/ re/rict$1 al?\gh x 0 n until ! discov]ies ( ,cop]nicus1 ,galileo1 ,newton1 & ,laplace 7 giv5 to ! _w t ,god vani%$ altoge!r f t region4 ,geology foll[s ) ! tea*+ t *emical1 !rmal1 & o!r kn[n =ces leave no?+ = ! gods to accompli%4 ,biology & sociology1 deal+ ) m complex =ces1 are mu* lat] 9 ! field1 b !y tread ! same pa?4 ,!y provide a refuge = ,god = a:ile1 b x is evid5t t _! complete dispossession is no m ?an a "q ( "t4 ,& ev5 ?\gh ! v complex "* ( ! =ces work+ 9 ^! latt] dep>tm5ts %\ld prev5t u ev] acquir+ ! same degree ( prevision t exi/s 9 o!r classes1 no diff]5ce w be made to ! g5]al result4 ,! pr9ciple w be fairly e/abli%$ & our ignorance ( details w no long] be made ! gr\nd = ass]tions :i*1 if made at all1 %\ld re/ ^u ! mo/ exact k4 ,god w be left ) no?+ to d1 & man w n = ev] g on wor%ipp+ a ,god ^: sole recomm5dation is t he exi/s1 nor w ! common s5se ( civilis$ p hold on to a hypo!sis :5 !re is no?+ left = t hypo!sis to expla94 ,! s+le & out/&+ *>act]i/ic ( ! conception ( god at all times & "u all conditions is t x is ! equival5t ( ignorance4 ,9 primitive times x is ignorance ( ! "* ( natural =ces t leads to ! assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( gods1 & 9 ?is respect ! god-idea has rema9$ true to itself ?r\gh\t4 ,ev5 to-day :5ev] ! pr9ciple ( ,god is invok$ a v slight exam9ation is en\gh to %[ t ! only reason = ?is be+ done is our ignorance ( ! subject be=e u4 ,:y does anyone assume t we mu/ believe 9 ,god 9 ord] to expla9 ! beg9n+s ( life8 ,:y is ,god assum$ to be responsible = ! ord] ( nature8 ,:y mu/ we assume ,god to expla9 m9d8 ,! answ] to ^! & to all simil> que/ions is t we d n "k1 9 ! s5se t we "k ! cause ( planet>y motions1 h[ ^! ?+s came to be4 ,x is n :at we "k ab\t !m t leads to ! assumption ( god1 b :at we d n "k4 ,& ! conv]se ( t is t s soon z k replaces ignorance ,god w be disp5s$ )4 ,x is nev] a case ( believ+ 9 ,god because ( ! actual k we possess1 b always ! appeal to weakness & ignorance4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! colloquial ,god only kn[s6 expresses ! appeal to ignorance ev5 m cle>ly ?an ! elaborate argum5t ( ! sophi/icat$ apologi/4 ,?is aspect ( ! matt] 0 well put by ,sp9oza4 ,believ]s 9 ! argum5t f design1 he says1 h a me?od ( argum5t t is a r$uction1 n to ! impossible1 b to ignorance4 ,?us1 ,if a /one falls f a ro( on to someone's head & kills him1 !y w demon/rate by _! new me?od t ! /one fell to kill ! man2 = if x _h n by ,god's w fall5 ) t object1 h[ c\ld s _m circum/ances 7& !re are (t5 _m concurr5t circum/ances7 h all happ5$ toge!r by *ance4 ,p]haps y w answ] t ! ev5t is due to ! facts t ! w9d 0 bl[+1 & ! man 0 walk+ t way4 ,b :y1 !y w insi/1 0 ! w9d bl[+1 & :y 0 ! w9d at t v "t bl[+ t way8 ,if y aga9 answ]1 t ! w9d _h !n sprung up because ! sea _h begun to be agitat$ ! day be=e1 ! wea!r hav+ be5 previ\sly calm1 & t ! man _h be5 invit$ by a fri5d1 !y w aga9 insi/3 ,b :y 0 ! sea agitat$1 & :y 0 ! man invit$ at t "t8 ,s !y w pursue _! "q f cause to cause1 till at la/ y take refuge 9 ! w ( ,god--9 o!r words1 ! sanctu>y ( ignorance4 7,app5dix to ,e?ics2 pt4 #a7 ,! sanctu>y ( ignorance ,god has always be51 & ! sanctu>y ( ignorance x w rema9 to ! end4 ,x has no o!r function 9 life4 ,a consci\sness ( ?is is %[n by ! uphold]s ( ,!ism 9 ! eag]ness ) :i* !y welcome e suppos$ demon/ration ( ! impot5ce ( sci5ce1 & ( ! resi/ance ev]y:]e (f]$ to ! developm5t ( sci5tific advance4 ,s f>1 !n1 z ! progress ( life makes = ! gr[? ( k1 s f> may we safely claim t ! developm5t ( ?\ght makes = ,a!ism1 z we h j said1 & to d ! religi\s _w ju/ice x has always be5 quick to realise ?is1 & e great sci5tific g5]alisation--z well z _m small] ones1 has be5 resi/$ on ! gr\nd t !y 7 a!i/ic 9 "* & t5d$ to take ! control ( ! _w out ( ,god's h&s4 ,pres5t-day !i/s are apt to condemn ?is attitude ( _! pr$ecessors1 b x c h>dly be d5i$ t ! logic lies ) ! e>li] repres5tatives4 ,a ,god :o does no?+ might1 = all practical purposes1 z well be non-exi/5t4 ,& a ,god :o is m]ely 9 ! backgr\nd ( ?+s1 :o may be responsible = _! orig91 b hav+ orig9at$ !m surr5d]s all control ov] _! op]ations1 is h>dly m s]viceable4 ,! mod]n !i/ saves 8 ,god only by leav+ him a negligible quantity 9 a univ]se he is suppos$ to su/a9 & gov]n4 ,& x _c be too (t5 emphasis$ t ! :ole basis ( exact or positive sci5ce is a!i/ic--t is1 x is compell$ to ignore ev5 ! possibility ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,e sci5tific g5]alisation re/s ^u ! con/ancy ( natural =ces4 ,on no o!r basis is x possible to give a sci5tific int]pretation to :at has gone be=e or to anticipate :at is to happ5 9 ! future4 ,e sci5tific calculation assumes t 9 ! _w ) :i* x deals causation is inv>iable & univ]sal4 ,b if we are to assume ! op]ations ( a ,god at any "t or po9t e sci5tific calculation w\ld h to be accompani$ ) ! ,d4,v4 ( a pray] meet+4 ,to argue f ! pa/ to ! future w\ld be futile4 ,god might h op]at$ !n1 no "o c\ld be c]ta9 he w op]ate n[4 ,or he might h op]at$ 9 ! f> pa/1 b he might n 9 ! future4 ,9 ei!r case ! assumption ( a ,god w\ld be fatal to exact sci5tific calculations4 ,?us 9 %e] self def5ce1 9 ord] to pres]ve its "* z sci5ce1 sci5ce is compell$ to disc>d ev5 ! possibility ( ! exi/5ce ( a controll+ intellig5ce4 ,z "o em95t !i/ic advocate admits1 ,sci5ce has no ne$1 & inde$1 c make no use1 9 any p>ticul> in/ance ( ! !i/ic hypo!sis4#f ,x is only :5 sup]naturalism is p>tly exclud$ f human ?\ght t sci5ce c be said to really comm5ce its exi/5ce2 & 9 proportion z our conception ( ! univ]se becomes t ( an aggregate ( non-consci\s =ces--or ( a s+le =ce ) _m =ms produc+ giv5 results "u giv5 conditions1 only !n does our view ( ! univ]se rea* completion4 ,a /udy ( ! nature & t5d5cy ( human developm5t does1 !re=e1 provide a v /rong presumption 9 fav\r ( a!ism4 ,all gr[? "h is 9 fav\r ( a!ism & away f !ism4 ,9 ! beg9n+ we h ! gods ev]y:]e & dom9at+ ev]y?+4 ,!y d ev]y?+ & control ev]y?+4 ,god is ! "o univ]sal primitive hypo!sis4 ,& all subsequ5t developm5t is to its discr$it+4 ,!re is no gr[? 9 ! idea ( god1 !re is only an att5uation4 ,! gods gr[ few] z ! race approa*es maturity4 ,_! activities cease z man becomes aw>e ( ! "* ( ! =ces ar\nd him4 ,& x may be fur!r not$ t ?is decl9e ( ! belief 9 deity is br\ght ab\t z mu* by %e] pressure ( exp]i5ce z by pure reason4 ,! majority ( p d n reason !mselves out ( ! belief 9 god1 !y outgr[ x4 ,p cease to believe 9 ! gods because !y exp]i5ce no compulsion to believe 9 !m4 ,! logic ( fact is ultimately m p[]ful ?an ! logic ( !ory1 & z environm5tal =ces br\ght ! gods into exi/5ce1 s environm5tal =ces c>ry !m out aga94 ,n[ ,a!ism does b make explicit 9 words :at has long be5 implicit 9 practice4 ,x takes ! god-idea1 exam9es x1 & expla9s x out ( exi/5ce4 ,x admits ! reality ( gods z x admits ! reality ( gho/s & fairies & wit*es4 ,!y are subjective1 n objective1 realities4 ,a!ism takes ! god-idea1 expla9s its orig91 describes its subsequ5t developm5t1 & 9 s do+ indicates its ultimate fate4 ,9 ?is s5se ,a!ism is1 z ,i h said1 no m ?an ! f9al /age ( a long hi/orical process4 ,! !i/ic phase ( ?\ght is an inevitable "o 9 human evolution1 b x is no m a p]man5t "o ?an is ! belief 9 hobgobl9s4 ,"o might "h p>aphrase ,bacon & say1 ,a little philosophy incl9e? a man to belief 9 ! gods1 b dep? 9 philosophy leads to _! rejection z a false & useless hypo!sis4 ,x is true t ?9k+ br\ght ! gods into ! _w2 x is also true t adequate ?9k+ c>ries !m out aga94 ,! c>d9al tru? is1 ( c\rse1 t ! hypo!sis ( m9d 9 nature does n owe its exi/5ce to an exact k ( ?+s b to its abs5ce4 ,its orig9 mu/ be s\ght 9 a pre-sci5tific age & its p]si/5ce 9 a numb] ( extrane\s circum/ances :i* h p]petuat$ a belief t w\ld o!rwise h inevitably disappe>$4 ,& x w\ld inde$ be a matt] = surprise if ?is belief--said by !i/s to be ( all beliefs ! mo/ pr(\nd--%\ld be ! "o speculation on :i* savage ?\ght has ju/ifi$ itself4 ,on no o!r "q did ! primitive m9d rea* tru?4 ,univ]sally its speculations conc]n+ ! _w 7 discov]$ to be wrong4 ,on ?is "o topic we are ask$ to believe t ! savage 0 absolutely "r4 ,f ! age ( feti*ism--rightly call$ by ,comte ! creative age 9 !ology--! hi/ory ( ! god-idea has be5 a hi/ory ( a s]ies ( modifications & rejections4 ,sc>ce an inv5tion t has n sla9 a god1 sc>ce a discov]y has n m>k$ ! bury+-place ( a disc>d$ deity4 ,criticism r$uc$ ! gods 9 numb] & limit$ !m 9 p[]4 ,advanc+ k pu%$ !m back till nature1 rid ( h] haughty lords1 is conceiv$ z a huge me*anism1 self-act+1 self-adju/+1 & self-repair+4 ,ev5 9 ! m\?s ( religioni/s ,god to-day /&s = little m ?an a =ce4 ,we mu/ n describe him z p]sonal1 z intellig5t1 or z consci\s1 & betwe5 ?is & ! exi/5ce assum$ by a!i/ic sci5ce x is impossible to detect any vital diff]5ce4 ,a!ism1 !n1 takes its /& ^u ! obs]v$ tr5d ( human hi/ory1 ^u a scrut9y ( ! facts ( nature1 & ^u an exam9ation ( ! orig9 & cont5ts ( ! god-idea4 ,& ^u ^! gr\nds x may fairly claim to be irrefutable & inevitable4 ,circum/ances may ob/ruct its univ]sal acceptance z a reason$ m5tal attitude1 b t m]ely delays1 x does n de/roy ! c]ta9ty ( its f9al triumph4 ,) ! suppos$ direful consequ5ces t w\ld foll[ ! triumph ( ,a!ism ,i h n dealt ) at l5g?4 ,^! are ! bugbe>s :i* ! design+ normally employ 9 ord] to fright5 ! timid & cr$ul\s4 ,m5tal uprightness & moral integrity are c]ta9ly n ! prop]ty ( "o religion1 nor c x be said ) tru? t !y belong to any4 ,& exam9+ ! hi/ories ( religion x is a fair assumption t 9 :atev] direction ! _w may suff] f ! disappe>ance ( religion !re w be no moral cata/rophe4 ,look+ at ! :ole c\rse ( human hi/ory1 & not+ h[ ! vile/ & mo/ ru9\s practices h be5 ev] associat$ ) religion1 & h ev] reli$ ^u religion = support1 ! cause = speculation is1 n :at w happ5 to ! _w :5 religion dies out1 b h[ human society has manag$ to fl\ri% :ile ! belief 9 ! gods rul$4 ,=tunately = human society nature has n left ! op]ation ( ! fundam5tal virtues dep5d5t ^u ! acceptance ( ?is or t !ory ( ! _w4 ,! social & family in/9cts1 :i* are insep>able f our nature z m5 & wom51 & :i* op]ate 9 ways ( :i* we are l>gely unconsci\s1 are ! gr\nds ( all ! high] & f9] virtues1 & :ile a *ange 9 op9ion may affect _! op]ation "h & !re1 x c nev] alt] _! fundam5tal "*4 ,conduct1 9 %ort1 comes f life1 x is n ! creation ( a !ory to be dismiss$ by resolution or refa%ion$ by a vote4 ,:at ,a!ism w\ld mean 9 practice w\ld be an enorm\s conc5tration ( en]gy ^u purely human affairs1 & a judgm5t ( conduct 9 t]ms ( human happ9ess & prosp]ity4 ,& t c]ta9ly furni%es no cause = al>m4 ,x is1 inde$1 our greate/ ne$4 ,we ne$ an awak5+ to ! untapp$ p[] & possibilities ( human nature4 ,if ! gods die1 man _! creator /ill lives2 & ! creative en]gy :i* once cov]$ ! face ( nature ) innum]able gods1 :i* sp5t itself 9 ! attempt to w9 _! fav\r1 & :i* call$ =? a heav5 9 ! endeav\r to r$ress ! wrongs ( e>?1 may1 if prop]ly appli$1 yet cov] ! e>? ) homes 9 :i* m5 & wom51 r5d]$ pur] by love & /rong] by k1 w rise sup]ior to ! fabl$ gods be=e :om !y once b[$ 9 bl9d adoration4 ,,footnote3 #f ,pr(4 ,w>d ,naturalism & ,agno/icism ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bc4